bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in spatial distribution, morphology, and communities of herbivorous insects among three cytotypes of Solidago altissima (Asteraceae)
Authors: Richardson Matthew L. , Hanks Lawrence M. 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the Study: Polyploidy in plants can result in genetic isolation, ecological differences among cytotypes, and, ultimately, speciation. Cytotypes should be sympatric only if they are segregated in an ecological niche or through prezygotic isolation. We tested whether sympatric diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid ramets of Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae) differ in their ecological niche.• Methods: We measured how cytotypes were distributed within habitats, their morphology, and the composition of their communities of herbivorous insects at 10 natural field sites. We also conducted a common garden experiment to confirm whether observed differences in morphology or communities of herbivores were due to cytotype or environmental effects.• Key Results: Diploid ramets often grew in open areas, relatively far from woody plants, and were associated with a high species richness of herbaceous plants, especially grasses. Hexaploids often grew in heavy shading under woody plants where grasses were scarce. Finally, tetraploids usually grew in transition areas between diploids and hexaploids. Hexaploid ramets also were taller than ramets of the other cytotypes and had larger leaves. Two species of insects, the leaf‐galling fly Asteromyia carbonifera and the phloem‐tapping aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum, were more abundant on hexaploid ramets than on ramets of other cytotypes in the field. When grown in a common garden, however, cytotypes were similar in morphology and communities of herbivores.• Conclusions: We conclude that cytotypes of S. altissima differ in their spatial distribution within habitats and that spatial variation in environmental factors influence plant morphology and communities of herbivorous insects.
The same but different: Monomorphic microsatellite markers as a new tool for genetic analysis
Authors: Nazareno Alison G. , Reis Mauricio S. dos 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: The nucleotide variation at a microsatellite locus lacking length polymorphisms among its alleles was assessed to generate an informative tool for genetic analysis.• Methods and Results: From a set of microsatellite markers, a monomorphic microsatellite locus developed for the palm species Butia eriospatha was used to elucidate whether there are polymorphic sites in its flanking regions. DNA sequences ≈133 bp long were obtained. Aligned sequences show variation at 17 polymorphic sites with both insertions and nucleotide substitutions. Fourteen distinct sequences (alleles) among 22 individuals were identified. The percent sequence difference varied from 0.0 to 5%, indicating that there is significant variation among sequences.• Conclusions: Due to significant levels of information and sequence diversity on a simple sequence repeat (SSR) locus of identical size, our study highlights that this molecular marker class can be a useful tool for population genetics and evolutionary studies for many plant species.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae) and cross‐amplification in related species
Authors: Muñoz‐Pajares A. Jesús , Herrador M. Belén , Abdelaziz Mohamed , Picó F. Xavier , Sharbel Timothy F. , Gómez José M. , Perfectti Francisco 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: We have developed and optimized microsatellite loci from a genomic library of Erysimum mediohispanicum. Microsatellites were also tested for cross‐amplification in 31 other Erysimum species.• Methods and Results: A total of 10 microsatellite loci were successfully amplified. They were polymorphic for 81 E. mediohispanicum individuals from two locations in Sierra Nevada (southeastern Spain), which showed similar patterns of genetic diversity. On average, microsatellites had 8.6 alleles per locus and an expected heterozygosity of 0.69. Only one locus significantly departed from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in both locations. Most of the markers successfully amplified in other Erysimum species.• Conclusions: The genetic attributes of microsatellite loci will allow their application to population genetic studies in Erysimum, such as genetic differentiation and structure, gene flow, pollinator‐mediated speciation, and hybridization studies.
L'illusion participative
Authors: Blanc-Pamard Chantal , Fauroux Emmanuel 
Published: September 2011

Résumé	Depuis une dizaine d’années, à Madagascar, les pratiques de gestion centralisées sont remplacées par des approches participatives qui reposent sur des principes simples directement inspirés du fonctionnement des démocraties occidentales : droit de tous à la parole, accès égal à l’information, décisions prises à la majorité des voix... Ces principes, malgré leur générosité, sont étrangers à l’idiosyncrasie des ruraux malgaches. La participation est pourtant recommandée de toutes parts et les bailleurs de fonds ne soutiennent plus un projet qui ne la considère pas comme une priorité. C’est encore, très probablement une illusion dans de nombreux cas, ce qui risque de conduire les projets et les opérations reposant sur l’approche participative à de nouveaux échecs, même s’ils s’avèrent sans doute moins cinglants que les échecs d’autrefois. On peut espérer que la participation devienne moins illusoire puisqu’elle s’inscrit dans un contexte de décentralisation qui instaure de nouveaux types de gouvernance et de gestion des ressources naturelles. La gestion partagée vise également à laisser aux communautés villageoises une réelle autonomie, notamment dans la protection de l’environnement. La situation actuelle marque une transition particulièrement délicate puisqu’on tente de mettre en place les conditions institutionnelles rendant possible ce partage de gestion. L’aspect apparemment novateur de la procédure est beaucoup plus grand qu’il n’y paraît à première vue dans un milieu où la démocratie participative est encore perçue comme une bizarrerie à laquelle les gens ne s’habituent pas vraiment.
Politique de stabilisation foncière et conservation de la biodiversité : le cas de la Réserve de Biosphère Maya, Petén (Guatemala)
Authors: Effantin Rachel , Hubert Bernard 
Published: September 2011

Résumé	Au Guatemala, une politique de conservation de la forêt tropicale du Petén succède à quatre décennies de colonisation agraire. Les préoccupations actuelles de stabilisation du front pionnier posent le problème du choix des instruments de régulation et des modalités de leur mise en œuvre. Les auteurs étudient l’incidence d’une intervention gouver-nementale sur la formalisation des normes d’appropriation et d’usage des ressources naturelles renouvelables. À cette fin, ils analysent la dynamique d’installation de nouvelles communautés dans la zone tampon de la Réserve de Biosphère Maya, où un programme de légalisation foncière et de conseil en agroforesterie est mis en œuvre. À partir de la chronologie des itinéraires fonciers et agraires de deux communautés, ils illustrent la diversité des traductions locales d’une intervention standardisée. Cette diversité a ensuite pu être associée au processus de différenciation sociale inhérent à la dynamique pionnière ainsi qu’à la variabilité des formes d’organisation collective. Si des changements dus à l’intervention ont effectivement lieu, ils ne transforment pas fondamentalement les projets de production des migrants, mais permettent d’améliorer les conditions de réalisation de certains de leurs projets.
La société ivoirienne au fil de ses réformes scolaires : une politique d'éducation « intermédiaire » est-elle possible ?
Authors: Lanoue Éric 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article examine deux aspects de la réforme éducative menée en Côte d’Ivoire entre 1993 et 1999 – la régulation des flux scolaires et la moralisation des pratiques de scolarisation – pour étudier les raisons de leur mise en échec. Cet échec tient à la force de configurations sociales et politiques, au principe d’un ensemble de pratiques illicites et d’un marché des biens scolaires (recrutement parallèle, achat de diplôme ou d’épreuve d’examen). Les configurations sociales et politiques esquissées illustrent un rapport symbolique à l’école secondaire, malgré les chances limitées d’accès au diplôme. Par-delà les normes économicistes des bailleurs de fonds, les politiques d’éducation pourraient intégrer ce rapport symbolique à l’institution scolaire et lui fournir un cadre d’interprétation ; faute de quoi les réformes éducatives risquent de continuer d’être perçues comme des formes de violence politiques exercées à l’encontre des populations.
