bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence: an emerging disorder
Authors: Kanayama Gen , Brower Kirk J. , Wood Ruth I. , Hudson James I. , Pope Jr Harrison G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used illicitly to gain muscle and lose body fat. Here we review the accumulating human and animal evidence showing that AAS may cause a distinct dependence syndrome, often associated with adverse psychiatric and medical effects.Method We present an illustrative case of AAS dependence, followed by a summary of the human and animal literature on this topic, based on publications known to us or obtained by searching the PubMed database.Results About 30% of AAS users appear to develop a dependence syndrome, characterized by chronic AAS use despite adverse effects on physical, psychosocial or occupational functioning. AAS dependence shares many features with classical drug dependence. For example, hamsters will self‐administer AAS, even to the point of death, and both humans and animals exhibit a well‐documented AAS withdrawal syndrome, mediated by neuroendocrine and cortical neurotransmitter systems. AAS dependence may particularly involve opioidergic mechanisms. However, AAS differ from classical drugs in that they produce little immediate reward of acute intoxication, but instead a delayed effect of muscle gains. Thus standard diagnostic criteria for substance dependence, usually crafted for acutely intoxicating drugs, must be adapted slightly for cumulatively acting drugs such as AAS.Conclusions AAS dependence is a valid diagnostic entity, and probably a growing public health problem. AAS dependence may share brain mechanisms with other forms of substance dependence, especially opioid dependence. Future studies are needed to characterize AAS dependence more clearly, identify risk factors for this syndrome and develop treatment strategies.
Determinants of successful chronic hepatitis C case finding among patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in a primary care setting
Authors: Senn Oliver , Seidenberg André , Rosemann Thomas 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims  Injection drug users are at high risk for chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC). Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) offers a unique opportunity to screen for CHC. This study proposed the hypothesis that a general practitioner (GP) with special interest in addiction medicine can achieve CHC screening rates comparable to specialized centres and aimed to investigate determinants for a successful CHC case finding in a primary care setting.Design and participants  Retrospective medical record analysis of 387 patients who received opioid maintenance therapy between 1 January 2002 and 31 May 2008 in a general practice in Zurich, Switzerland.Measurements  Successful CHC assessment was defined as performance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology with consecutive polymerase chain reaction‐based RNA and genotype recordings. The association between screening success and patient characteristics was assessed using multiple logistic regression.Findings  Median (interquartile range) age and duration of OMT of the 387 (268 males) patients was 38.5 (33.6–44.5) years and 34 (11.3–68.0) months, respectively. Fourteen patients (3.6%) denied HCV testing and informed consent about screening was missing in 13 patients (3.4%). In 327 of 360 patients (90.8%) with informed consent a successful CHC assessment has been performed. Screening for HCV antibodies was positive in 136 cases (41.6%) and in 86 of them (63.2%) a CHC was present. The duration of OMT was an independent determinant of a successful CHC assessment.Conclusions  In addicted patients a high CHC assessment rate in a primary care setting in Switzerland is feasible and opioid substitution provides an optimal framework.
Interferon‐γ and pulmonary macrophages contribute to the mechanisms underlying prolonged airway hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Yang M. , Kumar R. K. , Foster P. S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthmatics includes a variable component that persists following an allergen challenge. This may be dissociated from inflammatory cell recruitment, implying a role for resident pulmonary cells in regulating the response.Objective
Using improved methods of assessing AHR in a mouse model of allergic airway disease, to investigate the basis of the development of prolonged AHR.Method
BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized and then challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA). Airway and tissue responsiveness were measured at baseline and at 1 day, and 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the last OVA challenge. Inflammatory cell numbers in BALF and levels of mRNA for eotaxin‐1 and ‐2, IFN‐γ, IL‐5 and ‐13 in the lung were measured at each time‐point. In further experiments, the roles of IFN‐γ and of CCR3+ and CD4+ cells in the development of prolonged AHR were assessed by blockade or depletion with monoclonal antibodies. The role of pulmonary macrophages was assessed by selective chemical depletion of these cells.Results
Airway responsiveness was increased above baseline at 1 day after the last OVA challenge, and this was sustained for 1 week. In contrast, tissue‐specific responsiveness was only significantly increased above baseline at 1 day. Development of prolonged AHR was inhibited by neutralization of IFN‐γ or by depletion of pulmonary macrophages, but not by depletion of either CD4+ T cells or CCR3+ eosinophils.Conclusion
An interaction between IFN‐γ and pulmonary macrophages contributed to the prolongation of airway hyperresponsiveness. In contrast, T cells and eosinophils did not contribute to prolongation of AHR. These findings emphasize the importance of the innate host response in the development of manifestations of asthma, as well as its potential relevance as a target for therapeutic intervention. Cite this as: M. Yang, R. K. Kumar and P. S. Foster, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 163–173.
