bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical Influences on Settlement‐Location Choices by Initial Colonizers: a Case Study of the Fiji Islands
Authors: NUNN PATRICK D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFrom 3200 to 2850 cal BP (1250–900 BCE), the Lapita people of the Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea) undertook voyages eastward that led to their colonization of the eastern outer Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. The earliest (Lapita) settlements in Fiji were along the Rove Peninsula in southwest Viti Levu Island. At the time of colonization, sea level was 1.5 m higher than today. The Rove Peninsula was then a smaller island off the coast of larger Viti Levu, with a broad, fringing reef along its windward coasts, which was probably the main attraction for Lapita colonizers. As elsewhere during Lapita times in the western tropical Pacific Islands, settlement choice for the initial colonizers of the Fiji Islands was at one level driven by site access, at another by the presence of broad, fringing coral reefs suitable for marine foraging.The earliest settlement along the Rove Peninsula was at Bourewa, occupied first in 3050 cal BP (1100 BCE), where people lived in houses on stilt platforms built along the axis of a subtidal sand barrier; on one side was a broad coral reef, on the other a partly‐enclosed tidal inlet. There is no evidence that the Bourewa settlers practised horticulture or agriculture at this time, their subsistence being predominantly marine foraging. After some 300 years of following this subsistence strategy, the inhabitants of Bourewa responded to sea‐level fall and the arrival of cultivars (of taro and yam) by including horticulture. As sea level fell further, a total of 550 mm during the Lapita era, the tidal inlet dried up and marine‐food resources diminished to a point where the natural environment of the Rove Peninsula could no longer sustain its Lapita inhabitants. All Lapita sites in the area were abandoned about 2500 cal BP (550 BCE), at the same time as the Lapita culture, marked by the end of dentate‐pottery manufacture, came to an end in Fiji.
Chiari‐like malformation in the Griffon Bruxellois
Authors: Rusbridge C. , Knowler S. P. , Pieterse L. , McFadyen A. K. 
Published: August 2009

Objectives: This study describes Chiari‐like malformation and syringomyelia in the Griffon Bruxellois and establishes if skull radiographs are useful for disease prediction.Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging from 56 Griffon Bruxellois dogs was assessed for Chiari‐like malformation and cerebrospinal fluid pathway abnormalities. Skull radiographs were obtained in 33 dogs. Two rostrocaudal and two ventrodorsal measurements were made, and ratios of one length to another were compared.Results: In this selected sample, 60·7 per cent had Chiari‐like malformation. Syringomyelia occurred with and without Chiari‐like malformation (37·5 and 8·9 per cent study population, respectively). The radiographic study demonstrated that one measurement ratio could be used to predict Chiari‐like malformation (sensitivity of 87 per cent and specificity of 78 per cent) and that there were significant interaction factors between sex and syringomyelia for two measurement ratios.Clinical Significance: The study suggests that Chiari‐like malformation is characterised by a shortening of the basicranium and supra‐occipital bone with a compensatory lengthening of the cranial vault, especially the parietal bone. We described a simple radiographic technique, which may be useful as a screening test until a more definite genetic test for Chiari‐like malformation is available.
Association between cervical and intracranial dimensions and syringomyelia in the cavalier King Charles spaniel
Authors: Carruthers H. , Rusbridge C. , Dubé M.‐P. , Holmes M. , Jeffery N. 
Published: August 2009

Objectives: To investigate the possible association between caudal fossa area and cervical vertebral dimensions and the presence of syringomyelia in cavalier King Charles spaniels.Methods: From magnetic resonance imaging scans of 78 cavalier King Charles spaniels, measurements were made of the widest vertical spinal width at C1/C2, C2, C2/C3 and C3; angulation of the C2/C3 spine; and estimated caudal fossa area. A correlation between these measurements and syringomyelia was sought.Results: A total of 59 dogs with and 19 without syringomyelia were compared. Older dogs had a significantly higher incidence of syringo‐myelia. No difference in incidence was noted between genders. There was no significant difference in vertebral canal width at C1/C2 and C2, or angulation of C2/C3 between syringomyelia and non‐syringomyelia groups. The width of the canal at C2/C3 and C3 was significantly increased in syringomyelia dogs. There was no significant difference in the caudal fossa area between groups.Clinical Significance: Although syringomyelia was shown to be more prevalent in older dogs, the age beyond which dogs were considered at greater risk was not deducible from the dataset. The association identified between wider spinal canal at C3, and C2/C3 and syringomyelia presence is of questionable clinical significance, as the difference between syringomyelia and non‐syringomyelia groups is too small to be measured in a clinical setting.
