bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“One‐pot” Synthesis of 1‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with Protic Functional Groups in 3‐Position
Authors: Pérez Perrino Mónica , Navarro Rodrigo , Gómez Tardajos Myriam , Gallardo Alberto , Reinecke Helmut 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA synthetic route that allows modification of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with an alcohol or thiol group in its 3‐position in a one‐pot reaction without using protecting groups is described. The strategy used to achieve this goal is the reaction of the carboxamide anion of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with cyclic precursors of these functionalities. It is furthermore shown that VP‐monomers functionalized with OH groups are suitable for the preparation of the corresponding copolymers with pure VP. As a second application of the new compounds, we also describe the synthesis of the first asymmetric crosslinker based on VP.magnified image
A Molecular Dynamics Study of Two Apposing Polyelectrolyte Brushes with Mono‐ and Multivalent Counterions
Authors: Cao Qianqian , Zuo Chuncheng , He Hongwei , Li Lujuan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe conformational characteristics of polyelectrolytes end‐grafted on two apposing walls are studied. The monovalent and multivalent counterions are explicitly treated. It is found that the polyelectrolyte brushes undergo a collapse transition in the presence of multivalent counterions at large wall separations. Moreover, the brush thickness is linearly proportional to the grafting density and independent of the counterion valence. The effects of normal compression on the density profiles of monomers and counterions, the pressure, the net charge density and the degree of interpenetration are also studied. The density profiles of counterions exhibit an asymmetrical distribution in systems with a mixture of monovalent and trivalent counterions.magnified image
Quantum‐Chemical Modeling of Free‐Radical Polymerization
Authors: Coote Michelle L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article reviews recent progress in the application of quantum chemistry to radical polymerization processes, with a principle focus on establishing the current ‘best‐practice’ methodology for obtaining chemically accurate calculations. The scope and limitations of computational chemistry for this field are also discussed, and some of its leading applications in the areas of ab initio kinetic modeling and computer‐aided reagent design are highlighted.magnified image
FTIR Microscopy for Kinetic Measurements in High‐Throughput Photopolymerization: Experimental Design and Application
Authors: Johnson Peter M. , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLibraries with varying composition and exposure time were developed to enable high‐throughput analysis of conversion using FTIR spectroscopy. This technique was demonstrated by measuring viscosity and backbone chain structure effects using four monomers: DPGDA, TEGDA, bisphenol‐A‐glycidyl diacrylate and ethoxylated bisphenol‐A diacrylate. DPGDA has equivalent viscosity and double bond concentration with a shorter backbone chain length as compared to TEGDA. The ultimate conversion of TEGDA copolymerizations as compared to equivalent DPGDA copolymerizations is lowered from 15 to 5% due to differences in crosslink space chemistry and glass transition temperatures of the copolymer formulation.magnified image
Prospective study of peripheral neuropathy in Machado–Joseph disease
Authors: C. França Marcondes , D'abreu Anelyssa , Nucci Anamarli , Cendes Fernando , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPeripheral neuropathy (PN) has long been recognized in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), but its natural history is an unsettled issue. Therefore, we prospectively assessed 40 with MJD for 13 months with nerve conduction (NC) studies and the revised total neuropathy score (TNSr) to study the progression of PN. There was no significant change in the TNSr score over the follow‐up period. In contrast, the average sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude decreased significantly over the same interval from a mean of 13.2 μV to 9.8 μV (P < 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the change in the sural SNAP amplitude and the length of the CAG triplet repeat expansion (r = 0.574, P < 0.001). The reduction in the mean sural SNAP amplitude also correlated with progression of ataxia. This indicates that PN progresses faster in individuals with larger (CAG)n expansions, and nerve conduction studies may be useful to study disease progression in MJD. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Effect of locally delivered IGF‐1 on nerve regeneration during aging: An experimental study in rats
Authors: Apel Peter J. , Ma Jianjun , Callahan Michael , Northam Casey N. , Alton Timothy B. , Sonntag William E. , Li Zhongyu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAge is an important predictor of neuromuscular recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) is a potent neurotrophic factor that is known to decline with increasing age. The purpose of this study was to determine if locally delivered IGF‐1 would improve nerve regeneration and neuromuscular recovery in aged animals. Young and aged rats underwent nerve transection and repair with either saline or IGF‐1 continuously delivered to the site of the nerve repair. After 3 months, nerve regeneration and neuromuscular junction morphology were assessed. In both young and aged animals, IGF‐1 significantly improved axon number, diameter, and density. IGF‐1 also significantly increased myelination and Schwann cell activity and preserved the morphology of the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). These results show that aged regenerating nerve is sensitive to IGF‐1 treatment. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Algorithmic and analytical methods in network biology
