bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Sales Management
Authors: Honeycutt Earl D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The sales‐related operational decisions and personnel actions that firm managers engage in when selling in overseas markets that differ in cultural, legal, social, and economic practices. Sales executives and managers must master the challenges of working across national and cultural borders found in today's global economy. Global sales management can be divided into sales strategies and human resource practices. For example, the firm must determine whether they should partner with companies that can sell their product or introduce a mix of expatriate, local, and third‐countries sales staff. Owing to different cultural and managerial practices in overseas locations, managing disparate salespersons is a complex and frustrating experience.
Consumer Animosity
Authors: Klein Jill Gabrielle 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

The animosity model of foreign product purchase demonstrates that animosity, defined as the remnants of antipathy toward another country due to past military, political, or economic conflicts, affects the buying of foreign goods. Numerous studies have been conducted on consumer animosity since the introduction of the model to the literature in 1998. The context of the first study was Nanjing, China, a city that was the site of the horrific slaughter of approximately 300,000 civilians by the Japanese in December 1937 and January 1938. Survey research demonstrated that Nanjing consumers who were still angry with Japan because of the massacre were less willing to buy Japanese goods, and actually owned fewer Japanese electronic and durable products. Interestingly, angry consumers did not denigrate the
quality
of Japanese products. They acknowledged the good workmanship, reliability, and technological advancement of Japanese products, but they still refused to buy them. Subsequent demonstrations of the effects of consumer animosity have shown wide generality of the model across the globe.
Global Marketing Ethics
Authors: Schlegelmilch Bodo B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This article offers a definition of global marketing ethics and traces the development of the relatively young and fragmented field. Although
business
ethics has long been a central issue for many famous economists,
marketing
ethics has only played a minor role in marketing journals until the 1960s. It was only in the 1980s that
global marketing ethics
attracted wider scholarly attention. Today, the growing interconnectedness of international markets calls for sound ethical leadership. Consequently, more research on the vexing challenges of global marketing ethics is needed.
Born Global
Authors: Knight Gary 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Born globals are companies that conduct international business at or near the founding of the firm. Despite the limited resources that usually characterize new businesses, born globals achieve substantial international sales from an early stage in their development, and are emerging in substantial numbers worldwide. The period from the firm's founding in its home country to initial foreign market entry is often three or fewer years. Until recently, international business was mainly the domain of large, well‐resourced multinational enterprises (MNEs). The appearance of large numbers of born globals is revolutionizing the traditional character of international business. Given their youth, they tend to be relatively small firms and, thus, usually have far fewer financial, human, and tangible resources than large MNEs. Also known as
international new ventures
, born globals have been observed in virtually all major trading countries, across various sectors, and in both high‐ and low‐tech industries. Events in recent decades – primarily globalization and the emergence of key technologies – have facilitated the rise of born globals. These firms are associated with the emergence of a new scholarly field – international entrepreneurship.
Marketing Strategy Implementation
Authors: Morgan Robert E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Marketing strategy implementation is traditionally considered as the “'doing” stage in the planning process and follows the “dreaming” stage, commonly referred to as strategy formulation. Marketing strategy implementation capability perfectly mediates the relationship between marketing strategy development style and firm performance. Consequently, marketing strategy implementation has become an important theoretical focus for researchers, a key performance indicator for marketing personnel, and a vital precursor to organizational effectiveness. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that, provided marketing strategy is cogent, effective marketing strategy implementation can deliver performance gains for firms. Effective marketing strategy implementation derives from, among other factors, the appropriate organizational structures and administrative systems; control mechanisms; leadership style; employee incentives; communication efforts; integration and coordination arrangements; and, levels of strategy commitment and consensus. However, despite implementing a marketing strategy at one point in time, awareness needs to be given to the strategy dynamics at work which can significantly affect how optimum the strategy remains over time. A concept that is currently receiving considerably more attention by managers and researchers alike is strategic improvisation, which describes the simultaneous formulation and implementation of a strategy implying a responsiveness and flexibility in planning which is unparalleled.
Ultrathin Electronic Composite Sheets of Metallic/Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Conjugated Block Copolymers
Authors: Sung Jinwoo , Huh June , Choi Ji‐Hyuk , Kang Seok Ju , Choi Yeon Sik , Lee Geun Tak , Cho Junhan , Myoung Jae‐Min , Park Cheolmin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUltrathin composite films consisting of mixtures of metallic (m‐) and semiconducting (s‐) single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a conjugated block copolymer are developed from a solution‐based process. The electronic properties of the films are precisely controlled from metallic to semiconducting to insulating. The tunability of the electronic composite sheets is mainly attributed to (1) the efficient dispersion of SWNTs with a conjugated block copolymer in solution, (2) the control of the number of nanotubes by centrifugation, and (3) the individually networked deposition of SWNTs embedded in the conjugated block copolymer on the target substrate by spin‐coating. A highly reliable field‐effect transistor with a networked composite film is realized with a specific range of tube density and a high on/off current ratio of approximately 106 which resulted from the Schottky barriers evolved between the individual m‐ and s‐SWNTs in the network. There is also great freedom when choosing both the gate dielectrics and source‐drain electrodes for transistors containing the composite films. Furthermore, the fabricated electronic composites are highly transparent, flexible, and chemically robust and thus, they can be conveniently micropatterned by photolithography, as well as by unconventional transfer printing techniques.
