bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing profession in Iran: An overview of opportunities and challenges
Authors: FARSI Zahra , DEHGHAN‐NAYERI Nahid , NEGARANDEH Reza , BROOMAND Soheila 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  Iran's health‐care system has witnessed profound changes in the last decades. Despite its progress, the system has currently faced many challenges in one of the important subsystems, nursing. The present review article aimed to present an overview of the opportunities and challenges of the Iranian nursing system, based on recent literature.Methods:  A broad search of the English and Persian‐language literature was carried out, incorporating both electronic and manual components from 1999 to 2009. The results of the investigations among the searched literature are summarized.Results:  The major challenges are nursing shortages, job dissatisfaction, poor social position of nurses, the gap between theory and practice, lack of community‐based nursing care, lack of an appropriate student recruiting system, and shortages in the nursing educational curriculums.Conclusion:  The authors believe that media, political and public support play a pivotal role in improving the image of nursing in society, increasing motivation among Iranian nurses, and promoting the sociocultural climate and the welfare of nurses, which will result in higher levels of quality of care as well as greater patient satisfaction.
Identification and Cloning of Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in the Interaction Between Potato and Phytophthora infestans using a Subtractive Hybridization and cDNA‐AFLP Combinational Approach
Authors: Henriquez Maria Antonia , Daayf Fouad 
Published: March 2010

Abstract Using a subtractive hybridization (SH)/cDNA‐AFLP combinational approach, differentially expressed genes involved in the potato‐Phytophthora infestans interaction were identified. These included genes potentially controlling pathogenesis or avr genes in P. infestans as well as those potentially involved in potato resistance or susceptibility to this pathogen. Forty‐one differentially expressed transcript‐derived fragments (TDFs), resulting from the interaction, were cloned and sequenced. Two TDFs, suggested as potential pathogenicity factors, have sequence similarity to N‐succinyl diaminopimelate aminotransferase and a transcriptional regulator, TetR family gene, respectively. Two other TDFs, suggested as potential avr genes, have sequence similarity to an EST sequence from Avr4/Cf‐4/Avr9/Cf‐9 and a P. infestans avirulence‐associated gene, respectively. Genes’ expression and origin were confirmed using Southern blots, Northern blots and qRT‐PCR. I.e., potential resistance gene DL81 was induced at 12 hpi in the moderately resistant cultivar, whereas it was down‐regulated as early as 6 hpi in the susceptible cultivar. On the other hand, DL21 was induced at 6 hpi (3.38‐fold) in response to the highly aggressive isolate (US8) and strongly up‐regulated thereafter (25.13‐fold at 120 hpi.), whereas it was only slightly up‐regulated in response to the weakly aggressive isolate US11 (3.82‐fold at 96 hpi), suggesting its potential involvement as a susceptibility gene.
Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Germinating Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Zhang Hua , Tan Zhu‐Qin , Hu Lan‐Ying , Wang Song‐Hua , Luo Jian‐Ping , Jones Russell L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract Protective role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on seed germination and seedling growth was studied in wheat (Triticum) seeds subjected to aluminum (Al3+) stress. We show that germination and seedling growth of wheat is inhibited by high concentrations of AlCl3. At 30 mmol/L AlCl3 germination is reduced by about 50% and seedling growth is more dramatically inhibited by this treatment. Pre‐incubation of wheat seeds in the H2S donor NaHS alleviates AlCl3‐induced stress in a dose‐dependant manner at an optimal concentration of 0.3 mmol/L. We verified that the role of NaHS in alleviating Al3+ stress could be attributed to H2S/HS− by showing that the level of endogenous H2S increased following NaHS treatment. Furthermore, other sodium salts containing sulfur were ineffective in alleviating Al3+ stress. NaHS pretreatment significantly increased the activities of amylases and esterases and sustained much lower levels of MDA and H2O2 in germinating seeds under Al3+ stress. Moreover, NaHS pretreatment increased the activities of guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased that of lipoxygenase. NaHS pretreatment also decreased the uptake of Al3+ in AlCl3‐treated seed. Taken together these results suggest that H2S could increase antioxidant capability in wheat seeds leading to the alleviation of Al3+ stress.
Early Intervention With Intravenous or Pulse Oral Vitamin D Therapy Is More Effective in the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Yamada Shunsuke , Taniguchi Masatomo , Tokumoto Masanori , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Hirakata Hideki , Iida Mitsuo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines recommend vitamin D therapy should be started when the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) exceeds 300 pg/mL in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. To examine whether the effect of vitamin D therapy on mineral metabolism and parathyroid gland growth varies according to the stage of secondary hyperparathyroidism and iPTH level, 47 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism received either intravenous or pulse oral vitamin D therapy. The patients were divided into two groups based on the iPTH level at the start of vitamin D therapy: the P<300 group (N = 23) with iPTH <300 pg/mL; and the P≥300 group (N = 24) with iPTH ≥300 pg/mL. We examined serial changes in several serum mineral parameters and parathyroid gland volume and the cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy in the first two years. Serum calcium, phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and iPTH levels of the P≥300 group were significantly higher than those of the P<300 group, and could not be maintained within the target ranges set by the K/DOQI guidelines. In contrast, the serum levels of phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and iPTH were maintained within the target ranges and the parathyroid gland did not enlarge in the P<300 group. The cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy in the P≥300 group was significantly higher than in the P<300 group. Early intervention with intravenous or pulse oral vitamin D therapy at serum iPTH <300 pg/mL can control serum phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and PTH levels to the target ranges and slow the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Microscopic calculation of the equation of state of nuclear matter and neutron star structure
Authors: Gandolfi S. , Illarionov A. Yu. , Fantoni S. , Miller J. C. , Pederiva F. , Schmidt K. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We present results for neutron star models constructed with a new equation of state for nuclear matter at zero temperature. The ground state is computed using the auxiliary field diffusion Monte Carlo (AFDMC) technique, with nucleons interacting via a semiphenomenological Hamiltonian including a realistic two-body interaction. The effect of many-body forces is included by means of additional density-dependent terms in the Hamiltonian. In this Letter, we compare the properties of the resulting neutron star models with those obtained using other nuclear Hamiltonians, focusing on the relations between mass and radius, and between the gravitational mass and the baryon number.
Thick gas discs in faint dwarf galaxies
Authors: Roychowdhury Sambit , Chengalur Jayaram N. , Begum Ayesha , Karachentsev Igor D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We determine the intrinsic axial ratio distribution of the gas discs of extremely faint MB &lt; −14.5 dwarf irregular galaxies. We start with the measured (beam corrected) distribution of apparent axial ratios in the Hi 21-cm images of dwarf irregular galaxies observed as part of the Faint Irregular Galaxy GMRT Survey (FIGGS). Assuming that the discs can be approximated as oblate spheroids, the intrinsic axial ratio distribution can be obtained from the observed apparent axial ratio distribution. We use a variety of methods to do this, and our final results are based on using Lucy's deconvolution algorithm. This method is constrained to produce physically plausible distributions, and also has the added advantage of allowing for observational errors to be accounted for. While one might a priori expect that gas discs would be thin (because collisions between gas clouds would cause them to quickly settle down to a thin disc), we find that the Hi discs of faint dwarf irregulars are quite thick, with mean axial ratio 〈q〉∼ 0.6. While this is substantially larger than the typical value of ∼0.2 for the stellar discs of large spiral galaxies, it is consistent with the much larger ratio of velocity dispersion to rotational velocity (σ/vc) in dwarf galaxy Hi discs as compared to that in spiral galaxies. Our findings have implications for studies of the mass distribution and the Tully–Fisher relation for faint dwarf irregular galaxies, where it is often assumed that the gas is in a thin disc.
On the angular momentum transport due to vertical convection in accretion discs
Authors: Lesur Geoffroy , Ogilvie Gordon I. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The mechanism of angular momentum transport in accretion discs has long been debated. Although the magnetorotational instability appears to be a promising process, poorly ionized regions of accretion discs may not undergo this instability. In this Letter, we revisit the possibility of transporting angular momentum by turbulent thermal convection. Using high-resolution spectral methods, we show that strongly turbulent convection can drive outward angular momentum transport at a rate that is, under certain conditions, compatible with observations of discs. We find, however, that the angular momentum transport is always much weaker than the vertical heat transport. These results indicate that convection might be another way to explain global disc evolution, provided that a sufficiently unstable vertical temperature profile can be maintained.
The hard state of black hole candidates: XTEJ1752−223
Authors: Muñoz-Darias T. , Motta S. , Pawar D. , Belloni T. M. , Campana S. , Bhattacharya D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We present a 2-day long Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observation and simultaneous Swift data of the bright X-ray transient XTEJ1752–223. Spectral and timing properties were stable during the observation. The energy spectrum is well described by a broken power law with a high-energy cut-off. A cold disc (∼0.3 keV) is observed when Swift/X-Ray Telescope data are considered. The fractional root mean square amplitude of the aperiodic variability (0.002–128Hz) is 48.2 ± 0.1 per cent, and it is not energy dependent. The continuum of the power density spectrum can be fitted by using four broad-band Lorentzians. A high-frequency (∼21Hz) component and two weak quasi-periodic oscillation-like features are also present. Time lags between soft and hard X-rays roughly follow the relation Δt∝ν−0.7, with delays dropping from ∼0.5 (0.003Hz) to ∼0.0015 (≥10 Hz) s. Our results are consistent with XTEJ1752–223 being a black hole candidate, with all timing and spectral components very similar to those of Cyg X-1 during its canonical hard state.
The SARS algorithm: detrending CoRoT light curves with Sysrem using simultaneous external parameters
Authors: Ofir Aviv , Alonso Roi , Bonomo Aldo Stefano , Carone Ludmila , Carpano Stefania , Samuel Benjamin , Weingrill Jörg , Aigrain Suzanne , Auvergne Michel , Baglin Annie , Barge Pierre , Borde Pascal , Bouchy Francois , Deeg Hans J. , Deleuil Magali , Dvorak Rudolf , Erikson Anders , Mello Sylvio Ferraz , Fridlund Malcolm , Gillon Michel , Guillot Tristan , Hatzes Artie , Jorda Laurent , Lammer Helmut , Leger Alain , Llebaria Antoine , Moutou Claire , Ollivier Marc , Päetzold Martin , Queloz Didier , Rauer Heike , Rouan Daniel , Schneider Jean , Wuchterl Guenther 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Surveys for exoplanetary transits are usually limited not by photon noise but rather by the amount of red noise in their data. In particular, although the CoRoT space-based survey data are being carefully scrutinized, significant new sources of systematic noises are still being discovered. Recently, a magnitude-dependant systematic effect was discovered in the CoRoT data by Mazeh et al. and a phenomenological correction was proposed. Here we tie the observed effect to a particular type of effect, and in the process generalize the popular Sysrem algorithm to include external parameters in a simultaneous solution with the unknown effects. We show that a post-processing scheme based on this algorithm performs well and indeed allows for the detection of new transit-like signals that were not previously detected.
MOISTURE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS OF FREEZE‐DRIED AND AIR‐DRIED MEXICAN RED SAUCE
Authors: ESCOBEDO‐AVELLANEDA ZAMANTHA , PÉREZ‐PÉREZ MARÍA CRISTINA , BÁRCENAS‐POZOS MARÍA EUGENIA , WELTI‐CHANES JORGE 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTWater adsorption isotherms of Mexican red sauce, dehydrated by freeze‐drying and air‐drying, were obtained at 25, 35 and 45C and water activity (aw) ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 using a gravimetric static method. Experimental data were fitted with the Brunover, Emmett, and Teller (BET), Guggenheim, Anderson, and Boer (GAB), Peleg, Halsey, Henderson, Khun and Oswin models. The obtained isotherms belong to type II, according to BET classification. Adsorption capacity was affected by temperature only at aw below to 0.50 and both products were more hygroscopic to lower temperature. The used drying method affected the moisture adsorbed by the sauce in all the range of aw. Adsorption data were best fitted with the Peleg model. GAB and BET monolayer moisture content varied from approximately 0.11 to 0.19 g water/g ds. The net isosteric heat of adsorption increased with decreasing moisture content and was found to be dependent of the drying method used, being between 0 and 45 kJ/mol.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study and understanding of moisture adsorption isotherms of dried products is of fundamental importance to preserve the quality of food systems. Dried products can gain moisture from the surrounding environment, affecting their stability, sensorial and physicochemical characteristics and decreasing product quality. Knowledge of water adsorption isotherms and isosteric heat of adsorption are of great importance in the design of food preservation process based in moisture control. Adsorption properties of Mexican red sauce could be utilized to select the best storage and package conditions and to evaluate and to optimize energy requirements during the drying process of the product.
A geospatial approach to assessing microbiological water quality risks associated with irrigation abstraction
Authors: Knox J. W. , Tyrrel S. F. , Daccache A. , Weatherhead E. K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAll crops that are eaten raw can present a microbiological risk to consumers. Disease outbreaks in the United Kingdom and United States have illustrated that ready‐to‐eat crops can be a vehicle for the transmission of gastrointestinal disease. Irrigation water has been implicated as a possible source of microbiological contaminants. Over two‐thirds of irrigation water applied to UK salad crops is abstracted from rivers and streams. Many of these are subject to a continuous input of faecal contamination from sewage treatment works as well as intermittent inputs from livestock and sewer overflows. In this paper, we show how geospatial techniques can help to assess the relationships between treated effluent discharges and abstractions and thus provide a new insight into local‐scale assessments of irrigation water quality. The extent to which the approach can inform risk assessments and decision‐making at the farm scale is demonstrated using a case‐study catchment in eastern England.
Modulation and metamodulation of synapses by adenosine
Authors: Ribeiro J. A. , Sebastião A. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe presence of adenosine in all nervous system cells (neurones and glia) together with its intensive release following insults makes adenosine as a sort of ‘regulator’ of synaptic communication, leading to the homeostatic coordination of brain function. Besides the direct actions of adenosine on the neurosecretory mechanisms,to tuneneurotransmitter release, adenosine receptors interact with other receptors as well as with transporters as part of its attemptto fine‐tunesynaptic transmission. This review will focus on examples of the different ways adenosine can use to modulate or metamodulate synapses, in other words, to trigger or brake the action of some neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, to cross‐talk with other G protein‐coupled receptors, with ionotropic receptors and with receptor kinases as well as with transporters. Most of these interactions occur through A2A receptors, which in spite of their low density in some brain areas, such as the hippocampus, may function as amplifiers of the signalling of other mediators at synapses.
The future: genes, physical activity and health
Authors: Booth F. W. , Laye M. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe assigned title for the Lindhard presentation was to examine the future of genes, physical activity and health. The current review is a summary of this presentation. Caution is expressed that technology is improving so rapidly that a future view is limited to a few years as opposed to the 100 years passing since Lindhard’s achievements. The near futuristic opportunities and challenges for four major topic topics are reviewed here. Concerns are expressed over current usage of the terms ‘control’ group and ‘non‐responders’ in exercise research. Our view is that ‘control’ needs to be differentiated between its usage for treatments of exercise to restore natural functions in individuals with less than healthy levels of physical activity and the inherited genome’s expectation for physical activity levels to maintain normal function. For the second discussed topic, it is proposed that the term ‘non‐responders’ should be replaced by the term ‘low sensitivity’ as there may be no such human who is a non‐responder to every exercise adaptation. The third futuristic topic is exercise prescription as envisioned for individualized medicine. However, numerous limitations and challenges exist to truly optimal exercise medicine at the level of one individual. Finally, preventative physical activity medicine is discussed. Physical activity as a therapy now exists to prevent most of the chronic diseases. The future needs to understand the molecular basis for how the body becomes dysfunctional when its level of physical activity does not match the norm of physical activity that selected our inherited genome.
Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function: genes to proteins
Authors: Lanza I. R. , Sreekumaran Nair K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe impact of ageing on mitochondrial function and the deterministic role of mitochondria on senescence continue to be topics of vigorous debate. Many studies report that skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function are reduced with ageing and metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance. However, an accumulating body of literature suggests that physical inactivity typical of ageing may be a more important determinant of mitochondrial function than chronological age,per se. Reports of age‐related declines in mitochondrial function have spawned a vast body of literature devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms include decreased abundance of mtDNA, reduced mRNA levels, as well as decreased synthesis and expression of mitochondrial proteins, ultimately resulting in decreased function of the whole organelle. Effective therapies to prevent, reverse or delay the onset of the aforementioned mitochondrial changes, regardless of their inevitability or precise underlying causes, require an intimate understanding of the processes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, which necessitates the coordinated regulation of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Herein we review the current thinking on regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by transcription factors and transcriptional co‐activators and the role of hormones and exercise in initiating this process. We review how exercise may help preserve mitochondrial content and functionality across the lifespan, and how physical inactivity is emerging as a major determinant of many age‐associated changes at the level of the mitochondrion. We also review evidence that some mitochondrial changes with ageing are independent of exercise or physical activity and appear to be inevitable consequences of old age.
Disparity in regional and systemic circulatory capacities: do they affect the regulation of the circulation?
Authors: Calbet J. A. L. , Joyner M. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this review we integrate ideas about regional and systemic circulatory capacities and the balance between skeletal muscle blood flow and cardiac output during heavy exercise in humans. In the first part of the review we discuss issues related to the pumping capacity of the heart and the vasodilator capacity of skeletal muscle. The issue is that skeletal muscle has a vast capacity to vasodilate during exercise [∼300 mL (100 g)−1 min−1], but the pumping capacity of the human heart is limited to 20–25 L min−1in untrained subjects and ∼35 L min−1in elite endurance athletes. This means that when more than 7–10 kg of muscle is active during heavy exercise, perfusion of the contracting muscles must be limited or mean arterial pressure will fall. In the second part of the review we emphasize that there is an interplay between sympathetic vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilation that limits blood flow to contracting muscles to maintain mean arterial pressure. Vasoconstriction in larger vessels continues while constriction in smaller vessels is blunted permitting total muscle blood flow to be limited but distributed more optimally. This interplay between sympathetic constriction and metabolic dilation during heavy whole‐body exercise is likely responsible for the very high levels of oxygen extraction seen in contracting skeletal muscle. It also explains why infusing vasodilators in the contracting muscles does not increase oxygen uptake in the muscle. Finally, when ∼80% of cardiac output is directed towards contracting skeletal muscle modest vasoconstriction in the active muscles can evoke marked changes in arterial pressure.