bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transformation of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Authors: Klerman Jacob Alex , Danielson Caroline 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBetween 2000 and 2005, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, until recently, the Food Stamp Program) caseload increased by half. As the Great Recession unfolded, the SNAP caseload grew even more rapidly. Further, over the past two decades the composition of the caseload has shifted sharply away from families combining food and cash assistance and toward families receiving food assistance in the absence of any other major, means‐tested income support. By analyzing components of the caseload separately, we provide new and more insightful estimates of the effects of food and cash assistance policies and the economy on both the change in the composition of the caseload and the large caseload swings over the 1990s and 2000s. We find that the economy can explain a portion of caseload changes, but not compositional shifts. Food and cash assistance policies help to explain both changes. In total, the combination of SNAP and welfare policy changes account for about half of the sharp increase since 1994 in the share of SNAP households receiving food, but not cash, assistance. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Urgent radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma causing symptomatic brainstem edema
Authors: Shapiro Ronald H. , Chang Andrew L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA 3‐year‐old male who presented with hydrocephalus symptoms was found to have metastatic medulloblastoma with diffuse spinal disease. Thirteen days following surgical resection of his primary tumor, he clinically deteriorated due to worsening brainstem edema. Following intubation, stress‐dose steroids, and mannitol, urgent radiotherapy was initiated to the whole brain and cervical cord. The patient improved clinically with a repeat MRI showing decreased leptomeningeal enhancement in the radiation fields. In the literature, there are no reports of successful urgent radiotherapy in medulloblastoma, but in this instance, it proved to be a viable option. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1077–1080. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xmn1‐Gγ polymorphism and clinical predictors of severity of disease in β‐thalassemia intermedia
Authors: Oberoi Sapna , Das Reena , Panigrahi Inusha , Kaur Jasbir , Marwaha Ram K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundTo determine the prevalence of Xmn1‐Gγ polymorphism in North Indian children and adolescents with β thalassemia intermedia (TI) and to correlate it with disease severity.MethodsAll patients of thalassemia intermedia presenting to the pediatric hematology clinic of a tertiary care hospital in North India were enrolled. Clinical severity of their disease was assessed by a phenotypic score proposed by Phadke and Agarwal. They were classified according to status of their Xmn1‐Gγ polymorphism as Xmn1‐Gγ +/+, Xmn1‐Gγ +/−, and Xmn1‐Gγ −/− by molecular analysis.ResultsA total of 104 patients were enrolled. Severe TI was seen in 56.7% (59) patients, while 43.3% (45) had non‐severe TI. Jaundice was more frequent in severe TI than in non‐severe TI. Xmn1‐Gγ +/+ was present in 25.9% (25) patients. The frequency of the Xmn1‐Gγ +/− and Xmn1‐Gγ −/− was 22% and 37.3% in severe TI children. The corresponding frequencies were 31.1% and 42.2% in non‐severe TI group respectively. No significant correlation was observed between the Xmn1‐Gγ polymorphism and severity of thalassemia, age at onset of symptoms, age at diagnosis, age at first transfusion, transfusion frequency or average hemoglobin levels. HbF level was significantly higher in Xmn1‐Gγ +/+ and Xmn1‐Gγ +/− patients.ConclusionsThis study showed that although the prevalence of Xmn1‐Gγ polymorphism is high in β thalassemia intermedia patients, it alone could not predict clinical severity in TI patients. Further refinement and validation of clinical scoring system is necessary for guiding appropriate management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1025–1028. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inception and Trapping of ZnO Nanoparticles within Desilicated Mordenite and ZSM‐5 Zeolites
Authors: Susarrey‐Arce Arturo , Hernández‐Espinosa Miguel Angel , Rojas‐González Fernando , Reed Christopher , Petranovskii Vitalii , Licea Angel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractZnO nanoparticle inception within mordenite and ZSM‐5 zeolites, of varied Si/Al ratios, was achieved via the exchange of zeolite cations with Zn2+, followed by NaOH leaching, and thermal treatment at 550 °C under O2. ZnO particles were observed by electron microscopy; further characterization included X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 sorption. NaOH addition caused a partial desilication of mordenite and ZSM‐5 zeolites as shown by a decreased Si/Al ratio. The bulk and surface Zn and Al concentrations were measured by ICP‐AE spectrometry and XPS, respectively. N2 sorption isotherms on ZnO/zeolite specimens indicated the existence of micropores and mesopores; the amounts of them in mordenite and ZSM‐5 zeolites were determined from adsorption data at low pressures. The progressive growth of ZnO nanoparticles induced some micropore widening as well as the inception of a slit‐like intrazeolite mesoporosity due to the desilication of the substrate during the NaOH leaching process. The final zeolite products are potentially useful as they are endowed with a twofold micro‐mesoporosity.
