bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pleistocene Geology of the South Birmingham Area
Authors: Pickering Raymond 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Older Drift of South Birmingham has been shown to include three levels of lacustrine sediments. Their disposition and lithological variation is discussed. They are interpreted as due to the advance of the Riss (Saale) glacier which, impounding glacial Lake Harrison between Leicester and Bredon Hill, produced also a branch at the same height, the Tame valley arm (Shotton 1953). The lowest lake of South Birmingham is part of this arm but the two higher levels are due to smaller stretches of water impounded in a proto-Rea valley by the ice as it advanced southward against the high land in front of the Clent-Lickey Hills. Eventually this ice completely overrode its own lacustrine deposits.
Post-Riss erosion has cut the Rea valley east of its drift-filled ancestor, so that the lake deposits and associated beds are now largely preserved below the higher ground.
The Structural Geology of the Moine Thrust Zone in Coulin Forest, Wester Ross
Authors: Johnson Michael Raymond Walter 
Published: October 2009

Summary
In the Coulin Forest psammitic schists some 6000 feet thick, with infrequent politic horizons, overlie the Moine thrust : the rocks are the right way up and dip gently eastwards. The Moine outcrop has been divided into an eastern zone in which the rocks owe their structure and texture to regional metamorphism and a western zone in which the rocks exhibit the structural and metamorphic effects of the thrust movements. The structures in the western zone of the Moine and in the Torridonian and Lewisian below the Moine thrust are alike in style and orientation ; they are related to the thrust movements. The following movement history has been recognized in the rocks of the thrust zone :—
1. The formation of folds and linear structures trending E.-W. and generally plunging gently eastwards. The folds, which indicate some movement on N.-S. lines, are not consistently overturned in a single direction. These movements were accompanied by granulation, recrystallization and the formation of. orthorhombic fabrics. The relation of the E.-W. structures to the major transport along the thrusts is discussed.
2. The formation of folds and linear structures trending NNE.-SSW. and generally plunging to the north. These structures were produced by late shearing movements in zones of intense sliding. During this phase, the previously formed and folded mylonites were transported to the west-north-west.
Some Apects of the Progress in Geology in the Last Fifty Years. I.
Authors: Hawkes Leonard 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The interpretation of the record of the rocks current fifty years ago has been modified as a result of new evidence and the realization of the immensity of geological time. There is as yet no good reason to doubt that conditions under which the rocks available for examination were formed have remained the same throughout geological time. The hypothesis of a world-wide rhythm in the intensity of crustal movement remains unproved. On present evidence, Lyellian uniformitarianism is applicable to the whole of geological history.
The Petrochemistry of the Ardara Aureole
Authors: Pitcher Wallace Spencer , Sinha Ram Chandra 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The chemical variation in a single horizon of pelitic schists, both within and without the contact aureole of the granodioritic diapir of Ardara in County Donegal, is given in detail. In both environments the schists have been carefully sampled and some 50 analyses made by using rapid spectrophotometric methods.
By establishing an original compositional variation across this horizon it is shown that the contact metamorphism is largely isochemical. Close to the pluton, however, certain slightly higher values for potassium and sodium are recorded and, throughout the aureole, the water content is significantly reduced. The variations in the chemical composition of the rocks are clearly reflected by changes in the mode ; most important are the appearance of a new muscovite and a progressive change in the composition of the ferromagnesian micas.
The results of this study make it quite clear that a knowledge of the original chemical variation of the sediments is a necessary prerequisite to the petrochemical study of their metamorphic derivatives.
Certain of the contact aureoles of the Donegal Granite Complex in North-West Ireland provide excellent opportunities for the geochemical investigation of metamorphic processes. Almost ideal sites for such researches are given by the beautifully exposed aureole surrounding the diapiric pluton of Ardara. The Dalradian country rocks include a thick horizon of pelitic schists which can be followed into this contact zone, thus providing a single medium in which to determine and compare any changes in chemical composition. This study is concerned with a comparison of the composition of
The Investigation of a peat moor at Rodbaston, Penkridge, Staffordshire
Authors: Shotton Frederick William , Strachan Isles 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The form and stratigraphy of an oval peat-filled area north of Wolverhampton is investigated and interpreted as the filling of a kettle-hole formed during the retreat of the Irish Sea glacier. The fauna of the basal silt and the flora of this and the overlying gyttja and peat suggest that the infilling of the hollow did not commence until about zone III of Late-glacial time (some 11,000 years before the present) and that about 30,000 years elapsed after the retreat of the Irish Sea glacier before the kettle-hole received its first sediments.
The structure of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Arklow district (Ireland)
1
Authors: Tremlett W. Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Lower Palaeozoic succession consists mostly of slates but contains a large volcanic series, apparently of Bala age. This is composed essentially of rhyolitic pyroclasts but contains some basic lavas in parts. It reaches a thickness of more than 8000 feet of virtually uninterrupted volcanic rocks in the north-east, but fades out rapidly towards the west.
The basic structure of the area is a fold of synclinal type. In the north-east this is sharply overturned towards the north-west, but it changes south-westwards to a shallow, symmetrical synclinorium. This fold has been cut through by numerous thrust-planes with displacements averaging two to three miles and by many high-angle faults, some of considerable dimensions.
Evidence on the relative ages of intrusions and faults is abundant and allows the complex Caledonian history to be largely deciphered. The initial formation of the synclinorium was succeeded by numerous phases of faulting and a variety of igneous intrusions. Metasomatic events and periods of mineralization are also found in this history.
Problems and principles of Tertiary and Quaternary Stratigraphy
Authors: Van Der Vlerk I. M. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

Stratigraphy, both in western Europe and in the Far East, began on the principle of the so-called percentages method. Applied to long-range correlations, however, and hence to the establishment of a valid worldwide succession, this method raises great problems. The use of index fossils for the same purpose makes too high demands on these fossils, which are suitable only for local use. Genera-assemblages of worldwide occurrence may establish correlations, but for a few stratigraphical series only. The use of bio-series may be more successful. Provisional morphogenetic investigations of the foraminiferal genus
Lepidocyclina
look promising.

The period is too short for the evolution of organisms to serve as a basis for a detailed subdivision of the Quaternary. The only reliable basis seems to be climatic fluctuations, and recent progress in palynological research has enabled these fluctuations to be traced in non-glaciated regions. The use of provisional local geological names in Quaternary stratigraphy has been advocated; the succession drawn up for the Pleistocene of the Netherlands is an example. Persistent attempts to force a worldwide succession into a Günz-Mindel-Riss-Würm frame will only increase the present confusion.
A great problem in Quaternary stratigraphy is the distinction between a “glacial” and a “cool oscillation”, an “interglacial” and an “interstadial”.
The Pleistocene succession in the Stockport and South Manchester area
Authors: Simpson Ian Morven 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Pleistocene history of the Stockport-South Manchester area commences with the spread of an ice-sheet over an undulating surface. This ice-sheet deposited the Lower Boulder-clay. After the ice had retreated a layer of sand accumulated over much of the area to form the Middle Sand. Later a second ice-sheet deposited the Upper Boulder-clay over the whole area. During the retreat of this ice the Upper Sand and Gravel was deposited on the clay. A period of erosion followed in which the present drainage system was established. Subsequently, oscillating conditions caused the formation of a series of terraces in the main river valleys.
A description is given of the lithology and distribution of the various deposits. The nature of the sub-drift surface in the Stockport area is described. The ages of the deposits and their modes of origin are discussed.
The Cader Idris granophyre and its associated rocks
Authors: Davies Rhys Glynn 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Cader Idris granophyre and its surroundings have been remapped, using vertical aerial photographs on the scale of 18 inches to the mile, and the information recompiled on the scale of six inches to the mile. A petrographic study has been made of the rocks present, and a selection of these analysed for major elements. The results suggest that the granophyre was emplaced as magma but caused some mobilization and metasomatism of country rocks near its contacts, as well as in xenoliths and rafts of country rock trapped and surrounded by granophyre in a discordant vent-like portion of the intrusion on Mynydd Moel.
It is believed that the associated quartz-diabase sill and certain rocks of intermediate composition occurring within the Upper Acid Group originated at depth by such processes of thermal mobilization and metasomatism. It is shown that the granophyre lifted its roof more than 1500 feet and that it is physically connected with the uppermost rhyolites of the Upper Acid Group. This fixes the age of the granophyre and suggests that its intrusion was associated with earth-movements of pre-Bala age.
Fossil calcareous algal floras of the Middle East with a note on a Cretaceous problematicum,
Hensonella cylindrica
gen. et sp. nov.
Authors: Elliott Graham F. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

In the Middle East predominantly calcareous sedimentation from Permian to Miocene has preserved rich algal micro-floras: these are listed in detail for Iraq, Qatar, Oman and the Hadhramaut, and compared with other Tethyan floras in the Mediterranean area and elsewhere. The family Chaetangiaceae (Rhodophyta or red algae) is traced from Permian to Recent, being well represented in the Permian, Cretaceous and Eocene of the Middle East. A new genus of problematicum,
Hensonella
, is described.
The geology of Hong Kong
Authors: Ruxton Bryan P. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A revised succession for Hong Kong includes: marine Upper Palaeozoic and deltaic Lower Jurassic sediments, a series of acid volcanic rocks probably of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous age, a major intrusive cycle followed by continental Red Beds, post-Red Beds thrusting of mid-Tertiary(?) age, and late Tertiary fanglomerates. No evidence was found of a cycle of igneous activity of post-Red Beds age as previously claimed.

The major intrusive complex is probably of Upper Cretaceous age and consists of:

(Youngest)
Dyke swarms (granite-porphyries and basic dykes), and associated types,

Batholithic granite

(Oldest)
Sheets of quartz-porphyry.

The activity which produced these intrusions probably took place beneath a land surface on or near the margin of a continental block.
Dinantian, Namurian and Westphalian rocks of the district south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon
Authors: Prentice John Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A stratigraphical succession in the lower part of the Culm Measures has been established in an area between the rivers Taw and Torridge, south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon. Higher Culm strata rest, possibly with unconformity, on the following sequence:—

(d) I
nstow
B
eds
: A greywacke-shale sequence including the Instow Fish-bed. (1500+feet.)

(c) L
imekiln
B
eds
: Bedded siliceous siltstones and black shales. (100–120 feet.)

(b) C
hert
B
eds
: Recognized in two facies—a central or Codden Hill facies, consisting almost entirely of bedded chert, and a northern or Fremington facies, containing in addition much limestone and shale. At the top of the Chert Beds in each facies are a
Posidonia becheri
and a “
Goniatites spiralis
” bed. (150–300+ feet.)

(a) P
ilton
B
eds
(thickness unknown).

The evidence of goniatites, trilobites and lamellibranchs is used to correlate the succession with the Carboniferous of North Germany and northern England. The presence of parts of zones II, IIIα and IIIβ of the German sequence is recognized in successive levels in the Codden Hill facies of the Chert Beds, whilst the Fremington facies is correlated with P
1
of northern England. The Chert Beds in both facies are terminated by the “
G. spiralis
” bed of P
1
d-P
2
a ( =IIIβ
7
or IIIγ
1
) age. The lower and upper
Reticuloceras
stages are represented in the Limekiln Beds, whilst G
2
goniatites are found in the Fish-bed, which lies near the top of the Instow Beds.

The lower part of the sequence is involved in a number of southward-dipping thrust-sheets; the upper part is steeply folded but rarely inverted. The general trend of fold-axes is E.–W.; there is a general westerly plunge of around 12°. Faults are both north-westerly and north-easterly, and appear to have succeeded the main thrusting, whilst minor E.–W. faulting has been observed. The cleavage and jointing can in most cases be related to the major tectonic pattern.
Development of idraparinux and idrabiotaparinux for anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Harenberg Job 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIdraparinux is an analogue of fondaparinux binding with high affinity to antithrombin. It was designed for weekly, rather than daily, administration, with an exceptionally long half-life. One potential problem with small heparin-like fragments of this type is the difficulty of neutralising excessive activity in the case of sideeffects or overdose. The efficacy of idraparinux was was proven in clincial studies with patients suffering from venous thromboembolism (VTE) or atrial fibrillation. Due to major bleeding events during treatment for more than six months the development of idraparinux was stopped. Idrabiotaparinux has an attached biotin moiety at the non-reducing end unit, which allows its neutralisation with avidin, an egg-derived protein with low antigenicity. This compound is currently investigated in clinical trials for prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. The future of idrabiotaparinux depends also on the safety and efficacy of avidin.
Identification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins associated with metastasis and functional analysis of FER in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Li Haiyu , Ren Zhenggang , Kang Xiaonan , Zhang Lan , Li Xuefei , Wang Yan , Xue Tongchun , Shen Yuefang , Liu Yinkun 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background-
Aberrant activity of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins is commonly associated with HCC metastasis. Cell signaling events driven by these proteins are implicated in numerous processes that alter cancer cell behavior. Exploring the activities and signaling pathways of these proteins in HCC metastasis may help in identifying new candidate molecules for HCC-targeted therapy.

Methods-
Hep3B (a nonmetastatic HCC cell line) and MHCC97H (a highly metastatic HCC cell line) were used in this study, and the tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins expressed in these cell lines were profiled by a phosphoproteomics technique based on LC-MS/MS. Protein-protein interaction and functional clustering analyses were performed to determine the activities of the identified proteins and the signaling pathways closely related to HCC metastasis.

Results-
In both cell lines, a total of 247 phosphotyrosine (pTyr) proteins containing 281 pTyr sites were identified without any stimulation. The involvement of almost 30% of these in liver or liver cancer has not been reported previously. Biological process clustering analysis indicated that pTyr proteins involved in cell motility, migration, protein autophosphorylation, cell-cell communication, and antiapoptosis functions were overexpressed during metastasis. Pathway clustering analysis revealed that signaling pathways such as those involved in EGFR signaling, cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signal transduction, and the PI3K and JAK-STAT cascades were significantly activated during HCC metastasis. Moreover, noncanonical regulation of the JNK cascade might also provide new targets for HCC metastasis. After comparing the pTyr proteins that were differentially expressed during HCC cell metastasis, we selected FER, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, and validated its role in terms of both expression and function. The data confirmed that FER might play a critical role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC.

