bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Modernism: British Literature at Midcentury
Authors: Davis Thomas S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis essay examines the relatively new field of late modernist studies. It gives an overview of the development of late modernism as a literary historical category during the debates over postmodernism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. From there, the essay surveys recent efforts in modernist studies to conceptualize and historicize late modernism with greater precision. Attention then shifts to a range of modernist activity in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Each of these sections serves a double function: first, they offer close readings of late modernist texts that detail how modernism endured and transformed in relation to historical pressures; second, they plot these readings alongside recent critical work that is reshaping how we understand the political and aesthetic dimensions of late modernist writing. The conclusion addresses the promises and risks of the study of late modernism.
Effectiveness of a condom use educational program developed on the basis of the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills model
Authors: KUDO Yoshiko 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim:  To assess a condom use educational program developed using the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills (IMB) model to enable Japanese young people to use condoms.Methods:  The program was implemented in two sessions of approximately 90 min each over a 2 day period. The participants underwent the program in small same‐sex groups. The study participants were divided into the intervention group (n = 94) and the control group (n = 186). Knowledge relating to HIV/sexually‐transmitted diseases (STDs), attitudes towards contraception and sex, the risk perceptions of pregnancy and HIV/STD infection, anticipated reaction to proposed condom use, self‐efficacy of condom use, and sexual behaviors were assessed. Data were obtained at baseline, immediately after the program, and 1 and 3 months after the program or baseline survey.Results:  Intervention group participants with experience of sexual intercourse (n = 14) had significantly higher scores for knowledge relating to HIV/STDs, self‐efficacy of condom use, and relief/confusion associated with condom use than the control group (n = 13) at the 1 and 3 month surveys. Intervention group participants with no experience of sexual intercourse (n = 14) had significantly higher scores for knowledge relating to HIV/STDs and self‐efficacy of condom use, and significantly lower scores for condom avoidance, than the control group (n = 116). Condom use behavior was not changed in either group.Conclusion:  The program used in this study did not promote condom use, but it increased knowledge relating to HIV/STDs and self‐efficacy of condom use and reduced resistance to condom use.
Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: A qualitative study
Authors: BEHBOODI‐MOGHADAM Zahra , SALSALI Mahvash , EFTEKHAR‐ARDABILY Hasan , VAISMORADI Mojtaba , RAMEZANZADEH Fatemeh 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of Iranian infertile women regarding infertility.Methods:  A qualitative design, based on a content analysis approach, was used to reach this study aim. After employing purposive sampling to choose 10 women who were seeking infertility treatment at a referral center in Tehran, Iran, semi‐structured interviews were carried out to gather data.Results:  During the data analysis, four main themes emerged including “abuse”, “marital instability”, “social isolation”, and “loss of self‐ esteem”.Conclusion:  Infertility influences both the psychological and social well‐being of women. Improving the knowledge of healthcare professionals especially nurses about the complications of infertility and its related cultural–contextual factors are crucial in order to provide high quality care to infertile women.
Traditional neonatal care practices in Turkey
Authors: ALPARSLAN Özgür , DEMİREL Yeltekin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim:  The research was conducted as a descriptive and cross‐sectional study in order to identify the traditional neonatal care practices applied by women in the 15–49 year age range.Methods:  The research sample comprised 263 married mothers aged 15–49 years living in the seven health center regions in Sivas city center and agreeing to participate in the study between 7 March 2008 and 30 April 2008. In data collection, a questionnaire form devised by the researchers on the basis of expert opinion was used. The data collected were assessed by computer by means of percentage analysis and χ2‐tests.Results:  The traditional neonatal care practices for treatment of jaundice, rash, thrush, earache, swelling in the baby's chest (milk accumulation), falling of the umbilical cord, umbilical infection, eye crust, nail cut, and temperature were examined. The most frequently conducted traditional practices were identified as rubbing swollen nipples, “making the forties” (bathing the mother and neonate in a special ritual on the 40th day postpartum), salting, using holluk (sand‐filled nappy), and swaddling the baby. It was found that the mothers with low levels of education applied traditional practices like swaddling, salting, holluk, and making the forties more frequently (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  According to the study findings, mothers practiced traditional applications at least once during neonatal care. It was observed that the lower the mother's educational level, the more frequent the traditional practices were applied. For this reason, neonatal healthcare services should be delivered by midwives/nurses or other healthcare workers.
