bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a Shallow Magma Reservoir Beneath Askja Caldera, Iceland, From Body Wave Tomography
Authors: Han J. , Rawlinson N. , Greenfield T. , White R. S. , Brandsdóttir B. , Winder T. , Drouin V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn August 2021, Askja caldera switched to reinflation following ∼40 years of continuous deflation that was first measured some 20 years after its last eruption in 1961. Various lines of evidence, including from geodetic modeling, suggest that both the deflation and reinflation events are related to a shallow magma body. To better understand the subsurface plumbing system, we derive P‐wave velocity (Vp), S‐wave velocity (Vs), and Vp/Vs models of the mid‐upper crust by leveraging a new local earthquake traveltime data set. A cylindrical low‐velocity zone, ∼3 km wide and extending to ∼8 km below sea level (bsl), was imaged beneath the caldera. Within it, two distinct lower velocity and higher Vp/Vs anomalies are illuminated, one centered at ∼0.5 km and the other at ∼6 km bsl. The shallower anomaly lies directly beneath the zone of uplift and is likely associated with the current reinflation event.
A 2‐Dimensional Data Detrending Technique for Equatorial Plasma Bubble Studies Using GOLD Far Ultraviolet Observations
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Huang Chaosong , Groves Keith M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe formulate a numerical data detrending technique that can be used to help reveal large‐scale equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) structures in 2‐dimensional data from the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission. This GOLD data detrending technique is inspired by and is a generalization of a previous rolling‐barrel data detrending method for 1‐dimensional total electron content (TEC) observations on individual global positioning system (GPS) satellite passes. This 2‐dimensional GOLD data detrending technique treats the observed 135.6 nm radiance as a function of longitude and latitude as an uneven terrain, where EPBs appear as deep but narrow elongated valleys. The unperturbed background radiance is inferred by rolling a ball on the 2‐dimensional terrain to skip over the EPB valleys. The two degrees‐of‐freedom possessed by the rolling ball allow it to smoothly trace the edges of EPB depletions, without falling into the deep valleys. Surface interpolation of radiance values at the ball's contact points onto the whole domain produces the baseline radiance. Subtracting the baseline from the original radiance data yields the net detrended radiance. As a result of the detrending, sharper contrast is present between EPB depletions and the ambient surroundings. As such, this new 2‐dimensional GOLD data detrending may potentially open the door to the development of other more advanced techniques for automated EPB detection and tracking, or data assimilation into low‐latitude space domain awareness (SDA) information ecosystems.
Atomic‐Scale Study of Intercrystalline (Mg,Fe)O in Planetary Mantles: Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Grain Boundaries Under Pressure
Authors: Ritterbex Sebastian , Tsuchiya Taku , Drury Martyn , Plümper Oliver 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPolycrystalline (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase is the second most abundant mantle constituent of the Earth and possibly of super‐Earth exoplanets. Its mechanical behavior is expected to accommodate substantial plastic deformation in Earth's lower mantle. While bulk properties of ferropericlase have been extensively studied, the thermodynamics of grain boundaries and their role on mechanical response remain largely unexplored. Here, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate mechanical behavior and thermodynamics of the {310}[001] grain boundary—a representative proxy for high‐angle {hk0}[001] tilt grain boundaries—at relevant mantle pressures of the Earth and super‐Earth exoplanets. Our results provide evidence that shear‐coupled migration and grain boundary sliding are the dominant mechanisms of (Mg,Fe)O grain boundary mobility. We show that pressure‐induced structural transformations of grain boundaries can trigger a change in the mechanism and direction of grain boundary motion. Significant mechanical weakening of the grain boundary is observed under multi‐megabar pressures, caused by a change in the grain boundary transition state structure during motion. Our results identify grain boundary weakening in periclase as a potential mechanism for viscosity reductions in the mantle of super‐Earths. We further demonstrate that structural grain boundary transitions control the spin crossover of Fe2+ in the grain boundaries. We model iron partitioning behavior between bulk and grain boundaries and predict equipartitioning to occur in μm size ferropericlase grains. Our findings suggest that the iron spin crossover pressure in ferropericlase may increase several tens of GPa by pressure‐induced structural grain boundary transitions in dynamically active fine‐grained lower mantle regions.
Synergistic Effect of Surface Thermal Heterogeneity in Phase With Topography on Deep Moist Convection
Authors: Kang Song‐Lak , Ryu Jung‐Hee 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUsing large eddy simulation, we investigate the combined effect of terrain and surface sensible heat flux (SHF) heterogeneity on the development of afternoon deep moist convection (DMC). We implement an analytically derived, two‐dimensional terrain and SHF variations transformed from a κ−3 (where κ is the wavenumber) spectrum spanning wavelengths from 32 to 0.2 km. By separately coupling multiscale terrain with a homogeneous SHF field and the multiscale SHF field with flat terrain, we discern the individual impacts of these κ−3‐spectrum forcings on DMC. Our specific forcing configuration demonstrates that the multiscale terrain had a greater influence on DMC development compared to the multiscale SHF field. While the solely surface SHF heterogeneity forcing results in a wider pool of high relative humidity above the boundary layer, its significance is relatively lower in the mountainous terrain cases due to the shorter interaction time between highly buoyant thermals and the surrounding environment. However, when the multiscale terrain and SHF field are synchronized, DMC develops rapidly within a time frame of 4.5 hr, which is facilitated by enhanced surface buoyancy fluxes, the presence of highly buoyant thermals, and the persistence of mesoscale structures such as near‐surface convergence and mesoscale updrafts. Our study highlights the importance of the synergistic effects between multiscale terrain and surface SHF heterogeneity in DMC development. Additionally, our multiscale analyses of atmospheric variables reveal distinct atmospheric regimes between the pre‐storm and DMC periods. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics involved in the formation of afternoon DMC.
Temperature, Water Depth, and Flow Velocity Are Important Drivers of Methane Ebullition in a Temperate Lowland Stream
Authors: Bednařík A. , Bodmer P. , Darenova E. , Kokrda L. , Pavelka M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractStreams and rivers are a well‐recognized source of methane (CH4), with high spatiotemporal variability in fluxes. However, CH4 release in form of bubbles (ebullition) is rarely included in current global CH4 emission estimates from lotic ecosystems, due to the lack of reliable models to upscale ebullition. Our study aimed to determine the importance of individual emission pathways (diffusion and ebullition) for total CH4 emissions from a lowland stream with low sediment heterogeneity and explore the relations of ebullition to environmental variables to build a stream ebullition model for this simplified system. We measured CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusive emissions and ebullition from a temperate lowland stream in Czech Republic (Central Europe) during the ice‐free season 2021. The studied stream was a significant source of CH4 (mean 260 ± 107 mg CH4 m−2 day−1), with ebullition as a prevailing pathway of CH4 emission (mean 74 ± 7%, range 55%–85%) throughout the whole monitored period. CH4 ebullition showed a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity, with sediment temperature and water depth as the strongest predictors, followed by the interaction between flow velocity and sediment temperature. Our model explained 81% of total variance of CH4 ebullition and suggests that it is possible to model ebullitive fluxes in lowland streams with homogeneous sediments. Since CH4 was an important part of the total CO2‐equivalent emissions from the examined stream, accounting for mean (±SD) 35 ± 7.4%, and ebullition the majority of the CH4 emission, the ability to adequately model ebullition is pertinent for lowland streams.
Enceladus: Astrobiology Revisited
Authors: Davila A. F. , Eigenbrode J. L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAstrobiology research seeks to understand how life begins and evolves, and to determine whether life exist elsewhere in the universe. The discovery of diverse ocean worlds has significantly expanded the number of planetary bodies in the Solar System that could potentially contain life. Of the recognized ocean worlds, Saturn's moon Enceladus stands out because it appears to meet all requirements to sustain life. For that reason, robotic mission concepts are being developed to determine whether Enceladus' ocean is inhabited. The theory of organic chemical evolution (OCE) represents an ideal framework to guide this exploration strategy, articulating investigations and associated measurements of organic matter in the subsurface ocean. Within this reference frame, the immediate priority with the lowest science risk would be to understand molecular and structural properties of bulk organic matter in the ocean, and search for metabolic precursors and biochemical building blocks, both free and bound. This could be supplemented with “high‐risk, high‐reward” searches for functional polymers, catalytic activity, and cell‐like objects with traits indicative of evolutionary adaptations. The theory of OCE provides a robust scientific foundation for the astrobiological exploration of ocean worlds, fostering a productive path to discovery with lower mission risk that could be implemented with existing technology. Strong synergies between astrobiology and Earth‐bound research could ensue from this exploration strategy particularly in the context of terrestrial analog studies and laboratory simulations.
