bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy goal programming model: an overview of the current state‐of‐the art
Authors: Aouni Belaïd , Martel Jean‐Marc , Hassaine Amal 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe standard Goal Programming (GP) model considers the aspiration levels (goals) as precise and deterministic. However, in practice, there are many decision‐making situations where the decision‐maker is not able to establish the goal values precisely. The goals fuzziness is more related to the nature of the objectives involved in the decision‐making situation. The Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) Model has been developed in the earliest of the 80s to deal with such situations. The concept of membership functions, based on fuzzy sets theory, has been used for modelling the goals fuzziness in the GP. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current state‐of‐the art regarding the FGP model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in a multiethnic community‐based case‐control study
Authors: Shino Michael Y. , McGuire Valerie , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Tanner Caroline M. , Popat Rita , Leimpeter Amethyst , Bernstein Allan L. , Nelson Lorene M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTo assess the familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease (PD), we compared the cumulative incidence of PD among first‐degree relatives of PD cases and controls. We identified newly diagnosed patients with PD (n = 573) during 1994 to 1995 within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California and recruited 496 cases (87%) for the case‐control study. Of 720 eligible controls matched by birth year and sex to cases, 541 (75%) agreed to participate. Information on family history of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases was obtained by in‐person structured interview. We used the reconstructed cohort approach that provides a better estimate of the risk. The cumulative incidence of PD was significantly higher among relatives of PD patients compared with relatives of controls (2.0 vs. 0.7%; relative risk (RR) = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–5.9; P = 0.0001). The degree of familial aggregation was higher among first‐degree relatives of Hispanic PD cases compared with Hispanic controls (3.7% vs. 0.4%; RR = 8.5, 95% CI 1.0–68.9) than it was among non‐Hispanic Caucasian cases and controls (2.0% vs. 0.8%; RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–5.1; P = 0.02). The familial aggregation of PD was stronger among the siblings of PD cases (RR = 5.4, 95% CI 1.8–16.0) than among parents (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.2). The incidence and familial aggregation of PD is highest among Hispanics, warranting further studies of genetic and environmental risk factors in the Hispanic population. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Numerical treatment of engineering problems with uncertainties. The fuzzy set approach and its application to the heat exchanger problem
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Silva Renato S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn important part of predicting responses with computational models is the definition of systems parameters such as material properties. The reliability of model‐based predictions depends on the quality of these data, and the knowledge of their uncertainties. When experiments cannot be performed to determine parameter values, they must be obtained from the literature, namely handbooks, standards, specification sheets, etc. This paper addresses the use of literature‐based parameters and other information for assessing uncertainty in computational predictions. The uncertainties in the data and the solution (prediction) are described in the framework of fuzzy sets. A double‐pipe heat exchanger thermal analysis problem is used to illustrate the difficulties with computational predictions when only informations from the literature are available. It is shown that the resulting uncertainties are significant and cannot be neglected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On micro‐to‐macro transitions for multi‐scale analysis of non‐linear heterogeneous materials: unified variational basis and finite element implementation
Authors: Perić D. , de Souza Neto E. A. , Feijóo R. A. , Partovi M. , Molina A. J. Carneiro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis work describes a homogenization‐based multi‐scale procedure required for the computation of the material response of non‐linear microstructures undergoing small strains. Such procedures are important for computer modelling of heterogeneous materials when the length‐scale of heterogeneities is small compared to the dimensions of the body. The described multi‐scale procedure relies on a unified variational basis which, apart from the continuum‐based variational formulation at both micro‐ and macroscales of the problem, also includes the variational formulation governing micro‐to‐macro transitions. This unified variational basis leads naturally to a generic finite element‐based framework for homogenization‐based multi‐scale analysis of heterogenous solids. In addition, the unified variational formulation provides clear axiomatic basis and hierarchy related to the choice of boundary conditions at the microscale. Classical kinematical constraints are considered over the representative volume element: (i) Taylor, (ii) linear boundary displacements, (iii) periodic boundary displacement fluctuations and (iv) minimal constraint, also known as uniform boundary tractions. In this context the Hill‐Mandel averaging requirement, which links microscopic and macroscopic stress power, plays a fundamental role in defining the microscopic forces compatible with the assumed kinematics. Numerical examples of both microscale and two‐scale finite element simulations of elasto‐plastic material with microcavities are presented to illustrate the main features and scope of the described computational strategy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new numerical method for the inverse source problem from a Bayesian perspective
