bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_12A: Parental perception on surgical care in public and private health care systems
Authors: Krupa T V Sai , Baliga Kiran N , Baliga B S , Nayak Anupama P , Reddy Bharath 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The purpose of the study is to assess the perception of parents on surgical care in public and private healthcare systems. It encompasses factors like quality of care, convenience, and expenditure that provide satisfaction, which has a crucial role in shaping parental perception.

Objective:
To compare the perception of parents regarding the quality of care provided to children for surgical care in public and private health care systems.

Methodology:
The questionnaire was constructed in three languages and distributed to 125 patients. Details regarding the levels of perception among parents and its significance in the Public and Private sectors included 6 questions - Convenience of location, Length of time spent, Equipment, comfort, explanation of the condition, and overall stay.

Results:
Overall satisfaction was seen to be 54.67% for the households admitted in the private healthcare sector compared to 59.27% in the public healthcare sector. Comfort was 52.53% and 66.24% in private and public health care services respectively. The personal manner of doctors was 57.87% in private and 58.72% in the public health care sector.

Conclusion:
Overall satisfaction level in public hospitals was better when compared with the private sector, even though, the difference between the satisfaction level for the quality of care provided in public and private in our study was not significant.
IJCM_125A: Prevalence of hypertension and obesity among adolescents: a school based, cross sectional study in Aligarh
Authors: Assis Althaf , Ahmad Anees , Afzal Kamran , Urfi  
Published: April 2024

Background:
Hypertension is a serious medical condition and cause of premature death worldwide, with upwards of 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women having the condition. Overweight and obesity are major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon). Recent literature suggests hypertension and obesity to be a rising health problem not only in adults but also in adolescents. The early identification and effective management of hypertension and obesity in children and adolescents is key primordial and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity and their associated factors among school going adolescents in Aligarh.

Methodology:
A school based cross-sectional study was carried out among 569 school students of Class-V to XII studying at schools of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Data was collected using a predesigned, structured questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured using digital blood pressure apparatus wit age appropriate cuffs and hypertension was defined using the American Academy of Paediatrics 2017 criteria. BMI was calculated using the standard formula, weight (kg)/height2 (m2), and values were compared with the WHO growth charts. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS 20.0 software. To study frequency distribution and sociodemographic characteristics, descriptive statistics were carried out. Chi square and other appropriate tests were applied.

Results:
In this study 569 adolescents were participated, of which 324 (56.9%) were males. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 10.7% and hypertension was 18.5%. The prevalence of obesity was 2.6%. Male gender, family history of hypertension, overweight/obesity are significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusion:
Approximately one fifth of the participants in this study had hypertension, highlighting the need for intervention including lifestyle modification and active case finding.
IJCM_129A: Is intelligent Breast Exam (iBE) a sensitive and specific test compared with mammography in the early detection of breast cancer and patient triage in adults? A Diagnostic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Anjali M , Khapre Meenakshi , Sudarshan BP 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Breast cancer represents the most common cause of cancer death among women globally. Early cancer detection in low-income countries is difficult because of the relatively expensive mammographic screening. Intelligent Breast Exam [iBE] is a portable device that is available at low cost and provides electronic documentation for additional diagnostic workup.

Objectives:
This study aims to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of i breast device in the early detection of breast cancer and patient triage in adults. Secondary objectives: 1) To review the usability of i Breast device as a triage test for breast pathologies in primary care setting. 2) To review the feasibility, ease and cost-effectiveness of i Breast device

Methodology:
A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases will be performed to identify the studies reporting the accuracy of i breast device for the detection of breast cancer from January 2010 to December 2023. The search strategy will be carried out by using key words and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The reference test will be mammogram. The search will be in accordance with the PRISMA-DTA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy studies) guidelines. Two reviewer authors will independently screen the results. The full-text articles will be reviewed when studies meet the inclusion criteria or in any uncertainty. Non-consensus will be resolved by a third reviewer. The quality of the studies will be examined using the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) tool. The review will be registered with PROSPERO (Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). The estimates of sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve will be attempted using the bivariate model for the diagnostic meta-analysis.
IJCM_165A: Selfcare practises and its association with glycaemic indices among diabetes mellitus patients in a rural community in Karnataka.
Authors: Mary Monisha P , Jacob Ankeeta Menona 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Self-care is a complex and natural decision-making process for maintaining health, especially in chronic patients, such as patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Identifying the contribution of each self-care behavior to glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes becomes an integral part.

Objective:
To determine the association of self-care in Diabetes Mellitus patients and blood sugar levels in a rural community in Karnataka.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at a health institution in a rural area affiliated with a private medical college in Karnataka, India, from March to April 2023. The Diabetes Self-care Questionnaire (DSMQ) was used to examine diabetes patients’ self-care practices. Quantitative data was expressed in mean, standard deviation, median, or interquartile range. Qualitative variables were expressed in percentages and proportions and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The Chi-square test/Fischer’s exact test determined the association between DSMQ and Blood sugar levels

Results:
Among 142 Diabetes mellitus patients, the mean age was 55.32±12.89 years. 118(82.5%) were married and were Diabetic since 4(2-6) years.106(74.6%) experienced chronic complications, of which 34(23.9%) primarily had foot and leg problems. Medication adherence was seen in 97(68.3%). Sulfonylureas use was seen in 115(82.7%) followed by Biguanides in 80(56.3%). The median blood sugar level was 208.5(161.5-273.5)mg/dl. Using the DSMQ, Optimal glucose management was seen in only 35(24.5%). Suboptimal glucose management was associated with age more than 50 and self-reported obesity.

Conclusion:
Among the study population, one-fourth had effective glucose management and physical activity. Suboptimal glucose management was associated with age more than 50 and self-reported obesity.
IJCM_176A: Prehypertension and its association with anthropometric indices among young adult Bank Employees of a city in coastal district of Andhra Pradesh-A cross-sectional study.
Authors: Hansdah Paran Mohan , Sujatha P. , Sridevi G. , Madhavi B. Devi 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Hypertension is a rapidly emerging modifiable lifestyle disease and is often called as the silent killer. Owing to a steady increase in the prevalence it is of public health concern. Hypertension develops gradually preceded by prehypertension as evidenced by longitudinal studies. Bank employees lead a sedentary and highly stressful life that often leads to developing NCD’s such as hypertension. The study aims to assess the prevalence of prehypertension among them.

Objectives:
1. To assess the prevalence of Prehypertension among bank employees. 2. To determine the association between various anthropometric measurements and Prehypertension among bank employees.

Methodology:
A Cross-sectional Study was carried out among the bank employees of urban Kakinada, during October & November 2023 and their hypertension status was assessed. List of banks in the city was obtained and 32 of them were selected by simple random sampling using lottery method. Sample size was calculated using the formula=z2pq/l2 with an allowable error of 15% of prevalence.Prevalence(55.3%) was taken from the study done by Sira Jam Munira and sample size was 140.Young adults(25-44years) of age from the rank of Clerk and above were included in the study. Modified WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data using Kobo toolbox and the data was analysed using MS Excel 2019 and SPSS 21. Prior approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee.

Results:
A total of 308 respondents constituted the study population. The mean age of the participants was 52.80±10.97 years. Among various domains of QOL, mean scores were found to be maximum for environmental domain (54.08± 14.76). Females have lower scores among various QOL domains as compared to their male counterparts. Age was found to be independent predictor for all the domains of QOL. Literacy, monthly family income, presence of self-reported stress and duration of the diabetes were all significantly associated with majority of domains of QOL on multivariate analysis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Advancing age and duration of diabetes were found to be among important predictors of QOL.

Conclusion:
Young adult bank employees had high prevalence of prehypertension and it was more prevalent among females.
IJCM_191A: A study of awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption among an urban population of Raipur.
Authors: Pradhan Jyoti , Pal Anjali , Shukla Arvind Kumar 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Tobacco consumption has been significantly linked to increased mortality and morbidity. It gives rise to several diseases such as lung cancer, oral cancer, COPD, asthma, and dental problems as well as aggravates other diseases like TB, asbestosis, heart ailments, etc. It is the need of the hour to increase awareness about the adverse effects of tobacco addiction.

Objectives:
To study awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption among an urban population of Raipur.

Methodology:
Data was collected as part of an ongoing cross-sectional study in June 2023 in the Urban Field Practice area of AIIMS Raipur (Ward 24 and 25). Demographic details including age [40-74 years], gender, education, family type, addiction history, etc. were collected. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPS survey and GATS survey was used to collect information on tobacco awareness.

Results:
Data entry was done in Excel and analyzed in SPSS version 21. Among the 200 participants, 54.5% (109) were female and the rest male. The majority of participants belonged to Hindu religion (96.5%), nuclear family type (50%), and OBC caste (54%). About 10.5% of participants were current smokers, most of them male. Smokeless tobacco consumption like gudakhu, gutkha, and pan was more prevalent than smoking, especially in women (29%). Smokeless tobacco consumption was almost equal in both genders. Awareness improved with an increase in educational status and with younger age categories, which were found to be significant. Only 73% of males and 39.4% of females were aware of the harmful health effects of tobacco consumption.

Conclusion:
Illiteracy and easy accessibility of tobacco products at cheap prices, especially for smokeless tobacco and lack of awareness has led to extensive consumption of these products and hence, efforts must be made in these directions by various measures, such as policies, bans, taxes and health education.
IJCM_194A: Diabetes distress and associated factors among adult patients residing in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi
Authors: Alwani Anam Anil , Kaur Ravneet , Bairwa Mohan , Misra Puneet , Nongkynrih Baridalyne 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Diabetes distress “refers to the negative emotional or affective experiences resulting from the challenge of living with the demands of diabetes.” The American Diabetes Association recommends routinely screening for distress. Presently, this does not take place and distress remains undiagnosed.

Objectives:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes distress, its associated factors and the relationship between glycemic control and distress.

Methodology:
This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in a resettlement colony in Delhi. The participants were selected using simple random sampling and included adults diagnosed with DM. The sample size calculated was 433 (prevalence: 42%, absolute precision: 5%, non-response rate: 10%). The questionnaire included Diabetes Distress Scale 17 and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was tested for all the participants. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with distress as well as the association between glycemic control status and the presence of distress.

Results:
412 adults were included in the study, of which 35.4% had clinically significant distress. The factors found to be associated with diabetes distress on multivariable logistic regression were: female sex, belonging to the lower socio-economic status, having self-reported comorbidities, being diagnosed with diabetes 10 or more years ago, being on treatment from a private or government hospital as compared to not being on treatment and having an unmet need for social support. There was a positive association between physician contact and distress. Those with poor glycemic control had higher odds of distress, regimen related distress and emotional burden, as compared to those who had adequate glycemic control.

Conclusion:
In this study, distress was prevalent among 35.4% of adults with diabetes. The factors determined to be associated with distress may provide a targeted approach to address distress, which ought to be screened for in routine clinical settings and be addressed, to help improve disease control.
IJCM_197A: A cross-sectional study to assess the risk of diabetes among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Vijayan Veena , Mundada Vinod D. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health problems that affects all age groups. Usually, medical students have sedentary lifestyle owing to academic requirements and there are only limited studies on diabetes screening have been conducted among them. Thus, this study aimed to assess risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to study association of diabetes risk with other factors among undergraduate medical students.

Objectives:
1. To assess the risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital. 2. To study the association of risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with other factors among undergraduate medical students.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study conducted among 272 undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital during July 2023 to October 2023. Data collection was done using sociodemographic questionnaire and risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was assessed using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS).

Results:
Among 272 study participants, about 21% had moderate risk score and 1.5% had severe risk score. About 64% medical students belonged to nuclear family, 44.6% had family history of diabetes mellitus and 38% were overweight/ obese. Statistically significant association of moderate-high diabetes risk with nuclear family, positive family history of diabetes, no/mild physical activity and body mass index (BMI) was seen.

Conclusion:
A significant proportion of undergraduate student had moderate to high risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus found to associated with nuclear family, family history of diabetes, no or mild physical activity and overweight.
IJCM_199A: Out of pocket expenditure and catastrophic expenditure on haemodialysis: a cross sectional study on patients with chronic kidney disease in Palakkad, Kerala
Authors: Jayasankar J B , Prathvimraj BU 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Advances in kidney transplantation and dialysis have helped millions of people with ESRD. However, cost involved in terms of initial investment, maintenance, training, skilled personnel, subsidies on consumables and drugs add to the long-term cost involved with treatment.

Objectives:
1. To study the treatment expenditure, out of pocket expenditure and catastrophic expenditure during Haemodialysis. 2) To study sociodemographic characteristics of ESRD patients on Haemodialysis

Methodology:
It is a cross sectional study conducted in 2 government and 2 private hospitals among patients with chronic kidney disease who were undergoing haemodialysis for a minimum period of 1 month. Data was collected using preformed questionnaire containing data on socio-demographic variables, illness details, dialysis details, medications and other expenditures.

Results:
65.7% of participant gave history of having insurance coverage or any assistance for dialysis. But majority of patients used their savings (69.7%), or gifts (60.2%), sold assets (51.2%), made unsecured loans (23.9%), mortgaged their lands (11.9%). In addition, 97.5% had catastrophic expenditure on dialysis. Out of pocket expenditure for dialysis per month was Rs.8,310 in government institutes and Rs.29,655 in private institute. Among private, it was Rs.11,297 rupees in ECHS patients and Rs.18,642 in other social insurance scheme

Conclusion:
There is a high out of pocket expenditure among dialysis patients for their session with public private disparity
IJCM_20A: Understanding determinants of increased home deliveries in accessing antenatal care in the two blocks of the Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Shukla Mansi , Rastogi Priyanshu , Sethi Gaurav , Sharma Shantanu , Mehra Sunil , Sethi Gitanshu 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Maternal mortality has been declining over the years in India. Despite India achieving a maternal mortality ratio below 100 per 100,000 live births by 2020, Chamba, an aspirational district of Himachal Pradesh, still faces challenges. In Chamba, access to antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) remains suboptimal.

Objective:
To understand the perspectives of key stakeholders on barriers and facilitators for accessing ANC/PNC and institutional delivery services in the Chamba district.

Methodology:
The qualitative study was conducted in May and June 2023 in two blocks of the Chamba district. Around 5-6 villages were purposively selected in each block. The study encompassed 19 in-depth interviews and 7 focus group discussions involving lactating and pregnant women, family members, medical officers, and frontline healthcare workers. Additionally, the assessment of 2 labour rooms at the health facility was conducted using DAKSHATA standards.

Results:
The study revealed multifaceted barriers in Chamba, including challenging road conditions worsened by weather impeding timely health facility access. Women’s heavy workloads and limited awareness resulted in delayed ANC, PNC, and registration. Cultural preferences and myths hindered institutional deliveries. Transportation challenges, ambulance limitations, hospital overload, and health facility constraints amplified the difficulties. The DAKSHATA assessment indicated a mean score of 22 out of 30, stressing the need for improvements to enhance ANC, PNC, and institutional delivery access.

Conclusion:
The findings emphasize the critical need for interventions that enhance awareness among women, counteract cultural preferences for home deliveries and dispel prevalent myths and misconceptions. Furthermore, addressing transportation limitations, ambulance constraints, and hospital overload is crucial.
IJCM_209A: Are the patients with tuberculosis beneficiaries of the social protection schemes of the government? An operational research from coastal Karnataka
Authors: Akshaya K M , Bhargava Madhavi , Pavithra H 
Published: April 2024

Background:
One of the components of Pillar 2 of the End TB strategy focuses on social protection and addressing the social determinants of TB.

Objective:
We assessed the proportion of patients with TB who were utilizing the various social protection schemes of the government.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in four TUs of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State between September 2019 and January 2020. All public notified patients with TB who completed at least the intensive phase of TB treatment were included. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to the patients at their residence by the trained field worker in the Kannada and responses regarding utilization of key social protection schemes were recorded. Basic socio demographic and clinical details were obtained from the TB treatment card.

Results:
Of 174 patients, 46 percent were in the productive age group (15-44 years). More than two thirds were males. Around one-third were employed and about 55 percent belonged to urban areas. More than half of the patients belonged to below poverty line. Among the social protection schemes applicable to all the patients, 36.8% had received the first installment of cash transfer for nutritional supplementation and about 5% received nutritional supplements from local funding mechanisms. About 97% patients in the below poverty line or Antyodaya group had received dry ration from PDS. About 52% of the women in the reproductive age group were enrolled with ICDS; however, none availed the dry ration. Three fourths of patients utilized at least one social protection scheme. The timings of availability were not suitable for almost half of the patients to avail the benefits.

Conclusion:
The utilization of the existing social protection schemes was found to be suboptimal. The possible reasons need to be explored using qualitative research.