bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of oviduct development in ovariectomized canaries by exogenous hormones
Authors: Hinde R. A. , Steel Elizabeth , Hutchison Rosemary 
Published: May 2010

The response of the oviduct to exogenous hormones in ovariectomized canaries in winter was compared with the development of the oviduct of intact birds during the natural breeding season. In contrast to other studies, in which only oviduct weight was measured, a number of parameters and the relationships between parameters were assessed: oviduct weight, diameter of the magnum region of the oviduct, the height of the mucosal folds of the magnum and the development and secretory activity of the tubular glands of the magnum.Oestrogen had a dose dependent effect on oviduct weight. Simultaneous administration of progesterone or prolactin with the oestrogen did not significantly increase oviduct weight, but testosterone did. However, an increase in oviduct weight produced by hormone treatment may involve development abnormal in other respects.The relationships between weight, diameter and glandular development were more disrupted at low dose levels of oestrogen than at higher doses. Combinations of oestrogen (0‐05 mg) with progesterone (2‐0 mg) or with testosterone (0‐25 mg) produced oviducts more similar in weight/diameter relationship to normal breeding birds than did oestrogen alone, indicating that synergy may occur even early on in oviduct development. The role of hormones during the natural breeding season is discussed but it is not yet possible to ascribe particular roles to progesterone or testosterone. Exogenous prolactin had only a small effect but its role in the intact bird cannot be ruled out.
Nervous control of the syrinx in White‐throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)
Authors: Lemon Robert E. 
Published: May 2010

This study reports the results of sectioning of the motor nerves to the syrinx and tongue in 31 North American White‐throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis. Unilateral sectioning of the hypoglosso‐cervicalis and its branch the cervicalis descendens superior to the syrinx produce maximum qualitative distortions when performed on the left side and none, or hardly any, when performed on the right side. The effective operations eliminated the pure whistles of the songs which were then replaced by shrill patterns with a lower relatively constant fundamental frequency accompanied by two or more strong harmonics. Two individuals sectioned through the left hypoglosso‐cervicalis were somewhat exceptional in that one continued to sing the first half of the song normally while the second half deteriorated. The second individual eventually lost its song entirely except for audible clicks apparently where the whistles would otherwise have ended.Unilateral sectioning of the cervicalis ascendens to the tongue as well as sham operations had no noticeable qualitative effects. Bilateral sectioning of the cervicalis descendens superior gave results similar to sectioning on the left side. In addition such birds produced whistles and rasping sounds in association with breathing.Some quantitative differences were noted in whistles and intervals between whistles. The occurrence of these changes were not consistent within a group and occurred widely in most groups without regard to the side operated upon.The results confirm that output of sound from the syrinx in most individuals is primarily from the left side. Membranes on the affected side continue to vibrate under the pressure of air expelled from the lungs, but with strong harmonics and at frequencies determined only by the properties of the membranes and syrinx and in relation to the force of the expelled air.SummarySectioning of motor nerves to the syrinx of North American White‐throated sparrows confirms the lateral output of song primarily by the left side of the syrinx. One individual showed evidence of singing from both sides. There is also evidence that sectioning of motor nerves may have quantitative effects on the durations of whistles and intervals between whistles, particularly at the beginnings of songs. This suggests that singing is controlled dynamically through the interaction of central and peripheral controls.
Gonochorism and sex‐inversion in British Labridae (Pisces)
Authors: DIPPER F. A. , PULLIN R. S. V. 
Published: May 2010

An investigation was made to compare the reproductive strategies of Crenilabrus melops, Labrus bergylta, Labrus ossifagus, Centrolabrus exoletus and Ctenolabrus rupestris. Fish were collected monthly and measurements were made of length, weight, age and colouration. Histological sections of the gonads were also prepared. Labrus bergylta and L. ossifagus are protogynous, the former monandric and the latter diandric, and a distinct colour change is associated with sex‐inversion in L. ossifagus. The other three species are gonochoristic and only C. melops exhibits sexual dimorphism which involves body colouration and size of the urino‐genital papilla.All five species undergo normal annual cycles of reproduction which compare with those described for other teleost species, but some differences were noted relating to the different reproductive strategies. L. bergylta females reached sexual maturity at the late age of six to nine years following earlier abortive maturation.In C. melops two types of male were found: the normal (type 1) males and a minority group (about 20%) termed type 2 males, which have complete female secondary sexual characteristics. Type 2 males also have very large testes and attain sexual maturity two years earlier than type 1 males. Their role in reproduction is unknown.Sexual inversion in L. bergylta and L. ossifagus occurs by atrophy of the oocytes and the gradual development of spermatogenetic cysts throughout the gonad. Primary and secondary testes can be distinguished histologically and male L. ossifagus with primary testes do not seem to take part in reproduction.
