bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Granitic Gneisses from the Southeastern Dabie Mountains
Authors: Huaimin XUE , Shuwen DONG , Xiaochun LIU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe granitic gneisses from the ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrain of the southeastern Dabie Mountains encompass two types: monzonitic granitic gneiss and alkali‐feldspar granitic gneiss, which are characterized by rich alkalis, poor CaO, high FeO/MgO, particularly high Ba, Rb, Th, Ta, REE (except Eu), Ga, Nb and Zn, and low Sr, Eu, Cr, Co and Ni. The gneisses, particularly the alkali‐feldspar granitic gneiss, have typical chemical characteristics of A‐type granites. They resulted from partial melting of crustal materials existing in the rift zone along the northern margin of the South China block during the Neoproterozoic. These gneisses might not have undergone UHP metamorphism during the late Triassic, but were involved into UHP rocks by the tectonic mixing process and kept the exhumation message of the UHP rocks from the middle and upper crust.
Volcanic Event Layers—A Marker Bed of Correlation of Coal Measures
Authors: Bingwen JIA , Anchao ZHOU , Meiling MA , Xiaoyun JIA 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUpper Carboniferous‐Lower Permian volcanic event deposits from two cross sections in Nanpiao, Liaoning Province, and the Daqing Mountains, Inner Mongolia, were examined by systematic rock and mineral identification, differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and trace element and rare earth element quantitative analysis. According to the results, twelve sequences of volcanic event deposits have been distinguished from bottom to top, including 34–39 volcanic event layers. As these layers each have their own distinctive petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and were derived from the same source, they provide new evidence for further ascertaining the distribution characteristics of volcanic event deposits on the northern margin of the North China plate and carrying out the stratigraphic correlation using volcanic event layers as marker beds.
An Experimental Study of Mixture Corrosion Effects of Carbonate Rocks in the Transitional Zone of Littoral Karst Areas
Authors: Honghan CHEN , Shengzhang ZOU , Yuanfeng ZHU , Congxi CHEN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe mechanism for development of littoral karst differs from that of inland karst, and the mixture corrosion effects are one of the most important factors that control the development of littoral karst. Through seven groups of static experiments carried out in a closed CO2‐H2O system, basic conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) the basic law of corrosion process in a transitional zone of seawater‐freshwater in littoral karst areas is identical with that in the fresh water, i.e., the lithologic characteristics and rock structure are the main factors which control the development of littoral karst; (2) the mixture corrosion rate of the carbonate rock in the above transitional zone is faster than that in fresh water or seawater; (3) the mechanism for development of carbonate rocks differs at various pressures of CO2 in a transitional zone in littoral karst areas.
Characteristics of Karst Ecosystems of Vietnam and Their Vulnerability to Human Impact
Authors: TUYET Do 
Published: September 2010

AbstractKarst in Vietnam covers an area of about 60,000 km2, i.e. 18 % of the surface of the country. The country has an annual average temperature of 24°C, an annual average rainfall of 2300 mm and a relative humidity of about 90%. Karst in Vietnam is typified by peak cluster‐depression landscapes ranging in elevation from 200 to over 2000 m. Tower and coastal karst landscapes also exit. Because of naturally favourable conditions, karst ecosystems are diverse and very rich. Higher plants (cormophytes) are abundant. They are represented by approximately 2000 species, 908 genera, 224 families, 86 orders and 7 phyla. They form a thick vegetation cover of evergreen tropical rainforest. Knowledge about lower plants is limited. The fauna is rich and diverse. Phyla such as Protozoa, Vermes, Mollusca and Arthropoda are yet ill known. Preliminary results show that the phylum Chordata is represented by 541 species from 80 families, 40 orders and 5 classes. There exist many precious and rare mammals, in particular some endemic species such as Trachypithecus poliocephalus, T. delacouri, Rhinopithecus avanculus, Rhinolophus rouxi, Seotoma dineties and Silurus cuephuongensis. The class Insecta has about 2000 species.The fast population growth, particularly in the mountainous areas of the country, triggers an increasing demand for land and therefore threatens the ecosystem. To obtain land for farming, people have cut, burned and destroyed natural forest cover; resulting in occurrence of hazards such as soil‐loss, water‐loss, flash floods, mud‐rock flows, rock‐falls, severe drought, water logging and changes of karstic aquifers etc. Poaching precious animals and illegal logging are increasing. In contrast to other natural systems, karst ecosystems cannot be reestablished once damaged. Living karst landscapes will become rocky desert ones without life. Conservation of karstic environmental systems in general and karstic ecosystems in particular should not be the sole vocation of scientists but also a duty and responsibility of authorities and people from all levels. A good example of a multidisciplinary approach to karst‐related problems is the implementation of the Vietnamese‐Belgian Karst Project (VBEKAP): “Rural development in the mountain karst area of NW Vietnam by sustainable water and land management and social learning: its conditions and facilitation”. The aim of this project is to improve living conditions of local people and sustained protection and management of the karst environment and ecosystem.
