bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Leaching and Whole‐tree Harvesting on Cation Budgets of Several Forests
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Kelly J. M. , Swank W. T. , Cole D. W. , Van Miegroet H. , Hornbeck J. W. , Pierce R. S. , Van Lear D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of acid deposition, natural leaching, and harvesting on base cation export from forests in Maine, Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Washington were compared. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that base cation export via whole‐tree harvesting (WTH) would be nearly independent of soil exchangeable base cation supplies; base cation export via leaching would be strongly dependent on the exchangeable cation supplies as well as the input, production, and mobility of anions. This hypothesis was supported by the data: mixed deciduous sites in Tennessee had among the highest base cation (principally Ca) exports via WTH (1.2 kmolc ha−1 yr−1), yet the lowest soil exchangeable supplies (35 kmolc ha−1), whereas the Washington sites had by far the highest base cation leaching (5–41 kmolc ha−1 yr−1, due to very high levels of naturally produced HCO−3) and soil exchangeable supplies, yet only relatively moderate base cation exports via WTH (0.4 kmolc ha−1 yr−1). Sulfate was either the dominant or a major anion in soil solutions from the eastern sites, suggesting that atmospheric deposition was a major factor in soil leaching from these sites (0.2–2.1 kmolc ha−1 yr−1), but total leaching rates from these sites were much lower than at the Washington sites. Indeed, some of the eastern sites showed a net annual accumulation of one or more base cations from atmospheric deposition. Some of the southeastern sites with Ultisols showed the expected net retention of SO2−4, but the sites in the Tennessee Valley near Oak Ridge showed surprisingly little ecosystem SO2−4 retention, perhaps due to lower soil SO2−4 adsorption in these soils than in other Ultisols.
The Distribution of Fallout Cesium‐137 in Southern Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Kiss J. J. , de Jong E. , Martz L. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCesium‐137 is a radioactive fallout isotope that is strongly adsorbed by soil particles and has been used by numerous researchers to estimate soil erosion and deposition. In this study, background or baseline levels of 137Cs on native, noneroded soils in southern Saskatchewan are presented. The activity of 137Cs in well‐drained, native soils was measured at 363 sites in the agricultural portion of Saskatchewan. The 137Cs activity at these sites was believed to reflect fallout input to the land surface and therefore represent the background 137Cs activity levels for the sites. In this regional study, 137Cs activity levels in native soils were found to range from 840 to 4570 Bq m−2, with a mean of 2422 ± 505 Bq m−2. The spatial variation in 137Cs activity was complex, and could not be adequately described by a second‐order trend surface function. In the study area there was a general trend toward increasing 137Cs activity with increasing precipitation during the peak fallout period; however, the relationship showed a great deal of scatter. The variation in 137Cs activity levels in the native soils was considered to be largely caused by local meteorological conditions during the peak 137Cs fallout period. Accurate local determination of background 137Cs activity levels for erosional studies in southern Saskatchewan must be based on local sampling of native soils, as predictions based on either location or local precipitation amounts are unlikely to be adequate.
Annual Elemental Input/Output Estimates for Two Forested Watersheds in Eastern Tennessee
Authors: Kelly J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtmospheric inputs of SO2−4, NO−3, PO3−4, NH+4, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and H+ via wet and dry deposition were compared to stream water outputs at two study sites, Camp Branch and Cross Creek, during the period 1978 to 1983. The Cross Creek site is located 19 km from a major coal‐fired point source and has been subjected to approximately 30 yr of elevated atmospheric input while Camp Branch is located in an area removed from the possible local influences of a major point source. Hydrologic comparison of mean streamflow output to incoming precipitation indicates a greater loss of water (64%) to streamflow at Cross Creek than Camp Branch (56%). No site differences (p = 0.05) could be detected in mean annual wet input for any element. The dryfall comparison indicated only a higher level of Mg2+ input at Cross Creek. The relative contributions of anions and cations in both wetfall and dryfall was similar at both sites with SO2−4 > NO−3 > PO3−4 for the anions and H+ > Ca2+ > NH+4 > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ for the cations. Export of anions in streamflow had the same relative relationship as observed for wetfall and dryfall. The SO2−4 ion accounted for 86% of the measured anion export at Camp Branch and 91% at Cross Creek. Although SO2−4 export varies between sites as a function of flow, concentration values remain relatively constant from year to year. Cation export was dominated by Mg2+ at Camp Branch, followed by Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > NH+4 > H+. At Cross Creek, the order of cation export was Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > H+ > NH+4. Comparing base cation inputs to outputs, there is a mean efflux of 203 molc ha−1 yr−1 at Cross Creek. Although SO2−4 retention rates are 78% of input, it is still the dominant measured companion anion, although there is circumstantial evidence for a substantial HCO−3 contribution. The H+ ion input is also almost completely retained within the system. Base cation loss at Cross Creek was 31% higher than that at Camp Branch. However, it is difficult to demonstrate any significant impact of the elevated historical S input because nutrient export was highly correlated with streamflow and streamflow volume was 29% higher at Cross Creek.
Efficacy of Various Sorbic Media in Attenuation of Selenium
Authors: Fritz Steven J. , Hall Steven D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of adsorption tests were performed on material used in the construction of a clay‐lined fly‐ash waste pile at a lignite‐burning power plant in Texas to determine which soil component is the most effective in adsorbing selenium. Selenium, in the form of selenite, is adsorbed by hydrous iron oxides to a greater extent than selenite adsorbed by clays chemically treated to remove organics and free iron. In natural systems, clays will be coated by iron oxides and organic material, and these coatings may prevent anions like HSeO−3 and SeO−23 from sorbing onto positive exchange sites of clay surfaces. However, anions can be effectively adsorbed by these highly reactive surface coatings. Thus, the efficacy of clay as an adsorption medium may be overestimated in construction of environmental barriers for retention of elements like selenium.
Long‐term Phytoavailability of Soil‐applied Organo‐borates
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Kaplan D. I. , Burkman W. G. , Mills G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium tetraphenylboron (NaTPB) is expected to be used in large quantities to separate radiocesium from high‐level nuclear wastes. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the long‐term effects of NaTPB, diphenylboric acid (DPBA, a major degradation by‐product of NaTPB) and boric acid (BA) on the extractability of soil B and plant B nutrition. Sorgrass (Sorghum vulgare sudanense Hitchc. ‘Dub‐L‐Graze’) was planted in sandy and loamy sandy soils in two separate 2‐yr studies. Results indicate that initial differences between effects of the B sources on biomass, plant B concentration, plant B uptake and hot‐water extractable B disappeared after the first harvest, while differences among these parameters due to soil type and application rate remained throughout the experiments. Extractable soil and plant B concentrations tended to decrease more gradually in the loamy sand than in the sandy soil. Plant toxicity from organic sources was noted only during the first harvest while BA had no adverse effects. Both NaTPB and DPBA reduced biomass, the former more than the latter. Initially, plant B concentrations were higher in NaTPB than BA treatments. The cumulative percentage of soil‐applied B removed after 2 yr by sorgrass remained fairly similar, 20.0 ± 1.7% (1 SD) among B sources and application rates. This suggests that a large fraction of B applied to the soil was not taken up by the plant, presumably due to soil fixation. Biphenyl, another major breakdown product of NaTPB, had no effect on sorgrass growth, tissue B concentration, and soil B concentration.
Bacterial Water Quality Responses to Four Grazing Strategies—Comparisons with Oregon Standards
Authors: Tiedemann A. R. , Higgins D. A. , Quigley T. M. , Sanderson H. R. , Bohn C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) were measured weekly during summer 1984 in streamwater of 13 wildland watersheds managed under four range management strategies. The strategies were (A) no grazing; (B) grazing without management for livestock distribution; (C) grazing with management for livestock distribution; and (D) grazing with management for livestock distribution and with cultural practices to increase forage. Counts of FC were compared to Oregon water quality standards. Data for FS were used for determining the FC/FS ratio to assess origin of FC organisms. Counts of FC were significantly lower under strategies A and C than under strategy D, but no significant differences were apparent among other strategy comparisons. Two strategy D watersheds violated the Oregon water quality 30‐d log10 standard of no more than 2 × 103 FC L−1 (200 FC·100 mL−1). One watershed was in violation for most of the sampling period. Ratios of FC to FS indicated that wildlife was the major source of FC bacteria in strategies A, B, and C watersheds. Cattle were the primary source of FC bacteria on strategy D watersheds.
