bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 Creating Boundaries in the Miaphysite Movement
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter establishes the wider context of the Miaphysite movement in the sixth century and examines how this interacted with earlier ideas of Suryoyo cultural independence, focussing on the works ofJohn of Ephesus. The chapter examines the emergence of distinct religio‐ethnic communities within the eastern Roman‐Empire, with their own distinct forms of political thought. Against a background of persecution and dispersal, John's writings sought to preserve the unity of a divided movement by recording the ascetic heroes of a previous generation. His hagiography has an unashamedly provincial focus, in which he establishes Mesopotamia as an orthodox land, whose pious history and ascetic customs give authority to the Miaphysite beliefs of its inhabitants, where holy men took on the role of the emperor in defending the people from barbarians and the Jews.
7 A Miaphysite Commonwealth
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This final chapter investigates how the kind of political and historical ideas employed among Syriac‐speaking Miaphysites in Mesopotamia were exported elsewhere in the Roman world, focl1sing on the border zones of Rome's conflict with Persia, on Yemen (Himyar) and the lands controlled by the Ghassanid Arab federation (centred in modern‐day northern Jordan). The persecuted missionary church of Miaphysites exported a distinctive paradigm ofhistory, by which new Christian territories such as Himyar could repeat the defining moments of Christian nationhood, the experience of martyrdom and the overthrow of the Jews. Moreover, while this struggle was part of a wider struggle against the Jews, it did not tie Himyar into the political orbit of the Roman lfmpire. It is this evolution of a self‐sufficient political thought in the communities of the late Roman and post‐Roman east that is one of the most important achievements of Miaphysitism in the Syriac‐speaking world.
Urban Health
Authors: Whitman Steven , Shah Ami , Benjamins Maureen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The 1980s opened a discussion of the varying nature of health in different segments of the United States. Falling under the rubric of ‘health disparities’, a great deal of research has been published demonstrating the substantial differences in health status within a population. The causes of health disparities are varied and not always clear but most researchers agree that disparities are a reflection of social and economic inequities and political injustice. One of the obstacles to addressing disparities is the lack of meaningful health data especially for vulnerable populations, which is often nonexistent despite being a critical factor for informing health programs and policies at the local level. This book provides a model for combating health disparities by describing how local health information was gathered, with the community engaged at every step of the process, creating movement toward evidence-based sustainable change. This book describes how a landmark health survey in Chicago generated dramatic data that are allowing investigators throughout the city to move from data to action and from observation to intervention.
The Chicago Asian Community Surveys: Methodology and Key Findings
Authors: Magee Matthew J. , Guo Lucy , Shah Ami M. , Liu Hong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInspired by the Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey (Sinai Survey), the Asian Health Coalition of Illinois (AHCI) and its community partners began implementing a similar local assessment of health in three Asian populations in Chicago. They conducted health surveys in the Chinese, Cambodian, and Vietnamese communities; together these are called the Chicago Asian Community Health Surveys (Asian Surveys). This chapter discusses the background, methods, and key findings to highlight the processes, achievements, and impact of the Asian Survey project.
Comparing the Health Status of Ten Chicago Communities
Authors: Shah Ami M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSurvey data were gathered from ten local communities in Chicago from 2002 to 2008. Each survey captured the health status of diverse racial and ethnic populations living in different geographic areas of the city. This chapter has three goals. First, it briefly compares and contrasts the methods and approaches employed to conduct these community health surveys in Chicago. Second, it examines five key results for the diverse communities surveyed. Third, the chapter illustrates the value of the community survey data and comments on its implications for broader policies and programs in striving toward equitable health for all racial and ethnic groups within an urban setting.
Working Together to Live Tobacco-Free
Authors: West Joseph F. , Gamboa Charlene J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNorth Lawndale in the city of Chicago is a community that is predominantly Black, poor, and dilapidated. Smoking is a pervasive public health issue for North Lawndale compounded by the deeply rooted issues of race and class. This chapter begins with an introduction to the data on smoking prevalence for North Lawndale gathered from a comprehensive community survey. It then discusses a community-based intervention illustrating all of the features of its multi-faceted design. The intervention features a collaboration that started with a few community partners and the state public health department and grew into substantial partnerships with local community groups, schools, churches, and outreach organizations — all focused on eliminating tobacco use in North Lawndale. Finally, the chapter discusses some key outcomes and lessons learned from the intervention.
Fighting Childhood Obesity in a Jewish Community
Authors: Benjamins Maureen R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Inspired by the power of having specific health data for one's own community, leaders of the Jewish community in Chicago undertook the steps necessary to conduct a similar survey within the most densely populated Jewish neighbourhoods. This unique survey, the Jewish Community Health Survey of West Rogers Park and Peterson Park identified many health issues within the community. Of these, childhood obesity was selected by community members as the most important problem to address because it was found to affect a large percentage of children and because it foreshadowed serious health consequences for the future. This chapter presents additional details about childhood obesity in this community, including age and gender differences and possible determinants. It then describes the rates among children in Jewish day schools in Chicago. This intervention, the Jewish Day School Wellness Initiative, has produced substantial changes within the schools and students of the Associated Talmud Torah school system over a four-year intervention period.
The Last Pagans of Rome
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEusebius' Ecclesiastical History (402/3 CE) gives a vivid account of the confrontation between the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius and the Western usurper Eugenius. To many, the defeat of Eugenius and his pagan followers along the Frigidus River in 394 was the last gasp of a vigorous pagan revolt in the late 4th century, one spearheaded by the Roman aristocracy. This elaborate campaign to derail Christianity, as the story goes, consisted of identifiable pagan literary circles, pagan patronage of the classics, and pagan propaganda in art and literature. Recently, however, scholars have shown this picture to be wanting in accuracy and nuance. This book replaces this view with a detailed portrait of pagan society during the pivotal 4th and early 5th centuries. The subject of the book is the duration, nature, and consequences of the survival of the last pagans. It is widely believed that pagan aristocrats remained in the majority till at least the 380s, and continued to be a powerful force well into the 5th century. On this basis the main focus of much modern scholarship has been on their supposed stubborn resistance to Christianity. Rather surprisingly, these aristocrats have been transformed from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture. The dismantling of this romantic myth is one of the main goals of this book. If a pagan aristocracy did not mount a defiant political and cultural rearguard action, what did they do? If elite culture at this time was not starkly divided between pagan and Christian, what did it look like? By sifting through the abundant textual evidence the book concludes that the many activities and artifacts previously identified as hallmarks of a pagan revival were in fact just as important to the life of cultivated Christians. Far from being a subversive pagan activity designed to rally pagans, the promotion of classical literature, learning, and art—and its acceptance by many elite Christians—may actually have helped the last reluctant pagans to finally abandon the old cults and adopt Christianity.
The Frigidus
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines accounts of the Frigidus campaign. In his continuation of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, written in 402/3, Rufinus of Aquileia gives a vivid account of the confrontation between Theodosius and Eugenius by the river Frigidus. Rufinus's account proved influential, among contemporaries and successors, as well as among modern historians. Most modern critics have also taken Christian representations of the Frigidus more or less literally as historical narratives that describe the defeat of a dangerous pagan uprising, reflecting a perspective unique to the special circumstances of Eugenius's rebellion.
The Livian Revival
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe most famous of all Latin subscriptions are those that, in various forms and combinations, close each of the first nine books of Livy in a number of manuscripts. This chapter considers two incomplete Symmachan attempts to produce a corrected Livy. No one has ever attempted to distinguish the copy made for Valerianus from the copy attested by the subscriptions. Yet at the same time no one has drawn the full consequences of identifying them. The chapter concludes that there are no grounds for distinguishing between an “edition” prepared for Valerianus in 401 and a mere copy sent to Protadius in 396. The only difference between Valerianus's Livy and Protadius's Livy is that Valerianus had asked for more—all 142 books as against a mere 6. Naturally, it took correspondingly longer to correct, 164 whence the delays for which Symmachus apologized. But neither was anything more than a copy made from Symmachus's personal exemplar and duly corrected against that exemplar.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the discussions in the book and presents some concluding thoughts. The question of when paganism really, finally, ended depends on a series of further questions, of definition, interpretation, and context. Above all, it depends on constantly changing perceptions of paganism. We should not confuse the end of paganism with the victory of Christianity, nor should we assume that it was active pagan opposition that kept certain pagan practices alive.
Introduction
Authors: Lim Timothy H. , Collins John J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The Dead Sea Scrolls were found near the site of Qumran, at the northern end of the Dead Sea, beginning in 1947. Despite the much-publicized delays in the publication and editing of the scrolls, practically all of them had been made public by the time of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery. This book seeks to probe the main disputed issues in the study of the scrolls. For indeed, many issues remain in dispute, despite the apparently impressive syntheses at the turn of the millennium. There has been lively debate over the archaeology and history of the site, the nature and identity of the sect, and its relation to the broader world of Second Temple Judaism and to later Jewish and Christian tradition. The book aims to reflect on diverse opinions and viewpoints, highlight the points of disagreement, and point to promising directions for future research.
The Qumran Cemetery Reassessed
Authors: Hachlili Rachel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe proximity of the cemeteries to Khirbet Qumran is strong evidence that they belong together and that the Qumran cemetery was a central burial place for the inhabitants who lived there. The graves in these cemeteries reveal a well-organized, carefully dug, and thoughtfully arranged system; the burials are usually solitary, one individual interred in each tomb, and are evidently not family tombs. The Qumran graves are shaft tombs and almost all of the excavated tombs contained individual burials. The form of the graves and the burial customs, as well as the proximity to the site, should be considered as essential factors concerning the identification of the Qumran community in the Second Temple period. The finds at the cemetery reinforce the thesis that the Qumran community was a specific religious group, a separate Jewish sect, who fashioned their own divergent practices as well as practising some typical Jewish customs.
Women in Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Ilan Tal 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe question of women in Qumran is a recent one. The interest in, and awareness of, women on the site and in the scrolls was slow in coming, and associated with the emergence of intellectual feminism, which put as its chief goal the discovery of women where none had previously been noted. This external phenomenon was bolstered by two internal developments, strongly connected with Qumran research: 4QMMT, with its apparent similarity to Sadducee halakhah, created doubt with regard to the Essene hypothesis; the belated publication of all the documents from Qumran in the 1990s and 2000s made the cumulative presence of women in them ever more evident and difficult to ignore. This article presents an overview of women's appearance in the Qumran texts and discusses their history and state of research. It follows the conventional structure of dividing the Qumran library between biblical texts, apocryphal texts, and unique Qumran-sectarian texts.
Sectarian Communities in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Collins John J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
It has been customary to speak of ‘the Qumran community’. This community is usually identified as an Essene settlement, and is widely assumed to have been celibate. However, this article contends that, regardless of the Essene identification or of the issue of celibacy, the custom of referring to ‘the Qumran community’ is misleading, for several reasons: The Damascus Rule found at Qumran, which envisions multiple settlements of people who married and had children; The Community Rule, or Serekh, which also explicitly allows for multiple communities; and there is also no clear reference to a settlement at Qumran in the scrolls.
The Classical Sources on the Essenes and the Scrolls
Communities
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The nature of groups named in classical sources as ‘Essenes’ was considered in scholarship of Second Temple Judaism long before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but discussion of the Essenes has intensified greatly during the last sixty years. This article reviews the classical sources on the Essenes. It notes propositions on how the Essenes may relate to the scrolls communities and considers how variant opinions may be resolved, with particular reference to the Serekh.
Sociological Approaches to Qumran
Sectarianism
Authors: Jokiranta Jutta 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Scholarly reflection on the people behind the Qumran documents has been coloured by the use of the term ‘sect’ from very early on, ever since the first announcement of the discovery of the scrolls was made in 1948. However, more and more scholars have also made an effort to be sociologically informed when hypothesizing about the Qumran movement and its nature. This article discusses the prospects of using the sociology of sectarianism in the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The emphasis is on sociological approaches, even though some social-psychological perspectives are also referred to. The aim of sociological approaches in biblical studies is, in the end, to ‘challenge, to broaden and to reformulate the methods of historical criticism’, as well as to understand those processes of social life that cannot be unravelled or reconstructed without the aid of sociological concepts and imagination.
Qumran Calendars and Sectarianism
Authors: Stern Sacha 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The main principles of Qumran calendars are known to most scholars, but only a small circle of specialists have studied them in detail. The centrality of the calendars to Qumran culture, and more particularly sectarianism, was already recognized in the first decade of Qumran scholarship, chiefly by Shemaryahu Talmon, who went as far as arguing that the calendar was one of the cornerstones of Qumran's sectarian schism. This article first assesses the extent to which Qumran calendars differed from other Jewish calendars, both as literary compositions and – if Qumran calendars were ever used in practice – as structures of communal and religious life. The final part of this article assesses their long-standing interpretation as cornerstones of Qumran sectarianism. Qumran calendars can almost all be reduced to a single, common denominator: the 364-day year.
Rewritten Scripture
Authors: Zahn Molly M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The term ‘Rewritten Scripture’ has been used most frequently by scholars to denote a group of texts that reproduce substantial portions of one or more biblical books, but modify the scriptural text by means of addition, omission, paraphrase, rearrangement, or other types of change. The clearest examples of Rewritten Scripture at Qumran include the Book of Jubilees, the Genesis Apocryphon, the Temple Scroll, and perhaps the Reworked Pentateuch manuscripts. This article begins by briefly describing the four Qumran texts. Then, it takes up the question of how ‘Rewritten Scripture’ might best be defined. The article concludes by discussing the importance of Rewritten Scripture texts for an understanding of the interpretation of scripture in late Second Temple period Judaism.
The Continuity of Biblical Interpretation in the
Qumran Scrolls and Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Nitzan Bilhah 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Considering Qumranic hermeneutical systems with regard to form, this article distinguishes between ‘internal interpretation’ integrated within rewritten biblical books, such as the Temple Scroll, and ‘external interpretation’ which is separated from the biblical lemma. The latter forms appear in the pesharim and in the genre called halakhic midrash. With regard to content, the discussion distinguishes between two hermeneutical systems of ancient literature: interpretation that attempts mainly to explain the reality of the biblical period; and interpretation that attempts to adapt the content of the Bible to the reality of a later period. The first is found in the Qumran scrolls primarily within the ‘Rewritten Scriptures’, and the latter is represented in the pesharim and some types of halakhic midrash.
Exploring the Mystical Background of the Dead Sea
Scrolls
Authors: Davila James R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The Dead Sea Scrolls provide considerable evidence for a vibrant mystical tradition that involved not only theoretical musings about the heavenly realm based on scriptural exegesis, but also ritual practices closely associated with such imaginative constructs, along with an interest in transformational ascents to heaven by biblical figures and perhaps others. There is evidence that some of these mystical traditions survived and were developed by Jews and Christians in later centuries, although it is not yet entirely clear whether these survivals came from a vision mysticism common to Second Temple Judaism or from a successionist priestly mysticism derived directly from Qumran sectarianism or both, and not all scholars are convinced of a genetic link at all between the earlier and later traditions. The discussion also looks into the Hekhalot literature and early Christian mysticism.
Was the Dead Sea Sect a Penitential Movement?
Authors: Lambert David 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In several important ways, the Dead Sea Scrolls provide an unusually rich context in which to investigate ancient religious phenomena. This article considers the case of repentance, a mainstay of Western religions and a concept that has been called upon to explain aspects of various practices in the scrolls, such as initiation, punishment, and prayer, all of which come to play a role in penitential rites. It has been said, through analogy with one common representation of the Jesus movement, that the Dead Sea sect was a penitential movement, that Israel's repentance was one of its central tasks. The discussion argues that, on the contrary, it is anachronistic to speak of repentance as a concept operative at Qumran, and that the sect had recourse to a significantly different complex of terms, all related to what is referred to here as a notion of ‘divine re-creation’.
Reviewing the Links between the Dead Sea Scrolls
and the Cairo Genizah
Authors: Reif Stefan C. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The question has often been raised about the relative importance of the Genizah vis-à-vis the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls have undoubtedly attracted wider attention because they are so closely linked in location and chronology with the world of Jesus and the emergence of early Christianity. The Genizxah texts, on the other hand, cover a wider variety of literary genres and historical events and represent a unique source of illumination for the early medieval period. This article delineates the similarities and differences of the two collections with regard to such obvious literary themes as the Hebrew Bible and its interpretation, Hebrew grammar and Masorah, Jewish religious law, and the composition and use of liturgy. It also considers disposal; survival; palaeography and codicology; contents and dating; languages and function; discovery, accessibility, and location; and description and exploitation.
The Scrolls and the Legal Definition of
Authorship
Authors: MacQueen Hector L. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article presents the facts and decision in Elisha Qimron v. Hershel Shanks; some general remarks on copyright law; and the Issues re-ventilated in Dr. Lionel Sawkins v. Hyperion Records Ltd. The fundamental copyright issue in the Dead Sea Scrolls case was what constituted authorship. The discussion agrees with Jane Gisburg's claim that reconstructive editorial work is that of an author. It also notes that the existence of copyright in an edited text does not enable the right-holder to ‘lock up scholarship’ or prevent access to the material. The very act of publication precludes this, since copyright law does not bar anyone from reading, and the work may be used for private study and research, or quoted from for purposes of criticism and review, so long as that amounts to fair dealing.