bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin matters: Differences in embryonic tissue origin and Wnt signaling determine the osteogenic potential and healing capacity of frontal and parietal calvarial bones
Authors: Quarto Natalina , Wan Derrick C , Kwan Matt D , Panetta Nicholas J , Li Shuli , Longaker Michael T 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Calvarial bones arise from two embryonic tissues, namely, the neural crest and the mesoderm. In this study we have addressed the important question of whether disparate embryonic tissue origins impart variable osteogenic potential and regenerative capacity to calvarial bones, as well as what the underlying molecular mechanism(s). Thus, by performing in vitro and in vivo studies, we have investigated whether differences exist between neural crest–derived frontal and paraxial mesodermal–derived parietal bone. Of interest, our data indicate that calvarial bone osteoblasts of neural crest origin have superior potential for osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, neural crest–derived frontal bone displays a superior capacity to undergo osseous healing compared with calvarial bone of paraxial mesoderm origin. Our study identified both in vitro and in vivo enhanced endogenous canonical Wnt signaling in frontal bone compared with parietal bone. In addition, we demonstrate that constitutive activation of canonical Wnt signaling in paraxial mesodermal–derived parietal osteoblasts mimics the osteogenic potential of frontal osteoblasts, whereas knockdown of canonical Wnt signaling dramatically impairs the greater osteogenic potential of neural crest–derived frontal osteoblasts. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) treatment induces phosphorylation of GSK-3β and increases the nuclear levels of β-catenin in osteoblasts, suggesting that enhanced activation of Wnt signaling might be mediated by FGF. Taken together, our data provide compelling evidence that indeed embryonic tissue origin makes a difference and that active canonical Wnt signaling plays a major role in contributing to the superior intrinsic osteogenic potential and tissue regeneration observed in neural crest–derived frontal bone. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Measuring Properties for Material Decomposition Modeling
Authors: Cain Christopher , Lattimer Brian Y. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Inverse analysis methods were evaluated for determining thermal properties of materials for pyrolysis models. Experiments and analyses focused on determining the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of materials as a function of temperature and in different states. Experiments were designed to limit the properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity) controlling the thermal response, allowing for more accurate determination of properties. Experiments and analyses were performed on three different materials: Ceramic, E-glass vinyl ester composite, and char/glass reinforcement. Results from the inverse analysis were compared with properties measured using other ASTM standard tests for measuring thermal properties. Properties were predicted to within 10 % of values from other standard test methods with quadratic and linear functions providing similar properties. Materials with more nonlinear variation in properties with temperature may require using quadratic functions to adequately predict properties.
Use of Fiber Optic and Electrical Resistance Sensors for Monitoring Moisture Movement in Building Stones Subjected to Simulated Climatic Conditions
Authors: Srinivasan S. , Basheer P. A. M. , Smith B. J. , Gomez-Heras M. , Grattan K. T. V. , Sun T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Moisture is critical to the weathering of stone buildings and almost all weathering processes in building stones are influenced by the presence of moisture—especially the cyclic process of repeated ingress and egress of moisture that promotes their decay. Therefore, monitoring the moisture distribution in building stones is essential in understanding the material behaviour and degradation mechanisms associated with stone decay. In this study two real-time monitoring systems, viz. fiber optic sensor probe for relative humidity and electrical resistance sensors are compared by placing them, together with commercially available thermistors and humidity probe, at different depths in a limestone block in order to characterise patterns of moisture and temperature changes with depth from the exposure surface. This surface was then exposed to simulated wetting by a water spray, short-term cycles of heating and cooling beneath an infrared lamp to mimic solar radiation, and an intermittent air flow across the surface of the block. The experiment was conducted within an environmental chamber that kept ambient air temperature at 20°C. Results indicate that variations in external environmental factors, such as wind and intermittent heating cycles, can significantly affect the temperature and moisture variations in building stones.
Assessment of Air Entrainment in Fresh Cement Paste Using Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Kmack Richard M. , Kurtis Kimberly E. , Jacobs Laurence J. , Kim Jin-Yeon 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is understood that the frost protection afforded by entrained air voids in cement-based materials is dependent on their size and distribution or spacing factor. The common practice of adding air-entraining admixtures (AEAs) to concretes and mortars demands economical quality control measures of the air-entrained voids. However, conventional methods for qualifying air content in fresh cement-based materials, such as the pressure, volume, and gravimetric methods, measure only total air volume and cannot assess size (i.e., allow discrimination between entrained and entrapped air voids) or spacing. Ultrasonic monitoring may present an alternative in situ approach for these measurements. In this investigation, using matched pairs of transducers, ultrasonic pulses were transmitted through fresh cement paste specimens (containing 0.0 % up to 0.6 % AEA by weight of cement). The received signals were recorded every 5 min during the first 6 h and then every 15 min thereafter. Analysis of the signals shows strong distinctions between specimens with and those without the AEA. In general, the addition of AEA suppresses the peak-to-peak signal strength, pulse velocity, and peak frequency of the signal transmissions through the specimens. The data also suggest correlations between Vicat setting times, heat of hydration, and autogenous strain and ultrasonic metrics. The findings of this research should be most appropriate as a foundation for an inversion process and improved air-entrainment detection methods.
New Weathering Test Method for Sealants and Preliminary Experimental Results
Authors: Klosowski Jerome M. , Gorman Patrick D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A new sealant weathering test method expands on existing test methodologies. In ASTM C719, repeated movement cycles were shown to be important to reproduce some of the damage seen on real buildings. Weathering tests done previously demonstrate that water, sunlight (especially the UV portion), and heat are all important degradation factors that act on real buildings. Thus this new test combines water, heat, light, and movement acting on a sealant joint, fabricated to an ASTM C719 joint configuration, in artificial weathering machines. The joints are also subjected to identical movement in four different climates. Correlations of the damage done to various sealants in four varied U.S. climates and the artificial weathering machines are explored.
An adapted purification procedure to improve the quality of 90Y for clinical use
Authors: Castillo Abmel Xiques , Olivé Keila Isaac , González Edgar Casanova , Beckford Denis , Leyva Montaña René , Montero Álvarez Alfredo , Olivé Álvarez Eunice 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
There is an increasing interest for 90Y for radionuclide therapy. However, radioimmunotherapy, one of the most important applications for 90Y, demands a very high purity product. Obtaining a high quality 90Y is difficult not only because of the complex and time consuming production schemes but also because of the quality control which has challenging tasks like the determination of 90Sr at very low concentrations. The present paper investigates a reported purification procedure for the removal of stable metal trace contaminants from an 90Y solution, seeking for its potential use in the elimination of the radioactive contaminant 90Sr and its fast determination. For this purpose a washing step with HNO3 acid is introduced to elute 90Sr, the order of each acid solution is rearranged to reduce the potential contaminants present in acids and the size of the column is reduced to further optimize the procedure. As a result, an improved purification method is obtained, which allows the removal of both trace metal contaminants and 90Sr from an 90Y solution and the measurement of 90Sr/90Y ratios of the order of 10-7, which are well below the established pharmacopeia limit of 2×10-5.
Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of U(VI) ions on densely crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) from aqueous solutions
Authors: Özeroglu Cemal , Keceli Gönül 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this study, densely crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) was used to adsorb uranium(VI) ions from aqueous solution. For this purpose, the crosslinked copolymer of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and methacrylic acid (MA) containing 25% (w/w) methacrylic acid (MA) was synthesized by using dibenzoyl peroxide-N,N-dimethylaniline (BPO-DMA) initiator system at room temperature. The adsorption of uranium(VI) ions on the copolymer sample (0.02 g copolymer/5 mL solution of U(VI) ions) was carried out in a batch reactor. The parameters which effect the uranium adsorption process, such as, contact time, pH of solution, initial uranium(VI) concentration and temperature were investigated. It was observed that an increase in these parameters enhanced the removal of U(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption data were modelled by the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. The adsorption capacity of the crosslinked copolymer and free energy change were calculated by using D–R isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) were determined for the adsorption of U(VI) ions from aqueous solutions by the crosslinked copolymer bearing methacrylic acid functional groups. Experimental adsorption data were analyzed using sorption kinetic models of the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. It was observed that pseudo-second order kinetic model provided a high goodness of fit with experimental data for the adsorption of U(VI) ions on the crosslinked copolymer bearing methacrylic acid functional groups. The densely crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) might be of interest in large scale uranium removals from aqueous solution, since it had high uranyl sorption capacities ranging from 0.16 mmol/g to 2.37 mmol/g copolymer at pH 2.7 (293 K).
