bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and assessment of the pediatric airway
Authors: ADEWALE LOLA 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAirway and respiratory complications are the most common causes of morbidity during general anesthesia in children. The airway changes in size, shape and position throughout its development from the neonate to the adult (1). Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the airway in children forms the basis of understanding the pathological conditions that may occur. This in turn allows a comprehensive assessment of the pediatric airway to take place, including a detailed medical history, clinical examination and specific investigative procedures.
The Management of difficult intubation in children
Authors: WALKER ROBERT W.M. , ELLWOOD JAMES 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThis article looks at the current techniques and equipment recommended for the management of the difficult intubation scenario in pediatric practice. We discuss the general considerations including preoperative preparation, the preferred anesthetic technique and the use of both rigid laryngoscopic and fiberoptic techniques for intubation. The unanticipated scenario is also discussed.
Anesthesia for laser surgery of the airway in children
Authors: BEST CRISPIN 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAnesthesia for laser surgery in children carries a number of particular challenges and pitfalls. The anesthetist must be aware not only of the problems of anesthetizing a patient with a potentially compromised airway but also of how to maintain homeostasis when surgery is taking place, as procedures may make a bad situation temporarily worse. Personnel must also be very aware of the benefits and dangers of medical lasers, and what safety precautions must be taken to ensure their proper use. This section will deal with the properties of lasers, how and why they are used, and a description of how these procedures are carried out in our own institution.
Imaging of the pediatric airway
Authors: ESLAMY HEDIEH K. , NEWMAN BEVERLY 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAirway compromise can be fixed, dynamic (with varying degrees of collapse during the respiratory cycle), or exhibit both components. The location of the abnormality can be classified as extrinsic (located outside but exerting mass effect on the airway) or intrinsic (intramural and/or intraluminal). The etiologies of airway compromise are categorized as: congenital, infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, vascular, or neoplastic (1). The role of imaging of the airway is to determine the presence, nature and anatomic level of airway compromise, categorize it as intrinsic or extrinsic, provide a differential diagnosis, and guide further imaging or management (1). The differential diagnosis of a lesion takes into account the patient’s age and gender, location of the lesion, clinical presentation, and imaging appearance.
How did the Macintosh laryngoscope become so popular?
Authors: SCOTT JEANETTE , BAKER PAUL A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe Macintosh laryngoscope has been described as ‘the most numerously and widely made durable item in the history of anesthesia’ (Sir Anthony Jephcott, February 6, 1983). This laryngoscope was originally designed to facilitate intubation in unparalyzed patients and became universally adopted by the anesthetic community. In spite of enormous subsequent changes in anesthetic practice, the Macintosh laryngoscope continues to dominate 50 years after its key indication has become obsolete. This study explores the development and success of this ubiquitous instrument.
Effects of adjustable gastric banding on gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motility: a systematic review
Authors: De Jong J. R. , Besselink M. G. H. , Van Ramshorst B. , Gooszen H. G. , Smout A. J. P. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryControversial opinions exist concerning the effect of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on gastroesophageal reflux. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant studies on patients undergoing adjustable gastric banding. Data are expressed in mean (range). Twenty studies were identified with a total of 3307 patients. The prevalence of reflux symptoms decreased postoperatively from 32.9% (16–57) to 7.7% (0–26.9) and medication use from 27.5% (16–38.5) to 9.5% (3.1–19.2). Newly developed reflux symptoms were found in 15% (6.1–20) of the patients. The percentage of esophagitis decreased postoperatively from 33.3% (19.4–61.6) to 27% (2.3–60.8). Newly developed esophagitis was observed in 22.9% (0–38.4). Pathological reflux was found in 55.8% (34.9–77.4) preoperatively and postoperatively in 29.4% (0–41.7) of the patients. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures increased from 12.9 to 16.9 mmHg (11.3–21.4). Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation decreased from 100% to 79.7% (58–86). The percentage of dysmotility increased from 3.5% (0–10) to 12.6% (0–25). Adjustable gastric banding has anti‐reflux properties resulting in resolution or improvement of reflux symptoms, normalized pH monitoring results and a decrease of esophagitis on short term. However, worsening or newly developed reflux symptoms and esophagitis are found in a subset of patients during longer follow‐up.