Shallowly Placed, Low Pressure Distribution System to Treat Domestic Wastewater in Soils with Fluctuating High Water Tables
Authors: Stewart L. W. , Reneau R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils with seasonal fluctuating high water tables are common in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are considered to be unsuited for conventional on‐site wastewater disposal systems (OSWDS). This study was conducted to monitor the performance of a shallowly placed, low pressure OSWDS in a Typic Ochraquult. Low pressure distribution and shallow placement were used to achieve uniform distribution and maintain an unsaturated zone in the more biologically active upper soil horizons. This combination was used to reduce movement of bacteria and P while utilizing water table fluctuations to enhance denitriflcation. Changes in water table levels, effluent distribution, and movement of fecal coliforms and selected chemical contaminants in groundwaters were monitored in situ from December 1980 through May 1982. An unsaturated zone was present beneath the OSWDS during the entire study except for the period from January through May of 1982. During this period the water table intersected the OSWDS, for some time interval (<24 h), on 36 d primarily following large rainfall events. Movement of fecal coliforms and P were restricted both horizontally and vertically. Nitrate concentrations were highest beneath the OSWDS during periods of rising water tables following prolonged periods of time when the water table was deeper than 1.5 m. Following the accumulation of NO−3‐N in the upper portion of the water table, NO−3‐N concentrations decreased rapidly. The observed decrease in NO−3‐N was attributed to denitriflcation and was supported by NO−3‐N/Cl− ratios. Based on NO−3‐N/Cl− ratios, approximately 90% of the NO−3‐N could not be accounted for with increased distance from the OSWDS.
Implications of a Global Climatic Warming for Agriculture: A Review and Appraisal
Authors: Smit B. , Ludlow L. , Brklacich M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecently it has been recognized that changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere are likely to alter the earth's climate, and that these alterations may have severe implications for agriculture and other economic activities. This has stimulated research into the possible consequences of altered climatic regimes on several attributes or components of agri‐food systems. Current consensus suggests that a global climatic warming, induced by increased concentrations of CO2 and other “greenhouse” gases, is likely, and hence the possible implications of warmer climates for agriculture has received considerable attention. Several analytical procedures have been employed in these studies and it is timely to assess the characteristics and achievements of these independent efforts. This paper classifies and reviews studies that examine the implications of climatic warming for agriculture. Three approaches to assessment are recognized. Crop yield analysis identifies the effects of a specified change in climate on productivity levels for individual crops in particular locations. Spatial analysis examines the implications of climatic warming for the area and location of lands suitable for crop production. Agricultural systems analysis focuses on the relationships among components of agri‐food systems. Much remains to be learned about the effects of climatic warming on agriculture. The use of existing information to develop a comprehensive analysis is hampered by differences in analytical approaches and in climatic change scenarios, and by the virtual absence of information on the possible implications of climatic change on agriculture in developing nations. Nevertheless, current evidence suggests that a warmer climate could create a more favorable environment for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain corn (Zea mays L.) in Canada, Northern Europe, and the USSR, and restrict opportunities in the USA.
Quality of Diets with Fluidized Bed Combustion Residue Treatment: I. Rat Trials
Authors: Cahill Nancy J. , Reid R. L. , Head M. K. , Hern J. L. , Bennett O. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFeeding trials were conducted with rats (Rattus rattus) to examine effects of soil application, or dietary inclusion, of fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR) on the composition and quality of foods. Four diets (vegetable protein, egg protein, chicken, chicken + dietary FBCR) prepared with either FBCR or lime (control) treatments, were fed to weanling, female rats in three growth and reproduction trials. Intake, growth rate, and composition of body and organs of rats were measured. Rats in one trial were bred, their litters maintained on dietary treatments, and the offspring rebred. Treatment (FBCR vs. lime) × diet interactions on food composition and animal responses generally were not significant. Treatment had little effect on element composition of diets; mineral concentrations were in normal ranges. Diet treatment with FBCR depressed (P < 0.01) food intake and growth of rats in one trial, but not in others, and had no effect (P < 0.05) on body water, protein, ether extract, or gross energy composition. Some differences in element concentrations in the carcass and organs of rats and pups resulted from FBCR treatment, but effects were small and inconsistent. Litters from the first reproductive cycle appeared normal, except for animals fed the chicken + dietary FBCR treatment, on which pups showed poor growth and anemia. Offspring from certain diets were rebred and litters showed a high mortality, although this was not associated specifically with FBCR treatment. Results indicated no major detrimental effects on food composition, or growth, tissue element accumulation, and reproduction in the rat relating to use of FBCR as a soil amendment.
Quality of Diets with Fluidized Bed Combustion Residue Treatment: II. Swine Trials
Authors: Whitsel T. J. , Reid R. L. , Stout W. L. , Hern J. L. , Bennett O. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowing pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were fed for an 8‐wk period in two trials on diets produced on soils treated with fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR) or limestone. Diets contained corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mixtures with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal, supplemented with vegetables, fruits, and meat. Pigs were fed ad libitum and effects of diet treatment on rate of gain, N balance, blood composition, and element composition of the carcass and organs were determined. The FBCR diet caused a decrease (P < 0.05 in Trial 1, P < 0.07 in Trial 2) in body weight gains of pigs, but increased (P < 0.05) N retention in one trial. Blood composition was not influenced markedly by diet treatment, with small but significant differences in serum Ca, triglycerides, certain amino acids, and whole blood Pb concentrations; effects were not consistent between trials. Urinary As concentration was slightly higher for pigs on FBCR diets. Analysis of the carcass and organs of pigs slaughtered posttrial showed significant differences in element levels from those of pretrial animals, but differences in tissue mineral concentrations related to diet treatment were few and inconsistent. Element concentrations in the organs of pigs were within normal ranges. No explanation for the depression in weight gain of pigs fed FBCR‐treated diets was found. Except for the weight response, results support data from other trials with laboratory animals showing no apparent adverse effects of FBCR application to soils on nutritive quality of foods.
Municipal Sludge for Minespoil Reclamation: II. Effects on Organic Matter
Authors: Seaker E. M. , Sopper W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study of five coal stripmine sites reclaimed with sewage sludge and one site reclaimed with chemical fertilizer was conducted to determine the effects of sludge amendments and time on dry matter yields, detritus accumulation, root growth, organic matter content, and soil organic C and N content. The reclaimed sites ranged in age from 1 to 5 yr following reclamation with sludge at rates of 120 to 134 Mg ha−1 (dry wt. basis). The fertilizer‐amended site was 5 yr old. All sites were planted in grass and legume cover. On the sludge‐amended sites, yield, detritus, root growth, and organic matter were positively correlated with site age, increasing from the 1‐yr‐old to the 3‐yr‐old site. On the 4‐yr‐old and 5‐yr‐old sites values were greater than or equal to the 2‐yr‐old site, and no indication of site deterioration was evident. Organic C significantly increased from the 1‐yr‐old to the 2‐yr‐old site, and was highest on the 5‐yr‐old site. Total N remained constant on all sites. On the three older sites detritus accumulation and root growth surpassed that of the 5‐yr‐old fertilizer‐amended site. Yield and organic matter content on the four oldest sludge sites surpassed that of the fertilizer‐amended site, and organic C and N content on all sludge sites surpassed that of the fertilizer‐amended site. As measured by these parameters, eventual soil development and ecosystem recovery appear to be accelerated on the sites reclaimed with sludge compared to the fertilizer‐amended site.
