bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Middle School Vaccination Requirements and Adolescent Vaccination Coverage
Authors: Bugenske Erin , Stokley Shannon , Kennedy Allison , Dorell Christina 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:To determine if middle school vaccination requirements are associated with higher coverage for adolescent vaccines.METHODS:School entry requirements for receipt of vaccination for school entry or education of parents for 3 vaccines recommended for adolescents: tetanus/diphtheria-containing (Td) or tetanus/diphtheria/acellular pertussis (TdaP), meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY), and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in place for the 2008–2009 school year were reviewed for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vaccination coverage levels for adolescents 13 to 17 years of age by state requirement status and change in coverage from 2008 to 2009 were assessed by using the 2008–2009 National Immunization Survey-Teen.RESULTS:For the 2008–2009 school year, 32 states had requirements for Td/TdaP (14 specifically requiring TdaP) and none required education; 3 states required MenACWY vaccine and 10 others required education; and 1 state required HPV vaccine and 5 required education. Compared with states with no requirements, vaccination requirements were associated with significantly higher coverage for MenACWY (71% vs 53%, P &lt; .001) and Td/TdaP (80% vs 70%, P &lt; .001) vaccines. No association was found between education-only requirements and coverage levels for MenACWY and HPV vaccines. States with new 2008–2009 vaccination requirements (n = 6, P = .04) and states with preexisting vaccination requirements (n = 26, P = .02) for Td/TdaP experienced a significant increase in TdaP coverage over states with no requirements.CONCLUSIONS:Middle school vaccination requirements are associated with higher coverage for Td/TdaP and MenACWY vaccines, whereas education-only requirements do not appear to increase coverage levels for MenACWY or HPV vaccines. The impact on coverage should continue to be monitored as more states adopt requirements.
Developmental Outcome at 6.5 Years After Acidosis in Term Newborns: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Hafström Maria , Ehnberg Siv , Blad Sofia , Norén Håkan , Renman Cecilia , Rosén Karl Gustaf , Kjellmer Ingemar 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVES:
Infants who develop encephalopathy after perinatal asphyxia have an increased risk of death and adverse neurologic outcome. Conflicting results exist concerning outcome in healthy infants with metabolic acidosis at birth. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether metabolic acidosis at birth in term infants who appear healthy is associated with long-term developmental abnormalities.

METHODS:
From a population-based cohort (14 687 deliveries), 78 infants were prospectively identified as having metabolic acidosis (umbilical artery pH &lt; 7.05 and base deficit in the extracellular fluid &gt;12.0 mmol/L). Two matched controls per case were selected. The child health and school health care records were scrutinized for developmental abnormalities.

RESULTS:
Outcome measures at 6.5 years of age for 227 of 234 children (97%) were obtained. No differences were found concerning neurologic or behavioral problems in need of referral action or neurodevelopmental diagnosis in comparison of control children with acidotic children who had appeared healthy at birth, ie, had not required special neonatal care or had no signs of encephalopathy.

CONCLUSIONS:
Infants born with cord metabolic acidosis and who appear well do not have an increased risk for neurologic or behavioral problems in need of referral actions or special teaching approaches at the age of 6.5 years.
Effect of Acculturation and Distance From Cardiac Center on Congenital Heart Disease Mortality
Authors: Fixler David E. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Xu Ping , Ethen Mary K. , Canfield Mark A. 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Despite improvements in congenital heart disease (CHD) survival over the past 4 decades, ethnic disparities persist. Several studies have shown higher postoperative CHD adjusted mortality in black and Hispanic children. Others noted that non–English-speaking language at home was associated with appointment noncompliance, which the parents attributed to misunderstanding and living too far from a health center. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of home distance to a cardiac center, or having a Latin American–born parent, on first-year mortality in infants with severe CHD.

METHODS:
Infants with severe CHD, having an estimated first-year mortality &gt;25%, born 1996–2003, were identified from the Texas Birth Defects Registry and linked to state and national vital records. We examined the effects of defect type; birth weight; gestational age; extracardiac anomalies; infant gender; maternal race/ethnicity, marital status, and education; residence in a Texas county bordering Mexico; home distance to cardiac center; and parental birth country on first-year survival.

RESULTS:
Overall first-year survival was 59.9%, and no race/ethnic differences were noted; however, survival was significantly (P &lt; .05) lower for Hispanic infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Neither home distance to a cardiac center nor parental birth country was related to first-year survival; however, survival was noted to be lower in Texas counties bordering Mexico, counties that have high rates of poverty.

