bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY BIOASSAY OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA simple and inexpensive olfactometer based on that of Gaston and Shorey (1964) is described for bioassaying the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm. The number of males buzzing (rapidly beating their wings while circling on the substrate) after the introduction of the sample into the airstream of the olfactometer was used as measure of response. Males held under continuous illumination showed maximum response when 2 to 3 days old. Under natural lighting males showed a circadian rhythm, with peak response shortly after dark and a minor peak in mid-morning. Since per cent response under continuous illumination exceeded the maximum response under natural lighting, it is recommended that bioassays be carried out with 2- to 3-day-old males held under continuous illumination.
FIELD STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DURSBAN®
Authors: Cheng H. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDDT, carbaryl, Dursban® (0,0-diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and AC-47031 (cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) were applied at different rates on rye and/or soil for control of the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), attacking flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. All insecticides tested caused significant reductions in cutworm damage in comparison with the untreated check. Dursban at 1/2 lb/ac on rye, or 1 lb/ac incorporated in the soil tended to give better control than DDT at 4 lb/ac on soil and showed a significant difference from split applications of DDT at 11/4 lb/ac on rye and 4 lb/ac on soil in the large scale test. Carbaryl and AC-47031 showed less effect than DDT. There was no advantage in the split application of DDT or Dursban on rye and on soil since each treatment singly could provide effective control of this pest. Rye treatment is more economic than soil treatment and could apparently provide adequate control. Dursban showed promise as a substitute for DDT for control of the dark-sided cutworm in tobacco fields.
BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) PARASITIZING GYPSY MOTH IN MAINE
Authors: Leonard David E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBrachymeria intermedia (Nees), an introduced parasite of the gypsy moth, was recovered from gypsy moth pupae collected in Fryeburg, Maine (latitude 44°). The recovery of this parasite in Maine shortly after it was reported established on gypsy moth in Connecticut suggests that B. intermedia is rapidly expanding its range. The wide range of hosts attacked by the parasite, and its occurrence in northern New England, make it a promising potential biotic agent on a variety of northern pest species of lepidopterans, either through natural spread or by artificial introduction.
ESTIMATING MITE POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON PEAR ORCHARDS
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Calvin L. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies were conducted in southern Oregon pear orchards to develop sampling methods for assessment of mite abundance. Those species included in the investigation were the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); yellow spider mite, Eotetranychus carpini borealis (Ewing); and the predaceous phytoseiid Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt.The results show that five leaves on one limb per tree are adequate to include representative numbers of the four mite species. Variation in mite densities between trees, even of the same variety, was quite high. The sample size (numbers of trees) required for assessing mite density can be calculated provided that an estimate of the coefficient of variation (S/X) is available.
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF THREE CHALCIDOID (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA, IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Krunic M. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following behavioral patterns of three chalcidoid parasites, Monodontomerus obscurus, Pteromalus venustus, and Melittobia chalybii, were compared in the laboratory: feeding by adults, precopulatory routines, copulating, anesthetizing the host, ovipositing, mobility of the larvae, cannibalism among larvae, overwintering, diapause, life cycle, and the ability of a host to support a parasite.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Bellamy R. E. , Bracken G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments on an anautogenous strain of Culex pipiens L. failed to support the theory that sustained gut stretching initiates egg development by anautogenous mosquitoes. The stomach expanded in females fed sugar after the anus was sealed, but eggs did not develop. Also, the ovaries were not activated by an enema of agar which congealed in the stomach and kept it distended. Development of eggs by females given enemas of γ-globulin or egg albumen was presumably an ovarian response to nutrient; development of eggs by some females that received nutrient (amino acids) by direct injection into the haemocoele supported this interpretation. When 1, 4, 7, and 10% egg albumen or γ-globulin were supplied as volumetrically equal enemas, response to 1% was least (few eggs matured and these by only a few females), but was greater with increased amounts of nutrient. It is proposed that certain mechanisms permit the mosquito to evaluate the nutrient potentially available in a blood meal before its complete digestion and to start maturation of an appropriate number of eggs.
A TECHNIQUE FOR AGEING COCOONS OF THE SAWFLY NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Chai Fong-Ching , Dixon S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA technique for ageing cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) is outlined using the redox dye 2,6-dichloroindophenol. New cocoons reduce 1 ml of a 0.001% solution in 85% ethanol from blue to colorless in 15 minutes. This reducing power diminishes with age.
A NEW GENUS OF EUDERINAE FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new genus and species of Euderinae, Aoridus campbelli n. gen., n. sp., related to Bellerus Walker (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea) and collected from Colombia, South America, is described and illustrated.
