bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximodorsal first phalanx osteochondral chip fragmentation in 336 horses
Authors: KAWCAK C. E. , MCILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe results of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of osteochondral fragmentation of the proximodorsal aspect of the first phalanx and the influence of other fetlock joint lesions on prognosis were evaluated in 336 horses. Horses were classified as: 1) returning to previous use at the same or higher class of performance; 2) returning to previous use (regardless of class of performance); or 3) failing to return to previous use. Ninety‐six horses (29%) had fragmentation alone; 140 horses (42%) had fragmentation and additional fetlock lesions, and 100 horses (29%) underwent concurrent carpal arthroscopy. Of the 100 horses that underwent carpal arthroscopy, 63 had proximodorsal first phalanx fragmentation alone and 37 had other fetlock lesions associated with the fragment. There was significant association between lesion type and return to previous use for the Thoroughbred racehorse group. There was also a significant association between lesion type and return to the same or higher class of racing for the Thoroughbred racehorse group. No significant association in return to previous use existed for racehorses vs. non‐racehorses, Thoroughbred racehorses vs. Quarter Horse racehorses, single vs. multiple joint involvement, and single vs multiple fragmentation per joint. The Thoroughbred racehorses in this study were sensitive to additional fetlock or carpal lesions, as was exemplified by the significant effect lesion type had on outcome.
Vertical tears of the cranial horn of the meniscus and its cranial ligament in the equine femorotibial joint: 7 cases and their treatment by arthroscopic surgery
Authors: WALMSLEY J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFive horses with a vertical tear in the cranial horn and cranial ligament of the medial meniscus and 2 horses with a similar injury in the lateral meniscus were diagnosed from a series of 126 horses which were examined arthroscopically for stifle lameness. All the lesions had similar characteristics. The tear was about 1 cm from the axial border of the meniscus and its ligament and, in all but one case in which it was incomplete, much of the torn tissue was loosely attached in the axial part of the joint from where it was removed. The remaining meniscus, abaxial to the tear, was displaced cranially and abaxially and its torn edges were debrided. Radiographically, 6 cases had proliferative new bone on the cranial aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and 3 had calcified soft tissue densities in the cranial, medial or lateral femorotibial joint. Following surgery and a 6 month period of rest and controlled exercise, 3 horses returned to full competition work, one was usable for hacking, 2 are convalescing and one is lame after one year. It is postulated that this could be a characteristic meniscal injury in horses which can benefit from arthroscopic surgery. Better techniques for accessing the body and caudal pole of the menisci are needed if a more complete diagnosis and treatment of meniscal injuries are to be achieved.
Effect of feeding state on the response of horses to repeated bouts of intense exercise
Authors: LAWRENCE L. M. , WILLIAMS JANICE , SODERHOLM L. V. , ROBERTS A. M. , HINTZ H. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour mature Standardbred horses were used in a 2‐period cross‐over design experiment to evaluate the effect of feeding state (fed or fasted) on metabolic response to 2 repeated bouts of exercise. Horses were either fasted 15 to 16 h before exercise or fasted for 12 h and then fed 2 kg of whole corn 2.5 to 3 h before exercise. In the first period, 2 horses in each feeding state were exercised. In the second period, the treatments were switched. The exercise test consisted of 2 exercise bouts separated by a 90 min recovery period. Each exercise bout included a warm‐up phase and a high intensity phase (1600 m at 11 m/s on a 2% graded treadmill). Blood samples collected during the exercise test were analysed for glucose, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and lactate concentrations. Fasted horses had lower insulin concentrations and higher NEFA concentrations at the onset of exercise (P<0.05). NEFA concentrations were consistently higher (P<0.05) in the fasted horses until the high intensity phase of the second exercise bout. Feeding state did not affect heart rate or plasma lactate responses to exercise. Plasma glucose concentrations tended to decline in the fed horses during the first exercise bout. Neither a positive nor a negative effect of feeding state on horses performing repeated bouts of intense exercise were found.
