bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neglected Role of Community Narratives in Culturally Anchored Prevention and Public Policy
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Ramos Olazagasti Maria A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter outlines some of the ways in which a community narrative perspective can enrich culturally anchored work, using examples from three studies related to HIV prevention, welfare-to-work policies, and immigrants' use of public benefits. For each study, it describes recent data and discusses how the narrative perspective is reflected in the work, challenges it, and provides guidelines for future research and action.
Contravention and Convention
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers various cases in which the principle of independence (introduced in Chapter 10) may be contravened. Perhaps one enters into a contract, or makes a promise, only if one believes one does, or is aware that one is doing so. Perhaps one is fashionable only if one believes one is. One can set up a ‘mystery draw’ or lottery in such a way that believing one is a winner is a necessary condition of actually being a winner. One is omniscient only if one believes one is. Some philosophers think that one acts immorally (or morally) only if one believes one does. Perhaps genuinely believing one is in pain is not only necessary but sufficient for being in pain. However, even if some of these cases in which one cannot have a property without believing one has it are unproblematic, the claim that believing you are free is a necessary constitutive condition of being free remains highly problematic.
Antinomy and Truth
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIt seems that there is a fundamental sense in which we cannot be truly free or ultimately morally responsible agents. But does this matter? Certainly we want to be free, but do we really want to be truly or ultimately responsible for our actions? We are often entirely free in the ‘basic’ (and wholly compatibilist) Humean sense mentioned in Chapter 1. That is, we are very often entirely free in the sense of being able to do what we want or choose or decide to do. Is this not enough? Is this notall that really matters, in the way of freedom? What more could anyone possibly reasonably want? This chapter considers this question, asking, for example, whether our notions of love and gratitude require a stronger notion of freedom than is possible.
Law and Policy in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US and explores how climate change policymaking reveals a significant shift in the role and relationship between sub-federal and federal governmental entities in environmental law and policymaking. It seeks to provide an inclusive review of US federal climate change policies, beginning with the White House climate change strategy promoted by President Bush before exploring more recent efforts to overhaul the federal approach to climate change. It also endeavours to shed led light on how shifting federal climate change strategies influence domestic engagement in global climate change politics.
Litigation, Regulation, and International Law as Law and Policy Drivers in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.
Musa Pedestris
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe wealth of metrical forms adopted by classical poetry is one of its characteristic features. Yet metre features only sporadically in contemporary criticism of ancient poetry. This book makes the case that metre was central to the Roman experience of literature, and should be restored to a central position also in interpretation of that poetry. By the time Roman poets came to write hexameters, choliambics, and sapphics, these metres could all claim rich histories, and consequently brought a wealth of associations in their own right to the poems they carried. Powerful effects can be achieved by manipulation of the established characters of their metrical media: by giving the metre of classical Latin poetry its proper weight, critics can restore to that poetry a critical, neglected dimension. In four main chapters on representative metres or metre groups, this book considers how Roman poets exploited the connotations of metrical form: the ‘Catullan’ associations of the Flavian hendecasyllable; the logic that produced the ‘pure’ iambic trimeter; the sapphic stanza between Catullus, Horace, and Statius; and the various strategies attempted by poets to subvert the superlative status of the benchmark metre, the dactylic hexameter. Also considered are sotadeans, priapeans, saturnians, elegiacs, and Horace's epodic structures. Connections between poetic practice and the academic study of metre in antiquity are highlighted, and attention is also given both to Greek perceptions of the metres they bequeathed to Rome, and to the effect on Roman versification of the perception that these forms were irreducibly Greek.
The Hendecasyllable
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates the ethos embodied by the hendecasyllable, a favourite metre of the Flavian authors Statius and Martial. Starting from one of Statius' most ambitious hendecasyllabic poems, Silvae 4.3 on the Via Domitiana, it shows that the hendecasyllable was perceived to embody the character of its most celebrated exponent, Catullus, and that the account of the Via Domitiana comes vividly to life when the Catullan quality imparted by the metre is allowed to assert itself. Other aspects of the metre are then considered, especially the polar relationship operative between it and the dactylic hexameter, and its particular aptness for poetic accounts of diminutive topics. Suggestions are made about the character of the metre as it had been encountered by Catullus. These insights are then fed back into a concluding analysis of the metrical dimension of another arresting deployment of hendecasyllables by Statius, the celebration-cum-lament on Lucan's birthday at Silvae 2.7.
