bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological and cultural foundations of prejudice: The case of anti‐Semitism in Quebec
Authors: SNIDERMAN PAUL M. , NORTHRUP DAVID A. , FLETCHER JOSEPH F. , RUSSELL PETER H. , TETLOCK PHILIP E. 
Published: July 2010

Cette communication documente l'existence de niveaux d'antisémitisme et d'ethnocentrisme systématiquement plus élevés au Québec qu'ailleurs au Canada, puis examine les facteurs socioculturels, psychologiques et politiques qui sous‐tendent ce phénomène. L'analyse des données de l'Enquěte sur la Charte des droits et libertés révèle que les facteurs socioculturels jouent le rǒle prépondérant. Plus particulièrement, la plus forte propension des Québécois à voir les Juifs d'un oeil défavorable est en grande partie attribuable à une plus grande valorisation de la conformité dans la culture québécoise. Ainsi, les Québécois diffèrent des autres canadiens non pas tant parce qu'ils souscrivent à tout l'éventail des préjugés antisémites, mais parce qu'ils acceptent les caractérisations négatives des Juifs sans se poser des questions. D'après les auteurs, l'antisémitisme au Québec ne s'explique ni par le nationalisme politique ni par des traits de personalité. La communication traite également de diverses questions concernant la méthodologie à employer pour mesurer l'antisémitisme.Documenting consistently higher levels of anti‐Semitism and ethnocentrism in Quebec than elsewhere in Canada, this article investigates the sources of this prejudice in socio‐cultural, psychological and political factors. Analysis of survey data from the Charter of Rights Study show that socio‐cultural factors are most important. In particular, the greater readiness of Quebeckers to look unfavourably on Jews is largely a consequence of the high value placed upon conformity in Quebec culture. Quebeckers therefore differ from other Canadians not primarily in a willingness to subscribe to a full syndrome of anti‐Semitic sentiments, but in casually accepting negative characterizations of Jews. Anti‐Semitism in Quebec is found not to be related to nationalist political sentiments, nor is it substantially personality‐driven. A variety of methodological issues pertaining to the measurement of anti‐Semitism are also discussed.
Clinical characteristics of patients with autoimmune hepatitis seropositive for anticentromere antibody
Authors: Himoto Takashi , Murota Masayuki , Yoneyama Hirohito , Deguchi Akihiro , Kurokochi Kazutaka , Senda Shoichi , Haba Reiji , Watanabe Seishiro , Nishioka Mikio , Masaki Tsutomu 
Published: July 2010

Aim:  Recent studies have revealed that primary biliary cirrhosis patients with anticentromere antibody (ACA) commonly develop portal hypertension. However, the clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain uncertain. We investigated the clinical features of patients with AIH seropositive for ACA (ACA‐AIH), comparing them with those of patients with AIH seropositive for other immunofluorescent patterns of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (other‐AIH).Methods:  AIH was diagnosed on the basis of the scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Seropositivity for ACA was determined by a discrete speckled pattern on HEp‐2 cells by an immunofluorescent technique. The severity of histological grading and staging was evaluated by the histological activity index (HAI) score.Results:  Eight (17%) of 47 patients with AIH had ACA. No significant differences in age, sex, onset pattern of the disease, progression to hepatic failure and relapse rate were present between the ACA‐AIH and other‐AIH groups. The frequency of concurrent autoimmune diseases in ACA‐AIH was significantly higher than that in other‐AIH (75% vs 36%, P = 0.0406). Biochemical analysis revealed a significantly lower mean immunoglobulin G (IgG) level than that in other‐AIH (2176 ± 641 vs 3013 ± 923 mg/dL, P = 0.0150). However, there were no differences in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, titers of ANA, HAI scores or the positive rate of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR4 between the groups.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the emergence of ACA is not a distinct entity of AIH, despite its clinical characteristics of a significantly higher frequency of concurrent autoimmune diseases and lower serum IgG levels.
Paleomagnetic evidence for multiple late Cenozoic glaciations in the Tintina Trench, west-central Yukon, CanadaThis article is a companion paper to Duk-Rodkin et al., also in this issue.