Accuracy of iPhone Locations: A Comparison of Assisted GPS, WiFi and Cellular Positioning
Authors: Zandbergen Paul A 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe 3G iPhone was the first consumer device to provide a seamless integration of three positioning technologies: Assisted GPS (A‐GPS), WiFi positioning and cellular network positioning. This study presents an evaluation of the accuracy of locations obtained using these three positioning modes on the 3G iPhone. A‐GPS locations were validated using surveyed benchmarks and compared to a traditional low‐cost GPS receiver running simultaneously. WiFi and cellular positions for indoor locations were validated using high resolution orthophotography. Results indicate that A‐GPS locations obtained using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate than those from regular autonomous GPS units (average median error of 8 m for ten 20‐minute field tests) but appear sufficient for most Location Based Services (LBS). WiFi locations using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate (median error of 74 m for 58 observations) and fail to meet the published accuracy specifications. Positional errors in WiFi also reveal erratic spatial patterns resulting from the design of the calibration effort underlying the WiFi positioning system. Cellular positioning using the 3G iPhone is the least accurate positioning method (median error of 600 m for 64 observations), consistent with previous studies. Pros and cons of the three positioning technologies are presented in terms of coverage, accuracy and reliability, followed by a discussion of the implications for LBS using the 3G iPhone and similar mobile devices.
Spatial Annotation Technology for Public Deliberation
Authors: Cai Guoray , Yu Bo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMany public policies and decisions deal with geospatially expressed problems that are complex and controversial in nature. Broad participation of all interested parties in the form of deliberative dialogues is crucial to making trustworthy decisions. However, supporting deliberative dialogues on spatial problems places unique requirements for technology mediation that go beyond the current state of research on public participation geographical information systems (PPGIS) and related technologies. In this article, we analyze the challenges of facilitating effective deliberation processes and highlight the progress needed to support spatially‐enabled public deliberation technologies. Then, we present ourGeoDeliberative Annotation Technology(GeoDAT) as a framework for addressing the above challenges. GeoDAT uses spatial annotation objects as models for deliberative artifacts, and manages annotations by a spatial data model that reflects the ecological relationships among annotations, visual contexts, discussion threads, spatial referents, and the cognitive states of their holders. As a proof of the concept, we have implemented GeoDeliberator based on the GeoDAT framework. GeoDeliberator is based on Web 2.0 technology and implemented in AJAX technology, and it offers some unique spatial annotation capture, retrieval and visualization capabilities, such as context memory, reference to multiple geo‐objects in one annotation, inferring and visualizing new relations using spatial‐temporal and thread‐based reasoning, and user‐controlled annotation sharing. We demonstrate the utility of GeoDeliberator through a simulated scenario where a community in a university campus deliberates on the alternative courses of actions available for building a smoke‐free campus.
A Customization of the Arc Marine Data Model to Support Whale Tracking via Satellite Telemetry
Authors: Lord‐Castillo Brett K , Mate Bruce R , Wright Dawn J , Follett Tomas 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Arc Marine data model is a generalized template to guide the implementation of geographic information systems (GIS) projects in the marine environment. It developed out of a collaborative process involving research and industry shareholders in coastal and marine research. This template models and attempts to standardize common ocean and coastal data types to facilitate data sharing and analytical tool development. In this study, Arc Marine is extended from its core model to fit the research goals of the whale satellite‐telemetry‐tagging program of the Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute (MMI). The study sought the best customization of the generic Arc Marine data model to enhance the key advantages of satellite telemetry for mapping the distribution and movement of endangered marine mammal species. It was found that three new groups of object classes were needed (Animal, Telemetry, and Operations). Further customization involved the development of a comprehensive framework for animal tracking with Argos satellite telemetry data. A new multidimensional data cube model was also devised, showing how this extension of Arc Marine serves as an appropriate target schema for the application of on‐line analytical processing (OLAP) tools and spatial data mining of satellite telemetry tracking datasets.
Organogenesis of the juxta‐oral organ in mice
Authors: Ito Masataka , Nakashima Misako , Yoshioka Masahiko , Imaki Junko 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe juxta‐oral organ is a bilateral organ in the mammalian bucca. It consists of epithelial cords with surrounding mesenchyme. It develops from embryonic oral epithelium, but its macroscopic morphology in mice is less studied and seems to be very different from that of humans. The juxta‐oral organ in mice extends more widely from the subcutaneous tissue of the mandible near the lateral fascia of the masseter to the submucosa of the soft palate. In this paper, we report that the mutant mouse allele Bmp7lacZ presented intense lacZ expression in the epithelial component of the juxta‐oral organ in its homo‐ and heterozygous states. The main aims of this study were to show that this mutant mouse allele is suitable for observing macroscopic structure of the juxta‐oral organ and to describe the development of this organ during embryonic and postnatal stages. Whole‐mount β‐gal staining of this strain of mouse showed that the juxta‐oral organ in mice appeared at E12.0 from oral epithelium and lost connection with it before E12.5. Then, the juxta‐oral organ extended anteriorly to the lateral fascia of the masseter and posteriorly to the submucosal layer of the soft palate via the orbit. The mature juxta‐oral organ had no connection to other epithelia such as those of the bucca and parotid duct. It persisted until adulthood and there seemed to be no tendency to regress. Transmission electron microscopy showed that each part of the juxta‐oral organ was an epithelial cord surrounded by a basement membrane and mesenchymal tissue.
Effects of a 6‐month infliximab treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Derdemezis Christos S. , Filippatos Theodosios D. , Voulgari Paraskevi V. , Tselepis Alexandros D. , Drosos Alexandros A. , Kiortsis Dimitrios N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) appear to have increased plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. These adipokines may be implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (ΤNF‐α) is a potential modulator of adipokines. The effects of long‐term anti‐TNF treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 6‐month anti‐TNF treatment (infliximab) on leptin and adiponectin plasma levels in RA patients. Thirty women with RA were included in the study. Patients with diabetes mellitus, any endocrine disorder or receiving any hypolipidemic or antidiabetic medication were not included. Thirty healthy age‐ and body mass index‐matched women served as controls. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured with enzyme immunoassay methods prior to and after the 6‐month treatment with infliximab. Mean age and disease duration of patients were 51.8 ± 14.4 and 12.2 ± 6.7 years, respectively. Body weight did not change significantly over the 6‐month period. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin were higher in patients than controls and did not change significantly after 6‐month treatment. Interestingly, in the tertile of patients with the highest baseline adiponectin concentrations, adiponectin levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Infliximab treatment did not change plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin after 6‐month treatment in the whole study population. However, a reduction of adiponectin levels was observed in patients with higher baseline adiponectin levels.
Learning theories and interprofessional education: a user’s guide
Authors: Hean Sarah , Craddock Deborah , O’Halloran Cath 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the theoretical underpinning of interprofessional education (IPE) and writers in this field are drawing on a wide range of disciplines for theories that have utility in IPE. While this has undoubtedly enriched the research literature, for the educational practitioner, whose aim is to develop and deliver an IPE curriculum that has sound theoretical underpinnings, this plethora of theories has become a confusing, and un‐navigable quagmire. This article aims to provide a compass for those educational practitioners by presenting a framework that summarizes key learning theories used in IPE and the relationship between them. The study reviews key contemporary learning theories from the wider field of education used in IPE and the explicit applications of these theories in the IPE literature to either curriculum design or programme evaluation. Through presenting a broad overview and summary framework, the study clarifies the way in which learning theories can aid IPE curriculum development and evaluation. It also highlights areas where future theoretical development in the IPE field is required.
