bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation of ocean—Atmosphere heat fluxes in a tropical environment using satellite and surface data
Authors: Michael K. J. , Nunez M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOcean—atmosphere heat fluxes measured at John Brewer Reef (80 km north‐north‐east of Townsville, Australia) were compared with regional heat fluxes estimated from non‐direct surface data and information from a number of satellite sensors. Data from the visible channel of the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (CMS) were collected for the location, as well as daily atmospheric soundings from NOAA‐9. Sea‐surface temperatures were obtained from a blend of ship observations and NOAA‐9 data. A relationship was developed that estimated solar radiation from GMS visible reflectance data. Incoming longwave radiation was estimated with the LOWTRAN 6 radiative transfer model applied to profiles of temperature and humidity derived from NOAA‐9 soundings. The bulk aerodynamic formulation was used to form regional estimates of the turbulent heat fluxes, combining wind speed from the Darwin Tropical Wind Analysis, blended sea‐surface temperatures, and near‐surface specific humidity related to satellite‐derived precipitable water vapour. A variety of approaches for estimating the near‐surface specific humidity were examined. The root mean square differences (measured—estimated) between the weekly averaged values of the net solar radiation flux, the net longwave radiation flux, the total turbulent heat flux, and the total ocean—atmosphere heat flux were estimated as 12, 10, 45 and 50 Wm−2 respectively. Time series of the weekly heat fluxes are presented for the period June 1985 to April 1986.
A surface energy exchange model of glacier melt and net mass balance
Authors: Munro D. Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn energy balance model of surface climate and melt for a glacierized area is described, and applied to simulate ablation and net mass balance on Peyto Glacier. Surface characteristics are assigned according to general knowledge from physical climatology and experimental data from the glacier itself. A known elevational distribution of snow covers the glacier at the beginning of the ablation season, then melts in response to simulated energy input to the surface, thus exposing an ever increasing area of ice. The end result is the annual net mass balance, which is shown to be very sensitive to annual mean temperature, solar energy input, atmospheric emissivity, surface albedo, and climatic regime. Maritime climates produce steeper elevational gradients of net mass balance than do continental climates, which, in turn, are steeper than those created under Arctic conditions. It is also found that, in addition to lag caused by internal drainage development, there must be delay in peak meltwater production owing to changing surface conditions because, as snowline elevation rises, the glacier evolves into a more effective collector of solar energy.
Some aspects of the basic characteristics of the Siberian anticyclone
Authors: Sahsamanoglou H. S. , Makrogiannis T. J. , Kallimopoulos P. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of the Siberian Anticyclone is continuous from October until March in an area defined by longitude 90°‐110°E and latitude 40°‐55°N. From the point of view of central pressure, this anticyclone is much more intense than the permanent anticyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. During the last 116 years there have been periods during which the anticyclone appeared stronger and periods when it appeared weaker. Since 1970 a continuous decrease in central pressure of the anticyclone is observed, and is related to a continuous temperature rise of the 1000–500 hPa layer for the same time interval. Their correlation is found to be negative. After 1950, maximum values of central pressure are observed corresponding to maximum values of solar activity. In some of the time series of the anticyclone central pressure, periodicities of 58, 4.5, 3.5, and 3 years are observed, as well as the Quasi‐biennial Oscillation.
