bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilisation of transdermal fentanyl in Germany from 2004 to 2006
Authors: Garbe Edeltraut , Jobski Kathrin , Schmid Ulrike 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose Oral morphine is the first‐choice opioid for moderate to severe cancer pain. Transdermal fentanyl is an alternative in patients with stable requirements of high‐potency opioids (HPO) or if drugs cannot be taken orally. Drug regulatory authorities have issued several alerts to use transdermal fentanyl only for chronic pain and in HPO‐tolerant patients to minimise the risk of severe opioid side effects. The aim of this study was to characterise utilisation of transdermal fentanyl in Germany.Methods The analysis was based on data from four German statutory health insurances from the years 2004–2006. Descriptive analyses were performed in new users of transdermal fentanyl to assess HPO‐naïvety, potential difficulties with the oral route in HPO‐naïve patients and the number of transdermal fentanyl dispensations. The initial dose in new users was assessed in 2005–2006 after marketing of transdermal fentanyl 12.5 µg/hour.Results Of 35 262 patients with new use of transdermal fentanyl, 29 793 (84.5%) were assessed as HPO‐naïve. Of those, 21 596 (72.5%) did not have diagnoses indicating difficulties with the oral route. For 71.2% of the HPO‐naïve new users of transdermal fentanyl, the first dose exceeded the recommended dose of 12.5 µg/hour, and 49.3% of them received only one prescription of the drug.Conclusions Transdermal fentanyl was used as a first‐choice opioid, which may increase the risk of serious opioid side effects, in a substantial number of HPO‐naïve patients. Inappropriate prescribing included also high initial doses in HPO‐naïve patients and possible prescription for acute pain in a considerable proportion of patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delocalized π‐electrons in 2‐oxazoline rings resulting in negatively charged nitrogen atoms: revealing the selectivity during the initiation of cationic ring‐opening polymerizations
Authors: Bodner Thomas , Ellmaier Lisa , Schenk Verena , Albering Jörg , Wiesbrock Frank 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe inventory of the single‐crystal X‐ray structures of aliphatic and aromatic 2‐oxazolines, namely 2‐nonyl‐2‐oxazoline, 2,2′‐tetramethylenebis(2‐oxazoline) and 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline, reveals significant delocalization of π‐electrons along the NCO segment. The delocalization of π‐electrons is stabilized by inductive and resonance contributions of the side‐chains; in 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline, also π‐arene interactions between the benzene ring and the CN and the CO bond stabilize the crystalline phase. This delocalization gives a partial negative charge to the nitrogen atom and a partial positive charge to the oxygen atom. The partial negative charge of the nitrogen atom makes this atom the exclusive reaction partner also for highly reactive non‐selective cations, which explains the regioselectivity of electrophilic attacks in cationic ring‐opening polymerizations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
RhoGDIα suppresses growth and survival of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Zhu Yezi , Tummala Ramakumar , Liu Chengfei , Nadiminty Nagalakshmi , Lou Wei , Evans Christopher P. , Zhou Qinghua , Gao Allen C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDTreatment for primary prostate cancer (CaP) is the withdrawal of androgens. However, CaP eventually progresses to grow in a castration‐resistant state. The mechanisms involved in the development and progression of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remain unknown. We have previously generated LNCaP‐IL6+ cells by treating LNCaP cells chronically with interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), which have acquired the ability to grow in androgen‐deprived conditions.METHODSWe compared the protein expression profile of LNCaP and LNCaP‐IL6+ cells using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. The gels were then silver stained in order to visualize proteins and the differentially expressed spots were identified and characterized by micro sequencing using MALDI‐PMF mass spectrometry.RESULTSIn this study, we have identified RhoGDIα (GDIα) as a suppressor of CaP growth. Expression of GDIα was reduced in LNCaP‐IL6+ cells and was down‐regulated in more aggressive CaP cells compared to LNCaP cells. Over expression of GDIα inhibited the growth of CaP cells and caused LNCaP‐IL6+ cells reversal to androgen‐sensitive state, while down‐regulation of GDIα enhanced growth of androgen‐sensitive LNCaP CaP cells in androgen‐deprived conditions. In addition, GDIα suppressed the tumorigenic ability of prostate tumor xenografts in vivo.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that loss of GDIα expression promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 72:392–398, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of physical (roughness) and chemical (dielectric constant) leaf surface properties relevant to wettability and adhesion
