bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis by death ligand–receptor signaling
Authors: MATSUDA‐MINEHATA Fuko , MAEDA Akihisa , CHENG Yuan , SAI Takafumi , GONDA Hiroshi , GOTO Yasufumi , MANABE Noboru 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral hundred thousand primordial follicles are present in the mammalian ovary, however, only 1% develop to the preovulatory stage and finally ovulate. The remainder will be eliminated via a degenerative process called ‘atresia’. The endocrinological regulatory mechanisms involved in follicular development and atresia have largely been characterized but the precise temporal and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these events remain unknown. Many recent studies suggest that apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells plays a crucial role in follicular atresia. Notably, death ligand‐receptor interaction and subsequent intracellular signaling have been demonstrated to be the key mechanisms regulating granulosa cell apoptosis. In this review we provide an overview of granulosa cell apoptosis regulated by death ligand‐receptor signaling. The roles of death ligands and receptors [Fas ligand (FasL)]‐Fas, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‐TNF receptor and TNFα‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)‐TRAIL receptor (TRAILR)] and intracellular death‐signal mediating molecules (Fas‐associated death domain protein), TNF receptor 1‐associated death domain protein, caspases, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1, TNFR‐associated factor 2 and cellular FLICE‐like inhibitory protein in granulosa cells are discussed.
PURPOSELY INDUCED ASYMMETRTC INFORMATION
Authors: Petith Howard C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe theory of optimal employment contracts under asymmetric information generally assumes that the firm is unable to convince workers about the truth of its reports about the state of the world. However evidence indicates that firms are actually unwilling to reveal information for reasons connected with collective bargaining. The present note sets out a bargaining model which rationalizes this attitude and shows that it may cause employment to diverge from its optimal level.
Insider Ownership and Capital Constraints: An Empirical Investigation of the Credit Rationing Hypothesis in Estonia
Authors: Hobdari Bersant 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: This study investigates the impact of insider ownership on investment rates using a large and representative sample of Estonian firms.Research Findings/Results: Using a unique and rich panel data for a large and representative sample of firms from Estonia between 1993 and 2002, we find that investment rates of employee‐owned firms are positively related to measures of internal funds and negatively related to measures of external funds, indicating that these firms are financially constrained in carrying out their investment. Further, the probability that these firms operate as financially constrained is high and consistent over time. When manager‐owned firms are considered, they are found to face barriers to access of external financing.Theoretical Implications: Our empirical results suggest that barriers to access to capital are an important determinant of the decline of employee‐owned firms in Estonia. In addition, agency conflicts with potential providers of capital constrain manager‐owned firms access to external funds and their ability to carry out investment projects.Practical Implications: This study offers insights to policy makers interested in designing policies easing firms' access to capital and improving the governance system within which firms operate. In addition, it suggests practical implications to owner managers interested in mitigating agency conflicts and attracting outside investors.
