bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying Lipase Catalysis to Access the Enantiomers of Dorzolamide Intermediates
Authors: Turcu Mihaela C. , Rantapaju Maria , Kanerva Liisa T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe kinetic resolution of three dorzolamide intermediates has been studied in the presence of Burkholderia cepacia lipase in organic solvents. All the stereoisomers of 6‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐thieno[2,3‐b]thiopyran‐4‐ol were prepared starting from the racemic cis‐dihydrothiopyranol intermediate giving first the 4R,6S and 4S,6R enantiomers. Subsequent epimerization and purification of the trans enantiomers by enzymatic acylation or alcoholysis then gave the cis enantiomers. The cis‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐thieno[2,3‐b]thiopyran 7,7‐dioxide enantiomers were also prepared by enzymatic kinetic resolution. The kinetic resolution of ethyl 3‐(2‐thienylthio)butanoate with lipases gave moderate enantioselectivities but the method was not used on a preparative scale with this substrate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism of Sulfuric Acid‐Catalyzed Acetolysis of Acylated Methyl L‐Ribofuranosides
Authors: Forsman Jonas J. , Wärnå Johan , Murzin Dmitry Yu. , Leino Reko 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of the sulfuric acid‐catalyzed acetolysis of methyl 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐ and methyl 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐L‐ribofuranosides and the accompanying anomerization of both the starting material and the 1,2,3,5‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐ and 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐L‐ribofuranoses formed was investigated. The progress of the reactions was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the rate constants for the reactions were determined for a proposed kinetic model. The role of H+ and Ac+ as the catalytically active species was clarified, proving that the anomerization of the acylated methyl furanosides is activated by protonation, while, on the contrary, the anomerization of the 1‐O‐acetyl ribofuranoses is activated by the acetyl cation. The anomerization of the acylated methyl furanosides was verified to be activated on the ring oxygen leading to endocyclic CO‐bond rupture while the 1‐O‐acetyl ribofuranoses are activated on the acetyloxy group on C(1) leading to exocyclic cleavage.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Grouting in pressure tunnel construction
Authors: Vigl Alois , Gerstner Reinhold 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInjection grouting by various methods is of fundamental importance for the construction of pressure tunnels and demands corresponding attention from designers and also from contractors. Pressure tunnel for the sake of this article means the low‐pressure sections of the water supply to hydropower stations upstream of the surge chamber with an internal pressure of up to approx. 200 m WS (20 bar). The article deals principally with grouting used with lining systems consisting of precast concrete segments. Specific aspects concerning the grouting of in‐situ concrete linings, foils or steel liners are only included incidentally.Injektionen unterschiedlicher Art sind im Druckstollenbau von grundlegender Bedeutung und verdienen sowohl in der Planung als auch in der Ausführung eine entsprechende Beachtung. Als Druckstollen wird im Rahmen dieser Darstellung der Niederdruckabschnitt der Triebwasserführung von Wasserkraftanlagen vor dem Wasserschloss, mit einem Innendruck bis ca. 200 m WS (20 bar) verstanden. In erster Linie werden Injektionen behandelt, die bei Auskleidungssystemen mit Betonfertigteilen (Tübbingsystemen) Anwendung finden. Spezifische Aspekte von Injektionen bei Ortbeton‐Auskleidungen, Folien oder Panzerungen werden nur am Rande mit einbezogen.
