bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery and characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Authors: CLEMENTO A. J. , ABADÍA‐CARDOSO A. , STARKS H. A. , GARZA J. C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMolecular population genetics of non‐model organisms has been dominated by the use of microsatellite loci over the last two decades. The availability of extensive genomic resources for many species is contributing to a transition to the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the study of many natural populations. Here we describe the discovery of a large number of SNPs in Chinook salmon, one of the world’s most important fishery species, through large‐scale Sanger sequencing of expressed sequence tag (EST) regions. More than 3 Mb of sequence was collected in a survey of variation in almost 132 kb of unique genic regions, from 225 separate ESTs, in a diverse ascertainment panel of 24 salmon. This survey yielded 117 TaqMan (5′ nuclease) assays, almost all from separate ESTs, which were validated in population samples from five major stocks of salmon from the three largest basins on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States: the Sacramento, Klamath and Columbia Rivers. The proportion of these loci that was variable in each of these stocks ranged from 86.3% to 90.6% and the mean minor allele frequency ranged from 0.194 to 0.236. There was substantial differentiation between populations with these markers, with a mean FST estimate of 0.107, and values for individual loci ranging from 0 to 0.592. This substantial polymorphism and population‐specific differentiation indicates that these markers will be broadly useful, including for both pedigree reconstruction and genetic stock identification applications.
Assembling a dual purpose TaqMan‐based panel of single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers in rainbow trout and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for association mapping and population genetics analysis
Authors: HANSEN METTE H. H. , YOUNG SEWALL , JØRGENSEN HANNE B. H. , PASCAL CARITA , HENRYON MARK , SEEB JAMES 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe establish a TaqMan‐based assay panel for genotyping single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in rainbow trout and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We develop 22 novel single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers based on new steelhead sequence data and on assays from sister taxa. Additionally, we adapt 154 previously developed markers to the TaqMan platform. At the beginning of this study, 59 SNPs with TaqMan assays were available to the scientific community. By adding 176 additional TaqMan assays to this number, we greatly expand the biological applications of TaqMan genotyping within both population genetics and quantitative genetics.
Development of 54 novel single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays for sockeye and coho salmon and assessment of available SNPs to differentiate stocks within the Columbia River
Authors: CAMPBELL NATHAN R. , NARUM SHAWN R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have potential for broad application in population and conservation genetics, but availability of these markers is limited in many nonmodel species. In this study, genomic and expressed sequence tagged (EST) sequences from closely related salmonids (Chinook salmon and rainbow trout) were used to design primers for amplification and sequencing of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon DNA for SNP discovery. One hundred and six primer sets were designed and tested for amplification in each species. An ascertainment panel of 32 diverse individuals from each species was used as template for PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. In total, 21 647 bases of consensus sequence were screened in sockeye salmon and 20 784 bases in coho salmon with 93 and 149 SNP sites identified, respectively. Sixty‐four SNP sites were chosen for assay development, and 54 of the assays were validated by comparison with genotype and sequence data (O. nerka = 23; O. kisutch = 31). These validated SNP assays along with 142 other available SNP assays [O. nerka = 103 (126 total); O. kisutch = 30 (61 total)] were used to genotype collections of O. nerka (N = 5) and O. kisutch (N = 4) from various sites in the Columbia River to evaluate the utility of these markers in this region. Results from factorial correspondence analysis indicate that these SNP markers are capable of distinguishing O. nerka populations, but O. kisutch collections were less distinct because of their common ancestry.
Performance of three biometry devices in patients with different grades of age‐related cataract
Authors: Mylonas Georgios , Sacu Stefan , Buehl Wolf , Ritter Markus , Georgopoulos Michael , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  The new Lenstar biometry device was compared in a typical clinical setting to the IOL‐Master and Visante‐OCT.Methods:  Fifty‐one eyes of 51 patients with age‐related cataract were examined with Lenstar LS900 (Haag Streit AG) biometer, IOL‐Master V.5 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) and Visante‐OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before cataract surgery. Central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry readings of flattest and steepest meridian (K), corneal radius (R) and axial length (AL) values were correlated. Cataracts were graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS) regarding nuclear colour (NC), nuclear opalescence (NO), cortical (C) and posterior subcapsular (P) cataract.Results:  Mean values and standard deviations for AL, K and R was 23.66 ± 1.23 mm and 23.67 ± 1.26 mm, 43.24 ± 1.69 dpt and 43.16 ± 1.71 dpt, 7.68 ± 0.29 mm and 7.70 ± 0.28 mm with the IOL‐Master and with the LS900, respectively (r = 0.99 and p = 0.76, r = 0.99 and p = 0.029, r = 0.89 and p = 0.14, respectively). Visante‐OCT demonstrated highest values of three devices regarding to ACD followed by Lenstar LS900 and IOLMaster. Axial length measurements were unfeasible in 10% of the cases (five patients) and this significantly correlated with the presence of posterior subcapsular cataract of LOCS III grade 4.0 or higher.Conclusions:  IOL‐Master, Lenstar LS900 and AC–OCT proved to be excellent non‐contact measurement methods in eyes with age‐related cataract. Nevertheless, ultrasound biometry is still required for cases with dense posterior subcapsular cataract.
Stimulation of adrenergic β‐receptors enhances mydriasis in a porcine eye model
Authors: Janbaz Chris C. , Lundberg Björn , Behndig Anders 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the mydriatic effect of intracamerally injected isoprenaline plus phenylephrine to phenylephrine alone and to epinephrine in a porcine eye model, aiming to eventually find the best combination of adrenergic substances for surgical mydriasis in humans.Methods:  In this study, we used 89 intact eyes from newly slaughtered pigs, pretreated with 2.0 mg of intracameral acetylcholine. After waiting 60 seconds for miosis to develop, 0.15 ml 0.3% isoprenaline and 0.15 ml 3.0% phenylephrine were injected sequentially with a 90‐second interval in 21 eyes. In another 22 eyes, the same substances were given in the reverse order. In 20 eyes, 0.15 ml of 0.025% epinephrine was injected, and as a negative control 0.15 ml of balanced salt solution was injected in 26 eyes. The pupils were filmed during the treatments, and the mean pupil diameters were measured every 15 seconds from the video recordings.Results:  Phenylephrine injected after isoprenaline had a larger mydriatic effect than epinephrine (p < 0.01). Without isoprenaline pretreatment, the mydriatic effect of phenylephrine was significantly smaller than that of epinephrine (p < 0.05). Isoprenaline also exhibited a small mydriatic effect of its own.Conclusions:  The β‐receptor stimulator isoprenaline enhances the mydriatic effect of intracameral phenylephrine, indicating a role for the β‐receptor in the mydriatic response. Mydriasis mediated by β‐receptors may explain why nonspecific adrenergic stimulators such as epinine and epinephrine can have larger mydriatic effects than the specific α1‐receptor stimulator phenylephrine.
A comparison of the effectiveness between amniotic membrane homogenate and transplanted amniotic membrane in healing corneal damage in a rabbit model
Authors: Guo Qing , Hao Jie , Yang Qian , Guan Linan , Ouyang Shan , Wang Jianwen 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine whether amniotic membrane homogenate is as effective in healing corneal damage as amniotic membrane transplantation in a rabbit model.Method:  The rabbits were divided into three groups. The cornea of one eye in each rabbit was incised resulting in a defect of approximately 8 mm in diameter. Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed in the first group, and amnion homogenate was administered four times a day in the second group. The third group was the control group.Results:  There were no differences in the diameter of the defects and the rate of corneal growth between the amnion transplant group and the amnion homogenate group.Conclusion:  Amnion homogenate is as effective as transplanted amniotic membrane in promoting corneal healing in a rabbit model.
Intravitreal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator without and with additional gas injection in patients with submacular haemorrhage associated with age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Tsymanava Anna , Uhlig Constantin E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare intravitreal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) treatment with and without gas injection in patients with submacular haemorrhage associated with age‐related macular degeneration.Methods:  We conducted a retrospective, non‐randomized comparative case study of 110 eyes from 76 women and 34 men (mean age 78.1 ± 6.9 years). Evaluations of the data were performed for baseline visit (t1), and visits 1–3 weeks (t2), 3 months (t3) and 6 months after (t4). The patients were classified according to gas treatment into group A (without gas, n = 46) and group B (with gas, n = 64) and according to rt‐PA‐dosage into group A1 and B1 (50 μg), group A2 and B2 (100 μg), and group A3 and B3 (200 μg).Results:  At t4, the patients in group A had a median increase of 0.4 logMAR, and those in group B had a decrease of 0.1 logMAR (p = 0.183). The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) remained stable or increased in 55% and 62% of patients in groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.151), in 50% and 68% of patients in groups A1 and B1, respectively (p = 0.620), in 40% and 100% of patients in groups A2 and B2, respectively (p = 0.250), and in 75% and 63% of patients in groups A3 and B3, respectively (p = 0.463). Complications were observed in 13.6% of patients.Conclusions:  Best results were obtained in patients treated with 50 and 100 μg of rt‐PA and in those cases BCVA development was more beneficial if additional gas was injected.
Serum Levels of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are Inversely Associated with the Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Apparently Healthy Subjects
Authors: Ueda So , Yamagishi Sho‐ichi , Matsui Takanori , Noda Yoshihiro , Ueda Shin‐ichiro , Jinnouchi Yuko , Sasaki Ken‐ichiro , Takeuchi Masayoshi , Imaizumi Tsutomu 
Published: February 2011

SummaryObjectives: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to participate in the process of vascular repair, thus playing a protective role against cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is known that atherosclerotic risk factors could affect EPC number and function. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as well. However, as far as we know, there is no report to show the relationship between serum AGE levels and circulating EPCs in humans. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether serum level of AGEs was associated with EPC number and functions in apparently healthy subjects, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Research Design and Methods: Apparently healthy volunteers (34.6 ± 6.9 years old, 40 males and 8 females) who were not on any medications underwent a complete history and physical examination, determination of blood chemistries, including AGEs, and number, differentiation and migratory activity of circulating EPCs. Results: Serum AGEs levels were 9.20 ± 1.85 U/mL. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that serum levels of AGEs and smoking were independently correlated with reduced number of EPCs. Further, female, AGEs, and reduced HDL‐cholesterol levels were independently associated with impaired migratory activity of circulating EPCs. Conclusions: This study demonstrated for the first time that the serum level of AGEs was one of the independent correlates of decreased cell number and impaired migratory activity of circulating EPCs in apparently healthy subjects. Our present observations suggest that even in young healthy subjects, serum level of AGEs may be a biomarker that could predict the progression of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events.
International comparative analyses of incidents reporting systems for healthcare risk management
Authors: CHENG Lan , SUN Niuyun , LI Youping , ZHANG Zongjiu , WANG Li , ZHOU Jun , LIANG Minghui , CUI Xiaohui , GAO Guangming , YUAN Qiang 
Published: February 2011

Abstract Objective To compare administration of incidence reporting systems for healthcare risk management in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Taiwan, and to provide evidence and recommendations for healthcare risk management policy in China. Methods We searched the official websites of the healthcare risk management agencies of the four countries and one district for laws, regulatory documents, research reports, reviews, and evaluation forms concerned with healthcare risk management and assessment. Descriptive comparative analysis was performed on relevant documents. Results (1) A total of 142 documents were included in this study. The United States had the most relevant documents (68). (2) The type of incidents from reporting systems has expanded from medication errors and hospital‐acquired infections to near‐misses, and now includes all patient safety incidents. (3) The incidence‐reporting systems can be grouped into two models: government‐led and legal/regulatory/NGO‐collaborative. (4) In two cases, reporting systems were established for specific incident types: One for death or serious injury events (the sentinel events database in Britain, SIRL), and one for healthcare‐associated infections (NHSN in America). (5) Compared to the four countries, Taiwan's system put more emphasis on public welfare, confidentiality, and information sharing. The contents of reporting there covered every aspect of risk management to create a more secure environment. Conclusion (1) Britain's national reporting and learning system was representative of a government‐led model; (2) The United States was the earliest country to have a reporting system, which included a limited range of incident types. Management of incidents became more reliable with increased application of laws, regulations, and guidances; (3) Both the Canadian and the Australian systems drew from the American experience and are still developing; (4) The Taiwanese system was comprehensive and is an instructional case.
The Effect of Furosemide on Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Authors: Suzuki S. , Ishikawa T. , Hamabe L. , Aytemiz D. , Huai‐Che H. , Fukushima R. , Machida N. , Tanaka R. 
Published: February 2011

Background: The effects of furosemide on left atrial pressure (LAP) in dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) have not been documented in a quantitative manner and between different routes of administration.Objective: To document LAP and echocardiographic parameters in MR dogs administered furosemide IV or PO, in order to document changes in LAP after furosemide treatment.Animals: Five healthy Beagle dogs (3 males and 2 females; aged 2 years) were used.Methods: Experimental, cross‐over, and interventional study. LAP was measured before the administration of furosemide, and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after administration. Furosemide 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg IV, PO or placebo was administered.Results: LAP was significantly decreased with all administrations of furosemide but not after placebo (P < .05, respectively). The max reduction was observed 1 hour (1 mg/kg IV, 15.04 ± 7.02 mmHg), 3 hours (2, 4 mg/kg IV, 13.28 ± 8.01, 9.23 ± 4.92 mmHg), 4 hours (1 mg/kg PO, 14.68 ± 11.51 mmHg), and 5 hours (2, 4 mg/kg PO, 13.19 ± 10.52, 10.70 ± 7.69 mmHg). E wave and E/Ea were significantly decreased corresponding to the reduction of LAP after administration of 2 and 4 mg/kg (P < .05, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: LAP was decreased in proportion to the dosage of furosemide, which did not significantly differ between IV and PO of the same dosages. E wave and E/Ea might be useful for the treatment evaluation of furosemide.
Evaluation of Cisplatin as an Electrochemotherapy Agent for the Treatment of Incompletely Excised Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs
Authors: Spugnini E.P. , Vincenzi B. , Citro G. , Dotsinsky I. , Mudrov T. , Baldi A. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, resulting in an improved efficacy.Hypothesis: To evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of cisplatin (CDDP) as an ECT agent to prevent recurrence of incompletely resected mast cell tumors (MCTs).Animals: Thirty‐seven dogs.Methods: Prospective study recruiting dogs with incompletely excised MCTs as confirmed by surgeon and pathology reports. After debulking, the tumor bed and margins were infiltrated with CDDP, and then exposed to trains of biphasic electrical pulses under sedation. Five minutes after the injection of the chemotherapy agent, sequences of 8 biphasic pulses lasting 50 + 50 μs each, were delivered in bursts of 1,300 V/cm for sclerosed and of 800 V/cm for exposed lesions, with caliper or needle array electrodes, respectively. A second session was performed 1 or 2 weeks later based on clinical considerations.Results: The treatment was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Twenty‐nine dogs had no evidence of recurrence over the 6‐year study period, 6 had tumor recurrence, 1 died of multiple cutaneous MCTs, and 1 died of unrelated causes. The estimated median time to recurrence was 1,200 days. Recurrence was not observed among the long‐term (>1 year) treated dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: ECT with CDDP appears effective in the treatment of incompletely resected MCT in dogs and could be a useful addition to the current options based on its low cost, limited toxicity, and ease of administration.
Tolerability of Metronomic Administration of Lomustine in Dogs with Cancer
Authors: Tripp C.D. , Fidel J. , Anderson C.L. , Patrick M. , Pratt C. , Sellon R. , Bryan J.N. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Metronomic chemotherapy with alkylating agents has been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis and prevent tumor recurrence in some settings. The use of adjuvant lomustine (1‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐3‐cyclohexyl‐1‐nitrosourea) administered in a metronomic fashion has not been evaluated in dogs.Hypothesis: Oral metronomic administration of lomustine will be well tolerated in dogs with spontaneously occurring malignant neoplasms.Animals: Eighty‐one dogs with naturally occurring primary or metastatic tumors received metronomic administration of lomustine.Methods: Dogs were enrolled prospectively after cytological or histological diagnosis of a tumor that was unresectable, incompletely resected, refractory to chemotherapy, or metastatic. Dogs received once daily lomustine (2.84 mg/m2 PO). End points of the trial were clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of toxicosis, tumor progression, or death.Results: Starting dosage (median) was 2.84 mg/m2 PO daily and treatment duration was 98 days (median, range, 1–770 days). The drug was discontinued in 22 dogs because of toxicoses. Toxicoses occurred in 13 dogs with gastrointestinal toxicosis, 4 dogs with thrombocytopenia, 3 dogs with increased alanine transaminase, 1 dog with neutropenia, and 1 dog with progressive azotemia. Eight dogs developed some degree of azotemia during treatment. Hepatotoxicosis was observed at a median of 265 days in 11 dogs. Thrombocytopenia was identified at a median of 432 days of administration.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In dogs with metastatic or terminal neoplasms without renal compromise, metronomic administration of lomustine was well tolerated. This can provide a treatment strategy for dogs that do not have other standard‐care treatment options, and warrants evaluation in primary therapy.
Evaluation of Cytoreductive Efficacy of Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, and Doxorubicin in Dogs with Lymphoma by Measuring the Number of Neoplastic Lymphoid Cells with Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Sato M. , Yamazaki J. , Goto‐Koshino Y. , Takahashi M. , Fujino Y. , Ohno K. , Tsujimoto H. 
Published: February 2011

Background: The cytoreductive efficacy of the individual components of multidrug chemotherapy for canine lymphoma is difficult to evaluate after complete remission.Objectives: To compare the cytoreductive efficacy of vincristine (VCR), cyclophosphamide (CPA), and doxorubicin (DXR) in dogs that received a 6‐month modified version of the University of Wisconsin‐Madison chemotherapy protocol (UW‐25).Animals: Twenty‐nine dogs with high‐grade B‐cell multicentric lymphoma.Methods: Rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene fragments from lymphoma cells were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced to prepare clone‐specific primers and probes for real‐time PCR. The number of lymphoma cells in peripheral blood was measured from diagnosis to week 11 of UW‐25.Results: The number of lymphoma cells after the 1st administration of VCR, CPA, and DXR in weeks 1–4 was decreased in 29/29 (100%), 15/29 (51.7%), and 26/27 (96.3%) dogs, respectively. The cytoreductive efficacy of CPA was less than that of VCR and DXR. VCR, CPA, and DXR administered in weeks 6–9 were effective in 5/26 (19.2%), 5/20 (25.0%), and 14/19 (73.7%) dogs, respectively, indicating the sustained cytoreductive efficacy of DXR. CPA nonresponders were heavier and exhibited a shorter 1st remission than CPA responders.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: When using UW‐25 for treatment of canine lymphoma, CPA was found to have less cytoreductive efficacy than VCR and DXR. Real‐time PCR‐based quantification of tumor cells is an objective marker of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.
Safety of Masitinib Mesylate in Healthy Cats
Authors: Daly M. , Sheppard S. , Cohen N. , Nabity M. , Moussy A. , Hermine O. , Wilson H. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Masitinib mesylate is a PO‐administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed both for human and animal diseases with activity against both mutated and wild type forms of the c‐kit receptor and platelet‐derived growth factor receptors α and β, and is currently registered in Europe for the treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs.Hypothesis/Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if healthy cats can tolerate administration of masitinib without clinically relevant adverse effects.Animals: Twenty healthy research colony‐specific pathogen‐free cats.Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized phase 1 clinical trial. Masitinib was administered PO to 20 healthy cats. Ten cats received 50 mg masitinib every other day for 4 weeks, and 10 cats received 50 mg masitinib daily for 4 weeks.Results: Clinically relevant proteinuria was noted in 2/20 (10%) cats (both treated daily), and neutropenia was noted in 3/20 (15%) (seen in both treatment groups). An increase in serum creatinine concentration and adverse gastrointestinal effects were noted in some cats.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Masitinib mesylate was tolerated in the majority of cats. Long‐term administration and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to further assess the use of masitinib in cats.