bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Settlement of Sea Lice, Caligus Rogercresseyi Boxshall & Bravo, 2000 (copepoda, Caligidae), on Tissues of Fish Used As Substrate
Authors: Torrealba Debora A. , Toledo Ximena E. , Gallardo José A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasitic copepod affecting salmon and trout farming in Chile. The aim of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the ability of copepodids of C. rogercresseyi to settle on fin, scale, and skin tissues taken from a wild host, the rock cod (Eleginops maclovinus) and an exotic host (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and evaluate the effects of inductors, such as conditioned water and fish mucus, on the process. The assessment was carried out simultaneously for each host and inductor, using a single pool of larvae (N = 1800). Three replicates per treatment were done and the settlement as well as the development stage of the frontal filament were recorded after 24 h. A total of 341 copepodids were able to settle on the different tissues and hosts. The host showing the higher settlement was E. maclovinus (N = 215; 23.9%) compared to O. mykiss (N = 126; 14%); the tissue showing the higher number of settled copepodids was the skin (N = 126; 48.4%), followed by fin (N = 140; 41.1%) and scales (N = 36; 10.5%). Regarding inductors, neither conditioned water (N = 112; 32.8%) nor mucus (N = 113; 33.1%) showed significant differences with the control without inductor (N = 116; 34%). Inductors did not have a significant effect on the development of the frontal filament, neither for E. maclovinus, nor for O. mykiss tissues, thus suggesting the tissues used were able to induce a positive response on these processes. This is the first work reporting a successful settlement of a species of sea louse in tissue extracted from fish.
Freshwater Prawns of the Genus Macrobrachium (decapoda, Palaemonidae) with Abbreviated Development from the Papaloapan River Basin, Veracruz, Mexico: Distribution and New Species
Authors: Mejía-Ortíz Luis M. , López-Mejía Marilú 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In the Papaloapan River two freshwater prawns with abbreviated development have been recorded: Macrobrachium villalobosi (a stygobitic species) and Macrobrachium totonacum (an epigeal species). In this paper we describe four new species from this genus, and the distribution of these six species along the river basin. M. oaxacae nov. sp. occurs in the River La Junta, and together with M. cosolapaense nov. sp. is geographically close to the stygobitic species and M. totonacum, but differs from these in the following aspects: pigmentation, the number of rostral spines, and the relative proportions of the articles of the second pereiopod, of appendix masculina and appendix interna, and the number of spines on the appendix masculina. Macrobrachium mazatecum nov. sp. lives in two streams in Veracruz: the first close to Tierra Blanca Veracruz and the second on the Zapotal Veracruz near Mpio. Lerdo de Tejada. This species was also recorded in two springs near Valle Nacional Oaxaca, and differs from M. oaxacae nov. sp. and M. cosolapaense nov. sp. in the number of rostral spines, and the relative proportions on the articles of second pereiopod, of appendix masculina and appendix interna, and of the spines on the appendix masculina. Finally, Macrobrachium jacatepecense nov. sp. occurs only in a spring near Jacatepec, Oaxaca. This species differs from the other species in the relative proportions of the articles of the second pereiopod: however, it is very close to Macrobrachium oaxacae nov. sp. in the number of rostral spines, but based on the geographical distribution of both species and other features, it is clearly a different species. In this Papaloapan River basin, the distribution of this complex of species is very limited, because the various populations live in very restricted areas associated with springs or small streams, and without direct interconnections. All these new species are comparable with the epigeal Macrobrachium species in the southeast of Mexico that have abbreviated larval development.
Victims' Eligibility before the International Criminal Court in Historical and Comparative Context
Authors: Bachvarova Tatiana 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the eligibility criteria for victims before the International Criminal Court delineated in Rule 85 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The paper outlines the most complicated matters ensuing from the application and interpretation of the provision as a whole, as well as of each of the four requirements. The study focuses on multifarious and/or contentious issues which have either already emerged in practice or need yet to be addressed by the ICC, such as: the identification requirements for victim-applicants; the recognition of deceased persons as victims; the problem of disappeared individuals; the implications of the introduction of certain legal entities as victims; the notion, substance and compass of the relevant harm depending on the group of victims (natural or legal persons); interpretation and application of the requirement for a causal link between the harm suffered and the alleged crime(s). In addition to the objective to unfold and elucidate major concerns arising from the victims' eligibility criteria, the article suggests a juxtaposition of the ideas underpinning these requirements with the legal regime and practice of other international(ized) (quasi)adjudicative institutions. The conclusion is advanced for the need that the will of the founders be properly construed so that a balance is achieved between victims' participation and expeditiousness of the proceedings before the first permanent international criminal court.
Provisional Release in International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law
Authors: Doran Kate 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article is a review of the jurisprudence on provisional release and an analysis of how such a mechanism operates under the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It examines how pretrial release is dealt with in international human rights law while focusing on the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. It goes on to evaluate the position of the ad hoc tribunals regarding the issue of pre-trial release and seeks to articulate how and why the ad hoc tribunals have moved away from customary international law. It also seeks to evaluate the actual reach of the presumption of innocence in provisional release cases at the European Court of Human Rights and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Formen Yugoslavia. Finally, the article considers the recent jurisprudence of the ICC regarding interim release.
What Can Regenerative Medicine Offer for Infants with Laryngotracheal Agenesis?
Authors: Lange Peggy , Fishman Jonathan M. , Elliott Martin J. , De Coppi Paolo , Birchall Martin A. 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundLaryngotracheal agenesis is a rare congenital disorder but has devastating consequences. Recent achievements in regenerative medicine have opened up new vistas in therapeutic strategies for these infants.ObjectiveTo provide a state‐of‐the‐art review concerning recent achievements in tissue engineering as applied to fetal airway reconstruction and to discuss the use of autologous human amniotic stem cells to prepare organs in advance for babies with laryngotracheal agenesis.Data Sources and Review MethodsA structured search of the current literature (up to and including June 2011). The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, ICTRP, and additional sources for published and unpublished trials.ResultsOver the past 15 years, progress has been made in advancing the boundaries of regenerative medicine from the laboratory to the clinical setting through translational research. Most experience has been gained with adult stem cells and synthetic materials or decellularized scaffolds. The optimal cell source for fetal tissue engineering remains to be determined, but a combination of decellularized scaffolds and amniotic fluid stem cells holds great promise for fetal tissue engineering.Conclusions and Implications for PracticeCurrent treatment strategies for laryngotracheal agenesis are suboptimal, and fetal tissue engineering offers an alternative to conventional treatments. Use of human amniotic fluid stem cells for preparing autologous tissue‐engineered organ constructs prenatally is an attractive concept. Although this approach is still in its experimental stages, further preclinical and clinical studies are encouraged to define its exact role in the pediatric laryngological setting.
Feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of Dignity Therapy for older people in care homes: A phase II randomized controlled trial of a brief palliative care psychotherapy
Authors: Hall Sue , Goddard Cassie , Opio Diana , Speck Peter , Higginson Irene J 
Published: August 2011

Background: A pilot study of Dignity Therapy conducted with hospice patients reported high levels of self-reported benefits of the psychotherapy. Aim: To assess the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of Dignity Therapy to reduce distress in older people in care homes. Design: A randomized controlled open-label trial (ISRCTN37589515). Setting and participants: 60 residents aged 65+ with no major cognitive impairment living in care homes in London, UK. Intervention: Dignity Therapy, a brief palliative care psychotherapy. Outcomes: Potential effectiveness (dignity-related distress, depression, hopefulness, quality of life at baseline and 1 and 8-week follow-up); acceptability (residents’ views on self-reported benefits of Dignity Therapy/the Dignity Therapy study); and feasibility (time taken to deliver the intervention). Results: We randomized 60/755 (8%) residents: 29 – control, 31 – intervention. We found no significant differences between groups on measures of potential effectiveness at any time. There was a reduction in dignity-related distress across both groups ( p = 0.026). The intervention group outperformed the control group on all the acceptability items at both follow-ups. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) ranged from small (0.25) to large (0.85). These were significant for feeling that Dignity Therapy/the Dignity Therapy study had made their life more meaningful at 2-week follow-up ( p = 0.04), and that it would help their families at both follow-ups ( p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Although it was feasible to deliver the intervention in this setting, it took longer to complete than anticipated. Conclusions: Although Dignity Therapy took longer to deliver than expected, this intervention may be a way of enhancing the end-of-life experiences of residents.
Rail–wheel contact stress assessment using acoustic emission: a laboratory study of the effects of wheel flats
Authors: Thakkar N A , Steel J A , Reuben R L 
Published: August 2011

