bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of P‐glycoprotein ATPase activity by some phytoconstituents
Authors: Najar I. A. , Sachin B. S. , Sharma S. C. , Satti N. K. , Suri K. A. , Johri R. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the present investigation 16 phytoconstituents, which are active moieties found in several medicinal herbs, have been evaluated for their P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) stimulation/inhibition profiles using a P‐gp‐dependent ATPase assay in rat jejunal membrane (in vitro). Acteoside, agnuside, catechin, chlorogenic acid, picroside ‐II and santonin showed an inhibitory effect. Negundoside, picroside ‐I and oleanolic acid caused a stimulatory effect. Andrographolide, apocyanin, berberine, glycyrrhizin, magniferin and piperine produced a biphasic response (stimulation at low concentration and inhibition at high concentration). The results suggested that a possible interaction of these phytoconstituents at the level of P‐gp, could be an important parameter in determining their role in several key pharmacodynamic events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils
Authors: Astani Akram , Reichling Jürgen , Schnitzler Paul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEssential oils are complex natural mixtures, their main constituents, e.g. terpenes and phenylpropanoids, being responsible for their biological properties. Essential oils from eucalyptus, tea tree and thyme and their major monoterpene compounds α‐terpinene, γ‐terpinene, α‐pinene, p‐cymene, terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, thymol, citral and 1,8‐cineole were examined for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) in vitro. These essential oils were able to reduce viral infectivity by >96%, the monoterpenes inhibited HSV by about >80%. The mode of antiviral action has been determined, only moderate antiviral effects were revealed by essential oils and monoterpenes when these drugs were added to host cells prior to infection or after entry of HSV into cells. However, both essential oils and monoterpenes exhibited high anti‐HSV‐1 activity by direct inactivation of free virus particles. All tested drugs interacted in a dose‐dependent manner with herpesvirus particles thereby inactivating viral infection. Among the analysed compounds, monoterpene hydrocarbons were slightly superior to monoterpene alcohols in their antiviral activity, α‐pinene and α‐terpineol revealed the highest selectivity index. However, mixtures of different monoterpenes present in natural tea tree essential oil revealed a ten‐fold higher selectivity index and a lower toxicity than its isolated single monoterpenes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of barrier winds off southeastern Greenland during the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment
Authors: Petersen G. N. , Renfrew I. A. , Moore G. W. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDuring the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment, barrier flow was observed by an instrumented aircraft on 1, 2, 5 and 6 March 2007 off southeastern Greenland. During this time period the barrier flow increased from a narrow jet, ∼15 m s−1, to a jet filling almost the whole of the Denmark Strait with maximum wind speed exceeding 40 m s−1. Dropsonde observations show that the barrier flow was capped by a sharp temperature inversion below mountain height. Below the inversion was a cold and dry jet, with a larger northerly wind component than that of the flow above, which was also warmer and more moist. Thus, the observations indicate two air masses below mountain height: a cold and dry barrier jet of northern origin and, above this, a warmer and moister air mass that was of cyclonic origin.Numerical simulations emphasize the non‐stationarity of the Greenland barrier flow and its dependence on the synoptic situation in the Greenland‐‐Iceland region. They show that the barrier jet originated north of the Denmark Strait and was drawn southward by a synoptic‐scale cyclone, with the strength and location of the maximum winds highly dependent on the location of the cyclone relative to the orography of Greenland. Experiments without Greenland's orography suggest a ∼20 m s−1 enhancement of the low‐level peak wind speeds due to the presence of the barrier. Thus, the Greenland barrier flows are not classic geostrophically balanced barrier flows but have a significant ageostrophic component and are precisely controlled by synoptic‐scale systems. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Structure and dynamics of the Saharan atmospheric boundary layer during the West African monsoon onset: observations and analyses from the research flights of 14 and 17 July 2006
Authors: Messager Christophe , Parker Douglas J. , Reitebuch O. , Agusti‐Panareda A. , Taylor Christopher M. , Cuesta J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the results of co‐ordinated research flights over the Saharan heat‐low, conducted during July 2006 as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Periods. The flights consisted of a morning transect on 14 July 2006 with the Falcon F20 aircraft of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR), using the Doppler lidar WIND to observe the tropospheric winds, followed by an afternoon flight on 17 July with the BAe146 aircraft of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) releasing a curtain of 16 dropsondes. Measurements from radiosondes at the Algerian stations of Tamanrasset and In Salah, as well as the CALIPSO spaceborne lidar, are analysed also. It is shown that the daytime Saharan atmospheric boundary layer exhibits a remarkable split structure, with a well‐mixed convective layer lying beneath a residual layer whose dynamics appear to be more nearly laminar. Observations from Saharan radiosonde stations confirm that the Saharan residual boundary layer is, on some days, a persistent rather than a transient feature, and that on occasion the residual