bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of individuals in the information processing perspective
Authors: Turner Karynne L. , Makhija Mona V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractResearchers' primary concern with respect to the information processing perspective has been to understand how structural features influence the organization's ability to draw upon and utilize information for resolving problems, ignoring the primary role of individuals as the information processors within the organization. To shed light on this issue, we employ a quasi‐experimental design to examine the effects of two structural types, organic and mechanistic, on individuals' gathering, interpretation, and synthesis of information and, in turn, their problem‐solving orientation. Holding the external context constant, our evidence shows that individuals do process information differently under the two structural types, which then leads to different comfort levels in dealing with organizational problems. These findings highlight the importance of considering the microfoundations of the information processing perspective. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary cilia and graded Sonic Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Sasai Noriaki , Briscoe James 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCilia are evolutionary‐conserved microtubule‐containing organelles protruding from the surface of cells. They are classified into two types—primary and motile cilia. Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous, at least in vertebrate cells, and it has become apparent that they play an essential role in the intracellular transduction of a range of stimuli. Most notable among these is Sonic Hedgehog. In this article we briefly summarize the structure and biogenesis of primary cilia. We discuss the evidence implicating cilia in the transduction of extrinsic signals. We focus on the involvement and molecular mechanism of cilia in signaling by Sonic Hedgehog in embryonic tissues, specifically the neural tube, and we discuss how cilia play an active role in the interpretation of gradients of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling. WIREs Dev Biol 2012. doi: 10.1002/wdev.43For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Anxiety and pain during bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Authors: Kuivalainen Anna-Maria , Pitkäniemi Janne , Widenius Tom , Elonen Erkki , Rosenberg Per 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Previously we found that pre-procedural nervousness and tension (translated into English as “anxiety”), assessed on a non-validated five-point scale, correlated with pain intensity of the various stages of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB). The fewer the previous BMAB procedures the stronger the pain from a repeated procedure. The primary purpose of the present observational study is to evaluate the state of anxiety just before BMAB and to find out whether it affects the pain experiences during the various stages of the BMAB procedure. We also examined whether first-timers differ from patients with previous BMAB experience in the degree of anxiety and intensity of BMAB procedural pain.

Methods
A total of 166 adult outpatients undergoing the BMAB from the Helsinki University Hospital were enrolled, 48 of them being first-timers. The level of anxiety was measured with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the pain experiences associated with the various stages of the procedure were evaluated on the NRS-scale (Numeral Rating Scale 0-10) and using the Finnish pain vocabulary. BMAB was planned to be performed under lidocaine infiltration anaesthesia but, on request, patients were allowed to receive premedication with diazepam orally or alfentanil i.m. If, in spite of supplemental local anaesthetic the patient still felt pain from the sampling needle tip, i.m. alfentanil was administered.

Results
There was a clear association between anxiety and pain during all stages of the procedure, except during biopsy. The NRS scores varied from 0 to 10 in all the various stages of BMAB. The first-timers did not differ from the more experienced patients with regard to pain experiences; only the pain felt during the local anaesthetic infiltration was milder (P = 0.007) in first-timers than in the others. Procedural pain in those who were given analgesic or sedative premedication was similar (P < 0.05) to that in the non-premedicated patients. The words characterizing the pain of the various stages belonged to a major extent (76-90%) to the sensory class of words.

Conclusion
Pre-procedural anxiety had a major impact on the pain ratings. The first-timers and patients with previous experience of BMAB had a similar degree of pre-procedural anxiety, as well as of the intensity of procedural pain, except that infiltration of local anaesthetic was less painful in the first-timers.

Implications
Identification of anxious (fearful) patients prior to BMAB, and premedicating them individually may improve satisfaction in both patient and caregiver.
A (MAINLY EPISTEMIC) CASE FOR MULTIPLE-VOTE MAJORITY RULE
Authors: Bradley Richard , Thompson Christopher 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMultiple-vote majority rule is a procedure for making group decisions in which individuals weight their votes on issues in accordance with how competent they are on them. When individuals are motivated by the truth and know their relative competence on different issues, multiple-vote majority rule performs nearly as well, epistemically speaking, as rule by an expert oligarchy, but is still acceptable from the point of view of equal participation in the political process.
Measuring the effects of alexithymia on perception of emotional vocalizations in autistic spectrum disorder and typical development
Authors: Heaton P. , Reichenbacher L. , Sauter D. , Allen R. , Scott S. , Hill E. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundThe results from recent studies suggest that alexithymia, a disorder characterized by impairments in understanding personal experiences of emotion, is frequently co-morbid with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the extent that alexithymia is associated with primary deficits in recognizing external emotional cues, characteristic in ASD, has yet to be determined.MethodTwenty high-functioning adults with ASD and 20 age- and intelligence-matched typical controls categorized vocal and verbal expressions of emotion and completed an alexithymia assessment.ResultsEmotion recognition scores in the ASD group were significantly poorer than in the control group and performance was influenced by the severity of alexithymia and the psycho-acoustic complexity of the presented stimuli. For controls, the effect of complexity was significantly smaller than for the ASD group, although the association between total emotion recognition scores and alexithymia was still strong.ConclusionsHigher levels of alexithymia in the ASD group accounted for some, but not all, of the group difference in emotion recognition ability. However, alexithymia was insufficient to explain the different sensitivities of the two groups to the effects of psycho-acoustic complexity on performance. The results showing strong associations between emotion recognition and alexithymia scores in controls suggest a potential explanation for variability in emotion recognition in non-clinical populations.
El Güegüence, post-Sandinista Nicaragua, and the Resistant Politics of Dancing
Authors: Westlake E. J. 
Published: April 2012

Folk dance fulfills a particular function in the survival of communal memory. Community history and identity live through the animated body. But in the case of El Güegüence, Nicaragua's hybrid Spanish-Nahuatl dance-drama, many feel it is a contested tradition with a contested set of significations. Within that contestation, communal memory is fractured and ruptured in ways that produce a unique and dynamic discourse.In this paper, I will focus on Irene López's reworking of El Güegüence as the dance piece El Gran picaro. López has been criticized for altering the “authentic” dance tradition, a criticism she answers by pointing out that the original dance was lost when only the artifact of the dramatic text was preserved. López's reworking functions as collective memory and as an act of restored tradition, an invention meant to stand in for the original as faithfully as the inventor can imagine.I will also examine the redeployment of El Güegüence by groups who have embraced the figure and the act of dancing the masked drama as an expression of the subaltern, the marginalized, and the closeted minority identities within the context of the national culture, specifically Grupo Relajo, with its playful workshops built around the popular story. Ultimately, El Güegüence represents an artifact of the erasure of dance and, by extension, the indigenous body. Both López and Grupo Relajo, through their staging, resurrect the body of the indigenous Other and create a vehicle for the body to move in resistance to such erasure.
Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid correlates directly with negative affective intensity, but not affective lability, in human subjects
Authors: Coccaro Emil F. , Boparai Anjiwan , Lee Royce 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Centrally acting monoamines have long been thought to be associated with component traits of behavior and emotion and are potential biological mediators of psychopathology. In this study we tested the hypothesis that centrally acting monoamines would be associated with measures of affective instability (i.e. affective intensity and affective lability) in healthy and personality disordered human subjects. In total, 57 adult subjects including 19 psychiatrically healthy volunteers and 38 personality disordered individuals were assessed for affective instability with the affective intensity measure (AIM) and the Affective Lability Scale (ALS). Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected for assay of 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG). CSF 5-HIAA concentration correlated directly with overall AIM score and, specifically, with the AIM Negative Intensity score, in all subjects and in personality disordered subjects. This result was not affected but the addition of aggression scores or life history of mood disorder to the model. Neither CSF HVA nor MHPG were found to uniquely correlate with either AIM or ALS measure. Higher Affective Intensity scores, Negative Intensity scores, specifically, are directly correlated with higher basal levels of CSF 5-HIAA. This relationship was independent of aggression, life history of mood disorder and general personality traits.
A variant of the neuronal amino acid transporter SLC6A15 is associated with ACTH and cortisol responses and cognitive performance in unipolar depression
Authors: Schuhmacher Anna , Lennertz Leonhard , Wagner Michael , Höfels Susanne , Pfeiffer Ute , Guttenthaler Vera , Maier Wolfgang , Zobel Astrid , Mössner Rainald 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied by both cognitive impairments and a hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system, resulting in an enhanced glucocorticoid secretion. Cortisol acts via mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors densely located in the hippocampus, a brain area that is important regarding cognitive functions and especially memory functions. Recently, a variant (rs1545843) affecting transcription of the human SLC6A15 gene has been associated with depression in a genome-wide association study. In an animal model, the neuronal amino acid transporter SLC6A15 was found to be decreased in stress-susceptible mice. Against the background of stress impacting on the activity of the HPA axis, we have investigated alterations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion in the combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test as well as memory and attention performance in a sample of 248 patients with unipolar depression and 172 healthy control subjects genotyped for rs1545843. MDD patients carrying the depression-associated AA genotype showed enhanced maximum and area under the curve ACTH and cortisol answers (p = 0.03) as well as an impaired memory and impaired sustained attention performance (p = 0.04) compared to carriers of at least one G allele. No effects of the SLC6A15 variant were found in the healthy control group. Our findings argue for a role of the SLC6A15 gene in ACTH and cortisol secretion during the Dex/CRH test and furthermore in the occurrence of cognitive impairments in unipolar depression.
Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare
Authors: Lollo Anthony , Withers Paul , Fallows Kathryn , Girazian Zachary , Matta Majd , Chamberlin P. C. 
Published: April 2012

