bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of FeS Scale Control and Treatment Under Challenging Applications
Authors: Lu Haiping , Wei Wei , Wang Wei , Leach David , Yan Chao 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Iron sulfide (FeS) scale is a well-known troublesome solid during oil and gas production for causing plugging, emulsion, and other production upset issues. It can be found in various systems, including injection wells, production wells, surface facilities, and saltwater disposal wells (SWD). While iron sulfide is challenging to control, several main management approaches include: (i) inhibition of FeS formation with scale inhibitors; (ii) dispersion into finer particles by dispersants; (iii) sequestering iron with chelators to mitigate precipitation; (iv) dissolution of existing FeS deposits by acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl) or citric acid. Each of these approaches has limitations and should typically be combined with the implementation of corrosion inhibitors to reduce iron sources and H2S scavengers to control H2S levels in brines to achieve successful FeS deposition control.
In this paper we review common treatment approaches in different application systems, including production wells, saltwater disposal wells, and surface facilities, and present case histories of FeS treatment by acids and chelators e.g., THPS (Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium Sulfate). The pros and cons of chemical treatment programs are explored, and effective treatment approaches and strategies will be compared and discussed.
This paper's overview of current treatment approaches provides insight into the impacts of FeS deposition control in various applications and shares valuable best practices from case histories to aid in successful FeS scale management in future operations.
Impact of Reservoir on Relaxation of Requirement for SRP Whilst Protecting Production - Reactive Transport Modelling for a Mature Offshore Field
Authors: Wang Xu , Baraka-Lokmane Salima , Mackay Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Injection of Low Sulphate Seawater (LSSW) is widely used to reduce the barite scaling risk. LSSW may be used in addition to Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI). LSSW injection may no longer be required when the barium concentrations in the produced water decline. This study investigates the timing and degree of relaxation of the output sulphate concentration from a Sulphate Reduction Plant (SRP) required to minimize the barite risk, accounting for the impact of PWRI.
Reactive transport modelling is used to calculate brine mixing and in situ precipitation. The output of these calculations is water composition and rate profiles at the production wells, which is then used to identify the evolution of the barium sulphate scale risk in each well. Five scenarios have been considered: a one-off increase of sulphate, Full Sulphate Seawater (FSSW) injection, gradual increase of sulphate concentration over a given period, and a mixture with PWRI, where the injected brine is assumed to be 95% formation brine and 5% FSSW. Both aqueous speciation reactions and carbonate and sulphate mineral reactions are modelled.
Different injection strategies are addressed, based on a geochemical transport reservoir model of a mature field. The tolerance of sulphate increase for injection brine will help in determining relaxation requirements for the SRP to reduce operational costs as well as seeking other possible late field development strategies (e.g. PWRI).
What Alkalinity is and Why it is Needed for pH Calculations in Oilfield Waters - Description of a Rapid and Robust Algorithm
Authors: Kaasa Baard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Knowing pH inside the production equipment is necessary to evaluate the risk for scale formation or corrosion. Measuring pH is not an option in most systems, and one therefore must rely on a calculated pH. Formulating the necessary set of equations needed to calculate pH in a system is straightforward but solving it will become very complex as soon as the water contains more than one acid or base, and most oilfield waters will contain both CO2, H2S, several organic acids and possibly acidic or basic production chemicals. Solving pH analytically will then be an impossible task and solving it numerically can also be very challenging unless a very good start estimate is available. Also, if the electro neutrality equation, which is one of the fundamental equations for aqueous systems, is used, one will find that the uncertainty in the analyzed concentrations of several of the main ions is much larger than the concentration of the ions one need to calculate to find pH. To overcome these problems, alkalinity of the water can be measured, and the alkalinity equation can be used to calculate pH numerically. In this paper, it will be shown that if alkalinity is defined and measured correctly, the alkalinity equation can be used to calculate pH numerically by combining Newton-Raphson and bisection iteration. The method is very robust and does not require a start estimate for pH, it will always converge to the correct solution. By using the alkalinity equation as the working equation, the system can easily be expanded to include multiple acids and bases without any significant increase in complexity because each acid/base system is treated separately and added to the working equation as simple terms. The method can easily be implemented in computer codes or spreadsheet models.
Conventional Versus Unconventional Scale Management, a Sustainable Approach to Assure Well Integrity and Productivity in Giant Offshore Field in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Ali Mohamed , Azeezi Khaled Al , Shamsi Alyaa Al , Alriyami Sultan , Odeh Nadir , Aldhaheri Khalid 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An effective Scale Management is applied in a giant offshore field in Abu Dhabi for monitoring and mitigating the formation/deposition of inorganic scale on the tubing, to eliminate potential impacts to well integrity and production. With the increasing demand of maximizing well productivity as part of future field development plans and the drilling of unconventional Extended Reach Wells emerges challenges in scale management strategies.
