bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning a Well-Known Anti-Corrosion Coating System into an Electrical Insulation System for Heated Pipelines
Authors: Marret A. , D'Amico A. , Aparicio C. , Roland P. , D'Huart P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As a major improvement to a Direct Electrical Heating Pipe-in-Pipe system reliability, an additional 3-layer polypropylene (3LPP) coating is used as electrical insulation system. 3LPP is a widely used system for subsea anti-corrosion application, that needs to be qualified for the electrical insulation purpose. Scope of the paper is to present the qualification path of the 3LPP electrical insulation system, from the requirement definition and product selection to the qualification plan execution and results application.
Qualification of an anti-corrosion system for electrical insulation purpose requires gathering as much data as possible, mainly on its electrical characteristics. The steps followed to qualify the 3LPP for electrical insulation are the following: 1/Full characterization of the system under different temperatures. These data are used to properly size the system and adjust the electrical models; 2/Accelerated aging of the system for a 25-year life representativeness. Considering the few available data on the 3LPP aging, an extended electrical and thermal aging campaign has been performed. The aging test protocol has been designed to validate the system aging over 25 years, including a thermal cycling aging and a continuous multifactor thermal and electrical aging, and secondly to challenge/validate the aging data from literature.
All the qualification steps have been completed on an extended number of scale-one samples to reach a maximum level of confidence. The results show a good viability of the product for the given purpose. The material properties are in line with the anticipated values, validating both the sizing model and finite element analysis model. The aging behavior of the system is found to be even better than expected (from literature), meaning that the system is withstanding 25 years of service life without reaching the viability threshold or end of life criteria.
The work performed and presented in this paper brings additive information to the 3LPP range of use and brings a new occurrence of plastic materials multifactor aging test.
Advances Towards Replacing Top Chain with Fiber Rope for Offshore Moorings: A DeepStar Study
Authors: Del Vecchio C. , Yan H. , Rieth D. , Gabrielsen Ø. , Menezes F. , Jegannathan M. , de Oliveira A. Carre , Gomes J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Previous studies suggest that chain failures may contribute to about half of the mooring failures sustained by permanent mooring systems [Ma et al. 2013. OTC-24025]. DeepStar commissioned a study to generate data to prevent failures in fiber ropes if they were to replace top chain. The effect of fairlead sheaves was not considered in the present study.
For fiber ropes brought close to water surface, or even above water, the key degradation processes identified as possible causes of failure were marine growth, and the effects of temperature and Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation. Samples of current production, supplied by six ropemakers, containing both polyester and High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMPE) ropes were tested, as the study scope of DeepStar 21403 and 22403 projects. Samples were exposed to marine growth for two yearly growth seasons, followed by dissection to investigate penetration of organisms in the load-bearing core. The capacity of the rope cover and filter to screen UV getting to the core and the effect of UV eventually reaching the core fibers was measured. The effect of temperature on the polyester and HMPE fiber of the rope cores was also investigated.
The braided cover, combined with the soil ingress protection layer of ropes tested, provided effective screening of ultra-violet radiation, with very little UV reaching the load-bearing fibers of the rope core. Small diameter ropes with thinner cover and filter layers tend to allow more radiation to pass. The effect of UV eventually reaching the core fibers was measured. After being attenuated by the screening effect of cover and filter, UV is not expected to be an issue for fiber rope performance, provided that cover and filter maintain their original screening characteristics. For the range of temperature tested, significant degradation was not identified in the polyester yarns (tested in immersion). Testing of the HMPE yarn suggested that further studies may be required if temperature reaches the upper part of the range of temperatures tested. Penetration of marine growth through cover and filter layers is also reported.
Results can be used to better define candidate materials and rope construction to be used if fiber rope is used to replace top chain, provided mooring lines are connected to the hull without passing through deviating devices, such as fairlead sheaves. The results should be useful for floating production units of oil and gas and wind energy. The use of fiber rope in shallow water can be particularly beneficial in the moorings of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs).
Vertical Structure and the Circulation Impact of the North Brazil Current Rings Off Guyana
Authors: Chen F. , Schiller R. V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Current measurements from a subsurface mooring offshore Guyana have been conducted by ExxonMobil in support for the oil and gas development in the area from March 2016 to March 2017. Understanding the current structure and inertial and sub-inertial period variations associated with the North Brazil Current (NBC) rings in the area are important to the development of the design and operational criteria off Guyana given the increase in activities by the oil and gas industry in the study region. The mooring was deployed near 57°W, 8°N in the water depth of 1678 m. Four NBC rings, which were measured during the one-year measurement campaign, can be categorized into three types based on their temporal and spatial (vertical) structures. The first two rings measured in the boreal spring of 2016 are shallow, fast-moving rings with the maximum penetration depth around 200m. The third ring is a slow-moving, deep feature with the penetration depth up to 1000 m. The fourth one is a fast-moving, deep ring with the penetration depth up to 800 m. A reversal current is observed flowing southwesterly along the coastline beneath all of the rings for the most part of the measurement period. Noteworthy inertial period variations are measured in the upper 200 m only with the arrival of the NBC rings and persistently in summer. Enhancement of the sub-inertial (5-10 days) variations is also detected in association with all four rings, suggesting that sub-inertial oscillations can be excited by the NBC rings.
Enabling At-Bit Petrophysical Evaluation and Faster Well Placement Decisions Utilizing Novel Quantitative Digitally Compensated Resistivity Measurement
Authors: Elkhamry A. , Taher A. , Maimani A. Al , Fouda M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Petrophysical analysis of well logs evaluates the lithology, porosity, water saturation and net pay zone where resistivity logs are used to indicate the fluid type within the depth of investigation of the measurements. The introduction of multi-axial electromagnetic (EM) resistivity measurement enabled resolving vertical and horizontal components for advanced petrophysical analysis. This paper discusses the introduction of a new logging while drilling (LWD) digitally compensated closer to the bit multi-axial EM resistivity tool enabling improved petrophysical analysis, better coverage of the drilled open hole leading to faster real-time well-placement decisions and increased well productivity.
In highly deviated and horizontal sections, LWD is generally considered the most viable option for well logging. However, LWD sensors in traditional bottom-hole assemblies (BHAs) are usually placed at a minimum distance of about 35 ft from the bit due to the presence of a steerable drilling system between the bit and the logging tools which leads to relatively late petrophysical analysis of the drilled interval which can result in sub-optimal well placement. The introduction of an advanced near-bit, digitally compensated, multi-axial electromagnetic resistivity measurement located within the downhole steering system has proven to add value beyond addressing this challenge.
Closer to the bit resistivity measurement enabled data availability as soon as new footage is drilled which facilitates faster real-time, interactive well-placement decisions to optimize steering the well within the target zone leading to increasing productivity while minimizing hole tortuosity. The new configuration added value by resolving effects from nearby boundaries which can be utilized in petrophysical evaluation as well as projecting geo-mapping "At-the-bit" providing lithology indicator and fluid distribution through resolving vertical and horizontal resistivity components.
This paper presents the outcome of deploying the industry's first close-to-the-bit LWD compensated resistivity sensor, embedded in the rotary steerable drilling system demonstrating the evaluation of almost the whole interval of the well drilled, enhanced petrophysical analysis benefiting from resistivity measurements with minimal formation exposure time, timely preparation of the completion design by making real-time decisions on completion and isolation resulting in saving costly rig time.
Identification of the Safety and Integrity Challenges for Carbon Capture Systems Onboard Marine Vessels or Offshore Facilities
Authors: El-Kady Ahmed Hamdy , Amin Md. Tanjin , Khan Faisal , Choudhury Quaim 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The maritime industry is exploring pathways to mitigate its environmental footprint using negative emissions technologies (NETs) such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) by 2050 to achieve significantly lower gas emissions from shipping and offshore facilities. This paper investigates the safety and integrity challenges associated with onboard CCS (OCCS) deployed on marine vessels and offshore installations. First, the study reviews different CO2 capture techniques and onboard storage and then, elucidates CO2's physical states and properties, as they relate to these processes. Using a comprehensive analysis of literature and previous incidents related to carbon capture and storage systems, this study highlights potential hazards associated with these processes to help in understanding the associated risks and limitations. Finally, it investigates case studies that illustrate how these identified hazards can manifest as tangible safety challenges within the framework of OCCS. CO2 chemical properties can be categorized into three major groups: those related to capture, storage & transportation, and safety hazards. Capturing CO2 from the ship's exhaust gas can be done through one of several mechanisms: liquid absorption, solid adsorption, membrane, cryogenic separation, and calcium looping. Regardless of the capture technique, the current state of the art is that CO2 is stored in a liquefied state aboard ships within containers under moderate pressure (ranging from 7 to 18 bar) and at low temperatures (between -50°C and -28°C). CO2 poses hazards, including health risks, environmental concerns from boil-off gas generation and offshore release impacting marine life, and safety risks due to poor dispersion in low-lying areas. The research aims to facilitate a seamless integration of OCCS technologies and foster a sustainable and eco-conscious maritime future by offering insights into potential hazards, risks, and safety considerations.
