bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FS06.2 Autoxidation of linalool and impact on the sensitizing capacity and allergenicity
Authors: Sköld Maria , Börje A , Harambasic E , Matura M , Karlberg A‐T 
Published: August 2010

Linalool is one of the most frequently used fragrance chemicals in scented products and a large population is exposed to it. It is therefore important to study the allergenic properties of linalool, and the effect of autoxidation.Objectives:  To study the autoxidation of linalool and identify formed oxidation products, to investigate the impact of autoxidation on the sensitizing capacity and to study the frequency of contact allergy to oxidized linalool among consecutive dermatitis patients.Methods:  Linalool was air‐exposed and the degradation followed with GC. Oxidation products were identified with GC‐MS and NMR. Pure linalool, 2 different states of oxidized linalool and 3 oxidation products were tested for their sensitizing capacity in the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Consecutive dermatitis patients were patch‐tested with oxidized linalool and a fraction of oxidized linalool.Results:  Linalool started to decompose immediately when air‐exposed. Several oxidation products were identified among which 3 (2 hydroperoxides and an alpha, beta‐unsaturated aldehyde) contain structural features that make them potential allergens. LLNA showed that the 3 oxidation products were moderate allergens, and that the sensitizing potential of linalool increased with longer air‐exposure times. In the patch‐test study positive reactions were observed to oxidized linalool in 1.65% of the patients.Conclusions:  The extensively used fragrance chemical linalool is not allergenic in itself. The autoxidation process that takes place at air‐exposure leads to the formation of sensitizing oxidation products. The frequency of consecutive patients reacting to oxidized linalool shows that the experimental findings are clinically important.
FS06.3 Chloroatranol – clinical studies and exposure analysis
Authors: Johansen Jeanne Duus , Rastogi SC , Andersen KE , Bernard G , Svedman C , Bruze M , Bossi R , Gimenez‐Arnau E , Lepoittevin J‐P , Menné T 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  To investigate the elicitation potency of chloroatranol – a newly identified allergen in the natural fragrance extract: oak moss absolute. Further to compare chloroatranol and atranol and relate the findings to exposure assessed by chemical analysis.Methods:  A serial dilution patch and repeated open application test was performed in 13 chloroatranol sensitized patients and in 10 healthy controls. Further the relative potency between chloroatranol and atranol in equimolar patch test concentrations was studied and exposure assessed by chemical analysis (liquid chromatographic‐tandem mass spectrometry) of perfumes on the European Market.Results:  Elicitation occurred in 92%(12/13) to the repeated open application of 5 ppm chloroatranol in ethanol within 14 days of exposure and in none of the controls (p < 0.001). Patch testing with eqimolar concentrations of chloroatranol and atranol indicated almost similar elicitation potency. Exposure assessment showed that chloroatranol and atranol were widespread in perfumes. Chloroatranol was found at 10 ppm and atranol 74 ppm (90% percentiles).Conclusions:  Chloroatranol and atranol are strong elicitors. The current exposure to these fragrance allergens in perfumes is likely to cause clinical symptoms in sensitised individuals.
