bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature, soil nitrogen and gastropods on Thuja plicata growth and reproduction
Authors: O'Brien Anna , HilleRisLambers Jannke , Ettinger Ailene 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHumans are changing the environment. For example, nitrogen deposition, rising temperatures, and non-native species are influencing plant communities. These changes have and will continue to affect trees, thus, understanding the response of species to global change will help conservationists plan for the future. Urban areas already experience higher temperatures, elevated CO~2~, greater nitrogen levels, and more non-native species compared to rural areas. The response of trees to urban parks and park edges can therefore be used as a proxy for the net effects of global change on trees. We investigate the growth and reproduction of Thuja plicata, a native Pacific Northwest conifer, in both urban and rural forest fragments to understand global change impacts. Data collected from sites include hourly temperature, soil NO~3~^-^, seedling counts, and an increment core. After observing extremely low conifer germination rates across sites, we concluded that factors such as herbivory might be important. Gastropods have been shown to impact communities through consumption of plants at the seedling stage, and to limit seedling survival of a European conifer. The effects of soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and gastropod herbivory on Thuja plicata seedlings was analyzed experimentally to determine the relative effect each might be having on the observed germination rate. Our results suggest that urban forest edges resemble future global change conditions of higher temperature and nitrogen. These global change factors appear to be positively influencing tree growth, suggesting that Thuja plicata will benefit from future conditions. However, low seedling recruitment may be a concern, because it appears that urban and rural forests are currently failing to regenerate on their own. Introduced gastropods could play a role, as they have the ability to reduce seedling biomass significantly. The relative impacts of invasive slug herbivory and other global change factors on native conifer recruitment should be prioritized in future study.
Data citation in the wild
Authors: Enriquez Valerie , Walker Judson Sarah , Walker Nicholas , Allard Suzie , Cook Robert , Piwowar Heather , Sandusky Robert , Vision Todd , Wilson Bruce 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConsistent attribution of research data upon reuse is necessary to reward the original data-producing investigators, reconstruct provenance, and inform data sharing policies, tool requirements, and funding decisions. Unfortunately, norms for data attribution are varied and often weak. As part of the DataONE 2010 summer internship program, three interns studied the policies, practice, and implications of current data attribution behavior in the environmental sciences. We found that few policies recommend robust data citation practices: in our preliminary evaluation, only one-third of repositories (n=26), 6% of journals (n=307), and 1 of 53 funders suggested a best practice for data citation. We manually reviewed 500 papers published between 2000 and 2010 across six journals; of the 198 papers that reused datasets, only 14% reported a unique dataset identifier in their dataset attribution, and a partially-overlapping 12% mentioned the author name and repository name. Few citations to datasets themselves were made in the article references section. In multivariate analysis, citation patterns were more correlated with repository (with citations to Genbank being most complete) than journal or datatype. Attribution patterns were found to be steady over time. Consistent with these findings, dataset reuse was difficult to track through standard retrieval resources. Searching by repository name retrieved many instances of data submission rather than data reuse, combing the citation history of data creation articles was time consuming, and searching citation databases for the few early-adopter dataset DOIs and HDLs in reference lists failed due to apparent limitations in database query capabilities and structured extraction of DOIs. We hope these descriptions of the current data attribution environment will highlight outstanding issues and motivate change in policy, tools, and practice. This research was done as open science (http://openwetware.org/wiki/DataONE:Notebook/Summer_2010): ask us about it!
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transcription Factor PU.1 with Mutated β3/β4 Domain Selectively Elicits Myeloid Differentiation
Authors: Gupta Pallavi , Gangenahalli Gurudutta , Saluja Daman , Verma Yogesh , Zack Jyoti , Singh Vimal , Satija Neeraj , Tripathi Rajendra 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn many hematopoietic malignancies such as lymphomas & leukemias, aberrant differentiation is the major feature of malignant phenotype that often results from a single genetic alteration and provides a site-specific target for therapy. Therefore, targeting of protein-protein interactions that have been identified as mediators of transcriptional repression that blocks normal hematopoietic differentiation holds great promise for therapeutic applications. An example is GATA-1, a critical erythroid transcription factor that is capable of suppressing the myeloid phenotype by down-regulating PU.1 in a dose-dependent manner. PU.1 is the most crucial transcription factor known to be required for myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells. Its reduced expression correlates with a bad prognosis and immature phenotype in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). GATA-1 downregulates PU.1 by interacting though its C-terminal zinc finger region with the β3/β4 region of PU.1 and displacing its coactivator c-Jun. We hypothesize that disruption of PU.1-GATA-1 interaction by mutating the β3/β4 region of PU.1 may prevent its GATA-1-mediated repression, which in turn will upregulate PU.1 expression and hence myelopoiesis. Our analysis of the PU.1 mutants, Lys240Arg and Tyr244Ala, revealed that they exhibit an increase in myelopoiesis in vitro. Thus our data have implications for the prospect of targeting PU.1-GATA-1 interaction for therapeutic intervention.
A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle
Authors: Kok Jasper F. 
Published: December 2010

Mineral dust aerosols impact Earth’s radiation budget through interactions with clouds, ecosystems, and radiation, which constitutes a substantial uncertainty in understanding past and predicting future climate changes. One of the causes of this large uncertainty is that the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols is poorly understood. The present study shows that regional and global circulation models (GCMs) overestimate the emitted fraction of clay aerosols (< 2 μm diameter) by a factor of ∼2–8 relative to measurements. This discrepancy is resolved by deriving a simple theoretical expression of the emitted dust size distribution that is in excellent agreement with measurements. This expression is based on the physics of the scale-invariant fragmentation of brittle materials, which is shown to be applicable to dust emission. Because clay aerosols produce a strong radiative cooling, the overestimation of the clay fraction causes GCMs to also overestimate the radiative cooling of a given quantity of emitted dust. On local and regional scales, this affects the magnitude and possibly the sign of the dust radiative forcing, with implications for numerical weather forecasting and regional climate predictions in dusty regions. On a global scale, the dust cycle in most GCMs is tuned to match radiative measurements, such that the overestimation of the radiative cooling of a given quantity of emitted dust has likely caused GCMs to underestimate the global dust emission rate. This implies that the deposition flux of dust and its fertilizing effects on ecosystems may be substantially larger than thought.
First Report of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus Infecting Sweet Potato in China
Authors: Qiao Q. , Zhang Z.-C. , Qin Y.-H. , Zhang D.-S. , Tian Y.-T. , Wang Y.-J. 
Published: December 2010

Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is a whitefly-transmitted co-infectant of the sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), which can cause severe yield losses in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) (2,3). One isolate was obtained in Guangdong Province in August 2009 from sweet potato plants of cv. Guangshu No. 87 exhibiting symptoms typical of SPVD, including stunting, leaf distortion, vein clearing, and chlorosis. Leaf extracts from the symptomatic plants tested positive for SPCSV by nitrocellulose membrane ELISA with antisera specific for SPCSV obtained from the International Potato Center. Total RNA was extracted from young leaves of sweet potato and reverse transcription-PCR was performed by using primer pairs SPSP1 (5′-ATGRMTACTGRCAAAGTAAACGATG-3′) and SPSP4 (5′-TCAACAGTGAAGACCRGYACCRGTCAA-3′) corresponding to the capsid protein (CP) gene of SPCSV. Expected DNA fragments of 774 bp were obtained from symptomatic plants but not from control plants. The 774-bp fragments obtained by amplification were purified and cloned into the PMD19-T vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Recombinant plasmids were then transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli strain Jm109. Sequencing of the fragments from two individually clones plasmids yielded a nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. HM773432) with 97.4 to 98.7% similarity to the CP gene of East African SPCSV isolates (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPCSV in sweet potato fields from China. This virus may threaten sweet potato production in China, so cultivars and germplasm should be evaluated for resistance. References: (1) V. Aritua et al. J. Phytopathol. 156:181, 2008. (2) R. W. Njeru et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145:71, 2004. (3) G. A. Schaefer and E. R. Terry. Phytopathology 66:642, 1976.
First Report of Bidens mottle virus Infecting Calendula in Taiwan
Authors: Huang C.-H. , Jan F.-J. 
Published: December 2010

In March of 2010, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), a perennial herb known as the pot marigold, showing chlorotic spots on leaves, chlorosis, and stunting were collected from Puli Township, Nantou County, Taiwan. The disorder occurred in more than 50% of the calendula plants in the field. A virus culture isolated from one of the symptomatic calendulas was established in Chenopodium quinoa through triple single-lesion isolation and designated as TwCa1. With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), negatively stained flexuous filamentous virions approximately 12 × 720 nm were observed in the crude sap of TwCa1-infected C. quinoa leaves and pinwheel inclusion bodies were found in the infected cells. On the basis of the sizes of the viral particles and inclusion bodies, isolate TwCa1 was a suspected potyvirus. By reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and potyvirus degenerate primers (Hrp5/Pot1) (1,2), a 0.65-kb DNA fragment, which included the 3′-end of the NIb gene and the 5′-end of coat protein (CP) gene of the virus, was amplified from total RNA isolated from TwCa1-infected plants. The amplified DNA fragment was cloned and sequenced. A homology search indicated that the new calendula-infecting virus in Taiwan might belong to Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) because its partial genomic sequence shared 94.9 to 97.3% nucleotide and 96.6 to 98.1% amino acid identity with 11 BiMoV isolates available in NCBI GenBank. Primer pairs Hrp5/oligo d(T) were used to amplify the 3′-end genome of BioMV TwCa1 including the 3′-end of the NIb gene, the full-length CP gene, and the 3′-nontranslatable region of the virus. The 807-nt CP gene of TwCa1 (Accession No. HQ117871) shared 97.3 to 98.6% nucleotide and 98.5 to 98.9% amino acid identity with those of 11 BiMoV isolates available in GenBank. Results from TEM observations and CP gene sequence analysis indicated that TwCa1 is an isolate of BiMoV. BiMoV was later detected by RT-PCR in eight symptomatic calendulas collected from the same field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BiMoV infecting calendula in Taiwan. This newly identified calendula-infecting BiMoV could have a direct impact on the economically important vegetable and floral industry in Taiwan. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Bot. Stud. 947:369, 2006. (2) D. Colinet and J. Kummert. J. Virol. Methods 45:149, 1993.
Endogenously released opioids mediate meal‐induced gastric relaxation via peripheral mu‐opioid receptors
Authors: Janssen P. , Pottel H. , Vos R. , Tack J. 
Published: December 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;33:607–614SummaryBackground The centrally acting mu‐opioid receptor antagonist naloxone inhibits meal‐induced gastric accommodation.Aim To study the role of peripheral mu‐opioid receptors in the regulation of gastric tone and food intake by comparing the effects of naloxone with the peripherally restricted mu‐opioid receptor antagonist methylnaltrexone.Methods Methylnaltrexone (12 mg s.c.), naloxone (20 μg/kg/h intravenous infusion after 0.4 mg bolus) and placebo were studied in 23 healthy volunteers. Gastric volume was recorded using an intragastric bag held at constant pressure connected to a barostat, with administration of a nutrient drink after 30 min. Pressure in the stomach was measured during intragastric nutrient drink infusion until the volunteers scored maximal satiation.Results Methylnaltrexone inhibited significantly the volume increase after food intake as assessed with the barostat (P < 0.01). During nutrient drink infusion the intragastric pressure significantly decreased as compared with the preprandial pressure after placebo treatment. Both methylnaltrexone and naloxone significantly inhibited this intragastric pressure decrease (P < 0.001 andP < 0.05, respectively). Volunteers scored maximal satiation after 979 ± 96, 958 ± 84 and 1124 ± 107 mL nutrient drink infused (for naloxone, methylnaltrexone and placebo treatment, respectively;P < 0.05).Conclusions These results indicate that endogenous opioids mediate gastric accommodation and satiation via peripheral mu‐opioid receptors. Effects were less pronounced after naloxone treatment, which indicates that centrally involved mu‐opioid receptors mediate an opposing effect.
