bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the statistical cloud scheme in the ECHAM5 model using satellite data
Authors: Weber T. , Quaas J. , Räisänen P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn evaluation of a statistical cloud scheme taking into account subgrid‐scale variability for water vapour and cloud condensate in the ECHAM5 general circulation model of the atmosphere is presented. Three‐dimensional modelled water vapour, cloud liquid water and cloud ice were distributed stochastically into subcolumns of each grid box and vertically integrated to total water path (TWP). Thus the lower atmosphere is emphasized in the evaluation of TWP due to its exponential profile. The edited model dataset was compared with the globally analyzed distribution of TWP measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument. The results show that the mean TWP and mean cloud cover are on average relatively well simulated. However, large deficiencies are revealed by the evaluation of both variance and skewness of the probability density function (PDF). Systematically negative deviations of variance are found for almost all regions of the globe. Skewness of the TWP is overestimated in the Tropics and underestimated at high latitudes. Moreover, sensitivity experiments were performed to reveal the deficiencies in the parametrization leading to the observed deviations of variance and skewness of TWP. It was found that the positive bias in skewness in the Tropics can be reduced by modifying the influence of convection on the PDF. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Performance of different forecast systems in an exceptional storm in the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bertotti L. , Bidlot J.‐R. , Bunney C. , Cavaleri L. , Delli Passeri L. , Gomez M. , Lefèvre J.‐M. , Paccagnella T. , Torrisi L. , Valentini A. , Vocino A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe consider an exceptional storm—‘Klaus’ (January 2009)—its evolution on the Western Mediterranean Sea, and how the associated wind and wave conditions were modelled by seven of the major systems presently operational in this area. We intercompare the model results and then verify them and the related model ensemble versus the available measured data.Working with short‐term forecasts (24 h) only, as expected, each model correctly anticipates the incoming of an exceptional storm. However, even at such limited range, we have found substantial differences among the results of the different models. The differences concern the time the storm should have entered the Western Mediterranean Sea, the peak values of wind speed and significant wave height, the general distribution of the fields, and the locations where the maxima were achieved.We have compared the model results versus the available measured data, wind from scatterometer, waves from altimeter, plus a few buoy data. We have found some inconsistencies in the results, model wind data being on average larger than the measured one, while the opposite was true for wave heights. However, the limited amount of data available and its different times and positions, at and off the centre of the storm, impede the drawing of any definite conclusion in this respect.On the whole we feel that our results, although related to a single storm, cast doubts on the reliability of a single forecast system to provide sufficiently reliable and accurate forecasts in case of an incoming exceptional storm. The results, both for wind and waves, have improved using an ensemble of the seven considered models. This suggests that there is no relevant systematic error in the used models except, as possibly suggested by our results, in the case of wave generation under very strong wind and very young sea conditions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Initiation of daytime local convection in a semi‐arid region analysed with high‐resolution simulations and AMMA observations
Authors: Couvreux F. , Rio C. , Guichard F. , Lothon M. , Canut G. , Bouniol D. , Gounou A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA modelling case study designed from observations from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is presented and discussed. It aims at investigating the issue of initiation of convection in a semi‐arid environment. This case corresponds to the development of local daytime convection mainly controlled by boundary layer characteristics rather than by atmospheric synoptic scales. A high‐resolution three‐dimensional simulation is presented and extensively evaluated against the numerous observations available for 10 July 2006 from the AMMA campaign. The simulation, run over a domain of 100 × 100 km, is able to represent main boundary layer structures and processes leading to deep convection initiation as well as the formation of density currents. Sensitivity tests point to the key role of the sensible heat flux, the humidity of low to mid levels, the lapse rate at low levels and of a mesoscale ascent to initiate deep convection in those semi‐arid conditions, while evaporation of precipitation is shown to play a minor role. This study thus provides a case to investigate the ability of parametrizations to handle the initiation of convection in a semi‐arid environment. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Robust decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for a class of large‐scale MIMO nonlinear systems
Authors: Huang Yi‐Shao 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, a novel decentralized robust adaptive fuzzy control scheme is proposed for a class of large‐scale multiple‐input multiple‐output uncertain nonlinear systems. By virtue of fuzzy logic systems and the regularized inverse matrix, the decentralized robust indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is developed such that the controller singularity problem is addressed under a united design framework; no a priori knowledge of the bounds on lumped uncertainties are being required. The closed‐loop large‐scale system is proved to be asymptotically stable. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the approach presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear adaptive stabilizing control of an anaerobic digestion model with unknown kinetics
Authors: Dimitrova Neli , Krastanov Mikhail 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider a nonlinear model of a biological wastewater treatment process, on the basis of two microbial populations and two substrates. The model, described by a four‐dimensional dynamic system, is known to be practically validated and reliable. We propose a feedback control law for asymptotic stabilization of the closed‐loop system towards a previously chosen operating point. A numerical extremum seeking algorithm is applied to stabilize the dynamics towards an equilibrium point with maximal methane flow rate. Computer simulations are reported to illustrate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MicroMAIS: executing and orchestrating Web services on constrained mobile devices
Authors: Plebani Pierluigi , Cappiello Cinzia , Comuzzi Marco , Pernici Barbara , Yadav Sandeep 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYMobile devices with their more and more powerful resources allow the development of mobile information systems in which services are not only provided by traditional systems but also autonomously executed and controlled in the mobile devices themselves. Services distributed on autonomous mobile devices allow both the development of cooperative applications without a back‐end infrastructure and the development of applications blending distributed and centralized services. In this paper, we propose MicroMAIS: an integrated platform for supporting the execution of Web service‐based applications natively on a mobile device. The MicroMAIS platform is composed of mAS and μ‐BPEL. The former allows the execution of a single Web service, whereas the latter permits the orchestration of several Web services according to the WS‐BPEL standard. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HYPE: Hybrid modelling by composition of flows
Authors: Galpin Vashti , Bortolussi Luca , Hillston Jane 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Hybrid systems are manifest in both the natural and the engineered world, and their complex nature, mixing discrete control and continuous evolution, make it difficult to predict their behaviour. In recent years several process algebras for modelling hybrid systems have appeared in the literature, aimed at addressing this problem. These all assume that continuous variables in the system are modelled monolithically, often with differential equations embedded explicitly in the syntax of the process algebra expression. In HYPE an alternative approach is taken which offers finer-grained modelling with each flow or influence affecting a variable modelled separately. The overall behaviour then emerges as the composition of flows. In this paper we give a detailed account of the HYPE process algebra, its semantics, and its use for verification of systems. We establish both syntactic conditions (well-definedness) and operational restrictions (well-behavedness) to ensure reasonable behaviour in HYPE models. Furthermore we consider how the equivalence relation defined for HYPE relates to other relations previously proposed in the literature, demonstrating that our fine-grained approach leads to a more discriminating notion of equivalence. We present the HYPE model of a standard hybrid system example, both establishing that our approach can reproduce the previously obtained results and demonstrating how our compositional approach supports variations of the problem in a straightforward and flexible way.
“Changing the Text”: Modeling Council Capacity to Produce Institutionalized Change
Authors: Allen Nicole E. , Javdani Shabnam , Lehrner Amy L. , Walden Angela L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCollaboration is a ubiquitous approach to change, but is notoriously difficult and not definitively linked to desirable outcomes. Not surprisingly, the collaboration literature is replete with numerous facilitators and barriers to collaborative efforts. The current study aimed to develop a parsimonious model of factors influencing the success of collaborative efforts both internal and external to the council, including, (a) features of the council environment, (b) intermediate outcomes including the empowerment of members in the council context and the degree to which councils have generated social capital and (c) the extent to which collaborative efforts are occurring in a community context supportive of their aims. In particular, this study examines whether these factors affect the extent to which councils are positioned to achieve institutionalized change, or changes “in the text” that govern front line providers’ (e.g., police, advocates) practices in the community response to intimate partner violence. Results suggest that perceived member empowerment, generation of social capital, and supportive community context are the most important predictors of the extent to which councils foster shifts in institutionalized change. Features of the council environment are only indirectly related to the degree to which institutionalized change is ultimately fostered as mediated by the generation of social capital. This suggests that the ability of members to act as change agents and the extent to which those in power support council efforts figure more prominently to facilitate or constrain council efforts than council functioning itself.
Barriers to and Motivations for Physician Referral of Patients to Cancer Genetics Clinics
Authors: Prochniak Carrie F. , Martin Lisa J. , Miller Erin M. , Knapke Sara C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlthough it is well known that under‐referral of colon cancer patients to cancer genetics clinics is a chronic problem, no study has yet examined why physicians may be ordering testing independently rather than referring patients to cancer genetics clinics. The current study explored variables which may impact a physician's preference for ordering testing independently or referring patients to outside cancer genetics experts. An online questionnaire, distributed to the membership of the American College of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Colorectal Surgeons, yielded responses from 298 physicians. Motivations to refer to cancer genetics clinics rather than order testing independently included fear of genetic discrimination and a belief that patients benefit from genetic counseling about the risks, benefits and consequences of testing. These results suggest that in order to increase referrals, genetic counselors must educate physicians about the unique benefits patients receive from participating in genetic counseling.
