bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Krylov‐Padé model order reduction for accelerating design optimization of structures and vibrations in the frequency domain
Authors: Yue Yao , Meerbergen Karl 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYIn many engineering problems, the behavior of dynamical systems depends on physical parameters. In design optimization, these parameters are determined so that an objective function is minimized. For applications in vibrations and structures, the objective function depends on the frequency response function over a given frequency range, and we optimize it in the parameter space. Because of the large size of the system, numerical optimization is expensive. In this paper, we propose the combination of Quasi‐Newton type line search optimization methods and Krylov‐Padé type algebraic model order reduction techniques to speed up numerical optimization of dynamical systems. We prove that Krylov‐Padé type model order reduction allows for fast evaluation of the objective function and its gradient, thanks to the moment matching property for both the objective function and the derivatives towards the parameters. We show that reduced models for the frequency alone lead to significant speed ups. In addition, we show that reduced models valid for both the frequency range and a line in the parameter space can further reduce the optimization time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of beta‐thalassemia and sickle‐cell disease using pyrophosphorolysis‐activated polymerization and melting curve analysis
Authors: Phylipsen Marion , Yamsri Supawadee , Treffers Emmely E. , Jansen Diahann T. S. L. , Kanhai Warsha A. , Boon Elles M. J. , Giordano Piero C. , Fucharoen Supan , Bakker Egbert , Harteveld Cornelis L. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop a pyrophosphorolysis‐activated polymerization (PAP) assay for non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of β‐thalassemia major and sickle‐cell disease (SCD). PAP is able to detect mutations in free fetal DNA in a highly contaminating environment of maternal plasma DNA.MethodsPyrophosphorolysis‐activated polymerization primers were designed for 12 informative SNPs, genotyped by melting curve analysis (MCA) in both parents. The PAP assay was tested in a series of 13 plasma DNA samples collected from pregnant women. A retrospective NIPD was performed in a couple at risk for SCD.ResultsAll PAP reactions were optimized and able to detect <3% target gDNA in a background of >97% wildtype gDNA. In all 13 cases, the paternal allele was detected by PAP in maternal plasma at 10 to 18 weeks of gestation. For the couple at risk, PAP showed presence of the normal paternal SNP allele in maternal plasma, which was confirmed by results of the chorionic villus sampling analysis.ConclusionsIn contrast to other methods used for NIPD, the combined PAP and MCA analysis detecting the normal paternal allele is also applicable for couples at risk carrying the same mutation, provided that a previously born child is available for testing to determine the linkage to the paternal SNPs. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3‐year prevalence of alcohol‐related disorders in German patients treated with high‐potency opioids
Authors: Jobski Kathrin , Schmid Ulrike , Behr Sigrid , Andersohn Frank , Garbe Edeltraut 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeIn November 2010, the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use completed a review of the safety and effectiveness of modified‐release oral high‐potency opioids (HPO). The reason for this referral procedure was the concern that some of these controlled‐release systems may be unstable when co‐ingested with alcohol and that the active substance would be released too quickly. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol‐related disorders (ARD) in German patients treated with HPO approved for pain therapy.MethodsThe source of data was the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database including more than 14 million members of four statutory health insurances. The age and sex standardized 3‐year prevalence of ARD in patients treated with any type of HPO and in patients receiving modified‐release oral HPO was compared with the prevalence of ARD in the general population excluding HPO‐treated patients.ResultsThe age and sex standardized prevalence of ARD was significantly higher in patients treated with any type of HPO (5.5%, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 5.2%–5.9%) or with modified‐release HPO (5.4%, 95%CI: 4.8%–5.9%) than in persons belonging to the general population (2.2%, 95%CI: 2.2–2.2%).ConclusionsInteractions with alcohol in patients receiving modified‐release HPO may be of relevance in a substantial number of patients. Physicians should be aware of this potentially dangerous interaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Literature review on superhydrophobic self‐cleaning surfaces produced by electrospinning
Authors: Sas Iurii , Gorga Russell E. , Joines Jeff A. , Thoney Kristin A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSelf‐cleaning surface is potentially a very useful addition for many commercial products due to economic, aesthetic, and environmental reasons. Super‐hydrophobic self‐cleaning, also called Lotus effect, utilizes right combination of surface chemistry and roughness to force water droplets to form high contact angle on a surface, easily roll off a surface and pick up dirt particles on its way. Electrospinning is a promising technique for creation of superhydrophobic self‐cleaning surfaces owing to a wide set of parameters that allow effectively controlling roughness of resulted webs. This article gives a brief introduction to the theory of super‐hydrophobic self‐cleaning and basic principles of the electrospinning process and reviews the scientific literature where electrospinning was used to create superhydrophobic surfaces. The article reviewed are categorized into several groups and their results are compared in terms of superhydrophobic properties. Several issues with current state of the art and highlights of important areas for future research are discussed in the conclusion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Strategies for controlling the active layer morphologies in OPVs
Authors: Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli , Venkataraman Dhandapani 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis review focuses on the recent developments in our understanding of active layer morphologies for organic photovoltaic cells and approaches to obtain active layer morphologies for high power conversion efficiencies. The evolution of active layer morphologies, as studied by high resolution electron microscopy, X‐ray and neutron scattering, and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry, is covered, along with strategies including the use of small molecule additives, polymer nanowires and polymer nanoparticles to realize active layer morphologies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Can computational approaches aid in untangling the inherent complexity of practical organic photovoltaic systems?
Authors: Sumpter Bobby G. , Meunier Vincent 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOrganic materials, in particular conjugated polymers, have recently become the subject of extensive research for photovoltaic device applications. This increase of interest is primarily the result of their potentially low manufacturing cost, compatibility with flexible substrates, diverse chemical tunability, scalability, and ease of processing currently available for suitable bulk heterojunction (BHJ) construction. However, to date, these materials have not been able to exceed power conversion efficiencies (PCE) beyond 5–9%, values short of those considered commercially viable. The deficit in PCE appears to derive from a combination of physicochemical and device complexities associated with inadequate hole transport mobility, solubility and miscibility with an appropriate acceptor, narrow electronic band gap for efficient solar light harvesting, appropriate highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccopied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies to maximize the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and electron transfer to the acceptor, and in particular the control of the multidimensional problem of BHJ morphology. In this review article, we provide an overview of some of the recent progress toward implementing theory, modeling, and simulation approaches in combination with results from precision synthesis, characterization, and device fabrication as a mean to overcome/understand the inherent issues that limit practical applications of organic photovoltaics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Optimization as a reasoning strategy for dealing with socioscientific decision‐making situations
Authors: Papadouris Nicos 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper reports on an attempt to help 12‐year‐old students develop a specific optimization strategy for selecting among possible solutions in socioscientific decision‐making situations. We have developed teaching and learning materials for elaborating this strategy, and we have implemented them in two intact classes (N = 48). Prior to and after the implementation, which lasted for nine 80‐minute sessions, we collected data through a number of open‐ended tasks that asked students either to address certain decision‐making situations or to evaluate given decisions. Twenty students (42%) also participated in follow‐up interviews. Data analysis revealed that this type of intervention may lead to an improvement in students' decision‐making reasoning strategies, starting from an early stage. Specifically, after the implementation (i) most students spontaneously selected to apply the targeted optimization strategy and provided appropriate justifications for their decisions, (ii) there was a substantial reduction in the frequency of responses that either relied on noncompensatory approaches or synthesized the available information in a nonvalid manner, and (iii) there was an improvement in students' ability to elaborate reasoning flaws in given decision‐making approaches. In addition, the findings provide insights into certain challenges and confounding factors involved in designing learning materials for promoting such reasoning strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:600–630, 2012
Simple and Universal Platform for Logic Gate Operations Based on Molecular Beacon Probes
Authors: Park Ki Soo , Seo Myung Wan , Jung Cheulhee , Lee Joon Young , Park Hyun Gyu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new platform technology is herein described with which to construct molecular logic gates by employing the hairpin‐structured molecular beacon probe as a basic work unit. In this logic gate operation system, single‐stranded DNA is used as the input to induce a conformational change in a molecular beacon probe through a sequence‐specific interaction. The fluorescent signal resulting from the opening of the molecular beacon probe is then used as the output readout. Importantly, because the logic gates are based on DNA, thus permitting input/output homogeneity to be preserved, their wiring into multi‐level circuits can be achieved by combining separately operated logic gates or by designing the DNA output of one gate as the input to the other. With this novel strategy, a complete set of two‐input logic gates is successfully constructed at the molecular level, including OR, AND, XOR, INHIBIT, NOR, NAND, XNOR, and IMPLICATION. The logic gates developed herein can be reversibly operated to perform the set‐reset function by applying an additional input or a removal strand. Together, these results introduce a new platform technology for logic gate operation that enables the higher‐order circuits required for complex communication between various computational elements.