A secure Aberdeen knot: in vitro assessment of knot security in plasma and fat
Authors: Schaaf O. , Glyde M. , Day R. E. 
Published: August 2009

Objectives: To determine the minimum number of throws/turns to form a secure Aberdeen knot and the maximum ear slippage for these knots using three metric polydioxanone coated in fat or plasma. To compare plasma and novel canine liquefied fat as suture coating mediums for in vitro knot security testing.Methods: Throws/turns were incrementally added until a secure knot was found for plasma and fat. Knots were tensioned until failure and remaining ear length measured. A secure knot was defined as ear slippage 3 mm or less in 20 consecutively tested knots. Ear slippages were statistically analysed.Results: Minimum secure configuration was a 3+1 knot in plasma and fat, and its ear slipped a maximum of 2 mm in plasma and 2·5 mm in fat. A secure 4+1 knot had a maximum ear slippage of 0·5 mm, which was significantly less than that of the 3+1 knot (P<0·0001). Fat coating suture significantly decreases in vitro knot security compared with plasma (P=0·0035).Clinical Significance: The novel fat coating medium should be considered when testing in vitro knot security as it simulates a clinical knot tying environment. A 4+1 Aberdeen knot with a 3 mm ear is recommended to tie a secure Aberdeen knot in any body fluid environment.
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care
Authors: Goggs Robert 
Published: August 2009

BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical CareEdited by Lesley G. King and Amanda K. BoagPublished by the British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2007, 2nd edition, paperback, 380 pages, Price £85.00, ISBN‐13: 978‐0905214993
Developmental Pathways of Emotion Regulation in Childhood: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Authors: Woltering Steven , Lewis Marc D. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article presents a model featuring two types of emotion regulation—reactive and deliberate—and discusses the developmental trajectory of both types. We argue that the later‐developing capacity for deliberate control builds on and coevolves with earlier‐developing reactive control. Findings from the field of developmental neuroscience are mapped onto this model. The focus is on specific neural “hubs,” such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, which serve as epicenters for the coupling of cortical and subcortical processes. We propose that an increasing coordination between brain regions during emotional situations subserves more effective and efficient regulation with development. This framework can be used to explain different developmental pathways of regulatory styles that can, for example, lead to aggressive versus anxious modes of emotion regulation. The implications of this framework can help guide educational policy by supporting prevention and intervention strategies for children exhibiting difficulties with emotion regulation.
Stem cell factor rescues tyrosinase expression and pigmentation in discreet anatomic locations in albino mice
Authors: Vanover Jillian C , Spry Malinda L , Hamilton Laura , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , D’Orazio John A 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe K14‐SCF transgenic murine model of variant pigmentation is based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (SCF) on the C57BL/6J background. In this system, constitutive expression of SCF by epidermal keratinocytes results in retention of melanocytes in the interfollicular basal layer and pigmentation of the epidermis itself. Here, we extend this animal model by developing a compound mutant transgenic amelanotic animal defective at both the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and tyrosinase (Tyr) loci. In the presence of K14‐Scf, tyrosinase‐mutant animals (previously thought incapable of synthesizing melanin) exhibited progressive robust epidermal pigmentation with age in the ears and tails. Furthermore, K14‐SCF Tyrc2j/c2j animals demonstrated tyrosinase expression and enzymatic activity, suggesting that the c2j Tyr defect can be rescued in part by SCF in the ears and tail. Lastly, UV sensitivity of K14‐Scf congenic animals depended mainly on the amount of eumelanin present in the skin. These findings suggest that c‐kit signaling can overcome the c2j Tyr mutation in the ears and tails of aging animals and that UV resistance depends on accumulation of epidermal eumelanin.
