bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purifying the Sinhala Language: TheHelaMovement of Munidasa Cumaratunga (1930s–1940s)
Authors: COPERAHEWA SANDAGOMI 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper provides a detailed account of the socio-political dynamics of the campaign for Sinhala language purism in the 1930s and early 1940s, and re-evaluates the impact of theHela(pure Sinhala) movement of Munidasa Cumaratunga (1887–1944), a language loyalist and the foremost grammarian of the twentieth century, for the renovation of Sinhala language. It explores Cumaratunga's discourse on linguistic purism, its ideological foundations, and the means by which he organized his puristic intervention. As the case of Cumaratunga indicates, his language purism was not undertaken for the mere love of a language. The paper argues that Cumaratunga'sHelalanguage movement was essentially a revolt against the dominant language practices and ideologies of the colonial government, national political leadership, thepirivenaand the contemporary literary elite of the time. Ideologically, theHelanotion was designed as an oppositional discourse to the dominant Indo-Aryan linguistic discourse in the 1930s, and aimed to locate theHelalanguage at the apex of colonial language hierarchy. Exploring Cumaratunga's perceptions of language this paper demonstrates linguistic purism as a type of language reform which aimed at the formation of the ethno-linguistic uniqueness of the Sinhalese and the politicization of the Sinhala language in the early 1940s.
Local complementation and the extension of bilinear mappings
Authors: CASTILLO J. M. F. , GARCÍA R. , DEFANT A. , PÉREZ-GARCÍA D. , SUÁREZ J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe study different aspects of the connections between local theory of Banach spaces and the problem of the extension of bilinear forms from subspaces of Banach spaces. Among other results, we prove that if X is not a Hilbert space then one may find a subspace of X for which there is no Aron–Berner extension. We also obtain that the extension of bilinear forms from all the subspaces of a given X forces such X to contain no uniform copies of ℓpn for p ∈ [1, 2). In particular, X must have type 2 − ϵ for every ϵ > 0. Also, we show that the bilinear version of the Lindenstrauss–Pełczyński and Johnson–Zippin theorems fail. We will then consider the notion of locally α-complemented subspace for a reasonable tensor norm α, and study the connections between α-local complementation and the extendability of α*-integral operators.
Continuation homomorphism in Rabinowitz Floer homology for symplectic deformations
Authors: BAE YOUNGJIN , FRAUENFELDER URS 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWill J. Merry computed Rabinowitz Floer homology above Mañé's critical value in terms of loop space homology in [14] by establishing an Abbondandolo–Schwarz short exact sequence. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative proof of Merry's result. We construct a continuation homomorphism for symplectic deformations which enables us to reduce the computation to the untwisted case. Our construction takes advantage of a special version of the isoperimetric inequality which above Mañé's critical value holds true.
Commuting elements, simplicial spaces and filtrations of classifying spaces
Authors: ADEM ALEJANDRO , COHEN FREDERICK R. , TORRES GIESE ENRIQUE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLet G denote a topological group. In this paper the descending central series of free groups are used to construct simplicial spaces of homomorphisms with geometric realizations B(q, G) that provide a filtration of the classifying space BG. In particular this setting gives rise to a single space constructed out of all the spaces of ordered commuting n–tuples of elements in G. Basic properties of these constructions are discussed, including the homotopy type and cohomology when the group G is either a finite group or a compact connected Lie group. For a finite group the construction gives rise to a covering space with monodromy related to a delicate result in group theory equivalent to the odd-order theorem of Feit–Thompson. The techniques here also yield a counting formula for the cardinality of Hom(π, G) where π is any descending central series quotient of a finitely generated free group. Another application is the determination of the structure of the spaces B(2, G) obtained from commuting n-tuples in G for finite groups such that the centralizer of every non–central element is abelian (known as transitively commutative groups), which played a key role in work by Suzuki on the structure of finite simple groups.
HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON-IMPACT EMISSION SPECTRA AND VIBRATIONAL
EMISSION CROSS SECTIONS FROM 330–1100 nm FOR N2
Authors: Mangina Rao S. , Ajello Joseph M. , West Robert A. , Dziczek Dariusz 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Electron-impact emission cross sections for N2 were measured in the
wavelength range of 330–1100 nm at 25 eV and 100 eV impact energies. Cross
sections of several molecular emission bands of the first positive band system
B
3Π
g

+(ν′) → A
3Σ
g

+(ν″) and the second
positive band system C
3Π
u
(ν′) → B
3Π
g
(ν″) of N2, the first
negative band (1NB) system B
2Σ
u

+(ν′) → X
2Σ
g

+(ν″) and Meinel band
system A
2Π
u
(ν′) → X
2Σ
g

+(ν″) of
N2
+ ions as well as line emissions of N (N i)
and N+ (N ii) in the visible–optical–near-IR wavelength
range reported in this work were measured for the first time in a single
experimental setup at high spectral resolving power (λ/Δλ ≈ 10000) under
single-collision-scattering geometry and optically thin conditions. Rotational
emission lines of N2 and N2
+ were observed for
strong emission bands at a gas temperature of about 300 K. The absolute cross
section of the strongest (0,0) vibrational band at 391.43 nm of 1NB was
determined using the standard Hα emission cross sections of
H2 by electron impact at both 25 eV and 100 eV electron-impact
energies, and the cross sections for the remainder of the emissions were
determined using (0,0) 1NB value. A comparison of the present emission cross
sections with the earlier published data from both electron energy loss and
electron-impact-induced fluorescence emission is discussed.
Spatially explicit estimation of fish length histograms, with application to anchovy habitats in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Petitgas Pierre , Doray Mathieu , Massé Jacques , Grellier Patrick 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPetitgas, P., Doray, M., Massé, J., and Grellier, P. 2011. Spatially explicit estimation of fish length histograms, with application to anchovy habitats in the Bay of Biscay. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2086–2095. Fish length frequency histograms from research surveys are of prime importance for identifying habitats of different life stages, as well as for stock assessment. However, no method has thus far been available for mapping these histograms as spatially varying curves. Here, a procedure is applied to map spatially connected curves, and detail is given on how it can be applied to map the length frequency histograms. At each sample location, a fish length frequency histogram is given as a vector of non-independent values. The histogram is first modelled as a polynomial expansion on the basis of orthogonal polynomials. Then, the polynomial coefficients are mapped by co-kriging, after fitting a model of co-regionalization. The length frequency map is finally derived by linearly combining maps of polynomial coefficients. An estimation variance associated with the map is also derived. Maps of anchovy length distributions are produced by applying the method to midwater trawl length data from the PELGAS acoustic surveys in the Bay of Biscay. This novel approach extends the application of kriging techniques to curves or functions, opening new perspectives for mapping more complex information than just the values of fish density.
The specific gravity of mesopelagic fish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and its implications for acoustic backscatter
Authors: Davison Peter 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Davison, P. 2011. The specific gravity of mesopelagic fish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and its implications for acoustic backscatter. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Knowledge of the species present, their morphology, and their size distribution is required to infer biomass from acoustic surveys of fish. The gas content and specific gravity of the body (with gas removed), ρf, was measured for 71 species of mesopelagic fish in the NE Pacific Ocean. Those species that have functional swimbladders when large maintain constant ρf with increasing body size. Species without functional swimbladders as adults show decreased ρf with increasing body size. The acoustic-backscattering cross-section, σbs, was modelled for all individuals collected from three fish species that differed in the presence of a gas-filled swimbladder. The change in σbs with increasing body size was markedly different between the three. The low body density of those mesopelagic fish without gas-filled swimbladders greatly reduces their σbs. In species of fish that possess a functional swimbladder as juveniles and in which the swimbladder regresses with growth, the σbs first decreases, then increases with increased body size. Knowledge of the ontogenetic changes in swimbladder inflation and body density in mesopelagic fish is critical for the construction of the backscattering models used to interpret acoustic surveys.
A methodology for acoustic and geospatial analysis of diverse artificial-reef datasets
Authors: Kang Myounghee , Nakamura Takeshi , Hamano Akira 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Kang, M., Nakamura, T., and Hamano, A. 2011. A methodology for acoustic and geospatial analysis of diverse artificial-reef datasets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2210–2221. A methodology is introduced for understanding fish-school characteristics around artificial reefs and for obtaining the quantitative relationship between geospatial datasets related to artificial-reef environments using a new geographic information system application. To describe the characteristics of fish schools (energetic, positional, morphological characteristics and dB difference range), acoustic data from two artificial reefs located off the coast of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan, were used. To demonstrate the methodology of the geospatial analysis, diverse datasets on artificial reefs, such as fish-school characteristics, marine-environmental information from a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor, information on artificial reefs, seabed geographic information, and sediment information around the reefs, were utilized. The habitat preference of fish schools was demonstrated quantitatively. The acoustic density of fish schools is described with respect to the closest distance from reefs and the preferred reef depths, the relationship between fish schools and environmental information was visualized in three dimensions, and the current condition of the reefs and their connection to seabed type is represented. This geospatial method of analysis can provide a better way of comprehensively understanding the circumstances around artificial-reef environments.
