bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peanut Fungicides: Effect on Survival and Development of the Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and Velvetbean Caterpillar1
Authors: Lynch Robert E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The fungicides chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and propiconazole commonly used for control of peanut diseases were evaluated for activity against the corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner). Chlorothalonil most adversely affected early establishment and survival of neonates of all three insect species on peanut terminal buds. Chlorothalonil also decreased the weight of larvae of all three species at 10 d and extended the time to pupation for fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Similarly, tebuconazole adversely affected early survival and establishment, decreased 10-d weight and extended time to pupation of corn earworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae, but had little effect on fall armyworm larvae. Propiconazole had no effect on establishment and survival of corn earworm and fall armyworm larvae on peanut terminals, and actually increased the weight of 10-d-old larvae for all three insects over that recorded for the untreated control. Orthogonal comparisons of the activity of five chlorothalonil-based fungicides against the fall army-worm showed that the activity was due to chlorothalonil rather than to formulation. At equivalent concentrations used in the field, Bravo Ultrex® was significantly more active against larvae of the fall armyworm than was a comparable concentration of Bravo 72®. However, regression lines did not differ for the two fungicides for any of the developmental parameters measured when larvae of all three species were fed different concentrations of Bravo 720® and Bravo Ultrex® in their meridic diet.
Peanut Yield Potential as Influenced by Cropping System and Plant Density
Authors: Igbokwe P. E. , Nkongolo N. V. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study was conducted on a Memphis silt loam at Alcorn State University in 1992 and 1993 and investigated row-intercropping as a low-input alternative to the conventional cropping system for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in southwestern Mississippi. Extractable P and exchangeable cations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping in 1992. Extractable S and P were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping and conventional peanut monocropping, respectively, in 1993. Plant height, shoot dry weight, the number of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) per row, insect lesions per leaflet, and rodent diggings per row were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for conventional peanut monocropping than when peanut was intercropped with vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]. Peanut pod number, pod weight, seed number, and seed weight also were higher for conventional peanut monocropping. The seed mineral composition generally was not affected by cropping system and plant spacing. Peanut yield was higher for 15.2 cm within-row plant spacing compared to 10.2- and 20.3-cm spacings investigated in this study. Interaction between cropping system and plant spacing was significant for pod number, pod weight, seed number, seed weight, and seed Ca and Fe compositions in 1992, but only significant for seed number, seed weight, and seed Fe and Zn compositions in 1993.
Pod and Seed Size Relation to Maturity and In-Shell Quality Potential in Virginia-Type Peanuts1
Authors: McNeill Kay L. , Sanders Timothy H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In-shell peanut sales provide a consistent market for large-seeded virginia-type peanuts. In this market, maintenance of a high quality product, which includes fresh roasted peanut flavor, is a recurring challenge. A maturity-seed size-quality relationship has been established for shelled peanuts. To determine if this relationship is true for in-shell peanuts, the relationships of maturity, pod size, and seed size were investigated. In two crop years (1992 and 1993) and on four to five harvest dates, virginia-type peanuts (cv. NC 9) were harvested at Lewiston, NC and sorted into hull scrape maturity classes: black, brown, orange B, orange A, and yellow. After pods were dried, they were screened to obtain the pod size distribution. Sized pods were hand-shelled, and the seed were screened to obtain the seed size distribution from each pod size from each maturity class. Hull scrape pod maturity profiles revealed a decrease of ca. 14% in yellow/orange A and an increase of ca. 14% in brown/black over the 4- to 7-d harvest period. Overall, pod size distribution did not change over time although slight differences were noted between years. Pod size distributions within individual maturity classes were more variable. The data indicated that the Jumbo in-shell grade contained higher percentages of brown and black maturity classes than the fancy grade. Fancy grades contained 26-49% immature pods (yellow and orange A maturity classes).
Disease and Yield Responses to Fungicides Among Peanut Cultivars Differing in Reaction to Sclerotinia Blight1
Authors: Damicone J. P. , Jackson K. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut cultivars with different disease reactions to Sclerotinia blight received a variable number of applications of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha or fluazinam at 0.56 kg/ha to determine the most efficient management program. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) cultivar x treatment interactions occurred for each fungicide. In two trials with iprodione, two applications reduced disease incidence for the susceptible cultivar Okrun from 62 to 27% as compared to the control, and increased yield from 2034 to 2581 kg/ha. Three applications did not improve disease control or increase yield as compared to two applications. Iprodione did not affect disease incidence or yields of the moderately resistant cultivar Spanco (9%, 2475 kg/ha) or the resistant cultivar Tamspan 90 (3%, 2903 kg/ha). In three other trials, fluazinam reduced disease incidence in one or more trials and increased yields across trials for all cultivars. Two applications provided the best disease control for Okrun as disease incidence was reduced from 77 to 22%. However, the increase in yield for one (1034 kg/ha) and two (1415 kg/ha) applications did not differ. Reductions in disease incidence with fluazinam varied for Spanco and Tamspan 90, and the yield increase was less than for Okrun. Two applications for Spanco reduced disease incidence from 17 to 7% and increased yield from 2900 to 3484 kg/ha. One application to Tamspan 90 reduced disease incidence from 10 to 5% and increased yield from 3348 to 3891 kg/ha. Tamspan 90 had the highest yield in all trials regardless of fungicide treatment.
The Competitive Position of Peanuts: A Comparison Between the U.S. and China1
Authors: Chen Changping , Fletcher Stanley M. , Zhang Ping , Carley Dale H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study analyzed the competitiveness of peanuts for the U.S. and China over the 1988-93 period. Economic cost, cost components, yield, and net returns were examined using the Mann-Whitney test. Results indicate that net returns to farm management and risk in peanut production were substantially lower in both the domestic and world markets for American peanut producers than for Chinese peanut producers due to higher economic cost in American peanut production. American peanuts were less competitive than Chinese peanuts in terms of costs and net returns. Findings suggest that reducing costs and improving economic efficiency of production should be the most important priority for the U.S. peanut industry as the world moves toward freer trade. The future competitiveness of U.S. peanuts not only depends on its high quality, but also depends on its relative price in the domestic and international markets.
