bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature response of carbon isotope discrimination and mesophyll conductance in tobacco
Authors: EVANS JOHN R. , VON CAEMMERER SUSANNE 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe partial pressure of CO2 at the sites of carboxylation within chloroplasts depends on the conductance to CO2 diffusion from intercellular airspace to the sites of carboxylation, termed mesophyll conductance (gm). We investigated the temperature response of gm in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by combining gas exchange in high light, ambient CO2 in either 2 or 21% O2 with carbon isotope measurements using tuneable diode laser spectroscopy. The gm increased linearly with temperature in 2 or 21% O2. In 21% O2, isotope discrimination associated with gm decreased from 5.0 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.2‰ as temperature increased from 15 to 40 °C, but the photorespiratory contribution to the isotopic signal is significant. While the fractionation factor for photorespiration (f = 16.2 ± 0.7‰) was independent of temperature between 20 and 35 °C, discrimination associated with photorespiration increased from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 2.7 ± 0.02‰ from 15 to 40 °C. Other mitochondrial respiration contributed around 0.2 ± 0.03‰. The drawdown in CO2 partial pressure from ambient air to intercellular airspaces was nearly independent of leaf temperature. By contrast, the increase in gm with increasing leaf temperature resulted in the drawdown in CO2 partial pressure between intercellular airspaces and the sites of carboxylation decreasing substantially at high temperature.
The putative auxin efflux carrier OsPIN3t is involved in the drought stress response and drought tolerance
Authors: Zhang Qian , Li Jingjing , Zhang Wenjiao , Yan Shuning , Wang Rui , Zhao Junfeng , Li Yujing , Qi Zhiguang , Sun Zongxiu , Zhu Zhengge 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in plant growth and development, and its spatial distribution largely depends on the polar localization of the PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carrier family members. In this study, we identify a putative auxin efflux carrier gene in rice, OsPIN3t, which acts in auxin polar transport but is also involved in the drought stress response in rice. We show that OsPIN3t–GFP fusion proteins are localized in plasma membranes, and this subcellular localization changes under 1‐N‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatment. The tissue‐specific expression patterns of OsPIN3t were also investigated using a β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter, which showed that OsPIN3t was mainly expressed in vascular tissue. The GUS activity in OsPIN3tpro::GUS plants increased by NAA treatment and decreased by NPA treatment. Moreover, knockdown of OsPIN3t caused crown root abnormalities in the seedling stage that could be phenocopied by treatment of wild‐type plants with NPA, which indicated that OsPIN3t is involved in the control of polar auxin transport. Overexpression of OsPIN3t led to improved drought tolerance, and GUS activity significantly increased when OsPIN3tpro::GUS plants were subjected to 20% polyethylene glycol stress. Taken together, these results suggest that OsPIN3t is involved in auxin transport and the drought stress response, which suggests that a polar auxin transport pathway is involved in the regulation of the response to water stress in plants.
OsARG encodes an arginase that plays critical roles in panicle development and grain production in rice
Authors: Ma Xuefeng , Cheng Zhijun , Qin Ruizhen , Qiu Yang , Heng Yueqin , Yang Hui , Ren Yulong , Wang Xiaole , Bi Jingcui , Ma Xiaoding , Zhang Xin , Wang Jiulin , Lei Cailin , Guo Xiuping , wang Jie , Wu Fuqing , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin 
Published: August 2012

SummaryNitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth and development. Arginine is considered to be an important amino acid for nitrogen transport and storage, playing a crucial role during plant seedling development. However, little is known about the role of arginine in nitrogen remobilization at the reproductive stage. We isolated a rice mutant nglf‐1 with reduced plant height, small panicle and grain size, and low seed‐setting rate (10% in nglf‐1 compared to 93% in wild‐type). Map‐based cloning revealed that the mutant phenotype was caused by loss of function of a gene (OsARG) encoding an arginine hydrolysis enzyme, which is consistent with arginine accumulation in the mutant. The phenotype was partially corrected supplying exogenous nitrogen, and fully corrected by expression of a wild‐type OsARG transgene. Over‐expression of OsARG in rice (cv. Kitaake) increased grain number per plant under nitrogen‐limited conditions. OsARG was ubiquitously expressed in various organs, but most strongly in developing panicles. The OsARG protein was localized in the mitochondria, consistent with other arginases. Our results suggest that the arginase encoded by OsARG, a key enzyme in Arg catabolism, plays a critical role during panicle development, especially under conditions of insufficient exogenous nitrogen. OsARG is a potential target for crop improvement.
Time to computed tomography scanning for major trauma patients: the Australian reality
Authors: Easton Ruth , Sisak Krisztian , Balogh Zsolt J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) can facilitate the diagnosis of life‐threatening injuries in polytrauma patients. Reported times to imaging vary widely, but it has been suggested that rapid whole body scanning improves mortality rates. The aim of this study was to determine the time to CT for severe polytrauma patients presenting to a level I trauma centre in Australia.MethodsRetrospective audit of prospectively collected trauma registry data combined with electronic medical records. Inclusion criteria were trauma patients with injury severity score ≥16 who underwent CT scanning over a 12‐month period. Exclusion criteria were scans performed at regional centres or greater than 5 h after arrival. Time to commencement of CT was defined as time from arrival to the first CT image being recorded, and time to completion of CT as the time from arrival to recording the final CT image. Time in CT was defined as minutes between acquisition of the first and final images.ResultsTwo hundred thirty‐three eligible patients were admitted over the study period. CT acquisition times were median 76 min (interquartile range (IQR) 52–115) to commencement, 93 min (IQR 71–129) to completion and time in CT 14 min (IQR 6–24). Time to completion was faster for isolated head scans, abbreviated injury scale head >3, intubated patients and those with subsequent fatal outcome.ConclusionsAlthough 93 min to completion of trauma CT scans is comparable with some international reports, it falls well behind centres who have demonstrated improved outcomes with CT scanning. Our results serve as a baseline to our and potentially other Australasian trauma centres to improve on this surrogate measure of trauma team efficacy.
The Living with Dysarthria group: implementation and feasibility of a group intervention for people with dysarthria following stroke and family members
Authors: Mackenzie Catherine , Paton Gillian , Kelly Shona , Brady Marian , Muir Margaret 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground: The broad life implications of acquired dysarthria are recognized, but they have received little attention in stroke management. Reports of group therapy, which may be a suitable approach to intervention, are not available for stroke‐related dysarthria.Aims: To examine the operational feasibility of and response to a new eight‐session weekly group intervention programme, Living with Dysarthria, designed for people with chronic dysarthria following stroke and their main communication partners.Methods & Procedures: The target participation was for programme completion by two groups of eight people with dysarthria (PWD) and available family members (FMs) or carers. An active recruitment strategy was undertaken from the speech and language therapy case records for the previous 6 years in two hospitals with combined annual stroke admissions of over 500 people. Twelve PWD and seven FMs were recruited (group 1: seven PWD and four FMs; group 2: five PWD and three FMs). Speech intelligibility, communication effectiveness, general well‐being, quality of communication life, and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria were assessed pre‐ and post‐programme. Each PWD and FM also set an individual goal and rated their achievement of this on a 0–10 scale.Outcomes & Results: Recruitment to the programme was lower than anticipated and below target. The 12 PWD were recruited from 62 initial contacts, which was the total number who according to available information met the criteria. The programme was viable: it ran to plan, with only minor content alterations, in community accommodation, and with good participant engagement. Group median score changes were in a positive direction for all measures and effect sizes ranged from 0.17 (quality of communication life) to 0.46 (intelligibility). Significant post‐programme changes were present for intelligibility and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria (p= 0.05). Participants’ ratings of goal achievements ranged from 6 (some change) to 10 (a lot of change).Conclusions & Implications: The recruitment experience revealed a take‐up rate of around 20% from PWD following stroke, informing future planning. The participant engagement and performance results from the piloting of the programme indicate that the Living with Dysarthria programme is viable and has potential for effecting positive change. Further testing is justified.
Advances in computational analysis of metagenome sequences
Authors: Davenport Colin F. , Tümmler Burkhard 
Published: August 2012

SummarySecond‐generation sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the study of metagenomes. Whole‐genome shotgun sequencing of metagenomic DNA may become an attractive alternative to the current widely used ribosomal RNA gene studies. Large data sets of short sequence reads are mapped onto a custom microbial reference sequence. If a bacterial pangenome of completely sequenced genomes is taken as a reference, the output consists of the distribution of bacterial taxa in and bacterial gene contents of the metagenome. The relative abundance of functional categories and of individual pathways and fitness traits encoded by the metagenomic gene pool provides insight into habitat‐specific features of the microbial community. Polymorphic sites in sequence reads may resolve the number and abundance of individual clonal complexes of dominant species in the polymicrobial community. These SNPs and de novo mutations may be exploited to trace the spatiotemporal spread of clones and the emergence of novel traits such as fitness or resistance determinants. In conclusion, massively parallel sequencing of metagenomic DNA allows deep insights into the composition and the genetic repertoire of polymicrobial communities.
Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems
Authors: KÅNNEBY TOBIAS , TODARO M. ANTONIO , JONDELIUS ULF 
Published: August 2012

Kånneby, T., Todaro, M. A., Jondelius, U. (2012). Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems. —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 88–105.Chaetonotidae is the largest family within Gastrotricha with almost 400 nominal species represented in both freshwater and marine habitats. The group is probably non‐monophyletic and suffers from a troubled taxonomy. Current classification is to a great extent based on shape and distribution of cuticular structures, characters that are highly variable. We present the most densely sampled molecular study so far where 17 of the 31 genera belonging to Chaetonotida are represented. Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches based on 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA are used to reconstruct relationships within Chaetonotidae. The use of cuticular structures for supra‐specific classification within the group is evaluated and the question of dispersal between marine and freshwater habitats is addressed. Moreover, the subgeneric classification of Chaetonotus is tested in a phylogenetic context. Our results show high support for a clade containing Dasydytidae nested within Chaetonotidae. Within this clade, only three genera are monophyletic following current classification. Genera containing both marine and freshwater species never form monophyletic clades and group with other species according to habitat. Marine members of Aspidiophorus appear to be the sister group of all other Chaetonotidae and Dasydytidae, indicating a marine origin of the clade. Halichaetonotus and marine Heterolepidoderma form a monophyletic group in a sister group relationship to freshwater species, pointing towards a secondary invasion of marine environments of these taxa. Our study highlights the problems of current classification based on cuticular structures, characters that show homoplasy for deeper relationships.
Accuracy of HistoScanning™ for the prediction of a negative surgical margin in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Salomon Georg , Spethmann Jan , Beckmann Ann , Autier Philippe , Moore Caroline , Durner Leopold , Sandmann Mareike , Haese Alexander , Schlomm Thorsten , Michl Uwe , Heinzer Hans , Graefen Markus , Steuber Thomas 
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
HistoScanning™ is a novel ultrasonography technique for visualization of prostate cancer. The technology it uses and its encouraging results in prostate cancer foci detection in 29 men with prostate cancer have been described previously. A recent study confirmed these results in 31 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of prostate cancer foci detection were 90% and 72%, respectively. These promising results raised the question of whether HistoScanning™ technology might also be helpful in therapy planning.
Preoperative knowledge of the distribution and size of tumours might be useful for treatment planning of a nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy. We tested the ability of HistoScanning™ to predict a negative surgical margin in 80 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.
Objective
To assess the accuracy of HistoScanning™ (HS) as a visualization tool for preoperative treatment planning for nerve‐sparing (NS) radical prostatectomy (RP).
Patients and Methods
A retrospective study was carried out on 80 patients with prostate cancer undergoing RP from October 2009 to December 2009.
All patients underwent a HS procedure 1 day before surgery.
Frozen sections (FSs) were performed on each latero‐posterior side of the prostate to assess for the presence of cancer.
On the HS analysis, the region corresponding to that removed at FS was assessed for suspicious lesions. The size of suspicious lesions within this volume was compared with the FS histopathological analysis.
Results
HS results corresponded to a 93% probability of having a negative surgical margin in the FSs. The presence of a HS volume ≥0.2 mL in a specific side was associated with a 3.7 times increased risk of a positive surgical margin at FS.
Conclusions
HS has the potential to assist in the planning of NSRP.
Larger, multicentre studies need to be performed for validation of these encouraging results.
Prognostic value of the CAPRA clinical prediction rule: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Meurs Pieter , Galvin Rose , Fanning Deirdre M. , Fahey Tom 
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Prostate cancer is a significant cause of mortality among men. A number of prognostic instruments exist to predict the risk of recurrence among patients with localised prostate cancer. This systematic review examines the totality of evidence in relation to the predictive value of the CAPRA clinical predication rule by combining all studies that validate the rule.
Objectives
To perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis that assesses the 3‐ and 5‐year predictive value of the CAPRA rule, a clinical prediction rule derived to predict biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival in men with localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.
To examine the predictive value of the CAPRA rule at 3 and 5 years stratified by risk group (0–2 low risk, 3–5 intermediate risk, 6–10 high risk).
Patients and Methods
A systematic literature search was performed to retrieve papers that validated the CAPRA score.
The original derivation study was used as a predictive model and applied to all validation studies with observed and predicted biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 and 5 years stratified by risk group (0–2 low, 3–5 intermediate, 6–10 high).
Pooled results are presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals, in terms of over‐prediction (RR > 1) or under‐prediction (RR < 1) of biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 and 5 years.
A chi‐squared test for trend was computed to determine if there was a decreasing trend in survival across the three CAPRA risk categories.
Results
Seven validation studies (n = 12 693) predict recurrence‐free survival at 5 years after radical prostatectomy. The CAPRA score significantly under‐predicts recurrence‐free survival across all three risk strata (low risk, RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.98; intermediate risk, RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99; high risk, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.85).
