bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Lint Percentage, Boll Size, and Seed Size on Lint Yield of Upland Cotton with High Fiber Strength1
Authors: Culp T. W. , Harrell D. C. 
Published: July 2010

Our major objectives in breeding cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have been to change negative genetic associations between lint yield and fiber strength, and lint yield and length. We also find an association between low lint percentage and extra‐long (above 35 mm) fiber length. With the introduction of the C 6‐5 breeding line into the cotton breeding program at the Pee Dee Exp. Stn. in South Carolina in 1955, the latter association was broken.Through a program of hybridization and selection, lint percentage and lint yield of the PD fines were raised 5 and 12%, respectively. The introduction of C 6‐5 germplasm was accompanied by increases in seed and boll size. The selection of the line, AC 241, caused a reduction in boll and seed size; however, this line has fruit and seeds somewhat larger than desired. We are currently pursuing a program to reduce boll and seed size through hybridization of PD lines with southeastern commercial cottons.
Reaction of Diallel Crosses of Maize In T and N Cytoplasms to Bipolaris maydis Race T1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Futrell M. C. 
Published: July 2010

Diallel crosses among eight corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds that differed for their response to Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) Shoemaker race T (Helminthosporium maydis Nisikado & Miyake race T), were made both on Texas male sterile (T) and on normal (N) cytoplasms. These crosses were evaluated for their reaction to inoculation with B. maydis race T both as seedlings in the greenhouse and as plants in the field.Single crosses produced in N cytoplasm were heavily infected by spores of the fungus in greenhouse tests but extensive lesions did not develop, and the fungus caused relatively little damage. Differences for disease ratings among the hybrids in the N cytoplasm were not significant either in the greenhouse or in the field. Crosses in the T cytoplasm responded differentially to this fungus. Except for crosses with Mp305 as one of the parents, the average disease severity for all crosses with a given parental line was as expected, based on the original evaluation of the parents as lines. However, disease ratings on the crosses in the greenhouse did not agree well with those obtained in the field.Crosses produced in T cytoplasm yielded 69% of their normal counterparts in 1972 and 22% in 1973. Differences were noted among hybrids produced in the T cytoplasm. The most resistant hybrid yielded 63% of its normal counterpart in 1973 while the most susceptible hybrid yielded only 1% of its normal counterpart. Thus, we found that necular gene resistance could overcome part, but not all, of the susceptibility associated with T cytoplasm to this disease.Additive genetic variances accounted for most of the differences among hybrids produced in T cytoplasm. However, nonadditive and reciprocal variances were significant for some characteristics.
Plant Height, Protein Percentage, and Yield Relationships in Spring Wheat1
Authors: Pepe John F. , Heiner Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) semidwarfs, 'Era' and 'Chris Mutant,' with different dwarfing genes, were hybridized and 126 F5 progeny lines were studied to determine the relationship among the variables plant height, yield, and protein percentage. Of these 126 lines, 26 were tall (> 90 cm), 89 were semidwarf (60 to 90 cm), and 11 were dwarf (< 60 cm). The lines were divided among five yield nurseries grown in 1972. Tall vs. semidwarf comparisons were available in three of the nurseries, and the fifth nursery contained nine families of sister lines that differed in plant height (F3‐derived F5 families).Phenotypic correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination for the three characters showed that plant height did not influence grain yield or protein percentage of the lines derived from this cross. The only apparent association was the highly inverse relationship between yield and protein percentage. The inverse yield protein percentage relationship found in high‐yielding lines appeared to result from a complex interaction between source and sink and not from an association with plant height.
Forage Nutritive Value and Palatability of 12 Common Annual Weeds1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Andersen R. N. 
Published: July 2010

Our objective was to determine whether or not some broadleaf (forb) and grass weeds that commonly are found in newly established stands of perennial forage crops have sufficient quality to be considered satisfactory forages.We determined the relative palatability of 12 weed species in comparison to oats (Avena sativa L.) in a grazing study with sheep. In each of 3 years, we estimated, by laboratory analyses, the nutritive value of these 12 weed species grown in field studies.Six weed species, yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.J, barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Pennsylvania smartweed (Potygonum pensylvanicum L.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) were as palatable to sheep as was oats. Four weed species, giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes)], giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.), and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.) were unpalatable. Two species, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) were classed as interacters; i. e. some sheep found them palatable, whereas other sheep refused to graze them. Palatability was not associated with nutritive value, indicating that sheep lacked “nutritional wisdom.”Redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and common ragweed had nutrient composition and digestibility essentially equivalent to that of high quality alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Giant foxtail and Pennsylvania smartweed were less digestible than alfalfa. Giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, and barnyardgrass contained more acid detergent fiber and less crude protein than alfalfa. Ten of the 12 weed species were more digestible than oats forage. Nine of the 12 contained more crude protein than oats.All of the 12 weed species contained adequate minerals to meet the requirements of ruminants, although the species differed considerably in mineral concentration. The grasses contained less than half of the calcium of the forbs, and the grasses usually contained less magnesium than the forbs.Tests for anti‐quality components (alkaloids, nitrate, and mineral unbalances) revealed only a few potential animal toxicities due to mineral imbalances of some of the weeds if they were fed as sole rations.We conclude that some of the common annual weeds found in new stands of perennial forages growing in fertile soils do not decrease the nutritive value of hay or pasture if utilized at relatively early stages of maturation.
Pollen Movement Within and Between Rows to Male‐sterile Soybeans1
Authors: Boerma H. R. , Moradshahi A. 
Published: July 2010