On Explanatory Relata in Singular Causal Explanation
Authors: ZELEŇÁK EUGEN 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExplanation is usually taken to be a relation between certain entities. The aim of this paper is to discuss what entities are suitable as explanatory relata of singular causal explanations, i.e., explanations concerning singular causality relating particular events or other appropriate entities. I outline three different positions. The purely causal approach stipulates that the same entities that are related in the singular causal relation are also linked by the explanatory relation. This position, however, has a problem to distinguish between causation and explanation, two distinct relations allegedly obtaining between the same entities. The linguistic approach states that explanatory relata are linguistic entities of some sort, e.g., statements, propositions, etc. There are various versions of this position. I deal with two of them and try to show that they are unsatisfactory because they transform explanation into some other type of relation. On the first version, explanation is very close to interpretation or clarification of intension and on the second version it seems to be indistinguishable from an evidential relation or justification. I consider these transformations in understanding explanation unnecessary, and consequently reject linguistic views of explanatory relata. The most promising proposal concerning explanatory relata seems to be the mixed view, according to which propositions explain events or other fitting extra‐linguistic entities.
Am I a Series?
Authors: JOHANSSON JENS 
Published: August 2009

AbstractScott Campbell has recently defended the psychological approach to personal identity over time by arguing that a person is literally a series of mental events. Rejecting four‐dimensionalism about the persistence of physical objects, Campbell regards constitutionalism as the main rival version of the psychological approach. He argues that his “series view” has two clear advantages over constitutionalism: it avoids the “two thinkers” objection and it allows a person to change bodies. In addition, Campbell suggests a reply to the objection, often raised against views such as his, that thoughts must be distinct from their thinker. In this paper, I argue that Campbell's responses to the “two thinkers” and the “thoughts/thinker” objections are unsuccessful. Furthermore, his reply to the latter leads to four‐dimensionalism of the kind he wanted to avoid – and this view too allows a person to change bodies. Moreover, I argue that it speaks against the series view that generalised versions of it fare much more poorly than do generalised versions of constitutionalism and four‐dimensionalism.
Multiple Realizations, Diverse Implementations and Antireductionism
Authors: KIM SUNGSU 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIt has been debated what implications multiple realizability has for reductionism. I claim that more explicit attention needs to be paid to the distinction between multiple realizations of kinds and diverse implementations of laws. In this paper, I distinguish two different theses on the relations between multiple realization and diverse implementation: one thesis states that multiple realizations imply diverse implementations and the other states the converse. I claim that although antireductionism might turn out to be false if the first thesis is accepted, this “realization‐based” antireductionism is not the only option for antireductionism. For the antireductionists who accept the second thesis, multiple realizations only provide evidence for diverse implementations. I defend this “implementation‐based” antireductionism again Shapiro's dilemma. I argue that one horn of the dilemma does not pose any problem and that the other horn simply begs the question.
NEEDLE‐STICK INJURY: A NOVEL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISK IN THE HAEMODIALYSIS SETTING
Authors: Chow Josephine , Rayment Glenda , Wong Jeff , Jefferys Andrew , Suranyi Michael 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYNeedle‐stick injury (NSI) is a major occupational health and safety issue facing healthcare professionals. The administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESA) in haemodialysis patients represents a major cause for injections. The purpose of this initiative was to familiarise nursing staff with needle‐free administration of an ESA in haemodialysis patients to reduce the risk of NSI.Epoetin beta comes in a commercial presentation with a detached needle. Epoetin beta was administered to 10 haemodialysis patients via the venous bubble trap short line of the haemodialysis circuit. An audit was conducted that included a retrospective assessment of NSI for the previous six months; and a prospective assessment for eight weeks to assess whether there is a nursing staff preference for needle‐free administration of ESA.There were no reports of NSI in the needle‐free group. Haemoglobin levels were maintained. Ninety‐one percent of the nursing staff preferred needle‐free administration of ESA. In conclusion, the commercial presentation of epoetin beta with the detached needle presents an opportunity to reduce the potential risk of NSI in haemodialysis units.
CROHN'S DISEASE AND SECONDARY AMYLOIDOSIS: EARLY COMPLICATION? A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Basturk Taner , Ozagarı Aysım , Ozturk Tulım , Kusaslan Ramazan , Unsal Abdulkadır 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYSecondary amyloidosis is a rare but serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), generally seen in Crohn's disease. At least 1% of patients with Crohn's disease develop amyloidosis. In the literature, the time lapse between the onset of Crohn's disease and the diagnosis of amyloidosis has been reported to range from one to 21 years. In most patients, protein‐uria heralded the onset of renal involvement from amyloid and occurred from three to 15 years after Crohn's disease diagnosis. In this case, we estimate secondary amyloidosis occurred before Crohn's disease or early Crohn's disease complication, based on the fact that hypoalbuminaemia and proteinuria was detected approximately one year after the start of gastrointestinal complaints.
CE: Continuing Education Article MANAGEMENT OF CO‐MORBID DISEASES IN A PATIENT WITH ESTABLISHED RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Chamney Melissa , Pugh‐Clarke Karen , Kafkia Theodora 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThis follows on from an article relating to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and co‐morbidities. Not only do these co‐morbid diseases cause problems to patients with CKD, they continue to impact upon them when they develop established renal failure (ERF). Various co‐morbid conditions can affect the patient including diabetes, hypertension, anaemia and cardiovascular issues. As nephrology nurses we play a fundamental role in patient education, monitoring and management of these factors.
THE BURNOUT AND EXHAUSTION LEVELS OF NURSES WORKING IN HAEMODIALYSIS UNITS
Authors: Kapucu Sevgi Sun , Akkuş Yeliz , Akdemir Nuran , Karacan Yasemin 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the burnout and exhaustion levers of nurses working in haemodialysis units. Method: The study was a cross‐sectional and descriptive one. A total of 95 nurses working at the 17 dialysis centres in the centre of the Ankara Province were included. The data were collected using a questionnaire defining the socioeconomic characteristics of the nurses and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and evaluated using the Mann‐Whitney U test. Results: Haemodialysis nurses’ emotional burnout score was 16.03 ± 6.28, the depersonalisation score 4.72 ± 3.20 and the personal accomplishment score 20.97 ± 4.61. Their emotional burnout and personal accomplishment level was significantly higher in those considering leaving the profession, nurses who did not find the profession suitable and those working in units where no precautions were taken against infectious disease (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It may be suggested that taking precautions at units, providing better working conditions, defining the duties of nurses and providing further dialysis education for nurses may decrease burnout rates.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING THE INTERVENTION ‘TEACHING GROUP’: STUDY ON PREDIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Vilaplana Josep Maria Gutiérrez , Zampieron Alessandra , Craver Lourdes , Buja Alessandra 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY Goals: Aims of the study were to evaluate the effects of the intervention ‘Group education’ (NIC 5604) on patients’ coping, fear control, anxiety and the association between demographic and clinical variables with the outcomes. Materials and Methods: We studied all predialysis patients treated, at Lleida University Hospital, from 1 January 2007 till 31 March 2008, who received the total intervention for six months. Results: There were 41 patients, 33 male and 8 female. They had a mean age of 60.56 years (SD 13.96); 66% declared family support. Forty‐one percent had a low educational level. The Charlson Comorbidity test showed a mean of 5.07 (SD 1.77). All patients were independent, using the Karnofsky scale and Barthel index. Patients reported a significant improvement in all the outcomes evaluated (anxiety, coping and fear response). Logistic regression showed that the reduction in anxiety and the improved nursing outcomes were not related to demographic and clinical variables. Conclusion: The group educational programme was effective on the defined psychological outcomes in predialysis patients. Hence, it should be available for all clients.
Outcome of Revision Total Elbow Replacement using the Acclaim Prosthesis
Authors: Hearnden Anthony J. , Desai Aravind S. , Harrison John W. , Dramis Asterios , Hayton Michael J. , Trail Ian A. , Stanley John K. 