Effects of Impurity Iron Content on Characteristics of Sintered Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitride
Authors: Kusano Dai , Noda Yamato , Shibasaki Hitomi , Hyuga Hideki , Zhou You , Hirao Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2012

The effects of impurity iron content on characteristics of sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitrides were examined by adding iron powder to a high purity raw Si powder. Powder compacts of the raw Si powder doped with 2 mol% Y2O3 and 5 mol% MgSiN2 as sintering additives and Fe as impurity (0 mass%, 0.1 mass%, 1.0 mass% and 5.0 mass%) were nitrided at 1400°C for 8 h under a N2 pressure of 0.1 MPa, followed by post‐sintering at 1900°C for 6 h under a N2 pressure of 0.9 MPa. All the SRBSN (Sintered Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitride) specimens had about the same 4‐point bending strength of 730–770 MPa. The fracture toughness of the specimens was gradually decreased with increasing Fe additive amount due to the inhibition of development of rodlike β‐Si3N4 grains by SiFex particles formed during nitridation process. The thermal conductivity was also decreased with an increase in Fe amount. It seems that the increasing oxygen in grain‐boundary phase caused by the oxidation of Fe during milling resulted in the increase in lattice oxygen of β‐Si3N4 grains, which caused phonon scattering and thereby decreased thermal conductivity of β‐Si3N4. There was little change in the dielectric breakdown strength of the specimens: 24, 22, 22, and 21 kV/mm for the specimens without Fe, and with 0.1 mass%, 1.0 mass% and 5.0 mass% Fe, respectively. The surface resistivity of the specimens with 0 mass%, 0.1 mass% and 1.0 mass% Fe was in the range of 1013 Ω, but the specimen with 5 mass% Fe was about one order lower than the others.
Political Pressure: An Examination of U.S. Senators’ Actions in Restricting Canadian Softwood Lumber Imports
Authors: Godwin Joseph , Zhang Daowei 
Published: April 2012

Over the past 30 years the U.S.–Canadian softwood lumber trade dispute has resulted in three managed trade agreements that have not been voted on in the U.S. Congress. Nevertheless, U.S. Senators have played an important role in shaping the political environment that has nurtured these agreements. In this paper we construct a lumber influence index based on 14 known events between 2001 and 2006 and analyze what factors influenced a senator's decision to publically call for restricting Canadian lumber imports and to adopt the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Our results show that the size of the wood products manufacturing industry in a state, campaign contributions, logrolling, and ideology played a significant role and that interest group politics is prevalent in this dispute.Au cours des 30 dernières années, le différend commercial entre le Canada et les États‐Unis au sujet du bois d’œuvre résineux s’est soldé par trois accords de commerce administré qui n’ont pas été mis au vote du Congrès des États‐Unis. Néanmoins, les sénateurs américains ont joué un rôle important dans le façonnement du climat politique dans lequel ces accords ont été préparés. Dans le présent article, nous avons mis au point un indice de l’influence fondé sur 14 événements connus qui se sont déroulés entre 2001 et 2006, et nous avons analysé les facteurs qui ont influencé un sénateur à préconiser publiquement des restrictions sur les importations de bois d’œuvre canadien et à adopter l’Accord sur le bois d’œuvre résineux en 2006. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que la taille de l’industrie de la fabrication des produits en bois dans un État, les contributions aux campagnes, les alliances politiques dans un but intéressé et l’idéologie ont joué un rôle considérable et que l’influence des groupes d’intérêt a été un facteur apparent dans ce différend.
High Mortality Rate of Infectious Diseases in Dialysis Patients: A Comparison With the General Population in Japan
Authors: Wakasugi Minako , Kawamura Kazuko , Yamamoto Suguru , Kazama Junichiro James , Narita Ichiei 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInfectious disease is the second leading cause of death among dialysis patients, and it is generally assumed that the mortality rate of infectious disease is considerably higher in dialysis patients than in the general population. There are no comprehensive studies on this issue and on the contribution of each category of infectious disease to excess mortality in dialysis patients in Japan. We used mortality data reported to the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy and national Vital Statistics data for 2008 and 2009. We calculated standardized mortality ratios and compared the mortality rates for each category of infectious disease. During the 2‐year study period, 274 683 and 10 435 deaths from infectious diseases were recorded in 126 million people and 273 237 dialysis patients, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio for all infectious diseases was 7.5 (95% confidence interval, 7.3–7.6) in dialysis patients with respect to the general population in Japan. The categories of infectious disease with a significantly higher standardized mortality ratio among the dialysis patients were sepsis, peritonitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and pneumonia and in that order. In particular, the mortality rate of sepsis contributed to 69.5% of the difference in infectious disease mortality between dialysis patients and the general population. This study underlines markedly increased mortality from infectious diseases, particularly from sepsis, in dialysis patients compared with the general population.
An evaluation of the Wellington Regional Genuine Progress Index
Authors: Packard Aaron , Chapman Ralph 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThere is widespread discontent with the gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of progress for society. Alternative measures have been proposed, including the genuine progress indicator (GPI). This paper examines the changing institutional arrangements and attitudinal context in the recently developed Wellington region (New Zealand) GPI. We found an alignment between the GPI framework and the Local Government Act. Despite this fit, we identified challenges, including the need to revitalise public participation through deliberative techniques. It remains too early to judge whether the GPI initiative will launch a viable alternative to the GDP for the Wellington region.
Red deer in New Zealand: Game animal, economic resource or environmental pest?
Authors: Figgins Guil , Holland Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe 150‐year history of red deer in New Zealand reflects changing relations between people and introduced animals and has involved recreational, environmental and commercial hunting. Hunters initially pursued red deer for recreation then for environmental control before the animals were subsumed into society's economic processes. After 1930, they were regarded as environmental pests and hunting was open to all. Commercial hunting started after World War II, when economic value redefined the relationship between red deer and people. Relations between people and red deer continued to evolve as New Zealanders generated progressively more refined understandings of nature and the place of introduced species in this country's diverse environments.
Freshwater geographies: Experimenting with knowing and doing geography differently
Authors: Blue Brendon , Gregory Claire , McFarlane Kiely , Tadaki Marc , van Limburg‐Meijer Petra , Lewis Nick 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe fair and effective governance of freshwater is an increasingly prominent issue in New Zealand. Emerging from a complex of cultural, economic and biophysical narratives, freshwater geographies are multiple, varied and increasingly acknowledged as worthy of interdisciplinary scrutiny. In this commentary, we reflect on a series of generative spaces that we – as group of postgraduate geographers (plus supporting staff) – created to engage with the multiplicity of freshwater meanings both within and beyond the academy. Through this evolving epistemic‐political project, we significantly reframed our own understandings about what freshwater ‘is’ and how it ought to be governed. By pursuing a deeper understanding of how the world gets made, we expand our ability to know and make it differently.
Central vagal activation by alpha2‐adrenergic stimulation is impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Kawada T. , Akiyama T. , Shimizu S. , Kamiya A. , Uemura K. , Sata Y. , Shirai M. , Sugimachi M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimTo elucidate the abnormality of vagal control in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by measuring left ventricular myocardial interstitial acetylcholine (ACh) release in response to α2‐adrenergic stimulation as an index of in vivo vagal nerve activity.MethodsA cardiac microdialysis technique was applied to the rat left ventricle in vivo, and the effect of α2‐adrenergic stimulation by medetomidine or electrical vagal nerve stimulation on myocardial interstitial ACh levels was examined in normotensive Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR under anaesthetized conditions.ResultsIntravenous medetomidine (0.1 mg kg−1) significantly increased the ACh levels in WKY (from 2.4 ± 0.6 to 4.2 ± 1.3 nmol L−1, P < 0.05, n = 7) but not in SHR (from 2.5 ± 0.7 to 2.7 ± 0.7 nmol L−1, n = 7). In contrast, electrical vagal nerve stimulation increased the ACh levels in both WKY (from 1.0 ± 0.4 to 2.9 ± 0.9 nmol L−1, P < 0.001, n = 6) and SHR (from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 2.2 ± 0.4 nmol L−1, P < 0.001, n = 6). Intravenous administration of medetomidine (0.1 mg kg−1) did not affect the vagal nerve stimulation–induced ACh release in either WKY or SHR.ConclusionMedetomidine‐induced central vagal activation was impaired in SHR, whereas peripheral vagal control of ACh release was preserved. In addition to abnormal sympathetic control, vagal control by the central nervous system may be impaired in SHR.
Medetomidine immobilisation and atipamezole reversal in large estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using metabolically scaled dosages
Authors: Olsson A , Phalen D 
Published: April 2012

Background  Restraint of large estuarine crocodiles is potentially dangerous. Neuromuscular blockers and other immobilising drugs have been used with variable results. Medetomidine has been reported as a reliable, repeatable and reversible immobilisation agent in small estuarine crocodilians.Methods and Results  Two wild and two farmed male animals, between 3.05 and 4.6 m long, were hand‐injected into a triceps muscle with a metabolically scaled medetomidine dosage. Immobilisation occurred within 30 min. At the conclusion of the procedures, 70 min after medetomidine administration, three animals were injected with atipamezole IM into the opposite triceps muscle at a dosage based on body surface area. Reversal occurred within 5 min. The fourth animal was intubated prior to reversal of medetomidine and maintained on isoflurane anaesthesia for a gastrotomy. All animals were monitored closely post recovery and then regularly for at least 1 week.Conclusions  Medetomidine at a metabolically scaled dosage delivered IM into the forelimb was effective for immobilising large estuarine crocodiles for at least 40 min. Atipamezole administered at a dosage calculated as a function of surface area effectively reversed this immobilisation.
