bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of changing intrinsic water‐use efficiency under rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations in Boreal Fennoscandia from subfossil leaves and tree ring δ13C ratios
Authors: GAGEN MARY , FINSINGER WALTER , WAGNER‐CREMER FRIEDERIKE , MCCARROLL DANNY , LOADER NEIL J. , ROBERTSON IAIN , JALKANEN RISTO , YOUNG GILES , KIRCHHEFER ANDREAS 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInvestigating the many internal feedbacks within the climate system is a vital component of the effort to quantify the full effects of future anthropogenic climate change. The stomatal apertures of plants tend to close and decrease in number under elevated CO2 concentrations, increasing water‐use efficiency (WUE) and reducing canopy evapotranspiration. Experimental and modelling studies reveal huge variations in these changes such that the warming associated with reduced evapotranspiration (known as physiological forcing) is neither well understood or constrained. Palaeo‐observations of changes in stomatal response and plant WUE under rising CO2 might be used to better understand the processes underlying the physiological forcing feedback and to link measured changes in plant WUE to a specific physiological change in stomata. Here we use time series of tree ring (Pinus sylvestris L.) δ13C and subfossil leaf (Betula nana L.) measurements of stomatal density and geometry to derive records of changes in intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) and maximum stomatal conductance in the Boreal zone of northern Finland and Sweden. We investigate the rate of change in both proxies, over the recent past. The independent lines of evidence from these two different Boreal species indicate increased iWUE and reduced maximum stomatal conductance of similar magnitude from preindustrial times (ca. ad 1850) to around ad 1970. After this maximum stomatal conductance continues to decrease to ad 2000 in B. nana but iWUE in P. sylvestris reaches a plateau. We suggest that northern boreal P. sylvestris might have reached a threshold in its ability to increase WUE as CO2 rises.
Natural killer T cells constitutively expressing the interleukin‐2 receptor α chain early in life are primed to respond to lower antigenic stimulation
Authors: Ladd Mihoko , Sharma Ashish , Huang Qing , Wang Adele Y. , Xu Lixin , Genowati Indira , Levings Megan K. , Lavoie Pascal M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are known to constitutively express the high affinity interlukin‐2 receptor α chain (CD25) in neonates, but the functional consequence of this phenotype is unknown. Here, we show that high numbers of CD25‐expressing iNKT cells are present early in gestation and represent a significant proportion of the developing immune system. Despite their activated phenotype, neonatal iNKT cells express high levels of the Krüppel‐like factor‐2, a transcription factor associated with quiescent T cells, and require de novo T‐cell receptor and CD28 co‐stimulation to proliferate. In contrast to bona fide CD4/CD25‐expressing regulatory T cells, neonatal iNKT cells do not suppress T‐cell responses, indicating that they do not represent an immunosuppressive cell subset. Evidence that neonatal iNKT cells respond to dramatically reduced amounts of CD1d‐restricted antigen compared with adult iNKT cells or T cells, and that their proliferation can be induced in the absence of early interleukin‐2 suggest that constitutive expression of CD25 ‘primes’ neonatal iNKT cells to respond rapidly to low amounts of antigen. This unique phenotype, which is distinct from adult iNKT cells, as well as other CD25‐expressing activated T or regulatory T cells, may be important to ensure stability of a structurally limited peripheral iNKT‐cell repertoire early in life.
Thickness of dentine in mesial roots of mandibular molars with different lengths
Authors: Sauáia T. S. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Pinheiro E. T. , Zaia A. A. , Ferraz C. C. R. , Souza‐Filho F. J. , Valdrighi L. 
Published: June 2010

Sauáia TS, Gomes BPFA, Pinheiro ET, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza‐Filho FJ, Valdrighi L. Thickness of dentine in mesial roots of mandibular molars with different lengths. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 555–559, 2010.AbstractAim  To measure the minimum thickness of the distal (furcal) root dentine associated with the buccal and lingual canals of the mesial roots of mandibular first molars with different lengths.Methodology  The mesial roots of 285 mandibular first molars were allocated into three groups according to their length: group I – long (24.14 mm ± 0.85), group II – medium (22.10 mm ± 0.65) and group III – short (19.97 mm ± 0.75). The minimum thickness of the distal (furcal) root dentine associated with the buccal and lingual canals of the mesial roots 2 mm below the furcation was measured. The distance between the buccal and lingual canals, and the depth of concavity in the distal surface of the mesial roots were also measured. anova and Tukey–Kramer were used to test for significant differences among the groups.Results  The minimum thickness of the distal wall of the mesiobuccal canal was significantly different (P < 0.05) between group I (long) and III (short), with long teeth having the smallest mean values. No significant difference was found in the thickness of the distal wall of the mesiolingual canal among the groups studied (P > 0.05). The shortest distance between the mesiobuccal and the mesiolingual canals was observed in group III (P < 0.05). The distal (furcal) concavity was deeper in group I (P < 0.05) when compared with the other groups.Conclusion  There was a significant difference in the minimum thickness of the distal (furcal) root wall of the mesiobuccal canal of mandibular first molars 2 mm below the furcation between group I (long) and group III (short) teeth. The thinnest walls were found in the longest teeth. The deepest concavities in the distal (furcal) walls of the mesial roots were found in the longest roots.
Treatment of an avulsed maxillary permanent central incisor replaced by autotransplantation of a mandibular premolar: 14‐year follow‐up
Authors: Mendoza Mendoza A. , Solano Reina E. , Segura‐Egea J. J. 
Published: June 2010

Mendoza Mendoza A, Solano Reina E, Segura‐Egea JJ. Treatment of an avulsed maxillary permanent central incisor replaced by autotransplantation of a mandibular premolar: 14‐year follow‐up. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 818–827, 2010.AbstractAim  To present the 14 year follow‐up of a case in which an avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor was replaced by autotransplantation of a mandibular premolar.Summary  A mandibular premolar (Moorrees’ stage 3) was transplanted into the space left by an avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor after a delay of 3 months. Recall examination 14 years after transplantation revealed a normal periodontal architecture with absence of infection, ankylosis or progressive resorption. The transplantation of a premolar is seen as a promising method to replace a lost permanent tooth and to restore aesthetics and function.Key learning points

Autotransplantation is a viable option for the treatment of a missing tooth or for replacement of avulsed and traumatized tooth when a donor tooth is available.
Autotransplantation is a therapeutic option for the substitution of missing anterior teeth in young patients who also need orthodontic treatment.
Non‐psychiatric health problems among psychiatric inpatients with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Charlot L. , Abend S. , Ravin P. , Mastis K. , Hunt A. , Deutsch C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Physical distress resulting from medical problems has been found to cause increased behaviour problems in patients with intellectual disabilities (ID). Despite this fact, little has been documented on the medical problems of individuals with ID admitted for inpatient psychiatric care. We conducted an exploratory investigation based on a retrospective chart review of the medical problems and medications for 198 people with ID who had been admitted to a specialised inpatient psychiatric unit. Most patients were referred for admission because of aggressive, disruptive and self‐injurious behaviours. The average length of stay was 17.6 days.Methods  We tallied the total number of medical problems and medications listed in the patients' discharge summaries. Because longer stays are disruptive, costly and associated with greater overall impairment, we examined the relationship between length of stay and frequency of discharge medical diagnoses. We also assessed whether or not the number of psychoactive medications correlated with the number of medical diagnoses. The effects of other demographic and diagnostic variables on rates of medical diagnoses and medications were also evaluated, including gender, age group (16–25, 26–45, 46–60, >60), level of ID (mild, moderate or severe ID) and diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder or Down syndrome (DS).Results  Inpatients with a higher number of medical diagnoses had longer lengths of stay (Spearman r = +0.32, P < 0.0001). There was a significant correlation between number of psychoactive medications and number of medical problems (Spearman r = +0.32, P < 0.0001). The most frequent medical comorbidity was constipation, reported in 60% of the inpatients (n = 118), while gastro‐esophageal reflux disease was identified in 38% (n = 75). Older inpatients had an increased number of medical problems, as might be expected, but a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder, gender and level of ID had no detectible effect on rates of either medical diagnoses or medications. There were only 13 inpatients with DS; in this modest sample, it was found that they had higher rates of osteoarthritis, cardiac problems, hearing loss, hypothyroidism and sleep apnoea than peers without DS, as is consistent with previous findings on overrepresented conditions in this trisomy.Conclusions  In the present study, individuals with ID admitted for inpatient psychiatric care exhibited high rates of medical problems, and these were associated with duration of inpatient stay. Based on these findings, further investigation of the effects of medical problems on behaviour among individuals with ID admitted for inpatient psychiatric care is warranted.
Is local adaptation inMimulus guttatuscaused by trade‐offs at individual loci?
Authors: HALL M. C. , LOWRY D. B. , WILLIS J. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLocal adaptation is considered to be the result of fitness trade‐offs for particular phenotypes across different habitats. However, it is unclear whether such phenotypic trade‐offs exist at the level of individual genetic loci. Local adaptation could arise from trade‐offs of alternative alleles at individual loci or by complementary sets of loci with different fitness effects of alleles in one habitat but selective neutrality in the alternative habitat. To evaluate the genome‐wide basis of local adaptation, we performed a field‐based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiment on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) created from coastal perennial and inland annual races of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) grown reciprocally in native parental habitats. Overall, we detected 19 QTLs affecting one or more of 16 traits measured in two environments, most of small effect. We identified 15 additional QTL effects at two previously identified candidate QTLs [DIVERGENCE(DIV)]. Significant QTL by environment interactions were detected at theDIVloci, which was largely attributable to genotypic differences at a single field site. We found no detectable evidence for trade‐offs for any one component of fitness, althoughDIV2showed a trade‐off involving different fitness traits between sites, suggesting that local adaptation is largely controlled by non‐overlapping loci. This is surprising for an outcrosser, implying that reduced gene flow prevents the evolution of individuals adapted to multiple environments. We also determined that native genotypes were not uniformly adaptive, possibly reflecting fixed mutational load in one of the populations.
