Effect of Sand Production on Casing Integrity
Authors: Li X.Q. , Zhu T.G. , Fang L.T. , Yuan Y. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper documents a case study about the effect of sand production on casing damage. Many wells were converted from production to water injection. Formation of precipitates across the injection interval required frequent well washing which in-advertently involved reducing the well pressure rapidly. Consequently, solids were released from the formation into the wells. The well washing and associated solids production went unnoticed for an unknown length of time until significant casing deformation was encountered during a recent workover. The significant solids production caused casing buckling near the perforation interval. It also activated a weak plane in the overburden, causing further casing damage. This paper will present relevant field data and engineering analyses to support the above conclusions. Field measures to improve the casing's resistance against the buckling are also described.

Introduction
This paper is concerned with casing integrity in conventional onshore reservoir production in the Niuzhuang area of the Shengli Oilfield in China. Worldwide experience shows that origins of casing failure are complex. Reservoir geology, drilling and cement practices, production drawdown schemes and casing hardware can all influence casing integrity. Nevertheless, major casing damage mechanisms can be summarized as follows:chemical corrosion(1, 2);shear deformation along re-activated weak planes(3–8);significant reservoir compaction(9–11); and,excessive sand production(12–16).
Chemical corrosion is a major casing damage mechanism in the NiuZhuang field. In a total of six wells being investigated, damage to five of those wells was caused by corrosion(17). However, this paper describes another casing failure mechanism; unintended excessive sand production. The following description will first present relevant field data. Mathematical analyses are then carried out to quantify the damage mechanisms. Finally, field measures are proposed to correct the problem.

Reservoir Geology and Rock Mechanical Properties
Production in the NiuZhuang field mainly comes from two sand bodies at a depth of approximately 3,200 m. The reservoir is struc-turally simple with only a small normal fault at an offset of 10 m. The original reservoir pressure is abnormally high at 1.68 SG. Av-erage reservoir permeability based on core analysis is 24.5 mD and porosity is 18.2%. Porosity is the major fluid conduit and storage.
Natural fractures are not developed. Initial well production rate is very high, but the productivity decreases rapidly. Full production started in 1993. Water injection was needed in late 1994. The effect was seen at the production wells usually four to six months after water injection started at the surrounding wells.
No rock mechanical tests were done on our target reservoir rocks. Instead, rock mechanical properties were calculated from well logs and petrophysical data using Baker Hughe's LMP (Log of Mechanical Properties)(11). Table 1 lists the average properties calculated at reservoir pressures equal to the peak injection pressure (70 MPa) or the minimum pressure reached during well washing (35 MPa). Table 1 also includes a set of lab-measured mechanical properties on a similar stratum in an adjacent oil field.

Well History and Casing Damage
Well N42 experienced significant casing deformation.