bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From open radical hysterectomy to robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer: aspects of a single institution learning curve
Authors: Schreuder H. W. R. , Zweemer R. P. , van Baal W. M. , van de Lande J. , Dijkstra J. C. , Verheijen R. H. M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe analysed the introduction of the robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer with respect to patient benefits and surgeon-related aspects of a surgical learning curve. A retrospective review of the first 14 robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomies and the last 14 open radical hysterectomies in a similar clinical setting with the same surgical team was conducted. Patients were candidates for a laparoscopic sentinel node procedure, pelvic lymph node dissection and open radical hysterectomy (RH) before August 2006 and were candidates for a laparoscopic sentinel node procedure, pelvic lymph node dissection and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (RALRH) after August 2006. Overall, blood loss in the open cases was significantly more compared with the robot cases. Median hospital stay after RALRH was 5 days less than after RH. The median theatre time in the learning period for the robot procedure was reduced from 9 h to less that 4 h and compared well to the 3 h and 45 min for an open procedure. Three complications occurred in the open group and one in the robot group. RALRH is feasible and of benefit to the patient with early stage cervical cancer by a reduction of blood loss and reduced hospital stay. Introduction of this new technique requires a learning curve of less than 15 cases that will reduce the operating time to a level comparable to open surgery.
ON FINITE p-GROUPS WITH SUBGROUPS OF BREADTH 1
Authors: CUTOLO GIOVANNI , SMITH HOWARD , WIEGOLD JAMES 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe consider finite p-groups G in which every cyclic subgroup has at most p conjugates. We show that the derived subgroup of such a group has order at most p2. Further, if the stronger condition holds that all subgroups have at most p conjugates then the central factor group has order p4 at most.
A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioural therapyversusshort-term psychodynamic psychotherapyversusno intervention for patients with hypochondriasis
Authors: Sørensen P. , Birket-Smith M. , Wattar U. , Buemann I. , Salkovskis P. 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundHypochondriasis is common in the clinic and in the community. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in previous trials. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a treatment routinely offered to patients with hypochondriasis in many countries, including Denmark. The aim of this study was to test CBT for hypochondriasis in a centre that was not involved in its development and compare both CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) to a waiting-list control and to each other. CBT was modified by including mindfulness and group therapy sessions, reducing the therapist time required. STPP consisted of individual sessions.MethodEighty patients randomized to CBT, STPP and the waiting list were assessed on measures of health anxiety and general psychopathology before and after a 6-month treatment period. Waiting-list patients were subsequently offered one of the two active treatments on the basis of re-randomization, and assessed on the same measures post-treatment. Patients were again assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-up points.ResultsPatients who received CBT did significantly better on all measures relative to the waiting-list control group, and on a specific measure of health anxiety compared with STPP. The STPP group did not significantly differ from the waiting-list group on any outcome measures. Similar differences were observed between CBT and STPP during follow-up, although some of the significant differences between groups were lost.ConclusionsA modified and time-saving CBT programme is effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis, although the two psychotherapeutic interventions differed in structure.
Family Ties: Women's Work and Family Histories and their Association with Incomes in Later Life in the UK
Authors: SEFTON TOM , EVANDROU MARIA , FALKINGHAM JANE 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between the family and work histories of older women and their personal incomes in later life, using retrospective data from the first 15 waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The association between women's family histories and their incomes later in life are relatively weak, explaining only a small proportion of the overall variation in older women's incomes. Divorce, early widowhood and re-marriage are not associated with any significant differences in older women's incomes, while motherhood is only associated with a small reduction in incomes later in life. While there are significant differences in the work histories of older women with different family histories, this translates into relatively small differences in their personal incomes, because the types of employment career pursued by most women are not associated with significantly higher retirement incomes and because public transfers dampen work history-related differentials, especially for widows. On the one hand, this could be seen as a positive finding in that the ‘pension penalty’ associated with life-course events such as motherhood and divorce is not as severe as often anticipated. On the other hand, the main reason for this is that the pension returns to working longer are relatively low, particularly for women with few qualifications. The analysis suggests that women retiring over the next two decades are unlikely to benefit significantly from the additional years they have spent in employment, because most of this increase has been in part-time employment. The article highlights the tensions between two objectives: rewarding work, and protecting the most vulnerable, such as carers, long-term disabled and unemployed. Resolving this dilemma involves moving away from a close association between pension entitlements and work history and towards universal entitlement based on a citizen's pension.
Comparing culture and ecology: conservation planning of oak woodlands in Mediterranean landscapes of Portugal and California
Authors: SANTOS MARIA J. , THORNE JAMES H. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYMediterranean ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, however translating conservation need into implementation has been hindered by their function as working landscapes that integrate both human and natural components. This paper compares oak woodland working landscapes in California and Portugal: can conservation policy be reshaped to conserve Mediterranean oak woodland ecosystems with differing sociopolitical cultural contexts? Each oak woodland's cultural-historical legacy and socioecological system (SES) is described, and how each system can cross-inform improvements to conservation policies is assessed. The SES analysis shows that oak woodlands are managed to maximize revenue from one or more of four resources: forestry, rangeland, agriculture and natural areas. Sustainability of extractable resources may be threatened by replacement rate, land-use history and interdependence with other resources. Non-extractable resources (natural areas) are more volatile and sustainable management is dependent on the voluntary nature of collective-choice rules. Conservation planning and implementation require attention to the characteristic heterogeneity of oak woodlands and to the processes that generate biodiversity, such as fire and regeneration. Conservation plans should aim for the preservation of oak woodland functions (for example multiple use systems) and cultural characteristics (such as keeping people on the land), and governmental and public recognition of the value of preserving these woodlands.
Usefulness of seroconversion rates for comparing infection pressures between countries
Authors: SIMONSEN J. , TEUNIS P. , VAN PELT W. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y. , KROGFELT K. A. , SADKOWSKA-TODYS M. , MØLBAK K. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYSalmonella is a frequent cause of foodborne illness. However, since most symptomatic cases are not diagnosed, the true infection pressure is unknown. Furthermore, national surveillance systems have different sensitivities that limit inter-country comparisons. We have used recently developed methods for translating measurements of Salmonella antibodies into estimates of seroincidence: the frequency of infections including asymptomatic cases. This methodology was applied to cross-sectional collections of serum samples obtained from the general healthy population in three European countries. Denmark and The Netherlands had the lowest seroincidence (84169 infections/1000 person-years), whereas Poland had the highest seroincidence (547/1000 person-years). A Bayesian method for obtaining incidence rate ratios was developed; this showed a 6·3 (95% credibility interval 3·3–12·5) higher incidence in Poland than in Denmark which demonstrates that this methodology has a wider applicability for studies of surveillance systems and evaluation of control programmes.
Ethics and psychology
Authors: Teichmann Roger 
Published: April 2010

… it is not profitable for us at present to do moral philosophy; that should be laid aside at any rate until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology, in which we are conspicuously lacking.These words state one of the principal theses of Elizabeth Anscombe's ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958). Later in the article, the point is reiterated more specifically and with more force:is it not clear that there are several concepts that need investigating simply as part of the philosophy of psychology and – as I should recommend – banishing ethics totally from our minds? Namely – to begin with: ‘action’, ‘intention’, ‘pleasure’, ‘wanting’. More will probably turn up if we start with these.
On Becoming, Cosmic Time and Rotating Universes
Authors: Dorato Mauro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the literature on the compatibility between the time of our experience and the time of physics, the special theory of relativity has enjoyed central stage. By bringing into the discussion the general theory of relativity, I suggest a new analysis of the misunderstood notion of becoming, developed from hints in Gödel's published and unpublished arguments for the ideality of time. I claim that recent endorsements of such arguments, based on Gödel's own ‘rotating’ solution to Einstein's field equation, fail: once understood in the right way, becoming can be shown to be both mind-independent and compatible with spacetime physics. Being a neededtertium quidbetween views of time traditionally regarded as in conflict, such a new approach to becoming should also help to dissolve a crucial aspect of the century-old debate between the so-called A and B theories of time.
