bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A step towards refining and translating B control annotations to Handel‐C
Authors: Ifill W. , Schneider S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe design and implementation of critical controllers benefit from development in a formal method such as the B‐Method. However, B does not support direct specification of executions, but this is a requirement in controller design. The aim here is to develop a set of annotations so that they can be used by a B design engineer to capture execution requirements while creating the B model. The annotations, once shown to be consistent with the B machine, can be used independently to assess the correctness of the proposed CSP controllers. CSP||B is an alternative formal method integration that can be used to develop critical controllers with both state and event behaviour. The advantage of using annotations is that the execution requirements can be captured and shown to be consistent with the state during operation development, and that a control loop invariant to establish correctness does not have to be independently developed. Handel‐C is used on route to hardware synthesis as it supports the implementation of concurrency and the manipulation of state. Annotations are again used to guide the translation of the B and control annotations into Handel‐C. This work has three main aims. First, we introduce a set of annotations to describe control directives to permit controller development in B. The annotations capture execution requirements. They give rise to proof obligations that when discharged prove that the annotations are consistent with the machine they are written in, and therefore will not cause the machine to diverge. Second, we prove that CSP controllers that are consistent with the annotations will preserve the non‐divergence property established between the machine and the annotations. Third, we show how annotation refinement is possible, and show a range of mappings from annotated B and consistent controllers to Handel‐C. The development of mappings demonstrates the feasibility of automatic translation of annotated B to Handel‐C. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Synthesis of Platinum Nanocatalysts on a Microstructured Paperlike Matrix for the Catalytic Purification of Exhaust Gases
Authors: Koga Hirotaka , Umemura Yuuka , Tomoda Akihiko , Suzuki Ryo , Kitaoka Takuya 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe successful in situ synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) on a microstructured paperlike matrix, comprising ceramic fibers as main framework and zinc oxide whiskers as selective support for the PtNPs, is reported. The as‐prepared hybrid material (PtNPs@ZnO “paper”) resembles ordinary paper products because it is flexible, lightweight, and easy to handle. In the catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) with propene for exhaust gas purification, the PtNPs@ZnO paper demonstrates a high catalytic performance at a low reaction temperature, with one‐third the dosage of precious platinum compared to conventional platinum‐loaded honeycomb catalysts. These results imply that the combination of easily synthesized PtNPs and a unique fiber‐network microstructure can provide excellent performances, promoting the effective transport of heat and reactants to the active sites of the platinum nanocatalysts. Thus, PtNPs@ZnO materials with paperlike practical aspects are promising catalytic materials for efficient NOx gas purification.
Roll‐to‐Roll Atmospheric Plasma Treatment: A Green and Efficient Process to Improve the Hydrophilicity of a PET Surface
Authors: Bonandini Luca , Barbero Nadia , Costabello Katiuscia , Pavan Chiara , Parisi Francesco , Viscardi Guido 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers are widely used in various fields owing to their good physical properties and chemical resistance, but PET hydrophobicity heavily compromises its use in many applications. Wet‐chemical treatments are often required to induce hydrophilicity, but these can damage the polymer matrix and produce large volumes of liquid wastes. Atmospheric‐pressure glow‐discharge plasma (APGDP) is an alternative and ecofriendly method to obtain similar or better results with polymeric materials, compared to wet‐chemical treatments. The hydrophilic behavior of PET samples is investigated after a roll‐to‐roll APGDP treatment by varying the plasma gas mixture, gas fluxes, and electrode temperatures. The reactive species formed in the plasma chamber are characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. The induced surface functionalization and roughness are characterized by contact‐angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and UV/Vis absorbance of a probe dye.
