bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graft-versus-Leukemia (GVL) against Mouse Blast-Crisis Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (BC-CML) and Chronic-Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CP-CML): Shared Mechanisms of T Cell Killing, but Programmed Death Ligands Render CP-CML and Not BC-CML GVL Resistant
Authors: Matte-Martone Catherine , Venkatesan Srividhya , Tan Hung Sheng , Athanasiadis Ioanna , Chang Julia , Pavisic Jovana , Shlomchik Warren D. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) against chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP-CML) is potent, but it is less efficacious against acute leukemias and blast-crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (BC-CML). The mechanisms underlying GVL resistance are unknown. Previously, we found that alloreactive T cell targeting of GVL-sensitive bcr-abl–induced mouse CP-CML (mCP-CML) required TCR–MHC interactions and that multiple and redundant killing mechanisms were in play. To better understand why BC-CML is resistant to GVL, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GVL against mouse BC-CML (mBC-CML) induced by the retroviral transfer of the bcr-abl and NUP98/HOXA9 fusion cDNAs. Like human BC-CML, mBC-CML was GVL resistant, and this was not due to accelerated kinetics or a greater leukemia burden. To study T cell recognition and killing mechanisms, we generated a panel of gene-deficient leukemias by transducing bone marrow from gene-deficient mice. T cell target recognition absolutely required that mBC-CML cells express MHC molecules. GVL against both mCP-CML and mBC-CML required leukemia expression of ICAM-1. We hypothesized that mBC-CML would be resistant to some of the killing mechanisms sufficient to eliminate mCP-CML, but we found instead that the same mechanisms were effective against both types of leukemia, because GVL was similar against wild-type or mBC-CML genetically lacking Fas, TRAIL-R, Fas/TRAIL-R, or TNFR1/R2 or when donor T cells were perforin−/−. However, mCP-CML, but not mBC-CML, relied on expression of programmed death-1 ligands 1 and 2 (PD-L1/L2) to resist T cell killing, because only GVL against mCP-CML was augmented when leukemias lacked PD-L1/L2. Thus, mBC-CML cells have cell-intrinsic mechanisms, distinct from mCP-CML cells, which protect them from T cell killing.
Cutting Edge: A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Programmed Death-1 Homolog Prevents Graft-versus-Host Disease in Mouse Models
Authors: Flies Dallas B. , Wang Shengdian , Xu Haiying , Chen Lieping 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Upon interaction with B7 homolog 1, programmed death-1 (PD-1) transmits a critical coinhibitory signal to T cells to negatively regulate immune responses. By extensively searching the genomic database with the IgV region of PD-1, we identified a homolog and named it PD-1 homolog (PD-1H). PD-1H is broadly expressed on the cell surface of hematopoietic cells and could be further upregulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following activation. We have generated an mAb against PD-1H, which strikingly prevents acute graft-versus-host disease in semi- and fully allogeneic murine models, leading to full chimerism following treatment. Graft-versus-host disease remains a primary hindrance to successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation therapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancy. Therefore, manipulation of PD-1H function may provide a new modality for controlling T cell responses to allogeneic tissues in transplant medicine.
A review of uncommon cytopathologic diagnoses of pleural effusions from a chest diseases center in Turkey
Authors: Cakir Ebru , Demirag Funda , Aydin Mehtap , Erdogan Yurdanur 
Published: July 2011

Background:
After pneumonia, cancer involving the pleura is the leading cause of exudative pleural effusion. Cytologic examination of pleural effusions is an important initial step in management of malignant effusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spectrum of uncommon malignant pleural effusions in a chest disease center in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study of samples of pleural effusions submitted to Ataturk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital Department of Pathology between March 2005 and November 2008 was performed.

Results:
Out of a total of 4684 samples reviewed 364 (7.8%) were positive for cancer cells. Of the malignant pleural effusions 295 (81%) were classified as adenocarcinoma or carcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS). Pleural effusion specimens revealing a diagnosis other than adenocarcinoma/carcinoma NOS were: 32 (8.8%) malignant mesotheliomas, 14 (3.8%) small cell carcinomas, 13 (3.5%) hematolymphoid malignancies and 10 (2.7%) squamous cell carcinoma. Hematolymphoid malignancies included non- Hodgkin lymphoma (diffuse B large cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma), multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia.

