bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions in contingency tables: a brief discussion of alternative definitions
Authors: Everitt B. S. , Smith A. M. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe purpose of this note is to indicate how the disagreement between Tennant & Bebbington and Brown & Harris has arisen. The difference between the 2 pairs of authors is due, at least in part, to their use of different models for the analysis of the data in question. There can be no final answer as to which model is correct – the data are simply open to more than one interpretation. Nevertheless, it is interesting that the use of a multiplicative model, seemingly ignored by Brown & Harris, leads to a simple description of the data in which the ‘vulnerability factor’ and the ‘provoking agent’ may be considered to act independently on the response. Consequently, in stating that their data contain an interaction so obvious that it can be detected by ‘visual inspection’, Brown & Harris may have been somewhat rash.
The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings
Authors: Leff J. , Sartorius N. , Jablensky A. , Korten A. , Ernberg G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA five-year follow-up of the patients initially included in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia was conducted in eight of the nine centres. Adequate information was obtained for 807 patients, representing 76% of the initial cohort. Clinical and social outcomes were significantly better for patients in Agra and Ibadan than for those in the centres in developed countries. In Cali, only social outcome was significantly better.
Depressive symptomatology and cognitive functioning: an epidemiological survey in an elderly community sample in France
Authors: Fuhrer R. , Antonucci T. C. , Gagnon M. , Dartigues J.-F. , Barberger-Gateau P. , Alperovitch A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAs part of a 5-year, prospective, epidemiological survey of normal and pathological ageing, this cross-sectional analysis examines the relationship between depressive symptomatology (CES-D) and cognitive functioning (MMS) in a community sample of 2792 non-institutionalized persons (age ≥ 65) living in Southwest France. Of the sample, 13·4%, report depressive symptoms above the cut-off. A significant association was found between CES-D and MMS scores, but after adjusting for age, living arrangements, and especially functional limitations, the relationship remained strong only for women.
A rating scale for aggressive behaviour in the elderly – the RAGE
Authors: Patel Vikram , Hope R. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA 21-item rating scale for measuring aggressive behaviour in psychogeriatric in-patients is described. This scale is designed to be completed by ward staff. It should prove valuable in treatment studies and in studies which aim to investigate the correlates of aggressive behaviour. Studies using the scale demonstrate that when used in conjunction with a ward check list the scale has high reliability and validity.
Social language use in parents of autistic individuals
Authors: Landa R. , Piven J. , Wzorek M. M. , Gayle J. O. , Chase G. A. , Folstein S. E. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSocial language use (pragmatics) in parents of autistic individuals and controls was compared. Autism parents displayed atypical pragmatic behaviours more often than controls. Preliminary factor analysis suggested three parsimonious groupings of pragmatic abnormalities: Disinhibited Social Communication, Awkward/Inadequate Expression, and Odd Verbal Interaction. The pragmatic features observed in some autism parents are milder but conceptually similar to the social language deficits of autism. Possible reasons for familial aggregation of pragmatic language deficits are discussed.
Changes in rates of depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population: life-table analysis from a 4-year follow-up study
Authors: Kawakami N. , Roberts R. E. , Lee E. S. , Araki S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTo investigate the effects of demographic variables on changes in rates of depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population, a 4-year follow-up study was conducted on a total of 6378 employees of a Japanese electrical company. Data were collected five times at 1-year intervals (T0—T4) using a questionnaire that included the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Of the non-depressed (i.e. having a SDS score of 47 or less) at baseline (N= 4857), 14% were found depressed at least once during T1—T4. Younger, never married, female and blue-collar workers were significantly at greater risk for becoming depressed during the follow-up period (P< 0·05). Of the depressed at baseline (N= 505), 20% were depressed every time during T1—T4. Younger workers were significantly at greater risk for persistence of depressive symptoms during the follow-up period (P< 0·05). The results suggested that age is associated with both occurrence and persistence of depressive symptoms, while gender, marital status and occupation are associated only with the occurrence.
The phenomenology and explanatory models of common mental disorder: a study in primary care in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Patel V. , Gwanzura F. , Simunyu E. , Lloyd K. , Mann A. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisIn order to describe the explanatory models and the etic and emic phenomena of common mental disorder in Harare, Zimbabwe, 110 subjects were selected by general nurses in three clinics and by four traditional healers from their current clients. The subjects were interviewed using the Explanatory Model Interview and the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule.Mental disorder most commonly presented with somatic symptoms, but few patients denied that their mind or soul was the source of illness. Spiritual factors were frequently cited as causes of mental illness. Subjects who were selected by traditional healer, reported a greater duration of illness and were more likely to provide a spiritual explanation for their illness.The majority of subjects were classified as ‘cases’ by theeticcriteria of the CISR. Most patients, however, showed a mixture of psychiatric symptoms that did not fall clearly into a single diagnostic group. Patients from a subgroup with a spiritual model of illness were less likely to conform toeticcriteria of ‘caseness’ and they may represent a unique category of psychological distress in Zimbabwe. A wide variety of emic phenomena were elicited that have been incorporated in an indigenous measure of non-psychotic mental disorder.Kufungisisa, or thinking too much, seemed to be the Shona term closest to the Euro-American concept of neurotic illness.
The Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales: a multidimensional alternative to categorical diagnoses of dementia and depression in the elderly
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Mackinnon A. J. , Henderson A. S. , Scott R. , Christensen H. , Korten A. E. , Cullen J. S. , Mulligan R. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS) provide an assessment of the clinical changes seen in dementia and depression. Principal components analysis and latent trait analysis were used to develop a set of scales to summarize these clinical changes. There are three scales derived from an interview with the subject (Cognitive Impairment, Depression, Stroke) and three from an interview with an informant (Cognitive Decline, Behaviour Change, Stroke). Results are reported on the reliability and validity of these scales using data from clinical samples in Sydney and Geneva and a population sample from Canberra. The scales were found to have excellent validity when judged against clinical diagnoses of dementia and depression and could distinguish Alzheimer's from vascular dementia. Cut-off points were developed to indicate correspondence between scale scores and clinical diagnoses. Percentile rank norms were developed from the Canberra population sample. The PAS is easy to administer and score and can be used by lay interviewers after training. It is intended for application both in research and in services for the elderly.
Lateralized abnormality of high energy phosphate metabolism in the frontal lobes of patients with bipolar disorder detected by phase-encoded31P-MRS
Authors: Kato T. , Shioiri T. , Murashita J. , Hamakawa H. , Takahashi Y. , Inubushi T. , Takahashi S. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISHigh energy phosphate metabolites were measured using phase-encodedin vivophosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in both the left and right frontal lobes of 25 patients with bipolar disorder. Eleven patients were examined in the depressive state, 12 in the manic state, and 21 in the euthymic state. Twenty-one age-matched normal volunteers were also examined. The phosphocreatine (PCr) peak area percentage in the left frontal lobe in the patients in the depressive state was decreased compared with that in the normal controls. It was significantly negatively correlated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score evaluated at the time of31P-MRS examination. The PCr peak area percentage in the right frontal lobe in the patients in the manic and the euthymic states was decreased compared with that in the controls. These results are compatible with previous reports describing reduction of glucose metabolism in the left frontal lobe in depressive patients with bipolar disorder and trait-dependent right hemisphere dysfunction in bipolar disorder.
People with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour: the characteristics of those referred and not referred to specialist teams
Authors: Lowe K. , Felce D. , Blackman D. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe characteristics of two samples of people with learning disabilities and severely challenging behaviour were examined. The experimental sample comprised subjects who had been referred to two specialist challenging behaviour services in separate counties. The comparison sample comprised subjects from the same counties who were not referred or accepted for specialist intervention. No significant differences were found between the samples in terms of age, gender, social impairment, dependency characteristics, ability levels and mental health. Significant differences between them were found in the nature and severity of aberrant behaviour presented, as assessed by their carers. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to how the term ‘severely challenging behaviour’ is defined in practice.
Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery
Authors: McGuire P. K. , Silbersweig D. A. , Murray R. M. , David A. S. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Frith C. D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe neural correlates of inner speech and of auditory verbal imagery were examined in normal volunteers, using positron emission tomography (PET). Subjects were shown single words which they used to generate short, stereotyped sentences without speaking. In an inner speech task, sentences were silently articulated, while in an auditory verbal imagery condition, subjects imagined sentences being spoken to them in an another person's voice. Inner speech was associated with increased activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Auditory verbal imagery was associated with increases in the same region, and in the left premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area and the left temporal cortex. The data suggest that the silent articulation of sentences involves activity in an area concerned with speech generation, while imagining speech is associated with additional activity in regions associated with speech perception.
