bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an ASTM Method for Measurement of the Extensional Viscosity of Agricultural Spray Solutions
Authors: Dexter Robin W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Polymeric drift control agents are used to modify the droplet size distribution of pesticide sprays. These agents function by increasing the extensional viscosity of the spray liquid, enabling it to resist disruption as it emerges from the spray nozzle, usually leading to an increase in the median droplet diameter of the spray droplets. Extensional viscosity is often the most important physical property controlling the spray droplet size, especially when soluble polymers are present, but methods available for measurement of extensional viscosity of dilute solutions are complicated and are not generally available. This paper describes a simple, portable apparatus that can detect and quantify a relative extensional viscosity (screen factor) that is useful in evaluating the properties of drift control agents. The apparatus has been used to determine the screen factors of test substances used by the Spray Drift Task Force and to correlate them with independent measurements of extensional viscosity obtained using a Rheometrics RFX Extensional Rheometer. The method has been adopted as ASTM Method E 2408-04, “Relative Extensional Viscosity of Agricultural Spray Tank Mixes.”
Compatibility Testing of Multi-Vehicle Coolant Chemistries
Authors: Skrobul Anthony P. , Balfe Steven L. , Alverson Fred C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Multi-vehicle or universal coolants, or both, have been introduced into the marketplace to satisfy the wishes of mass merchandisers, automotive garage and repair shops, quick oil change establishments, and the general public for a convenient single coolant for use in the myriad makes and models of vehicles. Universal coolants are recommended for top off, as well as complete drain and fill of the customer’s cooling system, regardless of the color or inhibitor chemistry of coolant already in use. Coolant mixing, and potential compatibility issues, will result for the top-off scenario, but may also be of concern following coolant system flush-and-fill. However, there are currently no standard compatibility tests to define satisfactory compatibility when coolants of different chemistry are mixed. Previous work to establish compatibility of coolant mixtures documents that potential coolant deterioration of the corrosion protection may occur in the ASTM D 4340 [1] Aluminum Heat-Rejection Test when mixing coolants with different additive chemistries. Compatibility testing has been conducted on various universal coolants with traditional high silicate, traditional low silicate, hybrid (phosphate free), hybrid (phosphated), and OAT-only technologies. This paper provides results of the coolant compatibility tests and correlation of coolant chemistry with coolant performance in these tests.
Fast Scan Differential Scanning Calorimetry Distinguishes Melting, Melting-Degradation/Sublimation and Thermal Stability of Drugs
Authors: Riga Alan T. , Golinar Michael , Alexander Kenneth S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In order to establish a structure and property (melting and oxidative or thermal degradation, or both) relationship for a United States Pharmacopeias (USP) set of standard drugs, they were evaluated by fast scan differential scanning calorimetry. A critical problem in characterizing the endothermic melting of a drug is to determine the melting range and if a chemical melts and immediately degrades. The stability of standard drugs is based on a comparison of their thermal properties at widely varying ramp or heating rates from 10 to 100°C/min. A stable crystalline drug has an obvious melting endotherm followed by a stable baseline. An unstable crystalline drug melts and immediately degrades as viewed by a shifting melt endotherm with heating rate. The USP thermally stable standards evaluated in this study include vanillin (melt temperature, Tm, 80.4°C), acetanilide (Tm, 114°C), acetophenetidin (Tm, 135°C), sulfanilamide (Tm, 165°C), sulfapyridine (Tm, 191°C), and caffeine (Tm, 235°C and Tsublimation, &lt;220°C). In addition to the USP samples a number of commercial and model drugs, like benzoic acid (Tm, 122°C and Tsublimation, &lt;120°C), lidocaine.HCl and procaine.HCl were also examined. Their melt profiles were ranked as stable or unstable post fusion by the fast scan DSC technique and are reported.
