bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow-Induced Vibration in Safety Relief Valves
Authors: Baldwin R. M. , Simmons H. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Flow-induced vibration in safety relief valves (SRV’s) in high-energy piping systems such as power plants is identified as the source of many SRV failures. The mechanism is an unstable coupling of vortex shedding at the mouth of the valve with the side branch acoustic resonance. Characteristics of the problem and computerized methods of acquiring data lead to positive identification of flow-induced vibration. Pulsation and vibration data recorded from several valves in power plant steam service are presented for comparison of stable and unstable configurations. Based on this data, a rational design procedure utilizing the relationship among Strouhal number, Mach number, and stub dimensions has been developed to eliminate an existing problem or to prevent one in a new piping system. Proper side branch sizing coupled with flow stabilization techniques provide for the design of a main pipe to safety valve transition piece which has been shown to be successful in several applications.
An Analysis of the Fatigue/Creep Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel
Using a Continuous Damage Approach
Authors: Gomuc R. , Bui-Quoc T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A recently suggested procedure for estimating the life of a material subjected to fatigue-creep loading is applied to analyze the behavior of Type 304 stainless steel on the basis of the experimental data already available in the literature. The predictive technique is based on a combination of the two separate damage functions for fatigue and for creep. The effect of the tension hold time in interspersed creep-fatigue loading on the material life is taken into account by considering the relaxation stress characteristics during the hold period. The technique also permits the evaluation of damage (or healing) due to a compression hold time. The correlation between predictions and available experimental results obtained on Type 304 SS from 538 to 649° C under various loading conditions is discussed.
Shakedown and Cold Creep of Stainless Steel Type 316 Torispherical
Drumheads Subjected to Internal Pressure
Authors: Brookfield D. J. , Moreton D. N. , Moffat D. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The results from cyclic internal pressure tests on two nominally identical stainless steel type 316 torispherical drumheads are presented. The effect of cold creep is investigated and is shown to contribute most of the accumulated strain during pressure cycling. The experimental shakedown pressure is compared with the design pressures from BS 5500 and the effect of over-pressure testing on subsequent cyclic behavior is discussed.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a Scale Model Nuclear
Containment Vessel
Authors: Derbalian G. , Fowler G. , Thomas J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Current design procedures for nuclear containment vessels are based on elastic analyses. Though such techniques are adequate under normal operating conditions, if the potential risks associated with extreme environments or accident conditions are to be assessed, knowledge of the ultimate capacity of the containment structure is essential. A key technical question is whether penetrations, such as personnel hatches, weaken the containment structure. In this paper, the maximum pressure sustained by a scale model, steel, nuclear containment vessel with a penetration is determined using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. To assess containment strength, a clean shell is analyzed in closed form for its ultimate strength, and the solution is then compared with finite element results for a structure that has a penetration. The comparison shows that the personnel hatch penetration does not reduce the ultimate strength of the containment structure. In this paper, it is assumed that the materials have no flaws and welded joints are perfectly bonded. Cracks in the structure, which would degrade its strength, are not considered.
Evaluation of Flaws in Austenitic Steel Piping
Authors: Section XI Task Group for Piping Flaw Evaluation, ASME
                            Code  
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This report summarizes the methods and bases used by the Task Group for Piping Flaw Evaluation to develop allowable flaw sizes for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XI, IWB-3640, “Evaluation Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Austenitic Piping.” Because the Task Group identified two flaw-related failure mechanisms for light water reactor (LWR) austenitic steel piping, two sets of allowable flaw size tables were developed. One set is presented for base metal and nonflux welds, which have high flaw tolerance; a second set is provided for flux welds that can have lower relative toughness and flaw tolerance. Application of the flaw evaluation procedures for cast austenitic piping requires material classification on a case by case basis. Allowable flaw sizes are presented in tabular form, with the allowable part-through flaw depth defined as a function of load and flaw length. Tables are presented for both longitudinal and circumferential flaws, and normal/upset and emergency/faulted conditions. This report also recommends crack growth rate and weld residual stress data needed to perform subcritical crack growth analyses in accordance with Section XI, Appendix C, “Evaluation of Flaws in Austenitic Piping.” These data and the allowable flaw size tables provide the means to determine the acceptabiality for continued service of austenitic piping containing flaws whose sizes exceed the standards specified in Section XI, IWB-3514.3, “Allowable Indication Standards for Austenitic Piping.”
Stiffness of Pipe Straps for Computer Modeling—A Simplified
Approach
Authors: Tewfik W. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper includes a methodology and calculated results for the stiffness of two (2) types of pipe straps. The calculated results are then compared to two (2) other sources of data: finite element analysis (FEA) computer-generated results, and test results for some of strap sizes as listed in Table 1. All calculated, FEA and test results are tabulated in Table 1. A home computer has been utilized to generate all calculated figures for different pipe sizes and straps. Graphs 1 and 2 represent all results for equations generated in this paper and can be utilized to extract the stiffness values required when appropriate width and inside radii of straps are known.
A Review of Flow-Induced Vibration of Two Circular Cylinders in
Crossflow
Authors: Chen S. S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The flow field around a pair of rigid circular cylinders is very complex and has been studied extensively. When either one or both cylinders vibrate, the flow field becomes significantly more complicated because of the interaction of the fluid flow and the cylinder motion. This paper presents an overview of the problem including different flow regimes, vortex-excited vibration, and fluidelastic instability for two cylinders in tandem, two cylinders side by side and two cylinders in staggered arrangement. A general formulation to study dynamic response under different conditions is outlined and future research needs are discussed.
Quantitative Assessment of Mass Discretization in Structural Dynamic
Modeling
Authors: Vashi K. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
For dynamic analysis of majority of structures, a dynamic model is developed by discretizing the distributed mass and elastic properties. For assessing the adequacy of mass discretization, several procedures are used. These procedures include a comparison of analysis with test, parametric studies using finer mass discretizations, and lump mass spacing according to a frequency-controlled span length of a simply supported beam. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of mass discretization by utilizing exact analytical solution to the discrete problem of beam and bar vibrations. The assessment examines the effect of mass discretization on the accuracy of natural frequencies, modes and participation factors. In one modeling rule, the total number of dynamic degrees of freedom is taken to be twice the number of lower frequencies to be computed with a reasonable amount of accuracy. The assessment in this paper provides support for this rule.
An Efficient Computational Approach for a Large Opening in a
Cylindrical Vessel
Authors: Steele C. R. , Steele M. L. , Khathlan A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In our previous work, solutions of the shallow shell equations have provided the basis for efficient computer calculation for a reinforced opening in a cylindrical vessel. However, solutions are restricted to smaller nozzles and openings (d/D≤0.5). In the present effort, an approach for the large opening has been developed which retains computational efficiency and minimum user time. The total solution can be divided into “high” harmonics around the intersection curve, which are obtained from asymptotic analysis, and particular solutions and low harmonics of self-equilibrating loads, which are obtained as “cut” solutions. By this, the vessel is considered to be cut along the portion of the circumference inside the intersection curve. Appropriate discontinuities of stress and displacement on the cut provide the necessary solutions. Results for a rigid nozzle with external loadings show good agreement with the previous shallow shell calculations for d/D≤0.5 with a substantial divergence for larger values of d/D. The behavior at the limit of d/D = 1 remains to be clarified.
Interaction of External Moment Loads With Internal Pressure on an
Equal Diameter Branch Pipe Intersection
Authors: Moffat D. G. , Mistry J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Maximum stress intensities are presented for an equal diameter unreinforced cylinder/cylinder pipe intersection of mean diameter/thickness ratio 24.7, when subjected to the complete set of six individual moment loadings and also internal pressure. Stresses arising from combinations of the moment loadings are considered, and moment/moment and moment/pressure interaction diagrams are presented. From these diagrams the magnitudes of the various load combinations required to cause yielding can be determined. The significance of the results is discussed in the light of British and American piping design codes.
A Simple Fracture Mechanics-Based Method for Fatigue Life Prediction
in Thick-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Kendall D. P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A method is proposed for predicting the fatigue life of thick-walled cylinders subjected to repeated internal pressure based on numerical integration of the fatigue crack growth curve as determined from fracture mechanics analysis. The effects of autofrettage residual stresses, crack shape, and of the compressive portion of the stress intensity factor range are accounted for. A method for correcting the residual stresses for the Bauschinger effect, based on recent analytical results by P. C. T. Chen [8], is also included. A simple computational scheme for calculating the fatigue life is presented. Results of this calculation are compared with experimental results of Davidson et al. [16] and of Throop and Fujczak [17].
