bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analytical approach to the effect of finite‐sized end reservoirs on electroosmotic transport through narrow confinements
Authors: Pal Debashis , Chakraborty Suman 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe presence of end reservoirs often alters the electrical potential distributions inside narrow fluidic confinements of electrokinetically actuated miniaturized devices to a significant extent. This paper examines the influence of finite size effect of the end reservoirs on the concerned potential distribution analytically, using the Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mapping. The effective electric field directly acting across the channel is accordingly represented by a calibration curve, which sums up the role of the key geometric parameters (reservoir‐to‐channel height and length ratios) on the potential distribution. The analytical model is further augmented to assess the flow characteristics through the channel. The results indicate that the alterations in the flow characteristics due to alterations in the effective electric field on account of the finite size effects of the end reservoirs can turn out to be significantly more prominent than the corresponding alterations due to the axial pressure gradients induced by the sudden contraction and expansion effects associated with the end reservoirs. The derived results can be further utilized to facilitate the practical design of miniaturized fluidic devices, using conveniently tractable analytical tools.
Boundary conditions control for a shallow‐water model
Authors: Kazantsev Eugene 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA variational data assimilation technique was used to estimate optimal discretization of interpolation operators and derivatives in the nodes adjacent to the rigid boundary. Assimilation of artificially generated observational data in the shallow‐water model in a square box and assimilation of real observations in the model of the Black sea are discussed. It is shown in both experiments that controlling the discretization of operators near a rigid boundary can bring the model solution closer to observations as in the assimilation window and beyond the window. This type of control also allows to improve climatic variability of the model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calbindin‐D28K expression increases in the dorsolateral hippocampus following corticosterone treatment in female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Ash Ashley L. , Saldanha Colin J. , Bailey David J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe hippocampus (HP) in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) is important in the consolidation of spatial memories. Chronic, elevated levels of steroid hormones, like the glucocorticoids, can decrease this type of memory function in birds and mammals; neuronal atrophy, loss, and a decrease in synaptic contacts in the mammalian HP are observed as the underlying cause. Calbindin‐D28k is constitutively expressed in cells of the nervous system but increases in concentration following a neurotoxic insult, protecting neurons against apoptotic cell death. We hypothesized that treatment of female zebra finches with a glucocorticoid (corticosterone) would increase calbindin expression in the HP and the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), a region important for perceptual (song) memories, relative to “blank” controls. Additionally, because the HP in zebra finches appears similar to that in mammals, based on a variety of structural and functional factors, and as particular regions of the HP in mammals are more vulnerable to glucocorticoid‐induced damage, we also hypothesized that expression of calbindin would vary among the HP subdivisions. Overall levels of calbindin were higher in the HP of corticosterone‐treated birds, due almost entirely to elevated calbindin expression in the dorsolateral subdivision of the HP only. In contrast, the dorsomedial HP, ventral HP, and NCM appear less affected by glucocorticoid exposure. These results suggest a role for glucocorticoids in the modulation of HP‐ but not NCM‐dependent memories as well as a further functional differentiation among the HP subdivisions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CD34+ collection efficiency as a function of blood volumes processed in pediatric autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection
Authors: Dubrovsky Leonid , Wong Edward C.C. , Perez‐Albuerne Evelio , Loechelt Brett , Kamani Naynesh , Sande Jane , Mintz Kathy , Paul Wendy , Luban Naomi L.C. , Rood Brian R. , Fry Terry 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To characterize the relationship between CD34+ collection efficiency and blood volumes processed in pediatric patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection.Methods:Retrospective 8‐year (2001–2009) study of pediatric patients (n = 79) with neuroblastoma and central nervous system (CNS) tumors undergoing first day of autologous PBSC harvest using MNC program on the COBE Spectra (Caridian BCT, Lakewood, CO) was performed. Patients undergoing 0 to 2.9 BV (standard volume), 3 to 6 BV (large volume), and greater than 6 BV (ultra large volume) harvests were evaluated for CD34+ collection efficiency, diagnosis (neuroblastoma vs. nonneuroblastoma), disease type (primary vs. relapse), mobilization regimen, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) dose, and apheresis complications.Results:CD34+ collection efficiencies (CE) for neuroblastoma patients were 67%, 50%, and 53% for standard (n = 14), large (n = 9), and ultra large (n = 5) volume harvests, respectively. Similarly, patients with nonneuroblastoma diagnoses had CD34+ CE of 63%, 55%, and 65% for low (n = 19), large (n = 27), and ultra large (n = 5) volume harvests, respectively. Weight, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) stimulation, type of mobilization, and apheresis complications (normalized by run time) were similar between the standard, large, and ultra large volume groups in patients with either neuroblastoma or nonneuroblastoma diagnoses.Conclusions:CD34+ collection efficiency in pediatric autologous PBSC collection on the first day of harvest does not decrease with higher numbers of blood volumes processed in patients with either neuroblastoma or nonneuroblastoma primary disease. These results indirectly indicate bone marrow CD34+ cell mobilization occurs with longer apheresis procedures in pediatric patients. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards sustainable land management in the drylands: Scientific connections in monitoring and assessing dryland degradation, climate change and biodiversity
Authors: Cowie A. L. , Penman T. D. , Gorissen L. , Winslow M. D. , Lehmann J. , Tyrrell T. D. , Twomlow S. , Wilkes A. , Lal R. , Jones J. W. , Paulsch A. , Kellner K. , Akhtar‐Schuster M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and its sister conventions, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, all aim to halt or mitigate the deterioration of the ecological processes on which life depends. Sustainable land management (SLM) is fundamental to achieving the goals of all three Conventions. Changes in land management undertaken to address dryland degradation and desertification can simultaneously reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to conservation of biodiversity. Management to protect and enhance terrestrial carbon stocks, both in vegetation and soil, is of central importance to all three conventions. Protection of biodiversity conveys stability and resilience to agro‐ecosystems and increases carbon storage potential of dryland systems. SLM improves livelihoods of communities dependent on the land. Despite these complementarities between the three environmental goals, tradeoffs often arise in their pursuit. The importance of human–environment interactions to the condition of land compels attention to adaptive management. In order to reconcile concerns and agendas at a higher strategic level, identification of synergies, conflicts, trade‐offs, interconnections, feedbacks and spillover effects among multiple objectives, drivers, actions, policies and time horizons are crucial. Once these issues are transparent, coordinated action can be put into place across the three multilateral environmental agreements in the development of strategies and policy measures to support SLM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Fluctuation and Segregation in the Rate Acceleration of ATRP Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the ATRP and SFRP miniemulsion polymerization, a particle size range may exist in which the polymerization rate is larger than that of the corresponding bulk polymerization. Here, MC simulations are applied to clarify the reason for the acceleration. It is shown that the statistical variation of the trapping agent concentration (fluctuation effect) dominates the acceleration for good living conditions, while the segregation effect is important when the bimolecular termination is significant. Even for the segregation‐dominated conditions, the polymerization rate cannot be predicted accurately without accounting for the fluctuation effect. magnified image
Model‐Based Design for Preparing Styrene/Methyl Methacrylate Structural Gradient Copolymers
Authors: Wang Lin , Broadbelt Linda J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBecause of the complexity of monomer sequence formation during polymerization, it is necessary to employ programmed synthesis to prepare copolymers with well‐defined sequences. We introduce a computational tool that can generate recipes to synthesize copolymers with pre‐designed monomer sequences. An efficient design strategy was crafted based on analyzing the impact of varying multiple synthesis factors in forced gradient copolymerization on the targeted properties. Finally, the proposed design tool was applied to generate recipes for several different structural gradient copolymers as case studies. It was shown that a recipe that meets certain targets can be designed in minutes. The recipes that are designed can also be tailored according to different application requirements. magnified image
