bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of chronic condition status and severity on dental treatment under general anesthesia for Medicaid‐enrolled children in Iowa state
Authors: CHI DONALD L. , MOMANY ELIZABETH T. , NEFF JOHN , JONES MICHAEL P. , WARREN JOHN J. , SLAYTON REBECCA L. , WEBER‐GASPARONI KARIN , DAMIANO PETER C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective:  To assess the impact of chronic condition (CC) status and CC severity, respectively, on the odds of receiving dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) for Medicaid‐enrolled children by age group.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of Iowa Medicaid‐enrolled children <15 years (n = 62 721) from 2005 to 2008. 3M Clinical Risk Grouping Software identified each child’s CC status (yes/no) and assigned children with a CC into a hierarchal CC severity group (episodic/life‐long/complex). Multiple variable logistic regression models were used to identify the determinants of dental treatment under GA.Results:  Less than 1% of children received dental treatment under GA. While there was no significant difference in dental treatment under GA by CC status for children <6, those with a life‐long CC were twice as likely to receive dental treatment under GA as demographically similar children with an episodic CC (P < 0.05). Children ages 6–14 with a CC were three times as likely as those without a CC to receive treatment under GA (P = 0.001). There was also a direct relationship between CC severity and dental treatment under GA use for older children. Those living in nonmetropolitan areas were more likely to receive treatment under GA as were children who previously received dental treatment under GA.Conclusions:  Chronic condition status and severity were more important determinants of dental treatment under GA for Medicaid‐enrolled children ages 6–14 than for those <6. Understanding these relationships is a critical step in developing clinical strategies and interventions aimed at preventing dental disease for Medicaid‐enrolled children whose reasons for needing dental treatment under GA are modifiable.
Efficacy of bupivacaine‐neostigmine and bupivacaine‐tramadol in caudal block in pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy
Authors: TAHERI REZA , SHAYEGHI SHAHNAZ , RAZAVI SEYED S. , SADEGHI AFSANEH , GHABILI KAMYAR , GHOJAZADEH MORTEZA , ROUZROKH MOHSEN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground:  Limited duration of analgesia is among the limitations of single caudal injection with local anesthetics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of bupivacaine in combination with either neostigmine or tramadol for caudal block in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy.Methods:  In a double‐blinded randomized trial, sixty children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled to receive a caudal block with either 0.25% bupivacaine (1 ml·kg−1) with neostigmine (2 μg·kg−1) (group BN) or tramadol (1 mg·kg−1) (group BT). Hemodynamic variables, pain and sedation scores, additional analgesic requirements, and side effects were compared between two groups.Results:  Duration of analgesia was longer in group BT (17.30 ± 8.24 h) compared with group BN (13.98 ± 10.03 h) (P = 0.03). Total consumption of rescue analgesic was significantly lower in group BT compared with group BN (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation between groups. Adverse effects excluding the vomiting were not observed in any patients.Conclusion:  In conclusion, tramadol (1 mg·kg−1) compared with neostigmine (2 μg·kg−1) might provide both prolonged duration of analgesia and extended time to first analgesic in caudal block.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is associated with elevated phosphorus limitation of lake zooplankton
Authors: Elser James J. , Peace Angela L. , Kyle Marcia , Wojewodzic Marcin , McCrackin Michelle L. , Andersen Tom , Hessen Dag O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHere, we present data that for the first time suggests that the effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on nutrient limitation extend into the food web. We used a novel and sensitive assay for an enzyme that is over‐expressed in animals growing under dietary phosphorus (P) deficiency (alkaline phosphatase activity, APA) to assess the nutritional status of major crustacean zooplankton taxa in lakes across a gradient of atmospheric N deposition in Norway. Lakes receiving high N deposition had suspended organic matter (seston) with significantly elevated carbon:P and N:P ratios, indicative of amplified phytoplankton P limitation. This P limitation appeared to be transferred up the food chain, as the cosmopolitan seston‐feeding zooplankton taxa Daphnia and Holopedium had significantly increased APA. These results indicate that N deposition can impair the efficiency of trophic interactions by accentuating stoichiometric food quality constraints in lake food webs.
Heterogenic expression of genes encoding secreted proteins at the periphery of Aspergillus niger colonies
Authors: Vinck Arman , de Bekker Charissa , Ossin Adam , Ohm Robin A. , de Vries Ronald P. , Wösten Han A. B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryColonization of a substrate by fungi starts with the invasion of exploring hyphae. These hyphae secrete enzymes that degrade the organic material into small molecules that can be taken up by the fungus to serve as nutrients. We previously showed that only part of the exploring hyphae of Aspergillus niger highly express the glucoamylase gene glaA. This was an unexpected finding since all exploring hyphae are exposed to the same environmental conditions. Using GFP as a reporter, we here demonstrate that the acid amylase gene aamA, the α‐glucuronidase gene aguA, and the feruloyl esterase gene faeA of A. niger are also subject to heterogenic expression within the exploring mycelium. Coexpression studies using GFP and dTomato as reporters showed that hyphae that highly express one of these genes also highly express the other genes encoding secreted proteins. Moreover, these hyphae also highly express the amylolytic regulatory gene amyR, and the glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene gpdA. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the high expressers are characterized by a high 18S rRNA content. Taken together, it is concluded that two subpopulations of hyphae can be distinguished within the exploring mycelium of A. niger. The experimental data indicate that these subpopulations differ in their transcriptional and translational activity.
Can parent‐to‐parent consultation improve the effectiveness of the Maudsley model of family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa? A randomized control trial
Authors: Rhodes Paul , Baillee Andrew , Brown Jac , Madden Sloane 
Published: August 2010

Objective: This paper describes a preliminary randomized control trial that explores the use of parent‐to‐parent consultations as a potential augmentation to the Maudsley model of family‐based treatment for anorexia.Method: Twenty families were randomized into two groups, ten receiving standard treatment and ten receiving an additional parent‐to‐parent consultation early on in treatment. Measures of parental efficacy (Parents versus Anorexia Scale), patient distress (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale) and percentage ideal body weight were taken each week. The effects of parent‐to‐parent consultations on parental efficacy and weight were analysed by comparing data with random effects models.Results: A significant treatment effect was found, with parent‐to‐parent consultations leading to a small increase in the rate of weight restoration.Conclusion: This practice has the potential to enhance weight restoration when included in the Maudsley model of family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa. Research that tests more potent forms of intervention may also have merit.
Training family therapy students in conceptual and observation skills relating to the therapeutic alliance: an evaluation
Authors: Carpenter John , Escudero Valentin , Rivett Mark 
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a training intervention to develop students' conceptual and observation skills relating to the therapeutic alliance (TA) in family therapy. An evaluation methodology was developed and piloted. The knowledge and observation skills of family therapy students pre‐ and post‐training were assessed in comparison to a non‐intervention group of experienced clinicians. Students' mean scores on the knowledge measure improved significantly from 43 per cent to 74 per cent (p<0.001) and on the observation test from 43 per cent to 65 per cent, although this failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.08). There were no significant changes in the clinicians' scores over the same period. The clinicians' knowledge was higher initially, but the students had caught up after six months.In conclusion, training students in conceptual and observational skills relating to the therapeutic alliance may have a measurable effect. A ‘stepwise’ methodology for demonstrating the relationship between training in TA and outcomes for families is proposed.
Facing Up to the Centre: The Emergence of Regional Elite Associations in Angola's Political Transition Process
Authors: Ruigrok Inge 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis article compares two regional elite associations in Angola's southern Huíla province — the Associação dos Naturais e Amigos de Kuvango, Jamba e Chipindo (Anakujachi — Association of Natives and Friends of Kuvango, Jamba and Chipindo) and the Associação Solidariedade Nyaneka‐Humbi (SNH — Nyaneka‐Humbi Solidarity Association). It demonstrates how these associations have gained increasing political significance through their representation of local interests. This is facilitated by deeply felt social and political exclusion resulting from war and a centralized state that hardly reaches the periphery where these associations are based. Until now, the central Angolan state has refused to grant the regions more autonomy despite an official gradualismo decentralization policy which introduces elected bodies at district level. In response, the strategy of these associations has been to ensure that their representatives obtain positions within the state, both nationally and locally, so that they could represent the interests of their specific region. Using the example of these regional elite associations, the article retraces the struggle over resources and citizenship, which is embedded in contemporary urban–rural interactions that mark political change in Huíla province.
Maintenant, on sait qui est qui: Statehood and Political Reconfiguration in Northern Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Förster Till 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe transformation of statehood in the rebel‐held northern half of Côte d’Ivoire builds on the reconfiguration of the social and political order. Though the state as an institution has almost ceased to exist, statehood as the practices that refer to it persists. This article examines the negotiations between the different non‐state actors and how these interactions shape, through everyday practices, the understanding of what a state should and should not do. The widely used saying of ‘Now one knows who is who’ answers the older expression that one does not know who is who. Before the crisis broke out in 2002, it was often difficult to distinguish between security providers and criminals. At that time, the police and gendarmerie could be either, while, through the rebellion, role ascriptions became clear and distinct. This article argues that the normative expectations of statehood are thus embedded in the general reconfiguration of society that has led to more stability and reliability of social roles.
Union Learning Funds and Trade Union Revitalization: A New Tool in the Toolkit?
Authors: Findlay Patricia , Warhurst Chris 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article examines the potential of union‐led learning through union learning funds to contribute to trade union revitalization. Empirical data are drawn from an evaluation of the Scottish Union Learning Fund. Findings suggest that union‐led learning can contribute to revitalization by enhancing relationship building with members, potential members, employers and government. However, problems exist in each case, and the findings suggest that a more strategic orientation to learning is required by unions.
Active Labour Market Programmes, Job Search and Job Finding in Denmark
Authors: Amilon Anna 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates whether the probability to search for a job and search intensity increase as the start of an Active Labour Market Programme (ALMP) approaches. Further, it investigates whether job search is correlated with job finding. Although previous studies have shown that the chance of job finding increases as the start of an ALMP approaches, it remains an open question what causes this ‘threat effect’. Results show that job search increases as programme start approaches and that there is a positive correlation between job search and job finding. The threat effect can therefore at least partly be attributed to increased job search.
Gentlemanly Masculinities as Represented by the Late Georgian Gentleman's Magazine
Authors: STAFFORD WILLIAM 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlmost half of the pages of the Gentleman's Magazine 1785–1815 consisted of readers’ contributions in the form of letters and obituaries, making it an excellent source for representations of elite masculinities. They convey abundant evidence of the social and cultural priority of gentlemen over gentlewomen, and contrary to some recent assertions by scholars furnish no evidence of a ‘gender panic’ or retreat from ‘gender play’. They imply no overmastering urge to separate manliness from ‘feminine’ characteristics such as domesticity, connectedness, sensibility and gentleness. The predominantly reflected masculinity of this source is polite, responsible and educated; but evidence of disapproval of other masculinities – of irresponsible youth, and of the ‘rough’ style of the libertine or sportsman – indicates that there was no single ‘hegemonic’ elite masculinity. Nor was the preferred masculinity of the majority of the magazine's contributors entirely consistent. Conversation was highly esteemed by contributors; but there was a persistent tension between impartial, liberal, candid debate – talking for truth – and aggressive argument – talking for victory. The latter is pervasively characterized by the language of the duel, and this tension reflects an unresolved conflict between a ‘Christian’ masculinity of politeness and a masculinity of honour.
Temporary Triumph in Timişoara: Unrest among Romanian Students in 1956
Authors: GRANVILLE JOHANNA 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBetween 1952 and 1965, the one‐party regime under Gheorghe Gheorghiu‐Dej ranked as one of the most totalitarian of all communist bloc countries. Aware of the revolutionary ferment in neighbouring Hungary in 1956, the Romanian leaders took strict measures to prevent similar unrest occurring in their own country, including a ban on all meetings numbering more than three individuals. And yet, on 30 October over 2,000 students from the Polytechnic Institute in Timişoara met with party officials and demanded changes in living and study conditions, as well as the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Romania. Another 800 to 1,000 students convened on 31 October, calling for the release of students who had been arrested the day before. If the Dej regime's measures prevented mass demonstrations in cities such as Bucharest, Cluj and Iaşi, how did they initially fail in the case of Timişoara? How were the students in this city able to speak out so freely? Drawing on memoirs, archival documents and recent scholarship, this article will answer these questions, referring to psychological, logistical and historical factors. These include discrepancies between the Romanian and Hungarian media that sparked curiosity about events in Hungary; cramped dormitory rooms that actually facilitated student meetings; and a tradition of anti‐communist protest prevalent since 1945 in the Banat region. While the students did not prevail in 1956, they set a vital precedent for the Timişoarans who launched the Romanian Revolution thirty‐three years later in 1989.
Community and family contact: an evaluation of small community homes for adults with severe and profound mental handicaps
Authors: de Kock Ursula , Saxby Helen , Thomas Mair , Felce David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwo studies examined the frequency of community and family contacts of 10 adults with severe and profound mental handicaps living in small, community‐based homes, first with their previous institutional experience and second in comparison with adults with similar handicaps living in larger community units.Adults in the small homes used community amenities significantly more than they did when in institutions and also significantly more than residents of larger community units. They experienced greater family contact than when they lived in more distant institutions, but not significantly more than residents of larger community units which also served local areas. Within the small homes, people newly admitted from their family homes had significantly greater family involvement than those transferred from institutions. The results are related to the characteristics of the residential settings, such as location, staff factors, operational policy, and autonomy of management.