CONCLUSIONS:
Further studies are needed to determine if these disparities in survival of infants with severe CHD are attributable to delays in referral to a cardiac center.
Proteasome Inhibition and Combination Therapy for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: From Bench to Bedside
Authors: Mato Anthony R. , Feldman Tatyana , Goy André 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) usually respond to initial conventional chemotherapy, they often relapse and mortality has continued to increase over the last three decades in spite of salvage therapy or high dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. Outcomes vary by subtype, but there continues to be a need for novel options that can help overcome chemotherapy resistance, offer new options as consolidation or maintenance therapy postinduction, and offer potentially less toxic combinations, especially in the elderly population. The bulk of these emerging novel agents for cancer treatment target important biological cellular processes. Bortezomib is the first in the class of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), which target the critical process of intracellular protein degradation or recycling and editing through the proteasome. Bortezomib is approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. The mechanisms of proteasome inhibition are very complex by nature (because they affect many pathways) and not fully understood. However, mechanisms of action shared by bortezomib and investigational PIs such as carfilzomib, marizomib, ONX-0912, and MLN9708 are distinct from those of other NHL treatments, making them attractive options for combination therapy. Preclinical evidence suggests that the PIs have additive and/or synergistic activity with a large number of agents both in vitro and in vivo, from cytotoxics to new biologicals, supporting a growing number of combination studies currently underway in NHL patients, as reviewed in this article. The results of these studies will help our understanding about how to best integrate proteasome inhibition in the management of NHL and continue to improve patient outcomes.
Retinopathy of Prematurity in the 1990s
Authors: Lee Sharon 
Published: May 2012

Infants diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are at risk for developing visual impairments. The International Classification of ROP (ICROP) developed the most useful tool available for communicating the location and extent of the condition, with three zones to describe the location and five stages to describe the extent.Despite current knowledge and treatment, however, 500 infants are blinded each year by ROP. Infants at highest risk are the smallest and most immature. The nurse must understand why and how ROP occurs and the forms of management used to treat ROP. This article reports on the incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, screening, treatment, and long-term complications of ROP in the 1990s.
Neonatal Skin Care: The Scientific Basis for Practice
Authors: Lund Carolyn , Kuller Joanne , Lane Alfred , Wright Lott Judy , Raines Deborah 
Published: May 2012

Objective:To review the literature addressing the care of neonatal skin.Data Sources:Computerized searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL, as well as references cited in articles reviewed. Key concepts in the searches included neonatal skin differences; neonatal skin and care practices for skin integrity; neonatal skin and toxicity; permeability; and contact irritant sensitization.Study Selection:Articles and comprehensive works relevant to key concepts and published after 1963, with an emphasis on new findings from 1993 to 1999. One hundred two citations were identified as useful to this review.Data Extraction:Data were extracted and organized under the following headings: anatomy and physiology of the skin; physiologic and anatomic differences in neonatal skin; nutritional deficiencies; skin care practices; and care of skin breakdown.Data Synthesis:Newborns’ skin is at risk for disruption of normal barrier function because of trauma. In light of available evidence about differences in neonatal skin development, clinical practice guidelines are suggested for baths, lubrication, antimicrobial skin disinfection, and adhesive removal. In addition, basic care practices are suggested for maintaining skin integrity, reducing exposure to potentially toxic substances, and promoting skin health beyond the neonatal period. Preventive care recommendations are made for reducing trauma, protecting the skin’s immature barrier function, and promoting skin integrity.Conclusions:This review generated evidence with which to create a new and comprehensive practice guideline for clinicians. Evaluation of the guideline is under way at 58 U.S. sites.
Neonatal Thermoregulation: Bed Surface Transfers
Authors: Altimier Leslie , Warner Barbara , Amlung Stephanie , Kenner Carole 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To describe temperature changes that occur in preterm infants following bed surface transfers.Design:The design was descriptive.Sample:The convenience sample was comprised of 20 preterm infants (<1,500 gm birth weight).Main outcome variable:Temperature stability after a bed transfer (i.e., radiant warmer to incubator) was the main outcome variable.Results:There were no significant differences in temperatures after bed surface transfer. However, the temperatures one hour after bed surface transfer were lower than baseline temperature before bed surface transfer.
Neonatal Laboratory Blood Sampling: Comparison of Results from Arterial Catheters with Those from an Automated Capillary Device
Authors: Johnson Karen , Cress Gretchen , Connolly Natalie , Burmeister Leon , Widness John 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To compare neonatal laboratory results from capillary blood samples drawn using the Tenderfoot automated capillary sampling device with those drawn through arterial catheters.Design:Prospective, paired comparisons of laboratory results from capillary and arterial blood.Sample:Twenty-one infants being cared for in an NICU and having indwelling arterial catheters through which a variety of predominantly glucose-containing fluids were being administered.Main Outcome Variables:Statistical comparisons of paired capillary and arterial results of pH, PO2, PCO2, lactate, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, and hematocrit.Results:No capillary-arterial differences were observed for pH, PCO2, lactate, or sodium. Although capillary results were slightly, but significantly (p<.01), higher for potassium (+0.4 mEq/liter), ionized calcium (+0.47 mg/dl), and hematocrit (+4 percent), these differences fell within acceptable Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act (CLIA) performance criteria. Markedly lower PO2 (−30.2 mmHg) and glucose (−61 mg/dl) values were observed with capillary sampling. With the exception of results for PaO2and plasma glucose, capillary blood drawn using the Tenderfoot automated device yields laboratory results comparable to those from blood drawn from arterial catheters as assessed by CLIA performance criteria.
The Pituitary Gland: Embryology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology
Authors: Dorton Angela 
Published: May 2012

The pituitary gland, the “master gland” of the body, is composed of endocrine cells, which secrete hormones essential for homeostasis. The gland consists of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), two unique structures that differ anatomically and functionally.The neurohypophysis is innervated by nerve cells in the hypothalamus and forms the connection between it and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus stimulates release and inhibition of pituitary hormones. The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.The adenohypophysis is composed of three structures: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars tuberalis. The anterior pituitary (pars distalis) is responsible for the release of hormones that include growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.Disorders of the pituitary are predominately those of insufficient hormone release and may have profound effects on the neonate. The potential causes of and clinical symptomatology that may accompany pituitary hormone insufficiency in the neonatal period are explored.
Physicians’ Neonatal Resuscitation of Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Joy Catlin Anita 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To examine the perceptions of physicians who make delivery room decisions to resuscitate extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) neonates at marginal viability. Nurses, parents, economists, and ethicists have questioned resuscitation of ELBW neonates, many of whom experience high levels of morbidity and mortality. Yet no systematic studies were found that addressed physicians’ perceptions and delivery room decisions.Design:Descriptive, using naturalistic inquiry. A national U.S. convenience sample was obtained in 1996–1997 of 54 physicians in five perinatal subspecialties who resuscitated ELBW neonates.Methods:Tape-recorded and transcribed interviews were analyzed using NUD*IST software and line-by-line constant comparison.Findings:Despite awareness of the high morbidity and mortality, 96 percent of the physicians offered resuscitation to all ELBW neonates in the delivery room. The main factors affecting their decisions were “the role of the physician;” having been “trained to save lives;” the belief that “if called, I resuscitate;” the inability to determine gestational age; requests from parents to “do everything;” and the need to move from a “chaotic” delivery room to a controlled neonatal intensive care unit. Six major themes were: role expectation, uncertainty, awareness, internal and external forces, burden, and continuing quandaries. Physicians were burdened by the devastated and dying babies, by their inability to predict which neonates had a chance for intact survival, and by conflicts with colleagues about viability. Statistical probability of survival, legal constraints, and cost of care did not appear to affect greatly their decisions. Physicians asked that society and national policy makers set parameters for resuscitation.Conclusions:The American Academy of Pediatrics’ Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol needs revision to delineate the ethical criteria for resuscitation. Early prenatal education for families which clearly teaches the margins of viability and outcomes of early deliveries is also recommended. Physicians must be supported in changing the resuscitation paradigm.
A Comparison of Kangaroo Mother Care and Conventional Cuddling Care
Authors: Roberts Kathryn , Paynter Christine , McEwan Beryl 
Published: May 2012

Purpose: To compare kangaroo mother care (KMC) and conventional cuddling care (CCC) in premature and smallfor-gestational-age infants.Design and Sample: Thirty mother-infant dyads in two Australian neonatal nurseries were randomly assigned to the KMC group or the CCC group. Both groups of mothers cuddled their babies for a minimum of two hours a day, five days a week while in the study, with the KMC group having skin-to-skin contact while the CCC group had contact through normal clothing.Main Outcome Variable: The main outcome variables were infant weight gain, temperature maintenance during KMC and CCC, and length of hospital stay.Results: The results showed no difference between groups on the Parental Stress Scale (NICU) or the Parental Expectations Survey. Infants in both groups experienced equivalent maintenance of or rise in temperature while out of the incubators, equal weight gain, equal length of stay in the hospital, and equal duration of breastfeeding.
Correlates of Anxiety, Hostility, Depression, and Psychosocial Adjustment in Parents of NICU Infants
Authors: Doering Lynn , Moser Debra , Dracup Kathleen 
Published: May 2012

Purpose: The birth of a premature or critically ill infant can result in debilitating parental responses. This study identifies correlates of parental anxiety, hostility, depression, and psychosocial adjustment so that nurses can identify parents likely to need special attention or intervention.Design: An explanatory, correlational design was used.Sample: The study involved 469 parents (mothers = 299, 65 percent; mean age 29.1 ± 6.8 years) of infants hospitalized in five Level III NICUs.Main Outcome Variable: The main outcomes were those variables which correlated with the independent variables and included: parent status (mother or father), ethnicity, employment status, and education.Results: Parents experienced high levels of anxiety, hostility, and depression. Poorer family functioning, lower levels of social support, and lower perceived control were associated with higher levels of anxiety, hostility, and depression and with poorer adjustment. Parental status (mother or father), ethnicity, employment status, and education were significantly related to parental responses.
How Rewarding Can a Pacifier Be? A Systematic Review of Nonnutritive Sucking in Preterm Infants
Authors: Pinelli Janet , Symington Amanda 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To determine whether nonnutritive sucking (NNS) in preterm infants influences selected outcome variables.Design:A systematic review, based on the Cochrane Collaboration format, of trials utilizing experimental or quasi-experimental designs in which NNS (by pacifier) was compared to no provision of NNS; related to naso/orogastric tube feedings, bottle feedings, or not assoicated with feeding.Sample:All infants born at <37 weeks gestation. This review consisted of 19 studies; 13 were randomized controlled trials. Sample sizes ranged from 10 to 59 infants and totaled 518 infants.Main Outcome Variable:Weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, length of hospital stay, intestinal transit time, and postconceptional age at full oral feedings.Results:NNS significantly decreased the length of hospital stay in preterm infants. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies.
Challenges Mothers Identify in Bottle Feeding Their Preterm Infants
Authors: Thoyre Suzanne 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To describe the challenges mothers identify in bottle feeding their preterm infants prior to discharge from the NICU.Design:Mothers bottle fed their infants in the NICU while being videotaped. Following the feeding, a semifocused interview was conducted with the mother using playback of the videotaped feeding to enhance exploration of the experience of feeding.Sample:The participants were 22 mothers of preterm infants (≤1,500 grams).Main Outcome Variable:Mothers’ challenges in feeding preterm infants.Results:Mothers identified three major categories of challenge: ensuring safety during the feeding, ensuring adequate intake of calories, and advancing the feeding plan once home. Mothers described strategies they used to meet these challenges and discussed the implications some of these strategies held for them.
Evaluation of a Program to Promote Positive Parenting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Pearson Jolene , Andersen Kate 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To describe and evaluate a parent education program to promote positive parenting in the NICU.Design:Program evaluations completed by parent participants and staff members.Sample:104 parents (59 mothers and 45 fathers) who attended the Parent’s Circle; also 44 NICU or SCN staff members.Main Outcome Variable:Family and staff evaluations of the Parent’s Circle program.Results:Families reported that attending Parent’s Circle helped them gain perspective on their situation, feel supported, learn key developmental concepts, locate hospital and community resources, and optimize interactions with their fragile infant. Staff reported that the knowledge parents gained from Parent’s Circle influenced their interactions and behaviors in the NICU.
Sedation for Nonemergent Neonatal Intubation
Authors: DeBoer Scott , Peterson Lisa 
Published: May 2012

A newborn lies wide-awake, about to be intubated. The infant is able to feel everything, to hear everything—but cannot do anything to change the situation. Big people hold down the newborn and place a laryngoscope blade into the mouth, then a large endotracheal tube into the trachea. As the baby struggles, coughs, chokes, gags, and cries, blood pressure and intracranial pressure increase dramatically, and the heart rate plummets.Infants, like adults, do feel pain and anxiety. Yet recent studies show that NICU staff continue neonatal intubation utilizing only force. In pediatric emergency/critical care settings, rapid-sequence intubation (RSI), once confined to the environment of the operating room, is now the standard of care. An understanding of commonly administered RSI medications is essential to bring this practice to standard use in the NICU as well.In the pediatric and adult critical care population, rapidsequence intubation (RSI)—the use of sedatives and chemical paralytics to facilitate tracheal intubation—is considered the standard of care. Use of these medications optimizes intubating conditions and helps to minimize the adverse physiologic effects of intubation. Neonatology has yet to embrace this trend, however. This article addresses the issue of sedation for intubation in the neonatal population.
Brazilian Mothers’ Experiences of Home Care for Their Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Falleiros Mello Débora , Melani Melo Rocha Semiramis , Gracinda Silvan Scochi Carmen , Aparecida Garcia Lima Regina 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To describe Brazilian mothers’ experiences of home care for their low birth weight (LBW) infants.Design:Descriptive.Sample:Eleven Brazilian mothers whose LBW infants were hospitalized at birth and followed up for a period of four weeks.Main Outcome Variable:Brazilian mothers’ recollections about the home care of their infants.Results:The study identified the infants’ and mothers’ profiles and the mothers’ concerns about disruption in attachment due to hospitalization and their infants’ growth. After hospital discharge, these mothers mainly worried about their infants’ weight gain, breathing, and overall development, as well as breastfeeding, feeding, and medication preparation.