FS06.7 The new fragrance mix II – test results of a multicentre European Study
Authors: Frosch Peter , Pirker C , Rastogi S , Andersen KE , Bruze M , Goossens A , White IR , Uter W , Johansen J Duus , Menné T 
Published: August 2010

A new fragrance mix (FM II) with 6 frequently used chemicals was evaluated in consecutive patients patch tested in 6 dermatological centres in Europe. 28% FM II contained 5% Lyral, 1% citral, 5% farnesol, 5% coumarin, 1% citronellol and 10% alpha‐hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (AHCA); in 14% FM II the single constituents’ concentrations was lowered to 50% and in 2.8% FM II to 10%. Each patient was classified regarding a history of adverse reactions to fragrances: certain, probable, questionable and none. The frequency of positive reactions to the currently used 8% fragrance mix (FM I) and the new mix in 1703 patients was as follows: FM I, 6.6%; 2.8% FM II, 1.3%; 14% FM II, 2.9%; 28% FM II, 4.1%. The number of doubtful/irritant reactions was 7.2% for FM I and ranged from 1.8% to 10.6% for FM II.8.7% of tested patients had a certain fragrance history. Of these 25.2% were positive to FM I, reactivity to FM II was dose‐dependent and ranged from 8.1% to 17.6% in this subgroup. Comparing 2 groups of history – certain and none – values for sensitivity (sens) and specificity (spec) were calculated. Sens: FM I, 27.2%; 2.8% FM II, 8.7%; 14% FM II, 15.9%; 28% FM II, 21.5%. Spec: FM I, 96.3%; 2.8% FM II, 99.5%; 14% FM II, 98.7%; 28% FM II, 97.9%. 31/70 (44.3%) patients positive to 28% FM II were negative to FM I. In the group of patients with a certain history a total of 6 patients was found reacting only to FM II. Simultaneous break‐down testing with the single constituents produced positive reactions in 54.3% for 28% FM II and 48% for 14% FM II. Lyral was the dominating single constituent with positive reactions (37.1% for 28% FM II, 36% for 14% FM II), followed by citral, farnesol, citronellol, AHCA and coumarin. Chemical analysis for the 6 constituents of FM II was performed on 25 products used by 12 patients being patch test positive to FM II. Lyral was detected in 76% of these products, citral in 16% and AHCA in 8%. In conclusion, the new FM II detects additional patients with contact allergy to fragrances missed by the currently used FM I. The medium concentration, 14% FM II, is probably the most useful one for diagnostic screening.
FS08.2 Gender, race, age & occupation effect quality of life (QoL) in ACD
Authors: Belsito Donald , Kadyk D , Hall S 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between QoL scores for patients with ACD and confounders, such as gender, race, age, and occupation.Methods:  A total of 428 subjects with ACD were, at varying times after diagnosis, mailed a QoL questionnaire modified from Skindex‐16 to include an additional 5 items pertaining to occupational impact. The QoL scores were analyzed by gender, race, age, and occupation to ascertain factors that impact QoL in subjects with ACD.Results:  Three of the four confounders examined have a significant connection with QoL in patients with ACD. Non‐Caucasians had significantly worse QoL scores than Caucasians within the functioning scale, and had more emotional distress secondary to their disease. There were no statistically significant gender‐related differences in QoL scores, although females felt a higher degree of embarrassment and depression. Age significantly impacted items within the functioning and occupational scales, with subjects nearing retirement age and older reporting better QoL. In contrast, younger subjects, especially those in the 5th decade, were more likely to have difficulty pursuing daily activities, have more fear that they might need to leave their jobs, and have more concern for their financial futures. Office workers, students, and homemakers were primarily diagnosed with non‐occupational ACD, while more industrial, health care and other wet workers suffered from occupationally related ACD. In the analyses of QoL by occupation, industrial workers reported significantly more impaired QoL than subjects in other professions.
FS08.5 Does childhood atopic dermatitis influence the future working life?
Authors: Nyrén Miruna , Lindberg M , Stenberg B , Svensson Å , Svensson M , Meding B 
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To investigate the risk of adult hand eczema and possible influence on later working life in persons with childhood atopic dermatitis.Method:  After reviewing medical records from the school healthcare in Stockholm regarding individuals born 1960–69, 600 individuals where signs of atopic dermatitis were noted (“cases”) and 600 matched controls without eczema or allergic disease (“controls”) were identified. 405 cases and 378 controls answered a questionnaire regarding past and present skin disease, choice of job, exposure at work and possible change of job due to eczema.Results: Hand eczema was more than 3 times more common among cases, 42%, compared to controls, 13%(p < 0.001). Hand eczema during the past 12 months was reported by 24% of the cases and 9% of the controls (p < 0.001). The proportion of individuals working in jobs with high‐risk for hand eczema was equal between the groups, as well as exposure to water, detergents, chemicals and hand washing. Among the cases 9% reported change of job due to eczema compared to 2% of controls (p < 0.001) and sick leave 10% compared to 2%(p < 0.001).Conclusions: Childhood atopic dermatitis is a risk factor for hand eczema. As the proportion of individuals in jobs with high‐risk for hand eczema and the exposure was the same in cases and controls measures preventive measures are important to reduce consequences like sick leave and change of job.
