bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of acute sleep loss on the neural correlates of alerting, orientating and executive attention components
Authors: MUTO VINCENZO , SHAFFII‐LE BOURDIEC ANAHITA , MATARAZZO LUCA , FORET ARIANE , MASCETTI LAURA , JASPAR MATHIEU , VANDEWALLE GILLES , PHILLIPS CHRISTOPHE , DEGUELDRE CHRISTIAN , BALTEAU EVELYNE , LUXEN ANDRÉ , COLLETTE FABIENNE , MAQUET PIERRE 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe Attention Network Test (ANT) is deemed to assess the alerting, orientating and executive components of human attention. Capitalizing on the opportunity to investigate three facets of attention in a single task, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the effect of sleep deprivation (SD) on brain responses associated with the three attentional components elicited by the ANT. Twelve healthy volunteers were scanned in two conditions 1 week apart, after a normal night of sleep (rested wakefulness, RW) or after one night of total sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was associated with a global increase in reaction times, which did not affect specifically any of the three attention effects. Brain responses associated with the alerting effect did not differ between RW and SD. Higher‐order attention components (orientating and conflict effects) were associated with significantly larger thalamic responses during SD than during RW. These results suggest that SD influences different components of human attention non‐selectively, through mechanisms that might either affect centrencephalic structures maintaining vigilance or ubiquitously perturb neuronal function. Compensatory responses can counter these effects transiently by recruiting thalamic responses, thereby supporting thalamocortical function.
Trees and/or networks to display intraspecific DNA sequence variation?
Authors: MARDULYN PATRICK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPhylogenetic trees and networks are both used in the scientific literature to display DNA sequence variation at the intraspecific level. Should we rather use trees or networks? I argue that the process of inferring the most parsimonious genealogical relationships among a set of DNA sequences should be dissociated from the problem of displaying this information in a graph. A network graph is probably more appropriate than a strict consensus tree if many alternative, equally most parsimonious, genealogies are to be included. Within the maximum parsimony framework, current phylogenetic inference and network‐building algorithms are both unable to guarantee the finding of all most parsimonious (MP) connections. In fact, each approach can find MP connections that the other does not. Although it should be possible to improve at least the maximum parsimony approach, current implementations of these algorithms are such that it is advisable to use both approaches to increase the probability of finding all possible MP connections among a set of DNA sequences.
Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa)
Authors: FRANTZ A. C. , BERTOUILLE S. , ELOY M. C. , LICOPPE A. , CHAUMONT F. , FLAMAND M. C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhile motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make‐up of wild ungulate populations. Here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the Walloon part of Belgium. Altogether, 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. In the case of the red deer, different genetic clustering tools identified two genetic subpopulations whose borders matched the motorway well. Conversely, no genetic structure was identified in the case of the wild boar. Analysis of isolation‐by‐distance patterns of pairs of individuals on the same side and on different sides of the motorway also suggested that the road was a barrier to red deer, but not to wild boar movement. While telemetry studies seem to confirm that red deer are more affected by motorways than wild boar, the red deer sample size was also much larger than that of the wild boars. We therefore repeated the analysis of genetic structure in the red deer with randomly sub‐sampled data sets of decreasing size. The power to detect the genetic structure using clustering methods decreased with decreasing sample size.
An impedance‐manometry based method for non‐radiological detection of pharyngeal postswallow residue
Authors: Omari T. I. , Dejaeger E. , Tack J. , Vanbeckevoort D. , Rommel N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground  Postswallow residue is indicative of impaired pharyngeal bolus clearance. The integrated nadir impedance to impedance ratio (iZn/Z) is a novel functional variable that can be derived using automated impedance manometry (AIM). In this study, the postswallow pharyngeal iZn/Z was evaluated as a potential correlated postswallow residue and therefore predictor of ineffective swallowing.Methods  Optimal iZn/Z criteria were determine using a database of 50 randomly selected bolus swallows recorded with impedance, manometry, and videofluoroscopy. The iZn/Z was derived for a region of interest (ROI), spanning the mid‐point of the pharyngeal stripping wave to the upper esophageal sphincter proximal margin, and from 0.25 to 1.25 s after the peak of the pharyngeal stripping wave. Videofluorscopy was scored by four experts using a six‐point bolus residue scale (BRS) score. Optimized criteria for iZn/Z were then applied to a much larger database of 225 swallows scored for residue by one expert observer.Key Results  Among individual database, swallows iZn/Z was significantly correlated with average expert BRS score (r = 0.748, P < 0.0001). An iZn/Z of ≥500 was optimally predictive of swallows with residue defined by a BRS score of 4 or more. Within the larger cohort, iZn/Z was higher in dysphagia patient swallows compared with controls [2 (1, 4) vs 1 (1, 3), P < 0.005] and swallows with an iZn/Z ≥ 500 had higher bolus residue scores [4 (1, 6) vs 2 (1, 4), P < 0.001].Conclusions & Inferences  The AIM derived iZn/Z is an easily determined objective non‐radiological marker of clinically relevant postswallow residue and therefore has potential diagnostic relevance as a predictor of ineffective swallowing.
