bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The East Window of St. Margaret's, Westminster
Authors: Wayment Hilary 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe glass, now comprising a three-light Crucifixion between two royal figures and their patron saints, reflects the style of Leiden and can be dated c. 1515-27. It may have stood originally in three linked windows in Waltham Abbey Church, and been padded out after the Dissolution to fit the five-light window of the chapel of New Hall, Boreham. On its transfer to Copt Hall c. 1740 William Price the younger replaced some of the glass, and must have overpainted and refired most of the rest. A local glazier, James Loton, was responsible for transferring it to St. Margaret's in 1758.
Chronology and Terminology in the British Bronze Age
Authors: Burgess C. B. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe paper pleads for an end to persistent misuse of the traditional ‘Three Age’ terminology which still governs the Irish British Bronze Age, and for acceptance of work of the past decade which has either been ignored or misunderstood. Uniform terms of reference are needed, fitted to the new attitudes. Hawkes's Scheme of 1960 provides a framework for this, and is summarized. The Early, Middle, and Late divisions now have a techno-typological, rather than cultural, basis.Traditional cultural and ceramic concepts, based on typology, have resisted changes demanded by a new emphasis on the evidence of associated finds. The various Urn forms and the Deverel—Rimbury complex are particularly relevant here. Associations of Urns, and the few available C14 dates, are examined to demonstrate their existence in the Early Bronze Age, but, because of a remarkable ritual break at c. 1400, not in the Middle Bronze Age, let alone the Late Bronze Age. Similarly, Deverel—Rimbury is now Middle Bronze Age, not Late Bronze Age, its position after c. 1000 uncertain. Since much in our Iron Age is now thought indigenous, already apparent in Deverel—Rimbury, an awkward Late Bronze Age gap is opened up, apparently devoid of settlements and pottery. But much nominally Iron Age material may prove to be Late Bronze Age. There is a need for many more C14 dates to clarify these problems.
Excavations at Owslebury, Hants: An Interim Report
Authors: Collis J. R. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis report describes the excavation of an Iron Age and Roman farming settlement at Bottom Pond Farm, Owslebury, near Winchester (Grid Reference SU 525246). Traces of Neolithic, Early Bronze Age, and earlier Iron Age occupation were found, but the main period of occupation starts in the Belgic period with both settlement material and a small cemetery containing a warrior inhumation and Belgic cremations inside rectangular enclosures. The site continues with ditched enclosures, chalk quarries, cesspits, ovens, and burials until the end of the fourth century A.D.
Mitcham Grave 205 and the Chronology of Applied Brooches with Floriate Cross Decoration
Authors: Welch M. G. , Myres J. N. L. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryEntries in the London Museum Catalogue indicate that the association of a carinated pedestal based bowl with a pair of applied brooches and a bronze fragment in Mitcham (Surrey) Grave 205 almost certainly represents a valid closed find. The continental antecedents of the complete applied brooch from this grave may be dated to the first quarter of the fifth century. The English brooches with this floriate cross design show an insular development with a restricted distribution in south-east England It is argued that the English examples were manufactured during the first half of the fifth, probably towards the middle of that century. This brings the brooches nearer to the date of the pot, which Dr. Myres argues must have been made in the years of Roman–Anglo-Saxon overlap around A.D. 400.
A Viking Grave at Sonning, Berks
Authors: Evison Vera I. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryTwo skeletons recently discovered at Sonning, Berks., were found with a sword, pin, knife, and arrowheads. The burial is considered in connection with other Viking burials known from the south of England at Santon Downham, Norfolk, Walthamstow, Essex, Reading, Berks., and Saffron Walden, Essex.
The Seals of the Lord Edward
Authors: Studd J. R. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe article describes the seals employed by the Lord Edward in the administration of his appanage during the period 1254–72. The number and condition of surviving impressions is considered and the use and import of the different coloured waxes. The sealing arrangements followed in the constituent parts of that appanage, including the lordships of Ireland, Gascony, the Channel Islands, and Chester, are discussed and comparisons made between them.
