bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of regional diversity in political elites’ attitudes
Authors: Lazić Mladen , Jerez-Mir Miguel , Vuletić Vladimir , Vázquez-García Rafael 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines whether differences in attitudes toward the process of EU integration among members of political elites in various European countries are patterned and to what extent common regional, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of certain country groups influence these attitudes. Results show elites from Southern Europe to be the main proponents of further EU integration, while Eastern European elites are the most cautious. Variables with the strongest influence are economic development (measured by GDP per capita), the prevalent religious denomination (respondents from predominantly Protestant countries are less ready to support stronger EU integration than those from mostly Catholic countries), ethnic homogeneity (increasing level of homogeneity reduces elites’ orientation towards stronger EU integration), and the existence of separatist experience (elites from countries with recent independence by secession are less oriented toward EU integration than those from countries without secession problems).
Elites of Europe and the Europe of elites: a conclusion
Authors: Best Heinrich 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents a synopsis of the main results of the ‘Europe of Elites’. These strongly support the elitist character of European integration while challenging the idea of a coherent ‘Eurelite’: cognitive, emotive, and conative dimensions of elites’ Europeanness vary between countries and few elite members are prepared to award the EU the concept of statehood. Where the integrity of the state was endangered, where Protestantism prevails, and where the state has an important role in acquiring and redistributing EU subventions, political elites are reluctant to endorse further EU integration. While a strong responsiveness between elite sectors attunes national elites concerning European matters, large elites–masses gaps are found, particularly in the ‘conative’ dimension of Europeanness regarding future steps towards European integration. The concluding observation is that the ‘Europe of Elites’ is a multifarious and polycephalic entity, shaped by differentials within and between elite sectors, elites and non-elites, and––foremost––between national settings.
3 The Challenge of Revolutionary America
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In terms of power, the new America posed no threat to the British empire. Its republican principles were, however, seen as a challenge to the British political order. American republicanism was generally interpreted in Britain in terms of the early assertions of popular power within the states. These were dismissed as totally incompatible with the ordered liberty guaranteed by the balanced powers of the British constitution, whose strengths seemed to be vindicated in the political turmoil in Britain at the end of the war. A torrent of publications in newspapers and pamphlets, with some government encouragement, denounced American innovations and affirmed the virtues of British governance. After the war American political arrangements continued to be depicted as producing weak government subject to popular whim, at least until the results of the Convention of 1787 produced some reassessment.
9 The Swing to the South
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland colonies. The war had posed acute problems for the islands, but they quickly regained much of their prosperity through their slave‐worked plantation agriculture. Jamaica remained Britain's most valued colony. Although the Florida colonies had been surrendered to Spain at the peace, British governments were still interested in expanding Britain's stake in the Caribbean and around the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of loyalists from the southern colonies in the Bahamas was supported, trade with the Spanish colonies was encouraged and plans for disrupting the Spanish empire by inciting Indian and creole revolts were revived in 1790 at the prospect of war with Spain.
Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This book is the first study to investigate both the relation between gender and violence in the Old Norse Poetic Edda and key family and contemporary sagas, and the interrelated nature of these genres. Beginning with an analysis of Eddaic attitudes to heroic violence and its gendered nature through the figures of Guðrún and Helgi, the study broadens out to the whole poetic compilation and how the past (and particularly the mythological past) inflects the heroic present. This paves the way for a consideration of the comparable relationship between the heroic poems themselves and later reworkings of them or allusions to them in the family and contemporary sagas. Accordingly, the study moves on to consider the use of Eddaic allusion in Gísla saga’s meditation on violent masculinity and sexuality, assesses the impact of the Church on attitudes to revenge in family and contemporary sagas, and finally explores the scapegoating of women for male violence in the contemporary sagas. Although the Eddaic poems themselves present a complex and conflicting attitude to vengeance, revenge and other forms of violence are in later texts regularly associated with the past, often represented by Eddaic figures. Moreover, saga authors often attempt to construct a national narrative which shows moderation and peace-making as the only viable alternative to what is seen as the traditional destructive model of vengeance. Nevertheless, the picture the sagas present is far from uniform, rather being one of conflicting voices as the attractions of heroic violence for many prove difficult to resist. The book’s thematic concentration on gender/sexuality and violence, and its generic concentration on Poetic Edda and later texts which rework or allude to it, enable a diverse but coherent exploration of both key and neglected Norse texts and the way in which their authors display a dual fascination with and rejection of heroic vengeance
Dyspnoea
Authors: Harle Ingrid , Dudgeon Deborah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to manage dyspnoea. It addresses several questions such as: What is dyspnoea? What is the underlying pathophysiology? How common is this condition? What are the risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? What abnormalities might you see on a chest X-ray of a person with COPD? What pulmonary function tests should be ordered to make or confirm a diagnosis of COPD? What are the management goals in COPD?
