bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin and tectonic significance of Lewisian- and Torridonian-hosted clastic dykes near Gairloch, NW Scotland
Authors: Jonk R. , Kelly J. , Parnell J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A field and petrographic study of Lewisian- and Torridonian-hosted clastic dykes near Gairloch, NW Scotland indicates that these generally trend NE and align in an up to 1 km wide NE trending fracture zone extending over a distance of approximately 10 km. Clastic dykes are not pure opening mode fractures, but possess a component of horizontal shear displacement (strike-slip) as well. Margins of dykes are sharp and unaltered and clasts of lithified, host sandstones are found within those dykes hosted by the Diabaig and Applecross Formations sandstones. This suggests that fracturing and clastic filling took place when a considerable amount of Torridonian sediment was already deposited and lithified and a source from the upper Torridon Group (Aultbea and/or Cailleach Head Formations) is inferred. We suggest that fracturing within the Lewisian basement and lithified lower Torridon Group (Diabaig and Applecross Formations) sediments took place under the influence of an extensional strike-slip regime causing forceful downward intrusion of water and sediment due to: (a) suction of water from the Torridonian sediments into the fractures created in the underlying, dry basement, and (b) loading of unlithified sediments on top of fractures in the lithified lower Torridon Group (Diabaig and Applecross Formations) strata.
The use of Gaussian trend surfaces for modelling glacio-isostatic crustal rebound
Authors: Fretwell P. , Peterson I. R. , Smith D. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The behaviour of the Earth's continental crust and mantle may be modelled as a buoyant floating plate on a viscous liquid, and the variations of load imposed by an ice sheet may be modelled as a time-dependent force. In recent work it has been shown that the mathematical solution of this problem can be subdivided into a propagating far-field forebulge term and a non-propagating near-field term. The latter often dominates and can be approximated satisfactorily by a generalized Gaussian function. Here we fit empirical data from the Main Postglacial Shoreline of northern Britain to a Gaussian trend surface. We show that the fit is significantly better than that of a polynomial trend surface previously published, and that the method has the potential to predict the likely sea surface level offshore at the zero isobase for the shoreline.
Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh B. É. , Ball D. F. , MacDonald A. M. , Lilly A. , Fitzsimons V. , Rio M. Del , Auton C. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A new methodology for groundwater vulnerability assessment has been devised for Scotland to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Using the methodology, a new GIS-based map of groundwater vulnerability has been produced, at a working scale of 1:100 000. The map is being used by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) to help characterize and assess risk to groundwater bodies.
The methodology assesses the vulnerability of groundwater in the uppermost aquifer to the vertical downward movement of a non-specific contaminant from the ground surface. It considers the intrinsic properties of the pathway between the ground surface and the water table. The key difference from previous vulnerability maps in Scotland and the rest of the UK is that the new method assesses vulnerability in all aquifers regardless of resource potential. This reflects the diverse environmental objectives for groundwater bodies under the Water Framework Directive. This approach provides the flexibility to combine the groundwater vulnerability map with maps of pressures, groundwater resources or other groundwater-related receptors, as required.
Groundwater–surface water interactions in upland Scottish rivers: hydrological, hydrochemical and ecological implications
Authors: Soulsby C. , Malcolm I. A. , Youngson A. F. , Tetzlaff D. , Gibbins C. N. , Hannah D. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Contrary to previous hydrogeological assumptions, we now know that drift deposits and fracture systems in crystalline rocks can constitute important aquifers in the Scottish Highlands and other montane environments. Groundwater from these aquifers usually has an important influence on the hydrology, hydrochemistry and ecology of upland river systems. Tracer-based research in the Girnock burn catchment in the Cairngorms revealed that groundwater comprises at least 30% of annual runoff. Groundwater often enters stream channels via drift deposits in valley bottom areas, which appear to be fed from recharge areas on the catchment interfluves. A range of groundwater sources exist in the catchment reflecting the complex solid and drift geology. These account for spatial differences in stream hydrochemistry and the spatial delineation of groundwater discharges to rivers and riparian zones. Areas where groundwaters enter the stream channel directly can have profound ecological implications. Most obvious are low rates of salmonid egg survival where chemically reduced groundwater discharges through the hyporheic zone. However, it is argued that only further research will reveal the full significance of groundwater–surface water interactions to the ecological status of Scottish rivers.
