bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Response of Legumes to Molybdenum and Lime Fertilization on Mardin Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Kliewer W. M. , Kennedy W. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted on Mardin silt loam to determine the response of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, ladino and red clover to Mo applied alone and in combination with different increments of lime and P. Two strains of birdsfoot trefoil Rhizobium were also compared for differences in response to Mo and lime. These treatments were evaluated in terms of dry matter production and content of total N and Mo in forage and roots. The effect of these treatments on nodulation was studied with birdsfoot trefoil.All legumes responded to Mo as shown by increases in yield and N content of forage and roots. Birdsfoot trefoil showed the greatest response to Mo. An interaction between Mo and lime was found for alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil and ladino clover. Mo applied with lime at rates less than 2 tons per acre increased the yield and N content of the forage. However, at 2 tons of lime per acre or greater there was no response to the addition of Mo.A direct relationship existed between soil pH and Mo content of the forage of birdsfoot trefoil. Four to five tenths ppm. Mo in the forage was found to be adequate for maximum growth.Molybdenum increased the size of individual nodules and reduced the total number of nodules on birdsfoot trefoil plants. A correlation existed between the number of nodules per plant and the N content of the forage.The strain of Rhizobium or level of P did not affect yields or N content of forage or roots.Yields from treatments that received 2 tons of lime per acre were always greater than those receiving less lime, whether or not Mo was added. Yield and N data suggest that when lime was applied at a rate of 2 tons per acre or greater it had an additional effect besides increasing the availability of Mo, P, or providing a suitable environment for Rhizobia bacteria. This was especially pronounced in alfalfa and to a lesser degree with birdsfoot trefoil and the clovers. A possible reason for this is given in the discussion.
Slow Tests Under Soil Moisture Suction
Authors: McMurdie J. L. , Day P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStandard Slow Tests using triaxial compression equipment were performed on three materials—a Yolo loam, a Hanford loamy sand, and two sizes of glass beads. The results were compared with Slow Tests in which part of the stresses were applied to the sample in the form of controlled soil moisture suction. The results were summarized in the form of Mohr diagrams plotted with respect to effective stresses calculated from the equation σ′ = σ − σw, where σ′, σ and σw are effective, mechanical (total), and soil water stresses, respectively.Differences occurred not only in the case where the suction induced unsaturation (Hanford and glass beads) but also in the saturated range (Yolo). It was concluded that soil moisture suction was not in general equivalent to stresses applied mechanically to the external boundaries of the sample, as regards the strength property. Where the material remained saturated (Yolo) the departures increased with decreasing bulk specific volume. Where unsaturation occurred (Hanford, glass beads), the departures increased with decreasing degrees of saturation.
The Measurement of Exchangeable Aluminum in Soils and Clays
Authors: Lin Clara , Coleman N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe 1N salt leaching of Al‐saturated soils and clay samples or of acid subsoil materials with native ion saturations resulted in the displacement of Al+++ions in amounts close to the exchange capacity for the Al‐saturated materials and near capacity minus exchangeable Ca + Mg for the acid subsoils. Prolonged leaching with neutral salt solutions did not displace quantities of Al significantly larger than those which were present on exchange sites. Acidified salt solutions, on the other hand, continued to dissolve Al. One normal solutions of KCl, CaCl2 and NaCl removed the same amounts of Al from a number of soils and clays, so long as the leaching was sufficiently exhaustive. For limited leaching, KCl was the most effective displacing agent and NaCl the least.Potentiometric titrations of some Al‐saturated or naturally acid soils and clays to pH6 in 1N KCl consumed quantities of base equivalent to the Al displaced by salt‐leaching or determined by conductimetric titration. With other soils, containing mostly kaolin minerals and iron oxides, the acidity which could be titrated was significantly larger than the amount of Al which could be displaced.
Uptake of Potassium by Red Pine Seedlings and Losses Through Leaching from Fertilizers of Various Solubility
Authors: Krause H. H. , Wilde S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake of K by red pine seedlings and the losses through leaching from irrigated, coarse‐textured soil treated with fertilizers of different solubility were determined by plant tissue analyses and by the use of tension lysimeters. Potassium chloride, potassium‐calcium metaphosphate and 20‐mesh syenitic granite were used as sources of K. Considerable fractions of K were lost from applications of readily soluble KCl. The pattern of K leaching followed the rate of nitrification in the soil. Potassium metaphosphate possessed a greater stability and fertilizing value than KCl. The fraction of available K of the applied granite became exhausted during the second growing season.
Ion Exchange Equilibria Involving Aluminum
Authors: Nye Peter , Craig Doris , Coleman N. T. , Ragland John L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExchange isotherms determined for the K‐A1 ion pair with montmorillonite, kaolinite and two soils were S‐shaped. In dilute solutions (<0.05N), A1 was strongly preferred by exchange sites except at low levels of K‐saturation. In more concentrated solutions (0.1 to 0.25N), K was preferred when its saturation was less than about 30%, while A1 was more strongly sorbed over the remainder of the isotherms. In 1N solution, K was bound more tightly than A1 over the entire range of ion saturation up to at least 90% K‐10% A1.In both dilute and concentrated solutions, A1 was preferred over Ca. In 1N solution, A1 was bound much more tightly than Na. Because of the strong sorption of K, competing with A1 in concentrated solution, KCl should be an effective displacing agent for exchangeable A1.Exchange coefficients for the K‐A1 reaction, calculated according to the “equivalent fraction” equation, varied greatly, both with electrolyte concentration and exchange site population. The isotherms, though not described by a simple equation, are regarded as valuable indices of the exchange behavior of acid clays and soils.
Evaluation of Residual Effects of Phosphate Fertilization by Laboratory and Plant‐Response Methods
Authors: Eik K. , Webb J. R. , Black C. A. , Smith C. M. , Pesek J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of soil were collected in 1955 from three field experiments in which 0, 13.1, 26.2, 52.3, and 104.7 pounds of P per acre had been applied as superphosphate to one series of plots in 1953 and to a second series in 1954. In a greenhouse experiment conducted in 1957, sorghum was grown on quantities of these samples without further phosphate fertilization and on quantities of the samples from the control plots after treatment with superphosphate at rates equivalent to those applied in the field. Conditions in the greenhouse experiment were such that the yield of P in the test crop increased linearly with the quantity of P applied to each soil in each year. Samples of soil from all phosphate levels and years of application were analyzed in the laboratory for labile inorganic P by the 0.025N HCl, 0.03N NH4F method of Bray and Kurtz, the anion‐exchange resin method of Amer et al., and the NaHCO3 method of Olsen et al. The quantity of P extracted with each method increased linearly with the quantity of P applied to each soil in each year. The ratios of the slopes of the linear plots of yield of P obtained with the 1953 and 1954 applications to the 1957 applications were calculated for samples of soil from each of the three field experiments, and these were designated as availability‐coefficient ratios of residual and currently‐applied P. Corresponding slope ratios calculated from the quantities of labile P extracted were designated as extractability‐coefficient ratios of residual and currently‐applied P. The six availability‐coefficient ratios thus obtained from the two residual years in the three experiments were correlated with the corresponding extractability‐coefficient ratios, the best correlation (r = 0.98) being obtained with extractability‐coefficient ratios derived from the 0.025N HCl, 0.03N NH4F method, second best (r = 0.90) with the anion‐exchange resin method, and third best (r = 0.51) with the NaHCO3 method. These results show that appropriate laboratory tests provided an estimate of the relative residual value of fertilizer P that was largely independent of the nature of the soil.
