bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of cutting and burning on grass quality and axis deer (Axis axis) use of grassland in lowland Nepal
Authors: Moe Stein R. , Wegge Per 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTMan-made grasslands dominated byImperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv. in forested areas of lowland Nepal are commonly cut and/or burned annually. Changes in grass forage quality following different treatments of cutting and burning and axis deer (Axis axis) response to such habitat manipulations were investigated. Samples of matured grass were collected in December 1990, February and April 1991 from three experimental sites: cut, burned, cut-and-burned. Four locations on cut-and-burned grassland were repeatedly sampled at 12-d intervals from January to April 1992. Numbers of axis deer were recorded during the dry season of 1991/1992 on grassland plots receiving the following treatments: cut, cut-and-burned, and uncut/unburned (controls). Based on grass quality differences between December and February and between December and April, cut-and-burned treatments gave the greater increase in forage quality. N was significantly higher on cut-and-burned plots than on cut plots both in February and in April, while Na, K and P was significantly higher in February. On plots cut-and-burned in January, Ca concentrations were relatively low while the P content fell below required levels for domestic stock towards the end of the dry season in April. Na concentrations were below the minimum required levels for both domestic and wild ruminants during the whole period. When an entire grassland was cut, deer density increased gradually. When the same area was subsequently burned, the daily deer density increased much more rapidly. Axis deer preferred burned plots compared to plots neither cut nor burned and to cut plots. Plots burned in late February had higher densities of axis deer than plots burned 1.5 mo earlier. When nearby recently burned plots were available, deer density was reduced on plots burned earlier.
Geographical distribution and aspects of the ecology of the hemiparasitic angiospermStriga asiatica(L.) Kuntze: a herbarium study
Authors: Cochrane Valerie , Press Malcolm C. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTStriga asiatica(Scrophulariaceae) is an obligate root hemiparasite of mainly C4grasses (including cereals). It is the most widespread of the 42Strigaspecies occurring in many semi-tropical, semi-arid regions of mainly the Old World. Examination of herbaria specimens revealed thatS. asiaticahas a wider geographical distribution, is present at higher altitudes and occurs in a more diverse range of habitats than previously reported. The host range is also larger than previously reported and is likely to include a large number of C3plants. Morphology of examined specimens revealed variation in size and corolla colour suggesting the existence of ecotypes. Climate may exert a significant influence on the distribution ofS. asiaticagiven the diversity of potential host plants and their distribution beyond the current recorded range ofS. asiatica.
Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests
Authors: Peres Carlos A. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents data from a standardized series of line-transect censuses on the species and subspecies composition, population density, and crude biomass of western Amazonian primate communities occurring at eight flooded (= vázea) and 12 unflooded (= terra firme) forests. These were located primarily along one of the largest white-water tributaries of the Amazon (= Solimōes), the Juruá river. On average, terra firme forests contained twice as many primate species, lower population densities, and less than half of the total community biomass than did adjacent várzea forests. There was a clear habitat-dependent positive association among primate species, particularly within várzea forests, as well as marked shifts in guild structure between forest types. Species turnover between these two forest types involved primarily understorey insectivores (e.g.Saguinussp.), which do not occur in seasonally inundated forest. These were consistently replaced by squirrel monkeys (Saimirisp.), which are extremely abundant in annually flooded várzea forests. Similarly, large-bodied folivores such as red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were uncommon or rare in terra firme forests, but very abundant in várzea forests, even though they are hunted less intensively in the former than in the latter. This can be largely explained by the nutrient-rich alluvial soils of young floodplains, compared to the heavily weathered terra firme soils occurring even within short distances of major white-water rivers. This study clearly shows a reversed diversity/density pattern resulting from the lower species richness, but high overall community biomass of seasonally flooded Amazonian forests, which can now be generalized for a wide range of terrestrial vertebrate taxa, including amphibians, birds, and several other orders of mammals.
Estimating species richness in tropical forest: the missing species extrapolation technique
Authors: Tackaberry Rosanne , Brokaw Nicholas , Kellman Martin , Mallory Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA new technique for estimation of tree species richness in tropical forests was developed and tested in this study. The missing species extrapolation technique is based on the assumption that the rate of accumulation of new species with increasing area is the same within sampled and unsampled areas of similar habitat within a region. This new technique was tested on four 1-ha sites of subtropical moist forest in Rio Bravo, Belize for which complete species counts of trees ≥10cm dbh are available. Estimates given by the technique are 115, 98, 93 and 106% of the actual species counts within the four sites. The accuracy of these estimates was found to be equal to or better than most others obtained by using existing methods of extrapolation. The missing species extrapolation technique was also applied to a 21-ha riparian forest patch in the Mountain Pine Ridge, Belize, where it was used to obtain an estimate of the number of tree species ≥10cm dbh in the entire patch.