Conclusions:
Despite that adenocarcinoma is the most common cause of malignant pleural effusions, there is a significant number of hematological and non-hematological uncommon causes of such effusions. Cytopathologists and clinicians must keep in mind these uncommon entities in routine practice for an accurate diagnosis.
Proteomic studies of Anaplasia in Wilms Tumor
Authors: Fan Rong , Grignon David , Gulcicek Erol E. , Faught Philip , Cheng Liang 
Published: July 2011

Wilms tumor is the most common malignant tumor in the pediatric kidney. Anaplasia, focal or diffuse as defined by histological criteria, is the most important parameter to guide the clinical treatment plan. We sought to identify and characterize potential useful biomarkers associated with anaplasia and provide insight into the peculiar molecular biology of Wilms tumor with unfavorable histology. Utilizing isobaric tagging technology for relative and absolute quantitation, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that are differently regulated in different Wilms tumor histologies. Four Wilms tumor specimens were selected, including two with classic favorable histology, one with focal anaplasia, and one with diffuse anaplasia. A total of 256 proteins with a Protein Score >1.0 are identified from all samples (proteins with >90% confidence). Compared with classic favorable morphology: in the focal anaplasia group, we identified a total of 26 proteins of which six were underexpressed and 20 were overexpressed; in the diffuse anaplasia group, we identified a total of 20 proteins of which eight were underexpressed and 12 were overexpressed. With a total of 39 involved proteins, seven were common to both the focal and diffuse anaplasia cases, and clearly seemed to have a similar regulation. The newly identified potential markers for Wilms tumor with unfavorable histology include ENO1, GAPDH, ALDOA, SLC25A6, LDHA, PGAM1, MIF, RBP1, HBA, HP, COL1A1, CFL1, and FSCN1 etc. In Wilms tumors, though there are unfavorable histology differences (focal or diffuse anaplasia), the protein expression seems to be similarly dysregulated compared with the favorable histology group. The newly identified potential markers may provide insights into the molecular biology of Wilms tumor and may have practical implications.
Corrosion Initiation Projection for Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Chlorides: Part 1—Black Bars
Authors: Hartt W.H. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A protocol is described whereby time-to-corrosion, Ti, of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to chlorides is calculated as a distributed, rather than a discrete, parameter. The method consists of inputting distribution functions for surface Cl− concentration (Cs), the effective diffusion coefficient (D), concrete cover over the reinforcement (x), and the critical Cl− concentration threshold to initiate active corrosion (CT) into a governing, first-principles equation from which the fraction of identically exposed, electrochemically independent elements that has initiated corrosion is calculated at a specific time. By doing this for multiple times, a cumulative distribution function (CDF) plot of Ti is developed. Example analyses were performed based upon either literature or assumed distributed Cs, D, x, and CT data. The results indicate that reinforced concrete durability should be characterized not simply in terms of the time at which reinforcement corrosion occurs initially, as is normally the case, but also by the rate at which active corrosion subsequently commences for the remaining passive elements. Further, an important but often overlooked aspect of how Cs is determined or chosen for diffusion analyses in concrete is emphasized. Advantageous attributes of this methodology in which influential variables are distributed are discussed and comparisons made to the more traditional discrete parameter approach.
Gestão de Informação Empresarial com Portais Plone
Authors: Bax Marcello Peixoto , Barbosa Daniel Mendes 
Published: July 2011

