bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Body Composition
Authors: BALLARD-BARBASH RACHEL , FRIEDENREICH CHRISTINE , SLATTERY MARTHA , THUNE INGER 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the state of scientific evidence for the association between obesity-related risk factors and cancer. Data provide convincing evidence of a positive association of overweight and obesity with cancers of the colon (among men), renal cell, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, and probable evidence of a positive association with colon cancer (among women), adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia, and thyroid cancer (among women). On the other hand, the chapter states, epidemiologic studies do not demonstrate an association of weight or BMI with prostate cancer incidence.
Exogenous Hormones
Authors: LACEY JAMES V. , COLDITZ GRAHAM A. , SCHOTTENFELD DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the link between exogenous hormones and cancer. It focuses on estrogen and progesterone effects on tissues of the breast, endometrium, uterine cervix, ovary, and colon. All measures of association (odds ratios (ORs), relative risks (RRs), and hazard ratios (HRs)) for oral contraceptives (OCs) include women who never used OCs as the referent group. Similarly, associations for hormone therapy reflect no menopausal hormone use as the referent group.
Pharmaceuticals Other Than Hormones
Authors: HABEL LAUREL A. , FRIEDMAN GARY D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the link between therapeutic drugs and cancer. Topics covered include chemical carcinogenesis, drug safety, pharmacoepidemiologic studies, methodologic issues in studies of drugs and cancer, methodologic issues in studies of drugs and cancer, and magnitude of the problem of carcinogenesis due to drugs.
Esophageal Cancer
Authors: BLOT WILLIAM J. , MCLAUGHLIN JOSEPH K. , FRAUMENI JOSEPH F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of esophageal cancer. It describes the known and suspected causes of esophageal cancer, with emphasis on the differences in risk factors between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Since treatment successes have been limited and esophageal cancers still are usually fatal, regardless of cell type, epidemiologic patterns may offer clues to prevention.
Cancer of the Pancreas
Authors: ANDERSON KRISTIN E. , MACK THOMAS M. , SILVERMAN DEBRA T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCancer of the pancreas remains a serious medical and public health problem because of difficulties in early diagnosis, aggressive behavior, resistance to therapy, and limited opportunities for prevention. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Topics covered include classification, diagnosis, incidence, mortality, survival, time trends in the United States, risk factors, host factors, molecular pathogenesis, and prevention.
Biliary Tract Cancer
Authors: HSING ANN W. , RASHID ASIF , DEVESA SUSAN S. , FRAUMENI JOSEPH F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of biliary tract cancer. Many etiologic leads for biliary tract cancer have come from clinical observations, autopsy series, and descriptive epidemiologic studies. While a significant fraction of these tumors are related to gallstones (cholelithiasis), information on other risk factors is limited, due to the rarity of the tumors, the often rapidly fatal course, and the small number of epidemiologic studies conducted to date. Because the three anatomic categories of biliary tract cancer have distinct epidemiologic patterns and molecular changes, including somatic mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), it has been suggested that the causal factors vary by subsite.
