bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should people who have joint symptoms, but no diagnosis of arthritis from a doctor, be included in surveillance efforts?
Authors: Bolen Julie , Helmick Charles G. , Sacks Jeffrey J. , Gizlice Ziya , Potter Catima 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn 2005, 27% of adults reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, and 14% reported chronic joint symptoms but no doctor‐diagnosed arthritis (i.e., possible arthritis). We evaluate the value of including persons classified as having possible arthritis in surveillance of arthritis.MethodsIn 2005, Kansas, Oklahoma, North Carolina, and Utah added extra questions to their Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) telephone survey targeted to a subsample of those classified as having possible arthritis.ResultsPersons classified as having possible arthritis (n = 2,884) were younger, more often male, and had less activity limitation than persons with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis. Of those classified as having possible arthritis, half had seen a doctor for their symptoms, 12.5% reported arthritis, and 61.9% gave other causes. Of the half who had not seen a doctor, most reported mild symptoms (64.8%).ConclusionOnly 6.3% of those classified as having possible arthritis had what we considered to be arthritis. Most who did not see a doctor reported mild symptoms and, therefore, would be unlikely to be amenable to medical and public health interventions for arthritis. Although including possible arthritis would slightly improve the sensitivity of detecting arthritis in the population, it would increase false‐positives that would interfere with targeting state intervention efforts and burden estimates. The ability to add back questions to the BRFSS survey allows for the reintroduction of possible arthritis in case national surveillance indicates it necessary or if studies document an increased rate at which possible arthritis turns into arthritis. Currently, possible arthritis does not need to be included in state arthritis surveillance efforts, and limited question space on surveys is better spent on other arthritis issues.
Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China
Authors: Li Dayong , Ren Baoping , Grueter Cyril C. , Li Baoguo , Li Ming 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWeather, predation, and social organization are hypothesized to influence sleeping habits of nonhuman primates at night. To investigate how the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) prepares for and behaves during cold nights in their harsh alpine forest habitat (above 3,000 m), we studied the sleeping habits of the 171 one‐male units (OMU) in one group for 12 months at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. It took 20.2 min from the time the study group entered a sleeping site until they fell asleep. This duration was consistent over seasons. On average, sleeping time was 11.5 hr per night over the year. Seasonal mean lengths of sleeping time varied significantly, however, and ranged from 10 to 13 hr per night, correlating with night length. Two sleeping styles were distinguishable: solitary sleeping and huddled sleeping. That adult males in OMUs principally slept alone. This is likely to reflect night‐time guarding behavior. Female–juvenile and female–infant dyadic huddles were the most prevalent sleeping unit (42% of all observed data), and the monkeys employed female‐biased huddling during nocturnal sleep. Huddled sleeping group size showed significant seasonal variation, with the largest huddle (eight individuals) occurring in winter. Climate and social organization profoundly influence the nocturnal sleeping habits of R. bieti, while huddling behavior may help shield animals from cold nights and provide additional protection against predators. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1092–1099, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting
Authors: Gunst Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe processes of Carbon Reporting and Emissions Trading in countries including the United States and Australia have developed from appearing unlikely in 2007 to the implementation of mandatory data reporting commencing in July 2008 in Australia and January 2010 in the United States. The onus is on emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. The data reported will have financial importance if and when Australia and the United States join Europe in placing a price on Carbon. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a Carbon tax or Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). However, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions which the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Greenhouse emission reporting regulations and guidelines in Australia, where the first mandatory reports have been lodged by the 680 largest emitters, are outlined. Industrial examples are used to illustrate the challenges of understanding greenhouse gas emissions and their estimation, and how Chemical Engineering methodologies are useful in overcoming these challenges. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of aminated polypropylene films as an adhesion promoter to polycarbonate film
Authors: Vazquez‐Rodriguez Sofia , Sánchez‐Valdes Saul , Rodríguez‐GonzáLez Francisco , Castillón‐Barraza Felipe F. , Gonzalez‐Gonzalez Virgilio A. , González‐Cantú María C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe surface composition of aminated polypropylene films (PP‐g‐NH2) and their adhesion to polycarbonate (PC) film were evaluated. The detection of amine groups on PP‐g‐NH2 surfaces was obtained by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle measurements showed a decreased in the polarity on PP‐g‐NH2 surface The adhesion between laminated films of PP‐g‐NH2 and PC was evaluated by T‐peel test and optical microscopy. PC deposited on the PP‐g‐NH2 surfaces was confirmed by FTIR‐ATR and SEM analysis of delaminated films, which is an indicative of an interaction between reactive sites of each polymer. The adhesion performance between PC and PP was improved by using amine modified polypropylene (PP‐g‐NH2). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and characterization of porous poly(vinyl ester) resin monoliths as separation media
