bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of Wool with Acids
Authors: Olofsson Bebtil 
Published: July 2010

1. Titrations of wool with mixtures of hydrochloric acid and sulphurio acid in different total and relative concentrations have been performed, and the absorption of hydrogen, chloride, and sulphate ions has been determined.2. The experimental results are compared with results calculated on the basis of the Gilbert‐Rideal, Donnan, and ion‐exchange theories.3. Statistical dnalysis proves the applicability of the Gilbert‐Rideal theory. The Donnan theory is not applicable, as there are speoiflo thermodynamio differences between fibre and solution phases. The ion‐exohange theory is more general, including the other two theories.4. A theoretical study of the attachment of the sulphate ion at one or two positive sites in the fibre has been made. Experimental values are not conclusive, but make it possible that there is either a one‐site attachment or a distribution between one and two sites.
Quantitative Analysis of Azo and other Dyes and Intermediates
Authors: Arshid F. M. , Desai N. F. , Giles C. H. , McLintock G. K. 
Published: July 2010

An oxidative method of semi‐micro analysis suitable for nitrogen in dyes is described. The results with a representative number of different types of azo dye and some members of other classes agree closely, for the majority of the dyes examined, with those obtained by titanous chloride analysis, and the new method has the advantage of being simple, rapid, and clean in use. The procedure involves measurement of the volume of nitrogen produced on boiling the dye with a dilute solution of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid.A still simpler, colorimetric method of determining water‐soluble azo dyes uses ceric, sulphate oxidation. It is useful for some dyes, but many do not react in simple proportion with the oxidant.A colorimetric method for the determination of the purity of coupling components for azo dyes is also described. This procedure is simpler than the usual method of diazo titration.
The Effects of the Soaping Aftertreatment on Vat Dyeings
Authors: Sumner H. H. , Vickerstaff T. , Waters E. 
Published: July 2010

The colour changes produced in vat‐dyed cellulose fibres by the normal soaping aftertreatment have been examined quantitatively by spectrophotometric methods using dyed viscose film. From the increase in the orientation of the dye as shown by measurements of dichroism and from the analogous behaviour observed during the ageing of colloidal suspensions of vat dyes, it is concluded that the changes aie associated with crystallisation of the dye. The efficiency of various soaping agents has been measured and also the effect of the temperature of the treatment, and it has been shown that soap and Lissapol N at the boil are the most efficient methods of treatment of those examined.It has also been found that the effects observed on viscose film occur on normal commercial fabrics, although here the visual effect is diminished by the nature of the substrate and by the greater loss of dye which occurs in the soaping treatment owing to the greater relative surface area of fibrous materials. The light fastness of a series of vat dyes on cotton in the unsoaped and soaped states has been measured, and shows that soaping has, in general, little effect on light fastness. In those cases where changes are observed the effect may be either to increase or to decrease the light fastness according to the dye.
A Study of the Afterchrome Process
Authors: Gaunt J. F. 
Published: July 2010

The following aspects of the afterchrome process have been examined‐1. The dyeing of afterchrome dyes prior to chroming2. The effect of dichromates on wool during afterchroming3. The effect of dichromates on chrome dyes during afterchroming.The main difference between chrome dyes and acid dyes of comparable constitution is the greater sensitivity of the former to precipitation by acid. Several of the more commonly used chrome dyes are out of solution under normal dyeing conditions, and yet have excellent level‐dyeing properties.The rate of uptake of chromium by wool during afterchroming is independent of the presence of dye on the wool. When afterchroming at the boil, the pH of the liquor rises steadily, owing to the reduction of chromic acid to neutral tervalent chromium compounds, but this effect is much less marked at 80° and 90°c. The rate of absorption of chromium is very sensitive to the pH of the chroming bath, but is only slightly affected by temperature.During afterchroming at low pH values, there is a tendency for certain dyes to be destroyed by oxidation. The chrome lakes formed by afterchroming with dichromates have much better wet fastness than those formed by aftertreatment with salts of tervalent chromium.
Continuous Ribbon Dyeing
Authors: Clarke L. J. 
Published: July 2010

One‐day Symposium on Continuous Dyeing held by the Manchester Section at the Manchester College of Technology on 19th March 1954, Mr. G. S.J. White, in the chairA method for the continuous dyeing of ribbon is described in which uniformity of shade over long runs is attained by introducing feed liquor into the dyebath through fine jets, thus maintaining turbulent conditions and uniformity of composition throughout the bath.
The Influence of the Physical State of Dyes upon their Light Fastness*
Authors: Baxter G. , Giles C. H. , McKee Miss M. N. , Macaulay N. 
Published: July 2010

From a study of the quantitative relationship between light fastness and dye concentration conclusions are drawn regarding the physical state of dyes in air‐dry substrates, on the basis of a simple theoretical model representing the nature of particle growth with increase in concentration.Only one type of dye‐substrate system, viz. a water‐insoluble merocyanine dye in solid solution in collodion, has been found to obey the normal photochemical laws for ideal systems. All other systems, whether involving water‐insoluble or water‐soluble dyes, behave non‐ideally: i.e. the dye appears to exist in the form of aggregates or crystals (usually submicroscopic) and to obey a fading law in which the rate‐affecting factor is the extent of the dye‐air interface. Treatments which cause microscopically visible growth of such particles, e.g. soaping of azoic‐dyed cellulose, raise the light fastness as anticipated.Also in accordance with prediction, the light fastness even of water‐soluble dyes is raised by increasing the porosity of the substrate; this is believed to result from the formation of larger aggregates of dye in the dry substrate. Thus the light fastness of direct cotton dyes is higher on highly porous (“gel”) Cellophane film than on normal film, and on normal viscose rayon fibre than on highly oriented viscose rayon fibre; and acid wool dyes have higher fastness on the sulphuric‐acid anodic film on aluminium than on the less porous chromic‐acid film. A number of other examples of changes in light fastness, believed to be due to similar physical factors, are discussed.The following two observations are reportedndash(a) undried “gel” Cellophane film slowly reverts to the normal form on keeping, even when wet; and (b) there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of percentage reflectance and the logarithm of total dye content for direct dyes on various viscose rayon fabrics.
The Effect of Chlorine on Dyed Nylon
Authors: Davidson A. N. , Preston R. 
Published: July 2010

After dry chlorination of wool, the chlorine retained by the fibres is present as hydrochloric acid (i.e. is extractable by alkaline solutions); whilst with nylon it is shown that the chlorine is more strongly combined, so that it is not completely extracted by sodium carbonate solution but can be removed by sodium bisulphite solution. Generally, absorption of chlorine by nylon is attended by an increase in fluidity of the nylon in m‐cresol and a corresponding decrease in tensile strength; the degree of absorption of chlorine appears to vary with the type of dye used. The presence of wool has a “buffering” action on the uptake of chlorine by nylon and hence tends to protect the nylon from excessive damage.Of the groups of dyes examined (chrome, level‐dyeing and neutral‐dyeing acid dyes, together with a few soluble acetate‐rayon dyes and direct cotton dyes), the chrome dyes were satisfactory in their fastness to chlorination. The lighter shades of neutral‐dyeing acid dyes were useless and the other dyeings occupied intermediate positions. All these dyes, with a few exceptions, have a slightly higher fastness to wet chlorination.The above observations are illustrated in detail by tabulated and graphed data, together with colorimetric data for a representative selection of the dyes before and after dry chlorination.
The Identification of Vat Dyes
Authors: DERRETT‐SMITH D. A. , GRAY J. 
Published: July 2010

The tables published in 1940 by Derrett‐Smith and Bradley1 and in 1947 by Derrett‐Smith and Gee2 have been brought up to date to include all the British, German, and Swiss vat and solubilised vat dyes which have appeared on the British market since 1940. Dyes which were included in the original tables but have since been made by other firms are included under their new names.In addition, it is shown that certain vat dyes behave differently when treated with sodium hydrosulphite and sodium hydroxide as compared with sodium hydrosulphite and sodium carbonate.
Reactive Dyes for Textiles
Authors: VICKERSTAFF T. 
Published: July 2010

