bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adhesion and invasion of bovine endothelial cells byNeospora caninum
Authors: Hemphill A. , Gottstein B. , Kaufmann H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryNeospora caninumis a recently identified coccidian parasite which was, until 1988, misdiagnosed asToxoplasma gondii. It causes paralysis and death in dogs and neonatal mortality and abortion in cattle, sheep, goats and horses. The life-cycle ofNeosporahas not yet been elucidated. The only two stages identified so far are tissue cysts and intracellularly dividing tachyzoites. Very little is known about the biology of this species. We have set up a fluorescence-based adhesion/invasion assay in order to investigate the interaction ofN. caninumtachyzoites with bovine aorta endothelial (BAE) cellsin vitro. Treatment of both host cells and parasites with metabolic inhibitors determined the metabolic requirements for adhesion and invasion. Chemical and enzymatic modifications of parasite and endothelial cell surfaces were used in order to obtain information on the nature of cell surface components responsible for the interaction between parasite and host. Electron microscopical investigations defined the ultrastructural characteristics of the adhesion and invasion process, and provided information on the intracellular development of the parasites.
Electrophysiological responses of males of the potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensisandG. pallida, to their sex pheromones
Authors: Riga E. , Perry R. N. , Barrett J. , Johnston M. R. L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe response of individual adult males of the potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensisandG. pallida, to sex pheromones from adult females was investigated using electrophysiological techniques. Each male nematode was pierced with an electrode close to the cephalic region and then exposed to pheromones from virgin females. Cellular responses in the form of action potentials were recorded as spike activity. The spike frequency produced byG. rostochiensisandG. pallidamales increased significantly after the application of their homospecific pheromone. The spike frequency produced byG. pallidamales also increased significantly after the application ofG. rostochiensisfemale sex pheromone. In contrast, males ofG. rostochiensisshowed no significant response toG. pallidafemale sex pheromone. The electrophysiological results support and considerably extend information from agar plate behavioural bioassays.
An electrophysiological preparation ofAscaris suumpharyngeal muscle reveals a glutamate-gated chloride channel sensitive to the avermectin analogue, milbemycin D
Authors: Martin R. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn electrophysiological preparation ofAscaris suumpharyngeal muscle suitable for recording changes of input conductance using a 2-microelectrode current clamp and pharmacological study is described. The preparation is shown to contain a glutamate-gated Cl (ion sensitive) channel sensitive to the avermectin analogue, milbemycin D. The application of glutamate produces a dose-dependent increase in Cl conductance and the effect of glutamate is potentiated by milbemycin D. Milbemycin D also produced a dose-dependent increase in input conductance.
Effects of reading goals on reading comprehension, reading rate, and allocation of working memory in children and adolescents with spina bifida meningomyelocele
Authors: ENGLISH LIANNE , BARNES MARCIA A. , FLETCHER JACK M. , DENNIS MAUREEN , RAGHUBAR KIMBERLY P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSpina bifida meningomyelocele (SBM) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intact word decoding and deficient text and discourse comprehension. This study investigated the ability to adjust reading in accordance with specified reading goals in 79 children and adolescents with SBM (9–19 years of age) and 39 controls (8–17 years of age). Both groups demonstrated slower reading times and enhanced comprehension when reading to study or to come up with a title than when reading for specific information or for entertainment. For both groups, verbal working memory contributed to comprehension performance in those reading conditions hypothesized to require more cognitive effort. Despite their sensitivity to the goals of reading, the group with SBM answered fewer comprehension questions correctly across all reading goal conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesized cognitive underpinnings of comprehension deficits in SBM and to current models of text comprehension. (JINS, 2010, 16, 517–525.)
Trends in the prevalence of obesity and overweight in English adults by age and birth cohort, 1991–2006
Authors: Howel Denise 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo describe trends in the prevalence of obesity and overweight in English adults.DesignAnalysis of nationally representative cross-sectional population surveys. Sociodemographic information was gathered by an interviewer-administered questionnaire and measurements of height and weight were used to calculate the prevalence of obesity and overweight.SubjectsA total of 61 515 men and 69 733 women aged 16–65 years participating in the annual Health Survey for England between 1991 and 2006.ResultsWhen the 4-year periods 1991/94 and 2003/06 were compared, male and female obesity had risen by 8·2 % and 6·0 %, and male and female overweight had risen by 8·8 % and 7·4 %. However, the rate of increase appears to be slowing down: the increases between 1995/98 and 1999/02 were greater than those between 1999/02 and 2003/06. There was relatively little variation across the age range in the average changes in obesity or overweight prevalence between time periods, except that the increase in male obesity between periods was significantly greater for older than younger males. When the subjects were divided into 10-year pseudo birth cohorts, it was seen that the prevalence of obesity and overweight was consistently higher at a given average age for pseudo cohorts born more recently. This agreed with data from two British cohort studies.ConclusionsObesity and overweight continued to rise over the study period, but there are signs that the rate of increase is slowing down, even though the prevalence is consistently higher for a given age in cohorts born more recently.