layer can last right through the day.The broad features of the Saharan heat‐low thermodynamics and winds are successfully captured by the ECMWF operational analyses and the discrepancies are quantified here. The lidar winds of 14 July confirm that the analysis represents the main airflows accurately, apart from the zone to the southeast of a mid‐level trough, for which the southerly component of winds was underestimated by some 8 m s−1. On 17 July, the strengths of both the southwesterly monsoon and the northeasterly Harmattan winds were slightly underestimated also. The region of maximum boundary‐layer temperature over the desert was around 1 degree too far north, and too broad in the analysis, while the equivalent potential temperature in the Saharan convective boundary layer was around 2 K lower than observed. The near‐saturated layer observed at the top of the Saharan atmospheric boundary layer was underestimated also in the analysis, in horizontal extent and altitude. The intertropical front of 17 July was coincident with strong surface contrasts in vegetation and fluxes. On each study day the intertropical front in the analyses was around 1 degree further north than observed. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A robust self‐organized public key management for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Dahshan Hisham , Irvine James 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self‐organized wireless network where mobile nodes can communicate with each other without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Trust establishment and management are essential for any security framework of MANETs. However, traditional solutions to key management through accessing trusted authorities or centralized servers are infeasible for MANETs due to the absence of infrastructure, frequent mobility, and wireless link instability. In this paper, we propose a robust self‐organized, public key management for MANETs. The proposed scheme relies on establishing a small number of trust relations between neighboring nodes during the network initialization phase. Experiences gained as a result of successful communications and node mobility through the network enhance the formation of a web of trust between mobile nodes. The proposed scheme allows each user to create its public key and the corresponding private key, to issue certificates to neighboring nodes, and to perform public key authentication through at least two independent certificate chains without relying on any centralized authority. A measure of the communications cost of the key distribution process has been proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is robust and efficient in the mobility environment of MANET and against malicious node attacks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of cervical length in the supine and upright positions versus Bishop score in predicting successful induction of labor at term
Authors: Meijer‐Hoogeveen M. , Roos C. , Arabin B. , Stoutenbeek P. , Visser G. H. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the predictive value of cervical length as measured by transvaginal sonography (TVS) in supine and upright maternal positions for the mode of delivery and induction‐to‐delivery interval after induction of labor at term, and to compare these measurements with the Bishop score and its predictive value.MethodsTVS for cervical length measurement in the supine and upright positions and digital examination of the cervix were performed in 68 nulliparous and 34 parous women before induction of labor at term. In assessing the predictive value of the Bishop score and TVS parameters for a vaginal delivery after labor induction only nulliparous women were included in the analysis, since all the parous women delivered vaginally. Both nulliparous and parous women were included in the analysis of the induction‐to‐delivery interval. The method of labor induction, oxytocin or prostaglandin, was determined on the basis of the pre‐induction Bishop score.ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed in nulliparous women that only the cervical length measured in the upright position was a significant predictor of the need for Cesarean section (odds ratio 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02–1.27). The areas under the receiver–operating characteristics curve in predicting the need for Cesarean section because of failure to progress were higher for the cervical length, both in supine and upright positions, than for the Bishop score (0.66, 0.68 and 0.46, respectively). Only the Bishop score correlated significantly with the induction‐to‐delivery interval in both nulliparous and parous women. However, this may have been due to a selection bias, as no significant correlation with Bishop score was found when the oxytocin and prostaglandin induction‐to‐delivery intervals were analyzed separately.ConclusionOur results suggest that maternal postural change might improve the accuracy of sonographically‐measured cervical length for predicting a vaginal delivery after induction of labor at term. However, our results need to be confirmed in a larger and more homogeneous population. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renaissance einer Hundertjährigen. Die Molekularpumpe von Wolfgang Gaede
Authors: Henning Hinrich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractW. Gaede hat die Molekularpumpe 1908 erfunden, deren Wirkung auf der äußeren Reibung der Gase beruht, und bis 1910 einen Prototyp gebaut. Es bedurfte noch weiterer zwei Jahre, bis von E. Leybold's Nachf. in Köln die ersten Pumpen auf den Markt gebracht werden konnten, von denen man Großes erwartete. Der erste Weltkrieg, aber auch fertigungstechnische Probleme und erforderliche hohe Sorgfalt bei der Anwendung behinderten eine weltweite Verbreitung der Pumpe auf Dauer. Doch Ende des 20.Jahrhunderts begann man, das Prinzip der Reibungspumpe als letzte Kompressionsstufe in Turbomolekularpumpen mit großem Erfolg einzusetzen.
