bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Negative Politeness in Request: The Strategies that Non-Native Speakers Apply and Fail to Apply when Performing Request
Authors: Marazita Licenciada Romina Ariana 
Published: May 2010

As native speakers of a particular language, we are aware of its use as one of the most powerful tools for communication. The way we use language not only conveys a social aspect- that we are part of a speech community and share a discourse accent- but also shows the way we are: our personality, our ambitions, our power, our solidarity, etc. All these aspects, among many others, come into play in a conversation. The aim of this article is to analyze if non-native speakers are aware of the concept of negative politeness and how many different strategies they apply or fail to apply when performing requests. The strategies to be observed will be useful to identify the possible absence of pragmatic ability and the feasible teaching implications to improve pragmatic competence in non-native speakers; and, at the same time, reflect upon new approaches for the teaching of English as a foreign language. Key words: Pragmatic competence, speech acts, politeness, negative politeness, face DOI: 10.3126/nelta.v14i1.3094 Journal of NELTA Vol.14, No 1&2, 2009 December Page: 82-90
Teaching Reported Speech
Authors: Regmi Dan Raj 
Published: May 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the major errors in reported speech made by the learners of Grade XII of Management stream and put forward some practical suggestions for the remedies of those errors. There are a few contributions made by the teachers as well as others interested in teaching reported speech in English to the students speaking languages other than English. Sharma (2002) deals with teaching reported speech in English, which is important for building insights on how effectively we can help the students speaking Nepali master the structural patterns of reported speech in English. Key words: reported speech, tstructures, grammatical items DOI: 10.3126/nelta.v14i1.3101 Journal of NELTA Vol.14, No 1&2, 2009 December Page: 132-137
On the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 6XXX series aluminium alloys
Authors: Braun Reinhold 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 6061 and 6013 sheet materials was investigated in naturally aged and peak-aged heat treatment conditions. Constant deformation, constant load and constant extension rate tests were carried out using aqueous solutions of 0.6 M NaCl and 0.6 M NaCl + 0.06 M NaHCO3. The microstructure of the alloys was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Potentiodynamic polarisation measurements were performed in aerated and deaerated aqueous chloride and/or bicarbonate solutions to determine corrosion and breakdown potentials. Under constant deformation and constant load conditions, the alloys 6061 and 6013 stressed in transverse direction were resistant to stress corrosion cracking in both T4 and T6 tempers. The constant extension rate testing technique indicated environment-induced cracking with alloy 6061-T4, whereas deterioration in ductility of the other alloys was caused by pitting and intergranular corrosion. Sensitivity to intergranular corrosion did not cause stress corrosion cracking in 6013-T6 sheet.
X-ray reflections from the γ/γ′-microstructure of nickel-base superalloys: effect of the plane tilting
Authors: Epishin Alexander , Brückner Udo , Link Thomas , Fedelich Bernard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The shape of X-ray reflections from the cuboidal /′-microstructure was investigated. The measurements were performed on the 4th generation single-crystal nickel-base superalloy TMS138. It is shown that reflections from non-cubic crystallographic planes split not only in d-scale due to the different spacing of the - and ′-lattices but also in the pole figure due to the tilting of -lattice planes. This tilting results from the elastic distortion of the -lattice caused by the /′-misfit. The results obtained are discussed under the methodical aspect of misfit measurement.
Microstructural and micromechanical characterisation of a Pt–Al–Cr–Ni–Re alloy by means of transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation
Authors: Nikulina Elizaveta , Durst Karsten , Göken Mathias , Völkl Rainer , Glatzel Uwe 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A Pt–Al–Cr–Ni–Re alloy is investigated in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. This Pt-base alloy possesses a matrix/γ′-microstructure known from the nickel-base superalloys. Mechanical properties of the individual phases were investigated by means of nanoindentation. Hardness and modulus of elasticity for γ′ precipitates of this Pt-base alloy are of the same order of magnitude as for the single crystal Ni-base superalloys PWA 1484 and CMSX-4.
Interdependence between glass stability and phase formation sequence during crystallization of Zr46.8Ti8.2Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 bulk glass
Authors: Mechler S. , Wanderka N. , Macht M.-P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Knowledge of the crystallization sequence of metallic glasses can yield a deep insight into the origin of their thermal stability. Crystallization of metallic glasses often leads to the simultaneous formation of different metastable crystalline phases that makes their identification difficult. In order to separate formation of crystalline phases from each other, long term isothermal pre-annealing below the glass transition temperature of Zr46.8Ti8.2Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 bulk metallic glass prior to crystallization was performed. It is found that this pre-annealing strongly influences the crystallization sequence and depending on the pre-annealing time leads to preferential formation of different phases. In addition to the well known intermetallic Be2Zr phase and a quasicrystalline phase, three further previously unknown crystalline phases are identified and described in terms of their structure and composition. The formation of the crystalline phases is discussed with respect to the glass forming ability and thermal stability of the glass phase.
Model calculation of inoculation and experimental verification in two alloy-systems
Authors: Hartig Christian , Günther Robert , Gosslar Daniel , Bormann Rüdiger 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In order to clarify grain refinement mechanisms and optimize possible potent refiners in Mg and TiAl alloys, a simulation method for heterogeneous nucleation based on the free growth model by Greer is applied. The predictions of the model were improved by modifications taking into account violations of a perfect model system: Imperfections of inoculants and breakdown of stable spherical grain growth. The model predictions are compared with results from casting experiments and show a distinct improvement.
Bowing out of a dislocation from wall of persistent slip bands (PSB)
Authors: Křišt'an Josef , Kratochvíl Jan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Edge dislocation segments bowing out of dislocation walls of persistent slip bands (PSBs) during cycling are experimentally well documented. Instead of dealing with the problem in its complexity a simplified computer simulation of this process is presented. The bowing out segment interacts with the wall of the PSB. The walls are represented by the elastic field of a cluster of edge dipolar loops. Mutual interactions between the loops in the cluster and an interaction between the loop cluster and the bowing out dislocation segments are incorporated in the simulation procedure. The dislocation segments deposited at the walls are trapped in the elastic potential valleys produced by the dipole loops. Our aim is to determine the local shear stress needed to bow out fully the edge dislocation segment from the PSB wall. The obtained result is in reasonable agreement with the local shear stress at the wall deduced from measurements.
IL-35 Stimulation of CD39+ Regulatory T Cells Confers Protection against Collagen II-Induced Arthritis via the Production of IL-10
Authors: Kochetkova Irina , Golden Sarah , Holderness Kathryn , Callis Gayle , Pascual David W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
IL-35 is produced by regulatory T cells, and this novel cytokine can downregulate Th17 cell development and inhibit autoimmune inflammation. In this work, an rIL-35, as a single-chain fusion between murine IL-12p35 and EBV-induced gene 3, was expressed in yeast. This rIL-35 inhibited OVA-specific cellular and Ab responses in OVA-challenged recipients of DO11.10 CD4+ T cells. Likewise, IL-35 inhibited clinical manifestation of collagen-induced arthritis or could cease further disease exacerbation upon initiation of IL-35 treatment. Exogenous IL-35 treatments suppressed Th1 and Th17 cells and promoted CD39 expression by CD4+ T cells. Sorted CD25−CD39+CD4+ T cells from IL-35–treated mice produced IL-10 and, upon adoptive transfer, were sufficiently potent to inhibit subsequent development of inflammation in mice with collagen-induced arthritis, whereas sorted CD25+CD39+CD4+ T cells showed reduced potency. IL-35 treatments of IL-10−/− mice failed to induce protective CD39+CD4+ T cells, demonstrating the effector role of IL-10 by IL-35 immunosuppression.
Invariant Theory of Abelian Transvection Groups
Authors: Broer Abraham 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLet G be a finite group acting linearly on the vector space V over a field of arbitrary characteristic. The action is called coregular if the invariant ring is generated by algebraically independent homogeneous invariants, and the direct summand property holds if there is a surjective k[V]G-linear map π : k[V] → k[V]G.The following Chevalley–Shephard–Todd type theorem is proved. Suppose G is abelian. Then the action is coregular if and only if G is generated by pseudo-reflections and the direct summand property holds.
On Some Stochastic Perturbations of Semilinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Milian Anna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe consider semilinear evolution equations with some locally Lipschitz nonlinearities, perturbed by Banach space valued, continuous, and adapted stochastic process. We show that under some assumptions there exists a solution to the equation. Using the result we show that there exists a mild, continuous, global solution to a semilinear Itô equation with locally Lipschitz nonlinearites. An example of the equation is given.
The Time Change Method and SDEs with Nonnegative Drift
Authors: Kurenok V. P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUsing the time change method we show how to construct a solution to the stochastic equation dXt = b(Xt–)dZt + a(Xt )dt with a nonnegative drift a provided there exists a solution to the auxililary equation dLt = [a–1/αb](Lt–) + dt where Z, ¯ are two symmetric stable processes of the same index α ∈ (0, 2]. This approach allows us to prove the existence of solutions for both stochastic equations for the values 0 < α < 1 and only measurable coefficients a and b satisfying some conditions of boundedness. The existence proof for the auxililary equation uses the method of integral estimates in the sense of Krylov.
Exceptional Covers of Surfaces
Authors: Achter Jeffrey D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractConsider a finite morphismf:X→Yof smooth, projective varieties over a finite field. SupposeXis the vanishing locus in ℙNofrforms of degree at mostd. We show that there is a constantCdepending only on (N,r,d) and deg(f) such that if || >C, thenf() :X() →Y() is injective if and only if it is surjective.
Einstein-Like Lorentz Metrics and Three-Dimensional Curvature Homogeneity of Order One
Authors: Calvaruso G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe completely classify three-dimensional Lorentz manifolds, curvature homogeneous up to order one, equipped with Einstein-like metrics. New examples arise with respect to both homogeneous examples and three-dimensional Lorentz manifolds admitting a degenerate parallel null line field.
A synthesized design of sliding‐mode and Luenberger observers for early detection of incipient faults
Authors: Chen Wen , Chowdhury Fahmida N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a new design of sliding mode observers (SMOs) for the purpose ofearlydetection of incipient faults is presented. This work is motivated by the fact that the strong robustness of the conventional SMO to bounded disturbances inevitably makes it insensitive to incipient faults when they are small in size during the initial phase; as a result, the fault‐detection residual generated through the SMO is not sensitive to incipient faults fora certain length of timeuntil they have become severe. On the contrary, the new design proposed in this paper ensures that the overall system is sensitive to incipient faults while remaining robust to disturbances. The design presented in this paper is based on the transformation of the system into two subsystems. One of these subsystems is free from disturbances and/or modeling errors: for this subsystem, a Luenberger observer is constructed; the other subsystem is subject to disturbances: an SMO is designed for this subsystem so that the effect of the disturbances is eliminated. Together, the entire system achieves both robustness to disturbances and sensitivity to incipient faults. Stability and convergence of the proposed SMO and Lueneberger observer are proved, and an aircraft example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced ZrB2 Matrix Composites for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Barcena Jorge , Coleto Javier , Zhang Shi C. , Hilmas Gregory E. , Fahrenholtz William G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCeramic matrix composites (CMCs) based on zirconium diboride (ZrB2) reinforced by vapor grown carbon nanofibers are a potential constituent of reusable thermal protection systems. A manufacturing procedure was devised that involved the fabrication of thin films by tape casting to obtain a layer that could be integrated into a more complex system. Higher thermal conductivities and improved toughness can be expected for nanofiber additions, as compared to the matrix alone. Consolidation by hot‐pressing was more effective than pressureless sintering, in terms of the final relative density and flatness of specimens. Examination of microstructures showed that few carbon nanofibers were present in the matrix after consolidation by sintering, which was attributed to a reaction between the nanofibers and zirconium oxide present on the surface of the ZrB2 powder. As a solution, oxygen impurities from the boride powders were removed by reduction with carbon coatings derived from phenolic resin. The deleterious reaction was avoided, but residual carbon remained at the grain boundaries, likely from decomposition of the binder. The use of an alternative binder (PMMA vs. PVB) will be used in future studies to reduce the residual carbon content. Further, consolidation by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) will be explored to further reduce the reaction of surface oxides with the nanofibers. Finally, characterization of the microstructure at the nanometric level and further determination of the mechanical and thermal properties will be conducted as part of future studies.
Cost‐Affordable Technique Involving Equal Channel Angular Pressing for the Manufacturing of Ultrafine Grained Sheets of an Al–Li–Mg–Sc Alloy
Authors: Kaibyshev Rustam , Tagirov Damir , Mogucheva Anna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA two‐step process consisting of modified equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent isothermal rolling (IR) was developed to produce thin sheets of aluminum alloys with ultra‐fine grained (UFG) structure. Significant increase in the efficiency of ECAP was attained by using flat billets and a back pressure system. The incorporation of final IR into technologic route provides a reduced strain which is necessary to impose for the fabrication of thin sheets with UFG structure. In addition, it allows producing relatively “long billets.” In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique an Al–5.1Mg–2.1Li–0.17Sc–0.08Zr (wt %) alloy was subjected to ECAP at 325 °C to a total strain of ∼8 using processing route CX. The operation time of this processing did not exceed 15 min. Subsequent IR at the same temperature with a total reduction of 88% was applied to produce thin sheets with a 1.8 mm thickness and an average size of recrystallized grains of ∼1.6 µm. These sheets exhibit extraordinary high superplastic ductilities. In addition, this material demonstrated almost isotropic mechanical behavior at room temperature. The maximum elongation‐to‐failure of ∼2700% was attained at a temperature of 450 °C and an initial strain rate of 1.4 × 10−2 s−1. Thus it was demonstrated that the two‐step processing consisting of ECAP with a back pressure followed by IR was a simple technique providing potential capability for the fabrication of superplastic sheets from an Al–Mg–Li–Sc alloy on a commercial scale.
Hydrocracking of Fischer‐Tropsch waxes: Kinetic modeling via LHHW approach
Authors: Gambaro Chiara , Calemma Vincenzo , Molinari Daniele , Denayer Joeri 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA lumped kinetic model to describe the hydrocracking of complex mixtures of paraffins, such as Fischer‐Tropsch waxes, has been developed. A Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson approach has been followed, accounting for physisorption by means of the Langmuir isotherm. Finally, a complete form of the rate expression is used, thus introducing the equilibrium constants for dehydrogenation and protonation elementary steps. To minimize the number of model parameters, the kinetic and thermodynamic constants are defined as functions of the chain length. Vapor–liquid equilibrium is calculated along the reactor, and the hydrocarbons concentrations are described by means of fugacity. The model provides quite a good fitting of experimental results and is able to predict the effects of the operating conditions (temperature, pressure, H2/wax ratio, and WHSV). Outstandingly, the estimated values and trends of the kinetic and thermodynamic constants (activation energies, Langmuir adsorption constants, etc.) are in line with their physical meaning. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Long‐term effect of the complement inhibitor eculizumab on kidney function in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Hillmen Peter , Elebute Modupe , Kelly Richard , Urbano‐Ispizua Alvaro , Hill Anita , Rother Russell P. , Khursigara Gus , Fu Chieh‐Lin , Omine Mitsuhiro , Browne Paul , Rosse Wendell 
Published: May 2010

AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a debilitating and life‐threatening disease in which lysis of PNH red blood cells frequently manifests with chronic hemolysis, anemia, and thrombosis. Renal damage in PNH is associated with chronic hemosiderosis and/or microvascular thrombosis. We determined the incidence of renal dysfunction or damage, defined by stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), in a large cohort of PNH patients and evaluated the safety and efficacy of the complement inhibitor eculizumab in altering its progression. Renal dysfunction or damage was observed in 65% of the study population at baseline with 21% of patients with later stage CKD or kidney failure (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] ≤60 ml/min/1.73 m2; Stage 3, 4, or 5). Eculizumab treatment was safe and well‐tolerated in patients with renal dysfunction or damage and resulted in the likelihood of improvement as defined as categorical reduction in CKD stage (P < 0.001) compared with baseline and to placebo (P = 0.04). Improvement in renal function was more commonly seen in patients with baseline CKD Stages 1–2 (67.1% improvement, P < 0.001) although improvement was also observed in patients with CKD Stages 3–4 (P = 0.05). Improvements occurred quickly and were sustained for at least 18 months of treatment. Patients categorized at CKD Stages 3–5 did not worsen during treatment with eculizumab. Overall, 40 (21%) of 195 patients who demonstrated renal dysfunction or damage at baseline were no longer classified as such after 18 months of treatment. Administration of eculizumab to patients with renal dysfunction or damage was well tolerated and was usually associated with clinical improvement. Am. J. Hematol. 85:553–559, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel
Authors: Kohse‐Höinghaus Katharina , Oßwald Patrick , Cool Terrill A. , Kasper Tina , Hansen Nils , Qi Fei , Westbrook Charles K. , Westmoreland Phillip R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBiofuels, such as bio‐ethanol, bio‐butanol, and biodiesel, are of increasing interest as alternatives to petroleum‐based transportation fuels because they offer the long‐term promise of fuel‐source regenerability and reduced climatic impact. Current discussions emphasize the processes to make such alternative fuels and fuel additives, the compatibility of these substances with current fuel‐delivery infrastructure and engine performance, and the competition between biofuel and food production. However, the combustion chemistry of the compounds that constitute typical biofuels, including alcohols, ethers, and esters, has not received similar public attention. Herein we highlight some characteristic aspects of the chemical pathways in the combustion of prototypical representatives of potential biofuels. The discussion focuses on the decomposition and oxidation mechanisms and the formation of undesired, harmful, or toxic emissions, with an emphasis on transportation fuels. New insights into the vastly diverse and complex chemical reaction networks of biofuel combustion are enabled by recent experimental investigations and complementary combustion modeling. Understanding key elements of this chemistry is an important step towards the intelligent selection of next‐generation alternative fuels.
Polymer‐supported palladium complexes with C,N‐ligands as efficient recoverable catalysts for the Heck reaction
Authors: Liu Yu‐xia , Ma Zhi‐wei , Jia Jun , Wang Chuan‐chuan , Huang Meng‐lin , Tao Jing‐chao 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA series of new polymer‐supported palladium complexes with C,N‐ligands (1a–e and 2a–c) were easily synthesized. The synthesized catalysts could be applied as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck coupling reaction (turnover frequency up to 12 600 h−1). Additionally, the catalysts could be recovered by a simple filtration progress and could be reused for at least five times with a slow progressive decrease in activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.