bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease using administrative and claims data
Authors: Jones Natalie , Schneider Gary , Kachroo Sumesh , Rotella Philip , Avetisyan Ruzan , Reynolds Matthew W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe Food and Drug Administration's Mini‐Sentinel pilot program initially aimed to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest (HOIs) from administrative and claims data. This paper summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease.MethodsPubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service Web searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the pulmonary fibrosis/interstitial lung disease HOI. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full‐text reviews were conducted to find articles using administrative and claims data to identify pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease, including validation estimates of the coding algorithms.ResultsOur search revealed a deficiency of literature focusing on pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease algorithms and validation estimates. Only five studies provided codes; none provided validation estimates. Because interstitial lung disease includes a broad spectrum of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, the scope of these studies varied, as did the corresponding diagnostic codes used.ConclusionsResearch needs to be conducted on designing validation studies to test pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease algorithms and estimating their predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on Key Factors Affecting Energy Output of Emulsion Explosives in Underwater Explosion
Authors: Wang Liqiong , Wang Nafeng , Zhang Li 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this paper, emulsion explosives were investigated. Rules for the change of output energy of emulsion explosives with different oxygen balance, aluminum powder content, charge condition, decoupling media etc. were studied by means of an explosion water pool. The p–t curves and peak pressure values were obtained. The effects of these factors on shock wave energy, bubble energy and total energy were given. The results show that output energy of emulsion explosives without aluminum powder is lower than that of standard TNT explosives. The total energy of emulsion explosives with zero oxygen balance is only 86 % of that of TNT. In the experiment, output energy of the explosives tends to increase with the increase of aluminum powder content. With aluminum contents from 10 % to 15 %, the total energy is 1.05 and 1.14 time of that of TNT respectively. Energy efficiency is affected with change of decoupling coefficient and media.
Parental Stress and Satisfaction during Children's Hospitalization: Differences between Immigrant and Autochthonous Population
Authors: Fernández‐Castillo Antonio , Vílchez‐Lara Maria J. , López‐Naranjo Isabel 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study explored the relation between parents' stress and satisfaction during children's hospitalization, seeking possible differences between immigrant and autochthonous population and also as a function of gender in a sample of parents of hospitalized children in Andalusia, Spain.A total of 1347 parents participated in this study. Of the sample, 50% were immigrants and the other 50% were autochthonous. The assessment instruments were the Hospitalization Stress Scale and the Satisfaction with Hospitalization Scale.The results show that stress was associated with the manifestations of the child's illness, the alteration of family life or of parental roles during the process and some aspects of the clinical staff's work. General satisfaction in immigrant parents was higher than in the autochthonous population and the levels of satisfaction were higher in men than in women.Small changes and initiatives in relation to care could substantially improve the satisfaction of patients and their relatives during the process of hospitalization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of various starches
Authors: Kim Hee‐Young , Lee Ju Hun , Kim Jong‐Yea , Lim Wang‐Jin , Lim Seung‐Taik 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVarious starches of different AM contents and origins such as wx maize, normal maize, high AM maize, potato, and mungbean starches were hydrolyzed using a H2SO4 solution (3.16 M) at 40°C for 7 days, and the starch particles were isolated from the hydrolysates by centrifugation. The hydrolysis rates varied from 61.4 to 90.9% depending on the starch type. Unexpectedly, A‐type starches were more resistant to the acid hydrolysis than B‐type starches. XRD results revealed that the starch particles with B‐crystalline type exhibited a decrease in peak intensity. In addition, in a DSC analysis, the crystals remaining in the B‐type starch particles were readily disrupted in the water dispersion so that no melting endotherm appeared. Electron microscopy confirmed that the starch particles had round or oval shapes with diameters ranging from 40 to 70 nm, which possibly represented the starch blocklets in granules. The acid degraded mainly AM and long AP chains, resulting in increasing the proportion of short chains.
Drug release mechanisms of hot‐melt extruded starch‐based pellets
Authors: Bialleck Sebastian , Rein Hubert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHot‐melt extrusion with die‐face pelletisation is an excellent technique to continuously produce almost monodisperse spherical starch pellets. For a better understanding of drug release mechanisms from hot‐melt extruded starch‐based pellets the swelling behaviour in the release medium was examined by reflected‐light microscopy. From the microscopic images it can be concluded that the drug release mechanism of wx corn starch pellets is almost solely based on erosion. The release mechanism of corn starch, pea starch and potato starch pellets is primarily a swelling‐based process. Although the release mechanism of a swelling dosage form is theoretically complex, it was found that the fractional drug release from the hot‐melt extruded starch pellets can be described with the Noyes–Whitney equation. This facilitates the evaluation of the influence of the physicochemical properties of the matrix and the chemical properties of the active ingredient on the drug release rate. It was found that pellet size, porosity and velocity with which the penetrant diffuses into the pellet‐core the water solubility of the drug as well as the molecular structure and composition of the starches are the main factors influencing drug release from the swelling starch pellets.
Roles of tRNA in cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Dare Kiley , Ibba Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent research into various aspects of bacterial metabolism such as cell wall and antibiotic synthesis, degradation pathways, cellular stress, and amino acid biosynthesis has elucidated roles of aminoacyl‐transfer ribonucleic acid (aa‐tRNA) outside of translation. Although the two enzyme families responsible for cell wall modifications, aminoacyl‐phosphatidylglycerol synthases (aaPGSs) and Fem, were discovered some time ago, they have recently become of intense interest for their roles in the antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. The addition of positively charged amino acids to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by aaPGSs neutralizes the lipid bilayer making the bacteria less susceptible to positively charged antimicrobial agents. Fem transferases utilize aa‐tRNA to form peptide bridges that link strands of peptidoglycan. These bridges vary among the bacterial species in which they are present and play a role in resistance to antibiotics that target the cell wall. Additionally, the formation of truncated peptides results in shorter peptide bridges and loss of branched linkages which makes bacteria more susceptible to antimicrobials. A greater understanding of the structure and substrate specificity of this diverse enzymatic family is necessary to aid current efforts in designing potential bactericidal agents. These two enzyme families are linked only by the substrate with which they modify the cell wall, aa‐tRNA; their structure, cell wall modification processes and the physiological changes they impart on the bacterium differ greatly. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:247–264. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1108This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
RNA Processing > tRNA Processing
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Partial Pathologic Response and Nodal Status as Most Significant Prognostic Factors for Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated With Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Huebner Marianne , Wolff Bruce G. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Aakre Jeremiah , Larson David W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the impact of tumor regression grading (TRG) and other pathologic variates in a cohort of rectal carcinoma patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The value of a grading less than pCR for predicting survival is unknown. Tumor budding has not been systematically studied in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy.MethodsPathologic risk factors for survival were evaluated on surgical specimens of 237 patients with stages I, II, and III rectal cancer treated between 1996 and 2006. All patients underwent preoperative CRT followed by surgical resection 6–8 weeks later. TRG, tumor grade, budding, venous invasion, radial margin, and nodal status were evaluated. The prognostic value of TRG categories was calculated with Cox regression models and validated with resampling methods.ResultsTRG of <25% occurred in 61 (25.7%) and a complete response in 39 (16.4%) of the resected specimens. TRG of <25% was shown to be a statistically significant predictor for cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) compared to TRG ≥25% (P = 0.013). Tumor budding was present in 24 (10.1%) of the patients and was negatively associated with CSS (P = 0.013). Lymph node involvement was observed in 83 (35.0%) patients. TRG and nodal status (P < 0.001) were the most significant predictors associated with outcome.ConclusionPartial pathologic response ≥25% was a superior predictor compared to pCR for improved survival after preoperative CRT. CSS and RFS were adversely affected by the presence of lymph node metastases.
‘TATA MA CHANCE’: ON CONTINGENCY AND THE LOTTERY IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: van Wyk Ilana 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTSince its inception in March 2000, the South African National Lottery has been treated as both a developmental boon and a dangerously exploitative new consumer product. In both discourses the poor feature prominently: as recipients of Lotto largesse and as its most frequent victims. Both academics and the National Responsible Gambling Programme have traced the poor's participation in the Lottery to their financial illiteracy and to their extraordinary millennial hopes. Based on twenty months of ethnographic fieldwork in Cape Town's townships in 2008–10, this article puts paid to such interpretations by looking at the economic realities and lottery participation of ‘the poor’. I contend that poor people in these areas have adapted enormously flexible ways of dealing with the multiple contingencies that mark their lives. This flexibility often translates into very modest investments in the Lottery, both financially and in terms of hope. As such, playing the Lottery is just one of a range of ways in which people ‘make a plan’ and ‘tata ma chance’ (take a chance).
The regulatory role of the juxtamembrane region in the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Boran Aislyn D.W. 
Published: January 2012

Although the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) was discovered over 30 years ago, its mechanism of activation is still the subject of intense study. There are many published studies on the mechanism of EGFR activation and regulation, including biochemical and biophysical analyses and crystallographic structures of EGFR in different activation states and conformations, mutated at various amino acids or bound to different pharmacological inhibitors. The cumulative biochemical, biophysical and structural data have led to a nearly complete account of the mechanism of activation of EGFR. The role of the JXM (juxtamembrane) domain in EGFR structure and activity has only recently begun to be elucidated through biochemical, biophysical and structural studies. In the present article, I review the studies that have highlighted the role of the JXM domain in EGFR activation.
