bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFICACY OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ON YEASTS ISOLATED FROM APPLE JUICE
Authors: BRUGNONI LORENA INÉS , LOZANO JORGE ENRIQUE , CUBITTO MARÍA AMELIA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, we evaluated the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and a commercial quaternary ammonium compound against four wild yeast strains in their different growth forms: planktonic, sessile and forming microcolonies. These yeasts had been isolated from apple juice processing plant, and appropriate environmental conditions were employed throughout the work. For planktonic cells, 4 log reduction was obtained using the lowest concentration of sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm) on all tested strains. However, quaternary ammonium chloride was effective only on Zygosaccharomyces sp. in all in‐use concentrations tested, and only the stronger in‐use concentration (1:30) was effective on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Because of the above results, the disinfection on sessile yeast cells was performed only with sodium hypochlorite solutions. In cells attached in batch conditions, the highest concentration of sodium hypochlorite (500 ppm) was necessary to get 4 log reduction. In order to obtain a 3 log reduction on Zygosaccharomyces sp. microcolonies formed in laminar flow conditions, the combined action of 0.5% w/v NaOH and 500 ppm sodium hypochlorite was required. We concluded, thus, that cells forming microcolonies under laminar flow conditions were less susceptible to disinfectants than those suspended or attached in batch conditions. These results also indicated that attachment and colonization of autochthonous yeasts must be properly identified to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectants used in apple juice processing plants.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBiofilm formation is a serious hygienic problem in food industry. In fruit processing plants, the microbial attachment causes serious engineering problems such as decreases in permeate flow in membrane processes, greatly reducing operating efficiency of ultrafiltration process. Moreover, the presence of microorganisms attached to food contact surfaces could increase the fluid frictional resistance of surfaces, increases the corrosion rate of surfaces leading to energy and production losses and compromises the hygienic quality of the final product causing significant economic losses. Our results show that the evaluation of the effectiveness of a disinfectant on biofilms should be performed using a method where the adhesion and colonization of cells was carried out in flow conditions similar to those of the environment where the disinfectant is applied. We observed that even when using new surfaces, and performing both cleaning and sanitizing under optimal conditions, the risk that the number of viable cells remaining on the surface can generate a new biofilm subsists.
MICROENCAPSULATED LYCOPENE FOR PRE‐EXTRUSION COLORING OF FOODS
Authors: CHOUDHARI SHEETAL , BAJAJ ISHWAR , SINGHAL REKHA , KARWE MUKUND 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe effect of extrusion conditions on the retention of lycopene during extrusion of rice flour, chosen as a model, was evaluated as a function of moisture content, screw speed and die temperature by response surface methodology using central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Experiments were carried out by extrusion of rice flour containing 1% lycopene microcapsules and free lycopene equivalent to that present in the microcapsules, using a single‐screw extruder at a constant feed rate of 55 g/min. At all conditions of extrusion, the microencapsulated lycopene gave better retention of color in the extrudates than the free lycopene. The quadratic model developed by CCRD showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of color. The storage stability of microencapsulated lycopene increased twofold as compared to free lycopene over a period of 96 h.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work evaluates the potential of free lycopene in comparison with microencapsulated lycopene in a 1:3 blend of gum Arabic and a modified starch (n‐octenyl succinic anhydride or n‐OSA), as pre‐extrusion coloring of rice flour extrudate.
