bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors of wheeze and eczema in 1‐year‐old children: the Butajira birth cohort, Ethiopia
Authors: Belyhun Y. , Amberbir A. , Medhin G. , Erko B. , Hanlon C. , Venn A. , Britton J. , Davey G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
The rising global prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions has been linked to potential aetiological factors influencing the developing immune system.Objective
To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors for wheeze and eczema in 1‐year‐old children in a birth cohort from Butajira, Ethiopia.Methods
In 2005/6, a population‐based cohort of 1065 pregnant women was established. At 1 year of age, data on wheeze and eczema in the children were collected from the mother via an interview‐administered questionnaire, along with numerous demographic and lifestyle factors. A stool sample was also obtained from the child for geohelminth analysis.Results
The prevalence of wheeze was 11.5% (103/899) and eczema 8.6% (77/899). Independent predictors of wheeze were maternal allergic history [adjusted OR (AOR)=3.00, 95% CI 1.23–7.36], paternal allergic history (AOR=2.59, 95% CI 1.08–6.25), increasing household size (P for trend=0.023; AOR=3.54, 95% CI 1.31–9.56 for 7+ vs. 1–3 individuals) and paracetamol use by the child (overall P<0.001; AOR 11.04, 95% CI 4.30–28.31 for 4+ tablets in past month vs. never). Factors independently associated with eczema were maternal allergic history (AOR=3.68, 95% CI 1.54–8.77), household size (overall P=0.035; AOR=0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.87 for 4–6 individuals relative to 1–3) and place of sleeping (overall P<0.001; AOR=0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.82 for floor vs. bed/platform).Conclusion
These findings support the hypothesis that eczema in early life in these children is a manifestation of allergy, while wheezing is probably due to infection as well as allergy. Cite this as: Y. Belyhun, A. Amberbir, G. Medhin, B. Erko, C. Hanlon, A. Venn, J. Britton and G. Davey, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 619–626.
Polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha and signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (Stat6) are associated with increased IL-4Rα–Stat6 signalling in lymphocytes and elevated serum IgE in patients with Graves' disease
Authors: Yabiku K , Hayashi M , Komiya I , Yamada T , Kinjo Y , Ohshiro Y , Kouki T , Takasu N 
Published: August 2010

SummaryActivated interleukin (IL)-4Rα stimulates production of IgE through signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (Stat6) activation in lymphocytes. Genetic studies have shown an association between polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL-4Rα and Stat6 and elevated serum IgE in patients with atopic disease. Some authors, including us, have reported an association of Graves' disease and elevated serum IgE. To analyse the relationship between IL-4Rα and Stat6 polymorphisms and elevated serum IgE in patients with Graves' disease, 169 patients with Graves' disease were studied. We investigated whether these polymorphisms affect IL-4Rα–Stat6 signalling in cultured human lymphocytes. A high frequency of both the Ile50 polymorphism in IL-4Rα and 13GT repeat variants of the Stat6 gene was observed in patients with Graves' disease and elevated serum IgE (Ile50 allele; P &lt; 0·05, 13GT allele; P &lt; 0·01 versus controls) but not in subjects with normal IgE. Cultured human lymphocytes with the Ile50 IL-4Rα polymorphism and the 13GT repeat variant of Stat6 showed increased IL-4 (and/or IL-13)-induced Stat6 activation (2·7-fold; P &lt; 0·05 and 2·2-fold; P &lt; 0·05, respectively). These findings suggest that polymorphisms in the IL-4Rα and Stat6 genes play an important role in elevation of serum IgE through increased Stat6 action in patients with Graves' disease.
CCL18 in peritoneal dialysis patients and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis
Authors: Ahmad Sohail , North Bernard V. , Qureshi Ashfaq , Malik Amir , Bhangal Gurjeet , Tarzi Ruth M. , Brown Edwina A. , Tam Frederick W. K. 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1067–1073AbstractBackground  Peritoneal fibrosis manifests clinically as membrane failure or encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). There are no clinical or biochemical tests to determine the rate of progression of peritoneal fibrosis. CCL18/pulmonary and activation‐regulated chemokine (PARC) is profibrotic and stimulates collagen production independent of the effect of transforming growth factor beta. This has not been studied in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Materials and methods  We have prospectively studied 106 patients, free from infection/recent peritonitis. A high concentration of CCL18 was discovered by multiplex antibody arrays and quantified by ELISA. Serum and dialysate levels were examined for their prognostic values.Results  By multiple regression analysis, dialysate CCL18 (6·76 ± 0·66 μg 4 h−1) correlated with increasing membrane transport status (TS) (P < 0·0001) and total glucose exposure/24 h (P = 0·033). Serum CCL18 correlated with high TS (P = 0·0001) and duration of PD (P = 0·001). After 12 months of follow‐up, 57 patients remained on PD while 12 patients were transferred to haemodialysis (HD) and seven developed EPS. Patients who subsequently developed EPS had higher baseline dialysate CCL18 (11·5 ± 3·6 μg 4 h−1 vs. 5·6 ± 0·82 μg 4 h−1, P = 0·03) and serum CCL18 (156·9 ± 12·8 ng mL−1 vs. 124·8 ± 12·2 ng mL−1, P = 0·02) compared with the stable PD group.Conclusion  This is the first report of high levels of CCL18 in the spent dialysate and serum from long‐term PD patients. These levels correlated with dysfunction of peritoneal membrane transport status, therefore following CCL18 in a longitudinal study may be of interest.
One‐dimensional image analysis of soil structure. I. Principles
Authors: RINGROSE‐VOASE A. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA one‐dimensional (1‐D) image analysis system, ANOSOL, has been developed which uses test lines to measure the distances in a random direction across and between pore space in images of impregnated soil blocks. Suitable strategies are discussed for both random and systematic sampling using test lines. A comprehensive set of interrelated 1‐D parameters are derived for use as structural indices and their stereological relationship to 3‐D parameters is discussed. The intercept length distributions for both pore space and solid can be adequately described using a three‐parameter model consisting of the weighted sum of two negative exponential functions. The advantages of the parameters chosen are discussed with references to those used by other workers. The importance of choosing, as structural indices, parameters that are stereologically related to the desired 3‐D parameters is also discussed.
The changing scene of British soil science1
Authors: GREENWOOD D. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe development of soil science has, in the past, been largely driven by the need to improve agricultural production. It is an applied science.Soils and soil processes have had a profound impact on the development of agriculture, and civilization, throughout the ages. Mistreatment of soil has, over the millennia to the present day, been responsible for horrific human tragedy. The most pressing challenge to soil science is to devise ways of improving food production, at minimum cost, in those areas of the world where food shortages are most acute.The new era of reducing price support for major agricultural commodities will increase competition in the EC and elsewhere. It will become imperative to improve efficiency of crop production, especially by the introduction of novel techniques, if arable and horticultural cropping in the UK is to flourish.Soil science is becoming increasingly important in assisting governments to develop policies and in assisting commercial organizations to screen and introduce new chemicals.There is a wide range of environmental and pollution problems that demand inputs from soil science. They include industrial degradation of soil, entry of toxic materials into the food chain, waste disposal, industrial contamination of the atmosphere and the sub‐sequent effects on soil and vegetation, forest decline, and the improvement of industrially damaged areas to attract new industries and reduce unemployment.Far greater use should be made of soils information in urban and rural planning and in building design as, at least in some countries, this practice has resulted in considerable financial savings.Advances in theory, measurement and computing are revolutionizing soil science and will greatly facilitate the application of the subject to practical problems.
A model for predicting the fate of nitrogen fertilizer in lowland ricefields
Authors: SINGH RACHHPAL , KIRK G. J. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA sensitivity analysis of the model is given for conditions in which there is no plant uptake of N and over the range of conditions likely in tropical lowland ricefields, and the mechanisms governing inorganic carbon, nitrogen and acidity dynamics in the floodwater and soil are discussed. Changes in the rate of CO2 production in the soil, floodwater algal activity and floodwater carbonic anhydrase activity altered diurnal changes in floodwater pH but little influenced the daily mean pH, and consequently little influenced cumulative N loss by NH, volatilization. Soil pH buffer power and rate of urea application also little influenced cumulative percentage N loss. Increases in soil ammonium buffer power, floodwater depth and downward water flux, and decreases in floodwater‐ and air‐turbulence, moderately decreased N loss. N loss greatly decreased with decrease in urea hydrolysis rate and with urea incorporation in the soil. Incorporation decreased N loss more in the absence of standing floodwater. With low urease activity, deep floodwater gave consistently lower N loss; with high urease activity, shallow floodwater gave lower N loss when urea was incorporated.
Liver transplant pathology – messages for the non‐specialist
Authors: Wyatt Judy I 
Published: August 2010

Wyatt J I (2010) Histopathology 57, 333–341 Liver transplant pathology – messages for the non‐specialistThis review, based on a presentation at the BDIAP meeting in London 2008, aims to guide histopathologists working outside transplant centres in the differential diagnosis of late post transplant liver biopsies. It focuses on the histological patterns of the late post transplant complications – autoimmune hepatitis, acute and chronic rejection, recurrent viral hepatitis, and biliary disease. Analysis of the character and distribution of inflammatory infiltrate, bile duct changes, and fibrosis by the histopathologist must then be set within the clinical context to arrive at the most appropriate diagnosis. For this reason, review of the biopsy at the transplant centre is recommended. In a broader context, the tabulation of diagnostic features in chronic inflammatory liver diseases produced by the Banff Working Group can, with the exception of rejection, usefully be applied outside the transplant setting.
Accreditation of postgraduate speciality training programmes in Endodontology. Minimum criteria for training Specialists in Endodontology within Europe
Authors:   European Society of Endodontology
Published: August 2010

European Society of Endodontology. Accreditation of postgraduate speciality training programmes in Endodontology. Minimum criteria for training Specialists in Endodontology within Europe. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 725–737, 2010.AbstractThis consensus statement from the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) sets out the minimum criteria for training Specialists in Endodontology within Europe. The case is made for recognizing Endodontology as a distinctive dental discipline throughout Europe. Guidelines are presented on the requirements of a specialist and of a specialist training programme in Endodontology. The aims, objectives and curriculum content of a specialist training pathway are outlined, with guidelines on trainee appraisal, and the expectations of faculty and institutional commitment. In publishing these guidelines, the ESE is responding to a public and professional need for consistently high standards of training and specialist clinical service within Europe.
The prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and their relationship to social class amongst nursery‐school children in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: MASIGA MARY A. , HOLT RUTH D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Four hundred and forty‐six children attending nursery schools in Nairobi were examined for caries and gingivitis. Assessment of social class was based on the occupation of the head of the child's household. Amongst 3‐year‐old children, 62% were caries‐free and the mean dmft was 1.35. Amongst 5‐year‐olds 50% were caries‐free and the mean dmft was 1.88. Thirty‐seven per cent of the children had evidence of gingivitis, with the proportion changing little with age. There was no evidence of either caries or gingivitis being significantly related to social class, although children in the higher classes had more filled teeth.Résumé.Quatre cet quarante six enfants tréquentant des écoles maternelles à Nairobi ont eu leurs dents examinées en ce qui concerne les caries dentaires et les gingivites. Les classes sociales ont été déterminées par la profession du chef de famille. Les enfants âgés de trois ans étaient sans caries à 62% et l'indice CAO moyen élail de 1,35. Les enfants âgés de cinq ans étalent sans caries à 50% et l'indice CAO moyen de 1,88. Les enfants souffraient de gingivites pour 37% et cette proportion changeait peu avec l'âge.Le nombre de caries et les gingivites ne semblaient pas en relation avec la classe sociale mais les enfants des classes sociales les plus élevées avaient plus de dents obturées.Zusammenfassung.446 Vorschulkinder wurden in Nairobi auf Karies und Gingivitis untersucht. Dabei wurde gestützt auf die Angaben zum Beruf des Haushaltsoberhaupts der soziale Hintergrund der Kinder registriert. Unter den 3jährigen Kindern waren 62% kariesfrei. Der DMFT‐Mittelwert betrug 1,35. Unter den 5jährigen Kindern waren 50% kariesfrei und der DMFT‐Mittelwert betrug 1,88. 37% der Kinder wiesen Anzeichen von Gingivitis auf, wobei sich dieses Verhältnis im bezug auf das Alter kaum änderte. Es bestanden keine Anzeichen dafür, daß das Vorkommen von Karies oder Gingivitis signifikant im Verhältnis zu einem bestimmten sozialen Hintergrund stand, obwohl die Kinder höherer sozialer Schichten mehr gefüllte Zähne aufwiesen.Resumen.La prevalencia de caries y gingivitis fue determinada en 446 niños que asistían a escuelas pre‐primarias de Nairobi. La determinación de la clase social se hizo basada en la ocupación del responsable de la familia en el hogar del niño. En los niños de 3 años de edad, 62% no tuvo caries y la media cpod fue de 1.35. En los niños de 5 anõs de edad, 50% no tuvo caries y la media cpod fue de 1.88. De los niños, 37% tuvo evidencia de gingivitis con muy pocos cambios en la proporción debido a la edad. No hubo evidencia de caries o gingivitis significativamente relacionada con la clase social aún cuando los niños en la clase social alta tenian más dientes restaurados.