Construction of the second bore of the Pfaender tunnel
Authors: Westermayr Helmut , Höllrigl Michael , Daller Josef , Mihaylov Vladislav 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Pfaendertunnel bypasses the residential area of the city of Bregenz at the northern part of the A14 Rheintal motorway. The alignment of the 2nd bore of the Pfaendertunnel runs for over 6.5 km under the Pfaender mountain‐massif, 70 m west of the existing bore. The route runs through geology described as the “Standing midland molasse”, a sequence of beds from the Neogene period (young Tertiary), which today mostly consisting of conglomerate, sandstones, marl‐sandstones, marl and clay‐marl. The second bore will be excavated continuously by a shielded tunnel boring machine, opening from the north starter‐tunnel to the existing bore at the south. The standard cross‐section of the tunnel will be circular (bored diameter 11.92 m) with external diameter 11.62 m segmental concrete lining. The paper deals with the main issues related to the design of the alternative TBM tunnelling‐tender taking into account the swelling tendency of the rock mass and also deals with the construction‐issues of the first road tunnel in Austria being built by the use of a TBM. During initial TBM‐drive in the starter‐tunnel the machine sagged into loose ground.. The problem of driving a TBM into divided cross sections (bench and invert sections without top‐heading) into soft ground and the solution adopted on site is discussed.Der Pfändertunnel stellt, als nördlichster Teil der A14 Rheintal Autobahn, die Umfahrung des Siedlungsraums Bregenz dar. Die Achse der zweiten Röhre des Pfändertunnels erstreckt sich über 6,5 km unterhalb des Pfändermassives, 70 m westlich der Bestandsröhre. Die Trasse durchfährt die so genannte aufgerichtete mittelländische Molasse, eine Schichtfolge des Neogen (Jungtertiär) die heute als Konglomerate, Sandsteine, Mergelsandsteine, Mergel und Tonmergel vorliegt. Der Ausbruch der zweiten Röhre wird im kontinuierlichen Vortrieb, beginnend bei der Startstrecke Nord bis zur Bestandsröhre im Süden, mit einer Tunnelbohrmaschine mit Schild aufgefahren. Als Regelquerschnitt des Tunnelbauwerks wird ein Kreisquerschnitt mit Tübbingausbau mit einem Außendurchmesser von 11,62 m (Bohrdurchmesser 11,92 m) ausgeführt. Der Beitrag behandelt die Planungsschwerpunkte in Bezug auf das Alternativangebot TVM‐Vortrieb unter Berücksichtigung der Quellproblematik des Gebirges sowie die Bauausführung des ersten Straßentunnels mittels einer TVM in Österreich. Beim Einfahren in die Startstrecke Nord kam es zum Absinken der TVM im Lockermaterial. Die Einfahrtsproblematik im Lockermaterial bei einem halb aufzufahrenden Querschnitt (Strosse und Sohle) und die gewählten Lösungen werden erläutert.
Jenbach Tunnel – a shallow hydroshield drive
Authors: Gamper Christian , Knapp Michael , Fiest Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe joint venture “Arge Tunnel Jenbach” consisting of the firms Strabag, Züblin and Hochtief was awarded the Jenbach Tunnel contract H8 in summer 2006. This contract section is part of the northern approach to the Brenner Base Tunnel and belongs to the trans‐European TEN1 axis Berlin‐Palermo. The main part of the contract is a 3,470 m long two‐track tunnel with an excavated diameter of 13 m and an excavated cross‐section of 133 m2, which was driven with a hydroshield. Tunnelling started in October 2007, with breakthrough in April 2009. The particular features of this tunnel are the very shallow overburden and the alignment.Another part of the project was the construction of seven rescue shafts and their connection to the main tunnel. Six of these connecting tunnels pass through loose ground and groundwater and were constructed with a jacked pipe of external diameter 4.8 m. Also part of the project were a cut‐and‐cover tunnel with a length of 230 m, a ramp structure as groundwater trough with a length of 610 m and the construction of the link to the existing tracks with a length of 870 m.Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Arge Tunnel Jenbach bestehend aus den Firmen Strabag, Züblin und Hochtief hat im Sommer 2006 den Auftrag für das Baulos H8 Tunnel Jenbach erhalten. Dieses Baulos ist ein Teil der Zulaufstrecke Nord zum Brennerbasistunnel und gehört zur transeuropäischen TEN1 Achse Berlin‐Palermo. Der Hauptteil des Bauloses ist ein 3.470 m langer zweigleisiger Tunnel mit einem Durchmesser von 13 m und einem Ausbruchquerschnitt von 133 m2, der mit einem Hydroschild aufgefahren wurde. Vortriebsbeginn war im Oktober 2007, der Durchschlag erfolgte im April 2009. Die Besonderheiten des Tunnels waren seine oberflächennahe Trassierung und die Linienführung.Weiterer Bestandteil des Bauvorhabens ist die Herstellung von sieben Rettungsschächten und deren Verbindung zum Haupttunnel. Sechs dieser Verbindungsstollen liegen im Lockermaterial und Grundwasser und wurden im Rohrvorpressverfahren mit einem Außendurchmesser von 4,8 m aufgefahren. Zusätzliche Bestandteile des Bauvorhabens sind ein Tunnel in offener Bauweise mit einer Länge von 230 m, ein Rampenbauwerk als Grundwasserwanne mit einer Länge von 610 m und die Herstellung der Verknüpfungsstelle mit den Bestandgleisen mit einer Länge von 870 m.