Iambics
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter tackles the class of iambic metres, represented in non-dramatic Latin verse by the iambic trimeter, ‘limping’ iambic and the epodic systems used by Horace in the Epodes. After a consideration of the continuing prominence of the choliambic or ‘limping’ iambic, the discussion turns to the peculiarly Roman development represented by the ‘pure’ iambic trimeter, which offers a salient illustration of the interpenetration of academic theory and poetic practice in Roman metrical usage. The argument focuses on the parody of Catullus 4 attributed to Virgil, Catalepton 10, but there is also close analysis of Horace's theoretical commentary on iambics and later contributions from the Latin metricians. After a rehearsal of recent work on Horace's meaningful deployment of metres in the Epodes, the chapter concludes by reading Epode 16, a combination of hexameters and pure trimeters, in the light of the understanding gained into pure iambics earlier in the chapter.
A History of Cant and Slang Dictionaries
Authors: Coleman Julie 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Although there are continuities with earlier slang lexicography, particularly in the work of Eric Partridge, the period covered by this volume sees a number of marked social and lexicographical changes. The post-war cultural dominance of the United States is evident throughout, as is the influence of African‐American music and language. Slang dictionaries also document attempts by Britain and its colonies to (re)define their sense of national identity. Musical and cultural trends each produced their own characteristic slang, which was manipulated by commercial interests to target the youth market. Homosexual slang was documented first as a diagnostic tool for psychiatrists, but later became an expression of gay pride. Attempts to associate homosexuality with communism label gay rights as a significant threat to the structure of society. Drugs were another threat that became dominant in this period, and the punitive response saw a rapidly increasing prison population. Dictionaries of crime during this period tend to concentrate on the language used inside prisons rather than by criminals at large. But slang is not just for left-wingers. British dictionaries of rhyming slang and dictionaries of Australian slang both express anxieties about immigration through their attempts to construct a working‐class national identity. Right-wing pressure groups in the United States produced dictionaries of slang to reveal the threat represented by homosexuality and rock music. The biggest backlash is found in the numerous dictionaries of CB radio, which allowed blue‐collar white southerners to reconstruct themselves as freedom‐fighting urban cowboys.
Dictionaries of British Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Putting aside Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, rhyming slang dominates the production of British slang glossaries during this period. The dictionaries are often nostalgic accounts of simpler times, and use humour to express anxieties about issues such as immigration and women's liberation. Links between rhyming slang and the entertainment industries are clear in several of the glossaries produced.
Glossaries of Sexuality
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The earliest glossaries of gay slang were produced by psychiatrists trying to improve communication with their patients or to develop a diagnostic tool. Later glossaries offer keys to the secret world of homosexuality and defy convention in celebrating gay love. Demonized by Cold War associations with communism, users of gay slang are also depicted as agents of the anti-Christ by right-wing Christian fundamentalists.
Dictionaries of New Technologies: Citizens' Band Radio and Computers
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A short-lived craze for CB radio in the United States spawned a plethora of poor quality dictionaries whose appeal is not explained by their contents. CB radio allowed white blue-collar males, beleaguered by the liberation of women, gay men, and African-Americans, to redefine themselves as urban cowboys and rebels. CB radio also presented an early version of the virtual community in which individuals can role-play with like-minded strangers. The earliest dictionary of computer slang is also included in this chapter.
Implementation of the renormalization group
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Actual computations of fixed points and eigenvalues usually involve approximations, often crude ones, except for a very limited number of simple cases such as the one-dimensional Ising model of the previous chapter. In real- and momentum-space renormalization group theory, there are no general prescriptions to systematically improve the degree of the approximation with a modest amount of effort. There are established methods to systematically improve precision, but they usually need a large amount of numerical calculations. The scope of the present chapter is modest as we limit ourselves to basic examples, including the epsilon expansion about the Gaussian fixed-point of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson model. Finally, the last section illustrates the extension of the renormalization group framework to study quantum phase transitions.