Mouth care
Authors: Dion Dominique , Lapointe Bernard , Tyler Martin T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter illustrates via a case study the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to manage oral problems in cancer patients. It examines several questions such as: How common and important are oral problems in cancer patients? How to advise the patient on maintaining optimal oral hygiene? How to manage the problem of xerostomia? What are the predisposing factors for candidiasis? How to diagnose this condition?
Nausea and vomiting
Authors: de Kock Ingrid 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a case study to display the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required to manage nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. It considers several questions such as: What are the more common causes of nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients? How to decide on the appropriate treatment for the patient's nausea? Which anti-emetic to choose for the patient? How to manage the patient's hypercalcaemia of malignancy?
Anxiety and depression
Authors: Solty Heidi , Li Madeline , Rodin Gary 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter explains with the help of case studies the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage anxiety and depression in palliative care. It discusses the prevalence and risk factors for anxiety and depression in palliative care, and the clinical significance of untreated anxiety and depression. It considers several questions such as: What psychiatric diagnoses could be considered for the patient? Is sadness a normal part of the process of dying? How to understand the patient's wish to go to sleep and not wake up? How to approach patients who express a desire for hastened death? How to assess suicidality?
End-stage renal disease
Authors: Davison Sara 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter includes case studies which illustrate the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to manage end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It considers some questions such as: How frequent a problem is ESRD in the general population? What is the expected survival of the patient if she starts dialysis? What are the common causes of pain in patients with ESRD? How does ESRD interfere with the metabolism of analgesics? Would it influence the choice of analgesic? How common is depression in dialysis patients?
Spinoza on Philosophy, Religion, and Politics
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSusan James offers an interpretation of a work that is itself about interpretation Spinoza's Theologico‐Political Treatise. By setting the Treatise in its seventeenth‐century Dutch context, and identifying the wide range of philosophical, theological, hermeneutic, historical, and political debates to which Spinoza was responding, she elucidates the character of his argument and the ends it was designed to achieve. Although the Treatise engages with many opponents, the most central because most powerful were the conservative theologians of the Dutch Reformed Church and their political allies, who continued to oppose Cartesian philosophy throughout Spinoza's lifetime, and resisted what was known as the freedom to philosophize. Appealing both to philosophical arguments that he develops in more detail in the Ethics, and to a theory of biblical interpretation, Spinoza aims to comprehensively discredit the Church's theological doctrines. At the same time, he sets out to undercut its political commitment to a mixed constitution where power is divided between secular and religious authorities. In the United Provinces, Spinoza claims, the best way to secure freedom is to uphold a republican form of government in which the people are sovereign, and where, within certain limits, individuals are free to worship and philosophize as they wish. At first glance, the sinuous argument of the Treatise appears to lack unity, and many commentators focus on one part of it at the expense of others. Once its context is taken into account, however, it emerges as an integrated defence of philosophical, religious, and political freedom, firmly situated within the framework of Spinoza's philosophical system.
True Religion
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpinoza now sets out to explicate the religious doctrine taught by Scripture and to reinforce his claim that it does not threaten the division between theology and philosophy or challenge the freedom to philosophize. Following a line of ecumenically inclined writers (Arminians, Socininans and Mennonites among them), the Treatise advocates a minimal theology. All that the Bible teaches is that we must love our neighbours by treating them justly and charitably. Biblical doctrine is thus compatible with religious pluralism and does not pronounce on philosophical matters. This chapter examines Spinoza's nuanced defence of this position. It explores the affective basis of his account of a truly religious life, identifies the distinctive role that he allots to tenets of faith, and traces the challenges he mounts to the theology of the Dutch Reformed Church.