Evolutionary Perspective on the Interplay Between Family Life, and Parent and Offspring Personality
Authors: Roulin Alexandre , Dreiss Amélie N. , Kölliker Mathias 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConsistent inter‐individual variation in behaviour over time and across contexts has been reported for a wide variety of animals, a phenomenon commonly referred to as personality. As behavioural patterns develop inside families, rearing conditions could have lasting effects on the expression of adult personality. In species with parental care, conflicts among family members impose selection on parental and offspring behaviour through coadaptation. Here, we argue that the interplay between the evolution of personality traits (i.e. boldness, exploration, activity, aggressiveness and sociability) expressed outside the family context and the specialized behaviours expressed inside families (i.e. offspring begging behaviour and parental response to offspring solicitations) can have important evolutionary consequences. Personality differences between parents may relate to the typically observed variation in the way they respond to offspring demand, and dependent offspring may already express personality differences, which may relate to the way they communicate with their parents and siblings. However, there has been little research on how personality relates to parental and offspring behaviours. Future research should thus focus on how and why personality may be related to the specialized parent and offspring behaviour that evolved as adaptations to family life.
Factors associated with resilience of school age children with cancer
Authors: Kim Dong H , Yoo Il Y 
Published: June 2010

Aim:  To identify factors associated with resilience of school age children with cancer.Methods:  The participants were 74 children, 10–15 years old who were diagnosed with cancer at least 6 months prior to data collection. The instruments used were; a self‐reported questionnaire on resilience, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III, measurements of relationship with friends and teachers. Descriptive, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data.Results:  The average score for resilience was 98.49 (range: 32–128). There was no statistically significant relationship with resilience for age, gender, religion, existence of siblings, mother's age, academic performance, duration of illness or type of cancer. In bivariate analysis, family adaptability and cohesion (r= 0.535, P < 0.001), relationship with friends (r= 0.520, P < 0.001) and teachers (r= 0.318, P < 0.01) were significantly related to resilience. However, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that only family function (β= 0.257, P < 0.05) and relationship with friends (β= 0.581, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with resilience.Conclusions:  School age children with cancer who reported higher family function and positive relationships with friends showed higher resiliency than their counterparts. Thus, it is important to help the families of children with cancer to enhance family function and help children to adjust to school re‐entry by maintaining ties with school friends and teachers during treatment. Development of counselling programmes for parents to promote family adaptation and cohesion and educational programmes for classmates and teachers are recommended.
Electroencephalogram in children with minor traumatic brain injury
Authors: Oster Isabel , Shamdeen Ghiath M. , Gottschling Sven , Gortner Ludwig , Meyer Sascha 
Published: June 2010

Background:  Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is one of the most frequent causes for hospitalisation in childhood. Because of different guidelines in the management the diagnostic approach varies substantially. Apart from neuroimaging studies (CT, MRI, sonography) an electroencephalogram (EEG) is often performed without any evidence‐based data supporting its use.Methods:  Retrospective analysis of 150 children with MTBI (age 0–16 years), who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of the University of Saarland from January 2006 to December 2007.Results:  Mean age was 4.3 (SD 3.6) years: 55.3% were boys. The most common mechanisms of injury were: Minor fall <1 m of height (60%) and fall >1.5 m of height (10%). The most common symptoms were: one or more episodes of vomiting (60%), somnolence (26.7%) and headache (12.7%). On 118 patients an EEG was performed; 106 (89.8%) were normal, 11 (9.3%) pathological and 1 (0.9%) invalid because of artefacts. The pathological EEGs showed focal findings with localised slowing in nine cases, spike‐wave complexes in one case and general slowing in one case. Of the 11 patients with pathological EEG, two had a CT scan, two a MRI and two had cranial sonography; all the neuro‐imaging was normal. None of the children required neurosurgical intervention, had a negative outcome or showed persistent symptoms.Conclusion:  The routine performance of an EEG after MTBI in children is not indicated because in most of the cases it is unrevealing, and may lead to unnecessary diagnostic procedures. Instead, children with MTBI should be closely monitored for possible clinical complications and neurological deterioration.
