bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthropod richness in roadside verges in the Netherlands
Authors: Noordijk Jinze , Raemakers Ivo , Schaffers André , Sýkora Karlè 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUrbanisation and intensification of agriculture has led to large scale destruction of natural and semi-natural areas in Western Europe. Consequentially, the conservation of biodiversity in small landscape units has become a matter of increasing urgency. In this paper, we inventoried the arthropod diversity in roadside verges in the Netherlands and studied the relative importance of these linear elements. In addition, the occurrence of arthropods in roadside verges in other countries was studied by literature research. In the period 1998-2008, we sampled 57 roadside verges. This was mainly done by pitfall trapping, using sweeping nets and insect nets, and by sight observations. For several arthropod groups the majority of the Dutch indigenous species was sampled: ants (56% of the indigenous species), grasshoppers (53%), harvestmen (67%) and two spider families (52% and 68%). For ground beetles, weevils, butterflies, bees, hoverflies and three other spider families, values between 18–41% were found. Considering that only a minute fraction of the vast network of roadsides was sampled, these figures are remarkably high. Roadside verges are occasionally reported to act as dispersal corridors for exotic species, but this could not be confirmed for arthropods in the Netherlands. Several of the arthropod species inventoried in the Dutch verges are classified as threatened: five grasshopper and eleven bee species appear on national Red Lists and six ant species on the IUCN Red List. Also, in several other countries roadside verges in intensively used landscapes appear to offer opportunities for arthropod conservation. We conclude that, if rightly managed, roadside verges can serve as an important and valuable arthropod habitat. Therefore, we strongly recommend taking always into account the conservation of these arthropod assemblages during planning and actual management of roadside verges.
The arboreal ant community visiting extrafloral nectaries in the Neotropical cerrado savanna
Authors: Ribas Carla , Oliveira Paulo , Sobrinho Tathiana , Schoereder José , Madureira Marcelo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cerrado savanna of Brazil embraces an area of approximately 2 million km2, in which vegetation physiognomies may vary from open grassland to forest with a discontinuous herbaceous layer. Here we describe the main ecological factors accounting for the prevalence of ants on cerrado foliage, and present a general characterization of the arboreal ant fauna of this savanna. The high incidence of ants on cerrado foliage results mostly from the wide occurrence of predictable liquid food sources in the form of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and insect honeydew, which act as efficient promoters of ant activity on vegetation. In addition, stem galleries and cavities constructed by boring beetles and insect galls create a nesting space frequently used by arboreal ants. Specific studies involving ants, herbivores and plants are reported to demonstrate the impact that foliage-dwelling ants can have on phytophagous insects, herbivory levels, and ultimately on host plants. These studies show that: (i) ants visit EFNs and likely benefit from this resource; (ii) EFN-gathering ants can benefit particular plant species by reducing herbivory and increasing plant fitness; (iii) presence of EFNs does not affect ant species richness within a given tree; (iv) there is not a particular ant species composition typical of plants with EFNs; (v) although plants with EFNs are visited by more ant individuals than non-nectariferous plants, this visitation pattern does not translate into lower numbers of herbivores on the nectariferous plant community. We suggest some promising research avenues to elucidate how community-level parameters can be tied to the ecology of ant-plant associations in cerrado.
Chemical ecology of Carpophilus sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and development of an environmentally friendly method of crop protection
Authors: Bartelt Robert , Hossain Mofakhar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitidulid beetles of the genus Carpophilus are significant pests of a wide variety of fruits and grains and are also vectors of harmful microorganisms. The beetles are difficult to control with conventional insecticides because the beetle damage typically occurs just before harvest, when toxic residues must be avoided. These insects are generally attracted to scents such as from overripe or decomposing fruit. Starting in the 1960's, research was done to develop fermenting fruit and similar materials as trap baits, initially with the intent of achieving beetle control. These studies provided much new information about the ecology and chemistry of host location, but they did not prove successful in protecting crops from beetle damage. Beginning in the late 1980's, pheromones were discovered in Carpophilus beetles. These were potent, male-produced aggregation pheromones, and over the next 20 years much new information was gained about their ecological properties, physiology, and novel chemistry. Importantly, the pheromones were strongly synergistic with fermenting host odors, and the combination was far more attractive than fruit-related baits or pheromones alone, which greatly improved the ability to attract these pests to traps. A practical attract-and-kill method using the pheromones and host volatiles has been developed in Australia and shown to be at least as effective as insecticides for protecting stone fruit crops.
