bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIRST‐PERSON BELIEF AND EMPIRICAL CERTAINTY
Authors: MARTENS DAVID B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis is a critical exposition and limited defence of a theory of first‐person belief transiently held byRoderick Chisholmafter giving up the early haecceity theory ofPerson and Object(1976) and before adopting the late self‐attribution theory ofThe First Person(1981). I reconstruct that ‘middle’ theory as involving what I call a ‘hard‐core’ approach tode rebelief and I rebut objections concerning epistemic supervenience and abnormal consciousness. In my rebuttals, I sketch a variant of the middle theory according to which first‐person belief essentially involves the believer's introspective acquaintance with herself.
The Dependency of the Banks' Assets and Liabilities: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Memmel Christoph , Schertler Andrea 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo decades of developments in risk‐transfer instruments may have fundamentally changed the extent to which banks practice on‐balance sheet term and liquidity transformation. These changes should be deliberated in on‐balance sheet asset‐liability dependencies. By using correlation analyses, we investigate asset‐liability dependency for all three sectors of German universal banks from 1994 to 2007 and find that it declined over our sample period. We also investigate whether asset‐liability dependency varies systematically with a bank's affinity for using risk‐transfer instruments, regulatory capital, and profitability and document several differences between the three sectors of German universal banks.
Evaluating an assertive outreach team for supporting clients who present behaviour that challenges
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Paterson Marion 
Published: March 2010

Accessible summary

Some people with a learning disability have behaviours that are hard for services to cope with.
This study looked at a team that tried to help these people to stay in their own homes instead of having to move to a different area.
The study looked at the good things about the team and things that could be better.
We found that the team helped the services to support people in a different way, so that there were fewer behaviours which were hard to manage.

SummaryThis article evaluates an assertive outreach team which aimed to help support people with a learning disability who displayed challenging behaviour in their own environment. The service was evaluated using Maxwell’s Multi‐dimensional Quality Evaluation Model (Maxwell 1984), which recognises that different stakeholders in a service are likely to focus on different indices of quality including effectiveness, efficiency, economy, equity, access to services, appropriateness and social acceptability. The main strengths of the team were staff skills and professionalism, whereas the most frequently cited weaknesses centred around issues of liaison, communication and the role and remit of the team.
Metal complexation and ion association in hydrothermal fluids: insights from quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics
Authors: SHERMAN D. M. 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 41–57AbstractComplexation by ligands in hydrothermal brines is a fundamental step in the transport of metals in the Earth's crust and the formation of ore deposits. Thermodynamic models of mineral solubility require an understanding of metal complexation as a function of pressure, temperature and composition. Over the past 40 years, mineral solubilities and complexation equilibria under hydrothermal conditions have been predicted by extrapolating thermodynamic quantities using equations of state based on the Born model of solvation. However, advances in theoretical algorithms and computational facilities mean that we can now explore hydrothermal fluids at the molecular level. Molecular or atomistic models of hydrothermal fluids avoid the approximations of the Born model and are necessary for any reliable prediction of metal complexation. First principles (quantum mechanical) calculations based on density functional theory can be easily used to predict the structures and relative energies of metal complexes in the ideal gas phase. However, calculations of metal complexation in condensed fluids as a function of temperature and pressure require sampling the configuration degrees of freedom using molecular dynamics (MD). Simulations of dilute solutions require very large systems (thousands of atoms) and very long simulation times; such calculations are only practical by treating the interatomic interactions using classical two‐ or three‐body interatomic potentials. Although such calculations provide some fundamental insights into the nature of crustal fluids, simple two‐ or three‐body classical potentials appear to be inadequate for reliably predicting metal complexation, especially in covalent systems such as Sn2+, Au3+ and Cu+. Ab initio MD (i.e. where the bonding is treated quantum mechanically, but the molecular motions are treated classically) avoids the use of interatomic potentials. These calculations are practical for systems with hundreds of atoms over short times (<10 psec) but enable us to predict complexation as a function of pressure, temperature and composition. In this paper, I provide an introductory outline of the computational methods and illustrations of their application to NaCl brines and the complexation of Cu, Au, Sn and Zn.
Magmatic fluids immiscible with silicate melts: examples from inclusions in phenocrysts and glasses, and implications for magma evolution and metal transport
Authors: KAMENETSKY VADIM S. , KAMENETSKY MAYA B. 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 293–311AbstractThe first occurrence of immiscibility in magmas appears to be most important in the magmatic–hydrothermal transition, and thus studies of magmatic immiscibility should be primarily directed towards recognition of coexisting silicate melt and essentially non‐silicate liquids and fluids (aqueous, carbonic and sulphide). However, immiscible phase separation during decompression, cooling and crystallization of magmas is an inherently fugitive phenomenon. The only remaining evidence of this process and the closest approximation of natural immiscible magmatic liquids and vapours can be provided by melt and fluid inclusions trapped in silicate glasses and magmatic phenocrysts. Such inclusions are often used as a natural experimental laboratory to model the process of exsolution and the compositions of volatile‐rich phases from a wide range of terrestrial magmas. In this paper several examples from recent research on melt and fluid inclusions are used to demonstrate the significance of naturally occurring immiscibility in understanding some large‐scale magma chamber processes, such as degassing and partitioning of metals.
Using seafloor heat flow as a tracer to map subseafloor fluid flow in the ocean crust
Authors: FISHER A. T. , HARRIS R. N. 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 142–160AbstractWe describe how seafloor heat flow is determined, review current understanding of advective heat loss from oceanic lithosphere, and present results from three field areas to illustrate how heat flow measurements are used (along with complementary data) to resolve fluid flow rates and patterns. Conductive heat flow through much of the seafloor is lower than predicted by lithospheric cooling models as a result of hydrothermal circulation; this discrepancy is the basis for global estimates of the magnitude of advective cooling of oceanic lithosphere. Hydrothermal circulation also redistributes heat within the ocean crustal aquifer, leading to local variability. Heat flow studies in Middle Valley, a sedimented spreading center in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, indicate multiple scales of fluid circulation, delineate conditions at the top of a hydrothermal reservoir, and show the influence of primary and secondary convection. Heat flow studies on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge document the thermal influence of isolated basement outcrops surrounded by thick, low‐permeability sediments. Warm hydrothermal fluids seep from the crust through a small volcanic edifice, having flowed into the crust through a larger outcrop ∼50 km to the south. These fluids generate a local geothermal anomaly, but have little influence on regional heat loss from the plate. In contrast, heat flow surveys on part of the Cocos Plate, eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, indicate that regional conductive heat loss is just 10–40% of predictions from lithospheric cooling models. Basement outcrops in this area focus massive discharge of cool, hydrothermal fluid and associated heat (4–80 × 103 l s‐1 of fluid, 0.8–1.4 GW of heat). Seafloor heat flow studies will be increasingly important in coming years for understanding marine hydrogeologic regimes and the role of fluids in a variety of Earth processes and settings.
Estimating GFR in children with 99mTc‐DTPA renography: a comparison with single‐sample 51Cr‐EDTA clearance
Authors: Gutte Henrik , Møller Michael L. , Pfeifer Andreas K. , Thorup Jørgen , Borgwardt Line , Borgwardt Lise , Kristoffersen Ulrik S. , Kjær Andreas 
Published: March 2010

SummaryGlomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement by 51Cr‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and blood sampling in children is usually cumbersome for the patient, parents and laboratory technicians. We have previously developed a method accurately estimating GFR in adults. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of this non‐invasive method in children. We calculated GFR from 99mTc‐diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) renography and compared with 51Cr‐EDTA plasma clearance of 29 children between the age of 1 month and 12 years (mean 4·7 years). The correlation between 99mTc‐DTPA renography and 51Cr‐EDTA plasma clearance was for all children R = 0·96 (n = 29, P<0·0001), for children above 2 years of age R = 0·96 (n = 18, P<0·0001) and for children <2 years R = 0·84 (n = 11, P<0·001). We conclude that assessment of GFR from 99mTc‐DTPA renography is reliable and comparable to GFR calculated from 51Cr‐EDTA plasma clearance. Because our method is non‐invasive and only takes 21 min, it may be preferable in many cases where an assessment of renal function is needed in children especially when renography is performed anyhow.
Increased brain damage after ischaemic stroke in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR5
Authors: Sorce S , Bonnefont J , Julien S , Marq‐Lin N , Rodriguez I , Dubois‐Dauphin M , Krause KH 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  The chemokine receptor CCR5 is well known for its function in immune cells; however, it is also expressed in the brain, where its specific role remains to be elucidated. Because genetic factors may influence the risk of developing cerebral ischaemia or affect its clinical outcome, we have analysed the role of CCR5 in experimental stroke.Experimental approach:  Permanent cerebral ischaemia was performed by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in wild‐type and CCR5‐deficient mice. Locomotor behaviour, infarct size and histochemical alterations were analysed at different time points after occlusion.Key results:  The cerebral vasculature was comparable in wild‐type and CCR5‐deficient mice. However, the size of the infarct and the motor deficits after occlusion were markedly increased in CCR5‐deficient mice as compared with wild type. No differences between wild‐type and CCR5‐deficient mice were elicited by occlusion with respect to the morphology and abundance of astrocytes and microglia. Seven days after occlusion the majority of CCR5‐deficient mice displayed neutrophil invasion in the infarct region, which was not observed in wild type. As compared with wild type, the infarct regions of CCR5‐deficient mice were characterized by increased neuronal death.Conclusions and implications:  Lack of CCR5 increased the severity of brain injury following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. This is of particular interest with respect to the relatively frequent occurrence of CCR5 deficiency in the human population (1–2% of the Caucasian population) and the advent of CCR5 inhibitors as novel drugs.
Effects of COX‐2 inhibition on spinal nociception: the role of endocannabinoids
Authors: Staniaszek LE , Norris LM , Kendall DA , Barrett DA , Chapman V 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Recent studies suggest that the effects of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibition are mediated by cannabinoid receptor activation. However, some non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibit the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, which regulates levels of some endocannabinoids. Whether COX‐2 directly regulates levels of endocannabinoids in vivo is unclear. Here, the effect of the COX‐2 inhibitor nimesulide, which does not inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase, on spinal nociceptive processing was determined. Effects of nimesulide on tissue levels of endocannabinoids and related compounds were measured and the role of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors was determined.Experimental approach:  Effects of spinal and peripheral administration of nimesulide (1–100 µg per 50 µL) on mechanically evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurones were measured, and the contribution of the CB1 receptor was determined with the antagonist AM251 (N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(‐4‐iodophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide), in anaesthetized rats. Effects of nimesulide on spinal levels of endocannabinoids and related compounds were quantified using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry.Key results:  Spinal, but not peripheral, injection of nimesulide (1–100 µg per 50 µL) significantly reduced mechanically evoked responses of dorsal horn neurones. Inhibitory effects of spinal nimesulide were blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1 µg per 50 µL), but spinal levels of endocannabinoids were not elevated. Indeed, both anandamide and N‐oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were significantly decreased by nimesulide.Conclusions and implications:  Although the inhibitory effects of COX‐2 blockade on spinal neuronal responses by nimesulide were dependent on CB1 receptors, we did not detect a concomitant elevation in anandamide or 2‐AG. Further understanding of the complexities of endocannabinoid catabolism by multiple enzymes is essential to understand their contribution to COX‐2‐mediated analgesia.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
China’s Agricultural Policy Transition: Impacts of Recent Reforms and Future Scenarios
Authors: Yu Wusheng , Jensen Hans G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article reviews recent developments in China’s agricultural domestic support policy, especially the transition from taxing farmers and agriculture to providing direct subsidies to grain production and purchased inputs. A model‐based quantitative analysis on the effects of these policy changes is presented. Simulation results suggest that recent policy changes have achieved the declared policy goals of increasing grain production and boosting farm income. Much of the increase in grain production and farm income can be attributed to higher per unit return to arable land, land reallocation to grain production and extra agricultural employment triggered by the policy changes. Based on the assumption that China’s public assistance to agriculture and farmers will continue and rise, two hypothetical future scenarios are simulated. Using all the support permitted under WTO de minimis limits with existing instruments, China’s policy will increase grain production, change trade patterns seemingly contrary to China’s comparative advantage, increase rural employment and significantly increase farm income (by more than 12%). If, however, decoupled instruments are applied to raise China’s agricultural domestic support to the same level, China’s agricultural production and trade will remain unchanged, rural employment remain stable, but farm income will be increased by nearly 15%.
Relative Risk Aversion as an Arc Elasticity
Authors: Eisenhauer Joseph G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRisk aversion is the central reason why individuals purchase insurance and undertake other forms of risk management. But deriving the Pratt–Arrow coefficient of relative risk aversion from a utility function requires familiarity with differential calculus—a level of mathematics beyond the prerequisites for most introductory risk management courses. Thus, students are not exposed to one of the most important and fundamental concepts in the field unless and until they take more advanced courses. The present article demonstrates that relative risk aversion can be obtained as an arc elasticity using only elementary mathematics. This approach highlights the relationship between risk aversion and the demand for insurance, and integrates concepts from the principles of economics course, helping to unify the business curriculum. Numerical examples are easily computed and graphed using electronic spreadsheets, providing students with a hands‐on learning experience. For sufficiently small risks, the arc elasticity measure reduces to the Pratt–Arrow coefficient, providing a platform for discussing the difference between large‐scale and small‐scale risk aversion in upper‐level courses.
S100A8/A9: A Potential New Diagnostic Aid for Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Bealer John F. , Colgin Mark 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Diagnosing acute appendicitis is a daunting clinical challenge, as there is no single test that reliably distinguishes acute appendicitis from other etiologies of acute abdominal pain. In this study, the authors examined whether circulating levels of S100A8/A9 could be useful as a marker to aid in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.Methods:  Plasma samples from emergency department (ED) patients with acute abdominal pain (n = 181) were tested using an immunoassay for S100A8/A9.Results:  The sensitivity and specificity for S100A8/A9 in diagnosing acute appendicitis were estimated to be 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 81% to 97%) and 54% (95% CI = 45% to 62%), respectively. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 96% (95% CI = 89% to 99%), and positive predictive value (PPV) was 37% (95% CI = 28% to 47%). Performance characteristics of elevated white blood cell (WBC) count were also estimated: sensitivity 63% (95% CI = 47% to 76%), specificity 67% (95% CI = 59% to 75%), NPV 86% (95% CI = 78% to 91%), and PPV 36% (95% CI = 26% to 47%).Conclusions:  This is the first report exploring the relationship between circulating S100A8/A9 and acute appendicitis and establishes proof of concept for this biomarker as a diagnostic test for acute appendicitis. Further studies are indicated to optimize the use of this biomarker, in conjunction with other established approaches.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:333–336 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
The Efficacy of Factor VIIa in Emergency Department Patients With Warfarin Use and Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Nishijima Daniel K. , Dager William E. , Schrot Rudolph J. , Holmes James F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to compare outcomes in emergency department (ED) patients with preinjury warfarin use and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) who did and did not receive recombinant activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa) for international normalized ratio (INR) reversal.Methods:  This was a retrospective before‐and‐after study conducted at a Level 1 trauma center, with data from 1999 to 2009. Eligible patients had preinjury warfarin use and tICH on cranial computed tomography (CT) scan. Patients before (standard cohort) and after (rFVIIa cohort) implementation of a protocol for administering 1.2 mg of rFVIIa in the ED were reviewed. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), INR, and Marshall score were collected. Outcome measures included mortality, thromboembolic complications, and INR normalization.Results:  Forty patients (median age = 80.5 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 63.5–85) were included (20 in each cohort). Age, GCS score, ISS, RTS, initial INR, and Marshall score were similar (p > 0.05) between the two cohorts. Survival was identical between cohorts (13 of 20, or 65.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 40.8% to 84.6%). There were no differences in rate of thromboembolic complications in the standard cohort (1 of 20, 5.0%, 95% CI = 0.1% to 24.9%) than the rFVIIa cohort (4 of 20, 20.0%, 95% CI = 5.7% to 43.7%; p = 0.34). Time to normal INR was earlier in the rFVIIa cohort (mean = 4.8 hours, 95% CI = 3.0 to 6.7 hours) than in the standard cohort (mean = 17.5 hours, 95% CI = 12.5 to 22.6; p < 0.001).Conclusions:  In patients with preinjury warfarin and tICH, use of rFVIIa was associated with a decreased time to normal INR. However, no difference in mortality was identified. Use of rFVIIa in patients on warfarin and tICH requires further study to demonstrate important patient‐oriented outcomes.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:244–251 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Accuracy of the Emergency Severity Index Triage Instrument for Identifying Elder Emergency Department Patients Receiving an Immediate Life‐saving Intervention
Authors: Platts‐Mills Timothy F. , Travers Debbie , Biese Kevin , McCall Brenda , Kizer Steve , LaMantia Michael , Busby‐Whitehead Jan , Cairns Charles B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The study objective was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) triage instrument for the identification of elder patients receiving an immediate life‐saving intervention in the emergency department (ED).Methods:  The authors reviewed medical records for consecutive patients 65 years or older who presented to a single academic ED serving a large community of elders during a 1‐month period. ESI triage scores were compared to actual ED course with attention to the occurrence of an immediate life‐saving intervention. The sensitivity and specificity of an ESI triage level of 1 for the identification of patients receiving an immediate intervention was calculated. For 50 cases, the triage nurse ESI designation was compared to the triage level determined by an expert triage nurse based on retrospective record review.Results:  Of 782 consecutive patients 65 years or older who presented to the ED, 18 (2%) had an ESI level of 1, 176 (23%) had an ESI level of 2, 461 (60%) had an ESI level of 3, 100 (13%) had an ESI level of 4, and 18 (2%) had an ESI level of 5. Twenty‐six patients received an immediate life‐saving intervention. ESI triage scores for these 26 individuals were as follows: ESI 1, 11 patients; ESI 2, nine patients; and ESI 3, six patients. The sensitivity of ESI to identify patients receiving an immediate intervention was 42.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.3% to 61.3%); the specificity was 99.2% (95% CI = 98.0% to 99.7%). For 17 of 50 cases in which actual triage nurse and expert nurse ESI levels disagreed, undertriage by the triage nurses was more common than overtriage (13 vs. 4 patients).Conclusions:  The ESI triage instrument identified fewer than half of elder patients receiving an immediate life‐saving intervention. Failure to follow established ESI guidelines in the triage of elder patients may contribute to apparent undertriage.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:238–243 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine