bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic activation of diesel exhaust carcinogens in primary and immortalized human TP53 knock‐in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts
Authors: Kucab Jill E. , Phillips David H. , Arlt Volker M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractApproximately 50% of human tumors have a mutation in TP53. The pattern and spectra of TP53 mutations often differ between cancer types, perhaps due to different etiological factors. The Hupki (human TP53 knock‐in) mouse embryo fibroblast (HUF) immortalization assay is useful for studying mutagenesis in the human TP53 gene by environmental carcinogens. Prior to initiating an immortalization assay, carcinogen treatment conditions must be optimized, which can require a large number of cells. As primary HUF cultures senesce within 2 weeks, restricting their use, we investigated whether immortalized HUFs retaining wild‐type TP53 can be surrogates for primary HUFs in initial treatment optimization. DNA damage by eight compounds found in diesel exhaust, benzo[a]pyrene, 3‐nitrobenzanthrone, 1‐nitropyrene, 1,3‐dinitropyrene, 1,6‐dinitropyrene, 1,8‐dinitropyrene, 6‐nitrochrysene, and 3‐nitrofluorene, was assessed by 32P‐postlabeling and the alkaline comet assay in primary HUFs and in an immortal HUF cell line J201. For most compounds, higher levels of DNA adducts accumulated in J201 cells than in primary HUFs. This difference was not reflected in the comet assay or by cell viability changes. Experiments in three additional immortal HUF cell lines (AAI49, U56, and E2‐143) confirmed strong differences in DNA adduct levels compared with primary HUFs. However, these did not correlate with the protein expression of Nqo1 or Nat1/2, or with gene expression of Cyp1a1 or Cyp1b1. Our results show that using immortal HUFs as surrogates for primary HUFs in genotoxicity screening has limitations and that DNA adduct formation is the best measure of genotoxicity of the nitro‐polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested in HUFs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell type‐dependent gene transcription profile in a three‐dimensional human skin tissue model exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation: Implications for medical exposures
Authors: von Neubeck Claere , Shankaran Harish , Karin Norman J. , Kauer Paula M. , Chrisler William B. , Wang Xihai , Robinson R. Joe , Waters Katrina M. , Tilton Susan C. , Sowa Marianne B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe concern over possible health risks from exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation has been driven largely by the increase in medical exposures, the routine implementation of X‐ray backscatter devices for airport security screening, and, most recently, the nuclear incident in Japan. Because of a paucity of direct epidemiological data at very low doses, cancer risk must be estimated from high dose exposure scenarios. However, there is increasing evidence that low and high dose exposures result in different signaling events and may have different response mechanisms than higher doses. We have examined the radiation‐induced temporal response after exposure to 10 cGy of an in vitro three dimensional (3D) human skin tissue model using microarray‐based transcriptional profiling. Cell type‐specific analysis showed significant changes in gene expression with the levels of >1,400 genes altered in the dermis and >400 genes regulated in the epidermis. The two cell layers rarely exhibited overlapping responses at the mRNA level. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) measurements validated the microarray data in both regulation direction and value. Key pathways identified relate to cell cycle regulation, immune responses, hypoxia, reactive oxygen signaling, and DNA damage repair. The proliferation status as well as the expression of PCNA was examined in histological samples. We discuss in particular the role of proliferation, emphasizing how the disregulation of cellular signaling in normal tissue may impact progression toward radiation‐induced secondary diseases. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental investigation of spatially varying effect of ground motions on bridge pounding
Authors: Li Bo , Bi Kaiming , Chouw Nawawi , Butterworth John W. , Hao Hong 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPounding between adjacent bridge structures with insufficient separation distance has been identified as one of the primary causes of damage in many major earthquakes. It takes place because the closing relative movement is larger than the structural gap provided between the structures. This relative structural response is controlled not only by the dynamic properties of the participating structures but also by the characteristics of the ground excitations. The consequence of the spatial variation of ground motions has been studied by researchers; however, most of these studies were performed numerically. The objective of the present research is to experimentally evaluate the influence of spatial variation of ground motions on the pounding behaviour of three adjacent bridge segments. The investigation is performed using three shake tables. The input spatially varying ground excitations are simulated based on the New Zealand design spectra for soft soil, shallow soil and strong rock using an empirical coherency loss function. Results confirm that the spatially nonniform ground motions increase the relative displacement of adjacent bridge girders and pounding forces. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the Association of Impulsivity, Obsessions, and Compulsions with Binge Eating and Purging Behaviours in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth R. , Gagne Danielle A. , Thornton Laura M. , Klump Kelly L. , Brandt Harry , Crawford Steve , Fichter Manfred M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Johnson Craig , Jones Ian , Kaplan Allan S. , Mitchell James E. , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Woodside D. Blake , Berrettini Wade H. , Kaye Walter H. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo further refine our understanding of impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in anorexia nervosa (AN) by isolating which behaviours—binge eating, purging, or both—are associated with these features.MethodsWe conducted regression analyses with binge eating, purging, and the interaction of binge eating with purging as individual predictors of scores for impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in two samples of women with AN (n = 1373).ResultsPurging, but not binge eating, was associated with higher scores on impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions. Purging was also associated with worst eating rituals and with worst eating preoccupations.ConclusionOur results suggest that purging, compared with binge eating, may be a stronger correlate of impulsivity, obsessions, and compulsions in AN. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Optimization of pineapple flavour synthesis by esterification catalysed by immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei
Authors: Lorenzoni André S. G. , Graebin Natália G. , Martins Andréa B. , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto , Záchia Ayub Marco A. , Rodrigues Rafael C. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of pineapple flavour (butyl butyrate) catalysed by lipase from Rhizomucor miehei has been optimized using central composite design and response surface methodology. Initially, the best butyric acid concentration in the mixture was defined and found that 1  m butyric acid presented the highest initial reaction rate. The reaction parameters substrate molar ratio, enzyme content, and initial added water were evaluated in the central composite design with the reaction conversion yield as the dependent variable. The optimal conditions for butyl butyrate synthesis were found to be substrate molar ratio of 3.6:1 butanol:butyric acid; enzyme content of 6.5% of substrate mass fraction; added water 0.0% of substrate mass fraction. Under these conditions, over 90% of conversion was obtained in 16 h of reaction. Enzyme reuse was tested performing a treatment before each batch by washing the enzyme system with n‐hexane, or simply reusing the biocatalyst in a new fresh reaction. Direct enzyme reuse caused a rapid decrease on the enzyme activity, while washings with n‐hexane allowed the enzyme to be reused for six cycles keeping around 75% of its original activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large scale rainfall simulation to investigate infiltration processes in a small landslide under dry initial conditions: the Draix hillslope experiment
Authors: Garel E. , Marc V. , Ruy S. , Cognard‐Plancq A.‐L. , Klotz S. , Emblanch C. , Simler R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFew studies exist on infiltration processes in badlands, although infiltration and subsurface lateral flows are known to contribute to soil erosion and to control slope instability. Our investigation was carried out in a 100‐m² plot located in a 0.5‐ha landslide in black marls (south‐east France). An artificial sprinkling was performed with an intensity of 10 mm h−1 during 66.4 h interrupted with 8.4 h breaks. KBr and KCl were used as tracers.A pseudo‐steady state was reached after 25–35 h and 250–350 mm of rainfall. The runoff coefficient was 40% (ratio total runoff volume/total sprinkling water amount). Pre‐event water (PE) contributed to the groundwater recharge at the very beginning of the experiment, but PE contribution dropped steadily while the soil was saturating. After around 200 mm of cumulative rainfall, PE contribution started to rise steeply before reaching a nearly constant value. This original mechanism implies an efficient transfer process of PE. It was assumed from the description of the material structure and from hydrological evidences that PE was mainly drained from a structure porosity made of marl's flaked nature. Total PE contributions ranged from 25% to 79% (PE contribution was over 50% in 2/3 of the observation wells). Over the recession phase, release of PE occurred from the drainage of texture porosity. The study showed that at the plot scale, infiltration processes proved to be well organized despite the high heterogeneity and anisotropy of the material. It was possible to propose a general conceptual model explaining the hydrological processes over time and area. The peculiar structure of regolith originating from black marl is preserved over a large part of the weathering time so that the material structure (type, orientation of grains, small/large pores) remains a first‐order control of water flow generation in black marl soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WAS THE GOLD STANDARD REALLY DESTABILIZING?
Authors: Fagan Gabriel , Lothian James R. , Mcnelis Paul D. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the extent to which the high macroeconomic volatility experienced in the classical Gold Standard era of US history can be attributed to the monetary policy regime per se as distinct from other shocks. For this purpose, we estimate a small dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the classical Gold Standard era. We use this model to conduct a counterfactual experiment to assess whether a monetary policy conducted on the basis of a Taylor rule characterizing the Great Moderation data would have led to different outcomes for macroeconomic volatility and welfare in the Gold Standard era. The counterfactual Taylor rule significantly reduces inflation volatility, but at the cost of higher real‐money and interest‐rate volatility. Output volatility is very similar. The end result is no welfare improvement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DURATION DEPENDENCE VERSUS UNOBSERVED HETEROGENEITY IN TREATMENT EFFECTS: SWEDISH LABOR MARKET TRAINING AND THE TRANSITION RATE TO EMPLOYMENT
Authors: Richardson Katarina , van den Berg Gerard J. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThe effect of a treatment on the hazard rate of a duration outcome may depend on the elapsed time since treatment. In addition, treatment effects may be heterogeneous across agents. The former gives rise to duration dependence of the treatment effect, whereas unobserved heterogeneity gives rise to spurious duration dependence of the observable hazard rate. We develop a model allowing for duration dependence and unobserved heterogeneity in the treatment effect. The model incorporates a Timing of Events model and allows for selectivity on unobservables. We prove identification, exploiting variation in the timing of treatment and outcome. In the application we analyze the effects of the Swedish vocational employment training program on the individual transition rate from unemployment to work. We demonstrate the appropriateness of the approach by studying the enrollment process. The data cover the population and include multiple unemployment spells for many individuals. The results indicate a large, significantly positive effect on exit to work shortly after exiting the program. The effect at the individual level diminishes after some weeks. When taking account of the time spent in the program, the effect on the mean unemployment duration is small. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical and Spectral Characterizations of 9‐Phenylcarbazoles
Authors: Chiu Ssu‐Kai , Chung Yi‐Chun , Liou Guey‐Sheng , Su Yuhlong Oliver 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA series of 9‐phenylcarbazoles have been synthesized and characterized for their electrochemical as well as spectral properties. For 3,6‐substituted carbazoles, the oxidation is reversible and the potential is affected by the substituents. For 3,6‐unprotected carbazoles, on the other hand, the oxidized forms can undergo dimerization. Their corresponding dimers have been independently synthesized by chemical methods and have exhibited identical spectral properties. The para position of the 9‐phenyl group is relatively insensitive for redox and chemical reactions. The amino derivatives are unstable in carbazole cation radical form compared with their triphenylamine counterparts.
