bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting transconjunctival sutureless 25‐gauge vitrectomy: still worthwhile?
Authors: Sandinha Teresa , De Souza Clairton , Essex Rohan , Kelly Theresa‐Lan , Lake Stewart , Phillips Russell 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo present the outcomes of various retinal conditions treated with the sutureless 25‐gauge (25G) vitrectomy technique. Retrospective case review of 232 eyes of 228 patients who underwent 25G vitrectomy from January 2003 to August 2006. Follow‐up was a minimum of 3 months. Indications for surgery included idiopathic macular hole, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Main outcome measures included final visual acuity, re‐operation rate and surgical complications such as endophthalmitis, hypotony and retinal (re)detachment. For all cases, the mean overall visual acuity (logMAR) improved from 0.9 preoperatively to 0.5 (P < 0.0001). The improvement in acuity was highest in the rhegmatogenous detachment and diabetic groups. Transient postoperative hypotony was observed in 15 cases (9.2%) on day 1 after surgery but all these cases resolved. In 7.3% of the cases (17 out of 232) additional surgery was performed due to retina (re)detachment but final anatomic success was achieved in all cases; the detachments occurred within the first 3 months. One patients developed endophthalmitis (0.4%) which coincided with subconjunctival antibiotics being discontinued in favour of topical treatment. The 25G system remains a safe and effective technique for a variety of retinal conditions; significant fast visual rehabilitation is an advantage.
The relationship between motivation, learning strategies and choice of environment whether traditional or including an online component
Authors: Clayton Karen , Blumberg Fran , Auld Daniel P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study examined how students' achievement goals, self‐efficacy and learning strategies influenced their choice of an online, hybrid or traditional learning environment. One hundred thirty‐two post‐secondary students completed surveys soliciting their preferences for learning environments, reasons for their preference, their motivational orientation towards learning and learning strategies used. Findings indicated that most students preferred traditional learning environments. This preference was based on how well the environment matched their personal learning style and engaged them as students. Discriminant analyses indicated significant differences in motivational beliefs and learning strategies; students who preferred traditional environments showed a mastery goal orientation and greater willingness to apply effort while learning. Students who preferred less traditional environments presented as more confident that they could manage a non‐traditional class. These findings have implications for understanding students' motivation for learning in diverse educational settings.
What's love got to do with it? Why some marriages succeed and others fail
Authors: HUSTON TED L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis essay summarizes a 13‐year longitudinal study carried out in the United States that challenges conventional wisdom about courtship and the early marital roots of connubial distress and divorce. The study traced relationships from courtship, to the early years of marriage, to parenthood (for most), and to divorce (for some). The essay describes the germination of the study, how it was implemented, and what it reveals about why some marriages succeed and others fail. Couples' courtship and early marital experiences foreshadow: (a) whether they stay married or divorce, (b) whether they sustain satisfying unions if their marriage lasts, and (c) how quickly marriages that end in divorce break apart. Mutually satisfying marriages are differentiable from those that fail in that they both promise marital consanguinity and deliver on the promise.
Cognitions, coercion, and IPV: Sex differences in pursuing resisted physical intimacy
Authors: CVANCARA KRISTEN EIS , KINNEY TERRY A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCommunication in close relationships impacts social development and the meeting of personal desires and wants. Since interpersonal violence (IPV) is common in close relationships, this study investigated the extent to which context‐relevant cognitions were associated with use of verbal IPV (e.g., coercion) when communicating for resisted physical intimacy. Based on a convenience sample of U.S. college students, results confirmed that a constellation of cognitions related to the use of coercion and that the rate of use and set of cognitions related to use of coercion differ between males and females. Discussion suggests that examination into the complexities of the cognition–behavior relationship will advance understanding of communication processes related to goal pursuit and use of verbal IPV in interpersonal contexts.
Early exposure to violence, domestic violence, attachment representations, and marital adjustment
Authors: GODBOUT NATACHA , DUTTON DONALD G. , LUSSIER YVAN , SABOURIN STÉPHANE 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe present study investigates the effects of violent experiences in childhood on current domestic violence and marital adjustment, using adult attachment theory as a conceptual framework. A nonclinical sample of 644 Canadian adults in long‐term romantic relationships completed measures of adult romantic attachment, conflict tactics scales, and dyadic adjustment. Structural equation modeling revealed that early experiences of violence affect adults' intimate violence directly and indirectly through anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy. The actor–partner interdependence model illustrated the importance of early exposure to violence in predicting both partners' attachment representations, intimate violence, and couple adjustment. Findings are discussed with reference to the clinical issues surrounding minor violence against the intimate partner.
A dyadic exploration of attachment and caregiving in long‐term couples
Authors: MILLINGS ABIGAIL , WALSH JUDI 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis cross‐sectional study explored associations between attachment style and caregiving patterns in 125 couples with children in the United Kingdom. The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model was used to model for both actor (own) and partner attachment effects on caregiving. Attachment was measured along the dimensions of avoidance and anxiety, and caregiving was measured along the dimensions of proximity, sensitivity, cooperation, and compulsion. Results indicated that different combinations of individual and partner attachment scores predicted different dimensions of caregiving. Own attachment scores best predicted caregiving proximity, cooperation, and compulsion, whereas own and partner attachment predicted caregiving sensitivity. The implications of the findings, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Regulation by FK506 and rapamycin of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vascular smooth muscle: the role of FK506 binding proteins and mTOR
Authors: MacMillan D , McCarron JG 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), regulates the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) in vascular smooth muscle. Release from the SR is controlled by two intracellular receptor/channel complexes, the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). These receptors may be regulated by the accessory FK506‐binding protein (FKBP) either directly, by binding to the channel, or indirectly via FKBP modulation of two targets, the phosphatase, calcineurin or the kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).Experimental approach:  Single portal vein myocytes were voltage‐clamped in whole cell configuration and [Ca2+]cyto measured using fluo‐3. IP3Rs were activated by photolysis of caged IP3 and RyRs activated by hydrostatic application of caffeine.Key results:  FK506 which displaces FKBP from each receptor (to inhibit calcineurin) increased the [Ca2+]cyto rise evoked by activation of either RyR or IP3R. Rapamycin which displaces FKBP (to inhibit mTOR) also increased the amplitude of the caffeine‐evoked, but reduced the IP3‐evoked [Ca2+]cyto rise. None of the phosphatase inhibitors, cypermethrin, okadaic acid or calcineurin inhibitory peptide, altered either caffeine‐ or IP3‐evoked [Ca2+]cyto release; calcineurin did not contribute to FK506‐mediated potentiation of RyR‐ or IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release. The mTOR inhibitor LY294002, like rapamycin, decreased IP3‐evoked Ca2+ release.Conclusions and implications:  Ca2+ release in portal vein myocytes, via RyR, was modulated directly by FKBP binding to the channel; neither calcineurin nor mTOR contributed to this regulation. However, IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release, while also modulated directly by FKBP may be additionally regulated by mTOR. Rapamycin inhibition of IP3‐mediated Ca2+ release may be explained by mTOR inhibition.
The Scar‐in‐a‐Jar: studying potential antifibrotic compounds from the epigenetic to extracellular level in a single well
Authors: Chen CZC , Peng YX , Wang ZB , Fish PV , Kaar JL , Koepsel RR , Russell AJ , Lareu RR , Raghunath M 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  Fibrosis, a pathological accumulation of collagen in tissues, represents a major global disease burden. Effective characterization of potential antifibrotic drugs has been constrained by poor formation of the extracellular matrix in vitro, due to tardy procollagen processing by collagen C‐proteinase/BMP‐1, and difficulties in relating this matrix to cell numbers in experimental samples.Experimental approach:  The Scar‐in‐a‐Jar model provided, in vitro, the complete biosynthetic cascade of collagen matrix formation including complete conversion of procollagen by C‐proteinase/BMP‐1, its subsequent extracellular deposition and lysyl oxidase‐mediated cross‐linking, achieved by applying the biophysical principle of macromolecular ‘crowding’. Collagen matrix deposition, velocity and morphology can be controlled using negatively charged ‘crowders’ in a rapid (2 days) mode or a mixture of neutral ‘crowders’ in an accelerated (6 days) mode. Combined with quantitative optical bioimaging, this novel system allows for in situ assessment of the area of deposited collagen(s) per cell.Key results:  Optical evaluation of known and novel antifibrotic compounds effective at the epigenetic, post‐transcriptional/translational/secretional level correlated excellently with corresponding biochemical analyses. Focusing on quantitation of deposited collagen, the Scar‐in‐a‐Jar was most effective in assessing novel inhibitors that may have multiple targets, such as microRNA29c, found to be a promising antifibrotic agent.Conclusions and implications:  This novel screening system supersedes current in vitro fibroplasia models, as a fast, quantitative and non‐destructive technique. This method distinguishes a reduction in collagen I deposition, excluding collagen cross‐linking, and allows full evaluation of inhibitors of C‐proteinase/BMP‐1 and other matrix metalloproteinases.
Alosetron, cilansetron and tegaserod modify mesenteric but not colonic blood flow in rats
Authors: Painsipp Evelin , Shahbazian Anaid , Holzer Peter 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  As the use of the 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron (GlaxoSmithKline) and the 5‐HT4 receptor agonist tegaserod (Novartis) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome has been associated with cases of ischaemic colitis, the effects of alosetron, cilansetron (Solvay) and tegaserod on the rat splanchnic circulation were evaluated.Experimental approach:  Phenobarbital‐anaesthetised rats were instrumented to record blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and transverse colon and to calculate mesenteric and colonic vascular conductance.Key results:  Intravenous alosetron (0.03–0.3 mg·kg−1) did not alter blood pressure or heart rate but reduced mesenteric blood flow and vascular conductance by 15–20%. This activity profile was also seen after intraduodenal alosetron and shared by the 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist cilansetron. In contrast, blood flow, vascular conductance and intraluminal pressure in the colon were not modified by alosetron and cilansetron. Intravenous or intraduodenal tegaserod (0.3–1.0 mg·kg−1) had no inhibitory effect on mesenteric and colonic blood flow. Peroral treatment of rats with alosetron or tegaserod for 7 days did not modify mesenteric haemodynamics at baseline and after blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Mild inflammation induced by dextran sulphate sodium failed to provoke a vasoconstrictor effect of cilansetron in the colon.Conclusions and implications:  Alosetron and cilansetron, not tegaserod, caused a small and transient constriction of the rat mesenteric vascular bed, whereas blood flow in the colon remained unaltered. The relevance of these findings to the treatment‐associated occurrence of ischaemic colitis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome remains open.
The NO donor DETA‐NONOate reversibly activates an inward current in neurones and is not mediated by the released nitric oxide
Authors: Thompson AJ , Mander PK , Brown GC 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  It has been previously shown that high levels of nitric oxide (NO), from NO donors, kill neurones, but the mechanisms are unclear.Experimental approach:  The effects of NO donors on the electrical properties of rat cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGC neurones) were investigated using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.Key results:  The NO donor (Z)‐1‐[2‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N‐(2‐ammonioethyl)amino]diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate (DETA‐NONOate or NOC‐18) caused a rapid, persistent, but fully reversible inward current that was associated with an increase in baseline noise and was concentration dependent (100 µM–10 mM). The response to 3 mM DETA‐NONOate was completely inhibited by 1 mM gadolinium, but not by NO scavengers (1 mM haemoglobin or 1 mM PTIO) or glutamate receptor antagonists (10 µM MK‐801 or 60 µM CNQX). Application of decomposed 3 mM DETA‐NONOate or 3 mM nitrite had no effect. In contrast, the NO donor S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) caused a rapid, persistent, but fully reversible outward current that was also concentration dependent (1–10 mM). The 3 mM GSNO response was unaltered by NO scavengers, glutamate antagonists or gadolinium, but was mimicked by decomposed 3 mM GSNO and 3 mM oxidized glutathione.Conclusions and implications:  These results suggest that DETA‐NONOate directly activates cation‐selective channels, causing an inward current in CGCs. In contrast, GSNO causes an outward current in these cells. Some of the effects of these NO donors are independent of NO, and thus caution is required in interpreting results when using high concentrations of these compounds.
α‐Fetoprotein as a modulator of the pro‐inflammatory response of human keratinocytes
Authors: Potapovich AI , Pastore S , Kostyuk VA , Lulli D , Mariani V , De Luca C , Dudich EI , Korkina LG 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  The immunomodulatory effects of α‐fetoprotein (AFP) on lymphocytes and macrophages have been described in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant forms of human AFP have been proposed as potential therapeutic entities for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We examined the effects of embryonic and recombinant human AFP on the spontaneous, UVA‐ and cytokine‐induced pro‐inflammatory responses of human keratinocytes.Experimental approach:  Cultures of primary and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human blood T lymphocytes were used. The effects of AFP on cytokine expression were studied by bioplexed elisa and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Kinase and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) phosphorylation were quantified by intracellular elisa. Nuclear activator protein 1 and NFκB DNA binding activity was measured by specific assays. Nitric oxide and H2O2 production and redox status were assessed by fluorescent probe and biochemical methods.Key results:  All forms of AFP enhanced baseline expression of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. AFP dose‐dependently increased tumour necrosis factor alpha‐stimulated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin 8 expression and decreased tumour necrosis factor alpha‐induced monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and IP‐10 (interferon gamma‐produced protein of 10 kDa) expression. AFP induced a marked activator protein 1 activation in human keratinocytes. AFP also increased H2O2 and modulated nitrite/nitrate levels in non‐stimulated keratinocytes whereas it did not affect these parameters or cytokine release from UVA‐stimulated cells. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Akt1 but not NFκB was activated by AFP alone or by its combination with UVA.Conclusions and implications:  Exogenous AFP induces activation of human keratinocytes, with de novo expression of a number of pro‐inflammatory mediators and modulation of their pro‐inflammatory response to cytokines or UVA. AFP may modulate inflammatory events in human skin.