This article presents part of a wider laboratory study of the acoustic emission (AE) generated during rail/wheel interaction. The particular experiments reported here use simulated wheel defects with a view to developing methods of in situ wheel flat diagnosis using rail-mounted sensors. The analytical approach recognizes the similarity between rolling bearing defects [ 11 ] and wheel defects and exploits the principle of demodulated frequency resonance [ 23 ] to recognize specific defect frequencies associated with the number, intensity, and disposition of the wheel flats. A set of experiments were carried out on a scaled test rig consisting of a single wheel running on a circular track, during which AE was recorded at a fixed point on the track. The wheel had a set of three asymmetrically distributed flats machined onto it and the rolling speed and axle load were varied. A previously developed time-based analytical model [ 17 ] validated against control experiments with an undamaged wheel, was used to reconstruct the normal pattern for a wheel running round the track and to provide a means of removing the effect of attenuation as the defect pattern moves away from and back towards the stationary sensor. Because the wheel flats contact the track at a known frequency, associated with wheel rotational speed, they introduce a pulsatile aspect to the signal, although at a frequency much lower than the frequency of the carrier (AE) wave. Accordingly, once the signal had been corrected for attenuation, it was enveloped to a suitable frequency range, and a frequency-based pulse-train model was used to devise an approach to matching the measured spectra to the expected pulse train spectra in a way similar to the concept of defect frequencies in bearings [ 24 ]. For all the enveloped time-series over the full range of conditions, the pattern of flats was clearly visible and reasonably reproducible between consecutive rotations, but with sufficient variation to warrant a spectral approach. The pattern of harmonics was, as expected, dependent on the number, intensity (size), and circumferential disposition of the wheel flats, as well as the axle load, while the rotational speed of the wheel controlled the fundamental frequency. Some frequencies lower than the fundamental were found and these were associated with track rotational frequencies and unwanted frequencies due to normal wheel rolling. These lower frequencies were removed using a high-pass filter [ 22 ] to focus on wheel flat diagnosis. It is concluded that, with appropriate calibration and modification, this approach could be used for the diagnosis of wheel defects (as distinct from track defects) in real railway wheels using either track-mounted or wheel-mounted sensors.
Effects of Locus of Control and Motives on Stress and Effectiveness: A Study of Women Managers
Authors: Mohan Vidhu , Chauhan Daisy , Chauhan S.P. 
Published: August 2011

There is a general tendency to overemphasise the impact of stress on the effectiveness of women in managerial roles. It is a known fact that women managers have dual roles to play, one at the home front and the other at the work front where they have to shoulder responsibilities similar to their male counterparts. This is likely to cause high level of stress which can have an adverse effect on their effectiveness. The present study, however, points to the contrary, where it is seen that certain intrinsic factors which are basically inherent within an individual's personality, like an Internal Locus of Control and a high need for Achievement can, to some extent, reduce the impact of stress experienced by the individuals. This can be inferred on the basis of the results of the present study where it is found that achievement motive has a negative relationship with stress and a positive relationship with role efficacy. Similarly, it is established that Internal Locus of Control has a negative relationship with stress and positive relationship with role efficacy. Since stress is inevitable, more so in the case of women in managerial positions, and it is mainly due to extrinsic factors which exert pressures both in the work environment and at the home front, over which one does not have much control, they need to look inwards and identify and rely on intrinsic strengths, such as an internal orientation and achievement orientation as these can, to a great extent, help them handle stress in a positive manner and not allow it to adversely affect either their health or their work performance.
Confucius: The Forgotten Management Theorist
Authors: Rarick Charles A , Gallagher Charles A. 
Published: August 2011

Although the management literature is now quite extensive in identifying many important contributors to the discipline, it still maintains an American and European focus. This paper has proposed that the Chinese philosopher Confucius was an early and important management theorist. Confucius was an early management consultant, traveling China, offering advice to any government leader who would listen. His advice is not inconsistent with the advice offered by leading behaviorally-oriented management consultants today. Organisational science has been advanced by individuals from many parts of the world, including important contributions from Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. This paper has proposed that the Western view of management emphasises an American and European tradition, however, important contributors to management theory and practice are often not recognised in this narrow perspective. Readers are advised to look beyond the traditional boundaries in seeking time-honored advice in managing modern organisation. Born 500 years before Christ, the great Chinese philosopher Confucius prepared the groundwork for effective managerial practice. Although most Westerners know of Confucius, few know of his significant contributions in management theory. Confucius was a great advocate of training, personal development, and visionary leadership. His advice on teamwork and employee empowerment predates current proponents by over 2000 years. This paper describes the managerial implications found in the Confucian Analects.
Role of Economic and Social Infrastructure in Human Resource Development
Authors: Ahuja Shobha 
Published: August 2011

The findings of the paper suggest that investment in human capital would depend strongly on sustained economic growth accompanied by education and skill development of the workforce. The paper examines, in detail, the factors which are likely to influence the demand for human capital in the coming decades and points to the preponderance of economic factors in influencing demand in the market-place though social indicators also play a predominant role. In a growing economy it is important to identity the employment intensive sectors and train our human resources to enable them to meet the demand in these sectors. The paper seeks to identify the areas where there exists a good potential for employment generation and makes suggestions for tailoring skill development to meet the demand in the marketplace. Against this backdrop it can be concluded that HRD in the new millennium would depend on a variety of economic and social indications and on the stake of human resources in the production process.
Case Teaching: Emerging Challenges and New Perspectives
Authors: Mustafi Sumit 
Published: August 2011

With time business schools in the west are having a relook at relevance of Case Method of teaching as a pedagogical tool in a changing business and classroom environment. With the advent of new skill sets, teachers and students over the decades, this article has a relook at case teaching in the post graduate management programme in the Indian context. Question is if case teaching focusses on those faculties of students like systematic enquiry and rigorous reasoning in unstructured situations that simulate closely the real life situation faced by managers, why is the popularity of case method as a teaching tool waning? Has it got to do with suitably modifying case teaching to take cognizance of the changing needs of business with the advent of new tools like information technology (IT) and multimedia? Its impact on role of teacher, student, testing and administration needs to be discussed. Whereas cases have to be representative of the unique local conditions and be up to date, data utilization from Internet and other sources should not allow focus to shift from in-depth analytical decisions to sheer data collection due to easy availability. Consulting opportunities of case teachers should be used to write new cases. The challenge in case discussions is to retain a holistic perspective even when IT based communication is distancing teacher and student by taking both away from class room situations. Validity and replicability of an online system for testing, particularly in subjective case studies is a big challenge for case teaching. Much of the above have to be done under pressures of increasing class size and scarcity of infrastructure due to the increasing demand for business administration degree. Institutes however continue to be rated differently based on the attitude of teacher and student. Impact will also be in the ethical standards students bring to society as managers.
General Electric: Lessons in Strategic Management
Authors: Bhatt P.R. 
Published: August 2011

GE is the ninth biggest and second most profitable company in the world. The company was revitalised by inducing self-confidence and adopting tools like workout and Change Acceleration Process (CAP) to multiple business units in different industries. GE was the first corporate to systematically apply a number of management concepts. Its success is rooted in its movements of ideas and management talent around the group. The strong performance of GE is its successful corporate portfolio management. Many of the large business units of GE differentiate their output with high quality while they simultaneously maintain low per unit cost operation. It adopted three company-wide growth initiatives: globalisation, services and Six Sigma Quality. The intensity of globalisation is reflected from the fact that GE revenues have grown 6% per year in the U.S. and 17% globally. GE dramatically adopted Six Sigma Quality in its products, which radically changed overall measures of operating efficiency. GE wants its every product and service designed for six sigma. Six Sigma for GE is embedding quality thinking, process thinking across every level and in every operation around the globe. Jack Welch, CEO of GE restructured the company through integration, diversification, mergers, strategic alliances and retrenchment. He imposed higher productivity at all levels, trimmed inventories using just-in-time technique and dismantled bureaucracies. Under him, GE is engrossed in stretch and quality performance. The future strategies of GE are globalisation, the move from manufacturing to services and the internet.
Towards a Testbed for Modelling Application Service Provider (ASP)
Authors: Agarwal Manish , Kishore R. , Rao H.R. , Upadhyaya S. 
Published: August 2011

The information system outsourcing arena has recently seen the introduction of a new player – the Application Service Provider (ASP). ASPs are third-party companies that rent commonly available packaged software applications and related services. The model offers certain important characteristics that could result in important advantages to users. Some of these include: firms get access to world-class applications offering the same set of features as used by larger rivals, software developers are assured a recurring stream of revenue from their software products and upgrades, users are protected from the tribulations of upgrading and maintaining their software and applications. In this paper, we examine the emerging ASP model of providing software services to organisations. We then suggest a classification scheme for potential online ASP marketplaces and work on building a testable prototype for these marketplaces. We will use this testbed to study the influence of different attributes of clients and vendors on the services provided on the marketplaces. The testbed can also help in developing deception-free protocols for the interactions of the marketplace with service providers. In an environment where marketplaces provide trust-mechanisms for service-delivery, it is necessary for the marketplace to ensure that service providers have the appropriate incentives and penalties to truthfully reveal their capabilities.