FS10.4 Colophony allergy as a cause of occupational dermatitis
Authors: Lammintausta Kaija , Alanko K , Jolanki R 
Published: August 2010

Objective and methods:  To evaluate the importance of occupational colophony exposure among occupational dermatitis patients we analyzed data of occupational dermatitis caused by colophony on the basis of the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases (FROD) and among the colophony allergic patients studied in the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH)in 1993–2002. Finnish physicians are obligated to report cases of occupational diseases to the FROD. Insurance companies remit patients to FIOH, mainly recommended by company doctors or dermatologists.Results:  Altogether 128 cases (68 females and 60 males) of occupational dermatitis caused by colophony were reported to the FROD since 1993 to 2002 accounting for 3.4% of all occupational allergic contact dermatitis cases and another 67 had it as a second diagnosis. Mean age of the patients was 42 years, being lowest among engineering workers (34 years) Among colophony allergic patients studied in FIOH 46/89 had an occupational dermatitis caused by colophony; 14 of them as a second diagnosis. Engineering, metal working, wood working, agricultural or medical work were most common occupations. Among colophony allergic patients without an occupational dermatitis (22) or an occupational dermatitis caused by other causes (21)working with food materials and agricultural work were most common. Principal causative agents of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from colophony were cutting fluids, soldering fluxes, tall soft soap, adhesives and varnishes. Variable individual sources were occasionally detected. Mean exposure time was 12 years.Conclusion:  Occupational dermatitis caused by colophony is difficult to diagnose, since non‐occupational colophony exposure is common.
FS11.4 Garlic‐fingered chefs – a study of contact dermatitis to garlic in curry chefs
Authors: Hubbard Viginia , Goldsmith P 
Published: August 2010

Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic is described in caterers and can be an important occupational hazard.Our department serves an area with a large Bengali population. We noted a relatively high number of curry chefs and housewives have hand dermatitis. We wanted to see whether garlic was an important sensitiser in this group.We use diallyl disulphide to test for garlic sensitisation. We reviewed the notes of all patients who had been patch tested to this over a 12 month period. We recruited further curry chefs by visiting local restaurants. We also asked local GPs to refer suitable patients for patch testing.We identified 26 patients who were patch tested to diallyl disulphide. Of this group, 13 were curry chefs and 11 housewives. 4 patients were found to have an allergic reaction to diallyl disulphide – all were chefs. All had presented with dermatitis of the non‐dominant hand. 1 was atopic.Advice was given on avoidance of contact with garlic and onion (a cross‐reactant). Unfortunately this proved difficult in practice. 1 patient required acitretin with a good result. 1 patient responded well to hand PUVA.Previous studies have shown a high incidence of occupational garlic dermatitis but some of these have tested with garlic plant or extract which can be a powerful irritant and produce misleading Results: Diallyl disulphide, allylpropyl disulphide and allicin have been identified as the allergens in garlic. Diallyl disulphide is considered the main allergen. This study shows the importance of testing for garlic allergy in caterers.
