bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellites Reveal Spatial Heterogeneity in Dryland Photovoltaic Plants' Effects on Vegetation Dynamics
Authors: Xia Zilong , Li Yingjie , Guo Shanchuan , Chen Ruishan , Zhang Wei , Guo Xiaona , Zhang Xingang , Du Peijun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractLarge‐scale photovoltaic (PV) plants are growing rapidly in drylands because of the rich solar radiation and vast unutilized land. The transformation of landscapes in dryland has threatened local fragile vegetation. Existing studies have investigated the issue by field observations and satellite data, yet the spatial differences in vegetation changes due to dryland PV plants deployment and underlying driving mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data were used to assess the vegetation changes disturbed by PV plants in China's drylands. We further identified environmental factors affecting vegetation changes based on random forest regression model. Our findings reveal the spatial heterogeneity in the impact of PV plants on vegetation dynamics—PV plant deployment promoted the growth of vegetation in the vast majority of arid and hyper‐arid drylands, while it tends to cause vegetation decline in the sub‐humid and semi‐arid drylands. The impact of PV plants on vegetation dynamics depends on local environmental conditions. We found that deploying PV plants in areas with sparse vegetation, low humidity, and long sunshine duration is more likely to promote vegetation restoration. The findings and data maps with highly detailed information can help guide solar energy operators in siting and ecological restoration to enhance techno–ecological synergies in the future.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Judson Ian , Jones Robin L. , Wong Newton A. C. S. , Dileo Palma , Bulusu Ramesh , Smith Myles , Almond Max 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
British Sarcoma Group guidelines for the management of GIST were initially informed by those published by the European Society of Clinical Oncology. This update was written by a group of experts to includes a discussion of the highlight improvements in our knowledge of the disease and recent treatment developments. The guidelines include sections on Incidence, Aetiology, Diagnosis, including risk assessment, Treatment and Follow-up.

Methods
A careful review of the literature was performed to ensure that wherever possible recommendations are supported by the results of clinical trials or substantive retrospective reports. Areas of uncertainty are indicated appropriately.

Conclusion
Guidelines represent a consensus view of current best clinical practice. Where appropriate, key recommendations are given and the levels of evidence and strength of recommendation gradings are those used by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO).
A nationwide study of breast reconstruction after mastectomy in patients with breast cancer receiving postmastectomy radiotherapy: comparison of complications according to radiotherapy fractionation and reconstruction procedures
Authors: Ryu Hyejo , Shin Kyung Hwan , Chang Ji Hyun , Jang Bum-Sup 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
We examined the patterns of breast reconstruction postmastectomy in breast cancer patients undergoing postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and compared complications based on radiotherapy fractionation and reconstruction procedures.

Methods
Using National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data (2015–2020), we analysed 4669 breast cancer patients with PMRT and reconstruction. Using propensity matching, cohorts for hypofractionated fractionation (HF) and conventional fractionation (CF) were created, adjusting for relevant factors and identifying grade ≥3 complications.

Result
Of 4,669 patients, 30.6% underwent HF and 69.4% CF. The use of HF has increased from 19.4% in 2015 to 41.0% in 2020. Immediate autologous (32.9%) and delayed two-stage implant reconstruction (33.9%) were common. Complication rates for immediate (N = 1286) and delayed two-stage (N = 784) reconstruction were similar between HF and CF groups (5.1% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.803, and 10.5% vs. 10.7%, P = 0.856, respectively) with median follow-ups of 2.5 and 2.6 years. HF showed no increased risk of complications across reconstruction methods.

Conclusion
A nationwide cohort study revealed no significant difference in complication rates between the HF and CF groups, indicating HF for reconstructed breasts is comparable to CF. However, consultation regarding the fractionation for reconstructed breast cancer patients may still be necessary.
Integrating system biology and intratumor gene therapy by trans-complementing the appropriate co-stimulatory molecule as payload in oncolytic herpes virus
Authors: Finizio A. , Pagano P. , Napolano A. , Froechlich G. , Infante L. , De Chiara A. , Amiranda S. , Vitiello E. , Totaro S. , Capasso C. , Raia M. , D’Alise A. M. , de Candia P. , Zambrano N. , Sasso E. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSystems biology has been applied at the multi-scale level within the cancer field, improving cancer prevention, diagnosis and enabling precision medicine approaches. While systems biology can expand the knowledge and skills for oncological treatment, it also represents a challenging expedition due to cancer complexity, heterogeneity and diversity not only between different cancer indications, but also in its evolution process through space and time. Here, by characterizing the transcriptional perturbations of the tumor microenvironment induced by oncolytic, we aimed to rationally design a novel armed oncolytic herpes virus. We found that intratumor oncovirotherapy with HSV-1 induces T-cell activation signatures and transcriptionally activates several costimulatory molecules. We identified differentially expressed costimulatory receptors and binding partners, where inducible co-stimulators (ICOS) resulted in the potentially most beneficial targeted therapy. Through an ex-vivo transcriptomic analysis, we explored the potential of arming an oncolytic virus as a combination therapy strategy; in particular, we engineered a targeted herpes virus encoding ICOSL (THV_ICOSL), which resulted in a significant improvement in tumor size control compared to unarmed parental virus. Also, combination with a PD-1 inhibitor enhanced antitumor efficacy as predictable by upregulation of PD-1 and ligands pair (PD-L1/PD-L2) upon oncolytic virus injection. Generation of the human version of this virus encoding hICOSL orthologue effectively and specifically activated human T cells by triggering the ICOS pathway. Our data support the data-driven generation of armed oncolytic viruses as combination immunotherapeutic with checkpoint inhibitors.
TL1A and IL-18 synergy promotes GM-CSF-dependent thymic granulopoiesis in mice
Authors: Ruiz Pérez Mario , Maueröder Christian , Steels Wolf , Verstraeten Bruno , Lameire Sahine , Xie Wei , Wyckaert Laura , Huysentruyt Jelle , Divert Tatyana , Roelandt Ria , Gonçalves Amanda , De Rycke Riet , Ravichandran Kodi , Lambrecht Bart N. , Taghon Tom , Leclercq Georges , Vandenabeele Peter , Tougaard Peter 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAcute systemic inflammation critically alters the function of the immune system, often promoting myelopoiesis at the expense of lymphopoiesis. In the thymus, systemic inflammation results in acute thymic atrophy and, consequently, impaired T-lymphopoiesis. The mechanism by which systemic inflammation impacts the thymus beyond suppressing T-cell development is still unclear. Here, we describe how the synergism between TL1A and IL-18 suppresses T-lymphopoiesis to promote thymic myelopoiesis. The protein levels of these two cytokines were elevated in the thymus during viral-induced thymus atrophy infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). In vivo administration of TL1A and IL-18 induced acute thymic atrophy, while thymic neutrophils expanded. Fate mapping with Ms4a3-Cre mice demonstrated that thymic neutrophils emerge from thymic granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs), while Rag1-Cre fate mapping revealed a common developmental path with lymphocytes. These effects could be modeled ex vivo using neonatal thymic organ cultures (NTOCs), where TL1A and IL-18 synergistically enhanced neutrophil production and egress. NOTCH blockade by the LY411575 inhibitor increased the number of neutrophils in the culture, indicating that NOTCH restricted steady-state thymic granulopoiesis. To promote myelopoiesis, TL1A, and IL-18 synergistically increased GM-CSF levels in the NTOC, which was mainly produced by thymic ILC1s. In support, TL1A- and IL-18-induced granulopoiesis was completely prevented in NTOCs derived from Csf2rb-/- mice and by GM-CSFR antibody blockade, revealing that GM-CSF is the essential factor driving thymic granulopoiesis. Taken together, our findings reveal that TL1A and IL-18 synergism induce acute thymus atrophy while promoting extramedullary thymic granulopoiesis in a NOTCH and GM-CSF-controlled manner.
POT1 tumour predisposition: a broader spectrum of associated malignancies and proposal for additional screening program
Authors: Baptista Freitas Marta , Desmyter Laurence , Badoer Cindy , Smits Guillaume , Vandernoot Isabelle , t´Kint de Roodenbeke Daphné 
Published: June 2024

AbstractProtection of Telomeres Protein 1 (POT1) protein is an essential subunit of the shelterin telomere binding complex, regulating telomere length. Some POT1 gene pathogenic variants (PV) lead to telomere elongation, genomic instability and higher risk of cancer. POT1 tumour predisposition syndrome (POT1-TPD) has autosomal dominant inheritance and unknown penetrance. It is associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, angiosarcoma and gliomas. In this work, we aim to describe a broader cancer phenotype related to POT1-TPD, in three families (two with a four generation pedigree, one with a five generation pedigree). The three index cases were referred to our oncogenetic centre for genetic counselling due to their personal history of cancer. Two underwent clinical exome sequencing of 4,867 genes associated with Mendelian genetic diseases, and another underwent gene panel sequencing including POT1, which identified three different POT1 PV: NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.349C>T; NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.233T>C and NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.818G>A; already described in the literature. Referenced relatives, did a target genetic test (according to the POT1 PV identified in the family). In total, 37 individuals were tested (51.4% females), median age of 46 (22–81) years, with POT1 PV detected in 22. POT1-TPD was observed, but also a higher incidence of other cancers (other sarcomas, papillary thyroid cancer, early onset prostate cancer and leukaemia). These findings contribute to an increase in our knowledge about POT1 PV, and it can play a role in the definition of future POT1 PV screening criteria, POT1 carrier surveillance protocols (possibly considering screening for all types of sarcomas) and in genetic counselling.
Changes in post-transplant serum testosterone levels in men undergoing lung transplantation: a pilot study using the TriNetX Research Network
Authors: Thompson Austin , Omil-Lima Danly , Perez Jaime Abraham , Jesse Erin , Khera Mohit , Chavin Kenneth , Thirumavalavan Nannan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHypogonadism is understudied in men requiring solid organ transplants, particularly among lung transplant recipients. Improvement in serum testosterone levels has been reported in kidney and liver transplantation. Using the TriNetX Research Network, we performed a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the incidence of peri-transplant hypogonadism and the natural course of serum testosterone following successful lung transplantation. Men aged ≥ 18 with a lung transplant and total testosterone drawn within one year pre- and post-transplant were included. Men with receipt of testosterone therapy were excluded. A low testosterone (<300 ng/dL) and normal testosterone (≥300 ng/dL) cohort was created before employing descriptive and analytic statistics to investigate the incidence of peri-transplant hypogonadism and the change in serum testosterone levels following lung transplantation. In our entire cohort, lung transplantation was not associated with a significant increase in post-transplant serum testosterone (329.86 ± 162.56 ng/dL pre-transplant and 355.13 ± 216.11 ng/dL post-transplant, p = 0.483). The number of men with low testosterone decreased by 9.8% following lung transplantation but was not significant, p = 0.404. In this pilot study, no significant change in the number of hypogonadal men nor serum testosterone levels was observed among men undergoing lung transplantation.
High internal phase emulsions gel ink for direct-ink-writing 3D printing of liquid metal
Authors: Lin Zewen , Qiu Xiaowen , Cai Zhouqishuo , Li Jialiang , Zhao Yanan , Lin Xinping , Zhang Jinmeng , Hu Xiaolan , Bai Hua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract3D printing of liquid metal remains a big challenge due to its low viscosity and large surface tension. In this study, we use Carbopol hydrogel and liquid gallium-indium alloy to prepare a liquid metal high internal phase emulsion gel ink, which can be used for direct-ink-writing 3D printing. The high volume fraction (up to 82.5%) of the liquid metal dispersed phase gives the ink excellent elastic properties, while the Carbopol hydrogel, as the continuous phase, provides lubrication for the liquid metal droplets, ensuring smooth flow of the ink during shear extrusion. These enable high-resolution and shape-stable 3D printing of three-dimensional structures. Moreover, the liquid metal droplets exhibit an electrocapillary phenomenon in the Carbopol hydrogel, which allows for demulsification by an electric field and enables electrical connectivity between droplets. We have also achieved the printing of ink on flexible, non-planar structures, and demonstrated the potential for alternating printing with various materials.
The role of electrocatalytic materials for developing post-lithium metal||sulfur batteries
Authors: Ye Chao , Li Huan , Chen Yujie , Hao Junnan , Liu Jiahao , Shan Jieqiong , Qiao Shi-Zhang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe exploration of post-Lithium (Li) metals, such as Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Aluminum (Al), and Zinc (Zn), for electrochemical energy storage has been driven by the limited availability of Li and the higher theoretical specific energies compared to the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. Post-Li metal||S batteries have emerged as a promising system for practical applications. Yet, the insufficient understanding of quantitative cell parameters and the mechanisms of sulfur electrocatalytic conversion hinder the advancement of these battery technologies. This perspective offers a comprehensive analysis of electrode parameters, including S mass loading, S content, electrolyte/S ratio, and negative/positive electrode capacity ratio, in establishing the specific energy (Wh kg−1) of post-Li metal||S batteries. Additionally, we critically evaluate the progress in investigating electrochemical sulfur conversion via homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalytic approaches in both non-aqueous Na/K/Mg/Ca/Al||S and aqueous Zn||S batteries. Lastly, we provide a critical outlook on potential research directions for designing practical post-Li metal||S batteries.
Scaling neural machine translation to 200 languages
Authors:   NLLB Team, Costa-jussà Marta R. , Cross James , Çelebi Onur , Elbayad Maha , Heafield Kenneth , Heffernan Kevin , Kalbassi Elahe , Lam Janice , Licht Daniel , Maillard Jean , Sun Anna , Wang Skyler , Wenzek Guillaume , Youngblood Al , Akula Bapi , Barrault Loic , Gonzalez Gabriel Mejia , Hansanti Prangthip , Hoffman John , Jarrett Semarley , Sadagopan Kaushik Ram , Rowe Dirk , Spruit Shannon , Tran Chau , Andrews Pierre , Ayan Necip Fazil , Bhosale Shruti , Edunov Sergey , Fan Angela , Gao Cynthia , Goswami Vedanuj , Guzmán Francisco , Koehn Philipp , Mourachko Alexandre , Ropers Christophe , Saleem Safiyyah , Schwenk Holger , Wang Jeff 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe development of neural techniques has opened up new avenues for research in machine translation. Today, neural machine translation (NMT) systems can leverage highly multilingual capacities and even perform zero-shot translation, delivering promising results in terms of language coverage and quality. However, scaling quality NMT requires large volumes of parallel bilingual data, which are not equally available for the 7,000+ languages in the world1. Focusing on improving the translation qualities of a relatively small group of high-resource languages comes at the expense of directing research attention to low-resource languages, exacerbating digital inequities in the long run. To break this pattern, here we introduce No Language Left Behind—a single massively multilingual model that leverages transfer learning across languages. We developed a conditional computational model based on the Sparsely Gated Mixture of Experts architecture2–7, which we trained on data obtained with new mining techniques tailored for low-resource languages. Furthermore, we devised multiple architectural and training improvements to counteract overfitting while training on thousands of tasks. We evaluated the performance of our model over 40,000 translation directions using tools created specifically for this purpose—an automatic benchmark (FLORES-200), a human evaluation metric (XSTS) and a toxicity detector that covers every language in our model. Compared with the previous state-of-the-art models, our model achieves an average of 44% improvement in translation quality as measured by BLEU. By demonstrating how to scale NMT to 200 languages and making all contributions in this effort freely available for non-commercial use, our work lays important groundwork for the development of a universal translation system.
Nuclear position and local acetyl-CoA production regulate chromatin state
Authors: Willnow Philipp , Teleman Aurelio A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHistone acetylation regulates gene expression, cell function and cell fate1. Here we study the pattern of histone acetylation in the epithelial tissue of the Drosophila wing disc. H3K18ac, H4K8ac and total lysine acetylation are increased in the outer rim of the disc. This acetylation pattern is controlled by nuclear position, whereby nuclei continuously move from apical to basal locations within the epithelium and exhibit high levels of H3K18ac when they are in proximity to the tissue surface. These surface nuclei have increased levels of acetyl-CoA synthase, which generates the acetyl-CoA for histone acetylation. The carbon source for histone acetylation in the rim is fatty acid β-oxidation, which is also increased in the rim. Inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation causes H3K18ac levels to decrease in the genomic proximity of genes involved in disc development. In summary, there is a physical mark of the outer rim of the wing and other imaginal epithelia in Drosophila that affects gene expression.
