Airway, Lung, and Respiratory Muscle Function During Exercise
Authors: Dempsey Jerome A. , Adams Lewis , Ainsworth Dorothy M. , Fregosi Ralph F. , Gallagher Charles G. , Guz Abe , Johnson Bruce D. , Powers Scott K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Regulation of the Upper Airway During ExerciseAnatomy and Physiology of the Upper AirwayContractile Properties and Endurance of Upper Airway MusclesChanges in Upper Airway Flow Resistance During ExerciseUpper Airway Muscle Activities during ExerciseOronasal Distribution of Respiratory AirflowEffects of Exercise on Passive Respiratory MechanicsElastic PropertiesTotal Lung CapacityExpiratory Flow Rates, Vital Capacity, and Residual VolumeBreathing Pattern During ExerciseMechanical Breathing PatternMethods of Assessment of Respiratory Muscle ContractionPattern of Respiratory Muscle ContractionInfluence of Sensory Feedback on Breathing PatternInfluence of Respiratory Mechanics on Breathing PatternInfluence of Duration of Exercise on Breathing PatternInfluence of Mode of Exercise on Breathing PatternBreathing Pattern during Recovery from ExercisePhysiological Implications of Exercise Breathing PatternImportance of Respiratory Load in Regulation of Exercise HyperpneaHelium‐Oxygen UnloadingUnloading with Pressure AssistConclusionLocomotor‐Respiration InterdependenceEntrainment—the Most Obvious Locomotor‐Respiratory InteractionHow Does Entrainment Effect Ventilation?Is there Stronger Evidence to Support a Significant Biomechanical Effect of Locomotion on Respiration in Dogs?Are Biomechanical Effects Important in Entrainment in Humans?Locomotory: Respiratory Interactions, Independent of EntrainmentConclusionRespiratory Muscle Perfusion and EnergeticsOxygen Cost of HyperpneaRespiratory Muscle Blood FlowExercise‐Induced Respiratory Muscle FatigueRespiratory System DesignAssessment of Diaphragm Fatigue in Animal ModelsGlycogen DepletionFiber Type RecruitmentDefinition of FatigueTask Failure vs. Objective Assessment of FatigueContractile Changes with FatiguePredicting Respiratory Muscle Fatigue During ExerciseApplication of Resting Tests to Respiratory Muscle Function During ExerciseAssessment of Respiratory Muscle Fatigue in HumansVolitional TestsVolitional Tests Applied to ExerciseNonvolitional TestsBilateral Phrenic Nerve Stimulation (BPNS)Characteristics of Diaphragm FatigueHigh‐ vs. Low‐Frequency FatigueSites and Mechanisms of Respiratory Muscle FatigueCentral Fatigue in HumansNeurotransmission FatigueBilateral Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Applied to ExerciseShort‐Term ExerciseEndurance ExerciseFactors Contributing to the Decline in Twitch Pdi Following ExerciseRole of Diaphragmatic Force Output in FatigueConsequences of Exercise‐Induced Diaphragmatic FatigueFatigue vs. Task FailureDoes Training of Respiratory Muscles Affect Exercise Performance?Altered Respiratory Muscle Recruitment with FatiguePhysical Training Effects on Respiratory MusclesRespiratory Muscle Morphology and Contractile PropertiesWhole‐Body Training: Effects on Rodent Respiratory MusclesWhole‐Body Exercise: Effects on Human Respiratory Muscle PerformanceSpecific Respiratory Muscle TrainingRespiratory Sensation During ExertionMechanisms of Respiratory Sensations during ExerciseMethods of Assessing Respiratory SensationsRespiratory MovementsAn Urge to BreatheA Sense of Respiratory EffortRespiratory Sensation as a Respiratory Controller during ExerciseRespiratory Sensation as a Limiting Factor during ExerciseConclusionsSummary—Pulmonary System Limitations and Their Effects on Exercise PerformanceAbsence of Pulmonary System Limitations in the Normally FitContrasting Adaptabilities: Demand vs. CapacityAlveolar Capillary Diffusion Surface of the LungVentilatory Limitations/ConstraintsInadequate Alveolar Ventilation andLimitationsEndurance Exercise PerformanceSpecial Circumstances Favoring Pulmonary Limitations to Exercise Performance in HealthHypoxia of High AltitudesAging Effects on Pulmonary Limitations