bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continued growth and circuit building in the anamniote visual system
Authors: Cerveny Kara L. , Varga Máté , Wilson Stephen W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFish and amphibia are capable of lifelong growth and regeneration. The two core components of their visual system, the retina and tectum both maintain small populations of stem cells that contribute new neurons and glia to these tissues as they grow. As the animals age, the initial retinal projections onto the tectum are continuously remodeled to maintain retinotopy. These properties raise several biological challenges related to the control of proliferation and differentiation of retinal and tectal stem cells. For instance, how do stem and progenitor cells integrate intrinsic and extrinsic cues to produce the appropriate type and number of cells needed by the growing tissue. Does retinal growth or neuronal activity influence tectal growth? What are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable retinal axons to shift their tectal connections as these two tissues grow in incongruent patterns? While we cannot yet provide answers to these questions, this review attempts to supply background and context, laying the groundwork for new investigations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 328–345, 2012
Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part II: Technology and potential applications
Authors: Papanikolaou Seraphim , Aggelis George 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe process of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeasts cultivated in various fermentation configurations when either sugars and related compounds or hydrophobic substances are used as substrates is presented and kinetic models describing both de novo and ex novo lipid accumulation are analyzed. Technological aspects related with single cell oil (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeasts are depicted. The influence of culture parameters upon lipid production process is presented. Lipid production has been studied in batch, fed‐batch, and continuous cultivation systems using yeasts belonging to the species Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Apiotrichum curvatum, Candida curvata, Cryptococcus curvatus, Trichosporon fermentans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. The potentiality of yeasts to produce SCO as starting material of 2nd generation biodiesel is indicated and discussed. Of significant importance is also the utilization of yeast lipids as substitutes of high added value exotic fats (e.g., cocoa butter). Lipid produced by the various yeasts presents, in general, similar composition with that of common vegetable oils being composed of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas cocoa butter is principally composed of saturated fatty acids, consequently the various strategies that are followed in order to increase the cellular saturated fatty acid content of the yeast lipid are presented and comprehensively discussed.
Raman spectroscopy of the polymorphic forms and liquid state of cocoa butter
Authors: Bresson Serge , Rousseau Dérick , Ghosh Supratim , Marssi Mimoun El , Faivre Vincent 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRaman spectroscopy was used to characterize the polymorphs and liquid state of cocoa butter, with emphasis placed on the evolution of the ester carbonyl stretching region (1800–1700 cm−1), along with complementary analysis and comparison of the Raman‐active CC (1200–1000 cm−1), CC (1660 cm−1), CH (3000–2700 cm−1) and CH2 (1500–1250 cm−1) vibrational modes. Unique Raman signatures were obtained for all cocoa butter polymorphs, with their identity confirmed using DSC and XRD. The ester carbonyl region permitted polymorph discrimination due to differences in the number of modes, their relative frequencies and their full‐widths at half‐maximum. The CC stretching modes, which provided insight into the trans/gauche content, were polymorph‐independent. CH stretching generally increased with polymorph stability, indicating the dominance of antisymmetric CH methylene vibrations as the cocoa butter crystal lattice became more ordered. The change in the intensities of the CH stretching bands used to probe the order–disorder transition of forms IV, V and VI hinted at pre‐melt structural changes mostly in forms IV and V. Overall, Raman spectroscopy clearly demonstrated that the different functional groups studied could be characterized independently, allowing for the understanding of their role in cocoa butter polymorphism.Practical applications: Fat bloom is the unwanted, uncontrolled re‐crystallization or polymorphic transition of CB form V crystals into form VI normally caused by the migration of lower‐melting fats (e.g. in centre‐filled products) and/or temperature fluctuations during storage. In its mildest form, it appears as an overall dulling of the chocolate surface. In its extreme form, the appearance of the chocolate deteriorates significantly with the development of distinct white patches. Though forms V and VI can be clearly distinguished via XRD, we present evidence that Raman spectral characterization of the ester carbonyl stretching (1800–1700 cm−1), CC (1200–1000 cm−1), CC (1660 cm−1), CH (3000–2700 cm−1) and CH2 (1500–1250 cm−1) vibrational modes yields distinct liquid–solid and polymorph‐dependent differences in CB. From a practical standpoint, the unique signatures associated with forms V and VI offer novel possibilities in the study of fat bloom formation, such as the development of predictive tools.
