bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global variation in diversification rates of flowering plants: energy vs. climate change
Authors: Jansson Roland , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe used the largest DNA‐based phylogeny of flowering plants to date to evaluate the importance of energy vs. past climate change in predicting global patterns in diversification. Relative diversification rates increased towards the equator, suggesting that differences in per‐lineage net diversification may be an important component of the latitudinal diversity gradient. The amplitude of Quaternary climate oscillations experienced by families explained variation in diversification equally well compared to contemporary energy measures, and energy and climate change measures were intercorrelated, making it difficult to reject either as a causal mechanism. Many putative mechanisms linking diversification to energy availability do not apply to plants, whereas the climate change mechanism has more support. We also present the first global map of angiosperm diversification, showing that, after correcting for family range‐size, tropical diversification rates were fastest for clades currently in regions with high endemic species richness outside the main lowland rainforest areas.
CASE REPORT: Unilateral eyelid lesion and ophthalmologic findings in an aardvark (Orycteropus afer): case report and literature review
Authors: Matas Màrian , Wise Innes , Masters Nicholas J. , Stewart Jennifer , Holloway Andrew , Donaldson David , Hartley Claudia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective  To summarize the medical knowledge surrounding aardvarks to date, to describe the ophthalmic examination of a specimen with a chronic history of an upper eyelid lesion, of an assumed blind left eye, and to detail the anesthesia procedure performed.Procedure  A 23‐year‐old aardvark was examined under general anesthesia and multiple ocular abnormalities were detected in the left eye (globe deviation, corneal opacities, iridodonesis, and aphakia). A thickening of the palpebral conjunctiva affecting the medial upper eyelid with erosion of the normal eyelid margin anatomy was identified. The adnexal lesion was resected by a wedge resection and histopathology was performed. Suture breakdown 3 days postoperatively required a second surgery, where buried sutures were used. The surgical techniques and postoperative care are discussed.Results  The histopathology revealed mucosal hyperplasia and moderate neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic blepharitis. No causal organisms were identified. Following initial wound dehiscence and a modified surgical technique, the upper eyelid healed without complication and retained complete function.Conclusions  The eyelid lesion involved a benign inflammatory and hyperplastic pathology of unknown etiology. Adjusting routine ophthalmic surgical techniques to wildlife and zoo animals can be challenging and complicated. It is important to understand the nature of the animals being managed, their circadian cycle, and habitat, to adjust and individualize the surgical approach, instrumentation, suture material, and perioperative treatment.
Induction chemotherapy for unresectable urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Ghadjar Pirus , Burkhard Fiona C. , Gautschi Oliver , Thalmann George N. , Studer Urs E. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? In resectable muscle‐invasive bladder cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy confers to a significant 5% overall survival benefit. Less is known about induction chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy in initially unresectable patients. Our retrospective analysis of a selected patient cohort suggests that patients with initially unresectable bladder cancer may benefit from this combined treatment approach.OBJECTIVE• To analyse the outcome in selected patients with initially unresectable or minimally metastatic muscle‐invasive urothelial bladder cancer who underwent induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC).PATIENTS AND METHODS• Thirty patients with initially unresectable, locally advanced or minimally metastatic bladder cancer underwent platinum‐based IC followed by RC with curative intent at our institution from 2000 to 2007.• They received a median of four cycles (range 2–6 cycles) of cisplatin and gemcitabine (n= 19), carboplatin and gemcitabine (n= 9) or other platinum combinations (n= 2).• We retrospectively analysed all 30 patients for complete pathological remission (pT0), disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Chi‐square tests, Kaplan–Meier analyses, and Cox univariate modelling were used.RESULTS• Before IC, 30 patients were deemed unresectable because of locally advanced tumour classification (cT4, 18/30) and/or clinically suspected lymph node (LN) metastasis (21/30) or suspected distant metastasis (3/30).• At re‐staging after IC there was a complete regression of all enlarged LN in 16/21 patients, a partial LN response in one patient or stable LN size in the remaining four patients.• After RC, 9/30 (30%) of patients had attained pT0.• The median follow‐up was 28 months (range 4–97 months). The 5‐year DFS and OS rates were 42% and 46%, respectively, for all patients.• In the pT0 patients, the DFS (83%) and OS (71%) rates were significantly higher than in non‐pT0 patients.CONCLUSION• Patients undergoing IC followed by RC showed encouraging response and survival rates, suggesting that selected patients with initially unresectable bladder cancer benefit from this combined regimen.
