bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of endogenous and exogenous enzymes in chronic wounds: A focus on the implications of aberrant levels of both host and bacterial proteases in wound healing
Authors: McCarty Sara M. , Cochrane Christine A. , Clegg Peter D. , Percival Steven L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCutaneous wound healing is orchestrated by a number of physiological pathways that ultimately lead to reformation of skin integrity and the production of functional scar tissue. The remodeling of a wound is significantly affected by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which act to control the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Regulation of MMPs is imperative for wound healing as excessive levels of MMPs can lead to disproportionate destruction of the wound ECM compared to ECM deposition. In addition to human MMPs, bacterial proteases have been found to be influential in tissue breakdown and, as such, have a role to play in the healing of infected wounds. For example, the zinc‐metalloproteinase, elastase, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, induces degradation of fibroblast proteins and proteoglycans in chronic wounds and has also been shown to degrade host immune cell mediators. Microbial extracellular enzymes have also been shown to degrade human wound fluid and inhibit fibroblast cell growth. It is now being acknowledged that host and bacterial MMPs may act synergistically to cause tissue breakdown within the wound bed. Several studies have suggested that bacterial‐derived secreted proteases may act to up‐regulate the levels of MMPs produced by the host cells. Together, these findings indicate that bacterial phenotype in terms of protease producing potential of bacteria should be taken into consideration during diagnostic and clinical intervention of infected wound management. Furthermore, both host MMPs and those derived from infecting bacteria need to be targeted in order to increase the healing capacity of the injured tissue. The aim of this review is to investigate the evidence suggestive of a relationship between unregulated levels of both host and bacterial proteases and delayed wound healing.
Diabetes‐impaired wound healing and altered macrophage activation: A possible pathophysiologic correlation
Authors: Miao Mingyuan , Niu Yiwen , Xie Ting , Yuan Bo , Qing Chun , Lu Shuliang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMacrophages play a critical role in wound healing and can be activated to two distinctive phenotypes in vitro: classical macrophage activation (caM) and alternative macrophage activation (aaM). This study investigated whether the impaired cutaneous repair observed in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats was associated with altered macrophage activation. Our results show that macrophage activation phenotypes could be observed in wound healing through double immunostaining. The caM macrophages appeared in the initial stage of wound healing, followed by aaM macrophages, which predominated in normal wounds. However, through examining markers associated with activation by immunoblotting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), diabetic wounds demonstrated insufficient caM in the early stage but excessive aaM in the later proliferative phase. Moreover, the macrophage activation markers were correlated with the instructive T helper cell type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokines in both groups. It was indicated that changed macrophage activation might contribute to impaired healing in diabetes wounds, and that strategies for reverting this abnormal activation could be useful for enhancing the wound healing process.
Recurrent Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion after Hemilaminectomy and Concomitant Prophylactic Fenestration in 662 Chondrodystrophic Dogs
Authors: Aikawa Takeshi , Fujita Hiroshi , Shibata Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Taishi 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and location of recurrent thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (T‐L IVDE) after hemilaminectomy with prophylactic fenestration (PF) and to documentPF‐related complications.Study DesignRetrospective case series.Sample populationChondrodystrophic dogs (n = 793).MethodsIn 662 successfully recovered dogs (>1 year follow‐up), the prevalence of dogs with recurrentT‐L IVDEthat required a 2nd surgery and dogs with clinical signs that improved without surgery was evaluated. Prevalence of second disc extrusions (SDEs) withinT11‐L4 intervertebral discs was compared betweenPFdiscs and non‐PFdiscs.ResultsT‐L SDEs were intraoperatively confirmed in 15 dogs (2.3%), 2–61 months after initial surgery and 66 dogs (10.0%) had signs ofT‐L IVDErecurrence that improved without surgery (mean follow‐up, 44.7 months). No dog had further extrusion at the initialT‐Lsite.SDEoccurred at aPFdisc (n = 1), adjacent toPFdiscs (8), or at distant discs (6). Prevalence ofSDEin non‐PFdiscs was 26.2 times higher thanPFdiscs (95%CI: 3.4, 203.4;P< .001). MajorPF‐related complications included iatrogenic introduction of the disc material into the spinal canal (n = 1), and vertebral subluxation/instability (3) at 1–88 months postoperatively.ConclusionSDEis more likely to occur at non‐PFdiscs thanPFdiscs whenPFis performed at spaces predisposed to disc extrusion.PFis a safe and effective treatment to preventSDEin chondrodystrophic dogs.
