bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Locks to Prevent Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Parenteral Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Oliveira Carol , Nasr Ahmed , Brindle Mary , Wales Paul W. 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Patients with pediatric intestinal failure (IF) depend on parenteral nutrition for growth and survival, but are at risk for complications, such as catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). CRBSI prevention is crucial, as sepsis is an important cause of IF-associated liver disease and mortality. We aim to estimate the pooled effectiveness and safety of ethanol locks (ELs) in comparison with heparin locks (HLs) with regard to CRBSI rate and catheter replacements for pediatric IF patients with chronic parenteral nutrition dependence.

METHODS:
A systematic review without language restriction was performed on Medline (1948–2010), Embase (1980–2010), and conference programs and trial registries up to December 2010. Search terms included “Catheter-Related Infections,” “Catheter,” “Catheters, Indwelling,” “alcohol,” “ethanol,” and “lock.” Two authors identified 4 retrospective studies for the pediatric IF population. Double, independent data extraction using predefined data fields and risk of bias assessment (Newcastle-Ottawa scale) was performed.

RESULTS:
In comparison with HLs, ELs reduced the CRBSI-rate per 1000 catheter days by 7.67 events and catheter replacements by 5.07. EL therapy decreased the CRBSI rate by 81% and replacements by 72%. One hundred eight to 150 catheter days of EL exposure were necessary to prevent 1 CRBSI and 122 to 689 days of exposure avoided 1 catheter replacement. Adverse events were rare and included thrombotic events.

CONCLUSIONS:
In pediatric patients with IF, EL is a more effective alternative to HL. Adverse events include thrombotic events.
Remote Explosives Detection (RED) by Infrared Photothermal Imaging
Authors: Kendziora Christopher A. , Furstenberg Robert , Jones Robert M. , Papantonakis Michael , Nguyen Viet , McGill R. Andrew 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTRED is a technique we have developed for stand-off detection of trace explosives using infrared (IR) photo-thermal imaging [1,2,3]. RED incorporates compact IR quantum cascade lasers tuned to strong characteristic absorption bands and may be used to illuminate explosives present as particles on a surface. An IR focal plane array is used to image the surface and detect any small increase in the thermal emission upon laser illumination. We have previously demonstrated the technique at several meters to 10’s of meters of stand-off distance indoors and in field tests [4,5], while operating the lasers below the eye-safe intensity limit (100 mWcm2) [6]. Sensitivity to traces of explosives as small as a nanogram has been demonstrated. By varying the incident wavelength slightly, we can readily show selectivity between individual explosives such as TNT and RDX. Using a sequence of lasers at different wavelengths, we increase both sensitivity and selectivity. A complete detection protocol can be performed in a sub-second time domain. More recently, RED has been used to emphasize measurements with cooled detectors in addition to examining the utility of filtering the collected thermal emission signal which is rich in analyte-specific spectroscopic information. A next generation RED system and detection algorithm is being developed to take advantage of these more powerful features. This manuscript will include an overview of the approach and recent experimental results.
In-situ Remediation of Hydrogen Fluoride during a Detonation Event
Authors: Caflin Kelley Corrine , Anderson Paul E. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTHydrogen fluoride (HF) is a known product from the combustion or detonation of explosives formulated with fluoropolymer binder systems. This presents the user with elevated risk levels, particularly during unintended combustion events or detonations in close combat situations. In an effort to remediate the production of HF, calcium disilicide was added to explosive formulations in an effort to decrease the amount of HF formed. First, VitonA/calcium disilicide mixtures were made and the thermal decomposition characteristics studied using thermal gravimetric/differential thermal analysis. The activation energy ranged from approximately 145-190 kJ/mol, indicative of C-F scission in the Viton binder prior to calcium fluoride formation. An energetic formulation was made which consisted of approximately a 5/3 mass ratio of Viton/CaSi2. Combustion calorimetry in oxygen and air and subsequent analysis of the residues using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) revealed that calcium fluoride formed. The amount of HF reduced was determined by trapping off gases in a cooling loop, rinsing into water, and analysis in anion exchange chromatography. Upon introduction of calcium disilicide into the formulation, a ~30% decrease in HF formation was observed along with appearance of CaF2 and free Si in the residue. Such products are consistent with the mechanism following a general decomposition path of 2F + CaSi2→CaF2+2Si. The same formulation was detonated, and upon product analysis it was determined the decomposition path followed nearly the same route with a net decrease in HF formation, but with a portion of the silicon oxidizing slightly further to SiO2.
