bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The spatial frequency tuning of optic-flow-dependent behaviors in the bumblebee Bombus impatiens
Authors: Dyhr Jonathan P. , Higgins Charles M. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY
Insects use visual estimates of flight speed for a variety of behaviors, including visual navigation, odometry, grazing landings and flight speed control, but the neuronal mechanisms underlying speed detection remain unknown. Although many models and theories have been proposed for how the brain extracts the angular speed of the retinal image, termed optic flow, we lack the detailed electrophysiological and behavioral data necessary to conclusively support any one model. One key property by which different models of motion detection can be differentiated is their spatiotemporal frequency tuning. Numerous studies have suggested that optic-flow-dependent behaviors are largely insensitive to the spatial frequency of a visual stimulus, but they have sampled only a narrow range of spatial frequencies, have not always used narrowband stimuli, and have yielded slightly different results between studies based on the behaviors being investigated. In this study, we present a detailed analysis of the spatial frequency dependence of the centering response in the bumblebee Bombus impatiens using sinusoidal and square wave patterns.
Ethnic and social inequalities in women's experience of maternity care in England: results of a national survey
Authors: Raleigh VS , Hussey D , Seccombe I , Hallt K 
Published: April 2010

Summary Objective To examine ethnic and social inequalities in women's experience of maternity care in England. Design A 2007 national survey of women (16 years or over) about their experience of maternity care. Multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for several maternal characteristics, was used to examine inequalities by ethnicity, partner status and education. Setting Sample of records of 149 NHS acute trusts and two primary care trusts (PCTs) providing maternity services in England. Results A total of 26,325 women responded to the survey (response rate 59%). Ethnic minority women were more likely than White British women to access services late, not have a scan by 20 weeks, and experience complications during pregnancy and birth. They were more likely to initiate breastfeeding and say they were treated with respect and dignity. Single women responded more negatively to almost all questions than women with a husband/partner. They were less likely to access care within 12 weeks of pregnancy (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.39–0.52), have a scan at 20 weeks (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.39–0.63), attend NHS antenatal classes (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.49–0.65), have a postnatal check-up (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60–0.75), and initiate breastfeeding (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.51–0.62), and were more likely to experience complications. Women completing education at 19+ years were more likely to access services early (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.04–1.40), attend antenatal classes (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.31–1.67), have a postnatal check-up (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07–1.32) and initiate breastfeeding (OR 3.88, 95% CI 3.56–4.22) than those completing education at 16 years or younger, and were less likely to experience complications. Conclusions Ethnic minority women, single mothers, and those with an earlier age at completing education access maternity services late, have poorer outcomes, and report poorer experiences across some – though not all – dimensions of maternity care. Ethnic differences were absent or inconsistent between groups for some aspects of care. We recommend these findings are used by commissioners, trusts and healthcare professionals to inform improvements in maternity services for high-risk groups and reduce inequalities.
Long-term survival of the Souter-Strathclyde total elbow replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ikävalko M. , Tiihonen R. , Skyttä E. T. , Belt E. A. 
Published: April 2010

Between 1982 and 1997, 403 consecutive patients (522 elbows) with rheumatoid arthritis underwent Souter-Strathclyde total elbow replacement. By the end of 2007, there had been 66 revisions for aseptic loosening in 60 patients. The mean time of follow-up was 10.6 years (0 to 25) The survival rates at five-, ten, 15 and 19 years were 96% (95%, confidence interval (CI) 95 to 98), 89% (95% CI 86 to 92), 83% (95% CI 78 to 87), and 77% (95% CI 69 to 85), respectively. The small and medium-sized short-stemmed primary humeral components had a 5.6-fold and 3.6-fold risk of revision for aseptic loosening respectively, compared to the medium-sized long-stemmed component. The small and medium-sized all-polyethylene ulnar components had respectively a 28.2-fold and 8.4-fold risk of revision for aseptic loosening, compared to the metal-backed ulnar components. The use of retentive ulnar components was not associated with an increased risk of aseptic loosening compared to non-retentive implants.
Classification of the morphology of the acromioclavicular joint using cadaveric and radiological analysis
Authors: Colegate-Stone T. , Allom R. , Singh R. , Elias D. A. , Standring S. , Sinha J. 
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to establish a classification system for the acromioclavicular joint using cadaveric dissection and radiological analyses of both reformatted computed tomographic scans and conventional radiographs centred on the joint. This classification should be useful for planning arthroscopic procedures or introducing a needle and in prospective studies of biomechanical stresses across the joint which may be associated with the development of joint pathology. We have demonstrated three main three-dimensional morphological groups namely flat, oblique and curved, on both cadaveric examination and radiological assessment. These groups were recognised in both the coronal and axial planes and were independent of age.
Early results of the Acclaim total elbow replacement in patients with primary osteoarthritis
Authors: Naqui S. Z. , Rajpura A. , Nuttall D. , Prasad P. , Trail I. A. 
Published: April 2010

