bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of different types of micro‐bubbles on the performance of the coagulation flotation process for coke waste‐water
Authors: Liu Shu , Wang Qunhui , Sun Tichang , Wu Chuanfu , Shi Yang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Comparison experiments were carried out with three kinds of micro‐bubbles on the coagulation flotation process treatment of coke waste‐water under optimum coagulation conditions obtained from zeta potential measurement.RESULTS: Micro‐bubble flotation with ozone showed the best performance. The ozone micro‐bubbles exhibited high absolute zeta potential values, creating repulsion forces thus avoiding the coalescence of bubbles as well as creating attractive interaction between bubbles and particles in the waste‐water. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of three micro‐bubble samples showed that the ozone micro‐bubble system produced the most hydroxyl radicals, which contributed to the degradation of organic material in the coke waste‐water. Compared with either air micro‐bubble flotation and oxygen micro‐bubble flotation processes, pyridine removal efficiency of the ozone micro‐bubble flotation process was, respectively, 4.5 and 1.7 times higher, and benzene removal efficiency 3.6 and 1.5 times higher. Finally, drainage models and oxygen diffusion models of the three kinds of micro‐bubble water samples verified the long persistence of the three kinds of micro‐bubbles in the water.CONCLUSION: The application of ozone micro‐bubble technology in coagulation processes may provide an efficient and cost‐effective approach to the treatment of waste‐water containing refractory organic compounds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in Thrichomys laurentinus (Echimyidae) and the evolution of hystricognath rodents
Authors: Franco de Oliveira Moacir , Favaron Phelipe Oliveira , Ambrósio Carlos Eduardo , Miglino Maria Angélica , Mess Andrea Maria 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe evolutionary history of Hystricognathi is associated with major transformations in their placental system. Data so far indicate that key characters are independent from size dimensions in medium to very large species. To better understand the situation in smaller species, we analyzed placental development in a spiny rat, Thrichomys laurentinus. Fourteen individuals ranging from early implantation to near term were investigated by histology, immunohistochemistry, proliferation activity and electron microscopy. Placentation in Thrichomys revealed major parallels to the guinea pig and other hystricognath rodents with respect to the early and invasive implantation, the process of trophoblast invasion, the internal organization of the labyrinth and the trophospongium as well as the establishment of the complete inverted yolk sac placenta. In contrast to systematically related small‐sized species, the placental regionalization in Thrichomys was characterized by a remarkable lobulated structure and associated growing processes. Reverse to former perspectives, these conditions represented ancient character states of hystricognaths. The subplacenta was temporarily supplied by both the maternal and fetal blood systems, a rare condition among hystricognaths. The extraplacental trophoblast originating from the subplacenta was partly proliferative in mid gestation. In conclusion, the presented results indicated that only minor variations occurred in small‐sized hystricognath species, independent of their systematic interrelationships. Previous views were supported that placentation in hystricognaths followed an extraordinary stable pattern, although the group had distinct habitats in South America and Africa that were separated 30–40 million years ago. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318:13–25, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta (β) keratins to the evolution of feathers
Authors: Greenwold Matthew J. , Sawyer Roger H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFeathers of today's birds are constructed of beta (β)‐keratins, structural proteins of the epidermis that are found solely in reptiles and birds. Discoveries of “feathered dinosaurs” continue to stimulate interest in the evolutionary origin of feathers, but few studies have attempted to link the molecular evolution of their major structural proteins (β‐keratins) to the appearance of feathers in the fossil record. Using molecular dating methods, we show that before the appearance of Anchiornis (∼155 Million years ago (Ma)) the basal β‐keratins of birds began diverging from their archosaurian ancestor ∼216 Ma. However, the subfamily of feather β‐keratins, as found in living birds, did not begin diverging until ∼143 Ma. Thus, the pennaceous feathers on Anchiornis, while being constructed of avian β‐keratins, most likely did not contain the feather β‐keratins found in the feathers of modern birds. Our results demonstrate that the evolutionary origin of feathers does not coincide with the molecular evolution of the feather β‐keratins found in modern birds. More likely, during the Late Jurassic, the epidermal structures that appeared on organisms in the lineage leading to birds, including early forms of feathers, were constructed of avian β‐keratins other than those found in the feathers of modern birds. Recent biophysical studies of the β‐keratins in feathers support the view that the appearance of the subfamily of feather β‐keratins altered the biophysical nature of the feather establishing its role in powered flight. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:609–616, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ventral nerve cord in Phoronopsis harmeri larvae
Authors: Temereva Elena N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe nervous system organization is considered a phylogenetically important character among metazoans. The phylum Phoronida is included in a supraphyletic taxon known as Lophotrochozoa. Many lophotrochozoans possess a metameric ventral nerve cord as adults or larvae. Phoronids do not exhibit external metamery either as larvae or as adults. The current study describes the ventral nerve cord in the young larva of Phoronopsis harmeri. This structure is apparent both in the serotonergic and FMRF‐amidergic nervous system in young larvae. The ventral nerve cord extends from the mouth to the tentacular ridge. Both serotonergic and FMRF‐amidergic components consist of two ventrolateral nerves, each with several unipolar neurons. The ventrolateral nerves connect to each other by means of thin repetitive transversal nerves (“commissures”). The abundance of neurons and nerves in the epidermis of the oral field of actinotrocha larva likely reflects the importance of this area in collection of food particles. The ventral nerve cords of the actinotrocha and the metatrochophore differ in their positions with respect to ciliated bands: the cord is located between the preoral and postoral ciliated bands in the actinotrocha but between the postoral ciliated band and telotroch in the metatrochophore. The presence of the ventral nerve cord, which contains repetitive elements (neurons and “commissures”), in the early development of P. harmeri may recapitulate some stages of nervous system development during phoronid phylogeny. The larval nervous system does not contain nervous centers under the tentacular ridge that can correlate with the catastrophic metamorphosis and unique body plan of phoronids. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318:26–34, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term results and prognostic factors of gastric cancer patients with only positive peritoneal lavage cytology
Authors: Oh Cheong Ah , Bae Jae Moon , Oh Seung Jong , Choi Min Gew , Noh Jae Hyung , Sohn Tae Sung , Kim Sung 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to investigate clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer patients with only positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of overt peritoneal metastases, and which might distinguish patients with poorer prognosis.MethodsBetween September 1994 and August 2006, clinicopathological features were retrospectively evaluated in 37 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent a curative resection and had positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of overt peritoneal metastases. Survival including disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and recurrence patterns were analyzed according to clinicopathologic characteristics.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 16.1 months (range, 3–45 months). The median DFS and OS of patients after curative resection were 10 months (range, 1–33 months) and 15 months (range, 2–45 months), respectively. All patients had recurred, in 34 (92%) with peritoneal dissemination. The overall 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for the 37 consecutive patients were 43.2%, 45.9%, 5.4%, and 0%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Borrmann type IV was an independent predictor for poorer prognosis.ConclusionsA Borrmann type IV carcinoma may be the candidates for intraperitoneal chemotherapy among advanced gastric cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012;105:393–399. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS/MS profiling for detection of endogenous steroids and prostaglandins in tissue samples
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Koc Mariusz , Antti Henrik , Wikström Pernilla , Moritz Thomas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRoles of steroid hormones, and compounds that can influence their levels in cells, are of increasing interest in e.g. cancer research, partly because resistance to hormone therapies often complicates treatment. To elucidate the processes involved, the hormones and related compounds need to be accurately measured. Reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric detection in electrospray mode is capable of providing such measurements. Therefore, LC‐MS/MS was developed for sensitive, selective analysis of 11 steroid hormones, cholesterol and two prostaglandins. The effects of the tissue matrix, and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) sample clean‐up, on the LC‐MS/MS signals of the hormones were also investigated. The results show that the developed LC‐MS/MS method, following SPE clean‐up to reduce matrix interference, can detect selected steroids in extracts of mouse tissues. The method provides linear measurements of the steroids at concentrations up to few ng/μL, and limits of detection in the range 0.03–0.2 pg/μL (for some compounds lower than those of previously reported methods).
Central segment harvest of costal cartilage in rhinoplasty
Authors: Lee Michael , Inman Jared , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Our objective was to review our experience with a conservative central boat harvest of costal cartilage in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. It involves taking only the central portion of the rib for reconstruction. When cartilage harvest is performed in the above manner, donor site morbidity is minimized without limiting aesthetic results. The key seems to be preservation of intact costal cartilage on three sides, limiting harvest to the central portion only. This central portion is straight and much less prone to warping than the cartilage toward the periphery.Study Design:A retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience.Methods:All rhinoplasty operations performed by the senior author (Y.D.) from January 2000 to August 2009 that required the harvest of rib cartilage were reviewed.Results:A total of 322 cases were identified in which rib cartilage was harvested via the described technique. In all cases sufficient cartilage volume was obtained for the intended purpose. Average operation time was 10 minutes. No drains were used, and only one patient developed seroma formation. Postoperative pain and scar were minimal. No major complications were noted, and on postoperative analysis there was no evidence of cartilage warping or displacement.Conclusions:When harvesting costal cartilage for rhinoplasty, the above technique allows for sufficient graft tissue while decreasing donor site morbidity and minimizing warping.
Kymographic characterization of vibration in human vocal folds with nodules and polyps
Authors: Chodara Ann M. , Krausert Christopher R. , Jiang Jack J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Digital kymography (DKG) can provide objective quantitative data about vocal fold vibration, which may help distinguish normal from pathological vocal folds as well as nodules from polyps.Study Design:Case‐control study.Methods:There were 87 subjects who were separated into three groups: control, nodules, and unilateral polyps, and examined using a high‐speed camera attached to an endoscope. Videos were analyzed using a custom MATLAB program, and three DKG line‐scan positions (25%, 50%, and 75% of vocal fold length) were used in statistical analyses to compare vocal fold vibrational frequency, amplitude symmetry index (ASI), amplitude order, and vertical and lateral phase difference (VPD and LPD, respectively).Results:Significant differences among groups were found in all vibrational parameters except frequency. Polyps and nodules groups exhibited greater ASI values (less amplitude symmetry) than the control group. Although the control group consistently showed its largest amplitudes at the midline, the polyps group showed larger amplitudes toward the posterior end of the vocal folds. A significant anterior‐posterior pattern in amplitude was not found in the nodules group. LPD values were usually largest (most symmetrical) in the control group, followed by nodules and polyps. LPD at the 25% position allowed for differentiation between polyp and nodule groups. The largest VPD (more pronounced mucosal wave) values were usually found in the control group.Conclusions:Vibratory characteristics of normal and pathological vocal folds were quantitatively examined and compared using multiline DKG. These findings may allow for better characterization of pathologies and eventually assist in improving the clinical utility of DKG.
It's time for the heroes to go home
Authors: Frieze Deborah , Wheatley Margaret 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAll of us love the idea of a hero, someone who will do the heavy lifting and magically fix our problems. But waiting for a savior is counterproductive, the authors contend. Instead they introduce the model of “leaders‐as‐hosts.” This more inclusive leader is more suited to grappling with the big, seemingly insoluble problems routinely faced by organizations, communities, and countries. They point to examples of the successful implementation of this model in Columbus, Ohio, in dealing with such issues as healthcare, homelessness, and hunger.
Preparing for the talent exodus ahead
Authors: Morgan Howard , Jay Joelle K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTalent development within organizations seems to have been a casualty of the recession. That is short‐sighted, according to Morgan and Jay. Complacent leaders may be misreading signs of employee loyalty and commitment. The authors detail a number of ways that leaders can prevent their most talented employees from defecting. Organizations must not be deluded into thinking that things will “go back to normal.” Developing talent during times of crisis can assure that your best employees help drive success as you navigate the “new normal.”
The interplay of cholinergic function, attention, and falls in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yarnall Alison , Rochester Lynn , Burn David J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDopamine loss in the substantia nigra causes several of the motor signs seen in Parkinson's disease, but there is now increasing evidence highlighting the importance of cholinergic loss in the pathophysiology of nonmotor symptoms. The nucleus basalis of Meynert supplies the majority of the cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex, with the pedunculopontine nucleus providing many subcortical structures with acetylcholine. Both these structures undergo degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), with more severe loss associated with cognitive impairment. The risk of dementia in PD is greater than that in control subjects, with impairments in attention, visuospatial function, and executive control dominating. Imaging studies have demonstrated degeneration of the cholinergic system in PD, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, with improvements in attention seen following the introduction of cholinesterase inhibitors. Conversely, anticholinergic drugs are associated with cognitive decline, with neuropathology studies indicating the presence of increased neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaque formation. In addition, these drugs are also known to precipitate visual hallucinations, lending support to a cholinergic basis for visual hallucinations in PD. Gait, falls, and cognition may also be related, as evidenced by the findings that fallers perform less well on test of attention than nonfallers and that greater postural instability is associated with worse scores on attention and executive function. It is therefore feasible that cognition (namely, attention), visual hallucinations, falls, and gait are subserved by acetylcholine, and this is further explored in this clinically orientated review. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Succession planning in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Froelich Karen , McKee Gregory , Rathge Richard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExecutive leadership is a critical component in the success of nonprofit organizations. An upcoming period of leadership transition is anticipated as substantial numbers of baby boomers, now at the peak of their careers, reach retirement age. With nonprofit organizations growing in both size and number, an impending leadership deficit is a concern. To help prepare for these important transition events, this study focuses on planning for executive succession. A survey exploring details of succession planning was undertaken of executive directors of 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofits and CEOs of 501(c)(4) cooperative organizations—the more business‐oriented user‐owned and controlled nonprofit organizations prominent in agricultural, utility, and finance sectors. We found that planning and preparation do not match the level of interest and concern for executive succession. Although the replacement of long‐serving leaders is acknowledged as difficult, few proactive steps are undertaken.
Financial capacity and sustainability of ordinary nonprofits
Authors: Bowman Woods 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article divides financial issues into capacity and sustainability in two time frames: long and short. Long term emphasizes maintaining services; short term emphasizes resiliency. An organization's long‐term financial capacity is sustainable if its rate of change is sufficient to maintain assets at their replacement cost. A key contribution of this study is a sustainability principle that gives managers short‐term budget surplus targets needed to achieve this objective. The formulas are applied to national data to give a picture of the sector and establish benchmarks for “normal” practice. “Ordinary nonprofits” are active public charities without endowments that are not primarily membership associations or grant makers.
Nonprofit sustainability during times of uncertainty
Authors: Besel Karl , Williams Charlotte Lewellen , Klak Joanna 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNonprofit organizations in the United States depend on a diverse set of funding streams to sustain their operations. This study examines the ability of nonprofits to leverage funds from the private sector during the current economic downturn within four areas receiving federal funding for community and economic development. Both survey research and individual interviews were used to examine how nonprofits within these areas are incorporating their board members and community leaders to continue services during a time of resource scarcity.
Role ambiguity and volunteer board member performance in nonprofit sport organizations
Authors: Doherty Alison , Hoye Russell 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe explore the relationship between multidimensional role ambiguity and individual board member performance within nonprofit voluntary sport organizations. Role ambiguity accounted for 29 percent of the variance in perceived board member performance, and ambiguity about one's responsibilities was the strongest predictor. These findings extend our understanding of the drivers of individual board member performance within voluntary sport organizations and the multidimensional nature of role ambiguity. The study supports previous arguments that knowing what to do is fundamental to one's performance, and more critical than knowing how to do it, and what difference it makes.
Block copolymers as polymeric stabilizers in non‐aqueous emulsion polymerization
Authors: Atanase Leonard‐I. , Riess Gérard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review summarizes the background and recent advances of block copolymer stabilized oil‐in‐oil emulsions. For non‐polymerizable emulsions which have promising application possibilities for biomedical and cosmetic formulations, it is shown that tailor‐made block copolymers are by far the most efficient stabilizers with respect to low molecular weight surfactants. The characteristic features of oil‐in‐oil emulsions comprising one polymerizable phase are described. These types of non‐aqueous emulsions are of interest as nanoreactor systems for the polymerization of moisture‐sensitive monomers or catalysts. Furthermore they are the starting point of novel heterophase polymerization processes for the preparation of sterically stabilized polymer particles, as well as of ‘liquid‐filled polymeric materials’. The concept of oil‐in‐oil emulsions is finally extended to those systems where the two phases are polymerizable by distinct polymerization mechanisms. This approach could offer attractive possibilities for the development of special coatings with neither water nor solvent evaporation in their drying or curing step. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Photovoltaics literature survey (no. 88)
Authors: Shrestha Santosh 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn order to help keep readers up‐to‐date in the field each issue of Progress in Photovoltaics will contain a list of recently published journal articles most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters, Progress in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Santosh Shrestha at s.shrestha@unsw.edu.au. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.