O artigo discute os requisitos necessários para a gestão adequada da informação em empresas de todos os segmentos. Para ilustrar, mostra-se como é possível implementar com o Plone um portal corporativo utilizando-se de software livre, de forma integrada com o ambiente Windows, proprietário. Por tratar-se do ambiente presente na grande maioria das empresas e organizações da atualidade, um portal que atenda a especificidades da gestão de informação neste contexto, de forma integrada, é fortemente representativo. Com efeito, a integração dos conteúdos no portal com o ambiente Windows, no cliente e não no servidor, não é trivial. O artigo mostra que implantando o portal nesse contexto a empresa avança consideravelmente com relação à gestão da informação. Para tal o artigo foca na descrição dos aspectos positivos que decorrem da implantação de um portal de intranet / extranet nesse contexto, i.e. integração com Windows e com o Office ou outras aplicações de escritório; controle de edição compartilhada (com check-in e check-out); acesso universal ao acervo pela internet; uso de metadados e automação de processos via workflow.
Collagen Crosslinking for Ectasia following PRK Performed in Excimer Laser–Assisted Keratoplasty for Keratoconus
Authors: Spadea Leopoldo 
Published: July 2011

Purpose To report the results of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in a patient with corneal ectasia developed after excimer laser–assisted lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus and a secondary photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for residual refractive error. Methods A 33-year-old woman, who had originally been treated for keratoconus in the right eye by excimer laser–assisted lamellar keratoplasty, subsequently had her residual ametropia treated by topographically guided, transepithelial excimer laser PRK. Five years after PRK, the patient developed corneal ectasia showing concomitant visual changes of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) reduced to 20/33 with a refraction of −6.00 +6.00 × 30. The minimum corneal thickness at the ectasia apex was 406 µm. A treatment of riboflavin-UVA–induced corneal CXL was performed on the right eye. Results Two years after the CXL treatment, the right eye improved to 20/20 BSCVA with a refraction of plano +1.00 × 50 while exhibiting a clear lamellar graft. Conclusions Corneal CXL provided safe and effective management of ectasia developed after excimer laser–assisted lamellar keratoplasty and PRK.
Phacoemulsification in a Patient with Small Pupil and a Large Iris Cyst
Authors: Rotsos Tryfon , Diagourtas Andreas , Symeonidis Chrysanthos , Papaconstantinou Dimitrios , Georgopoulos Gerasimos 
Published: July 2011

Purpose Peripheral iris cysts are generally asymptomatic and nonprogressive. They are usually located in the inferotemporal quadrant of the anterior segment, most commonly in the iridociliary sulcus. We report our management strategy in a patient with small pupil and a large iris cyst. Method Retrospective, case report. Results A 65-year-old man was referred, reporting blurred vision OS. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/12 OD and 6/48 OS. Anterior chamber (AC) examination OS revealed an iris cyst protruding inferotemporally occupying almost one-third of AC volume. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 32 mmHg OS and 19 mmHg OD. Aspiration with a 27-G cannula, without cyst resection, was performed. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were uneventful. The BCVA improved to 6/9 1 week postoperatively and to 6/6 a month later. In the first postoperative visit, IOP dropped to 16 mmHg. The cyst was significantly decreased in size. Six months postoperatively, BCVA remained unchanged while AC examination revealed that the cyst remained in place with no signs of enlargement. Conclusions In this case, cyst aspiration was elected as a treatment procedure that led to significant decrease in size. This management option, combined with an uncomplicated cataract extraction procedure, resulted in an excellent visual and a positive anatomic outcome.
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU): Our Experience in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer Relapsing after Radiotherapy
Authors: Giovanessi Luca , Peroni Angelo , Mirabella Giuseppe , Fugini Andrea Vismara , Zani Danilo , Cunico Sergio Cosciani , Simeone Claudio 
Published: July 2011

The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment in patients with local prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy. From February 2009 to June 2010, 14 patients with prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy were selected for HIFU treatment; all patients had a positive TRUS-guided biopsy and the absence of distant metastases was confirmed by computer tomography, PET choline or bone scintigraphy We classified all patients in 3 groups using D'Amico's classification: 4 patients high risk (PSA > 20 ng/ml - 8 ≤ Gleason Score ≤10 – clinical stage ≥T2c), 8 patients intermediate risk (10 < PSA ≤20 ng/ml - Gleason Score=7 – clinical stage=T2b), and 2 patients low risk (PSA ≤10 ng/ml - Gleason Score≤6 – clinical stage=T1c-T2a). Progression was defined using Stuttgart definition (PSA>PSAnadir+1.2ng/ml) or after adjuvant therapy introduction. All complications were recorded. Of the 14 patients selected, 12 patients underwent HIFU treatments; 2 patients were excluded because of rectal strictures induced by radiotherapy. At a mean 13 months’ follow-up, biochemical success rate was obtained in 1 of the high risk patients and in 5 of the low and intermediate risk patients; 1 man died for a disease not correlated with prostate cancer recurrence. Complications included urinary tract infection, acute urinary retentions, urethral strictures and light stress incontinence. In our experience salvage HIFU is a safe treatment option for local relapse after radiotherapy; its efficacy depends on a careful patient selection.
Sporadic Case of Desmoid Tumor in Outcomes of Lombotomic Nephrectomy
Authors: Tonini Gerlomo , Kalantary Farschid , Teppa Alessandro , Rosini Roberto , Aulenti Vito , Tosana Michelangelo , Zorzi Fausto , Bianchi Denise 
Published: July 2011

The desmoid tumor is a rare tumor with an incidence of 2–4 cases per million people each year, and represents 0.03% of all cancers. The tumor is composed of fibrous tissue that produces masses of well-differentiated hard elastic consistency. According to their site of onset, the desmoid tumors are classified in abdominal, intra-abdominal, and extra-abdominal. The abdominal cases develop inside the abdominal muscles of the abdominal wall upright, especially in women in their 2nd - 4th decade of life, particularly in those who have been pregnant. Methods A 66-year-old patient underwent nephrectomy in 2006 for the detection of a massive tumor in the right kidney (EI: pT1bNx). The patient came to our observation for the radiological tracking (CT) of a solid lesion of 4 cm below the right arch, 2 years after surgery. For this reason it was decided to refer the patient to a series of percutaneous biopsies. The report describes a histologic lesion of fibromatosis. After one year a new CT exam showed a significant increase of the size of the lesion, with a diameter of 11.6 x 7.9 cm, and abdominal involvement to ascending colon. Given the discrepancy between the CT data and the histological report, it was decided to refer the patient to a lombotomic exploration and the subsequent removal of the lesion, which appeared of hard, elastic consistency and well capsulated. The final histology test confirmed the fibromatosis lesion. Conclusions The desmoid tumor is a rare tumor characterized by the proliferation of fibrotic tissue. The tumor is composed of well-differentiated fibrous tissue and has a hard-elastic consistency. Regarding the development of dermoid tumors, several risk factors were identified, including extra-abdominal fibromatosis, genetic factors, endocrine factors. Other causes may arise from trauma or abdominal injury in surgical outcomes of appendectomy, laparotomy and other surgical scars (scar fibromatosis) or genetic predisposing factors. The surgical resection of dermoid tumors should be the therapy of choice, complete and radical, to cover the possible excision of a wide margin of surrounding structures concerned, and those arrangements should ensure a low rate of relapse. However, in cases of inoperable cancer due to extension, anti-estrogen therapy may have an important therapeutic and well-tolerated effect, besides being relatively non-toxic, even at high doses. A close follow-up is indicated, however, and warmly recommended.
Us-Guided Percutaneous Radio Frequency in Kidney Cancer: Our Experience
Authors: Tonini Gerlomo , Kalantary Farschid , Teppa Alessandro , Rosini Roberto , Aulenti Vito , Tosana Michelangelo , Graffeo Massimo 
Published: July 2011

