bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congregation of Orthopoxvirus Virions in Cytoplasmic A-Type Inclusions Is Mediated by Interactions of a Bridging Protein (A26p) with a Matrix Protein (ATIp) and a Virion Membrane-Associated Protein (A27p)
Authors: Howard Amanda R. , Weisberg Andrea S. , Moss Bernard 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
Some orthopoxviruses, e.g., the cowpox, ectromelia, and raccoonpox viruses, form large, discrete cytoplasmic inclusions within which mature virions (MVs) are embedded by a process called occlusion. These inclusions, which may protect occluded MVs in the environment, are composed of aggregates of the A-type inclusion protein (ATIp), which is truncated in orthopoxviruses such as vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus that fail to form inclusions. In addition to an intact ATIp, occlusion requires the A26 protein (A26p). Although VACV contains a functional A26p, determined by complementation of a cowpox virus occlusion-defective mutant, its role in occlusion was unknown. We found that restoration of the full-length ATI gene was sufficient for VACV inclusion formation and the ensuing occlusion of MVs. A26p was present in inclusions even when virion assembly was inhibited, suggesting a direct interaction of A26p with ATIp. Analysis of a panel of ATIp mutants indicated that the C-terminal repeat region was required for inclusion formation and the N-terminal domain for interaction with A26p and occlusion. A26p is tethered to MVs via interaction with the A27 protein (A27p); A27p was not required for association of A26p with ATIp but was necessary for occlusion. In addition, the C-terminal domain of A26p, which mediates A26p-A27p interactions, was necessary but insufficient for occlusion. Taken together, the data suggest a model for occlusion in which A26p has a bridging role between ATIp and A27p, and A27p provides a link to the MV membrane.
Autographa californica
Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus
ac76
Is Involved in Intranuclear Microvesicle Formation
Authors: Hu Zhaoyang , Yuan Meijin , Wu Wenbi , Liu Chao , Yang Kai , Pang Yi 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