The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism and eating disorders: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Calati Raffaella , De Ronchi Diana , Bellini Maurizio , Serretti Alessandro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:Eating disorders are influenced by both environmental factors and genes. The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene has been suggested as a good candidate. This meta‐analysis was undertaken: (1) to investigate the association between 5‐HTTLPR and eating disorders considered as a whole, including anorexia (AN), bulimia (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED); (2) to extend recently reported findings on the association between 5‐HTTLPR and AN‐BN.Method:PubMed, ISI, and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published until October 2009. Fifteen studies have been included. Data were analyzed with the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software. Quality of studies and publication bias were assessed.Results:An association between S allele and eating disorders, in particular AN, has been found.Discussion:To be carrier of the 5‐HTTLPR S allele seem to represent a risk factor for eating disorders, especially for AN. However, considering the reported high between‐study heterogeneity, future studies should focus on more homogeneous endophenotype. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:191–199)
Here today – not gone tomorrow: Roles for activating receptors in sustaining NK cells during viral infections
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Biron Christine A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe conclusive evidence supporting a role for NK cells in defense against viruses has been obtained under conditions of NK cell deficiencies prior to infections. NK cell proliferation can be induced during infections, but the advantages of resulting expansion have been unclear because NK cell basal frequency is already high. However, NK cell decreases are also observed during certain conditions of viral infection. Given the range of potent antiviral and immunoregulatory functions of NK cells, such “disappearance” dramatically changes the resources available to the host. New studies demonstrate that proliferation dependent on activating receptors for virus‐induced ligands is key for NK cell maintenance, and allows their continued availability for control of adaptive immune responses and immunopathology. This pathway for sustaining NK cells may represent a system used generally to select subsets for rescue during homeostatic purging. In the case of NK cells, though, nonselection limits continued access to the many beneficial functions of NK cells. The observations resolve the long‐standing conundrum of reported NK cell increases and decreases during viral infections. Moreover, they demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for activating receptors, i.e. to keep NK cells here today and also tomorrow.
Analysis of buserelin in urine by online combination of capillary zone electrophoresis with electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Staňová Andrea , Marák Jozef , Maier Vítězslav , Ranc Václav , Znaleziona Joanna , Ševčík Juraj , Kaniansky Dušan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA fast and precise analysis of the synthetic peptide buserelin in urine using CZE‐ESI‐MS method has been demonstrated. Formic acid at 50 mmol/L concentration served as backgroud electrolyte in CZE stage and it is compatible with MS detection in positive ionization mode. Two injection modes were tested, i.e. pressure (50 mbar for 5 s) and electrokinetic injection (5 kV for 5 s), of which electrokinetic injection provided better calibration parameters. Buserelin LODs were 0.47 μg/mL in water and 0.63 μg/mL in ten times diluted urine samples using pressure injection, while they were 0.32 μg/mL in water and 0.34 μg/mL in ten times diluted urine samples using electrokinetic injection. Repeatability of buserelin migration times was below 6% (pressure injection mode) and 1% (electrokinetic injection mode). Repeatability of buserelin peak area in SIM mode (m/z=620.5±0.5) was less than 12% (pressure injection mode) and 5.8% (electrokinetic injection mode). In this work, no interferences were observed during the analyses of spiked urine samples.
Analysis of peptides using N‐methylpolyvinylpyridium as silica surface modifier for CE‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Elhamili Anisa , Wetterhall Magnus , Sjödin Marcus , Sebastiano Roberto , Bergquist Jonas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, the N‐methylpolyvinylpyridinuim polymer has for the first time been used as a silica surface modifier for CE in combination with ESI MS (CE‐ESI‐MS). The compatibility for ESI‐MS was demonstrated by the analysis of peptides and protein digests. The N‐methylpolyvinylpyridium surface interacts electrostatically with the ionized silanol groups, giving a cationic surface with a reversed EOF. The surface modifier gave rapid and repeatable separations of peptides, proteins and protein digests at acidic pH for more than 4 h of continuous use. The CE separation yielded peak efficiencies of up to 4.3×105 plates/m. The surface coating is highly compatible with ESI and facilitates the separation and analysis of complex peptide mixtures as shown by the analysis of BSA digests.
Mitochondria as decision‐makers in cell death
Authors: Borutaite Vilmante 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMitochondria play an essential role in both cell health and death. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in active control of cell death processes at several levels including (1) mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and release of proapoptotic proteins, (2) post‐cytochrome c regulation of caspase activation, and (3) supply of energy for execution of death program. The purpose of this review is to discuss the main mechanisms by which alterations in mitochondrial outer membrane permit the translocation of proapoptotic proteins into cytosol, how mitochondria “make decisions” on the mode of cell death, and how they regulate caspase activation by changing the redox state of cytosolic cytochrome c. The interventions into these processes may constitute an important strategy for the pharmacological prevention of unwanted cell death in various pathologies or, conversely, for facilitation of anticancer therapy. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraperitoneal injections as a possible means of generating varied levels of methylmercury in the eggs of birds in field studies
Authors: Heinz Gary H. , Hoffman David J. , Klimstra Jon D. , Stebbins Katherine R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ideal study of the effects of methylmercury on the reproductive success of a species of bird would be one in which eggs contained mercury concentrations ranging from controls to very heavily contaminated, all at the same site. Such a study cannot be realized at a Hg-contaminated area or under laboratory conditions but could be achieved by introducing methylmercury into breeding females and allowing them to deposit Hg in their eggs. Female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were intraperitoneally injected with solutions of methylmercury chloride dissolved in corn oil, propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, mineral oil, Olestra, Crisco, lard, hard paraffin, and a combination of hard and soft paraffin. In some cases, egg laying was delayed, as a result of either the solvent itself (in the case of Olestra, Crisco, and lard) or the highest concentration of methylmercury chloride (500 µg/g) in some of the solvents. Mercury in eggs ranged from a control level (&lt;0.1 µg/g) to approximately 14 µg/g on a wet weight basis, which more than covers the range of concentrations reported in wild bird eggs. Mercury concentrations in a series of eggs from the same female declined mostly as a result of excretion of Hg in prior eggs and not because of the length of time since the injection. Intraperitoneal injections hold promise in field studies in which one would like to study the reproductive effects of a wide range of methylmercury levels in the eggs of a wild bird and under the natural conditions that exist in the field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1079–1083. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicity of dispersed weathered crude oil to early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: McIntosh Stephen , King Tom , Wu Dongmei , Hodson Peter V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractReports of the chronic toxicity of dispersed crude oil to early life stages of fish perpetuate uncertainty about dispersant use. However, realistic exposures to dispersed oil in the water column are thought to be much briefer than exposures associated with chronic toxicity testing. To address this issue, the toxicity of dispersed weathered oil to early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was tested for short exposure durations, ranging from 1 to 144 h. Toxicity was a function of concentration and duration of exposure, as well as of the life stage exposed. Medium South American crude oil dispersed with Corexit 9500 caused blue sac disease in embryos, but not in free-swimming embryos. The age of embryos was negatively correlated with their sensitivity to oil; those freshly fertilized were most sensitive. Sensitivity increased after hatch, with free-swimming embryos showing signs of narcosis. Gametes were also tested; dispersed oil dramatically impaired fertilization success. For exposures of less than 24 h, gametes and free-swimming embryos were the most sensitive life stages. For those of more than 24 h, young embryos (&lt;1 d old) were most sensitive. The results are presented as statistical models that could assist decisions about dispersant use in the vicinity of fish spawning habitats. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1160–1167. © 2010 SETAC
A comparative study of direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann methods for stationary complex boundaries
Authors: Kang Shin K. , Hassan Yassin A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, we assess several interface schemes for stationary complex boundary flows under the direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann methods (IB‐LBM) based on a split‐forcing lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). Our strategy is to couple various interface schemes, which were adopted in the previous direct‐forcing immersed boundary methods (IBM), with the split‐forcing LBE, which enables us to directly use the direct‐forcing concept in the lattice Boltzmann calculation algorithm with a second‐order accuracy without involving the Navier–Stokes equation. In this study, we investigate not only common diffuse interface schemes but also a sharp interface scheme. For the diffuse interface scheme, we consider explicit and implicit interface schemes. In the calculation of velocity interpolation and force distribution, we use the 2‐ and 4‐point discrete delta functions, which give the second‐order approximation. For the sharp interface scheme, we deal with the exterior sharp interface scheme, where we impose the force density on exterior (solid) nodes nearest to the boundary. All tested schemes show a second‐order overall accuracy when the simulation results of the Taylor–Green decaying vortex are compared with the analytical solutions. It is also confirmed that for stationary complex boundary flows, the sharper the interface scheme, the more accurate the results are. In the simulation of flows past a circular cylinder, the results from each interface scheme are comparable to those from other corresponding numerical schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐resolution scheme for compressible multicomponent flows with shock waves
Authors: Kawai Soshi , Terashima Hiroshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA simple methodology for a high‐resolution scheme to be applied to compressible multicomponent flows with shock waves is investigated. The method is intended for use with direct numerical simulation or large eddy simulation of compressible multicomponent flows. The method dynamically adds non‐linear artificial diffusivity locally in space to capture different types of discontinuities such as a shock wave, contact surface or material interface while a high‐order compact differencing scheme resolves a broad range of scales in flows. The method is successfully applied to several one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional compressible multicomponent flow problems with shock waves. The results are in good agreement with experiments and earlier computations qualitatively and quantitatively. The method captures unsteady shock and material discontinuities without significant spurious oscillations if initial start‐up errors are properly avoided. Comparisons between the present numerical scheme and high‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes illustrate the advantage of the present method for resolving a broad range of scales of turbulence while capturing shock waves and material interfaces. Also the present method is expected to require less computational cost than popular high‐order upwind‐biased schemes such as WENO schemes. The mass conservation for each species is satisfied due to the strong conservation form of governing equations employed in the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three‐Dimensional Non‐isothermal Model of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with Phosphoric Acid Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes
Authors: Jiao K. , Li X. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs) with phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes have gained tremendous attentions due to its attractive advantages over conventional PEMFCs such as faster electrochemical kinetics, simpler water management, higher carbon monoxide (CO) tolerance and easier cell cooling and waste heat recovery. In this study, a three‐dimensional non‐isothermal model is developed for HT‐PEMFCs with phosphoric acid doped PBI membranes. A good agreement is obtained by comparing the numerical results with the published experimental data. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of operating temperature, phosphoric acid doping level of the PBI membrane, inlet relative humidity (RH), stoichiometry ratios of the feed gases, operating pressure and air/oxygen on the cell performance. Numerical results indicate that increasing both the operating temperature and phosphoric acid doping level are favourable for improving the cell performance. Humidifying the feed gases at room temperature has negligible improvement on the cell performance, and further humidification is needed for a meaningful performance enhancement. Pressurising the cell and using oxygen instead of air all have significant improvements on the cell performance, and increasing the stoichiometry ratios only helps prevent the concentration loss at high current densities.
Runoff formation in a small catchment at hillslope and catchment scales
Authors: Hrnčíř Miroslav , Šanda Martin , Kulasová Alena , Císlerová Milena 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe study is focused on runoff formation processes at two scales: the scale of a small mountainous catchment at its outlet and the scale of an experimental plot located in a typical hillslope subregion. The heterogeneous soil profile of the catchments is formed by Cambisols developed on granite bedrocks. The surface runoff appears rarely, the subsurface flow forms a dominant part of the hydrograph. From the period 1998–2008, a set of 44 rainfall–runoff episodes was selected to analyse the rainfall–runoff relationship using multiple regression analysis. From a set of physical parameters, the initial soil water content came out as the statistically significant parameter that controls the runoff forming process at the catchment scale. The rainfall–runoff relationship at the experimental plot scale is more scattered. The dynamic thresholds of rainfall totals apparently control the ratio and the magnitude of stormflow at both scales. Up to the threshold value, the runoff strongly depends on the initial saturation conditions. Above the threshold value, the initial soil moisture conditions are less important. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teacher–child interactions: relations with children's self‐concept in second grade
Authors: Leflot Geertje , Onghena Patrick , Colpin Hilde 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study examined whether teacher–child interactions characterized by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support at the beginning of second grade predicted children's global, academic, social, and behavioural self‐concept at the end of second grade. The study was conducted in 30 second grade classrooms with 570 children and their teachers. Data included teacher reports of teacher–child interactions and child reports of self‐concept. Results showed that, when controlling for the initial level of self‐concept, children's social self‐concept was predicted by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support. In addition, teacher autonomy support predicted high academic self‐concept. Finally, these teacher–child interaction characteristics did not contribute to the behavioural and global self‐concept. The results were similar for boys and girls. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of cholelithiasis and the risk of prostate cancer: The Ohsaki Cohort Study
Authors: Li Qiang , Kuriyama Shinichi , Kakizaki Masako , Yan Hong , Nagai Masato , Sugawara Yumi , Ohmori‐Matsuda Kaori , Hozawa Atsushi , Nishino Yoshikazu , Tsuji Ichiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn association between cholelithiasis and prostate cancer has been reported sporadically in previous case‐control and experimental studies, suggesting that cholesterol may play a promotional role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, this relationship remains poorly understood, and population evidence based on a strict study design is needed. The authors examined the history of cholelithiasis and the development of prostate cancer in the Ohsaki cohort followed from 1995 to 2003, in which 230 new cases of prostate cancer were ascertained among 22,458 Japanese men. Baseline information, including history of cholelithiasis, was collected using a self‐administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that patients with a history of cholelithiasis had a higher risk of prostate cancer with a multivariate adjusted HR of 1.72 (95% CI: 1.12–2.66), and especially for advanced prostate cancer, the corresponding value was 2.29 (95% CI: 1.21–4.35). The associations were robust after adjustment for different potential confounders. This population‐based prospective cohort study indicates that a history of cholelithiasis is associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer.