bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black hole firewalls and quantum mechanics
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Authors: ’t Hooft Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Firewalls in black holes are easiest to understand by imposing time reversal invariance, together with a unitary evolution law. The best approach seems to be to split up the time span of a black hole into short periods, during which no firewalls can be detected by any observer. Then, gluing together subsequent time periods, firewalls seem to appear, but they can always be transformed away. At all times we need a Hilbert space of a finite dimension, as long as particles far separated from the black hole are ignored. Our conclusion contradicts other findings, as these assume that information that entered into a black hole, cannot re-emerge. But re-emergence of that information is exactly what our version of firewalls is supposed to ensure. Indeed, the firewall transformation removes the problems caused by entanglement between very early and very late in- and out-particles, in a far from trivial way.
Field theory of active chiral hard disks: a first-principles approach to steric interactions
Authors: Kalz Erik , Sharma Abhinav , Metzler Ralf 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A first-principles approach for active chiral hard disks is presented, that explicitly accounts for steric interactions on the two-body level. We derive an effective one-body equation for the joint probability distribution of positions and angles of the particles. By projecting onto the angular modes, we write a hierarchy for the lowest hydrodynamic modes, i.e. particle density, polarisation, and nematic tensor. Introducing dimensionless variables in the equations, we highlight the assumptions, which—though inherent—are often included implicit in typical closure schemes of the hierarchy. By considering different regimes of the Péclet number, the well-known models in active matter can be obtained through our consideration. Explicitly, we derive an effective diffusive description and by going to higher orders in the closure scheme, we show that this first-principles approach results in the recently introduced Active Model B +, a natural extension of the Model B for active processes. Remarkably, here we find that chirality can change the sign of the phenomenological activity parameters.
Influence of Yb3+/Ho3+ codoping on optical and thermal properties of TeO2-ZnO glass
Authors: Azam Mohd , Rai Vineet Kumar , Khan Savidh , Singh K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper reports the effect of incorporation of Yb3+ ions on the frequency downconversion luminescence and thermal properties of triply ionised Ho3+ doped zinc tellurite (TZ) glasses. The photoluminescence spectra of both the Ho3+/Yb3+ doped and codoped glasses have been recorded and observed a green emission band corresponding to the 5F4, 5S2 → 5I8 (∼550 nm) transition upon various excitations. In the downconversion (DC) emission process, the back energy transfer (BET) mechanism from Ho3+ ions to Yb3+ ions has also been explored. The colour emitted in the downconversion process is found to be non-tunable at different excitations. Thus, the Ho3+:TZ glass can be utilised for non-colour tunable optical devices under various UV excitations. Also the glass transition (Tg) and crystallisation (Tc) temperatures have been measured for both the doped and codoped glasses and found to be increased in the codoped glass. The singly Ho3+ions doped TZ glass shows better optical downconversion and glass forming ability.
A Global Constitutional Canon v Quasi-Canon?
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines a functionalist approach to defining a global canon of constitutional thought—i.e. an approach that aims to reduce the transaction costs to new and early-career scholars entering the field of comparative constitutional studies, and thereby increase the scope and depth of scholarly contributions to the field. Consistent with this, it proposes quite demanding criteria of (i) knowledge and (ii) influence for any work to be included in the global constitutional canon. At the same time, it suggests the value of a second layer of shared global constitutional knowledge that is defined in more pluralistic, permissive terms, and constitutes a ‘quasi-canon’ that provides useful, not mandatory, background knowledge for those entering the field.
The Jurisprudences of Canons of Comparative Constitutional Law
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores several candidate jurisprudences that might shape a canon of comparative constitutional law. The first candidate defines the field as something akin to “contemporary liberal democratic moral and political theory as applied to basic institutions of government,” the second somewhat more broadly as “applied political theory for achieving human flourishing.” A third candidate places even more emphasis on context, and specifically upon the political contexts in which constitutions are located. The final candidate is American Legal Realism, understood as a jurisprudence aimed at deflating claims about how much law (here, constitutional law) can do to advance liberal democratic goals and human flourishing. The chapter concludes with examples of how, guided by their respective jurisprudences, we can choose what to include in each of these canons.
Emmanuel Sieyès, ‘What is the Third Estate?’ (1789)
