bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remedying the Inequalities of Economic Citizenship in Europe: Cohesion Policy and the Negative Right to Move
Authors: Strumia Francesca 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEuropean supranational citizenship draws the boundaries of a community of citizens, sharing the status of economic actors in the single market. The specter of inequality threatens however the resulting promise of shared membership: economic citizens face profoundly different opportunities for economic involvement, depending on their nationality and residence within the Union. Free movement rights open up a narrow way out of inequality by enabling European citizens to relocate; however, they cannot alone solve the inequality problem that economic citizenship poses. In the quest for alternative remedies to this problem, this article explores the potential of European cohesion policy. It argues that cohesion policy, by addressing gaps in wealth throughout the Community, draws the traits of a negative right to move, which adds to the protection of European economic citizenship. Through the cohesion lens, the premises are laid for a renewed assessment of the project of shared economic citizenship.
Bosman—There and Back Again: The Legitimacy of Playing Quotas under European Union Sports Policy
Authors: Gardiner Simon , Welch Roger 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe 1995 ruling of the European Court of Justice in Bosman was a pivotal point in the relationship between the European Union and sport. It has had an immense impact upon professional team sports, most notably football, in terms of liberalising the transfer system and abolishing player quotas. This paper will chart the development of a European sports law policy generally and will specifically discuss two current proposals concerning the reintroduction of playing quotas in football. We will examine the legality of these proposals with reference to Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and will evaluate the political context within which these proposals have been promulgated. It will be suggested that a possible solution, which should end legal uncertainty, could be the adoption of a collective agreement or directive based on the methodology of reflexive labour law.
Emergence of an HIV‐1 cluster harbouring the major protease L90M mutation among treatment‐naïve patients in Tel Aviv, Israel
Authors: Turner D , Amit S , Chalom S , Penn O , Pupko T , Katchman E , Matus N , Tellio H , Katzir M , Avidor B 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveDrug resistance‐associated mutations (DRMs) among HIV‐1 treatment‐naïve patients have increased in recent years. Their incidence and prevalence in various exposure risk categories (ERCs) were evaluated.DesignPlasma samples of HIV‐1 treatment‐naïve patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2009 at the Tel Aviv Medical Center were screened for DRMs.MethodsSamples obtained from patients following the HIV diagnosis were analysed retrospectively. Genotyping was carried out using the Trugene HIV‐1 genotype kit (Siemens, Berkeley, CA, USA). Phylogenetic relationships among viral sequences were estimated using the maximum likelihood method.ResultsThirty‐eight of the 266 analysed sequences (14.3%) had DRMs, all occurring exclusively in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM). The rate of DRMs has constantly risen, reaching a peak of 21.9% in 2009. Notably, protease inhibitor (PI) DRMs became the most frequent DRMs in 2009. Phylogenetic analysis showed a tight cluster comprising 13 of 14 viruses harbouring the L90M major PI resistance mutation, suggesting a single infection source.ConclusionThere was an unexpectedly high rate of the major L90M PI resistance mutation in the MSM group. The clustered transmission of this mutation might be related to a high‐risk sexual behaviour. Added to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, such a PI mutation may limit future therapeutic options for this particular patient population.
Diabetes and previous stroke: hazards for intravenous thrombolysis?
Authors: Fuentes B. , Martínez‐Sánchez P. , Alonso de Leciñana M. , Simal P. , Reig G. , Díaz‐Otero F. , Masjuán J. , Egido J. , Vivancos J. , Gil‐Nuñez A. , Díez‐Tejedor E. ,   on behalf of the Madrid Stroke Network
Published: November 2011

Background and purpose:  Alteplase licensing approval in Europe does not advocate intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for diabetic ischaemic stroke (IS) patients with previous cerebral infarction (PCI). Our aim was to assess whether concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM) and PCI are associated with symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) and poor outcome after IVT.Methods:  Multicentre prospective registry, which included consecutive IVT‐treated, acute IS patients from January 2003 to December 2010. The frequency of SICH (SITS‐MOST criteria) and 3‐month outcomes (mRS) were compared between the following groups: (i) diabetic patients with PCI (DM+/PCI+); (ii) diabetic patients without PCI (DM+/PCI−); (iii) non‐diabetic patients with PCI (DM−/PCI+); and (iv) patients without diabetes or PCI (DM−/PCI−).Results:  A total of 1475 patients were included. Thirty‐four patients (2.3%) had known DM and PCI, 258 (17.5%) were diabetics without PCI, and 119 (8.1%) had a PCI and no DM. Thirty‐six patients (2.6%) developed SICH, with no differences between groups (P = 985). Fifteen (40.9%) DM+/PCI+ patients, 113 (46.5%) DM+/PCI− patients, 47 (42%) DM−/PCI+ patients and 414 (40.9%) DM−/PCI− patients had mRS ≥ 3 at 3 months (P = 427). The presence neither of DM nor of PCI, nor their combination, had any impact on the risk of SICH or on outcome at 3 months after adjusting for age, stroke severity and glucose levels on admission.Conclusions:  Acute IS diabetic patients with PCI who were treated with IVT had similar outcomes to patients without such history, with no increase in the rates of SICH. Thus, they should not be excluded from IVT only on the basis of DM and PCI.
