bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritive Characteristics of Kleingrass at Various Stages of Maturity. II. In vivo and In vitro Evaluations of Selected Varieties1
Authors: Rouquette F. M. , Holt E. C. , Ellis W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies have shown that differences in neutral detergent fiber:neutral detergent solubles ratios (NDF:NDS) exist within experimental synthetic varieties of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.), and those varieties which had the highest NDF content were genetically closely related. This investigation was initiated to determine if selected varieties which differed in NDF:NDS also differed in in vitro and in vivo digestibility. The relationships between NDF, components of NDF, and various NDF component ratios vs. in vitro and in vivo digestibility were also studied using three synthetic varieties harvested at four stages of plant growth. Initial and subsequent regrowth forage was harvested as a certain percent of seed reached the soft dough stage, but before seed maturation had occurred. Cumulative growth forage was collected at the same chronological time as the final regrowth harvest date. At each harvest date, analyses were obtained for in vivo digestible dry matter (DDM), in vitro true digestible dry matter (IVDDM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestibility of NDF (DNDF), and NDF components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, and ash). Percent DDM, IVDDM, and DNDF declined from 62, 74, and 60%, respectively, to 51, 65, and 47%, respectively, with plant maturity. NDF increased from 64% to 71% with plant age and accounted for approximately 92% (r = −0.96**) of the variability associated with DDM. The regression of DDM vs. DNDF resulted in a positive relationship (r = 0.99**). NDF vs. DNDF gave a highly significant negative relationship (r = −0.93**). Cellulose, lignin, and lignin:acid detergent fiber ratio were negatively related to DNDF; whereas, hemicellulose:NDF and hemicelluloses:cellulose ratios were positively related to DNDF. Regression with IVDDM and NDF components and component ratios were of the same magnitude as those relationships with DDM. The level of NDF showed a closer relationship to its digestibility than did any NDF component ratio with DNDF. NDF and DDM showed no difference between varieties, but the IVDMM analyses proved one of the varieties to be superior to the other two.
Flower and Seed Production in Yuchi Arrowleaf Clover1
Authors: Ball D. M. , Hoveland C. S. , Buchanan G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYields of ‘Yuchi’ arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.) seed frequently are reduced by rain‐induced shattering and lodging. Since the normal harvest period in July is usually rainy, earlier flowering should allow earlier seed harvest and therefore reduce shattering losses. Greenhouse, environmental chamber, and field experiments were conducted to study the effect of clipping management, temperature, photoperiod, and growth regulators on flowering and seed production of this winter annual clover.More than 14 hours of light per day were required for flowering under warm night temperatures. Cool nights delayed flowering under otherwise favorable conditions. There was no obligate cold induction requirement. Clover cut for forage once in mid‐March began blooming earlier, produced more and larger seed heads, and had higher seed yield than clover cut a second time on March 30. Gibberellic acid (GA) increased flower head numbers during May, while GA plus succinic acid 2,2‐dimethylhydrazide (SADH) apparently were synergistic, increasing numbers of flower heads throughout the blooming season. Seed yield was increased over 50% by GA plus SADH.
Effect of High Levels of Nitrilotriacetate on Metal Uptake by Plants Grown in Soil1
Authors: Wallace A. , Mueller R. T. , Alexander G. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were made to determine if the chelating agent nitrilotriacetate (NTA) when applied to soil in large amounts could cause toxicities to plants by resulting in increased availability of heavy metals. NTA at 2500 ppm applied as the Na salt in soll of pH 6 was slightly toxic to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L., var ‘Improved Tendergreen’). NTA applications at lower rates resulted in increased concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, Co, Ni, and A1 in leaves of bush beans. Soybeans (Glycine max (U) Merr. Bragg, var. ‘P154619‐5‐1’) grown in Hacienda loam soil at levels from 100 to 1000 ppm had increased concentrations of several heavy metals and also of Ca, K, and Mg in leaves, but there was no apparent yield decrease. Only slight effects could he expected from concentrations likely to be found in effluent water.
Alfalfa Growth on Disturbed and Undisturbed Soil Cores1
Authors: Cassel D. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost investigators use disturbed soils or soil materials for nearly all facets of agronomic research. Apparently little thought has been given to how experimental results might differ when undisturbed as opposed to disturbed soils are used. This study was designed to determine difference in alfalfa (Medicago saliva) yield on disturbed and undisturbed soil cores.Alfalfa was grown in the greenhouse on unfertilized, disturbed and undisturbed soil cores, 30 cm in diameter and 80 cm high. Hecla loamy fine sand, Beotia loam, and Aberdeen loam, representing soils with weak, moderate, and strong grades of soil structure, respectively, were used. Soil water pressure was monitored with tensiometers and the cores were irrigated weekly or biweekly. Significant alfalfa yield differences due to soil structure disturbance were obtained for Hecla and Aberdeen soils. The yield differences cannot be attributed to water relations but possibly may have been due to changes in nutrient availability as a result of soil disturbance.
Effect of Coal Mulch on Crop Yields1
Authors: Fairbourn Merle L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted at the Colorado State University Agronomy Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado to determine if a mulch of 1.0‐ to 3.0‐cm diameter coal pieces would reduce evaporation of soil water and increase soil temperature. Treatments of coal mulch and bare soil were used in both laboratory and field experiments to determine not only the effects on soil water and soil temperature, but also soil fertility and light regime for plants. The coal pieces broke down rapidly and became integrated with the surface soil. The experimental methods showed that the coal mulch effects on soil fertility and light regime were negligible. However, the mulch did increase soil water storage compared with a bare soil. The response appeared to be due to a change in soil porosity of the surface, wetting depth, and soil cracking. Increased soil temperature seemed to be the dominant factor that caused a prominent plant response from a coal mulch. Plants on the coal mulch plots became established rapidly, grew vigorously, and matured early which resulted in higher yields than those from a bare soil treatment. The experiment indicated that low grade coals, soft coals, or coal‐soil mixtures can be used to increase production from agricultural and horticultural plants.
Weed Control Systems for Hophornbeam Copperleaf Control in Peanuts1
Authors: Baldwin Ford , Santelmann Paul , Greer Howard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHophornbeam copperleaf (Acalypha ostraefolia Ridd), an increasing weed problem in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southwestern United States, is resistant to most presently used herbicides. Research was conducted to design and evaluate production systems that would provide full season control of this weed in peanuts. Screening experiments indicated several herbicides would control copperleaf but that they were not selective for peanuts. Preliminary systems utilizing alachlor (2‐chloro‐2',6'‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetanilide) at 2.24 kg/ha combined with rotary cultivation provided early but not full season control. Ultimately systems involving a preplant herbicide, alachlor or fluorodifen (p‐nitrophenyl α,α,α‐trifluoro 2‐nitro‐p‐totyl ether) either preemergence or with several postemergence combinations, and timely cultivations were developed that controlled copperleaf for the entire growing season. Fluorodifen combinations (at 5 kg/ha) applied postemergence to peanuts and copperleaf up to 7.5 cm tall provided excellent weed control with no visible crop injury.
Elbon Rye as Quality Forage to Ozark Deer during Winter1
Authors: Short Henry L. , Segelquist Charles A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuitable foods for deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) in the Ozarks are deficient in quality and quantity during winters when oak mast crops are poor. Elbon rye (Secule cereale L.) forage improves deer carrying capacity during these times. To evaluate its quality for deer, we examined the digestibility and nutrient composition of elbon rye at successive stages of plant development. Rate of digestion and maximum digestibility, as measured by the nylon bag technique using ruminally cannulated goats, diminished as elbon rye matured. The time required for maximum digestion to occur increased from 48 hours for immature elbon rye harvested during February to 168 hours for mature rye harvested in May and June. Elbon rye yielded up to 1,450 kg/ha dry weight, was heavily utilized by deer, and was most nutritious during vegetative stages in mid to late Winter.
Modeling Dry Matter Accumulation in Dryland Winter Wheat1
Authors: Rickman R. W. , Ramig R. E. , Allmaras R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA deterministic model of dryland winter wheat [Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (Vill., Host) ‘Nugaines’) growth in the Pacific Northwest was developed and field tested to more adequately quantify the influences of tillage induced microclimatic changes on wheat production. Daily dry matter accumulation of winter wheat is described by a modification of the Blackman compound interest formula. Daily environmental variables (soil water supply, N supply, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, wind, rainfall, and solar radiation) are used in the two‐component model. For inputs, initial conditions are needed which describe the field location (soil depth, water supply, fertilizer added, crop dry matter present, growth constants for the wheat variety, maximum rooting depth, and average temperature for the last 3 days). Dry matter production and the water budget are determined daily, until the water supply is exhausted or the crop is mature.Field tests of the model indicated accurate prediction of the effects of water and N supply and surface mulch for the first half of the growing season. After flowering, the observed dry matter accumulation was greater than projected by the water response function of the model. Much greater water use efficiency (daily increase in dry matter/ daily water transpired) occurred after flowering. This may be partially attributable to upward water flow from below 240 cm, which was not included in the measured available water. To improve growth prediction by the model, accurate measurement of the available water supply and alteration of the late season water response function are needed.
Hybrid Grain Sorghum Response to Magnesium Fertilization1
Authors: Gallaher R. N. , Harris H. B. , Anderson O. E. , Dobson J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimited information is available on Mg requirements for grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). This experiment was performed to evaluate hybrid response in yield and Mg concentration in leaf tissue from varying levels of Mg. Three grain sorghum hybrids were grown for 3 years at five rates of Mg fertilization on a Tipic Udifluvent (sandy loam) low in available Mg. Residual soil Mg from application of fertilizer Mg increased with each increment of added fertilizer Mg. Leaf Mg ranged from 0.06% on check plots to 0.22% at the highest Mg fertilizer rate (68 kg/ha). Hybrids responded in yield and Mg concentration in the leaf to Mg fertilization. A quadratic regression model was fitted to yield and Mg concentrations in the leaf tissue. The linear effects of time accounted for more yield differences than any other variable while fertilizer Mg accounted for more differences in Mg concentration in the leaf. The magnitude of the partial regression coefficients show that 2.21 kg fertilizer Mg/ha is required to give the same increase in yield as 1 kg soil Mg/ha. Indications were that the relative response in leaf Mg concentrations to a given increment of fertilizer Mg would change inversely with soil test Mg levels. The time and method of applying fertilizer Mg might have been a factor in its availability to plants in that the level of residual Mg increased from year to year.
Yield Response of Alfalfa Cultivars and Clones to Several pH Levels in Tatum Subsoil1
Authors: Buss G. R. , Lutz J. A. , Hawkins G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBreeding for increased tolerance to high aluminum‐low pH soils should enlarge the range of adaptation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). This research was undertaken to obtain information on the range of genetic variation present in alfalfa cultivars for reaction to soil pH in a high aluminum soil.Eighteen alfalfa cultivars were planted in unlimed (pH 4.4) and limed (pH 6.0) Tatum (Typic Hapludults, clayey, mixed, thermic) subsoil. None survived in the unlimed soil and all grew in the limed soil. Clones were selected for root development in unlimed soil after growing down through a 5 cm layer of limed soil. When grown at pH levels of 5.3, 6.1, and 7.5, they showed a highly significant clone × pH interaction for yield. However, on the average they did not seem much more acid tolerant than unselected clones. This screening technique was somewhat successful in isolating acid tolerant clones, but forage yield at low pH appeared to be a better criterion.Our results indicate that alfalfa cultivars exhibit a narrower range of acid tolerance than is known to exist in several other crop species, but that individual clones differ in their reaction to both low and high soil pH. We concluded that sufficient genetic variation exists to permit selection for tolerance to low pH, but the narrow genetic base might limit progress. Also the overall adaptation of selected populations might be somewhat unpredictabe because of the clone × pH interaction.
Wheat Production Estimates Using Satellite Images1
Authors: Morain S. A. , Williams D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) area and production statistics, as derived from satellite image analysis, are presented for a 10—county area in southwest Kansas. The object of the study was to determine whether production statistics could be accurately estimated using Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS) imagery. The procedure involved locating, identifying, and measuring the area of wheat fields on images obtained at several times in the growing cycle and combining these data with the estimated yield obtained from a preexisting yield model. The results (representing the 1972–73 crop year) are compared for accuracy against both the SRS August estimate and its final (official) tabulation. The area estimates from imagery for both dryland and irrigated winter wheat were within 5% of the official figures for the same area, but predated them by almost 1 year. Yield on dryland wheat was estimated by the Thompson weather model to within 0.1% of the observed yield. A combined irrigated and dryland wheat production estimate for the 10—county area was completed in July 1973 and was within 1% of the production reported by SRS in February 1974.
Effect of Simulated Plow‐sole on Water Uptake and Yield of Dryland Wheat1
Authors: Prihar S. S. , Singh Piara , Gajri P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield of dryland crops grown on stored water is determined by water use from the profile which, in turn, is related to the extent of root proliferation in different layers. Plow‐soles of high strength may retard root growth and adversely affect crop production. We determined the effect of initial profile water storage and soil compaction below the seed on the growth and the yield of dryland wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.) in field experiments during 1970–71 and 1971–72. Compaction reduced water use from deeper layers and decreased grain yield during both years. Evidently, it retarded root growth through increased soil strength. Compared with lower initial water storage, higher initial water storage in the profile resulted in more vigorous plants, deeper rooting, greater water use from lower soil layers and higher yields.The results suggest that for greatest yields, compact layers below the seed must be loosened by tillage to permit deeper rooting. Also, in the absence of early season rain, a small supplementary irrigation to the young crop may stimulate deeper rooting and increase water use from lower layers.
Differential Response of Two Corn Inbreds to Varying Root Temperature1
Authors: Porter O. A. , Moraghan J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot temperature is a factor which greatly affects corn (Zea mays L.) growth. However, little information is available concerning the relative responses of different genotypes to changes in temperature. Two experiments were done to gather this information. The purpose of the first experiment was to compare the growth of 12 inbreds in nutrient solutions maintained at 14.8, 19.4, 23.9, and 28.2 C. Air temperature ranged from 23.9 to 32.2 C. Several lines developed an abnormality in growth that resembled Ca deficiency as the root temperature was increased. The ND33 line was most severely affected by root temperature. The abnormality developed first and was most severe at 28.2 C, was least severe at 19.4 C, and did not occur at 14.8 C. The ND203 line grew normally but its growth was greatly stimulated by increasing root temperature.The objective of a second experiment was to learn the cause of the root‐temperature dependent abnormality. The ND33 and ND203 lines were grown in nutrient solutions maintained at 14.8 and 28.2 C. The ratios of top growth at 28.2 C to that at 14.8 C for ND203 and ND33 after 4 weeks were 7.8 and 1.7. Percentage Ca in the tips of the youngest three unfurled blades of both inbreds at 2 weeks was less at 28.2 C. The ND33 line contained lower concentrations of leaf‐tip Ca than ND203. In contrast, whole plant Ca percentage were larger at 28.2 C and ND33 contained higher concentrations than ND203.We hypothesize that the rapidly growing, newly emerging leaves of ND33 were affected by Ca deficiency at the higher root temperature. The results suggest that attention should be paid to genotype when corn‐root temperature studies are being planned.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Recovery of ‘Merion’ Kentucky Bluegrass from Scalping and Wilting1
Authors: Watschke T. L. , Waddington D. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted on ‘Merion’ bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to determine the effect of different N sources, rates, and timing on the resistance to, and recovery from, wilting and scalping. In August 1972, sod plugs were taken from field plots fertilized at different rates and application dates with urea, Uramite (38‐0‐0, ureaform), Milorganite (6‐1.3‐0, activated sewage sludge), isobutylidene diurea (30‐0‐0; IBDU), Urex (29‐0‐0, extruded urea‐paraffin matrix), and 18‐6‐12 (with twothirds of the N from ureaform), and a check plot. Plugs were placed in an unshaded greenhouse for several simultaneously conducted experiments.One set of plugs was allowed to wilt. Turf fertilized at the highest N rate tended to wilt quickest, while the unfertilized check was most resistant to wilting. After watering, turf that was slowest to wilt, recovered quickest. Another set of plugs was allowed to grow 9 weeks, after which length, width, green and dry weight, and percent moisture of leaves were measured. The grass was scalped to 1.3 cm and data on regrowth were collected. Plants fertilized at the highest N rates recovered faster, had greater clipping weights, longer and wider leaves, and higher percent moisture than those lightly fertilized. Plants treated with a low rate of Uramite, however, recovered rapidly indicating release of residual N from prior seasons. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were lower for fertilized than unfertilized turf, and changes in carbohydrates with time were influenced by the N treatment. In general, as N rates increased, plants wilted quicker and recovered slower; recovery from scalping was improved; and carbohydrates decreased.
Thatch Development and Other Effects of Preemergence Herbicides in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf1
Authors: Turgeon A. J. , Freeborg R. P. , Bruce W. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreemergence herbicides have been used extensively on turf in recent years to prevent annual weed development. Applications of these herbicides have been suspected of causing reduced turfgrass quality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated use of preemergence herbicides resulted in thatch development and other effects associated with turfgrass deterioration.Six preemergence herbicides were applied annually for 4 years to ‘Kenblue’‐type Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) growing on an Aquic Argiudoll (Flanagan silt loam). Calcium arsenate and bandane (polychlorodicyclopentadiene) applications were associated with increased leaf spot (Helminthosporium vagans Drechel.) disease, higher wilting tendency, reduced shoot and root growth, and substantial thatch development. The thatching tendency was associated with a complete lack of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris Linn.) activity in the underlying soil. Bandane residue was largely confined to thatch while calcium arsenate was more generally distributed throughout the upper thatch‐soil profile. Verdure was significantly reduced in plots treated with bensulide [0,0‐diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S‐ester with N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] while benefin (N‐butyl‐N‐ethyl‐α,α,α,‐trifluro‐2,6‐dinitro‐p‐toluidine) D C P A (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) and siduron [l‐(2‐methylcyclohexyl)‐3‐phenylurea] treatments, produced no measurable effects.
Effects of Boron Accumulation in Soybean Seed on Several Characteristics of Germinated Seedlings1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Boswell F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe range from deficiencies to toxicities for micronutrients in plant growth is often small. Content in seed could possibly influence germination and seedling growth, especially for boron.A greenhouse study was initiated to determine the effects of B accumulation in soybean [Glycine max (L.)] seed on germination quality. Seeds were selected from field grown parent plants that had been fertilized with broadcast and foliar applications of B at rates of 0.00, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha. Germination percentage, average dry weight per seedling, and tissue concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, AI, Mo, Sr, Ba, and Na were not affected by method or rate of B applied to the parent plant. The differential B accumulation in the seeds from the original B applications to the parent plants resulted in significant differences in B accumulations in the germinated seedlings.