Interaction between beet vinasse and iron fertilisers in the prevention of iron deficiency in lupins
Authors: de Santiago Ana , Delgado Antonio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Recycling of organic byproducts for use as soil amendments or fertilisers may enhance the productivity of soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of sugar beet vinasse to correct iron chlorosis in crops when applied in conjunction with Fe fertilisers such as vivianite and ferrous sulfate (FS). An experiment involving two factors (Fe source and dialysed sugar beet vinasse (DBV) rate) was performed using white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and calcareous sand as growing medium.RESULTS: Although vivianite provided lower chlorophyll contents than Fe‐chelate, dry matter production was not significantly different between the two Fe sources. Vivianite was more effective than FS in preventing iron chlorosis in white lupin, but not when DBV was applied. DBV significantly increased chlorophyll content in plants treated with FS after 3 weeks of growth.CONCLUSION: DBV increased the effect of FS in preventing iron deficiency chlorosis in white lupin. This was due, at least in part, to the inhibition of the precipitation of Fe oxides by organic compounds and to the increase in the content of Fe complexed by organic compounds in the growing medium, as revealed by sequential Fe fractionation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Pedicled facial buccinator (FAB) flap: A new flap for reconstruction of skull base defects
Authors: Rivera‐Serrano Carlos M. , Oliver Christopher L. , Sok John , Prevedello Daniel M. , Gardner Paul , Snyderman Carl H. , Kassam Amin B. , Carrau Ricardo L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:The expansion of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery has resulted in an increased demand for reconstructive options. Reconstruction with vascularized tissue has proven indispensable for reliably separating the cranial contents from the paranasal sinuses following extended endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA). The introduction of the Hadad‐Bassagasteguy flap (vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap, HBF) at our institution decreased our postoperative cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leak rates from more than 20% to less than 5%. The HBF is not always available, as the nasoseptal area or its vascular supply can be compromised by tumor or prior surgery. In an attempt to keep pace with rapidly expanding reconstructive requirements, we present the anatomic and cadaveric foundations for novel modifications of the facial artery musculo (‐mucosal) (FAM[M]) and buccinator flaps to allow vascularized reconstruction of the skull base.Study Design:Feasibility. Cadaveric study.Methods:Using cadaver dissections and measurements, we investigated the feasibility of transposing pedicled buccinator myo/myomucosal flaps into the nasal cavity and skull base. Both muscular and myomuscular flaps were raised, and techniques for transposition into the nasal cavity were investigated. Three fresh and six preserved human specimens were dissected.Results:Pedicled facial buccinator flaps with and without mucosa were transposed into the nasal cavity using a variety of maxillary osteotomies. No facial incisions were required. It was demonstrated that the flaps reach the anterior skull base and planum sphenoidale.Conclusions:The transposition of pedicled buccinator muscle flaps with and without mucosa into the nasal cavity could reach the anterior skull base and planum sphenoidale, if the appropriate surgical technique is used. The pedicled Facial Buccinator Flap holds significant potential as a reconstructive alternative for a variety of skull base defects, alone or in combination with existing reconstructive options. Laryngoscope, 2010
Automated high‐level disinfection of nonchanneled flexible endoscopes: Duty cycles and endoscope repair
Authors: Statham Melissa McCarty , Willging J. Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurpose:Guidelines issued by the Association of Operating Room Nurses and the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology recommend high‐level disinfection (HLD) for semicritical instruments, such as flexible endoscopes. We aim to examine the durability of endoscopes to continued use and automated HLD. We report the number of duty cycles a flexible endoscope can withstand before repairs should be anticipated.Methods:Retrospective review.Results:A total of 4,336 endoscopic exams and subsequent disinfection cycles were performed with 60 flexible endoscopes in an outpatient tertiary pediatric otolaryngology practice from 2005 to 2009. All endoscopes were systemically cleaned with mechanical cleansing followed by leak testing, enzymatic cleaning, and exposure to Orthophthaldehyde (0.55%) for 5 minutes at a temperature of at least 25°C, followed by rinsing for 3 minutes. A total of 77 repairs were performed, 48 major (average cost $3,815.97), and 29 minor (average cost $326.85). On average, the 2.2‐mm flexible endoscopes were utilized for 61.9 examinations before major repair was needed, whereas the 3.6 mm endoscopes were utilized for 154.5 exams before needing minor repairs. No major repairs have been needed to date on the 3.6‐mm endoscopes.Conclusions:Automated endoscope reprocessor use for HLD is an effective means to disinfect and process flexible endoscopes. This minimizes variability in the processing of the endoscopes and maximizes the rate of successful HLD. Even when utilizing standardized, automated HLD and limiting the number of personnel processing the endoscopes, smaller fiberoptic endoscopes demonstrate a shortened time interval between repairs than that seen with the larger endoscopes. Laryngoscope, 2010
Enhancement of ischemic wound healing by inducement of local angiogenesis
Authors: Milch Hannah S. , Schubert Shai Y. , Hammond Stephen , Spiegel Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective:To determine if monocytes activated toward an angiogenic phenotype can be used to improve ischemic tissue healing in a rat skin flap model.Study Design:Prospective experimental study on Wistar rats.Methods:A caudally based 9 × 3 cm dorsal skin/panniculus carnosus flap was raised in 15 rats. The animals were divided into three groups: the monocyte group (N = 5) received subcutaneous topical application of 0.1–0.2 cc of i‐Monogrid™, a collagen gel containing M2 angiogenic monocytes; control group 1 (N = 5) received application of cell‐free collagen; and control group 2 (N = 5) received no treatment. Skin flaps were stapled in place and observed for wound ischemia and necrosis of the skin flap. One week postoperatively, skin and underlying muscle were harvested for histologic analyses.Results:No macroscopic differences in wound healing or microscopic differences in skin viability were observed. However, the monocyte group showed significantly greater vascular improvement than C1 (P = .047, χ = 3.96), and a trend toward greater vascular improvement than C2 (P = .103, χ = 2.67).Conclusions:Delivery of activated pro‐angiogenic monocytes to an ischemic skin flap tended to improve histologic evidence of vascularity without corresponding microscopic or gross evidence of improved flap survival. These results are encouraging regarding the use of monocytes as a potential method of improving vascularization of ischemic tissue. Laryngoscope, 2010.
What a manager learned and how he learned it
Authors: Drath Wilfred H. , Kaplan Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of realistic behavioral simulation for management training is growing. Perhaps the most often asked questions about such simulations are: How do they work? And what can managers learn from them? The authors attempt to answer these questions in narrative from by following one manager in his search for self‐discovery and understanding during the Center's Looking Glass simulation.
In Situ X‐Ray Scattering Studies of Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Networks with Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains to Investigate Structural Changes during Dual‐ and Triple‐Shape Effect
Authors: Wagermaier Wolfgang , Zander Thomas , Hofmann Dieter , Kratz Karl , Narendra Kumar U. , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dual‐ and triple‐shape effects of multiphase polymer networks that contain two crystallizable chain segments have been assessed in situ by combining X‐ray measurements with thermomechanical investigations. The studied polymer, named CLEG, is a multiphase polymer network of crystallizable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains. Wide‐angle (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were combined with temperature‐controlled in situ tensile testing experiments. This integrated approach enables systematic investigation and interpretation of relevant structural features during the programming procedures and the thermally‐induced recovery process. Main results concern the combined effect of PCL and PEG crystals on shape fixation, the specific role of low‐melting PCL crystallites in the fixation of the low temperature temporary shape, and the different orientation behavior of PCL and PEG crystals during certain stages of the programming procedure. These results demonstrate that crystal orientation effects are dominant for the PCL crystals. The effects of the low temperature PCL crystals could only be investigated when synchrotron radiation was applied. These findings indicate the great potential of in situ X‐ray investigations for the creation of design‐relevant knowledge about the microscopic foundations of dual‐ and triple‐shape effects in appropriate polymer systems.magnified image
Fakten und Trends: Chemiestudiengänge 2009
Authors: Schmitz Karin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker hat auch 2009 umfangreiche statistische Daten zu den Chemiestudiengängen erhoben. Sowohl die Zahl der Studienanfänger als auch die der Absolventen stieg gegenüber dem Vorjahr. Fast alle Bachelor‐Absolventen an Universitäten und etwa die Hälfte an Fachhochschulen schließen ein Master‐Studium an. An den Universitäten ist der Trend zur Promotion ungebrochen. Der Berufseinstieg war 2009 erwartungsgemäß schwieriger als in den Vorjahren. Die Wirtschaftskrise zeigte sich vor allem in einem Anstieg der befristeten Arbeitsverhältnisse.
Adjustment time and optimal control of neoclassical monetary growth models
Authors: Lewis Stephen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe problem of adjustment time in neoclassical monetary growth models is examined. Comparisons are made with the neoclassical growth model without money. Discretionary monetary and fiscal policies of a ‘bang‐bang’ type based upon Pontryagin's minimum principle and the ‘minimum‐time’ problem are derived by computer simulation since the models are non‐linear and except in trivial cases cannot be solved analytically. The effectiveness of policies in reducing adjustment time between equilibria is explored. These policies provide for increased confidence in the relevance of comparative static predictions derived from the type of models studied.
Optimal parameter estimation for basic problems of economic operation in electric power systems
Authors: El‐Hawary M. E. , Mansour S. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper treats the problem of optimal parameter estimation for some basic models commonly used in conjunction with optimal economic operation studies in integrated electric power systems. Three well‐known parameter estimation algorithms are considered for this purpose. The weighted least‐squares, Gauss‐Newton, and Powell's regression algorithms are utilized to obtain optimal parameters for the fuel cost model of thermal generating sources, active power loss model for the electric network, as well as the active‐reactive power loss models. Performance comparisons using some test systems show that the Powell's regression results provide satisfactory optimal estimates.
Unimodal and bimodal optimal design of extensible arches with respect to buckling and vibrations
Authors: Blachut Jan , Gajewski Antoni 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe problem of determining the optimal cross‐sectional area function along an extensible arch so as to minimize the total volume under given external pressure, fixed frequency, and geometrical constraints is investigated by use of the Pontryagin maximum principle. The optimal design of a clamped‐clamped arch is presented in detail. Optimization with respect to buckling load is also considered.
