bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the role of phonetic knowledge in Mandarin tone sandhi
Authors: Zhang Jie , Lai Yuwen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhonological patterns often have phonetic bases. But whether phonetic substance should be encoded in synchronic phonological grammar is controversial. We aim to test the synchronic relevance of phonetics by investigating native Mandarin speakers' applications of two exceptionless tone sandhi processes to novel words: the contour reduction 213→21/—T (T≠213), which has a clear phonetic motivation, and the perceptually neutralising 213→35/—213, whose phonetic motivation is less clear. In two experiments, Mandarin subjects were asked to produce two individual monosyllables together as two different types of novel disyllabic words. Results show that speakers apply the 213→21 sandhi with greater accuracy than the 213→35 sandhi in novel words, indicating a synchronic bias against the phonetically less motivated pattern. We also show that lexical frequency is relevant to the application of the sandhis to novel words, but cannot account alone for the low sandhi accuracy of 213→35.
Trade sanctions and green trade liberalization
Authors: NAGHAVI ALIREZA 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the impact of a World Trade Organization withdrawal of trade concessions against countries that fail to respect globally recognized environmental standards. We show that a punishing tariff can be effective when environmental and trade policies are endogenous. When required standards are not too stringent with respect to the marginal damage of pollution, compliance along with free trade as a reward is the unique equilibrium outcome. A positive optimal tariff in the case of non-compliance prevents complete relocation to pollution havens, but only works as a successful credible threat and does not emerge in equilibrium.
Copper Supplementation in Parenteral Nutrition of Cholestatic Infants
Authors: Frem Juliana , Sarson Yvonne , Sternberg Tom , Cole Conrad R 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Conventional practice is to reduce or eliminate copper (Cu) supplementation in the parenteral nutrition of infants with cholestasis because of the increased risk of hepatotoxicity. However, there are reports of Cu deficiency in cholestatic infants because of Cu reduction in their parenteral nutrition. The objectives of the present study are to determine the proportion of cholestatic infants who develop elevated serum Cu while receiving a nonreduced dose of parenteral Cu, to evaluate potential clinical factors that affect serum Cu in cholestatic infants, and to evaluate the impact of serum Cu on liver disease.Patients and Methods:This is a retrospective review of 28 cholestatic infants receiving 20 μg · kg−1 · day−1 of Cu via parenteral nutrition. Age‐adjusted references were used to determine normality of serum Cu levels. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of serum Cu and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Results:Serum Cu levels were elevated in 2 infants (7%). On average, infants received 80% of their energy intake from parenteral nutrition for 3 months. Intestinal failure was present in 50% of the patients. Birth weight, gestational age, and ALT were identified as predictors of serum Cu (R2 = 0.53; P = 0.0001). Serum Cu, gestational age, and total bilirubin were associated with serum ALT (R2 = 0.43; P = 0.001).Conclusions:Supplementation of parenteral Cu at 20 μg · kg−1 · day−1 does not lead to a significant increase in Cu toxicity or worsening of liver disease in cholestatic infants.
Endotoxin and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 Serum Levels Associated With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Children
Authors: Alisi Anna , Manco Melania , Devito Rita , Piemonte Fiorella , Nobili Valerio 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Recent evidence supports a role for endotoxemia in the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated the association between serum levels of endotoxin, proinflammatory molecules, and histology in children with NAFLD.Patients and Methods:A total of 40 children, mean age of 11.9 ± 2.8 years (27 male and 13 female), with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were consecutively enrolled. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and parameters of the metabolic syndrome were collected. Serum levels of endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interleukin (IL)‐6 were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and compared with circulating levels of the same soluble factors in 9 age‐ and sex‐matched normal weight controls (age 11.4 ± 1.7 years; 6 boys and 3 girls).Results:Children with NAFLD had markedly higher serum concentrations of endotoxin (P < 0.01), PAI‐1 (P < 0.001), TNF‐α, and IL‐6 (P < 0.05) than control subjects. Endotoxin (P = 0.002), PAI‐1, (P < 0.001), IL‐6 (P = 0.002), TNF‐α (P = 0.02), and body mass index (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with a NAFLD activity score ≥5 at the univariate analysis. At the stepwise regression analysis, endotoxin (P < 0.0001) and PAI‐1 (P = 0.009) were the most significant predictors for NAFLD activity score.Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that, apart from TNF‐α and IL‐6, endotoxin and PAI‐1 may represent good markers of NASH. They also reinforce the hypothesis that elevated levels of endotoxin may contribute to the progression from NAFLD to NASH.
Management of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult solid organ transplant recipients – BCSH and BTS Guidelines
Authors: Parker Anne , Bowles Kristin , Bradley J. Andrew , Emery Vincent , Featherstone Carrie , Gupte Girish , Marcus Robert , Parameshwar Jayan , Ramsay Alan , Newstead Charles ,   On behalf of the Haemato‐oncology Task Force of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and British Transplantation Society
Published: April 2010

SummaryA joint working group established by the Haemato‐oncology subgroup of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) and the British Transplantation Society (BTS) has reviewed the available literature and made recommendations for the diagnosis and management of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult recipients of solid organ transplants. This review details the therapeutic options recommended including reduction in immunosuppression (RIS), transplant organ resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Effective therapy should be instituted before progressive disease results in declining performance status and multi‐organ dysfunction. The goal of treatment should be a durable complete remission with retention of transplanted organ function with minimal toxicity.
Short‐term changes in parents' resolution regarding their young child's diagnosis of cerebral palsy
Authors: Rentinck I. C. M. , Ketelaar M. , Schuengel C. , Stolk J. , Lindeman E. , Jongmans M. J. , Gorter J. W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective  This study aimed to describe changes in parents' resolution regarding their young child's diagnosis of cerebral palsy over a period of 1 year, and to describe the changes in strategies of resolution.Methods  In this longitudinal study, 38 parents of children with cerebral palsy (mean age 18.4 months, SD = 1.1 at baseline) were followed with the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview, assessing their personal reactions to their child's diagnosis (i.e. resolution status). Changes at main and subclassification level of the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview were investigated using a binominal test.Results  Twenty‐nine parents (76%) were found to be stable with respect to their main resolution status (i.e. ‘resolved’ or ‘unresolved’), while 24% of the parents either had changed from ‘unresolved’ to ‘resolved’ or in the opposite way. Furthermore, of the 28 parents who were classified as ‘resolved’ at both times, 15 (54%) had changed at subclassification level with respect to the specific strategies used.Conclusion  Resolution at a main level of parental reactions to their child's diagnosis was predominantly stable. Most parents were classified as ‘resolved’ at both baseline and follow‐up assessment. However, more detailed analyses at subclassification level showed that most parents with a ‘resolved’ main status showed changing patterns of resolution strategies to their child's diagnosis, suggesting that resolution is an ongoing process.
Interference between bacterial feeding nematodes and amoebae relies on innate and inducible mutual toxicity
Authors: Neidig Nina , Jousset Alexandre , Nunes Frank , Bonkowski Michael , Paul Rüdiger J. , Scheu Stefan 
Published: April 2010

Summary1. Protozoa and nematodes are important microfauna predators in soil and compete for the same food resource, bacteria. Therefore, inhibition of competitors may enhance food acquisition and fitness of individual predator species.2. We investigated chemical based interference between the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansand the amoebaAcanthamoeba castellaniiin a bacteria‐free gnotobiotic system.3. Exoproducts of amoebae exhibited marked nematostatic activity, and repelled the worms. However, nematodes were able to reduce the activity of proteases and glycosidases, two enzymes playing an important role in the toxicity ofA. castellanii. Exoproducts of nematodes also detrimentally affected amoebae by reducing growth and increasing encystation.4. The results indicate that both protozoa and nematodes can inhibit each other, and that nematodes are also able to counteract the attack by protist competitors. Non‐trophic interactions appear thus as a new factor affecting the structure of predator communities in soil.
Effects of restricted thoracic movement on the regional distribution of ventilation
Authors: PULLETZ S. , ELKE G. , ZICK G. , SCHÄDLER D. , REIFFERSCHEID F. , WEILER N. , FRERICHS I. 
Published: April 2010

Background: Restricted thoracic movement is often encountered in patients, necessitating mechanical ventilation during surgery or intensive care treatment. High intraabdominal pressure, obesity or thorax rigidity and deformity reduce the chest distensibility and deteriorate the lung function. They render the selection of proper ventilator settings difficult and complicate the weaning process. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is currently being proposed as a bedside imaging method for monitoring regional lung ventilation. The objective of our study was to establish whether the effects of decreased chest compliance on regional lung ventilation can be determined by EIT.Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers were studied in our pilot study under three conditions: (1) unrestricted breathing and (2) restricted breathing by abdominal and (3) lower rib cage strapping. The subjects were followed during spontaneous tidal breathing in five postures (sitting, supine, prone, left and right side). EIT and spirometry data were acquired in each condition.Results: The distribution of ventilation in subjects with unrestricted breathing corresponded with the physiologically expected values. In the left and right lateral postures, abdominal and thoracic cage restrictions reduced the ventilation in the dependent lung areas; the non‐dependent areas were unaffected. In the prone position, the ventilation of the dependent and non‐dependent areas was reduced. The effects of strapping were least pronounced in the supine posture.Conclusions: We conclude that EIT is able to measure changes in the regional distribution of ventilation induced by restricted chest movement and has the potential for optimising artificial ventilation in patients with limited chest compliance of different origins.
