bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Colour Physics in the Automation and Control of Package Dyeing
Authors: Gailey I 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Society's West Riding Region on 28 October 1982The application of colour physics to the measurement of colour differences between production lots and colour standards is the starting point for any quantitative study of the technical and economic case for automating dyeing processes. It is also of prime importance in sustaining automated processes. Its purposes are:1. Derivation of limits of accuracy that must be achieved for the successful outcome of any process2. Assessment of the technical efficiency of a particular plant3. Provision of basic data on the economies that can be achieved, and hence the amount of capital investment that can be justified4. Monitoring of dyeworks performance to provide a convenient indication of the adjustments needed to obtain maximum plant performance5. Derivation of basic data for recipe prediction, and redip and redye calculations6. Provision of a self‐correcting, self‐learning capability to allow a colour physics installation to be adapted automatically as circumstances and dyeing conditions change.
The Use of Cationic Aftertreatmerit Agents to Improve the Water–fastness Properties of Sisal Dyed with Reactive Dyes
Authors: Baker D M , Canning A J , Maltby A 
Published: July 2010

This paper reports the effectiveness of the application of some cationic fixing agents to certain reactive dyes on sisal fibres. The authors do not intend to imply that other suitable alternative agents are not available, nor that any commercially available product could not be equally effective when used for similar purposes.Fixation of hydrolysed dichlorotriazinyl reactive dyes with eight cationic aftertreatment agents has been investigated for five Procion MX dyes on sisal at 2% shade. All eight agents fixed hydrolysed dye in cold rinsed, pad–batch–dyed sisal to give colours rated 4, 4–5 or 5 in water–fastness tests for the staining of cotton and wool. On the basis of effectiveness, cost and retention of light fastness. Fixing Agent IS is preferred. It can be used on the rural scale, eliminating the need for a boiling detergent wash.
Developments in the Application of Quantitative Structure‐Property Relationships of Dyes
Authors: Carpignano R , Savarino P , Barni E , Di Modica G , Papa S S 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 20 September 1984.A major aim of current research in dye chemistry is the detection of quantitative relationships between structure and technical properties in order to design new compounds. In the study reported here the light fastness of a set of azo dyes was analysed by some of the methods of chemometrics.
Waist Circumference but Not Body Mass Index Predicts Long‐Term Mortality in Elderly Subjects with Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Testa Gianluca , Cacciatore Francesco , Galizia Gianluigi , Della‐Morte David , Mazzella Francesca , Langellotto Assunta , Russo Salvatore , Gargiulo Gaetano , De Santis Domenico , Ferrara Nicola , Rengo Franco , Abete Pasquale 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether waist circumference (WC) and body‐mass index (BMI) can predict long‐term mortality in elderly subjects with and without chronic heart failure (CHF).DESIGN: Longitudinal evaluation with a 12‐year follow‐up.SETTING: Campania, a region of southern Italy.PARTICIPANTS: One thousand three hundred thirty‐two subjects aged 65 and older selected from the electoral rolls of Campania.MEASUREMENTS: The relationship between WC or BMI and mortality during a 12‐year follow‐up in 125 subjects with and 1,143 subjects without CHF.RESULTS: Mortality increased as WC increased in elderly subjects without CHF (from 47.8% to 56.7%, P=.01), and the increase was even greater in patients with CHF (from 58.1% to 82.0%, P=.01). In contrast, mortality decreased as BMI increased in elderly subjects without CHF (from 53.8% to 46.1%, P0 =.046) but not in those with CHF. According to Cox regression analysis, BMI protected against long‐term mortality in the absence but not in the presence of CHF. In the absence of CHF, WC was associated with a 2% increased risk of long‐term mortality for each 1‐cm greater WC (Hazard Ratio (HR)=1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01–1.03; P<.001), versus 5% increased in the presence of CHF (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02–1.10; P<.001).CONCLUSION: WC, but not BMI, is predictive of long‐term mortality in elderly individuals with CHF and to a lesser extent in those without CHF.