Authors: Barendregt René W. , Enkin Randolph J. , Duk-Rodkin Alejandra , Baker Judith 
Published: July 2010

The Tintina Trench in west-central Yukon has preserved an extensive record of late Cenozoic preglacial, glacial, and interglacial deposits. These deposits comprise multiple sequences of tills, outwash, loesses, and paleosols. The sediments that were laid down directly by ice (tills) are of both local (montane) and regional (Cordilleran) provenance. The Tintina Trench area was impacted repeatedly by montane ice from the southern Ogilvie Mountains to the northwest (2500 m above sea level (asl)), and also repeatedly along its southern extent by Cordilleran ice from the Selwyn Mountains to the east (2759 m asl), the latter forming the continental divide in this region. We report here the magnetostratigraphy of three sections: Rock Creek (64°13′N, 139°07′W), West Fifteenmile River (64°29′N, 139°55′W), and East Fifteenmile River (64°23′N, 139°48′W). The majority of the units identified at these sections record late Pliocene to mid-Pleistocene glaciations, although relatively thin surficial sequences of late middle Pleistocene to late Pleistocene loesses and tills are present as well. Of the 11 units described in the Tintina Trench, seven have normal polarity, three have reversed polarity, and one has an undefined polarity. These units span about 3.0 million years. It appears that most of the polarity chrons and subchrons of the late Cenozoic are present and that the sequence of six reversals record at least 10 glaciations (three in the Brunhes Chron and seven in the Matuyama Chron), and 11 interglaciations (four in the Brunhes Chron and seven in the Matuyama Chron). The interglacials are recorded as either paleosols or unconformities between glacial or loess units having opposite polarity. While not all Matuyama Chron glacial and interglacial cycles recorded in marine isotopic records are seen on land, the terrestrial records found in the Tintina Trench have thus far proven to be the most complete in terms of the polarity record. While no absolute ages were obtained from the sediments in the trench, the extensive polarity sequence constrains the timing of glaciations to a considerably greater degree than was previously possible for this region. The magnetostratigraphy of the trench sites are compared with the glacial, glaciofluvial, and loessic deposits at the nearby Klondike River valley and Fort Selkirk sites, central Yukon, where tephras and basalts provide absolute ages, and stratigraphic units contain an extensive late Cenozoic climate proxy for northwestern North America (eastern Beringia). In this study, we present new paleomagnetic polarity data and establish a magneto-lithostratigraphy describing preglacial, glacial, and interglacial deposits in the Tintina Trench. These deposits are referred to as the West Tintina Trench Allogroup and provide a broad framework for establishing a paleoclimate record for the northern Canadian Cordillera.
Impact of growth environment and physiological state on metal immobilization byPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1
Authors: Hunter Ryan C. , Phoenix Vernon R. , Saxena Anuradha , Beveridge Terry J. 
Published: July 2010

Environmental growth conditions and cell physiology have the potential to influence bacterial surface–metal interactions in both planktonic and biofilm systems. Here, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied to determine the influence of these factors (pH, redox potential, and active respiration) on surface electrostatics and metal immobilization. Acid–base titrations revealed a decrease in ionizable ligands at pKa5 (putative carboxyls) in cells grown below pH 6.2 and in cells grown anaerobically relative to cells grown under oxic and circumneutral pH conditions. This observation correlates with Western immunoblotting assays that revealed a reduction in carboxylated B-band lipopolysaccharide in these cells. Furthermore, spectrophotometric analysis revealed a decrease in zinc, copper, and iron immobilization in these cells, suggesting that lipopolysaccharide modification in response to environmental stimuli influences metal binding. The effect of active versus inactive metabolism on metal adsorption was also examined using respiration inhibitors carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and sodium azide. Cells treated with these compounds bound more zinc, copper, and iron than untreated controls, suggesting proton extrusion through respiration competes with metal cations for reactive groups on the cell surface. Accumulation of gold did not show the same trend, and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed it was not a surface-mediated process. These results suggest that variations in growth environment and cell physiology influence metal accumulation by bacterial cell surfaces and may help to explain discontinuous accumulation of metal observed throughout microbial communities.