High temperature enhances host pathology in a snail–trematode system: possible consequences of climate change for the emergence of disease
Authors: PAULL SARA H. , JOHNSON PIETER T. J. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Disease severity may be altered by the differential responses of hosts and parasites to rising temperatures leading to an increase or reduction in disease. The net effect of climate change on emerging diseases will reflect the effects of temperature on all life history stages of both hosts and parasites.2. To explore how climate change differentially influences hosts and parasites, we studied the effect of increasing temperatures on different life stages of the multi‐host trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae, which has been linked to the emerging phenomenon of amphibian limb malformations, and its snail intermediate host Planorbella trivolvis. We determined the effects of temperature on the development of R. ondatrae eggs and redia larvae and the effects of parasite exposure (exposed and sham‐exposed), temperature (13, 20, and 26 °C) and their interaction on snail host vital rates, including growth, mortality and reproduction.3. Ribeiroia eggs developed four times faster at 26 °C than at 17 °C and did not develop at 12 °C. Higher temperatures increased snail growth, egg production and mortality. Infection interacted with temperature to enhance the growth of infected snails while reducing their fecundity at 26 °C. These results suggest that pathology associated with infection is amplified at higher temperatures.4. The timing of interactions between R. ondatrae and P. trivolvis may be influenced by their physiological responses to temperature. Temperature‐driven increases in the growth of infected snails coupled with the cessation of parasite development at lower temperatures suggest that warming temperatures will change host–parasite dynamics. Taken together, these results indicate that future climate change could alter parasite abundance and pathology by creating a ‘phenological mismatch’ between snail hosts and parasites, potentially leading to infection of both snail and amphibian hosts in earlier and, in the case of amphibians, more vulnerable stages of development.
From central Atlantic continental rift to Neogene uplift – western Anti‐Atlas (Morocco)
Authors: Ruiz G. M. H. , Sebti S. , Negro F. , Saddiqi O. , Frizon de Lamotte D. , Stockli D. , Foeken J. , Stuart F. , Barbarand J. , Schaer J.‐P. 
Published: December 2010

Terra Nova, 23, 35–41, 2011AbstractTo put constraints on the Mesozoic to recent growth of the Anti‐Atlas system, we investigated the temperature–time history of rocks by applying extensive low‐temperature thermochronological analysis to three Precambrian inliers along the coast and 250 km into the interior. Bedrocks yield old U–Th/He ages on zircon (248–193 Ma) and apatite (150–50 Ma) and also fission‐track ages of 173–121 Ma on apatite. These datasets are interpreted as recording passive margin upward movements from central Atlantic rifting until the Early Cretaceous. A phase of sedimentary burial was evidenced for the Cretaceous–Eocene. The extension of this thin (1.5 km) basin is loosely constrained but can be extended to the western regions of northern Africa. Effects of the existing thermal perturbation of lithospheric origin 100 km below the Atlas show that the 120–60 °C isotherms are not much deflected. Large‐scale uplift has possibly occurred in the western Anti‐Atlas sincec.30 Ma and is associated with a mean denudation rate of 0.08 km Ma−1.
Yield reduction in spruce infected with Armillaria solidipes in the southern interior of British Columbia
Authors: Cruickshank M. G. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe effect of non‐lethal root infection on the yield of planted spruce (Picea engelmannii x glauca hybrid spruce) in southern British Columbia was determined in a 34‐year‐old, mixed‐species stand infected with Armillaria solidipes Peck. Yield reduction correlated with trees’ infection duration. Individual trees infected for 24 years had about 42% less volume than their healthy equivalents. Using the incidence of infection in stands in this area and the individual losses per tree, reduction at the stand level was approximated at 11% and increasing.
Ecological risk assessments for transgenic crops with combined insect‐resistance traits: the example of Bt11 × MIR604 maize
Authors: Raybould A. , Graser G. , Hill K. , Ward K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTransgenic insect‐resistant crops produced by combining two or more insect‐control traits through conventional breeding are increasingly common in commercial cultivation. In some countries, cultivation of crops with combined insect‐control traits may require additional regulatory risk assessments, even though all component traits are approved for cultivation, which requires, among other things, a demonstration that cultivation of the crop poses negligible ecological risk; that is, there is a low probability of harm to non‐target organisms. In such situations, cultivation of a crop with the combined traits will also pose negligible ecological risk, provided two hypotheses hold: the potency of the proteins when combined is not greater than when separate; and the exposure of non‐target organisms to the proteins is not greater when the traits are combined than when they are separate. The ecological risk assessment for combined traits may be based on tests of these hypotheses, comprising tests for synergism between the proteins in species sensitive to the proteins, and comparisons of protein production in plants with the combined traits and plants with the separate component traits. Tests of these hypotheses are illustrated using Bt11 × MIR604 maize, which produces the insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab and mCry3A. Results from synergism studies using European corn borer and Colorado potato beetle, and from comparisons of the concentrations of Cry1Ab and mCry3A in Bt11 × MIR604, Event Bt11 and Event MIR604 maize, indicate that risks to non‐target organisms from the cultivation of Bt11 × MIR604 maize are no greater than from the cultivation of Event Bt11 or Event MIR604 maize.
Enhanced brainstem encoding predicts musicians’ perceptual advantages with pitch
Authors: Bidelman Gavin M. , Krishnan Ananthanarayan , Gandour Jackson T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractImportant to Western tonal music is the relationship between pitches both within and between musical chords; melody and harmony are generated by combining pitches selected from the fixed hierarchical scales of music. It is of critical importance that musicians have the ability to detect and discriminate minute deviations in pitch in order to remain in tune with other members of their ensemble. Event‐related potentials indicate that cortical mechanisms responsible for detecting mistuning and violations in pitch are more sensitive and accurate in musicians as compared with non‐musicians. The aim of the present study was to address whether this superiority is also present at a subcortical stage of pitch processing. Brainstem frequency‐following responses were recorded from musicians and non‐musicians in response to tuned (i.e. major and minor) and detuned (± 4% difference in frequency) chordal arpeggios differing only in the pitch of their third. Results showed that musicians had faster neural synchronization and stronger brainstem encoding for defining characteristics of musical sequences regardless of whether they were in or out of tune. In contrast, non‐musicians had relatively strong representation for major/minor chords but showed diminished responses for detuned chords. The close correspondence between the magnitude of brainstem responses and performance on two behavioral pitch discrimination tasks supports the idea that musicians’ enhanced detection of chordal mistuning may be rooted at pre‐attentive, sensory stages of processing. Findings suggest that perceptually salient aspects of musical pitch are not only represented at subcortical levels but that these representations are also enhanced by musical experience.
Pediatric cardiac anesthesia in the developing world
Authors: Doherty Catherine , Holtby Helen 
Published: December 2010

SummaryMore children die of congenital heart disease (CHD) in low‐income countries and acquired cardiac disease is more frequent. Advances in diagnosis, surgery, perfusion and anesthesia in the developed world have had dramatic results on children’s lives, and many forms of CHD can now be safely corrected or palliated. However, in developing countries, for the children who receive cardiac surgery, perioperative mortality and morbidity remain high. Pediatric cardiac anesthesia is a specialty in its infancy worldwide, and in developing countries, it is often nonexistent. Visiting ‘specialists’ as part of medical mission teams often provides anesthesia, but the hope for the future is that local staff will be trained in pediatric cardiac anesthesia and collaborative regional cardiac centers will be the mainstay of care, offering safer surgery to more children.