bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice latency as a cue for children’s subjective confidence in the correctness of their answers
Authors: Koriat Asher , Ackerman Rakefet 
Published: August 2009

AbstractResearch with adults indicates that confidence in the correctness of an answer decreases as a function of the amount of time it takes to reach that answer, suggesting that people use response latency as a mnemonic cue for subjective confidence. Experiment 1 extended investigation to 2nd, 3rd and 5th graders. When children chose the answer to general knowledge questions, their confidence in the answer was inversely related to choice latency. However, the strength of the relationship increased with grade, suggesting increased reliance with age on the feedback from task performance. The validity of latency as a cue for the accuracy of the answer also increased with age, possibly contributing to the observed age increase in the extent to which confidence judgment discriminated between correct and wrong answers. Whereas these results illustrate the dependence of metacognitive monitoring on the feedback from control operations, Experiments 2 and 3 examined the idea that control‐based monitoring affects subsequent control operations. When children were free to choose which answers to volunteer under a payoff schedule that emphasized accuracy, they tended to volunteer high‐confidence answers more than low‐confidence answers (Experiment 2) and more short‐latency answers than long‐latency answers (Experiment 3). The latter tendency was again stronger for older than for younger children. The results are discussed in terms of the intricate relationships between monitoring and control processes.
Knowing about not remembering: developmental dissociations in lack‐of‐memory monitoring
Authors: Ghetti Simona , Castelli Paola , Lyons Kristen E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChildren aged 7 and younger encounter great difficulty in assessing whether lack of memory for an event indicates that the event was not experienced. The present research investigated whether this difficulty results from a general inability to evaluate memory absence or from a specific inability to monitor one feature of memory absence that has been examined in previous studies, namely expected memorability. Seven‐, 8‐ and 9‐year‐olds, and adults (N = 72) enacted, imagined and confabulated about bizarre and common actions. Two weeks later, participants were asked to recognize the actions that had been enacted. Even 7‐year‐olds monitored the relative familiarity of rejected distracters (i.e. reported higher confidence for the rejection of novel versus imagined and confabulated distracters). However, only older children and adults exhibited the ability to monitor expected memorability (e.g. reported higher confidence for the rejection of bizarre versus common distracters). These results suggest that young children exhibit specific, rather than general, deficits in monitoring memory absence, and provide an indication of the specific domains in which lack‐of‐memory monitoring improves during childhood.
COVARIATE‐ADJUSTED REGRESSION FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA INCORPORATING CORRELATION BETWEEN REPEATED MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Nguyen Danh V. , Şentürk Damla 
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe propose an estimation method that incorporates the correlation/covariance structure between repeated measurements in covariate‐adjusted regression models for distorted longitudinal data. In this distorted data setting, neither the longitudinal response nor (possibly time‐varying) predictors are directly observable. The unobserved response and predictors are assumed to be distorted/contaminated by unknown functions of a common observable confounder. The proposed estimation methodology adjusts for the distortion effects both in estimation of the covariance structure and in the regression parameters using generalized least squares. The finite‐sample performance of the proposed estimators is studied numerically by means of simulations. The consistency and convergence rates of the proposed estimators are also established. The proposed method is illustrated with an application to data from a longitudinal study of cognitive and social development in children.
AN EVALUATION OF NON‐ITERATIVE METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE LINEAR‐BY‐LINEAR PARAMETER OF ORDINAL LOG‐LINEAR MODELS
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryParameter estimation for association and log‐linear models is an important aspect of the analysis of cross‐classified categorical data. Classically, iterative procedures, including Newton's method and iterative scaling, have typically been used to calculate the maximum likelihood estimates of these parameters. An important special case occurs when the categorical variables are ordinal and this has received a considerable amount of attention for more than 20 years. This is because models for such cases involve the estimation of a parameter that quantifies the linear‐by‐linear association and is directly linked with the natural logarithm of the common odds ratio. The past five years has seen the development of non‐iterative procedures for estimating the linear‐by‐linear parameter for ordinal log‐linear models. Such procedures have been shown to lead to numerically equivalent estimates when compared with iterative, maximum likelihood estimates. Such procedures also enable the researcher to avoid some of the computational difficulties that commonly arise with iterative algorithms. This paper investigates and evaluates the performance of three non‐iterative procedures for estimating this parameter by considering 14 contingency tables that have appeared in the statistical and allied literature. The estimation of the standard error of the association parameter is also considered.
Wittgenstein, Dreaming and Anti‐Realism: A Reply to Richard Scheer
Authors: Child William 
Published: August 2009

AbstractI have argued that Wittgenstein's treatment of dreaming involves a kind of anti‐realism about the past: what makes “I dreamed p” true is, roughly, that I wake with the feeling or impression of having dreamed p. Richard Scheer raises three objections. First, that the texts do not support my interpretation. Second, that the anti‐realist view of dreaming does not make sense, so cannot be Wittgenstein's view. Third, that the anti‐realist view leaves it a mystery why someone who reports having dreamed such‐and‐such is inclined to report what she does. The Reply defends my reading of Wittgenstein against these objections.
Helping Students Develop Statistical Reasoning: Implementing a Statistical Reasoning Learning Environment
Authors: Garfield Joan , Ben‐Zvi Dani 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThis article describes a model for an interactive, introductory secondary‐ or tertiary‐level statistics course that is designed to develop students' statistical reasoning. This model is called a ‘Statistical Reasoning Learning Environment’ and is built on the constructivist theory of learning.
Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae
Authors: Gonzalez J. , Düttmann H. , Wink M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe produced DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among 121 species of the Anseriformes (waterfowls including ducks, geese, swans, the magpie goose and screamers). Phylogenetic analyses converged into a congruent topology and defined several well‐supported clades. We calibrated a molecular clock and reconstructed ancestral biogeographical areas using Bayesian inference supporting an austral continental (Gondwanaland) origin of the waterfowls. Ducks, swans and geese might have diversified during the Miocene (23–5 Myr ago) reaching northern distributions in Holarctic and Afrotropical regions. The evolution of hybridization patterns in Anseriformes has been investigated using a cladistic analysis (morphology), which may underestimate or overestimate the phylogenetic divergence among species, or restricted only to ducks. Using a phylogenetic framework, genetic‐based distances and a Bayesian time calibration, our data support the hypothesis based on immunological distances of slow rate of appearance of reproductive incompatibilities in waterfowls compared with other vertebrates and the view that these birds may be like frogs in having lost their interspecific hybridization potential more slowly than mammals.
Ellagic acid and its methyl‐derivatives inhibit a newly found nitratase activity
Authors: Léger Claude L. , Torres‐Rasgado Enrique , Fouret Gilles , Lauret Céline , Carbonneau Marie‐Annette 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have recently shown that low density lipoprotein (LDL) was able to denitrate albumin‐bound 3‐NO2‐Tyr residues and to concomitantly release NO3− through a Ca2+‐dependent process that has been ascribed to a specific protein structure. A lipophilic food component (γ‐tocopherol), which is easily loaded into LDL has been found to totally inhibit denitrating activity. We presently found that ellagic acid (EA) and its methylated derivatives, 4,4′O‐methyl‐ and 3,3′O‐methyl‐ellagic acids (MeEA1 and MeEA2, respectively), amphipathic phenolic components of certain fruits and beverages, were also able to inhibit this activity, with a total inhibition for EA and a 60% inhibition for MeEA1 and MeEA2. EA exhibited the highest affinity for protein plasma, whereas a higher affinity of MeEA1 and MeEA2 (with MeEA1 > MeEA2) than EA was found for lipoprotein fractions, suggesting that the inhibition‐driving property is protein affinity. As a result of this nitratase‐inhibition property EA and its natural metabolite MeEA2 may have a beneficial role in special physiopathological conditions.
Droperidol and ondansetron in vitro electrophysiological drug interaction study
Authors: Weissenburger Jacques , Funck‐Brentano Christian , Jaillon Patrice , Charbit Beny 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDroperidol and ondansetron are potent anti‐emetic agents which are often administered together. Although both drugs prolong QT interval in man by inhibition of Human Ether‐a‐go‐go Related Gene‐coded potassium channels, only droperidol was tested using more integrated experimental models. Therefore, we studied the effects of both compounds and their combination on action potentials (AP) of rabbit Purkinje fibers using conventional intracellular glass microelectrode. Purkinje fibers, driven at 1 Hz, were exposed to increasing concentrations (from 0.001 to 10 μm) of droperidol (n = 7) or ondansetron (n = 8) at 30 min intervals at 36.5°C. Other fibers were exposed to a constant droperidol concentration (0.1 μm) alone (n = 7) or together with the same increasing concentrations of ondansetron (n = 6). Droperidol increased AP duration measured at 90% repolarization (APD90) in a concentration‐dependent manner from 4.4 ± 0.8% (mean ± SEM) after 1 nmto a maximum of 158 ± 72% after 1 μm. Ondansetron significantly increased APD90 by 5.3 ± 2.1% at 100 nmup to 76 ± 14% after10 μm. Early after‐depolarization occurred in 6/7 fibers exposed to droperidol and 1/8 fibers exposed to ondansetron. When given together, pure additive effects were observed. The concentrations that increased APD90 by 50% were 0.25 ± 0.25 μmdroperidol, 3.8 ± 2.4 μmondansetron and 1.5 ± 0.8 μmondansetron when given together with droperidol. Both ondansetron and droperidol prolong AP duration in Purkinje fibers, droperidol being 10 times more potent than ondansetron. Combination of ondansetron and droperidol exhibits an additive effect on AP duration. However, within clinically relevant concentrations, ondansetron does not further increase the AP prolongation caused by droperidol alone.
Nasogastric tube feeding in cats with suspected acute pancreatitis: 55 cases (2001–2006)
Authors: Klaus Jennifer A. , Rudloff Elke , Kirby Rebecca 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective –To evaluate the complications and outcome associated with different nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding techniques in cats with suspected acute pancreatitis.Design –Descriptive retrospective case seriesSetting –Small animal emergency and referral hospitalAnimals –The patient database (2001‐2006) was searched for cats with suspected acute pancreatitis that received NGT liquid enteral feeding within 72 hours of admission and ≥12 hours during hospitalization.Measurements and Main Results –Signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory data and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations were used for suspected diagnosis. Cats were grouped based upon whether they received bolus feeding or continuous rate infusion (CRI) of a liquid diet via the NGT, and whether or not administration of an intravenous amino acid and carbohydrate solution occurred prior to NGT feeding (AAS and non‐AAS group, respectively). Fifty‐five cats were included. For all cats, NGT feeding was initiated at a mean of 33.5 ± 15.0 hours and the target caloric intake (1.2 X {(30 X BW [kg]) +70}) was reached at 58.0 ± 28.4 hours from presentation. There was a significantly longer time from admission to the initiation of NGT feeding in the 34/55 cats in the AAS group vs. the 21/55 cats in the non‐AAS group (P = 0.009). The 8 bolus‐fed cats took longer to reach target caloric intake vs. the 47 CRI‐fed cats (P = 0.002). Complications associated with NGT feeding for all cats included: mechanical problems (13%), diarrhea (25%), vomiting following NGT placement (20%) and vomiting following NGT feeding (13%). Mean time to discharge for all cats occurred after 78.6 ± 29.5 hours with an overall weight gain of 0.08 ± 0.52 kg. Fifty cats survived 28 days post‐discharge.Conclusions –NGT feeding in this group of cats with suspected acute pancreatitis was well tolerated, and associated with a low incidence of diarrhea, vomiting, and mechanical complications.
The value of a wound score for diabetic foot infections in predicting treatment outcome: A prospective analysis from the SIDESTEP trial
Authors: Lipsky Benjamin A. , Polis Adam B. , Lantz Keith C. , Norquist Josephine M. , Abramson Murray A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTScoring the severity of a diabetic foot wound infection may help assess the severity, determine the type and urgency of antibiotic and surgical treatment needed, and predict clinical outcomes. We developed a 10‐item diabetic foot infection wound score (results could range from 3 to 49 [least to most severe]) incorporating semi‐quantitative grading of both wound measurements and various infection parameters. Using data from a prospective diabetic foot infection antibiotic trial (SIDESTEP), we evaluated the score's accuracy in predicting outcome, analyzed its components and tested it for consistency, construct, and validity. Wound scores for 371 patients significantly correlated with the clinical response; it was favorable at the follow‐up assessment in 94.8% with a baseline score ≤12 compared with 77.0% with a score >19. Scores demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α >0.70 to <0.95). Patients with more severe wounds had higher scores, supporting construct validity. Excluding scores for wound discharge (purulent and nonpurulent), leaving an eight‐item score, provided better measurement statistics. This easily performed wound score appears to be a reliable, valid, and useful tool for predicting clinical outcomes. Further validation studies in different patient populations should refine the items included.
Dravet syndrome: From electroclinical characteristics to molecular biology
Authors: Arzimanoglou Alexis 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe onset of Dravet syndrome typically occurs within the first year, with prolonged, generalized, or unilateral clonic seizures triggered by fever. In the early stages, other types of refractory seizures usually present that include myoclonic seizures, atypical absences, and partial seizures. Electroencephalography (EEG) findings are not pathognomonic, and signs of cognitive arrest or deterioration progressively appear. In contrast, in adults, myoclonic seizures, atypical absences, and focal seizures tend to disappear, and short tonic–clonic seizures, often associating a focal component, persist particularly during sleep. The sensitivity to fever persists into adulthood, and although mental deterioration occurs in infancy, usually leaving patients with severe mental impairment, further deterioration does not occur. The identification of genes associated with Dravet syndrome and related syndromes hints at the complexity of the etiology of such epilepsies. IdentifyingSCN1Amutations has become useful as a means to support an early diagnosis of Dravet syndrome, to benefit counseling, and to avoid use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that may have adverse effects. However, the defining characteristics of seizure type and EEG patterns initially identified by Dravet remain fundamental to diagnosis.
The first line of therapy in a girl with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Should it be valproate or a new agent?
Authors: Montouris Georgia , Abou‐Khalil Bassel 
Published: August 2009

SummaryJuvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a common idiopathic generalized epileptic syndrome that includes generalized myoclonic seizures and commonly generalized tonic–clonic and generalized absence seizures. Before the emergence of the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the 1990s, valproate was the usual first‐line treatment in both men and women. However, the frequent adverse effect of weight gain and the risk of teratogenicity have resulted in a search for alternative first‐line therapies in women. Four new AEDs— lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, and zonisamide—have been used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in small patient series. Because they are not associated with weight gain and because they may have less risk of teratogenicity than valproate, they have been proposed as alternative first‐line agents in women who have childbearing potential. However, the new AEDs may not be effective for all the seizure types of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and valproate appeared overall more effective in a large comparative trial in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. In addition, valproate is often effective at lower doses that have less teratogenicity, and an extended‐release preparation may be less likely to produce weight gain. The current review presents evidence and arguments supporting the use of a new AED and those supporting the use of valproate as the first‐line treatment in a girl with newly diagnosed juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The review then concludes with a compromise approach.
Tonic and atonic seizures: Medical therapy and ketogenic diet
Authors: Vining Eileen P.G. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryTonic and atonic seizures are typically seen in what are often referred to as the catastrophic epilepsies. In simply considering what each of the terms signifies (either the complete loss of tone or a marked increase in tone), they would appear to be at the most diverse ends of the spectrum. They would appear to be as opposite as hot and cold or hard and soft. And yet they are often found to occur in the same patient. This article examines the nature of these seizures and discusses some of the syndromes in which they are seen. Although these seizures are often very difficult to control, some of our medications/therapies have been shown to be effective. Recommendations concerning the efficacy of these therapies and a review of the newer therapies are provided. In addition, the ketogenic diet has been particularly successful in treating these seizures; this is discussed in some detail. Finally, although outcomes for these children are generally less than ideal, many can be helped with a persistent approach that balances seizure control against the side effects of medication.
Some treatments cause seizure aggravation in idiopathic epilepsies (especially absence epilepsy)
Authors: Somerville Ernest R. 
Published: August 2009

SummarySeizure aggravation by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is a rare phenomenon, occurring mostly in generalized epilepsies treated with drugs that are more efficacious against partial seizures. Its frequency is greatly overestimated by doctors and especially by patients. There are many other reasons for seizures to deteriorate but they are often not considered. Seizure aggravation by AEDs is important to recognize but equally important not to overdiagnose. It can largely be prevented by accurate syndromic diagnosis and the treatment of generalized epilepsies with drugs that are effective against primary generalized seizures and avoiding those that are not.
Clinical Value of Noninducibility by High‐Dose Isoproterenol Versus Rapid Atrial Pacing After Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: CRAWFORD THOMAS , CHUGH AMAN , GOOD ERIC , YOSHIDA KENTARO , JONGNARANGSIN KRIT , EBINGER MATTHEW , PELOSI Jr. FRANK , BOGUN FRANK , MORADY FRED , ORAL HAKAN 
Published: August 2009

Noninducibility by High‐Dose Isoproterenol. Objective: To determine the relative clinical value of noninducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) by isoproterenol (ISO) and by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) in patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF).
Background:
AF can be induced by RAP or ISO in >85% of patients with PAF.
Methods:
ISO was administered in escalating doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/min in 112 patients (age = 56 ± 13 years) with PAF before radiofrequency catheter ablation. AF was inducible in 97 of 112 patients (87%) at a mean dose of 15 ± 5 μg/min. RAP induced AF in the remaining 14 of 15 patients. Antral pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (APVI) was followed by ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) as necessary to terminate AF and render AF noninducible in response to ISO.
Results:
AF terminated during APVI in 72 of 111 patients (65%) and after APVI plus ablation of CFAEs in 11 of 111 patients (10%). In the remaining 28 patients (25%), sinus rhythm was restored by transthoracic cardioversion. RAP was performed in the last 61 consecutive patients who were rendered noninducible by ISO. RAP initiated AF in 20 of 61 patients (33%) and atrial flutter in 6 patients (10%). No additional ablation was performed if AF was induced with RAP; however, atrial flutter was targeted. At 12 ± 5 months, 63/75 patients (84%) who were noninducible by ISO and 2 of 8 (25%) who still were reinducible by ISO were free from recurrent AF after a single ablation procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs (P = 0.001). AF recurred in 20 of 36 patients (56%) who required cardioversion for persistent AF after ablation (P < 0.001). Among the 61 patients who also underwent RAP, 12 of 20 (60%) who were, and 31 of 41 (76%) who were not inducible by RAP were free from recurrent AF (P = 0.21). The accuracy of noninducibility as a predictor of clinical outcome was 83% with ISO and 64% by RAP (P = 0.03).
Conclusions:
The response to isoproterenol after catheter ablation of PAF more accurately predicts clinical outcome than the response to RAP. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 13–20, January 2010)