INFLUENCE OF DRYING METHOD ON THE REHYDRATION PROPERTIES OF APRICOT AND APPLE
Authors: CONTRERAS CAROLINA , MARTÍN‐ESPARZA MARÍA EUGENIA , MARTÍNEZ‐NAVARRETE NURIA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the influence of microwave drying coupled with air drying of apricot and apple in terms of the rehydration rate and capacity of dried samples. The microwave power level was 0.4 W/g for apricot and 0.5 W/g for apple samples. The effect of air temperature (50 and 30C) and vacuum impregnation pretreatment (with a commercial isotonic juice) was examined. The sample mass change, water gain and soluble solids loss, were obtained before sample rehydration (in distilled water at 20C for 8 h). Peleg's model was used to assess the effect of process conditions on rehydration kinetics, with a good fit of the experimental data. Taking into account the lower values for Peleg's constants of k1(i) and k2(i), the vacuum impregnation pretreatment and microwave application to air drying allow us to obtain a dried product with a better rehydration capacity, promoting the rate and capacity of water gain and solute loss, although the structure of product remains with a lower liquid phase retention capacity. A less relevant influence of air temperature on water gain kinetics was observed, improving the rehydration ratio only for nonvacuum‐impregnated samples.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDehydration is widely applied to food preservation in stable and safe conditions. Dried and rehydrated fruits are key ingredients in dairy products, breakfast cereals, dietetic foods formulated for people suffering from physiological disorders or for healthy people with additional needs and traditional foods such as puddings, desserts, cakes, biscuits. Rehydration product behavior must be known when a total or partial reconstitution is required. This work provides information on the influence of microwave‐assisted air drying method and vacuum impregnation pretreatment on the rehydration capacity and kinetic analysis of dried apricot and apple, in order to obtain rehydrated foods in accordance with the requirements in further processing and consumer expectations.
Evaluating fluorescence and ultraviolet photometry to assess dissolved organic matter removal during coagulation–flocculation
Authors: Droh Lanciné Gone , Bamory Kamagate , Raymond Ligban , Issiaka Savane , Jean Biemi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUltraviolet absorption at 254 nm (UV254) and peaks (A, C and T) fluorescence intensities were evaluated to assess dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal during coagulation–flocculation. The consistency of fluorescence data was checked to ensure that no inner filter effect, quenching or enhanced intensities affected the data. The decreases in UV254 and peak intensities were calculated in percentage terms between raw and clarified water and compared with measured DOC removal. The results indicate that peak A, peak C, peak T and UV254 exhibit strong linear relationships (R2: 0.91, 0.89, 0.92 and 0.99, respectively) with DOC removal, implying that these parameters are useful indicators of DOC removal.
Global Public Health Legal Responses to H1N1
Authors: Gable Lance , Courtney Brooke , Gatter Robert , Kinney Eleanor D. 
Published: February 2011

Pandemics challenge the law and often highlight its strengths or expose its limits. The novel strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus that emerged in the spring of 2009 and rapidly spread around the globe was no exception. The H1N1 pandemic prompted the first significant application of a number of international legal and policy mechanisms that have been developed in the last decade to respond to this kind of event. Furthermore, it presented a considerable test for public health systems at all levels, from global to local.Although initial predictions forecasting high morbidity and mortality from this virus overestimated its eventual impact, the human toll of the pandemic was nevertheless significant. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported approximately 1.5 million people were infected worldwide in 214 countries, resulting in over 25,000 confirmed deaths, but the actual health impact of the outbreak was certainly much higher.
Diagnostic test of rifampicin resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: MA Bin , Qi Guo‐qin , Li Hai‐ming , ZHU Bing‐dong , YANG Ke‐hu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract Objective To evaluate available evidence on the diagnostic value of radioactivity‐free cultivation and detection technologies for rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods A fully recursive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Biosis, Web of Science (all 1990–2010), CBMWeb (1978–2010), and Google Scholar. QUADAS items were used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Sensitivity, specificity, Summary receiver‐operating curve SEN, SPE, SROC, and related techniques were used to assess the diagnostic value of radioactivity‐free Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultivation and detection technologies. Results Six studies were included in the final analysis. The MB/BacT, BACTEC MGIT 960, and Manual MGIT systems were highly sensitive and specific for detecting rifampicin‐resistant TB. The summary SEN and summary SPE of the MB/BacT and BACTEC MGIT 960 systems were 100%, 99%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. The SROC of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system was 0.9943. Conclusion We recommended that the BACTEC 460 system be replaced by MB/BacT or BACTEC MGIT 960 as the final diagnostic test for rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More studies are needed on the diagnostic value of other radioactivity‐free cultivation and detection technologies to reliably determine their sensitivity and specificity for this bacterium.
