bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Requirement of KNAT1/BP for the Development of Abscission Zones in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Qun , XU Wei‐Hui , Ma Li‐Geng , Fu Zhi‐Ming , Deng Xing‐Wang , Li Jia‐Yang , Wang Yong‐Hong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe KNAT1 gene is a member of the Class I KNOX homeobox gene family and is thought to play an important role in meristem development and leaf morphogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that KNAT1/BP regulates the architecture of the inflorescence by affecting pedicle development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis T‐DNA insertion mutant that shares considerable phenotypic similarity to the previously identified mutant brevipedicle (bp). Molecular and genetic analyses showed that the mutant is allelic to bp and that the T‐DNA is located within the first helix of the KNAT1 homeodomain (HD). Although the mutation causes a typical abnormality of short pedicles, propendent siliques, and semidwarfism, no obvious defects are observed in the vegetative stage. A study on cell morphology showed that asymmetrical division and inhibition of cell elongation contribute to the downward‐pointing and shorter pedicle phenotype. Loss of KNAT/BP function results in the abnormal development of abscission zones. Microarray analysis of gene expression profiling suggests that KNAT1/BP may regulate abscission zone development through hormone signaling and hormone metabolism in Arabidopsis.(Managing editor: Ping He)
New Cytotoxic Saponins from Lysimachia davurica Ledeb.
Authors: Tian Jing‐Kui , Zou Zhong‐Mei , Xu Li‐Zhen , Yang Shi‐Lin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTo investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia davurica Ledeb., two new saponins named davuricoside I (compound 1) and E (compound 2) were isolated. Their chemical structures were elucidated as 3β, 16α, 28, 29‐tetrihydroxy‐olean‐12‐en‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranoside (compound 1) and 3β, 16α, 29‐trihydroxy‐13, 28‐epoxy‐oleanane‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranoside (compound 2) on the basis of their one‐ and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against human A2780 cells.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Chemical Constituents of Phacellaria compressa Benth.
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Yun , Li Bo‐Gang , Zhou Min , Yuan Xiao‐Hong , Zhang Guo‐Lin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo new compounds, 1‐(3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐(3, 5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐propane (1) and 5, 7, 3′‐trimethyoxyflavan‐4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the dried aerial parts of Phacellaria compressa Benth., together with 2,3‐bis[(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐methyl]‐1,4‐butanediol (3), ethyl 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoate (4), methyl 3, 4, 5‐trihydroxybenzoate (5), β‐sitosterol (6), 5, 7, 3′, 4′‐tetrahydroxyflavan (7), lupeol (8), zhebeiresinol (9), quercetin‐3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (10), (+)‐catechin (11), betulin (12), β‐daucosterol (13), (+)‐syringaresinol (14), scopoletin (15), and proximadiol (16). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectral evidence or by comparing them with authentic samples. Compound 9 showed α‐amylase inhibitory activity of 57.55% at a concentration of 50 μg/mL.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2 and Ozone on Leaf Thermotolerance in Field‐grown Glycine max
Authors: Mishra Sasmita , Heckathorn Scott A. , Barua Deepak , Wang Dan , Joshi Puneet , Hamilton III E. William , Frantz Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Humans are increasing atmospheric CO2, ground‐level ozone (O3), and mean and acute high temperatures. Laboratory studies show that elevated CO2 can increase thermotolerance of photosynthesis in C3 plants. O3‐related oxidative stress may offset benefits of elevated CO2 during heat‐waves. We determined effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf thermotolerance of field‐grown Glycine max (soybean, C3). Photosynthetic electron transport (Φet) was measured in attached leaves heated in situ and detached leaves heated under ambient CO2 and O3. Heating decreased Φet, which O3 exacerbated. Elevated CO2 prevented O3‐related decreases during heating, but only increased Φet under ambient O3 in the field. Heating decreased chlorophyll and carotenoids, especially under elevated CO2. Neither CO2 nor O3 affected heat‐shock proteins. Heating increased catalase (except in high O3) and Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not Mn‐SOD; CO2 and O3 decreased catalase but neither SOD. Soluble carbohydrates were unaffected by heating, but increased in elevated CO2. Thus, protection of photosynthesis during heat stress by elevated CO2 occurs in field‐grown soybean under ambient O3, as in the lab, and high CO2 limits heat damage under elevated O3, but this protection is likely from decreased photorespiration and stomatal conductance rather than production of heat‐stress adaptations.