Charged particle induced reaction cross section data for production of the emerging medically important positron emitter 64Cu: A comprehensive evaluation
Authors: Aslam M. , Sudár S. , Hussain M. , Malik A. A. , Shah H. A. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The radionuclide 64Cu (T
1/2=12.7 h) is an important non-standard positron emitter, suitable for combining PET imaging and targeted therapy. Its production in no-carrier-added form is done via charged particle induced reactions, and considerable amount of cross section data are available in the literature. We evaluated seven reactions, namely 64Ni(p, n) 64Cu, 64Ni(d, 2n) 64Cu, 68Zn(p, αn) 64Cu, 66Zn(p, 2n) 64Cu, 64Zn(d, 2p) 64Cu, 66Zn(p, α) 64Cu and natZn(d, x) 64Cu. Data analysis was generally limited up to about 25 MeV and the consistency check of experimental data was carried out using the nuclear model codes STAPRE, EMPIRE and TALYS. In a few cases experimental data were available up to 100 MeV; the consistency check in the high energy region was done only using the code TALYS. A statistical procedure (supported by nuclear model calculations) was then used to fit the data. The derived recommended sets of data, together with 95% confidence limits, are reported. The integral yields calculated from those data are also given. A critical comparison of the various production routes of 64Cu is presented. The 64Ni(p, n) 64Cu reaction, utilizing a highly enriched target, is the method of choice.
Determination of 126Sn half-life from ICP-MS and gamma spectrometry measurements
Authors: Bienvenu P. , Ferreux L. , Andreoletti G. , Arnal N. , Lépy M.-C. , Bé M.-M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A new value of 126Sn half-life was determined by combination of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gamma spectrometry measurements on purified sample solutions collected from nuclear fuel reprocessing. 126Sn was isolated through dissolution of fission product precipitates and liquid-liquid extraction with N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine (BPHA). The abundance of 126Sn atoms together with the absence of interfering species in the analysed solutions made it possible to measure both mass concentration and nuclide activity with high precision and accuracy. This led to a 126Sn half-life value of 1.980(57)×105 a.
Echoes of “Ptahhotep” in the Greco-Roman Period?
Authors: Hagen Fredrik 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The article looks at continuity in the Egyptian literary tradition, in particular with regard to the rare phrase “partiality is the abomination of god” (bwt ntr rdít ḥr gs) found in “Ptahhotep” and later, as a marked quotation, in the “Installation of the Vizier”. It draws attention to the use of the same phrase as a divine epithet in Greco-Roman temple inscriptions, and argues that this may be an intertextual echo of “Ptahhotep”, although clearly it cannot be considered evidence for a late transmission of that text. Finally, it looks at the historical evidence for the association between Thoth and concept of ‘partiality’ (rdít ḥr gs, nm‘).
Insights into Ion-Network Interactions and Ion Transport in Glass
Authors: Banhatti Radha D. , Cramer Cornelia , Zielniok Dominika , Robertson A. H. Jean , Ingram Malcolm D. 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
We discuss the origins of mixed-former effects in borophosphate glasses of general composition: Li0.5BO1.75:(1−x)LiPO3 and 0.4 Na2O:0.6 [xB2O3:(1−x)P2O5], and show how these effects relate to changing ion-network interactions. In particular for the latter system, we analyse the permittivity spectra using the MIGRATION concept. The results show that the increase in the calculated “cage length” (spatial extent of localised ion motion) in the mixed former region correlates well with the increased abundance of the BO4 tetrahedra. We propose that more local cation sites are created and fast electronic bond-switching processes open up these sites to facilitate macroscopic transport. This picture of ion transport independent of network dynamics accounts for all favourable effects observed in mixed former glasses such as increase in ion mobility, rise in T
g and improvement in chemical durability.
Li Ion Diffusion in Nanocrystalline and Nanoglassy LiAlSi2O6 and LiBO2 - Structure-Dynamics Relations in Two Glass Forming Compounds
Authors: Kuhn Alexander , Tobschall Esther , Heitjans Paul 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the present study the Li diffusivity in nanostructured samples of two glass forming model systems, spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) and lithium metaborate (LiBO2), was examined using 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxometry and dc conductivity measurements. The nanostructured samples were prepared by high-energy ball milling of the respective crystalline starting material on the one hand and the corresponding glass on the other hand. The diffusivity of the glass exceeds that of the crystalline sample for both systems. However, when the crystalline samples are mechanically treated by ball milling the diffusivity is enhanced. Nevertheless, the diffusivity of these nanocrystalline samples remains lower than that of the corresponding glass. Surprisingly, when the glassy samples are treated in the same way the diffusivity decreases. After sufficiently long milling times the diffusivity of these nanoglassy samples approaches that of the nanocrystalline samples. This convergence effect seems to be due to structural relaxation processes as is suggested by supplementary infrared spectroscopy and 27Al, 12B magic angle spinning NMR measurements.
Screening for Occult Abdominal Trauma in Children With Suspected Physical Abuse
Authors: Lane Wendy Gwirtzman , Dubowitz Howard , Langenberg Patricia 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVES: The goals were (1) to determine the prevalence of occult abdominal trauma (OAT) in a sample of children with suspected physical abuse, (2) to assess the frequency of OAT screening, and (3) to assess factors associated with screening.METHODS: Charts of children evaluated for abusive injury were identified through a search of hospital discharge codes. Identified charts were reviewed to determine whether OAT screening occurred. Data on results of screening tests, abusive injuries identified, family demographic features, and characteristics of the emergency department visit were collected.RESULTS: Screening occurred for 51 (20%) of 244 eligible children. Positive results were identified for 41% of those screened and 9% of the total sample; 5% of children 12 to 23 months of age had OAT identified through imaging studies. Screening occurred more often in children presenting with probable abusive head trauma (odds ratio [OR]: 20.4 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6–114.6]; P &lt; .01), compared with those presenting with other injuries. Consultation with the child protection team (OR: 8.5 [95% CI: 3.5–20.7]; P &lt; .01) and other subspecialists (OR: 24.3 [95% CI: 7.1–83.3]; P &lt; .01) also increased the likelihood that OAT screening would occur.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support OAT screening with liver and pancreatic enzyme measurements for physically abused children. This study also supports the importance of subspecialty input, especially that of a child protection team. Although many identified injuries may not require treatment, their role in confirming or demonstrating increased severity of maltreatment may be critical.
A Point Mutation in Sec61α1 Leads to Diabetes and Hepatosteatosis in Mice
Authors: Lloyd David J. , Wheeler Matthew C. , Gekakis Nicholas 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. To better understand the genetic factors we used forward genetics to discover genes that have not previously been implicated in the development of hyperglycemia or diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Offspring of ethylnitrosurea-mutagenized C57BL/6 mice were bred to homozygosity, maintained on high-fat diet, and screened for hyperglycemia. The phenotype in one diabetic family of mice was mapped among hybrid F2s with single nucleotide polymorphic markers, followed by candidate gene sequencing to identify the gene harboring the causative mutation. Subsequent analysis was done on wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant mice on a pure C57BL/6 background.

RESULTS
Diabetes mapped to a point mutation in the Sec61a1 gene that encodes a His to Tyr substitution at amino acid 344 (Y344H). Metabolic profiling, histological examination, and electron microscopy revealed that hyperglycemia was a result of insulin insufficiency due to β-cell apoptosis brought on by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Transgenic β-cell–specific expression of Sec61a1 in mutant mice rescued diabetes, β-cell apoptosis, and ER stress. In vitro experiments showed that Sec61α1 plays a critical role in the β-cell response to glucose.

CONCLUSIONS
Here we phenotypically characterize diabetes in mice with a novel point mutation in a basic component of the cell's ER protein translocation machinery, Sec61α1. Translocation by the mutant protein does not appear to be affected. Rather, ER homeostasis is perturbed leading to β-cell death and diabetes.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase–Deficient Mice Are Resistant to the Metabolic Effects of Resveratrol
Authors: Um Jee-Hyun , Park Sung-Jun , Kang Hyeog , Yang Shutong , Foretz Marc , McBurney Michael W. , Kim Myung K. , Viollet Benoit , Chung Jay H. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound that is found in grapes and red wine, increases metabolic rate, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis, and physical endurance and reduces fat accumulation in mice. Although it is thought that resveratrol targets Sirt1, this is controversial because resveratrol also activates 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which also regulates insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we use mice deficient in AMPKα1 or -α2 to determine whether the metabolic effects of resveratrol are mediated by AMPK.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mice deficient in the catalytic subunit of AMPK (α1 or α2) and wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet or high-fat diet supplemented with resveratrol for 13 weeks. Body weight was recorded biweekly and metabolic parameters were measured. We also used mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in AMPK to study the role of AMPK in resveratrol-mediated effects in vitro.

RESULTS
Resveratrol increased the metabolic rate and reduced fat mass in wild-type mice but not in AMPKα1−/− mice. In the absence of either AMPKα1 or -α2, resveratrol failed to increase insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, mitochondrial biogenesis, and physical endurance. Consistent with this, the expression of genes important for mitochondrial biogenesis was not induced by resveratrol in AMPK-deficient mice. In addition, resveratrol increased the NAD-to-NADH ratio in an AMPK-dependent manner, which may explain how resveratrol may activate Sirt1 indirectly.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that AMPK, which was thought to be an off-target hit of resveratrol, is the central target for the metabolic effects of resveratrol.