bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention on Behalf of Women
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article is part of a larger project to analyse the rarely-considered gender aspects of the crime of aggression and to explore whether or not the amendments adding the crime of aggression to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) represent an advancement for women. This piece focuses on the potential for the new provisions to chill bona fide exercises of humanitarian intervention given that (1) the crime is expansively drafted to potentially cover all uses of sovereign force, (2) delegates rejected efforts by the United States to include an express exception for military operations launched to prevent the commission of other crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, and (3) other proposals that would have prevented humanitarian interventions from being considered 'acts of aggression' were not fully explored or implemented. The article acknowledges that feminist theory may never fully come to terms with a notion of humanitarian intervention given the doctrine's valorisation of militarism, especially in light of the fact that women are so often excluded from decisions about uses of force. It nonetheless argues that if we want to hold out the possibility of humanitarian intervention being deployed in defence of women, elements of the new provisions (such as the terms 'manifest', 'character', 'gravity', and 'consequences') should be interpreted to exclude situations involving the nascent responsibility to protect doctrine.
Defining 'De Facto' Slavery in Australia: Ownership, Consent and the Defence of Freedom
Authors: Harris Rachel , Gelber Katharine 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article examines a recent judgment of the High Court of Australia, R v. Tang which raises questions about the definition, conceptualisation and language of slavery. The authors argue that by using the language of 'slavery' to describe certain conduct, the court provides a powerful tool to address circumstances that are criminally harmful to women.
Cecelia Goetz, Woman at Nuremberg
Authors: Amann Diane Marie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAmong the creators of international criminal law were the many women who participated in the post-World War II trials of former Nazis and Nazi collaborators. This essay profiles one of those women: Cecelia Goetz, a thirty-year-old American who was the only woman to deliver an opening statement at Nuremberg. The essay not only details how and why Goetz became a prosecutor in the Krupp trial, but also relates a life story marked by many "first women" events, on law review, at the U.S. Department of Justice, and, after Nuremberg, in the federal judiciary.
Hannah Arendt as a Theorist of International Criminal Law
Authors: Luban David 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe guilt of Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann, has long been settled. However, during the trial and for years after, Hannah Arendt questioned the legal theories upon which the Jerusalem court relied. Part 1 of this article discusses how Arendt was uncertain about the use of precedent to judge unprecedented acts. Part 2 concerns the logic of proving Eichmann's culpable mental state when he came from a culture where morality had been turned on its head. Part 3 reveals Arendt's struggle with the rationale for universal jurisdiction as well as her unconventional understanding of 'territory'. Part 4 deals with Arendt's views on group affiliation and how those views informed her definition of 'genocide'. Finally, Part 5 details Arendt's most famous writings on "the banality of evil" and how Eichmann was found guilty, not for succumbing to immoral temptation or being a depraved deviant, but instead for conscientiously observing the flawed mores of the Third Reich. While Arendt ultimately supported Eichmann's conviction, her concerns surrounding the trial raise questions that are still relevant today.
Sex Representation on the Bench and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Courts
Authors: Grossman Nienke 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between legitimacy and the presence of both male and female judges on international criminal court benches. It argues that sex representation – an approximate reflection of the ratio of the sexes in the general population – on the bench is an important contributor to legitimacy of international criminal courts. First, it proposes that sex representation affects normative legitimacy because men and women bring different perspectives to judging. Consequently, without both sexes, adjudication is inherently biased. Second, even if one rejects the proposition that men and women "think differently", sex representation affects sociological legitimacy because sex representation signals an impartial bench and capacity to do justice to constituencies involved in the shaping of international criminal adjudication. The article concludes by raising questions for further study.
Avoiding the Creation of a Gender Ghetto in International Criminal Law
Authors: Sadat Leila Nadya 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article examines the harm suffered by women and girls in armed conflict and questions the role female lawyers and academics can play in order to best be of assistance. Specifically, the article addresses the problem that when women lawyers work only on gender issues, they find themselves in an all-female ghetto, excluding, or being excluded by, their male colleagues and brothers. Conversely, if women lawyers do not focus on atrocity crimes against women, the question arises of whether anyone will ensure these crimes receive attention. The article argues that by maintaining the treatment of gender crimes and crimes of sexual violence, and by ensuring adequate female representation in the various fields and institutions of international – and national – justice, these issues may be adequately addressed.
Modern Embalming, Circulation of Fluids, and the Voyage through the Human Arterial System: Carl L. Barnes and the Culture of Immortality in America
Authors: Podgorny Irina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBy considering the work of American embalmer, lawyer, and physician Carl Lewis Barnes (1872-1927), this paper analyzes the emergence of modern embalming in America. Barnes experimented with and exhibited the techniques by which embalming fluids travelled into the most remote cavities of the human body. In this sense, modern embalmers based their skills and methods on experimental medicine, turning the anatomy of blood vessels, physiology of circulation, and composition of blood into a circuit that allowed embalming fluids to move throughout the corpse. Embalmers in the late 19th century took ownership of the laws of hydrodynamics and the physiology of blood circulation to market their fluids and equipment, thus playing the role of physiologists of death, performing and demonstrating physiological experiments with dead bodies.
Voyaging in the Vein: Medical Experimentation with Heart Catheters in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Braun Ramona 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHistorical research on physiology has to date largely been confined to the rise and peak of physiological investigations in the 18th and 19th century. This article examines how the instrument of the cardiac catheter was used in 20th century research on the heart. The development of the domain of interventional cardiology is shown in the efforts of standardising balloon angioplasty. A special focus is given in the three studies on Werner Formann, Andr Cournand and Dickinson Richards and Andreas Grntzig to issues arising from the human being as an experimental object in medicine and to instruments as another material part in the experimental system.
I've Got you under my Skin: Narratives of the Inner Body in Cinema and Television
Authors: Brodesco Alberto 
Published: July 2011

Abstract1966 Twentieth Century Fox big-budget film Fantastic Voyage represents a corner stone around which a whole audiovisual trope was built. The topic of the voyage of shrunken people sent to explore the inner space of the body was adopted since then by many feature films, television series and animated TV series, for the aims of education, entertainment or edutainment. While the exploration of the body (and, often, the meeting with its inhabitants) gives space to just a few possibilities of plot development, it leaves open ground for metaphors. Starting from the hypotext, this article analyzes a sample of audiovisuals to try to summarize a taxonomy of narrative schemes and the different metaphors (and their uses) that our body can host.
Serphitid wasps in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey (Hymenoptera: Serphitidae)
Authors: Grimaldi David , Ortega-Blanco Jaime , Engel Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSpecies of the extinct, parasitoid wasp family Serphitidae (Proctotrupomorpha: Bipetiolarida: Serphitoidea), occurring in Cretaceous (Turonian) amber from New Jersey, are reviewed. Two species, both new, are described and figured as Serphites raritanensis Engel & Grimaldi sp.n. and S. navesinkae Engel & Grimaldi sp.n.
A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history
Authors: Wolf-Schwenninger Karin , Bechly Günter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLebanoraphidia nana gen. et sp.n. is described from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and represents the smallest known Raphidioptera. The new taxon is quite similar in its minute size, large compound eyes and wing venation to Nanoraphidia electroburmica (Mesoraphidiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Myanmar, as well as to 'Mesoraphidia' luzzii from the Upper Cretaceous amber of New Jersey, and Cantabroraphidia marcanoi from the Lower Cretaceous El Soplao amber of Spain. For the species 'Mesoraphidia' luzzii a new genus, Grimaldiraphidia, is erected, because it would otherwise render the genus Mesoraphidia paraphyletic. 'Mesoraphidia' durlstonenesis, 'M.' gaoi, 'M.' heteroneura, 'M.' mitchelli, 'M.' parvula and 'M.' purbeckensis are also transferred to this new genus Grimaldiraphidia. Four Cretaceous amber genera comprise minute specimens and represent a distinct clade within Mesoraphidiidae, for which a new tribe, Nanoraphidiini, is proposed. The phylogeny and fossil record of Raphidioptera is discussed and the suborders Priscaenigmatomorpha and Raphidiomorpha are supported. A revised definition and composition of Mesoraphidiidae (including Cretinocellia) is suggested. 'Siboptera' medialis is transferred to the genus Mesoraphidia. The synonymy of Alloraphidiidae with Mesoraphidiidae is rejected and Alloraphidiinae is restored as separate subfamily that probably represents the sister group of Mesoraphidiinae. The genera Caloraphidia, Styporaphidia and Ororaphidia are transferred to a new subfamily Ororaphidiinae within Mesoraphidiidae. The genus Metaraphidia is excluded from Mesoraphidiidae and attributed to a new monotypic family Metaraphidiidae, which is considered as sister group of Neoraphidioptera (Raphidiidae+Inocelliidae) within the new taxon Euraphidioptera, which is the sister group to Mesoraphidiidae within the new taxon Raphidiformia. Arariperaphidia rochai is transferred to "Baissopteridae" that might rather be a paraphyletic grade of basal stem group representatives.
A new whitefly from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Drohojowska Jowita , Szwedo Jacek 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBaetylus kahramanus gen. et sp.n. from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber is described, based on an adult male specimen. It is the second representative of subfamily Aleyrodinae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) and the third aleyrodid from this fossil resin. Morphological features of the new genus and species are discussed as well as evolutionary and biogeographic importance of this fossil.
A new species of Hesterniasca (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) from the Early Cretaceous of China with discussion of its systematic position
Authors: Solodovnikov Alexey , Huang Diying , Cai Chenyang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new species of the extinct rove beetle genus Hesterniasca Zhang, Wang & Xu, 1992 is described and illustrated on the basis of a well-preserved specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Huangbanjigou of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, Northeastern China. Based on the examination of this new species that is preserved better than the type species of the genus, Hesterniasca is firmly placed in the recent subfamily Tachyporinae, tentatively in the recent tribe Tachyporini MacLeay, 1825. Arguments for the Early Cretaceous age of the Laiyang Formation in Shandong Province, Eastern China, from where the type species of the genus, Hesterniasca obesa Zhang, Wang & Xu, 1992, has been discovered are provided.
Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Godunko Roman , Staniczek Arnold , Bechly Günter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMickoleitia longimanus gen. et sp.n. is described from the Lower Cretaceous limestone of the Crato Formation in Brazil. It is attributed to a new family Mickoleitiidae and a new fossil insect order Coxoplectoptera within the palaeopterous Ephemerida, based on the presence of an elongated costal brace. This fossil insect exhibits a very peculiar combination of derived characters like specialized forelegs with strongly elongated, free coxae, single-clawed pretarsus, and distinctly skewed pterothorax as in dragonflies. On the other hand, several plesiomorphies are present that exclude this taxon from modern Ephemeroptera, namely large hind wings with widened anal area and numerous cross veins that separate the elongate costal brace from the costal margin. Fossil larvae described by Willmann as larval Cretereismatidae are herein attributed to Mickoleitiidae fam.n., based on the shared presence of broad hind wing buds with distinctly broadened anal area, wing bud venation similar to the adult holotype, and subchelate forelegs with elongate free coxae. These larvae are also highly autapomorphic in the structure of their abdominal gills and laterally flattened body with vertically oval section that is unique within Ephemerida. On the other hand they possess plesiomorphic lateral wing pads with pronounced articulation like Palaeozoic pterygote larvae, while wing pads in modern insects are always secondarily fused to the tergum. A similar fossil larva from the Jurassic of Transbaikals was earlier described as Mesogenesia petersae and classified within modern mayflies. It is herein attributed to Mickoleitiidae fam.n. Coxoplectoptera are recognized as putative sister group of modern Ephemeroptera based on the shared presence of only 7 pairs of abdominal gills, while Permoplectoptera still have retained 9 pairs of gills. The phylogenetic reclassification of the mayfly stem group by Willmann is critically discussed and modified.
The first Progonocimicidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber
Authors: Ziadé Kamil , Szwedo Jacek , Azar Dany 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIlahulgabalus endaidus gen. sp.n. (Progonocimicidae: Cicadocorinae) the first representative of Coleorrhyncha from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon is described. The placement of the new taxon within Coleorrhyncha and the evolutionary history of the suborder are discussed.
Environmental Influences on the Strength of Tropical Storm Debby (2006)
Authors: Sippel Jason A. , Braun Scott A. , Shie Chung-Lin 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This study uses mesoscale ensemble forecasts to compare the magnitude of nonaerosol effects of the Saharan air layer (SAL) with other environmental influences on the intensity of Tropical Storm Debby. Debby was a weak Cape Verde storm that dissipated over the tropical North Atlantic a few days after forming in August 2006. The system has received considerable attention because of its vicinity to the SAL as it struggled to intensify, which has led to speculation that the SAL helped lead to the storm’s demise. Statistical correlation is used to better understand why some ensemble members strengthen the pre-Debby wave into a hurricane and others develop only a weak vortex.
Although the results here suggest that the SAL slowed intensification during the predepression to depression stages, it was not likely responsible for Debby’s dissipation. The most obvious SAL-related factor to affect long-term intensity in the ensembles is dry air above 2 km, which delays organization of the low-level vortex. Warm temperatures within the SAL and shear associated with the African easterly jet (AEJ) exhibit a weak, secondary relationship with forecast intensity variability. An important result here is that sensitivity to the dry environmental air depends considerably on cyclone strength, and it becomes insignificant once a tropical storm forms. Furthermore, Debby’s most rapid period of intensification coincided with its track over somewhat higher sea surface temperatures, and intensification ended when the storm moved over cooler waters. The results herein suggest that this factor might have affected the storm’s intensity more strongly than did any effect of the SAL. Even later, subsequent to the period examined by these ensembles, Debby dissipated under the influence of stronger vertical wind shear from an upper-level trough.
These results show that the relationship among the SAL, AEJ, and developing tropical cyclones is not as straightforward as has been hypothesized by some recent studies. Ultimately, the nuanced relationship between storm intensity and the SAL shows that much care needs to be taken before drawing conclusions about the effect of the SAL on any particular cyclone. The authors therefore advocate more rigorous future analysis through both idealized and ensemble studies to more fully quantify the effect of the SAL on tropical cyclones in general.
Observed and Modeled Twentieth-Century Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Selected Agro-Climate Indices in North America
Authors: Terando Adam , Easterling William E. , Keller Klaus , Easterling David R. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The authors examine recent changes in three agro-climate indices (frost days, thermal time, and heat stress index) in North America (centered around the continental United States) using observations from a historical climate network and an ensemble of 17 global climate models (GCMs) from the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4). Agro-climate indices provide the basis for analyzing agricultural time series that are unbiased by long-term technological intervention. Observations from the last 60 years (1951–2010) confirm conclusions of previous studies showing continuing declines in the number of frost days and increases in thermal time. Increases in heat stress are largely confined to the western half of the continent. The authors do not observe accelerating agro-climate warming trends in the most recent decade of observations. The spatial variability of the temporal trends in GCMs is lower compared to the observed patterns, which still show some regional cooling trends. GCM skill, defined as the ability to reproduce observed patterns (i.e., correlation and error) and variability, is highest for frost days and lowest for heat stress patterns. Individual GCM skill is incorporated into two model weighting schemes to gauge their ability to reduce predictive uncertainty for agro-climate indices. The two weighted GCM ensembles do not substantially improve results compared to the unweighted ensemble mean. The lack of agreement between simulated and observed heat stress is relatively robust with respect to how the heuristic is defined and appears to reflect a weakness in the ability of this last generation of GCMs to reproduce this impact-relevant aspect of the climate system. However, it remains a question for future work as to whether the discrepancies between observed and simulated trends primarily reflect fundamental errors in model physics or an incomplete treatment of relevant regional climate forcings.
Encapsulation of Polythiophene by Glycopolymer for Water-soluble Nanowire
Authors: Fukuda Tomohiro , Inoue Yusuke , Koga Tadanori , Matsuoka Mami , Miura Yoshiko 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A water-soluble polythiophene (PT) was prepared by the self-assembling complex with a glycopolymer. The glycopolymer of poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-d-lactonamide) (PVLA) formed self-assembling cylindrical structure based on the amphiphilicity even after the complexation with PT. We confirmed the improved optical functionality of PT due to the longer conjugated π-orbital. It suggested that PT behaved like molecular nanowire with the self-assembled structure in the hydrophobic core of PVLA. PVLA–PT also showed specific biorecognition against corresponding lectin. These results suggested that the bioactive nanowire formation of PT with the glycopolymer was developed.
Formation Constants of Eu(III)–Carboxylates Determined by Ion-selective Liquid Membrane Electrode
Authors: Sasaki Takayuki , Yoshida Hatsumi , Kitatsuji Yoshihiro , Takagi Ikuji , Moriyama Hirotake 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A trivalent metal ion-selective electrode (ISE) consisting of bis(diphenylphosphoryl)methane as an ionophore was developed for the determination of formation constants with organic ligands. The ISE prepared exhibited Nernstian response to the concentration of Eu3+ in the test solutions. Even in the presence of carboxylic acids such as malonic acid in samples, the obtained potential values were found to be stable and reproducible during the measurement time. The present formation constants of Eu with carboxylates were in good agreement with the reported values.
Carbazole Dyes with Alkyl-functionalized Thiophenes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells: Relation between Alkyl Chain Length and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Uemura Yu , Mori Shogo , Hara Kohjiro , Koumura Nagatoshi 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Carbazole dyes with different lengths of alkyl group on oligothiophene were newly synthesized to study the influence of the chain length on photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that the amount of adsorbed dyes increased with the decrease of the alkyl chain length, while the charge recombination rate was comparable between the dyes with n-propyl and n-hexyl chains but prompt with dodecyl chains.
Carbonaceous structural changes of wood induced by microwave irradiation
Authors: Saito Yukie , Sato Masatoshi 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the carbonization induced by microwave treatment (MWT) of spruce (Picea sp.) wood, which was treated in a domestic microwave oven at 2.45 GHz. Structural changes were observed by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The degradation of the samples was completed within 3 min. The carbonization was comparable to that caused by heat treatment at ca. 420°C. In the MWT samples, a graphitic layer was not detected, which behaves as a sensitizer for MW irradiation and sometime elevates the temperature drastically. This study shows that MWT leads to a carbonaceous material, and that the carbonization levels off with the loss of heat-inducing functional groups, such as O-H, CO-OH, C=O, upon MW irradiation. MWT is better suited as a kind of controlled and short pretreatment method before carbonization. Its suitability for porous absorbents should be investigated.