Peripheral antinociceptive effect of 2‐arachidonoyl‐glycerol and its interaction with endomorphin‐1 in arthritic rat ankle joints
Authors: Mecs Laszlo , Tuboly Gabor , Toth Kalman , Nagy Endre , Nyari Tibor , Benedek Gyorgy , Horvath Gyöngyi 
Published: April 2010

Summary1. Both cannabinoid and opioid receptors are localized at the peripheral level, and drugs acting on these receptors may produce antinociception after topical administration; however, the effect of endogenous ligands at these receptors is poorly understood. Our goal was to determine the antinociceptive potency of the endogenous cannabinoid 2‐arachidonoyl‐glycerol (2‐AG), and its interaction with endomorphin‐1 (EM1) at joint level in the rat inflammation model.2. Mechanical hypersensitivity was produced by injection of carrageenan (300 μg/30 μL) into the tibiotarsal joint of the right hind leg. The mechanical threshold was assessed by von Frey filaments. 2‐AG (3–200 μg), EM1 (100–300 μg) and their combinations in a fixed‐dose ratio (1 : 10) were given into the inflamed joint, and the threshold was determined repeatedly for 105 min after the drug administrations.3. Both ligands produced dose‐dependent anti‐hyperalgesia, and the highest doses caused prolonged effects, but they did not influence the degree of oedema and the withdrawal threshold at the non‐inflamed side. EM1 had lower potency compared to 2‐AG (ED25: 233 (CI: 198–268) μg and 126 (CI: 88–162) μg, respectively;P < 0.05). The effects of EM1 and 2‐AG were prevented by μ‐opioid and cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists, respectively. The ED25value for the combination (98 (CI: 80–112) μg) did not differ significantly from the value of 2‐AG; however, the largest dose combination produced a significantly higher effect than the ligands by themselves.4. Our data showed that 2‐AG was an effective antinociceptive ligand at joint level, and its combination with EM1 produced long‐lasting, effective antinociception.
Natural history of suspected developmental delay between 12 and 24 months of age in the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort
Authors: Moura Danilo R , Costa Jaderson C , Santos Iná S , Barros Aluísio JD , Matijasevich Alicia , Halpern Ricardo , Dumith Samuel , Karam Simone , Barros Fernando C 
Published: April 2010

Aims:  To describe the incidence and persistence of suspected developmental delay (SDD) between 12 and 24 months of age and associated factors in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort.Methods:  A cohort of 4262 newborns, 3907 of whose were monitored from 12 to 24 months of life. SDD was established by Battelle Screening Developmental Inventory. The adjusted analyses were carried out using Poisson regression. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Results:  Incidence of SDD between 12 and 24 months of age was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.4–2.3). After the adjusted analyses, the following factors increased the risk of the incidence: Apgar 5′ < 7, preterm delivery, low socio‐economic level, intergestational interval ≤24 months, not having been told stories in the previous 2 weeks, lack of children's books at home and male gender. A total of 390 children were positive in the 12 month (prevalence of 10%; 95% CI: 9.0–10.9). From these children, 58 remained positive up to 2 years of age, with a persistence rate of 15.6% (95% CI: 11.9–19.3). The following were factors for persistence in SDD: Apgar 5′ < 7, low socio‐economic level, intergestational interval ≤24 months, breastfeeding duration <6 months and not having been told stories in the previous 2 weeks.Conclusions:  Easy access to children's literature and telling stories to children are inexpensive measures that may have an impact on the child's development between 12 and 24 months of life.
Managing organ transplantation, the ultimate public resource
Authors: Carney G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPublic awareness campaigns have minimal impact on transplant waiting lists. Why? There is no substantial Australian‐based research on the attitudes of stakeholders, or the public. An explanation is awareness groups may have a negative impact either by promoting public fatigue about organ donation or, for want of professionalism and training, lack the tact to convey a balanced message. The nascent Australian Organ and Tissue, Donation and Transplantation Authority is a welcome influence to the administration of transplantation, with a promise of an evidence‐based approach to tackle a pragmatic appraisal of the problem and implementing practical methodologies to increase transplantation.
Molecular evidence for widespread occurrence of Foraminifera in soils
Authors: Lejzerowicz Franck , Pawlowski Jan , Fraissinet‐Tachet Laurence , Marmeisse Roland 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEnvironmental SSU rDNA‐based surveys are contributing to the dramatic revision of eukaryotic high‐level diversity and phylogeny as the number of sequence data increases. This ongoing revolution gives the opportunity to test for the presence of some eukaryotic taxa in environments where they have not been found using classical microscopic observations. Here, we test whether the foraminifera, a group of single‐celled eukaryotes, considered generally as typical for the marine ecosystems are present in soil. We performed foraminiferal‐specific nested PCR on 20 soil DNA samples collected in contrasted environments. Unexpectedly, we found that the majority of the samples contain foraminiferal SSU rDNA sequences. In total, we obtained 49 sequences from 17 localities. Phylogenetic analysis clusters them in four groups branching among the radiation of early foraminiferal lineages. Three of these groups also include sequences originated from previous freshwater surveys, suggesting that there were up to four independent colonization events of terrestrial and/or freshwater ecosystems by ancestral foraminifera. As shown by our data, foraminifera are a widespread and diverse component of soil microbial communities. Yet, identification of terrestrial foraminiferal species and understanding of their ecological role represent an exciting challenge for future research.
