bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among Low‐Income Inner‐City Mothers*
Authors: Lee Helen J. , Elo Irma T. , McCollum Kelly F. , Culhane Jennifer F. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives.Despite the promotion of breastfeeding as the “ideal” infant feeding method by health experts, breastfeeding continues to be less common among low‐income and minority mothers than among other women. This article investigates how maternal sociodemographic and infant characteristics, household environment, and health behaviors are related to breastfeeding initiation and duration among low‐income, inner‐city mothers, with a specific focus on differences in breastfeeding behavior by race/ethnicity and nativity status.Methods.Using data from a community‐based, longitudinal study of women in Philadelphia, PA (N=1,140), we estimate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models to predict breastfeeding initiation and duration.Results.Both foreign‐born black mothers and Hispanic mothers (most of whom were foreign born) were significantly more likely to breastfeed their infants than non‐Hispanic white women, findings that were partly explained by foreign‐born and Hispanic mothers' prenatal intention to breastfeed. In contrast to previous studies, we also found that native‐born black women were more likely to breastfeed than non‐Hispanic white women.Conclusion.Our findings suggest that when poor whites and African Americans are similarly situated in an inner‐city context, the disparity in their behavior with respect to infant feeding is not as distinct as documented in national surveys. Breastfeeding was much more common among low‐income immigrant black women than among white or native‐born black mothers.
Policies/Programs for Reducing Health Inequalities by Tackling Nonmedical Determinants of Health in the United Kingdom*
Authors: Murty Sharanya , Franzini Luisa , Low M. David , Swint J. Michael 
Published: October 2009

Objective. To conduct a review of the policies and programs targeting the nonmedical determinants of health inequalities implemented at a national level in the United Kingdom.Methods. Two U.K. Department of Health reports were used to identify policies/programs that were solely targeted toward alleviating the nonmedical causes of health inequalities. A review of gray literature was conducted to obtain detailed information about each policy/program.Results. Several national‐level policies and large‐scale programs directed toward nonmedical determinants of health, primarily poverty, unemployment, lifecourse, housing and environment, and social exclusion, have been implemented in the United Kingdom. Several of these policies/programs have been shown to successfully improve population health status in national evaluations.Conclusions. In the United States, there is currently an impetus to investigate health disparities and to provide recommendations for future policy action. This review can inform the national debate and provide guidelines to develop policy recommendations.
The influence of a hydrogen peroxide and glycerol containing mouthrinse on plaque accumulation: a 3‐day non‐brushing model
Authors: Hoenderdos NL , Rosema NAM , Slot DE , Timmerman MF , Van Der Velden U , Van Der Weijden GA 
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Aim:  To evaluate the inhibition of plaque growth by an experimental mouthrinse (BioXyl®) based on hydrogen peroxide/glycerol.Design:  It was a double‐blind, randomized study involving 40 volunteers in good general health. At the start of the trial, all participants received a dental prophylaxis to remove all plaque deposits. During the next 3 days subjects refrained from any mechanical oral hygiene procedure, except for the allocated mouthrinse being either the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.013% H2O2/0.004% glycerol) or the placebo without H2O2. At the third day of appointment, plaque levels were assessed at six sites per tooth.Results:  The test group had a mean overall plaque score of 2.66 and the placebo group of 2.70. The difference in plaque scores between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions:  The results of this pilot study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the H2O2/glycerol group and the placebo group with respect to plaque inhibition within this study design.
Dental hygiene students’ part‐time jobs in dental practices in the Netherlands
Authors: Poorterman JHG , Dikkes BT , Brand HS 
Published: October 2009

