bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autosterilization of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in poultry houses in north-east India
Authors: Howard Julia , Wall Richard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAutosterilizing devices, composed of 20×50 cm rectangles of white polyester cloth, baited with 50% w/v sucrose and impregnated with 10% suspension concentrate of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron, were suspended in two caged-layer poultry houses on a 6 ha farm near Bhubaneswar, Orissa Province, in north-east India. Populations of Musca domestica Linnaeus declined significantly over 6 weeks in houses in which the triflumuron-treated targets had been deployed. Following the removal of the targets from these houses, the M. domestica populations subsequently increased. No comparable changes were observed in a control poultry house in which an equal number of targets, dosed with 50% w/v sucrose only, were suspended. Laboratory evaluation of the sugar-baited triflumuron targets confirmed that exposure of the strain of M. domestica present in the poultry manure to triflumuron-treated targets reduced egg hatch to less than 1%. There was no decline in the quantity of triflumuron present on targets during their 6 week exposure in the poultry houses, as shown by gas chromatography. Furthermore, a laboratory bioassay demonstrated no decrease in the potency of the chemical over the exposure period. However, the quantity of sugar present on targets decreased significantly after only 3 weeks exposure. However, populations in the treatment houses were not eliminated and immigration from surrounding houses may have reduced the effectiveness of the technique. The results are discussed in relation to the use triflumuron-treated targets as a practical autoster-ilizing system for house fly control in livestock production systems.
Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I in tetranychid mites: a comparison between molecular phylogeny and changes of morphological and life history traits
Authors: Navajas Maria , Gutierrez Jean , Lagnel Jacques , Boursot Pierre 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpider mites, Tetranychidae, represent one of the most cosmopolitan and economically important groups of terrestrial arthropods; however, many aspects of their evolutionary relationships remain uncertain. We sequenced part of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in 20 species of phytophagous mites belonging to nine genera and two families (Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae), including several agricultural pests. As eported in insects, the sequences were extremely rich in A + T (75% on average), especially in the third codon position (95%). However, one of the genera we studied had a significantly lower A + T content (69% on average, 78% in the third codon position), showing that base composition can change substantially over short periods of time. Most interspecific differences were transversions and their number increased steadily with the number of non-synonymous differences, while the number of transitions remained constant. The phylogeny based on COI sequences was inferred using the maximum likelihood method. The results are compatible as a whole with the traditional classification based on morphological characters, but call for some minor taxonomic revisions. Some morphological characters and life history traits (mode of reproduction, adaptation to the host plant) were also analysed within this phylogenetic framework. At the family level, one can see a trend towards thelytoky becoming rarer compared to the general mode of reproduction of the group, arrhenotoky. There is also an evolutionary tendency towards a more complex mode of life, with the production of silk webs and correlated changes of the locomotion apparatus. However, in the Tetranychidae there seems to have been convergent evolution of these morphological characters together with independent development of a common adaptation to this mode of life in different genera.
Taxonomic problems in the Aphanogmus hakonensis species complex; (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) common hyperparasitoids in biocontrol programmes against lepidopterous pests in the tropics
Authors: Polaszek Andrew , Dessart Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMorphological studies of different populations of what was previously considered to be a single species, Aphanogmus hakonensis Ashmead, revealed the presence of a complex of species which are extremely difficult to distinguish without detailed studies of male genitalia. Several of these species have been misidentified during biological control programmes or parasitoid surveys. These misidentifications are corrected, and two new species, Aphanogmus captiosus and Aphanogmus thylax are described. The hakonensis-complex is diagnosed. As far as is known, all species are hyperparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae via various hymenopteran or dipteran primary parasitoids.
A new species of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), parasitic on the cocoa husk borer, Cryptophlebia encarpa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Malaysia
Authors: Ubaidillah Rosichon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBrachymeria encarpaesp. n. is described from Malaysia. This species was reared from an important pest of cocoa pods, the cocoa husk borer, Cryptophlebia encarpa (Meyrick), and may be of potential use as a biological control agent.
A Contribution to the Study of the Natural Control of Gorse
Authors: Chater E. H. 
Published: July 2009

In order to investigate the possible means of controlling introduced plant pests, the course that has been considered advisable to follow has been that of a general biological survey of the particular species under its native conditions and, so far as is possible, a comparison between this and a similar survey in the country to which it has become introduced. Such a survey should include the following aspects :—Germination of seed : Normal percentage germination, germination of fresh and old seed, dormancy, “ hard ” seed, effect of varying external conditions or previous treatment upon germination of hard seed (if present). Seed reserves in soil ; continuous or discontinuous germination.Establishment of seedlings : Effect of grass, leaf debris, bare soil, etc. ; root development ; causes of mortality.Flowering : Periods of flowering, number of flowers ; mode of pollination.Seeds and dispersal : Number of seeds, manner of dispersal, mortality before germination.Relation to plant communities.Relation to climate and soil types.Geographical distribution.Relation to insects : Insects found on the plant at different seasons ; nature and extent of damage to vegetative parts, flowers and fruits.