Effect of Grain Size on the Microwave Dielectric Characteristics of High‐Energy Ball‐Milled Zinc Magnesium Titanate Ceramics
Authors: Roopas Kiran Sirugudu , Sreenivasulu Gollapudi , Murthy Vemuri Rama Krishna , Subramanian Venkatachalam , Murty Budaraju Srinivasa 
Published: March 2012

Using solid‐state reaction route and high‐energy ball milling technique Zn1−xMgxTiO3 (x = 0–0.5) compositions were synthesized. These ball milled samples were sintered at 1100°C for 2 h and microwave dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ε’), quality factor (Q), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) were studied. Significant improvement in quality factor of ~ 65% was observed for x = 0.3. To understand the effect of sintering duration on the microwave dielectric properties, single phase Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 samples were sintered at 1100°C for different durations from 2 to 20 h. The grain size increases with sintering duration and it influences to enhance the microwave dielectric properties and as a result, the quality factor further improved by three times. The dielectric constant and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency showed a slight improvement of ~ 10%–15% with sintering duration.
Quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry. Critical aspects in design, outcome assessment and model validation
Authors: Vignoletti Fabio , Abrahamsson Ingemar 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to assess the quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry by a critical evaluation of study design, outcome assessments and model validation.Material & MethodsAn online search was performed using the MEDLINE. Experimental studies performed in both animals and humans were included. A&#146;stratified random sample of the included studies was extracted and used for quantitative and qualitative analyses. Modified versions of the ARRIVE guidelines were used for quality assessment.ResultsA total of 982 papers were eligible and used for quantitative analyses. A&#146;stratified random sample of 193 publications was extracted. The dog model was the most used experimental model whereas experimental studies on humans were few. Intra‐oral experimental sites dominated in human, monkey, dog and mini‐pig studies. Extra oral sites dominated in rabbit, rodent and goat/sheep studies. Studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of peri‐implant diseases were few.ConclusionDifferent animal models, experimental protocols and methods of analysis have been used to address different areas of experimental research in implant dentistry. Standardized designs for investigations within this type of experimental research seem to be lacking. Furthermore, in many of these studies there were limitations in reporting on methodology and statistical methods.
Systematic review of parameters and methods for the professional assessment of aesthetics in dental implant research
Authors: Benic Goran I. , Wolleb Karin , Sancho‐Puchades Manuel , Hämmerle Christoph H.F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the scientific literature regarding the professional assessment of aesthetics in implant dentistry.Material and MethodsAn electronic search of Medline database and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed, and complemented by a manual search. Clinical or validation studies (Part 1) and randomized‐controlled trials (RCTs) (Part 2) reporting parameters and methods for the assessment of aesthetics were included. The information regarding the assessment of aesthetics was extracted. The methodological quality of RCTs was evaluated by means of the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for assessing risk of bias.ResultsThe search yielded 149 and 32 publications in Part 1 and Part 2, respectively. A great diversity with regard to parameters, methods and measurement units used for the assessment of aesthetics was found among the included studies. With respect to time points of assessment there were significant differences between the RCTs. Only two RCTs fulfilled all the criteria of the The Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for assessing risk of bias.ConclusionsDue to the differences of the study designs, parameters and methods used for the assessment of aesthetics, comparisons between studies should be interpreted with caution. Only a limited number of RCTs offer sound evidence on aesthetic outcomes in implant dentistry.
