bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Progression of Neurological Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II
Authors: Holt Joshua B. , Poe Michele D. , Escolar Maria L. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by insufficiency of the iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme, which results in excess heparan and dermatan sulfates within the lysosomes of various tissues and organs, including the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural progression of neurologic disease in a large cohort of patients evaluated with standardized testing at a single institution.

METHODS:
During the period of December 2002 to October 2010, patients with MPS II were referred to the Program for Neurodevelopmental Function in Rare Disorders. A retrospective review of patient data was performed, which included the use of detailed questionnaires that addressed medical history, notes from previous health care providers, and the results of a multidisciplinary evaluation that lasted 4 to 6 hours and was performed by a team of neurodevelopmental pediatricians, speech pathologists, psychologists, audiologists, psychometricians, and occupational and physical therapists. Patients were evaluated annually for management of disease progression.

RESULTS:
A total of 50 male patients with MPS II were evaluated over 152 encounters. Two distinct subgroups of children were identified. One subset of patients had normal cognitive, speech and language, and adaptive functions whereas the other showed a dramatic decline in these areas. All patients developed fine and gross motor deficits.

CONCLUSION:
The natural progression of MPS II manifests as 2 divergent and distinct neurologic phenotypes with similar somatic disease. Patients may have primary neural parenchymal disease with cognitive involvement or may maintain normal cognitive abilities.
Early Childhood Stimulation Benefits Adult Competence and Reduces Violent Behavior
Authors: Walker Susan P. , Chang Susan M. , Vera-Hernández Marcos , Grantham-McGregor Sally 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:An estimated 178 million children younger than 5 years in developing countries experience linear growth retardation and are unlikely to attain their developmental potential. We aimed to evaluate adult benefits from early childhood stimulation and/or nutritional supplementation in growth-retarded children.METHODS:In Kingston, Jamaica, 129 growth-retarded children aged 9 to 24 months took part in a 2-year trial of nutritional supplementation (1 kg milk-based formula per week) and/or psychosocial stimulation (weekly play sessions to improve mother-child interaction). We assessed IQ, educational attainment, and behavior at 22 years old in 105 participants. We used multivariate regressions, weighted to adjust for loss to follow-up, to determine treatment benefits.RESULTS:We found no significant benefits from supplementation. Participants who received stimulation reported less involvement in fights (odds ratio: 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12–1.06]) and in serious violent behavior (odds ratio: 0.33 [95% CI: 0.11–0.93]) than did participants with no stimulation. They also had higher adult IQ (coefficient: 6.3 [95% CI: 2.2–10.4]), higher educational attainment (achievement, grade level attained, and secondary examinations), better general knowledge, and fewer symptoms of depression and social inhibition.CONCLUSIONS:Early psychosocial intervention had wide-ranging benefits in adulthood that are likely to facilitate functioning in everyday life. The reductions in violent behavior are extremely important given the high levels of violence in many developing countries. The study provides critical evidence that early intervention can lead to gains in adult functioning.
Risk-Taking Behaviors of Adolescents With Extreme Obesity: Normative or Not?
Authors: Ratcliff Megan Benoit , Jenkins Todd M. , Reiter-Purtill Jennifer , Noll Jennie G. , Zeller Meg H. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Present first published data detailing high-risk behaviors of adolescent high school students (HSS) with extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 99th percentile for age and gender) compared with healthy weight peers (5th–84th percentile).

METHODS:
The 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey was used to compare HSS with extreme obesity (N = 410) and healthy weight peers (N = 8669) in their engagement in (1) tobacco use, (2) alcohol/other drug use, (3) high-risk sexual behaviors, and (4) suicidal behaviors. Logistic regression was used to calculate gender-stratified odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), controlling for age and race.

RESULTS:
HSS with extreme obesity were similar to healthy weight peers in the prevalence of most behaviors related to alcohol/drug use, high-risk sexual activities, and suicide, with the following exceptions: relative to healthy weight HSS, both male and female students with extreme obesity more frequently reported ever trying cigarettes (female students, adjusted OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.3–3.2]; male students, OR: 1.5 [CI: 1.2–2.0]). Compared with healthy weight female students, female students with extreme obesity had lower odds of ever having sex (OR: 0.5 [CI: 0.3–0.9]), but greater odds of drinking alcohol/using drugs before their last sexual encounter (OR: 4.6 [CI: 1.2–17.6]), currently smoking (OR: 2.3 [CI: 1.2–4.4]), and using smokeless tobacco (OR: 4.6 [CI: 1.2–17.2]). Compared with healthy weight male students, male students with extreme obesity had greater odds of smoking before age 13 (OR: 1.4 [CI: 1.0–2.0]).

