bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sports injuries and illnesses during the Winter Olympic Games 2010
Authors: Engebretsen Lars , Steffen Kathrin , Alonso Juan Manuel , Aubry Mark , Dvorak Jiri , Junge Astrid , Meeuwisse Willem , Mountjoy Margo , Renström Per , Wilkinson Mike 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundIdentification of high-risk sports, including their most common and severe injuries and illnesses, will facilitate the identification of sports and athletes at risk at an early stage.AimTo analyse the frequencies and characteristics of injuries and illnesses during the XXI Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver 2010.MethodsAll National Olympic Committees' (NOC) head physicians were asked to report daily the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of newly sustained injuries and illnesses on a standardised reporting form. In addition, the medical centres at the Vancouver and Whistler Olympic clinics reported daily on all athletes treated for injuries and illnesses.ResultsPhysicians covering 2567 athletes (1045 females, 1522 males) from 82 NOCs participated in the study. The reported 287 injuries and 185 illnesses resulted in an incidence of 111.8 injuries and 72.1 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes. In relation to the number of registered athletes, the risk of sustaining an injury was highest for bobsleigh, ice hockey, short track, alpine freestyle and snowboard cross (15–35% of registered athletes were affected in each sport). The injury risk was lowest for the Nordic skiing events (biathlon, cross country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined), luge, curling, speed skating and freestyle moguls (less than 5% of registered athletes). Head/cervical spine and knee were the most common injury locations. Injuries were evenly distributed between training (54.0%) and competition (46.0%; p=0.18), and 22.6% of the injuries resulted in an absence from training or competition. In skeleton, figure and speed skating, curling, snowboard cross and biathlon, every 10th athlete suffered from at least one illness. In 113 illnesses (62.8%), the respiratory system was affected.ConclusionAt least 11% of the athletes incurred an injury during the games, and 7% of the athletes an illness. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports. Analyses of injury mechanisms in high-risk Olympic winter sports are essential to better direct injury-prevention strategies.
S WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN NONTECTONIC SE ASIA BY SEISMOGRAM ANALYSIS OF THE EARTHQUAKES IN SUMATRA–JAVA AT TATO STATION, TAIWAN
Authors: SANTOSA BAGUS JAYA 
Published: September 2010

The S wave velocity structure beneath South-East Asia and South China Sea due to earthquakes in Sumatra–Java subduction zone has been investigated through seismogram analysis in time domain and three components simultaneously, using data recorded in TATO, Taiwan seismological station. The synthetic seismogram was calculated using the GEMINI method, which consists of the earth model and the CMT solution of the earthquake. A low-pass filter with corner frequency of 20 mHz is imposed to the seismograms. Response file inversion subjected on the measured seismogram will compare the measured and the synthetic seismogram in the same unit. The seismogram comparison indicated that the synthetic seismogram constructed from PREMAN earth model deviates greatly from the measured one. The deviation occurred on the arrival time of surface wave of Rayleigh and Love as well as S body waves.The S, Love, and Rayleigh waveform deviations on arrival time or oscillation number are solved by changing the gradient of βhinto positive in the upper mantle layers, and corrections for zero-order coefficients of β speed polynomial in every earth mantle layers.The interpretation results of seismogram analysis using waveform comparison indicate that the nontectonic South-East Asia area in front of subduction zone has strong negative correction of βvin the upper mantle and with smaller factor also at earth layers below. This result shows stronger vertical anisotropy than that indicated by the PREMAN earth model.
Supporting dynamic aspect-oriented features
Authors: Dyer Robert , Rajan Hridesh 
Published: September 2010

Dynamic aspect-oriented (AO) features have important software engineering benefits such as allowing unanticipated software evolution and maintenance. It is thus important to efficiently support these features in language implementations. Current implementations incur unnecessary design-time and runtime overhead due to the lack of support in underlying intermediate language (IL) models. To address this problem, we present a flexible and dynamic IL model that we callNu. TheNumodel provides a higher level of abstraction compared to traditional object-oriented ILs, making it easier to efficiently support dynamic AO features. We demonstrate these benefits by providing an industrial-strength VM implementation forNu, by showing translation strategies from dynamic source-level constructs toNuand by analyzing the performance of the resulting IL code.Nu's VM extends the Sun Hotspot VM interpreter and uses a novel caching mechanism to significantly reduce the amortized costs of join point dispatch. Our evaluation using standard benchmarks shows that the overhead of supporting a dynamic deployment model can be reduced to as little as ˜1.5%.Nuprovides an improved compilation target for dynamic deployment features, which makes it easier to support such features with corresponding software engineering benefits in software evolution and maintenance and in runtime verification.
REFAME: Rain Estimation Using Forward-Adjusted Advection of Microwave Estimates
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Imam Bisher , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Bellerby Timothy J. , Huffman George J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new multiplatform multisensor satellite rainfall estimation technique is proposed in which sequences of Geostationary Earth Orbit infrared (GEO-IR) images are used to advect microwave (MW)-derived precipitation estimates along cloud motion streamlines and to further adjust the rainfall rates using local cloud classification. The main objective of the Rain Estimation using Forward-Adjusted advection of Microwave Estimates (REFAME) is to investigate whether inclusion of GEO-IR information can help to improve the advected MW precipitation rate as it gets farther in time from the previous MW overpass. The technique comprises three steps. The first step incorporates a 2D cloud tracking algorithm to capture cloud motion streamlines through successive IR images. The second step classifies cloudy pixels to a number of predefined clusters using brightness temperature (Tb) gradients between successive IR images along the cloud motion streamlines in combination with IR cloud-top brightness temperatures and textural features. A mean precipitation rate for each cluster is calculated using available MW-derived precipitation estimates. In the third step, the mean cluster precipitation rates are used to adjust MW precipitation intensities advected between available MW overpasses along cloud motion streamlines. REFAME is a flexible technique, potentially capable of incorporating diverse precipitation-relevant information, such as multispectral data. Evaluated over a range of spatial and temporal scales over the conterminous United States, the performance of the full REFAME algorithm compared favorably with products incorporating either no cloud tracking or no intensity adjustment. The observed improvements in root-mean-square error and especially in correlation coefficient between REFAME outputs and ground radar observations demonstrate that the new approach is effective in reducing the uncertainties and capturing the variation of precipitation intensity along cloud advection streamlines between MW sensor overpasses. An extended REFAME algorithm combines the adjusted advected MW rainfall rates with infrared-derived precipitation rates in an attempt to capture precipitation events initiating and decaying during the interval between two consecutive MW overpasses. Evaluation statistics indicate that the extended algorithm is effective to capture the life cycle of the convective precipitation, particularly for the interval between microwave overpasses in which precipitation starts or ends.
Characteristics of Precipitating Convective Systems in the South Asian Monsoon
Authors: Romatschke Ulrike , Houze Robert A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEight years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data show how convective systems of different types contribute to precipitation of the South Asian monsoon. The main factor determining the amount of precipitation coming from a specific system is its horizontal size. Convective intensity and/or number of embedded convective cells further enhance its precipitation production. The precipitation of the monsoon is concentrated in three mountainous regions: the Himalayas and coastal ranges of western India and Myanmar. Along the western Himalayas, precipitation falls mainly from small, but highly convective systems. Farther east along the foothills, systems are more stratiform. These small and medium systems form during the day, as the monsoon flow is forced upslope. Nighttime cooling leads to downslope flow and triggers medium-sized systems at lower elevations. At the mountainous western coasts of India and Myanmar, small and medium systems are present throughout the day, as an orographic response to the southwesterly flow, with a slight superimposed diurnal cycle. Medium systems are favored over the eastern parts of the Arabian Sea and large systems are favored over the Bay of Bengal when an enhanced midlevel cyclonic circulation occurs over the northern parts of these regions. The systems forming upstream of coastal mountains over the Bay of Bengal are larger than those over the Arabian Sea, probably because of the moister conditions over the bay. The large systems over the bay exhibit a pronounced diurnal cycle, with systems forming near midnight and maximizing in midday.
Narrowband Oscillations in the Upper Equatorial Ocean. Part II: Properties of Shear Instabilities
Authors: Smyth W. D. , Moum J. N. , Nash J. D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Narrowband oscillations observed in the upper equatorial Pacific are interpreted in terms of a random ensemble of shear instability events. Linear perturbation analysis is applied to hourly averaged profiles of velocity and density over a 54-day interval, yielding a total of 337 unstable modes. Composite profiles of mean states and eigenfunctions surrounding the critical levels suggest that the standard hyperbolic tangent model of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is a reasonable approximation, but the symmetry of the composite perturbation is broken by the stratification and vorticity gradient of the underlying equatorial undercurrent. Unstable modes are found to occupy a range of frequencies with a peak near 1.4 mHz, consistent with the frequency content of the observed oscillations.
A probabilistic theory of random instabilities predicts this peak frequency closely. An order of magnitude estimate suggests that the peak frequency is of order N, in accord with the observations. This results not from gravity wave physics but from the balance of shear and stratification that governs shear instability in geophysical flows. More generally, it is concluded that oscillatory signals with frequency bounded by N can result from a process that has nothing to do with gravity waves.
