bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Mobility in a Mercury-mediated Duplex of Triazole-linked DNA (TLDNA)
Authors: Isobe Hiroyuki , Yamazaki Naomi , Asano Atsushi , Fujino Tomoko , Nakanishi Waka , Seki Shu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A metal-ion-mediated duplex of triazole-linked DNA (TLDNA) was synthesized via thymine–mercury(II)–thymine (T–Hg–T) base pairing. The electron-transport properties of the mercury-mediated duplex deposited on a solid substrate were determined by time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements.
Child Welfare-Involved Youth With Intellectual Disabilities: Pathways Into and Placements in Foster Care
Authors: Slayter Elspeth , Springer Cheryl 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Existing literature suggests that youth with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk for child maltreatment. Little is known about youth with intellectual disabilities who are supervised by child welfare authorities or living in foster care. Reasons for child welfare system involvement and placement types are explored. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, we drew on data from the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System (AFCARS) for youth in 46 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A sample of 17,714 youth with intellectual disabilities and a comparison group (n  =  655,536) were identified for 1999. Findings have implications for preventing the removal of youth from caregivers and the promotion of community inclusion of foster youth while in foster care.
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: a Comorbidity and Family History Perspective
Authors: Brakoulias Vlasios , Starcevic Vladan , Sammut Peter , Berle David , Milicevic Denise , Moses Karen , Hannan Anthony 
Published: February 2011

Objective: The concept of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) has become so influential that there are proposals to introduce it into new diagnostic classificatory systems. The aim of this paper was to assess whether rates of comorbidity and family history of OCSDs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) supported this concept. Method: Comorbidity and family history were assessed in a group of participants with a primary diagnosis of OCD, using structured clinical interviews. Rates of OCSDs and other anxiety disorders (OADs), excluding OCD, were compared. Results: Of the 77 OCD participants assessed, the most prevalent comorbid conditions were OADs: generalized anxiety disorder (34.6%), specific phobia (26.9%), social phobia (21.8%) and panic disorder (19.2%). The proposed OCSDs were less frequently comorbid: tic disorder (12.8%), trichotillomania (5.1%), hypochondriasis (3.8%) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) (3.8%). Similar trends were observed for a family history of these disorders. No participant reported a family history of an OCSD without a family history of an OAD. Conclusions: Although the concept of OCSDs has invigorated thinking in this complex diagnostic field, these results support the current association of OCD with OADs rather than with OCSDs.
A rare complication of Nd-YAG capsulotomy: Propionibacterium acnes endopthalmitis
Authors: Chaudhry M , Baisakhiya S , Bhatia MS 
Published: February 2011

Posterior capsular opacification, also known as after cataract develops in 33 % of patients after uneventful cataract surgery. Nd-YAG Laser capsulotomy is the treatment of choice for PCO and is routinely performed by the general ophthalmologist on an OPD basis. Endophthalmitis, although a rare complication after Nd-YAG Laser capsulotomy, has been reported in the literature. We report a case of Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis following laser capsulotomy and the possible mechanism of its occurrence. Key words: PCO; Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy; propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4283Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011;3(5):80-82
THE ROMAN ROAD EAST OF CASTLEDYKES, LANARKSHIRE
Authors: Maxwell G. S. 
Published: February 2011

Summary The Roman road connecting forts in Tweeddale with those on the Clyde has already been discussed in some detail(1). Recent fieldwork, however, undertaken by officers of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in the course of preparing the Inventory of Lanarkshire, has amplified our knowledge of this route. In particular it has proved possible to indicate with a greater degree of precision the course of the road between the fort at Castledykes and Ogscastle Bridge, some 10 km to the east. At one point, moreover, immediately to the west of Carstairs House, a trench dug through the road revealed that it was about 6 m in width and in a remarkably good state of preservation.
The Investigation of the King's Cave, Isle of Jura, Argyll
Authors: Mercer John 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe evidence illuminates many facets oj island life during the last two millennia. The very varied artefacts include a wide range in bone and antler, whilst of the large quantity of unworked bones perhaps the most immediately valuable are those throwing light on the island's small mammal sequence, most notably on the physical evolution of the short-tailed field vole. Numerous lines of evidence converge to suggest that a major occupation was by a clandestine Franciscan mission of the early 17th century. As more caves are investigated —there have been very few published excavations in the last 50 years—so the King's Cave evidence should gain in value.
A Neolithic multiple burial from Sumburgh, Shetland
Authors: Hedges John W , Parry Gordon A 
Published: February 2011

SummaryChance discovery of human bones by contractors at Sumburgh Airport, Shetland, was followed by belated and hasty archaeological investigation of what remained. This and subsequent work shows the site to have consisted of the remains of at least 18 individuals interred in a cist together with various grave goods during a very early part of the Neolithic. The discovery is of major importance; not only are the dated finds and skeletal remains without precedent for Shetland but the funerary rite represented is, on present evidence, unique.
‘Robenhausien’ in the Hunterian Museum
Authors: Hughes Isobel M 
Published: February 2011