Contaminant Transport in Agroecosystems through Retention of Soil Particles on Plant Surfaces
Authors: Pinder J.E. , McLeod K.W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe contamination of plant surfaces with soil particles is a potentially important process in the transport of insoluble contaminants such as radionuclides, heavy metals, and hydrophobic organics in agroecosystems, but few data are available to assess the significance of this mechanism for different crop species. The mass of soil particles retained on the surfaces of corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown under field conditions were measured using the 238Pu content of the plants to indicate retention of soil. The crops demonstrated similar quantities and height distributions of soil retained on leaf and stem surfaces. Mean retention was 0.86 g soil retained on corn vegetation per square meter of land surface and 0.79 g m−2 retained on sunflower. Most of the soil was on the lower 1 m of the vegetation. The height distributions of retained soil can explain the larger concentrations of soil observed in the mechanically harvested grains of short stature crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (120 mg soil per kg grain) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (82 mg kg−1) than that observed in taller crops such as corn (2 mg kg−1). The significance of soil retention in determining the accumulation of contaminants in grains is evaluated for several important agricultural crops.
Selenate Transport in Steady‐State, Water‐Saturated Soil Columns
Authors: Alemi M. H. , Goldhamer D. A. , Nielsen D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTransport of selenate (Se6+) in steady‐state, water‐saturated soil columns was evaluated under different pore water velocities, ionic compositions, and two soil bulk densities. The soil was Panoche loam (Typic Torriorthents) saturated with 0.005 M CaSO4, 0.005 M CaCl2, or 0.05 M CaCl2. To examine the movement of selenate in soil relative to water and SO2−4 (a biogeochemically similar anion), breakthrough curves of 75SeO2−4, along witH+3H2O or 35SO2−4, were observed. Selenate appeared before elution of one pore volume and always ahead of the 3H2O and SO2−4 except in 0.05 M CaCl2, indicating exclusion of selenate by the soil matrix. On the other hand, soil analysis of selenate following the leaching indicated that selenate was retained by the soil, suggesting simultaneous exclusion and adsorption of selenate. Increasing pore water velocity and soil bulk density did not shift the position of the breakthrough curves significantly. Assuming equilibrium linear adsorption‐desorption of selenate by soil, the values of the apparent diffusion coefficient (D) and the retardation factor (R) were obtained by fitting the solution of the solute transport equation without sink and source terms to the measured breakthrough curves of selenate. The values of D showed an increasing trend with pore water velocity and the values of R were influenced by ionic composition of the soil solution.
Subsoil Thickness Effects On Yield and Soil Water When Reclaiming Sodic Minespoil
Authors: Oddie Thomas A. , Bailey Arthur W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMinespoil sodicity has the potential to limit plant growth and impede reclamation success on surface‐mined land. A joint government/coal industry experiment was established near Highvale, AB, to determine suitable subsoil thicknesses (0, 55, 95, 135, 185, and 345 cm underlying 15 cm topsoil) for reclaiming sodic minespoil and maximizing production of an annual barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cereal crop or a perennial alfalfa‐smooth bromegrass (Medicago sativa L., Bromus inermis Leyss.) forage mixture. Barley and forage yields were lower on the 0‐cm subsoil treatment than all other treatments. Yields for both crops increased as subsoil thickness increased to 55 cm. There was a consistent trend toward optimum yields on the 95‐cm subsoil treatment, but the difference between 55 and 95 cm was not significant. The replacement of 55 to 95 cm subsoil plus 15 cm topsoil appeared sufficient to restore post‐mine productivity to the potential achieved on surrounding agricultural land. Root depth under the forage mixture increased as total soil thickness increased, while increases under the cereal were not generally significant. The average effective root zone extended to about 85 cm under barley and 185 cm under alfalfa‐smooth bromegrass. Average seasonal soil water within the effective subsoil root zone generally increased under barley and decreased under alfalfa‐smooth bromegrass over time. Lower consumptive use of available soil water and a shallower effective root zone under barley contributed to accumulations of soil water above the subsoil/minespoil interface. Perennial forages appeared to be more effective in reducing soil water accumulations above the interface and promoting reclamation success of sodic minespoil.