bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dévots et Renonçants: L’autre Catégorie de Forgeurs de Hadiths
Authors: Daaïf Lahcen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDès le premier siècle de l’hégire, pour s’imposer comme la seule voie légitime qui représente fidèlement l’islam contre les familles religieuses rivales, notamment le šī‘isme et le āriğisme, le sunnisme, comme ces derniers, a dû largement user des traditions prophétiques. Néanmoins, les règles qu’il érigera pour fonder cette nouvelle matière de connaissance religieuse ne verront le jour qu’un siècle plus tard. Suite aux rivalités politico-religieuses qui les avaient suscitées en partie, une fois développées et réorganisées progressivement en système de contrôle, ces règles allaient s’appliquer à toutes transmissions de traditions, sans en excepter celle de garants sunnites eux-mêmes. Au sein de celle-ci, certains rapporteurs de hadiths, d’une prolixité impressionnante, particulièrement versés dans le renoncement (zuhhād) et la dévotion cultuelle (ubbād), se sont révélés de peu de foi, voire des menteurs notoires; raisons suffisamment convaincantes pour qu’ils soient catalogués, par des critiques farouchement fidèles au traditionnisme, comme une catégorie distincte de transmetteurs indigne de confiance. Leurs hadiths, tant au niveau des matns qu’au niveau des isnāds, tout au long des trois générations successives des salafs, ont été scrutés de très près, puis évalués et enfin décrétés impropres à la transmission (matrūk). En effet, la « forgerie » des hadiths, qui était de mise dans ce milieu, ne laissait pas de s’accentuer pour devenir un art de subterfuge dont se réclamaient ouvertement, dans la noble intention de servir la communauté sunnite, de notoires ‘renonçants’.
Comments on “Plotting Positions in Extreme Value Analysis”
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis comment addresses the role of sampling error in extreme value analysis. A note published in this journal claimed that Weibull’s 1939 estimator for sample probability has a unique status that invalidates all other estimators and renders invalid all of the developments of unbiased distribution-dependent estimators made since 1939. The note concluded that the use of distribution-dependent estimators should be abandoned and that many estimates of the weather-related risks should be reevaluated and the related building codes and other related regulations updated. This comment uses rigorous statistical proofs to make the diametrically opposite case: namely, that development of distribution-dependent estimators has resulted in an improvement in accuracy over the past half century and that no changes are required to the basis of weather-related building codes and regulations. These rigorous proofs are supplemented by sampling experiments that demonstrate their validity. This comment provides an introduction to the basic statistical concepts of the statistical modeling of extremes, including unbiased estimators for the model parameters.
Reply
Authors: Makkonen Lasse 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This reply addresses the use of order statistics in extreme value analysis. The author has previously proposed in this journal that the distribution-dependent estimators of plotting position in extreme value analysis should be abandoned and replaced by the Weibull formula. It was also demonstrated that the use of the wrong plotting positions has resulted in underestimation of the probability of extreme-weather events. Cook’s comments challenge these developments and defend the previously presented plotting methods. In this reply it is outlined that the Weibull formula provides the exact probability PI of nonexceedance in order-ranked data. Hence, there is no sampling error related to PI. This renders Cook’s primary arguments invalid. The specific critical comments by Cook are also replied to and are shown to be unfounded.
Mechanisms of Jet Formation on the Giant Planets
Authors: Liu Junjun , Schneider Tapio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe giant planet atmospheres exhibit alternating prograde (eastward) and retrograde (westward) jets of different speeds and widths, with an equatorial jet that is prograde on Jupiter and Saturn and retrograde on Uranus and Neptune. The jets are variously thought to be driven by differential radiative heating of the upper atmosphere or by intrinsic heat fluxes emanating from the deep interior. However, existing models cannot account for the different flow configurations on the giant planets in an energetically consistent manner. Here a three-dimensional general circulation model is used to show that the different flow configurations can be reproduced by mechanisms universal across the giant planets if differences in their radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes are taken into account. Whether the equatorial jet is prograde or retrograde depends on whether the deep intrinsic heat fluxes are strong enough that convection penetrates into the upper troposphere and generates strong equatorial Rossby waves there. Prograde equatorial jets result if convective Rossby wave generation is strong and low-latitude angular momentum flux divergence owing to baroclinic eddies generated off the equator is sufficiently weak (Jupiter and Saturn). Retrograde equatorial jets result if either convective Rossby wave generation is weak or absent (Uranus) or low-latitude angular momentum flux divergence owing to baroclinic eddies is sufficiently strong (Neptune). The different speeds and widths of the off-equatorial jets depend, among other factors, on the differential radiative heating of the atmosphere and the altitude of the jets, which are vertically sheared. The simulations have closed energy and angular momentum balances that are consistent with observations of the giant planets. They exhibit temperature structures closely resembling those observed and make predictions about as yet unobserved aspects of flow and temperature structures.