CONCLUSIONS:
With few exceptions, HSS with extreme obesity engage in high-risk behaviors at rates comparable with healthy weight peers, sometimes in even more dangerous ways. Health care providers should assess risk-taking behaviors in this cohort.
Impact of Provider Specialty on Pediatric Procedural Sedation Complication Rates
Authors: Couloures Kevin G. , Beach Michael , Cravero Joseph P. , Monroe Kimberly K. , Hertzog James H. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine if pediatric procedural sedation-provider medical specialty affects major complication rates when sedation-providers are part of an organized sedation service.

METHODS:
The 38 self-selected members of the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium prospectively collected data under institutional review board approval. Demographic data, primary and coexisting illness, procedure, medications used, outcomes, airway interventions, provider specialty, and adverse events were reported on a self-audited, Web-based data collection tool. Major complications were defined as aspiration, death, cardiac arrest, unplanned hospital admission or level-of-care increase, or emergency anesthesia consultation. Event rates per 10 000 sedations, 95% confidence intervals, and odds ratios were calculated using anesthesiologists as the reference group and were then adjusted for age, emergency status, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status &gt; 2, nil per os for solids, propofol use, and clustering by site.

RESULTS:
Between July 1, 2004, and December 31, 2008, 131 751 pediatric procedural sedation cases were recorded; there were 122 major complications and no deaths. Major complication rates and 95% confidence intervals per 10 000 sedations were as follows: anesthesiologists, 7.6 (4.6–12.8); emergency medicine, 7.8 (5.5–11.2); intensivist, 9.6 (7.3–12.6); pediatrician, 12.4 (6.9–20.4); and other, 10.2 (5.1–18.3). There was no statistical difference (P &gt; .05) among provider's complication rates before or after adjustment for potential confounding variables.

CONCLUSIONS:
In our sedation services consortium, pediatric procedural sedation performed outside the operating room is unlikely to yield serious adverse outcomes. Within this framework, no differences were evident in either the adjusted or unadjusted rates of major complications among different pediatric specialists.
Use of Chaperones During the Physical Examination of the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Curry Edward S. ,   Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine
Published: April 2011

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed June 2022.
Physicians should always communicate the scope and nature of the physical examination to be performed to the pediatric patient and his or her parent. This statement addresses the use of chaperones and issues of patient comfort, confidentiality, and privacy. The use of a chaperone should be a shared decision between the patient and physician. In some states, the use of a chaperone is mandated by state regulations.
Dynamics and Control of Humanoid Robots: A Geometrical Approach
Authors: Ivancevic Vladimir G. , Ivancevic Tijana T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews modern geometrical dynamics and control of humanoid robots. This general Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism starts with a proper definition of humanoid's configuration manifold, which is a set of all robot's active joint angles. Based on the ‘covariant force law’, the general humanoid's dynamics and control are developed. Autonomous Lagrangian dynamics is formulated on the associated ‘humanoid velocity phase space’, while autonomous Hamiltonian dynamics is formulated on the associated ‘humanoid momentum phase space’. Neural-like hierarchical humanoid control naturally follows this geometrical prescription. This purely rotational and autonomous dynamics and control is then generalized into the framework of modern non-autonomous biomechanics, defining the Hamiltonian fitness function. The paper concludes with several simulation examples.
Tidying and Cleaning Rooms using a Daily Assistive Robot - An Integrated System for Doing Chores in the Real World -
Authors: Yamazaki Kimitoshi , Ueda Ryohei , Nozawa Shunichi , Mori Yuto , Maki Toshiaki , Hatao Naotaka , Okada Kei , Inaba Masayuki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a system integration of daily assistive robots. Several tasks related to cleaning and tidying up rooms are focused on. Recognition and motion generation functions were integrated onto the robot, and these provided failure detection and in some cases, its recovery. Experiments of several daily tasks handling daily tools showed the effectiveness of our system.
Non-Facial and Non-Verbal Affective Expression for Appearance-Constrained Robots Used in Victim Management*
Authors: Bethel Cindy L. , Murphy Robin R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNon-facial and non-verbal methods of affective expression are essential for social interaction in appearance-constrained robots such as those used in search and rescue, law enforcement, and military applications. This research identified five main methods of non-facial and non-verbal affective expression (body movements, postures, orientation, color, and sound). Based on an extensive review of literature, prescriptive design recommendations were developed for the appropriate non-facial and non-verbal affective expression methods for three proximity zones of interest (intimate, personal, and social). These design recommendations serve as guidelines to add retroactively affective expression through software with minimal or no physical modification to a robot. A large-scale, complex human-robot interaction study was conducted to validate these design recommendations using 128 participants and four methods of evaluation. The study was conducted in a high-fidelity, confined-space simulated disaster site with all robot interactions performed in the dark. Statistically significant results indicated that participants felt the robots that exhibited affective expressions were more calming, friendly, and attentive, which improved the social human-robot interactions.
Measurements of absorbed heat flux and water-side heat transfer coefficient in water wall tubes
Authors: Taler Jan , Taler Dawid , Kowal Andrzej 
Published: April 2011

