bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Twentieth‐Century Racial Discrimination Cases in State Supreme Courts
Authors: ROMERO FRANCINE S. 
Published: November 2009

An aspect of civil rights litigation receiving scant scholarly attention is the response of state supreme courts to racial discrimination claims in the early twentieth century. While scholarship on general social context suggests claims would find more support in non‐southern courts and in the later years of the period, this has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, while the literature on the U.S. Supreme Court establishes variance patterns by discrimination type, they cannot necessarily be extrapolated to state outcomes. I show that since the predictive utility of frameworks “borrowed” from other studies is dubious in this context, these state cases demand their own unique investigation and understanding. The assessment of two key clusters of cases offered here suggests distinct patterns in southern jury discrimination and northern public accommodations decisions. In the former, claims were routinely denied, with U.S. Supreme Court precedent occasionally used to overturn a conviction. In the latter, plaintiffs relying on state civil rights statutes were mostly successful.Un aspecto del litigio por los derechos civiles que recibe escasa atención académica es la respuesta de la Suprema Corte estatal a los reclamos por discriminación racial a principios del siglo XX. Aunque los estudios del contexto social general sugieren que los reclamos encontrarían mayor apoyo en cortes no‐sureñas, en los años posteriores a dicho periodo, esto no ha sido sistemáticamente investigado. Además, aunque la literatura sobre la Suprema Corte de Justicia establece diferentes patrones por tipo de discriminación, estos no pueden ser necesariamente extrapolados al nivel de resultados estatales. Demuestro que dado que la utilidad predictiva de esquemas “prestados” de otros estudios es discutible en este contexto, estos casos estatales requieren su propia investigación e interpretación. La evaluación de dos grupos claves de casos propuestos aquí sugiere patrones distintivos en la discriminación de los jurados sureños y las decisiones de “public accommodations” norteñas. En el primero, los reclamos fueron rutinariamente rechazados, ocasionalmente invocando precedente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia para darle vuelta a la condena. En el segundo grupo, los demandantes que descansaron su caso en los estatutos estatales sobre los derechos civiles en su mayoría tuvieron éxito.
Eleventh Amendment Immunity in Contemporary Practice: Revisiting the Legal Liability of Local Government in the United States
Authors: FRENCH P. EDWARD 
Published: November 2009

Sovereign immunity is deeply rooted in the American system of government, and its role in balancing individual rights with democratic rule is crucial in litigation still today. This research highlights the fundamental principle of sovereignty and reviews relevant cases as it examines the legal liability of local governments in the twenty‐first century. While the U.S. Supreme Court continues to reject immunity below the state level, the lower courts have extended Eleventh Amendment immunity to local government entities in some cases. The author posits that the modernization and delegation of powers to cities, counties, and other local political subdivisions warrant a more contemporary and explicit interpretation of sovereignty by the U.S. judicial system.La inmunidad soberana estatal está profundamente arraigada en el sistema americano de gobierno, y su papel en ajustar el gobierno democrático a los derechos individuales es crucial en la litigación aún hoy. Esta investigación destaca el principio fundamental de la soberanía y revisa casos relevantes mientras examina la responsabilidad legal de los gobiernos locales en el siglo XXI. Mientras la Suprema Corte de Justicia continúa rechazando la inmunidad del nivel estatal para abajo, en algunos casos las cortes estatales han ampliado la inmunidad de la Onceava Enmienda a las entidades de los gobiernos locales. El autor propone que la modernización y la delegación de poderes a las ciudades, condados, y otras subdivisiones políticas locales garantizan una interpretación más contemporánea y explicita de la soberanía del sistema judicial de los Estados Unidos.
Government and Individual Liberty: The Rehnquist Court's Stop and Frisk Decisions
Authors: PUFONG MARC G. , KLUBALL CHARLES 
Published: November 2009