Factors Influencing Construction of Floating Offshore Wind Farms on the West Coast of the United States
Authors: Kadivar M. , Samuel B. , Cottee L. , Neill R. , Roope C. , Arlott L. , Barwise A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on enhancing our understanding of key factors influencing the construction of floating offshore wind farms along the west coast of the United States. It explores geophysical, geological, and geotechnical aspects, specifically aiming to predict and address key considerations for cable and anchor installation. The study examines various factors, such as seismic activities including earthquakes and tsunamis, liquefaction potential, submarine landslide potential, and steep seabed gradients, which are critical in shaping engineering approaches. Also, the identification of hard grounds, paleochannels, soft and organic soils, fluid expulsion features and shallow gas pockets are explored for their influence on design and construction. The research also emphasizes the importance of recognizing sensitive marine habitats and understanding existing ocean usage and anthropogenic features for environmentally conscious and safe project planning. By proactively engaging with these factors, this study aims to provide insightful recommendations and strategies for the successful development of floating offshore wind farms in this region. It underscores the importance of comprehensive risk assessment and customized engineering solutions to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of these renewable energy projects.
Experimental Studies of Polymer Degradation in Carbonates Under Challenging Conditions
Authors: Hassan Anas M. , Mahboob Ahmad , Khan Sarmad Z. , Sebastian Anoo , Mushtaq Muhammad , Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Zeynalli Mursal , Gowida Ahmed 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of flow rate, salinity, and rock permeability on the degradation of an ATBS-based polymer during polymer flooding (PF). Experiments were conducted using polymer solutions in both moderate (57,670 ppm) and low (5,767 ppm) salinity environments at 80°C. The experiments were carried out on Indiana limestone core plugs with permeabilities of 195 mD and 419 mD. Two distinct flow rates, 0.5 cc/min and 2 cc/min, were employed to assess the degradation behavior. Key findings include a direct correlation between polymer degradation and increasing flow rate. At the high flow rate of 2 cc/min, degradation reached 12% and 21% in low and moderate salinity environments, respectively. In contrast, the low flow rate of 0.5 cc/min resulted in considerably lower degradation levels of 1% and 4% for low and moderate salinity conditions. Furthermore, the study reveals that salinity significantly impacts polymer mechanical stability. In the higher salinity setting (57,670 ppm), degradation was notably higher at both flow rates (4% at 0.5 cc/min and 21% at 2 cc/min) compared to the lower salinity environment (5,767 ppm), which showed degradation rates of 1% and 12% for the respective flow rates of 0.5 and 2 cc/min.
In this study, the role of rock permeability was also investigated. The lower permeability rock (195 mD) exhibited higher degradation rates (4% at 0.5 cc/min and 21% at 2 cc/min), whereas the higher permeability core (419 mD) demonstrated lower degradation (1% at 0.5 cc/min and 12% at 2 cc/min). These findings suggest that significant attention must be provided to the selection of reservoir rock permeability, polymer type as well as injection water rate and salinity for successful polymer flooding in harsh conditioned carbonate reservoirs. By proper selection of these parameters, their negative impact on polymer stability can be decreased, resulting in an improvement in the efficacy of polymer-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.
Residual Curvature Riser (RCR): A Novel Concept
Authors: Amorim Andre Ramiro , de Moraes Takafuji Fernanda Cristina , Asgari Peyman , Tanscheit Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Residual Curvature Riser (RCR) is proposed as a cost-effective alternative to enable steel catenary risers in harsh environments. It is a known solution used in flowlines to control upheaval and lateral buckling and is now studied to be applied in risers. The idea is to use a similar solution along the riser catenary, to protect the touchdown zone, a region that is commonly subjected to large curvature, from the Floating Production Unit (FPU) motions. This paper describes the technical qualification program developed so far, focused on the study of the behaviour of residual curvature in free hanging catenaries to understand its applications and limitations. It also presents and discusses the main results and draws key conclusions.
Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations in Campos Basin - Brazil: Main Challenges and Achievements
Authors: Nicolosi E. R. , Dutra E. S. S. , Guerra L. C. F. , de Freitas L. R. , Filho E. L. V. C. , Prado D. D. , Giovani R. S. , Fernandes A. A. F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe article provides an overview of the challenging scenario associated with decommissioning projects in Campos Basin. The challenges are associated with the variety of structures to be decommissioned, the diversity and sensitivity of the environment in the region, and the incipient and still evolving decommissioning regulations in Brazil.A particular focus goes to the decommissioning of nine Marlim Field platforms (five Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading – FPSO and four semi-submersibles – SS, at depths from 160 to 1000 m), their interface with the field revitalization project, its complex environmental scenario (due to the occurrence of deepwater coral formations), and the development of optimized solutions, such as the pull-out of risers by cutting them above sea water level, inside the FPSO internal turret, which eliminated the need for diving and reduced around 50% the cost of operations, through the reduction of PLSV demand.In terms of increasing the sustainability of decommissioning projects, several measures are presented, including the reuse of flexible pipelines from the decommissioning project of FPSO Capixaba (Jubarte Field), which resulted in more than 50 km of lines (36% of the total scope of the project) being used in another project. It also addresses the lessons from dismantling the P-32, the first sustainable recycling project for FPSO executed in Brazil.Brazil has consolidated itself as the third-largest decommissioning market in the world, mainly due to the projects in Campos Basin. Only in the Marlim Field, besides its nine platforms, more than 300 risers, 1200 km of flexible lines, 225 km of rigid pipelines, and eight large equipment (e.g.: manifolds) will be decommissioned by 2030. Therefore, this article discusses in detail these projects (lessons learned and innovations) and their great potential to contribute to improving the decommissioning world industry.
