bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zeitschichten des Klons. Anmerkungen zu einer Begriffsgeschichte
Authors: Brandt Christina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTemporal Layers of the Clone. Remarks on a Conceptual History. This paper aims at a history of the clone concept in 20th‐century life science and culture. The first part of the paper is concerned with conceptual history approaches. Here, the idea of ‘Zeitschichten’ by Reinhart Koselleck is discussed and its implications for the history of science are explored. In the following parts of the paper, I trace the historical dynamics of the clone concept in various fields of 20th‐century life sciences. I argue that the clone concept, which originated in plant breeding around 1900, soon developed into a technical tool in a variety of research areas. With this, specific meanings became attached: the idea of standardization, genetic identity, and mass reproduction. A further connotation of the clone was the idea of stagnancy with respect to processes in time: The clone was seen as something that was exempt from evolutionary changes. In the last section of the paper, I trace the shifting meanings of the clone concept in the 1960s and 1970s, when the clone became a widespread metaphor that pointed to future biotechnologically driven possibilities to reshape the nature of human beings. In this regard, the debates of the 1970s are analyzed as a turning point: Whereas utopian and eugenic visions predominated the debates in the 1960s (when the human clone was seen as something which will occur in a distant future), the 1970s discussion focused on the advent of a biotechnological era and the human clone had became a reality.
An evaluation of emerging preference for non‐preferred foods targeted in the treatment of food selectivity
Authors: Penrod Becky , VanDalen Kate H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that the acquisition of food consumption does not occur until after escape prevention is implemented. However, the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of food consumption may be due to participants contacting the reinforcing properties of food targeted during intervention such that the food naturally reinforces food consumption. The present study extended the literature on feeding disorders by conducting pre‐ and post‐treatment preference assessments to determine if preference for non‐preferred foods (NPFs) had developed after exposure to a treatment comparison of sequential and simultaneous food presentation; presentation methods were implemented alone and combined with escape prevention in the form of a non‐removal of the spoon (NRS) procedure. Results for three participants with food selectivity indicated that preference for NPFs developed after being exposed to those foods during either treatment sessions or generalization probes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized clinical trial of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Lee P-C , Lo C , Lai P-S , Chang J-J , Huang S-J , Lin M-T , Lee P-H 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) and minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC) are both increasingly being used to treat symptomatic gallstones. The present study compared SILC and MLC with respect to outcome in a prospective randomized trial.

Methods
Seventy patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were randomized to SILC or MLC (35 in each group). The primary outcome measure was postoperative pain. Secondary outcomes were duration of operation, complications, postoperative analgesic requirements, length of hospital stay, cosmetic result, wound length and time to return to work.

Results
Surgical complications, postoperative pain scores, analgesic requirements and time to return to work were similar for both procedures. Statistically significant advantages of SILC were a shorter hospital stay, shorter total wound length and better cosmetic appearance. Duration of operation was significantly shorter for MLC.

Conclusion
SILC is superior to MLC in terms of cosmetic outcome, but not in postoperative pain and requirement for analgesics.
Long-term quality of life after surgery for chronic pancreatitis
Authors: van Loo E S , van Baal M C P M , Gooszen H G , Ploeg R J , Nieuwenhuijs V B 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundSurgery for chronic pancreatitis is indicated for intractable pain or the treatment of complications. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the applicability of pain coping and quality-of-life (QOL) scoring in patients with chronic pancreatitis.MethodsBetween 1995 and 2008, 155 patients underwent surgery for chronic pancreatitis in two Dutch university hospitals. Medical charts were reviewed, and QOL and coping with pain were assessed by two validated questionnaires.ResultsMedian follow-up was 5·6 years. The aetiology was alcohol related in 48·3 per cent. Some 111 resections and 46 drainage procedures were performed. Fifty-seven patients had major complications and the hospital mortality rate was 1·3 per cent. After surgery the number of patients needing analgesics was reduced (P &lt; 0·001). Alcohol consumption significantly reduced pain coping mechanisms (P = 0·032). Overall, QOL remained poor after surgery. Scores on three dimensions of the QOL questionnaire were significantly better after drainage than after resection procedures.ConclusionIn general, QOL after surgery for chronic pancreatitis remains poor, owing to pre-existing lifestyle and co-morbidity. Patients selected for a pancreatic duct drainage procedure have a better postoperative QOL than those undergoing resectional procedures. Alcohol consumption is associated with poor ability to cope with pain after surgery and should be discouraged.
Objective assessment of technical surgical skills
Authors: van Hove P D , Tuijthof G J M , Verdaasdonk E G G , Stassen L P S , Dankelman J 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Surgeons are increasingly being scrutinized for their performance and there is growing interest in objective assessment of technical skills. The purpose of this study was to review all evidence for these methods, in order to provide a guideline for use in clinical practice.

Methods
A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science for studies addressing the validity and reliability of methods for objective skills assessment within surgery and gynaecology only. The studies were assessed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels of evidence.

Results
In total 104 studies were included, of which 20 (19·2 per cent) had a level of evidence 1b or 2b. In 28 studies (26·9 per cent), the assessment method was used in the operating room. Virtual reality simulators and Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) have been studied most. Although OSATS is seen as the standard for skills assessment, only seven studies, with a low level of evidence, addressed its use in the operating room.

Conclusion
Based on currently available evidence, most methods of skills assessment are valid for feedback or measuring progress of training, but few can be used for examination or credentialing. The purpose of the assessment determines the choice of method.
Absolute configurations and CD spectra of axially chiral biphenyls prepared in a facile manner by crystallization‐induced configuration transformation
Authors: Wang Limin , Cheng Senxiang , Chen Rongfeng , Chang Junbiao 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAxially chiral biphenyls such as (M,S)‐3k have been conveniently obtained by crystallization of their diastereomeric mixtures, which were synthesized from racemic 4,4′‐dimethoxy‐5,6,5′,6′‐bis(methylenedioxy)‐2‐carboxylester‐2′‐carboxyl‐biphenyls 4 and chiral amino alcohols (R)‐alaninol, (S)‐alaninol, (S)‐valinol, and (S)‐phenylalaninol. A crystallization‐induced configuration transformation of the biphenyls was thus achieved. It was found that amide formation of an (S)‐valinol or (S)‐phenylalaninol at the 2′‐position of the biphenyl usually induced the deposition of crystals with the (M)‐configuration from ethanol in yields higher than 50%. The absolute configurations (ACs) of two crystalline biphenyls have been determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The ACs of nine biphenyls have been assigned based on their CD spectra. Further, stability investigation of these axially chiral biphenyls revealed that the ACs could revert upon redissolution. The energy barrier to epimerization between (P,R)‐3b and (M,R)‐3b was measured as ΔG# = 21.45 kcal/mol and the half‐life in ethanol at 301 K was 17.1 h. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using novel chiral dinuclear Mn(III)‐Salen complexes with inherent phase‐transfer capability in ionic liquids
Authors: Chen Longhai , Cheng Feixiang , Jia Lei , Zhang Aijiang , Wu Jincai , Tang Ning 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo new chiral dinuclear Mn(III)‐Salen complexes with inherent phase‐transfer capability have been synthesized, which serve as catalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of nonfunctionalized alkenes. Experimental results show these complexes are effective catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of some cyclic alkenes and the catalysts have certain inherent phase‐transfer capability during the epoxidation because of their weak water solubility. In general, good enantioselectivity and acceptable yields were achieved when NaClO was used as oxidant under three different reaction systems. Among these alkenes, the catalyst 6a gave the highest ee (94%) for 6‐chloro‐2,2‐dimethylchromene in the presence of ionic liquid 2. Additionally, the recovery and recycling of one dimeric Mn(III)‐Salen complex were tested to investigate atom efficiency of the catalyst in different reaction systems on the alkenes epoxidations. The catalyst 6a could be recovered and recycled for six times without losing activity and selectivity. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Testing of N‐Aminoimidazole‐Based p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Bracht Claudia , Hauser Dominik R. J. , Schattel Verena , Albrecht Wolfgang , Laufer Stefan A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase α plays a central role in the regulation of cellular responses such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Inhibition of p38 results in decreased synthesis of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. To date, diverse p38α inhibitors are in phase II clinical trials for numerous cytokine‐dependent diseases. 2‐Sulfanylimidazole derivatives offer advantages over the prototype inhibitor SB 203580, including fewer cytochrome P450 interactions and better kinetic properties. The aim of this study was to develop novel 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted pyridinylimidazoles with acyl residues at the imidazole N1 position that can interact with the kinase's hydrophobic region II (HR II) or sugar pocket (SP) to improve both selectivity and activity. The substitution pattern was optimized by variation of the acyl moiety at the N1 position of the N‐aminoimidazole core. Acylation of the amino function was used for optimization and led to potent p38α MAPK inhibitors.
Highly constrained backprojection for improving dynamic 3He MR ventilation imaging in rats
Authors: Cieślar Katarzyna , Faraj Achraf Al , Stupar Vasile , Gaillard Sophie , Crémillieux Yannick 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe highly constrained backprojection algorithm (HYPR) has recently been shown to allow accelerated acquisition in various fields of MRI, including angiography, perfusion and diffusion imaging as well as hyperpolarized gas imaging. Increase in temporal resolution is of particular interest in the case of small animal ventilation imaging due to the high respiration rate. In the present study, the two‐dimensional HYPR technique and its iterative version (I‐HYPR) were applied to 3He ventilation imaging in rats. Two imaging protocols were used for two separate groups of animals. A single inspiration protocol consisted of 3He imaging of the lungs during gas inflow and a following apnea. A multiple inspiration protocol involved spontaneous breathing of 3He contained in a gas reservoir. Series of HYPR frames with four‐fold increase in the temporal resolution were obtained in the case of the single inspiration experiment. For the multiple inspiration protocol, series of HYPR images corresponding to four different echo times were obtained and were used to reconstruct T2* maps at the inspiration and the expiration phases of the breathing cycle. The feasibility of using the two‐dimensional HYPR technique for different 3He ventilation protocols in small animals is demonstrated. Image quality and signal kinetics representations are compared for two variants of the HYPR algorithm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor‐induced dermatologic toxicities on quality of life
Authors: Joshi Smita S. , Ortiz Sara , Witherspoon Joslyn N. , Rademaker Alfred , West Dennis P. , Anderson Roger , Rosenbaum Sara E. , Lacouture Mario E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors frequently result in dermatologic toxicities, including rash, xerosis, pruritus, and paronychia. Although the frequency and severity of these events have been described, their effect on health‐related quality of life (QoL) remains poorly understood. By using a dermatology‐specific questionnaire, the authors examined the effect of these toxicities on QoL.METHODS:Patients completed the Skindex‐16, a questionnaire that measures the effects on 3 domains of QoL: symptoms, emotions, and functioning. The severity of dermatologic toxicities was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0 (NCI‐CTCAE). Correlations of dermatology QoL scores with NCI‐CTCAE grade, skin phototype (SPT), sex, age, type of EGFR inhibitor, and cancer type were investigated.RESULTS:Concordant with greater severity of rash grade, there was an increase in median scores for symptoms (P = .0006), emotions (P < .0001), function (P = .001), and overall score (P < .0001). There was an inverse correlation between age and emotions (r = −0.26; P = .03) and overall score (r = −0.25; P = .04). There was a significant difference between patients aged ≤50 years and patients aged >50 years with regard to symptoms (P = .02), emotions (P = .03), functioning (P = .04), and overall score (P = .02). There were no significant differences between QoL and SPT, sex, treatment type, or cancer type (P > .05).CONCLUSIONS:Toxicities, including rash, xerosis, paronychia, and pruritus, adversely affected QoL, and rash was associated with a QoL greater decrease. Younger patients reported lower overall QoL than older patients who had the same toxicities. The current results support using the NCI‐CTCAE as a correlative tool for measuring the effects of rash on dermatology‐specific QoL. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion versus systemic chemotherapy alone for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Franko Jan , Ibrahim Zuhaib , Gusani Niraj J. , Holtzman Matthew P. , Bartlett David L. , Zeh Herbert J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Survival benefit of cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion was demonstrated by a prospective randomized trial for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Because of a recent substantial improvement in chemotherapy, the authors analyzed treatment options of colorectal carcinomatosis in the current era.METHODS:Consecutive patients with colorectal carcinomatosis treated by cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion from 2001 to 2007 were included. The control group patients with carcinomatosis received contemporary chemotherapy alone. Overall survival was the primary endpoint.RESULTS:All patients underwent systemic chemotherapy. The cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion group (n = 67) was similar to the control group (n = 38) in sex, tumor grade, site of tumor origin, T status, and N status. The control group was, however, older (59 vs 51 years; P<.001). Median survival measured from the diagnosis of peritoneal disease was longer with cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (34.7 months vs 16.8 months; P<.001). Presence of liver metastasis was a significant negative predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 2.13).CONCLUSIONS:The authors concluded that 1) contemporary chemotherapy is associated with prolonged survival among patients with carcinomatosis as compared with historical controls, and 2) addition of cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion to modern chemotherapy regimens may significantly prolong survival. Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion and systemic chemotherapy are not competitive therapies, and they both have a role in a multidisciplinary approach to patients with carcinomatosis. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Highly predictive survival nomogram after upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Jeldres Claudio , Sun Maxine , Lughezzani Giovanni , Isbarn Hendrik , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Widmer Hugues , Graefen Markus , Montorsi Francesco , Perrotte Paul , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Nephroureterectomy is the surgical standard of care for patients with upper urinary‐tract urothelial carcinoma. The objectives of the current study were to identify the most informative predictors of cancer‐specific mortality after nephroureterectomy, to devise an algorithm capable of predicting the individual probability of cancer‐specific mortality, and to compare its prognostic accuracy to that of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system.METHODS:Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the authors identified 5918 patients who had been treated with nephroureterectomy. Within the development cohort (n = 2959), multivariate Cox regression models predicting cancer‐specific mortality were fitted by using age, stage, nodal status, sex, grade, race, type of surgery (nephroureterectomy with or without bladder‐cuff removal), and tumor location (renal pelvis vs ureter). Backward variable elimination according to the Akaike information criterion identified the most accurate and parsimonious model. Model validation and calibration were performed within the external validation cohort (n = 2959). External validation was also applied to the UICC staging system.RESULTS:The 5‐year freedom from cancer‐specific mortality rates in both the development and external validation cohorts was 77.3%. The most informative and parsimonious nomogram for cancer‐specific‐mortality–free survival relied on age, pT and pN stages, and tumor grade. In external validation, nomogram prediction of 5‐year cancer‐specific‐mortality–free rate was 75.4% accurate and was significantly better (P < .001) than the UICC staging system (64.8%).CONCLUSIONS:The current nomogram is capable of predicting the prognosis in patients with upper urinary‐tract urothelial carcinoma treated by nephroureterectomy with better accuracy than the UICC staging system. The authors recommend the application of this nomogram to routine clinical practice when counseling or making clinical decisions. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Carbon‐ion beam treatment induces systemic antitumor immunity against murine squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsunaga Akinao , Ueda Yasuji , Yamada Shigeru , Harada Yui , Shimada Hideaki , Hasegawa Mamoru , Tsujii Hirohiko , Ochiai Takenori , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Carbon‐ion beam (CIB) treatment is a powerful tool for controlling primary tumors in the clinical setting. However, to date, few clinical or experimental studies have investigated the effects of CIB treatment on tumor recurrence and antitumor immunity.METHODS:A multiple challenge test was performed using syngenic and nude mouse models of a poorly immunogenic squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCCVII) after CIB treatment at a clinically available dose (77 kiloelectron volts [keV]/μm) to primary tumors. To further examine changes in antitumor immunity in this model, the authors used dendritic cell (DC)‐based immunotherapy.RESULTS:In a syngenic model, CIB treatment itself resulted not only in efficient elimination of the primary tumor but also in a dramatic reduction of tumor formation after secondary tumor challenge at a contralateral site (P < .0001). Conversely, CIB treatment eliminated neither the primary nor the secondary tumor in nude mice. This antitumor effect produced by CIB treatment was enhanced significantly by combining it with DC immunotherapy (P = .0007). Combined CIB and DC treatment induced more intense cytolytic activity than CIB in a chromium‐release assay. The third challenge tests, which included challenge with a third‐party tumor cell line (FM3A) and effector depletion, revealed that the antitumor effects were the results of tumor‐specific, long‐lasting antitumor immunity through CD8‐positive T lymphocytes.CONCLUSIONS:To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of strong antitumor immunity induced by CIB treatment in a dermal tumor, and this effect was enhanced by combining it with DC‐based immunotherapy. The authors concluded that this combination warrants further investigation as a promising modality for the prevention of tumor recurrence. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A study of body image in long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Falk Dahl Christian A. , Reinertsen Kristin V. , Nesvold Inger‐Lise , Fosså Sophie D. , Dahl Alv A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:In this controlled postdiagnosis study, the authors examined various aspects of body image of breast cancer survivors in cross‐sectional and longitudinal designs.METHODS:In 2004 and 2007 the Body Image Scale (BIS) was completed by the same 248 disease‐free women who had been treated for stage II and III breast cancer between 1998 and 2002. “Poorer” body image was defined as greater than the 70th percentile (N = 76 women) of the BIS scores in contrast to “better” body image (N = 172 women). Breast cancer survivors were examined clinically in 2004, and their BIS scores were compared with the scores from an age‐matched group of women from the general population.RESULTS:In this cross‐sectional study, poorer body image in 2004 was associated significantly with modified radical mastectomy, undergoing or planning to undergo breast‐reconstructive surgery, a change in clothing, poor physical and mental health, chronic fatigue, and reduced quality of life (QoL). In univariate analyses, most of these factors and manually planned radiotherapy were significant predictors of poorer body image in 2007. In multivariate analyses, manually planned radiotherapy, poor physical QoL and high BIS score in 2004 remained independent predictors of a poorer body image in 2007. Body image ratings were relatively stable from 2004 to 2007. Twenty‐one percent of breast cancer survivors reported body image dissatisfaction, similar to the proportion of dissatisfaction in controls.CONCLUSIONS:In this cross‐sectional analysis, body image in breast cancer survivors was associated with the types of surgery and radiotherapy and with mental distress, reduced health, and impaired QoL. Body image ratings were relatively stable over time, and the antecedent body image score was a strong predictor of body image at follow‐up. Body image in breast cancer survivors differed very little from that in controls. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.