bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making overall dynamic body acceleration work: on the theory of acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure
Authors: Gleiss Adrian C. , Wilson Rory P. , Shepard Emily L. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. The energetic costs of different behaviours are critical in modulating the behavioural ecology of free‐living animals. Despite this, measurement of energy expenditure in the field has proved difficult.2. A new method with broad application for field studies has been proposed for determining the rate at which animals expend energy, based on measurements of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) through the attachment of miniature acceleration data‐loggers. This technique is easy to implement and has the promise to be able to resolve energy expenditure with fine (sub‐second) temporal resolution, making it the only method which promises to able to determine the cost of short‐lived behaviours. Increasing evidence supports the validity of the approach although the rationale behind it is vague.3. This study explores link between metabolic energy and acceleration by examining what is known about how muscular tissue converts metabolic energy to mechanical work via muscular contraction and how Newtonian physics facilitates a derivation of Power (the rate at which work is performed) from acceleration. The link between metabolic energy and acceleration appears to involve three discrete processes: (i) the ratio of mechanical work to metabolic work performed by a single muscle (mechano‐chemical efficiency); (ii) the ratio of external and internal work performed (mechanical work of the limbs in relation to that of the centre of mass); and (iii) the ratio of inertial to de novo mechanical work. These processes may vary according to the animal’s mass, the medium in which it travels and its gait or behaviour.4. Assessment of movement has limited application in defining non‐movement energy expenditure such as that involved in specific dynamic action or non‐shivering thermogenesis. However, this non‐movement energy expenditure may often be modelled with reasonable confidence. The utility and appropriateness of the ODBA‐energy expenditure method depends on a set of conditions, which we define and suggest should be assessed a priori.5. This study explores the framework behind the ODBA‐energy expenditure method to enable informed decisions to be made regarding the suitability for specific research questions addressed, as well as highlighting calibration needs.
Association of owner‐reported noise with findings during dynamic respiratory endoscopy in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: WITTE S. H. P. , WITTE T. H. , HARRISS F. , KELLY G. , POLLOCK P. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:To determine the association between owner‐reported noise and findings during dynamic respiratory endoscopy (DRE) in a large case series.Hypothesis:The sensitivity of owner‐reported noise for dynamic upper respiratory tract obstructions in horses is low, and the specificity is high.Methods:One hundred horses underwent DRE for the investigation of abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance. The association of abnormal noise with findings during DRE was evaluated.Results:Eighty‐five horses underwent DRE for the investigation of abnormal respiratory noise. Of these, 82% were found to have one or more obstructive upper respiratory tract abnormalities during DRE. Forty‐eight percent of horses reported to gurgle, rattle or make a rough noise were diagnosed with solitary palatal dysfunction. A further 24% with this history showed palatal dysfunction in combination with an additional abnormality. Twenty‐seven percent of horses with a history of whistling or roaring showed some degree of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Seven percent of horses with a history of whistling or roaring had vocal cord collapse as a solitary condition, whereas 40% had vocal cord collapse and another abnormality. The sensitivity of abnormal respiratory noise for any obstruction of the upper portion of the respiratory tract was high (84%), while the specificity was low (25%). Characteristic owner reported noise patterns showed moderate to low sensitivity for specific conditions. Whistling and roaring showed the highest specificity (≥80%) for laryngeal dysfunction.Conclusion:Diagnosis of upper respiratory tract obstructions based solely on owner‐reported noise and performance history may result in incomplete diagnoses.Clinical relevance:DRE should be performed in horses with abnormal respiratory noise to rule out complex conditions of the upper portion of the respiratory tract.
Mobility and Geometric Analysis of the Hoberman Switch-Pitch Ball and
Its Variant
Authors: Wei Guowu , Ding Xilun , Dai Jian S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This paper investigates the mobility and kinematics of the Hoberman switch-pitch ball, and particularly, its variant that does not resort to bevel gears. The ball variant is a general case of the Hoberman switch-pitch ball and constitutes the ball. This paper starts from examining the geometry of the ball variant and its composition, and decomposes it into loops containing eight-bar radially foldable linkages. To investigate the eight-bar radially foldable linkage, constraint matrices are developed using the screw-loop equation. This paper extends the study to the ball variant and investigates the singularity and various configurations based on the geometry and kinematics of the ball variant. This leads to the investigation of the Hoberman switch-pitch ball as a special case of the ball variant with bevel gears to simultaneously drive three joints in every vertex of the ball mechanism. The analysis is then followed by a numerical demonstration of the kinematic characteristics of the Hoberman switch-pitch ball.
Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom Spherical
Wrist
Authors: Ruggiu M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The present paper proposes the analysis of a spherical wrist with two degrees of freedom for scanning system applications. The wrist consists of two chains of revolute-revolute pairs. A slotted arc connecting the two chains behaves as a further revolute pair. Thus, the mechanism is an overconstrained (meaning of this definition is discussed in this work) single-loop kinematic chain composed of five revolute pairs equivalent to a spherical motion generator since all its axes intersect at a point. Throughout the paper, the kinematic analysis is developed including some details about the workspace, which depends on the design of the slotted arc. The performance index given as the inverse of the condition number is used to measure the performances of the motion of the moving platform of the wrist. The singularity poses found were examined in detail. A simplified dynamic model is proposed that provides the torques suitable for satisfying a given kinematics. Finally, the paper presents a motorized hardware model of the mechanism assembled in the laboratory.
Estimation of atmospheric CO
2
uptake by silicate weathering in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau: a review of existing fluvial geochemical data
Authors: Huh Youngsook 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The fluvial geochemical data of major rivers draining the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau (HTP) are compiled from literature and supplemented with data from the author's group to explore the spatial variability in the major element and strontium isotopic compositions and in rates of silicate weathering and concomitant drawdown of atmospheric CO
2
. The results indicate that carbonate weathering dominates the major element composition of these rivers, and when the silicate contributions are carefully separated, there is spatial variability within the HTP system. Silicate contributions are highest in the rivers of the Himalayan syntaxes and in the Yamuna, Alaknanda-Bhaghirathi and Kosi tributaries of the Ganges. The
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios are especially radiogenic in the Ganges tributaries but the values do not necessarily correlate with the relative input from silicate weathering. Even in the Yamuna tributary of the Ganges where rates of CO
2
consumption by silicate weathering are several times those of the rivers of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the rates are comparable to the rivers draining the Andes. Thus, the Ganges tributaries supply uniquely radiogenic
87
Sr to the ocean but cannot be considered anomalous in terms of silicate weathering rates in comparison to other major rivers draining orogenic zones.

Supplementary material:

Major element concentration and strontium isotope ratio data for Huh (unpublished) is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18408
.
Evolution of the Indian summer monsoon: synthesis of continental records
Authors: Sanyal Prasanta , Sinha R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFluvial sediments of the Siwalik succession in the Himalayan Foreland Basin form the most important continental archive for reconstructing monsoonal fluctuations during the Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene. A number of proxy records suggest multiple phases of monsoonal intensification with peaks at 10.5, 5.5 and 3 Ma after which the strength of the monsoon decreased to modern day values with minor fluctuations. Detailed evaluation of Late Quaternary interfluve stratigraphic development in the Ganga plains shows that interfluve areas near the major rivers aggraded periodically between 27 and 90 ka. They subsequently degraded or accumulated sediment only locally, probably reflecting decreased monsoonal precipitation around the Last Glacial Maximum. Increased precipitation during the 15 to 5 ka period of monsoon recovery probably increased discharge and promoted incision and widespread badland formation. In western India, the fluvial records back toc. 128 ka suggest a stronger monsoon around 80 ka followed by periods of weakened monsoon around 70 to 30 ka and progressive desiccation in the glacial period. Holocene lacustrine records from western Rajasthan suggest maximum lake levels atc. 6 ka and complete desiccation betweenc. 3 and 4 ka.
Large-scale erosional response of SE Asia to monsoon evolution reconstructed from sedimentary records of the Song Hong-Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, South China Sea
Authors: Van Hoang Long , Clift Peter D. , Schwab Anne M. , Huuse Mads , Nguyen Duc Anh , Zhen Sun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The Song Hong-Yinggehai (SH-Y) and Qiongdongnan (Qi) basins together form one of the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basins in SE Asia. Here we present new records based on the analysis of seismic data, which we compare to geochemical data derived from cores from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1148 in order to derive proxies for continental weathering and thus constrain summer monsoon intensity.

The SH-Y Basin started opening during the Late Paleocene–Eocene. Two inversion phases are recognized to have occurred at
c.
34 Ma and
c.
15 Ma. The Qi Basin developed on the northern, rifted margin of South China Sea, within which a large canyon developed in a NE–SW direction.

Geochemical and mineralogical data show that chemical weathering has gradually decreased in SE Asia after
c.
25 Ma, whereas physical erosion became stronger, especially after
c.
12 Ma. Summer monsoon intensification drove periods of faster erosion after 3–4 Ma and from 10–15 Ma, although the initial pulse of eroded sediment at 29.5–21 Ma was probably triggered by tectonic uplift because this precedes monsoon intensification at
c.
22 Ma. Clay mineralogy indicates more physical erosion together with high sedimentation rates after
c.
12 Ma suggesting a period of strong summer monsoon in the Mid-Miocene.
The impacts of Tibetan uplift on palaeoclimate proxies
Authors: Lunt Daniel J. , Flecker Rachel , Clift Peter D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Several palaeoclimate proxy records have been interpreted as representing the direct effects of Tibetan uplift on climate, and particularly the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. However, there are other possible causes for the transitions and changes which have been observed, such as varying greenhouse gas concentrations, nodes or extremes in orbital forcing, and changing continental configurations. In this study we model the direct effects of Tibetan uplift on sea surface temperatures (SSTs), vegetation, and river discharge. We investigate whether these climatic effects of topographic uplift are likely to be detectable in proxy records, and also whether the proxies could be used to distinguish between different paradigms for the history of plateau uplift. We find that the SSTs in the western Pacific, South China Sea and Indian Ocean are generally insensitive to Tibetan uplift; however, vegetation in the region of the plateau itself, and river discharge from the Yangtze, Pearl, and in particular the Ganges/Brahmaputra, could provide a good test of our understanding of Tibetan uplift history.
Climate shift recorded at around 10 Ma in Miocene succession of Samburu Hills, northern Kenya Rift, and its significance
Authors: Sakai Tetsuya , Saneyoshi Mototaka , Tanaka Satoshi , Sawada Yoshihiro , Nakatsukasa Masato , Mbua Emma , Ishida Hidemi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A significant climate shift around 9.6 Ma has been detected from the Middle to Upper Miocene Aka Aiteputh and Namurungule Formations exposed in the Samburu Hills, northern Kenya. Around 9.6 Ma, changes in sediments are recorded from the red soil-dominated interval of the upper Aka Aiteputh Formation to the lacustrine and deltaic facies of the lower Namurungule Formation, containing open woodland/savanna mammalian fauna. These reveal a shift from a dry climate with seasonal precipitation to a climate with strong seasonality. In particular, an increase in precipitation was recorded by the predominance of lacustrine facies. This shift happened at around the same time as the intensification of the Indian summer monsoon that has been detected in the Himalayas and some of surrounding regions.
There are two scenarios that could explain the increased precipitation at the beginning of the deposition of the Namurungule Formation: (1) enhanced moisture transport by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), synchronized with Indian summer monsoon intensification, or (2) intensification of the Indian summer monsoon itself, permitting moisture to penetrate deep into East Africa if the altitude of the rifted area was lower than it is now. Presently, the former is considered to be the more plausible explanation for the climate shift detected in the Samburu Hills.
The Crime of Forced Disappearance of Persons According to the Decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Modolell González Juan Luis 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article briefly addresses the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the crime of forced disappearance of persons and associated issues before analyzing the constitutive elements of the crime. Quoting the Rome Statute, the Court qualified the forced disappearance of persons as a crime against humanity, but there are clear and strong differences between both definitions. The first analysis of this article addresses the question of how the elements of the crime of the forced disappearance of persons should be defined in States that have signed and approved the mentioned regional Convention and the Rome Statute of the ICC. The second analysis focuses on the structure or elements that should constitute the definition of this crime. All of these elements will be studied on the basis of the concepts used by the Court and by comparison to the Rome Statute and the Convention on Forced Disappearances of Persons.
International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice in Brazil
Authors: Rocha de Assis Moura Maria Ereza , Girão Monteconrado Fabíola , Zilli Marcos 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the Brazilian legal system there is no tradition in recognising the applicability of international criminal law over domestic law. In two cases judged by the STF, the Haximu Massacre and Siegfried Ellwanger, only tangential questions were addressed. In the first, the arguments concentrated on examining the legal definition of the crime of genocide and its distinction from homicide. In the second, the questions revolved around the social, historical, and political interpretation of the word "race" in the judgment of a defendant who had published anti-Semitic and "revisionist" books and articles about the Holocaust. Brazil has also demonstrated itself to be somewhat refractory in incorporating the principles of international criminal law when examining the Justice of Transition. In a recent decision, the STF affirmed the constitutionality of Law No. 6,683/79, which granted amnesty to the perpetrators of political crimes and the public agents responsible for torture and the forced disappearance of people during the military dictatorship. In summary, the Justices recognised as valid the political agreement that led to the promulgation of the Amnesty Law in such a way that any alteration of its terms could only be made by the National Congress.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with hormone therapy for intrauterine insemination
Authors: Freilinger T , Schmidt C , Duering M , Linn J , Straube A , Peters N 
Published: August 2010

Introduction: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) comprises a heterogeneous group of acute neurological diseases which are characterized by thunderclap headache and evidence of reversible multifocal constriction of cerebral arteries. A number of precipitating factors have been described in the literature, including recent childbirth and use of vasoactive substances. Case description: Here we present the case of a female patient with RCVS which occurred in the setting of hormonal ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination. Discussion: This case possibly contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying reversible cerebral vasoconstriction.
