bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic and climate trends for the Coldwater River watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHistorical trends in streamflow and climate were investigated for the Coldwater River watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Temporal increases in rainfall and total precipitation during the spring, summer, and autumn periods, as well as on an annual basis, at the city of Merritt near the mouth of the watershed, and year-round temperature increases at this site, compare with declining summertime and annual streamflows at the nearby Merritt hydrometric station on the Coldwater River. Declining summer flows at this site could reflect the dominance of temporally increasing evaporation that is offsetting increased precipitation over the same periods of the hydrologic year. Alternatively, increased water abstractions, altered regulation regimes, and/or land use changes in the watershed may also play significant/dominant roles. The relative absence of any coherent hydrological temporal patterns at the upstream Brookmere hydrometric station on the Coldwater River suggests that the net effects of warming temperatures, increasing precipitation, and any anthropogenic drivers over the past four decades are in approximate balance.
A New Method of Wavelength Calibration for LAMOST by Combining Short- and Long-Exposure Spectral Lines
Authors: Ye G. H. , Zhu J. , Ye Z. F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn wavelength calibration using arc lines, the normal approach is to use the strongest unsaturated lines, leaving weak lines unused. A new method is proposed in this paper, which not only utilizes the strong spectral lines, but also makes most use of weak spectral lines. In order to validate the effectiveness of the method we propose, experiments are performed on simulated spectra. Firstly, two kinds of spectra are generated: one with a short exposure and another with a long exposure. Secondly, calibration lines are chosen from the short exposure and long exposure spectra separately according to some rules. Thirdly, the initial wavelength calibration is completed by using the selected short-exposure lines. Fourthly, the approximate centroids of the selected long-exposure lines are obtained by utilizing the result of the initial wavelength calibration. These are then adjusted iteratively to obtain the centroids. Finally, the selected lines from the short- and long-exposures are combined to obtain the final wavelength calibration. Compared with traditional calibration methods which only use short exposures and strong lines, the proposed method is shown to be more accurate.
FAR-IR/SUBMILLIMETER SPECTROSCOPIC COSMOLOGICAL SURVEYS: PREDICTIONS OF INFRARED LINE LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS FOR z < 4 GALAXIES
Authors: Spinoglio Luigi , Dasyra Kalliopi M. , Franceschini Alberto , Gruppioni Carlotta , Valiante Elisabetta , Isaak Kate 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Star formation and accretion onto supermassive black holes in the nuclei of galaxies are the two most energetic processes in the universe, producing the bulk of the observed emission throughout its history. We simulated the luminosity functions of star-forming and active galaxies for spectral lines that are thought to be good spectroscopic tracers of either phenomenon, as a function of redshift. We focused on the infrared (IR) and submillimeter domains, where the effects of dust obscuration are minimal. Using three different and independent theoretical models for galaxy formation and evolution, constrained by multi-wavelength luminosity functions, we computed the number of star-forming and active galaxies per IR luminosity and redshift bin. We converted the continuum luminosity counts into spectral line counts using relationships that we calibrated on mid- and far-IR spectroscopic surveys of galaxies in the local universe. Our results demonstrate that future facilities optimized for survey-mode observations, i.e., the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics and the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope, will be able to observe thousands of z > 1 galaxies in key fine-structure lines, e.g., [Si ii], [O i], [O iii], [C ii], in a half-square-degree survey, with 1 hr integration time per field of view. Fainter lines such as [O iv], [Ne v], and H2 (0–0)S1 will be observed in several tens of bright galaxies at 1 < z < 2, while diagnostic diagrams of active nucleus versus star formation activity will be feasible even for normal z ∼ 1 galaxies. We discuss the new parameter space that these future telescopes will cover and that strongly motivates their construction.
Radiative power in Tore Supra and its link with Zeff
Authors: Devynck P. , Wauters T. , Bucalossi J. , Aniel T. , Delchambre E. , Meyer O. , Monier-Garbet P. , Vallet J.C. 