Authors: Yan Liang , Yang Feng‐Lian , Fu Chu‐Li 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this work, a new numerical method for the inverse problem of determining a spacewise‐dependent heat source for a parabolic heat equation is developed. We reconstruct the unknown heat source by an augmented Tikhonov regularization (a‐TR) method derived from a Bayesian perspective. The a‐TR method could determine the regularization parameter and detect the noise level automatically. Numerical results for several benchmark test problems indicate that the a‐TR method is an accurate and flexible method to determine the unknown spacewise‐dependent heat source. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of the material force concept and the extended finite element method for mixed mode crack growth simulations
Authors: Häusler S. M. , Lindhorst K. , Horst P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel approach to simulate crack growth within an extended finite element framework is presented. The introduced approach combines the material force concept and the extended finite element method (xFEM) that is not straight forward and faces the major problem that a crack tip node, which is required for the evaluation of the material force, is not available within an xFEM framework.The introduced concept enables an efficient single step evaluation of the crack state and the crack growth direction based on a continuum mechanics approach and represents an alternative to the common procedure of using the stress intensity factor solution within a stress or energy‐based empirical formulation for the determination of the crack growth direction. Two different approaches are introduced that evaluate the crack tip material force within the xFEM based on a domain or contour approach, both providing equivalent results. After an evaluation of the method, a major focus is set on crack growth investigations with increased complexity, including mixed mode loading and crack interaction with other discontinuities. The influence of different evaluation parameters is studied by comparing the results with empirical, experimental and alternative numerical solutions and confirms the applicability and capability of the proposed combination of both concepts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbonization of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes observed by transmission electron microscope with in situ heating
Authors: Prilutsky Sabina , Zussman Eyal , Cohen Yachin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractComposite nanofibers with 5% w/w multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. Morphological development during the carbonization process was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with in situ heating. It was found that the orientation of graphitic layers increases with temperature and does not change significantly with time during our TEM measurement, except the 750 °C. In the heating stage at 750 °C noticeable enhancement of orientation with time was observed. The presence of embedded CNTs enhances the order of the formed graphitic structures even when the CNTs are irregular or entangled. The results indicate that embedded MWCNTs in the PAN nanofibers nucleate the growth of carbon crystals during PAN carbonization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Autoinhibition of GEF activity in intersectin 1 is mediated by the short SH3‐DH domain linker
Authors: Kintscher Carsten , Wuertenberger Silvia , Eylenstein Roy , Uhlendorf Theresia , Groemping Yvonne 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntersectin 1L (ITSN1L) acts as a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small guanine nucleotide binding protein Cdc42 via its C‐terminal DH domain. Interestingly, constructs of ITSN1L that comprise additional domains, for instance the five SH3 domains amino‐terminal of the DH domain, were shown to be inhibited in their exchange factor activity. Here, we investigate the inhibitory mechanism of ITSN1L in detail and identify a novel short amino acid motif which mediates autoinhibition. We found this motif to be located in the linker region between the SH3 domains and the DH domain, and we show that within this motif W1221 acts as key residue in establishing the inhibitory interaction. This assigns ITSN1L to a growing class of GEFs that are regulated by a short amino acid motif inhibiting GEF activity by an intramolecular interaction. Moreover, we quantify the interaction between the ITSN1L SH3 domains and the Cdc42 effector N‐WASP using fluorescence anisotropy binding experiments. As the SH3 domains are not involved in autoinhibition, binding of N‐WASP does not release inhibition of nucleotide exchange activity in kinetic experiments, in contrast to earlier observations.
