bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus economy in potato cultivation by soaking mother seed tubers in a solution of urea and phosphate
Authors: Sharma R. C. , Sahota T. S. , Sharma U. C. , Sharma A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryInvestigations were carried out during 1976–80 on the alkaline alluvial soils of Daurala and Jullundur and on the acid hill soils of Simla and Shillong to study the effect of soaking non-dormant mother seed tubers in a solution of single superphosphate alone and in combination with urea, KCl, gum acacia and agromin (micro-nutrient mixture) on the tuber yield and P economy of the subsequent potato crop. On the alluvial soils, soaking increased the yield of daughter tubers but only on P-deficient soil. Increasing the period of soaking above 6 h and the concentration of superphosphate above 1·5% in the solution tended to reduce the emergence and tuber yield. On the acid hill soils soaking tubers for 4 h in a solution of 0·5% urea + 1·5% single superphosphate + 0·2% Dithane M-45 increased the yield of daughter tubers. Inclusion of KCl, agromin or gum acacia in the soaking solution had little effect. The increase in yield due to soaking was produced by an increase in number and size of daughter tubers and was equivalent to about 22 kg P/ha applied to soil.
Comparison of equations for predicting voluntary intake by dairy cows
Authors: Neal Heather D. St. C. , Thomas C. , Cobby J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryRations for dairy cows are often formulated using predictions of voluntary feed intake calculated from regression equations. The accuracy of the predictions of dry-matter intake by seven equations is investigated. Comparisons are made when live weight is taken to be the observed weekly mean (MLW), the observed live weight after calving (CLW) or an estimated breed weight accompanied by a notional pattern of live-weight change (BLW). Data recorded on a British Friesian dairy herd at the Grassland Research Institute fed mostly silage ad libitum and various supplements are used. The mean square prediction error (MSPE) is calculated for each week and summarized over the whole experimental period.The least MSPE's are 2·1, 2·8 and 2·4 (kg D.M.)2 for comparisons using MLW, CLW and BLW respectively. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1975) equation involving only live weight and milk yield performs well and would be useful when only the limited measurements of live weight and milk yield are available, but the more complex equations of Vadiveloo & Holmes (1979) and of Lewis (1981) give consistently the best predictions. The importance of using the original definitions of the variables when applying a predictive equation is illustrated. Even so, the large errors found in the predictions of intake points to the need for further research.
Effect of boron on the protein and amino acid composition of wheat grain
Authors: Iqtidar A. , Rehman S. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField experiments were conducted for 2 years in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, to study the effect of three levels of boron (1, 2 and 3 kg/ha) on the amino acid composition of wheat protein. The soil was clay loam, alluvial in nature, with a pH value of 7·8, and hot-water-soluble boron content of 0·58 mg/kg.Positive linear and negative quadratic effects of boron were observed on the protein and ash contents of wheat grain. Most of the essential amino acids were linearly increased with increasing supply of boron. There was a negative linear relationship of boron with all non-essential amino acids, except histidine and tyrosine.Lysine was the most deficient amino acid in wheat protein. Chemical score based on this amino acid was positively affected by boron. There was also an improvement in the amino acid profile due to boron.
Manganese equilibrium in submerged sodic soils as influenced by application of gypsum and green manuring
Authors: Sadan U. S. , Bajwa M. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA pot experiment studied the effect of gypsum and green manuring on equilibrium soil solution pH, pE, Mn concentration and Mn equilibrium in three sodic soils. Submergence decreased soil solution pH and increased Mn concentration in all the soils. Addition of gypsum with green manure further decreased soil solution pH and increased Mn concentration. Maximum Mn concentration in all the treatments was observed at 4 weeks of submergence in Kaheru soil and at 6 weeks of submergence in Jagjitpur and Langrian soil followed by a decline up to 12 weeks. In spite of wide variations in pH, pE and Mn concentration in soil solutions, the solubility of Mn after peak values appeared to be mainly controlled by the MnC03-Mn2+ system irrespective of the treatments, and the Mn2O3-Mn3O4 system appeared to operate after 2 weeks of submergence in the control and gypsum-treated soils.
The vascular supply of the skin of Ayrshire calves and embryos
Authors: Goodall A. Myfanwy , Yang S. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. A method of perfusing the skin of the flanks and the backs of Ayrshire calves and embryos with indian ink is described.2. The distribution of blood vessels in the perfused skins has been studied.3. Three plexuses of blood vessels have been observed in the skins. The first lies below the corium; the second is at a level between that of the ‘sweat glands’ and the sebaceous glands; and the third extends from beneath the epidermis to above the second plexus and is a deep network of many fine blood vessels.4. The presence of venae comites in the skin is discussed.5. The ‘sweat glands’ appear to have a very poor blood supply, while the hair follicles and papillae are richly supplied.6. Both the ‘sweat glands’ and the hair follicles are supplied with blood from the second plexus.7. The vessels of the third plexus appear to enmesh the individual hair follicles at different levels.8. Blood vessels supplying the skin in the back and flanks of the animals originate from the intercostal arteries and so pass through the heat generating intercostal muscles.
Growth analysis of the domestic fowl II. Effect of plane of nutrition on carcass composition
Authors: Wilson P. N. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two sample cockerels from each plane of nutrition treatment were killed and dissected at 0, 4, 10, 15 and 24 weeks of age. Details of the dissection technique are given.2. All organs and tissues were weighed both wet and oven-dried. The total dry-matter content of the birds increased from 21% at hatching to 32% at 24 weeks.3. The chief age changes in the proportions of the major joints of the bird consist of a marked increase in relative mass of wing, and a lesser increase in the leg joints. The early maturing head and neck joints decrease in relative mass by approximately onehalf. There are no treatment differences in the gross proportions of the birds calculated on the basis of weights of the major joints.4. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of presenting quantitative growth analysis data are discussed. Reasons are given for employing several different methods in this work.5. The amount of fat in the carcasses analysed varies considerably between individual birds. There are no consistent age or treatment effects on the fat contents of the cockerels. The interpretation of McMeekan's dissection analysis data is discussed, and reasons are advanced for conducting future experiments of similar nature on the basis of a fatfree carcass. It is argued that adipose deposits should not be considered in the same category as body organs and tissues.
Studies on soil phosphorus. I. A method for the partial fractionation of soil phosphorus
Authors: Williams Colin H. 
Published: March 2009

Ghani's method for the partial fractionation of soil phosphorus has been simplified. From results obtained with soils and representative phosphatic minerals it has been shown that successive single extractions with 2·5% acetic acid-l% 8-hydroxyquinoline and 0·1 N-sodium hydroxide gives a good fractionation of the phosphate compounds present.The relative effects of cupferron and 8-hydroxyquinoline as reagents for blocking the adsorption of phosphate were also investigated. Cupferron precipitated aluminium more completely than did 8-hydroxyquinoline at the pH used for the extraction. However, because of its instability and also because of indications that it may attack organic forms of phosphorus cupferron was considered to be of less value than 8-hydroxyquinoline in the fractionation of soil phosphorus.The recovery of phosphate added to soil, the reaction of which had been varied by the use of sulphur or calcium carbonate, was almost complete at all reactions used (pH 4·5–8·2) for amounts of phosphate up to the equivalent of 500 parts of PO4 per million parts of soil. The distribution of this added phosphate between the acid and alkali soluble fraction showed that in acid soils the phosphate tended to be fixed mainly by adsorption or as a basic ferric and aluminium phosphates, while at an alkaline reaction most of the fixation was due to precipitation by calcium.
Some effects of season of the year and herd management upon the dairy shorthorn cow I. The effects of seasonal changes in climate, feeding and management upon the milk yields of four herds
Authors: Burt A. W. A. 
Published: March 2009

Milk records and records of farm and herd management collected over a 2-year period have been used to study the effects of seasonal changes in climate, feeding and management in each of four Dairy Shorthorn herds.Differences in climatic conditions and management between the four farms appeared to be reflected in mean lactation yields, herd D having a slightly higher, and herd C a considerably lower average than the other two herds.In each herd, mean yields in each week were corrected for the effects of potential productivity and mean stage of lactation of the cows to give a weekly value designated the yield index. Variations in this quantity were used as a measure of the effects of seasonal changes in climate, feeding and management upon milk yields.
The chemical composition of oats I. The oil and free fatty acid content of oats and groats
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Martin H. F. 
Published: March 2009

The petroleum-ether extractable oil content of native oats (dry-weight basis) ranges 3·0–8·5%, and is chiefly dependent upon variety and kernel content (which is itself a varietal characteristic). That of the kernel, which comprises 64–81% of the grain by weight, is 4–11% with a spread of about 2·5% within the variety. The kernel contains in addition about 2·5% of more complex insoluble fatty material which is released on acid hydrolysis. The husk, on the other hand, contains only a few tenths of one per cent of petroleum-ether soluble oil together with about 1% of more complex material that can be released by acid hydrolysis.Certain environments favour higher levels of oil content within all varieties whereas others favour lower levels; Scottish samples tend to be slightly higher in oil content than English samples of the same variety.The free fatty acid content of the oil in the kernel ranges 3–10% for sound, viable grain; the value for any sample is more dependent on environment during cultivation, harvest and storage than on the variety. After the grain is milled or pulverized the free fatty acid content rises to much higher levels within a few days.
The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the respiration rate of Ayrshire calves
Authors: Beakley W. R. , Findlay J. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The respiration rates of three 4-month old Ayrshire bull calves were measured in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. dry bulb temperatures at 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and at 7 mg./l. saturation deficit at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40° C. in a planned sequence of environmental temperature. The schedule of experiments on each animal lasted 45 days consisting of five replications of these nine environmental conditions. Throughout the experimental programme the respiration rates of these three animals and of three control animals were measured in a holding room just before the experimental animal of each pair was transferred to the hot room.2. The frequency of respiration of all the calves increased with increasing environmental temperature and humidity.
The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the frequency of the heart beat of Ayrshire calves
Authors: Beakley W. R. , Findlay J. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The heart rates of 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves were measured in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. dry bulb temperatures at 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and at 7 mg./l. saturation deficit at temperatures 30–40° C. The schedule of experiments on each animal lasted 45 days and consisted of five replications of these nine environmental conditions. Throughout the experimental schedule the heart rates of three paired control animals were measured in a temperature-controlled holding room.2. The heart rates of all experimental animals increased with increasing environmental temperatures above 20° C. and with increasing humidity above 30° C.
A theoretical model for the decline in the protein content in plants during growth
Authors: Greenwood D. J. , Barnes A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe protein contents of plants decline with increasing size and age even when the plants are adequately supplied with nitrogen. The quantitative nature of this decline needs to be defined for use in models for nitrogen response and to improve diagnostic criteria for detecting nitrogen deficiency. For this reason we have considered the use of photosynthate for the synthesis of the organic constituents within a plant and for maintenance purposes. It has led us to deduce thatIn (P/P0) = (δβ/a) In (F/F0) – βMG(T–T0),which in the special case of exponential growth approximates toIn (P/P0) = (δβ/a) In (F/F0),where P is the critical protein content at time T, F is the total weight of nitrogen-free organic matter at time T, P0 and F0 are the corresponding weights at some initial time T0; δ is a coefficient related to the relative rates of production of protein and the nitrogenfree constituents of plants. β and α. are energy coefficients for the conversion of glucose into protein and nitrogen-free organic matter and MGis the maintenance respiration rate in g of glucose/g of protein/day.The values for β and α depend on the chemical composition of the crops but for forage crops appear to be about 0·62 and 0·76 respectively over a wide range of temperatures. MG is temperature dependent and experimental evidence suggests that it is about 20 mg of glucose/g of protein/day at 15 °C. Less information is available about δ although when there are ample supplies of nitrogen it is probably near unity.
Measurement and prediction of the changes in protein contents of field crops during growth
Authors: Greenwood D. J. , Barnes A. , Cleaver T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA theoretical model for the influence of plant size and age on plant protein content was tested against the results of 13 field experiments on vegetable crops grown with high rates of application of N, P and K fertilizers.For each crop the protein contents of individual plants of similar age (but of different sizes) harvested at regular intervals during growth were found to bear a linear ln-ln relationship to their contents of nitrogen-free organic matter. The slopes of the lines of best fit were almost the same at each harvest date. The intercepts were similar irrespective of harvest date when growth was exponential but showed an approximately linear decline with length of growing period when it was not. These features are in agreement with the theory.Maintenance respiration rates were deduced by interpreting the data in terms of the theoretical model. The values determined in this way were between 8 and 21 mg of glucose/g of protein/day for the above ground parts of the plant compared with values of between 8 and 87 mg that have been obtained by entirely different methods.It is concluded that during the exponential phase of growth the critical protein and, thus, nitrogen contents depend primarily on plant size and on the chemical composition of the nitrogen-free organic matter, but that when growth is not exponential plant age and maintenance respiration are also of importance. The models should facilitate the determination of the critical nitrogen contents for crops grown under different conditions.
A survey of beef production in west wales, 1943–8 Part II. Variations within the region and the ecology of beef production
Authors: Phillips R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Differences in cattle population (4 June returns) and in average body size of fat cattle (data from the collecting centres) have been illustrated for the three counties (Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire) constituting this region. They indicate the superiority of Pembrokeshire.2. The six westerly collecting areas of Pembrokeshire produce the heaviest cattle of better grading. It has a higher proportion of steers to heifers than the rest of the region.3. The statistical analysis of the data has made it possible to partition the region into four main groups of centres, which show significant differences in the size of the fat cattle.4. The superiority of group 1 has been demonstrated in relation to (a) the seasonally of deliveries, (b) the percentage grading and (c) in the average live weights.5. These differences are examined in greater detail by comparisons of the deliveries to the Pembroke and to the Llandilo centres. These show that Pembroke is superior in average live weights, percentage grading and in the proportion of steers to heifers.6. The ungraded cattle are also examined, and the results indicate the same trends within the region as for the graded cattle.7. The possible explanation of the variations or the ecology of beef production has been discussed in the light of Ashton's (1930) suggestions that variations in body size between cattle of different breeds is mainly due to the calcium and phosphorus content of the soil.8. The conclusion is drawn that differences of climate dominate the whole picture, because of the effect of rainfall on leaching and soil erosion, as well as on the quality of the harvested fodders, the effect of temperature on the length of the growing season and of the beneficial influence of sunshine on the quality of both grass and hay.
Photosynthetic rates and the effects of applied gibberellin in some dwarf, semi-dwarf and tall wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum )
Authors: Gale M. D. , Edrich Jennifer , Lupton F. G. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPhotosynthetic rates of flag blades were measured in eight wheat varieties. The differing rates observed were not correlated with winter or spring habit, plant height or gibberellin sensitivity. The rates were correlated inversely with the flag blade area in these varieties.Applied gibberellin increased photosynthetic rate and the maximum increase was 17% in the variety with the lowest control rate. However, the varieties did not differ significantly in their response to the hormone.
In vivo and in vitro ethanolic fermentation of milk replacers by the naturally occurring yeast Torulopsis glabrata
Authors: White R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation was undertaken to determine whether commercial milk replacers provide fermentable substrates for the yeast Torulopsis glabrata and thus produce ethanol in the stomachs of new born lambs and calves. Samples of stomach contents from calves in two small rearing units and a small number of farm bred calves, all being fed commercial milk replacers, were also examined. Ethanol was produced from certain replacers in all cases, and its association with Torulopsis glabrata was confirmed.
Isolation of anatomically defined cell walls from fodder kale, and their contributions to determining the in vitro cellulase digestibility of the whole plant
Authors: McCluskey J. G. , Allison M. J. , Duncan H. J. , Jarvis M. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYVascular and non-vascular cell walls were isolated separately from leaves, upper stems and lower stems of 12 kale (Brassica oleracea L.) cultivars, by a sieving technique. The digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) of the cell walls and of the whole plants was determined by pepsin-cellulase digestion. The measured whole-plant DOMD correlated closely with the DOMD predicted by adding together the amounts of non-digested material derived from all the plant's component cell-wall fractions. Differences in DOMD between cultivars were determined primarily by the amount of vascular cell walls in the stems, particularly the lower stems; that is, by the stem anatomy. The vascular cell walls of the upper stems had a wider range of DOMD values and a higher mean DOMD than the vascular cell walls of the lower stems. Thus cell-wall composition made some contribution to determining the whole-plant DOMD, although it contributed less than the anatomy of the stem.
The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: root growth of high-yielding crops in relation to shoot growth
Authors: Barraclough P. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRoot growth is considered in relation to shoot growth for high-yielding crops of winter wheat grown on three soil types in 1980 and 1981. From the time that nitrogen was applied to anthesis, shoot growth was rapid and effectively linear in relation to thermal time, whereas root growth entered a rapid linear phase after about 500–600 °C days, well before the application of nitrogen. Between double ridges and anthesis, shoots accumulated dry matter 10 times faster than roots on average. The relationship between root and shoot growth was different in the two years, which was probably due to reduced assimilate production in 1981 as a result of the dull, cloudy weather. At anthesis, average root: plant ratios for 1980 and 1981 were 0·132 and 0·093 respectively but no significant differences were caused by sowing dates or sites, despite the presence of a plough-pan on one of the soils.Root:plant ratios declined from about 0·4 in winter and early spring to about 0·1 by anthesis. There was considerable variability in root:plant ratios for different crops during winter and early spring, caused in part by differences in soil-N availability and timing of application of fertilizer nitrogen.
The calcium requirements of poultry with particular reference to their needs for maintenance
Authors: Tyler Cyril , Willcox James Stuart 
Published: March 2009

1. The question of the maintenance requirement of calcium for poultry is discussed.2. On the basis of curves relating intake of calcium to calcium in the droppings, a maintenance value for laying and non-laying birds is estimated.3. It is suggested that in the case of both laying and non-laying birds the maintenance requirement of calcium is about 0·10 g. and that the endogenous calcium value is about 0·05 g.
War-time rations for pigs: Report of experiments with mangolds and biscuit waste, fodder yeast, urea and dried skim milk
Authors: Braude R. , Foot A. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. An individual feeding experiment using forty-eight pigs and a group feeding experiment using twenty-nine pigs have been carried out with the object of testing the so-called Lehmann system of pig feeding, where the amount of meal allowed for the fattening pig is restricted to a basal ration of 2½ lb. each and farm bulky foods or food wastes fed ad lib. used as supplementary foods.2. Using a mixture of 6 parts mangold and 1 part biscuit waste as a supplementary food, live-weight gains only slightly less than with all-meal feeding have been obtained and a great saving in meal consumption effected. Under more favourable conditions as much as 1¾ lb. of meal has been saved for each 1 lb. live-weight gain.