bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Management
Authors: Hood Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Though authors vary in the detailed definitions of the term “public management” that they offer, most of the standard definitions of public management amount to some variant on “the study and practice of design and operation of arrangements for the provision of public services and executive government,” while management itself is conventionally defined as the direction of resources or human effort towards the achievement of desired goals. And it is often observed that organization—and the willingness to be organized—is as important, if not more so, as money and other resources for the effective conduct of warfare, welfare, and many other kinds of public activity. So if the design and operation of public projects, services, and organizations forms the heart of public management, the subject might seem straightforward.
Networks and Inter-Organizational Management
Authors: Klijn Erik-Hans 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides a brief overview of the literature on networks and looks at what it has to tell us about policy processes and public management. In essence the literature on networks and inter-organizational relations challenges some existing aspects of public management that are taken for granted. It stresses the interdependency of various organizations in realizing policy initiatives, it challenges the central position of public actors in decision making and implementation processes and it challenges the way policy processes are managed and evaluated. This article tries to explain the growth in popularity of the network concept. It provides an overview of the findings that two decades of network research have delivered. It also devotes attention to the main concepts that are used in network research. It focuses on networks as prescriptive theory and discusses the role of public manager in this perspective and the available strategies.
Virtual Organizations
Authors: Margetts Helen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article investigates the various visions of virtuality which have been applied to public organizations over the past decade, discerning three ways in which we might expect organizations to become more virtual. It then examines the evidence to assess the extent to which organizations have experienced “virtualization.” Although the evidence does not appear to justify the wildest claims of some commentators, there is no doubt that two key trends in public management discussed elsewhere in this volume—e-government and new public management—are bringing virtuality in various guises. The final part of the article looks into the future, at the potential for these trends (and the relationship between them) for bringing further virtualization.
The Theory of the Audit Explosion
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article revisits the main elements of the theory of the audit explosion, critically addressing the extent to which its claims have relevance beyond the UK context. The argument begins with the traditional model of auditing, against which the transformations implied by the audit explosion theory can be evaluated. This is followed by a broad, and no doubt familiar, account of the public management reforms which have, in some countries and in some domains, been strongly associated with an audit explosion. Third, an explicit comparison between the UK and the USA is made and its implications for the theory are considered. The second half of the article shifts to the critical focus of the theory of the audit explosion. First, the significance of auditable systems of control for the expansion of audit processes is emphasized. Second, a variety of adverse consequences of the audit explosion are addressed. The article concludes with a series of reflections on the normative issues at stake in the design of auditing and inspection practices if the worst excesses of the audit explosion are to be avoided.
Decentralization
Authors: Pollitt Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For the last quarter century or so, decentralization has been virtually unassailable. Almost everyone has been in favor of it, from the centralized French to the already decentralized Germans; from the majoritarian British to the consensual Danes and Dutch, and so on. The aim of this article is to probe and problematize the concept of “decentralization.” More specifically, it takes note of the long history of decentralization; explores the concept, and identify its various meanings; considers the (often unspoken) alternative—”centralization”; and reviews (necessarily superficially) some of the evidence concerning the practice of decentralization.
Evaluation and Public Management
Authors: Dahler-Larsen Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The term “evaluation” encompasses a rich and dynamic set of approaches some of which are interesting counterpoints to the idea of a “happy marriage” between evaluation and new public management. The dual relation between evaluation and public management is reflected both in the content and in the design of this article. This article moves between the two, showing where they are in alignment, and where they are not. The first part of the article describes the evaluation wave, which has hit most western countries during the last decade or two. It shows that different explanations of the current interest in evaluation are possible, and that each type of explanation leads to different views on evaluation and different expectations about its promises and pitfalls. Next, it presents different approaches to evaluation. With the risk of unduly reducing the complexity of the field, the article argues that goal-oriented evaluation, theory-based evaluation, and responsive/participatory approaches to evaluation are useful labels to identify significant and often competing schools of thought in evaluation.
Change and Continuity in the Continental Tradition of Public Management
Authors: Proeller Isabella , Schedler Kuno 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to characterize French and German public administration and management, outline their specific reform trajectories, and indicate the influence both systems have had abroad. It begins by highlighting some characteristic traditions of the German and French systems. This is followed by an overview of important reform trajectories in each country, which highlights factors that have shaped the national administrative systems. The final section focuses on the influence of Germany and France on foreign public administrations.
Afterword
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Lynn Laurence E. , Pollitt Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Afterword provides some final thoughts, which it states will not remain final. It is more realistic to explore in very general terms what this mass of material tells us about the current coordinates of the field. What do the efforts of the anay in this title show about the view or views which academic public management takes of itself? The Afterword asks the following questions: What are the boundaries of “public?” What are the boundaries of management?” What are the appropriate epistemological frameworks or paradigms within which the work of this field should be carried forward? What particular disciplines and theories are in play? And how do scholars in the field handle the distinction between the descriptive, the prescriptive, and the normative dimensions of their work?
The History of the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Wilkins Mira 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the vast literature focusing on the historical evolution of multinational businesses. A broad consensus prevails among most students of the history of multinational enterprise that the modern multinational dates from the mid or late nineteenth century — that it is in fact a post-industrial revolution phenomenon. Only with steamships, railroads, and cables was it possible for managers to exercise control over business operations across borders in a meaningful manner. Transportation and communication revolutions were prerequisites for the existence of effective coordination within an individual firm. Over the years, however, this consensus has been challenged. Indeed, for decades it has been recognized that certain aspects of the modern multinational enterprise have had a long history. The research on pre-industrial age multinational enterprise adds new insights into the nature and history of this most important organization.
The Key Literature on IB Activities: 1960–2006
Authors: Dunning John H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In considering the origin, form, and global spread of the value-added activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) over the past four and a half decades, this article traces the main thrust and content of two influential strands of literature. The two strands are closely interrelated. The first examines the development of scholarly thinking on the determinants of the ownership, sectoral pattern, and geographical scope of MNE activity. The second identifies, and where possible evaluates the significance of the main changes in the external technological, economic, and political environment that, in part at least, have helped fashion these determinants. In reviewing both literatures, and the interface between them, the article considers three main time periods, viz. the 1960s to the mid 1970s, the mid 1970s to the late 1980s, and the late 1980s to the early 2000s.
Multinational Enterprises and Public Policy
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews and integrates representative literature on the exceptionally broad topic of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and public policy. It considers the literature on MNEs and public policy as it has emerged since 1970 and makes projections ahead to the relevance of this literature for the year 2020, which is the target date for the members of the Asian-Pacific Economic Community (APEC) to realize full trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization. Such liberalization has already been implemented in the European Union, and has been started in NAFTA and Mercosur. Three approaches to analysis of MNEs and public policy can be adopted. First is a ‘normative’ approach; second is a ‘behavioural’ approach to public policy; and third is a resource-based approach to the firm. This third approach, adopted in this article, provides insight into the managerial aspects of the firm-level strategy process.
Strategy and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Tallman Stephen , Yip George S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article uses a strategic analysis framework to examine the key strategic issues facing multinational enterprises (MNEs). While much of the discussion of international business has to do with the external conditions of international markets and industries, and much of the discussion of MNEs addresses their organizational structures and systems, it is believed that a distinct role exists for multinational strategy. Using an explicitly strategic perspective is meant to emphasize this position. Within this overall framework, the article discusses strategic considerations of the multinational enterprise specifically and ties different approaches to international strategic analysis back to standard strategy tools.
Strategy and Management In MNE Subsidiaries
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , Pedersen Torben 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to review the large and growing literature on MNE subsidiaries, and to offer some perspectives on how it may evolve in the future. There is clearly some overlap between the content of this article — notably those concerned with the strategy and structure of the MNE as a whole, and the article about alliances and joint ventures in MNEs. What makes this article distinctive is its focus on the wholly-owned subsidiary company as the primary unit of analysis (where the subsidiary is defined as a value-adding activity outside the MNE's home country). The research reviewed here typically is concerned with the activities and/or responsibilities of the subsidiary company, and how the subsidiary company relates to other entities inside and outside the MNE. And from an applied perspective, it is typically directed towards the agenda of subsidiary managers.
Strategic Alliances
Authors: Inkpen Andrew C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Over the past several decades there has been an enormous increase in the formation of international strategic alliances and in the research efforts devoted to understanding alliances. This article analyses the major issues and research questions in the international strategic alliance area. Although the objective is to be as comprehensive as possible, the volume of research in this field is so large that various areas can be discussed only peripherally. The article begins with a brief overview of alliances forms and then moves on to consider alliance formation and governance structures, alliance performance, control issues, bargaining power, the role of trust, evolutionary processes, and alliance networks. Within each section, key research areas and questions are identified and the major supporting research and associated findings are discussed.
Culture and Human Resources Management
Authors: Graham John L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources. Culture influences how blue- and white-collar workers respond to pay and non- pay incentives, how international firms are organized, the success of multinational work teams, and even how executives compose and implement business strategies. This article is organized as follows: First, the central notion of culture is defined including discussion of its dimensions and measurement. Next, culture's influences on interpersonal behaviours and negotiation styles are presented. Third, human resources policies are outlined that take into account cultural differences in employee groups. The final section focuses on culture's impact on managers' and policymakers' strategic thinking.
Taxes, Transfer Pricing, and The Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Eden Lorraine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor more than ten years now, transfer pricing has been the top international taxation issue faced by multinational enterprises (MNEs). This article aims to outline, for the reader, the complex issue of transfer pricing, as seen by MNE managers and by governments faced with the daunting task of taxing business profits. The article is organized as follows. First, it briefly discusses transfer pricing from the MNE's perspective and the problems that this raises for national governments. It then reviews the basic rules of international taxation as they apply to MNE profits. The specific rules and procedures that apply to transfer pricing, as practiced in the United States and recommended by the OECD, are then outlined. It concludes with a discussion of unresolved problems that are likely to plague transfer pricing over the next few years.
Political Risk and Country Risk in International Business
Authors: Luo Yadong 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Assessing international business risk is critical to every multinational enterprise (MNE) when it plans to invest overseas. Such risk assessment has grown in importance as more firms' overall success relies upon their risk-adjusted net returns in foreign operations. Unexpected political events (e.g. terrorism) and abrupt changes in regulatory schemes reinforce the necessity of risk assessment in international business. Continuous opening up of emerging economies provides MNEs with many new opportunities but at the same time solidifies international business risk. The importance of political risk creates demand for its assessment. The various ways to measure the risk can be roughly classified into two categories: (1) qualitative approaches and (2) quantitative techniques that result in political risk indices.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Susan , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For most organizations, human resource costs continue to be the single largest operating cost, accounting for between 50 and 80 percent of annual expenditure. Whilst the debate as to the most effective way to measure human capital continues to capture the interest of both academics and practitioners, there is a shared belief that individual employee performance contributes to organizational outcomes. Consequently, achieving optional performance from individual employees is of paramount importance to the development and performance of any organization. The field of Personnel Psychology is broadly concerned with the study of individual differences and their consequences for the organization. It is about providing a comprehensive understanding of a range of factors that influence and enhance individual performance. The purpose of this volume is to bring together the contributions of leading international scholars within the field to present state-of-the-art reviews on topical and emergent issues, constructs, and research in personnel psychology.