A Two‐Level optimal final‐value control system for non‐linear plants realized with mini/micro computers
Authors: Asselmeyer B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA two‐level approach for optimal final‐value control of non‐linear systems is considered. On the higher level, an on‐line optimization (using a Ritz parameterization of the control functions1) is performed during each major sampling interval in order to compute the control functions for the next intervals. On the lower level, an explicit model‐following control is used with a minor sampling interval. This allows, even for heavily disturbed systems, sufficiently long major intervals for the on‐line optimization. An ammonia reactor2 is used as an example, and the application of this procedure is discussed. A realization of the controller using a hierarchical computer configuration gives an indication that, with a reasonable amount of hardware, sampling intervals of about one minute for the on‐line optimization and well below one second for the model‐following control may be obtained.
Optimal control of non‐linear advertising models with replenishable budget
Authors: Hartl Richard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with an optimal advertising model with two state variables. The revenue and efficiency functions are concave. The aim is to choose the rate of advertising expenditures over time in a way that maximizes the present value of net profit streams over an infinite horizon subject to a replenishable budget. It is shown that the optimal advertising expenditures start at a high level and decrease over time if the initial stock of goodwill is low. Low initial budget as well as low initial stock of goodwill can cause shortness of budget. It turns out that, in contrast to comparable linear models, the remaining budget is always positive.
Optimal Coatings, Bang‐Bang Controls, And Gradient Techniques
Authors: Hager William W. , Rostamian Rouben 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA model for a viscoelastic coating is derived and the coating reflectivity is determined. A coating which minimizes the reflection of sound waves is partly bang‐bang and partly singular. A new gradient type algorithm is presented for computing the optimal control. Formulae for the gradient of the cost in optimal control are derived in various settings.
Simplified parameter adaptive control
Authors: Warwick K. , Karam K. Z. , Tham M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple parameter adaptive controller design methodology is introduced in which steady‐state servo tracking properties provide the major control objective. This is achieved without cancellation of process zeros and hence the underlying design can be applied to non‐minimum phase systems. As with other self‐tuning algorithms, the design (user specified) polynomials of the proposed algorithm define the performance capabilities of the resulting controller. However, with the appropriate definition of these polynomials, the synthesis technique can be shown to admit different adaptive control strategies, e.g. self‐tuning PID and self‐tuning pole‐placement controllers. The algorithm can therefore be thought of as an embodiment of other self‐tuning design techniques. The performances of some of the resulting controllers are illustrated using simulation examples and the on‐line application to an experimental apparatus.
A Comparison of optimal control algorithms for complex bioengineering studies
Authors: Audu M. L. , Davy D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo optimal control problems typically encountered in bioengineering studies are solved using five dynamic optimization algorithms carefully selected from among the most widely recognized gradient‐based algorithms. All the problems are solved using a medium‐sized mainframe computer. The convergence characteristics of each algorithm are tested by using them to solve each of the two problems. It is recognized that a number of difficulties arise with these larger problems. Some of these problems include prohibitive storage requirements and large computational times. The consequences of the choice of any specific algorithm for solving typical dynamic optimization problems in biomedicine are pointed out.
Optimal development plan for new products: A Control theoretic approach
Authors: Murthy D. N. P. , Nguyen D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProduct quality affects a manufacturer's profitability since better quality results in a bigger market share and greater revenue. Product quality can be improved by product development which costs money. Hence to maximize total profit the development plan must be selected optimally. This paper develops a dynamic model to optimally select the development rate and timing of release to maximize discounted expected profit.
Power system network parameter estimation
Authors: Quintana V. H. , Van Cutsem TH. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods for power network parameter estimation and correction are discussed in this paper. A sequential‐type method for real‐time processing of network parameters is proposed. The method exploits the information contained in the measurement residuals to estimate a better network parameter; it uses a linearized sensitivity model to relate the measurement residuals to the parameter error. The proposed method has been coded in FORTRAN using several short‐cuts and has been thoroughly tested in the estimation of transformer ratios in the Belgian HV system.
Prediction of elongation viscosity of polymer melts
Authors: Liang Jizhao , Zhong Lei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMelt extension flow is a common flow pattern during polymer processing, such as entrance converging flow in die extrusion or runner injection of polymer melts from an extruder barrel, blow molding, blowing film and melt spinning. Extensional viscosity is one of the important characterizations of the flow characteristics for polymer fluids. A new extension viscosity equation was established based on White‐Metzner model, Vinogradov‐Malkin viscosity equation and a new relaxation time equation in the present paper. The melt elongation viscosities of metallocene linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins at 130°C were estimated applying this viscosity equation, and the predictions were compared with the measured data of mLLDPE and PVB resins at 130°C reported from reference. The results showed that calculations were close to the experimental data. The parameters in this equation were easy to be determined and the equation was convenient to use for estimating the extension viscosity of polymer melts. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers