bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogas from Farm‐based Biomass Sources  Developments in Europe and the US Le biogaz dérivé de la biomasse d’origine agricole  Développements en Europe et aux États‐Unis  Biogas aus Biomasse von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben  Entwicklungen in Europa und den USA
Authors: Hjort‐Gregersen Kurt , Blandford David , Gooch Curt A. 
Published: December 2011

summaryBiogas from Farm‐based Biomass Sources Developments in Europe and the USOne option for bio‐energy production is biogas derived from anaerobic digestion of farm‐based biomass, primarily livestock manure and energy crops, and from other organic sources, such as sewage and municipal waste. Biogas can contribute to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly methane, and improving water quality through the transformation of organic waste into fertiliser with less potential for nutrient run‐off. There has been considerable activity in the exploitation of biogas in Europe. On‐farm and centralised heating or power systems fuelled by biogas have been developed in several countries and some of the product has been injected into the natural gas distribution grid or used as vehicle fuel after further processing. In the US most of the development of biogas capacity has been associated with the processing of animal manure, particularly on dairy farms. Policies, such as preferential tariffs for electricity generated from renewable fuels, have played an important role in the development of biogas capacity. Future energy and climate change policies will be major factors in its further development. While biogas seems likely to play a relatively modest role in meeting future energy needs in Europe and the US, it can play a role in the management of organic waste.
The Use of Biomass to Produce Electricity  Utiliser la biomasse pour produire de l’électricité Die Verwendung von Biomasse zur Stromerzeugung
Authors: Brännlund Runar , Boisvert Richard N. 
Published: December 2011

summaryThe Use of Biomass to Produce ElectricityThe use of biomass to produce electricity has received much less attention than biofuels in the EU and the US. However, the production of bioelectricity has been increasing, especially in Europe. Bioelectricity has an advantage over some other renewable sources, such as wind or solar, in maintaining the ability of generators to respond more easily to fluctuating electricity demand. However, with current prices for other primary fuels there is limited availability of biomass supplies at prices generators are willing to pay. Bioelectricity production is influenced by policies for promoting the use of renewable energy and other policies, such as those relating to greenhouse gas emissions. Various incentive schemes are in place in the EU and US, such as feed‐in tariffs that guarantee favourable purchase prices for renewables, and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) requiring that renewables constitute minimum percentages of electricity generation or Green Certificates which promote the use of renewables. The future development of bioelectricity will be determined by the form and magnitude of policy incentives and by prices for fossil fuels. Feedstock availability will only be assured if there are coordinated efforts at regional and local levels to develop the transportation and other infrastructure needed to create well‐functioning biomass markets.
Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Group in Canada in 2010-2011: CANWARD Surveillance Study
Authors: Karlowsky James A. , Walkty Andrew J. , Adam Heather J. , Baxter Melanie R. , Hoban Daryl J. , Zhanel George G. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Clinical isolates of the
Bacteroides fragilis
group (
n
= 387) were collected from patients attending nine Canadian hospitals in 2010-2011 and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method.
B. fragilis
(59.9%),
Bacteroides ovatus
(16.3%), and
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
(12.7%) accounted for ∼90% of isolates collected. Overall rates of percent susceptibility were as follows: 99.7%, metronidazole; 99.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam; 99.2%, imipenem; 97.7%, ertapenem; 92.0%, doripenem; 87.3%, amoxicillin-clavulanate; 80.9%, tigecycline; 65.9%, cefoxitin; 55.6%, moxifloxacin; and 52.2%, clindamycin. Percent susceptibility to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin was lowest for
B. thetaiotaomicron
(
n
= 49, 24.5%),
Parabacteroides distasonis
/
P. merdae
(
n
= 11, 9.1%), and
B. ovatus
(
n
= 63, 31.8%), respectively. One isolate (
B. thetaiotaomicron
) was resistant to metronidazole, and two isolates (both
B. fragilis
) were resistant to both piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem. Since the last published surveillance study describing Canadian isolates of
B. fragilis
group almost 20 years ago (A.-M. Bourgault et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:343–347, 1992), rates of resistance have increased for amoxicillin-clavulanate, from 0.8% (1992) to 6.2% (2010-2011), and for clindamycin, from 9% (1992) to 34.1% (2010-2011).
Trends in the Susceptibility of Clinically Important Resistant Bacteria to Tigecycline: Results from the Tigecycline
In Vitro
Surveillance in Taiwan Study, 2006 to 2010
Authors: Chen Yen-Hsu , Lu Po-Liang , Huang Cheng-Hua , Liao Chun-Hsing , Lu Chin-Te , Chuang Yin-Ching , Tsao Shih-Ming , Chen Yao-Shen , Liu Yung-Ching , Chen Wei-Yu , Jang Tsrang-Neng , Lin Hsiu-Chen , Chen Chih-Ming , Shi Zhi-Yuan , Pan Sung-Ching , Yang Jia-Ling , Kung Hsiang-Chi , Liu Chun-Eng , Cheng Yu-Jen , Liu Jien-Wei , Sun Wu , Wang Lih-Shinn , Ko Wen-Chien , Yu Kwok-Woon , Chiang Ping-Cherng , Lee Ming-Hsun , Lee Chun-Ming , Hsu Gwo-Jong , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

The Tigecycline
In Vitro
Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, a nationwide, prospective surveillance during 2006 to 2010, collected a total of 7,793 clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) (
n
= 1,834), penicillin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(PRSP) (
n
= 423), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (
n
= 219), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Escherichia coli
(
n
= 1,141), ESBL-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(
n
= 1,330),
Acinetobacter baumannii
(
n
= 1,645), and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(
n
= 903), from different specimens from 20 different hospitals in Taiwan. MICs of tigecycline were determined following the criteria of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-2011). Among drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, all of the PRSP isolates were susceptible to tigecycline (MIC
90
, 0.03 μg/ml), and only one MRSA isolate (MIC
90
, 0.5 μg/ml) and three VRE isolates (MIC
90
, 0.125 μg/ml) were nonsusceptible to tigecycline. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, the tigecycline susceptibility rates were 99.65% for ESBL-producing
E. coli
(MIC
90
, 0.5 μg/ml) and 96.32% for ESBL-producing
K. pneumoniae
(MIC
90
, 2 μg/ml) when interpreted by FDA criteria but were 98.7% and 85.8%, respectively, when interpreted by EUCAST-2011 criteria. The susceptibility rate for
A. baumannii
(MIC
90
, 4 μg/ml) decreased from 80.9% in 2006 to 55.3% in 2009 but increased to 73.4% in 2010. A bimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-susceptible
A. baumannii
isolates, and a unimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-nonsusceptible
A. baumannii
isolates. In Taiwan, tigecycline continues to have excellent
in vitro
activity against several major clinically important drug-resistant bacteria, with the exception of
A. baumannii
.
A Global Atmospheric Analysis Dataset Downscaled from the NCEP–DOE Reanalysis
Authors: Kim Jung-Eun , Hong Song-You 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A global atmospheric analysis dataset is constructed via a spectral nudging technique. The 6-hourly National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis from January 1979 to February 2011 is utilized to force large-scale information, whereas a higher-resolution structure is resolved by a global model with improved physics. The horizontal resolution of the downscaled data is about 100 km, twice that of the NCEP–DOE reanalysis.
A comparison of the 31-yr downscaled data with reanalysis data and observations reveals that the downscaled precipitation climatology is improved by correcting inherent biases in the lower-resolution reanalysis, and large-scale patterns are preserved. In addition, it is found that global downscaling is an efficient way to generate high-quality analysis data due to the use of a higher-resolution model with improved physics. The uniqueness of the obtained data lies in the fact that an undesirable decadal trend in the analysis due to a change in the amount of observations used in reanalysis is avoided. As such, a downscaled dataset may be used to investigate changes in the hydrological cycle and related mechanisms.
Turbulent Mixing and Exchange with Interior Waters on Sloping Boundaries
Authors: Kunze Eric , MacKay Chris , McPhee-Shaw Erika E. , Morrice Katie , Girton James B. , Terker Samantha R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Microstructure measurements along the axes of Monterey and Soquel Submarine Canyons reveal 200–300-m-thick well-stratified turbulent near-bottom layers with average turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates 〈ɛ〉 = 4 × 10−8 W kg−1 and eddy diffusivities K = 16 × 10−4 m2 s−1 (assuming mixing efficiency γ = 0.2) to at least thalweg depths of 1200 m. Turbulent dissipation rates are an order of magnitude lower in overlying waters, whereas buoyancy frequencies are only 25% higher. Well-mixed bottom boundary layer thicknesses hN are an order of magnitude thinner than the stratified turbulent layer (hN ≪ hɛ). Because well-stratified turbulent layers are commonly observed above slopes, arguments that mixing efficiency should be reduced on sloping boundaries do not hold in cases of energetic internal-wave generation or interaction with topography. An advective–diffusive balance is used to infer velocities and transports, predicting horizontal upslope flows of 10–50 m day−1. Extrapolating this estimate globally suggests that canyon turbulence may contribute 2–3 times as much diapycnal transport to the World Ocean as interior mixing. The upcanyon turbulence-driven transports are not uniform, and the resulting upslope convergences will drive exchange between the turbulent layer and more quiescent interior. Predicted density surfaces of detrainment and entrainment are consistent with observed isopycnals of intermediate nepheloid and clear layers. These data demonstrate that turbulent mixing dynamics on sloping topography are fundamentally 2D or 3D in the ocean, so they cannot be accurately described by 1D models.
Targeting the hemangioblast with a novel cell type-specific enhancer
Authors: Teixeira Vera , Arede Natacha , Gardner Rui , Rodríguez-León Joaquín , Tavares Ana T 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Hemangioblasts are known as the common precursors for primitive hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. Their existence has been supported mainly by the observation that both cell types develop in close proximity and by in vitro differentiation and genetic studies. However, more compelling evidence will arise from tracking their cell fates using a lineage-specific marker.

Results
We report the identification of a hemangioblast-specific enhancer (Hb) located in the cis-regulatory region of chick Cerberus gene (cCer) that is able to direct the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) to the precursors of yolk sac blood and endothelial cells in electroporated chick embryos. Moreover, we present the Hb-eGFP reporter as a powerful live imaging tool for visualizing hemangioblast cell fate and blood island morphogenesis.

Conclusions
We hereby introduce the Hb enhancer as a valuable resource for genetically targeting the hemangioblast population as well as for studying the dynamics of vascular and blood cell development.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Baicalein mediates inhibition of migration and invasiveness of skin carcinoma through Ezrin in A431 cells
Authors: Wu Bin , Li Ji , Huang Damao , Wang Weiwei , Chen Yu , Liao Youxiang , Tang Xiaowei , Xie Hongfu , Tang Faqing 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background
Ezrin is highly expressed in skin cancer and promotes tumor metastasis. Ezrin serves as a promising target for anti-metastasis therapy. The aim of this study is to determine if the flavonoid bacailein inhibits the metastasis of skin cancer cells through Ezrin.

Methods
Cells from a cutaneous squamous carcinoma cell line, A431, were treated with baicalein at 0-60 μM to establish the non-cytotoxic concentration (NCC) range for baicalein. Following treatment with baicalein within this range, total Ezrin protein (both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms) and phosphorylated-Ezrin (phos-Ezrin) were detected by western blotting, and Ezrin RNA was detected in A431 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thereafter, the motility and invasiveness of A431 cells following baicalein treatment were determined using wound-healing and Boyden chamber invasion assays. Short-interfering RNA (si-RNA) specifically targeting Ezrin was transfected into A431 cells, and a si-RNA Ezrin-A431 cell line was established by G418 selection. This stable cell line was transiently transfected with Ezrin and mutant Ezrin plasmids, and its motilityand invasiveness was subsequently determined to clarify whether bacailein inhibits these processes through Ezrin.