Jihad on the Frontier: A History of Religious Revolt on the North‐West Frontier, 1800–1947
Authors: Hopkins B. D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Jihad is an idea and phenomenon receiving increasing popular, policy and scholarly attentions. The current violence in Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province, encompassing much of its borderlands with Afghanistan, is often depicted as a jihad, with many linking it to a larger global ‘war on terror’. Yet religious, or rather rhetorically religious violence has a long history on the Frontier. From at least the advent of British administration in the region in the nineteenth century, there have been repeated jihads against the intrusions of colonial authority, often in the same places with a similar cast of characters. But violence on the Frontier is more than some simplistic outbreak of religious bigotism. This article explores the issues raised by the repeated episodes of jihad on the Frontier and the literature addressing its occurrence.
Sensory and Motor Peripheral Nerve Function and Lower‐Extremity Quadriceps Strength: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Authors: Strotmeyer Elsa S. , De Rekeneire Nathalie , Schwartz Ann V. , Resnick Helaine E. , Goodpaster Bret H. , Faulkner Kimberly A. , Shorr Ronald I. , Vinik Aaron I. , Harris Tamara B. , Newman Anne B. ,   for the Health ABC Study
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES:To determine whether sensory and motor nerve function is associated cross‐sectionally with quadriceps or ankle dorsiflexion strength in an older community‐based population.DESIGN:Cross‐sectional analyses within a longitudinal cohort study.SETTING:Two U.S. clinical sites.PARTICIPANTS:Two thousand fifty‐nine Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (Health ABC) participants (49.5% male, 36.7% black, aged 73–82) in 2000/01.MEASUREMENTS:Quadriceps and ankle strength were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function in the legs and feet was assessed using 10‐g and 1.4‐g monofilaments, vibration threshold, and peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude and velocity.RESULTS:Monofilament insensitivity, poorest vibration threshold quartile (>60 μ), and poorest motor nerve conduction amplitude quartile (<1.7 mV) were associated with 11%, 7%, and 8% lower quadriceps strength (allP<.01), respectively, than in the best peripheral nerve function categories in adjusted linear regression models. Monofilament insensitivity and lowest amplitude quartile were both associated with 17% lower ankle strength (P<.01). Multivariate analyses were adjusted for demographic characteristics, diabetes mellitus, body composition, lifestyle factors, and chronic health conditions and included all peripheral nerve measures in the same model. Monofilament insensitivity (β=−7.19), vibration threshold (β=−0.097), and motor nerve conduction amplitude (β=2.01) each contributed independently to lower quadriceps strength (allP<.01). Monofilament insensitivity (β=−5.29) and amplitude (β=1.17) each contributed independently to lower ankle strength (allP<.01). Neither diabetes mellitus status nor lean mass explained the associations between peripheral nerve function and strength.CONCLUSION:Reduced sensory and motor peripheral nerve function is related to poorer lower extremity strength in older adults, suggesting a mechanism for the relationship with lower extremity disability.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Incidence of Bradycardia in Patients with Dementia in the Veterans Affairs New England Healthcare System
Authors: Hernandez Rohini K. , Farwell Wildon , Cantor Michael D. , Lawler Elizabeth V. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the association between cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE‐Is) and a new diagnosis of bradycardia and to evaluate the clinical significance of bradycardia.DESIGN: Cox proportional hazards with time‐dependent exposures were used to evaluate the association and examine the dose effect for donepezil and bradycardia.SETTING: New England Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.PARTICIPANTS: Patients with dementia who received care between January 1999 and June 2007 (N=11,328).MEASUREMENTS: Bradycardia was defined using three methods using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes and recorded heart rates of less than 60 beats per minute.RESULTS: A greater risk for bradycardia was found in patients taking any ChE‐Is than in the no‐treatment group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1–1.6). A dose‐response effect was observed for donepezil, with the highest‐dose group at greatest risk (HR=2.1, 95% CI=1.5–2.9). Results were consistent regardless of bradycardia definition. Patients with bradycardia were more likely to fall, experience syncope, or need a pacemaker implantation than those without.CONCLUSION: Using a large cohort, a modestly greater risk of bradycardia was found in patients with dementia taking ChE‐Is than in those not taking these drugs. In patients taking donepezil, the risk of bradycardia may increase with increasing doses. Because of the potential clinical consequences, monitoring for bradycardia may be warranted in patients with dementia treated with ChE‐Is.