bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dutch Cannabis Dependence (CanDep) study on the course of frequent cannabis use and dependence: objectives, methods and sample characteristics
Authors: van der Pol Peggy , Liebregts Nienke , de Graaf Ron , Korf Dirk J. , van den Brink Wim , van Laar Margriet 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the prospective cohort design of the Dutch Cannabis Dependence (CanDep) study, which investigates (i) the three‐year natural course of frequent cannabis use (≥ three days per week in the past 12 months) and cannabis dependence; and (ii) the factors involved in the transition from frequent non‐dependent cannabis use to cannabis dependence, and remission from dependence. Besides its scientific relevance, this knowledge may contribute to improve selective and indicated prevention, early detection, treatment and cannabis policies. The secondary objectives are the identification of factors related to treatment seeking and the validation of self report measures of cannabis use.Between September 2008 and April 2009, baseline data were collected from 600 frequent cannabis users with an average age of 22.1 years, predominantly male (79.3%) and an average cannabis use history of 7.1 years; 42.0% fulfilled a (12‐month DSM‐IV) diagnosis of cannabis dependence. The response rate was 83.7% after the first follow up at 18 months. The second and last follow‐up is planned at 36 months. Computer assisted personal interviews (CAPI) were conducted which covered: cannabis use (including detailed assessments of exposure, motives for use and potency preference); use of other substances; DSM‐IV internalizing and externalizing mental disorders; treatment seeking; personality; life events; social support and social functioning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shear‐induced fibrillation and resultant mechanical properties of injection‐molded polyamide 1010/isotactic polypropylene blends
Authors: Su Run , Jiang Kun , Ge Yao , Hu Shanwei , Li Zhen , Li Xiuyun , Wang Ke , Zhang Qin , Fu Qiang , Yang Fengxia 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is feasible to control the phase morphology and orientation for immiscible polymer blends to manipulate their properties. In this paper, the blend of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) (mainly at a fixed ratio of PA1010/iPP = 80/20) was used as an example to demonstrate the effect of shear on the morphology and resultant mechanical properties. After being melt blended, the injection‐molded bars were prepared via a dynamic packing equipment to impose a prolonged shearing on the melts during the solidification stage. By controlling the shear time, the structure evolution and morphological development of the blends can be well controlled. Mechanical measurement of the molded bar showed a dramatically improved tensile property and impact strength with increasing shear time. Morphological examination revealed that the iPP droplets are elongated and become thin fibrils along the shear direction with increasing shear time. The shear‐induced fibrillation, instead of orientation, is believed to be responsible for the largely improved properties of the blend, particularly for the impact strength. The toughening mechanism is discussed based on the combined effect of hindrance of crack propagation and the transferring and bearing of the load due to the existence of the fibrils. This was further proved by changing the blending ratio and using low molecular weight iPP. Finally, we propose a concept for designing blending materials with good comprehensive properties. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduced mortality in cystic fibrosis patients treated with tobramycin inhalation solution
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Signorovitch James E. , Zhang Jie , Latremouille‐Viau Dominick , von Wartburg Markus , Wu Eric Q. , Shi Lizheng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundThough tobramycin inhalation solution has been used for over a decade to improve lung function and reduce exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), its effects on mortality have not been well‐described. This study aimed to assess the association between use of tobramycin inhaled solution and mortality in patients with CF and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection.MethodsLongitudinal logistic regression was used to assess the association between current‐year reported use of tobramycin inhalation solution and subsequent‐year mortality of patients meeting recommended criteria for tobramycin inhalation solution use in the United States Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's Patient Registry (1996–2008).ResultsAmong 12,740 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 2,538 deaths were observed during a median follow‐up of 6 years. After regression adjustment, use of tobramycin inhaled solution was associated with a 21% reduction in the odds of subsequent year mortality (odds ratio (95% CI): 0.79 (0.72–0.88), P < 0.001). In our model, use of dornase alfa was also associated with a 15% reduction in the odds of subsequent year mortality (odds ratio (95% CI): 0.85 (0.76–0.95), P = 0.005). Underweight for age, CF‐related diabetes, female gender, worse lung function and cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cepacia complex, among multiple other patient characteristics, were associated with significantly increased mortality. Adjusted mortality rates for patients reporting tobramycin inhalation solution use in all versus none of the follow‐up years were 1.3% versus 2.1% at 2 years, 5.2% versus 8.0% at 5 years, and 9.9% versus 15.0% at 10 years.ConclusionAfter adjustment for multiple patient characteristics and known risk factors, use of tobramycin inhalation solution was associated with significantly reduced mortality among patients with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:44–52. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Knickmeyer Rebecca Christine , Davenport Marsha 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities. Affected individuals often show a unique pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and are at increased risk for a number of other neurodevelopmental conditions, many of which are more common in typical males than typical females (e.g., autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). This phenotype may reflect gonadal steroid deficiency, haploinsufficiency of X chromosome genes, failure to express parentally imprinted genes, and the uncovering of X chromosome mutations. Understanding the contribution of these different mechanisms to outcome has the potential to improve clinical care for individuals with TS and to better our understanding of the differential vulnerability to and expression of neurodevelopmental disorders in males and females. In this paper, we review what is currently known about cognition and brain development in individuals with TS, discuss underlying mechanisms and their relevance to understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental conditions, and suggest directions for future research.
Prosodic abilities in Spanish and English children with Williams syndrome: A cross-linguistic study
Authors: MARTÍNEZ-CASTILLA PASTORA , STOJANOVIK VESNA , SETTER JANE , SOTILLO MARÍA 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare the prosodic profiles of English- and Spanish-speaking children with Williams syndrome (WS), examining cross-linguistic differences. Two groups of children with WS, English and Spanish, of similar chronological and nonverbal mental age, were compared on performance in expressive and receptive prosodic tasks from the Profiling Elements of Prosody in Speech–Communication Battery in its English or Spanish version. Differences between the English and Spanish WS groups were found regarding the understanding of affect through prosodic means, using prosody to make words more prominent, and imitating different prosodic patterns. Such differences between the two WS groups on function prosody tasks mirrored the cross-linguistic differences already reported in typically developing children.
Cracks emanating from a square hole in rectangular plate in tension
Authors: YAN X. , LIU B. , YU J. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA numerical analysis of cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate in tension is performed using a hybrid displacement discontinuity method (a boundary element method). Detailed solutions of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of the plane elastic crack problem are given, which can reveal the effect of geometric parameters of the cracked body on the SIFs. By comparing the calculated SIFs of the plane elastic crack problem with those of the centre crack in a rectangular plate in tension, in addition, an amplifying effect of the square hole on the SIFs is found. The numerical results reported here also prove that the boundary element method is simple, yet accurate, for calculating the SIFs of complex crack problems in finite plate.
A Multiscale Metric for 3D Mesh Visual Quality Assessment
Authors: Lavoué Guillaume 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMany processing operations are nowadays applied on 3D meshes like compression, watermarking, remeshing and so forth; these processes are mostly driven and/or evaluated using simple distortion measures like the Hausdorff distance and the root mean square error, however these measures do not correlate with the human visual perception while the visual quality of the processed meshes is a crucial issue. In that context we introduce a full‐reference 3D mesh quality metric; this metric can compare two meshes with arbitrary connectivity or sampling density and produces a score that predicts the distortion visibility between them; a visual distortion map is also created. Our metric outperforms its counterparts from the state of the art, in term of correlation with mean opinion scores coming from subjective experiments on three existing databases. Additionally, we present an application of this new metric to the improvement of rate‐distortion evaluation of recent progressive compression algorithms.
Professional Football and Working Class Culture: English Theories and Scottish Evidence
Authors: Moorhouse H. F. 
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews certain theories outlined by Taylor, Clarke, Critcher, Dunning et al which try to set out the relations between professional football and working class culture and which, as part of this, seek to explain football hooliganism as resulting from changes in these relationships. Such theories draw on English evidence and English forms and this paper provides some historical and contemporary evidence, concerning hooliganism and community tics, about a major Scottish club – Rangers FC – to indicate that the parallels and causal trajectories these theories suggest do not seem to hold good north of the border. In conclusion, some additional points are made about English theories and Scottish football in order to argue that a good deal more research is required if we want to understand either the symbolic significance of football in working class culture or football hooliganism.
