bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial scale effects on sediment concentration in runoff during flood events for hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zheng Mingguo , Qin Fen , Sun Liying , Qi Deli , Cai Qiangguo 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe spatial scale effect on sediment concentration in runoff has received little attention despite numerous studies on sediment yield or sediment delivery ratio in the context of multiple spatial scales. We have addressed this issue for hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, north China where fluvial processes are mainly dominated by hyperconcentrated flows. The data on 717 flow events observed at 17 gauging stations and two runoff experimental plots, all located in the 3906 km2 Dalihe watershed, are presented. The combination of the downstream scour of hyperconcentrated flows and the downstream dilution, which is mainly caused by the base flow and is strengthened as a result of the strong patchy storms, determines the spatial change of sediment concentration in runoff during flood events. At the watershed scale, the scouring effect takes predominance first but is subordinate to the downstream dilution with a further increase in spatial scale. As a result, the event mean sediment concentration first increases following a power function with drainage basin area and then declines at the drainage basin area of about 700 km2. The power function in combination with the proportional model of the runoff‐sediment yield relationship we proposed before was used to establish the sediment‐yield model, which is neither the physical‐based model nor the regression model. This model, with only two variables (runoff depth and drainage basin area) and two parameters, can provide fairly accurate prediction of event sediment yield with model efficiency over 0·95 if small events with runoff depth lower than 1 mm are excluded. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical study of gypsum plasterboard behaviour under standard and natural fire conditions
Authors: Hopkin D. J. , Lennon T. , El‐Rimawi J. , Silberschmidt V. V. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYGypsum plasterboards are the most widely used passive fire protection for timber structures, especially in the case of light timber frame construction. Understanding the complex thermo‐physical behaviour of plasterboard at elevated temperature is vital in the performance‐based design of any structure adopting gypsum as passive fire protection (PFP). Numerous heat transfer studies have been conducted over the years where attempts have been made to simulate the fire performance of gypsum‐protected assemblies, subject to standard fire exposure. However, contradictory thermal properties for gypsum plasterboard are apparent throughout. As a result, it is unclear from a practitioner's perspective as to which studies represent reasonable properties for design purposes. In recognition of this the authors present a numerical study highlighting the consequences of adopting many of the differing property sets available in the literature, the sensitivity of temperature development resulting from deviations from the assumptions that underpin such properties, and the consequences of adopting plasterboard properties derived from standard fire tests, in natural fire situations. The study presents heat transfer simulations conducted using the finite element software TNO DIANA coupled with both laboratory and natural fire tests conducted on Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) and Engineered Floor Joists (EFJs).It is found from this study that plasterboard properties are highly sensitive to the assumed free and chemically bound moisture contents. Minor percentage changes are shown to have a significant influence on the temperature development of SIPs exposed to standard furnace fires, while some of the most accepted plasterboard properties available in the literature are found, in some cases, to be non‐conservative when adopted in simulations of SIPs. More interestingly, it is also found that the properties of plasterboard available in the literature, largely derived from standard fire tests, are not independent of the heating rate. As a result, when such properties are applied to natural fire problems significant inaccuracies can occur. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commercial naphthenic acids and the organic fraction of oil sands process water induce different effects on pro‐inflammatory gene expression and macrophage phagocytosis in mice
Authors: Garcia‐Garcia Erick , Pun Jonathan , Hodgkinson Jordan , Perez‐Estrada Leonidas A. , El‐Din Mohamed Gamal , Smith Daniel W. , Martin Jonathan W. , Belosevic Miodrag 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTNaphthenic acids (NAs) are believed to be the major toxic component of oil sands process water (OSPW). Different OSPW preparations have distinct NA compositions, and additional organics, that differ from the commercial NAs (C‐NAs) often used for toxicology studies. To evaluate whether C‐NAs are an adequate model to study OSPW toxicity in complex organisms, we compared the effects of C‐NAs and the extractable organic fraction of OSPW (OSPW‐OF) on mice immune mechanisms. Mice were orally exposed to different C‐NA doses, or OSPW‐OF at the same NA dose, for up to 8 weeks, and the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes in different organs was determined using quantitative PCR. C‐NAs and OSPW‐OF altered the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes, inducing