bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging in non-infective destructive spondyloarthropathy
Authors: Patel B. , Mistry C. D. , Kumar E. Nanda , Short C. D. , Jenkins J. P. R. 
Published: July 2009

In recent years a destructive arthropathy of the spine chas been recognized in patients with chronic renal cfailure on haemodialysis (Kuntz et al, 1984; Deramond cet al, 1987; Kaplan et al, 1987) which radiographically may mimic infective spondylitis. Conclusive diagnosis may be made by biopsy of the affected area and should include culture, crystal analysis and staining for amyloid of the biopsied material. We describe a patient with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis for 6 years, who developed such a condition and in whom magnetic resonance imaging was utilized as a non-invasive technique to exclude infection.
A 64-year-old man with chronic renal failure of unknown aetiology, on maintenance haemodialysis for 6 years, presented with a 12-month history of progressive leg weakness. Three months before his admission he developed pain in his neck and shoulders and swelling of the left arm.
On examination he was clinically anaemic, normotensive, apyrexial and had an oedematous left arm due to axillary vein thrombosis. Examination of the peripheral nervous system revealed evidence of cervical cord compression with tetraparesis, hyper-reflexia, hypertonia and extensor plantar responses. Laboratory investigations showed a normocytic, normochromic anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb) 11.6 g/dl) and no biochemical evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (serum calcium 2.31 mmol/1 and serum phosphate 2.36 mmol/1). A parathyroid hormone assay performed 4 years previously was normal (2.0 mg/ml).
Sarcoidosis mimicking metastatic testicular tumour
Authors: Parr M. J. A. , Williams M. V. 
Published: July 2009

The management of testicular tumours places great reliance on radiological investigations to determine the extent of disease. We report here two patients in whom mediastinal lymphadenopathy was shown at biopsy to be caused by sarcoidosis rather than metastatic tumour.
A 30-year-old male teacher presented in 1982 after finding a testicular mass and then developing backache and suprapubic pain. Levels of pre-operative tumour markers were slightly elevated with β human chorionic gonadotrophin (BHCG) 31 U/l (normal &lt; 4 U/l) and α fetoprotein (AFP) 12 kU/1 (normal &lt; 10 kU/1).
Magnetic resonance image synthesis from an interleaved saturation recovery/inversion recovery sequence
Authors: Redpath T. W. , Smith F. W. , Hutchison J. M. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An interleaved saturation recovery/inversion recovery (SR/IR) pulse sequence allows the sign of the IR signal to be retained even if images are formed from the magnitude of the two-dimensional complex Fourier transforms of the raw data. Synthesis of images by a linear combination of SR and signed IR pixel values has proved a valuable method of relaxation time (T 1) contrast manipulation without the need to re-image the slice. Linear combination has also allowed IR images with a wide range of time-to-inversion (TI) values to be synthesized from an SR/IR pair obtained with TI = 200 ms and time-to-recovery (TR) = 1000 ms, thus avoiding the need for computationally intensive calculations based on complicated relaxation equations.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits using a binocular surface coil
Authors: Deans Heather E. , Redpath Thomas W. , Smith Francis W. , Parekh Shanti , Forrester John V. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sixty subjects, including 12 normal volunteers, have been studied using the Aberdeen 0·08 T magnetic resonance imager. A wide range of pathological conditions, including both ocular and orbital disease, have been examined using a specialized binocular surface coil. The images produced using this coil are superior to those made with a head coil and have the advantage of demonstrating both eyes simultaneously. Each patient has been studied using a pulse sequence combining alternate saturation-recovery and inversion-recovery pulses. The resultant short time-to-inversion inversion-recovery and saturationrecovery images have been shown to be accurate in demonstrating the normal anatomy of the globe and orbit and for the demonstration of a wide range of disease states.
The renal rind sign: a new ultrasound indication of inflammatory disease in the abdomen
Authors: Belli A.-M. , Joseph A. E. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The width of the right anterior extrarenal tissue is increased on ultrasound examination in patients with abdominal inflammatory disease. Thickened perirenal fascia associated with acute pancreatitis has previously been reported on computed tomography. A case report has described increased echogenicity of the pararenal space on ultrasound in children with pancreatitis but increased width of the space between the liver and the renal capsule has not hitherto been described in association with inflammatory disease in the abdomen in adults. We have observed it in acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, a perforated duodenal ulcer, a leaking anastomosis with a right subphrenic abscess following total gastrectomy and in a patient with septicaemia and liver abscesses. Normal values were obtained in 100 patients without detectable or known disease and were found to be between 1 and 6 mm (mean 2.5 mm) in men and 1 and 5 mm (mean 1.8 mm) in women. The patients with abdominal disease who demonstrated this sign had values ranging from 9–11 mm (mean 10 mm).
Kock pouch urinary diversion: follow-up by ultrasound
Authors: Kruyt René H. , Kums Jan J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the post-operative follow-up of 24 patients who received a continent Kock pouch for urinary diversion, several complications were encountered, including hydronephrosis, stone formation and valve dysfunction, resulting in reflux and/or urinary incontinence. After comparing findings on ultrasound with those obtained by Koch pouch cystography, intravenous urography, plain abdominal radiography, Kock pouch endoscopy and operation, we consider ultrasound to be an important technique in the follow-up, especially in non-symptomatic patients. All cases of hydronephrosis and pouch calculi were detected by ultrasound and no false positive findings were encountered in either group. A good correlation is demonstrated between nipple length, as measured by ultrasound, and valve dysfunction, clinically important only for the afferent nipple.
Soft-tissue sarcoma: neutrons versus photons for post-operative irradiation
Authors: Glaholm J. , Harmer C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Between November 1980 and June 1981, 14 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma were entered into a prospective randomized trial comparing the efficacy of megavoltage photon irradiation with cyclotron-generated fast neutrons as postoperative adjuvant therapy. It became apparent that patients whose primary tumours had been treated with very wide excision, in particular by compartmental resection, suffered severe late tissue damage when subsequently irradiated with fast neutrons. It was therefore decided to terminate the trial after only 14 patients had been entered. Unacceptable late tissue damage may result from the therapeutic use of fast neutron irradiation when applied in these circumstances.
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the paraspinal muscles
Authors: O'Keeffe D. , Gholkar A. 
Published: July 2009

Metastatic carcinoma in skeletal muscle distant from the primary tumour is an uncommon occurrence, unlike local invasion of muscle from direct tumour spread (Willis, 1973). Autopsy studies have quoted an incidence of skeletal muscle metastases ranging from 0.8% (Willis, 1973) to 16% (Pearson, 1959). The first description of the appearances on computed tomography (CT) of a skeletal muscle metastasis was recorded in 1985 (Yoshy & Montana, 1985); subsequently a series of 12 cases of tumour metastatic to muscle in patients with previously documented malignant disease has been published (Shultz et al, 1986). We describe a patient in whom a single, large, skeletal muscle metastasis was the presenting symptom.
A 70-year-old man was referred to a local hospital for investigation of back pain. On examination, a large paraspinal mass was palpable, extending from the lower right ribs to the iliac crest. Radiographs of the lumbar spine and chest at that time were reported as normal. An intravenous urogram showed rotation and anterior displacement of the right kidney; ultrasound examination demonstrated a solid mass posterior to the right kidney. Barium enema and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were normal. On the basis of these investigations a clinical diagnosis of retroperitoneal sarcoma was made and the patient was referred for CT.
Computed tomography demonstrated a well defined softtissue mass involving the right paraspinal muscle group.
Pulsed Doppler in the diagnosis of small liver tumours
Authors: Yasuhara Kazuaki , Kimura Kunio , Ohto Masao , Matsutani Shoichi , Ebara Masaaki , Tsuchiya Yukihiro , Saisho Hiromitsu 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Doppler ultrasound detection of the blood flow associated with liver tumours was studied in primary hepatocellular carcinoma as well as in metastatic liver cancer and haemangioma. Doppler signals were detected from 48 of 55 hepatocellular carcinomas (87.3%), seven of 25 metastatic liver cancers (28.0%) and four of 30 haemangiomas (13.3%). The waveforms of Doppler signals were divided into two types: the pulsatile wave, which was detected from hepatocellular carcinoma (in 35 of the 48 with Doppler signals) and metastatic liver cancer (in all seven with positive signals), and the continuous wave, which was seen from hepatocellular carcinoma (41 out of 48) and haemangioma (in all four with signals). In six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization, the pulsatile wave detected before therapy disappeared immediately thereafter and it is possible that this type of wave originates from tumour vessels. In the study of small, hypoechoic, mass lesions appearing in liver cirrhosis, such signals were also demonstrated, even in eight of 10 small hepatocellular carcinomas less than 2 cm in diameter, whilst they were not detected from nine regenerative nodules related to cirrhotic change. In conclusion, the Doppler ultrasound method may be a useful technique in detecting blood flow within liver tumours and may offer the possibility of a differential diagnosis of small tumours.
Quality control of mammographic equipment: a 5-year follow-up
Authors: Karila K. T. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A quality–control project covering 56 pieces of mammographic equipment was carried out in Finland. The evaluation was based on the determination of contrast, film optical density, resolution, focus size, tube voltage, exposure time, half-value thickness, reproducibility and linearity of exposure, surface and exit dose, average whole–breast dose, and defects at each centre when employing routinely used techniques. Dose and image quality were assessed using three phantoms. The results are compared with those obtained 5 years earlier and by other authors. Although the situation has, in many ways, improved considerably over the last 5 years (for instance, the average whole-breast dose has fallen on average by 84%, 7.37→ 1.10 mGy),there is still room for further improvement, especially in the optimization of the developing processes.
Basic concepts of femoral neck anteversion: comparison of two definitions
Authors: Høiseth Arne , Reikerås Olav , Fønstelien Erik 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Femoral neck anteversion is determined by the neck, shaft and knee axes. It is commonly assumed that the neck axis is a straight line connecting the centre of the femoral head, the centre of the femoral neck and the axis of the femoral shaft. However, the line through the centre of the femoral head and neck crosses anterior to the axis of the femoral shaft. A distinction has therefore to be made between two principal different definitions of anteversion, denoted ANTEV 1 and ANTEV 2 in this paper, depending on the precise definition of the neck axis. Previous studies have indicated substantial differences between these definitions. The present study, using precise measuring methods, shows that the definitions have a systematic but small spread of differences. The large individual variation previously found between the two definitions is therefore caused mainly by the measuring methods and to a lesser extent by real anatomical variations.
Effects of inhibition of intercellular communication on repair of damage induced by ionizing radiation
Authors: Madhoo J. , Blekkenhorst G. 
Published: July 2009

It has been suggested that intercellular contact enhances cellular repair after radiation damage (Durand, 1984). One form of intercellular communication is mediated by intercellular gap junctions (Gilula et al, 1972). These are specialized cell–cell contacts that allow the direct passage of small molecules from the cytoplasmic compartments of one cell to that of a neighbouring cell. Intercellular junctional communication can be inhibited to varying degrees with tumour-promoting phorbol esters, retinoids (Davidson et al, 1985a), organochlorine pesticides (Davidson et al, 1985b), and α-glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA) (Davidson et al, 1986). The question posed in the present study was whether the junctional inhibitor AGA could be used to modify repair of radiation damage.