Thunder Bay Transportation: A Case of Business Valuation and Negotiation*
Authors: Lento Camillo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThunder Bay Transportation (TBT) is a very versatile case that can be used in several milieus and at various levels of difficulty. The case describes the process involved in the purchase and sale of a private business. Mr. Getzko, owner/manager of TBT, is attempting to sell his business to pursue retirement. Sudbury Systems (SS) is pursuing an acquisition of TBT. Students are required to assume the role of either Mr. Getzko’s accountants (seller) or Sudbury Systems’ accountants (buyer) to: (1) develop a preliminary business value, (2) negotiate adjustments, and (3) arrive at an agreed‐upon business value to finalize the sale. Students will explore both business valuation approaches (earnings based and asset based) and various business valuation concepts (e.g., normalized earnings, sustaining capital reinvestment, earnings multiple, redundant assets, etc.).
Deciphering the nebular and asteroidal record of silicates and organic material in the matrix of the reduced CV3 chondrite Vigarano
Authors: ABREU Neyda M. , BREARLEY Adrian J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract–We have conducted scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies of a variety of occurrences of matrix in the reduced CV3 chondrite breccia Vigarano. Matrix, which occurs as clastic interchondrule material and finer‐grained rims, is dominated by morphologically variable olivines that host submicron, hercynitic spinel, and carbonaceous inclusions. Clastic matrix and fine‐grained rims show significant differences in their olivine morphologies, abundance, and composition of olivine inclusions, and characteristics of the carbonaceous matter. We suggest that these differences are the result of different degrees of alteration of clastic matrix and rims and are not due to variability in their precursor materials. Textural and compositional characteristics of olivine in the matrix are consistent with formation by growth, possibly from an amorphous precursor material during asteroidal metamorphism, in the presence of limited quantities of aqueous fluids. Spinel inclusions in olivine may be nebular condensates that acted as seeds for nucleation of olivine or may have formed during metamorphism and were subsequently overgrown by olivine. Carbonaceous material occurs as nanometer‐sized inclusions within olivine in both fine‐grained rims and clastic matrix, but is most abundant as 100–200 nm grains, interstitial to matrix olivines. Most carbonaceous material is amorphous, but poorly graphitized carbon (PGC) also occurs as a minor component in both olivine inclusions and interstitial C. The widespread occurrence of fine‐grained amorphous carbon grains in the interstitial regions between olivine grains may preserve the distribution and grain size of nebular organic material. No clear textural relationships exist between carbonaceous grains and the other mineralogical components of Vigarano matrix that could help constrain the origin of the organic grains (i.e., evidence for Fischer‐Tropsch‐type reactions). Finally, there are considerable differences between matrix olivines in Vigarano in comparison with those in oxidized CV3 chondrites. In particular, the mineralogy and morphology of the matrix olivines and the nature, composition, and distribution of inclusions in the olivine grains are distinct. Based on these differences, we conclude that matrix in the oxidized CV3 chondrites could not have formed by thermal processing of Vigarano‐like material.
Meteorites from the United Arab Emirates: Description, weathering, and terrestrial ages
Authors: HEZEL Dominik C. , SCHLÜTER Jochen , KALLWEIT Heiko , JULL A. J. Timothy , AL FAKEER Osama Y. , AL SHAMSI Mubarak , STREKOPYTOV S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract–We report on the first meteorite search campaign in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The geology and proximity of our search region suggest that it is the north‐western extension of the Oman meteorite fields. We found 26 ordinary chondrites, bringing the total number of official meteorites from the UAE to 28. The campaign was organized and conducted in close cooperation with the UAE government and the main masses of the meteorites remained in the country where they will become part of an exhibition. The bulk composition of five meteorite and three soil samples indicates an uptake of U, Mo, Sr, Ba, Li, and Pb from the soil into the meteorites during terrestrial weathering. Terrestrial ages determined from14C decay of 21 meteorites range from recent falls to 24.4 ka, with two meteorites having >37 ka and approximately 39 ka, respectively. Weak correlations between weathering degree, meteorite bulk chemical composition, and terrestrial age suggest highly localized weathering conditions, possibly related to abundant occurrences of sabkhas in the search region.
Public Perceptions of International Development and Support for Aid in the UK: Results of a Qualitative Enquiry
Authors: Henson Spencer , Lindstrom Johanna , Haddad Lawrence , Mulmi Rajendra 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAid budgets face immense pressure – despite overseas aid being critical for poverty alleviation in developing countries and the explicit commitments of the world's industrialised countries to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Public support for international development and aid will play a key role. Will the public become unsure about the UK's aid budget when they begin to feel cuts in government expenditure at home? How well equipped are we to ‘sell’ the UK's aid programme to a sceptical public in times of economic austerity? This working paper presents the results of a qualitative enquiry into public perceptions of international development and aid in the UK. Using data from the Mass Observation Project (MOP) at the University of Sussex, the authors investigate the views of 185 members of the general public.The study finds that, while people can conjure up ideas of why poverty exists, they know very little about the confluence of factors that actually drive poverty and/or the daily lives of the poor. Thus, poverty is seen as caused primarily by bad governments and natural disasters, almost as a stereotype. People have major doubts about the effectiveness of aid, perhaps reflecting the fact that they tend to be much better at picturing aid ‘failure’ than aid ‘success’. Nonetheless, there is support for aid in principle; people think that the UK has a responsibility to help the poor in developing countries, primarily on ethical grounds.This research has clear implications for the way in which the UK communicates with the British public about aid and development and the authors suggest a more considered approach that recognises the complexities of aid and is honest about what works and what doesn't. The paper concludes with a call for further research to fill the knowledge gaps that still exist about the drivers of public support for development and how those drivers can be influenced.
Detection of Group 1 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Njiru Z. K. , Traub R. , Ouma J. O. , Enyaru J. C. , Matovu E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
group 1 is the major causative agent of the Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Accurate diagnosis of Gambian HAT is still challenged by lack of precise diagnostic methods, low and fluctuating parasitemia, and generally poor services in the areas of endemicity. In this study, we designed a rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for
T. b. gambiense
based on the 3′ end of the
T. b. gambiense
-specific glycoprotein (TgsGP) gene. The test is specific and amplifies DNA from
T. b. gambiense
isolates and clinical samples at 62°C within 40 min using a normal water bath. The analytical sensitivity of the TgsGP LAMP was equivalent to 10 trypanosomes/ml using purified DNA and ∼1 trypanosome/ml using supernatant prepared from boiled blood, while those of classical PCR tests ranged from 10 to 10
3
trypanosomes/ml. There was 100% agreement in the detection of the LAMP product by real-time gel electrophoresis and the DNA-intercalating dye SYBR green I. The LAMP amplicons were unequivocally confirmed through sequencing and analysis of melting curves. The assay was able to amplify parasite DNA from native cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and double-centrifuged supernatant prepared from boiled buffy coat and bone marrow aspirate. The robustness, superior sensitivity, and ability to inspect results visually through color change indicate the potential of TgsGP LAMP as a future point-of-care test.
