bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPLEMENTARY ROLES? NGO–GOVERNMENT RELATIONS FOR COMMUNITY‐BASED SANITATION IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Sansom Kevin 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYNon‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and local governments differ in their ways of working and are subjected to very different conditioning factors. However, some NGOs engaged in community‐based sanitation are increasingly collaborating effectively with the local governments in South Asia. NGOs considered in this article have taken advantage of a more conducive environment to develop some well‐designed community‐based sanitation programmes in low‐income areas, in conjunction with the local government. Some NGOs have also participated in the development of government policies related to sanitation that have enabled the replication of their approaches. In making the transition from distrust between NGOs and local governments to working towards common ends, NGOs have demonstrated their comparative advantages and focused on developing productive relationships with both the local government and the communities in which they work. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FACTORS AFFECTING STATE–NON‐GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION RELATIONS IN SERVICE PROVISION: KEY THEMES FROM THE LITERATURE
Authors: Mcloughlin Claire 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYCollaboration between the state and the non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the provision of basic services is increasingly advocated in developing countries, yet there has been relatively little empirical research into the factors affecting the dynamics of these relationships. Much of the literature characterises state–NGO collaboration as fraught with inherent tensions, failing to live up to policy expectations and having negative implications for the non‐state sector's autonomy and identity. However, these effects are likely to be contingent on a range of structural ‘conditioning’ factors, including the history and institutional context of the relationship, the nature of the organisations themselves and the way the relationship is formally and informally organised. Recent research also recognises that actors can deploy a range of strategies to determine their room for manoeuvre and influence. The effects of the relationship on the actors' autonomy and identity and the balance of power that emerges between them may not therefore be straightforward, suggesting a need for more systematic research in this regard. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEGOTIATING COLLABORATION IN PAKISTAN: EXPERTISE, NETWORKS AND COMMUNITY EMBEDDEDNESS
Authors: Bano Masooda 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYDespite growing emphasis within development policy on forging partnerships for development, very few development programmes designed to promote collaborative arrangements between state agencies and non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) to ensure the efficient service delivery of basic services to the poor succeed. Examining three cases of state–NGO collaboration in Pakistan, this article identified two NGO‐related factors as critical in helping create demand for their services within state agencies: (i) technical expertise and (ii) strong social and political networks. This article showed that attempts at collaboration are more likely to succeed if NGOs offer technically sound solutions to ensure efficient service delivery and have strong political and professional networks within the relevant state agencies to promote these solutions. Community‐embeddedness of the NGO can further help turn instances of collaboration into long‐term partnerships. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANALYSING COLLABORATION BETWEEN NON‐GOVERNMENTAL SERVICE PROVIDERS AND GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Batley Richard , Rose Pauline 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis article introduces a special issue on relations between governments and non‐government organisations (NGOs) that collaborate in improving public service provision in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. NGOs are the focus because, although they are far from being the main non‐state service provider, they are the sector most likely to enter into collaboration with governments. However, such collaboration is often thought to lead to the loss of NGO autonomy and capacity for independent public action. This article analyses the factors that have led to the growth of NGO service provision and to the call for their partnership with the government. It then describes the theoretical approach and the research framework on which the special issue is based. The approach considers the institutional and organisational constraints to which NGOs subject themselves by entering into relations with governments and also their capacity for ‘strategic choice’ in the exercise of influence. Lastly, the article summarises the contributions to this special issue and relates them to the wider literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonic characterization of phase morphology of high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 blend melts
Authors: Wang Shan , Lin Congmei , Sun Huimin , Chen Fan , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyamide 6 (PA6) blend melts with a droplet‐matrix microstructure were investigated using ultrasonic diagnosis system. The blend composition, as well as the particle size of the dispersed PA6 phase controlled by adding various amounts of the reactive compatibilizer HDPE grafted with maleic anhydride (HDPE‐g‐MAH), was, respectively, correlated with the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation. The results showed that ultrasonic velocity was insensitive to the particle size but varied linearly with the blend composition. However, the decrease of ultrasonic attenuation with the increasing content of HDPE‐g‐MAH suggested that the attenuation depended greatly on the particle size. Further investigations revealed that there was a good linear relationship between the excess attenuation and the size of the dispersed phase. Our results present that ultrasonic technique may be served as a promising technique for exploring phase morphology of polymer blends during processing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Flammability of layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites combined with low‐melting inorganic ceepree glass
