bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of contact lenses using adsorption of ethylene oxide branched copolymers
Authors: Toki Ikuko , Komatsu Masanori , Shimizu Yoshio , Hara Yusuke 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo examine methods for reducing the amount of adsorbed protein on the surface of contact lenses during use, cationic copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) units were synthesized and evaluated as surface modifiers. Poly(ethylene oxide) graft‐branched copolymers of composition 70 mol % dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) and 30 mol % methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate (Mp0G; p = 2, 4, 9; the average number of the ethylene oxide units) were obtained using nonionic monomers containing poly(ethylene oxide) units. The copolymers very efficiently prevented protein adsorption on a contact lens. Contact angle measurements showed that immersion in tear fluid made the lens surface hydrophobic because of adsorption of proteins with hydrophobic residues. The copolymer pretreatment made the lens surface hydrophilic, even after dipping in artificial tear fluid. These results suggest that adsorption of the poly(ethylene oxide) branched copolymer on the contact lens would make the lens surface hydrophilic and prevent protein adsorption. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of different types of organoclays and compatibilizers on the properties of polystyrene‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Yeniova Canan Esma , Yilmazer Ulku 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPolystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in the presence of elastomeric impact modifiers. Three different types of organically modified montmorillonites; Cloisite® 30B, 15A, and 25A, were used as reinforcement, whereas poly [styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS‐g‐MA) and poly(ethylene‐b‐butyl acrylate‐b‐glycidyl methacrylate) (E‐BA‐GMA) elastomeric materials were introduced to act as impact modifier. Owing to its single aliphatic tail on its modifier and absence of hydroxyl groups, Cloisite® 25A displayed the best dispersion in the polystyrene matrix, and mostly delaminated silicate layers were obtained in the presence of SEBS‐g‐MA. This was attributed to the higher viscosity of SEBS‐g‐MA compared with both E‐BA‐GMA and poly(styrene‐co‐vinyloxazolin) (PS). In addition, the compatibility between SEBS‐g‐MA and PS was found to be better in comparison to the compatibility between E‐BA‐GMA and PS owing to the soluble part of SEBS‐g‐MA in PS. The clay particles were observed to be located mostly in the dispersed phase leading to larger elastomeric domains compared with binary PS/elastomer blends. The enlargement of the elastomeric domains resulted in higher impact strength values in the presence of organoclay. Good dispersion of Cloisite® 25A in PS/SEBS‐g‐MA blends enhanced the tensile properties of this nanocomposite produced. It was observed that the change in the strength and stiffness of the ternary nanocomposites mostly depend on the type of the elastomeric material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and properties of NBR composites filled with a novel black liquor–montmorillonite complex
Authors: Cao Zhonglin , Liao Zedong , Wang Xi , Su Shengpei , Feng Jianxiang , Zhu Jin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA novel rubber filler, black liquor–montmorillonite complex (BL–MMT) was prepared by dehydration of a mixture of MMT and BL and used in the preparation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites by mechanical mixing method. The BL–MMT/rubber composites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Experimental results of XRD and TEM indicated that MMT was well‐dispersed in the rubber because of the presence of lignin. DSC, thermo‐oxidative aging measurements and TGA results demonstrated that the thermal properties of NBR were improved due to the addition of BL–MMT. The tensile properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus were also tested. All experimental results indicated that this BL–MMT complex could be an effective reinforcing agent in rubber for cost‐saving and environment benefits. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preclinical cadaveric study of transanal endoscopic da Vinci® surgery
Authors: Hompes R , Rauh S M , Hagen M E , Mortensen N J 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
Single-port platforms are increasingly being used for transanal surgery and may be associated with a shorter learning curve than transanal endoscopic microsurgery. However, these procedures remain technically challenging, and robotic technology could overcome some of the limitations and increase intraluminal manoeuvrability. An initial experimental experience with transanal endoscopic da Vinci® surgery (TEdS) using a glove port on human cadavers is reported.

Methods
After initial dry laboratory experiments, the feasibility of TEdS and ideal set-up were further evaluated in human cadavers. For transanal access a glove port was constructed on-table by using a circular anal dilator, a standard wound retractor and a surgical glove. A da Vinci® Si HD system was used in combination with the glove port for transanal endoscopic resections.

Results
It was possible to perform all necessary tasks to complete a full-thickness excision and closure of the rectal wall, with cadavers in both prone and supine positions. The stable magnified view, combined with the EndoWrist® technology of the robotic instruments, made every task straightforward. Intraluminal manoeuvrability could be improved further by intersecting the robotic instruments. The glove port proved to be very reliable and the inherent flexibility of the glove facilitated docking of the robotic arms in a narrow confined space.

Conclusion
Using a reliable and universally available glove port, TEdS was feasible and a preferred set-up was determined. Further clinical trials will be necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of this technique.
Formulation of multiple choice questions as a revision exercise at the end of a teaching module in biochemistry
Authors: Bobby Zachariah , Radhika M. R. , Nandeesha H. , Balasubramanian A. , Prerna Singh , Archana Nimesh , Thippeswamy D. N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe graduate medical students often get less opportunity for clarifying their doubts and to reinforce their concepts after lecture classes. Assessment of the effect of MCQ preparation by graduate medical students as a revision exercise on the topic “Mineral metabolism.” At the end of regular teaching module on the topic “Mineral metabolism,” graduate medical students were asked to prepare the stems of 15 MCQs based on the four discriminators given for each. They were told that one of the discriminators could be the answer for the MCQ and the remaining three could be the distracters. They were further guided in their task by providing few key word(s) in the stem of the expected MCQ. In the first phase of the exercise, the students attempted the MCQ preparation individually without peer consultation. In the second phase, the students participated in small group discussion to formulate the best MCQs of the group. The effects on low, medium, and high achievers were evaluated by pre and post‐tests with the same set of MCQs. Both the individual endeavor in Phase 1 and small group discussion in Phase 2 for the formulation of MCQs significantly contributed to the gain from the exercise. The gains from the individual task and from small group discussion were equal among the different categories of students. Both phases of the exercise were equally beneficial for the low, medium, and high achievers. The high and medium achievers retained the gain from the exercise even after 1 week of the exercise whereas the low achievers could not retain the gain completely. Formulation of MCQs is an effective and useful unconventional revision exercise in Biochemistry for graduate medical students.
Organometallic Compounds: An Opportunity for Chemical Biology?
Authors: Patra Malay , Gasser Gilles 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOrganometallic compounds are renowned for their remarkable applications in the field of catalysis, but much less is known about their potential in chemical biology. Indeed, such compounds have long been considered to be either unstable under physiological conditions or cytotoxic. As a consequence, little attention has been paid to their possible utilisation for biological purposes. Because of their outstanding physicochemical properties, which include chemical stability, structural diversity and unique photo‐ and electrochemical properties, however, organometallic compounds have the ability to play a leading role in the field of chemical biology. Indeed, remarkable examples of the use of such compounds—notably as enzyme inhibitors and as luminescent agents—have recently been reported. Here we summarise recent advances in the use of organometallic compounds for chemical biology purposes, an area that we define as “organometallic chemical biology”. We also demonstrate that these recent discoveries are only a beginning and that many other organometallic complexes are likely to be found useful in this field of research in the near future.
Simultaneous Generation of Mesoxalic Acid and Electricity from Glycerol on a Gold Anode Catalyst in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Xin Le , Zhang Zhiyong , Wang Zhichao , Li Wenzhen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report the selective electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol for the cogeneration of mesoxalic acid and electricity on a gold anode catalyst in anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Small Au nanoparticles (3.5 nm) were uniformly deposited onto carbon black with a loading of 40 wt % through a solution‐phase method. An AEMFC with this Au/C anode catalyst, together with an Fe‐based cathode catalyst, exhibited a peak power density of 57.9 mW cm−2 at 80 °C. Valuable mesoxalic acid was produced with high selectivity (46 %) from the electro‐oxidation of glycerol on Au/C at an operating voltage of 0.3 V, whilst very small amounts of mesoxalic acid (selectivity<3 %) were obtained on a Pt/C anode catalyst in AEMFCs. The product distribution was dependent on the anode overpotential. At 1.2 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) in an electrolysis cell, glycolic acid was the major product (selectivity: 65 %) and no mesoxalic acid was observed. Based on the product analysis, we found that Au facilitated deeper‐oxidation of glycerol to afford the fully‐oxidized C3 mesoxalic acid, rather than CC cleavage, under a mild potential range (0.4–0.7 V vs. SHE) that was fortunately within the working voltage range of the fuel cells.
Tailor‐Made Metal–Organic Frameworks from Functionalized Molecular Building Blocks and Length‐Adjustable Organic Linkers by Stepwise Synthesis
Authors: Lan Ya‐Qian , Li Shun‐Li , Jiang Hai‐Long , Xu Qiang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, we have demonstrated a family of diamondoid metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on functionalized molecular building blocks and length‐adjustable organic linkers by using a stepwise synthesis strategy. We have successfully achieved not only “design” and “control” to synthesize MOFs, but also the functionalization of both secondary building units (SBUs) and organic linkers in the same MOF for the first time. Furthermore, the results of N2 and H2 adsorption show that their surface areas and hydrogen uptake capacities are determined by the most optimal combination of functional groups from SBUs and organic linkers, interpenetration, and free volume in this system. A member of this series, DMOF‐6 exhibits the highest surface area and H2 adsorption capacity among this family of MOFs.
