bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the origin of Staphylococcus aureus in the early postoperative sinonasal cavity?
Authors: Jervis‐Bardy Joshua , Foreman Andrew , Boase Samuel , Valentine Rowan , Wormald Peter‐John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:Despite increasing evidence of a role for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the origin of this organism in the postsurgical sinonasal cavity had been unclear. Recently, we suggested that the increased culture rate of S. aureus following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may be related to biofilm activity. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the origin of early postoperative sinonasal S. aureus and assess the early postoperative outcomes in patients culture‐positive for this organism.Methods:Twenty‐nine patients undergoing ESS for medically‐recalcitrant CRS were prospectively enrolled. A comprehensive intraoperative S. aureus screening protocol was followed for all patients (including swabs for culture and tissue for fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] S. aureus biofilm analysis); early postoperative management included endoscopically‐guided swabs for culture in all patients.Results:Twenty of 29 (69.0%) patients cultured S. aureus postoperatively, of which 17 of 20 (85.0%) were screen‐positive at surgery. Seven of 11 (63.6%) intraoperatively biofilm‐positive but culture‐negative patients progressed to culture S. aureus post‐ESS. S. aureus culture was associated with selected poorer early post‐ESS outcomes.Conclusion:S. aureus persists in the sinonasal cavity despite ESS. The postoperative culture of sinonasal S. aureus in patients previously biofilm‐positive but culture‐negative may reflect the dynamic ability of S. aureus to adapt to the surgically‐altered microenvironment with subsequent biofilm dispersal and release of planktonic clones. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Aromatische Ringe in chemischer und biologischer Erkennung: Energien und Strukturen
Authors: Salonen Laura M. , Ellermann Manuel , Diederich François 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDieser Aufsatz beschreibt Phänomene der molekularen Erkennung von aromatischen Ringen in chemischen und biologischen Systemen in einem multidimensionalen Ansatz. Neue Ergebnisse aus der Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie, biologischen Affinitätsassays und Biostrukturanalysen, Datenbanksuchen in der Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) und der Protein Data Bank (PDB) und hochentwickelten Rechnungen, die seit dem Erscheinen eines früheren Aufsatzes in 2003 veröffentlicht wurden, sind hier zusammengefasst. Die Themen Aren‐Aren‐, Perfluoraren‐Aren‐, Schwefel‐Aren‐, Kation‐π‐ und Anion‐π‐Wechselwirkungen sowie Wasserstoffbrücken zu aromatischen Systemen werden behandelt. Das gewonnene Wissen kommt besonders der strukturbasierten Hit‐zur‐Leitstruktur‐Entwicklung und der Leitstrukturoptimierung sowohl in der pharmazeutischen als auch in der Pflanzenschutzindustrie zugute. Zudem erleichtert es die Entwicklung neuer Materialien und supramolekularer Systeme und soll zu weiteren Anwendungen von Wechselwirkungen mit aromatischen Ringen zur Kontrolle des stereochemischen Verlaufs chemischer Umsetzungen inspirieren.
Nitroxides: Applications in Synthesis and in Polymer Chemistry
Authors: Tebben Ludger , Studer Armido 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative CC bond‐forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C‐centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C‐centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.