Genomic analysis of two ORF2 segments of new porcine astrovirus isolates and their close relationship with human astroviruses
Authors: Ulloa Juan Carlos , Gutiérrez María Fernanda 
Published: July 2010

Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been poorly studied and has been associated mainly with gastroenteritis. Computational analysis has revealed the close relationship of PAstV with astroviruses of humans (HAstV) and cats (FAstV). In this study, 105 and 171 stool specimens were collected from piglets and children under 5 years of age, respectively, in different Colombian regions during a 1-year period. The stool samples were examined for astroviruses by ELISA and RT–PCR; 23.8% and 4% were found to be positive for PAstV and HAstV, respectively. Additional sequence analysis with partial sequences obtained from ORF2 identified at least 2 probable groups of PAstVs and possible recombination events between porcine and human astroviruses. This study provides preliminary evidence of the high presence of PAstVs in pigs and proposes the existence of multiple PAstV types that are evolutionarily closely related to HAstVs.
The solubilization of potassium-bearing rock powder by Aspergillus niger in small-scale batch fermentations
Authors: Lopes-Assad Maria L. , Avansini Simoni H. , Rosa Márcia M. , de Carvalho José R.P. , Ceccato-Antonini Sandra R. 
Published: July 2010

The fungus Aspergillus niger was cultivated in culture medium with an alkaline ultramafic rock powder to evaluate the solubilization of potassium for biofertilizer production. The assays were carried out with 2 strains (CCT4355 and CCT911) in small-scale batch fermentations using 125, 500, 1000, and 2000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, with a nominal volume of 40%, and rock powder at 0.4%, shaken at 160 r/min, incubated at 30 °C, and sampled every 7 days for 35 days. The amount of soluble K+, the pH of the culture medium, and the acidity were determined. Both strains solubilized K+ from the rock powder to the same extent (approximately 62%–70% after 35 days) in the 125 mL flasks; however, the percent solubilization decreased at higher volumetric scales. The results also indicated a difference in strain sensitivity to the increase in volumetric scales in batch fermentation. When filter-sterilized air was injected into the medium, the K+ percent solubilization obtained after 4 days of cultivation was similar to that obtained after a 28 day period. The acid production by the fungus may be a mechanism of rock solubilization, in spite of the elevation in pH values probably caused by the increasing hydrolysis of the silicates. Both strains of A. niger are recommended for solubilizing potassium from ultramafic rocks, but it is necessary to optimize the oxygen transfer, which seemed to affect the rock solubilization at higher volumetric scales.
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channel SCN5A Is a Key Regulator of a Gene Transcriptional Network That Controls Colon Cancer Invasion
Authors: House Carrie D. , Vaske Charles J. , Schwartz Arnold M. , Obias Vincent , Frank Bryan , Luu Truong , Sarvazyan Narine , Irby Rosalyn , Strausberg Robert L. , Hales Tim G. , Stuart Joshua M. , Lee Norman H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSC) have been implicated in the metastatic potential of human breast, prostate, and lung cancer cells. Specifically, the SCN5A gene encoding the VGSC isotype Nav1.5 has been defined as a key driver of human cancer cell invasion. In this study, we examined the expression and function of VGSCs in a panel of colon cancer cell lines by electrophysiologic recordings. Na+ channel activity and invasive potential were inhibited pharmacologically by tetrodotoxin or genetically by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) specifically targeting SCN5A. Clinical relevance was established by immunohistochemistry of patient biopsies, with strong Nav1.5 protein staining found in colon cancer specimens but little to no staining in matched-paired normal colon tissues. We explored the mechanism of VGSC-mediated invasive potential on the basis of reported links between VGSC activity and gene expression in excitable cells. Probabilistic modeling of loss-of-function screens and microarray data established an unequivocal role of VGSC SCN5A as a high level regulator of a colon cancer invasion network, involving genes that encompass Wnt signaling, cell migration, ectoderm development, response to biotic stimulus, steroid metabolic process, and cell cycle control. siRNA-mediated knockdown of predicted downstream network components caused a loss of invasive behavior, demonstrating network connectivity and its function in driving colon cancer invasion. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6957–67. ©2010 AACR.