Decomposition and potential nitrogen fixation inDicranopteris linearislitter on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i
Authors: Russell Ann E. , Vitousek Peter M. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAs a consequence of its relatively high productivity in primary successional sites on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i, the mat-forming fernDicranopteris lineariscan influence attributes of soil detrital pools. Decomposition, nutrient release and rates of asymbiotic N fixation inDicranopterislitter were determined over an elevational range of oligotrophic sites. ‘Hot spots’ of nitrogen fixation occurred inDicranopterislitter, as evidenced by acetylene reduction rates as high as 22 nmol g−1h−1. However, potential N fixation rates for the entire litter mass were 0–0.1 g m−2y−1, less than other N inputs such as rainfall.Dicranopteris' decomposition rates were low compared to other tropical species, even under high temperature and rainfall conditions, with ≥50% of the original leaf and >77%of the stem mass remaining after 2 y of decomposition. Slow decomposition was related to high ligninrnitrogen ratios (56–129) in litter and above-ground positioning of unabscised, decomposing litter. As a result of its slow decomposition rates,Dicranopterisis an major contributor to soil detrital pools. Aggradation of the detrital pool is an important process whereby nutrients are accrued within these ecosystems. Consequently,Dicranopterisexerts an important influence on soil genesis and ecosystem development during primary succession on pahoehoe lava.
Forest and forest succession in Hong Kong, China
Authors: Zhuang Xue Ying , Gorlett Richard T. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTHong Kong is on the northern margin of the Asian tropics. The original forest cover was cleared centuries ago but secondary forest has developed since 1945 at many sites protected from fire and cutting. There are also older forest patches maintained behind villages for reasons of ‘feng shui’, the Chinese system of geomancy. All plants >2 cm dbh were identified and measured in forty-four 400-m2plots. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a floristic continuum, with the montane sites (>500 m) most distinct and some overlap between lowland post-1945 secondary forest and the feng shui woods. The 30–40 year-old secondary forest is dominated byPerseaspp. Montane forest is similar but lacks several common lowland taxa of tropical genera and includes more subtropical taxa. The feng shui woods have the most complex structure and contain some tree species not found in other forest types. Their origin and history is obscure but we suggest that both planting and selective harvesting have had a role in their current species composition
One people – many names: on different designations for the Sami population in the Norwegian county of Nordland through the centuries
Authors: EVJEN BJØRG , HANSEN LARS IVAR 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDuring the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Sami and the Kvens were classified and categorized in different ways by the Norwegian state authorities in their official censuses. The process whereby various categorization principles were applied was heavily imbued with ideological and political considerations. During the eighteenth century, when main concern was establishing and consolidating the borders of the state, a kind of geographical enclosure and delimitation took place. During the nineteenth century and through to the Second World War, however, the overriding ambition was to depict all the inhabitants within these established borders as being as culturally homogeneous as possible. Today, it has once more become desirable to acknowledge the presence of both the Sami and the Kvens.
Money supply and credit in rural Cheshire, c.1600–c.1680
Authors: MATTHEWS STEPHEN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the incidence of moneylending and the supply of cash in four rural communities and one small urban centre in Cheshire through the seventeenth century. The evidence on which it is based is drawn from wills and inventories, supplemented by such probate accounts and depositions as are available. It considers the questions of who lent money and to whom, for what purposes and in what amounts. It also examines the incidence of cash holdings in inventories and the effect that the Civil War and its aftermath had upon the availability of cash.
Lives in the balance? Gender, age and assets in late-nineteenth-century England and Wales
Authors: GREEN DAVID R. , OWENS ALASTAIR , MALTBY JOSEPHINE , RUTTERFORD JANETTE 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies of wealth-holding in nineteenth-century Britain focus either on establishing aggregate measures or on individual case studies. These do not allow for a comparative analysis of the way that the composition of wealth was influenced by age and gender. This article explores the importance of these factors using both a case-study approach and a more comprehensive analysis of wealth left at death for a sample of 1,444 individuals. By establishing the age at death for 1,274 of these individuals, together with evidence from a series of death duty records, it is possible to determine the composition of assets by age and gender. For both men and women, shares became more important over the life course. Real estate was more important for men of all ages compared to women, for whom safe investments in government securities assumed greater significance with age. These findings confirm that both age and gender influenced the amount and composition of wealth and demonstrate that these factors need to be taken into account in any model that seeks to make generalizations about the pattern of wealth-holding in the population at large. Emphasizing these demand-side factors provides a different perspective on the rise of Britain as a ‘nation of investors’.