Multilocus PCR typing strategy for differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus siphoviruses reflecting their modular genome structure
Authors: Kahánková Jana , Pantůček Roman , Goerke Christiane , Růžičková Vladislava , Holochová Pavla , Doškař Jiří 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGiven the great biological importance and high diversity of temperate Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages, a method is needed for the description of their genomic structure. Here we have updated a multiplex PCR strategy for the complex characterization of S. aureus phages of the family Siphoviridae. Based on the comparative genomic analysis of the available phage sequences, a multilocus PCR strategy for typing the major modules of the phage genome was designed. The genomic modules were classified on the basis of the genes for integrase (10 types), anti‐repressor (five types), replication proteins polA, dnaC and dnaD (four types), dUTPase (four types), portal protein (eight types), tail appendices (four types) and endolysin (four types) corresponding to the integrase locus, lysogeny control region, and modules for DNA replication, transcription regulation, packaging, tail appendices and lysis respectively. The nine PCR assays designed for the above sequences were shown to be capable to identify the bacteriophage gene pool present both in the phage and bacterial genomes and their extensive mosaic structure. The established multiplex PCR‐based multilocus diagnostic scheme is convenient for rapid and reliable phage and prophage classification and for the study of bacteriophage evolution.
Identifying the risk of disease progression after surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Abel E. Jason , Culp Stephen H. , Meissner Matthew , Matin Surena F. , Tamboli Pheroze , Wood Christopher G. 
Published: April 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo identify factors in a large cohort of patients with pathologically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that predicted disease progression after surgery, as RCC most commonly presents as a localized tumour which is treated with surgical excision.PATIENTS AND METHODSUsing an institutional database, we identified all patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy and had pathologically confirmed pT1 or pT2 RCC. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to calculate an odds ratio corresponding to the odds of progression to metastatic disease during surveillance, based on several clinical and pathological variables. We defined those variables that remained significant on multivariable analysis as risk factors and, based on the number of risk factors, we assessed risk of disease progression.RESULTSIn all, 925 patients were eligible for analysis with a median follow‐up of 48.2 months. There was progression to metastatic disease in 53 (5.7%) patients; pT1 in 20/774 (2.6%), pT2 in 33/151 (21.9%). Risk factors included pT2 disease, male gender, symptoms at presentation (local or constitutional), presence of sarcomatoid de‐differentiation, and macroscopic necrosis on final pathology. In 177 patients with no risk factors, none progressed; 20 of 618 (3.2%) with one or two risk factors had progression at a median of 37.1 months; 33 of 130 (25.4%) with three or more risk factors progressed at a median of 25.2 months.CONCLUSIONSWe identified five risk factors that can help to predict those patients with pT1 or pT2 RCC at highest risk for disease progression after surgery. The potential for disease progression is exceedingly low in patients with no risk factors and surveillance can be minimized in this group.
Long‐term potency after early use of a vacuum erection device following radical prostatectomy
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Pahlajani Geetu , Agarwal Ashok , Jones Stephen , Zippe Craig 
Published: April 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long‐term potency after radical prostatectomy (RP) with the early use of a vacuum erection device (VED), and reasons for sexual inactivity and long‐term attrition and maintenance of sexual activity, as RP is one of the most common treatments for prostate cancer but erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common side‐effect.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe identified 141 sexually active patients who underwent RP at Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Patients were offered various non‐oral treatment options to prevent ED and were also motivated for early penile rehabilitation. At 5 years 62% remained sexually active, of whom 71% had natural erections sufficient for intercourse without assistance, 8.5% were still using sildenafil, 10% were using combined therapy (sildenafil plus VED). At 5 years 38% (43/113) men were sexually inactive. The reasons included loss of interest in 17 (40%), cardiovascular/neurological diseases in 18 (42%), hormonal therapy in three (7%), loss of partner in three (7%) and two had other surgery. The natural rate of erections for sufficient vaginal penetration without an erection aid were preserved and maintained in the early‐prophylaxis group, and almost 60% of them had used a VED as early prophylaxis.CONCLUSIONDespite current phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor treatments for ED, VED is becoming recognized again as having a primary role in early penile rehabilitation in many patients, specifically those treated for prostate cancer.