Physics of Failure approach to wind turbine condition based maintenance
Authors: Gray Christopher S. , Watson Simon J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWind turbine condition monitoring systems provide an early indication of component damage, allowing the operator to plan system repair prior to complete failure. However, the resulting cost savings are limited because of the relatively low number of failures that may be detected and the high cost of installing the required measurement equipment. A new approach is proposed for continuous, online calculation of damage accumulation using standard turbine performance parameters and Physics of Failure methodology. The wind turbine system is assessed in order to identify the root cause of critical failure modes and theoretical damage models are developed to describe the relationship between the turbine operating environment, applied loads and the rate at which damage accumulates. Accurate estimates may then be made in real time concerning the probability of failure for specific failure modes and components. The methodology is illustrated for a specific failure mode using a case study of a large wind farm where a significant number of gearbox failures occurred within a short space of time. Such an approach may be implemented at relatively low cost and offers potential for significant improvements in overall wind turbine maintenance strategy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for biodetection, imaging, and drug delivery: a versatile and evolving technology
Authors: Dave Shivang R. , Gao Xiaohu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdvances in nanotechnology have pushed forward the synthesis of a variety of functional nanoparticles (NPs) such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), magnetic and metallic NPs. The unique electronic, magnetic, and optical properties exhibited by these nanometer‐sized materials have enabled a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. In particular, iron‐oxide‐based magnetic NPs have proved to be highly versatile deep‐tissue imaging agents, having been incorporated into clinical applications due to their biocompatibility. ThisInterdisciplinary Reviewwill focus on the recent advances in strategies for the synthesis and surface modification of highly monodisperse magnetic NPs and their use in imaging, drug delivery, and innovative ultrasensitive bioassays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
A method to determine the absolute harmonic content of an X‐ray beam using attenuation measurements
Authors: Glover J. L. , Chantler C. T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe present a new method for determining the absolute harmonic content of an X‐ray beam. The technique is applied to determine the harmonic content of a synchrotron beam to high‐accuracy by measuring the X‐ray attenuation of a large number of aluminium foils with thicknesses varying over several orders of magnitude. Earlier methods always determined relative quantities such as the effective harmonic content, which are dependant on experimental geometry and not transferable between detectors. We use a more fundamental and useful parameter: the harmonic‐photon percentage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Dynamic Crystal‐to‐Amorphous Transformation Microporous ZnII Mixed Neutral‐ligand Metal‐organic Polymer {[Zn(bpp)2(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)2](ClO4)2·H2O}n
Authors: Ghoreishi Amiri Maryam , Morsali Ali , Zeller Matthias 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA new rarely reported ZnII mixed‐polypyridine coordination polymer with both rigid and flexible spacers, {[Zn(bpp)2(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)2](ClO4)2·H2O}n (1), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR‐, 1H NMR‐, 13C NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermal stability of compound 1 was studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of 1 shows that the complex has been formed from a 1D polymer as a result of bridging by the 4,4′‐bipy ligands. Solution and solid‐state luminescent spectra of the compound 1 indicate intense fluorescent emissions at ca. 353.6 and 468.8 nm, respectively. Removal of the interstitial water guest molecules results in a loss of crystallinity, but exposure to water vapor reestablishes the original structure, thus constituting 1 as a third‐generation porous framework.
Pus Swabs in Incision and Drainage of Perianal Abscesses: What Is the Point?
Authors: Leung Edmund , McArdle Kirsten , Yazbek‐Hanna Marcelino 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical effectiveness of pus swabs for microbiological analysis during incision and drainage of perianal abscess is controversial. Its cost implication is often overlooked. The present study aimed to determine if submission of pus swabs can be avoided without a negative effect on outcome.MethodsAll consecutive cases of incision and drainage of perianal abscess between January 2004 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, microbiological results, and clinical outcome with a follow‐up of 6 months were assessed.ResultsA review of patient records revealed 235 cases (59 F:176 M; age range: 6–99 years; median: 37 years). In 38 cases no swabs were taken; in 28 cases (12%), 106 cases (45%), and 16 cases (7%) swabs contained skin flora organisms, coliform/Bacteroides, and sterile, respectively. Within 6 months follow‐up, 185 of the abscesses had healed, leaving 39 cases of fistula (25 cases had setons remained in situ for their fistulas at 6 months follow‐up) and 11 patients were lost from follow‐up. Fistulas were not associated with coliform/Bacteroides found on microbiological analysis (P > 0.05). In only 4 cases (1.7%) were the swab results mentioned in follow‐up reports.ConclusionsSurgeons tend not to review microbiological results at patient follow‐up. Furthermore, the preliminary findings suggest that microbiological results have no correlation with presence of fistulas or prognosis. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess whether abandoning submission of pus swabs will affect clinical effectiveness of treatment in patients with perianal abscess.
