bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Exhibition Phenomenon withPseudomonas AeruginosaPhage 13
Authors: Mead T. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. The efficiency of plating of phage 13 on the semi-resistant strainPs.LIII-3bi decreases as the initial bacterial population on the plate is diminished. Addition ofPs.LII extract to the phage before plating with low bacterial concentrations increases the plating efficiency (exhibition effect).2. An extract of a strainPs.LIII-lb which is fully sensitive to phage 13 also causes exhibition of this phage onPs.LIII-3bi.3. It is suggested that dissolved phage 13 receptors present in extracts ofPs.LII andPs.LIII-lb have an affinity not only for the phage but also for suitable bacteria and thus cause exhibition. Inhibition (e.g. of phage 14 by thePs.LII extract) is due to phage receptors having no tendency to adsorb to bacteria.4. The phage-exhibiting and inhibiting properties of a freeze-dried extract ofPs.LII active when dissolved in 0.85 % NaCl are lost if the solid is dissolved in water and the solution so obtained further diluted with 0.85 % NaCl. Activity is recovered slowly if NaCl is added to the aqueous solution, instantly if the solution is freeze-dried and the residue dissolved in 0.85 % NaCl.5. The inhibitory properties of thePs.LII extract for phage 14 are more sensitive to heat and acidity or alkalinity than the exhibitory properties for phage 13.6. The absence of cross-precipitin reactions betweenPs.LII andPs.LUI-lb suggests that the phage 13 receptors of the two organisms are non-antigenic or different. I am grateful to Prof. M. van den Ende and my colleagues in this Unit for helpful discussions.
The Preservation of Bacteria by Drying in Peptone Plugs
Authors: Annear D. I. 
Published: May 2009

1. A new method for the preservation of bacteria by drying is described.2. Marked differences between organisms were found with respect to the relationship between growth phase and recoveries after drying.3. Recoveries of several strains of neisseriae and vibrios, both immediately after drying and after storage, were considerably higher than any previously recorded for similar species of these genera.
Counts of Air-Borne Bacteria as Indices of Air Hygiene
Authors: Reid D. D. , Lidwell O. M. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

An attempt has been made to assess the value of counts of bacteria in the air of occupied rooms as indices of the risks of air-borne cross-infection in these rooms. Data collected during a field trial of ultra-violet irradiation in schoolrooms have been analysed to establish the correlation between counts of Streptococcus salivarius or of the general flora and classroom secondary attack rates for measles and the incidence of four groups of respiratory affections. Variations in classroom environment and child age and behaviour were taken into account in the analysis.The Str. salivarius count has been shown to be significantly related to the risk of classroom transfer of measles, but not to the incidence of respiratory disease. For the general flora counts the reverse was true.A discussion of these results in the light of the effects of ultra-violet air disinfection on the incidence of presumably air-borne diseases leads to the conclusion that the Str. salivarius count may reasonably be taken as index of the risk of classroom transfer of measles, but that no such assumption is possible about the value of general flora counts in the measurement of air hygiene in relation to respiratory diseases.
Anin vitrocomparison of the effect of some antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents on various strains ofMycoplasma(pleuropneumonia–like organisms: P.P.L.O.)
Authors: Newnham Audrey G. , Chu H. P. 
Published: May 2009

A study was made in liquid medium over 7 days at 37° C. of the inhibitory action of nineteen antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs on twenty strains ofM. gallisepticum, eight other avian mycoplasmata, six mammalian mycoplasmata, two saprophytic mycoplasmata and the L-form ofStreptobacillus moniliformis(L–1).The twenty strains ofM. gallisepticumfrom Britain and other countries showed a similar range of drug sensitivity except where resistant strains were included. Tylosin and demethylchlortetracycline appeared to have the highest inhibitory action, followed by erythromycin, spiramycin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and ethidium bromide. A ‘Zone Phenomenon’ frequently occurred with sodium aurothiomalate, inhibition often being observed between 0·1 and 2·0 μg./ml. Polymixin and nystatin had no inhibitory effect on the growth of any mycoplasmata tested. With the exception of erythromycin and streptomycin in some cases, the pattern of sensitivity observed with the mycoplasmata of diverse origin was similar to that ofM. gallisepticum, most strains, however, being somewhat more resistant thanM. gallisepticumto many of the drugs.
Elimination ofEperythrozoon coccoidesinfection from mouse colonies
Authors: Gledhill A. W. , Niven Janet S. F. , Seamer John 
Published: May 2009

1. Long-established infection of a mouse colony withEperthyrozoon coccoideswas eliminated by regular insecticidal treatments designed to reduce infestation with lice and fleas.2. Undesirable consequences ofE. coccoidesinfection upon mice used as experimental animals are noted and an easy routine for exclusion of this parasite from mouse colonies is suggested.
The incidence of infection with cytomegalovirus in a normal population: A serological study in Greater London
Authors: Stern H. , Elek S. D. 
Published: May 2009

A serological study of cytomegalovirus infection in London shows it to be prevalent. Under 5 years of age only 4% of children have antibodies, but this increases to 15% by 10 years of age and 21% by 15 years. The maximum incidence of 54% is reached by 25–35 years, and this is maintained in the older age groups of the population. In two mixed day schools the incidence of infection was significantly lower than in a boarding school, suggesting that close prolonged contact is required for spread of infection.Different strains of cytomegalovirus possess common group-specific complement-fixing antigens.It is suggested that clinical disease caused by cytomegaloviruses is more frequent and more varied than previously believed, although diagnosis may be difficult without virological help.
Histological study of adenovirus type 14 development in cell cultures
Authors: Măgureanu E. , Muşetescu M. , Grobnicu M. 
Published: May 2009

By means of the fluorescent antibody method and of acridine orange staining experimental infection with adenovirus type 14 has been investigated in KB and MK cell cultures. Intracellular changes could be shown to precede the appearance of the cytopathic effect.Thus, progressive stages in the development of adenovirus at this level could be separated both by the demonstration of the specific antigen and by the appearance of an altered DNA.Both methods have proved to be equally useful for the detection of virus multiplication and of the histochemical changes induced in the cells.No significant differences have been found to exist with respect to the cell line used.
The transmission of bacteria and viruses on gummed paper
Authors: Selwyn S. 
Published: May 2009

The possible risks of infection associated with the practice of licking envelopes, stamps and labels were investigated. Although pathogenic bacteria and viruses were not isolated from sample envelopes obtained from various sources, the gums used in manufacture were found to exert a protective effect against death from desiccation on the bacteria and viruses which had been introduced into them.Staph. aureus and Salm. paratyphi Bremained viable for several months in dried films of two out of four gums tested. An echovirus could be recovered from similar films for up to 30 days, and an adenovirus for up to 10 days.Bacterial multiplication occurred in the gum used for the manufacture of postage stamps. The comparison is drawn between the possible consequences of minimal contamination of this gum and of cans of corned beef in the light of recent studies.
A comparative virological study of children in hospital with respiratory and diarrhoeal illnesses
Authors: Stott E. J. , Bell E. J. , Eadie M. B. , Ross C. A. C. , Grist N. R. 
Published: May 2009

Between October 1963 and April 1965, 113 children with respiratory disease and 113 children with diarrhoeal disease were matched for age and time of entry into hospital and studied by virus isolation and serological techniques.Infections with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, parainfluenza virus and herpes simplex virus respectively were found in 29, 11 and 12 children in the respiratory illness group but in only 1, 2 and 4 children in the diarrhoeal group. Rhinoviruses were isolated from 10 children in each group and in seven cases were associated with lower respiratory disease. Adenovirus infections were found in nine children with respiratory disease and eight with diarrhoea. Of the 40 enteroviruses isolated 16 were associated with respiratory disease and 24 with diarrhoea.A poor or delayed serological response in children under 4 months with RS virus infection was observed. Addition of unheated rabbit serum increased the sensitivity of the neutralization test with RS virus.These findings indicate that respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza virus infections were clearly associated with respiratory illness but the pathogenic role of the other viruses was not clear.
Characterization ofMycoplasma suipneumoniae: a mycoplasma causing enzootic pneumonia of pigs
Authors: Goodwin R. F. W. , Pomeroy Annette P. , Whittlestone P. 
Published: May 2009

A micro-organism, previously known as the J agent, was grown on solid medium: its various characteristics suggested that it was a mycoplasma and it was provisionally namedMycoplasma suipneumoniae.In the growth-inhibition and metabolic-inhibition tests,M. suipneumoniaewas indistinguishable fromM. hyopneumoniae(Maré & Switzer, 1965).By the growth-inhibition test,M. suipneumoniaeseemed unrelated to all of a wide range (42 strains) of other mycoplasmas examined. These results suggest that, if the similarity betweenM. suipneumoniaeandM. hyopneumoniaeis substantiated in further work, these latter two strains are probably a new species.M. suipneumoniaewas also identified by the metabolic-inhibition test, by precipitation in agar gel, and by immune-fluorescence. Using the last two methods,M. suipneumoniaewas distinguished from a second porcine mycoplasma (strain 603).The most important property ofM. suipneumoniaeis its ability to induce enzootic pneumonia experimentally in pigs.
The sensitivity of the biotypes ofBrucella abortusto three antibiotics used in selective media, and the description of a new biotype
Authors: Farrell I. D. , Robertson L. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation into the antibiotic sensitivity ofB. abortusbiotypes to polymyxin B sulphate, amphotericin B, and bacitracin has shown that the dye-sensitive strains are also antibiotic-sensitive; and preliminary experiments suggest that these two properties are not genetically related.The results suggest that biotype 2 can be subdivided on the basis of antibiotic sensitivity pattern, and that this could be of epidemiological significance.Investigation into the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the dye-sensitive variantB. abortus, biotype 4, leads us to believe that this strain should be reclassified as a separate biotype and provisionally called biotype 10.
Comparison of three ventilating systems in an operating room
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Richards I. D. G. , Polakoff S. 
Published: May 2009

Observations on the bacteriological contamination of the air have been made in an operating room fitted with three alternative systems of ventilation.These were; A, downward displacement ‘piston’; B, moderate velocity turbulent; C, low velocity turbulent.The volume of the ventilating air supplied was the only characteristic of the ventilation which affected the contamination levels reached during operations. No significant differences could be detected between the three ventilating systems in this respect.Unavoidable temperature differences in the operating room render it generally impossible to produce effective downward displacement air movement with ventilating air supplies which do not exceed 1500 ft.3 per minute over a ceiling area of 300 ft.2.Great differences were observed between the several carriers of Staphylococcus aureus in the extent to which they dispersed this organism into the air when working in the operating room.
Airborne staphylococci in the surgical ward
Authors: Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

The air of a subdivided surgical ward was sampled by the exposure of culture plates for 12 hr. periods 5 days a week.A number of ‘broadcasts’ of airborneStaphylococcus aureuswere observed; many of these were of very short duration. A single person could be recognized as responsible for 22 of the 33 broadcasts; in all cases dispersal seemed to be from carrier sites rather than from infected lesions.There was little spread of the staphylococci between the 4 rooms of the ward. The frequency of nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistantS. aureusincreased from 6·2% in patients examined during their 1st week to 13·2% in those examined in their 4th week in the ward; the rate for allS. aureusdeclined from 31·3 to 26·4%.It is suggested that the long-period exposure of culture plates for the collection of airborne staphylococci may be useful in monitoring some aspects of hospital hygiene.
Factors affecting the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus in deep suspension cultures of BHK21 Clone 13 cells
Authors: Capstick P. B. , Garland A. J. M. , Chapman W. G. , Masters R. C. 
Published: May 2009

For maximum utilization of deep cultures to produce FMD virus it was important to have adequate control of culture temperature and pH. Culture temperature should be controlled within the range 34·25°7–35°C. and culture pH at 7·2. The culture system became less efficient as the cell concentration was increased from 1 × 106·0to 9 × 106·0cells/ml. A cell concentration of 2·5 × 106·0cells/ml. represented a working compromise between efficiency and antigen titre/ml. for inactivated FMD vaccine production.The input virus/cell ratio had no effect on the time or titre of peak virus yield in the range 1:1 to 1:320. This makes the production of seed virus from small numbers of monolayer cultures feasible and economical.Virus yield was improved by the addition of 5% serum. It would be more satisfactory if a serum-free cell strain could be developed.
Immunization of man with typhoid and cholera vaccine. Agglutinating antibodies after intracutaneous and subcutaneous injection
Authors: Clasener H. A. L. , Beunders B. J. W. 
Published: May 2009

Young men were immunized against cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A, and paratyphoid B. Agglutinating antibodies were measured 3 weeks after completion of the immunization schedule. Two injections separated by a 4-week interval were found to be as efficient as three injections with 1-week intervals.Intracutaneous immunization with one-fifth of the standard subcutaneous dose was just as efficient as the standard subcutaneous immunization and did not cause greater general or local reaction.
Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands before and after vaccination with inactivated poliovaccine
Authors: Hofman B. 
Published: May 2009

Formalin-inactivated polio vaccine has been used in the Netherlands since 1957. Within 3 years all children born in 1945 and later were offered vaccine. In the first years poliovaccine from different manufacturers were used. In 1961 a vaccine produced in the Netherlands by the ‘Rijks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid’ (National Institute of Public Health) became available and in 1962 the poliomyelitis components were incorporated in a quadruple vaccine, which contains 15 Lf diphtheria, 5 Lf tetanus toxoid and 16 × 109Bordetella pertussis organisms in addition to the three polio components. As an adjuvant this quadruple vaccine contains 1·5 mg. aluminium phosphate per 1 ml. dose. For infants the schedule became three doses at ages 3, 4 and 5 months respectively, followed by a booster dose at the end of the first year. The over-all acceptance rate can be estimated at almost 90% of those eligible, but there were pockets in the population with lower rates.Since 1924 poliomyelitis has been a notifiable disease. During and after the last World War major epidemics occurred.The poliomyelitis morbidity rates in the 8 post-vaccination years 1958–65 were compared with those from two preceding 4-year periods 1950–3 and 1954–7. In the 1–4-year-old children, who presented the most vulnerable age group, paralytic poliomyelitis was reduced by about 97 % and in the other age groups this percentage was slightly less. The over-all reduction was 96 %. Comparison of the morbidity rates of non-vaccinated persons in 1958–65 with the rates from 1950–3 and 1954–7 gave an impression of the extent of the herd immunity. These rates were reduced 70–80 % in the children under 15 years and 90–95 % in those over this age. The individual protection given to the vaccinated was calculated from the morbidity rates in non-vaccinated, incompletely and fully vaccinated persons in the 1958–65 period. The reduction of morbidity was 90–95% for children of 1–14 years who got three doses or more and about 85 % for those who had only 1 or 2 doses. Fully vaccinated children, who are profiting from both individual protection and herd immunity, showed a reduction of 97–99 %.From the data presented it is concluded that vaccination with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine can provide very effective protection for the individual and the community provided that a vaccine of good quality is used and the rate of acceptance is 75 % or better.
The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Forman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis was made of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the epidemic in Hampshire in January and February 1967. To explain the pattern of spread, it had to be postulated that virus was present seven days before the first outbreak was reported. It is suggested that the disease occurred initially in pigs fed on infected meat and that the virus was subsequently disseminated from the local abattoir, where the pigs were killed, to four farms by movement of animals, slaughterhouse waste, people or vehicles, and to fifteen by the airborne route. Subsequent spread from these farms was by movement in two instances and by the airborne route in five. The source and route of infection of the last farm in the outbreak were not determined.The risk of spread through movement was associated more with carriage of infected slaughterhouse waste, movement of animals, people or vehicles carrying animals than through collection of milk, artificial insemination or movement of other types of vehicles. Outbreaks of disease among pigs gave rise to more secondary spread than outbreaks in cattle. Secondary outbreaks attributed to airborne spread occurred only in ruminants. Most airborne spread was into areas of high livestock density and cattle in the larger herds became infected. Airborne spread could be correlated with wind direction and speed but not with rain. The reduction in the number of outbreaks at the end of the epidemic could be attributed to the elimination of the largest sources of virus, the control of movements and the fact that in all instances except two the wind was blowing virus over towns and out to sea, to areas of low stock density and to areas where animals had been killed.
An epidemic of influenza on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Mantle John , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRespiratory disease on Tristan da Cunha has been observed since the islanders returned in 1962. An epidemic of unprecedented severity occurred in the winter of 1971 and involved 273 (96%) of 284 islanders, 92 of whom had two attacks. The epidemic was apparently introduced by theTristania.The illness of both first and second attacks ranged from mild to severe but there were some differences. There were two deaths, both in elderly persons with chronic chest disease and heart failure. Serological evidence suggests that this was due to influenza A2 of the Hong Kong serotype H3N2
Immunity to influenza in ferrets V. Immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65
Authors: Potter C. W. , McLaren C. , Shore S. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFerrets infected with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68 responded with a febrile reaction; the temperature was elevated by 1·0°C. or greater to a level of 40°C. or more. In addition, relatively high titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings taken 3 days after virus infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and nasal washings contained both HI and neutralizing antibody. Of four ferrets immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated influenza virus A2/Aichi/2/68 in saline, only one produced detectable serum HI antibody, and none produced detectable nasal antibody. These ferrets were subsequently found to be susceptible to intranasal infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68. Thus, the temperature response, the titre of virus recovered from nasal washings and the serum HI antibody response found after virus infection was similar to that found after infection of non-immunized ferrets. However, the increase in protein concentration and the titre of HI and neutralizing antibody found in nasal washings after virus infection was detectably less than that found after virus infection of non-immunized ferrets.Four ferrets were immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated A2/Aichi/2/68 virus in adjuvant 65, and these ferrets produced relatively high titres of serum HI antibody but no detectable nasal antibody. After subsequent virus infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68, these ferrets showed a modified temperature response, reduced titres of virus in nasal washings compared to that found in nasal washings from non-immunized ferrets, no increase in nasal protein and no detectable nasal HI antibody. Thus, immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65 resulted in a significant modification of the response of ferrets to challenge virus; however, the immunity was not complete, and appreciably less than that found after infection with live homologous virus.
An epidemiological study ofPseudomonas aeruginosain cattle and other animals by pyocine typing
Authors: Mushin Rose , Ziv G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe high incidence (80·1%) ofPseudomonas aeruginosapyocine type 1 in bovine mastitis in Israel suggested some degree of selectivity under local conditions. Contrary to other reports, cattle and calves showed a high rate of faecal carriage of this organism. The water supply on farms was often contaminated. The presence of certain pyocine types in the udder, gut or water occasionally led to their transmission from one reservoir to another; however, many types did not seem to spread.P. aeruginosawas found in association with infections in various animals and was present in many locations such as a mouse breeding house and a chick hatchery.
The direct fluorescent antibody test for detection ofBrucella abortusin bovine abortion material
Authors: Corbel M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe direct fluorescent antibody test was assessed for detection ofBrucella abortusin bovine abortion material.Br. abortusorganisms could be readily detected as characteristic intra-cellular clumps, in smears stained with fluorescent antibody. Counterstaining with Evans Blue was necessary to suppress tissue auto-fluorescence. The method was specific and enabled brucella infection to be differentiated,inter alia, from Q-fever infection.
Studies on two methods for extraction of streptococcal T antigens
Authors: Erwa H. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe extraction of group A streptococcal antigens by group C phage-associated lysin has been confirmed. In addition to the T antigen the extract contained M-protein, group-specific polysaccharide and mucopeptide antigen which was difficult to remove. This method of extraction of the T antigen was compared with the trypsin method. The latter method was found to be of advantage in giving a pure specific antigen.