Physicochemical Properties of Soy Protein Adhesives Obtained by In Situ Sodium Bisulfite Modification During Acid Precipitation
Authors: Qi Guangyan , Li Ningbo , Wang Donghai , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSuccessful industrial applications of soy protein adhesives require high adhesion strength and low viscosity at high solid protein concentration. This study examined the effects of β‐conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) ratios on the physicochemical properties of soy protein adhesives. Soy protein adhesives with various 7S/11S ratios were extracted from soy flour slurry modified with sodium bisulfite using the acid precipitation method, which is based on the different solubilities of 7S and 11S globulins. Seven glycinin‐rich soy protein fractions and six β‐conglycinin‐rich soy protein fractions were obtained. The external morphology of the samples changed from the viscous cohesive phase to the clay‐like phase without cohesiveness. The viscous cohesive samples had good flowability and good water resistance with a wet adhesion strength of 2.0–2.8 MPa. They were stable for up to several months without phase separation at room temperature. Based on the results, we suggest that proper protein–protein interaction, hydration capacity (glycinin‐rich soy protein fractions), and certain ratios of 7S and 11S (β‐conglycinin rich soy protein fractions) in the soy protein sample are crucial to continuous protein phase formation. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic interactions are involved in maintaining the protein viscous cohesive network, whereas disulfide bonds do not exert significant effects. This study describes a new way to investigate viscous cohesive soy protein systems with high solid protein content, thus alleviating the disadvantages of traditional methods for studying the adhesive properties of soy protein isolates, which tend to have poor water resistance, low solid contents, and short storage life.
Product Selectivity and Optimization of Lipase‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Propylene Glycol Esters by Mixture Design and RSM
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Ching , Kuo Chia‐Hung , Tsai Wei‐Chuan , Chung Yi‐Lin , Chiang Wen‐Dee , Chang Chieh‐Ming J. , Liu Yung‐Chuan , Shieh Chwen‐Jen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPropylene glycol mono‐ (PGM) and diesters (PGD) are widely used as emulsifiers in food and pharmaceutical industry. Solvent engineering was applied to determine the optimum solvent mixtures for the lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of 1,3‐PGM and 1,3‐PGD. After 24 h reaction, the results showed that the molar production of 1,3‐PGM was 75% under pure 2M2B (2‐methyl‐2‐butanol) system, whereas 1,3‐PGD was preferred to produce in binary mixture system (n‐hexane: octane 1:1) with 55% of molar production. Furthermore, the reaction parameters that affect esterification of 1,3‐PGD using oleic acid as acyl donor in optimum cosolvent environment were evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM). The reaction temperature and reaction time were the most important parameters. Based on a ridge max analysis, the optimum conditions for 1,3‐PGD synthesis were predicted to consist of a reaction time of 40.6 min, a temperature of 59 °C, an enzyme amount of 70.4%, a substrate molar ratio (1,3‐propylene glycol/oleic acid) of 1:2.7 and an enzyme pretreatment pH of 6.4 on percentage of molar production of 1,3‐PGD of 43.3 ± 4.2%.
BETWEEN WORLD HISTORY AND STATE FORMATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICA'S CITIES
Authors: FOURCHARD LAURENT 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe dramatic urban change taking place on the African continent has led to a renewed and controversial interest in Africa's cities within several academic and expert circles. Attempts to align a growing but fragmented body of research on Africa's urban past with more general trends in urban studies have been few but have nevertheless opened up new analytical possibilities. This article argues that to move beyond the traps of localism and unhelpful categorizations that have dominated aspects of urban history and the urban studies literature of the continent, historians should explore African urban dynamics in relation to world history and the history of the state in order to contribute to larger debates between social scientists and urban theorists. By considering how global socio-historical processes articulate with the everyday lives of urban dwellers and how city-state relationships are structured by ambivalence, this article will illustrate how historians can participate in those debates in ways that demonstrate that history matters, but not in a linear way. These illustrations will also suggest why it is necessary for historians to contest interpretations of Africa's cities that construe them as ontologically different from other cities of the world.
KWAME NKRUMAH, DISABILITY, AND REHABILITATION IN GHANA, 1957–66
Authors: GRISCHOW JEFF D. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis article examines a rehabilitation program for disabled Ghanaians developed by Kwame Nkrumah's government between 1961 and 1966. Arising at a time when Nkrumah was moving away from welfarism in favor of a ‘big push’ for industrialization, rehabilitation sought to integrate disabled citizens into the national economy as productive workers. Nkrumah's program was preceded by a colonial rehabilitation project during the 1940s for disabled African soldiers. The colonial initiative drew heavily on the British model of social orthopaedics, which equated citizenship with work. This philosophy resonated with Nkrumah's vision of national development based on full employment. Although its economic focus had troubling implications for citizenship and welfare, Nkrumah's rehabilitation program was unique among newly independent African states, and it arguably produced a positive legacy.