An unusual hypoplastic premolar: a case report
Authors: PERETZ BENJAMIN 
Published: August 2010

Summary. This case report describes an unusual hypolastic maxillary first premolar tooth that was diagnosed radiographically in a 10‐year‐old boy. The maxillary primary first molar had been extracted. When the tooth erupted the hypoplasia was seen to be confined to the mesial aspect of the tooth. The cause of this unusual distribution was considered to be either infection associated with the mesiobuccal root of the primary first molar or trauma during extraction of the primary tooth. The tooth was restored using dentine adhesive and posterior composite material.Résumé.Description d'une première prémolaire maxillaire hypoplasique, découverte radiologique, chez un garçon de 10 ans.La première molaire temporaire avait été extraite. Quand la dent a fait son éruption, l'hypopasie était limitée à sa partie mésiale. l'étiologie de cette distribution inhabituelle était soit l'infection de la racine mésiale de la première molaire temporaire ou une extraction traumatique de cette dent. La dent a été restaurée par un composite postérieur collé.Zusammenfassung.Der Bericht über diesen Fall beschreibt einen aussergewöhnlichen hypoplastischen ersten Oberkiefer‐Premolar, der in der Röntgen‐Aufnahme eines 10 jähr. Jungen entdeckt wurde. Der erste Milchgebissmolar im Oberkeifer war extrahiert worden. Als der Zahn durchgebrochen war, war Hypoplastie nur auf der mesialen seite zu finden. Der Grund für diese aussergewöhnliche Verteilung war entweder die Folge einer Infektion von der mesiobukkalen Wurzel des ersten Milchmolar oder einer traumatischen Extraktion des Milchzahnes. Der Zahn war mit Dentine‐Adhäsiv und Composit nestauriert worden.Resumen.Este reporte de caso describe un primer premolar superior hipoplásico diagnosticado radiográficamente en un niño de 10 años de edad. El primer molar temporal había sido extraído. Cuando el diente erupcionó, la hipoplasia estaba limitada en la porción mesial del diente. La causa de esta distribución inusual fue considerada debida a una infección asociada con la raíz mesiobucal del primer molar temporal o a un trauma durante la extracción del primer molar temporal. El premolar fue restaurado con adhesivos dentinarios y un material composite para posteriores.
