bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of isoenergetic substitution of dietary fat (beef tallow) for carbohydrates (wheat starch) on the calcium absorption in the dog
Authors: Hallebeek J. M. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe influence of a high‐fat diet on the calcium absorption by growing dogs was determined in a crossover study with five 6‐month‐old beagles fed two diets with different fat contents. The dogs were fed a pelleted control diet (11 g fat/100 g diet) and a high‐fat diet (33 g fat/100 g diet) according to the energy requirement for growing dogs. The high‐fat diet was formulated by isoenergetic replacement of wheat starch by beef tallow. The apparent calcium absorption was determined using calcium metabolic studies. Studies with orally administered 45Ca were used to determine the daily amount of true calcium absorption and the intestinal absorption coefficient (α). High fat intake coincided with higher calcium intake and faecal loss, but neither decreased the apparent or true calcium absorption, nor influenced α. Apparent fat absorption was 97% during both diet regimens. The total faecal excretion of fatty acids increased in proportion to fat intake, with a significant difference in the excretion of fatty acids after acidification of the faeces for the high‐fat diet. Assuming that only calcium soaps were formed, the calcium content involved in the formation of calcium soaps is calculated to be no more than 1.8% of the calcium intake on the high‐fat diet. It was concluded that the formation of calcium soaps is negligible in relation to the calcium intake in this study.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß eines isoenergetischen Ersatzes von Kohlenhydraten (Weizenstärke) durch Fett (Rindertalg) auf die Calciumahsorption bei HundenEs wurde der Einfluß von zwei Rationen mit unterschiedlichen Fettgehalten mit fünf sechs Monate alten Beagle auf die Calciumabsorption in einem cross over Versuch untersucht. Die Hunde erhielten eine Ration mit 11 g Fett pro 100 g Futter oder eine Ration mit 33 g Fett pro 100 g Futter. Dabei wurde Weizenstärke isoenergetisch durch Rindertalg ersetzt. Die scheinbare Calciumabsorption wurde mit Hilfe von oral verabreichtem 45Ca ermittelt und zwar wahre Calciumabsorption und als intestinaler Absorptionskoeffizient (α). Eine hohe Fettaufnahme war verbunden mit einer höheren Ca‐Aufnahme und einer höheren Ca‐Ausscheidung über den Kot. Sie beeinflußte aber nicht die scheinbare oder wahre Ca‐Absorption sowie den Koeffizienten α. Die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit beim Fett betrug 97% bei beiden Rationen. Die gesamte Fettausscheidung stieg mit steigender Fettzufuhr an mit signifikanten Unterschieden bei der Ausscheidung von Fettsäuren nach der Ansäuerung des Kotes bei der fettreichen Ration. Geht man davon aus, daß lediglich Ca‐Seifen gebildet werden, beträgt der Ca‐Anteil für die Bildung von Ca‐Seifen 1,8% der Ca‐Aufnahme bei der fettreichen Diät. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß die Bildung von Ca‐Seifen in Relation zur Ca‐Aufnahme zu vernachlässigen ist.
Tanshinone IIA suppresses lung injury and apoptosis, and modulates protein kinase B and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase pathways in rats challenged with seawater exposure
Authors: Li Jia‐Huan , Xu Min , Xie Xiao‐Yan , Fan Qi‐Xin , Mu De‐Guang , Zhang Yong , Cao Fa‐Le , Wang Yan‐Xia , Zhao Peng‐Tao , Zhang Bo , Jin Fa‐Guang , Li Zhi‐Chao 
Published: February 2011

Summary1. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is one of the main active components of the Chinese herb, Danshen. In the present study, we investigated the role of apoptosis in seawater exposure‐induced acute lung injury (ALI), and explored the effects of TIIA on lung injury, apoptosis, and protein kinase B (Akt) and etracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways in seawater‐challenged rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) naive group, no drug was given; (ii) TIIA control group, TIIA (50 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally; (iii) seawater (SW) group, seawater (4 mL/kg) was given; and (iv) TIIA/SW group, TIIA (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 10 min after seawater instillation.2. The results showed that TIIA treatment significantly improved seawater exposure‐induced lung histopathological changes, alleviated the decrease in PaO2, and reduced lung oedema, vascular leakage and cell infiltration. As shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, seawater exposure induced apoptosis in lung tissue cells. Furthermore, seawater exposure also changed apoptosis‐related factors Bcl‐2 and caspase‐3, and caused a reduction in the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. Furthermore, TIIA treatment decreased the number of apoptotic cells, reversed changes in Bcl‐2 and caspase‐3, and upregulated the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in seawater‐challenged rats.3. In conclusion, the data suggest that apoptosis might play an important role in seawater exposure‐induced lung injury and that TIIA could significantly attenuate the severity of ALI and apoptosis in seawater‐challenged rats, which is possibly through modulation of Akt and ERK1/2 pathways.