FS12.3 Occupational contact dermatitis to phenol formaldehyde resins
Authors: Beck Michael H 
Published: August 2010

Phenol formaldehyde resins were the first synthetic plastics to be used commercially, being patented as Bakelite in 1907.There are two main types of phenol formaldehyde resin [PFR], resols [phenol reacted with excess formaldehyde in alkaline conditions] and novolacs [formaldehyde reacting with excess phenol in acid conditions]. Novolac resins may require cross‐linking agents to cure them but resol can be hardened by heat alone. Usually sensitisation occurs when the resins are handled in partially condensed form. Modifications and additives to these resin systems increase the range of potential allergens. PFRs have electrical resistance and binding properties resulting in their widespread use in electrical appliances, glues, laminated floorboards, plywood, fibreglass including insulation, brake linings, clutch facings, grinding wheels, foundry sand moulds, abrasive cloths and papers, plastic moulds, telephones and steering wheels.Study aim:  To analyse retrospectively the causes, occupations and investigations of patients demonstrated to have dermatitis from occupational contact with PFRs.Summary of Results:  27 dermatitis cases were identified (4 irritant and 23 allergic). The commonest causes were from contact with PFR used in fibreglass materials, in binders e.g. brakes, foundry sand, and from adhesives.Conclusions:  Patients should be investigated for contact allergy by patch testing them with their own resins. PFR‐2 identified by M. Bruze was the best commercially available allergen to screen for contact allergy. Concomitant allergy to formaldehyde and PTBP formaldehyde resin is rare. The possibility of allergy to reactive diluents should be considered in those exposed to epoxy novolac systems.
FS12.5 Chemical analysis of MDI in petrolatum patch test preparations
Authors: Frick Malin , Zimerson E , Karlsson D , Mar Å , Skarping G , Isaksson M , Bruze M 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  Diphenylmethane‐4,4’‐diisocyanate (MDI) is a very common isocyanate which is used in the plastics industry in its’ polymeric form in the production of polyurethane products such as rigid and flexible foams, elastomers (rubbers) and coatings. Previous reports on MDI‐related contact allergy have shown a pattern where patients seem to react to their own MDI‐based work material but not to the commercial patch test preparations of MDI. Therefore, we performed chemical analysis of 14 commercial patch test preparations of MDI.Materials and Methods:  MDI preparations from 8 European and 4 American dermatology departments as well as preparations obtained from 2 major European suppliers of patch test allergens were analyzed with respect to MDI content using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS).Results:  None of the preparations obtained from dermatology departments contained more than 12% of the concentration stated on the label. In most cases the MDI content was only a few percentages or less of the concentration stated. In only 1 commercial preparation the MDI content came close to the declared concentration.Conclusion:  7 of the 14 preparations were analyzed before the expiry date. Yet, only 1 of them contained a concentration that came close to that stated on the label. Thus, using these preparations patients will be tested with a much lower concentration than intended leading to a high risk of false‐negative reactions and thereby underdiagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis from MDI.
FC03.2 Cumulative incidence of self reported skin disease in hydrotherapists working in swimming pools
Authors: Lazarov Aneta , Navo K , Pardo A , Froom P 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To assess the cumulative incidence and characteristics of self reported skin disease in hydrotherapists.Methods:  Hydrotherapists, who had completed a hydrotherapy training course answered a questionnaire in reference to newly appeared skin disease. Data were analyzed statistically.Results:  190 subjects presently working as hydrotherapists were studied. Of them 75.8% were female and 24.2% were male. 80% of the hydrotherapists worked up to 10 000 cumulative hours defined by the formula: working hours per weeks × number of weeks per year × years of work in the pool. 85 of the subjects (45%) reported on the development of skin disease for the first time after starting work at the swimming pool. 21 (11.8%) had a preexisting skin disease. The most frequent symptoms included pruritus, burning, stinging, erythematous patches and xerotic skin on the extremities, trunk and folds. A statistically significant relationship between the cumulative working time and the incidence of dermatological pathology compatible with contact dermatitis was found.Conclusions:  The incidence of self reported skin diseases, developing for the first time or due to exacerbation of preexisting dermatological conditions, in hydrotherapists working in swimming pools is high. Statistically significant relationship between the cumulative hours of immersion in the pool and the incidence of the dermatological pathology was observed suggesting a dose response relationship between exposure and effect.