Catalyst preparation with ball milling for catalytic synthesis of coiled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fejes Dóra , Forró László , Hernadi Klara 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of our experiments was the production of helically coiled carbon nanotubes selectively. The influence of catalytic particles prepared by ball milling (dry and wet method) was investigated on the growth of coiled carbon nanotubes under CVD conditions. For qualitative characterization of carbon deposit on the surface, the products were imaged by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The activity of each catalyst sample was characterized by carbon yield.magnified image
HRTEM image of helically coiled carbon nanotube.
Rims of carbon nanotubes – influence of chirality
Authors: Dumlich Heiko , Reich Stephanie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study the possible configurations of the open ends (rims) of carbon nanotubes. There are many possible rim structures for a given chirality (n,m). The rim configuration depends to a large extend on the atomic species and shape of its host material. We develop formulas to derive the number of armchair and zigzag‐type dangling bonds contained in a specific rim configuration. Armchair and zigzag‐type dangling bonds form different barriers at the interface between a carbon nanotube and a host material. Reshaping the rim to a desired configuration allows to change the properties of the nanotube, e.g. transport barriers, which might be interesting for producing tailored NEMS or carbon nanotube based composites.
Dissociation of water on a palladium nanoparticle
Authors: Papas Brian N. , Whitten Jerry L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAb initio SCF‐CI theory has been used to examine the interactions of a single water molecule with a 31‐atom nanocluster of palladium. Calculations are performed on singly‐charged cationic and anionic particles in addition to the neutral system to determine effects of charging on the adsorption energy of water and the barriers to dissociation. Penetration of the dissociated H through the surface layer into an interstitial subsurface site is also examined. Adsorption energies of an intact water molecule fall in the range 0.2–0.8 eV, while the barrier to dissociation into a subsurface site is in the range 1.4–2.1 eV depending on the charge of the metal particle. Calculations on the photoinduced dissociation of water adsorbed on the Pd surface are also reported, and dissociation pathways with smaller energy barriers than found for the ground state are shown to exist. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
L'acide Sulfoglutaconique
Authors: van der Zanden J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEn partant de l'acide β‐chloroglutaconique et aussi de l'acide glutinique, on a préparé l'acide β‐sulfoglutaconique; les produits sont identiques (point de fusion, les sels dipotassique, dibarytique et triargentique).L'acide β‐chloroglutaconique a été obtenu suivant des modes de préparation connus. Le point de fusion était de 141‐142° (litt. 129°). II a été rendu probable que nous avons affaire à la forme cis.La préparation de l'acide glutinique a été simplifiée. Le produit fond à 158.5° (litt. 145‐146°).
Synthese von Glyceriden mit Hilfe von Tritylverbindungen
Authors: Verkade P. E. , van der Lee J. , Meerburg L. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn einer früheren Abhandlung haben wir eine Synthese von zweisäurigen Diglyceriden beschrieben. Durch Einwirkung eines Acylchlorids bei Zimmertemperatur in Gegenwart von Chinolin oder Pyridin lassen sich hieraus in sehr guter Ausbeute reine dreisäurige Glyceride herstellen. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses Verfahrens wird in dieser Abhandlung an der Herstellung der drei Myristyl‐palmityl‐stearylglycerole gezeigt. Die Bedeutung dieser Synthese dreisäuriger Glyceride für die weitere Entwicklung der Fettchemie wird auseinandergesetzt.
Derivatives of the oxidation products of glycerol
Authors: den Otter H. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this investigation on the oxidation of glycerol, was to discover a method of preparing dihydroxyacetone in higher yields than obtained by E. Fischer and J. Tafel Ber. 20, 3384 (1887).
) by purely chemical means. The literature on the purely chemical oxidation of glycerol is very voluminous See dissertation, pp. 19, 20 and 21.
).The oxidation of glycerol was examined with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate, with alkaline hypochlorite solution using cobalt acetate as catalyst, with bleaching powder and cobalt acetate and with bromine and soda. The latter method afforded crystallised dihydroxyacetone. Various hydrazones and osazones of this compound were prepared. Some of the osazones of dihydroxyacetone could only be obtained by first oxidising it to hydroxypyruvic aldehyde and reacting the latter with the appropriate substituted hydrazines.Various osazones of glyoxal were also prepared.