Origin of the pantropical and nutriceutical Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae): comments on its distribution range and circumscription
Authors: Razafimandimbison Sylvain G. , McDowell Timothy D. , Halford David A. , Bremer Birgitta 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  Morinda citrifolia L., commercially known as noni or the Indian mulberry plant, is morphologically variable and the only widely distributed member of the pantropical genus Morinda sensu stricto (Rubiaceae). This large distribution has been attributed partly to the ability of the seeds of the large‐fruited M. citrifolia L. var. citrifolia L. to be transported by oceanic drifting. This form of M. citrifolia var. citrifolia has been predicted to be the progenitor colonizer of the island endemic Morinda species. Using a phylogenetic approach and large sampling of the widespread, large‐fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia, we assessed the potential area of origin of M. citrifolia and tested the hypothesis that the large‐fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is an ancestral colonizer.Location  Tropics.Methods  We performed Bayesian analyses of 22 species of the tribe Morindeae (including 11 individuals of the three currently recognized varieties of M. citrifolia) based on combined nrETS, nrITS, rps16 and trnT–F sequence data. Geographic origins of the studied taxa were mapped onto the Bayesian majority rule consensus tree.Results  Nine sequenced individuals of M. citrifolia from diverse geographic locations formed a highly supported clade, which was sister to the Australo‐Micronesian clade that included M. bracteata var. celebica and M. latibracteata. These sister clades are part of the broader Asian, arborescent Morinda clade. We found no support for the current varietal classification of M. citrifolia.Main conclusions  Our analyses suggest a Micronesian origin of M. citrifolia. This implies that the large‐fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia might well have been present in the Pacific before the arrival of the Micronesian and Polynesian ancestors from Southeast Asia. The wide distribution of this form of M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is attributed partly to the trans‐oceanic dispersal of its buoyant seeds, self‐pollination and its ability to produce flowers and fruits year‐round. The hypothesis that the widespread, large‐fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is the progenitor colonizer of the island endemic Morinda species is inconsistent with its derived position within the Asian, arborescent Morinda clade and with the fact that the nine sampled individuals of M. citrifolia form a clade.
A multilocus study of pine grosbeak phylogeography supports the pattern of greater intercontinental divergence in Holarctic boreal forest birds than in birds inhabiting other high‐latitude habitats
Authors: Drovetski Sergei V. , Zink Robert M. , Ericson Per G. P. , Fadeev Igor V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim Boreal forest bird species appear to be divided into lineages endemic to each northern continent, in contrast to Holarctic species living in open habitats. For example, the three‐toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) and the winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) have divergent Nearctic and Palaearctic mitochondrial DNA clades. Furthermore, in these species, the next closest relative of the Nearctic/Palaearctic sister lineages is the Nearctic clade, suggesting that the Palaearctic may have been colonized from the Nearctic. The aim of this study is to test this pattern of intercontinental divergence and colonization in another Holarctic boreal forest resident – the pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator).Location The Holarctic.Methods We sequenced the mitochondrial ND2 gene andZ‐specific intron 9 of the ACO1 gene for 74 pine grosbeaks collected across the Holarctic. The sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeographical history of this species using maximum likelihood analysis.Results We discovered two distinct mitochondrial andZ‐specific lineages in the Nearctic and one in the Palaearctic. The two Nearctic mtDNA lineages, one in the northern boreal forest and one in south‐western mountain forest, were more closely related to each other than either was to the Palaearctic clade. Two Nearctic Z‐chromosome clades were sympatric in the boreal and south‐western mountain forests. Unlike the topology of the mtDNA tree, the relationship among the Z‐chromosome clades was the same as in the three‐toed woodpecker and winter wren [Nearctic (Nearctic, Palaearctic)]. The Palaearctic Z‐chromosome clade had much lower genetic diversity and a single‐peak mismatch distribution with a mean < 25% of that for either Nearctic region, both of which had ragged mismatch distributions.Main conclusions Our data suggest that, similar to the other boreal forest species, the pine grosbeak has divergent lineages in each northern continent and could have colonized the Palaearctic from the Nearctic. Compared with many Holarctic birds inhabiting open habitats, boreal forest species appear to be more differentiated, possibly because the boreal forests of the Nearctic and Palaearctic have been isolated since the Pliocene (3.5 Ma).