FS13.4 Prevention of occupational hand eczema by skin‐care management – results of an intervention study
Authors: Diepgen Thomas L 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  In the prevention of occupational contact dermatitis the usage of personal skin protection measures have a high priority, however there is a lack of intervention field studies to demonstrate its efficacy. Therefore we conducted a field study in a plant of the metal‐working industry and investigated the efficacy of an established skin protection programme.Methods:  First, a professional dermatological appraisal of the current status and a skin‐protection analysis were carried out for 180 company employees, and a dermatological evaluation of each workplace from the aspect of prevention was conducted. Using the information obtained a skin protection programme for the whole company was devised and subsequently set up. The follow‐up examination was performed eight months later.Results:  At the beginning of the study 26% of the employees were found to have skin problems related to the work they were doing. In 50% of the cases skin protection was never or only rarely used, with the right kind of skin protection almost never being applied. There was no skin protection programme in place meeting today’s professional dermatological requirements, or at the most there were just the first signs of one. After the programme had been set up and suitable instruction and information given there was a follow‐up observation period of eight months, during which several professional dermatological examinations of the employees were carried out and further instruction (individual prevention) was given. In the final examination only 8.7% of the employees were found to have work related skin problems.Conclusions:  We could demonstrated that the occurrence of occupationally‐related hand eczema can be significantly reduced by setting up and providing instruction in a skin protection concept matched to the hazards the skin is exposed to at work. Additionally, valuable knowledge and experience were gained on implementing industrial skin protection programmes and performing intervention studies.
P29 Interleukin‐8 in patch‐test blisters is chemotactic and detects allergy
Authors: Bjarnason Bolli , Xu H , Elmets CA 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To investigate interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) as a chemokine for T‐lymphocytes and as a marker of magnitude of contact allergy.Subjects, Materials and Methods:  Urushiol, the contact allergen of poison ivy, was applied to allergic and anergic volunteers. Suction blisters of urushiol exposed and non‐exposed skin were produced 48 h later and the fluids were analyzed for chemotactic activity for T‐lymphocytes using modified Boyden chambers. Anti‐IL‐8‐antibodies were added to the fluids to investigate their effect on the chemotactic activity. IL‐8 protein concentration of the fluids was determined by ELISA and its correlation with visible test responses was investigated.Results:  Significant chemotactic activity for T‐lymphocytes was only present in blister fluid from urushiol exposed skin and only from the allergic subjects. The chemotactic activity could be neutralized with the anti‐IL‐8 antibodies. There was an excellent correlation between the IL‐8 protein concentration in blister fluids and the clinical appearance of the inflammatory reactions at the skin test sites.Conclusions:  The results support the hypothesis that IL‐8 in blister fluid is both chemotactic for T‐lymphocytes and is a sensitive marker of an inflammatory response. Determination of the concentration of IL‐8 proteins in blister fluid of patch tests may be of future use for objective assessment of clinically important contact allergies.
P31 Patch test reactions in the elderly
Authors: Connolly Maureen , Kirkup M , Sansom JE 
Published: August 2010

The incidence of patch test reactivity depends on prior exposure, with few studies evaluating elderly
Subjects:
The aim of our study was to address this issue. We reviewed results of elderly patients, (defined ¡Ý 65 years) who attended for patch testing over a five‐year period from January 1999 to December 2003. Patients were patch tested to an extended European standard series and additional series depending on clinical presentation. Results showed 322 (16.4%) of 1968 patients patch tested were elderly, 196 women (60%) and 126 men (40%). Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae) was the commonest sensitizer among men 21/126 (16.7%), followed by fragrance mix in 10 subjects (7.9%) neomycin in 7 (5.6%) and carba mix in 7 (5.6%). Nickel was the most frequently occurring contact allergen in women, 32/126 (16.3%), followed by fragrance mix in 19 (9.7%), thiuram mix in 19 (9.7%), carba mix in 15 (7.7%) and Balsam of Peru in 14 (7.1%). Investigation of ACD in a multicentre study of all age groups in the UK reported nickel as the commonest allergen at 18.6%, followed by fragrance mix (10.7%) and Balsam of Peru (6.7%). Our study shows nickel and fragrance mix reactions to be lower in this elderly population at 11.5% and 9% respectively, Balsam of Peru positivity being higher at 10.9%. This study suggests that patch testing in elderly patients remains a worthwhile investigation yielding significant positive results.