ENSO Model Validation Using Wavelet Probability Analysis
Authors: Stevenson Samantha , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Jochum Markus , Rajagopalan Balaji , Yeager Stephen G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A new method to quantify changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is presented, using the overlap between probability distributions of the wavelet spectrum as measured by the wavelet probability index (WPI). Examples are provided using long integrations of three coupled climate models. When subsets of Niño-3.4 time series are compared, the width of the confidence interval on WPI has an exponential dependence on the length of the subset used, with a statistically identical slope for all three models. This exponential relationship describes the rate at which the system converges toward equilibrium and may be used to determine the necessary simulation length for robust statistics. For the three models tested, a minimum of 250 model years is required to obtain 90% convergence for Niño-3.4, longer than typical Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) simulations. Applying the same decay relationship to observational data indicates that measuring ENSO variability with 90% confidence requires approximately 240 years of observations, which is substantially longer than the modern SST record. Applying hypothesis testing techniques to the WPI distributions from model subsets and from comparisons of model subsets to the historical Niño-3.4 index then allows statistically robust comparisons of relative model agreement with appropriate confidence levels given the length of the data record and model simulation.
Anisotropic Rotational and Isotropic Residual Isopycnal Mesoscale Eddy Fluxes
Authors: Eden Carsten 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In the generalized temporal residual mean (TRM-G) framework, the diapycnal rotational eddy fluxes are defined such that the residual divergent diapycnal eddy flux is related to irreversible changes of buoyancy, that is, diapycnal mixing (or temporal changes of variance and higher order moments) only. Here, it is discussed that for the isopycnal eddy fluxes a similar physically meaningful property exists: rotational isopycnal eddy fluxes can be defined in TRM-G such that the residual divergent part of the flux is related to removal of mean available potential energy and transfer to eddy energy only, that is, to the classical picture of eddy activity. In two idealized eddying models, both featuring strong mesoscale eddy-driven zonal jets, large isopycnal eddy fluxes are circulating at the flanks of the jets. The residual isopycnal eddy fluxes, however, are predominantly meridional and thus downgradient, indicating vanishing anisotropic mixing of isopycnal thickness, consistent with the classical picture of eddy-driven overturning by baroclinic instability in jets. Using isotropic thickness mixing—standard in ocean models—appears therefore as sufficient in this model diagnosis.
Anthropogenic Moisture Effects on WRF Summertime Surface Temperature and Mixing Ratio Forecast Skill In Southern California
Authors: Coleman Rich F. , Drake James F. , McAtee Michael D. , Belsma Leslie O. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Mesoscale forecasts for the Los Angeles basin made with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) exhibited a moderate to substantial warm temperature bias for extended periods in the summer months. A similar bias also was thought to exist in forecasts made using version 2.2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF v2.2). To address these biases, two sources of anthropogenic moisture were analyzed: commercial irrigation and outdoor domestic water use. These represent substantial amounts of equivalent precipitation that are not accounted for in normal WRF execution. This is especially true for the summer months when little or no precipitation occurs in the area. A method for estimating the temporal and spatial distributions of these two sources was developed and the resulting database was applied to model runs. The addition of these anthropogenic moisture sources is an important source of enthalpy, which results in significant cooling in WRF. However, in the course of the analysis it was determined that the biases in WRF were much smaller than had been thought. Also, despite producing significant cooling, the addition of anthropogenic moisture made only modest improvements in forecast skill, and only for some hours of the day, indicating that more research is necessary on how the physical processes are handled in WRF, and how the anthropogenic moisture is distributed during the forecast period.
Storm Surge and “Certain Death”: Interviews with Texas Coastal Residents following Hurricane Ike