Theology and Philosophy
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpinoza is now in a position to conclude that, contrary to the view held by the Voetians, philosophy and theology are distinct and ‘neither is the handmaid of the other’. Philosophy aims at truth, theology at obedience, and since these are separate goals there need be no conflict between them. His argument builds on positions developed by Dutch Cartesians; but unlike these writers, Spinoza significantly diminishes the domain of theology and enlarges that of philosophy. The Treatise consequently faces the objection that, although it presents theology and philosophy as equal, it implicitly makes philosophy the more powerful of the two. This chapter explains the nature of this asymmtery by relating it to a Ciceronian account of honestas. According to Spinoza, theology provides an imperfect, imaginatively based account of the true honestas or virtue that only philosophers can fully achieve. Thus conceived, philosophy becomes a form of religion.
Life in a Republic: The Lessons of Theology
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWorking out how to devise a balance of power that will uphold liberty and security is the central task of politics; but modern republics can learn how to do this by turning to historical examples, such as the ancient Hebrew Republic founded by Moses and already extolled by Dutch writers such as Grotius and Cunaeus. Through an elaborate analysis of the Hebrew constitution and the history of the Hebrew state, Spinoza draws a number of morals and applies them to the Dutch Republic. He defends the benefits of popular sovereignty. He points to the advantages of a regime in which divine and civil law are one. Following in the footsteps of De La Court, he warns his compatriots of the dangers of monarchy, and he itemizes the dangers of a mixed constitutions where power is divided between States and Stadtholder.
The Role of Taxes in Compensation Schemes and Structured Finance
Authors: Ceriani Vieri , Manestra Stefano , Ricotti Giacomo , Sanelli Alessandra 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter investigates the effects of the tax system on the economic factors that triggered the financial crisis. We examine two specific cases in which the tax regime interacted with these factors, reinforcing them. First, we focus on certain aspects of the tax treatment of performance-based remuneration of managers, which, coupled with other provisions, may have fostered an ever-increasing use of these instruments, resulting in overemphasis of short-term profitability and incentive to excessive risk taking. Second, the securitization process, which played a key role in the outbreak of the financial crisis, was accompanied by opportunities for tax arbitrage and reduction of the overall tax wedge paid by investors, through offset of incomes that are ordinarily taxed at different rates; a de facto exemption of CDS premiums received by non-residents supplemented the tax arbitrage.
The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Short-Term Growth: A Review and Implications for the UK
Authors: Bilicka Katarzyna Anna , Devereux Michael P. , Fuest Clemens 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyses the economic situation in the UK as it attempts to recover from the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008. In particular, we focus on the probability that the fiscal consolidation, introduced by the new coalition government in 2010, is likely to be expansionary or contractionary. To analyse this we first briefly survey the large economic literature on the impact of government borrowing on economic growth. We identify the key factors that empirical evidence suggests affect the probability that a fiscal consolidation will be expansionary. We then examine these factors in the context of the UK to identify whether they are favourable or not towards the consolidation being expansionary.
System Justification Theory and Research: Implications for Law, Legal Advocacy, and Social Justice
Authors: Blasi Gary , Jost John T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews theory and research on System Justification Theory (SJT) and summarizes key implications for law, lawyers, and social justice advocacy. According to SJT, lawyers should attend to all relevant social orders and implicit as well as explicit biases in selecting jurors and developing advocacy strategies. The theory identifies important obstacles to social change, including changes in the law and legal scholarship. This chapter highlights some of the ways in which system justification motives result in behaviors that are unanticipated by current models of legal thinking. It discusses the persuasive power of “reframing,” whereby advocates can deploy narrative to exacerbate or diminish the system-justifying motives of legal and public policy decision-makers.
Whatever Works
Authors: Eichhorst Werner , Marx Paul 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe chapter compares employment structures in five Continental European welfare states, with a focus on private services. Despite a common trend to overcome institutional employment barriers by creating a more divided labor market, a closer look reveals considerable differences between national patterns of standard and non-standard work. We identify five transformative pathways towards a more flexible and cheaper use of labor in Continental European welfare states: 1. defection from permanent contracts, 2. from full-time employment, 3. from dependent employment, 4. growing wage dispersion, and 5. government-sponsored labor cost reductions. The chapter shows that by relying on one or several of these options, each country developed a distinct solution for the labor cost problem in the service sector, which corresponds to a particular form of dualization.