Measurements of absorbed heat flux and water-side heat transfer coefficient in water wall tubes
The tubular type instrument (flux tube) was developed to identify boundary conditions in water wall tubes of steam boilers. The meter is constructed from a short length of eccentric tube containing four thermocouples on the fire side below the inner and outer surfaces of the tube. The fifth thermocouple is located at the rear of the tube on the casing side of the water-wall tube. The boundary conditions on the outer and inner surfaces of the water flux-tube are determined based on temperature measurements at the interior locations. Four K-type sheathed thermocouples of 1 mm in diameter, are inserted into holes, which are parallel to the tube axis. The non-linear least squares problem is solved numerically using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The heat transfer conditions in adjacent boiler tubes have no impact on the temperature distribution in the flux tubes.
Experimental and theoretical study of dryout in annular flow in small diameter channels
Authors: Mikielewicz Dariusz , Gliński Michał , Wajs Jan 
Published: April 2011

Experimental and theoretical study of dryout in annular flow in small diameter channels
In the paper the experimental analysis of dryout in small diameter channels is presented. The investigations were carried out in vertical pipes of internal diameter equal to 1.15 mm and 2.3 mm. Low-boiling point fluids such as SES36 and R123 were examined. The modern experimental techniques were applied to record liquid film dryout on the wall, among the others the infrared camera. On the basis of experimental data an empirical correlation for predictions of critical heat flux was proposed. It shows a good agreement with experimental data within the error band of 30%. Additionally, a unique approach to liquid film dryout modeling in annular flow was presented. It led to the development of the three-equation model based on consideration of liquid mass balance in the film, a two-phase mixture in the core and gas. The results of experimental validation of the model exhibit improvement in comparison to other models from literature.
New structural and mechanical features of hexagonal materials after room temperature extrusion using the KoBo method
Authors: Korbel Andrzej , Pospiech Jan , Bochniak Włodzimierz , Tarasek Anna , Ostachowski Pawel , Bonarski Jan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The paper presents results of investigations on texture, microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ31 and pure zinc after severe plastic deformation using the KoBo extrusion method at room temperature. The KoBo method combines monotonic metal deformation with cyclic changes of deformation path. It allows realization of an extrusion ratio equal to 100 (true strain ∊ = 4.6) at room temperature using a force of less than 1 MN. At the same time the grain structure is refined to the level of a few micrometers and the material attains unusually high mechanical properties not otherwise available regardless of the thermo-mechanical features.
Transmission electron microscopy observations in bright and dark field (weak beam technique) contrast conditions allowed identification of clusters of point defects in the extruded wires. In the light of these observations they are the only elements (nano-size elements) of the metals' structure which can be held responsible for the unusual properties of the wires.
Estimation of Fe2B growth on low-carbon steel based on two diffusion models
Authors: Ortiz-Domínguez M. , Campos-Silva I. , Hernández-Sánchez E. , Nava-Sánchez J. L. , Martínez-Trinidad J. , Jiménez-Reyes M. Y. , Damián-Mejía O. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two different approaches are used in the evaluation of Fe2B growth and its kinetics over the surface of AISI 1018 steel. The first approach considers a diffusion model based on the mass balance at the growing Fe2B/substrate interface. In the second approach, the method of dimensional analysis was applied to obtain an expression for the boride layer thickness as a function of dependence parameters involved in the boriding process. The Fe2B layers were formed by the paste boriding process at temperatures of 1 123 to 1 273 K with 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of exposure using a boron carbide paste thickness of 4 mm over the surface of the steel. Another set of boriding temperatures with 5 h of exposure were used on the surface of the steel to compare the experimental values of Fe2B layer thicknesses with the results obtained by both diffusion models. The predicted values showed good agreement with the experimental boride layer thicknesses achieved in this work.
Optimization of ZnO2 nanoparticle content in binary blended concrete to enhance high strength concrete
Authors: Nazari Ali , Riahi Shadi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The mechanical properties of concrete containing ZnO2 nanoparticles which was cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. ZnO2 nanoparticles were added to concrete as nano-fillers. The specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting and then their strength was evaluated by mechanical testing (compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests). The results showed that replacement of Portland cement with ZnO2 nanoparticles up to 1.0 wt.% for the specimens cured in water and 2.0 wt.% for the specimens cured in saturated limewater produces concrete with the best strength. It has been shown that curing the specimens in saturated limewater for 28 days and then in water until 90 days, produces a stronger concrete than those cured only in saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)2 crystals which form after 28 days, when the specimens are cured in limewater, do not contribute to strength enhancement as much as strengthening gel and hence, the mechanical properties of the specimens do not reach the highest level. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more strengthening gel and results in a concrete with higher strength. The addition of nanoparticles improves the pore structure of concretes, thus, the refined extent of the pore structure increases with decreasing nanoparticle content. The pore structure of concrete cured in saturated limewater is better than that of concrete cured in water.
