bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions to prevent suicides in Sri Lanka: a randomised control trial
Authors: de Silva P , de Silva D , Jayasinghe S , de Alwis Seneviratne R , Abeyratne M , Rajapakse D , Mendis N 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo determine effectiveness of an intervention and follow-up of patients admitted following attempted suicide.Methods300 patients admitted following attempted suicide allocated to an intervention (a session of psycho-education) and follow up or treatment as usual group using random numbers. The inclusion criteria included age above 12 years, having telephone access, and agreeing to participate in the research. Those residing in the Colombo Municipal area who did not have telephone access were given an additional option of home visits by area family health worker (FHW). Follow up was by telephone interviews or FHW visits while non-intervention subjects were traced at 18 months.Results668 persons were initially interviewed and 300 recruited. The intervention arm had 151 allocated of whom 96 (64%) received telephone follow up and 55 (36%) received FHW visits, while in the non-intervention group this was 115 (77.1%) and 34 (22.9%), respectively. At 18 months there were 32 (10.6%) drop outs, with 135 in the intervention group while 132 in the non-intervention group. In the non-intervention group 39 (29.5%) requested support, 35 (26.5%) sought support and there were three (2.3%) suicides, five (3.8%) re-attempted suicides while in the intervention group these were 81 (59.3%), 76 (56.3%), one (0.7%) and three (2.2%), respectively.ConclusionIntervention group requested more support and had a lower trend towards repeat suicides. Telephone and FHW follow-up is a feasible method to provide information and support.
Feelings experienced after previous suicide attempt by the individual and the reaction of close relatives or friends to previous attempt
Authors: de Silva P , de Silva D , Jayasinghe S , de Alwis Seneviratne R , Abeyratne M , Rajapakse D , Mendis N 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe feelings experienced after a suicide attempt by the individual and the reaction of close relatives or friends to attempt is important in designing preventive mechanisms.ObjectiveTo describe the experience of the patient after the previous suicide attempt and the reaction of close relatives or friends to the previous suicide attempt.MethodFrom 668 presented with attempted suicides presented to National Hospital of Sri Lanka (April to December 2002), 300 were randomly selected and interviewed using a pretested questionnaire.ResultsPrevious suicidal attempts were present in 29 (9.7%) out of total 300 attempted suicides. The feelings following the previous suicide attempt were as follows: 19 felt pity (65.5%), 16 felt embarrassed (55.2%), 13 felt ashamed (44.8%), 11 felt afraid (37.9%), 10 felt angry (34.5%), 4 felt released (13.8%) and 2 felt proud (6.9%). Regarding reaction of close relatives or friends to last attempt, 25 (86.2%) of patients felt that others showed pity for patient, 11 (45.8%) patients felt that some people showed understanding, 16 (57.1%) felt that no one showed anger or irritation, 21 (75%) felt that others did not show embarrassment or avoided them, 24 (85.7%) felt no body laughed at them, 23 (82.1%) felt others did not ignore them.ConclusionThe feeling following the suicidal attempts was of shame and embarrassment. The close relatives or friends of attempted suicides do not show negative emotions.
Selected aspects of attempted suicides
Authors: de Silva P , de Silva D , Jayasinghe S , de Alwis Seneviratne R , Abeyratne M , Rajapakse D , Mendis N 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo describe selected aspects of attempted suicides.MethodsFrom 668 presented with attempted suicides presented to National Hospital of Sri Lanka (April to December 2002), 300 were randomly selected and interviewed using a pretested questionnaire.ResultsAll confessed that at the time of the incident they really wanted to die. In 134 (45%) instances no one was present at the time of the incident and 225 (75.5%) made the attempt without prior planning. After the attempt 178 (60.1%) notified a potential helper. Majority (190, 63.8%) had not communicated regarding the intention to harm at any time before the incident. When asked about the chances of death 132 (44.7%) informed that death was probable or certain. Most (268, 90.5%) of the incidents did not have an association with alcohol or drug use. Interpersonal conflicts were the precipitating cause in 230 (76.6%).ConclusionEven though at the time of the event all wanted to die majority had notified after the event. Most have not communicated the need to die at any time before the incident. Most acts were done without prior preparation. Interpersonal conflicts were the commonest precipitating cause.