The Causes and Implications of Hunger in Tsetse-flies
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

1. Tsetse-flies have been divided into four stages of hunger by their external appearance. These stages have been correlated with the internal appearance determined by dissection. It was found that the fat-bodies became maximally developed shortly after a meal, and thereafter diminished rapidly in bulk. Hunger of flies in samples is expressed as the Mean Hunger Stage (M.H.S.).2. Flies in different stages of hunger showed different behaviour in the field. Thus hungry flies usually attacked head-upwards, replete flies, if attacking, tending to adopt a head-down attitude. Most replete flies preferred to settle on the ground, or on objects other than the members of the catching party. Hungry flies were the most persistent followers.3. The true habitats and feeding-grounds of Glossina morsitans, G. swynnertoni, and G. palpalis are described, so far as they are known to the writer.4. Confirmation of the feeding-ground theory was obtained for G. swynnertoni by an analysis of the to-and-fro movements of marked flies.5. Considerable independent movement of flies was shown to occur in the absence of carriage on man or game. Some flies under such conditions travelled over 2 miles in 3 hours.
Mosquito Species breeding in “Test” Water Containers in West Africa
Authors: Philip Cornelius B. 
Published: July 2009

Observations additional to those made by Dunn (1927) of Culicine mosquitos breeding in “ test ” water containers about a Compound in Southern Nigeria, near Lagos, are here reported for a period of the year (June to December) not covered in Dunn's study. Only the optimum type of container mentioned in Dunn's report (bamboo joints containing water and mango leaves) was employed, and these were placed in the same ten representative environmental situations. The numerical rank of infesting species differed significantly in the two studies only in the case of Culex decens, which dropped from third to last place, and of Aëdes africanus, which rose from tenth to sixth place. The total numbers of infestations in the former study were greater, but this is explainable on the basis of one or several variables, i.e., seasonal differences, elapse of time between studies, or less probably the fact that there were four containers instead of one at each station. The number of infestations at any one station has little relation to the number of resultant adults; there is a wide variation in these numbers.An analysis of the occurrence of A. aegypti in containers and a discussion of certain bionomical information together with relative weather conditions are included. Brief data are also presented of the incidence of species at three additional stations, one in a centre of dense population (Lagos), one in a suburb (Ebute Metta), and the third isolated in dense “ bush.”
Physiological Conditions of Cold-hardiness in Insects
Authors: Kozhantshikov I. W. 
Published: July 2009

The results of the present investigation can be summarized as follows:—1. Cold-hardiness in insects depends on the physiological state of the organism; the most resistant are the phases in diapause (prepupae of Croesus septentrionalis, eggs of Lymantria dispar, pupae of Acronyctinae); not so hardy are the caterpillars of Lasiocampa quercus stopped in their development and prepupae of Agrotis segetum; practically non cold-hardy are developing (or growing) insects, viz., the full-grown larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala, the growing caterpillars of Loxostege sticticalis and Agrotis segetum.2. The difference in the cold-hardiness of these three groups depends on the specificity of their cellular respiration. Growing insects show in their cellular respiration the prevalence of oxydases, the activity of which is connected with characteristics of their cellular structures; in cold-hardy insects the cellular respiration is closely connected with the anoxybiotic processes caused by the dehydrases; their activity is not bound up with the structural elements of the cells, but is closely connected with the presence of non-saturated fat-acids (Dixon, 1929; Meldrum, 1934) peculiar to insect fats.3. The respiration of growing or developing insects is entirely and rapidly destroyed by narcotics, cyanide and low temperatures; the effect of these agents is due to the destruction of the cellular structures. The respiration of cold-hardy insects is characterised by its definite thermostable part and is also resistant to narcotics (or cyanide, Bodine, 1934). Destroying the cellular structures does not affect that respiration. Cold-hardiness increases with the increase of the percentage of thermostable respiration.4. Freezing of the protoplasmic water causes the death of an insect only in the absence of thermostable respiration. Many insects in diapause (characterised by a high percentage of thermostable respiration) can be frozen without any lethal effect (Pyrausta nubilalis, Croesus septentrionalis, Lasiocampa quercus). It is clear that the freezing of the free protoplasmic water cannot be considered as an obligatory cause of “ anabiosis.”5. The quantity of fat does not show any direct connection with thermostable respiration and cold-hardiness in insects. It is probable that the important factor is the quality of the fats, namely, the rôle of non-saturated fat-acids. The increase of cold-hardiness in insects after dehydration can be connected with the changes in cellular respiration; the same can be said regarding the general connection of the water content of the protoplasm and cold-hardiness.
