bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune surveillance of human cancer: if the cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes play the music, does the tumoral system call the tune?
Authors: Hamaï A. , Benlalam H. , Meslin F. , Hasmim M. , Carré T. , Akalay I. , Janji B. , Berchem G. , Noman M. Z. , Chouaib S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the recognition and destruction of cancer cells by a process known as cancer immunosurveillance. Tumor antigen‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) are the major effectors in the immune response against tumor cells. The identification of tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) recognized primarily by CD 8+ T‐lymphocytes has led to the development of several vaccination strategies that induce or potentiate specific immune responses. However, large established tumors, which are associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis, are usually not fully controlled by the immune system. Recently, it has become clear that the immune system not only protects the host against tumor development but also sculpts the immunogenic phenotype of a developing tumor and can favor the emergence of resistant tumor cell variants. Moreover, it has become obvious that the evasion of immunosurveillance by tumor cells is under the control of the tumor microenvironment complexity and plasticity. In this review, we will focus on some new mechanisms associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis during tumor progression, involving genetic instability, structural changes in cytoskeleton, and hypoxic stress. We will also discuss the interaction between CTLs and tumor endothelial cells, a major component of tumor stroma.
Relationship between osteology and aquatic locomotion in birds: determining modes of locomotion in extinct Ornithurae
Authors: HINIĆ‐FRLOG S. , MOTANI R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe evolutionary history of aquatic invasion in birds would be incomplete without incorporation of extinct species. We show that aquatic affinities in fossil birds can be inferred by multivariate analysis of skeletal features and locomotion of 245 species of extant birds. Regularized discriminant analyses revealed that measurements of appendicular skeletons successfully separated diving birds from surface swimmers and flyers, while also discriminating among different underwater modes of swimming. The high accuracy of this method allows detection of skeletal characteristics that are indicative of aquatic locomotion and inference of such locomotion in bird species with insufficient behavioural information. Statistical predictions based on the analyses confirm qualitative assessments for both foot‐propelled (Hesperornithiformes) and wing‐propelled (Copepteryx) underwater locomotion in fossil birds. This is the first quantitative inference of underwater modes of swimming in fossil birds, enabling future studies of locomotion in extinct birds and evolutionary transitions among locomotor modes in avian lineage.
A cancer‐causing gene is positively correlated with male aggression in Xiphophorus cortezi
Authors: FERNANDEZ A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe persistence of seemingly maladaptive genes in organisms challenges evolutionary biological thought. In Xiphophorus fishes, certain melanin patterns form malignant melanomas because of a cancer‐causing gene (Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase; Xmrk), which arose several millions years ago from unequal meiotic recombination. Xiphophorus melanomas are male biased and induced by androgens however male behaviour and Xmrk genotype has not been investigated. This study found that male X. cortezi with the spotted caudal (Sc) pattern, from which melanomas originate, displayed increased aggression in mirror image trials. Furthermore, Xmrk males (regardless of Sc phenotype) bit and performed more agonistic displays than Xmrk deficient males. Male aggressive response decreased when males viewed their Sc image as compared with their non‐Sc image. Collectively, these results indicate that Xmrk males experience a competitive advantage over wild‐type males and that intrasexual selection could be an important component in the evolutionary maintenance of this oncogene within Xiphophorus.
Paternal effects on seed mass in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: De Jong T. J. , Hermans C. M. , Van Der Veen‐van Wijk K. (C.) A. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWho is in control of seed size, and do some fathers sire bigger seeds than others? We used isogenic male‐sterile genotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Col and Ler. By fertilising flowers side‐by‐side with either pollen from the same accession (‘self‐pollination’) or pollen from another accession (outcrossing), we compared, on the same mother plant, seed set of flowers that were very similar in resource status. Some paternal genotypes had a significant effect on seed mass, with the most extreme father siring seeds 15.3% heavier than seeds resulting from ‘self‐pollination’. There was no correlation between seed mass of paternal parents and the seeds they sired. We discuss the evolution of seed size as a tug‐of‐war between parent and offspring.