S'UNIR À L'INTELLECT, VOIR DIEU. AVERROÈS ET LA DOCTRINE DE LA JONCTION AU CŒUR DU THOMISME
Authors: Brenet Jean-Baptiste 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe article examines the relation that Aquinas' theory of the beatific vision maintains with Averroes' noetics as presented in hisGreat Commentary on the De anima. Starting with hisCommentary on the Sentences, in which the young Thomas Aquinas offers an explicit transposition of the philosophical intellection of separate substances into the Christian theological order, through to his later works where no mention of it is found, we will endeavour to present the exact nature of these borrowings and to evaluate their accuracy by questioning the conceptual coherence of Aquinas' gesture: could Aquinas base his conception of a vision of God by essence on a noetic construction which was originally part of a system judged both erroneous and contrary to faith? Can one concede theologically, concerning the relation between divine essence and intellect, what one refuses philosophically, concerning the relation between the separate intellect and the body? Although Aquinas and his followers, in the incipient quarrel, assert it to be so, we will indicate how the original paradoxical borrowing maintains something conceptually problematic at the heart of Aquinas' thinking.
Helioseismic Observations of Solar Convection Zone Dynamics
Authors: Hill Frank , Howe Rachel , Komm Rudi , Hernández Irene González , Kholikov Shukur , Leibacher John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe large-scale dynamics of the solar convection zone have been inferred using both global and local helioseismology applied to data from the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board SOHO. The global analysis has revealed temporal variations of the “torsional oscillation” zonal flow as a function of depth, which may be related to the properties of the solar cycle. The horizontal flow field as a function of heliographic position and depth can be derived from ring diagrams, and shows near-surface meridional flows that change over the activity cycle. Time-distance techniques can be used to infer the deep meridional flow, which is important for flux-transport dynamo models. Temporal variations of the vorticity can be used to investigate the production of flare activity. This paper summarizes the state of our knowledge in these areas.
Large-scale magnetic fields of low-mass dwarfs: the many faces of dynamo
Authors: Donati J.-F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMagnetic field are ubiquitous to low-mass stars and can potentially impact their evolution and their internal structure; yet the physical processes (called dynamo) that succeed at generating them in the stellar convective zones of cool dwarfs are still enigmatic. Although theoretical modelling and numerical simulations of stellar dynamo action showed breathtaking progress in the last decade, they are not yet in the state of accurately predicting the various magnetic topologies that different low-mass stars can generate.Thanks to the advent of new-generation instruments, spectropolarimetric observations can now reveal the large-scale magnetic topologies of cool dwarfs, from the brown dwarf threshold (spectral type M8) up to the limit beyond which outer convective zones get vanishingly small (spectral type F5). In particular, they can reconstruct through tomographic methods the poloidal and toroidal components of the large-scale field, hence offering a fresh option for guiding dynamo theories to a more mature state.We review here the latest observational advances, showing in particular that magnetic topologies of low-mass dwarfs can drastically vary with mass and rotation rate, and discuss their implications for our understanding of dynamo processes.
Differential Rotation and Magnetism in Simulations of Fully Convective Stars
Authors: Browning Matthew K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractStars of sufficiently low mass are convective throughout their interiors, and so do not possess an internal boundary layer akin to the solar tachocline. Because that interface figures so prominently in many theories of the solar magnetic dynamo, a widespread expectation had been that fully convective stars would exhibit surface magnetic behavior very different from that realized in more massive stars. Here I describe how recent observations and theoretical models of dynamo action in low-mass stars are partly confirming, and partly confounding, this basic expectation. In particular, I present the results of 3–D MHD simulations of dynamo action by convection in rotating spherical shells that approximate the interiors of 0.3 solar-mass stars at a range of rotation rates. The simulated stars can establish latitudinal differential rotation at their surfaces which is solar-like at “rapid” rotation rates (defined within) and anti-solar at slower rotation rates; the differential rotation is greatly reduced by feedback from strong dynamo-generated magnetic fields in some parameter regimes. I argue that this “flip” in the sense of differential rotation may be observable in the near future. I also briefly describe how the strength and morphology of the magnetic fields varies with the rotation rate of the simulated star, and show that the maximum magnetic energies attained are compatible with simple scaling arguments.