Finding the signal in the noise: objective data-selection criteria improve the assessment of western Baltic spring-spawning herring
Authors: Payne Mark R. , Clausen Lotte Worsøe , Mosegaard Henrik 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Payne, M. R., Clausen, L. W., and Mosegaard, H. 2009. Finding the signal in the noise: objective data-selection criteria improve the assessment of western Baltic spring-spawning herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1673–1680. In the art of fish-stock assessment, it is common practice to include all available data without properly testing their validity in terms of their signal-to-noise ratio. The western Baltic spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) stock has been historically difficult to assess in a reliable manner. The population is spread between the Skagerrak, Kattegat, the Danish islands, and the western Baltic, but the distribution depends on age and season. Although the distribution area is covered by five separate surveys, none covers the entire stock. Using all time-series data may cause high noise levels and could lead to a poor-quality assessment. We examine the temporal and spatial coverage of each survey in terms of current biological understanding of stock distribution and, employing the observed internal consistency between age classes within cohorts as additional criteria, select the most appropriate data subsets. Assessments based on the revised dataset show greatly improved quality in terms of both accuracy and precision. The results highlight the often-ignored principle that a judicious choice of input data, based on rational and justifiable selection criteria, can enhance the ultimate quality of a stock assessment.
A “seascape genetic” snapshot of Sebastes marinus calls for further investigation across the North Atlantic
Authors: Pampoulie Christophe , Gíslason David , Daníelsdóttir Anna Kristin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPampoulie, C., Gíslason, D., and Daníelsdóttir, A. K. 2009. A “seascape genetic” snapshot of Sebastes marinus calls for further investigation across the North Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2219–2222. A collection of 376 golden redfish (Sebastes marinus) from several fishing grounds in the North Atlantic in late 2001 was genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to provide preliminary information on the possible genetic structure in this species. Landscape genetic analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic pools within the North Atlantic, suggesting that S. marinus might be structured within the North Atlantic and should be the subject of more investigation.
Occurrence of Viruses in Wheat in the Great Plains Region, 2008
Authors: Burrows Mary , Franc Gary , Rush Charlie , Blunt Tamla , Ito Dai , Kinzer Kasia , Olson Jen , O'Mara Judy , Price Jacob , Tande Connie , Ziems Amy , Stack James 
Published: July 2009

Field surveys in 2008 determined the prevalence and diversity of viruses present in the Great Plains wheat crops. Symptomatic plants (n = 754) in nine states were tested for Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV, formerly known as High Plains virus), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV), using indirect ELISA. Virus prevalence varied greatly, with average frequency of detection highest for WSMV (47%), followed by WMoV (19%), TriMV (17%), BYDV-PAV (7%), and lowest for CYDV-RPV (2%). Most positive plant samples (37%) had one virus present, with decreasing frequencies for co-infection by two (19%), three (5%), or four viruses (1%). TriMV was detected for the first time in Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. WMoV was identified for the first time in Montana and Wyoming. Chlorotic streaks were more frequently associated with WSMV, WMoV, and TriMV (R = 0.166 to 0.342; P < 0.05), and stunting was more frequently associated with WMoV (R = 0.142; P = 0.004) or TriMV (R = 0.107; P = 0.033) than WSMV. Symptom severity did not increase with co-infection as compared to single virus infections, with the exception of plants co-infected with mite transmitted viruses in Texas. Accepted for publication 1 May 2009. Published 6 July 2009.
Serum HCV RNA levels and HCV genotype do not affect insulin resistance in nondiabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C: a multicentre study
Authors: TSOCHATZIS E. , MANOLAKOPOULOS S. , PAPATHEODORIDIS G. V. , HADZIYANNIS E. , TRIANTOS C. , ZISIMOPOULOS K. , GOULIS I. , TZOURMAKLIOTIS D. , AKRIVIADIS E. , MANESIS E. K. , ARCHIMANDRITIS A. J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground  Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) induces insulin resistance (IR) and subsequently diabetes.Aim  To examine viral, metabolic and histological predictors of IR in 275 CHC patients to test the hypothesis that IR differs among HCV genotypes and that viral replication directly affects IR.Methods  We studied 275 nondiabetic treatment‐naïve CHC patients. Histological lesions were evaluated according to Ishak. IR was assessed using homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR).Results  HOMA > 3.0 was found in 37% of patients, independently associated with higher BMI and GGT. In genotype non‐3 patients, HOMA > 3.0 was associated with higher BMI and GGT values, while no significant association was noted in genotype 3 patients. In non‐obese patients with minimal fibrosis, HOMA > 3.0 was found in 20% of cases without significant differences among genotypes. No association between HOMA > 3.0 and HCV‐RNA levels was found. Severe fibrosis (stage 5–6) related to older age (OR:1.048), HOMA‐IR (OR:1.177), necroinflammation (OR: 2.990) and higher ALT (OR: 1.009) and GGT (OR:1.006).Conclusions  IR develops at early stages of CHC without significant differences among genotypes. It is more frequent in obese patients with steatosis and contributes to fibrosis progression. However, IR does not seem to be associated with viraemia and therefore its exact pathogenetic mechanism in CHC remains elusive.
