bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteomyelitis in the Neonate
Authors: McPherson Deanna 
Published: May 2012

Osteomyelitis is defined as a bacterial infection of the musculoskeletal system. Osteomyelitis in the newborn is relatively rare, but if missed can have devastating, lifelong consequences for the growing infant. Those of us who care for neonates in intensive care units should have an understanding of this disease and be equipped to recognize it and begin treatment quickly to prevent long-term sequelae.This article reviews the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis and explains why the neonate is at an extraordinary risk for this disease. It reviews risk factors, clinical presentation, etiology and pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and monitoring of treatment, and long-term outcomes. A case study of a 27-week gestational age infant who presented with osteomyelitis and septic hip is presented, looking at the infant’s hospital course and outcome.
Life-Sustaining Support: Ethical, Cultural, and Spiritual Conflicts Part II: Staff Support– A Neonatal Case Study
Authors: Stutts Amy , Schloemann Johanna 
Published: May 2012

As medical knowledge and technology continue to increase, so will the ability to provide life-sustaining support to patients who otherwise would not survive. Along with these advances comes the responsibility of not only meeting the clinical needs of our patients, but also of understanding how the family’s culture and spirituality will affect their perception of the situation and their decision-making process. As the U.S. continues to become a more culturally diverse society, health care professionals will need to make changes in their practice to meet the psychosocial needs of their patients and respect their treatment decisions. Part I of this series (April 2002) discussed how the cultural and spiritual belief systems of Baby S’s family affected their decisionmaking processes and also their ability to cope with the impending death of their infant. The development of a culturally competent health care team can help bridge the gap between culturally diverse individuals.This article addresses the following questions:1. What legal alternatives are available to the staff to protect the patient from suffering associated with the continuation of futile life-sustaining support?2. What conflicts might the staff experience as a result of the continuation of futile life-sustaining support?3. What efforts can be made to support members of the staff?4. What can be done to prepare others in the health care professions to deal more effectively with ethical/cultural issues?
Cultural Differences and Parental Responses to the Preterm Infant at Risk: Strategies for Supporting Families
Authors: Bracht Marianne , Kandankery Anna , Nodwell Shelley , Stade Brenda 
Published: May 2012

Parenting a preterm infant at risk for developmental disabilities can be a profoundly stressful experience. For parents from minority cultures, language barriers and cultural differences can increase feelings of uncertainty and inability to cope. Research suggests that cultural differences influence not only parents’ emotional responses to and perceptions of disability, but also their utilization of services and their interaction with health professionals.The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH), Toronto, provides care to a culturally diverse community, and approximately 45 percent of patients receiving care represent minority ethnic groups. Although efforts to provide culturally sensitive care have been made, they have tended to be isolated initiatives lacking consistency and coordination.This article describes the initiation and development of a multicultural program at MSH to support families of infants at risk for developmental disabilities. This article provides valuable guidance to other neonatal units that are attempting to support parents from diverse cultural groups.
The Neonatal Liver Part III: Pathophysiology of Liver Dysfunction
Authors: Fraser Askin Debbie , Diehl-Jones William 
Published: May 2012

The liver, the largest organ in the body, is critical to a number of key metabolic functions. It also plays an important role in removing the waste products of metabolism (particularly ammonia) and in detoxifying drugs and other substances such as endogenous hormones and steroid compounds. In addition, the liver plays a major role in the production of clotting factors, plasma proteins, bile salts, and bilirubin.Many neonates display signs of hepatic dysfunction such as hyperbilirubinemia, hepatomegaly, or elevated liver enzymes. These often occur secondary to systemic illness, such as sepsis or hypoxic injury, or following the use of drugs or parenteral nutrition to treat other problems. Although rare, primary liver disease does occur in neonates and must be recognized promptly, with treatment initiated in a timely manner to prevent unnecessary sequelae. This article, the third in a series on the liver, examines causes of liver dysfunction in neonates, beginning with an overview of jaundice and hepatomegaly and moving to a discussion of specific diseases.