Differences in Early Maladaptive Schemas between a Sample of Young Adult Female Substance Abusers and a Non‐clinical Comparison Group
Authors: Shorey Ryan C. , Stuart Gregory L. , Anderson Scott 
Published: May 2012

Early maladaptive schemas, defined as cognitive and behavioural patterns of viewing oneself and the world that cause considerable distress, are increasingly being recognized as an important underlying correlate of mental health problems. Recent research has begun to examine early maladaptive schemas among individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse. Unfortunately, there is limited research on whether substance abusers score higher on early maladaptive schemas than non‐clinical controls. Thus, the current study examined whether a sample of young adult female substance abuse treatment seekers (n = 180) scored higher than a non‐clinical group of female college students (n = 284) on early maladaptive schemas. Results demonstrated that the substance abuse group scored higher than the non‐clinical group on 16 of the 18 early maladaptive schemas. In addition, a number of differences in early maladaptive schemas were large in effect size. Implications of these findings for future research and substance abuse treatment programmes are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Young adult female substance users have a number of early maladaptive schemas that may be contributing to the onset and maintenance of substance use.
Findings from the current study suggest that early maladaptive schemas are more prevalent among young adult female substance abusers than a non‐clinical control group, even after controlling for demographic differences between groups.
The treatment of substance abuse among young adults should consider targeting early maladaptive schemas.
Molecular testing in malignant melanoma
Authors: Grossmann Allie H. , Grossmann Kenneth F. , Wallander Michelle L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMolecular testing of cancers to determine therapeutic eligibility is now standard of care and has changed the practice of pathology. Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma with BRAF and KIT inhibitors have increased the demand for molecular testing in melanoma. Furthermore, rapid progress is being made in determining potential new targets, mechanisms of resistance, and developing additional rationally designed therapies. The likely consequence will be a significant expansion of molecular testing for melanoma to include an array of multiple signaling intermediates. Currently, routine testing is mostly limited to BRAF and KIT. Mutations in these genes generally occur in a distinct group of melanoma subsets though, and with the numerous techniques available for mutation analysis, decisions about testing can be complex. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of clinically relevant mutations which currently guide systemic therapy in Stage IV melanoma, how these molecular events vary with melanoma subtype and primary site of origin, and practical recommendations for testing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:503–510. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telecytology and its evolving role in cytopathology
Authors: Khurana Kamal K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe advancement of telecommunication technology in the area of digital transfer of images form distant site has resulted in exploration of this technology in the area of cytopathology. Telecytology facilitates the electronic transmission of microscopic images using static, dynamic, and whole slide imaging systems. Recent articles have generated an interest in the use of this technology for immediate assessment of fine‐needle aspirations. Telecytology has potential for use in second opinion, quality assurance, slide archiving, proficiency testing, and distance‐based education. This review discusses the current and potential applications of telecytology in cytopathology practice and its limitation and advantages. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:498–502. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond cytomorphology: Expanding the diagnostic potential for biliary cytology
Authors: Chadwick Barbara E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMalignancy of the extrahepatic biliary tract is a difficult and crucial diagnosis, both clinically and pathologically. Cytologic evaluation of brushings obtained endoscopically from the biliary tree is currently the standard of care in most institutions. However, bile duct brushing cytology has been plagued by low sensitivity and interpretative difficulties in differentiating reactive from malignant cytology. This review outlines both the difficulties presented by cytomorphology and the potential of new diagnostic techniques that promise to increase sensitivity without sacrificing the high specificity of cytomorphology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:536–541 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiratory cytology in the era of molecular diagnostics: A review
Authors: Witt Benjamin L. , Wallander Michelle L. , Layfield Lester J. , Hirschowitz Sharon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCarcinoma of the lungs remains one of the primary causes of cancer mortality in the United States and represents a significant diagnostic challenge. Current diagnostic protocols depend substantially on cytology as an initial diagnostic modality. Pulmonary cytology can be diagnostically challenging with false positive and false negative diagnoses being relatively frequent. False positive diagnoses remain a significant problem for the cytologist with benign conditions including reactive atypia of type II pneumocytes, reactive bronchial respiratory epithelium, basal cell hyperplasia, and reactive metaplastic squamous cells being potentially misinterpreted as carcinoma. False negative diagnoses also occur usually attributable to sampling. Traditionally, cytopathologists were expected to recognize carcinoma when present and subdivide it into small cell or nonsmall cell varieties. With the advent of targeted therapy, expectations now include separation of adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, molecular testing for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements is now required as an accompaniment to morphologic diagnosis. This review summarizes the morphologic appearances of the common and diagnostically important carcinomas of the lung and discusses diagnostic pitfalls responsible for false positive and false negative diagnoses. Molecular testing for selection of targeted therapy is also reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:556–563. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plant root distributions and nitrogen uptake predicted by a hypothesis of optimal root foraging