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) pollen movement was studied by evaluating the frequency of outcrossing on white‐flowered (recessive) male‐sterile plants sampled at various within and between‐row distances from a purple‐flowered (dominant) pollen source. In 1973, five 2.75‐m within‐row segments from 0.0 to 13.75‐m and three between‐row distances from 2‐m to 9‐m were evaluated. The data indicated a linear reduction (from 8.3 to 1.4%) in the amount of purple‐flowered progeny as both within and between‐row distances increased.In 1974, six 6.1‐m within‐row segments from 0.0 to 36.6‐m and 12 between‐row distances from 1.0 to 23.0‐m from the purple‐flowered pollen source were evaluated. The 1974 results indicated that with between‐row distances of at least 7‐m and within‐row distances of at least 12 to 18‐m from the pollen source, little pollen contamination would occur. The percentage of purple‐flowered progeny found at these distances or beyond averaged 0.4%. These results indicated that most outcrossing occurred with surrounding plants, and thus intermating blocks of soybeans could be located adjacent to other soybean experiments or commercial plantings without high levels of pollen contamination.
Parameters for Determination of Damage to Sweet Corn Genotypes from First and Second Generation European Corn Borer1
Authors: Carlson J. R. , Andrew R. H. 
Published: July 2010

This research was designed 1) to determine infestation techniques and parameters best suited for assessment of relative resistance to European corn borer, (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) among adapted sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, and 2) to study the interrelationships of first and second generation damage, host maturity, and environment. Four egg masses placed in the whorl and on the ear shoot were used to simulate egg laying by first and second generation corn borer adults, respectively, at Arlington, Wis. in 2 years. Husk ratings and ear tunnel counts were used to measure both first and second generation damage. Tip ratings and ear indexes were used to further evaluate second generation damage. Simple phenotypic correlations were obtained among damage parameters and maturity and Spearman's rank correlations were used to investigate the consistency of the data across years.Differences following first generation infestation in the whorl stage of development usually were not significant or consistent. Use of husk damage ratings, ear tunnel counts, and ear damage indexes following second generation infestation of ear shoots gave significant and consistent measures of hybrid differences in two markedly different seasons. First and second generation measurements of damage were not significantly related. For the hybrids included in these trials, maturity was negatively and consistently correlated with all second generation damage parameters.
Recurrent Selection for Rind Thickness in Maize and its Relationship With Yield, Lodging, and Other Plant Characteristics1
Authors: Davis Stephen M. , Crane Paul L. 
Published: July 2010

This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of recurrent selection in increasing the stalk rind thickness in a synthetic population of maize (Zea mays L.) and determine the associated response of lodging and several other characters to selection for rind thickness. Three cycles with a selection intensity of 10% and effective populations of 883, 891, and 1054 were completed on an individual plant basis. The rind thickness of all cycles were not compared in a single year.Lodging decreased from 24.2 to 20.7% after two cycles of selection in topcrosses of the selected populations with five single‐crosses and from 25.7 to 19.1% after three cycles of selection in the populations per se. Grain yield decreased with selection for rind thickness from 64.3 to 50.9 quintals/ha in the populations per se and from 67.9 to 64.7 quintals/ha in the topcrosses. No substantial changes occurred in grain moisture at harvest, percent stand, ear height, nor plant height.
Cross‐fertilization in Seed Production in Relation to Forage Yield of Alfalfa1
Authors: Kehr W. R. 
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between percentage of cross‐fertilization in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L, seed production, and forage yield, and to determine the competitive relationships between plants of hybrid and nonhybrid origin at three seeding rates. The percentages of cross‐fertilization in seed production were measured by classifying the flower color of progeny from white‐ and yellow‐flowered markers that were planted with blue‐ and purple‐flowered materials. Seed lots that varied from 30 to 91% of hybrid origin were seeded in replicated field plots to study yield and other traits, and to provide plants that were dug and classified for flower color.Percentage of cross‐fertilization in seed production was not significantly correlated with forage yield of alfalfa in any of three experiments. The percentages of plants of hybrid origin that became established in the field by the fall of the seeding year, from a spring seeding, were highly correlated with percentages of cross‐fertilization in seed production in two experiments, with r values of 0.758 to 0.924, significant at the 1% level. In the fall of the first harvest year, the average percentages of plants of hybrid origin were 81, 87, and 90% in plots seeded at 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg/ha, respectively. These percentages exceeded the average percentage of cross‐fertilization in seed production by 29 to 38%. In the fall of the second harvest year, the average percentages of plants of hybrid origin were 95 and 96% in plots seeded at 9.0 and 13.4 kg/ha, respectively.The percentages of plants of hybrid origin were significantly different for, and increased with, seeding rate by the fall of the year of seeding in one experiment and by the fall of the first harvest year in another experiment.
Effects of Yield Components on Lint Yield of Upland Cotton with High Fiber Strength1
Authors: Harrell D. C. , Culp T. W. 
Published: July 2010

