bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in Typha angustifolia L grown in conditions of nitrate nitrogen overload
Authors: Chikov Vladimir I. , Isaeva Elvira V. , Ratushnyak Anna A. , Tarasov Oleg Yu , Abramova Kseniya I. , Trushin Maxim V. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract -Nitrates may induce alterations in NO-signaling system and change photosynthesis in plants. Significant reduction of 14CO2 fixation was noted at concentration of 3.96 mM NaNO3 in an aquatic macrophyte (Typha angustifoliaL.). Assimilation of 14CO2 seven days after the introduction of nitrates did not differ between control and experimental samples. There were changes in distribution of 14C among products of 4CO2 fixation 4 h after NaNO3 addition, resulting in increased sugar radioactivity in experimental plants. It was suggested that the observed changes may have regulatory importance.
Adopting the Precautionary Principle in Designing and Managing Natura 2000 Areas (Exemplified by the Conservation of the Butterfly Maculinea Nausithous in a Rural Landscape North of Dresden (Saxony))
Authors: Bastian Olaf 
Published: August 2012

Adopting the Precautionary Principle in Designing and Managing Natura 2000 Areas (Exemplified by the Conservation of the Butterfly Maculinea Nausithous in a Rural Landscape North of Dresden (Saxony))
The precautionary principle is more and more incorporated into national law and decision-making on natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In the coherent European network of protected areas Natura 2000, the precautionary principle finds expression in the obligation to provide favourable conditions for the long-term survival of species and habitats, especially of the priority ones listed in the annexes of the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. After describing principles, structure, implementation and procedures of this rather new instrument for nature conservation using the example of one of the various Natura 2000 areas in Saxony (Germany), opportunities and problems for biodiversity conservation are outlined with particular regard for the situation in an agricultural landscape. Special attention is given to the following questions: requirements of and actual threats to the target species (the butterfly Maculinea nausithous), legal means and economic incentives for suitable measures, the management plan, and the role of stakeholders. It turns out that Natura 2000 could be an effective tool to advance nature conservation, and with special regard to the precautionary principle. Every effort is necessary to gain more public acceptance of Natura 2000, as well as to improve scientific knowledge concerning species and habitats under protection.
Changes in Fragmentation and the Ecological Stability of Floodplain Forest Geobiocenosis in the River Morava Floodplain Over the Course of the 20th Century
Authors: Machar Ivo 
Published: August 2012

Changes in Fragmentation and the Ecological Stability of Floodplain Forest Geobiocenosis in the River Morava Floodplain Over the Course of the 20thCenturyThe process of ecosystem fragmentation influences diversity and ecological stability in a significant way. This paper presents the results of analysis of changes in fragmentation and the ecological stability of the floodplain forest geobiocenosis in the Vrapač National Nature Reserve, a model area used for research into optimal forest reserve management methods in the Czech Republic (Simon, 2007). Using GIS methods, it was determined that fragmentation within this floodplain forest area decreased slightly between 1938 and 2006, and that the ecological stability of the landscape remains high. The results speak in favour of those theories advocating anthropogenic conditioning of floodplain forest ecosystems and show that even strongly anthropogenically modified geobiocenoses may show a high level of ecological stability, which is especially characteristic of the geobiocenoses of floodplain forests (Maděra, 2003).
Amenity Migration in the Context of Landscape-Ecology Research
Authors: Bartoš Michael , Kušová Drahomíra , Těšitel Jan , Kopp Jan , Novotná Marie 
Published: August 2012