Responses to Labor Market Divides in Small States Since The 1990s
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Starke Peter , Kaasch Alexandra 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, Herbert Obinger, Peter Starke, and Alexandra Kaasch analyze various policy responses to labor market divides in three small open economies (Austria, New Zealand, and Sweden). They argue that different welfare state regimes generate distinctive patterns of insider-outsider divides and that the three countries developed quite different, albeit mainly path-dependent coping strategies. In other words, none of the three countries significantly departed from previous labor market policies in response to growing labor market inequalities.
Economic Dualization in Japan and South Korea
Authors: Peng Ito 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLabor market dualization is not unique to Europe, but rather a pervasive global phenomenon. Like some countries in Europe, Japan and South Korea have been gradually liberalizing their labor markets since the 1990s in response to increased global competition, economic crisis, and social and industrial structural changes. In both countries, significant changes have been made to employment and social welfare systems as state, employers, and labor negotiate to protect core workers while maintaining national economic competitiveness. These reforms have resulted in partial labor market flexibilization, increased economic dualization, and compensatory welfare state expansion. This chapter examines the political economy of labor market transformation in the two East Asian countries of Japan and South Korea and their implications for understanding the universal phenomenon of economic dualization in the 21st century.
Solidarity or Dualization?
Authors: Clegg Daniel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDespite being considered to have rather similar political economies, patterns of unemployment benefit adjustment were different in Belgium and France in the 1980s and 1990s. In France the unemployment insurance system retained generous earnings-related benefits but became increasingly exclusive, with many unemployed people thus being forced to rely on institutionally distinct second-tier benefit schemes. In Belgium, by contrast, unemployment protection remained integrated and inclusive, but gradually mutated into a flat-rate benefit system providing only basic protection. This chapter explores the political dynamics behind the contrasting institutional and distributive choices in the unemployment benefit reforms of these two otherwise similar countries, in the process shedding light on the politics of welfare state dualization more generally. It suggests that the inherited institutional features of welfare systems structure the preferences of key social and political actors in ways that are likely to generate diverse social policy responses to common economic and social challenges.
Why Religion? Why Now?
Authors: Hehir J. Bryan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the paradox embodied by the main theme of this volume: religion and world politics. The text in this book, explicitly or implicitly, refers to the emergence or resurgence of religion in international affairs. Yet, the paradox is that the scholars in this volume and in other sources who speak of a return or a resurgence of religion have a valid point. In reality religion has never been absent from international affairs. But the study of world politics—particularly the formal discipline of international relations—and the practice of world politics—particularly formal interstate diplomacy—have both treated religion as inconsequential, a reality which could be ignored by scholars or diplomats without any diminishment of their understanding of the world. Sorting out the paradox of this volume requires a determination of why religion has been marginalized in the past, what factors have brought about its “resurgence” in fact and in theory, and how the relationship of religion and international affairs should be pursued in theory and practice.
Religion, Democracy, and the “Twin Tolerations”
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAre all, or only some, of the world's religious systems politically compatible with democracy? This is, of course, one of the most important and heatedly debated questions of our times. This chapter contributes to this debate from the perspective of comparative politics. More specifically, it discusses three questions, the answers to which should improve our understanding of this critical issue. First, what are the minimal institutional and political requirements that a polity must satisfy before it can be considered a democracy? Second, how have a set of longstanding democracies—the fifteen countries in the European Union (EU)—actually met these requirements, and what influential misinterpretations of the Western European experience with religion and democracy must we avoid? Third, what are the implications of the answers to our first two questions for polities heavily influenced by such cultural and religious traditions as Confucianism, Islam, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity—traditions that some analysts, starting from a civilizational as opposed to an institutional perspective, see as presenting major obstacles to democracy?
What Religion Offers for the Politics of Transitional Justice
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Over the past generation, a global wave of countries have undertaken what has come to be known as transitional justice—efforts to address the injustices of a past period of civil war, genocide, or dictatorship, whether through trials, truth commissions, reparations, apologies, forgiveness, or the building of memorials and monuments. The religious have played a pivotal role in developing and spreading a paradigm for transitional justice—reconciliation—that they espouse disproportionately though not exclusively. But what kind of influence have the religious and the paradigm of reconciliation actually had in the politics of transitional justice? And what factors make certain religious actors influential? This chapter looks closely at religious actors' efforts to shape official policies, especially governments' choices for truth commissions or trials.