Modular amino acid amide chiral ligands for enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Gou Shaohua , Ye Zhongbin , Chang Jing , Gou Guangjun , Feng Mingming 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEnantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a series of aromatic aldehydes was developed using a modular amino acid amide chiral ligand (2S)‐3‐phenyl‐N‐((R)‐1‐phenyl‐ethyl)‐2‐(tosylamino)propanamide without using titanium complex. The catalytic system employing 10 mol% of 1g was found to promote the addition of diethylzinc (ZnEt2) to a wide range of aromatic aldehydes with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents, giving up to 82% ee of the corresponding secondary alcohol under mild conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal and biological aspects of drug‐based copper(II) complexes
Authors: Patel Paresh N. , Patel Darshana J. , Patel Hasmukh S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA series of novel complexes of the type Cu(II)(Ln)2(H2O)2]•xH2O [where Ln = L1–4, these ligands being described as: L1, 2‐({4‐[6,7‐dihydrothieno[3,2‐c]pyridin‐5(4H)‐ylsulfonyl]phenylimino}methyl)phenol, x = 1; L2, 2‐({4‐[6,7‐dihydrothieno[3,2‐c] pyridin‐5(4H)‐ylsulfonyl]phenylimino}methyl)‐5‐(methoxy)phenol, x = 2; L3, 5‐chloro‐2‐({4‐[6,7‐dihydrothieno[3,2‐c]pyridin‐5(4H)‐ylsulfonyl]phenylimino}methyl)phenol, x = 2; and L4, 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐2‐({4‐[6,7‐dihydrothieno[3,2‐c]pyridin‐5(4H)‐ylsulfonyl]phenylimino} methyl)phenol, x = 1] was investigated. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and electronic spectra, magnetic measurements and thermal studies. The FAB‐mass spectrum of [Cu(II)(L1)2(H2O)2]•H2O was determined. A magnetic moment and reflectance spectral study revealed that an octahedral geometry could be assigned to all the prepared complexes. Ligands (Ln) and their metal complexes were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens bacterial strains. Kinetic parameters such as order of reaction (n), the energy of activation (Ea), the pre‐exponential factor (A), the activation entropy (ΔS≠), the activation enthalpy (ΔH≠) and the free energy of activation (ΔG≠) are reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two liquid‐phase bubble column bioreactors for the removal of volatile organic compounds from air streams
Authors: Hashemi Seyedeh Fatemeh , Goharrizi Ataallah Soltani , Fazaelipoor Mohammad Hassan 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTTwo equal‐sized bubble column bioreactors were used to investigate the effect of silicone oil on the removal efficiency (RE) of a bubble column bioreactor for hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the first stage, the performance of the two liquid‐phase bubble column bioreactors (in terms of hexane removal) containing 4 L mineral medium and 400 mL of silicone oil was compared to a control bioreactor (without silicone oil). With the airflow rate of 1.5 L min−1 and n‐hexane concentration of 1.6 g m−3, the hexane RE of oil‐added bioreactor was 27% compared to 16.3% for the control bioreactor. To obtain better removal efficiencies, in the second stage of the experiments, the airflow rate and the inlet n‐hexane concentration were reduced to 0.9 L min−1 and 1 g m−3, respectively. In this stage, 150 mL of fermentation medium was replaced with fresh medium daily to avoid possible nutrient limitation and build up of toxicants. As a result of this replacement, the hexane RE of the oil‐added bioreactor was 76% compared to 37% for the control bioreactor. In the third stage, the effect of silicone oil percentage on the bioreactor's hexane RE was investigated. The results showed that increasing silicone oil percentage from 5 to 15% had a significant positive effect on the hexane RE (for the hexane inlet concentration of 1.6 g m−3, the RE approximately doubled). However, the effect of oil percentage on the VOC RE was seen insignificant when silicone oil was above 15%. In the final stage of this work, the effect of adding expanded perlite particles to the liquid medium of two liquid‐phase bubble column bioreactors was investigated. The results showed that perlite had a significant positive effect on the hexane RE of the bioreactor. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer Three‐Dimensional Anatomical Reconstruction of the Human Sinus Node and a Novel Paranodal Area
Authors: Chandler Natalie , Aslanidi Oleg , Buckley David , Inada Shin , Birchall Steven , Atkinson Andrew , Kirk Danielle , Monfredi Oliver , Molenaar Peter , Anderson Robert , Sharma Vinod , Sigg Daniel , Zhang Henggui , Boyett Mark , Dobrzynski Halina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have previously shown in rabbit that the pacemaker of the heart (the sinus node) is widespread and matches the wide distribution of the leading pacemaker site within the right atrium. There is, however, uncertainty about the precise location of the pacemaker in human heart, and its spatial relationships with the surrounding right atrial muscle. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the distribution of the sinus node tissue in a series of healthy human hearts and, for one of the hearts to construct a computer three‐dimensional anatomical model of the sinus node, including the likely orientation of myocytes. A combination of experimental techniques—diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT‐MRI), histology, immunohistochemistry, image processing and computer modelling—was used. Our data show that the sinus node was larger than in previous studies and, most importantly, we identified a previously unknown area running alongside the sinus node (the “paranodal area”), which is even more extensive than the sinus node. This area possesses properties of both nodal and atrial tissues and may have a role in pacemaking. For example, it could explain the wide spread distribution of the leading pacemaker site in human right atrium, a phenomenon known as the wandering pacemaker observed in clinics. In summary, a novel 3D anatomical reconstruction presents a new picture of the distribution of nodal cells within the human right atrium. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reviewing the Morphology of the Jaw‐Closing Musculature in Squirrels, Rats, and Guinea Pigs with Contrast‐Enhanced MicroCt
Authors: Cox Philip G. , Jeffery Nathan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRodents are defined by their unique masticatory apparatus and are frequently separated into three nonmonophyletic groups—sciuromorphs, hystricomorphs, and myomorphs—based on the morphology of their masticatory muscles. Despite several comprehensive dissections in previous work, inconsistencies persist as to the exact morphology of the rodent jaw‐closing musculature, particularly, the masseter. Here, we review the literature and document for the first time the muscle architecture noninvasively and in 3D by using iodine‐enhanced microCT. Observations and measurements were recorded with reference to images of three individuals, each belonging to one of the three muscle morphotypes (squirrel, guinea pig, and rat). Results revealed an enlarged superficial masseter muscle in the guinea pig compared with the rat and squirrel, but a reduced deep masseter (possibly indicating reduced efficiency at the incisors). The deep masseter had expanded forward to take an origin on the rostrum and was also separated into anterior and posterior parts in the rat and squirrel. The zygomaticomandibularis muscle was split into anterior and posterior parts in all the three specimens by the masseteric nerve, and in the rat and guinea pig had an additional rostral expansion through the infraorbital foramen. The temporalis muscle was found to be considerably larger in the rat, and its separation into anterior and posterior parts was only evident in the rat and squirrel. The pterygoid muscles were broadly similar in all three specimens, although the internal pterygoid was somewhat enlarged in the guinea pig implying greater lateral movement of the mandible during chewing in this species. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL‐18 in the Formation of Human Nasal Polyps
Authors: Zhang Guimin , JING XIANG , Wang Xinting , Shi Wenjie , Sun Peiyong , Su Chao , Zhu Mengyu , Yang Zhenxia , Yao Zhi , Yang Jie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa. The etiology and the mechanisms of formation of nasal polyps are still not clear. Interleukin (IL)‐18 is a novel proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in regulating immune inflammatory responses. However, the presence of IL‐18 in human nasal mucosa and its roles in the inflammatory process of nasal polyps has not been studied yet. In this study, it was the first time to investigate the expression of IL‐18 in human nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, and its potential function in the formation of nasal polyps. Surgical samples were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression and location of IL‐18, and its correlated cytokines, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, the airway epithelial cell line, A549, was used to investigate the mutual regulation of IFN‐γ, IL‐4, and IL‐18. IFN‐γ, IL‐4, and IL‐18 were all highly expressed in the epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and infiltrating inflammatory cells in the nasal polyp tissues, comparing with the control samples. Especially, the expression of IL‐18 was upregulated significantly in nasal polyp tissues compared with control tissues. In addition, IL‐18 was expressed in A549 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide and IL‐4. Our data suggest that nasal epithelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps formation and potentially via the secretion of IL‐18, which is likely to play important roles in the formation of nasal polyps. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective Effect of Extract of Astragalus on Learning and Memory Impairments and Neurons Apoptosis Induced by Glucocorticoids in 12‐Month Male Mice