Infrared‐based temperature measurements in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Cianciulli Claudia , Wätzig Hermann 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn capillary electrophoresis (CE), the temperature inside the capillary is one of the most important parameters. In a concept for Analytical Instrument Qualification (AIQ) of CE systems, the temperature accuracy and stability have to be included. This fact requires an accurate look at the measurement of temperature which is generated by the applied electrical power. The generation of Joule heating is measured on the outside of the capillary using an infrared (IR) thermometer. The thermometer linearity is demonstrated over a wide range of various electrical field strength, buffer systems, and different capillary inner diameters. A slope of 6.3°C m/W was found for the optimal thermometer capillary distance of 8 mm. Furthermore, the temperature measurements are highly precise, depending almost solely on the current variability. The proposed method is compared with three methods calculating the temperature from the conductance, the electroosmotic velocity, or the current. These indirect methods estimate slopes ranging from 7 to 10°C m/W. In addition, the maximal suitable electrical power per unit length is estimated. Joule heating can often be tolerated up to 4 W/m. However, sensitive analytes can already be affected by using more than 1 W/m. In conclusion, the consideration of the temperature is essential for not only Analytical Instrument Qualification, but also certainly useful for method optimisation and method transfer.
Convenient enantioseparation by monolithic imprinted capillary clamped in a chip with electrochemical detection
Authors: Qu Ping , Zhang Lei , Sheng Jin , Lei Jianping , Ju Huangxian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA microchip integrated with a monolithic imprinted capillary has been manufactured for performing the chip‐based capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparation. The microporous monolith anchored on the inner wall of the microchannel was prepared by in situ chemical copolymerization, and characterized with scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and solid‐state UV–vis spectroscopy. The monolithic network with high porosity gave a large surface area, good permeability, low mass‐transfer resistance, and thus high separation efficiency. A portable microchip was conveniently constructed by integrating an imprinted capillary with 5‐cm length as the separation channel and a carbon fiber microdisk working electrode for amperometric detection. Using L‐tyrosine (L‐Tyr) as the template molecule, Tyr enantiomers could be baseline separated within 55 s under the optimized preparation and separation conditions. The linear ranges for online amperometric detection of both Tyr enantiomers were from 20 to 2400 μM. The microporous monolithic chip strategy exhibited excellent separation efficiency and promising analytical application in enantioseparation. It opens an avenue for high‐throughput screening of chiral compounds.
A dielectrophoretic continuous flow sorter using integrated microelectrodes coupled to a channel constriction
Authors: Salomon Sven , Leichlé Thierry , Nicu Liviu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this article, we propose a novel dielectrophoretic continuous flow sorter using planar micro electrodes coupled to a channel constriction. This design enables a high particle sorting efficiency at low voltages while relying on a simple fabrication and integration process. We have numerically simulated the AC electrokinetic effects and the fluid behavior to predict particle trajectories. Simulation results are in accordance with experimental data: 10 and 5 μm polystyrene beads were continuously sorted with <2% errors at flow speeds of 100 μm/s. We were also able to change the particle buffer while sorting beads. Finally, to demonstrate the interest of our device for cell sorting, we also sorted dead and living yeast cells according to their different dielectric properties. Living cell concentration was enriched by a factor of 4 versus dead cell concentration after passing the sorting device.
Integrative analysis of microRNA, mRNA and aCGH data reveals asbestos‐ and histology‐related changes in lung cancer
Authors: Nymark Penny , Guled Mohamed , Borze Ioana , Faisal Ali , Lahti Leo , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Kettunen Eeva , Anttila Sisko , Knuutila Sakari 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all of the cancers in the world and asbestos‐related lung cancer is one of the leading occupational cancers. The identification of asbestos‐related molecular changes has long been a topic of increasing research interest. The aim of this study was to identify novel asbestos‐related molecular correlates by integrating miRNA expression profiling with previously obtained profiling data (aCGH and mRNA expression) from the same patient material. miRNA profiling was performed on 26 tumor and corresponding normal lung tissue samples from highly asbestos‐exposed and non‐exposed patients, and on eight control lung tissue samples. Data analyses on miRNA expression, and integration of miRNA and previously obtained mRNA data were performed using Chipster. A separate analysis was used to integrate miRNA and previously obtained aCGH data. Both known and new lung cancer‐associated miRNAs and target genes with inverse correlation were discovered. Furthermore, DNA copy number alterations (e.g., gain at 12p13.31) were correlated with the deregulated miRNAs. Specifically, thirteen novel asbestos‐related miRNAs (over‐expressed: miR‐148b, miR‐374a, miR‐24‐1*, Let‐7d, Let‐7e, miR‐199b‐5p, miR‐331‐3p, and miR‐96 and under‐expressed: miR‐939, miR‐671‐5p, miR‐605, miR‐1224‐5p and miR‐202) and inversely correlated target genes (e.g., GADD45A, LTBP1, FOSB, NCALD, CACNA2D2, MTSS1, EPB41L3) were identified. In addition, over‐expression of the well known squamous cell carcinoma‐associated miR‐205 was linked to down‐regulation of the DOK4 gene. The miRNAs/genes presented here may represent interesting targets for further investigation and could eventually have potential diagnostic implications. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of spinal instrumentation rod bending characteristics for in‐situ contouring