Evaluation in practice: moving from a “problem” ward to a staffed flat
Authors: McHatton Mary , Collins Graham , Brooks Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe move of six men living in a ward for people with severe behavioural problems to a domestic‐scale flat within a mental handicap hospital was evaluated. The evaluation was carried out using the resources of a typical mental handicap service. The life style of the men showed some significant improvements in constructive engagement and decreases in inappropriate behaviour. The men's personal contacts with staff were greatly increased, their personal skills were improved, and they had a greater involvement in domestic activities and choices. However, there were no corresponding changes in participation in community life, and the need for homes to be located within the community is discussed.
Room management and target‐setting in a classroom for pupils with severe mental handicaps
Authors: Pope Catherine 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRoom management has been developed and researched in an attempt to improve aspects of the quality of life of children and adults with mental handicaps. The effect of this procedure was evaluated in a classroom for pupils with severe mental handicaps. Following a baseline, the system was implemented with eight pupils and monitored for five weeks. Subsequently, the additional component of interest, weekly target‐setting, was included for half the group for a further five weeks. The progress of each of the eight pupils on target skills and “control” target skills was assessed, and the results were compared. The rate of skill acquisition by pupils for whom targets were set did not differ significantly from that of the control pupils. The target‐setting procedure did not have an adverse effect on pupil or staff behaviour within the room management procedure. The implications of including a teaching element within the room manager role are discussed.
Home from home: a survey of independent living schemes for people with mental handicaps
Authors: Booth Tim , Phillips David , Berry Stewart , Jones Denis , Lee Mike , Matthews James , Melotte Chris , Pritlove Jeremy 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the findings of a major survey of independent living schemes (ILS) by the Joint Unit for Social Services Research. The survey covered 149 schemes, accommodating 349 people in four different parts of the country. Detailed information is given on the characteristics of the schemes and on the characteristics of their occupants. Four different management models are defined using the evidence from the survey, and key features of the ILS population are identified.
Sexual abuse and mental handicap: preliminary findings of a community‐based study
Authors: Dunne Timothy P. , Power Anne 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn recent years sexual abuse has been acknowledged by society at large to be a significant problem. However, very little has been written about sexual abuse of people with mental handicaps. This paper documents the findings of a three‐year study of 13 victims of sexual abuse each of whom had a mental handicap. Parallels are drawn with research knowledge of sexual abuse and its effects on “normal” victims. Any differences which emerged are noted.The major finding of this study is the possibility that behaviour problems and “acting out” behaviour of people with mental handicaps may be significant indicators of sexual abuse having taken place, in people who do not have the verbal skills to say to others what has happened to them. New areas of research are indicated to compare with this data.
The role of “carers” of people with mental handicaps: an observational study across contexts
Authors: Abraham Charles , Lindsay William , Lawrenson Helen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn observational study of the work activities of professional carers of people with mental handicaps is reported. Work profiles across four contexts are compared: a hospital ward, a rehabilitation hospital ward, a social work hostel, and a commmunity mental handicap nursing unit. Somewhat different rehabilitative services were offered to comparable client groups across the four care contexts.Anticipated differences between the work profiles of hospital and community carers were less evident than expected. Significant differences, across contexts, were found in the amount of staff involvement in clients' personal care, housekeeping, clothing management, and leisure time. Important differences between the role of community mental handicap nurses and hospital‐based nurses were observed, especially in relation to consultation with relatives and escorted transport. The study also revealed that work profiles across units were similar, to the extent that very little staff time appeared to be devoted to supervision and teaching activities. Socialisation with clients was uniformly high across contexts.Interpretations of these observations, and implications for the training of care staff concerned with the rehabilitation of people with mental handicaps, are discussed.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Qureshi Hazel , Alborz Alison 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the results of an epidemiological survey focused upon people with mental handicap who show behaviour problems. The survey was carried out in seven Health Districts in the North West. An operational definition of behaviour problems is constructed which is based on the use of specific resources, or the particular consequences of behaviour in terms of injury to self or others, destruction or damage to property, or severe social disruption. Rates of prevalence of individuals whose behaviour meets the definition are given across a range of locations, and for adults and children. Following this, information collected about each individual identified is used to restrict attention to people showing more severe problems. The variation in rates of prevalence across Districts is investigated, showing that there are higher rates in Districts which include cities. An age and location profile of the group of people showing more severe problems, in a hypothetical average District, demonstrates a likely increase in the numbers of young adults with challenging behaviour requiring community services, but also suggests that the total numbers of people involved in a given District will be sufficiently small to mean that individualised planning of services is entirely possible.