bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wrist Circumference Is a Clinical Marker of Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Capizzi Marco , Leto Gaetano , Petrone Antonio , Zampetti Simona , Papa Raffaele Edo , Osimani Marcello , Spoletini Marialuisa , Lenzi Andrea , Osborn John , Mastantuono Marco , Vania Andrea , Buzzetti Raffaella 
Published: April 2011

Background—
Excess fat is one of the main determinants of insulin resistance, representing the metabolic basis for developing future cardiovascular disease. The aim of the current study was to find an easy-to-detect clinical marker of insulin resistance which can be used to identify young subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Methods and Results—

Four-hundred and seventy-seven overweight/obese children and adolescents (mean age 10.31±2.80 years) were consecutively enrolled. Standard deviation score body mass index, fasting biochemical parameters, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were evaluated. Statistical differences were investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. Manual measure of wrist circumference was evaluated in all children and adolescents. Fifty-one subjects, randomly selected, underwent nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist to evaluate transversal wrist area at the Lister tubercle level. A statistically significant association was found between manual measure of wrist circumference and insulin levels or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (β=0.34 and 0.35, respectively;
P
<10
−5
for both comparisons). These associations were more significant than those between SD score body mass index and insulin levels or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (β=0.12 and 0.10, respectively; P≤0.02 for both comparisons). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging acquisition clarified that the association between wrist circumference and insulin levels or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance reflected the association with bone tissue-related areas (P≤0.01 for both) but not with the adipose tissue ones (
P
>0.05), explaining 20% and 17% of the variances of the 2 parameters.

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest a close relationship among wrist circumference, its bone component, and insulin resistance in overweight/obese children and adolescents, opening new perspectives in the prediction of cardiovascular disease.
Particle Traps Prevent Adverse Vascular and Prothrombotic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Inhalation in Men
Authors: Lucking Andrew J. , Lundbäck Magnus , Barath Stefan L. , Mills Nicholas L. , Sidhu Manjit K. , Langrish Jeremy P. , Boon Nicholas A. , Pourazar Jamshid , Badimon Juan J. , Gerlofs-Nijland Miriam E. , Cassee Flemming R. , Boman Christoffer , Donaldson Kenneth , Sandstrom Thomas , Newby David E. , Blomberg Anders 
Published: April 2011

Background—
In controlled human exposure studies, diesel engine exhaust inhalation impairs vascular function and enhances thrombus formation. The aim of the present study was to establish whether an exhaust particle trap could prevent these adverse cardiovascular effects in men.

Methods and Results—

Nineteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25±3 years) were exposed to filtered air and diesel exhaust in the presence or absence of a particle trap for 1 hour in a randomized, double-blind, 3-way crossover trial. Bilateral forearm blood flow and plasma fibrinolytic factors were assessed with venous occlusion plethysmography and blood sampling during intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside, and verapamil. Ex vivo thrombus formation was determined with the use of the Badimon chamber. Compared with filtered air, diesel exhaust inhalation was associated with reduced vasodilatation and increased ex vivo thrombus formation under both low- and high-shear conditions. The particle trap markedly reduced diesel exhaust particulate number (from 150 000 to 300 000/cm
3
to 30 to 300/cm
3
;
P
<0.001) and mass (320±10 to 7.2±2.0 μg/m
3
;
P
<0.001), and was associated with increased vasodilatation, reduced thrombus formation, and an increase in tissue-type plasminogen activator release.

