bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV and X‐ray structural studies of a 101‐residue long Tat protein from a HIV‐1 primary isolate and of its mutated, detoxified, vaccine candidate
Authors: Foucault Marine , Mayol Katia , Receveur‐Bréchot Véronique , Bussat Marie‐Claire , Klinguer‐Hamour Christine , Verrier Bernard , Beck Alain , Haser Richard , Gouet Patrice , Guillon Christophe 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe 101‐residue long Tat protein of primary isolate 133 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), wt‐Tat133 displays a high transactivation activity in vitro, whereas the mutant thereof, STLA‐Tat133, a vaccine candidate for HIV‐1, has none. These two proteins were chemically synthesized and their biological activity was validated. Their structural properties were characterized using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence emission, gel filtration, dynamic light scattering, and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. SAXS studies revealed that both proteins were extended and belong to the family of intrinsically unstructured proteins. CD measurements showed that wt‐Tat133 or STLA‐Tat133 underwent limited structural rearrangements when complexed with specific fragments of antibodies. Crystallization trials have been performed on the two forms, assuming that the Tat133 proteins might have a better propensity to fold in supersaturated conditions, and small crystals have been obtained. These results suggest that biologically active Tat protein is natively unfolded and requires only a limited gain of structure for its function. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Genomics, evolution, and crystal structure of a new family of bacterial spore kinases
Authors: Scheeff Eric D. , Axelrod Herbert L. , Miller Mitchell D. , Chiu Hsiu‐Ju , Deacon Ashley M. , Wilson Ian A. , Manning Gerard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBacterial spore formation is a complex process of fundamental relevance to biology and human disease. The spore coat structure is complex and poorly understood, and the roles of many of the protein components remain unclear. We describe a new family of spore coat proteins, the bacterial spore kinases (BSKs), and the first crystal structure of a BSK, YtaA (CotI) from Bacillus subtilis. BSKs are widely distributed in spore‐forming Bacillus and Clostridium species, and have a dynamic evolutionary history. Sequence and structure analyses indicate that the BSKs are CAKs, a prevalent group of small molecule kinases in bacteria that is distantly related to the eukaryotic protein kinases. YtaA has substantial structural similarity to CAKs, but also displays distinctive features that broaden our understanding of the CAK group. Evolutionary constraint analysis of the protein surfaces indicates that members of the BSK family have distinct clade‐conserved patterns in the substrate binding region, and probably bind and phosphorylate distinct targets. Several classes of BSKs have apparently independently lost catalytic activity to become pseudokinases, indicating that the family also has a major noncatalytic function. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent progress of highly efficient in vivo biological screening for novel agrochemicals in China
Authors: Li Baoju , Yuan Huizhu , Fang Jichao , Tao Liming , Huang Qingchun , Qian Xuhong , Fan Zhijin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the recent progress of in vivo biological screening for pesticides in China. According to the criteria, including the severity of damage caused by pests and the economic value of the crops, the investigated insects, pathogens, herbs and other species in the agricultural field were selected as the main screening targets for pesticides. Corresponding in vivo microscreening methods have been established and applied in the pesticide screening procedure, which has higher reproducibility, a shorter time and greater efficiency that offset the drawbacks of conventional methods for pesticide screening. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of five insecticides for the control of adults and young stages of Cacopsylla melanoneura (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a semi‐field trial
Authors: Baldessari Mario , Trona Federica , Angeli Gino , Ioriatti Claudio 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cacopsylla melanoneura (Förster) is a vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, the causal agent of one of the most serious diseases in European apple orchards, apple proliferation (AP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of five insecticides from different chemical groups (carbamates, chitin inhibitors, insect growth regulators, organophosphates and pyrethroids) towards overwintered adults and young stages of C. melanoneura under semi‐field conditions.RESULTS: The organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the pyrethroid etofenprox caused higher mortality of overwintered adults than diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb and abamectin, with mortality values exceeding 90%. All the pesticides tested reduced the number of progeny per female and, except for abamectin, were highly effective against young stages, with a long‐lasting effect.CONCLUSION: An integrated management of the vector is currently required to prevent the spread of AP. The reference insecticides, chlorpyrifos and etofenprox, have a strong toxicity and persistence against all stages of the vector. In apple orchard IPM programmes, the chitin inhibitors and the insect growth regulators could be part of an alternative and more sustainable strategy for the control of C. melanoneura owing to their effectiveness against immature stages. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