Published: January 2012

In this paper, a database of L-mode plasmas with Greenwald density fractions smaller than 0.8 is used to analyse the parametric dependences of the radiative power and the effective charge Z
eff. It is found that the radiative power has a linear dependence on the total power and a linear fit is derived.
In order to understand this parametric dependence, the changes in the radial extension of the radiation are studied with the help of bolometry measurements and it is found that the increase in P
rad with P
tot can be explained by an increase in the neutral source of impurities (basically carbon erosion) during additional heating. A comparison of deuterium and helium plasmas shows that they radiate the same amount at the same total power. Significant positive deviations from the fit of the radiative power are observed for high ratios of Cu XIX/⟨n
e⟩. Z
eff is also found to depend roughly linearly on the total power. The link found between Z
eff and P
rad is compatible with that of multimachine scaling (Matthews et al 1997 J. Nucl. Mater.
241–243 450). These results are obtained in a limiter machine, running in L-mode in the case where carbon is the dominant impurity.
Saturation of deuterium retention in self-damaged tungsten exposed to high-flux plasmas
Authors: Hoen M.H.J. 't , Tyburska-Püschel B. , Ertl K. , Mayer M. , Rapp J. , Kleyn A.W. , Zeijlmans van Emmichoven P.A. 
Published: January 2012

Polycrystalline, annealed tungsten targets were bombarded with 12.3 MeV W4+ ions to various damage levels. Deuterium was implanted by high-flux plasmas in Pilot-PSI (>1024 m−2 s−1) at a surface temperature below 525 K. Deuterium retention has been studied by nuclear reaction analysis and by thermal desorption spectroscopy. We found that deuterium retention is strongly enhanced by the tungsten bombardment and that saturation occurs at a W4+ fluence of about 3 × 1017 m−2. The maximum deuterium concentration in the damaged region was measured to be 1.4 at.%. This is in accordance with other experiments that were carried out at much lower fluxes. We therefore conclude that the saturation behaviour and the maximum retention are not affected by the high fluxes used in our experiments.
A simple geometric model is presented that assumes that the saturation solely originates in the tungsten irradiation and that explains it in terms of overlapping saturated volumes. The saturated volume per incident MeV ion amounts to 3 × 104 nm3. From our results, we are able to obtain an approximate value for the average occupation number of the vacancies.
TaWIR1 contributes to post‐penetration resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae, but not Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, in wheat
Authors: TUFAN HALE A. , MCGRANN GRAHAM R. D. , MACCORMACK RUTH , BOYD LESLEY A. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYMembers of the Wheat‐Induced Resistance 1 (TaWIR1) gene family are highly induced in response to a wide range of pathogens. Homologues have been identified in barley, but not in Brachypodium, whereas, in rice, only distant WIR1 candidates are known. Phylogenetic analysis placed TaWIR1a and TaWIR1b within a distinct clade of wheat transcripts, whereas TaWIR1c clustered with HvWIR1 genes. Transcripts of all three TaWIR1 genes were strongly induced by a wheat‐adapted isolate of Magnaporthe oryzae. Virus‐induced gene silencing of the TaWIR1 gene family had no effect on the initial penetration of epidermal cells by M. oryzae. However, following the establishment of an infection site, the fungus was able to grow more extensively within the leaf tissue, relative to control leaves, indicating a role for the TaWIR1 gene family in the cell‐to‐cell movement of M. oryzae. In contrast, the silencing of TaWIR1 transcripts had no effect on epidermal cell penetration by a wheat‐adapted isolate of Blumeria graminis, or on the subsequent growth of hyphae. Differential transcription of TaWIR1 genes was also seen in epidermal peels, relative to the remaining leaf tissue, following inoculation with M. oryzae.