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00415.x Poorterman JHG, Dikkes BT, Brand HS. Dental hygiene students’ part‐time jobs in dental practices in the Netherlands.Abstract:  Objective:  Many students have paid employment while studying. In the Netherlands, the Individual Health Care Professions Act (IHCP Act) allows dental hygiene students to work under certain conditions in a dental practice. The aim of the study was to determine how many dental hygiene students have part‐time job employment in dental practice and which professional tasks they carry out. We also asked the dental hygiene students their opinion of the IHCP Act.Methods:  All the enrolled dental hygiene students (n = 341) at a School of Health in the Netherlands received a questionnaire by email.Results:  The response was 52% (176 students). Of the responding students, 75% had paid employment in addition to their study. A proportion of the students (35%) worked in a dental practice. The median number of hours worked per week was eight. Study year, age and prior education were positively related to working part‐time in dental practice. Activities frequently performed were giving oral hygiene instruction, fluoride applications, scaling and root planning, providing chair side assistance and giving local anaesthesia. Although the self‐reported knowledge about the IHCP Act was high, almost half of the students expressed the need for more detailed legal information.Conclusions:  Many dental hygiene students work in a dental practice, taking over a number of tasks usually performed by the dentist. More information in the dental hygiene curriculum about the requirements of the IHCP Act seems desirable.
Intranasal fentanyl in 1–3‐year‐olds: A prospective study of the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl as acute analgesia
Authors: Cole Joanne , Shepherd Michael , Young Phillip 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe primary objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl analgesia in children aged 1–3 years with acute moderate to severe pain presenting to the ED. We also aimed to gather information on the safety and acceptability of intranasal fentanyl in this age group. Two paediatric ED enrolled children aged 1–3 years, with acute moderate or severe pain. Intranasal fentanyl was administered (1.5 µg/kg) via a mucosal atomiser device using a 50 µg/mL solution of fentanyl. Physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturations and level of consciousness) were measured at regular intervals. Objective pain assessment was completed using the Faces, Legs, Arms, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) score. Forty‐six children presenting with acute moderate to severe pain were included. The median FLACC score before intranasal fentanyl administration was 8 (interquartile range [IQR] 5–10), decreasing to 2 (IQR 0–4) 10 min post fentanyl (P < 0.0001) and 0 (IQR 0–2) 30 min post fentanyl (P < 0.0001). A clinically significant decrease in FLACC scores was seen in 93% of children 10 min post fentanyl administration and 98% of children 30 min post fentanyl. Intranasal fentanyl delivery using a mucosal atomiser was well tolerated by all children. There were no adverse drug reactions or adverse events detected. Intranasal fentanyl is an effective, safe and well‐tolerated mode of analgesia for children aged 1–3 years with moderate to severe pain.
Knowledge and attitude towards paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation among the carers of patients attending the Emergency Department of the Children's Hospital at Westmead
Authors: Cu Jonathan , Phan Phuong , O'Leary Fenton M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe present study aimed to describe the knowledge and attitudes of parents and carers in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on infants and children. A self‐administered questionnaire distributed to a convenience sample of parents and carers attending the Emergency Department of The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia from February to March 2008. Main outcome measures were the prevalence of previous cardiopulmonary resuscitation training, willingness and confidence to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on infants and children compared with adults, and an objective assessment of knowledge of current resuscitation guidelines. A total of 348 parents and carers were surveyed; 53% had received previous cardiopulmonary resuscitation training, 75% prior to the previous year. There was no significant difference on their willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an adult versus a child (75.6% and 75.8% respectively, P= 0.870). However, 81% were willing to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a relative whereas only 64% were willing to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a stranger (P < 0.001). Respondents were moderately confident in delivering cardiopulmonary resuscitation to a collapsed child; mean score of 2.9 on 5‐point Likert scale. Only 11% of respondents knew the correct rate for chest compressions and the ratio of compressions to ventilations; 8% had performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a real situation. Parents and carers are willing to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, especially on family members. However, their knowledge of the current guidelines was poor. More public education is required to update those with previous training and to encourage those who haven't to be trained.
Paediatric emergency medicine in the developing world: The Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Furyk Jeremy S 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMalawi is a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa and is one of the poorest countries in the world. Life expectancy, infant and under five mortality statistics are appalling relative to the developed world. This article describes the experience of an emergency physician from Australia in a Paediatric Accident and Emergency department in Blantyre, Malawi.
Sexual Arousal by Higher- and Lower-Ranking Partner: Manifestation of a Mating Strategy?
Authors: Jozifkova Eva , Konvicka Martin 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Background
High hierarchical status is associated with increased reproduction success in mammals. However the subordinate males are not totally eliminated from reproduction due to mate choice and alternative male strategies. Thus; the sexual arousal by higher-ranking or lower-ranking partner in humans may represent a proximate mechanism for realizing a reproductive strategy.

Aim
To evaluate possible connection between mating strategy and sexual arousal by lower-ranking and higher-ranking partner.

Materials and Methods
Markers of possible reproductive success (the number and gender of relatives and self-reported attractiveness) were evaluated by questionnaire-based study on students (110 men and 195 women, aged 19 to 29, mean age 22.5 ± 2.10SD).

Main Outcome Measure
The correlation between markers of reproductive success and the sexual arousal by lower- and higher-ranking partner.

Results
Arousal by lower-ranking partner correlated positively with proportion of males in relatives (Spearman’s r, males: 0.219*; females: 0.161*) and with self-reported attractiveness (males: r = 0.223*); arousal by higher-ranking partner correlated positively with self-attractiveness (females: r = 0.191*).

Discussion
We found markers of reproductive success despite of reduced number of offspring in nowadays population.