Authors: Wu Guang Mei , Schartel Bernhard , Kleemeier Malte , Hartwig Andreas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTetraphenylphosphonium modified layered silicate epoxy nanocomposite (EP/TPPMMT) combined with low‐melting silicate glass, Ceepree (CP) is investigated by thermal analysis, flammability tests and cone calorimeter at different heat fluxes. Adding CP and TPPMMT does not change the pyrolysis apart from increasing inorganic residue. The total heat evolved (THE) is changed insignificantly, as neither relevant additional carbonaceous charring nor flame inhibition occurs. However, flame retardancy is clearly observed due to an inorganic‐carbonaceous surface protection layer. The peak heat released rate (PHRR) is reduced by around 32–42% when 5 wt% TPPMMT is added, and 51–63% when 10 wt% CP is added. PHRR reduction less than expected is observed when both additives are combined. The reduction is greater than that achieved by using TPPMMT but less than when only CP is used. The morphology of fire residue is investigated by scanning electron microscope on different length scales and turns out to be the key to understanding the efficiency of flame retardancy. The fire residue of EP/CP shows a layered structure, whereas separated columns limit the barrier properties for EP/5%TPPMMT on the micrometer scale. Columns dominating the fire residue structure of EP/5%TPPMMT/10%CP deteriorate the fire retardancy, whereas a more integral structure at the top of the residue causes the improvement over EP/5%TPPMMT. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Solid‐state dye‐sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells using TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures: recent progress and new concepts at the borderline
Authors: Bouclé Johann , Ackermann Jörg 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the field of photovoltaic energy conversion, hybrid inorganic/organic devices represent promising alternatives to standard photovoltaic systems in terms of exploiting the specific features of both organic semiconductors and inorganic nanomaterials. Two main categories of hybrid solar cells coexist today, both of which make much use of metal oxide nanostructures based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as electron transporters. These metal oxides are cheap to synthesise, are non‐toxic, are biocompatible and have suitable charge transport properties, all these features being necessary to demonstrate highly efficient solar cells at low cost. Historically, the first hybrid approach developed was the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) concept based on a nanostructured porous metal oxide electrode sensitized by a molecular dye. In particular, solid‐state hybrid DSSCs, which reduce the complexity of cell assembly, demonstrate very promising performance today. The second hybrid approach exploits the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, where conjugated polymer/metal oxide interfaces are used to generate photocurrent. In this context, we review the recent progress and new concepts in the field of hybrid solid‐state DSSC and BHJ solar cells based on TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures, incorporating dyes and conjugated polymers. We point out the specificities in common hybrid device structures and give an overview on new concepts, which couple and exploit the main advantages of both DSSC and BHJ approaches. In particular, we show that there is a trend of convergence between both DSSC and BHJ approaches into mixed concepts at the borderline which may allow in the near future the development of hybrid devices for competitive photovoltaic energy conversion. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of helical poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing cinchona alkaloid pendants and their application to asymmetric organocatalysis
Authors: Miyake Garret M. , Iida Hiroki , Hu Hai‐Yu , Tang Zhenglin , Chen Eugene Y.‐X. , Yashima Eiji 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFour novel dynamic helical poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing cinchona alkaloids as pendant groups were synthesized starting from the commercially available cinchona alkaloids, cinchonidine, cinchonine, quinine, and quinidine, by the polymerization of the corresponding phenylacetylene monomers with a rhodium catalyst. These polymers exhibited an induced circular dichroism (ICD) in the UV–visible region of the polymer backbones in solution, resulting from the preferred‐handed helical conformation induced by the optically active cinchona alkaloid pendants. In response to the solvent used, their Cotton effect patterns and intensities were significantly changed accompanied by the changes in their absorption spectra probably due to the changes in their helical conformations, such as the inversion of the helical sense or helical pitch of the polymers. When these helical polymers were used as polymeric organocatalysts for the asymmetric conjugated addition and Henry reactions, the optically active products with a modest enantiomeric excess were obtained whose enantioselectivities were comparable to those obtained with the corresponding cinchona alkaloid‐bound monomers as the catalysts. However, we observed a unique enhancement of the enantioselectivity and a reversal of the stereoselectivity for some helical polymers, suggesting the important role of the helical chirality during the asymmetric organocatalysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Crosslinked PDMS elastomers and coatings from the thermal curing of vinyl‐functionalized PDMS and a diazide aliphatic crosslinker
Authors: Damiron Denis , Okhay Nidhal , Akhrass Samer Al , Cassagnau Philippe , Drockenmuller Eric 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe crosslinking of poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers and coatings by the thermal curing of poly(dimethylsiloxane‐co‐methylvinylsiloxane) and 1,12‐diazido‐dodecane was studied. This crosslinking pathway relies on the cycloaddition of azides and alkenes as well as the thermal generation of nitrene transient radicals, which react with alkenes, yielding respectively 1,2,3‐triazoline and aziridine crosslinking knots. The influence of temperature and the ratio of azide and vinyl functionalities has been investigated by rheological, swelling, and insoluble fraction measurements for materials crosslinked in bulk and by comparison of the thickness before and after extraction of the soluble materials by soxhlet extraction for the crosslinked coatings. The preparation of highly crosslinked PDMS‐based elastomers and coatings has been demonstrated, even if the fraction of elastically effective crosslinks in bulk remained below 160 mol/m3. Advantageously, this system does not require additional initiator or catalyst, is not sensitive to moisture or oxygen, and can be extended to a wide range of unsaturated polymers as well as different organic or inorganic solid substrates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Plasma Surface Activation and TiN Coating of a TPV Substrate for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lima Patricia , Pedrosa Paulo , Machado Ana Vera , Fonseca Carlos , Vaz Filipe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) substrate was coated with a thin conductive film of titanium nitride (TiN), by dc reactive sputtering, aiming to develop polymer‐based electrodes for bio‐signal acquisition, namely for electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) applications. After the preparation process, TPVs were characterized in terms of their mechanical and surface properties. A detailed experimental protocol was followed in order to improve the adhesion of the film, consisting of a three‐stage plasma treatment in an argon atmosphere. The electrochemical properties of the coated samples were studied in synthetic sweat solutions by open circuit potential (OCP) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the surface plasma treated TPV with a 60% EPDM and 40% PP composition coated with a nanometric TiN film exhibited good mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior, according to the main requirements of an electrode to be used in common EEG and ECG exams.magnified image
Characterization of a Low‐pressure Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge Sustained in Ar/O2/N2 Ternary Mixtures and Evaluation of its Effect on Erosion of Biological Samples
Authors: Kylián Ondřej , Denis Benjamin , Stapelmann Katharina , Ruiz Ana , Rauscher Hubert , Rossi Francois 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDetailed characterization of a low‐pressure inductively coupled plasma discharge sustained in an Ar/O2/N2 ternary mixture is performed in this study. The main attention is devoted to the evaluation of the dependence of parameters important for treatment of biological samples (emission of UV radiation, plasma density, energy of charged particles, O atoms density, and substrate heating) on the working gas mixture composition. Subsequently, the capability of plasma sustained in ternary gas mixture to effectively etch biological contaminants is tested on examples of bacterial spores and poly‐L‐histidine.magnified image
HBr Plasma Treatment Versus VUV Light Treatment to Improve 193 nm Photoresist Pattern Linewidth Roughness
Authors: Pargon Erwine , Azarnouche Laurent , Fouchier Marc , Menguelti Kevin , Tiron Raluca , Sourd Claire , Joubert Olivier 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have studied the impact of HBr plasma treatment and the role of the VUV light emitted by this plasma on the chemical modifications and resulting roughness of both blanket and patterned photoresists. The experimental results show that both treatments lead to similar resist bulk chemical modifications that result in a decrease of the resist glass transition temperature (Tg). This drop in Tg allows polymer chain rearrangement that favors surface roughness smoothening. The smoothening effect is mainly attributed to main chain scission induced by plasma VUV light. For increased VUV light exposure time, the crosslinking mechanism dominates over main chain scission and limits surface roughness smoothening. In the case of the HBr plasma treatment, the synergy between Bromine radicals and VUV light leads to the formation of dense graphitized layers on top and sidewalls surfaces of the resist pattern. The presence of a dense layer on the HBr cured resist sidewalls prevents from resist pattern reflowing but on the counter side leads to increased surface roughness and linewidth roughness compared to VUV light treatment.magnified image
Prescribing antiemetics for patients with Parkinson's
Authors: Spencer Rachel , Serumaga Brian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this series we present a number of prescribing safety indicators developed as part of an RCGP project.1 The evidence base behind each of the indicators is given along with information to illustrate their clinical significance. We provide a ‘real‐life’ audit based on the indicator to show how practices could begin to analyse their own prescribing data. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of graphite and graphene
Authors: Zólyomi V. , Koltai J. , Kürti J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe review the key aspects of Raman spectroscopy of graphite and graphene, focusing on the double resonant Raman modes such as the D, D* (also known as G' or 2D), and D' bands. We discuss the practical significance of Raman spectroscopy for the study of single‐ and multi‐layer graphene.
Extruded Blends of Chitosan and Ethylene Copolymers for Antimicrobial Packaging
Authors: Massouda Debora Flanagan , Visioli Donna , Green Daniel A. , Joerger Rolf Dieter 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYChitosan was melt‐processed with an ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer ionomer and with an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer to create antimicrobial extruded films. The key to obtaining a successful antimicrobial blend was the use of solid chitosonium acetate that remained after evaporation of water from the chitosan solution. When solid free‐flowing powders of chitosonium acetate were formed by spray drying chitosan solutions, blended in an extruder (at 2.5% and 4% chitosan) with Elvax® 3175 ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and extruded through a film die onto a chill roll to form films, the films exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 25922, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis NalR, and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. The log10 reductions in CFU/ml after 24 h in a shake‐flask test were near 2 for films containing 4% chitosan. This melt‐blending/extrusion approach is expected to open applications for chitosan‐based antimicrobial packages and articles that were impossible or impractical with chitosan coatings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TOOL FOR AQUATIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN THE RED AND SABINE RIVER WATERSHEDS OF THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES
Authors: Jenkins J. A. , Hartley S. B. , Carter J. , Johnson D. J. , Alford J. B. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTOur goal was to build a geographic information system (GIS) tool to enhance modeling and hypothesis testing relevant to watersheds and fish fauna of the Red and Sabine Rivers in the southeastern United States. Species of concern were identified from wildlife action plans and Web sites. Spatial distributions of fish species and mercury in fillets were delineated using data from states. Public georeferenced data were obtained on land cover, soil type, forest canopy, impervious surfaces, wastewater facilities and 303(d) impaired waters. Overlay maps highlighted patterns across 8‐digit hydrologic unit codes (HUCs). Bossier City, Louisiana and Beaumont, Texas areas displayed impervious surfaces over 10% and 303(d) waters per HUC were 20% and 8%, respectively. Because bowfin (Amia calva) (n = 299) and bass (Micropterus spp.) (n = 1493) occurred in up to 44% of HUCs and fillets contained elemental mercury concentrations across ranges monitored, they were appropriate indicators of bioavailable mercury. Of the total fish number showing >0.5 ppm, 81% of records were derived from bowfin and bass, and stepwise multiple linear regressions indicated fish with mercury at these concentrations correlated with environmental variables. Detrended correspondence analysis showed total species occurrence and environmental relationships significant, where 81.6% of the variability in fish occurrence was explained by impervious surface, land cover other than canopy or impervious surface (such as wetlands and agricultural area) and canopy (forest type). Two‐way indicator species analysis delineated species co‐occurrence in HUCs (14 groups) and similarity of species composition (nine groups). Results identified three HUC groupings as potential targets for managerial interest. Quality control concerns for GIS development included site name data and priority rankings of critical fish species. This tool can be used to support modeling and trend analyses for several purposes, such as those relevant for developing and reporting on water quality standards and critical habitat assessments. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous growth through knowledge spillovers in entrepreneurship: an empirical test
Authors: Delmar Frédéric , Wennberg Karl , Hellerstedt Karin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEndogenous growth theory suggests that technological knowledge stimulates growth, yet the micro‐foundations of this process remain obscure. Knowledge spillover theory posits that growth is contingent on the technology dependence of industries, forming the landscape for entrepreneurs to launch and grow ventures. We investigate these theoretical contingencies with two research questions using comprehensive employee‐employer data documenting the science and technology labor force in Sweden. First, do industries with a greater need for new technology‐based entrepreneurship grow disproportionately faster than other industries? Second, are the knowledge spillover effects fostering the growth of new technology‐based firms contingent on certain industry structures? Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Robust analogizing and the outside view: two empirical tests of case‐based decision making
Authors: Lovallo Dan , Clarke Carmina , Camerer Colin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExecutives use analogies to improve strategic decisions. However, existing research provides little guidance on the types and number of analogies that produce the best decisions. We examine models of analogy and present findings from two empirical tests. The first test, a study of private‐equity investment decisions, finds that an ‘outside view’—forming a reference class of analogies—performs better than a few analogies familiar to the decision maker. The second test, a study of film revenue forecasts, compares a new model we call similarity‐based forecasting (SBF) with existing methods. The study finds that SBF, which combines elements of reference class forecasting and case‐based decision making, produces better forecasts than regression models. We discuss the consequences of our findings for research and practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.