Amenity Migration in the Context of Landscape-Ecology Research
Amenity migration is a specific type of migration that is not economically motivated. Rather it is brought about by a desire to render more valuable the natural or socio-cultural environment of the target territory, and it is often directed from metropolitan to rural areas. This phenomenon has been strongly supported by the spread and growing accessibility of mass information technologies. As with any other kind of migration, it can lead to changes in the spatial distribution of human activities in the target territory. Under specific conditions, it can become one of the driving societal forces determining the socio-economic development of a given rural region. In the European context, amenity migration appears to be in its early stages of development. As such, it has been the subject of theoretical debate rather than being documented by empirical evidence. Amenity migration can be seen as an ambiguous phenomenon. Optimistic hypotheses claim that it could support local development of rural space and thus diminish the disproportionate development of particular regions and that it can maintain or even improve these region's environmental and cultural quality. On the other hand, it can also lead to a massive invasion of urban behavioural patterns into rural areas, making them culturally uniform. Tried and tested GIS methods exist for identifying a landscape's potential for amenity migration. The use of qualitative and quantitative techniques is a useful and progressive approach to landscape ecological research. We can expect further progress in the methods used to study amenity migration and for evaluating rural development within a landscape context following further research on amenity migrants, which will take place over the coming years.
Geoinformation Analysis of Factors Affecting Wind Damage in the Šumava National Park
Authors: Klimánek Martin , Mikita Tomáš , Kolejka Jaromír 
Published: August 2012

Geoinformation Analysis of Factors Affecting Wind Damage in the Šumava National ParkThis project forms part of the "Remotely Accessed Decision Support System for Transnational Environmental Risk Management" (STRiM) project undertaken within the framework of the European Union's INTERREG IIIB CADSES programme. The test took place in a 70 km2test area within the western part of the Šumava National Park. It is commonly known that windthrow occurs frequently in the Šumava Mountains, and it tends to occur in particular areas. The intensity of windstorms and the amount of damage caused appear to be relatively constant. In the case of Šumava, such meteorological hazards frequently become biotic hazards as they are often followed by bark beetle infestations. We hypothesise that, in particular areas, the incidence of windthrow, the amount of harm done, and the cost of alleviating that damage are in close relationship with natural factors prevalent in the area and with previous human intervention (forestry) in the landscape. Analysis of such factors, and a comparison with actual data on windthrow, showed that a) the most damaged stands were generally found on gently sloping sites of 8-15 degrees; b) the leeward side of elevations were more heavily damaged; c) non-natural forest stands were subject to more damage; d) damage increased with increasing stand density; e) middle-aged stands of around 12 years were at greatest risk; and f) the most damaged portions of the test area were located at sites with normally drained and deep soils. Further, landscape relief and active surface character appeared to play an important role in modifying wind speed and direction, thereby increasing the wind's devastating power.
A Proposed Target State for a Floodplain Forest Ecosystem Within an Ecological Network, with Reference to the Ecological Requirements of an Umbrella Bird Species: The Common Kingfisher
Authors: Machar Ivo 
Published: August 2012

A Proposed Target State for a Floodplain Forest Ecosystem Within an Ecological Network, with Reference to the Ecological Requirements of an Umbrella Bird Species: The Common KingfisherThe present day cultural landscape of Europe is comprised of an ecological network of corridors and core areas (biocentres). This article proposes the use of umbrella species to define the target state of an ecosystem in a floodplain biocentre of the European Ecological Network. The umbrella species used were chosen to represent typical bird species of forested floodplains. Case studies were developed in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, a Bird Area in the Czech Republic.
Important Woody Species in Poodří Floodplains (Czech Republic)
Authors: Rychtecká Petra , Dreslerová Jaromíra 
Published: August 2012

Important Woody Species in Poodří Floodplains (Czech Republic)
The aim of this paper is to describe the species biodiversity of important woody species in the riparian zone of wide floodplains in the Protected Landscape Area (PLA) Poodří (Central Europe, Czech Republic). The analysis of growth in terms of particular species was carried out to find out their growth potential. Another task was to evaluate the diversity and health condition of all trees and to determine the occurrence frequency of important woody species (IWS) in particular geobiocoene type groups of wide alluvial plains. The tree classification pyramid (veteran-representative-successor-expectant) was built up to provide the sufficient number of diverse IWS in the area. In total, 3,419 IWS were mapped in the whole area of the PLA Poodří (81.5 km2). In wide alluvial plains, the Ulmi-fraxineta carpini sup. geobiocoene type group (GTG) shows the highest diversity. According to the surveys carried out in the area under investigation it is evident that there are a lot of IWS here deserving protection and the proposal of the appropriate management, which should be represented by the pyramid mentioned above. The pyramid would provide protection and care for the registered trees to reach a respectable age and maximum dimensions. It is necessary to preserve the species spectrum of the IWS to maintain the gene pool of initial populations and biodiversity in landscape. Some species exceed growth parameters of the same species at other floodplain sites in the Czech Republic and even in Europe.
Essibility Models for Natural Resource Management
Authors: Mantilla Mauricio , van der Zee Dick 
Published: August 2012

Essibility Models for Natural Resource Management
Accessibility is an important aspect in the evaluation of suitability of an area in the context of natural resource management or landscape ecology. In many geographic information software packages a distance function is included, but the creation of adequate accessibility models requires more than simple distance calculation and in practice is not that easy. A theoretical test area is used to demonstrate how different terrain variables will influence the results of the application of the distance function. With the understanding obtained that way, the approach is applied in a real case study area to illustrate its possibilities but also some difficulties and limitations that are still encountered.
Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative Appraisal
Authors: Naveh Zev 
Published: August 2012

Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative AppraisalEcosystems and landscapes are the two major spatial units for ecological research and practice, but their definitions and meanings are vague and ambiguous. Examining critically the meaning and complexity of both terms from a holistic landscape ecological systems view, the confusing applications of the ecosystem concept could be avoided by conceiving ecosystems as functional interacting systems, characterized for the flow of energy, matter and information between organisms and their abiotic environment. As functional systems they are intangible with vaguely defined borders. On the other hand, landscapes should be recognized as tangible, spatially and temporally well defined ecological systems of closely interwoven natural and cultural entities of the Total Human Ecosystem. Ranging from the smallest discernable landscape cell or ecotope to the global ecosphere, they serve as the spatial and functional matrix and living space for all organisms, including humans, their populations and their ecosystems. Both are medium-numbered complex ecological systems. However, the organized complexity of ecosystems is based solely on the monodimensional complexity of material processes of flow of energy/matter and biophysical information. But the organized complexity of landscapes is multidimensional and multifunctional, dealing not only with the functional dimensions of natural bio-ecological processes and the natural biophysical information, but also with the cognitive mental and perceptual dimensions, transmitted by cultural information and expressed in the closely interwoven natural and cultural landscape.
Assessing the Change in Cover of Non-Indigenous Dwarf-Pine Using Aerial Photographs, a Case Study from the Hrubý Jeseník Mts., the Sudetes
Authors: Treml Václav , Wild Jan , Chuman Tomáš , Potůčková Markéta 
Published: August 2012

Assessing the Change in Cover of Non-Indigenous Dwarf-Pine Using Aerial Photographs, a Case Study from the Hrubý Jeseník Mts., the SudetesIn addition to ongoing climate change, alpine ecosystems are also threatened by the expansion of non-indigenous species. Expansion of dwarf pine (Pinus mugoTurra) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. is an excellent example of the interactions between a planted alpine shrub and alpine ecosystems dominated by grassland species. Based on a comparison of aerial photographs taken in two different periods (1971/73 and 2003) we analyzed spatial changes in the dwarf pine cover. We focused on an evaluation of the current proportion of dwarf pine stands above the upper forest limit, as well as on the effects of stand texture and environmental variables on dwarf pine expansion over this 30 year period. During this time, dwarf pine stands increased their extent by 63%. Small forest-free areas above the upper forest limit in the northern part of the Hrubý Jeseník ridge are currently covered by dwarf pine on more than 30% of their surface. Expansion of dwarf pine was fastest in open, fine-grained stands, often situated in lower altitudes and on north- to east-facing slopes. The dwarf pine expansion was more intense than predicted by simple model of vegetative growth, especially within open stands with short polycormon margins in low altitudes. This might be explained by more intensive growth in less extreme environment and/or by higher generative reproduction on these sites. Finally, we suggest that expanding dwarf pine shrubs and recessing grassland patches negatively affects the abundance of heliophilous alpine plants and insects. We believe that the results of this study could be relevant to ongoing discussions on the management of summit forest-free areas in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts.
A Gis-Based Mapping and Estimation the Current Forest Landscape State and Dynamics
Authors: Ryzhkova Vera , Danilova Irina , Korets Mikhail 
Published: August 2012