Magnetic Materials and Devices for the 21st Century: Stronger, Lighter, and More Energy Efficient
Authors: Gutfleisch Oliver , Willard Matthew A. , Brück Ekkes , Chen Christina H. , Sankar S. G. , Liu J. Ping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new energy paradigm, consisting of greater reliance on renewable energy sources and increased concern for energy efficiency in the total energy lifecycle, has accelerated research into energy‐related technologies. Due to their ubiquity, magnetic materials play an important role in improving the efficiency and performance of devices in electric power generation, conditioning, conversion, transportation, and other energy‐use sectors of the economy. This review focuses on the state‐of‐the‐art hard and soft magnets and magnetocaloric materials, with an emphasis on their optimization for energy applications. Specifically, the impact of hard magnets on electric motor and transportation technologies, of soft magnetic materials on electricity generation and conversion technologies, and of magnetocaloric materials for refrigeration technologies, are discussed. The synthesis, characterization, and property evaluation of the materials, with an emphasis on structure–property relationships, are discussed in the context of their respective markets, as well as their potential impact on energy efficiency. Finally, considering future bottlenecks in raw materials, options for the recycling of rare‐earth intermetallics for hard magnets will be discussed.
Combinatorial Screening of Polymer:Fullerene Blends for Organic Solar Cells by Inkjet Printing
Authors: Teichler Anke , Eckardt Rebecca , Hoeppener Stephanie , Friebe Christian , Perelaer Jolke , Senes Alessia , Morana Mauro , Brabec Christoph J. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPolymer:fullerene blends were screened in a combinatorial approach using inkjet printing thin film libraries for photovoltaic devices. The application of inkjet printing enabled a fast and simple experimental workflow from film preparation to the study of structure‐property‐relationships with a very high material efficiency. Inkjet printing requires less material for the preparation of thin film libraries in comparison to other dispensing techniques, like spin‐coating. Two polymers (PCPDTBT, PSBTBT) and two fullerene derivatives (mono‐PCBM, bis‐PCBM) were investigated in various blend ratios, concentrations, solvent ratios, and film thicknesses. Morphological and optical properties of the inkjet printed films were investigated and compared with spin‐coated films. This study shows the principle of an experimental setup from solution preparation to film characterization for the combinatorial investigation of large polymer:fullerene libraries.
Synthesis of Nano/Microstructures at Fluid Interfaces
Authors: Niu Zhongwei , He Jinbo , Russell Thomas P. , Wang Qian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe generation of novel multifunctional materials with hierarchical ordering is a major focus of current materials science and engineering. For such endeavors, fluid interfaces, such as air–liquid and liquid–liquid interfaces, offer ideal platforms where nanoparticles or colloidal particles can accumulate and self‐assemble. Different assembly processes and reactions have been performed at fluid interfaces to generate hierarchical structures, including two‐dimensional crystalline films, colloidosomes, raspberry‐like core–shell structures, and Janus particles, which lead to broad applications in drug delivery and controlled release, nanoelectronics, sensors, food supplements, and cosmetics.
TSG‐6 inhibits osteoclast activity via an autocrine mechanism and is functionally synergistic with osteoprotegerin
Authors: Mahoney David J. , Swales Catherine , Athanasou Nicholas A. , Bombardieri Michele , Pitzalis Costantino , Kliskey Karolina , Sharif Mohammed , Day Anthony J. , Milner Caroline M. , Sabokbar Afsie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveTSG‐6 (the product of tumor necrosis factor [TNF]–stimulated gene 6) has a potent inhibitory effect on RANKL‐mediated bone erosion. The aim of this study was to compare the activity of TSG‐6 with that of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and to investigate its role as an autocrine modulator of cytokine‐mediated osteoclast formation/activation. We also determined TSG‐6 expression in inflammatory joint disease.MethodsThe effects of TSG‐6, OPG, and the inflammation mediators TNFα, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), and IL‐6 on the formation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial fluid (SF) macrophages were determined by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining. Lacunar resorption and filamentous actin ring formation were measured as indicators of osteoclast activity. The amount of TSG‐6 in culture media or SF was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and expression of TSG‐6 in synovial tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsTSG‐6 acted in synergy with OPG to inhibit RANKL‐mediated bone resorption and was produced by osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts in response to TNFα, IL‐1, and IL‐6. Expression of TSG‐6 correlated with inhibition of lacunar resorption; this effect was ameliorated by an anti–TSG‐6 antibody. The level of TSG‐6 protein was determined in SF from patients with various arthritides; it was highest in patients with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, in which it correlated with the amount of TSG‐6 immunostaining in the synovium. TSG‐6 inhibited the activation but not the formation of osteoclasts from SF macrophages.ConclusionIn the presence of inflammatory cytokines, osteoclasts produced TSG‐6 at concentrations that are sufficient to inhibit lacunar resorption. This may represent an autocrine mechanism to limit the degree of bone erosion during joint inflammation.