Rapid exhumation of basement rocks along the northern margin of the North China craton in the early Jurassic: evidence from the Xiabancheng Basin, Yanshan Tectonic Belt
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhao Yue , Liu Xiaoming , Wang Yu , Liu Xiaowen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEarly Mesozoic Basins in the Yanshan Fold–Thrust Belt (YFTB), located along the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), record significant intraplate deformation of unknown age. In this article, we present evidence for the rapid exhumation of high‐grade basement rocks along the northern margin of the NCC in the Early Mesozoic. U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons constrains the maximum depositional ages of syntectonic sedimentary units that formed during the unroofing of basement rocks and plutons in the Xiabancheng Basin. In the Early Mesozoic, the Xiabancheng Basin recorded a dramatic transformation in depositional environments, related to a significant change in the regional tectonic setting. In this study, the tectonic evolution of the YFTB is established from paleocurrent data and U–Pb zircon ages of sandstone and granitic gravels of the Xingshikou Formation, Xiabancheng Basin. The paleocurrent direction of meandering fluvial facies in the Triassic Liujiagou and Ermaying Formations are from east to west. In contrast, the overlying Xingshikou Formation consists of alluvial fan facies with paleocurrent directions from north‐northwest to south‐southeast. The lower and middle segments of the Xingshikou Formation record rapid exhumation of basement rocks along the northern margin of the NCC. U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons within the Xingshikou Formation are characterized by three major U–Pb age groups: 2.2–2.5 Ga, 1.7–1.8 Ga and 193–356 Ma. From 193 Ma to 356 Ma, a subsidiary peak occurs at 198 ± 5 Ma, constraining the sedimentation age of the Xingshikou Formation to the Early Jurassic. Zircon from the Wangtufang pluton in the northern portion of the Xiabancheng Basin yields U–Pb ages of 191 ± 1 Ma and 207 ± 1 Ma. Within error, these crystallization ages are identical to detrital zircon ages of 206 ± 1 Ma and 206 ± 2 Ma obtained for granitic gravel clasts in the Xingshikou Formation. Thus, the Wangtufang pluton and surrounding basement rocks must have experienced rapid uplift and exhumation during the Early Jurassic. The onset of exhumation along the northern margin of the NCC occurred at ca. 198–180 Ma.
Accuracy in skin cancer diagnosis: A retrospective study of an Australian public hospital dermatology department
Authors: Rolfe Heidi M 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTBackground/Objectives:  Accurate identification of skin lesions is vital in ensuring malignancies are not missed and that they are treated early to avoid mortality. It is also important that appropriate lesions are submitted for biopsy to decrease the costs and morbidity associated with the unnecessary removal of benign lesions. This study attempted to assess current accuracy in skin cancer diagnosis.Methods:  Histology reports for all biopsies and excisions performed in an 18‐month period at a public hospital dermatology department were reviewed. Dermatology registrars and consultants were involved in assessing lesions for biopsy. Calculations were made to quantify the sensitivity of melanoma diagnosis; naevi to melanoma ratio (NMR); biopsy to treatment ratio (BTR), and number needed to treat for melanoma (NNT). NNT was calculated as the number of pigmented lesions (seborrhoeic keratoses, naevi and melanoma) removed to identify one melanoma.Results:  6546 biopsies/excisions were performed, identifying 55 melanomas. The sensitivity of melanoma diagnosis was 76% and 11% of melanomas were thought to be dysplastic naevi. The NMR was 6.4. The BTR was 1.97, indicating that one in every 1.97 biopsies was identified as a non‐melanoma skin cancer. The NNT was 11.9. All dysplastic naevi and 91% of melanomas were biopsied using either shave or excision biopsy.Conclusions:  These audits are important to ensure quality of care and could aid in identifying doctors and institutions that may benefit from further training in melanoma diagnostic algorithms. These figures can be used as a benchmark to measure the impact of new vectors in skin cancer diagnosis as they are introduced.
RETESTING THE UNCERTAINTY EFFECT USING LOTTERIES WITH REAL PRODUCTS AND MONEY
Authors: Benzion Uri , Shahrabani Shosh , Shavit Tal 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the current study, several experiments re‐examine the uncertainty effect using lotteries that include real products, monetary outcomes and electronic gift cards in a between‐subjects design. The study also takes the selling position into consideration, in addition to the buying position considered by all previous works on the uncertainty effect. The results indicate that for all types of lotteries, the bids are higher than the bids for the worst possible realization. These findings are consistent with the internality axiom and do not support the uncertainty effect.