Effect of Chemical Admixtures on Rheology of Cement Paste at High Temperature
Authors: Al-Martini S. , Nehdi M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Placement of cement-based materials in hot weather conditions encounters many problems due to the rapid evaporation of mixing water and the accelerated hydration of cement. Such materials are also adversely affected at elevated temperatures by an increased water demand, shorter setting time, and more rapid slump loss. These problems can be mitigated using adequate chemical admixtures. However, technical data on such admixtures are commonly developed at normal temperatures, and there is a real need to investigate their performance at hot temperatures. In the current research, the rheological properties of portland cement pastes with a water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.35 and 0.50 are investigated at different temperatures in the range of 20 to 45°C using an advanced shear-stress/shear-strain controlled rheometer. The influence of water-reducing and retarding admixture, polycarboxylate, naphthalene sulfonate, and melamine-based high-range water-reducing admixtures (HRWR) in addition to mid-range water-reducing admixtures (MRWR) on the rheological properties of cement paste at various temperatures was also examined. The paper aims at formulating recommendations for the effective use of chemical admixtures at high temperature, which should enhance the rheological properties of cement-based materials in hot weather conditions.
Estimation of the Osteolytic Potential of Noncrosslinked and Crosslinked Polyethylenes and Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Prostheses
Authors: Tipper JL , Galvin AL , Ingham E , Fisher J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in the wear debris and osteolytic potential of different types of bearings used in total joint replacements. The aim of this study was first to characterize the wear and wear particles generated from two different grades of UHMWPE acetabular cups with different levels of crosslinking in a hip joint simulator. Secondly, the results for the polyethylenes were compared to an alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prosthesis. The wear rates of the two noncrosslinked material types were very similar at 49±8 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1020 and 45.6±1.4 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1050. Moderate crosslinking (4 MRad) significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the wear rate of the GUR 1020 material by 30 % to 35±9 mm3 per million cycles. High levels of crosslinking of GUR 1050 (10 MRad) produced a highly significant (P&lt;0.01) 80 % reduction in wear volume. Although reduced wear volumes were observed with moderate levels of crosslinking for the 4 MRad GUR 1020 material, little benefit was conveyed by crosslinking, in terms of predicted overall biocompatibility and estimated osteolytic potential. Introducing high levels of crosslinking (10 MRad) into the GUR 1050 material reduced wear and osteolytic potential by up to five-fold compared to the other GUR 1050 materials. However, compared to the noncrosslinked and moderately crosslinked GUR 1020 materials, the highly crosslinked GUR 1050 UHMWPE had only a two-fold lower osteolytic potential. The alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses produced extremely low wear rates under both standard and microseparation simulation conditions, and consequently the osteolytic potential of the alumina bearings was estimated to be &gt;20-fold lower than the highly crosslinked polyethylene.
A Comparison of Membrane Technologies for Engine Coolant Recycling
Authors: Hudgens R. , Schmidt E. , Williams M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Recycling of used engine coolants containing ethylene glycol and other glycols would appear to be well established, particularly for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane, electrodialysis, and distillation-based processes. Both literature and recycling facilities indicate success in employing these techniques. However, many recyclers, particularly those employing a single treatment technology, are not capable of producing recycled product meeting original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements for coolant, and these typically fall far short of approaching virgin (nonrecycled) coolant quality. In addition, some recycling facilities have produced and marketed product that led to coolant system damage and engine failure, either as a result of not sufficiently removing contaminants or inadequately reformulating with corrosion inhibitors and other additives. The danger of process upsets resulting in inadequate product is particularly high for those facilities that receive feeds with varying contaminant levels and coolants containing a range of corrosion inhibitors and additives (silicates, organic acids, etc.). However, no study to date has focused on a fundamental assessment of the separation characteristics and interactions of the various classes of coolant technologies with the commercially available reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and electrodialysis ion exchange membranes typically seen in recycling operations. This study presents results of a comprehensive evaluation of the separation characteristics of a wide range of these membranes with a wide range of coolant types. In particular, the study examined production rate characteristics, inhibitor and other additive separation, and contaminant removal for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and electrodialysis. Residual inhibitors remaining in the recycled coolant are examined, with guidance provided on how these residuals might affect coolant reformulation and performance.
Comparison of Bench Test Methods to Evaluate Heavy Duty Coolant Thermal Stability
Authors: Chen Yu-Sen , Hudgens R. Doug , Eaton Edward R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The past 10 to 15 years have seen a dramatic change in heavy duty coolants and cooling system maintenance practices. Controversy exists about the relative merits of newer organic acid (OAT) coolants and more conventional products, especially in the area of thermal stability. Coolant life has been extended from two years/240 K miles to at least five years/600 K miles. It is not uncommon for the same charge of coolant to remain in the cooling system until engine rebuild. Further, there has been an equally significant increase in the coolant service intervals. Reinhibition of the coolant was once tied to the oil change interval at 15 to 25 K miles. Now this additive addition has been extended in many cases to one year/150 K miles to two years/300 K miles. • Along with these dramatic increases in coolant life and service interval, strategies to reduce exhaust emissions such as EGR have increased and will continue to increase coolant temperatures. Sorting out coolant stability issues in the field is both expensive and time consuming. Further, it is very difficult to control a field test so as to obtain reliable data. In this environment, a bench test method that can quickly simulate high temperature, severe field service conditions is of vital importance. This paper compares four bench test methods as far as their ability to sort out thermal stability issues based on results from five coolants representing different additive packages and glycol qualities.
High-Altitude Testing and Evaluation of Liquid Pharmaceutical Glass and Plastic Bottles to Detect Leaks
Authors: Singh S. P. , Burgess G. , Singh J. , Lockhart H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact on package integrity of high-altitude shipments of glass and plastic bottles. High altitudes are encountered when trucks travel over mountain passes and when cargo and feeder aircraft transport packages in nonpressurized or partially pressurized cargo holds. This is the second research study conducted on liquid product shipments. The first was done on liquid hazardous material combination packaging. The testing of pharmaceutical packaging is critical since the integrity of the product may be compromised during shipping and handling. Current shipping tests performed in labs do not account for simultaneous pressure changes and vibration. This study shows that packages currently being used for shipments of liquid pharmaceuticals that are tested to existing ASTM and ISO shipping tests are often inadequate, and can result in a significant number of leakers. Testing under combined vibration and pressure is necessary to ensure integrity.
The Relevance of Drop Tester Accuracy
Authors: Singh Jay , Vorst Keith , Singh S. Paul , Lao Matt 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
ASTM D 5276-98 “Standard Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall,” [1] was written as the general test specification for permitting free-fall drop tests for packaged products. One of the fundamental characteristics for drop testers used to perform ASTM D 5276 is that they must produce a flat drop with tolerance limit set at ±2 deg. For drops other than flat drops, such as edges and corners, tolerance limits of ±5 deg have been specified. Although most drop testers are calibrated during manufacturing, they are often not checked for accuracy at their lab locations. This is primarily due to the lack of a calibration standard. This paper investigates the importance of drop test accuracy and reports observations, measurements, and documentation of changes in acceleration and velocity change measured on a test specimen as it is subjected to drops with increasing deviation from the desired impact orientation. A statistical analysis of accelerations as impact orientations deviated is provided and statistical trends in the data as impact angles change are reported. The results suggested that the existing tolerances for performing drops within ±2 deg as recommended by ASTM D 5276 are acceptable for flat drops and the tolerances for performing edge and corner drops within ±5 deg are not acceptable as they can result in larger deviations as the offset is increased beyond ±2 deg.
Novel Adjuvants for Targeting Pesticide Delivery
Authors: Penner Donald 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Water repellent adjuvants increase the surface tension in contrast to surfactants that decrease surface tension of spray solutions. Increasing the surface tension spray droplets could potentially bounce through the plant foliage and canopy to target sites below. In this study organosilicone water repellents were applied with the herbicide, flumioxazin, and the insecticides, permethrin and carbaryl in greenhouse trials. Foliar retention was determined with the addition of Chicago sky blue dye which could be measured spectrophotometrically. Only the inclusion of DC1-6184 consistently reduced foliar retention of the various spray solutions on the spectrum of test plants.
Strength of Quasi-Isotropic Co-Cured Composite Joints Under Quasi-static and Fatigue Loading
Authors: Tan Xinyuan , Armanios Erian 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Three composite joint configurations, namely, the straight laminate (SL), the single lap, and the single nested overlap (SNO) joints are investigated to ascertain the improvement of the SNO joint over the single lap joint under quasi-static and cyclic loading. The SNO joint is a co-cured composite joint design proposed previously, while the SL represents a perfect joint and serves as an upper bound for static strength and fatigue life comparisons. Stress-number curves are generated based on constant amplitude tension-tension cyclic loading at a frequency of 5 Hz and stress ratio (R) of 0.1 for quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy (IM7/8551-7) joints. The maximum fatigue load is varied between an average of 70-90 % UTS for SL, 20–80 % ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for single lap joints and 40–95 % UTS for SNO joints. Fatigue run-out is defined at 1×106 cycles. The fatigue strength improvement of SNO joint is ascertained quantitatively through two indicators. Three quasi-static acoustic emission (AE) count peaks were identified during monotonic loading before eventually reaching a maximum at ultimate failure. The cumulative AE count peaks are used as a collective measurement of the significant damage event incurred under specific loading and subsequently correlated to the fatigue performance of each of these three joint configurations.
Sizing for the Clothing Industry Using Principal Component Analysis—An Australian Example
Authors: Veitch D. , Veitch L. , Henneberg M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Principal component analysis was used to condense twelve anthropometric measurements into the first two principal components, which maximize information relevant to setting up a size and shape specification for the development of well-fitting apparel patterns, in this case for the manufacture of a bodice. The use of only two principal components allows for the specification of a practical sizing system. The database for the work consists of 54 measurements taken from 1330 adult women ranging in age from 18 to 70 + years measured in six capital cities in Australia in 2002 and 2004. The twelve measure subset was chosen by an experienced apparel pattern maker to be most relevant for a construction of a bodice pattern. Additionally, the measures were ordered in importance using all pair wise comparisons. This aspect of the work is essential in maximizing the retention of information using only two numbers. A new feature uses the scale dependency of principal component analysis to influence the accuracy of the reconstructed data using only the first two principal components. The paper defines 36 categories: twelve sizes and three shapes in each size. Percentages of women in the 36-size shape groups are determined. In as far as the sample of 1330 women is representative of the Australian population, the percentages provide valuable information for the apparel industry. The main purpose of the paper is to provide an example of how it is possible to improve sizing for clothing based on anthropometric body measurements in a manner acceptable to the apparel industry. The paper shows the body scans of a subset of nine actual women who illustrate the size and shape variations existing in this sample.
Use of a Soil Surfactant with Fungicides for Control of Fairy Ring Disease in Turfgrass
Authors: Fidanza M. A. , Wong F. P. , Kostka S. J. , McDonald S. J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Fairy ring is the common name for a complex disease of turf encompassing the appearance of mushrooms, circles of stimulated grass, or rings of damaged or dead turfgrass maintained for lawns, athletic fields, or golf courses. Type-I fairy ring is especially destructive due to the development of water repellent or hydrophobic soil conditions and the subsequent decline and damage to the existing turfgrass. Fairy ring management strategies, particularly the control or suppression of Type-I fairy ring symptoms, has been inconsistent in effectiveness. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides recommended for fairy ring control when applied alone and with a soil surfactant. This research was conducted on cool-season turfgrass in California in 2005, and in Pennsylvania in 2006. The same treatments were applied at both locations. The four fungicide treatments were evaluated at 620 g active ingredient (a.i.) azoxystrobin∙ha-1, 9757 g a.i. flutolanil∙ha-1, 310 g a.i polyoxin-D∙ha-1, or 558 g a.i. pyraclostrobin∙ha-1. Each fungicide was applied alone and in a tank-mix combination with the modified alkylated polyol soil surfactant (100 % concentration) at 19 L product∙ha-1. All treatments were applied at two water carrier volumes of 814 and 1628∙ L∙ha-1. At both locations, Type-I fairy ring symptoms were noticeably reduced in plots treated with fungicides plus soil surfactant at either water carrier volume versus plots treated with fungicides alone applied at 814 L water carrier ha-1. Therefore, the consistently best overall treatment for the control or suppression of Type-I fairy ring symptoms was fungicides plus soil surfactant at either water carrier volume. The application of plant protection products at the lower water volume is preferred by turfgrass managers and practitioners; thus the utility of soil surfactants applied with fungicides is a useful strategy for the chemical control of fairy ring in turf.
Glyphosate Adjuvant Formulation with Glycerin
Authors: Elsik Curtis M. , Stridde Howard M. , Tann R. Scott 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The development of many crops with glyphosate tolerance has created a large demand for glyphosate herbicide formulations. Commercial aqueous solution glyphosate formulations usually contain a surfactant along with other formulation additives. The surfactant can function to help the spray solution wet the weed surface, and can also help potentiate the active ingredient. The other formulation ingredients usually include materials that function as humectants, antigelling agents, and antifreeze agents. Various traditional petrochemical derivatives have been used to achieve these effects. In this paper glycerin, a renewable natural material provides all of the nonsurfactant excipient properties. The advent of biodiesel production has created a surge in the production of glycerin. It has been found that this crude glycerin can be incorporated into commercial aqueous glyphosate formulations and can replace the traditional petrochemical derivative constituents. The glycerin functions as the humectant, antigelling agent, and antifreeze agent. This paper deals with the modifications and specifications necessary to achieve a suitable finished glyphosate product, as well as the performance results observed from field trials with the final formulation.
Development of Fast Dissolving Concentrated Gibberellin Water Soluble Granular Formulations
Authors: Devisetty Bala N. , Warrior Prem , Menendez Ricardo , Beach Mark , Heiman Daniel 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Gibberellins, a major group of naturally occurring plant hormones, are diterpenoid acids, known to influence a range of plant developmental processes including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction, fruit size and quality, and leaf and fruit senescence. Gibberellins are commercially produced by fermentation of natural fungus, Gibberella fujikuroi. The most commonly used Gibberellic acid, GA3, is primarily formulated as solutions (2 to 5 % in isopropyl alcohol, 10 % in methyl alcohol), as 5 to 20 % wettable or soluble powders, or both, as 3.1 % soluble granules or as 1 to 10-g effervescent tablets. The other frequently used gibberellins, GA4+7, are primarily formulated as 1 to 4 % solutions either in tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) or in propylene glycol. Of the solvents currently used, isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol offer severe disadvantages such as flammability, toxicity, and restrictions in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, transportation, and warehousing. The THFA used in some of the formulations is considered corrosive to the eye and skin. Low solubility of gibberellins in propylene glycol does not permit solution formulations with greater than 2 % wt/wt gibberellins. The powder formulations are not user friendly and require quite a long time to achieve true solubility of the active component in tank mixes. Due to low solubility and undesirable hydrolysis, it has not been possible to formulate gibberellins in aqueous systems. This paper will present formulation studies leading to the development of stable, high potency (GA3 at 40 % wt/wt and higher; GA4+7 at 10 % wt/wt and higher), dust free, instantly water wettable, dispersible, and soluble Gibberellin plant growth regulator granular formulations by low pressure extrusion methodology. Field biological efficacy studies on grapes showed concentrated water soluble granular formulation either equivalent or superior to the standard powder formulation.