Relying on the 1968 “Stop and Frisk” policy, the Rehnquist Court (1986‐2005) expanded the powers of national and state law enforcement authorities at the expense of individual liberties. This article views Stop and Frisk as a policy arena that generates consistent contests that can reveal how the Supreme Court advances or restrains individual rights. Combining the Attitudinal and Packer models, we determine whether the justices exhibit consistent ideological patterns and assess whether their interagreements reinforce Stop and Frisk or support individual liberties. The finding of one moderate voting bloc suggests attitude cohesion and stability in decisional output in this policy arena. The implication perhaps is that the absence of a rival “liberal bloc” signals an acceptance of Packer's “crime control” mindset on justice administration over the rival “due process” model. Since the “crime” model remains highly contested as a realistic policy alternative to “due process,” the outcome revealed here is the most plausible.Basándose en la política de 1968 de “Stop and Frisk,” la Corte de Rehnquist (1986‐2005) expandió los poderes de las autoridades, nacionales y estatales, del orden público a expensas de las libertades individuales. Este articulo considera al “Stop and Frisk” como arena de políticas que genera luchas constantes que pueden revelar como la Corte Suprema promueve o restringe los derechos civiles. Combinando los modelos Actitudinal y Packer, determinamos si los Jueces presentaron patrones ideológicos consistentes y evaluamos si sus acuerdos refuerzan al “Stop and Frisk” o apoyan a las libertades individuales. El hallazgo de un bloque moderado de votación sugiere una actitud de cohesión y estabilidad en esta arena de políticas. La implicación quizá es que la ausencia de un “bloque liberal” rival señala una aceptación de la perspectiva del “control de crimen” de Packer sobre la administración de la justicia mayor a la del modelo rival del “debido proceso.” Dado que el modelo de “crimen” continúa siendo objeto de debate como una alternativa política viable al “debido proceso,” el resultado revelado aquí es el más plausible.
The Hidden Politics of Identity: Racial Self‐Identification and Latino Political Engagement
Authors: STOKES‐BROWN ATIYA KAI 
Published: November 2009

Although prior research suggests that cultural identity is a strong determinant of Latino political behavior, few studies have examined the significance of racial self‐identification formation for Latinos and how it influences Latino political engagement. I analyze the 2004 Pew/Kaiser National Survey of Latinos using ordered probit and logit models. The data support previous research which shows that a growing number of Latinos are shifting their reported racial category from standard categories like “black” and “white” and are instead choosing to racially identify as “Latino” or “Hispanic.” Furthermore, I find that political attitudes and behaviors are significantly related to Latino racial identity. The findings suggest that shifting racial identity in the Latino community has important implications for understanding Latino political engagement and future racial identification patterns in the United States more broadly.Aunque investigaciones previas sugieren que la identidad cultural es un fuerte determinante del comportamiento político Latino, pocos estudios han examinado la importancia de la formación de la auto‐identificación racial de los Latinos y cómo influye en el compromiso político Latino. Analizo la Encuesta Nacional Pew/Kaiser de 2004 utilizando modelos ordenados de probit y logit. La información confirma investigaciones previas que señalan que un número creciente de Latinos está cambiando su categoría racial reportada de categorías estándares como “negro” o “blanco” a “Latino” o “Hispano.” Además, encuentro que las actitudes y comportamientos políticos están significativamente relacionados a la identidad racial Latina. En términos generales, las conclusiones demuestran que la identidad racial cambiante en la comunidad Latina tiene importantes implicaciones para comprender el compromiso y patrones futuros de identificación racial en los Estados Unidos.
Service Delivery of Relationship Support Programs in Australia: Implications for the “Community Sector”
Authors: VAN ACKER ELIZABETH 
Published: November 2009