The management of excavated materials from the Lyon‐Turin rail link project
Authors: Burdin Jacques , Monin Nathalie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Lyon‐Turin rail link project is a major part of the European Corridor no. 5, Lisbon‐Kiev. The management and use of the excavated materials have been identified as one of the major issues concerning project approval since the very first stage of the study. The following paper describes the methods chosen by the French and Italian authorities to improve the use of some 20 million t resulting from the excavation of 150 km of tunnels, representing 60 million t of materials. The presentation mainly focuses on two tunnels, the Chartreuse tunnel – 24.7 km, two tubes – and the base tunnel Maurienne‐Ambin – approx. 53 km, two tubes – under the Alps between France and Italy. All the tools today available are being used by the designer in order to prepare the tender documents, including industrial test production of concrete aggregates. The important role of the owner of the project is also mentioned with the aim of optimising the management and recycling of the excavated materials.Das Eisenbahnprojekt Lyon‐Turin ist wesentlicher Teil des Transeuropäischen Korridors Nr. 5, Lissabon‐Kiew. Zu den größten Problemen hinsichtlich des Genehmigungsverfahrens wurden schon zu Beginn des Planungsprozesses die Bewirtschaftung und Wiederverwertung des Tunnelausbruchmaterials erkannt. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Vorgehensweisen der französischen und italienischen Behörden zur Erhöhung des Anteils des wiederverwerteten Ausbruchmaterial aus insgesamt 150 km Tunnel auf 20 Mio t bei einer gesamten Ausbruchmenge von 60 Mio t. Die Präsentation konzentriert sich hierbei auf den 24, 7 km langen, zweiröhrigen Chartreuse‐Tunnel und den ungefähr 53 km langen, zweiröhrigen alpenquerenden Basistunnel Maurienne‐Ambin zwischen Frankreich und Italien. Zur Erstellung der Ausschreibungsunterlagen wurden seitens der Planer alle heutzutage zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel herangezogen, die auch eine großmaßstäbliche Testproduktion von Betonzuschlagstoffen beinhaltet. Dabei wird auch auf die bedeutende Rolle des Auftraggebers des Projekts bezüglich der Optimierung der Bewirtschaftung und Wiederverwendung des Ausbruchmaterials hingewiesen.
The convergence confinement method as an aid in the design of deep tunnels
Authors: Kainrath‐Reumayer Stefan , Gschwandtner Gunter , Galler Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe convergence confinement method is used in its original form for the analytic or graphical description of the ground and system behaviour of underground excavations. The purpose of the method is to derive the support measures required from the combination of the ground characteristic curve, a model of the development of the radial deformations of the excavation surface in the axial direction of the tunnel, the support characteristic curve and the installation time and location of the support measures. The convergence confinement method is mostly used in the preliminary design of underground structures.Typical applications of the convergence confinement method are deep tunnels and tunnels with ground behaviour types where displacements play a major role. If sudden ruptures occur, in shallow tunnelling and in loose ground, this method is not to be recommended. An absolute precondition for the correct use is an understanding of the theory of the convergence confinement method and the course of failure mechanisms in the rock mass and their effects on the system behaviour.Das Kennlinienverfahren (KLV) dient in seinen ursprünglichen Entstehungsformen zur analytischen oder grafischen Beschreibung des Gebirgs‐ und Systemverhaltens von untertägigen Hohlraumbauten. Ziel des Verfahrens ist es, aus der Kombination von der Gebirgskennlinie (GKL), einem Modell der Entwicklung der radialen Hohlraumrandverschiebungen in Tunnellängsrichtung, der Ausbaukennlinie und dem Einbauzeitpunkt sowie ‐ort der Stützmittel den notwendigen Stützmitteleinsatz abzuleiten. Das Kennlinienverfahren findet seinen Einsatz vorwiegend in der Vorbemessung von untertägigen Hohlraumbauten.Typische Anwendungsbereiche des Kennlinienverfahrens sind tiefliegende Tunnel und Tunnel mit Gebirgsverhaltenstypen, bei denen Deformationen eine große Rolle spielen. Bei Auftreten abrupter Bruchvorgänge, im seichtliegenden Tunnelbau und im Lockergestein ist dieses Verfahren nicht empfehlenswert. Unabdingbare Voraussetzung für eine korrekte Anwendung sind das Verständnis der Theorie des Kennlinienverfahrens und der Abläufe der Bruchvorgänge im Gebirge und deren Auswirkung auf das Systemverhalten.