Genetic basis of chronic pancreatitis in Asia Pacific region
Authors: Reddy D Nageshwar , Prasad S Siva 
Published: February 2011

AbstractChronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease characterized by irreversible destruction and fibrosis of the parenchyma, leading to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In developed countries, the etiology for 60% to 70% of CP amongst male patients is alcohol and 25% are classified as idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP). The genetic predisposition to CP could be an inappropriate activation of trypsinogen in the pancreas. Two common haplotypes, c.101A > G (p.N34S) and c.−215G > A, and four intronic alterations of the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene have been found to increase the risk for CP in the Asia Pacific region. Hence, SPINK1 is thought to be a candidate gene for pancreatitis. A loss‐of‐function alteration in chymotrypsinogen C (CTRC) gene has been shown to be associated with tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP). Cathepsin B (CTSB) is also found to be associated with TCP. However mutations in cationic and anionic trypsinogen gene do not play an important role in causing CP in Asia Pacific region.
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Domínguez‐Muñoz J Enrique 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPancreatic insufficiency is a major consequence of pancreatic diseases leading to a loss of pancreatic parenchyma, obstruction of the main pancreatic duct, decreased pancreatic stimulation, or acid‐mediated inactivation of pancreatic enzymes. In addition, gastrointestinal and pancreatic surgical resections are frequent causes. Clinical manifestations include abdominal cramps, steatorrhea and malnutrition. Malnutrition, the main contributing factor of weight loss, has been related to a high morbidity and mortality secondary to an increased risk of malnutrition‐related complications and cardiovascular events.Assessments of exocrine pancreatic function, such as fecal fat quantification and 13C‐triglyceride breath test, are the method of choice for diagnosis. In clinical practice, high‐risk patient populations include those with severe necrotizing pancreatitis, gastrointestinal and pancreatic surgery, cancer of pancreas head, and those with pancreatic calcifications.Apart from relief of maldigestion‐related symptoms, the main goal of pancreatic enzyme substitution therapy is to ensure a normal nutritional status. Therapy of pancreatic insufficiency is based on the oral administration of exogenous pancreatic enzymes. Restriction of fat intake, though traditionally important in conventional treatment, should be reconsidered.Enzyme substitution therapy should ideally mimic the physiological pattern of pancreatic exocrine secretion, and pancreatic enzymes in the form of enteric‐coated minimicrospheres are considered as the most elaborated commercially available enzyme preparations. In general, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients after surgery may be managed similarly to patients with chronic pancreatitis. This review focuses on current perspectives in diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and practical suggestions on its clinical management.
Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia at Alice Springs Hospital, Central Australia, 2003–2006
Authors: Hewagama S. , Spelman T. , Einsiedel L. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:  Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death at Alice Springs Hospital (ASH) and Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) is the second most common bloodstream infection. Non‐multidrug‐resistant, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (nmMRSA) is endemic to the region.Aims:  To determine whether differences exist between racial groups and resistance phenotypes in the clinical manifestations and outcomes of SAB at ASH.Methods:  A retrospective review of medical and pathology records for inpatients with SAB between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2006.Results:  A total of 125 patients (indigenous, 111; non‐indigenous, 14) presented with SAB during the study period. Among indigenous patients, there were 95 adults and 16 children. No non‐indigenous child was admitted with SAB. The mean annual incidence rate was 160.7/100 000 indigenous population and 8.1/100 000 non‐indigenous population (incidence rate ratio 19.9) (P = 0.010). Isolates were predominantly methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (indigenous, 85; non‐indigenous, 13). Twenty of 27 MRSA isolates were non‐multidrug‐resistant. Indigenous adults were more likely to present with an infective focus (indigenous, 75; non‐indigenous, 6) (P = 0.004). These were most often skin infections (skin abscesses, 31; scabies, 4). Twenty‐seven indigenous adults self‐discharged after receiving a median of only 5 days (inter‐quartile range (IQR), 3–9) of antibiotic therapy. Ninety‐day mortality rates for indigenous and non‐indigenous adults were 14.7% and 14.3% respectively. The median age of death for indigenous adults was 50 years (IQR, 37–68).Conclusions:  Indigenous Australians have the highest reported incidence rate of SAB worldwide. This reflects the socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by indigenous Australians whose living conditions predispose to pathogen transmission and limits opportunities to maintain adequate skin hygiene.
Urinary cytology has a poor performance for predicting invasive or high‐grade upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Messer Jamie , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Brien James C. , Herman Michael P. , Ng Casey K. , Scherr Douglas S. , Scoll Benjamin , Uzzo Robert G. , Wille Mark , Eggener Scott E. , Steinberg Gary , Terrell John D. , Lucas Steven M. , Lotan Yair , Boorjian Stephen A. , Raman Jay D. 