Analysis of drug resistance and virulence‐factor genotype of Irish Helicobacter pylori strains: is there any relationship between resistance to metronidazole and cagA status?
Authors: TANEIKE I. , NAMI A. , O’CONNOR A. , FITZGERALD N. , MURPHY P. , QASIM A. , O’CONNOR H. , O’MORAIN C. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground  Helicobacter pylori infection is eradicated with antimicrobial agents and drug‐resistant strains make successful treatment difficult. Geographical variations in virulence‐factor genotype also exist.Aim  To evaluate prevalence of drug resistance and virulence‐factor genotype in Irish H. pylori strains and to investigate if there is any relationship between drug resistance and genotype.Methods  Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from 103 patients were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested by Etest. The virulence‐factor genotypes were determined using PCR. Frequencies of spontaneous metronidazole‐resistance were measured in vitro.Results  Metronidazole resistance was present in 37.9% of strains examined. 16.5% of strains were clarithromycin‐resistant and resistance to both agents observed was found in 12.6% of strains. 68% of strains were cagA+. The dominant vacA type was s1/m2, followed by s1/m1 and s2/m2. The metronidazole resistance rate in cagA− group was significantly higher than in cagA+ (P = 0.0089). Spontaneous resistance to metronidazole in cagA− occurred in higher frequency when compared with cagA+.Conclusions  cagA
+ and vacAs1/m2 type was the dominant genotype in Irish H. pylori strains. Significant rates of metronidazole resistance were observed in cagA− group. cagA− strains tend to acquire metronidazole resistance in vitro. Absence of cagA might be a risk factor in development of metronidazole resistance.
Crucial role of the local micro‐environment in fate decision of neonatal rat NG2 progenitors
Authors: Sypecka J. , Sarnowska A. , Domanska‐Janik K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The fate choice of neural progenitor cells could be dictated by local cellular environment of the adult CNS. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of hippocampal tissue on differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte NG2 precursor cells.Materials and methods:  Hippocampal slice culture was established from the brains of 7‐day‐old rats. NG2 precursor cells, obtained from a 12‐day‐old mixed primary culture of neonatal rat cerebral hemispheres, were labelled with chloromethyl‐fluorescein‐diacetete and seeded on the hippocampal slices. After 7–14 days in co‐culture, cells were stained with neural markers.Results:  NG2 cells differentiated predominantly into oligodendrocytes, presenting various stages of maturation: progenitors (NG2), pre‐oligodendrocytes (O4) and finally mature GalC‐positive cells. However, except for a few cells with astrocyte‐specific S100b staining, a considerable number of these cells differentiated into neurons: TUJ+ and even MAP‐2+ cells were frequently observed. Moreover, a certain population of these cells preserved proliferative properties of primary precursor cells, as revealed by Ki67 expression.Conclusions:  The neuronal micro‐environment provided by the culture of hippocampal slices is potent for induction of neurogenesis from oligodendrocyte NG2+/PDGFRα+/CNP+ progenitor cells and promotes their differentiation not only into macroglia but also into neurons. It also sustains their proliferative capacity. The results indicate the crucial role of the local cellular environment in fate decision of primary NG2+ multipotent neural progenitor cells, which may affect their behaviour after transplantation into the central nervous system.
Measuring children's needs: how are we doing?
Authors: Axford Nick , Green Victoria , Kalsbeek Annemieke , Morpeth Louise , Palmer Chris 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTChildren's services in England and Wales are legally required to determine the nature and extent of children's needs in their areas as a precursor to providing needs‐led services. However, few needs assessments are ever published. This article analyses 83 such reports conducted between 1999 and 2007 in two local authorities in England (one urban, one rural), focusing on their quality and usefulness. It makes recommendations for improving practice in this important area, both in terms of the type of needs assessment required and how best to produce and use them.
Growing up in foster care: providing a secure base through adolescence
Authors: Schofield Gillian , Beek Mary 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAs the UK Government White Paper, Care Matters: Time for Change, suggested, foster children need the care system to provide them with good quality foster family care that will help them through childhood to success and fulfilment of their potential in adult life.This paper draws on the third phase of Growing Up in Foster Care, a longitudinal study of 52 children in planned, long‐term foster care (1997–2006). It aims to increase our understanding of the transformational power of foster family relationships over time and particularly in adolescence. It shows how a secure base parenting model, using concepts from attachment and resilience, can be applied to foster care of adolescents. The paper uses case material to demonstrate each dimension of this secure base model and to emphasise how, even when adolescents have had stable and effective placements, they are likely to need support through into adulthood.