Authors: McMurtrie Ross E. , Iversen Colleen M. , Dewar Roderick C. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Näsholm Torgny , Pepper David A. , Norby Richard J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCO2‐enrichment experiments consistently show that rooting depth increases when trees are grown at elevated CO2 (eCO2), leading in some experiments to increased capture of available soil nitrogen (N) from deeper soil. However, the link between N uptake and root distributions remains poorly represented in forest ecosystem and global land‐surface models. Here, this link is modeled and analyzed using a new optimization hypothesis (MaxNup) for root foraging in relation to the spatial variability of soil N, according to which a given total root mass is distributed vertically in order to maximize annual N uptake. MaxNup leads to analytical predictions for the optimal vertical profile of root biomass, maximum rooting depth, and N‐uptake fraction (i.e., the proportion of plant‐available soil N taken up annually by roots). We use these predictions to gain new insight into the behavior of the N‐uptake fraction in trees growing at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory free‐air CO2‐enrichment experiment. We also compare MaxNup with empirical equations previously fitted to root‐distribution data from all the world's plant biomes, and find that the empirical equations underestimate the capacity of root systems to take up N.
Fluorinated Solvents in Methyltrioxorhenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Epoxidations
Authors: Altmann Philipp , Cokoja Mirza , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEpoxidations with methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) as catalyst precursor and additives are examined in fluorinated solvents under various conditions. These fluorinated solvents have a strong influence on the 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 17O NMR spectroscopic data of the catalyst precursor, apparently contributing significantly to the catalytic activity of such systems. Accordingly, the highest turnover frequencies (TOF) obtained with MTO‐containing systems have been determined, reaching up to 39000 h–1. Despite the high initial activity, such systems show a pronounced sensitivity to water leading also to faster catalyst decomposition. The high activity as well as the high sensitivity of the catalyst may be due to its solvent‐enhanced higher Lewis acidity, leading to quantitative epoxide yields only when quite stable epoxides are the end products and very high amounts of Lewis base additives are applied.
A Straightforward Electroactive π‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) Building Block
Authors: Molina‐Ontoria Agustín , García Raúl , Gouloumis Andreas , Giacalone Francesco , Torres M. Rosario , Martín Nazario 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and X‐ray structure of a new and readily available exTTF derivative (6) bearing a methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide moiety as a new building block for the construction of electroactive molecules is reported. The phosphonium salt 6, which was prepared in one step from 2‐hydroxymethyl‐exTTF as a stable yellow solid in 84 % yield, efficiently undergoes Wittig olefination reactions with a variety of aldehydes to predominantly form the E isomer. Electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetry of the novel compounds reveal the electronic communication between the electroactive units.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydroamination and Carboamination Reactions of Anthranilic Allenamides as a Route to 2‐Vinyl‐ and 2‐(α‐Styryl)quinazolin‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Broggini Gianluigi , Borsini Elena , Fasana Andrea , Poli Giovanni , Liron Frédéric 
Published: May 2012

Abstract2‐Vinyl‐ and 2‐(α‐styryl)quinazolin‐4‐ones have been synthesized by intramolecular gold‐catalyzed hydroamination and palladium‐catalyzed carboamination of anthranilic allenamides, easily prepared by prototropic isomerization of the corresponding propargylamides. These procedures, which lead to N‐Boc‐protected quinazolinones, represent a more flexible alternative to the reported palladium‐catalyzedamination of anthranilic allylamides, achievable only from N‐tosylallylamides.
Oxime–Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Arylation and Alkenylation of Aryl Imidazolesulfonates under Aqueous and Phosphane‐Free Conditions
Authors: Cívicos José Francisco , Alonso Diego A. , Nájera Carmen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAryl and hetaroaryl imidazole‐1‐sulfonates are efficiently arylated and alkenylated with aryl‐ and alkenylboronic acids and potassium trifluoroborates by using 0.5 mol‐% palladacycles 1 or Pd(OAc)2 at 110 °C under aqueous and phosphane‐free conditions. Reactions can be performed by using conventional or microwave heating, leading to biaryls, stilbenes, and alkenylarenes in good to high yields, and high regio‐ and diastereoselectivities. The optimized methodology allows in situ phenol sulfonylation and one‐pot Suzuki arylation or alkenylation as well as orthogonal functionalization of halogen‐containing aryl imidazolesulfonates.