Background suppression in arterial spin labeling MRI with a separate neck labeling coil
Authors: Shen Qiang , Duong Timothy Q. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), pair‐wise subtraction of temporally adjacent non‐labeled and labeled images often can not completely cancel the background static tissue signal because of temporally fluctuating physiological noise. While background suppression (BS) by inversion nulling improves CBF temporal stability, imperfect pulses compromise CBF contrast. Conventional BS techniques may not be applicable in small animals because the arterial transit time is short. This study presents a novel approach of BS to overcome these drawbacks using a separate ‘neck’ radiofrequency coil for ASL and a ‘brain’ radiofrequency coil for BS with the inversion pulse placed before spin labeling. The use of a separate ‘neck’ coil for ASL should also improve ASL contrast. This approach is referred to as the inversion‐recovery BS with the two‐coil continuous ASL (IR‐cASL) technique. The temporal and spatial contrast‐to‐noise characteristics of basal CBF and CBF‐based fMRI of hypercapnia and forepaw stimulation in rats at 7 Tesla were analyzed. IR‐cASL yielded two times better temporal stability and 2.0–2.3 times higher functional contrast‐to‐noise ratios for hypercapnia and forepaw stimulation compared with cASL without BS in the same animals. The Bloch equations were modified to provide accurate CBF quantification at different levels of BS and for multislice acquisition where different slices have different degree of BS and residual degree of labeling. Improved basal CBF and CBF‐based fMRI sensitivity should lead to more accurate CBF quantification and should prove useful for imaging low CBF conditions such as in white matter and stroke. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neue Lasertechnologie deckt verborgene Fingerabdrücke auf
Authors: Schulze Matthias , Harris Roy 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFrühere Artikel haben bereits beschrieben, wie Laser mittels eines Prozesses, bekannt als Fluoreszenz, verborgene Fingerabdrücke sichtbar machen können. Der Laser beleuchtet die Fingerabdrücke, welche ihrerseits Licht in einer anderen Farbe (Wellenlänge) emittieren. Mit einer farbfilternden Schutzbrille kann man dabei sehr effektiv das Streulicht abblocken, um die schwächere Fluoreszenz mit hoher Empfindlichkeit zu beobachten. Jedoch haben bisher die hohen Kosten, der Aufwand, die Größe und das Gewicht der früheren grünen Laser den Einsatz dieser Methode auf einige wenige größere Polizeidirektionen und Laboratorien von kapitalkräftigen Erkennungsdiensten beschränkt. Dies änderte sich drastisch mit der Einführung von bezahlbaren forensischen Einsatzgeräten mit transportablen grünen Lasern auf Basis der OPSL (optically pumped semiconductor laser) — Technologie.
LED Lichtquellen in der Medizin
Authors: Reiter Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie LED‐Technologie ist vor allem auf dem Medizinsektor seit Jahren auf dem Vormarsch. Denn im Vergleich zu anderen Lichtquellen können gerade in der Medizintechnik mit Hilfe von LEDs Projekte realisiert werden, die ansonsten nicht bzw. nur aufwändiger und damit kostenintensiver möglich wären.
DLP erobert die Märkte
Authors: Chhabra Arun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractKrankenhäuser, Sternwarten, Online‐Shops — das sind nicht die klassischen Gebiete der Projektionstechnologie, für die Texas Instruments DLP mittlerweile weltberühmt ist. Vielmehr findet man die DLP‐Chips in Business‐ und PrivatProjektoren, TV‐Geräten und digitalen Kinoprojektoren. Mehr als 20 Millionen DLP‐Chipsets sind derzeit in über 350 verschiedenen Projektor‐Modellen im Umlauf, außerdem sorgen DLP‐Systeme in tausenden von Lichtspielhäusern für extrem helle und hochauflösende Bilder. Das neueste Highlight im DLP‐Portfolio sind die so genannten Pico‐Projektoren, die so klein sind, dass sie in Handys eingebaut werden können. Aktuelle Modelle wurden dieses Jahr bereits auf der CES in Las Vegas und auf dem Mobile World Congress in Barcelona vorgestellt. Weniger bekannt hingegen ist, dass die DLPTechnologie auch innovative Spektroskopie‐Applikationen jenseits herkömmlicher Bildprojektion ermöglicht.
Optical System design
Authors: Thöniss Thomas , Adams Geoff , Gerhard Christoph 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOptical design is a convenient phrase that covers the whole range of activities required for the creation of an optical system. Optical design usually begins with simple considerations of the spatial envelope of a new lens — finding the object/image distances and sizes, aperture, focal length etc. The designer must then find a suitable starting design, either derived from basic theory, from his experience or from a design library. This start point will need to be analysed and understood and then optimised to match the requirements of the task in hand [1]. Almost always, optimisation involves repeated simultaneous multi—variable adjustments, and this therefore requires sophisticated software tools as following described in this article.