Fitness costs of Cry1F resistance in laboratory‐selected European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Pereira E. J. G. , Storer N. P. , Siegfried B. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe study of fitness costs associated with resistance to toxins fromBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (Bt) is important for understanding resistance evolution and for evaluating resistance management practices that prevent or mitigate resistance. A strain of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) obtained from field collections throughout the U.S. Corn Belt in 1996, was selected in the laboratory for resistance to Cry1F by exposure to the toxin incorporated into artificial diet. The selected strain developed more than 3000‐fold resistance to Cry1F after 35 generations of selection and readily consumed Cry1F expressing maize tissue. Using this resistant strain, a susceptible strain with similar genetic background and reciprocal crosses between them, we estimated fitness costs and their dominance by measuring fitness components and population parameters determined by fertility life tables. Comparison of life‐history traits and population growth rates of genotypes homozygous and heterozygous for resistance relative to susceptible genotypes indicated existence of weak and recessive fitness costs associated with resistance. The significance of these results in relation to current resistance management practices is discussed.
Interrater, intra‐rater and internal consistency reliability of the Theory Application Assessment Instrument
Authors: Ikiugu Moses N. , Smallfield Stacy 
Published: December 2009

Aim:  To investigate the interrater, intra‐rater and internal consistency reliability of the Theory Application Assessment Instrument, a tool for testing competency in combining multiple theoretical conceptual practice models in client evaluation and treatment planning.Methods:  The assessment was administered to 27 graduate students in two phases. The principal investigator rated the participants on the assessment scale on two separate occasions.Results:  Interrater and intra‐rater reliability were good for Phase 2 data. Internal consistency reliability for Phase 2 data was in the ‘questionable’ range.Conclusion:  The instrument shows promise of being an efficient tool. However, this was an exploratory study with a small sample. Its replication with a larger more representative sample is needed to increase external validity.
Happy and healthy only if occupied? Perceptions of health sciences students on occupation in later life
Authors: Zecevic Aleksandra , Magalhaes Lilian , Madady Mona , Halligan Michelle , Reeves Alicia 
Published: December 2009

Background/aim: In this study, we bring attention to the university education of health science students with respect to occupation in later life. Our goal was to provide descriptive data from narratives of a group of undergraduate students and initiate discussion about the place of occupation in the context of ageing to answer the following questions: (i) How young people perceive successful ageing in relation to occupation? and (ii) can spirituality‐related activities be considered occupations in later life?Methods: Based on a thematic selection, the quality of photographs and reflective narratives, 60 Photovoice assignments created by health sciences students were analysed using content analysis.Results: The findings of this study indicate that students seem to neglect the benefits of ‘being’ through spiritual engagement, and instead emphasise the importance of ‘doing’, and perpetuate pervasive successful ageing discourses in Western societies.Conclusions: Occupational therapists have potential to take an active role in undergraduate health science education and to inform the development of holistic models that would include spirituality as an avenue to live late life to its fullest potential. Photovoice emerged as a powerful teaching method to increase awareness, empathy and compassion of young adults towards ageing.
USEFULNESS OF DOUBLE BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY AND VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN ITS EARLY STAGES
Authors: Akamatsu Taiji , Kaneko Yasunori , Ota Hiroyoshi , Miyabayashi Hideharu , Arakura Norikazu , Tanaka Eiji 
Published: December 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in patients with primary follicular lymphoma (FL) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Furthermore, we estimate the effectiveness of chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) including rituximab for them.Methods:  Thirteen consecutive patients who were diagnosed of having FL in the duodenum between July 2005 and September 2008 were studied. All patients were given the conventional staging examinations, including total enteroscopy using DBE and/or VCE procedures. Chemotherapy was performed after written informed consent. Response assessment was performed every 6‐12 months. The median follow‐up period was 30.2 months.Results:  FL was diagnosed in each patient as low grade (grade 1, n = 7; 2, n = 6) and, in all but 4 patients, localized lymphoma (stage I, n = 8; II1, n = 1; II2, n = 4). DBE revealed multifocal lesions in the jejunum in 10 of the patients, and in the ileum in 6. VCE showed similar findings in the jejunum in the recent 2 patients. Eleven of 13 patients finally received chemotherapy, and all of them achieved complete regression. They showed no evidence of recurrence after that.Conclusion:  Total examination of the small intestine using DBE should be performed before treatment to choose a suitable treatment procedure for primary FL of the GI tract. On the other hand, VCE is useful for screening and following the small intestine in the patients with it. Chemotherapy is effective to achieve complete regression of primary FL of the GI tract.
VALIDITY OF ACTIVITY INDICES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS: COMPARISON OF CLINICAL AND ENDOSCOPIC INDICES
Authors: Hirai Fumihito , Matsui Toshiyuki , Aoyagi Kunihiko , Inoue Nagamu , Hibi Toshifumi , Oshitani Nobuhide , Fujii Hisao , Kobayashi Kiyonori , Suzuki Yasuo , Tanaka Shinji 
Published: December 2009

Aim:  Various different clinical indices (CI) and endoscopic indices (El) have been used to evaluate the clinical disease activity of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, no standardized CI or El of UC has been established. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not any of the CI and/or EI for assessing the disease activity of UC could be established as a standard.Methods:  The most frequently used CI and EI were identified from 100 published clinical trials dealing with UC, and representative CI and El were selected. Seventy‐four patients were enrolled in this study and their CI and El were assessed prior to treatment and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Furthermore, changes over time and relationships among the indices were analyzed. In this study, the clinical activity index (CAI), the disease activity index (DAI), the Lichtiger index (LI) and the Seo index were selected as the representative CI, and the Baron score and the Rachmilewitz endoscopic index (REI) were selected as the representative EI.Results:  A significant decrease in all the CI and El was observed after treatment, as compared with the baseline values. Moreover, there were positive relationships among the CI and between the CI and El.Conclusion:  Our results demonstrated that all the CI and El examined were almost equally useful for evaluating disease activity in UC patients. Further studies may help to determine which of the indices is the most suitable for use in UC clinical trials.
Assessment of different techniques for subcutaneous glucose monitoring in Type 1 diabetic patients during ‘real‐life’ glucose excursions
Authors: Mader J. K. , Weinhandl H. , Köhler G. , Plank J. , Bock G. , Korsatko S. , Ratzer M. , Ikeoka D. , Köhler H. , Pieber T. R. , Ellmerer M. 
Published: December 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 332–338 (2010)AbstractAims  To compare the accuracy of two marketed subcutaneous glucose monitoring devices (Guardian RT, GRT; GlucoDay S, GDS) and standard microdialysis (CMA60; MD) in Type 1 diabetic patients.Methods  Seven male Type diabetic patients were investigated over a period of 26 h simulating real‐life meal glucose excursions. Catheters of the three systems were inserted into subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdominal region. For MD, interstitial fluid was sampled at 30‐ to 60‐min intervals for offline glucose determination. Reference samples were taken at 15‐ to 60‐min intervals. All three systems were prospectively calibrated to reference. Median differences, median absolute relative differences (MARD), median absolute differences (MAD), Bland–Altman plot and Clark Error Grid were used to determine accuracy.Results  Bland–Altman analysis indicated a mean glucose difference (2 standard deviations) between reference and interstitial glucose of −10.5 (41.8) % for GRT, 20.2 (55.9) % for GDS and 6.5 (35.2) % for MD, respectively. Overall MAD (interquartile range) was 1.07 (0.39; 2.04) mmol/l for GRT, 1.59 (0.54; 3.08) mmol/l for GDS and 0.76 (0.26; 1.58) mmol/l for MD. Overall MARD was 15.0 (5.6; 23.4) % (GRT), 19.7 (6.1; 37.6) % (GDS) and 8.7 (4.1; 18.3) % (MD), respectively. Total sensor failure occurred in two subjects using GRT and one subject using GDS.Conclusions  The three investigated technologies had comparable performance. Whereas GRT underestimated actual blood glucose, GDS and MD overestimated blood glucose. Considerable deviations during daily life meal glucose excursions from reference glucose were observed for all three investigated technologies. Present technologies may require further improvement until individual data can lead to direct and automated generation of therapeutic advice in diabetes management.
Effect of acute hyperglycaemia, long‐term glycaemic control and insulin on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in Type 1 diabetic patients with different characteristics
Authors: Ceriello A. , Esposito K. , Ihnat M. , Thorpe J. , Giugliano D. 
Published: December 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 911–917 (2010)AbstractObjective  To investigate the possibility of reversing endothelial dysfunction and inflammation by glucose normalization, antioxidants and insulin per se, in different subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients.Methods  Three subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients were studied: patients within 1 month of diagnosis (subgroup 1); patients with approximately 5 years’ disease duration and with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤ 7.0% (subgroup 2) or > 7.0% since diagnosis (subgroup 3). Participants underwent four procedures: 2‐h hyperglycaemic clamp followed by: (A) 12 h near‐normalization of blood glucose, with the addition of vitamin C during the last 6 h; (B) 12‐h vitamin C and near‐normalization of blood glucose for the last 6 h; (C) both vitamin C and near‐normalization of blood glucose for 12 h; (D) hyperglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp for 12 h, with the addition of vitamin C during the last 6 h.Results  After 2 h of hyperglycaemia, markers of endothelial dysfunction, nitrotyrosine, 8‐iso prostaglandin F2α, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule‐1, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐18 were increased in all the subgroups. Levels were normalized, at all time points, by treatments A, B and C in the subgroups 1 and 2. In the third subgroup, levels were normalized only by the simultaneous normalization of blood glucose and vitamin C treatment. During treatment D, the levels were improved at 6 h in all the subgroups, but normalized at 12 h only after vitamin C in subgroups 1 and 2, but not in subgroup 3.Conclusions  This study suggests that different subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients react identically to acute hyperglycaemia and insulin, but differently to glucose normalization.