Authors: Boina Dhana Raj , Rogers Michael E , Wang Nian , Stelinski Lukasz L 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is a vector of bacteria presumably responsible for huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus. In this laboratory study, an investigation was made of the activity of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on ACP eggs, nymphs and adults to evaluate its potential as a biorational insecticide for inclusion in an integrated pest management (IPM) program for ACP.RESULTS: Irrespective of egg age, timing or method of treatment, a significantly lower percentage of eggs (5–29%) hatched after exposure to 64 and 128 µg mL−1 of pyriproxyfen. Only 0–36% of early instars (first, second and third) and 25–74% of late instars (fourth and fifth) survived to adults following exposure to 16, 32 and 64 µg mL−1 of pyriproxyfen. However, 15–20% of adults that emerged following treatment as late instars exhibited morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen adversely affected reproduction (fecundity and fertility) of adults that emerged from treated fifth instars or that were treated topically with 0.04 µg as adults.CONCLUSIONS: Application of pyriproxyfen at 64 µg mL−1 resulted in greater inhibition of egg hatch and suppression of adult emergence compared with lower rates. Pyriproxyfen also markedly reduced female fecundity and egg viability for adults that were exposed either as fifth instars or as newly emerged adults. The ovicidal, larvicidal and reproductive effects against ACP suggest that pyriproxyfen is suitable for integration into an IPM program for ACP. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterisation of abamectin resistance in a field‐evolved multiresistant population of Plutella xylostella
Authors: Pu Xin , Yang Yihua , Wu Shuwen , Wu Yidong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Plutella xylostella (L.) has evolved resistance to various kinds of insecticide in the field. Reversion and selection, cross‐resistance, inheritance and mechanisms of abamectin resistance were characterised in a field‐derived multiresistant population of P. xylostella from China.RESULTS: Compared with a susceptible Roth strain, the field‐derived TH population showed ∼5000‐fold resistance to abamectin. Rapid reversion of abamectin resistance was observed in the TH population when kept without insecticide selection. The TH‐Abm strain, selected from the TH population with abamectin, developed 23 670‐fold resistance to abamectin, a high level of cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate and low levels of cross‐resistance to spinosad and fipronil. Genetic analyses indicated that abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain was autosomal, incompletely dominant and polygenic. P450 monooxygenase activities in the TH‐Abm strain were significantly elevated compared with the TH strain. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) inhibited a small part of abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain.CONCLUSION: Field‐evolved high‐level resistance to abamectin in the TH population was not stable. Selection of the TH population with abamectin resulted in an extremely high level of cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate and low levels of cross‐resistance to spinosad and fipronil. Enhanced oxidative metabolism was involved in, but may not be the major mechanism of, polygenic abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of InSnZrO as transparent conductive oxides
Authors: Zhang B. , Yu B. , Jin J. , Ge B. , Yin R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInSnZrO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by magnetron sputtering with an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) target and a zirconium target. X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that InSnZrO thin films had better crystalline structure, larger grain size, and lower surface roughness than ITO thin films. Zr doping markedly improved the optical–electrical characteristics. In comparison with ITO thin films, the resistivity of InSnZrO thin films deposited at room temperature decreased from 6.24 × 10−3 to 2.20 × 10−3 Ω cm, and the maximum optical transmittance in the visible range was enhanced from 53.7 to 66.1%. The thin films showed an obvious Burstein–Moss effect with substrate temperature. Moreover, the direct transition model showed a wider optical bandgap of InSnZrO thin films than that of ITO thin films. As a result, InSnZrO thin films prepared by cosputtering revealed better overall properties than traditional ITO thin films.
Silicon/organic semiconductor heterojunctions for solar cells
Authors: Niesar Sabrina , Dietmueller Roland , Nesswetter Helmut , Wiggers Hartmut , Stutzmann Martin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUsing current–voltage measurements, photocurrent spectroscopy, and light‐induced electron spin resonance (LESR), we have investigated hybrid solar cells consisting of composites of silicon nanocrystals (Si‐ncs) and poly‐3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT). For a more detailed understanding of the inorganic/organic interface, we have also studied the properties of crystalline silicon (c‐Si)/P3HT heterostructures. Current–voltage characteristics of Si‐ncs/P3HT blends show an open‐circuit voltage of up to 0.76 V. Photocurrent spectroscopy measurements give a strong indication that both, the Si‐ncs and P3HT, contribute to the photo‐induced current. Further, we directly demonstrate a light‐induced charge transfer between the Si‐ncs and P3HT via LESR. Current–voltage measurements of c‐Si/P3HT heterojunctions were performed under illumination with high power light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths, which allow a selective excitation of charge carriers in P3HT, silicon, or both materials. We have observed a disadvantageous energy band alignment of the valence band of silicon and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of P3HT which favors the use of small particles with a larger band gap due to quantum confinement.
Self‐assembled InGaAs tandem nanostructures consisting of a hole and pyramid on GaAs (311)A by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Lee J. H. , Wang Zh. M. , Kim E. S. , Kim N. Y. , Park S. H. , Salamo G. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe report on the fabrication self‐assembled tandem (pyramidal‐ holed) InGaAs nanostructures on GaAs (311)A in comparison with the nanostructures on (100) surface. Under an identical growth condition, the fabricated nanostructures are characteristically dissimilar; ring‐shaped nanostructures on GaAs (100) and pyramidal‐holed nanostructures on (311)A. The underlying formation mechanism of these interesting nanostructures can be understood in terms of intermixing, dissolution of GaAs substrate and surface diffusion driven by a surface reconstruction. The size and density of nanostructures can be controlled by modifying the droplet size, density, and thermal energy applied during the fabrication of droplets and nanostructures. These unique InGaAs nanostructures can offer promising applications in optoelectronics.
Theory of ferroelectricity in Bi‐based multiferroics
Authors: Konsin Peet , Sorkin Boris 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn electron‐phonon (vibronic) theory of the Bi‐based multiferroics is developed. It is shown that the electron‐lattice covalency hybridization between the Bi 6s2 lone electron pair and empty oxygen 2p states causes instability of R25 and R15 polar vibrations in the reference cubic phase. The cubic perovskite structure is distorted by displacements of oxygen ions corresponding to the condensation of the R25 mode at the boundary point R = π /a (1, 1, 1) of the Brillouin zone (a is the cell constant of the cubic phase). These oxygen displacements correspond to the rotation of the FeO6 octahedron in BiFeO3 about the cube space diagonal. The triply degenerate mode Γ1u participates in the s‐p mixing of Bi lone electron pair states and 2p oxygen states. The ferroelectric instability holds in the R $ \bar 3 $c phase and the observed ferroelectric transition R $ \bar 3 $c → R 3c is connected with the softening of the A2u mode. The Γ1u mode in the R $ \bar 3 $c phase splits in Eu and A2u modes. We have calculated the spontaneous polarization Ps = 30–40 μC/cm2 (Ps = 1.5 μC/cm2 is also possible), Tc = 1105 K and dielectric constants. It is shown that the phase transition of the first order is in agreement with the experiment. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of truly bulk GaN monocrystals grown by ammonothermal method
Authors: Dwiliński Robert , Doradziński Roman , Garczyński Jerzy , Sierzputowski Leszek , Kucharski Robert , Rudziński Mariusz , Zając Marcin , Kudrawiec Robert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe are presenting some physical and chemical basis of ammonothermal method of bulk gallium nitride synthesis in ammonobasic route. Excellent structural and wide spectrum of electrical parameters of truly bulk GaN crystals obtained in this way are revealed. In considered crystals a low dislocation density (5 × 103 cm–2) is attainable. At the same time the crystal lattice is extremely flat and the (0002) rocking curve is very narrow (FWHM=16 arcsec). Both polar and nonpolar ammonothermal GaN substrates enabled to grow high optical quality, strain‐free homoepitaxial layers. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical composition of GaAs‐nitride nanolayers formed by implantation
Authors: Mikoushkin V. M. , Gordeev Yu. S. , Nikonov S. Yu. , Solonitsina A. P. , Zhuravleva A. A. , Brzhezinskaya M. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNitration of n‐type GaAs (100) by N2+ ions with the energy Ei = 1.5 keV has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy with using synchrotron radiation. Phase of GaAs1‐xNx (x ∼ 0.10) alloy was revealed in the nitrated nanolayer besides GaN and nitrogen N1s core‐level binding energies in GaAs1‐xNx (Eb = 397.5 eV) and GaN (Eb = 396.7 eV) were measured in one experiment. It was shown that the nitrated nanolayer consists of the narrow band gap clusters of GaAs1‐xNx alloy in the GaN wide band gap matrix, which can be considered as a system with quantum dots. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of He+‐irradiated Ni Schottky diodes based on 4H‐SiC epilayer grown by sublimation
Authors: Strel'chuk A. M. , Davydov A. V. , Tringe J. , Felter T. , Lebedev A. A. , Zelenin V. V. , Kuznetsov A. N. , Stevens C. G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractForward and reverse current‐voltage (I‐V) and capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) characteristics of the of He+ – irradiated Ni‐SiC(4H) Schottky diodes (SDs) are presented prior and after irradiation. The effect of irradiation was weakly observed in the region of small forward and reverse current, but series resistance of SD demonstrated tendency to rise with increasing irradiation dose. The most interesting effect was the big scatter of the series resistances after exposure to high irradiation dose 2×1012 cm‐2. By contrast, uncompensated donor concentration had just minor changes (from 3.3×1017 cm‐3 prior irradiation to 1.8×1017 cm‐3 at highest irradiation dose) with no connection with SDs resistance. Hypothesis that localized defect‐induced current paths could explain this behaviour is discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrophoretic deposition of reverse micelle metal nanoparticles
Authors: Zdansky Karel , Zavadil Jiri , Kacerovsky Pavel , Kostka Frantisek , Fojtik Anton 
Published: November 2009

AbstractColloids of reverse micelles with Pd or Ag nanoparticles in isooctane were prepared. Layers of the reverse micelles were deposited by electrophoresis on InP and glass substrates, placed either on the positive or on the negative electrode. The layers were studied with the goal to determine the charge polarity of reverse micelles in the colloid in the context with making sensors to hydrogen on Schottky barriers on n‐type InP. It was found that the charge of Ag nanoparticles in the colloid was positive and the charge of Pd nanoparticles was negative. Only Schottky barriers with Pd particles were found sensitive to hydrogen. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization of SrBi2Ta2O9 ceramics at infra‐low frequencies
Authors: Bormanis K. , Burkhanov A. I. , Kochergin Yu.V. , Kalvane A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDielectric response in the SrBi2Ta2O9 ceramics is studied over a wide range of temperatures at fields up to Emax ≈ 18 kV/cm. Dependence of dielectric permittivity on field intensity is analyzed at different temperatures. A series of polarization loops are obtained at frequencies 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz. The hysteresis at switching polarization is displayed by the shape of polarization loops changing with the field amplitude from bi‐angles to quasi‐saturated loop patterns of a high degree of rectangularity. The ratio of remnant polarization to maximum polarization as function of field amplitude is presented. Thermal behaviour of the coercive field and the half‐width of polarization loops is analysed. (© WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of Nonfragmented, Completely Amorphous, Pregelatinized Maize Starches and Determination of the Effects of Fragmentation on the Adhesiveness of Their Pastes
Authors: Amelia Irma , BeMiller James N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objective of this research was to prepare pregelatinized maize starches that were both completely amorphous (no crystalline structure) and unfragmented, and to apply the same method to partially depolymerized maize starches to determine the effect of fragmentation on the degree of stickiness (tackiness, adhesiveness). Amorphous pregelatinized normal maize starch could be prepared by precipitation of a paste with acetone. Precipitation with a polar organic solvent was not applicable for the preparation of amorphous, pregelatinized waxy maize starch, because a sticky, cohesive and adhesive mass was produced. Therefore, freeze drying was used to prepare amorphous pregelatinized waxy maize starch. Limited acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of normal maize starch before pregelatinization increased stickiness up to a maximum, after which the degree of stickiness decreased. In all aspects of this research, it was clear that the behavior of waxy maize starch was rather different than that of normal maize starch.
Chain‐length Distribution Profiles of Amylopectin Isolated from Endosperm Starch of Waxy and Low‐amylose Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines with Common Genetic Background
Authors: Yasui Takeshi , Ashida Kanae , Sasaki Tomoko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarge A‐type endosperm starch granules were isolated from near‐isogenic waxy and non‐waxy lines and low‐amylose mutant lines of bread wheat with a common genetic background. The amylose contents of A‐type starch ranged from 2.6% to 23.6%. Amylopectin was isolated by concanavalin A (Con A) precipitation from the isolated starch. The λmax (range: 532‐538 nm) and blue values at 680 nm (range: 0.026‐0.037) of the iodine‐amylopectin complex were not significantly different among the isolated amylopectins, indicating that amylopectins from non‐waxy and low‐amylose lines did not contain such long chains as amylose or extra‐long chains of amylopectin affecting iodine complex properties. Chain‐length distribution profiles measured by both high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) showed that the amylopectin structures of these lines were indistinguishable from each other. Extra‐long chains were not detected in the amylopectins by HPSEC measurement. The side‐chains measured by HPAEC were classified into four groups according to their degree of polymerization (DP), and the proportion of each group were in the following ranges: DP 6‐12, 26.5‐27.5%; DP 13‐24, 43.6‐44.1%; DP 25‐36, 13.6‐14.2%, and DP 37‐60, 11.0‐11.7%. The alleles on the Wx‐D1 locus, i.e., Wx‐D1a, Wx‐D1d, Wx‐D1f, and Wx‐D1g, responsible for granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS I) biosynthesis had no influence on the properties of iodine‐amylopectin complex and the chain‐length distribution profiles of amylopectin.
The legal effects of fetal monitoring guidelines
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. , Cook Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe new American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ (ACOG) monitoring guidelines introduce a new category of interpretation of fetal heart rate tracings between reassuring and nonreassuring, namely intermediate. The purpose is to reduce unnecessary cesarean deliveries. The legal role of medical guidelines is ambivalent. Providers are expected to be familiar with such guidelines, but also to exercise clinical judgment in their patients’ interests. Practice departing from guidelines requires justification, but simple compliance without regard to patients’ circumstances may constitute negligence. Some courts defer to medical professional guidelines, but others hold that professional standards are set as a matter of law, not by the profession itself. Unlike conclusions in medical science, which are open to continuing review, courts determine facts in a case only once, at trial. Litigation to compel patients’ compliance with medical advice based on guidelines may fail, as may prosecutions, more common in the US, of patients who defy such advice.