bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law and Lawbooks in Mediaeval Wales
Authors: Stacey Robin Chapman 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTogether with the Welsh language, mediaeval Welsh law has long been regarded as critical to Welsh national identity. The ongoing significance of the ‘law of Hywel’, together with the traditionally philological orientation of Celtic Studies as a discipline, have shaped the questions scholars have put to the laws over the past several decades. This article traces the manner in which the field has evolved, from an interest in Common Celtic institutions and comparisons with early Ireland, to the more contemporary emphasis on the Welsh lawbooks as part of the European‐wide resurgence of law in the 12th and 13th centuries. It suggests that the way forward lies both in providing modern editions of texts not yet accessible, and in incorporating new theoretical perspectives now being put to use in other legal history fields into the study of the laws.
Rituals, Kingship and Rebellion in Medieval Germany
Authors: Warner David A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay attempts to place the current interest in medieval rituals in historical perspective, tracing the evolution of scholarly viewpoints from the age of Ranke to the present day. It chiefly focuses on Germany and on the tenth and early eleventh centuries, a classic period in the development of German kingship and ritual, but also a period marked by numerous uprisings against kings. The essay argues that the relevant historiography can roughly be divided into three chronologically overlapping schools: a liturgical school dominant around the middle of the twentieth century, an anthropological school which emerged in the 1970s, and a post‐modern school that emerged in the last decade of the twentieth century. The theories and methods embraced by each school and some of the work of some of their major figures are discussed, as well as the fundamental problems that each encountered. The essay concludes with an assessment of the current state of scholarship in the field.
Brain Imaging in Migraine Research
Authors: Borsook David , Hargreaves Richard 
Published: October 2010

Understanding the pathophysiology and pharmacology of migraine has been driven by astute clinical observations, elegant experimental medicine studies, and importantly by studying highly effective anti‐migraine agents in the laboratory and the clinic. Significant progress has been made in the use of functional brain imaging to compliment observational studies of migraine phenotypes by highlighting pathways within the brain that may be involved in predisposition to migraine, modulating migraine pain or that could be sensitive to pharmacological or behavioral therapeutic intervention (Fig. 1). In drug discovery, molecular imaging approaches compliment functional neuroimaging by visualizing migraine drug targets within the brain. Molecular imaging enables the selection and evaluation of drug candidates by confirming that they engage their targets sufficiently at well tolerated doses to test our therapeutic hypotheses. Imaging and defining the migraine brain disease state: from anatomy to chemical entities (targets) to functional systems (function and pathways) (from Borsook et al

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with permission, Nature Publishing Group). imageMigraine is a progressive disorder. Developing our knowledge of where drugs act in the brain and of how the brain is altered in both episodic migraine (interictal state and ictal state) and chronic migraine are important steps to understanding why there is such differential responsiveness to therapeutics among migraine patients and to improving how they are evaluated and treated.
On the Temporal Relationship Between Throbbing Migraine Pain and Arterial Pulse
Authors: Ahn Andrew H. 
Published: October 2010