Long‐term use of felbamate: Clinical outcomes and effect of age and concomitant antiepileptic drug use on its clearance
Authors: White James R. , Leppik Ilo E. , Beattie Jeanne L. , Walczak Thaddeus S. , Tran Teresa A. , Rarick John O. , Vaher Paul 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To determine the effects of long‐term use of felbamate (FBM) on weight, complete blood count, liver function tests, and seizure control, and also to determine the effect of age on FBM clearance.Methods:  A computerized prospective database was used to identify all subjects who had FBM listed as one of their antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during their most recent clinic visit. Medical records from each patient were then reviewed for inclusion criteria [treatment >2 years, FBM initiated at the study clinic, data for pre‐FBM (Time‐1; T1), one‐year exposure to FBM (Time‐2; T2), and the latest visit (Time‐3; T3)]. Clinical information was abstracted from clinic charts.Results:  Seventy‐seven patients (F = 41, M = 36; ages 10–69 years) met entry criteria. Mean treatment time was 7.4 years, with the longest 20.3 years. Significant weight loss (mean 5.1 kg; p < 0.001) occurred from T1 to T2, but weight was regained by T3. No clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters occurred. Older age was associated with a significant decrease in FBM clearance (p = 0.01). Significant reduction in generalized tonic–clonic seizures was seen at both T2 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p < 0.001) compared with seizure frequency at T1.Discussion:  Our results suggest that long‐term FBM use is associated with persistent decrease of seizures and no clinically significant changes in major laboratory parameters. Older age correlated with reduced apparent clearance of FBM. The patient population described in this study were long‐term users of FBM who were continuing to use the drug, and thus this study does not constitute an “intent to treat” study.
Long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus: A tertiary referral center study
Authors: Ristić Aleksandar J. , Sokić Dragoslav V. , Trajković Goran , Janković Slavko , Vojvodić Nikola M. , Baščarević Vladimir , Popović Ljubica M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To determine long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus (SE).Methods:  We prospectively followed patients admitted for the first (69.6%) or recursive episode of SE between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1997 at the Institute of Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia, until death or study termination (December 31, 2006). Data were obtained for cause of death; etiology of SE—acute symptomatic (AS), progressive symptomatic (PS), remote symptomatic (RS), and idiopathic/cryptogenic (I/C); presence of epilepsy; and reoccurrence of SE. Standardized mortality rate (SMR), survival, and regression analysis were used.Results:  A total of 120 of 750 patients with an episode of SE (15.9%) died in the 30‐day period following SE. Data for 207 of 630 (32.8%) surviving patients (35.7% with initial SE) were available at the end of follow‐up [median 12 years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.1–12.8]. SMR was significantly increased (SMR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.32–2.41). There were 46 deaths (22.2%): 15 of 65 in the AS, 20 of 29 in the PS, 6 of 29 in the RS, and 5 of 75 in the I/C groups. Five‐year survival rate was lowest in the PS (45%) compared to AS (91%), RS (87%), and I/C (99%) groups. The following characteristics increased long‐term risk for mortality: older age [Exp(B) 1.05, 95% CI 1.029–1.072], PS and AS etiology [Exp(B) 15.6, 95% CI 5.8–41.6; 3.3, 95% CI 1.2–9.1], presence of epilepsy [Exp(B) 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.3], and initial SE [Exp(B) 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–4.4].Discussion:  Approximately one of five patients die within 12 years after an episode of SE. Symptomatic SE (PS and AS), initial SE, age, and presence of epilepsy are associated with long‐term increased risk of death.
Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography: Novel Aspects on an Emerging Ablation Technique
Authors: SIKLÓDY CLAUDIA HERRERA , MINNERS JAN , ALLGEIER MARTIN , ALLGEIER HANS‐JÜRGEN , JANDER NIKOLAUS , WEBER REINHOLD , SCHIEBELING‐RÖMER JOCHEN , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , KALUSCHE DIETRICH , ARENTZ THOMAS 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation using a balloon‐mounted cryoablation system is a new technology for the percutaneous treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows real‐time visualization of cryoballoon positioning and successful vein occlusion via color Doppler. We hypothesized that PV mechanical occlusion monitored with TEE could predict effective electrical isolation.