Forming a national multicentre collaboration to conduct clinical trials: Increasing high‐quality research in the drug and alcohol field
Authors: SANSON‐FISHER ROB , BRAND MATTHEW , SHAKESHAFT ANTHONY , HABER PAUL , DAY CAROLYN , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE , MATTICK RICHARD , LINTZERIS NICHOLAS , TEESSON MAREE 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Issues. There is a shortage of high‐quality intervention‐based evidence in the drug and alcohol misuse field. That is, evidence based on replicated effects using rigorous methodology, to establish a causal knowledge base around ethical, cost‐effective methods relevant to clinical practice. The knowledge base in this field is limited participant recruitment challenges; difficulty generalising results from single‐centre studies; lack of research culture; issues in managing research teams; incentives for descriptive research; and limited expertise in research design and working in multidisciplinary teams. Approach. An Australian national multicentre collaboration is proposed to overcome these barriers, and reduce the burden of drug and alcohol misuse by increasing the number of high‐quality clinical trials in this field. It would involve: selecting a representative sample of centres nation‐wide with expertise in specific drug and alcohol issues; creating an expert multidisciplinary team to facilitate clinical trials; simultaneous recruitment and implementation of clinical trials across centres; establishing a virtual infrastructure; forming an independent data‐integrity and methodology review panel; and attracting and allocating funding for clinical trials. Implications. The ability to allocate funding, the involvement of multidisciplinary experts in drug and alcohol research, and the establishment of infrastructure and procedures are likely to result in the national multicentre group's capacity to prescribe the type of research conducted under its auspices. Conclusion. The proposed initiative is likely to increase the volume of high‐quality clinical trials in the Australian drug and alcohol field, a key step towards reducing the burden of drug and alcohol misuse.[Sanson‐Fisher R, Brand M, Shakeshaft A, Haber P, Day C, Conigrave K, Mattick R, Lintzeris N, Teesson M. Forming a national multicentre collaboration to conduct clinical trials: Increasing high‐quality research in the drug and alcohol field. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29;469–474]
Enhancing clinical research with alcohol, tobacco and cannabis problems and dependence
Authors: ALLSOP STEVE , CARTER OWEN , LENTON SIMON 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Issues. A strong body of evidence guides clinical responses to alcohol and tobacco dependence and there is an emerging evidence base informing responses to cannabis dependence. Nevertheless, there are still important gaps in the evidence base. Approach. Three researchers, with backgrounds in alcohol, tobacco and cannabis research examine current clinical research and practice to identify potential future priorities for clinical research. Key Findings. Clinical outcomes will be improved by research that enhances engagement and retention of a broader range of consumers, especially underrepresented and disadvantaged populations who may not respond as well to mainstream interventions. Research might focus on innovative client recruitment approaches, varying treatment intensity, use of new technology and assertive outreach. Assessment of treatment outcome will be enhanced by strategies that facilitate longer‐term follow up of participants, adoption of shared measures of non‐abstinent outcomes and extending the focus and outcome measures beyond drug use. Translation of research into clinical strategies will be enhanced by improving links between theory and interventions, increased attention on factors that influence treatment fidelity, designing treatment studies that are relevant to a variety of clinical settings, focussing on clinician characteristics as treatment variables and developing methodologies that address the capacity of participants to discriminate between placebo and pharmacotherapy. Implications. A range of future research priorities have been identified that have the potential to better engage and retain clients in a range of treatment settings and enhance translation of research findings into improved treatment outcomes.[Allsop S, Carter O, Lenton S. Enhancing clinical research with alcohol, tobacco and cannabis problems and dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29;483–490]
TWO‐PASS CUSUM TO IDENTIFY AGE‐CLUSTER OUTBREAKS
Authors: Sparks Ross 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe paper introduces a two‐pass adaptive cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistic to identify age clusters (age grouping) that significantly contribute to epidemics or unusually high counts. If epidemiologists know that an epidemic is confined to a narrow age group, then this information not only makes it clear where to target the epidemiological effort but also helps them decide whether to respond. It is much easier to control an epidemic that starts in a narrow age range of the population, such as pre‐school children, than an epidemic that is not confined demographically or geographically.
Existence of a Condorcet Winner When Voters Have Other‐Regarding Preferences
Authors: DHAMI SANJIT , AL‐NOWAIHI ALI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn standard political economy models, voters are “self‐interested” that is, care only about “own” utility. However, the emerging evidence indicates that voters often have “other‐regarding preferences” (ORP), that is, in deciding among alternative policies voters care about their payoffs relative to others. We extend a widely used general equilibrium framework in political economy to allow for voters with ORP, as in Fehr and Schmidt (1999). In line with the evidence, these preferences allow voters to exhibit “envy” and “altruism,” in addition to the standard concern for “own utility.” We give sufficient conditions for the existence of a Condorcet winner when voters have ORP. This could open the way for an incorporation of ORP in a variety of political economy models. Furthermore, as a corollary, we give more general conditions for the existence of a Condorcet winner when voters have purely selfish preferences.
Regular Distributive Efficiency and the Distributive Liberal Social Contract
Authors: MERCIER YTHIER JEAN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe consider abstract social systems of private property, made of n individuals endowed with nonpaternalistic interdependent preferences, who interact through exchanges on competitive markets and Pareto‐improving lump‐sum transfers. The transfers follow from a distributive liberal social contract defined as a redistribution of initial endowments such that the resulting market equilibrium allocation is both: (i) a distributive optimum (i.e., is Pareto‐efficient relative to individual interdependent preferences) and (ii) unanimously weakly preferred to the initial market equilibrium. We elicit minimal conditions for meaningful social contract redistribution in this setup, namely, the weighted sums of individual interdependent utility functions, built from arbitrary positive weights, have suitable properties of nonsatiation and inequality aversion; individuals have diverging views on redistribution, in some suitable sense, at (inclusive) distributive optima; and the initial market equilibrium is not a distributive optimum. We show that the relative interior of the set of social contract allocations is then a simply connected smooth manifold of dimension n − 1. We also show that the distributive liberal social contract rules out transfer paradoxes in Arrow–Debreu social systems. We show, finally, that the liberal social contract yields a norm of collective action for the optimal provision of any pure public good.
ROADS TO RECONCILIATION: AN EMERGING PARADIGM OF AFRICAN THEOLOGY
Authors: CARNEY J. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe heart of contemporary African Christian theology is the notion of “reconciliation.” Contextualizing this movement, the article begins by surveying the three major theological paradigms—inculturation, liberation, and reconstruction—that shaped post‐colonial African theology. Drawing on the writings of Desmond Tutu, John Rucyahana and Emmanuel Katongole and three grassroots reconciliation ministries, I delineate four principles of African reconciliation theology: interdependence, prophetic advocacy, holistic transformation, and alternative Christian community. The article concludes by addressing outstanding challenges of memory, justice, brokenness, and pluralism and considers how the Catholic sacrament of reconciliation could offer further theological resources for the emerging paradigm.
MODERN SOVEREIGNTY IN QUESTION: THEOLOGY, DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISM
Authors: PABST ADRIAN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay argues that modern sovereignty is not simply a legal or political concept that is coterminous with the modern nation‐state. Rather, at the theoretical level modern sovereign power is inscribed into a wider theological dialectic between “the one” and “the many”. Modernity fuses juridical‐constitutional models of supreme state authority with a new, “biopolitical” account of power whereby natural life and the living body of the individual are the object of politics and are subject to state control (section 1).The origins of this dialectic go back to changes within Christian theology in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. In particular, these changes can be traced to Ockham's denial of the universal Good in things, Suárez's priority of the political community over the ecclesial body and Hobbes's “biopolitical” definition of power as state dominion over life (section 2).At the practical level, modern sovereignty has involved both the national state and the transnational market. The “revolutions in sovereignty” that gave rise to the modern state and the modern market were to some considerable extent shaped by theological concepts and changes in religious institutions and practices: first, the supremacy of the modern national state over the transnational papacy and national churches; second, the increasing priority of individuality over collectivity; third, a growing focus on contractual proprietary relations at the expense of covenantal ties and communal bonds (section 3).By subjecting both people and property to uniform standards of formal natural rights and abstract monetary value, financial capitalism and liberal secular democracy are part of the “biopolitical” logic that subordinates the sanctity of life and land to the secular sacrality of the state and the market. In Pope Benedict's theology, we can find the contours of a post‐secular political economy that challenges the monopoly of modern sovereignty (sections 4–5).
Striking issues: from labour process to industrial dispute at Grunwick and Gate Gourmet
Authors: Pearson Ruth , Anitha Sundari , McDowell Linda 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article applies a feminist intersectionality approach to analysing the dynamics of the labour process and labour in two workplaces where Asian women workers were in the forefront of resistance. It stresses the importance of understanding the links between different aspects of workers' identities.
Psoriasis and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Wenk KS , Arrington KC , Ehrlich A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSeveral recent studies have found an increased prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease within psoriasis patients. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms behind these observations are unclear, but are likely related to the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome within this patient population. Chronic inflammation, mediated by either proinflammatory adipokines or skin‐derived cytokines, may contribute to fatty liver disease development by increasing insulin resistance which in turn promotes hepatic lipid accumulation. These same adipokines in addition to hepatic cytokines may act on the skin to influence psoriasis disease severity.
Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?
Authors: Price J. S. , Allen S. , Faucheux C. , Althnaian T. , Mount J. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMany organisms are able to regenerate lost or damaged body parts that are structural and functional replicates of the original. Eventually these become fully integrated into pre‐existing tissues. However, with the exception of deer, mammals have lost this ability. Each spring deer shed antlers that were used for fighting and display during the previous mating season. Their loss is triggered by a fall in circulating testosterone levels, a hormonal change that is linked to an increase in day length. A complex ‘blastema‐like’ structure or ‘antler‐bud’ then forms; however, unlike the regenerative process in the newt, most evidence (albeit indirect) suggests that this does not involve reversal of the differentiated state but is stem cell based. The subsequent re‐growth of antlers during the spring and summer months is spectacular and represents one of the fastest rates of organogenesis in the animal kingdom. Longitudinal growth involves endochondral ossification in the tip of each antler branch and bone growth around the antler shaft is by intramembranous ossification. As androgen concentrations rise in late summer, longitudinal growth stops, the skin (velvet) covering the antler is lost and antlers are ‘polished’ in preparation for the mating season. Although the timing of the antler growth cycle is clearly closely linked to circulating testosterone, oestrogen may be a key cellular regulator, as it is in the skeleton of other male mammals. We still know very little about the molecular machinery required for antler regeneration, although there is evidence that developmental signalling pathways with pleiotropic functions are important and that novel ‘antler‐specific’ molecules may not exist. Identifying these pathways and factors, deciphering their interactions and how they are regulated by environmental cues could have an important impact on human health if this knowledge is applied to the engineering of new human tissues and organs.
Neuroimaging of cortical development and brain connectivity in human newborns and animal models
Authors: Lodygensky Gregory A. , Vasung Lana , Sizonenko Stéphane V. , Hüppi Petra S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSignificant human brain growth occurs during the third trimester, with a doubling of whole brain volume and a fourfold increase of cortical gray matter volume. This is also the time period during which cortical folding and gyrification take place. Conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and cerebral white matter injury have been shown to affect brain growth including specific structures such as the hippocampus, with subsequent potentially permanent functional consequences. The use of 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dedicated postprocessing tools to measure brain tissue volumes (cerebral cortical gray matter, white matter), surface and sulcation index can elucidate phenotypes associated with early behavior development. The use of diffusion tensor imaging can further help in assessing microstructural changes within the cerebral white matter and the establishment of brain connectivity. Finally, the use of functional MRI and resting‐state functional MRI connectivity allows exploration of the impact of adverse conditions on functional brain connectivity in vivo. Results from studies using these methods have for the first time illustrated the structural impact of antenatal conditions and neonatal intensive care on the functional brain deficits observed after premature birth. In order to study the pathophysiology of these adverse conditions, MRI has also been used in conjunction with histology in animal models of injury in the immature brain. Understanding the histological substrate of brain injury seen on MRI provides new insights into the immature brain, mechanisms of injury and their imaging phenotype.
Early history of subplate and interstitial neurons: from Theodor Meynert (1867) to the discovery of the subplate zone (1974)
Authors: Judaš Miloš , Sedmak Goran , Pletikos Mihovil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this historical review, we trace the early history of research on the fetal subplate zone, subplate neurons and interstitial neurons in the white matter of the adult nervous system. We arrive at several general conclusions. First, a century of research clearly testifies that interstitial neurons, subplate neurons and the subplate zone were first observed and variously described in the human brain – or, in more general terms, in large brains of gyrencephalic mammals, characterized by an abundant white matter and slow and protracted prenatal and postnatal development. Secondly, the subplate zone cannot be meaningfully defined using a single criterion – be it a specific population of cells, fibres or a specific molecular or genetic marker. The subplate zone is a highly dynamic architectonic compartment and its size and cellular composition do not remain constant during development. Thirdly, it is important to make a clear distinction between the subplate zone and the subplate (and interstitial) neurons. The transient existence of the subplate zone (as a specific architectonic compartment of the fetal telencephalic wall) should not be equated with the putative transient existence of subplate neurons. It is clear that in rodents, and to an even greater extent in humans and monkeys, a significant number of subplate cells survive and remain functional throughout life.