Völkerbund Und Einseitige Abrüstung
Authors: Wehberg Hans 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Frage der Zulässigkeit einseitiger Abrüstung spielt in der öffentlichen Diskussion der skandinavischen Staaten, Hollands und der Schweiz eine von Jahr zu Jahr zunehmende Rolle. Während man vor dem Weltkriege. im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der einseitigen Abrüstung meines Wissens niemals die Behauptung aufgestellt hat, dass ein Staat völkerrechtlich dazu verpflichtet sei, Truppen aufrecht zu erhalten, findet man nach Gründung des Völkerbundes vielfach die Meinung vertreten, dass die einseitige Abrüstung mit den aus der Satzung des Völkerbundes und dem Völkerrechte sich ergebenden Pflichten unvereinbar sei. Im folgenden soll untersucht werden, ob dieser Standpunkt berechtigt ist oder nicht.
Einige Bemerkungen Über Die Völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands
Authors: Arnörsson Einar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWenn die völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands dargestellt werden soll, so muss man zwischen der völkerrechtlichen Stellung Islands Dänemark gegenüber und der völkerrechtlichen Stellung Islands im allgemeinen unterscheiden. Am zweckmässigsten ist es, die völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands Dänemark gegenüber zuerst zu behandeln, weil sie im wesentlichen die Grundlage für die allgemeine völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands bildet.
The Rule of Law in Peace and Capacity Building Operations: Moving beyond a Conventional State-Centred Imagination
Authors: Hunt Charles , Hughes Bryn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the 'rule of law' is now widely recognised as indispensable to effective peace operations, its delineation remains elusive. Researchers contest its substance while those most responsible for its implementation (e. g. the United Nations) promulgate only abstract notions needed to inform detailed decisions. At its worst, this means that competing reform activities undermine each other, making long term success less likely. The questions we address are about the deficiencies in how rule of law is conceived. Particular attention is paid to the little recognised assumption that the Weberian state ideal corresponds to the societies on the receiving end of international interventions. After a review of extant academic and practitioner viewpoints, we set out a postWeberian framework which expands the dominant imagination to include non-state rule of law 'providers'. We argue that the optimum sources for immediate yet sustainable rule of law solutions may often be those which bear little resemblance to the conventional state-based providers that populate mainstream conceptions.
Reflections on the Peacekeeping Failure in Darfur: Is There Any Substance to the 'Responsibility to Protect'?
Authors: Barber Rebecca 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the failure of the African Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to provide protection to civilians in Darfur, and considers the relevance, in this context, of the emerging doctrine of responsibility to protect. It is argued that while the existence of the responsibility to protect has been widely endorsed, there has been relatively scant attention paid to its content. In the context of the AMIS intervention in Darfur, this paper considers the question of what the responsibility to protect actually entails: for peace-support operations, for the states that send them, and most importantly, for the civilian population that expects to be protected by the soldiers sent to protect them. Because the responsibility to protect (as described by the International Commission on State Sovereignty (ICISS) and endorsed by the UN Secretary General, the General Assembly and the Security Council) says little as to positive obligations, such as might require peacesupport operations to actively protect, this paper considers whether there are obligations that can be drawn from international human rights or international humanitarian law that may assist in locating a substantive content for the responsibility to protect. It is suggested, in conclusion, that it is in the law of occupation that we come closest to finding a legal responsibility to protect.
Dimensions of the Conflict Environment: Implications for Peace Operation Success
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Diehl Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conflict environment is among the most important aspects, if not the most important, in determining peace operation success. Most notably, the conflict environment sets the parameters for the peace operation and determines many of the tasks that need to be performed. In this article, we identify and discuss the key features of the conflict environment from the perspective of policymakers and planners, with special attention paid to those elements that will most dramatically impact peace operations. We divide the set of environmental factors into three broad categories: characteristics of the conflict, local governance, and the local population. Within each of the categories, we discuss the key variables, general indicators, malleability of the conditions to actions by the peacekeepers, and the likely impact of the factors – separately and as interactive influences – on operational outcomes. Some challenges posed by assessment issues are entertained before concluding with a discussion of modeling considerations.
A Credibility Gap: The Behrami and Saramati Decision of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Krieger Heike 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith the Behrami and Saramati decision the European Court of Human Rights misses an important opportunity to close the credibility gap in human rights protection during the international administration of territories such as Kosovo. The article criticises the attribution of KFOR acts to the United Nations. It holds that the equation of delegation and attribution as well as the ultimate authority and control test as a criterion for attribution are not in line with UN practice. Instead the article argues in favour of a responsibility of the Troop Contributing Nations. Their responsibility is either based on dual attribution or on the jurisprudence of the Court on the transfer of powers to international organisations. The Court's intention is understandable to protect the universal UN security system by not declaring acts of the Security Council incompatible with European standards. However, it will harm the credibility of UN administration of territories in the long run if collective security concerns prevail over human rights protection. In view of the exercise of quasi-governmental acts by the UN Security Council the article stresses the obligations of ECHR Member States to work towards the establishment of a human rights tribunal on the level of the United Nations.
Humanitarian Intervention, American Public Opinion, and the Future of R2P
Authors: Western Jon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of humanitarian interventions in the 1990s and examines whether or not R2P can be a catalyst for shifting the norm of humanitarian intervention from a permissive condition – whereby it is generally considered allowable in the international system – to an obligation on states to protect against mass violence against civilians. I conclude that shifting to a norm of obligation is likely to be a tough sell in the United States. While Americans express general support for responding to genocide, there are strong indications that both the public and elites are not likely to endorse a new norm that obligates the deployment of American troops into regional and civil conflicts around the globe. This article examines the prospects of American support for this pillar of R2P. It begins with an examination of the literature on how norms are created and then provides an overview of the process by which the norm of humanitarian intervention emerged in the 1990s and the degree to which it is embedded in American public opinion and decision-making circles. It then examines the challenges of gaining American public and political support for transforming the permissive norm of humanitarian intervention into a more formal obligation under R2P.
Humanitarian Intervention, the Responsibility to Protect and jus in bello
Authors: Pattison James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article assesses the moral importance of a humanitarian intervener's fidelity to the principles of international humanitarian law or jus in bello (principles of just conduct in war). I begin by outlining the particular principles of jus in bello that an intervener should follow when discharging the responsibility to protect, drawing on Jeff McMahan's recent work. The second section considers more broadly the moral underpinnings of these principles. I claim that consequentialist justifications of these principles cannot fully grasp their moral significance and, in particular, the difference between doing and allowing. Overall, I argue that these principles are (i) more important and (ii) more stringent in the context of humanitarian intervention.
The "Responsibility to Protect", Norm Localisation, and African International Society
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor its advocates, the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) principle is clearly intended to be a universal concept, applicable equally to all parts of the globe. Yet recent literature examining the processes of norm diffusion in international relations has suggested that so-called universal norms do not automatically become embedded in different regions of the world and hence commitment to them varies depending on the local context. This article explores this issue with reference to how members of African international society have thought about the R2P idea. To do so it proceeds in two parts. The first summarises what I mean by African international society and the process of norm localization. In the second, I explore the current status of the R2P idea within the African society of states with reference to six illustrative episodes. These concern: 1) the building of Africa's new peace and security architecture; 2) the debate surrounding the adoption of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document; 3) UN Security Council debates about the protection of civilians in armed conflict; 4) the African Union's response to the conflict in Darfur, Sudan; 5) the UN Secretary-General's appointment of a special adviser on R2P; and 6) African international society's response to the crisis in Zimbabwe. I conclude by reflecting upon what these episodes reveal about the current status of the R2P within African international society and the extent to which different camps are emerging that articulate different local positions on, and express varying degrees of skepticism about, the protection principle.
