bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CELLO measurement technique for local identification and characterization of various types of solar cell defects
Authors: Carstensen Jürgen , Schütt Andreas , Popkirov George , Föll Helmut 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe CELLO technique allows to measure local data for a large number of solar cell parameters like bulk life time, back side surface recombination velocity, diffusion coefficient, and serial resistance. Inhomogeneities of these parameters induce lateral current flow in forward direction, which mixes the effects of the different defect types. Even if all local parameters would be known, a complete simulation is needed to obtain information about the local efficiency. Direct CELLO measurement at e.g. the working of the solar cell or at open circuit allows extracting this combined information directly. Examples for this will be presented in this paper, dealing with multicrystalline silicon solar cells showing a variety of defect types.Mainly to save measurement time several frequencies are applied simultaneously as a Laser intensity perturbation signal and analyzed by FFT deconvolution. The frequencies can be applied simultaneously to 3 confocal Lasers with different wavelength, i.e. penetration depths. Typically 4 frequencies are analyzed simultaneusly in order to maintain a good signal to noise ratio. This features will be discussed shortly as well. Especially the application of a deep penetrating Laser significantly increases the robustness of the fitting procedure and allows to separate reliably bulk and surface recombination and mobility dependencies (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and optical activities of small angle grain boundaries in multicrystalline Si
Authors: Sekiguchi Takashi , Chen Jun , Lee Woong , Onodera Hisashi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have characterized the electrical and optical activities of small grain boundaries (SA‐GBs) by using electron‐beam‐induced current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL). EBIC observation at room temperature indicates that the SA‐GBs are grouped into two categories. SA‐GBs with misorientation angle lower than 1° shows lower EBIC contrast like <10%, named as “general”. Those with 2‐3° have higher contrast more than 20%, named as “special”. At 100 K, all the SA‐GBs become visible and their contrast increases. On the other hand, CL observation at 15 K shows that general SA‐GBs show D3 and D4, while special ones show D1 and D2. We explained these properties of SA‐GBs in terms of dislocation model. General SA‐GBs are regarded as the ensemble of individual dislocations. Special SA‐GBs are composed of the densely aligned dislocations in which dislocation interaction takes place (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effectiveness of fetal cystoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review
Authors: Morris R. K. , Ruano R. , Kilby M. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of fetal cystoscopy in the prenatal diagnosis of and intervention for congenital lower urinary tract obstruction.MethodsThis study was a literature search using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDION, Web of Science reference lists and contact with experts. All studies reporting on fetal cystoscopy in lower urinary tract obstruction with data for a 2 × 2 table were selected for review. No language restrictions were applied. There was independent selection of studies, data extraction and quality assessment by two reviewers. Peto odds ratios were calculated as a summary measure of effect.ResultsA total of 2071 citations were identified and 66 papers selected for detailed evaluation, from which four papers with a total of 63 patients were selected for inclusion. Two papers had results for the use of cystoscopy in diagnosis, showing that fetal cystoscopy altered the ultrasound diagnosis of the underlying pathology in 36.4 and 25.0% of fetuses, respectively. Compared to no treatment, fetal cystoscopic intervention demonstrated an odds ratio for improved perinatal survival of 20.51 (95% CI, 3.87–108.69). However, comparing vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS) with fetal cystoscopy there appeared to be no significant improvement in the perinatal survival odds ratio of 1.49 (95% CI, 0.13–16.97). These results had wide CIs and for cystoscopy vs. VAS, all results crossed the line of no effect.ConclusionThere is little published evidence for the effectiveness of therapeutic fetal cystoscopy as an intervention for congenital lower urinary tract obstruction and the quality of this evidence is poor. It should thus be considered to be an ‘experimental intervention’ and subjected to further investigation. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive atrial septum and advanced heart block documented with a novel fetal electrocardiographic monitor
Authors: Narayan H. K. , Fifer W. , Carroll S. , Kern J. , Silver E. , Williams I. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHypoplastic left ventricle with congenital heart block has been reported previously in a fetus with concurrent left atrial isomerism and levo‐transposition of the great arteries. We present the unusual case of an infant diagnosed in utero with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a restrictive atrial septum and advanced heart block but with D‐looping of the ventricles and no atrial isomerism. In addition, fetal heart rhythm was documented with the assistance of a new fetal electrocardiographic monitor. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypoid endometriosis of the bladder during pregnancy mimicking urachal carcinoma
Authors: Lambrechts S. , Van Calsteren K. , Capoen A. , Op De Beeck K. , Joniau S. , Timmerman D. , Amant F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report a case of polypoid bladder endometriosis in pregnancy. Diagnostic workup showed a vesicouterine well‐vascularized polypoid mass, suspicious for malignancy. During pregnancy, the mass was surgically resected with safe oncological margins. Pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed pseudotumoral polypoid endometriosis of the bladder. We illustrate diagnostic pitfalls in the differentiation between bladder endometriosis during pregnancy and malignancy. As a result of pregnancy‐related decidualization of vesical endometriosis, differentiation between this rare occurrence and malignant transformation is challenging. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Characterization and Flammability of Polyester Fiber Coated with Nonionic and Cationic Softeners
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad Hossein , Parvinzadeh Mazeyar , Navid Mohammad Yousefpour , Ahmadi Saeed 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this research was to study the effect of nonionic and cationic softeners on the thermal degradation of polyethylene terephthalate fibers. The influence of the type of emulsion on the thermal properties and flammability of the resultant samples was investigated by various analytical techniques, namely, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and the horizontal flammability test. Results showed that softeners with different ionic structure have different effects on thermal degradation and flammability of polyethylene terephthalate substrates.
Law and Development in Nigeria: A Need for Activism
Authors: Lawan Mamman 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article explores the use of law in development at two levels in Nigeria. Development as a state duty has been provided for under the constitution, thereby creating socio-economic rights for citizens, albeit rights which are unenforceable. Seven development policies drawn up at different times have all also invoked law in one way or another to facilitate the achievement of their respective objectives. Both cases reflect the international trend in their respective discourses. The first approach mirrors the international human rights regime, while the second mimics international development discourse. While the instrumental use of law is desirable, this article argues that it is inadequate. More needs to be done to supplement it. First, courts need to adopt a radical interpretation of the constitutional provisions to make socio-economic rights enforceable. Secondly, people need to be active citizens through participation in the development process.
Liberating Malawi's Administrative Justice Jurisprudence from Its Common Law Shackles
Authors: Chirwa Danwood Mzikenge 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe 1994 Malawian Constitution is unique in that it, among other things, recognizes administrative justice as a fundamental right and articulates the notion of constitutional supremacy. This right and the idea of constitutional supremacy have important implications for Malawi's administrative law, which was hitherto based on the common law inherited from Britain. This article highlights the difficulties that Malawian courts have faced in reconciling the right to administrative justice as protected under the new constitution with the common law. In doing so, it offers some insights into what the constitutionalization of administrative justice means for Malawian administrative law. It is argued that the constitution has altered the basis and grounds for judicial review so fundamentally that the Malawian legal system's marriage to the English common law can be regarded as having irretrievably broken down as far as administrative law is concerned.
Quantification of intra-regional propagule movements in the Antarctic
Authors: Lee Jennifer E. , Chown Steven L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractManagement of non-native species introductions is a conservation priority in the Antarctic region. However, despite the recognised importance of intra-regional propagule transfer, the majority of studies have focused on inter-regional pathways (i.e. from outside of the Antarctic region). Here we quantify the number of seeds carried by expeditioners who have visited sub-Antarctic Marion Island. We recorded 420 seeds from 225 items of clothing, with seeds found on 52% of the items and soil on 45% of them. The median number of seeds for field-based and station-based personnel was 20.5 and 3 per person, respectively. Waterproof trousers and socks, particularly those of field workers, carry the greatest number of propagules (for field workers, medians of 5 and 6.5, respectively) and therefore should be the focus of intra-regional management interventions. Amongst the seeds found entrained within clothing several were from species which are widespread aliens in the Antarctic region includingAgrostis stolonifera,Poa annuaandSagina procumbens, and indigenous zoochorous species (Acaena magellanica,Uncinia compacta) were also well represented. The present data provide quantitative evidence in support of previous, largely hypothetical concerns about the risks of intra-regional propagule transfer in the Antarctic.
Cooperation and cheating in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the roles of the las, rhl and pqs quorum-sensing systems
Authors: Wilder Cara N , Diggle Stephen P , Schuster Martin 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinates the transcription of hundreds of genes, including many virulence genes, through three hierarchically arranged quorum-sensing (QS) systems, namely las, rhl and pqs. Each system consists of genes involved in autoinducer synthesis, lasI, rhlI and pqsABCDH, as well as cognate-regulatory genes, lasR, rhlR and pqsR. In this study, we analyzed the social behavior of signal-blind (ΔlasR, ΔrhlR, ΔpqsR) and signal-negative (ΔlasI, ΔrhlI, ΔpqsA) mutants from each QS system. As each system controls extracellular common goods but differs in the extent of regulatory control, we hypothesized that all signal-blind mutants can behave as cheaters that vary in their ability to invade a QS-proficient population. We found that lasR and pqsR, but not rhlR, mutants evolve from a wild-type ancestor in vitro under conditions that favor QS. Accordingly, defined lasR and pqsR mutants enriched in wild-type co-culture, whereas rhlR and all signal-negative mutants did not. Both lasR and pqsR mutants enriched with negative frequency dependence, suggesting social interactions with the wild type, although the pqsR mutant also grew well on its own. Taken together, the lasR mutant behaved as a typical cheater, as reported previously. However, the pqsR and rhlR mutants exhibited more complex behaviors, which can be sufficiently explained by positive and negative pleiotropic effects through differential regulation of pqs gene expression in the interconnected QS network. The evolutionary approach adopted here may account for the prevalence of naturally occurring QS mutants.
Chemolithotrophic acetogenic H2/CO2 utilization in Italian rice field soil
Authors: Liu Fanghua , Conrad Ralf 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Acetate oxidation in Italian rice field at 50 °C is achieved by uncultured syntrophic acetate oxidizers. As these bacteria are closely related to acetogens, they may potentially also be able to synthesize acetate chemolithoautotrophically. Labeling studies using exogenous H2 (80%) and 13CO2 (20%), indeed demonstrated production of acetate as almost exclusive primary product not only at 50 °C but also at 15 °C. Small amounts of formate, propionate and butyrate were also produced from 13CO2. At 50 °C, acetate was first produced but later on consumed with formation of CH4. Acetate was also produced in the absence of exogenous H2 albeit to lower concentrations. The acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic archaea were targeted by stable isotope probing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Using quantitative PCR, 13C-labeled bacterial rRNA was detected after 20 days of incubation with 13CO2. In the heavy fractions at 15 °C, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that Clostridium cluster I and uncultured Peptococcaceae assimilated 13CO2 in the presence and absence of exogenous H2, respectively. A similar experiment showed that Thermoanaerobacteriaceae and Acidobacteriaceae were dominant in the 13C treatment at 50 °C. Assimilation of 13CO2 into archaeal rRNA was detected at 15 °C and 50 °C, mostly into Methanocellales, Methanobacteriales and rice cluster III. Acetoclastic methanogenic archaea were not detected. The above results showed the potential for acetogenesis in the presence and absence of exogenous H2 at both 15 °C and 50 °C. However, syntrophic acetate oxidizers seemed to be only active at 50 °C, while other bacterial groups were active at 15 °C.
Spreads and Non‐Convergence in Chicago Board of Trade Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Futures: Are Index Funds to Blame?
Authors: Irwin Scott H. , Garcia Philip , Good Darrel L. , Kunda Eugene L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper evaluates the role that index funds have played in recent convergence problems of Chicago Board of Trade corn, soybean, and wheat futures contracts. These new market participants are widely considered to have inflated futures prices and/or expanded spreads between futures prices. Large spreads in futures markets contribute to a lack of convergence by uncoupling cash and futures markets. Statistical tests provide no evidence that rolling of positions by index funds or the initiation of large index positions in a “crowded market space” have contributed to an expansion of the spreads.
eCEO: an efficient Cloud Epistasis cOmputing model in genome-wide association study
Authors: Wang Zhengkui , Wang Yue , Tan Kian-Lee , Wong Limsoon , Agrawal Divyakant 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMotivation: Recent studies suggested that a combination of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could have more significant associations with a specific phenotype. However, to discover epistasis, the epistatic interactions of SNPs, in a large number of SNPs, is a computationally challenging task. We are, therefore, motivated to develop efficient and effective solutions for identifying epistatic interactions of SNPs.Results: In this article, we propose an efficient Cloud-based Epistasis cOmputing (eCEO) model for large-scale epistatic interaction in genome-wide association study (GWAS). Given a large number of combinations of SNPs, our eCEO model is able to distribute them to balance the load across the processing nodes. Moreover, our eCEO model can efficiently process each combination of SNPs to determine the significance of its association with the phenotype. We have implemented and evaluated our eCEO model on our own cluster of more than 40 nodes. The experiment results demonstrate that the eCEO model is computationally efficient, flexible, scalable and practical. In addition, we have also deployed our eCEO model on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. Our study further confirms its efficiency and ease of use in a public cloud.Availability: The source code of eCEO is available at http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~wangzk/eCEO.html.Contact: wangzhengkui@nus.edu.sg
Human variation database: an open-source database template for genomic discovery
Authors: Fejes Anthony P. , Khodabakhshi Alireza Hadj , Birol Inanc , Jones Steven J. M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Current public variation databases are based upon collaboratively pooling data into a single database with a single interface available to the public. This gives little control to the collaborator to mine the database and requires that they freely share their data with the owners of the repository. We aim to provide an alternative mechanism: providing the source code and application programming interface (API) of a database, enabling researchers to set up local versions without investing heavily in the development of the resource and allowing for confidential information to remain secure.
Results: We describe an open-source database that can be installed easily at any research facility for the storage and analysis of thousands of next-generation sequencing variations. This database is built using PostgreSQL 8.4 (The PostgreSQL Global Development Group. postgres 8.4: http://www.postgresql.org) and provides a novel method for collating and searching across the reported results from thousands of next-generation sequence samples, as well as rapidly accessing vital information on the origin of the samples. The schema of the database makes rapid and insightful queries simple and enables easy annotation of novel or known genetic variations. A modular and cross-platform Java API is provided to perform common functions, such as generation of standard experimental reports and graphical summaries of modifications to genes. Included libraries allow adopters of the database to quickly develop their own queries.
Availability: The software is available for download through the Vancouver Short Read Analysis Package on Sourceforge, http://vancouvershortr.sourceforge.net. Instructions for use and deployment are provided on the accompanying wiki pages.
Contact: afejes@bcgsc.ca
Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change
Authors: Irvine James R. , Fukuwaka Masa-aki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.
Potential contribution of the Internet to a global community of practice for fishery management
Authors: Garcia Serge M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Garcia, S. M. 2011. Potential contribution of the Internet to a global community of practice for fishery management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1800–1804. Managing complex socio-ecological fishery systems, following an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, calls for a broad range of information covering many components of the system, intensified sharing of data and knowledge (to accelerate social learning and adaptive management), and a much tighter collaboration between disciplines and stakeholders. I argue that the time has come to establish one or more communities of practice (sensu Wenger) and that the Internet could be used efficiently for this purpose, enhancing the co-evolution of science and decision-making. Important Internet resources exist and can be mobilized, but the contribution of fishery science is still too fragmented and that of the fishing industry is embryonic. This paper suggests a web infrastructure that would facilitate the needed change.
Academic Performance in Adolescence after Inguinal Hernia Repair in Infancy
Authors: Hansen Tom G. , Pedersen Jacob K. , Henneberg Steen W. , Pedersen Dorthe A. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Morton Neil S. , Christensen Kaare 
Published: March 2011

Background
Although animal studies have indicated that general anesthetics may result in widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration and neurocognitive impairment in the developing brain, results from human studies are scarce. We investigated the association between exposure to surgery and anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in infancy and subsequent academic performance.

Methods
Using Danish birth cohorts from 1986-1990, we compared the academic performance of all children who had undergone inguinal hernia repair in infancy to a randomly selected, age-matched 5% population sample. Primary analysis compared average test scores at ninth grade adjusting for sex, birth weight, and paternal and maternal age and education. Secondary analysis compared the proportions of children not attaining test scores between the two groups.

Results
From 1986-1990 in Denmark, 2,689 children underwent inguinal hernia repair in infancy. A randomly selected, age-matched 5% population sample consists of 14,575 individuals. Although the exposure group performed worse than the control group (average score 0.26 lower; 95% CI, 0.21-0.31), after adjusting for known confounders, no statistically significant difference (-0.04; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.01) between the exposure and control groups could be demonstrated. However, the odds ratio for test score nonattainment associated with inguinal hernia repair was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.04-1.35). Excluding from analyses children with other congenital malformations, the difference in mean test scores remained nearly unchanged (0.05; 95% CI, 0.00-0.11). In addition, the increased proportion of test score nonattainment within the exposure group was attenuated (odds ratio = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.98-1.31).

Conclusion
In the ethnically and socioeconomically homogeneous Danish population, we found no evidence that a single, relatively brief anesthetic exposure in connection with hernia repair in infancy reduced academic performance at age 15 or 16 yr after adjusting for known confounding factors. However, the higher test score nonattainment rate among the hernia group could suggest that a subgroup of these children are developmentally disadvantaged compared with the background population.