Sustainable Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanoparticles in a Continuous Flow Reactor
Authors: Ness Daniel , Niehaus Jan , Tran Van-Huong , Weller Horst 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTFulfilling the need for reproducible Quantum Dots (QDs) with certain spectroscopic features, high stability and luminescence we have established synthetic routes for the production of CdSe core as well as CdSe/shell particles in a continuous flow (cf) system. Our method features the deviation between nucleation and growth in two different parts of the system to mimic the well-known and often-used hot injection method for the synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents.
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in wild and domestic carnivores
Authors: Okulewicz A. , Perec-Matysiak A. , Buńkowska K. , Hildebrand J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Ascarididae nematodes of genera Toxocara and Toxascaris are of significant epizootic relevance among predatory mammals from families Canidae and Felidae. Localization of these nematodes in the definitive hosts, their morphology, as well as the measurements of eggs and adult worms are similar. Recently, molecular techniques have provided alternative approaches for the identification of ascarid species. A common feature of the life cycles of these generally monoxenous nematodes is the significant participation of small rodents. In case of Toxocara spp., the rodent plays the role of paratenic host but optional intermediate host for T. leonina. Several studies indicate co-occurence of both T. canis and T. leonina in domestic and wild canids as well as T. cati and T. leonina in felids. Although the infections of humans with T. canis and T. cati are common worldwide, larvae of T. leonina has the potential to cause human disease as emerging zoonosis.
Anisakis spp. burden in Trachurus trachurus
Authors: Tantanasi J. , Diakou A. , Tamvakis A. , Batjakas I. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Anisakis is a parasite of marine mammals that uses a great number of fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. It is common in commercially important marine fishes and its presence is of great concern for both human health and economic reasons. Horse mackerels (Trachurus trachurus) originated from the Northern Aegean Sea were examined for the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae. The prevalence of Anisakis spp. was found 98.8 %. The number of parasites was significantly related to the host’s length but was not related to the fish gender. The month of sampling affected the size of the fishes and consequently the number of parasites. The length of larvae was not related to the host’s length. The present study resulted in the design of a prediction model for the number of existing parasites in the fish by measuring only its Fixed Length.
Catatropis pakistanensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from Northern shovelers, Anas clypeata (Anatidae: Aves) from Pakistan with some remarks on the history of Catatropis species
Authors: Schuster R. , Wibbelt G. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Five out of 15 free-ranging Northern shovelers (Anas clypeata Linneus) caught in Pakistan were infected with notocotylid trematodes. Out of the 31 flukes, 10 specimens were used morphological studies, 4 others were also examined by scanning electron microscopy and one remaining trematode was cut in serial semi-thin sections for histological evaluation in order to describe a new species. Like all species of this genus, Catatropis pakistanensis n. sp has a median ridge starting posterior to the basis of the cirrus sac and extends posterior to the ovary. Bilateral to this ridge there are two rows of 9–10 ventral papillae each. Metraterm and cirrus sac are equally in length. In contrast to most other Catatropis spp. the genital opening in C. pakistanensis is situated between the oral sucker and bifurcation of the caeca.