Advancing Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Fabich Markus 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSurface metrology is rapidly emerging as a vital analytical technique to determine the topology of materials in a broad range of areas from silicon semiconductor manufacture and corrosion analysis, to forensic and even archaeological investigations. Used to identify both design features and artefacts at any stage of research, development and manufacture, this technique requires the use of a microscope able to accurately and repeatedly visualize even the minutest of details. This article reports recent progress in confocal laser scanning microscopy to fulfill those demands of surface metrology.
Verborgenes sichtbar gemacht
Authors: Sackewitz Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOft lässt eine visuelle Oberflächenprüfung keine ausreichenden Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität eines Werkstückes zu. Fehlstellen wie Lunker, Poren oder mangelhafte Fügeverbindungen sind äußerlich kaum erkennbar, können sich aber erheblich qualitätsmindernd und sicherheitskritisch auswirken. Hier setzen Inspektionsverfahren an, die im nicht‐sichtbaren Bereich des Wellenlängenspektrums arbeiten und so zerstörungsfrei den Blick in das Materialinnere eröffnen — sie können Verborgenes sichtbar machen.
Kameras für die dritte Dimension
Authors: Ringbeck Thorsten , Profittlich Martin , Schaller Christian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFledermäuse orientieren sich extrem schnell auch in absoluter Dunkelheit. Sie verwenden dazu eine Art Ultraschall Radar, um die Umgebung räumlich wahrzunehmen. Der Photo‐Misch‐Detektor (engl. Photonic Mixer Device, PMD) verwendet dieses Prinzip der Fledermäuse im optischen Bereich — dreidimensionale Szenen werden ohne Rechenaufwand kostengünstig, effizient und mit hoher Geschwindigkeit erfasst.
Klare Sicht im Blut durch Beleuchtung mit Infrarot‐Lasern
Authors: Rattunde Marcel , Krisch Ingo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEin wichtiges Instrument in der modernen Medizin sind minimal‐invasive, endoskopische Verfahren, auch unter dem Schlagwort Schlüsselloch‐Medizin bekannt. Bei diesen sind im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen chirurgischen Eingriffen keine großen Schnitte nötig sind, da miniaturisierte medizinische Instrumente Verwendung finden, die bereits durch sehr kleine Öffnungen in den Körper eingeführt werden können. Da der Operateur in diesem Fall keine direkte Sicht auf den zu operierenden Bereich hat, wird gleichzeitig ein Video‐Endoskop eingeführt, dessen Live‐Bilder auf einem Bildschirm beobachtet werden können und anhand derer die Operation oder Untersuchung gesteuert wird. Diese minimalinvasiven Verfahren sind heutzutage Standard bei einer Vielzahl von Eingriffen (z. B. in der Bauchhöhle), können jedoch in blutgefüllter Umgebung (z. B. im Herz oder Blutgefäßen) nicht angewendet werden, da bisherige endoskopische Systeme kein klares Bild durch Blut hindurch liefern können.
Der Solarisation auf der Spur
Authors: Zoheidi Mohammad , Heinze Alexander , Rosenow Ralitsa , Huth Andreas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInfolge der zunehmenden Anforderungen in der UV‐Technik werden Übertragungssysteme benötigt, welche die hohe Energie der UV‐Photonen nahezu verlustfrei transportieren sollen. Im UV‐Wellenlängenbereich, speziell 190 nm <λ < 240 nm, zeigen die herkömmlichen Quarzglasfasern der optischen Übertragungssysteme eine Degradation der Transmission, welche als Solarisation bezeichnet wird und u.U. bis zur völligen „Erblindung”︁ des Systems führen.
Noise in Laser Technology
Authors: Paschotta Rüdiger 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHere, we discuss noise of pulsed lasers, which is in various respects different from that of continuous‐wave lasers. The first part of this series treated noise of the intensity and phase of continuous‐wave lasers. Pulsed lasers (e. g. Q‐switched lasers) are different in some respects, both concerning the mathematical description and physical features. In some important application areas such as laser material processing, noise properties may be of limited interest, although even in that area there can be impacts e. g. of pulse energy fluctuations on the processing quality. Other pulsed laser systems are used for example for LIDAR, where noise properties can be quite essential. Beam pointing fluctuations, as can occur in both continuous‐wave and pulsed lasers, will be discussed in the next part of this series. Mode‐locked lasers are not considered in this article; they do emit pulses, but on a much shorter time scale, and the involved physics are partly quite different.