The use of a combination of computer‐assisted structure prediction and SHAPE probing to elucidate the secondary structures of five viroids
Authors: XU WENXING , BOLDUC FRANÇOIS , HONG NI , PERREAULT JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe elucidation of the structures of viroids, noncoding infectious RNA species, is paramount to obtain an understanding of the various aspects of their life cycles (including replication, transport and pathogenesis). In general, the secondary structures of viroids have been predicted using computer software programs which have been shown to possess several important limitations. Clearly, the predicted structure of a viroid needs to receive physical support prior to its use in the accurate interpretation of any mechanistic studies. Here, SHAPE probing coupled to computer‐assisted structure prediction using the RNAstructure software program was employed to determine the structures of five viroids. These species belong to four genera of the Pospiviroidae family, and none have had their structure characterized in solution. In addition, several interesting questions were addressed by either studying various sequence variants or varying the SHAPE conditions. More importantly, this approach is novel in the study of viroids, and should be of significant aid in the determination of the structures of other RNA species.
Randomised clinical trial: an assessment of acupuncture on specific meridian or specific acupoint vs. sham acupuncture for treating functional dyspepsia
Authors: Ma T. T. , Yu S. Y. , Li Y. , Liang F. R. , Tian X. P. , Zheng H. , Yan J. , Sun G. J. , Chang X. R. , Zhao L. , Wu X. , Zeng F. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disease without an established optimal treatment.AimTo determine (i) the effect of acupuncture in relieving FD symptoms and improving life quality; (ii) the effect difference between acupoint and non‐acupoint; and (iii) the effect difference among different acupoints.MethodsA total of 712 eligible patients were included and randomly assigned to six groups (Group A: specific acupoints of the stomach meridian; Group B: non‐specific acupoints of the stomach meridian; Group C: specific acupoints of alarm and transport points; Group D: specific acupoints of the gallbladder meridian; Group E: sham acupuncture of non‐acupoints; and Group F: itopride). A treatment period of 4 weeks (continuous five sessions per week), and a follow‐up period of 12 weeks were arranged. The outcomes were the (i) patients’ response, (ii) symptoms improvement measured using the Symptom Index of Dyspepsia and (iii) quality‐of‐life improvement based on Nepean Dyspepsia Index.ResultsAll groups had an improvement in dyspepsia symptoms and the QoL at the end of treatment, and the improvement was sustained for 4 weeks and 12 weeks. The overall response rate was significantly higher in acupuncture group A (70.69%), and lower in sham acupuncture group (34.75%), compared with itopride and other acupuncture groups. Similarly, the difference in symptoms and QoL improvement was significant between group A and the other acupuncture groups.ConclusionsAcupuncture is effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia, and is superior to non‐acupoint puncture. The benefit of acupuncture relies on acupoint specificity.
Burkitt lymphoma: the role of Epstein‐Barr virus revisited
Authors: Grömminger Sebastian , Mautner Josef , Bornkamm Georg W. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe particular epidemiological features of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in Tropical Africa, first described by Denis Burkitt in 1958, initiated the search for a virus that induces malignant B cell lymphomas in humans and is transmitted by arthropods. The herpes virus (Epstein‐Barr virus, EBV) discovered by Epstein and collaborators in cell lines established from BL biopsies fulfilled some of these predictions. It drives primary B cells into unlimited proliferation, induces malignant B cell lymphomas in immunocompromised individuals (post‐transplant lympho‐proliferative disease, PTLD) in vivo, and footprints of the virus are generally detected in African BL biopsies supporting a causative role of the virus in the pathogenesis of BL. The virus is, however, not transmitted by arthropods and is spread ubiquitously amongst the human population through saliva. Furthermore, BL and EBV‐induced PTLD are now recognized as pathogenetically distinct entities: BL involves MYC‐immunoglobulin translocations in contrast to PTLD, and different patterns of viral genes are expressed in both diseases. Viral gene products expressed in BL are assumed to contribute to inhibition of apoptosis, although their precise mechanism of action is not fully understood. In the future, next generation sequencing is expected to shed more light on the contribution of EBV to the pathogenesis of BL.
Treatment of the elderly patient with diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Fields Paul A. , Linch David C. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe majority of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma are over the age of 60 years and the management of these patients is often sub‐optimal. Intensive therapy with curative intent should be given to all patients who can tolerate such therapy, and this requires very careful evaluation of each patient prior to treatment allocation. A detailed history and examination are required, with attention to concomitant disease and existing drug therapy. A quantitative assessment of comorbidity and a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) are valuable adjuncts to physician judgment. For most elderly patients, the R‐CHOP regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) remains the standard of care. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor should be given routinely. Reassessment before each cycle of therapy is essential and interim echocardiography should be performed. In patients with cardiac insufficiency there are a number of alternative regimens but no definitive ‘best regimen.’ In those patients not treated with curative intent a multi‐disciplinary approach is essential.
UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy
Authors: Pavord Sue , Myers Bethan , Robinson Susan , Allard Shubha , Strong Jane , Oppenheimer Christina ,   on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology
Published: January 2012

SummaryIron deficiency is the most common deficiency state in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people globally. Although it is particularly prevalent in less‐developed countries, it remains a significant problem in the developed world, even where other forms of malnutrition have already been almost eliminated. Effective management is needed to prevent adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes, including the need for red cell transfusion. The objective of this guideline is to provide healthcare professionals with clear and simple recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period. This is the first such guideline in the UK and may be applicable to other developed countries. Public health measures, such as helminth control and iron fortification of foods, which can be important to developing countries, are not considered here. The guidance may not be appropriate to all patients and individual patient circumstances may dictate an alternative approach.
Review of cytology and histopathology as part of the NHS Cervical Screening Programme audit of invasive cervical cancers
Authors: Castanon A. , Ferryman S. , Patnick J. , Sasieni P. 
Published: January 2012

A. Castanon, S. Ferryman, J. Patnick and P. Sasieni  Review of cytology and histopathology as part of the NHS Cervical Screening Programme audit of invasive cervical cancersObjective:  To audit pathology slide reporting in the Cervical Screening Programme in England by reviewing cytology and histology slides from women subsequently diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer.Methods:  Between April 2007 and March 2010, 6113 women diagnosed with cervical cancer were identified. Cervical cytology and histology slides taken within 10 years of diagnosis were identified and where possible reviewed after a nationally agreed protocol. Reviewers were not blinded to the original reading of each sample. Most cytology samples before 2005 were conventional, most after 2007 liquid based.Results:  Of 13 745 cytology results from women developing cervical cancer, 55% were reviewed. The review result was identical for 55% of slides. Of 3759 originally normal slides, only 45% were normal on review: 11% were inadequate, 21% low grade (borderline or mild dyskaryosis) and 23% high grade (moderate dyskaryosis or worse). Of tests originally normal taken over 5.5 years before diagnosis, 14% were upgraded to high grade compared with 37% within 3.5 years of diagnosis. Of 5159 histology specimens recorded within 10 years of diagnosis of a cancer, 3895 were reviewed. Overall, 94% of samples reviewed retained the original diagnosis. One per cent (33/3012) of cancers were downgraded and 5% (6/112) of negative samples were upgraded to cancer upon review (four of which were taken within 2 months of diagnosis). In comparison, 15% (14/91) of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) and 12% (38/314) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) were upgraded to cancer.Conclusions:  In spite of the excellent quality of cytology in England, a high proportion of negative cytology taken up to three and a half years before diagnosis were considered to contain abnormal cells by reviewers informed of the subsequent cancer. Continuing these reviews, with a strong focus on education, will ensure a clear understanding of these slides and further reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Effect of potential bioinoculants and organic manures on root‐rot and wilt, growth, yield and quality of organically grown Coleus forskohlii in a semiarid tropical region of Bangalore (India)
Authors: Singh R. , Kalra A. , Ravish B. S. , Divya S. , Parameswaran T. N. , Srinivas K. V. N. S. , Bagyaraj D. J. 