The Late Roman Villa of Vilauba and its Context. A First Report on Field-Work and Excavation in Catalunya, North-East Spain, 1978–81
Authors: Jones R. F. J. , Keay S. J. , Nolla J. M. , Tarrús J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe first three seasons of a joint Anglo-Catalan research project in north-eastern Spain have concentrated on the Roman villa of Vilauba. It has been shown that the site was occupied for some nine centuries, but the most important discoveries have been the elucidation of substantial phases of occupation from the fifth to seventh centuries A.D., which included in the latest phase a large press building for olive oil. These findings have pointed to the problems of the transition from the Roman to the early medieval period, which have also been met in the field survey of the surrounding region. The medieval settlement pattern had emerged by the ninth or tenth centuries, but its relationship with the Roman pattern remains to be clearly established. Important discoveries have also been made about considerable geomorphological changes in the area, which can be dated to the post-Roman period. A range of techniques have been used in the survey, including recording of standing buildings, geophysical survey and surface collection, which, added to the environmental and pottery studies from the excavation, are shedding important light on the Roman and early medieval rural development of this part of Spain and on the western Mediterranean more generally.
Celtic Dragons from the River Thames
Authors: Stead I. M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryTwo La Tène I swords found in the River Thames more than a century ago are in the remains of iron scabbards decorated with dragon-pairs. These designs, which have only recently been revealed, are similar to those on La Tène scabbards throughout Celtic Europe from France to Romania: ninety examples can now be listed, and half of them have been added in the last decade. The discovery of dragon-pairs in the Thames emphasizes the links that must have existed between Britain and the rest of the Celtic world in the decades around 300 B.C.
A provincial Roman spur from Longstock, Hants, and other spurs from Roman Britain
Authors: Shortt Hugh de S. 
Published: November 2011

In 1953 a bronze prick-spur was found without other remains, at a depth of about 2 ft. on Cleave Hill, in the parish of Longstock, Hants (no. 17, fig. 1, pl. XIV). The finder, Mr. J. Chandler, presented it to the Salisbury Museum (ace. 21/54) and it is recorded and illustrated in the Museum's Annual Report (1955), p. 11 pl. 1a.It is of extremely delicate manufacture, and the riveted prick appears to be ornamental rather than useful. It is also ornamented with a row of dots in circles round the heel, and these are enclosed in expanding lines all engraved in the bronze. The edges are lightly serrated. The arms are engraved with a spiral line, which seems to imitate the leather binding of some rougher iron prototype. Delicate bronze rings, attached to the loops, have flattened ends which are pressed together and probably once held a light leather strap, though the bronze has broken away leaving only parts of the rivet holes. There are few ornamental features from which to date this spur, but according to Jahn's typology it should fall within the first Century A.D.
Automated spaceborne detection of degraded vegetation around Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Rees W. G. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a simple method for the detection of ‘vegetation anomalies’, locations where the amount of vegetation, estimated through the use of the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), is significantly lower than expected on the basis of topographic factors alone. The method is developed and tested using satellite imagery from the area around the town of Monchegorsk on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. This area has been subject to heavy levels of airborne industrial pollution for many years and the intended purpose of the method is to allow the extent of pollution damaged vegetation to be estimated with as few operational decisions as possible by the data analyst, thus suiting it for automation and for the analysis of time-series of satellite images. While the work described in this paper is to some extent preliminary, it does establish that spatial variations in the NDVI of undisturbed vegetation can, at least in the study area, be modelled satisfactorily using topographic variables, and that negative departures from this modelled variation are very strongly associated with industrially mediated damage.
The rod to L‐form transition of Bacillus subtilis is limited by a requirement for the protoplast to escape from the cell wall sacculus
Authors: Domínguez‐Cuevas Patricia , Mercier Romain , Leaver Mark , Kawai Yoshikazu , Errington Jeff 
Published: November 2011

SummaryL‐forms are variants of common bacteria that can grow and proliferate without a cell wall. Little is known about their molecular cell biology but they undergo a remarkable mode of proliferation that is independent of the normally essential FtsZ‐dependent division machinery. We have isolated a strain of Bacillus subtilis that can quickly and quantitatively convert from the walled to the L‐form state. Analysis of the transition process identified an unexpected ‘escape’ step needed for L‐form emergence from the rod. Mutations in two different genes, walR and sepF, contribute to the high frequency of escape: walR, a transcriptional regulator involved in cell wall homeostasis; and sepF, required for accurate and efficient cell division. Time‐lapse imaging shows that the mutations act by facilitating the release of the L‐form from its walled parent cell but that they act in different ways. The walR mutation renders the activity of the protein partially constitutive, inappropriately upregulating the activity of autolytic enzymes that weaken the cell wall. The sepF mutation probably works by perturbing the formation of a properly constructed division septum, generating a mechanical breach in the wall. The new strain provides a powerful experimental system for studying the genetics and cell biology of L‐forms.
Modern management of primary B‐cell immunodeficiencies
Authors: Hoernes Miriam , Seger Reinhard , Reichenbach Janine 
Published: November 2011

To cite this article: Hoernes M, Seger R, Reichenbach J. Modern management of primary B‐cell immunodeficiencies. Pediatr Allergy Immunology 2011: 22: 758–769.AbstractB‐cell defects constitute the majority of primary immunodeficiencies. Although a heterogeneous group of diseases, all are characterized by the reduction in or absence of immunoglobulins and/or specific antimicrobial antibodies. Substitution of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is therefore the mainstay of treatment. While from the late 1970s, the intravenous route of administration was the most common, in the past decades, subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy has become more popular among patients and physicians. Independently of the optimal route of administration, dosage and IgG trough level remain subjects of debate. Higher IgG trough levels seem to improve the protection against recurrent infections and thus better prevent complications such as bronchiectasis. Some patients, however, achieve protection with IgG trough levels on the lower IgG limit of healthy persons. Therefore, an individual protective IgG trough level needs to be defined for each patient. Use of additional prophylactic antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs differs amongst specialized immunodeficiency centres and clearly requires future investigation in multi‐centre trials. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is to date indicated as curative treatment in certain patients with B‐cell defects associated with cell deficiencies, for example in two class‐switch recombination defects and in selected severe forms of common variable immunodeficiency.
Causes of mortality in South American fur seal pups (Arctophoca australis gracilis) at Guafo Island, southern Chile (2004–2008)
Authors: Seguel Mauricio , Pavés Héctor , Paredes Enrique , Schlatter Roberto 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAs part of population dynamics studies of the South American fur seal (Arctophoca australis gracilis) rookery at Punta Weather in Guafo Island (43°36'S, 74°43’W), the causes and extent of pup mortality were monitored. During four breeding seasons, daily counts of live and dead pups were carried out to determine pup production and pup mortality. Dead pups were retrieved from the rookery to perform necropsies. The mean pup production was 1,735.5 ± 336 pups and the mean pup mortality up to 12 wk old was 6.0%± 2.6%. The major causes of death were enteritis with microscopic lesions of bacteremia (28.4%), starvation (23.5%), drowning (21%), trauma (19.8%), and stillbirths (2.5%). Enteritis with microscopic lesions of bacteremia, and starvation had higher incidence during January (beginning and middle of the breeding season) while most trauma and drowning occurred during February (end of the breeding season). In the 2006–2007 breeding season there was an increase in mortality due to starvation and trauma. Most pup deaths at Guafo Island are generated by extrinsic factors; therefore, additional studies that assess the impact of environmental changes and fishing activities, are needed in order to determine the exact causes of the decline of this species along Chilean coasts.
Mechanism of Amphotericin B Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Leishmania donovani
Authors: Purkait Bidyut , Kumar Ashish , Nandi Nilay , Sardar Abul Hasan , Das Sushmita , Kumar Sudeep , Pandey Krishna , Ravidas Vidyananda , Kumar Manish , De Tripti , Singh Dharmendra , Das Pradeep 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The clinical value of amphotericin B, the mainstay therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in sodium antimony gluconate-nonresponsive zones of Bihar, India, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance, and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is the need of the hour. We have selected an amphotericin B-resistant clinical isolate which demonstrated 8-fold-higher 50% lethal doses (LD
50
) than an amphotericin B-sensitive strain to explore the mechanism of amphotericin B resistance. Fluorimetric analysis demonstrated lower anisotropy in the motion of the diphenylhexatriene fluorescent probe in the resistant strain, which indicated a higher fluidity of the membrane for the resistant strain than for the sensitive strain. The expression patterns of the two transcripts of
S
-adenosyl-
l
-methionine:C-24-Δ-sterol methyltransferase and the absence of ergosterol, replaced by cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3β-ol in the membrane of the resistant parasite, indicate a decreased amphotericin B affinity, which is evidenced by decreased amphotericin B uptake. The expression level of MDR1 is found to be higher in the resistant strain, suggesting a higher rate of efflux of amphotericin B. The resistant parasite also possesses an upregulated tryparedoxin cascade and a more-reduced intracellular thiol level, which helps in better scavenging of reactive oxygen species produced by amphotericin B. The resistance to amphotericin B was partially reverted by the thiol metabolic pathway and ABC transporter inhibitors. Thus, it can be concluded that altered membrane composition, ATP-binding cassette transporters, and an upregulated thiol metabolic pathway have a role in conferring amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of
Leishmania donovani
.
Pregnancy-Related Effects on Tenofovir Pharmacokinetics: a Population Study with 186 Women
Authors: Benaboud Sihem , Hirt Déborah , Launay Odile , Pannier Emmanuelle , Firtion Ghislaine , Rey Elisabeth , Bouazza Naïm , Foissac Frantz , Chappuy Hélène , Urien Saik , Tréluyer Jean Marc 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

According to the European AIDS Clinical Society, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can be used in HIV-infected pregnant women if started prior to pregnancy, although no data are available on the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir (TFV) during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe TFV pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected women and to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on TFV disposition. Samples were collected according to a therapeutic drug monitoring in 186 women, including 46 pregnant women treated with TFV and retrospectively analyzed by a population approach. TFV pharmacokinetics were ascribed to an open two-compartment model with linear absorption and elimination. The mean population parameter estimates (between-subject variability) were as follows: absorption rate constant, 0.56 h
−1
; elimination clearance, 59.9 liters h
−1
(0.436); central volume of distribution, 552 liters (1.96); intercompartmental clearance, 172 liters/h; and peripheral volume of distribution, 1,390 liters. Pregnant women had a 39% higher apparent clearance compared to nonpregnant women. Apparent clearance significantly decreased with age. In order to obtain an exposure similar to the known exposure in adults and guarantee similar trough concentrations (
C
min
) as observed in adults, an increase in the TFV dose should be considered for women from the second trimester to delivery.
Evaluation of Telavancin Activity versus Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an
In Vitro
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Steed Molly E. , Vidaillac Céline , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Daptomycin-nonsusceptible (DNS)
Staphylococcus aureus
strains have been reported over the last several years. Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with a dual mechanism of action, as it inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization/cross-linking and disrupts the membrane potential. Three clinical DNS
S. aureus
strains, CB1814, R6212, and SA-684, were evaluated in an
in vitro
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model with simulated endocardial vegetations (starting inoculum, 10
8.5
CFU/g) for 120 h. Simulated regimens included telavancin at 10 mg/kg every 24 h (q24h; peak, 87.5 mg/liter;
t
1/2
, 7.5 h), daptomycin at 6 mg/kg q24h (peak, 95.7 mg/liter;
t
1/2
, 8 h), and vancomycin at 1 g q12h (peak, 30 mg/liter;
t
1/2
, 6 h). Differences in CFU/g between regimens at 24 through 120 h were evaluated by analysis of variance with a Tukey's
post hoc
test. Bactericidal activity was defined as a ≥3-log
10
CFU/g decrease in colony count from the initial inoculum. MIC values were 1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/liter (telavancin), 4, 2, and 2 mg/liter (daptomycin), and 2, 2, and 2 mg/liter (vancomycin) for CB1814, R6212, and SA-684, respectively. Telavancin displayed bactericidal activities against R6212 (32 to 120 h; −4.31 log
10
CFU/g), SA-684 (56 to 120 h; −3.06 log
10
CFU/g), and CB1814 (48 to 120 h; −4.9 log
10
CFU/g). Daptomycin displayed initial bactericidal activity followed by regrowth with all three strains. Vancomycin did not exhibit sustained bactericidal activity against any strain. At 120 h, telavancin was significantly better at reducing colony counts than vancomycin against all three tested strains and better than daptomycin against CB1814 (
P
< 0.05). Telavancin displayed bactericidal activity
in vitro
against DNS
S. aureus
isolates.
Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Color Rely on Activity in Early Visual Cortex: A TMS Study
Authors: Railo Henry , Salminen-Vaparanta Niina , Henriksson Linda , Revonsuo Antti , Koivisto Mika 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChromatic information is processed by the visual system both at an unconscious level and at a level that results in conscious perception of color. It remains unclear whether both conscious and unconscious processing of chromatic information depend on activity in the early visual cortex or whether unconscious chromatic processing can also rely on other neural mechanisms. In this study, the contribution of early visual cortex activity to conscious and unconscious chromatic processing was studied using single-pulse TMS in three time windows 40–100 msec after stimulus onset in three conditions: conscious color recognition, forced-choice discrimination of consciously invisible color, and unconscious color priming. We found that conscious perception and both measures of unconscious processing of chromatic information depended on activity in early visual cortex 70–100 msec after stimulus presentation. Unconscious forced-choice discrimination was above chance only when participants reported perceiving some stimulus features (but not color).
Prioritizing WHO normative work on maternal and perinatal health: a multicountry survey
Authors: Coltart Cordelia EM , Souza João Paulo , Gülmezoglu Ahmet M 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
WHO develops evidence-based guidelines for setting global standards and providing technical support to its Member States and the international community, as a whole. There is a clear need to ensure that WHO guidance is relevant, rigorous and up-to date. A key activity is to ascertain the guidance needs of the countries. This study provides an international comparison of priority guidance needs for maternal and perinatal health. It incorporates data from those who inform policy and implementation strategies at a national level, in addition to targeting those who use and most need the guidance at grassroot level.

Methods
An online multi-country survey was used to identify WHO guidance priorities for the next five years in the field of maternal and perinatal health. WHO regional and country offices were requested to respond the survey and obtain responses from Ministries of Health around the world. In addition, the survey was disseminated through other networks and relevant electronic forums.

Results
A total of 393 responses were received, including 56 from Ministries of Health and 54 from WHO/UN country offices. 75% of responses were from developing countries and 25% from developed countries. Guidance on strategies focusing on 'quality of care' issues to reduce all-cause maternal/perinatal mortality was considered the most important domain to target, which includes for instance guidance to improve access, dissemination, implementation of effective practices and health professionals' education.

Conclusions
This study provides a panorama of international priority guidance needs for maternal and perinatal health. Although clinical guidance remains a priority, there are other areas related to health systems guidance, which seem to be even more important. Overall, the domain ranked highest in terms of greatest need for guidance was around quality of care, which included questions related to educational needs, access to and implementation of guidance.