In the conventional vertical wells, scale monitoring and mitigation has been applied successfully through the application of scale inhibitor squeeze chemical treatments into the reservoir to prevent scale formation. In addition, scale monitoring techniques to confirm well accessibility aided in controlling scale and applying proper treatment of scale dissolver and scale inhibition. However, in comparison to what is typically applied in conventional vertical wells, the scale management strategies applied in unconventional Extended Reach Wells will be much more challenging. In Abu Dhabi Extended Reach Wells range with an averaging total depth 20,000-30,000 feet. Several factors encountered effects in the implementation of scale chemical treatment due to the well design and water injection strategies. Such factors include chemical placement for targeting zones in long horizontal wells, limited inhibitor lifetime where scale inhibitor residual analysis return profile demonstrate an average of 3-5 months minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Also, enormous chemical consumption around 6-12 times greater than volumes required for conventional wells is needed. By implementing scale management, a strategy has been developed to thoroughly monitor and manage scale issues in such wells.
Moreover, studies and revalidation are conducted as part of scale management which are mainly covering chemical selection for successful chemicals in terms of performance. Furthermore, exploring the market for suitable technologies that can help in minimizing scale risks such as chemical diverter and enhancer while looking into the application of nonmetallic (GRE).
This paper will present a technical overview of scale management applied in conventional and unconventional wells and focus on the scale management strategy to monitor and mitigate scale risks over the lifetime of producer wells. Filed case treatment application provided will demonstrate the effectiveness of the implementation of scale management and the added value of different strategies.
Scale Control in Geothermal Wells – What are the Options for Effective and Economic Scale Management?
Authors: Jarrahian Khosro , Mackay Eric , Singleton Mike , Mohammadi Shabnam , Heath Stephen , Pessu Frederick 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The drive towards net zero by 2050 has instigated the development of alternative energy sources to fossil fuels which has resulted in a big focus on geothermal energy projects.
Geothermal brines typically contain dissolved minerals and gases that can cause scale deposition in wells and topside plant equipment. The presence of scale within a geothermal system can cause various issues leading to decreased efficiency of thermal energy production due to inefficiency of heat exchangers and turbines and the potential for reduced flow capacity in injection wells.
In geothermal systems, the conditions and brine chemistry of each geothermal plant can vary greatly, and the selection of a suitable scale management process will be crucial for the sustainable production of geothermal energy. As with all scaling issues in the energy industry, prevention via chemical inhibition and/or chemical removal is the preferable method of dealing with scale compared to costly mechanical removal although non-chemical methods now offer an attractive alternative especially for reducing CO2 footprint.
Chemical treatment can be by continuous topside chemical injection, scale squeeze or batch treatment in the injection and/or production wells. The high temperatures of geothermal wells coupled with high water throughput can create quite a challenge for chemical scale control and removal. Any selected scale inhibitor/dissolver will need to be thermally stable to up to 250°C, preferably biodegradable (although this is not essential) and display good efficiency against calcium carbonate and silica/silicate scales.
Geothermal brines contain dissolved CO2 and H2S and this can make fluids corrosive so the interaction between scale and corrosion inhibitors will also need to be considered as part of any scale or corrosion management strategy. This may also require modified laboratory test methods, especially for geothermal plants with water re-injection.
This paper will review geothermal scale and its mechanisms of formation and will highlight the options available for scale management including both chemical and non-chemical treatments. In addition, the impact of well completion, high water production, corrosion, CO2 footprint and the challenges for chemical treatments in terms of thermal stability and laboratory testing will be discussed.
Unconventional Scale Inhibition and Acid Stimulation Strategies for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Formations: A Case Study from Southern Oman
Authors: Al Shukaili Ghosin , Al Ruqaishi Moza , Al Kalbani Muhannad , Al Riyami Yaqoob , Al Amri Ibrahim , Al Habsi Al Moatasem , Al Lawati Ahmed , Al Jabri Dawood , Al Hatmi Safiya , Al Shabibi Ali 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Field X is an oil field characterized by sandstone formations, discovered in 1984 and put into production in 1987. Waterflooding has been integrated into field development plan since 2007 to enhance oil recovery. One of the main challenges in Field X is the underperformance of the water flood system, which led to a severe oil production decline, 30% below target by the end of 2022.