Water Mass Structure of Warm and Cold Anticyclonic Eddies in the Western Boundary Region of the Subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Itoh Sachihiko , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Vertical profile data of temperature and salinity from various sources were analyzed together with satellite altimeter data to investigate the water mass characteristics of warm and cold anticyclonic eddies in the western boundary region of the subarctic North Pacific. A dense distribution of anticyclonic eddies with warm and saline core water occurred near the Kuroshio Extension, and the distribution extends northward–northeastward into the western subarctic gyre along the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka trenches. Eddies with cold and fresh core water are found mainly around the Oyashio southward intrusions and farther north near the Kuril Islands. Based on the heat content anomaly integrated over 50–200 dbar, 85% of the anticyclonic eddies within the study area (35°–50°N, 140°–155°E) have a warm and saline core and 15% have a cold and fresh core. Warm and saline eddies around the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka trenches have a double-core structure, with a cold and freshwater mass located below the warm core. The northward propagation of these eddies along the trench line results in a large northward heat (salinity) transport in the upper 400 dbar (250 dbar) and a negative salinity transport below 350 dbar. The lower core water is colder and fresher on isopycnal surfaces at around 26.70σθ compared with the climatology. Given that the 26.70σθ isopycnal surface does not outcrop in the open North Pacific, an alignment process is suggested to occur between the warm and saline and the cold and fresh anticyclonic eddies in the upper and intermediate layers, respectively.
A VAD-Based Dealiasing Method for Radar Velocity Data Quality Control
Authors: Xu Qin , Nai Kang , Wei Li , Zhang Pengfei , Liu Shun , Parrish David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a new velocity–azimuth display (VAD)-based dealiasing method developed for automated radar radial velocity data quality control to satisfy the high-quality standard and efficiency required by operational radar data assimilation. The method is built on an alias-robust velocity–azimuth display (AR-VAD) analysis. It upgrades and simplifies the previous three-step dealiasing method in three major aspects. First, the AR-VAD is used with sufficiently stringent threshold conditions in place of the original modified VAD for the preliminary reference check to produce alias-free seed data in the first step. Second, the AR-VAD is more accurate than the traditional VAD for the refined reference check in the original second step, so the original second step becomes unnecessary and is removed. Third, a block-to-point continuity check procedure is developed, in place of the point-to-point continuity check in the original third step, which serves to enhance the use of the available seed data in a properly enlarged block area around each flagged data point that is being checked with multiple threshold conditions to avoid false dealiasing. The new method has been tested extensively with aliased radial velocity data collected under various weather conditions, including hurricane high-wind conditions. The robustness of the new method is exemplified by the results tested with three cases. The limitations of the new method and possible improvements are discussed.
An Observationally Generated A Priori Database for Microwave Rainfall Retrievals
Authors: Kummerow Christian D. , Ringerud Sarah , Crook Jody , Randel David , Berg Wesley 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The combination of active and passive microwave sensors on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite have been used to construct observationally constrained databases of precipitation profiles for use in passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithms over oceans. The method uses a very conservative approach that begins with the operational TRMM precipitation radar algorithm and adjusts its solution only as necessary to simultaneously match the radiometer observations. Where the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) indicates no rain, an optimal estimation procedure using TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) radiances is used to retrieve nonraining parameters. The optimal estimation methodology ensures that the geophysical parameters are fully consistent with the observed radiances. Within raining fields of view, cloud-resolving model outputs are matched to the liquid and frozen hydrometeor profiles retrieved by the TRMM PR. The profiles constructed in this manner are subsequently used to compute brightness temperatures that are immediately compared to coincident observations from TMI. Adjustments are made to the rainwater and ice concentrations derived by PR in order to achieve agreement at 19 and 85 GHz, vertically polarized brightness temperatures at monthly time scales. The database is generated only in the central 11 pixels of the PR radar scan, and the rain adjustment is performed independently for distinct sea surface temperature (SST) and total precipitable water (TPW) values. Overall, the procedure increases PR rainfall by 4.2%, but the adjustment is not uniform across all SST and TPW regimes. Rainfall differences range from a minimum of −57% for SST of 293 K and TPW of 13 mm to a maximum of +53% for SST of 293 K and TPW of 45 mm. These biases are generally reproduced by a TMI retrieval algorithm that uses the observationally generated database. The algorithm increases rainfall by 5.0% over the PR solution with a minimum of −99% for SST of 293 K and TPW of 14 mm to a maximum of +11.8% for an SST of 294 K and TPW of 50 mm. Some differences are expected because of the algorithm mechanics.