In Vivo Analyses of the Roles of Essential Omp85-Related Proteins in the Chloroplast Outer Envelope Membrane
Authors: Huang Weihua , Ling Qihua , Bédard Jocelyn , Lilley Kathryn , Jarvis Paul 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Two different, essential Omp85 (Outer membrane protein, 85 kD)-related proteins exist in the outer envelope membrane of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts: Toc75 (Translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, 75 kD), encoded by atTOC75-III; and OEP80 (Outer Envelope Protein, 80 kD), encoded by AtOEP80/atTOC75-V. The atToc75-III protein is closely related to the originally identified pea (Pisum sativum) Toc75 protein, and it forms a preprotein translocation channel during chloroplast import; the AtOEP80 protein is considerably more divergent from pea Toc75, and its role is unknown. As knockout mutations for atTOC75-III and AtOEP80 are embryo lethal, we employed a dexamethasone-inducible RNA interference strategy (using the pOpOff2 vector) to conduct in vivo studies on the roles of these two proteins in older, postembryonic plants. We conducted comparative studies on plants silenced for atToc75-III (atToc75-III↓) or AtOEP80 (AtOEP80↓), as well as additional studies on a stable, atToc75-III missense allele (toc75-III-3/modifier of altered response to gravity1), and our results indicated that both proteins are important for chloroplast biogenesis at postembryonic stages of development. Moreover, both are important for photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic development, albeit to different degrees: atToc75-III↓ phenotypes were considerably more severe than those of AtOEP80↓. Qualitative similarity between the atToc75-III↓ and AtOEP80↓ phenotypes may be linked to deficiencies in atToc75-III and other TOC proteins in AtOEP80↓ plants. Detailed analysis of atToc75-III↓ plants, by electron microscopy, immunoblotting, quantitative proteomics, and protein import assays, indicated that these plants are defective in relation to the biogenesis of both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic plastids and preproteins, confirming the earlier hypothesis that atToc75-III functions promiscuously in different substrate-specific import pathways.
Performance measurement models in facility management: a comparative study
Authors: Meng Xianhai , Minogue Michael 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the major performance measurement models, hereafter called performance models, and investigate their application in the context of facility management (FM), based on which it aims to identify the effectiveness of these models and recommend the most important performance indicators.Design/methodology/approachA combination of literature review, expert interview and questionnaire survey is adopted in this study. A literature review and a series of expert interviews help to identify the performance models spread in general and applied to FM in particular. Based on the literature review and expert interviews, a questionnaire survey is carried out in the UK and Ireland to investigate the application of performance models in FM practice.FindingsThe review of relevant literature shows that in recent years various models have been developed to measure and improve the performance of organisations. The application of such models within FM organisations is evaluated in this study. It is found that key performance indicators (KPI), the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), and the Business Excellence Model (BEM) are more widely accepted and more effective than others. This is similar to the findings by a previous construction study. FM organisations benefit from effective performance measurement. When measuring performance, it is important for them to select the appropriate models and indicators.Originality/valueThe existing studies contribute to the establishment of various performance models and the introduction of their concepts into the FM discipline. However, whether the application of these models in reality is effective or not needs to be justified. This research aims at analysing the real effect of existing models in the FM sector. Comparison is made between FM and construction. It helps to identify the major benefits from performance measurement for FM organisations. It provides FM practitioners with an insight into the appropriate use of performance models and indicators.
Management of financial market scandals – regulatory and values based approaches
Authors: Sivakumar N. 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe paper aims to discuss the management of financial market scandals using two different approaches – regulatory and values‐based.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the motivations behind financial scandals to occur and then explains in detail both the approaches. The paper first presents the elements of the regulatory approach. Using the teachings of Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba, the values‐based approach are delineated. The paper also compares the two approaches and identifies their respective utilities.FindingsWhile both the regulatory and values based approaches have their own utilities; stressing the values‐based approach helps with preventing financial scandals on a sustainable basis.Practical implicationsThe practical implication is that it is necessary to stress the evocation of human values among investors and capital market intermediaries so that scandals can be avoided.Social implicationsThe social implication of the paper is that values evocation is very important to tackle the behavioural motivations behind financial scandals. Unless values are evoked, the root causes of financial scandals will not be removed. In such cases, regulation will have only a limited effect.Originality/valueThe paper uses the philosophy and teachings of Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba to develop value guidelines to prevent financial scandals.
Caste and religious diversity on human capital outcome: evidence from India
Authors: Sengupta Jhumur , Sarker Debnarayan 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of caste and religious diversity on human capital outcome and external effect of ethnic capital on human capital accumulation process based on social fragmentation of West Bengal state which is mainly shaped under caste and religious lines.Design/methodology/approachA field survey was undertaken in which 440 respondents belonging to 440 households were interviewed in four municipalities of West Bengal – one each for most homogeneous and most heterogeneous along caste dimension and the equal number along religious line. For a cross sectional study during a one‐year period between January‐December 2006, this study considers stratified random sampling method (a mixture of both purposive and random sampling). In addition to construction of caste and a religion based fractionalization indexes, this study considers regression analyses of ordinary least square method in order to explore the stated objectives.FindingsIt suggests that more heterogeneous localities have lower outcome of per capita education after controlling the effect of per capita income. Moreover, the external effect of ethnic capital in heterogeneous localities has also lower outcome of human capital accumulation process.Originality/valueThe lower human capital accumulation in the heterogeneous localities along caste and religious dimensions might play an adverse effect on economic growth, crime, markets, technological breakthroughs and the arts and science. So, institutional measures by government and non‐government sources are needed to improve the stock of human capital, particularly in the heterogeneous localities influencing the positive impact on higher socio‐economic outcome in those localities.
Financial interest causing problems of monetary transmission as evaluated by the Islamic alternative
Authors: Rab Hifzur , Anjum Syeda 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe paper's aim is to study the system of interest, its crippling of the market by monetary manipulation and creation of gross disparity and its consequences and to explore an efficient Islamic alternative.Design/methodology/approachThe application of science and its analytical tools analyses and solves economic problems. As regards Shariah perspective, it may be described as guided application of science to analyse and solve economic problems.FindingsGross inefficiency of the system of interest arises from its conflict with nature. Its sustenance requires monetary manipulation; however, the manipulation together with interest and gross disparity and deprivation created by it cripple markets that fail to determine just prices and to maintain vital economic balances and lead to gross inefficiency resulting in massive crisis. Monetary manipulation is serious fraud and a crime against humanity. Complexity of economic environment created by dominance of interest and its manipulation of currency has created gross misunderstanding among contemporary Islamic scholars and they have failed to project efficient Islamic alternatives. Removal of these misunderstandings and misunderstanding on the growth aspect of Zakah seem to be essential for freeing humanity from the clutches of the system of interest. Linking currency with a suitable well‐defined basket of national product provides a cost free exit from monetary manipulation. However, creation of mass awareness seems to be an initial first step.Research limitations/implicationsApplication of scientific approach and scientific knowledge to economic issues, especially the issue of currency, wealth measurement and analysis of system performance needs higher emphasis, efforts and resources.Practical implicationsThere is need to create awareness regarding massive losses the economy suffers due to interest and monetary manipulation and to persuade governments to link currency with a suitable and well defined basket of national product. Interest and monetary manipulation have no place in Islam and as long free floats continue to be manipulated those who shun interest and exploitation must correct their accounting for the element of fraud incorporated by monetary manipulation. Consumer price index and wholesale price index may be used as a measure of currency manipulation.Originality/valueIt is an analytical study of economic problems and their efficient solution. It is most important for researchers, academics, government functionaries, social workers and all those who are concerned with economic growth, justice and welfare.
Global economic melt‐down and the role of financial institutions
Authors: Alao O. , Raimi L. 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role of financial institutions in the escalation of the global economic melt‐down (GEM) in America and how policy‐makers in Nigeria can learn from South Africa to safe‐guard the nation's financial institutions from economic shocks that could be propelled by banks' financial recklessness and poor corporate governance ethics.Design/methodology/approachThe paper combines qualitative and quantitative data to establish that Nigeria has a lot to learn from America and South Africa. America is the heartland of the global financial system, and whatever happens to its economy and currency, often cause ripple effects on the rest of the world, except for a nation like South Africa that had an in‐built mechanism to forestall shock. The paper has six sections. First section presents a brief introduction on GEM and its ripple effects. Second section outlines the retrospective causes of GEM. Third section provides justification for regulation of the economy in the economic literature. Fourth section focuses on the thrust of bank regulation and control with reference to South Africa. Fifth section explores the financial institutions, regulation and supervision in Nigeria. Sixth section concludes with policy recommendations.FindingsThe findings in this paper are the potency of financial regulation and supervision to forestall economic melt‐down; the potency of financial regulation and supervision to safe‐guard a nation's financial institutions from financial recklessness and promote good corporate governance.Practical implicationsThe major practical implication of this paper is that the problems of major banks in Nigeria are traceable to liquidity constraints, poor corporate governance compliance, poor credit risk management policy and ineffective allocation of capital to businesses.Originality/valueThis paper supports the Keynesian argument for effective regulation, supervision and control of the economy in general and financial institutions specifically (as opposed to the blind adoption of mainstream neo‐liberal economics).