The SMART‐COP score performs well for pneumonia risk stratification in Australia’s Tropical Northern Territory: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Robins‐Browne Karen L. , Cheng Allen C. , Thomas Kathleen A. S. , Palmer Didier J. , Currie Bart J. , Davis Joshua S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective  To prospectively compare a modified pneumonia severity scoring system, SMARTACOP, with other severity scores in patients presenting with pneumonia to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary referral hospital in tropical Australia.Methods  We conducted a prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with radiologically confirmed pneumonia over a 12‐month period. The sensitivity of risk stratification scores were assessed against the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support (IRVS).Results  There were 367 ED attendances for pneumonia of whom 77.1% were admitted to hospital, 10% required intensive respiratory or vasopressor support and 2.8% died. Mean age was 50.0 years, 52% were men and 59% were Indigenous. The sensitivity of a SMART‐COP score ≥3, a SMARTACOP score ≥3 and a pneumonia severity index (PSI) class ≥3 for predicting IRVS was 97%, 97% and 78% respectively.Conclusions  We found no significant advantage of the SMARTACOP over the SMART‐COP score for the prediction of intensive respiratory or vasopressor support, but both scores significantly outperformed PSI. The SMART‐COP score should replace the PSI in tropical Australia and should be assessed in other tropical areas for pneumonia risk stratification in emergency departments.
Gender differences in experiences of ART services in South Africa: a mixed methods study
Authors: Schneider Helen , Govender Veloshnee , Harris Bronwyn , Cleary Susan , Moshabela Mosa , Birch Stephen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectives  A mixed methods study exploring gender differences in patient profiles and experiences of ART services, along the access dimensions of availability, affordability and acceptability, in two rural and two urban areas of South Africa.Methods  Structured exit interviews (n = 1266) combined with in‐depth interviews (n = 20) of women and men enrolled in ART care.Results  Men attending ART services were more likely to be employed (29%vs. 20%, P = 0.001) and were twice as likely to be married/co‐habiting as women (42%vs. 22%P = 0.001). Men had known their HIV status for a shorter time (mean 32 vs. 36 months, P = 0.021) and were also less likely to disclose their status to non‐family members (17%vs. 26%, P = 0.001). From both forms of data collection, a key finding was the role of female partners in providing social support and facilitating use of services by men. The converse was true for women who relied more on extended families and friends than on partners for support. Young, unmarried and unemployed men faced the greatest social isolation and difficulty. There were no major gender differences in the health system (supply side) dimensions of access.Conclusions  Gender differences in experiences of HIV services relate more to social than health system factors. However, the health system could be more responsive by designing services in ways that enable earlier and easier use by men.
Surgical rationalization of living donor liver transplantation by abolition of hepatic artery reconstruction under a fixed microscope
Authors: Yagi Takahito , Shinoura Susumu , Umeda Yuzo , Sato Daisuke , Yoshida Ryuichi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Utsumi Masashi , Nobuoka Daisuke , Sadamori Hiroshi , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe small diameter of the hepatic artery is one of the complexities of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We analyzed whether the direct suture technique using surgical loupes can simplify the operative process for LDLT compared with fixed microscopic reconstruction. We applied the direct technique to rationalize the operative process and abolished routine microsurgery from 2004. Two hundred and nine LDLT with a postoperative period over 34 months were carried out from 1996 to 2008. The patients were divided into two groups: the micro group (children: 20, adults: 72) and the non‐micro group (children: 12, adults: 97). Running anastomosis was undertaken in the non‐micro group. The anastomotic size of the children was significantly smaller than that of the adults, but larger than 2 mm (2.38 ± 0.4 vs. 2.7 ± 0.47 mm, p = 0.0005). By appropriate choice of the proximal artery, direct anastomosis is possible even in children. Early complications occurred in seven cases in the micro group, but none occurred in the non‐micro group (p < 0.05). Significant reductions were observed in operation time (p < 0.0001), blood loss (p < 0.05), and hospital stay (p < 0.01) in the non‐micro group. Non‐microscopic anastomosis is useful for the rationalization of LDLT.
