bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cell-Mediated In Vivo Bone Resorption
Authors: Maitra Radhashree , Follenzi Antonia , Yaghoobian Arash , Montagna Cristina , Merlin Simone , Cannizzo Elvira S. , Hardin John A. , Cobelli Neil , Stanley E. Richard , Santambrogio Laura 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Osteoclasts are resident cells of the bone that are primarily involved in the physiological and pathological remodeling of this tissue. Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that are generated from the fusion of circulating precursors originating from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. During inflammatory bone conditions in vivo, de novo osteoclastogenesis is observed but it is currently unknown whether, besides increased osteoclast differentiation from undifferentiated precursors, other cell types can generate a multinucleated giant cell phenotype with bone resorbing activity. In this study, an animal model of calvaria-induced aseptic osteolysis was used to analyze possible bone resorption capabilities of dendritic cells (DCs). We determined by FACS analysis and confocal microscopy that injected GFP-labeled immature DCs were readily recruited to the site of osteolysis. Upon recruitment, the cathepsin K-positive DCs were observed in bone-resorbing pits. Additionally, chromosomal painting identified nuclei from female DCs, previously injected into a male recipient, among the nuclei of giant cells at sites of osteolysis. Finally, osteolysis was also observed upon recruitment of CD11c-GFP conventional DCs in Csf1r−/− mice, which exhibit a severe depletion of resident osteoclasts and tissue macrophages. Altogether, our analysis indicates that DCs may have an important role in bone resorption associated with various inflammatory diseases.
Tumor-Activated Monocytes Promote Expansion of IL-17–Producing CD8+ T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Kuang Dong-Ming , Peng Chen , Zhao Qiyi , Wu Yan , Zhu Ling-Yan , Wang Jianen , Yin Xiao-Yu , Li Lian , Zheng Limin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The proinflammatory IL-17–producing CD8+ T cells (Tc17 cells) have recently been detected in tumors, but the nature and regulation of these cells in human tumors are presently unknown. We have recently found that IL-17+ cells are accumulated in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), where they promote disease progression by fostering angiogenesis. In this study, we showed that Tc17 cells constitute a remarkable portion of IL-17–producing cells in human HCC. Although most circulating Tc17 cells were negative for IFN-γ, &gt;80% of Tc17 cells in HCC tissues were positive for IFN-γ, and they were enriched predominantly in invading tumor edge. Most CD68+ cells located in invading tumor edge exhibited an activated phenotype and, accordingly, the activated monocytes isolated from HCC tissues were significantly superior to those isolated from nontumor tissues in inducing expansion of Tc17 cells in vitro with phenotypic features similar to those isolated from tumors. Compared with IL-17−IFN-γ+CD8+ cells, these IFN-γ+Tc17 cells have significantly higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-22, and TNF-α), but reduced expression of granzyme B and perforin. Moreover, we found that tumor-activated monocytes secreted a set of key cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23) to trigger the proliferation of Tc17 cells. These data reveal an intriguing mechanism in which human Tc17 cells are generated by a fine-tuned collaborative action between different types of immune cells in distinct tumor microenvironments.
Obesity Increases the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators from Adipose Tissue T Cells and Compromises TCR Repertoire Diversity: Implications for Systemic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Yang Hyunwon , Youm Yun-Hee , Vandanmagsar Bolormaa , Ravussin Anthony , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Greenway Frank , Stephens Jacqueline M. , Mynatt Randall L. , Dixit Vishwa Deep 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that increases in activated T cell populations in adipose tissue may contribute toward obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. The present study investigates three unanswered questions: 1) Do adipose-resident T cells (ARTs) from lean and obese mice have altered cytokine production in response to TCR ligation?; 2) Do the extralymphoid ARTs possess a unique TCR repertoire compared with lymphoid-resident T cells and whether obesity alters the TCR diversity in specific adipose depots?; and 3) Does short-term elimination of T cells in epididymal fat pad without disturbing the systemic T cell homeostasis regulate inflammation and insulin-action during obesity? We found that obesity reduced the frequency of naive ART cells in s.c. fat and increased the effector-memory populations in visceral fat. The ARTs from diet-induced obese (DIO) mice had a higher frequency of IFN-γ+, granzyme B+ cells, and upon TCR ligation, the ARTs from DIO mice produced increased levels of proinflammatory mediators. Importantly, compared with splenic T cells, ARTs exhibited markedly restricted TCR diversity, which was further compromised by obesity. Acute depletion of T cells from epididymal fat pads improved insulin action in young DIO mice but did not reverse obesity-associated feed forward cascade of chronic systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in middle-aged DIO mice. Collectively, these data establish that ARTs have a restricted TCR-Vβ repertoire, and T cells contribute toward the complex proinflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue in obesity. Development of future long-term T cell depletion protocols specific to visceral fat may represent an additional strategy to manage obesity-associated comorbidities.
A Genome-Wide Profiling of the Humoral Immune Response to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Reveals Vaccine Candidate Antigens Expressed in Humans
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhang Yingqian , Lu Chunxue , Lei Lei , Yu Ping , Zhong Guangming 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A whole genome scale proteome array consisting of 908 open reading frames encoded in Chlamydia trachomatis genome and plasmid was used to profile anti-chlamydial Ab responses. A total of 719 chlamydial proteins was recognized by one or more antisera from 99 women urogenitally infected with C. trachomatis. Revealing such a large C. trachomatis ANTIGENome in humans might partially be attributed to the significantly improved detection sensitivity of the whole genome scale proteome array assay because both linear and conformation-dependent Abs were detected by the array assay. Twenty-seven of the 719 Ags were recognized by ≥50% antisera, thus designated as immunodominant Ags. Comparison of Ag profiles recognized by live chlamydial organism-infected versus dead organism-immunized hosts led to the identification of infection-dependent or in vivo expressed Ags. The infection-dependent Ags induced Abs only in live organism-infected, but not in dead organism-immunized hosts. Many of these Ags were highly expressed during replication, but only minimally packaged into the infectious elementary bodies. Because inactivated whole chlamydial organism-based vaccines failed to induce protection in humans, identification of the infection-dependent or in vivo expressed immunodominant Ags in humans should greatly facilitate the selection of promising chlamydial subunit vaccine candidates for further evaluation. This approach may also be applicable to other pathogens.
Phosphorylation of Leukocyte PECAM and Its Association with Detergent-Resistant Membranes Regulate Transendothelial Migration
Authors: Florey Oliver , Durgan Joanne , Muller William 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Leukocyte migration across the endothelial lining is a critical step in the body’s response to infection and inflammation. The homophilic interaction between endothelial PECAM and leukocyte PECAM is essential for this process. The molecular events that are triggered in the endothelial cell by PECAM engagement have been well characterized; however, the function of leukocyte PECAM remains to be elucidated. To study this, we first blocked leukocyte transmigration using anti-PECAM Ab and then specifically activated leukocyte PECAM. This was sufficient to overcome the block and promote transmigration, suggesting an active signaling role for leukocyte PECAM. Consistent with this, we found that ligation of leukocyte PECAM induces phosphorylation of two tyrosine residues on its cytoplasmic tail. By performing RNA interference-rescue experiments, we demonstrate that these phosphorylation events are indispensable for transendothelial migration. Finally, we show that leukocyte PECAM translocates to a detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) during transmigration. PECAM localized in DRMs displays reduced phosphorylation and does not support transmigration. Together, these data support a model whereby engagement of leukocyte PECAM induces its transient tyrosine phosphorylation and induction of downstream signals that drive transmigration. These signals are then downregulated following PECAM translocation to DRMs.