Published: August 2009

Background This was a retrospective study presenting our results and survivorship of the Acclaim total elbow when used as a revision implant. Methods Between May 2001 and July 2005, 29 revision elbow replacements were carried out on 28 patients in our institution. Five were redo revisions and one received the fourth sequential implant. A variety of implants were removed for aseptic loosening (17), periprosthetic fracture (7), dislocation (3) and infection (2). Two patients had died and one was unavailable for follow-up. Results At a mean follow-up of 50 months (12 to 80 months) pain, functional assessment scores and radiographs were assessed and a Kaplan-Meier survival curve created. Symptoms were reliably relieved with 72% reporting no pain. Mean flexion was 128° with loss of full extension of 34°. Complications were noted in six cases of which three patients underwent further surgery. None of the 29 revisions has been re-revised till date. Conclusion The medium term results for this implant suggest it is an effective revision prosthesis.
Identification of Inhibitors of Yellow Fever Virus Replication Using a Replicon-Based High-Throughput Assay
Authors: Patkar Chinmay G. , Larsen Martha , Owston Michael , Smith Janet L. , Kuhn Richard J. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Flaviviruses cause severe disease in humans and are a public health priority worldwide. However, no effective therapies or drugs are commercially available yet. Several flavivirus replicon-based assays amenable to high-throughput screening of inhibitors have been reported recently. We developed and performed a replicon-based high-throughput assay for screening small-molecule inhibitors of yellow fever virus (YFV) replication. This assay utilized packaged pseudoinfectious particles containing a YFV replicon that expresses
Renilla
luciferase in a replication-dependent manner. Several small-molecule compounds with inhibitory activity at micromolar concentrations were identified in the high-throughput screen. These compounds were subsequently tested for their inhibitory activities against YFV replication and propagation in low-throughput assays. Furthermore, YFV mutants that escaped inhibition by two of the compounds were isolated, and in both cases, the mutations were mapped to the NS4B coding region, suggesting a novel inhibitory target for these compounds. This study opens up new avenues for pursuing the nonenzymatic nonstructural proteins as targets for antivirals against YFV and other flaviviruses.
The Proteasome Inhibitor Epoxomicin Has Potent
Plasmodium falciparum
Gametocytocidal Activity
Authors: Czesny Beata , Goshu Samrawit , Cook James L. , Williamson Kim C. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Malaria continues to be a major global health problem, but only a limited arsenal of effective drugs is available. None of the antimalarial compounds commonly used clinically kill mature gametocytes, which is the form of the parasite that is responsible for malaria transmission. The parasite that causes the most virulent human malaria,
Plasmodium falciparum
, has a 48-h asexual cycle, while complete sexual differentiation takes 10 to 12 days. Once mature, stage V gametocytes circulate in the peripheral blood and can be transmitted for more than a week. Consequently, if chemotherapy does not eliminate gametocytes, an individual continues to be infectious for several weeks after the clearance of asexual parasites. The work reported here demonstrates that nanomolar concentrations of the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin effectively kill all stages of intraerythrocytic parasites but do not affect the viability of human or mouse cell lines. Twenty-four hours after treatment with 100 nM epoxomicin, the total parasitemia decreased by 78%, asexual parasites decreased by 86%, and gametocytes decreased by 77%. Seventy-two hours after treatment, no viable parasites remained in the 100 or 10 nM treatment group. Epoxomicin also blocked oocyst production in the mosquito midgut. In contrast, the cysteine protease inhibitors epoxysuccinyl-
l
-leucylamido-3-methyl-butane ethyl ester and
N
-acetyl-
l
-leucyl-
l
-leucyl-
l
-methioninal blocked hemoglobin digestion in early gametocytes but had no effect on later stages. Moreover, once the cysteine protease inhibitor was removed, sexual differentiation resumed. These findings provide strong support for the further development of proteasome inhibitors as antimalaria agents that are effective against asexual, sexual, and mosquito midgut stages of
P. falciparum
.