Der Europäische Bildverarbeitungsmarkt im Überblick
Authors: Breyer Andreas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie industrielle Bildverarbeitung in Europa ist in den vergangenen Jahren stetig gewachsen. Die jährliche EMVA‐Studie „European Vision Technology Market Statistics”︁ zeigt, dass trotz erster Zeichen des globalen konjunkturellen Abschwungs 2008 ein weiteres Rekordjahr für die Branche war. Insbesondere Vision Sensoren und Software waren gefragt.
Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kaschke Michael , Meyer Scott , Everett Matthew , Grahl Marc 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOCT technology has revolutionized ophthalmology. Cross‐sectional scans of the eye and quantitative analysis are now critical for the diagnosis and monitoring of many ocular diseases. The adoption of OCT took time, however. In retrospect, ophthalmic OCT evolved through a series of “5‐year” steps from invention to adoption and proliferation. Success came through close collaboration between researchers in academia, clinical users, and industry. The full potential of OCT in medical applications has yet to be achieved: there are opportunities for both further advances in ophthalmic imaging and adoption in new fields of medicine.
Flow Cytometry: OPSL Technology Meets Critical Needs
Authors: Schulze Matthias , Lepert Arnaud 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFlow cytometry is a widely used tool for counting and/or sorting cells in both clinical and research medical applications, as well as animal husbandry and testing of genetically modified organisms. One important cytometry trend is the use of more laser wavelengths in order to simultaneously and optimally excite a higher number of fluorescent labels. This, in turn, allows counting or sorting on the basis of a larger number of parameters in a single instrument, which reduces overall measurement time and cost.
Micro‐Optics: From High‐End to Mass‐Market
Authors: Voelkel Reinhard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPhotonics is said to be the most important key technology in the 21st century, some even call the 21st century the “photon century”. It might be a bit too early to name a whole century after it, but indeed, photon‐based technology has much impact on our everyday life at the beginning of the new century. Chip manufacturing, lighting, health care and life‐sciences, space, defense, and the transport and automotive sector rely on photon‐based technology. Photonics is also supposed to offer novel solutions where today's conventional technologies reach their limits in terms of velocity, capacity and accuracy.
Leuchtende Zukunft für effiziente weiße OLEDs
Authors: Leo Karl , Lüssem Björn , Polte Anette , Reineke Sebastian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTagsüber transparente und nachts leuchtende Fensterscheiben, leuchtende Tapeten oder Fliesen, durchsichtige Displays? Organische Leuchtdioden eröffnen viele faszinierende und neue Anwendungsfelder. Erste Produkte wie Fernseher, mp3‐Player oder Handy nutzen bereits ein Display aus organischenLeuchtdioden und profitieren von der hohen Energieeffizienz und dem überragenden Kontrast der OLEDs. Allerdings spielen die organischen Leuchtdioden ihre ganze Stärke hinsichtlich ihres geringen Energiebedarfs bei einem anderen Anwendungsfeld aus: der Beleuchtungstechnik.
STED‐Mikroskopie
Authors: Sieber Jochen J. , Schué Anja 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie ultra‐hochauflösende Lichtmikroskopie hat den Lebenswissenschaften zu einem beachtlichen Sprung in ihrer Entwicklung verholfen. Noch vor wenigen Jahren war es für Biologen und Mediziner undenkbar, Strukturen kleiner als 100 nm aufzulösen oder gar dynamische Prozesse in lebenden Zellen zu beobachten. Die STED‐Mikroskopie (STimulated Emission Depletion) ermöglicht der biomedizinischen Forschung heute neue Einblicke in die Welt jenseits der Beugungsgrenze. Auch wenn die Ultra‐Hochauflösung auf komplexer optischer Technologie beruht, sind kommerziell erhältliche STED‐Systeme ebenso leicht zu bedienen wie konventionelle, weit verbreitete Konfokalmikroskope. Dieser Artikel erläutert die Entwicklung der STED‐Mikroskopie von der Idee bis zur neuesten Gerätegeneration für Lebendzelluntersuchungen.