bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deinstitutionalization of Long-Stay Patients with Schizophrenia: The 2-Year Social and Clinical Outcome of a Comprehensive Intervention Program in Japan
Authors: Ryu Yonosuke , Mizuno Masafumi , Sakuma Kei , Munakata Shunichi , Takebayashi Toru , Murakami Masaaki , Falloon Ian R.H. , Kashima Haruo 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: The Sasagawa Project aimed to investigate the effects of deinstitutionalization and evidence-based strategies for the treatment of mental disorders among long-stay patients after their discharge from a mental hospital using a quasi-experimental longitudinal study design and to assess the patients' social and clinical outcomes over a 2-year post-discharge period. Method: Seventy-eight patients with schizophrenia were transferred to a community facility (Sasagawa Village) following the closure of Sasagawa Hospital in Koriyama in March 2002. The patients had undergone psychosocial training following the protocol outlined by the Optimal Treatment Project. All evaluations were performed prior to the patients' discharge and were repeated 12 and 24 months after discharge using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales, the Global Assessment for Functioning, the Schedule for Assessment of Insight, the Rehabilitation Evaluation Hall and Baker Scale, the Social Functioning Scale, the Drug Attitude Inventory, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: During the 24-month study period, 18 residents had incidents that made their continued stay at Sasagawa Village impossible. Only four (5.1%) of these residents were readmitted to psychiatric wards because of exacerbations of their conditions. Twelve residents were admitted to hospital because of serious physical illnesses. The 60 residents who remained in the community facility for 2 years demonstrated significant improvements in not only their psychiatric symptoms, but also their social functioning, as evidenced by their scores for Social Activity, Speech Skills, Disturbed Speech, Self-Care and General Behaviour on the Rehabilitation Evaluation Hall and Baker Scale and Withdrawal, Independence (Performance), Independence (Competence), and Employment on the Social Functioning Scale. Conclusions: Careful planning that minimized social and clinical dislocation may have contributed to the successful transition from mental hospital to community facility assessed in this study. Patients with a long history of illness showed favourable outcomes with little clinical deterioration and various improvements in their psychiatric symptoms and social functioning.
Association between Childhood Trauma and Dissociation Among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Watson Stuart , Chilton Roy , Fairchild Helen , Whewell Peter 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To examine the relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative experience in adulthood in patients with borderline personality disorder. Method: Dissociative experiences scale scores and subscale scores for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were correlated in 139 patients. Patients were dichotomized into high or low dissociators using the Median Dissociative Experiences Scale score as the cut-off. Results: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Subscale scores for emotional and physical abuse and emotional neglect but not sexual abuse correlated significantly with Dissociative Experiences Scale scores. High dissociators reported significantly greater levels of emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect but not sexual abuse than low dissociators. Conclusion: Patients with borderline personality disorder therefore demonstrated levels of dissociation that increased with levels of childhood trauma, supporting the hypothesis that traumatic childhood experiences engender dissociative symptoms later in life. Emotional abuse and neglect may be at least as important as physical and sexual abuse in the development of dissociative symptoms.
Childhood Adversity and Adult Personality
Authors: Rosenman Stephen , Rodgers Bryan 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To explore how recalled childhood adversity affects trait measures of personality in three age cohorts of an Australian adult population and to examine the effects of particular adversities on adult personality traits. Method: A total of 7485 randomly selected subjects in the age bands of 20–24, 40–44 and 60–64 years were interviewed at the outset of a longitudinal community study of psychological health in the Canberra region of Australia. In the initial interview, subjects answered 17 questions about domestic adversity and three questions on positive aspects of upbringing to age 16 years. Personality traits were measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Scales, Positive and Negative Affect Scales and a measure of dissocial behaviours. Results: Higher levels of childhood adversity substantially increase the risk of high neuroticism (OR = 2.6) and negative affect (OR = 2.6), less for behavioural inhibition (OR = 1.7) and for dissocial behaviour (OR = 1.7). No significant effect is seen for extraversion, psychoticism or behavioural activation. Age and gender had little effect on the pattern of risk. Maternal depression has significant and substantial independent effects on measures of neuroticism and negative affect as well as most other measures of personality. Conclusion: Childhood domestic adversity has substantial associations with clinically important aspects of personality: neuroticism and negative affect. Only small effects are seen on behavioural inhibition and dissocial behaviour, and no significant effect on extraversion and behavioural activation. These unexpected findings contradict clinical belief. Maternal psychological ill-health is pre-eminent among adversities predicting later disadvantageous traits, even for those traits that had only the slightest association with childhood adversity. Consequences of childhood adversity prevail throughout the lifespan in men and women equally. The study underlines the importance of childhood domestic adversity and especially maternal psychological ill-health as a target for preventive intervention for psychological difficulties at all ages.