CMRF-35–Like Molecule 3 Preferentially Promotes TLR9-Triggered Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Macrophages by Enhancing TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 Ubiquitination
Authors: Wu Yanan , Zhu Xuhui , Li Nan , Chen Taoyong , Yang Mingjin , Yao Ming , Liu Xingguang , Jin Boquan , Wang Xiaobo , Cao Xuetao 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
TLRs are critical innate immune sensors in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines to eliminate invading pathogens. However, the mechanisms for the full activation of TLR-triggered innate immune response need to be fully understood. The murine CMRF-35–like molecule (CLM)-3 is a representative of CLM family belonging to the Ig superfamliy. Considering that CLM-3 is selectively expressed in macrophages and the roles of CLM members in innate immune response remain unclear, in this study we investigated the role of CLM-3 in the regulation of TLR-triggered innate response. We found that CLM-3 was an endosome/lysosome-localized molecule, and was downregulated in macrophages by stimulation with TLR9 ligand, but not TLR4 and TLR3 ligands. Interestingly, CLM-3 selectively promoted production of TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages triggered by TLR9, but not TLR4 or TLR3. CLM-3 enhanced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in TLR9-triggered macrophages. Furthermore, CLM-3–transgenic mice were generated, and CLM-3 expression was confirmed by mAb against CLM-3 that we prepared. Accordingly, the macrophages derived from CLM-3–transgenic mice were more sensitive to TLR9 ligand stimulation, with more pronounced production of TNF-α, IL-6, and increased activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, ubiquitination of TNFR-associated factor 6, a crucial signaling transducer of TLR-triggered MAPKs and NF-κB activation, was found to be significantly promoted by CLM-3 in macrophages. Collectively, the endosome/lysosome-localized CLM-3 can promote full activation of TLR9-triggered innate responses by enhancing TNFR-associated factor 6 ubiquitination and subsequently activating MAPKs and NF-κB.
Pathogenic Autoreactive B Cells Are Not Negatively Selected toward Matrix Protein Collagen II
Authors: Cao Duojia , Khmaladze Ia , Jia Hongwei , Bajtner Estelle , Nandakumar Kutty S. , Blom Thomas , Mo John A. , Holmdahl Rikard 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We have addressed the importance of B cell tolerance to collagen type II, a matrix protein, which is a target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its mouse models. We generated a germline-encoded anti-collagen type II (CII) IgH replacement anti-C1 B cell mouse strain (ACB) to investigate how B cell tolerance to CII, a matrix protein, is subverted and to further understand pathogenesis of RA. Phenotypic analysis revealed that CII-specific B cells were surprisingly neither deleted nor anergized. Instead, they were readily detected in all lymphoid organs. Spontaneously produced autoantibodies could bind directly to cartilage surface without detectable pathology. However, exaggerated arthritis was seen after injection of anti-CII Abs specific for other epitopes. In addition, Abs from CII-specific hybridomas generated from ACB mice induced arthritis. Interestingly, IgH/L chain sequence data in B cell hybridomas revealed a lack of somatic mutations in autoreactive B cells. The ACB model provides the first possibility, to our knowledge, to study B cell tolerance to a matrix protein, and the observations made in the study could not be predicted from previous models. B cell-reactive epitopes on CII are largely shared between human RA and rodent CII-induced arthritis; this study, therefore, has important implications for further understanding of pathological processes in autoimmune diseases like RA.
Elevated Tumor-Associated Antigen Expression Suppresses Variant Peptide Vaccine Responses
Authors: Kemmler Charles B. , Clambey Eric T. , Kedl Ross M. , Slansky Jill E. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Variant peptide vaccines are used clinically to expand T cells that cross-react with tumor-associated Ags (TAA). To investigate the effects of elevated endogenous TAA expression on variant peptide-induced responses, we used the GP70 TAA model. Although young BALB/c mice display T cell tolerance to the TAA GP70423–431 (AH1), expression of GP70 and suppression of AH1-specific responses increases with age. We hypothesized that as TAA expression increases, the AH1 cross-reactivity of variant peptide-elicited T cell responses diminishes. Controlling for immunosenescence, we showed that elevated GP70 expression suppressed AH1 cross-reactive responses elicited by two AH1 peptide variants. A variant that elicited almost exclusively AH1 cross-reactive T cells in young mice elicited few or no T cells in aging mice with Ab-detectable GP70 expression. In contrast, a variant that elicited a less AH1 cross-reactive T cell response in young mice successfully expanded AH1 cross-reactive T cells in all aging mice tested. However, these T cells bound the AH1/MHC complex with a relatively short half-life and responded poorly to ex vivo stimulation with the AH1 peptide. Variant peptide vaccine responses were also suppressed when AH1 peptide is administered tolerogenically to young mice before vaccination. Analyses of variant-specific precursor T cells from naive mice with Ab-detectable GP70 expression determined that these T cells expressed PD-1 and had downregulated IL-7Rα expression, suggesting they were anergic or undergoing deletion. Although variant peptide vaccines were less effective as TAA expression increases, data presented in this article also suggest that complementary immunotherapies may induce the expansion of T cells with functional TAA recognition.
Hypermotility of an iris-fixated anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens due to nontraumatic iris laxity
Authors: Taneri Suphi , Oehler Saskia , Koch Jörg M. , Heiligenhaus Arnd 
Published: September 2011

Purpose Permanent immovability of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) for the correction of high myopia is crucial in avoiding injury to the corneal endothelium and maintaining visual acuity. Unstable position of iris-fixated pIOLs due to traumatic or nontraumatic disenclavation of the haptic has been described previously. Methods and Results We report a different mechanism of repeated excessive implant motility in both eyes of a young woman who developed late nontraumatic elongation of the iris fibers to which an iris-claw pIOL was fixated. This led to increased motility of the pIOLs with blinking causing mild iritis. Subsequent bilateral successful re-enclavation to other iris fibers ameliorated these symptoms. After 2.5 years, these iris fibers, too, were elongated, causing excessive movements of the pIOLs and consecutive endothelial cell loss necessitating removal of the pIOLs. The etiology of this iris fiber laxity remains unclear. Conclusions Surgeons should be aware of this rare potential complication.
The Differentiation of Humane Adult Mesenchimal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow (hMSC) into Urothelial Cells on Bio-Engineering Support (Scaffold): Preliminary Experience of Tissue Engineering
Authors: Falavolti Cristina , Rainer Alberto , Centola Matteo , Trombetta Marcella , Abbruzzese Franca , Gidaro Stefano , Sergi Federico , Buscarini Maurizio 
Published: September 2011

Objectives Tissue Engineering can develop scaffolds of Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA) for tissue regeneration. The purpose of the present job is to test the possibility to seed human adult mesenchymal stem cells on a scaffold supplemented with specific grow factors to differentiate them into urothelium. Methods The Electrospinning technique was used to realize three scaffolds. The first one was seeded with urothelial cells, of a primary culture, and Keratinocyte serum free medium (KSFM); the second one was seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and a minimum essential medium (αMEM); the third one was seeded with hMSC and conditioned medium. Results Electron microscopy showed scaffolds with cellular vitality (>90%) and their cellular proliferation. Moreover, the differentiation of hMSC, seeded in conditioned medium, into urothelial cells was demonstrated through immunofluorescence assays. Conclusions Tissue Engineering can develop PLLA scaffolds thanks to the Electrospinning technique. The scaffold is a perfect environment for cellular culture and proliferation; a protocol for the differentiation of hMSC into urothelial cells is now available. Immunofluorescence assays can demonstrate the hMSC differentiation into urothelial cells.
Arf6 promotes cell proliferation via the PLD‐mTORC1 and p38MAPK pathways
Authors: Knizhnik Anna V. , Kovaleva Olga V. , Komelkov Andrei V. , Trukhanova Luybov S. , Rybko Vera A. , Zborovskaya Irina B. , Tchevkina Elena M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe small G‐protein ADP‐ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) belongs to the Ras GTPases superfamily and is mostly known for its actin remodeling functions and involvement in the processes of plasma membrane reorganization and vesicular transport. The majority of data indicates that Arf6 contributes to cancer progression through activation of cell motility and invasion. Alternatively, we found that the expression of a wild‐type or a constitutively active Arf6 does not influence tumor cell motility and invasion but instead significantly stimulates cell proliferation and activates phospholipase D (PLD). Conversely the expression of a mutant Arf6 (Arf6N48I), that is, unable to interact with PLD has no effect on proliferation but promotes motility, invasion, and matrix degradation by uPA extracellular proteinase. Studying the mechanisms of Arf6‐dependent stimulation of cell proliferation, we found some signaling pathways contributing to Arf6 promitogenic activity. Namely, we showed that Arf6 in a PLD‐mTORC1‐dependent manner activates S6K1 kinase, a well‐known regulator of mitogen‐stimulated translation initiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated an Arf6‐dependent phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream targets, 4E‐BP1 and ribosomal S6 protein, confirming an existence of Arf6‐PLD‐mTORC1‐S6K1/4E‐BP1 signaling pathway and also demonstrated its impact on proliferation stimulation. Next, we found that Arf6 activation potentiates Erk1/2 and p38MAP kinases phosphorylation. Surprisingly, p38 opposite to Erk1/2 significantly contributes to Arf6‐dependent proliferation increase promoting S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation at Ser235/236 residues. Therefore, we demonstrated Arf6 proliferation stimulating activity and revealed PLD‐mTORC1 and p38MAP kinase as Arf6 partners mediating promitogenic activity. These results highlight a new aspect of Arf6 functioning in cancer cell biology. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 360–371, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Piwis and piwi‐interacting RNAs in the epigenetics of cancer
Authors: Siddiqi Sara , Matushansky Igor 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn increasing body of evidence suggests that cancer cells acquire “stem‐like” epigenetic and signaling characteristics during the tumorigenic process, including global DNA hypo‐methylation, gene‐specific DNA hyper‐methylation, and small RNA deregulation. RNAs have been known to be epigenetic regulators, both in stem cells and in differentiated cells. A novel class of small RNAs, called piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs), maintains genome integrity by epigenetically silencing transposons via DNA methylation, especially in germline stem cells. piRNAs interact exclusively with the Piwi family of proteins. The human Piwi ortholog, Hiwi, has been found to be aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers and in some, its expression correlates with poor clinical prognosis. However, there has been little investigation into the potential role that Piwi and piRNAs might play in contributing to the “stem‐like” epigenetic state of a cancer. This review will highlight the current evidence supporting the importance of Piwi and piRNAs in the epigenetics of cancer and provide a potential model for the role of Piwi and piRNAs in tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 373–380, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emergence of chondrogenic progenitor stem cells in transplantation biology—prospects and drawbacks
Authors: Mathur Deepali , Pereira Winston Costa , Anand Akshay 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAvascular tissues such as a cartilage contains a unique type of cell called as the chondrocyte. We, however, have not understood the origin of the chondrocyte population and how this population is maintained in the normal tissue. In spite of being considered to be a simple tissue, scientist had always faced difficulties to engineer this tissue. This is because different structural regions of the articular cartilage were never understood. In addition to this, the limited self‐repair potential of cartilage tissue and lack of effective therapeutic options for the treatment of damaged cartilage has remained an unsolved problem. Mesenchymal stem cell based therapy may provide a solution for cartilage regeneration. This is due to their ability to differentiate into chondrogenic lineage when appropriate conditions are provided. An ideal cell source, a three‐dimensional cell culture, a suitable scaffold material that accomplishes all the necessary properties and bioactive factors in specific amounts are required to induce chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising and rapidly expanding area of research that assures cartilage regeneration. However, many unsolved questions concerning the mechanism of engraftment of chondrocytes following transplantation in vivo, biological safety after transplantation and the retention of these cells for lifetime remain to be addressed that is possible only through years of extensive research. Further studies are therefore required to estimate the long‐term sustainability of these cells in the native tissue, to identify well suited delivery materials and to have a thorough understanding of the mechanism of interaction between the chondrocytes and extracellular matrix and time is not far when this cell based therapy will provide a comprehensive cure to cartilage disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 397–403, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.