Efficacy of glycerol in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions
Authors: Aysan Erhan , Bektas Hasan , Kaygusuz Arslan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the efficacy of glycerol in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions.Materials and Methods:  Forty Wistar albino female rats were randomly assigned into four groups of 10 rats each. Rats in group 1 were each injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL glycerol. In group 2, the adhesion model was created with no injection of glycerol. In group 3, the adhesion model was created and the area was covered with 0.1 mL glycerol. In group 4, 0.1 mL glycerol was used to cover the area where the model was to be formed and the adhesion model was created. The rats were killed on postoperative day 10, and the size and severity of adhesions were evaluated, together with histopathological fibrosis parameters.Results:  Mean macroscopic adhesion scores in groups 1–4 were, 0, 5.8 ± 0.42, 0.30 ± 0.95 and 0, respectively (P = 0.0001), with the score in group 2 higher than those of groups 1 (P < 0.001), 3 (P < 0.01) and 4 (P < 0.001). Mean histopathological fibrosis values were 0, 2.8 ± 0.32, 1.60 ± 0.70 and 0.60 ± 0.51, respectively (P < 0.0001). Group 3 and 4 scores were different than group 2 (P < 0.0001) and group 3 was also different than group 4 (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Covering peritoneal surfaces with glycerol, both before and after peritoneal trauma, is effective in decreasing peritoneal adhesion formation. The efficacy of glycerol covering was greater in the group receiving glycerol prior to trauma because it decreased the direct effects of trauma on the surface.
Ultrasound estimation of fetal weight: A formula for a Pakistani population
Authors: Munim Shama , Figueras Francesc , Shah Saima Malik , Khan Farah , Gardosi Jason 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim:  To assess and validate the best model for fetal weight estimation in the Pakistani population.Material and Methods:  The cohort included 178 women with singleton pregnancies at term (37–41 weeks) who had an ultrasound scan within 7 days of delivery. A proportionality formula was used to compensate for the fetal weight gain between the scan and the delivery. Data points from 119 pregnancies were used to derive the fetal weight formula, which was subsequently tested on the remaining 59 pregnancies. The best model for fetal weight estimation from ultrasound biometric parameters was selected.Results:  The selected model showed an interclass correlation coefficient with birthweight of 0.89. The systematic and random errors were −10 and 250 g, respectively. This validity assessment compared favorably with the performance of the more commonly used formulae when applied to our population.Conclusions:  We describe a new model for fetal weight estimation in a Pakistani population which produces more valid and reliable estimates than currently used models derived from other populations.
Incidental adnexal masses at cesarean section and review of the literature
Authors: Ulker Volkan , Gedikbasi Ali , Numanoglu Ceyhun , Saygı Sezin , Aslan Halil , Gulkilik Ahmet 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim:  To study the outcome of cases of incidental adnexal masses detected during cesarean section.Methods:  A total of 126 093 live births and 39 115 cesarean deliveries performed between 2002 and 2008 were retrospectively evaluated and cases with additional adnexal masses and surgical interventions were included in the study. Histopathologic assessment and related outcomes were examined.Results:  One hundred and nineteen patients had incidental adnexal masses at the time of cesarean delivery; the incidence of adnexal masses was 1/329. The most common histopathologic diagnoses were mature cystic teratoma (32%) and functional cysts (26%). Six cases (5%) were bilateral. The mean cyst size was 6.4 cm; two of the masses were malignant.Conclusion:  Incidental masses detected at the time of cesarean section should be extirpated in order to exclude the possibility of malignancy and to avoid additional surgical procedures following cesarean section.
Simple educational intervention will improve the efficacy of routine antenatal iron supplementation
Authors: Senanayake Hemantha M. , Premaratne Samanthi P. , Palihawadana Thilina , Wijeratne Sumeda 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim:  Sri Lanka has a policy of free provision of iron supplements to pregnant women. However, iron deficiency anemia remains common in pregnancy.Methods:  We tested the hypothesis that educating women regarding improving bioavailability could improve the efficacy of iron supplementation. The education focused on how best supplements could be taken and on how they should be stored. We carried out a study using a quasi‐experimental design on a group of women attending for antenatal care at a suburban University Obstetric Unit in Sri Lanka. The control group had care free of charge including iron supplementation and antihelminthic therapy. In addition, the study group received an education in small groups regarding maximizing bioavailability of iron. Hemoglobin and iron status of the women were compared between the groups at recruitment and at 34 weeks of gestation.Results:  The two groups were equally matched in demographic data, and hemoglobin and iron status. There were significant differences between the two groups at 34 weeks in the hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin levels, anemia rates and the number with low ferritin (P < 0.0001 for all parameters), with a favorable outcome in the study group. The study group had used the iron tablets in ways that improved their bioavailability.Conclusion:  A simple health education improved the efficacy of iron supplementation in this population. Such interventions should be an integral part of iron supplementation programs, especially in populations whose habits tend to reduce the bioavailability of iron.