The Life-history and Growth of the CockroachBlatta orientalis, Linn.
Authors: Qadri M. A. H. 
Published: July 2009

The life-history ofBlatta orientalishas been studied from the time of the deposition of the ootheca by the female till the nymphs of the third generation emerge,viz., through two embryonic and one post-embryonic lives.The cockroach passes through one pronymphal and six nymphal stages and moults seven times after its exit from the ootheca.The post-embryonic growth, including the increase of the antennal and cercal joints, and the modification of the external genitalia, is described. It has been shown that nymphs of various instars and their sexes can be distinguished, especially with the help of the genitalia, the number of cercal joints, and the growth of the wing-rudiments.The average time taken by 27 nymphs to mature at 27·5C. is 279 days. The males mature earlier than the females and also die before the latter.The formation and structure of the spermatophore are described and also the exact mode of copulation, including the use of various parts of the male genitalia.The ootheca is deposited with special care by the female in that she digs a pit with the help of her mandibles and the fore legs and covers the ootheca afterwards. The nymphs emerge without the help of the female and the latter does not take any care of the ootheca after it has been safely deposited.
Male accessory secretions, their use and replenishment in Glossina (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Pollock J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe male accessory glands of Glossina austeni Newst. contain an apical secretion—a dense, opaque, whitish secretion at the apical end of the gland, and a diffuse secretion—a bulkier, more mobile, translucent, whitish secretion occupying nearly all the remainder of the gland. There is also a plug of clear solidified accessory material preventing the outflow of secretions from the resting gland. By immersing the whole accessory gland in a saline medium at pH 2·2, and then transferring the specimen to distilled water, the apical secretion can be separated manually from the rest of the gland, as an apical body. Measurements of the apical body in virgin male flies show that the apical body increases in width according to the equation: Age ≐ constant Χ width 2.5, but individual deviations from this relation were considerable. Immediately after mating the apical body is long and thin; recovery to approximately the resting condition is complete after 48 h, but, on average, mated males have thinner apical bodies than virgin males of the same age. The use of apical secretion measurements to assess mating frequency under field conditions might be possible if adequate samples of males were available.
The responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to mobile and stationary baits
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Rhodesia, field studies were made of the initial attraction of G. morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. to mobile and stationary baits, using flight traps which surrounded baits or which were placed in the densest part of the attracted swarm. With stationary baits, many flies were attracted by host odour and visual stimuli assisted final orientation. With mobile baits, many flies were attracted by visual stimuli alone; odour did not increase attraction. With both mobile and stationary baits, there was no indication that major hosts are much more effective than minor ones as initial attractants, although stationary men were exceptionally poor baits, for G. pallidipes especially. The sex and species compositions of catches from stationary baits other than men were representative roughly of the inactive population—70% females of both species, and a roughly 1:4 ratio of G. morsitans to G. pallidipes. The sex and species compositions of catches from all mobile baits were biased—40% female G. morsitans, 60% female G. pallidipes, and a roughly 2:1 species ratio. Nearly all flies attracted to stationary baits were hungry whereas 10–25% of both sexes visiting mobile baits had fed recently. The use of a variety of electrocuting devices showed that compact persistent responses and alighting reactions of attracted flies were evident more for males than for females, more for G. morsitans than for G. pallidipes, more near model animals with host odour than near odourless models, more near models than near men, and more with tenerals and hungry non-tenerals than with recently fed flies. Men with mobile baits depressed greatly the alighting reactions and with stationary baits men inhibited greatly the initial attractions. Both effects of men were greater with females than with males and greater with G. pallidipes than with G. morsitans. Men were recognised by their upright appearance and odour. Only desperately hungry flies probed men whereas less-hungry flies probed an ox with men. Food-seeking flies of differing nutritional state were not shown to distinguish between mobile and stationary baits. Although the results support the conventional view that mating and feeding functions in the response to hosts occupy distinct phases of the hunger cycle, it seems necessary to modify the conventional view by placing more emphasis on the role of mobile baits as food sources and by envisaging a definite mate-seeking response by mature females.
Timing of production of a sex pheromone by females of Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Coleoptera, Anobiidae) and factors affecting male response
Authors: Barratt B. I. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of Stegobium paniceum (L.) produce a sex pheromone to which only males are attracted. Live females 4–5 days old attract males which first respond when they are 5–6 days old. Females extracted in diethyl ether showed the presence of pheromone immediately after eclosion (0 days) but secretion is delayed until 3–4 days just before emergence from the pupal cocoon (4–5 days). Mated females show a slight reduction in pheromone content and mated male response is significantly reduced, as is the response of males previously exposed to a pheromone extract. A series of pheromone concentrations ranging from 0·0005–l female equivalents was assayed, and the threshold level of male response estimated at about 0·0004 female equivalents.