Authors: Yang Jing , Yang Gengliang , Liu Haiyan , Bai Ligai , Zhang Qiaoxia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPorous poly(vinyl ester) resin monolithic supports were first prepared by radical polymerization of the continuous phase of oil in water high‐internal‐phase emulsions. Vinyl ester (VE) resin was used as the monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was used as a crosslinker, and poloxamer 127 was used as the emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization. The prepared columns were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to observe the morphological characteristics and confirm the absorbance based on the VE resin polymer. The obtained monolith showed not only higher column permeability but also lower back pressure and higher column efficiency. To investigate the absorption performance of the monolithic column, a maximum loading capacity experiment was also applied with lysozyme (Lys), and the results show that the maximum adsorption of the poly(vinyl ester) resin monolith was 1.579 mg/g. Moreover, the capabilities of separation on this column in conjunction with high‐performance liquid chromatography were investigated. Immunoglobulin could be separated from human plasma and chicken egg yolk with high resolution within 4 min. Additionally, fast separation of two mode proteins (interleukin‐18 and Lys) was achieved on the monolith within 2 min at the rate of 1445 cm/h, which demonstrated the potential of the poly(vinyl ester) resin monolith for the fast separation of proteins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Coupled‐single‐particle and Monte Carlo model for propylene polymerization
Authors: Wang Wei , Zheng Zu‐Wei , Luo Zheng‐Hong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA coupled‐single‐particle and Monte Carlo model was used to simulate propylene polymerization. To describe the effects of intraparticle transfer resistance on the polymerization kinetics, the polymeric multilayer model (PMLM) was applied. The reaction in each layer of the PMLM was described with the Monte Carlo method. The PMLM was solved together with the Monte Carlo model. Therefore, the model included the factors of the mass‐ and heat‐transfer resistance as well as the stochastic collision nature of the polymerization catalyzed with single‐site‐type/multiple‐site‐type catalysts. The model presented results such as the polymerization dynamics, the physical diffusion effect, and the polymer molecular weight and its distribution. The simulation data were compared with the experimental/actual data and the simulation results from the uniform Monte Carlo model. The results showed that the model was more accurate and offered deeper insight into propylene polymerization within such a microscopic reaction–diffusion system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Adsorption capacity, kinetics, and mechanism of copper(II) uptake on gelatin‐based hydrogels
Authors: Kumari Manju , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGelatin‐based hydrogels were synthesized and characterized for use as Cu2+‐ion sorbents. Gelatin was crosslinked in the presence of two different monomers, that is, acrylamide (AAm) and/or 2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate, with N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide, ammonium persulfate, and sodium bicarbonate. The as‐prepared hydrogels were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and the study of their swelling behavior as a function of temperature, time, and pH to evaluate their structure–property relationships. The hydrogels were observed to be good sorbents of Cu2+, and a maximum uptake of 84.8% was observed within 2 h at 37°C and with 10 ppm of the Cu2+‐ion solution for the gelatin and polyacrylamide hydrogel, which also exhibited the maximum retention capacity at 14.9 mg/g after four feeds. All of the experimental data exhibited good matches with the Langmuir isotherm and followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of cocatalysts on ethylene polymerization with fluorinated bisphenoxyimine titanium as a catalyst
Authors: Li Ting , Kong Fan Wang , Liu Ran , Li Zhi Yun , Zhu Fang Ming 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, we examined various alkylaluminums, including triethylaluminum (TEA), triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), and diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC), as cocatalysts for the activation of ethylene polymerizations in the presence of a fluorinated Fujita group invented titanium (FI‐Ti) catalyst, bis[N‐(3‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluoroanilinato] titanium(IV) dichloride (complex 1). DEAC, because of the strong Lewis acidity, was an efficient cocatalyst for activating complex 1 for the ethylene polymerizations, whereas TEA and TIBA as cocatalysts could hardly polymerize ethylene. The effects of the polymerization temperature and Al/Ti molar ratio on the formation of active species, properties, and molecular weight of the resulting polyethylene were investigated. In the complex 1/DEAC catalyst system, the oxidation states of Ti active species were determined by electron paramagnetic resonance. The results demonstrated that Ti(IV) active species were inclined to polymerize ethylene and yielded high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene. Comparatively, Ti(III) active species resulted from the reduction of Ti(IV) by DEAC and afforded oligomers. Moreover, the bigger steric bulk for the cocatalysts was necessary to achieve ethylene living polymerization with the fluorinated FI‐Ti catalyst. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphological study of two‐phase polymer blends during compounding in a novel compounder on the basis of elongational flows
