bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Forgotten Learning Disability: Epidemiology of Written-Language Disorder in a Population-Based Birth Cohort (1976–1982), Rochester, Minnesota
Authors: Katusic Slavica K. , Colligan Robert C. , Weaver Amy L. , Barbaresi William J. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to report the incidence rates and other epidemiologic characterizations of written-language disorder. There have been no epidemiologic studies on the incidence of written-language disorder in the United States, and the use of a population-based birth cohort, longitudinally followed, is the most powerful method for reaching this objective.METHODS. In this population-based, retrospective birth cohort study, subjects included 5718 children born between 1976 and 1982 in Rochester, Minnesota, who remained in the community after 5 years of age. Records from all public and nonpublic schools, medical facilities, and private tutorial services were reviewed and results of all individually administered IQ and achievement tests, and extensive medical, educational, and socioeconomic information, were collected. The essential features of writing problems from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision were included in our operationalized definition of written-language disorder. Written-language disorder incident cases were established by using research criteria based on 3 formulas (regression-based discrepancy, nonregression-based discrepancy, and low achievement).RESULTS. Cumulative incidence rates of written-language disorder varied from 6.9% to 14.7% depending on the formula. Boys were 2 to 3 times more likely to be affected than girls regardless of the formula. Among all written-language disorder cases (N = 806), 25% (n = 203) had written-language disorder without a reading disability. Specifics of the writing problems were identified for 87% (n = 702) of written-language disorder cases.CONCLUSIONS. In this population-based birth cohort of school-aged children, written-language disorder was at least as frequent as reading disabilities and significantly more frequent among boys than girls.
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Atopic Dermatitis Decreases Disease Severity
Authors: Huang Jennifer T. , Abrams Melissa , Tlougan Brook , Rademaker Alfred , Paller Amy S. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to determine the prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with atopic dermatitis and to determine whether suppression of S aureus growth with sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths and intranasal mupirocin treatment improves eczema severity.
METHODS. A randomized, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 31 patients, 6 months to 17 years of age, with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis and clinical signs of secondary bacterial infections. All patients received orally administered cephalexin for 14 days and were assigned randomly to receive intranasal mupirocin ointment treatment and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths (treatment arm) or intranasal petrolatum ointment treatment and plain water baths (placebo arm) for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was the Eczema Area and Severity Index score.
RESULTS. The prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus in our study (7.4% of our S aureus–positive skin cultures and 4% of our S aureus–positive nasal cultures) was much lower than that in the general population with cultures at Children's Memorial Hospital (75%–85%). Patients in the group that received both the dilute bleach baths and intranasal mupirocin treatment showed significantly greater mean reductions from baseline in Eczema Area and Severity Index scores, compared with the placebo group, at the 1-month and 3-month visits. The mean Eczema Area and Severity Index scores for the head and neck did not decrease for patients in the treatment group, whereas scores for other body sites (submerged in the dilute bleach baths) decreased at 1 and 3 months, in comparison with placebo-treated patients.
CONCLUSIONS. Chronic use of dilute bleach baths with intermittent intranasal application of mupirocin ointment decreased the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis in patients with clinical signs of secondary bacterial infections. Patients with atopic dermatitis do not seem to have increased susceptibility to infection or colonization with resistant strains of S aureus.
Pediatricians' Perceptions of and Preferred Timing for Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Thompson Lindsay A. , Knapp Caprice , Madden Vanessa , Shenkman Elizabeth 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. This study investigates how pediatricians define palliative care and their preferences regarding the timing of referrals for children with life-limiting diseases.
METHODS. A random sample of 800 pediatricians in Florida and California received mail and online surveys. Analyses included descriptive and multivariate regression analyses.
RESULTS. Of all respondents (N = 303), 49.1% were female, 34.0% had been practicing for ≥20 years, 44.2% were members of a racial/ethnic minority, and 76.2% were in private practice. Pediatricians were divided in their definitions of palliative care; 41.9% defined it as hospice care, 31.9% offered alternative definitions, and 26.2% did not know. Although pediatricians overwhelmingly cited the need for many types of palliative care services, only 49.3% had ever referred patients to palliative care and 29.4% did not know whether local services existed. For 13 diseases that vary in life limitation, there was no consensus regarding the timing of referrals. Diversity across diseases predicted the most variation in referrals, whereas pediatrician characteristics did not.
CONCLUSIONS. Despite recommendations to refer children to palliative care early in the course of illness, most pediatricians define palliative care as similar to hospice care and refer patients once curative therapy is no longer an option. Creating a more-practical definition of care, one that emphasizes an array of services throughout the course of an illness, as opposed to hospice care, may increase earlier palliative care referrals for children with life-limiting illnesses.