Monitoring Microcirculation Changes in Port Wine Stains During Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy by Laser Speckle Imaging
Authors: Qiu Haixia , Zhou Yang , Gu Ying , Ang Qing , Zhao ShiYong , Wang Ying , Zeng Jing , Huang Naiyan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study was conducted to test laser speckle perfusion imaging (LSPI) for imaging microcirculation and monitoring microcirculatory changes of port wine stains (PWS) during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (V‐PDT). Before and 5 min after V‐PDT, PWS lesions and the corresponding contralateral healthy skins of 24 PWS patients were scanned, whereas seven PWS patients were scanned throughout V‐PDT. V‐PDT was conducted immediately after intravenous injection of photocarcinorin (4–5 mg kg−1). A 532 nm laser was used for irradiation (power density: 80–100 mW cm−2, exposure time: 20–50 min). Before V‐PDT, all 24 PWS patients demonstrated a significant difference in perfusion between the PWS lesion and the contralateral healthy control skin (1132 ± 724 and 619 ± 478 PU, respectively, P < 0.01). Five minutes after V‐PDT, the mean perfusion value of the 24 PWS lesions was 1246 ± 754 PU. There was no significant difference compared to the perfusion before V‐PDT (P > 0.05). During V‐PDT, the perfusion of seven PWS patients increased rapidly after initiation of V‐PDT, reached a maximum within 10 min, lasted for several minutes, and slowly returned to a relatively lower level at the end of V‐PDT. On the basis of these results, LSPI is capable of imaging PWS microvasculature and monitoring microvascular reactivity to V‐PDT.
Do Demanding Conditions Help or Hurt Self‐Regulation?
Authors: Koole Sander L. , Jostmann Nils B. , Baumann Nicola 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough everyday life is often demanding, it remains unclear how demanding conditions impact self‐regulation. Some theories suggest that demanding conditions impair self‐regulation, by undermining autonomy, interfering with skilled performance and working memory, and depleting energy resources. Other theories, however, suggest that demanding conditions improve self‐regulation by mobilizing super‐ordinate control processes. The present article integrates both kinds of theories by proposing that the self‐regulatory impact of demanding conditions depends on how people adapt to such conditions. When people are action‐oriented, demanding conditions may lead to improved self‐regulation. When people are state‐oriented, demanding conditions may lead to impaired self‐regulation. Consistent with this idea, action versus state orientation strongly moderates the influence of demands on self‐regulatory performance. The impact of demanding conditions on self‐regulation is thus not fixed, but modifiable by psychological processes.
The Influence of Affective States on Cognitive Broadening/Narrowing: Considering the Importance of Motivational Intensity
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Price Tom F. , Gable Philip A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDecades of research suggested that positive affective states broaden cognitive processes, whereas negative affective states narrow cognitive processes. More recent research suggests, however, that these conclusions may be premature. These past experiments often compared positive affects low in motivational intensity with negative affects high in motivational intensity. These past experiments, therefore, may have confounded affective valence with motivational intensity. Recent evidence suggests that motivational intensity rather than affective valence influences cognitive broadening/narrowing. That is, affective states of low motivational intensity (e.g., sadness, postgoal positive affect) broaden cognition, whereas affective states of high motivational intensity (e.g., disgust, pregoal positive affect) narrow cognition. We posit that narrowing occurs during affective states of high motivational intensity to aid organisms in acquiring desirable objects or avoiding aversive ones. In contrast, broadening occurs during affective states of low motivational intensity to open organisms to new opportunities.
Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practice
Authors: Armitage Derek , de Loë Rob , Plummer Ryan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGovernments are no longer the most important source of decision making in the environmental field. Instead, new actors are playing critical decision‐making roles, and new mechanisms and forums for decision making are becoming important (e.g., in some contexts regulation is being supplemented or replaced by markets and cooperative arrangements). New ways of governing in relation to the environment have important implications for the practice of conservation. Greater awareness of key ideas and concepts of environmental governance can help conservation managers and scientists participate more effectively in governance processes. Understanding how conservation practice is influenced by emergent hybrid and network governance arrangements is particularly important. This short review explores key environmental governance concepts relevant to the practice of conservation, with specific reference to institutional fit and scale; adaptiveness, flexibility and learning; the coproduction of knowledge from diverse sources; the emergence of new actors and their roles in governance; and changing expectations about accountability and legitimacy. Case‐based examples highlight key directions in environmental governance.