bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of jet noise: A synthesis
Authors: Viswanathan K 
Published: May 2024

It is a distinct privilege to produce this article to honor Professor Tam, the foremost authority on jet aeroacoustics. The fundamental characteristics of jet noise have been studied for 70 years, since the pioneering work of Lighthill in the 1950s. The acoustic analogy, with many variants, has served as the leading theory for nearly 50 years. Many leading researchers in the 1970s formulated theories to interpret the measured trends from subsonic and supersonic jets, using acoustic analogy and flow features as the framework. Quadrupoles, dipoles and monopoles were believed to constitute the sources of noise. The discovery of large-scale organized structures in free shear layers and jets sparked a different avenue of thinking about their importance for noise generation. Tam was the first to clearly demonstrate that these structures are efficient generators of noise and constitute the dominant noise sources, especially in the downstream direction. Now, two schools of thought emerged on the sources of jet noise. Experimental measurements showed that the mean flow as well as the turbulence statistics exhibit a self-similarity in the mixing layer and another similarity in the fully developed jet. Based on these observations, Tam proposed that since noise is generated by the turbulence of the jet, the noise spectra generated by fine-scale and large-scale turbulence should also exhibit self-similarity. By examining a large set of supersonic jet noise data acquired at NASA Langley, Tam offered evidence that the turbulent mixing noise of high-speed jets does consist of two independent self-similar components. In this paper, experimental evidence is compiled from an extensive database that quantifies the effect of several parameters that affect jet spectra. A new scaling method is developed and extended to noise predictions for realistic dual-stream nozzle geometries. The objectives of this paper are to serve as a synthesis of noise characteristics and to focus on application to real-world problems. Results from five different experimental measurements are examined: (1) farfield spectral characteristics; (2) azimuthal and polar correlations in the farfield; (3) correlations of jet turbulence fluctuations and farfield sound; (4) measurement of source distributions with an elliptic mirror; and (5) space-time correlation measurements in the nearfield with a cage array, and nearfield-farfield correlations. Two distinctly different trends are observed in the angular ranges of 50° – ∼120° and ∼120° – 165° for all the parameters investigated with the above five approaches. The salient observations are mutually supporting, and the cumulative weight lends credence to the proposition that there are two distinct sources of turbulent mixing noise.
Day-to-Day Glycemic Variability Using Continuous Glucose Monitors in Endurance Athletes
Authors: Bowler Amy-Lee M. , Burke Louise M. , Coffey Vernon G. , Cox Gregory R. 
Published: May 2024

Objectives: The application of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) to measure interstitial glucose in athletic populations is limited by the lack of accepted athlete-specific reference values. The aim of this study was to develop athlete-specific reference ranges for glycemic variability under standardized diet and exercise conditions. Methods: A total of 12 elite racewalkers (n = 7 men, 22.4 ± 3.5 years, VO2max 61.6 ± 7.3 mL kg−1 min−1) completed two 4-d trials separated by 4-d. Athletes were provided a high-energy, high-carbohydrate diet (225 ± 1.6 kJ kg−1 day−1, 8.4 ± 0.3 g kg−1 day−1 carbohydrate) and completed standardized daily exercise. The timing of food consumed and exercise undertaken were matched each day across the 4-d trials. Interstitial glucose data were collected via Freestyle Libre 2 CGMs. Glycemic variability was calculated as the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGEs), mean of daily differences (MODD), and standard deviation (SD). Results: Twenty-four hour MODD, MAGE, and SD for interstitial glucose were 12.6 ± 1.8 mg/dL (0.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L), 36.0 ± 5.4 mg/dL (2.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L), and 16.2 ± 1.8 mg/dL (0.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L), respectively. Twenty-four hour mean glucose (MG; 102.6 ± 5.4 mg/dL [5.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L]) was higher than overnight (91.8 ± 5.4 mg/dL [5.1 ± 0.3 mmol/L]; P < .0001) and was lower in women than men (99.0 ± 3.6 mg/dL [5.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L] vs 104.4 ± 3.6 mg/dL [5.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L]; P = .059, d = 1.4). Conclusions: This study provides reference indices under standardized diet and exercise conditions for glycemic variability derived from CGMs in endurance athletes which are similar than previously reported for healthy individuals, despite strenuous daily training and a high daily energy and carbohydrate diet.
Efficacy and Safety of Ultrasound Guided Inter-semispinal Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Posterior Cervical Laminectomy - A Prospective Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: Ramachandran Karthik , Chandramohan Madhanmohan , Shetty Ajoy Prasad , Subramanian Balavenkat , Kanna Rishi Mugesh , Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan 
Published: May 2024

Study design Prospective, randomized controlled study. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of an ultrasound-guided ISP block for postoperative analgesia in posterior cervical laminectomy. Methods 88 patients requiring posterior cervical laminectomy were randomized into two groups, those who underwent ISP block with multimodal analgesia (ISPB group) and those with only multimodal analgesia (control group). Demographic details, intraoperative parameters (blood loss, duration of surgery, perioperative total opioid consumption, muscle relaxants used), and postoperative parameters (numeric rating scale, satisfaction score, mobilization time, and complications) were recorded. Results The total opioid consumption (128.41 + 39.65vs 284.09 + 140.92mcg; P < .001), muscle relaxant usage (46.14 + 6.18 mg vs 59.32 + 3.97 mg; P < .001), surgical duration (128.61 + 26.08/160.23 + 30.99mins; P < .01), and intra-operative blood loss (233.18 + 66.08 mL vs 409.77 + 115.41 mL; P < .01) were significantly less in the ISPB group compared to the control. In the postoperative period, the control group’s pain score was significantly higher ( P < .001) in the initial 48 hours. The Modified Observer Alertness/Sedation Score (MOASS) score and satisfaction scores were significantly better in the ISPB compared to the control ( P < .001). The mean time required to ambulate was statistically less in ISPB (4.30 + 1.64hours) when compared to controls (9.48 + 3.07hours) ( P < .001). Conclusion In patients undergoing posterior cervical laminectomy, ISP block is a safe and effective technique with better outcomes than standard multi-modal analgesia alone, in terms of reduced intra-operative opioid requirements and blood loss, better postoperative analgesia, and early mobilization.
Pilot evaluation of the Fiscal Mapping Process for sustainable financing of evidence-based youth mental health treatments: A comparative case study analysis
Authors: Dopp Alex R. , North Maddison N. , Gilbert Marylou , Ringel Jeanne S. , Silovsky Jane F. , Blythe Mellicent , Edwards Dan , Schmidt Susan , Funderburk Beverly 
Published: May 2024

Background Sustained delivery of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) is essential to addressing the public health impacts of youth mental health problems, but is complicated by the limited and fragmented funding available to youth mental health service agencies. Supports are needed that can guide service agencies in accessing sustainable funding for EBTs. We conducted a pilot evaluation of the Fiscal Mapping Process, an Excel-based strategic planning tool that helps service agency leaders identify and coordinate financing strategies for their EBT programs. Method Pilot testing of the Fiscal Mapping Process was completed with 10 youth mental health service agencies over a 12-month period, using trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy or parent–child interaction therapy programs. Service agency representatives received initial training and monthly coaching in using the tool. We used case study methods to synthesize all available data (surveys, focus groups, coaching notes, document review) and contrast agency experiences to identify key findings through explanation building. Results Key evaluation findings related to the process and outcomes of using the Fiscal Mapping Process, as well as contextual influences. Process evaluation findings helped clarify the primary use case for the tool and identified the importance—and challenges—of engaging external collaborators. Outcome evaluation findings documented the impacts of the Fiscal Mapping Process on agency-reported sustainment capacities (strategic planning, funding stability), which fully explained reported improvements in outcomes (extent and likelihood)—although these impacts were incremental. Findings on contextual factors documented the influence of environmental and organizational capacities on engagement with the tool and concerns about equitable impacts, but also the view that the process could usefully generalize to other EBTs. Conclusions Our pilot evaluation of the Fiscal Mapping Process was promising. In future work, we plan to integrate the tool into EBT implementation initiatives and test its impact on long-term sustainment outcomes across various EBTs, while increasing attention to equity considerations.
Anaesthesia management of a patient with Bethlem Myopathy for elective tonsillectomy: a case report
Authors: McGarrigle Conor , McGrath Launcelot , Khan Ehtesham 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Bethlem Myopathy is a collagen VI-related myopathy presenting as a rare hereditary muscular disorder with progressive muscular weakness and joint contractures. Despite its milder clinical course relative to other myopathies, anaesthetic management can be challenging. High arched palates and fixed flexion deformities may contribute to a difficult airway. A progressive decline in pulmonary function can present later into adulthood. This respiratory decline can carry secondary cardiovascular consequences due to the progressive nature of restrictive lung disease, including right sided heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. We describe a case of a male patient with Bethlem Myopathy undergoing anaesthesia, to contribute to the limited body of literature on this condition and enhance awareness and guidance amongst anaesthesiologists on approaching patients with this condition. This is the first case report within the literature of its kind.

Case presentation
This case details a 33-year-old male with Bethlem Myopathy undergoing tonsillectomy. Diagnosed in childhood following developmental delays, the patient had no prior anaesthetic exposure and no family history of anaesthetic complications. Anaesthetic induction was achieved without complications, avoiding depolarizing muscle relaxants and careful airway management. Extreme care was taken in patient positioning to prevent complications. The surgery proceeded without incident and muscle paralysis was reversed with Suggammadex, resulting in no adverse post-operative respiratory complications. The patient was discharged on the first post-operative day without any respiratory or cardiovascular compromise.

Conclusions
Bethlem Myopathy, while often exhibiting a mild clinical course, can present anaesthetic challenges. Awareness of potential complications including a difficult airway, cardiovascular and respiratory implications as well as the need for specialised monitoring and positioning is crucial to ensure a safe peri-operative course.
An evaluation of computational methods for aggregate data meta-analyses of diagnostic test accuracy studies
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Khan Bilal , Negeri Zelalem F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) is recommended to meta-analyze diagnostic test accuracy studies (DTAs) based on aggregate or individual participant data. Since a GLMM does not have a closed-form likelihood function or parameter solutions, computational methods are conventionally used to approximate the likelihoods and obtain parameter estimates. The most commonly used computational methods are the Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS), the Laplace approximation (LA), and the Adaptive Gauss-Hermite quadrature (AGHQ). Despite being widely used, it has not been clear how these computational methods compare and perform in the context of an aggregate data meta-analysis (ADMA) of DTAs.

Methods
We compared and evaluated the performance of three commonly used computational methods for GLMM - the IRLS, the LA, and the AGHQ, via a comprehensive simulation study and real-life data examples, in the context of an ADMA of DTAs. By varying several parameters in our simulations, we assessed the performance of the three methods in terms of bias, root mean squared error, confidence interval (CI) width, coverage of the 95% CI, convergence rate, and computational speed.

Results
For most of the scenarios, especially when the meta-analytic data were not sparse (i.e., there were no or negligible studies with perfect diagnosis), the three computational methods were comparable for the estimation of sensitivity and specificity. However, the LA had the largest bias and root mean squared error for pooled sensitivity and specificity when the meta-analytic data were sparse. Moreover, the AGHQ took a longer computational time to converge relative to the other two methods, although it had the best convergence rate.

Conclusions
We recommend practitioners and researchers carefully choose an appropriate computational algorithm when fitting a GLMM to an ADMA of DTAs. We do not recommend the LA for sparse meta-analytic data sets. However, either the AGHQ or the IRLS can be used regardless of the characteristics of the meta-analytic data.
Expression analysis and mapping of Viral—Host Protein interactions of Poxviridae suggests a lead candidate molecule targeting Mpox
Authors: Loganathan Tamizhini , Fletcher John , Abraham Priya , kannangai Rajesh , Chakraborty Chiranjib , El Allali Achraf , Alsamman Alsamman M. , Zayed Hatem , C George Priya Doss 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Monkeypox (Mpox) is an important human pathogen without etiological treatment. A viral-host interactome study may advance our understanding of molecular pathogenesis and lead to the discovery of suitable therapeutic targets.

Methods
GEO Expression datasets characterizing mRNA profile changes in different host responses to poxviruses were analyzed for shared pathway identification, and then, the Protein–protein interaction (PPI) maps were built. The viral gene expression datasets of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and Vaccinia virus (VACV) were used to identify the significant viral genes and further investigated for their binding to the library of targeting molecules.

Results
Infection with MPXV interferes with various cellular pathways, including interleukin and MAPK signaling. While most host differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are predominantly downregulated upon infection, marked enrichments in histone modifiers and immune-related genes were observed. PPI analysis revealed a set of novel virus-specific protein interactions for the genes in the above functional clusters. The viral DEGs exhibited variable expression patterns in three studied cell types: primary human monocytes, primary human fibroblast, and HeLa, resulting in 118 commonly deregulated proteins. Poxvirus proteins C6R derived protein K7 and K7R of MPXV and VACV were prioritized as targets for potential therapeutic interventions based on their histone-regulating and immunosuppressive properties. In the computational docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) experiments, these proteins were shown to bind the candidate small molecule S3I-201, which was further prioritized for lead development.

Results
MPXV circumvents cellular antiviral defenses by engaging histone modification and immune evasion strategies. C6R-derived protein K7 binding candidate molecule S3I-201 is a priority promising candidate for treating Mpox.
Prescription drug monitoring programs and prescription pain medication misuse among U.S. high school students—2019
Authors: Liu Kevin , Benedetti Marco , Evans Alexander , Zhu Motao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are state-level databases that track and inform prescribing practices to reduce prescription drug diversion and misuse. To our knowledge, only three studies have examined the impact of PDMPs on opioid-related outcomes among adolescents, and none have focused on prescription pain medication misuse among adolescents.

Methods
This study leveraged data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to explore the associations between five categories of PDMP dimensions and the prevalence of self-reported prescription pain medication misuse. Demographic factors’ associations with self-reported prescription pain medication misuse were also examined.

Results
In 2019, none of the PDMP dimensions were associated with self-reported prescription pain medication misuse among U.S. high school students, adjusting for gender, grade, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

Conclusions
None of the five PDMP dimensions were associated with lower prescription pain medication misuse, however further research is needed, especially as new YRBS data become available.
Cement-augmented locked plate fixation proximal humerus fractures in elderly patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Dong-Yang , Zhang Kun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
This systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of proximal humeral fracture in elderly patient fixation using locked plate with or without cement augmentation.

Methods
The databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched in August 2023 for literature comparing the clinical outcomes of patients with PHFs treated with locked plate alone and locked plate augmented with cement. Data describing study design; level of evidence; inclusion criteria; demographic information; final follow-up; revision rate; implant failure rate; avascular necrosis rate; total complication rate; constant score; and disability of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score were collected.

Results
Eight studies (one randomized-controlled trial and seven observational studies), involving 664 patients, were identified. Compared with locked plates alone, using cement-augmented locked plates reduced the implant failure rate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10–0.39; P < 0.0001) and total complication rate (OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.29–0.69; P = 0.0002) and improved DASH scores (mean difference (MD) = 2.99; 95% CI 1.00–4.98; P = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference in clinical outcomes, including revision rate, avascular necrosis rate, and constant score.

Conclusion
In this review and meta-analysis, fixation of the PHFs in elderly patients using locked plates with or without cement augmentation has no significant difference in revision rate, but the implant failure and total complication rates may be lesser on using the cement-augmented locked plate for fixation than on using a locked plate alone. Good results are expected for most patients treated with this technique.

Trial registration
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)21 guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis and was registered as a protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42022318798).
Association of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US adults with diabetes and prediabetes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Guangshu , Che Li , Lai Meizheng , Wei Ting , Chen Chuping , Zhu Ping , Ran Jianmin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel hematological parameter to assess systemic inflammation. Prior investigations have indicated that an increased NLR may serve as a potential marker for pathological states such as cancer and atherosclerosis. However, there exists a dearth of research investigating the correlation between NLR levels and mortality in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. Consequently, this study aims to examine the connection between NLR and all-cause as well as cardiovascular mortality in the population of the United States (US) with hyperglycemia status.

Methods
Data were collected from a total of 20,270 eligible individuals enrolled for analysis, spanning ten cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018. The subjects were categorized into three groups based on tertiles of NLR levels. The association of NLR with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Restricted cubic splines were used to visualize the nonlinear relationship between NLR levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in subjects with diabetes after accounting for all relevant factors.

Results
Over a median follow-up period of 8.6 years, a total of 1909 subjects with diabetes died, with 671 deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). And over a period of 8.46 years, 1974 subjects with prediabetes died, with 616 cases due to CVD. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) comparing high to low tertile of NLR in diabetes subjects were found to be 1.37 (95% CI, 1.19–1.58) for all-cause mortality and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.29–2.05) for CVD mortality. And the correlation between high to low NLR tertile and heightened susceptibility to mortality from any cause (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03–1.43) and CVD mortality (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08–2.04) remained statistically significant (both p-values for trend < 0.05) in prediabetes subjects. The 10-year cumulative survival probability was determined to be 70.34%, 84.65% for all-cause events, and 86.21%, 94.54% for cardiovascular events in top NLR tertile of diabetes and prediabetes individuals, respectively. Furthermore, each incremental unit in the absolute value of NLR was associated with a 16%, 12% increase in all-cause mortality and a 25%, 24% increase in cardiovascular mortality among diabetes and prediabetes individuals, respectively.

Conclusions
The findings of this prospective cohort study conducted in the US indicate a positive association of elevated NLR levels with heightened risks of overall and cardiovascular mortality among adults with diabetes and prediabetes. However, potential confounding factors for NLR and the challenge of monitoring NLR’s fluctuations over time should be further focused.