bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CNS Remyelination – Can We Wrap It Up? – Regulators of Neural Stem/Precursor Cells in the Process of Myelin Regeneration
Authors: Kotter Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEnhancing the regeneration of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system has been identified as an important therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the devastating consequences of demyelination that occur in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). For remyelination to occur successfully oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) need to be recruited into areas of demyelination, engage with axons, and differentiate into myelin forming oligodendrocytes. However, in the context of demyelinating disease the differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes often fails, resulting in chronic demyelination despite the presence of OPCs.Important insight has been gained from studies investigating the interaction of stem/precursor cells with the distinct environment of demyelinating lesions. These suggest that successful regeneration depends on a signaling environment conducive to remyelination, which is provided in the context of acute inflammation. On the other hand it has been proposed that the specific environment of MS lesions contains factors that exert inhibitory effects on OPC differentiation. The pattern by which remyelination inducers and inhibitors are expressed in multiple sclerosis lesions may determine a window of opportunity during which oligodendrocyte precursor cells can successfully differentiate. This presentation will discuss evidence of inhibitory mechanisms associated with early stages of MS lesion development. Based on these findings it will outline novel approaches for enhancing remyelination in the central nervous system.
The Tragedy of Translation: Epistemological and Ethical Challenges Pertaining to Bringing Stem Cells to the Clinic
Authors: Solbakk Jan Helge 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThere is a profound moral question at the heart of all translational research: who should go first in human trials when the risks are not possible to estimate, the trial highly observed, and the effects of failure far-reaching?This paper aims to address this question by unveiling the epistemological problem at its core.

Second, the paper will draw attention to some of the unresolvable ethical challenges underlying any type of translational research involving human beings.
A Multiple Perspectives Approach to Stem Cell-Based Clinical Trials
Authors: Hyun Insoo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPatients, scientists, regulators, and the public may each view early stage stem cell-based clinical trials from varying perspectives and interests. In this talk I explain these various points of view, their differences, and their importance to the ethics of stem cell-based clinical trials. Based on this multiple perspectives analysis, I conclude with some ethical recommendations for the conduct of early stage human trials necessary to advance stem cell science.
Comparative Analysis of Major World Religious Doctrines on Human Stem Cell Research
Authors: Weber Alan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe objective was to compare the religious doctrine on human stem cell research in the faiths of: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The method used was the analysis of theology texts. Results showed that Locus = human potentiality, sanctity of life, soul and conceptus, subject vulnerability, cell line ownership, eugenics. We concluded that an international co-operative agreement is difficult to achieve.
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues on the Recruit Process of Healthy Volunteers for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell bank at Kyoto University
Authors: Okada Ken 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBanking of biomedical tissues or information related to them has been conducted around the world for clinical, research and/or commercial purposes. In addition to stem cells in the differentiated tissues such as cord blood and bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells are also subjects of banking. Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) are one type of these cells, but induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are now also subjects of banking for various purposes.In Japan, the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), led by Dr Shinya Yamanaka, was established in 2010 to conduct research on iPS cells. In order to realize iPS cell based therapies, CiRA is now working to establish a new iPS cell bank. The bank aims to establish clinical-grade, HLA-matched iPS cell lines from healthy volunteers and store them to provide for therapeutic or research use. Although some iPS cell banks in Japan or in other countries, including the one in CiRA, are already established, these banks store and provide basically disease-specific iPS cell lines. Therefore, the planned iPS cell bank at CiRA is unique in that it is going to store and provide clinical-grade iPS cells derived from healthy volunteers.We have been collaborating with researchers at CiRA to establish appropriate procedures for the recruitment of healthy volunteers. We have found that there are a variety of ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that need to be addressed. Since iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells, some ELSI are similar to those already identified in hES cell banks. However, there are other issues that are relatively novel and specific to iPS cells, especially when the donor is a healthy volunteer, not a patient. These ELSI identified arise because: 1. these cells are derived from healthy volunteers; 2. these cells expand infinitely; and 3. the bank deals not only with information such as genome sequence but also with other aspects of the cells.In this presentation, we will summarize and discuss the ELSI we encountered while establishing the process of healthy-volunteer recruitment for the iPS cell bank.
Review of Campsicnemus species from the Atlantic Ocean Islands (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: Grichanov Igor 
Published: March 2012

New species Campsicnemus flavissimus sp. nov., C. meridionalis sp. nov., and C. sanctae-helenae sp. nov. are described from St. Helena. A review and key to seven Campsicnemus species inhabiting Azores, Canary Is., Madeira and St. Helena are provided. A new status (as subspecies of C. armatus Zetterstedt, 1849) for C. caffer Curran, 1926 stat. nov. is proposed.
Implications of the International Society of Urological Pathology Modified Gleason Grading System
Authors: Egevad Lars , Mazzucchelli Roberta , Montironi Rodolfo 
Published: March 2012

Context.—Histologic grading is the clinically most useful tissue-based predictor of prognosis for prostate cancer. Over the years, there has been a gradual shift in how the Gleason grading is applied in practice, with a general trend toward upgrading. A consensus conference was organized in 2005 by the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) for standardizing both the perception of histologic patterns and how the grade information is compiled and reported.
Objective.—To review the implications of the ISUP modified Gleason grading system.
Data Sources.—Personal experience and review of the current literature.
Conclusions.—The recommendations regarding pattern interpretation and reporting are summarized. The practical consequences of the ISUP modification of the Gleason grading are reported. The prognostic importance of the Gleason score, its reproducibility, and its preoperative assessment are discussed. Subsequent proposals for slight modifications to the ISUP grading system are described.
Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Robinson Brian , Magi-Galluzzi Cristina , Zhou Ming 
Published: March 2012

Context.—Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity, characterized by an expansile proliferation of secretory cells within prostatic ducts and acini that demonstrate marked architectural and cytologic atypia. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is strongly associated with high-grade and high-volume, invasive prostate cancer and a poorer prognosis than cases without IDC-P.Objective.—To review the historic perspectives, pathologic and genetic features, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses, and the clinical significance of IDC-P.Data Sources.—Relevant studies indexed in PubMed.Conclusions.—It is critical to recognize IDC-P, especially in prostate biopsies in which the clinical implications of IDC-P are greatest. Morphologic criteria have been proposed to distinguish IDC-P from several other lesions with similar histologic appearance such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive cribriform prostate cancer, and urothelial carcinoma involving the prostate. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is an uncommon finding in prostate biopsies, and it is even rarer as an isolated finding without concomitant prostate cancer in biopsies. However, patients with isolated IDC-P in biopsies are recommended for either definitive treatment or immediate repeat biopsy.
Assembly of 4‐Substituted 3‐Nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridines via Organocatalytic Michael Addition
Authors: Huo Lele , Ma Anqi , Zhang Yihua , Ma Dawei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn organocatalytic Michael addition of protected 2‐amino‐1‐nitroethanes to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes followed by treatment with TFA afforded 4‐substituted 3‐nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridines with good diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. Good yields were observed in the case of β‐aryl‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes as the substrates, while moderate yields were obtained when β‐alkyl‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes were used.
Fortschritte in der Fingerabdruckanalyse
Authors: Hazarika Pompi , Russell David A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFingerabdrücke werden seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert in forensischen Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung von Personen genutzt. Darüber hinaus hat sich inzwischen aber gezeigt, dass Fingerabdrücke noch viel mehr Informationen über ein Individuum liefern können. Wir stellen hier bemerkenswerte Fortschritte bei Fingerabdrucktechnologien vor, mit denen sich, simultan zur Identitätsklärung, chemisch nachweisen lässt, ob eine Person Rauschgifte eingenommen oder mit Sprengstoffen oder Rauschgiften hantiert hat.
Using polymeric materials to control stem cell behavior for tissue regeneration
Authors: Zhang Nianli , Kohn David H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPatients with organ failure often suffer from increased morbidity and decreased quality of life. Current strategies of treating organ failure have limitations, including shortage of donor organs, low efficiency of grafts, and immunological problems. Tissue engineering emerged about two decades ago as a strategy to restore organ function with a living, functional engineered substitute. However, the ability to engineer a functional organ is limited by a limited understanding of the interactions between materials and cells that are required to yield functional tissue equivalents. Polymeric materials are one of the most promising classes of materials for use in tissue engineering, due to their biodegradability, flexibility in processing and property design, and the potential to use polymer properties to control cell function. Stem cells offer potential in tissue engineering because of their unique capacity to self‐renew and differentiate into neurogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages under appropriate stimuli from extracellular components. This review examines recent advances in stem cell–polymer interactions for tissue regeneration, specifically highlighting control of polymer properties to direct adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells, and how biomaterials can be designed to provide some of the stimuli to cells that the natural extracellular matrix does. (Part C) 96:63–81, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organ repair and regeneration: An overview
Authors: Baddour Joëlle A. , Sousounis Konstantinos , Tsonis Panagiotis A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA number of organs have the intrinsic ability to regenerate, a distinctive feature that varies among organisms. Organ regeneration is a process not fully yet understood. However, when its underlying mechanisms are unraveled, it holds tremendous therapeutic potential for humans. In this review, we chose to summarize the repair and regenerative potential of the following organs and organ systems: thymus, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, intestine, lungs, heart, liver, blood vessels, germ cells, nervous system, eye tissues, hair cells, kidney and bladder, skin, hair follicles, pancreas, bone, and cartilage. For each organ, a review of the following is presented: (a) factors, pathways, and cells that are involved in the organ's intrinsic regenerative ability, (b) contribution of exogenous cells – such as progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and bone marrow‐, adipose‐ and umbilical cord blood‐derived stem cells – in repairing and regenerating organs in the absence of an innate intrinsic regenerative capability, (c) and the progress made in engineering bio‐artificial scaffolds, tissues, and organs. Organ regeneration is a promising therapy that can alleviate humans from diseases that have not been yet cured. It is also superior to already existing treatments that utilize exogenous sources to substitute for the organ's lost structure and/or function(s). (Part C) 96:1–29, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a fast LC‐MS/MS assay for the determination of deferiprone in human plasma and application to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Song Ta‐Shu , Hsieh Yow‐Wen , Peng Ching‐Tien , Liu Cheng‐Hsiung , Chen Tai‐Lin , Hour Mann‐Jen 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTA fast and accurate liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) assay was first developed and validated for the determination of deferiprone in human plasma. The analytes were extracted with acetonitrile from only 50 μL aliquots of human plasma to achieve the protein precipitation. After extraction, chromatographic separation of analytes in human plasma was performed using a Synergi Fusion‐RP 80A column at 30 °C. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 0.2% formic acid containing 0.2 mM EDTA (60:40, v/v). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.8 mL/min. The total run time for each sample analysis was 4 min. Detection was performed using electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode by monitoring the precursor‐to‐parent ion transitions m/z 140.1 → 53.1 for deferiprone and m/z 143.1 → 98.1 for internal standard. A linear range was established from 0.1 to 20 µg/mL. The limit of detection was determined as 0.05 µg/mL. The validated method was estimated for linearity, recovery, stability, precision and accuracy. Intraday and interday precisions were 4.3–5.5 and 4.6–7.3%, respectively. The recovery of deferiprone was in the range of 80.1–86.8%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of deferiprone in six thalassemia patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silica Based Cocatalysts for Heterogeneous Olefin Dimerization and Ethene Polymerization Reactions with Nickel Complexes
Authors: Dötterl Matthias , Alt Helmut G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe have developed a new buffered silica‐based Lewis acid cocatalyst for olefin dimerization and polymerization reactions with nickel complexes. The Lewis acidities of EtAlCl2 and Et2AlCl‐modified silicas were adjusted by the addition of BiPh3 or N‐methylpyrrole buffers. The buffered heterogeneous cocatalysts were employed to activate nickel complexes for selective propene dimerization reactions to give dimers in 91 % yield. Buffer addition also reduced the rate of ligand abstraction from the catalytically active nickel center. In combination with a nickel diimine complex, ethene was polymerized to give 69 wt % polyethylene and 31 wt % oligomers. The polyethylene displayed a molecular mass of 154 kg mol−1 and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 3.26. The oligomers consisted of 93 % butenes, 46 % thereof being 1‐butene. Furthermore, triphenylbismuth‐buffered Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquids were coated on surface‐modified silica to yield a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) system. Dimer selectivities of up to 94 % were obtained with the SILP system in nickel‐catalyzed propene dimerization reactions. The newly developed silica‐based cocatalysts provide promising new olefin dimerization systems suitable for fixed bed applications.