The Mucin MUC16 (CA125) Binds to NK Cells and Monocytes from Peripheral Blood of Women with Healthy Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
Authors: Tyler Chanel , Kapur Arvinder , Felder Mildred , Belisle Jennifer A. , Trautman Christine , Gubbels Jennifer A. A. , Connor Joseph P. , Patankar Manish S. 
Published: March 2012

ProblemMUC16 (CA125) released from ovarian tumors binds to NK cells and monocytes via the inhibitory receptor Siglec‐9. Here, we investigate whether MUC16 also binds to circulating immune cells during pregnancy and in women with preeclampsia.Method of studyMUC16 binding was monitored by flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation, and RT‐PCR was used to monitor indigenous expression in immune cells. Serum CA125 levels were measured by a clinical assay.ResultsMUC16 was equally distributed on Siglec‐9pos CD16pos/CD56dim and CD16neg/CD56br NK cells in the healthy pregnant and preeclampsia groups. While serum CA125 levels and number of NK and monocytes were similar, increased binding of MUC16 was observed on these immune cells in the preeclampsia cohort as compared to the healthy pregnant samples.ConclusionMUC16 binding to NK cells and monocytes likely contributes to tolerance of the fetal allograft from maternal responses and may also serve as a novel biomarker for preeclampsia.
Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Ethanol Intake on Mouse Oesophageal Mucosa Changes Induced by Dietary Zinc Deficiency and Deoxycholic Acid Supplementation
Authors: Zapaterini Joyce R. , de Moura Nelci A. , Ribeiro Daniel A. , Rodrigues Maria A.M. , Barbisan Luis F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe noxious effects of dietary zinc deficiency (ZD) and deoxycholic bile acid (DCA) supplementation in the oesophagus were investigated. The additional influence of cigarette smoke and ethanol intake on the changes in the oesophageal mucosa induced by dietary ZD plus DCA was also assessed. Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into four groups: Group 1 was fed control diet and groups 2–4 were fed ZD plus DCA diet. After 5 weeks, groups 3 and 4 were exposed to 10% ethanol intake or cigarette smoke for 15 weeks, respectively. All animals were euthanized at the end of week 20, and the oesophagus, lung, liver and colon were collected and analysed by conventional morphology. Cell proliferation was assessed in the oesophageal mucosa by Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) protein by Western blotting. Dietary ZD plus DCA treatment induced mild hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia, increased cell proliferation index and COX‐2 protein expression in the oesophagus, and intranuclear inclusion, karyocytomegaly and microvesicular fatty change in the liver. Cigarette smoke increased COX‐2 protein expression in oesophageal mucosa and irregular enlargement of alveolus and alveolar ductal air spaces, while ethanol enhanced liver damage induced by ZD plus DCA diet. These findings indicate that dietary ZD plus DCA treatment during 20 weeks induces a pattern of chemical oesophageal injury but not Barrett's‐like lesions.
ROCK BOTTOM: COHERENTISM'S SOFT SPOT
Authors: RUSSELL BRUCE 
Published: March 2012

abstractOften coherentism is taken to be the view that justification is solely a function of the coherence among a person's beliefs. I offer a counterexample to the idea that when so understood coherence is sufficient for justification. I then argue that the counterexample will still work if coherence is understood as coherence among a person's beliefs and experiences. I defend a form of nondoxastic foundationalism that takes sensations and philosophical intuitions as basic and sees nearly all other justification as depending on inference to the best explanation. I take up Wilfrid Sellars's Dilemma, which starts with the idea that the foundations must be either propositional in nature or not. The argument continues: if they are, they stand in need of justification; if they are not, they cannot confer justification. It concludes that there cannot be foundations that confer justification on other beliefs. I deny both horns of this dilemma, arguing that philosophical intuitions are propositional but do not stand in need of justification and that sensations are not propositional but can confer justification on perceptual beliefs.