Published: January 2012

Based on earlier results obtained in pot experiments, 2‐year field experiments were conducted with five bioinoculants and neem cake under organic field conditions (with vermicompost as a nutritional supplement) to evaluate their potential to control root‐rot and wilt (a complex problem involving Fusarium chlamydosporum and Ralstonia solanacearum) of the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. Plants treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasciculatum), neem cake or Pseudomonas fluorescens showed significantly increased plant height (15–31%), plant spread (25–33%), number of branches (63–67%) and dry root (129–200%) yields, and reduced disease incidence (47–50%) compared to controls. Increases in yields were reflected by increases in N (51–81%), P (17–76%) and K (44–74%) uptake. The forskolin content of the roots was found not to be affected by any of the bioinoculants, but forskolin yield (calculated) was increased significantly by treatment with G. fasciculatum (227%), neem cake (222%) or P. fluorescens (159%).
Faecal carriage of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae among humans in Java, Indonesia, in 2001–2002
Authors: Severin Juliëtte A. , Lestari Endang Sri , Kloezen Wendy , Lemmens‐den Toom Nicole , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Kuntaman Kuntaman , Purwanta Marijam , Offra Duerink D. , Hadi Usman , van Belkum Alex , Verbrugh Henri A. , Goessens Wil H. ,   on behalf of the “Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia, Prevalence and Prevention” (AMRIN) study group
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjective  To characterise commensal Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime that were collected in a large survey carried out among 3995 patients and healthy persons in two urban regions on Java, Indonesia, in 2001–2002.Methods  The putative extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae were analysed using double‐disk synergy tests, isoelectric focusing, PCR assays, DNA sequencing, and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results  On the day of discharge after five or more days of hospitalisation, at least 95 of 999 (9.5%) patients carried ESBL‐positive Enterobacteriaceae as dominant faecal flora. Six patients were simultaneously colonised with E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with ESBL activity. On admission, only 6 of 998 (0.6%) patients were colonised. Faecal carriage of ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae among healthy persons or persons visiting a public health centre was not detected. The 107 ESBL‐positive strains included 68 E. coli, 35 K. pneumoniae, and four other Enterobacteriaceae. blaCTX‐M‐15 was the most prevalent ESBL in both E. coli (47.1%) and K. pneumoniae (45.7%), but the E. coli O25b‐ST131 clone was virtually absent. Other ESBL types found were: SHV‐2, ‐2a, ‐5, ‐12, CTX‐M‐3, ‐9, ‐14, and TEM‐19. PFGE revealed extensive genetic diversity among the isolates.Conclusions  In 2001–2002, faecal carriage of ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae as dominant flora in Indonesia was almost exclusively hospital‐associated. The presence of various blaESBL genes and the extensive genetic diversity among isolates argue against a single/dominant strain outbreak.
The impact of gender and physical environment on the handwashing behaviour of university students in Ghana
Authors: Mariwah Simon , Hampshire Kate , Kasim Adetayo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectives  To establish levels of handwashing after defecation among students at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana, and to test hypotheses that gender and washroom environment affect handwashing behaviour.Methods  Data on students’ handwashing behaviour after defecation were collected by structured observations in washrooms. Eight hundred and six observations were made (360 female students and 446 males) in 56 washrooms over 496 observation periods. Observers recorded gender, duration of handwashing, use of soap, and physical characteristics of the washroom (cleanliness, availability of soap, tap flow and presence of handwashing posters).Results  Fewer than half the students observed washed their hands or bathed after defecation. Of these, only two‐thirds washed both hands and a minority (20%) used soap; only 16 students (all men) washed their hands for the recommended 15 s or longer. Female students were more likely to wash their hands at all, and were more likely to wash both hands, than males. Cleanliness of the washroom was strongly associated with improved handwashing behaviour for both women and men, as was tap flow quality for female students.Conclusions  Handwashing behaviour is generally poor among UCC students, mirroring results from North American Universities. The findings underline the plasticity of handwashing behaviour among this population, and highlight the need for ensuring that the physical environment in washrooms on university campuses is conducive to handwashing.