A Risk Index for Determining Insecticide Treatment for Southern Corn Rootworm in Peanut
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Petka W. J. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is a primary pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in Virginia and North Carolina and an occasional pest in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Currently, no alternatives involving integrated pest management exist for this pest, and control is based solely on preventive application of soil insecticides. Recent reductions in federal price support for peanut grown in the U.S. have provided incentives for growers to look for ways to reduce production costs. A risk index was developed that integrates factors that influence rootworm abundance and peanut pod damage to estimate levels of risk in individual peanut fields, and thus allows for more prescriptive and economical rootworm management. This index was evaluated using 44 field case studies in Virginia and North Carolina commercial peanut fields over the period 1989 to 1996. In each field case, predicted risk was compared to actual percent pod damage. Results showed that in 29 of 44 cases, the index accurately predicted general levels of risk to pod damage, and insecticide treatment decisions based on the index would have been correct in 32 of 44 cases. This report contains the individual index components, the justification for each, the indexing process, example index scenarios, and results of the process used in field case study evaluation.
Peanut Response to Prohexadione Calcium as Affected by Cultivar and Digging Date
Authors: Culpepper A. S. , Jordan D. L. , Batts R. B. , York A. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An experiment at two locations in 1995 and two locations in 1996 evaluated virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to the growth regulator prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as affected by cultivars and digging dates. Prohexadione calcium at 140 g ai/ha was applied at row closure and again 3 wk later in 1995 or 140 g/ha at row closure and 70 g/ha 3 and 6 wk later in 1996. The cultivars AgraTech (AT) VC-1, NC 9, NC 10C, NC 12C, NC-V11, and VA-C92R were dug on three separate dates approximately 11d apart. Response to prohexadione calcium was independent of digging dates. Prohexadione calcium altered canopy architecture and increased row visibility at harvest for all cultivars although the response was greatest with NC-V 11 and least with NC 9. Prohexadione calcium hastened pod maturity, increased percentages of extra large kernels, total sound mature kernels, and fancy pods, and increased peanut value/kg irrespective of cultivars and digging dates. Yield response to prohexadione calcium was cultivar dependent. NC 9 was most responsive, with yield increased 7 to 16% at all locations. Yields of ATVC-1, NC 10C, NC 12C, and NC-V 11 were increased 9 to 15% at two locations and unaffected at two locations. VA-C 92R was the least responsive, with yield increased 5% at two locations and decreased 8% at two locations.
Evaluation of Arachis hypogaea × A. cardenasii Interspecific Lines for Resistance to Insect Pests1
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Stalker H. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fourteen lines from the interspecific cross Arachis hypogaea X A. cardenasii were evaluated in the field and seven lines from this cross were evaluated in the laboratory for resistance to insect damage. Laboratory evaluation of interspecific lines against major defoliators of peanut showed variable levels of resistance to the corn earworm, no resistance to the fall armyworm, and moderate resistance to the velvetbean caterpillar as noted by a reduced host suitability index in line IC 2–5. Damage ratings to plants in the field indicated no resistance in the interspecific lines to the tobacco thrips. However, a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm was observed in most of the lines. Resistance to the potato leafhopper was indicated by reduced damage ratings for all interspecific lines relative to damage on cv. Florunner. Resistance ratings for the potato leafhopper were highest in lines GP-NC WS 7 and IC 1–19 and was evident even under severe potato leafhopper pressure. The levels of resistance to the southern corn rootworm and potato leafhopper should prove useful in a breeding program to introgress resistance to these insects into elite cultivars.
Comparison of Peanut Yield, Quality, and Net Returns Between Nonirrigated and Irrigated Production
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Davidson J. I. , Childre J. W. , Martin N. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut yield, quality, and net return to irrigation were analyzed from commercial peanut fields in the southeastern U.S. during the 1987 through 1994 crop years. The average amount of irrigation water applied ranged from 2.51 to 28.22 cm/ha. Yields in the irrigated peanut fields averaged 569 kg/ha higher than in the nonirrigated fields. Means for farmer stock grade, jumbo shelling outturn, and seed germination also were significantly higher in the irrigated fields. Conversely, aflatoxin contamination was 140 ppb lower in the nonedible oil stock category from the irrigated fields. Yearly comparisons were made to examine significant differences in irrigation associated peanut yield and quality changes in individual crop years as well as across year comparisons for nonirrigated and irrigated practices. The net return for irrigation was examined at the quota support price, weighted average farmer stock price, and contract additional price. Average net return over total irrigation cost were $236.99, $149.22, and -$22.64 per ha, respectively.
Peanut Response to Ethalfluralin: Rates and Methods of Application1
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Colvin D. L. , Wehtje G. R. , Littlefield T. A. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 at Headland, AL, Gainesville, FL, and Tifton, GA to quantify peanut injury by ethalfluralin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE) at 0.0, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.5 kg ai/ha. Parameters most sensitive to ethalfluralin injury were pod biomass and yield, while time of emergence, stand, canopy width, and foliar biomass were less sensitive. Ethalfluralin was generally more injurious when applied PPI than PRE, especially when rates were ≥ 2.2 kg/ha. At these rates, pod formation was inhibited and yields were reduced with little corresponding effect on vegetative growth. These data show ethalfluralin can be safely applied either PPI or PRE to peanut at rates ≤ 1.1 kg/ha.
Effects of Various Timings of 2,4-DB on Runner-Type Peanut Development and Yield
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Sestak D. C. , Besler B. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg ae/ha applied at various times during the growing season on runner peanut growth, development, and pod yield. The herbicide was applied once at 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 d after planting. Additional treatments included 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg/ha applied twice beginning at 30, 60, or 90 d after planting or applied three times beginning at 30, 45, or 60 d after planting. The dates of application were selected to expose plants to the herbicide during all stages of development from prebloom through early pod development. Peanut yield and grade were not affected by 2,4-DB regardless of application timing or numbers of applications.
Direct visualization of deep brain stimulation targets in Parkinson disease with the use of 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Cho Zang-Hee , Min Hoon-Ki , Oh Se-Hong , Han Jae-Yong , Park Chan-Woong , Chi Je-Geun , Kim Young-Bo , Paek Sun Ha , Lozano Andres M. , Lee Kendall H. 
Published: April 2010

