bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problem of criminal statistical casuistry of the category of "extremist crimes" based on examples of qualitative and quantitative analysis of their indicators.
Authors: Komarov Anton Anatolevich 
Published: May 2024

The subject of the study consists of separate statistical indicators of extremist crimes in their relationship with the formal definition of the list of such acts in Russian legislation. Special attention is paid to various approaches to explaining the phenomenon of extremism by sciences other than criminology; the content of criminal law signs of the phenomenon under consideration; analysis of the place of extremist crimes in the structure of modern Russian crime; the problem of forming objective criminal statistics due to the adoption of novelties of administrative and criminal legislation; issues of registration discipline of this group of criminal encroachments and the latency of illegal acts. The purpose of the presented work is to put forward and verify the hypothesis of the presence of specific statistically significant dependencies in the registration of the phenomenon of criminal extremism and to analyze the impact of the completeness of the data obtained in this way on the conclusions of criminological science. Methodologically, in our theoretical judgments, we relied on the universal method of dialectical materialism. Private methods consisted in using methods of statistical grouping of data, correlation analysis. The scientific novelty of the work carried out consists in the fact that we explained the reasons (origins) of the use of the criminal statistical approach in the formulation of the definition of extremism (extremist activity) by the legislator in 2002. By analyzing various approaches to understanding extremism from other sciences, the inconsistency of other formulations of the concept was determined. From a dialectical-materialistic point of view, a hypothesis has been put forward that criminal extremism belongs exclusively to political crime. They pointed to the limited volume of recorded crimes from the point of view of the "law of large numbers" as one of the main applied shortcomings that arise when analyzing indicators in modern criminological research. They justified the absence of a linear correlation between "prejudicial" administrative offenses and the corresponding extremist elements of crimes, pointing out, however, that the relationship of states between them persists at three analyzed stages. In the conclusions, we pointed out the key problems of the formation of modern criminal statistics in terms of the formation of our objective ideas about the state of the phenomenon of criminal extremism.
Relationship between the Profile of Agricultural Students and their Career Aspiration about Prospects of Agripreneurship
Authors: J Jayasudha , Naik R. M. , Chaudhary Kalpesh L. 
Published: May 2024

Career aspiration refers to a long-term professional aim or goal that a person sets for themselves in their chosen career or profession.
Aims: To ascertain the relationship between the profile of students and their career aspiration about prospects of agripreneurship.
Study Design: Expost facto research design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was taken at four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat. August 2023 – March 2024.
Methodology: The study was conducted among the students from the agriculture faculty in four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat which are Navsari Agricultural University, Junagadh Agricultural University, Anand Agricultural University and Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. The respondents were M.Sc. (Agri.), Ph.D. (Agri.) and final year B.Sc. (Agri.) students from the main campus of each university. Expost facto research design was used. By simple random sampling technique, 25 students from each degree from four universities were selected. Thus, the total sample is 300. By interview method, responses were collected using an interview schedule. The relationship between the independent and dependent variable were analysed using statistical tools such as correlation and stepwise regression.
Results: The variables such as age, source of information, risk taking ability, achievement orientation, leadership ability, critical thinking, self-confidence and innovativeness were significantly correlated with the level of career aspiration about prospects of agripreneurship at 1 per cent level of significance. The variables such as the source of information, achievement orientation, critical thinking, innovativeness and age were accounting influences and 41.00 per cent variation in career aspiration of the students.
Conclusion: Hence, these variables should be taken care and need to improve for the change in career aspiration.
Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauwofia vomitera Leaves (MERVL) Using In-vivo Based Assays
Authors: Celestine Ugwu Obiora , Jacinta Ukpabi-Ugo Chigozie , Lilian Asadu Chidinma , Jude Ali Ibeabuchi , Keneolisa Asogwa Felix , Walter Ugodi Gerald , Emmanuel Obasi Uchenna , Gloria Ogbonna Chidera , Kingsley Nwokedi Chukwuebuka , Assumpta Anosike Chioma 
Published: May 2024

Background of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders.
Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays.
Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method.
Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021.
Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 ± 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 ± 11.43) and Tannin (1466 ± 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 ± 4.21) Glycoside (315 ± 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 ± 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 ± 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 ± 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively.
Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.
Impact of Educational Intervention on Knowledge, Attitude & Practice About Pharmacovigilance in Nursing Students in A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gosavi Punam A , Kalikar Mrunalini V , Mahakalkar Sunil M , Pawar Sneha P , Bansod Suchi , Nama Piyush 
Published: May 2024

Background: It is crucial for healthcare professionals to know how to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs). To improve reporting rates, it is essential to improve knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals regarding Pharmacovigilance (PV) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) reporting. According to previous studies, there has been a lack of knowledge in nursing students regarding Pharmacovigilance (PV) and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Hence, this study was planned to assess the impact of educational intervention on nursing students' knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacovigilance at a tertiary care teaching hospital in India.
Materials and Methods: This was an interventional study conducted among 93 BSc nursing students at a tertiary care teaching hospital, India. Each participant was explained the purpose of study and asked to fill in a questionnaire about their knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance. The post-KAP questionnaire was re-circulated among participants at the end of the intervention and data was analyzed using Chi square test.
Results: The study involved 93 BSc nursing students aged 21.52 ± 1.11 years, with a male to female ratio of 1:2. All statistical calculations were performed using Graph Pad prism v10.1.0. Results showed significant differences in understanding pharmacovigilance between pre-intervention and post-intervention, and a significant change in attitudes towards pharmacovigilance due to the educational intervention. A statistically greater proportion of students learned about Pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting forms.
Conclusion: The Continuing Medical Education (CME) and group discussions significantly enhanced the knowledge and attitude of nursing students regarding pharmacovigilance.
Impact of Organic and Natural Farming Practices on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Joha Rice
Authors: Dutta Saurav Kumar , Sarma Hridesh Harsha , Saud Ranjit Kumar , Konwar Milon Jyoti , Gogoi Bhabesh , Mahanta Supahi , Pathak Kalyan 
Published: May 2024