In this study, we characterized
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)
orf76
(
ac76
), which is a highly conserved gene of unknown function in lepidopteran baculoviruses. Transcriptional analysis of
ac76
revealed that transcription of multiple overlapping multicistronic transcripts initiates from a canonical TAAG late-transcription start motif but terminates at different 3′ ends at 24 h postinfection in AcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells. To investigate the role of
ac76
in the baculovirus life cycle, an
ac76
-knockout virus was constructed using an AcMNPV bacmid system. Microscopy, titration assays, and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the resulting
ac76
-knockout virus was unable to produce budded viruses. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that
ac76
deletion did not affect viral DNA synthesis. Electron microscopy showed that virus-induced intranuclear microvesicles as well as occlusion-derived virions were never observed in cells transfected with the
ac76
-knockout virus. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that Ac76 was predominantly localized to the ring zone of nuclei during the late phase of infection. This suggests that
ac76
plays a role in intranuclear microvesicle formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first baculovirus gene identified to be involved in intranuclear microvesicle formation.
Tyrosine Residues in the Cytoplasmic Domains Affect Sorting and Fusion Activity of the Nipah Virus Glycoproteins in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Weise Carolin , Erbar Stephanie , Lamp Boris , Vogt Carola , Diederich Sandra , Maisner Andrea 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
The highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV) is aerially transmitted and causes a systemic infection after entering the respiratory tract. Airway epithelia are thus important targets in primary infection. Furthermore, virus replication in the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory or urinary tract in later phases of infection is essential for virus shedding and transmission. So far, the mechanisms of NiV replication in epithelial cells are poorly elucidated. In the present study, we provide evidence that bipolar targeting of the two NiV surface glycoproteins G and F is of biological importance for fusion in polarized epithelia. We demonstrate that infection of polarized cells induces focus formation, with both glycoproteins located at lateral membranes of infected cells adjacent to uninfected cells. Supporting the idea of a direct spread of infection via lateral cell-to-cell fusion, we could identify basolateral targeting signals in the cytoplasmic domains of both NiV glycoproteins. Tyrosine 525 in the F protein is part of an endocytosis signal and is also responsible for basolateral sorting. Surprisingly, we identified a dityrosine motif at position 28/29 in the G protein, which mediates polarized targeting. A dileucine motif predicted to function as sorting signal is not involved. Mutation of the targeting signal in one of the NiV glycoproteins prevented the fusion of polarized cells, suggesting that basolateral or bipolar F and G expression facilitates the spread of NiV within epithelial cell monolayers, thereby contributing to efficient virus spread in mucosal surfaces in early and late phases of infection.
Avian Reovirus Nonstructural Protein p17-Induced G
2
/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Host Cellular Protein Translation Shutoff Involve Activation of p53-Dependent Pathways
Authors: Chulu Julius L. C. , Huang Wei R. , Wang L. , Shih Wen L. , Liu Hung J. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The effects of avian reovirus (ARV) p17 protein on cell cycle progression and host cellular protein translation were studied. ARV infection and ARV p17 transfection resulted in the accumulation of infected and/or transfected cells in the G
2
/M phase of the cell cycle. The accumulation of cells in the G
2
/M phase was accompanied by upregulation and phosphorylation of the G
2
/M-phase proteins ATM, p53, p21
cip1/waf1
, Cdc2, cyclin B1, Chk1, Chk2, and Cdc25C, suggesting that p17 induces a G
2
/M cell cycle arrest through activation of the ATM/p53/p21
cip1/waf1
/Cdc2/cyclin B1 and ATM/Chk1/Chk2/Cdc25C pathways. The G
2
/M cell cycle arrest resulted in increased virus replication. In the present study, we also provide evidence demonstrating that p17 protein is responsible for ARV-induced host cellular protein translation shutoff. Increased phosphorylation levels of the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and initiation factor eIF2α and reduced phosphorylation levels of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4B, and eIF4G, as well as 4E-BP1 and Mnk-1 in p17-transfected cells, demonstrated that ARV p17 suppresses translation initiation factors and translation elongation factors to induce host cellular protein translation shutoff. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin resulted in a decrease in the levels of phosphorylated 4E-BP1, eIF4B, and eIF4G and an increase in the levels eEF2 but did not affect ARV replication, suggesting that ARV replication was not hindered by inhibition of cap-dependent translation. Taken together, our data indicate that ARV p17-induced G
2
/M arrest and host cellular translation shutoff resulted in increased ARV replication.
Theoretical and experimental study of chemical equilibrium in the systems Si-Cl and Si-Cl-H. Calculation of chemical equilibrium in the systems Si-Cl and Si-Cl-H
Authors: Leitner Jindřich , Černý Čestmír , Voňka Petr , Mikulec Jan 
Published: May 2010

From the calculations of heterogenous chemical equilibria in the systems Si-Cl and Si-Cl-H the equilibrium composition of the gas phase and the amount of deposited or reacted solid silicon have been determined. For these calculations, the method based on the minimization of the Gibbs energy of the system and critically judged and selected values of input thermodynamic data have been used. The calculations have been performed for the temperature range 1 000-1 600 K, for the pressure 101.325 kPa and 10.133 kPa and for various input compositions of the gaseous phase. In the case of the system Si-Cl, the reaction of solid leading to the formation of silicon subchlorides takes place at all conditions investigated. At atmospheric pressure and at temperatures in the neighbourhood of 1 300 K, the dominant components of the gas phase are the following substances: SiCl4, SiCl3 and SiCl2. The dependence of the amount of deposited solid silicon on temperature and on the initial composition of the gas phase in the system Si-Cl-H shows–in the investigated range of variables – a maximum, the position of which depends on the total pressure of the system. At atmospheric pressure, at temperatures around 1 300 K and at the initial molar ratio Cl/H = 0.01, the dominant components of the gas phase are the following substances: SiCl4, SiCl3, SiCl2, SiHCl3, SiH2Cl2 and HCl. The substance SiHCl which has been included into the equilibrium calculations for the first time, is present in a significant amount at higher temperatures and especially at lower pressure.
Does childhood and adolescence fracture influence bone mineral content in young adulthood?
Authors: Kawalilak Chantal E. , Baxter-Jones Adam D.G. , Faulkner Robert A. , Bailey Donald A. , Kontulainen Saija A. 
Published: May 2010