Quantized tracking control for a multi‐agent system with high‐order leader dynamics
Authors: Hu Jiangping , Feng Gang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a study of a tracking control problem for a multi‐agent system with an active leader and quantized communication constraints. We first design a discrete‐time distributed estimator‐based tracking control for each follower‐agent and analyze the tracking convergence with the help of the Riccati equation and common Lyapunov function when the communication channel is perfect and the interconnection topology is time‐varying. Then a stochastic quantization strategy is applied to model the information communication in the agent coordination and the corresponding solution to the tracking control problem is also given. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the tracking control algorithm.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Exponential H∞ filtering for switched stochastic genetic regulatory networks with random sensor delays
Authors: Zhang Dan , Yu Li , Wang Qing‐Guo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe exponential H∞ filtering problem is investigated in this paper for a class of switching‐type stochastic genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) with random sensor delays. The objective is to estimate the true concentrations of the mRNA and protein in the presence of random sensor delays. By using the average dwell time approach, sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the filtering error dynamics are mean‐square exponentially stable with a prescribed H∞ disturbance attenuation level. The filter gains are given in terms of the solution to a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Controllable spectrum artificial sunlight source system using LEDs with 32 different peak wavelengths of 385–910 nm
Authors: Fujiwara Kazuhiro , Yano Akira 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study developed a lighting system that produces an approximate spectral irradiance (SI) of ground level sunlight in the wavelength range of 385–910 nm (GLS385–910) using 547 light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with 32 different peak wavelengths. The produced SI can be modified over an arbitrary wavelength band. The SI at the light outlet reached up to 1/2 of the GLS385–910 of a sunny April day, although the produced SI deviated from the GLS385–910 at some wavelengths. For subsequent experiments, the reference SI was defined as 1/4 GLS385–910 of a sunny April day. The SI produced from the lighting system was adjusted to approximate the reference SI. The ratios of the produced SI and the reference SI were within 0.72–1.28. As an application of the lighting system for biological studies, the transmitted SI of a green leaf of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) was investigated. The curve shape of the transmitted SI, which had characteristically low transmission percentages of blue and red light, reflected the characteristics of the absorption spectra of chlorophylls. The lighting system is therefore potentially beneficial for use in diagnosing physiological conditions of plant leaves, although its application is not limited to plant physiological studies. Bioelectromagnetics 32:243–252, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental study of radioimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
Authors: de Jong G M , Bleichrodt R P , Eek A , Oyen W J G , Boerman O C , Hendriks T 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Background
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has been shown to reduce the incidence of local recurrence of colorectal cancer in an experimental model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the survival benefit of RIT compared with chemotherapy.

Methods
An anastomosis was constructed in male Wag/Rij rats after intraluminal injection of CC531 tumour cells. The therapeutic efficacy of 177Lu-labelled MG1 (single intravenous dose of 300 MBq/kg, n = 20) was compared with that of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (6 weekly cycles administered intraperitoneally, n = 20) and no treatment (n = 20). The primary endpoint was survival. Toxicity was monitored by bodyweight measurement.

Results
Both chemotherapy and RIT affected bodyweight, but the weight of animals in the RIT group remained significantly higher than in the chemotherapy group (median slope of bodyweight plot 0·48 versus 0·30 g/day; P &lt; 0·001). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that overall survival in the RIT and chemotherapy groups was significantly better than that in the control group (50 and 46 per cent versus 25 per cent respectively after 170 days; P = 0·024 and P = 0·029). Survival after treatment with RIT did not differ from that after chemotherapy (P = 0·911).

Conclusion
RIT is as effective as chemotherapy in experimental colorectal cancer.
Bioactive Metabolites from the Sponge Suberea sp.
Authors: Shaker Kamel H. , Zinecker Heidi , Ghani Mohamed A. , Imhoff Johannes F. , Schneider Bernd 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTwo new brominated compounds, subereaphenol K (2) and 2‐(3,5‐dibromo‐1‐ethoxy‐4‐oxocyclohexa‐2,5‐dien‐1‐yl)acetamide (3), together with subereaphenol B (methyl 2‐(2,4‐dibromo‐3,6‐dihydroxyphenyl)acetate; 1) with a revised structure, and five dibromotyrosine‐derived metabolites, 4–8, were isolated from the sponge Suberea sp. and characterized by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic and HR‐MS spectrometric data. Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 8 exhibited various weak or moderate bioactivities, including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 inhibited human recombinant phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) with IC50 values of 2 μM, whereas compounds 6 and 8 were less active.
6,7‐seco‐ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Isodon sculponeatus with Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Li Xian , Pu Jian‐Xin , Weng Zhi‐Ying , Zhao Yu , Zhao Yong , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSix new 6,7‐seco‐ent‐kaurane diterpenoids, sculponeatins N–S (1–6, resp.), together with eleven known analogues, 7–17, were isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon sculponeatus. The structures of compounds 1–6 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, as well as HR‐ESI‐MS analysis. All diterpenoids obtained were assayed for their cytotoxic activity against K562 and HepG2 human tumor cell lines. Among them, compound 1 showed the most significant cytotoxicity with the IC50 values of 0.21 and 0.29 μM, respectively. The structure–activity relationships are discussed.
Characterization of the Multiple Absorbed Constituents in Rats after Oral Administration of Chai‐Huang Decoction by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ye Guan , Tang Yi‐Hong , Wang Gui‐Yun , Li Zhi‐Xiong , Zhu Hai‐Yan , Ma Chun‐Hui , Sun Zhao‐Ling , Huang Cheng‐Gang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA rapid, sensitive, and specific method by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode‐array detection (DAD) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) techniques was developed for the identification of absorbed constituents and their metabolites in rats after the oral administration of a Chai‐Huang decoction (CHD), which consists of Bupleurum chinense and Scutellaria baicalensis in the proportion 1 : 1 (w/w). By comparing their retention times and MS data with those of authentic compounds and published data, a total of 14 compounds were identified in the CHD samples. In addition, eleven and seven compounds were characterized in the urine and serum samples of the rats, respectively. The results indicated that the main absorbed constituents were chrysin‐6‐C‐arabinosyl‐8‐C‐glucoside, chrysin‐6‐C‐glucosyl‐8‐C‐arabinoside, baicalin, wogonin‐5‐O‐glucoside, oroxylin A‐7‐O‐glucuronide, wogonoside, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D, baicalein, and wogonin. These compounds might be responsible for the curative effects of the CHD. The findings demonstrated that the proposed method could be used to rapidly and simultaneously analyze and screen the multiple absorbed bioactive constituents in a formula of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). This is very important not only for the pharmaceutical discovery process and the quality control of crude drugs but also to explain the mechanisms of action of TCM.
Plant Volatiles Providing Additional Evidences to the Occurence of a Wild‐Growing Population of Calamintha vardarensis (Greuter et Burdet) Šilić Outside of Its Natural Habitat
Authors: Radulović Niko S. , Blagojević Polina D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe essential‐oil profile of a Calamintha species, wild‐growing in the urban settings of the city of Niš (South Serbia) and botanically tentatively identified as C. vardarensis (endemic species native to FYR Macedonia and East Serbia), has been statistically (multivariate statistical analyses) compared with those of other Calamintha species, including two previously investigated C. vardarensis populations, as a means of corroboration of the surprising occurence of this Calamintha population outside of its natural distributional range. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering reveals a close link of C. vardarensis from Niš (with neo‐menthol (40.0%), menthone (21.8%), and pulegone (27.2%) as its major oil contributors) and C. vardarensis from FYR Macedonia.
Nitrogen‐Rich Salts Based on Energetic Nitroaminodiazido[1,3,5]triazine and Guanazine
Authors: Huang Yangen , Zhang Yanqiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHighly dense nitrogen‐rich ionic compounds are potential high‐performance energetic materials for use in military and industrial venues. Guanazinium salts with promising energetic anions and a family of energetic salts based on nitrogen‐rich cations and the 6‐nitroamino‐2,4‐diazido[1,3,5]triazine anion (NADAT) were prepared and fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structures of neutral NADAT (2) and its biguanidinium salt 5 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (2: orthorhombic, Pnma; 5: monoclinic, P21). Additionally, the isomerization behavior of 2 in solution was investigated by proton‐decoupled 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. All the new salts exhibit desirable physical properties, such as relatively high densities (1.63–1.78 g cm−3) and moderate thermal stabilities (Td = 130–196 °C for 3–10 and 209–257 °C for 11–15). Theoretical performance calculations (Gaussian 03 and Cheetah 5.0) gave detonation pressures and velocities for the ionic compounds 3–15 in the range of 21.0–30.3  GPa and 7675–9048 m s−1, respectively, which makes them competitive energetic materials.