bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Organizational Culture among Different Levels of Healthcare Staff Participating in the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's 100,000 Lives Campaign
Authors: Sinkowitz-Cochran Ronda L. , Garcia-Williams Amanda , Hackbarth Andrew D. , Zell Bonnie , Baker G. Ross , McCannon C. Joseph , Beltrami Elise M. , Jernigan John A. , McDonald L. Clifford , Goldmann Donald A. 
Published: January 2012

Background.Little is known about how hospital organizational and cultural factors associated with implementation of quality initiatives such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) 100,000 Lives Campaign differ among levels of healthcare staff.Design.Evaluation of a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology (“trilogic evaluation model”).Setting.Six hospitals that joined the campaign before June 2006.Participants.Three strata of staff (executive leadership, midlevel, and frontline) at each hospital.Results.Surveys were completed in 2008 by 135 hospital personnel (midlevel, 43.7%; frontline, 38.5%; executive, 17.8%) who also participated in 20 focus groups. Overall, 93% of participants were aware of the IHI campaign in their hospital and perceived that 58% (standard deviation, 22.7%) of improvements in quality at their hospital were a direct result of the campaign. There were significant differences between staff levels on the organizational culture (OC) items, with executive-level staff having higher scores than midlevel and frontline staff. All 20 focus groups perceived that the campaign interventions were sustainable and that data feedback, buy-in, hardwiring (into daily activities), and leadership support were essential to sustainability.Conclusions.The trilogic model demonstrated that the 3 levels of staff had markedly different perceptions regarding the IHI campaign and OC. A framework in which frontline, midlevel, and leadership staff are simultaneously assessed may be a useful tool for future evaluations of OC and quality initiatives such as the IHI campaign.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(2):135-143
Ultraviolet Powder versus Ultraviolet Gel for Assessing Environmental Cleaning
Authors: Munoz-Price L. Silvia , Fajardo-Aquino Yovanit , Arheart Kristopher L. 
Published: January 2012

We compared cleaning rates associated with use of a white ultraviolet (UV) powder versus a transparent UV gel among units with various degrees of previous experience with UV powder. The study outcome was the presence of discordant cleaning (removal of powder without the removal of gel, or vice versa). We found higher frequency of discordance in high-experience units (31%) than in no-experience units (8%) (P<.001). In 92% of discordant findings, the powder was removed but not the gel (P< .001). These findings suggest preferential cleaning of visible UV targets among units with high levels of previous experience with powder.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(2):192-195
High dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis does not prevent colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Lindström L. , Boberg K. M. , Wikman O. , Friis‐Liby I. , Hultcrantz R. , Prytz H. , Sandberg‐Gertzén H. , Sangfelt P. , Rydning A. , Folvik G. , Gangsøy‐Kristiansen M. , Danielsson Å. , Bergquist Annika 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundPatients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high risk of developing colorectal cancer and dysplasia. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been suggested to have chemopreventive effects on the development of colorectal cancer and dysplasia but long‐term data and larger trials are lacking.AimTo evaluate the effect of high dose (17–23 mg/kg/day) UDCA on colorectal neoplasia in a cohort of patients with PSC and IBD.MethodsFrom our previous 5‐year randomised controlled trial of UDCA vs. placebo in PSC, we performed a follow‐up of 98 patients with concomitant IBD from entry of the trial 1996–1997 until 2009 for development of colorectal cancer or dysplasia.ResultsThe total follow‐up time was 760 person‐years. Dysplasia/cancer‐free survival was compared between placebo‐ (n = 50) and UDCA‐treated (n = 48) patients. There was a similar frequency of dysplasia or cancer after 5 years between patients originally assigned to UDCA or placebo (13% vs. 16%) and no difference in dysplasia/cancer‐free survival (P = 0.46, log rank test). At the end of 2009 no difference in cancer‐free survival was detected, 30% of the placebo patients compared with 27% of UDCA patients had developed colorectal cancer or dysplasia.ConclusionsLong‐term high dose ursodeoxycholic acid does not prevent colorectal cancer or dysplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis‐associated inflammatory bowel disease.
Precise pH measuring of platelet concentrates containing additive solution – the impact of the temperature
Authors: Ringwald J. , Luther R. , Zimmermann R. , Strobel J. , Weiss D. , Eckstein R. 
Published: January 2012

Background and Objectives  Blood gas analysers measuring pH at 37°C (pH37) are widely used for pH determination of platelet (PLT) concentrates (PCs). For reporting pH at 22°C (pH22), converting of pH37 using the correct conversion factor is mandatory. For PCs stored in PLT additive solution (PAS), such conversion factors are not yet widely available. We studied pH in samples of PCs with different PAS/plasma ratios during warming from 22 to 37°C.Materials and Methods  We measured pH in 39 samples containing modified PAS‐III (PAS‐IIIM) with a plasma carryover of 20%, 30% or 40% or no PAS‐IIIM. Differences between pH22 and pH37 (dpH) were compared within and between study groups. Correlation between pH22 and dpH was tested. Additional measurements in 33 samples with three different PLT counts were performed to study the influence of PLT count on dpH.Results  pH22 and pH37 within each group and dpH or dpH/dT between study groups differed significantly. The dpH was 0·135 ± 0·040, 0·021 ± 0·009, 0·033 ± 0·011 and 0·048 ± 0·017 for samples containing 100%, 20%, 30% or 40% plasma, respectively. Correlation between dpH and pH22 was strong in 100% (r = 0·696, P < 0·001), weaker in 30% and 40% (r = 0·367, P = 0·022 and r = 0·345, P = 0·032, respectively) and not existing in 20% plasma (r = 0·153, P = 0·354). PLT count did not influence the dpH significantly.Conclusion  The dpH is dependent on different PAS‐IIIM/plasma ratios and pH range. For precise reporting of pH22, the respective dpH must be used if converting is necessary. Preferably, the pH should be reported at 37°C or measured directly at 22°C.
Clinical outcome analysis of male and female genital burn injuries: A 15‐year experience at a Level‐1 Burn Center
Authors: Abel Nicole J , Klaassen Zachary , Mansour E Hani , Marano Michael A , Petrone Sylvia J , Houng Abraham P , Chamberlain Ronald S 
Published: January 2012

Objectives:  The American Burn Association classifies a burn to the genitalia as a major injury. Isolated burns to the penis, scrotum or vulva are rare as a result of protection provided by the thighs and abdomen. Thus, burned genitalia represent an ominous sign of a more extensive total body surface area burn.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted to a Level‐1 Burn Unit with a burn involving the genitalia from January 1995 to December 2009 comprised the study population.Results:  A total of 393 patients of 5878 patients (6.7%) admitted to the Burn Unit suffered a burn involving the genitalia, including 253 males (64.4%) and 140 females (35.6%). The median total body surface area was 12% (range 1–100%), the most common cause of genital burn was scald (n = 246, 62.9%) and median length of stay was 9 days (range 1–472 days). A total of 269 patients (68.4%) were discharged to home from the hospital, and in‐hospital mortality was 20.9%.Conclusions:  The typical profile for those sustaining a genital burn include younger patients (≤30 years‐of‐age), sustaining a median total body surface area burn of 12% from a scald injury, with extensive genitalia involvement. Length of stay for genital burns is usually extended and, as a result of concomitant injuries, is associated with a 20% in‐hospital death rate.
Chitin colonization, chitin degradation and chitin‐induced natural competence of Vibrio cholerae are subject to catabolite repression
Authors: Blokesch Melanie 
Published: January 2012