Driving Patterns of Older Adults: Results from the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey
Authors: Betz Marian E. , Lowenstein Steven R. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To describe older adults' driving patterns, including self‐imposed driving restrictions and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs).DESIGN: The Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS‐2) was a national, random‐digit‐dial telephone survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2001 to 2003. ICARIS‐2 sampled 113,476 English‐ and Spanish‐speaking households, using weighting variables to generate national estimates.RESULTS: The response rate was 48% (N=9,684). Six percent (n=728) of respondents were aged 75 and older. Of these, 85.6% (n=613) were aged 75 to 84, and 14.4% (n=115) were aged 85 and older; 59.2% were female. Three‐fourths (74.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=70.4–79.4%) of adults aged 75 to 84 and 69.9% (95% CI=48.2–71.6%) aged 85 and older were current drivers. Most (81.9%; 95% CI=77.6–86.2%) older drivers limited their driving, usually in bad weather (59.0%), at night (57.0%), on long trips (49.6%), in traffic (49.0%), or at high speeds (33.6%); only 15.4% limited driving for medical reasons. Women were more likely to self‐limit driving (odds ratio (OR)=1.83, 95% CI=0.99–3.39). Few (4.2%, 95% CI=2.4–6.1%) older adults reported MVC involvement in the past year as a driver or passenger. In multivariate analysis, drivers living alone (OR=3.93, 95% CI=1.55–9.95) and men (OR=2.59, 95% CI=1.18–5.67) were more likely to report a recent crash; drivers who self‐limited were less likely (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.18–1.60).CONCLUSION: Large majorities of older adults, including those aged 85 and older, are current drivers. Although many limit driving in hazardous conditions, fewer do for medical reasons. Men and older adults who live alone are more likely to report a recent MVC; those who self‐limit their driving are less likely to report crash involvement.
Mechanical load induced by glass microspheres releases angiogenic factors from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes cultures and causes arrhythmias
Authors: Barac D. Y. , Reisner Y. , Silberman M. , Zeevi‐Levin N. , Danon A. , Salomon O. , Shoham M. , Shilkrut M. , Kostin S. , Schaper J. , Binah O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present study, we tested the hypothesis that similar to other mechanical loads, notably cyclic stretch (simulating pre‐load), glass microspheres simulating afterload will stimulate the secretion of angiogenic factors. Hence, we employed glass microspheres (average diameter 15.7 μm, average mass 5.2 ng) as a new method for imposing mechanical load on neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) in culture. The collagen‐coated microspheres were spread over the cultures at an estimated density of 3000 microspheres/mm2, they adhered strongly to the myocytes, and acted as small weights carried by the cells during their contraction. NRVM were exposed to either glass microspheres or to cyclic stretch, and several key angiogenic factors were measured by RT‐PCR. The major findings were: (1) In contrast to other mechanical loads, such as cyclic stretch, microspheres (at 24 hrs) did not cause hypertrophy. (2) Further, in contrast to cyclic stretch, glass microspheres did not affect Cx43 expression, or the conduction velocity measured by means of the Micro‐Electrode‐Array system. (3) At 24 hrs, glass microspheres caused arrhythmias, probably resulting from early afterdepolarizations. (4) Glass microspheres caused the release of angiogenic factors as indicated by an increase in mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (80%), angiopoietin‐2 (60%), transforming growth factor‐β (40%) and basic fibroblast growth factor (15%); these effects were comparable to those of cyclic stretch. (5) As compared with control cultures, conditioned media from cultures exposed to microspheres increased endothelial cell migration by 15% (P<0.05) and endothelial cell tube formation by 120% (P<0.05), both common assays for angiogenesis. In conclusion, based on these findings we propose that loading cardiomyocytes with glass microspheres may serve as a new in vitro model for investigating the role of mechanical forces in angiogenesis and arrhythmias.
Effect of Acetylcholine on Isolated Cat and Rabbit Heart Ventricle Preparation
Authors: Anderson P. , Person H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The atria and the upper part of the intra‐ventricular septum were removed from rabbit and cat heart, and the ventricular preparations were perfusedin vitrowith Krebs's solution. Preparations from twenty cats and 15 rabbits were studied for their sensitivity to acetylcholine. In the isolated rabbit ventricular preparations, acetylcholine in doses of 0.01‐0.1 pg caused a very weak negative inotropic and a chronotropic effect. Higher doses caused a dose‐dependent standstill. The cat ventricle preparations were rather insensitive to acetylcholine. When studied against noradrenaline induced increases in heart rate and force of contraction, acetylcholine in these preparations, also, caused a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect. In both the cat and rabbit preparations, the effect of acetylcholine was blocked by atropine 0.1 μg/ml in the perfusing solution. After pretreatment with atropine, acetylcholine (50‐100 μg) caused a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect that was blocked with propranolol 0.1‐0.2 μg/ml. This effect of acetylcholine was not obtained in preparations from reserpine treated animals.It was concluded that the cat and rabbit ventricle myocardium contains receptors to acetylcholine, and that stimulation of these cause a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect. Moreover, acetylcholine may release noradrenaline from the adrenergic nerve fibres. The difference in sensitivity to acetylcholine between the two species may indicate a difference in the significance of parasympathetic nerve stimulation to the ventricular myocardium in the two species.
Relationship of Uptake of Sodium and45Calcium to ATP‐Induced Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Dahlquist Rune 
Published: July 2010

Histamine release from isolated rat mast cells induced by extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of calcium was preceded by the uptake of sodium and45Ca in the cells. In contrast, the release induced by compound 48/80, n‐decylamine and chlorpromazine was not preceded by uptake of45Ca. Histamine release and45Ca uptake by ATP were completely inhibited byp‐hydroxymercuribenzoate and incubation at 0°, whereas sodium uptake was partly reduced. In the presence of 2.5 mM‐CaCl2, ATP activated the uptake of45Ca whereas, as previously reported, no sodium uptake or histamine release occurred. All three effects of ATP were inhibited by MgCl2. Thus, under conditions where the uptake of either sodium or45Ca was inhibited, no histamine release was induced by extracellular ATP.Antimycin A did not inhibit ATP‐induced increase in membrane permeability for sodium and calcium but completely blocked the histamine release. It is concluded that for histamine release to be induced by extracellular ATP from rat mast cells, an increased cell membrane permeability for sodium and calcium is necessary but not in itself sufficient since the release reaction is also dependent on the metabolic state of the cells.
Effect of Acute Ethanol Administration on Tryptophan Oxygenase Activity in Rat Liver
Authors: Mørland Jørg 
Published: July 2010

Ethanol was given as short‐term treatment to intact animals in the following ways: Orally in mixture with sucrose as drinking fluidad libitumfor one or 18‐21 hrs, or intraperitoneally (i.p.) as a single dose (2.5 or 3.3 g/kg rat). Ethanol was also added to perfusates (final concentration 0.2 %) of isolated livers. Short‐term ethanol treatment (in vivo) was also given to animals which had been pretreated with ethanol for 3‐4 weeks.I.p. injection of ethanol caused a significant rise in tryptophan oxygenase (TO)‐activity (337 %) and plasma corticosterone (approximately 400 %), while consumption of ethanol only slightly increased the enzyme activity without any significant effects on steroid hormone concentration. The administration of cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg) abolished the increase in TO‐activity normally found after i.p. injection of ethanol. Ethanol did not affect the basal TO‐activity in the perfused liver, but slightly increased the effect of dexamethasone induction. TO degradation measured after administration of cycloheximide (20 μg/ml) was unchanged by ethanol in the perfused liver. An i.p. injection of ethanol increased the TO‐activity (268 %) in ethanol‐pretreated rats, but to a smaller extent than in normal animals. The TO‐activity measured after consumption in ethanol‐pretreated rats was significantly reduced. It was concluded that the acute stimulatory effect of ethanol on TO‐activity was due to the rise in plasma corticosterone which induced enzyme synthesis. Long‐term consumption of ethanol was accompanied by reduced basal TO synthesis as well as by reduced enzyme induction after acute ethanol treatment.
ETHANOL METABOLISM IN THE LIVER
Authors: Thieden Herluf I. D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary:Ethanol elimination by the liver, a relatively constant process, may be increased at high concentrations of ethanol, when certain substances like fructose or pyruvate are metabolized together with ethanol or after prolonged exposure for ethanol. The metabolic effects on the liver are different at high and at low concentrations of ethanol. A number of enzymes or enzyme systems, – liver alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase and mixed‐function oxidase – canin vitrocatalyze the oxidation of ethanol, but little is known about the actual role of each enzyme at different metabolic conditions. The existence of more than one pathway for ethanol metabolism in the liver is now becomming increasingly evident, but whether the non‐ADH mediated ethanol oxidation occurs via catalase, or mixed‐function oxidase system, or both, cannot at present be decided.The activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase cannot be induced by continuous use of ethanol. The ADH‐mediated ethanol oxidation may be increased when the steady state concentration of free NADH in the cytoplasm is lowered. The rate of ethanol oxidation underin vivoconditions seems not to be determined by the rate of acetaldehyde elimination, although acetaldehyde is a product of ethanol metabolism. The reoxidation of NADH may proceed by NADH‐linked substrate system, by transhydrogenation to NADP+or by transporting reducing equivalents into mitochondria where they are oxidized.In this review an attempt is made to examine the effects of a number of substrates or metabolic conditions which may enhance ethanol oxidation (concentration of ethanol, fructose, pyruvate, D‐glyceraldehyde, oxygen, CO2and 2,4‐dinitrophenol) and to discuss the mechanisms involved in this action. It is concluded that the effect of pyruvate and fructose (maybe also CO2and D‐glyceraldehyde) proceeds via ADH‐mediated pathway (possibly involving the so‐called “malic enzyme shuttle”) whereas the acceleration in ethanol metabolism, observed in rat liver preparations when high concentrations of ethanol are metabolized, is associated with the participation of non‐ADH pathway (s) in ethanol metabolism.
Forty Days Oral Toxicity of 2,6‐cis‐Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (KABI 1774) in Beagle Dogs with Special Reference to Effects on the Male Reproductive System
Authors: Albanus Lennart , Björklund Nils‐Erik , Gustafsson Börje , Jönsson Monica 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The oral toxicity of KABI 1774**, a siloxane compound with estrogen‐like effect, was studied for 40 successive days in 20 male and female beagle dogs. The test compound was dissolved in soy bean oil and dosed at the levels of 10 or 250 mg/kg. Controls received soy bean oil only.Increased WBC count, mainly due to increased neutrophils, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity were evident at 250 mg/kg. No death occurred.The treatment with KABI 1774 caused marked effects on the reproductive system which is the target for the principal pharmacological effects. One typical feature was an adverse influence on the ability to ejaculate. In spite of pelvic movements and rhythmic contractions of penis as in normal ejaculation the dogs delivered a very small amount of semen or no semen at all (‘dry ejaculate’). The ejaculate volume and the total number of sperm per ejaculate decreased gradually. Other striking changes were pathological sperm motility, high frequency of sperm tail abnormalities and increased occurrence of distal cytoplasmic droplets. At the end of the experiment all males presented arrested spermatogenesis to the degree of complete degeneration of all germ cells, epithelial atrophy and fibrosis in epididymis and prostate. In the latter also epithelial metaplasia was displayed. The weights of the testes were decreased in the high dose group.In females receiving 250 mg/kg the findings were hypertrophy of the lining epithelium in the endometrium of uterus, dilatation of uterine glands, oedema of the stroma and hypertrophy of the stratified squamous epithelium in vagina.In pars anterior of the hypophysis small tinctorial changes in chromophobic and basophilic cells and some hypertrophy and hyperplasia of acidophilic cells were observed in all the dosed animals.Single as well as repeated administration of 10 and 250 mg/kg gave peak plasma levels of 1–5 μg/ml at 2–4 hours and 30–60 μg/ml at 2 hours, respectively. Urinary excretion of KABI 1774 was extremely low.A series of low molecular‐weight linear and cyclic phenylmethylsiloxanes have been shown to cause suppression of the male endocrine system, including testicular atrophy and inhibition of spermatogenesis (Palazzoloet al.1972,Le Fevreet al.1972). The most active member of these siloxanes was 2,6‐cis‐diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Bennettet al.1972), hereafter referred to as KABI 1774. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the subacute oral toxicity of KABI 1774 in dogs and to evaluate the effects of the drug on the sexual behaviour and on the semen characteristics.
Influence of metoprolol* and propranolol on hemodynamic effects induced by adrenaline and physical work
Authors: Johnsson Gillis 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The influence of intravenously administered metoprolol (10 mg), propranolol (5 and 10 mg) and saline on hemodynamic effects induced by adrenaline and physical work were studied in healthy volunteers. In the doses used the two β‐blockers were approximately equipotent in reducing the heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise.Adrenaline induced an increase of the heart rate, systolic blood pressure and forearm blood flow, while the mean blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and vascular resistance in the forearm decreased.The two β‐blockers interacted differently with adrenaline. When adrenaline was infused after propranolol the mean and diastolic blood pressure increased as did also vascular resistance in the forearm. Adrenaline now had no significant effect on the forearm blood flow, while the heart rate decreased.After metoprolol, adrenaline still induced a decrease of the diastolic blood pressure and an increase of the forearm blood flow, but the effect of adrenaline on these variables seemed to be inhibited to a great extent. The decrease of the mean blood pressure after adrenaline was blocked by metoprolol, while the effect on the vascular resistance in the forearm and the heart rate was not significantly changed.The difference in interaction of the two β‐blockers with adrenaline is interpreted as being caused by a much less pronounced effect of metoprolol on the adrenergic vascular β2‐receptors compared to propranolol in the doses studied.
Influence of metoprolol and propranolol on hemodynamic effects induced by physical work and isoprenaline
Authors: Johnsson Gillis , Nyberg Gunnar , Sölvell Lennart 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The effects of metoprolol (40 and 80 mg orally as hydrochloride) and propranolol (40 mg orally as hydrochloride) were compared on the increase of heart rate and systolic blood pressure induced by physical exercise and infusion of isoprenaline.The two β‐blockers seemed to be equipotent in reducing heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise, while they differed considerably in their interaction with isoprenaline. Thus, the isoprenaline‐induced increase of the heart rate was blocked to a considerably greater extent after propranolol than after metoprolol. The reason for this is discussed and can be explained by the selectivity of metoprolol for β‐receptors.
Effects of metoprolol and propranolol on some metabolic responses to catecholamines in the anaesthetized dog
Authors: Åblad Bengt , Börjesson Inger , Carlsson Enar , Johnsson Gillis 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The effects of metoprolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) and propranolol (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) on the plasma FFA response to i.v. infused adrenaline and noradrenaline and on the blood glucose and lactate responses to adrenaline were studied in anaesthetized dogs. Both β‐blockers markedly reduced the plasma FFA response to noradrenaline. Metoprolol differed from propranolol by inhibiting the plasma FFA response to adrenaline significantly less than that to noradrenaline. The lactacidemic effect of adrenaline was somewhat reduced by metoprolol and abolished by propranolol. The slight increase of blood glucose concentration produced by adrenaline was not significantly affected by either blocker. Adrenaline elicited a marked increase of the arterial blood pressure after propranolol treatment, whereas a slight hypotensive effect was observed after administration of metoprolol or in control experiments.It is suggested that the effects of metoprolol could be ascribed to inhibition of adrenergic β1‐receptor mediated actions, while those of propranolol were due to combined β1and β2‐receptor blockade.
Pharmacokinetic studies of metoprolol‐(3H) in the rat and the dog
Authors: Borg Karl Olof , Fellenius Erik , Johansson Rustan , Wallborg Marita 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:This paper describes the gastrointestinal absorption, the renal, biliary and faecal excretion and blood/plasma levels of metoprolol‐(3H) in the rat and the dog. The compound was well absorbed in both species, about 70–100% of the given dose being recovered from the urine within 24 hours irrespective of the route of administration. Low radioactivity was found in faeces and bile. The drug was rapidly and extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, the half‐life of the distribution process being 5–10 minutes. The half‐life for the elimination phase in the rat was about 0.6 hours and independent of dose and route of administration. The corresponding figure in the dog was about 1.5 hours. The systemic bioavailability of metoprolol‐(3H) was about 4% in the rat and in the range 20–40% in the dog. The peak concentrations of metoprolol after oral administration were approximately proportional to the dose given. Short‐term treatment with metoprolol had no effects on the pharmacokinetics of the drug.Since the pharmacokinetic characteristics, obtained by interpreting the blood/plasma curve in terms of a two‐compartment open model, were rather similar in the dog and in man (Regårdh et al. 1974,Johnsson et al. 1975) it is concluded that the dog can serve as a better model for human experiments with this drug than the rat.