System-Level Analysis of Neuroblastoma Tumor–Initiating Cells Implicates AURKB as a Novel Drug Target for Neuroblastoma
Authors: Morozova Olena , Vojvodic Milijana , Grinshtein Natalie , Hansford Loen M. , Blakely Kim M. , Maslova Alexandra , Hirst Martin , Cezard Timothee , Morin Ryan D. , Moore Richard , Smith Kristen M. , Miller Freda , Taylor Paul , Thiessen Nina , Varhol Richard , Zhao Yongjun , Jones Steven , Moffat Jason , Kislinger Thomas , Moran Michael F. , Kaplan David R. , Marra Marco A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive tumor of the developing peripheral nervous system that remains difficult to cure in the advanced stages. The poor prognosis for high-risk NB patients is associated with common disease recurrences that fail to respond to available therapies. NB tumor-initiating cells (TICs), isolated from metastases and primary tumors, may escape treatment and contribute to tumor relapse. New therapies that target the TICs may therefore prevent or treat tumor recurrences.
Experimental Design: We undertook a system-level characterization of NB TICs to identify potential drug targets against recurrent NB. We used next-generation RNA sequencing and/or human exon arrays to profile the transcriptomes of 11 NB TIC lines from six NB patients, revealing genes that are highly expressed in the TICs compared with normal neural crest-like cells and unrelated cancer tissues. We used gel-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to shotgun tandem mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of proteins corresponding to the most abundant TIC-enriched transcripts, thereby providing validation to the gene expression result.
Results: Our study revealed that genes in the BRCA1 signaling pathway are frequently misexpressed in NB TICs and implicated Aurora B kinase as a potential drug target for NB therapy. Treatment with a selective AURKB inhibitor was cytotoxic to NB TICs but not to the normal neural crest-like cells.
Conclusion: This work provides the first high-resolution system-level analysis of the transcriptomes of 11 primary human NB TICs and identifies a set of candidate NB TIC-enriched transcripts for further development as therapeutic targets. Clin Cancer Res; 16(18); 4572–82. ©2010 AACR.
Personalized Tamoxifen: A Step Closer but Miles To Go
Authors: Bardia Aditya , Stearns Vered 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Genetic variants in CYP2D6 lead to reduced conversion of tamoxifen to the active metabolite endoxifen. However, the role of the CYP2D6 genotype in predicting tamoxifen-associated outcomes remains controversial. Accurate assignment of the CYP2D6 genotype in archival tissues is crucial for future studies attempting to determine risk prediction of outcomes in tamoxifen-treated individuals. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4308–10. ©2010 AACR.
Basic Rights and Cosmopolitan Justice from an Enlightened Localist Perspective
Authors: Ypi Lea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article links a normative analysis of basic rights to an important debate between cosmopolitans and localists on the moral standing of particular political communities. Cosmopolitan scholars often defend the universality of basic rights by appealing to the importance of satisfying the vital needs of every human being. For its part, the localist critique of cosmopolitanism defends compatriot favoritism and emphasizes the role of particularist attachments that are thought to cultivate solidarity, reciprocity, and legitimacy. I move beyond this dualism and adopt an “enlightened localist” approach that justifies basic rights from a universal-cosmopolitan perspective even as it attends to local commitments when faced with corresponding issues of agency and the distribution of responsibility. I distinguish different cosmopolitan accounts in favor of basic rights and argue that one of them successfully defends the validity of basic rights from a universal perspective. But such an account cannot resolve the problem of agency in the global sphere: it cannot specify how transnational obligations corresponding to these basic rights should be allocated. In short, while the normative justification of basic rights is persuasive, the distribution of responsibilities that would render such rights institutionally effective rests on shaky grounds. I conclude by showing that cosmopolitan responsibilities corresponding to basic rights are more appropriately discharged by local communities as the most relevant agents of global justice - if such localism proceeds from an “enlightened” perspective.
