bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxycinnamate Conjugates as Potential Monolignol Replacements: In vitro Lignification and Cell Wall Studies with Rosmarinic Acid
Authors: Tobimatsu Yuki , Elumalai Sasikumar , Grabber John H. , Davidson Christy L. , Pan Xuejun , Ralph John 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe plasticity of lignin biosynthesis should permit the inclusion of new compatible phenolic monomers, such as rosmarinic acid (RA) and analogous catechol derivatives, into cell‐wall lignins that are consequently less recalcitrant to biomass processing. In vitro lignin polymerization experiments revealed that RA readily underwent peroxidase‐catalyzed copolymerization with monolignols and lignin oligomers to form polymers with new benzodioxane inter‐unit linkages. Incorporation of RA permitted extensive depolymerization of synthetic lignins by mild alkaline hydrolysis, presumably by cleavage of ester intra‐unit linkages within RA. Copolymerization of RA with monolignols into maize cell walls by in situ peroxidases significantly enhanced alkaline lignin extractability and promoted subsequent cell wall saccharification by fungal enzymes. Incorporating RA also improved cell wall saccharification by fungal enzymes and by rumen microflora even without alkaline pretreatments, possibly by modulating lignin hydrophobicity and/or limiting cell wall cross‐linking. Consequently, we anticipate that bioengineering approaches for partial monolignol substitution with RA and analogous plant hydroxycinnamates would permit more efficient utilization of plant fiber for biofuels or livestock production.
Investigations on carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of urinary formestane
Authors: Piper Thomas , Fusshöller Gregor , Emery Caroline , Schänzer Wilhelm , Saugy Martial 
Published: February 2012

The aromatase inhibitor formestane (4‐hydroxy‐androst‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione, F) is prohibited in sports by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). F possesses only weak androgenic properties and is presumed to be employed in order to suppress estrogen production during the illicit intake of anabolic steroids by athletes.Former studies additionally showed that F is an endogenous steroid produced in low amounts. According to the regulations of WADA, urinary concentrations above 100 ng/ml are assumed to be due to ingestion of F. To distinguish between endogenous or exogenous sources of urinary F, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the method of choice.Therefore, a method to determine the carbon isotope ratio (CIR) of F in urine samples was developed and validated. Routine samples (n = 42) showing concentrations of F above 5 ng/ml were investigated and enabled elucidation of the CIR of endogenous F and subsequent the calculation of a reference limit. A reference population encompassing n = 90 males and females was investigated regarding endogenous concentrations of F.An excretion study with one male volunteer was conducted to test and validate the developed method and to identify possible impact of F administration on other endogenous steroids.By CIR determination of F it is clearly possible to elucidate its endogenous or exogenous source. Taking into account the CIR of other target analytes like testosterone, a differentiation between F and androstenedione intake is possible.In 2011, the first exogenous F below the WADA threshold could be detected by means of the developed IRMS method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of Power Generation Characteristics of a Disk MHD Generator with High‐Temperature Inert Gas Plasma
Authors: Sakai Tadashige , Matsumoto Masaharu , Murakami Tomoyuki , Okuno Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe power generation characteristics of a disk magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) generator with high‐temperature inert gas (argon) plasma have been examined by a time‐dependent two‐dimensional numerical simulation. The numerical simulation results based on the experimental conditions show that the enthalpy extraction ratio (= electrical output power/thermal input) can reach above 10%, which surely supports the reasonability of the experimental results. Proper selection of working conditions, especially the inlet total gas temperature, is necessary, since the gas temperature dominantly determines the electrical conductivity in the generator, unlike the conventional seeded plasma MHD generator. It is also found that the plasma is not in the recombination process but in the ionization process, where the ionization degree moderately increases along the flow. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 23–30, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21237
Influence of Grounding Resistance Connecting to Surge Arrester on Effectiveness of Lightning Protection Caused by Direct Hit for Power Distribution Lines
Authors: Takahashi Akihisa , Hidaka Tetsuya , Ishimoto Kazuyuki , Asakawa Akira 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn Japan, the grounding resistance of surge arresters (Arrs) for the lightning protection of power distribution lines is generally maintained below 30 Ω. Therefore, electric power companies have been spending large amounts of money on the construction and maintenance of low grounding resistances. In this paper, the influence of grounding resistance on lightning protection measures for power distribution lines with both a ground wire (GW) and Arrs is investigated by EMTP analysis and experiments. These results showed that even if the grounding resistance of Arrs becomes high, the effectiveness of lightning protection is hardly decreased. The results also indicated that it is more important for constructing a rational lightning protection system to install a large number of lightning protection devices on power distribution lines than to lower the grounding resistance of Arrs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 10–22, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21280
Synthesis and Stereoselective Interconversion of Chiral 1‐Aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptanes
Authors: Musina Elvira I. , Karasik Andrey A. , Balueva Anna S. , Strelnik Igor D. , Fesenko Tatiana I. , Dobrynin Alexey B. , Gerasimova Tatiana P. , Katsyuba Sergey A. , Kataeva Olga N. , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Sinyashin Oleg G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCyclic seven‐membered bisphosphanes, namely 1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptanes 3–5 (3: 3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptane; 4: 1‐[(1R)‐1‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)ethyl]‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptane; 5: 3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐[(1R)‐1‐phenylpropyl]‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptane), with chiral exocyclic substituents at the nitrogen positions have been synthesized, with the prevailing formation of meso stereoisomers (PRPS) as kinetically controlled products, by stereoselective condensation of 1,2‐bis(phenylphosphanyl)ethane, formaldehyde and primary optically pure amines, namely (S)‐(–)‐1‐phenylethylamine, (R)‐(+)‐1‐phenylethylamine, (R)‐(+)‐1‐phenylpropylamine, (R)‐(+)‐1‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)ethylamine. The meso stereoisomers of bisphosphanes 3RSS, 3–5RSR readily form neutral and cationic P,P‐chelate complexes 6–9 with platinum(II) (6: cis‐dichloro‐(3R,6S)‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptaneplatinum(II); 7: cis‐dichloro‐(3R,6S)‐1‐[(1R)‐1‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)ethyl]‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptaneplatinum(II); 8:bis{(3R,6S)‐[(1R)‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptane]}platinum(II) dichloride; 9: bis{(3R,6S)‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1‐[(1R)‐1‐phenylpropyl]‐1‐aza‐3,6‐diphosphacycloheptane}platinum(II) dichloride). The fast and selective formation of the cationic complex (9) of the meso isomer 5RSR allowed for the separation of the 5RRR and 5SSR isomers of the bisphosphane 5. In solution, selective stereoconversion of the pure 3RSS, 3RSR and 4RSR isomers into a mixture containing 3RRS, 3SSR and 4SSR stereoisomers as the predominant products was observed. As a result, the stereoconversion is accompanied by a change in not only the value but also in the sign of the specific rotation, [α]D20. The ratio of the stereoisomers in an equilibrium mixture of 3C(S) (3RSS/3RRS/3SSS in a 24:48:28 ratio) is in accord with their relative energies that were calculated with the B3LYP/6‐31G* basis. Kinetic studies of the stereoconversion of bisphosphane 3C(S) have been performed. The rate constants that were determined are indicative of a bimolecular interconversion mechanism, which is supposedly the reason for the relatively low activation energies for inversion at phosphorus. Molecular structures were obtained, by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, for the meso 3RSS and 3RRS stereoisomers of the N‐(S)‐1‐phenylethyl‐substituted bisphosphanes and for 4RSR.
Identification of the HSPB4/TLR2/NF‐κB axis in macrophage as a therapeutic target for sterile inflammation of the cornea
Authors: Oh Joo Youn , Choi Hosoon , Lee Ryang Hwa , Roddy Gavin W. , Ylöstalo Joni H. , Wawrousek Eric , Prockop Darwin J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSterile inflammation underlies many diseases of the cornea including serious chemical burns and the common dry eye syndrome. In search for therapeutic targets for corneal inflammation, we defined the kinetics of neutrophil infiltration in a model of sterile injury to the cornea and identified molecular and cellular mechanisms triggering inflammatory responses. Neutrophil infiltration occurred in two phases: a small initial phase (Phase I) that began within 15 min after injury, and a larger second phase (Phase II) that peaked at 24–48 h. Temporal analysis suggested that the neuropeptide secretoneurin initiated Phase I without involvement of resident macrophages. Phase II was initiated by the small heat shock protein HSPB4 that was released from injured keratocytes and that activated resident macrophages via the TLR2/NF‐κB pathway. The Phase II inflammation was responsible for vision‐threatening opacity and was markedly suppressed by different means of inhibition of the HSPB4/TLR2/NF‐κB axis: in mice lacking HSPB4 or TLR2, by antibodies to HSPB4 or by TNF‐α stimulated gene/protein 6 that CD44‐dependently inhibits the TLR2/NF‐κB pathway. Therefore, our data identified the HSPB4/TLR2/NF‐κB axis in macrophages as an effective target for therapy of corneal inflammation.
Right‐hemispheric processing of non‐linguistic word features: Implications for mapping language recovery after stroke
Authors: Baumgaertner Annette , Hartwigsen Gesa , Roman Siebner Hartwig 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVerbal stimuli often induce right‐hemispheric activation in patients with aphasia after left‐hemispheric stroke. This right‐hemispheric activation is commonly attributed to functional reorganization within the language system. Yet previous evidence suggests that functional activation in right‐hemispheric homologues of classic left‐hemispheric language areas may partly be due to processing nonlinguistic perceptual features of verbal stimuli. We used functional MRI (fMRI) to clarify the role of the right hemisphere in the perception of nonlinguistic word features in healthy individuals. Participants made perceptual, semantic, or phonological decisions on the same set of auditorily and visually presented word stimuli. Perceptual decisions required judgements about stimulus‐inherent changes in font size (visual modality) or fundamental frequency contour (auditory modality). The semantic judgement required subjects to decide whether a stimulus is natural or man‐made; the phonologic decision required a decision on whether a stimulus contains two or three syllables. Compared to phonologic or semantic decision, nonlinguistic perceptual decisions resulted in a stronger right‐hemispheric activation. Specifically, the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), an area previously suggested to support language recovery after left‐hemispheric stroke, displayed modality‐independent activation during perceptual processing of word stimuli. Our findings indicate that activation of the right hemisphere during language tasks may, in some instances, be driven by a “nonlinguistic perceptual processing” mode that focuses on nonlinguistic word features. This raises the possibility that stronger activation of right inferior frontal areas during language tasks in aphasic patients with left‐hemispheric stroke may at least partially reflect increased attentional focus on nonlinguistic perceptual aspects of language. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attachment models affect brain responses in areas related to emotions and empathy in nulliparous women
Authors: Lenzi Delia , Trentini Cristina , Pantano Patrizia , Macaluso Emiliano , Lenzi Gian Luigi , Ammaniti Massimo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground: The attachment model, as assessed by means of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), is crucial for understanding emotion regulation and feelings of security in human interactions as well as for the construction of the caregiving system. The caregiving system is a set of representations about affiliative behaviors, guided by sensitivity and empathy, and is fully mature in young‐adulthood. Here, we examine how different attachment models influence brain responses in areas related to empathy and emotions in young‐adult subjects with secure and dismissing attachment models. Methods: By means of AAI, we selected 11 nulliparous young‐adult females with a secure model and 12 with a dismissing model. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance, whereas imitating or observing and empathizing with infant facial expressions. Subjects were tested for alexithymia and reflective functioning. Results: Dismissing subjects activated motor, mirror, and limbic brain areas to a significantly greater extent, but deactivated the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and the perigenual anterior cingulated cortex (pACC). During emotional faces, increased activity in dismissing women was seen in the right temporal pole. Furthermore, greater alexithymia was correlated with greater activity in the entorhinal cortex and greater deactivation in the pACC/mOFC. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of how the attachment model influences brain responses during a task eliciting attachment. In particular, hyperactivation of limbic and mirror areas may reflect emotional dysregulation of infantile experiences of rejection and lack of protection, whereas increased deactivation of fronto‐medial areas may be the expression of the inhibition of attachment behaviors, which is a typical aspect of dismissing attachment. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural substrates of the self‐memory system: New insights from a meta‐analysis
Authors: Martinelli Pénélope , Sperduti Marco , Piolino Pascale 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe self has been the topic of philosophical inquiry for centuries. Neuropsychological data suggest that the declarative self can be fractionated into three functionally independent systems processing personal information at several levels of abstraction, including episodic memories of one's own life (episodic autobiographical memory, EAM), semantic knowledge of facts about one's own life (semantic autobiographical memory, SAM), and semantic summary representations of one's personal identity (conceptual self, CS). Our proposal here was to present a comprehensive description of the neural networks underpinning self‐representations. To this aim, we performed three meta‐analyses, one each for EAM, SAM, and CS, using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method. We expected a shift from posterior to anterior structures associated with the incrementally increasing level of abstraction of self‐representations. The key finding was that EAM predominantly activates posterior and limbic regions including hippocampus. SAM is associated with anterior activations and also posterior and limbic activations in a lesser degree than EAM. CS mainly recruits medial prefrontal structures. Interestingly, medial prefrontal cortex is activated irrespective of the level of abstraction, but a more caudal part is recruited during CS, while SAM and EAM activate more rostral portions. To conclude, in line with the previous proposals, our results corroborate the idea that the declarative self is not monolithic but a multidimensional construct comprising distinct representations at different levels of abstraction. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleaved practice enhances skill learning and the functional connectivity of fronto‐parietal networks
Authors: Lin Chien‐Ho (Janice) , Chiang Ming‐Chang , Knowlton Barbara J. , Iacoboni Marco , Udompholkul Parima , Wu Allan D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPractice of tasks in an interleaved order generally induces superior learning compared with practicing in a repetitive order, a phenomenon known as the contextual‐interference (CI) effect. Increased neural activity during interleaved over repetitive practice has been associated with the beneficial effects of CI. Here, we used psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to investigate whether the neural connectivity of the dorsal premotor (PM) and the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortices changes when motor sequences are acquired through interleaved practice. Sixteen adults practiced a serial reaction time task where a set of three 4‐element sequences were arranged in a repetitive or in an interleaved order on 2 successive days. On Day 5, participants were tested with practiced sequences to evaluate retention. A within‐subjects design was used so that participants practiced sequences in the other condition (repetitive or interleaved) 2–4 weeks later. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during practice and retention. On Day 2 of practice, there was greater inter‐regional functional connectivity in the interleaved compared with the repetitive condition for both PM‐seeded and DLPFC‐seeded connectivity. The increased functional connectivity between both seeded regions and sensorimotor cortical areas correlated with the benefit of interleaved practice during later retention. During retention, a significant PPI effect was found in DLPFC‐seeded connectivity, with increased DLPFC‐supplementary motor area connectivity correlated with the benefits of interleaved practice. These data suggest that interleaved practice benefits learning by enhancing coordination of sensorimotor cortical regions, and superior performance of sequences learned under CI is characterized by increased functional connectivity in frontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AN INNOVATION IN THE PREPARATION OF COUNSELOR SUPERVISORS
Authors: Needham John T. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTEmployment Service counselor supervisors were prepared at Indiana University under a contract with the Indiana State Bureau of Employment Security. Our campus program was a combination of didactic and practicum courses. The off campus program consisted of visitation by faculty members to the local offices of the enrollees and involved consulting with the office staff as well as the enrollee. Reaction to the program by total office staffs was favorable.
The changing face of healthcare
Authors: Hoppes Michelle 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThere seems to be a theme in many publications, books, and media channels lately, and that theme is change. There are changes in global markets, economic factors, and healthcare reform, to name a few, and change.gov is a government Web site. Much discussion has taken place in the past year or so about embracing change, leading change, and overcoming change through resilience. As I look forward into 2012, I am indeed thinking about change.
Glenoid bone lesions: Comparison between 3D VIBE images in MR arthrography and nonarthrographic MSCT
Authors: Tian Chun‐Yan , Shang Yao , Zheng Zhuo‐Zhao 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the feasibility of using a fat‐suppressed 3D volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination (VIBE) sequence in magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography as a substitute for nonarthrographic multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in detecting glenoid bone lesions.Materials and Methods:Fat‐suppressed 3D VIBE MR arthrography and MSCT were performed in 56 patients (46 male, 10 female; age range, 14–51 years; mean age, 26 years). Based on the results of MSCT, the sensitivity and specificity of fat‐suppressed 3D VIBE images for detection of bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone loss were determined. Statistical significance of the percentages of glenoid bone loss between these two methods was calculated.Results:Bony Bankart lesions were noted in 23 (41.1%) of 56 glenohumeral joints, and glenoid bone loss was found in 40 (71.4%) of 56 patients at nonarthrographic MSCT. Compared with MSCT, the sensitivity and specificity of fat‐suppressed 3D VIBE images in detecting bony Bankart lesions were 95.7%–100% and 93.9%–97.0%, respectively (kappa value = 0.926), and those in predicting glenoid bone loss were 95.0% and 93.8%, respectively. For quantification of glenoid bone loss, there was a high correlation between fat‐suppressed 3D VIBE and MSCT (r = 0.921, P < 0.001).Conclusion:Fat‐suppressed 3D VIBE MR arthrography is a promising substitute for MSCT as a reliable method for evaluating bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone loss. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:231–236. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Magnetization spoiling in radial FLASH contrast‐enhanced MR digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Vakil Parmede , Ansari Sameer A. , Hurley Michael C. , Bhat Himanshu , Batjer H. Hunt , Bendok Bernard R. , Eddleman Christopher S. , Carroll Timothy J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose:To increase the in‐plane spatial resolution and image update rates of 2D magnetic resonance (MR) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) pulse sequences to 0.57 × 0.57 mm and 6 frames/sec, respectively, for intracranial vascular disease applications by developing a radial FLASH protocol and to characterize a new artifact, not previously described in the literature, which arises in the presence of such pulse sequences.Materials and Methods:The pulse sequence was optimized and artifacts were characterized using simulation and phantom studies. With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, the pulse sequence was used to acquire time‐resolved images from healthy human volunteers and patients with x‐ray DSA‐confirmed intracranial vascular disease.Results:Artifacts were shown to derive from inhomogeneous spoiling due to the nature of radial waveforms. Gradient spoiling strategies were proposed to eliminate the observed artifact by balancing gradient moments across TR intervals. The resulting radial 2D MR DSA sequence (2.6 sec temporal footprint, 6 frames/sec with sliding window factor 16, 0.57 × 0.57 mm in‐plane) demonstrated small vessel detail and corroborated x‐ray DSA findings in intracranial vascular imaging studies.Conclusion:Appropriate gradient spoiling in radial 2D MR DSA pulse sequences improves intracranial vascular depiction by eliminating circular banding artifacts. The proposed pulse sequence may provide a useful addition to clinically applied 2D MR DSA scans. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:249–258. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.