Methods:
We studied 124 PVs in 30 patients. Under continuous TEE assessment, a cryoballoon was placed in the antrum of each PV aiming for complete PV occlusion as documented by color Doppler. At the end of the procedure, PV electrical isolation was evaluated using a circumferential mapping catheter.
Results:
Of the 124 PVs studied, 123 (99.2%) could be visualized by TEE: the antrum was completely visualized in 80 of them (64.5%), partially in 36 (29.0%), and only disappearance of proximal flow could be observed in the remaining 7 PVs (5.7%). Vein occlusion could be achieved in 111 of the 123 (90.2%) visualized PVs. Postinterventional mapping demonstrated electrical isolation in 109 of 111 occluded PVs (positive predictive value 98.2%) and only in 1 of 12 nonoccluded PVs (negative predictive value 91.7%, P < 0.001). After a mean follow‐up of 7.4 ± 3.7 months, 73.3% of patients remained in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic drugs.
Conclusion:
Color Doppler documented PV occlusion during cryoballoon ablation can predict effective electrical isolation.
Association of Transseptal Punctures with Isolated Migraine Aura in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: CHILUKURI KARUNA , SINHA SUNIL , BERGER RONALD , MARINE JOSEPH E. , CHENG ALAN , NAZARIAN SAMAN , SCHERR DANIEL , SPRAGG DAVID , CALKINS HUGH , HENRIKSON CHARLES A. 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Transseptal catheterization (TSC) is performed during catheter ablation involving the lefthand side of the heart. TSC causes a transient iatrogenic atrial septal defect that can predispose patients to migraine episodes. However, isolated migraine aura episodes in patients undergoing TSC have not been described.
Methods:
Five hundred seventy‐one procedures involving TSC were performed over a 3‐year duration. Of these, 3 patients presented with visual symptoms in the first month after the procedure. One patient underwent a TSC during catheter ablation of left‐sided accessory pathway and 2 patients underwent TSC during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.
Results:
The incidence of migraine aura in this patient population was 0.5%. In the first week after the procedure, all 3 patients experienced transient reversible visual symptoms of scintillating scotoma consistent with migraine aura. None of the patients had an associated headache. The workup for stroke or transient ischemic attack was negative. All the patients recovered completely within 1 hour of symptom onset and did not have any sequelae.
Conclusion:
This study reports for the first time the incidence and outcomes of isolated migraine aura in patients undergoing electrophysiology procedures involving TSC. For post‐TSC patients who present with atypical neurologic symptoms, especially “scintillating scotoma,” once transient ischemic attack or other neurologic event has been ruled out, an aura associated with the TSC should be entertained as a possible diagnosis. Electrophysiologists who perform TSC, need to be aware of this phenomenon and can reassure the patients of the transient and benign nature.
Predatory response of Xylocoris flavipes to bruchid pests of stored food legumes
Authors: Sing Sharlene E. , Arbogast Richard T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBiological control may provide an affordable and sustainable option for reducing losses to pest Bruchidae in stored food legumes, a crucial source of human dietary protein. Previous investigations have focused primarily on the role of parasitism in bruchid biological control, while the potential of generalist predators has been comparatively unexplored. The true bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) exhibited a Type II functional response to the majority of cosmopolitan bruchid species evaluated when data were fit to Holling's disc equation. A negative correlation was detected between mean pest species body weight and rate of predation. The rate of attack on adult prey was quite low but fairly consistent, with the larger‐sized female predators generally more effective. The eggs and neonate larvae of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) were the only accessible immature stages among all prey species examined; predation on A. obtectus eggs and larvae was higher than on any adult bruchids. Mean predator kill of A. obtectus immature stages was 40 first instars or 10–20 eggs per 24‐h interval. Further investigation of the biological control potential of X. flavipes against pest Bruchidae is merited due to the predator's ability to kill adult stages of all prey species evaluated.