Homo‐ and Heteronuclear meso,meso‐(E)‐Ethene‐1,2‐diyl‐Linked Diporphyrins: Preparation, X‐ray Crystal Structure, Electronic Absorption and Emission Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Locos Oliver , Bašić Bruno , McMurtrie John C. , Jensen Paul , Arnold Dennis P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHomo‐ and heteronuclear meso,meso‐(E)‐ethene‐1,2‐diyl‐linked diporphyrins have been prepared by the Suzuki coupling of porphyrinylboronates and iodovinylporphyrins. Combinations comprising 5,10,15‐triphenylporphyrin (TriPP) on both ends of the ethene‐1,2‐diyl bridge M210 (M2=H2/Ni, Ni2, Ni/Zn, H4, H2Zn, Zn2) and 5,15‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)porphyrinato‐nickel(II) on one end and H2, Ni, and ZnTriPP on the other (M211), enable the first studies of this class of compounds possessing intrinsic polarity. The compounds were characterized by electronic absorption and steady state emission spectra, 1H NMR spectra, and for the Ni2 bis(TriPP) complex Ni210, single crystal X‐ray structure determination. The crystal structure shows ruffled distortions of the porphyrin rings, typical of NiII porphyrins, and the (E)‐C2H2 bridge makes a dihedral angle of 50° with the mean planes of the macrocycles. The result is a stepped parallel arrangement of the porphyrin rings. The dihedral angles in the solid state reflect the interplay of steric and electronic effects of the bridge on interporphyrin communication. The emission spectra in particular, suggest energy transfer across the bridge is fast in conformations in which the bridge is nearly coplanar with the rings. Comparisons of the fluorescence behaviour of H410 and H2Ni10 show strong quenching of the free base fluorescence when the complex is excited at the lower energy component of the Soret band, a feature associated in the literature with more planar conformations. TDDFT calculations on the gas‐phase optimized geometry of Ni210 reproduce the features of the experimental electronic absorption spectrum within 0.1 eV.
Gallium Hydride Complexes Stabilised by Multidentate Alkoxide Ligands: Precursors to Thin Films of Ga2O3 at Low Temperatures
Authors: Pugh David , Bloor Leanne G. , Parkin Ivan P. , Carmalt Claire J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe donor‐functionalised alkoxides {Me3−xN(CH2CH2O)x} (Lx; x=1, 2) have been used to form gallium hydride complexes [{GaH2(L1)}2] and [{GaH(L2)}2] that are stable and isolable at room temperature. Along with a heteroleptic gallium tris(alkoxide) complex [Ga(L1)3] and the dimeric complex [{GaMe(L2)}2], these compounds have been used as single‐source precursors for the deposition of Ga2O3 by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) with toluene as solvent. The resulting films were mostly transparent, indicating low levels of carbon contamination, and they were also mainly amorphous. However, [Ga(L1)3] did contain visibly crystalline material deposited at a substrate temperature of 450 °C, by far the lowest ever observed for the CVD of gallium oxide.
Elucidation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type II Dehydroquinase Inhibitors using a Fragment Elaboration Strategy
Authors: Tran Anh Thu , West Nicholas P. , Britton Warwick J. , Payne Richard J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA library of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis type II dehydroquinase (DHQase) inhibitors were discovered through the use of a fragment elaboration approach. Putative active site binding fragments were initially assessed in silico which led to the selection of two small aromatic fragments for further investigation. Synthetic elaboration of the fragments provided a library of 34 inhibitors that exhibited low‐micromolar inhibition of type II DHQase. A number of these inhibitors also showed antibacterial activity in the low‐micromolar range in screens against M. tuberculosis in vitro; these now serve as lead compounds for further development of therapeutics for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Diosgenin promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation through estrogen receptor‐mediated ERK1/2 activation to accelerate remyelination
Authors: Xiao Lin , Guo Dazhi , Hu Chun , Shen Weiran , Shan Lei , Li Cui , Liu Xiuyun , Yang Wenjing , Zhang Weidong , He Cheng 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDifferentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes is a prerequisite for remyelination after demyelination, and impairment of this process is suggested to be a major reason for remyelination failure. Diosgenin, a plant‐derived steroid, has been implicated for therapeutic use in many diseases, but little is known about its effect on the central nervous system. In this study, using a purified rat OPC culture model, we show that diosgenin significantly and specifically promotes OPC differentiation without affecting the viability, proliferation, or migration of OPC. Interestingly, the effect of diosgenin can be blocked by estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 but not by glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor antagonist RU38486, nor by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spirolactone. Moreover, it is revealed that both ER‐alpha and ER‐beta are expressed in OPC, and diosgenin can activate the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in OPC via ER. The pro‐differentiation effect of diosgenin can also be obstructed by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Furthermore, in the cuprizone‐induced demyelination model, it is demonstrated that diosgenin administration significantly accelerates/enhances remyelination as detected by Luxol fast blue stain, MBP immunohistochemistry and real time RT‐PCR. Diosgenin also increases the number of mature oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum while it does not affect the number of OPCs. Taking together, our results suggest that diosgenin promotes the differentiation of OPC into mature oligodendrocyte through an ER‐mediated ERK1/2 activation pathway to accelerate remyelination, which implicates a novel therapeutic usage of this steroidal natural product in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.