bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
50 Jahre «Permanent Council»
Authors: Zwirner Eberhard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The first ‘International Congress of Phonetics’ took place in Hamburg in 1914, the second in Bonn in 1930. The ‘International Congress of Phonetic Sciences’ of 1932 in Amsterdam, in which the circle of phonologists took part for the first time, was therefore the third phonetic congress. At this congress, the ‘Permanent Council’ was founded, which thus celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year.
Durational Correlates of Linguistic Rhythm Categories
Authors: Hoequist, Jr. Charles 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Experimental investigations into the reality of impressionistic rhythm categories of language (stress-timing, syllable-timing and mora-timing) have usually tested extreme models of rhythm types. A comparative study of durational characteristics in Spanish (syllable-timed) and Japanese (mora-timed) confirm the absence of a strict isochronic rhythm but yield evidence fitting a less strict hypothesis of rhythm categories.
Vowel Distortion in Traumatic Dysarthria: A Formant Study
Authors: Zlegler W. , von Cramon D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The frequencies of the first two formants of three German vowels in word context were determined by a formant tracking routine for 8 male subjects with closed head trauma. A centralized formant pattern was found to characterize vowel articulation in traumatic dysarthria. Different degrees of severity could be assessed and the process of recovery was described by the parameter ‘formant triangle area’. An interpretation in articulatory terms is given and the results are discussed in the light of articulatory models.
What is the Reference that Sound Durations are Compared with in Speech Perception?
Authors: Ventsov Anatoly V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Speech segment durations are widely used as cues in the phonetic interpretation of speech (during its perception). To devise a system of quantitative rules for the automatic phonetic interpretation of natural speech it is necessary to know with what reference the speech sound duration is to be compared. An experiment with a specially arranged set of stimuli has shown that durations of adjacent sounds in an utterance, namely vowels, are used as the reference for word stress perception in Russian.
Über die Akustik des Vokalschalls im 18. Jahrhundert: der Euler-Lambert-Briefwechsel und Kratzenstein
Authors: Ungeheuer † Gerold 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with the discussion of vowel acoustics in the correspondence between Euler and Lambert, the two most important German-speaking physicists and mathematicians in the second half of the 18th century. It seems plausible that the prize question set by the St. Petersburg Academy for 1780 goes back to the problem treated in this correspondence and that it was even suggested by Euler himself. The dissertation which Kratzenstein handed in is therefore reviewed in relation to the physical knowledge of the 18th century as it manifests itself in this correspondence. This is followed by reflections on the philosophy of science. In order to gain a complete awareness of the prerequisites of modern acoustic phonetics the historical rethinking of its development is indispensable and is thus part of present-day phonetic research.
Pitch Period Detection and Chaining: Method and Evaluation
Authors: Schäfer-Vincent Kurt 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An algorithm is presented which detects quasi-periodic parts in a given speech signal, and provides the fundamental frequency for these parts. The algorithm analyses the structure of the time-amplitude representation of the speech signal. It first determines potential ‘period-twins’ and then observes whether these period-twins are members of a ‘period-chain’. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated. The results are given as absolute and relative figures and are compared with other methods.
VOT im 19. Jahrhundert oder «Die Wiederkehr des Gleichen»
Authors: Braun Angelika 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Up to now the concept of voice onset time (VOT) has been closely associated with the work of Lisker and Abramson. Evidence is presented here that the idea behind it – if not the name – is much older than commonly thought, in fact dating back to the turn of the century. The results of those early VOT measurements are presented and -with respect to Armenian – compared to those arrived at by Lisker and Abramson.
Vowel Intrinsic Pitch in Connected Speech
Authors: Ladd Robert , Silverman Kim E.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We investigated whether ‘intrinsic pitch’ (IP) effects occur in connected speech. Fundamental frequency differences between German high and low vowels were measured in two different experimental conditions: (1) a typical laboratory task in which a carrier sentence served as a frame for test vowels; (2) a paragraph reading task in which test vowels occurred in a variety of prosodic environments. By comparing test vowels in comparable segmental and prosodic environments, it was shown that the IP effect does occur in connected speech, but that the size of the differences between high and low vowel fundamental frequency is somewhat smaller than in carrier sentences. Some tentative hypotheses are presented concerning the influence of prosodic environment on the magnitude of IP differences.
Spectral and Perceptual Evidence for CV Coarticulation in Devoiced /si/ and /syu/ in Japanese
Authors: Beckman Mary , Shoji Atsuko 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We examined the spectral and perceptual characteristics of devoiced /si/ and /syu/ syllables in Japanese. Measurements showed that the deleted vowel can color the spectrum of the [∫] in these syllables, although the mean influence is small. Perception tests showed that Japanese listeners can use this spectral coloring as a cue to the identity of the underlying vowel, although identification was substantially worse than in syllables where the /i/ or /u/ is maintained. These results suggest that a supposedly lower-level coarticulation between the fricative and the vowel can occur before a higher-level process deletes the vowel, contradicting the order implied by traditional accounts of speech as a translation of discrete phonological units.