Previous fracture may predispose an individual to bone fragility because of impaired bone mineral accrual. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the influence of fractures sustained during childhood and (or) adolescence on total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) bone mineral content (BMC) in young adulthood. It was hypothesized that there would be lower TB, LS, FN, and TH BMC in participants who had sustained a pediatric fracture. Participant anthropometrics, physical activity, and BMC (measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed longitudinally during childhood and adolescence (from 1991 to 1997), and again in young adulthood (2002 to 2006). Sex, adult height, adult lean mass, adult physical activity, and adolescent BMC adjusted TB, LS, FN, and TH BMC in young adulthood, for those who reported 1 or more fractures (n = 42), were compared with those who reported no fractures (n = 101). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in adjusted BMC between fracture and nonfracture groups at the TB, LS, FN, and TH sites in young adulthood. These results suggest that fractures sustained during childhood and adolescence may not interfere with bone mass in young adulthood at clinically relevant bone sites.
The effects of 4 weeks of an arginine-based supplement on the gas exchange threshold and peak oxygen uptake
Authors: Camic Clayton L. , Housh Terry J. , Mielke Michelle , Zuniga Jorge M. , Hendrix C. Russell , Johnson Glen O. , Schmidt Richard J. , Housh Dona J. 
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the daily administration of an arginine-based supplement for 4 weeks on the gas exchange threshold (GET) and peak oxygen uptake. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Forty-one college-aged males (mean age ± SD = 22.1 ± 2.4 years) were randomized into either the PLACEBO (n = 20) or ARGININE (n = 21) group. The placebo was microcrystalline cellulose. The ARGININE group ingested 3.0 g of arginine, 300 mg of grape seed extract, and 300 mg of polyethylene glycol. All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer prior to supplementation (PRE) and after 4 weeks of supplementation (POST). The GET was determined by using the V-slope method of the carbon dioxide output vs. oxygen uptake relationship. The results indicated that there were significant mean increases (PRE to POST) in GET (4.1%), as well as in carbon dioxide output (4.3%) and power output (5.4%) at the GET for the ARGININE group, but no significant changes for the PLACEBO group (2.5%, 4.3%, and 3.9%, respectively). In addition, there were no significant changes in peak oxygen uptake for the ARGININE (–1.0%) or PLACEBO (–1.5%) groups. These findings supported the use of the arginine-based supplement for increasing GET and the associated power output, but not for increasing peak oxygen uptake during cycle ergometry.
Dietary fish oil alleviates soleus atrophy during immobilization in association with Akt signaling to p70s6k and E3 ubiquitin ligases in rats
Authors: You Jae-Sung , Park Mi-Na , Song Wook , Lee Yeon-Sook 
Published: May 2010

Reduced muscle activity leads to impaired insulin signaling, which leads to loss of contractile proteins and muscle mass via the Akt pathway. Dietary fish oil rich in long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to prevent insulin signaling resistance in skeletal muscle. This study was conducted to elucidate the protective effect of dietary fish oil on disuse-induced perturbations in insulin signaling and soleus muscle atrophy. To accomplish this, rats were fed a corn-oil- (control) or fish-oil-based diet for 2 weeks, and then subjected to hindlimb immobilization while still receiving the same diets. After 10 days of immobilization, the soleus muscle mass and myosin heavy chain level had markedly decreased; however, these losses were significantly suppressed in rats fed dietary fish oil, compared with the control group. Dietary fish oil nearly completely attenuated the disturbances in activation of the Akt and p70 S6 kinase proteins, as well as the gene expression of muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases (muscle atrophy F-box and muscle RING finger 1). However, insulin receptor substrate 1 associated with the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase was not altered during immobilization. Dietary fish oil also inhibited alterations in the gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, with no additional observation of oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that dietary fish oil prior to and during immobilization may alleviate the immobilization-induced soleus muscle atrophy, at least in part, via the Akt pathway through E3 ubiquitin ligases and p70s6k.
Analysis of rheological properties of rubberized binders containing warm asphalt additives
Authors: Akisetty Chandra K. , Gandhi Tejash , Lee Soon-Jae , Amirkhanian Serji N. 
Published: May 2010

The main objective of using warm mix asphalt (WMA) is to reduce emissions and improve the workability by lowering the mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixes through different mechanisms. Since warm asphalt is a relatively new technology, not much research has been conducted on various mix compositions. While some of the concerns about WMA have been addressed, the interaction of warm mix additives with modified binders, especially crumb rubber modified (CRM) binder, is not known in great detail. This paper presents the data on rheological tests conducted on rubberized binders containing warm asphalt additives. Binders from five different sources were modified using 10% crumb rubber by weight of the virgin binders. Two of the available warm asphalt technologies, Aspha-min® and Sasobit®, were used to produce the warm asphalt binders. From the tests, it was observed that the addition of the warm asphalt additives significantly reduce the permanent deformation of the binders, increase the viscosity at 60 °C and the complex modulus, G*, and decrease the phase angle, δ, at high frequencies and low temperatures compared with the CRM binders.
Evaluation of the biodegradation feasibility of antibiotics by three bacteria involving glutathione S-transferasesA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.
Authors: Park Hyeyoung , Choung Youn-Kyoo 
Published: May 2010

Swine wastewater is not easy to dispose of in usual biological wastewater treatment plants. One reason is that some antibiotics are not easily degradable in the normal treatment system and suppress or inhibit microorganisms in the treatment system. Specifically tetracycline, sulfathiazole, and ampicillin have been widely used as antibiotics in pig feed. For treating disposal and spillage of these antibiotics biologically, a special enzyme based method is needed. Detoxifying enzymes caused the antibiotics to be bio-converted in this experiment and degraded them in this biological experiment. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyzed the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to a number of hydrophobic electrophilic substrates. In this study, we hypothesized that the microorganisms with GSTs degraded the representative manure antibiotics. The initial concentrations of tetracycline, sulfathiazole, and ampicillin were 100 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively. These concentrations of antibiotics in pig feed are typical levels. Evaluation of the biodegradation feasibility of antibiotics was carried out by three bacteria possessing glutathione S-transferases under the strong concentration of antibiotics (standards for livestock pharmaceuticals in pig feed).
Effect of sex steroid hormones on brain edema, intracranial pressure, and neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Shahrokhi Nader , Khaksari Mohammad , Soltani Zahra , Mahmoodi Mehdi , Nakhaee Nouzar 
Published: May 2010

Recent studies have reported that estrogen and progesterone have a neuroprotective effect after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the mechanism(s) for this effect have not yet been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of sex steroid hormones on changes in brain edema, intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) after TBI in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. In this study, 50 female rats were divided into 5 groups: control (intact), sham, and 3 TBI groups consisting of vehicle, estrogen (1 mg/kg), and progesterone (8 mg/kg). TBI was induced by the Marmarou method, and the hormones were injected i.p. 30 min after TBI. ICP was measured in the spinal cord, and CPP was calculated by subtracting the mean arterial pressure (MAP) from ICP. The results revealed that brain water content after TBI was lower (p < 0.001) in the estrogen and progesterone groups than in the vehicle group. After trauma, ICP was significantly higher in TBI rats (p < 0.001). The ICP in the estrogen and progesterone groups decreased at 4 and 24 h after TBI compared with vehicle (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The CPP in the estrogen and progesterone groups increased after 24 h compared with vehicle (p < 0.001). Also after TBI, the neurological score (veterinary coma scale) was significantly higher than vehicle at 1 h (p < 0.01) and 24 h (p < 0.001) in the group treated with estrogen. In conclusion, pharmacological doses of estrogen and progesterone improved ICP, CPP, and neurological scores after TBI in OVX rats, which implies that these hormones play a neuroprotective role in TBI.
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by a new podophyllotoxin glucoside in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells
Authors: Liu Yanfeng , Zhao Changqi , Li Hongxing , Yu Miao , Gao Jiali , Wang Lei , Zhai Yonggong 
Published: May 2010

