bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Analytical Model to Predict the Deliverability of a Multiple Fractured Horizontal Well (MFHW)
Authors: Carle D. , Pearson B. , Logan K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The tight gas resource potential in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin is enormous. To date, however, it remains relatively unexploited and underdeveloped.
The use of multiply fractured horizontal wells (MFHW) appears to be the "breakthrough" technology needed to economically exploit reasonably thick tight gas zones with effective in-situ permeabilities between 0.1 mD and 0.005 mD. This exploitation technology is already being applied in Europe and, in a more limited extent, in the U.S. Its application in Canada is currently being tested and/or evaluated by several of the larger majors. (This technology also has the potential for enhancing the deliverability of conventional gas.)
An analytical model has been developed to predict the deliverability and production forecast of a multi-fractured horizontal well in a tight gas pool that includes the initial, transient production period. Using the DTC (discounted technical cost) approach to evaluate the economic feasibility of tight gas resources, the majority of the deep, high pressure tight gas evaluated in this study appears to be commercially viable, even at today's gas prices.

Advances In Tight Gas Production Technology
Historically, the development of tight gas reservoirs has involved drilling vertical wells and hydraulically fracturing them, often with the use of large amounts of proppant. These large fracs are known as massive hydraulic fracs (MHF) and typically involved hundreds of thousands or even millions of pounds of proppant.
Quasi government bodies in the United States, such as the Gas Research Institute (GRI) and the Department of Energy (DOE), have been heavily involved in promoting research into the production of tight gas sands (Ref. 1). The GRI and Advanced Resources International (Ref. 2) have highlighted four key new technologies which they believe have the greatest application for the efficient development of tight gas sands:
- 3D Seismic
- Integrated Approaches to Natural Fracture Detection
- Improved Well Completions/Stimulations
- Selected Use of Horizontal Wells
We believe that multiply fractured horizontal wells (MFHW) is one such technology.
Spencer (Ref. 5) surmised that natural fractures played a key role in the production of most tight gas reservoirs so that if the extent and direction of the natural fractures can be predicted and is sufficiently intense and laterally extensive, horizontal and/or multi-lateral wells can be used to promote otherwise uneconomic pay zones. The logical corollary to this is to question whether a network of induced fractures from a horizontal well could be used where the natural fissuring has limited development; and, particularly, where the stress regimes allow the resulting induced fractures to intersect the natural fissuring.
Recovery Of Heavy Oil Using Horizontal Wells And Gravity Drainage With Pressure Maintenance
Authors: Kantzas A. , Marentette D.F. , Erno B.P. , Chatzis T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A series of experiments were performed in physical models saturated with heavy oils of 0.6 to 12.7 Pa.s. The oil was displaced by gravity drainage at constant pressure and it was produced using horizontal wells. The pressure was maintained either using a vacuum pump or by injection of an inert gas at low injection pressures. Computer Assisted Tomography was used for the visualization of the displacement front. Additional gravity drainage tests were performed in long vertical columns and in two dimensional glass micromodels. In this paper a detailed description of the performed experiments is presented. Production characteristics are shown and images of the gravity drainage process are a/so included. The recoveries varied from 20 % to 50 % recovery of the original oil in place. The pressure difference was maintained between 10 and 30 kPa. In the cases where sand parting was not observed, a uniform displacement front was formed. In the cases where parting was observed the experiment was temporarily shut in. Substantial amounts of oil were produced following the shut in period. Temporary shut in was also implemented at gas breakthrough with considerable increase in the oil recovery.

Introduction
In the Lloydminster area of west central Saskatchewan and east central Alberta, large reserves of heavy oil exist which can be mobilized at reservoir conditions. Conventional primary production of these reservoirs has utilized mainly vertical wells on relatively large spacings, resulting in recoveries of 5–10 % OOIP. Recent applications of horizontal wells in these reservoirs hold some promise of increasing recoveries, but thin pay intervals, low reservoir pressures and low GOR's limit the effectiveness of recovery mechanisms based on gravity, natural pressure depletion and solution gas drive.
The work described in this paper considers the enhancement of gravity drainage in LIoydminster reservoirs through injection of immiscible gas and production via horizontal wells. In addition to presenting results of lab experiments in various physical models, an extensive review of relevant literature is included.
Electromagnetic Stimulation Of Lloydminster Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Davison R.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The paper will present the field test results of two electromagnetic (EM) stimulation projects conducted in the L1oydl1linster heavy oil area. The two wells (AI-1l-48-25 W3M Lashbum and AS-6051-27 W3M Northminster) produce heavy crude from the Sparky formation. Detailed production, electrical and operational data was gathered and analyzed to quantify the effect EM stimulation had on each well's producing characteristics.
77Je main areas covered by the paper include production characteristics (primary and enhanced), inflow performance relationships (primary and enhanced), operational considerations and some of the related economics. The data discussed to this point has been restricted to reservoir heating.
An additional review of a tubing heating electrical configuration test (ran on the Lashbum well) has been included. 17ze viscous nature of the crude oil being produced caused severe rod fall problems. Tubing heating was initiated to reduce the wellbore fluid viscosity and eliminate the rod fall problem. The paper will conclude with a general overview of the EM stimulation process as applied to the Canada Northwest Energy Limited locations and the potential for future applications.

Introduction
The possibility of using electrical energy to heat oil bearing formations has been attempted on several occasions over the past four decades. In general terms, the electrical (and electromagnetic energy) is converted to heat. Three basic types of heating are possible (dielectric, inductive and resistive). This discussion will deal with the resistive heating process.
Canada Northwest Energy et al (CNW) contracted with EOR International (EOR) to field test the process in the Lloydminster area heavy oil formations. A majority of the heavy oil sands around Lloydminster are well suited to the application of electromagnetic (EM) heating. Many of the formations are relatively thin and not well suited for other secondary, tertiary and thermal recovery methods. The EM heating process as applied in the CNW pilot areas creates a heated zone in the near wellbore region. The application of heat significantly reduces the viscosity of the oil, improves the oil/water flow characteristics, and overcomes some forms of formation damage. The end result is an improved pressure profile in the near wellbore region and a corresponding increase in the oil production rate.
Rehabilitation Following a Minimally Invasive Procedure for the Repair of a Combined Anterior Cruciate and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Partial Rupture in a 15-Year-Old Athlete
Authors: Beecher Michael , Garrison J. Craig , Wyland Douglas 
Published: March 2010

Study Design Case report. Background The healing response procedure is a minimally invasive arthroscopic surgical technique used to stimulate healing in the treatment of partial cruciate ligament tears. The purpose of this report is to provide information on the surgical procedure, the postoperative rehabilitation, and the overall functional results in a patient who underwent such a procedure. Case Description A 15-year-old male, who sustained a partial tear of both the anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament while playing football, underwent arthroscopic surgical management utilizing a healing response technique. Precautions concerning range of motion and resisted activities were followed postoperatively to protect the healing cruciate ligaments. The postoperative protocol consisted of 3 phases, culminating in return-to-sport training. Treatment incorporated cardiovascular, proprioceptive, strength, power, plyometric, and sport-specific activities. Treatment was progressed based on specific criteria emphasizing proper movement patterns and eccentric control during functional activities. Outcomes The patient attended 31 physical therapy sessions over 17 weeks. Strength improved from 3/5 to 5/5, knee range of motion returned to normal, Lower Extremity Functional Scale scores improved from 21/80 to 80/80, and successful outcomes on functional return-to-sport testing allowed the patient to return to competitive athletics. Discussion Primary repair of cruciate ligament tears has yielded poor results, and partial cruciate ligament tears may not require complete surgical reconstruction. The healing response technique offers a possible solution for the treatment of partial cruciate ligament tears. A criterion-based postoperative protocol was derived based on current evidence regarding rehabilitation following cruciate ligament reconstruction and evidence regarding lower extremity rehabilitation principles and injury prevention. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):297–309. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3162
High-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis and intraoperative management of peripheral nerve lesions
Authors: Lee Franklin C. , Singh Harminder , Nazarian Levon N. , Ratliff John K. 
Published: March 2010

Object
The diagnosis of peripheral nerve lesions relies on clinical history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and radiography. Magnetic resonance neurography offers high-resolution visualization of structural peripheral nerve lesions. The availability of MR neurography may be limited, and the costs can be significant. By comparison, ultrasonography is a portable, dynamic, and economic technology. The authors explored the clinical applicability of high-resolution ultrasonography in the preoperative and intraoperative management of peripheral nerve lesions.

Methods
The authors completed a retrospective analysis of 13 patients undergoing ultrasonographic evaluation and surgical treatment of nerve lesions at their institution (nerve entrapment [5], trauma [6], and tumor [2]). Ultrasonography was used for diagnostic (12 of 13 cases) and intraoperative management (6 of 13 cases). The authors examine the initial impact of ultrasonography on clinical management.

Results
Ultrasonography was an effective imaging modality that augmented electrophysiological and other neuroimaging studies. The modality provided immediate visualization of a sutured peroneal nerve after a basal cell excision, prompting urgent surgical exploration. Ultrasonography was used intraoperatively in 2 cases to identify postoperative neuromas after mastectomy, facilitating focused excision. Ultrasonography correctly diagnosed an inflamed lymph node in a patient in whom MR imaging studies had detected a schwannoma, and the modality correctly diagnosed a tendinopathy in another patient referred for ulnar neuropathy. Ultrasonography was used in 6 patients to guide the surgical approach and to aid in intraoperative localization; it was invaluable in localizing the proximal segment of a radial nerve sectioned by a humerus fracture. In all cases, ultrasonography demonstrated the correct lesion diagnosis and location (100%); in 7 (58%) of 12 cases, ultrasonography provided the correct diagnosis when other imaging and electrophysiological studies were inconclusive or inadequate.

Conclusions
High-resolution ultrasonography may provide an economical and accurate imaging modality with utility in diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve lesions. Further research is required to assess the role of ultrasonography in evaluation of peripheral nerve pathology.
Glioma stem cells involved in tumor tissue remodeling in a xenograft model
Authors: Dong Jun , Zhang Quanbin , Huang Qiang , Chen Hua , Shen Yuntian , Fei Xifeng , Zhang Tianyi , Diao Yi , Wu Zicheng , Qin Zhenghong , Lan Qing , Gu Xiaosong 
Published: March 2010

Object
Although tissue remodeling plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis and progression of human gliomas, its mechanisms remain largely uncertain. In the current study, the authors investigated the potential role of human glioma stem cells (hGSCs) in the tissue remodeling of gliomas.

Methods
Transgenic nude mice with ubiquitous green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression were obtained by crossing nontransgenic NC athymic nude mice with the GFP transgenic C57BL/6J mice. As a result, GFP was expressed in essentially all tissues in the offspring. Human glioma stem cells were then orthotopically implanted into the GFP nude mice in an effort to assess the hGSC–host brain interactions and thereby elucidate the roles of tissue remodeling during tumorigenesis and progression of human gliomas.

Results
All of the essential tissues in the GFP transgenic nude mice, including the brain, fluoresced green under an excitation light; therefore, tumor remodeling by hGSCs can be unambiguously distinguished from a bright green background composed of adjacent host GFP-expressing components. This technique enabled the authors to address the following concerns: 1) hGSCs were involved in the invasiveness of gliomas and adjacent stroma degradation of the host. 2) An in vivo study demonstrated that cell fusion occurred between hGSCs and host cells. 3) Vasculogenic mimicry—the formation of patterned, tubular networks of vascular channels by transdifferentiated hGSCs—could be observed. 4) Differentiation mimicry—namely, the differentiation direction of hGSCs bearing multidifferentiation potentials—seemed to be decided by the local host cellular microenviroment.

Conclusions
The results of this study indicated that the GFP transgenic nude mice model with GFP expression in essentially all tissues could be obtained by crossing nontransgenic athymic nude mice with transgenic GFP mice. This model should greatly expand our knowledge of glioma-host interactions. The data indicated that hGSCs might play a decisive role in tissue remodeling of gliomas as well.
Polymer‐Supported, Carbon Dioxide‐Protected N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Application in Organo‐ and Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Pawar Gajanan Manohar , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of a resin‐supported, carbon dioxide‐protected N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and its use in organocatalysis and organometallic catalysis are described. The resin‐bound carbon dioxide‐protected NHC‐based catalyst was prepared via ring‐opening metathesis copolymerization of 1,4,4a,5,8,8a‐hexahydro‐1,4,5,8‐exo,endo‐dimethanonaphthalene (DMNH6) with 3‐(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1‐(2‐propyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐1‐ium‐2‐carboxylate (M1), using the well‐defined Schrock catalyst Mo[N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2‐C6H3](CHCMe2Ph)(OCMe3)2 and was used for a series of organocatalytic reactions, i.e., for the trimerization reaction of isocyanates, as well as for the cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds. In the latter reaction, turn‐over numbers (TON) up to 5000 were achieved. In addition, the polymer‐supported, carbon dioxide‐protected N‐heterocyclic carbene served as an excellent progenitor for various polymer‐supported metal complexes. It was loaded with a series of rhodium(I), iridium(I), and palladium(II) precursors and the resulting Rh‐, Ir‐, and Pd‐loaded resins were successfully used in the polymerization of phenylacetylene, in the hydrogen transfer reaction to benzaldehyde, as well as in Heck‐type coupling reactions. In the latter reaction, TONs up to 100,000 were achieved. M1, as a non‐supported analogue of poly‐M1‐b‐DMNH6, as well as the complexes PdCl2[1,3‐bis(2‐Pr)tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene]2 (Pd‐1) and IrBr[1‐(norborn‐5‐ene‐2‐ylmethyl)‐3‐(2‐Pr)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidine](COD) (Ir‐1) were used as homogeneous analogues and their reactivity in the above‐mentioned reactions was compared with that of the supported catalytic systems. In all reactions investigated, the TONs achieved with the supported systems were very similar to the ones obtained with the unsupported, homogeneous ones, the turn‐over frequencies (TOFs), however, were lower by up to a factor of three.
Resorcin[4]arene‐Derived Mono‐ and Diphosphines in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling
Authors: El Moll Hani , Sémeril David , Matt Dominique , Toupet Loïc 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree resorcin[4]arene cavitands (1–3) having either one or two resorcinolic C‐2 atoms substituted by a CH2PPh2 podand arm were assessed in the Suzuki arylation of aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid. Using P:Pd ratios of 2:1 and operating in dioxane at 100 °C with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol% resulted in highly efficient catalytic systems. For example, TOFs up to 34570 mol(converted ArBr)⋅mol(Pd)−1⋅h−1 were obtained with the proximally‐disubstituted cavitand 3 when using 4‐bromotoluene as substrate. The performance was shown to vary in the following order: monophosphine 1<diphosphine 2<diphosphine 3 (where 2 is the distally disubstituted cavitand). A comparison of the catalytic properties of monophosphine‐cavitand 1 with those of benzyldiphenylphosphine and o‐anisylmethyldiphenyl phosphine suggests that 1 functions as a hemilabile phosphine, the oxygen atoms close to the phosphorus atom behaving as donors able to temporarily increase the electron density on the metal and/or favour the formation of mono‐ligand Pd(0) species.
Catalytic Dicyanative 5‐exo‐ and 6‐endo‐Cyclization Triggered by Cyanopalladation of Alkynes
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Koike Yuka , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA stereoselective dicyanative 5‐exo‐ and 6‐endo‐cyclization using various enynes has been investigated. The mode of cyclization is critically controlled by the structure of the substrates. For example, N‐allyl derivatives prefer 5‐exo‐cyclization, while methacryloyl amides are transformed to the corresponding lactams with tetra‐substituted carbons at the alpha‐position via 6‐endo‐cyclization. Both reactions include syn‐cyanopalladation to carboncarbon triple bonds in the initial step, and sequential cyclization followed by reductive elimination in one operation enables the construction of the highly functionalized nitrogen heterocycles. The scope of suitable substrates and a proposed mechanism are also described.
Ionische Flüssigkeiten für Spezialaufgaben – von der Katalyse bis zur Analytik
Authors: Giernoth Ralf 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeit einigen Jahren haben ionische Flüssigkeiten (ionic liquids, ILs) wegen ihrer einzigartigen Eigenschaften als Lösungsmittel für chemische Transformationen die Aufmerksamkeit vieler Chemiker erregt. Dieser Kurzaufsatz konzentriert sich auf den Einsatz von so genannten “task‐specific”, also anwendungsorientierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten, deren Rolle über die eines Lösungsmittels hinaus geht. Vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten finden sich z. B. in den Bereichen der Katalyse, der Synthese, der Gasabsorption oder der Analytik.
Religion and mental health: theory and research
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article provides an overview of psychiatric and mental health research on religion. First, conceptual models of religion and of mental health used throughout this literature are described. Second, published empirical research in this field is summarized, including findings from epidemiologic, clinical, and social and behavioral investigations. Third, promising theoretical perspectives for understanding a putative religion–mental health connection are elaborated. These are based on respective behavioral, biological, psychodynamic, and transpersonal interpretations of existing research findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical stability and asymptotic stability of positive fractional 2D linear systems
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new concept of the practical stability of the positive fractional 2D linear systems is proposed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the practical stability and the asymptotic stability of the positive fractional 2D systems are established. It is shown that the checking of the practical stability and the asymptotic stability of positive fractional 2D linear systems can be reduced to testing the stability of corresponding 1D positive linear systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Stabilization for a class of complex interlaced systems using asymptotical gain
Authors: Ye Huawen , Kang Jianling , Liu Guoping , Gui Weihua 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the stabilization problem of a class of interlaced systems that are not in a strict‐feedforward form and contain some severe nonlinear terms. Bounded control laws in a fractional form are explicitly constructed. The feature of stability analysis allows the closed‐loop system, when it is proven to have no finite escape time, to employ the asymptotical gain, which is obtained from an input‐to‐state stable (ISS) subsystem, to calculate the severe nonlinear terms, and the related estimate in turn guides the assignment of small controls. Together with the use of the passivity theory and the ISS‐based stability criterion, the proposed method requires no small gain analysis although the asymptotical gain is used, and differs from the state‐dependent saturation scheme since the controls do not include saturation functions. As an application, a new stabilizing control law is presented for the well‐known friction ball‐and‐beam system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
LMI based stability and stabilization of second‐order linear repetitive processes
Authors: Dabkowski Pawel , Gałkowski Krzysztof , Datta Biswa , Rogers Eric 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper develops new results on the stability and control of a class of linear repetitive processes described by a second‐order matrix discrete or differential equation. These are developed by transformation of the second‐order dynamics to those of an equivalent first‐order descriptor state‐space model, thus avoiding the need to invert a possibly ill‐conditioned leading coefficient matrix in the original model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Testing (non‐)linearity of distributed‐parameter systems from a video sequence
Authors: Rafajłowicz Ewaryst , Rafajłowicz Wojciech 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to propose a statistical test for testing (non‐) linearity of nD systems described by partial differential equations. The test is based on using a sequence of 2D observations provided by a camera, which are converted into observed modes of the system and compared to the modes that are expected when the system is linear. A theoretical correctness of the test is proved for a certain class of nonlinear systems. An application of the theory is illustrated by testing linearity of the process of cooling a copper plate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society