Contact passivation in silicon solar cells using atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminum oxide layers
Authors: Zielke Dimitri , Petermann Jan Hendrik , Werner Florian , Veith Boris , Brendel Rolf , Schmidt Jan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAtomic‐layer‐deposited aluminum oxide (AlOx) layers are implemented between the phosphorous‐diffused n+‐emitter and the Al contact of passivated emitter and rear silicon solar cells. The increase in open‐circuit voltage Voc of 12 mV for solar cells with the Al/AlOx/n+‐Si tunnel contact compared to contacts without AlOx layer indicates contact passivation by the implemented AlOx. For the optimal AlOx layer thickness of 0.24 nm we achieve an independently confirmed energy conversion efficiency of 21.7% and a Voc of 673 mV. For AlOx thicknesses larger than 0.24 nm the tunnel probability decreases, resulting in a larger series resistance. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A survey of cyber crimes
Authors: Zhang Yanping , Xiao Yang , Ghaboosi Kaveh , Zhang Jingyuan , Deng Hongmei 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWith the advancement of computer and information technology, cyber crime is now becoming one of the most significant challenges facing law enforcement organizations. Cyber crimes are generally referred as criminal activities that use computers or networks. An understanding of the characteristics and nature of cyber crimes is important in helping research communities find ways to effectively prevent them. Most existing research focuses more on attacks and attack models, including either actual attacks or imaginary/possible attacks over all layers of networks or computers, but there has been less work carried out on a comprehensive survey of cyber crimes. This paper provides a survey of cyber crimes that have actually occurred. First, cyber crimes in the digital world are compared with crimes in the physical world. Then, cyber crimes are categorized according to the roles of computers or networks. Furthermore, we also notice that some cyber crimes are actually traditionally non‐cyber crimes that are facilitated by computers or networks. It is surprising that there are so many recurrent cyber crimes. More efforts are needed to protect people from cyber crimes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ONIOM method: its foundation and applications to metalloenzymes and photobiology
Authors: Chung Lung Wa , Hirao Hajime , Li Xin , Morokuma Keiji 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe ONIOM (our Own N‐layer Integrated molecular Orbital molecular Mechanics) method is one of the most popular, successful, and easily‐to‐implement hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods to treat complex molecular systems. Hybrid QM/MM methods take advantage of the high accuracy of QM methods and the low computational cost of MM methods. One key feature of the ONIOM method is a simple linear extrapolation procedure, which allows the ONIOM method to be further extended to two‐layer ONIOM(QM1:QM2), three‐layer ONIOM(QM1:QM2:MM), and, in principle, any n‐layer n‐level‐of‐theory methods. Such hierarchical features of the ONIOM method are unique among the hybrid QM/MM methods. This review article provides an overview of the theoretical foundation and recent development of the ONIOM method. Some of its recent applications to metalloenzymes and photobiology will also be highlighted. Prospective ONIOM development for more realistic simulations on the complex systems will be discussed finally. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods
Utilization of Agro‐industrial Residues for Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 (NCIMB 40045): Optimization of Culture Medium
Authors: Rodríguez‐Carmona E. , Bastida J. , Manresa A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, central composite design and a response surface methodology are shown to be useful tools for medium optimization, in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 using an industrial oil byproduct, for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. The optimum medium composition for PHA production includes: 80 g/L of the carbon source; 18.2 g/L of NaNO3 and 3.3 g/L of K2HPO4/1.6 g/L KH2PO4 (R2 = 0.989). The models were validated experimentally by cultivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 in optimum media that yielded similar biomass (18.73 g/L) and PHA (4.63 g/L) concentrations to the predicted values. The optimized media showed an increase in biomass productivity from 0.06 to 0.39 g biomass/L h, and an increase in PHA productivity from 0.03 to 0.1 g PHA/L h.
The Effect of Total Knee Arthroplasty on Body Mass Index—A Prospective Study
Authors: Shariff Raheel , Rathinam Manickam , Gulam Attar Fahad , Wainwright Olwyn , James McNicholas Michael 
Published: July 2011

Background/Purposes Osteoarthritic patients, who need a total knee arthroplasty, usually complain of knee pain as the major reason to forbid them from exercising to lose weight. Weight gain, in turn, worsens the process of osteoarthritis as a vicious cycle. In our prospective study, we calculated the preoperative and 1-year postoperative body mass index (BMI) after total knee replacement. Materials and Methods We prospectively followed up 91 patients in the knee arthroplasty clinic. Height, preoperative weight, and postoperative weight at 12 months were measured, and the pre- and postoperative BMIs were calculated. All the perioperative factors of the patients were without any major change. Results The mean preoperative BMI was 31.08, and at 12-month followup, the mean BMI was 30.11. This difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The results obtained in our study suggest that there is no statistically significant difference between the pre- and postoperative BMIs at 1-year follow-up.
Genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in camels, cattle and sheep from the south-east of Iran indicates the presence of the G3 genotype
Authors: Hajialilo E. , Harandi M.F. , Sharbatkhori M. , Mirhendi H. , Rostami S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEchinococcus granulosus, the aetiologic agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), is one of the most important zoonotic helminthes worldwide. Isolates of the parasite show considerable genetic variation in different intermediate hosts. Several genotypes and species are described in different eco-epidemiological settings. This study investigated E. granulosus genotypes existing in livestock and humans from the province of Kerman, located in south-eastern Iran, using sequencing data of cox1 and nad1 mitochondrial genes. Fifty-eight E. granulosus isolates, including 35 from sheep, 11 from cattle, 9 from camels and 3 from goats, were collected from slaughterhouses throughout Kerman. One human isolate was obtained from a surgical case of CE. Mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 38 isolates were sequenced. Genotypes G1 (73.7%), G3 (13.2%) and G6 (13.1%) were identified from the isolates. G1 was the most common genotype from sheep (86.7%), cattle (80%), camels (44.4%) and goats (100%). Sheep, cattle and camels were also found to be infected with the G3 genotype (buffalo strain). The human isolate was identified as the G6 genotype. Results showed that the G3 genotype occurred in different animal hosts in addition to G1 and G6 genotypes.
Reproductive biology of four Diplodus species Diplodus vulgaris, D. annularis, D. sargus sargus and D. puntazzo (Sparidae) in the Gulf of Tunis (central Mediterranean)
Authors: Mouine N. , Francour P. , Ktari M.H. , Chakroun-Marzouk N. 
Published: July 2011

The reproductive features of four commercially important species of the Diplodus genus were studied in the Gulf of Tunis to contribute to better fisheries management on the local scale. The study was specifically aimed to estimate sex-ratio and size at first maturity, to determine spawning season, to analyse hepatic and muscular energy reserve changes and to highlight possible regional difference over the Diplodus geographical distribution. A total of 570 Diplodus vulgaris (two-banded seabream), 428 Diplodus annularis (annular seabream), 350 Diplodus sargus sargus (white seabream) and 218 Diplodus puntazzo (sharpsnout seabream) were collected from the commercial catches of the artisanal fleet between October 2004 and June 2006. Male:female ratio was initially skewed in favour of females for the four Diplodus species and especially among larger-sized individuals. Length and age at first maturity was 17.4 ± 0.2 cm total length (TL) (4 years) for D. vulgaris, 9.7 cm TL (2 years) for D. annularis, 21.0 ± 0.3 cm TL (4 years) for D. s. sargus, 21.5 ± 0.2 cm TL (3 years) for D. puntazzo and a recommendation is made for the increasing of the captured length. According to the monthly succession of gonad maturity stages and the yearly gonadosomatic index (GSI) fluctuation, the spawning season of Diplodus species present a temporal succession along the year. The two-banded seabream has a winter spawning period, the white seabream is mainly a spring spawner, the annular seabream spawns essentially in summer months and the spawning of sharpsnout seabream takes place in autumn. Generally, hepatosomatic index presented an inverse trend to GSI in relation to the breeding activity. The condition factor showed significant monthly variations affected by the sexual cycle of the Diplodus species.
Aaron Copland and the Politics of Cultural Diplomacy
Authors: ANSARI EMILY ABRAMS 
Published: July 2011

AbstractScholars have largely ignored Aaron Copland's lengthy career as a cultural diplomat, although the documentation surrounding it sheds new light on his political views. Through a consideration of his work with the U.S. government during World War II and the Cold War this article argues that a brand of universalist internationalism, rooted in his earlier musical experiences in Europe and in his leftist politics, motivated many of Copland's political activities at home and overseas during this period. Copland remained committed to this perspective both before and after his McCarthy hearing in 1953, but the Cold War inevitably brought new challenges to a man with such an outlook. Copland's work with the U.S. Information Agency during this period shows that although his beliefs and attitudes remained unchanged, he felt the need to participate in a reconstruction of his image that better matched the new climate. His music written during the Cold War, furthermore, provides an artistic realization of this interaction between pragmatism and idealism.
Mary Davenport Engberg: Pioneering Musician in a Bachelors’ Frontier
Authors: KNIGHTON ELIZABETH JULIANA 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMany women in the United States encountered resistance to their involvement in orchestral conducting and public instrumental performance—both solo and ensemble—in the early twentieth century. Mary Davenport Engberg (1880–1951), however, became involved in the developing musical culture of the Pacific Northwest without encountering opposition based on her gender. In 1911 Engberg founded the mixed-gender Bellingham Symphony Orchestra, which she conducted until she became the conductor of the Seattle Civic Symphony Orchestra in 1921, and she also performed extensively as a violinist in Seattle and along the West Coast. She was the director of an influential music school in Seattle and cofounded the Seattle Civic Opera Association in 1932. Engberg's life and accomplishments reveal the effect of regional differences in the experiences and reception of women in American music. An understanding of her contributions leads to a better appreciation of the varied roles played by women in instrumental music throughout our country's history.
Biofuels
Authors: Singh Natasha Ramroop 
Published: July 2011

Biofuel is a generic name for liquid or gaseous fuels that are not derived from petroleum based fossils fuels or contain a proportion of non-fossil fuel. Biofuels include products such as ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel. Biofuels are produced from sources such as: corn, soybeans, flaxseed, rapeseed, sugarcane, palm oil, sugar beet raw sewage, food scraps, animal parts, and rice.
Biofuels are also known as non conventional or alternative fuels. Alternative fuels can be classified as any fuel that is not derived from conventional sources like petroleum, coal and natural gas. Other than biofuels, some more examples of alternative fuels are solar, wind and tidal power, hydrogen, air engine power and non-conventional oil. Since mankind discovered fire, wood has been the first biofuel used for heating and cooking. This biofuel has also been used to produce electricity, and liquid biofuel have been used in the automotive industry since its inception.
Unlike fossil fuels, which are necessarily derived from long deceased and metamorphosed biological organisms, biofuels (otherwise known as agrofuels) are obtained from only recently deceased or from living biological organisms, or in other words, derived from biomass or bio-waste.