Soil Sampling for Moisture Retention and Bulk Density Measurements
Authors: Aljibury F. K. , Evans D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour groups of soils were sampled at random and certain physical measurements were made on the samples to evaluate associated variances and sampling schemes. The measurements made were 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 15‐bar percentages along with bulk density. Locations were classified as to soil group strictly by soil map without field inspection. One of the objectives was to evaluate the utility of a soils map in estimating physical properties.Although the soil groups studied are considered relatively uniform, there is considerable variation within each group. It was interesting to find that the variation within an 18‐acre tract is of the same order of magnitude as that between 18‐acre tracts. The variation among tracts was such that a mean for a soil group is a very rough estimate for a single tract within the soil group. In characterizing a soil group, it was calculated that 2 sites per 18‐acre tract were optimum. For characterizing a given 18‐acre tract, it would take up to 10 sites per tract to estimate the true mean within 20%, or 35 samples to estimate within 10%.
Gaseous Nitrogen Losses from Nitrogen Fertilized Soils Measured With Infrared and Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Schwartzbeck R. A. , MacGregor J. M. , Schmidt E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolution of nitrogen gases from four soils was studied by total soil nitrogen analysis, the mass spectrometer with N15‐labeled nitrogen carriers, and with infrared spectroscopy. The type and amount of nitrogen gas evolved was influenced by a number of factors. Soil type was important in that the Nicollet and Fargo soils resulted in the evolution of more N2 and N2O than did the Fayette and Laredo soils. Soil properties had little effect on the total N2 evolved from NH4NO3, but greater differences occurred from soils treated with HNO3. The type of nitrogen carrier influenced the nature of the gaseous nitrogen released. NH4NO3 treatment favored N2O evolution and HNO3 treatment favored N2. Only small amounts of N2 and N2O were evolved from soils treated with NH4Cl or urea. Nitrogen applied at 1080 pounds per acre always resulted in larger losess of N2O and N2 than that applied at 360 pounds per acre. However, in both the Nicollet and Fargo soils at water saturation, the percentage of applied nitrogen that was lost was about the same at both low and high rates of treatment. Substantial gaseous losses of applied fertilizer occurred mainly when water‐saturated conditions prevailed. Small losses did occur from soils at field moisture capacity. N2O evolution was influenced by the ammonium to nitrate ratio of the nitrogen treatment.
Fixation of Ammonia by Organic Soils
Authors: Burge W. D. , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonia fixation in organic soils of varying carbon content was found to be linearly correlated with percent carbon. In the presence of oxygen 1 molecule of ammonia was fixed per 29 atoms of carbon, and 1 for every 45 atoms of carbon in the absence of oxygen.Treatment of these organic soils with ammonia usually resulted in decreased capacity to retain barium and cupric ions, but the amount of ammonia fixed bore no quantitative relation to the decrease in cation retention.Blocking hydroxyl groups in soil organic matter by treating with dimethyl sulfate decreased the capacity of the organic matter to fix ammonia, indicating that these groups are involved in the fixation reaction. Aldehyde groupings are apparently not involved. Formation of amides through the action of anhydrous ammonia on carboxylic esters may play a minor role in ammonia fixation.A tracer experiment showed that fixed ammonia is slowly made available to plants.
Phosphorus Changes in Great Plains Soils as Influenced by Cropping and Manure Applications
Authors: Haas H. J. , Grunes D. L. , Reichman G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples from 15 dryland experiment stations in the U. S. Great Plains and 21 farms in North Dakota were analyzed to determine the effect of cropping and manure on total, inorganic, organic, and NaHCO3‐soluble P content. In general, total P in the surface 6 inches of soil increased from south to north. Total P in soils from the experiment stations was reduced an average of 8% by cropping without manure, but was increased an average of 14% above virgin sod where manure had been applied.Inorganic P was not influenced by cropping to a rotation without manure, but organic P was reduced an average of 35% as compared to virgin sod. Manure applied in the rotation increased inorganic P considerably, but had no effect on reducing the loss of organic P.Cropping without manure increased NaHCO3‐soluble P in the soil at the majority of the stations, with the greatest increase occurring in the south. When manure was applied in the rotation, NaHCO3‐soluble P averaged nearly five times that of virgin sod.A highly significant positive correlation existed between NaHCO3‐soluble P and total P of virgin soils from the southern stations, but a significant correlation did not exist for the northern stations.
Morphological and Chemical Properties of Important Depressional Soils of Lowlands in the Western Coal Field Region, Kentucky
Authors: Cox Frank R. , Hutcheson T. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMorphological and certain chemical properties of Alligator, Sharkey, Patton and Dekoven series found in the Western Coal Field region of Kentucky were determined and compared with available data from other areas. These series occur in depressional areas along the tributaries of the Ohio River and are derived from mixed sediments of sandstone, shale, loess, limestone and glacial till origin. The data obtained for the Alligator, Sharkey and Patton profiles sampled in Kentucky differ very little from similar data for these series sampled and studied in other states. Consequently, their classification appears to be justified. No data on the Dekoven series from other states were available for comparison.
Movement of Water as Effected by Free Energy and Pressure Gradients: I. Application of Classic Equations for Viscous and Diffusive Movements to the Liquid Phase in Finely Porous Media
Authors: Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe macroscopically observed laws of viscous and diffusive flows were extrapolated to flow of water in thin films in porous media. Correction factors were developed to account for the effects of the diffuse layer of adsorbed cations and greater viscosity of water near particle surfaces. Equations for the two types of flow are combined to give a relationship from which molar free energy gradients can be evaluated in comparison with pressure gradients, as to their abilities to move water.
Movement of Water as Effected by Free Energy and Pressure Gradients: II. Experimental Analysis of Porous Systems in Which Free Energy and Pressure Gradients Act in Opposite Directions
Authors: Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOsmotic pressures across compacted clays were measured. These pressures were compared with pressures calculated from theory developed in the first paper of this series. Tortuosities and effective thicknesses of films in which water flows, which are necessary for these calculations, were calculated from hydraulic conductivity and salt diffusion data. The measured and calculated values of osmotic pressure were in fair agreement and probable reasons were given for the discrepancies observed. The qualitative agreement supports the assumptions and theory developed in paper I of this series.
Pressure Distribution During Steady Flow in Unsaturated Sands
Authors: Scott V. H. , Corey A. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA differential equation is derived which describes the pressure distribution during steady flow in a porous material occupied by two immiscible fluids such as air and water. It is assumed that Darcy's equation applies simultaneously to the wetting and the nonwetting phase. Each phase is assumed to be continuous, and therefore, any isolated portions of either phase must be regarded as part of the porous matrix. The equation may be applied to fluids flowing in any direction with respect to each other or in any direction with respect to the earth's gravitational field. In order to solve the equation, it is necessary to know the relationship between the pressure discontinuity across interfaces between the phases and the conductivity of the flowing phase or phases. The nature of this function and a method of obtaining it are discussed briefly.Experiments were conducted using a hydrocarbon liquid as the wetting fluid, air as the nonwetting fluid, and long columns of sand as porous media. Several cases were investigated, and results of two are presented: (1) downward flow through a uniform sand, and (2) downward flow through a sand into another sand of finer texture. Good agreement between experimental data and theory was obtained for all cases.
Alfalfa Yield and Composition After Different Times and Rates of Lime and Phosphorus Application
Authors: Singh R. N. , Seatz Lloyd F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLime and phosphorus applications were made to a Hartsells loam soil with a pH of 4.7 and an extremely low available phosphorus supply. Lime rates of 0, 1, 2, and 4 tons per acre and P2O5 rates of 0, 40, 80, and 120 pounds per acre were applied 3 months before planting and at planting in the four possible time‐of‐application combinations. Two crops of alfalfa were harvested and yield and P content were determined.Highly significant yield increases to both lime and phosphorus applications were found. The highest yield was obtained when the highest rates of lime and phosphorus were both applied at the time of planting. Phosphorus applications to the unlimed soil were not as effective, even though the soil was limed 3 months after the phosphorus was applied, as when the phosphorus was applied to the limed soil. These results indicate that the rate of equilibrium of phosphorus compound formation in soils at different pH levels may occur very slowly.