Authors: Noshchenko Andriy , Xianfeng Yao , Armour Grant Alan , Baldini Todd , Patel Vikas V. , Ayers Reed , Burger Evalina 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBending characteristics were studied in rods used for spinal instrumentation at in‐situ contouring conditions. Five groups of five 6 mm diameter rods made from: cobalt alloy (VITALLIUM), titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium alloy (SDI™), β‐titanium alloy (TNTZ), cold worked stainless steel (STIFF), and annealed stainless steel (MALLEABLE) were studied. The bending procedure was similar to that typically applied for in‐situ contouring in the operating room and included two bending cycles: first—bending to 21–24° under load with further release of loading for 10 min, and second—bending to 34–37° at the previously bent site and release of load for 10 min. Applied load, bending stiffness, and springback effect were studied. Statistical evaluation included ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis. TNTZ and SDI™ rods showed the highest (p < 0.05) springback at both bending cycles. VITALLIUM and STIFF rods showed mild springback (p < 0.05). The least (p < 0.05) springback was observed in the MALLEABLE rods. Springback significantly correlated with the bend angle under load (p < 0.001). To reach the necessary bend angle after unloading, over bending should be 37–40% of the required angle in TNTZ and SDI™ rods, 27–30% in VITALLIUM and STIFF rods, and around 20% in MALLEABLE rods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
A background elimination method based on linear programming for Raman spectra
Authors: Baek Sung‐June , Park Aaron , Shen Aiguo , Hu Jimming 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a new background elimination method for Raman spectra. As a background is usually slowly varying with respect to wavelength, it could be approximated by a slowly varying curve. However, the usual curve‐fitting method cannot be applied because there is a constraint that the estimated background must be beneath a measured spectrum. To meet the requirement, we adopt a polynomial as an approximating function and show that background estimation could be converted to a linear programming problem which is a special case of constrained optimization. In addition, we present an order selection algorithm for automatic baseline elimination. According to the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method could be successfully applied to experimental Raman spectra as well as synthetic spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changing biochemical composition and organisation of the murine oocyte and early embryo as revealed by Raman spectroscopic mapping
Authors: Davidson Bryony , Spears Norah , Murray Alison , Elfick Alistair 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDespite an exponential uptake in recent years of assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilisation, much is still not fully understood about the biochemical modifications that take place during the development and maturation of the egg and embryo. As such, in order to improve the efficiency of these techniques, furthering our understanding of the processes that underpin oocyte and embryo development is necessary. Raman spectroscopic mapping as a technique enables the investigation of biochemical variation within intact cells without the need for labelling. Here, Raman maps of fixed immature and mature oocytes along with early stage embryos were collected using 785 nm excitation and a step size of 2 µm. The results were analysed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. It was found that significant macromolecular accumulation took place during oocyte maturation, while a decrease in total lipid content consistent with the formation of new cellular membranes is observed upon embryo cleavage. Furthermore, an observed asymmetrical localisation of macromolecules in the mature oocyte may indicate the existence of cytoplasmic polarisation, a phenomenon that has been observed in the eggs of lower organisms. As such, these results indicate that Raman spectroscopic mapping may present an alternative analytical tool for investigating the biochemistry of egg and embryo development. In particular, these results indicate that temporal Raman analysis may help to reveal the existence of cytoplasmic polarisation in the murine egg. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating motion‐detection cameras and hair snags for wolverine identification
Authors: Magoun Audrey J. , Long Clinton D. , Schwartz Michael K. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Lowell Richard E. , Valkenburg Patrick 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe developed an integrated system for photographing a wolverine's (Gulo gulo) ventral pattern while concurrently collecting hair for microsatellite DNA genotyping. Our objectives were to 1) test the system on a wild population of wolverines using an array of camera and hair‐snag (C&H) stations in forested habitat where wolverines were known to occur, 2) validate our ability to determine identity (ID) and sex from photographs by comparing photographic data with that from DNA, and 3) encourage researchers and managers to test the system in different wolverine populations and habitats and improve the system design. Of the 18 individuals (10 M, 8 F) for which we obtained genotypes over the 2 years of our study, there was a 100% match between photographs and DNA for both ID and sex. The integrated system made it possible to reduce cost of DNA analysis by >74%. Integrating motion‐detection cameras and hair snags provides a cost‐effective technique for wildlife managers to monitor wolverine populations in remote habitats and obtain information on important population parameters such as density, survival, productivity, and effective population size. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Acoustic identification of bats in the eastern United States: A comparison of parametric and nonparametric methods