The radio frequency ablation of kidney cancer showed satisfactory results at a short follow-up with the use of a new RF generator system. Radio frequency is an alternative procedure with the intention of producing heat damage to tissue by electromagnetic energy. Methods From January 2009 to July 2010, at our operative unit, ten patients (age range: 50–83 years) underwent percutaneous radio frequency. All tumors were primitive without secondarism. The lesion diameter ranged from 15 to 35 mm. Only in two cases the treatment was open due to difficulties in finding the lesion. Results At six months’ treatment, two patients had a complete remission and one patient an incomplete one; at eight months, five patients are with a complete remission and one patient with complete remission; at twelve months, one patient showed an incomplete remission. Conclusions There are no studies with a long-term follow-up and it is prudent to limit this therapy to those patients who can not undergo surgical treatment. A correct post-operative imaging evaluation is essential to ensure an effective treatment.
Aldehydes
Authors: Abatjoglou Anthony G. , Miller David J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAldehydes are carbonyl‐containing organic compounds of the general formula RCH=O The R group represents an aliphatic, aromatic, or heterosubstituted radical, except in formaldehyde,where R = H. Aldehydes are inherently reactive compounds. The carbonyl group is susceptible to both oxidation and reduction, yielding acids and alcohols, respectively. The common method of naming aldehydes corresponds closely to that of the related acid. Aldehyde reactions generally fall into two classes: those directly involving the carbonyl group and those occurring at the adjacent carbon atom. One important industrial process is by hydroformylation of olefins using synthesis gas and transition metal catalysts. Formaldehyde is the most commercially important aldehyde. Interest in toxicity of aldehydes has focused primarily on formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. Aldehydes are used as chemical intermediates, Solvents, resins, fragrances, plasticizers, dyes are important end products
Atomic Force Microscopy–AFM
Authors: Eaton Peter 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy is a powerful, high‐resolution technique capable of recording topographic images of a wide variety of samples. Two key strengths of AFM are its ability to produce images in almost any environment—in air, vacuum, or solvent—and to measure a wide variety of physical properties of the sample. First, this article discusses how the atomic force microscope operates, beginning with a background and general principles and then describing all the major components of the atomic force microscope. Second, all the most commonly used modes of AFM are described, including contact and oscillating modes; lateral force microscopy; modes that measure mechanical properties, magnetic force microscopy, and electrical modes; and force spectroscopy and nanoindentation. Finally, several example applications are given with the focus on measurements with particular relevance to chemistry. These include electrochemical AFM, high‐resolution imaging, measurement of molecular interactions, AFM‐based nanolithography, and characterization of heterogeneity in polymeric systems.
Bromine, Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Frim R. , Ukeles S. D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article contains a survey of the physical and chemical properties, methods of preparation or manufacture, and updated uses and applications for several classes of inorganic bromine compounds. The main classes discussed are (a) hydrogen bromide and hydrobromic acid, (b) metal bromides, (c) nonmetal bromides, (d) bromamines, (e) bromine halides, (f) bromine oxides, and (g) oxygen acids of bromine and their salts. This article also includes a brief discussion on the applications of inorganic bromides in the area of drilling fluids, biocides, and concentrated metal bromide aqueous solutions. Included are 134 references.
Bromine, Organic Compounds
Authors: Ioffe David , Frim Ron 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article focuses on organic bromine compounds with industrial application. The organic bromine compounds are prepared and produced either by substitutive or additive bromination. Organic bromine compounds, in which the bromine atom is retained in the final molecular structure, and where its presence contributes to the properties of the desired products, are the largest segment in terms of consumed volumes. This segment includes mainly flame retardants (50%), biocides (mostly for water treatment), gasoline additives, halons, bromobutyl rubber, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. New process developments resulted in new applications in ultraviolet (UV) sunscreens, high‐performance polymers, and others.
Castor Oil
Authors: Naughton Frank C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCastor oil is derived from the bean of the castor plant,Ricinus communis. The seeds of the castor plant are produced in racemes or clusters of capsules. The capsules contain three seeds protected by a hull that is removed prior to processing. Commercial processing of the seed consists of heating the seed, crushing, and then processing in solvent extraction units. The recovery of the oil produced goes through four stages to produce a better quality oil. Stages are degumming, removal of free fatty acids, deodorization, and decolorization. India is the largest producer of castor seeds in the world. Arkema is the world's largest user of castor oil for one product (Rilsan Nylon 11).The toxicological properties of castor oil have not been fully studied. Castor seed are highly toxic. Uses for castor oil are numerous; preparation of nylon 11, urethanes, in surface coatings, lubricants, textiles, cosmetics, surfactants and dispersants, and biofuels.