bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel pressure control in supercritical fluid chromatography using a resistively heated restrictor
Authors: Li Jian Jun , Thurbide Kevin B. 
Published: April 2009

An alternative means of independently controlling column pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) by resistively heating the post-column restrictor is demonstrated. Compared to conventional block heating methods, resistive restrictor heating provides at least four times greater pressure programming rates and allows for much faster cooling times in between runs, thereby increasing sample throughput. When applying resistive restrictor heating in proximity to a flame ionization detector, the chromatographic baseline noise increases substantially and obscures peaks. However, adding about 100 mL/min of nitrogen into the flame burner essentially removes this noise and returns the detector response to normal. The analyte retention time in consecutive pressure gradient trials reproduces well with a minimal relative standard deviation of 0.36% (n = 3). The resistive restrictor heating technique presented is also found to be equally effective for either capillary or packed SFC operating modes. Results suggest that this method can potentially provide a simple, inexpensive, and convenient alternative to limited passive restrictors or more costly and complex backpressure regulators that are often used to maintain system pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography.
Islamic Finance and Dispute Resolution: Part 2
Authors: Nadar Aisha 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Islamic Financial Industry is an industry that organises financial services in accordance with Islamic Law, in the same way as the traditional financial industry is organised in accordance with secular law. The unique challenges facing the industry in terms of compliance with Islamic law have been internationally recognised in relation to capital adequacy, risk management, corporate governance, transparency and disclosure. The same, however, has not been true in the area of dispute resolution. The purpose of this paper is to identify the unique challenges facing Islamic finance in compliance with Islamic law in the ambit of English courts, evaluate the features of international commercial arbitration as they relate to overcoming these challenges, and provide some suggestions for going forward. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 will provide a discussion on governing law of contract and the limitations imposed by English courts on party autonomy. Section 2 discusses International commercial arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution forum. Section 3 presents some ideas for going forward, within the context of historical lessons. Finally the paper presents some conclusions in Section 4.
Blood, Tigers, Dragons: The Physiology of Transcendence for Women
Authors: Valussi Elena 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article sets out to compare visions of the female body and its processes found in Chinese medicine and in a Daoist tradition called nüdan, or female alchemy. This tradition, developed fully in the late Ming and Qing periods, describes the female body in ways very similar to those of Chinese medicine. However, despite the fact that loci, fluids and processes are described in a similar manner in the two textual traditions, the goals to reach are strikingly different. In the case of medicine, the goal is health, well-being, regularity, and the production of children, while in the case of female alchemy, the main goal is transcendence, achieved through the reversal of natural female processes like menstruation, gestation and childbirth.
Pacific Water Transport in the Western Arctic Ocean Simulated by an Eddy-Resolving Coupled Sea Ice–Ocean Model
Authors: Watanabe Eiji , Hasumi Hiroyasu 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The process of the Pacific water transport in the Chukchi Sea and the southern Canada Basin is investigated by using an eddy-resolving coupled sea ice–ocean model. The simulation result demonstrates that the Pacific water flows into the basin by mesoscale baroclinic eddies, which are generated and developed as a result of the instability of a narrow and intense jet through the Barrow Canyon. Each eddy has a baroclinic anticyclonic structure, and its horizontal and vertical scales grow up by being merged with other ones during August and September, they separate into anticyclones whose diameters are about 50 km in October, and then they gradually shrink in early winter. The Pacific water transport across the Beaufort shelf break reaches maximum (about 0.3 Sv, where 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) during late summer and early autumn when the eddy activities are enhanced. The sensitivity experiments indicate that the shelf-to-basin transport differs depending on the sea ice condition in the Chukchi Sea during summer. The difference is found to be associated with the jet strength, which is closely related to the location of the sea ice margin. When the sea ice margin is located in the Canada Basin, the jet is stronger, and mesoscale eddy activities and corresponding inflow of the Pacific water into the basin are enhanced. When sea ice remains in the shelf even in late summer, sea ice ocean stress plays a great role in braking the jet and the consequent suppression of the shelf-to-basin transport. The freshwater and heat transports into the basin associated with the Pacific water inflow depend on not only the volume flux but also on surface buoyancy flux in the shelf, which varies according to sea ice condition. The freshwater transport referenced to 34.8 psu is 259 km3 yr−1 in the medium sea ice extent case. Although the Pacific water becomes freshened as a result of its mixing with sea ice meltwater in the large extent case, the freshwater transport is still less than in the other cases. The heat transport is promoted by preferable absorption of solar heat in addition to energetic eddy-induced transport in the small extent case. The heat amount provided into the basin is equivalent to the reduction of sea ice thickness by about 1 m yr−1 north of the Chukchi and Beaufort shelf breaks.