Aims: The aim of the experiment was to study the impact of organic and natural farming practices on the growth, yield attributes and yield of Bokul Joha variety of rice
Study Design: The experiment was laid in a randomized block design with three replications.
Place and Duration of Study: Assam Agricultural University-Assam Rice Research Institute, Titabar, Assam, India, during the kharif season of 2022-2023
Methodology: The number of treatments used were eight in total including control which were T1 [Absolute control], T2 [(Natural farming, Beejamrit as root dip treatment (3%) (100 L ha-1) + Jeevamrit as spray (3%) (100 L ha-1) + Ghanajeevamrit as soil treatment at 100 kg (Jeevamrit and Ghanajeevamrit at 30, 60 and 90 DAT)], T3 [(Enriched compost (5 tha-1) + Biofertilizer (Azospirillum, PSB as seedling root dip) (4 kg ha-1)], T4 [Enriched compost (5 t ha-1)], T5 [Vermicompost (5 t ha-1)], T6 [Enriched compost (2.5 t ha-1) + Vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1)], T7 [Fresh azolla as dual crop (400 kg ha-1) + Biofertilizers (Azospirillum, PSB and KSB mix as seedling root dip) (4 kgha-1)] and T8 [Vermicompost (1 tha-1), mixed inocula of Azospirillum amazonense A-10 and Bacillus megaterium P-5 (4 kg ha-1), rock phosphate (10 kg P2O5 ha-1)]. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design with three replications. Where T= Treatment, PSB = Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, KSB=Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria, DAT = Days After Transplanting and NF=Natural Farming.
Results: Plants that were noticeably taller were observed with treatment T8: application of vermicompost (1 tha-1), mixed inocula of Azospirillum amazonense A-10 and Bacillus megaterium P-5 (4 kg ha-1), rock phosphate (10 kg P2O5) i.e., at 45 DAT (81.78 cm),90 DAT (128.15 cm) and at harvest (145.71 cm). The same treatment recorded the highest no. of tillers 45 DAT (8.31m-2), at 90 DAT (13.79 m-2) and at harvest (10.40 m-2). Also, dry weight was noted to be highest for the same treatment, at 45 DAT (29.34 g plant-1), 90 DAT (79.11 g plant-1) and at harvest (92.29 g plant-1). Additionally, the same treatment resulted in highest grain (34.62 qha-1) and straw (70.30 q ha-1) yield.
Conclusion: Combined application of vermicompost (1 t/ha) along with inocula of Azospirillum amazonense A-10 and Bacillus megaterium P-5 (4kg/ha) and rock phosphate (10 kg P2O5) can be used as a suitable treatment for attaining higher growth, yield attributes and yield in Bokul Joha variety of rice.
Aldol Reaction ‐ Heterogeneous
Authors: Cosimo Isabel Di 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This article deals with the heterogeneously catalyzed aldol condensation reactions. The convenience of heterogeneous operation compared to the traditional homogeneous processes is first discussed from the environmental point of view. The effect of the operating conditions such as liquid‐ or gas‐phase reactions, use of metallic, acidic, or basic catalysts, and high or low temperature on the reaction selectivity is also presented. The base‐catalyzed aldol condensation mechanism is thoroughly discussed. Several examples of carbonyl and carbonyl–derived compounds synthesized by aldol‐like reactions such as Knoevenagel, Claisen–Schmidt, and Michael condensations on basic catalysts are presented as well as the catalytic systems useful in the synthesis of solvents, pharmaceuticals, and other fine chemicals. Finally, the less known acid‐catalyzed pathway is presented, and examples of acidic catalysts are reported.
Ammoxidation
Authors: Brazdil James F. , Toft Mark A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAmmoxidation catalysis is the selective catalytic oxidation of a hydrocarbon molecule in the presence of ammonia that incorporates a nitrile (CN) functionality into the molecule. It is closely related chemically and catalytically to selective catalytic oxidation of a hydrocarbon molecule to an aldehyde or carboxylic acid. Virtually, all organic molecules that can undergo selective oxidation to an aldehyde or carboxylic acid can also be oxidized to the corresponding nitrile molecule by the appropriate catalyst in the presence of ammonia. This chapter describes the breadth of ammoxidation catalyst chemistry that encompasses the transformation of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic molecules, and oxygenated substrates. In addition to describing the range of known ammoxidation reaction chemistry, details of the surface mechanism of selective ammoxidation are presented. Specific relationships between the reaction mechanism and the surface and bulk structures of known ammoxidation catalysts are discussed including the most commercially important application of ammoxidation catalysis, selective ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile.
Asymmetric Catalysis — Industrial
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Pugin, Benoît , Studer Martin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article describes the state of the art for the application of enantioselective chemocatalysts for the industrial production of enantiomerically enriched chiral fine chemicals. Enantioselective processes using chemical, chiral catalysts that have been and/or are presently used for the commercial manufacture are covered. The application of biocatalytic systems such as enzymes or whole cells is excluded. In addition, information on piloted processes not (yet) used in actual production is included as well. Since it is notoriously difficult to get precise information on industrial processes, many references relate to rather informal sources such asC&EN, proceedings of commercial meetings, and personal communications.After a short introduction to the world of chirality and enantioselective catalysis, the most important production technologies for enantiopure chiral molecules are described. Relevant requirements and strategies for the application of enantioselective catalysis in fine chemicals production are discussed to show which factors determine whether a catalytic method can be applied successfully or not. Next, an overview is given of today's major industrial players in the field of enantioselective catalysis. Finally, processes applied to the regular production as well as important piloted processes are described in some detail.
Auto Exhaust Catalysis
Authors: Heck Ronald M. , Frrauto Robert J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA brief history and current review of the use of monolithic catalysts used to abate carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen emissions from gasoline‐fueled internal combustion engines using‐three way catalytic converters is presented. Abatement of gaseous and particulate matter (soot) from diesel‐fueled internal combustion engines using diesel oxidation catalysts, catalysts for the selective reduction of NOx, and soot removal using wall flow filters is presented.
Carbohydrases
Authors: Brumer Harry 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe enzymes that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of oligo‐ and polysaccharides are among the most important in the biosphere, because of the key role they play in the global carbon cycle. Thanks to a long and rich history of scientific study, the catalytic mechanisms of the glycoside hydrolases and transglycosylases are generally well understood in terms of enzyme‐substrate interactions and transition state structure. Recent structure‐function studies of polysaccharide lyases have also begun to unravel the secrets of catalysis in these distinct classes of carbohydrate‐active enzymes. Built upon a firm understanding of enzyme structure and mechanism, an impressive number of technological applications highlight the prowess of these biological catalysts.
Cobalt Enzymes/Models
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVitamin B12and its coenzyme forms are prominent cobalt‐containing cofactors and part of the larger class of the natural tetrapyrrolic metal complexes. Such cobalt corrinoids are an important component of human nutrition, and many (other) forms of life also depend upon them. Cobalt‐containing corrinoid cofactors play basic roles in carbon fixation and energy metabolism in anaerobes, as well as in the carbon metabolism in a broad range of lower organisms. Microorganisms developed unique B12biosynthetic means and, indeed, are the only natural sources of the B12derivatives. Other organisms have evolved intricate strategies for the uptake and transport of the corrinoids.The cofactor functions of cobalt corrinoids are a result of their extraordinary organometallic chemistry under physiological conditions and their redox chemistry. Coenzyme B12(a reversible source of a free radical), methylcobalamin (a versatile methylating agent), and reduced (supernucleophilic or radicaloid) corrinoids are cofactors in a range of enzymes. These enzymes channel the specific reactivity of B12cofactors into biological catalysis of unique reactions, involving radicals and organometallic intermediates. B12‐dependent enzymes thus pose still puzzling structural and mechanistic questions, as does the recently discovered interaction of B12cofactors with RNA.
Esterification ‐ Biological
Authors: Lortie Robert 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