OBSERVED AND SIMULATED CHANGES IN GENETIC QUALITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnnual changes in genetic quality were measured in natural populations of Hyphantria cunea Drury for 12 years in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Models for heritability and natural selection pressure, derived independently from experimental data, are used to simulate the changes in quality over the same period. In seven of eight areas, observed and simulated trends are significantly correlated. Regressions between observed and calculated values, examined with respect to both means and slopes, suggest how these preliminary models may be refined. The influence of genetic changes on the natural regulation of population density is discussed briefly, but analysis is deferred to a later paper in this series on H. cunea.
AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) MUTANT IN A NEUROPTERAN
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBlue, a non-sex-linked mutant of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, is recessive and shows complete penetrance. Unlike the coloration of the larva or imago, egg colour, which is due to the yolk, is the same as that of the maternal phenotype.
NEW SPECIES OF ASCIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) ASSOCIATED WITH FOREST INSECT PESTS
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new species of ascid mites are described and illustrated: Proctolaelaps subcorticalis, Lasioseius corticeus, and Gamasellodes rectiventris. All are subcortical associates of bark beetles in North America.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CYPRESS BARK MOTH,LASPEYRESIA CUPRESSANA(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Frankie Gordon W. , Koehler C. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaspeyresia cupressana(Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) bores in the scale tissue of cones, the healthy phloem tissue of branch nodes and trunks, and damaged sites on plants of certain Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae. The moth primarily attacksCupressus macrocarpaHartw. in coastal California where it passes through two generations annually, one in spring–summer and the other in fall–winter. Several parasites and predators were regularly found associated withLaspeyresiain the cones. Branch and trunk feeding occasionally is severe, but was never observed to cause dieback or tree death. The moth was frequently observed infesting sites on plants damaged by the fungusCoryneum cardinaleWagener.
NEW SIPHONAPTERA FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO
Authors: Holland G. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following new species are described: Myodopsylla globata, from bats, and Kohlsia martini, from rice rats, Oryzomys sp. Ceratophyllus altus Tipton and Mendez, known formerly only from the unique type, a male from Panama, was collected in numbers from nests of sparrow hawks, Falco sparverius tropicalis, and pygmy owls, Glaucidium sp.; the female is described.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON WALKER’S NORTH AMERICAN TYPE-SPECIMENS OF ANTHOMYIIDAE AND MUSCIDAE (DIPTERA) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Authors: Huckett H. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following species are treated and new synonymies indicated: Cordylura aea, type unknown; C. cupricrus, = Hylemya coenosiaeformis Stein; C. flavipennis, = Acrostilpna replicata Huckett; C. imperator, = Hoplogaster setipes Huckett; C. tenuior, = Hoplogaster mollicula (Fallén); Anthomyia anane, == Botanophila setigera (Johannsen); A. badia, genus Paraprosalpia; Coenosia spinosa, = Hydrophoria ambigua (Fallén).
PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DORMANCIES IN INSECTS
Authors: Mansingh Ajai 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new classification of dormancy in insects is proposed on the basis of the evolutionary nature of dormancy, its synchronization with the aetiology of the species for their phenological advantage, the nature of ecological adversity, and the consequent physiological and biochemical adjustments. The roles of the above factors in the induction and termination of dormancies are discussed. The inadequacies of all the previous systems of describing various conditions of dormancy are pointed out.All instances of dormancy are divided into three major groups: hibernation, aestivation, and athermopause. Each of these classes is further subdivided into three categories representing a sequence of evolutionary adaptations: quiescence, oligopause, and diapause, in that order of evolutionary development. Depending upon the physiological condition of diapausing individuals or populations, two diapause states are recognized: teleodiapause and ateleodiapause. Each term is defined and discussed with examples.
CONTACT AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LOW-VOLUME DOSAGES OF PHOSPHAMIDON TO CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON TWO SPECIES OF CONIFERS
Authors: Stewart J. F. , Brown N. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA series of low-volume spray treatments were conducted to study the contact and residual effect of two concentrations of the insecticide phosphamidon to fourth instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, and red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. Treatment of sprayed larvae on sprayed trees, unsprayed larvae on sprayed trees, and sprayed larvae on unsprayed trees, resulted in two principal conclusions: (a) Higher concentrations of phosphamidon (1% versus 0.5% active) accelerated mortality in all instances and (b) no statistical difference (P = 0.1%) was found in the final mortalities between treatments in which only the foliage was treated and where both larvae and foliage were treated with phosphamidon.