Real‐Time Microscopy of Graphene Growth on Epitaxial Metal Films: Role of Template Thickness and Strain
Authors: Sutter Peter , Ciobanu Cristian V. , Sutter Eli 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEpitaxial transition metal films have recently been introduced as substrates for the scalable synthesis of transferable graphene. Here, real‐time microscopy is used to study graphene growth on epitaxial Ru films on sapphire. At high temperatures, high‐quality graphene grows in macroscopic (>100 μm) domains to full surface coverage. Graphene nucleation and growth characteristics on thin (100 nm) Ru films are consistent with a pure surface chemical vapor deposition process, without detectable contributions from C segregation. Experiments on thicker (1 μm) films show a systematic suppression of the C uptake into the metal to levels substantially below those expected from bulk C solubility data, consistent with a strain‐induced reduction of the C solubility due to gas bubbles acting as stressors in the epitaxial Ru films. The results identify two powerful approaches—i) limiting the template thickness and ii) tuning the interstitial C solubility via strain—for controlling graphene growth on metals with high C solubility, such as Ru, Pt, Rh, Co, and Ni.
On the Cyclic Softening Mechanisms of Reduced Activity Ferritic/Martensitic Steels
Authors: Giordana Maria Florencia , Alvarez‐Armas Iris , Armas Alberto 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLow‐cycle fatigue tests were performed in three different ferrite/martensite steels, i.e., the European RAFM steel EUROFER 97 and the commercials AISI 410 and AISI 420, at room temperature (RT) and at 550°C. After the first few cycles, a cyclic softening that continues up to failure is observed for all these steels. The cyclic softening exhibited by AISI 420 is less pronounced than for the other two steels. The comparison between the mechanical responses of the materials was based on the study of the flow stress components, i.e., the friction and the back stresses, and their correlation with the microstructure evolution. In most cases, the strong cyclic softening observed is produced by the decreasing stress values exhibited by both stress components. However, at RT, for AISI 420, the back stress does not present variation during cycling. The decrease of the free dislocation density inside the subgrains and the growth of the mean subgrain size represent the main microstructural evolution.
Development of an Evidence‐Based Information Booklet to Support Parents of Children Without a Diagnosis
Authors: Lewis Celine , Skirton Heather , Jones Ray 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop an evidence‐based psychosocial information booklet for parents of children without a specific diagnosis, many of whom are seen through the genetic clinic. A mixed methods approach was adopted involving four phases. The first two phases involving a systematic review and in‐depth interviews are summarised briefly but reported in detail elsewhere. Phase 3 comprised: (1) a grey literature search to identify relevant literature and resources from other patient organizations; (2) drafting the booklet using themes identified through the previous phases; (3) piloting the booklet with eight professional and support group stakeholders and (4) piloting the booklet with 14 parents (from Phase 2) to ensure the information reflected their experiences. In Phase 4, we assessed satisfaction with the booklet through a questionnaire completed by 38 parents. The booklet was well accepted. The importance of providing the booklet at the beginning of the parental ‘journey’ was identified. We have developed an evidence‐based information booklet to support parents via a rigorous mixed methods approach. This booklet meets a largely unmet psychosocial need and could be used in practice to support parents of children without a diagnosis.
Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production by Stannic Chloride
Authors: Zhang Junhua , Liu Jianjun , Ma Hunian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this study, SnCl4 was chosen as a solid catalyst for esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO). A central composite rotatable design was used to investigate the effect of the methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time on the SnCl4‐catalyzed esterification of FFA. The methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio and reaction time clearly affected the conversion efficiency of FFA in the test ranges. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for SnCl4‐catalyzed esterification. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for conversion efficiency of FFA by multiple regression analysis and verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. Under the optimum conditions, the conversion efficiency of FFA in vegetable oil reached above 96 %. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of SnCl4 as an acid catalyst for the reduction of high FFA content in vegetable oils to a low level by one‐step esterification.
Evaluation of Siberian Apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) Germplasm Variability for Biodiesel Properties
Authors: Wang Libing 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe potential for using Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil as a source of biodiesel raw material is often overlooked when considering Siberian apricots as a greening tree in China. The aim of this research was to study and compare the oil content and fatty acid composition of 17 germplasm accessions in northern regions of China. Oil content ranged from 44.73 to 57.83 % with a mean of 50.18 % for the 17 accessions. In AS‐080, AS‐013, AS‐017 and AS‐027, oil contents were higher than 55 %. Percentages of fatty acids varied greatly among different accessions, but all the accessions contained high amounts of important oleic acid. The biodiesel properties of the Siberian apricot seed kernels oil methyl ester were determined and compared to the relevant specifications from the ASTM D6751‐2003, EN 14214‐2005 and GB/T 20828‐2007. In general, germplasm accession PS‐80 has been identified as the ideal feedstock for biodiesel production while germplasm accessions PS‐17 and PS‐27 were found to be the promising feedstock for biodiesel production.
