bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing techniques for monitoring forest tent caterpillar populations using synthetic pheromones
Authors: Schmidt B. Christian , Roland Jens 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo effectively monitor forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), populations using sex pheromone baited traps, we field-tested pheromone dispenser (lure) type, lure age, and trap design using (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal:(Z,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal (100:1). Rubber septa lures, polyurethane lures, and two trap types [sticky-type pheromone traps (Wing Trap I) and bucket-type pheromone traps (Universal Moth trap)] were evaluated. Traps baited with polyurethane lures produced higher trap catches and lower zero-catch frequencies than did rubber septa traps. There was no detectable difference in trap catch among polyurethane lures aged 0–28 days. Wing traps reached a functional saturation point in outbreak M. disstria populations and caught fewer moths than Universal traps in nonoutbreak populations. A nonsaturating trap such as the Universal trap in conjunction with the polyurethane lure should be effective for monitoring M. disstria populations.
Response of blueberry maggot fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to imidacloprid-treated spheres and selected insecticides
Authors: Liburd O.E. , Finn E.M. , Pettit K.L. , Wise J.C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractImidacloprid-treated spheres and several classes of insecticides were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments to determine their effects on Rhagoletis mendax Curran adult behavioural activity and larval infestation in highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae). In field tests, three treatments representing an attract-and-kill system (imidacloprid-treated spheres) and two classes of insecticides, including a naturalyte spinosad (SpinTor 2 SC) and organophosphates (Imidan®/Malathion), were evaluated against an untreated control. Significantly more blueberry maggot puparia were collected from untreated (control) plots than from other treatments evaluated. There were no significant differences in larval infestation of berries collected from plots treated with imidacloprid-treated spheres, SpinTor 2 SC, and Imidan®/Malathion. Less than 1% of the berries collected from imidacloprid-treated sphere plots and SpinTor 2 SC treated plots contained blueberry maggot larvae. In toxicity and fruit-injury studies, SpinTor 2 SC as well as additional compounds from various classes were evaluated, including a botanical [azadiractin (Ecozin 3%)], a particle film [kaolin clay (SurroundTM WP)], and three neonicotinoids [imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F), thiocloprid (Calypso 480 SC), and thiamethoxam (PlatinumTM 2 SC and ActaraTM 25 WG)]. SpinTor 2 SC exhibited a time lag (18 h) in reducing R. mendax activity. Ecozin 3% and SurroundTM WP were ineffective in suppressing R. mendax adult activity, but numbers of larvae in SurroundTM WP treated fruit were significantly reduced. The effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides varied initially but resulted in equivalent levels of mortality after 48 h compared with our conventional organophosphate treatment of Guthion 50 WP. Oviposition scars on Provado 1.6 F treated plots were significantly more numerous than on plots treated with SpinTor 2 SC, Calypso 480 SC, Actara 25 WG, and Guthion 50 WP.
Larvae and pupae of species of the genusMacraspis(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini)
Authors: Morón Miguel Angel , Paucar-Cabrera Aura 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThird-instar larvae and pupae ofMacraspis aterrimaWaterhouse,Macraspis rufonitidaBurmeister, andMacraspis chrysis(Linné) from Mexico andMacraspis festivaBurmeister andMacraspis pseudochrysisLandin from Brazil are described. All larvae and pupae were found in rotten logs or stumps of numerous tree species. Illustrations of diagnostic structures, brief comments on the biology of each species, and a key to the seven larvae of the genus are included.
Morphological discrimination of six species of the genusAnuraphis(Hemiptera: Aphididae), including description of a new species
Authors: Barbagallo Sebastiano , Cocuzza Giuseppe E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe most relevant morphometric characteristics of six species of the genusAnuraphisDel Guercio were compared.Anuraphis shaposhnikovisp. nov.is described and its morphological differences from the closely related speciesAnuraphis subterraneaare presented. The new species was collected in Sicily and in the central area of the Italian peninsula onMagydaris pastinacea(Lam.) Paol. (Apiaceae) andOpopanax chironium(L.) Koch (Apiaceae), which are its secondary host plants. A key to the viviparous morphs (apterae and alatae) of the seven western Palaearctic species living on secondary hosts is provided. Discriminant functions have been derived to separate both apterae and alatae ofA. shaposhnikoviandA. subterranea.
Taxonomy of the genus Lepidocyrtus s.l. (Collembola: Entomobryidae) in East and Southeast Asia and Malaysia, with description of a new species from the People's Republic of China
Authors: Wang Fang , Chen Jian-Xiu , Christiansen Kenneth 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe examined and keyed out the subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus mostly created by Yoshii. Although many of these subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus are difficult to apply in Europe, America, and Africa, they are easily applicable in East and Southeast Asia. The species of Southeast Asia are placed in these subgenera and a key to the subgenera is provided. A new species, Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) felpei from Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, is described and the species Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) fimetarius Gisin is redescribed. Although the Lepidocyrtus fauna of the whole of East Asia differs from the Holarctic fauna, the Central and Northeast Asian fauna are similar in subgeneric make up to the North American fauna, slightly less similar to the European fauna, and totally unlike the Southeast Asian fauna.
Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Lyons D.B. , Helson B.V. , Bourchier R.S. , Jones G.C. , McFarlane J.W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEffects of neem formulations on the reproduction and survival of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum Riley were examined to assess the compatibility of the two control strategies in integrated pest management programs. A laboratory bioassay was developed for this purpose, which could be used as a model ecotoxicological system. Eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), which had been treated with an acetone solution containing an azadirachtin-based formulation, were presented to individual T. minutum females. These eggs were held until parasitoids completed development and emerged from the eggs. Survival of T. minutum females 1 day after treatment, number of Mediterranean flour moth eggs parasitized, proportion of parasitized eggs from which adults emerged, and sex ratios of emerging adult parasitoids were determined. Two formulations of neem-seed extracts containing azadirachtin and a purified azadirachtin standard were tested at an operational dose and at 10 times the operational dose. At 50 g azadirachtin/ha (operational dose), no significant effects were observed on survival of parasitoid females. At 500 g azadirachtin/ha, female survival after 1 day was significantly reduced by Azatin EC and Neem EC. No reduction was evident with the 100% azadirachtin treatment, suggesting that other components of the formulations were in part responsible for the toxicity to females. Likewise, at 500 g azadirachtin/ha, the number of eggs parasitized was greatly reduced by Azatin EC and slightly reduced by Neem EC but was not reduced by an azadirachtin standard. These reductions in egg parasitism were probably due to the observed effects on female survival. At 500 g azadirachtin/ha, parasitoid developmental success was reduced by all treatments including the azadirachtin standard. Neem EC and Azatin EC at the lower dose also had a small but significant effect on developmental success. Sex ratio of emerging adults was not affected. These results indicate that azadirachtin is compatible with T. minutum during egg parasitism at operational dosages.
New species of Xanthia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from North America
Authors: Lafontaine J. Donald , Mikkola Kauri 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe North American species previously treated as Xanthia togata (Esper) is shown to be a distinct species and described as new. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of X. togata and Xanthia tatago are provided.
New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America
Authors: Makarkin Vladimir N. , Archibald S. Bruce , Oswald John D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo Early Eocene hemerobiid species from the Okanagan Highland deposits of western North America are described:Wesmaelius mathewesisp. nov.(Quilchena, British Columbia, Canada) andCretomerobius wehrisp. nov.(Republic, Washington, United States of America.). A poorly preserved specimen, possibly Hemerobiidae (Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia, Canada) is discussed. The systematic position of the genusCretomerobiuswithin the Hemerobiidae is unclear, but it appears to belong within (or possibly as the sister group to) the poorly differentiated Drepanacrinae–Megalominae–Drepanepteryginae grade of subfamilies.Wesmaelius mathewesiis the first fossil species to be assigned, although with some uncertainty, to this otherwise speciose and widely distributed extant genus. It also represents the oldest known material of the subfamily Hemerobiinae.Meso hemerobius jeholensisPing is removed from the Hemerobiidae and treated as Neuropteraincertae sedis.
Two new feather mites (Acari: Astigmata) from the Turkey Vulture (Ciconiiformes: Cathartidae) in Canada
Authors: Mironov Sergei V. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo new feather mites are described from the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), in Canada: Ancyralges cathartinussp. nov. (Analgoidea: Analgidae) and Cathartacarus auraegen. nov., sp. nov. (Pterolichoidea: Gabuciniidae). Both species of feather mites have their closest relatives among ectoparasites of the Falconiformes. No species of feather mites related to those which have been found on Ciconiiformes are known to parasitize Cathartidae.
Verbenone interrupts attraction to host volatiles and reduces attack on Pinus tabuliformis (Pinaceae) by Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Sun Jianghua , Gillette Nancy E. , Miao Zhengwan , Kang Le , Zhang Zhongning , Owen Donald R. , Stein John D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe introduced red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically important forest pests in the People's Republic of China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is an urgent need to develop effective behavioral chemicals to monitor and control D. valens in the People's Republic of China, as well as in its native range in North America. We tested host kairomones as a 1:1:1 blend of α-pinene, β-pinene, and Δ-3-carene (releasing in the same proportions) for monitoring D. valens populations in the People's Republic of China. We also tested two release systems of verbenone for protection of Pinus tabuliformis Lawson from D. valens attack: (1) polyethylene bubblecaps (BCs) filled with 800 mg of nearly pure verbenone (releasing 18 mg/tree per day) and (2) a sprayable water suspension of microencapsulated (MEC) verbenone (releasing about 100 mg/tree per day). The host-volatile blend trapped substantial numbers of both sexes of adult beetles, up to 15 beetles per day, proving its potential for monitoring. Both of the verbenone release systems significantly reduced D. valens trap catch, and there was no difference between the BC treatment and the MEC treatment. Both release systems also reduced beetle attack on trees to the same level as unbaited controls, from a mean of 5.1 per tree to a mean of 0.7 per tree (for both release systems), suggesting that the treatments may also reduce tree mortality.
Influence of wing loading on Colorado potato beetle flight
Authors: MacQuarrie Chris J.K. , Boiteau Gilles , Quiring Dan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFlight of overwintered and summer population Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with a range of wing loadings was measured following exposure to different quality diets. Beetles fed a diet of insect-resistant foliage expressingBacillus thuringiensis tenebrioniztoxins, beetles that did not feed but consumed water, and those that were starved without access to water exhibited a lower range of wing loadings than those fed conventional foliage, but there was no corresponding increase in flight frequency. Exposing potato beetles to poor food or no food resulted in a wing-loading range of 50–140 mg/cm2compared with a range of 80–200 mg/cm2for beetles fed conventional foliage. No flight was observed when wing loadings were less than 80 mg/cm2of wing surface, presumably because of other physiological processes associated with poor nutrition and not because of wing loading per se. Overwintered and summer population beetles fed a diet of conventional potato foliage did not take off when wing loading exceeded 150 mg/cm2of supporting wing surface. Similar trade-offs between flight capacity and consumption of large meals may exist for other insects.
Dispersal of adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse crops
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Shipp Les 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study characterized the spatial distribution of adult western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), released at the centres of greenhouses stocked with either cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. (Cucurbitaceae)) or chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora(Tzelev) (Asteraceae)) plants. Experiments conducted using either adults marked with fluorescent powder or unmarked adults revealed that the density of females per plant decreased as an inverse function of the distance from the release point. Inverse regression models with steep decreases in density over small distances may commonly describe the dispersal behaviour of insects that have limited flight capacity and settle on the first plants that they encounter. Females were found on plants farther from the release point as time elapsed, dispersing throughout the greenhouse at an average rate of 0.18 to 0.29 m per day. Distinct sex ratios for adults captured on sticky cards or sampled on host plants suggested that males and females exhibit different dispersal behaviours. The spatial distribution ofF. occidentalisvaried across generations, with females exhibiting a lower level of aggregation around the release site than their nymphal progeny. The average rate of spread between consecutive generations fluctuated between 0.05 and 0.17 m per day. Considering the limited dispersal ofF. occidentalis, outbreaks may be effectively suppressed by applying insecticides or releasing natural enemies in relatively small concentric areas surrounding heavily infested plants, as well as near the edges of greenhouses.
Three new Nearctic species ofTelenomus(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) attacking Tabanidae eggs
Authors: Iranpour Mahmood , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThree new species of Tabanidae egg parasitoids are described:Telenomus hybomitraesp. nov.andTelenomus utilissp. nov., both reared from eggs ofHybomitra nitidifrons nuda(McDunnough) andHybomitra lasiophthalmaMacquart, andTelenomus chrysopsissp. nov., reared from eggs ofChrysops aestuansWulp,Chrysops excitansWalker, andChrysops mitisOsten Sacken. Specimens of these species were compared with type specimens of known New World species of scelionid parasitoids attacking tabanid eggs. Diagnostic characters and identification key to the Nearctic species are provided.
New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Makarkin Vladimir N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMicroberotha macculloughigen. nov.andsp. nov.from Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands amber of Hat Creek, British Columbia, Canada, is described. This new genus and species represents one of the smallest members of the family Berothidae and the first occurrence of the family in the New World Tertiary. The systematic position of the genusMicroberothawithin the family is rather unclear, but the structure of the male genitalia indicates a close association with the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae. Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the Hat Creek locality are briefly discussed.
Response of Dryocoetes confusus and D. autographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to enantiospecific pheromone baits
Authors: Jeans Williams N.L. , Borden J.H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn past field studies, the greatest response of western balsam bark beetles, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to traps was obtained with blends of (+)-exo-brevicomin and (+)- or (±)-endo-brevicomin, which imitate the natural male-produced aggregation pheromone. We conducted a trapping experiment comparing low-release enanti ospecific blends (9:1 (+)-exo-brevicomin:(+)-endo-brevicomin or 9:2 (+)-exo-brevicomin:(±)-endo-brevicomin released at 0.3, 0.1, or 0.03 mg per day) with the standard commercial (±)-exo-brevicomin bait released at 1.2 mg per day. Multiple-funnel traps baited with the experimental blends caught more D. confusus than the unbaited traps, but only traps with the 9:2 (+):(±) blend released at 0.3 and 0.03 mg per day caught significantly more male and female beetles than those baited with the standard bait. Thus, trap sensitivity can be improved with the addition of (±)-endo-brevicomin. The sympatric bark beetle D. autographus Ratzeburg was captured in significant numbers in traps baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin. A subsequent trapping experiment showed that D. autographus responded to (+)- or (±)-exo-brevicomin, but not to (−)-exo-brevicomin, suggesting that (+)-exo-brevicomin is the principal aggregation pheromone component in this species.
Larval morphology and development ofAphidius rhopalosiphi(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Authors: Muratori Frédéric , Le Lannic Jo , Nénon Jean-Pierre , Hance Thierry 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe aphid parasitoidAphidius rhopalosiphiis the most abundant species of Aphidiinae in cereal fields in northern Europe. Although the larval morphology of other Aphidiinae has been described, the morphology and immature development ofA. rhopalosiphiremain unknown. Our goal is to relate growth and larval developmental stages to morphological changes during parasitoid development, using light and scanning electron microscopy.Aphidius rhopalosiphidevelops through three larval stages with clear differences in the morphology of the mouthparts, tegument sculpturing, and respiratory features that can be related to the different constraints that the larvae have to face. In the first instar, adaptations to physical combat with competitors take the form of strong mandibles, active caudae, and dorsal spines that allow crawling motion. In the third instar, the larva is adapted to tear tissues with short hooked mandibles and to face aerial respiration. All instars possess sensory structures. The "three instars" hypothesis is supported here by the observation of larvae in exuviation. No differences were found between our observations and descriptions of otherAphidiusspecies, supporting the idea that species of this genus cannot be distinguished by larval morphology but only by morphometric analysis. Some new features of the genus are presented for the first and second instars.
Plant resistance to the Russian wheat aphid: effects on a nontarget aphid and the role of induction
Authors: Messina Frank J. , Bloxham Ashley J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral resistant lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) (Poaceae), have been developed to control populations of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We examined the potential effects of D. noxia resistant lines on another aphid, the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)), which commonly co-occurs with D. noxia. Because one type of resistance (mediated by the Dn1 gene) is purported to be induced rather than constitutive, we also determined the degree to which the suitability of resistant and susceptible plants is modified by previous infestation. Although resistant lines were derived from five different sources, we did not detect any differences in the population growth of R. padi on resistant and near-isogenic susceptible plants. The performance of D. noxia was reduced as expected on resistant plants but was unaffected by whether or not plants had been previously infested. In contrast, the performance of R. padi was reduced on plants that had been previously infested but was unaffected by whether plants were resistant or susceptible to D. noxia. Because neither species' performance was especially low on previously infested, resistant plants, there was no evidence that prior aphid feeding induces a higher level of resistance.
Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies
Authors: Dixon Peggy L. , Coady Juanita R. , Larson David J. , Spaner Dean 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.