Conformal field theory
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present chapter is an introductory account of the basic concepts and important consequences of conformal symmetry, i.e. the invariance under local scale transformations, in field theories characterizing critical behaviour. The goal is to catalogue universality classes as a list of possible values of critical exponents and to find restrictions on the functional forms of correlation functions, which satisfy conformal Ward identities. From a mathematics standpoint, conformal symmetry applies to continuum theories, and therefore its obvious application to critical phenomena is formulated in the language of field theory. The energy-momentum tensor plays a fundamental role in defining the conformal generators that satisfy the Virasoro algebra, and any conformal field theory is characterized by the central charge a number that is important to classify critical field theories. One of the most remarkable applications of conformal field theory is found in the analysis of finite-size effects.
Random systems
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Real materials always contain randomness or disorder that cannot be expressed by idealized simple model systems. The present chapter studies the effects of randomness on phase transitions and critical phenomena. Although randomness may seem to obscure singular behaviour such as divergence of physical quantities at the critical temperature, it is established that well-defined phase transitions exist as long as randomness is not too strong, but the critical behaviour may get modified with respect to the pure sample. After the introduction of basic concepts and methods such as self-averaging and replica method, it is elucidated what type of phase transitions exist in the random-field Ising model and the SK model of spin glasses. Also explained are the percolation transitions using the fractal structure and the Potts model.
Language Change and Linguistic Theory, Volume II
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This book investigates a large range of changes and their motivations in all parts of the grammar and lexicon. The core argument is that, in the absence of a Grand Unification Theory in linguistics, a unified account of change is impossible without ignoring the bulk of natural language changes. Changes occur in successive formal grammars. Differences among successive I-languages constitute a change in the E‐language, but this work rejects the customary high premium on acquisition to the near exclusion of the role of adults and adolescents in the incrementation of change. Many innovations arise from competition in contact accommodation, but contact is only a catalyst. Features determine parametric variation and structures provide evidence (cues) for features. Since changes are typically not macroscalar, this work adopts a (micro)cue theory of parametric variation. The traditional view required a categorical (off/on) value setting. Through multiple binary cuts and different microcues, the new view permits a language to have, for instance, V2 in some structures but not others. With the reduction of UG (Universal Grammar) to a universal inventory of formal features, the once extravagant role of UG has been largely replaced by principles of efficient computation to explain crosslinguistically frequent changes. Additionally, neurolinguists have concluded that some constraints have evolved over time into a multilevel representation in the nervous system. Taking this and structure-building features into account, this work argues that some changes are grounded in synchronic cognitive constraints, a large number in principles of computation, many in extralinguistic factors, some in processing and functional motivations, and some just accidents of history.
Word‐Order Typology: Core Data
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Core Data. As groundwork for the theoretical discussion, this taxonomic chapter presents the main linearization patterns and the properties of the three most frequent language types: SOV, SVO, VSO. Preferences for complement and relative clause types issue from processing complexity. Adjectives tend to follow nouns crosslinguistically. Genitives, determiners, and numerals are positionally variable. One kind of cross‐category harmony affects the position of functional heads with respect to LPs (lexical phrases). Another affects the linearization within FPs (functional phrases) and LPs. In English, the order of genitives before nouns and Deg(ree) before AP (so good) is predicted by the parametrization of functional heads before LPs.
Word Order in Theory and Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter begins with hypotheses about linearization and proceeds to examples of word‐order change. The theoretical portion focuses on the main formal theories, the most interesting of which involves feature‐driven parameters of movement in combination with the Linear Correspondence Axiom as an interface default. The main typological change treated is Germanic, which shifted from V‐final by gradual loss of object‐fronting cues. Changes in the genitive are also discussed. The phrasal genitive developed in contact with Danes in northeast England. Finally, numerous changes from V‐final to non‐V‐final are reviewed and contrasted with the rarity of changes to a head‐final language.
