bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Analysis of DNA Polymerase Reaction Products
Authors: Chowdhury Goutam , Guengerich F. Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis unit describes experimental and analytical procedures for characterizing the efficiency and fidelity of translesion DNA synthesis across various DNA damages by DNA polymerases in vitro. This procedure utilizes primer extension assays followed by LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS analysis of the extension products. Detailed explanations for the analysis of the LC‐MS/MS data for deciphering the nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments are also presented. This approach provides a significant improvement over conventional methods, as it allows detection of misincorporation, as well as frameshift products. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 47:7.16.1‐7.16.11. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preferential Crystallization of a Helicene–Viologen Hybrid – An Efficient Method to Resolve [5]Helquat Enantiomers on a 20 g Scale
Authors: Vávra Jan , Severa Lukáš , Švec Pavel , Císařová Ivana , Koval Dušan , Sázelová Petra , Kašička Václav , Teplý Filip 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe bistriflate salt of racemic [5]helquat 1 was found to form a conglomerate. Based on this finding, the preferential crystallization of this chiral helicene–viologen hybrid was developed to deliver pure enantiomers on a 20 g scale (10.5 g of each enantiomer). To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest amount of nonracemic helicene‐like compound obtained by preferential crystallization to date. The absolute configuration of the P enantiomer was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. The chromatography‐free synthesis of racemic 1 on a multigram scale (30 g) is also presented as an entry point to this resolution study.
Phase and amplitude error indices for error quantification in pseudodynamic testing
Authors: Hessabi Reza Mirza , Mercan Oya 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYReal‐time pseudodynamic (PSD) and hybrid PSD testing methods are displacement controlled experimental techniques that are used to investigate the dynamic behaviour of complex and load rate‐dependent structures. Because the imposed command displacements are not predefined but generated during the test based on measured feedback, these methods are inherently prone to error propagation, which can affect the accuracy and even the stability of the entire experiment. As a result, to have these experimental methods as reliable tools, the accuracy of the test results needs to be assessed by carefully monitoring, and if possible, quantifying the errors involved. In this paper, phase and amplitude error indices (PAEI) are introduced to identify the experimental errors through uncoupled closed‐form equations. Unlike the indicators that have been previously introduced in the literature for error identification purposes, PAEI do not use test setup specific parameters in their formulation, and can quantify the errors independent of the amplitude of the command displacements. As such, PAEI can be used as standard tools for assessing the quality of the experiments performed in different laboratories or under different conditions. Additionally, because they can quantify the error, when implemented online, PAEI have the potential to be incorporated in the control law and thereby improve the actuator control during the tests. The formulation and implementation of PAEI are provided in this paper. The enhanced performance of the proposed indices is demonstrated by processing several different measured and command signals using PAEI and comparing the results with those revealed by the previous indicators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Popular Culture Texts Inform and Shape Students’ Discussions of Social Studies Texts
Authors: Hall Leigh A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, I examine how 6th‐grade students used pop culture texts to inform their understandings about social studies texts and shape their discussions of it. Discussions showed that students used pop culture texts in three ways when talking about social studies texts. First, students applied comprehension strategies to pop culture texts to help them interpret social studies texts. Second, students used pop culture texts as evidence to support their arguments about social studies texts. Finally, students used pop culture texts to shut down interpretations of social studies texts that they did not agree with and silence students who expressed alternative ideas.
Adult Learners’ Funds of Knowledge: The Case of an English Class for Parents
Authors: Larrotta Clarena , Serrano Arlene 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis research is rooted in an approach that sees English learning and teaching as practices shaped by adults’ funds of knowledge and adult‐learning principles. We investigate how English‐literacy instruction can build on the funds of knowledge (life experiences, knowledge, skills, and learning habits) that adult learners bring with them. In addition, we explore how personal glossaries and storybooks help adults in their language‐learning journey. Data for the study were collected through field notes, interviews, and student products (personal glossaries and storybooks). Study participants are Spanish‐speaking adults enrolled in an English literacy class for parents. Participating adults’ funds of knowledge are identified and recommendations relevant for English‐literacy instructors are provided.
