bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nematodes of Sheep in Manawatu District, New Zealand
Authors: Tetley J. H. 
Published: June 2009

Twenty-five species of Nematode have been found to be present in sheep in Manawatu district. The species of greatest economic importance were found to be in most cases of importance in other temperate climates.In the cases of certain species, saturation of Manawatu district has not yet occurred, e.g., in the cases of Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi.The countries of origin of the foundation stock have limited the number of species. Most of the importations have been made from Britain and Australia.As few nematodes of the sheep require intermediate hosts, their entrance to a new country, New Zealand, has not been prevented to any extent on this ground. Muellerius capillaris has been able to survive on account of the abundance of its normal host, which has been introduced also.The climate of Manawatu is such that the extremes of summer and winter are not severe enough to exert complete control on the various species. Infective stages are well able to survive these less favourable periods. The climate is sufficiently equable to enable out of door pasturing throughout the year, so that in the cases of most species of nematoda infection it is possible also throughout the year.The farming systems in vogue involve almost solely the use of permanent pasture which is mostly of high carrying capacity. This enables concentration of stock and in conjunction with continuous grazing throughout the year, enables the excessive multiplication of the various species of nematodes.The prominence placed on the fat lamb industry means that much attention is devoted to the raising of a population susceptible to worm infection.A prevailing practice is to introduce culls from the surrounding hill districts for purposes of fattening, and sheep from the Hawke's Bay district in time of drought. There is consequently a continual introduction of parasites in these animals.Cattle are the chief reservoir hosts of nematodes of sheep in Manawatu district. These occur in large numbers in the district and frequently dairying is combined with sheep farming, so that they become important sources of infection to sheep in respect to some species of worm, e.g., Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi.It would seem that the tendency in the district is towards the increasing of the carrying capacity of pasture. This should result in the multiplication of parasites, particularly Nematodes, to a greater extent than has been the case.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. I. Demonstration of resistance to reinfection using a model system that involves perfusion of mice within three weeks of challenge
Authors: Doenhoff M. , Bickle Q. , Long E. , Bain J. , McGregor A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe degree of resistance acquired by Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice against homologous challenge has been determined by perfusion of the animals within three weeks of the challenge, at which time the challenge-derived organisms were morphologically distinguishable from the primary infection which induced the resistance. The method has been compared with assays based on determination of the number of organisms migrating through the lung, and with perfusions at a later time when the challenge has matured. The results obtained with the three week perfusion method, showing that resistance was acquired by eight weeks after a primary infection, were confirmed by the longer survival of, and reduced egg excretion rates and tissue egg burdens in the experimental animals relative to respective challenge control animals. However, some discrepancy in challenge-derived worm numbers was found between animals perfused three weeks after challenge and those autopsied at later times. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The degree of resistance that was acquired was to some extent dependent on the size of the challenge infection.
Life history of Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) from the freshwater fish Channa punctata
Authors: Madhavi R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe life cycle of Genarchopsis goppo a hemiurid trematode found in the stomach of Channa punctata has been worked out in detail. The egg contains a fully developed miracidium at the time of liberation. The miracidium contains a ciliated covering, a long apical gland and a crown of spines at the anterior end. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate host inside which the miracidium passes through sporocyst and redial generations. The cercaria is of cystophorous type and is identical to Cercariae Indicae Sewell XXXV. Metacercaria occurs in the ostracods Stenocypris malcolmsoni and Eucyoris capensis. The fish Aplocheilus panchax serves as the paratenic host. The entire developmental cycle from egg to egg producing adult takes 3 months.
Studies of the relationships betweenSchistosomaand their intermediate hosts. 1. The genusBulinusandSchistosoma haematobiumfrom Egypt
Authors: Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe susceptibility ofBulinus truncatus, B. tropicus, B. natalensis, B. coulboisi, B. globosus, B. cernicusandB. wrightitoSchistosoma haematobiumfrom Egypt were examined. Eighteen different populations ofB. truncatuswere investigated.A new method of measuring the compatibility between schistosomes and the intermediate snail hosts, the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snail, is introduced.AllB. truncatuspopulations became infected and could be divided in four groups according to the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails. In the first group the cercarial production varied from 250 000 to 500 000 and in the last group between 5000 and 20 000. The first group had a high infection rate of 62 to 100% and a low mortality of approximately 10% and the last group showed a very low infection rate and a high mortality.B. globosus(Rhodesia),B. cernicusandB. wrightibecame infected, whileB. globosus(Zaire),B. coulboisi, B. natalensisandB. tropicuswere refractory.The shortest prepatent period was 26 days at a room temperature of 26°C. The maximum cercariae production for one snail in one day was 600 and the longest duration of infection was 200 days.Experimenting with different doses of miracidia, 5 to 50 per snail, resulted in a one hundred per cent infection and a low mortality of 10%. There was only a slight variation in the cercarial production.