Konsum statt Arbeit? Zum Wandel von Individualität in der modernen Massengesellschaft
Authors: Wirsching Andreas 
Published: April 2009

Vorspann
Was begründet in modernen Massengesellschaften Individualität und Identität? Rechte wie linke Kultur- und Konsumkritiker waren sich – zumindest in Europa und hier vor allem in Deutschland – lange einig, dass der Herausbildung autonomer, eigenverantwortlicher Persönlichkeiten in der schönen neuen Welt der organisierten Vermassung und Vermarktung enge Grenzen gesetzt seien. In den Vereinigten Staaten hingegen entwickelte sich bereits im 19. Jahrhundert ein anderes Denkmodell, das die Massen- und Konsumgesellschaft positiv konnotierte und insbesondere auch die Individualitätsgewinne durch Konsum betonte. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, so Andreas Wirsching, gewann das konsumistische Paradigma auch in der Alten Welt eine Art kulturelle Hegemonie, während die traditionelle Kultur- und Konsumkritik fast ganz verstummte. Der in Augsburg lehrende Historiker beschreibt diesen spektakulären Paradigmenwechsel und spürt auch seinen Ursachen nach, die er in tiefgreifenden gesellschaftlichen Umwälzungsprozessen erkennt. In den postindustriellen Gesellschaften des Westens, so seine These, werden Eigendefinition und Selbstbilder weitaus weniger als früher durch Arbeit konstruiert. Immer größeres Gewicht gewinnen dagegen die individuellen Chancen auf dem Markt der Freizeit und des Konsums.
Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995–2005)
Authors: Waitt Laura H. , Cebra Christopher K. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective—To characterize signalment, clinical signs of disease, and clinical response to insulin in equids with hypertriglyceridemia.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—20 horses, 17 ponies, and 7 donkeys with hypertriglyceridemia.
Procedures—For analysis of medical record data, horses, donkeys, and ponies with multiple serum or plasma triglycerides measurements were separated into groups. Hypertriglyceridemic equids that were (HT-I; n = 14) or were not (HT-N; 10) treated with insulin consisted of equids with an initial triglycerides concentration > 44 mg/dL but < 500 mg/dL. Equids with an initial triglycerides concentration > 500 mg/dL, all of which were treated with insulin, constituted the lipemic group (LIP-I; 20). Each group included a full range of ages. Pretreatment and posttreatment values from serum or plasma biochemical analyses were compared among groups.
Results—No age predilection for hypertriglyceridemia was apparent. Of the 29 female equids, only 7 (24%) were lactating or pregnant. Multiple illnesses were diagnosed in hypertriglyceridemic equids, including colitis (14/44; 32%) and colic (9/44; 20%). Many breeds were affected, including 16 (36%) American Miniature Horses and 9 (20%) Arabians or Arabian crossbreds. The mean posttreatment triglycerides concentration was not significantly different from the initial value in HT-N equids (175 vs 125 mg/dL) but was significantly lower than the pretreatment triglycerides concentration in HT-I (252 vs 55 mg/dL) and LIP-I (872 vs 87 mg/dL) equids.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equids of all ages and sexes with various diseases had hypertriglyceridemia. Insulin treatment decreased the triglycerides concentrations in affected equids.
Pseudogout of the temporomandibular joint: Immediate reconstruction with total joint arthroplasty
Authors: Kathju Sandeep , Cohen Ruben , Lasko Leslie‐Ann , Aynechi Moris , Dattilo David J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundPseudogout of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare disorder with <40 reported cases in the English‐language literature. It is usually treated with surgical resection and condylectomy alone.MethodsWe report the case of a 68‐year‐old woman presenting with a preauricular mass resulting from calcium pyrophosphate deposition (pseudogout) in the TMJ, who underwent surgical resection with immediate reconstruction.ResultsOpen surgical resection to completely remove the mass confirmed substantial erosion of the condyle and disc, necessitating condylectomy and discectomy. The joint was thereafter immediately reconstructed by total joint arthroplasty using a Christensen TMJ implant sized to the patient's anatomy. The patient was able to resume a regular diet and demonstrated marked improvement in her interincisal opening.ConclusionImmediate reconstruction of the TMJ with total joint arthroplasty is a safe and effective measure following removal of this (and potentially other) TMJ lesions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Experimental study of extreme shear stress for shallow flow under simulated rainfall
Authors: Lu Jau‐Yau , Lee Jun‐Ji , Lu Tai‐Fang , Hong Jian‐Hao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe raindrop impact and overland flow are two major factors causing soil detachment and particle transportation. In this study, the turbulent characteristics of the shallow rain‐impacted water flow were investigated using a 2‐D fibre‐optic laser Doppler velocimetry (FLDV) and an artificial rainfall simulator. The fluctuating turbulent shear stress was computed using digital data processing techniques. The experimental data showed that the Reynolds shear stress follows a probability distribution with heavy tails. The tail probability increases with an increase of rainfall intensity or raindrop diameter, and it decreases with an increase of Reynolds number. A modified empirical equation was derived using both the raindrop diameter and rainfall intensity as independent variables to provide a better prediction of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction coefficient f under rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical issues regarding fertility preservation in adolescents and children
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCertain forms of treatment for cancer in children and adolescents may significantly affect their fertility. Oncologists and specialists in reproductive medicine are attempting to use various methods of fertility preservation to address this problem. However, major medical/biological issues must be resolved before many of these methods can be considered accepted medical treatments. In addition, ethical considerations that such treatments bring to the fore, including those relevant to assent by children and the provision of experimental treatment to children, must be taken into account. This article addresses the current and future medical and ethical status of the development of fertility‐preserving treatment for adolescents and children who are to receive cancer treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:249–253. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student conscientiousness, self‐regulated learning, and science achievement: An explorative field study
Authors: Eilam Billie , Zeidner Moshe , Aharon Irit 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis explorative field study examined the mediating role of self‐regulated learning (SRL) in the relationship between the personality trait of conscientiousness, SRL, and science achievement in a sample of junior high school students. Over the course of an entire academic year, data on enacted SRL were collected each week for 52 eighth‐grade students in the context of an inquiry‐based ecology project. Data were also collected on personality traits, self‐reported study strategies, science project achievement, and grade point average. Findings show significant relationships between conscientiousness, SRL, and achievement. As hypothesized, conscientiousness was shown to significantly impact academic achievement in the inquiry‐based course, mediated by enacted SRL. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation
Authors: James D. V. , Mullen P. E. , Pathé M. T. , Meloy J. R. , Preston L. F. , Darnley B. , Farnham F. R. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundPublic figures are at increased risk of attracting unwanted attention in the form of intrusions, stalking and, occasionally, attack. Whereas the potential threat to the British Royal Family from terrorists and organized groups is clearly defined, there is a dearth of knowledge about that from individual harassers and stalkers. This paper reports findings from the first systematic study of this group.MethodA retrospective study was conducted of a randomly selected stratified sample (n=275) of 8001 files compiled by the Metropolitan Police Service's Royalty Protection Unit over 15 years on inappropriate communications or approaches to members of the British Royal Family. Cases were split into behavioural types. Evidence of major mental illness was recorded from the files. Cases were classified according to a motivational typology. An analysis was undertaken of associations between motivation, type of behaviour and mental illness.ResultsOf the study sample, 83.6% were suffering from serious mental illness. Different forms of behaviour were associated with different patterns of symptomatology. Cases could be separated into eight motivational groups, which also showed significant differences in mental state. Marked differences in the intrusiveness of behaviour were found between motivational groups.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of mental illness indicates the relevance of psychiatric intervention. This would serve the health interests of psychotic individuals and alleviate protection concerns without the necessity of attempting large numbers of individual risk predictions. The finding that some motivations are more likely to drive intrusive behaviours than others may help focus both health and protection interventions.
A CANCELLATION PROPERTY OF THE MOORE–PENROSE INVERSE OF TRIPLE PRODUCTS
Authors: DAMM TOBIAS , WIMMER HARALD K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe study the matrix equation C(BXC)†B=X†, where X† denotes the Moore–Penrose inverse. We derive conditions for the consistency of the equation and express all its solutions using singular vectors of B and C. Applications to compliance matrices in molecular dynamics, to mixed reverse-order laws of generalized inverses and to weighted Moore–Penrose inverses are given.
KEEP foster‐parent training intervention: model description and effectiveness
Authors: Price Joseph M. , Chamberlain Patricia , Landsverk John , Reid John 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we describe the development and history of the Keeping Foster Parents Trained and Supported (KEEP) foster‐parent training intervention. KEEP intervention represents a modified version of the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care intervention developed by interventionists at the Oregon Social Learning Center and is designed to provide training and support for children ages 5–11 in regular foster care. We also report on the initial findings from a programme of research focused on determining the effectiveness of the intervention. Thus far, the results indicate that the intervention is effective in reducing child behaviour problems and that the effects of the intervention are mediated through changes in parenting behaviour. There is also evidence that the KEEP foster‐parent training intervention increases the chances of a positive change of placement (e.g. child reunited with biological parents) and mitigates the negative risk‐enhancing effect of a history of multiple placements. We conclude with a discussion of unanswered questions and directions for future research.
Out of the Andes: patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies
Authors: ELIAS M. , JORON M. , WILLMOTT K. , SILVA‐BRANDÃO K. L. , KAISER V. , ARIAS C. F. , PIÑEREZ L. M. GOMEZ , URIBE S. , BROWER A. V. Z. , FREITAS A. V. L. , JIGGINS C. D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGlobal biodiversity peaks in the tropical forests of the Andes, a striking geological feature that has likely been instrumental in generating biodiversity by providing opportunities for both vicariant and ecological speciation. However, the role of these mountains in the diversification of insects, which dominate biodiversity, has been poorly explored using phylogenetic methods. Here we study the role of the Andes in the evolution of a diverse Neotropical insect group, the clearwing butterflies. We used dated species‐level phylogenies to investigate the time course of speciation and to infer ancestral elevation ranges for two diverse genera. We show that both genera likely originated at middle elevations in the Andes in the Middle Miocene, contrasting with most published results in vertebrates that point to a lowland origin. Although we detected a signature of vicariance caused by the uplift of the Andes at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, most sister species were parapatric without any obvious vicariant barrier. Combined with an overall decelerating speciation rate, these results suggest an important role for ecological speciation and adaptive radiation, rather than simple vicariance.
Cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, angiogenic and growth factors in tears of normal subjects and vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients
Authors: Leonardi A. , Sathe S. , Bortolotti M. , Beaton A. , Sack R. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  To detect the presence of multiple mediators and growth factors in tears of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) patients with active disease using stationary phase antibody arrays.Methods:  Tears were collected from 12 normal subjects (CT) and 24 active VKC patients. Tears were centrifuged and successively probed using three microwell plate arrays specific for: (i) cytokines: interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13, interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α; (ii) growth factors: basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet‐derived growth factor, thrombopoietin, angiopoietin‐2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), keratocyte growth factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease (TIMP)‐1 and heparin‐binding epithelial growth factor (HB‐EGF) and (iii) matrix metalloprotease (MMP)‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, MMP‐10, MMP‐13, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2.Results:  Interleukin‐8 signals were detected in all CT and highly detected in all VKC samples. The Th2‐type cytokines, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10 were detected only in tears of VKC patients. Signals for bFGF, HB‐EGF, VEGF and HGF were detected in 41–87% of VKC samples and in few CT samples. Only TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 were found in all normal and patient tear samples, whereas MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 were highly present in all VKC samples.Conclusions:  Stationary phase antibody array methodology was useful for the screening of various cytokines, growth factors and MMPs in tears. These analyses identified in tears of VKC patients previously unreported factors including MMP‐3 and MMP‐10 and multiple proteases, growth factors and cytokines, which may all play an important role in the pathogenesis of conjunctival inflammation.
An exploratory study of the association between reactive attachment disorder and attachment narratives in early school‐age children
Authors: Minnis Helen , Green Jonathan , O’Connor Thomas G. , Liew Ashley , Glaser D. , Taylor E. , Follan M. , Young D. , Barnes J. , Gillberg C. , Pelosi A. , Arthur J. , Burston A. , Connolly B. , Sadiq F.A. 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  To explore attachment narratives in children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder (RAD).Method:  We compared attachment narratives, as measured by the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task, in a group of 33 children with a diagnosis of RAD and 37 comparison children.Results:  The relative risk (RR) for children with RAD having an insecure attachment pattern was 2.4 (1.4–4.2) but 30% were rated as securely attached. Within the RAD group, children with a clear history of maltreatment were more likely to be Insecure‐Disorganised than children without a clear history of maltreatment.Conclusions:  Reactive attachment disorder is not the same as attachment insecurity, and questions remain about how attachment research informs clinical research on attachment disorders.