Anal Cancer
Authors: FRISCH MORTEN , MELBYE MADS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVariants of invasive squamous carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal skin, referred to collectively as anal cancers, are rare malignancies constituting approximately 2% of all intestinal cancers. of a crude estimate of 35,000–40,000 new anal cancers worldwide, approximately 3,300 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of anal cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, lifestyle and environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
The Leukemias
Authors: LINET MARTHA S. , DEVESA SUSAN S. , MORGAN GARETH J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe leukemias arise from malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells that originate in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and/or other lymphoid tissue with immune function. A small pool of stem cells, which persists throughout an individual's lifetime, differentiates to early precursors, then divides into multiple subtypes, and ultimately produces large numbers of end-stage cells of myeloid and lymphoid lineage progeny. Because the effector or end-stage cells of each lineage have a finite lifespan and, therefore, cannot transmit mutations, all leukemias are the consequence of derangements of growth and differentiation of the pluripotential early precursors of myeloid or lymphoid progeny. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of the myeloid and lymphoid leukemias.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: MUELLER NANCY E. , GRUFFERMAN SEYMOUR 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant disease involving the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of HL. Topics covered include the history of HL, incidence and mortality, classification, demographic patterns, childhood social environment, infectious exposures, occupational and environmental exposures, host factors, and pathogenesis.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: HARTGE PATRICIA , WANG SOPHIA S. , BRACCI PAIGE M. , DEVESA SUSAN S. , HOLLY ELIZABETH A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNon-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are expected to account for 4.2% of cancer diagnoses and 3.3% of cancer deaths in the United States in 2006. With approximately 58,870 cases diagnosed and 18,840 deaths from NHL expected in 2006, this group of malignancies constitutes a serious public health problem in the United States as it does in most developed countries. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of NHL. Topics covered include classification, molecular characteristics, demographic patterns, and host factors.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: MARIANNE BERWICK 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSoft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare tumor, occurring in approximately 1 to 2 of every 100,000 individuals worldwide, and constitutes about 0.6% of all cancer cases and 0.7% of all cancer deaths. Prognosis is generally poor with a relative survival rate of approximately 67% at five years, with little difference by race. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of STS. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Breast Cancer
Authors: COLDITZ GRAHAM A. , BAER HEATHER J. , RULLA M. TAMIMI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Over 211,000 women and 1,600 men in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, and 40,000 Americans die of this disease annually. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of breast cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: HANKINSON SUSAN E. , DANFORTH KIM N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOvarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States, accounting for 4% of cancer diagnoses, or about 25,400 new cases each year. It is also the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of breast cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Endometrial Cancer
Authors: COOK LINDA S. , WEISS NOEL S. , DOHERTY JENNIFER A. , CHEN CHU 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEndometrial cancer is a relatively common gynecologic cancer and diagnosis generally occurs after abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting. The overall five-year relative survival following diagnosis is relatively high, varying from roughly 85% in the United States, to 73% in China, 66% in India, and 63% in Eastern Europe. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of endometrial cancer. Topics covered include patterns of incidence and mortality, hormonal risk factors, and preventive measures.
Choriocarcinoma
Authors: PALMER JULIE R. , FELTMATE COLLEEN M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGestational choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare cancer that occurs in women of childbearing age. The malignancy arises from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta, which is formed from embryonic tissue. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of gestational choriocarcinoma. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Testicular Cancer
Authors: SARMA ARUNA V. , MCLAUGHLIN JULIE C. , SCHOTTENFELD DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCancer of the testis is relatively uncommon in the United States, accounting for approximately 1% of cancers in males. It is most commonly diagnosed in males between the ages of 15 and 44, and occurs more often in white than black men. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of testicular cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Penile Cancer
Authors: WIDEROFF LOUISE , SCHOTTENFELD DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCancer of the penis occurs infrequently in North America and Europe, and generally in populations and cultures that practice neonatal or childhood circumcision. International incidence data indicate that penile cancer is more common in Africa, South America, and some parts of Asia. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of penile cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Nervous System
Authors: PRESTON-MARTIN SUSAN , REEMA MUNIR , REEMA CHAKRABARTI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMalignant nervous system (NS) tumors account for 18,300 of new cancer diagnoses each year or 1.4% of all primary incident cancers and for 13,100 or 2.4% of annual cancer deaths. The vast majority of these tumors arise in the central nervous system (CNS), and for this site inclusion of benign tumors doubles the annual incidence. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of tumors in the central nervous system. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, and preventive measures.
Keratinocyte Carcinomas (Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin)
Authors: KARAGAS MARGARET R. , WEINSTOCK MARTIN A. , NELSON HEATHER H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCancers arising from keratinocytes or their precursors, which include basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell skin carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, are the mostly frequently diagnosed malignancies in fair-skinned populations. These malignancies are commonly referred to as nonmelanoma skin cancers or simply skin cancers. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of keratinocyte carcinomas. Topics covered include demographic patterns, environmental factors, molecular genetic characteristics of tumors, and preventive measures.
Principles and Applications of Cancer Prevention and Control Interventions
Authors: HIATT ROBERT A. , RIMER BARBARA K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter sets forth the principles of cancer prevention and control sciences, with a special emphasis on intervention. It begins with some historical background from which these principles have evolved. It then presents an overview of cancer control interventions and some accomplishments in cancer prevention and control to date. It describes a cancer control research framework that has been useful over the past decade in strategic planning and in directing research and application programs at a national level. Finally, placing the practice of cancer control research within this framework, the chapter highlights where modern cancer prevention and control science is likely to have the largest impact on cancer at both the individual and population levels.