Constraints on the development of magmatic layering in a syntectonic mafic–ultramafic suite, NW Connemara, Ireland
Authors: O’Driscoll B. , Powell D. G. R. , Reavy R. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Dawros–Currywongaun–Doughruagh Complex of NW Connemara comprises a deformed and metamorphosed suite of syntectonic mafic to ultramafic intrusions within folded, lower amphibolite grade metasediments of the Dalradian Supergroup. Field observations and thin-section petrography have identified examples of exceptionally well-preserved modal layering and primary igneous (cumulus) textures in central areas of two of the intrusions (Dawros and Currywongaun), together with macroscopic graded bedding, slumping, and scour structures that allow layer formation to be attributed to magmatic sedimentation. Layering is occasionally chaotically folded and deformed, and as evidence of associated solid state or plastic deformation is absent, this is thought to be due to synmagmatic deformation. A magmatic fabric that is observed almost everywhere throughout the intrusions generally increases in intensity towards their margins, giving a poorly defined internal strain zonation in both. The presence of layering in these relatively small syntectonic intrusives offers insights into the way that magma chamber processes operate in tectonically active environments by highlighting the structural and petrological constraints these environments impose on layer development. This has significant implications for perceived restrictions on layer development in terms of the types of intrusions they develop in.
Unusual preservation of the internal organs of acanthodian and actinopterygian fish in the Middle Devonian of Scotland
Authors: Davidson R. G. , Trewin N. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Relics of internal organs identified as kidney, liver and heart, and also eyes of acanthodian and actinopterygian fishes, have been found in specimens from the Middle Devonian nodule bed localities of Tynet Burn, Gamrie (Den of Findon), Lethen Bar and ?Clune in NE Scotland.

The organs are represented by dark stains positioned where the organs were situated in life. This phenomenon has been observed in the acanthodian genera
Diplacanthus, Cheiracanthus, Mesacanthus
and
Rhadinacanthus
from Tynet and Gamrie, and in the actinopterygian
Cheirolepis
from Lethen Bar and ?Clune. It is likely that the unique diagenetic conditions at these sites allow a visible expression of these structures to be preserved. The fossil bone of the fish in the Tynet nodules is stained by iron oxide deposited by the action of chemotrophic bacteria during early burial. Concentration of iron deposition at these haemoglobin-rich organ sites may provide the visible contrast that enables traces of these organs to be seen.

The mode of preservation of heart or liver traces in the Lethen Bar and ?Clune material appears to be very similar to that in the Tynet Burn material. The Den of Findon material has undergone considerable weathering
in situ,
rendering the bone and scales very pale brown, perhaps further enhancing the contrast of these dark organic traces. At most other nodule localities, the bones and scales are preserved black in a dark grey matrix and any remaining dark stains would be masked.
Evidence for the historical exploitation of possible bedrock gold in the upper Mennock Water, Wanlockhead, Dumfries and Galloway
Authors: Chapman R. J. , Leake R. C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Microchemical characterization of gold grains collected from a probable site of old gold processing at the confluence of the Mennock Water and Whitestone Cleuch in the Leadhills–Wanlockhead auriferous area has led to the identification of a type of gold previously unrecorded in the area. Within the Leadhills–Wanlockhead gold region the alluvial gold is dominated by a type which contains typically 10–12% Ag, little or no Cu and Hg, and an opaque inclusion suite containing sulphides (about 60%) and sulpharsenides (about 40%). Alluvial gold grains recovered from the Mennock Water and Whitestone Cleuch during this study are of this type. In contrast, gold grains recovered from the base of pits at the study site contain between 5.6 and 7.4% Ag, negligible Cu and Hg, and an opaque mineral inclusion suite characterized by pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and tetrahedrite. Sulpharsenides are absent. This microchemical signature is more similar to that previously recorded in alluvial gold from two other sites in the Southern Uplands: the Tweed headwaters and the Glengaber Burn.

The distinctive microchemical signature of gold from the study site has not been observed in any other gold grains recovered from the Mennock Water catchment (
c.
20 km
2
) or elsewhere in the Leadhills–Wanlockhead region. These grains frequently exhibit textures incompatible with any fluvial transport, but characteristic of gold grains liberated through crushing ore. Thus, the evidence from gold composition and grain textures suggests that a distinctive bedrock source of gold was crushed and presumably beneficiated at this site. This discovery represents evidence for an unrecorded site of possible
in-situ
gold exploitation.
Hydrocarbon generation modelling in a multiple rifted and volcanic basin: a case study in the Foinaven Sub-basin, Faroe–Shetland Basin, UK Atlantic margin
Authors: Scotchman I. C. , Carr A. D. , Parnell J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Hydrocarbon generation modelling in the Faroe–Shetland Basin (FSB) is enigmatic in that the depth of burial suggests that the main Middle and Upper Jurassic source rocks are overmature for hydrocarbon generation. However, the reservoired hydrocarbons comprise largely oil with only minor amounts of oil-associated gases, not the high maturity gas expected from the maturation modelling. The modelling also indicates that oil generation largely preceded both the deposition of the Paleocene reservoirs and the time of trap formation. This mismatch in timing has been reconciled by the use of holding tank models where the oil is stored in deeply buried Cretaceous reservoirs, before remigration after the formation of the Paleocene reservoirs and traps. The thermal histories used for this modelling are generally calibrated against geochemical parameters, such as vitrinite reflectance, but contain a number of flaws when the physical relationships between force, energy and work are evaluated. Foremost amongst the problems is the use of constant heat flows during periods of rifting, since it is impossible for a basin to be rifted under such conditions.

A thermal history that incorporates elevated heat flows during each period of rifting and volcanic activity has been derived from the tectonic history of the FSB, and was checked by calibration to measured vitrinite reflectance data in wells around the margins of the Foinaven Sub-basin. The vitrinite reflectance predictions were obtained by using the PresRo
®
model, in which the vitrinite reflectance is retarded by overpressures that developed during the rapid Paleocene burial in the FSB. The PresRo
®
model predicts late oil window maturities for the Jurassic source rocks in a pseudowell in the Foinaven Sub-basin kitchen. The results from the maturation modelling were then integrated with the fluid inclusion and hydrocarbon analyses from Westray area and Judd High wells. Three phases of hydrocarbon charging into the Foinaven Field can be identified. The first involves early and mid-mature oils that charged earlier Cretaceous sandstones during the Late Cretaceous, while the Paleocene reservoired hydrocarbons consist of two separate phases of oil charged during the Tertiary with an intermediate period of biodegradation.
A re-interpretation of the ‘Centre 3 screens’ of Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland
Authors: Brown David J. , Bell Brian R. , McLeod Graham W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Fragmental rocks associated with Centre 3 of the Ardnamurchan Central Complex, NW Scotland, have long been interpreted as vent-filling agglomerates of pyroclastic origin (Richey & Thomas 1930). Here, we re-interpret these lithologies as net-veined dolerites formed by the intrusion and cooling of basaltic magma, and fragmented in places by emplacement of a subsequent silicic magma.
Sediment provenance in the River Eden catchment, Scotland, using chemical characterization of Fe–Ti oxide minerals and magnetic measurements
Authors: Martínez-Monasterio E. , Duck R. W. , Stephens W. E. , Walden J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Sediment provenance in the River Eden catchment, Scotland, has been studied using chemical characterization of Fe–Ti oxide minerals and magnetic measurements. Results show that magnetic parameters lead to a better characterization and differentiation of rock sources and sediments than the chemical compositions of Fe–Ti oxide grains, thereby establishing a basis for provenance modelling. However, the chemical characterization of titanomagnetite grains allows a more accurate interpretation of the magnetic measurements. Discriminant function analysis of magnetic parameters yields an environmentally sensible, qualitative provenance model; but the intra-source magnetic variability and the similarity of the sources in terms of magnetic concentration, composition and grain size prevent successful quantitative provenance modelling. Tributary inputs are recognized downstream along the main channel of the River Eden, despite the tendency for the sediment characteristics to be homogenized during transport. This study highlights the potential for using a combination of Fe–Ti oxides chemical compositions together with magnetic parameters in sedimentary provenance studies.
The Gaick Fold Complex: large-scale recumbent folds and their implications for Caledonian structural architecture in the Central Grampian Highlands
Authors: Leslie A. G. , Krabbendam M. , Smith R. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
New British Geological Survey mapping has examined the stratigraphy and structure of Dalradian strata in the Gaick region of the Central Grampian Highlands of Scotland. In the north of that area, turbiditic strata in the Creag Dhubh Psammite Formation (Corrieyairack Subgroup) pass, via a well-defined sedimentary transition, into the stratigraphically younger Gaick Psammite Formation (Glen Spean Subgroup). This latter formation dominates the lithostratigraphy of the Gaick region, records shallow-water marine shelf conditions throughout, and was probably 1 to 2 km thick prior to deformation. Ordovician (Grampian) orogenesis affected the sedimentary rocks now arranged in a stack of Caledonian recumbent kilometre-scale F2 folds with gently ENE-plunging axes. Regional facing on these recumbent folds is typically sideways to the south. Southeast of the Gaick region, the folds, and thus facing, become progressively inclined and dip to the SE beneath the outcrop of the Appin Group Dalradian. No significant Fl folds, and hence no related facing changes, have been detected within this D2 fold stack. The structure of the Gaick–Drumochter area is therefore essentially a flat belt formed in the D2 deformation event and here named the Gaick Fold Complex. The D2 recumbent structures of this flat belt were rotated and steepened by D3 deformation into the Tummel Steep Belt to the SE, and adjacent to the Glen Banchor High to the NW. Tectonic transport in D2 in the Gaick Fold Complex is interpreted to be oriented on a north–south azimuth, similar to that in the Tay Nappe farther south. Such an interpretation implies that the NE–SW ‘Caledonian trend’ is a consequence of D3 deformation and reorientation, rather than a primary feature of the Grampian Orogeny.