Results
We determined the range of NCCs for baicalein to be 2.5-40 μM in A431 cells. Baicalein displayed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of expressions of total Ezrin and phos-Ezrin within this range NCCs. In addition, it exerted this inhibitory effect through the reduction of Ezrin RNA transcript. Baicalein also inhibited the motility and invasiveness of A431 skin carcinoma cells within the range of NCCs, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A431 cell motility and invasiveness were inhibited by 73% and 80% respectively when cells were treated with 20 μM baicalein. However, the motility and invasiveness of A431 cells containing the Ezrin mutant were not effectively inhibited by baicalein.

Conclusions
Baicalein reduces the migration and invasiveness of A431 cells through the inhibition of Ezrin expression, which leads to the suppression of tumor metastasis.
Long-term prognosis of breast cancer detected by mammography screening or other methods
Authors: Lehtimäki Tiina , Lundin Mikael , Linder Nina , Sihto Harri , Holli Kaija , Turpeenniemi-Hujanen Taina , Kataja Vesa , Isola Jorma , Joensuu Heikki , Lundin Johan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Previous studies of breast cancer have shown that patients whose tumors are detected by mammography screening have a more favorable survival. Little is known, however, about the long-term prognostic impact of screen detection. The purpose of the current study was to compare breast cancer-specific long-term survival of patients whose tumors were detected in mammography screening compared with those whose tumors were detected by other methods.

Methods
Breast cancer patients diagnosed within five specified geographical areas in Finland in 1991 and 1992 were identified (N = 2,936). Detailed clinical, treatment and outcome data, as well as tissue samples, were collected. Women with in situ carcinoma, distant metastases at the time of primary diagnosis and women who were not treated surgically were excluded. The main analyses were performed after excluding patients with other malignancy or contralateral breast cancer, followed by sensitivity analyses with different exclusion criteria. Median follow-up time was 15.4 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses of breast cancer-specific survival were performed.

Results
Of patients included in the main analyses (n = 1,884), 22% (n = 408) of cancers were screen-detected and 78% (n = 1,476) were detected by other methods. Breast cancer-specific 15-year survival was 86% for patients with screen-detected cancer and 66% for patients diagnosed using other methods (P < 0.0001, HR = 2.91). Similar differences in survival were observed in women at screening age (50 to 69 years), as well as in clinically important subgroups, such as patients with small tumors (≤ 1 cm in diameter) and without nodal involvement (N0). Women with breast cancer diagnosed on the basis of screening mammography had a more favorable prognosis than those diagnosed outside screening programs, following adjustments according to patient age, tumor size, axillary lymph node status, histological grade and hormone receptor status. Significant differences in the risk of having future contralateral breast cancer according to method of detection were not observed.

Conclusions
Breast cancer detected by mammography screening is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer and is associated with a more favorable survival rate as well as in long-term follow-up.
Lymphatic pump manipulation mobilizes inflammatory mediators into lymphatic circulation
Authors: Schander Artur , Downey H Fred , Hodge Lisa M 
Published: December 2011

Lymph stasis can result in edema and the accumulation of particulate matter, exudates, toxins and bacteria in tissue interstitial fluid, leading to inflammation, impaired immune cell trafficking, tissue hypoxia, tissue fibrosis and a variety of diseases. Previously, we demonstrated that osteopathic lymphatic pump techniques (LPTs) significantly increased thoracic and intestinal duct lymph flow. The purpose of this study was to determine if LPT would mobilize inflammatory mediators into the lymphatic circulation. Under anesthesia, thoracic or intestinal lymph of dogs was collected at resting (pre-LPT), during four minutes of LPT, and for 10 min following LPT (post-LPT), and the lymphatic concentrations of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon- γ, tissue necrosis factor α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), keratinocyte chemoattractant, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitrotyrosine (NT) were measured. LPT significantly increased MCP-1 concentrations in thoracic duct lymph. Further, LPT increased both thoracic and intestinal duct lymph flux of cytokines and chemokines as compared with their respective pre-LPT flux. In addition, LPT increased lymphatic flux of SOD and NT. Ten minutes following cessation of LPT, thoracic and intestinal lymph flux of cytokines, chemokines, NT and SOD were similar to pre-LPT, demonstrating that their flux was transient and a response to LPT. This re-distribution of inflammatory mediators during LPT may provide scientific rationale for the clinical use of LPT to enhance immunity and treat infection.
Achievement of Geothermal Energy Using Ground Heat Exchanger in Ma'En
Authors: Al-Dabbas Mohammed Awwad Ali 
Published: December 2011

Geothermal energy in Jordan is a low-emission and renewable source that could provide households and commercial buildings with both heating and cooling. Access to this ‘free’ energy may be available just a few feet underground. Thus, the objectives of this research are: Designing ground heat exchanger to utilize geothermal energy in heating in which the primary geothermal fluid is exchanged with secondary clean fluid The feasibility of designing ground heat exchanger system to pumping geothermal energy under the climate of Jordan weather in Ma'en area Amount of energy saved The design procedure involves applying the energy and the momentum equations around the geothermal fluid circuit. The FLUENT software program is used to calculate the ground heat exchanger parameters and the amount of energy saved. Finally, the feasibility study shows that the Geoexchange systems represent a savings to homeowners of around 70% in the heating mode, and up to 50% in the cooling mode compared with conventional fossil fuel systems.
Psychosocial Factors Associated With Mouth and Throat Cancer Examinations in Rural Florida
Authors: Riley Joseph L. , Dodd Virginia J. , Muller Keith E. , Guo Yi , Logan Henrietta L. 
Published: December 2011

Objectives. We examined the knowledge and prevalence of mouth and throat cancer examinations in a sample drawn from rural populations in north Florida. Methods. Telephone interviews were conducted across rural census tracts throughout north Florida in 2009 and 2010, in a survey that had been adapted for cultural appropriateness using cognitive interviews. The sample consisted of 2526 respondents (1132 men and 1394 women; 1797 Whites and 729 African Americans). Results. Awareness of mouth and throat cancer examination (46%) and lifetime receipt (46%) were higher than reported in statewide studies performed over the past 15 years. Only 19% of the respondents were aware of their examination, whereas an additional 27% reported having the examination when a description was provided, suggesting a lack of communication between many caregivers and rural patients. Surprisingly, anticipated racial/ethnic differences were diminished when adjustments were made for health literacy and several measures of socioeconomic status. Conclusions. These findings support the notion that health disparities are multifactorial and include characteristics such as low health literacy, lack of access to care, and poor communication between patient and provider.
CEO Bonus Pay, Tax Policy, and Earnings Management
Authors: Reitenga Austin , Buchheit Steve , Yin Qin Jennifer , Baker Terry 
Published: December 2011

In 1993, Congress passed Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), which eliminated the tax deductibility of nonperformance-based executive compensation over $1 million. Recent research indicates that, as intended, Code Section 162(m) has strengthened the link between executive pay and firm performance.
Although 162(m) apparently has changed executive compensation in a way desired by Congress, we hypothesize that 162(m) has indirectly influenced the financial-reporting process. Specifically, we hypothesize and find evidence to support the following: for numerous reasons associated with “qualifying” a compensation plan per Code Section 162(m), executives in firms that qualify their compensation plans receive relatively low pay when their firm's financial performance is extreme. Because these executives receive relatively low pay for extreme financial performance, an incentive exists to smooth reported earnings over time in order to maximize long-term compensation. The relatively smooth earnings patterns that we observe in qualified firms are related to the use of discretionary accruals.
Our results appear robust to alternative sampling and modeling techniques. As such, our evidence suggests that a tax policy designed to curb allegedly excessive executive compensation has indirectly affected the quality of reported earnings.
The Journal of the American Taxation Association 1979–2000: Content, Participation, and Citation Analyses
Authors: Hutchison Paul D. , White Craig G. 
Published: December 2011

This study uses three databases to identify and discuss trends within The Journal of the American Taxation Association (JATA) for the 1979 through 2000 time period. This research reports on institutional involvement of the authors publishing in JATA and examines the extent of citations of JATA articles within the journal itself and in other academic, accounting journals. Methodologies utilized are content, participation, and citation analyses.
A review of the data suggests that JATA went through a major shift in emphasis during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This shift brought a narrowing of focus on tax topics and research methodologies consistent with the Scholes and Wolfson paradigm of tax research. In addition, participation in JATA shifted more toward Assistant Professors, although this gap has begun to close in recent years.