Putting service back into public service: The transformation of Botswana's immigration services
Authors: Hacker Stephen K. , Tsiane Segakweng N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPoor customer service at Botswana's Department of Immigration and Citizenship placed its home ministry, Labour and Home Affairs, in the bottom tier of performance rankings and made it a frequent target of criticism. After identifying the root causes of the breakdown in service, the department's leaders used a transformational approach to sharply improve customer relations. Its key elements were a focus on the organization's quality culture, management intervention, on‐site improvement projects, and nontraditional engagements with staff. The awards and testimonials that followed demonstrate that a government organization that concentrates on improving the service‐mindedness of its staff can make rapid, profound, and sustainable gains in the delivery of customer service. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing change through employee empowerment
Authors: Rothermel Rick , LaMarsh Jeanenne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDiscouraged by the challenges inherent in making organizational changes, many business leaders seek to overcome these obstacles by establishing a change management program. To ensure timely and effective results, such a program needs to involve not only the organization's leaders as sponsors of change and the project team members as change agents, but also the employees who will be affected by the alterations to the work environment. As one hospital that took this approach discovered, empowering those individuals as partners in the change process does far more than increase the probability of a successful change. It also teaches the employees a new way of dealing with it. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bacterial Adhesion‐Resistant Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Derivative for Mammalian Cell Cultures
Authors: Sohn Eun‐Ho , Ahn Jooyeon , Bhang Suk Ho , Kang Junil , Yoon Jeyong , Kim Byung‐Soo , Lee Jong‐Chan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn an attempting to find new biomaterials for mammalian cell culture, PHEMA derivatives with ester side groups are synthesized by one‐step polymer‐analogous reaction. These polymers show excellent antifouling properties against S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa while their cytotoxicity and proliferation activity for HDF cell are on a similar level as commercially available TCPS. The interesting bioadhesion property is systematically correlated with surface properties of the PHEMA derivatives.magnified image
Thermally Modulated Retention of Lymphoctytes on Polymer‐Brush‐Grafted Glass Beads
Authors: Nagase Kenichi , Mukae Naoto , Kikuchi Akihiko , Okano Teruo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThermoresponsive PIPAAm‐brush‐grafted glass beads are prepared through siATRP and their physicochemical properties are characterized by micro‐nitrogen analysis, XPS, and contact angle measurements. The amount of grafted PIPAAm on glass bead surfaces can be controlled by varying the ATRP reaction time, leading to a modulation of the temperature‐dependent wettability of the prepared surfaces. To evaluate a possible use of the beads as cell separation matrices, loading with rat lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes is studied. The results show that the interaction between PIPAAm brushes and lymphocytes can be controlled by modulating PIPAAm brush length and temperature. The PIPAAm‐brush‐grafted beads might therefore be useful as effective cell separation matrices.magnified image
Correction of systematic errors in quantitative proton density mapping
Authors: Volz Steffen , Nöth Ulrike , Deichmann Ralf 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInterest in techniques yielding quantitative information about brain tissue proton densities is increasing. In general, all parameters influencing the signal amplitude are mapped in several acquisitions and then eliminated from the image data to obtain pure proton density weighting. Particularly, the measurement of the receiver coil sensitivity profile is problematic. Several methods published so far are based on the reciprocity theorem, assuming that receive and transmit sensitivities are identical. Goals of this study were (1) to determine quantitative proton density maps using an optimized variable flip angle method for T1 mapping at 3 T, (2) to investigate if systematic errors can arise from insufficient spoiling of transverse magnetization, and (3) to compare two methods for mapping the receiver coil sensitivity, based on either the reciprocity theorem or bias field correction. Results show that insufficient spoiling yields systematic errors in absolute proton density of about 3–4 pu. A correction algorithm is proposed. It is shown that receiver coil sensitivity mapping based on the reciprocity theorem yields erroneous proton density values, whereas reliable data are obtained with bias field correction. Absolute proton density values in different brain areas, evaluated on six healthy subjects, are in excellent agreement with recent literature results. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dielectric studies of tetraaryl and triaryl polycarbonates and comparisons with bisphenol A‐polycarbonate