Increasing the Contribution of Epidemiology to the Primary Prevention of Cancer
Authors: ROCKHILL BEVERLY , WEED DOUGLAS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapters aims to stimulate critical and creative thought about the role that epidemiology can, and should, play in preventing cancer. It presents four suggestions for increasing the contribution that epidemiologists can make to the primary prevention of cancer: that epidemiologists should commit to prevention, and preventive intervention, as central professional goals; be willing to develop the understanding of cancer causation and prevention from a population perspective as well as from an individual perspective; accept uncertainty as the “normal” state and be vigilant about the risk of paralysis that uncertainty brings to action; and broaden the concept of causal inference so that the process is useful for primary prevention.
Principles of Screening
Authors: LEVIN BERNARD , PROROK PHILIP C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on cancer screening. Screening for cancer provides an alternative approach to cancer control. Cancer screening is defined as the testing of apparently healthy volunteers from the general population for the purpose of separating them into high and low probabilities of having a given cancer. The validity of a screening test, study designs, biases, potential harms of screening, and case studies are discussed.
Risk perception and smoking behavior in medically ill smokers: a prospective study
Authors: Borrelli Belinda , Hayes Rashelle B. , Dunsiger Shira , Fava Joseph L. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTAims To examine the influence of risk perception on intentions to quit smoking and post‐treatment abstinence.Design Prospective and longitudinal.Setting United States.Participants A total of 237 adult smokers (mean age 56 years) receiving medical care from home health‐care nurses. Participants did not have to want to quit smoking to participate, but received cessation counseling within the context of their medical care.Measurements Three measures of risk perception were given pre‐ and post‐treatment: perceived vulnerability, optimistic bias and precaution effectiveness. Smoking status was verified biochemically at end of treatment and at 2, 6 and 12 months later.Findings Principal components analysis supported the theoretical discriminability of the risk perception measures, and intercorrelations provided evidence for concurrent and predictive validity. Elevated risk perception was associated with a variety of socio‐demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Optimistic bias was associated significantly with older age and ethnic minority status. Smokers in pre‐contemplation had lower perceived vulnerability and precaution effectiveness and greater optimistic bias than those in contemplation and preparation. Smokers in preparation had higher perceived vulnerability and lower optimistic bias than those in earlier stages. Change in perceived vulnerability predicted smoking cessation at follow‐up. Optimistic bias predicted a lower likelihood of cessation and precaution effectiveness predicted a greater likelihood of smoking cessation, but only among those with a smoking‐related illness.Conclusions In patients receiving medical care from home health‐care nurses, change in perceived vulnerability to smoking‐related disease is predictive of smoking cessation. In those with smoking‐related illnesses, optimistic bias predicts continued smoking while precaution effectiveness predicts cessation.
Association between ovocalyxin‐32 gene haplotypes and eggshell quality traits in an F2 intercross between two chicken lines divergently selected for eggshell strength
Authors: Takahashi H. , Sasaki O. , Nirasawa K. , Furukawa T. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBroken and cracked eggshells contribute significantly to economic losses in the egg production industry. We previously identified ovocalyxin‐32 as a potential gene influencing eggshell traits, by analysing an intercross between two parent lines developed from the same founder population by a two‐way selection for eggshell strength with non‐destructive deformation (DEF) conducted over 14 generations. We determined the nucleotide sequences of six ovocalyxin‐32 exons in the parent individuals and analysed the association between ovocalyxin‐32 and eggshell traits in the F2 individuals. We identified three haplotypes (W, M and S) of ovocalyxin‐32 in the parent individuals. A mismatch amplification mutation assay was performed to distinguish six diplotype individuals (WW, MM, SS, WM, MS and WS) in the F2 population. The egg weight (EW) of SS‐diplotype individuals was significantly higher than that of WW‐, WM‐ and WS‐diplotypes. Short length of the egg (SLE) of SS‐diplotype individuals was significantly higher than that of WW‐, WM‐ and MS‐diplotypes. Long length of the egg (LLE) of SS‐diplotype individuals was significantly higher than that of WM‐ and WS‐diplotypes. DEF of WW‐diplotype individuals was significantly higher than that of SS‐, WM, MS and WM‐diplotypes. Haplotypic effect analyses showed significant differences between the W‐haplotype and the S‐haplotypes in the EW, SLE, LLE and DEF. The DEF of M‐haplotype was significantly lower than that of W‐ and S‐haplotypes. These results suggest that S‐ and M‐haplotypes are critical for high quality of eggshells in the F2 population. In conclusion, ovocalyxin‐32 is a useful marker of eggshell traits and can be used to develop strategies for improving eggshell traits in commercial layer houses.