Standardization of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique-Based Assays: an Initial Study To Evaluate a Panel of HEV Strains and Investigate Laboratory Performance
Authors: Baylis Sally A. , Hanschmann Kay-Martin , Blümel Johannes , Nübling C. Micha 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The performance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA nucleic acid amplification (NAT)-based assays has been investigated using a panel of HEV-containing plasma samples. The panel comprised 22 HEV-positive plasma samples representing 10-fold serial dilutions of HEV genotypes 3a, 3b, 3f, and 4c obtained from blood donors. Two negative-control plasma samples were included. All samples were blinded. The plasma samples were prepared as liquid/frozen materials and distributed to participants on dry ice. Laboratories were requested to test the panel using their routine HEV assays and to score samples as either positive or negative and could optionally return data in copies/ml for HEV RNA. Twenty laboratories from 10 different countries participated in the study. Data were returned by all participating laboratories; 10 laboratories returned quantitative data. All assays except one were developed in-house using conventional or real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) methodologies. There was a 100- to 1,000-fold difference in sensitivity between the majority of assays, independent of the virus strain. Although the quantitative data were limited, for the samples in the range of ∼6 to 4 log
10
copies/ml, the standard deviations of the geometric means of the samples ranged between 0.38 and 1.09. Except for one equivocal result, HEV RNA was not detected in the negative samples. The variability of assay sensitivity highlights the need for the standardization of HEV RNA NAT assays.
Assembly of Helper-Dependent Adenovirus DNA into Chromatin Promotes Efficient Gene Expression
Authors: Ross P. Joel , Kennedy Michael A. , Christou Carin , Risco Quiroz Milagros , Poulin Kathy L. , Parks Robin J. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
Helper-dependent adenovirus (hdAd) vectors have shown tremendous potential in animal models of human disease in numerous preclinical studies. Expression of a therapeutic transgene can be maintained for several years after a single administration of the hdAd vector. However, despite the long-term persistence of hdAd DNA in the transduced cell, little is known of the fate and structure of hdAd DNA within the host nucleus. In this study, we have characterized the assembly of hdAd DNA into chromatin in tissue culture. Eviction of the Ad DNA-packaging protein VII, histone deposition, and vector-associated gene expression all began within 2 to 6 h of host cell transduction. Inhibition of transcription elongation through the vector DNA template had no effect on the loss of VII, suggesting that transcription was not necessary for removal of the majority of protein VII. Vector DNA assembled into physiologically spaced nucleosomes within 6 h. hdAd vectors incorporated the histone H3 variant H3.3, which was dependent on the histone chaperone HIRA. Knockdown of HIRA reduced hdAd association with histones and reduced expression of the vector-carried transgene by 2- to 3-fold. Our study elucidates an essential role for hdAd DNA chromatinization for optimal vector gene expression.
Soluble Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein in the Fully Cleaved, Pretriggered State Is Triggered by Exposure to Low-Molarity Buffer
Authors: Chaiwatpongsakorn Supranee , Epand Raquel F. , Collins Peter L. , Epand Richard M. , Peeples Mark E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The paramyxovirus fusion (F) glycoprotein is anchored in the virion membrane in a metastable, pretriggered form. Once triggered, the F protein undergoes a dramatic conformational extension that inserts its hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, then folds back on itself to bring the membranes together and initiate fusion. Unlike most other paramyxoviruses, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein alone is sufficient to mediate membrane fusion and virus infection. To study the triggering mechanism of the RSV F protein, we have generated a soluble F (sF) protein by replacing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains with a 6His tag. The sF protein is secreted efficiently from 293T cells in a fully cleaved form. It is recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, appears spherical by electron microscopic analysis, and is not aggregated, all consistent with a native, pretriggered trimer. The sF protein was purified on a Ni
+2
column and eluted with 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 500 mM NaCl and 250 mM imidazole. Dialysis against 10 mM buffer caused the sF protein to trigger, forming “hat pin”-shaped molecules that aggregated as rosettes, characteristic of the posttriggered form. Further dialysis experiments indicated that the efficiency of triggering correlated well with the reduction of buffer molarity. Reduction of buffer molarity by dilution also resulted in exposure of the fusion peptide, as detected by liposome association, confirming sF protein triggering. Mutation of the furin cleavage site adjacent to the fusion peptide prevented liposome association, further confirming that association is via the fusion peptide.