Reported parental behaviour and adult affective symptoms. 1. Associations and moderating factors
Authors: Rodgers Bryan 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAssociations between retrospective ratings of parental behaviour and adult affective symptoms were investigated in a British national sample. Symptom scores at ages 36 and 43 years showed low but significant correlations with care (negative) and control (positive), as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. Prevalence of high symptom scores was much greater in respondents with low care–high control (affectionless control) parents than in those with high care–low control parents, but there was no synergistic effect of combined care and control. Degree of affectionless control was progressively related to risk of depression. No significant gender differences were found in these associations. Findings could not be explained as spurious relationships resulting from association with other features of childhood adversity, and there was evidence that distorted recall arising from contemporaneous depressed mood was not responsible. Work is needed to establish the causal mechanisms underlying observed associations, including inter-relationships between parental style and other early adversity, and factors mediating or moderating the long-term effects of parental behaviour.
Childhood parental loss and alcoholism in women: a causal analysis using a twin-family design
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Neale M. C. , Prescott C. A. , Kessler R. C. , Heath A. C. , Corey L. A. , Eaves L. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisChildhood parental loss may be an important risk factor for psychiatric illness in adulthood. While this association has been carefully examined for depression, little is known about the role of parental loss in predisposing to alcoholism. We examined an epidemiological sample of female twin pairs with the same history of continuity or disruption in parent–child relationships (N = 1018 pairs; mean age 30 years), using a range of definitions of alcoholism. Childhood parental loss through separation, but not death, substantially increased the risk in adulthood for all definitions of alcoholism. Furthermore, both paternal and maternal alcoholism substantially increased the probability of parental separation from their children. Proposing a structural equation twin-family model that incorporates childhood parental loss as a specified environmental risk factor, we examined how much of the association between childhood parental loss and alcoholism was causal (i.e. mediated by environmental factors) v. non-causal (mediated by genetic factors, with parental loss serving as an index of parental genetic susceptibility to alcoholism). Both the causal and non-causal paths were significant for all definitions of alcoholism. However, the causal–environmental pathway consistently accounted for most of the association. While a significant proportion of the association is due to non-causal genetic mechanisms, childhood parental loss (or the familial discord that precedes or follows it) is probably a direct and significant environmental risk factor for the development of alcoholism in women.
The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey
Authors: Nayani Tony H. , David Anthony S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA comprehensive semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 100 psychotic patients who had experienced auditory hallucinations. The aim was to extend the phenomenology of the hallucination into areas of both form and content and also to guide future theoretical development. All subjects heard ‘voices’ talking to or about them. The location of the voice, its characteristics and the nature of address were described. Precipitants and alleviating factors plus the effect of the hallucinations on the sufferer were identified. Other hallucinatory experiences, thought insertion and insight were examined for their inter-relationships. A pattern emerged of increasing complexity of the auditory–verbal hallucination over time by a process of accretion, with the addition of more voices and extended dialogues, and more intimacy between subject and voice. Such evolution seemed to relate to the lessening of distress and improved coping. These findings should inform both neurological and cognitive accounts of the pathogenesis of auditory hallucinations in psychotic disorders.
A case study of temporal lobe development in familial schizophrenia
Authors: Honer W. G. , Bassett A. S. , Falkai P. , Beach T. G. , Lapointe J. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCase studies of patients with familial schizophrenia may help to define the pathophysiology of this illness and indicate potential candidate genes for genetic linkage studies. In this regard, the clinical, radiological and pathological assessments of a 39-year-old affected man from a pedigree with familial schizophrenia are presented. Brain imaging with CT indicated moderate cortical atrophy, particularly of the temporal lobes. Neuropathological examination revealed granular ependymitis, indicating possible past ventricular pathology. Granular ependymitis was reported to occur in genetic developmental disorders with neuronal migration abnormalities. In the present case, heterotopic clusters of neurons were visualized in the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that temporal lobe development was not entirely normal. This case study suggests that genetic factors could be investigated further as one possible aetiology of certain neurodevelopmental abnormalities observed in schizophrenia.
Comparison of three studies of aircraft noise and psychiatric hospital admissions conducted in the same area
Authors: Jenkins L. M. , Tarnopolsky A. , Hand D. J. , Barker S. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwo earlier studies conducted in the vicinity of London (Heathrow) Airport compared the rate of admissions to a psychiatric hospital from areas exposed to different levels of aircraft noise. Their methods and results were not identical. A third study, reported here, examined standardized rates of admission to the same hospital for a longer period and for a larger area divided into 4 bands of aircraft noise. Statistically significant trends ofdecreasingadmission with increasing noise levels were found. Comparisons between the investigations show how the contradictory results are related to the methods used and the accuracy of the data, and that caution should be exercised in formulating conclusions from exploratory research.
Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa during the acute and recuperative phase
Authors: Strober Michael , Goldenberg Irene , Green Jacqueline , Saxon Jennifer 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISPerception of body size, subjective experience of body image distortions and differentiation of body concept in the human figure drawing were assessed in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients and controls shortly after hospital admission, and again 6 months later during the recuperative phase. Size estimation was not found to be a distinguishing variable, as both groups exhibited overestimation tendencies of comparable magnitude at both time periods. By contrast, experiences denoting estrangement from the body, insensitivity to body sensations, and weakness of body boundaries were more prevalent in anorexics, and persisted at high levels after frank symptoms of weight and eating disorder had subsided. Anorexics were also shown to depict the human figure with less differentiation relative to controls. Within the anorexic sample the presence of vomiting was linked to greater subjective experience of body image distortion, and such phenomena appear to be a more enduring feature in this subgroup. Overall, the results were viewed as lending support to the argument that defects in body image formation render the anorexic vulnerable to their manifest pathology, which is itself activated by maturational conflicts unique to adolescence.
Mania a potu: a critical review of pathological intoxication
Authors: Coid Jeremy 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe origins of present misconceptions of pathological intoxication are reviewed, and the main symptoms examined in relation to possible aetiological factors. The diagnosis is infrequently made in clinical practice, and has little use in court in cases of alcohol-related violence. It is suggested that ‘pathological drunkenness’ (lCD 291.4) should be removed from the International Classification of Diseases.
Adrenal secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, II. Influence of co-morbidity at presentation
Authors: Herbert J. , Goodyer I. M. , Altham P. M. E. , Pearson J. , Secher S. M. , Shiers H. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe association between high evening cortisol and low morning DHEA and the pattern of co-morbid diagnoses in 82 cases of major depressive disorder in 8- to 16-year-olds has been analysed. There was a significant association between the presence of high evening cortisol and co-morbid dysthymia. This was independent of age or sex. No positive association was found between the presence of low morning DHEA and any co-morbid diagnosis. However, co-morbid panic or phobic disorder was significantly associated with the absence of this endocrine abnormality. These findings suggest that specific endocrine disturbances may be associated with different patterns of co-morbidity during an episode of major depression in this age group.
Confabulation in schizophrenia: evidence of a new form?
Authors: Nathaniel-James D. A. , Frith C. D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study is an attempt to demonstrate confabulation in schizophrenia. Twelve patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia were matched for age, sex and pre-morbid IQ with 12 volunteers, 9 of whom were normal healthy subjects, with the remainder being depressed patients. To elicit confabulation, subjects were asked to recall narratives. In addition, subjects were examined on a number of neuropsychological tests. Confabulation was denned as recall of information not present in the narrative. Variable amounts of confabulation were observed in all schizophrenics, while only one control subject confabulated. The content and structure of their productions differed from previously reported forms of confabulation in that schizophrenic patients spontaneously rearranged the original narratives to produce new ideas. The amount of confabulation was found to be related to difficulties in suppressing inappropriate responses (Hayling test) and formal thought disorder, but unrelated to understanding of the gist or moral of the narratives. Tentative mechanisms for the process of confabulation are proposed, based on specific difficulties with comprehension, response monitoring and response suppression.
Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia
Authors: Shioiri T. , Oshitani Y. , Kato T. , Murashita J. , Hamakawa H. , Inubushi T. , Nagata T. , Takahashi S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe incidence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), which has been widely regarded as a developmental anomaly of little clinical importance in neuropathology, was examined in 113 patients with affective disorders (69 with bipolar disorder and 44 with major depression), 40 schizophrenic patients, and 92 control subjects by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Significantly higher incidence of Grade 3–4 CSP (moderate to large) compared with the controls was found only in the schizophrenics. When a broader interpretation of CSP, including indeterminant (Grade 1) and small (Grade 2) CSP was used, three additional patients with bipolar disorder were found to have Grade 1–2 CSP, and the total prevalence of Grade 1–4 CSP in the patients with bipolar disorder was significantly higher than that in the control subjects but slightly lower than that in the schizophrenic patients. CSP was not observed in any patient with major depression. There were no differences between the patients with and without CSP in age, sex, education, or the duration of illness. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental abnormality may be present in schizophrenia, and such an abnormality may also be present in some patients with bipolar disorder.