The anoplocephalid cestode parasites of the spectacled hare-wallaby,Lagorchestes conspicillatusGould, 1842 (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)
Authors: Beveridge I. , Thompson R. C. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTProgamotaenia gynandrolinearissp. nov. is described from the small intestine ofLagorchestes conspicillatusGould, 1842 from Barrow I., Western Australia. It is distinguished from other species by the small number of testes arranged in a single transverse row.Progamotaenia lagorchestis(Lewis, 1914) is redescribed. The nameProgamotaenia thylogalesp. nov. is proposed for a second species described previously under the nameP. lagorchestis. Progamotaenia zschokkei(Janicki, 1905),Progamotaenia festiva(Rudolphi, 1819) andProgamotaenia villosa(Lewis, 1914) were also found inL. conspicillatus.
Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan comb. nov. from Malaysian rodent hosts with a special note on intraspecific morphological variation
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. , Sullivan John T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTNeodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani Betterton, 1976 has been reported from four species of rodent hosts: Echinosorex gymnurus (Raffles): Rattus whiteheadi (Thos); R. muelleri (Jentink) and Callosciurus notatus (Boddaert). A comparison of trematodes recovered from these hosts revealed patterns of host-induced morphological variation taking place. Because N. (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani shows little generic difference from Fibricola intermedius (Pearson, 1959) Sudarikov, 1960 it is transferred to the genus Fibricola and is now designated Fibricola ramachadrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan.
Effect of diethylcarbamazine on the concentration of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in hydrocoele fluid and urine
Authors: Kale Oladele O. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of graded doses of diethylcarbamazine on the concentration of microfilariae in the hydrocoele fluid, urine and skin of patients suffering from onchocerciasis was studied. The results showed that a significant number of microfilariae migrated into hydrocoele fluid and urine immediately after the drug was given and thereafter returned to pre-treatment levels rather more quickly in the former than the latter. The increase was found to be roughly directly proportional to the intensity of infection in the skin. By contrast the skin concentration of microfilariae fell sharply after treatment and remained significantly lower than pre-treatment levels for over four weeks. The potential use to which these observations could be put with respect to clinical screening of drugs in onchocerciasis is discussed.
Histochemical studies on Raillietina (Raillietina) johri (Cestoda: Davaineidae). II. Nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase
Authors: Roy T. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase have been studied histochemically in Raillietina (Raillietina) johri. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity has been observed in the tegument, subtegumental muscle, subtegumental cells, medullary parenchyma, excretory canal and various reproductive structures like testes, ovary, vas deferens, spermatozoa and vitellaria. Eggs exhibit moderate enzyme activity. Various nucleoside diphosphates have been found to be hydrolyzed by thiamine pyrophosphatase. CaC12, MgC12 and MnC12 each activated the enzyme at a final concentration of 6 mM whereas cysteine, reduced glutathione and PCMB inhibited the enzyme activity at a final concentration of 10 mM, 10 mM and 20mM, respectively. KCN and NaF had no effect on the enzyme staining at concentration as high as 50 mM and 30 mM, respectively. Possible roles of the enzyme in the parasite have been discussed.
The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 1. The routine use of latex-agglutination and complement-fixation in diagnosis
Authors: Dighero Mabel W. , Bradstreet C. M. Patricia 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe combined use of complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) tests is reported on sera from 6328 patients with suspected hydatid disease; 191 were confirmed positive at operation (‘known positives’). Results by LA are related to CF titres.Both tests were negative in 90% of specimens. Nine patients were subsequently found infected of whom 3 became positive in tests after operation.Of sera positive in both tests, 75% were from ‘known positives’. The remainder were almost certainly from infected patients.Half the patients whose sera were La positive/CF⋜¼ were follow-up ‘known positives’ in whom CF titres had waned; 2 were early infections.Only 3% of the cases with an LA negative/CF titre of ⋝1/16 were ‘known positives’ and 6% where the CF titre was 1/8. The remaining CF results in the group were false positives and accounted for 1.2% of all sera tested. Findings show that a CF titre ⋝1/8 with positive LA indicates past or present infection; a negative CF test with positive LA usually indicates past infection; rarely, infection is present when a CF titre is ⋝1/8 and LA is negative. A rising CF titre and positive LA indicates current infection; reliable prognosis following treatment is given by CF.
Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan
Authors: Jones Arlene 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTProteocephalus pentastoma and Polyonchobothrium polypteri are redescribed from specimens from Polypterus spp. in the Sudan. Proteocephalus pentastoma is considered to be a valid species.
Immunodiagnosis of human filariasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using Litomosoides carinii antigens
Authors: Dasgupta A. , Bala Shukal , Banerjee A. , Chaudhury A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe presence of precipitin antibody and soluble circulating antigen was demonstrated in sera of individuals with clinical filariasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigens derived from Litomosoides carinii and antisera raised in rabbits to the adult worm antigens were used for the detection of antibody and antigen in human sera. Of 35 subjects, 2 had microfilariae in the peripheral blood, 9 soluble circulating antigen, 19 antibody in sera, and 6 had both antigen and antibody. It suggests that 5.7% of cases diagnosed as bancroftian filariasis by parasitological examination can be increased to 62.8% by serological means.
Experimental infection of chickens with Ancylostoma caninum: migration and distribution of larvae in tissues
Authors: Agarwal R. K. , Johri G. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTwo hundred one-day-old male white leghorn chikens (Gallus domesticus) divided into 4 groups were inoculated with a single dose of 500, 1000, 2000 or 4000 filariform larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Larval recoveries were made from different tissues at intervals from 4 hours to 72 hours after infection. Larval migration in the heart took place within 4 hours in all the groups except group A with 500 larvae and in thoracic muscle at 8 hours. Larvae also migrated into liver, lungs and neck muscle within 12 hours and into leg muscle at 18 hours. No larvae were recovered from the muscles after 72 hours of infection. Larvae did not migrate into kidney, spleen and central nervous system throughout the experimental period.
Taeniasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Nigeria: I—prevalence of human taeniasis, cysticercosis and hydatidosis based on a retrospective analysis of hospital records
Authors: Dada B. J. O 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA retrospective analysis of hospital records in 3 ecological zones of Nigeria was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of human taeniasis, cysticercosis and hydatidosis.The prevalence of Taenia infection in Sudan, Bauchi Plateau and Northern Guinea zones wa 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.6% respectively. The prevalence of human taeniasis by age and sex in the 3 ecological zones indicates that males were more often infected. Because males by habit eat more “suya” (half-grilled beef) than females, they are more likely to be exposed to Taenia saginata cysts. As for age factor, Taenia infection was more common up to the age of 40.Human hydatidosis was recorded only once in the Sudan zone and was not recorded at all in the Northern Guinea and Bauchi zones. Human cysticercosis was not documented in any of the three ecological zones covered by the survey.It is suspected that the low prevalence or the non-documentation of some of these diseases is due to poor diagnostic facilitis and inefficient disease-recording system.
Nematospiroides dubius: stimulation of acquired immunity in inbred strains of mice
Authors: Behnke Jerzy M. , Wakelin D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe development of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius was studied in three strains of inbred mice (BALB/c, C3H and NIH). Although a primary infection in NIH mice persisted for two months without evidence of a reduction in worm numbers, female mice of this strain readily developed resistance to reinfection. The degree of resistance was enhanced when an immunizing infection of 600 larvae was administered as 6 separate doses of 100 larvae given between days 0 and 11, and the worms removed by anthelmintic treatment given on days 15, 21, 28 and 35. Immunity in mice immunized in this way was manifest both as a reduction in worm recoveries on days 9–14 after challenge and also as an expulsion of established worms from the intestine. BALB/c mice were initially less resistant, but expelled most of the worms which became established; C3H mice showed no evidence of expulsion. The finding that inbred NIH and BALB/c mice acquire resistance to N. dubius offers possibilities for the systematic analysis of lymphoid cell activity in initiating and expressing immunity to this parasite.
Studies on the pathogenesis of a strain of Schistosoma mattheei maintained in hamsters
Authors: Dargie J. D. , Berry C. I. , Holmes P. H. , Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAs a continuation of our studies on the pathogenesis of domestic animal schistosomiasis, eleven Suffolk X Border Leicester sheep were each infected with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae, sixteen with 5000 cercariae, and thirteen acted as worm-free controls. Blood samples were taken weekly for packed cell volume determination, serum samples were collected weekly during the first 30 weeks and thereafter fortnightly for protein analysis, and samples from the rectum were obtained at similar intervals for faecal egg counts. At intervals, 4–8 animals from each group were placed in metabolism cages for periods of 2–3 weeks to monitor albumin and red cell turnover. The animals were necropsied at 13, 35 or 57 weeks after infection, their worms recovered by perfusion and various tissues were collected for histological examination and egg counting.A most unexpected finding was the almost complete absence of clinical signs in most of the infected animals, the only manifestations of infection being a slight retardation in growth and a mild anaemia between the 2nd and 5th months. These findings were quite unlike previous ones and were remarkable in view of the large cercarial exposure doses used and the heavy worm and tissue egg counts these produced. However, the present infections differed in two respects from those described previously: there was an absence of eggs from the faeces with associated lack of intestinal bleeding, and also large numbers of worms died in the later stages of the infections. In our previous studies with S. mattheei we used the same parasite but the sheep used in the current study were infected after the parasite had undergone several passages in laboratory hamsters. This fortuitous reduction in the pathogenicity of the parasite provided comparative haematological and parasitological data indicating that the major factor in the aetiology of severe S. mattheei infection in sheep is intestinal bleeding caused by the passage of eggs through the bowel wall.
The site preferences of two digeneans, Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae, in the intestine of the roach
Authors: Evans N. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe digeneans Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae showed distinct and different site preferences in the roach intestine, the majority of A. kubanicum being found in the first limb and the majarity of S. bramae occurring in the second and third limbs. A. kubanicum excysts and establishes itself in the first limb and this is considered to be the basis of the observed distribution of the parasite in the host's intestine. The site preference of S. bramae is discussed in relation to the physiology of the parasite and the host and to possible competitive interactions with A. kubanicum.
Immunization of sheep against a virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei using a strain of S. mattheei attenuated by hamster passage
Authors: Dargie J. D. , Berry C. I. , Holmes P. H. , Reid J. F. S. , Breeze R. , Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWe have previously described the characteristics of a relatively non-pathogenic laboratory strain of S. mattheei, attenuation of which was apparently caused by passage in hamsters. We now show that chronic infection with this avirulent strain largely protects sheep from the manifestations of acute schistosomiasis when challenged with a virulent strain of S. mattheei.Four sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the avirulent strain and, together with four worm-free sheep, challenged 63 weeks later with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae of a pathogenic strain. Four more sheep acted as uninfected controls. Following challenge, the animals were weighed and bled weekly for PCV and serum protein determinations, and egg counts were carried out fortnightly on faeces taken from the rectum. Red cell and albumin turnover were monitored for two weeks immediately before challenge and for a similar period before necropsy, when the adult worms were recovered by perfusion and tissues sampled for histopathology and egg counting.The unvaccinated sheep developed severe disease 6—12 weeks after exposure characterised by marked anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyper-gamma globulinaemia coinciding with the passage of blood-stained faeces and progressive inappetence. In the vaccinated sheep, there was and even earlier rise in gamma globulins, but the other clinico-pathological changes were generally slower to develop and much milder in severity. The parasitological data showed that although this was partly due to a reduction in the establishment of the challenge worm population the main factor was probably a reduction in the fecundity of these worms.
Role of oesophageal glands in the digestive physiology of two rumen amphistomesOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumandParamphistomum cervi
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Hora C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistochemical techniques have been used to study the chemical composition of the oesophageal gland secretions ofOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumandParamphistomum cervi. Results suggest that the secretions contain numerous enzymes, e.g., non-specific alkaline and acid phosphatases, ATPase, TPPase, esterase (Cathepsin C like), β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The role of these enzymes in the digestion of food in these amphistomes is discussed.On the basis of histological and histochemical studies the caecal epithelium of the two amphistomes has been found to be syncytial bearing regularly arranged numerous, long but equal-sized and closely packed cylindrical microvilli. The role of various hydrolytic enzymes in well fed and starved flukes in relation to their gastrodermis and microvilli has also been discussed.
Histochemical localization of esterases in Avitellina lahorea Woodland, 1927 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalida)
Authors: Farooq Rashid , Farooqi H. U. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpecific and non-specific esterases have been localized in sections and whole mounts of Avitellina lahorea, an intestinal parasite of sheep and goats. Non-specific esterases (NSE) were found in the sucker muscles, post-acetabular ganglia, nerve trunks, tegument, excretory canals, cirrus sac, vagina, uterus and the inner membrane of the embryophore. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed in all the above organs, including vas deferens and sperm ducts, but was absent from excretory canals and eggs. Tests with acetylthiocholine iodide (AThChI) revealed the nervous system, vas deferens, sperm ducts, uterus, cirrus sac and the vagina. The intensity of activity of AChE and AThChI was weak compared to NSE.
Ascaridoid nematodes of sirenians—a new species in the Senegal manatee
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAnother species in the genus Heterocheilus Diesing, 1839, collected from Trichechus senegalensis, is described. It differs from H. tunicatus in possessing elongate cuticular plaques on the body surface in the oesophageal region, a cuticle-lined vestibule between mouth and oesophagus, and triangular interlabial structures. A comparison is made between specimens of H. tunicatus from T. manatus and the specimens from T. inunguis described in a previous paper (Sprent, 1980).