Suicidal behaviour among those who attempted suicide and their close relatives/friends
Authors: de Silva P , de Silva D , Jayasinghe S , de Alwis Seneviratne R , Abeyratne M , Rajapakse D , Mendis N 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo describe the repetition of suicidal attempts and the awareness of suicidal behaviour among close people.MethodsFrom 668 attempted suicides presented to National Hospital of Sri Lanka (April to December 2002), 300 were randomly selected and interviewed.ResultsPrevious suicidal attempts were present in 29 (9.7%) among which six have attempted more than twice. Majority (25, 86.2%) were deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) while few were intentional self harm (4, 13.8%). Knowledge of family or close friend who committed suicide was reported by 96 (32%). There were 13 (4.4%) reported suicides in biological family while 46 (15.4%) were close friends and 42 (14%) were neighbours. Among the known persons of DSP, drugs were consumed by 30 (43.5%) and pesticides by 26 (37.7%). Among intentional self harm the commonest method used was fire (11, 45.8%) and hanging/strangulation (07, 29.2%). The time lapse between the index suicidal attempt in the subjects was within 1 year of the suicidal attempt of the family member or friend in 45 (41.3%) of those who reported knowledge of a family member or close friend who committed suicide.ConclusionThe number with past suicidal attempts in our study is 10% which is a contrast to 54% reporting a previous suicide attempt in the WHO/EU multi-centre study on parasuicide. A total of 33% reporting knowledge of a close friend relative or neighbour who attempted suicide may indicate a strong influence of models in suicidal behaviour.
Decreased road traffic injuries mortality in Iran – role of health sector
Authors: Hassani S A , Masoumi G , Fathi M , Haddadi M , Siahtir M , Rezaee A , Khaledi M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThis cross sectional study was carried in the EOC of Ministry of Health & Medical Education, for road traffic injuries. The aim of this study was showing the role of health sector in decreasing road traffic injuries mortality as a public health challenge according to the forth developmental agenda.Materials and MethodsThe data were gathered in the Disaster and Emergency Management Centres of 41 medical universities in Iran and was analyzed in the Eoc of Ministry of Health using SPSS version 12.ResultIncreasing the number of prehospital emergency centres per population (25% in 2006 comparing to 2005, and 21% in 2007 comparing to 2006), decrease in the number of death per fatal crashes (4 in 2006, in comparison with 1.3 in 2007), 43.1% decrease in the number of death at the scene and 33.8% decrease in the number of death during hospital transit in 2007 in comparison to 2005, and decrease in arrival time of EMS from 10 min for urban missions in 2005 to 7 min in 2007 all are due to five basic managerial achievements in the Ministry of Health & Medical Education including planning, organising, staffing, leadership and control.ConclusionFor decreasing road traffic injuries mortality and morbidity rate, holistic approach in the EMS management is needed, which target both human resources (staff and training) and physical resources (infrastructure, equipment and supplies).
Association between child road safety behaviour and prevention activities
Authors: Strukcinskiene B 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionLithuanias child road traffic injury rates are still among the highest in the European Region. The aim of study is to establish association of child road safety behaviour with prevention activities.Materials and MethodsA survey of schoolchildren was conducted. Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were used.ResultsIn the survey 403 boys and 531 girls, aged 10 to 19 years participated. 16.8% schoolchildren were injured in traffic accident, most of them once (71.3%). The survey revealed that childrens road safety behaviour is not always acceptable in accordance with road safety factors. In most cases the girls behave significantly more safely in road traffic compared with boys. The study results also showed the reason, why children do not use safety equipment, such as: reflectors and helmets. Almost half of respondents do not own the equipment. Some schoolchildren did not like their design, or did not believe that reflectors or helmets would help to enhance safety. The survey revealed that schoolchildren's behaviour in traffic was more acceptable of those who participated in preventive activities and received materials or safety equipment. The correlation coefficient demonstrates the medium positive correlation between road safety behaviour and prevention (r=0.424, p<0.001).ConclusionsGirls road safety behaviour is more acceptable than that of boys. A medium correlation was obtained between schoolchildren's road safety behaviour and prevention. Road traffic injury prevention activities for children in Lithuania need to be enhanced.
