bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA barcoding of the ichthyofauna of Taal Lake, Philippines
Authors: AQUILINO SEAN V. L. , TANGO JAZZLYN M. , FONTANILLA IAN K. C. , PAGULAYAN ROBERTO C. , BASIAO ZUBAIDA U. , ONG PERRY S. , QUILANG JONAS P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study represents the first molecular survey of the ichthyofauna of Taal Lake and the first DNA barcoding attempt in Philippine fishes. Taal Lake, the third largest lake in the Philippines, is considered a very important fisheries resource and is home to the world’s only freshwater sardine, Sardinella tawilis. However, overexploitation and introduction of exotic fishes have caused a massive decline in the diversity of native species as well as in overall productivity of the lake. In this study, 118 individuals of 23 native, endemic and introduced fishes of Taal Lake were barcoded using the partial DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. These species belong to 21 genera, 17 families and 9 orders. Divergence of sequences within and between species was determined using Kimura 2‐parameter (K2P) distance model, and a neighbour‐joining tree was generated with 1000 bootstrap replications using the K2P model. All COI sequences for each of the 23 species were clearly discriminated among genera. The average within species, within genus, within family and within order percent genetic divergence was 0.60%, 11.07%, 17.67% and 24.08%, respectively. Our results provide evidence that COI DNA barcodes are effective for the rapid and accurate identification of fishes and for identifying certain species that need further taxonomic investigation.
Does hydrophobicity always enhance antioxidant drugs? A cut-off effect of the chain length of functionalized chlorogenate esters on ROS-overexpressing fibroblasts
Authors: Laguerre Mickaël , Wrutniak-Cabello Chantal , Chabi Béatrice , López Giraldo Luis J , Lecomte Jérôme , Villeneuve Pierre , Cabello Gérard 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Phenolic antioxidants are currently attracting a growing interest as potential therapeutic agents to counteract diseases associated with oxidative stress. However, their high hydrophilicity results in a poor bioavailability hindering the development of efficient antioxidant strategies. A promising way to overcome this is to increase their hydrophobicity by lipophilic moiety grafting to form the newly coined ‘phenolipids’. Although hydrophobicity is generally considered as advantageous regarding antioxidant properties, it is nevertheless worth investigating whether increasing hydrophobicity necessarily leads to a more efficient antioxidant drug.

Methods
To answer this question, the antioxidant capacity of a homologous series of phenolics (chlorogenic acid and its methyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl esters) toward mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in a ROS-overexpressing fibroblast cell line was investigated using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein.

Key findings
Overall, the long chain esters (dodecyl and hexadecyl esters) were more active than the short ones (methyl, butyl, and octyl esters), with an optimal activity for dodecyl chlorogenate. Moreover, dodecyl chlorogenate exerted a strong antioxidant capacity, for concentration and incubation time below the cytotoxicity threshold, making it a promising candidate for further in-vivo studies. More importantly, we found that the elongation of the chain length from 12 to 16 carbons led unexpectedly to a 45% decrease of antioxidant capacity.

Conclusion
The understanding of this sudden collapse of the antioxidant capacity through the cut-off theory will be discussed in this article, and may contribute towards development of a rational approach to design novel amphiphilic antioxidant drugs, especially phenolipids with medium fatty chain.
Dual inhibition: a novel promising pharmacological approach for different disease conditions
Authors: Patyar Sazal , Prakash Ajay , Medhi Bikash 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
To overcome the problems associated with polypharmacy, which include medication non compliance, adverse drug reactions, drug–drug interactions and increased pill-burden, various strategies, such as sustained-release drugs and fixed-dose combination regimens (polypills), have been developed. Out of these, a novel and very much promising approach is the use of dual-action drugs. Amongst the dual-action drugs, there is a class of compounds known as dual inhibitors, which possess the dual inhibitory activity. The most common examples of dual inhibitors are rivastigmine, ladostigil, asenapine, phenserine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin and desipramine. This review article focuses on the conventional drugs used in different diseases which possess dual inhibition activity as well as those which are still in the preclinical/clinical phase.
Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, attenuates chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats
Authors: Zhao Rui , Shi Wen-Zhen , Zhang Yong-Mei , Fang San-Hua , Wei Er-Qing 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Previously we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1) antagonist, on acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. In this study, we have determined its effect on chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats.

Methods
After transient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, montelukast was intraperitoneally injected in mice or orally administered to rats for five days. Behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss were determined to evaluate brain lesions.

Key findings
Montelukast (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss in mice, which was similar to pranlukast, another CysLT1 receptor antagonist. Oral montelukast (0.5 mg/kg) was effective in rats and was more effective than edaravone, a free radical scavenger.

Conclusion
Montelukast protected mice and rats against chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia, supporting the therapeutic potential of CysLT1 receptor antagonists.
Betulinic acid prevention of d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide liver toxicity is triggered by activation of Bcl-2 and antioxidant mechanisms
Authors: Zheng Zhan-Wei , Song Shun-Zong , Wu Yan-Ling , Lian Li-Hua , Wan Ying , Nan Ji-Xing 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The hepatoprotective activity and molecular mechanism of betulinic acid (BA) was investigated on acute liver failure induced by d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo.

Methods
Mice were administered with different doses of BA (20 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before injection of D-GalN (700 mg/kg)/LPS (10 µg/kg) and sacrificed 6 h after treatment with D-GalN/LPS.

Key findings
Pretreatment with BA significantly prevented the increases of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, while it increased the content of glutathione and catalase, and reduced malondialdehyde. BA showed obvious anti-oxidant effects and prevented D-GalN/LPS-induced apoptosis, as indicated by DNA ladder. BA treatment resulted in regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase. We found that BA mediated production of c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase induced by D-GalN/LPS, promoted the expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and restored mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.

Conclusions
The results suggested that BA prevented D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver failure by upregulation of Bcl-2 and antioxidation and mediation of cytokines causing apoptotic cell death and lessened liver damage.
Differential disposition of intra-renal generated and preformed glucuronides: studies with 4-methylumbelliferone and 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide in the filtering and nonfiltering isolated perfused rat kidney
Authors: Wang Jiping , Evans Allan M , Knights Kathleen M , Miners John O 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to investigate the renal disposition of 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) and 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide (4MUG) to characterise the contribution of excretion and metabolic clearance to total clearance in the kidney.

Methods
The isolated perfused kidney (IPK) from the male Sprague–Dawley rat was used in filtering and non-filtering mode to study the renal disposition of 4MU, renally generated 4MUG and preformed 4MUG. Perfusate and urine (filtering IPK only) was collected for up to 120 min and 4MU and 4MUG in perfusate and urine were determined by HPLC. Analytes were also measured in kidney tissue collected at 120 min. Non-compartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters.

Key findings
The concentration of 4MU in perfusate declined with a terminal half-life of approximately 120 min following administration to the filtering IPK and nonfiltering IPK. There was a corresponding increase in the concentration of 4MUG. Metabolic clearance of 4MU accounted for 92% of total renal clearance. After bolus dosing of preformed 4MUG in the perfusion reservoir of the filtering IPK, the perfusate concentration declined with the terminal half-life of approximately 260 min. The renal excretory clearance of preformed 4MUG accounted for 96% of total renal clearance. 4MU was extensively metabolized by glucuronidation in the filtering and nonfiltering IPK, and the total renal clearance of 4MU was far greater than its renal excretory clearance. This indicated that glucuronidation was the major elimination pathway for 4MU in the kidney.

Conclusions
The data confirmed an important role for the kidney in the metabolic clearance of xenobiotics via glucuronidation and signalled the lack of impact of impaired glomerular filtration on renal drug metabolism.
Colonization-Induced Host-Gut Microbial Metabolic Interaction
Authors: Claus Sandrine P. , Ellero Sandrine L. , Berger Bernard , Krause Lutz , Bruttin Anne , Molina Jérôme , Paris Alain , Want Elizabeth J. , de Waziers Isabelle , Cloarec Olivier , Richards Selena E. , Wang Yulan , Dumas Marc-Emmanuel , Ross Alastair , Rezzi Serge , Kochhar Sunil , Van Bladeren Peter , Lindon John C. , Holmes Elaine , Nicholson Jeremy K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

The gut microbiota enhances the host’s metabolic capacity for processing nutrients and drugs and modulate the activities of multiple pathways in a variety of organ systems. We have probed the systemic metabolic adaptation to gut colonization for 20 days following exposure of axenic mice (
n
= 35) to a typical environmental microbial background using high-resolution
1
H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to analyze urine, plasma, liver, kidney, and colon (5 time points) metabolic profiles. Acquisition of the gut microbiota was associated with rapid increase in body weight (4%) over the first 5 days of colonization with parallel changes in multiple pathways in all compartments analyzed. The colonization process stimulated glycogenesis in the liver prior to triggering increases in hepatic triglyceride synthesis. These changes were associated with modifications of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression and the subsequent alteration of bile acid metabolites, including taurocholate and tauromuricholate, which are essential regulators of lipid absorption. Expression and activity of major drug-metabolizing enzymes (Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c29) were also significantly stimulated. Remarkably, statistical modeling of the interactions between hepatic metabolic profiles and microbial composition analyzed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed strong associations of the
Coriobacteriaceae
family with both the hepatic triglyceride, glucose, and glycogen levels and the metabolism of xenobiotics. These data demonstrate the importance of microbial activity in metabolic phenotype development, indicating that microbiota manipulation is a useful tool for beneficially modulating xenobiotic metabolism and pharmacokinetics in personalized health care.

IMPORTANCE
Gut bacteria have been associated with various essential biological functions in humans such as energy harvest and regulation of blood pressure. Furthermore, gut microbial colonization occurs after birth in parallel with other critical processes such as immune and cognitive development. Thus, it is essential to understand the bidirectional interaction between the host metabolism and its symbionts. Here, we describe the first evidence of an
in vivo
association between a family of bacteria and hepatic lipid metabolism. These results provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms that regulate host-gut microbiota interactions and are thus of wide interest to microbiological, nutrition, metabolic, systems biology, and pharmaceutical research communities. This work will also contribute to developing novel strategies in the alteration of host-gut microbiota relationships which can in turn beneficially modulate the host metabolism.
Clinical predictors of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: first experience with coil embolization in the management of ruptured cerebral aneurysms
Authors: Kawabata Yasuhiro , Horikawa Fumihiko , Ueno Yasushi , Sawada Masahiro , Isaka Fumiaki , Miyake Hidenori 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical predictors of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).Methods102 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were treated (77 by clipping and 25 by coiling). 40 patients were male and 62 were female. Median age was 59 years (range 31–88). The modified Rankin Scale was used to assess functional outcomes 3 months after treatment or at discharge. The associations between potential clinical risk factors and DCI after SAH were assessed using the χ2test.Results52 patients (51.0%) had a good outcome and 13 patients (12.7%) died despite treatment. DCI was observed in 26 patients and hydrocephalus was observed in 37 patients. There were marginal differences in clinical outcomes between the treatment groups (p=0.053), mainly because functional outcomes were significantly superior in the coiling group (p=0.04) in patients with severe SAH. DCI was seen less frequently in the coiling group than in the clipping group (4.0% vs 32.4%, p=0.001). The presence of hydrocephalus was significantly associated with the occurrence of DCI (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis also showed that the treatment modality and the presence of hydrocephalus were independent risk factors for DCI.ConclusionDCI was less frequently observed in the coiling group, and clinical outcomes were also superior in the coiling group, especially for patients with severe SAH. The results showed a significant correlation between DCI and hydrocephalus.
The role of circle of Willis anomalies in cerebral aneurysm rupture
Authors: Lazzaro Marc A , Ouyang Bichun , Chen Michael 
Published: March 2011

Background and purposeLimited data exist to guide patient selection for preventive treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Cerebral aneurysms have been associated with circle of Willis anomalies but whether this association is also related to aneurysm rupture is not known. The occurrence of cerebral aneurysm rupture when a circle of Willis anomaly was present or absent was compared.MethodsPatients admitted over a 2 year period with a diagnosis of a cerebral aneurysm and an anterior communicating artery (ACoA) or posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm were included in the analysis. Brain vascular imaging was reviewed for aneurysm size, morphology and presence of circle of Willis anomaly. Relevant medical history and demographics were obtained from the medical records.ResultsOf the 113 patients with ACoA or PCoA aneurysms, 85 (75.2%) cases were ruptured. There were 49 (43.4%) PCoA aneurysms and 64 (56.6%) ACoA aneurysms. Mean aneurysm size was 5.65 mm (SD 3.31). A circle of Willis anomaly was identified in 46 (40.7%) of all patients. Circle of Willis anomalies were present in 38 (46.9%) ruptured aneurysm cases and eight (29.6%) unruptured aneurysm cases. Multivariate analysis revealed a higher risk of aneurysm rupture when a circle of Willis anomaly was present (p=0.0245, OR 3.72 (CI 1.18 to 11.66)).ConclusionsThis series shows that circle of Willis anomalies are more commonly found in ruptured as opposed to unruptured cerebral aneurysms of the anterior and posterior communicating arteries. The presence of a circle of Willis anomaly may be an important characteristic for selecting patients for preventive aneurysm treatment.
Intravascular ultrasound of the transverse sinus in two patients with pseudotumor cerebri: technical note
Authors: Radvany Martin G , Gomez Juan , Gailloud Philippe 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe etiology of transverse sinus stenosis in patients with pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) is unknown. The imaging findings of transverse sinus stenosis in two patients with PTCS using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) before and after endovascular therapy with stent placement are reported.Material and methodsRetrospective, two patient, technical note.ResultsIn both cases IVUS demonstrated focal intraluminal filling defects within the transverse sinuses, resulting in a narrowing of the sinus. In the first case, IVUS demonstrated cannulation of a narrow channel within the transverse sinus that initially precluded advancement of the stent. In the second case, IVUS demonstrated a significant narrowing when the pressure gradient was borderline and the area of stenosis was not obvious at angiography.ConclusionBesides distinguishing a potential extrinsic compression phenomenon from an intrinsic abnormality as the cause of the transverse sinus stenosis, IVUS also shows great promise as a tool helping to plan the interventional procedure and achieve optimal stent positioning in patients with PTCS.
Genetically modified plants as fish feed ingredients
Authors: Sissener Nini Hedberg , Sanden Monica , Krogdahl Åshild , Bakke Anne-Marie , Johannessen Lene Elisabeth , Hemre Gro-Ingunn 
Published: March 2011