Bone Regeneration Using Porous Titanium Particles versus Bovine Hydroxyapatite: A Sinus Lift Study in Rabbits
Authors: Lambert France , Lecloux Geoffrey , Léonard Angelique , Sourice Sophie , Layrolle Pierre , Rompen Eric 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAim: The first objective of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the bone formation process, particularly the long‐term behavior and three‐dimensional volume stability of subsinusal bone regeneration, using titanium (Ti) or bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) granules, in a rabbit model. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of the hydration of the BHA particles with a therapeutic concentration of doxycycline solution on the osteogenesis and biomaterial resorption.Materials and Methods: Rabbits underwent a double sinus lift procedure using one of three materials: grade 1 porous Ti particles, BHA, or BHA hydrated with doxycycline solution (0.1 mg/ml) (BHATTC). Animals were sacrificed after 1 week, 5 weeks, or 6 months. Samples were analyzed using µCT and nondecalcified histology.Results: The materials used in each of the three groups allowed an optimal bone formation; bone quantities and densities were not statistically different between the three groups. At 6 months, more stable three‐dimensional volume stability was found with Ti and BHATTC (p = .0033). At 5 weeks and 6 months, bone to material contact corroborating osteoconduction was significantly higher with BHA and BHATTC than with Ti (p < .0001).Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Even though the studied biomaterials displayed different architectures, they are relevant candidates for sinus lift bone augmentation prior to dental implants because they allow adequate three‐dimensional stability and osteogenesis. However, to recommend the clinical use of Ti, both an observation on the drilling effects of Ti particles and clinical trials are needed.
A Comparative Study of Crestal Bone Loss and Implant Stability between Osteotome and Conventional Implant Insertion Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Shayesteh Yadollah Soleimani , Khojasteh Arash , Siadat Hakimeh , Monzavi Abbas , Bassir Seyed Hossein , Hossaini Mehran , Alikhasi Marzieh 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this prospective randomized controlled clinical study was to assess the crestal bone loss and the implant stability in implants that were placed by the osteotome technique compared with the conventional drilling technique.Materials and Methods: Forty‐six screw type Straumann SLA® oral implants (Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) were inserted in the anterior segment of maxilla of 30 patients. The implant site was prepared randomly using either osteotome technique (test group) or the conventional drilling technique (control group). Radio frequency analysis (RFA) values at implant placement and after 3 months were recorded. The crestal bone loss was measured using digital subtraction radiography technique after 3, 6, and 12 months.Results: RFA demonstrated a statistically significant higher primary stability for implants in the osteotome group than that of the conventional group (p = .026) at the time of implant insertion. However, there was no statistically significant difference between both groups 3 months after the surgery (p = .06). At month 3, the osteotome group caused significantly more crestal bone loss than the conventional group (p = .04). At months 6 and 12, both groups had comparable bone levels (p = .29).Conclusion: Osteotome technique yielded higher primary stability than conventional drilling technique. However, this technique was not superior to conventional technique after 3 months.
Representations and Processes of Human Spatial Competence
Authors: Gunzelmann Glenn , Lyon Don R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article presents an approach to understanding human spatial competence that focuses on the representations and processes of spatial cognition and how they are integrated with cognition more generally. The foundational theoretical argument for this research is that spatial information processing is central to cognition more generally, in the sense that it is brought to bear ubiquitously to improve the adaptivity and effectiveness of perception, cognitive processing, and motor action. We describe research spanning multiple levels of complexity to understand both the detailed mechanisms of spatial cognition, and how they are utilized in complex, naturalistic tasks. In the process, we discuss the critical role of cognitive architectures in developing a consistent account that spans this breadth, and we note some areas in which the current version of a popular architecture, ACT‐R, may need to be augmented. Finally, we suggest a framework for understanding the representations and processes of spatial competence and their role in human cognition generally.
An unusual cause of colic in a neonatal foal
Authors: Tapio H. , Hewetson M. , Sihvo H.‐K. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryA case of a neonatal foal with acute colic and respiratory distress is described. The foal presented with signs of acute colic and was treated medically. The foal did not respond to treatment and 2 h after admission the foal began to demonstrate signs of respiratory distress. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs were obtained and a diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia was made. Surgical repair of the hernia was recommended but the owner declined and the foal was subjected to euthanasia.Post mortemfindings confirmed the diagnosis and revealed that the defect was of congenital origin. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is an unusual cause of colic in a neonatal foal.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: THEIR NUMBER, NATURE, AND IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Bernyer G. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe following paper presents a brief survey of current factorial procedures, with a discussion of their chief advantages and limitations. It is intended primarily for research workers in general psychology who desire to analyse the factors involved in their data without making a detailed study of all available procedures. An attempt is made to determine the commoner faults, either of theory or of practice, which have rendered so many recent factorial investigations contradictory or inconclusive; and a number of defects are noted in existing techniques which appear to call for further investigation by the mathematical theorist. The main conclusion is that, like other statistical procedures, factor analysis is merely an adjunct to psychological research, not a method sufficient in itself.
THE RELATIONS OF THE NEWER MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS TO FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Hotelling Harold 
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A survey of developments in multivariate analysis during the last thirty years shows that some, though not all, of the purposes for which factor analysis has been used may now be better accomplished by other procedures, e.g. by regression, multiple correlation, the study of relations between two sets of variates, or of the dimensionality of a set of variates.To determine whether two or more groups of persons differ significantly in their mean values or their covariance matrices, the most appropriate procedures consist of methods of multivariate analysis of variance. Such methods have increased rather than diminished the advantages of using an external criterion instead of making a purely internal analysis.The problem of estimating the dimensionality of a continuous multivariate population by means of a sample admits a simple and exact answer: the rank of the population is equal to that of the sample, provided the number of degrees of freedom among the individuals in the sample exceeds the number of the variates. If, however, the problem is re‐interpreted so as to imply that each observation is the sum of a real part and a random error, then the hypothesis that the real part has a rank smaller than the number of variates can be tested only when a proper estimate of the errors is available, i.e. by making suitable replications. The appropriate method is again multivariate analysis of variance rather than factor analysis. In a third form of the problem the object is, not to ascertain a true dimensionality, but to assess the error resulting from discarding (on practical grounds) a dimension that may really exist. Here the problem is somewhat indeterminate: a practical expedient may involve a special form of factor analysis, viz. the calculation of the least, not the greatest, latent roots.Thus, in many cases in which they have hitherto been used, factor analyses of the usual kinds are inferior to other procedures: nevertheless, the results of such analyses may have heuristic and suggestive value, and may uncover hypotheses which are capable of more objective testing by other methods.
EXPERIMENTS ON TELEPATHY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Burt Cyril 
Published: August 2011

The desire to secure more conclusive evidence for or against extrasensory perception and allied phenomena has given rise to a series of researches based on statistical techniques. The experience so gained and the criticisms of the methods employed throw fresh light on the uses and limitations of similar techniques in other fields of psychological research, especially on the validity of the commoner methods of testing significance and on the results reached by the matching‐method.The new experiments reported by Dr. Soal in his latest book make a definite contribution to these problems, and yield prima facie evidence for telepathic communication far more striking than any hitherto obtained under conditions equally stringent. At the same time the observations incidentally collected do much to elucidate the factors involved.The following paper examines the evidence thus adduced, and argues that the processes involved appear to be processes of thought rather than (as hitherto assumed) processes of perception. Alternative theories are briefly reviewed; and suggestions put forward for future research, first in regard to hypotheses that now call for experimental testing, and secondly in regard to standardizing both the experimental and the statistical procedures used in such investigations.
THE MEASUREMENT OF INTERESTS BY VERBAL METHODS
Authors: Peel E. A. 
Published: August 2011

The following paper describes verbal tests of information and vocabulary designed to measure the school and leisure interests of pupils. To meet the common criticism that such tests measure attainment rather than interest a special technique has been devised, that of forcing a choice upon the testee.In the first form of the test a choice has to be made between two equally difficult items from two different fields (e.g., practical and academic, scientific and non‐scientific, or the like). Evidence is offered for its validity and reliability. In the second form a suitable list of homonyms is drawn up (e.g., words having both a practical and an academic meaning), and the testee is asked to give his interpretation of each.The paper concludes with a theoretical discussion of the relation of attainment to ability and interest; and it is suggested that ability and interest should be combined multiplicatively to produce attainment rather than additively as in most factorial studies.
Invariance in time series representations of 2‐input 2‐output psychophysical experiments
Authors: Gregson Robert A. M. 
Published: August 2011

The dynamic representation of pairs of intensity judgement responses to two‐component odour mixtures, composed of various concentrations of bergamote and amyl acetate, is explored using multivariate time series analysis and the associated root locus diagrams derived from factoring a polynomial determinant of the matrix polynomial z‐transformation of the system transfer function.The topology of the root loci is examined for both pseudocoupled and really coupled conditions, to see how the component odourants interact in determining the psychophysics of odour mixture perception. It is shown that most subjects show a loss in gain for both components, but that they are not dynamically homogeneous. Third‐order loop gain equations are a sufficient representation in nearly all cases.