bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Failure Criteria for Electric Cables Exposed to Fire for Use in a Nuclear Power Plant Risk Analysis
Authors: Norcott Jill E. , Blanchat Thomas K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The vulnerability of electrical cables exposed to a fire environment is of particular concern to the nuclear power plant community. The community is interested in data that could be used for predicting cable failures during a fire situation. For this reason, a cable test program was conducted using two different types of cable insulation. Several different exposure heat fluxes were tested, as well as different test arrangements such as cable trays and conduits. The program revealed that a single failure temperature for all cable types is not recommended, but if it is necessary a reasonable temperature could be chosen for the thermosets tested in this project.
Monitoring of Radiation Embrittlement of the First and Second Generation of VVER RPV Steels
Authors: Shtrombakh Ya. I. , Nikolaev Yu. A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The analysis of the current condition on the prediction of radiation embrittlement for VVER RPV materials of the first and second generation has been carried out. The radiation lifetime of a definite type of pressure vessel is determined by various parameters caused by operational features and the chemical composition of pressure vessel’s metal. The emphasis on re-irradiation embrittlement kinetics is given for the first generation of VVER RPV steels (VVER-440/179 and VVER-440/230 grades). The technique for the first generation RPV materials monitoring, based on sampling and studies of metal from the pressure vessel’s inner surface, is considered. The current program of cutting out templates, for the inner surface of a RPV wall, and their re-irradiation in surveillance channels of VVER-440 units with full core and dummy assembles is described. The new approaches to re-irradiation embrittlement models are analyzed. The basic problems of VVER-440/213 and VVER-1000 metal monitoring are analyzed. The representativity of VVER-440/213 and VVER-1000 RPV surveillance programs is discussed. The necessity of updating of the current standard reference dependences for the prediction of radiation embrittlement of RPV materials is shown. The most urgent questions of reactor dosimetry for VVER pressure vessel materials have been covered. The lifetime extension problem for the first and second generation of VVER units is considered.
Phase Analysis of Hydraulic Cements by X-Ray Powder Diffraction: Precision, Bias, and Qualification
Authors: Stutzman Paul , Leigh Stefan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Estimates of cement phase composition have traditionally been made using bulk chemical analysis and the Bogue calculations, developed over 75 years ago. X-ray powder diffraction analysis provides an alternative with direct phase determination, qualitatively and quantitatively. The Rietveld method to refine multi-phase X-ray powder diffraction patterns of cement uses a whole-pattern approach with determination of the best-fit set of calculated diffraction patterns based on crystal structure models. The pattern intensities calculated in the analysis are used to estimate relative phase abundances. To estimate precision and bias and to establish qualification criteria, an inter-laboratory study involving eleven laboratories was undertaken. Four cement reference specimens were prepared using NIST SRM clinkers compounded with known amounts of one or more of gypsum, bassanite, anhydrite, and calcite. Results of the study were used to estimate the inter- and intra-laboratory precision and bias of phase abundance determinations. The data were also used to establish criteria for qualification of a laboratory, using prediction intervals that reflect the collective performance characteristics of the participants. Results show an improvement in repeatability over previous cement inter-laboratory studies utilizing internal standard-based, peak area measurement methods.
Concussion in Youth Hockey: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Management across Observation Strategies
Authors: Williamson I. J. S. , Goodman D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Ice hockey ranks among the highest of all sports for rates of concussion, and estimates from youth hockey appear ominously close to estimates from the NHL (23.15 and 29.59 per 1000 player-hours, respectively), yet concussion is seldom studied in the youth setting, particularly in a way that accounts for under-reporting. To maximize the capture of concussions in youth hockey, we used broad injury inclusion criteria and multiple surveillance strategies, including (a) official injury reports, (b) reports from team personnel, and (c) reports from trained hockey observers. The aims were to (a) better elucidate the prevalence and causes of hockey-related concussions, (b) examine how concussions are reportedly managed in youth ice hockey, and (c) speak to the utility of the different surveillance strategies. Contact between players was the most common mechanism across observation strategies and more than half (51 %) of concussions reported by volunteers were caused by illegal acts (32 % hits from behind, 8 % hits to head, and 7 % crosschecks), though few (23 %) resulted in penalties. According to volunteer and observer reports, many young players are returning to play in the same game they sustained a concussion (34 % and 71 %, respectively), which contravenes Hockey Canada guidelines. Contrary to the literature, there were significantly higher odds (p&lt;0.05) of sustaining a concussion in the youngest age division rather than among older players according to volunteer reports. This study sampled approximately 22 400 youth players and is among the broadest investigations of concussion in youth ice hockey.
A Test Method to Determine Low-Cycle-Fatigue Behavior of Wrinkled Pipe
Authors: Das S , Roger Cheng JJ , Murray DW 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Field observations of buried pipelines used by energy industries for transporting natural gas and oil indicate that it is not uncommon for geotechnical movements to impose large displacements on buried pipelines resulting in localized curvature, deformations, and strain in the pipe wall. Often these local deformation results in local buckling in the pipe wall (wrinkling) and, in its post-buckling range of response, wrinkles develop rapidly. Subsequent cyclic load histories may produce cyclic plastic strain reversals in the wrinkle region leading to formation of fractures in the wrinkle region. This paper presents an innovative and simple material test method, called a strip test, which was designed and carried out at the University of Alberta in order to simulate the complicated behavior of pipe wrinkles subject to such low-cycle-fatigue loading. It is found that the strip test is capable of replicating the complicated behavior of wrinkled pipe subject to plastic strain reversals at the wrinkle location due to low-cycle-fatigue loading and provides necessary information that can be used for further studies. For the current project, a total of 16 such strip tests were carried out, and the test data from these strip tests have been used successfully to develop a fracture life assessment (FLA) model for the wrinkled energy pipe subject to strain reversal due to low-cycle-fatigue loading. The development of the FLA model will be presented in a future publication.
Dynamic Fracture-Initiation Toughness ermination of Al 7075-T651 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Loya JA , Fernández-Sáez J 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We present values of the static and dynamic fracture-initiation toughness at different loading rates of the aluminum alloy Al 7075-T651 obtained on three-point bend specimens with different thicknesses and initial crack lengths. In static conditions, the critical stress intensity factor was measured according to well known procedures. The methodology of dynamic fracture initiation toughness is not yet standardized, and the dynamic tests were done with a modified Hopkinson pressure bar coupled to high-speed cameras to measure the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of the specimens. The critical stress intensity value was obtained from the CMOD at the time that crack starts to grow. This instant was detected by means of crack gauges at the crack tip.
A Biaxial Load Cell Design for Simultaneous Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Spring Forces in Sinuous Spring-Supported Seating
Authors: Tackett Bob , Zhang Jilei 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Sinuous springs are the most commonly used method of seat support in upholstered furniture. The dynamics of load transference by these springs to the furniture frame members has not been thoroughly studied. Rational strength design of sinuous-type upholstered furniture frames, especially their seating support systems, requires information concerning the magnitudes and directions of spring loads on spring supporting rails. These values are important for frame designers to be able to adjust member sizes and materials and select appropriate fasteners. Presently, furniture design largely depends on trial and error. A load cell was conceived, designed, and verified which can determine horizontal and vertical components of a spring load. Preliminary results showed that the average initial spring tension on each load cell, with no external loading applied to the springs, was 46 lb. (205 N) horizontal. For some situations, the horizontal load components actually decrease when a person comes to rest on the seat. Vertical and horizontal loading is greatest on the center three springs of the seat which used five, equally spaced springs in this paper.
Boundary Condition Role in Tests of Wood Compression Webs
Authors: Leichti Robert J. , Kleemann Karl , Miller Thomas H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The important role of boundary conditions in tests of compression members was evaluated when determining the instability loads of asymmetric and nonprismatic compression webs for wood trusses. The compression webs were created by nailing a side member to the truss web so that the cross section was L-shaped. In the analytical investigation, the side members were assumed to be as long as the truss web, and the boundary conditions were for pinned and elastically restrained connections. In the experiments, L-reinforced webs were tested with pinned and metal-plate-connected boundary conditions and with side members of various lengths. The boundary conditions had a significant effect on stability load and the failure mode. Capacity of the L-reinforced truss web may be governed by the metal connector plate rather than wood strength or instability.
Evaluation of A Humidity Sensor for Use in An Environment Exposed to Radiation
Authors: Brenner Richard , Bingefors Nils , Mohn Bjarte 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Humidity sensors tolerant to ionizing radiation are used in high-energy physics experiments where radiation doses are large and the sensors are inaccessible for replacement due to the highly activated environment. Other fields that have to meet the same demands are nuclear industry and space technology. In this paper cellulose crystallite humidity sensors that have been qualified by the manufacturer for use in radiation environments have been characterized and calibrated with the purpose of evaluating their suitability for use in the CERN ATLAS experiment for high-energy physics research. The impact of protons on the sensor was studied up to a fluence of 2∙1014 p/cm2.