Data on six studies (n = 6082) are pooled to predict 3‐year recurrence‐free survival. The CAPRA score correctly predicts recurrence‐free survival in all three groups (low risk, RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95–1.00; intermediate risk, RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.08; high risk, RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.73–1.05).
The chi‐squared trend analysis indicates that, as the trichotomized CAPRA score increases, the probability of survival decreases (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The results of this pooled analysis confirm the ability of the CAPRA rule to correctly predict biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 years after radical prostatectomy.
The rule under‐predicts recurrence‐free survival 5 years after radical prostatectomy across all three strata of risk.
Male ‘Providers’ and Female ‘Housewives’: A Gendered Co‐performance in Rural North India
Authors: Rao Nitya 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTProblems of measuring and public recognition of women's work are not merely statistical. This article highlights the co‐performance of stereotypical gender roles, where men and women jointly seek to establish the status of women as housewives rather than as farmers and of men as providers, thereby upholding a particular social order and simultaneously reinterpreting the meanings of existing norms to include new realities. Evidence from rural north India demonstrates the discernable disjunctures between social norms, narratives and action. Conscious of the growing insecurities faced by their husbands in the context of a rapidly changing economy, women try to allay rather than aggravate them. Instead of asserting their identities as ‘workers’, their strategies for gaining recognition and reciprocity from their husbands focus on reconstituting gender relations in the household, by expanding individual spaces and making incremental gains within the existing social order, rather than struggling for wider transformative changes.
Cash Transfers and the Well‐being of Older People in Brazil
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter , Saboia João , Ramírez‐Rodríguez Baruch 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThis article provides a comprehensive assessment of the effects of social protection interventions on material and subjective elements of well‐being. Drawing on a longitudinal survey located in two relatively deprived parts of Brazil, it assesses the effects of pensions and other cash transfers on the well‐being of older people and their households. This analysis is located within a dynamic economic and public policy context. The article finds that pension benefits significantly increase per capita income and that this is strongly associated with overall levels of satisfaction with household well‐being. Levels of reported subjective well‐being do not fall as respondents age, and the survey finds high levels of optimism about future well‐being. The positive effects of pension benefits were supported by upgraded health services and by more specific policies such as access to credit on favourable terms. Overall, the authors conclude that a combination of economic growth and effective public policies significantly boosted the well‐being of most households in their survey, and that Brazil can be taken as a model of good practice for other middle‐income countries.
Substitution and Subversion: Two Paths through the Renaissance
Authors: Hunt Katherine 
Published: August 2012

Anachronic Renaissance by Alexander Nagel and Christopher S. Wood, New York: Zone Books, 2010, 456 pp., 175 b. & w. illus., £29.95In Your Face: Professional Improprieties and the Art of Being Conspicuous in Sixteenth‐Century Italy by Douglas Biow, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010, 272 pp., 20 b. & w. illus., $70.00 hdbk, $24.95 pbk
Effect of physician dress style on patient confidence
Authors: Maruani A. , Léger J. , Giraudeau B. , Naouri M. , Le Bidre E. , Samimi M. , Delage M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground  We lack data on how physicians can instill confidence in patients.Objectives  We aimed to determine whether dress style (professional white coat or formal, semiformal or casual attire) affects confidence in the physician by patients (children, teenagers, adults) with dermatology complaints consulting in the hospital or private practice.Methods  Design. Descriptive prospective cross sectional study carried out from July 1, 2008 to July 1, 2009. Setting. Outpatients in the department of dermatology of a French tertiary care hospital, and two dermatological private consulting rooms. Participants and design. Consulting patients were ≥ 7 years and classified as children 7‐11 years old, accompanying parents, teenagers (12–17 years), and adults ≥ 18 years consulting alone. Subjects viewed two iconographic boards containing 4 photographs in a random order of a male physician on 1 board and a female physician on the other board in 4 different dress styles: professional (white coat and stethoscope), formal (shirt and tie for men), semiformal, and casual (T‐shirt, jeans). Subjects then completed a questionnaire asking them to rate, on a scale of 0‐10, their confidence in the physicians portrayed and answered whether they considered physician dress important. Main outcomes and measures. The main outcome was subjects’ ranking of photos of physicians by dress style, according to the confidence they felt. For children 7‐11 years old, we considered the frequency of the chosen dress style. The secondary outcome was whether physician dress was important to patients.Results  We included 329 patients. Children at the hospital most frequently chose the photo of the physician, both male (62%) and female (64%), with the white coat. Teenagers’ choices were professional dress, then semiformal, formal, and casual attire. Accompanying adults and adults consulting alone had the same ranking.Conclusions  In France, patients of all ages who consult for dermatology complaints in hospital and in private practice have the most confidence in a physician who wears a professional white coat.