Effects of N on Plant Response to Heat‐wave: A Field Study with Prairie Vegetation
Authors: Wang Dan , Heckathorn Scott A. , Mainali Kumar , Hamilton E. William 
Published: September 2010

Abstract More intense, more frequent, and longer heat‐waves are expected in the future due to global warming, which could have dramatic ecological impacts. Increasing nitrogen (N) availability and its dynamics will likely impact plant responses to heat stress and carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. This field study examined the effects of N availability on plant response to heat‐stress (HS) treatment in naturally‐occurring vegetation. HS (5 d at ambient or 40.5 °C) and N treatments (±N) were applied to 16 1 m2 plots in restored prairie vegetation dominated by Andropogon gerardii (warm‐season C4 grass) and Solidago canadensis (warm‐season C3 forb). Before, during, and after HS, air, canopy, and soil temperature were monitored; net CO2 assimilation (Pn), quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf water potential (Ψw) of the dominant species and soil respiration (Rsoil) of each plot were measured daily during HS. One week after HS, plots were harvested, and C% and N% were determined for rhizosphere and bulk soil, and above‐ground tissue (green/senescent leaf, stem, and flower). Photosynthetic N‐use efficiency (PNUE) and N resorption rate (NRR) were calculated. HS decreased Pn, gs, Ψw, and PNUE for both species, and +N treatment generally increased these variables (±HS), but often slowed their post‐HS recovery. Aboveground biomass tended to decrease with HS in both species (and for green leaf mass in S. canadensis), but decrease with +N for A. gerardii and increase with +N for S. canadensis. For A. gerardii, HS tended to decrease N% in green tissues with +N, whereas in S. canadensis, HS increased N% in green leaves. Added N decreased NRR for A. gerardii and HS increased NRR for S. canadensis. These results suggest that heat waves, though transient, could have significant effects on plants, communities, and ecosystem N cycling, and N can influence the effect of heat waves.
Physiological and Growth Responses of C3and C4Plants to Reduced Temperature When Grown at Low CO2of the Last Ice Age
Authors: Ward Joy K. , Myers David A. , Thomas Richard B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDuring the last ice age, CO2concentration ([CO2]) was 180–200 μμmol/mol compared with the modern value of 380 μμmol/mol, and global temperatures were ∼8 °C cooler. Relatively little is known about the responses of C3and C4species to long‐term exposure to glacial conditions. HereAbutilon theophrastiMedik. (C3) andAmaranthus retroflexusL. (C4) were grown at 200 μμmol/mol CO2with current (30/24 °C) and glacial (22/16 °C) temperatures for 22 d. Overall, the C4species exhibited a large growth advantage over the C3species at low [CO2]. However, this advantage was reduced at low temperature, where the C4species produced 5× the total mass of the C3species versus 14× at the high temperature. This difference was due to a reduction in C4growth at low temperature, since the C3species exhibited similar growth between temperatures. Physiological differences between temperatures were not detected for either species, although photorespiration/net photosynthesis was reduced in the C3species grown at low temperature, suggesting evidence of improved carbon balance at this treatment. This system suggests that C4species had a growth advantage over C3species during low [CO2] of the last ice age, although concurrent reductions in temperatures may have reduced this advantage.
Increased Benthic Algal Primary Production in Response to the Invasive Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in a Productive Ecosystem, Oneida Lake, New York
Authors: Cecala Rebecca K. , Mayer Christine M. , Schulz Kimberly L. , Mills Edward L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Increased water clarity associated with zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) populations may favor benthic algal primary production in freshwater systems previously dominated by pelagic phytoplankton production. While zebra mussel‐mediated water clarity effects on benthic primary production have been implicated in published reports, few production estimates are available. This study estimates benthic primary production in Oneida Lake, NY before and after zebra mussel invasion (1992), using measured photosynthetic parameters (

, αB and β) from sampled benthic algal communities. In the summers of 2003 and 2004, primary production was measured as O2 evolution from algal communities on hard (cobble) and soft (sediment) substrate from several depths. We also backcast estimates of benthic primary production from measurements of light penetration since 1975. Estimates of whole‐lake epipelic and epilithic algal primary production showed a significant (4%) increase and exhibited significantly less interannual variability subsequent to the establishment of zebra mussels. We applied our model to two lakes of differing trophic status; the model significantly overestimated benthic primary production in a hypereutrophic lake, but there was no significant difference between the actual and predicted primary production values in the oligotrophic lake. The hypereutrophic lake had higher zebra mussel densities than Oneida (224 vs. 41 per sample respectively). Though total community respiration (measured in total darkness) was factored into our model predictions of production, our model may need modification when heterotrophic respiration is a large portion of total community metabolism.
Variation in Heat‐shock Proteins and Photosynthetic Thermotolerance among Natural Populations ofChenopodium albumL. from Contrasting Thermal Environments: Implications for Plant Responses to Global Warming
Authors: Barua Deepak , Heckathorn Scott A. , Coleman James S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProduction of heat‐shock proteins (Hsps) is a key adaptation to acute heat stress and will be important in determining plant responses to climate change. Further, intraspecifc variation in Hsps, which will influence species‐level response to global warming, has rarely been examined in naturally occurring plants. To understand intraspecific variation in plant Hsps and its relevance to global warming, we examined Hsp content and thermotolerance in five naturally occurring populations ofChenopodium albumL. from contrasting thermal environments grown at low and high temperatures. As expected, Hsp accumulation varied between populations, but this was related more to habitat variability than to mean temperature. Unexpectedly, Hsp accumulation decreased with increasing variability of habitat temperatures. Hsp accumulation also decreased with increased experimental growth temperatures. Physiological thermotolerance was partitioned into basal and induced components. As with Hsps, induced thermotolerance decreased with increasing temperature variability. Thus, populations native to the more stressful habitats, or grown at higher temperatures, had lower Hsp levels and induced thermotolerance, suggesting a greater reliance on basal mechanisms for thermotolerance. These results suggest that future global climate change will differentially impact ecotypes within species, possibly by selecting for increased basal versus inducible thermotolerance.
The origin of herbivory on land: Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods
Authors: LABANDEIRA CONRAD 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe early fossil record of terrestrial arthropod herbivory consists of two pulses. The first pulse was concentrated during the latest Silurian to Early Devonian (417 to 403 Ma), and consists of the earliest evidence for consumption of sporangia and stems (and limited fungivore borings). Herbivorization of most of these tissues was rapid, representing 0 to 20 million‐year (m.y.) lags from the earliest occurrences of these organs in the fossil record to their initial consumption (Phase 1). For approximately the next 75 m.y., there was a second, more histologically varied origination and expansion of roots, leaves, wood and seeds, whose earliest evidence for herbivorization occurred from the Middle‐Late Mississippian boundary to the Middle Pennsylvanian (327 to 309 Ma). The appearance of this second herbivory pulse during the later Paleozoic (Phase 2) is accompanied by major lags of 98 to 54 m.y. between times of appearance of each of the four organ and tissue types and their subsequent herbivory. Both pulses provide a context for three emerging questions. First is an explanation for the contrast between the near instantaneous consumption of plant tissues during Phase 1, versus the exceptionally long lags between the earliest occurrences of plant tissues and their subsequent herbivorization during Phase 2. Second is the identity of arthropod herbivores for both phases. Third is the cause behind the overwhelming targeting of seed‐fern plant hosts during Phase 2. Regardless of the answers to these questions, the trace fossil record of plant‐arthropod associations provides primary ecological data that remain unaddressed by the body‐fossil record alone.
The influence of time and temperature on molecular gut content analysis: Adalia bipunctata fed with Rhopalosiphum padi
Authors: MCMILLAN STUART , KUUSK ANNA‐KARIN , CASSEL‐LUNDHAGEN ANNA , EKBOM BARBARA 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGut content analysis is a useful tool when studying arthropod predator‐prey interactions. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to examine how detection of prey DNA in the gut content of predators was influenced by digestion time and temperature. Such knowledge is critical before applying PCR‐based gut content analysis to field collected predators. Larvae of the two‐spotted ladybeetle (Adalia bipunctata L.) were fed with the bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) at either 21°C or 14°C. After consuming one aphid, the predators were allowed to digest the prey for a range of time periods up to 24 hours. The influence of temperature on A. bipunctata feeding behavior was also recorded. From the fed larvae, total DNA was extracted and PCR reactions with R. padi specific primers were run. The number of A. bipunctata that tested positive for R. padi DNA was negatively related to the length of digestion time. Temperature influenced larval feeding behavior but did not have a significant effect on R. padi DNA detection. After pooling the data from both temperature treatments we estimated the time point when R. padi DNA could be amplified from 50% of the fed A. bipunctata by PCR to be 4.87 hours. With such a rapid decrease in prey DNA detection success, positive PCR reactions will most likely be the result of predation events occurring shortly before capture. If a defined digestion temperature range has proven not to influence prey detection, PCR data obtained from predators collected within that particular range can be interpreted in the same way.
Morphometric and genetic variation of small dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis Smith, 1858 in Thailand
Authors: RATTANAWANNEE ATSALEK , CHANCHAO CHANPEN , WONGSIRI SIRIWAT 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe small dwarf honey bee, Apis andreniformis, is a rare and patchily distributed Apis spp. and is one of the native Thai honey bees, yet little is known about its biodiversity. Thirty (27 Thai and 3 Malaysian) and 37 (32 Thai and 5 Malaysian) colonies of A. andreniformis were sampled for morphometric and genetic analysis, respectively. For morphometric analysis, 20 informative characters were used to determine the variation. After plotting the factor scores, A. andreniformis from across Thailand were found to belong to one group, a notion further supported by a cluster analysis generated dendrogram. However, clinal patterns in groups of bee morphometric characters were revealed by linear regression analysis. The body size of bees increases from South to North but decreases from West to East, although this may reflect altitude rather than longitude. Genetic variation was determined by sequence analysis of a 520 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit b (cytb). DNA polymorphism among bees from the mainland of Thailand is lower than that from Phuket Island and Chiang Mai. Although two main different groups of bees were obtained from phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor‐joining and unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages programs, no clear geographic signal was present. Thus, while the minor group (B) contained all of the samples from the only island sampled (Phuket in the south), but not the southern mainland colonies, it also contained samples from the far northern inland region of Chiang Mai, other samples of which were firmly rooted in the major group (A).
Arthropods associated with medicinal plants in coastal South Carolina
Authors: LOPEZ ROLANDO , SHEPARD B. MERLE 
Published: September 2010

AbstractArthropods were sampled from feverfew [Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz‐Bip], Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Valeriana officinalis L., and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) during 1998‐2001. In addition, arthropods were sampled on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) from 2001‐2004. In general, 50‐60 arthropod species where collected and identified among all of the medicinal plant species. Among the predators, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and spiders were most abundant from 1998‐2004. The three‐cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), was the most abundant herbivore found from 1998 to 2001. Orius insidiosus and G. punctipes were 3‐4 times more abundant on T. parthenium than on any other medicinal plant species. Based on the numbers of predatory arthropods found on T. parthenium, this crop could be suitable as a companion or “banker” plant to attract and maintain populations of predators, especially O. insidiosus and G. punctipes. Whitefly nymphs attacked by predators with piercing/sucking mouthparts are easily identified using a microscope because of the general appearance of the carcass left by the predators. Thus, populations of predators on T. parthenium suppressed Bemisia tabaci populations on E. purpurea when these crops were planted as companion crops.
Functional genomics studies on the innate immunity of disease vectors
Authors: Baton Luke A. , Garver Lindsey , Xi Zhiyong , Dimopoulos George 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe increasing availability of genome sequences and the development of high‐throughput techniques for gene expression profiling and functional characterization are transforming the study of innate immunity and other areas of insect biology. Already, functional genomic approaches have enabled a quantum advance in the characterization of mosquito immune responses to malaria parasite infection, and similar high‐throughput functional genomic studies of other vector‐pathogen interactions can be expected in the near future. The application of microarray‐based and other expression analyses provide genome‐wide transcriptional profiles that can be used to identify insect immune system components that are differentially regulated upon exposure to various classes of pathogens, including many important etiologic agents of human and animal diseases. The role of infection‐responsive or other candidate immune genes identified through comparative genomic approaches can then be functionally characterized, either in vivo, for instance in adult mosquitoes, or in vitro using cell lines. In most insect vectors of human pathogens, germ‐line transgenesis is still technically difficult and maintenance of multiple transgenic lines logistically demanding. Consequently, transient RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene‐silencing has rapidly become the method of choice for functional characterization of candidate innate immune genes. The powerful combination of transcriptional profiling in conjunction with assays using RNAi to determine gene function, and identify regulatory pathways, together with downstream cell biological approaches to determine protein localization and interactions, will continue to provide novel insights into the role of insect innate immunity in a variety of vector‐pathogen interactions. Here we review advances in functional genomics studies of innate immunity in the insect disease vectors, over the past decade, with a particular focus on the Anopheles mosquito and its responses to malaria infection.
Innate immunity against malaria parasites in Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Chen Yang , Weng Zhi‐Hui , Zheng Liangbiao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMalaria continues to exert a huge toll in the world today, causing approximately 400 million cases and killing between 1‐2 million people annually. Most of the malaria burden is borne by countries in Africa. For this reason, the major vector for malaria in this continent, Anopheles gambiae, is under intense study. With the completion of the draft sequence of this important vector, efforts are underway to develop novel control strategies. One promising area is to harness the power of the innate immunity of this mosquito species to block the transmission of the malaria parasites. Recent studies have demonstrated that Toll and Imd signaling pathways and other immunity‐related genes (encoding proteins possibly function in recognition or as effector molecules) play significant roles in two different arms of innate immunity: level of infection intensity and melanization of Plasmodium oocysts. The challenges in the future are to understand how the functions of these different genes are coordinated in defense against malaria parasites, and if different arms of innate immunity are cross–regulated or coordinated.