bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar mesosphere explorer launched
Authors: Rusch David W. 
Published: October 2011

The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) spacecraft was launched into orbit from Vandenburg Air Force Base on October 6, 1981, at 11:27 UT. The spacecraft is in a near‐circular orbit at 540‐km altitude and has the proper inclination of 97.4° to assure a 3 A.M.–3 P.M. sun‐synchronous orbit. All orbit parameters appear nominal.The SME spacecraft is designed to study the influence of changing solar ultraviolet radiation on the density of ozone in the earth's upper stratosphere and mesosphere. The satellite carries five scientific instruments, three to measure the distribution of ozone: an ultraviolet spectrometer measuring the back‐scattered radiation between 255 and 310 nm, an infrared radiometer measuring thermal emission from ozone at 9.6 μm, and an infrared spectrometer measuring the 1.27 μm airglow emission resulting from ozone photolysis. In addition, the infrared radiometer measures the temperature of the atmosphere as a function of pressure and altitude by measuring the thermal emission in two portions of the 15‐μm CO2 band and the water vapor density by measuring the emission in the 6.3‐μm band. A visible light spectrometer measures the density of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere by measuring the differential absorption of scattered sunlight at two wavelengths near 443 nm. The four atmospheric instruments will view the earth's limb once every 12 s in the plane of the orbit as the spacecraft spins at a rate of 5 rpm.
Earth orbit changes linked to monsoons
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Variations in the solar heating of the earth and its envelopingatmosphere, caused by changes in the earth's orbit,may affect the intensity of monsoons, according to John E.Kutzbach, professor of meteorology and director of theCenter for Climate Research at the University of Wisconsinin Madison.‘Basically, our findings show that greater heating of the land surface and overlying atmosphere produces a stronger land‐ocean temperature contrast,’ Kutzbach said, ‘which in turn generates a vast continental‐scale sea breeze, with air moving from the “cool” ocean to the “warm” land. This stronger monsoonal circulation brings more moisture from the oceans to the land masses and results in heavier monsoons.’
Hot plasma zone near Saturn
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Investigators using data collected by Voyager 2 during its flyby of Saturn this past August have found a place in the solar system containing the hottest gas yet observed. Temperatures in a region of space around Saturn range from 300 million to nearly 1 billion° C. The hot gas is an enormous doughnut‐shaped region encircling Saturn at an altitude ranging from 273,600 km above the planet's cloud top to as high as 724,000 km.The discovery was announced at a colloquium at the Applied Physics Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, by S. M. Krimigis, chief scientist of the Applied Physics Laboratory Space Department, who is principal investigator of the Voyager Low‐Energy Charged‐Particle Experiment, which made the observations. The measurements were analyzed by a team that includes investigators from The Johns Hopkins University, the universities of Maryland and Kansas, Bell Telephone Laboratories, and the Max Planck Institute in Germany.
Memorial Fund for Henry Faul
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The University of Pennsylvania has established a memorial fund to honor Henry Faul, professor of geophysics. The fund will be used ‘to remind future generations of Penn geology students of the effective and uniquely personal leadership role Henry played’ in the geology department during the last 16 years, according to Robert Giegengack, department chairman. Faul died on September 16.Contributions may be made to the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania for the Henry Faul MemofiatFurrd, c/o the Department of Geology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
International Geomagnetic Reference Fields: DGRF 1965, DGRF 1970, DGRF 1975, and IGRF 1980
Authors:   IAGA Division 1, Working Group 1, U.S. Geological Survey Denver, Colorado
Published: October 2011

The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) 1965 was the first of such reference fields and was adopted by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) in 1968 [IAGA Commission 2 Working Group 4, 1969]. It consists of a model of the main field at 1965.0 along with a model of secular variation for use in extending the main field model in time, both backward (not earlier than 1955.0) and forward (not later than 1975.0). IGRF 1975, adopted later, consists of IGRF 1965 extended to 1975.0, along with a revised model of secular variation for use in extending the main field model up to 1980.0 [IAGA Division 1 Study Group, 1976].By the late 1970s, the cumulative effect of the inevitable uncertainties in the secular variation models had led to unacceptable inaccuracies in the IGRF. To satisfy the need for an accurate international geomagnetic reference field, this working group recommended the following additions:
AGU members receive Fulbrights
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Five AGU members were granted senior Fulbright awards for university teaching and advanced research abroad for 1981–1982, according to the U.S. International Communications Agency and the Board of Foreign Scholarships.Yvonne Herman‐Rosenberg, associate professor of geology at the Washington State University in Pullman, will research Black Sea Quaternary benthoic foraminifera as indicators of sea‐level fluctuations. The research will be conducted at the University of Bucharest in Romania from May through July, 1982.
MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Four of the 19 persons selected as prize fellows by the John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation specialize in the earth, ocean, or space sciences. The four are John P. Holdren, Robert W. Kates, Paul G. Richards, and Joseph H. Taylor.The awards, ranging from $24,000 to $60,000 annually for 5 years, are unrestricted; the recipients may pursue any field of endeavor and are not required to publish a paper or to meet similar requirements. The exact amount of the award is dependent on the recipient's age; older prize fellows receive larger awards than do younger ones.
Statements of candidates for president‐elect of AGU
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Geophysical Union began its life in 1919 as the U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and continued in this role until 1972 when it split off from the National Academy of Sciences and became independent. It has grown from a small group that held its annual meetings in the Academy building to a very large group that strains convention facilities at multiple meetings each year.AGU has always served a broad community concerned with the solid earth, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the solar system and has always had strong international interests. It is the principal scientific organization representing basic research in geophysics in the United States and, in the view of many, the world.
1983 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Ten years ago the Federal Council for Science and Technology assigned to the National Science Foundation (NSF) the responsibility to coordinate United States solareclipse research both nationally and with international groups. To effect such coordination, NSF emphasizes two major program objectives: coordination of all U.S. programs, including those by experimenters from federal institutions, universities, and industrial groups; and possible provision of support to a limited number of experts.For the solar eclipse on June 11, 1983, NSF seeks detailed descriptions of scientific studies planned by a U.S. group. The information requested includes the principal investigators, the title of the project, when and where the work will be performed, the equipment that will be used, and special site requirements.
Nation's 1982 water picture starts positive
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During January, almost 90% of the key gaging stations across the country reported normal to above‐normal streamflow, and low: flow conditions in the drought‐plagued Southeast also improved, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said that only 13% of the key index gaging stations reporting from across the country during January showed flows in the below‐normal range—within the lowest 25% of record. In contrast, 64% of the index stations reported below‐normal flows during the same period last year.In the Southeast, many streams took a dramatic upturn during January, although low‐flow conditions still persist in large areas of Florida and in parts of Virginia and Louisiana. During January, less than 15% of the index stations in the Southeast showed flows that were well‐below normal; in comparison, during January 1981, all of the index stations reported flows in the below‐normal range.
Earthquakes and death toll down
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Fewer ‘significant’ earthquakes occurred worldwide in 1981 than in the previous year, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Significant quakes are those that register 6.5 or more on the Richter scale and smaller ones that cause casualties or considerable damage.Worldwide, there were 50 significant earthquakes in 1981, down from 71 in 1980; only two of 1981's significant seismic events shook the United States, down from 11 in 1980. The known death toll from earthquakes in 1981 was 5239, down from 7139 in 1980. Of the deaths in 1981, 4500 occurred in two separate quakes in Iran. No one has been killed by an earthquake in the United States since November 29, 1975.
Committee on solar and space physics
Authors: Lanzerotti L. J. 
Published: October 2011

The Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) is the Committee of the Space Science Board (SSB) of the National Research Council that is responsible for providing scientific advice to NASA in areas of solar/solar‐terrestrial/space‐plasma physics. The committee, composed of members who serve 3‐year terms, wishes to solicit comments from colleagues on topics of interest to them and related to issues in the field.Current subjects on which the committee is devoting considerable effort include the following: (a) considerations of data handling and data systems in solar‐terrestrial research for the future (This is being carried out with the encouragement of the SSB and its Committee on Data Management. The activity is in collaboration with the Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Research (CSTR) of the Geophysics Research Board. The handling, integration, and dissemination of solar‐terrestrial data obtained by all techniques will be addressed. Chairmen of the responsible subgroup are D. J. Williams (CSSP) and M. A. Shea (CSTR).); (b) consideration of the policies and issues associated with a revitalized Explorer satellite program responsive to the requirements of the solar‐terrestrial physics community (Inputs of ideas for potential Explorer missions have been received from a wide range of the community and will be further elaborated upon by additional community participation. A number of these ideas and examples will form a portion of a report discussing solar‐terrestrial science topics of high contemporary interest that could be well addressed with Explorerclass missions.); (c) inputs to a more comprehensive consideration of the requirements for theoretical research in all the space sciences (This is an overall task of the Space Science Board. The CSSP response relies heavily upon the Colgate committee report on space plasma physics.); (d) a future workshop, in collaboration with the Space Science Committee of the European Science foundation, on potential cooperative work in space plasma physics with European nations (Four major program items will be addressed, including reviews of several major scientific achievements within the field, a review of the status of solar and space plasma physics as academic subjects in the U.S. and in Western Europe, a review of future research programs, and a discussion of the forms of collaboration between the U.S. and European space plasma physics communities, with recommendations for the future. The workshop will be held in the U.S., tentatively during the 1982–83 academic year.); (e) continuing dialogue with NASA public relations officials and other knowledgeable individuals regarding the status of public knowledge of the results, importance, and applications of solar‐terrestrial research.); (f) discussions with relevant officials concerning the issues of scientific funding in the United States, particularly as related to solar‐terrestrial research.
FY 1983 Funding for ocean drilling
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Proposed funding for scientific ocean drilling within the National Science Foundation (NSF) in fiscal 1983 totals $14 million, $6 million less than the current fiscal 1982 plan and about half of the original FY 1982 budget request of $26 million. However, there is more to these numbers than simple subtraction: Additional funding for scientific ocean drilling programs is on hold while decisions are being made about a future drilling program called Advanced Ocean Drilling (AOD).With the demise of the Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMDP) when industry withdrew its support (Eos, October 20, 1981, p. 705) and with the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) long ago scheduled to end in fiscal 1983, the future for scientific ocean drilling within NSF was uncertain. To steer ocean drilling toward scientific objectives for the decade, the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) (Eos, December 22, 1981, p. 1197) examined four ocean drilling options and decided that the Glomar Explorer, converted to the current capabilities of the DSDP mainstay Glomar Challenger (i.e., without riser and well‐control technologies), would meet scientific objectives through the decade. In December, the National Research Council's Committee on Ocean Margin Drilling came to the identical conclusion in its interim report. Both of these decisions were based solely on scientific merit and did not consider costs.
IGY commemoration
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), copies of the book Sydney Chapman, Eighty, from his friends, published more than a decade ago are available once again.Edited by S.‐I Akasofu, Benson Fogle, and Bernhard Haurwitz, the book portrays Chapman, IGY president and pioneer in geomagnetism and magnetospheric physics, through essays and recollections by himself and many of his colleagues and friends.
PROFS to hone local storm forecasts
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Short‐range forecasting of local tornadoes, flash floods, blizzards, and other severe storms is at best a tangle of myriad pieces of weather data, intricate processing of the data, careful interpretation of the results, and effective and rapid dissemination of the appropriate information; and because accuracy matters, the job becomes Herculean. A prototype program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has shouldered the task of developing a systematic way to look at weather information and of translating it into operational forecasts for local, severe storms occurring within the proceeding 24 hours.The Prototype Regional Observing and Forecasting Service (PROFS), underway at NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colo., mixes and matches an assortment of techniques used to gather and analyze weather data to see which combination yields the most accurate forecast. PROFS is a cooperative program between the National Weather Service, the National Environmental Satellite Service, and the Environmental Research Laboratories.
Wet start for 1982
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first half of the 1982 water year (October 1, 1981–March 31, 1982) saw streamflow conditions across the country get off to a generally wet start, with almost 90% of the key index gaging stations reporting normal to above normal flows, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.USGS hydrologists said that the overall wet water picture was reflected in the nation's Big Five rivers—Mississippi, Missouri, St. Lawrence, Ohio, and Columbia—which averaged above normal for 4 of the first 6 months of the new water year. The water year used by hydrologists runs from October 1 to September 1 of the following calendar year and is designed to roughly follow the growing season and to begin and end during a period of generally low streamflow. Hydrologists use the Big Five, which together drain more than half of the conterminous United States, as a quick check on the status of the nation's water resources. Combined flow of the Big Five averaged 787 billion gallons a day (bgd) during the first half of the 1982 water year, 14% above normal.
Comment on “Future of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet”
Authors: Folger D. W. , Aldrich T. C. 
Published: October 2011

In an appeal for broader government support of the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), Marcus G. Langseth (Eos, 62, 690–691, 1981) has noted that ‘other U.S. agencies, such as … U.S. Geological Survey, etc., which occasionally use the UNOLS fleet, buy time as needed and accept little or no responsibility for the health or composition of the fleet.’ Subsequently, he noted that ‘… there is no organized program to use the remarkable capabilities of multichannel seismic sounding in a systematic way to study fundamental problems of the continental margins…’Precisely because the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is not an occasional user of the UNOLS fleet, we would like to support and extend Langseth's appeal to gain broader based government funding to keep more ships afloat in this important national facility. Also because we have been conducting a well‐organized systematic study of the continental margin of the United States, based mainly on state‐of‐the‐art multichannel seismic data, we support his contention that continental margins of the world should be studied in a similar manner.
Needs outlined for satellite program
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

‘Remote sensors operating from the vantage point of space will never replace direct measurements and acoustic remote sensing … but satellite remote‐sensing observing and data relay and platform location techniques should play a substantial role that needs to be systematically recognized and exploited in future programs of ocean sciences research,’ according to the recent report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) by the National Oceanographic Satellite System (NOSS) Science Working Group. ‘Needs, Opportunities, and Strategies for a Long‐Term Oceanic Sciences Satellite Program’ stresses both the need for the integration of data obtained from remote‐sensing satellites and from direct observations and the need for more precise data.The NOSS Science Working Group (see box) was established in 1980 under the chairmanship of Francis P. Bretherton of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to address the scientific needs of the oceanographic community as a whole. The group was charged with three tasks, according to Lawrence F. McGoldrick of NASA's oceanic processes branch: to recommend sensor modifications and additions to fill the 25% of spacecraft capacity reserved for research instrumentation; to identify research problems amenable to using NOSS data;; and to recommend appropriate facilities for researchers to solve these problems. Since the group was formed, however, NOSS was deleted from the budget. The group views the report, dated November 1981 but released about 5 months later, as a focus for near term directions of NASA's satellite oceanography group.
1982 James B. Macelwane Awards to Rafael Luis Bras, Donald W. Forsyth, and Steven C. Wofsy
Authors: Engelson Peter S. , Detrick Robert S. 
Published: October 2011

In 1975 a past Macelwane recipient, Ignacio Rodriguez‐Iturbe, was leaving the M.I.T. faculty to return to Venezuela. It was my unhappy task as the (then) department head to find his replacement in the awakening field of stochastic hydrology. Ignacio assured me that the problem was solved. He had a young Ph.D. student named Rafael Bras who would make us forget all about Rodriguez‐Iturbe!Today, just 5 years after his mentor received this award, we honor Rafael Luis Bras with the 1982 James B. Macelwane Award.
Chatanika moves to polar cusp
Authors: Kelly John D. 
Published: October 2011

Scientists in the fields of aeronomy, spate physics, and meteorology have used the Chatanika incoherent‐scatter radar extensively over the last 11 years. During this past solar cycle, 11,718 hours of data were collected, resulting in substantial increases in knowledge of the high‐latitude ionosphere and auroral processes. The 141 journal articles and 13 Ph.D. theses published since 1972 attest to the facility's productivity.On March 1, 1982, operations in Alaska ended so that the radar could be relocated to a higher invariant latitude (see Figure 1). The new location will be Sondre Stromfjord in Greenland, invariant latitude 75°. At this location, it will be the northernmost station of a longitudinal chain of incoherent‐scatter radar facilities (Sondrestrom, Millstone Hill, Arecibo, and Jicamarca) stretching from the polar cap to the magnetic equator, and the incoherent‐scatter technique, applied successfully in the auroral zone, will be available for polar cap/cusp research for the first time.
Hydrology course begins 3rd year
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On September 1, the Interuniversity Post‐graduate Program in Hydrology at the Free University of Brussels will open its doors for its third academic year. This year, 30 students from all over the world will form the entering class. The program is under the joint guidance of the University of Brussels, the universities of Ghent, Leuven (Louvain), and Antwerp, and the Royal Meteorological Institute.The first year of the 2‐year program, leading to a diploma in hydrology, includes field training, prerequisite courses, and basic courses in hydraulics, hydrometry, meteorology, hydrology, water management, and water quality and treatment. The second year, which leads to an M.Sc. degree in hydrology, includes optional courses in surface hydrology, groundwater hydrology, and pollution control; seminars, additional field training; and a master's thesis.