bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water‐based inorganic/polymer hybrid particles prepared via a multiple miniemulsion process
Authors: Nabih Nermeen , Landfester Katharina , Taden Andreas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA universal method for the synthesis of water‐based inorganic–polymer hybrid particles was developed in which no organic solvent is required. To demonstrate the versatility of this process, zinc phosphate, calcium carbonate, and barium sulfate were chosen as different pigment examples which additionally can be utilized for functional coating applications. Furthermore, a complex polymeric composition based on epoxy–acrylic–styrene was chosen to illustrate the versatility from a soft matter point of view. The overall synthesis process was carried out by coemulsification of two inverse miniemulsions, containing two precursors, surrounded with a polymerizable continuous phase. This was then transferred to a direct miniemulsion by addition to a surfactant solution and subsequent homogenization followed by radical polymerization of the vinylic monomers. To our knowledge, this is the first work where a polymerizable continuous phase has been used in an inverse miniemulsion formation followed by transfer to a direct miniemulsion, followed by polymerization, so that the result is a water‐based dispersion. The resultant dispersion was characterized by dynamic light scattering; the particles were investigated via transmission electron microscopy with in
situ determination of crystallinity using electron diffraction. Elemental analysis was also performed for the particles and the polymerized miniemulsions using X‐ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Molecular Imaging with SERS‐Active Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Yin , Hong Hao , Myklejord Duane V. , Cai Weibo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been explored for various biomedical applications (e.g., cancer diagnosis) because it can provide detailed information on the chemical composition of cells and tissues. For imaging applications, several variations of Raman spectroscopy have been developed to enhance its sensitivity. To date, a wide variety of molecular targets and biological events have been investigated using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active nanoparticles. The superb multiplexing capability of SERS‐based Raman imaging, already successfully demonstrated in live animals, can be extremely powerful in future research where different agents can be attached to different Raman tags to enable the simultaneous interrogation of multiple biological events. Over the last several years, molecular imaging with SERS‐active nanoparticles has advanced significantly and many pivotal proof‐of‐principle experiments have been successfully carried out. It is expected that SERS‐based imaging will continue to be a dynamic research field over the next decade.
Depression symptom dimensions as predictors of antidepressant treatment outcome: replicable evidence for interest-activity symptoms
Authors: Uher R. , Perlis R. H. , Henigsberg N. , Zobel A. , Rietschel M. , Mors O. , Hauser J. , Dernovsek M. Z. , Souery D. , Bajs M. , Maier W. , Aitchison K. J. , Farmer A. , McGuffin P. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundSymptom dimensions have not yet been comprehensively tested as predictors of the substantial heterogeneity in outcomes of antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder.MethodWe tested nine symptom dimensions derived from a previously published factor analysis of depression rating scales as predictors of outcome in 811 adults with moderate to severe depression treated with flexibly dosed escitalopram or nortriptyline in Genome-based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP). The effects of symptom dimensions were tested in mixed-effect regression models that controlled for overall initial depression severity, age, sex and recruitment centre. Significant results were tested for replicability in 3637 adult out-patients with non-psychotic major depression treated with citalopram in level I of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D).ResultsThe interest-activity symptom dimension (reflecting low interest, reduced activity, indecisiveness and lack of enjoyment) at baseline strongly predicted poor treatment outcome in GENDEP, irrespective of overall depression severity, antidepressant type and outcome measure used. The prediction of poor treatment outcome by the interest-activity dimension was robustly replicated in STAR*D, independent of a comprehensive list of baseline covariates.ConclusionsLoss of interest, diminished activity and inability to make decisions predict poor outcome of antidepressant treatment even after adjustment for overall depression severity and other clinical covariates. The prominence of such symptoms may require additional treatment strategies and should be accounted for in future investigations of antidepressant response.
The Danish Cartoon Controversy and the Challenges of Multicultural Politics
Authors: Warner Carolyn M. 
