bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demography of a harvested population of wolves (Canis lupus) in west-central Alberta, Canada
Authors: Webb N.F. , Allen J.R. , Merrill E.H. 
Published: August 2011

Wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) are subject to liberal public harvests throughout most of their range in North America, yet detailed information on populations where sport harvest is the primary source of mortality are limited. We studied a harvested wolf population in west-central Alberta from 2003 to 2008. Demographic data were collected from visits to den sites, 84 collared wolves from 19 packs, and a harvest monitoring program that augmented mandatory reporting for registered traplines. Annual harvest rate of wolves was 0.34, with harvest on registered traplines (0.22 ± 0.03) being twice that of hunters (0.12 ± 0.04). Most wolves harvested (71%) were pre-reproductive. Probability of a pack breeding was 0.83 ± 0.01, litter size averaged 5.6 ±1.4, and these rates and stability of home ranges were unaffected by the number of wolves harvested. Natural mortality (0.04 ± 0.03) and dispersal rates (0.25 ± 0.04) were lower than reported for wolf populations in protected areas. Reproductive rates balanced total wolf mortality, indicating harvest was likely sustainable. We suggest that a high proportion of juveniles harvested and the spatial structure of the registered trapline system contributed to the sustainability of harvests.
Effects of ENSO-linked climate and vegetation on population dynamics of sympatric rodent species in semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Jiang G. , Zhao T. , Liu J. , Xu L. , Yu G. , He H. , Krebs C.J. , Zhang Z. 
Published: August 2011

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) linked climate has been known to be associated with several rodent species, but its effects on rodent community at both spatial and temporal scales are not well studied. In this study, we investigated the possible causal chain relating ENSO, precipitation, temperature, and vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) to rodent abundance for 14 sympatric rodent species in 21 counties of semiarid grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China, from 1982 to 2006. We found that both precipitation and temperature showed a generally direct positive effect on rodent abundance in many species in the current year, but indirect effects that operate through NDVI in the current or following year could have a reverse effect on abundance. We described one ENSO-linked precipitation bottom-up chain and three ENSO-linked temperature bottom-up chains. These observed bottom-up links reveal that in El Niño years, or 1 year after La Niña years, or 2 years after El Niño years, ENSO-driven climate or vegetation factors tend to increase population abundances of many sympatric rodent species in this region. We also found time-lag effects and the life-history strategy (i.e., functional groups of hibernating behavior, activity rhythm, or food habits) also contribute to the observed complicated effects of SOI on precipitation, temperature, NDVI, and ultimately rodent abundance.
Chapter 1 An overview of the petroleum geology of the Arctic
Authors: Spencer Anthony M. , Embry Ashton F. , Gautier Donald L. , Stoupakova Antonina V. , Sørensen Kai 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Nine main petroleum provinces containing recoverable resources totalling 61 Bbbl liquids+269 Bbbloe of gas are known in the Arctic. The three best known major provinces are: West Siberia–South Kara, Arctic Alaska and Timan–Pechora. They have been sourced principally from, respectively, Upper Jurassic, Triassic and Devonian marine source rocks and their hydrocarbons are reservoired principally in Cretaceous sandstones, Triassic sandstones and Palaeozoic carbonates. The remaining six provinces except for the Upper Cretaceous–Palaeogene petroleum system in the Mackenzie Delta have predominantly Mesozoic sources and Jurassic reservoirs. There are discoveries in 15% of the total area of sedimentary basins (
c.
8×10
6
km
2
), dry wells in 10% of the area, seismic but no wells in 50% and no seismic in 25%. The United States Geological Survey estimate yet-to-find resources to total 90 Bbbl liquids+279 Bbbloe gas, with four regions – South Kara Sea, Alaska, East Barents Sea, East Greenland – dominating. Russian estimates of South Kara Sea and East Barents Sea are equally positive. The large potential reflects primarily the large undrilled areas, thick basins and widespread source rocks.
Chapter 12 Depth model of the Barents and Kara seas according to geophysical surveys results
Authors: Ivanova N. M. , Sakulina T. S. , Belyaev I. V. , Matveev Yu. I. , Roslov Yu. V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In 1995–2006 FSUE ‘Sevmorgeo’ within the framework of the Federal Program of state survey baselines network development performed geophysical works in the Barents and Kara seas along four regional profiles: 1-AR (Kola Peninsula–Heysa Island of Franz-Joseph Land Archipelago); 2-AR (Central part of the Barents region–Novaya Zemlya – Yamal Peninsula); 3-AR (White Sea–Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago); and 4-AR (Taimyr Peninsula–Franz-Joseph Land Archipelago). Geophysical surveys included works using seismic refraction–deep seismic sounding technique, seismic reflection–common-depth point technique, seismic acoustic profiling and gravimetric and magnetic measurements. Integrated geophysical surveys along the regional profiles enabled more exact definition of the Earth deep crustal structure and the sedimentary cover of the main tectonic elements.
Chapter 14 Lower Permian and Devonian carbonate reservoir rocks in the onshore and offshore areas of the Pechora Sea
Authors: Bagrintseva K. I. , Strelchenko V. V. , Stoupakova A. V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In the northern part of the Varandey–Adzva zone carbonate reservoirs have developed that have porosity favourable for oil and gas accumulations. The void space in these reservoirs, besides primary porosity, is associated with fracturing, giving rise to good reservoir potential in both the onshore and offshore parts of the Varandey–Adzva zone. The similarity of today's structure and the development during the main stages of geological history for offshore and onshore parts, the availability in the section of productive oil- and gas-bearing reservoirs, the high capacity of the reservoirs, the uniformity of lithofacial composition of the productive intervals and the uniqueness of the deposits structure – all these features contribute to the oil and gas potential of the Pechora Sea structures.

Supplementary material:

Supplementary Tables 14.1–14.7 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18473
.
Chapter 15 Triassic deltaic sequences in the northern Barents Sea
Authors: Høy T. , Lundschien B. A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Seismic sequence interpretation, analysis of shallow boreholes and outcrop studies at Svalbard strongly indicate that the Triassic basin in the northern Barents Sea and eastern Svalbard was supplied by sediments from the south east by a large complex prograding delta system. The seismic facies interpretation suggests that the black Ladinian and Anisian shale (Botneheia Formation) is an integrated part of the prograding delta system and developed as the bottom sets of large pro-delta clinoforms. The clinoforms and their breaking points define a series of seismically detectable sequences at a shelf edge delta. Provenance areas are suggested to be Siberia, the Kola Peninsula and the Caledonides. Each sequence has a maximum thickness of 200–400 m and is interpreted to represent the water depth range in the basin. Seasonal flooding, stratified salinity and algal blooming are assumed to be important factors generating anoxic bottom conditions in a huge death zone in front of the prograding delta system. The folded and thrusted Triassic rocks in the western part of Svalbard are suggested to be part of an allochthonous nappe ejected from the Greenland region when Greenland moved northwards along the Hornsund Fault complex; their original position is suggested to be further south.
Chapter 16 Geological structure and petroleum potential of the eastern flank of the Northern Barents Basin
Authors: Khlebnikov P. A. , Belenky V. YA. , Peshkova I. N. , Kazanin G. S. , Shkarubo S. I. , Pavlov S. P. , Shlykova V. V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
New seismic research was carried out by JSC Marine Arctic Geological Expedition in 2006–2008, providing the first integrated geophysical grid (20×30 km). The main purpose was to study the geological structure of the sedimentary cover of the north Barents shelf and investigate the structural–tectonic plan at different stratigraphic levels. The geological results yielded new information on the tectonic structure, depositional environments, palaeobasin geometry, bathymetry and regional history of geological development. The geological interpretation of the Lower Palaeozoic part of the section provided the most interesting results.