Conclusion
The sexual arousal by lower- and/or higher-ranking partner appears to be a manifestation of a successful reproductive strategy, e.g. behavior connected to natural human behavior. Moreover, the sexual arousal by overemphasized hierarchy (e.g. dominant-slave play) considered to be a part of sadomasochistic sex (or so called BDSM) may represent an overemphasised manifestation of this reproductive strategy. *P &lt; 0.05.
A new-age determination for γ2 Velorum from binary stellar evolution models
Authors: Eldridge John J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We derive a new age for the γ2 Velorum binary by comparing recent observations to our set of binary models. We find that it is very unlikely that the stars have not interacted, which implies that previous estimates of the age from single-star models of 3.5 ± 0.4 Myr are incorrect. We prefer an older age of 5.5 ± 1 Myr that agrees with the age of other lower mass stars in the Vela OB association. We also find that our favoured binary model shows the components of the binary have interacted in a Case B, post-main-sequence, mass-transfer event. During the mass-transfer event, the envelopes of both components are radiative and therefore the damping of tidal forces is relatively weak. This explains why the binary is still eccentric after mass transfer.
LOOKING TO THE LIVING WITH EDUCATION IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: BOATMAN RALPH H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractToday, as never before, the need for an intensified and intelligent health education program in the battle against tuberculosis is being felt. We are confronted with complacency because people are aware of the declining tuberculosis mortality rates but they do not know about the number of new cases that are being found; they do not understand the relationship of tuberculosis to socioeconomic conditions and other factors which affect the standards of living of communities. They read about the curative power of “wonder drugs;” of tuberculosis patients dancing in the wards. They read feature stories about the closing of prominent private sanatoria and presume that there no longer is need for beds for tuberculosis patients; and they are beginning to read about out‐patient clinic services and a reduction of the time spent by patients in sanatoria. The tuberculosis picture is changing and we need to keep the public acquainted with the developments which affect this major public health problem.
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F. 
Published: October 2009

Ricks, David F. and Wessman, Alden E.Wright, Derek. “What is Friendship?”Culliton, Barbara J. “Pot Facing Stringent Scientific Examination,”Massett, Lawrence. “Marijuana and Behavior: the Unfilled Gaps,”Feinstein, Sherman C. “Training Issues in Adolescent Psychiatry,”
An Instrument for the Recording of Student Health Complaints
Authors: Rice D. Michael 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis study described the development and uses of an instrument for the systematic collection of student health complaints in school. A booklet was prepared listing all student's names for one rural elementary school. A code to indicate date, class period, complaint, and outcome was utilized for collecting data. After a 2.5 month trial period, data were analyzed. The findings revealed 418 visits to the school health room — range of visits by classroom was 3 to 71 — most visits were for stomach ache or physical injury — one classroom accounted for 16% of all visits — fourth and sixth grades had a significantly larger number of visits than grades three, five, and seven.
Children of Alcoholic Parents: A Neglected Issue
Authors: Triplett June L. , Arneson Sara W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTLittle attention has been focused on the children of alcoholic families, and the few studies that have been conducted indicate that these children are at grave risk for developing long‐lasting psychosocial and educational problems. Their self‐esteem suffers as a result of constant conflict, inconsistency, and role confusion in the home, and it is also known that academic performance and the ability to develop positive peer relationships are also greatly affected. In an effort to determine the scope of this problem, 51 Iowa school nurses attending an Annual School Nurse Conference were queried about: a) their awareness of the problem, b) who should be responsible for intervening with these children, and c) what the role of the school nurse is in working with these youngsters. Based on their responses as well as findings in the literature, suggestions regarding appropriate nursing interventions are offered.
Sixth Graders Can Take Blood Pressures
Authors: Johnson Edgar N. , Stark Ruth 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA curriculum guide entitled “Heart Health Curriculum Guide” was developed with and by teachers in Pea‐body Public Schools under a Massachusetts Public Health grant to the American Heart Association. The 67‐page manual describes the format of the 12‐hour teacher workshop, background physiology of heart/ circulatory system, hypertension risk factors, a set of 20 lessons, and evaluating procedures. (Copies may be obtained for $3.00 by writing the corresponding author.) As a result of teaching this unit, sixth grade students in each school ran a Blood Pressure Screening Clinic for their parents and school staff.
Laetrile — An Overview
Authors: Price James H. , Price Joy A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe original theory in the 1920s on the mode of action of Laetrile is described along with the research that followed in light of this theory. For over 40 years, studies were conducted, using test animals, in an attempt to substantiate the theory. All of these studies have shown Laetrile does not preferentially kill cancer cells. In spite of these studies, the misconception persists that Laetrile prevents and cures cancer. The legal and socioeconomic implications of Laetrile are examined and the role of health education in combating this problem is explored.
Child Abuse Prevention —Implementation Within the Curriculum
Authors: Riggs Richard S. , Evans Dale W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect is increasing. Most educators are aware of the problem; however, awareness alone has minimal impact on prevention. Specific planning is needed, and this article explores various avenues for including child abuse education as a part of the regular school curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop educational strategies as one means of preventing abuse when school children grow to adulthood and become parents.
Health Education for the Preadolescent: Basic First Aid
Authors: Parker Mary C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAccidents are the leading cause of death and disability in the preadolescent age group. For this population, the State of California now recommends specific accident and emergency health education. This article discusses the American Red Cross' self‐paced Basic First Aid course which can meet the needs of the student as suggested and integrate the student‐teacher‐nurse in a health education experience profitable for all.
Height/Weight Disproportion in Elementary School Children
Authors: Humphrey Patricia 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the importance of studying physical growth patterns in children and presents the results of a survey of height and weight measurements collected on 1,953 children ages 5–11 from 12 schools in a city in the southeastern United States. Approximately 40% of the sample children had height/weight disproportion. Twenty‐seven percent of the sample children weighed more than normal for their height. Physical and psychological consequences of childhood obesity are discussed as a basis for intervention with children. The investigators believe that the problems of elevated weight in childhood merits a great deal more study so that groups at risk can be predicted and more effective treatment programs developed. For persons who are overweight, control of weight requires a change in behavior which is essentially an educational process; therefore, it would appear appropriate to have such programs placed within the school setting.
Prenatal Care for Pregnant Adolescents in a Public High School
Authors: Berg Marjorie , Taylor Barbara , Edwards Laura E. , Hakanson Erick Y. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTwo groups of pregnant adolescents enrolled in the St. Paul, Minnesota Maternal and Infant Care Project were involved in this study. A retrospective analysis of obstetrical summary sheets of delivered pregnant adolescents was conducted to demonstrate the relationship of the availability of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program of prenatal care in a regular public school setting to the achievement of early and continuous prenatal care and to the minimizing of obstetrical complications of the pregnant adolescents who were students in the school. A total sample of 36 students who received prenatal care in the school clinic (study group) from 1973 to 1976 was compared with a random sample of 36 adolescent patients (matched for race) who received care at a non‐school clinic (comparison group). The data demonstrated that the study group initiated care earlier and had more total prenatal visits than did the comparison group. Also demonstrated were fewer obstetrical complications in the study group than in the comparison group. The comparison group had more low birth weight infants and more complicated deliveries than did the study group. Therefore, the results of this study support the initial objective and may have significance for educators and health personnel.
Self‐Responsibility in Health Care/Promotion: Motivational Factors
Authors: Alderman M. Kay 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores motivational factors at play in self‐responsibility in health care and promotion. If people do not take responsibility for their health status, is it because they can not or will not? “Can” refers to the ability or skill to do something, while “will” refers to intention and effort. Each of these factors are analyzed in terms of their role as a cause of behavior in self‐responsibility for the health status. Educational intervention to motivate self‐responsibility is suggested as well as empirical research in how people attribute health outcomes.
Support Services in the School Setting: the Nursing Model
Authors: Steenson Clydia B. , Sullivan Allen R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe multiple components of the school‐based services for the handicapped are collapsed into a support service/instructional intent matrix which gives visual expression to new dimensions in school health services. Student needs for care and coping skills are addressed by a network of professional joint‐practice arrangements built into a nursing service delivery model. A challenge is made to providers for a reciprocal relationship, to improve professional preparedness and thus promote access, excellence and equity in programs for the handicapped.
Psychosocial Assessment of the Handicapped
Authors: Johnson John L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAssessment of the child with a handicap is in a state of flux due to new constraints regarding the use of tests which label and shunt children into restrictive environments. The process of identifying and assessing youngsters is a time‐consuming and costly process, particulary when what we call “standard practices” are employed. The present flux may, in fact, permit a careful re‐evaluation of the role of individualized assessment resulting in positive changes.The trend of the future suggests a shift to a more comprehensive framework for assessment, one that takes into account the behavior of the environment and its influences upon the individual. Assessors will have to be trained to understand and use these methods, particularly as they contribute to the development of educationally relevant data and more appropriate educational programs for handicapped youngsters. Health workers have an important role to play in this shift, for many of them will recognize that, because of economic and practical constraints, a public health orientation may be important and necessary as we seek to provide a free, publicly supported education to all handicapped children and youth.