bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Throughput Screening of Viral Entry Inhibitors Using Pseudotyped Virus
Authors: Basu Arnab , Mills Debra M. , Bowlin Terry L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVirus entry into a host cell is an attractive target for therapy because propagation of virus can be blocked at an early stage, minimizing chances for the virus to acquire drug resistance. Anti‐infective drug discovery for BSL‐4 viruses like Ebola or Lassa hemorrhagic fever virus presents challenges due to the requirement for a BSL‐4 laboratory containment facility. Pseudotyped viruses provide a surrogate model in which the native envelope glycoprotein of a BSL‐2 level virus (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus) is replaced with envelope glycoprotein of a foreign BSL‐4 virus (e.g., Ebola virus). Because the envelope glycoprotein determines interaction of virus with its cellular receptors, pseudotyped viruses can mimic the viral entry process of the original virus. Moreover, they are competent for only a single cycle of infection, and therefore can be used in BSL‐2 facilities. Pseudotyped viruses have been used in high‐throughput screening of entry inhibitors for a number of BSL‐4 level viruses. This unit includes protocols for preparing pseudotyped viruses using lentiviral vectors and use of pseudotyped viruses for high‐throughput screening of viral entry inhibitors.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 51:13B.3.1‐13B.3.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multicomponent Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles in Water Catalyzed by Copper Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Moglie Yanina , Radivoy Gabriel , Yus Miguel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCopper nanoparticles on activated carbon have been found to effectively catalyze the multicomponent synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles from different azide precursors, such as organic halides, diazonium salts, anilines and epoxides in water. The first one‐pot transformation of an olefin into a triazole is also described. The catalyst is easy to prepare, very versatile and reusable at a low copper loading.
Influence of incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles and biaxial orientation on mechanical and oxygen barrier properties of polypropylene films for food packaging applications
Authors: Lepot N. , Van Bael M. K. , Van den Rul H. , D'Haen J. , Peeters R. , Franco D. , Mullens J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) concentration and shape on processing and properties of new biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP)‐ZnO nanocomposites was studied. The use of spherical nanoparticles and nanorods was expected to differently influence the properties of the final material. Films of isotactic polypropylene prepared with different ZnO incorporation were biaxially oriented under conditions of temperature and strain rate that were similar to those encountered in a commercial film process. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to visualize the dispersion degree of the ZnO nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and to observe the surface and the orientation of the elongated nanoparticles. Furthermore, the prepared ZnO‐BOPP nanocomposites were evaluated for both mechanical and oxygen barrier property enhancement. A good combination of mechanical and oxygen barrier properties was obtained for the ZnO‐BOPP films. This result makes the ZnO‐BOPP nanocomposite a proper material for applications such as food packaging. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of chitosan‐poly(Acrylic Acid) complex particles by dispersion polymerization and their applications in ph buffering and drug release
Authors: Chuang Chung‐Yang , Chiu Wen‐Yen , Don Trong‐Ming 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis research prepared polyelectrolyte complex particles of chitosan‐poly(acrylic acid) (CS‐PAA) through polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of chitosan (CS). The prepared CS‐PAA complex particles had positive zeta potential and dispersed very well in the aqueous solution. Structure and morphology of complex particles were investigated with the changes in the feeding molar ratio of glucosamine unit in CS to AA monomer. It was found at a molar ratio of 1.0/1.1, a hollow structure in complex particles was observed after polymerization. From solid state 13C‐NMR and FTIR analyses, the results confirmed that CS‐co‐PAA copolymer was also produced during polymerization in addition to the PAA homopolymer, and both constituted in the structure of complex particles. The synthesized complex particles were environmentally sensitive in which their mean diameter could change with the pH value of medium. Moreover, the complex particles showed a continuous release of the encapsulated doxycycline hyclate up to 8 days. These complex particles with environmentally sensitive properties are expected to be utilized in the hydrophilic drug delivery system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphology, order, light transmittance, and water vapor permeability of aluminum‐coated polypropylene zeolite composite films