Chapter 17 Uplift and erosion of the greater Barents Sea: impact on prospectivity and petroleum systems
Authors: Henriksen E. , Bjørnseth H. M. , Hals T. K. , Heide T. , Kiryukhina T. , Kløvjan O. S. , Larssen G. B. , Ryseth A. E. , Rønning K. , Sollid K. , Stoupakova A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A regional net erosion map for the greater Barents Sea shows that the different areas in the Barents Sea region have been subject to different magnitudes of uplift and erosion. Net erosion values vary from 0 to more than 3000 m. The processes have important consequences for the petroleum systems. Reservoir quality, maturity of the source rocks and the migration of hydrocarbons are affected by the processes. Owing to changes in the PVT conditions in a hydrocarbon-filled structure, uplift and erosion increase the risk of leakage and expansion of the gas cap in a structure. Understanding of the timing of uplift and re-migration of hydrocarbons has been increasingly important in the exploration of the Barents Sea.
Chapter 18 Geology and petroleum potential of the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, Russia
Authors: Schenk Christopher J. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The Timan–Pechora Basin Province represents the northeastern-most cratonic block of Eastern European Russia. More than 16 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 40 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) have been discovered in this basin. Three geological assessment units (AU) were defined for assessing the potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources. The NW Izhma Depression AU encompasses all potential structures and reservoirs in the northwestern part of the Izhma–Pechora Depression, but this part of the basin contains little source and reservoir rocks and so was not assessed quantitatively. The Main Basin Platform AU includes all structures and reservoirs that developed in the central part of the basin where the tectonic evolution and development of petroleum systems were complex. The Foredeep Basins AU includes all potential reservoirs within the thick sedimentary section of the foredeep basins developed during the Permo-Triassic Uralian Orogeny. For the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 3.3 BBO, 17 TCFG and 0.3 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (BBNGL). For the areas of the AUs north of the Arctic Circle in the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 1.7 BBO, 9.0 TCFG and 0.2 BBNGL. The Pechora Sea was assessed with the South Barents Sea Province and is not included in this assessment.

Supplementary material:

Supplementary Appendices 1–3 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18474
.
Chapter 2 Sedimentary successions of the Arctic Region (58–64° to 90°N) that may be prospective for hydrocarbons
Authors: Grantz Arthur , Scott Robert A. , Drachev Sergey S. , Moore Thomas E. , Valin Zenon C. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A total of 143 sedimentary successions that contain, or may be prospective for, hydrocarbons were identified in the Arctic Region north of 58–64°N and mapped in four quadrants at a scale of 1:11 000 000. Eighteen of these successions (12.6%) occur in the Arctic Ocean Basin, 25 (17.5%) in the passive and sheared continental margins of the Arctic Basin and 100 (70.0%) on the Circum-Arctic continents of which one (<1%) lies in the active margin of the Pacific Rim. Each succession was assigned to one of 13 tectono-stratigraphic and morphologic classes and coloured accordingly on the map. The thickness of each succession and that of any underlying sedimentary section down to economic basement, where known, are shown on the map by isopachs. Major structural or tectonic features associated with the creation of the successions, or with the enhancement or degradation of their hydrocarbon potential, are also shown. Forty-four (30.8%) of the successions are known to contain hydrocarbon accumulations, 64 (44.8%) are sufficiently thick to have generated hydrocarbons and 35 (24.5%) may be too thin to be prospective.