Enlightened Localism in Contemporary China: Political Change in Property-Rights Institutions of Township and Village Enterprises
Authors: Wang Junmin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI examine the dynamic and interactive relationships between local governments and local economic elites as they attempted to privatize China’s township and village enterprises (TVEs) in the late 1990s. To pursue financial interests shared with the local economic elite, local governments informally privatized public TVEs and thereby compromised their role as political agents of the central government. This institutional change in property rights demonstrates a Chinese pattern of “enlightened localism” (Gregg 2003) by which the local political and economic actors develop a pragmatic way of coping with ambiguous legal issues. The deployment of enlightened localism in the TVE sector shows that China’s policies of economic decentralization unintentionally have led to a decentralization of political control.
Integration of the Ainu Minority in Japan: Enlightened Localism Combined with Universalism
Authors: Hasegawa Ko 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI examine the significance of enlightened localism for problems associated with the social integration of minorities, with special reference to the Ainu people in Japan. From the standpoint of multicultural coexistence in a liberal spirit, I show how the Ainu might be better integrated into mainstream Japanese society by taking into account the perspective of enlightened localism. I propose the idea of polymorphic integration as a golden mean between group rights and individual rights. It offers a pragmatic way toward a cultural respect and concern for the Ainu based on a right to cultural integrity and embedded in the basically liberal yet inadequately race-sensitive legal system in Japan today.
Enlightened Localism and Local Experimentalism in Public Policy: Schooling Policies of Children with Immigrant Backgrounds in Denmark and Spain
Authors: Ahedo Manuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI examine how local municipalities in Denmark and Spain carried out experiments in schooling policy on pupils with immigrant backgrounds, toward improving the process of social integration and academic performance. Policy affecting second generation immigrant children generated conflicts over rights, values, and norms in the public sphere. I analyze local public policy decisions first by confronting two perspectives, local experimentalism and enlightened localism, with one another, and then by identifying various ways in which they are complementary.
Divorce in an Islamic American Context: Muslim Lebanese-American Women Navigating Religious and Civil Legal Systems
Authors: Berry Moulouk 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay discusses divorce and Islamic law in the United States. Specifically, it examines the Shi‘i Muslim Lebanese-American community in Detroit, Michigan, and the way different actors such as women, local imams, judges, and lawyers are working to bridge the differences that exist between secular and religious laws in issues pertaining to divorce and the concomitant complexities involved. In particular, the essay highlights the contingent character of Islam, and the ways in which Muslim-Americans are working to navigate the nuances and find innovative legal solutions for marriage and divorce that take into consideration American civil law, Islamic law, the ethnic Lebanese subculture of the Lebanese Shi‘i community as well as the wider American culture.
Public Spaces/Muslim Places: Locating Sierra Leonean Muslim Identity in Washington, D.C.
Authors: D’Alisera JoAnn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper I explore the way in which Muslim space is produced in public venues to become a tangible medium through which Sierra Leonean Muslims living in Washington, D.C. reflect upon the harmonies and tensions of life in the city. I ask how secular sites such as work spaces, street corners and sidewalks are remade by a multiplicity of sanctifying patterns of action that are performed in conscious tension with the way American public spaces are normally perceived. I illustrate the complex ways that spatial practices that emplace the sacred onto mundane sites creates complex social fields in which Sierra Leoneans negotiate the social relations and practical knowledge of their world. In so doing, I show that sacred meaning and significance can coalesce in any place that becomes a site for intensive religious interpretation and thus essential locations of self-reflection and self-constitution in cities.
Many Gateways to the Gateway City: Elites, Class and Policy Networking in the London African Diaspora
Authors: Werbner Pnina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCan we speak of the existence of an ‘African diaspora’ over and above the many discrete national diaspora groups in Britain? The present paper explores the conviviality and reach of black African elite networks in London across ethnic boundaries, their mastery of a shared language of governance and their capacity as actors and activists operating in civil society. Their achievement has been, the paper argues, to create a nascent black African diasporic public sphere in which the diaspora is imagined, constructed and mobilised across divisions of language, religion, nation and class. New multicultural policies in Britain have facilitated this networking, which is grounded in ethical notions of caring, justice and ethnic permeability.