SummaryAlthough Vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen its primary habitat are aquatic environments. In this environment, V. cholerae takes advantage of the abundance of zooplankton, whose chitinous exoskeletons provide a nutritious surface. Chitin also induces the developmental programme of natural competence in several species of the genus Vibrio. Because the chitin surface can serve as the sole carbon source for V. cholerae, the link between carbon catabolite repression and chitin‐induced natural competence for transformation was investigated in this study. Provision of competing phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS)‐dependent carbon sources in addition to chitin significantly lowered natural transformability. These sugars are known to interfere with the accumulation of 3′,5′‐cyclic AMP (cAMP); therefore, the contributions of the cAMP‐producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase and the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) to chitin surface colonization, chitin degradation and natural transformation were also analysed. The results provided here indicate that cAMP and CRP are important in at least three interlinked areas of the chitin‐induced natural competence programme. First, cAMP and CRP are required for the efficient colonization of the chitin surface; second both contribute to chitin degradation and utilization, and third, cAMP plus CRP play a role in increasing competence gene expression. These findings highlight the complex regulatory circuit of chitin‐induced natural competence in V. cholerae.
Auditor Industry Specialization, Political Economy and Earnings Quality: Some Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: Jaggi Bikki , Gul Ferdinand A. , Lau Thomas Sing Chiu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUsing cross‐country data, we evaluate the impact of investor protection on the association between earnings quality and audits by industry specialists. Our findings show that the positive association between industry specialist auditors and earnings quality as documented in the literature is affected by the political electoral system, which reflects investor protection rights in a country. We document that audits by industry specialists are associated with higher earnings quality in countries with the proportional electoral system, reflecting weak investor protection. Our results also confirm Kwon et al.'s findings that overall there is a positive association between earnings quality and audits by industry specialists in countries with weak legal enforcement. Our findings, however, indicate that Kwon et al.'s results are valid only for countries with weak investor protection reflected by the proportional electoral system and not for countries with strong investor protection reflected by the majoritarian electoral system. These findings thus suggest that higher earnings quality of firms audited by industry specialists across countries can especially be expected when investor protection is low and legal enforcement is also weak. In addition, our research suggests that future cross‐country studies could explicitly consider the role of the political electoral system of a country in evaluating corporate governance, management and accounting issues.
Philosophy, Logic, Science, History
Authors: Crane Tim 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnalytic philosophy is sometimes said to have particularly close connections to logic and to science, and no particularly interesting or close relation to its own history. It is argued here that although the connections to logic and science have been important in the development of analytic philosophy, these connections do not come close to characterizing the nature of analytic philosophy, either as a body of doctrines or as a philosophical method. We will do better to understand analytic philosophy—and its relationship to continental philosophy—if we see it as a historically constructed collection of texts, which define its key problems and concerns. It is true, however, that analytic philosophy has paid little attention to the history of the subject. This is both its strength—since it allows for a distinctive kind of creativity—and its weakness—since ignoring history can encourage a philosophical variety of “normal science.”
The Cambridge Revolt Against Idealism: Was There Ever an Eden?
Authors: Macbride Fraser 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAccording to one creation myth, analytic philosophy emerged in Cambridge when Moore and Russell abandoned idealism in favour of naive realism: every word stood for something; it was only after “the Fall,” Russell's discovery of his theory of descriptions, that they realized some complex phrases (“the present King of France”) didn't stand for anything. It has become a commonplace of recent scholarship to object that even before the Fall, Russell acknowledged that such phrases may fail to denote. But we need to go further: even before the Fall, Russell had taken an altogether more discerning approach to the ontology of logic and relations than is usually recognized.
Philosophy and Its Pitfalls
Authors: Heal Jane 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhilosophy is an ambitious, speculative practice, aimed at finding out what wisdom is and how to attain it, in so far as that can be done by explicit discussion and argument. A likely pitfall of any such enterprise is that it loses touch with concerns in human life outside itself and becomes scholastic, in the pejorative sense. Academic institutions which encourage wide and outward‐looking intellectual sympathies, and which do not reward narrow point‐scoring specialism, are helpful in resisting the tendency to scholasticism. The Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge might have provided some of the elements of such a setting, by framing an academic structure in which philosophy was studied in conjunction with other subjects in the humanities and social sciences. As things actually developed, that possibility was not realised. Nevertheless, philosophy at Cambridge maintained vigour and significance, through the intellectual freedom and encouragement it provided to some notable individual philosophers.
What Is Legal Philosophy?
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article delineates some of the main issues that are debated by philosophers of law. It explores the connections between legal philosophy and other areas of philosophy, while also seeking to specify the distinctiveness of many of the concerns that have preoccupied philosophers of law. It illustrates its abstract points with examples focused on the separability of law and morality, the nature of the rule of law, the nature of rights, justifications for the imposition of punishment, and the identification of basic legal entitlements.
On Categories and A Posteriori Necessity: A Phenomenological Echo
Authors: Garcia‐Encinas M. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article argues for two related theses. First, it defends a general thesis: any kind of necessity, including metaphysical necessity, can only be known a priori. Second, however, it also argues that the sort of a priori involved in modal metaphysical knowledge is not related to imagination or any sort of so‐called epistemic possibility. Imagination is neither a proof of possibility nor a limit to necessity. Rather, modal metaphysical knowledge is built on intuition of philosophical categories and the structures they form.
Enabling Integration in Sports for Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Grandisson Marie , Tétreault Sylvie , Freeman Andrew R. 
Published: January 2012

Background  Promoting the health and social participation of adolescents with intellectual disability is important as they are particularly vulnerable to encountering difficulties in those areas. Integration of these individuals in integrated sports is one strategy to address this issue.Methods  The main objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with the integration of adolescents with intellectual disability in sports alongside their non‐disabled peers. Individual interviews were completed with 40 adolescents with intellectual disability and their parents, while 39 rehabilitation staff participated via either a discussion group or self‐administered questionnaires. The Disability Creation Process (DCP) theoretical model was used to frame the analysis and the presentation of the findings (The Quebec Classification: Disability Creation Process. International Network on the Disability Creation Process/CSICIDH, Québec, QC, 1998).Results  Various personal and environmental factors that have an impact on integration in sports were identified by participants. For example, attitudes, practical support, individuals’ experiences in sports and in integrated settings as well as behaviour control emerged as important elements to consider.Conclusions  Integration in integrated sports can engender a lot of benefits for individuals with intellectual disability, their parents and non‐disabled athletes. However, many barriers need to be removed before such benefits can be more widely realized.
Mental Health Needs in Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities: Cross‐Sectional Survey of a Service Sample
Authors: Hassiotis A , Turk J 
Published: January 2012