Mapping the Field of UK–EU Policing*
Authors: BERENSKOETTER FELIX 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article seeks to improve understanding of the field of policing in an evolving European space. It explores connections between officers working in police institutions affiliated with the European Union and police institutions in the United Kingdom. Its main contribution lies in offering a typology of interactions surrounding the exchange and interpretation of information through (i) shared databases, (ii) liaison officers, (iii) training programmes and (iv) transfer of threat images. This allows sketching a more nuanced picture of the field of EU–UK policing in terms of both its internal composition and its external boundaries.
Carpal kinematics in quadrupedal monkeys: towards a better understanding of wrist morphology and function
Authors: Daver Guillaume , Berillon Gilles , Grimaud‐Hervé Dominique 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to provide new data on carpal kinematics in primates in order to deepen our understanding of the relationships between wrist morphology and function. To that end, we provide preliminary data on carpal kinematics in seven species of quadrupedal monkeys that have not been previously investigated in this regard (cercopithecoids, n = 4; ceboids, n = 3). We radiographed wrists from cadavers at their maximum radial and ulnar deviations, as well as at maximum flexion and extension. We took angular measurements to quantify the contribution of the mobility of the two main wrist joints (antebrachiocarpal and midcarpal) with respect to total wrist mobility. We also recorded qualitative observations. Our quantitative results show few clear differences among quadrupedal monkeys for radioulnar deviation and flexion–extension: all the primates studied exhibit a greater midcarpal mobility (approximately 54–83% of the total range of motion) than antebrachiocarpal mobility; however, we identified two patterns of carpal kinematics that show the functional impact of previously recognised morphological variations in quadrupedal monkeys. Firstly, qualitative results show that the partition that divides the proximal joint of the wrist in ceboids results in less mobility and more stability of the ulnar part of the wrist than is seen in cercopithecoids. Secondly, we show that the olive baboon specimen (Papio anubis) is characterised by limited antebrachiocarpal mobility for extension; this effect is likely the result of a radial process that projects on the scaphoid notch, as well as an intraarticular meniscus. Because of these close relationships between carpal kinematics and morphology in quadrupedal monkeys, we hypothesise that, to some extent, these functional tendencies are related to their locomotor hand postures.
On the resistance to extinction of fear conditioned to angry faces
Authors: Rowles Monique E. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Mallan Kimberley M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe present study investigated whether, like fear conditioned to pictures of snakes and spiders, fear conditioned to angry faces resists extinction even after verbal instruction and removal of the shock electrode. Participants were trained in a differential Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure with angry face or happy face conditional stimuli (CSs). Prior to extinction, half the participants in each group were informed that no more unconditional stimuli would be presented and the shock electrode was removed. In the absence of this manipulation, participants showed resistance to extinction after training with angry face CSs, but not after training with happy face CSs. Instructed extinction and electrode removal abolished fear conditioning regardless of the emotion expressed by the CS faces. This finding suggests that fear conditioned to angry faces, like fear conditioned to racial out‐group faces, is more malleable than fear conditioned to snakes and spiders.
The feedback‐related negativity (FRN) in adolescents
Authors: Zottoli Tina M. , Grose‐Fifer Jillian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study examined age‐related differences in the ERP correlates of external feedback processing (i.e., the feedback‐related negativity [FRN]) in adolescent and young adult males, using a simple gambling task involving unpredictable monetary losses and gains of low and high magnitude. The FRN was larger after losses than gains, and was modulated by the magnitude of gains, but not the magnitude of losses, for all participants regardless of age. FRN amplitude was larger in adolescents than adults and also discriminated relatively less strongly between gains and losses in adolescents. In addition, the morphology of the waveform after high losses suggests that feedback in this condition may have been processed less efficiently by adolescents. Our results suggest that, although the FRN in adults and adolescents share some common characteristics, the neural processes that generate the FRN are still developing in midadolescence. These findings are discussed in the context of adolescent risk taking.
Inhibition of exocytosis or endocytosis blocks activity‐dependent redistribution of synapsin
Authors: Orenbuch Ayelet , Shulman Yoav , Lipstein Noa , Bechar Amit , Lavy Yotam , Brumer Eliaz , Vasileva Mariya , Kahn Joy , Barki‐Harrington Liza , Kuner Thomas , Gitler Daniel 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 248–258.AbstractThe synaptic vesicle cycle encompasses the pre‐synaptic events that drive neurotransmission. Influx of calcium leads to the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane and the release of neurotransmitter, closely followed by endocytosis. Vacated release sites are repopulated with vesicles which are then primed for release. When activity is intense, reserve vesicles may be mobilized to counteract an eventual decline in transmission. Recently, interplay between endocytosis and repopulation of the readily releasable pool of vesicles has been identified. In this study, we show that exo‐endocytosis is necessary to enable detachment of synapsin from reserve pool vesicles during synaptic activity. We report that blockage of exocytosis in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, either by tetanus toxin or by the deletion of munc13, inhibits the activity‐dependent redistribution of synapsin from the pre‐synaptic terminal into the axon. Likewise, perturbation of endocytosis with dynasore or by a dynamin dominant‐negative mutant fully prevents synapsin redistribution. Such inhibition of synapsin redistribution occurred despite the efficient phosphorylation of synapsin at its protein kinase A/CaMKI site, indicating that disengagement of synapsin from the vesicles requires exocytosis and endocytosis in addition to phosphorylation. Our results therefore reveal hitherto unidentified feedback within the synaptic vesicle cycle involving the synapsin‐managed reserve pool.
Microbes and mass extinctions: paleoenvironmental distribution of microbialites during times of biotic crisis
Authors: MATA S. A. , BOTTJER D. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWidespread development of microbialites characterizes the substrate and ecological response during the aftermath of two of the ‘big five’ mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. This study reviews the microbial response recorded by macroscopic microbial structures to these events to examine how extinction mechanism may be linked to the style of microbialite development. Two main styles of response are recognized: (i) the expansion of microbialites into environments not previously occupied during the pre‐extinction interval and (ii) increases in microbialite abundance and attainment of ecological dominance within environments occupied prior to the extinction. The Late Devonian biotic crisis contributed toward the decimation of platform margin reef taxa and was followed by increases in microbialite abundance in Famennian and earliest Carboniferous platform interior, margin, and slope settings. The end‐Permian event records the suppression of infaunal activity and an elimination of metazoan‐dominated reefs. The aftermath of this mass extinction is characterized by the expansion of microbialites into new environments including offshore and nearshore ramp, platform interior, and slope settings. The mass extinctions at the end of the Triassic and Cretaceous have not yet been associated with a macroscopic microbial response, although one has been suggested for the end‐Ordovician event. The case for microbialites behaving as ‘disaster forms’ in the aftermath of mass extinctions accurately describes the response following the Late Devonian and end‐Permian events, and this may be because each is marked by the reduction of reef communities in addition to a suppression of bioturbation related to the development of shallow‐water anoxia.
Level of agreement between self‐administered and interviewer‐administered CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14
Authors: Ramos‐Jorge Maria Letícia , Vieira‐Andrade Raquel G. , Martins‐Júnior Paulo A. , Cordeiro Mabel M. R. , Ramos‐Jorge Joana , Paiva Saul Martins , Marques Leandro S. 
Published: November 2011

Ramos‐Jorge ML, Vieira‐Andrade RG, Martins‐Júnior PA, Cordeiro MMR, Ramos‐Jorge J, Paiva SM, Marques LS. Level of agreement between self‐administered and interviewer‐administered CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties and level of agreement between the self‐administered and interviewer‐administered Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ) for children between 8 and 10 years of age (CPQ8–10) and between 11 and 14 (CPQ11–14) years of age.Methods:  A randomized cross‐over study was carried out, involving 180 children (Group 1 – 90 children between 8 and 10; Group 2 – 90 children between 11 and 14 years of age) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. All children completed both administration modes of the CPQ; half of each group received interviewer‐administered mode first [Subgroup A (CPQ8–10n = 45) and Subgroup C (CPQ11–14n = 45)], and the other half performed the self‐administered mode first [Subgroup B (CPQ8–10n = 45) and Subgroup D (CPQ11–14n = 45)]. Test–retest reliability of each mode of administration was tested on 60 children (30 for CPQ8–10; 30 for CPQ11–14), who were not included in the other analyses. The level of agreement between scores on the self‐administered and interviewer‐administered versions of the CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14 was established using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The order of presentation of both instruments was tested considering the four subgroups (A, B, C and D). The calculation of effect size proposed by Cohen (1992) was used to test the clinical significance of the findings.Results:  Both the self‐administered and interviewer‐administered versions of CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14 demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Agreement between the administration modes for the CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14 was 0.90 and 0.88 (ICC), respectively. With the exception of the functional limitation subscale, the scores of the subscales and overall score on the CPQ8–10 were significantly higher in the group of children who responded to the interviewer‐administered measure first. With the CPQ11–14, statistically significant differences were found only for the emotional well‐being subscale.Conclusions:  Both administration modes of the CPQ8–10 and CPQ11–14 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and a high level of agreement. Although statistically significant differences were observed for oral symptoms, emotional well‐being and social well‐being, with the first administration of the interviewer‐administered version, the effect of the order of administration had small to medium effects on the CPQ scores.