Poverty as a Structural Failing
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter turns to the question of why poverty exists at such high rates in the United States. Much of the focus in the past has been upon explaining poverty in terms of individual characteristics and personal deficits. It is argued that such an approach misses the underlying causes and mechanisms that produce poverty. The fundamental causes of poverty are to be found in the economic, political, and social failings of society. A conceptual model is outlined that allows the reinterpretation of the dynamic of American poverty. It incorporates the importance of human capital characteristics in determining who loses out at the economic game, within the broader structural nature of American poverty that ensures the existence of economic losers in the first place. This is referred to as a structural vulnerability explanation of poverty.
Future Directions
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses a set of policies and politically feasible strategies that have the potential to significantly reduce the likelihood and severity of impoverishment. These strategies flow from the new paradigm and are linked to the diagnoses of poverty found in the preceding chapters. They include the creation of adequately paying jobs, increasing the accessibility of several key public goods, buffering the economic consequences of family change, building individual and community assets, and providing a sensible safety net. In combination, they are designed to reduce both the short- and longer-term risk of poverty.
From the Ground Up
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis final chapter pulls together several concluding observations, themes, and thoughts. In particular, it discusses the ways in which one person can make an important difference in helping to create the fundamental changes necessary if America is to once and for all effectively combat the injustice of poverty. It turns to a wide range of information and research during the course of the book in order to build its arguments. Sources include analyses conducted with various national data sets; information from the U.S. Census Bureau and other government sources; discussions and interviews with those who are living in poverty as well as with individuals who are working on the front lines of poverty; historical material; and the vast array of previous research and writings on this subject.
Evolutionary Explanation: Between Science and Values
Authors: Segerstråle Ullica 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The sociobiology debate, which has often been interpreted as a political controversy between conservative hereditarians and progressive culturalists (or environmentalists), in fact represented a clash between two total scientific-cum-moral world views. What was at stake was the nature of science and the moral responsibility of the scientist, especially when it came to “telling the truth” about the biological foundation of human nature. It was fundamentally a debate about the nature of evolutionary explanation of human behavior and what ought to count as “acceptable knowledge” at a particular time.
Behavioral Ecology and the Social Sciences
Authors: Cronk Lee 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists have made a strong case that the human mind is particularly adept at certain tasks, such as monitoring compliance with social rules, learning language, and selecting mates, which are likely to have been especially important in human evolution. Human behavioral ecology has shown that the tremendous variations in human behavior across societies largely reflect adaptive responses to variable environments, conceived of as including not only physical elements but also people's social, political, and economic situation and their history. More specifically, human behavioral ecology has shown that human behavior largely conforms to the predictions of models derived from evolutionary theory, particularly in areas crucial to an individual's inclusive fitness, such as food choice and acquisition, social behavior, mate choice and acquisition, parental behavior, and social behavior.
Evolution, Agency, and Sociology
Authors: Baldus Bernd 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two major difficulties stand in the way of an evolutionary analysis of human culture: the large number of adaptively redundant or even maladaptive cultural traits, and the presence of agency, choice, and design in cultural evolution. Darwin saw organisms as active participants in evolution; their search for the use of inherited traits and environmental resources during their lifetime was as important as the genetic transmission of its results. Combining the lived and inherited part of evolution suggests that culture is shaped by inheritance, but also by the experimental, redundancy- and design-producing adaptation during the individual's life cycle. A model of evolution that combines the genetic and generative aspects of adaptation provides much better access to the complexity of human cultural behavior and to the role of organisms as agents in evolutionary processes.
2 Child Welfare Research: The Effectiveness of Casework
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines research on the effectiveness of casework: the main approach used by child welfare social workers to serve their clients. Topics discussed include the modern caseworker, professional constraints to casework effectiveness, assessing the effectiveness of casework, family preservation services, the long-term impact of foster care, and research on child development.
9 The Rise and Fall of Welfare for Disadvantaged Children in America
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter traces the rise of the modern welfare system in the United States, and the causes that led to the continued high rates of welfare up to the end of the 20th century. It examines the conservative arguments against welfare which led ultimately to its reform and, some say, its essential end. Many of the changes began in the late 1960s but continue even today. It is shown that although the welfare program designed to provide income assistance to poor children has been reformed and largely dismantled, the social and economic conditions it was designed to address are still present.
11 Two Simple Programs for Ending Child Poverty
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines social policy initiatives and programs designed to alter the current structural arrangements responsible for the condition of poor children. If the families served by child welfare agencies suffer from severe economic hardship, and this hardship is a factor that contributes to the problems child welfare is attempting to solve, social and economic policy changes which address this hardship should be pursued. Further, solutions to these problems do not necessarily require more money so much as rethinking and redesigning policies and programs that have proven ineffective and out of date. For example, children suffer because of an ineffective and obsolete court-administered child support collection system. They also suffer because of inequities in the form of the children's allowance program developed in the United States.
Closing
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The closing chapter brings the arguments together and presents a summary of the analysis and a discussion of future directions. Today, in the United States the major remaining social failure has been our inability to make progress in the war against poverty, especially child poverty. Many of the approaches toward letting people change their circumstances, which social work has promoted, have failed. These programs simply have not produced or facilitated change. But there have been successes. Reform efforts must look to those programs that have succeeded, while casting aside those programs that have not. Beyond that, we must turn to and follow the lead of empirical research.
Darwin Vindicated
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFemale mating preferences for highly ornamented males are central to Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Mate-choice experiments with House Finches, both the laboratory and in the field, showed conclusively that female House Finches preferred to mate with males with redder and brighter feathers. By having redder than average feathers, males are able to pair with older, more experienced females who nest earlier and produce more offspring.
Why Red?
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere are a number primary models for why males in bird species like the House Finch evolved bright feather coloration: the Fisherian model of sexual selection, the honest advertisement model, the species recognition model, and the sensory bias model. Mate choice experiments showed that female House Finches from all populations showed a preference for males with large patches of bright red feathers. Males in the populations with small patches of red also show delayed maturation of plumage. These observations are most consistent with the honest advertisement hypothesis.
Fantasies of Flight
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fantasies of Flight invigorates the field of personality psychology by challenging the contemporary academic view that individuals are best studied as carriers of traits. The book exchanges a heart-to-heart, case study approach to understanding human behavior for the current strategies of categorizing and comparing individuals according to their manifest traits. Its author asks and endeavors to answer questions like “What were the psychological conditions that led Sir James Barrie to create a character named Peter Pan?” and “What were the dynamics behind the Marshall Herff Applewhite's conviction that a space ship, hiding behind the Hale–Bopp comet, would rescue him and his Heaven's Gate followers after they enacted a mass suicide pact in 1997?” Answering these questions requires the author to resurrect “old” ways of thinking about personality and “old” strategies for studying individuals one by one. Early in the book, the author reviews the history of why intensive case studies were discredited in psychology and describes how Sigmund Freud's psychobiographical account of Leonardo da Vinci's fascination with flight inadvertently abetted critics of psychoanalytic psychology. He then performs a partial psychobiography of James Barrie and the origins of Peter Pan, followed by an investigation of Carl Jung, who fashioned the collective unconscious to serve as humankind's link with eternity. Arguing that personality psychology needs to become less insular, the author integrates information from the disciplines of developmental psychology and neuroscience into a theory regarding the latent needs that both Barrie and Jung sought to satisfy. The theory, including its emphasis on the onset of self and consciousness, is then applied to an array of well-known and obscure individuals with ascensionistic inclinations.
Come Fly with Me
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the purpose of the book, which is to show that there are many different forms for expressing the urge to fly. Special attention is given to stories whose main character(s) are endowed with the ability to fly, such as Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie. On the basis of strategies for interpreting stories in the context of major underlying concerns of their creators, it is argued that Peter Pan was partly crafted as a means for granting outward expression to some of the internal needs of the author who brought him into existence. Evidence is presented to support this assumption and thereby gain a foothold on decoding the meaning of flying fantasies. The ideas that emerge from considering the life of Barrie are then be extended to the study of the lives of others for whom various forms of flight were of special appeal. This exploration will lead to a deeper understanding of Carl Jung's vision of himself in space, Marc Chagall's striking canvases of levitated figures, and Marshall Herff Applewhite's tragically enacted fantasy of himself and his Heaven's Gate followers being lifted from Earth by a comet. The book will also consider the lives of less well-known figures, for example, a boy who devoted several years to the project of creating a flying machine, a man who flew in a lawn chair with weather balloons fastened to it, and a murderer awaiting execution who regularly dreamt of being rescued by a bird and taken to heaven.