bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The λ-calculus with constructors: Syntax, confluence and separation
Authors: ARBISER ARIEL , MIQUEL ALEXANDRE , RÍOS ALEJANDRO 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functions like a head linear substitution, and show that this construction permits to recover the expressiveness of ML-style pattern matching. We then prove that this system enjoys the Church–Rosser property using a semi-automatic ‘divide and conquer’ technique by which we determine all the pairs of commuting subsystems of the formalism (considering all the possible combinations of the nine primitive reduction rules). Finally, we prove a separation theorem similar to Böhm's theorem for the whole formalism.
The Regular Excluded Minors for Signed-Graphic Matroids
Authors: QIN HONGXUN , SLILATY DANIEL C. , ZHOU XIANQQIAN 
Published: September 2009

We show that the complete list of regular excluded minors for the class of signed-graphic matroids isM*(G1),. . . ,M*(G29),R15,R16. HereG1,. . . ,G29are the vertically 2-connected excluded minors for the class of projective-planar graphs andR15andR16are two regular matroids that we will define in the article.
COMMISSION 30: Radial Velocities
Authors: Nordström Birgitta , Udry Stephane , Dravins D. , Fekel F. , Glushkova E. , Levato H. , Pourbaix D. , Smith M.A. , Szabados L. , Torres G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis report from Commission 30 covers the salient areas in which major progress has been made in the triennium covered by the present volume. The principal scientific areas are: The Milky Way, star clusters, spectroscopic binaries, extrasolar planets, pulsating stars and stellar oscillations. Following these, an account is given of the progress in techniques and methodology for radial velocity determinations. Finally, a summary is given of the progress made by the working groups of the Commission, followed by a list of key papers in the triennium. A more extensive report also covering extragalactic work, which due to unforeseen circumstances could not be included here, can be found at the web page of Commission 30 (http://www.iau.org/IAU/Organization/divcom/).
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use among Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Ostrow David G. , Stall Ron 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter details the epidemiology of use and abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use among gay and bisexual men in the United States. The review highlights the history of use and abuse of these drugs over the past quarter century and identifies where there are substantial health disparities regarding use of drugs and where the evidence suggests that gay and bisexual men may not use drugs differently than heterosexual men. The chapter also reviews available programs to address substance abuse issues among gay male communities and areas where the field might best move forward.
Landscape with Two Saints
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The book is about two unique legendary holy women—Genovefa (Geneviève) of Paris and Brigit of Kildare—who lived in the same historical period religious conversions and barbarian invasions of Romanized northern Europe. They were both famous for traveling widely and sponsoring the building of churches. Why did such seemingly ordinary deeds bring them reputations for sanctity?
Rediscovering the Buddha
Authors: Penner Hans H 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The “Buddhacentric” view of Buddhism continues to shorten the legends of the Buddha into brief outlines. This paradox is based on the mistaken quest for the historical Buddha and the view of myth as irrational or symbolic. This book corrects both mistakes. Part I provides texts from the Buddhist scriptures that demonstrate the mythical/cosmological framework of the legends of the Buddha, that geography is cosmography. Part I presents evidence beginning with the infinity of the Buddhist cosmos, the length of an eon, the origin of humans, episodes concerning Buddha's previous lives, including Vessantara, his birth in our epoch, the birth of his son Rahula, life in the wilderness, enlightenment, performance of miracles, the threat of being murdered, the battles with his cousin, his backaches, conferences with the gods, dinner with a courtesan, the tensions with is family, an upsetting dinner with a blacksmith and much more, ending with his final last days and royal funeral. Part II defines “religion,” “myth”, and “ritual,” and provides a full critique of the quest for the historical Buddha. The book asks: what conclusion can be drawn from this? Mythical texts cannot be translated into historical documents. Part II interprets the legends from within the constraints of the cosmological framework and as episodic “rites of passage.” The Buddha is also restored as the Buddhist Universal Monarch's twin. Their lives are constrained by the same cosmological framework and the liminal stage of their rite of passage is “asceticism.” The final chapter redefines Buddhism as an oppositional relation between householder and renouncer, Buddha and Universal Monarch, mediated by the gift, which produces good merit.
From genome to brainome: charting the lessons learned
Authors: Green Ronald M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores converging and diverging issues between genetic and neuroimaging science research and clinical applications. It shows how genetics is intensely communal and familial, while the study of the central nervous system is more focused on the individual. Nonetheless, we learn how the ‘therapeutic gap’ gene hype, and the risk of scientific over-promising from both can lead to advances that may make situations worse before they make them better.
The mind in the movies: a neuroethical analysis of the portrayal of the mind in popular media
Authors: Grainger-Monsen Maren , Karetsky Kim 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on one aspect of the media — the film industry — and looks at its effect on the public's perception of how the mind works, both in mental illness and in the neuroscience enhancement technologies that the future holds. It outlines some of the stereotypes of psychiatric illness revealed in popular Hollywood films and highlights the impact that these stereotypes have on both the public and the mentally ill. It examines some of the new independent documentary films addressing mental illness that have been successful in breaking down some of these stereotypes by showing more realistic portrayals of mentally ill patients and families. Finally, it examines how the new frontiers of neuroscience are being portrayed in motion pictures and explore the neuroethical issues that are brought up, as well as questioning the impact that science fiction films have on the public consciousness.
Averroes' Physics
Authors: Glasner Ruth 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For the first time Averroes' physics is studied on the basis of all available texts and versions of his three commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, including texts that are extant only in Hebrew manuscripts and have not been hitherto studied. A comparison of these sources shows that a diachronic study is absolutely essential. Averroes changed his interpretation of the basic notions of physics—the structure of corporeal reality and the definition of motion—more than once. He has repeatedly rewritten and edited several key chapters in all three commentaries. After many hesitations he offers a bold new interpretation of physics to which this book refers as ‘Aristotelian atomism’. Ideas that are usually ascribed to scholastic scholars and others that were traced back to Averroes but only in a very general form, not only originated with him, but were fully developed by him into a comprehensive and systematic physical system. Unlike earlier Greek or Muslim atomistic systems, Averroes' Aristotelian atomism endeavours to be fully scientific, by Aristotelian standards, and still to provide a basis for an indeterministic natural philosophy. Commonly known as ‘the commentator’ and usually considered to be a faithful follower of Aristotle, Averroes is revealed in his commentaries on the Physics to be an original and sophisticated philosopher.
The Grapevine R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor VvMYBF1 Regulates Flavonol Synthesis in Developing Grape Berries
Authors: Czemmel Stefan , Stracke Ralf , Weisshaar Bernd , Cordon Nicole , Harris Nilangani N. , Walker Amanda R. , Robinson Simon P. , Bogs Jochen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFlavonols are important ultraviolet light protectants in many plants and contribute substantially to the quality and health-promoting effects of fruits and derived plant products. To study the regulation of flavonol synthesis in fruit, we isolated and characterized the grapevine (Vitis vinifera ‘Shiraz’) R2R3-MYB transcription factor VvMYBF1. Transient reporter assays established VvMYBF1 to be a specific activator of flavonol synthase1 (VvFLS1) and several other promoters of grapevine and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes involved in flavonol synthesis. Expression of VvMYBF1 in the Arabidopsis mutant myb12 resulted in complementation of its flavonol-deficient phenotype and confirmed the function of VvMYBF1 as a transcriptional regulator of flavonol synthesis. Transcript analysis of VvMYBF1 throughout grape berry development revealed its expression during flowering and in skins of ripening berries, which correlates with the accumulation of flavonols and expression of VvFLS1. In addition to its developmental regulation, VvMYBF1 expression was light inducible, implicating VvMYBF1 in the control of VvFLS1 transcription. Sequence analysis of VvMYBF1 and VvFLS1 indicated conserved putative light regulatory units in promoters of both genes from different cultivars. By analysis of the VvMYBF1 amino acid sequence, we identified the previously described SG7 domain and an additional sequence motif conserved in several plant MYB factors. The described motifs have been used to identify MYB transcription factors from other plant species putatively involved in the regulation of flavonol biosynthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of a light-inducible MYB transcription factor controlling flavonol synthesis in fruit.
Association between sex steroids and cognition in elderly men
Authors: LeBlanc Erin S. , Wang Patty Y. , Janowsky Jeri S. , Neiss Michelle B. , Fink Howard A. , Yaffe Kristine , Marshall Lynn M. , Lapidus Jodi A. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Orwoll Eric S. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjective  To examine the association of cognitive function with sex steroid and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels among elderly men.Design  Prospective cohort study, The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), consisting of 5995 US community dwelling men of 65 years or older.Patients  One thousand six hundred and two men were chosen randomly from MrOS cohort for sex steroid level measurements by Mass Spectrometry (MS) at baseline. Two thousand six hundred and twenty‐three MrOS participants with sex steroids measured using RIA were also examined.Measurements  Baseline and follow‐up (4·5 years later) performance on two cognitive tests: Trails B (executive function and motor speed) and 3MS (global cognitive function). Baseline total testosterone and oestradiol were measured by MS. Free testosterone (free‐T) and free oestradiol (free‐E) were calculated. SHBG was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data were analysed using linear regression.Results  Baseline free‐T and free‐E levels were not associated with cognitive performance or change in cognition, following adjustment for age, education, race, health status and alcohol use. Baseline SHBG levels were inversely associated with follow‐up trails B (P = 0·03) and 3MS performance (P = 0·02). Higher SHBG was associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. Total sex steroid levels were not associated with cognitive performance.Conclusions  Despite large numbers of participants and rigorous sex steroid measurements, we did not observe an association between cognition and either testosterone or oestradiol levels. We conclude that endogenous sex steroids in the normal range are not related to executive function or global cognitive function in elderly men. High SHBG deserves further examination as a risk factor for cognitive decline.
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome: MRI appearances
Authors: Jain R , Sawhney S , Koul RL , Chand P 
Published: September 2009

SummaryA review of MRI findings in seven patients with Tolosa–Hunt syndrome was carried out. Seven patients presented with unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were carried out to evaluate the cavernous sinuses and orbits. Coronal fast spin‐echo T2‐weighted images and fat‐saturated T1‐weighted coronal and transverse images with and without contrast enhancement were obtained for the cavernous sinuses and orbits. All patients showed focal‐enhancing masses expanding the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. In one patient the mass was extending to the orbital apex and intraorbitally. All patients recovered on corticosteroid therapy and resolution of the masses was documented on follow‐up MRI studies in five patients. One patient had a relapse of symptoms after discontinuing therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the cavernous sinus and orbital apex show high sensitivity for the detection and follow up of inflammatory mass lesions in Tolosa–Hunt syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging should be the initial screening study in these patients.
Assessment of a daily online implanted fiducial marker‐guided prostate radiotherapy process
Authors: Greer PB , Dahl K , Ebert MA , White M , Wratten C , Ostwald P , Pichler P , Denham JW 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe aims of this study were to investigate whether intrafraction prostate motion can affect the accuracy of online prostate positioning using implanted fiducial markers and to determine the effect of prostate rotations on the accuracy of the software‐predicted set‐up correction shifts. Eleven patients were treated with implanted prostate fiducial markers and online set‐up corrections. Orthogonal electronic portal images were acquired to determine couch shifts before treatment. Verification images were also acquired during treatment to assess whether intrafraction motion had occurred. A limitation of the online image registration software is that it does not allow for in‐plane prostate rotations (evident on lateral portal images) when aligning marker positions. The accuracy of couch shifts was assessed by repeating the registration measurements with separate software that incorporates full in‐plane prostate rotations. Additional treatment time required for online positioning was also measured. For the patient group, the overall postalignment systematic prostate errors were less than 1.5 mm (1 standard deviation) in all directions (range 0.2–3.9 mm). The random prostate errors ranged from 0.8 to 3.3 mm (1 standard deviation). One patient exhibited intrafraction prostate motion, resulting in a postalignment prostate set‐up error of more than 10 mm for one fraction. In 14 of 35 fractions, the postalignment prostate set‐up error was greater than 5 mm in the anterior–posterior direction for this patient. Maximum prostate rotations measured from the lateral images varied from 2° to 20° for the patients. The differences between set‐up shifts determined by the online software without in‐plane rotations to align markers, and with rotations applied, was less than 1 mm (root mean square), with a maximum difference of 4.1 mm. Intrafraction prostate motion was found to reduce the effectiveness of the online set‐up for one of the patients. A larger study is required to determine the magnitude of this problem for the patient population. The inability in the current software to incorporate in‐plane prostate rotations is a limitation that should not introduce large errors, provided that the treatment isocentre is positioned near the centre of the prostate.
ENDOSONOGRAPHY‐GUIDED BILIARY DRAINAGE IN CASES WITH DIFFICULT TRANSPAPILLARY ENDOSCOPIC BILIARY DRAINAGE
Authors: Horaguchi Jun , Fujita Naotaka , Noda Yutaka , Kobayashi Go , Ito Kei , Obana Takashi , Takasawa Osamu , Koshita Shinsuke , Kanno Yoshihide 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Recently, reports on a new endoscopic biliary drainage technique utilizing endosonographic guidance (endosonography‐guided biliary drainage [ESBD]) have been increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ESBD in cases with difficult transpapillary endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD).Patients and Methods:  Sixteen patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent ESBD because of difficult EBD between January 2007 and September 2008 were included. The technical success, complications, and clinical efficacy of ESBD were prospectively evaluated.Results:  ESBD was performed via the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus in eight, six and two patients, respectively. Stent placement was successful in all cases and excellent biliary decompression was achieved in all but one patient. One patient developed localized peritonitis following guidewire migration and re‐puncture of the bile duct. In another patient, stent migration was observed one week after ESBD and re‐ESBD was carried out. Three patients underwent surgery for their primary diseases, and stent exchange was carried out in 10 patients during the course.Conclusions:  ESBD is an effective treatment for obstructive jaundice that will replace percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in cases of difficult EBD and is a possible alternative to EBD in selected cases.
OPTIMAL TIMING OF ENDOSCOPIC EVALUATION OF THE PRIMARY SITE OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER AFTER CHEMORADIOTHERAPY OR RADIOTHERAPY: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Zenda Sadamoto , Hironaka Shuichi , Taku Keisei , Sato Hiroshi , Hashimoto Takayuki , Hasuike Noriaki , Boku Narikazu , Tsubosa Yasuhiro , Ono Hiroyuki , Nishimura Tetsuo 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Although use of gastrointestinal endoscopy for response evaluation in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (CRT/RT) treatment is widely accepted, optimal timing for evaluation has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we investigated optimal timing of primary site response evaluation in esophageal cancer patients treated with CRT/RT.Patients and Methods:  This study examined esophageal cancer patients who underwent CRT/RT between September 2002 and December 2004. Time to complete response (CR) at the primary site was assessed in patients designated as CR at the primary site, while progression‐free survival at the primary site (PFSp) was assessed in patients designated as incomplete response at the primary site.Results:  Eighty‐three patients were enrolled in this study. Median total RT dose was 60 Gy (range, 50–60 Gy), and median RT duration was 53 days (range, 35–74 days). Mean time to CR at the primary site was 97 days (range, 52–201 days). In four patients, although initial examination of biopsy specimens found evidence of viable cancer cells within 75 days of treatment initiation, subsequent examination found no such evidence, and the patients were thus designated as CR. Median PFSp was 149 days (range, 67–399 days), and PFSp rate at 90 days was 97%. Median interval between the previous examination and initial primary progressive disease was 37 days.Conclusion:  Recommended time of first response evaluation for esophageal cancer following initiation of CRT/RT was found to be between 75 and 90 days. Subsequent evaluation should be carried out approximately one month following non‐CR/non‐progressive disease declassification.
Evidence for a widespread involvement of NO in control of photogenesis in bioluminescent fish
Authors: Krönström Jenny , Mallefet Jerome 
Published: September 2009

AbstractKrönström, J. and Mallefet, J. 2009. Evidence for a widespread involvement of NO in control of photogenesis in bioluminescent fish. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 474–483.The presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nerve fibres in the photophores of seven bioluminescent fish species (Hygophum benoiti, Myctophum punctatum, Electrona risso, Cyclothone braueri, Vinciguerria attenuata, Maurolicus muelleri and Porichthys notatus) with endogenous photocytes, were investigated. Antibodies directed against neuronal and inducible NOS (n and iNOS respectively) and NADPH‐diaphorase activity were used to reveal the locations of NOS, while antibodies directed against acetylated tubulin were used to visualize nerve fibres. The nNOS antibody labelled structures in all investigated photophores except in the organs from P. notatus. The photocytes of P. notatus showed NADPH‐diaphorase activity. In the myctophid species, NOS‐like immunoreactivity was found in small intracellular structures of the photocytes and in nerve fibres reaching the photocytes. nNOS‐positive fibres were also found among lens/filter cells in V. attenuata, and in M. muelleri the cytoplasm of lens/filter cells contained NOS‐like material. In C. braueri, a cell type located at a collecting chamber for luminous products in the photophore contained NOS‐like material. All photophores received an innervation reaching the photocytes, as well as other components including lens/filter areas. The results of this study comply with an involvement of nitric oxide in the control of bioluminescence in several fish species.
Florence Nightingale Endures: Legitimizing a New Professional Role Identity
Authors: Goodrick Elizabeth , Reay Trish 
Published: September 2009

abstractWe examined the discursive processes through which a new professional role identity for registered nurses was legitimized by analysing introductory textbooks over time. We theorize five ways of rhetorically legitimizing a new professional role identity: naturalizing the past, normalizing new meanings, altering identity referents, connecting with the institutional environment, and referencing authority. In contrast to previous research focused on legitimizing new practices, we contribute to the institutional literature by showing that legitimizing a professional role identity requires the incremental development of new arguments where the past is not delegitimized. Our findings also indicate that instead of a progression from moral and pragmatic legitimacy to cognitive legitimacy, legitimizing a new role identity may focus only on moral legitimacy. Finally, our study highlights the importance of interactions between the professional task environment and the wider institutional environment as part of the process of legitimizing a professional role identity.
CHRISTIAN HUMILITY, COURTLY CIVILITY, AND THE CODE OF THE STREETS
Authors: HERDT JENNIFER A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWithin both contemporary inner‐city street life and early modern courtly civility, persons acquire value through being acknowledged by others. Though dependent on others for a sense of self‐worth constructed by external tokens of respect, they are unable to experience dependency as gift. Humility thus appears as an admission of lack of worth, rather than as a confession of the dependent character of one's worth. What might contemporary Christians retrieve from the Augustinian critique of an ethic of glory in attempting to diagnose and respond to contemporary social dislocations, and how might churches contribute productively to disrupting the zero‐sum competition for respect?