Grammaticalization
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The fundamental insight is grammation, a change from lexical to grammatical content via reanalysis of a lexical item to be merged in a functional projection. Feature change and preference principles provide the necessary motivation. Reduction processes are separate from grammation. In non‐mora‐timed languages they often accompany grammation because of the increased frequency of the construction which prompts acceleration and facilitates reduction processes. The alleged universal cline is irrelevant because many languages exhibit changes from free or clitic (adjoined to words or phrases rather than to roots or stems) to bound or from bound (affix) to clitic or free. Series of changes occur but are motivated by feature changes. Grammation changes discussed in formal terms in this chapter include English gonna, the Romance future, and English like.
Phrase Structure and Verb Classes
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theoretical points and verb classes presupposed in other chapters. It can be ignored by those familiar with generative theory. Lexical and functional structure are discussed, along with movement and the roles of νP. The problem of Cause and Voice is addressed in connection with the derivation of the ergative (causative : anticausative) alternation. Tests for the unergative vs unaccusative contrast are introduced and distinguished from structures like passive, middle, and impersonal. Formal derivations are offered for the ergative alternation and for passive and middle structures.
‘We have no king but Christ’
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This book examines the effects of Christianization upon regional identity and political thought in the eastern Mediterranean in the fifth and sixth centuries. Itfocuses on the centrifugal effects of foundation myths, especially within the Syriac‐speaking world. These myths produced a sense of cultural independence, peculiar to Syria and Mesopotamia, and this in turn provided the basis for a more radical challenge to the Roman emperor, during the turbulent Christological controversies of the sixth century. The book begins by examining how bishops and emperors could use Christianity to manage and control local religious behaviour, before turning to the rich evidence from the city of Edessa, and its Syriac legends of early kings and missionaries, to investigate how the connection between religion and cultural independence worked within the Christian Roman empire. At a time when Jews in the Roman world were increasingly differentiated by religion and custom, this book investigates how far Edessenes and other Syriac‐speakers were consciously members of a distinctive group. The argument continues by discussing the transformation of this cultural legacy in the sixth century, when the hagiographies of bishops such as John of Ephesus began to invoke local belief and culture in Mesopotamia as an ancient orthodoxy, that made Edessa or Mesopotamia a chosen land, preserving true belief at a time when the rest of the empire had gone astray. For these authors, the emperor's ruler was conditional on his obedience to Christ, the true ruler of all.
1 Classification in a Christian Empire
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines fifth‐century ecclesiastical historians as evidence for the Christianisation of Roman politicatl ideas. These historians used heresiology as an extension of classical ethnography. For them, heretics, like barbarians, were irrational and divided. These ideas changed the rules for inclusion and exclusion in the empire: now that being orthodox was equated to being Roman; ‘provincial peoples’ could claim civilised virtues, such as self‐control, that had formerly been the preserve ofan educated elite.
2 Controlling the Barbarians. The First Syrian Hagiographic Collection
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the hagiography of Theodoret of Cyrrhus as a specific example of the observation of self‐control amongst barbarian peoples and the ‘improvement’ of the provinces of the Roman world. Theodoret observes the self‐control of Syrian holy men, in spite of their barbaric behaviour, and follows earlier apologists in emphasising Christianity's barbarian origins and the unimportance of Greek. Theodoret engaged with a world where charismatic saints of the previouscentury had inspired contemporary ascetic behaviour. His hagiography is an attemptto appropriate and control the reputations of these holy men and to present himself as the perceptive guide to the dangerous frontier of Syriac‐speakers, able to exclude the heretical and praise the holy.
4 Edessa and Beyond: The Reception of the Doctrina Addai in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter provides close readings of three major pieces of Syriac writing. These are examined from the perspective ofthe relationship between Syriac‐speakers and the Roman state, especially with regard to their distinctive forms of Christianity, their religion and their ethnic self‐awareness. The key text here is the Doctrina Addai, a story ofapostolic foundation in Edessa that links the city both to Rome and Jerusalem, and to the Sasanian world to the east. In it, legends about the Christian heritage of first‐century Edessa are used to assert the city's cultural independence in the fifth. The second half of the chapter looks at how these ideas were projected eastwards, and the central position that Edessa and her history held in the historical awareness of other Syriac speakers and their self‐identification as a Suryoyo people.