Face attack and patients’ response strategies in a Kenyan hospital1
Authors: Ojwang Benson Oduor , Matu Peter Maina , Ogutu Emily Atieno 
Published: September 2010

Social power can be exercised by face attack where power differentials are sufficiently great and significant retaliation or sanctions are unlikely. Such exercise of social power is common in military contexts. It is not commonly observed in hospital settings yet some nurses in Kenya's public hospitals routinely attack the face of their patients. Using data from interactions observed in a provincial hospital, it is illustrated how nurses initiate conflict and how patients counter the face‐attacking moves. The investigation shows that nurses use a high frequency of utterances that violate the dignity of patients while the latter prefer conflict avoidance strategies. Nurses generally make no attempt to mitigate the impact of most of their face‐threatening utterances while patients demonstrate awareness of the need to preserve mutual face and reclaim dignity. Three strategies used by patients to reclaim dignity – namely silence, retaliatory face damage and face repair – are illustrated. Nguvu za kijamii zinaweza kutekelezwa kwa kushambulia uso mahali kadri za nguvu ni mazito mno na ulipizaji kisasi wala vikwazo haviruhusiwi. Utekelezaji huu wa nguvu hudhihirika sana katika mazingira ya kijeshi. Hauonekani sana katika hospitali. Ingawaje, baadhi ya manesi katika hospitali za umma nchini Kenya mara kwa mara hushambulia uso ya wagonjwa wao. Huku tukitumia data ya miingiliano iliyotazamwa katika hospitali moja ya mkoa, twaonyesha jinsi manesi hubuni migogoro na vile wagonjwa hukabiliana nayo. Uchunguzi huu unaonyesha kuwa manesi hukiuka hadhi ya ubinafsi ya wagonjwa pakubwa ilhali wagonjwa huchagua mikakati ya kuepuana na migogoro. Kwa ujumla, manesi hawaonyeshi nia ya kupunguza athari za shambulio la uso katika matamshi yao ilhali wagonjwa huonyesha ufahamu wa kuhifadhi heshima na kudai tena hadhi. Mikakati mitatu ya wagonjwa ya kudai tena hadhi ikiwemo kimya, ulipizaji kisasi na urekebishaji uso inaelezwa humu.
Abstracts: Modeling the time‐dependent water wave stability of human hair
Authors: Wortmann F.‐J. , Stapels M. , Chandra L. 
Published: September 2010

pp. 31–38 The viscoelastic bending recovery of human hair is described by a hydro‐rheologically complex, two‐phase model, where the humidity dependence of the pertinent parameters as well as the effects of physical aging are known. Model calculations are conducted to assess the consequences of the time‐ and humidity‐dependent bending recovery of human hair for the formation and the stability of the water wave. It is shown that a hair fiber that has been set in bending will achieve at 65% RH a recovery of about 50% after about ten times its storage time prior to release, if it is a non‐aging material. However, aging drastically slows the recovery process so that it approaches an apparent ‘equilibrium,’ final recovery value of about 60%. The values of final recovery decrease linearly with water content, vanishing as expected at maximum water content, where the hair fiber is above its glass transition. The calculations further show that damage to the elastic modulus, attributed to the intermediate filaments, is expected to reduce recovery and thus enhance fiber set. The calculations demonstrate that it is in fact the phenomenon of physical aging that makes water waving a feasible and practically successful process for hair styling.
Abstracts: Development of 3D powdery cosmetics with new ‘dry binder’
Authors: Watanabe H. , Takahashi K. , Kumagai S. 
Published: September 2010

pp.23–28 Recently, various kinds of powdery cosmetics with multiple colors or unique surface patterns have been developed, but they are often difficult to mold. In this case we can use binders such as oil, wax and ultra fine particles in the molding process, but those binders sometimes cause the problem of ‘caking’. In this work, we studied petal‐like calcium silicate (P‐CS), which is one of the tablet molding binders in the pharmaceutical field, as a new dry binder for powdery cosmetics. We evaluated properties of P‐CS by measuring the kinematic friction for the texture, Olzen hardness for the binding effect and the powder amount paid off for the usefulness as a cosmetic. From those results, it was found that size modified P‐CS (10) had three unique properties as a binder for cosmetics: 1) P‐CS (10) has a smooth and silky feeling when actually used for cosmetics, 2) the molded powdery cosmetics containing P‐CS (10) resist causing caking and 3) the molded powdery cosmetics containing P‐CS (10) have constant pay off across a wide range of hardness. Finally we developed an ultimate 3D powdery cosmetic that has a desirable texture and excellent usefulness without caking by using those properties.
Abstracts: Development of youthful‐looking makeup foundation by controlling transmitted light
Authors: Uehara K. , Minami K. , Iwamoto H. , Osada M. , Igarash T. , Nakao K. , Oosaki K. , Uematsu T. , Nojiri N. , Kashimoto A. , Fukuda K. 
Published: September 2010

pp.48–56 Based on the factor analysis of facial appearance using facial texture images, it was found that evenness of skin produced a youthful appearance. We developed a new composite powder which has the optical property to provide ‘youthful‐looking’ skin. Facial images of 161 women volunteers with make‐up were prepared, and the appearance of skin and face were evaluated by 15 subjects. The results of correlation analysis showed that ‘evenness of skin texture’ and ‘color evenness’ caused a ‘youthful impression’. In order to obtain the evenness of skin, we attempted to develop a new powder that has an ideal optical property of transmitted light. Titanium oxide‐containing silica/color pigment composite powder prepared by the super critical solution method had effective light transmission, diffusion and chroma saturation. We achieved the production of a youthful appearance by application of the composite powder as an ingredient of a foundation.
Abstracts: 18‐MEA and hair appearance
Authors: Tanamachi H. , Tokunaga S. , Tanji N. , Oguri M. , Inoue S. 
Published: September 2010

pp. 147–160 The effects of the removal of 18‐MEA on the dynamic contact angle (advancing contact angle and receding contact angle) and friction force (friction force microscopy (FFM)) were examined in the present study. Chemically untreated hair tresses formed more finely ordered bundles, with the fibers aligned more parallel to each other, in the wet state, and lying flat and aligned parallel to each other in the dry state. Hair tresses in which 18‐MEA had been removed by potassium t‐butoxide treatment formed coarser tangled bundles and were aligned in a disorderly manner in the wet state, causing the hair to become entangled and disorderly in the dry state. This was because the 18‐MEA‐removed hair fibers adhered to each other and were not easy to realign in the wet state. The distorted part of the bundle dried faster and the tress shape was eventually fixed in the entangled shape. One role of 18‐MEA is to allow hair fibers to lie flat and parallel with respect to each other in the wet state by providing relatively high receding contact angles and low surface friction. Hair alignment in the dry state is directly affected by hair alignment in the wet environment, particularly in the case of damaged hair.
The use of psychotropic medication with adults with learning disabilities: survey findings and implications for services
Authors: Chapman Melanie , Gledhill Paul , Jones Phillip , Burton Mark , Soni Saroj 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the findings of a survey into prescribing of psychotropic medication with adults with learning disabilities in a British city. A self‐completion questionnaire was sent to staff in dispersed housing and community learning disability teams to gather information about the number of people prescribed psychoactive medication, the type of medication prescribed, General Practitioner and Consultant Psychiatrist visits. The survey identified 55 people who were prescribed psychotropic medication. Of these, 89% were prescribed antipsychotic medication, whilst 47% were prescribed antidepressants. Forty‐four per cent were prescribed more than one category of psychotropic medication, whilst 22% were prescribed more than one antipsychotic medication. Worryingly, a clear diagnosis was not provided in a large proportion of cases. The survey has informed a number of service developments, which are briefly described.
Aging and decision making: Differences in susceptibility to the risky‐choice framing effect between older and younger adults in Japan
Authors: WATANABE SATOSHI , SHIBUTANI HIROHIDE 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the characteristics of the risky‐choice framing effect among older adults (more than 65 years of age) in comparison to younger adults. Data from a questionnaire survey with randomly sampled participants from voter lists in two cities in northern Japan were reanalyzed. Wang's (1996) definition of the risky‐choice framing effect was applied for analyzing data. The younger group showed a typical risky‐choice framing effect, while the older group failed to show any framing effect. Both age groups in the positive frame showed an increasingly higher risk‐aversive tendency corresponding to the monotonically increased number of human lives at risk. The modified value function was proposed to explain the susceptibility differences in the framing effect between the two groups. The socioemotional selectivity theory and the decision mode were applied for explaining the shape of the modified value function of the older group.
Is learning a family matter?: Experimental study of the influence of social environment on learning by older adults in the use of mobile phones
Authors: MORI KENJI , HARADA ETSUKO T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt is necessary to investigate the ways in which designs for the use of artifacts created by information technology (IT) can improve the quality of life of older adults who use these devices. The present research investigated how older adults learned to use mobile phones in daily life; it focused on the effects that families may exert on the acquisition of this kind of knowledge. A 3‐week experiment was conducted with 11 users who had no previous experience using mobile phones. For half of the participants, their household comprised only a spouse; the households of the remaining participants comprised three generations, including children and grandchildren. The results showed that learning to use mobile phones was facilitated in participants living in households with larger families, particularly those living with younger generations. The findings suggest that differences in users' social environments create differences in the levels of use of the technology. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of family structure on older adults learning new technology.
Age influences visual attention characteristics among accident‐free and accident‐involved drivers
Authors: ISHIMATSU KAZUMA , MIURA TOSHIAKI , SHINOHARA KAZUMITSU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present study investigated age‐related characteristics of visual attention by employing a useful field of view (UFOV) format with a procedure consisting of a central target letter identification task and a peripheral target regularity discrimination task. This study aimed to examine the effects of aging on UFOV performance as well as the relationship between accident history and UFOV performance. Using divided and focused attention designs, the performance of participants in two age groups (younger, older) was examined in the central‐task and the peripheral‐task as a function of the participants' accident histories (accident‐free vs. accident‐involved). The results indicated that the cost of divided attention was most evident in the peripheral‐task and was significantly greater for older than younger participants. In particular, older participants had more difficulty processing events that were not part of their typical scan pattern. The results suggest that UFOV performance might function as an independent indicator of accident risk for younger adults. For older adults, evaluation of the UFOV performance in combination with self‐regulation and self‐assessment of driving behavior might be better indicators of accident risk.
Effects of age‐related decline of visual attention, working memory and planning functions on use of IT‐equipment
Authors: SUTO SATORU , KUMADA TAKATSUNE 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effects of age‐related decline of cognitive functions, such as visual attention, working memory and planning functions on use of IT‐equipment were investigated. Older participants (n = 34; aged 65–73 years) were divided into two groups based on AIST‐cognitive aging test (AIST‐CAT) scores. They were then asked to purchase a reserved seat for the Japanese bullet train, using a ticket vending machine. The results showed that: (a) the decline in visual attention caused a disruption in searching for objects on the screen; (b) the decline in working memory interrupted maintaining subgoals; and (c) information related to subgoals; and the decline in planning function, interrupted constructing and maintaining a behavior sequence for operating a ticket vending machine. These results indicate that the age‐related decline of cognitive functions is differentially related to problems with using IT‐equipment.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in different ethnic groups in Thailand
Authors: FLATZ By G. , SRINGAM S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryG‐6‐PD deficiency in different population groups in Thailand showed more correlation with the incidence of malaria than with ethnic affiliation. The value of G‐6‐PDD in the genetical study of migrations seems to be limited.This work was supported by a grant and stipend from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. We are indebted to Mr Kraisri Nimmanahaeminda, Rev. E. Rulison, Rev. A. Pretel, and their fellow missionaries, to Dr H. Roberts, Col. Serm Yakasem, and many officers of the Thai Border Police Patrol, and the Thai Department of Public Health, for their support in collecting blood samples; and to Dr Chaloem Puranananda, Dr Bunsom Martin, and Dr Somsak Phansombun, for the permission to use laboratory facilities.
The age incidence of kuru
Authors: MCARTHUR NORMA 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe incidence of kuru in the populations of the South Fore and Gimi census divisions in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea has been analysed. When the probable accuracy of the initial estimates of age (or years of birth) is taken into account, the mortality curves for females lack the bimodality thought to be characteristic of kuru; instead, their mortality and morbidity rates increase fairly steadily with age, attaining their maximum value at about 45 years of age, and then decline. The two populations differ from one another in the level of mortality from kuru, and possibly also in their patterns of incidence. Accepting the simple genetic hypothesis proposed by Bennett et al. (1959), gene frequencies were estimated from the deaths from kuru in the life table populations, but in the South Fore at least these frequencies were so high that the initial hvnothesis becomes untenable.
Screening for effects of maternal age and birth order in a register of handicapped children
Authors: NEWCOMBE H. B. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryStudies of effects of maternal age and birth‐order differences on the risk of handicapping conditions among children are described. Data were obtained by linking 4716 records of cases in the British Columbia Register of Handicapped Children and Adults born in the years 1953 to 1958, to birth registrations of the same children, using as controls all live births in the province over the same period. Only the broad categories of disease recognized by the International Classification have been considered in the present account. The Register was used to screen for examples of special risks to (1) offspring of very young mothers, (2) offspring of older mothers, (3) first‐born offspring, and (4) offspring of higher birth orders. Appropriate statistical analyses were used to ensure the detection and measurement of maternal age effects independent of an influence of birth order, and vice versa.The methods, both of obtaining data systematically and of analysis, serve to illustrate the kind of work that will be needed in the future if information on parental age and parity are to be used effectively to detect mutation in humans.I am indebted to Mrs Olwyn Tavendale who carried out all of the statistical calculations reported here (first by hand and again using the G20 computer), to Miss Martha Smith who wrote the computer program and did the record linkages by which information from the birth registration and handicap registration files was integrated, to Mrs Pamela Attree who wrote the ‘101 Simulator’ program which was used to produce the tabulations, and to Dr J. M. Kennedy who wrote the ‘Newstat’ program used for analysing the data. The project of which this study is a part has depended much upon the help and collaboration of A.E.C.L.'s Computation Centre, the British Columbia Vital Statistics Division, and the Health and Welfare Division of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics.Permission to use the handicap records in this study was obtained from the Health Branch, Department of Health and Welfare, Province of British Columbia. The permission was conditional upon strict observance of the oath of secrecy respecting the non‐statistical information contained in the records.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, colour vision and Xg blood groups in Greece: linkage and population data
Authors: FRASER G. R. , DEFARANAS B. , KATTAMIS C. A. , RACE R. R. , SANGER RUTH , STAMATOYANNOPOULOS G. 
Published: September 2010

Summary1. The same recombination frequency (26 %) between the loci for G‐6‐PD and Xg was found in Greek populations as had been found in Israelis. Prof. Siniscalco's data from Sardinia do not agree with this frequency.2. In four Greek populations sampled there is no correlation between the frequency of colour blindness and of G‐6‐PD deficiency. Furthermore, there is no evidence of an excess of X chromosomes bearing both abnormal genes in coupling in Greece. In both these respects the Greeks differ from the Sardinians.3. It is possible that the discrepancies between Greeks and Israelis on the one hand and Sardinians on the other are due, as Prof. Siniscalco has suggested, to a high prevalence in Sardinia of an abnormal chromosomal rearrangement such as an inversion.4. No recombination between the loci for G‐6‐PD and colour vision was found in four sibships.We are grateful to Prof. C. Choremis, Dr P. Fessas, Dr E. R. Giblett, Prof. A. G. Motulsky and Dr L. Zannos‐Mariolea for encouragement and advice.We also thank the following for help at various stages of the investigation: Dr N. Votetsianos of Karditsa, Dr G. Rizos of Arta, Dr E. Gavriilidou, Dr E. Tjartjoura and Dr E. Tzingos of Athens, Mrs N. Keil, Mrs N. Morrow and Mrs L. Steinmann of Seattle, Miss J. Gavin and Dr P. Tippett of London.This study was partially supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant H. 3091.
Haptoglobins and transferrins in patients with Down's syndrome
Authors: HUTTON A. C. , SMITH G. F. 
Published: September 2010

Summary100 institutionalized patients with Down's syndrome were examined for their haptoglobin and transferrin patterns. The haptoglobin patterns in mongols were found to be essentially the same as those in the normal population samples. All the mongols were found to have a transferrin C pattern and therefore they were considered to be no different from the general English population.We wish to thank Prof. L. S. Penrose for his suggestions and assistance; and Dr A. Shapiro and M. Ridler of Harperbury Hospital for their co‐operation.