Postnatal development of gait behaviour and functional allometry in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Peters Susan E. 
Published: May 2010

The gaits of domestic kittens between one week and six months of age were analysed according to the methods of Hildebrand (1976, 1977) to determine how gait preference and performance changes during normal ontogeny. Allometric growth of the limb segments was measured so that mechanical effects on gait behaviour could be described. Gait behaviour during ontogeny follows a pattern of increasing precision and diversity that parallels the attainment of neuromuscular maturity: one‐ and two‐week old kittens use very slow, stable walking gaits. By three weeks of age, walking patterns are more diverse and kittens begin to trot. At four weeks, animals are trotting more readily and begin to use slow gallops. Neuromuscular maturity is attained by about six weeks of age and these animals use all of the gaits common to adults. Evidence that the ontogeny of behaviour reflects a recapitulation of neural evolution is discussed.Important mechanical changes occur in the posture and limb proportions of kittens during ontogeny that markedly affect their gait performance. Until six weeks of age, kittens are plantigrade or semiplantigrade, resulting in functionally shortened limbs. The foot segments were found to be relatively long in kittens up to 12 weeks of age. While plantigrade, these long feet provide large bases of support, but are awkward to move heel‐to‐toe, and may contribute to the need for the most stable footfall patterns in young kittens. With fully digitigrade posture achieved between six to eight weeks of age, the long foot segments result in relatively longer limbs. At eight weeks, this is reflected in their preference for the pace while walking to avoid interference between ipsilateral limbs. These behavioural modifications of gait patterns in response to transient mechanical constraints support a facultative view of neural control.
The possible role of environmental calcum levels during the evolution of phenotypic diversity in Outer Hebridean populations of the Three‐spined stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Giles N. 
Published: May 2010

RarelyGasterosteus aculeatuspopulations occur where many individuals have lost their protective dorsal spines, ventral spines, pelvic girdle and lateral bony plates. Reduction in predation pressure is currently viewed as the causative factor.On the lsle of North Uist (Outer Hebrides) 10 spine‐deficientG. aculeatuspopulations, sympatric with various fish and bird predators are described. All of the spine‐deficient morph sticklebacks are found in acidic oligotrophic peat moorland lakes and pools where Ca2+is ≤ 2.5 mg/1. It is proposed that calcium deficiency may have been an important selective agency in the evolution of skeletal reduction in these unusual populations.
Neurochemical changes in the developing rat hippocampus during prolonged hypoglycemia
Authors: Rao Raghavendra , Ennis Kathleen , Long Jeffery D. , Ugurbil Kamil , Gruetter Rolf , Tkac Ivan 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 728–738.AbstractHypoglycemia is common during development and is associated with the risk of neurodevelopmental deficits in human infants. The effects of hypoglycemia on the developing hippocampus are poorly understood. The sequential changes in energy substrates, amino acids and phosphocreatine were measured from the hippocampus during 180 min of insulin‐induced hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 2.5 mmol/L) in 14‐day‐old rats using in vivo1H NMR spectroscopy. Hypoglycemia resulted in neuroglycopenia (brain glucose < 0.5 μmol/g). However, the phosphocreatine/creatine (PCr/Cr) ratio was maintained in the physiological range until approximately 150 min of hypoglycemia, indicating that energy supply was sufficient to meet the energy demands. Lactate concentration decreased soon after the onset of neuroglycopenia. Beyond 60 min, glutamine and glutamate became the major energy substrates. A precipitous decrease in the PCr/Cr ratio, indicative of impending energy failure occurred only after significant depletion of these amino acids. Once glutamate and glutamine were significantly exhausted, aspartate became the final energy source. N‐acetylaspartate concentration remained unaltered, suggesting preservation of neuronal/mitochondrial integrity during hypoglycemia. Correction of hypoglycemia normalized the PCr/Cr ratio and partially restored the amino acids to pre‐hypoglycemia levels. Compensatory neurochemical changes maintain energy homeostasis during prolonged hypoglycemia in the developing hippocampus.
