bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Any New Functional Polymer Can Be for Medicine: What About Artificial Biopolymers?
Authors: Vert Michel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMan‐made artificial organic polymers are among the more recent sources of materials used by humans. In medicine, they contribute to applications in surgery, dentistry and pharmacology. Nowadays, innovations in the field of therapeutic polymers rely on novel polymers for specific applications such as guided tissue regeneration, tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, gene transfection, etc. Introducing reactive chemical functions within or along polymer backbones is an attractive route to generate functional polymers for medicine. However, any candidate to effective application must fulfil a number of requirements, grouped under the terms biocompatibility and biofunctionality, to be of real interest and have a future for effective application. Whenever the application requires a therapeutic aid for a limited period of time to help natural healing, bioresorbability is to be taken into account on top of biocompatibility and biofunctionality. This contribution presents the case of “artificial biopolymers” and discusses the potential of some members of the family with respect to temporary therapeutic applications that require functional polymers.magnified image
The corrosion inhibitory property of N,N‐bis(2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)amine for Q235 steel
Authors: Qian J. H. , Zhang Y. , Yin X. Y. , Liu L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to systematically evaluate the anti‐corrosion property of N,N‐bis(2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (IDB), which is a novel good thermal stabilized inhibitor in acidic medium. Results obtained from electrochemical tests and corrosion surface morphology analyses reveal that IDB performs excellently as corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid corrosive solution. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that IDB inhibits both the anodic and cathodic processes of corrosion and exhibits as a mixed‐type inhibitor. Besides, the inhibiting efficiency (IE%) and consequently the degree of surface coverage (θ) increase with the inhibitor concentration rising. And when the concentration is 20 × 10−5 mol/L, the corrosion inhibition effect is best to reach 96.39%. The adsorption of inhibitor on Q235 steel is found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the calculated Gibbs free energy demonstrates that IDB spontaneously adsorbs and forms a protective chemisorbed film on Q235 steel to restrain its corrosion. Hereby, IDB will become a promising corrosion inhibitor in further.
Electrochemical investigations on the corrosion behaviour of galvanized reinforcing steels in concrete with chromate‐reduced cements
Authors: Ebell G. , Burkert A. , Lehmann J. , Mietz J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reduction of the chromate contents in cements affects the electrochemical reactions of galvanized reinforcing steels in fresh concrete. By means of electrochemical measurements and bar pull‐out tests the effect of chromates on the formation of protective coatings at the zinc and the bond behaviour have been investigated using chromate‐containing and chromate‐reduced cements. The results have shown that the bond zone was affected as a result of chromate reduction for cement types CEM I and CEM II. The disturbance to the bond zone should be considered as long‐term in relation to the pore structure which is formed. The effects on the bond are largely compensated for as the concrete ages. The results of the related bond strength with displacement paths of 0.1 and 0.5 mm, respectively, are still within the range of expected figures for non‐galvanized reinforcing steel despite the structural disturbance. Under practical aspects it is not necessary that the existing structural disturbance with respect to bond strength is taken into consideration.
Effect of exposure time on the morphology of corrosion on high chromium white cast iron in high temperature caustic solutions
Authors: McLeod A. J. , Clegg R. E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHigh chromium white irons are important candidate materials for use in alumina refineries to combat wear and corrosion. The effect of exposure time on the formation of oxide films was studied in a 23% Cr white cast iron exposed at 260 °C in 110 g/l caustic soda solutions. It was found that whilst well‐formed octahedral M(II)O.M(III)2O3 spinel type oxides initially formed and spread across the surface of the material, these were gradually replaced by a background oxide with a higher Cr/Fe ratio and the morphology of the octahedral crystals became less well formed. Also, the oxidation was found to be predominantly in the matrix material, leaving carbide particles unsupported on the surface and in the later stages, significant corrosion was found along the carbide/matrix phase boundary.
Effect of aluminum on the corrosion resistance of low‐alloy steel in 10 wt% sulfuric acid solution
Authors: Nam N. D. , Kim W. C. , Kim J. G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe aqueous corrosion behavior of low‐alloy steel with aluminum contents was examined in a 10 wt% H2SO4(pH 0.13) solution using electrochemical techniques and surface analyses. The corrosion resistance of the new alloy steel was evaluated in terms of electrochemical parameters, such as passive current density, film, and charge transfer resistances. The results showed that a high Al content in the steel imparted better passivation behavior resulting in a lower corrosion rate. It related to the enrichment of iron carbonate and hydrocarbon by the dissolution of the carbide phase.
Spatial distribution and formation of corrosion products in relation to zinc release for zinc sheet and coated pre‐weathered zinc at an urban and a marine atmospheric condition
Authors: Hedberg J. , Le Bozec N. , Wallinder I. Odnevall 
Published: December 2011

AbstractZinc release data from 5 years of unsheltered exposures in a marine and an urban site is compiled for different zinc material types. The thin surface treatment on zinc materials is gradually detached after approximately 2 years at both sites, revealing the pre‐weathered zinc surface unprotected. This consequently increased the release rates of zinc from this surface, whereas the zinc runoff rate from the bare zinc sheet remained relatively stable. Raman studies on bare zinc sheet exposed for 5 years at the marine site revealed zinc oxide of varying crystalline nature and hydrozincite to appear localized and separated from each other.
Polystyrene‐Based C60 Acceptor Copolymers through Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry Approaches
Authors: Heuken Maria , Komber Hartmut , Voit Brigitte 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPoly(styrene‐r‐propargyloxy styrene) with varying molecular weights is prepared by means of a nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization and a malonate is “clicked” to it. Fullerene C60 is reacted under Bingel conditions with the polymer and can be covalently bound to its side chains. These polymers show good solubility in common organic solvents and intense studies are performed to determine the degree of substitution with fullerenes. A loading of around 15 to 20 wt% is detected by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). These materials might be promising as the acceptor component for donor–acceptor block copolymers. Furthermore, new bromine‐ and organo‐azide‐functionalized methano fullerenes are prepared and characterized.
Developmental status and home environment among children born to immigrant women married to Taiwanese men
Authors: Chen Chwen‐Jen , Hsu Chiung‐Wen , Chu Yu‐Roo , Han Kuo‐Chiang , Chien Li‐Yin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe aims of this cross‐sectional study were to examine (a) the developmental status and home environments of children (6–24 months) of immigrant women married to Taiwanese men, and (b) the association of child developmental status with parental socio‐demographics, maternal language abilities, and home environment qualities. Participants were 61 children and their mothers from China and Vietnam. Data were collected with interviews, home observations, and developmental testing. The children had lower cognitive and language but higher motor and social development scores compared with native norms. Home environment and maternal perceived language ability were positively associated with child development. The association of home environment and maternal language ability with early childhood development was supported for immigrant populations in Taiwan. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:121–131, 2012
Influence of the processing solvent on the photoactive layer nanomorphology of P3HT/PC60BM solar cells
Authors: Mens Raoul , Demir Fatma , Van Assche Guy , Van Mele Bruno , Vanderzande Dirk , Adriaensens Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, it is demonstrated that doctor blading of thin poly‐3‐hexylthiophene/phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (1/1) bulk‐hetero junction films from toluene leads to an improved nanocrystallinity, when compared with their unannealed chlorobenzene processed counterparts. This difference in morphology was demonstrated by solid‐state NMR and Rapid Heating Cooling Calorimetry (RHC), being useful complementary techniques to investigate the active layer morphology of photovoltaic devices. An increased PC60BM nanocrystallinity is indicated by several NMR relaxation decay times (T1C, T1H, and T1ρH) and confirmed by an increase of the melting enthalpy in RHC experiments. An improved solar cell performance further strengthens this conclusion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Correlation of Structure and Sensitivity in Inorganic Azides II. Effect of Lattice Defects on Non Bonded Nitrogen to Nitrogen Distances
Authors: Cartwright Michael , Wilkinson Joshua 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe sensitivity of explosives during handling operation is an important subject for explosives safety. Current ability to predict sensitivity is based on a series of empirical rules for different classes of explosive compounds based on their chemical composition. Whilst these may be valid for organic classes, inorganic materials do not conform to any of these patterns. There was a very good correlation found between impact sensitivity and the minimum non bonded nitrogen to nitrogen distance across a wide variety of azides. This correlation suggests reduction in the atomic movements required to produce the reaction products. This study examines the structure of a number of inorganic azides containing defects using molecular mechanics based on a Universal Force Field (UFF) approach, previously validated for a range of perfect lattices, with RMS deviations of between 7 and 11 pm from the original crystal structure following operation of the minimisation technique from a disordered arrangement.Using the UFF method, appropriate point defects (Schottky and Frenkel pairs) were modelled for these azides under conditions of maximum and minimum achievable pair separation. The maximum limit on pair separation was a result of the explicit modelling being limited to a 3×3×3 unit cell matrix. The results showed that the minimum non bond nitrogen to nitrogen distance narrowed in the presence of defects for all azides. In two cases, RbN3 and TlN3, this reduction in non bonded nitrogen to nitrogen distances was dramatically different from the other azides and was very dependant on the defect configuration and separation. This may indicate that the sensitivity of these two azides containing defects, is greater than the ideal crystal structure would suggest. If the normal production of this azide produces a significantly defective structure then it may well explain the enhanced sensitivity.
Injection efficiency and optical gain characteristics of polar and nonpolar III‐nitride light emitters
Authors: Kisin Mikhail V. , El‐Ghoroury Hussein S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOptical properties of III‐nitride quantum well (QW) structures grown on nonpolar or semipolar crystallographic planes benefit from reduced internal fields in QWs and, as a result, from enhanced overlap between electron and hole states participating in lasing transition. Detailed modelling of active QWs shows, however, that smaller separation of the lasing states from the high‐energy subbands in nonpolar QWs and related thermal carrier redistribution between subbands can reduce the QW differential optical gain thus increasing the laser threshold. Efficiency characteristics of multiple QW emitters are additionally affected by inhomogeneous QW injection and by large residual QW charges. Polar and nonpolar light‐emitting diode structures reveal different mechanisms of the efficiency droop. In polar structures, the droop is dominated by electron leakage and is noticeably affected by the active region ballistic overshoot. Efficiency droop in nonpolar structures is dominated by combined effect of radiative time saturation and nonradiative Auger recombination while the carrier leakage becomes a factor of secondary importance. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth and properties of GdN, EuN and SmN thin films
Authors: Natali Franck , Ludbrook Bart , Galipaud Jules , Plank Natalie , Granville Simon , Preston Andrew , Do Bin Le , Richter Jan , Farrell Ian , Reeves Roger , Durbin Steve , Trodahl Joe , Ruck Ben 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper contains a summary of selected aspects of the epitaxial growth of rare‐earth nitride thin films and the recent progress achieved in this field. The discussion is focussed on GdN, SmN, EuN compounds grown by both pulsed laser deposition and molecular beam epitaxy on different substrates including YSZ (001), c‐plane (0001) AlN and GaN. While a N2 plasma cell is used as a nitrogen source for growing EuN, we take advantage of the catalytic breakdown of molecular nitrogen by rare‐earth atoms to grow GdN and SmN in the absence of activated N2. The structural, magnetic and transport properties of the thin films are assessed by reflection high‐energy electron diffraction, x‐ray diffraction, Hall Effect, temperature‐dependent magnetization and resistivity. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Behavior of misfit dislocations in semipolar InGaN/GaN grown by MOVPE
Authors: Kuwahara Takaaki , Kuwano Noriyuki , Kurisu Akihiko , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA microstructure in an InGaN/GaN layer grown at the semipolar direction was observed in detail by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to analyze the behaviour of dislocations. A (11$ \bar 2 $2) GaN layer was first deposited on a maskless r (1$ \bar 1 $02)‐plane patterned‐substrate, and then an Inx Ga1‐xN (x =0.10, 0.24) was overgrown to be about 1 μm in thickness. Dislocations near the interface of InGaN/GaN are classified into several types: 1 Threading dislocations lying on (0001).2. Misfit dislocations lying on the interface of InGaN/GaN. 3. Dislocations along [1$ \bar 1 $00] at a certain distance from the interface. 4. Dislocations newly formed at the interface and developing along [11$ \bar 2 $0] on (0001). 5. Partial dislocations accompanied with a stacking fault on (0001).It was found that the misfit dislocations are arrayed in pairs at the direction along [1$ \bar 1 $00] on the interface of (11$ \bar 2 $2). Burgers vector of the misfit dislocations was found to be B = <2$ \bar 1 $$ \bar 1 $3>/3. In case of B = [$ \bar 1 $$ \bar 1 $23]/3, they are edge dislocations. The densities of dislocations and stacking faults increase with the In‐content in InGaN. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of CF4 plasma treatment in drift region optimization of high‐voltage GaN MOSC‐HEMTs
Authors: Li Zhongda , Zhang Jie , Chow T. Paul 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper we report on our experimental optimization of the CF4 plasma treatment conditions to control the 2DEG density in the drift region of the GaN MOS Channel HEMTs (MOSC‐HEMTs). The 2DEG density was measured using a simple MOS capacitor structure fabricated on the AlGaN/GaN epi treated by CF4 plasma under different conditions. The optimized CF4 plasma power was found to be 350 W for reducing 2DEG density from 1×1013cm‐2 to 2.5×1012cm‐2. Breakdown voltage was projected by numerical simulations to be higher than 800 V with the optimized 2DEG density of 2.5×1012cm‐2. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of liquid phase epitaxy during growth of AlGaN by MBE
Authors: Moustakas Theodore D. , Bhattacharyya Anirban 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe propose that the growth of III‐Nitride semiconductors by plasma‐assisted MBE under Ga‐rich conditions takes place though the saturation of the liquid Ga covering the surface of the growing film with nitrogen, alloy constituents (aluminum and indium) and impurities. Thus, the proposed growth mode is a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) rather than physical vapor phase epitaxy. While in traditional LPE growth the driving force is the gradient between the liquid and seed, in the proposed mode of MBE growth of nitrides the driving force is the concentration gradient due to the constant supply of active nitrogen, alloy components and impurities. The proposed LPE growth mechanism explains the relative temperature stability of GaN growth, the efficient doping with silicon and magnesium, and the selective desorption of oxygen and other impurities. Finally, the proposed LPE growth model can also account for the introduction of band structure potential fluctuations in AlGaN alloys, which improves their emission properties and leads to efficient deep UV‐LEDs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of site‐controlled InGaN quantum dots using reactive‐ion etching
Authors: Lee Leung Kway , Ku P.‐C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe adopted the simple top‐down etching to fabricate site‐ and dimension‐controlled InGaN quantum dots. Each quantum dot is disk shaped and embedded in a nanoscale pillar. Arrays of nanopillars with varying densities and nanopillar diameters were fabricated from an InGaN/GaN single quantum well using inductively‐coupled plasma reactive‐ion etching. Micro‐photoluminescence (µ‐PL) was used to characterize the emission properties of individual and ensemble of nanopillars. Strong and distinct PL signal of a single nanopillar was observed even at the room temperature. The emission was found to exhibit characteristics from a discrete energy state that is homogeneously broadened. The ensemble of nanopillars exhibited a similar emission linewidth as the single nanopillar, indicating a well controlled quantum dot dimensions and uniformity. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
N‐polar n+ GaN cap development for low ohmic contact resistance to inverted HEMTs
Authors: Meyer D. J. , Katzer D. S. , Bass R. , Garces N. Y. , Ancona M. G. , Deen D. A. , Storm D. F. , Binari S. C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the development and application of Si‐doped N‐polar n+ GaN capping layers used for the reduction of ohmic contact and access resistances in inverted HEMTs. By applying an optimized n+ GaN capping layer to a standard undoped inverted HEMT, we find that non‐alloyed Ti/Al/Ni/Au contacts demonstrate a very low ohmic contact resistance of 80 Ω‐µm. To eliminate the n+ GaN shunting pathway in HEMT devices, we have used e‐beam lithography and dry etching to define windows that establish an effective source‐drain spacing. 0.3 µm gate‐length inverted HEMTs with n+ GaN caps and 1 µm effective source‐drain spacing were found to have a high maximum current density of 1.94 A/mm and an extrinsic transconductance of 335 mS/mm. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Steel non‐orthogonal reduced beam section moment connections—a case study
Authors: Ball Steven C. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThe architectural expressions for many modern buildings require creative and unconventional structural solutions. Columns must be taller, beams must span further, the structure must be more slender, elements must be curved, structural framing must be sloped and connections must deviate from conventional orthogonal fit‐up. Although the technology exists to analyze and design responsive structural systems, prescriptive code requirements oftentimes hinder the implementation of those technologies. Although not a ‘tall building’ by traditional definition, the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT) Modernization Program at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) provides an appropriate case study in the implementation of unconventional structural geometry subject to code requirements that prescribe contrasting conventional geometry, which is a familiar challenge for many tall buildings.The architectural expression for the LAX TBIT Modernization Program required the use of long‐span steel Special Moment Frames with non‐orthogonal moment connections between the beams and columns. The beams were sloped, some were sloped and curved and some of the columns were sloped. The reduced beam section (RBS) moment connection was selected for the project. ANSI/AISC 358, Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications, provides prequalification limits for using an RBS connection. Those limits do not address non‐orthogonal moment connections. ANSI/AISC 358 implicitly limits connections to orthogonal geometry; hence, non‐orthogonal moment connections are not prequalified for use in seismic applications. This paper describes the structure and the cyclic testing program that was implemented to qualify the proposed non‐orthogonal RBS connections in accordance with ANSI/AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, Appendix S for use on the LAX TBIT Modernization Project. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Log‐linear modeling
Authors: von Eye Alexander , Mun Eun‐Young , Mair Patrick 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article describes log‐linear models as special cases of generalized linear models. Specifically, log‐linear models use a logarithmic link function. Log‐linear models are used to examine joint distributions of categorical variables, dependency relations, and association patterns. Three types of log‐linear models are discussed, hierarchical models, nonhierarchical models, and nonstandard models. Emphasis is placed on parameter interpretation. It is demonstrated that parameters are best interpretable when they represent the effects specified in the design matrix of the model. Parameter interpretation is illustrated first for a standard hierarchical model, and then for a nonstandard model that includes structural zeros. In a data example, the relationships among race of defendant, race of victim, and death penalty sentence are examined using a log‐linear model with all three two‐way interactions. Recent developments in log‐linear modeling are discussed. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:218–223. doi: 10.1002/wics.203This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Generalized Linear Models