Job Analysis and Competency Modeling
Authors: Voskuijl Olga F. , Evers Arne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
It has been argued that job analysis is not relevant to the changing world of work; some authors find it is outdated or are of the opinion that it could even be declared dead. Competency modeling is often seen as the solution to the problem; the term is fashionable and probably more marketable, but of course there is more to it than that. This article focuses on the role of “conventional” job or work analysis, and discusses the differences between these approaches to the analysis of work and competency modeling. It describes the characteristics of job analysis and some well-known instruments and methods of job analysis. The article presents a variety of approaches to competency modeling. It also contrasts and integrates job analysis and competency modeling. Finally, the article summarizes the consequences of past developments in work for job analysis.
The Effective Interview
Authors: Blackman Melinda 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The face of the employment interview has been gradually transforming over the past fifty years with the culmination of new research, theory, and practices. Now more than ever, researchers and human resource professionals are demanding interview formats that accurately and reliably predict a plethora of criteria in addition to the job candidate's skill set. No longer is the implementation of the traditional structured interview format sufficient for screening applicants. The effective interview is on its way to being transformed into a multifaceted instrument that aims to surpass the predictive precision of standardized selection tests. This article outlines the impetus of research, theory, and practice that spurred on the interview's transformation and the long-term payoff which employers are receiving from the changes. It gives a glimpse of where the employment interview is headed in the upcoming decade and the factors that make today's employment interview so effective.
Current Theory and Practice of Assessment Centers: The Importance of Trait Activation
Authors: Lievens Filip , De Koster Liesbet , Schollaert Eveline 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Assessment centers have always had a strong link with practise. This link is so strong that the theoretical basis of the workings of an assessment center is sometimes questioned. This article posits that trait activation theory might be fruitfully used to explain how job-relevant candidate behavior is elicited and rated in assessment centers. Trait activation theory is a recent theory that focuses on the person–situation interaction to explain behavior based on responses to trait-relevant cues found in situations. These observable responses serve as the basis for behavioral ratings on dimensions used in a variety of assessments such as performance appraisal and interviews, but in also assessment centers. The article starts by explaining the basic tenets behind the assessment center method and trait activation theory. It shows how trait activation theory might have key implications for current and future assessment center research. The article also provides various directions for future assessment center studies.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of On‐line Testing
Authors: Bartram Dave 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPsychological testing probably touches more people more often than any other application of psychology. On-line testing has made tests more available and more accessible. This article considers the impact the development of the Web has had on employment testing. Its main focus is on the impact the use of remote forms of assessment has had on practice and on the development of new ways of managing the risks associated with assessment “at a distance,” especially in high-stakes situations. The use of the internet for assessment raises many other issues, such as the impact of remote assessment on applicant reactions, implications for the design of robust systems, the use of complex test forms, and on-line simulations, to name but a few.
Models and Methods for Evaluating Reliability and Validity
Authors: Murphy Kevin R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Tests and structured assessments are used to make inferences and decisions about individuals and groups. In personnel selection, these can range from assessments of the knowledge, skills, and abilities thought to be necessary for successful job performance to evaluations of current and past job performance. This article discusses assessments that range from paper-and-pencil tests of work-related abilities and skills to the measures based on the judgments of an interviewer or a supervisor. Many of the principles of psychometrics were first developed in the context of multi-item written tests of abilities or other enduring characteristics of individuals. In this article, the descriptions of the main models and methods of psychometrics are often framed in terms of specific characteristics of these tests (e.g., the use of multiple test items, in which all items are designed to measure the same characteristic of individuals).
Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies
Authors: Lewis Suzan , Roper Ian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the social and psychological cases for gender equity and for policies and practices to support the integration of work and non-work life. As the implementation of flexible working arrangements (FWAs) is influenced by public policy provisions, it considers the regulatory background from a European/UK perspective before going on to consider the types of “work–life” policies or FWAs introduced in organizations. Furthermore, the article discusses the impact and effectiveness of these policies and residual barriers to their success. Such outcomes include wellbeing and perceived organizational justice, as well as organizational learning and other organizational issues. The article finally demonstrates the interrelationships between individual and workplace outcomes, emphasizing the limitations of policy alone and the importance of implementation and practice.