Conclusion-
The identification of pTyr proteins and signaling pathways associated with HCC metastasis could provide useful information for selecting new molecular intervention targets. Moreover, FER might serve as a novel drug target in future HCC therapy.
Targeted next-generation sequencing of a cancer transcriptome enhances detection of sequence variants and novel fusion transcripts
Authors: Levin Joshua Z , Berger Michael F , Adiconis Xian , Rogov Peter , Melnikov Alexandre , Fennell Timothy , Nusbaum Chad , Garraway Levi A , Gnirke Andreas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTargeted RNA-Seq combines next-generation sequencing with capture of sequences from a relevant subset of a transcriptome. When testing by capturing sequences from a tumor cDNA library by hybridization to oligonucleotide probes specific for 467 cancer-related genes, this method showed high selectivity, improved mutation detection enabling discovery of novel chimeric transcripts, and provided RNA expression data. Thus, targeted RNA-Seq produces an enhanced view of the molecular state of a set of "high interest" genes.
Anionic Fluoro Complex of Element 105, Db
Authors: Kasamatsu Yoshitaka , Toyoshima Atsushi , Asai Masato , Tsukada Kazuaki , Li Zijie , Ishii Yasuo , Toume Hayato , Sato Tetsuya K , Kikuchi Takahiro , Nishinaka Ichiro , Nagame Yuichiro , Haba Hiromitsu , Kikunaga Hidetoshi , Kudou Yuki , Oura Yasuji , Akiyama Kazuhiko , Sato Wataru , Ooe Kazuhiro , Fujisawa Hiroyuki , Shinohara Atsushi , Goto Shin-ichi , Hasegawa Taichi , Kudo Hisaaki , Nanri Tomohiro , Araki Mikio , Kinoshita Norikazu , Yokoyama Akihiko , Fan Fangli , Qin Zhi , Düllmann Christoph E , Schädel Matthias , Kratz Jens V 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We report on the characteristic anion-exchange behavior of the superheavy element dubnium (Db) with atomic number Z=105 in HF/HNO3 solution at the fluoride ion concentration [F−]=0.003 M. The result clearly demonstrates that the fluoro complex formation of Db is significantly different from that of the group-5 homologue Ta in the 6th period of the periodic table while the behavior of Db is similar to that of the lighter homologue Nb in the 5th period.
New Scheelite-based Environmentally Friendly Yellow Pigments: (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4
Authors: Sameera Saithathul Fathimah , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Kumari Leela Sandhya , Koshy Peter 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
New scheelite-based environmentally friendly yellow pigments with the general formula, (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4 (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) have been synthesized by a solid-state route. The resulting colorants were characterized for their structural as well as optical properties. The color parameters, L*, a*, and b* values have been significantly improved in the solid solutions of (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4 over those of BiVO4. Further, the solid solutions allow fine tuning of the optical band gap resulting in various shades of yellow. The synthesized pigments were found to be interesting alternatives to existing toxic yellow pigments.
Organogel Formation and Chromic Behavior of Hydrogen-bonding Lophine Derivatives
Authors: Yabuuchi Kazuhiro , Oda Naoki , Inokuchi Makoto 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A new hydrogen-bonding lophine derivative and its dimeric compound have been prepared. The monomeric compound acts as a low molecular weight gelator for several organic solvents such as benzene and tetrachloromethane, while the dimeric compound does not. However, the dimeric compound easily forms thin films by casting from solutions, and the film exhibits chromic behavior by both UV irradiation and strong shear stress.
Clinical and Economic Effects of iNO in Premature Newborns With Respiratory Failure at 1 Year
Authors: Watson R. Scott , Clermont Gilles , Kinsella John P. , Kong Lan , Arendt Robert E. , Cutter Gary , Linde-Zwirble Walter T. , Abman Steven H. , Angus Derek C. ,   on behalf of the Prolonged Outcomes After Nitric Oxide Investigators
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: The long-term consequences of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) use in premature newborns with respiratory failure are unknown. We therefore studied the clinical and economic outcomes to 1 year of corrected age after a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic iNO.METHODS: Premature newborns (gestational age ≤34 w, birth weight 500–1250 g) with respiratory failure randomly received 5 ppm iNO or placebo within 48 h of birth until 21 d or extubation. We assessed clinical outcomes via in-person neurodevelopmental evaluation at 1 y corrected age and telephone interviews every 3 m. We estimated costs from detailed hospital bills and interviews, converting all costs to 2008 US$. Of 793 trial subjects, 631 (79.6%) contributed economic data, and 455 (77.1% of survivors) underwent neurodevelopmental evaluation.RESULTS: At 1 y corrected age, survival was not different by treatment arm (79.2% iNO vs. 74.5% placebo, P = .12), nor were other post-discharge outcomes. For subjects weighing 750–999 g, those receiving iNO had greater survival free from neurodevelopmental impairment (67.9% vs. 55.6%, P = .04). However, in subjects weighing 500–749 g, iNO led to greater oxygen dependency (11.7% vs. 4.0%, P = .04). Median total costs were similar ($235 800 iNO vs. $198 300 placebo, P = .19). Quality-adjusted survival was marginally better with iNO (by 0.011 quality-adjusted life-years/subject). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $2.25 million/quality-adjusted life-year.CONCLUSIONS: Subjects in both arms commonly experienced neurodevelopmental and pulmonary morbidity, consuming substantial health care resources. Prophylactic iNO beginning in the first days of life did not lower costs and had a poor cost-effectiveness profile.