bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Load Tests in the Design of Flexible Pavements
Authors: Campen W. H. , Smith J. R. 
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a method for utilizing load tests for the design of flexible pavements. Rigid circular plates are used to represent tires of equivalent contact areas, and load bearing values are determined at ¼-in. total deformation.
The procedure involves four steps as follows:
1. Load-deformation data are obtained, on top of the subgrade and superimposed sub-base and base layers, with plates of 216, 432, and 800-sq. in. areas.
2. Using the data thus obtained, load-deformation curves are constructed from which load-bearing values at ¼-in. deformation are selected.
3. Using the load-bearing values at ¼-in. deformation and the perimeter-area ratios of the plates, straight-line relations are established, between load-bearing value and size of testing plate, for each stage of the layered system. This arrangement of the data constitutes a strength-thickness relation for the three plates used as well as for all intermediate sizes.
4. This graph is used to determine sub-base and base thicknesses required to handle desired loads on desired plates.
Two graphs, constructed from field data, are included in the paper and are used to illustrate the application of the design method.
The paper also discusses, and includes data on, the following phases of the design problem:
(a) Resistance of densified soils to the destructive forces of nature,
(b) Elastic deformation as a basis of design,
(c) Repetitive loading as a basis of design,
(d) Variation of bearing capacity (strength) with size of testing plate,
(e) Subgrade bearing capacity (strength) and (strength imparting) increased supporting power of superimposed layers, and
(f) Effect of loaded plates on surfaces adjacent to the plates.
Field Bearing Tests Applied To Pavement Design
Authors: Philippe Robert R. 
Published: September 2009

In earlier studies by the Rigid Pavement Laboratory, of field bearing tests applied to pavement design, only slight consideration was given to the effects of repetitions of low pressure loads. Bearing values based upon deformations under increments of a single loading cycle were considered adequate. However, later investigations have indicated that soil behavior under subsidence caused by numerous repetitions of low-pressure loads will require a revision of the bearing-test procedure to evaluate correctly values on the basis of progressive soil deformation.
This paper discusses a revision of the field bearing-test procedure and shows how its application may permit refinements in airfield-pavement design to the extent of considering the effects of repetitive loads which occur on taxiways, longtime static loads such as occur on hardstanding areas, and quick loads of very short duration which occur on runway pavements as aircraft either land or take off.
A Canadian Investigation of Load Testing Applied to Pavement Design
Authors: McLeod Norman W. 
Published: September 2009

Repetitive plate bearing tests have been made on the subgrades, base courses, and flexible surfaces of the runways at ten Canadian airports.
Useful correlations are given, by means of which limited load test data may be extrapolated to other bearing plate sizes between 12 and 42 in. in diameter and probably beyond, and to any deflection over the range of at least 0.0 to 0.7 in.
Subgrade load test data have been correlated with cone bearing, Housel penetrometer, field California Bearing Ratio, and triaxial compression tests.
The probable influence of repetitive loading and bearing plate size on the value of the subgrade modulus k for rigid pavement design is indicated.
A method of design for the thickness of flexible pavements is developed, which has been correlated with runway service performance under airplane traffic in Canada.
Charts of design curves for required thickness of flexible pavements have been prepared for a wide range of airplane wheel loadings for runways and for taxiways, and for the normal range of highway wheel loadings.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Complex Welded Joints of High-Strength 301, 304L, 310, and AM-355 Stainless Steel Sheet Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Christian J. L. , Hurlich A. , Watson J. F. 
Published: September 2009

The high-stress, low-cycle fatigue properties of several complex welded joints were determined on types 301, 304L, 310, and AM-355 stainless steels at 78, −320, and −423 F. The welded joints were designed to give nearly 100 per cent static tension joint efficiency and are typical of joint designs of high-strength, thin sheet materials used in missile and space craft fabrication. The number of cycles to failure were obtained at 75, 85, and 95 per cent of the typical yield strength of the parent metal at each corresponding temperature or at 75, 85 and 95 per cent of the static tensile strength of the complex welded joint in the event that failure occurred below the yield strength of the parent metal. Five replicate fatigue specimens (test section of 4 by 16 in.) were tested in each test condition of temperature and stress level. The average number of cycles to failure varied from 5 to 1750 depending upon the material and test conditions.
The data indicate that 60 per cent cold-rolled type 301 stainless steel possesses the most desirable joint fatigue properties at 78 F; at −320 F, types 301, 304L, and 310 stainless steel have nearly identical joint fatigue properties. At −423 F, 75 per cent cold-rolled 310 and 50 per cent cold-rolled 304L stainless steels have the most desirable joint fatigue properties.
The tensile properties of the parent materials and of simple fusion welds and resistance spot welds were determined at 78, −100, −320, and −423 F. Also, notched tensile strengths were determined with specimens having stress concentration, Kt, values from 3.2 to 19.0 at the same temperatures. Correlation of the tensile and notched tensile data with the fatigue results are given.
Programmed Maneuver-Spectrum Fatigue Tests of Aircraft Beam Specimens
Authors: Mordfin Leonard , Halsey Nixon 
Published: September 2009

Constant- and variable-amplitude fatigue tests were conducted on 7075-T6 aluminum alloy built-up beam specimens in bending to study certain aspects of spectrum fatigue. Existing cumulative fatigue damage theories were found inadequate for the dual purpose of predicting spectrum fatigue life and evaluating the effects of individual load levels in a spectrum. However, the observed spectrum fatigue properties were consistent with the measured effects of preloading, overloading, and underloading.
Preloading was beneficial when the preload was considerably greater than the subsequent fatigue loads, and when the preload was applied in the same direction as the fatigue loads. When the preload and the fatigue loads had opposite signs, a reduction in fatigue life resulted. These effects were magnified by the periodic application of overloads.
The periodic application of repeated low loads was ineffectual when applied in the same direction as the fatigue loads. When the spectrum included low loads of negative sign, serious reductions in life resulted.
The most valuable finding, perhaps, was that the fatigue behavior of the beam specimens was similar to that of certain full-scale aircraft structures. It was also found that the fatigue properties of the beam specimens were rather insensitive to variations in testing technique and material.
A pneumatic testing machine and an automatic programmer that were developed for this investigation are described.
Measurement of the Surface Properties of Fibers
Authors: Scheier Stanley C. , James Lyons W. 
Published: September 2009

Fiber surface properties are important because of their effect on the behavior of yarns and fabrics in textile processing and the performance of the finished product in service. Prominent among these properties are the geometric roughness (profile) of the surface and the frictional characteristics. These are not simply related. Consideration is given to the features characterizing the geometry of a surface and some surface-related factors that may have a bearing on the performance of fibers in processing and in service are outlined.
The developments that have been made at Textile Research Institute (TRI) since 1957 in apparatus and techniques for quantitatively characterizing the surface roughness of fibers are briefly reviewed. The roughness-analyzer system under recent development at TRI, which has some components with the features of electronic computers, is more fully described. Representative results on an animal fiber and on two different samples of a synthetic fiber are presented. Finally, preliminary results are given in the evaluation of newly developed apparatus of high sensitivity for the measurement of surface frictional forces.
Electron Resinography of a Polyphase Polymeric System
Authors: Botty M. C. 
Published: September 2009

The composition of commercial, resinous materials is becoming more complex. There is considerable concern regarding the recognition of functional units in the finished product and their relation with unique physical properties. When investigating polyphase, polymeric systems, it is advantageous to start at low magnification and then proceed to higher levels of magnification, using a variety of microscopical instrumentation and related techniques. Methods which exemplify applications to the systematic study of simple and complex polymeric materials are briefly described and include the following: (1) radiography of the bulk specimen, (2) simple macroprojection of replicas of brittle-fracture surfaces, (3) ultraviolet microscopy for selective differentiation, and (4) electron microscopy for depicting fine detail in thin sections and in replicas.
The application of the electron microscope and the brittle-fracture method will be emphasized to show that in a specific complex polymer system, represented by a commercial, molded impact-resistant material, the morphology of the brittle-fracture surface is directly related to the polyphase character of the polymer. By applying this method in conjunction with supporting instrumentation, the distribution of the particulate, reinforcing phase in a high-impactstrength, molded material was depicted.
Microscopical Studies of Heterogeneous Polymeric Systems
Authors: Claver G. C. 
Published: September 2009

During the past decade, the application of microscopical methods and associated techniques has contributed much to the knowledge of heterogeneous polymer systems. Plasticized polymer, pigmented polymer, and polymerpolymer systems have all been examined successfully by the microscopical technique.
Many of these hybrid polymer systems were developed, manufactured, and used extensively, long before any clear understanding of the mechanisms involved in their compounding was obtained. This discussion will bring together some of the technological details of the role of the microscope as it aids our understanding of heterogeneous polymer systems and the morphology — performance relationship of these materials.
The Statistical Nature of the Fatigue Properties of SAE 4340 Steel Forgings
Authors: Ransom J. T. , Mehl R. F. 
Published: September 2009

The statistical nature of the fatigue properties of SAE 4340 gun tubes was investigated as a part of a systematic study of the mechanical properties of forging steels. Both high and low quality forgings (quality determined by transverse tensile reduction of area) of the same tensile strength level were studied. Specimens were taken in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Procedures were used to permit statistical analysis of the variability of the endurance limit and life to failure.
The variability of the fatigue properties of even high quality forgings was found to be greater than is generally estimated from the results of conventional non-statistical testing programs. This was especially true of the endurance limit. The variability of properties in the transverse direction of the low quality forgings was significantly greater than the variability of properties in the longitudinal direction of low quality forgings or in either direction of high quality forgings. The variability was greatest at stresses near the endurance limit. The variation in life to failure resulting from the variation in several experimental factors, that is, testing machine, eccentricity of rotation, stress relief, fracture criterion, stress calculation, and position of specimen in the forging, was shown to be insignificant. It was concluded that the variability in fatigue properties is an inherent characteristic of this property in this material and cannot be ignored if significant answers are to be obtained.
The Statistical Behavior of Fatigue Properties and the Influence of Metallurgical Factors
Authors: Epremian E. , Mehl R. F. 
Published: September 2009

It is now well established that the fatigue properties of metals are statistical in nature. Earlier work showed that the fatigue life is variable, and very recently it was shown for the first time that the endurance limit is statistical. Since both the fatigue life and endurance limit are subject to marked variability, these quantities cannot be stated as single values, but must be represented statistically. This fact is of scientific interest as well as practical importance. In the design of parts for service in applications which involve cyclic stresses, the engineer must, in choosing a proper factor of safety, recognize the fact that some failures can occur prematurely or even at stresses below the normally determined endurance limit. In the field of research, many of the long accepted conclusions drawn from the usual investigations can be questioned since the statistical approach, now known to be necessary, was not used.
While the statistical nature of fatigue properties has been established, the influence of metallurgical factors on this behavior has not been known. The dependence of fatigue variability on such factors as composition, microstructure, hardness, and inclusion rating has not been evaluated, and it was toward this objective that considerable experimental work was directed.
The statistics of the fracture curve and endurance limit were obtained for a variety of materials, and analysis and comparison of the results by statistical methods indicated the influence of the metallurgical variables on the statistical behavior.
Pharmacokinetics of Gemcitabine and Metabolites in a Patient with Double-Sided Nephrectomy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Koolen Stijn L.W. , Huitema Alwin D.R. , Jansen Robert S. , van Voorthuizen Theo , Beijnen Jos H. , Smit Willem M. , Schellens Jan H.M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Case.
A patient with complete renal failure as a result of urothelial cell carcinoma–related nephrectomy of both kidneys received palliative chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine.

Treatment.
The patient received gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m2 followed by carboplatin at 100 mg. Shortly after, he underwent hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and metabolites in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were monitored.

Results.
Double-sided nephrectomy and hemodialysis had no influence on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics; however, a high exposure was seen for the main metabolite, difluordeoxyuridine (dFdU) (area under the concentration–time curve, 0–51 hours, 844 μg/ml·hour). During hemodialysis, plasma concentrations of dFdU were reduced by 50%. High concentrations of intracellular phosphorylated metabolites (gemcitabine triphosphate and dFdU triphosphate) were observed: 228 pmol/106 cells and 47 pmol/106 cells, respectively. The patient tolerated the regimen poorly; adverse events included grade 4 thrombocytopenia.