Authors: Comella Victor Ferreres 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1789, before the outbreak of the French Revolution, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès published ‘What is the Third Estate?’, a pamphlet that became very influential in the construction of the modern notion of constituent power. Sieyès drew a sharp distinction between the nation or people as the source of the Constitution, on the one hand, and the institutions of government established in the Constitution, on the other. According to his theory, the constituent power is legally unlimited and does not depend for its existence on the operation of any legal rules. This conception of the constitution-making power, however, is untenable, for the power to enact a Constitution does not exist in a legal vacuum. The principles of constitutional democracy, moreover, are at odds with the idea that an omnipotent subject is the fountain of all governmental institutions.
A Constitutional Canon for Africa
Authors: Fowkes James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of a constitutional canon for Africa, to open up its examples to greater attention in comparative scholarship and teaching both within and outside the continent. It does so via two examples, each presented in its broader context. The negative or anti-canonical example is the 1982 Act that made Kenya under Daniel arap Moi a de jure one-party state. Under Moi’s predecessor, Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya had already required many of the features of a one-party state, but matters intensified under Moi, and features of this system indeed survived the formal repeal of the one-party state in 1991. The countervailing positive or canonical example is Benin’s National Conference, in 1990, introduced via the Presidential Decree of 23 February 1990, which (tellingly) announced the Conference after it had already begun. The National Conference, a multi-stakeholder assembly, essentially conducted a peaceful seizure of power from the one-party rule of Mathieu Kérékou, and led to the enactment of a new constitution for Benin and a peaceful transition to democratic elections. The Conference has been widely copied since in post-Cold War Francophone Africa. But it was at its most successful in the Benin original which, despite Benin’s current troubles, deserves far greater prominence in comparative discussion.
Separation of Powers
Authors: Tan Kevin Y L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of the separation of powers through the lens of three primary documents; two of which are canonical, and one which is anti-canonical. Canonical are the Constitution of the United States of America, and the 1965 case of Liyanage & Ors v. The Queen (1967), a decision of the Privy Council on an appeal from Ceylon. The US Constitution was pioneering in how it manifested the separation of powers doctrine. It has stood the test of time and become the model for constitution-making since. The decision in Liyanage reinforces the concept of the separation of powers in the absence of a codified language that mandates such separation. The anti-canon is the Constitution of Brunei 1984, an example of the type of constitution typically drafted by religious or theocratic states that rejects the separation of powers doctrine in favour of a more absolutist form of government.
Global Canons, Term Limits, and the Constituent Power Theory
Authors: Verdugo Sergio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter proposes the conditions that legal materials need to fulfill to be considered a global canon or anticanon and suggests considering two Latin American judicial decisions: The Colombian Constitutional Court’s ruling that prevented President Uribe from serving a third term in 2010, and the Bolivian Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal’s decision that removed the term limits from the Constitution in 2017. While the Colombian decision could be used as an example that strengthens the minimum core of democracy, the Bolivian ruling undermines that core. The chapter claims that studying both decisions can contribute to advancing the literature on international human rights law, the constituent power theory, and the democratic role of constitutional courts in adverse conditions. The chapter also argues that if judges use the constituent power theory as a judicial doctrine—despite that theory’s important shortcomings—judges should follow the example of the Colombian, and not the Bolivian, court.
The Secession and Constitutionalism Canon
Authors: Fessha Yonatan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Secession, a topic that is largely dominated by political science, is increasingly becoming a burgeoning topic of constitutional law, which also makes it an important site for a global canon. This chapter focuses on two texts that directly bear on the law of secession. The first, chosen for its status as a candidate for a global canon, is the celebrated decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that frames secession from a constitutional perspective. The second text, Article 39 of the Ethiopian Constitution, is arguably anti-canonical. This is not because it unusually constitutionalizes the right to secession but because of the scanty procedure it provides for effecting secession.
Comparative Constitutional Law of Property