The survival of the eggs of Austrosimulium pestilens Mack. & Mack. (Diptera, Simuliidae)
Authors: Colbo M. H. , Moorhouse D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEggs of Austrosimulium pestilens Mack. & Mack, were separated from sandy loam deposits in river beds in Queensland by washing the deposit through a 64·5 mesh/cm plankton sieve; the eggs were then picked off the surface of the sieve. Viable eggs were recovered only from permanently wet deposits; deposits above the water table contained only empty egg shells or dead eggs. Since eggs are laid directly into the water, their distribution in the river bed is related to its topography and the degree of scour and fill. Eggs stored in the laboratory in wet river deposits were still viable after 2½ years of storage, but died rapidly when exposed to relative humidities of 96% or less. Only a few eggs hatched from samples of riverbed deposits in water following up to four days' agitation with compressed air.
An analysis of geographical variation in the parasitoid Rhyssa persuasoria (L.) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Spradbery J. P. , Ratkowsky D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were made of populations of adult Rhyssa persuasoria (L.) from various geographical regions. Morphometric analyses were based on the relative size of 32 maculae on various sclerites and the colour of the coxae and legs. Size was determined by measuring the wing length and thorax length. Various statistical procedures were applied to these data and also the ratios of wing length: maculation, and thorax length: maculation in an attempt to distinguish races of R. persuasoria from different localities. Regression analysis, analysis of variance and classification procedures separated some populations from others, the results of the different analyses being in broad agreement with each other. Within each population, maculation was typically linear, smaller specimens having relatively small maculae. Some sexually dimorphic differences were also demonstrated. There were two major geographical groupings: S.W. European and North African (W. France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco) and the remainder. There were some geographical differences within the remaining populations although all had links with one or more adjacent populations. The degree of maculation was shown to be related to the colour and texture of host-tree species, populations with low maculation scores being associated with tree species having dark, fissured bark and vice versa. It is suggested that degree of maculation is an expression of cryptic colouration, providing camouflage from predators. Determinations of heat-coma temperature for male R. persuasoria from climatically different areas showed that the response to high temperature differed between populations and was correlated with the temperature of the locality of origin. These differences between strains were apparent after several months of identical conditioning and are probably genetically based.
Reassessment of sampling relationships for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australian cotton
Authors: Dillon Gina E. , Fitt Gary P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) are major pests of cotton in Australia. The density of eggs and larvae of these species are sampled regularly throughout the growing season to assess the need for insecticidal control. A sampling system now widely used is based on binomial sampling combined with a series of conversion relationships developed as part of the SIRATAC computer based pest management system established in the early 1980s. A three year study was initiated to reassess the binomial sampling conversion relationship in the light of changed agronomic practices and new cotton varieties. New relationships were established to predict the mean number of Helicoverpa spp. present, based upon the number of infested plants found within a sample. Relationships are reported for the sampling of whole plants and the sampling of the terminal (top 20 cm) portion of cotton plants only. These new relationships will be incorporated into entomoLOGIC, a personal computer based pest management system now released to replace SIRATAC.
Age-grading in blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) by ovariolar morphology
Authors: Gryaznov A.I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for physiological age determination in blackflies is described from studies on Simulium equinum (Linnaeus), S. ornatum Meigen, S. erythrocephalum (De Geer), and S. nigrum (Meigen) in Russia, and S. vittatum (Zetterstedt), and S.verecundum-venustum supercomplex in Canada. The method uses neutral red to stain the ovariolar structures which indicate preceding gonotrophic cycles. Two different processes can occur in the ovariole during the gonotrophic cycle: egg development with ovulation, or degeneration of a terminal follicle. Egg-sacs are resorbed and form zones of granulation which accumulate in the ovariole at each gonotrophic cycle. Following degeneration of the terminal follicle, a follicular relic (═gonotrophic dilatation) forms. The sum of zones of granulation plus follicular relics in each ovariole can indicate the number of completed gonotrophic cycles. However the number of follicular relics alone does not correspond to the number of preceding gonotrophic cycles and cannot reliably be used for determination of the parity of a female. Female flies collected in nature were categorized as: nulliparous; 1-parous; or multiparous. In multiparous females, most ovarioles have no more than two zones of granulation or a combination consisting of one zone of granulation and a follicular relic. Females in this category are considered to be 2-parous. In some ovarioles of parous females the germarium and terminal follicles were found to have disappeared.