bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon?
Authors: Farman Nicolette , Maubec Eve , Poeggeler Burkhard , Klatte Jennifer E. , Jaisser Frederic , Paus Ralf 
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon? Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 100–107.Abstract:  The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone regulate renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure and much knowledge has been accumulated in MR physiopathology, cellular and molecular targets. In contrast, our understanding of this hormonal system in non‐classical targets (heart, blood vessels, neurons, keratinocytes…) is limited, particularly in the mammalian skin. We review here the few available data that point on MR in the skin and that document cutaneous MR expression and function, based on mouse models and very limited observations in humans. Mice that overexpress the MR in the basal epidermal keratinocytes display developmental and post‐natal abnormalities of the epidermis and hair follicle, raising exciting new questions regarding skin biology. The MR as a transcription factor may be an unexpected novel player in regulating keratinocyte and hair physiology and pathology. Because its activating ligand also includes glucocorticoids, that are widely used in dermatology, we propose that the MR may be also involved in the side‐effects of corticoids, opening novel options for therapeutical intervention.
The Statistics of Meaning: Darwin, Gibbon and Moby Dick
Authors: Montemurro Marcelo , Zanette Damián 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
How concentrated is the information in Darwin's Origin of Species? How heavy a read is Gibbon's Decline and Fall? Where does a great white whale fit in? And what on earth is the mysterious Voynich manuscript that has baffled scholars for centuries? Marcelo Montemurro and Damián Zanette look at words and the information they contain.
FactCheck: How Many CCTV Cameras?
Authors: Tarleton Alice 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Each year the Royal Statistical Society awards prizes for statistical excellence in journalism. This year's winner was Alice Tarleton for this piece, which first appeared on the FactCheck website of Channel Four News on June 18th, 2008. Politicians claim that Britain has one closed circuit surveillance camera for every 14 of its citizens. Their evidence would be laughed out of any court.
Analysis of Testosterone Effects on Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Juvenile, Adolescent and Adult Sprague Dawley Rat Penis
Authors: Bond Christopher W. , Angeloni Nicholas L. , Podlasek Carol A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Smooth muscle apoptosis is a major contributing factor to erectile dysfunction (ED) development in prostatectomy and diabetic patients and animal models. A critical regulator of penile smooth muscle and apoptosis is Sonic hedgehog (SHH). The SHH protein is decreased in ED models and SHH treatment of cavernous nerve (CN) injured rats prevents smooth muscle apoptosis. A close association between androgen deficiency and ED has been suggested in the literature, but few studies have examined the molecular effects on penile smooth muscle and on known signaling mechanisms that regulate morphology.

Aim
Examine testosterone and SHH interaction in eugonadal adult, adolescent and juvenile rats by performing castration studies and treatment with supraphysiological testosterone.

Methods
The eugonadal adult Sprague Dawley rats were either treated with testosterone for 7 or 14 days (N=14) or were castrated for 4 or 7 days (N=12). The juvenile rats were treated with testosterone for 8 days (N=7). The adolescent rats were castrated and sacrificed at P88 (N=8). The control rats had empty vehicle (N=22) or sham surgery (N=20).

Main Outcome Measures
The active form of SHH protein and mRNA were quantified by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results
Testosterone treatment did not alter SHH signaling in juvenile rats. Shh mRNA increased 3.2-fold and SHH protein increased 1.2-fold in rats castrated during puberty. In adult rats, castration decreased Shh mRNA 3.2-fold but did not alter SHH protein. Testosterone supplement in adult rats increased Shh mRNA 2.3-fold and decreased SHH protein 1.3-fold.

Conclusions
SHH signaling is independent of testosterone in normal juvenile rats and is sensitive to testosterone during adolescence, while testosterone supplement in the adult adversely impacts SHH signaling in a very similar manner to that observed with CN injury.
Gender and Perceptions of Romantic Partners’ Sexual Risk
Authors: Conley Terri D. , Peplau Letitia Anne 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Research shows that in most situations, women perceive themselves to be at greater risk of harm than do men. Gustafson’s gender role perspective on risk perception suggests that this is because women are socialized to feel that they need protection, especially from men.

Aims
Based on Gustafson’s gender role perspective on sex differences in risk perception, we predicted that in at least one context, perception of romantic partners’ sexual risk, this gender difference would be reversed. Specifically, women should rate boyfriends as having lower risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than boyfriends rate themselves having.

Methods
In two studies, we examined heterosexual couples and compared women’s perceptions of their boyfriends’ sexual risk level with the boyfriend’s self-perception of sexual risk.

Main Outcome Measures
Self-reported measures of risk for STIs, perception of romantic partners’ risk for STIs.

Results
On multiple measures, women rated their boyfriends as having a lower risk for STIs than the men rated themselves. Men did not show this pattern and, in some cases, showed the reverse pattern of perceiving their girlfriends to have a greater level of risk than girlfriends themselves believed they had.

Conclusions
Consistent with Gustafson’s gender role perspective on risk perception, heterosexual women perceived their romantic partners as relatively less risky in terms of STI risk than men perceived themselves. One potential implication of this finding is that women may be less likely to protect themselves against disease in close romantic relationships because they believe that their partners are low risk, regardless of the partners’ actual risk levels.
Risk Factors for Incident Erectile Dysfunction among Community-Dwelling Men
Authors: Hall Susan A. , Shackelton Rebecca , Rosen Raymond C. , Araujo Andre B. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Compared to the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), fewer studies have focused on the incidence of ED and even fewer have focused on nonmedical risk factors.

Aim
We examined psychosocial, demographic/socioeconomic, medical/behavioral, and sexual function risk factors at T1 (1987–1989) and development of incident ED at T2 (1995–1997).

Methods
Longitudinal population-based epidemiologic study of 814 community-dwelling men participating in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

Main Outcome Measure
ED was defined according to a validated, discriminant-analytic formula based on questionnaire responses and categorized as moderate/complete ED vs. none/minimal. Multivariate logistic regression models (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were used to estimate the association of risk factors with ED.

Results
Among 814 men free of ED at T1, 22% developed moderate/complete ED at T2 (on average, approximately 8.8 years later). In a multivariate model, sexual function variables captured at baseline were inversely associated with ED (e.g., more or similar level of sexual arousal compared to adolescence vs. less, OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.92; frequency of sexual thoughts at least two to three times weekly vs. less, OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.92) after adjustment for age, education, and other risk factors.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that in the context of other risk factors, sexual desire variables at baseline were associated with incident ED. This in turn suggests that indications of reduced function appear earlier than ED itself, and that there may be a time window for intervention before a loss of erectile function.
EFFECTS OF PRESERVATION LIQUID ON VITAMIN C, INSTRUMENTAL COLOR, CAROTENOIDS AND SENSORY QUALITY OF CANNED SATSUMA MANDARIN
Authors: PÉREZ‐LÓPEZ ANTONIO J. , LÓPEZ‐NICOLÁS JOSÉ MANUEL , DEL CERRO ISABEL , BELTRÁN‐GONZÁLEZ FELIPE , CARBONELL‐BARRACHINA ÁNGEL A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis study was integrated within a research line dedicated to test different options to introduce mandarin in the Spanish agrofood industries. The effects of four preservation liquids (lemon, mandarin, and Spanish and Brazilian orange juices) and three soluble solid contents (10, 12 and 14°Brix) processed at 98C for 30 s on vitamin C, color, carotenoids and sensory quality of canned Satsuma mandarin segments were studied. The preservation liquid providing the best results was mandarin juice, which led to the highest contents of vitamin C (369 mg/L) and total carotenoids (27.5 mg/L), intense orange color, high thermal stability and very good sensory quality (e.g., intense floral and fresh mandarin aromas and low levels of off‐flavors). Independent of the preservation liquid used, the main carotenoid found in preserved mandarin segments wasβ‐cryptoxanthin. On the other hand, the use of lemon juice as preservation was not recommended because this led to preserved products with, for instance, the lowest sweet taste, the lowest fresh mandarin aroma and the highest acid taste.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThe use of mandarin and/or orange juices as preservation liquids of Satsuma segments is completely adequate from a sensory point of view and will significantly increase the nutritional value of this product (vitamin C and provitamin A activity carotenoids).
MOISTURE ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK CURRANT (RIBES NIGRUM L.), BLACK ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA L.) AND CHOKEBERRY (ARONIA MELANOCARPA, [MINCHX.] ELL.) SAMPLES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: ČERVENKA L. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAdsorption isotherms of black currant, black elderberry and chokeberry were obtained at 10, 25 and 40C. Generally, increasing temperature decreased adsorbed moisture particularly at 10C, whereas the adsorption was similar at 25 and 40C in the range of 0.10–0.75 water activity (Aw) for all the berry samples. All the berries sorbed more water at 40C than at 10 or 25C above 0.75 Aw. Of the six sorption models, Peleg's model gave the best fit. The net isosteric heats of adsorption were obtained using Clausius–Clapeyron equation showing that the adsorbed water is strongly bound to adsorbent at low moisture content. The glass transition temperature concept was also discussed. Based on the results of the study and the literature reviewed, the chilled storage has a favorable effect on the quality and shelf life of the dried berries.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe knowledge of the moisture content and water activity (Aw) relationships of food products is very important. These can be estimated by determining moisture sorption isotherm that can be used for defining storage conditions and in making shelf life determination. The unsuitable storage conditions may lead to deterioration of the product caused both by native enzymes and by microorganisms activity (Ross 2001). The sorption data for the berries are restricted for those used in human diet (Khalloufi et al. 2000) but have never been published for berries predominantly used in medicine. The results of this study would be useful in assessment of proper storage condition to keep the quality of the product in a high level.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PINEAPPLE JUICE (ANANAS COMOSUS L.) PREPARATIONS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE, STALING AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT BREAD
Authors: LASEKAN OLA , CHIEMELA CHINMA , OSSAI BEATRICE , ADZAHAN NORANIZAN M 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of adding different pineapple juice preparations on the microstructure, staling and textural properties of wheat bread were investigated. The loaves quality, crust and crumb color, and staling profile (crumb firmness, enthalpy) during storage were monitored. The micro‐structural differences of crumbs were also examined using microtome and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that the specific volume of fresh loaves baked with concentrated pineapple juice (PJC) bread was not significantly (P = 0.05) different from that of control wheat bread (WB). Likewise, firmness of crumbs, number of crumb cells, area air cell, bake loss, volume yield, and crust and crumb color of the freshly baked PJC bread were not significantly (P = 0.05) different from the control WB. However, during storage, the retrogradation of starch in pineapple bread crumbs (PJC and pineapple juice [PJ] bread) was significantly (P = 0.05) retarded as compared with the control WB. While there was no significant (P = 0.05) textural differences between the crumbs of freshly produced PJC bread and the crumb of the control WB, staled breads revealed significant textural changes in their crumbs. Microtome and SEM revealed the presence of many starch granules on the surface of pore walls in the control WB, whereas the PJC bread contained starch gels cemented between starch granules. Gluten nets were found to be uniform and more oriented in the control WB than in the PJC bread. However, same gluten nets were dense and non‐uniform in the PJ bread.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConcentrated pineapple juice can be used to replace table sugar for the production of bread with good specific loaf volume, crumb firmness, crust and crumb color and a volume yield comparable to the bread produced using the conventional method. In addition, the ubiquitous nature of this type of bread would make it a potentially ideal vehicle for the delivery of the glucofructans obtained from the pineapple juice to the blood without digestion.
Gangs and public policy
Authors: Barrows Julie , Huff C. Ronald 
Published: November 2009

Research Summary Attention to gang issues has dramatically increased in the last several decades, both in the scholarly literature and in law enforcement. Despite widespread attention to the gang problem, researchers, police officers, and lawmakers have yet to agree on definitions used to characterize and understand the problem. This article summarizes the existing literature concerning the importance of accurately defining and classifying gang members, documents and analyzes state and federal gang legislation in the United States, and provides a detailed analysis of one state's system that might serve as a useful model for other states. Policy Implications Serious risks to public safety and civil liberties are associated with Type 1 and Type 2 classification errors regarding gang membership. The wide variation in state statutory definitions of “gang member” and in the construction and administration of gang databases presents major challenges for policymakers and academic researchers. This article addresses these challenges and argues that a more rigorous and unified system, based on one state's existing model, might be possible and could offer significant advantages in our efforts to address the delinquent and criminal behavior of gangs throughout the United States.
Does the death penalty save lives?
Authors: Kovandzic Tomislav V. , Vieraitis Lynne M. , Boots Denise Paquette 
Published: November 2009

Research Summary Economists have recently reexamined the “capital punishment deters homicide” thesis using modern econometric methods, with most studies reporting robust deterrent effects. The current study revisits this controversial question using annual state panel data from 1977 to 2006. Employing well‐known econometric procedures for panel data analysis, our results provide no empirical support for the argument that the existence or application of the death penalty deters prospective offenders from committing homicide.
Policy Implications
Although policymakers and the public can continue to base support for use of the death penalty on retribution, religion, or other justifications, defending its use based solely on its deterrent effect is contrary to the evidence presented here. At a minimum, policymakers should refrain from justifying its use by claiming that it is a deterrent to homicide and should consider less costly, more effective ways of addressing crime.
Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Radical Scavenging Activity of 21 Selected Tropical Plants
Authors: Mustafa R.A. , Hamid A. Abdul , Mohamed S. , Bakar F. Abu 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Free radical scavenging activity of 21 tropical plant extracts was evaluated using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and HPLC, respectively. Results of the study revealed that all the plants tested exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 in the range of 21.3 to 89.6 μg/mL. The most potent activity was demonstrated by Cosmos caudatus (21.3 μg/mL) and Piper betle (23.0 μg/mL) that are not significantly different than that of ‐tocopherol or BHA. L. inermis extract was found to consist of the highest concentration of phenolics, catechin, epicatechin, and naringenin. High content of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were identified in Vitex negundo, Centella asiatica, and Sesbania grandiflora extracts, respectively. Luteolin and apigenin, on the other hand, were found in Premna cordifolia and Kaempferia galanga extracts. Strong correlation (R = 0.8613) between total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids (R = 0.8430) and that of antioxidant activity of the extracts were observed. The study revealed that phenolic, in particular flavonoids, may be the main contributors to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the plants. Practical Application: Potent antioxidant from natural sources is of great interest to replace the use of synthetic antioxidants. In addition, some of the plants have great potential to be used in the development of functional ingredients/foods that are currently in demand for the health benefits associated with their use.
Whey Protein Solution Coating for Fat‐Uptake Reduction in Deep‐Fried Chicken Breast Strips
Authors: Dragich Ann M. , Krochta John M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the use of whey protein, as an additional coating, in combination with basic, well‐described predust, batter, and breading ingredients, for fat‐uptake reduction in fried chicken. Chicken breasts were cut into strips (1 × 5 × 10 cm) and coated with wheat flour (WF) as a predust, dipped in batter, coated with WF as a breading, then dipped in 10% denatured whey protein isolate (DWPI) aqueous solution (wet basis). A WF‐batter‐WF treatment with no DWPI solution dip was included as a control. Coated chicken strips were deep‐fried at 160 °C for 5 min. A Soxhlet‐type extraction was performed to determine the fat content of the meat fraction of fried samples, the coating fraction of fried samples, raw chicken, and raw coating ingredients. The WF‐batter‐WF‐10% DWPI solution had significantly lower fat uptake than the WF‐batter‐WF control, by 30.67% (dry basis).Practical Application: This article describes applied research involving fat reduction in coated deep‐fried chicken. The methods used in this article were intended to achieve maximized fat reduction while maintaining a simple procedure applicable to actual food processing lines.
Assignation of Sweet Cherry Selections to 3 Taste Groupings Based on Perceived Sweetness and Sourness
Authors: Ross Carolyn F. , Chauvin Maite A. , Whiting Matthew 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Providing consumers with basic taste properties of sweet cherries at point of purchase would allow consumers to make purchase decisions based on fruit's intrinsic sensory attributes. The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict taste‐grouping assignation of cherries into the following categories: (1) low sweetness/high sourness, (2) balance between sweetness and sourness, and (3) high sweetness/low sourness. A sensory panel (n = 10) was trained to recognize sweetness and sourness in 5 cultivars of sweet cherries and assign a taste grouping based on the perceived balance of sweetness and sourness. Four of these same cultivars were then evaluated for sweetness and sourness by a consumer panel (n = 117) and instrumentally for titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids concentration (SSC). Results showed that for 3 of the 4 cherry cultivars, the sweetness/sourness balance of the cherries was not significantly different as evaluated instrumentally or by the trained panel. However, the balance determined by the consumer and the trained panel was different for 3 of the 4 cherry cultivars (P < 0.05). Based on trained panel perceived sweetness and sourness, a multinomial logit model was developed to predict the assignation of cherry taste grouping. The likelihood of group assignment depended on both the perceived sweetness and sourness of the cherry, with taste groupings agreed upon for 3 of 5 sweet cherry cultivars. As previous studies have indicated a positive relationship between cherry sweetness and sourness to consumer acceptance, these groupings show promise for assisting consumers in cherry selection at the point of purchase.Practical Applications: The prediction models proposed in this study suggest that both sweetness and sourness are important in the cherry characterization and the ratio between the 2 attributes may be appropriate for making taste‐grouping assignments. These groupings may then be used to provide additional sensory information to consumers to assist them in cherry selection at the point of purchase.
Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mussel Meat
Authors: Silva Vanessa M. , Park Kil J. , Hubinger Míriam D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Mussel meat was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using Protamex. The relationship of temperature (46 to 64 °C), enzyme : substrate ratio (0.48% to 5.52%), and pH (6.7 to 8.3) to the degree of hydrolysis were determined. The surface response methodology showed that the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of mussel meat were pH 6.85, temperature 51°C, and enzyme : substrate ratio of 4.5%. Under these conditions a degree of hydrolysis of 26.5% and protein recovery of 65% were obtained. The produced hydrolysate, under optimum condition, was characterized in terms of chemical composition, electrophoretic profile, and amino acid composition.Practical Application: The practical application of mussel meat hydrolysate is its use as flavoring in products such as soups, sauces, and special beverages. In addition, the product is partially digested and has great nutritional value due to its good amino acid profile and thus can be used as a food supplement in special diets.