Determinants of the prevalence and incidence of overweight in children and adolescents
Authors: Plachta-Danielzik Sandra , Landsberg Beate , Johannsen Maike , Lange Dominique , Müller Manfred James 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically analyse determinants of overweight prevalence and incidence in children and adolescents, as a basis of treatment and prevention.DesignCross-sectional and longitudinal data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS).SettingSchools in Kiel, Germany.SubjectsCross-sectional data from 6249 students aged 5–16 years and 4-year longitudinal data from 1087 children aged 5–11 years. Weight status of students was assessed and familial factors (weight status of parents and siblings, smoking habits), social factors (socio-economic status, nationality, single parenting), birth weight as well as lifestyle variables (physical activity, media time, nutrition) were considered as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression analyses to predict the likelihood of the student being overweight.ResultsThe cross-sectional data revealed the prevalence of overweight as 18·3 % in boys and 19·2 % in girls. In both sexes determinants of overweight prevalence were overweight and obese parents, overweight siblings, parental smoking, single parenthood and non-German nationality. High birth weight and low physical activity additionally increased the risk in boys. High media time and low parental education were significant determinants in girls. Effect of media time was mediated by maternal weight status in boys as well as by socio-economic status and age in girls. From the longitudinal data, the 4-year cumulative incidence of overweight was 10·0 % in boys and 8·2 % in girls. Parental obesity, parental smoking and low physical activity were determinants of overweight incidence in boys, whereas paternal obesity increased the risk in girls.ConclusionsTreatment and prevention should address family and social determinants with a focus on physical activity and media use.
Commentary on the Appellate Body Report inEC–Bananas III (Article 21.5): waiver-thin, or lock, stock, and metric ton?
Authors: SCHROPP SIMON A. B. , PALMETER DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAt first glance, the Appellate Body Report inBananas III (Article 21.5; Second Recourse) does not seem to be a case for theGuinness Book. The AB upheld most of the Panel's findings, and the EC lost big. This was hardly surprising, given that the contested measure only marginally differed from the measure at issue in the first recourse to a compliance Panel. It is at second sight that this AB Report reveals its interesting facets. We highlight a few remarkable legal and economics aspects, some of a more systemic nature, some offering practical insights: For practitioners, the role ofestoppelin WTO litigation, the legal effect of Panel suggestions, and the relevance of Uruguay Round Modalities Papers as interpretative tools may be of interest. Readers more concerned with systemic aspects of the WTO may take interest in the economics of tariff quotas, the inherently discriminatory nature of tariff-quota allocation in the WTO, and the relevance of compliance proceedings for the damage calculation under Article 22.6 of the DSU.
Guilt by association:US – Measures Relating to Shrimp from ThailandandUS – Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-Dumping/Countervailing Duties
Authors: PRUSA THOMAS J. , VERMULST EDWIN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe United States's enhanced continuous bond requirement [EBR] for goods subject to anti-dumping and countervailing duties was the focus of this dispute. Because of perceived problems with its ability to collect anti-dumping duties, the US amended its bonding requirements in 2004. Under the new rules, importers were required to secure a bond for an amount equal to the cash-deposit rate in effect on the date of entry of the merchandise multiplied by the importer's value of imports from the previous year, as well as pay cash deposits equal to the amount of anti-dumping duties per entry. The US claimed the additional deposit was reasonable and necessary to guarantee duty payment in case the anti-dumping duty increased during the administrative review. Thailand and India claimed that the additional deposit was unreasonable and an additional action against dumping and was therefore impermissible under GATT 1994 and the Anti-Dumping Agreement. The Appellate Body upheld the Panel's findings that while the Ad Note to Article VI:2 and 3 GATT 1994 authorizes the imposition of security requirements during the period following the imposition of an anti-dumping duty order, the additional security requirement resulting from the application of the EBR to shrimp was not ‘reasonable’ within the meaning of the Ad Note. The Appellate Body reversed the legal interpretation by the Panel that there is no obligation under the Ad Note to assess the risk of default by individual importers; however, the AB upheld the Panel's finding that the EBR is not ‘necessary’ within the meaning of Article XX(d) of the GATT 1994. As a result, the AB upheld the Panel's conclusion that the application of the EBR to shrimp was inconsistent with Article 18(1) of the Anti-Dumping Agreement because it was inconsistent with the Ad Note to Article VI:2 and 3 of the GATT 1994 and not justified by Article XX(d). We consider the AB's legal and economic reasoning to be largely correct. The US employed a sledgehammer to kill a mosquito and the AB used the concepts of ‘reasonableness’ in the Ad Note and ‘necessity’ in Article XX(d) to reject what fundamentally was a lack of proportionality, while leaving the door open for more reasonable application of bonding requirements.