Chapter 21 The geological evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Barents and Kara shelves
Authors: Stoupakova A. V. , Henriksen E. , Burlin Yu. K. , Larsen G. B. , Milne J. K. , Kiryukhina T. A. , Golynchik P. O. , Bordunov S. I. , Ogarkova M. P. , Suslova A. A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
All of the Arctic Eurasian Basins – the Barents and Kara Seas and the adjacent parts of the Pechora and West Siberian basins – have intracratonic settings and were affected by phases of intracratonic rifting during Riphean, Early Palaeozoic, Devonian–Early Carboniferous, Early Triassic, Jurassic and Cenozoic times. Often these stages were simultaneous at remote areas. The rifting led to the development of extensional sag basins giving thick sedimentary complexes associated with linear rifts and creating trends favourable for hydrocarbon generation. These trends are defined by the major fault complexes bordering them and include linear positive inverted structures and thick sedimentary complexes. The tectonic processes within these trends influenced the later structuring of the whole basin and the distribution of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon generation started long before the present basins’ structural configuration formed, and oil and gas kitchens were associated mainly with extensional parts of the basins. Later phases of rifting and extension affected both the ancient oil and gas kitchens and the younger ones. Inversion caused trapping and affected fluid migration, mixing the petroleum systems. Inverted structures in the old rifts have the highest potential for large hydrocarbons accumulations but, in highly uplifted areas affected by faulting and erosion, exploration risk is high.
Chapter 24 Application of AVO analysis to seismic records on the Laptev Sea Shelf
Authors: Kirilova-Pokrovskaya T. A. , Djyachenko A. B. , Zavarzina G. A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The Laptev Sea shelf basin was affected by phases of Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic rifting and has a thick sedimentary complex associated with linear grabens and horsts, creating trends favourable for hydrocarbon generation. Two groups of complexes are identified in the sedimentary cover: syn-rift between seismic horizon A and LS4 and post-rift between seismic horizon LS4 and seabed. The syn-rift complexes include strata of Late Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene–Middle Miocene ages. The post-rift complex includes Pliocene–Quaternary strata. Six seismostratigraphic complexes are identified and traced in the area, using wave field's seismostratigraphic analysis. The boundaries of these complexes are represented by surfaces of unconformities. The wave field of the sedimentary cover contains reflections from gas-bearing sandstones with types 1 and 3 of AVO anomalies. A shift of the anomalies' features from type 3 towards type 1 occurs with increasing depth of the potential deposits in the section.
Chapter 26 Crustal structure of the East Siberian continental margin, Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, based on refraction seismic data (TransArctic 1989–1991)
Authors: Lebedeva-Ivanova N. N. , Gee D. G. , Sergeyev M. B. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

The
c
. 1500 km-long refraction and shallow reflection seismic profile, TransArctic 1989–1991 from the East Siberian shelf northwards across the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, provides a four-layer model of the crust: layer I (
V
p
=1.7–3.8 km s
−1
) of sedimentary formations of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic age; layer II (
V
p
=5.0–5.4 km s
−1
) of older sedimentary rocks on the shelf and possibly also mafic volcanics in the basins; layer III (
V
p
=5.9–6.5 km s
−1
); and layer IV (
V
p
=6.7–7.3 km s
−1
) of crystalline crust. The East Siberian margin has
c
. 40 km thick continental crust, mainly composed of layers III and IV, both
c
. 15 km thick. Beneath the Podvodnikov Basin, the Moho depth varies from
c
. 20 km bsl at southern and northern ends to
c
. 30 km bsl at the centre beneath the Arlis Gap; it was probably formed by longitudinal extension of continental crust during the late Mesozoic. The edge of the Alpha–Mendeleev Ridge, separating the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, has a crustal thickness of
c
. 25 km, mainly composed of layers III and IV. The deep Makarov Basin is probably composed of oceanic crust, 8–12 km thick, but includes spurs of continental crust, rifted off the Lomonosov Ridge.
Chapter 27 Geology and petroleum potential of the north and east margins of the Siberian Craton, north of the Arctic Circle
Authors: Klett T. R. , Wandrey C. J. , Pitman J. K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The Siberian Craton consists of crystalline rocks and superimposed Precambrian sedimentary rocks deposited in rift basins. Palaeozoic rocks, mainly carbonates, were deposited along the margins of the craton to form an outwardly younger concentric pattern that underlies an outward-thickening Mesozoic sedimentary section. The north and east margins of the Siberian Craton subsequently became foreland basins created by compressional deformation during collision with other tectonic plates. The Tunguska Basin developed as a Palaeozoic rift/sag basin over Proterozoic rifts. The geological provinces along the north and east margins of the Siberian Craton are immature with respect to exploration, so exploration-history analysis alone cannot be used for assessing undiscovered petroleum resources. Therefore, other areas from around the world having greater petroleum exploration maturity and similar geological characteristics, and which have been previously assessed, were used as analogues to aid in this assessment. The analogues included those of foreland basins and rift/sag basins that were later subjected to compression. The US Geological Survey estimated the mean undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional petroleum resources to be approximately 28 billion barrels of oil equivalent, including approximately 8 billion barrels of crude oil, 103 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 3 billion barrels of natural gas liquids.