Authors: Koyutürk Mehmet 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring the genomic revolution, algorithmic and analytical methods for organizing, integrating, analyzing, and querying biological sequence data proved invaluable. Today, increasing availability of high‐throughput data pertaining to functional states of biomolecules, as well as their interactions, enables genome‐scale studies of the cell from a systems perspective. The past decade witnessed significant efforts on the development of computational infrastructure for large‐scale modeling and analysis of biological systems, commonly using network models. Such efforts lead to novel insights into the complexity of living systems, through development of sophisticated abstractions, algorithms, and analytical techniques that address a broad range of problems, including the following: (1) inference and reconstruction of complex cellular networks; (2) identification of common and coherent patterns in cellular networks, with a view to understanding the organizing principles and building blocks of cellular signaling, regulation, and metabolism; and (3) characterization of cellular mechanisms that underlie the differences between living systems, in terms of evolutionary diversity, development and differentiation, and complex phenotypes, including human disease. These problems pose significant algorithmic and analytical challenges because of the inherent complexity of the systems being studied; limitations of data in terms of availability, scope, and scale; intractability of resulting computational problems; and limitations of reference models for reliable statistical inference. This article provides a broad overview of existing algorithmic and analytical approaches to these problems, highlights key biological insights provided by these approaches, and outlines emerging opportunities and challenges in computational systems biology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
Modeling actin dynamics
Authors: Bindschadler Mike 
Published: October 2009

AbstractActin monomers assemble into filaments that structurally support cells as well as drive membrane protrusion for cell movement. Within cells, some actin structures are very dynamic and turn over rapidly, while others are very stable. Even purified actin filament dynamics are complex, and researchers have often turned to mathematical models in order to interpret data, test hypotheses, make predictions, and deepen understanding. Models of actin dynamics can be broadly divided into time‐dependent models and time‐independent models. Most commonly, time‐independent models use numerical solutions of sets of differential equations to explore the effects of key parameters on the actin cycle at steady state. Recent examples have been used to predict the nucleotide profile of steady‐state filaments and to illuminate the mechanisms behind profilin's effects on actin dynamics. Time‐dependent models of actin dynamics have been either Monte Carlo simulations, which track individual filaments at various levels of detail or less commonly stochastic models, which have been explored and solved analytically. These Monte Carlo and stochastic models have recently been used to investigate filament length diffusion, filament length distributions, annealing and fragmentation, and pyrene fluorescence overshoots. We do not review force production/protrusion models as they tend to reduce the complexity of actin dynamics to a single 'elongation rate' and because these models have been recently well reviewed.1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Effect of age and physical activity level on functional fitness in older adults
Authors: Donat Tuna Hulya , Ozcan Edeer Ayse , Malkoc Mehtap , Aksakoglu Gazanfer 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
It is difficult to distinguish between the effects of age and physical activity level in the functional fitness level of older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age and physical activity level on some functional fitness parameters in community-dwelling older adults.Two hundred twenty-nine elderly (111 female; 118 male) aged between 65–87 years living in the Balçova municipality region were divided into two groups: the young elderly (65–69 years old) and the elderly (70 years old or over). The “seven-day physical activity recall questionnaire” was used to estimate physical activity level (PAL). The functional fitness evaluation included the body mass index (BMI), the lower body strength (LBS), the dynamic balance, and the aerobic endurance. The young elderly were significantly worse with regard to BMI and significantly better with regard to LBS, dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance than the elderly; in contrast, PAL did not affect any of the functional fitness parameters. The young elderly showed worse BMI than the elderly when the age groups were less active. The young elderly showed better LBS and dynamic balance than the elderly when the age groups were more active. The young elderly showed significantly better aerobic endurance than the elderly in both the less and more active age groups. This study confirms that age affects functional fitness, whereas PAL generally does not. However, being more active is advantageous for the young elderly with regard to BMI, LBS, and dynamic balance.
Antioxidant Activity of the Phenolic Leaf Extracts from Monechma ciliatum in Stabilization of Corn Oil
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit Adam , Ibrahim Ramlah Mohamad , Ismail Maznah , Ismail Norsharina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe total phenolic content and the antioxidant potential of methanolic extract (ME), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), and hexane extract (HE) from Monechma ciliatum leaves (MCL) were evaluated. The Folin‐Ciocalteu, β‐carotene bleaching, the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the accelerated oxidation methods were used for evaluation. Both the extraction yield and the antioxidant activity (AOA) were strongly dependent on the solvent. Among the extracts, ME exhibited highest total phenolic compounds (TPC) and IC50 values for DPPH, followed by EAE and HE, respectively. Peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV) conjugated dienes (CD), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were taken as the parameters for evaluation of stabilization efficacy of MCL extracts and results revealed MCL to be a potent antioxidant for the stabilization of corn oil. As a general trend, increased AOA was observed for increased extract concentration. The predominant phenolic compounds identified by HPLC‐DAD in MCL extracts were p‐coumaric acid, vanillin and ferulic acid.
Connexin‐mediated communication controls cell proliferation and is essential in retinal histogenesis
Authors: Kihara Alexandre H. , Santos Taisa O. , Osuna‐Melo Edgard J. , Paschon Vera , Vidal Kallene S.M. , Akamine Priscilla S. , Castro Leandro M. , Resende Rodrigo R. , Hamassaki Dânia E. , Britto Luiz R.G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConnexin (Cx) channels and hemichannels are involved in essential processes during nervous system development such as apoptosis, propagation of spontaneous activity and interkinetic nuclear movement. In the first part of this study, we extensively characterized Cx gene and protein expression during retinal histogenesis. We observed distinct spatio‐temporal patterns among studied Cx and an overriding, ubiquitous presence of Cx45 in progenitor cells. The role of Cx‐mediated communication was assessed by using broad‐spectrum (carbenoxolone, CBX) and Cx36/Cx50 channel‐specific (quinine) blockers. In vivo application of CBX, but not quinine, caused remarkable reduction in retinal thickness, suggesting changes in cell proliferation/apoptosis ratio. Indeed, we observed a decreased number of mitotic cells in CBX‐injected retinas, with no significant changes in the expression of PCNA, a marker for cells in proliferative state. Taken together, our results pointed a pivotal role of Cx45 in the developing retina. Moreover, this study revealed that Cx‐mediated communication is essential in retinal histogenesis, particularly in the control of cell proliferation.
The habitual consumer
Authors: Wood Wendy , Neal David T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConsumers sometimes act like creatures of habit, automatically repeating past behavior with little regard to current goals and valued outcomes. To explain this phenomenon, we show that habits are a specific form of automaticity in which responses are directly cued by the contexts (e.g., locations, preceding actions) that consistently covaried with past performance. Habits are prepotent responses that are quick to activate in memory over alternatives and that have a slow‐to‐modify memory trace. In daily life, the tendency to act on habits is compounded by everyday demands, including time pressures, distraction, and self‐control depletion. However, habits are not immune to deliberative processes. Habits are learned largely as people pursue goals in daily life, and habits are broken through the strategic deployment of effortful self‐control. Also, habits influence the post hoc inferences that people make about their behavior.
A Consultative Itinerant Approach to Service Delivery: Considerations for the Early Childhood Community
Authors: Dinnebeil Laurie , Pretti-Frontczak Kristie , McInerney William 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
This article, written by experts in itinerant early childhood special education, describes and differentiates approaches to itinerant early childhood special education as a primary service delivery option. Consultative itinerant early childhood special education services, in particular, are a means of ensuring that young children with disabilities have access to the general early childhood curriculum as offered in community-based programs.

Method
A discussion of the empirical literature that supports a consultative approach, literature that focuses on behavioral consultation and principles of distributed practice and embedded learning opportunities, is included. In addition, this article outlines a set of assumptions that program personnel make when implementing a consultative itinerant approach to service delivery. The need for and challenges associated with a consultative itinerant approach are discussed.

Conclusion
Itinerant early childhood special educators face similar challenges as speech-language pathologists with regard to providing high-quality interventions to children in inclusive settings.
Interaction of highly charged clusters with surface
Authors: Parilis E S 
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to phenomena occurring on solid surfaces under impact of new kinds of projectiles—slow, very large and highly charged clusters produced in modern electrospray ionization sources.
It is known that slow highly charged atomic ions, for instance Xe+44, approaching a non-metal surface cause sputtering, erosion and create craters and blisters via the mechanism of Coulomb explosion following a cascade Auger neutralization, emitting vast amounts of secondary electrons.
The same mechanism should create analogous nano-features on a non-metal surface under impacts of clusters containing up to 108–109 molecules with a mass of up to 109–1010 amu and a diameter as large as 103 nm, their charge reaching several 103 e, albeit the charge-to-mass ratio would not exceed 10−7–10−6 e amu−1. When accelerated using a voltage of up to 104 V, the clusters can acquire a kinetic energy of 104 keV, but a very slow velocity, less than 5×104 cm s−1, which corresponds to about 10−2 eV atom−1, well below the threshold of kinetic electron emission. The conditions are favorable for Auger neutralization-induced potential electron emission.
The estimates, inevitably approximate in the absence of any experimental data, predict that the diameter of the craters could be around 10 nm, the number of sputtered atoms could be as large as 105 atoms per cluster and the yield of ejected electrons could reach up to several thousand electrons per cluster. These numbers show that both experimental studies of the phenomena and a search for their possible applications are worth performing.
Lipoprotein components and risk of congestive heart failure in 84 740 men and women in the Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk study (AMORIS)
Authors: Holme Ingar , Aastveit Are H. , Hammar Niklas , Jungner Ingmar , Walldius Göran 
Published: October 2009

AimsFew studies have analysed the influence of lipoprotein components (LC) on the development of congestive heart failure (HF) in large healthy populations. We examined LC together with glucose, haptoglobin (Hp), and uric acid (UA) as risk factors for HF in the Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk (AMORIS) study. We also explored the possible interaction between these factors and the apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A‐1 ratio (apoB/apoA‐1) in HF.Methods and resultsThis was a prospective study of HF conducted over 11.8 years through links with the Swedish hospital discharge and mortality registers. Lipoprotein components and other risk factors were measured in 84 740 men and women during health check‐ups. All LC were strongly associated with HF per gender adjusted for risk factors. Relationships were stronger for men than for women. Among LC the apoB/apoA‐1 ratio was the strongest risk factor for HF in men and triglycerides (TG) in women, but differences in strength were not large. The Hp and UA added predictive information to that of the apoB/apoA‐1 ratio, but glucose did not. There was no detectable interaction (synergistic effects) on relative risk between apoB/apoA‐1 and these three additional factors.ConclusionOver and above adjustment factors, the apoB/apoA‐1 ratio and TG were the most predictive of the LC, but all LC were highly significantly related to the development of HF.
Evaluating management strategies to implement the recovery plan for Iberian hake (Merluccius merluccius); the impact of censored catch information
Authors: Jardim Ernesto , Cerviño Santiago , Azevedo Manuela 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Jardim, E., Cerviño, S., and Azevedo, M. 2010. Evaluating management strategies to implement the recovery plan for Iberian hake (Merluccius merluccius); the impact of censored catch information. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 258–269. Iberian hake assessment revealed an increase in fishing mortality (F) despite enforcement of a recovery plan. Recent landings exceeded the total allowable catch and discarding rates were high. Alternative management strategies based on F control were evaluated with respect to the probability of recovering spawning-stock biomass (SSB), expected profits, and robustness to uncertainty on catch information and stock dynamics. Results showed that the use of censored catch data, i.e. excluding the Gulf of Cádiz or discards, may lead to inappropriate conclusions. Reducing fishing mortality was necessary for SSB to recover. An Fmax strategy with discard reduction showed the highest probability of rebuilding SSB and led the fishery to sustainable exploitation, with an expected %SPR of 30–40% in 2025, mean individual weight in the landings of 450 g in 2015, and yield increasing by >20%. Because of uncertainty in the estimates of maximum sustainable yield, management strategies based on FMSY were least robust, but all strategies were robust to alternative stock–recruit models.
An investigation of the spawning behaviour of the chokka squid Loligo reynaudii and the potential effects of temperature using acoustic telemetry
Authors: Downey Nicola J. , Roberts Michael J. , Baird Dan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDowney, N. J., Roberts, M. J., and Baird, D. 2010. An investigation of the spawning behaviour of the chokka squid Loligo reynaudii and the potential effects of temperature using acoustic telemetry. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 231–243. Spawning aggregations of chokka squid are influenced by environmental conditions. Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor the behaviour of spawning squid in relation to environmental variability. During the November squid-fishery closed seasons of 2003–2006, hexagonal VR2 receiver arrays were moored on and around active spawning aggregations in Kromme Bay, South Africa. In all, 45 squid were tagged (V9P-6L-S256 transmitters) and released within these arrays. Three presence–absence behaviours were identified: (i) arrival on the spawning site at dawn and departure after dusk, (ii) continuous presence for a number of days, and (iii) presence interrupted by frequent but short periods of absence. Movement between spawning sites was both diurnal and nocturnal. Squid presence at the monitored sites increased after dawn and decreased towards and after dusk. Occasionally, a core aggregation of squid remained on the spawning sites at night. Temperature data at the sites indicated occasional upwelling, and although the role of temperature in the spawning process is not well understood, data suggest that it is linked to the continuation and or interruption of spawning after an aggregation has formed. The initial formation of spawning aggregations appears to be triggered by upwelling events.