The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework: Drawing Attention to Inequality within Nations in the Global Climate Policy Debate
Authors: Baer Paul , Kartha Sivan , Athanasiou Tom , Kemp‐Benedict Eric 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe urgency of the climate problem seems to require that stringent emissions reductions begin under the political economic institutions that currently exist. Any global climate treaty must, however, at least not make global inequality worse, and ideally should embody desirable principles of justice. The Greenhouse Development Rights framework (GDRs), described briefly here, is a proposal for such a fair division of the burdens of emissions reductions and adaptation to climate change that won't be avoided, based on an assessment of capacity (ability to pay) and responsibility (contribution to the problem). The GDRs considers both inequality within countries and inequality between countries: national obligations are based on the exemption of poor individuals (under a ‘development threshold’) from global burdens. GDRs accepts the link between ‘development’ and the growth in consumption of the world's poor majority, an obvious requirement if it is to be taken seriously by Southern governments intent on ‘development as usual’. It also does not directly challenge the institutions of capitalism or the sovereignty of nation states. Nonetheless, in its focus on poor and rich people it is consistent with a class‐based rather than nation‐based approach to economic justice. We conclude by raising a variety of questions both about the limits of approaches like GDRs, and the need for policies that address climate change even during or after a transition beyond the current global capitalist regime.
Can Climate Change be Reversed under Capitalism?
Authors: Markandya Anil 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis contribution seeks to examine the prospects for tackling climate change in a world dominated by capitalist economies. Since climate change is a relatively new phenomenon, we have to review the successes and failures of such economies in addressing other environmental issues. This review reveals a mixed picture, but the evidence suggests that once an issue is raised in the public consciousness the prospects for effective action are quite good as long as there is openness and transparency. Experience certainly indicates that the prospects are better in capitalist than in centrally planned economies. In the case of climate change the magnitude of the changes needed is immense and time is now running out. Studies indicate that convergence in living standards between the North and the South through development is possible with strict carbon targets, but it will need agreement on the allocation of rights and, furthermore, a system in which either such rights are traded or a common carbon tax is imposed. Such a system must be seen as fair by all parties and these parties must trust each other and the institutions they set up. That is where the biggest problems still lie.
Socially Sustainable Economic De‐growth
Authors: Alier Joan Martinez 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTEconomic growth is not compatible with environmental sustainability. The effort to push up the rate of growth by increasing obligations to repay financial debts is in direct conflict with the availability of exhaustible resources and with the capacity of waste sinks. The economic crisis of 2008–09 has resulted in a welcome change to the totally unsustainable trend of increasing carbon dioxide emissions. The Kyoto Protocal of 1997 was generous to the rich countries, giving them property rights on the carbon sinks and the atmosphere in exchange for the promise of a reduction of 5 per cent of their emissions relative to1990. This modest Kyoto objective will be fulfilled more easily because of the economic crisis. This shows that economic de‐growth, leading to a steady state, is a plausible objective for the rich industrial economies. This would be supported by the environmental justice movements of the South, which are active in resource extraction conflicts.
Relations among Sadness Regulation, Peer Acceptance, and Social Functioning in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender
Authors: Perry‐Parrish Carisa , Zeman Janice 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUsing a multi‐informant approach, this study examined emotion regulation within the social context of White and Black adolescent peer groups by assessing two aspects of sadness expression management (i.e., inhibition, disinhibition) and their linkages to peer acceptance and social functioning as a function of gender and ethnicity. Seventh‐ and eighth‐grade adolescents (N = 155, 52 percent female, 54.8 percent Black) completed self‐reports and peer nominations of sadness management and sociometric ratings of peer acceptance. Parents rated their child's social competence and social problems. Results revealed specific patterns of sadness regulation across informants that were associated with social functioning and varied by gender, but not ethnicity. Boys were more likely than girls to minimize sadness displays; boys who violated this pattern had lower peer acceptance and higher parent‐rated social problems. In contrast, although girls were rated as displaying overt sadness more frequently than boys, this was unrelated to peer acceptance.