bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Danish dentists’ and dental hygienists’ knowledge of and experience with suspicion of child abuse or neglect
Authors: ULDUM BIRGITTE , CHRISTENSEN HANNE NØDGAARD , WELBURY RICHARD , POULSEN SVEN 
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 361–365 Background.  Studies from several countries have shown that knowledge of child protection matters among the dental team is inadequate. No such data are available from Denmark.Aim.  To describe dental teams perception of their role in child protection matters.Design.  A previously used questionnaire regarding the role of the dental team in child protection was adopted to Danish terminology, and mailed to a sample of Danish dentists and dental hygienists.Results.  A total of 1145 (76.3%) returned a questionnaire with valid data; 38.3% reported to have had suspicion of child abuse or neglect. Of those who reported a suspicion, 33.9% had reported their suspicion to social services. This was more frequent for dentists than for dental hygienists, and more frequent for respondents working in the municipal dental service than in private practice. Most frequently reported barriers towards referring suspicion to social services were uncertainty about observations, fear of violence in the family towards the child, and lack of knowledge regarding referral procedures. The majority of the respondents expressed a need for further education.Conclusions.  Members of the dental team in Denmark do not seem to fill their role sufficiently in child protection matters, and perceive a need for undergraduate and continuing postgraduate training.
Habitat fragmentation affects culture transmission: patterns of song matching in Dupont's lark
Authors: LAIOLO PAOLA , TELLA JOSÉ L. 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Males of many bird species match song with neighbours during territorial interactions. Although bird vocal mimicry has received much attention, the relationships between song variation and ecological factors such as landscape geometry and habitat fragmentation are still poorly known, and most previous research has been limited to one or a few populations of a species. In this study we analysed the spatial patterns and ecological determinants of song matching in Dupont's lark Chersophilus duponti, a rare and specialized steppe passerine.
By recording bird songs from 21 Spanish and Moroccan localities, we analysed the effect of habitat fragmentation and the availability of suitable steppe habitat on the patterns of song matching in Dupont's lark, controlling for other potential determinants such as period in the breeding season, intensity of competition, geographical location and spatial distribution of individuals.
Both song‐type sharing (match of song types in the repertoire) and spectrotemporal matching (convergence in the acoustic features of the same song type) were greater between counter‐singing neighbours than between non‐neighbours, and spatial autocorrelation (similarities between singing individuals) only occurred at short distances. The study localities differed in the amount of overall acoustic matching between individuals, seemingly as a consequence of local differences in the intensity of male competition and in the availability of suitable habitat.
The levels of song‐type sharing between non‐neighbours tended to increase and those among neighbours to decrease with the increase of steppeland availability. Moreover, the existing differences in sharing between neighbours and non‐neighbours were significantly affected by the presence of elements of fragmentation in the steppe. In fragmented habitats, song sharing among neighbours was enhanced, possibly because of harsher competition for limited resources; conversely, sharing among non‐neighbours dropped, probably because of the lack of interactions among individuals isolated by habitat barriers.
Synthesis and applications. Anthropogenic habitat barriers could alter bird perception of the spatial distribution of rivals over distance, leading to a contraction of the spatial range of the individual acoustic niche. We suggest that communication systems of habitat‐sensitive species might be used as a behavioural indicator of anthropogenic environmental deterioration. Because of their rapidly evolving cultural nature, bird vocalizations might become an early warning system detecting the effects of fragmentation over relatively short times and before other indicators (such as genetic markers) show any change.
Predicting tropical forest stand structure parameters from Fourier transform of very high‐resolution remotely sensed canopy images
Authors: COUTERON PIERRE , PELISSIER RAPHAEL , NICOLINI ERIC A. , PAGET DOMINIQUE 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPredicting stand structure parameters for tropical forests from remotely sensed data has numerous important applications, such as estimating above‐ground biomass and carbon stocks and providing spatial information for forest mapping and management planning, as well as detecting potential ecological determinants of plant species distributions. As an alternative to direct measurement of physical attributes of the vegetation and individual tree crown delineation, we present a powerful holistic approach using an index of canopy texture that can be extracted from either digitized air photographs or satellite images by means of two‐dimensional spectral analysis by Fourier transform.We defined an index of canopy texture from the ordination of the Fourier spectra computed for 3545 1‐ha square images of an undisturbed tropical rain forest in French Guiana. This index expressed a gradient of coarseness vs. fineness resulting from the relative importance of small, medium and large spatial frequencies in the Fourier spectra.Based on 12 1‐ha control plots, the canopy texture index showed highly significant correlations with tree density (R2 = 0·80), diameter of the tree of mean basal area (R2 = 0·71), distribution of trees into d.b.h. classes (R2 = 0·64) and mean canopy height (R2 = 0·57), which allowed us to produce reasonable predictive maps of stand structure parameters from digital aerial photographs.Synthesis and applications. Two‐dimensional Fourier analysis is a powerful method for obtaining quantitative characterization of canopy texture, with good predictive ability on stand structure parameters. Forest departments should use routine forest inventory operations to set up and feed regional databases, featuring both tree diameter figures and digital canopy images, with the ultimate aims of calibrating robust regression relationships and deriving predictive maps of stand structure parameters over large areas of tropical forests. Such maps would be particularly useful for forest classification and to guide field assessment of tropical forest resources and biodiversity.
Size‐dependent flowering and costs of reproduction affect population dynamics in a tuberous perennial woodland orchid
Authors: Jacquemyn Hans , Brys Rein , Jongejans Eelke 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. In woodland herbs, the probability of flowering and costs associated with reproduction may strongly depend on environmental context (shade vs. light habitats) and on plant size. This may be particularly true for tuberous orchids that inhabit woodlands, as the amount of incoming radiation and total leaf area strongly determine photosynthetic capacity and hence the amount of carbohydrates that can be relocated to below‐ground storage organs that form next year’s rosette and flowering stalk. 2. To fully comprehend the impact of size‐dependent reproduction on population dynamics under varying light conditions, life cycle models should therefore include plant size in a continuous manner. In this study, annual changes in plant size and demographic behaviour of the tuberous perennial orchid Orchis purpurea were monitored during seven consecutive years (2003–2009) in open and shaded woodland. Integral projection models (IPMs) and life table response experiments (LTRE) were used to investigate the extent to which variation in plant size affected the overall population dynamics of this species and to decompose differences in population growth rates between populations of open and shaded woodland into contributions from growth, survival and reproduction. 3. Both plants in shaded and light environments needed to be a certain size to initiate flowering, but this threshold size was almost three times as large in shaded environments as in light environments. Plants in open woodlands flowered more frequently over the years, showed less size regression after flowering and produced significantly more fruits than plants in shaded environments, resulting in significantly larger population growth rates. 4. Our life cycle models revealed that costs of reproduction, measured at the population‐level, were small in the light environment, and more than buffered by the increase in survival of flowering plants compared to non‐flowering plants. In the shade environment, however, the costs of reproduction were significant and made the difference between a stable (current) and a growing (without reproduction costs) population. 5. Synthesis. Light penetration to the soil is a key variable determining population dynamics of woodland orchids. Our analyses show that differences in vital rates related to size‐dependent reproduction (flowering) and growth are essential drivers of changes in orchid population dynamics in different light environments. The combination of IPMs and LTREs thus proves to be very useful when studying the fitness consequences of size‐ and context‐dependent phenomena like flowering strategies and costs of reproduction.
Pan‐European phylogeography of the aquatic snailTheodoxus fluviatilis(Gastropoda: Neritidae)
Authors: BUNJE PAUL M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigating the geographical distribution of genetic lineages within species is critical to our understanding of how species evolve. As many species inhabit large and complex ranges, it is important that phylogeographical research take into account the entire range of widespread species to clarify how myriad extrinsic variables have affected their evolutionary history. Using phylogenetic, nested clade, and mismatch distribution analyses on a portion of the mitochondrial COI gene, I demonstrate that the wide‐ranging freshwater snailTheodoxus fluviatilispossesses in parallel many of the phylogeographical patterns seen in less widespread freshwater species of Europe. Fragmentary forces play a major part in structuring the range of this species, with 12 of 14 geographically structured nested clades displaying a distribution consistent with fragmentation or restricted dispersal. Certain regions of southern Europe harbour the majority of genetic diversity (total haplotype diversity,H = 0.87), particularly Italy (H = 0.87) and areas surrounding the Black Sea (H = 0.81). Post‐Pleistocene range expansion is pronounced, with the majority of northern European populations (95% of sample sites) having arisen from northern Italian individuals that initially colonized northern Germany. Additionally, two highly divergent haplotype lineages present in northern Germany imply that there were at least two postglacial recolonization routes. Estuaries may also provide a means of dispersal given that no genetic differentiation was found between estuarine populations and neighbouring freshwater populations. Taken together, these data reveal a species with a complex genetic history resulting from the fragmentary effects of European geology as well as continuous and discrete range expansion related to their aquatic biology.
Detection of secondary predation by PCR analyses of the gut contents of invertebrate generalist predators
Authors: SHEPPARD S. K. , BELL J. , SUNDERLAND K. D. , FENLON J. , SKERVIN D. , SYMONDSON W. O. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPredation by generalist predators is difficult to study in the field because of the complex effects of positive and negative interactions within and between predator species and guilds. Predation can be monitored by molecular means, through identification of prey DNA within predators. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of prey DNA from predators cannot discriminate between primary and secondary predation (hyperpredation), in which one predator feeds on another that has recently eaten the target prey. Here we quantify, for the first time, the potential error caused by detection of prey DNA following secondary predation, using an aphid–spider–carabid model. First, the aphid Sitobion avenae was fed to the spider Tenuiphantes tenuis and the carabid Pterostichus melanarius, and the postconsumption detection periods, for prey DNA within predators, were calculated. Aphids were then fed to spiders and the spiders to carabids. Aphid DNA was detected in the predators using primers that amplified 245‐ and 110‐bp fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Fragment size and predator sex had no significant effect on detection periods. Secondary predation could be detected for up to 8 h, when carabids fed on spiders immediately after the latter had consumed aphids. Beetles tested positive up to 4 h after eating spiders that had digested their aphid prey for 4 h. Clearly, the extreme sensitivity of PCR makes detection of secondary predation more likely, and the only reliable answer in future may be to use PCR to identify, in parallel, instances of intraguild predation.
Evolution in caves: Darwin’s ‘wrecks of ancient life’ in the molecular era
Authors: JUAN CARLOS , GUZIK MICHELLE T. , JAUME DAMIÀ , COOPER STEVEN J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCave animals have historically attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists because of their bizarre ‘regressive’ characters and convergent evolution. However, understanding of their biogeographic and evolutionary history, including mechanisms of speciation, has remained elusive. In the last decade, molecular data have been obtained for subterranean taxa and their surface relatives, which have allowed some of the classical debates on the evolution of cave fauna to be revisited. Here, we review some of the major studies, focusing on the contribution of phylogeography in the following areas: biogeographic history and the relative roles of dispersal and vicariance, colonization history, cryptic species diversity and modes of speciation of cave animals. We further consider the limitations of current research and prospects for the future. Phylogeographic studies have confirmed that cave species are often cryptic, with highly restricted distributions, but have also shown that their divergence and potential speciation may occur despite the presence of gene flow from surface populations. Significantly, phylogeographic studies have provided evidence for speciation and adaptive evolution within the confines of cave environments, questioning the assumption that cave species evolved directly from surface ancestors. Recent technical developments involving ‘next generation’ DNA sequencing and theoretical developments in coalescent and population modelling are likely to revolutionize the field further, particularly in the study of speciation and the genetic basis of adaptation and convergent evolution within subterranean habitats. In summary, phylogeographic studies have provided an unprecedented insight into the evolution of these unique fauna, and the future of the field should be inspiring and data rich.
Cutaneous melanoma with nodal metastases in elderly people
Authors: Rutkowski Piotr , Nowecki Zbigniew I. , Zdzienicki Marcin , Michej Wanda , Symonides Malgorzata , Rosinska Magdalena , Dziewirski Wirginiusz , Bylina Elzbieta , Ruka Wlodzimierz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  The impact of age on melanoma patient outcomes is uncertain.Objective  The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics and treatment outcomes in cutaneous melanoma patients ≥ 65 years of age with lymph node metastases.Methods  We analyzed data from 849 consecutive patients with stage III cutaneous melanoma who were treated between 1994 and 2007 at one institution. Of these, 225 (26.5%) were ≥ 65 years of age. The characteristics and disease‐specific survival (DSS) from lymph node dissection (LND) date of patients ≥ 65 years of age were compared with those of younger patients. Median follow‐up time was 49 months (range: 6–140 months).Results  In the ≥ 65 years group (51.6% men), the median Breslow thickness was 5.0 mm and 70% was ulcerated. The 5‐year DSS rate was significantly lower in older patients (34%). Multivariate analysis identified older age as an independent prognostic factor for DSS in the overall group. Independent negative prognostic factors of DSS in the group of older stage III patients were identified as features of nodal metastases (extracapsular invasion, HR = 1.74, P = 0.009; and ≥ 4 involved lymph nodes, HR = 1.5; P = 0.008) and male sex (HR = 1.5; P = 0.039).Conclusions  This analysis showed that melanoma patients ≥ 65 years of age are characterized by a higher primary tumor stage and worse prognosis in the presence of regional node metastases than younger patients. Additionally, the results indicate that the same radical surgical therapy is necessary for patients ≥ 65 years old as in younger patients.
Use of dermatoscopy and videodermatoscopy in therapeutic follow‐up: a review
Authors: Lacarrubba Francesco , D’Amico Valentina , Nasca Maria Rita , Dinotta Franco , Micali Giuseppe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDermatoscopy (DE) is a noninvasive technique that allows a rapid and magnified in vivo observation of the skin surface with the visualization of morphologic features invisible to the naked eye. It is performed using manual devices without computer assistance, which generally allows ×10 magnifications. Videodermatoscopy (VD) represents the evolution of DE and is performed using a video camera equipped with optic fibers and lenses that currently allow magnifications ranging from ×10 to ×1000. Both DE and VD have been demonstrated to have further applications in dermatology apart from their use in differential diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. In several disorders, they may be useful in differential diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and in evaluating the response to treatment. This article focuses on the use of DE and VD in therapeutic follow‐up. Although VD systems using high magnifications may not be cost‐effective in all cases, VD represents a more reliable noninvasive and easy‐to‐use tool in therapeutic follow‐up both for in‐office dermatology as well as for clinical investigations.
Quantitative analysis of 6985 digitized trypsin G ‐banded human metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Lundsieen Claes , Philip John , Granum Erik 
Published: July 2010

The frequency and staining intensity of the dark bands were measured in 6985 trypsin G‐banded human chromosomes, described by so‐called band transition sequences which represent the chromosome banding patterns in a condensed quantitative way. In the haploid chromosome complement a maximum of 351 bands were registered: 181 white and 170 dark bands. The frequency with which bands occurred and the staining intensity of the bands differed considerably between the chromosome types. Among the dark bands the darker stained bands occurred more frequently than the lighter stained bands. A study of the relationship between the degree of chromosome contraction and the frequency of band occurrence revealed that for all chromosome types the average band frequency increased with increasing chromosome elongation. Twenty of the 23 dark bands chosen as landmarks by the Paris Conference (1971) occurred with high frequency and staining intensity. The remaining three landmarks occurred less frequently, due to fusion of dark and white bands, respectively.A study of global features showed, as expected, good agreement between chromosome length, area and density. There was good agreement between the centromeric indices determined by length and area, respectively, and no difference was found between contracted and elongated chromosomes, with the exception of the acrocentrics where elongated chromosomes showed higher centromeric indices than contracted chromosomes. Most often, the centromeric index by density differed considerably from the centromeric indices by length and area, respectively.The data presented here may be used in clinical cytogenetics as a supplement to the ISCN idiograms (ISCN 1978), as the band frequencies and staining intensities may help in identifying and characterizing specific bands.
Congenital adrenal hypoplasia, progressive muscular dystrophy, and severe mental retardation, in association with glycerol kinase deficiency, in male sibs
Authors: Renier W. O. , Nabben F. A. E. , Hustinx T. W. J. , Veerkamp J. H. , Otten B. J. , Laak H. J. Ter , Haar B. G. A. Ter , Gabreëls F. J. M. 
Published: July 2010

2Department of Pediatrics, Groot Ziekengasthuis, 's Hertogenbosch, The NetherlandsA family is described with three male sibs suffering from congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH). In the two surviving brothers the disease is clinically further characterized by a Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, growth failure and severe mental retardation. Laboratory investigations revealed deficient activities of gonadotrophin and glycerol kinase. The clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in this exceptional family are reported and discussed.
Fetal ABO blood group typing using amniotic fluid
Authors: Teichler‐Zallen Doris , Doherty Richard A. 
Published: July 2010

Amniotic fluids (AF) obtained by second trimester amniocentesis were examined using a hemagglutination‐inhibition test. In the anti‐A and anti‐B dilution series three different patterns of agglutination were found. One pattern, indicating the presence of high levels of antigen, is typical of secretors (Se/‐) of the blood group antigen. The second pattern is indicative of total absence of soluble antigen and is produced in secretor (Se/‐) and non‐secretor (se/se) fetuses lacking the IA or IB allele at the ABO locus. The third pattern shows the presence of trace amounts of soluble antigen, about one‐tenth of that found in secretors, and it appears in non‐secretor fetuses bearing the corresponding ABO allele. These trace quantities, if a constant feature of AFs from these non‐secretor fetuses, could allow blood group typing information to be obtained on all non‐secretor as well as secretor fetuses.A total of 157 amniotic fluid samples were surveyed in this and a previous study. Of these, 31 were from non‐secretor fetuses. Blood group type for the 31 non‐secretor fetuses was predicted (“blindly”) on the basis of the presence or absence of trace amounts of soluble antigen. These predictions were verified by standard ABO typing of the infants afterbirth. In each case the (“blind”) typing result agreed with the predictions made from the titration curves. This agreement establishes that the production of trace amounts of soluble antigen(s) is a consistent feature of non‐secretors with the IA and/or IB allele. The soluble blood group substances are of fetal origin and are independent of maternal blood type and secretor status. Type O non‐secretors produce no soluble A or B antigen and also lack detectable soluble H antigen. Thus it appears that the nature of the detectable amounts of soluble blood group antigen(s) present in second‐trimester AF can be used to accurately assess the ABO blood type of all fetuses.