WITNESS AGREEMENT AND THE TRUTH‐CONDUCIVENESS OF COHERENTIST JUSTIFICATION
Authors: ROCHE WILLIAM 
Published: March 2012

abstractSome recent work in formal epistemology shows that “witness agreement” by itself implies neither an increase in the probability of truth nor a high probability of truth—the witnesses need to have some “individual credibility.” It can seem that, from this formal epistemological result, it follows that coherentist justification (i.e., doxastic coherence) is not truth‐conducive. I argue that this does not follow. Central to my argument is the thesis that, though coherentists deny that there can be noninferential justification, coherentists do not deny that there can be individual credibility.
ON THE COHERENCE OF HIGHER‐ORDER BELIEFS
Authors: SCHUBERT STEFAN , OLSSON ERIK J. 
Published: March 2012

abstractLet us by ‘first‐order beliefs’ mean beliefs about the world, such as the belief that it will rain tomorrow, and by ‘second‐order beliefs’ let us mean beliefs about the reliability of first‐order, belief‐forming processes. In formal epistemology, coherence has been studied, with much ingenuity and precision, for sets of first‐order beliefs. However, to the best of our knowledge, sets including second‐order beliefs have not yet received serious attention in that literature. In informal epistemology, by contrast, sets of the latter kind play an important role in some respectable coherence theories of knowledge and justification. In this paper, we extend the formal treatment of coherence to second‐order beliefs. Our main conclusion is that while extending the framework to second‐order beliefs sheds doubt on the generality of the notorious impossibility results for coherentism, another problem crops up that might be no less damaging to the coherentist project: facts of coherence turn out to be epistemically accessible only to agents who have a good deal of insight into matters external to their own belief states.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Different Immunoglobulin Preparations
Authors: Rabel Philip O. , Planitzer Christina B. , Farcet Maria R. , Kreil Thomas R. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTPatients with primary immunodeficiency (PIDs) depend on the presence of a variety of antibody specificities in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Using the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), geographic variability in IVIG antibody content was shown. Care should therefore be exercised when treating PIDs in a given geography, as only locally sourced plasma contains the antibody specificities against the circulating pathogens in the given locality.
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Identification by Pherotype: a Method To Assist Understanding of a Potentially Emerging or Overlooked Pathogen
Authors: Leung Marcus H. , Ling Clare L. , Ciesielczuk Holly , Lockwood Julianne , Thurston Sarah , Charalambous Bambos M. , Gillespie Stephen H. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

The recent identification of
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae
(pseudopneumococcus) has complicated classification schemes within members of the “mitis” streptococcal group. Accurate differentiation of this species is necessary for understanding its disease potential and identification in clinical settings. This work described the use of the competence-stimulatory peptide ComC sequence for identification of
S. pseudopneumoniae
. ComC sequences from clinical sources were determined for 17 strains of
S. pseudopneumoniae
,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and
Streptococcus oralis
. An additional 58 ComC sequences from a range of sources were included to understand the diversity and suitability of this protein as a diagnostic marker for species identification. We identified three pherotypes for this species, delineated CSP6.1 (10/14, 79%), CSP6.3 (3/14, 21%), and SK674 (1/14, 7%). Pseudopneumococcal ComC sequences formed a discrete cluster within those of other oral streptococci. This suggests that the
comC
sequence could be used to identify
S. pseudopneumoniae
, thus simplifying the study of the pathogenic potential of this organism. To avoid confusion between pneumococcal and pseudopneumococcal pherotypes, we have renamed the competence pherotype CSP6.1, formerly reported as an “atypical” pneumococcus, CSPps1 to reflect its occurrence in
S. pseudopneumoniae
.