HLA‐haploidentical transplantations for primary immunodeficiencies: A single‐center experience
Authors: Cipe Funda Erol , Dogu Figen , Aytekin Caner , Yuksek Mutlu , Kendirli Tanil , Yildiran Alisan , Bozdogan Gunseli , Karatas Deniz , Reisli Ismail , Dalva Klara , Arpacı Fikret , Ikinciogullari Aydan 
Published: May 2012

Cipe FE, Dogu F, Aytekin C, Yuksek M, Kendirli T, Yildiran A, Bozdogan G, Karatas D, Reisli I, Dalva K, Arpacı F, Ikinciogullari A. HLA‐haploidentical transplantations for primary immunodeficiencies: A single‐center experience.Abstract:  SCID is characterized by profound deficiencies of T and B lymphocytes. HSCT is the only curative treatment for children with SCID. The clinical characteristics and outcome of 30 HLA‐haploidentical transplantations in 18 patients (15 SCID, two Omenn syndrome, and one MHC Class II deficiency) are reported here. The age of patients at diagnosis ranged from one and half to nine months (median: four months). The median time was one month between the diagnosis and the time of the initial transplantation. Infused CD34+ stem cell dose was ranged between 7 and 94.2 × 106/kg. Nine of 18 patients were found to be positive for CMV antigenemia at diagnosis; therefore, none of them received a conditioning regimen. The most common complication was graft failure (61%), so repeated transplantations (two to four) were performed in seven patients. The mean time of lymphoid engraftment was 17.5 days (median: 16, range: 11–29 days). Ten of 15 SCID (67%) patients survived with a stable complete donor chimerism. However, all three non‐SCID patients died. In conclusion, in the absence of a matched family donor, HLA‐haploidentical transplantation from parental donors represents a readily available treatment option especially for patients with SCID, offering a high chance of cure.
Contrasting patterns of selection acting on MHC class I and class II DRB genes in the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota)
Authors: KUDUK K. , JOHANET A. , ALLAINÉ D. , COHAS A. , RADWAN J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes code for proteins that play a critical role in the immune system response. The MHC genes are among the most polymorphic genes in vertebrates, presumably due to balancing selection. The two MHC classes appear to differ in the rate of evolution, but the reasons for this variation are not well understood. Here, we investigate the level of polymorphism and the evolution of sequences that code for the peptide‐binding regions of MHC class I and class II DRB genes in the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). We found evidence for four expressed MHC class I loci and two expressed MHC class II loci. MHC genes in marmots were characterized by low polymorphism, as one to eight alleles per putative locus were detected in 38 individuals from three French Alps populations. The generally limited degree of polymorphism, which was more pronounced in class I genes, is likely due to bottleneck the populations undergone. Additionally, gene duplication within each class might have compensated for the loss of polymorphism at particular loci. The two gene classes showed different patterns of evolution. The most polymorphic of the putative loci,Mama‐DRB1,showed clear evidence of historical positive selection for amino acid replacements. However, no signal of positive selection was evident in the MHC class I genes. These contrasting patterns of sequence evolution may reflect differences in selection pressures acting on class I and class II genes.
Mate choice among yeast gametes can purge deleterious mutations
Authors: TAZZYMAN S. J. , SEYMOUR R. M. , POMIANKOWSKI A. , GREIG D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMeiosis in Saccharomyces yeast produces four haploid gametes that usually fuse with each other, an extreme form of self‐fertilization among the products of a single meiosis known as automixis. The gametes signal to each other with sex pheromone. Better‐quality gametes produce stronger signals and are preferred as mates. We suggest that the function of this signalling system is to enable mate choice among the four gametes from a single meiosis and so to promote the clearance of deleterious mutations. To support this claim, we construct a mathematical model that shows that signalling during automixis (i) improves the long‐term fitness of a yeast colony and (ii) lowers its mutational load. We also show that the benefit to signalling is greater with larger numbers of segregating mutations.
Selection in a fluctuating environment and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: HALLSSON L. R. , BJÖRKLUND M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTemperature changes in the environment, which realistically include environmental fluctuations, can create both plastic and evolutionary responses of traits. Sexes might differ in either or both of these responses for homologous traits, which in turn has consequences for sexual dimorphism and its evolution. Here, we investigate both immediate changes in and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in response to a changing environment (with and without fluctuations) using the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We investigate sex differences in plasticity and also the genetic architecture of body mass and developmental time dimorphism to test two existing hypotheses on sex differences in plasticity (adaptive canalization hypothesis and condition dependence hypothesis). We found a decreased sexual size dimorphism in higher temperature and that females responded more plastically than males, supporting the condition dependence hypothesis. However, selection in a fluctuating environment altered sex‐specific patterns of genetic and environmental variation, indicating support for the adaptive canalization hypothesis. Genetic correlations between sexes (rMF) were affected by fluctuating selection, suggesting facilitated independent evolution of the sexes. Thus, the selective past of a population is highly important for the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of sexual dimorphism.