Authors: Li Wei‐Zu , Li Wei‐Ping , Zhang Wen , Yin Yan‐Yan , Sun Xiang‐Xiang , Zhou Su‐Su , Xu Xiao‐Qiong , Tao Chun‐Rong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder marked by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. Stress‐level glucocorticoids are correlated with dementia progression in patients with AD. In this study, 12‐month male mice were chronically treated with stress‐level dexamethasone (DEX, 5 mg/kg) and extract of Astragalus (EA, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1, 6.5 mg/kg) for 21 days. We investigated the protective effect of EA against DEX injury in mice and its action mechanism. Our results indicate that DEX can induce learning and memory impairments and neuronal cell apoptosis. The mRNA levels of caspase‐3 are selectively increased after DEX administration. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrate that caspase‐3 and cytochrome c in hippocampus (CA1, CA3) and neocortex are significantly increased. Furthermore, DEX treatment increased the activity of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. Treatment groups with EA (20 and 40 mg/kg) or Rg1 (6.5 mg/kg) significantly improve learning and memory, downregulate the mRNA level of caspase‐3, decrease expression of caspase‐3 and cytochrome c in hippocampus (CA1, CA3) and neocortex, and inhibit activity of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. The present findings highlight a possible mechanism by which stress level of DEX accelerates learning and memory impairments and increases neuronal apoptosis and the potential neuronal protection of EA. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early Fetal Development of the Human Cochlea
Authors: Kim Ji Hyun , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Verdugo‐López Samuel , Cho Kwang Ho , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe cochlear scalas are differentiated from a single tube with a lining by the tall epithelium, that is, the cochlear duct. However, we have no information about the mechanism involved in the formation of the scalas. We evaluated histological sections taken from 20 fetuses: eight each at 8–9 weeks [early stage; 28–45 mm crown–rump length (CRL)] and 11–12 weeks (middle stage; 52–74 mm CRL), and four at 14–15 weeks (late stage; 90–110 mm CRL) of gestation. In four of eight early‐stage and in all eight middle‐stage specimens, we observed irregular perilymphatic spaces and their fusion; these spaces tended to be larger in the future scala tympani than in the future scala vestibuli. The cochlear duct epithelium was positive for cytokeratin 19 in contrast to the other parts of the cochlea. The tectorial membrane appeared in two of eight middle‐stage and all four late‐stage specimens. After 16 weeks, mesothelial lining of the scala may follow the development of aquaporin‐positive thin blood vessels along the scala wall. Notably, gap formation of the cochlear duct epithelium at a site facing the scala tympani consistently occurred before the development of S100 protein‐negative organ of Corti. This gap is likely to correspond to a site occupied finally by Hensen's cells. All these steps likely started in the basal coil and extended to the apical side of the cochlea. These findings suggest that leakage through the epithelial gap of endolymph, with a high concentration of potassium ions, causes mesenchymal cell death, leading to the coalescence of vacuoles containing low potassium perilymph. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Ultrastructural Analysis of Mitochondria in the CA1 and CA3 Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells Following Global Ischemia in Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Radenovic Lidija , Korenic Andrej , Maleeva Galyna , Osadchenko Iryna , Kovalenko Tatyana , Skibo Galyna 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPost‐ischemic injury of the hippocampus unrolls at different levels and has both functional and structural implications. The deficiency in neuron energy metabolism is an initiating factor. We performed transmission electron microscopic (TEM) comparative analysis of mitochondria in excitatory spine synapses in CA1 stratum radiatum and CA3 hippocampal areas after 5 min of global cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils, 4 and 7 days after reperfusion. Electron microscopy and unbiased morphometric methods were used to evaluate synaptic plasticity, and the number and size of mitochondria in synaptic terminals. We compared the morphological organization of mitochondria in presynaptic terminals between CA1 and CA3 areas in control and post‐ischemic condition according to the following morphometric parameters: mitochondrial volume fraction, mitochondrial frequency in CA1 and CA3 terminals, mean number of mitochondria per presynaptic terminal, frequency of damaged mitochondria in terminals, and density of presynaptic terminals. Our ultrastructural study revealed statistically significant differences in morphometric parameters between CA1 and CA3 areas in control conditions, as well as in post‐ischemic conditions. Also, we found temporal differences in measured parameters obtained 4 and 7 days after reperfusion. This study showed significant morphological differences in the organization of mitochondria in excitatory spine synapses between CA1 and CA3 areas, which corresponded with already known differences in functionality and sensitivity to the ischemic insult. Our conclusion is that revealed post‐ischemic changes in mitochondrial distribution in presynaptic CA1 and CA3 terminals could be an indicator of hippocampal metabolic dysfunction and synaptic plasticity. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Morphological Analysis on the Osteocytic Lacunar Canalicular System in Bone Surrounding Dental Implants
Authors: Haga Maiko , Nozawa‐Inoue Kayoko , Li Minqi , Oda Kimimitsu , Yoshie Sumio , Amizuka Norio , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOsseointegration is the most preferable interface of dental implants and newly formed bone. However, the cavity preparation for dental implants often gives rise to empty lacunae or pyknotic osteocytes in bone surrounding the dental implant. This study aimed to examine the chronological alternation of osteocytes in the bone surrounding the titanium implants using a rat model. The distribution of the osteocytic lacunar canalicular system (OLCS) in bone around the titanium implants was examined by silver impregnation according to Bodian's staining. We also performed double staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), as well as immunohistochemistry for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23—a regulator for the serum concentration of phosphorus—and sclerostin, which has been shown to inhibit osteoblastic activities. Newly formed bone and the injured bone at the early stage exhibited an irregularly distributed OLCS and a few osteocytes positive for sclerostin or FGF23, therefore indicating immature bone. Osteocytes in the surrounding bone from Day 20 to Month 2 came to reveal an intense immunoreactivity for sclerostin. Later on, the physiological bone remodeling gradually replaced such immature bone into a compact profile bearing a regularly arranged OLCS. As the bone was remodeled, FGF23 immunoreactivity became more intense, but sclerostin became less so in the well‐arranged OLCS. In summary, it seems likely that OLCS in the bone surrounding the dental implants is damaged by cavity formation, but later gradually recovers as bone remodeling takes place, ultimately inducing mature bone. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of Nitrergic Neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Bombardi Cristiano , Cozzi Bruno , Nenzi Alice , Mazzariol Sandro , Grandis Annamaria 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDorsal root ganglia (DRGs) contain the cell bodies of primary afferent neurons that transmit sensory information from the periphery into the spinal cord. Distinct populations of DRG neurons have been characterized by a variety of different immunohistochemical markers. A subpopulation of ganglionic neurons containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme known to generate nitric oxide, has been detected in a number of mammalian species. Despite previous studies, no information is known on the presence and exact distribution of nNOS‐immunoreactive neurons in the DRGs of the bottlenose dolphin. In this investigation, immunoperoxidase for nNOS was used to determine the distribution and the perikaryal size of nitrergic neurons in the DRGs of this species. Double immunofluorescence protocol was used to determine the percentage of nNOS‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons over the total primary afferent neurons. In addition, double immunostaining was used to verify whether there was colocalization of nNOS with substance P (SP). In all DRGs, a subpopulation of small‐ and medium‐sized neurons (about 9%) exhibited nNOS immunoreactivity. Data analysis revealed that the majority of nNOS‐IR neurons (81.3%) expressed SP. The density of nNOS‐immunoreactive and nNOS/SP‐double immunopositive cells was relatively constant throughout the ganglia. However, as observed in others mammals, the number of nitrergic neurons decreased in the caudalmost DRGs. Our results, in conjunction with previous observations, suggest that nNOS‐IR neurons may be involved in the afferent transmission of visceral and nociceptive information as well as in the regulation of the vascular tone. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.