Helper Virus-Independent Transcription and Multimerization of a Satellite RNA Associated with Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Authors: Choi Soon Ho , Seo Jang-Kyun , Kwon Sun-Jung , Rao A. L. N. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Satellite RNAs are the smallest infectious agents whose replication is thought to be completely dependent on their helper virus (HV). Here we report that, when expressed autonomously in the absence of HV, a variant of satellite RNA (satRNA) associated with
Cucumber mosaic virus
strain Q (Q-satRNA) has a propensity to localize in the nucleus and be transcribed, generating genomic and antigenomic multimeric forms. The involvement of the nuclear phase of Q-satRNA was further confirmed by confocal microscopy employing
in vivo
RNA-tagging and double-stranded-RNA-labeling assays. Sequence analyses revealed that the Q-satRNA multimers formed in the absence of HV, compared to when HV is present, are distinguished by the addition of a template-independent heptanucleotide motif at the monomer junctions within the multimers. Collectively, the involvement of a nuclear phase in the replication cycle of Q-satRNA not only provides a valid explanation for its persistent survival in the absence of HV but also suggests a possible evolutionary relationship to viroids that replicate in the nucleus.
Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP/p97) Is Required for Poliovirus Replication and Is Involved in Cellular Protein Secretion Pathway in Poliovirus Infection
Authors: Arita Minetaro , Wakita Takaji , Shimizu Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTPoliovirus (PV) modifies membrane-trafficking machinery in host cells for its viral RNA replication. To date, ARF1, ACBD3, BIG1/BIG2, GBF1, RTN3, and PI4KB have been identified as host factors of enterovirus (EV), including PV, involved in membrane traffic. In this study, we performed small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening targeting membrane-trafficking genes for host factors required for PV replication. We identified valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) as a host factor of PV replication required after viral protein synthesis, and its ATPase activity was essential for PV replication. VCP colocalized with viral proteins 2BC/2C and 3AB/3B in PV-infected cells and showed an interaction with 2BC and 3AB but not with 2C and 3A. Knockdown of VCP did not suppress the replication of coxsackievirus B3 or Aichi virus. A VCP-knockdown-resistant PV mutant had an A4881G (a mutation of E253G in 2C) mutation, which is known as a determinant of a secretion inhibition-negative phenotype. However, knockdown of VCP did not affect the inhibition of cellular protein secretion caused by overexpression of each individual viral protein. These results suggested that VCP is a host factor required for viral RNA replication of PV among membrane-trafficking proteins and provides a novel link between cellular protein secretion and viral RNA replication.
Restored PB1-F2 in the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Has Minimal Effects in Swine
Authors: Pena Lindomar , Vincent Amy L. , Loving Crystal L. , Henningson Jamie N. , Lager Kelly M. , Lorusso Alessio , Perez Daniel R. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

PB1-F2 is an 87- to 90-amino-acid-long protein expressed by certain influenza A viruses. Previous studies have shown that PB1-F2 contributes to virulence in the mouse model; however, its role in natural hosts—pigs, humans, or birds—remains largely unknown. Outbreaks of domestic pigs infected with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) have been detected worldwide. Unlike previous pandemic strains, pH1N1 viruses do not encode a functional PB1-F2 due to the presence of three stop codons resulting in premature truncation after codon 11. However, pH1N1s have the potential to acquire the full-length form of PB1-F2 through mutation or reassortment. In this study, we assessed whether restoring the full-length PB1-F2 open reading frame (ORF) in the pH1N1 background would have an effect on virus replication and virulence in pigs. Restoring the PB1-F2 ORF resulted in upregulation of viral polymerase activity at early time points
in vitro
and enhanced virus yields in porcine respiratory explants and in the lungs of infected pigs. There was an increase in the severity of pneumonia in pigs infected with isogenic virus expressing PB1-F2 compared to the wild-type (WT) pH1N1. The extent of microscopic pneumonia correlated with increased pulmonary levels of alpha interferon and interleukin-1β in pigs infected with pH1N1 encoding a functional PB1-F2 but only early in the infection. Together, our results indicate that PB1-F2 in the context of pH1N1 moderately modulates viral replication, lung histopathology, and local cytokine response in pigs.