bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WDX Studies on Ceramic Diffusion Barrier Layers of Metal Supported SOECs
Authors: Wiedenmann D. , Vogt U. F. , Soltmann C. , Patz O. , Schiller G. , Grobéty B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSolid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) have great potential for efficient and economical production of hydrogen fuel. Element diffusion between the Ni‐cermet electrode and the metal substrate of metal supported cells (MSC) is a known problem in fuel cell and electrolysis technology. In order to hinder this unintentional mass transport, different ceramic diffusion barrier layers (DBLs) are included in recent cell design concepts. This paper is based on wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence investigations of different SOEC and focuses on Fe, Cr and Ni diffusion between the metal grains of the cathode and the metal substrate. Due to the low detection limits and therefore high analytical sensitivity, wavelength dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) provides a precise method to determine element distribution, absolute element concentration and changes between the reference material and aged cells on a microstructural level by element mappings and concentration profiles. The results of this work show considerable concentration gradients in the metal grains caused by mass exchange during cell operation. Diffusion can be inhibited significantly by integrating different ceramic DBLs of doped LaCrO3‐type or doped LaMnO3‐type perovskite, either by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) or physical vapour deposition technique (PVD).
Integration of Oxide Anodes into the Rolls‐Royce IP‐SOFC Concept
Authors: Cassidy M. , Boulfrad S. , Irvine J. , Chung C. , Jorger M. , Munnings C. , Pyke S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe limitations of the current state of the art Ni‐YSZ cermet anodes with respect to Redox stability, coking and sulphur tolerance are well acknowledged. A material which mitigates all or even some of these issues would be of great importence for the continued development of robust SOFC systems. One such promising material system is based around the perovskite (La,Sr)Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM). In this paper, some aspects of the work, carried out to integrate LSCM anodes into the IP‐SOFC, are described. The intricacies of the introduction of a new material into an existing stack design concept are considered and how this impacts the performance and requirements of adjacent materials. In the case of the LSCM integration, at least as much work has gone into the development of these layers as into the anode itself. In particular, the design of a current collector to optimise both the conductivity across the layers and the adhesion to the anode has proved to be a challenging task within the normal design constraints of the IP‐SOFC. Initial perfomance of around 75 mW cm–2 in a stack repeat unit test is encouraging and initial analysis has suggested that further development of the current collecting microstructure will confer significant performance improvements.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Degradation Mechanisms by Particle Coarsening in SOFC Electrodes
Authors: Tanasini P. , Cannarozzo M. , Costamagna P. , Faes A. , Van Herle J. , Hessler‐Wyser A. , Comninellis C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPerformance degradation data obtained from single solid oxide fuel cells, tested at 850 °C with air and humidified H2 and using Ni‐YSZ anode supported cells, are presented here. Microscopic investigation is carried out on both anode and cathode to quantify variations in the morphology at different operation times. The comparison between the measurements on the cells and the SEM image analysis allows to conclude that there is no relationship between the initial cell activation and microstructural modifications of the electrodes. On the other hand, it was found that cell degradation is strictly related to the coarsening of Ni particles occurring in the anode. A theoretical analysis based on an electrode micromodel has been performed in order to compare the variation in performance, expected from particle size change, with the observed data. The model confirmed the conclusions of the experimental results.
Implications of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River for hydrologic engineering and water use at Chavín de Húntar, Peru
Authors: Contreras Daniel A. , Keefer David K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChanneling of water through a variety of architectural features represents a significant engineering investment at the first millennium B.C. ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Peruvian Central Andes. The site contains extensive evidence of the manipulation of water, apparently for diverse purposes. The present configuration of the two local rivers, however, keeps available water approximately 9m below the highest level of water‐bearing infrastructure in the site. Geomorphic and archaeological investigation of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River has revealed evidence that the Chavín‐era configuration of the Wacheqsa River was different. A substantially higher water level, likely the result of a local impoundment of river water caused by a landslide dam, made the provision of water for the hydrologic system within the site a more readily practical possibility. We review what is known of that system and argue that the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River is critical to understanding this aspect of hydrologic engineering and ritual practice at Chavín. This study demonstrates the relative rapidity and archaeological relevance of landscape change in a dynamic environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speleothem preservation and diagenesis in South African hominin sites implications for paleoenvironments and geochronology
Authors: Hopley Philip J. , Marshall Jim D. , Latham Alf G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPlio‐Pleistocene speleothems from australopithecine‐bearing caves of South Africa have the potential to yield paleoenvironmental and geochronological information using isotope geochemistry. Prior to such studies it is important to assess the preservation of geochemical signals within the calcitic and aragonitic speleothems, given the tendency of aragonitic speleothems to recrystallize to calcite. This study documents the geochemical suitability of speleothems from the principal hominin‐bearing deposits of South Africa. We use petrography, together with stable isotope and trace element analysis, to identify the occurrence of primary aragonite, primary calcite, and secondary calcite. This study highlights the presence of diagenetic alteration at many of the sites, often observed as interbedded primary and secondary fabrics. Trace element and stable isotopic values distinguish primary calcite from secondary calcite and offer insights into geochemical aspects of the past cave environment. δ13C values of the primary and secondary calcites range from +6 to −9‰ and δ18O values range from −4 to −6‰. The data are thus typical of meteoric calcites with highly variable δ13C and relatively invariant δ18O. High carbon isotope values in these deposits are associated with the effects of recrystallization and rapid outgassing of CO2 during precipitation. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios differ between primary and secondary calcite speleothems, aiding their identification. Carbon and oxygen isotope values in primary calcite reflect the proportion of C3 and C4 vegetation in the local environment and the oxygen isotope composition of rainfall. Primary calcite speleothems preserve the pristine geochemical signals vital for ongoing paleoenvironmental and geochronological research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of income on the weight of elderly Americans
Authors: Cawley John , Moran John , Simon Kosali 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper estimates the impact of income on the body weight and clinical weight classification of elderly Americans using a natural experiment that led otherwise identical retirees to receive significantly different Social Security payments based on their year of birth. We estimate models of instrumental variables using data from the National Health Interview Surveys and find no significant effect of income on weight. The confidence intervals rule out even moderate effects of income on weight and on the probability of being underweight or obese, especially for men. For example, they indicate that the income elasticity of body mass index is not greater in absolute value than 0.06 for men or 0.14 for women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ectopic parathyroid adenoma located inside the hypoglossal nerve
Authors: Karvounaris Dimitrios C. , Symeonidis Nikolaos , Triantafyllou Apostolos , Flaris Nicolaos , Sakadamis Athanasios 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundIntraneural parathyroid adenomas are extremely rare, with only 9 cases of intravagal adenomas reported. We report the first case of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma located within the hypoglossal nerve.Methods and ResultsA 62‐year‐old woman presented with a palpable nodule in the right submandibular area, reduced bone mass, and elevated calcium and parathormone levels. Preoperative investigation with neck ultrasound and MRI did not provide a definitive diagnosis, whereas sestamibi scan showed slightly increased radiotracer accumulation in the same area. Intraoperatively, the right hypoglossal nerve was found to course through the lesion and, despite the attempt to salvage it, most of its fibers were transected. Histopathology confirmed the presence of a parathyroid adenoma inside the trunk of a nerve. Postoperatively, calcium and parathormone levels decreased but right hypoglossal nerve paresis was noted.ConclusionThis unique case emphasizes the variability of parathyroid anatomy and the difficulties faced by the surgeon when treating this disease process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti‐amoebic Screening of Core‐Modified 5,20‐Bis{2‐{[(alkyl)(alkyl′)amino]methyl}ferrocen‐1‐yl}‐10,15‐diphenyl‐21,23‐dithiaporphyrin (=1,1″‐(10,15‐Diphenyl‐21,23‐dithiaporphine‐5,20‐diyl)bis[2‐{[(alkyl)(alkyl′)amino]methyl}ferrocene]) Derivatives
Authors: Bhat Abdul R. , Bhat Asif I. , Athar Fareeda , Azam Amir 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of the first bis‐ferrocenyl‐substituted core‐modified porphyrins, 5,20‐bis{2‐{[(alkyl)(alkyl′)amino]methyl}ferrocen‐1‐yl}‐10,15‐diphenyl‐21,23‐dithiaporphyrin derivatives 6a–6j, via a multistep route is reported (Schemes 1, 2, and 4). The synthesis was carried out through acid‐catalyzed (BF3⋅Et2O) condensation of 1,1″‐[thiophene‐2,5‐diylbis(hydroxymethyl)]bis[2‐{[(alkyl)(alkyl′)amino]methyl}ferrocenes] 4a–4j with 2,2′‐[thiophene‐2,5‐diylbis(phenylmethylene)]bis[1H‐pyrrole] (5b) in presence of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (=4,5‐dichloro‐3,6‐dioxocyclohexa‐1,4‐diene‐1,2‐dicarbonitrile; DDQ). Characterization of the compounds was done at each step by means of various spectroscopic techniques. The final compounds were screened for in vitro anti‐amoebic activity against the strain HM1 : IMSS of E. histolytica (Table 2).
Synthesis of New Conjugates of Modified Podophyllotoxin and Stavudine
Authors: Chen Shi‐Wu , Xiang Rong , Tian Xuan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo find podophyllotoxin compounds with superior bioactivitiy and less toxicity, a series of novel conjugates of ring‐A‐modified 4‐epipodophyllotoxin and stavudine with amino acids as spacers were synthesized, i.e., the N‐[(2′,3′‐didehydro‐3′‐deoxythymidin‐5′‐O‐yl)carbonyl]‐substituted L‐amino acid rel‐(3aR,4S,9R,9aR)‐1,3,3a,4,9,9a‐hexahydro‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐oxo‐9‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)naphtho[2,3‐c]furan‐4‐yl esters 8a–8f.
Sarcoglycosides A – C, New O‐Glycosylglycerol Derivatives from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton infundibuliforme
Authors: Li Liang , Wang Chang‐Yun , Shao Chang‐Lun , Guo Yue‐Wei , Li Guo‐Qiang , Sun Xue‐Ping , Han Lei , Huang Hui , Guan Hua‐Shi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChemical examination of the soft coral Sarcophyton infundibuliforme collected from the South China Sea resulted in the isolation of the three new O‐glycosylglycerol derivatives sarcoglycosides A–C (1–3), together with two known compounds, chimyl alcohol (4) and hexadecanol (5). Their structures were elucidated by combined spectral and chemical methods. All the compounds showed moderate toxicity to brine shrimps Artemia salina.
Three New Diarylheptanoids from Myrica nana
Authors: Wang Jun‐Feng , Zhang Cun‐Li , Lu Qing , Yu Ya‐Fang , Zhong Hui‐Min , Long Chun‐Lin , Cheng Yong‐Xian 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThree new cyclic diarylheptanoids myricananins F–H (1–3, resp.), along with five known ones, 4–8, were isolated from the roots of Myrica nana. Compound 3 has been obtained by Nagai et al. by reduction of porson with NaBH4. In this work, compound 3 was isolated from natural origin for the first time. The structures of 1–8 were elucidated using spectroscopic methods.
Phenolic Compounds Isolated from the Bark of Abies sachalinensis
Authors: Wada Shun‐ichi , Hitomi Teppei , Tanaka Reiko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEight spiro‐biflavonoids named abiesinols A–H, along with three neolignans, quercetin, and protocatechuic acid were isolated from the MeOH extract of the bark of Abies sachalinensis. The structures of these phenolic compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods including NMR and MS. The absolute configurations of the abiesinols were determined by Mosher's method, CD, and NOESY data.
A quarter century of declining suspended sediment fluxes in the Mississippi River and the effect of the 1993 flood
Authors: Horowitz Arthur J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnnual fluxes, flow‐weighted concentrations and linear least squares trendline calculations for a number of long‐term Mississippi River Basin (MRB) sampling sites covering 1981 through 2007, whilst somewhat ‘noisy’, display long‐term patterns of decline. Annual flow‐weighted concentration plots display the same long‐term patterns of decline, but are less noisy because they reduce/eliminate variations due to interannual discharge differences. The declines appear greatest in the middle MRB, but also are evident elsewhere. The pattern for the lower Ohio River differs and may reflect ongoing construction at the Olmsted lock and dam that began in 1993 and currently is ongoing. The ‘Great Flood of 1993’ appears to have superimposed a step function (a sharp drop) on the long‐term rate of decline in suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), annual fluxes and flow‐weighted concentrations in the middle MRB at St Louis and Thebes, Missouri and Vicksburg, Mississippi, and in the lower MRB at St Francisville, Louisiana. Evidence for a step function at other sites is less substantial, but may have occurred. The step function appears to have resulted from losses in available (erodible) sediment, rather than to a reduction in discharge; hence, the MRB appears to be supply limited rather than discharge limited. These evaluations support the need for daily discharge and SSC data collections in the MRB to better address questions regarding long‐term trends in sediment‐related issues. This is apparent when the results for the Mississippi River at Thebes and St Louis sites are compared with those from other MRB sites where intensive (daily) data collections are lacking. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CCK2receptor expression transforms non‐tumorigenic human NCM356 colonic epithelial cells into tumor forming cells
Authors: Chao Celia , Han Xueliang , Ives Kirk , Park Jeseong , Kolokoltsov Andrey A. , Davey Robert A. , Moyer Mary P. , Hellmich Mark R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExpression of gastrin and cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor splice variants (CCK2R and CCK2i4svR) are upregulated in human colonic adenomas where they are thought to contribute to tumor growth and progression. To determine the effects of ectopic CCK2receptor variant expression on colonic epithelial cell growthin vitroandin vivo, we employed the non‐tumorigenic colonic epithelial cell line, NCM356. Receptor expression was induced using a retroviral expression vector containing cDNAs for either CCK2i4svR or CCK2R. RT‐PCR and intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) imaging of RIE/CCK2R cells treated with conditioned media (CM) from NCM356 revealed that NCM356 cells express gastrin mRNA and secrete endogenous, biologically active peptide. NCM356 cells expressing either CCK2R or CCK2i4svR (71 and 81 fmol/mg, respectively) grew fasterin vitro, and exhibited an increase in basal levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK), compared with vector. CCK2receptor selective antagonist, YM022, partially inhibited the growth of both receptor‐expressing NCM356 cells, but not the control cells. Inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MEK/ERK) or protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes partially inhibited the elevated levels of basal pERK andin vitrogrowth of receptor‐expressing cells. Vector‐NCM356 cells did not form tumors in nude mice, whereas, either CCK2receptor‐expressing cells formed large tumors. Autocrine activation CCK2receptor variants are sufficient to increasein vitrogrowth and tumorigenicity of non‐transformed NCM356 colon epithelial cells through a pathway involving PKC and the MEK/ERK axis. These findings support the hypothesis that expression of gastrin and its receptors in human colonic adenomas contributes to tumor growth and progression.
The effects of substrate texture on the mechanics of quadrupedal arboreal locomotion in the gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
Authors: Lammers Andrew R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAmong small mammals, the ability to move on tree trunks, branches, and twigs is nearly ubiquitous. Performance and locomotor mechanics on arboreal substrates may be influenced by variation in the coefficient of friction between the hands/feet of the animal and the surface of the arboreal substrate. To test this, I examined speed, substrate reaction forces, and torque around the long axis of two cylindrical trackways with rough and smooth surfaces in gray short‐tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Speed was determined with videography, and forces and torques were measured by an instrumented section of the trackway. The opossums traveled more slowly on the smooth arboreal trackway. There was also significant interaction between limb (forelimbs, hindlimbs) and substrate texture (rough, smooth) in braking, propulsive, and laterally directed impulses. Running on the smooth trackway had the effect of reducing some between‐limb (forelimb vs. hindlimb) differences. Stability on the rough trackway was probably maintained by relatively high momentum, but on the smooth trackway, the opossums used static methods (many limbs contacting the substrate, greater muscular effort, lower momentum) to remain stable and avoid toppling. Clearly, momentum and dynamics are often important biomechanical considerations for this generalized mammal. Highly arboreal animals can remain dynamically stable on a wider variety of substrate textures. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:813–823, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimerization of ionized 4‐(methyl mercapto)‐phenol during ESI, APCI and APPI mass spectrometry
Authors: Wu Lianming , Eberlin Marcos N. , Corilo Yuri E. , Liu David Q. , Yin Hao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel ion/molecule reaction was observed to occur under electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) conditions, leading to dimerization of ionized 4‐(methyl mercapto)‐phenol followed by fast H· loss. The reaction is particularly favored during ESI, which suggests that this ion/molecule reaction can occur both in the solution inside the ESI‐charged droplets and in the gas‐phase environment of most other atmospheric pressure ionization techniques. The dimerization reaction is inherent to the electrolytic process during ESI, whereas it is more by ion/molecule chemistry in nature during APCI and APPI. From the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data, accurate mass measurements, hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, two methyl sulfonium ions appear to be the most likely products of this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The possible occurrence of this unexpected reaction complicates mass spectral data interpretation and can be misleading in terms of structural assignment as reported herein for 4‐(methyl mercapto)‐phenol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term immunogenicity of preservative‐free hepatitis B vaccine formulations in adults
Authors: Van Damme Pierre , von Sonnenburg Frank , Hatz Christoph , Hoet Bernard , Lefevre Inge , Leyssen Maarten 
Published: August 2009

AbstractVaccination with recombinant hepatitis B vaccines is highly effective in preventing hepatitis B infection. Recently, a preservative‐free (PF) formulation of hepatitis B vaccine [GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium] has been licensed. The immunogenicity of the PF hepatitis B vaccine and antibody persistence 6 years later was assessed in this study. This formulation was compared with the preservative‐ containing (PC) formulation of the vaccine and a low‐preservative (LP) content formulation. Five hundred forty‐one healthy adult subjects were evaluated in the primary study. Over 94% of the subjects in the three study groups had seroprotective anti‐HBs antibody concentrations (≥10 mIU/ml) 1 month after completing primary vaccination. Antibody measurements in 242 healthy adults who returned for the follow‐up study and who had received primary vaccination 6 years earlier showed that over 81% of subjects in the three study groups still had anti‐HBs antibody concentrations ≥10 mIU/ml. No apparent differences in antibody decline or distribution between the study groups were observed. These results indicate that the removal of preservatives from the hepatitis B vaccine does not affect adversely its immunogenicity both in the short and in the longer term. J. Med. Virol. 81:1710–1715, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X gene mutations in hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis, with and without hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Choi Chang Soo , Cho Eun Young , Park Raekil , Kim Se‐Jin , Cho Ji‐Hyun , Kim Haak Cheoul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSpecific mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome have been reported to be associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The goal of this study was to determine whether mutations in the HBV X gene are associated with the development of HCC in hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis. Forty‐two patients infected with HBV genotype C2 with cirrhosis and HCC were compared with 46 patients with cirrhosis but without HCC. X gene mutations were determined by direct sequencing in all patients. The HCC and non‐HCC groups were similar with respect to clinical characteristics, and the presence of T1762/A1764, T1653, and V1753 mutations was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.068, P = 0.097, P = 0.442, respectively). Only the B1499 mutation was associated significantly with HCC (P = 0.015) (odds ratio: 3.42, 95% CI: 1.24–9.48). In hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg)‐positive patients, advanced age was associated significantly with HCC (P = 0.038), whereas in HBeAg‐negative patients, the B1499 mutation was associated more significantly with HCC (P = 0.01). Patients in the B1499 mutation group exhibited significantly higher AST and ALT levels compared with patients infected the wild‐type virus. In conclusion, B1499 is a novel mutation associated with HCC in Korean patients with cirrhosis infected with HBV genotype C2. J. Med. Virol. 81:1721–1725, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.