Regionalization in Fine-Grid GFS MOS 6-h Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Charba Jerome P. , Samplatsky Frederick G. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The recent emergence of the National Digital Forecast Database as the flagship product of the National Weather Service has resulted in an increased demand for forecast guidance products on fine-mesh grids. Unfortunately, fine-grid forecasts with geographically regionalized statistical models are usually plagued by nonmeteorological discontinuities at regional boundaries. This study treats the problem in a regionalized Global Forecast System (GFS)-based model output statistics (MOS) application that produces 6-h probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPFs) on a 4-km grid up to 192 h in advance. The technique involves incorporating areal overlap in the geographical regionalization and weighting multiple PQPFs in region-overlap zones. The degree of overlap ranges from about 20 km along meteorologically significant regional boundaries to about 150 km at quasi-arbitrary boundaries. The forecast-weighting constants for a grid point in an overlap zone vary in direct proportion to the distances to the closest associated regional boundaries.
The application of the region-overlap and forecast-weighting techniques resulted in retention of sharp PQPF gradients along meteorologically significant regional boundaries and prevention of artificial discontinuities at quasi-arbitrary boundaries. The eradication of the discontinuities in the forecast patterns was achieved without sacrificing forecast skill. While the regionalization was customized for producing high-spatial-resolution 6-h PQPFs over the contiguous United States with a specialized gridded MOS application, the region-overlap and forecast-weighting techniques may have general applicability. Also, the quality of the 6-h PQPFs was not strongly dependent on customization of the regionalization.
High-Resolution GFS-Based MOS Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts on a 4-km Grid
Authors: Charba Jerome P. , G. Samplatsky Frederick 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL) of the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed high-resolution Global Forecast System (GFS)-based model output statistics (MOS) 6- and 12-h quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) guidance on a 4-km grid for the contiguous United States. Geographically regionalized multiple linear regression equations are used to produce probabilistic QPFs (PQPFs) for multiple precipitation exceedance thresholds. Also, several supplementary QPF elements are derived from the PQPFs. The QPF elements are produced (presently experimentally) twice per day for forecast projections up to 156 h (6.5 days); probability of (measurable) precipitation (POP) forecasts extend to 192 h (8 days). Because the spatial and intensity resolutions of the QPF elements are higher than that for the currently operational gridded MOS QPF elements, this new application is referred to as high-resolution MOS (HRMOS) QPF.
High spatial resolution and enhanced skill are built into the HRMOS PQPFs by incorporating finescale topography and climatology into the predictor database. This is accomplished through the use of specially formulated “topoclimatic” interactive predictors, which are formed as a simple product of a climatology- or terrain-related quantity and a GFS forecast variable. Such a predictor contains interactive effects, whereby finescale detail in the topographic or climatic variable is built into the GFS forecast variable, and dynamics in the large-scale GFS forecast variable are incorporated into the static topoclimatic variable. In essence, such interactive predictors account for the finescale bias error in the GFS forecasts, and thus they enhance the skill of the PQPFs.
Underlying the enhanced performance of the HRMOS QPF elements is extensive use of archived fine-grid radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs). The fine spatial scale of the QPE data supported development of a detailed precipitation climatology, which is used as a climatic predictive input. Also, the very large number of QPE sample points supported specification of rare-event (i.e., ≥1.50 and ≥2.00 in.) 6-h precipitation exceedance thresholds as predictands. Geographical regionalization of the PQPF regression equations and the derived QPF elements also contributes to enhanced forecast performance.
Limited comparative verification of several 6-h model QPFs in categorical form showed the HRMOS QPF with significantly better threat scores and biases than corresponding GFS and operational gridded MOS QPFs.
Limited testing of logistic regression versus linear regression to produce the 6-h PQPFs showed the feasibility of applying the logistic method with the very large HRMOS samples. However, objective screening of many candidate predictors with linear regression resulted in slightly better PQPF skill.
Finescale Single- and Dual-Doppler Analysis of Tornado Intensification, Maintenance, and Dissipation in the Orleans, Nebraska, Supercell
Authors: Wurman Joshua , Kosiba Karen , Markowski Paul , Richardson Yvette , Dowell David , Robinson Paul 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Finescale single- and dual-Doppler observations are used to diagnose the three-dimensional structure of the wind field surrounding a tornado that occurred near the town of Orleans, Nebraska, on 22 May 2004. The evolution of the vorticity and divergence fields and other structures near the tornado are documented in the lowest kilometer. Changes in tornado intensity are compared to the position of the tornado relative to primary and secondary gust fronts. Circulation on scales of a few kilometers surrounding the tornado remains relatively constant during the analysis period, which spans the intensifying and mature periods of the tornado’s life cycle. Stretching of vertical vorticity and tilting of horizontal vorticity are diagnosed, but the latter is near or below the threshold of detectability in this analysis during the observation period in the analyzed domain. Low-level circulation within 500 m of the tornado increased several minutes before vortex-relative and ground-relative near-surface wind speeds in the tornado increased, raising the possibility that such trends in circulation may be useful in forecasting tornado intensification.