bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D deficiency rickets and allegations of non‐accidental injury
Authors: Paterson Colin R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVitamin D deficiency rickets has long been recognized as a cause of fractures and fracture‐like appearances in young children. Often seen in the early 20th century, rickets has recently been regarded as uncommon; the radiological appearances, familiar to previous generations, may not be recognized for what they are.This article reports four children with unexplained fractures initially attributed confidently to non‐accidental injury. In each case, the later evidence of vitamin D deficiency led to a reconsideration of that diagnosis.Conclusion:  It is important to be aware of this bone disorder in the differential diagnosis of fractures, to investigate appropriately and to recognize that the radiological appearances may be misleading. A mistaken diagnosis of abuse does real harm, not least to the child itself.
Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging features of canine segmental caudal vena cava aplasia
Authors: Schwarz T. , Rossi F. , Wray J. D. , ÅBlad B. , Beal M. W. , Kinns J. , Seiler G. S. , Dennis R. , McConnell J. F. , Costello M. 
Published: July 2009

Objective: To describe the computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging features of segmental caudal vena cava aplasia and associated vascular anomalies in dogs. Methods: A retrospective study was performed reviewing computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging archives of eight institutions for dogs with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia. Inclusion criteria included a computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging study and supportive diagnostic and follow‐up information. Abdominal vessels were reviewed for size, shape, location and course (including tributaries and branches) and classified as normal, abnormal or shunt vessels. Results: Ten dogs with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia were identified. In all dogs, postrenal caval blood was shunted to either a right or a left azygos vein, with seven different angiographic patterns. Affected dogs were predominantly female (70 per cent) and young (mean 2·6 years). Additional portocaval and porto‐azygos shunt vessels were identified in two cases each. Computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography depicted details of abdominal vessels including thrombus formation in one dog. Clinical Significance: Segmental caudal vena cava aplasia is a vascular congenital anomaly in the dog that can be associated with thrombosis and portosystemic shunts. Computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography are excellent tools to demonstrate the complex vascular anatomy and to guide treatment planning for portosystemic shunts and thrombolytic therapy.
Extraction in Head‐driven Phrase Structure Grammar1
Authors: Levine Robert D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtraction is treated in Head‐driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) as a series of linked identities, enforced by a small number of interacting constraints, in the specification of a syntactic feature, slash. HPSG's monostratal formalism ensures that this strictly local determination of slash identities connects the relevant morphosyntactic properties of the filler to those imposed by conditions at the gap site. This connectivity mechanism operates in precisely the same manner whether the filler is linked to a single gap site or several, thus yield strictly parallel treatments for single and multiple gap phenomena, respectively. The inherently local nature of HPSG's connectivity mechanism is supported by data from languages in which all clausal levels in filler/gap pathways are flagged by grammatical effects restricted to such pathways. Interruption in connectivity, familiar in syntax as ‘island’ effects, are regarded as outside the formal combinatorics of the syntax itself, as argued in an increasingly broad and deep literature documenting the origins of these effects in real‐time processing, pragmatic and other functional aspects of linguistic cognition. And this simple characterization of extraction connectivity is compatible with a review of arguments that purport to argue for a heterogeneous characterization of extraction constructions, but which prove to lack empirical motivation. Nonetheless, despite a homogeneous connectivity mechanism, extraction constructions differ from each other idiosyncratically in many respects, and these idiosyncrasies are the subject of much ongoing research in HPSG.
The Question of a Hamito‐Semitic Substratum in Insular Celtic
Authors: Hewitt Steve 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe hypothesis of a Hamito‐Semitic (or Afro‐Asiatic) substratum in the Insular Celtic languages elaborated successively by Morris Jones, Pokorny and Wagner to explain striking structural resemblances between Insular Celtic and Hamito‐Semitic is enjoying a revival. Linguists have generally assumed that the parallels between Insular Celtic and Hamito‐Semitic are to be explained in terms of Greenbergian typology (all languages of the VSO type). However, recent work by Gensler, and also Jongeling and Vennemann, compels us to revisit the substratum hypothesis. This article presents the main contributions on the question, provides a table showing the principal points of similarity by author and language, briefly comments on each of these points, and, regretting the reluctance of substratalists to consider typological explanations, sounds a note of caution against what might be termed ‘substratum frenzy’.
The Cross‐linguistic Study of Sentence Production
Authors: Jaeger T. Florian , Norcliffe Elisabeth J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying language production are often assumed to be universal, and hence not contingent on a speaker's language. This assumption is problematic for at least two reasons. Given the typological diversity of the world's languages, only a small subset of languages has actually been studied psycholinguistically. And, in some cases, these investigations have returned results that at least superficially raise doubt about the assumption of universal production mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the need for more psycholinguistic work on a typologically more diverse set of languages. We summarize cross‐linguistic work on sentence production (specifically: grammatical encoding), focusing on examples where such work has improved our theoretical understanding beyond what studies on English alone could have achieved. But cross‐linguistic research has much to offer beyond the testing ofexistinghypotheses: it can guide the development of theories by revealing the full extent of the human ability to produce language structures. We discuss the potential for interdisciplinary collaborations, and close with a remark on the impact of language endangerment on psycholinguistic research on understudied languages.
Gender and Land Reforms: Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Jacobs Susie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConcerns about rising food prices, food security and land grabs have focussed attention on land redistribution and land reform in recent years. The majority of the rural people and rural poor are women, but the issue of gender within land reform is rarely discussed. Agrarian reforms redistribute land either to collectives or to individual households; this article surveys the impact of the latter model of land reform for women, based on case studies from Asia, Africa and Latin America. A mixed picture emerges, but women have been seriously disadvantaged within most programmes by the granting of land title or permits to men as household heads. Husbands have often gained power at their wives’ expense. The potential benefits of landholding for women are substantial, however, and calls for women’s land rights are increasing. A question concerns what form these should take: customary law often discriminates against women, but individual land titling is likely to result in loss of land, especially among the poor. Redistributionist land reforms that have state backing are more likely to be concerned with equity. In order for such programmes to fulfil their democratic potential, smallholder women must gain rights on the same basis as men, and these must be enforced ‘on the ground’.
Dueling, Dancing, or Dominating? Journalists and Their Sources
Authors: Carlson Matt 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe study of journalism has long included a close examination of who gets to be a news source. With their privileging of the objectivity paradigm and distrust of direct reportorial experience, journalists turn to outside sources to provide evidence for their accounts. But this is not a mere exchange of information; patterns of news sourcing confer authority and legitimacy on certain sources or groups while ignoring others. Over time, sourcing routines reinforce notions of who possesses social power. This essay reviews conceptualizations of how journalist–source dynamics result in the production of certain representations of the way things are. Three perspectives receive attention: viewing the journalist–source relationship as symbiotic and mutually beneficial, as dominated by sources who set the cultural definition of events and problems, and as marked by incessant competition over news access and the ability to shape news frames. While the work on news sources has been extremely productive in conceptualizing the relationship between definitional power and journalism, the shifting media environment requires renewed attention to the relationship between journalists and their sources.
Effects of Prednisone on Blood Lactate Concentrations in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Boysen S.R. , Bozzetti M. , Rose L. , Dunn M , Pang D.S.J. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Glucocorticoids affect carbohydrate and lactate metabolism.Hypothesis: Administration of prednisone to healthy dogs will result in clinically relevant hyperlactatemia.Animals: Twelve healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods: Prospective, controlled experimental study. Twelve healthy adult Beagles were divided into 2 groups (3 of each sex per group). One group served as control. The other group received 2 treatments: low, 1 mg/kg prednisone PO q24h for 2 weeks; high, 4 mg/kg prednisone PO q24h for 2 weeks. A washout period of 6 weeks separated the treatments. Blood samples were drawn for whole blood lactate measurement on day (D) 0, D4, and D14 and measured in duplicate.Results: Compared with the control group, low and high groups had significantly higher blood lactate concentrations at D4 and D14. There was no difference at D0. There was no effect of time within the control group. In the low and high groups, blood lactate concentration was increased at D4 and D14 versus D0. Blood lactate concentration was greater in the high group than the low group at D14 only.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs treated with prednisone experience statistically significant increases in blood lactate concentrations, which can result in type B hyperlactatemia. In such cases, improving tissue perfusion, treatment for the commonest form of hyperlactatemia (type A) would be unnecessary.
Association of Plasma N‐Terminal Pro‐B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Concentration with Mitral Regurgitation Severity and Outcome in Dogs with Asymptomatic Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Chetboul V. , Serres F. , Tissier R. , Lefebvre H.P. , Sampedrano C. Carlos , Gouni V. , Poujol L. , Hawa G. , Pouchelon J.‐L. 
Published: July 2009

Background:The clinical outcome of dogs affected by degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD) without overt clinical signs is still poorly defined, and criteria for identification of animals that are at a higher risk of early decompensation have not yet been determined.Hypothesis:N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide plasma concentration (NT‐proBNP) is correlated with mitral regurgitation (MR) severity and can predict disease progression in dogs with asymptomatic MVD.Animals:Seventy‐two dogs with asymptomatic MVD, with or without heart enlargement (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council: ISACHC classes 1a and 1b), and a control group of 22 dogs were prospectively recruited.Methods:Severity of MR was quantitatively assessed from the regurgitation fraction (RF) by the proximal isovelocity surface area method. Consequences of MR were evaluated from measurements of the left atrium/aorta ratio (LA/Ao), fractional shortening (FS), end‐diastolic and end‐systolic left ventricular volumes indexed to body surface area (EDVI and ESVI). The relevance of these echo‐Doppler indices and NT‐proBNP for prediction of outcome at 12 months was studied.Results:A significant correlation was found between NT‐proBNP and RF, LA/Ao, FS, and EDVI (P< .05). NT‐proBNP was higher in dogs with MVD (ISACHC classes 1a and 1b) compared with the control group (P= .025 and < .001, respectively). The difference was not significant when only dogs from ISACHC class 1a with RF < 30% were considered. Lastly, NT‐proBNP was higher in dogs that underwent MVD decompensation at 12 months (P< .05).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:NT‐proBNP is correlated with MVD severity and prognosis in dogs with asymptomatic MVD.
REDUCED DYNAMICS FROM THE UNITARY GROUP TO SOME FLAG MANIFOLDS: INTERACTING MATRIX RICCATI EQUATIONS
Authors: FUJII KAZUYUKI , OIKE HIROSHI 
Published: July 2009

In this paper we treat the time evolution of unitary elements in the N level system and consider the reduced dynamics from the unitary group U(N) to flag manifolds of the second type (in our terminology). Then we derive a set of differential equations of matrix Riccati types interacting with one another and present an important problem on a nonlinear superposition formula that the Riccati equation satisfies. Our result is a natural generalization of the paper Chaturvedi et al. [1] (arXiv: 0706.0964 [quant-ph]).
Approximate Fixed Point Theorems for the Class of Almost "Equation missing" -"Equation missing" Mappings in Abstract Convex Uniform Spaces
Authors: Chang Tong-Huei , Chen Chi-Ming , Huang Yueh-Hung 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe use a concept of abstract convexity to define the almost "Equation missing"-"Equation missing" property, al-"Equation missing"-"Equation missing" family, and almost "Equation missing"-spaces. We get some new approximate fixed point theorems and fixed point theorems in almost "Equation missing"-spaces. Our results extend some results of other authors.
ADAM23 Negatively Modulates αvβ3 Integrin Activation during Metastasis
Authors: Verbisck Newton V. , Costa Érico T. , Costa Fabrício F. , Cavalher Felícia P. , Costa Michele D.M. , Muras Angelita , Paixão Valéria A. , Moura Ricardo , Granato Mariana F. , Ierardi Daniela F , Machado Tamara , Melo Fabiana , Ribeiro Karina B. , Cunha Isabela W. , Lima Vladmir C.C. , Maciel Maria do Socorro , Carvalho André L. , Soares Fernando F. , Zanata Silvio , Sogayar Mari C. , Chammas Roger , Camargo Anamaria A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ADAM23 gene is frequently silenced in different types of tumors, and, in breast tumors, silencing is correlated with tumor progression, suggesting that it might be associated with the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype. ADAM23 exerts its function mainly through the disintegrin domain, because its metalloprotease domain is inactive. Analysis of ADAM23 binding to integrins has revealed a specific interaction with αvβ3 integrin mediated by the disintegrin domain. Altered expression of αvβ3 integrin has been observed in different types of tumors, and expression of this integrin in the activated form has been shown to promote metastasis formation. Here, we investigated the possibility that interaction between ADAM23 and αvβ3 integrin might negatively modulate αvβ3 activation during metastatic progression. ADAM23 expression was knocked down using short hairpin RNA in the MDA-MB-435 cell line, which has been extensively used as a model for αvβ3 integrin activation. Ablation of ADAM23 enhanced αvβ3 integrin activation by at least 2- to 4-fold and ADAM23 knockdown cells showed enhanced migration and adhesion to classic αvβ3 integrin ligands. Ablation of ADAM23 expression also enhanced pulmonary tumor cell arrest in immunodeficient mice. To complement our findings with clinical evidence, we showed that silencing of ADAM23 gene by DNA promoter hypermethylation in a collection of 94 primary breast tumors was significantly associated with lower distant metastases–free and disease-specific survivals and was an independent prognostic factor for poor disease outcome. Our results strongly support a functional role of ADAM23 during metastatic progression by negatively modulating αvβ3 integrin activation. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5546–52]
Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Methylation Status in Lymphocyte DNA and Colon Cancer Risk in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort
Authors: Kaaks Rudolf , Stattin Pär , Villar Stéphanie , Poetsch Anna R. , Dossus Laure , Nieters Alexandra , Riboli Elio , Palmqvist Richard , Hallmans Göran , Plass Christoph , Friesen Marlin D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Loss of imprinting (LOI) of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) gene is a frequent phenomenon in colorectal tumor tissues. Previous reports indicated that subjects with colorectal neoplasias show LOI of IGFII in circulating lymphocytes. Furthermore, LOI of IGFII is strongly related to the methylation of a differentially methylated region (DMR) in intron 2 of IGFII, suggesting that the methylation status could serve as a biomarker for early detection. Thus, hypermethylation of this DMR, even at a systemic level, e.g., in lymphocyte DNA, could be used for screening for colon cancer. To validate this, we performed a case-control study of 97 colon cancer cases and 190 age-matched and gender-matched controls, nested within the prospective Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study cohort. Methylation levels of the IGFII-DMR in lymphocyte DNA were measured at two specific CpG sites of the IGFII-DMR using a mass-spectrometric method called short oligonucleotide mass analysis, the measurements of which showed high reproducibility between replicate measurements for the two CpG sites combined and showed almost perfect validity when performed on variable mixtures of methylated and unmethylated standards. Mean fractions of CpG methylation, for the two CpG sites combined, were identical for cases and controls (0.47 and 0.46, respectively; Pdifference = 0.75), and logistic regression analyses showed no relationship between colon cancer risk and quartile levels of CpG methylation. The results from this study population do not support the hypothesis that colon cancer can be predicted from the different degrees of methylation of DMR in the IGFII gene from lymphocyte DNA. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5400–5]
Preclinical Development of a Bifunctional Cancer Cell Homing, PKCε Inhibitory Peptide for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Bao Liwei , Gorin Michael A. , Zhang Manchao , Ventura Alejandra C. , Pomerantz William C. , Merajver Sofia D. , Teknos Theodoros N. , Mapp Anna K. , Pan Quintin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide, comprising ∼50% of all malignancies in some developing nations. Our recent work identified protein kinase Cε (PKCε) as a critical and causative player in establishing an aggressive phenotype in HNSCC. In this study, we investigated the specificity and efficacy of HN1-PKCε, a novel bifunctional cancer cell homing, PKCε inhibitory peptide, as a treatment for HNSCC. HN1-PKCε peptide was designed by merging two separate technologies and synthesized as a capped peptide with two functional modules, HN1 (cancer cell homing) and PKCε (specific PKCε inhibitory), connected by a novel linker module. HN1-PKCε preferentially internalized into UMSCC1 and UMSCC36 cells, two HNSCC cell lines, in comparison with oral epithelial cells: 82.1% positive for UMSCC1 and 86.5% positive for UMSCC36 compared with 1.2% positive for oral epithelial cells. In addition, HN1-PKCε penetrated HNSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consistent with these in vitro observations, systemic injection of HN1-PKCε resulted in selective delivery of HN1-PKCε into UMSCC1 xenografts in nude mice. HN1-PKCε blocked the translocation of active PKCε in UMSCC1 cells, confirming HN1-PKCε as a PKCε inhibitor. HN1-PKCε inhibited cell invasion by 72 ± 2% (P &lt; 0.001, n = 12) and cell motility by 56 ± 2% (P &lt; 0.001, n = 5) in UMSCC1 cells. Moreover, in vivo bioluminescence imaging showed that HN1-PKCε significantly (83 ± 1% inhibition; P &lt; 0.02) retards the growth of UMSCC1 xenografts in nude mice. Our work indicates that the bifunctional HN1-PKCε inhibitory peptide represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy for HNSCC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(14):5829–34]
Lymphopenia as a Prognostic Factor for Overall Survival in Advanced Carcinomas, Sarcomas, and Lymphomas
Authors: Ray-Coquard Isabelle , Cropet Claire , Van Glabbeke Martine , Sebban Catherine , Le Cesne Axel , Judson Ian , Tredan Olivier , Verweij Jaap , Biron Pierre , Labidi Inthidar , Guastalla Jean-Paul , Bachelot Thomas , Perol David , Chabaud Sylvie , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Cassier Philippe , Dufresne Armelle , Blay Jean-Yves ,   on behalf of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lymphopenia is frequent in advanced cancers and predicts the toxicity of chemotherapy. Its effect on relapse and survival is uncertain. Its prognostic value for survival was analyzed in three databases of previously reported prospective multicenter studies: (a) FEC chemotherapy in metastatic breast carcinoma; (b) CYVADIC in advanced soft tissue sarcoma (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group 62791); and (c) prospective, consecutive phase III studies of aggressive diffuse large-cell non–Hodgkin's lymphomas conducted at Centre Léon Bérard between 1987 and 1993. Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for survival were performed. The incidence of lymphopenia of &lt;1,000/μL before treatment was constant among the series: 25%, 24%, and 27%, respectively. Lymphopenia was significantly more frequent (P &lt; 0.05) in metastatic breast cancer patients with performance status (PS) of &gt;1, non–Hodgkin's lymphoma patients with international prognostic index (IPI) of &gt; 0, and advanced soft tissue sarcoma and metastatic breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Inunivariate analysis, lymphopenia of &lt;1,000/μL significantly correlated to overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer (median, 10 versus 14 mo; P &lt; 0.0001), advanced soft tissue sarcoma (median, 5 versus 10 months; P &lt; 0.01), and non–Hodgkin lymphoma (median, 11 versus 94 months; P &lt; 0.0001). In multivariate analysis (Cox model), lymphopenia was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in metastatic breast cancer [RR (relative risk), 1.8; 95% CI (confidence interval), 1.3–2.4] along with liver metastases and PS; in advanced soft tissue sarcoma (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.0–2.1) along with liver metastases, lung metastases, and PS; and in non–Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.03–2.1) along with IPI. Our findings show that lymphopenia is an independent prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival in several cancers. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5383–91]