Conclusions—
Exhaust particle traps are a highly efficient method of reducing particle emissions from diesel engines. With a range of surrogate measures, the use of a particle trap prevents several adverse cardiovascular effects of exhaust inhalation in men. Given these beneficial effects on biomarkers of cardiovascular health, the widespread use of particle traps on diesel-powered vehicles may have substantial public health benefits and reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00745446.
Beyond Calligraphy: Reading Wang Xizhi's Letters
Authors: Richter Antje 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe extant calligraphy ascribed to Wang Xizhi consists mainly of short letters that have hitherto been discussed mostly in terms of their calligraphic value, authenticity, and as sources of historical information. This article focuses on the textual properties of the approximately seven-hundred transmitted notes of Wang Xizhi, especially on their communicative functions for the perpetuation of personal relationships among family members and friends. Although these texts are characterized by an overwhelming topicality, this does not impair their epistolary efficacy. Even letters that seemingly lack any particular message and consist of nothing but epistolary conventions have the potential to fulfill genuine communicative functions, to a great extent independently of their calligraphic appeal. Les calligraphies attribuées à Wang Xizhi qui ont été conservées consistent essentiellement en courtes lettres auxquelles ont s'est intéressé jusqu'ici pour leur valeur calligraphique, leur authenticité, et en tant que sources historiques. Cet article se concentre sur les propriétés textuelles des quelque sept cents notes de Wang Xizhi qui nous sont parvenues, en particulier sur les fonctions de communication dont l'objet est de perpétuer des liens personnels entre membres d'une famille ou entre amis. Bien que ces textes se caractérisent par la domination des formules toutes faites, cela ne diminue pas leur efficacité épistolaire. Même des lettres apparemment dénuées de tout message particulier et ne consistant qu'en conventions épistolaires sont capables de remplir de véritables fonctions de communication, largement indépendantes de leur intérêt calligraphique.
Problems in the Text of Juvencus
Authors: Green R. P. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThere are still many problems and uncertainties in the text of Juvencus’ poetic rendering of the New Testament accounts of Christ. The relative value of the manuscripts is unclear, and one of the problems with the text of Huemer (1891), which is still the standard text, is excessive reliance on a manuscript outstanding for its antiquity but not always for its Latinity, and which in fact Huemer knew at secondhand. The fact that Juvencus is a thoughtful and imaginative paraphraser of his Biblical models, far from making it possible to use the gospel texts as an extra witness, demands extra care from the critic. This article considers more than twenty passages, outlining problems and suggesting remedies; in so doing it also brings out in a small way the qualities of Juvencus as poet and his attitudes to exegesis.
Filled with the Spirit: A Synopsis and Explication
Authors: Buchanan Alaine Thomson , Donaldson Amy M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis review essay of John Levison’s Filled with the Spirit (Eerdmans, 2009) introduces his book to readers of Pneuma so that even if they have not read it, they can better appreciate the critical analyses in the following roundtable devoted to interacting with him. The two parts include a broad overview for main themes (authored primarily by Donaldson) and a more detailed iteration of the specifics of the argument (Buchanan).
Private Bodies as Public Authorities under International, European, English and German Environmental Information Laws
Authors: Bünger Dirk , Schomerus Thomas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Aarhus Convention, the Directive 2003/4/EC and national legislation, respectively, give citizens a right of access to environmental information as held by either public authorities or private bodies. For such information to be accessible, the body in question must have public responsibilities or functions or provide public services such as natural gas, electricity, sewerage and water services etc. The United Kingdom (UK) Environmental Information Regulations 2004 (EIRs) and the federal German Environmental Information Act (EIA), however, provide insufficient definitions of the private bodies in question. The parallel existence of the EIRs/EIA and Freedom of Information Acts (FOIAs) in the UK and in Germany adds further complexity to the situation. Unlike the UK implementation under which there is specific guidance which gives relatively good advice, the situation in Germany is pitiable. A more citizen-friendly solution to these problems could be the creation of a joint statute. This joint statute would provide for a comprehensive list of covered authorities.
Under A Red Veil: Staging Afghan Emancipation in Moscow
Authors: Nunan Timothy 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article explores the Soviet mission to emancipate Afghan women during the Soviet war in Afghanistan through a detailed reading of the stenogram of a 1982 seminar in Moscow designed as an exchange of ideas and experiences between leading members of the Committee for Soviet Women and the Democratic Organization of Women of Afghanistan. Approaching this episode as a moment in the quest to find new forms of modernity – Communist, Islamic, or Western – in Afghanistan, the article shows how Soviet women's representatives repeatedly played up the important of the hujum in 1930s Soviet Central Asia as a model program for Afghan and, to some extent, all Third World societies. At the same time, however, the Afghan women at the conference, while avid Communists, articulated their own vision of women's emancipation for Afghanistan which did not reject the veil, a vision at odds with that articulated by their Soviet 'teachers.'
Interannual Variation of the Late Spring–Early Summer Monsoon Rainfall in the Northern Part of the South China Sea
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang , Huang Wan-Ru , Yen Ming-Cheng 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Major rainfall (≥60%) in the northern part of the South China Sea (between North Vietnam and Taiwan) during May–June (the mei-yu season—the first phase of the Southeast–East Asian monsoon) is produced by rainstorms originating over the northern Vietnam–southwestern China region and the northern part of the South China Sea. As observed in this study, the occurrence frequency of rainstorms and rainfall contribution by these rainstorms undergoes a distinct interannual variation, in-phase with those of monsoon westerlies in northern Indochina and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the NOAA Niño-3.4 region ΔSST (Niño-3.4). This in-phase relationship between monsoon westerlies and the ΔSST (Niño-3.4) anomalies is a result of the filling (deepening) of the subtropical Asian continental thermal low in response to the ΔSST (Niño-3.4) warm (cold) anomalies. Accompanied with this response is a slight southward (northward) shift of the North Pacific convergence zone (NPCZ), which extends from southern China to the North Pacific east of Japan. Thus, a favorable environment that meets the Charney–Stern instability criterion in initiating rainstorm genesis is enhanced (suppressed) by the intensification (weakening) of the monsoon shear flow formed by the midtropospheric northwesterly flow around the northeast periphery of the Tibetan Plateau and the monsoon westerlies. The meridional shift of the NPCZ established an elongated anomalous convergence (divergence) zone of water vapor flux along rainstorm tracks to increase (reduce) the rain-producing efficiency of rainstorms. Consequently, this interannual rainfall variation between northern Vietnam and Taiwan is primarily caused by rainstorm genesis and rain-producing efficiency.
Modulation of Cold-Season U.S. Daily Precipitation by the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Becker Emily J. , Berbery Ernesto Hugo , Higgins R. Wayne 
Published: April 2011

This study examines the characteristics of cold-season (November–March) daily precipitation over the contiguous United States during active periods of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). A large response in the precipitation rate anomaly is found over the eastern United States when MJO-related enhanced tropical convection is moving through the far western to central Pacific (conventionally known as phases 5, 6, and 7 of the MJO). Positive anomalies occur in the region of the eastern Mississippi River basin, and negative anomalies occur in the Southeast. The relative stability of this pattern throughout the three phases suggests that they can be considered together. During phases 5–7, the central United States has a daily precipitation rate between 110% and 150% of normal, while the precipitation rate over much of Florida is less than 70% of normal. Much of the lower Mississippi River basin region receives somewhat more frequent daily precipitation during MJO phases 5–7, but a greater increase is found in the daily precipitation intensity, suggesting more intense storms. On the other hand, Florida has substantially fewer daily precipitation events, with a smaller decrease in the intensity. To understand the atmospheric mechanisms related to the above shifts in daily precipitation, elements of the atmospheric circulation were examined. Positive moisture flux convergence anomalies, which have been linked to increased precipitation rate and intensity, are found in the region of increased precipitation rate during MJO phases 5–7. During those phases, the North American jet stream is shifted northward, likely leading to a higher incidence of storms over the lower Mississippi River basin and fewer storms over Florida. This is supported by the fact that the storm track also shows increased activity over the central United States during MJO phases 5–7.
Changes in Zonal Surface Temperature Gradients and Walker Circulations in a Wide Range of Climates
Authors: Merlis Timothy M. , Schneider Tapio 
Published: April 2011

Variations in zonal surface temperature gradients and zonally asymmetric tropical overturning circulations (Walker circulations) are examined over a wide range of climates simulated with an idealized atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). The asymmetry in the tropical climate is generated by an imposed ocean energy flux, which does not vary with climate. The range of climates is simulated by modifying the optical thickness of an idealized longwave absorber (representing greenhouse gases).The zonal surface temperature gradient in low latitudes generally decreases as the climate warms in the idealized GCM simulations. A scaling relationship based on a two-term balance in the surface energy budget accounts for the changes in the zonally asymmetric component of the GCM-simulated surface temperature.The Walker circulation weakens as the climate warms in the idealized simulations, as it does in comprehensive simulations of climate change. The wide range of climates allows a systematic test of energetic arguments that have been proposed to account for these changes in the tropical circulation. The analysis shows that a scaling estimate based on changes in the hydrological cycle (precipitation rate and saturation specific humidity) accounts for the simulated changes in the Walker circulation. However, it must be evaluated locally, with local precipitation rates. If global-mean quantities are used, the scaling estimate does not generally account for changes in the Walker circulation, and the extent to which it does is the result of compensating errors in changes in precipitation and saturation specific humidity that enter the scaling estimate.
Dynamics of Interannual Variability in Summer Precipitation over East Asia*
Authors: Kosaka Yu , Xie Shang-Ping , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The summertime mei-yu–baiu rainband over East Asia displays considerable interannual variability. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis for interannual variability reveals that precipitation anomalies over the mei-yu–baiu region are accompanied by in situ anomalies of midtropospheric horizontal temperature advection. Anomalous warm (cool) advection causes increased (decreased) mei-yu–baiu precipitation locally by inducing adiabatic ascent (descent). The anomalous precipitation acts to reinforce the vertical motion, forming a feedback system. By this mechanism, the remotely forced anomalous atmospheric circulation can induce changes in mei-yu–baiu precipitation. The quasi-stationary precipitation anomalies induced by this mechanism are partially offset by transient eddies.
The SVD analysis also reveals the association of mei-yu–baiu precipitation anomalies with several teleconnection patterns, suggesting remote induction mechanisms. The Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern, which is associated with anomalous convection over the tropical western North Pacific, contributes to mei-yu–baiu precipitation variability throughout the boreal summer. The PJ pattern mediates influences of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in preceding boreal winter on mei-yu–baiu precipitation. In early summer, the leading covariability pattern between precipitation and temperature advection also features the Silk Road pattern—a wave train along the summertime Asian jet—and another wave train pattern to the north along the polar-front jet that often leads to the development of the surface Okhotsk high.
The Impact of Tropical Indian Ocean Variability on Summer Surface Air Temperature in China
Authors: Hu Kaiming , Huang Gang , Huang Ronghui 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Evidence is presented that the boreal summer surface air temperature over south China and northeast China is remotely influenced by the Indian Ocean Basin mode (IOBM) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Above-normal temperature in south China and below-normal temperature in northeast China correspond to a simultaneous Indian Ocean Basin warming. The teleconnection from Indian Ocean SST anomalies to China summer surface air temperature is investigated using observations and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The results herein indicate that the tropical Indian Ocean Basin warming can trigger a low-level anomalous anticyclone circulation in the subtropical northwest Pacific and an anomalous cyclone circulation in midlatitude East Asia through emanating a baroclinic Kelvin wave. In south China, the reduced rainfall and downward vertical motion associated with the anomalous low-level anticyclone circulation lead to above-normal summer surface air temperature. In northeast China, by contrast, upward vertical motion associated with the anomalous cyclone leads to below-normal summer surface air temperature.
The Effect of Satellite Observing System Changes on MERRA Water and Energy Fluxes
Authors: Robertson Franklin R. , Bosilovich Michael G. , Chen Junye , Miller Timothy L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Like all reanalysis efforts, the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) must contend with an inhomogeneous observing network. Here the effects of the two most obvious observing system epoch changes, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) series in late 1998 and, to a lesser extent, the earlier advent of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) in late 1987 are examined. These sensor changes affect model moisture and enthalpy increments and thus water and energy fluxes, since the latter result from model physics processes that respond sensitively to state variable forcing. Inclusion of the analysis increments in the MERRA dataset is a unique feature among reanalyses that facilitates understanding the relationships between analysis forcing and flux response.
In stepwise fashion in time, the vertically integrated global-mean moisture increments change sign from drying to moistening and heating increments drop nearly 15 W m−2 over the 30 plus years of the assimilated products. Regression of flux quantities on an El Niño–Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature (SST) index analysis reveals that this mode of climate variability dominates interannual signals and its leading expression is minimally affected by satellite observing system changes. Conversely, precipitation patterns and other fluxes influenced by SST changes associated with Pacific decadal variability (PDV) are significantly distorted. Observing system changes also induce a nonstationary component to the annual cycle signals.
Principal component regression is found useful for identifying artifacts produced by changes of satellite sensors and defining appropriate adjustments. After the adjustments are applied, the spurious flux trend components are greatly diminished. Time series of the adjusted precipitation and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data compare favorably on a global basis. The adjustments also provide a much better depiction of precipitation spatial trends associated with PDV-like forcing. The utility as well as associated drawbacks of this statistical adjustment and the prospects for future improvements of the methodology are discussed.
Fast Wind-Induced Migration of Leddies in the South China Sea
Authors: Nof Doron , Jia Yinglai , Chassignet Eric , Bozec Alexandra 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Eddies off the Strait of Luzon (termed here as “Leddies,” analogous to “Teddies” originating from the Indonesian Throughflow) are formed rapidly and migrate swiftly. Their migration rate (~10–20 cm s−1) is an order of magnitude faster than that of most eddies of the same scale (~1 cm s−1). On the basis of observations, it has been suggested earlier that the rapid generation process is due to the southeast monsoon.
Here, the authors place this earlier suggestion on a more solid ground by developing both analytical and process-oriented numerical models. Because the eddies are formed by the injection of foreign, lighter Kuroshio water into the South China Sea (SCS), the eddies are modeled as lenses: that is, “bullets” that completely encapsulate the mass anomaly associated with them. It turns out that the rings migrate at an angle α (between 0° and 90°) to the right of the wind direction {i.e., tan−1[(2 − γ)f2R/8g′CD, where in conventional notation γ is the vorticity, R the eddy radius, and CD the interfacial friction coefficient along the lower interface of the lens}. Their fast migration speed is given by 2(τS/ρW)(sinα)/fH, where τS is the wind stress on the surface, ρw the water density, and H is the maximum eddy depth. With high interfacial drag (i.e., large CD), the rings move relatively slowly (but still a lot faster than Rossby waves) in the wind direction, whereas with low drag they move fast at 90° to the right. These analytically predicted values are in good agreement with isopycnic numerical simulations.
A Review of Three Significant Wake Lows over Alabama and Georgia
Authors: Coleman Timothy A. , Knupp Kevin R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The kinematics and thermodynamics of wake lows have been extensively examined in the literature. However, there has been relatively little focus on the widespread, sometimes very strong winds associated with wake lows. Some wake lows are, essentially, severe local storms, producing widespread and sometimes intense damage, similar to that of a derecho, but they occur in environments supporting elevated convection, a phenomenon not often perceived as a significant wind damage threat. Three significant wake lows that affected Alabama and/or Georgia, producing widespread (25 000–50 000 km2) wind damage, and local wind gusts near 25 m s−1, are reviewed in detail. The environments and morphology of the wake lows are addressed, using radar, surface, and upper-air data.