Genetically modified (GM) plants were first grown commercially more than 20 years ago, but their use is still controversial in some parts of the world. Many GM plant varieties are produced in large quantities globally and are approved for use in fish feeds both in Norway and the European Union. European consumers, however, are skeptical to fish produced by means of GM feed ingredients. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of GM plants, including potential toxicity and (or) allergenicity of the novel protein, potential unintended effects, and risk of horizontal gene transfer to other species. This review will present the current state of knowledge regarding GM plants as fish feed ingredients, focusing on fish performance and health as well as the fate of the GM DNA fragments in the fish, identifying limitations of the current work and areas where further research is needed.
Life history strategy and impacts of environmental variability on early life stages of two marine fishes in the North Sea: an individual-based modelling approach
Authors: Daewel Ute , Peck Myron A. , Schrum Corinna 
Published: March 2011

We employed a suite of coupled models to estimate the influence of environmental variability in the North Sea on early life stages of sprat ( Sprattus sprattus ), a small pelagic clupeid, and Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), a demersal gadoid. Environmentally driven changes in bottom-up processes were projected to impact the survival and growth of eggs and larvae of these marine fish species in markedly different ways. We utilized a spatially explicit, individual-based model (IBM) to estimate larval fish survival and a 3D ecosystem model (ECOSMO) to provide variable prey fields. The model was applied to each of 3 years (1990, 1992, 1996) specifically characterized by interannual differences in water temperature in late winter and spring. Our results indicated that an important mechanism connecting environmental factors to larval fish survival was the match–mismatch dynamics of first-feeding larvae and their prey, which was species-specific because of (i) differences in the timing and locations of spawning, (ii) the duration of endogenously feeding life stages, and (iii) prey thresholds required for larval survival. Differences in transport processes also played an important role for the potential survival of larvae of both species.
What Can Gauge-Gravity Duality Teach Us About Condensed Matter Physics?
Authors: Sachdev Subir 
Published: March 2011

I discuss the impact of gauge-gravity duality on our understanding of two classes of systems: conformal quantum matter and compressible quantum matter.The first conformal class includes systems, such as the boson Hubbard model in two spatial dimensions, which display quantum critical points described by conformal field theories. Questions associated with nonzero temperature dynamics and transport are difficult to answer using conventional field-theoretic methods. I argue that many of these can be addressed systematically using gauge-gravity duality and discuss the prospects for reliable computation of low-frequency correlations.Compressible quantum matter is characterized by the smooth dependence of the charge density, associated with a global U(1) symmetry, upon a chemical potential. Familiar examples are solids, superfluids, and Fermi liquids, but there are more exotic possibilities involving deconfined phases of gauge fields in the presence of Fermi surfaces. I survey the compressible systems studied using gauge-gravity duality and discuss their relationship to the condensed matter classification of such states. The gravity methods offer hope of a deeper understanding of exotic and strongly coupled compressible quantum states.
My Life in Finance
Authors: Fama Eugene F. 
Published: March 2011

I was invited by the editors to contribute a professional autobiography to the Annual Review of Financial Economics. I focus on what I think is my best stuff. Readers interested in the rest can download my vita from the Web site of the University of Chicago, Booth School of Business. I only briefly discuss ideas and their origins to give the flavor of context and motivation. I do not attempt to review the contributions of others, which is likely to raise feathers. Mea culpa in advance. Finance is the most successful branch of economics in terms of theory and empirical work, the interplay between the two, and the penetration of financial research into other areas of economics and real-world applications. I have been doing research in finance almost since its start, when Markowitz (1952 , 1959) and Modigliani & Miller (1958) set the field on the path to becoming a serious scientific discipline. It has been fun to see it all, to contribute, and to be a friend and colleague to the giants who created the field.