bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation Evaluation Of Oil And Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Clark Norman J. , Shearin H.M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The fundamental questions that face the oil and gas operator in finding, developing, and producing oil are set out and the formation evaluation information that is necessary to answer these questions is outlined. A history of the development of the tools and techniques of formation evaluation is briefly given. The type of information that is provided by each of the various methods is listed and problems encountered in obtaining this information are discussed. A plan is proposed for the coordinated use of tools and techniques of evaluation by means of a key well program for studying optimum requirements for formation evaluation data.

Introduction
The petroleum industry today is a product of American business and with its 8,900 producing companies it is one of the most competitive industries in America. Because of this it has emerged from World War II as one of our most highly specialized businesses, and never before has science been drawn upon and applied more vigorously in shaping a maturing industry.
Because we can never physically see the oil or gas reservoir in any of its in-place conditions, we must indirectly rely upon measurements of certain physical parameters to guide us in operating the reservoirs prudently. The development and operation of an oil or gas accumulation has, therefore, become a reservoir engineering enterprise; and more arid more operations are logically being based on factual reservoir information in this manner.
There are two fundamental questions that face the oil and gas operator in finding, developing, and producing oil and gas reservoirs. These questions are:Is oil or gas present and in paying quantities?How should the deposit be produced for maximum economic return?
The reliability of answers to these fundamental questions depend upon the availability and accuracy of data upon which the answers must be based. As new oil and gas reservoirs are found at greater depths and are more costly to find and develop, accuracy of the evaluation grows correspondingly more important.
Fundamental Theory And Instrumentation Of Electrical Logging
Authors: Roberts I.L. 
Published: May 2009

Introduction
The standard electric log of today consists of two basic types of recordings. On the left side of the log appears the spontaneous potential of the bore hole. Usually this is one curve although under special conditions the same curve can be presented in different scales. The right hand side of the log is devoted to recordings of the electrical resistivities of the formations as encountering in the bore hole.
There are various systems of measuring resistivities but those most commonly employed are multi-electrode "normal" and "lateral" resistivity recordings. Generally the logs consist of two normal resistivity curves of different electrode spacings and one lateral curve. Any of these three resistivity curves can be presented in several scales to cover the full range of resistivities encountered in any particular bore hole.
Of course, the spontaneous potential and the various resistivity curves are simultaneously recorded against a depth scale. All modern logging equipment can also simultaneously record the curves on at least two depth scales. The most commonly accepted depth scales are 2 in. = 100 ft and 5 in. = 100 ft. Occasionally a depth scale of 1 in. = 100 ft is recorded. On some specialized services such as the Microlog or Dipmeter an expanded depth scale of 25 in. =100 ft or 60 in. = 100 ft is frequently used. In very rare cases the expanded scale of 120 in. = 100 ft can be recorded.

The Spontaneous Potential Curve
The SP log (spontaneous or self-potential log), is a record of the naturally-occuring potentials measured in the mud at different depths in a drill hole. Usually, the SP log consists of a base line, more or less straight, having excursions or peaks to the left (Fig. 1). The base line corresponds in most cases to shales, whereas the peaks are generally opposite permeable strata. The shape and the amplitude of the peaks may be different, according to the formations, but there is no definite correspondence between the magnitude of the peaks and the values of permeability.
The Fundamentals Of Quantitative Analysis Of Electric Logs
Authors: Winn R.H. 
Published: May 2009

Introduction
All electric logs consist or two basic measurements. The first of these is a measurement of the electrical current variations that circulate in the borehole between the permeable beds and shales. The exploring electrode measures the electrical potential variations in the bore hole which are associated with these currents. Because these currents are generated by natural conditions and are in no way induced by the measuring equipment, the variations in electrical potentials are called "Spontaneous Potential," or "Self Potential." These are abbreviated to SP and are recorded on the electric log millivolts.
The second basic measurement shown on an electric log is that of resistivity. Resistivity is the resistance of a unit volume of material to the flow or electrical current. The unit volume used in electric logging is that of a cube or one meter dimensions. Therefore, the unit of resistivity measurement is ohms per square meter per meter which is shortened to ohm-meters.
The conduction or current within all earth materials, with the exception or certain metallic ores, is always associated with water. The current is carried by ions or salts in solution. (If this appears to contradict some papers on"conductive solids" it is only a contradiction of terminology. All shales, clays, and other porous matrices are excellent insulators when dry.) It would then logically follow that if more ions or salt per unit are present in the solution the resistivity will be smaller. However, these ions are able to move faster when the temperature or the solution is higher, primarily because the viscosity of the water is lower. As a result, in order to determine the resistivity of a solution, the concentration of salts dissolved in the water and the temperature of the solution must be known.
Most of the waters encountered in well logging contain sodium chloride in solution. Fig. 1 shows the relation between the concentration or NaCl, the temperature, and the resistivity in ohm-meters.
Electrical Logging Interpretation In The Gulf Coast
Authors: Tixier M.P. 
Published: May 2009

Introduction
Electrical logs have now been used for some 25 years in the Gulf Coast and have become a standard in the oil industry. Used at the beginning for correlation and simple qualitative interpretation, they now have many applications, thanks to the various tools and techniques that have been introduced in the last few years.

Structural Studies
The art of correlation with electrical logs is an old one, and little will have to be said here. The SP curve and the amplified normal are the curves most often used for this purpose. It is likely that the conductivity scale of the induction log will be preferred to the amplified normal in the future because of its greater detail.
Fresh muds are necessary when using the electrical log for correlation. The mud filtrate resistivity should be at least four times the average formation water resistivity (Rmf = Rw). It is true that good radioactivity logs can be run in salt mud, but they have not been found to be as efficient in the Gulf Coast for correlation studies.
Dipmeter surveys remain a great help in structural studies. This is particularly true since the introduction of the continuous dipmeter.

Determination of Boundaries and Sand Count
In the early days, only the SP curve and the resistivity logs were available for this purpose. Increased accuracy has resulted from the introduction of the Microlog and Microlaterolog. Because of the small spacings used in the microdevices, sharp definition of bed boundaries is possible. The MicroLog has shown that many sands believed to be uniform are often broken by tight lenses or members. Detailed sand count studies are now possible, and the Microlog has helped greatly in the sidewall sampling program by the elimination of hard or shaly intervals (Example 1).
The Fundamental Principles Of Core Analysis And Their Application To Gulf Coast Formations
Authors: Elmdahl Ben A. 
Published: May 2009

Introduction
Early chronicles reveal that the process of coring in oil or gas wells dates almost back to the time of the Drake discovery. These early cores very likely were taken only for geological information, but as drilling techniques geological and formation of higher pressures were encountered, the coring process soon became very much a necessity for actually locating the productive horizons. Along with this, core analysis, as an aid in well evaluation, can trace its crude beginnings certainly back to the Spindletop era where sensory analysis of "good odors," "stains" and "salt water tastes" were the forerunners of the technical procedures used today.
Modern core analysis methods, which first came into prominence in the middle thirties, have conclusively proved their value in reservoir evaluation. The fundamental principles behind these processes can be readily explained by accepted physical and chemical concepts. Rules for making interpretations of core analysis data and their specific application to Gulf Coast formations are set forth in this paper.

Coring Methods

Core Barrels
From the days when "a hollow iron pipe rolling on cold steel shot"was a favored method for recovering a core to the present-day delicately machined core barrels, numerous devices have been designed for extracting samples of formation from the ground. Today our most common tool is the rotary-type core barrel, which drills out a sample of the formation and is retracted to the surface by the use of a wire line or by pulling the drillstem. This paper will concern itself only with cores cut in this manner, although it matters not what type core bits are employed — whether diamond or otherwise. However, the principles set forth in the analysis of these samples in many cases will readily adapt themselves to other modern methods of coring such as the percussion-type sidewall core.
Formation Evaluation In The Seeligson And Borregos Fields
Authors: Wright Harold T. , Wooddy L.D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Formation evaluation techniques have been particularly applicable in the Seeligson and Borregos fields because of the widely diversified conditions encountered in the multi-reservoir producing area. Information on the acquisition, utilization, and benefits of formation evaluation data in these fields is presented by this paper.

Introduction
The Seeligson and Borregos fields are located in close proximity to each other in southeastern Jim Wells and western Kleberg counties, Texas. These fields contain major reserves and have a combined areal extent of approximately65,000 acres. A series of closely related anticlinal structures with fault patterns and changes in lithology, combined with the development of more than 50 sands, results in many individual reservoirs in the two fields. These reservoirs, which range from 4,500 to 7,500 ft in depth, are in the Frio and Vicksburg formations. Reservoir drive mechanisms include dissolved gas, strong gas cap, and water drives. Average reservoir permeabilities range from 150 to 4,000 md. Oil column lengths vary from 4 to 550 ft, and oil gravities range from 30 to 45°API.
The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the methods that have been used in the Borregos and Seeligson fields to obtain reservoir information and to employ this information in the determination of optimum producing operations.