Fluvial and aeolian deposition in the Siluro-Devonian Swanshaw Sandstone Formation, SW Scotland
Authors: Smith R. A. , Jones N. S. , Monaghan A. A. , Arkley S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The recognition of fluvial and aeolian facies within the Siluro-Devonian Swanshaw Sandstone Formation of SW Scotland allows a more detailed depositional history of the Lanark basin in the southern part of the Midland Valley of Scotland to be inferred. The formation is well exposed in Ayrshire and has four main sedimentary facies associations: Channel, Aeolian, Floodplain and Mudflat. Each combines several sedimentary facies: eight facies are recognized in the channel association, three in the aeolian, four in the floodplain and two in the mudflat. These facies associations co-existed in seven different depositional settings in the western Lanark basin. Deposition occurred on a semi-arid proximal alluvial plain with an aeolian component described for the first time in the Lanark basin. Sedimentation was pulsed, largely driven by periods of source area uplift that resulted in the deposition of coarse-grained conglomeratic and sandstone-dominated facies. The principal transport was via river channels, commonly in shallow braided systems. Periods of low sediment flux are marked by fewer channels and by the preservation of floodplain successions including aeolian deposits. Abandonment of the fluvial system towards the top of the formation in Ayrshire is marked by a progression through sandflats and mudflats to the overlying volcanic formation. The relationship of the fluvial and aeolian deposits is analysed. The palaeo-wind direction is compatible with that recorded in sandstones of similar age in the Orcadian basin.
Field relationships and emplacement of the Caledonian Ross of Mull Granite, Argyllshire
Authors: Zaniewski A. , Reavy R. J. , Harris A. L. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Ross of Mull granite (ROMG) occupies the largest part of the pre-Tertiary inlier of the Ross of Mull peninsula. Previous ideas that the Moine Thrust crops out in the Sound of Iona have now been discounted. Recent models have proposed that: (a) the Sound of Iona Fault and the associated mylonites on Iona are part of a steeply inclined extensional fault throwing down to the ESE, bringing high grade Sgurr Beag or Knoydart Nappe Moine rocks to the same erosion level as the foreland units on Iona; and (b) one of the main Caledonian thrusts must extend to a point no more than 10–15 km from the projected trace of the Great Glen Fault. A hypothetical intersection would occur SW of Mull and it is proposed here that the intersection of these two structures has been the dominant control on the siting of the ROMG. In this model, magmas using this intersection as an ascent site were emplaced eastwards as flattish sheets within an overall east-dipping extensional zone that has high-grade Moine lithologies in its hanging wall. The present erosion level provides a section through a granitoid complex from a roof zone with flattened diorite enclaves and abundant country rock xenoliths to a clearly demonstrable westward-dipping floor; a situation which may be unique in the British Caledonian granitoid complexes.
Collectors, curators and the fossil record: a reply to Hope (2004)
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A recent guidebook to the Lower Palaeozoic palaeontology of the Girvan district suggested, pointedly, that collecting is the pursuit of the amateur, and there is antagonism between amateur collectors and museum curators (professionals). This is illustrated by just one purported example, that of F.R. Cowper Reed (1869–1946). who may never have visited the Girvan district, but who described many significant fossils from the notable collection of Mrs Elizabeth Gray (1831–1924). However, this relationship was symbiotic, not parasitic. Mrs Gray did not want to describe her collection herself, but she did want it described. Further, as much of the descriptive work was undertaken after his retirement, Cowper Reed was monographing the Gray collection through scientific interest rather than any need to build a career.
Photography of amber inclusions in the collections of National Museums Scotland
Authors: Crighton William R. B. , Carrió Vicen 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The collections of the Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, at present hold around 130 specimens of amber, the earliest acquired in 1832. Mainly from the Baltic area and Mexico, they also include examples from Italy, Africa, Japan and New Zealand. Recently a number have been added, originating from Lithuania, Mexico and the Dominican Republic, which contain notable arthropod and plant inclusions. Successful photography of inclusions requires special techniques, some of which are similar to those used in photographing minerals and gems. These methods need not involve radical pre-treatment and can achieve good image quality while minimizing potential damage to the material.
The earliest turrilepadid: a machaeridian from the Lower Ordovician of the Northwest Highlands
Authors: Herringshaw Liam G. , Raine Robert J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A machaeridian sclerite from a thrombolite bed in the Sangomore Formation (Durness Group: Tremadoc) is the first to be described from NW Scotland. The large size, thickness and coarsely spaced rugae indicate the sclerite is that of a turrilepadid, but its morphology is distinct from any taxon described previously. Lacking a longitudinal fold and with three major inflections present along the accreting margin, it is interpreted as an outer right sclerite. It is the oldest turrilepadid yet recorded and shows that all three major groups of the problematical Machaeridia were present in the early Ordovician.