This is a retrospective review of the results of the Acclaim total elbow replacement in 11 older patients aged ≥ 65 years with primary osteoarthritis of the elbow, with a mean follow-up of 57.6 months (30 to 86.4). Significant reductions in pain and improvement in range of movement and function were recorded. Radiological review revealed two patients with 1 mm lucencies in a single zone, and one patient with 1 mm lucencies in two zones. No components required revision. There were no deep infections, dislocations or mechanical failures. Complications included one intra-operative medial condylar fracture and one post-operative transient ulnar neuropathy, which resolved. This study demonstrates that the Acclaim prosthesis provides good symptomatic relief and improvement of function in patients with primary osteoarthritis, with low rates of loosening or other complications. This prosthesis can therefore be considered for patients aged ≥ 65 years with primary osteoarthritis of the elbow.
Impaction grafting of the acetabulum with a mixture of frozen, ground irradiated bone graft and porous synthetic bone substitute (Apapore 60)
Authors: McNamara I. , Deshpande S. , Porteous M. 
Published: April 2010

The clinical and radiological results of 50 consecutive acetabular reconstructions in 48 patients using impaction grafting have been retrospectively reviewed. A 1:1 mixture of frozen, ground irradiated bone graft and Apapore 60, a synthetic bone graft substitute, was used in all cases. There were 13 complex primary and 37 revision procedures with a mean follow-up of five years (3.4 to 7.6). The clinical survival rate was 100%, with improvements in the mean Harris Hip Scores for pain and function. Radiologically, 30 acetabular grafts showed evidence of incorporation, ten had radiolucent lines and two acetabular components migrated initially before stabilising. Acetabular reconstruction in both primary and revision surgery using a 1:1 mixture of frozen, ground, irriadiated bone and Apapore 60 appears to be a reliable method of managing acetabular defects. Longer follow-up will be required to establish whether this technique is as effective as using fresh-frozen allograft.
The Trabecular Metal Monoblock acetabular component in patients with high congenital hip dislocation
Authors: Macheras G. A. , Kateros K. , Koutsostathis S. D. , Tsakotos G. , Galanakos S. , Papadakis S. A. 
Published: April 2010

Between November 1997 and December 2000 we performed 27 total hip replacements in 22 patients with high congenital dislocation of the hip using porous tantalum monoblock acetabular components implanted in the true acetabular bed. Clinical and radiological evaluation was performed at regular intervals for a mean of 10.2 years (8.5 to 12). The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 48.3 (15 to 65) pre-operatively to 89.5 (56 to 100) at the final follow-up. The mean Oxford Hip Score was 49.5 (35 to 59) pre-operatively and decreased to 21.2 (12 to 48) at one year and 15.2 (10 to 28) at final follow-up. Migration of the acetabular component was assessed with the EBRA software system. There was a mean migration of 0.68 mm (0.49 to 0.8) in the first year and a mean 0.89 mm (0.6 to 0.98) in the second year, after excluding one initial excessive migration. No revision was necessary for any reason, no acetabular component became loose, and no radiolucent lines were observed at the final follow-up. The porous tantalum monoblock acetabular component is an implant offering adequate initial stability in conjunction with a modulus of elasticity and porosity close to that of cancellous bone. It favours bone ingrowth, leading to good mid-term results.
Comparison of standard and gender-specific posterior-cruciate-retaining high-flexion total knee replacements
Authors: Kim Y.-H. , Choi Y. , Kim J.-S. 
Published: April 2010

We undertook a study in which 138 female patients with a mean age of 71.2 years (51 to 82) received a standard NexGen CR-flex prosthesis in one knee and a gender-specific NexGen CR-flex prosthesis in the other. The mean follow-up period was 3.25 years (3.1 to 3.5). The aspect ratios of the standard and gender-specific prostheses were compared with that of the distal femur. The mean post-operative Knee Society knee scores were 94 (70 to 100) and 93 (70 to 100) points and the function scores were 83 (60 to 100) and 84 (60 to 100) points for the standard implants and the gender-specific designs, respectively. The mean post-operative Western Ontario and McMaster Universities score was 26.4 points (0 to 76). Patient satisfaction, the radiological results and the complication rates were similar in the two groups. In those with a standard prosthesis, the femoral component was closely matched in 80 knees (58.0%), overhung in 14 (10.1%) and undercovered the bone in 44 (31.9%). In those with a gender-specific prosthesis, it was closely matched in 15 knees (10.9%) and undercovered the bone in 123 (89.1%). Since we found no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the clinical and radiological results, patient satisfaction or complication rate, the goal of the design of the gender-specific CR-flex prosthesis to improve the outcome was not achieved in our patients.
Developing guidelines for venous thromboembolism for The National Institute for Clinical Excellence
Authors: Treasure T. , Chong L.-Y. , Sharpin C. , Wonderling D. , Head K. , Hill J. 
Published: April 2010

Following the publication in 2007 of the guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE) for patients undergoing surgery, concerns were raised by British orthopaedic surgeons as to the appropriateness of the recommendations for their clinical practice. In order to address these concerns NICE and the British Orthopaedic Association agreed to engage a representative panel of orthopaedic surgeons in the process of developing expanded VTE guidelines applicable to all patients admitted to hospital. The functions of this panel were to review the evidence and to consider the applicability and implications in orthopaedic practice in order to advise the main Guideline Development Group in framing recommendations. The panel considered both direct and indirect evidence of the safety and efficacy, the cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis and its implication in clinical practice for orthopaedic patients. We describe the process of selection of the orthopaedic panel, the evidence considered and the contribution of the panel to the latest guidelines from NICE on the prophylaxis against VTE, published in January 2010.
Infection-free surgery: how to improve hand-hygiene compliance and eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical wards
Authors: Davis CR 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTION Healthcare-associated infections cost the UK National Health Service £1 billion per annum. Poor hand hygiene is the main route of transmission for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), leading to increased mortality and morbidity for infected patients. This study aims to quantify MRSA infection rates and compliance of alcohol gel application at the entrance to a surgical ward and assess how a simple intervention affects compliance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Compliance was assessed via a discretely positioned close-surveillance camera at the ward entrance, ootage was reviewed to monitor compliance of all persons entering the ward over a 12-month period. RESULTS For the initial 6 months, mean alcohol gel compliance was 24% for all persons entering the ward. After this period, a conspicuous strip of bright red tape was positioned along the corridor approaching the ward entrance. The red line continued up the wall to an arrow head pointing to the two alcohol gel dispensers on the wall. Mean compliance over the subsequent 6 months significantly improved to 62% (P< 0.0001). Compliance improved for all persons entering the ward as follows (before – after, significance): doctors (0% – 54%, P< 0.01); nurses (24% – 75%, P< 0.05); porters (21% – 67%, P< 0.05); visitors (35% – 68%, P< 0.01); patients (23% – 44%, P > 0.05). There were two cases of MRSA bacteraemia in the initial 6 months and no cases in the following 6 months with the red line in situ. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how a simple intervention significantly improves hand-hygiene compliance with associated eradication of MRSA.
Soft tissue management of children's open tibial fractures – a review of seventy children over twenty years
Authors: Rao P , Schaverien MV , Stewart KJ 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTION The management of open tibial fractures in children represents a unique reconstructive challenge. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of paediatric open tibial fractures with particular regard to soft tissue management. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective case-note analysis was performed for all children presenting with an open tibial fracture at a single institution over a 20-year period for 1985 to 2005. RESULTS Seventy children were reviewed of whom 41 were males and 29 females. Overall, 91% (n = 64) of children suffered their injury as a result of a vehicle-related injury. The severity of the fracture with respect to the Gustilo classification was: Grade I, 42% (n = 29); Grade II, 24% (n = 17); Grade III, 34% (n = 24; 7 Grade 3a, 16 Grade 3b, 1 Grade 3c). The majority of children were treated with external fixation and conservative measures, with a mean hospital in-patient stay of 13.3 days. Soft tissue cover was provided by plastic surgeons in 31% of all cases. Four cases of superficial wound infection occurred (6%), one case of osteomyelitis and one case of flap failure. The limb salvage was greater than 98%. CONCLUSIONS In this series, complications were associated with delayed involvement of plastic surgeons. Retrospective analysis has shown a decreased incidence of open tibial fractures which is reported in similar studies. Gustilo grade was found to correlate with length of hospital admission and plastic surgery intervention. We advocate, when feasible, the use of local fas-ciocutaneous flaps (such as distally based fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps), which showed a low complication rate in children.
The operative management of gallstone ileus
Authors: Ravikumar Reena , Williams J Graham 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTION Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity, which accounts for 1–4% of all presentations to hospital with small bowel obstruction and for up to 25% of all cases in patients over 65 years of age. Despite medical advances over the last 350 years, gallstone ileus is still associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The management of gallstone ileus remains controversial. Whilst open surgery has been the mainstay of treatment, more recently other approaches have been employed, including laparoscopic surgery and lithotripsy. However, controversy persists primarily in relation to the extent of surgery performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review was performed in an attempt to discover the optimal surgical treatment of gallstone ileus, particularly the timing of biliary surgery. Published articles were identified from the medical literature by electronic searches of Pubmed and Ovid Medline databases, using the search terms ‘gallstone ileus’, ‘gallstone/intestinal obstruction’ and ‘gallstone/bowel obstruction’. The related articles function of the search engines was also used to maximise the number of articles identified. Relevant articles were retrieved and additional articles were identified from the references cited in these articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The literature on gallstone ileus is composed entirely of retrospective analysis of small numbers of patients accumulated over many years. The question as to whether one stage or interval biliary surgery should be performed remains unanswered and it is unlikely that further case series will help decision making in the management of gallstone ileus. Whilst many authors conclude that enterolithotomy alone is the best option in most patients, a one-stage procedure should be considered for low-risk patients.
A review of problems following insertion of biliary stents illustrated by an unusual complication
Authors: Bagul Atul , Pollard Cristina , Dennison Ashley R 
Published: April 2010

Introduction The management of obstructive jaundice resulting from both benign and malignant causes relies heavily on minimally invasive techniques and particularly with the insertion of biliary endoprostheses. Migration of these biliary stents is a well-documented problem and can result in a variety of complications including perforation, intra-abdominal sepsis, fistulae formation, obstruction and appendicitis. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed examining case reports, published abstracts and reviews to date (2009). In addition, we report a left groin abscess as a previously unreported complication following migration of a biliary endoprosthesis. Findings Stent migration can lead to serious complications and produce significant morbidity and mortality. Symptomatic patients especially those with other co-morbid abdominal pathologies such as colonic diverticulae, parastomal hernia or abdominal hernias may be at an increased risk of perforation especially when straight plastic stents are used.
Critical Tensions in Talk About Brain Injury
Authors: Ferguson Alison 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article presents an introduction to some potential applications of a critical discourse perspective to the field of traumatic brain injury. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines spoken and written texts as a means to understand the two-way relationship between discourse and cultural context. CDA is particularly interested in how language use reflects and creates power relationships between those involved in the communication. In order to illustrate this perspective, this paper discusses a purposively selected set of written texts about brain injury from a range of institutional contexts: a scholarly journal article, a submission to government from an advocacy group, the home web page of a support group, a newspaper article from the general media, and personal letters written by people with traumatic brain injury. The analysis involved investigation of key linguistic features reflecting the experiential, interpersonal and textual aspects of these texts. Three main lines of tension between competing discourses emerged from an examination. Tension emerged within each text between medical vs. lay terminology, and this was seen as reflecting the widespread power of the scientific paradigm. Tension was apparent between problem talk vs. positive talk. Talk about the problems associated with brain injury forms an essential component when seeking support, and yet talk about positive outcomes forms an essential component when describing the rehabilitation journey. There were also competing discourses in terms of the focus of the talk, between person centredness vs. other centredness. The methodology of CDA is proposed as a tool for reflective clinical practice at both an individual and professional level, as it provides a systematic means to examine health professionals' interactions and promotes the development of a critical understanding of the cultural ideologies and institutions in which practice is located.
Novel Approach Towards Calculation of Averaged Activation Energy Based on Arrhenius Plot for Predicting the Effect of Temperature on Chloride Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Hussain Raja Rizwan , Ishida Tetsuya 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments such as severe chloride attack coupled with high temperature suffer from accelerated corrosion. The objective of this paper is to model and verify the effect of temperature on chloride induced corrosion potential and corrosion rate of steel in concrete by incorporating a novel approach towards calculation of averaged activation energy based on Arrhenius plot. This paper presents a semiempirical corrosion modeling approach which obeys the basic corrosion science laws and is also verified by the experimentation involving a wide range of chloride and temperature variations (0 %–10 % total chlorides and 20–60°C temperatures). The modeling task has been incorporated by the use of a concrete durability model developed by our research group at the University of Tokyo as a computational platform on which the coupled temperature-chloride induced corrosion throughout the life of reinforced concrete structures is examined in both space and time domains.
Gigacycle Fatigue Properties of Bearing Steels
Authors: Bathias Claude 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The concept of a fatigue limit at 106 cycles that was introduced by Wohler in 1850 seems nowadays to be the wrong magnitude when considering the fatigue life of modern industrial applications such as automotive engines that run typically billions of cycles. The necessity to increase performances in terms of lifetime and safety in steel fabricated products remains an issue, although testing is becoming more time consuming and costly with current design products. It is the aim of our research to develop better understanding of fatigue properties of steels in the gigacycle domain. One way to approach this is to use a piezoelectric fatigue testing system working at ultrasonic frequency. This paper will describe the research done on several 52100 steels coming from Europe (NF100C6) and Japan (SUJ2). Different heat treatments have been applied to obtain different microstructures: Martensite and bainite with and without residual austenite. The fatigue tests, up to 1011 cycles, have been carried out using piezoelectric machines working at 20 and 30 kHz under tension-compression, tension-tension, and torsion only. A set of specimens has been tested also with a circular notch to observe the effect of stress concentration. Finally the thermal dissipation during testing has been determined using an infrared camera. It is confirmed that the influence of inclusions is a key problem.