bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of eating away-from-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterranean population: the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort
Authors: Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Basterra-Gortari Francisco Javier , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Marti Amelia , Martínez José Alfredo , Martínez-González Miguel Angel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe traditional Mediterranean food pattern is more easily preserved when meals are eaten at home; however, as a result of recent socio-economic changes, away-from-home meal consumption has increased rapidly in Mediterranean countries. Little research has been conducted so far to investigate the long-term health effects of these changes in the Mediterranean area.DesignIn a prospective Spanish dynamic cohort of 9182 university graduates (the SUN Study; Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Follow-up) with a mean age of 37 years, followed up for an average of 4·4 years, we assessed the association between the frequency of eating out of home and weight gain or incident overweight/obesity. Dietary habits were assessed with an FFQ previously validated in Spain.ResultsDuring follow-up, eating-out consumers (two times or more per week) had higher average adjusted weight gain (+129 g/year, P < 0·001) and higher adjusted risk of gaining 2 kg or more per year (OR = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·63) than non-eating-out consumers. Among participants with baseline BMI < 25 kg/m2, we observed 855 new cases of overweight/obesity. Eating away-from-home meals was significantly associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese (hazard ratio = 1·33; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·57).ConclusionsA higher frequency of meals eaten out of home may play a role in the current obesity epidemic observed in some Mediterranean countries.
Exposure of different bacterial inocula to newborn chicken affects gut microbiota development and ileum gene expression
Authors: Yin Yeshi , Lei Fang , Zhu Liying , Li Sujuan , Wu Zuowei , Zhang Ruifen , Gao George F , Zhu Baoli , Wang Xin 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The transition from a sterile gut environment to the development of microbiota in the newborns is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of exposure to bacterial communities on the development of gut microbiota in the newly hatched chicken. A total of 90 as-hatched chicks were divided into three groups. Groups A and B were treated with inocula of the cecal origin, whereas group C was fed with sterile water. The major bacteria in Inoculum-I to treat group A included Bacteroides (20.7%), Lachnospiraceae (17.2%) and unclassified Ruminococcaceae (16.1%), whereas group B was introduced with Inoculum-II composed of Prevotella (37.9%), Acidaminococcus (16.1%) and Dorea (12.6%). Analyses of the ileal and cecal contents over a period of 15 days showed that Inoculum-I resulted in a higher rate of colonization than Inoculum-II, but the colonization was predominantly in the cecum. The influence of Inoculum-II on group B was similar to that of water on group C, showing only a marginal effect on colonization. Microarray analysis showed that each group presented a distinct pattern of gene expression in the ileum. In group A, the most obvious changes were noted in genes controlling the function of ion transport, cell cycle and chromosome maintenance, suggesting that the inocula influenced gene expression. Our findings indicate that initial exposure to different bacterial communities could lead to the development of distinct microbiota and gene expression in the gut. It is possible to manipulate the gut microbiota by feeding to a proper bacterial composition at an early age.
Reinventing Knowledge Systems: With an Application to Recent Systemic Changes in East and South Asia
Authors: von Tunzelmann Nick 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The paper is built around a critique of the recent book by McNeely and Wolverton, entitled Reinventing Knowledge. The paper first contests the concepts of ‘knowledge’ and ‘institutions’, before arguing that the ‘systems’ within which knowledge is embedded are in reality growing more and more complex. The huge scale and scope of the present‐day Internet in our view invalidate their rather one‐dimensional view of knowledge accumulation and their downplayed interpretation of the impact of the Internet. Our historical studies indicate that the Internet ‘revolution’ lies at the core of the ‘Third Industrial Revolution’ the advanced industrial nations are currently experiencing, which seems likely to transform the worlds that such nations are facing, not just in certain technologies or products, but in broader domains of the organization of production and innovation, their management and governance. The final section of the paper assesses the recent ‘growth dynamics’ in Eastern and Southern Asia and finds mostly confirmation of the points already made, in societies that eagerly await them.
Information Technology and the Economics of Storing, Spreading and Generating Knowledge
Authors: Earl Peter E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the future for the growth and transmission of knowledge with a particular focus on the collision between the zero‐marginal‐cost economics of online publishing and the finite attention spans of those who download content. The paper tries to show that while it is likely that the information revolution will produce much greater equality of access to knowledge, its impacts on the efficiency with which people pick up capabilities or generate new knowledge remain debatable.
Pathological Knowledge‐Based Economies: Towards a Knowledge‐Based Economy Perspective on the Current Crisis
Authors: Engelbrecht Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The crisis that started on Wall Street in mid‐2007 and that has turned into a global financial and economic crisis is also a crisis of knowledge‐based economies (KBEs). In fact, it is related to intrinsic features of such economies. The central point argued in this paper is the need for a specific knowledge‐based economy perspective on the crisis that takes human nature seriously, i.e. that incorporates psychological factors like Keynes’ ‘animal spirits’. Such a perspective is a pre‐requisite for designing institutions that might be able to reduce the likelihood of the development of severe pathologies of KBEs in future. It also suggests the need for a new kind of welfare economics.
Improving the wavefunction of the Schwinger multichannel method for positron scattering—II: Application for elastic and inelastic e+-H2 scattering
Authors: Lino Jorge L S 
Published: December 2009

In the present paper, we propose a development to the Schwinger multichannel (SMC) method (Germano J S E and Lima M A P 1993 Phys. Rev. 47 3976) for the elastic and inelastic scattering of positrons by targets of arbitrary geometry. The essence of this work is based on the fact that the main limitation of the SMC method for positron scattering lies in what makes it a general method, i.e. the expansion of the scattering function is done in an L2 basis (Cartesian Gaussian functions) and this is very effective for short-range potentials. Our effort is to improve the SMC method through the use of plane waves as trial functions (SMC-PW) (Lino J L S 2007 Phys. Scr. 76 521). In order to do this, we have to evaluate reliable codes involving matrix elements of the type , which is done here by direct numerical quadrature. Calculated elastic differential and inelastic integral cross sections for positron–H2 collisions are reported. For the elastic scattering, we discuss a mechanism for the Buckingham polarization model using an adjustable energy-dependent parameter at intermediate energies in the range 50–200 eV. We also present a preliminary study on the excitation of the X 1Σ+
g→B 1Σ+
u transitions in H2. Our calculations for inelastic scattering cover the impact range of 13.5–30 eV investigated by Arretche and Lima (2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 042713) using the traditional SMC method. Our inelastic and elastic cross sections are found to be in reasonable agreement with other theoretical studies and experimental data.
Comment on ‘Calculations of electron angular distribution in resonant Auger decay for Na, Ba, Hg and Kr*’
Authors: Kleiman U , Lohmann B 
Published: December 2009

We make a comment on the discrepancy between the numerical results for the angular anisotropy parameter α2 for the L3M1M4, 5 Auger transitions of Kr, Xe, Ba and Hg which have been obtained by Elizarov and Tupitsyn (2004 Phys. Scr. 70 139) and beforehand by ourselves (Kleiman and Lohmann 2000 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33 2653). By comparing the results obtained not only for the angular anisotropy parameter α2 but also for the dynamic spin polarization parameter ξ2, where the latter agree considerably better, it is most likely that the discrepancies are mainly due to some of the phase differences because the parameter α2 depends on the cosine of the phase differences whereas the parameter ξ2 depends on the sine.
Boundary integral equations for general laminated plates with coupled stretching–bending deformation
Authors: Hwu Chyanbin 
Published: December 2009

The boundary integral equations for the stretching–bending coupling analysis of general laminated plates are derived in this paper with the aid of the reciprocal theorem of Betti and Raleigh. No restriction is placed on the location of the point load or moment, and so it can be an internal or external point or a smooth or non-smooth boundary point. The fundamental solutions derived from Green’s function for an infinite laminated plate subjected to concentrated forces/moments are presented in the complex matrix form. Through the use of some identities converting complex form to real form, the free term coefficients, which are important for the boundary integral equations, are obtained explicitly and expressed in the real form. Alternative formulae for calculating the free term coefficients are also derived using five rigid body movements. By using the explicit real expressions obtained recently for the Stroh-like formalism of coupled stretching–bending analysis, the free term coefficients are further reduced to the cases of isotropic plates and are then compared with known expressions published in the literature. Since stretching and bending decouple for isotropic plates, comparison is made separately for the in-plane problem and plate bending problem, and it is shown that the boundary integral equations derived in this paper agree with previous results for these two special cases.
The longitudinal static stability of an aerodynamically alleviated marine vehicle, a mathematical model
Authors: Collu Maurizio , Patel Minoo H. , Trarieux Florent 
Published: December 2009

An assessment of the relative speeds and payload capacities of airborne and waterborne vehicles highlights a gap that can be usefully filled by a new vehicle concept, utilizing both hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces. A high-speed marine vehicle equipped with aerodynamic surfaces is one such concept. In 1904, Bryan & Williams (Bryan & Williams 1904
Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
73
, 100–116 (doi:10.1098/rspl.1904.0017)) published an article on the longitudinal dynamics of aerial gliders, and this approach remains the foundation of all the mathematical models studying the dynamics of airborne vehicles. In 1932, Perring & Glauert (Perring & Glauert 1932 Reports and Memoranda no. 1493) presented a mathematical approach to study the dynamics of seaplanes experiencing the planing effect. From this work, planing theory has developed. The authors propose a unified mathematical model to study the longitudinal stability of a high-speed planing marine vehicle with aerodynamic surfaces. A kinematics framework is developed. Then, taking into account the aerodynamic, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, the full equations of motion, using a small perturbation assumption, are derived and solved specifically for this concept. This technique reveals a new static stability criterion that can be used to characterize the longitudinal stability of high-speed planing vehicles with aerodynamic surfaces.
Continued decline in tree euphorbias (Euphorbia tetragona and E. triangularis) on the Great Fish River Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Lent Peter C. , Eshuis Henk , Van Krimpen Ralph , De Boer Willem F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA dramatic decline averaging 43% over a 4‐year period has occurred in tree Euphorbia (Euphorbia tetragona and Euphorbia triangularis) populations on the Great Fish River Reserve, South Africa. These changes are evident from data gathered by general vegetation monitoring methods as well as from a focused study of four tree Euphorbia populations. The decline from 2003 to 2007 was more marked for E. triangularis than for E. tetragona and was accompanied by a general absence of seedlings and a reduced presence of younger age classes of both species, decreasing the proportion of younger trees in the populations. The role of megaherbivores, specifically the black rhinoceros, in these changes is well established. However, the impact of baboon activity, leading to damage to tree crowns and upper branches, is also substantial, especially on E. triangularis populations. Damaged crowns were recorded significantly more often for E. triangularis than for E. tetragona, and the damage frequency increased with decreasing tree height. Thus, our work provides the first evidence that these two closely related Euphorbia species may be affected differently by herbivory.
Late Crohn’s disease patients present an increase in peripheral Th17 cells and cytokine production compared with early patients
Authors: VENY M. , ESTELLER M. , RICART E. , PIQUÉ J. M. , PANÉS J. , SALAS A. 
Published: December 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 561–572SummaryBackground  Th1 and Th17 cells have been implicated in Crohn’s disease (CD) pathophysiology and may play a role in disease persistence.Aim  To determine Th1 and Th17 responses in intestine and peripheral blood of early (<32 weeks since initial symptoms) and late (>2 years) CD patients.Methods  Cytokine mRNA in intestinal biopsies was determined by RT‐PCR. Cytokine concentration in culture was measured by ELISA and cytokine‐producing cells were identified by intracellular staining.Results  The inflamed mucosa showed significantly increased IL‐17 mRNA levels compared with non‐inflamed areas, both in early and late CD patients. However, only patients with late (n = 12), but not early (n = 9), active disease showed increased IL‐17 production, as well as a significantly higher percentage of IL‐17+CD4+ cells in blood, compared with controls (n = 12) or patients in remission (n = 13). Moreover, cultured peripheral CD4+ cells from late active CD patients presented significantly higher percentages of IL‐17+, IL‐22+ and IFN‐γ+ and a significantly increased production of IL‐17 and IL‐22, but not IFN‐γ+.Conclusions  Increased IL‐17 gene transcription is common to early and late CD mucosa. However, exacerbated Th17 responses in the peripheral blood appear only in late disease. We propose that this population may constitute a mechanism of perpetuating the disease.
The influence of common gene variants of the xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in genetic susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: CASTAÑO G. , BURGUEÑO A. , FERNÁNDEZ GIANOTTI T. , PIROLA C. J. , SOOKOIAN S. 