Published: September 2011

Jytte Klausen's The Cartoons That Shook the World offers an interesting political science account of the Danish cartoon controversy and of a broader set of tensions between multiculturalism, civility, and freedom of expression. The book is also a fascinating case study of how political science can itself become the object of dispute, due to Yale University Press' decision to publish the book without any reproductions of the controversial cartoons.We have thus asked a range of political scientists to comment on the Danish cartoon imbroglio, the book's analysis of it, and the controversy over the book itself.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Health care and global justice
Authors: Kirby Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAfter outlining his experience in the world of bioethics, the author draws on his role in the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee to explain the new Universal Declaration of Bioethics, adopted by UNESCO in 2005. He describes it as the first global attempt to reconcile the differing sources of bioethical principles: health-care practice and experience and universal human rights. Whilst collecting, and accepting, some criticism of the text of the Declaration, the author sees its chief values as lying in the wider ethical issues that it reflected of concern to the community, the world and biosphere as well as in the adjustment of health-care approaches for consistency with the growing impact of universal human rights law. Whilst acknowledging the differing social experiences of people in different regions of the world, he invokes Amartya Sen to cast doubt on the notion of specific ‘Asian values’, whether in bioethics or human rights.
Habitat Selection and Overlap of Atlantic Salmon and Smallmouth Bass Juveniles in Nursery Streams
Authors: Wathen Gus , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph , Trial Joan G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduced smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu have invaded much of the historic freshwater habitat of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in North America, yet little is known about the ecological interactions between the two species. We investigated the possibility of competition for habitat between age‐0 Atlantic salmon and age‐0 and age‐1 smallmouth bass by means of in situ observations and a mesocosm experiment. We used snorkel observation to identify the degree and timing of overlap in habitat use in our in situ observations and to describe habitat shifts by Atlantic salmon in the presence of smallmouth bass in our mesocosm experiments. In late July 2008, we observed substantial overlap in the depths and mean water column velocities used by both species in sympatric in situ conditions and an apparent shift by age‐0 Atlantic salmon to shallower water that coincided with the period of high overlap. In the mesocosm experiments, we detected no overlap or habitat shifts by age‐0 Atlantic salmon in the presence age‐1 smallmouth bass and low overlap and no habitat shifts of Atlantic salmon and age‐0 smallmouth bass in fall 2009. In 2009, summer floods with sustained high flows and low temperatures resulted in the nearly complete reproductive failure of the smallmouth bass in our study streams, and we did not observe a midsummer habitat shift by Atlantic salmon similar to that seen in 2008. Although this prevented us from replicating our 2008 experiments under similar conditions, the virtual year‐class failure of smallmouth bass itself is enlightening. We suggest that future studies incorporate the effects of varying temperature and discharge to determine how abiotic factors affect the interactions between these species and thus mediate the outcomes of potential competition.
Relationship of External Fish Condition to Pathogen Prevalence and Out‐Migration Survival in Juvenile Steelhead
Authors: Hostetter Nathan J. , Evans A. F. , Roby D. D. , Collis K. , Hawbecker M. , Sandford B. P. , Thompson D. E. , Loge F. J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUnderstanding how the external condition of juvenile salmonids is associated with internal measures of health and subsequent out‐migration survival can be valuable for population monitoring programs. This study investigated the use of a rapid, nonlethal, external examination to assess the condition of run‐of‐the‐river juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss migrating from the Snake River to the Pacific Ocean. We compared the external condition (e.g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations) with (1) the internal condition of a steelhead as measured by the presence of selected pathogens detected by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction analysis and (2) out‐migration survival through the Snake and Columbia rivers as determined by passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology. The results from steelhead captured and euthanized (n = 222) at Lower Monumental Dam on the lower Snake River in 2008 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with selected measures of internal condition. The odds of testing positive for a pathogen were 39.2, 24.3, and 5.6 times greater for steelhead with severe or moderate external signs of disease or more than 20% descaling, respectively. Capture–recapture models of 22,451 PIT‐tagged steelhead released at Lower Monumental Dam in 2007–2009 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with juvenile survival. The odds of out‐migration survival for steelhead with moderate or severe external signs of disease, more than 20% descaling, or severe fin damage were 5.7, 4.9, 1.6, and 1.3 times lower, respectively, than those for steelhead without these external conditions. This study effectively demonstrated that specific measures of external condition were associated with both the internal condition and out‐migration survival of juvenile steelhead.
Economic Activities of Safavid Women in the Shrine‐City of Ardabil
Authors: Zarinebaf‐Shahr Fariba 
Published: September 2011

After more than half of theurdūhas gone by, the Shah's maidens pass on fine horses; and they ride like men and dress like men, except that on their heads they do not wear caps but white kerchiefs. And in the company of those maidens go 10 or 12 old men, who are calledīshīk-āqāsīs,that is masters of the house. And I have seen that there were about 14-15 of those maidens, and they were beautiful, though their faces could not be fully seen. But what could be seen was beautiful and very fair. And sometimes they galloped and performed marvels with their horses, making them jump and do many other skillful tricks. They went thus behind the court, where the Shah's tents were pitched. (Membré, the Venetian envoy in Maraghah, September 1539)Despite extant, though often indirect references to women in manuscript and archival sources, modern historians of Safavid Iran have paid little attention to the active role of women in the formative period of its history.
Large herbivores limit CO2 uptake and suppress carbon cycle responses to warming in West Greenland
Authors: Cahoon Sean M. P. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Post Eric , Welker Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractChanges in the terrestrial carbon cycle may ameliorate or exacerbate future climatic warming. Research on this topic has focused almost exclusively on abiotic drivers, whereas biotic factors, including trophic interactions, have received comparatively little attention. We quantified the singular and interactive effects of herbivore exclusion and simulated warming on ecosystem CO2 exchange over two consecutive growing seasons in West Greenland. Exclusion of caribou and muskoxen over the past 8 years has led to dramatic increases in shrub cover, leaf area, ecosystem photosynthesis, and a nearly threefold increase in net C uptake. These responses were accentuated by warming, but only in the absence of herbivores. Carbon cycle responses to herbivore exclusion alone and combined with warming were driven by changes in gross ecosystem photosynthesis, as limited differences in ecosystem respiration were observed. Our results show that large herbivores can be of critical importance as mediators of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.
Does repeat biopsy affect the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy? Analysis by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy
Authors: Park Myungchan , You Dalsan , Yoon Jong Hyun , Jeong In Gab , Song Cheryn , Hong Jun Hyuk , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung‐Soo 
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?To date, studies to evaluate clinical significance of prostate cancer detected on repeat biopsy in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy have yielded inconsistent results.The present study confirms that prostate cancer diagnosed after repeat biopsies is related to better pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, but not predictive of biochemical recurrence. Additionally, we find that the number of cores taken at initial biopsy do not affect the association between the number of previous biopsies and the prognosis.OBJECTIVE
To determine whether repeat prostate biopsies are associated with more favourable prognoses compared with diagnosis at initial biopsy in patients who undergo radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and to determine if this association is affected by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We reviewed 1147 patients with prostate cancer from 1991 to 2008.
Patients were stratified into two groups by the number of biopsies before diagnosis (initial biopsy vs repeat biopsy: at least two biopsies).
The effects of several variables on pathological outcomes and biochemical recurrence‐free and systemic progression‐free survivals were assessed.
RESULTS
Of the 1147 patients, 1064 (92.8%) were diagnosed with cancer at first biopsy and 83 (7.2%) at repeat biopsy.
Compared with patients diagnosed at initial biopsy, those diagnosed at repeat biopsies were more likely to have a lower clinical stage (cT1c: 79.5% vs 55.5%, P < 0.001) and organ‐confined tumours (78.3% vs 61.3%, P= 0.003), but there was no significant difference in initial biopsy core number (8.3 vs 8.7, P= 0.373).
Five‐year biochemical recurrence‐free and progression‐free survival rates did not show significant differences between the two groups (88.8% vs 82.2%, P= 0.078; 100.0% vs 96.5%, P= 0.105, respectively), and these results were not affected by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy.
CONCLUSIONS
Although prostate cancer diagnosed after repeat biopsies was related to better pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, the number of previous biopsies did not predict disease recurrence.
Moreover, the number of cores taken at initial biopsy did not affect these associations.
Social Network Clustering and Visualization using Hierarchical Edge Bundles
Authors: Jia Yuntao , Garland Michael , Hart John C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe hierarchical edge bundle (HEB) method generates useful visualizations of dense graphs, such as social networks, but requires a predefined clustering hierarchy, and does not easily benefit from existing straight‐line visualization improvements. This paper proposes a new clustering approach that extracts the community structure of a network and organizes it into a hierarchy that is flatter than existing community‐based clustering approaches and maps better to HEB visualization. Our method not only discovers communities and generates clusters with better modularization qualities, but also creates a balanced hierarchy that allows HEB visualization of unstructured social networks without predefined hierarchies. Results on several data sets demonstrate that this approach clarifies real‐world communication, collaboration and competition network structure and reveals information missed in previous visualizations. We further implemented our techniques into a social network visualization application on facebook.com and let users explore the visualization and community clustering of their own social networks.
Early granulomatous foreign body reactions to a novel alginate dermal filler: the system’s failure?
Authors: Schuller‐Petrović S. , Pavlović M.D. , Schuller S.S. , Schuller‐Lukić B. , Neuhold N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Cutaneous granulomas after a soft filler injection represent one of the worst scenarios for both patient and injector.Objectives  To present clinical and histopathological features of granulomatous nodular reactions induced by a new alginate‐based dermal filler (Novabel®), and put it in context of the process of injectable soft tissue fillers approval and promotion in the EU.Methods  A case series of four patients injected with Novabel® for volume restoration of the face and hands, who developed severe foreign body reactions.Results  Four patients injected with Novabel® into tear troughs and/or dorsa of hands developed severe granulomatous reactions within months after injections. As we injected with the new filler into a total of 10 patients, a high incidence of 40% of the disfiguring adverse effect was observed. The inadequate response of manufacturer to our reporting the side‐effects along with the available data on registration process of dermal fillers confirmed that the area is not well‐regulated.Conclusions  The status of dermal fillers as class III medical devices, and the process of their approval and marketing in the EU need to be seriously reconsidered to avoid unnecessary and serious adverse reactions.
CaMKII is involved in cadmium activation of MAPK and mTOR pathways leading to neuronal cell death
Authors: Chen Sujuan , Xu Yijiao , Xu Baoshan , Guo Min , Zhang Zhen , Liu Lei , Ma Hongwei , Chen Zi , Luo Yan , Huang Shile , Chen Long 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 1108–1118.AbstractCadmium (Cd), a toxic environmental contaminant, induces neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have shown that Cd elevates intracellular free calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) level, leading to neuronal apoptosis partly by activating mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show that the effects of Cd‐elevated [Ca2+]i on MAPK and mTOR network as well as neuronal cell death are through stimulating phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). This is supported by the findings that chelating intracellular Ca2+ with 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy) ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester or preventing Cd‐induced [Ca2+]i elevation using 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate blocked Cd activation of CaMKII. Inhibiting CaMKII with KN93 or silencing CaMKII attenuated Cd activation of MAPK/mTOR pathways and cell death. Furthermore, inhibitors of mTOR (rapamycin), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (SP600125) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (U0126), but not of p38 (PD169316), prevented Cd‐induced neuronal cell death in part through inhibition of [Ca2+]i elevation and CaMKII phosphorylation. The results indicate that Cd activates MAPK/mTOR network triggering neuronal cell death, by stimulating CaMKII. Our findings underscore a central role of CaMKII in the neurotoxicology of Cd, and suggest that manipulation of intracellular Ca2+ level or CaMKII activity may be exploited for prevention of Cd‐induced neurodegenerative disorders.
Variables Associated With Utilization of a Centralized Medical Post in the Andean Community of Pampas Grande, Peru
Authors: Merry Stephen P. , Rohrer James E. , Thacher Thomas D. , Summers Matthew R. , Alpern Jonathan D. , Contino Robert W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractContext: Integral to the location of health resources is the distance decay of utilization observed in a population. In rural Peru, a nongovernmental organization planning to increase the availability of health services needed this information.Purpose: To determine variables associated with utilization of a central medical clinic and determine whether, because of the mountainous topography, travel time (TT) would be a better predictor of utilization than distance.Methods: A door‐to‐door survey of all available households (81% of total), using a Spanish translation of questions excerpted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey, was conducted in the summer of 2008 to determine variables associated with self‐reported history of clinic utilization.Results: Utilization was inversely related to TT and distance. Of those living within 5 minutes of the clinic, 61% had been to the clinic whereas only 25% of those living 30 or more minutes away had sought care. Female gender and fever predicted increased odds of clinic utilization. Having a disability reduced one's odds (OR 0.55) of visiting the clinic, after adjusting for gender, TT, and fever. The inverse correlation of utilization with travel distance and TT was not significantly different, thus failing to demonstrate that TT is a better predictor of utilization than distance.Conclusion: In health service planning, care for common conditions should be available within 5 minutes’ TT or a few kilometers’ distance from each person's home in order to improve health care access and reduce health care disparities worsened by disability.