Cellular localization of the organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in brain microvessel endothelial cells and its implication for MPTP transport across the blood‐brain barrier and MPTP‐induced dopaminergic toxicity in rodents
Authors: Lin Chun‐Jung , Tai Ying , Huang Miao‐Tzu , Tsai Yuan‐Feen , Hsu Hao‐Jui , Tzen Kai‐Yuan , Liou Horng‐Huei 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 717–727.AbstractThe cellular localization of organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and OCT2 in isolated brain microvessel endothelial cells from humans, rats, and mice and in cultured adult rat brain endothelial cells was examined by confocal microscopy and in isolated luminal and abluminal membrane fractions by Western blot analysis. Cellular uptake ofN‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was measured with or without OCT1/OCT2 silencing. The interaction between MPTP and amantadine was studied byin vitrokinetic analysis andin vivobrain microdialysis. MPTP‐induced dopaminergic toxicity was examined by measuring dopamine levels in the brain striatum and by positron emission tomography scanning. The results showed that both OCT1 and OCT2 were mainly expressed on the luminal side of brain microvessel endothelial cells and adult rat brain endothelial cells. Cellular uptake of MPTP was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by about 53%, 60%, or 91% following silencing of OCT1, OCT2, or both, respectively. Amantadine competitively inhibited MPTP uptakein vitroand significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the area under the time‐concentration curve for MPTP and MPP+in the brain extracellular fluid in rats and mice by 65–70% and 35–85%, respectively. MPTP‐induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice was ameliorated by amantadine without stimulating dopamine turnover. In conclusion, OCT1 and OCT2 are important for MPTP transfer across the blood‐brain barrier and amantadine reduces the blood‐brain barrier transfer of MPTP and MPTP‐induced dopaminergic toxicity in rodents.
Intersection between metabolic dysfunction, high fat diet consumption, and brain aging
Authors: Uranga Romina M. , Bruce‐Keller Annadora J. , Morrison Christopher D. , Fernandez‐Kim Sun Ok , Ebenezer Philip J. , Zhang Le , Dasuri Kalavathi , Keller Jeffrey N. 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 344–361.AbstractDeleterious neurochemical, structural, and behavioral alterations are a seemingly unavoidable aspect of brain aging. However, the basis for these alterations, as well as the basis for the tremendous variability in regards to the degree to which these aspects are altered in aging individuals, remains to be elucidated. An increasing number of individuals regularly consume a diet high in fat, with high‐fat diet consumption known to be sufficient to promote metabolic dysfunction, although the links between high‐fat diet consumption and aging are only now beginning to be elucidated. In this review we discuss the potential role for age‐related metabolic disturbances serving as an important basis for deleterious perturbations in the aging brain. These data not only have important implications for understanding the basis of brain aging, but also may be important to the development of therapeutic interventions which promote successful brain aging.
Assessing biogeographical relationships of ecologically related species using favourability functions: a case study on British deer
Authors: Acevedo Pelayo , Ward Alastair I. , Real Raimundo , Smith Graham C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim  Using six free‐living deer species in Great Britain as a case study, we studied biogeographical relationships of ecologically related species composed of both native and introduced species.Location  Great Britain.Methods We modelled the environmental favourability for the deer species using variables related with spatial location, climate, topography, human disturbances and habitat structure. Favourability values of each pair of native (naturalized)‐introduced species were used to estimate the fuzzy overlap index (FOvI) as a measure of overall similarity between the environmental requirements for the species in Great Britain. The absolute local overlap values (FOvI‐L) were also used to measure the degree to which a given location was favourable simultaneously for each pair of species. We assessed the trends of species favourability across a range defined by the absolute local overlap values and studied the shape of the obtained curves since they informs us about the favourability balance between the studied species.Results  Muntjac and Chinese water deer attained higher favourability values than native species in localities with intermediate values of FOvI‐L (a reduced number in the study area), suggesting that if competitive relationships were established in these localities the introduced deer species may have some advantages over natives. Sika deer only achieved higher values than fallow deer in those localities clearly unfavourable for the naturalized species. Our analyses predicted that fallow deer will be less affected by the introduced deer species than native species.Main conclusions  We developed an approach based on the favourability function to describe biogeographical relationships between species, natives and introduced and to assess from a biogeographical perspective if introduced species could pose a competitive risk to natives. Although the results of present analyses do not conclusively demonstrate competitive exclusion, they provide directional hypotheses that can be tested in experimental field and laboratory studies.