Microbial competition for phosphorus limits the CO2 response of a mature forest
Authors: Jiang Mingkai , Crous Kristine Y. , Carrillo Yolima , Macdonald Catriona A. , Anderson Ian C. , Boer Matthias M. , Farrell Mark , Gherlenda Andrew N. , Castañeda-Gómez Laura , Hasegawa Shun , Jarosch Klaus , Milham Paul J. , Ochoa-Hueso Rául , Pathare Varsha , Pihlblad Johanna , Piñeiro Juan , Powell Jeff R. , Power Sally A. , Reich Peter B. , Riegler Markus , Zaehle Sönke , Smith Benjamin , Medlyn Belinda E. , Ellsworth David S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe capacity for terrestrial ecosystems to sequester additional carbon (C) with rising CO2 concentrations depends on soil nutrient availability1,2. Previous evidence suggested that mature forests growing on phosphorus (P)-deprived soils had limited capacity to sequester extra biomass under elevated CO2 (refs. 3–6), but uncertainty about ecosystem P cycling and its CO2 response represents a crucial bottleneck for mechanistic prediction of the land C sink under climate change7. Here, by compiling the first comprehensive P budget for a P-limited mature forest exposed to elevated CO2, we show a high likelihood that P captured by soil microorganisms constrains ecosystem P recycling and availability for plant uptake. Trees used P efficiently, but microbial pre-emption of mineralized soil P seemed to limit the capacity of trees for increased P uptake and assimilation under elevated CO2 and, therefore, their capacity to sequester extra C. Plant strategies to stimulate microbial P cycling and plant P uptake, such as increasing rhizosphere C release to soil, will probably be necessary for P-limited forests to increase C capture into new biomass. Our results identify the key mechanisms by which P availability limits CO2 fertilization of tree growth and will guide the development of Earth system models to predict future long-term C storage.
A disease-associated gene desert directs macrophage inflammation through ETS2
Authors: Stankey C. T. , Bourges C. , Haag L. M. , Turner-Stokes T. , Piedade A. P. , Palmer-Jones C. , Papa I. , Silva dos Santos M. , Zhang Q. , Cameron A. J. , Legrini A. , Zhang T. , Wood C. S. , New F. N. , Randzavola L. O. , Speidel L. , Brown A. C. , Hall A. , Saffioti F. , Parkes E. C. , Edwards W. , Direskeneli H. , Grayson P. C. , Jiang L. , Merkel P. A. , Saruhan-Direskeneli G. , Sawalha A. H. , Tombetti E. , Quaglia A. , Thorburn D. , Knight J. C. , Rochford A. P. , Murray C. D. , Divakar P. , Green M. , Nye E. , MacRae J. I. , Jamieson N. B. , Skoglund P. , Cader M. Z. , Wallace C. , Thomas D. C. , Lee J. C. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIncreasing rates of autoimmune and inflammatory disease present a burgeoning threat to human health1. This is compounded by the limited efficacy of available treatments1 and high failure rates during drug development2, highlighting an urgent need to better understand disease mechanisms. Here we show how functional genomics could address this challenge. By investigating an intergenic haplotype on chr21q22—which has been independently linked to inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and Takayasu’s arteritis3–6—we identify that the causal gene, ETS2, is a central regulator of human inflammatory macrophages and delineate the shared disease mechanism that amplifies ETS2 expression. Genes regulated by ETS2 were prominently expressed in diseased tissues and more enriched for inflammatory bowel disease GWAS hits than most previously described pathways. Overexpressing ETS2 in resting macrophages reproduced the inflammatory state observed in chr21q22-associated diseases, with upregulation of multiple drug targets, including TNF and IL-23. Using a database of cellular signatures7, we identified drugs that might modulate this pathway and validated the potent anti-inflammatory activity of one class of small molecules in vitro and ex vivo. Together, this illustrates the power of functional genomics, applied directly in primary human cells, to identify immune-mediated disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic opportunities.