either expression down‐regulation or up‐regulation, depending on the organ examined and time after exposure. The time at which gene expression alterations occurred, and the specific sets of genes whose expression was altered, were very different between animals exposed to C‐NAs or to OSPW‐OF. We evaluated the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytose yeast cell wall, as a measure of the ability of mice to mount a central function of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis was significantly reduced in animals exposed to C‐NAs, but enhanced in mice exposed to OSPW‐OF. Our results indicate that studies using C‐NAs may not necessarily reflect the possible effects induced in animals by process water from tailing ponds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminum phosphide poisoning: an unsolved riddle
Authors: Anand R. , Binukumar B. K. , Gill Kiran Dip 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAluminum phosphide (ALP), a widely used insecticide and rodenticide, is also infamous for the mortality and morbidity it causes in ALP‐poisoned individuals. The toxicity of metal phosphides is due to phosphine liberated when ingested phosphides come into contact with gut fluids. ALP poisoning is lethal, having a mortality rate in excess of 70%. Circulatory failure and severe hypotension are common features of ALP poisoning and frequent cause of death. Severe poisoning also has the potential to induce multi‐organ failure. The exact site or mechanism of its action has not been proved in humans. Rather than targeting a single organ to cause gross damage, ALP seems to work at the cellular level, resulting in widespread damage leading to multiorgan dysfunction (MOD) and death. There has been proof in vitro that phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase. However, it is unlikely that this interaction is the primary cause of its toxicity. Mitochondria could be the possible site of maximum damage in ALP poisoning, resulting in low ATP production followed by metabolic shutdown and MOD; also, owing to impairment in electron flow, there could be free radical generation and damage, again producing MOD. Evidence of reactive oxygen species‐induced toxicity owing to ALP has been observed in insects and rats. A similar mechanism could also play a role in humans and contribute to the missing link in the pathogenesis of ALP toxicity. There is no specific antidote for ALP poisoning and supportive measures are all that are currently available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing distribution of cadherins during gestation in the uterine epithelium of lizards
Authors: Wu Qiong , Thompson Michael B. , Murphy Christopher R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe uterine epithelium provides the interface between an embryo and its mother during pregnancy. Calcium‐dependent cadherins are adherens junction proteins that undergo major shifts in the uterine epithelium to facilitate the communication between maternal cells and the embryonic milieu during implantation in mammals. They are, therefore, important in trophoblast invasion and the maintenance of pregnancy. We investigated spatiotemporal changes of cadherins throughout pregnancy in the uterine epithelium of two viviparous skinks and one oviparous population, which all exhibit a noninvasive (epitheliochorial) placenta. Cadherins were identified for the first time in squamate reptiles. In all species, cadherins are reduced in the uterine epithelium as gestation progresses, which would lessen the attachment between uterine epithelial cells and allow them to stretch to accommodate embryonic growth. Interestingly, cadherins were reduced sooner after ovulation in the oviparous species than in the viviparous species. In viviparous species, the different expression of cadherins between barren and pregnant uteri from the same mother indicates that expression of cadherins may not be driven solely by maternal hormones, but also by the presence of an embryo. The redistribution of cadherins in squamates is comparable to that of mammals, reflecting establishment of feto‐maternal communication during the peri‐implantation period. As there is no breaching of maternal tissue in lizards, the change in adherens junctional properties are thus not exclusive to mammals with invasive placentae, which suggests that similar molecular mechanisms regulate changes to uterine epithelia during pregnancy across placental types. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:440–450, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐positive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis involved in tooth pulp nociception
Authors: Canzobre Mariela C. , Ríos Hugo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSensory information on facial structures, including teeth pulp, periodontium, and gingiva, is relayed in the trigeminal complex. Tooth pulp inflammation constitutes a common clinical problem, and this peripheral injury can induce neuroplastic changes in trigeminal nociceptive neurons. There is considerable evidence that the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is the principal relay for trigeminal nociceptive information as well as modulation of the painful stimuli. Glutamatergic primary afferents innervating the tooth pulp project to the most superficial laminae of the Vc. N‐metthyl‐D‐aspartate receptor stimulation leads to the activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which synthesizes the free radical nitric oxide (NO). This enzyme is expressed mainly in lamina II interneurons, and in a small number of cells in lamina I as well as in deep laminae projection neurons of Vc. In the present study, we analyzed the temporal changes in neuronal NOS (nNOS) in Vc local circuitries after unilateral intermediate molar pulp injury. Our results demonstrate that a peripheral dental pulp injury leads to neuroplastic changes in the relative amount and activity of nNOS enzyme. Moreover, after a period of time, the nitrergic system shifts to the initial values, independently of the persistence of inflammation in the pulp tissues. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of monolithic columns in liquid chromatography‐based clinical chemistry assays