Some Acoustic Aspects of Fundamental Frequency of CVC Utterances in Aphasia
Authors: Ryalls John H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A set of 9 CVC utterances were elicited five times each from a group of 5 anterior and 7 posterior aphasics. These spoken tokens were acoustically analyzed for the fundamental frequency of phonation and compared to tokens for a group of 7 normal control speakers. Statistical analyses revealed that anterior aphasics produced significantly higher average fundamental frequencies than did normal speakers, and that both groups of aphasics had significantly greater variability (both inter- and intraspeaker) in their fundamental frequency values than did normal speakers. A subset of these data was also analyzed for the period-to-period variation or ‘jitter’ of the acoustic waveform. Each group was significantly different from each other: posterior aphasics demonstrated the greatest period-to-period variation followed by anterior aphasics and then normal subjects. Some implications of this research are discussed.
Effects of Temporal Stimulus Properties on Perception of the [sl]-[spl] Distinction
Authors: Repp Bruno H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Two studies investigated the influence of the independently varied durations of preceding and following signal portions on the amount of closure silence needed to perceive ‘splash’ rather than ‘slash’. Increases (or decreases) in the durations of the [s] and [l] acoustic segments had opposite effects which cancelled when the silent intervals were short (experiment 1), but yielded a net effect due to [s] duration when the silent intervals were long (experiment 2). These findings, which resolve a conflict between earlier results in the literature, are interpreted as reflecting a perceptual compensation for coarticulatory shortening of [s] before stop consonants, in conjunction with (possibly psychoacoustic) contrastive interactions between the perceived durations of adjacent acoustic segments. The results suggest that local temporal signal properties, as distinct from global perceived speaking rate, are an important factor in phonetic perception.
On the ‘Incomplete Neutralization’ of German Final Obstruents
Authors: Fourakis Marios , Iverson Gregory K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Recent work in acoustic phonetics purports to show that neutralization of the voiced/voiceless contrast in final position in German is only apparent, because it is incomplete. Thus, a recent study shows that native speakers of German do regularly devoice word-final obstruents, but they also produce slightly longer vowels before the morphophonemically voiced obstruents (e.g. Rad ‘wheel’) than before the voiceless ones (e.g. Rat ‘advice’). However, our work replicating these studies indicates that the previously observed differences actually resulted from hypercorrect spelling pronunciation, and that in more natural linguistic contexts the neutralization is indeed complete.
Perception of Assimilation of Voice as a Function of Segmental Duration and Linguistic Context
Authors: van den Berg R.J.H. , Slis I.H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The perception of assimilation of ‘voice’ in Dutch two-obstruent clusters across word boundaries was measured as a function of cluster duration. In an experiment employing synthetic speech stimuli the duration of the silent interval of the plosives and of the noise part of the fricatives was varied. The clusters were embedded in three types of linguistic context: sentences, words, and nonsense words. Longer durations gave rise to more ‘voiceless’ percepts, resulting in the perception of more ‘progressive assimilation’, at the expense of ‘regressive assimilation’ and ‘no assimilation’. Nonwords behaved slightly differently from sentences and words. The different response pattern for nonwords is ascribed to a different phonetic context rather than to lexical or phonological factors.
Coarticulation in Italian /VtV/ Sequences: A Palatographic Study
Authors: Farnetani Edda , Vagges Kyriaki , Magno-Caldognetto Emanuela 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Patterns of linguopalatal contact during the production of intervocalic /t/ in different vowel contexts were examined by means of electropalatography, in order to assess the degree of dependency between tongue tip/blade and tongue body, the relative strength of anticipatory and carryover effects and their temporal extent. Results show that the coupling between tip and body of the tongue is rather loose: constraints imposed on tongue body by consonant production are described qualitatively and quantitatively. Carryover effects are stronger and more systematic than anticipatory effects: both can extend across the consonant. Results also indicate that coarticulatory effects depend on the identity of the vowel held constant and, to a lesser extent, on stress position. Some hypotheses are presented concerning articulatory goals and strategies in /VtV/ productions.
Further Experiments in the Perception of French Plosives
Authors: van Dommelen Wim A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present paper is a continuation of a previous study, in which several cues in French stop consonant perception were investigated. In a first series of experiments, identification of a stop as fortis versus lenis turned out to be influenced by whether the following consonant was a fricative or a plosive. Taking the results of this first series as a point of departure, the next experiment focussed on the possible masking influence of friction noise on the perception of a preceding stop. This hypothesis, however, was not confirmed by the outcome of the experiment. Two further experiments showed that periodicity in a stop plus stop cluster is assigned to the first or the second stop, depending on its position in the cluster, even when the first stop is not released. The general discussion places the results within a general frame of consonant perception in French.
The Perception of Lenis and Fortis Plosives in French
Authors: Kohler Klaus J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a re-evaluation of the data contained in two articles by W. van Dommelen published in Phonetica
40 (1983) and 42 (1985). It is argued that greater generalization is possible for lenis/fortis perception in French C1C2 stop-obstruent clusters. First of all, they follow single stops in that the extent of voicing in the whole cluster has the strongest cue value and that the release feature of C1 is also important; its absence results in less clearly defined response functions. This means, secondly, that stop-stop and stop-fricative sequences produce the same results when the characteristic plosive aspiration features are absent in the former and merged into the fricative in the latter. Thirdly, a fortis obstruent in second position heightens lenis perception in the preceding stop by auditory contrast, not by its phonological status.
L’intonation et l’organisation de l’énoncé
Authors: Rossi Mario 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Syntactic theories of intonation assume that intonation is congruent to syntax. It is, however, in the cases where it is not that intonation can restructure an utterance and become informative. In a first stage, we identify the prosodic units which play a part in the organisation of utterances. In a second stage, we examine how intonation contributes to the linear and hierarchical structure of utterances. The functioning of prosodic units in semantic and pragmatic organisation of the sentence allows us to bring to light syntactic constraints. This method seems the best way to evaluate the respective interactions of intonation with syntax and pragmatics. These syntactic constraints constitute formal marks which justify the content of prosodic rules (syntactic, semantic, accentual and rhythmic) which make it possible to predict or explain the intonation of utterances.
A Perceptual Study of the Influence of Pitch on the Intelligibility of Sung Vowels
Authors: Scotto Di Carlo Nicole , Germain Aline 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A perceptual study of the influence of pitch on the intelligibility of vowels was carried out using a corpus containing all 15 French vowels sung by a professional soprano across her entire voice range. Four untrained subjects underwent identification tests whose results show statistically that vowel intelligibility is inversely proportional to pitch. A perceptual analysis based on confusion matrices revealed that intelligibility drops rapidly starting at the middle register. Classification of the confusions showed that incorrectly identified vowels tend to be confused with [a], most certainly because the shape of the vocal tract when in the upper register corresponds to that of the vowel [a].
Modelling French Micromelody: Analysis and Synthesis
Authors: Di Cristo A. , Hirst D.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Research into microvariations of fundamental frequency (F₀) of speech (intrinsic and co-intrinsic effects) carried out on a large number of languages has brought to light universal tendencies which raise a number of problems, both from the point of view of perception and from that of production, for the interpretation and modelling of intonation. After a survey of these problems, experimental data for French are presented, concerning the intrinsic fundamental frequency (IF₀) of oral and nasal vowels and the co-intrinsic effect (CF₀) of consonants on the onset and pitch point of the F₀ of the following stressed vowels. It is shown that despite considerable intersubject variation, IF₀ differences between the classes of close, open and nasal vowels are significant in both prosodic contexts analysed, but that variations within these classes were not significant (except for the nasal vowels). The principal source of variation for the co-intrinsic effect (as has been observed in many languages) was the opposition voiced/voiceless for the preceding consonant. This effect was greater at the onset of the vowel (4 STs) than at the pitch point where it was comparable to the IF₀ effect (1 ST). A relative independence of the IF₀ and CF₀ effects was noted which tend either to combine or to cancel each other out depending on the phonetic context. A preliminary attempt to incorporate these effects into a synthetic model of intonation, by factoring out observed F₀ contours into segmental and suprasegmental components, suggests that unlike IF₀ and CF₀ effects of consonants, which intervene at a fairly late level of phonetic implementation, IF₀ effects of vowels are quite probably programmed at a higher level.
F₀ in the Production and Perception of Breathy Stops: Evidence from Hindi
Authors: Schiefer L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article deals with the acoustical and perceptual importance of F₀ perturbations in word-initial breathy CV syllables of Hindi. The first part is devoted to the acoustical analysis of F₀ onset, F₀ trajectory, average F₀ of the breathy and steady portion, and duration of the breathy portion. It is concluded from the results that (i) F₀ perturbations are a function of the place of articulation of the stop and/or tongue height and/or tongue position of the vowel; (ii) F₀ onset reflects the larynx height and/or the activity of extrinsic larynx muscles, and (iii) the F₀ trajectory represents the coarticulatory processes within the syllable. The importance of F₀ onset, F₀ trajectory, average F₀, and duration of the breathy portion for the perception of breathy stops is examined in the second part of this study. It is shown, for 8 CV conditions /É–<sup>h</sup>a É–<sup>h</sup>e É–<sup>h</sup>i É–<sup>h</sup>o É–<sup>h</sup>u b<sup>h</sup>i d<sup>h</sup>i g<sup>h</sup>i/ that F₀ onset, F₀ trajectory, and the duration of the breathy portion play an important role in the perception of breathy CV syllables in Hindi.
F₀ Segmental Cues Depend on Intonation: The Case of the Rise after Voiced Stops
Authors: Silverman Kim 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Two different models of the influence of the stop voicing on F₀ are identified. The more widely accepted of the two, called the rise-fall dichotomy, claims that F₀ falls after voiceless stops but rises after voiced stops, and that the direction of post-release F₀ is contextually invariant. The alternative model, referred to as the no-rise view, arose from recent production studies. It claims that the onset frequency of post-release F₀ is raised after all stops, though only relatively little if they are phonologically voiced. More importantly, it sees F₀ contours as a combination of segmental perturbations added onto a smooth underlying intonation contour. Consequently the direction of post-release F₀ depends not only on segmental phonetic features but also on the prosodic structure. In three perceptual experiments utilising computer-synthesised intervocalic bilabial stops, opposing predictions of the two models are tested by embedding falling, level, and rising perturbations in different intonational environments. In each experiment the predictions of the no-rise view are supported and those of the rise-fall dichotomy are falsified. The conclusion drawn is that investigations of segmental phonetics can give rise to misleading results unless the accompanying prosodic structure is also taken into account.
The Perception of Quantity in Icelandic
Authors: Pind Jörgen 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Numerous studies, both in speech production and perception, have found that the acoustic representation of speech segments is heavily context-dependent. In particular the durations of speech sounds do not have fixed values but vary depending on their immediate context, speech tempo etc. In spite of this variability, the perceiver usually perceives correctly what the speaker intended to say. Two theoretical accounts have been given of this fact. On the one hand it has been postulated that the listener perceives correctly by taking into account the context of the speech segment he hears (the theory of normalization). Another view is that speech sound variability is primarily a surface phenomenon, and that invariants can be found in the speech wave on a closer analysis (the theory of constancy). The present study investigates the merits of these theories in the context of Icelandic speech perception. The experimental results show that normalization plays only a minor role in the perception of quantity in Icelandic.
A Search for Durational Rules in a Real-Speech Data Base
Authors: Carlson R. , Granström B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The durational properties of consonants have been studied for Swedish and English. The use of quantity in Swedish demands an expansion of the rule structure proposed by Klatt. The Swedish study has been done in the context of a speech data base of read sentences. There are considerable problems in administering such data bases, both to transcribe and segment the speech and to easily access stored material. We report how speech is transcribed and segmented semiautomatically. The transcription is generated by the text-to-phonetic component of our synthesis system. The same rule structure is used for accessing the data. Durational data is collected and compared to models directly during the data base search.
Linguistic and Developmental Effects on the Production and Perception of Stop Consonants
Authors: Flege James Emil , Eefting Wieke 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study examined production and perception of the contrast between /t/ –/d/ by subjects differing in native language and age. Acoustic analysis revealed that native speakers of English realized word-initial /t/ with significantly longer VOT values (approximately 85 ms) than native speakers of Spanish (approximately 19 ms). Native English and Spanish adults realized /t/ with VOT values that were non-significantly longer than those of 9-year-olds of the same native language background. Native English adults prevoiced /d/ more often than English children, but Spanish adults and children realized /d/ with lead VOT values in nearly every instance. In a labelling task, the native English speakers showed steeper identification functions, and category boundaries at significantly longer VOT values, than age-matched native Spanish subjects. The boundaries of both the native English and Spanish adults occurred at significantly longer VOT values than those of children who spoke the same language. Three possible explanations are offered for the effect of age on stop voicing judgments: the auditory processing of acoustic parameters associated with stops changes with age; listeners require an increasingly long VOT interval to perceive /t/ as they get older because they produce /t/ with somewhat longer VOT values; listeners ‘attune’ their perception to optimally match the stops they hear.
Stress Patterns in Dutch (Compound) Adjectives: Acoustic Measurements and Perception Data
Authors: van Heuven Vincent J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Under the so-called culminative definition of stress, present-day linguists hold the view that within one word or larger domain only one syllable can bear the stress. This is in contrast with the classical (British-English) phonetic tradition which allows the occurrence of two strong stresses within certain words, which are then called ‘double-stressed’. Moreover, precisely the class of double-stressed words was said to be subject to rhythmic variation (or ‘stress clash’). The present paper purports to find acoustic and perceptual evi’dence that may allow us to choose between these competing proposals, comparing the behaviour of Dutch adjectives with canonically rising, falling, and double-stress patterns, in spoken contexts that should bear out the predicted rhythmic changes in double-stressed words. Our results argue against a strictly culminative definition of stress.