bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Dissecting Matter
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter recounts the historical process that led to the understanding that matter is not a continuous substance, but comes in lumps. The philosophical concept of atoms, postulated by the Greek philosopher Democritus, entered science with the study of chemical reactions and properties of gases. But the first direct evidence for a corpuscular structure of matter came with the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson. The next step was Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus, followed by the understanding that the nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. The exploration of the subatomic world led to the development of quantum mechanics, a theory which revolutionized our interpretation of physical reality. The chapter describes also the discovery and the meaning of antimatter.
5 Stairway to Heaven
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the reasons why fundamental physics needs to explore the world at small distances. Modern research has discovered that the physical laws of nature become progressively simpler at small scales and that, at every step, apparently unrelated phenomena actually become unified into single concepts. This recursive formulation of natural phenomena in terms of ever simpler elements is called in this book ‘Jacob's ladder’. It is then explained why particle accelerators and colliders are needed for the investigation of the fundamental laws of nature. Finally, the chapter presents the applications and achievements of accelerators and detectors outside the field of particle physics.
6 The Lord of the Rings
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the LHC accelerator complex. It first presents the history of the construction of the LHC and the challenges involved. It then describes the functioning of the LHC, following the path made by the beams of protons. The cutting-edge technologies developed for the LHC are explained using simple analogies. Applications outside particle physics of these technologies are also discussed. The different components of the LHC are described, with special emphasis on the superconducting dipole magnets, which are used to steer the proton beams inside the underground tunnel.
7 Telescopes Aimed at Zeptospace
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.
8 Breaking Symmetries
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Symmetries play a fundamental role in modern physics. This chapter introduces this concept by discussing the meaning of symmetries in mathematics and in physics, explaining the significance of Lie groups. With the help of some analogies, the principle of gauge symmetry is illustrated. This principle is the basis for the construction of the Standard Model and determines the structure of the fundamental forces. However, the masses of the W and Z particles are in conflict with the gauge principle. The solution to this problem requires the introduction of new concepts such as spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism. The chapter also describes the experimental strategies in the search for the Higgs boson, the significance of the possible discovery of this particle, and the remaining open problems.
10 Supersymmetry
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Superspace is an extension of space-time which includes new coordinates with unusual algebraic rules. The nature of superspace is quantum mechanical, because it requires the concept of particle spin. This chapter describes the meaning of superspace and supersymmetry, and shows how these ideas can provide a solution to the naturalness problem. The impact of supersymmetry in the quest for unification is also discussed, from its role in superstring theory to the result of gauge coupling unification. Finally, the chapter describes how experiments at the LHC could discover supersymmetry.
Systematic review: prognostic tests of paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure
Authors: CRAIG D. G. N. , FORD A. C. , HAYES P. C. , SIMPSON K. J. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 1064–1076SummaryBackground  Paracetamol (acetaminophen) toxicity remains the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the developed world. In the UK, the recently modified King’s College Criteria are used to list patients for emergency liver transplantation, but these criteria have been criticized for their low sensitivity and for spectrum bias in their application.Aim  To evaluate existing prognostic criteria critically for predicting death without transplantation in paracetamol‐induced ALF.Methods  MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched to identify studies containing adult patients with paracetamol‐induced ALF. Selected studies were evaluated and data were pooled if appropriate, to calculate sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) of applied prognostic tests.Results  Of 6507 studies identified, 14 were eligible for inclusion, evaluating 1960 patients. The original King’s College Criteria had a pooled sensitivity of 58.2% and specificity of 94.6%, with a DOR of 27.7. Addition of arterial lactate to the King’s College Criteria reduced the DOR to 26.1. Several other clinical and laboratory variables had higher DORs than the King’s College Criteria, but were only evaluated in single studies of limited quality.Conclusions  The original King’s College Criteria remain well‐validated criteria with high prognostic accuracy. Other potential prognostic variables should be prospectively assessed in multicentre studies to refine the criteria further.
Eltrombopag does not affect cardiac repolarization: results from a definitive QTc study in healthy subjects
Authors: Matthys Gemma , Park Jung Wook , McGuire Sandra , Wire Mary Beth , Zhang Jianping , Bowen Carolyn , Williams Daphne , Jenkins Julian M. , Peng Bin 
Published: February 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Some non‐anti‐arrhythmic drugs delay cardiac repolarization, which can be measured as an increase in the QT interval. Delays in cardiac repolarization create an electrophysiological environment that favours the development of cardiac arrhythmias, which may lead to torsade de pointes, which can be fatal. As part of the clinical development of eltrombopag, a thorough QTc study was conducted to evaluate the effects of eltrombopag on cardiac repolarization at both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses and to characterize the relationship between plasma eltrombopag concentrations and change in QTc. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS This study found no clinically significant QT prolongation for eltrombopag when administered as 50 mg or 150 mg every day for 5 days. There were no safety or tolerability signals of clinical concern. A small incidence of ventricular premature beats was observed, but this was consistent with previously reported incidences in healthy volunteers without apparent heart disease.AIMTo evaluate the effect of eltrombopag on cardiac repolarization and to characterize the relationship between plasma eltrombopag concentrations and change in QTc.METHODSThis was a double‐blind, placebo‐ and active‐controlled, randomized, balanced four‐period, crossover study in healthy men and women. Subjects were randomized to receive eltrombopag 50 mg and 150 mg, moxifloxacin 400 mg (positive control) and placebo in one of four sequences.RESULTSEighty‐seven subjects entered the study and 48 completed. There was no prolongation of QTc (Fridericia) following eltrombopag treatment, as the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the time‐matched change from baseline in QTcF between drug and placebo (ddQTcF) did not exceed 10 ms for eltrombopag at either dose. Maximum observed mean treatment difference was 2.29 ms (90% CI 0.34, 4.24) for eltrombopag 150 mg at 1 h post‐dose and 11.64 ms (90% CI 9.64, 13.64) for moxifloxacin 400 mg at 4 h. Eltrombopag Cmax and AUC(0,24 h) increased in a dose proportional manner between 50 mg and 150 mg after 5 days' dosing. Proportions of subjects with adverse events were similar across treatments (52–66% of subjects). Most withdrawals (26/39 subjects) were due to elevated platelets. Three subjects were withdrawn for ventricular premature beats (one following each active treatment) reported as related to the study drug.CONCLUSIONSNo clinically significant QTc prolongation was observed for eltrombopag at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses.
Trade‐off between antibiotic resistance and biological fitness in Acinetobacter sp. strain DR1
Authors: Kang Yoon‐Suk , Park Woojun 
Published: February 2010

SummaryRifampicin, a bactericidal antibiotic drug, is routinely used to make an environmental recipient selective in laboratory‐conjugation experiments. We noticed, inadvertently, that the rifampicin‐resistant Acinetobacter sp. strain DR1, a recently discovered hexadecane‐degrading environmental isolate, exhibited a substantial loss of quorum sensing signalling. The domesticated ampicillin‐resistant strain, DR1, evidenced more dramatic phenotypic changes than were observed in the rifampicin‐resistant cells: a complete loss of quorum sensing, a loss in swimming and swarming motilities, poor fimbrial expression, increased rigidity in membrane fatty acid composition and reduced hexadecane degradation capability. Interestingly, the motility of strain DR1 grown adjacent to a streptomycin‐producing Streptomyces griceus was permanently abrogated, where this change was heritable and other phenotypic changes could not be detected. In this study, we have reported for the first time that the in situ acquisition of antibiotic resistance may reduce biological fitness, including losses in the production of quorum sensing signals, motility and substrate utilization, and each antibiotic is associated with different degrees of phenotypic and genetic alterations. Our data also suggested that the domestication of environmental isolates should be approached with caution, as there are phenotypic variations in antibiotic‐resistant cells that might not be noticeable unless all possible phenotypic assays are conducted.
Danish Ethical Demands and French Common Goods: Two Moral Philosophies
Authors: MacIntyre Alasdair 
Published: February 2010

Abstract:Is Knud Eiler Løgstrup's conception of the ethical demand as deeply incompatible with the central theses of 20th century French Thomistic moral philosophy as it seems to be? Discussion of this question requires attention to both the Lutheran and the phenomenological background of Løgstrup's thought; a consideration of the Danish and French social contexts in which the claims of the two moral philosophies were developed; and an enquiry into how far aspects of each are complementary to rather than in conflict with the other. An historical explanation for the genesis of the kind of normativity without norms defended by both Løgstrup and Levinas is proposed.
Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered
Authors: Schindler Dirk 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen’s study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.
TREX1 mutations are not associated with sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Cox F. M. , Boon E. M. J. , Van Der Lans C. A. C. , Bakker E. , Verschuuren J. J. G. M. , Badrising U. A. 
Published: February 2010

Background:  Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most frequent acquired myopathy above the age of fifty. The exact mechanism causing this disease is not known, but immune‐mediated features are prominent and are probably to play a role in its pathogenesis. TREX1 gene mutations are associated with a large range of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. We investigated whether mutations in the TREX1 gene were associated with sIBM.Methods:  Fifty‐four patients with sIBM were tested for TREX1 mutations by direct sequencing.Results:  All 54 patients tested negative for pathogenic mutations in the TREX1 gene. One presumed non‐pathogenic polymorphism was found in 42 out of 54 patients.Conclusion:  TREX1 mutations do not play a role in the pathogenesis of sIBM.
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): Predictors of Alcohol Attitudes and Expectancies in Hispanic National Groups
Authors: Mills Britain A. , Caetano Raul 
Published: February 2010

Background:  Multiple theoretical frameworks identify attitudes and expectancies as important predictors of alcohol behavior. Few studies have examined demographic predictors of these evaluative and belief‐based cognitive mediators in the general population, and none have examined them in large‐scale studies of Hispanics, a group at higher risk for drinking behavior and problems. This study probes the extent to which dimensions of attitudes and expectancies share common demographic predictors in a large sample of Puerto Ricans, Cuban‐Americans, Mexican‐Americans, and South/Central Americans.Methods:  The 2006 Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS) used a multistage cluster sample design to interview 5,224 individuals randomly selected from households in Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Houston, and Los Angeles. This study focused on 2,773 respondents self‐identified as current drinkers. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of positive and negative dimensions of attitudes and expectancies, controlling for various background variables.Results:  Religious affiliation selectively predicted alcohol attitudes, with Catholics having more positive and fewer negative attitudes than other religious groups. Hispanic group selectively predicted alcohol expectancies, with Cuban‐Americans having less positive and less negative expectancies than other groups. Being U.S.‐born or male predicted more positive attitudes and expectancies, but birthplace and gender did not predict negative dimensions of attitudes or expectancies. Higher acculturation and more education were linked to a decreased tendency to agree with any item. Age was positively and negatively associated with negative expectancies and positive attitudes, respectively, and having never been married, higher income, and unemployment were each linked to fewer negative attitudes.Conclusions:  Although there is some overlap, attitudes and expectancies are influenced by different sociodemographic variables. Positive and negative dimensions of those constructs also show distinct patterns of relations. Prevention and treatment programs targeting cognitive mediators of behavior should be mindful of these differential determinants and future modeling endeavors should incorporate them.
Creating a Curtain of Protection: Nurses’ Experiences of Grief Following Patient Death
Authors: Gerow Lisa , Conejo Patricia , Alonzo Amanda , Davis Nancy , Rodgers Susan , Domian Elaine Williams 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Purpose: To describe the lived experience of nurses surrounding the death of their patients. Design: A qualitative phenomenologic approach was used for the interview and analysis framework. Methods to ensure trustworthiness and rigor were incorporated into the design. Methods: Using semistructured interviews and phenomenologic concepts, the investigators interviewed 11 registered nurses where data was analyzed using methods of Heideggerian hermeneutical analysis and van Manen's progression of reflection, description, writing, and rewriting. Findings: Four themes were identified: (a) Reciprocal relationship transcends professional relationship; (b) initial patient death events are formative; (c) nurses’ coping responses incorporate spiritual worldviews and caring rituals; and (d) remaining “professional” requires compartmentalizing of experience. Conclusions: Nurses create a curtain of protection to mitigate the grieving process and allow them to continue to provide supportive nursing care. Clinical Relevance: By developing understanding of the grieving and coping processes, nursing faculty, administrators, and leaders can provide better learning opportunities and more supportive practice environments for the professional nurse.
Lifestyle factors and hand eczema in a Swedish adolescent population
Authors: Röhrl Kari , Stenberg Berndt 
Published: February 2010

Background: Hand eczema risk factors are potentially associated with lifestyle, and changes in lifestyle may influence the prevalence of this condition. Objectives: To report potential lifestyle risk factors and their association with hand eczema. Patients/Materials/Methods: Cross‐sectional questionnaire survey and standard patch test among Swedish upper secondary school children. The participation rate was 81% (6095/7543) for the questionnaire and 59% (4439/7543) for the test. Results: Girls reported piercing (84% versus 18%), tattooing (6% versus 3%), smoking (24% versus 16%) and vegetarianism (21% versus 7%) significantly more often than boys. Girls had significantly more hand eczema (7% versus 4%) than boys. Besides female sex (OR 2.0), allergic rhinitis (OR 1.8), flexural eczema (OR 4.5), and positive nickel test (OR 1.7) were significant risk factors in multivariate analysis. Piercing entailed a decreased risk (OR 0.6). Other lifestyle practices had no association with hand eczema. Vegetarian diet and dental braces which potentially increase oral nickel exposure were not associated with hand eczema prevalence in nickel sensitized individuals. Conclusions: The studied lifestyle practices were more prevalent in girls. Smoking, tattooing, and diet were not associated with the occurrence of hand eczema.
ENERGY REQUIREMENT AND QUALITY ASPECTS OF CHINESE JUJUBE (ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA MILLER) IN HOT AIR DRYING FOLLOWED BY MICROWAVE DRYING
Authors: FANG SHUZHENG , WANG ZHENGFU , HU XIAOSONG , CHEN FANG , ZHAO GUANGHUA , LIAO XIAOJUN , WU JIHONG , ZHANG YAN 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT Chinese jujube samples were dried in hot air at 60C, and then switched into microwave drying of 45, 65 and 90 W at moisture contents of 50, 40 and 30%, respectively. Results indicated that the energy consumptions of combined drying at a transition point of 50% were all lower than that of microwave drying by itself at three power levels, which might be ascribed to the reduction of initial heat‐up region in microwave drying of combined drying. As compared with hot air drying alone, the combined drying can save energy consumption up to about 55%. Combined drying was higher in the rehydration capacity of the dried products than microwave drying alone or hot air drying alone, and is also beneficial to the preservation of vitamin C and less browning. Hot air drying followed by microwave drying of 45 W at transition point of 50% was best in terms of higher product quality with less energy consumption. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSJujube is a fruit distributed to over 30 countries around the world. Drying of jujube is energy intensive. Hot air drying alone takes too much time, requires more energy consumption and degrades the product quality, and microwave drying alone will result in more browning of the product. The combined drying – hot air drying followed by microwave drying – is a promising way to lower energy consumption and to raise product quality.
Experiencing Waterholes in an Arid Environment, with Particular Reference to the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia: a Review
Authors: SILCOCK JENNY LESLEY 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe distribution and permanence of waterholes have dictated human activity and settlement patterns in the arid zone for millennia. At a fundamental level, waterholes are vital to survival in a harsh climate. The recreational value and use of waterholes are widely recognised; however, the less tangible aspects of ‘waterhole experience’ have received scant attention. This review, written whilst compiling an inventory of permanent waterbodies across the Lake Eyre Basin of Queensland and South Australia, aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the interaction of humans with water in an arid land, primarily from a settler perspective.A large body of literature pertaining to waterholes was reviewed, including Aboriginal histories, explorer journals, accounts of early settlers, and numerous fictional and factual accounts of life in inland Australia. It becomes apparent that human appreciation of arid‐zone waterholes runs deeper than the survival imperative, and can be enriched by considering landscape aesthetics and psychology. This attraction has spawned a rich mythology centred on waterholes – permanent features in an otherwise harsh and variable environment.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH PERIODIC COEFFICIENTS
Authors: ROSSETTO BRUNO , ZHANG YING 
Published: February 2010

This paper is devoted to the properties conferred on phase space by a vector field of generic second order autonomous dynamical systems with periodic coefficients, called parametric autonomous dynamical systems (PADS).At first, an associated periodical parametric linear equation (APPLE) is defined at every point of the phase plane. The exact value of the Floquet–Liapunov exponent of the APPLE is computed using a fast algorithm, without integration. The role of Floquet–Liapunov exponents is known to establish the stability of periodic solutions. In this work, it is pointed out that, under certain conditions, they bring information on local characteristics of PADS solutions according to their location in the phase plane, such as sensitivity to initial conditions, oscillation frequency, period doubling, parametric resonance, funneling.Then, an invariant manifold of an associated constant coefficients equivalent system (ACCES) is defined. It is shown that this manifold is periodically crossed by solutions of the PADS. This manifold crossing property contributes to the structure of the PADS solutions in phase plane.The implementation of this method is shown on a Van der Pol equation with a periodic coefficient in order to illustrate all kinds of solution patterns near the manifold in the phase plane according to the Floquet–Liapunov exponent local value. The manifold crossing property can be observed in all cases.Then, a parametric Duffing equation is processed. A numerical study shows some chaos routes, their bifurcation diagram and the top Liapunov exponent variations. The ACCES of the Duffing equation does not have any slow manifold. However, the Floquet–Liapunov exponent computation allows to specify the locus in the phase plane where the curvature of the trajectories changes, giving rise to chaos.