Complex grouting tasks at home and abroad as seen by the contractor
Authors: Breit Klaus 
Published: September 2009

Abstract“The devil is in the detail” – this is particularly true for the implementation of complex grouting work. The term grouting includes a number of sophisticated processes including waterproofing, stabilisation, pressure tunnel, compensation, inclined shaft, vacuum, consolidation, sealing curtain, alluvial and rock grouting. The formulation of injection criteria, as part of the design as well as for construction, varies as much as the descriptions of these techniques. Some criteria are explained through examples from the point of view of the contractor.“Die Tücke liegt im Detail” – ganz besonders gilt dies für die Durchführung komplexer Injektionsaufgaben. Unter dem Begriff Injektion verbergen sich zahlreiche anspruchsvolle Bauverfahren, unter anderen Abdicht‐, Verfestigungs‐, Druckstollen‐, Hebungs‐, Schrägschacht‐, Vakuum‐, Consolidation‐, Dichtschleier‐, Alluvial‐, und Felsinjektionen. So verschieden wie die Bezeichnungen sind die Anforderungen an die Formulierung von Injektionskriterien, sowohl in der Planung als auch in der Ausführung. Anhand von Beispielen werden einige Kriterien aus ausführungstechnischer Sicht erläutert.
DRG prospective payment systems: refine or not refine?
Authors: Hafsteinsdottir Elin Johanna Gudrun , Siciliani Luigi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present a model of contracting between a purchaser of health services and a provider (a hospital). We assume that hospitals provide two alternative treatments for a given diagnosis: a less intensive one (for example, a medical treatment) and a more intensive one (a surgical treatment). We assume that prices are set equal to the average cost reported by the providers, as observed in many OECD countries (yardstick competition). The purchaser has two options: (1) to set one tariff based on the diagnosis only and (2) to differentiate the tariff between the surgical and the medical treatment (i.e. to refine the tariff). We show that when tariffs are refined, the provider has always an incentive to overprovide the surgical treatment. If the tariff is not refined, the hospital underprovides the surgical treatment (and overprovides the medical treatment) if the degree of altruism is sufficiently low compared with the opportunity cost of public funds. Our main result is that price refinement might not be optimal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of hypocalcemia after using 1‐ to 6‐hour postoperative parathyroid hormone and calcium levels: An analysis of pooled individual patient data from 3 observational studies
Authors: Jumaily Jeffrey Saad , Noordzij J. Pieter , Dukas Alex G. , Lee Stephanie L. , Bernet Victor J. , Payne Richard J. , McLeod Ian K. , Hier Michael P. , Black Martin J. , Kerr Paul D. , Raffaelli Marco , Bellantone Rocco , Lombardi Celestino P. , Dietrich Mary S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels up to 6 hours postthyroidectomy have been shown to have excellent predictive power in determining hypocalcemia. In this study, we investigate the usefulness of combining calcium and PTH to increase the predictive power.Methods.Individual patient data were obtained from 3 studies (152 patients) that fulfilled our criteria (using PTH assay within hours postthyroidectomy to predict symptomatic hypocalcemia).Results.Changes in combined PTH and calcium threshold levels checked 1 to 6 hours after thyroidectomy were excellent in predicting postoperative hypocalcemia. A decrease in PTH of 60%, coupled with a simultaneous decrease in calcium of 10%, 5 to 6 hours postoperatively resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. However, combined PTH and calcium threshold changes were not significantly better than using PTH threshold changes alone.Conclusions.Threshold changes in serum calcium and PTH, checked hours after surgery, can be used together to accurately predict whether a patient will become hypocalcemic after thyroidectomy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Candida famata modulates toll‐like receptor, β‐defensin, and proinflammatory cytokine expression by normal human epithelial cells
Authors: Bahri Raouf , Saidane‐Mosbahi Dalila , Rouabhia Mahmoud 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCandida albicans is no longer the only yeast involved in infectious disorders, as others, such as C. famata, commonly associated with foods as well as terrestrial and marine environments, are being recognized as potential emerging pathogens that cause human candidiasis. We investigated the interaction between C. famata and human epithelial cells using monolayer cultures and an engineered human oral mucosa (EHOM). C. famata was able to adhere to gingival epithelial cells but failed to adopt the hyphal form in the presence/absence of proteins. Interestingly, when cultured onto the engineered human oral mucosa (EHOM), C. famata formed a biofilm and invaded the connective tissue. When normal human gingival epithelial cells were put in contact with C. famata, they expressed high levels of Toll‐like receptors (TLR)‐2, ‐4, and ‐6, but not TLR‐9 mARN. The upregulation of TLRs was paralleled by an increase of IL‐1β and TNFα, but not IFNγ mARN expression, suggesting the involvement of specific pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β and TNFα) in the defense against infection with C. famata. The active role of epithelial cells in the innate immunity against C. famata infection was enhanced by their capacity to express high levels of human β‐defensin (HBD)‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. The upregulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptide expression may explain the growth inhibition of C. famata by the gingival epithelial cells. Overall results provide additional evidence of the involvement of C. famata in the activation of innate immunity and the contribution of human epithelial cells in local defenses against such exogenous stimulations as C. famata infections. J. Cell. Physiol. 222:209–218, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone loss induced by Runx2 Over‐expression in mice is blunted by osteoblastic over‐expression of TIMP‐1
Authors: Schiltz Corinne , Prouillet Christophe , Marty Caroline , Merciris Didier , Collet Corinne , de Vernejoul Marie‐Christine , Geoffroy Valérie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Runx2 gene is essential for osteoblast differentiation and function. In vivo over‐expression of Runx2 in osteoblasts increases bone resorption, and blocks terminal osteoblast differentiation. Several lines of evidence suggest that osteoblastic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) could contribute to the increased bone resorption observed in mice over‐expressing Runx2 (Runx2 mice). The goal of our study was to use a transgenic approach to find out whether the inhibition of osteoblastic MMPs can reduce the bone loss induced by the over‐expression of Runx2. We analyzed the effect of the in vivo over‐expression of the TIMP‐1 in osteoblasts on the severe osteopenic phenotype in Runx2 mice. Females with the different genotypes (WT, Runx2, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐1/Runx2) were analyzed for bone density, architecture, osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity and gene expression using qPCR. TIMP‐1 over‐expression reduces the bone loss in adult Runx2 mice. The prevention of the bone loss in TIMP‐1/Runx2 mice was due to a combination of reduced bone resorption and sustained bone formation. We present evidence that the ability of osteoblastic cells to induce osteoclastic differentiation is lower in TIMP‐1/Runx2 mice than in Runx2 mice, probably due to a reduction in the expression of RANK‐L and of the Runx2 transgene. Osteoblast primary cells from TIMP‐1/Runx2 mice, but not from Runx2 mice, were able to differentiate into fully mature osteoblasts producing high osteocalcin levels. In conclusion, our findings suggest that osteoblastic MMPs can affect osteoblast differentiation. Our work also indicates that osteoblastic MMPs are partly responsible for the bone loss observed in Runx2 transgenic mice. J. Cell. Physiol. 222:219–229, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential of 1H MR spectroscopic imaging to segregate patients who are likely to show malignancy of the peripheral zone of the prostate on biopsy
Authors: Kumar Virendra , Jagannathan Naranamangalam R. , Kumar Rajeev , Nayyar Rishi , Thulkar Sanjay , Gupta Siddhartha D. , Hemal Ashok K. , Gupta Narmada P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the potential of MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to segregate patients who, upon prostate biopsy, are more likely to show a malignancy in the peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate gland.Materials and MethodsBefore biopsy, MRSI was carried in 123 men with elevated prostate specific antigen level or an abnormal digital rectal examination. After the MRSI investigation, all patients underwent systematic transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and were categorized using standard random number tables into the following two groups: (i) Group I, a 62 member training set; and (ii) Group II, a 61‐member test set. The cutoff value for the [citrate/(choline+creatine)] ratio for patients in the training set was obtained using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method. This value was then applied to the test set of patients as well.ResultsThe ROC method gave a cutoff value of 1.2 for the [Citrate/(Choline+Creatine)] ratio. When applied as a malignancy‐predictor to the test group of patients (Group II), the ROC method generated the following results: sensitivity, 77%; specificity, 83%; negative predictive value, 93%; positive predictive value, 55% and accuracy, 82%.ConclusionThe results indicate that patients who are deemed as malignancy‐positive in the PZ by MRSI using the ROC cutoff may be subjected to prostate biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.