Governments confront many challenges as they rely increasingly on community sector agencies to deliver services. This has implications for the governance of service delivery, policy implementation, and partnerships. This article examines two interconnected concerns for the delivery of relationship support programs in Australia. First, it investigates the key characteristics that influence how government delivers services and whether it develops partnerships with the community sector. Second, it explores the challenges experienced by Australian agencies that deliver relationship support programs: early intervention and prevention strategies to provide couples with the knowledge and skills necessary to develop and maintain robust relationships. It does this by providing a qualitative study that includes findings from 27 semistructured interviews with service providers. The central argument is that community organizations with diverse needs, values, and clients encounter many constraints when delivering relationship services. Consequently, it will be difficult to establish effective partnerships between government and agencies.Los gobiernos enfrentan muchos desafíos mientras dependen cada vez más en agencias del sector comunitario para prestar sus servicios. Esto tiene implicaciones para la gobernanza de la prestación de servicios, implementación de políticas, y las asociaciones. Este artículo examina dos inquietudes interconectadas de la entrega de los programas de consejería a las parejas en Australia. En primer lugar, investiga las características claves que influyen en cómo los gobiernos prestan servicios y si acaso desarrolla una vinculación con el sector comunitario. En segundo lugar, explora los desafíos experimentados por las agencias Australianas que proveen programas de consejería a las parejas: una intervención y estrategias de prevención tempranas para proveer a las parejas del conocimiento y las habilidades necesarias para desarrollar y mantener relaciones sólidas. Realiza esto al proveer un estudio cualitativo que incluye conclusiones de 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas con los prestadores de servicios. El argumento central del artículo es que las organizaciones comunitarias con diversas necesidades, valores, y clientes enfrentan muchas limitaciones cuando prestan los servicios a parejas. En consecuencia, será difícil establecer asociaciones efectivas entre el gobierno y las agencias.
Immunophenotype of myeloid granulocytes: a pilot study for distinguishing myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia by flow cytometry
Authors: HUANG M. , LI J. , ZHAO G. , SUI X. , ZHAO X. , XU H. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryIt is often difficult to distinguish myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) from aplastic anemia (AA) because of the considerable clinical, cytologic histologic similarities between these two disorders; however, distinguishing between AA and MDS is of great importance because there is a higher risk of progression to acute leukemia in patients with MDS compared with AA. Up to now, CD34+ cells in MDS and AA patients have been studied extensively; however, little information is available on myeloid granulocytes. The aim of this study was to determine whether immunophenotype of myeloid granulocytes in AA patients was different from that of MDS. Flow cytometry was used to assess the immunophenotype of myeloid granulocytes in 22 patients with MDS, 12 with AA, and 10 normal subjects. Our data showed that the percentages of CD13+ granulocytes, CD33+ granulocytes, CD34+ granulocytes, and HLA‐DR+ granulocytes were significantly higher in patients with MDS than in AA patients and normal subjects (P < 0.05). The percentages of CD15+ granulocytes and CD10+ granulocytes were significantly lower in patients with MDS than in AA patients and normal subjects (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the expression of these markers between patients with AA and normal subjects (P > 0.05). As refractory anemia progressing to refractory anemia with excess blasts, the percentages of CD13+ granulocytes, CD33+ granulocytes, CD34+ granulocytes and HLA‐DR+ granulocytes were significantly increased, whereas, the percentage of CD15+ granulocytes was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). These data suggest that immunophenotype of myeloid granulocytes may be a useful parameter for the differential diagnosis of MDS and AA.
Peripheral blood vs. bone marrow for molecular monitoring of BCR‐ABL1 levels in chronic myelogenous leukemia, a retrospective analysis in allogeneic bone marrow recipients
Authors: BALLESTRERO A. , CIRMENA G. , DOMINIETTO A. , GARUTI A. , ROCCO I. , CEA M. , MORAN E. , NENCIONI A. , MIGLINO M. , RAIOLA A. M. , BACIGALUPO A. , PATRONE F. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryMolecular monitoring of the BCR‐ABL1 transcript in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) using quantitative real‐time PCR (RQ‐PCR) can be performed using either bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB). However, a recent report by Stock et al. [International Journal of Oncology 28 (2006) 1099] questioned the reliability of PB samples for BCR‐ABL1 detection as performed by RQ‐PCR. We report a study on 114 CML patients who received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and who were monitored by RQ‐PCR using paired samples of BM and PB: the total number of determinations was 428, with a median follow‐up after transplant of 8 years. BCR‐ABL1 transcript was undetectable or <0.1%, in 106 (49.57%) and 62 (29%) paired determinations, respectively. BCR‐ABL1 was >0.1% in 36 (16.8%) paired determinations and was discordant in 10 (4.7%). Agreement between PB and BM results was quantified by the kappa test (k = 0.85; 95% CI 0.76–0.94). This study shows that BCR‐ABL1 RQ‐PCR monitoring of CML patients after ASCT with PB is concordant with BM in 95.3% of cases, and thus may be used to monitor the disease. This may be relevant when discussing both quality of life issues and the need for post‐transplant monitoring with the patient.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Pro‐hepcidin and iron metabolism parameters in multi‐time blood donors
Authors: BOINSKA J. , ŻEKANOWSKA E. , KWAPISZ J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryA high number of blood donations may cause iron depletion. The pathophysiology behind this process may involve hepcidin, a recently discovered peptide that acts by inhibiting iron absorption and promoting iron retention in reticuloendothelial macrophages. The aim of this study was to determine serum pro‐hepcidin levels and iron metabolism parameters in multi‐time blood donors. The study group consisted of 132 multi‐time male blood donors and 25 healthy male volunteers (nondonors). Complete blood cell count and iron status including serum iron, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), erythropoietin and pro‐hepcidin (ELISA) were assessed. In blood donors, ferritin level drops markedly in relation to donation frequency (P < 0.001). In contrast, TIBC and UIBC levels increase progressively corresponding to annual donation frequency. Pro‐hepcidin concentration increases significantly with the number of donations per year (P = 0.0290). In blood donors having donated blood with the highest frequency per year, pro‐hepcidin levels were positively correlated with haemoglobin (R = 0.31, P < 0.05) and negatively with sTfR (R = −0.31, P < 0.05). Pro‐hepcidin levels increase in relation to blood donation frequency per year. Longitudinal studies focusing on changes in serum hepcidin levels are required to address the question whether hepcidin may contribute to iron metabolism disturbances in multi‐times blood donors.
Comparative safety and effectiveness of TCu380A versus MLCu375: a systematic review of randomized trials
Authors: Wen Jin , Li Ying , Li You‐ping , Wang Li 
Published: November 2009