Learning the Bassadanza from a Wolf: Andrea Calmo and Dance
Authors: Nevile Jennifer 
Published: May 2012

For Roberto Pettini Important information about dancing and social values is sometimes found in unexpected places, such as the letters of Andrea Calmo, a sixteenth-century Venetian actor and playwright. These letters not only provide corroboration of information and attitudes to dance contained in the sixteenth-century Italian dance treatises, but also highlight how dance was regarded by a member of the middle-classes in Venice. As well as having a general appreciation of dance, which he saw as an enjoyable and moral activity, Calmo was knowledgeable about dance specifics and accurate in his use of dance terminology. In fact, Calmo's knowledge of dance practices was extensive enough to enable him to use specific dance references as a tool in creating the humour in his letters. His references to dances and dance steps also look back to the fifteenth-century Italian practice, and these references provide further information on the unresolved question as to the length of time quattrocento dances continued to be popular in the succeeding century.
The Non-Ig Parts of the VpreB and λ5 Proteins of the Surrogate Light Chain Play Opposite Roles in the Surface Representation of the Precursor B Cell Receptor
Authors: Knoll Marko , Yanagisawa Yuki , Simmons Szandor , Engels Niklas , Wienands Jürgen , Melchers Fritz , Ohnishi Kazuo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The VpreB and λ5 proteins, together with Igμ-H chains, form precursor BCRs (preBCRs). We established λ5−/−/VpreB1−/−/VpreB2−/− Abelson virus-transformed cell lines and reconstituted these cells with λ5 and VpreB in wild-type form or with a deleted non-Ig part. Whenever preBCRs had the non-Ig part of λ5 deleted, surface deposition was increased, whereas deletion of VpreB non-Ig part decreased it. The levels of phosphorylation of Syk, SLP65, or PLC-γ2, and of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores, stimulated by μH chain crosslinking Ab were dependent on the levels of surface-bound preBCRs. It appears that VpreB probes the fitness of newly generated VH domains of IgH chains for later pairing with IgL chains, and its non-Ig part fixes the preBCRs on the surface. By contrast, the non-Ig part of λ5 crosslinks preBCRs for downregulation and stimulation.
IL-17 and TNF-α Sustain Neutrophil Recruitment during Inflammation through Synergistic Effects on Endothelial Activation
Authors: Griffin Gabriel K. , Newton Gail , Tarrio Margarite L. , Bu De-xiu , Maganto-Garcia Elena , Azcutia Veronica , Alcaide Pilar , Grabie Nir , Luscinskas Francis W. , Croce Kevin J. , Lichtman Andrew H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
IL-17A (IL-17) is the signature cytokine produced by Th17 cells and has been implicated in host defense against infection and the pathophysiology of autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease. Little is known, however, about the influence of IL-17 on endothelial activation and leukocyte influx to sites of inflammation. We hypothesized that IL-17 would induce a distinct pattern of endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment when compared with the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. We found that IL-17 alone had minimal activating effects on cultured endothelium, whereas the combination of TNF-α and IL-17 produced a synergistic increase in the expression of both P-selectin and E-selectin. Using intravital microscopy of the mouse cremaster muscle, we found that TNF-α and IL-17 also led to a synergistic increase in E-selectin–dependent leukocyte rolling on microvascular endothelium in vivo. In addition, TNF-α and IL-17 enhanced endothelial expression of the neutrophilic chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 and led to a functional increase in leukocyte transmigration in vivo and CXCR2-dependent neutrophil but not T cell transmigration in a parallel-plate flow chamber system. By contrast, endothelial activation with TNF-α and IFN-γ preferentially induced the expression of the integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as the T cell chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5. These effects were further associated with a functional increase in T cell but not neutrophil transmigration under laminar shear flow. Overall, these data show that IL-17 and TNF-α act in a synergistic manner to induce a distinct pattern of endothelial activation that sustains and enhances neutrophil influx to sites of inflammation.
Complement-Dependent Injury and Protection in a Murine Model of Acute Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis
Authors: Schepp-Berglind Jennifer , Atkinson Carl , Elvington Michelle , Qiao Fei , Mannon Peter , Tomlinson Stephen 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Complement plays a key role in the pathophysiology of many inflammatory diseases, and in this study, we investigated the role of complement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Compared to wild-type mice, mice deficient in C3 or factor B were protected from acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. C1q/mannose-binding lectin (MBL) double-deficient mice, however, exhibited more severe colitis than wild-type mice. When mice were allowed to recover after DSS treatment, all C1q/MBL−/− mice died by day 2 of recovery period, and, surprisingly, all C3−/− and factor B−/− mice died by day 5. Serum endotoxin levels were significantly increased in complement-deficient mice prior to death, particularly in C1q/MBL−/− mice, and antibiotic treatment prevented the lethal effect of DSS in all complement-deficient mice. In contrast to complement deficiency, targeted complement inhibition with either complement receptor 2 (CR2)-Crry (blocks all pathways at C3 activation) or CR2-factor H (blocks alternative pathway) was highly protective at treating established acute colitis. Endotoxin levels remained low in complement-inhibited mice, and complement inhibition also reduced inflammatory cytokines, leukocyte infiltration, and tissue injury while improving wound repair and mucosal healing. CR2-factor H provided more effective protection than CR2-Crry. Thus, complement has both pathogenic and protective roles in acute DSS-induced colitis, and whereas the alternative pathway appears to play a key role in tissue inflammation and injury, the classical/lectin pathway provides important protection in terms of host defense and wound repair. Targeted inhibition of the alternative pathway may represent a therapeutic modality for treating acute phases of inflammatory bowel disease.
Visual and Refractive Outcome of Epi-LASIK for Myopia in Thin Corneas: a 12-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Cardona Genís , Sabino-Borreguero Sara , Juárez-Escalona Emilio , Fornieles Albert 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. A nonrandomized, retrospective, cohort, single-center study was designed to examine the visual and refractive outcome of epi–laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia (with and without astigmatism) in patients with thin corneas (less than 500 µm), and to compare these results with those of a group of patients with normal corneal thickness. Methods. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA), spherical and cylindrical residual refractive error, mean keratometry readings (Km), and pupil diameter were measured postoperatively at 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months in a group of 28 eyes with thin corneas (group 1) and a second age- and gender-matched group of 28 eyes with normal corneal thickness (group 2). In addition, the efficacy index was calculated at every postoperative examination. Results. Postoperative central corneal thickness was 464.14±50.40 µm in group 1 and 421.89±26.63 µm in group 2 (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in UCVA, efficacy index, and spherical and cylindrical residual error between both groups, with an evolution towards stability over time in all cases. Statistically significant between-group differences in Km at all follow-up examinations were explained by between-group differences in ablation depth and attempted spherical correction. Conclusions. A 12-month follow-up revealed epi-LASIK for myopia (with and without astigmatism) to be a safe and predictable surface ablation procedure, with good visual and refractive outcome in patients with thin corneas, as compared with a group of patients with normal corneal thickness.
Up from Memory:
Authors: Vivian Bradford J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBooker T. Washington's Cotton States Exposition Address enlarges our understanding of the genre of witnessing by presenting a version of public testimony and historical remembrance sharply at odds with contemporary definitions of the genre. Washington's resolute choice to lend voice as a living witness to the atrocities of slavery in the service of conspicuously pragmatic and narrowly defined interests rather than universal human rights dramatically separates his performance of public witnessing from its late modern forms. Whereas survivors of historical atrocity in the post–World War II era ritually assume the difficult responsibility of testifying to past evils with the greatest possible accuracy, Washington relates the history of slavery—most notably its legacy of heinous human rights abuses—in radically inventive ways. The address demonstrates that those who embody the putative collective voice of subaltern communities may, in particular circumstances, call on the public to willfully forget, rather than somberly remember, the crimes of history. In doing so, the speech also suggests that the ability to bear witness may not automatically result in the ability to petition for equal human rights.
Multiple joint involvement in total knee replacement for osteoarthritis: Effects on patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Perruccio A. V. , Power J. D. , Evans H. M. K. , Mahomed S. R. , Gandhi R. , Mahomed N. N. , Davis A. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether symptomatic (painful/problematic) joints pre–total knee replacement (TKR) surgery influence 1) pre‐ and 12‐month post‐TKR patient‐reported outcomes (pain, physical function, and mood [fatigue, anxiety, and depression]) and 2) postsurgical pain and function mediated through mood.MethodsA total of 494 participants completed the patient‐reported outcome measures pre‐ and 12‐months post‐TKR. Symptomatic (painful/problematic) joints affected by arthritis were indicated on a homunculus presurgery. Covariate data included age, sex, educational attainment, body mass index, and comorbidity. Pre‐ and postsurgical outcome scores were regressed on symptomatic joint sites and covariates using linear regression analyses; postsurgical scores additionally were regressed on presurgery scores. Path analyses examined whether the effects of symptomatic joint sites on postsurgical pain and function were mediated through mood.ResultsThe age range was 35–88 years (mean 65 years) and 65% were women. Forty‐six percent reported ≥4 symptomatic joints (other than the surgical knee). Pre‐ and postsurgery, worse outcome scores were observed with increasing joint count. Adjusted for covariates, individuals reporting symptomatic ankles/feet/toes, neck, and spine/lower back had worse presurgery fatigue and anxiety. Adjusted for covariates and presurgery status, worse fatigue for the neck and spine/lower back and worse depression, pain, and function for the ankles/feet/toes and neck were observed postsurgery. The influence of symptomatic ankles/feet/toes on postsurgical pain and function was in part direct and partially mediated through depression. Full mediation was found for the neck through fatigue, anxiety, and depression, and for the spine/lower back through fatigue.ConclusionFindings suggest that a comprehensive approach to osteoarthritis management/care is warranted, and identify important associations between symptomatic joints and mood that negatively impact post‐TKR pain and physical function.
Preparation of PTT/clay nanocomposites with solid‐state polymerized polytrimethylene terephthalate
Authors: Engelmann G. , Bonatz E. , Ganster J. , Pinnow M. , Bohn A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo enhance the effectiveness of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) for the preparation of clay‐based nanocomposites by melt intercalation and to upgrade the mechanical performance of these materials, solid‐state‐polymerization (SSP) experiments with neat PTT were carried out at 190, 200, and 210°C prior compounding to increase the average molecular weight and, based on this, the melt viscosity of this polymer. The progress of SSP was registered by time dependent sampling of intrinsic viscosity data. From this, activation energy of 180.6 kJ mol−1 was calculated. A characteristic sublimate formed during these SSP‐reactions was identified by mass‐spectroscopy to be a mixture of cyclic oligomers containing 2, 3, 4, and 5 monomeric units. The melt viscosity of neat PTT(SSP) could be increased from ∼ 460 to 15,000 Pa s−1. Therefore, tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved by 3.5 and 9%, respectively. Manufacturing of PTT(SSP) and the modified nanoclay was carried out with a corotating twin‐screw‐extruder at 230°C. A concentration of 3% of the inorganic filler component in the composites was aimed at. Compared with the data of virgin PTT, tensile strength, and modulus of the PTT(SSP)‐based nanocomposites could be enhanced by ∼ 9 and 40%, respectively. Additionally, a SSP‐reaction of the nanocomposite prepared with non‐pretreated PTT and nanoclay was performed at 210°C to test the robustness of the matrix polymer PTT against the influences of the nanofiller. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐g‐POSS nanocomposites by combination of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and click chemistry
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Bach Long Giang , Park Jong Myung , Hong Seong‐Soo , Lim Kwon Taek 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNew hybrid poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate)‐g‐polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane [poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐g‐POSS] nanocomposites were synthesized by the combination of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry using a grafting to protocol. Initially, the random copolymer poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA) was prepared by RAFT polymerization of HEMA and MMA. Alkynyl side groups were introduced onto the polymeric backbones by esterification reaction between 4‐pentynoic acid and the hydroxyl