Acquisition of Formation Evaluation Data
Studies of the factors influencing the behavior of individual wells and reservoirs are required to realize maximum profits in the production of oil. To make possible these studies, detailed information is required on the physical properties of a reservoir, together with the occurrence, distribution, and properties of the fluids within the reservoir. This information is regarded as formation evaluation data. Although supplemented by production and subsurface sample pressure data, the majority of reservoir information is obtained from core analyses, well logging, and drill-stem tests. These three methods of obtaining data, which can be considered the standard tools of formation evaluation, have been extensively employed in the Seeligson and Borregos fields.
Well Logging Study - Quinduno Field, Roberts County, Texas
Authors: Owen Joe D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This logging study of the Quinduno field shows that the most useful and economical method for logging the brown dolomite (Wolfcamp) formation in saline muds is the gamma ray, Microlaterolog and Laterolog combination. The use of'these three logs permits accurate determinations of the tops and bottoms of the formations in high salinity muds. Furthermore, the use of the Microlaterolog-Laterolog values permits accurate calculation of porosity and water saturation by use of relationships established by the study. Agreement between calculated porosity and core porosity is excellent.
Results of this study show that the following logs may be eliminated from the logging procedure at Quinduno:neutron log,standard electrical survey (SP, 16 in. and 64 in. normals and 19-ft lateral), andMicrolog.
Further results show that coring of the formation may be eliminated with log analysis replacing core analysis.
Adoption of the recommendations made possible by this study resulted in a saving of over $1,000 per well in completion costs.

Introduction

Location and Description of Field
The Quinduno field is located in Roberts County, Texas, and produces from the lower Albany dolomite of' Wolfcamp age at approximately 4,000 ft. The structure is a northwest - southeast trending anticline which dips approximately 100 ft/mile. The reservoir, as now defined, comprises an area of over 13,000 acres and contains a gas column of approximately 100 ft in thickness and an oil column varying from 12 to 30 ft in thickness. Below the oil column is a water zone.
The top 70 ft of the formation is gas bearing. Below this, the dolomite is vugular with cavities and contains inter-oolitic porosity ranging as high as 33per cent. Permeabilities in the lower dolomite range as high as 19,500 md, but averages 144 md in the oil zone. The dolomite development shows that it is highly recrystallized with extensive vertical fracturing. Cores show streaks of' anhydrite and occasionally the presence of' conglomerate. The average porosity is about 17 per cent in the producing section below the gas-oil contact.
An Integrated Summary of Formation Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Kirkpatrick C.V. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper summarizes and integrates the various methods used for formation evaluation. Specific objectives are listed and the limitations of instruments and techniques are given. All hydrocarbon-bearing zones, subject to formation evaluation, are classified under five group headings. The classification gives a physical description and examples of typical geological zones. The total problem of formation evaluation, as applied to each of the five classified formations, is given. Wells are classified in accordance with their objective, that is, wildcat, field extension, or development. A basic evaluation program is recommended for each formation and well type.

Introduction
The principal objective of this symposium has been to consolidate and integrate all methods of formation evaluation. Detailed coverage has been given concerning the theory, instrumentation, and techniques of electric logging, radioactive logging, mud analysis logging, core analysis, and drill-stem testing. Specific studies of all types of major oil and gas producing formations have been presented. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and integrate the more important aspects of the previous papers, principally those concerned with the specific field studies, and to present a constructive survey of the formation evaluation problem.
Koordinationsgesteuerte Selbstorganisation von PEO‐funktionalisierten Perylenbisimiden – supramolekulare Vielfalt bei Verwendung weniger molekularer Bausteine
Authors: Gebers Jan , Rolland Damien , Frauenrath Holger 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEine begrenzte Zahl Polyethylenoxid‐substituierter Perylenbisimide, die wahlweise mit Terpyridin‐Liganden für eine Metallkoordination funktionalisiert sind (siehe Beispielstruktur), kombiniert verschiedene nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen und kann so in eine Vielzahl von optoelektronisch aktiven, organischen Materialien mit unterschiedlichen Überstrukturen verarbeitet werden.magnified image
Potential skin antiinflammatory effects of 4‐methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI) isolated from rocket (Eruca sativa) seeds
Authors: Yehuda Hila , Khatib Soliman , Sussan Ihab , Musa Ramadan , Vaya Jacob , Tamir Snait 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIsothiocyanates (ITCs), which are organosulfur compounds present in cruciferous vegetables, have anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, and antiproliferative activities. These biological activities, and the knowledge that rocket seed (Eruca sativa) extract is used in skin disorders in traditional Middle Eastern medicine, led to the isolation and assessment of 4‐methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI), the major ITC in rocket seeds, for its potential in the prevention of inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis. MTBI was found to depress the growth of activated keratinocytes and to arrest the activated THP‐1 monocytes in the G2 stage. Both MTBI and its oxidized derivative sulforaphane (SFN), which was found in the rocket seed at a low concentration, downregulated the expression of the proinflammatory genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐12/23 p40, as well as that of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, in activated THP‐1 cells. These results demonstrate that MTBI may deter the inflammation process, as has been reported for SFN. Furthermore, pretreatment with MTBI hindered the induction of the inflammatory state in the THP‐1 cells, as shown by the inhibition of cytokine mRNA expression of IL‐1β, IL‐12/23 p40, and TNF‐α. Overall, our results imply that MTBI may represent a new family of natural compounds possessing significant skin inflammation‐preventive activities. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Comparison of separation performances of amylose‐ and cellulose‐based stationary phases in the high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of stereoisomers of β‐lactams
Authors: Pataj Zoltán , Ilisz István , Berkecz Róbert , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc , Péter Antal 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for the separation of the enantiomers of 19 β‐lactams. The direct separations were performed on chiral stationary phases containing either amylose‐tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate, (Kromasil® AmyCoat™ column) or cellulose‐tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate, (Kromasil® CelluCoat™ column) as chiral selector. The different methods were compared in systematic chromatographic examinations. The separations were carried out with good selectivity and resolution. The AmyCoat™ and CelluCoat™ columns appear to be highly complementary. The best separations of bi‐ and tricyclic β‐lactam stereoisomers were obtained with the AmyCoat™ column, whereas the 4‐aryl‐substituted β‐lactams were better separated on the CelluCoat™ column. The elution sequence was determined in all cases; no general rule could be established. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aufbereitung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen durch Zerkleinerung
Authors: Teipel U. , Winter H. , Unkelbach G. , Schweppe R. , Gromov A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNachwachsende Rohstoffe werden derzeit insbesondere zur Erzeugung von Energie eingesetzt. Durch die Entwicklung innovativer Technologien sollen nachwachsende Rohstoffe in Zukunft auch für die Herstellung von speziellen Materialien, Feinchemikalien oder chemischer Vorprodukte Anwendung finden. Für beide Anwendungsgebiete und Technologien ist die Steigerung der Rohstoffeffizienz von besonderer Bedeutung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Aufbereitung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen am Beispiel von Holz durch verschiedene Trocken‐ und Nasszerkleinerungsprozesse untersucht.
Relating therapy for people who hear voices: A case series
Authors: Hayward Mark , Overton Jo , Dorey Theresa , Denney Joanna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a series of cases to explore the development and value of a form of relating therapy for people who hear voices. The therapy is theoretically underpinned by Birtchnell's Relating Theory and offers a therapeutic space where hearers can explore and seek to change the relationship with their predominant voice. Five cases are presented to illustrate the processes of: (1) exploring similarities between relating to the voice and relating socially; (2) enhancing awareness of reciprocity with the voice–hearer relationship; and (3) using assertiveness training and empty chair work to facilitate change. Results were encouraging as change in control and/or distress was apparent for four of the cases. Changes in patterns of relating to voices were also apparent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of breast cancer: A retrospective study of 303 cases in Bahrain
Authors: Al‐Sindi Khalid , Kamal Nahid , Golbahar Jamal 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBreast cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries worldwide and breast lesions remain a common diagnostic dilemma. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has been suggested as the most important, first line, minimally invasive measure in the management of patients with breast lesions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of FNAB in patients with breast lesions by comparing the diagnostic accuracy of cytology results with that of the definitive histological examination outcome and also to investigate the added value of a single aspirator experience to the overall diagnostic precision and compared with the internationally published results. A retrospective study of 303 breast FNAB samples were carried out by a single experienced cytopathologist with complete comparison records.The prevalence of positive cytologic diagnosis for the breast cancer was determined to be 20.4%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAB was 97.9%, with a specificity and sensitivity of 98.3 and 96.5%, respectively. The overall positive and negative predictive values were determined to be 93.2 and 99.2%, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity was comparable in cases that have been attempted by palpation‐guided sampling compared with those aspirations that were carried out under US guidance.Results from this study confirm that FNAB biopsies performed and reported by a dedicated, single, skilled cytopathologist are highly effective in diagnosis of breast lesions and reliable in differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions with an overall high efficacy in a specialized laboratory‐based FNAB clinic. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.