Genetic Soil Relationships in a Saline Glacio‐Lacustrine Area
Authors: Sandoval Fred M. , Shoesmith Lloyd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA genetic approach supported by laboratory studies was used as a technique in diagnosing a saline soil problem in North Dakota. Depths to 12 feet were studied. Soils of most of the area (saline phases of Bearden and Glyndon series) have silt loam or silty clay loam surfaces, and are derived from thick lacustrine sediments. Magnesium usually was the dominant cation, followed by sodium. Most common horizon sequence in lacustrine areas was: A1, Aca, Cca, C, Cg, and G. A lesser acreage of shallow lake‐washed or reworked materials over firm calcareous clay loam glacial till assumed importance because of higher elevation physiography and a closer chemical relationship to saline waters under artesian pressure from the underlying Dakota Sandstone geologic formation. Where till was closer to the surface the horizon sequence was: A1, Aca, Cca, C, Cg, D or Dg, and G, with frequent absence of C layers depending upon depth to till.Chemical differences between lacustrine and till areas are attributed to genetic differences, i.e., the fine‐textured lacustrine sediments themselves appear high in Mgbearing materials. These saline, hydromorphic, imperfectly drained soils were classed as calcareous solonchaks.
The Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Zinc Nutrition of Several Irrigated Crops
Authors: Burleson C. A. , Dacus A. D. , Gerard C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn field experiments, P‐induced Zn deficiencies were observed in field corn in 1958 and in sweet corn, tomatoes and field corn in 1959.In greenhouse experiments with Red Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), severe P‐induced Zn deficiencies occurred with P fertilization. Zinc absorption was increased by Zn fertilization and decreased by P fertilization. Phosphorus uptake was increased with P fertilization and decreased by Zn fertilization. When both Zn and P were applied, the uptake of both Zn and P were reduced.
The Influence of Soil Temperature on the Growth and Mineral Composition of Corn, Bromegrass and Potatoes
Authors: Nielsen K. F. , Halstead R. L. , MacLean A. J. , Bourget S. J. , Holmes R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen grown with different nutrient treatments in temperature‐controlled soil in the greenhouse, yields of corn and bromegrass tops increased with increments in temperature from 41° to 80° F., but yields of potato tops and tubers showed a less consistent relationship with temperature. Yields of corn and bromegrass roots also increased with temperature except for a decline in bromegrass roots when temperature was increased from 67° to 80° F. Tuber yields were usually higher at soil temperatures above 41° F., but the optimum temperature varied with nutrient treatment.The nutrient composition of the crops showed few consistent trends in relation to soil temperature. The P content of bromegrass and potato tops, however, increased with rising temperatures when the plants were grown without added P. Uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg and K by the crops usually increased with increasing temperature to at least 67° F. The uptake of P by the plants without addition of the nutrient, relative to the uptake obtained with addition, increased almost invariably with each increment in temperature. Water‐use efficiency usually increased where N, P and K were added together and often decreased as soil temperatures increased.
Soil Survey Refinements Needed for Accurate Classification of Black Oak Site Quality in Southeastern Ohio
Authors: Carmean Willard H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil‐site studies of black oak in southeastern Ohio show that site index varies widely within upland soil types as they are now defined. In fact, the variation is so great that soil types alone cannot be used to estimate site accurately for any specific local area. Furthermore, average site indexes for most upland soil types in south‐eastern Ohio are strikingly similar and it is evident that these soil types do not define either the very good or the very poor sites. At best, average site indexes for soil types alone can indicate only slightly different degrees of medium site quality.Site index was found to be related to depth of surface soil, subsoil texture, subsoil stone content, aspect, slope position, and slope steepness. These factors can be used to modify existing soil series and soil type descriptions, to describe new soil types and phases, or to superimpose upon present soil classifications to attain better accuracy in site prediction. Greater precision in mapping forest site quality in southeastern Ohio should result.