All experiments were performed using murine B16 melanoma cells grown as monolayers in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Cells were used in the plateau phase, i.e. grown to confluence. Since AGA binds to albumin, exposure of the confluent cells to irradiation or AGA was performed in serum-free medium. The AGA was added 30min before irradiation in all experiments. Cells were maintained in this medium until they were plated out for clonogenic assay.
Acute rhabdomyolysis: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography and ultrasonography
Authors: Lamminen Antti E. , Hekali Pauli E. , Tiula Eero , Suramo Ilkka , Korhola Ossi A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fifteen patients with acute rhabdomyolysis were evaluated with low field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and the results compared with those obtained using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US). With MR imaging, abnormal muscles with areas of increased signal intensity were seen in every patient, which probably reflects increased water content or increased mobility of water molecules caused by inflammatory reaction and oedema in the injured and necrotic muscles. Computed tomography without intravenous contrast medium demonstrated abnormal muscles in most patients examined with this modality. The CT findings consisted of areas of focal hypodensity in muscles. With US, abnormal muscles were seen in less than half of the patients studied. The normal structure of striated muscle was focally disturbed and areas of both decreased and increased echogenicity were found. Magnetic resonance imaging had a higher sensitivity in the detection of abnormal muscles than CT or US (100%, 62% and 42%, respectively). The findings of all these modalities are non-specific, but together with the clinical and laboratory data they confirm the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. The information gained from imaging studies is useful in the assessment of the extent and distribution of rhabdomyolysis. The precise identification of affected muscle compartments by MR imaging is valuable when surgical fasciotomy is considered for treatment; the procedure can then be appropriately directed to the compartments with clearly abnormal muscles.
The ICRU recommendations for reporting intracavitary therapy in gynaecology and the Manchester method of treating cancer of the cervix uteri
Authors: Wilkinson J. M. , Ramachandran T. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements for reporting intracavitary therapy have been considered with particular regard to the Manchester method of treating cancer of the cervix uteri. The total reference air kerma is calculated and tabulated as a function of prescription for the standard Manchester applicator arrangements. Furthermore, it is shown that the volume contained within a particular isodose surface may be determined, with very acceptable accuracy, from the total reference air kerma by the use of a simple empirical expression.
Tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex treatment after localized X irradiation of the rat colon
Authors: Breiter N. , Sassy T. , Trott K.-R. 
Published: July 2009

Late radiation effects in the rat colon are assumed to be due primarily to mucosal atrophy caused by progressive damage to the vascular connective tissues of the mucosa and submucosa. The atrophic mucosa is particularly susceptible to infection, inflammation and mechanical friction exerted by the faeces (Trott et al, 1986). Experiments to control these secondary damaging factors by the application of cortisone, antibiotics and laxatives (Trott et al, 1986) resulted only in a short prolongation of the median survival time. More protection was obtained after dramatically reducing the volume of the faeces by feeding a residue-free synthetic diet, which was fully absorbable in the jejunum. However, this treatment had to be given continuously after irradiation.
Substances which stimulate tissue regeneration might be an attractive alternative to prevent progression of subclinical radiation injury to gross tissue failure. Since tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex (TCDO) has been described to have such properties (Hinz et al, 1984, 1986) we have investigated the effect of TCDO on the progression of chronic radiation injury after local irradiation of rat colon in a series of pilot experiments.
First interim progress report on the second British Institute of Radiology Fractionation study: Short versus long overall treatment times for radiotherapy of carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx
Authors: Wiernik G. , Alcock C. J. , Bates T. D. , Berry R. J. , Brindle J. M. , Dalby J. E. , Fowler J. F. , Gajek W. R. , Goodman S. , Haybittle J. L. , Henk J. M. , Hopewell J. W. , Howard N. , Lindup R. , Phillips D. L. , Pointon R. S. , Rezvani M. , Tobias J. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Preliminary data from a second British Institute of Radiology Fractionation Trial comparing short (≤4 weeks) and long (&gt;4 weeks) overall treatment times are reported. The intake of patients ran from January, 1975 to December, 1985 when 611 patients with carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx were registered in this prospective, randomized, multicentre clinical trial. No significant differences have, so far, been demonstrated between the two arms of the trial with respect to observed survival rates, tumour-free or laryngectomy-free rates. Further long-term follow-up is continuing.
Orbital intraconal haematic cysts in young people: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Travis R. C. , Murray P. I. , Moseley I. F. , Wright J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eight cases of focal non-traumatic haemorrhage into the intraconal retrobulbar space in children or young adults have been examined by computed tomography. The lesion is seen as a smoothly rounded, localized mass, which does not extend to fill the intraconal space. Magnetic resonance imaging in two cases did not reveal the expected high signal on T1-weighted images, but in most patients the combination of clinical and radiological features is sufficiently indicative of the diagnosis to allow conservative management.
Central venous catheter placement for intravenous digital subtraction angiography: an assessment of technical problems and success rate
Authors: Barber C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Scant attention has been paid to the technical aspects of central venous catheter placement in intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA). In a prospective study of 200 unselected patients referred for IV-DSA, technical problems and success rates were recorded. Central venous access via an arm vein was achieved in 95% of patients. In 83% of cases, only one venous puncture was required. The commonest single cause for failure was being unable to find, puncture or introduce a guidewire into a suitable calibre vein at the cubital fossa in the first instance. Once entered with a guidewire, the median cubital/basilic route led to successful catheter passage to the superior vena cava (SVC) on 93% of occasions. The equivalent figure for the cephalic route was 80%. Only two out of 129 attempts at which the cephalic vein was entered failed as a result of being unable to negotiate the cephalic/axillary junction. Venous spasm and branch points in the arm were the main problems when using the cephalic vein and these together were responsible for the differences in success rate between the cephalic and basilic routes. The results indicate that in the clear majority of patients referred for IV-DSA, central venous catheter placement is straightforward. The median cubital/basilic route is preferred but even if the cephalic route has to be used, it should still provide access to the SVC in more than three-quarters of cases. Manoeuvres used to overcome access difficulties are discussed and illustrated.
The role of computed tomography and coronal plane tomography in radiotherapy for laryngeal cancers
Authors: Dawes P. J. D. K. , Patrick D. , Hall K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The results of a study undertaken prospectively in 1983 and 1984 to assess the value of computed tomography (CT) and conventional tomography in the planning of radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer are presented. Of 32 cases treated in 1983, 23 had both CT scans and coronal plane tomography prior to radiotherapy. At the end of 1983 these radiographs were reviewed and an assessment made of their value in treatment planning. As a result of this review it was decided that cancers of the larynx confined to the vocal cords should routinely have conventional coronal plane tomograms rather than CT scans. All other cases were to have CT scans and not tomograms. The results of following this policy in 1984 confirm that it is effective. There was no detriment to patients with early vocal cord cancers in performing coronal plane tomograms rather than CT scans. The survival at 24 months of both cohorts was 93%. In the more invasive cancers of the larynx, greater information about the extent of the disease was obtained using CT scans, and improved treatment plans resulted. When compared with a historical group, there appears to be an advantage for local control, 27.3% of the study group suffering local recurrence as opposed to 53.6% of the historical group.
Ultrasound demonstration of vocal cord movements
Authors: Miles K. A. 
Published: July 2009

Examination of the vocal cords is most commonly performed by indirect laryngoscopy but this may not readily be tolerated in some patients or may not be possible immediately in certain hospitals where an ear, nose and throat (ENT) opinion is not readily available. It has been observed by the author during ultrasound examination of the thyroid that the vocal cords and their movement can be demonstrated using standard ultrasound equipment.
When examining the vocal cords, it is important demonstrate abduction of the cords as well as adduction. This is because Semon's law states that a partial lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve affects abduction before adduction. Abduction of the cords should occur on deep inspiration.