Published: December 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 583–592SummaryBackground  The xenobiotic nuclear pregnane X receptor is implicated in many physiological pathways and diseases, including bile acid detoxification and cholestasis.Aim  To estimate the contribution of common gene variants of the xenobiotic receptor (pregnane X receptor, PXR) to genetic susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.Methods  A total of 101 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy patients and 171 healthy pregnant women in the third trimester of their pregnancies were included. Four tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12488820 C/T, rs2472671 C/T, rs2461823 A/G, and rs1054191 A/G) encompassing 36 kb in chromosome 3, with a minor allele frequency ≥0.10 and representing 33 polymorphic sites were genotyped. Besides these, three additional SNPs (rs3814057, rs6785049, and rs7643645) were included because they showed previous evidence of functionality.Results  Genotypic test for single SNPs showed that rs2461823 genotypes were significantly associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (P < 0.0069), OR per G allele: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.01–2.05, P < 0.042. The Cochran‐Armitage test for trend and the allelic test showed a significant association with disease status (P < 0.04 and 0.03 respectively), G being the risk allele. A positive association between rs2461823 and ALT, AST, and bilirubin concentrations was observed. Neonate birth weight adjusted by the Capurro index was significantly associated with rs2461823 (P < 0.05); the proportion of the total variation attributed to rs2461823 genotypes was 7.8%.Conclusion  Common PXR polymorphisms may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications
Authors: Fioratou E. , Flin R. , Glavin R. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryFixation errors occur when the practitioner concentrates solely upon a single aspect of a case to the detriment of other more relevant aspects. These are well recognised in anaesthetic practice and can contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Improvement in patient safety may be assisted by development and application of countermeasures to fixation errors. Cognitive psychologists use ‘insight problems’ in a laboratory setting, both to induce fixation and to explore strategies to escape from fixation. We present some results from a series of experiments on one such insight problem and consider applications that may have relevance to anaesthetic practice.
Micro‐scale structure in the chemistry and biology of a shallow lake
Authors: BARKER TOM , IRFANULLAH HASEEB MD. , MOSS BRIAN 
Published: December 2009

Summary1. Repeat sampling in daytime within a lily (Nuphar lutea) bed and in open water showed distinct heterogeneities in the three‐dimensional distributions of water chemistry and planktonic organisms on centimetre to decimetre scales.2. Vertical gradients of physico‐chemical variables that did not exist at dawn developed during the day in both sites, as available nutrients were released from the sediments and were consumed towards the surface.3. Distributions of algal standing crop suggest limitation by both nutrients and grazing.4. Marked variability in distributions may question the assumptions often made about the homogeneity of plankton and available nutrient distributions in open water and in macrophyte stands of shallow lakes. Although simple sampling regimes for monitoring of water quality may be adequate for many purposes, they miss a fine structure in the water that is inherently interesting in understanding the underlying processes of plankton function.
Analysis of variance with unbalanced data: an update for ecology & evolution
Authors: Hector Andy , Von Felten Stefanie , Schmid Bernhard 
Published: December 2009

Abstract1. Factorial analysis of variance (anova) with unbalanced (non‐orthogonal) data is a commonplace but controversial and poorly understood topic in applied statistics.2. We explain thatanovacalculates the sum of squares for each term in the model formula sequentially (type I sums of squares) and show howanovatables ofadjustedsums of squares are composite tables assembled from multiple sequential analyses. A differentanovais performed for each explanatory variable or interaction so that each term is placed last in the model formula in turn and adjusted for the others.3. The sum of squares for each term in the analysis can be calculated after adjusting only for the main effects of other explanatory variables (type II sums of squares) or, controversially, for both main effects and interactions (type III sums of squares).4. We summarize the main recent developments and emphasize the shift away from the search for the ‘right’anovatable in favour of presenting one or more models that best suit the objectives of the analysis.
Phylogeography and ecological niche modelling of the New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri (White) support survival in multiple coastal refugia
Authors: Buckley Thomas R. , Marske Katharine , Attanayake Dilini 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  Increasing our understanding of the effects of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and determining the location of refugia requires studies on widely distributed species with dense sampling of populations. We have reconstructed the biogeographic history of Clitarchus hookeri (White), a widespread species of New Zealand stick insect that exhibits geographic parthenogenesis, using phylogeographic analysis and ecological niche modelling.Location  New Zealand.Methods  We used DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes from C. hookeri and two undescribed Clitarchus species. We also used distribution data from our own field surveys and museum records to reconstruct the geographic distribution of C. hookeri during the present and the LGM, using ecological niche modelling.Results  The ecological niche models showed that the geographic distribution of C. hookeri has expanded dramatically since the LGM. Our model predicted large areas of suitable LGM habitat in upper North Island, and small patches along the east coast of South Island. The phylogeographic analysis shows that populations in the northern half of North Island contain much higher levels of genetic variation than those from southern North Island and South Island, and is congruent with the ecological niche model. The distribution of bisexual populations is also non‐random, with males completely absent from South Island and very rare in southern North Island.Main conclusions  During the LGM C. hookeri was most likely restricted to several refugia in upper North Island and one or more smaller refugia along the east coast of South Island. The unisexual populations predominate in post‐glacial landscapes and are clearly favoured in the recolonization of such areas. Our study exemplifies the utility of integrating ecological niche modelling and phylogeographic analysis.