J-Integral and Tearing Modulus Estimates for
Circumferentially Cracked Pipes in Torsion
Authors: Zahoor A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
J-integral and tearing modulus analyses are developed for full circumference part-through cracks in pipes under torsion. The approach is based on the psuedo-potential energy interpretation of the J-integral. The paper develops estimation formula for the plastic component of the J-integral for the condition of net-section yielding in the cracked section of the pipe. The applied tearing modulus estimates are derived for deformation-controlled loading. Numerical results are presented for crack initiation and tearing instability that provide quantitative results for inferring safety of cracked nuclear piping.
Comparison of Theoretical Estimates and Experimental Measurements of
Fatigue Crack Growth Under Severe Thermal Shock Conditions—Part I: Experimental
Observations
Authors: Marsh D. , Green D. , Parker R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper reports the results of an experiment in which a severe thermal cycle comprising of alternate upshocks and downshocks has been applied to an axisymmetric feature with an internal, partial penetration weld and crevice. The direction of cracking and crack growth rate were observed experimentally and detailed records made of the thermal cycle. A second part of the paper, reported separately, compares a linear elastic fracture mechanics assessment of the cracking to the experimental observations.
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing of Gun Steels
Authors: Morrison J. , Laforce C. H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The experimental measurement of fatigue crack growth rates is an integral part of the fracture mechanics approach to safe life estimation in structures subjected to cyclical loading. To assess the variation in crack growth properties, data has been collected from five different gun steels from various sources. The experimental, analytical and statistical techniques are described, and an assessment is made of the applicability of a single growth rate expression. There are significant differences in strength, toughness and extent of autofrettage between these gun steels, and a correspondingly wide range of fatigue crack growth rates has been encountered.
Impact-Induced Temperature Rise in a Thermovisco-Plastic
Rod
Authors: Nicholson D. W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A solution is presented for stress, strain and temperature rise in a long rod subject to axial impact by a small rigid mass. The rod material is described by a bilinear thermoviscoplastic constitutive model. The rod response is assumed to be adiabatic, so that inelastic work is completely converted into heat. The general solution is derived using Laplace transforms, and a numerical inversion technique is formulated. Calculations are presented in a case typical of commercially pure titanium. It is hoped that this solution will serve as a "benchmark" for validating general purpose impact codes such as EPIC-II.
Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009
Authors: Pluim B M , Fuller C W , Batt M E , Chase L , Hainline B , Miller S , Montalvan B , Renström P , Stroia K A , Weber K , Wood T O 
Published: November 2009

Background:The reported incidence, severity and nature of injuries sustained in tennis vary considerably between studies. While some of these variations can be explained by differences in sample populations and conditions, the main reasons are related to differences in definitions and methodologies employed in the studies.Objective:This statement aims to review existing consensus statements for injury surveillance in other sports in order to establish definitions, methods and reporting procedures that are applicable to the specific requirements of tennis.Design:The International Tennis Federation facilitated a meeting of 11 experts from seven countries representing a range of tennis stakeholders. Using a mixed methods consensus approach, key issues related to definitions, methodology and implementation were discussed and voted on by the group during a structured 1-day meeting. Following this meeting, two members of the group collaborated to produce a draft statement, based on the group discussions and voting outcomes. Three revisions were prepared and circulated for comment before the final consensus statement was produced.Results:A definition of medical conditions (injuries and illnesses) that should be recorded in tennis epidemiological studies and criteria for recording the severity and nature of these conditions are proposed. Suggestions are made for recording players’ baseline information together with recommendations on how medical conditions sustained during match play and training should be reported.Conclusions:The definitions and methodology proposed for recording injuries and illnesses sustained during tennis activities will lead to more consistent and comparable data being collected. The surveillance procedures presented here may also be applicable to other racket sports.