Paternity validation and estimation of genotyping error rate for the BovineSNP50 BeadChip
Authors: Weller J. I. , Glick G. , Ezra E. , Zeron Y. , Seroussi E. , Ron M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIncorrect paternity assignment in cattle can have a major effect on rates of genetic gain. Of the 576 Israeli Holstein bulls genotyped by the BovineSNP50 BeadChip, there were 204 bulls for which the father was also genotyped. The results of 38 828 valid single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to validate paternity, determine the genotyping error rates and determine criteria enabling deletion of defective SNPs from further analysis. Based on the criterion of >2% conflicts between the genotype of the putative sire and son, paternity was rejected for seven bulls (3.5%). The remaining bulls had fewer conflicts by one or two orders of magnitude. Excluding these seven bulls, all other discrepancies between sire and son genotypes are assumed to be caused by genotyping mistakes. The frequency of discrepancies was >0.07 for nine SNPs, and >0.025 for 81 SNPs. The overall frequency of discrepancies was reduced from 0.00017 to 0.00010 after deletion of these 81 SNPs, and the total expected fraction of genotyping errors was estimated to be 0.05%. Paternity of bulls that are genotyped for genomic selection may be verified or traced against candidate sires at virtually no additional cost.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers
Authors: Butler Kathleen , Teng Renli 
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The antiplatelet agent clopidogrel is currently the recommended treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS).• Inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) with clopidogrel is insufficient, which increases the risk for recurrent ischaemic events. Therefore, there is a need for antiplatelet agents with improved IPA.• Ticagrelor (AZD6140) is a new antiplatelet agent in clinical development for reduction of thrombotic events in patients with ACS. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study assesses the optimal dosing schedule for ticagrelor in healthy volunteers and compares the degree of IPA with clopidogrel.• Our findings illustrate that the pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor are predictable and are associated with consistent inhibition of platelet activity.• IPA with ticagrelor was greater and better sustained at high levels with twice daily ticagrelor than once daily regimens.AIMTo determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple oral doses of ticagrelor, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in healthy volunteers.METHODSThis was a randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, ascending dose study. Thirty‐two subjects received ticagrelor 50–600 mg once daily or 50–300 mg twice daily or placebo for 5 days at three dose levels in two parallel groups. Another group of 16 subjects received a clopidogrel 300 mg loading dose then 75 mg day−1, or placebo for 14 days.RESULTSTicagrelor was absorbed with median tmax 1.5–3 h, exhibiting predictable pharmacokinetics over the 50–600 mg dose range. Mean Cmax and AUC for ticagrelor and its main metabolite, AR‐C124910XX, increased approximately dose‐proportionately (approximately 2.2‐ to 2.4‐fold with a twofold dose increase) over the dose range. Inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) with ticagrelor was greater and better sustained at high levels with ticagrelor twice daily vs. once daily regimens. Throughout dosing, more consistent IPA was observed at doses ≥300 mg once daily and ≥100 mg twice daily compared with clopidogrel. Mean IPA with ticagrelor ≥100 mg twice daily was greater and less variable (93–100%, range 65–100%) than with clopidogrel (77%, range 11–100%) at trough concentrations. No safety or tolerability issues were identified.CONCLUSIONSMultiple dosing provided predictable pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor and its metabolite over the dose range of 50–600 mg once daily and 50–300 mg twice daily with Cmax and AUC(0,t) increasing approximately dose‐proportionally. Greater and more consistent IPA with ticagrelor at doses ≥100 mg twice daily and ≥300 mg once daily were observed than with clopidogrel. Ticagrelor at doses up to 600 mg day−1 was well tolerated.