bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not all demand oil shocks are alike: disentangling demand oil shocks in the crude oil market
Authors: Li Zhuo , Zhao Hui 
Published: January 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the structural origins of international crude oil price fluctuation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper establishes a structural vector autoregression model based on the generalized supply and demand analysis of crude oil price fluctuation and performance the structural decomposition of price shocks with impulse response analysis of those factors.FindingsIt is found that four kinds of structural shocks derived from the generalized supply and demand analysis are the essential determinants of crude oil prices fluctuation. On one hand, similar to Kilian's results, the supply side shocks – both the exogenous geopolitical ones and other oil supply shocks have little influence. Whereas, the demand side shocks – both the aggregate demand shock and the oil market specific demand shock have prominent effects. On the other hand, with the expanded sample range, it is found that the dynamic characteristic of the impulse response of oil price to demand side factors is not only incompatible with the basic economic theory, but also clashes with Kilian's statement based upon his research. It is conjured that the incompatibility comes from the ignorance of the finer decomposition of demand side factors. To decompose those demand side factors further, the US dollar liquidity was added into the model. The results show that the impact of US dollar liquidity on the fluctuation of oil prices cannot be ignored. The argument that ascribes the soaring international crude oil price to China's economic growth lacks theoretical and empirical evidence.Originality/valueThe paper contributes marginally to the research on the structural origins of international crude oil price fluctuation and sheds light on the possibility of finer decomposition of demand side oil shocks.
Testing geographic and economic distance of agglomeration economies
Authors: Hong Junjie 
Published: January 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test geographic and economic distance of industrial agglomeration.Design/methodology/approachBased on a recent census database in China, we estimate the production function of Chinese firms, focusing on the impact of agglomeration economies.FindingsThe estimation results provide strong evidence that agglomeration effects decline with increasing geographic and economic distance.Originality/valuePrevious studies examine agglomeration effects at certain geographic and industrial level, but largely ignore that agglomeration benefit may be different at different levels of geography and industry. This paper contributes to the literature by examining the geographic and economic distance of agglomeration economies, and shows a clear pattern on geographic and industrial scope of agglomeration economies.
Dividends and tunneling: evidence from family firms in China
Authors: Xu'nan Feng 
Published: January 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the motive of family‐controlled firms to pay cash dividends in China.Design/methodology/approachUsing some econometrical models, the paper designs and conducts a series of empirical research on cash dividends behavior, thus acquiring credible empirical data.FindingsUsing a sample of 204 family firms, the motive of family‐controlled firms to pay cash dividends was investigated. Dividend ratio was found to decrease with the separation of ultimate ownership and control right; this may reflect the tunneling motive of the family owners. Different from others, it was also found that high‐growth firms pay more dividends and that the family doing so may want to build a high reputation for the friendly treatment of minority investors for future financing.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses investor protection matters in China.Originality/valueThe paper' findings provide policy implications for corporate governance reform and capital market development in China.
A new topical formulation enhances relative diclofenac bioavailability in healthy male subjects
Authors: Brunner Martin , Davies David , Martin Wolfgang , Leuratti Chiara , Lackner Edith , Müller Markus 
Published: January 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Therapy with topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relies on the ability of the active drug to penetrate the skin in sufficiently high amounts to exert a clinical effect, which is linked to the specific galenic properties of the formulation. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This phase 1 study characterizes the transdermal penetration and plasma exposure of different dose levels with galenic differences of a novel topical diclofenac formulation under development and indicates greater diclofenac penetration through the skin when compared with a commercially available formulation.AIMS To evaluate the relative plasma and tissue availability of diclofenac after repeated topical administration of a novel diclofenac acid‐based delivery system under development (DCF100C).METHODS This was a single‐centre, open‐label, three‐period, crossover clinical trial of five discrete diclofenac formulations. Test preparations comprised two concentrations (1.0% and 2.5%) of DCF100C, with and without menthol and eucalyptus oil (total daily doses of 5 mg and 12.5 mg). Voltaren® Emulgel® gel (1.0%) was the commercially available comparator (total daily dose of 40 mg). Topical application was performed onto the thigh of 20 male healthy subjects for 3 days. Applying a Youden square design, each drug was evaluated in 12 subjects, with each subject receiving three test preparations. Blood sampling and in vivo microdialysis in subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissues were performed for 10 h after additional final doses on the morning of day 4.RESULTS All four DCF100C formulations demonstrated a three‐ to fivefold, dose‐dependent increase in systemic diclofenac availability compared with Voltaren® Emulgel® and were approximately 30–40 times more effective at facilitating diclofenac penetration through the skin, taking different dose levels into account. Tissue concentrations were low and highly variable. The 2.5% DCF100C formulation without sensory excipients reached the highest tissue concentrations. AUC(0,10 h) was 2.71 times greater than for Voltaren® Emulgel® (90% CI 99.27, 737.46%). Mild erythema at the application site was the most frequent adverse event associated with DCF100C. There were no local symptoms after treatment with the reference formulation.CONCLUSION DCF100C formulations were safe and facilitated greater diclofenac penetration through the skin compared with the commercial comparator. DCF100C represents a promising alternative to oral and topical diclofenac treatments that warrants further development.
The Process is the Rule and the Punishment is the Process
Authors: Morgan Rod 
Published: January 2011

Andrew Ashworth, The Criminal Process: An Evaluative Study, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, 315 pp, hb £45.00, pb £12.95.Andrew Sanders and Richard Young, Criminal Justice, London: Butterworths, 1994, 496 pp, pb £18.95.
Retracted: Bone response to hydroxyapatites with open porosity of animal origin (porcine [OsteoBiol®mp3] and bovine [Endobon®]): a radiological and histomorphometric study
Authors: Ramírez‐Fernández MaPiedad , Calvo‐Guirado Jose Luis , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Maté‐Sánchez del Val José Eduardo , Vicente‐Ortega Vicente , Meseguer‐Olmos Luis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPurpose: To carry out a radiological and histomorphometric evaluation of bone response to two xenografts of animal origin, one porcine, and the other bovine, inserted in rabbits' tibiae.Material and methods: Twenty New Zealand rabbits weighing 3900–4500 g were used. Twenty bovine bone grafts (Endobon®) in granulated form of 500–1000 μm granulometry were inserted in the proximal metaphyseal area of the animals' right tibia, and 20 porcine bone grafts (OsteoBiol®mp3) in granulated form of 600–1000 μm granulometry were inserted in the proximal metaphyseal area of the animals' left tibia. Following graft insertion, the animals were sacrificed in four groups of five, after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months, respectively. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken. Samples were processed for observation under light microscopy. Histomorphometric measurements were presented as mean values ± standard deviations.Results: At 4 months after treatment, the bone defects displayed radiological images that showed complete repair of osseous defects. Histomorphometric evaluation showed that for the porcine xenograft, the study averages for newly formed bone represented 22.8 ± 1.8%, for residual graft material 23.6 ± 3% and for connective tissue 53.5 ± 2.5%, while for the bovine xenograft newly formed bone represented 23.1 ± 1.8%, residual graft material 39.4 ± 3% and non‐mineralized connective tissue 37.5 ± 2.5%.Conclusions: The biomaterials assessed in the study were shown to be biocompatible and osteoconductive. Collagenized porcine xenografts proved more resorbable than bovine xenografts. Both can be used as possible bone substitutes without interfering with normal reparative bone processes. To cite this article:
Ramírez‐Fernández MP, Calvo‐Guirado JL, Delgado‐Ruiz RA, Maté‐Sánchez del Val JE, Vicente‐Ortega V, Meseguer‐Olmos L. Bone response to hydroxyapatites with open porosity of animal origin (porcine [OsteoBiol®mp3] and bovine [Endobon®]): a radiological and histomorphometric study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 767–773. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02058.x
Computed tomography‐based evaluation of template (NobelGuide™)‐guided implant positions: a prospective radiological study
Authors: Vasak Christoph , Watzak Georg , Gahleitner André , Strbac Georg , Schemper Michael , Zechner Werner 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives: This prospective study was intended to evaluate the overall deviation in a clinical treatment setting to provide for quantification of the potential impairment of treatment safety and reliability with computer‐assisted, template‐guided transgingival implantation.Material and methods: The patient population enrolled (male/female=10/8) presented with partially dentate and edentulous maxillae and mandibles. Overall, 86 implants were placed by two experienced dental surgeons strictly following the NobelGuide™ protocol for template‐guided implantation. All patients had a postoperative computed tomography (CT) with identical settings to the preoperative examination. Using the triple scan technique, pre‐ and postoperative CT data were merged in the Procera planning software, a newly developed procedure – initially presented in 2007 allowing measurement of the deviations at implant shoulder and apex.Results: The deviations measured were an average of 0.43 mm (bucco‐lingual), 0.46 mm (mesio‐distal) and 0.53 mm (depth) at the level of the implant shoulder and slightly higher at the implant apex with an average of 0.7 mm (bucco‐lingual), 0.63 mm (mesio‐distal) and 0.52 mm (depth). The maximum deviation of 2.02 mm was encountered in the corono‐apical direction. Significantly lower deviations were seen for implants in the anterior region vs. the posterior tooth region (P<0.01, 0.31 vs. 0.5 mm), and deviations were also significantly lower in the mandible than in the maxilla (P=0.04, 0.36 vs. 0.45 mm) in the mesio‐distal direction. Moreover, a significant correlation between deviation and mucosal thickness was seen and a learning effect was found over the time period of performance of the surgical procedures.Conclusion: Template‐guided implantation will ensure reliable transfer of preoperative computer‐assisted planning into surgical practice. With regard to the required verification of treatment reliability of an implantation system with flapless access, all maximum deviations measured in this clinical study were within the safety margins recommended by the planning software.To cite this article:
Vasak C, Watzak G, Gahleitner A, Strbac G, Schemper M, Zechner W. Computed tomography‐based evaluation of template (NobelGuide™)‐guided implant positions: a prospective radiological study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 1157–1163. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02070.x
Butyrate production in phylogenetically diverse Firmicutes isolated from the chicken caecum
Authors: Eeckhaut Venessa , Van Immerseel Filip , Croubels Siska , De Baere Siegrid , Haesebrouck Freddy , Ducatelle Richard , Louis Petra , Vandamme Peter 
Published: January 2011

SummarySixteen butyrate‐producing bacteria were isolated from the caecal content of chickens and analysed phylogenetically. They did not represent a coherent phylogenetic group, but were allied to four different lineages in the Firmicutes phylum. Fourteen strains appeared to represent novel species, based on a level of ≤ 98.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity towards their nearest validly named neighbours. The highest butyrate concentrations were produced by the strains belonging to clostridial clusters IV and XIVa, clusters which are predominant in the chicken caecal microbiota. In only one of the 16 strains tested, the butyrate kinase operon could be amplified, while the butyryl‐CoA : acetate CoA‐transferase gene was detected in eight strains belonging to clostridial clusters IV, XIVa and XIVb. None of the clostridial cluster XVI isolates carried this gene based on degenerate PCR analyses. However, another CoA‐transferase gene more similar to propionate CoA‐transferase was detected in the majority of the clostridial cluster XVI isolates. Since this gene is located directly downstream of the remaining butyrate pathway genes in several human cluster XVI bacteria, it may be involved in butyrate formation in these bacteria. The present study indicates that butyrate producers related to cluster XVI may play a more important role in the chicken gut than in the human gut.
Survival of
Escherichia coli
, Enterococci, and
Campylobacter
spp. in Sheep Feces on Pastures
Authors: Moriarty Elaine M. , Mackenzie Margaret L. , Karki Naveena , Sinton Lester W. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The survival of enteric bacteria in 10 freshly collected sheep fecal samples on pastures was measured in each of four seasons. Ten freshly collected feces were placed on pasture, and concentrations of
Escherichia coli
, enterococci, and
Campylobacter
spp. were monitored until exhaustion of the fecal samples. In all four seasons, there was an increase in enterococcal concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 11 and 28 days after deposition.
E. coli
concentrations increased in three out of four seasons by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 8 and 14 days after deposition. The apparent growth of
E. coli
and enterococci was strongly influenced by the initial water content of the feces and the moisture gained during periods of rehydration following rainfalls. Conversely, the results suggested that dehydration promoted inactivation.
Campylobacter
spp. did not grow and were rapidly inactivated at a rate that tended to be faster at higher temperatures. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a selection of
Campylobacter
spp. suggested that these survival data are applicable to a range of
Campylobacter
spp., including the most frequently isolated PFGE genotype from sheep in New Zealand, and to genotypes previously observed to cause disease in humans. The results of this study are currently being incorporated into a fecal microbe reservoir model that is designed to assist water managers' abilities to estimate microbial loads on pastures grazed by sheep, including the influence of factors such as rainfall and temperature.
Differentiation of “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus” Isolates by Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis
Authors: Katoh Hiroshi , Subandiyah Siti , Tomimura Kenta , Okuda Mitsuru , Su Hong-Ji , Iwanami Toru 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Four highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were selected and used to differentiate 84 Japanese isolates of “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus.” The Nei's measure of genetic diversity values for these four SSRs ranged from 0.60 to 0.86. The four SSR loci were also highly polymorphic in four isolates from Taiwan and 12 isolates from Indonesia.
Terminal Oxidase Diversity and Function in “
Metallosphaera yellowstonensis
”: Gene Expression and Protein Modeling Suggest Mechanisms of Fe(II) Oxidation in the
Sulfolobales
Authors: Kozubal M. A. , Dlakić M. , Macur R. E. , Inskeep W. P. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

“
Metallosphaera yellowstonensis
” is a thermoacidophilic archaeon isolated from Yellowstone National Park that is capable of autotrophic growth using Fe(II), elemental S, or pyrite as electron donors. Analysis of the draft genome sequence from
M. yellowstonensis
strain MK1 revealed seven different copies of heme copper oxidases (subunit I) in a total of five different terminal oxidase complexes, including
doxBCEF
,
foxABCDEFGHIJ
,
soxABC
, and the
soxM
supercomplex, as well as a novel hypothetical two-protein
doxB
-like polyferredoxin complex. Other genes found in
M. yellowstonensis
with possible roles in S and or Fe cycling include a thiosulfate oxidase (
tqoAB
), a sulfite oxidase (
som
), a
cbsA
cytochrome
b
558/566
, several small blue copper proteins, and a novel gene sequence coding for a putative multicopper oxidase (Mco). Results from gene expression studies, including reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (qPCR) of cultures grown autotrophically on either Fe(II), pyrite, or elemental S showed that the
fox
gene cluster and
mco
are highly expressed under conditions where Fe(II) is an electron donor. Metagenome sequence and gene expression studies of Fe-oxide mats confirmed the importance of
fox
genes (e.g.,
foxA
and
foxC
) and
mco
under Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions. Protein modeling of FoxC suggests a novel lysine-lysine or lysine-arginine heme B binding domain, indicating that it is likely the cytochrome component of a heterodimer complex with
foxG
as a ferredoxin subunit. Analysis of
mco
shows that it encodes a novel multicopper blue protein with two plastocyanin type I copper domains that may play a role in the transfer of electrons within the Fox protein complex. An understanding of metabolic pathways involved in aerobic iron and sulfur oxidation in
Sulfolobales
has broad implications for understanding the evolution and niche diversification of these thermophiles as well as practical applications in fields such as bioleaching of trace metals from pyritic ores.
Contribution of the
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Capsule to Bacterial Aggregate and Biofilm Microstructures
Authors: Dzul Stephen P. , Thornton Margaret M. , Hohne Danial N. , Stewart Elizabeth J. , Shah Aayush A. , Bortz David M. , Solomon Michael J. , Younger John G. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

We studied the interaction between capsule production and hydrodynamic growth conditions on the internal and macroscopic structure of biofilms and spontaneously formed aggregates of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Wild-type and capsule-deficient strains were studied as biofilms and under strong and mild hydrodynamic conditions. Internal organization of multicellular structures was determined with a novel image-processing algorithm for feature extraction from high-resolution confocal microscopy. Measures included interbacterial spacing and local angular alignment of individual bacteria. Macroscopic organization was measured via the size distribution of aggregate populations forming under various conditions. Compared with wild-type organisms, unencapsulated mutant organisms formed more organized aggregates with less variability in interbacterial spacing and greater interbacterial angular alignment. Internal aggregate structure was not detectably affected by the severity of hydrodynamic growth conditions. However, hydrodynamic conditions affected both wild-type and mutant aggregate size distributions. Bacteria grown under high-speed shaking conditions (i.e., at Reynolds' numbers beyond the laminar-turbulent transition) formed few multicellular aggregates while clumpy growth was common in bacteria grown under milder conditions. Our results indicate that both capsule and environment contribute to the structure of communities of
K. pneumoniae
, with capsule exerting influence at an interbacterial length scale and fluid dynamic forces affecting overall particle size.
Persistence of Free-Living Protozoan Communities across Rearing Cycles in Commercial Poultry Houses
Authors: Baré Julie , Houf Kurt , Verstraete Tine , Vaerewijck Mario , Sabbe Koen 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
The introduction and survival of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in poultry farming have been linked to bacterial association with free-living protozoa. To date, however, no information is available on the persistence of protozoan communities in these environments across consecutive rearing cycles and how it is affected by farm- and habitat-specific characteristics and management strategies. We therefore investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of free-living protozoa in three habitats (pipeline, water, and miscellaneous samples) in three commercial poultry houses across three rearing cycles by using the molecular fingerprinting technique denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Our study provides strong evidence for the long-term (ca. 6-month) persistence of protozoa in broiler houses across consecutive rearing cycles. Various free-living protozoa (flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae), including known vectors of bacterial pathogens, were observed during the down periods in between rearing cycles. In addition, multivariate analysis and variation partitioning showed that the protozoan community structure in the broiler houses showed almost no change across rearing cycles and remained highly habitat and farm specific. Unlike in natural environments, protozoan communities inside broiler houses are therefore not seasonal. Our results imply that currently used biosecurity measures (cleaning and disinfection) applied during the down periods are not effective against many protozoans and therefore cannot prevent potential cross-contamination of bacterial pathogens via free-living protozoa between rearing cycles.