Conclusion.
Hemodialysis effectively reduced plasma concentrations of dFdU. Furthermore, high concentrations of intracellular phosphorylated metabolites may be related to double-sided nephrectomy, resulting in poor tolerability of gemcitabine.
Numerical Investigation of Gravitational Compositional Grading in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using Centrifuge Data
Authors: Ting P. D. , Dindoruk B. , Ratulowski J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary
Fluid properties descriptions are required for the design and implementation of petroleum production processes. Increasing numbers of deep water and subsea production systems and high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) reservoir fluids have elevated the importance of fluid properties in which well-count and initial rate estimates are quite crucial for development decisions. Similar to rock properties, fluid properties can vary significantly both aerially and vertically even within well-connected reservoirs.
In this paper, we have studied the effects of gravitational fluid segregation using experimental data available for five live-oil and condensate systems (at pressures between 6,000 and 9,000 psi and temperatures from 68 to 200°F) considering the impact of fluid composition and phase behavior. Under isothermal conditions and in the absence of recharge, gravitational segregation will dominate. However, gravitational effects are not always significant for practical purposes. Since the predictive modeling of gravitational grading is sensitive to characterization methodology (i.e., how component properties are assigned and adjusted to match the available data and component grouping) for some reservoir-fluid systems, experimental data from a specially designed centrifuge system and analysis of such data are essential for calibration and quantification of these forces. Generally, we expect a higher degree of gravitational grading for volatile and/or near-saturated reservoir-fluid systems.
Numerical studies were performed using a calibrated equation-of-state (EOS) description on the basis of fluid samples taken at selected points from each reservoir. Comparisons of measured data and calibrated model show that the EOS model qualitatively and, in many cases, quantitatively described the observed equilibrium fluid grading behavior of the fluids tested. First, equipment was calibrated using synthetic fluid systems as shown in Ratulowski et al. (2003). Then real reservoir fluids were used ranging from black oils to condensates [properties ranging from 27° API and 1,000 scf/stb gas/oil ratio (GOR) to 57°API and 27,000 scf/stb GOR]. Diagnostic plots on the basis of bulk fluid properties for reservoir fluid equilibrium grading tendencies have been constructed on the basis of interpreted results, and sensitivities to model parameters estimated. The use of centrifuge data was investigated as an additional fluid characterization tool (in addition to composition and bulk phase behavior properties) to construct more realistic reservoir fluid models for graded reservoirs (or reservoirs with high grading potential) have also been investigated.
Electronic structure of Ti-doped Sr4Sc2Fe2As2O6 as a possible parent phase for the new FeAs superconductors
Authors: Shein Igor , Ivanovskii Alexander 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
First principle FLAPW-GGA calculations have been performed with the purpose to understand the effect of Ti-doping on the electronic properties for the newly discovered tetragonal iron arsenide-oxide Sr4Sc2Fe2As2O6 (abbreviated as FeAs42226) as the possible parent phase for the new FeAs superconductors. Our results show that the insertion of Ti into Sc sublattice of this five-component iron arsenide-oxide phase leads to the resolute change of electronic structure of FeAs42226. Namely, the insulating oxygen-containing [Sr4Sc2O6] blocks in Ti-doped FeAs42226 became conducting, and this differs essentially from the known picture for all others FeAs superconductors where the conducting [Fe2As2] blocks are alternated with insulating blocks. Moreover in sharp contrast with FeAs-based superconductors with Fe 3d bands near the Fermi level, for Ti-doped FeAs42226 in this region the Ti 3d states are dominated, whereas the Fe 3d states are suppressed.
The Family as Tax Dodge: Partnership, Individuality, and Gender in the Personal Income Tax Act, 1942 to 1970
Authors: Tillotson Shirley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract: To pay for the Second World War, the federal government had to tax more Canadians more heavily. In 1942, the amount of tax-exempt personal income was reduced and the rates of taxation were increased. The public responded with perplexity and concern about how the newly taxable, often low-income Canadians were going to pay their taxes. In these protests, and over the course of the next thirty years, the treatment in tax law of individuals as members of families was a focus of debate and changing legal accommodation. Issues such as alimony, family maintenance payments, dependants' deductions, and family businesses presented the tax authorities with puzzles about how to collect an adequate public revenue in ways consistent with common sense beliefs about family relationships. The problem remains unsolved in income tax law because there are conflicting beliefs about and interests at stake in the economic and social meanings of family relationships.
Is There any Difference in Antibody Titer Between Children and Adults after Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccination?
Authors: Ahad M Abdul , Alim M Abdul , Guho Abhiji , Ekram ARM Saifuddin 
Published: September 2009

Hepatitis B virus infection is an important public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection is in practice in different parts of the world since its availability in 1986. Government of Bangladesh has also included hepatitis B vaccine in EPI schedule since 2005. This study was carried out to assess the seroconversion status among hepatitis B vaccinated individuals. A total of 190 individuals including 150 vaccinated persons and 40 non-vaccinated apparently healthy individuals were included as study population. Sources of vaccinated persons were from both EPI and non-EPI schedule of vaccination. Age and sex matched non-vaccinated individuals served as controls for the study. All individuals constituting the study population were screened for HBsAg by Immunochromatographic strip test and only HBsAg-negative persons were included for estimation of their anti-HBs titer. Out of 150 vaccinated individuals, 133(88.67%) were found to have anti-HBs titer in the protective level (≥10 IU/L), while 17(11.33%) individuals had anti-HBs titer below the protective level (<10 IU/L). All non-vaccinated controls had anti-HBs titers below the protective level. Regarding immune response developed among vaccinated individuals, 67.78%, 23.33% and 8.89% were good-responders, hypo-responders and nonresponders respectively. Mean titer of anti-HBs was found significantly higher among recipients who received booster dose than those who received 3 doses schedule (863.39 IU/L vs. 262.40 IU/L), indicating high antibody titer develops after booster dose. Vaccinated group included 85 (56.67%) men and 65 (43.33%) women with protective level of anti-HBs titer found in 85.88% male and 92.31% female individuals. Vaccinated individuals from lower socioeconomic condition have had comparatively low rate of protective antibody than people from middle and upper classes. Recombinant HB vaccine induces good level of protective immunity among vaccinated persons. The present study showed that the proportion of adults (93.33%) developed level of protective antibody titer was higher than that of children (83.33%). It indicates that there is difference of antibody titer between children and adults after recombinant Hepatitis B vaccination. doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3210 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 1-11