China: The Next Big Crash
Authors: CHANG GORDON G. 
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Sanctions Will Only Bolster Iranian Regime
Authors: BANI‐SADR ABOLHASSAN 
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
How Turkey's Soft Power Can Aid NATO in Afghanistan
Authors: ERMAN AYDEMIR 
Published: May 2010

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan?Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.
Abu Ghraib, the security apparatus, and the performativity of power
Authors: CATON STEVEN C. , ZACKA BERNARDO 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe critical discourse on U.S. military detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib prison has been dominated by Weberian‐style arguments (a bureaucracy gone wrong, insufficient or badly applied administrative rules, or individuals acting as cogs in a machine). We argue that Michel Foucault's “security apparatus” provides a more insightful model for understanding the Abu Ghraib phenomenon. According to this model, the prison becomes a nodal point in an information‐gathering nexus confronting unforeseen, emergent, and unclear events, a place where power is less disciplinary than improvisational, exercised through practical judgments about uncertain situations. The performance of such power at Abu Ghraib included the use of photography and acts that, we claim, resemble M. M. Bahktin's negative carnivalesque. [Abu Ghraib, security apparatus, improvisational power, photography, carnivalesque]
Morality in the religious marketplace: Evangelical Christianity, Candomblé, and the struggle for moral distinction in Brazil
Authors: SELKA STEPHEN 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTMost of the research on the growth of evangelical Christianity in Latin America and elsewhere has focused on the distinctive products that evangelicals bring to the “religious marketplace” and on other competitive advantages that evangelical churches have over their religious rivals. Alternatively, on the basis of research among evangelical Christians and practitioners of African‐derived Candomblé in northeastern Brazil, I examine the role of discourses about morality in encounters between two religions that, although often openly hostile to one another, draw adherents from similar socioeconomic circumstances. I argue that competing religious discourses play a central role in struggles for moral distinction in communities that are relatively homogeneous in terms of their social compositions. [Brazil, religion, Candomblé, Christianity, morality]
Ethnographic exposures: Motivations for donations in the south of Laos (and beyond)
Authors: HIGH HOLLY 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn January 2009, I arranged the renovation of a school in my field site in the south of Laos with funds raised from donors in Australia. This project was initiated at the request of village leaders, and, initially, I saw it as a chance to acknowledge the generous assistance that residents had granted me during my fieldwork. However, the execution of the project was tense, particularly when it brought to the surface long‐running ambiguities arising from my adoption as a daughter into a particular Lao family. This adoption, like the school project itself, involved a series of donations that could be interpreted as either self‐serving or altruistic—or both. Antagonisms, repressed in donations intended to produce solidarity, make frequent return and imbue those donations with an ambiguous character. Thus, although such exchanges are essential to everyday life in the south of Laos (and to fieldwork), they are also precarious and can lead to conflict as easily as to peace. This ambivalence is especially pronounced in the cross‐cultural context of fieldwork, in which the ethnographer is invited to seek out relationships of solidarity and shared understanding but also confronts his or her own specificity. [Laos, the gift, ethnographic fieldwork, fantasy, exchange]
Religion and the media turn: A review essay
Authors: ENGELKE MATTHEW 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn this review essay, I consider three recent collections, one edited by anthropologists, one by an art historian, and one by a philosopher, that reflect on what might be called “the media turn” in religious studies. I situate these collections in relation to broader trends and interests within anthropology, religious studies, and media studies, focusing in particular on the idea of religion as mediation, which involves, in part, a turn away from conceptions of belief and toward materiality and practice. [religion, media, materiality, belief, the public sphere]