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Hayden Mary H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHurricane Ike made landfall near Galveston, Texas, on 13 September 2008 as a large category 2 storm that generated significant storm surge and flooding. This article presents findings from an empirical case study of Texas coastal residents’ perceptions of hurricane risk, protective decision making, and opinions of hurricane forecasts related to Hurricane Ike. The results are based on data from interviews with 49 residents affected by Hurricane Ike, conducted approximately five weeks after landfall. While most interviewees were aware that Ike was potentially dangerous, many were surprised by how much coastal flooding the hurricane caused and the resulting damage. For many—even long-time residents—Ike was a learning experience. As the hurricane approached, interviewees and their households made complex, evolving preparation and evacuation decisions. Although evacuation orders were an important consideration for some interviewees, many obtained information about Ike frequently from multiple sources to evaluate their own risk and make protective decisions. Given the storm surge and damage Ike caused, a number of interviewees believed that Ike’s classification on the Saffir–Simpson scale did not adequately communicate the risk Ike posed. The “certain death” statement issued by the National Weather Service helped convince several interviewees to evacuate. However, others had strong negative opinions of the statement that may negatively influence their interpretation of and response to future warnings. As these findings indicate, empirical studies of how intended audiences obtain, interpret, and use hurricane forecasts and warnings provide valuable knowledge that can help design more effective ways to convey hurricane risk.
Prox1 expression is negatively regulated by miR-181 in endothelial cells
Authors: Kazenwadel Jan , Michael Michael Z. , Harvey Natasha L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The specification of arterial, venous, and lymphatic endothelial cell fate is critical during vascular development. Although the homeobox transcription factor, Prox1, is crucial for the specification and maintenance of lymphatic endothelial cell identity, little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate Prox1 expression. Here we demonstrate that miR-181a binds the 3′ untranslated region of Prox1, resulting in translational inhibition and transcript degradation. Increased miR-181a activity in primary embryonic lymphatic endothelial cells resulted in substantially reduced levels of Prox1 mRNA and protein and reprogramming of lymphatic endothelial cells toward a blood vascular phenotype. Conversely, treatment of primary embryonic blood vascular endothelial cells with miR-181a antagomir resulted in increased Prox1 mRNA levels. miR-181a expression is significantly higher in embryonic blood vascular endothelial cells compared with lymphatic endothelial cells, suggesting that miR-181 activity could be an important mechanism by which Prox1 expression is silenced in the blood vasculature during development. Our work is the first example of a microRNA that targets Prox1 and has implications for the control of Prox1 expression during vascular development and neo-lymphangiogenesis.
How I treat acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rowe Jacob M. , Tallman Martin S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMore than one quarter of a million adults throughout the world are diagnosed annually with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite considerable progress during the past 3 decades in the therapy of AML, two-thirds of young adults and 90% of older adults still die of their disease. The reported median age has increased over the past few decades, mostly because of a greater willingness of physicians to diagnose and treat older patients, and now is 72 years. The greatest challenge is in this age group. However, much improvement in therapy is needed for all adults with AML. Recent advances in allogeneic transplantation, a better understanding of prognostic factors, and development of targeted agents have only modestly improved overall outcome when large populations of patients are considered. Although an explosion in knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of AML has outpaced treatment advances, such insights hold promise for the development of new therapies directed at specific molecular abnormalities that perturb malignant cell survival pathways. The current approach in 2010 to the management of this disease is presented through a discussion of illustrative cases.
VITCOMIC: visualization tool for taxonomic compositions of microbial communities based on 16S rRNA gene sequences
Authors: Mori Hiroshi , Maruyama Fumito , Kurokawa Ken 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Understanding the community structure of microbes is typically accomplished by sequencing 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes. These community data can be represented by constructing a phylogenetic tree and comparing it with other samples using statistical methods. However, owing to high computational complexity, these methods are insufficient to effectively analyze the millions of sequences produced by new sequencing technologies such as pyrosequencing.

