bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Observations on Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Attacking Grazing Cattle in Denmark
Authors: Nielsen B. Overgaard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the period I966-69 entomological investigations on the dipterous fauna of grazing cattle in Denmark were carried out with a view to recording potential vectors of the disease "summer mastitis". Some I200 biting midges (Culicoides Latr.) were collected from grazing piebald heifers in 3 field and meadow localities. 8 species of biting midges were represented in the material. Most of the species are known as blood-suckers on domestic animals. About 50 % of the material consisted of C. obsoletus, while C. punctatus, C. chiopterus, and C. subfasciipennis accounted for 24 %, I4 %, and I0 % respectively. Midge activity was extremely high on the belly, especially in the umbilical region and on the udder, much lower on the back and flanks, and considerable on the legs. Several species were present on the belly, however C. obsoletus, C. punctatus, and C. subfasciipennis being dominant. These species could be suspected of participating in the transmission of "summer mastitis", when co-operating with non-biting flies, e.g. Hydrotaea irritans Fall.; they are therefore deserving of special attention. On the back and flanks, C. obsoletus and C. punctatus were the main species, and on the legs, C. chiopterus.
The Life History and Seasonal Regulation of Aeshna viridis Eversm. in Southern Sweden (Odonata)
Authors: Norling Ulf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe life-history of Aeshna viridis Eversm. has been studied at a peat-pit in southern Sweden by means of regular sampling. Larvae from some samples from late summer to early spring have been experimentally subjected to constant artificial day-lengths of I3, I4.5, I6 and I9.5 hours at a temperature of 20°C. The results of experiments suggest that the rapid transition of photoperiod in autumn and spring is most important in the regulation of the life-cycle, which in the population studied had a duration of 2-3 years. A comparison is made between the seasonal regulation in Aeshna viridis and that in some other species. The causes of the phenological differences between certain types of spring and summer species and the differences in life-history of Aeshna species at different latitudes are discussed.
The Sex Ratios, Mating Frequencies and Mating Expectancies of Three Coenagriids (Odonata : Zygoptera) in Northern England
Authors: Parr M.J. , Palmer Marion 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPopulations of Ischnura elegans, Coenagrion puella and Enallagma cyathigerum were studied in order to determine sex ratios, mating frequencies and mating expectancies. As the true imaginal sex ratio is unknown in these Odonata attempts were also made to determine the larval and final instar exuvial sex ratios. The larvae of I. elegans showed a small but nonsignificant excess of males, and males constituted 62 percent of imaginal samples. Estimates of total season's imaginal population sizes tend to suggest that the real sex ratio was near to I:I. Larval samples of C. puella indicated a significant excess of males and males constituted 76 percent of imaginal samples. Samples of final instar exuviae of E. cyathigerum showed that the sex ratio at emergence was exactly unity but male imagines constituted 84 percent of the population samples. Only 5 percent male and I2 percent female I. elegans were seen to mate despite a high persistence at water and that this species has a long copulation time. Sexual maturation is rapid in I. elegans and both sexes mate well into old age. The mating frequencies of male C. puella and E. cyathigerum were low, but females of these species showed very much higher values than for I. elegans. The data suggest that some males of I. elegans and E. cyathigerum are not successful in achieving mating.
Influence of Light on Flight Activity of Noctuids (Lepidoptera) in South Sweden
Authors: Persson Bert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn I968 and I969 noctuids were caught by means of a light trap at Bunkeflo, south of Malmo (prov. Scania). Hourly catches were separated. Sex differences in the diel distribution of catch were found. In summer, the males showed their highest activity around midnight. The females then showed a bimodal catch curve with the highest catch before, and a second weaker peak after midnight. In summer, light was found to be the factor governing the nocturnal distribution of catch, in autumn temperature. In I970 observations and experiments on captured moths were performed. Start of flight in the twilight period was found to be induced by the decreasing light. The moths started at higher light values if the temperature during this period was high. In actograph experiments it was found that moonlight has a depressing effect on the activity of noctuids.
Notes on Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) I A Revision of the Nepticula ruficapitella Group
Authors: Johansson Roland 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe European species of the Nepticula ruficapitella group are revised on the basis of authentic material. Four new species, svenssoni, dorsiguttella, roborella and eberhardi, are established. Three species, atricapitella Hw., ruficapitella Hw. and samiatella Z., formerly not satisfactorily defined, are redescribed. N. cerricolella Klim. is reduced to a subspecies of basiguttella Hein. N. ilicivora Peyer. is considered synonymous with the older name suberivora Stt. Five lectotypes are designated, some of these specimens have previously been labelled "Type" or "Lectotype" but as far as known without publication. These lectotypes are here published in accordance with the rules of zoological nomenclature. A list of the Scandinavian and British Nepticulidae was compiled and the species are arranged into groups consisting of allied species. The definition of Stigmella Schrank 1802 is disagreeing with the structural characters distinguishing the family Nepticulidae. Consequently, the generic name Stigmella has to be rejected and the younger but better known and satisfactorily defined name Nepticula Heyden I843 has been used in this paper.
Genetics of Some Polymorphic Forms of the African Butterfly, Acraea encedon L. (Lep.)
Authors: Chanter D.O. , Owen D.F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory breeding of the polymorphic African butterfly, Acraea encedon, has established the dominance relationships of most of the common colour forms. It is not yet certain if the forms are determined by a series of multiple alleles at a single locus, and alternative interpretations involving more than one locus are suggested. Evidence for the possibility of linkage between two of the forms is discussed. The widespread white form, lycia, occurs in most populations and it may be the universal recessive comparable to the widespread black and white form of the African swallowtail, Papilio dardanus.
Gregarines: Their Effects on Damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Authors: Åbro Arnold 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdults of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) were to a great extent found to have their midgut infected with a eugregarine Hoplorhynchus oligacanthus (Siebold). Heavy infestation seriously damaged the gut epithelium, and the viability of the host was estimated to be reduced. Marking experiments have revealed that individuals which attained great adult age were either lightly infected or non-infected, or they were thought to have been infected late in their adult life. The conclusion is that the eugregarine infestation apparently reduces the longevity of adults when other conditions are sub-optimum.
Benthic Insect Communities of Streams in Stora Sjöfallet National Park, Swedish Lapland
Authors: Hagerman L. , Ulfstrand S. , Otto C. , Svensson B. , Enckell P.H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBenthic animal communities in streams with varying environmental conditions in a national park in northern Swedish Lapland were analysed. Dominant taxa were Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera Simuliidae. Northeasterly or very widely spread species make up the fauna. Intrariverine distribution patterns were found to differ between taxa, and great variations of standing crop values between adjacent sampling sites were the rule. Day-to-day fluctuations of drift rate were unsynchronized between taxa. Some ecological properties of Brachyptera risi (Plec.) are discussed. Some lake shores and streams affected by hydroelectric exploitation appeared virtually devoid of macroscopic animals.
The Micro-Structure, Distribution and Possible Function of Peg-Like Setae in Male Coleoptera
Authors: Hammond P.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe shape and surface structure of peg-like setae occurring in certain male Staphylinidae and other Coleoptera are described with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. The sites at which these organs are known to occur and the taxa in which they have been found are listed. Their possible function is discussed.
On Trioza viridula (Zett.) and Two Related Species Breeding on Cirsium1 (Hem., Psylloidea)
Authors: Ossiannilsson Frej 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn his revision of the Psyllids of Zetterstedt (Ossiannilsson, I942), the author identified Chermes viridulus Zett. with Trioza cirsii Löw. By a study of preimaginal characters this is now found to be wrong and it is stated that Trioza viridula (Zett.) and Trioza cirsii Löw are distinct though closely related species. Details of their male and female genitalia and the microsculpture of the under side of their fore wings are reproduced for comparison. Figures of the larval instars of viridula and cirsii and the related agrophila Löw showing their chaetotaxy are also given. A key for the separation of these larvae and some data on the biology and distribution of these species in Sweden terminate the present paper.
Altitudinal Zonation of Geometrid Larvae (Lep.) during a Mass Occurrence on Birch at Sogndal, Western Norway, I967
Authors: Hagvar Sigmund 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarvae of Geometridae (Lep.) attacked the birch wood (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in the mountain slopes near Sogndal, Sogn, in I966 and I967. Collecting of larvae were made in I967 by sweep-netting on five stations at different altitudes up to timber line at 900 m a.s. The maximum density of Operophthera sp., at about 300 m a.s., was estimated to be about five times higher than the maximum density of Oporinia autumnata Bkh. just below the timber line. A horizontal, brownish belt, where the trees were heavily defoliated, extended from approximately 250 to 350 m a.s. The trees near the timber line were not so heavily defoliated. The least defoliated trees were found at about 650-700 m a.s., in the overlapping zone of the two geometrid species. Operophthera sp. was found at all altitudes, while O. autumnata occurred only in the upper half of the birch wood. Erannis aurantiaria Hb. and E. defoliaria Cl. also occurred at all altitudes. The former preferred the lower part of the birch wood, and was always present in densities lower than O. autumnata's highest density. Only a few larvae of E. defoliaria were found, without showing any altitudinal preference.
Male Copulatory Organs of Macaronesian Species of Aphanarthrum Wollaston. With Designations of Lectotypes and Descriptions of New Taxa (Col. Scolytidae)
Authors: Israelson Gunnar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrawings are reproduced of the male copulatory apparatus in a number of Macaronesian Aphanarthrum. Lectotypes are designated for the Wollaston species of the genus. The following new taxa are described: A. wollastoni n.sp., A. glabrum nudum n.ssp., A. subglabrum n.sp., A. canescens polyspiniger n.ssp., and A. canariense longipes n.ssp.
Polymorphic Mimicry in a Population of the African Butterfly, Pseudacraea eurytus (L.) (Lep. Nymphalidae)
Authors: Owen D.F. , Chanter D.O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe African butterfly, Pseudacraea eurytus, is a polymorphic Batesian mimic of various species of unpalatable Bematistes. In an attempt to correlate the relative frequency of the models and the mimics numerous difficulties were encountered, the most important of which is the association of some of the polymorphic forms with sex and the varying probabilities of capture of males and females of models and mimics. These difficulties are partly overcome by estimating changes in diversity in the models and the mimics on a seasonal basis; but the general conclusion reached is that it is extremely difficult to analyse quantitatively the relationship between models and mimics in a natural situation.
— Zur Morphologie und Funktion des — Helodiden-Aedoeagus (Col.)1
Authors: Nyholm Tord 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structure and function of the aedeagus were investigated in 9 genera of the family Helodidae, most thoroughly in Helodes and Cyphon. On the basis of this investigation, the different types of tegmen and penis represented within the family are described. The tegmen of the Helodidae, which is either entirely devoid of a sclerotized "basal piece" or possesses only rudiments of such, may be divided into three main types; in addition there are a few quite aberrant cases. The penis (median lobe), more interesting from the standpoint of comparative morphology, is extremely diversified. A separation between two main types could however be maintained: one represented by genus Helodes alone, the other by all remaining genera. The Helodes type is more primitive, though at the same time rather specialized in certain details. The second penis type is still more specialized. Its main characteristic is a separate triangular sclerite (a "trigonium") situated ventrally in the distal part of penis. In certain genera it is cleft medially into a pair of moveable appendages ("prosthemata"). A splitting of the penis apex into two lobes ("parameroids") occurs in most species of Helodes, but also among the majority of remaining genera. The evolution of the penis from a supposed primitive initial form towards the Helodes type on one side and the highly specialized type represented by certain species of Cyphon on the other, is outlined and discussed. The importance of a gradual change of the copulatory method for this evolution is particularly stressed. The morphology of the aedeagus as basis for the systematics of the Helodidae is briefly treated. The investigation was also extended to cover representatives of other families, generally regarded as related to the Helodidae. Most of them possess an aedeagus of a rather primitive trilobed type. Deviating from this pattern are the Dascillidae, with the penis completely cleft into one dorsal and one ventral sclerite, and also the Psephenidae. In this family, the penis is supplied with a separate sclerite, apparently homologous with the "trigonium" of the Helodidae and with a similar evolution.
A Method for Axenic Rearing of the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus L. (Orth.)
Authors: Charpentier R. , Larsson R. , Olofsson E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique for continuous axenic rearing of the house cricket, Acheta domestica L., is described. The eggs were surface-sterilized by immersion in a hypochlorite solution and transported to flasks containing sterilized nutrient medium, consisting of wheat bran, lettuce, carrot, mouse pellets and water. At 30° C they produced four generations a year. Mortality was insignificant if overcrowding was avoided. The effect of hypochlorite solution on survival of eggs in different developmental stages was studied. Young eggs and eggs near eclosion were largely damaged. Due to influence of group size crickets reared in solitude developed more slowly than those reared two or more together. For continuous rearing, axenic eggs could be collected from house crickets reared under axenic conditions and transported to new culture flasks. About 20 culture flasks were enough to maintain the culture.
Morphological Characteristics of North-European Myrmeleontid Larvae (Neuroptera)
Authors: Friheden Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring a physiological investigation of myrmeleontid larvae it became apparent that my material included three different species. These are: Euroleon nostras (Fourc.) Myrmeleon bore (Tjed.) and M. formicarius L. I have studied the larval characteristics of these and have reared them to imagines. Two determination keys are given, one for living larvae of all instars, the other for dried or alcohol-preserved larvae of the second and third instars.
A Simple Method for Rearing Terrestrial Heteroptera, with Special Reference to Seed-Bugs (Het. Lygaeidae)
Authors: Coulianos Carl-Cedric , Kugelberg Otto 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA description is given of a versatile, inexpensive method for rearing different types of terrestrial Heteroptera. It permits individual, group- or massrearing and is suitable for continuous rearing as well as for food-preference experiments. It seems to fulfil all the essential requirements of the insects regarding feeding, drinking, moulting, mating, and oviposition. Some experiences are given espeeially from rearing seed-feeding Lygaeidae. Especially important is that the animals are given shelter during critical phases of development notably during moulting. Substrate and shelter also seem to be of great importance for evoking the behaviour necessary for a successful mating and oviposition. The method is discussed and compared with some other rearing techniques.
Low Mating Frequency in Predominantly Female Populations of the Butterfly, Acraea encedon (L.) (Lep.)
Authors: Owen D.F. , Chanter D.O. , Owen Jennifer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring mating a male butterfly leaves a spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix of the female; one spermatophore results from each mating, and by dissection it is possible to determine how many times a female has mated. In butterflies with a normal I:I sex ratio most females mate at least once, and samples collected in the field contain very few unmated females. Most females from four Uganda populations of Acraea encedon containing only 2-6 males to every I00 females were found to be unmated. In contrast, most of the females from a population in Sierra Leone with a sex ratio of about 0.I6 had been mated, and all those in a small sample from a population with a normal sex ratio had mated. Statistical analysis of spermatophore counts suggests that matings subsequent to the first occur at random, but at the same time it would seem that the predominantly female populations of Acraea encedon, which in some cases are known to have survived for at least 50 breeding generations, owe their persistence to some form of frequency-dependent selective mating such that females producing males as well as females are at an advantage. It is suggested that spermatophore counts could be used in any possible future investigation of selective mating in Acraea encedon. The behaviour of individuals in an isolated population in Sierra Leone with a normal sex ratio suggests that reproductive isolation has been evolved, and that the sex ratio trait has been unable to spread into this population.
Uroleucon ( Uromelan) scorzonerae, a New Aphid Species from Sweden (Hem. Hom. Aphididae)
Authors: Danielsson Roy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApterous and alate viviparous females of a new aphid species, Uroleucon scorzonerae, are described. The aphid lived on the underside of the leaves of Scorzonera humilis L., and was found at the locality Fröstad, Rystad, Östergötland, Sweden.
The Genus Merzsmus Walk. in Sweden and Description of a New Genus and Species (Hym. Pteromalidae, Miscogasterinae)
Authors: Hedqvist Karl-Johan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe author gives a key to the Swedish species of Merismus Walk. Only M. megapterus Walk. was known before from Sweden; now he is adding four species: M. splendens V. Grah., M. nitidus (Walk.), M. rufipes Walk. and M. lasthenes (Walk.). A new genus Cirdania gen. n. is described with type-species Cirdania styliclava sp. n. from province SkÅne (Scania).
The Scoliid Types of Tullgren and of Dalman in the Swedish Riksmuseum (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Bradley J. Chester 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the types in the Swedish Riksmuseum, Stockholm, of the scoliid taxa established by Tullgren (1904, 7 species), and Dalman (1823, 2 species). The two Dalman names and deserta Tullgr. are valid.
Diel Distribution of Oviposition in Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), Agrotis munda (Walk.), and Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), (Lep. Noctuidae), in Relation to Temperature and Moonlight1
Authors: Persson Bert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe diel egg-laying activity was recorded by means of an egg-laying recording apparatus. Simultaneous hourly registrations of temperature and nocturnal illumination were obtained. With few exceptions egg-laying occurred during the night. The activity was highest in the first part of the night and a bimodal distribution curve was found. Moonlight had a depressing effect; above 0.1 lux no eggs were laid. The influence of the moon was more clearly visible at high temperatures. An attempt is made to explain the biomodal distribution curve found.
Symphyla (Myriapoda) from the Subantarctic Crozet Islands
Authors: Scheller Ulf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSymphyla (Myriapoda) are reported for the first time from the subantarctic islands. The study is based upon a collection from the Crozet Islands made by Dr. Lewis Davies, Durham. One Scolopendrellidae species was found. It belongs to the genus Symphylella and is new to science. It is described and its affinities are discussed. A lectotype for the closely related Symphylella texana is selected and the diagnosis of the species is emended.
On the Elytral Microsculpture of Carabid Beetles (Col. Carabidae)
Authors: Lindroth Carl H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a great amount of variation in microsculpture on the surface of Carabid Beetles. On the elytra, subject of this study, microsculpture may be entirely lacking, but as a rule consists of engraved microlines, either forming a network of meshes from isodiametric to more or less stretched, or of very dense transverse lines, a system of diffraction gratings causing iridescence. Since this phenomenon appears in many non-related genera and groups, for instance within the large genus Bembidion, it is concluded that diffraction grating is clearly polyphyletic in the Carabid family. An investigation of Baltic Amber Carabidae showed that the different types of microsculpture were developed already in early Oligocene and gave no support to the hypothesis-plausible in itself and confirmed in genus Bembidion-that diffraction grating is a derivative condition. The biological importance of iridescence is doubtful. In certain situations it may have a repulsive effect on predators, for instance birds. But, since it occurs also in certain cavernicolous species never exposed to light, this cannot be the only valid explanation. Other possible effects of iridescence, such as protection against over-heating or ultraviolet light, were doubted. It seems that no generally valid selective value of diffraction grating can be applied and that, in many cases, it may be preserved only as "not harmful".
Numerical Phyletics: An Analysis from the Viewpoint of Phylogenetic Systematics
Authors: Schlee Dieter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerical taxonomy's claims for numerical phyogenetic inferences—i.e. various authors' contributions included in Sneath and Sokal's new textbook— re critically examined, and contrasted with Hennig's hylogenetic systematics. Numerical phyletics is found to be vague, inconsistent, and defective concerning the precision and power of problem solution in theory and practice. Therefore, in all these aspects it is inferior to Hennig's phylogenetic systematics, which seem to have been misunderstood and misinterpreted by Sneath and Sokal, apparently due to lack of sufficient information about the present state of this methodology.