SEM-Atlas of hair structures of South-African mammals
Authors: Seiler Nicole 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA SEM (scanning electron microscope)-Atlas of the hair microstructure of 25 mammals from the western Soutpansberg, South Africa, is presented. It is based on the cuticle pattern and is presented in the form of a pictorial atlas. The animals are derived from seven different orders. This reference system was devised for use in predator scat analysis. The SEM-Atlas can be used as an identification key.
Comparative hair structure in the Lutrinae (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
Authors: Kuhn Rachel A. , Meyer Wilfried 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The hair structure of the Lutrinae has been analysed to see if the different species could be identified using hair characteristics and also to determine if the hair characteristics have an adaptive value or are influenced by the phylogeny of the group. The macroscopic (colour, morphology, length, width) and microscopic (cross-section, medulla, cuticle) characteristics of the primary hairs (PHs), which are more species-specific, and also the length and width of the secondary hairs of each of the 13 known otter species were examined. The PHs of the different species showed many similar characteristics, but also some significant divergences. It was not possible to identify every species confidently because of great similarities in medulla and cuticle structure. Apparently, the macroscopic and microscopic hair structure in the Lutrinae has been influenced by both phylogenetic relationships and adaptive pressures. An influence of the climate and of the association to water could be recognized.
What can incisor microwear reveal about the diet of ungulates?
Authors: Rivals Florent , Semprebon Gina M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We analyzed dental wear patterns on molars and incisors of modern plains zebra (Equus quagga) from a single locality in Kenya and from a single breeding population. Our objective was to explore the potential of incisor microwear in terms of elucidating ungulate diet as well as the various chewing patterns of different incisors and molar teeth among various age classes. We found significant inter-tooth variation of the microwear signal among different incisors and, not unexpectedly, that incisors do not reveal the same dietary signal as molar teeth. Such differences are related here to differential chewing forces (shearing vs compression) along the tooth row. We find no significant differences among various zebra age classes in terms of their mesowear and microwear patterns, providing additional evidence that the mesowear signal is consistent and stable throughout the adult lifespan of an individual. These findings indicate that there is no age segregation in terms of access to food resources in this particular breeding population.
Evaluation of chondrocyte death in canine osteochondral explants exposed to a 0.5% solution of bupivacaine
Authors: Hennig Geoffrey S. , Hosgood Giselle , Bubenik-Angapen Loretta J. , Lauer Susanne K. , Morgan Timothy W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate chondrocyte death in canine articular cartilage exposed in vitro to bupivacaine with and without methylparaben and to compare viability for cartilage with intact or mechanically debrided surfaces.
Sample Population—Both glenohumeral joints from 10 adult canine cadavers.
Procedures—10 osteochondral cores were harvested from each of the 20 humeral heads; synovium and 1 core from each joint were examined to verify joint health, and the other 9 cores were exposed to canine chondrocyte culture medium (CCCM), a 0.5% solution of bupivacaine, or 0.5% solution of bupivacaine with methylparaben for 5, 15, or 30 minutes.
Results—For the superficial zone of surface-intact chondrocytes, bupivacaine with methylparaben caused a significantly higher percentage of chondrocyte death at 5 minutes (47.7%) than did bupivacaine (23.6%) or CCCM (25.4%). Bupivacaine (53.8%) and bupivacaine with methylparaben (62.5%) caused a significantly higher percentage of chondrocyte death at 30 minutes than did CCCM (20.0%). For the superficial zone of chondrocytes with debrided surfaces, bupivacaine with methylparaben caused a significantly higher percentage of chondrocyte death at 30 minutes (59%) than it did at 5 minutes (37.7%). Bupivacaine with methylparaben caused a significantly higher percentage of chondrocyte death at 30 minutes (59.0%) than did CCCM (28.9%). For middle and deep zones of chondrocytes, treatment solution and surface debridement had minimal effects on percentage of chondrocyte death.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bupivacaine and bupivacaine with methylparaben were cytotoxic to canine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Intra-articular administration of bupivacaine is not recommended for clinical use until additional studies are conducted.
Generators of existence varieties of regular rings and complemented Arguesian lattices
Authors: Herrmann Christian , Semenova Marina 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We proved in an earlier work that any existence variety of regular algebras is generated by its simple unital Artinian members, while any existence variety of Arguesian sectionally complemented lattices is generated by its simple members of finite length. A characterization of the class of simple unital Artinian members [members of finite length, respectively] of such varieties is given in the present paper.