bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oat
Authors: Kelley Rowena Y. , Sakhanokho Hamidou F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProgress in oat biotechnology has been traditionally hampered by several factors, including the recalcitrance of most elite oat cultivars to regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, the scarcity of research funds, and the complex and large oat genome size. However, recent advances in oat tissue culture and transformation systems have laid the groundwork for the improvement of elite oat cultivars through biotechnology. In addition,Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation has been achieved in many monocots, such as rice, and this technique can be applied to oat, allowing for genetic engineering of even more elite cultivars. Oat linkage maps have been developed, but application of genomics and marker‐assisted selection tools for oat improvement has been limited. However, results gathered through comparative genomics can be a valuable tool in oat biotechnology by using rice, for example, whose entire genome has been recently sequenced as a model cereal plant.
Sunflower
Authors: Lu Guihua , Hoeft Eric 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere are two primary types of cultivated sunflower: oilseed sunflower and confectionary sunflower. Oilseed sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and is the preferred source of oil for domestic consumption and cooking worldwide. Confectionary sunflower produces large seeds with low oil content and used in baking and snack applications. Sunflower oil has been used in biodiesel and sunflower can produce high quality rubber. The various usages of sunflower products in food, feed, and industry are stimulating the development of sunflower molecular breeding in combination with conventional and transgenic breeding methods. This chapter describes the history of sunflower, summarizes the achievements of conventional and transgenic breeding, and discusses the impact of new technologies on sunflower product development. Molecular breeding and transgenic approaches can be synergistic in product development. The great potential of sunflower industrial use will likely to advance sunflower biotechnology to a bright new era and foster the development of “industrial sunflower ” with enhanced oils for biofuel in the seeds and enhanced latex content in leaves and stems for rubber manufacture.
Peanut
Authors: Chenault Kelly D. , Ozias‐Akins Peggy , Gallo Maria , Srivastava Pratibha 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeanut is the fifth most important oilseed grown in the world, serving as an important oil and food source for millions of people. As a significant source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, peanut is used for human and animal consumption as well as in soaps, detergents, and cosmetics. Peanut production is hindered by environmental and biological stresses that have been and continue to be the focus of numerous peanut breeding programs over time. Other issues of concern to researchers as well as peanut processors and consumers are those of peanut freshness, peanut allergies, and the health benefits or drawbacks of peanut products. This chapter discusses the origin and history of the peanut, progress toward improving the crop through traditional breeding, and the role of transgenic breeding in future peanut germplasm improvement.
Sesame
Authors: Carlsson Anders S. , Chanana Nidhi P. , Gudu Samuel , Suh Mi Chung , Were Beatrice Ang’iyo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSesame (Sesamum indicum) is one of the oldest crops in the world and is a valuable source of vegetable oil. It has one of the highest oil content (up to 60%) among oil crops and one of the most stable oils due to the presence of a number of antioxidants. A major part of the sesame production is found in developing countries with the largest areas in India, Myanmar, China, Sudan, Nigeria, and Uganda. In comparison with soybean, rapeseed, or sunflower, sesame is a minor oil crop in the world and one of the reasons is insufficient breeding. Crop development programs for sesame, either small or nonexistent, have only involved conventional breeding, and little progress has been made during the past years. Various diseases and insect pests cause considerable damage and reduce the yield. Indeterminate flowering and dehiscent capsules are also important factors limiting sesame production. A revitalization of sesame research using modern plant breeding technologies can greatly improve the crop. Over the past 10 years, genetic engineering has greatly influenced the development of most of the predominant crops in the world. A biotechnological approach could definitely play an important role in genetic amelioration of sesame.
Pea
Authors: McPhee Kevin E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDevelopment of gene technology methods for plants has allowed novel genes to be introduced, where natural variation is lacking, irrespective of hybridization barriers. Pea, an important agricultural crop worldwide, lacks certain genes for disease resistance and would benefit from introduction of novel resistance traits. In addition to its role in agricultural production, pea plays a vital dietary role in developing countries and could serve as a valuable vehicle to provide enhanced nutrition to malnourished populations. Gene technology in pea was first studied in the late 1980s and viable protocols for gene introduction and selection of transformed plants were established in the early 1990s. Although other methods have been tested,Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated methods for gene introduction are preferred. Several examples of successful transformation have been reported and the introduction of the α‐amylase gene from common bean for resistance toBruchus pisorum, the pea seed weevil, has potential to overcome the adverse effects of this agronomically important pest. Consideration of regulatory hurdles and intellectual property rights are crucial to the successful implementation of gene technology and has hindered the use of Bruchid‐resistant peas. Application of gene technology has its greatest potential in basic studies of gene function. Gene complementation experiments allow the function of candidate genes to be verified and characterized. Overall, gene technology is a very powerful tool and is expected to have a significant impact on crop improvement and genomic evaluation of all crop plants.
Faba Bean
Authors: Link Wolfgang , Hanafy Moemen , Malenica Nenad , Jelenić Srećko , Jacobsen Hans‐Jörg 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVicia fabaL. is an old world grain legume, combine harvested for food and feed in Europe, North and East Africa, Asia, and in the northwest of South America. It is an annual, diploid plant (x= 6), with a large genome (1C ∼ 13 pg of DNA), large seeds (0.3 up to >2 g per seed), and a protein content of about 30%. Being a small agricultural species, a relatively large producer in Europe is the United Kingdom with more than 150000 ha. On the global scale, China is the largest producer (39% of global area of 2.6 million hectares). Important fungal diseases areBotrytis fabae,Ascochyta fabae, andUromyces viciae‐fabae. Important pests areAphis fabaeandBruchus rufimanus. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) is an important parasitic weed in the Mediterranean basin and the Nile valley. Traditional breeding is hampered by the partial allogamous, entomophilous reproduction, with degrees of outcrossing between 20% and 75%, depending on the actual genotype and the environment. The faba bean cannot be crossed with related species, and it is known as recalcitrant crop as toin vitrotechnologies.Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation ofVicia fabaresulted in regeneration of first transgenic plants carrying the aspartate kinse III fromE. coliand the 2S‐albumin 8 from sunflower. In addition to the optimization of the regeneration protocol, knowledge gained from the model legumesMedicago truncatulaandLotus japonicusshould enable further progress inVicia fababreeding.
Pigeonpea
Authors: Sharma Kiran K. , Bhatnagar‐Mathur P. , Saxena Kul Bhushan , Sreelatha Gopinath , Rao Daggu M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPigeonpea is one of the major grain legumes grown in the tropics and subtropics of the world that forms a significant component of the diet due to its high protein content. Most of the differences in potential and realized yields in pigeonpea have been attributed to several biotic and abiotic constraints; besides the low productivity potential of marginal lands, where this crop is commonly grown. Of the various constraints limiting pigeonpea production, insect pests cause substantial damages. Conventional breeding efforts in pigeonpea crop improvement have been successful in producing improved seed quality and reduction of crop maturity duration. Nevertheless, genetic improvement of pigeonpea has been restricted due to the nonavailability of better genetic resources and strong sexual barriers between the cultivated and wild species. The recent developments in plant genetic engineering have provided immense potential in overcoming some of these constraints, thereby, offering opportunities for its successful integration with conventional crop improvement strategies. This chapter describes the pigeonpea crop, various constraints to its productivity, recent developments in its breeding, and emerging transgenic innovations that could play a significant role in the improvement of pigeonpea crop. We also highlight the current status of pigeonpea transgenics and related biosafety and IPR issues for the successful application of this technology in the near future.
Alfalfa
Authors: Tesfaye Mesfin , Samac Deborah A. , Lamb JoAnn F.S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe genusMedicagocomprises more than 60 annual and perennial species, and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. andM. falcataL.) has a long history of cultivation around the world. Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume that is widely cultivated for animal fodder, but alfalfa plants also contribute to sustainable agriculture because they can fix nitrogen in symbiosis with the soil bacteria called rhizobia. In this chapter, we report recent advances in the genetic engineering of forage improvement on alfalfa for various traits of agricultural and industrial importance. The commercialization of Roundup Ready® transgenic alfalfa in the United States has paved the way for production of additional biotech‐derived traits in alfalfa.
Apple
Authors: Malnoy Mickael A. , Korban Schuyler , Boresjza‐Wysocka Ewa , Aldwinckle Herb C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe first report of transformed apple plants in 1989 raised expectations for new apple cultivars that would be better tasting, healthier, and easier to grow. Although, many different traits have now been introduced successfully into apple, no transformed cultivars have yet made it to commercial production. Most early reports on transformed apple described “proof of concept” experiments involving the development of regeneration protocols, and the choice of appropriate promoters and selectable markers. More recently, the focus has moved onto functional testing of traits of potential commercial interest. These traits can be grouped into two categories: horticultural production traits and fruit‐focused traits. Production traits of interest include bacterial, fungal and pest resistance, dwarfing, propagation, stress resistance, precocity, storage life, and self‐fertility. Examples of fruit‐focused traits include novel health properties, flavor, reduced browning, color, and reduced allergenicity. This review will consider reports of characters introduced into apple that are useful to growers and consumers, and looks toward future trends, targets, and challenges.
Papaya
Authors: Gonsalves Dennis , Suzuki Jon Y. , Tripathi Savarni , Ferreira Stephen A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPapaya (Carica papayaL.) is currently the fastest growing tropical fruit crop in the world. It is a tree‐like, herbaceous, short‐lived perennial plant 3–8 m in height native to tropical America. It is cultivated on farms as well as backyard gardens worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions within 32 degrees latitude north and south of the equator. Fruits can be harvested as early as 9 months after sowing and are anywhere from 255 g to 6 kg, depending on the variety. Papaya is grown largely for its nutritious fresh fruit which contains relatively high amounts of vitamins A, C, and E as well as calcium, potassium, and iron, but also for by‐products such as papain, a proteinase found in the latex of unripe fruit used to tenderize meat and in pharmaceutical industries. Transgenic varieties “Rainbow” and “SunUp” were developed in Hawaii to be resistant to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), the most devastating disease threatening papaya production worldwide. Development and commercialization of the transgenic papaya in Hawaii serves as a model for successful biotechnology application to specialty crop improvement. Advances in transformation and development of transgenic papaya and the prospects of commercialization in various countries are also discussed.
Avocado
Authors: Litz Richard E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe avocadoPersea americanaMill. (Lauraceae) originated in Central America, and three horticultural races are recognized: the Mexican, the Antillean, and the Guatemalan. Classical breeding has still had relatively little impact on cultivar development because of the long generation period and equally long time for evaluating the progeny from controlled crosses. There is an urgent need for improved scion and rootstock cultivars. The major goals of scion breeding include a replacement for the complex Mexicana × Guatemalan selection “Hass” and extension of shelf life of fruit of Antillean cultivars; whereas, Phytophthora root rot‐resistant rootstocks are needed. “Hass” has been transformed with the antifungal defensin genepdf1.2and Antillean avocado has been transformed with the genesamase(S‐adenosylmethionine hydrolase) in order to block ethylene biosynthesis and ripening.
Passionfruit
Authors: Zerbini F. Murilo , Otoni Wagner Campos , Vieira Maria Lúcia Carneiro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe genusPassifloracomprises a large number of plant species that grow as perennial or semiperennial vines, possess large flowers, and are cross‐pollinated. The plant can also be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting. Yellow passionfruit (P. edulisf.flavicarpa) is the most widely planted species. Passionfruit is a crop of relatively recent commercial cultivation, displaying a high degree of genetic variability that can be easily exploited by conventional breeding. The development of cultivars has three main objectives: yield, fruit quality, and disease resistance. Of these, disease resistance has been the least successful and is the one for which biotechnology holds the greatest promises. The most likely short‐term development in terms of passionfruit transgenics is woodiness‐resistant plants. The results obtained so far are promising and indicate that resistance to passionfruit woodiness can be accomplished by expression of virus‐derived genomic fragments. Other desirable products would be plants with uniform fruit maturity, or self‐compatible. However, the biochemical pathways that control fruit setting and maturity, as well as self‐incompatibility in yellow passionfruit, are likely to involve a large number of genes and have not yet been dissected, and therefore such transgenic plants are not likely to be produced in the near future.
Persimmon (Kaki)
Authors: Tetsumura Takuya , Giordani Edgardo , Tao Ryutaro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPersimmon (Diospyros kakiL.), its common name ‘kaki’, has been grown in many countries and produces a highly nutritional fruit. Rapid breeding progress through conventional cross‐breeding is difficult because kaki is a polyploid and has a long juvenile period. Some transgenic kaki, which are insect‐ and disease‐resistant and salt‐tolerant, have been produced usingAgrobacterium.
Tomato
Authors: Fatima Tahira , Mattoo Autar K. , Rivera‐Domínguez Marisela , Troncoso‐Rojas Rosalba , Tiznado‐Hernández Martín‐Ernesto , Handa Avtar K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTomato is one of the most consumed and widely grown vegetable crops in the world. It is a popular vegetable/fruit and an important source of vitamins and minerals in human diet. One medium‐sized tomato provides 57% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin C, 25% RDA of vitamin A, and 8% RDA of iron, yet with only 35 calories. Tomatoes are also rich in an antioxidant called lycopene, a carotenoid that has been found to protect cells from oxidants that have been linked to cancer. Tomato is a member of the dicot familySolanaceae, which contains well‐known plant species such as potato, tobacco, eggplant, and pepper. The fruit of tomato is classified as a climacteric fruit, in which onset of ripening is accompanied by an increase in both respiration and ethylene production. Conventional plant breeding has had a significant impact on improving tomato breeding for fruit quality and resistance to important diseases. However, this progress has been confounded by the following: the time‐consuming process of making crosses and backcrosses; difficulty in combating the evolution of new virulent pathogens or breakdown of resistance; saturation of the genetic pools available for improvement; time required, 10 to 15 years, to release a new tomato variety. Besides, traditional breeding methods used may not impart the desired characteristics. Genetic engineering or “recombinant‐DNA technology” is now a highly promising avenue for transplanting genetic characteristics of one species into another. This technology is based on identifying the molecular unit(s) responsible for the desired agronomic trait and then isolating and determining the structure and organization of such a unit or units. The unit can then be engineered to transform and modify any existing variety of a crop plant. This technology provides a continuum between plant breeding‐based varietal development and manipulation of beneficial genes by genetic engineering to develop transgenics. This chapter summarizes some of the major studies conducted thus far to manipulate ripening, fruit texture, flavor, and nutritional quality of tomato fruit using the transgenic approach.
Carrot
Authors: McCormick Nina L. , Rodoni Brendan , Taylor Paul , Ford Rebecca 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe development of embryolike structures from aseptically cultured carrot cells was first demonstrated almost 50 years ago, and from these cultured cells entire plantlets were regenerated. Thisin vitroculture of carrot cells has become increasingly important for the production of transgenic plant lines where naturally available elite backgrounds are unavailable. Optimizing theAgrobacterium–plant interaction is considered to be the most important aspect for the development of an efficientAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation protocol, together with the subsequent recovery of whole transgenic plants. The introduction of foreign DNA into plant cells has been widely applied for the genetic manipulation of carrot phenotypes and the development of cultivars with traits of commercial interest.
Cucurbits
Authors: Tricoli David M. , Staub Jack E. , Kabelka Eileen A. , Wang Yi‐Hong , Quemada Hector D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere are five cultivated species of the genusCucurbita: C. pepo,C. moschata,C. maxima,C. argyrosperma, andC. ficifolia.Cucurbitais one of the most morphologically variable genera in the plant kingdom. Breeding ofCucurbitahas played a key role in the variety and productivity of cultivars available to growers and consumers today. In addition to traditional plant breeding methods of transferring virus‐resistance alleles from wild to cultivated species ofCucurbita, scientists have developed and commercialized genetically engineered virus resistance inC. pepo. The center of origin forCucumisspecies is likely Africa for the wild species, but initial sites of domestication forC. meloare likely in the Middle East. On the other hand,C. sativusmay have originated in Africa, China, India, or in the Near East with domestication occurring later throughout Europe. Melon and cucumber's improved varieties have thus far been derived through traditional breeding, which has accomplished a wide range of improvements, including yield and disease resistance. Watermelon was thought to have originated in southern Africa. Most cultivated or edible watermelons belong to the speciesCitrullus lanatus. Over the past century, conventional breeding has tremendously improved earliness, plant architecture, fruit yield, quality, diversity, disease resistance, and shipping quality.
Alliums
Authors: Eady Colin C. , Hunger Sarah A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the genetic manipulation of crop Allium species. Section 1 starts by briefly covering aspects of crop Allium history, industry, and flavor characteristics. The section ends on cultivation and breeding of Alliums, which leads into a justification for the use of genetic modification technologies for these crops. Section 2 covers herbicide‐resistant, disease‐resistant, and insect‐resistant traits and techniques such as RNA interference and targeted expression that are currently under investigation in crop Alliums through the use of genetic modification technology. The section finishes with a comprehensive overview of the current techniques available for the genetic modification of Allium species. Section 3 outlines the future prospects for the use of genetic modification of crop Alliums.
Asparagus
Authors: Dan Yinghui , Veilleux Richard E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAsparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is an economically important vegetable crop in over 17 countries. The important breeding targets for asparagus include herbicide tolerance, insect and disease resistance, and increase of nutritional compounds such as flavonoid rutin that may reduce serum cholesterol and anticarcinogens such as protodioscin that inhibits cancer cell growth and decreases cholesterol in plasma and liver to improve its human health benefit. In this article, we review the current status of botanical, economical and genomic aspects, breeding program, and genetic transformation in asparagus, which provides useful information of a genomic model for Asparagales functional genomics and its application to the economic trait development.
Pines
Authors: Tang Wei , Newton Ronald J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTransgenic plants play an important role in plant productivity and in a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses including drought, low/high temperatures, high salinity, and oxidative stress. Changes in gene expression patterns ultimately influence biochemical, cellular, developmental, and physiological activities. Transgenic pine is critical in improving wood production and in forest biotechnology. In this chapter, we overview the transgenic pine and its application in forest biotechnology, in forest industry, and in environmental improvement with emphasis on the history, origin, and distribution of Loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiataD. Don).