The diffusion of an electrolyte
Authors: Hermans J. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractI. Theoretical part: The diffusion of an electrolyte is due to a tendency of the ions to move towards points of lower concentration, while their charge causes a gradient of potential which makes both ions move with the same average velocity. The above mentioned tendency can be described by a “Penetrationsdruck” which depends on the concentration of the electrolyte. Moreover attention must be paid to the mutual influence of motions, which can be treated in a very general way by means of hydrodynamical considerations.The theory leads to a formula for the diffusion coefficient and for the diffusion potential. The latter has been compared with experiments mentioned in the literature.
The bromination of quinoline, isoquinoline, thiazole and benzthiazole in the gaseous phase
Authors: Jansen H. E. , Wibaut J. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe bromination of quinoline in the gaseous phase at 450‐500° results in the formation of 2‐bromoquinoline, the yield being sufficient for preparative work. If the bromination is carried out at 300°, 3‐bromoquinoline is formed. The influence of temperature on the course of the substitution reaction is therefore analogous to that previously found with pyridine.The bromination of isoquinoline at 450° gives a small yield of 1‐bromo‐isoquinoline. The bromination of thiazole at both 250° and 450° gives 2‐bromothiazole.The bromination of benzthiazole at 450° is analogous to that of quinoline.The hydrogen atoms of the benzene nucleus of benzthiazole are not substituted and the bromine atom enters the thiazole ring at the only available position, namely the 2‐position. The 2‐bromobenzthiazole so formed may also be prepared from 2‐aminobenzthiazole.
On the system water‐sulphur trioxide
Authors: Snethlage H. C. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe values of E and log. A in kT = A e ‐E/RT. which have been published for the oxidation of succinic acid with chromic acid in sulphuric acid of varying strength, allow one to calculate kT for any temperature. The maximum which was found in the kT‐acid concentration curve must show a shift to lower sulphuric acid concentrations with decrease of the temperature. At −40° it is found very near to the composition SO3 3 aq. This, and the fact that the speed of oxidation increases rapidly with the acid concentration as soon as the composition SO3 5 aq. has been reached, leads to the conclusion that SO3 3 aq. is one of the active components of the system. Comparison of the speed of decomposition of chromic acid, the speed of oxidation of organic substances and the speed of decomposition of organic substances by sulphuric acid, leads to the conclusion that a second hydrate, probably 2 SO3 1 aq. is active too. It is known that reactions which are dependent on the concentration of this substance have an abnormally high temperature coefficient. The superposition of the effects caused by these two hydrates explains the behaviour of solutions of sulphuric acid in water at different temperatures in a number of cases.
The basic properties of orthophosphoric acid
Authors: Arlman E. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOn adding together H3PO4 and HClO4 a substance of the composition H3PO4. HClO4 is formed with a melting point of 46°‐47°. It is shown by the electrolysis of its solution in CH3NO2 that the H3PO4 forms a positive ion, from which follows that H3PO4 has basic properties towards the strong acid HClO4. The reaction:

may be compared with the reaction:
Die Struktur einiger Kristallisierten Antimonate
Authors: Beintema J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie Koordinationszahl des fünfwertigen Antimons in seinen Sauerstoffverbindungen, wie sie aus dem Verhältnisse der Ionenradien des fünfwertig positiven Antimons und des zweiwertig negativen Sauerstoffs abgeleitet werden kann, ist sechs. In Zusammenhang damit nimmt Pauling 1) an, dass die Antimonate als Salze der hypothetischen Säure HSb(OH)6 aufzufassen seien. L. Pauling, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55, 1895 (1933)
Um die Richtigkeit dieser Hypothese zu prüfen, wurden einige kristallisierten Antimonate röntgenographisch untersucht. Es konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass wenigstens die kristallisierten Antimonate des Natriums (das sogenannte “Natriumdihydropyrostibiat”), des Magnesiums, des Nickels, des Kobalts und des komplexen Kations: {Cu(NH3)3(H2O)3}” in der Tat das Ion {Sb(OH)6}' enthalten. Auch im Falle des Bariumantimonats konnte diese Struktur der Antimonationen wahrscheinlich gemacht werden.Das Triaquo‐triamino‐Kupferantimonat zeigt eine bemerkenswerte Parallelverwachsung, die der von Bijvoet und Nieuwenkamp2) beim CdBr2 gefundene “Wechselstruktur” einigermassen ähnlich ist. Für diese Erscheinung wurde der Name , Intrataxie” vorgeschlagen.Auch bei der triklinen Modifikation des Magnesium‐ und des Kobaltsalzes muss eine derartige “Intrataxie” wahrscheinlich angenommen werden J. M. Bijvoet und W. Nieuwenkamp, Z. Krist. 86, 466 (1933)
)
The Raman spectrum of sulphur dioxide in different states
Authors: Gerding H. , Nijveld W. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe influence of the state of matter on the three vibrations of sulphur dioxide has been studied.For that reason the Raman spectra of gaseous SO2 at 12 atmospheres, of liquid SO2 at 40° and 70°, of solutions of SO2 in water and of mixtures of SO2 with CCl4 (and SO3) were investigated.The difference between
equation image
gas and
equation image
liquid for the strongest Raman line of SO2, is equal to 6 cm−1. This is to be ascribed to the action of the electrostatic fields of the dipole molecules in the liquid.For solutions in water (at 50°), the dissolved SO2 is in a state comparable with the gaseous one. The concentration of H2SO3 in the solution can only be small.For the mixtures only small displacements of the Raman lines have been The spectrum of the mixtures consists in first approximation of a superposition of the spectra of the two components.The experimental arrangement used, is described in detail.
Zur Silberkeimtheorie des Latenten Bildes: Die Kritische Keimgrösse
Authors: Reinders W. , de Vries R. W. P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Die Untersuchungen von Reinders und Hamburger über die physikalische Entwicklung von Silberschichten subatomarer Dicke, welche durch Sublimation im Hochvakuum auf Glasunterlage hergestellt waren, wurden wiederholt und erweitert.
Die Grenze der Entwicklungsfähigkeit wurde bei einer Schichtdicke von etwa 0.002 Atomen gefunden. Die Entwicklungsfähigkeit steigt sehr rasch mit der Schichtdicke.
Unter den normalen Umständen der Entwicklung (Δ E =εAg‐ε Red ungefähr 0.200 bis 0.250 Volt) sind isolierte Atome, Doppelatome und 3‐Aggregate nicht entwickelbar. Erst Aggregate von 4 und mehr Atomen sind keimfähig.
Les Acétales Cycliques de Quelques Combinaisons Mono‐ et Dicarbonylées
Authors: Böeseken J. , Tellegen F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNous avons étudié la préparation des acétales *) cycliques de quelques mono‐ et bi‐cétones. La butanedione‐2,3 (diacétyle) donne un mono‐acétale pentacyclique, un diacétale pentacyclique (p. d. f. 30°–31°) et un diacétale hexacyclique (p. d. f. 90°–91°). Les structures de ces acétales furent démontrées. La méthode de préparation fut presque toujours l'addition d'acide sulfurique concentré.
Sur les Polymères du Méthylchavicol
Authors: van der Zanden J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLe chauffage du méthylchavicol, CH3O. C6H4. CH2. CH: CH2, à 250° a donné naissance à un mélange de polymères, d'oùG nous avons isolé, à l'état pur et cristallisé, trois dimères et un trimère.L'un de ces dimères est le 1,6‐di‐p‐méthoxyphénylhexène‐1.Nous avons établi sa structure, en étudiant la transposition‐Beckmann de l'oxime d'un acide cétonique, qu'on obtient entre autres produits, en oxydant le dimère.Nous avons synthétisé cet acide cétonique, l'acide γ‐anisoyl‐n. butyrique et également l'acide δ‐p‐méthoxyphényl‐n.valérique, qui prend naissance comme produit primaire dans l'oxydation du polymère et qui, par une Oxydation plus énergique engendre l'acide cétonique. Enfin nous avons vérifié et également l'acide δ‐p‐méthoxyphényl‐n. valérique, qui prend naissance qu'on obtient également par hydrogénation du dimère.