bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The deposition of sulphur in dust in northern Nigeria
Authors: Bromfield A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe deposition of dust and the sulphur it contained were measured at 10 sites for three dry seasons in northern Nigeria. Amounts of dust deposited varied between seasons and sites depending on the concentration of dust in the air and the duration of dust storms. Deposits ranged from 226 to 52 kg/ha (mean value 146) measured in a south-westerly direction across the area studied; the S deposition ranged from 0·099 to 0·429 kg/ha (mean value 0·226). The most south-westerly sites received plant ash from clearing fires which increased the S deposited, but not the net gain of S to the whole area. The agricultural significance of the results is briefly discussed and other sources of atmospheric-S are considered.
The frequency of natural cross-fertilization in a composite cross of barley grown in Scotland
Authors: Giles R. J. , McConnell Gillian , Fyfe J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe frequency of natural crossing in 1972 was estimated, in two subsets of a composite cross grown inF6in Nairn and in Fife, as 2·61±0·25% and 4·59±0·35% respectively. The estimated inbreeding coefficients of the parental generations were less than would be expected if all types of pollination were equally fertile and gave equally fertile offspring.
The effect of plant density, date of apical bud removal and leaf removal on the growth and yield of single-harvest Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceavar.gemmiferaD.C.): II. Variation in bud size
Authors: Fisher N. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA method is suggested for estimating the mean bud size and standard deviation of a sample of sprout buds, separated into size grades by the use of riddles. From the standard deviation a potential size fraction is estimated, being the fraction of the buds occurring in a size grade of 10 mm width if the mean bud size were located at the mid-point of the grade. This estimate of bud size uniformity was independent of date of sampling for a period of at least 4 weeks.The potential size fraction was increased by stopping (apical bud removal) and in some cultivars an optimum stopping date was indicated. Increased plant density also increased the potential size fraction, particularly in unstopped crops. Between-plant variation in bud size was significantly greater for the hybrid Thor than the outpollinating Seven Bills but within-plant variation was the more important component of overall bud size variation and was greatly reduced by stopping and by increased plant density in unstopped crops. Mean bud size at any harvest date was increased by early stopping and lower plant density.It is concluded that the date of stopping should be chosen to minimize bud size variation and the plant density varied to spread maturity.
Effect of flower or pod removal on the performance of soya beans (Glycine max. L.)
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAll flowers were removed daily on soya-bean plants (cv. Hampton) for 1, 2, or 3 weeks and all pods developed on the plant were removed after 1, 2 or 3 weeks of pod development, in two field trials, in order to evaluate the effects of removing flowers or pods on the growth, development and yield of the cultivar. Removal of flowers or pods led to less dry-matter accumulation, longer leaf area duration and delayed maturity of the plants and these became more pronounced with the severity of the removal.Number of mature pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, pod yield per plant and seed yield both per plant and per hectare, were significantly reduced when flowers were removed for 1 week or pods removed after 2 or 3 weeks of development in the early season crop. Yield was reduced by 27%, 35% and 40% respectively both per plant and per hectare. In the late season crop, removing flowers for 3 weeks or removing pods after 3 weeks of development led to significant reduction in number of mature pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per plant and seed yield both per plant and per hectare. The magnitudes of yield reduction were 40% and 49% respectively.The ability of the variety of soya bean used in this study to prevent significant reduction in seed yield by compensatory development, following flower or pod removal, depends on the severity of the removal vis-d-vis the stage of development of the plant and its vigour.
Seasonal dependence of wheat variety response to superphosphate
Authors: Jessop R. S. , Palmer B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo field experiments were made to examine differences in wheat variety response to applied superphosphate. In the first experiment, conducted under dry conditions, both yield and yield response to superphosphate were low; in the second experiment some semi-dwarf wheats showed a greater response than standard-height wheat varieties. The semi-dwarf wheats had a greater proportion of plant phosphorus in the reproductive sections of the plant at maturity. The semi-dwarf variety Israel M 68 also showed the greatest increase in root production following the application of superphosphate.
Evaluation of nitric phosphates differing in water solubility of their phosphorus fraction
Authors: Singh Bijay , Hundal H. S. , Sekhon G. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree nitric phosphate fertilizers with 30, 60 and 70% of their phosphorus in watersoluble form were evaluated relative to superphosphate and rock phosphate on neutral to alkaline soils. The test crops were wheat, paddy and berseem. Linear grain yield and dry-matter yield responses were obtained up to 100 kg P2O5/ha for wheat and berseem, respectively. Quadratic response functions were fitted to paddy grain yield. Yields of the various crops were well related to the water solubility of the P fraction in different sources. Availability coefficient ratios were calculated for each fertilizer. These indicated that the minimum water solubility of the phosphorus fraction in nitric phosphates required for high crop yields is dependent on the nature of the crop, on soil characteristics and on the method of application which together determine the shape of the response curve. Band placement of sources with higher water solubility of their P fraction (70% or more) resulted in fertilizer efficiency similar to wholly water-soluble sources. Nitric phosphates of 30 and 50% water-solubility were inferior to water-soluble sources when applied broadcast. However, where curvilinear responses were obtained, low water-solubility sources (30 or 50% water-solubility) performed better at higher than at lower rates of application.
The effects of milk feeding on the pre- and post-weaning growth of calves, and on stomach development at weaning
Authors: Kaiser A. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe pre-weaning and post-weaning gain, oaroass production and stomach development of oalves fed four levels of whole milk (8%, 10%, 12% and 14% of live weight daily) was studied in two experiments. Calves had access to pasture at all times and were weaned at 12 weeks. Pre-weaning gain, weaning live weight, and carcass weight at weaning all increased as the quantity of milk increased. At the 14% level, male calves reached heavier weaning live weights and produced heavier carcasses than females. Reticulo-rumen weight, when expressed as a percentage of total stomach weight, was significantly reduced with increased milk feeding. Calves reared on the higher quantities of milk gained more slowly after weaning, this being attributed to their poorer reticulo-rumen development at weaning.
Analysing data with repeated observations on each experimental unit
Authors: Rowell J. G. , Walters D. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySplit-plot (or split-block) analyses are commonly applied to experimental results where several successive observations of the same variable have been recorded on each experimental unit. The assumptions required for such analyses receive scant attention and it often seems unlikely that these assumptions would be satisfied in experimental situations. Five sets of results are presented to support this proposition. An alternative analytical approach is suggested in which contrasts over time are analysed; such a method is always valid, computationally simple, and readily interpretable, and may also be used to gauge the validity of the split-plot analysis.
The effect of compensatory growth in sheep on empty body weight, carcass weight and the weights of some offals
Authors: Winter W. H. , Tulloh N. M. , Murray D. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects on the body composition of Corriedale wethers of weight loss, compensatory gain and constant body weight are described. Three groups of sheep were grown from 35–63 kg by different paths. The first grew continuously (fedad libitum). The second and third groups lost 20% and 28% of body weight (restricted intake), respectively, from 48 kg and were then fedad libitumuntil they reached 63 kg. Pairs of animals were slaughtered at intervals in each group. A fourth group of sheep was maintained at 48 kg. Analyses of covariance comparing regression equations were used to determine differences in body composition between the first three groups.The compensatory growth rates of both groups which had lost weight were 1·5–2 times those during continuous growth. These increases were associated with an increased gut content of these animals and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of empty body weight (EBW) and carcass weight (CW) in t he full body weight (FBW). Thus, the apparent dressing percentage (CW/FBW x 100) was reduced by 2% during compensatory growth. The carcass length was not reduced during weight loss and its growth in relation to the CW was not affected by treatment. Thus compensatory growth animals had longer carcasses. Similar increases in gut contents and carcass length were found for animals maintained at constant body weight.During developmental growth the proportions of the external offals, organs and gut tissue decreased in relation to the EBW; notable exceptions were the large intestine and caul fat where the proportions remained constant and increased, respectively.The growth of the CW, lungs, large intestine and head were not reversed during weight loss whilst the liver, heart, hide and gut tissues (except the large intestine) all lost more weight during weight loss than they had gained during the growth phase. The proportions of these latter components were increased in relation to the EBW during the ensuing compensatory growth.In general, the composition of animals held at constant body weight was similar to that of animals experiencing compensatory growth at the same weight and age.
Heterosis and combining ability in a diallel cross of chilli (Capsicum annumL.)
Authors: Soh A. C. , Yap T. C. , Graham K. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn a 7×7 diallel-cross experiment utilizing parents with varying resistance to mosaic virus disease and of different horticultural types significant heterosis over the better parent was found in number of days between sowing and flowering and over the mean of the two parents in other characters. The combining ability analysis revealed that genetic control of most character variation was due to additive effects.It is suggested that pedigree and/or backcross methods are most appropriate for improving this chilli population.