Objective and Background.— The characteristic throbbing quality of migraine pain is often attributed to the periodic activation of trigeminovascular sensory afferents triggered by the distension of cranial arteries during systole, but direct evidence for this model has been elusive.Design and Methods.— Patients with throbbing migrainous pain were asked to signal in real time the occurrences of their subjective experience of pulsating pain, during which time their arterial pulse was independently monitored.Results.— Overall, the throbbing pain rate (61.7 ± 5.5 SEM) was substantially slower than the arterial pulse rate (80 ± 2.6 SEM, P < .02), and among the few individuals in whom the 2 rates were the same or nearly the same, the occurrences of throbbing and arterial pulsations fell in and out of phase with each other.Conclusions.— The lack of a simple correspondence between the subjective experience of throbbing pain and the arterial pulse would at the very least require extensive refinement of the prevailing view that the subjective experience of throbbing migraine pain is directly related to the distension of cranial arteries and activation of associated sensory afferents.
A comparison of washed and volume‐reduced platelets with respect to platelet activation, aggregation, and plasma protein removal
Authors: Veeraputhiran Muthu , Ware Jerry , Dent Judith , Bornhorst Joshua , Post Ginell , Cottler‐Fox Michele , Pesek Gina , Theus John , Nakagawa Mayumi 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Washed or volume‐reduced platelets (PLTs) are occasionally requested for patients with a history of allergic or anaphylactic transfusion reactions. However, conclusive data are not available as to which method is more suitable.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A direct comparison of saline‐washed and volume‐reduced PLTs was performed by splitting 11 units of 6‐day‐old apheresis PLT units. PLT activation, aggregation, plasma protein, and PLT count were determined before and after each procedure. To assess whether washing using neutral, calcium‐free Ringer's acetate (NRA) would better preserve PLT function, 8 additional units of apheresis PLTs were split and were washed in saline or NRA.RESULTS: Saline washing resulted in significantly increased number of activated, P‐selectin–expressing PLTs compared to volume reduction (24.2% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.001). Aggregation was also significantly reduced (−40.6% vs. −0.8%, p = 0.004). Plasma protein removal was significantly better for saline‐washed than volume‐reduced PLTs (96% vs. 51.1%, p < 0.001). PLT recovery was not significantly different for saline‐washed versus volume‐reduced PLTs (70.5% vs. 80.7%, p = 0.079). There was no difference between washing in saline or NRA with regard to PLT activation and loss of aggregation.CONCLUSIONS: PLT washing with saline or NRA significantly increases PLT activation and decreases PLT aggregability. On the other hand, volume reduction does not adequately remove plasma proteins. Therefore, PLT washing should be reserved for patients with a history of severe allergic or anaphylactic transfusion reactions. We suggest that fresher PLTs be selected to improve the functionality of washed PLTs.
A simple method for establishing concordance between short‐tandem‐repeat allele frequency databases
Authors: Condel Kevin , Salih M. Al. 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Current paternity and forensic accreditation standards do not require concordance to be established between short‐tandem‐repeat allele frequency databases representing the same population. The current statistical methods for evaluating databases do not establish concordance. Although acceptable under current forensic statistical methods, databases representing the same population may have sufficient variation to influence the outcome of a nondirect relationship testing result (i.e., siblingship). Hence there is a need for a quantitative method to determine concordance between databases.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Local allele frequency databases were generated for major US ethnic groups. Statistical analysis was performed as recommended by international forensic standards. A new method was developed and used for evaluating concordance between the locally developed and published databases. Smaller deviation values signify greater concordance between compared databases. The results were quantitatively confirmed against data obtained from a multidimensional scaling analysis system (SPSS, SPSS, Inc.).RESULTS: The locally developed database deviated from the mean of the published data by approximately 0.1073 for Caucasians, 0.1341 for US Hispanics, and 0.1287 for African Americans. Upon pairwise comparison, the published databases deviated from one another by 0.1210 in US Caucasians, 0.1457 in US Hispanics, and 0.1228 in African Americans. The local database was observed to be more concordant to published databases than some of the published data to themselves.CONCLUSION: The developed database was shown to be concordant with four previously published databases using the new method. The results were confirmed by comparison to qualitative data obtained from the multidimensional scaling analysis system.
The Prevalence and Cost of the Faint and Fall Problem in the State of Utah
Authors: MALASANA GANGADHAR , BRIGNOLE MICHELE , DACCARETT MARCOS , SHERWOOD RANDALL , HAMDAN MOHAMED H. 
Published: October 2010

Background:

Understanding the frequency and economic impact of faint and fall is a prerequisite for the creation of cost‐effective diagnostic approaches.
Methods:

We evaluated the total number of patients presenting with faint or fall to the University of Utah Health Care System between November 1, 2008, and October 31, 2009. Using these data, we estimated the prevalence and total cost of the faint and fall problem in the state of Utah.
Results:

A total of 1,936 and 6,043 patients presented with faint and fall resulting in a total number of visits equal to 2,701 and 8,163, respectively. The yearly prevalence of faints was 9.5 patients (13.2 visits) per 1,000 inhabitants and the yearly prevalence of falls was 29.8 patients (40.2 visits) per 1,000 inhabitants. The prevalence of faints and falls progressively increased with age, reaching the values of 40 and 115 per 1,000 inhabitants in subjects aged >80 years. In both patient populations, two‐thirds of visits were outpatient evaluations. While the cardiovascular service was involved in the outpatient evaluation of faint visits in 24% of the cases, <1% of outpatient fall visits resulted in a cardiovascular consultation. The average payments received per faint and fall patient evaluations were $2,517 and $3,200, respectively, resulting in an estimated yearly cost equal to $90,901,958 and $351,959,040, respectively.
Conclusion:

This study highlights the magnitude of the faint and fall problem in the state of Utah. Our results provide all stakeholders with a frame of reference for the creation of cost‐effective diagnostic approaches. (PACE 2011; 34:278–283)
Early Detection of Adverse Events with Daily Remote Monitoring versus Quarterly Standard Follow‐Up Program in Patients with CRT‐D
Authors: De RUVO ERMENEGILDO , GARGARO ALESSIO , SCIARRA LUIGI , De LUCA LUCIA , ZUCCARO LORENZO MARIA , STIRPE FEDERICA , REBECCHI MARCO , SETTE ANTONELLA , LIOY ERNESTO , CALÒ LEONARDO 
Published: October 2010

Background:
A relative high rate of clinical and device‐related adverse events (AE) is generally reported in patients with implantable defibrillators for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT‐D). Aim of this study was to compare a daily remote monitoring (RM) to a standard program of in‐office visits.
Methods and Results:
We retrospectively analyzed RM database and hospital files of 99 CRT‐D consecutive patients who were visited in the out‐patient clinic every 3–4 months; thirty‐three patients were in addition controlled remotely with RM (RM group). Kaplan‐Meier curves of clinical or device‐related AE‐free rates were obtained. During a median follow‐up of 7 months, clinical AEs were: ventricular and atrial arrhythmias in 14 and 11 patients, low CRT pacing in nine, heart failure, strokes, or death in 15. Device‐related AEs were: insufficient pacing/sensing performances in nine patients, lead dislodgement in five. As comparing the RM group with the remaining patients, Kaplan‐Meier curves of clinical AEs diverged to significantly different rates: 23.8% (confidence interval [CI] 0.1%–47.5%) in the RM group and 48.7% (21.6–75.7%) in the remaining patients (P = 0.00002), with a hazard ratio of 0.14 (CI 0.06–0.37). Nondivergent Kaplan‐Meier curves were obtained for device‐related AE‐free rates.
Conclusion:
CRT‐D patients followed with quarterly in‐office visits without a daily RM system had an 86% higher risk of delayed detection of clinical AEs, during a median follow‐up of 7 months. (PACE 2011; 34:208–216)
Comparison of rectal and tympanic core body temperature measurement in adult Guyanese squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus)
Authors: Long C.T. , Pacharinsak C. , Jampachaisri K. , McKeon G.P. , Howard A.M. , Albertelli M.A. , Felt S.A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Measuring core body temperature in a manner that is safe for animals and veterinary personnel is an important part of a physical examination. For nonhuman primates, this can involve increased restraint, additional stress, as well as the use of anesthetics and their deleterious effects on body temperature measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare two non‐invasive methods of infrared tympanic thermometry to standard rectal thermometry in adult squirrel monkeys.Methods  Tympanic temperatures were collected from 37 squirrel monkeys and compared to rectal temperatures using a human and veterinary infrared tympanic thermometer.Results  Compared with rectal temperature measurements, the human tympanic thermometer readings were not significantly different, while the veterinary tympanic thermometer measurements were significantly higher (P < 0.05). There were no differences between sexes.Conclusions  The tympanic thermometer designed for use in humans can be used in adult squirrel monkeys as an alternative to rectal thermometry for assessing core body temperature.
The Critical Reception of Lewis Nordan
Authors: Bjerre Thomas Ærvold 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe essay covers the critical reception of Mississippi‐writer Lewis Nordan from his debut in 1983 to the boost in scholarly attention in the new millennium. The essay covers newspaper reviews but pays particular attention to the many academic essays that have placed Nordan as a writer in the southern literary tradition and have highlighted themes such as magical realism, the grotesque, race relations, music, and gender.
Nineteenth‐Century African American Literature and the ‘New Regionalism’
Authors: Gardner Eric 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWhile the study of nineteenth‐century African American literature has gained a much stronger position in the academy and while authors like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs are essentially canonized, the field often remains reduced to the study of stories of the South (especially slave narratives) published in a handful of northeastern urban centers. However, paired with recent recovery efforts, new attention to questions of location and especially to various understudied regions in the nineteenth‐century United States like the Black West may cause a radical rethinking of nineteenth‐century Black textual presences. This essay thus offers a preliminary discussion of the following questions surrounding the ‘new regionalism’ within the study of nineteenth‐century African American literature: How do ‘new regionalist’ scholars define and deploy ideas of ‘region,’ place, and location – especially given the period’s mobility and diversity? How do they engage with the expectations and stereotypes inherent in existing regional labels including those tied to race and racial absence? How do the (sometimes) micro‐historic approaches of ‘new regionalism’ fit in dialogue with seemingly broader conceptions of hemispheric studies and/or a ‘Black Atlantic’? What do ‘new regionalist’ approaches offer the field of African American literature and the broader community?
Men with Mild Erectile Dysfunction Benefit from Sildenafil Treatment
Authors: Bénard Francois , Carrier Serge , Lee Jay C. , Talwar Varun , Defoy Isabelle 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sildenafil treatment has not been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled (DBPC) trial specific to men with mild erectile dysfunction (ED), defined by a 22–25 score on the International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function domain (IIEF-EF).

Aim
To assess sildenafil efficacy in sexually dissatisfied men with mild ED.

Main Outcome Measures
Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS), IIEF, Quality of Erection Questionnaire (QEQ), Erection Hardness Score (EHS 4 = completely hard/fully rigid), general efficacy questions (GEQs), event log questions (hardness sufficient for penetration, duration sufficient for successful intercourse, ejaculation/orgasm, and second erection within 24 hours), and analog scales (erection firmness, reliability, and maintenance, and general sexual performance).

Methods
Eight-week DBPC flexible-dose (25, 50, or 100 mg) trial with 6-week, open-label (OL) extension.

Results
One hundred and seventy-six men were randomized (mean ± standard deviation: age, 50 ± 12 year; ED duration, 3.5 ± 3.2 year). Most had organic or mixed ED. For sildenafil vs. placebo, 66% vs. 89% titrated to 100 mg and efficacy at DBPC end was better, including the EDITS Index score (least squares mean [standard error], 80.3 [2.3] vs. 62.1 [2.5]; P &lt; 0.0001); treatment satisfaction (EDITS Index score &gt;50 in 89% vs. 63%; P = 0.0001); no ED (IIEF-EF ≥26 in 58% vs. 39%; P &lt; 0.05); GEQs (≥4.9-fold greater odds of improved erections and ability to have sexual intercourse); and EHS 4 (47.2% vs. 25.2% of occasions; P &lt; 0.0001). At OL end, 93% of men were satisfied (EDITS Index score &gt; 50), 77% had no ED, and ≥89% were GEQ responders; mean scores on IIEF domains, the QEQ, and analog scales were &gt;80% of the maximum; 60% of occasions had EHS 4; and event log responses were positive on &gt;80% of occasions, except for second erections (41.9%). Headache, nasal congestion, and flushing, mostly mild to moderate, were the most common adverse events.

Conclusion
Men with mild ED derive substantial benefit from sildenafil treatment.
Sexual Behaviors and Condom Use at Last Vaginal Intercourse: A National Sample of Adolescents Ages 14 to 17 Years
Authors: Fortenberry J. Dennis , Schick Vanessa , Herbenick Debby , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Reece Michael 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Data on adolescents’ sexual and condom use behaviors provides an empirical basis for a range of social, educational, clinical, and public health endeavors.

Aims
This study has two purposes: to describe the recent and lifetime prevalence of a variety of sexual behaviors; and, to describe factors associated with condom use at last penile–vaginal intercourse.

Methods
Data included those from male (N=414) and female (N=406) adolescents (ages 14–17 years) from a nationally representative probability sample. Survey items addressed occurrence (past 90 days, past year, lifetime) of solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, oral sex given to a partner, oral sex received from a partner, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse. Participants reporting partnered sexual behaviors in the past year completed additional items about condom use, location of sex, partner characteristics, other sexual behaviors, and alcohol or marijuana use at the most recent sexual event.

Main Outcome Measures
Adjusted rates (by gender) of sexual behaviors, and characteristics of most recent vaginal sex event as a function of condom use/non-use.

Results
Lifetime prevalence of solo masturbation was common for males (80%) and females (48%). Lifetime prevalence of penile–vaginal sex increased with each year of age for both adolescent men and women; however, penile–vaginal sex within the previous 90 days was much less frequently reported. Rates of condom use for penile–vaginal sex were 80% for males and 69% for females. Lifetime anal sex rates were 4.7% for males and 5.5% for females.

Conclusion
Sexual behavior among adolescents was more prevalent and diverse in older adolescent cohorts. Condom use for penile–vaginal intercourse was reported for a majority of events.
Male Homosexuality: Nature or Culture?
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Blanchard Ray , Camperio-Ciani Andrea , Bancroft John 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIntroductionDebate continues on whether or not male homosexuality (MH) is a result of biological or cultural factors. The debate persists despite the fact that these two sides have different abilities to create a scientific environment to support their cause. Biological theorists produced evidence, however, that these are not always robust. On the other hand, social theorists, without direct evidence confirming their positions, criticize, with good argument, methods and results of the other side. The aim of this Controversy is to understand the reasons of both perspectives.MethodsTwo scientists (R.B. and A.C.C.) with expertise in the area of biology of MH were asked to contribute their opinions. The nurture position is discussed by a third expert in sexology (J.B.).Main Outcome MeasureExpert opinion supported by the critical review of the currently available literature.ResultThe role of the Controversy’s editor (E.A.J.) is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of both sides. The two experts of the biological issue answer with their data to the questions: “Is male homosexuality partly explainable by immunology?” and “How is male homosexuality a Darwinian paradox?”, respectively. Genetic and immunological factors, birth order, and fertility of relatives are largely discussed. Finally, the expert sustaining the idea that culture and experiences are important determining factors in sexual orientation used a psychosocial and holistic perspective to explain his position.ConclusionsThe JSM’s readers should recognize that there are several biological factors in MH. However, these findings do not seem to be able to explain all cases of homosexuality. Some others may be due to particular environmental factors. The issue is complicated and multifactorial, suggesting that further research should be undertaken to produce the final answer to the question raised in this Controversy section.