Seeds/boll, lint/seed, and bolls/m2 were determined for several PD breeding lines and check cultivars of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., representative of distinct breeding stages in the simultaneous improvement of lint yield and fiber strength. These yield components were calculated from seed cotton yield, boll size, seed size, and lint percentage measured on the stocks in one or more tests conducted for at least 3 years on the Pee Dee Experiment Station, Florence, S.C. from 1956 to 1972. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of each component on lint yield and its breeding implication in improvement programs.Most southeastern commercial cultivars averaged 36 seeds/boll as compared with 33 for PD lines. Seeds/boll can be increased by crossing PD lines with southeastern commercial cultivars and selecting for this characteristic. It might be possible to increase lint yields of PD lines by increasing seeds/boll, which should increase seed surface area for greater lint production. Lint/seed advanced slightly as lint percentages were improved in early developed PD lines. Lint/seed was increased significantly after the introduction of the C 6‐5 breeding line because lint percentage and seed size advanced greatly. This component has not influenced yield of recent PD lines appreciably because boll size has declined and lint percentage has remained relatively constant. Bolls/m2 has been the major component contributing to lint yields of PD lines. Except for the rapid increase in lint yield from the higher level of lint percentage and larger bolls and seeds derived from C 6‐5, increases in lint yields have paralleled increases in bolls/m2 We suspect that we will be concerned more with maintaining, rather than increasing, bolls/m2 as we develop future PD breeding lines.
Observed and Predicted Response to Selection for Protein and Yield in Peas1
Authors: Pandey Shivaji , Gritton E. T. 
Published: July 2010

Few reports of selection for seed yield and seed protein concentration, two important traits in peas, are available in the literature. This study involved the effect of selection for protein in the F2, F3 and F4 and for seed yield in the F3 and F4 generations of four pea (Pisum sativum L.) crosses grown in the field nursery. Mean protein of all progeny in each population was generally lower than the higher parent and tended toward the lower parent. Seed yield/plant values were generally higher than the midparent and tended toward the higher parent. Narrow sense hecitability values estimated through the parentprogeny regression method varied with crosses and generations, and were generally greater for protein (17 to 56%) than for seed yield (0 to 41%).The observed change from selecting for higher % protein ranged from ‒0.84 to 5.85% of the population mean and was generally less than that predicted (2.07 to 5.54%). The observed decrease (‒0.75 to ‒7.05%) in the same trait for negative selection was generally greater than that predicted (‒2.18 to ‒4.62%). The relationship between observed increase in yield from selection (3.22 to 12.53%) and that predicted (0.00 to 19.25%) was variable, but the observed decrease (‒1.93 to ‒17.25%) was generally greater than that predicted 0.00 to ‒17.65%).Correlations between protein and seed yield were small and inconsistent, suggesting that selection for either trait would not necessarily influence the level of the other. Selection for the two traits appears to be effective even in early generations. The amount and rate of progress would be influenced by choice of parents and selection intensity.
Structural Composition and in vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Brown Midrib Corn Residue1
Authors: El‐Tekriti Ramadhan A. , Lechtenberg V. L. , Bauman L. F. , Colenbrander V. F. 
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the brown midrib‐3 (bm3) gone on lignin percentage and in vitro dry matter disappearance of corn (Zea mays L.) stems and leaves sampled after grain harvest. Brown midrib‐3 and nearly isogenic normal corn hybrids were grown under field conditions at two locations and sampled at approximately 3, 6, and 9 weeks after grain harvest. An additional normal source represented by a commercial hybrid was also grown at one location. The stover portion of the plants was separated into leaves and stems. Samples were analyzed for structural composition and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) using detergent solution and rumen fermentation techniques.The lignin percentage in leaves averaged 5.8 and 7.1% for bm3 and normal plants at the first location. IVDMD of the leaves at this location averaged 57.1 and 49.8%. Lignin percentage in stems averaged 5.4 and 11.6% for bm3 and normal plants. IVDMD of stems averaged 59.2 and 43.0%. The composition of commercial hybrid plants was similar to that of normal plants. At the second location, leaf lignin averaged 6.6 and 8.1% and IVDMD was 56.0 and 50.2% for bm3 and normal genotypes. Lignin averaged 7.0 and 12.4% and IVDMD averaged 50.1 and 39.0% for bm3 and normal stems.Lignin percentage increased and IVDMD decreased after grain harvest. However, differences between bm3 and normal genotypes were nearly as great at the last sampling as at the first, indicating that the differences in composition and digestibility of corn stover caused by the bm3 gene persist in the plant residue long after the grain has been harvested.
Induction of Useful Short Stature and Early Maturing Mutants in two Japonica Rice Cultivars1
Authors: Rutger J. N. , Peterson M. L. , Hu C. H. , Lehman W. F. 
Published: July 2010

Short stature and early maturing mutants were induced in two japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars by 60Co gamma irradiation. Frequency of useful mutants in the M2 generation grown from bulked seed of M1 plants was 1.89% in ‘Calrose’ and only 0.62% in ‘Colusa.’ The most promising mutant was the short stature Calrose selection D7.D7 was about 25 cm shorter than its parent cultivar Calrose. In 11 large‐plot tests conducted over 2 years, D7 equaled the yield of the tall check cultivar ‘CS‐M3’ (a cultivar similar to Calrose), was 35 cm shorter and had more lodging resistance. The short stature of D7 was controlled by a single recessive gene.Two early maturing Calrose mutants, D18 and D31, may be useful as germplasm sources of early maturity. One short stature, early Colusa mutant, D38, may also be useful as germplasm.Several different short stature phenotypes were induced in Calrose. When Calrose M1 plants from the 25 kR treatment were handled in a pedigree fashion, nearly 10% of the M1 plants produced mutants possessing some degree of short stature.
Resistance of Male Sterile Wheat to Ergot as Related to Pollination and Host Genotype1
Authors: Darlington L. C. , Mathre D. E. 
Published: July 2010

This study was undertaken to determine if susceptibility of cytoplasmically male sterile spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) to ergot [Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.] is influenced by pollination and host genotype.Inoculation at various times after hand pollination showed that resistance was established in some lines within a few hours after pollination. The development of resistance after pollination was more rapid in some lines than others, but most lines were nearly immune by 7 days after pollination. Inoculation of diallel crosses between lines that developed resistance quickly after pollination and those that developed resistance slowly indicated that the resistance factor was maternally controlled.
Factors Affecting Selection for Seed Coat Thickness in Fababeans (Vicia faba L.)1
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Fowler D. B. 
Published: July 2010

Smaller seed size in fababeans (Vicia faba L.) would make seeding easier and more economical. However, the seed coat contains 89% of the seed crude fiber and it is imperative that any reduction in seed size be accompanied by at least a corresponding reduction in the seed coat contribution. Therefore, this study was initiated to evaluate the factors affecting variation in seed coat thickness in fababeans.Analysis of seven varieties of fababeans grown at three locations in Saskatchewan in 1973 revealed significant differences in seed coat thickness due to cultivars, locations, replicates within locations, and seeds within cultivars times replicates within locations. Variance components from this analysis were utilized to estimate the numbers of locations, field replicates, seeds, and measurements per seed coat required for detection of specified differences in seed coat thickness. These estimates indicated that the largest number of measurements were required within seed coats and among seeds within cultivars. The position of the seed on the plant had no effect on seed coat thickness. Seed weight and seed coat thickness were not correlated within varieties but were highly correlated among varieties (r = 0.70).
Sorghum Root Morphogenesis and Growth. II. Manifestation of Heterosis1
Authors: Blum A. , Jordan W. R. , Arkin G. F. 
Published: July 2010

Manifestations of heterosis in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] aerial growth and grain yield are well documented. Heterosis in sorghum roots has not been reported. This study compared three grain sorghum hybrids (‘Combine Kafir‐60’ ✕ ‘Combine 7078’, Combine Kafir‐60 ✕ ‘Tx 2536’, and ‘Wheatland’ ✕ Tx 2536) and their parents, in order to determine if and how heterosis is manifested in root morphogenesis and growth. Plants were grown in hydroponics in the greenhouse until 40 days after emergence. Measurements were made on leaf area, length of seminal and adventitious roots, initiation rate of adventitious roots and root volume.Heterosis (advantage of the hybrid over its best parent) was significant in all hybrids for length of the seminal root, growth rate of adventitious roots, and root volume. Heterosis in root volume was probably a result of promoted number and growth of lateral root branches. Consistent heterosis was not revealed in number of adventitious roots per plant, nor in seminal and adventitious root dry matter.The results are discussed in terms of current concepts of heterosis in sorghum. Possibilities for the development of some selection criteria for root improvement are suggested.