The water injector wells suffer from significant scale deposition over time caused by water incompatibilities and pressure/temperature changes. Even though measures such as applying downstream scale inhibitors and performing acid stimulation have been in practice since 2010 to tackle the problem, the severity of scale deposition remains severe.
A comprehensive review on previous scale formation prediction studies has been done, along with taking downhole samples to identify main scale elements in place. Four different lab analysis have been conducted including solubility tests, XRD, XRF, and bulk scale analysis (BSA). Lab analysis from the downhole scale samples showed up to 60% of samples are insoluble in HCL acid, in which two dominant scale types were identified CaCO3 and CaSO4.
Assessment of the current field inhibition strategy to survey and quality assure different aspects, such as the applied scale inhibitor type, dosage, and skid locations. Three different scale inhibitors were tested at both surface and downhole conditions to identify the optimum candidate. Testing has shown an increase in dosage from 15-20 ppm to 30 ppm.
Due to the presence of HCl insoluble mineral deposits, the old acid treatment recipe was found inadequate and only provided temporary solutions. Based on Laboratory results using mineralogy data from analogous wells, mud acid (9%Hydrochloric acid-1%Hydroflouric acid) was proposed for stimulating poorly performing injectors in field X. Trail camping was done using new acid treatment strategy.
As a result of these efforts, Field X's injection has improved by 73% compared to 2022. This has led to an improvement in overall field production by 27%. Additionally, there has been a decrease in total suspended solids (TSS) when compared to previous years.
This paper investigates the effectiveness of non-traditional acid and solvent systems in sandstone formations in Southern Oman for healthier waterflood management.
Microbial Sulfate Reduction in Underground Reservoirs: Learnings from Full-Field Modeling and Field Data
Authors: Mahmoodi Ali , Nick Hamidreza M. 
Published: June 2024

Summary
Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are found in various environments, such as shallow marine and freshwater sediments, groundwater, hydrocarbon reservoirs, hydrothermal vents, and mud volcanoes. The reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by sulfate-reducing microorganisms, usually during and after flooding oil reservoirs with seawater (SW), is known as microbial reservoir souring. H2S is a hazardous and corrosive gas, which increases the treatment costs of the produced fluids. Other than the microbiological aspect of this phenomenon, the interplay among the physical aspects of the multiphase flow and (bio)chemical reactions at various scales in the porous media of the subsurface can significantly contribute to the complexity of the problem. This study investigates real field data of several wells in an oil field in the Danish North Sea and presents a modified reservoir souring model coupled with a full-field reservoir model. The effect of various parameters on the production composition data is investigated, and, under various sets of assumptions, the model is matched against the history of the production data. The results demonstrate that sulfate concentration data in the produced water can be a useful compliment to the more common H2S concentration data in the produced gas when tuning the model, thus predicting the future of souring in the field. Moreover, it is shown that the production data can be used to infer the activity of various microbial communities in different locations of the reservoir. Interestingly, the data suggest that the change in the near-wellbore environment during drilling and the completion or the production wells may activate or introduce strains of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, which are responsible for the increase in H2S content in the produced gas during the early stages of production. Microbial souring in the waterflooded regions, on the other hand, corresponds to the increase in H2S production in the later stages of production. Furthermore, it is shown how different sectors of the same field show different souring behaviors and macroscale growth rates (GRs), which are attributed to different elements that affect flow patterns, such as the presence of darcy-scale heterogeneity and fractures.

Additional Keywords
sulfate reducing microorganisms; microbial reservoir souring; history matching; reactive transport modeling; reservoir simulation
Plasma-engineered sugarcane bagasse: A novel strategy for efficient mercury removal from aqueous solutions
Authors: Salas Angie Paola Santacruz , Antunes Maria Lucia Pereira , Rangel Elidiane Cipriano , Watanabe Cláudia Hitomi , Rosa André Henrique 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Metal ion adsorption using agro-industrial residues has shown promising results in remediating contaminated waters. However, adsorbent effectiveness relies on their properties, often necessitating processing for modification. Considering this, plasma treatment is effective in modifying material surfaces physically and chemically. This study investigated the modification of sugarcane bagasse (SB) using plasma-treated and evaluated its efficacy as a novel adsorbent for mercury removal from aqueous solutions. SB underwent low-temperature plasma treatment with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as the working gas, varying treatment times (2, 30, and 60 minutes) and fixed powers (80, 190, and 300 W) at 16 Pa pressure. Characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zero point of charge (pHpzc) revealed significant structural changes like increased in porosity and alteration in proportion atomic. Additionally, the successful incorporation of fluorine was confirmed in all treatment conditions, while sulfur was detected in only some samples. Amongst the tested conditions, the SB treated with 300 W for 60 minutes demonstrated the highest mercury removal efficiency, achieving an impressive 83.67% removal rate compared to untreated SB, which yielded only 57.95%. The adsorption mechanism exhibited both physical and chemical behavior, with chemisorption being the dominant process. The Freundlich model provided the best fit to the experimental data, with an R2 value of 0.97. In conclusion, plasma treatment can be a promising alternative for improving the physical and chemical characteristics of SB adsorbents, thereby improving their efficiency in removing mercury from aqueous solutions.
Integration of Artificial Neural Network Model for Smart Medical System Using Double Gate Mosfet
Authors: Leavline Epiphany Jebamalar , Krishnasamy Vijayakanth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

A human behaviour imitation in the computing industry can be obtained using Neural Network architectures. One of the popular and influential neural network architecture is multilayer back propagation network (MLBPN). This paper aims to design and implement the MLBPN model for analyzing medical images. Many earlier research works have focused on implementing machine and deep learning models for analyzing medical data. But the computational speed is less and requires more epochs to obtain accurate results. Some researchers have overcome the challenges by using different integrated circuit techniques which are not cost-effective. This paper implements the multi layer perceptron (MLP) architecture using a double gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (DGMOSFET) model. The physical and logical functionalities of the MOSFET are integrated with MLP to provide the similar electrical behaviour of the transistor to control the current and voltage. The proposed MLP with DG-MOSFET model is trained with datasets having mixed of disease cases which were taken from FDA-NCI Clinical Proteomics Program Databank and the testing process is evaluated. The simulation is carried out with MATLAB and Cadence software, and then the analysed values are compared with actual values. The output proves that the speed and accuracy are improved compared with single gate devices.
Nickel-Induced Labial Angioedema in a Pediatric Patient with Orthodontic Braces: A Case Report
Authors: Leone Fabrizio , Gori Alessandra , Cinicola Bianca Laura , Coletti Giorgio , Pignataro Elia , Martina Capponi , Giulia Brindisi , Anania Caterina , Zicari Anna Maria 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Angioedema is a condition marked by sudden, intense swelling of the subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, typically associated with hypersensitivity reactions, genetic mutations, or reactions to medications. It can also result from contact with allergens such as nickel, leading to dermatitis.
Case Presentation
A 12-year-old girl presented at our Pediatric Immunology and Allergology service with recurrent labial angioedema for over a year, linked to the consumption of legumes and tomatoes, and following the use of a metal flute. Despite a nickel-positive patch test and subsequent avoidance of nickel, her symptoms persisted. Further investigations to rule out other causes of angioedema were unproductive. It was later discovered that she had been wearing a nickel-containing orthodontic device applied a year earlier. The removal of this orthodontic device led to a cessation of the angioedema episodes, highlighting nickel as the likely trigger.
Conclusions
This case underscores the importance of considering prolonged nickel exposure from dental devices as a potential cause of angioedema. For patients predisposed to nickel hypersensitivity, using nickel-free alternatives such as ceramic for orthodontic appliances is crucial. Additionally, comprehensive allergen screening, including latex testing, should be conducted before the placement of such devices to prevent similar adverse reactions.
Analyzing the Impact of English Media Exposure on English Proficiency among Nonnative Asian Speakers
Authors: Meng Wentao , Cao Xueqing , Xu Shuang , ji Yan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

This paper explores the phenomenon and effects of English proficiency enhancement through English media by nonnative English speakers in Asia in the context of globalization and informationization. With the growing importance of English in international communication, mastering English has become an important tool for individuals to participate in global activities. Despite significant differences in the level of English language education and resource allocation within the Asian region, English media, as an important learning resource, provides a wealth of language input and cultural exchange opportunities that can help improve the proficiency of nonnative English speakers. This study analyzes the correlation between the frequency of exposure to English media and improvements in English proficiency based on AsiaBarometer data through an ordered probit model and other statistical methods. The results show that frequent exposure to English media significantly improves respondents' English proficiency. In addition, the study revealed the moderating role of age and education level in this process, noting that younger and more educated individuals benefited more significantly. The study emphasized that English media not only enhances language skills but also provides a platform for cultural understanding and cross-cultural communication. In light of these findings, it is recommended that educational policy makers and institutions integrate English media resources more effectively and provide customized learning support to learners from different backgrounds to improve English proficiency for all and enhance international communication skills. Future research needs to explore more influencing factors and different regional contexts to optimize the allocation and use of educational resources.