Object
A challenge associated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treating advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is the direct visualization of brain nuclei, which often involves indirect approximations of stereotactic targets. In the present study, the authors compared T2*-weighted images obtained using 7-T MR imaging with those obtained using 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging to ascertain whether 7-T imaging enables better visualization of targets for DBS in PD.

Methods
The authors compared 1.5-, 3-, and 7-T MR images obtained in 11 healthy volunteers and 1 patient with PD.

Results
With 7-T imaging, distinct images of the brain were obtained, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). Compared with the 1.5- and 3-T MR images of the STN and GPi, the 7-T MR images showed marked improvements in spatial resolution, tissue contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio.

Conclusions
Data in this study reveal the superiority of 7-T MR imaging for visualizing structures targeted for DBS in the management of PD. This finding suggests that by enabling the direct visualization of neural structures of interest, 7-T MR imaging could be a valuable aid in neurosurgical procedures.
Academic impact and rankings of American and Canadian neurosurgical departments as assessed using the h index
Authors: Ponce Francisco A. , Lozano Andres M. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The authors undertook a study to estimate the relative academic impact of neurosurgical departments in Canada and the US using the h index, a measure of the number of citations received by a collection of work.

Methods
The study included 99 departments of neurosurgery with residency programs participating in the US National Residency Matching Program, and the 14 analogous Canadian programs. Three types of h indices were determined—one reflecting the cumulative work attributed to a neurosurgical department, h(c); one restricted to the cumulative work published over the past 10 years, h(10); and one limited to work published in 2 major North American neurosurgical journals, hNS(10). For an article to be included, attribution to a neurosurgical department had to appear in the address field in the database Thomson's ISI Web of Science. The three h indices were compared with each other, and their relation to other measures such as size of the department, degrees held by the faculty, and research funding was examined.