Fire Interest, Fire Setting and Psychopathology in Australian Children: a Normative Study
Authors: Dadds Mark R. , Fraser Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: Child and adolescent fire setting is associated with a broad pattern of antisocial behaviour and is associated with huge costs to the Australian community. Assessment and treatment options have principally been tested in clinically referred or incarcerated children and adolescents. Little information is available about fire setting in normal populations and thus opportunities for screening and early intervention are not well developed. Method: In this study, a large sample of 4- to 9-year-old children were assessed using a seven-item fire interest history screen with other measures of antisocial behaviour, children's mental health, parenting style and quality and parenting stress. These were followed-up with parent and teacher report measures and a diagnostic interview at 12 months. Results: The fire history screening tool demonstrated utility in screening for early signs of fire setting. Prevalences of fire interest, and match- and fire-play were low overall but consistently higher for boys than for girls across ages. As expected, fire setting was associated with parental stress and a range of antisocial behaviours including conduct problems, hyperactivity, cruelty to animals and thrill-seeking temperament. In girls, it was also associated with anxiety/depression problems. Conclusions: Fire behaviours in children are related to broader psychopathology and family stress, and can be effectively identified in young children using a brief screening measure.
Psychosocial Correlates of Problem Gambling in Australian Students
Authors: Delfabbro Paul , Lahn Julie , Grabosky Peter 
Published: December 2009

Objective: This study examined the relationship between problem gambling and psychological and social adjustment in Australian adolescents. Method: A sample of 926 adolescents (mean age=14.46 years) in the Australian Capital Territory were administered a standardized series of measures relating to gambling and psychosocial adjustment. Young people were asked to indicate how often they gambled, to report any difficulties that they might have been experiencing with gambling, and to complete a variety of measures of psychosocial health, including: the GHQ-12, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and other measures of social functioning. Results: The results were generally consistent with previous international studies. Those adolescents classified as problem gamblers were found to have poorer scores on all psychosocial measures. Although many in the problem gambling group reported being part of a socially active peer group, they also reported being more alienated and unpopular among their classmates. Conclusions: The results suggest that problem gambling appears to be a significant risk factor for poorer mental health among Australia adolescents. Given previous adult research indicating a link between early gambling and long-term gambling problems and poorer life outcomes (e.g. Abbott, McKenna and Giles, 2000 in New Zealand), these findings suggest a need to enhance existing educational initiatives and services specifically designed to assist adolescents with gambling problems.
Workforce Capacity to Respond to Children Whose Parents have a Mental Illness
Authors: Maybery Darryl , Reupert Andrea 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The first of the three objectives of this study was to identify the core barriers that impede adult mental health and other clinicians from working with patients about parenting and child-related issues. The second and third objectives were to rate the importance of these barriers and to compare barriers for adult mental health workers with other workers. Method: There were two data collection phases; the first, qualitative phase involved collecting verbatim responses from 60 mental health and welfare workers, regarding barriers about working with mentally ill patients about their parenting role as well as with their children. The second involved 32 participants, including 20 adult mental health workers and 12 other workers, responding to the scaled questionnaire items based on the qualitative barriers identified at phase one. Results: The most important barriers highlighted by workers were patients not identifying their illness as a problem for their children and patients denying that they had a mental health problem. All workers reported that it was part of their role to get involved with issues regarding their patient's children. In comparison to other workers, adult mental health workers reported time and resource limitations, as well as skill and knowledge deficits regarding parenting and working with children. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in relation to adult mental health policy and ongoing professional development, particularly for adult mental health workers.
Season of Birth, Age and Negative Symptoms in a Xhosa Schizophrenia Sample from the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Jordaan Esmè R. , Niehaus Dana J.H. , Koen Liezl , Seller Cathlene , Mbanga Irene , Emsley Robin A. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: Seasonality of birth, more specifically winter/spring births, has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity born in autumn/ winter have different symptom profiles to those born in spring/summer. The secondary aim was to determine whether the autumn/winter and spring/summer birth rates for schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity were similar to that of the general Xhosa population. Method: Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, born in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa (n = 386), were categorized as autumn/winter-born (March to August) patients or summer/spring-born (September to February) patients. Negative global scores of the schedules for the assessment of negative symptoms were categorized as normal (rating of 0 and 1) or positive (rating of 2 to 5). Results: Patients born in autumn/winter were more likely to have avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring. The results also showed that the age of the patients played a significant role in modifying the effect of the season of birth on symptoms of schizophrenia. Especially older people (more than 30 years old) born in autumn/winter had a higher incidence of avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring (p = 0.026). Furthermore, in the relationship of birth season and avolition/apathy, the marital status of the patient was a significant independent explanatory variable, while gender was not. The study also showed a spring excess of 4% in birth rate compared with the general Xhosa population. Conclusion: The results from our study support the existence of a seasonal birth pattern in an African schizophrenia population and suggest that avolition/apathy may underpin this seasonal pattern.