Electron densities in planetary ionospheres increase substantially during solar flares in response to the increased solar irradiance at soft X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths. Here we modify an existing model of the ionosphere of Mars to incorporate time‐dependent solar irradiances and use it to simulate ionospheric conditions during the X14.4 and M7.8 solar flares of 15 and 26 April 2001, respectively. Simulations were validated by comparison to Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation measurements of vertical profiles of ionospheric electron density. Adjustments to the model's representation of the neutral atmosphere were required to adequately reproduce the observations before and during these solar flares. An accurate representation of electron‐impact ionization, an important process in the lower ionosphere of Mars, is required in order to adequately simulate the doubling of electron densities that can occur in the lower ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare. We used the W‐value representation of electron‐impact ionization, in which the number of ion‐electron pairs created per photon absorbed equals the ratio of the difference between photon energy and the ionization potential of carbon dioxide to the W‐value. A range of possible W‐values for Mars have been suggested in the literature, and a value of 28 eV led to the best reproduction of flare‐affected observations. Simulated enhancements in the electron density are largest and persist the longest in the M1 region. We predict that the peak electron density in the M1 region can exceed that of the M2 region for short periods during intense solar flares.
Surface methane emissions from different land use types during various water levels in three major drawdown areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Yang Le , Lu Fei , Wang Xiaoke , Duan Xiaonan , Song Wenzhi , Sun Binfeng , Chen Shuai , Zhang Qianqian , Hou Peiqiang , Zheng Feixiang , Zhang Ye , Zhou Xiaoping , Zhou Yongjuan , Ouyang Zhiyun 
Published: April 2012

Methane (CH4) emissions from the drawdown area of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have not been thoroughly investigated even though the drawdown area encompasses one third of the reservoir surface. In this study, CH4 emissions from different land uses were measured in the TGR drawdown area. The average diffusive CH4 emissions were 2.61, 0.19, 0.18, and 0.12 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 in rice paddies, fallow lands, deforested lands, and croplands, respectively, and were positively related to the duration of the inundated season among the latter three land uses. On average the drawdown areas studied here (except rice paddies) were sources in the inundated season (0.22 ± 0.26 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) and a sink in the drained season (−0.008 ± 0.035 mg CH4 m−2 h−1). The water level was the dominant factor that controlled whether the drawdown area was either inundated or drained, which in turn determined whether the drawdown area was a source or sink of CH4 emissions. The average diffusive CH4 emissions from the fallow lands, croplands, and deforested lands increased as the distance from the dam increased from Zigui (0.10 ± 0.15 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) to Wushan (0.15 ± 0.29 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) to Yunyang (0.24 ± 0.27 mg CH4 m−2 h−1), which could reflect different sediment characteristics and water velocities. The total CH4 emission from the drawdown area was estimated to range from 1033.5 to 1333.9 Mg CH4 yr−1, which would account for 42–54% of the total CH4 emissions from the water surface of TGR.
Observations of Mercury's northern cusp region with MESSENGER's Magnetometer
Authors: Winslow Reka M. , Johnson Catherine L. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Slavin James A. , Purucker Michael E. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: April 2012

The magnetic cusp of a planetary magnetosphere allows solar wind plasma to gain access to the planet's magnetosphere and, for Mercury, the surface. From measurements by the MESSENGER Magnetometer we have characterized the magnetic field in the northern cusp region of Mercury. The first six months of orbital measurements indicate a mean latitudinal extent of the cusp of ∼11°, and a mean local time extent of 4.5 hrs, at spacecraft altitudes. From the average magnetic pressure deficit in the cusp, we estimate that (1.1 ± 0.6) × 1024 protons s−1 bombard the surface over an area of (5.2 ± 1.6) × 1011 m2near the northern cusp. Plasma pressures in the cusp are 40% higher when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is anti‐sunward than when it is sunward. The influence of the IMF direction does not overcome the north‐south asymmetry of Mercury's internal field, and particle flux to the surface near the southern cusp is predicted to be a factor of 4 greater than in the north. The higher particle flux impacting the surface in the south should lead to a greater exospheric source from the south and a higher rate of space weathering than in the area of the northern cusp.
The Unfolded Protein Response and its potential role in Huntington's disease
Authors: Kalathur Ravi , Ayasolla Kamesh , Futschik Matthias 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease with fatal outcome. Although the disease-causing gene (huntingtin) has been known for some time, the exact cause of neuronal cell death is still unknown. One potential mechanism contributing to the massive loss of neurons in the brain of HD patients might be the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER). As an adaptive response to counter-balance accumulation of un- or misfolded proteins, the UPR upregulates transcription of chaperones, temporarily attenuates new translation, and activates protein degradation via the proteasome. However, it is known that persistent ER stress and activated UPR can cause cell death by triggering of apoptosis. Nevertheless, the evidence linking UPR with HD progression remains inconclusive. Here, we present first analyses of UPR activation during HD based on available expression data. To elucidate the potential role of UPR as a disease-relevant process, we examine its connection to cell death and inflammatory processes. Due to the complexity of these molecular mechanisms, a systems biology approach was pursued.
Language Use in Social Interactions of School-Age Children With Language Impairments: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Treatment
Authors: Gerber Sima , Brice Alejandro , Capone Nina , Fujiki Martin , Timler Geralyn 
Published: April 2012

IntroductionPragmatic models were first applied to the treatment of children with language impairment in the late 1970s. Since that time, the study of language use has had considerable impact on language assessment and treatment. Despite the need to address pragmatic language skills clinically, there has been no systematic examination of the efficacy of treatments developed for this purpose.MethodIn accordance with the evidence-based practice policy agenda, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) convened an ad hoc committee on language use in social interactions in school-age children. The committee’s charge was to develop an evidence-based systematic review of treatment for disorders of language use in social interactions. This charge was conducted in collaboration with ASHA’s National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders.ResultsThis systematic review provided preliminary support for the feasibility of various treatment procedures addressing social communication behaviors. Gains were reported in topic management skills, narrative production, and repairs of inadequate or ambiguous comments.ConclusionBecause further investigation of these treatments is warranted, the committee is unable to make empirically supported recommendations for changes in standard clinical practice based solely on this review. More research is needed to examine the feasibility of interventions that focus on children’s language use.
Speech-Language Pathologist Job Satisfaction in School Versus Medical Settings
Authors: Kalkhoff Nicole L. , Collins Dana R. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose
The goal of this study was to determine if job satisfaction differs between speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in school settings and SLPs working in medical settings.

Method
The Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) by Spector (1997) was sent via electronic mail to 250 SLPs in each of the 2 settings. Job satisfaction scores were computed from subscale category ratings and were compared between the 2 settings. Subscale category ratings for pay, promotion, supervision, benefits, contingent rewards, operating conditions, coworkers, nature of work, and communication were analyzed for differences between and within settings. Age, caseload size, and years-at-position were analyzed by linear regression to determine whether these factors might predict SLPs' job satisfaction.

Results

The survey had a response rate of 19.6% (
N
= 98 participants). Although SLPs in both settings were generally satisfied with their jobs, SLPs in medical settings had significantly higher total job satisfaction scores. Respondents from both settings had similar satisfaction ratings for subscale categories, with nature of work receiving the highest rating and operating conditions and promotion the lowest. Results of the linear regression analysis for age, caseload size, and years-at-position were not significant.

Conclusion
Further research should evaluate important aspects of job satisfaction in both settings, especially nature of work operating conditions, and promotion.
Linguistic Pattern Analysis of Misspellings of Typically Developing Writers in Grades 1–9
Authors: Bahr Ruth Huntley , Silliman Elaine R. , Berninger Virginia W. , Dow Michael 
Published: April 2012

Purpose
A mixed-methods approach, evaluating triple word-form theory, was used to describe linguistic patterns of misspellings.

Method
Spelling errors were taken from narrative and expository writing samples provided by 888 typically developing students in Grades 1–9. Errors were coded by category (phonological, orthographic, and morphological) and specific linguistic feature affected. Grade-level effects were analyzed with trend analysis. Qualitative analyses determined frequent error types and how use of specific linguistic features varied across grades.

Results
Phonological, orthographic, and morphological errors were noted across all grades, but orthographic errors predominated. Linear trends revealed developmental shifts in error proportions for the orthographic and morphological categories between Grades 4 and 5. Similar error types were noted across age groups, but the nature of linguistic feature error changed with age.

Conclusions
Triple word-form theory was supported. By Grade 1, orthographic errors predominated, and phonological and morphological error patterns were evident. Morphological errors increased in relative frequency in older students, probably due to a combination of word-formation issues and vocabulary growth. These patterns suggest that normal spelling development reflects nonlinear growth and that it takes a long time to develop a robust orthographic lexicon that coordinates phonology, orthography, and morphology and supports word-specific, conventional spelling.