Authors: Balköse Devrim , Oguz Kaan , Ozyuzer Lutfi , Tari Suleyman , Arkis Esen , Omurlu Filiz Ozmıhçı 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, the polypropylene–zeolite composite films having 2–6 wt % natural zeolite were coated with a thin film of aluminum (Al) by magnetron sputtering, and the contribution of the Al coating on film properties was investigated. The samples were characterized by EDX, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, AFM, UV–visible spectroscopy, and water vapor permeation analyses. The surface of the films coated with a smooth Al film having 98–131 nm thickness. EDX revealed that Al percentage on the surface appeared to be as 8–10 wt % indicating contribution of polymer surface under Al film to analysis. XRD analysis showed that the grain size of Al at the surface was 22–29 nm. The surface roughness increased after Al‐coating process. The transmission of coated films was very low for both UV and visible regions of the light spectrum. Permeation analysis indicated that water vapor permeation was lower for Al‐coated material. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Polymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil with phenol furfural resins via repeated forward and retro diels–alder reactions
Authors: Çaylı Gökhan , Küsefoğlu Selim 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work, the Diels–Alder reaction between the acrylate groups of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and the furan rings of p‐tertiary butyl phenol furfural resin (TBPF) is described. The reaction was carried out at 110°C in presence of FeCl3 catalyst, and tough polymers were obtained in 1 h. Surprisingly, samples that were heated and cooled 5, 10, and 20 times to 140°C and room temperature had better mechanical properties than samples that were kept at 140°C for the same total duration. This unexpected behavior is attributed to a series of forward and retro Diels–Alder reactions between the functional groups. To prove this hypothesis, a model reaction between TBPF and n‐butyl acrylate was studied. At 100°C, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the furan ring protons disappeared, only to reappear at 140°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the adduct showed a weight loss at 140–150°C, which was in quantitative agreement with the amount of butyl acrylate. Infrared analysis showed that furan rings were not completely consumed by extended heating at 110°C. After five heating and cooling cycles of much shorter duration at 140°C, the furan absorption in the infrared disappeared. The storage modulus of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil‐TBPF samples after 20 heating cycles was 1.15 GPa. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of blend composition and structure on biodegradation of starch/ecoflex‐filled polyethylene films
Authors: Shi Bo , Shlepr Mike , Palfery Doris 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA method to blend starches and polyethylene, and thus improve the environmental footprint, was investigated. Unlike traditional methods that utilize compatibilizers or rely on reactive extrusion to achieve the desired material compatibility, a high amylose starch, such as Gelose 80, was mixed with native starch, converted to thermoplastic starch, and compounded with Ecoflex and polyethylene. Films showed good integrity and were evaluated for mechanical properties, anaerobic biodegradability, and structure changes both before and after anaerobic sludge digestion. Mechanical properties were sufficient that these films might be utilized in a number of applications but were not recommended as a sustainable solution. Biodegradation was below the theoretical maximum, was not a linear function of the amount of biodegradable materials incorporated in the films, and was depressed further as the proportion of polyethylene increased due to an encapsulation effect. Structural evaluation showed the components of the blends remained as separate phases and the structure of the Gelose 80 was reminiscent of interphase material. Biodegradation yield appeared to be principally driven by connectivity of the starches within the films to the anaerobic sludge digestion environment. Recommendations for additional studies were given. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Surface characteristics of poly(γ‐alkyl α l‐glutamate)s with different alkyl groups
Authors: Shao Lin‐Jun , Wu Jian , Liu Zhen‐Mei , Xu Zhi‐Kang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of poly(γ‐alkyl α L‐glutamate)s with different alkyl groups were synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of corresponding α‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides. The characteristics of these polyglutamate surfaces were evaluated by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, water contact angle, water absorption, protein adsorption, and platelet adhesion measurements. Changing the length of the alkyl side chain provides a unique opportunity to study the influence of carbon number in the alkyl group on the surface properties of the polyglutamates. Water contact angle and water absorption data show that the hydrophilicity of these polyglutamate surfaces decreases with the increasing of methylene in the alkyl group. Protein adsorption on these polyglutamate surfaces increases with the enhancing of surface hydrophobicity. However, the changes in platelets adhesion could be attributed to the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the polyglutamates and the specific effect of alkyl group. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and characterization of linear low‐density polyethylene/dickite nanocomposites prepared by the direct melt blending of linear low‐density polyethylene with exfoliated dickite
Authors: Xue Bing , Zhang Peiping , Jiang Yinshan , Sun Mengmeng , Liu Darui , Yu Lixin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDickite particles were exfoliated by the thermal decomposition of molecular urea in the interlayer of dickite. The exfoliated dickite (ED) was composed with linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) to prepare a novel LLDPE/dickite nanocomposite (LDN‐5). X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the exfoliation effect. FTIR spectra showed that the inner‐surface hydroxyls of dickite decreased because of the sufficient exfoliation of the dickite layers. The 001 diffraction of dickite in the XRD pattern almost disappeared after exfoliation; this indicated the random orientation of dickite platelets. SEM and TEM micrographs confirmed the effective thermal decomposition of the interlamellar molecular urea ED layers, which resulted in smaller particle sizes and better dispersions of dickite in the resulting LLDPE/dickite composite. The microstructure of LDN‐5 showed that most of the dickite platelets were exfoliated and homogeneously dispersed in the LLDPE; this led to increases in the anticorrosion properties and thermal stabilities of LDN‐5. The results of salt‐spray tests illustrated that the corrosion rate of the iron coupon decreased from 23% (LLDPE packing) to 0.4% (LDN‐5 packing). Moreover, the thermal degradation temperature corresponding to a mass loss of 10% increased from 330°C (pure LLDPE) to 379°C (LDN‐5). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Self‐aggregation behavior of amphiphilic polyaspartamide derivatives containing cholesterol moieties
Authors: Bach Quang Vu , Moon Jong Rok , Jeon Young Sil , Choe Woo‐Seok , Kim Ji‐Heung 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBiodegradable amphiphilic copolymers were successfully synthesized by the conjugation of various densities of hydrophobic biocompatible cholesterol (Chol) moieties onto poly(2‐hydroxyethyl aspartamide) and poly(N‐isopropylaminoethyl‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl aspartamide). These were obtained from polysuccinimde, the thermal polycondensation product of L‐aspartic acid, via a ring‐opening reaction with multifunctional pendant groups, including ethanolamine and N‐isopropylethylenediamine (NIPEDA). Copolymers containing 5–30 mol % Chol showed self‐aggregation behavior in aqueous solution, as evidenced by the dynamic light scattering measurement of their particle size distribution. The average particle size of these copolymers increased linearly with increasing Chol content. Moreover, the presence of secondary amine groups in the poly(2‐hydroxyethyl aspartamide)–NIPEDA system made the conjugation more efficient; however, these also seemed to accelerate the degradation of the copolymers in an aqueous medium. The degradation behavior and pH dependence of the particle size of these copolymers in aqueous solution were also examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Quasi‐solid state dye‐sensitized solar cells based on the cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) electrolyte with tetraethoxysilane
Authors: Li Pinjiang , Wu Jihuai , Hao Sancun , Lan Zhang , Li Qinghua , Huang Yunfang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐1000) was prepared by condensation reaction with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Using the cross‐linked PEG‐1000 as polymer host, 0.60 M KI and 0.06 M I2 as ionic conductors, an ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte was achieved 3.12 mS cm−1. Based on the optimized cross‐linked PEG electrolyte, the best result of the quasi‐solid state dye‐sensitized solar cell (QS‐DSSC) was the short‐circuit photocurrent of 11.87 mA cm−2, the open‐circuit photovoltage of 706 mV, the fill factor of 0.593 and the light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency of 4.97% at 100 mW cm−2 (AM 1.5). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Investigation of combination of finite element formulation and element type on the accuracy of 3D modeling of polymeric fluid flow in an extrusion die
Authors: Sobhani H. , Razavi‐Nouri M. , Ghoreishy M. H. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate the effect of finite element formulation and element type on the accuracy of 3D modeling of generalized Newtonian fluid flow in complex domains. Computer models based on three finite element solution schemes (mixed, continuous, and discrete penalty), and two element types (hexahedral and tetrahedral) in a 3D framework were developed. The well‐known Carreau model was used to reflect the rheological behavior of the fluid. To determine the validity of the developed computer simulations, the flow of two high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) melts with different viscosities through an extrusion die was simulated and compared with experimentally measured data. Comparison showed that the three methods produced nearly the same results with the hexahedral elements. However, continuous penalty method using tetrahedral elements demonstrated an extreme discrepancy from the experimental data. Discrete penalty method was unable to predict secondary variable (pressure) accurately using tetrahedral elements. The best results were obtained by the use of mixed method in conjunction with tetrahedral elements. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of flexible and transparent SMA films by simple composite with MBS potential for negative birefringence compensator
Authors: Yuan Guo‐Li , Liu Chen , Han Peng , Xie Wei 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe brittleness of poly(styrene maleic anhydride) (SMA) was improved by compositing with elastic poly(methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene) (MBS) to develop it into optical film. Transparent and flexible SMA films were prepared, and the flexibility of them was checked by folding endurance test and folding bend. The transparence of SMAMBS films were proved by the transmittance and haze measurements. In actual view, the letters could be clearly observed while they were covered by prepared films. The thermal stability of them was confirmed by DSC and TGA analysis. These physical properties of films are comparable to that of polycarbonate which is widely used as optical film. Besides of these, mechanical and fracture properties of them were found to be also suitable for this purpose. Furthermore, negative birefringence could be obtained by orientationally stretching them. Such results indicate that, films prepared from composites are competent for negative birefringence optical compensator in the field of liquid crystal display. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of RNAi knockdown for E‐complex genes on the silkworm proleg development
Authors: Xiang H. , Li M. W. , Guo J. H. , Jiang J. H. , Huang Y. P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLarvae of many holometabolous insects possess abdominal appendages called prolegs. Lepidoptera larvae have prolegs in the segments A3–A6. Functions of Lepidoptera hox genes on these abdominal appendages development is still a controversial issue. In this article, we report the use of double strand RNA (dsRNA)‐mediated interference (RNAi) to dissect the function of some hox genes, specifically E‐complex genes Ubx, abd‐A, and Abd‐B, in the ventral appendage development of the Lepidoptera silkworm, Bombyx mori. We found that Ubx RNAi caused leg identity in A1 segment, abd‐A RNAi caused severe defect of abdominal prolegs and Abd‐B RNAi allowed proleg identity in more posterior abdominal segments. These results confirm that Lepidoptera hox genes Ubx and Abd‐B have evolved the repressing function to ventral appendage development, which is similar to those of Drosophila. However, Lepidoptera abd‐A might have been modified distinctively during evolution, and has important roles in directing the development of prolegs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The importance of exportin and Ran for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the ecdysteroid receptor
Authors: Betanska Katarzyna , Hönl Celine , Spindler‐Barth Margarethe , Spindler Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNuclear localization of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) is increased in HeLa cells if exportin‐1 (CRM1), a predominant carrier for export of proteins and RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, is knocked down by siRNA against exportin. However, knockdown of the small G protein Ran, which is essential for nuclear transport, leads to an arrest of EcR in the cytoplasm, but does not prevent efficient nuclear import of the most important heterodimerization partner of EcR, ultraspiracle (Usp). Like in vertebrate cells, EcR is also distributed heterogeneously in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells but shifted exclusively to the nucleus, if Usp is present. © 2010; Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloning and expression pattern of 3‐dehydroecdysone 3β‐reductase (3DE 3β‐reductase) from the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Authors: Yang Hua‐jun , Liu Xin‐ju , Zhou Fang , Hu Jia‐biao , Bhaskar Roy , Li Xing‐hua , Sun Chun‐guang , Malik Firdose Ahmad , Niu Yan‐shan , Miao Yun‐gen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMolting in insects is regulated by molting hormones (ecdysteroids), which are also crucial to insect growth, development, reproduction, etc. Ecdysone was inactivated to 3‐dehydroecdysone (3DE) under ecdysone oxidase (EO), and followed by NAD(P)H‐dependent irreversible reduction to 3‐epiecdysteroid under 3DE 3a‐reductase. On the other hand, 3‐dehydroecdysone undergoes reversible reduction to ecdysone by 3DE 3β‐reductase in the hemolymph. In this article, we cloned and characterized 3‐dehydroecdysone 3β‐reductase (3DE 3β‐reductase) in the different tissues and the developing stage from the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The B. mori 3DE 3β‐reductase cDNA contains an ORF 972 bp and the deduced protein sequence containing 323 amino acid residues. Analysis showed that the deduced 3DE 3β‐reductase belongs to the aldo‐keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, which has the NAD(P)‐binding domain, indicating that the function of 3DE 3β‐reductase depends on the existence of NAD(P)H. Using Escherichia coli, a high level expression of a fusion polypeptide band of approx. 40 kDa was observed. The high transcription of 3DE 3β‐reductase was mainly observed in the genitalia and fatty bodies in the third day of the fifth‐instar larvae, followed next in the head, epidermis, and hemocytes. The expression of 3DE 3β‐reductase in the early of every instar was lower than that in the late of instar. When the titer of 3DE is low, higher expression of 3DE 3β‐reductase is necessary to maintain the ecdysone titer in body through converting 3DE to ecdysone, while the 3DE titer is high, the expression of 3DE 3β‐reductase showed feedback inhibition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oscillations in Homogeneous Systems
Authors: Noyes Richard M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis manuscript reviews the present understanding of homogeneous chemical oscillators except for reactions occurring in gas phase or during enzyme catalysis. The best understood systems are driven by bromate oxidation of organic compounds, and many unusual temporal and spatial phenomena are explicable by a fairly simple mechanism. Progress is being made toward understanding oscillators based on iodate and hydrogen peroxide reactions. Nucleation phenomena are strongly implicated in gas evolution oscillators such as the dehydration of formic acid and the decomposition of ammonium nitrite. No oscillators based on sulfur chemistry are yet understood. Photochemically driven oscillators offer a rich potential that has not yet been exploited. Several condensed phase systems exhibit interesting spatial periodicities that involve coupling of diffusion with other processes. Possible mechanisms of oscillators are subject to kinetic, thermodynamic, and chemical constraints which are discussed briefly.
Thermokinetic Oscillations in Gaseous Systems
Authors: Gray Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis plenary lecture is a response to the Organizing Committee's request for a survey (i) of some of our own research in the field of oscillatory oxidation processes and (ii) of thermokinetic oscillations in a wider context. I shall accordingly deal with those systems in which the oscillatory behaviour springs from true reaction kinetic flexibility [1, 2] plus thermal feedback, rather than with those thermochemical oscillations [3] that really owe their existence wholly to sustained flow. Accordingly, the principal experimental themes to be pursued are (i) the oscillations found in the oxidation of hydrocarbons and related organic species, including the famous oscillatory cool flames, and (ii) the oscillatory oxidation of “wet” carbon monoxide. Both these reactions show oscillatory behaviour in closed vessels [1], so they are not simply artefacts of flowing conditions, but I shall here dwell on newer results that we have found in open systems. That will prompt some observations on the relationships between thermodynamically closed and open systems, and later raise some general questions about definitions or at least about more careful use of common terms (and a plea to do away with jargon).