bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sublethal treatments with the insect growth regulator, Altozar, ZR-512, on blood constituents of Bombyx mori L. in relation to silk yield
Authors: Rawash I. A. , Gaaboub I. A. , Mostafa S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryConcentrations of larval blood protein and blood lipid and density of blood in relation to the silk yield of Bombyx mori L. were estimated under the action of sublethal treatments (to give 0·0% kill of larvae) with the insect growth regulator Altozar, ZR-512.Results indicated that there was an inverse correlation between Altozar dosage and both weights of larvae and of the resulting cocoons, larval blood-protein and blood-lipid concentrations and density of blood. The decline in these attributes compared with the controls may indicate that a considerable proportion of the inhibitory effect of the growth regulator compound occurred during the development from larva to pupa.Considering the relationship between larval blood-protein or blood-lipid concentrations and wet weight of the resulting cocoons under the sublethal dosages of Altozar used, the present results confirm our findings concerning the strong relationship between the larval protein content and silk formation. There was a positive increase in the mean wet weight of the resulting cocoons as the protein and lipid concentrations increased.These experiments suggest that the sole source for the synthesis of silk protein is the protein present in the haemlymph of silkworms and dependent on the larval diet.
Combining ability in early Indian cauliflower
Authors: Lal G. , Swarup V. , Chatterjee S. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySix early maturing inbreds from maturity group I of Indian cauliflowers were selected and diallol crosses were made to study the combining ability of inbreds and identify the desirable parent(s) for hybridization. Seven characters, i.e. curd weight, curd size index, maturity, plant height, number of leaves, leaf size index and plant spread were studied both in F1and F2generations. Though the estimates of both general and specific combining ability variances were highly significant for all the characters, the magnitudes of general combining ability variances were higher than that of specific combining ability variances. The performance of the inbreds was in general associated with their general combining ability effects. The inbred 103 was found to be best combiner for all the characters and the cross 105 x 108 showed maximum yield potential.
Oxidation and metabolism of linoleic acid in fed and fasted sheep
Authors: Lindsay D. B. , Leat W. M. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryUsing continuous infusion techniques the entry rate of linoleic acid and its contribution to carbon dioxide production has been studied in fed and fasted sheep. The entry rate of linoleic acid in fasted sheep (0·052 mg/min/kg) was considerably less than that of stearic acid (0·432 mg/min/kg), and the percentage of total carbon dioxide production derived from the oxidation of linoleic acid (0·4%) was also markedly less than that from stearic acid (10·13%).On starvation there was a preferential mobilization of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids relative to linoleic acid.The infused14C-labelled linoleic acid was initially incorporated into plasma phospholipids, with maximal radioactivity at about 1 day post-infusion, and subsequently into plasma cholesteryl esters with a maximum at 2 days post-infusion. The incorporation of14C-labelled stearic acid into plasma phospholipids was only 25–30% that of linoleic acid, with negligible incorporation into cholesteryl esters.Possible explanations for ruminant animals being able to exist on a very low intake of linoleic acid are discussed. In essence, there is a discrimination against the use of linoleic acid as an energy source, but the mechanisms involved do not appear to be unique to ruminant animals.
Sugar beet bolting in the root crop
Authors: Lisa J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySugar beet bolting in the root crop was studied during nine growing seasons, under the extreme climatic conditions in which the autumn-sown crop grows in Southern Spain.Bolting is positively correlated with the number of days with minimum air temperatures ranging from 2 to 8 °C or with the number of days with mean temperatures between 8 °C and 13 °C.The occurrence of bolting is also affected by rainfall distribution in so far as it determines the date of seedling emergence.
Effect of inhibition of flowering on improvement of cane yield and juice quality under Coimbatore conditions
Authors: Singh Sudama , Reddy M. Sanjiva 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of paraquat (l, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-dipyridylium dichloride or Gramoxone) and diquat (l,1'-ethylene-2, 2'-dipyridylium dichloride or Reglone) on inhibition of flowering and the effect of such an inhibition on improvement of cane yield and juice quality in late maturing sugarcane varieties Co. 853 (early-season flowering) and Co. 419 (mid-late season flowering) planted in February were studied under field conditions at Coimbatore (latitude 11° N). In Co. 419, the spray of paraquat @ 0·35 kg a.i./ha and diquat @ 0·45 kg a.i./ha (diluted in 3000 1 of water) in two equal doses at 3–4 day intervals during the 1st and 2nd week of August suppressed the flowering almost completely, while in Co. 853 flowering could not be checked successfully by chemical spray. Flowering in Co. 853 could be checked only when the spindle leaves were cut continuously from 15 July to 12 August at 4–5 day intervals. In Co. 419, cutting leaf spindles at any day between 1 August and 12 August prevented flowering totally.The sprayed non-flowered crop of Co. 419 gave 13·84–15·69 t/ha more cane yield in February and 16·14–18·07 t/ha in April, whereas sugar yield increased by 1·16 t/ha in February and 3·56 t/ha in April compared with the control flowered crop. There was practically no difference in paraquat and diquat sprays. Suppression of flowering by defoliation in Co. 853 also increased the cane and sugar yield in and after February.
A note on leaf removal in hybrid maize
Authors: Singh R. P. , Nair K. P. P. , Sharma K. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of differing degrees of leaf removal was studied in maize at different stages of growth and in varying plant densities. In control (untreated) plants significantly lower grain yield/unit area at the higher density (90000 plants/ha) was associated with greater barrenness, percentage of lodging and time taken for silking. Increase in plant density from 60000 to 90000 plants/ha led to a reduction in length and diameter of the ear and in weight of 1000 grains. Delay in the time of leaf removal from the tasselling stage until 10 days later increased yield, number of ears, ear length, diameter and test weight and decreased percentage of barrenness and lodging.Leaf removal adversely affected yield and yield components (number of ears, percentage of lodging, ear size and test weight of 1000 grains). Complete leaf removal at tasselling time delayed silking and reduced lodging.
Developmental characteristics of grass varieties in relation to their herbage production
Authors: Davies I. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe length and weight per unit length of individual internodes of mature reproductive tillers of S. 24 and S. 23 perennial ryegrass and S. 345 and S. 143 cocksfoot were examined under three manurial treatments. At the lower level of nitrogen application successive internodes generally increased in length from the base upward. With additional nitrogen there was an increased proportion of tillers in which internodes near the base of the stem were longer than those immediately above them; lateheading tillers were most affected.Nitrogen increased the weight per unit length of upper internodes of all four varieties; the effect was most marked in S. 23 ryegrass. In the two ryegrasses, nitrogen reduced the weight per unit length of the basal internode.At maturity the upper internodes had lower dry-matter digestibility values than the lower. Nitrogen reduced the dry-matter digestibility of upper and lower internodes.The results are discussed in relation to selection criteria in variety synthesis.
A model for the simulation of the fate of nitrogen in farm wastes on land application
Authors: Bhat K. K. S. , Flowers T. H. , O'Callaghan J. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA model for predicting the various transformations undergone in the soil by nitrogen applied in farm wastes, in response to variations in soil and climatic factors, is presented. The soil is divided into layers and a simple mass balance model is used to describe the movement and redistribution of water within the soil profile, as a function of rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture characteristics.Ammonification of native and applied organic N is assumed to follow first-order reaction kinetics and nitrification and denitrification are treated as zero-order reactions. The rates or rate constants for all three reactions were related separately to soil temperature, moisture content and pH.Uptake of nitrogen by a grass crop, dry-matter production, removal of dry matter and N through harvests, addition to soil of C and N through dead plant material and stubble and the consequent immobilization of mineral N are allowed for. Some of the predictions of the model are compared with the results of a lysimeter experiment.
The relationship between response to N and P fertilizers and soil N and P
Authors: Singh B. R. , Uriyo A. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe magnitude of response to fertilizer-N and fertilizer-P decreased with increasing amounts of total soil-N and available soil-P, respectively. Attempts have been made to group the soils into N- and P-fertility classes based on the magnitude of response to applied fertilizers on soils of different fertility with respect to these two nutrient elements.
Seasonal variations in physico-biochemical determinants of buffalo (Bos bubalis) semen and their relation to fertility
Authors: Chaudhary K. C. , Gangwar P. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySemen from eight Murrah buffalo bulls was collected and analysed for physical and biochemical determinants throughout the year. Depending upon the climatic conditions, the whole year was divided into four periods. The mean values of volume, density, mass motility and sperm concentration was 1·64 + 0·060 ml, 2·48±0·032 (3-point scale), 2·65±0·069 (5-point scale) and 1185 ±19·2 million/ml, respectively. The mean values of alkaline and acid phosphatases were 1238±47·4 and 1244±54·5 King-Armstrong units (KAU)/100 ml of seminal plasma. Average figures for citric acid, calcium, phosphorus, total nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) were 507 + 14·1, 53·0±l·2, 121±4·9, 649±12·8 and 116±2·0 mg/100 ml of seminal plasma. Periods of the year had significant effect on volume, alkaline and acid phosphatases, citric acid and NPN (P< 0·01). Different correlations of physical and biochemical determinants are discussed. Of all the determinants only weight of the bull, sperm concentration and NPN were found to be positively correlated with fertility while phosphorus was negatively correlated.
The influence of some seed potato production techniques on basic tuber characteristics
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Barnes A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of the planting density of the seed potato crop, the date on which it was defoliated and the time at which it was lifted, on the weight, shape and number of eyes on progeny tubers in a given size grade, were small and were unlikely to be of practical importance.Size grade was both closely and linearly related to the number of eyes on a tuber and seemed to be a perfectly adequate practical method of grading seed tubers according to their number of eyes.
Influence of time, pH, temperature, organic matter and exchangeable cations on the adsorption of oxamyl on illites and kaolinites
Authors: Bansal O. P. , Bansal Vijay 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe adsorption of oxamyl under various conditions of time, pH, temperature, organic matter and exchangeable cations on illites and kaolinites was examined. The first order reaction indicated diffusion-controlled adsorption, maximum adsorption occurring at pH 6–5 which is near the pK value of oxamyl. Exchangeable cation in the order Na > H > Ca, organic matterand increasing temperature decreased adsorption. Adsorption isotherms and the molecular structure of oxamyl point to a reaction mechanism for oxamyl association with acid- and base-saturatedclays which involve either protonation or co-ordination of exchangeable clay cations to the carbonyl of the amide structure.
Beef carcass conformation and some relationships with carcass composition and muscle dimensions
Authors: Colomer-Rocher F. , Bass J. J. , Johnson D. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCarcasses of 129 steers from ten different sire breeds including dairy breeds, traditional British beef breeds and continental breeds were classified according to the shape of the tuber ischii-tuber calcis profiles of their hindquarter using a 7·point conformation scale. Conformation class was found to be related to both commercial and dissected carcass composition as well as the dimensions of seven hindquarter muscles. At the same carcass weight and fatness the muscle content of the hindquarter increased by 0·56 kg and the bone decreased by 0·13 kg linearly per unit increase in conformation class; the corresponding increase in the muscle-to-bone ratio was 0·07. The general trend for muscle dimensions was that the convex carcasses had shorter and thicker muscles than concave carcasses. A simple method of assessing carcass conformation based on three fundamental profiles of the hindquarter, from which the seven conformation classes were derived, permitted the grouping of carcasses according to their composition. Nevertheless the accuracy of the method may be improved with further investigation.
Edge and neighbour effects in cereal yield trials
Authors: Austin R. B. , Blackwell R. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn two field experiments with winter wheat varieties, the grain yields per unit area calculated from entire plots 4·2 × 1·18 m were 25% greater than the yields of the centre row. This occurred mainly because the outer rows in the plots yielded 62% more than the centre row. When the yields were calculated on the basis of a plot width of 1·53 m (the distance from path centre to path centre across the long axis of a plot), it was estimated that they were 4% less than the yields of the centre rows. In the most extreme case when a short variety in a plot of this size was bordered by neighbours 70 cm taller, its yield, relative to that of the tall variety, was underestimated by 10–12%.A separate experiment showed that the greater yield from plants at the edges of plots was associated mainly with more ears.
Circadian variation in the apparent digetibility of diets measured at the terminal ileum in pigs
Authors: Livingstone R. M. , Baird Barbara A. , Atkinson T. , Crofts R. M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCircadian variation in the apparent digestibility of diets having different physical characteristics was measured in samples taken from the terminal ileum using simple cannulae and marker ratios. Six pigs were used in three latin squares involving three iso-nitrogenous diets (30 g N/kg D.M.). Diet A was based on barley, weatings, soyabean meal and fish meal, diet B included barley, weatings and oats and diet C was purified. The allocation of diet provided 100 g D.M./kg Weg0·75/24 h and in each latin square a different pattern of feed intake was used; diets were given at intervals of either 1 or 12 h, or ad libitum.Differences in the digestibility of the diets were consistently distinguished by the technique. The circadian variation in digestibility was related to the type of diet and could be modified by changing the number and distribution of feeds per day. The results show that an understanding of the variation associated with different diets and feeding methods is necessary for optimizing the strategy for sampling from the terminal ileum.
Sorghum-pigeonpea intercropping and the effects of plant population density
Authors: Natarajan M. , Willey R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe use of growth resources is examined in an intercropping combination of early sorghum (82 days) and later-maturing pigeonpea (173 days) in a row arrangement of 2 sorghum: 1 pigeonpea.Prior to sorghum harvest, light interception by the intercrop combination was almost as high as sole sorghum. After sorghum harvest, light interception by the remaining pigeonpea was very poor and it is suggested that pigeonpea yield could be increased with higher plant population density and better plant distribution. Soil water measurements indicated that this would increase the amount of water being transpired through the crop but would not increase the total evapotranspiration demand. Higher nutrient concentrations in the intercrop pigeonpea compared with sole pigeonpea during this post-sorghum period suggested that yield of intercrop pigeonpea was not limited by nutrient stress, though the total uptake of nutrients by both crops was much greater from intercropping than sole cropping.
Investigation of the effect of supplementary zinc on growth rate of beef cattle on farms in N. Scotland
Authors: Price J. , Humphries W. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTrials were conducted on 21 farms to examine the influence of supplementary zinc on growth rate of 978 beef cattle maintained on winter rations typical of N.E. Scotland.The concentration of zinc in the normal farm rations ranged from 13·3 to 32·1 mg/kg D.M. and half of the animals on trial on each farm received supplements providing an additional 60 mg Zn/kg D.M. Before supplementation, the farm mean plasma zinc concentrations varied from 0·73 to l·10mg Zn/l; these levels were not elevated by zinc supplementation.The differences in mean daily weight gain between zinc-supplemented and control cattle on individual farms during 100–140 days on trial ranged from –0·14 to +0·22 kg/day and were not related to plasma zinc concentration before supplementation or to the zinc content of the basal rations. The mean daily weight gain of heifers receiving supplementary zinc was significantly greater (P< 0·02) than that of the controls by 0·05 kg/day during the first 60–80 days only. Bulls and steers showed no response to supplementary zinc.
Acclimatization of calves to a hot dry environment
Authors: Bianca W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three calves were individually exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 45° C. dry-bulb and 28° C. wet-bulb temperature for 21 successive days up to 5 hr. each day.2. In the 21-day period, mostly during the first half of it, the following changes in the physiological reactions of the animals were observed: progressive reductions in rectal temperature, in heart rate and in respiratory rate with a change of breathing from a laboured to a less laboured type.3. It was suggested that a decrease in metabolic heat production might play a part in the observed acclimatization.
The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.
The histology of the bovine muzzle
Authors: Mackie A. M. , Nisbet A. Myfanwy 
Published: March 2009

1. The structure of the muzzle of the cow, its blood supply and the histochemistry of its glands have been studied.2. The nasolabial glands are multilobular compound tubulo-acinar glands similar in structure to salivary glands. They secrete a watery mucincontaining fluid. It is suggested that they may be sweat gland homologues.3. Arterio-venous anastomoses are present in the muzzle. Their possible function is discussed.4. Although this investigation has shown how much the muzzle differs from the rest of the integument no particular function can be ascribed to it on the basis of the findings described.
Studies on zinc deficiency symptoms in some common crops of Gujarat (India)
Authors: Nair G. G. K. , Mehta B. V. 
Published: March 2009

1. Symptoms of zinc deficiency and toxicity have been studied in guar, brinjal, maize, tobacco and Mosambi (Mozambique) using a sand-culture technique.2. In zinc-deficient guar plants, depressed vegetative growth and smaller leaves than normal ones were found. Only few flower buds were seen, and there was abscission of leaves at the time of flowering.3. Chlorosis followed by necrosis and finally the drying up of leaves was the most characteristic deficiency symptom in the case of brinjal; growth was stunted and flowers failed to set fruits.4. In the newer leaves of maize, intermittent light yellow bands were formed just parallel to the midrib.5. In the lower leaves of tobacco, chlorosis followed by necrosis was observed; growth was stunted and leaves were small in size.6. In Mosambi (Mozambique), whitish yellow patches in between the veins were observed; leaves were small, pointed and quite unhealthy.7. There was an increase in zinc uptake with increased rates of application of zinc.8. Crude protein increased with increasing zinc supply up to levels beyond the optimum for growth.
The effect of leaf rust on the growth and chemical composition of oats and ryecorn
Authors: Greenall A. F. 
Published: March 2009

Leaf-rust infection of severity 3–4 on the modified Cobb scale reduced the dry-matter yield of Dun oat leafage by 30% and N.I.A.B. ryecorn by 23%. The reduction in root growth of ryecorn was similar to that of the aerial parts.The dry-matter percentage of the green forage was significantly increased in two of the three experiments. Palatability reduction due to leaf rust is suggested from field observations.With Dun oats leaf-rust infection increased the percentage of crude protein (C.P.) by a fifth, of ash by a tenth and decreased that of crude fibre (C.F.) by an eighth, and of nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) by a nineteenth. With ryecorn, rust increased the percentage of c.p. by a fourteenth, of ash by a fifth, and decreased that of N.F.E. by a twentieth.The decreased forage yield caused by rust is in accord with the results of experiments of other research workers and with field observation. The effect of rust on proximate constituents was interpreted as an improvement to feed value. This agrees with the results of most reported experiments but conflicts with the field evidence.The hypothesis that leaf rust affects forage composition mainly by reducing the physiological age of cereals is proposed.