Chapter 28 Petroleum systems and forecasting the largest oil and gas fields in the offshore Russian Arctic basins
Authors: Grigorenko Yu. N. , Sobolev V. S. , Kholodilov V. A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The approaches to the identification of petroleum systems and their possible use for forecasting the largest oil and gas fields in the offshore Russian Arctic are described. The significance of petroleum systems for forecasting at regional and local levels, using internal standards allowing determination of the size rank of free gas or liquid hydrocarbon fields in oil–gas complexes, are illustrated by examples from the Timan–Pechora and Barents–Kara oil–gas provinces.
Chapter 29 The potential for hydrocarbon resource development on the Russian Arctic Ocean Shelf
Authors: Kontorovich A. E. , Burshtein L. M. , Kaminsky V. D. , Kurchikov A. R. , Malyshev N. A. , Prischepa O. M. , Safronov A. F. , Stoupakova A. V. , Suprunenko O. I. , Epov M. I. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The dramatic rise in the world oil and gas demand has led to concerns about the energy future for mankind. In the twenty-first century the sedimentary basins of the Arctic Ocean will play a leading role as petroleum provinces, including its Russian shelf areas. This article deals with the characteristics and assessment of resources in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean offshore areas. One can predict with 0.90 probability that the Arctic Ocean initial in-place hydrocarbon resources exceed 90 billion tons oil equivalent (toe). The assessments lead to the conclusion that during these years a petroleum production industry will develop on the Arctic Ocean Shelf.
Chapter 30 The genetic evolution of Arctic North America and Greenland and implications for petroleum systems
Authors: Creaney S. , Sullivan M. A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The sedimentary basins of Arctic North America and Greenland are diverse in their genesis. This diversity controls petroleum systems within these basins as well as their exposure to post-accumulation destructive forces. The Canadian Shield has been a significant influence on basin development due to its 60 km thick core of well-annealed, highly buoyant continental crust. This large, stable craton facilitated the deposition of multiple Early Palaeozoic source rocks and resisted subsequent collisions which could have been destructive to petroleum systems. The Ellesmerian collision quickly segregated the Sverdrup Basin from the Franklinian platform. The Ellesmerian–Caledonian suture attempted to rift numerous times. These failed rifts were conducive to source rock accumulation with lacustrine and marine (Kimmeridgian) sources being deposited. Opening of the Arctic Basin in the Early Cretaceous provided a restricted locus for the deposition of high organic carbon sediments throughout the Cretaceous. The movement of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province from the Arctic in the Cretaceous into the North Atlantic drove rifting to the east side of Greenland. Cenozoic opening of the Atlantic, with abundant associated volcanism, propagated into the Arctic with the opening of the Eurasian Basin. Atlantic rifting drove Greenland into the Sverdrup Basin producing the Eurekan Orogeny which initiated maturation and trap formation as well as some trap breaching. Pacific subduction generated the Western Cordillera and the Brooks Range. Associated forelands began to be rapidly loaded with Cretaceous–Cenozoic sediment driving all source rocks into maturity. The Cenozoic draining of the continent produced the Mackenzie Delta, which entered an inside corner of the transform rift margin and has been constantly ‘forced’ by ongoing Cordilleran tectonics, resulting in significant trap rupture in the Western Mackenzie Delta. Cenozoic deltaic sediments contain ‘coaly’ source rocks responsible for the offshore petroleum systems in that area.