A public health approach to fall and injury prevention among seniors in Canada
Authors: Scott V , Herman M , Gallagher E , Sum A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe need to prevent falls and related injuries among seniors is a significant public health issue in Canada, and all nations where an aging demographic puts higher numbers at risk. To address this costly and complex problem, a sustained collaboration has occurred over the past 20 years among falls prevention leaders within government, the health system, academia and local communities.MethodsThis review summarizes key elements of a coordinated, public health approach to the prevention of falls and related injuries among those aged 65 years, with an epidemiological analysis of fall-related hospital and mortality data for persons aged 65 years and older. Review methods included a synthesis of historical records, a scan of existing programs and findings from in-depth interviews with key informants.ResultsOutcomes of this sustained approach include a significant reduction in fall-related hospitalization and death rates in some Canadian provinces, which is paralleled by a growth in evidence-based falls prevention programs and services for those at risk.ConclusionThis presentation concludes with a summary of the key developments in the evolution of fall and related injury prevention activities over the past two decades. In particular, how the sustained, collaborative efforts have resulted in Canada emerging as an example of success in the formation of comprehensive networks for the integration of evidence-based falls prevention into health service delivery for seniors.
Essential trauma care capacity for road traffic injury in five provinces in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen T L H , Ngoc L T T , Nguyen T T H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIn Vietnam, injury is the leading cause of death in children under 18, and road traffic accidents are the fifth leading cause of death. Essential trauma care for road traffic injury (RTI) is very important in Vietnam.ObjectivesTo assess injury situation and the existing level of essential trauma care (ETC) capacity for RTI in five provinces.Design and SubjectsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 districts in 2008. We studied 17 district hospitals, 60 commune health stations, 3000 village health workers and volunteers (VHW).ResultsThe injury mortality in 2008 were different between provinces, ranged from 21.17 to 40.69/100 000 (year-1). Road traffic accidents were the leading cause of injury (41.6%). The 20–59 group had the highest proportion of injury (63.6%). Three out of five provinces have an emergency medical centre. Commune health stations and district hospitals provided trauma care for 8.5% and 30.7% of injured cases respectively. Less than 40% of district hospitals and 30% of commune health stations had enough equipment for ETC. From 8.8% to 37% of VHW were provided some basic first aid equipment. Only 36.7% of VHW had provided first aid for RTI and 31.2% of VHW were trained on first aid for RTI.ConclusionThe results reveal that RTI is a major health problem in five provinces and the ETC capacity for RTI is weak. Study results may assist decision-makers in identifying interventions to improve ETC capacity.
Serum S100-B as a tool to predict computed cranial tomography findings in mild brain injury
Authors: Zongo D , Ribereau-Gayon R , Masson F , Lagarde E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundMinor head injury (MHI) has a high incidence and implies a risk of brain injury. Cranial computed tomography (CCT) is recommended for early detection of these lesions. However the indication of CCT is based on non specific clinical symptoms. Protein S100-B was then suggested as a promising tool to identify those patients with no risk of cranial injury.ObjectiveTo evaluate S100-B as a screening tool in the management of MHI.MethodsPatients attending Bordeaux emergency department with an isolated MHI were consecutively included during 15 months. Blood samples were drawn within 6 h after head injury to assess S100-B level.Results1559 patients were included. CCT was indicative of cranial injury in 112 patients (7%). At the threshold of 0.10 g/l, S100B has a sensitivity of 99% (95% CI 95 to 100), a specificity of 12% (11–14) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99% (97–100) as compared with CCT results. 12% of the patients has a S110-B level below this threshold and therefore could have been discharged with CCT. A threshold of 0.12μg/L proved however to be the best compromise between sensitivity (99%), specificity (20%) and a NPV of 99.7% (98–100) with CCT potentially avoided for 19% of the patients.DiscussionEarly determination of S100-B blood levels is highly sensitive to detect CCT abnormalities. The threshold of 0.12 μg/L was the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity in our study.
Determinants of agricultural injury: a novel application of population health theory
Authors: Pickett W , Hagel L , Day A G , Day L , Sun X , Brison R J , Marlenga B , King M , Crowe T , Pahwa P , Koehncke N , Dosman J 
Published: March 2011

Objective(1) To apply novel population health theory to the modelling of injury experiences in one particular research context, (2) To enhance understanding of the conditions and practices that lead to farm injury.DesignProspective cohort study conducted over 2 years (2007–2009).Setting50 rural municipalities in the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada.Subjects5038 participants from 2169 Saskatchewan farms, contributing 10 092 person-years of follow-up.Main MeasuresExposure. Self-reported times involved in farm work; Effect Modifiers. Scaled measures describe socio-economic, physical and cultural farm environments; Outcome: Self-reported farm injuries.Results450 farm injuries were reported for 370 individuals on 338 farms over 2 years of follow-up. Amounts of farm work exposure were strongly and consistently related to time to first injury event. Relationships between farm work hours and time to first injury were not modified in the directions suggested by theory between levels of the socio-economic, physical and cultural farm work environments. Respondents reporting high versus low levels of physical farm hazards at baseline experienced elevated risks for farm injury upon follow-up (Hazard Ratio 1.54; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.47).ConclusionsStudy findings failed to show interactions consistent with population health theory. Injury prevention efforts should continue to focus on: (1) sound occupational safety practices associated with long work hours; (2) physical risks and hazards on farms and (3) more speculatively, behavioural modification to minimise occupational injury risks.
Investigating blood alcohol concentration among RTI victims admitted to hospitals in five hospitals in Vietnam
Authors: Phuong N Nguyen , Passmore J , Nguyen C , Ngoc T , Le L , Dam H , Quang H 
Published: March 2011

Drink driving is a major issue in Vietnam, yet, the magnitude of the problem is not adequately reported by the Government. Official statistics in 2008 revealed 6–7% of road traffic accidents occurred due to drink driving. This study was conducted in five major trauma hospitals across Vietnam, namely: Yen Bai, Viet Duc, Da Nang, Binh Duong and HoChiMinh Orthopedics hospitals with an aim to understand better the magnitude of the problem. Ethics clearance was sought from Ministry of Health. Study subjects were road traffic patients admitted to hospital with age from 18 and upwards. Consent was obtained from each patient before conducting tests.ResultsFrom August to October 2009, a total of 3774 road traffic patients were given BAC tests in five hospitals. On average, 67.5% were positive with alcohol, ranging from 41% in Viet Duc to over 95% in Binh Duong. Among those positive, 58.5% of patients were over the limit of 50mg/dl. Over 95% are reported male drinkers. Majority of male drinkers rode home after consuming beer or alcohol, ranging from 64% in Da Nang to 96% in Ho Chi Minh city.Conclusions and Policy ImplicationsDrink driving is a major problem for road safety in Vietnam and is still largely under reported. It's recommended that sustained nation wide campaigns on risks of drink driving should be conducted, especially for motorcyclists. Strict enforcement is also crucial.
Road traffic injuries in Iran: literature review
Authors: Tabibi Z , Gupta B , Dandona R 
Published: March 2011

AimIran has one of the highest road traffic injury (RTI) mortality globally. This paper reviews the published literature to assess the type of information and gaps in the information on RTI for Iran.MethodsSystematic review of the published literature from Iran was conducted using PubMed database and hand-searching of selected articles from the year 2000 to 2008.ResultsAmong the 20 studies identified for review, 13 (65%) reported prospective and 7 (35%) retrospective data. Population-based studies accounted for 20% of the studies. 40% of studies reported data from the capital city of Tehran. Non-fatal RTI rate was reported in one study at 393 per 100 000 population and the reported RTI mortality ranged from 25.8 to 39 per 100 000 population with head injuries reported as the major cause of death. Males were nearly four times more likely to suffer non-fatal or fatal RTI as compared with females. Studies consistently demonstrated a peak for people aged 21–30 years for RTI. Pedestrians were the most vulnerable group in urban and motorised two-wheeled vehicle users in the rural areas. There was scarce reporting of risk factors for RTI, lack of sufficient data on fatal and non-fatal RTI for subpopulations, and non-availability of data on economic implications of RTI.ConclusionsSignificant gaps in information needed to establish priorities for planning RTI prevention programs are highlighted. It is important to address these to make RTI prevention a priority with the politicians in Iran to reduce the burden of RTI.
Prevalence of driving distractions among high school student drivers in three Canadian cities
Authors: Oda J , Macpherson A , Middaugh-Bonney T , Brussoni M , Piedt S , Pike I 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionMotor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury and hospitalisation for Canadian youth. Graduated Drivers Licensing have been implemented in several Canadian provinces.PurposeTo assess the prevalence of compliance with rules and driving distractions among high school students in three Canadian cities (Halifax, Barrie and Vancouver) representing different geographic, socioeconomic and jurisdictional settings.MethodsObservations were made at schools in the three cities. Schools were identified using school board websites and DMTI, a company that partners with universities to disseminate spatial data. Schools were classified into tertiles based on the income of their neighbourhood census tract, (2006 census). Trained observers attended each site for 30 min at end of the school day in May and June, 2009. Information on: drivers sex, driver seatbelt use, presence of an adult, number of youth passengers and four driver distractions: cell phone use, loud music, eating and smoking were noted.Results417 observations were made at 40 schools. Among young drivers, the presence of at least one driver distraction was common (30.2% of cases). However, the type of distractions varied by province. The most common distraction was cell phone use in Vancouver. In Barrie and Halifax, the most common distraction was loud music. Distractions were seen more frequently among male drivers and drivers living in Vancouver. The effect of socioeconomic status varied by city. Seatbelt use was high in all sites.ConclusionAlthough many young drivers follow the rules, distractions remain common. Ongoing education and enforcement may improve youth driving behaviours further.
Driving offences and risk of subsequent crash in novice drivers: the DRIVE Study
Authors: Ivers R Q , Chen H Y , Boufous S , Senserrick T , Stevenson M R , Williamson A , Woodward M , Norton R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundLittle research has examined associations between traffic offences and risk of crash in novice drivers.Methods20 822 NSW drivers aged 17–24 years holding a provisional licence completed a detailed questionnaire; data were linked to driving offences, and police recorded crashes 2 years following participation. Poisson regression models were adjusted for multiple risk factors including driving exposure, risky driving, and previous crash and offences.ResultsDuring follow-up, 9.0% of drivers had one crash, 0.6% had two crashes and 0.04% had three crashes; 35.3% of males had offences recorded compared to 21.3% of females and 41.1% of those reporting high levels of risky driving behaviours had offences compared to 16.3% of people reporting lower levels. In multivariable models, drivers who had any offence had a reduced risk of crash compared to those who had no offences (relative risk (RR) 0.47, 95%CI 0.41 to 0.54). The relationship was sustained for speeding and other offences, but not for reckless driving (RR 0.96, 95%CI 0.61 to 1.49) or alcohol related offences (RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.31 to 1.08). Having any driving offence was associated with increased time to crash (RR 1.21 95%CI 1.1 to 1.27 to 0.86).ConclusionTraffic offences, particularly speeding related offences, are associated with reduced risk of crash for novice drivers. These results suggest that enforcement based approaches are an important component of crash prevention programs for novice drivers.