Evolution of sexual dichromatism in relation to nesting habits in European passerines: a test of Wallace’s hypothesis
Authors: SOLER J. J. , MORENO J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWallace proposed in 1868 that natural rather than sexual selection could explain the striking differences in avian plumage dichromatism. Thus, he predicted that nesting habits, through their association with nest predation, could drive changes in sexual dichromatism by enabling females in cavity nesters to become as conspicuous as males, whereas Darwin (1871,The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, John Murray, London) argued that sexual selection was the sole explanation for dichromatism. Sexual dichromatism is currently used as indicating the strength of sexual selection, and therefore testing Wallace’s claim with modern phylogentically controlled methodologies is of prime interest for comparing the roles of natural and sexual selection in affecting the evolution of avian coloration. Here, we have related information on nest attendance, sexual dichromatism and nesting habits (open and cavity nesting) to male and female plumage conspicuousness in European passerines. Nest incubation attendance does not explain male or female plumage conspicuousness but nest type does. Moreover, although females of monochromatic and cavity nesting species are more conspicuous than females of other species, males of monochromatic and open nesting species are those with more cryptic plumage. Finally, analyses of character evolution suggest that changes in nesting habits influence the probability of changes in both dichromatism and plumage conspicuousness of males but do not significantly affect those in females. These results strongly suggest a role of nesting habits in the evolution of plumage conspicuousness of males, and a role for sexual selection also in females, both factors affecting the evolution of sexual dichromatism. We discuss our findings in relation to the debate that Darwin and Wallace maintained more than one century ago on the importance of natural and sexual selection in driving the evolution of plumage conspicuousness and sexual dichromatism in birds, and conclude that our results partly support the evolutionary scenarios envisaged by both extraordinary scientists.
Monitoring oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with sticky traps baited with terpinyl acetate and sex pheromone
Authors: Cichon L. , Fuentes‐Contreras E. , Garrido S. , Lago J. , Barros‐Parada W. , Basoalto E. , Hilton R. , Knight A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStudies in Argentina and Chile during 2010–2011 evaluated a new trap (Ajar) for monitoring the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). The Ajar trap was delta‐shaped with a jar filled with a terpinyl acetate plus brown sugar bait attached to the bottom centre of the trap. The screened lid of the jar was inserted inside the trap, and moths were caught on a sticky insert surrounding the lid. The Ajar trap was evaluated with and without the addition of a sex pheromone lure and compared with delta traps left unbaited or baited with a sex pheromone lure and a bucket trap filled with the same liquid bait. Studies were conducted in a sex pheromone‐treated orchard in Argentina and an untreated orchard in Chile. In Chile, the Ajar trap without the sex pheromone lure caught significantly fewer males, females and total moths than the bucket trap, and fewer males and more females than the sex pheromone‐baited delta trap. Total moth catch did not differ between the Ajar trap without a sex pheromone lure and the sex pheromone‐baited trap. Adding a sex pheromone lure to the Ajar trap significantly increased total moth catches to levels not different from those in the bucket trap. However, the Ajar trap with the sex pheromone lure caught significantly more males and fewer females than the bucket trap. In Argentina, the Ajar trap with or without the addition of a sex pheromone lure caught similar numbers of both sexes and total moths as the bucket trap. The sex pheromone‐baited delta trap caught <4% of the number of moths as these three traps. The bucket trap in both studies caught significantly more non‐targets than the delta and Ajar traps. Moth catches in the Ajar trap declined significantly after 2–3 weeks when the bait was not replaced.
Ultrasound Confirmation of Ovulation in Mares: A Normal Corpus Luteum or a Haemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicle?
Authors: Cuervo‐Arango J , Newcombe JR 
Published: May 2012

ContentsThe most common pathological anovulatory condition that occurs spontaneously during the breeding season in the mare is the haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle (HAF). A relatively high proportion of mares, soon after ovulation, develop a corpus haemorrhagicum (CH) with a central lacuna. This type of corpora lutea may resemble an HAF, which may complicate the accurate diagnosis of ovulation. The main objective of this study was to compare the ultrasound data of mares examined frequently with HAFs and CHs to elucidate whether it is possible to distinguish them from each other. A total of 135 ovulating mares were classified according to the morphology of the corpus luteum (CL) in mares with: a solid CL, a CH with small or with large central cavities. Ultrasound characteristics of the development of 11 HAF and 13 CHs with a large central cavity were compared. The pre‐ovulatory follicular diameter of ovulatory mares was significantly correlated with the diameter of CH with large central cavities. The percentage of mares with post‐ovulatory areas eligible to be mistaken with a CH was <25%. Although a predictive diagnosis of an HAF/CH can be made on the basis of several ultrasonographic endpoints, the only parameter that allows a definitive diagnosis is the thickness of the luteal border. This is <3 mm in HAFs in contrast to >5 mm in CHs. However, this only applies when the unidentified structure has non‐organized contents.