Experiential metaphors in Latin: feelings were containers, movements and things possessed1
Authors: Fedriani Chiara 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper is concerned with three metaphorical schemas frequently used in Latin to encode experiential situations:experiences are things possessed,states are containers, andevents are movements. Besides describing these metaphorical mappings, this paper also provides corpus‐based evidence for conceiving of metaphorical constructions not as sporadic forms motivated by communicative demands but rather as consistent parts of semantically‐related networks of concepts. Therefore, one of the results of the present work is a description of the regularities and extensions, as well as the relative frequency and the diachronic productivity, of different metaphorical options in Latin, together with some comparison with parallel structures in other Indo‐European languages.
What's Wrong with the Experience Machine?
Authors: Belshaw Christopher 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNozick's thought experiment is less effective than is often believed. Certainly, there could be reasons to enter the machine. Possibly, life there might be among the best of all those available. Yet we need to distinguish between two versions. On the first, I retain my beliefs, memories, dispositions, some knowledge. On the second, all these too are determined by the scientists. Nozick alludes to both versions. But only on the first will machine life have appeal.
Zinc alpha‐2 glycoprotein is implicated in dyslipidaemia in HIV‐1‐infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs
Authors: Ceperuelo‐Mallafré V , Escoté X , Viladés C , Peraire J , Domingo P , Solano E , Sirvent J‐J , Pastor R , Tinahones F , Leal M , Richart C , Vendrell J , Vidal F ,   on behalf of the HIV‐1 Lipodystrophy Study Group
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesTreated HIV‐1‐infected patients with lipodystrophy often develop insulin resistance and proatherogenic dyslipidaemia. Zinc alpha‐2 glycoprotein (ZAG) is a recently characterized adipokine which has been shown to be involved in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in uninfected subjects. We assessed the relationship between circulating ZAG levels and metabolic derangements in HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving antiretroviral drugs.MethodsPlasma ZAG levels were assessed in 222 individuals: 166 HIV‐1‐infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs (77 with lipodystrophy and 89 without lipodystrophy) and 56 uninfected controls. Plasma ZAG levels were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were correlated with fat distribution abnormalities and metabolic parameters.ResultsHIV‐1‐infected patients had lower plasma ZAG levels compared with uninfected controls (P < 0.001). No differences were found in ZAG plasma levels according to the presence of lipodystrophy, components of the metabolic syndrome or type of antiretroviral treatment regimen. Circulating ZAG levels were strongly determined by high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) in men (B = 0.644; P < 0.001) and showed a positive correlation with total cholesterol (r = 0.312; P < 0.001) and HDLc (r = 0.216; P = 0.005).ConclusionsHIV‐1‐infected patients have lower plasma ZAG levels than uninfected controls. In infected patients, plasma ZAG levels are in close relationship with total cholesterol and HDLc.
Molecular characteristics and alterations during early development of the human vagina
Authors: Fritsch Helga , Richter Elisabeth , Adam Nadia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUnresolved questions remain concerning the derivation of the vagina with respect to the relative contributions from the Müllerian ducts, the urogenital sinus, and the Wolffian ducts. Recent molecular and cellular studies in rodents have opened up a large gap between the level of understanding of vaginal development in mice and understanding of human vaginal development, which is based on histology. To compare the findings in mice with human vaginal development and to address this gap, we analysed molecular characteristics of the urogenital sinus, Wolffian ducts, and Müllerian ducts in 8–14‐week‐old human specimens using immunohistochemical methods. The monoclonal antibodies used were directed against cytokeratin (CK) 14, CK19, vimentin, laminin, p63, E‐cadherin, caspase‐3, Ki67, HOX A13, and BMP‐4. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, during weeks 8–9, the epithelium of the Müllerian ducts became positive for p63 as p63‐positive cells that originated from the sinus epithelium reached the caudal tip of the fused Müllerian ducts via the Wolffian ducts. The lumen of the fused Müllerian ducts was closed by an epithelial plug that contained both vimentin‐positive and vimentin‐negative cells. Subsequently, the resulting epithelial tube enlarged by proliferation of basal p63‐positive cells. The first signs of squamous differentiation were detected during week 14, with the appearance of CK14‐positive cells. According to our results, all three components, namely, the urogenital sinus, Wolffian ducts, and Müllerian ducts, interacted during the formation of the human vagina. The sinus epithelium provided p63‐positive cells, the Wollfian ducts acted as a ‘transporter’, and the Müllerian ducts contributed the guiding structure for the vaginal anlagen. Epithelial differentiation began at the end of the period studied and extended in a caudo‐cranial direction. The present study is one of the first to provide up‐to‐date molecular correlates for human vaginal development that can be compared with the results of cell biological studies in rodents.