How the horse moves: 2. Significance of graphical representations of equine hind limb kinematics
Authors: BACK W. , SCHAMHARDT H. C. , SAVELBERG H. H. C. M. , VAN DEN BOGERT A. J. , BRUIN G. , HARTMAN W. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryKinematic data of the equine hind limb are presented graphically and related to functional aspects of the hind limb in locomotion. The trot of 24 two‐year‐old Dutch Warmblood horses was recorded at 4 m/s on a high‐speed treadmill using kinematic analysis equipment. Joint angle‐time, angle‐angle, stick and marker diagrams were used to present graphically the data following standardised procedures. As the kinematic data were expressed with reference to the joint angles of the horse standing squarely and were time‐standardised to the duration of the stride cycle, mean joint curves for the total group could be calculated and therefore describe the function of the different segments of the equine hind limb. The motion of the hind limb in the sagittal plane appeared to be pendular around a rotation point in the acetabulum. During the stance phase the extension of the fetlock joint and stance flexion of the stifle, tarsal and coffin joints illustrate the shock absorption of the hind limb. In the swing phase the reciprocal apparatus, which forms the coupling mechanism between stifle and tarsal joint, also influences the fetlock joint because synchronous flexion and extension between these 3 joints were demonstrated. By graphically presenting hind limb motion we were able to illustrate the relation between kinematics and function. This graphic analysis can be used in clinical studies involving quantification of equine hind limb coordination in the sagittal plane.
Autologous blood instillation alters respiratory mechanics in horses
Authors: AGUILERA‐TEJERO E. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , WOLINER M. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo investigate physiological consequences of autologous blood instillation in the lungs of healthy horses, respiratory mechanics and bronchial response to histamine were studied in 8 Thoroughbreds before and after introducing autologous blood (n=5) and sterile saline solution (n=3) into their lungs. Blood instillation resulted in a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and increased respiratory resistance (R). Bronchial sensitivity and reactivity were unchanged after blood introduction. There were no significant changes in pulmonary mechanics or bronchial response after saline instillation.
Effects of a 3 month endurance training programme on skeletal muscle histochemistry in Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo‐Arabian horses
Authors: RIVERO J. L. L. , RUZ MARIA C. , SERRANO A. L. , DIZ A. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwenty adult (5 to 14 years old) sedentary stallions of several breeds (8 Andalusians, 7 Arabians and 5 Anglo‐Arabians) were endurance‐trained for 3 months. Duplicate biopsies from 2 different depths (20 mm, superficial sampling site; 60 mm, deep sampling site) of thegluteus mediusmuscle were collected before and after training and after 3 months of detraining. Few significant changes in muscle fibretypecomposition were recorded in response to training. The percentage oftype Ifibres in the deep sampling site of the muscle in Andalusian horses and oftype IIBoxidative fibres in the superficial region in Anglo‐Arabians had increased significantly (P<0.05) after training. The meantype IandIIAcross‐sectional area was increased significantly (range P<0.05 to P<0.0l) after 3 months' training in the deep site of the muscle in Arabian and Andalusian horses, but not in Anglo‐Arabians. The changes seen in fibre sizes disappeared after the detraining period. The mean number of capillaries adjacent totype Ifibres in the superficial sampling site of the muscle had increased significantly (P<0.05) in response to training in Andalusian and Arabian horses. However, a significant decrease in the mean number of capillaries in contact with each fibre type relative to the mean area of that fibre type was observed associated with training in the deep region of the muscle fortype IandIIAfibres in Arabians (P<0.01) and fortype Ifibres in Andalusian horses (P<0.05). It is concluded that a 3 month period of endurance training has a different effect on muscle morphology in different breeds. This period of training rapidly increases the size of the fibres with the greatest oxidative capacity (type IandIIA), particularly in the deep region of thegluteus mediusmuscle, but its intensity and duration were not sufficient to bring about a noticeable change in muscle fibre type composition and capillary density.
Haematuria, pigmenturia and proteinuria in exercising horses
Authors: II H. C. SCHOTT , HODGSON D. R. , BAYLY W. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of exercise on urinary excretion of red blood cells, pigments (haemoglobin and myoglobin) and protein were studied in 8 mares performing treadmill exercise at speeds eliciting 40, 60 and 95% of the maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max). Gross haematuria and pigmenturia were observed in all horses during exercise at the 2 higher intensities, while these findings were detected in only one of 8 mares during exercise at 40% of the V˙O2max. For the remaining 7 mares exercised at 40% of the V˙O2max, increased urinary excretion of red blood cells (RBCs) and pigments was evident after centrifugation of urine samples and reagent strip analysis of the supernatant fractions. An increase in urine flow (UF) during exercise at 40% of the V˙O2maxmay have contributed to the infrequent observation of gross haematuria and pigmenturia during exercise at this intensity. A transient increase in UF following exercise at 60 and 95% of the V˙O2maxresulted in rapid resolution of gross haematuria and pigmenturia, but increased urinary excretion of RBCs and pigments remained evident by reagent strip analysis for up to 60 min following exercise. Mean ± s.e. urinary protein excretion increased from a resting value of 2.2 ± 0.2 mg/min to 5.6 ± 0.9, 14.5 ± 4.7 and 78.4 ± 18.6 mg/min after exercise at 40, 60 and 95% of the V˙O2max, respectively. These results demonstrate that exercise induced haematuria and pigmenturia and post exercise proteinuria are common in horses. Their occurrence is transient and does not appear to be associated with any lasting changes in renal function.
Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the Thoroughbred horse
Authors: MCGREEVY P. D. , CRIPPS P. J. , FRENCH N. P. , GREEN L. E. , NICOL CHRISTINE J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA greater knowledge of the effect of management factors is required to investigate the ontogeny of abnormal behaviour in the stabled horse. A postal survey of racehorse (flat) trainers yielded information about 22 yard and management factors. The relationship of the factors to the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was analysed by logistic regression. Management factors related to the time spent in the stable showed the strongest associations with stereotypic behaviour. The risk of horses performing abnormal behaviour increased: 1) as the amount of forage fell below 6.8 kg/day, 2) when bedding types other than straw were used, 3) when the total number of horses on the yard was fewer than 75, 4) in association with box designs that minimised contact between neighbouring horses, 5) when hay, rather than other types of forage, was used.
Surgical treatment of fractures of the tibial tuberosity in 6 adult horses
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. , MONTESSO F. , KIDD LISA. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the clinical and radiological features, surgical techniques used and results obtained in 6 horses with fractures of the tibial tuberosity. The horses were presented between 24 h and 8 weeks following injury. In all 6 cases, the fragments were displaced proximocranially and in 2 of these, there was comminution. Four were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using an AO/ASIF narrow dynamic compression plate and in 2 cases the fragments were removed. All horses returned to full athletic function and remained sound in follow‐up times of 17–36 months. Implant removal was necessary in 1 case.
Epidemiological risk factors associated with a diagnosis of clinical cyathostomiasis in the horse
Authors: REID S. W. J. , MAIR T. S. , HILLYER M. H. , LOVE S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMultiple logistic regression was used to assess epidemiological risk factors associated with the diagnosis of cyathostomiasis in 87 cases of chronic diarrhoea in the horse. Age, season and the period since last receiving anthelmintics were identified as important risk factors using chi‐square and two‐sample t test analyses, whereas access to grazing, shared grazing with other horses and recurrence of signs were only weakly associated with a diagnosis of cyathostomiasis. Multivariate analysis of the parameters using logistic regression was performed. The final model included age, season and time since last deworming. At a predicted probability of cyathostomiasis of 0.5, the model had a specificity of 86.0%, sensitivity of 66.7%, overall correct classification of 79.3%, a positive predictive value of 71.4% and a negative predictive value of 83.1%. The results of this study indicated that the specified variables and factors may be useful in the differentiation of clinical cyathostomiasis from other causes of chronic diarrhoea, based on case history alone.
The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength
Authors: SHERMAN K. M. , MILLER G. J. , WRONSKl T. J. , COLAHAN P. T. , BROWN M. , WILSON W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRight third metacarpal bones (n=24) from Thoroughbreds, 24 to 48 months old and in race training, were tested to failure in 3 point bending. The neutral load axis was estimated and the distance from the axis to the outer dorsal cortical surface measured. Mid‐diaphyseal dorsopalmar and lateromedial outer cortical and medullary diameters were measured. Breaking strength, cortical area and area moment of inertia were also calculated. Significant correlations were demonstrated between months in training and dorsopalmar bone diameter, cortical area and area moment of inertia. Significant linear models were illustrated between the same 3 variables and number of months in training. It was concluded that increased duration of training significantly enlarges dorsopalmar bone diameter, cortical area and area moment of inertia. Training did not affect metacarpal bone breaking strength as determined by 3 point bending.
Effects of prerace exercise, frusemide, sex and ambient temperature on blood sodium, bicarbonate and pH values in Standardbred horses
Authors: FREY L. P. , KLINE K. H. , FOREMAN J. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAnalysis of data collected at racetracks showed that temperature, the diuretic drug, frusemide, exercise, temperature/exercise interaction and sex/age had significant (P<0.05) effects on pH and bicarbonate ion concentration (P<0.01). Sodium concentrations were significantly (P<0.001) affected by temperature and frusemide. We suggest that the normal range limits for blood sodium, bicarbonate and pH used in prerace testing procedures should be adjusted for ambient temperature and for horses given frusemide and/or prerace exercise. These adjustments should improve the precision of detecting illegal alkalogenic agents and incidence of false positive and false negative test results.
Hoof horn abnormalities in Lipizzaner horses and the effect of dietary biotin on macroscopic aspects of hoof horn quality
Authors: JOSSECK H. , ZENKER W. , GEYER H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study involved a macroscopic evaluation of hoof quality in 152 Lipizzaner horses (130 from Austria and 22 from other countries) and a controlled double blind trial of the effects of biotin on hoof horn growth and quality over 19 months in 42 stallions from the Spanish Riding School (SRS) in Vienna. Using a grading system that incorporated evaluation of horn wall, white line, sole and frog, the macroscopic study revealed the following: 90% of the Austrian Lipizzaners had soft white lines and crumbling, fissured horn at the bearing border of the walls; 39% of the stallions of the SRS, >4‐years‐old, had medium to severe hoof horn changes. Daily administration of 20 mg biotin to a test group of horses (n=26) and a placebo to a control group (n=16) showed that after 9 months the test group had significantly improved compared to the beginning of the trial and the placebo group (P<0.01). In the test group, further improvement was observed during the following 5 months and, subsequently, the same good level of hoof condition was maintained over 3 further years of observation. Growth rate of the horn wall was equal in the biotin and placebo group, being 7 mm/28 days, giving a wall renewal period of 11 months. Mean plasma biotin level of untreated horses was 350 ng/l; plasma levels of biotin supplemented horses were > 1000 ng/l. It was concluded that continuous dietary supplementation with biotin at a daily dose of 20 mg is indicated to improve and maintain hoof horn quality in horses with less than optimum quality hoof.
Confidential enquiry of perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF‐1): preliminary results
Authors: JOHNSTON G. M. , TAYLOR POLLY M. , HOLMES M. A. , WOOD J. L. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF‐1) is an observational multi‐institutional prospective study of recovery outcome at 7 days post operatively, as called for by Steffey (1991). Data from 6,255 general anaesthetics (February 91‐March 93) were submitted confidentially by 62 clinics. The outcomes of 333 cases which were subjected to euthanasia and which were not classified ‘alive’ or ‘died’ at 7 days, were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 5922 cases were analysed to identify risk ratios (RR) between survivors and nonsurvivors for a variety of factors. These preliminary results indicate an overall death rate, for equine patients dying or being subjected to euthanasia within 7 days of a general anaesthetic because of perioperative complications, of 102/6255 (1.6%). This mortality rate decreased to 46/5220 (0.9%) when all colic surgery and delivery of foals under general anaesthesia were excluded.There was an increased risk for mares in the last trimester of pregnancy (RR=6.4). Patients undergoing emergency abdominal procedures (colic patients and pregnant mares undergoing controlled or caesarean section delivery of foals) under general anaesthesia were at increased risk (RR=12.9) compared to ear, nose and throat surgery. Within orthopaedic surgery, patients requiring internal fixation were at increased risk (RR=3.2) compared to those undergoing miscellaneous orthopaedic surgery. There was no difference in risk between breeds. Patients not placed in dorsal recumbency were at reduced risk (RR=0.3‐0.5) compared to those which were in dorsal recumbency. Lack of a sedative premedication and use of xylazine were associated with a RR of 6.2 and 2.1 respectively, compared to patients given only detomidine for sedative premedication. However, 90% of all induction regimes were at similar risk, except inhalation with halothane (RR=4.8) and guaiphenesin and ketamine combination (RR=4.3) compared to guaiphenesin and thiopentone combination. There was a reduction in risk for surgeries carried out in the last quarter of the year (RR=0.3), compared to surgery carried out in the first three‐quarters. Patients younger than 1‐week‐old (RR=20.6) and between 1‐week and 1‐month‐old (RR=4.3) and patients older than 12 years old (RR=3.1) were at increased risk, compared to patients age 2–4 years. The likelihood of death increased as the duration of anaesthesia increased beyond 61 min, with the greatest being operations lasting longer than 241 min (RR=7.6). Surgery performed outside of 0900–1700 h had increased risk, worst between 1801–2000 h (RR=9.9), compared to surgeries carried out between 0801–1300 h.
Age related changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses
Authors: PRICE JOANNA S. , JACKSON B. , EASTELL R. , GOODSHIP A. E. , BLUMSOHN A. , WRIGHT I. , STONEHAM SARAH , LANYON L. E. , RUSSELL R. G. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBiochemical markers of bone metabolism were analysed in serum samples obtained from 60 horses with no history of orthopaedic disease (age 3 months‐20 years). Serum levels of the carboxyterminal propeptide oftype Iprocollagen (PICP), a marker of bone formation and the pyridinoline cross linked telopeptide domain oftype Icollagen (ICTP), a putative marker of bone resorption, were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum levels of the bone specific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), another marker of bone formation, were measured by a wheatgerm agglutinin affinity (WGA) method. Total alkaline phosphatase levels were also determined. Serum levels of PICP were significantly correlated with bone ALP (r=0.78, P<0.0001) and ICTP (r=0.87, P<0.0001). ICTP levels also correlated significantly with bone ALP (r=0.81, P<0.0001). However, total alkaline phosphatase did not correlate significantly with PICP, ICTP and BALP in horses over 1 year of age. There was an inverse correlation between serum levels of all biochemical markers and age of animals, with the most significant changes seen over the first 2 years. In animals less than 1 year of age, the reference ranges (mean ± s.d. 1.96) were as follows: PICP 1216–2666 μg/l, ICTP 13.8–26.7 μg/l, bone ALP 134–288 u/l and total ALP 223–498 u/l. In 2‐year‐olds, the equivalent reference ranges were: PICP 550–1472 μg/l, ICTP 7.96‐22.8 μg/l, bone ALP 32.7–125 u/l and total ALP 134–238 u/l. Assays for bone ALP and antigens that reflect collagen metabolism display significant potential as sensitive non invasive methods of evaluating bone metabolism in the horse.