Authors: Nairn Justin J , Forster W Alison , van Leeuwen Rebecca M 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Spray droplet adhesion is dependent not only on formulation and droplet parameters but also on the surface properties (physical and chemical) of the leaf. Quantifying these leaf surface properties would aid understanding and modelling of adhesion, helping to optimise spray formulations. Fractal dimensions (FDs) were used to quantify the relative leaf surface roughness of ten plant species. Static droplet contact angles were measured on each leaf surface, and wetting tension was calculated. Chemical profiles of the leaf surfaces were developed by evaluating contact angle behaviour relative to solution dielectric constants.RESULTS: The FDs of Cryo‐SEM micrographs taken at 300× magnification gave the best correlation with adhesion. The wetting tension intercept had a strong relationship with mean adhesion, and successfully accounted for the wettability of the outlier species.CONCLUSIONS: The microroughness of the leaf surface, as revealed by Cryo‐SEM, can be quantified by fractal dimension analysis. However, the wetting tension intercept is a more useful universal measure of the surface properties of the leaf (including roughness) as they pertain to adhesion. The slope of the wetting tension versus dielectric constant plot allowed preliminary quantification of the chemical contribution of leaf surface dielectric behaviour to adhesion. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical absorption related to Fe impurities in TlGaSe2
Authors: Grivickas Vytautas , Gavryushin Vladimir , Grivickas Paulius , Galeckas Augustinas , Bikbajevas Vitalijus , Gulbinas Karolis 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAbsorption measurements of TlGaSe2 crystals intentionally doped with Fe show growing optical transitions below the band gap energies as impurity concentration increase. The comprehensive theoretical analysis is performed for elucidation of subband absorption spectra by using valence band‐to‐Fe centre optical transitions. We identify three deep donor levels at 1.33, 1.475, and 1.77 eV, respectively, with rather similar doping and temperature dependences. Energy position of levels follows temperature shrinkage of the lowest direct band gap rather than of the indirect band gap. Electron–phonon and static structural broadening is evaluated and the corresponding configurational coordinate diagram of Fe centres is constructed. Subtraction of calculated band‐to‐Fe centre absorption from the total absorption spectrum shows that the fundamental absorption edge structure of the TlGaSe2 crystal remains almost unchanged at least to the doping level of Fe = 0.5%. However, Fe impurities cancel low‐temperature photoluminescence.
Microstructure of Sn1–xPbxS grown by hot‐wall technique
Authors: Wagner Gerald , Kaden Ronny , Lazenka Vera , Bente Klaus 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOrthorhombic Sn1–xPbxS (x ≈ 0.1) was grown on glass substrates by hot‐wall technique. The entire deposited material is subdivided into a more or less continuous layer and whiskers grown on it. The former one consists of stacked blocks with their c‐axis always parallel to growth direction. However, each block is alternately rotated 90° around the [001] against its underlying and following one. Therefore, the boundaries between them are twist boundaries having an orthogonal network of pure screw dislocations due to plastic relaxation. On these blocks Sn1–xPbxS whiskers of the same composition grow via a VLS mechanism. Especially, these whiskers consist of either thicker misaligned blocks, too (at 300 °C), or at higher growth temperatures (e.g., 320 °C) they contain many 90°‐twisted very thin strained sequences being intergrown pseudomorphically. Based on α‐SnS (Herzenbergite) a structural model is presented which is sufficient to describe the defects observed and to simulate the corresponding HRTEM images.
Anodic Deposition of Colloidal Iridium Oxide Thin Films from Hexahydroxyiridate(IV) Solutions
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Vargas‐Barbosa Nella M. , Hernandez‐Pagan Emil A. , Mallouk Thomas E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA facile, in‐situ deposition route to stable iridium oxide (IrOx·nH2O) nanoparticle thin films from [Ir(OH)6]2− solutions is reported. The [Ir(OH)6]2− solution, made by alkaline hydrolysis of [IrCl6]2−, is colorless and stable near neutral pH, and forms blue IrOx·nH2O nanoparticle suspensions once it is adjusted to acidic or basic conditions. IrOx·nH2O nanoparticle thin films are grown anodically on glassy carbon, fluorine‐doped tin oxide, and gold electrodes by electrolyzing [Ir(OH)6]2− solutions at +1.0–1.3 V versus Ag/AgCl. The thickness of the IrOx·nH2O films can be controlled by varying the concentration of [Ir(OH)6]2−, the deposition potential, and/or the deposition time. These thin films are stable between pH 1 and 13 and have the lowest overpotential (η) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of any yet reported. Near neutral pH, the Tafel slope for the OER at a IrOx·nH2O film/Au rotating disk electrode was 37–39 mV per decade. The exchange current density for the OER was 4–8 × 10−10 A cm−2 at a 4 mC cm−2 coverage of electroactive Ir.
Preparation of granular cold‐water‐soluble corn starch by surface modification with poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Wang Jiwen , Zhai Wentao , Zheng Wenge 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe main target of this study is to synthesize one kind of granular cold‐water‐soluble (GCWS) starch by grafting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments onto the surface of native starch granules. It is found that the grafting process could introduce long PEG chains onto the granule surface, resulting in the presence of special micropits on the granule surface, as characterized by SEM. The cold water solution test verified that the resultant PEG‐grafted corn starches exhibited excellent cold‐water‐solubility. The XRD analysis and further polar optical micrograph (POM) observation indicated that the crystallites structure inside the PEG‐grafted corn starches was fully preserved, since no gelatinization process was involved. The present study provides a new train of thought that we can adjust the physiochemical properties of starch granules with proper surface modification.
Design of floor structures against human‐induced vibrations
Authors: Hicks Stephen J. , Smith Andrew L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA simple method for designing floor structures against humaninduced vibrations is presented in a joint JRC‐ECCS publication, which was developed from two major European research projects supported by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS). The simple method is appropriate for floors where the response is dominated by the first eigenmode being excited by walking. This paper presents a general design method that was also developed within the scope of these RFCS projects and is based on a modal superposition approach. The method has a wider range of application as it may be applied to any floor type and, in addition to walking, other human activities can be readily included. The general design methodology has been successfully used in the UK since 2004 on a variety of steel‐framed floors, which have included office, hospital, residential and dance floors.
Valorization of Beef Tallow by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification with High Oleic Sunflower Oil
Authors: Segura Nadia , da Silva Roberta Claro , de M. Soares Fabiana A. Schäfer , Gioielli Luiz Antonio , Jachmanián Iván 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlthough beef tallow (BT) has been considered a hard low‐trans fat convenient to be used in several bakery applications, it has some undesirable characteristics like fatty acid composition, crystallization behavior, graininess formation and poor plastic range. This work studied the modification of BT by blending at different percentages with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO) followed by the enzyme‐catalyzed interesterification of the blends. The reduction in the solid fat content achieved by the simple blending was enhanced by the interesterification process, as a result of the increase in the concentration of the diunsaturated monosaturated type triacylglycerols. Interesterification strongly impacted too on the crystallization behavior of the blends, since products showed more homogeneous and regular crystals than the starting mixture. Results show that lipase catalyzed interesterification of BT with HOSFO offers a useful tool for the design of fats with adjustable physicochemical properties, improved with respect to that of the starting fats.
Endochronic Fatigue Life Prediction of SN/3.5AG/0.75CU BGA Solder Joints Under Oblique Displacement Cyclic Tests
Authors: Lee C. F. , Lin T. T. , Tsai P. S. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, cyclic damage behavior of cyclically load drop curves and their fatigue initiation life of Sn/3.5 Ag/0.75Cu BGA solder joint specimens under oblique displacement cyclic tests were investigated by the theory of damage — coupled endochronic viscoplasticity.By linearly unloading with damage elastic modulus and the linearly damage-free behavior of grip system, the damage loops of force-Φ angle oblique displacement of BGA solder joint specimen were converted successfully into damage loops of the representative solder ball under cyclically proportional straining, which can be predicted by the endochronic constitutive equations. These results established the relationship of the BGA oblique displacement amplitudes da(Φ) and the effective inelastic strain amplitudes of solder ball: da (Φ)= . Based on the phenomena of cyclic damage and its fatigue life, a Φ dependent degree of damage in the evolution equation of damage under proportional strain path was proposed to depend positively on and N cycles. Using this parameter in the damage per cycle computed by the endochronic theory, a Φ modified cycles N(Φ)/β(Φ) can be defined and then derive the Φ modified Lee-Coffin-Manson (Φ-LCM) equation for the fatigue initiation life of solder ball:Finally, a Φ modified Lee's BGA (Φ LBGA) equation for BGA solder joint specimens can be derived:This equation can predict quite well the life data of Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu solder joint specimens under Φ ϵ [0π/2]. As a consequence, a vehicle to study the fatigue initiation life of BGA solder joint specimens is constructed completely by the workable methodology and the theory discussed in the paper.
Cinematographic Analysis of Counter Jet Formation in a Single Cavitation Bubble Collapse Flow
Authors: Yang S.-H. , Jaw S.-Y. , Yeh K.-C. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis study utilized a U-shape platform device to generate a single cavitation bubble for the detail analysis of the flow field characteristics and the cause of the counter jet during the process of bubble collapse induced by pressure wave. A series of bubble collapse flows induced by pressure waves of different strengths are investigated by positioning the cavitation bubble at different stand-off distances to the solid boundary. It is found that the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices are formed when the liquid jet induced by the pressure wave penetrates the bubble surface. If the bubble center to the solid boundary is within one to three times the bubble's radius, a stagnation ring will form on the boundary when impacted by the penetrated jet. The liquid inside the stagnation ring is squeezed toward the center of the ring to form a counter jet after the bubble collapses. At the critical position, where the bubble center from the solid boundary is about three times the bubble's radius, the bubble collapse flows will vary. Depending on the strengths of the pressure waves applied, either just the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices form around the penetrated jet or the penetrated jet impacts the boundary directly to generate the stagnation ring and the counter jet flow. This phenomenon used the particle image velocimetry method can be clearly revealed the flow field variation of the counter jet. If the bubble surface is in contact with the solid boundary, the liquid jet can only splash radially without producing the stagnation ring and the counter jet. The complex phenomenon of cavitation bubble collapse flows are clearly manifested in this study.
Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Energy Storage System
Authors: Mohamadi Zaeem Moosavi , Zohoor Hassan , Assadi Morteza Khalaji , Hamidi Ali A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, a method for increasing the storage capability of a solar thermal energy system has been discussed. The system includes two tanks with the flexibility in choosing the best storage medium on the basis of the solar collector's outlet temperature. The results show that using such a hybrid storage system, the storable energy can be increased. Comparing the results with those for simple common storage systems, the extent of improvement was calculated.For verification of the results, a small pilot system was assembled. The test apparatus operated during 2008-2009 cold months and the parameters were recorded. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental results showed a good agreement.
ON COLLINEAR CLOSED ONE-FORMS
Authors: GELBUKH IRINA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe study one-forms with zero wedge-product, which we call collinear, and their foliations. We characterise the set of forms that define a given foliation, with special attention to closed forms and forms with small singular sets. We apply the notion of collinearity to give a criterion for the existence of a compact leaf and to study homological properties of compact leaves.
ON MINIMAL SURFACES SATISFYING THE OMORI–YAU PRINCIPLE
Authors: BORBÉLY ALBERT 
Published: June 2011

AbstractComplete minimal immersions satisfying the Omori–Yau maximum principle are investigated. It is shown that the limit set of a proper immersion into a convex set must be the whole boundary of the convex set. In case of a nonproper and nonplanar immersion we prove that the convex hull of the immersion is a half-space or ℝ3.
A 160-GHz low-noise downconversion receiver front-end in a SiGe HBT technology
Authors: Öjefors Erik , Pourchon Franck , Chevalier Pascal , Pfeiffer Ullrich R. 
Published: June 2011

A 160-GHz SiGe-HBT (Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor) down-conversion receiver front-end for use in active millimeter-wave imaging arrays and D-band communication applications is presented. The monolithic front-end consists of a three-stage low-noise amplifier providing 24 dB of gain and a Gilbert-cell mixer capable of operating from a −8-dBm LO signal. A fully differential architecture compatible with balanced on or off-chip antennas is used to avoid the need for on-chip baluns in antenna-integrated applications. The implemented downconversion front-end consumes 50 mA from a 3.3 V supply and requires a 0.1 mm2 die area (excl. pads) per channel. With a 160-GHz input signal and an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of 1 GHz, the implemented front-end yields a 25-dB conversion gain, a −30-dBm input compression point, and a 9-dB/7-dB (with/without auxiliary on-chip input balun) system noise figure.
Signatures of spatial organizations – From the universe of proteins to the universe in general
Authors: Mittal Aditya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPattern generation and recognition in 3-D space have been of wide interest in fields varying from atomic and molecular structures to organization of celestial objects. Our thoughts towards investigating patterns (and elucidation of geometrical rules) followed by a known number of points with specific or specified coordinates are guided by the assumption/belief that there must be some thermodynamic and/or kinetic basis leading to the organization of coordinates of the known points. In terms of biomolecular structures, the DNA double helix is one of the strongest examples of such structures with coordinates of atoms in the phosphate backbone and the side-chains provide a helical geometrical configuration. It needs to be appreciated (and emphasized) that, regardless of the system in consideration (e.g. molecular structures or celestial objects), the sample space of known points utilized to investigate underlying patterns is comprised of only remnants or subsets of a larger distribution of points that is either too large to sample, or presence of which has been indicated but not conclusively detected, or presence of which is known to have occurred at an earlier time and some data exists to show disappearance of some points in the sample space due to certain events leading to their deletion. For example, it is now well established that all DNA is not double helical and there are a variety of forms of DNA structures. In this work, I show conclusively it is possible to decipher the origin of apparently random points in space that assemble to give a diversity of structures. I have developed spatial maps for distinguishing different clusters of coordinates originating from well defined geometries. Utilizing the maps, I mathematically prove the existence of a recently discovered universal spatial organization of naturally occurring folded proteins, regardless of their fold or function as categorized by the SCOP classification system. Development of the spatial maps in this work could prove to be a major step in not just advancing our understanding of biomolecular structures, but also arrangement of spatial objects that are apparent in their present coordinate space following some major reorganizing events in the history of our universe.
On the extension of ℎ^{𝑝}-CR distributions defined on rough tubes
Authors: Hoepfner G. , Hounie J. , dos Santos L. 
Published: June 2011

We consider rough tubes

X
+
i

R

m

⊂

C

m

X+i\mathbb R^m\subset \mathbb {C}^m

and generalized

C
R

CR

functions in

L
∞

(
X
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

L^\infty (X,h^p(\mathbb R^m))

, where

h
p

(

R

m

)

h^p(\mathbb R^m)

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

, is Goldberg’s semilocal Hardy space. We show that if

X
X

is arcwise connected by rectifiable arcs, then all such

C
R

CR

functions can be extended to the convex hull of the tube as

C
R

CR

functions

∈

L
∞

(

c
h

(
X
)
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

\in L^\infty (\mathrm {ch}(X),h^p(\mathbb R^m))

. This extends previous work of the authors.