Results
Significant correlations were found between the citation indices and faculty size, number of publications and the types of degrees held by the faculty, and funding by the US NIH. Three types of authorship were identified: neurosurgeon, nonclinician researcher, and nonneurosurgeon clinical affiliate. The degree to which the latter 2 nonneurosurgeon categories contributed to the departmental h index varied among departments and can confound interdepartmental comparison. Limiting articles to those published in neurosurgical journals appeared to correct for the influence of nonneurosurgeons in departmental impact and reflect neurosurgeon-driven scholarship.

Conclusions
The h index may be useful in evaluating output across neurosurgery departments.
Impact of the Bag Exchange Procedure on Risk of Peritonitis
Authors: Dong Jie , Chen Yuan 
Published: April 2010

Objective We studied whether improper bag exchange predicts the first peritonitis episode in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Patients and Methods Our single-center prospective observational study of 130 incident urban CAPD patients who started peritoneal dialysis (PD) between March 2005 and August 2008 aimed to determine the relationship between bag exchange procedures examined at the 6th month of PD and risk for a first peritonitis episode. All patients were followed until a first peritonitis episode, censoring, or the end of the study. Results These 130 patients experienced 22 first peritonitis episodes during the 14-month follow-up. During bag exchange evaluation, 51.5% of patients washed their hands improperly, 46.2% failed to check expiration date or bag leakage, and 11.5% forgot to wear a face mask and cap. Patients experiencing peritonitis were more likely to forget to wear a face mask and cap. In multivariate Cox regression model, not wearing a face mask and cap [hazard ratio (HR): 7.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6 to 20.1; p < 0.001] and having anemia (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99; p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for a first episode of peritonitis. Conclusions Not wearing a face mask and cap and having anemia were independent risk factors for peritonitis. A further randomized control study needs to verify the correlation between improper bag exchange technique and peritonitis in PD patients.
Unexplained Exudative Pleural Effusion in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kwan Bonnie Ching-Ha , Chow Kai-Ming , Pang Wing-Fai , Leung Chi-Bon , Li Philip Kam-Tao , Szeto Cheuk-Chun 
Published: April 2010

Background Although the clinico-pathological entity of uremic pleuritis has long been recognized, its clinical significance remains poorly defined. Methods We retrospectively studied 82 chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients that had pleural effusion. The pattern of diagnosis and clinical outcome were reviewed. Results 10 patients had overt fluid overload and thoracocentesis was not performed, 23 had other specific diagnoses, 15 had transudative effusion due to fluid overload, 12 had unexplained transudative effusion, and 22 patients had unexplained exudative effusion. The 3-year actuarial survival was 40.9% and 83.3% for patients with unexplained exudative and transudative effusion respectively ( p = 0.012); technique survival was 74.2% and 90.9% respectively ( p = 0.006). For patients with unexplained exudative effusion, 11 patients had their PD regimen intensified: they had a higher 3-year actuarial survival than those with their dialysis regimen unchanged (100.0% vs 52.6%, p = 0.04). Conclusion Unexplained exudative pleural effusion is not uncommon in chronic PD patients. These patients have a high mortality; an intensive dialysis regimen may be considered.
Tenckhoff Catheter Insertion by Nephrologists: Open Dissection Technique
Authors: Chow Kai Ming , Szeto Cheuk Chun , Leung Chi Bon , Kwan Bonnie Ching Ha , Pang Wing Fai , Li Philip Kam-tao 
Published: April 2010

Background The practice of Tenckhoff catheter insertion by nephrologists remains uncommon in most countries. Methods We report our single-center experience of Tenckhoff catheter insertion by nephrologists using the open dissection surgical technique in a dedicated ward-based procedure room. Results Between November 2005 and September 2008, 250 peritoneal catheters were inserted by 6 nephrologists with varying levels of experience. Surgical dissection followed by exposure of the peritoneum under direct vision was performed under local anesthesia. Primary catheter failure, as defined by catheters that failed to function within 1 month after insertion, occurred in 2.8% of cases. Within 1 month of catheter insertion, 20 patients developed infectious complications: 9 (3.6%) peritonitis, and 11 (4.4%) exit-site infections; none of these complications led to catheter removal. Mean technique survival for the catheters was 41.2 months (95% confidence interval: 39.5 months to 42.9 months). Catheter survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 92.7% and 87.2% respectively. Conclusions We reported an encouraging outcome for Tenckhoff catheters inserted by nephrologists in an open surgical manner, with a 2-year catheter survival of 87.2% and a good safety profile.