4-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin 7′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4′ DPG), a new podophyllotoxin glucoside with a chemical structure similar to that of 4-demethylpicropodophyllotoxin 7′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4DPG), was isolated from the rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying (Berberidaceae). Like 4DPG and etoposide (VP-16), 4′ DPG displayed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in HepG2 cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the presence of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation after HepG2 cells were exposed to 4′ DPG (1 µmol/L). In addition, 4′ DPG-driven apoptotic events were associated with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. These results suggest that 4′ DPG has prominent cytotoxic activity and induces apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in HepG2 cells.
Cervicogenic headache in the general population: The Akershus study of chronic headache
Authors: Knackstedt Heidi , Bansevicius Dalius , Aaseth Kjersti , Grande Ragnhild Berling , Lundqvist Christofer , Russell Michael Bjørn 
Published: May 2010

Objective: The objective was to study the prevalence of cervicogenic headache (CEH) in the general population. Methods: An age- and gender-stratified random sample of 30,000 persons aged 30–44 years received a mailed questionnaire. Those with self-reported chronic headache were interviewed by neurological residents. The criteria of the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group and the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition, were applied. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 71% and the participation rate of the interview was 74%. The prevalence of CEH was 0.17% in the general population, with a female preponderance. Fifty per cent had co-occurrence of medication overuse and 42% had co-occurrence of migraine. The pericranial muscle tenderness score was significantly higher on the pain than non-pain side ( p < .005). The cervical range of motion was significantly reduced compared to healthy controls ( p < .005). The mean duration of CEH was eight years. Based on patients' self-reports, greater occipital nerve (GON) blockage and cryotherapy was reported effective in 90% of those who had this procedure, while other treatment alternatives were reported less effective.
Hypomorphic Rag mutations can cause destructive midline granulomatous disease
Authors: De Ravin Suk See , Cowen Edward W. , Zarember Kol A. , Whiting-Theobald Narda L. , Kuhns Douglas B. , Sandler Netanya G. , Douek Daniel C. , Pittaluga Stefania , Poliani Pietro L. , Lee Yu Nee , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Wang Lei , Alt Frederick W. , Kang Elizabeth M. , Milner Joshua D. , Niemela Julie E. , Fontana-Penn Mary , Sinal Sara H. , Malech Harry L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Destructive midline granulomatous disease characterized by necrotizing granulomas of the head and neck is most commonly caused by Wegener granulomatosis, natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, cocaine abuse, or infections. An adolescent patient with myasthenia gravis treated with thymectomy subsequently developed extensive granulomatous destruction of midface structures, palate, nasal septum, airways, and epiglottis. His lymphocyte numbers, total immunoglobulin G level, and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire appeared normal. Sequencing of Recombination activating gene-1 (Rag1) showed compound heterozygous Rag1 mutations; a novel deletion with no recombinase activity and a missense mutation resulting in 50% Rag activity. His thymus was dysplastic and, although not depleted of T cells, showed a notable absence of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. This distinct Rag-deficient phenotype characterized by immune dysregulation with granulomatous hyperinflammation and autoimmunity, with relatively normal T and B lymphocyte numbers and a diverse TCR repertoire expands the spectrum of presentation in Rag deficiency. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00128973.