Of various methods of achieving wet fastness in dyeings, direct chemical linkage of the dye to the fibre has not hitherto been employed in practice. The Procion dyes are a new class of dyes, which will react with cellulose in presence of alkali. The evidence for chemical reaction is reviewed. Being dyes of small molecular weight, their affinity for cellulose is low and diffusion inside cellulose fibres rapid, so that cold dyeing becomes feasible. Also, side‐reaction of the dyes with water is minimised at low temperatures. The importance of these properties in determining the preferred dyeing methods is discussed.Procion dyes can be applied in practice by continuous processes, including a method which entails only padding and drying. Novel batch dyeing methods have been developed. The dyes can also be applied by printing with a suitable thickener, and again a novel non‐steaming printing style has been evolved and a particularly interesting style using white and vat‐dye‐illuminated resists under Procion dyes.The fastness properties characteristic of chemical linkage are briefly reviewed.
Determination of Performance of Fibre Blends in Wet Processing
Authors: Cheetham R. C. , Edwards H. D. 
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of fibre blends during wet processing such as scouring, milling, and dyeing has been studied with the object of developing laboratory techniques to simulate works conditions. A method is described for determining the behaviour of fibres under pack‐dyeing conditions. In the case of fabrics, particular attention has been given to the effect of processing strains on dimensional stability.It has been demonstrated that the temperature‐extension curves for fabrics from different acrylic fibres show characteristic points of inflexion. Apparatus for measuring fabric crease recovery in hot liquors is described, and the information obtained has been used to study rope marking in winch dyeing.Milling has received attention with reference to felt making, and an experimental method of evaluation has made use of small‐scale machines for carding and milling. Using this technique, the effect of acid liquors of various kinds in felting has been measured. Fabric has also been used in the small‐scale milling stocks to obtain the optimum conditions for milling a Fibrolane‐wool velour cloth.
The Impact of Man‐made Fibres upon the Dyeing Industry*
Authors: Wilson A. H. 
Published: July 2010

The largest potential field for the expansion of man‐made fibres is likely to be the woollen and worsted industries, and dyeing problems will largely determine the extent to which this expansion will take place.The paper gives a survey of the various types of problems which may arise, together with some general indication of the lines of development which are likely to be most fruitful.
Azo Dyes from Substituted 2‐Aminothiophens
Authors: Dickey J. B. , Towne E. B. , Bloom M. S. , Moore W. H. , Jr. B. H. Smith , Hedberg D. G. 
Published: July 2010

This paper concerns the effects of the position and the nature of substituents on the colour of azo dyes derived from 2‐arainothiophens. Of primary interest is the colour shift from the red of phenylazo dyes to the greenish blue of the analogous 5‐substituted 3‐nitro‐2‐thienylazo dyes. The greenish blue of 2‐amino‐3‐nitro‐5‐aeyl(or aroyl)thiophen dyes is in striking contrast with the violet—red of 2‐amino‐5‐acylthiophen dyes and the violet of dyes from 2‐amino‐3:5‐bismethylsulphonylthiophen.Even simple aniline coupling components afford blues to blue‐greens with the 5‐substituted 2‐amino‐3‐nitrothiophens. However, progressively increased bathoehromic shifts to bluish green are obtained with the following coupler types— tetrahydroquinoline, benzomorpholine, and 2‐alkoxy‐5‐acetamidoaniline.Dyes from 2‐amino‐3‐nitro‐5‐acylthiophens, particularly, have excellent affinity for secondary cellulose acetate and give good exhaustion and level dyeing. They colour cellulose acetate deep, bright blues to greens. Dyed fabrics have superior gas‐fume fastness, moderate light fastness, and good dischargeability.
The Colouring of Vinylon
Authors: Nomura S. , Tanabe K. 
Published: July 2010

Vinylon is usually made by spinning an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, heat‐treating the water‐soluble fibres obtained, and subsequently acetalising with formaldehyde. As both hydroxyl and acetal groups in the accessible region are concerned in the dyeing of vinylon, it is generally intermediate in dyeing behaviour between cellulosic fibres and typical synthetic fibres. The dyeing properties of vinylon with direct dyes are thus affected not only by crystallisation due to heat‐treatment and degree of acetalisation but also by the acetalising conditions.For the practical dyeing of vinylon to medium or heavy depths direct, sulphur, vat, azoic, disperse, and metal‐complex dyes may be employed, and their fastness is not greatly different from their corresponding fastness on other fibres. Dope dyeing is now most advantageous for blacks and dark blues, and is carried out on a commercial scale.
Adsorption at Organic Surfaces
Authors: Giles C. H. , Hassan A. S. A. , Laidlaw Margaret , Subramanian R. V. R. 
Published: July 2010

Adsorption of mineral and organic acids, from aqueous solution, by chitin prepared from the carapace of Nephrops norvegicus has been studied.Full elementary analyses suggest that chitin does not consist entirely of poly‐N‐acetylglucosamine as usually supposed, but that about one‐eighth of the amino groups are unacetylated. The material appears to be highly crystalline.Mineral acid anions are adsorbed at all the acetamido or amino groups of the substrate at pH about 2.5. At pH < 2.5 very greatly increased adsorption occurs, much beyond stoichiometric quantities. Organic acids, both aliphatic and aromatic, are much less strongly adsorbed than mineral acids, and < 10% of the total amount of the substrate appears to be accessible to them. Two opposing factors appear to determine the amount of an organic acid adsorbed at moderate acidities: (a) the crystallinity of the substrate, and (b) the length of the conjugate chain of the anion.The main source of anion affinity under acid conditions appears to be physical attraction between the anion and the water‐solvated glucosidic residues of the chitin molecular chains. Hydrogen‐bond affinity appears to be weaker than the ion–ion affinity or that due to the van der Waals attraction of large aromatic anions, and does not appear to influence the extent of adsorption under acid conditions.
Studies on Haematoxylin and Haematein, the Colouring Principles of Logwood: I–Absorption Spectra of Pure Compounds in Various Solvents and a Spectrophotometric Method of Analysis for Haematoxylin and Haematein
Authors: LALOR G. C. , MARTIN S. L. 
Published: July 2010

A modified method is described for the preparation from logwood extracts of pure haematoxylin. The criterion of purity is the ultraviolet absorption spectrum in methanol. In most solvents with low ultraviolet absorption, haematoxylin is either too insoluble or too susceptible to oxidation for suitable spectra to be obtained without special precautions.The salient features of the visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of haematein (about 10 mg. / litre) in six solvents are given. In most of these haematein is eventually oxidised to give a product with a characteristically different spectrum. Solutions in dimethylformamide containing 1 % of a phosphate–citric acid buffer are sufficiently stable for the haematein content to be determined by reference to the peak at 440 mμ. instead of the previously used peak at 280 mμ., which is shown to be unsuitable.Examples of the application of the analytical method to commercial materials are given.
Some Chemical Foundations of Fast Colour Printing
Authors: Alsberg F. R. , Clarke W. , Fern A. S. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Northern Ireland Section held in Thompson's Restuarant, Belfast, on 14th January 1958, Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; and of the Manchester Section held at the Textile Institute, Manchester, on 17th January 1958, Mr. J. W. Reidy in the chairThe chemical foundations of the printing of cotton fabrics with vat, onium, and reactive dyes are discussed. Quantitative measurements of the intrinsic properties of vat dyes and of reducing systems enable a clear picture of the printing process to be obtained. The comparatively simple basis of fixation of onium dyes is discussed in relation to printing recipes and fixation conditions. Quantitative studies with reactive dyes show the effects of the solubilisitig agent, alkali, and fixation conditions on the percentage fixation obtainable under printing conditions.
The Finishing of Fabrics containing Wool blended with Terylene or Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Whewell C. S. 
Published: July 2010

One‐day Conference of the West Riding Section held at the Bradford Institute, of Technology on 7th November 1958, Dr. R. L. Elliott in the chairAn account is given of modern practice in the finishing of fabrics containing wool blended with polyester or acrylic fibres, together with the new data relating to the changes in dimensions of wool‐Terylene blended fabrics during finishing and to certain physical properties of the finished cloths.
Emulsion Thickenings‐Possibilities in Textile Printing
Authors: Dawson T. L. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Rooms, Belfast, on 13th January 1959,Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; and of the Munchester Section held at the Textile Institute, Manchesfer, on 20th February 2959, Mr. J. W. Reidy in the chairThe use of emulsion thickenings for printing dyes, other than pigment compositions, on both natural and synthetic fibres is discussed. Theoretical and practical aspects of these emulsion systems are considered, and the advantages of oil‐in‐water emulsions over the water‐in‐oil type are set out. The rheological properties of eniulsion thickenings aro compared with those of soxne conventional thirkenings, and the practical implications of these results are discussod. Details of recipes for the preparation of stork emulsion thickenings for the application of a wide range of dyes (including reactive. vat, onium, and azoic dyes) are given, and the terhnical adventring resulting from their use enumerated.
The Action of Sulphuric Acid on Wool
Authors: ELLIOTT R. L. , ASQUITH R. B. , RAWSON D. H. 
Published: July 2010

Three structural coiiiponents isolated froiii tlie wool fibre, t>wo by acid treatmen and one by allrali treatment, have been studied. Each treatment has been followed by specific analyses iii tun attempt to define the purity of the final products. Totttl o, niino‐acirl analyses were perfornied on these products when the specific analyses approached a constant due arid the iiiicroscopica examination inclicated that a well defined residualmeinbrano wars present.The results clearly show that t, he two nie, inhranes isolated by twirl treat, iiient> differ from each other, but that the third inay be identical with one of these. Further, all the irienihranes resistant to attack have a low content, of long‐side‐cliaiii amino acids, and in one case an exceptionally high cryst, irie content was found.
Dyeing and Finishing Fabrics containing Tricel Triacetate Fibre
Authors: Mann R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Booms, Belfast, on 8th March 1960,Mr. W. J. Watts in the chairThe salient properties of Tricel, as they affect the dyer and finisher, are reviewed and processes for the treatment of knitted and woven fabrics are described.
The Application of Reactive and Direct Dyes to Rayon Staple by Continuous Methods*
Authors: CHEETHAM R. C. 
Published: July 2010

The principles of continuous piece dyeing have been studied, and an investigation has been made into the possible application of these principles to viscose staple fibre, with particular reference to dyeing for the carpet trade, whoro large weights to a colour are often called for.Various machines capablo of convoying staple fibro in a continuous manner have been considered, including the nocossary machines for opening, dyeing, squeezing, steaming, and drying. Development work over the past two years has resulted in ono continuous dyoing systom based on the Fleissner revolving drum principle. This machine is now operating on a commercial scale with 15–donier crimped Fibro for use in tufted carpets. An alternative dyeing system based on the Callaghan machine for bonded non–woven fabrics is also being developed, and attention has boon given to the possibility of using scouring bowls.It has been demonstrated that reactive dyes can be applied satisfactorily in continuous systems, using the method whereby the fibre is impregnated with dye–alkali mixture and dried; only the cold–dyeing members of the Procion range have been applied commercially. Direct dyes have also been applied successfully, mainly on the Fleissner system, and in order to obtain efficient penetration and tho required fastness standards, the method has become essentially short–term dyeing followed by simultaneous steaming and drying.The application of direct dyes to Fibro in continuous systems has been studied in some detail, with main emphasis on tho measures to be taken to ensure regularity of colour over a long run. This is particularly important in view of the large proportion of dye absorbed by the fibre during immersion in the dye liquor. Soveral methods have been examined for means of arriving at tho necessary adjustments to the feed liquor; one promising method relies on spectrophotometrc estimation of tho dye romoved from a sample of fibre initially dyed to tho required colour.Wet fastness of fibre dyed in these continuous systems is in some cases lower than that obtained by normal methods of dyeing, but adding salt or increasing the tomperature of impregnation minimises the disparity.Fibro dyed on the Fleissner system has been subsequently processed to yarn on tho modified cotton and on the woollen systems of spinning. No particular difficulties have boen encountered and the fibro is more lofty than when dyed in enclosed machines.The position of dyed fibre in relation to mass–dyed fibre has been discussed. It is thought that the two methods of colouring will be complementary.