Heat tolerance of different genetic groups of sheep exposed to elevated temperature conditions
Authors: Singh M. , More T. , Rai A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIndian Chokla and Malpura and their crosses with exotic Rambouillet and pure bred Rambouillet sheep were exposed to increasing temperature (20, 25, 30, 35 and 42 °C), or to 40 °C for 6 ha day for about a week, or suddenly to 40·4 or 44·2 °C to study their relative heat tolerance. Pronounced increase in the frequency of respiration under hot conditions together with increase in rectal temperature (under 44·2 °C) of Rambouillet contrasted with the physiological responses of the native breeds of sheep. Under thermal stress the Chokla and Malpura consumed more feed than the Rambouillet or the half breds. The Rambouillet × Chokla or the Rambouillet × Malpurahalf breds were apparently more heat tolerant than the Rambouillet sheep.
Evaluation of protein quality of poultry feedingstuffs. 1. Comparison of chick bioassays
Authors: Zombade S. S. , Lodhi G. N. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBody-weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), standardized protein efficiency ratio (Std PER) and gross protein value (GPV, GPV1and GPV2) bioassays were compared with nitrogen incorporation efficiency (NTE) for their accuracy and precision to determine protein quality of fish meal (FM), groundnut cake (GN), mustard cake (MS) and cottonseed cake (CS) for poultry. Results showed that all the bioassays were significantly (P < 0·05) correlated with NIE and were equally effective in ranking the samples of FM, GN, MS and CS according to their protein quality although body-weight gain procedure was less sensitive.
Evaluation of protein quality of poultry feedingstuffs. 3. Expeller-processed oilseed cakes
Authors: Zombade S. S. , Lodhi G. N. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA study was made to evaluate the protein quality of groundnut cake (GN), mustard cake (MS) and cottonseed cake (CS) and to find a suitable laboratory test for predicting the protein quality of these cakes for chicks. Different oilseed cakes varied considerably in their crude protein, true protein and crude fibre content. The nitrogen solubility was higher in GN (87·7%) followed by MS (78·7%) and CS (60·9%). A similar trend was evident with regard to in vitro protein digestibility. The GN protein was, however, lower in available lysine (2·54%) than MS (3·97%) or CS (3·19%). The albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions accounted for 74·1, 57·0 and 48·0% in GN, MS and CS, respectively. The nitrogen solubility, globulin content and modified relative nutritive value (RNV) correlated (P < 0·05) with gross protein value (GPV). The accuracy and precision of various regression equations for predicting the quality of protein in GN, MS and CS are discussed.
Water uptake and trans-potential in sunflower roots as influenced by ammonium ions
Authors: Ragab S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of ammonium ions on artificially imposed water flux and trans-root potential difference was studied in excised sunflower roots. Water movement through the root system decreased and the potential of the xylem sap became less negative with respect to the external medium as the ammonium ion concentration in the external medium increased. It is suggested that ammonium ions appeared to inhibit water uptake either wholly or partially through a general or specific blockage of root metabolism which reflected on the permeability of water through root membranes. The reduction in the trans-root potential was due to the effect of ammonium ions on the original trans-root potential of epidermal root cells. This may indicate that the site of water uptake inhibition lies within the root epidermis.
Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley
Authors: Wernli C. G. , Wilkins R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.
The effects of age, live-weight gain and feed intake on the blood composition of young calves
Authors: Little W. , Kay R. M. , Manston R. , Rowlands G. J. , Stark A. [J.] 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBlood samples were taken each week from 30 individually-reared heifer calves between 1 and 13 weeks of age and analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose and Hb; and serum albumin, urea-nitrogen, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and total iron-binding capacity. All calves were weaned by 6 weeks of age, and were fed ad libitum.There were significant changes (P < 0·001) in blood concentrations with age for most constituents. Concentrations of albumin and Fe increased and of K decreased steadily over the whole of the period. Glucose and total iron-binding capacity concentrations decreased until about the 6th week of life and then increased.There were significant correlations (P < 0·05) for both the calves' weight gain and their feed intake from 6 to 13 weeks with the mean concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, Na, albumin and total iron-binding capacity over the same period. Weight gain during this period was also correlated with serum Fe concentration. When weight gains were adjusted for the feed intake, the correlations between weight gain and the concentrations of all blood constituents became insignificant.There was a significant correlation (P < 0·05) between weight gain after 6 weeks of age and Hb concentration before 6 weeks. However, when weight gain was adjusted for birth weight, this correlation became insignificant.