Authors: Bouquey Michel , Loux Cyril , Muller René , Bouchet Gilles 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new laboratory‐scale mixing device based on an original concept was built and tested. This device has important technical features such as tightness to liquids and gases, the possibility of direct specimen molding after mixing, and easy handling of reactive systems. In comparison with existing laboratory mixers, the flow in this mixer is characterized by a high contribution from elongational flow. Morphological data on model polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend systems have proved the high distributive and dispersive mixing efficiency in comparison with a classical rotational batch mixer. The influence of different experimental parameters such as the flow rate, mixing time, mixing element geometry, and viscosity ratio of blends is characterized and discussed. Much finer dispersions have been obtained with this new device versus those obtained with a conventional mixer with equivalent specific energy input. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of oxadiazole‐based polymers containing a carbazole–vinylene or fluorene–vinylene group and their hole‐injection/transport behavior in light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Hui , Ryu Jeong‐Tak , Kwon Younghwan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of conjugated (poly{N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐carbazole–vinylene‐alt‐[(2,5‐bisphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole]}) and nonconjugated (poly{N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐carbazole–vinylene‐alt‐[(2,5‐bisphenol)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole]}) and poly{9,9‐dihexyl‐2,7‐fluorene–vinylene‐alt‐[(2,5‐bisphenol)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole]}) polymers containing oxadiazole and carbazole or fluorene moieties in the polymer backbone were synthesized with a multiple‐step procedure. The properties of the polymers, including the photophysical and electrochemical characteristics, could be fine‐tuned by adjustment of the components or structures in the polymer chains. The polymers were used to examine the hole‐injection/transport behavior as hole‐injection/hole‐transport layers in double‐layer indium tin oxide (ITO)/polymer/aluminum tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline)/LiF/Al devices by the determination of their energy levels. The effects of the polymers in these devices on the charge‐transport behavior were compared with a control device fabricated with poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Devices containing the synthesized polymers showed comparable adhesion to the ITO anode and good hole‐injection/transport performance. In addition, they exhibited higher electroluminescence over an identical range of current densities than the control device. This was attributed to the prevention of radiative exciton quenching caused by the PEDOT–PSS interfaces and the improvement of electron/exciton blocking due to the higher electron affinity of the synthesized polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nitrile rubber/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites produced by solution and melt compounding: Effect of the polarity of the quaternary ammonium intercalants
Authors: Soares Bluma G. , de Oliveira Marlucy , Zaioncz Soraia , Gomes Ana C. O. , Silva Adriana A. , Santos Kelly S. , Mauler Raquel S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparative study of the development of nitrile rubber (NBR) based nanocomposites was performed; two organomontmorillonites (Cloisite 15A and Cloisite 30B) and two procedures for clay dispersion (melt blending and solution intercalation) were used. The nanocomposites were cured with a system based on dicumyl peroxide in the presence of m‐phenylenebismaleimide as a coagent for curing. The dispersion of the organoclay inside the NBR matrix was investigated with transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. All the cured systems displayed a combination of intercalated, partially exfoliated clay platelets and confined, deintercalated clay; the degree of dispersion depended on the amount of clay, the type of intercalant, and the intercalation procedure. The highest amount of intercalated/exfoliated clay was obtained with a previous dispersion of the clay (Cloisite 30B) in an NBR solution. All the nanocomposites presented outstanding tensile strength and creep response, and this indicated a reinforcing effect of the layered silicates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of microwave‐assisted polymer‐grafted softwood kraft pulp fibers. Enhanced water absorbency
Authors: Goetz Lee A. , Sladky Jessica R. , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA wood pulp cellulose‐based hydrogel material was prepared with poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic acid) (PMVEMA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and softwood ECF kraft pulp via microwave and thermal esterification and compared via hydrogel absorption and retention of water and 0.10M NaCl. The microwave initiated reaction time was optimized to 105 s at 1600 W based on maximum water absorption of 96 g/g of the 49% PMVEMA pulp hydrogels. The influence of reaction variables such as pulp fiber size and the weight ratios of PMVEMA to pulp were investigated. The maximum water absorbency of the milled pulp fibers microwave initiated products was 151 g/g, whereas the maximum water absorbency of the milled pulp fibers thermally initiated hydrogels was 198 g/g. In addition, the microwave initiated hydrogels retained a maximum of 67% of absorbed water after centrifugation at 770 rpm for 10 min, whereas the thermally initiated hydrogels retained a maximum of 49% of water absorbed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the esterification of the PMVEMA with the pulp cellulose. Microwave initiated crosslinking successfully produced a pulp hydrogel with a shorter reaction time and comparable or improved water absorption and retention properties when compared with the traditional thermally crosslinked pulp hydrogel system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Study of third‐order optical nonlinearities of substituted hydrazones in PMMA