The biochemical reactions leading to ester synthesis in living organisms are very difficult to use
in vitro
. However, esters can be obtained through other enzyme‐catalyzed reactions. In condensation reactions, or reverse hydrolysis, alcohol and acid molecules react to form the ester. In transesterification, existing esters are modified to produce new esters. The enzymes used for these reactions are various hydrolases: esterases, lipases, and proteases, lipases being the most useful. To minimize the hydrolysis of the produced esters, these reactions are often performed in low water environments, such as organic solvents, using solid or immobilized enzymes. These conditions have an impact on the catalytic activity of enzymes.

Enzyme‐catalyzed esterification is very selective and performed in mild conditions, compared to chemical esterification. It can be applied to the modification of oils and fats, the production of chemicals such as nonionic surfactants, flavors, and fragrances, the production of chiral molecules, and the modification of natural compounds.
Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis ‐ Industrial
Authors: Dry Mark E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe presently operating Fischer–Tropsch (FT) plants, as well as those under construction and those being planned, are summarized. As long as the price of crude oil remains above about US$50 per barrel, the FT process is economically viable. The advantages and disadvantages of the various types of FT reactors currently used are discussed. For economic reasons only, variously promoted and/or supported Co‐ and Fe‐based catalysts are used. The many apparently different FT kinetic equations that have been published do in fact appear to be effectively similar. The various factors that control the FT product selectivity, the catalyst activity and deactivation, are temperature, gas composition, operating pressure, catalyst type, and catalyst promotion. By suitably combining the appropriate FT catalyst, FT reactor type, operating conditions, and downstream product workup processes, the amount of high quality gasoline, or diesel fuel, or linear α‐alkenes can be maximized to suite the demands of the market.
Hydrosilylation
Authors: Marciniec Bogdan , Maciejewski Hieronim , Pietraszuk Cezary , Pawluc Piotr , Gulinski Jacek 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe article provides a comprehensive account of the research on synthetic and catalytic aspects of hydrosilylation. Reactions proceeding in the presence of nucleophilic‐electrophilic catalysts, metals and immobilized metals as well as radical initiators are described. However, particular attention is paid to processes catalysed by transition metal complexes. For these catalytic systems, mechanistic pathways and development of efficient and selective catalytic systems are more comprehensively discussed. Possible applications of hydrosilylation of multiple carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bonds in organic and asymmetric synthesis are presented. The article summarizes applications of the hydrosilylation processes in polymer and material chemistry including their contribution in polysiloxane curing, synthesis of new hybrid materials, dendrimers and functionalized molecular and macromolecular organosilicon derivatives.
Phosphatases
Authors: Hengge Alvan C. , Chu Yuan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate monoester, or, in other words, the phosphoryl transfer from an ester substrate to water. Some phosphatases, utilizing a binuclear metal center, accomplish this reaction in a single step. Others, some of which also utilize two‐metal ion catalysis and some of which do not, first form a phosphoenzyme intermediate, which is hydrolyzed by attack of water in a second step. Protein‐tyrosine phosphatases utilize a conserved cysteine residue and form a phosphocysteine intermediate. Alkaline phosphatases utilize two zinc ions and form a phosphoserine intermediate. The protein serine/threonine phosphatases and the purple acid phosphatases have a dinuclear metal center and catalyze the direct transfer of the phosphoryl group to a metal‐coordinated hydroxide. A number of phosphatases have been found capable of catalyzing other hydrolysis reactions, such as those of sulfate esters, or of phosphate and phosphonate diesters. Such so‐called promiscuous activities arise from the ability of the enzymes to stabilize a trigonal bipyramidal transition state, which is common to the reaction of its native substrate as well as the alternate substrates.