US–Stainless Steel (Mexico)
Authors: CROWLEY MEREDITH , HOWSE ROBERT 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTheUS–Mexico Stainless-Steeldispute presents two interesting questions. First, what role does and should stare decisis (precedent) play in the WTO dispute-resolution system? Second, are there circumstances under which exceptional methodologies, i.e. ‘zeroing’, can better achieve the stated objectives of the agreement than the standard methodologies explicitly stated in the agreement? We argue that the institutional structure and foundational norms of the WTO imply the need for Panels to be bound by the prior decisions of the Appellate Body. Our economic analysis describes the costs and benefits of legal systems with and without precedent. Regarding methodology, we argue that any analysis of the suitability of a methodology (i.e. ‘zeroing’) must be undertaken jointly with an analysis of the underlying objective of the agreement (i.e. remedying injury). We conclude that, under limited circumstances, the ‘zeroing’ methodology is more effective at remedying injury than the ordinary methodology outlined in the Anti-Dumping Agreement.
Continued suspense: EC–Hormones and WTO disciplines on discrimination and domestic regulation Appellate Body Reports: Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC – Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R,WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008
Authors: HOEKMAN BERNARD , TRACHTMAN JOEL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBased on the reasoning of the Appellate Body in Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC–Hormones Dispute (‘Continued Suspension’), this paper analyzes the distinction between the national-treatment obligation under Article III of GATT and the requirement under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures that such measures be based on a risk assessment that takes into account available scientific evidence. The Appellate Body's reasoning makes clear that the primary purpose of the SPS Agreement is to discipline discriminatory regulation, and not the level of protection. We argue that the case clarifies that de facto protection (market segmentation) created by an SPS measure must be motivated by demonstrating that the measure is addressing a market failure, as reflected in the existence of some scientific basis for a health or safety concern. The scientific-basis requirement is a means for determining the intent of an SPS measure. While this is a factor that is ostensibly not relevant in GATT national-treatment cases, the need for scientific justification is not a move away from a concern with preventing illegitimate discrimination against imported products.
China – Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts
Authors: WAUTERS JASPER , VANDENBUSSCHE HYLKE 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews the WTO Appellate Body Report on China – Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts (WT/DS342/AB/R, 15 December 2008). This dispute concerns a set of regulatory measures imposing a 25% ‘charge’ on imported automobile parts used in the manufacture of motor vehicles in China. The main legal question in this case consisted of the nature of this charge as either a border charge subject to China's tariff concessions or an internal charge, subject to the basic nondiscrimination requirement of GATT Article III. In our report, we examine the reasoning of the Appellate Body relating to the difference between these two types of charges. We discuss the role and relevance of this distinction in the GATT/WTO legal system in general, and for the purposes of resolving this dispute in particular. We also address the important systemic question relating to the review of a Member's domestic laws for purposes of determining their GATT/WTO consistency. This was an important issue in this case, as China claimed that the Panel misunderstood the meaning of the relevant Decree and requested the Appellate Body to review the Panel's erroneous reading of this Decree. We discuss the Appellate Body's reasoning relating to the review of domestic laws by Panels and the Appellate Body and express concern over the distinction drawn by the Appellate Body between legal and factual elements of relevance in the interpretation of such laws.The ‘economic bone’ in this case is less straightforward to split than the legal one. In legal terms, the Appellate Body's decision is a time-consistent one, but, in economic terms, it is not clear if it is also a welfare-optimal one. The main reason is that many questions relevant to the case were left unaddressed by the Appellate Body. Due to the lack of factual evidence to substantiate its allegations, the Panel's ruling remains rather speculative on certain accounts. For this purpose, we engage in our own examination of the facts, using mainly a unique dataset of Chinese firm-level data. We analyze issues of ownership in China's car industry, the growth of the import-competing Chinese industry over time, the elasticity of the demand for cars, and duty pass-through, etc. The purpose is to verify more closely who ‘benefits’ and who ‘loses’ from the Chinese import duty so as to understand the economic incentives involved. In this respect, we attempt to determine whether the economics support the conclusion that China pursued a beggar-thy-neighbor policy in the car-part industry.
Why Does the Law of One Price Fail? An Experiment on Index Mutual Funds
Authors: Choi James J. , Laibson David , Madrian Brigitte C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We evaluate why individuals invest in high-fee index funds. In our experiments, subjects each allocate $10,000 across four S&P 500 index funds and are rewarded for their portfolio's subsequent return. Subjects overwhelmingly fail to minimize fees. We reject the hypothesis that subjects buy high-fee index funds because of bundled nonportfolio services. Search costs for fees matter, but even when we eliminate these costs, fees are not minimized. Instead, subjects place high weight on annualized returns since inception. Fees paid decrease with financial literacy. Interestingly, subjects who choose high-fee funds sense they are making a mistake.
Effects of an anticoagulant and a lipid‐lowering agent on the prevention of steroid‐induced osteonecrosis in rabbits
Authors: Kang Pengde , Gao Hong , Pei Fuxing , Shen Bin , Yang Jing , Zhou Zongke 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to evaluate the effects of the combined treatment with an anti‐coagulant (enoxaparin) agent and a lipid‐lowering agent (lovastatin) on prevention or decrease in the occurrence of steroid‐induced osteonecrosis in rabbits. A total of 112 rabbits, which were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg/kg of methylprednisolone acetate were divided into four groups and treated as follows: one group received enoxaparin combined with lovastatin (EL; n = 30), another received enoxaparin alone (EA; n = 28), another received lovastatin alone (LA; n = 28) and the last received no treatment (non‐prophylactic; NP, n = 26). Haematological examination for serum lipid levels and prothrombin time was carried out and both femora and humeri were examined histopathologically for the presence of osteonecrosis (ON) before injection and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the injection. The incidence of ON in the EL group (15%) was significantly lower than that observed in the NP group (68%). The incidence in the EA and LA groups was also significantly lower than that in the NP group (31%, 35%vs. 68%). The fat cell sizes of the bone marrow in both EL (46.49 ± 1.27 μm) and LA (50.8 ± 2.31 μm) groups were lower than in the NP group (59.89 ± 6.33 μm). The prothrombin time was prolonged and plasma lipid levels were reduced in the EL group during the study. Combination treatment with an anti‐coagulant agent and a lipid‐lowering agent can reduce the incidence of steroid‐induced ON in rabbits. Future evaluation in clinical practice is necessary.
Ischaemia–reperfusion modulates inflammation and fibrosis of skeletal muscle after contusion injury
Authors: Ghaly Ahmed , Marsh Daniel R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryRegeneration of skeletal muscle following injury is dependent on numerous factors including age, the inflammatory response, revascularization, gene expression of myogenic and growth factors and the activation and proliferation of endogenous progenitor cells. It is our hypothesis that oxidative stress preceding a contusion injury to muscle modulates the inflammatory response to inhibit muscle regeneration and enhance fibrotic scar formation. Male F344/BN rats were assigned to one of four groups. Group 1: uinjured control; Group 2: ischaemic occlusion of femoral vessels for 2 h followed by reperfusion (I‐R); Group 3: contusion injury of the tibialis anterior (TA); Group 4: I‐R, then contusion injury. The acute inflammatory response (8 h, 3 days) was determined by expression of the chemokine CINC‐1, TGF‐β1, IFN‐γ and markers of neutrophil (myeloperoxidase) and macrophage (CD68) activity and recruitment. Acute oxidative stress caused by I‐R and/or contusion, was determined by measuring GP91phox and lipid peroxidation. Muscle recovery (21 days) was assessed by examining the fibrosis after I‐R and contusion injuries to the TA with Sirius Red staining and quantification of collagen I expression. Consistent with our hypothesis, I‐R preceding contusion increased all markers of the acute inflammatory response and oxidative stress after injury and elevated the expression of collagen. We conclude that ischaemia‐induced oxidative stress exacerbated the inflammatory response and enhanced fibrotic scar tissue formation after injury. This response may be attributable to increased levels of TGF‐β1 and diminished expression of IFN‐γ in the ischaemic contused muscle.
End‐of‐life decisions: an important theme in the care for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Wagemans A. , Van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de‐Valk H. , Tuffrey‐Wijne I. , Widdershoven G. , Curfs L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground While end‐of‐life decisions in the general population have received attention in several countries, not much is known about this in people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Therefore, the prevalence and nature of end‐of‐life decisions were investigated in a Dutch centre providing residential care for 335 people with IDs.Method A retrospective study of medical files of people who died between January 2002 and July 2007.Results One or more end‐of‐life decisions were taken in 27 out of 47 cases. A non‐treatment decision was taken for seven residents, possibly shortening life expectancy in some cases. The family was involved in decision making in half of the 27 cases. No information was found about the process of end‐of‐life decision making. There was no evidence in the notes that any of the people with IDs was asked for his or her own opinion in taking an end‐of‐life decision.Conclusion This study demonstrates that medical end‐of‐life decisions played a part in significant numbers of people with IDs who have died within this centre, but further studies are needed to establish decision‐making processes.