Authors: Britzke Eric R. , Duchamp Joseph E. , Murray Kevin L. , Swihart Robert K. , Robbins Lynn W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUltrasonic detectors are widely used to survey bats in ecological studies. To evaluate efficacy of acoustic identification, we compiled a library of search phase calls from across the eastern United States using the Anabat system. The call library included 1,846 call sequences of 12 species recorded from 14 states. We determined accuracy rates using 3 parametric and 4 nonparametric classification functions for acoustic identification. The 2 most flexible classification functions also were the most accurate: neural networks (overall classification accuracy = 0.94) and mixture discriminant analysis incorporating an adaptive regression model (overall classification accuracy = 0.93). Flexible nonparametric methods offer substantial benefits when discriminating among closely related species and may preclude the need to group species with similar calls. We demonstrate that quantitative methods provide an effective technique to acoustically identify bats in the eastern United States with known accuracy rates. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009
Authors: Herrero Stephen , Higgins Andrew , Cardoza James E. , Hajduk Laura I. , Smith Tom S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAt least 63 people were killed in 59 incidents by non‐captive black bear (Ursus americanus) during 1900–2009. Fatal black bear attacks occurred in Canada and Alaska (n = 49) and in the lower 48 states (n = 14). There were 3.5 times as many fatal attacks in Canada and Alaska but only 1.75 times as many black bears, and much less human contact for black bears in Canada and Alaska. There was a weak positive correlation (rs = 0.56, P ≤ 0.000) between the estimated size of a bear population within a given jurisdiction and the number of fatal black bear attacks. Some jurisdictions had no fatal black bear attacks but had large estimated black bear populations. Of fatal attacks, 86% (54 of 63, 1.08/yr) occurred between 1960 and 2009. There was positive linear relationship between the number of fatal black bear attacks per decade and human population size in the United States and Canada per decade (r2 = 0.92, β = 0.000, P ≤ 0.001). Of fatal attacks, 91% (49 of 54) occurred on parties of 1 or 2 persons. In 38% (15 of 40) of incidents, peoples' food or garbage probably influenced the bear being in the attack location. We judged that the bear involved acted as a predator in 88% (49 of 56) of fatal incidents. Adult (n = 23) or subadult (n = 10) male bears were involved in 92% (33 of 36) of fatal predatory incidents, reflecting biological and behavioral differences between male and female bears. That most fatal black bear attacks were predatory and were carried out by 1 bear shows that females with young are not the most dangerous black bears. As a result of our research agencies managing black bear can more accurately understand the risk of being killed by a black bear, and can communicate this to the public. With training, people can learn to recognize the behaviors of a bear considering them as prey and can act to deter predation. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A reappraisal of the evidence for regulation of wolf populations
Authors: Cariappa C. A. , Oakleaf John K. , Ballard Warren B. , Breck Stewart W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe dogma that gray wolf (Canis lupus) population densities in naturally occurring systems are limited almost solely by available ungulate biomass is based upon studies that fit straight line linear regressions (Type 1 numerical response) to data collected at 32 sites across North America. We fit Type 1, 2, and 3 response functions to the data using linear and nonlinear regression as appropriate and found that the evidence supported wolf population regulation by density‐dependence as much as limitation by prey availability. When we excluded 4 of 32 points from the original data set because those points represented exploited or expanding wolf populations the data suggested that wolf populations are self regulated rather than limited by prey biomass by at least a 3:1 margin. In establishing goals for sustainable wolf population levels, managers of wolf reintroductions and species recovery efforts should account for the possibility that some regulatory mechanism plays an important role in wolf population dynamics. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Assessing aural and visual cueing as tools for seabird management
Authors: Arnold Jennifer M. , Nisbet Ian C.T. , Veit Richard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSocial attraction, that is, mimicking of active and productive colonies via audio playback of calls of breeding conspecifics and the use of decoys, is commonly used to attract birds to newly established or restored breeding sites. However, little is known about the relative importance of aural versus visual cues for identify nesting areas. Such information is important for design and evaluation of management protocols. We studied the effectiveness of decoys (visual cues) and playbacks (audio cues) as methods for restoring a colony of common terns (Sterna hirundo) at Muskeget Island, Massachusetts, USA. We used a 2‐year, crossover experiment with 3 treatment areas: audio and visual, audio only, and visual only. We reversed treatment areas in the second year to control for previous nesting area or substrate preference. In both years, nests were built 9–101 m downwind of loudspeakers. There was no overlap in areas used for nesting between years and no nests were built within decoy plots in either year. Behavioral observations showed that birds responded to decoys only when within range of sound treatments. Conspecific vocalizations appear to be important proximate cues for seabird colony site selection and should be given priority in management protocols using social attraction. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.