Authors: Fontanella J. J. , Boyles D. A. , Filipova T. S. , Awwad S. , Edmondson C. A. , Bendler J. T. , Wintersgill M. C. , Lomax J. F. , Schroeder M. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe relative permittivity, loss, and breakdown strength are reported for a commercial sample of bisphenol A‐polycarbonate (comm‐BPA‐PC) and a purified sample of the same polymer (rp‐BPA‐PC) as well as for two new polycarbonates having low molecular cross‐sectional areas, namely a copolymer of tetraaryl polycarbonate and BPA‐PC (TABPA‐BPA‐PC) and a triaryl polycarbonate homopolymer (TriBPA‐PC). The glass transition temperatures of the new polymers are higher than the Tg of BPA‐PC (187 and 191 °C vs. 148 °C). Relative permittivity and loss measurements were carried out from 10 to 105 Hz over a wide temperature range, and results for the α‐ and γ‐relaxation regions are discussed in detail. For the α‐relaxation, the isochronal peak position, Tα, scales approximately with Tg. On the other hand, the peak temperature for the γ‐relaxation is approximately constant, independent of Tg. Also, in contrast to what is observed for α, γ exhibits a strong increase in peak height as temperature/frequency increases and a significant difference is found between Arrhenius plots determined from isochronal and isothermal data analyses. Next, the γ‐relaxation region for comm‐BPA‐PC and associated activation parameters show strong history/purity effects. The activation parameters also depend on the method of data analysis. The results shed light on discrepancies that exist in the literature for BPA‐PC. The shapes of the γ loss peaks and hence glassy‐state motions for all the polymers are very similar. However, the intensities of the TriBPA‐PC and TABPA‐BPA‐PC γ peaks are reduced by an amount that closely matches the reduced volume fraction of carbonate units in the two new polymers. Finally, for comm‐BPA‐PC, the breakdown strength is strongly affected by sample history and this is assumed to be related to volatile components in the material. It is found that the breakdown strengths for TriBPA‐PC and TABPA‐BPA‐PC are relatively close to that for rp‐BPA‐PC with the value for TriBPA‐PC being slightly larger than that for rp‐BPA‐PC or the value usually reported for typical capacitor grade polycarbonate. Finally, it is shown that the real part of the relative permittivity remains relatively constant from low temperatures to Tg. Consequently, based on the dielectric properties, TriBPA‐PC and TABPA‐BPA‐PC should be usable in capacitors to at least 50 °C higher than BPA‐PC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Optical Characterization of Large Caliber Muzzle Blast Waves
Authors: Steward Bryan J. , Gross Kevin C. , Perram Glen P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHigh‐speed, 1,600 Hz, visible imagery of the blast wave from 147 firings of a 152 mm howitzer were observed for three different propellant charges. Blast wave trajectories were determined at 0.5–13 m from the muzzle exit, yielding initial velocities of Mach 3–4 that decayed to near acoustic within the imager field of view. A piecewise treatment of the Taylor‐Sedov point blast model was sufficient to describe the trajectories with an average error of 0.1 m. The trajectories were consistent with a three‐dimensional expansion and constant rate of energy release. A Constant Breech Pressure gun model was used to estimate total energy of the muzzle flow, and the efficiency of depositing energy into the blast wave was 18–24 %. Plume temperatures of approximately 980–1,210 K were estimated by partitioning energy and were correlated with likelihood of plume combustion. Classification of charge type based on energy deposition rate was modest, characterized by a ratio of between‐class to within‐class variance of 1.3, for the very similar events.
Implications of intra‐family and external ownership transfer of family firms: short‐term and long‐term performance differences
Authors: Wennberg Karl , Wiklund Johan , Hellerstedt Karin , Nordqvist Mattias 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe contrast the performance consequences of intra‐family versus external ownership transfers. Investigating a sample of all private family firms in Sweden that went through ownership transfers during 10 years, we find that firms transferred to external owners outperform those transferred within the family, but that survival is higher among intra‐family transfers. We attribute these performance differences to the long‐term orientation of family firms passed on to the next generation and to the entrepreneurial willingness of acquirers to bear uncertainty. Based on distinct ownership transition routes and theoretical mechanisms explaining performance differences, we outline implications for family business and entrepreneurship research. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Resource orchestration in family firms: investigating how entrepreneurial orientation, generational involvement, and participative strategy affect performance
Authors: Chirico Francesco , Sirmon David G. , Sciascia Salvatore , Mazzola Pietro 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDrawing on the process of resource orchestration, we argue a co‐alignment of multiple factors is needed for family firms to increase performance through entrepreneurship. Specifically, we posit that entrepreneurial orientation provides the mobilizing vision to use the heterogeneous yet complementary knowledge and experiences offered by increased generational involvement toward entrepreneurship. However, without a coordinating mechanism, generational involvement leads to conflict and negative outcomes. When, instead, it is also coordinated via a participative strategy, performance gains are achieved. In sum, results suggest that realizing the benefits from entrepreneurship in family firms is a complicated matter affected by the synchronization of entrepreneurial orientation, generational involvement, and participative strategy. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
European guidance–a project of the European Psychiatric Association
Authors: Gaebel W. , Möller H.-J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEvidence based medicine is a cornerstone of modern medicine including psychiatry. Treatment practice guidelines are nowadays available for guiding mental health care mainly with a focus on specific disorders. Many important clinical situations or problems beyond treatment, however, are lacking proper guidance. It is in this scope that a European Psychiatry Association (EPA) has developed its own program, the European Guidance Project. The present special issue presents six topics out of these series of guidance documents.