Effect of Antistrip Additives on Surface Free Energy Characteristics of Asphalt Binders for Moisture-Induced Damage Potential
Authors: Wasiuddin NM , Fogle CM , Zaman MM , O'Rear EA 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this study, the effect of antistrip additives on asphalt binders was evaluated by both laboratory tests and a proposed chemical model of asphalt binder based on the surface free energy characteristics. Two performance graded asphalt binders, namely, PG 64-22 and PG 70-28 and two amine-based liquid antistrip additives, namely, AD-Here HP Plus and Redicote E-6 were evaluated at different percentages (0.25 %, 0.75 %, and 1.5 %). It was found that 1.5 %AD-Here HP Plus and 1.5 % Redicote E-6 increased the total SFE of PG 64-22 by 67 % and 208 %, respectively. Also, the acid components of PG 64-22 and PG 70-28 are 2.9 dyne/cm and 2.5 dyne/cm, respectively, whereas, the corresponding base components are 0.4 dyne/cm for both. With the addition of 1.5 %. Redicote E-6 in PG 64-22, the acid component of the binder reduced by 92 % and the base component of the binder increased by 1141 %.
An Experimentally-Based Analytical Model of the Stress Field in an Iosipescu Composite Test Specimen
Authors: Bell Jennifer M. , Odom Edwin M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Typically, the reduction of the load and strain data obtained during an Iosipescu shear test assumes constant shear strain and shear stress distributions. While this is nominally correct and simplifies the data reduction, it provides no insight into the shear stress-shear strain distribution and can lead to theoretically inconsistent experimental results. In this study, an Idaho Iosipescu test fixture, two sizes of strain gages, an assumed power law for the strain distribution, and the Richard-Blacklock stress-strain relationship have been combined to model both the shear strain and the shear stress profile across the gage section. The results show a strain distribution dependent on both load and laminate layup and the difference between the shear stress and the shear strain profile. The initial shear moduli found from the nonlinear model show an insignificant difference between the two layups which is in agreement with composite theory.
Assessment of Clothing Effects in Thermal Comfort Standards: A Review
Authors: Huang Jianhua 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere are four international standards covering the measurement of thermal resistance of clothing, i.e., ISO 15831, ASTM F 1291, ASTM F 1720, and EN 342. They employ the same measurement technique, but they differ in manikin size, test conditions, formula for calculating the insulation, and the parameters for reporting the test results. ASTM F 2370 is the only standard that addresses the measurement of evaporative resistance of clothing. It specifies the configuration of sweating thermal manikin, test protocol and test conditions, and does not call for a specific technique to simulate body sweating. ISO 9920 provides formulas for estimating thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of clothing. The international standards for the assessment of thermal comfort or thermal strain of a clothed body include ISO 7730, ISO/TR 11079 and ISO 7933, for evaluating moderate thermal, cold and hot environments, respectively. Their applications of thermal properties of clothing, principles, and limitations vary. Several suggestions are finally projected with regard to the future revision of these standards.
Reconstitution Process by Stud Welding for the Surveillance Program in Mexico
Authors: Romero Jesús , Hernández Rogelio , Fernández Filiberto , Mercado Fortino , van Walle Eric 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the development of the stud welding process for reconstitution of Charpy specimens for the surveillance program at the Mexican nuclear power plants. The surveillance program objective is to evaluate in advance the degree of embrittlement of the vessel over its service life. However, the number of capsules with test specimens was only foreseen for the plant’s design lifetime, and, at present, nuclear power plants can take measures that extend their lifetime by up to 20 additional years; hence the importance of this test material, which stores specific information on accumulated damage due to irradiation. This material needs to be reused after being destructively tested and, hence, there is the need to develop a reconstitution process to obtain other reconstructed Charpy specimens. These will be reinserted into the reactor both for the surveillance program and potential plant life extension.
Gearbox Fault Feature Extraction Using Hilbert Transform, S-Transform, and a Statistical Indicator
Authors: Fan Xianfeng , Zuo Ming J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Vibration analysis has been widely used in machine fault feature extraction and diagnosis of rotating machinery. The effects of modulation and nonstationarity in vibration signals collected from a faulty gearbox present challenges for fault feature extraction. Hilbert transform and S-transform have the ability to address these issues through demodulation and time-frequency analysis, respectively. In this paper, we propose to use a feature indicator to represent the S-transform coefficients. The proposed method integrates the advantages of Hilbert transform, S-transform, and the proposed feature indicator (FI). The validity of the proposed method is verified with a simulated signal and real gearbox vibration signals. Comparison studies show that the proposed method is more effective and does not require the operators to have a lot of diagnostic experience.