groups on poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA). Azide‐substituted POSS (POSSN3) was prepared by the reaction of chloropropyl‐heptaisobutyl‐substituted POSS with NaN3. The click reaction of poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐alkyne and POSSN3 using CuBr/PMDEATA as a catalyst afforded poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐g‐POSS. The structure of the organic/inorganic hybrid material was investigated by Fourier transformed infrared, 1H‐NMR, and 29Si‐NMR. The elemental mapping analysis of the hybrid using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and EDX also suggest the formation of poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐anchored POSS nanocomposites. The XRD spectrum of the nanocomposites gives evidence that the incorporation of POSS moiety leads to a hybrid physical structure. The morphological feature of the hybrid nanocomposites as captured by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopic analyses indicate that a thick layer of polymer brushes was immobilized on the POSS cubic nanostructures. The gel permeation chromatography analysis of poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA) and poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA)‐g‐POSS further suggests the preparation of nanocomposites by the combination of RAFT and click chemistry. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the thermal property of the poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA) copolymer was significantly improved by the inclusion of POSS in the copolymer matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of positively charged composite nanofiltration membranes by coating poly(ether ether ketone) containing quaternary ammonium groups on polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Junhua , Wang Haifeng , Zhang Suobo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe novel positively charged poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEKs) with pendant quaternary ammonium groups were synthesized by copolymerization of 3, 3′‐dimethylaminemethylene‐4,4′‐biphenol (DABP), 3,3′,4,4′‐tetramethylbiphenol, and 4,4′‐bisfluorobenzophenone followed by reaction with iodomethane. The resulting copolymers were used to prepare thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes via the dip‐coating method. The effects of different parameters such as copolymer concentration and curing time on the membrane performance (flux and rejection of inorganic salts) were investigated. The optimum parameters were that 1.5 wt % quaternary ammonium PEEK containing 1.8 quaternary ammonium groups per unit with 0.5 wt % DMSO coated on the polysulfone (PSf) support membrane and cured at 100°C. The results of the performance testing showed that the trend for rejection was R > R > RNaCl > R (R = rejection), which was a typical positively charged membrane. The best performance of these composite nanofiltration membranes was 91.3% rejection for 500 ppm MgCl2 and 62.5 L/m2 h water permeability at 0.4 MPa. The MWCO of the membrane was 800 Da. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface graft polymerization of conducting polyaniline on waterborne poyurethane‐urea film and its phenol sensing
Authors: Son Su‐Jin , Kim Han‐Seong , Lee Dong‐Jin , Lee Young‐Hee , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWaterborne polyurethane‐ureas (pristine WBPUs: WBPU‐19 and WBPU‐24, fixed soft segment content: 60 wt %) containing dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)/ethylene diamine (EDA) contents (19/16.8 and 24/11.4 mol %) were prepared. The polyaniline (PANI)‐graft‐WBPU (PANI‐graft‐WBPU) films were prepared by oxidative graft polymerization of aniline on the surface layer of WBPU films. This study focused on the effects of reaction conditions (concentrations/treating times/temperatures of aniline and APS) and DMPA content on the %grafting, conductivity, and mechanical properties of PANI‐graft‐WBPU films. To obtain the maximum %grafting (PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐19: 6.2, and PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐24: 7.4) and conductivity (PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐19: 3.6 × 10−2S/cm, and PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐24: 4.7 × 10−2S/cm), the optimum concentrations/treating times/temperatures of aniline and APS, were found to be 0.35M/10 min/25°C and 0.2M/10 min/0°C, respectively. The tensile strength of film samples was found to be increased in the order of PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐19>pristine WBPU‐19>PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐24>pristine WBPU‐24. The PANI‐graft‐WBPU‐19 (%grafting: 6.2) films on exposure to 0–10,000 ppm phenol solutions showed a well‐defined response behavior, demonstrating high promise for application in aqueous phenol sensors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013