Unexpected phase assemblages in inclusions with ternary H2O-salt fluids at low temperatures
Authors: Bakker Ronald , Baumgartner Miriam 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Phase assemblages and temperatures of phase changes provide important information about the bulk properties of fluid inclusions, and are typically obtained by microthermometry. Inclusions are synthesized in natural quartz containing an aqueous fluid with a composition in the ternary systems of H2O-NaCl2-CaCl2, H2O-NaCl-MgCl2, and H2O-CaCl2-MgCl2. This study reveals that these fluid inclusions may behave highly unpredictably at low temperatures due to the formation of metastable phase assemblages. Eutectic temperatures cannot be detected in most of the fluid inclusions containing these ternary systems. Nucleation of a variety of solid ice and salt-hydrate phases in single fluid inclusions is often partly inhibited. Raman spectroscopy at low temperatures provides an important tool for interpreting and understanding microthermometric experiments, and visualizing stable and metastable phase assemblages. Final dissolution temperatures of ice, salt-hydrates, and salt must be treated with care, as they can only be interpreted by purely empirical or thermodynamic models at stable conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Ulysse Gina Athena 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This small collection of Haitian women's reflections on the earthquake offers readers a kaleidoscopic view of how several women at home and in the diaspora lived through this moment, their responses and the continuous impact on our lives. The works are composed in various genres that they thought best captured their voices, their feelings. Thus, the words recounted here are in the form of personal essays, poems, photographs, and even a piece of fiction. Given Haiti's place in the global racial imaginary, and since we are all only too aware of its historical condition, even in prose and poetry, our words from January 12th are laced with strands of critical observation. This collection seeks both to honor the feminist tradition of using different genres to tell stories and also to assure that the blurring of these genres does, in fact, offer a more nuanced landscape, a textured representation of this catastrophic moment. While the collection is by no means representative of the population, nor does it seek to be, it does demonstrate that, indeed, those left behind clearly have stories to tell that must not only be gathered and archived, as they are now part of another chapter of Haiti's history, but also shared, especially as they are also evidence of how Haitians came to each other's aid. Such stories were not the focus of popular media coverage. Within this collection there are stories of courage, stories of solidarity, stories of trauma, stories of hope, stories of despair, stories of contempt, and perhaps most important, stories of will. These are stories to pass on.
Investigation of the surface residual stresses in spray cooled induction hardened gearwheels
Authors: Rodman Dmytro , Krause Christian , Nürnberger Florian , Bach Friedrich-Wilhelm , Gerdes Lorenz , Breidenstein Bernd 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The objective of the current investigation consists of testing the interchangeability of polymer solutions used during induction hardening with water – air spraying regarding compressive residual stresses. Gearwheels made of 42CrMo4 steel were induction hardened and subsequently quenched using water–air spray cooling. The effect of different cooling parameters on the surface's residual stresses in the gearwheel's tooth flanks was analysed by means of X-ray diffraction. The microstructure was characterised by means of hardness measurements and light-microscopy. Residual stresses could be specified after using water – air spray cooling and are comparable to those using polymer quenching. Quench parameters leading to maximum compressive residual stresses in tooth flanks were determined.
Measuring techniques for the very high cycle fatigue behaviour of high strength steel at ultrasonic frequencies
Authors: Koster Michael , Nutz Helga , Freeden Willi , Eifler Dietmar 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
To analyse the fatigue behaviour of steels in the very high cycle fatigue regime, an ultrasonic testing facility was developed that allows describing the cyclic deformation behaviour at ultrasonic frequencies by measuring characteristic fatigue data at a sufficiently high frequency. In correlation with scanning electron micrographs, fatigue tests prove that the sensitive measuring techniques indicate fatigue induced microstructural changes by a significant rise in the process parameters more than 106 cycles before final failure occurs. By further analysis of the attenuation behaviour of the ultrasonic resonance system, the logarithmic decrement can be used as a reasonable physical value to indicate changes in the microstructure with a very high sensitivity. This allows an improved understanding of the fatigue mechanisms in the very high cycle fatigue regime.
Corrosion behavior of silicon oxycarbide-based ceramic nanocomposites under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Linck Christoph , Ionescu Emanuel , Papendorf Benjamin , Galuskova Dagmar , Galusek Duŝan , Ŝajgalík Pavol , Riedel Ralf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSilicon oxycarbide-based ceramic nanocomposites (SiOC, SiZrOC and SiHfOC) were prepared by means of hot pressing techniques and their behavior upon hydrothermal corrosion at moderate temperatures (up to 250°C) was investigated. The results indicated linear corrosion behavior for all samples. The corrosion rates of the SiOC ceramic materials were found to be remarkably lower than those of silicon carbide and comparable to values reported for silicon nitride. Furthermore, SiZrOC and SiHfOC were found to show improved resistance with respect to the non-modified SiOC, due to a unique synergistic effect: whereas zirconia/hafnia act as “reinforcing” phases with respect to hydrothermal corrosion (due to their extremely low solubility in water under the testing conditions), the silicon oxycarbide matrix protects the MO2phase from a corrosion-induced t-MO2→ m-MO2phase transformation. Consequently, the prepared silicon oxycarbide-based materials exhibit high potential for applications which require high resistance in corrosive media at moderate temperatures.
High-strength aluminum-based light-weight materials for safety components – recent progress by microstructural refinement and particle reinforcement
Authors: Hockauf Matthias , Wagner Martin Franz-Xaver , Händel Manja , Lampke Thomas , Siebeck Steve , Wielage Bernhard 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
High-strength materials on the basis of aluminum are attractive candidates for use in applications such as safety components that require high strength, high quality and integrity of various properties. In this paper, we discuss recent improvements in terms of property optimization made in the fields of (1) ultrafine-grained aluminum alloys prepared by equal-channel angular pressing, and (2) aluminum matrix composites with particle reinforcement. We discuss microstructural aspects and mechanical properties, as well as technological (processing parameters), wear and corrosion behavior. Our results highlight recent — and potential for further — improvements and for future applications of high-strength, aluminum-based materials.
Endangered Species and Threatened Landscapes in Appalachia: Managing the Wild and the Human in the American Mountain South
Authors: Swanson Drew A. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Faced with the ideological and practical shortcomings of the American wilderness ideal, many environmentalists and scholars have redefined debates over managing wild lands in terms of biodiversity. Through a process of reduction, endangered species and threatened habitats have gradually become shorthand for biodiversity and hence touchstones of preservation efforts. This article draws on examples from the southern Appalachian Mountains to explore the benefits and drawbacks of placing endangered species and habitats at the centre of wildlands management, and suggests that this management rubric suffers from the same lack of historical context that plagues the wilderness idea. It traces the histories of two endangered habitats and their rare species in southern Appalachia. In the cases of endangered plants on Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina and the Roan Mountain grasslands along the Tennessee/North Carolina line, human disturbance actually benefited biodiversity. Contemporary management at both locations restricts traditional activities - activities that may have contributed to the formation and maintenance of these habitats - in the name of conservation but perpetuates similar disturbance practices in preservation efforts. This essay does not suggest abandoning the concept of endangered species or the work of the Endangered Species Act but instead warns against the facile replacement of the wilderness idea with a management alternative that carries many of the same burdens. The preservation of species and the rare habitats that support them is immensely important but managers must recognise that their preservation efforts always place an anthropocentric value on nature. Successful preservation of some of the most threatened species and landscapes depends on embracing this reality.
Storm Hazard and Slavery: The Impact of the 1831 Great Caribbean Hurricane on St Vincent
Authors: Smith S.D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
On 11 August 1831, St Vincent was struck by the Great Caribbean Hurricane. Ninety-two out of 96 sugar estates on the island experienced damage to buildings and crops. Destruction varied, however, according to location and the type of structure at risk. Worst affected were the northerly regions of St David and Charlotte's parishes, while slave villages suffered more than mill works or great houses. As a result of the storm the colony's exports fell by nearly 50 per cent, reflecting disruption to the infrastructure supporting overseas trade as well as a sugar crop shortfall of more than 25 per cent. In contrast to the hazard's large impact on plantation agriculture, relatively few casualties occurred. St Vincent also suffered less acutely than Barbados, a similar sized island, equally dependent on sugar and slavery. A plausible explanation for the hurricane's differential impact between the two colonies lies in localised vulnerability of place. While the enslaved population did not take advantage of the disaster to mount a challenge to white authority, shortages of provisions and timber strained relations on some estates. St Vincent's plantation economy, however, recovered relatively quickly, demonstrating considerable disaster resilience. Although slaves and the free black and mixed-race population received little direct government support, grant-in-aid was allocated to agents primarily responsible for coordinating supplies of food, clothing and shelter. The speed of recovery questions whether natural disasters weakened planter resistance to emancipation across the British West Indies. Conceptualisation of the Great Caribbean Hurricane as an existential threat to British colonies also obscures the extent to which responses to climatic hazard were shaped by the imperial relationship and the interests of largely absentee owners.
Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes in Healthy Neonates: Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability
Authors: Kei Joseph 
Published: January 2012

Background:The acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR) test provides useful information about the function of the auditory system. While it is frequently used with adults and children in a clinical setting, its use with young infants is limited. Presently, there are few data for neonates
and inadequate research into the test-retest reliability of the ASR test.Purpose:This study aimed to establish normative data and evaluate the test-retest reliability of the ASR test in healthy neonates.Research Design:A cross-sectional experimental design was used to establish
ASR normative data and assess the test-retest reliability of ASR thresholds obtained from healthy neonates.Study Sample:Sixty-eight full-term neonates with mean chronological age of 2.5 days (SD = 1.8 day), who passed the automated auditory brainstem response, transient evoked
otoacoustic emission, and high frequency (1 kHz) tympanometry (HFT) tests.Data Collection and Analysis:One randomly selected ear from each neonate was tested using TEOAE (transient evoked otoacoustic emission), HFT, and ASR tests using a 1 kHz probe tone. ASR thresholds were elicited
by presenting pure tones of 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and broadband noise (BBN) separately to the test ear in an ipsilateral stimulation mode. The ASR procedure was repeated to acquire retest data within the same testing session. Descriptive statistics, χ2, and analysis of variance
with repeated measures tests were used to analyze ASR data.Results:All neonates exhibited ASR when stimulated by tonal stimuli or BBN. The mean ASRTs (acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds) for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz tones were 81.6 ± 7.9, 71.3 ± 7.9, and 65.4 ± 8.7
dB HL, respectively. The mean ASRT for the BBN was estimated to be smaller than 57.2 dB HL, given the limitation of the equipment. The 95th percentiles of the ASRT were 95, 85, 80, and 75 dB HL for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and BBN, respectively. The test-retest reliability of the ASR test for
all stimuli was high, with no significant difference in mean ASRTs across the test and retest conditions. Test-retest differences were within 10 dB for more than 91% of ASRT data across all stimuli. There was a slight trend of ASRTs being more repeatable in the medium ASRT range than in the
higher or lower range.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that ASRTs obtained from healthy neonates were highly repeatable across test and retest sessions. Given the availability of normative data and the high test-retest reliability, the ASR test will be useful as a diagnostic tool
in a battery of tests to evaluate the auditory function of neonates.
Pérou : quelles politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté ?
Authors: Bey Marguerite 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article propose de mettre en regard l’évolution des processus de paupérisation avec les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté mis en place au cours de la décennie de 1990. Il s’agit d’analyser les objectifs et les résultats de ces politiques par rapport aux ambitions du gouvernement de Fujimori, au niveau des populations pauvres, mais aussi du territoire national. La question se pose, devant la multiplication des aides sociales (alimentation, santé, infrastructures sociales), de savoir quels sont leurs effets sur le niveau de vie des populations considérées comme pauvres ou subissant certaines carences. Peut-on affirmer que ces politiques combattent les causes profondes ou seulement conjoncturelles de la pauvreté ? La focalisation des programmes semble intervenir seulement sur les secondes.