Authors: Schneiderman David 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to a discussion of what properly belongs to the canon of comparative constitutional law of property. Two dominant paradigms within the liberal legal tradition are identified. The first is a classical legal version of property, under the influence of the private law tradition, that emphasizes exclusivity of ownership, exchanged between willing buyers and sellers via transactions occurring within self-regulated markets. From this angle, property is primordial in the Lockean sense—it precedes state formation and shields individual rights from societal encroachments. A second view treats constitutionally protected property not as a body of stand-alone rights but as internally limited from the outset. Rather than being portrayed as opposites, property and regulation go hand in hand, crowded in by other constitutional rights, limits, and projects. The chapter then discusses three cases drawn from familiar jurisdictions (the United States, Europe, and South Africa) that concern one of the most private of property rights—the home. Each candidate for the canon offers compelling interpretive accounts of constitutional property clauses where the rhetorically superior interests of property owners either prevail or yield to vulnerable owners of property or those with no property at all. The cases illustrate how constitutional property, even within the liberal rights tradition, is capable of being transformed in ways that resemble Polanyi’s double movement: converted from rights that shield markets from regulation into solidaristic rights that aim to serve societal needs.
The Shifting Canon of Constitutional Equality
Authors: Uitz Renata 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Equality as an ideal, a principle, a value, and a right permeates the canons of contemporary constitutionalism. The recognition of individuals as persons of equal worth and liberty (moral equality) is the working premise of a liberal constitutional democracy. At the same time, the constitutional mandate to advance or promote the conditions of a particular disadvantaged social group (or individuals belonging to it) violates the principle of equal treatment. The constitutional canon on equality has long been shaped by such inherent tensions. The new global wave of autocratization brought restrictions on the rights of women and sexual and religious minorities, highlighting the continuing relevance of debates that are often older than written constitutions. The chapter traces the shifting canon of constitutional equality across three scenarios that provide comparative insights into the canon and the counter-canon of equality and non-discrimination jurisprudence. The cases focus on the constitutional justification of the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’, disability rights, and gender citizenship, also introducing the challenge of intersectionality and affirmative action.
The Canons of Social and Economic Rights
Authors: Young Katharine G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Social and economic rights remain central to debates on constitutional democracy and human rights, but their foundations are contestable. Indeed, it is worth nominating not only recognizable “canons,” but also “proto-canons” and “counter-canons” for such rights. The 2000 South African case of Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom is exemplary as a “canon.” Three features of Grootboom—its reasoning, provenance, and visibility—give it a canonical status, which include the case’s apparent resolution of the challenge of justiciability, its proximity to South Africa’s post-apartheid Constitution and Constitutional Court, and the case’s ambivalent legacy for housing rights. Yet Grootboom is not a singular source for establishing and renewing the boundaries of a global canon. The chapter draws on constitutional theory to debate the status of the “proto-canons” and “counter-canons” of socioeconomic rights. It therefore nominates the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a proto-canon for social and economic rights, as crystallizing incipient ideas of freedom from want, and an institutionally broad (and non-court-centric) vision of realization. The chapter also nominates the 1973 U.S. case of San Antonia School District v. Rodriguez as a counter-canon, as that case marks the interpretive closure, by the Supreme Court of the United States, of available arguments for constitutional social and economic rights, and the devolution of the right to education to the states in that country. These proto- and counter-canons help us reflect on the highly unsettled constitutional and democratic norms of the present.
Techniques of Judicial Avoidance
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a peculiar form of self-imposed limitation on judicial power: judicial avoidance, which occurs when judges choose to avoid certain disputes presented squarely before them despite there being no constitutional rule requiring them to decline to adjudicate these matters. Drawing from three jurisdictions—Canada, France, and the United States—the chapter highlights three distinguishable techniques of judicial avoidance: remedial judicial avoidance, jurisdictional judicial avoidance, and substantive judicial avoidance. It also offers reflections on a pivotal lesson in the construction of judicial power: all three distinguishable techniques of judicial avoidance can sometimes be deployed strategically to preserve or increase judicial power, not to reduce it.
Evaluating palliative care case conferences in primary care for patients with advanced non-malignant chronic conditions: a cluster-randomised controlled trial (KOPAL)
Authors: Mallon Tina , Schulze Josefine , Dams Judith , Weber Jan , Asendorf Thomas , Böttcher Silke , Sekanina Uta , Schade Franziska , Schneider Nils , Freitag Michael , Müller Christiane , König Hans-Helmut , Nauck Friedemann , Friede Tim , Scherer Martin , Marx Gabriella 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and dementia are underrepresented in specialist palliative home care (SPHC). However, the complexity of their conditions requires collaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and SPHC teams and timely integration into SPHC to effectively meet their needs.