EU Migration Policy: Evolving Ideas of Responsibility and Protection
Authors: Haddad Emma 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile humanitarian intervention in cases of state instability remains a disputed concept in international law, there is consensus in the international community over the need to provide protection to refugees, one of the corollaries of such instability. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, this article takes a policy perspective to examine competing conceptions of both 'responsibility' and 'protection' among EU Member States. Responsibility can be seen either as the duty to move refugees around the EU such that each Member State takes its fair share, or the duty to assist those Member States who receive the highest numbers of migrants due to geography by way of practical and financial help. Similarly, protection can imply that which the EU offers within its boundaries, encompassed within the Common European Asylum System, or something broader that looks at where people are coming from and seeks to work with countries of origin and transit to provide protection outside the Union and tackle the causes of forced migration. Whether one or both of these concepts comes to dominate policy discourse over the long-term, the challenge will be to ensure an uncompromised understanding of protection among policy-makers.
Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council: The Cases of Northern Iraq, Kosovo, and Darfur
Authors: Orchard Phil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRegime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, the Security Council has generally avoided direct interventions, as the ongoing crisis in Darfur demonstrates. This paper argues that this is not new behaviour. Rather, even the two most notable interventions to protect the displaced in these situations – the US-led military deployment in Northern Iraq in 1991 and the NATO-led intervention in Kosovo – were driven by circumstances and politics outside of the Council. This suggests that even as regime-induced displacement is increasing, the likelihood of seeing the Security Council use the R2P doctrine to protect the displaced without reform is negligible.
Stopping the Killing: The International Criminal Court and Juridical Determination of the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Contarino Michael , Lucent Selena 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that an enhanced role for the International Criminal Court in determining when a government has failed in its Responsibility to Protect (R2P) could help develop a faster, more effective, more predictable, and more impartial R2P enforcement mechanism. We outline how a juridical R2P determination process by the ICC could be actualised, and we argue that such juridical R2P determination could facilitate timely and legal multilateral actions to stop violence. We also argue that juridical R2P determination by the ICC could dissuade opportunistic and unilateral violations of national sovereignty made in the name of R2P enforcement, and reduce the concerns of R2P critics that the principle may be misused. Finally, we maintain that an enhanced R2P role for the ICC could strengthen the credibility of the United Nations Security Council, and could be politically appealing to its five permanent member states.
The European Parliament and the Implementation of EU Environmental Policies: the Case of the Spanish Water Plan
Authors: Ceyssens Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article examines the European Parliament's ability to scrutinize and control the implementation of EU Environmental law by national authorities, taking as an example the Spanish Water Plan - a major infrastructure plan which allegedly infringed several EU Directives and was ultimately abandoned last year. The article gives an overview of the European Parliament's main powers to scrutinize and control policy implementation, and analyses how Members of the European Parliament used them to control the implementation of EU Environmental law in the case of the Spanish Water Plan. It concludes that the Parliament's activities contributed to ensuring the effective implementation of EU law and thus to a sensible enhancement of democratic accountability in this area.
The New Law on Plant Engineering: European framework, National Implementation and Scientific Issues
Authors: Schlee Matthias , Schumacher Jochen , Palme Christoph 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe new Deliberate Release Directive on plant engineering was to be implemented into national law on 17 October 2002. As the EC Commission recently gave notice to Germany, that some provisions of the new German implementation law may not comply with EC law, the following article emphasises the painstaking scrutiny of the legal leeway the EU has granted to its Member States in the law of plant engineering. To facilitate the ongoing discussions on implementation in the Member States the possible provisions are divided between (from the European perspective) the mandatory and the optional. In particular, the liability rules for farmers using GMOs, the rules safeguarding biodiversity in protected zones and the good professional practice rules are both politically and legally fiercely controversial and these topics are not only covered from the legal perspective but also the scientific, as assessed by a molecular biologist.
Are Incentives for Brownfield Regeneration Sustainable? A Comparative Survey
Authors: Thornton Gareth , Nathanail Paul , Vanheusden Bernard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReusing brownfields for new purposes is frequently not enabled by the economic, environmental and social barriers present at the site. Therefore, the European Commission and its Member States try to intervene by using different financial and legal incentives. This contribution presents the existing incentives on European Union level, in Germany, the UK, and Belgium, discusses the effects and gaps, and makes suggestions for more effective instruments for the promotion of sustainable brownfield regeneration. The European incentives are compared to the existing financial and legal incentives in the US.