THE NORTHWARD DISTRIBUTION OF ANTS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Gregg Robert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study of the ant populations was made through a transect of mid-continent North America from Churchill on Hudson Bay and various localities around the Great Lakes to Iowa and northern Illinois. Data were obtained from extensive personal collecting and from literature sources. The results were assembled and discussed within an ecological framework provided by Merriam’s life zones, and showed a regular diminution in the variety and wealth of the ant faunas progressing from south to north. Though the number of species at Churchill is extremely reduced, ants nevertheless do occur there as established reproducing colonies, even in the presumed tundra habitats. These forms which exist so far north represent a highly impoverished remnant of richer faunas further south. Although none of the species is peculiar to the area, each must be tolerant of high boreal environments. A total of 135 species and subspecies are listed for the Carolinian and Alleghenian zones combined, 43 taxa for the Canadian Zone, 4 taxa for the Hudsonian Zone, and 4 also for the Arctic Zone. Comparisons with the recorded ant faunas of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado were made with respect to the corresponding zones, namely, the Plains (Upper Sonoran), Foothills or Submontane (Transition), Montane (Canadian), Subalpine (Hudsonian), and Alpine (Arctic) zones, and appropriate similarities and differences noted.
THE INTERTIDAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS
Authors: Morley Richard L. , Ring Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) are represented on the coast of British Columbia by Paraclunio alaskensis Coquillett and Saunderia pacificus (Saunders), S. marinus (Saunders), and S. clavicornis (Saunders). These species inhabit a variety of rocky shore types, being found on exposed as well as protected shores, but are not present on exclusively sandy shores. Their range extends at least to the Queen Charlotte Islands, the most northerly area collected during this study. S. clavicornis is the most ubiquitous of the four species while S. pacificus is the rarest.Within their habitat larval distribution is contagious and is well described by the negative binomial distribution. It is probable that their clumped distribution is due to environmental factors rather than active aggregation. Larval densities of 4316/ft2 were recorded for Saunderia spp. and 1613/ft2 for P. alaskensis. Larvae fed on green algae and diatoms and it was demonstrated that they can select certain groups of diatoms from the substrate.Adult emergence occurs throughout the year but is most intensive in the fall and least in the late spring and summer. Generally, larval population fluctuations follow adult emergence trends. It is hypothesized that larval population fluctuations are caused by a combination of overlapping multiple generations and differential larval growth rates at fluctuating temperatures, coupled with varying lethal environmental factors at different times of the year. Developmental times at 10 °C from egg-laying to adult emergence was 110 days for S. clavicornis, 150 days for S. marinus, and 204 days for P. alaskensis.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Syme Paul D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe influence of constant temperatures on the non-diapause development of Hyssopus thymus was studied and the results of these studies are presented. A lower threshold for development of less than 12 °C and an upper threshold of about 32 °C were determined. Mean times for and rates of development at different temperatures are presented for all developmental stages. The egg is the stage most sensitive to temperature change. Regression equations describing the relationship between the rate of development and temperature for these stages are given and a thermal constant (K) of about 190 degree-days is calculated for total development. This constant is not applicable to naturally fluctuating temperatures. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the potential impact of H. thymus on European pine shoot moth dynamics under different climatic conditions. It is concluded that H. thymus should be more effective in warmer seasons and at lower latitudes.
THE MANITOBAN FAUNA OF LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): II. THE FAUNA OF MACRO-LEAFHOPPERS
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe macro-leafhoppers (Cicadellidae, exclusive of Typhlocybinae) of Manitoba are recorded with distribution and host records for the province, seasonal occurrence of adults, ecological associations, and recent taxonomic changes. These comprise 240 species, including 95 new provincial records, of which 22 are new Canadian records, and 1 is a new nearctic record, ldioccrus marginalis Vil. The westward spread of Athysanus argentarius Mete, and Doralura stylata (Boh.) is commented upon.
LARVAL COMPETITION AMONG THREE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITE SPECIES ON MULTIPARASITIZED HOUSEFLY (DIPTERA) PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOnly one parasite species survived on most housefly (Musca domesticaL.) pupae multiparasitized by any two ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.),Muscidifurax zaraptorK. & L., orSpalangia cameroniPerk.N.vitripennisandM.zaraptorwere both intrinsically superior toS.cameroniif the attacks on the hosts by their females preceded, were simultaneous with, or followed by up to 48 hours those by females ofS.cameroni.N.vitripenniswas intrinsically superior toM.zaraptorif its attack preceded that byM.zaraptorby at least 24 hours;M.zaraptorsurvived when it oviposited beforeN.vitripennis; and neither species was consistently superior to the other when their attacks were simultaneous or that byN.vitripennisclosely preceded that byM.zaraptor.N.vitripennisoften survived on multiparasitized hosts because of its rapid development and rapid and thorough host utilization which caused its rivals to starve. In contrast,M.zaraptor’ssuccess was a consequence of its prédation on eggs and larvae of its competitors and to a lesser extent its moderately rapid development and host utilization.S.cameroniwas usually intrinsically inferior to both of the other species because, in spite of being predaceous on their larvae, it developed much more slowly and seldom attacked their eggs. The significance of these qualitative characteristics in insect parasites used in biological control programmes is discussed.