Patterns in marine hydrozoan richness and biogeography around southern Africa: implications of life cycle strategy
Authors: Gibbons Mark J. , Buecher Emmanuel , Thibault‐Botha Delphine , Helm Rebecca R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  To examine patterns of marine hydrozoan richness around southern Africa and to test the hypothesis that patterns of biogeography become weaker with increasing dispersal ability.Location  The coastline of southern Africa from 21° S, 14° E to 28° S, 33° E, extending from the intertidal zone seawards a distance of 200 nautical miles.Methods  Published and unpublished information on the distribution of marine Hydrozoa was entered as presence/absence data onto a gridded coastline of the region. A similarity matrix between the species composition of grid squares was constructed using the Bray–Curtis index and visualized using non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordinations. Separate analyses were conducted, and compared, on the three major life cycle groupings: holoplanktic, meroplanktic and benthic.Results  Over 450 species of marine Hydrozoa have been reported from the region, and species richness increases eastwards, in a manner at odds with the distribution of sampling effort. There was a significant correlation between the geographic structures of the resemblance matrices generated for the three life cycle groupings. In other words, all three groups showed similar patterns of biogeography around the region, and these were broadly similar to those reported by others. However, there were differences between them that reflect the resolution at which the data were examined. At a level of 40% similarity, there was no biogeographic structure to the holoplanktic fauna, the meroplanktic taxa were simply sub‐divided into cool‐ and warm‐temperate/subtropical elements, and in the case of benthic taxa, the cool‐water fauna was further split into a southern Namaqua and a depauperate northern Namib component. Even at a resolution of 70% similarity, the holopelagic taxa could be separated only into cool‐temperate and warm‐temperate/subtropical faunas.Main conclusions  Holoplanktic taxa show comparatively less biogeographic structure than meroplanktic taxa, which in turn show less clearly defined biogeographic structure than benthic taxa. It is suggested that this is related to the interaction between oceanography and dispersive‐stage duration. The role that the Agulhas Current plays in influencing the Benguela Current fauna is highlighted. This study has implications for conservation planning exercises based on protecting representative biotopes in different biogeographic regions.
Characterizing voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy
Authors: SANGWAN V.K. , BALLAROTTO V.W. , SIEGRIST K. , WILLIAMS E.D. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryA non‐destructive technique for obtaining voltage contrast information with photoelectron emission microscopy is described. Samples consisting of electrically isolated metal lines were used to quantify voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy. The voltage contrast behaviour is characterized by comparing measured voltage contrast with calculated voltage contrast from two electrostatic models. Measured voltage contrast was found to agree closely with the calculated voltage contrast, demonstrating that voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy can be used to probe local voltage information in microelectronic devices in a non‐intrusive fashion.
Phylogeography and ecological niche modelling implicate coastal refugia and trans‐alpine dispersal of a New Zealand fungus beetle
Authors: MARSKE KATHARINE A. , LESCHEN RICHARD A. B. , BARKER GARY M. , BUCKLEY THOMAS R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) severely restricted forest ecosystems on New Zealand’s South Island, but the extent of LGM distribution for forest species is still poorly understood. We used mitochondrial DNA phylogeography (COI) and ecological niche modelling (ENM) to identify LGM refugia for the mycophagous beetle Agyrtodes labralis (Leiodidae), a forest edge species widely distributed in the South Island. Both the phylogenetic analyses and the ENM indicate that A. labralis refuged in Kaikoura, Nelson, and along much of the South Island’s west coast. Phylogeography of this species indicates that recolonization of the largely deforested east and southeast South Island occurred in a west–east direction, with populations moving through the Southern Alps, and that the northern refugia participated little in interglacial population expansion. This contradicts published studies of other New Zealand species, in which recolonization occurs in a north–south fashion from many of the same refugia.
Early molecular responses of coral larvae to hyperthermal stress
Authors: RODRIGUEZ‐LANETTY MAURICIO , HARII SAKI , HOEGH‐GULDBERG OVE 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMost of the work on the impact of elevated temperature and light onSymbiodinium‐invertebrate symbioses have focused primarily on how the photosynthetic (algal) partner is impacted. Understanding how the same stresses affect the invertebrate host, however, is in its infancy. In this study, we re‐examined the direct effect of elevated temperatures on the invertebrate host exploring the early transcriptional response of aposymbiotic (without algal symbionts) coral larvae. The temperatures tested in the experimental design were 24 °C (ambient seawater temperature), 28 °C and 31 °C; and the sampling points were 3 and 10 h after temperature exposure. We explored relative changes in transcription using a cDNA microarray constructed for the scleractinian coral,Acropora millepora, and containing 18 142 expressed sequence tag (EST) clones/8386 unigenes. Our study identified 29 genes that were significantly up‐ and down‐regulated whenA. milleporacoral larvae were exposed to elevated temperatures. Down‐regulation of several key components of DNA/RNA metabolism was detected implying inhibition of general cellular processes. The down‐regulation of protein synthesis, however, was not simple and random, which suggested that the stress response was a more complicated adjustment of cellular metabolism. We identified four significant outcomes during the very early hours of the transcriptional response to hyperthermal stress in coral larvae. First, the expression of heat‐shock proteins increased rapidly (within 3 h) in response to hyperthermal stress. Second, a fluorescent protein homologue, DsRed‐type FP, decreased its expression in response to elevated temperature reinforcing a potential role as a molecular marker for monitoring hyperthermal stress in nature. Third, the down‐regulation of a coral mannose‐binding C‐type lectin under elevated temperature suggests that heat stress might compromise some components of the coral immune defence and therefore might bring about susceptibility to pathogenic diseases. And last, genes involved in protecting cells against oxidative stress showed little response at the early hours to heat stress, supporting the proposal that up‐regulation of cnidarian host oxidative stress genes may require reactive oxygen species generated by stressed algal symbionts.
Contrasting genetic structures of two parasitic nematodes, determined on the basis of neutral microsatellite markers and selected anthelmintic resistance markers
Authors: SILVESTRE A. , SAUVE C. , CORTET J. , CABARET J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor the first time, the neutral genetic relatedness of natural populations of Trichostrongylid nematodes was investigated in relation to polymorphism of the β‐tubulin gene, which is selected for anthelminthic treatments. The aim of the study was to assess the contribution of several evolutionary processes: migration and genetic drift by neutral genetic markers and selection by anthelminthic treatments on the presence of resistance alleles at β‐tubulin. We studied two nematode species (Teladorsagia circumcinctaandHaemonchus contortus) common in temperate climatic zones; these species are characterized by contrasting life history traits. We studied 10 isolated populations of goat nematode parasites: no infected adult goat had been exchanged after the herds were established. Beta‐tubulin polymorphism was similar in these two species. One and two β‐tubulin alleles fromT. circumcinctaandH. contortusrespectively were shared by several populations. Most of the β‐tubulin alleles were ‘private’ alleles. No recombination between alleles was detected in BZ‐resistant alleles fromT. circumcinctaandH. contortus. TheT. circumcinctapopulations have not diverged much since their isolation (FST<0.08), whereasH. contortusdisplayed marked local genetic differentiation (FSTranging from 0.08 to 0.18). These findings suggest that there are severe bottlenecks in theH. contortuspopulations, possibly because of their reduced abundance during unfavourable periods and their high reproductive rate, which allows the species to persist even after severe population reduction. Overall, the data reported contradict the hypothesis of the origin of β‐tubulin resistance alleles in these populations from a single mutational event, but two other hypotheses (recurrent mutation generating new alleles in isolated populations and the introduction of existing alleles) emerge as equally likely.
Experimental and numerical assessment of fracture toughness of dual‐phase austempered ductile iron
Authors: BASSO A. , MARTÍNEZ R. , CISILINO A. P. , SIKORA J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of the microstructure topology on the fracture toughness of dual‐phase austempered ductile iron are studied in this paper by means of finite element modelling and experimental testing. To this end, specimens with matrix microstructures ranging from fully ferrite to fully ausferrite were studied and the preferential zones and phases for crack propagation were identified in every case. The effectiveness of the ausferrite phase as a reinforcement of the ferritic matrix via the encapsulation of the brittle and weak last‐to‐freeze (LTF) zones was confirmed. The toughening mechanism is consequence of the increment in the crack path longitude as it avoids the encapsulated LTF zones. Besides, the presence of small pools of allotriomorphic ferrite increase the crack propagation resistance of the ausferrite‐ferrite matrices.
What Makes a Paper Influential and Frequently Cited?
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: November 2009

abstractSocial trends that raised the value of esoteric expertise, stimulated the creation of knowledge‐intensive firms and so created an opportunity to study some organizations that academics had overlooked. A lack of presuppositions, a useful research method, and thoughtful experts in these firms helped to uncover some surprising behaviours. The resulting paper attracted citations and may have stimulated research about knowledge as a business resource and a managerial challenge. However, the topic continues to pose questions for further research.