SummaryA report is presented of a study of the material from Robenhausen and other sites of the Neolithic period in Switzerland, part of the Bishop Collection in the Hunterian Museum, the University of Glasgow. The material is described and its likely setting within the cultural sequence of the Swiss Neolithic is discussed. The importance of the collection is seen to lie in the finds of organic materials, artefacts and macroscopic plant remains, which afford a rare glimpse of detail in craftsmanship and husbandry in Neolithic Europe.
A Pollen Diagram from the Auld Wives' Lifts, Craigmaddie Muir, Strathclyde
Authors: Dickson J H 
Published: February 2011

Summary A pollen diagram has been prepared from shallow mud and peat in the small basin surrounding the Auld Wives' Lifts, a large block of sandstone perched on two supporters and decorated with ancient carved heads. Sedimentation began during the early Flandrian period and soon gave way to peat formation. However there is little peat that could have formed in the last five thousand radiocarbon years. Therefore the pollen diagram may tell us little about the vegetation of the Iron Age, the probable period of the carvings. Nevertheless it is clear that if the Auld Wives' Lifts was erected by men, or if the perched block alone was placed by men, the builders had to cope with an at least partly peat-filled hollow.
Excavations at Druim Arstail, Oronsay, 1911–12
Authors: Wickham-Jones C R 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAn account of M Buchanan's excavations on the mesolithic and later site on Oronsay in 1911–12 is given, based on mss in the Hunlerian Museum. No distinct occupation areas seem to have been uncovered, and theflint and quartz tools have to be treated as stray finds in the sand dunes. The tools are catalogued and analysed, and appear to include material dating to most periods from mesolithic limes down to the early bronze age.
Eilean an Duin, Craignish, mid Argyll.
Authors: Nieke Margaret R , Boyd W E 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn 1983 construction work led to the destruction of part of the island fort of Eilean an Duin and an archaeological investigation was undertaken. Two sections were cut through the stone-built rampart, and one through interior deposits of the site. The rampart may originally have included a timber element which had been burnt. In the interior a clear occupation deposit was recorded. Radiocarbon dates suggest that pre-rampart occupation occurred late in the first millennium BC; the fortification must have been built soon after.
Rescue Excavations of a Prehistoric Settlement and Viking Affe/Medieval Cemetery at John O'Groats 1989
Authors: Driscoll Stephen T. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Emergency excavations in the village of John O'Groats (ND379 732) revealed a shallow but complex sequence of deposits adjacent to a field known to have produced both human remains and a flint axe (NMR site ND35NE6). Remains of a prehistoric settlement werefound, which had been substantially disturbed by txvo separate episodes of burial. Radiocarbon evidence suggests that first began in the 11th-12th century and the second look place in the 16th-17th century. Burial during the early period was extremely intensive: in addition to the burials, masses of disarticulated human bones were recovered.
The Spiral in British and Irish Neolithic Rock Art
Authors: van Hoek Maarten A. M. 
Published: February 2011

Summary This paper provides an up-dated account of all spiral-sites in Neolithic British and Irish rock art. The focus is on spirals executed on open-air rock surfaces like outcrops and boulders; the ones in passage tombs and single graves will be discussed for comparative reasons. The paper describes many spirals recently discovered. But moreover, it introduces a new group of spirals, which, because of their specific nature, have long been taken for normal cupand-rings. It thus proves that spirals are more common in cup-and ring art than often suggested and consequently the distribution pattern of the spiral has somewhat changed. The spiral-motif has often been used, together with other symbols, to divide the Neolithic rock art of Britain and Ireland into two rather strictly separated traditions. The main conclusions of this paper are that, in the opinion of the author, there never existed two separate rock art traditions and that cupand-ring art may even be older than the passage tomb art.
Roman Distance Slabs: two 17th century drawings based on fieldwork by John Adair, FRS and their inter-relationship and context.
Authors: Vasey Peter G. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Two entirely separate sheets of drawings of Roman sculptured stones, chiefly “distance slabs” (1) from the Antonine Wall or associated features, and both dating to the 1690s, are described and discussed. It is found that these drawings, although in different hands, are the result of fieldwork by the cartographer John Adair (d.1718). Adair's interest and researches on Roman Scotland are outlined, and further links with the Oxford antiquarian circle are noted.
An Excavation at the Church of the Blackfriars, Stirling
Authors: Page R. , Page C. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Part of what was suspected to be the south wall of the Blackfriars Church, destroyed in June 1559, was revealed in 1904 during the construction of the present No 64 Murray Place in Stirling. Permission was given by the present owners of the property to excavate in the garden behind the tenement to see if further traces could be found. By following mortar deposits and stone fragments the outline of a further 13.5m of robbed out south wall, an apparently semicircular apsidal eastern wall and part of the north wall were traced. The total known length of the church is therefore 27.5m, and the internal width 6.5m, with walls 1.5m thick. The greater part of a female skeleton was found just outside the south wall, accompanied by some bones of two infants, and several hundred widely scattered bone fragments. Some pottery was also found, of various dates back to about the thirteenth century.
Localized, Targeted, and Sustained siRNA Delivery
Authors: Krebs Melissa D. , Alsberg Eben 
Published: February 2011