GNSS Differential Code Bias Determination Using Rao‐Blackwellized Particle Filtering
Authors: Reid Ben , Themens David R. , McCaffrey Anthony , Jayachandran P. T. , Hoque Mainul , Mazzella Andrew J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Assimilative Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (A‐CHAIM) is a near‐real‐time data assimilation model of the high latitude ionosphere, incorporating measurements from many instruments, including slant Total Electron Content measurements from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. These measurements have receiver‐specific Differential Code Biases (DCB) which must be resolved to produce an absolute measurement, which are resolved simultaneously with the ionospheric state using Rao‐Blackwellized particle filtering. These DCBs are compared to published values and to DCBs determined using eight different Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM), which show small but consistent systematic differences. The potential cause of these systematic biases is investigated using multiple experimental A‐CHAIM test runs, including the effect of plasmaspheric electron content. By running tests using the GIM‐derived DCBs, it is shown that using A‐CHAIM DCBs produces the lowest overall error, and that using GIM DCBs causes an overestimation of the topside electron density which can exceed 100% when compared to in situ measurements from DMSP.
Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening
Authors: Liu Jun , Rosenau Matthias , Brune Sascha , Kosari Ehsan , Rudolf Michael , Oncken Onno 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTriaxial deformation is a general feature of continental tectonics, but its controls and the systematics of associated fault networks remain poorly understood. We present triaxial analog experiments mimicking crustal thinning resulting from distributed longitudinal extension and lateral shortening. Contemporary longitudinal extension and lateral shortening are related by the principal horizontal strain ratio (PHSR). We investigate the effect of crustal geometry, rheology and strain rate on deformation localization, faulting regime and pattern, and PHSR in brittle and brittle‐viscous crustal‐scale models. We find that in brittle models the fault networks reflect the basal boundary condition and fault‐density scales inversely with brittle layer thickness. In brittle‐viscous models, as strain rate (ė) decreases, (a) Three fault patterns emerge: conjugate sets of strike‐slip faults (ė > 3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR > 0.31), sets of parallel oblique normal faults (ė = 0.3–3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR = 0.15–0.25), horst‐and‐graben system (ė < 0.3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR < 0.1). (b) The strain localization increases systematically and gradually. We interpret the strain rate dependent of faulting regimes to be controlled by vertical coupling between the model upper mantle and model upper crust resulting in spontaneous permutation of principal stress axes. Rate‐dependency of strain localization can be related to mechanical coupling between the upper and lower crust. We identify the following parameters controlling triaxial tectonic deformation: upper crustal thickness and friction coefficient, lower crustal thickness and viscosity, as well as strain rate. We test our models and predictions against natural prototypes (Tibet, Anatolia, Apennines, and Basin and Range Province) thus providing new perspectives on triaxial deformation.
Introducing the Rising Stars of GeoHealth
Authors: Nguyen Thanh H. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEarly career researchers often asked me: how I became the editor‐in‐chief, what editors, associate editors, and editors do, why I wanted to become an editor, how much time an editor committed, would I rather spend more time on my research and publish another paper or my personal life? All of these questions make sense. When I started as an assistant professor nearly 20 years ago, I did not plan to become an editor; I wanted to do my research and teach to achieve tenure. Sound familiar? Fortunately, I was gradually pulled into the publishing process not as an author but as a reviewer, associate editor, and eventually editor‐in‐chief by several senior colleagues, for whom I am forever grateful. Now, it is my turn to prepare the next generation of editors, the backbone of science.