Using Marine Snails to Teach Biogeography and Macroevolution: The Role of Larvae and Dispersal Ability in the Evolution and Persistence of Species
Authors: Hendricks Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWhile some marine animals are capable of traveling great distances, many have limited mobility as adults and spend the majority of their lifetimes in a small geographical area or may even be cemented to a single place. While it might be expected that species with limited mobility would have small geographic distributions, some nevertheless occur over very large areas. This is the case for some marine snails (gastropods). A key factor that impacts the geographic distribution of marine snails is the type of larvae they have during the phase of their life history that follows hatching from an egg. Because adult snails do not typically travel vast distances, the mobility of the larval stage determines the species’ ability to reach new territories. Some larvae are capable of long-distance travel, while others are not. An important component of the process of speciation involves geographic isolation, so the type of larvae a snail species possesses impacts the likelihood that it will become geographically isolated and give rise to a new species. Larval form also affects how long snail species will persist on geological timescales before going extinct, as well as rates of speciation. This paper briefly reviews the evolutionary consequences of different types of larval development in marine gastropods (especially cone snails, which are one of the most diverse groups of marine animals), particularly in determining the dispersal ability and geographic ranges of individual species, the amount of genetic exchange among populations within species, and the duration of species through time. The goal of this short review is to provide context and examples for classroom discussions of the connections between biogeography and macroevolution. Furthermore, a classroom activity is presented that involves students’ using information about snail life history and biogeography to develop research plans (and predicted results) that could be utilized to test (i.e., support or reject) several macroevolutionary hypotheses.
Early Paleozoic magmatism in the Bumbat-Hairhan area of the Lake Zone in western Mongolia (geological, petrochemical, and geochronological data)
Authors: Rudnev S.N. , Izokh A.E. , Borisenko A.S. , Shelepaev R.A. , Orihashi Y. , Lobanov K.V. , Vishnevsky A.V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We consider the structure, composition, and age of Early Paleozoic intrusive associations of the Bumbat-Hairhan area located in the central part of the island-arc system of the Lake Zone, western Mongolia. There are large polychronous plutons (Bumbat-Hairhan and Gundguzin) and small intrusions in this area. We have established that they are composed of granitoid and gabbroid associations of different lithology, ages, and geodynamic nature. The results of U-Pb dating show that granitoid and basic magmatism took place within 551–465 Ma. Two main stages of intrusive magmatism are recognized, which reflect two stages of the geodynamic evolution of the region: island-arc (551–524 Ma) and accretion–collision (511–465 Ma). At all stages, predominant rocks in the region were diorite–tonalite–plagiogranite and plagiogranite associations of calc-alkaline series.
Spectral analysis of integro-differential operators applied in linear antenna modelling
Authors: Bekers Dave J. , van Eijndhoven Stephanus J. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe current on a linear strip or wire solves an equation governed by a linear integro-differential operator that is the composition of the Helmholtz operator and an integral operator with a logarithmically singular displacement kernel. Investigating the spectral behaviour of this classical operator, we first consider the composition of the second-order differentiation operator and the integral operator with logarithmic displacement kernel. Employing methods of an earlier work by J. B. Reade, in particular the Weyl–Courant minimax principle and properties of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind, we derive index-dependent bounds for the ordered sequence of eigenvalues of this operator and specify their ranges of validity. Additionally, we derive bounds for the eigenvalues of the integral operator with logarithmic kernel. With slight modification our result extends to kernels that are the sum of the logarithmic displacement kernel and a real displacement kernel whose second derivative is square integrable. Employing this extension, we derive bounds for the eigenvalues of the integro-differential operator of a linear strip with the complex kernel replaced by its real part. Finally, for specific geometry and frequency settings, we present numerical results for the eigenvalues of the considered operators using Ritz's methods with respect to finite bases.
Spectrality of self-affine measures on the three-dimensional Sierpinski gasket
Authors: Li Jian-Lin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe self-affine measure μM, D corresponding to M = diag[p1, p2, p3] (pj ∈ ℤ \ {0, ± 1}, j = 1, 2, 3) and D = {0, e1, e2, e3} in the space ℝ3 is supported on the three-dimensional Sierpinski gasket T(M, D), where e1, e2, e3 are the standard basis of unit column vectors in ℝ3. We shall determine the spectrality and non-spectrality of μM, D, and show that if pj ∈ 2ℤ \ {0, 2} for j = 1, 2, 3, then μM, D is a spectral measure, and if pj ∈ (2ℤ + 1) \ {±1} for j = 1, 2, 3, then μM, D is a non-spectral measure and there exist at most 4 mutually orthogonal exponential functions in L2(μM, D), where the number 4 is the best possible. This generalizes the known results on the spectrality of self-affine measures.