bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 3: An Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Equilibrium of Steadily Loaded Journal Bearings
Authors: Dowson D. , Hudson J. D. , Hunter B. , March C. N. 
Published: June 2010

In the optimum design of journal bearings it is important that the best possible estimate of the effective lubricant viscosity should be made. The temperature variation experienced by the lubricant is thus of con-siderable importance. Furthermore, the heat balance and the factors which influence the distribution of the heat produced by viscous dissipation are important when cooling characteristics are studied. This paper presents a report on the first stage of an investigation into the thermal equilibrium of steadily loaded journal bearings and an experimental investigation of temperature patterns and heat balance. The main objective of this part of the investigation was to provide background information for a theoretical analysis to be presented in a subsequent paper. The design and development of a swinging cradle type of testing machine are described, and the measure-ments of shaft torque, pressure distribution, oil flow rate, eccentricity, temperature distribution in the bush and shaft, and oil inlet and outlet temperatures have been recorded as functions of load and speed. A description of the appropriate instrumentation is also included. The essential characteristics of the experimental results are presented in graphical form and attention is drawn to several significant factors which provide the framework for subsequent theoretical analysis.
Paper 4: Some Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Journal Bearings for Large Turbine-Generator Sets
Authors: Duffin S. , Johnson B. T. 
Published: June 2010

The bearings of turbine-generator sets are designed to meet exceptional emergency conditions. On large sets the considerations lead to bearings of such size that the hydrodynamic oil films operate beyond the laminar regime. This is demonstrated by graphs of measured power losses plotted as functions of speed for 19-in and 24-in diameter bearings. The increased losses caused by operation in the non-laminar regime are economically important: the total bearing losses of a 660-MW set reduce the efficiency by 0·5 per cent. The behaviour of bearings operating in the non-laminar regime is not fully understood, it is therefore necessary to make a study of large bearings. A description of the test facilities and work performed on bearings by a team of engineers in a company building large turbine-generators is presented. Experimental results are detailed and discussed in relation to hydrodynamic theory and published work on the behaviour of bearings with non-laminar flow. A new design of bearing, containing loaded pads, is described. This bearing has been devised to operate with reduced loss and to give improved control of journal movement. Test results are presented which indicate that design aims have been achieved.
Research Report 2: Water Lubricated Bearings: An Investigation into the Effects of Debris in the Water Supply
Authors: Hother-Lushington S. , Roff M. F. 
Published: June 2010

Following the establishment by previous work in this department of the practicability of using water lubricated bearings for boiler feed pumps and similar applications, and of the suitability of various journal/bearing material combinations for use in water lubricated bearings running in clear water, this project was undertaken to determine the effects of debris in the lubricating water, such as might be encountered in practical applications. A number of material combinations were subjected to a standard test-run to obtain a comparative evaluation under extreme dirty water conditions. The best material combination, which was found to be a tungsten carbide journal with a metallized carbon bearing, was then used to determine wear rates and loading limits under various conditions. Relationships between bearing load, dirt particle size and wear rate have been established and the results lead to the recommendation that the water supply to water lubricated bearings in the boiler feed water circuit should be filtered to remove particles of debris bigger than one third of the calculated minimum film thickness, unless this latter is greater than 60 μ (about 0.0025 in), in which case filtration is unnecessary, since it has been established that very few particles greater in size than 20 μ are present in boiler feed water.
Paper 10: Measurement, Analysis, and Interpretation of Noise in the Working Fluids of Power Plants
Authors: Lawson R. , Webb J. D. 
Published: June 2010

This paper is concerned with the noise fields encountered in the working fluids of power plants under three headings: measurement, analysis, and interpretation. A brief introduction is given to the measurement techniques employed by the authors, followed by a discussion of the analysis procedures and equipment used, together with an account of the interpretation of results. The emphasis is placed on the analysis and interpretation of random data. The methods are general and may be used in other fields.
Paper 5: The Correlation between Subjective Assessments and Physical Measurements of the Vibratory Motion in a Saloon Car
Authors: Aspinall D. T. , Oliver R. J. 
Published: June 2010

Panels of observers travelled short distances in three vehicles, which were identical except for suspension components. The motion experienced by the observers was varied by alterations to tyre pressures, spring rates, dampers, and types of road surface, and was measured by accelerometers and a gyro feeding a magnetictape recorder or a galvo-recorder. Good correlation was found between subjective assessments and simplified data obtained from detailed frequency analyses of the recorded motions of the vehicles. It is shown that the average vertical acceleration passed by a 0·75-6-c/s filter as measured by an accelerometer placed between a passenger and his seat is a good measurement of how subjects react to the low-frequency ride of a vehicle. Higher frequency floor motions, measured as the average acceleration passed by a 7-50-c/s filter, also showed good correlation with subjective assessments. The average angular displacement in pitch passed by a 0·75-6-c/s filter showed some relationship with subjective assessments of pitching of the vehicles, but roll was seldom commented on by the subjects. The simplified measurements of linear and angular motions in two relatively wide frequency bands yield useful ride quality data; the information can be obtained by the use of relatively simple and inexpensive equipment.
Paper 8: The Effects of the 1963 Weights and Measures Act on the Design of Packaging Machinery
Authors: Sillett N. E. 
Published: June 2010

Schedule 4 of the Weights and Measures Act 1963 sets out definite requirements that must be met by producers of pre-packed food products. In the past, miscellaneous products, other than foods, have been retailed in packs or containers which were not required to carry an indication of amount of product by weight or volume. The Act now makes this necessary. Schedule 4, Parts 1–12, of the Act cover the regulations applied to food products. Since it is not possible within the scope of this paper to deal with each specific part of Schedule 4, it is intended to discuss generally the sections covered by the following packaging methods: (a) liquid filling; (b) dry goods filling. The parts of Schedule 4 covered under ( a) will be (5) Milk and (6) Intoxicating liquor. Parts 8, 9, and 10 will be covered under ( b). The four basic methods of liquid filling, namely vacuum, measured dosing, gravity, and pressure, will be described. Under the heading of ‘dry goods filling’, counting, volume filling, and weighing will be discussed. The author will explain how packer and machine manufacturer have been able to comply with the regulations without extensive redesign of existing equipment, either in use or on the market. Various methods by which increased speeds may be obtained whilst the requirements of the Act are still met, will be described.
Paper 4: Integrated Process Control on the Railways
Authors: Schmitz W. 
Published: June 2010

In considering the tasks of the Railways in transporting loads of every description in an opportune manner between two points by means of trains, shunting movements, and conveying operations, the strong influence, which has hitherto existed and which will also be exerted in the future, of signalling and telecommunication techniques is demonstrated. The extension of these tasks in the context of integrated data processing, in particular to include wagon depot procedure, can be effected by the accumulation of electronic data-processing devices. In the operational area the possibilities of automating train driving (automatic locomotion) and station inspectors' duties are explained. In addition a study of the requirements, management, and statistics in a high-capacity control area, which finds its visual expression in an electronic data pyramid, are appropriately considered.
Paper B: A Public-Transport System Using Four-Passenger Self-Routing Cars
Authors: Blake L. R. 
Published: June 2010

The proposed system is an automatic-taxi, public-transport service for towns and cities, capable of 10 000 passengers per hour per track and aimed to be competitive with the private car. Mini-sized cars are used which carry up to four adult passengers, using induction-motor drives powered from an overhead rail. The cars are driverless and route themselves at 35 mile/h to their destination with no stops at intermediate stations, though they are slowed down when changing to another line. The cars move along a light-weight totally-enclosed track of less than 7 ft diameter, which can be supported above existing roadways or buildings. The total capital cost is of the order of λ400,000 per single-track mile and the total operational cost 1 d. to 2 d. per passenger mile. A complete system for a town of 400 000 inhabitants, involving 100 single-track miles, would cost from λ30 million to λ40 million.
Paper 6: Torsional Vibrations in Fuel Injection Pump Drive Systems with Special Reference to Automotive Engines
Authors: Martyn L. F. , Silcock T. M. B. 
Published: June 2010

The torsional vibrations which occur on the fuel injection pump of an automotive diesel engine were investigated. Calculations and tests showed that as well as vibrations transmitted from the crankshaft, the fuel pump could vibrate at the natural frequency of the torsional system consisting of the pump and the drive coupling against an infinite mass. This was excited by harmonic torques produced by the pump. Calculations were made to show the effect of variables on the natural frequency of the pump system including the instance when a crankshaft natural frequency coincided with a pump natural frequency. Calculations were also made of the effect of the engine harmonic torques on the pump vibrations. The results were verified by experiments.
Paper 15: A New Family of Compact Cummins Turbochargers
Authors: Neff J. J. , Weil N. A. 
Published: June 2010

About four years ago Cummins Engine Company embarked on developing a family of new turbochargers, employing similar design principles which emphasize a minimization of size, weight, number of parts, and manufacturing costs, concomitant with good aerodynamic performance and outstanding reliability. The resulting series of turbochargers is characterized by an extended vaneless diffuser, asymmetrical compressor volute, a simple V-clamp tying the compressor to the turbine, as well as novel features in the bearing and bushing design of these units. This paper describes the analytical studies, design features, and some performance aspects of this new family of turbochargers.
Paper 11: Cavitation Damage to Fuel Injection Systems and Its Prevention
Authors: Groth K. 
Published: June 2010

Wear has recently been observed on the injection equipment of diesel engines and also on petrol engines with fuel injection, the causes of which are to be sought in the formation of cavities in the liquid and their collapse. The prerequisites for cavitation and subsequent aggressive implosion exist, apart from the places behind throttling points where the flow is subject to a high drop in pressure, also in those pressure pipes where underpressure waves of a high amplitude occur as a result of reflection or a sudden pressure relief. The wear occurring in such cases is at the same time influenced by various factors which it has been possible to determine only qualitatively, such as the surface quality of the pipe walls, mechanical stresses in the material, physical properties of the liquid, etc., and may lead to functional disturbances on the nozzle and a quick bursting of the pipe. As an example of this, the effect of cavitation aggression on a high-speed four-stroke rail-traction engine having an output per cylinder of 90 hp at 1500 rev/min is shown. It is further explained how conclusions can be drawn concerning the existence of cavitation by means of pressure diagrams, the places in the pipe system that are particularly endangered, and how this can be adequately remedied by changes in the hydraulic system. A further example of cavitation attack by pressure waves is the heavily worn injection pipe of a high-pressure turbocharged four-stroke marine diesel engine with an output per cylinder of 550 hp at a speed of 400 rev/min. Here, the inner wall of the pipe was also destroyed quickly and, as a result, particles of material were able to get to the nozzle. Reducing the pressure relief in the pressure pipe at the end of injection remedied the situation, without any after-drip being observed. Finally, the paper discusses an attack on the injection pump plunger as an example of flow cavitation.
Paper 6: Physical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage
Authors: Edwards J. 
Published: June 2010

Since articular cartilage is the principal wear resisting tissue in animal joints, an understanding of its physical behaviour is of particular importance in studies of animal joint lubrication. This review is concerned with the physical factors involved in rheology of cartilage. Particular attention is paid to the physico-chemical properties of its matrix and to the nature of forces acting between its liquid and solid components. The experimental work reviewed includes studies of the interrelations between stress, strain, fluid flow, and time during compression and swelling of the tissue, and of transport of liquid through the matrix. The mechanism which controls the behaviour of cartilage during compression and swelling is discussed.
Paper 11: Friction and Wear, Detection and Measurement
Authors: Barwell F. T. 
Published: June 2010

Wear is a complex process which may take many forms and this paper describes some methods for its study which have been used in engineering research in the hope that the principles involved may be suitable for more general application. Measurement of change in size or shape is usually the most profitable but, in view of the small changes in dimension often involved, great care is necessary. The principles of engineering metrology are introduced and the advantages of ‘air gauging’ are outlined. Estimation of the amount of wear is difficult because the changes are often very small compared with the total weight of the component subjected to a wearing process. Particular care is necessary to avoid false conclusions attributable to changes in weight caused by water absorption, etc. Another fruitful method relies on providing some form of witness; for example, a diamond pyramid hardness impression may be made in the unworn surface so that its change in size can be used to estimate the extent of wear. Stylus instruments have much application in wear studies, providing the simplest means for quantifying the texture of a surface. The optical microscope is an invaluable tool for wear studies, particularly if adapted for microhardness testing and interference methods. The paper concludes with a reference to electronic methods of surface study, particularly the electron microscope and the electron probe analyser.
Paper 1: Physiological Lubrication
Authors: McCutchen C. W. 
Published: June 2010

Physiological lubrication differs from normal engineering practice in the materials used, and in the type of service to which the bearings are subjected. These permit or require—it is dangerous to specify which—at least two mechanisms which are outside conventional engineering. The first is weeping, or self-pressurized hydrostatic lubrication. This occurs because the bearing material is microporous and easily deformed, and because the service is always intermittent. The second is a form of boundary lubrication which can support only very small unit loading. Unlike the boundary lubricants of industry which adsorb as close-packed layers upon the bearing surfaces, the synovial mucin molecules are inherently dilute, each extending through a large volume of solution, and any adsorbed layer is likely also to be dilute. Such a swollen layer should, nevertheless, be able to support small loadings, because any attempt to compress it will be resisted by a pressure which is, broadly, of osmotic origin.
Paper 2: Factors in the Design of an Artificial Hip Joint
Authors: Charnley J. 
Published: June 2010

The design of an artificial hip joint is influenced by the problems of surgical technique in making the implant. Encouraging results have already attended the use of an elementary design of ball and socket joint with the rubbing surfaces exposed to tissue fluids. When the surfaces are of identical metals (chrome–cobalt alloy) the tissue fluids appear to lubricate in some measure; when the ball is of metal and the socket of high molecular weight polyethylene there appears to be some degree of self-lubrication in the plastic. The essential problem is whether particles abraded from the rubbing surfaces will cause harmful tissue reactions over a long period of time. The more resistant the materials are to wear, the less will be the amount of the abraded material to cause harm. The success of the exposed joint is such that it seems desirable to explore to the limit this simple solution before seeking new and more complex designs. The exposed bearing has an additional advantage in permitting subluxation as a safeguard if the hip is violently forced beyond its designed range; this protects from avulsion the cement bond between the living bone and the implant. General factors in design are discussed which have developed from practical experience with different types of total prosthesis used in clinical practice. The attempt has been made to concentrate on information obtained from surgical experience rather than to report laboratory tests which are readily repeatable in engineering laboratories.
Opening Contribution 5: Collaborative Approach to Weld Quality by Designer and Inspector
Authors: Atkinson C. 
Published: June 2010

Most engineering components are subject to inspection at some stage, particularly those incorporating welded joints. Often the task of the welder and inspector is hampered by the location of joints in positions difficult of access. This is just one aspect of poor design which could be eliminated by collaboration between designer and inspector at the outset. Up to the present, insufficient attention has been paid by designers to important features such as the weldability of materials, joint geometry, siting of welds, feasibility of heat treatment, and surface finish. The increasing use of non-destructive testing, particularly ultrasonics and radiography, has highlighted inspection problems, and as a result, designers are becoming more aware of their ultimate influence on inspection. Although the aims of the designer and inspector are the same—adequate service performance at lowest cost without danger of shutdown—the designer's interest appears to wane as the inspector's functions become more significant. A prolific cause of weld failure is fatigue cracking caused by stress-concentration at welded joints, yet how many designers realize that the external contour of a weld cannot approach the neat appearance indicated on drawings unless expensive grinding or machining is done? The paper will attempt to explore, with the aid of examples, the avenues where more co-operation is needed between designer and inspector. In addition the paper will present a new concept in the designer/inspector relationship in the form of a ‘failure index’ calculated from a number of variables known at the outset. This is a scheme to enable the designer to anticipate the relative amounts of inspection to be applied to various parts of complicated welded fabrications like those in conventional and nuclear power stations. The index system was devised specially as a collaborative link between designer and inspector in a field where the cost of failure in service can be enormous.
Paper 2: Aspects of the Wear of Spinning Travellers: The Division of Heat at Rubbing Surfaces
Authors: Grosberg P. , Mølgaard J. 
Published: June 2010

The wear of ring travellers is important because it prevents the use of higher production speeds in ring spinning. This wear is probably affected by the body temperature of the traveller and an analysis is quoted which shows that a factor which has a very large effect on the body temperature is the division of heat between the traveller and the ring. To investigate this an experimental apparatus has been constructed which effectively rotates the ring and keeps the traveller fixed. It is thereby possible to estimate the division of heat between the two surfaces and to estimate its effect on the rate of wear. The results of the experiments are still not conclusive but it has been shown that the pressure has a much more important effect on wear rate than does speed. The pressure also has a cumulative effect since it very drastically affects the division of heat between the two rubbing bodies so that high pressures and high temperatures are produced simultaneously.
Paper 4: The Chartered Engineer in the Process Industry
Authors: Haigh R. D. 
Published: June 2010

The paper outlines training requirements for engineers in the process industries and discusses how they can be achieved. Attention is drawn to changes in the educational routes which are available now compared with 25 years ago. Methods of recruitment direct from school or from the universities are compared, and the need to select candidates with both technical and managerial ability is emphasized. Opportunities exist for the trained engineer in the following three main spheres: (1) As a design and project engineer whose prime responsibility is to organize new capital projects and, by his skill, influence future plant efficiency and operating costs. (2) As a maintenance engineer who, whilst primarily concerned with the introduction of novel and improved maintenance techniques, is also able to make a contribution to the design of new plant by suggesting modifications to reduce maintenance. (3) As a machinery development engineer in industries where automatic machinery is extensively used for processing and packaging, and where frequently suitable equipment may not be available commercially. The paper indicates the need for well-qualified people in each of these spheres and demonstrates that the scope and responsibility attached to the work are such as to provide adequate job satisfaction. Emphasis is laid on the need for the engineer to work as part of a team with development and production personnel and also with other service departments such as accounts and management services.