Karst Collapse Mechanism and Criterion for Its Stability
Authors: Keqiang HE , Changli LIU , Sijing WANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractKarst collapse, caused by natural or artificial abstraction of groundwater, has been a focus of environmental geological problems for its ever‐increasing hazardousness. The potential erosion theory and vacuum suction erosion theory, which reveal the origin of karst collapse macroscopically, are popularly accepted. However, a mathematic prediction criterion for karst collapse cannot be established only by these two theories. From a new perspective, this paper attempts to explain the microcosmic mechanism of karst collapse on the basis of these two theories. When the shear stress surpasses the shear strength of soil, a certain point or a certain plane in the unconsolidated soil covering karst caves will fail under the mechanical effects of water and air as well as its load‐pressure, and with the increase of damaged points, a breaking plane appears and the soil on karst caves is completely damaged; as a result, the karst ground collapses. On the basis of the Mohr‐Coulomb failure theory and previous studies, the paper presents a prediction criterion of karst collapse. Finally, by taking, for example, nine typical cases of collapse caused by pumping tests in Guizhou, the paper gives the calculation process of the model and proves its reliability.
Paleozoic Accretion‐Collision Events and Kinematics of Ductile Deformation in the Eastern Part of the Southern‐Central Tianshan Belt, China
Authors: Liangshu SHU , CHARVET J. , Huafu LU , LAURENT S.C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Tianshan range could have been built by both late Early Paleozoic accretion and Late Paleozoic collision events. The late Early Paleozoic Aqqikkudug‐Weiya suture is marked by Ordovician ophiolitic mélange and a Silurian flysch sequence, high‐pressure metamorphic relics, and mylonitized rocks. The Central Tianshan belt could principally be an Ordovician volcanic arc; whereas the South Tianshan belt, a back‐arc basin. Macro‐ and microstructures, along with unconformities, provide some kinematic and chronological constraints on 2‐phase ductile deformation. The earlier ductile deformation occurring at ca. 400 Ma was marked by north‐verging ductile shearing, yielding granulite‐bearing ophiolitic mélange blocks and garnet‐pyroxene‐facies ductile deformation, and the later deformation, a dextral strike‐slip tectonic process, occurred during the Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian. Early Carboniferous molasses were deposited unconformably on pre‐Carboniferous metamorphic and ductilely sheared rocks, implying the end of the early orogeny. The large‐scale ductile strike‐slip along the Aqqikkudug‐Weiya zone was possibly caused by the second tectonic event, the Hercynian collision between the northern Tarim block and the southern Siberian block. Late Paleozoic granitic magmatism and superimposed structures overprinted this Early Paleozoic deformation belt. Results of geometric and kinematic studies suggest that the primary framework of the Southern‐Central Tianshan belt, at least the eastern part of the Tianshan belt, was built by these two phases of accretion events.
Two Contrasting Eclogite Types on the Northern Margin of the Qaidam Basin, Western China
Authors: Jianxin ZHANG , Jingsui YANG , Zhiqin XU , Yusheng WAN , Fancong MENG , Haibing LI , Rendeng SHI , Shuguang SONG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEclogites have been recently discovered in the Xitieshan area in the middle segment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin. These eclogites, together with those recognized earlier in the Yuka area of the western segment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin and in the Dulan area of the eastern segment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin, form an eclogite belt with a length of 350 km. A comparison of the eclogites from the Yuka and Xitieshan areas suggests that they show different country rocks, microtextures, mineral assemblages, and especially, different peak temperatures, PT paths during decompression and isotopic features. Eclogites from the Yuka area bear evidence of prograde metamorphism, such as prograde mineral relics in garnet and growth zoning of garnet, and hairpin‐shaped PT paths with coincidence of the baric and thermal peaks of metamorphism, which reflect rapid burial and uplift. Sm‐Nd isotopic determination shows obvious Sm‐Nd disequilibrium, and no isochron ages of Early Paleozoic metamorphism was obtained. On the contrary, the Xitieshan eclogite was subjected to metamorphism of higher eclogite‐facies and post‐eclogite‐facies temperatures, showing an obvious granulite‐facies overprint. A tentative PT path for the Xitieshan area suggests that the baric peak preceded the thermal culmination. Whole rock‐garnet‐omphacite Sm‐Nd isotopic data give an isochron age in the Early Paleozoic. The differences between the two eclogites imply their different tectonic‐thermal history during their burial and uplift.
Enrichment of Mantle‐derived Fluids in the Formation Process of Granitoids: Evidence from the Himalayan Granitoids around Kunjirap in the Western Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Yaohui JIANG , Hongfei LING , Shaoyong JIANG , Xunruo ZHOU , Xingjian RUI , Wanzhi YANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTaking the Himalayan granitoids around Kunjirap in the western Qinghai‐Tibet plateau as an example, the authors present in this paper the characteristics of the granitoids rich in mantle‐derived fluid components and discuss their rock‐forming mechanism. The research results indicate that the rock assemblage of the studied granitoids involves diopside syenite‐diopside granite‐biotite (monzonitic) granite, consisting mainly of K‐feldspar, oligoclase, quartz, iron‐phlogolite, diopside and edenite. The rocks are rich in mantle‐derived fluid components of volatiles including F, alkali metal elements such as K, Na, Rb, Sr and Ba, and radiogenic heat‐producing elements such as U and Th. They were generated by the influx of mantle‐derived fluids into the lower crust to give rise to partial melting during the lithosphere thinning in the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau.
Estimating Influence of Crystallizing Latent Heat on Cooling‐Crystallizing Process of a Granitic Melt and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Bangton ZHANG , Junqi WU , Hongfei LING , Peirong CHEN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Based on the theory of thermal conductivity, in this paper we derived a formula to estimate the prolongation period (ΔtL) of cooling‐crystallization process of a granitic melt caused by latent heat of crystallization as follows:where TM is initial temperature of the granite melt, TC crystallization temperature of the granite melt, Cp specific heat, Δtcol cooling period of a granite melt from its initial temperature (TM) to its crystallization temperature (TC), QL latent heat of the granite melt.The cooling period of the melt for the Fanshan granodiorite from its initial temperature (900°C) to crystallization temperature (600°C) could be estimated ˜210,000 years if latent heat was not considered. Calculation for the Fanshan melt using the above formula yields a ΔtL value of ˜190,000 years, which implies that the actual cooling period within the temperature range of 900°‐600°C should be 400,000 years. This demonstrates that the latent heat produced from crystallization of the granitic melt is a key factor influencing the cooling‐crystallization process of a granitic melt, prolongating the period of crystallization and resulting in the large emplacement‐crystallization time difference (ECTD) in granite batholith.
Re‐Os Dating of Molybdenite from the Yaogangxian Tungsten Deposit, South China, and Its Geological Significance
Authors: Yonglei WANG , Rongfu PEI , Jinwen LI , Wenjun QU , Li LI , Haolin WANG , Andao DU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Yaogangxian tungsten deposit is located in the central part of the Nanling polymetallic metallogenic province. The orebodies occur as veins. Wolframite and molybdenite are the dominant ore minerals. Two samples were selected for molybdenite Re‐Os dating in order to elucidate the timing of mineralization. Re‐Os datings of molybdenite from quartz‐wolframite veins and disseminated in granite yield ages of 153±7 Ma and 163.2±4.2 Ma respectively. The results indicate that the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit is the product of large‐scale metallogenesis in the middle Yanshanian period in South China, and that the evolution from late magmatic to postmagmatic hypothermal mineralization occurred at about 10 Ma. The rhenium content of molybdenite in the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit suggests that the ore materials originated from the crust.
Emplacement Ages and Geochemical Characteristics of Grabbroic Intrusions and Prospecting Orientation of Related Deposit in Luodian, Guizhou Province
Authors: Weixuan FANG , Ruizhong HU , Wenchao SU , Jiafei XIAO 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEmplacement ages, geochemical characteristics and analysis of continental dynamics on gabbroic intrusions in Luodian County, Guizhou Province, have been discussed based on studies of isotopic chronology (the whole‐rock Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isochron methods), major elements, trace elements and PGE. Intrusive activities of the gabbroic intrusions in the study area took place during the Late Yanshanian Orogenic Movement (the Cretaceous Period), as indicated by the Sm‐Nd isochron ages (t)=(99.6±4.5) (2s̀) Ma and by the Rb‐Sr isochron ages t=(97±1.6) (2s̀) Ma. The gabbroic intrusions are attached to mafic rocks in cal‐alkaline basaltic series. They occurred as dikes and might be formed under an extensional background of the continent. Differentiation of their magmatic crystallization resulted in obvious zonation of petrography. In the gabbroic intrusions of this study, large ion lithophile elements and LREE are enriched, and the chondrite‐normalized REE distribution pattern is leftward inclined without anomalies of δCe or δEu, and there are high concentrations of PGE and ratios of Pd/Ir (averaging 4.21). All of these imply that their source areas may be basaltic magma in the upper mantle with high‐level partial melting, derived from EMI‐type enriched mantle. It is different from Emeishan basalt, which may be related to the upper mantle at low‐grade partial melting. Emplacement mechanism of the gabbroic intrusions in this study may suppose to be asthenosphere upheaving as an isolated hot wave in the presence of mantle fluid, resulting in basaltic magma intruded into the continental crust as a diapiric intrusion. Therefore, uplifting of faulting‐block and extensional deformation could take place in the shallow part of the continental crust while vertical amassing and accretion of magmatic materials in the deep part of the continental crust These special processes could supposed to be a special background of continental dynamics for this large‐scale epithermal metallogenic domain, such as Au, As, Sb and Hg deposits, and vertical uplifting of the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau in the Cretaceous Period.
Magnetite‐Fluorite Rock: A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation
Authors: Shaokang XU , Xuehui XIA , Congjian YUAN , Bingquan WANG , Fei YAN , Shengxian YAN , Xingquan ZHENG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe new type hot water sedimentary rock — magnetite‐fluorite rock occurs as quasi‐layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite+magnetite+cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123°C‐160°C, averaging at 142°C. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high‐content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low (ΣREE between 35.34times10−6‐38.35times10−4), showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis: driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub‐horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well‐known traditional hydrothermal sedimentary rocks.
Calcite Dissolution in Deionized Water from 50°C to 250°C at 10 MPa: Rate Equation and Reaction Order
Authors: Qingjie GONG , Jun DENG , Qingfei WANG , Liqiang YANG , Min SHE 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCarbonate minerals and water (or geofluids) reactions are important for modeling of geochemical processes and have received considerable attention over the past decades. The calcite dissolution rates from 50°C to 250°C at 10 MPa in deionized water with a flow rate varying from 0.2 to 5 mL/min were experimentally measured in a continuous flow column pressure vessel reactor. The dissolution began near the equilibrium with c/ceq > 0.3 and finally reached the equilibrium at 100°C‐250°C, so the corresponding solubility was also determined as 1.87, 2.02, 2.02 and 1.88times10−4 · mol/L at 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 250°C respectively, which was first increasing and then switching to decreasing with temperature and the maximum value might occur between 150°C and 200°C. The experimental dissolution rate not only increased with temperature, but also had a rapid increase between 150°C and 200°C at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. The measured dissolution rates can be described using rate equations of R = k(1‐c/ceq)R or R = kc−n. In these equations the reaction order n changed with temperature, which indicates that n was a variable rather than a constant, and the activation energy was 13.4 kj/mol calculated with R = k(1‐c/ceq)R or 18.0 kJ/mol with R = kc−R, which is a little lower than the surface controlled values. The varied reaction order and lower activation energy indicates that calcite dissolution in this study is a complex interplay of diffusion controlled and surface controlled processes.
Effect of Mineral Dusts on the Growth of Silicate Bacteria S35
Authors: Qunwei DAI , Faqin DONG , Jianjun DENG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn order to compare the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts on silicate bacteria S35, the chemical compositions of six kinds of mineral dusts have been analyzed and the changes of pH value, glucose (GLU), electrolyte and Mn, Si, Fe before and after the dusts reacted with silicate bacteria S35 have been measured. The SEM analysis has been used to study the bacterial form and interface action status in the course of reaction between dusts and bacteria. The results show that these mineral dusts have different effects on experiment bacteria. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of mineral dusts on silicate bacteria has correlation with the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts.
Preparation and Structural Investigation of CuCl2 Graphite Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Xiaopei BIN , Jiazang CHEN , Hong CAO , Enbao MA , Xuehua WANG , Jizhu YUAN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSuperfine graphite powder was prepared by ball‐milling exfoliated graphite containing anhydrous CuCI2 in planetary ball milling systems. Nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compounds were synthesized by heating a mixture of anhydrous CuCl2 and graphite nanosheets. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructures of stage‐1 nano‐scale CuCI2 graphite intercalation compounds. The structure and components of the domain wall and core in the nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compounds are described. The results show that the content of CuCl2 in the mixture plays a crucial role in the size of the nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compound.
Culture Matters: How Our Culture Affects the Audit*
Authors: COWPERTHWAITE PHILIP 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIf the influence of national cultures on the implementation of global standards is not taken into account, the result will be inconsistent implementation at best and outright failure at worst. The experiences in fields such as medicine, peacekeeping, aviation, and environmental protection offer insight into possible difficulties with the implementation, beginning in 2010, of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) by members of the International Federation of Accountants. Some countries may have difficulty with implementation because of the differences between their cultural assumptions and those embodied in the standards to be adopted. It is too soon to know if and where that will happen, especially because the data on first experiences will not begin to be available until 2013. However, cultural‐comparison data can be used to foresee which countries may have difficulty with implementation. But if unintended consequences do become evident, it will be important not to assume that the standards and the standard‐setting process are defective; it is more likely that practitioners will need help in interpreting the ISAs in light of their local culture. A useful first step would be for standard‐setting bodies to identify explicitly the cultural assumptions inherent in the standards they produce. The standard setters can then give that information to those responsible for standards implementation at the practitioner level to help promote consistent application of the standards globally.