A Case Study of Ionospheric Storm‐Time Altitudinal Differences at Low Latitudes During the May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Kuai Jiawei , Sun Hao , Liu Libo , Zhong Jiahao , Yue Xinan , Wang Kang , Zhang Ruilong , Li Qiaoling , Yang Yuyan , Jin Yihong , Dong Yi , Wan Xin , Chen Jiawen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPrevious studies paid little attention to the ionospheric storm‐time altitudinal differences due to insufficiency of ionospheric measurements. In this work, multiple instrumental observations were used to investigate the ionospheric storm‐time response at low latitudes in the American and Asian‐Australian sectors during the May 2021 geomagnetic storm. The ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) total electron content (TEC) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite topside TEC presented opposite (positive/negative) variations in the low‐latitude and equatorial region of both sectors during this storm. The electron density profiles from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate‐2 (COSMIC‐2) and the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar showed a good agreement and well explained the opposite variations between GNSS TEC and LEO satellite topside TEC. The F2‐layer peak height (hmF2) and peak density (NmF2) displayed inverse variations, and the feature was present mostly in the regions between equatorial ionization anomaly crests. The combined modulation effects of the storm‐time zonal electric fields and the field‐aligned transports possibly resulted in the contrary variations of hmF2 and NmF2 in the low‐latitude and equatorial region, leading to the storm‐time altitudinal differences during this storm. Relatively, the storm‐time thermospheric composition disturbances might be a minor factor responsible for these differences.
Recognizing and Appreciating the 2023 JGR: Biogeosciences Reviewers
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Feng Xiaojuan , Huntzinger Deborah , Xenopoulos Marguerite A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPeer review is a crucial but time‐consuming and sometimes frustrating part of science. The Editors of JGR: Biogeosciences are deeply appreciative of, and sincerely thank, the many 2023 reviewers who donated their time and expertise in support of the journal.
Reconfigurable memlogic long wave infrared sensing with superconductors
Authors: Chen Bingxin , Xue Huanyi , Pan Hong , Zhu Liping , Yan Xiaomi , Wang Jingzhe , Song Yanru , An Zhenghua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOptical sensors with in-cell logic and memory capabilities offer new horizons in realizing machine vision beyond von Neumann architectures and have been attempted with two-dimensional materials, memristive oxides, phase-changing materials etc. Noting the unparalleled performance of superconductors with both quantum-limited optical sensitivities and ultra-wide spectrum coverage, here we report a superconducting memlogic long-wave infrared sensor based on the bistability in hysteretic superconductor-normal phase transition. Driven cooperatively by electrical and optical pulses, the device offers deterministic in-sensor switching between resistive and superconducting (hence dissipationless) states with persistence > 105 s. This results in a resilient reconfigurable memlogic system applicable for, e.g., encrypted communications. Besides, a high infrared sensitivity at 12.2 μm is achieved through its in-situ metamaterial perfect absorber design. Our work opens the avenue to realize all-in-one superconducting memlogic sensors, surpassing biological retina capabilities in both sensitivity and wavelength, and presents a groundbreaking opportunity to integrate visional perception capabilities into superconductor-based intelligent quantum machines.
Differences in the neural correlates of schizophrenia with positive and negative formal thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia in the ENIGMA dataset
Authors: Sharkey Rachel J. , Bacon Chelsea , Peterson Zeru , Rootes-Murdy Kelly , Salvador Raymond , Pomarol-Clotet Edith , Karuk Andriana , Homan Philipp , Ji Ellen , Omlor Wolfgang , Homan Stephanie , Georgiadis Foivos , Kaiser Stefan , Kirschner Matthias , Ehrlich Stefan , Dannlowski Udo , Grotegerd Dominik , Goltermann Janik , Meinert Susanne , Kircher Tilo , Stein Frederike , Brosch Katharina , Krug Axel , Nenadic Igor , Sim Kang , Spalletta Gianfranco , Banaj Nerisa , Sponheim Scott R. , Demro Caroline , Ramsay Ian S. , King Margaret , Quidé Yann , Green Melissa Jane , Nguyen Dana , Preda Adrian , Calhoun Vince , Turner Jessica , van Erp Theo , Nickl-Jockschat Thomas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFormal thought disorder (FTD) is a clinical key factor in schizophrenia, but the neurobiological underpinnings remain unclear. In particular, the relationship between FTD symptom dimensions and patterns of regional brain volume loss in schizophrenia remains to be established in large cohorts. Even less is known about the cellular basis of FTD. Our study addresses these major obstacles by enrolling a large multi-site cohort acquired by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group (752 schizophrenia patients and 1256 controls), to unravel the neuroanatomy of FTD in schizophrenia and using virtual histology tools on implicated brain regions to investigate the cellular basis. Based on the findings of previous clinical and neuroimaging studies, we decided to separately explore positive, negative and total formal thought disorder. We used virtual histology tools to relate brain structural changes associated with FTD to cellular distributions in cortical regions. We identified distinct neural networks positive and negative FTD. Both networks encompassed fronto-occipito-amygdalar brain regions, but positive and negative FTD demonstrated a dissociation: negative FTD showed a relative sparing of orbitofrontal cortical thickness, while positive FTD also affected lateral temporal cortices. Virtual histology identified distinct transcriptomic fingerprints associated for both symptom dimensions. Negative FTD was linked to neuronal and astrocyte fingerprints, while positive FTD also showed associations with microglial cell types. These results provide an important step towards linking FTD to brain structural changes and their cellular underpinnings, providing an avenue for a better mechanistic understanding of this syndrome.
The DNA damage-independent ATM signalling maintains CBP/DOT1L axis in MLL rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Wang Guangming , Zhang Wenjun , Ren Jie , Zeng Yu , Dang Xiuyong , Tian Xiaoxue , Yu Wenlei , Li Zheng , Ma Yuting , Yang Pingping , Lu Jinyuan , Zheng Junke , Lu Bing , Xu Jun , Liang Aibin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe long-term maintenance of leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) is responsible for the high degree of malignancy in MLL (mixed-lineage leukaemia) rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The DNA damage response (DDR) and DOT1L/H3K79me pathways are required to maintain LSCs in MLLr-AML, but little is known about their interplay. This study revealed that the DDR enzyme ATM regulates the maintenance of LSCs in MLLr-AML with a sequential protein-posttranslational-modification manner via CBP-DOT1L. We identified the phosphorylation of CBP by ATM, which confers the stability of CBP by preventing its proteasomal degradation, and characterised the acetylation of DOT1L by CBP, which mediates the high level of H3K79me2 for the expression of leukaemia genes in MLLr-AML. In addition, we revealed that the regulation of CBP-DOT1L axis in MLLr-AML by ATM was independent of DNA damage activation. Our findings provide insight into the signalling pathways involoved in MLLr-AML and broaden the understanding of the role of DDR enzymes beyond processing DNA damage, as well as identigying them as potent cancer targets.
Phenotyping of cancer-associated somatic mutations in the BCL2 transmembrane domain
Authors: Leiva Diego , Lucendo Estefanía , García-Jareño Alicia Belén , Sancho Mónica , Orzáez Mar 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe BCL2 family of proteins controls cell death by modulating the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane through a fine-tuned equilibrium of interactions among anti- and pro-apoptotic members. The upregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins represents an unfavorable prognostic factor in many tumor types due to their ability to shift the equilibrium toward cancer cell survival. Furthermore, cancer-associated somatic mutations in BCL2 genes interfere with the protein interaction network, thereby promoting cell survival. A range of studies have documented how these mutations affect the interactions between the cytosolic domains of BCL2 and evaluate the impact on cell death; however, as the BCL2 transmembrane interaction network remains poorly understood, somatic mutations affecting transmembrane regions have been classified as pathogenic-based solely on prediction algorithms. We comprehensively investigated cancer-associated somatic mutations affecting the transmembrane domain of BCL2 proteins and elucidated their effect on membrane insertion, hetero-interactions with the pro-apoptotic protein BAX, and modulation of cell death in cancer cells. Our findings reveal how specific mutations disrupt switchable interactions, alter the modulation of apoptosis, and contribute to cancer cell survival. These results provide experimental evidence to distinguish BCL2 transmembrane driver mutations from passenger mutations and provide new insight regarding selecting precision anti-tumor treatments.