Background  Little research has been conducted on the mental health needs of adolescents with intellectual disability, despite the severity and rates of such needs being high throughout childhood and in adulthood. We have investigated the prevalence and predictors of mental health needs and service use in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.Materials and Methods  Service‐based sample (n = 75) in one catchment area. Individual assessments were carried out. The main outcome was the presence of mental health needs measured by the Developmental Behaviour Checklist.Results  Prevalence of mental health needs increased from 51% as reported by parents to 67% as judged by clinical interviews. Caseness was associated with low adaptive functioning, diagnosis of autism and family history of mental illness. High scores on parent reports of participant mental ill‐health showed negative correlations with adaptive functioning scores. Most individuals were in receipt of social and health care. Half of the participants had sought help for mental health needs. Almost half of those receiving medication were on psychiatric medication.Conclusions  Adolescents with intellectual disabilities may have considerable mental health problems which are functionally impairing yet frequently unidentified and hence untreated. Identification of those at risk and undertaking of a comprehensive needs assessment are essential to maximize potential and quality of life and to reduce further deficits and social exclusion.
Context Influences the Motivation for Stereotypic and Repetitive Behaviour in Children Diagnosed with Intellectual Disability with and without Autism
Authors: Joosten Annette V. , Bundy Anita C. , Einfeld Stewart L. 
Published: January 2012

Background  Children are motivated to engage in stereotypic and repetitive behaviours for a number of reasons. Their motivation seems to change according to context, but little empirical evidence supports that observation. Interventions designed to reduce the behaviours may be improved by an increased understanding of the interaction between motivation and context.Method  Using Rasch analysis, we analysed data describing stereotypic behaviours from 279 Revised Motivation Assessment Scales (MAS:R). Data were gathered from two groups of children: Group 1 with intellectual disability (n = 37) and Group 2 with both intellectual disability and autism (n = 37). We examined behaviours in three contexts: free time, transition and while engaged in tasks. MAS:R distinguishes two intrinsic motivators: enhanced sensation and decreased anxiety and three extrinsic motivators: seeking attention or objects or escape.Results  Significant differences in motivators were observed during free time and transition. No one motivator predominated while children were engaged in tasks. For both groups, sensory enhancement was a more likely motivator in free time and anxiety reduction was a more likely motivator during transition. Transition was the context most likely to influence extrinsic motivators, but there were significant differences between the groups.Conclusions  Context influences the motivation for stereotyped and repetitive behaviours. Transition has a particularly powerful effect.
Choosing Staff Members Reduces Time in Mechanical Restraint Due to Self‐Injurious Behaviour and Requesting Restraint
Authors: Jensen Craig C. , Lydersen Tore , Johnson Paul R. , Weiss Shannon R. , Marconi Michael R. , Cleave Mary L. , Weber Patricia 
Published: January 2012

Background  Using mechanical restraints to protect a person who engaged in dangerous self‐injury was decreased by manipulation of an establishing operation involving the client choosing the staff person who would work with her.Materials and Methods  The client was a 28‐year‐old woman diagnosed with autism, bipolar disorder, static cerebral encephalopathy, moderate intellectual disabilities, hypotonia and musculoskeletal deformities. She had a history of biting herself and further bites could produce irreversible nerve damage. Mechanical restraints were applied when she bit, tried to bite herself or asked for them.Results  When she was allowed to choose staff members, the use of mechanical restraint decreased.Conclusion  Reducing the time spent in mechanical restraint by giving the client a choice of staff members who would work with her demonstrates that such a choice may be an establishing operation. The usefulness of cumulative records and scatterplots to evaluate changes in the occurrence of self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) and associated mechanical restraint is shown as are the advantages of using alternating treatment designs to assess the effectiveness of treatment conditions for someone who exhibits long‐term cyclic behaviour.
Parents’ and Service Providers’ Perceptions of the Family Goal Setting Tool: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rodger Sylvia , O’Keefe Amy , Cook Madonna , Jones Judy 
Published: January 2012

Background  This qualitative study describes parents’ and service providers’ experiences in using the Family Goal Setting Tool (FGST). This article looks specifically at the tool’s perceived clinical utility during annual, collaborative goal setting.Methods  Participants included eight parents and ten service providers involved in a Family and Early Childhood Service in Queensland, Australia. Participants were interviewed individually (parents and one service provider) or in a focus group (service providers). The transcribed interviews were analysed using standard content analysis techniques.Results  Four key themes emerged including: (i) the facilitation of goal setting, (ii) strengths‐based focus, (iii) family centred processes and (iv) family empowerment.Conclusions  Both parents’ and service providers’ were positive about the FGST. Insights into barriers to holistic goal setting and the clinical utility of the tool are described. Further refinement of the tool and trial in a range of early intervention contexts is required.