The Most Economical Option for Hydrogen Production with Nearshore Hydrogen Production Platform
Authors: Hwang J. , Youn Y. , Park S. , Nam J. , Byun Y. , Yu S. , Lee G. , Alekseev A. , Göke V. , Kim Y. , Lange K. , Kühner S. , Ilse K. , Jeon H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen production using renewable power is becoming an essential pillar for future sustainable energy sector development worldwide. However, this way to produce green hydrogen is much expensive than traditional generation of hydrogen from fossil fuel called as gray hydrogen, so we need to identify effective pathways to lower this cost. Costs are currently driven by the price of renewable electricity and CAPEX to make hydrogen such as electrolyzers, but these prices are falling with more research and commercialization.
Most of energy consumers who use fossil fuels turns to electricity user to reduce CO2 emission. The electricity will be produced from renewable source such as solar, wind power, hydro power, etc. However, some industries including shipping and aviation cannot use electricity directly, because of energy density of batteries. Therefore, the electricity should be stored in liquid fuel for the industries through green hydrogen to LH2, MeOH or ammonia.
This study proposes the new concept for near-shore green hydrogen production platform The configuration of the platform is as follows; power rectifier, water electrolysis system, water supply system, brine desalination system (if needed) and hydrogen storage system. This study reviews the current state of green hydrogen production, including the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies and evaluates the factors that influence the installation location of green hydrogen production platforms, such as the availability of renewable energy sources, the proximity of the site to potential customers, and the availability of infrastructure. It also examines the optimization of the topside process design for green hydrogen production platforms, including the selection of the most suitable process units, the optimization of their design parameters, and the selection of the most suitable control strategies.
To develop this project, we have conducted research in collaboration with international specialized organizations from various fields. Firstly, for the topside process, we partnered with ITM Power, a specialist in electrolysis, and Linde, an expert in liquefied gases. HD KSOE participated in the design of the floating platform and the liquefied hydrogen CHS system. Economic Evaluation was handled by KENTECH and Fraunhofer. Lastly, in the field of rules and regulations, ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) was involved in the project.
Well Integrity Management Based on New Operating Limits - A New Method for Extending the Well Lifespan and Changes in Operating Conditions
Authors: Moreira Nelson , Lazaro André F. , Minucci F. R. , Aranha Pedro E. , Weidlich Marcos C. , Fernandes Fernando B. , Nardi Luiz F. B. , Radespiel Eduardo S. , Okama Charlton O. , Palmieri I. , dos Santos C. M. , Terra Felipe S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes to explore the application of new operational limits for wells under a life extension in mature fields and wells subjected to changes in production parameters caused by several factors. In this context, physical tests, and finite element analysis (FEA) were performed for a better understanding of its new engineering limits.
The establishment of new operational limits was based on a meticulous study of loadings, considering their frequencies of occurrence and magnitudes. Additionally, a comprehensive evaluation of the casing and packoff strengths was conducted from a limit state design perspective. The integration of these factors resulted in the determination of the design limit.
The design limit allowed for the definition of a supplementary region to the operational envelope, resulting in a significant reduction of false alarms and incident reports to the Brazilian regulatory agency.
Furthermore, to ensure the accurate implementation of the new design limit, a corrosion analysis of the production casing was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This analysis aimed to evaluate the potential consequences of tubing failure on the remaining wall thickness of the production casing. The analysis has demonstrated that in certain situations, it is crucial to ensure the tubing string remains intact to prevent the corrosion from compromising the strength of the production casing.
The new implemented limits (Operational Envelope and Design Limit) were established within an integrity management system that aims to provide advanced real-time production data analysis, resulting in the continuous generation of well safety factors. Following the establishment of these concepts, a case study was conducted, demonstrating a significant reduction in the number of reports submitted to the Brazilian regulatory agency due to the definition of the design limit in addition to the operational envelope.