Published: February 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Accurate preoperative staging for upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) lesions is presently limited. Urinary cytology has shown promise for characterizing pathological features of bladder cancer. The role of cytology for UTUC is at present poorly defined.In this large multi‐institutional cohort of patients, urinary cytology was limited in its ability to accurately predict the grade and stage of upper‐tract lesions. Selective ureteral sampling improved the diagnostic accuracy of cytology when compared to bladder specimens. Improved preoperative surrogate markers for staging UTUC remain necessary.OBJECTIVE• To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology for detecting aggressive disease in a multi‐institutional cohort of patients undergoing extirpative surgery for upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).METHODS• We reviewed the records of 326 patients with urinary cytology data who underwent a radical nephroureterectomy or distal ureterectomy without concurrent or previous bladder cancer.• We assessed the association of cytology (positive, negative and atypical) with final pathology. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of a positive (± atypical) cytology for high‐grade and muscle‐invasive UTUC was calculated.RESULTS• On final pathology, 53% of patients had non‐muscle invasive disease (pTa, pTis, pT1) and 47% had invasive disease (≥pT2). Low‐grade and high‐grade cancers were present in 33% and 67% of patients, respectively.• Positive, atypical and negative urine cytology was noted in 40%, 40% and 20% of cases. Positive urinary cytology had sensitivity and PPV of 56% and 54% for high‐grade and 62% and 44% for muscle‐invasive UTUC.• Inclusion of atypical cytology with positive cytology improved the sensitivity and PPV for high‐grade (74% and 63%) and muscle‐invasive (77% and 45%) UTUC. Restricting analysis to patients with selective ureteral cytologies further improved the diagnostic accuracy when compared with bladder specimens (PPV > 85% for high‐grade and muscle‐invasive UTUC).CONCLUSIONS• In this cohort of patients with UTUC treated with radical surgery, urine cytology in isolation lacked performance characteristics to accurately predict muscle‐invasive or high‐grade disease.• Improved surrogate markers for pathological grade and stage are necessary, particularly when considering endoscopic modalities for UTUC.
DECEPTIVE LOVE: Kierkegaard on Mystification and Deceiving into the Truth
Authors: McCreary Mark L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article explains and assesses a particular method of loving others that is espoused by Søren Kierkegaard. In his later works, Kierkegaard advocates a kind of deceptive love whereby one mystifies or deceives another person for that other person's own good. The theological underpinning of this mode of love is found in the imitation of Christ. In other words, just as Jesus adopted an incognito, so also Christians should, at times, appear different or lowlier in order to help others by meeting them where they are. After explaining this form of love, I argue that there are considerable reasons not to follow Kierkegaard in his support of outright deception within personal relationships. I conclude with some brief reflections on whether the deceptive structure of Kierkegaard's own authorship is thereby condemned or whether it can be exonerated.
Green consumer values: how do personal values influence environmentally responsible water consumption?
Authors: Pinto Diego Costa , Nique Walter Meucci , Añaña Edar da Silva , Herter Márcia Maurer 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present research analyses how personal values influence environmentally responsible water consumption in Brazil. This research reports a four‐part study that is focused on both the influence of demographics (1a and 1b) and the influence of personal values (2 and 3). In general, environmental awareness has an effect on wasteful habits. Regarding demographics, we found that green consumers tend to be older and have lower levels of education. Our results also suggest that personal values influence responsible water consumption. Responsible consumers usually attach more importance to personal values such as conformity and personal virtues. Socially oriented values were seen to increase responsible consumption. Finally, the study demonstrates that environmental awareness and personal values could predict wasteful habits, enabling a broader comprehension of green consumers.
Significance of environmental sustainability issues in consumers' choice of major household appliances in South Africa
Authors: Sonnenberg Nadine C. , Erasmus Alet C. , Donoghue Suné 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough not regarded as the major culprits in terms of the degradation of the world's resources, consumers in developing countries such as South Africa should be encouraged to realize their potential contribution to save our planet. This research investigated consumers' prioritization of product choice criteria in a prominent product category, i.e. major household appliances, to determine and describe how consumers could be encouraged to accept the principles of pro‐environmental product choice and consumption behaviour. The survey that was conducted in Tshwane, a major urban area in South Africa, in 2010 involved a structured questionnaire that was distributed by means of a convenient snowball method. Findings (n = 446) indicated that the majority of respondents always/mostly considered desirable functions rather than aesthetic attributes or price as important choice criteria, and that consumers would like to obtain information about the ‘greenness’ as well as the ‘functionality’ of appliances before purchasing. Consumers strongly agreed that the durability of appliances (service life) as well as running costs, i.e. electricity and water consumption, should be considered. Consumers seemed undecided about issues concerning recycling and recycling centres, the benefits of modern appliances and whether locally manufactured appliances are better than imported brands. Although different sources of information could be influential during consumers' pre‐purchase evaluation of major household appliances, consumers' reliance on personal acquaintances (friends and family) surpassed their trust in salespeople as information source by far. The majority of respondents indicated that they used printed information sources such as promotional material and brochures as information sources. Retail and industry should supply comprehensive information about pro‐environmental properties of their products. The results of this special investigation may be transferred to similar target groups in developing countries but are not typical for consumer behaviour elsewhere, whereas the methods are generally applicable.
Social influence and sustainability in households
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth B. , Goldsmith Ronald E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss the role of social influence regarding sustainability in households. Several research studies show that individual and family recycling and e‐consumption behaviours are more affected by people that the individual/family know than by outside influences such as government or advertising campaigns. Social influence theory, although prevalent in such diverse fields as communication, marketing, sociology including medical and rural sociology, management information science and education, has not been used as extensively in human sciences, home economics and human ecology, specifically in applications to household green behaviour. The origins of social influence are found in the ground‐breaking work in opinion leadership by Lazarsfeld in sociology and in E.M. Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory. The present article makes a case for using social influence theory as a framework for future studies and academic work in environmentalism, and for those trying to increase or promote pro‐environmental behaviour at the individual, family or household level.
Attitudes of Cypriot consumers on the ownership of household appliances: the case of the city of Limassol
Authors: Abeliotis Konstadinos , Nikolaou Niki , Sardianou Eleni 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse the factors affecting consumers' preferences towards the ownership of household appliances. The study is based on 186 survey responses from Cypriot households, and they are analysed econometrically using regression techniques. The analysis is based on a theoretical framework, which takes into account both demographic and economic factors behind households' preference to energy‐efficient appliances. The results show that consumers that buy energy‐efficient appliances are highly educated and women. Household income is not a statistically significant variable of the probability to choose an appliance based on its energy efficiency characteristics. On the contrary, income and number of persons per household affect the number of appliances that consumers own.
Assessment of European energy and carbon profiles of manual and automatic dishwashing
Authors: Vivian Sally , Haslam Kristelle , Soldner Mike , Sangster Malcolm 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDomestic energy use generates a significant proportion of anthropogenic global carbon emissions. To date, many reduction programmes in the domestic sector have focused on increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption in the home. Consumer goods manufacturers also have a role to play in raising consumer awareness and encouraging behavioural change.The first step in identifying opportunities for decreasing carbon emissions is to understand emission sources and quantify their relative importance. This study investigates energy and associated carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from dishwashing. Specifically, it assesses the relative CO2e profiles of washing dishes by hand (manual dishwashing) and using a machine (automatic dishwashing) and included consumer behaviours. This study also specifically considers the relative efficiencies of appliances used to heat water.The study followed recognized international protocols for life cycle assessment and carbon footprinting. On this basis, the same assessment boundary was applied to both processes. Output comparisons were based on:1 the sources of energy uses (e.g. electricity, gas, etc.);2 the associated CO2e emissions; and3 the cost of energy used.Various data sources have been used and are referenced. Calculations of appliance energy use for manual dishwashing considered country‐specific data for water heaters including fuel types and efficiencies. Automatic dishwashing appliance energy use was calculated from machine manufacturers' electricity use data.The conclusions show that, for each of the six European countries assessed and based on the study assumptions, the automatic dishwashing process uses less life cycle energy than manual dishwashing and consequently results in lower CO2e emissions. Differences in country‐specific energy generation mixes, consumer behaviour and boiler efficiencies show variations in the outcomes; overall, however, there appears to be a clear benefit in switching from manual to automatic dishwashing both in terms of CO2e emissions and in terms of annualized costs.
NOX1, 2, 4, 5: counting out oxidative stress
Authors: Wingler K , Hermans JJR , Schiffers P , Moens AL , Paul M , Schmidt HHHW 
Published: February 2011

For decades, oxidative stress has been discussed as a key mechanism of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. However, attempts to validate and exploit this hypothesis clinically by supplementing antioxidants have failed. Nevertheless, this does not disprove the oxidative stress hypothesis. As a certain degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation appears to be physiological and beneficial. To reduce oxidative stress therapeutically, two alternative approaches are being developed. One is the repair of key signalling components that are compromised by oxidative stress. These include uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and oxidized/heme‐free NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase. A second approach is to identify and effectively inhibit the relevant source(s) of ROS in a given disease condition. A highly likely target in this context is the family of NADPH oxidases. Animal models, including NOX knockout mice and new pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidases have opened up a new era of oxidative stress research and have paved the way for new cardiovascular therapies.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐3