bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of aesthetic surroundings: a study interviewing experts within different aesthetic fields
Authors: Caspari Synnøve , Eriksson Katie , Nåden Dagfinn 
Published: July 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 134–142

The importance of aesthetic surroundings: a study interviewing experts within different aesthetic fields The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the results from interviews of experts within various aesthetic fields. This study aimed to describe experts’ evaluation and wishes for aesthetics in hospitals. The scope is aesthetics in the hospital environment and surroundings. An underlying assumption was that the field of aesthetics is a neglected area in many hospital environments. The strength of the manuscript and what is new is the information concerning the expert, as patient, evaluation of aesthetics in hospital environment and surroundings and data on how the experts would prefer things to be. Methods: The basis is a corpus of 16 semi‐structured individual qualitative interviews that were performed by the first author. The 16 informants were experts in different aesthetic fields. Results: The interviews revealed the following: (i) Aesthetics and design are practically absent in the Norwegian general hospitals. (ii) The aesthetic surroundings are very important for the health and well‐being of the patients. (iii) The aesthetic area has many aspects. Guidelines are worked out based on the expert/patient focus, their wishes and recommendations and based on a conviction that certain objective, basic and general criteria do exist for basing an aesthetic environment on an innate and shared common sense.
Cerebral perfusion information obtained by dynamic contrast‐enhanced phase‐shift magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with model‐free arterial spin labelling
Authors: Wirestam Ronnie , Lindgren Emelie , Van Westen Danielle , Markenroth Bloch Karin , Ståhlberg Freddy , Knutsson Linda 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPhase‐shift time curves following a bolus injection of gadolinium contrast agent were registered for grey‐matter regions and large vessels in 14 subjects. Deconvolving a tissue phase‐shift curve with a phase‐based arterial input function resulted in a tissue residue function R(t). The peak value of R(t) provided a relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) index, while the area‐to‐height ratio of R(t) provided quantitative mean transit time (MTT). For comparison, quantitative CBF values in grey matter were acquired using model‐free arterial spin labelling (ASL). The phase‐based relative CBF estimates showed good linear correlation with ASL‐based CBF (r = 0·82). Grey‐matter MTT was 4·9 ± 1·1 s (mean ± SD).
The complete carbon budget of a drained peat catchment
Authors: Rowson J. G. , Gibson H. S. , Worrall F. , Ostle N. , Burt T. P. , Adamson J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study measures the complete carbon budget of a drained peat‐covered catchment. It includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved CO2, primary pro‐ductivity, soil respiration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in contrast to other studies which have focused on only some of the possible carbon uptake and release pathways; values for rainfall inputs were taken from a nearby catchment. The study is based on data collected over 2 yr for two drain catchments within one site and the main findings are: 1. The catchments were a net source of all forms of carbon at between +63.8 and +106.8 Mg C/km2/yr; 2. There was a net loss of between +9.3 and +40.7 Mg C/km2/yr in terms of exchange of carbon with the atmosphere; 3. The small size of the study catchments seems to have resulted in higher values of exported DOC than recorded elsewhere and the highly disturbed drainage of the site may have given rise to losses in net ecosystem exchange (NEE).If the fate of the peatland carbon store is to be understood, then it is important that all carbon uptake and release pathways are considered and not just components of the carbon cycle.
Agonists at the δ‐opioid receptor modify the binding of µ‐receptor agonists to the µ–δ receptor hetero‐oligomer
Authors: Kabli N , Martin N , Fan T , Nguyen T , Hasbi A , Balboni G , O'Dowd BF , George SR 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEµ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors form heteromeric complexes with unique ligand binding and G protein‐coupling profiles linked to G protein α z‐subunit (Gαz) activation. However, the mechanism of action of agonists and their regulation of the µ–δ receptor heteromer are not well understood.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCompetition radioligand binding, cell surface receptor internalization in intact cells, confocal microscopy and receptor immunofluorescence techniques were employed to study the regulation of the µ–δ receptor heteromer in heterologous cells with and without agonist exposure.KEY RESULTSGαzenhanced affinity of some agonists at µ–δ receptor heteromers, independent of agonist chemical structure. δ‐Opioid agonists displaced µ‐agonist binding with high affinity from µ–δ heteromers, but not µ receptor homomers, suggestive of δ‐agonists occupying a novel µ‐receptor ligand binding pocket within the heteromers. Also, δ‐agonists induced internalization of µ‐opioid receptors in cells co‐expressing µ‐ and δ‐receptors, but not those expressing µ‐receptors alone, indicative of µ–δ heteromer internalization. This dose‐dependent,Pertussistoxin‐resistant and clathrin‐ and dynamin‐dependent effect required agonist occupancy of both µ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors. In contrast to µ‐receptor homomers, agonist‐induced internalization of µ–δ heteromers persisted following chronic morphine exposure.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe µ–δ receptor heteromer may contain a novel δ‐agonist‐detected, high‐affinity, µ‐receptor ligand binding pocket and is regulated differently from the µ‐receptor homomer following chronic morphine exposure. Occupancy of both µ‐ and δ‐receptor binding pockets is required for δ‐agonist‐induced endocytosis of µ–δ receptor heteromers. δ‐Opioid agonists target µ–δ receptor heteromers, and thus have a broader pharmacological specificity than previously identified.
Selective determinants of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate and adenophostin A interactions with type 1 inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors
Authors: Rossi Ana M , Sureshan Kana M , Riley Andrew M , Potter Barry VL , Taylor Colin W 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAdenophostin A (AdA) is a potent agonist of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3R). AdA shares with IP3the essential features of all IP3R agonists, namely structures equivalent to the 4,5‐bisphosphate and 6‐hydroxyl of IP3, but the basis of its increased affinity is unclear. Hitherto, the 2′‐phosphate of AdA has been thought to provide a supra‐optimal mimic of the 1‐phosphate of IP3.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHWe examined the structural determinants of AdA binding to type 1 IP3R (IP3R1). Chemical synthesis and mutational analysis of IP3R1 were combined with3H‐IP3binding to full‐length IP3R1 and its N‐terminal fragments, and Ca2+release assays from recombinant IP3R1 expressed in DT40 cells.KEY RESULTSAdenophostin A is at least 12‐fold more potent than IP3in functional assays, and the IP3‐binding core (IBC, residues 224–604 of IP3R1) is sufficient for this high‐affinity binding of AdA. Removal of the 2′‐phosphate from AdA (to give 2′‐dephospho‐AdA) had significantly lesser effects on its affinity for the IBC than did removal of the 1‐phosphate from IP3(to give inositol 4,5‐bisphosphate). Mutation of the only residue (R568) that interacts directly with the 1‐phosphate of IP3decreased similarly (by ∼30‐fold) the affinity for IP3and AdA, but mutating R504, which has been proposed to form a cation‐π interaction with the adenine of AdA, more profoundly reduced the affinity of IP3R for AdA (353‐fold) than for IP3(13‐fold).CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe 2′‐phosphate of AdA is not a major determinant of its high affinity. R504 in the receptor, most likely via a cation‐π interaction, contributes specifically to AdA binding.
Historiography of the Structure and Functioning of the Portuguese Inquisition in Colonial Brazil
Authors: Wadsworth James E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFew people outside of Portugal and Brazil know that the Inquisition reached its tentacles across the Atlantic and took hold in Portugal’s Brazilian colonies. Not only did it take hold, but it played a significant role in the formation of Luso‐Brazilian society and the exercise of power in the colonies. Research on the structure and functioning of the Inquisition in Brazil continues to demonstrate that this institution and the records that it kept can tell us much about the creation, use and abuse of power, daily life, social hierarchies, sexuality, concepts of honor and prestige, ethnic discrimination, and competing forms of religiosity.
Spanish History of Historiography – Recent Development
Authors: Hofrichter Andrés Antolín 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe history of historiography has become a wide research field in the last few decades. The well known German, French or English cases have strongly attracted the interest of international specialists. Regarding Spanish historiography, however, studies in languages other than Spanish remain rare. Although research in Spain has made some major contributions in this regard in the past 20 years, for many scholars the history of Spanish historiography appears as a hermetically closed and unstudied field. In an effort to clear up this misconception, this article provides an overview over recent research developments. It uses the main publications as a guideline for an introduction into the Spanish history of historiography since the 19th century while referring to the main subjects of interest, the perspectives, and the debates within the research field. Following the areas of focus prevailing in this field, this article refers to the emergence of liberal historiography in the 19th century, the later processes of professionalisation and institutionalisation, the historians′ contribution to the construction of national identities as well as to the impact of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the regime of Francisco Franco (1939–1975) on Spanish historiography in the 20th century. It underlines the importance of the international intellectual horizon for a better understanding of the development of historiography in Spain and concludes by identifying comparative and transfer approaches as having outstanding potential for further investigation.
South Africa’s Nuclear Programme and the Cold War
Authors: Van Wyk Anna‐Mart 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn March 1993, South African State President F. W. de Klerk stunned the world with an announcement that the South African Apartheid Government had developed six and a half nuclear bombs during a top‐secret 15‐year programme. A number of factors led to the decision to develop nuclear weapons; the most important being Pretoria’s fear from the mid‐1970s that a communist takeover in Southern Africa was imminent and that they needed a suitable deterrent to ensure the security of South Africa and their own position of power. It was specifically the involvement of Cuba and the Soviet Union in the Angolan Civil War that led Pretoria to a formal decision in 1978 to develop a limited nuclear capability. At the end of the 1980s, however, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, the independence of Namibia, and the imminent democratisation of South Africa brought a rapid end to the perceived ideological and security threat to South Africa and indeed made the deterrence factor of the nuclear arsenal obsolete. In August 1989, Pretoria decided to destroy the arsenal, thereby becoming the first country to voluntarily destroy a nuclear arsenal before acceding to the NPT, which happened in July 1991. This article provides a chronological overview of Apartheid South Africa’s development of a nuclear arsenal, within the framework of the Cold War.
On the importance of minding one’s Ps and Ts: metamorphic processes and quantitative petrology
Authors: BROWN M. , WHITE R. W. , SANDIFORD M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis Special Issue comprises a selection of the papers given at a two‐day discussion meeting held at the University of Melbourne, Australia in June 2009 to celebrate Roger Powell’s 60th birthday. At this milestone, it is fitting to review Roger’s career to date. He has published ∼200 scientific papers on topics that range from low‐ to high‐grade metamorphism, from low‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism, and from thermodynamics to kinetics. Most of Roger’s papers are multi‐authored and address important questions in the petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Roger is widely known for his work with Tim Holland to develop the most complete internally consistent dataset of thermodynamic properties of end members of phases necessary to undertake calculations on the conditions of formation and modification of metamorphic rocks. Additionally, Roger and Tim have developed activity–composition models for many of these phases, building on their important methodological developments in formulating such models. Roger is also responsible for the ongoing development of thermocalc, a thermodynamic calculation software package that may be used to undertake a wide range of phase diagram calculations, including P–T projections, P–T, P–X and T–X, compatibility diagrams and μ–μ diagrams. Together, Roger and Tim have changed the way we carry out quantitative phase equilibria studies. However, Roger’s contributions to metamorphic petrology go well beyond the development of phase equilibria methods and mineral thermodynamics. He has contributed significantly to our understanding of a range of metamorphic processes, and with an extensive array of co‐authors has shown how phase equilibria can be used to understand the evolution of metamorphic rocks in general terms as well as in specific terranes. The papers in this Special Issue cover the range from the stabilization of the continents to understanding the formation of orogenic gold deposits, from the stability of sapphirine–quartz‐bearing assemblages to the crystallization of melt in migmatites, from the effects of ferric iron and sulphur on the stability of metamorphic mineral assemblages in general to the effects of ferric iron and H2O on the stability of eclogite in particular, and to the quantification of UHP metamorphism. It is our hope that in reading these contributions, you will be stimulated to seek a better understanding of metamorphic processes and to improve our quantification of the variables in metamorphism.
Abnormal pyramidal cell morphology and HCN channel expression in cortical dysplasia
Authors: Hablitz John J. , Yang Jianming 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCortical dysplasia is often associated with intractable seizures. Studies in animal models have described changes in inhibitory and excitatory synaptic function that contribute to hyperexcitability. The role of changes in intrinsic excitability and abnormal dendritic properties has received less attention. Changes in hyperpolarization‐activated nonselective cation (HCN) channels have been implicated in several models of epilepsy. Herein we review evidence for alterations in HCN channels and dendritic morphology in the rat freeze‐lesion model of cortical dysplasia. Immunocytochemical HCN1 staining, typically seen in the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal cells in normal cortex, was greatly reduced in the region adjacent to the freeze‐induced microgyrus. Although staining was preserved in layer I, fewer dendrites were stained in upper cortical layers. Deeper cortical layers were virtually devoid of immunoreactivity. Examination of biocytin‐labeled pyramidal cells revealed markedly altered dendritic trees in the lesioned animals. In addition, resting membrane properties were altered and a subpopulation of neurons with abnormal dendritic arbors was present. These changes are likely to interact with the previously reported synaptic changes in this model of cortical dysplasia. HCN channel alterations are a potentially important cellular mechanism underlying hyperexcitability in cortical dysplasia.
Glutamate and GABA in the balance: Convergent pathways sustain seizures during status epilepticus
Authors: Naylor David E. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySeizures rapidly become self‐sustaining and pharmacoresistant to benzodiazepines during status epilepticus (SE). A decrease in the number of postsynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors with SE causes a loss of synaptic inhibition, whereas increases in postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors further upset the balance between excitation and inhibition. Although extracellular GABA levels may increase during SE and contribute to postsynaptic GABAA receptor desensitization, other pathways involving glutamatergic activation ultimately may be responsible for the persistent down‐regulation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors and erosion of synaptic inhibition.
Model of cryptogenic infantile spasms after prenatal corticosteroid priming
Authors: Velíšek Libor , Chachua Tamar , Yum Mi‐Sun , Poon Ka‐Lai , Velíšková Jana 
Published: July 2010

SummaryInfantile spasms (IS) is a devastating epilepsy syndrome of childhood. IS occurs in 3–12‐month‐old infants and is characterized by spasms, interictal electroencephalography (EEG) hypsarrhythmia, and profound mental retardation. Hormonal therapy [adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosteroids] is frequently used, but its efficacy is tainted by severe side effects. For research of novel therapies, a validated animal model of IS is required. We propose the model of spastic seizures triggered by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) in infant rats prenatally exposed to betamethasone. The spasms have remarkable similarity to human IS, including motor flexion spasms, ictal EEG electrodecrement, and responsiveness to ACTH. Interestingly, the spasms do not involve the hippocampus. Autoradiographic metabolic mapping as well as tagging of the areas of neuronal excitation with c‐fos indicates a strong involvement of hypothalamic structures such as the arcuate nucleus, which has significant bilateral connections with other hypothalamic nuclei as well as with the brainstem.
Adverse outcomes following convulsive status epilepticus in children: Relationship with hippocampal injury
Authors: Scott Rod C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryConvulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the most common medical neurologic emergency in childhood. It is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The estimates for the frequencies of adverse outcomes have a very wide range, but even the lower estimates are clinically important. The major predictor of outcomes following CSE is etiology. The characteristics of the episode of CSE itself, for example, seizure length and type, are relatively poor predictors. Nevertheless, there is a relationship between CSE and hippocampal injury. This relationship is well established in animal models, and there is some prospective evidence from human studies that CSE (particularly prolonged febrile seizure) can cause acute hippocampal abnormalities. Further study is required to establish the clinical relevance of these acute findings and to determine whether they predict later mesial temporal sclerosis associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Clinical and neurophysiologic features of active convulsive epilepsy in rural Kenya: A population‐based study
Authors: Munyoki Gilbert , Edwards Tansy , White Steve , Kwasa Thomas , Chengo Eddie , Kokwaro Gilbert , Odera Victor Mung’ala , Sander Josemir W , Neville Brian G. , Newton Charles R 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Epilepsy is common in sub‐Saharan Africa but is poorly characterized. Most studies are hospital‐based, and may not reflect the situation in rural areas with limited access to medical care. We examined people with active convulsive epilepsy (ACE), to determine if the clinical features could help elucidate the causes.Methods:  We conducted a detailed descriptive analysis of 445 people with ACE identified through a community‐based survey of 151,408 people in rural Kenya, including the examination of electroencephalograms.Results:  Approximately half of the 445 people with ACE were children aged 6 to 18 years. Seizures began in childhood in 78% of those diagnosed. An episode of status epilepticus was recalled by 36% cases, with an episode of status epilepticus precipitated by fever in 26%. Overall 169 had an abnormal electroencephalogram, 29% had focal features, and 34% had epileptiform activity. In the 146 individuals who reported generalized tonic–clonic seizures only, 22% had focal features on their electroencephalogram. Overall 71% of patients with ACE had evidence of focal abnormality, documented by partial onset seizures, focal neurologic deficits, or focal abnormalities on the electroencephalogram. Increased seizure frequency was strongly associated with age and cognitive impairment in all ages and nonattendance at school in children (p < 0.01).Discussion:  Children and adolescents bear the brunt of epilepsy in a rural population in Africa. The predominance of focal features and the high proportion of patients with status epilepticus, suggests that much of the epilepsy in this region has identifiable causes, many of which could be prevented.
Acute and Chronic Alcohol Exposure Impair the Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells and Enhance the Pulmonary Inflammatory Response
Authors: Boé Darren M. , Richens Tiffany R. , Horstmann Sarah A. , Burnham Ellen L. , Janssen William J. , Henson Peter M. , Moss Marc , William Vandivier R. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  Alcohol abuse increases the risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, is important in the resolution of inflammation and is regulated by RhoA and rho kinase (ROCK) activation. The effects of alcohol on pulmonary Rho pathway activation and efferocytosis have not been determined. We hypothesize that acute and chronic alcohol exposure impair pulmonary efferocytosis, leading to heightened inflammation during ARDS.Methods:  For in vivo experiments, C57BL/6 mice received either a single intraperitoneal injection of alcohol or chronic ethanol‐in‐water for 8 weeks prior to intratracheal instillation of apoptotic cells or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for cells counts, calculation of the phagocytic index (PI), and Rho activity measurements. For in vitro studies, primary alveolar macrophages were cultured in alcohol (25–100 mM) and then co‐cultured with apoptotic cells. RhoA activity was determined following alcohol exposure, and the PI was determined before and after treatment with the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632.Results:  Acute alcohol exposure was associated with impaired efferocytosis. Following LPS exposure, acute alcohol exposure was also associated with increased BAL neutrophils. Chronic alcohol exposure alone did not alter efferocytosis. However, following exposure to LPS, chronic alcohol exposure was associated with both impaired efferocytosis and increased BAL neutrophils. In vitro alcohol exposure caused a dose‐dependent decrease in efferocytosis. Despite the fact that RhoA activity was decreased by alcohol exposure and RhoA inhibition did not alter the effects of alcohol on efferocytosis, treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632, reversed the effects of alcohol on efferocytosis.Conclusions:  Acute alcohol exposure impairs pulmonary efferocytosis, whereas exposure to chronic alcohol is only associated with impaired efferocytosis following LPS‐induced lung injury. Both forms of alcohol exposure are associated with increased alveolar neutrophil numbers in response to LPS. The acute effects of alcohol on efferocytosis appear to be mediated, at least in part, by RhoA‐independent activation of ROCK. Further studies are needed to dissect the differences between the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on efferocytosis and to determine the effects of alcohol on alternative activators of ROCK.