Treatment of a gaseous mixture by biofilters filled with an inorganic packing material: performance and influence of inoculation on removal efficiency levels
Authors: Gadal‐Mawart Aurélie , Malhautier Luc , Renner Christophe , Rocher Janick , Fanlo Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The impact of inoculation on performance and subsequent community structure is a critical question in gas biofiltration processes. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of inoculation on biofilters packed with an inorganic medium and fed with a gaseous mixture (oxygenated and sulphur compounds).RESULTS: Inoculated biofilters (BF1 and BF2 duplicates) exhibit higher overall removal performances and lower removal height (oxygenated: 100% at 50 cm and sulphur: 55% at 100 cm) than control biofilters (PC) (oxygenated: 94% and sulphur: 39% at 100 cm). The concentration of compounds was measured along the bed height using two sampling lines. For each biofilter, the evolution of removal efficiency as a function of height differs and depends on the line considered. At steady‐state, a divergence is observed between the bacterial communities of BFs that exhibited a similar stratification pattern of removal efficiency.CONCLUSION: Inoculation of biofilters seems to bring enough diversity to allow the emergence of fitted species resulting in higher pollutants removal and to strengthen the heterogeneity of biodegradation activities distribution along the column height. The divergence of the microbial community structure in BF samples can be explained by low selective pressure and high resource availability which influence the community composition. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrogen production with carbon nanotubes based cathode catalysts in microbial electrolysis cells
Authors: Wang Liyong , Chen Yingwen , Huang Qiong , Feng Yangyang , Zhu Shemin , Shen Shubao 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has been considered as a promising new technology for the production of bio‐hydrogen from renewable biomass, but low‐cost alternatives to typical cathode material (platinum) are needed. In this study, CNTs‐based electrode alternatives to Pt were examined in a single‐chamber membrane‐free MEC. To the best of our knowledge, the use of carbon nanotube as the MEC cathode catalyst has not been reported so far.RESULTS: For all cathodes, hydrogen production rates increased in response to increase in voltage and the highest hydrogen production was achieved at 0.9 V. At an applied voltage of 0.9 V, MECs with Pt/MWNT cathodes obtained a hydrogen production rate of 1.42 m3 m−3 day−1 with a current density of 192 A m−3, a coulombic efficiency of 94%, a cathodic hydrogen recovery of 65%, and electrical energy efficiency based on electricity input of 126%.CONCLUSIONS: The Pt/MWNT cathode developed demonstrated better electrocatalytic activity than the MWNT cathode and achieved performance comparable with the Pt cathode in terms of hydrogen production rate. These results demonstrate the great potential of using carbon cloth with CNTs‐based electrodes as a cathode material for MECs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
High resolution climate data for Austria in the period 2008–2040 from a statistical climate change model
Authors: Strauss F. , Formayer H. , Schmid E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractClimate change data for Austria have been produced for the period from 2008 to 2040, with a temporal/spatial resolution of 1 d and 1 km2. The climate change data are based on historical daily weather station data from 1975 to 2007, and linear regression modelling with repeated bootstrapping. The spatial resolution is based on 60 climate clusters which represent homogenous climates with respect to mean annual precipitation sums and mean annual temperatures from the period 1961 to 1990. For each climate cluster, a regression model fit has been performed and extrapolated for the period 2008–2040. The integral parts of our regression model are: (1) the extrapolation of the observed linear temperature trend from 1975 to 2007, by using an average national trend of approximately 0.05 °C per year derived from a homogenized dataset, and (2) the repeated bootstrapping of historical temperature residuals, and of the observations for some other weather parameters, such as solar radiation, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed. Thus, we ensure consistent physical, spatial and temporal correlations. Precipitation scenarios have been developed to account for any possible wider range of precipitation patterns. These scenarios include increased/decreased annual precipitation sums, as well as unchanged annual precipitation sums, but with different seasonal distributions. These climate change data are available at: http://www.landnutzung.at/Klima_Daten.html Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of climate change effects on future corn (Zea mays L.) yield in western Turkey
Authors: Durdu Ömer Faruk 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA comparative performance analysis was studied on well‐known drought indices [Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and its moisture anomaly index (Orig‐Z), self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC‐PDSI) and its moisture anomaly index (SC‐Z)] to determine the most appropriate index for assessing corn (Zea mays L.) yield in four crop regions (Aydın, Denizli, Afyon, Uşak) in western Turkey and to evaluate the vulnerability of corn production to climate change with future projections provided by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research ENSEMBLES project (HadCM3Q0). A series of curvilinear regression‐based crop‐yield models were developed for each of the crop region based on the drought indices. The crop‐yield model that performed best at high‐drought risk years was the SC‐PDSI in Aydın region and the PDSI in Denizli, Afyon and Uşak regions. The SC‐PDSI index in Aydın region described 75.1% of the measured variability. The PDSI index in Denizli Ayfon and Uşak regions explained 69.8, 71.3 and 66.4% of the measured yield variability, respectively. The vulnerability of the corn yield to HadCM3Q0 projections was evaluated for Aydın and Afyon regions due to the resolution of the regional climate model. For the high‐drought risk years, the expected decrease in corn yields was 2.1 ton ha−1 in Aydın region and 0.014 ton ha−1 for Afyon region. For the low drought risk years, the crop yield models predicted the expected decrease in corn yield as 0.104 ton ha−1 in Afyon region. However, there was a positive yield response by 0.022 ton ha−1 in Aydın region. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The influence of organic and conventional cultivation systems on the nutritional value and content of bioactive compounds in selected tomato types
Authors: Hallmann Ewelina 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Tomato fruits contain a high level of antioxidants such as vitamin C, polyphenols (including flavonoids), and carotenoids (such as lycopene and β‐carotene). Some studies have shown the higher level of bioactive compounds in organically produced tomato fruits compared to conventional ones, but not all studies were consistent in this respect. The levels of carotenoids and phenolics are very variable and may be affected by ripeness, genotype and cultivation. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of organic and conventional production systems on chemical properties and phenolic compounds of two tomato types (standard and cherry). The experiment was carried out in two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009, and in three organic and three conventional farms.RESULTS: The results obtained have shown that, in 2008, organic tomatoes presented a higher ratio of reducing sugars/organic acids, and contained significantly more total sugars, vitamin C and total flavonoids, 3‐quercetin rutinoside, and myricetin in comparison with the conventional fruits. In 2009, organic tomatoes contained significantly more vitamin C, quercetin‐3‐O‐glucoside and chlorogenic acid, myricetin and kaempferol in comparison with the conventional fruits.CONCLUSIONS: The organic growing system affects tomato quality parameters such as nutritional value and phenolic compound content. The second significant factor of nutritional value of tomato is the type of fruits. It would be necessary to continue this study as a long‐term experiment in order to eliminate the influence of seasonality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of novel electrospun nanofibrous membranes with different modifications for immobilising glutamine synthetase
Authors: Liu Bo , Ge Ling , Zhang Chenlu , Zhao Yusheng , Li Ping 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Theanine synthesis is of interest because of the physiological and pharmacological benefits of theanine. Glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) from Pseudomonas taetrolens can be used for theanine biosynthesis. In this study, GS was immobilised in polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibres, and the properties of immobilised GS with different solidifying modifications were studied.RESULTS: Electrospinning is a good method for enzyme immobilisation. When carbon nanotubes were used as an adsorbent, the activity retention of immobilised GS was 92.3%. With glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker, the enzyme activity retention was only 50.7%; however, by adding collagen or peptide to the electrospinning solution with glutaraldehyde, the activity retention could be improved to 85.9 or 59.6% respectively. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the modifiers induced morphological changes in the nanofibres. The optimum pH and temperature of immobilised GS also changed. In addition, the reusability and storage stability of immobilised GS with glutaraldehyde were much better than those of immobilised GS with carbon nanotubes.CONCLUSION: A novel method has been established in this study for the immobilisation of GS in electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Carbon nanotubes and glutaraldehyde enhanced the immobilisation, while collagen or peptide inclusion could recover the activity loss caused by glutaraldehyde. The obtained immobilised enzyme achieved high reusability and storage stability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry