bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the gene 5 DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 suppress the dominant lethal phenotype of gene 2.5 ssDNA binding protein lacking the C‐terminal phenylalanine
Authors: Marintcheva Boriana , Qimron Udi , Yu Yao , Tabor Stanley , Richardson Charles C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGene 2.5 of bacteriophage T7 encodes a ssDNA binding protein (gp2.5) essential for DNA replication. The C‐terminal phenylalanine of gp2.5 is critical for function and mutations in that position are dominant lethal. In order to identify gp2.5 interactions we designed a screen for suppressors of gp2.5 lacking the C‐terminal phenylalanine. Screening for suppressors of dominant lethal mutations of essential genes is challenging as the phenotype prevents propagation. We select for phage encoding a dominant lethal version of gene 2.5, whose viability is recovered via second‐site suppressor mutation(s). Functional gp2.5 is expressed in trans for propagation of the unviable phage and allows suppression to occur via natural selection. The isolated intragenic suppressors support the critical role of the C‐terminal phenylalanine. Extragenic suppressor mutations occur in several genes encoding enzymes of DNA metabolism. We have focused on the suppressor mutations in gene 5 encoding the T7 DNA polymerase (gp5) as the gp5/gp2.5 interaction is well documented. The suppressor mutations in gene 5 are necessary and sufficient to suppress the lethal phenotype of gp2.5 lacking the C‐terminal phenylalanine. The affected residues map in proximity to aromatic residues and to residues in contact with DNA in the crystal structure of T7 DNA polymerase‐thioredoxin.
The psychological burden of patients with beta thalassemia major in Syria
Authors: Gharaibeh Huda , Amarneh Basil H. , Zamzam Suzan Z. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial burden of thalassemia on children with β‐thalassemia major in Damascus, Syria.Methods:  The sample consisted of thalassemic patients aged 6–18 years old, admitted to the thalassemia center in Damascus, accompanied by their parents. The parents answered a structured questionnaire (developed by Ratip & Modell) on behalf of their children.Results:  The psychosocial burden affected many aspects of life such as education, time off school, sporting capabilities, difference from friends/siblings, social interactions, family adjustment, anxiety, isolation, and stigmatization. Results indicated a significant association between socio‐demographic characteristics such as age, gender, school grade, current schooling, work, family income, and the occurrence of complications with the psychosocial burden variables including education, time off school, sporting capabilities, difference from friends, social interactions and stigmatization.Conclusions:  The findings suggest the need for psychological support as well as medical help for thalassemic families. Health professionals need to assess the psychological status of children with thalassemia and that of their families in order to minimize these burdens; thus, nurses must provide psychosocial support for children with thalassemia and encourage other family members to assist in providing support for the affected children.Implication:  The current study triggered the need for new policies and new roles for the community health nurse and social workers as well as the need for counseling and educational programs for children with thalassemia.
Managing “healthy” late preterm infants
Authors: Ishiguro Akio , Namai Yoshiyuki , Ito Yoichi M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  Late preterm infants are often managed in nursery rooms despite the risks associated with prematurity. The objective of this study was to determine the risks facing late preterm infants admitted to nursery rooms and to establish a management strategy.Methods:  A total of 210 late preterm infants and 2648 mature infants were assessed. Infants born at 35 and 36 weeks' gestation weighing ≥2000 grams admitted to a nursery room and not requiring medical intervention at birth were of particular interest. The admission rates to the neonatal intensive care unit were evaluated according to the chart review.Results:  Infants born at 35 and 36 weeks' gestation weighing ≥2000 grams had significantly higher admission rates than term infants at birth (Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test, P < 0.001; common risk ratio, 4.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.41–7.55) and after birth (P < 0.001; common risk ratio, 3.57; 95% confidence interval, 2.40–5.33). More than 80% of admissions from the nursery room to the neonatal intensive care unit after birth were due to apnea or hypoglycemia in neonates born at 35 and 36 weeks' gestation. The admission rates due to apnea increased with decreasing gestational age. The admission rates due to hypoglycemia with no cause other than prematurity accounted for 24.3% of admissions for those born at 35 weeks' gestation and 14.1% of admissions for those born at 36 weeks' gestation; hypoglycemia due to other causes accounted for fewer admissions.Conclusion:  The management strategy for late preterm infants should be individualized, based on apnea and hypoglycemia. The respiratory state of late preterm infants should be monitored for at least 2 days, and they should be screened for hypoglycemia on postnatal day 0.
How did uncommon disorders become ‘rare diseases’? History of a boundary object
Authors: Huyard Caroline 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe category of ‘rare diseases’ has been in growing use in the fields of public health and patient advocacy for the past 15 years in Europe. In this socio‐historical inquiry, I argue that this category, which appeared initially as a by‐product of the orphan drug issue in the United States of America is a boundary object. As such, it has different specific local uses: a meaningless category for physicians, it relates to the patients’ experience of illness, whereas the pharmaceutical industry first considered it as being synonymous with small markets and then with innovation. Public bodies contributed to framing a common and blurred use, based on a statistical definition whose purpose was to foster co‐operation between the four groups involved in the issue. In the definition process of the category of rare diseases, the key actors were the patients and public bodies, not medical professionals or the pharmaceutical industry.
The justificatory power of moral experience
Authors: van Thiel G J M W , van Delden J J M 
Published: March 2009

A recurrent issue in the vast amount of literature on reasoning models in ethics is the role and nature of moral intuitions. In this paper, we start from the view that people who work and live in a certain moral practice usually possess specific moral wisdom. If we manage to incorporate their moral intuitions in ethical reasoning, we can arrive at judgements and (modest) theories that grasp a moral experience that generally cannot be found outside the practice.Reflective equilibrium (RE) provides a framework for balancing moral intuitions, ethical principles and general theories. Nevertheless, persisting problems associated with the use of intuitions need to be addressed. One is the objection that moral intuitions lack the credibility necessary to guide moral reasoning. Ethicists have tried to solve this problem by formulating criteria to separate the “bad” intuitions from the “good” ones at the beginning of the reasoning process. We call this thecredible input-justified outcome strategy. An example is the appeal to the common morality by Beauchamp and Childress. We think this approach is unsuccessful. As an alternative, we outline thegood reasoning-justified outcome strategy. It connects to a variant of RE in which intuitions from different sources are incorporated. We argue that the elements of RE have different levels of justificatory power at the start of reasoning. In our strategy, each element can gain or lose justificatory power when it is tested in a reasoning process that meets several criteria.
Can the Modes Theory of Religiosity Account for Mystical Traditions? An Empirical Study of Practitioners of Yoga and Meditation
Authors: Ketola Kimmo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOne of the enduring problems in theories of religion is to explain why it often entails such a heavy investment of time and other resources without apparent prospects of immediate pay-off. This "costliness" of religion is especially salient in forms of religiosity known as mysticism and/or asceticism, both of which can be found in many religious traditions. The anthropologist Harvey Whitehouse's theory of the two modes of religiosity (or modes theory) attempts to explain costly and routinised religious practices by assuming that the frequent repetition of rituals serves the purpose of memorising religious teachings through activating the semantic memory. The present study tests the modes theory against an alternative hypothesis presented by Richard Payne that the repetition can be more fruitfully explained as an employment of effects produced by procedural memory involved in learning skills. The data examined here were obtained through questionnaire and interviews from contemporary Finnish practitioners of Hindu-based yoga and meditation. The results suggest that rather than activating semantic memory, the extremely high frequency practices found in Indian yoga can be more fruitfully explained as applications of procedures employing the effects of procedural memory. Mysticism may, thus, be regarded as cross-culturally recurrent pattern of religiosity precipitated by a number of mutually strengthening features.
Characterization of the interaction between Actinin-Associated LIM Protein (ALP) and the rod domain of α-actinin
Authors: Klaavuniemi Tuula , Alho Nanna , Hotulainen Pirta , Kelloniemi Annina , Havukainen Heli , Permi Perttu , Mattila Sampo , Ylänne Jari 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
The PDZ-LIM proteins are a family of signalling adaptors that interact with the actin cross-linking protein, α-actinin, via their PDZ domains or via internal regions between the PDZ and LIM domains. Three of the PDZ-LIM proteins have a conserved 26-residue ZM motif in the internal region, but the structure of the internal region is unknown.

Results
In this study, using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we showed that the ALP internal region (residues 107–273) was largely unfolded in solution, but was able to interact with the α-actinin rod domain in vitro, and to co-localize with α-actinin on stress fibres in vivo. NMR analysis revealed that the titration of ALP with the α-actinin rod domain induces stabilization of ALP. A synthetic peptide (residues 175–196) that contained the N-terminal half of the ZM motif was found to interact directly with the α-actinin rod domain in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. Short deletions at or before the ZM motif abrogated the localization of ALP to actin stress fibres.

Conclusion
The internal region of ALP appeared to be largely unstructured but functional. The ZM motif defined part of the interaction surface between ALP and the α-actinin rod domain.
Spectroscopic Study of Photoreduction by the Fourth Harmonic of Nd:YAG Laser in a Liquid–Liquid Extraction System
Authors: Saeki Morihisa , Sasaki Yuji , Yokoyama Atsushi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A new technique for the back-extraction using photoreduction by the fourth harmonic of Nd:YAG laser has been successfully demonstrated in a liquid–liquid extraction system composed of a 1-octanol solution of Eu3+(TODGA)n complex and water. The reduced product, Eu2+ ion, was stabilized by addition of 15-crown-5. The back-extraction process was investigated by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated slow diffusion of Eu2+(15-crown-5)m in the organic phase and fast transfer through the interface to the water.
Room-temperature Preparation of BaMoO4 Nano-octahedra by Microemulsion Method
Authors: Mi Yan , Huang Zaiyin , Zhou Zeguang , Hu Feilong , Meng Qiufeng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Uniform barium molybdate nano-octahedra with a mean edge length of 50 nm have been prepared in Triton X-100 water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions at room temperature. BaMoO4 nano-octahedra present tetragonal single crystals. The size of these nano-octahedra can be tuned conveniently by changing the reagent concentrations and the molar ratio of water and Triton X-100.
The Application of the Huang Method in the Analysis of Microwave Heating
Authors: Yang Xiao-Qing , Yang Li-Jun , Jia Guo-Zhu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this paper, acetone iodation was carried out and the Huang method based on experimental results was employed to calculate the effective permittivity of acetone iodation system as a function of temperature and reaction time. The coupled electromagnetic field equations, reaction kinetics equations, and heat transport equation were solved to simulate the microwave heating on chemical reaction. Here, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was used. Finally, the calculated results were compared with the measured results to verify this calculation. This method offers high potential applications in the explanation of some specific phenomena in the microwave heating on chemical reactions and instructs the design of microwave chemistry reactor.
Recognition of Monosaccharides with Energy-transfer Luminescence Using Residual Coordination Sites of Lanthanide(III)–4-Aminobenzyl-EDTA Complex in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Saito Shingo , Hikichi Atsushi , Kamura Takao , Hattori Kazuyuki , Aoyama Masakazu , Shibukawa Masami 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we present the luminescent lanthanide complexes, Tb3+– and Dy3+–4-aminobenzyl-EDTA as receptors for monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are recognized through their coordinate bonds and hydration bonds in alkaline aqueous solution by distinctive energy-transfer luminescence enhancement of the center metal ions. The stability constants of the ternary complexes formed with several monosaccharides, which are particularly sensitive in the case of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), were measured. A high stability constant for Neu5Ac was observed with an affinity of about 5000.
Electric Conduction Properties of Self-assembled Monolayer Films of Ru Complexes with Disulfide/Phosphonate Anchors in a Au–(Molecular Ensemble)–(Au Nanoparticle) Junction
Authors: Terada Keiichi , Kobayashi Katsuaki , Hikita Jiro , Haga Masa-aki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Electric conduction properties of SAM films of Ru complexes with disulfide or phosphonate anchors have been measured by Au-nanoparticle-assisted conducting probe atomic force microscopy. The I–V curves of these films were nonlinear, and the resistivities depend on the headgroups and the layered structure in ways that can be explained by the contact resistance and the insulating effect of the Zn–phosphonate interlayer in metal–molecule–metal junctions. Asymmetry in these films causes a rectification effect on the I–V response.
Stepwise Radial Complexation of Organic Molecules and Organic–Metal Hybrid Assembly in Dendritic Polyphenylazomethines
Authors: Fujii Atunobu , Ochi Yousuke , Nakajima Reina , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We found that triphenylmethylium tetrafluoroborate (TPM+BF4−) could be coordinated to the imine group of dendritic phenylazomethine (DPA) in stepwise radial fashion, which allows for control of the number and position of TPM and metals incorporated into the dendrimers. Organic–metal hybrid assembly was also achieved.
Differences in Peak Bone Density Between Male and Female Students
Authors: Avdagić Selma , Barić Irena , Keser Irena , Cecić Ivana , Šatalić Zvonimir , Bobić Jasminka , Gomzi Milica 
Published: March 2009

Differences in Peak Bone Density Between Male and Female Students
As an important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk, peak bone density tends to be higher in men than in women. The aim of this study was to see whether young men and women differed in the time and skeletal region of peak bone density. We also investigated the influence of diet and physical activity on bone mass. The study group included 51 male and 75 female students aged 19 to 25 years. Bone mineral density was measured for the spine, total femur, and the distal third of the radius using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary data were obtained using a specially designed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD; g cm-2) was higher in boys than in girls at all measured sites, while bone mineral apparent density (BMAD; g cm-3) was higher in girls. Age negatively correlated with bone mineral density in all measured sites except in the boys' spine. Sodium, protein, and fibres were nutrients that significantly correlated with bone mineral density. The study suggests that boys achieve peak bone density later than girls, and that this delay is the most prominent in the spine. In our study group, this difference could not be explained by different nutrition or the level of physical activity.
Evaluation of Oxime K203 as Antidote in Tabun Poisoning
Authors: Kovarik Zrinka , Vrdoljak Ana , Berend Suzana , Katalinić Maja , Kuča Kamil , Musilek Kamil , Radić Božica 
Published: March 2009

Evaluation of Oxime K203 as Antidote in Tabun Poisoning
We studied bispyridinium oxime K203 [(E)-1-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-4-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide] with tabun-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in vitro, and its antidotal effect on tabun-poisoned mice and rats in vivo. We compared it with oximes K048 and TMB-4, which have proven the most efficient oxime antidotes in tabun poisoning by now. Tabun-inhibited AChE was completely reactivated by K203, with the overall reactivation rate constant of 1806 L mol-1 min-1. This means that K203 is a very potent reactivator of tabun-inhibited AChE. In addition, K203 reversibly inhibited AChE (K
i = 0.090 mmol L-1) and BChE (K
i = 0.91 mmol L-1), and exhibited its protective effect against phosphorylation of AChE by tabun in vitro. In vivo, a quarter of the LD50 K203 dose insured survival of all mice after the application of as many as 8 LD50 doses of tabun, which is the highest dosage obtained compared to K048 and TMB-4. Moreover, K203 showed high therapeutic potency in tabun-poisoned rats, preserving cholinesterase activity in rat plasma up to 60 min after poisoning. This therapeutic improvement obtained by K203 in tabun-poisoning places this oxime in the spotlight for further development.
An Overview of the 1969-2007 Follow-up Study of Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing in Croatia and Pertinent Publications
Authors: Pavlović Mladen , Čorović Naima 
Published: March 2009

An Overview of the 1969-2007 Follow-up Study of Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing in Croatia and Pertinent Publications
This article brings an overview of data collected in a follow-up study of chronic diseases in general adult population residing in inland and coastal Croatia, that was performed from 1969 to 2007. Despite the selection bias, the sample of volunteers examined in the last follow-up (2005 - 2007), now older than 70, remained as representative as in the previous three follow-ups (1969, 1972, and 1982). Here we report on the design of this prospective cohort study and on papers that have been published as a result. The obtained data could help in promoting healthy living and longevity. The results of our survey might also contribute to the development and implementation of national or international strategies and action plans intended to reduce health risks, and particularly to control and prevent chronic diseases.
Effects of Acid Washing and Additives on Qualities of Waste Lubricating Oil
Authors: Haque M Naimul , Miah M Yunus , Ashruf S Ali , Islam M Rafiqul , Das A Kumar 
Published: March 2009

Waste lubricating oil has been reclaimed by treatment with commercial sulphuric acid followed by adsorption on fuller's earth. A maximum yield (75%) of reclaimed oil at acid- oil ratio of 10:100 with addition of 10% (w/v) fuller's earth has been obtained. Properties of reclaimed oil such as viscosity index, pour point, colour etc. have been improved from 93.4, +2, 5.0 to 109, -10.5, 4.0 by addition of certain proportion of additives. TGA analysis of waste lubricating oil, reclaimed oil and fresh lubricating oil has also been studied. The reclaimed oil obtained after addition of different types of additives is very comparable to SAE 30 grade lubricating oil in terms of properties and is applicable as a standard lubricant. Such a reuse of waste lubricating oil, in addition to its economic effect will help to reduce environmental problem. Key words: Lubricating oil, TGA analysis, Envirormentl problem and Vscosity index. Â Â Â Â doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2243 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 529-536, 2008
<i>tert.</i>-Butylation of Toluene: A Statistical Study
Authors: Ismail Mohammad , Hanif Mohammad Abu , Galib Mirza , Saha Manoranjan 
Published: March 2009

A statistical model was developed for the alkylation of toluene with tert.-butyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst. Temperature, molar ratio of toluene to tert.-butyl chloride and amount of anhydrous aluminum chloride were chosen for investigation. A set of trials was planned according to a 3 factor 2-level Yates pattern experimental design with 2 replicates and the center point trial with 4 replicates. The critical response was the yield of tert.-butyl toluene. Two- and three-factor interaction effects together with the main effects were statistically significant. The adequacy of the suggested model was checked up. The difference between the experimental and predicted yields did not exceed 2.22%. The best yield of the tert.-butyl toluene was 51.2%. Key words: tert. Butylation, Yates pattern, Experimental yield, Statistical model. Â Â Â doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2245 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 545-552, 2008
Biodegradable Dextran Nanogels for RNA Interference: Focusing on Endosomal Escape and Intracellular siRNA Delivery
Authors: Raemdonck Koen , Naeye Broes , Buyens Kevin , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E. , Høgset Anders , Demeester Joseph , De Smedt Stefaan C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe successful therapeutic application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) largely relies on the development of safe and effective delivery systems that are able to guide the siRNA therapeutics to the cytoplasm of the target cell. In this report, biodegradable cationic dextran nanogels are engineered by inverse emulsion photopolymerization and their potential as siRNA carriers is evaluated. The nanogels are able to entrap siRNA with a high loading capacity, based on electrostatic interaction. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis reveal that large amounts of siRNA‐loaded nanogels can be internalized by HuH‐7 human hepatoma cells without significant cytotoxicity. Following their cellular uptake, it is found that the nanogels are mainly trafficked towards the endolysosomes. The influence of two different strategies to enhance endosomal escape on the extent of gene silencing is investigated. It is found that both the application of photochemical internalization (PCI) and the use of an influenza‐derived fusogenic peptide (diINF‐7) can significantly improve the silencing efficiency of siRNA‐loaded nanogels. Furthermore, it is shown that an efficient gene silencing requires the degradation of the nanogels. As the degradation kinetics of the nanogels can easily be tailored, these particles show potential for intracellular controlled release of short interfering RNA.