Localized prepubertal periodontitis in a 5‐year‐old child: investigations and clinical observations over a 3‐year period
Authors: LINDEN G. , FLEMING P. , COULTER W. , LYNN G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 5‐year‐old boy presented with persistent generalized gingival inflammation. Clinical and radiographic examination supplemented by immunological and microbiological investigation led to a diagnosis of localized prepubertal periodontitis. The child was subsequently monitored for 3 years and despite treatment there was continued bone loss related to his primary teeth. This case highlights the need for liaison between specialists in paediatric dentistry, periodontology, immunology and microbiology in order to diagnose prepubertal periodontitis and to establish a rational basis for treatment to prevent progression to juvenile periodontitis.Résumé.Chez un garçon âge de cinq ans souffrant de gingivite inflammatoire généralisée, l'examen clinique et radiologique complété par un bilan immunologique et microbiologique a mené a poser le diagnostic de parodontite prépubertaire localisée. Cet enfant a été suivi pendant trois ans et malgré le traitement, la perte osseuse s'est poursuivie. Ce cas montre l'importance d'une collabor‐ ation êtroite entre les spécialistes en dentisterie pédiatrique, parodontologie, immunologie et microbiologie pour diagnostiquer une parodontite prépubertaire et établir un plan de traitement rationnel évitant l'évolution vers la parodontite juvénile.Zusammenfassung.Ein fünf Jähriger Junge hat eine hartnäckige generalisierte Zahnfleischentzündung. Klinische und roentgenographische Untersuchungen, sowie immunitäts‐ und mikrobiologische Nachforschungen erbrachten die Diagnose: ‘Lokalisierte Parodontose in der Vorpubertät’. Danach wurde das Kind für drei Jahreüberwacht und trotz Behandlung, ergab sich weitergehender Knochenverlust in Beziehung zu senem Milchgebiss. Dieser Fall zeigt die Wichtigkeit für ‘liaison’ zwischen Spezialisten in Kinsder‐Zahnheilkunde, Parodontologie, Immunologie und Mikrobiologie. Zum Zweck der Diagnose der Parodontose in der Vorpubertät festzustellen und die Grundlagen für die Behandlung und das Vorbeugen der Progression zur Jugendgerichter Parodontose zu ereichen.Resumen.Se presenta el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad con inflamación gingival generalizada y persistente. El examen clínico y radiográfico suplementado con una investigación inmunológica y microbiológica condujo al diagnóstico de periodontitis prepuberal. El niño fue evaluado por 3 años y a pesar del tratamiento, la pérdida ósea asociada a los dientes temporales continuó. El caso enfatiza la necesidad de establecer la relación entre las especialidades de odontología pediátrica, periodoncia, inmunología y microbiología para poder diagnosticar la peridontitis prepuberal y establecer una base racional para su tratamiento para prevenir el progreso a periodontitis juvenil.
Crown and root resorption of a maxillary permanent first molar by an impacted second premolar: a case report
Authors: WATERHOUSE P. J. , NUNN J. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case is described of resorption of the mesial aspect of a maxillary permanent first molar in a 13‐year‐old boy whose maxillary second premolar was impacted. The premolar was partially erupted in the line of the arch and radiography revealed a radiolucent area involving enamel, dentine and cementum on the mesial aspect of the first molar. The first molar was extracted and the premolar erupted normally. The case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of developmental abnormalities.Résumé.Résorption de la couronne et de la racine d'une molaire maxillaire permanente par une seconde prémolaire incluse: á propos d'un casDescription d'un cas de résorption de la partie mésiale d'une première molaire maxillaire permanente chez un garçon de 13 ans, dont la deuxième prémolaire était incluse. La prémolaire avait évolué partiellement sur l'arcade et la radiographic montrait une zone radioclaire au niveau de l'émail, de la dentine et du cément de la partie mésaile de la première molaire. La première molaire a été extraite et la prémolaire a évolué normalement sur l'arcade. Ce cas montre l'importance d'un diagnostic précoce des anomalies de dévéloppement.Zusammenfassung.Eine Kronen und Wurzelresorbition eines oberen ersten bieibenden Molares durch einen impaktierten zweiten Prämolaren: ein FallberichtEin Fall einer mesialen Resorbition eines oberen ersten Molaren eines 13 Jahre alten Knaben wird beschrieben. Der impaktierte Prämolar war teilweise durchgebrochen und Rönt genaufnahmen zeigten Aufhellungen von Schmelz, Dentin und Zement des ersten Molaren. Dieser wurde extrahiert und der Prämolarendurchbruch erfolgte normal. Dieser Fall betont die Wichtigkeit einer frühen Diagnose von abnormalen Entwicklungen.Resumen.Reabsorción coronaria y radicular del primer molar permanente maxilar por la impactacion de un segundo premolar: reporte de un casoSe describe un caso de reabsorción mesial del primer premanente maxilar en un niños de 13 años de edad con el segundo premolar maxilar impactado. El primer molar estaba parcialmente erupcionado y radiográficamente se revelaba un area radiolúcida envolviendo el esmalte, la dentina y el cemento en mesial del primer molar. El primer molar fue estraído y el premolar erupcionó normalmente. El caso pone de manifiesto la importancia de un diagnóstico temprano de las anomalías del desarrollo.