A Gis-Based Mapping and Estimation the Current Forest Landscape State and DynamicsClassification and inventory of the current diversity of forest communities and their environments (i.e. site conditions) were developed based on Kolesnikov's topogenetic classification approach in Angara region (Central Siberia). This classification considers characteristics of forest regeneration dynamics, such as trends and rates of forest regeneration succession in a range of site conditions; therefore, it is used as a basis of a key for a forest regeneration dynamics map. An algorithm of forest regeneration dynamics mapping based on a spatial analysis of multi-band satellite data, a digital elevation model (DEM), and ground data combined with expert estimates of the resulting land cover classes was applied using geographic information system (GIS) "Forests of Central Siberia". Based on this algorithm, Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery, SRTM-3- DEM, and field data were processed for the Angara test site. The resulting maps include two polygonal vector layers: one is forest regeneration stages (stand types) and the other is forest succession series (forest types) in a range of site conditions.
Sustainable Development and Sustainability: Landscape Approach as a Practical Interpretation of Principles and Implementation Concepts
Authors: Axelsson Robert , Angelstam Per , Elbakidze Marine , Stryamets Nataliya , Johansson Karl-Erik 
Published: August 2012

Sustainable Development and Sustainability: Landscape Approach as a Practical Interpretation of Principles and Implementation ConceptsThe situation for governors and managers of natural resources has increased in complexity. Previously it was enough to sustain the yields of wood, food and energy. Today, maintenance of ecosystem services, conservation of biodiversity, rural development and human wellbeing are new additional objectives. At the same time there are new risks and uncertainties linked to climate change, economic globalisation, energy security and water supply. Consequently, adaptive and holistic research, governance and management are needed. Landscape is a concept and framework that can be used as an approach to enhance implementation of policies about sustainable development as a societal process and sustainability as outcomes on the ground. For our analysis to define the landscape approach we used a hierarchical framework consisting of principles, concepts and initiatives; and included three principles defining SD and sustainability and five international concepts to analyze its implementation for our analysis to define landscape approach. We propose a practical operationalization that consists of five core attributes, (1) a sufficiently large area that matches management requirements and challenges to deliver desired goods, services and values, (2) multi-level and multi-sector stakeholder collaboration that promotes sustainable development as a social process, (3) commitment to and understanding of sustainability as an aim among stakeholders, (4) integrative knowledge production, and (5) sharing of experience, results and information, to develop local or tacit to general or explicit knowledge. Finally, we discuss the need for integrative research to study landscape approach concepts and what local initiatives using different concepts deliver on the ground.
Blood Money: Gresham's Law, Property, and Race in Faulkner's Go Down, Moses
Authors: Bullen Ross 
Published: August 2012

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship in William Faulkner's Go Down, Moses between the “one-drop rule” and the economic precept known as Gresham's Law. I explore the connection between these two laws of circulation in Faulkner's text, situating the novel's sustained interest in both biological and financial inheritance within a broader history of the relationship between slavery and the monetization of gold.
“It's Almost Like Being There”: Speculative Fiction, Slave Narrative, and the Crisis of Representation in Octavia Butler's Kindred
Authors: Flagel Nadine 
Published: August 2012

Abstract: Octavia Butler's novel Kindred (1979) combines characteristics of two primary genres: slave narratives and speculative fiction. Employing the conceptual framework of métissage, the article examines the interaction of generic attributes. Some generic qualities simply overlap. More frequently, Butler's novel imaginatively defamiliarizes and revitalizes each generic cluster of attributes as a critique of the other. Such a critique often pushes toward the literal: for instance, speculative fiction's latent investment in aliens and the master-slave dialectic is made manifest; slave narratives' reliance on literacy is exposed. The novel's commitment to reinvigorating perceptions of slavery complicates and compromises certain types of representation—particularly literary or discursive representation—thus contributing to a crisis of representation characteristic of black feminist postmodernity.
“A Knowing So Deep It's Like a Secret”: Recent Approaches to Race, Identity, and Transformation in Toni Morrison's Fiction
Authors: Harack Katrina 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:In the burgeoning field of Toni Morrison studies, three scholars have recently made original contributions to the field with their interdisciplinary scholarship, showing a trend in Morrison studies of forging new readings through the use of comparative and cross-cultural techniques. In so doing, Evelyn Jaffe Schreiber, K. Zauditu-Selassie, and Rebecca Hope Ferguson help to elucidate Morrison's complex relationship to the past and to African and American culture as well as the consistent ethical concerns across her body of work. Zauditu-Selassie focuses primarily on Morrison's references to African cosmology, while Ferguson and Schreiber take interdisciplinary approaches to key themes (transition, exchange, and the concept of home) in Morrison's work. While Ferguson and Schreiber tend to problematize Morrison's relationship to an African past, Zauditu-Selassie takes a much more celebratory approach regarding her use of cultural and spiritual references.
Measuring surgical outcomes in neurosurgery: implementation, analysis, and auditing a prospective series of more than 5000 procedures
Authors: Theodosopoulos Philip V. , Ringer Andrew J. , McPherson Christopher M. , Warnick Ronald E. , Kuntz Charles , Zuccarello Mario , Tew John M. 
Published: August 2012

Object
Health care reform debate includes discussions regarding outcomes of surgical interventions. Yet quality of medical care, when judged as a health outcome, is difficult to define because of impediments affecting accuracy in data collection, analysis, and reporting. In this prospective study, the authors report the outcomes for neurosurgical treatment based on point-of-care interactions recorded in the electronic medical record (EMR).

Methods
The authors' neurosurgery practice collected outcome data for 19 physicians and ancillary personnel using the EMR. Data were analyzed for 5361 consecutive surgical cases, either elective or emergency procedures, performed during 2009 at multiple hospitals, offices, and an ambulatory spine surgery center. Main outcomes included complications, length of stay (LOS), and discharge disposition for all patients and for certain frequently performed procedures. Physicians, nurses, and other medical staff used validated scales to record the hospital LOS, complications, disposition at discharge, and return to work.

Results
Of the 5361 surgical procedures performed, two-thirds were spinal procedures and one-third were cranial procedures. Organization-wide compliance with reporting rates of major complications improved throughout the year, from 80.7% in the first quarter to 90.3% in the fourth quarter. Auditing showed that rates of unreported complications decreased from 11% in the first quarter to 4% in the fourth quarter. Complication data were available for 4593 procedures (85.7%); of these, no complications were reported in 4367 (95.1%). Discharge dispositions reported were home in 86.2%, rehabilitation center in 8.9%, and nursing home in 2.5%. Major complications included culture-proven infection in 0.61%, CSF leak in 0.89%, reoperation within the same hospitalization in 0.38%, and new neurological deficits in 0.77%. For the commonly performed procedures, the median hospital LOS was 3 days for craniotomy for aneurysm or intraaxial tumor and less than 1 day for angiogram, anterior cervical discectomy with fusion, or lumbar discectomy.

Conclusions
With prospectively collected outcome data for more than 5000 surgeries, the authors achieved their primary end point of institution-wide compliance and data accuracy. Components of this process included staged implementation with physician pilot studies and oversight, nurse participation, point-of-service data capture, EMR form modification, data auditing, and confidential surgeon reports.