Abstract Objective To compare the relative effectiveness and side effects of two intrauterine devices (IUDs), TCu380A and Multiload Cu375 (MLCu375). Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, POPLINE, SCOPUS, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database in all languages, along with reference lists of retrieved papers. Randomized controlled trials comparing TCu380A with MLCu375 were included. The outcomes examined were pregnancy, continuation, removal, expulsion, infection, pain, abnormal menstruation, uterine perforation, and other adverse events. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. Data from the trials were combined to calculate relative risks (RRs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Sixteen trials were included, involving 15236 participants. Generally the methodological quality was poor. Compared to MLCu375, TCu380A was associated with less pregnancy and expulsion at five years with (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.72; RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.89; respectively), as well as more removals for bleeding and/or pain at three years and pelvic infection disease over the whole study period (RR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.62; RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.11; respectively). There were no statistical differences at all time intervals to 5 years in continuation rates or rates of uterine perforation. Conclusions While there was some variability between study results, we found evidence that TCu380A is more effective than MLCu375, with a similar side‐effect profile.
A comparative study on earthquake‐related literature published in medical journals
Authors: Li Youping , Wen Jin , Du Liang , Gao Zhan , Li Ling , Chen Qunfei , Liu Xuemei , Cai Yujia , Ai Changlin 
Published: November 2009

Abstract Objective: To provide references for production and dissemination of evidence in the fields of medical emergency management, treatment, and prevention of epidemics after May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake by systematically reviewing, analyzing, and comparing quake related papers in medical journals. Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE and CBM (Chinese Biomedical Literature) databases (range: from inception to Sept. 2009). Quake related papers were imported into EndNote software, checked for duplication, and categorized by predefined standards. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 13.0. Results: There were relatively fewer quake related articles globally before the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake, and the quantity of papers in MEDLINE was four times than that in CBM. In contrast, the quantity of Chinese quake articles increased rapidly after Wenchuan earthquake, peaking in Aug. 2008 at 6.9 times the average during the 50 years before the quake. The quake related papers in CBM appeared in 378 journals covering a diverse range of subject matter. Meanwhile, there was little change in the quantity of quake related articles in MEDLINE database. Conclusions: The effort of producing and disseminating Wenchuan earthquake related medical research has been effectively organized and conducted in a scientific and timely manner, producing the largest in number of quake related medical papers in human history. It has provided first‐hand guidance for disaster medical relief around the globe. We should strengthen the systematic construction of disaster medicine, and make an effort to summarize and disseminate evidence in the fields of rehabilitation, system reestablishment, and prevention of epidemics.
Construction and operation of a system for secure and precise medical material distribution in disaster areas after Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Cheng Yongzhong , Xu Jiankang , Ma Jian , Cheng Shusen , Shi Yingkang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAfter the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th, 2008, under the strong leadership of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, the People's Government of Sichuan Province, and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, the Medical Security Team working at the Sichuan Provincial Headquarters for Wenchuan Earthquake and Disaster Relief Work constructed a secure medical material distribution system through coordination and interaction among and between regions, systems, and departments.
Is primary care evidence‐based in Turkey?
Authors: Kahveci Rabia , Meads Catherine 
Published: November 2009

Abstract Objective Family medicine (also called general practice) is a specialty with a focus on primary care. In Turkey, not all primary care is provided by specialists. Efforts are underway to improve primary care by improving the provision of primary care, establishing referral chains, and having care provided by general practitioners after transition training or by family medicine specialists. We investigated the relationship between evidence‐based medicine (EBM) and primary care in Turkey, to provide a snapshot of the current situation and baseline data to assess the effects of current and future reforms. Methods A cross‐sectional survey was done of 375 primary care physicians: 138 general practitioners (GPs), 121 family medicine (FM) trainees, and 116 FM specialists. They were asked 30 questions assessing general characteristics, knowledge, and training in EBM; general attitudes towards EBM; resources used to support clinical decisions; possible barriers to EBM practice; and opinions on future practice of EBM. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0. Results Compared with the other physicians, FM specialists had significantly more Internet access, used the Internet for medical purposes more often and for longer hours, had published more scientific papers, searched MEDLINE or similar databases more often, and were more confident about conducting literature searches. FM specialists had significantly higher rates of training in EBM and critical appraisal. For all types of physicians surveyed, the main reported barrier to practicing EBM was lack of training in EBM. Conclusions Attitudes toward EBM differ significantly between GPs and FM specialists working in primary care in Turkey, which we believe results in variation in medical provision. The differences between these two groups of physicians should be investigated further, and means of improving the provision of care should be reported to policy makers.