bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for waste load allocation of municipal sewage sludge at the 106-mile ocean disposal site
Authors: Walker Henry A. , Paul John F. , Bierman Victor J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Methods for modeling short-term (time-variable) and long-term (time-averaged) exposures in the upper mixed layer that may result from the proposed disposal of sewage sludge at the 106-Mile Ocean Disposal Site are presented. The models have not been field validated at the 106-Mile Site, but they do provide decision makers with “upper-bound” estimates of risk to the upper water column from municipal sludge loadings currently projected for disposal at the site. The methods are believed to be useful in managing disposal site operations and in determining if future loadings to the site would be permissible.
The models are two-dimensional in the horizontal plane and assume complete mixing over a prescribed mixed-layer depth. Upper-bound estimates of sludge contaminant concentrations in the upper mixed layer were based on summer hydrographic conditions and an annual disposal rate of 7.2 million metric wet tons of sludge. Preliminary assessments of the potential effects of the sludge disposal were made using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency marine water quality criteria, the Food and Drug Administration tolerance level for polychlorinated biphenyl residues in edible portions of fish tissue and whole-sludge toxicity test results. Within the framework of the assumptions and limitations of this analysis, and based on the projected loading rate, the overall results indicate that there would be no violations of these criteria. The margins of safety relative to the specified criteria were estimated.
Measurement of attenuation coefficients in natural water columns
Authors: Winterle John S. , Tse Doris , Mabey William R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Light scattering and light absorption by particulates and humic substances in natural waters can significantly affect the photoreaction rates of chemicals in aquatic systems. These scattering and absorption processes are quantitatively described by the use of an empirical parameter, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, K. We have tested actinometric and radiometric methods for measuring the diffuse attenuation coefficient K which can be used to calculate the depth averaged rate constant (kpavg) in a specific water body. The two methods were found to give excellent agreement. We found the method using a chemical actinometer system to be the most practical and convenient for use in field studies, but that more studies in other water systems and with other test cheimcals are needed to more rigorously test the method. We calculated kpavg equal to 0.33 ±0.17d−1 for carbazole in a 1-m test pond.
Toxicity of brass powder in soil to the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Wentsel Randall S. , Guelta Mark A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was exposed to brass powder (70% Cu, 30% Zn) contaminated soils at concentrations ranging from 0 to 430 μg/g. A 14-d LC50 of 190 μg/g with 95% fiducial limits of 169 and 220 μg/g was determined. Sublethal effects, measured as weight loss, were significantly different (p &lt; .05) from the control at 120 μg/g and above.
Bioavailability and toxicity of metals leached from lead-mine tailings to aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Besser John M. , Rabeni Charles F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractErosion and leaching of abandoned deposits of lead-mine tailings in southeast Missouri have resulted in the heavy metal contamination of surface waters, sediments and aquatic biota. We examined how cover materials added to stabilize tailings deposits might influence the mobilization of metals in mine tailings leachates by monitoring metal bioaccumulation and toxic effects in aquatic invertebrates (Orconectes nais, Hexagenia limbata and Chironomus riparius) exposed to leachates from test plots of tailings that had been given various cover treatments. Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium increased significantly, and survival, growth and development were impaired in one or more invertebrate taxa during chronic (10–120 d) exposures to leachates from cover treatments of vegetation and organic mulches. Metal bioaccumulation and toxicity were greatest in a maple leaf cover treatment. Leachate from the leaf treatment had high metal concentrations because of the formation of metal/organic complexes. Lesser responses were observed in treatments of seed + fertilizer, bluegrass sod and dried sewage sludge, all of which resulted in the establishment of varying amounts of vegetative cover on the tailings. Bioaccumulation of lead, but not cadmium, was significantly correlated with the dissolved metal concentrations in the leachates. Toxic effects on invertebrate survival, growth and development were significantly correlated with the metal concentrations in leachate samples and, for lead, with body burdens in invertebrates. The results indicated that leachates from mine tailings deposits can adversely affect aquatic invertebrates, and that cover materials that release organic complexing agents can increase the mobilization of toxic metals in leachates. Vegetative cover would probably reduce future runoff and erosion from tailings deposits, but conditions similar to those in this study may favor the mobilization of metals from tailings already present in riparian habitats and stream sediments.
Bisphenol a: Acute aquatic toxicity
Authors: Alexander Howard C. , Dill Dennis C. , Smith Ladd W. , Guiney Patrick D. , Dorn Philip 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., ad hoc Bisphenol A Task Group determined that freshwater and saltwater environmental effects testing on bisphenol A should be conducted. This decision was based upon the nation's high production capacity for bisphenol A, which is manufactured at many sites, its potential for entering the environment in substantial quantities and the general lack of relevant ecological effects data. The freshwater test results were as follows: the 96-h EC50 algal toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum was 2.7 mg/L based on cell count, and 3.1 mg/L based on cell volume; the 48-h EC50 to the invertebrate Daphnia magna was 10 (9.2–11) mg/L; and the 96-h LC50s to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, was 4.7 (4.0–5.5) mg/L in a static test and 4.6 (3.6 to 5.4) mg/L in a flow-through test. The saltwater test results were as follows: the 96-h EC50 algal toxicity to the diatom Skeletonema costatum was 1.0 mg/L based on cell count and relative fluorescence, and 1.8 mg/L based on chlorophyll a content; the 96-h LC50 to the mysid Mysidopsis bahia was 1.1 (0.92 to 1.2) mg/L; and the 96-h LC50 to the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, was 9.4 (8.3 to 11) mg/L.
According to current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard evaluation procedures, bisphenol A was moderately to slightly toxic to the fish and invertebrates tested, with LC50 or EC50 values of from 1.1 to 10 mg/L. These data did not trigger freshwater or saltwater chronic tests. The acute toxicity data together with the fact that bisphenol A rapidly biodegrades in surface waters indicate a low potential for chronic exposure or toxicity.
An indirect test of correlation
Authors: Lower W. R. , Thompson W. A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Measurements are frequently made of two unpaired dependent variables, Y and Z, at levels of a common independent variable, x. However, the relationship of primary interest may not be between Y and x or Z and x, but between Y and Z. Since Y and Z are not paired it is not possible to directly regress Y on Z or Z on Y, calculate a partial correlation coefficient or perform a covariance analysis with x as a covariate. A method based on normal theory has been developed to indirectly test for correlation from regression analysis of two or more dependent variables when they share a common independent variable. Examples of application of the technique are taken from field studies of the toxic effects of the emissions of a lead smelter on a variety of biological systems.
Effects of dimilin® on freshwater litter decomposition
Authors: Swift Michael C. , Cummins Kenneth W. , Smucker Richard A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The pesticide Dimilin® (diflubenzuron) is widely used on forests in Maryland to control gypsy moths, and it may enter streams via leaf litter. We measured the effects of Dimilin on stream leaf litter processing using artificial leaf packs treated with the pesticide. Over the entire study period (464 degree days) the Dimilin-treated packs were processed more rapidly than control packs. There was a continuous loss of Dimilin from the packs, apparently due to leaching. Both Dimilin-treated and control packs were quickly colonized by macroinvertebrates and the maximum total macroin-vertebrate biomass occurred when about 50% of the leaf-pack biomass remained. The macroinvertebrate community in the leaf packs was typical for western Maryland. There was little difference in the macroinvertebrate communities on the Dimilin-treated and the control packs; any possible differences between treatments were probably obscured by recolonization of the packs by invertebrate drift. Bioassays were conducted using two shredder macroinvertebrates (Tipula abdominalis and Platycentropus radiatus) to compare growth and mortality when they were fed untreated and Dimilin-treated tulip poplar leaves. Mortality was significantly higher and growth significantly lower in the shredders fed Dimilin-treated leaves.
The acute toxicity of thiocyanate and cyanate to rainbow trout as modified by water temperature and pH
Authors: Speyer M. R. , Raymond P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Acute 96-h static bioassays were conducted with juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to assess the toxicity of thiocyanate (CNS) and cyanate (CNO), as potassium salts, under several pH and temperature regimes. Bioassays were conducted at pH 6 or 8 and at temperatures of 5 or 12°C. Mean 96-h LC50 values for CNS ranged between 177 and 264 mg/L, and for CNO, between 15 and 81 mg/L, depending on test conditions. The data suggested that pH influenced the toxicity of both CNS and CNO more than did temperature. Stressing of fish at the end of each bioassay resulted in almost instantaneous mortalities in most CNS-exposed fish, but no stress effects were observed in CNO-exposed fish. There were indications that water hardness reduced CNS and CNO toxicity.
Application of cellulolytic activity of asiatic clams (CorbiculaSP.) to in-stream monitoring of power plant effluents
Authors: Farris Jerry L. , Van Hassel John H. , Belanger Scott E. , Cherry Donald S. , Cairns John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRigorous testing schemes in field-located artificial streams and in-stream monitoring provided evidence for use of Corbicula cellulolytic activity as a highly sensitive and efficient approach to effluent assessment. Cellulolytic (exo- and endocellulase) activity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., determined in 30-d, field-located artificial stream exposures at the New River, Virginia to single components of power plant effluents (copper [Cu] and zinc [Zn] separately) was compared with cellulolytic responses in caged clams from within an impacted area of the Clinch River, Virginia below power plant effluents. Cellulolytic responses were then compared to conventional biomonitoring responses (Hester-Dendy macroinvertebrate community structure), water quality monitoring in the Clinch River, and laboratory artificial stream bioassays. Clam enzyme activity was significantly reduced in 10 to 20 d (α = 0.05) at 16 and 87 μg Cu and Zn/L, respectively, in field-located artificial streams. Cellulolytic activity of clams caged at stations within power plant outfalls (metal concentrations of 47–78 μg Zn/L and 80–345 μg Cu/L) was significantly reduced to levels as low as 9 to 52% of upstream activity levels. Reduction in cellulolytic activity in Corbicula was more sensitive after 14 d of in-stream monitoring than reduction in diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages after 28 d. Bioassay exposures as long as 30 d were needed to provide toxicity data comparable to enzyme impairment seen as early as 10 d.
Predicting acidification effects on fish populations, using laboratory data and field information
Authors: Christensen Sigurd W. , Breck James E. , Van Winkle W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We developed a framework of linked models that uses lake levels of pH, Al, and Ca to predict the occurrence of fish species on a regional scale. As a first step, statistical models are fitted to laboratory data on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The resulting functions predict mortality and reduction in fecundity resulting from chemical conditions (pH, Al, and Ca). The second step applies a life-cycle model to results from the first step to estimate the reproductive potential expected for fish living in lakes with specified chemical conditions relative to that expected for fish living under nonstressful chemical conditions. Use of the framework requires field data on the presence or absence of brook trout in lakes having measured pH, Al, and Ca. The chemical conditions for each lake are processed through the first two steps to estimate the relative reproductive potential for brook trout in that lake. After, obtaining estimates for all lakes, a logistic regression model is fitted, with probability of occurrence as the dependent variable and relative reproductive potential as the independent variable. The resulting function, representing the calibrated framework, relates the probability of brook trout occurrence in high-elevation Adirondack (New York) lakes to relative (i.e., reduced) reproductive potential attributable to chemical stress. This function, when tested against additional data, can be used to predict changes in brook trout population status in relation to changed chemical conditions, stocking, or altered fishing pressure.
Toxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada: 1984
Authors: Strachan William M. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Replicate rain samples for most of the 1984 wetfall season were collected from four widely separated sites in Canada, and concentrations and loadings of a number of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides were determined for each location. Comparisons were made among the sites and with results from other years.
The major contaminants in 1984 were, in order of concentration, α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH or α-BHC), lindane and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Found at lower levels were dieldrin, methoxychlor (in the Lake Superior area), DDT residues, endrin (especially at Kouchibouguac), heptachlor epoxide and hexachlorobenzene. The loading of the α-HCH/lindane pair was higher at the Atlantic coastal site than at the other locations, possibly because of the greater precipitation there. No geographic trend for PCBs was apparent. For the other substances, no significant pattern to the differences between sites can be discerned. The qualitative similarities of concentrations and loadings at the widely separated locations, however, suggest long-range atmospheric transport.
A comparison between results from two Lake Superior sites indicated no shoreline effect on the concentrations of over-lake versus shoreline samples. The differences observed were in accord with those observed in 1983 and were attributed to lack of replenishment from the lake surface.
Some reactions of naturally occurring nucleophiles with haloalkanes in water
Authors: Haag Werner R. , Mill Theodore 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rate constants for the reactions of a variety of naturally occurring nucleophiles with 1-bromohexane and, to a lesser extent, three other haloalkanes were studied in order to assess their importance relative to hydrolysis in determining the environmental fate of haloalkanes. HS− is generally the most important nucleophile because it is moderately reactive and, among the reactive sulfur nucleophiles, is usually present in the highest concentration. When elemental sulfur is present, polysulfides will be more important for the consumption of 1-bromohexane than HS− at pH above approximately 7 because they are 60 times more reactive and their equilibrium concentrations increase with increasing pH. A nucleophilicity scale valid in pure water was established for environmental nucleophiles, using 1-bromohexane as a reference reactant.
Effects of culture conditions on the sensitivity of a phoxocephalid amphipod,rhepoxynius abronius, to cadmium in sediment
Authors: Robinson Anja M. , Lamberson Janet O. , Cole Faith A. , Swartz Richard C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine (a) the feasibility of maintaining laboratory cultures of the infaunal phoxocephalid amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius (Barnard), (b) the relative sensitivities of cultured versus freshly collected adult animals, (c) the sensitivities of adult versus juvenile R. abronius to cadmium in sediment and (d) the effect of handling on cultured amphipods. R. abronius held in sediment in a flow‒through seawater system for various lengths of time showed high survival, growth and sexual maturation for periods of up to 180 d. Cultured amphipods appeared normal and survived well (93%) under control toxicity test conditions, but were more sensitive to cadmium in sediment (LC50 = 4.4) than were freshly collected amphipods (LC50 = 8.7). Differences in cadmium LC50s between size classes (LC50 = 8.2 for juveniles and 11.5 for adults) were statistically significant, but not substantial. We recommend that large juveniles and adults (3 to 5 mm) be used in sediment toxicity tests because they are available from natural populations throughout the year, and that amphipods be collected within 14 d of use in sediment toxicity tests to minimize the interaction between culture and contaminant stresses.
A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation of a secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent and its receiving stream
Authors: Birge Wesley J. , Black Jeffrey A. , Short Terry M. , Westerman Albert G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation was conducted on a secondary wastewater treatment plant point—source discharge and the receiving system, a fourth—order freshwater stream in the Kentucky River basin. Biological, chemical, hydrological and on—site toxicological studies were performed at 10 monitoring stations, including reference sites. The principal objectives were to assess downstream persistence of aquatic contaminants, to quantify their effects on structure and function of aquatic communities and to evaluate the 8—d fathead minnow embryo—larval test for measuring instream toxicity and estimating chronic effects on aquatic biota. The principal ecological endpoints included species richness, diversity (H'), density and dominance (D) of macroinvertebrates and diversity of fish species. Macroinvertebrates were further analyzed by trophic groups. Marked downstream gradients existed for effluent dilution, decreasing concentration of selected chemicals, improvement in ecological conditions and decreasing toxicity, as measured in on—site static—renewal tests. A good predictive correlation was found between embryo—larval survival and independent ecological parameters, especially species richness of macroinvertebrates. In addition, static—renewal and flow—through toxicity tests were performed with effluent dilutions to determine LC50 and toxicity threshold values (LC1), expressed as percent effluent by volume. The estimated toxicity thresholds correlated closely with the actual percent instream effluent dilution observed at the first downstream station at which no ecological impact was discernible.
Degradation of nitroguanidine wastewater components in soil
Authors: Williams Richard T. , Sisk Wayne E. , MacGillivray A. Ronald 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The degradation of nitroguanidine (NQ) wastewater components was studied using continuous-flow and perfusion soil columns. After 271 d of operation of the continuous-flow columns and 84 d of operation of the perfusion columns, only some components of NQ wastewater were completely or partially removed. Guanidine nitrate and sulfate were the most readily transformed. NQ, however, was only partially removed. Carbon supplements enhanced the transformation of both sulfate and NQ. Transformation products included nitrosoguanidine and ammonia, but not cyanoguanidine or melamine. Microbial adaptation to wastewater components was not demonstrated. Based on test data, land application of untreated wastewater is not recommended.
Relationship between the soil sorption constants for pesticides and their physicochemical properties
Authors: Kanazawa Jun 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Soil sorption constants based on the organic carbon content (Koc) of 15 pesticides were measured using two soils at three concentrations. Significant correlations were found between the Koc value and water solubility (WS), octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), retention time in reversed-phase HPLC (Rt) and molecular weight (mol. wt.). Thus the soil sorption constants of nonionic pesticides can be predicted by these four parameters.
Relative developmental toxicities of nine diphenyl ethers related to nitrofen
Authors: Francis B. Magnus 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Outbred Swiss mice (Mus musculus) were treated with 2,3-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (23-DCN), 2,5-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (25-DCN), 2,6-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (26-DCN), 3,4-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (34-DCN), 3,5-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (35-DCN), 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (245-TCN), 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (CNP), 3-chlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether (3-MCN) or phenyl 4-bromophenyl ether (4-BR) at dosages that are highly teratogenic when the known teratogen nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl 4′-nitrophenyl ether) is administered. The Chernoff/Kavlock screen was used to assess both prenatal and postnatal toxicity; in addition, effects of each chemical on Harderian glands were evaluated. The monochlorinated analogs and the five dichlorinated nitrofen analogs were inactive at the doses given. 4-BR was inactive at levels of up to 1,000 mg/kg/d. The trichlorinated analogs caused missing Harderian glands in pups exposed to 10 or 20 mg/kg/d 245-TCN, 50 or 100 mg/kg/d nitrofen or 250 or 500 mg/kg/d CNP; significant perinatal mortality in litters exposed to 20 mg/kg/d 245-TCN or 100 mg/kg/d nitrofen; and a high incidence of prenatal mortality in litters exposed to 500 or 750 mg/kg/d CNP. Maternal toxicity other than decreased weight gain was not seen with any compound, even at doses that caused significant prenatal or perinatal mortality. The data demonstrate that the position of chlorine substituents, as well as the number of such substituents, is critical in determining the developmental toxicity of diphenyl ethers.