bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Carbon Capture and Hydrogen in the Energy Transition
Authors: Baliga U. B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Decarbonization is increasingly becoming the new agenda of governments and organizations worldwide. Key factors contribute to the scope and growth of clean hydrogen that include Blue Hydrogen with Carbon Capture with Utilization or Sequestration (CCUS) and Green Hydrogen. The US IRA provides tax credits for CCUS and Clean Hydrogen that will help kickstart decarbonization in the USA. For Blue Hydrogen, CCUS will play a vital role in decarbonization. It is an alternative utilizing available existing infrastructure with a lower investment rather making a full leap to 100% renewable energy for Green Hydrogen. Current Grey Hydrogen production is an intense carbon emitting process. Blue Hydrogen technology using CCUS will play a vital role in this decarbonization pathway as it leverages existing infrastructure with lower investment.
For Green Hydrogen, growth factors include lower cost of renewable power due to improved technology, falling cost of systems integration due to increasing renewable power, improved efficiency of electrolyzer technologies, lower power consumption for green hydrogen, and the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Increased investment in renewable energy has increased the impetus for Green Hydrogen that in turn has increased demand-side flexibility. Electrolyzers are scaling up quickly, from megawatt (MW) to gigawatt (GW) scale as technology continues to evolve. Hydrogen producers will need to be diligent in acquiring electricity from low-GHG generators, otherwise electrolysis can exceed the emission levels of traditional hydrogen processes (Grey Hydrogen).
Production of low-carbon hydrogen from fossil fuel sources and clean hydrogen from renewable resources is gaining substantial momentum with a large number of projects worldwide burgeoning during this decade, aptly described as the "Roaring Twenties for Hydrogen." Further acceleration of efforts is critical to ensure a significant share of clean hydrogen in the energy system in the coming decades. While the cost of hydrogen supply from renewables has come down and continues to fall, the urgency of GHG emission mitigation has increased. Many countries have begun to take action to decarbonize their economies, notably energy supply and demand. Ensuring a low-carbon, clean hydrogen supply is essential.
Design Execution and Evaluation of Advanced Completions in Deepwater West Africa
Authors: Pankaj Piyush , Jackson Matthew S. , _ Lokesh , Lopez Thomas , Li Rong Hua , Alves Alvaro , Mohan Kshitij 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Deepwater wells in offshore West Africa traverse through a complicated faulted block with sand bodies ranging in 10s of meters of thickness. A horizontal or deviated configuration allows wells to intersect and produce from multiple sand formations at once. This also brings in complexity of segmentation along the wellbore with chances of either tapping into gas cap or potential gas build up in zones around the wellbore in time which could render the well uneconomical. The study provides insight into designing advanced well completions in offshore West Africa wells with Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs) under various challenging reservoir conditions that enable maximizing the producing life of the wells.
Subsurface characterization and engineering models were used to predict well performance under various conditions creating the expectation envelope of possible scenarios in pre-drilled planning phase using a digital-twin model of the well. When the wells were drilled, real time data of wellbore geometry, sand interval lengths, permeability and fluid phase saturations were estimated which were used to revalidate, revise, and optimize the design of lower completions including placement of packers and AICDs. Further, compaction well operability limits were defined using the geomechanical analysis to provide guidance on the well start-up without formation collapse. Once the wells were turned on for production, the digital twin models were recalibrated, and drawdown was readjusted for optimizing production performance.
The study presents two wells’ case studies with completely different production strategies – one with existing gas cap and other with potential gas cap build in time. The engineering approach allowed designing lower completion in both the wells and without which the wells would otherwise be dominant gas producers in their producing life (early or later) and become inoperable with gas handling constraints at surface. Efficient design maximized oil productivity and allowed reservoir fluid influx control for efficient reservoir maintenance. Production of gas was suppressed by over 600% and an equivalent increase in oil production was achieved with the optimized completion design.
Integrated subsurface understanding, reservoir characterization, completion engineering and execution of advanced completions in the wells maximized the oil productivity and delay the gas influx into the well. The engineering workflow designed in the study has become the framework of decision making in designing lower completions for future wells with complex zonal segmentation of reservoir or potential gas/ water influx in time.