EDAPHIC AND WATER RELATIONSHIPS OF ALDICARB AND ITS METABOLITES
Authors: Quraishi M. Sayeed 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory investigations were made to determine the persistence of aldicarb and its metabolites in soil (clay loam pH 6.8–7.2) and in water collected from fields. At dose rates of 15 and 20 p.p.m., aldicarb was not detectable in soil after 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. At 50 p.p.m., after 11 weeks chemically detectable amounts of the insecticide were present in the soil.Soil samples were stored between 23° and 28 °C but temperature at times reached 32 °C.In field water treated in the laboratory at 100 p.p.m. of aldicarb, the chemical and its metabolites were detectable at 0.4 p.p.m., 11 months later. Water was stored at 16°–20 °C and was exposed for 507.5 hours to sunlight.Aldicarb was eluted readily with water from soil columns.When aldicarb was applied as side dressing at the time of planting of sugarbeet roots and potatoes, residues of less than 0.05 p.p.m. were found in soil and potatoes at the time of harvest. One sugarbeet root sample contained 0.2 p.p.m. of the chemical and its metabolites.
IMMATURE STAGES, GENITALIA, AND NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF COENOPOEUS PALMERI (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCoenopoeus palmeri (LeConte) feeds on the several species of staghorn cacti of the United States. The adults feed externally at night and the larvae mine internally. Adults are active in spring and summer. The larvae feed through the summer and fall and pupate within the larval mine the following spring. The genitalia of both sexes are illustrated and the larva and pupa described.
A GRAPE LEAFHOPPER, ERYTHRONEURA ZICZAC (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), AND ITS MYMARID (HYMENOPTERA) EGG-PARASITE IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McKenzie L. M. , Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe leafhopper Erythroneura ziczac Walsh is the most important insect on grape in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Hairy-leaved varieties of grape are relatively resistant to attack. The leafhopper has two overlapping generations a year and overwinters in the adult stage. Its chief natural enemy is a mymarid egg-parasite, Anagrus epos Girault, which overwinters in the eggs of other species of leaf-hoppers on wild rose and apple so that intensity of parasitism of E. ziczac can be influenced by proximity of those plants to vineyards.
A CHEMICALLY DEFINED, SYNTHETIC MEDIUM THAT INDUCES OVIPOSITION IN THE PARASITEITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Hegdekar B. M. , Batsch W. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA chemically defined, synthetic medium that induces oviposition in the parasiteItoplectis conquisitor(Say) has been developed. The medium contains serine (0.5M), arginine (0.05M), leucine (0.065M), and magnesium chloride (0.025M); and it is more effective than host haemolymph in inducing oviposition. This completely artificial oviposition stimulant was developed to facilitate the mass rearing of the parasite on an artificial diet.
TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF CHALCIDOID AND PROCTOTRUPOID HYMENOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN MAINE
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Osgood E. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeventeen species of parasitic Hymenoptera were found associated with balsam gall midge in Maine. Tetrastichus marcovitchi (Cwfd.), Tetrastichus sp. near solidaginis Burks, Plalygaster mainensis MacG. and Osgd., and P. abicollis MacG. and Osgd. were the most abundant known parasites, while several other species, some of uncertain status, were less frequently encountered. A key is presented for commonly encountered species, and details of the life histories are given for important midge parasites.
DIFFERENCES IN POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDistinct differences were observed in postdiapause development and prolonged diapause of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), obtained from the vicinity of Tazin River, Northwest Territories; near Riverton, Manitoba; and near Renovo, Pennsylvania. All populations had been reared under controlled laboratory conditions (21°±0.5 °C, 50±10% relative humidity, and a 15-hr daily photophase) for two or more generations.After 280 days cold treatment at 3°±1 °C, cocoons were dissected and the number of pronymphs and eonymphs was determined. Insects from each population were then reared at 5°, 10°, and 15 °C. Times to adult emergence, duration of individual stages, and numbers remaining in prolonged diapause at each temperature were determined.The most significant differences occurred among populations reared at 5 °C. At this temperature, the times to adult emergence and the duration of individual stages of development and the proportions remaining in prolonged diapause or arrested development, increased from northern to southern latitudes. Less significant population differences were noted at 10° and 15° than at 5 °C.