bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced classification of Chagas serologic results and epidemiologic characteristics of seropositive donors at three large blood centers in Brazil
Authors: Sabino Ester C. , Salles Nanci A. , Sarr Moussa , Barreto Angela M. , Oikawa Marcio , Oliveira Cláudia D. , Leao Silvana C. , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna B. , Custer Brian , Busch Michael P. ,   NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II), International Component
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: A major problem in Chagas disease donor screening is the high frequency of samples with inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to describe patterns of serologic results among donors to the three Brazilian REDS‐II blood centers and correlate with epidemiologic characteristics.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The centers screened donor samples with one Trypanosoma cruzi lysate enzyme immunoassay (EIA). EIA‐reactive samples were tested with a second lysate EIA, a recombinant‐antigen based EIA, and an immunfluorescence assay. Based on the serologic results, samples were classified as confirmed positive (CP), probable positive (PP), possible other parasitic infection (POPI), and false positive (FP).RESULTS: In 2007 to 2008, a total of 877 of 615,433 donations were discarded due to Chagas assay reactivity. The prevalences (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among first‐time donors for CP, PP, POPI, and FP patterns were 114 (99‐129), 26 (19‐34), 10 (5‐14), and 96 (82‐110) per 100,000 donations, respectively. CP and PP had similar patterns of prevalence when analyzed by age, sex, education, and location, suggesting that PP cases represent true T. cruzi infections; in contrast the demographics of donors with POPI were distinct and likely unrelated to Chagas disease. No CP cases were detected among 218,514 repeat donors followed for a total of 718,187 person‐years.CONCLUSION: We have proposed a classification algorithm that may have practical importance for donor counseling and epidemiologic analyses of T. cruzi–seroreactive donors. The absence of incident T. cruzi infections is reassuring with respect to risk of window phase infections within Brazil and travel‐related infections in nonendemic countries such as the United States.
A novel RHCE*ce 48C, 733G allele with Nucleotide 941C in Exon 7 encodes an altered red blood cell e antigen
Authors: Hue‐Roye Kim , Hipsky Christine Halter , Velliquette Randall W. , Fuchisawa Akiko , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Hoppe Carolyn , Reid Marion E. 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Several RHCE*ce alleles have in common a 733C>G (Leu245Val) change. Some encode an altered expression of e on red blood cells (RBCs) and individuals with such RBCs can make e‐like alloantibodies. The identification of an apparent anti‐hrB in the serum of an E−e+ African American patient prompted us to analyze her DNA, which revealed a novel RHCE*ce allele. We also screened blood samples from African Americans to determine the frequency of the novel allele.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Hemagglutination tests and molecular analyses were performed by standard procedures.RESULTS: Analysis of the proband's DNA revealed RHCE*ce 48C/C, 733G/G, 941T/C, and 1006G/T. Of 272 samples from African Americans, 257 were RHCE*941T/T (wild type), and 15 (6%) were RHCE*941T/C. Of these 15, 14 were RHCE*ce/ce, 10 with 733C/G and four with 733G/G, and one was RHCE*ce/cE, 733C/G. Cloning experiments confirmed the Nucleotide 941 change and showed that 48C, 733G, 941C, and 1006T were carried on the same allele. RBCs from the 15 samples carrying the RHCE*941C variant typed V/VS+ and hrB+W.CONCLUSION: This study identifies a novel allele, RHCE*ce 48C, 733G, 941C, 1006T which is predicted to encode 16Cys, 245Val, 314Ala, and 336CyS and was shown to encode c, V/VS, and an altered expression of e and hrB antigens. The clinical significance of the antibody found in the proband is not established because E+e− RBC components were transfused to the patient. The novel RHCE*ce 48C, 733G, 941C, 1006T allele was present in 5.5% of samples from African Americans and thus, in this small cohort, it had a frequency of 0.028.
Expanded evaluation of blood donors in the United States for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 non‐B subtypes and antiretroviral drug–resistant strains: 2005 through 2007
Authors: Brennan Catherine A. , Yamaguchi Julie , Devare Sushil G. , Foster Greg A. , Stramer Susan L. 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: In a previous study of 66 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected US blood donors from 1999 to 2005, HIV‐1 non‐B and antiretroviral drug–resistant strains accounted for 4.7 and 6.5% of HIV infections, respectively. This study was expanded to include an additional 11 recently acquired infections and 197 established infections collected from January 2005 through December 2007.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: HIV‐infected donors were detected using FDA‐licensed assays. Drug resistance profiles for protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were determined using a genotyping system (ViroSeq, Celera Diagnostics); genetic subtype was determined by phylogenetic analysis of these sequences.RESULTS: Drug resistance profiles were obtained for 203 of 208 specimens; 9.9% had mutations that confer drug resistance. Ten showed resistance to a single drug class: nine to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) and one to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs). Eight showed two drug class resistance: five NRTI plus NNRTI, two NRTI plus protease inhibitor (PI), and one NNRTI plus PI. Two showed three drug class resistance. Non‐B strains were identified in 2.5% of donors and consisted of subtypes A1 and D, CRF02_AG, CRF43‐02G, and URF_BF.CONCLUSIONS: Data from this and the previous study show that antiretroviral drug–resistant HIV‐1 is present in 9.1% of HIV‐infected donors from 1999 through 2007; 9.3% of established infections and 6.9% of recent infections. Diverse HIV‐1 non‐B strains presently account for 3.0% of HIV infections in US donors.
Mechanical anchorage and peri‐implant bone formation of surface‐modified zirconia in minipigs
Authors: Schliephake Henning , Hefti Thomas , Schlottig Falko , Gédet Philippe , Staedt Henning 
Published: June 2010

Schliephake H, Hefti T, Schlottig F, Gédet P, Staedt H. Mechanical anchorage and peri‐implant bone formation of surface‐modified zirconia in minipigs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 818–828. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01549.AbstractAim: To test the hypothesis that peri‐implant bone formation and mechanical stability of surface‐modified zirconia and titanium implants are equivalent.Materials and Methods: Twelve minipigs received three types of implants on either side of the mandible 8 weeks after removal of all pre‐molar teeth: (i) a zirconia implant with a sandblasted surface; (ii) a zirconia implants with a sandblasted and etched surface; and (iii) a titanium implant with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface that served as a control. Removal torque and peri‐implant bone regeneration were evaluated in six animals each after 4 and 13 weeks.Results: The titanium surface was significantly rougher than both tested zirconia surfaces. Mean bone to implant contact (BIC) did not differ significantly between the three implant types after 4 weeks but was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia implants after 13 weeks (p<0.05). Bone volume density (BVD) did not differ significantly at any interval. Removal torque was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia surfaces after 4 and 13 weeks (p<0.001). The sandblasted and etched zirconia surface showed a significantly higher removal torque after 4 weeks compared with sandblasted zirconia (p<0.05); this difference levelled out after 13 weeks.Conclusions: It is concluded that all implants achieved osseointegration with similar degrees of BIC and BVD; however, titanium implants showed a higher resistance to removal torque, probably due to higher surface roughness.
A spot test for detection of cobalt release – early experience and findings
Authors: Thyssen Jacob P. , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne D. , Lidén Carola , Julander Anneli , Møller Per , Jellesen Morten S. 
Published: June 2010

Background: It is often difficult to establish clinical relevance of metal exposure in cobalt‐allergic patients. Dermatologists and patients may incorrectly assume that many metallic items release cobalt at levels that may cause cobalt dermatitis. Cobalt‐allergic patients may be unaware that they are exposed to cobalt from handling work items, causing hand dermatitis. Objectives: To present early findings with a newly developed cobalt spot test. Methods and Results: A cobalt spot test based on disodium‐1‐nitroso‐2‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulfonate was able to identify cobalt release at 8.3 ppm. The test may also be used as a gel test if combined with an agar preparation. We found no false‐positive reactions when testing metals and alloys known not to contain cobalt. However, one cobalt‐containing alloy, which elicited cobalt dermatitis in cobalt‐allergic patients, was negative upon cobalt gel testing. Conclusions: The cobalt test detects amounts of cobalt release that approximate the elicitation concentration seen in cobalt‐allergic patients. It may serve as a useful tool in dermatology offices and workplaces.
CYBER‐ABUSE—A NEW WORLDWIDE THREAT TO CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
Authors: Altobelli Tom 
Published: June 2010

Cyberspace is a new frontier for both international and domestic family law. On the one hand, it presents great opportunities for society and, on the other, great dangers particularly for children. This paper explores a number of issues from a domestic and international family law perspective. These issues include:

What is cyberspace, how has it emerged, and where is it likely to go?
What are the potential dangers for children that arise from children's engagement with cyberspace?
What is the nature and extent of domestic and international family laws that protect children from the dangers of cyberspace?
What are some of the present and emerging policy issues that impact on these matters?

Cyber‐abuse is a term that encompasses a wide range of aggressive online activities.
Caring for the Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Scarpinato Nina , Bradley Jana , Kurbjun Kay , Bateman Xenia , Holtzer Brenda , Ely Beth 
Published: June 2010

PURPOSE.  This article explores the challenges that patients with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) face when hospitalized and provides assessment strategies and plan‐of‐care suggestions for nursing caregivers.CONCLUSIONS.  With a high prevalence rate of medical comorbidities among this population, such as gastrointestinal complaints and seizures, nurses are likely to care for hospitalized patients with an ASD.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  For a child with an ASD, hospitalization can be an overwhelming sensory and cognitive experience. Nurses equipped with an understanding of the unique needs of a child with ASD can tailor the plan of care to reduce patient and family anxiety, optimize treatment goals, and reduce the stress of hospitalization.
The dental safety net, its workforce, and policy recommendations for its enhancement
Authors: Edelstein Burton 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective: The dental safety net includes the facilities, providers, and payment programs that support dental care for underserved populations including those individuals disadvantaged by a variety of social, economic, and health conditions. Its components‐health centers, dental schools, clinics, Medicaid‐oriented dental practices, free‐care programs, hospital emergency rooms, and others‐vary in availability, comprehensiveness, continuity, and quality. The objective of this overview is to identify options and opportunities for policy changes to enhance oral health professional workforce in the safety net.Methods: Characteristics of the dental safety net and its components are reviewed and compared.Results: Professionals who now staff the dental safety net are a small subset of US dental providers and few current trainees anticipate practicing in these programs. Therefore, the safety net will continue to confront workforce challenges.Conclusions: Multifactorial policy alternatives to increase the availability of dental professionals who care of the underserved include proposed changes in dental education, licensure, scope of practice for allied dental personnel, and federal and state financing of public insurance. Also needed are local efforts to establish social norms and activities among private dentists that engage more private practitioners in care of the underserved.
Improving oral healthcare delivery systems through workforce innovations: an introduction
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth A. , Finocchio Len 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to describe the purpose, rationale and key elements of the special issue, Improving Oral Healthcare Delivery Systems through Workforce Innovations. The purpose of the special issue is to further develop ideas presented at the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) workshop, Sufficiency of the U.S. Oral Health Workforce in the Coming Decade. Using the IOM discussions as their starting point, the authors evaluate oral health care delivery system performance for specific populations' needs and explore the roles that the workforce can play in improving the care delivery model. The contributing articles provide a broad framework for stimulating and evaluating innovation and change in the oral health care delivery system. The articles in this special issue point to many deficits in the current oral health care delivery system and provide compelling arguments and proposals for improvements. The issues presented and solutions recommended are not entirely new, but add to a growing body of work that is of critical importance given the context of wider health care reform.
Photothermal laser ablation of Barrett’s oesophagus: endoscopic and histological evidence of squamous re-epithelialisation
Authors: Barham C P , Jones R L , Biddlestone L R , Hardwick R H , Shepherd N A , Barr H 
Published: June 2010

Background—Barrett’s oesophagus is acquired by severe gastro-oesophageal reflux and is a premalignant condition. Acid suppression or anti-reflux surgery alone do not cause significant regression of the metaplastic mucosa nor reduce the malignant potential. Recent reports have suggested that the combination of mucosal ablation with acid suppression may result in squamous regeneration.Aims—To destroy Barrett’s mucosa by thermal ablation (in the setting of acid suppression) and so induce squamous regeneration.Patients—Sixteen patients with non-dysplastic Barrett’s oesophagus were recruited from a surveillance programme. All had been on a proton pump inhibitor.Methods—At intervals, non-circumferential areas of columnar mucosa were ablated using the KTP laser. Acid suppression was obtained with 40 mg omeprazole daily. Multiple biopsy specimens were obtained for histological examination from ablated areas.Results—Ablation of all areas of glandular mucosa resulted in squamous regeneration. The number of treatments required depended on the length of the Barrett’s segment. In 11 patients there was evidence of squamous regeneration over remaining Barrett’s glands (in some of the post-treatment biopsy specimens) whilst in nine patients squamous metaplasia was seen within Barrett’s glands.Conclusion—Mucosal ablation of Barrett’s oesophagus by laser, in the setting of acid suppression, results in squamous regeneration (though some burying of Barrett’s glands did occur).
The inhibitory role of nitric oxide in the control of porcine and human sphincter of Oddi activity
Authors: Sand J , Arvola P , Jäntti V , Oja S , Singaram C , Baer G , Pasricha P J , Nordback I 
Published: June 2010

Background—The possible role of nitric oxide in the regulation of the sphincter of Oddi is not known in species with a resistor-like sphincter of Oddi such as humans and pigs.Methods—Sphincter of Oddi perfusion manometry and simultaneous electromyography (EMG) were recorded transduodenally in eight anaesthetised pigs. Acetylcholine (4 μg/kg) was given intra-arterially, with or without sodium nitroprusside (10–100 μg/kg), an exogenous nitric oxide donor. For in vitro studies the sphincter was removed from the eight pigs and from six patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, cut into rings, and the amplitude of contraction was measured in an ex vivo bath. Each ring was stimulated with acetylcholine (100 μM) and KCl (125 mM). The stimulation was repeated after incubation with l-NAME (a stereospecific competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase), withl-NAME plus l-arginine (a substrate for nitric oxide synthase), and with sodium nitroprusside. The sphincter rings were then submersed in liquid nitrogen and stored. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to localise nitric oxide synthase in the pig and human sphincter specimens.Results—In vivo EMG revealed 2–3 phasic bursts per minute with the basal pressure variation 6–40 mm Hg. Acetylcholine induced a large electrical burst and the pressure increased by (mean (SE)) 20 (10) mm Hg (p <0.01) for 17 (4) seconds. After sodium nitroprusside (10 μg/kg) acetylcholine did not induce pressure changes and electrical activity was almost abolished. In vitro, l-NAME increased the KCl induced sphincter contraction in both pig and human specimens (p<0.01). In human, but not in pig, specimens l-NAME increased the amplitude of acetylcholine induced contraction (p<0.01). l-Arginine partly reversed the effect of l-NAME in both pig and human specimens. Sodium nitroprusside decreased the acetylcholine and KCl induced contractions in both pig and human specimens. Immunohistochemical studies localised nitric oxide synthase to rich plexi of nerve fibres in the mucosa and the muscle in both pig and human sphincter of Oddi.Conclusions—The sphincter of Oddi in both pigs and humans has endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity and immunoreactivity. Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide production enhances contractility while exogenous nitric oxide decreases sphincter contractility and electrical activity.
Sclerosing cholangitis, race and sex
Authors: Kelly P , Patchett S , McCloskey D , Alstead E , Farthing M , Fairclough P 
Published: June 2010

Background—Primary sclerosing cholangitis develops in 3–10% of patients with ulcerative colitis, and may be associated with an increased cancer risk. Ulcerative colitis is probably less common in people of African origin than in populations of European descent.Aims and methods—To review the records of all patients under regular follow up for ulcerative colitis at St Bartholomew’s Hospital (London, UK) , a tertiary referral centre, prompted by discovering a cluster of cases with common features.Results and conclusions—Among 166 patients with ulcerative colitis under regular follow up, only four (all women) are of African or Caribbean genetic origin, and three of these have developed sclerosing cholangitis within three years of presentation with colitis, compared with four of 162 patients of European or Asian descent (odds ratio 119, 95% confidence interval 8–3837; p=0.0002). This cluster, which is not explained by common HLA DR or DQ type, suggests that Africans and Afro-Caribbeans, especially women, may be at increased risk of sclerosing cholangitis. This may reflect genetic influences on the development of enteric and hepatobiliary inflammatory disease.
A prospective randomised controlled study of the use of ranitidine in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Primrose J N , Miller G V , Preston S R , Gokhale J , Ambrose N S , Ward U M , Mills J G , Ehsanullah R S B , Darekar B ,   and the Yorkshire GI Tumour Group
Published: June 2010

Background—Does the use of the histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine improve the outcome of patients with gastric cancer?Patients—A total of 222 patients with gastric cancer who had received radical or palliative resection or who were deemed inoperable at presentation.Setting—Hospitals within Yorkshire, the participating clinicians being members of the Yorkshire GI Tumour Group.Methods—A multicentre prospective randomised double blind trial comparing ranitidine 150 mg twice daily with placebo twice daily was undertaken. The principal outcome measures were survival and survival excluding those who died within 30 days of operation.Results—The median survival (95% confidence intervals) was 331 (232 to 393) days for patients in the ranitidine group compared with 187 (143 to 269) for those in the placebo group. The difference in survival was not statistically significant (p = 0.225). When patients who died within 30 days of operation were excluded (21 in the placebo group, 15 in the ranitidine group), the difference in survival remained not significant (p = 0.358). No subgroup could be identified who significantly benefited from treatment, but for patients with stage VIa cancer the median survival was 134 days with placebo compared with 313 days with ranitidine (p = 0.073).Conclusion—This study does not show significant benefit from the use of ranitidine for gastric cancer but further larger studies may be indicated.
Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with early gastric cancer by the endoscopic phenol red test
Authors: Iseki K , Tatsuta M , Iishi H , Baba M , Ishiguro S 
Published: June 2010

Background—An endoscopic procedure that uses a pH indicator called phenol red to assess Helicobacter pyloriinfected gastric mucosa has recently been developed. This test makes it possible to take biopsy specimens from H pylori infected areas.Aim—This test was applied to patients with early gastric cancers to clarify the role of H pylori in gastric carcinogenesis.Subjects—Sixty five patients with early gastric cancer (50 with differentiated adenocarcinoma and 15 with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma).Methods—Patients with early gastric cancer underwent the endoscopic phenol red test before their operation. In this test, areas infected with H pylori can be observed as “coloured” areas where phenol red was turned from yellow to red.Results—H pylori infection was significantly (p<0.001) more frequent in patients with differentiated adenocarcinomas than in those with undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. Differentiated adenocarcinomas were usually located in areas of mucosa infected with H pylori, but undifferentiated adenocarcinomas were frequently located in non-infected areas.Conclusion—H pylori may be a strong risk factor for differentiated early gastric cancer.
Effect of the nitric oxide donor, glyceryl trinitrate, on human gall bladder motility
Authors: Greaves R , Miller J , O’Donnell L , McLean A , Farthing M J G 
Published: June 2010

Background—Nitric oxide is a major neurotransmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) pathways. NANC inhibitory innervation has been shown in human gall bladder muscle in vitro; the role of nitric oxide in human gall bladder emptying however is undefined.Aims—To study the effect of glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, on gall bladder emptying in healthy subjects using a randomised, double blind, crossover, placebo controlled design.Methods—Ultrasonographic gall bladder volume was measured in the fasting state in eight healthy volunteers after randomised administration of either glyceryl trinitrate 1200 μg buccal spray or placebo spray. On two further occasions, after randomised administration of either glyceryl trinitrate 1200 μg buccal spray or placebo spray, gall bladder volumes were also measured after a liquid test meal.Results—Glyceryl trinitrate significantly increased fasting gall bladder volume to a mean of 114% (SEM 5%) of pretreatment volume (p=0.039). Glyceryl trinitrate also significantly impaired gall bladder emptying between five and 40 minutes postprandially. Gall bladder ejection fraction was also reduced after glyceryl trinitrate compared with placebo (43 (6.9)% versus 68.4 (6.5)%, p=0.016).Conclusions—This study shows that glyceryl trinitrate produces gall bladder dilatation in the fasting state and reduces postprandial gall bladder emptying, suggesting that nitric oxide mechanisms may be operative in the human gall bladder in vivo.