Electroencephalography (EEG) and Event‐Related Potentials (ERPs) with Human Participants
Authors: Light Gregory A. , Williams Lisa E. , Minow Falk , Sprock Joyce , Rissling Anthony , Sharp Richard , Swerdlow Neal R. , Braff David L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the basic neural processes that underlie complex higher‐order cognitive operations and functional domains is a fundamental goal of cognitive neuroscience. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non‐invasive and relatively inexpensive method for assessing neurophysiological function that can be used to achieve this goal. EEG measures the electrical activity of large, synchronously firing populations of neurons in the brain with electrodes placed on the scalp. This unit outlines the basics of setting up an EEG experiment with human participants, including equipment, and a step‐by‐step guide to applying and preparing an electrode cap. Also included are support protocols for two event‐related potential (ERP) paradigms, P50 suppression, and mismatch negativity (MMN), which are measures of early sensory processing. These paradigms can be used to assess the integrity of early sensory processing in normal individuals and clinical populations, such as individuals with schizophrenia. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 52:6.25.1‐6.25.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analyzing Binding Data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey J. , Neubig Richard R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMeasuring the rate and extent of radioligand binding provides information on the number of binding sites, and their affinity and accessibility of these binding sites for various drugs. This unit explains how to design and analyze such experiments.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 52:7.5.1‐7.5.65. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Mitochondria from the CNS
Authors: Kristian Tibor 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis unit contains a protocol describing the isolation of brain mitochondria by using discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. The Percoll density gradient centrifugation separates synaptosomes, myelin, and free nonsynaptic mitochondria released from cells during tissue homogenization into individual fractions. Mitochondria entrapped in synaptosomes (synaptic mitochondria) can be liberated using nitrogen cavitation and then further purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation. These methods yield mitochondria that exhibit good respiratory coupling and high respiratory rates. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 52:7.22.1‐7.22.12. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approaches to Spectral Imaging Hardware
Authors: Lerner Jeremy M. , Gat Nahum , Wachman Elliot 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInstruments used for spectral, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging in the biosciences have evolved significantly over the last 15 years. However, very few are calibrated and have had their performance validated. Now that spectral imaging systems are appearing in clinics and pathology laboratories, there is a growing need for calibration and validation according to universal standards. In addition, some systems produce spectral artifacts that, at the very least, challenge data integrity if left unrecognized. This unit includes a comparison of the band‐pass and light‐transmission characteristics of electronic tunable filters, interferometers, and wavelength‐dispersive spectral imaging instruments, as well as a description of how they work. Methods are described to test wavelength accuracy and perform radiometric calibration. A real‐life example of spectral artifacts is dissected in detail in order to show how to detect, diagnose, verify, and work around their presence when they cannot be eliminated. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 53:12.20.1‐12.20.40. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrically Addressable Hybrid Architectures of Zinc Oxide Nanowires Grown on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ok Jong G. , Tawfick Sameh H. , Juggernauth K. Anne , Sun Kai , Zhang Yongyi , Hart A. John 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe fabrication and characterization of hybrid architectures of ZnO nanowires (ZNWs) grown on organized carbon nanotubes (CNTs), by a two‐step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process involving CNT growth from a hydrocarbon source followed by ZNW growth using a Zn metal source, is reported. The ZNWs grow uniformly and radially from individual CNTs and CNT bundles, and the aligned morphology of the CNTs is not disturbed by the ZNW growth process. The nucleation and growth of ZnO crystals on CNTs are analyzed in relation to the classical vapor–solid mechanism. Importantly, the CNTs make uniform and distributed electrical contact to the ZNWs, with up to a 1000‐fold yield advantage over conventional ZNW growth on a flat substrate. Hybrid ZNW/CNT sheets are fabricated by scalable CVD, rolling, and printing methods; and their electrical properties, which are governed by transport through the anisotropic CNT network, are characterized. Functional interaction between the ZNWs and CNTs is demonstrated by photoconductive behavior and photocurrent generation of the hybrid material under UV illumination. There is significant future opportunity to extend these processing methods to fabricate other functional oxides on CNTs, and to build devices that harness the attractive properties of ZNWs and CNTs with high volumetric efficiency over large areas.
Large‐Area Nanoscale Patterning of Functional Materials by Nanomolding in Capillaries
Authors: Duan Xuexin , Zhao Yiping , Berenschot Erwin , Tas Niels R. , Reinhoudt David N. , Huskens Jurriaan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWithin the past years there has been much effort in developing and improving new techniques for the nanoscale patterning of functional materials used in promising applications like nano(opto)electronics. Here a high‐resolution soft lithography technique—nanomolding in capillaries (NAMIC)—is demonstrated. Composite PDMS stamps with sub‐100 nm features are fabricated by nanoimprint lithography to yield nanomolds for NAMIC. NAMIC is used to pattern different functional materials such as fluorescent dyes, proteins, nanoparticles, thermoplastic polymers, and conductive polymers at the nanometer scale over large areas. These results show that NAMIC is a simple, versatile, low‐cost, and high‐throughput nanopatterning tool.
Product and process innovation in the Italian food industry
Authors: Capitanio Fabian , Coppola Adele , Pascucci Stefano 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe driving factors of innovation in the Italian food sector could be identified either in internal and in external dynamics. On one hand, the responses to the competition with new actors coming from emerging countries and the reaction to high‐tech products demand evolution. On the other hand, endogenous dynamics appear to become more important for the strategic behaviour of the firms: a higher qualification of the human capital, a more clear orientation for high quality products, organization changes, and relation capacity development. Starting from these considerations, this paper developed an econometric analysis using information from one of the most important national dataset for innovation analysis. The results pointed out that a determinant to successfully develop and introduce product innovation is the capacity to built relationships on the product markets (i.e., with the modern distribution), while the territorial context determines a higher/lower relevance of each of the driving factors of innovation. [EconLit citations: L100; L200; L660]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Growth of Micromycetes in Activated Sludge Media
Authors: Häuslerová J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractToday already numerous micromycetes are a recognized part of the biocenosis of growth in receiving waters strongly polluted by organically rich waste waters and of growth on biofilter media surfaces. The principal representatives are some Deuteromycetes, Mucorales and Saccharomycetaceae, whereas the so‐called true aquatic fungi (Oomycetes) with the exception of Leptomitus lacteus are practically absent. The growth of micromycetes in activated sludge remains still an unanswered question. Generally, the filaments in the activated sludge are ascribed to filamentous bacteria and as long as fungi were isolated from activated sludge their presence has been reported only in the form of spores.The nitrogen deficiency with regard to carbon present in the waste water is considered as one of the factors enhancing the development of fungi in the activated sludge. In a series of 13 tests carried out on laboratory‐scale batch models using synthetic waste water, where the carbon source was glucose and the nitrogen source was (a) sodium nitrate, (b) ammonium sulphate, and (c) peptone, the fungal growth was studied in different models with the BOD:N ratio varying from 20 to 1000. The models were seeded with thickened activated sludge from the municipal sewage works. The sludge did not contain any microscopically detectable forms of fungoid growth. It was found that the fungi in activated‐sludge medium grow well and both in the forms of single cells, occuring independently and in chains, as well as in the form of long branched filaments. In some instances, the micromycetes formed up to 80 to 100 per cent of the biocenosis of the activated‐sludge flocs, but the dependency of their development on the increasing BOD:N ratios in the waste water has not been ascertained.Fifteen species of micromycetes were isolated and identified, and in addition several representatives of Saccharomycetaceae, which were not identified.
Zur akuten Toxizität von Herbiziden gegenüber ausgewählten Wasserorganismen Teil 2: Triazinherbizide und Amitrol
Authors: Tscheu‐Schlüter M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEine Weiterentwicklung der wassertoxikologischen Auswertemethodik im Vergleich zu Teil I (TSCHEU‐SCHLÜTER 1974) erfolgte vor allem über die beiden Rechenprogramme ALTEST und PROBIT. Als Testorganismen für sechs Triazine und Amitrol dienten die planktische Grünalge Ankistrodesmus falcatus (CORDA) RALFS und der Guppy (Poecilia reticulata PETERS). Die gelösten Anteile der Triazine wurden mit dem Universal‐Spektrophotometer VSU 1 von Carl Zeiss Jena bestimmt.Die geprüften Triazine wirken als starke Photosynthesegifte und Amitrol als allgemeines Stoffwechselgift mit Schwellenkonzentrationen (SC) kleiner als 1 mg/1 auf die Testalge hoch giftig. Beziehungen zwischen Algentoxizität und chemischer Struktur werden für die Triazine aufgezeigt. Für Poecilia sind die Triazine mit SC <10 mg/1 stark giftig.An Hand der Ergebnisse mit Amitrol und dem Handelsprodukt Azaplant werden mögliche große Toxizitätsunterschiede zwischen Wirkstoff und formuliertem Handelsprodukt nachgewiesen (Abb. 4).Tabelle 7 enthält Empfehlungen höchstzulässiger Konzentrationen für Vorfluter der Güteklasse 2 (β‐mesosaprob) für sechs Triazine, Amitrol und Azaplant.Abschließend wird ein Vergleich der Toxizität der Testsubstanzen für Wasserorganismen und Warmblüter gezogen.
Characterization of a dual specificity aryl acid adenylation enzyme with dual function in nikkomycin biosynthesis
Authors: Moon Mary , Van Lanen Steven G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNikkomycin Z is a dipeptide antifungal antibiotic characterized by two nonproteinogenic amino acids, nikkomycin CZ and 4‐(4′‐hydroxy‐2′‐pyridinyl)‐homothreonine (HPHT). The HPHT scaffold is assembled by an aldol reaction between 2‐oxobutyrate and picolinaldehyde, the latter of which is derived from picolinic acid that is activated and loaded to coenzyme A by the aryl‐activating adenylation enzyme, NikE. We now provide evidence that NikE is also involved in the activation and loading of the α‐keto acid precursor, 4‐(2′‐pyridinyl)‐2‐oxo‐4‐hydroxyisovalerate (POHIV), to a phosphopantetheinyl group of an acyl carrier protein domain of NikT. POHIV was synthesized using Escherichia coli 2‐dehydro‐3‐deoxy‐phosphogluconate aldolase, and phenylalanine dehydrogenase from Bacillus sp. NRRL B‐14911 was used to prepare the α‐amino acid, 4‐(2′‐pyridinyl)‐homothreonine (PHT). Using the carboxylic acid‐dependent, ATP‐[32P]PPi exchange assay, NikE is shown to activate both picolinic acid and POHIV but not PHT. Furthermore, NikE loads POHIV to holo‐NikT to generate a new thioester‐linked intermediate, which was not observed using a NikT(S33A) mutant. Thus, NikE activates two distinct carboxylic acids to form two new thioester intermediates, one of which is subsequently reduced to the aldehyde and the other that likely serves as a substrate for the aminotransferase domain of NikT prior to condensation with nikkomycin CZ to yield the dipeptide. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 791–801, 2010.
The serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingomonas wittichii RW1: An interesting link to an unusual acyl carrier protein
Authors: Raman Marine C. C. , Johnson Kenneth A. , Clarke David J. , Naismith James H. , Campopiano Dominic J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSerine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyses the first step in the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids (SLs). It uses a decarboxylative Claisen‐like condensation reaction to couple L‐serine with palmitoyl‐CoA to generate a long‐chain base product, 3‐ketodihydrosphingosine. SLs are produced by mammals, plants, yeast, and some bacteria, and we have exploited the complete genome sequence of Sphingomonas wittichii to begin a complete analysis of bacterial sphingolipid biosynthesis. Here, we describe the enzymatic characterization of the SPT from this organism and present its high‐resolution x‐ray structure. Moreover, we identified an open reading frame with high sequence homology to acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) that are common to fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. This small protein was co‐expressed with the SPT and we isolated and characterised the apo‐ and holo‐forms of the ACP. Our studies suggest a link between fatty acid and sphingolipid metabolism. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 811–822, 2010.