Authors: Vijayakumar S. , Adhikari Adithya , Kalluraya Balakrishna , Sharafudeen K. N. , Chandrasekharan K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe investigated the third‐order nonlinear optical properties of donor–acceptor substituted hydrazones doped into PMMA matrix using single beam Z‐scan technique at 532 nm. The magnitude of third‐order susceptibility, χ(3) is of the order of 10−13esu. The nonlinear refractive index, n2 and the molecular second order hyperpolarisability, γh are of the order of 10−11esu and 10−32esu, respectively. The compounds exhibit larger third‐order NLO properties in PMMA host when compared to the pure compounds. The study reveals that these hydrazones are a good candidate of nonlinear optical materials for photonic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether amide ether ketone)/poly(ether ketone ketone) copolymers
Authors: Huang Bin , Zhu Meihua , Cai Mingzhong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new monomer, N,N′‐bis(4‐phenoxybenzoyl)‐m‐phenylenediamine (BPPD), was prepared by condensation of m‐phenylenediamine with 4‐phenoxybenzoyl chloride in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). A series of novel poly(ether amide ether ketone) (PEAEK)/poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) copolymers were synthesized by the electrophilic Friedel‐Crafts solution copolycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) with a mixture of diphenyl ether (DPE) and BPPD, over a wide range of DPE/BPPD molar ratios, in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 and N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) in 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE). The influence of reaction conditions on the preparation of copolymers was examined. The copolymers obtained were characterized by different physicochemical techniques. The copolymers with 10–25 mol % BPPD were semicrystalline and had remarkably increased Tgs over commercially available PEEK and PEKK due to the incorporation of amide linkages in the main chains. The copolymers III and IV with 20–25 mol % BPPD had not only high Tgs of 184–188°C, but also moderate Tms of 323–344°C, having good potential for the melt processing. The copolymers III and IV had tensile strengths of 103.7–105.3 MPa, Young's moduli of 3.04–3.11 GPa, and elongations at break of 8–9% and exhibited outstanding thermal stability and good resistance to organic solvents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
X‐ray scattering experiments on sputtered titanium dioxide coatings onto PVDF polymers for self‐cleaning applications
Authors: Marques S. M. , Tavares C. J. , Lanceros‐Méndez S. , Denchev Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe performance of active polymer substrates used in sensor and actuator or tactile display applications can be hindered by the inevitable soiling of their surface. A possible approach to overcome this problem is to deposit a self‐cleaning coating onto the polymer surface, taking care that the layer underneath withholds its intrinsic properties. In this work, titanium dioxide, TiO2, was naturally chosen for coating material due to its inherent photocatalytic properties. Thus, TiO2 thin films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on poly(vinilydene fluoride) ‐ (PVDF) substrates, in its α‐ (nonelectroactive) and β‐ (electroactive) phases. Wide angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS) experiments in a synchrotron were performed to monitor the crystalline structure of the polymer substrates upon thin film deposition and also to assess the crystalline structure of the TiO2 coating at different temperatures. In the WAXS patterns of the coated α‐PVDF, the TiO2 polymorph anatase phase can be distinguished. At the same time, no explicit diffraction peaks for anatase were detected in the coated β‐PVDF. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced that the chemical structure of PVDF is unaffected by the coating deposition process. These structural results have been correlated with the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 coatings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Water assisted exfoliation of PA6/clay nanocomposites using a twin screw extruder: Effect of water contact time
Authors: Molajavadi Vadoud , Garmabi Hamid 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyamide 6/Na+ montmorillonite (Na+ MMT) nanocomposites (NCs) were produced in a corotating twin screw extruder. Water was injected into the extruder as an intercalating/exfoliating agent. The wide angle X‐ray diffraction and linear dynamic measurements were used to investigate the structure of the prepared samples. The results showed that the contact time between water and melt PA6/Na+MMT in the extruder is an important factor to achieve a high level of exfoliation. The ratio of water‐injection rate to clay feeding rate did not reveal a major effect on the exfoliation of pristine MMT. The results also demonstrated that the order of injection of water during the mixing process did not have a distinguishable effect on the level of exfoliation. This processing method was found to be controlled by a diffusion mechanism caused by the presence of water molecules during the process. Improvement of tensile properties is in a great agreement with the rheological and morphological findings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011