Many food sources and plant crops are the main feedstock for biofuels, and as such one must take into consideration the deleterious effects of biofuel production on the natural resources of any particular region. These feedstocks may enter into animal as well as human food chains, and as biofuel production has increased, there has been criticism for diverting food away from human consumption, which can lead to food shortages and increased food prices.
The demand for biofuels is directly correlated to the price of oil. Henceforth, while discussing the benefits of biofuels, the pitfalls must be kept apparent, before sustainable biofuel production can be realized.
This chapter presents and overview of biofuels and the types of biomass that are used for biofuels production. Variations in biofuel properties with the biomass feedstock are also described.
Properties of Fuels from Crops
Authors: Demirbaş Ayhan 
Published: July 2011

The suitability of energy crops for either energy conversion into fuels or energy release through combustion can be measured by several indices that reflect energy content, density, and ease of recovery. These properties ultimately determine both the suitability and diversity of potential end use of feedstocks and their potential value as agroindustrial resources.
The chemical and physical properties of the dedicated energy crops that will ultimately supply a significant fraction of these feedstocks will be important to many of these processes. This is true not only from the perspective of chemical or energetic yield of the conversion process, but also from the standpoint of the economics of both agronomic and industrial sectors.
This chapter follows on from the previous chapter and presents an overview of the properties of fuels that are produced of fuels from crops in order for the reader to understand the chemical parameters that are involved in determining the use of such fuels.
The AMPD1 C34T mutation is not associated with the status of Israeli athletes
Authors: Meckel Yoav , Nemet Dan , Alves Alberto J. , Eliakim Alon , Eynon Nir 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1) gene seems to be an important regulator of skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. A nonsense C34T mutation in the AMPD1 gene results in a premature stop codon, thus stopping protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the AMPD1 C34T mutation frequency distribution among 155 Israeli athletes (endurance athletes, n=74; sprinters, n=81) and 142 healthy controls. Genotyping of the AMPD1 C34T (rs5810761) mutation was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that the genotype subtype did not differ by gender in the athletes (P=0.18) or the controls (P=0.79). The AMPD1 C34T genotype distribution was in line with Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium within all groups (P>0.05). The genotype distribution and allele frequencies were similar in the groups of endurance athletes, sprinters, and controls (P=0.455). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the subgroups of elite endurance athletes and national endurance athletes (P=0.78), or between elite and national sprinters (P=0.46). In conclusion, the AMPD1 C34T mutation is not associated with endurance athletes’ status, at least in the present group of Israeli athletes. This suggests that elite athletic status can be achieved despite a partial deficiency in AMPD1, as marked by the AMPD1 CT genotype.
Improved Neuronal Survival of Focal Ischemia After Delipid Extracorporeal Lipoprotein Treatment in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Authors: Liu Guojing , Wang Weichao , Xie Hui , Che Yongzhe , Xue Jun , Wu Youzhen , Zhou Qingwen , Kong Deling 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA delipid extracorporeal lipoprotein filter (DELP) system has been used to treat patients with stroke and has shown favorable prognosis. However, the mechanism for the neuronal functional recovery remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neuronal histological assessment, and the levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) after ischemic stroke following DELP treatment. Hyperlipidemic rabbits underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 30 min, the animals received an extracorporeal apheresis treatment with a DELP filter. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) of the plasma were measured. The levels of CRP, TNF‐α, and oxLDL in brain tissue were also measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, cresyl violet staining, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed. DELP apheresis reduced TC and LDL by >30%. The number of neurons at day 7 (P < 0.01) and the integrated optical density of NSE at day 1 (P <  0.05) and day 7 (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the DELP group. TUNEL‐positive cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Astrocytes were moderately activated, and this activation persisted up to 7 days. Gliosis was not found in the DELP group. After treatment, the level of CRP declined at day 1 (P < 0.05); TNF‐α and oxLDL declined at day 7 (P < 0.05). DELP apheresis decreased neuronal apoptosis, reduced inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia, and improved neuronal survival.