Controlled Clinical Trial of Zolpidem for the Treatment of Insomnia Associated With Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Children 6 to 17 Years of Age
Authors: Blumer Jeffrey L. , Findling Robert L. , Shih Weichung Joe , Soubrane Christina , Reed Michael D. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate the hypnotic efficacy of zolpidem at 0.25 mg/kg per day (maximum of 10 mg/day), compared with placebo, in children 6 through 17 years of age who were experiencing insomnia associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
METHODS. An 8-week, North American, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted. Patients underwent stratification according to age (6–11 years [N = 111] or 12–17 years [N = 90]) and were assigned randomly to receive treatment with the study drug or placebo (in a 2:1 ratio). The primary efficacy variable was latency to persistent sleep between weeks 3 and 6. Secondary efficacy variables also were assessed, and behavioral and cognitive components of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were monitored. Safety was assessed on the basis of reports of adverse events, abnormal laboratory data, vital signs, and physical examination findings. The potential for next-day residual effects also was assessed.
RESULTS. The baseline-adjusted mean change in latency to persistent sleep at week 4 did not differ significantly between the zolpidem and placebo groups (−20.28 vs −21.27 minutes). However, differences favoring zolpidem were observed for the older age group in Clinical Global Impression scores at weeks 4 and 8. No next-day residual effects of treatment were associated with zolpidem, and no rebound phenomena occurred after treatment discontinuation. Central nervous system and psychiatric disorders were the most-frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (&gt;5%) that were observed more frequently with zolpidem than with placebo; these included dizziness, headache, and hallucinations. Ten (7.4%) patients discontinued zolpidem treatment because of adverse events.
CONCLUSION. Zolpidem at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg per day to a maximum of 10 mg failed to reduce the latency to persistent sleep on polysomnographic recordings after 4 weeks of treatment in children and adolescents 6 through 17 years of age who had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-associated insomnia.
Validity of Reported Varicella History as a Marker for Varicella Zoster Virus Immunity Among Unvaccinated Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in the Post–Vaccine Licensure Era
Authors: Perella Dana , Fiks Alexander G. , Jumaan Aisha , Robinson Donovan , Gargiullo Paul , Pletcher Jonathan , Forke Christine M. , Schmid D. Scott , Renwick Mia , Mankodi Foram , Watson Barbara , Spain C. Victor 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. We assessed the validity of reported varicella history as a marker for varicella zoster virus immunity among unvaccinated persons 1 to 29 years of age, and we examined varicella disease characteristics associated with varicella zoster virus immunity among those reporting positive histories.
METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional study at 7 community-based sites in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 2004 and May 2006 and recruited 1476 participants 1 to 29 years of age who had not been vaccinated against varicella. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were determined by comparing self-reported or parent-reported varicella histories from a standardized study interview with varicella zoster virus immunoglobulin G serological results for each participant. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine which disease characteristics best predicted seropositivity.
RESULTS. The sensitivity of reported varicella history was highest (81%–89%) among participants ≥10 years of age, whereas specificity was highest among participants 1 to 4 years of age (99%) and ≥20 years (88%). Reported varicella history was highly predictive of seropositivity (&gt;95%) only among participants ≥15 years of age. For participants 10 to 14 years of age, parental reports of a generalized itchy rash with 1 of the following were highly predictive of seropositivity: varicella transmission to another household member or being raised in a household with no other children. Among participants ≤9 years of age, no combination of disease characteristics was both highly predictive of seropositivity and common.
CONCLUSIONS. The validity of reported varicella history varies according to age, and a reported history is no longer highly predictive of seropositivity among cohorts born since 1994 (participants ≤9 years of age). Universal varicella vaccination, regardless of history, for these children should be considered, as should simplified criteria for varicella zoster virus immunity among unvaccinated persons born before 1994.
Safe Transportation of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants at Hospital Discharge
Authors: Bull Marilyn J. , Engle William A. ,   The Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn
Published: April 2009

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed August 2013 and June 2018.
Safe transportation of preterm and low birth weight infants requires special considerations. Both physiologic immaturity and low birth weight must be taken into account to properly position such infants. This clinical report provides guidelines for pediatricians and other caregivers who counsel parents of preterm and low birth weight infants about car safety seats.
Spatial Distribution, Energetic Status, and Food Habits of Eastern Bering Sea Age‐0 Walleye Pollock
Authors: Moss Jamal H. , Farley Edward V. , Feldmann Angela M. , Ianelli James N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAge‐0 walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma were collected from the eastern Bering Sea during years when ocean temperatures were anomalously warm (2004‐2005) and cool (2006‐2007). Variability in spatial distribution, food habits, energetic condition, and recruitment to the age‐1 life stage was investigated in relation to thermal regime. Age‐0 walleye pollock were large in size and widely distributed during warm years, whereas they were small and largely confined to the middle domain of the eastern Bering Sea during cool years. Energy density was positively correlated with body weight and was greater during years when conditions were anomalously cool. The proportion of smaller age‐0 walleye pollock in the diet of larger individuals was high when conditions were warm (21.9% of diet by weight), and euphausiids were the most important prey (36.5% of diet by weight) when conditions were cool. Eastern Bering Sea age‐0 walleye pollock were abundant and broadly distributed from Bristol Bay to offshore and northern locations during warm years; during cool years, age‐0 fish were less abundant and their distribution was constricted to the southeastern Bering Sea. An inverse relationship between brood year abundance and survival from age 0 to age 1 was found. Our results indicate that when spring (summer) sea temperatures on the eastern Bering Sea shelf are very warm and when the water column is highly stratified during summer, age‐0 walleye pollock allocate more energy to growth than to lipid storage, leading to low energy density before winter and thus to higher overwinter mortality.
Electrocardiographic Effects of Lofexidine and Methadone Coadministration: Secondary Findings from a Safety Study
Authors: Schmittner John , Schroeder Jennifer R. , Epstein David H. , Krantz Mori J. , Eid Nicole C. , Preston Kenzie L. 
Published: April 2009

Study Objective.To determine the electrocardiographic effects of coadministration of lofexidine and methadone.Design.Prospective, double‐blind study.Setting.Outpatient drug treatment research clinic.Participants.Fourteen adults (mean ± SD age 34.9 ± 5.3 yrs) with physical dependence on opioids.Intervention.Participants were stabilized on methadone maintenance therapy, reaching a target dose of 80 mg/day. After 3 weeks of methadone stabilization, participants received lofexidine 0.4 mg or placebo once/day, each for 1 week, administered at the same time as methadone. From weeks 3–8, all subjects received lofexidine, with the dose escalated each week in 0.2‐mg increments so that by week 8, participants were receiving lofexidine 1.6 mg/day. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained at baseline (before methadone), after stabilization with methadone, and after lofexidine coadministration during peak plasma lofexidine levels.Measurements and Main Results.Prespecified outcome measures of mean and maximal changes in heart rate, and PR, QRS, and QTc intervals were obtained after stabilization with methadone and after lofexidine 0.4 mg coadministration. Repeated‐measures regression showed no significant changes in heart rate or PR, QRS, or QTc interval after methadone stabilization, but a significant decrease in heart rate (mean ± SD −8.0 ± 7.3 beats/min, p=0.0006) after starting lofexidine. When data were analyzed by using maximal ECG response, again, no significant changes were noted during methadone induction compared with baseline, but significant changes did occur in all four ECG parameters when lofexidine was coadministered: decreased heart rate (mean ± SD −9.6 ± 5.8 beats/min, p<0.0001) and increased PR interval (+11.1 ± 19.8 msec, p=0.026), QRS interval (+3.7 ± 4.3 msec, p=0.002), and QTc interval (+21.9 ± 40.8 msec, p=0.018). In three female participants, the change in QTc interval from baseline was clinically significant (> 40 msec).Conclusion.Our preliminary data suggest that coadministration of lofexidine and methadone induces QTc interval prolongation. This drug combination should be prescribed cautiously, with ECG monitoring. Furthermore, because the participants with the largest changes in QTc interval in our study were female, women may be at highest risk.
Meteorologischer und phänologischer Jahresrückblick 2008 | Meteorological and phenological annual review for 2008
Authors: Defila Claudio 
Published: April 2009

Although the year 2008 in Switzerland belongs to the ten to twelve warmest years since the beginning of measurements, the effects on the development of the vegetation were not very striking. An extreme excess of heat was never registered except in the winter months and in May. The mild winter simply had an effect on the flowering of the hazel, occurring early to very early. Besides this, most of the phenological spring phases were observed at the normal point of time. However, at some observation stations, a small number of phenological phases showed a completely unusual date of occurrence. These were observed very late or even extremely late (new records). Because of the fact that this phenomenon was not only observed at one single phenological phase, showing no spatial pattern and no height dependence, no explanation was found for this extraordinary behavior of these plants. This clearly reflects, despite intensive research on phenology during the last years, that many natural processes are until now not or not yet understood by man. According to the changing weather, the development of the vegetation showed neither a consistent nor an outstanding pattern in the summer. However, the early leaf-fall of the beech was quite striking, caused by the cold snap at the beginning of October.
The year 2008 can be considered as a normal phenological year, except the early flowering of the hazel, the inexplicable records (late observations) and the early leaf-fall of the beech.
Instantiations of Multiscale Kinship in Pressing‐Defect Distributions in Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconias by Powder Partitioning
Authors: Pereira Raíssa Monteiro , Lohbauer Ulrich , Schulbert Christian , Göken Mathias , Wurmshuber Michael , Campos Tiago Bastos Moreira , Thim Gilmar Patrocínio , Mieller Björn , Belli Renan 
Published: April 2024

Modern dry pressing of ceramic powders using spray‐dried granulates cannot avoid the occurrence of defects related to persisting inter‐ and intra‐granulate interstitial voids. These constitute the parent defect size population limiting the application of polycrystalline ceramics in high‐stress conditions. The mitigation of such defects could widen the range of application in technical and biomedical engineering, reduce the safety range for design, and extend the lifetime of components. Herein, the Weibull size‐effect on strength in size‐partitioned Yttria‐stabilized zirconias (YSZ) feedstocks is used to explore the viability of changing the density distribution of granulate sizes as an effective strategy to obtain a denser particle packing that could reduce the size distribution of strength‐limiting pressing defects. In a direct assessment of critical defect size using multiscale strength testing with a dataset of ≈1300 values, the success of such an approach in increasing the strength reliability for small volume components is demonstrated, along with its ultimate failure in altering the defect size distribution in sintered YSZ ceramics across several length scales. Finally, it is shown that granule morphology (spherical or dimpled) fails to affect the defect density and size distribution in YSZ ceramics.
Cascade Nanoreactor Employs Mitochondrial‐Directed Chemodynamic and δ‐ALA‐Mediated Photodynamic Synergy for Deep‐Seated Oral Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yin Qiqi , Zhang Jie , Zhang Handan , Gao Jiamin , Weng Lin , Liu Tao , Sun Shuyang , Yao Yanli , Chen Xin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses significant challenges, leading to organ impairment and ineffective treatment of deep‐seated tumors, adversely affecting patient prognosis. A cascade nanoreactor that integrates photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) for comprehensive multimodal OSCC treatment is introduced. Utilizing iron oxide and mesoporous silica, the FMMSH drug delivery system, encapsulating the photosensitizer prodrug δ‐aminolevulinic acid (δ‐ALA), is developed. Triphenylphosphine (TPP) modification facilitates mitochondrial targeting, while tumor cell membrane (TCM) coating provides homotypic targeting. The dual‐targeting δ‐ALA@FMMSH‐TPP‐TCM demonstrate efficacy in eradicating both superficial and deep tumors through synergistic PDT/CDT. Esterase overexpression in OSCC cells triggers δ‐ALA release, and excessive hydrogen peroxide in tumor mitochondria undergoes Fenton chemistry for CDT. The synergistic interaction of PDT and CDT increases cytotoxic ROS levels, intensifying oxidative stress and enhancing apoptotic mechanisms, ultimately leading to tumor cell death. PDT/CDT‐induced apoptosis generates δ‐ALA‐containing apoptotic bodies, enhancing antitumor efficacy in deep tumor cells. The anatomical accessibility of oral cancer emphasizes the potential of intratumoral injection for precise and localized treatment delivery, ensuring focused therapeutic agent delivery to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects. Thus, δ‐ALA@FMMSH‐TPP‐TCM, tailored for intratumoral injection, emerges as a transformative modality in OSCC treatment.
Optimizing Gold‐Assisted Exfoliation of Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with (3‐Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES): A Promising Approach for Large‐Area Monolayers
Authors: Petrini Nicolò , Peci Ermes , Curreli Nicola , Spotorno Emma , Kazemi Tofighi Nastaran , Magnozzi Michele , Scotognella Francesco , Bisio Francesco , Kriegel Ilka 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTwo‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) have gained significant attention from the scientific community due to their exceptional properties. Recently, the metal‐assisted exfoliation technique has emerged as a promising method for producing large‐area, high‐quality 2D monolayers. However, achieving strong adhesion between metal foil and substrate during the exfoliation process remains a major challenge, preventing successful exfoliation. To overcome this issue, this study explores the application of (3‐Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as an adhesion layer to substantially improve adhesion between the monolayers and hydrophilic substrates such as SiO2, allowing for a high yield of mm‐sized monolayers. Two sample sets, obtained from the same MoS2 crystal via gold‐assisted exfoliation with APTES‐treated substrates and from standard scotch tape exfoliation, are statistically compared. APTES significantly improves exfoliation performance, yielding larger monolayers compared to conventional methods. This improvement enables the effective exfoliation with the gold‐tape method, which otherwise results in no yield. Through Raman and photoluminescence characterization techniques, it is found that the flakes obtained from gold‐assisted exfoliation and APTES are comparable to those obtained by standard scotch‐tape exfoliation in terms of defects and optical properties, showing signatures of strain‐induced Raman shift and n‐type doping.