Nonlinear interactions between deep-water waves and currents
Authors: Moreira R. M. , Peregrine D. H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe effects of nonlinearity on a train of linear water waves in deep water interacting with underlying currents are investigated numerically via a boundary-integral method. The current is assumed to be two-dimensional and stationary, being induced by a distribution of singularities located beneath the free surface, which impose sharp and gentle surface velocity gradients. For ‘slowly’ varying currents, the fully nonlinear results confirm that opposing currents induce wave steepening and breaking within the region where a high convergence of rays occurs. For ‘rapidly’ varying currents, wave blocking and breaking are more prominent. In this case reflection was observed when sufficiently strong adverse currents are imposed, confirming that at least part of the wave energy that builds up within the caustic can be released in the form of partial reflection and wave breaking. For bichromatic waves, the fully nonlinear results show that partial wave blocking occurs at the individual wave components in the wave groups and that waves become almost monochromatic upstream of the blocking region.
Amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) associated with red algae (Rhodophyta) in Kandalaksha Bay (the White Sea, Russia)
Authors: Uryupova Ekaterina F. , Spiridonov Vassily A. , Zhadan Dmitry G. 
Published: December 2011

Amphipods' assemblages living in the red algae communities were studied in Velikaya Salma Strait (Kandalaksha Bay, north-western White Sea) in the depth range of 3–11 m. Sampling sites were located along the depth and shore exposure gradients in the areas with a significant number of rhodophytes. In total 12 species of amphipods were found withAmpithoe rubricataandCrassicorophium bonelliibeing most common and abundant.Gammaropsis melanopsandPleusymtes glaberwere revealed as subdominant species. As an algal grazerA. rubricataappeared to be the species most closely associated with various algal assemblages.Crassicorophium bonelliiwere found on substrates being a deposit feeder predominantly inhabiting mixed assemblages of red algae where deposition and accumulation of seston most likely took place.Gammaropsis melanopsandP. glaberare known as grazers but they preferred the habitats with both red algae and sponges. None of the species can be considered as obligate inhabitants of red algae hosts.Ampithoe rubricataandC. bonelliioccurred in red algae communities in the shallow area (about 4 m). The most diverse and quantitatively rich amphipod assemblages were found at depths of 8–9 m in the area protected from waves and surf by the islands. Three of the most common and abundant speciesA. rubricata, C. bonelliiandP. glaberare considered as amphiboreal while most of the species associated with rhodophytes belong to the Arctic-boreal ones. Amphiboreal species are presumably adapted to a broader temperature-range, in particular to higher summer temperature, than the Arctic-boreal species; they most likely have an advantage when occupying biotopes at shallow subtidal depth with local conditions in the White Sea.
The neuropsychology of prefrontal function in antisocial personality disordered offenders with varying degrees of psychopathy
Authors: Dolan M. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundDespite methodological differences between studies, it has been suggested that psychopathy may be associated with a ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) deficit and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), as classified in the DSM-IV, with a broader range of deficits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and VMPFC function.MethodNinety-six male offenders with ASPD who were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and 49 male right-handed healthy controls (HCs), matched for age and IQ, completed a neuropsychological test battery.ResultsOffenders with ASPD displayed subtle impairments on executive function tasks of planning ability and set shifting and behavioural inhibition compared to HCs. However, among the offenders with ASPD there was no significant association between executive function impairment and scores on the measure of psychopathy.ConclusionsPsychopathic traits in offenders with ASPD are not associated with greater executive function impairment.
Wet surface and dense atmosphere on early Mars suggested by the bomb sag at Home Plate, Mars
Authors: Manga Michael , Patel Ameeta , Dufek Josef , Kite Edwin S. 
Published: December 2011

We use the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observation of a bomb sag produced by an explosive volcanic eruption to infer the atmospheric density at the time of eruption. We performed analogue experiments to determine the relationship between the wetness of the substrate and the velocity and density of impacting clasts and 1) the formation (or not) of bomb sags, 2) the morphology of the impact crater, and 3) the penetration depth of the clast. The downward deflection of beds seen on Mars is consistent with water‐saturated sediment in the laboratory experiments. Collision angles <20 degrees from vertical are needed to produce bomb sags. From the experiments we infer an impact velocity up to 4 × 101 m/s, lower than ejection velocities during phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions on Earth. If this velocity represents the terminal subaerial impact velocity, atmospheric density exceeded 0.4 kg/m3 at the time of eruption, much higher than at present.