bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trace Elements in Fly Ash and Their Release in Water and Treated Soils
Authors: Phung H. T. , Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Bradford G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFly ash from a coal‐fired power plant was separated into various‐sized fractions which were then chemically characterized. The fly ash contained higher concentrations of B, Co, Cr, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, As, and Se than normally found in soils. Except for Cd, Co, and Pb, trace elements were more concentrated in the < 53‐µm than in the > 250‐µm fraction. Solubility of trace elements in water increased greatly as the equilibrium pH was lowered.Three soils, an acid sand, a calcareous loamy sand, and a calcareous silt loam, were amended with five rates of fly ash up to 1.0% by weight and equilibrated at moisture contents of 1/3 bar or saturation for periods ranging up to 29 weeks. Solubility of trace elements in water and DTPA extracts were observed. Application of fly ash increased soil pH; the acid soil exhibited the greatest increase. Except for B, fly ash amendment up to 1.0% did not result in elevated concentration of either water‐soluble or DTPA‐extractable trace elements. Additions of fly ash to the acid soil decreased DTPA‐extractable Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, and Pb. The data demonstrated that the alkalinity of fly ash plays a significant role in regulating the availability of trace elements in the amended soils.
Effect of Heavy Metals on the Denitrification Process in Soil
Authors: Bollag Jean‐Marc , Barabasz Wieslaw 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn on denitrification of three Pseudomonas species in a liquid culture medium (Giltay) and in autoclaved soil, as well as on the denitrifying activity of native soil, was investigated. In Giltay medium, Cd in concentrations starting at 50 µg/ml strongly inhibited growth and denitrification of an unidentified Pseudomonas sp., P. aeruginosa, and P. denitrificans, while Zn and Pb did not influence the denitrifying activity even up to 500 µg/ml. Cu at 50 µg/ml inhibited denitrification of P. aeruginosa and the unidentified Pseudomonas sp.; however, it had no influence on P. denitrificans. When the three bacteria were inoculated into autoclaved soil their reaction to Cd and Cu was similar to that in Giltay medium, but the accumulation of nitrite was considerably higher. Zn, which showed no effect in the liquid medium at 500 µg/ml, inhibited the denitrifying activity of all bacteria in the soil at this concentration.Denitrification in native (nonautoclaved) soil was also inhibited by the addition of increasing amounts of heavy metals. This was indicated by an accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide which appeared to a lesser degree and for a shorter time period in nontreated samples.
Phosphates in Soils Treated with Sewage Water: IV. Bonding of Phosphate from Sewage Water in Sand Columns Containing Aluminum Hydroxide
Authors: Van Riemsdijk W. H. , Beek J. , De Haan F. A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of phosphate (P) with Al(OH)3 can be distinguished by adsorption and a process designated here as long‐term reaction. The long‐term reaction may remove several times the amount of P removed initially. No long‐term reaction of P (0.5 mmol/liter) and Xray amourphous Al(OH)3 was detected at pH 8. To columns of quartz sand mixed with Al(OH)3 domestic sewage water (pH ≅ 8) was added during 10 mo once every 2 weeks. The phosphate retention in these columns was much higher than could be expected from the pure Al(OH)3 system experiments, indicating the occurrence of a long‐term reaction. Column segments were analyzed for organic‐, (Al + Fe)‐, and Ca‐P. Negligible Ca‐P was formed. Electron microscopy and Xray analysis showed quartz particles, Al‐containing particles with no detectable P, and particles containing Al, P, and Ca. Formation of the Al‐P‐Ca particles contributes to the capacity of soils to store or retain P.
Nitrate and Ammonium Concentrations of Ground Water Resulting from Poultry Manure Applications
Authors: Liebhardt William C. , Golt Carolyn , Tupin Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge plots (0.402 ha) of Evesboro loamy sand received 0, 13, 27, 54, and 179 metric tons/ha of poultry manure in the spring of 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975. Five wells were established in each plot at depths of 3, 4.5, and 6 m below the soil surface. In 1976, wells were established at 3‐ and 6‐m depths in several other locations outside the plots.Corn (Zea Mays L.) was grown on these plots each year with no other additional fertilizer amendments. Water samples, taken regularly from these plots, showed that the concentration of nitrate at 3 m was affected by the application of poultry manure. At 4.5 and 6.0 m the effect was not nearly as noticeable. There was a pronounced decrease in NO3‐N concentration with increasing depth. The NO3‐N concentration of water from some wells outside the plot area was quite high compared to the plot receiving no poultry manure, indicating that the source of the NO3‐N in these well points was the poultry manure from treated plots. This suggested that the reduction in NO3‐N at increasing depths under treated plots was partially a result of the lateral underground movement of nitrates. The concentration of NH4‐N in the same water appeared to be only slightly affected, if at all. Application of poultry manure at rates higher than a crop can utilize results in nitrate movement through the soil profile and into the ground water.
Drainage Water Sampling in a Wet, Dual‐Pore Soil System
Authors: Shaffer K. A. , Fritton D. D. , Baker D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted on an undisturbed Hublersburg silt loam (Typic Hapludult) soil to evaluate two different soil solution sampling techniques. The two techniques were employed simultaneously to sample the leachate at depths of 38 to 120 cm when water was added at the soil surface with known concentrations of NO3‐N (0‐579 ppm) and Cd2+ (0.0001–5.45 ppm). After each controlled water addition to the surface, soil water samples were taken for analysis with porous cup soil water samplers and with devices located in a subsurface horizontal tunnel.Large differences in ion concentration occurred between data obtained from the soil water samplers and from the horizontal tunnel. Calculations based on water retention data indicated that in excess of 90% of the total flow occurred in pores drained by water potentials of 0 to −20 cm of water. This pore class is considered to be dominated by interped cracks and to cause a channeling of solution past the porous cup samplers. It was concluded that under wet soil conditions, soil water samplers are not suitable for monitoring the chemical quality of the water percolating through the soil profile.
Reliability Problems With Indicator Organisms for Monitoring Overland Flow Treated Waste Water Effluent
Authors: Hunt P. G. , Peters R. E. , Sturgis T. C. , Lee C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year study (1975–1976) on the response of indicator organisms in facultative lagoon waste water treated by overland flow was conducted in Utica, Mississippi. Overland flow plots of 4.55 by 45.5 m on 2% slope were established on a Grenada silty clay loam with an artificially established hard pan at 15 cm. The vegetation was a grass mixture dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Undisinfected waste water from a facultative lagoon was applied to the plots at a rate of 1.25 cm in 6 hours on 5 days a week. Fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms were enumerated in the waste water before it was applied to the plots, as it flowed down slope, and as it was discharged from the plots. Fecal streptococci were found to be poor indicators of the sanitary condition of effluent after overland flow treatment of waste water. Their numbers were consistently higher in the discharged effluent than in the waste water, even when only tap water was applied to the treatment plots. Fecal coliforms were questionable indicators of sanitary conditions in the discharged effluent during the summer when fecal coliform numbers were considerably higher in the discharged treated effluent than in the waste water coming directly from the lagoon. The extent of actual pathogen removal or growth on the soil surface during overland flow treatment was not assessed during this study. However, the use of fecal streptococci or fecal coliforms as indicators of pathogen removal by overland flow during the summer is seriously questioned. Disinfection after treatment by overland flow, at least during the summer, is suggested.
Land Application of Waste Water: Effect on Soil and Plant Potassium
Authors: Palazzo A. J. , Jenkins T. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study reports on the removal of potassium by a forage grass mixture from soil that received applications of waste water over a 5‐year period. The forages, which received waste water at a rate of 5.0 cm/week, were grown on either Windsor sandy loam (typic Udipsamment) or Charlton silt loam (typic Dystrochrept) soil. The waste water annually supplied from 231 to 433 kg/ha of N and 36 to 153 kg/ha of K. The waste water contained more than twice as much N as K.Plant removal of K increased as the amount of N applied or removed by the forage increased. During the initial 4 years of the study, plant uptake of K exceeded the amount supplied by the waste water causing reduction in plant and soil concentrations of this element to low levels. Concentrations of K remained low in the soil solution throughout the study and tended to decline with time. The inadequate supply of K at this site was related to the low K/N ratio in the waste water applied. During the fifth year of study, K fertilization increased total plant yields and the concentration of this element in plants and soils to more nearly optimum levels. Since excessive K applications may also cause problems in plant or animal nutrition, total applications of K (waste water and fertilizer) should be adjusted to be approximately 90% of the amount of N expected to be removed by the crop.
The Utilization of a Fresh‐Water Wetland for Nutrient Removal from Secondarily Treated Waste Water Effluent
Authors: Tilton Donald L. , Kadlec Robert H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to test the feasibility of utilizing a fresh‐water wetland for tertiary waste water treatment, secondarily treated waste water was applied to a wetland in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. During the discharge of 38,840 m3 (10,260,000 gal) and 23,520 m3 (6,213,000 gal) of secondarily treated waste water in 1976 and 1977, respectively, surface water quality, plant productivity, and nutrient status of plants and soils were measured.In 1976 the concentration of (nitrate + nitrite) − N averaged 0.36 mg/liter in the effluent and 0.01 mg/liter at stations 25 m from the discharge pipeline. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) averaged 0.41 mg/liter in the effluent and 0.11 mg/liter at sampling stations 25 m from the discharge. The efficiency of phosphorus removal from the effluent was greater when surface water depths were 6 cm compared to 30 cm. Ammonium − N concentrations were rarely higher in the effluent compared to background concentrations in the wetland surface waters.In 1977 a point source distribution system was used. The effluent averaged 1.50 mg/liter nitrate − N and 1.57 mg/liter TDP. Within 30 m, nitrate − N was <0.10 mg/liter in the surface water and within 80 m TDP was 0.07 mg/liter.Biomass of live plants in 1976 was somewhat greater near the pipeline compared to control areas. Leaves of cattail (Typha latifolia) were longer near the pipeline in 1976 compared to control areas. Chemical analysis of sedge (Carex spp.) leaves and roots, standing dead, and litter sampled in 1976 showed no significant differences in N concentrations among sampling locations, but P concentrations were higher in leaves and roots 6 m from the pipeline compared to control areas.
Optimization of Subsurface Injection of Municipal Sewage Sludge
Authors: Loftis Jim C. , Ward Robert C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA dynamic programming model was used to determine the optimal yearly application rates for on‐land disposal of municipal sewage sludge. The model incorporated economic information and a soil nitrogen balance to find application rates which resulted in minimal cost while maintaining an acceptable level of environmental quality. Based on input conditions for Boulder, Colorado, the model suggests an average optimal annual application rate of 10.5 metric tons/ha at a net cost of $32.33/metric ton.A sensitivity analysis was performed in which certain input parameters, including nitrogen content of sludge, mineralization rates, allowable nitrate leaching losses, maximum addition of sludge organic nitrogen, land costs, and cash price of crops were identified as most significant.
Heavy Metal Accumulation and Growth of Seedlings of Five Forest Species as Influenced by Soil Cadmium Level
Authors: Kelly J. M. , Parker G. R. , Mc Fee W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhite pine (Pinus strobus L.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), and choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.) were grown from seeds in the greenhouse for 17 weeks. Plainfield fine sand, with pretreatment cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc concentrations of 0.6, 11.4, 2.0, and 20.6 ppm, respectively, was used as the growth medium. This soil was amended with CdCl2 to produce cadmium addition levels of 0, 15, and 100 ppm. Shoot elongation and root and shoot dry weights were reduced with increasing levels of soil cadmium. All species exhibited increased cadmium content in roots and shoots in response to increased soil cadmium levels; however, content varied according to species. Root and shoot accumulations of lead, copper, and zinc also varied with species as well as cadmium concentration in the soil.
Chemical Seepage from a Tail Water Recovery Pit to Adjacent Ground Water
Authors: Spalding R. F. , Exner M. E. , Sullivan J. J. , Lyon P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater samples from 10 tail water recovery (reuse) pits and 18 irrigation wells were analyzed for nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐[ethylamino]‐6‐[isopropylamino]‐s‐triazine) to ascertain concentrations of these heavily utilized products in surface runoff of irrigation water and ground water beneath irrigated land in Merrick County, Nebraska. Atrazine concentrations in the reuse pit samples ranged from 1.02 to 23.1 µg/liter and in the ground water samples ranged from <0.005 to 6.96 µg/liter. The significant correlation (r = + 0.48) between NO3‐N and atrazine in the ground water samples indicated that atrazine probably enters the ground water by infiltrating the soil.Addition of bromide (Br−), 15N, and atrazine as spikes to water in an established reuse pit in hydraulic connection with the ground water indicated that the pit loses water by seepage. Eighteen days after spiking, Br− and δ15N in downgradient shallow wells had approached onehalf the pit values, and atrazine concentrations had increased at least 100 times above background concentrations. These results indicated that seepage from reuse pits during late spring and early summer can increase the concentration of both NO3‐N and atrazine in ground water. However, throughout the remainder of the year, when water in the reuse pits generally contains much less NO3‐N and atrazine, seepage generally dilutes already contaminated ground water.
Water Quality in Channel Catfish Production Ponds
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Romaire Robert P. , Johnston Ellen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of water quality variables were measured at 1‐ to 2‐week intervals in five channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus L.) production ponds at Auburn, Alabama, during the 1978 growing season. Concentrations of most variables increased with time since feeding rates were progressively increased as fish grew. The DO concentration at dawn was often lower than 2.0 mg/liter during August and September. Emergency aeration was used one or more times in each pond to minimize the danger of fish kills because of low DO. In addition, unionized ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide concentrations were occasionally high enough to possibly have had adverse effects on fish. A computer simulation model for predicting the early morning DO concentration in ponds proved efficient. The average difference between measured and predicted DO concentration, disregarding sign, was 0.47 mg/liter for 30 trials. Spillway discharge from channel catfish ponds was more concentrated in pollutants than streams near Auburn, Alabama.
Heavy Metal Interaction for Andropogon scoparius and Rudbeckia hirta Grown on Soil from Urban and Rural Sites with Heavy Metals Additions
Authors: Miles L. J. , Parker G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) and black‐eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) were grown in two soils with all combinations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu at two levels each for 12 weeks. Germination and establishment were completely retarded by the addition of 2,000 µg/g Zn as ZnCl2, which was due to a salt effect. Neither Cd nor Cu additions affected germination. A slight decrease in germination was noted for Pb additions of 900 µg/g which may also be associated with a salt effect. Cadmium at 10‐ and 20‐µg/g addition rates did not affect top or root dry weight. Lead and Cu additions reduced shoot and root dry weight yields of Andropogon scoparius, root weights being more severely affected than shoot weights. Metal additions to the urban site soil did not reduce yields to the extent they did on the rural site soil. However, yields on the urban site soil control treatment were lower compared to those for the rural site control treatment.DTPA extraction levels of heavy metals were not well correlated to plant concentrations for comparisons between the two soils. It was concluded that DTPA soil extraction may not be acceptable for metal availability comparisons among soils of differing pH.Circumstantial evidence was found for both synergistic and antagonistic effects among the heavy metals. These were of a low level and no consistent response could be determined over species or soils.
The Effects of Ozone on the Growth, Yield, and Partitioning of Dry Matter in Cotton
Authors: Oshima R. J. , Braegelmann P. K. , Flagler R. B. , Teso R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Alcala SJ‐2 was grown in an activated carbon‐filtered greenhouse and exposed to biweekly 6‐hour ozone fumigations at a concentration of 490 µg m−3. Two ozone treatments were used, differing in age at initial exposure and total ozone dose. Sacrificial harvests were taken from all treatments at 14‐day intervals to monitor plant response and to provide the basis for growth analysis techniques.Ozone reduced the vegetative growth and boll production in both ozone treatments. The dry weights of all partitioned plant parts were reduced with the largest reductions occurring in roots and bolls. Fumigated plants initially produced fewer leaves with significantly less leaf area. A period of stimulated leaf and branch production followed the initial growth depression. Boll production was depressed 48% in both ozone treatments. Mean relative growth rates of partitioned plant parts were extremely good predictors of absolute responses. Mean net assimilation rates of ozone‐stressed plants were reduced throughout growth. The ozone‐treated plants were characterized by larger mean leaf area ratios, which accounted for elevated plant mean relative growth rates at 64 days of age.
Tree‐Ring Analysis for Tracing the History of Pollution: Application to a Study in Northern Sweden
Authors: Symeonides C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study attempted to assess the validity of tree‐ring analysis in tracing the history of pollution in an area exposed to high atmospheric concentrations of heavy metals from a smelting complex. Tree cores, bark samples, and soil samples were collected from two sites, one close to and the other distant from the source of atmospheric emission. The samples were analyzed for cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead. It could be shown that the reduction of growth at the site of high exposure was positively correlated with the concentrations in the tree cores of copper and lead but not zinc and cadmium. The data show clear evidence for lateral transport of zinc and cadmium but not for copper and lead. Since the reduction of growth did not correlate positively with sulfur emissions into the atmosphere, it is concluded that the effect of the heavy metals was dominant and that the reduction was causally related to the heavy metal emissions.
Laboratory Evaluation of Design Parameters for Mound System Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent
Authors: Simons A. P. , Magdoff F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments in which columns filled with medium sand were dosed daily with septic tank effluent indicate that clogging of the infiltrative surface is influenced by effluent quality, aeration status, temperature, and loading rate. Columns representing the vertical dimensions of mound systems failed sequentially, with high loading rate treatments failing first, followed by the other treatments in order. Eventually all columns receiving loading rates as low as 3.4 cm/day failed. All three columns dosed with 1.2 and two of the three columns dosed with 2.2 cm/day continued to operate for the length of the experiment. Columns incubated at or below 3°C failed more rapidly than similar columns incubated at 20 to 25°C. Ten‐cm sand columns dosed with effluent failed after 18 days while 30‐, 60‐, and 90‐cm sand columns continued to operate satisfactorily for longer periods of time. The very low percent of air‐filled pore space near the infiltrative surface of the 10‐cm columns was probably responsible for the rapid development of clogging. Sand columns also clogged more rapidly when anaerobic conditions were maintained with N2 gas at the infiltrative surface than when the surface was aerobic.Clogged columns that were drained and rested but returned to a daily dosing regime when crust resistances (Rc) were > 1.5 hours and below continued to operate until the end of the experiment (210 days). Columns originally dosed at the highest rate (17.5 cm/day) retained crust resistances well above 5 hours after 250 days of resting. Dosing was not resumed on these columns. Sand columns of 10 cm length did not recover during a 258‐day resting period. Columns of 30, 60, and 90 cm length recovered, but failed again within 24 days of renewed daily dosing. Columns maintained under aerobic (N2) atmosphere did not recover during an 127‐day resting period.
Soil Conservation Limitations on Removal of Crop Residues for Energy Production
Authors: Lindstrom M. J. , Skidmore E. L. , Gupta S. C. , Onstad C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotential soil erosion by water for Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) in the Corn Belt and by wind in the Great Plains was calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Wind Erosion Equation for current cropping practices. Crop statistics and components of the erosion equations were obtained from the States Crop Reporting Service, Soil Conservation Service, and information available from related literature. The calculations showed that only limited quantites of residue can safely be removed from either region because of soil erosion potentials. In the Corn Belt under conventional tillage with all residues removed only 36% of the cultivated area would have a soil loss at less than the soil loss tolerance (T) level. Residue and tillage management can increase the area adequately protected to 78%. In the Great Plains only 40 and 56% of the cultivated area produce enough residue to hold soil loss by wind at 6.7 and 11.2 metric tons/ha per year, respectively, when the fields are wide and the soil surface is smooth, i.e., K = 1.0. Increasing soil surface roughness, K = 0.5, increases the cultivated area to 81% where enough residue is produced to maintain a soil loss level of 11.2 metric tons/ha per year.