Recommended Design Practices for Enhanced Well Productivity in Multi-Zone Completions with Large Variations in Zonal Pressures
Authors: Serra M. , Nadeem A. , Burke K. , Rodgers J. P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Perforating multiple zones in a single deep-water well, where the zonal pressures between reservoirs differ significantly, at times in excess of 2000 psi, presents substantial challenges in developing and maintaining sufficient dynamic underbalance for effective perforation cleanout across the zones. The principal objective of this study is the development of recommended design practices for perforating deep-water, extended reach, step-out wells that present such challenges.
Design practices were evaluated through the perforation strategy optimization of four multi-zone, deep-water wells situated in the Jubilee Field, off the coast of Ghana. The sensitivity of dynamic underbalance generation and perforation cleanout performance to changes in readily modifiable gun system characteristics was studied. This includes charge loading, string positioning and management of gun free volume. Multi-physics simulation was used to resolve the fluid and structural dynamic responses of the system during perforation. The applied methodology provides enhanced visualization and resolution of the system-wide dynamics during this highly energetic event. It accounts for the complexity of the material interactions and the resulting 3-dimensional loading on the string from charge detonation, casing fragmentation and high-speed fluid flows [Glenn, 2014]. To build confidence in this analytical approach, pressure data recorded downhole was used to close the loop on the process and calibrate the simulations against their respective job histories.
Greenfield Production Development: A Comprehensive Process Review to Reduce Schedule Since Discovery to First Oil
Authors: Smolka R. B. , Canova M. D. , Mascarenhas L. S. , Murakami C. Y. , Lins F. Holanda , Andrade L. D. , Sousa A. G. , Serra R. S. , Ribeiro M. S. , Machado T. B. , de Sá A. Nicolino 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article describes a framework to a Petrobras approach to greenfield development based on a set of strategies, process review and solutions to reduce the time between a new discovery and its first oil, presenting gains and challenges to implementation. The methodology presented in this study encompasses: Definition of a target to a greenfield development; A comprehensive processes review with information flows mapping, critical paths of activities, interdependencies, and main schedule offenders identified from pre-discovery to first oil production; Structuring a set of solutions, initiatives, and levers for time gains in an integrated manner among all stakeholders, including paradigm shifts and change management applied to the company portfolio; and a program management office. The achieved results were a set of approximately 70 initiatives with assumptions, new processes, and strategies considering technical and business disciplines to be applied in production development projects from discovery to first oil. This comprehensive process review concludes that there are alternatives for reductions in greenfield project schedules that could potentially reduce about 30% of the time to first oil when the assumptions of the solutions are met, and the optimistic scenario is revealed in the discovery and appraisal. However, we highlight the necessity of risk and return evaluation for each solution, as well as the need for changing the company's standards, norms, and organizational culture.
Renewable Energy: Conceptual Process Design of Green Hydrogen Production Systems Utilizing Offshore Wind Energy
Authors: Le V. N. , Shukla K. P. , Sarada S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to outline the conceptual process design for producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of water, using electricity generated from offshore wind farms. This study exemplifies the production of hydrogen based on Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis installed on the dedicated hydrogen production hub. The envisioned "hydrogen hub" represents a comprehensive green hydrogen production system, relying on a presumed 200 MW power supply from an offshore substation within an 810 MW offshore wind farm. The entire system is placed on a dedicated offshore three-deck fixed platform, which is between the offshore wind farm substation and onshore facility. The desalinated seawater is supplied to the PEM electrolyzer for producing green hydrogen. Hydrogen will be processed, compressed, and stored onboard. A high-level economics of the process design of the hydrogen production system will be evaluated using the open-source software. The paper is based on publicly available information on an 810 MW offshore wind farm as an example of a field case study.
This study intends to demonstrate the conceptual process design for green hydrogen production powered by an offshore wind farm. The hydrogen production process is designed considering the availability of surplus power from one of the existing offshore wind farms. The economics of the process are evaluated and discussed. Our design analysis shows that the process of hydrogen production appears promising and can be applied to commercial scale offshore wind farms. The current cost estimate of producing green hydrogen from the offshore wind energy seems economically significant. However, the ongoing technological advances show that the costs of hydrogen producing equipment and power needed from the offshore wind farms may reduce significantly in near future. The conceptual process design and high-level economic analysis performed in this study is intended to be a small step in understanding the economics of green hydrogen production and advancing energy sustainability.
This paper introduces a process design technology and economic analysis for renewable hydrogen production, utilizing offshore wind energy as applied to a field case study. This contributes to the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and aligns with global efforts to combat climate change and achieve net zero emissions goals. Leveraging expertise in offshore/subsea engineering and petroleum engineering, this research advances the knowledge and skills required for renewable energy production, balancing supply and demand, and sustainability.
Enabling Underwater Internet of Things
Authors: Massari G. , Albani Y. , Cavallini F. , Marras C. , Spaccini D. , Petrioli C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Offshore market has seen a vast demand for new projects with increasing complexity in terms of involved technology and operational scenarios. All these applications share an important requirement: the need to guarantee the integrity and productivity of subsea critical energy infrastructure, to ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of projects. Due to the recent changes in the global geopolitical situation, asset monitoring and information availability is becoming vital to ensure the safe and efficient management of offshore energy projects, thus making the digital transformation of subsea assets a key objective. The above factors coupled with advancements in artificial intelligence and through-water communications are driving the rapid evolution of subsea monitoring technologies, that have now reached a sufficient maturity level for an industrial deployment at scale.
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have been utilised for a long time to monitor underwater assets given their proven capability of periodically performing vessel-based inspection campaigns. Even if the frequency of missions by ROV and AUV can be very high, the data gathered by these robotic systems are discrete (not continuous); this represents a limitation whenever real time uninterrupted monitoring is required. An answer to these limitations can be provided by the use of stationary monitoring units that despite offering an interesting alternative also presents some significant challenges in their implementation, particularly when large areas need to be monitored and costly interconnection cables are required. In this scenario, a new technological solution that can provide a system of battery-powered underwater acquisition nodes, capable of communicating through-water, is emerging.
This novel advanced technological solution aims to unlock the implementation of a real underwater Internet-of-Things where the nodes will be able to gather and locally process data (edge computing), obtain short data packets and easily transmit them through water to inform about specific and potentially significant events. The nodes will be moreover capable of cooperating with each other and interchange data, thus allowing the realization of large and distributed monitoring matrixes; in addition, the nodes will also be able to interact with underwater vehicles to create complex monitoring systems where "stationary monitoring" nodes, placed in points of critical interest, are combined with the "itinerant inspections capabilities" of underwater drones.
The scope of this paper is to explore all the underwater sectors calling for underwater Internet-Of-Things solutions and present the potentials of these emerging technologies as enablers of new and disruptive monitoring paradigms.
Non-Linear Tuned Mass-Damper-Inerters for Vibration Reduction and Energy Harvesting within Semi-Submersible Offshore Wind Platforms
Authors: Hall L. , Hung T. C. , Javaherian M. J. , Fang B. , Zuo L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Offshore floating wind turbines experience greater pitch and heave motions than their fixed counterparts, resulting in component fatigue that reduces the longevity of the turbine structure. While various vibration control systems have been proposed to reduce vibrations, this paper proposes a novel non-linear tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) system within the columns of the semi-submersible platform that is able to simultaneously dampen vibrations and harvest power from the vibrations. As such, the design essentially incorporates three wave-energy converter power take-off systems within the floating platform structure. Modeling of three non-linear TMDIs within the system was completed using a Euler-Lagrangian approach and optimization was completed using pattern search in MATLAB. The nonlinear TMDIs performed better than the linear TMDIs and tuned mass-dampers (TMDs) over the broader frequency range but underperformed the linear TMDIs and TMDs at peak loading. This indicates promise for regions with highly variable wave conditions; however, the TMDs and linear TMDIs may still perform better on semi-submersible platforms in some offshore locations. For identical vibrational performance, the linear and non-linear TMDIs required lighter secondary masses than TMDs. Additionally, theoretical power potential from the TMDI generator increased with the introduction of nonlinearity for most design cases.
Intelligent Robotic Heat Exchanger Maintenance and Non-Destructive Coating Inspection
Authors: Ventura Alexander , Kobayashi Dylan , Kumar Rishi , Dinh Peter , Niles Noel , Nakatsuka Matthew 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The advent of nanocomposite treatments has shown pronounced impact toward fouling reduction and asset integrity when applied to heat transfer equipment, particularly shell and tube heat exchanger configurations. One drawback to nanocomposite treatments and any additive performance layer is that the performance of treatment is directly correlated to the quality of preparation and application. This becomes a considerable drawback when dealing with complex surfaces and geometries, such as a tube sheet configuration within a shell and tube heat exchanging unit. Tube sheets consist of thousands of individual tubes making a repeatable and scalable application difficult. Often so, inspection of surfaces is not able to be completed with full fidelity, rather a sample set is inspected and inferred across the lot as a whole. The assumption in quality across an already manual intensive and non-repeatable process draws concerns toward assuring the performance of next-generation additive performance layers.
This work describes the development of an intelligent robotic heat exchanger system functionalized to apply and inspect nanocomposite surface treatments. Development is segmented in a dual effort with future works planned to integrate the two systems into one fully functional process. Phase one development is aimed to develop intelligent processes allowing for a robotic system to become self-capable of determining tube location and actuating guided movements relative to a heat exchanger tube sheet configuration. Phase one efforts integrated directly into existing capabilities of treatment application with the robotic system in a fully manual state. Phase two efforts integrate intelligent inspection into the system through manipulation of raw data gathered by phase one capabilities. The intelligent inspection system processes available data to evaluate a tube application corresponding to intended treatment coverage and treatment thickness.
The Design of a New Laboratory Facility to Evaluate Axial and Lateral Pipe-Soil Interaction at Real Scale
Authors: Orlando P. , Dantas J. , Rodrigues C. , Castro F. , Pereira J. , Cardoso C. , Gomes J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Soil-structure interaction parameters for subsea applications are not easily obtained by traditional laboratory experiments such as triaxial, oedometer and direct shear tests. A complete comprehension of topics such as displacements, reaction forces, bending moments and friction factors is commonly a result of investigations through geotechnical physical models. Although small-scale models are widely adopted due to lower costs, time spent and availability of lab facilities, full-scale modelling may achieve more realistic results, especially regarding pipe-soil interaction. Aiming to reliably reproduce the axial and lateral pipe-soil interaction behavior in Pre-Salt's typical soft marine clay profiles, southeastern Brazil, and improve knowledge, IPT (Institute for Technological Research of the State of Sao Paulo) designed and constructed, with Petrobras support, two large-scale Geotech&lt;ABnical testing steel tanks with complete infrastructure and a set of auxiliary systems. The lab facility was designed to meet the modeling requirements to represent the soft clays soils found on deep-waters of Santos Basin, and to operate autonomously, being divided in three main groups: (i) a soil transportation and homogenization system, (ii) a soil consolidation system and (iii) a cyclic axial and lateral pipe-soil interaction testing systems. Among the various experimental apparatus developed, the following stand out: (i) an automatic filling and emptying system, which takes water and soil into and out of the tanks; (ii) automatic servo controlled hydraulic mixers to prepare homogeneous clay slurries; (iii) a dual soil consolidation system using both vacuum preloading and surcharge loading methods, enabling the replication of predefined seabed shear strength profiles; and a (iv) fully-automated carriage capable of imposing large displacements to evaluate cyclic axial and lateral pipe-soil interaction. This paper presents aspects of the development of this novel laboratory facility and focuses on the requirements and experimental systems developed by IPT to reproduce, through physical modelling, axial and lateral pipe-soil interaction for soft clays, predominant soil type in the Pre-Salt area, southeastern Brazil. Commissioning tests, which validate the implemented systems, are presented in the end.
Integration of Geoscience Data – The TNW Offshore Wind Farm Case Study
Authors: Sauvin G. , Vanneste M. , Vardy M. , Klinkvort R. T. , Forsberg C. F. , Kort D. A. 
Published: April 2024

The exploration and development of offshore renewable energy sources necessitates the handling of vast amounts of multi-disciplinary data across extensive areas. An efficient method of linking and integrating these data into a coherent ground model has become a theme of great interest. Such a ground model should assist developers in determining subsequent site investigations, optimizing field layout and foundation design, identifying geohazards and implementing suitable risk mitigation strategies. However, current practices often result in a qualitative integration, where geological formations are identified without assigning geotechnical properties to them, rendering the ground model unsuitable for site development. Moreover, the complexity of geological histories, particularly in relation to glacial and interglacial cycles and sea-level fluctuations, poses significant challenges.
Despite the scarcity of geotechnical data, efficient integration of multi-disciplinary data is essential for creating reliable ground models that capture uncertainty accurately. Geophysical data provides information on the 3D geological and structural framework, while unit properties can be derived from in situ tests and laboratory data consistently.
Our goal is to develop a fully integrated ground model, applicable to geotechnical applications, such as the Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden Wind Farm Zone (TNW), located off the Dutch coast. We propose a site-specific, data-driven integrated ground model that facilitates further development of the TNW. This quantitative ground model merges all available geotechnical and geological Ground Investigation data with geophysical data into a comprehensive, consistent 3D ground model, highlighting stratigraphic and spatial variations in ground conditions across the site.