Authors: Bunch Dustin R. , Wang Sihe 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMonolithic columns have slowly been applied to HPLC methods for clinical chemistry testing in the last 10 years. The application areas include therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, vitamins, porphyrins, and steroids. In comparison with conventional particulate columns, the monolithic columns may offer shorter chromatography time, more robustness, and better resolution for certain analytes. The potential drawback of large mobile phase consumption may be improved with smaller id columns, which are currently on the market. Methods covered in this review are those searchable in PubMed up to December 2010. This review highlights the emergence of monolithic column technology in HPLC methods used for clinical chemistry testing. The goals of this review are threefold: (i) To identify the areas of clinical chemistry that analytical monolithic columns have been used in HPLC methods. (ii) To demonstrate the application of analytical monolithic columns in HPLC methods using different detection systems. (iii) To discuss the advantages and limitations of the monolithic columns compared with particulate columns in the clinical chemistry applications.
The Role of Regional Food Festivals for Destination Branding
Authors: Lee Insun , Arcodia Charles 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the role of regional food festivals for destination branding and explores the characteristics of regional food festivals that contribute to building a destination brand. It was found that regional food festivals can play a decisive role for destination branding. Activities using local food and activities promoting the regions' attractions were suggested to be offered by food festivals for enhancing the impact of festivals for destination branding and improving the positive image of the destination and local food. The findings of the study offer insights to regional food festival organizers and destination marketers for success in destination marketing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic assessment of the red squirrel in Illinois: Immigrants or Exotics?
Authors: Beatty William S. , Liu Zhiwei , Latch Emily K. , Nelson Thomas A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNovel populations pose unusual challenges for wildlife managers because knowledge regarding the source of these populations is essential to develop sound management approaches. One example that illustrates the complexity of this issue is the small population of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) identified in northeastern Illinois in the 1970s. To elucidate the source of the red squirrel population in Illinois, we examined both contemporary and less recent patterns of genetic structure using nuclear microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. Analyses revealed the Illinois subpopulation was primarily comprised of descendents of immigrants from Indiana, but there was also evidence of a translocation of squirrels from Minnesota. We recommend continued protection for the red squirrel in Illinois due to its restricted geographic range, small population size, and status as a native population. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Haregeweyn N. , Poesen J. , Verstraeten G. , Govers G. , de Vente J. , Nyssen J. , Deckers J. , Moeyersons J. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTMost regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management.The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions.Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent).The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GigaManP2P: an overlay network for distributed QoS management and resilient routing
Authors: Duarte Elias P. , Granville Lisandro Z. , Pirmez Luci , de Souza José Neuman , Andrade Rossana C. , Tarouco Liane , Correia Reinaldo B. , Lages Alexandre 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYManagement of long‐distance, high‐speed optical backbones spanning multiple administrative domains requires new solutions for challenging tasks. In particular, it is not trivial to negotiate, monitor and continuously enforce the required quality of service (QoS) for applications that span multiple domains. This paper proposes GigaManP2P: a novel peer‐to‐peer (P2P) management architecture for high‐speed QoS‐aware backbones. GigaManP2P peers provide management services in a ubiquitous fashion through modules that interface with both the communication infrastructure and network users. In particular, we describe management services for on inter‐domain QoS monitoring and resilient routing. After detecting a QoS constraint violation trend, a proactive rerouting strategy is triggered based on redundant virtual circuits, allowing both full and partial rerouting. The P2P overlay implementation is the basis for allowing transparent communication across autonomous systems. Experimental results showing the overhead of the P2P infrastructure in comparison to raw Simple Network Management Protocol, and the performance of the rerouting strategy, are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of molar pregnancy on the male partner