Results
We introduce a web tool named VITCOMIC (VI sualization tool for T axonomic CO mpositions of MI crobial C ommunity) that can analyze millions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences and calculate the overall taxonomic composition for a microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of genome-sequenced strains are used as references to identify the nearest relative of each sample sequence. With this information, VITCOMIC plots all sequences in a single figure and indicates relative evolutionary distances.

Conclusions
VITCOMIC yields a clear representation of the overall taxonomic composition of each sample and facilitates an intuitive understanding of differences in community structure between samples. VITCOMIC is freely available at http://mg.bio.titech.ac.jp/vitcomic/.
Genome-wide and molecular evolution analyses of the phospholipase D gene family in Poplar and Grape
Authors: Liu Qi , Zhang Chiyu , Yang Yongping , Hu Xiangyang 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
The Phospholipase D (PLD) family plays an important role in the regulation of cellular processes in plants, including abscisic acid signaling, programmed cell death, root hair patterning, root growth, freezing tolerance and other stress responses. PLD genes constitute an important gene family in higher plants. However, until now our knowledge concerning the PLD gene family members and their evolutionary relationship in woody plants such as Poplar and Grape has been limited.

Results
In this study, we have provided a genome-wide analysis of the PLD gene family in Poplar and Grape. Eighteen and eleven members of the PLD gene family were identified in Poplar and Grape respectively. Phylogenetic and gene structure analyses showed that the PLD gene family can be divided into 6 subgroups: α, β/γ, δ, ε, ζ, and φ, and that the 6 PLD subgroups originated from 4 original ancestors through a series of gene duplications. Interestingly, the majority of the PLD genes from both Poplar (76.5%, 13/17) and Grape (90.9%, 10/11) clustered closely together in the phylogenetic tree to the extent that their evolutionary relationship appears more tightly linked to each other, at least in terms of the PLD gene family, than it does to either Arabidopsis or rice. Five pairs of duplicated PLD genes were identified in Poplar, more than those in Grape, suggesting that frequent gene duplications occurred after these species diverged, resulting in a rapid expansion of the PLD gene family in Poplar. The majority of the gene duplications in Poplar were caused by segmental duplication and were distinct from those in Arabidopsis, rice and Grape. Additionally, the gene duplications in Poplar were estimated to have occurred from 11.31 to 13.76 million years ago, which are later than those that occurred in the other three plant species. Adaptive evolution analysis showed that positive selection contributed to the evolution of the PXPH- and SP-PLDs, whereas purifying selection has driven the evolution of C2-PLDs that contain a C2 domain in their N-terminal. Analyses have shown that the C2-PLDs generally contain 23 motifs, more than 17 motifs in PXPH-PLDs that contain PX and PH domains in N-terminal. Among these identified motifs, eight, (6, 8, 5, 4, 3, 14, 1 and 19) were shared by both the C2- and PXPH-PLD subfamilies, implying that they may be necessary for PLD function. Five of these shared motifs are located in the central region of the proteins, thus strongly suggesting that this region containing a HKD domain (named after three conserved H, K and D residues) plays a key role in the lipase activity of the PLDs.

