bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid esters of 3‐MCPD: Overview of occurrence and exposure estimates
Authors: Weißhaar Rüdiger 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMany studies and surveys concerning the ocurrence and exposure of free 3‐MCPD have been performed in the last 30 years. Although a huge number of food samples, especially fats and oils, were analysed in the last 3 years, no systematic study about ester‐bound 3‐MCPD and the resulting exposure was performed up to now. In this paper published data of 3‐MCPD esters in different foods are reviewed, with a focus on fats and oils and infant formula. Concerning fats and oils, only in refined products significant concentrations of 3‐MCPD esters in a range from 0.25–15 mg/kg were present, with the highest levels found in palm oil. In infant formula, levels of ester‐linked 3‐MCPD were nearly unchanged in three surveys from April 2009 to May 2010, while levels of ester‐linked glycidol decreased dramatically in this period. Based on analytical data of more than 200 refined fats and oils, an average daily intake of 1.5 µg 3‐MCPD/kg bw/day, respectively, 0.9 µg glycidol/kg bw/day was calculated to result from consumer exposure to ester‐bound 3‐MCPD and glycidol.
Analysis of preconditioned iterative solvers for incompressible flow problems
Authors: Melchior S. A. , Legat V. , Van Dooren P. , Wathen A. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSolving efficiently the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is a major challenge, especially in the three‐dimensional case. The approach investigated by Elman et al. (Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005) consists in applying a preconditioned GMRES method to the linearized problem at each iteration of a nonlinear scheme. The preconditioner is built as an approximation of an ideal block‐preconditioner that guarantees convergence in 2 or 3 iterations. In this paper, we investigate the numerical behavior for the three‐dimensional lid‐driven cavity problem with wedge elements; the ultimate motivation of this analysis is indeed the development of a preconditioned Krylov solver for stratified oceanic flows which can be efficiently tackled using such meshes. Numerical results for steady‐state solutions of both the Stokes and the Navier–Stokes problems are presented. Theoretical bounds on the spectrum and the rate of convergence appear to be in agreement with the numerical experiments. Sensitivity analysis on different aspects of the structure of the preconditioner and the block decomposition strategies are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new perspective on spectral analysis of numerical schemes
Authors: Chenoweth Samuel K. M. , Soria Julio , Ooi Andrew 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSpectral analysis is an essential tool for analysing the stability and accuracy of numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations on regular meshes. In particular, spectral analysis allows a detailed study of the dispersion error, as well as anisotropic effects introduced by the mesh. When performing this analysis, many authors assume that the waves making up the solution are always orientated in the same direction as the partial differential equation's characteristics. While this is a valid assumption in some cases, it is not correct in other situations, especially for analysis of the convection–diffusion equation and similar transport phenomena. This paper addresses this issue, and resolves some long‐standing misconceptions resulting from it. In particular, it is shown that for convection simulations on a regular mesh of squares, the overall level of dispersion error is not affected by the convection direction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of IGHCδ–BACH2 fusion transcripts resulting from cryptic chromosomal rearrangements of 14q32 with 6q15 in aggressive B‐cell lymphoma/leukemia
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Taki Tomohiko , Chinen Yoshiaki , Tsutsumi Yasuhiko , Ohshiro Muneo , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Matsumoto Yosuke , Kuroda Junya , Horiike Shigeo , Nishida Kazuhiro , Taniwaki Masafumi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn B‐cell malignancies, genes implicated in B‐cell differentiation, germinal center formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation are juxtaposed to immunoglobulin loci through chromosomal translocations. In this study, we identified the BTB and CNC homology 2 (BACH2) gene as a novel translocation partner of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus in a patient with IGH‐MYC‐positive, highly aggressive B‐cell lymphoma/leukemia carrying der(14)t(8;14) and del(6)(q15). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using an IGH/MYC probe detected an IGH‐MYC fusion signal on der(14) and IGH signal on del(6). Genome copy number analysis showed a deletion in the 6q15‐25 region and a centromeric breakpoint within the BACH2 gene. cDNA bubble polymerase chain reaction using BACH2 primers revealed that the first exon of Cδ was fused to the 5′‐untranslated region of BACH2 exon 2. The Cδ–BACH2 fusion transcript consisted of exon 1 of Cδ and exons 2 to 9 of BACH2, encompassing the entire BACH2 coding region, and the BACH2 was highly expressed in this patient. These results indicate that Cδ–BACH2 fusion may cause constitutive activation of BACH2. Although additional screening of 47 samples of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL) patients and 29 cell lines derived from B‐cell malignancies by double‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis detected a split signal with deletion of centromeric region of BACH2 only in a patient with follicular lymphoma, BACH2 was highly expressed in lymphoma cells of the patient and B‐NHL cell lines with IGH‐MYC translocation. These findings suggest that BACH2 plays a critical role in B‐cell lymphomagenesis, especially related to IGH‐MYC translocation in some way. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Groundwater dynamics in a till hillslope: flow directions, gradients and delay
Authors: Rodhe Allan , Seibert Jan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractKnowledge of groundwater dynamics is important for the understanding of hydrological controls on chemical processes along the water flow pathways. To increase our knowledge of groundwater dynamics in areas with shallow groundwater, the groundwater dynamics along a hillslope were studied in a boreal catchment in Southern Sweden. The forested hillslope had a 1‐ to 2‐m deep layer of sandy till above bedrock. The groundwater flow direction and slope were calculated under the assumption that the flow followed the slope of the groundwater table, which was computed for different triangles, each defined by three groundwater wells. The flow direction showed considerable variations over time, with a maximum variation of 75°. During periods of high groundwater levels the flow was almost perpendicular to the stream, but as the groundwater level fell, the flow direction became gradually more parallel to the stream, directed in the downstream direction. These findings are of importance for the interpretation of results from hillslope transects, where the flow direction usually is assumed to be invariable and always in the direction of the hillslope. The variations in the groundwater flow direction may also cause an apparent dispersion for groundwater‐based transport. In contrast to findings in several other studies, the groundwater level was most responsive to rainfall and snowmelt in the upper part of the hillslope, while the lower parts of the slope reached their highest groundwater level up to 40 h after the upper parts. This can be explained by the topography with a wetter hollow area in the upper part. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Velocity distribution in open channels with submerged aquatic plant
Authors: Chen Yen‐Chang , Kao Su‐Pai 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe vegetation in channels results in the loss of energy from, and the retardance of, flowing water. However, it helps to stabilize the slopes and bottoms of open channels. Recently, vegetated channels have been utilized to improve the quality of surface water and reduce the delivery of sediment and nutrient to rivers and swales. Accordingly, understanding the velocity distribution of vegetated channels is important. The velocity distribution above the canopy is normally assumed to follow the well‐accepted logarithmic law, whereas that below the canopy follows an exponential law or power law. However, logarithmic, exponential, and power laws can be affected by some characteristics of the vegetation, resulting in a highly inaccurate description of velocity distributions in vegetated channels. In this study, a velocity distribution equation that is based on probability is developed for submerged vegetated channels. An extensive series of laboratory experiments were performed using Egeria densa, and the results of earlier research on channel beds of flumes are adopted to devise and validate a velocity distribution equation. The results reveal that the developed model of velocity distribution can be used to study the effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on velocity distribution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borderline personality disorder, mentalization, and the neurobiology of attachment
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Luyten Patrick , Strathearn Lane 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe discuss the neural and neurobiological underpinnings of the core features of borderline personality disorder (BPD), including emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, disturbed interpersonal functioning, identity diffusion, and feelings of inner pain. We review neurobiological research that supports a developmental, biobehavioral switch‐model of the relationship between mentalization, stress, and attachment. Although it is likely that there are different developmental pathways to BPD, involving complex interactions between environmental, biological, and psychosocial factors, the final common outcome of these pathways is a low threshold for the activation of the attachment system and for deactivation of controlled mentalization, coupled with impairments in the ability to differentiate mental states of self and other. This leads to hypersensitivity and increased susceptibility to contagion from other people's mental states, poor integration of cognitive and affective aspects of mentalization, and dysfunctions in stress‐regulation systems. The treatment implications of this neurobiologically informed model of BPD are discussed.
Liver glucokinase: An overview on the regulatorymechanisms of its activity
Authors: Massa María L. , Gagliardino Juan J. , Francini Flavio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBlood glucose is the primary cellular substrate and in vivo must be tightly maintained. The liver plays a key role in glucose homeostasis increasing or decreasing glucose output and uptake during fasting and feeding. Glucokinase (GCK) is central to this process. Its activity is modulated in a coordinated manner via a complex set of mechanisms: in the postprandial period, the simultaneous rise in glucose and insulin increases GCK activity by enhanced gene expression, changes in cellular location, and interaction with regulatory proteins. Conversely, in the fasting state, the combined decrease in glucose and insulin concentrations and increase in glucagon concentrations, halt GCK activity. Herein we summarize the current knowledge regarding the regulation of hepatic GCK activity. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(1): 1–6, 2011
Effect of substrate binding loop mutations on the structure, kinetics, and inhibition of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase from plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Maity Koustav , Banerjee Tanushree , Prabakaran Narayanappa , Surolia Namita , Surolia Avadhesha , Suguna Kaza 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEnoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), which catalyzes the final and rate limiting step of fatty acid elongation, has been validated as a potential drug target. Triclosan is known to be an effective inhibitor for this enzyme. We mutated the substrate binding site residue Ala372 of the ENR of Plasmodium falciparum (PfENR) to Methionine and Valine which increased the affinity of the enzyme towards triclosan to almost double, close to that of Escherichia coli ENR (EcENR) which has a Methionine at the structurally similar position of Ala372 of PfENR. Kinetic studies of the mutants of PfENR and the crystal structure analysis of the A372M mutant revealed that a more hydrophobic environment enhances the affinity of the enzyme for the inhibitor. A triclosan derivative showed a threefold increase in the affinity towards the mutants compared to the wild type, due to additional interactions with the A372M mutant as revealed by the crystal structure. The enzyme has a conserved salt bridge which stabilizes the substrate binding loop and appears to be important for the active conformation of the enzyme. We generated a second set of mutants to check this hypothesis. These mutants showed loss of function, except in one case, where the crystal structure showed that the substrate binding loop is stabilized by a water bridge network. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(1): 30–41, 2011
Enhancement and optimization of plasmid expression in femtosecond optical transfection
Authors: Praveen Bavishna B. , Stevenson David J. , Antkowiak Maciej , Dholakia Kishan , Gunn‐Moore Frank J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCell transfection using femtosecond lasers is gaining importance for its proven ability to achieve selective transfection in a sterile and relatively non‐invasive manner. However, the net efficiency of this technique is limited due to a number of factors that ultimately makes it difficult to be used as a viable and widely used technique. We report here a method to achieve significant enhancement in the efficiency of femtosecond optical transfection. The transfection procedure is modified by incorporating a suitable synthetic peptide containing nuclear localization and DNA binding sequences, assisting DNA import into the nucleus. We achieved a 3‐fold enhancement in the transfection efficiency for adherent Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO‐K1) cells with this modified protocol. Further, in the presence of this biochemical reagent, we were able to reduce the required plasmid concentration by ∼70% without compromising the transfection efficiency. Also, we report for the first time the successful photo‐transfection of recently trypsinised cells with significantly high transfection efficiency when transfected with modified plasmid. This paves the way for the development of high throughput microfluidic optical transfection devices. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of metal ions on fibroblasts and spiral ganglion cells
Authors: Paasche G. , Ceschi P. , Löbler M. , Rösl C. , Gomes P. , Hahn A. , Rohm H.W. , Sternberg K. , Lenarz T. , Schmitz K.‐P. , Barcikowski S. , Stöver T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDegeneration of spiral ganglion cells (SGC) after deafness and fibrous tissue growth around the electrode carrier after cochlear implantation are two of the major challenges in current cochlear implant research. Metal ions are known to possess antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential. The use of metal ions could therefore provide a way to reduce tissue growth around the electrode array after cochlear implantation. Here, we report on in vitro experiments with different concentrations of metal salts with antiproliferative and toxic effects on fibroblasts, PC‐12 cells, and freshly isolated spiral ganglion cells, the target cells for electrical stimulation by a cochlear implant. Standard cell lines (NIH/3T3 and L‐929 fibroblasts and PC‐12 cells) and freshly isolated SGC were incubated with concentrations of metal ions between 0.3 μmol/liter and 10 mmol/liter for 48 hr. Cell survival was investigated by neutral red uptake, CellQuantiBlue assay, or counting of stained surviving neurons. Silver ions exhibited distinct thresholds for proliferating and confluent cells. For zinc ions, the effective concentration was lower for fibroblasts than for PC‐12 cells. SGC showed comparable thresholds for reduced cell survival not only for silver and zinc ions but also for copper(II) ions, indicating that these ions might be promising for reducing tissue growth on the surface of CI electrode arrays. These effects were also observed when combinations of two of these ions were investigated. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors responsible for neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal cell losses in tauopathy
Authors: Wakasaya Yasuhito , Kawarabayashi Takeshi , Watanabe Mitsunori , Yamamoto‐Watanabe Yukiko , Takamura Ayumi , Kurata Tomoko , Murakami Tetsuro , Abe Koji , Yamada Kiyofumi , Wakabayashi Koichi , Sasaki Atsushi , Westaway David , Hyslop Peter St. George , Matsubara Etsuro , Shoji Mikio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTgTauP301L mice that overexpress the mutant human tauP301L present in FTDP‐17 reproduce neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal cell losses, memory disturbance, and substantial phenotypic variation. To demonstrate factors responsible for NFT formation and neuronal cell losses, sets of TgTauP301L for comparison with or without NFTs and neuronal cell losses were studied with oligonucleotide microarrays. Gene expressions were altered in biological pathways, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial fatty acid betaoxidation, inflammatory response pathway, and complement and coagulation cascade pathways. Among 24 altered genes, increased levels of apolipoprotein D (ApoD) and neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) and decreased levels of doublecortin (DCX) and potassium channel, voltage‐gated, shaker‐related subfamily, β member 1 (Kcnab1) were found in the TgTauP301L with NFTs and neuronal cell losses, Alzheimer's brains, and tauopathy brains. Thus, many biological pathways and novel molecules are associated with NFT formation and neuronal cell losses in tauopathy brains. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the mastoid in middle ear pressure regulation
Authors: Alper Cuneyt M. , Kitsko Dennis J. , Swarts J. Douglas , Martin Brian , Yuksel Sancak , Cullen Doyle Brendan M. , Villardo Richard J. M. , Doyle William J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Determine the role of mastoid volume in middle ear pressure (MEP) regulation. The hypothesis was that inert gas exchange between blood and middle ear (ME) is slower for larger mastoid volumes.Study Design:Prospective.Methods:For 21 enrolled subjects, the bilateral surface areas and volumes of the mastoid and tympanum were measured from computed tomography scans in 20 subjects with a wide range of mastoid volumes. Then, 19 subjects were reclined in a chair, fitted with a non‐rebreathing mask and breathed room air for 20 minutes (acclimation), a gas composition of 25% N2O, 20% O2, balance N2 for 30 minutes (experiment), and room air for 30 minutes (recovery). Bilateral MEPs were recorded by tympanometry every 2 minutes. The slopes of the MEP‐time functions during N2O breathing were calculated to the first observation of eustachian tube opening and divided by the estimated blood‐ME N2O gradient to yield a N2O time constant. Sufficient data were available for 16 right and 11 left MEs to calculate the time constant.Results:MEP did not change during the baseline period, but within 10 minutes of breathing the N2O mixture showed a progressive increase. The right‐left correlation for the time constant was 0.87 (n = 10 ears, P = .001). Regression of the time constants on ME volume showed an inverse relationship (n = 23 ears, r = −41, P = .05). A better data fit was the curvilinear relationship predicted by a mathematical model of the mastoid acting as a ME ear gas reserve.Conclusions:These results support the tested hypothesis that the mastoid could serve as ME gas reserve.
Site involvement as a predictor of airway intervention in angioedema
Authors: McCormick Michael , Folbe Adam J. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Hooten Joanna , Yoo George H. , Krouse John H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To look for a relationship between which sites are involved in angioedema and the need for airway intervention (intubation, tracheotomy).Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Methods:Charts of 140 patients who were admitted to two hospitals at an academic medical center between July 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008 with the diagnosis of angioedema were reviewed. Charts were reviewed for pertinent data, including demographics, sites of involvement along the upper airway, medical therapy, and airway intervention. Subsites included lips, anterior tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate, base of tongue (BOT), and larynx.Results:The BOT was involved in 19 patients and the larynx was involved in 29 patients. Airway intervention was required in 21 patients (16%). Patients with laryngeal and/or BOT involvement required intervention in 38% of cases (vs. 7% in patients without involvement). Patients with more than three sites involved had a 39% rate of intervention, compared with only 12% in patients with less than three sites involved. Among those patients with laryngeal/BOT involvement, 56% with more than three sites involved required intervention, as compared to 30% of patients with less than three sites involved.Conclusions:Site of involvement was found to correlate with airway intervention. Involvement of anterior tongue, BOT, and larynx significantly increased the likelihood of intubation or tracheostomy, as did involvement of multiple sites. Thorough evaluation, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy, can aid in determining which patients require airway intervention.
532‐nanometer potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser‐induced expression of selective matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the rat larynx
Authors: Mallur Pavan S. , Branski Ryan C. , Amin Milan R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis:The 532‐nm KTP laser is clinically useful to induce benign vocal fold lesion regression without a fibrotic response. Previously, we described an in vivo model for KTP‐induced injury in the rat larynx. This study uses this model to correlate the KTP‐induced histologic and biochemical changes with the absence of long‐term vocal fold fibrosis seen in clinical scenarios.Study Design:In vivo.Methods:Unilateral vocal fold injury was induced via KTP laser at 10W (20mS pulse width) as described by our laboratory previously. Animals were subjected to serial endoscopic imaging from postoperative days 1 through 3. Animals were euthanized at 1 day, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks posttreatment and subjected to histologic analyses via hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome staining, as well as RT‐PCR analyses for MMP‐3, 9, transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β), and COX‐2 mRNA expression. Uninjured vocal folds were used as controls.Results:Our study revealed gross healing of the vocal fold mucosa by 3 days posttreatment, and an immediate, moderate inflammatory infiltrate with no subsequent ultrastructural changes on histology. MMP‐3 and COX‐2 expression increased transiently, although no changes were seen in expression of MMP‐9, an MMP involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, or TGF‐β, a profibrotic cytokine.Conclusions:These data suggest that the KTP laser induces a modest inflammatory response, selective MMP expression, and no long‐term fibrotic processes in a clinically relevant simulation. Laryngoscope, 2011