Objective
To facilitate joint palliative care planning and the timely transfer of patients with advanced chronic non-malignant conditions to SPHC.

Methods
A two-arm, unblinded, cluster-randomised controlled trial. 49 GP practices in northern Germany were randomised using web-based block randomisation. We included patients with advanced CHF, COPD and/or dementia. The KOPAL intervention consisted of a SPHC nurse–patient consultation followed by an interprofessional telephone case conference between SPHC team and GP. The primary outcome was the number of hospital admissions 48 weeks after baseline. Secondary analyses examined the effects on health-related quality of life and self-rated health status, as measured by the EuroQol 5D scale.

Results
A total of 172 patients were included in the analyses. 80.4% of GP practices had worked with SHPC before, most of them exclusively for cancer patients. At baseline, patients reported a mean EQ-VAS of 48.4, a mean quality of life index (EQ-5D-5L) of 0.63 and an average of 0.80 hospital admissions in the previous year. The intervention did not significantly reduce hospital admissions (incidence rate ratio = 0.79, 95%CI: [0.49, 1.26], P = 0.31) or the number of days spent in hospital (incidence rate ratio = 0.65, 95%CI: [0.28, 1.49], P = 0.29). There was also no significant effect on quality of life (∆ = −0.02, 95%CI: [−0.09, 0.05], P = 0.53) or self-rated health (∆ = −2.48, 95%CI: [−9.95, 4.99], P = 0.51).

Conclusions
The study did not show the hypothesised effect on hospitalisations and health-related quality of life. Future research should focus on refining this approach, with particular emphasis on optimising the timing of case conferences and implementing discussed changes to treatment plans, to improve collaboration between GPs and SPHC teams.
Trends of use and characterisation of anti-dementia drugs users: a large multinational-network population-based study
Authors: Reyes Carlen , Newby Danielle , Raventós Berta , Verhamme Katia , Mosseveld Mees , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Burn Edward , Duarte-Salles Talita 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
An updated time-trend analysis of anti-dementia drugs (ADDs) is lacking. The aim of this study is to assess the incident rate (IR) of ADD in individuals with dementia using real-world data.

Setting
Primary care data (country/database) from the UK/CPRD-GOLD (2007–20), Spain/SIDIAP (2010–20) and the Netherlands/IPCI (2008–20), standardised to a common data model.

Methods
Cohort study. Participants: dementia patients ≥40 years old with ≥1 year of previous data. Follow-up: until the end of the study period, transfer out of the catchment area, death or incident prescription of rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil or memantine. Other variables: age/sex, type of dementia, comorbidities. Statistics: overall and yearly age/sex IR, with 95% confidence interval, per 100,000 person-years (IR per 105 PY (95%CI)).

Results
We identified a total of (incident anti-dementia users/dementia patients) 41,024/110,642 in UK/CPRD-GOLD, 51,667/134,927 in Spain/SIDIAP and 2,088/17,559 in the Netherlands/IPCI.
In the UK, IR (per 105 PY (95%CI)) of ADD decreased from 2007 (30,829 (28,891–32,862)) to 2010 (17,793 (17,083–18,524)), then increased up to 2019 (31,601 (30,483 to 32,749)) and decrease in 2020 (24,067 (23,021–25,148)). In Spain, IR (per 105 PY (95%CI)) of ADD decreased by 72% from 2010 (51,003 (49,199–52,855)) to 2020 (14,571 (14,109–15,043)). In the Netherlands, IR (per 105 PY (95%CI)) of ADD decreased by 77% from 2009 (21,151 (14,967–29,031)) to 2020 (4763 (4176–5409)). Subjects aged ≥65–79 years and men (in the UK and the Netherlands) initiated more frequently an ADD.

Conclusions
Treatment of dementia remains highly heterogeneous. Further consensus in the pharmacological management of patients living with dementia is urgently needed.
Alcohol effects on interoception shape expectancies and subjective effects: a registered report using the heart rate discrimination task
Authors: Leganes-Fonteneau Mateo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Aims
Alcohol acutely impacts interoceptive processes, which in turn affect the perception of alcohol effects and the development of alcohol expectancies. However, previous research is limited by the tools used to measure cardiac interoception and subjective alcohol effects. This registered report proposes a re-examination of previous findings using a state-of-the-art measure of interoceptive capacity, the heart rate discrimination task, and measurements of subjective alcohol effects across both ascending and descending limbs.

Methods
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment, n = 36 participants were given 0.4 g/kg of ethanol, and a baseline measure of alcohol expectancies was obtained. Changes in interoceptive capacity after beverage administration, along with measures of light-headedness, mood, and biphasic alcohol effects, were assessed over two sessions.

Hypotheses
As registered in this secondary data analysis, alcohol was expected to acutely impact different indices of interoceptive capacity, and those changes were hypothesized to correlate with subjective alcohol effects and expectancies. Analyses were conducted only following in-principle acceptance.

Results
Alcohol-induced changes in interoceptive capacity predicted the development of light-headedness, stimulation, and negative mood. Changes in interoceptive capacity were also correlated with negative alcohol expectancies, as measured 2 weeks prior to the experiment. These effects were unique to the interoceptive condition, as null effects were observed in an exteroceptive control task.

Discussion
This report offers a replication of key previous findings that alcohol impacts interoceptive processes to shape the detection of subjective alcohol effects. We propose that, through repeated drinking occasions, bodily responses feed into the experience of intoxication, shaping future expectancies about alcohol effects.