Conclusion
As a first step towards genome wide analyses of the PLD genes in woody plants, our results provide valuable information for increasing our understanding of the function and evolution of the PLD gene family in higher plants.
Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Angola show the StctVMNT haplotype in the pfcrt gene
Authors: Gama Bianca E , Pereira-Carvalho Guilhermina AL , Lutucuta Kosi Florbela JI , Almeida de Oliveira Natália K , Fortes Filomeno , Rosenthal Philip J , Daniel-Ribeiro Cláudio T , de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz Maria 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Effective treatment remains a mainstay of malaria control, but it is unfortunately strongly compromised by drug resistance, particularly in Plasmodium falciparum, the most important human malaria parasite. Although P. falciparum chemoresistance is well recognized all over the world, limited data are available on the distribution and prevalence of pfcrt and pfmdr1 haplotypes that mediate resistance to commonly used drugs and that show distinct geographic differences.

Methods

Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood samples collected in 2007 at four municipalities of Luanda, Angola, were genotyped using PCR and direct DNA sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P. falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes were assessed and haplotype prevalences were determined.

Results and Discussion
The most prevalent pfcrt haplotype was S
tctVMNT (representing amino acids at codons 72-76). This result was unexpected, since the S
tctVMNT haplotype has previously been seen mainly in parasites from South America and India. The CVIET, CVMNT and CVI NT drug-resistance haplotypes were also found, and one previously undescribed haplotype (CVMDT) was detected. Regarding pfmdr1, the most prevalent haplotype was Y EYSNVD (representing amino acids at codons 86, 130, 184, 1034, 1042, 1109 and 1246). Wild haplotypes for pfcrt and pfmdr1 were uncommon; 3% of field isolates harbored wild type pfcrt (CVMNK), whereas 21% had wild type pfmdr1 (NEYSNVD). The observed predominance of the S
tctVMNT haplotype in Angola could be a result of frequent travel between Brazil and Angola citizens in the context of selective pressure of heavy CQ use.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of the pfcrt
S VMNT haplotype and the pfmdr1 86Y mutation confirm high-level chloroquine resistance and might suggest reduced efficacy of amodiaquine in Angola. Further studies must be encouraged to examine the in vitro sensitivity of pfcrt
S VMNT parasites to artesunate and amodiaquine for better conclusive data.
Temporal and spatial dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on dairy farms in the New York City Watershed: a cluster analysis based on crude and Bayesian risk estimates
Authors: Szonyi Barbara , Wade Susan E , Mohammed Hussni O 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important biological contaminants in drinking water that produces life threatening infection in people with compromised immune systems. Dairy calves are thought to be the primary source of C. parvum contamination in watersheds. Understanding the spatial and temporal variation in the risk of C. parvum infection in dairy cattle is essential for designing cost-effective watershed management strategies to protect drinking water sources. Crude and Bayesian seasonal risk estimates for Cryptosporidium in dairy calves were used to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. parvum infection on dairy farms in the New York City watershed.

Results
Both global (Global Moran's I) and specific (SaTScan) cluster analysis methods revealed a significant (p < 0.05) elliptical spatial cluster in the winter with a relative risk of 5.8, but not in other seasons. There was a two-fold increase in the risk of C. parvum infection in all herds in the summer (p = 0.002), compared to the rest of the year. Bayesian estimates did not show significant spatial autocorrelation in any season.

Conclusions
Although we were not able to identify seasonal clusters using Bayesian approach, crude estimates highlighted both temporal and spatial clusters of C. parvum infection in dairy herds in a major watershed. We recommend that further studies focus on the factors that may lead to the presence of C. parvum clusters within the watershed, so that monitoring and prevention practices such as stream monitoring, riparian buffers, fencing and manure management can be prioritized and improved, to protect drinking water supplies and public health.