Authors: Quinlivan Julie A. , Ung Kim A. , Petersen Rodney W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundMolar pregnancy is a complication of 1 in 200–2000 pregnancies whereby abnormal placental tissue proliferates in the absence of a fetus and may lead to metastases. The disease origin lies in dispermy or dual fertilisation of the egg. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of molar pregnancy upon the male partner.MethodsInstitutional ethics committee approval and individual consent were obtained. All women listed on the state molar pregnancy database who were receiving active follow‐up (n = 102) and a random sample of women who had been registered in the previous 30 years (n = 56) were sent a postal survey outlining the purpose of the study and an invitation for their partner to participate. Sixty‐six women gave permission for their partner to participate in the study. Questionnaires included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Sexual History Form 12. Responding partners were also invited to make comments about any aspect of particular concern. A reminder mail out was issued after 6 weeks.ResultsThe response rate was 62% (N = 41). The key findings were that 32.5% and 12.5% of men met the case criteria for anxiety and depressive disorder, respectively. These figures represent a doubling of usual community rates for anxiety disorder. However, overall quality of life and sexual functioning outcomes were consistent with community samples. The presence of children played a protective role and was associated with significantly better psychological function and quality of life in univariate and multivariate analysis. Qualitative results complemented the quantitative data, with anxiety as the dominant emotional theme.ConclusionThere are high persisting levels of anxiety in male partners of women with molar pregnancy. Partners may benefit from therapy where anxiety disorders are detected. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internet interventions for improving psychological well‐being in psycho‐oncology: review and recommendations
Authors: Leykin Yan , Thekdi Seema M. , Shumay Dianne M. , Muñoz Ricardo F. , Riba Michelle , Dunn Laura B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveToo few cancer patients and survivors receive evidence‐based interventions for mental health symptoms. This review examines the potential for Internet interventions to help fill treatment gaps in psychosocial oncology and presents evidence regarding the likely utility of Internet interventions for cancer patients.MethodsThe authors examined available literature regarding Internet interventions tailored to cancer patients' mental health needs and reviewed elements of Internet interventions for mental health relevant to advancing psycho‐oncology Internet intervention research.ResultsFew rigorous studies focusing on mental health of cancer patients have been conducted online. A growing body of evidence supports the efficacy, accessibility, and acceptability of mental health Internet interventions for a variety of general and medical patient populations. The authors present recommendations and guidelines to assist researchers in developing, testing, and disseminating Internet interventions for cancer patients and survivors, to manage and improve their mental health. Issues unique to Internet interventions—including intervention structure, customization, provider interaction, and privacy and confidentiality issues—are discussed. These guidelines are offered as a step toward establishing a set of “best practices” for Internet interventions in psycho‐oncology and to generate further discussion regarding the goals of such interventions and their place in cancer care.ConclusionsInternet interventions have the potential to fill an important gap in quality cancer care by augmenting limited available mental health services. These interventions should be developed in a manner consistent with best practices and must be empirically tested and validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New crystallographic dielectric phase boundary in K0.5Na0.5NbO3‐based lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Liang Wenfeng , Wu Wenjuan , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jvmu , Zhu Jianguo , Wu Jiagang 
Published: May 2011

Abstract0.979K0.5Na0.5Nb1‐xSbx O3‐0.021Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (KNNSx ‐BNT) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated by conventional solid state reaction technique, and their phase transition and electrical properties were studied. With the increase of x, the rhombohedral‐orthorhombic phase transition temperature of the ceramics increases. Finally, both the rhombohedral‐orthorhombic and orthorhombic‐tetragonal phase transitions of the ceramics were modified to be around room tempera‐ ture when about 6% Sb were substituted for the Nb site, resulting in the formation of a new phase boundary separating rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. The formation of the new phase boundary results in excellent properties for the ceramics, that is, the KNNS0.05‐BNT ceramic shows an enhancement in piezoelectric properties: d33 = 380 pC/N and kP = 0.438. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)