Short‐ and long‐term outcome for living pancreas donors
Authors: Reynoso Jason F. , Gruessner Christine E. , Sutherland David E. R. , Gruessner Rainer W. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe advantages of living donor pancreas transplants for the recipient include good HLA matching, lower immunologic risk, less immunosuppression, lower risk of infection and of posttransplant malignancies, and shorter pancreas graft preservation time. In 2008, a total of 155 segmental pancreas transplants using living donors were reported to the International Pancreas Transplant Registry from six countries. Pancreas living donors need to undergo a thorough pretransplant endocrinologic workup in order to minimize the risk of metabolic complications. The pretransplant workup has evolved over time, after initial reports showed that up to 25% of living donors had elevated hemoglobin A1c levels after donation. Avoiding obesity after donation diminishes the risk of long‐term metabolic complications. The risk of surgical complications for the donor (such as pancreatitis, pancreatic leak or fistula, pancreatic abscess, and pancreatic pseudocyst) is less than 5%. If both the donor and recipient operations are technically successful, the long‐term graft survival rate is significantly higher for living (versus deceased) donor pancreas transplant recipients. Future long‐term studies of metabolic function in living donors are warranted to determine whether living donor pancreas transplants can safely be applied more widely and whether living donors can be used for islet transplants.
Clickable Lipids: Azido and Alkynyl Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
Authors: Zerkowski Jonathan A. , Nuñez Alberto , Strahan Gary D. , Solaiman Daniel K. Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHydroxy fatty acids (FAs), which were isolated from glycolipids that can be prepared fermentatively from fats and oils, have been synthetically modified to contain azide and alkyne functional groups. These particular functional groups were chosen because they can participate in a copper‐catalyzed reaction that combines them to form a 1,4‐triazole, known as a “click” reaction, which has been widely used in a variety of fields but remains underutilized in FA chemistry. Depending on the starting hydroxy FA, these groups can be close to the carboxy unit (using 3‐hydroxydecanoate) and hence the polar glycerol group, or distant from it (using 17‐hydroxyoctadecanoate). These structural alternatives will impart different properties to the triacylglycerols that are subsequently prepared from the modified FA. Finally, the click reaction was used to conjugate triacylglycerols to each other and to other molecules such as a glycolipid or a protected amine.
Results of an Italian school‐based expressive writing intervention trial focused on peer problems
Authors: Giannotta Fabrizia , Settanni Michele , Kliewer Wendy , Ciairano Silvia 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention in a sample of Italian early adolescents on internalizing and post‐traumatic stress symptoms and coping strategies. Participants were 153 Italian adolescents (48% male), attending 7th grade (M = 12.24 yrs, SD = 0.47). Youth were randomly assigned either to write about personal emotional events related to problems they recently experienced with peers, or trivial topics. Data were collected before and 2 months following the intervention. Analyses revealed no overall intervention effects on symptoms. However, level of peer victimization moderated the effects of the intervention on coping strategies, such that victimized youth in the intervention showed increases in cognitive restructuring and avoidance coping, relative to other groups. Thus, expressive writing affected coping strategies but not internalizing problems in our early adolescent sample.
Marsupialisation and strap muscle transposition laryngoplasty for vocal cysts with vocal fold atrophy
Authors: Hsu C-M , Su C-Y 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectives:Vocal cysts with fold atrophy often result in more severe glottal incompetence than vocal cysts along during phonation. Although total excision or marsupialisation are reliable treatments for vocal fold cysts, any post-operative vocal deficit with significant glottal gap will need further treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment consisting of marsupialisation of the cyst immediately followed by strap muscle transposition laryngoplasty.Method:Under direct laryngomicroscopy, microscissors were used to make a disc-shaped incision encircling the equator of the cyst. After marsupialisation of the cyst, a simultaneous medialisation laryngoplasty with strap muscle transposition was performed.Results:Seven patients with vocal cysts and marked vocal fold atrophy were included in the study. After surgery, subjective improvement in voice quality was reported by all patients. Patients' glottal incompetence and vocal performance were markedly improved.Conclusion:Marsupialisation is a simple and effective surgical technique for vocal fold cysts. For cases of vocal cysts with marked vocal fold atrophy, marsupialisation followed by medialisation laryngoplasty with strap muscle transposition may be considered.