Psychological Health of Men with Partners who have Post-Partum Depression
Authors: Roberts Sarah L. , Roberts Sarah L. , Bushnell John A. , Roberts Sarah L. , Bushnell John A. , Collings Sunny C. , Purdie Gordon L. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To compare the psychological health of men with partners who have postpartum depression (PPD; index group) with that of men with partners without PPD (comparison group). Method: Using a cross-sectional survey, psychological symptoms and disturbances of index group men (n = 58) and comparison group men (n = 116) were compared. Validated self-report measures were used to assess five key areas of mental health: depression, anxiety, non-specific psychological impairment, aggression and alcohol use. Results: Index group men had more symptoms of depression, aggression and nonspecific psychological impairment, and had higher rates of depressive disorder, nonspecific psychological problems and problem fatigue than comparison group men. Index group men were also more likely to have three or more comorbid psychological disturbances. There was no difference between the groups on measures of anxiety and alcohol use. Conclusions: Although many men in the postnatal period experience a variety of mental health problems, those who have a partner with PPD are themselves at increased risk for experiencing psychological symptoms and disturbances. Differentiation of psychological syndromes is important; higher rates of depressive disorder, non-specific psychological problems and problem fatigue were found, but rates of anxiety disorder and hazardous alcohol use did not differ between the groups. More attention from health professionals to men's mental health in the postnatal period may be beneficial to the entire family system.
Anti-Heat Shock Protein 90 is Increased in Acute Mania
Authors: Shen Winston W. , Liu Hsing-Cheng , Yang Yi-Yuan , Lin Chia-Yi , Chen Kun-Po , Yeh Tien-Shun , Leu Sy-Jye 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The aim of this work was to examine autoantibodies in patients with bipolar disorder. Method: We enrolled 94 patients with acute bipolar mania, with 37 of them medicated and 57 unmedicated at the time of blood sampling. The samples also consisted of 44 patients in the remission state and another 48 normal controls. We first used human glioblastoma (U373 MG) cell lysate to screen the potential autoantibodies present in sera of bipolar mania patients, and anti-heat shock protein (anti-HSP) 60, 70 and 90 autoantibodies were identified. We then examined the serum levels of these autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The findings of this study showed that serum anti-HSP90 level was significantly higher in bipolar patients in acute mania than those in remission (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The data of this study suggest that increased anti-HSP90 might be a state marker for acute mania in patients with bipolar disorder.
Cortical-Subcortical Re-Entrant Circuits and Recurrent Behaviour∗
Authors: Levy Florence , Krebs Peter R. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To explore the application of Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) models to biological cortical-subcortical re-entrant circuits, and their implications for recurrent psychiatric symptomatology. Method: The literature on cortical-cortical and cortical-subcortical re-entrant circuits is reviewed and possible neural network (PDP) analogies are described. Examples from the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) literature are explored and compared. Results: A common circuit architecture for at least five circuits was found. Recurrent PDP models suggest that subcortical centres can exert significant influences on behaviour, but their effect will depend on gating processes at higher centres, governed by both feedback (phasic arousal/reinforcement) and synaptic activity at higher levels. The latter can vary around a ‘Golden Mean’ at cortical receptor levels, which degrades when it is either overaroused or under-aroused. The Continuous Performance Task, which models both working memory and inhibitory processing is a useful task for functional imaging of an attentional network. Conclusion: Recurrent symptoms occur as a result of incoordination between phasic subcortical inputs and synaptic gating processes in cortical-subcortical circuits. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and ADHD represent opposite manifestations of recurrent cortical-subcortical processing deficits, with excess arousal in the former and insufficient maintenance of reinforcement and working memory in the latter. These processes may be subject to separate genetic influences at cortical versus subcortical levels.
Daily and Spaced Treatment with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Major Depression: A Pilot Study
Authors: Turnier-Shea Yvonne , Bruno Raimondo , Pridmore Saxby 
Published: December 2009

Objective: Transcranial magnetic stimulation is an emerging treatment of treatmentresistant depression. Current protocols rely on daily treatments. This study was designed to determine whether the time period over which treatment is delivered is an important factor in efficacy. Method: Sixteen adult patients with treatment-resistant major depression were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups, both of which received 2 weeks of treatment. One group received daily treatment (10 treatments, on business days). The other group received three treatments in week one, and two treatments in week two (five treatments, on spaced business days). Mood was rated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and a self-rated visual analogue scale. Response was defined as a 50% reduction in HDRS rating, and remission was defined as achieving an HDRS score of 8 or less. The groups were compared throughout the 2-week study period. Results: At entry, there were no demographic differences between the groups. Multivariate tests showed a significant main effect for time (Pillai trace = 0.76, F(4,56) = 8.56, p < 0.001, power = 0.99) reflecting the improvement in both measures of depression during treatment. There was no significant difference between the groups overall (Pillai trace = 0.25, F(2,13) = 2.12, p = 0.16, power = 0.36). Additionally, there was no significant interaction between time and treatment group (Pillai trace = 0.18, F(4,56) = 1.35, p = 0.26, power = 0.39) indicating that the significant improvement in depression over time was similar for both treatment groups. There were no significant differences in response and remission rates between the groups. Conclusion: The time period of treatment appeared to be an important outcome factor. This suggests that less than daily transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment may be a useful clinical alternative.
Mentally Abnormal Homicide in New Zealand as Defined by Legal and Clinical Criteria: A National Study
Authors: Simpson Alexander I.F. , Skipworth Jeremy , McKenna Brian , Moskowitz Andrew , Barry-Walsh Justin 
Published: December 2009

Background: Homicides by people with mental illness have been studied using either clinical or legal categorization of the homicide as abnormal. No previous study has employed both definitions in the same population. Method: A retrospective study of all homicides in New Zealand between 1988 and 2000 considered mentally abnormal homicide using a legal definition (when the courts deemed a contribution of mental illness was present) and a clinical definition (defined as the presence of a discharge diagnosis from inpatient mental health treatment) of ‘mentally abnormal’. Rates, characteristics and time trends were investigated. Results: Of the 844 cases, 7.1% met legal criteria for being mentally abnormal, while 7.7% had ever received a diagnosis for a psychotic illness, and a further 14.5% had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital for any other reason. The majority (60%) of perpetrators with a psychotic diagnosis received a mental health disposition from the court. Of these, 60% were first diagnosed with their psychotic illness prior to the homicide, while 28% were first diagnosed at the time of the offence and a further 12% after imprisonment. Of all those who received a psychotic diagnosis, 89% had post-conviction admissions or a mental health disposition. Conclusion: Legal and clinical definitions of mentally abnormal homicide detect similar rates of mentally abnormal homicide, but illustrate somewhat different dimensions of the relationship between mental illness and homicide.
Prevalence, Interference with Life and Severity of 12 Month DSM-IV Disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Wells J. Elisabeth , Oakley Browne Mark A. , Scott Kate M. , McGee Magnus A. , Baxter Joanne , Kokaua Jesse 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To estimate the 12 month prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in New Zealand, and associated interference with life and severity. Method: A nationally representative face-to-face household survey carried out in 2003–2004. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) was used. There were 12 992 completed interviews from participants aged 16 years and over. The overall response rate was 73.3%. In this paper the outcomes reported are 12 month prevalence, interference with life and severity for individual disorders. Results: The prevalence of any disorder in the past 12 months was 20.7%. The prevalences for disorder groups were: anxiety disorders 14.8%, mood disorders 7.9%, substance use disorders 3.5%, eating disorders 0.5%. The highest prevalences for individual disorders were for specific phobia (7.3%), major depressive disorder (5.7%) and social phobia (5.1%). Interference with life was higher for mood disorders than for anxiety disorders. Drug dependence, bipolar disorder and dysthymia had the highest proportion of severe cases (over 50%), when severity was assessed over the disorder itself and all comorbid disorders. Overall, only 31.7% of cases were classified as mild with 45.6% moderate and 22.7% serious. Conclusions: Compared with other World Mental Health survey sites New Zealand has relatively high prevalences, although almost always a little lower than for the US. For all disorders, except specific phobia, interference with life was reported to be moderate, on average, which has lead to less than a third of cases being classified as mild. Most people who have ever met full DSM-IV criteria, including the impairment criterion, and who experience symptoms or an episode in the past 12 months find that their disorders impact on their lives to a non-trivial extent.