Measurement, Analysis, and Comparison of the Parcel Shipping Shock and Drop Environment of the United States Postal Service with Commercial Carriers
Authors: Singh J. , Singh S. P. , Burgess G. , Saha K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of products and packages. As a result, parcel delivery companies like DHL, FedEx, UPS, and the USPS have strengthened their presence in air transport to deliver products faster and through larger distances. Using cargo planes, they route packages from various destinations to large airport hubs, where they sort millions of packages and ship them to their destinations. There is a continuous need to quantify what happens to these packages as they are handled both manually during collection and delivery and on large high-speed conveying and sortation equipment at hubs. The dynamic events during these moves can cause damage. The information collected in this study helps packaging engineers design protective packaging. This study measured and compared shock and drop events for these carriers during next-day and two-day shipping service between Michigan and California. Data are presented in terms of drop heights associated with the 90, 95, and 99th percentile of occurrence for DHL, FedEx, UPS, and USPS. Impact orientation is also discussed. The data from this study are beneficial to new test methods being developed for drop testing of single parcel shipments by ASTM.
A Critical Review of the Diametral Compression Method for Determining the Tensile Strength of Spherical Aggregates
Authors: Luscher Walter G. , Hellmann John R. , Segall Albert E. , Shelleman David L. , Scheetz Barry E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The validity of diametral compression as an effective means of determining the tensile strength of spherical ceramic bodies has often been questioned. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the original work, as well as alternative studies that suggest shortcomings of the original method, is made. For comparative purposes, data recently collected via diametral compression on aluminosilicate aggregates is presented in the context of these latter works and compared with the original methodology. Overall, results indicate that the diametral compression test can indeed provide an accurate measure of tensile strength when several important test criteria are met.
Effect of Coating Variables on Total Solar Reflectance and Emissivity of Polymer-Coated Metal Panels
Authors: Turner Lance , Manning Christopher , Peake Geoffrey 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
As reporting of total solar reflectance (TSR) and emissivity of painted metal becomes more prevalent due to Energy Star and LEED™ certification for roofing and other building panels, interest in, and use of, ASTM methods for measuring those values will increase. Though methods such as E903, C1549, C1371, and E1980 are good at describing how to carry out the measurement of panels, they say nothing about how the panels should be prepared. This paper describes how variations common in panel preparation, including color, topcoat thickness, primer thickness, coating chemistry, pretreatment, and substrate, affect the TSR and emissivity values that will be measured.
Texture Evaluation in Zr-2.5 % Nb Pressure Tubes Using Kearn’s f Parameter
Authors: Kapoor K. , Padmaprabu C. , Ramana Rao S. V. , Sanyal T. , Kashyap B. P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The anisotropic properties of Zr-2.5 wt % Nb pressure tube material, used in pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) depend primarily on the texture associated with the material. Particularly properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion, mechanical anisotropy, irradiation growth, stress corrosion cracking, and delayed hydrogen cracking, are directly correlated. Thus, the knowledge of preferred orientation becomes an essential prerequisite for property evaluation. In the present paper the correlation between the preferred orientation factor, namely Kearn’s f′ parameter, and some of the important properties of the material is summarized. The f parameters were deduced from the X-ray diffraction data, using the inverse pole figure method, and then subsequently the values were verified experimentally using the direct pole figure method.
A Preliminary Molecular Investigation of Aleocharine Phylogeny (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: Thomas J C 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming is one of the largest and most diverse lineages of staphylinid beetles (≈12,000 species). Being one of the most taxonomically difficult groups of beetles, the classification of the 52 tribes in this subfamily is artificial and almost void of any phylogenetic context. As a preliminary step toward building a tribal-level phylogeny for this lineage of beetles, a molecular investigation of partial sequences of 12s and 16s mitochondrial genes was undertaken for 21 species in eight different tribes. These sequences were analyzed using parsimony, bayesian, and maximum likelihood methods. Results largely support the findings of previous morphological analyses. The “higher” Aleocharinae form a monophyletic group. The tribe Myllaenini Ganglbauer is supported as a member of the higher Aleocharinae. The subtribe Gyrophaenina Kraatz is monophyletic. These results suggest that 12s and 16s mitochondrial genes are phylogenetically informative molecular characters for building a tribal-level phylogeny of the Aleocharinae.