AbstractShort interfering RNA (siRNA) functions directly in the cytoplasm, where it is assembled into an RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC). The localized delivery of siRNA to a specific site in vivo is highly challenging. There are many disease states in which a systemic effect of RNAi may be desirable; some examples include non‐localized cancers, HIV, neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory viruses, and heart and vascular disease. In this Concept, we will focus on the localized delivery of siRNA to a target site using various delivery modalities. In certain tissues, such as the eye, central nervous system and lung, it has been demonstrated that a simple injection of naked siRNA will silence gene expression specifically in that tissue. To achieve local gene silencing in other tissues, a variety of approaches have been pursued to help stabilize the siRNA and facilitate uptake; they include chemical modification of the siRNA or complexation within liposomes or polymers to form nanoparticles. Recently, the use of macroscopic biomaterial scaffolds for siRNA delivery has been reported, and although there is still significant work to be done in this area to optimize the delivery systems, it is an important area of research that offers the potential for having great impact on the field of siRNA delivery.
Exploiting σ/π Coordination Isomerism to Prepare Homologous Organoalkali Metal (Li, Na, K) Monomers with Identical Ligand Sets
Authors: Davidson Matthew G. , Garcia‐Vivo Daniel , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Robertson Stuart D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTetraamine Me6TREN has been used as a scaffold support to provide coordinative saturation in the complexes PhCH2M⋅Me6TREN (M=Li, Na, K). The Li derivative displays a LiC σ interaction with a pyramidalized CH2 both in the solid state and in solution, and represents the first example of η4 coordination of Me6TREN to lithium. In the sodium derivative, the metal cation slips slightly towards the delocalized π electrons whilst maintaining a partial σ interaction with the CH2 group. For the potassium case, coordinative saturation successfully yields the first monomeric benzylpotassium complex, in which the anion binds to the metal cation exclusively through its delocalized π system resulting in a planar CH2 group.
Heat transfer from column wall to bed in spouted fluidized and packed systems
Authors: Klassen J. , Gishler P. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHeat transfer data have been obtained for heat flowing from a steam jacketed column to a packed, fluidized and spouted bed. The data for packed and fluidized beds are compared with generalized correlations previously proposed. In the case of spouted beds, the heat transfer coefficient increases sharply at the onset of spouting and passes through a maximum as the gas velocity is increased. The maximum heat transfer coefficient is from 25–75% lower for a spouted bed than for a fluidized bed under similar flow conditions. Rice, wheat and Ottawa sand were used as bed materials.
Relative volatility and enthalpy data for the systems C4 hydrocarbons‐acetone‐water developed from vapor‐liquid equilibria
Authors: Ewaischyna J. E. , Ambridge C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractExtractive distillation is widely used in separating C4 hydrocarbons. A typical extractive solvent for such a separation is an acetone‐water mixture. Correct design and selection of optimum operating conditions for extractive distillation towers are ensured by a knowledge of the vapor‐liquid equilibria involved.Pseudo‐binary systems of each of the C4 hydrocarbons, n‐butane, isobutane, butene‐1, and cis‐butene‐2, and acetone‐water solvent were investigated at temperatures of 100°, 150°, and 200°F., at water concentrations of 5, 11, and 17 wt. %, (C4 hydrocarbon‐free) and at hydrocarbon concentrations up to 28 mole %. The results were interpreted as activity coefficients, and showed good consistency. The binary Margules three‐suffix and van Laar two‐suffix equations correlate the measured activity coefficients adequately as a function of concentration.Dependence of activity coefficients on temperature was used to evaluate the differential heats of solution of the hydrocarbons in the acetone‐water solvent. The results were also used to derive partial liquid enthalpy‐concentration curves.Ternary Margules three‐suffix and van Laar two‐suffix equations gave a satisfactory correlation of activity coefficients for pseudo‐ternary systems. The ternary Margules equations were used to calculate relative volatilities, which are presented graphically as functions of temperature and composition.
Air agitation and pachuca tanks
Authors: Lamont A. G. W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn expression for the energy transferred from air bubbling through the contents of a tank is developed as a function of the fluid depth in the tank, the specific gravity of the tank contents, the vapor pressure of the solution, atmospheric pressure, and the volume of air used. The variation of the energy transfer with height from the bottom of the tank is also developed.It is shown that a portion of the energy transferred is used up in small‐scale turbulence and eddy effects, and the remainder is available for generation of a circulation pattern in the contents of the tank.The information developed is used to determine the pulp circulation pattern in pachuca tanks of various design. The functions fulfilled by pachuca tanks are discussed, and the considerations affecting a choice of tank described.
Mixing studies on a perforated distillation plate
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Marangozis J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn establishing a relationship between the plate efficiency and point efficiency for perforated plates, splashing of the liquid was considered as an entirely new mechanism for the mixing of the liquid phase in the direction of the flow. Actual splashing measurements were reported and correlated here, under different conditions of flow rates, weir height, kinematic viscosity of the liquid and some aspects of tray geometry.Plate efficiencies for the desorption of ammonia by air were reported for a perforated plate 36 inches long and 3 inches wide. Concentration gradients across the plate were also measured for the ammonia desorption case and for backward distribution of sodium chloride by splashing. These concentration gradients have been related to the splashing measurements.
High purity oxygen for steel making
Authors: Hugill J. T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent developments in the manufacture of steel require the use of large quantities of high purity oxygen. To supply this demand new air separation plants have had to be designed and built which are capable of producing oxygen of large tonnage quantities at a minimum purity of 99.5%. This paper will describe in detail the 100 ton/day oxygen units built for Dominion Foundries and Steel Company, at Hamilton, two of which are now in operation. The process flowsheet and the reasons for adopting it is explained. Some of the problems encountered in the choice of certain specialized pieces of equipment are considered. Details of flow, pressure and temperatures are presented for normal operating conditions as well as operating control, methods, and measurement. The paper is illustrated with pictures of the equipment and the assembled plant.
Recent developments in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide
Authors: Rapson W. Howard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFundamental studies on the kinetics of formation of chlorine dioxide have led to an hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the reactions involved. This has lead to improvements in the manufacture of this important bleaching and oxidizing agent. Older processes have been made more efficient and some new ones have been developed.A new process, patented by the author and assigned to Electric Reduction Co. of Canada Limited in Canada, and to Hooker Chemical Corporation in the United States, employing sodium chlorate, sodium chloride and sulphuric acid as raw materials, is outlined. Recent improvements in the Mathieson, Solvay and Day‐Kesting processes are reviewed, as well as the new Columbia‐Southern modifications of the Persson process.Trends in absorption tower design, in materials of construction and in bleaching with chlorine dioxide are briefly indicated.
Liquid‐solid separation factors in hydrometallurgical leach circuit design
Authors: Emmett R. C. , Dahlstrom D. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPractically all hydrometallurgical processes involve leaching of solids to dissolve valuable constituents. This usually is followed by a liquid‐solids separation before producing the final product. The liquid‐solids separation step requires careful investigation because:
Soluble values must be recovered to a very high degree for economic purposes.
Final liquor volume must be minimized to reduce capital and operating costs of later steps.
Usually large amounts of gangue solids are associated with the digested pulp requiring care in minimizing wash volumes.
The colloidal solids are strongly dispersed by retention times and pH conditions in leaching. This necessitates flocculation investigations to achieve desired results.
Operation must be dependable under severe conditions of pH, abrasion, fast settling solids, temperature, etc. Equipment must have flexibility to allow efficient operation under even abnormal fluctuations.
An appreciable percentage of initial investment is required for this portion of the plant.
The two common liquid‐solids separation methods —countercurrent decantation and filtration with cake washing, are discussed. Investigation and correlation procedures for prediction of full scale results and design requirements are stressed. Emphasis is given to the influence of particle size distribution, temperature, pH, flocculation, repulping, solids concentration, and filter cake permeability.
The effect of the less viscous liquid in the laminar flow of two immiscible liquids
Authors: Russell T. W. F. , Charles M. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInstances are cited in which the pressure gradient in an oil pipe line has been reduced by the injection of water into the pipeline. A general mathematical analysis is presented for two immiscible liquids flowing (1) in two layers between wide parallel plates, and (2) concentrically in a circular pipe. This will form a basis for the further study of oil‐water systems. Equations are derived relating the volumetric flow rates and the viscosities of the liquids with the pressure gradient. The conditions for which minimum pressure gradients and minimum power requirements occur were determined and these minimum values have been compared with known values for a pipeline flowing full with only a single liquid. The factors by which the pressure gradient and power requirement can be reduced are very large. For example, for an oil of viscosity 1,000 cp. flowing concentrically with water, the reduction factor is approximately 500. The pressure gradient reduction factors reported in the literature are compared with those predicted by theory, and conclusions are drawn regarding the position of the water phase.