On the micromechanics of die compaction of composite powder materials
Authors: Skrinjar Olle , Larsson Per-Lennart 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the present investigation a finite element study is performed concerning the local contact behavior of spherical powders in unit cell arrangements of composite powder materials. In particular, die compaction of unit cells of regular body-centered cubic lattices have been studied and the numerical results are compared to previous analytical and numerical findings describing, in particular, local contact but also global behavior in composite powder compaction. The foundation for the analytical results rests on previously published results where approximate composite contact relations are derived from self-similarity considerations in a situation where the powder particles are of the same material. Results pertinent to isostatic compaction are also presented for comparative reasons. The finite element calculations are continued up to full density of solid material in the unit cells.
High-temperature deformation behaviour of Ti3Al-11Nb intermetallic
Authors: Tadić Srdjan , Jančić-Heinemann Radmila , Čolić Katarina , Sedmak Aleksandar 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A mechanism of high-temperature plasticity has been studied in terms of stress exponent and activation energy for deformation. A Ti3Al-based intermetallic was processed by hot-rolling in the two-phase field to accomplish a fine-grained microstructure. Compression stress – strain tests were conducted in the temperature interval ranging from 900 to 1 050 °C and strain rates between 6.9 · 10− 5 and 2.7 · 10− 2 s− 1. Results indicate that viscous-drag dislocation glide and grain boundary sliding are the main mechanisms of deformation. Activation energy for deformation suggests dependency on the solute content in the -phase.
On the evolution of microstructure in oxygen-free high conductivity copper during thermo-mechanical processing using rotary swaging
Authors: Otto Frederik , Frenzel Jan , Eggeler Gunther 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the present work, the processing parameters which govern the evolution of microstructure during rotary swaging and intermediate/subsequent heat treatments in copper rods were studied. Copper ingots with an initial diameter of 40 mm were reduced to a final diameter of 11.7 mm by rotary swaging. Processing sequences were applied with different intermediate anneals and various final heat treatments. The resulting microstructures were characterized using orientation imaging microscopy, optical microscopy and hardness measurements. Special emphasis was placed on the evolution of microstructure with respect to the radial and longitudinal position in the rod. Most importantly, microstructural evidence for torsional loading during swaging was found, and a spiral grain morphology was observed. Moreover, localized deformation events were identified and evidence for abnormal grain growth was found. Finally, a combination of swaging and heat treatment parameters was identified which allowed a homogeneous grain structure to be produced.
Gene Flow Among Modoc Sucker and Sacramento Sucker Populations in the Upper Pit River, California and Oregon
Authors: Smith Christian T. , Reid Stewart B. , Godfrey Lindsay , Ardren William R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Modoc sucker Catostomus microps received legal protection in the United States based partially on concerns that anthropogenic environmental changes had restricted migration among populations and catalyzed hybridization with a more abundant congener, the Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis. We applied eight microsatellite markers to samples of both species collected from two tributaries to the Pit River, California (Ash Creek and Turner Creek), and one tributary of Goose Lake, Oregon (Thomas Creek). Modoc sucker populations in these three tributaries seemed to be largely isolated from one another: gene flow between Ash Creek and Turner Creek was no greater than that among these two creeks and Thomas Creek. In contrast, divergence estimates among collections of Sacramento suckers indicated greater gene flow between Ash Creek and Turner Creek than between either of these creeks and Thomas Creek. Samples collected at a single site (Ash Valley) were identified based on morphology as Modoc suckers, but genetic data suggested they were much more similar to Sacramento suckers. Interspecific hybrids were detected in all three tributaries. Collections of Modoc suckers yielded 0.0–3.9% hybrids, and collections of Sacramento suckers yielded 0.0–80.0% hybrids. The two collections with the greatest proportions of hybrids (54.5 and 80.0%) were both from tributaries to lower Thomas Creek, and neither of these tributaries is thought to have upstream populations of Modoc suckers. Based on 1) low levels of hybrid detection in all three tributaries, 2) the absence of hybrids from typical parental habitats (upstream habitats for Modoc suckers and Pit River mainstem for Sacramento suckers), and 3) highly significant RST (variance in allele size) values between the species, we conclude that hybridization is common but that significant introgression (i.e., loss of parental genotypes) has not occurred. We also note that hybridization, and subsequent introgression, may become a conservation concern in such cases when the habitat of one or both of these species is eliminated or modified.