An Examination of the Psychosocial Factors Influencing Colorectal Cancer Patients' Communication of Colorectal Cancer Patient Risk with Their Siblings
Authors: Lawsin Catalina , DuHamel Katherine , Itzkowitz Steven , Brown Karen , Lim Helen , Jandorf Lina 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study examined psychosocial factors influencing colorectal cancer (CRC) patients' communication with their first-degree relatives regarding their CRC risk. Among a sample of CRC patients who were members of a colon registry in New York (n = 127), 60% reported discussing CRC risk with their siblings. These discussions were related to the CRC patients' age of diagnosis, such that those diagnosed before age 45 years were more likely to communicate with their siblings about CRC risk. Despite advances made in CRC prevention, compliance with screening recommendations among individuals who may be at familial risk for the disease is low. Perhaps this underrepresentation reflects how CRC patients communicate with their first-degree relatives about their potential risk for the disease. This study examined the psychosocial factors influencing whether CRC patients communicate with their siblings about CRC risk. The sample included CRC patients with siblings who enrolled in a colon disease registry at a NYC metropolitan hospital. Participants completed questionnaires regarding their current psychosocial functioning, perceived risk of sibling's development of CRC, and communication of CRC risk with their siblings. Patients were predominantly Caucasian, with a mean age of 60.4 years. Of the 127 patients, 60% engaged in discussions with their siblings regarding their CRC risk. Patients diagnosed with CRC before the age of 45 years were more likely to discuss the risk of CRC with their siblings (P &lt; 0.01). These data suggest that CRC patients may serve as an effective vehicle to promote CRC screening and support the need for health care providers to not only educate patients of the familial risk of CRC, but to also encourage these patients to communicate this information with their siblings. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2907–12)
Energy Intake and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: An Expanded Analysis in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) Cohort
Authors: Sue Laura Y. , Schairer Catherine , Ma Xiaomei , Williams Craig , Chang Shih-Chen , Miller Anthony B. , McCarty Catherine A. , Willcox Bradley J. , Ziegler Regina G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Although animal experiments have consistently shown a positive relationship between breast cancer and energy intake, evidence from human studies remains inconclusive. In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial cohort, 29,170 women, ages 55 to 75 years, who successfully completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at entry (1993-2001), were followed through 2007, and 1,319 incident breast cancers were ascertained (median time from FFQ completion to diagnosis, 4.4 years). Women in the highest quartile of energy intake, relative to the lowest, had modestly, but significantly, increased breast cancer risk [multivariate relative risk (RR), 1.21; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03-1.42; Ptrend = 0.03]. The inclusion of body mass index and physical activity in the model reduced risk slightly (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00-1.39; Ptrend = 0.07). However, in similar analyses using energy intake from a FFQ administered approximately five years after entry (27,428 women; 806 incident breast cancers; median time from FFQ completion to diagnosis, 2.7 years), women in the highest and lowest quartiles of energy intake had similar risk. When follow-up time after the first FFQ was divided into three 4-year periods, the multivariate RRs for high versus low energy intake increased from 1.21 to 1.37 to 1.55 with increasing time since dietary assessment. Although the divergent results for the two FFQs could be due to subtle questionnaire differences, our findings suggest a modest positive association between energy intake and postmenopausal breast cancer that strengthens with time since dietary assessment. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2842–50)
Association of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Couch Fergus J. , Wang Xianshu , McWilliams Robert R. , Bamlet William R. , de Andrade Mariza , Petersen Gloria M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground: A number of susceptibility genes are common to breast and pancreatic cancer. Recently, several breast cancer susceptibility loci have been identified through genome-wide association studies. Here we evaluated possible associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and pancreatic cancer risk.Methods: Ten SNPs from FGFR2, TOX3, MAP3K1, H19, LSP1, chromosome 8q24, CASP8, and LUM were investigated for associations with pancreatic cancer risk following genotyping in 1,143 Caucasian individuals with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 1,097 unaffected controls from a clinic-based pancreatic cancer case-control study.Results: CASP8 rs1045485 [odds ratio (OR), 0.78; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.65-0.9; P = 0.005] and MAP3K1 rs889312 (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97; P = 0.017) showed evidence of association with risk of pancreatic cancer. The CASP8 rs1045485 association was evident in ever smokers (P = 0.002), but not in nonsmokers (P = 0.55), and the effect was strongest in heavy smokers (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.93; P = 0.03). In contrast the MAP3K1 rs889312 association was only evident in nonsmokers (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95; P = 0.01). In addition, evaluation of the influence of the 10 SNPs on survival detected significant associations between outcome for locally advanced pancreatic cancer cases and both 8q rs6983561 (P = 0.045) and LUM rs2268578 (P = 0.02).Conclusion: Association studies in a large pancreatic case-control study indicate that SNPs associated with breast cancer may also be associated with pancreatic cancer susceptibility and survival. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):3044–8)