Effects of fasting in non-lactating cows. A correlated biochemical and stereological study of fasting-induced fatty liver
Authors: Reid I. M. , Baird G. D. , Heitzman R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryConcentrations of serum lipids, concentrations and compositions of liver lipids, and ultrastructural composition of hepatocytes were measured in non-lactating cows following a 6-day fast. There was no change in the concentration of serum lipids due to fasting. The content of total lipid in liver (g/kg of liver wet weight) doubled due to an eightfold increase in triglyceride, a twofold increase in cholesterol ester, a fourfold increase in free fatty acid and a 50% increase in cholesterol. The composition of liver lipids (g lipid/100 g of total lipid) changed with an increase in the proportions of triglyceride and free fatty acid, a decrease in the proportion of phospholipid, and no change in the proportion of cholesterol and cholesterol ester. The ultrastructural composition of the hepatocytes changed in fasted cows with an increase in the volume density of cytoplasm occupied by lipid droplets and lysosomes and a decrease in the volume density of glycogen. The number of mitochondria per cell decreased and volume of individual mitochondria increased. The fatty liver induced by fasting non-lactating cows was chemically and morphologically different from the fatty liver induced by fasting lactating cows.
Fat-tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino sheep under semi-arid conditions: 3. Body temperatures and panting rate
Authors: Degen A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryRectal, external auditory meatus and skin temperatures and panting rates were measured in native fat-tailed Awassi and imported German Mutton Merino (GMM) sheep. The Awassi evolved under desert conditions, have a localized fat deposit, coarse carpet wool, long pendulous ears and long, spiral horns (males). In contrast, the GMM evolved under temperate conditions, have well-distributed fat, medium fine wool, short, straight ears and are polled. The study was carried out during the summer in the northern part of the Negev desert.The mean daily rectal temperature fluctuation was higher (P < 0·01) in the GMM than in the Awassi (1·78 °C v. 1·08 °C). The external auditory meatus temperature was lower than the rectal temperature by 1·5 °C in the GMM and by 1·7 °C in the Awassi, indicating a cooler brain temperature. The maximum skin temperature was similar to the maximum rectal temperature in both breeds, thus sweating was of little importance. The panting rate of the GMM increased fivefold (40·6–199·4 pants/min) whilst the rate of the Awassi increased fourfold (35·3–135·0 pants/min). There was no between-breed difference in either the rectal temperature or panting rate until 25–30 °C ambient temperature and it is thought that the higher rectal temperature of the GMM at this ambient temperature might have triggered off the higher panting rate. It seems that the GMM use panting to a greater extent than the Awassi whereas the Awassi dissipate heat through the skin more efficiently than the GMM. It is concluded that both breeds are thermostable, much of the between-breed difference in rectal temperature can be attributed to their anatomical differences.
Genetic control of some quantitative characters in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Dhillon S. S. , Singh T. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe nature of genetic variation in an intervarietal cross (J 34 × SS 167) of upland cotton was determined for seed cotton yield, number of bolls, weight of 100 seeds, ginning outturn and halo length. The materials consisted of six generations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2) which were raised at two locations. In those cases where the additivedominance model was inadequate, models with different numbers of parameters were applied along with the six-parameter model. A consistent and high negative correlation was observed between [h] and [l], and [i] and [l] in all the models at two locations. Correlation between [d] and [i] was also consistent and negative, but its magnitude was low. Dominance and dominance × dominance, and additive × additive and dominance × dominance components were found to be antagonistic in effects to each other and the interactions observed were of duplicate type, i.e. [h] and [l] had opposite signs.The dominance component fluctuated greatly over models for a particular character at a particular location. Contrary to this the additive component was observed to be important and consistent over models at a particular location for a particular character. Also this was the only significant component involved in the inheritance of all the characters at both the locations. The expression of different components of variation was highly influenced by the environmental effects.
Development of body components in Kenana cattle. 1. Development of carcass and non-carcass components of the body
Authors: Gaili E. S. E. , Nour A. F. Y. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThirty-two weaned Kenana bull calves were adequately fed to maximize growth and serially slaughtered at predetermined live weights of approximately 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg. Eight animals were slaughtered at each slaughter point and slaughter data collected. Dressing-out percentage increased with the increase in slaughter weight but the increase was more marked between the first and the second slaughter points than between subsequent slaughter points. Kenana cattle compare favourably with Hereford, Hereford × Friesian, Friesian and Shorthorn × Ayrshire steers in dressing-out percentage; and are, apparently, superior to Jersey steers in that trait.The model, y = axb, in the logarithmic form, was used to describe patterns of proportional weight increase of body components throughout the experimental period and in three arbitrary phases. The patterns of development which were demonstrated by some body components throughout the test period were not necessarily re-exhibited, in all stages, when development was considered in phases. These body components changed their patterns of proportional increase in weight as development proceeded.