Causal effects of latitude, disturbance and dispersal limitation on richness in a recovering temperate, subtropical and tropical forest
Authors: Leithead Mark , Anand Madhur , Duarte Leandro da S. , D. Pillar Valério 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestionDo regional differences in latitude, and local factors of disturbance and distance from mature forest, influence dispersal syndromes, rate of accumulation of species and total richness in a recovering temperate, subtropical and tropical forest?LocationTemperate old‐growth red pine forest, Canada; subtropical Araucaria Atlantic forest, southern Brazil; tropical Gallery forest, central Brazil.MethodsWe used path analysis to determine causal relationships of regional (latitude) and local (disturbance intensity, distance of recovering site from forest) factors on percentage zoochory, exponent z from species–area relationships and total richness.ResultsPath results showed linear decreases in percentage zoochory, z and richness with increasing latitude. Disturbance and distance from mature forest each reduced richness by similar amounts; however responses of percentage zoochory and z were inconsistent between the two local factors. A second path model, using only the subtropical and tropical forest, greatly increased model significance, yielded insignificant regional effects and strengthened effects of local factors on the three richness responses. Important results from this path model were linear decreases of z (0.1) and percentage zoochory (10%) and a log‐decrease of richness (five‐fold) 100 m from the mature subtropical and tropical forest.ConclusionsRegional differences in latitude and local effects of dispersal limitation can influence forest richness as strongly as disturbance alone. Isolated, recovering subtropical and tropical forest fragments of southern and central Brazil may therefore be recovering at much slower rates than estimates made from those adjacent to mature forest stands.
Queensland Emergency Medicine Research Foundation: Special report
Authors: FitzGerald Gerry , Codd Catrina , Aitken Peter , Sinnott Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDevelopment of any new profession is dependent on the development of a special body of knowledge that is the domain of the profession. Key to this is research. Following sustained lobbying, the Queensland Government agreed to establish an emergency medicine research fund as part of an Enterprise Bargaining Agreement in 2006. That fund is managed by the Queensland Emergency Medicine Research Foundation. The present article describes the strategic approaches of the Foundation in its first 3 years, the application of research funds, and foreshadows an evaluative framework for determining the strategic value of this investment. The Foundation has developed a range of personnel and project support funding programmes, and competition for funding has increased. Ongoing evaluation will seek to determine the effectiveness of the current funding strategy on improving the effectiveness of research performance. It will also evaluate the clinical and organizational outcomes.
Greenfield run off and flood estimation on small catchments
Authors: Faulkner D.S. , Francis O. , Lamb R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing evidence from 46 gauged small catchments in the United Kingdom, this paper demonstrates that the methods most commonly used for estimating design flows and greenfield run off rates on small catchments do not perform as well as alternative methods. Their results show larger error and a bias towards underestimation of the median annual flood. In contrast, newer methods from the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH), when applied to small catchments, tend to have lower error and less bias. The paper investigates the theoretical and empirical support for four methods: Institute of Hydrology Report 124, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS) Report 345, the FEH Statistical method and the Revitalised Flood Hydrograph method. It compares the results from all four methods with those from direct analysis of flood peak data and discusses the implications of scaling down flows to the development plot scale.The paper recommends that the many guidance documents on run off estimation and urban drainage are amended to recommend use of Flood Estimation Handbook methods.
Validation of a Global Rating Scale for Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hoyle Antonia C. , Whelton Christopher , Umaar Rowena , Funk Lennard 
Published: November 2011

Background Reliable, valid, feasible and objective assessment is desirable in all aspects of medical training to allow monitoring of progress and to ensure high standards. At present, no assessment model for shoulder arthroscopy exists that indisputably meets these criteria. The global rating scale (GRS) has been validated as a measure of technical performance in various surgical procedures. We have developed and aim to validate a GRS for shoulder arthroscopy (GRSSA). Materials and Methods Using the GRSSA, 13 shoulder surgeons, rated 10 videos of diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy showing different levels of proficiency. Assessments were performed remotely using an online system developed for the study; assessors were blinded to the experience of the surgeon who was performing the arthroscopy. Construct validity was assessed via Cronbach's a and inter-rater reliability was assessed via two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The results suggest good construct validity (high internal consistency of GRSSA categories: Cronbach's a = 0.89 to 0.96). Two-way ANOVA demonstrated a good discriminatory ability of the GRSSA but variability between raters ( p = 0.0002 to 0.01), suggesting a current lack of inter-rater reliability. Discussion The GRSSA appears to be a useful tool for the assessment of diagnostic arthroscopic skills and, using our online system, the assessor can be remote to the surgeon who is performing the procedure.