bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perforin- and Granzyme-Mediated Cytotoxic Effector Functions Are Essential for Protection against Francisella tularensis following Vaccination by the Defined F. tularensis subsp. novicida ΔfopCVaccine Strain
Authors: Sanapala Shilpa , Yu Jieh-Juen , Murthy Ashlesh K. , Li Weidang , Guentzel M. Neal , Chambers James P. , Klose Karl E. , Arulanandam Bernard P. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTA licensed vaccine againstFrancisella tularensisis currently not available. TwoFrancisella tularensissubsp.novicida(herein referred to by its earlier name,Francisella novicida) attenuated strains, the ΔiglBand ΔfopCstrains, have previously been evaluated as potential vaccine candidates against pneumonic tularemia in experimental animals.F. novicidaΔiglB, aFrancisellapathogenicity island (FPI) mutant, is deficient in phagosomal escape and intracellular growth, whereasF. novicidaΔfopC, lacking the outer membrane lipoprotein FopC, which is required for evasion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-mediated signaling, is able to escape and replicate in the cytosol. To dissect the difference in protective immune mechanisms conferred by these two vaccine strains, we examined the efficacy of theF. novicidaΔiglBand ΔfopCmutants against pulmonary live-vaccine-strain (LVS) challenge and found that both strains provided comparable protection in wild-type, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) knockout, and MHC II knockout mice. However,F. novicidaΔfopC-vaccinated but notF. novicidaΔiglB-vaccinated perforin-deficient mice were more susceptible and exhibited greater bacterial burdens than similarly vaccinated wild-type mice. Moreover, perforin produced by natural killer (NK) cells and release of granzyme contributed to inhibition of LVS replication within macrophages. This NK cell-mediated LVS inhibition was enhanced with anti-F. novicidaΔfopCimmune serum, suggesting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) inF. novicidaΔfopC-mediated protection. Overall, this study provides additional immunological insight into the basis for protection conferred by live attenuatedF. novicidastrains with different phenotypes and supports further investigation of this organism as a vaccine platform for tularemia.
Alterations in the Porcine Colon Microbiota Induced by the Gastrointestinal Nematode Trichuris suis
Authors: Li Robert W. , Wu Sitao , Li Weizhong , Navarro Karl , Couch Robin D. , Hill Dolores , Urban Joseph F. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Helminth parasites ensure their survival by regulating host immunity through mechanisms that dampen inflammation. These properties have recently been exploited therapeutically to treat human diseases. The biocomplexity of the intestinal lumen suggests that interactions between the parasite and the intestinal microbiota would also influence inflammation. In this study, we characterized the microbiota in the porcine proximal colon in response to
Trichuris suis
(whipworm) infection using 16S rRNA gene-based and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing. A 21-day
T. suis
infection in four pigs induced a significant change in the composition of the proximal colon microbiota compared to that of three parasite-naive pigs. Among the 15 phyla identified, the abundances of
Proteobacteria
and
Deferribacteres
were changed in infected pigs. The abundances of approximately 13% of genera were significantly altered by infection. Changes in relative abundances of
Succinivibrio
and
Mucispirillum
, for example, may relate to alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and niche disruptions in mucosal interfaces induced by parasitic infection, respectively. Of note, infection by
T. suis
led to a significant shift in the metabolic potential of the proximal colon microbiota, where 26% of all metabolic pathways identified were affected. Besides carbohydrate metabolism, lysine biosynthesis was repressed as well. A metabolomic analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the luminal contents showed a relative absence in infected pigs of cofactors for carbohydrate and lysine biosynthesis, as well as an accumulation of oleic acid, suggesting altered fatty acid absorption contributing to local inflammation. Our findings should facilitate development of strategies for parasitic control in pigs and humans.
Complete Genome Sequence of Enterococcal Bacteriophage SAP6
Authors: Lee Young-Duck , Park Jong-Hyun 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus faecalis
is an important bacterium for use as a probiotic and is an opportunistic pathogen in human beings. The antibiotic resistance acquired by
E. faecalis
is restricted to antibiotics used in the clinical setting. While screening for alternative antibiotics for use against multidrug-resistant
E. faecalis
, we isolated a virulent enterococcal bacteriophage, SAP6, belonging to the family
Siphoviridae
. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage SAP6, which might be used as a therapeutic agent in combination with alternative antibiotics for multidrug-resistant
E. faecalis
.
Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3and D2with academic performance in childhood: findings from a prospective birth cohort
Authors: Tolppanen Anna-Maija , Sayers Adrian , Fraser William D , Lawlor Debbie A 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundHigher total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been associated with better cognitive function mainly in cross-sectional studies in adults. It is unknown if the associations of different forms of 25(OH)D (25(OH)D3and 25(OH)D2) are similar.MethodsProspective cohort study (n=3171) with serum 25(OH)D3and 25(OH)D2concentrations measured at mean age of 9.8 years and academic performance at age 13–14 years (total scores in English, mathematics and science) and 15–16 years (performance in General Certificates of Education examinations).ResultsSerum 25(OH)D3concentrations were not associated with any educational outcomes. Higher 25(OH)D2concentrations were associated with worse performance in English at age 13–14 years (adjusted SD change per doubling in 25(OH)D2(95% CI) −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)) and with worse academic performance at age 15–16 years (adjusted OR for obtaining ≥5 A*–C grades (95% CI) 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00)).ConclusionThe null findings with 25(OH)D3are in line with two previous cross-sectional studies in children. It is possible that the positive association of 25(OH)D with cognitive function seen in adults does not emerge until later in life or that the results from previous cross-sectional adult studies are due to reverse causality. The unexpected inverse association of 25(OH)D2with academic performance requires replication in further studies. Taken together, our findings do not support suggestions that children should have controlled exposure to sunlight, or vitamin D supplements, in order to increase academic performance.
QUICK EVALUATION OF RUNUP HEIGHT AND INUNDATION AREA FOR EARLY WARNING OF TSUNAMI
Authors: CHEN GUAN-YU , LIN CHIA-HAO , LIU CHIN-CHU 
Published: April 2012

A methodology combining the offshore tsunami calculated by using numerical reciprocal Green's function (RGF) and the runup flow field calculated by using an analytical Green's function (AGF) is proposed to quickly estimate a tsunami hazard.For a vulnerable city, the RGF is computed previously via linear shallow water equations over real bathymetry and the offshore tsunami can be obtained promptly once the initial rupture is known. A transformation from time to space is then applied to obtain an equivalent waveform. With an integral with the AGF, derived by Carrier et al. [2003] based on 1D fully nonlinear shallow water equations over a uniform constant slope, the runup flow field is calculated. Thus, besides saving computation time and reducing the memory requirement, the desired initial condition for the AGF can also be generate by RGF. In this approach, the max wave height and the inundation distance are estimated very quickly and can be applied to broadcast an early warning of tsunami.To verify the method, data obtained during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami from Sri Lanka and Phuket, Thailand is applied. The offshore condition is first verified by comparing with the record at Maldives. The accuracy of RGF is also tested. Then, by taking the nearshore shelf slope as the constant bottom slope for the analytical solution, the max tsunami height agrees reasonably well with the in-situ measurement. Therefore, this method is a useful tool for tsunami early warning by quickly estimating if the max wave height is higher than the seawall or the breakwater. The max inundation distance calculated by the analytic integral solution also has reasonable agreement with the field survey, but the value from the in-situ investigation scatters widely, which suggests that the detailed local topography plays an important role. A different method for the determination of the bottom slope is also tested and the result shows that the slope should be based on the bathymetry nearshore.
Human Nuclease/Helicase DNA2 Alleviates Replication Stress by Promoting DNA End Resection
Authors: Peng Guang , Dai Hui , Zhang Wei , Hsieh Hui-Ju , Pan Mei-Ren , Park Yun-Yong , Tsai Robert Yu-Lin , Bedrosian Isabelle , Lee Ju-Seog , Ira Grzegorz , Lin Shiaw-Yih 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In precancerous and cancerous lesions, excessive growth signals resulting from activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes lead to intensive replication stress, which is recognized by a high level of replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). However, the molecular mechanism by which cells alleviate excessive replication stress remains unclear. In this study, we report that the human nuclease/helicase DNA2 facilitates homologous recombination to repair replication-associated DNA DSBs, thereby providing cells with survival advantages under conditions of replication stress. The nuclease activity of DNA2 was required for DSB end resection, which allowed subsequent recruitment of RPA and RAD51 to repair DSBs and restart replication. More importantly, DNA2 expression was significantly increased in human cancers and its expression correlated with patient outcome. Our findings therefore indicate that enhanced activity of DSB resection likely constitutes one mechanism whereby precancerous and cancerous cells might alleviate replication stress. Cancer Res; 72(11); 2802–13. ©2012 AACR.
Euripides’ Suppliant Women, Theseus and Athenocentrism
Authors: Morwood James 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn Euripides’Suppliant Women, Theseus at first rejects Adrastos’ supplication to recover the bodies of the Argive dead. Later he changes his mind. This article discusses the initial failure of the supplication, both examining the failings in Adrastos’ appeal and suggesting that a strong case can be made for Theseus’ rejection: neither he nor Athens would have suffered from gods or from men had he stood by it. Why then did he have the change of heart that the play clearly approves? The article links his rejection with a narrow nationalism evinced in his response to the exogamous marriages Adrastos had contracted for his daughters. His attitude looks back to Perikles’ marriage law of 451 BC and reflects the chauvinism that it brought in its wake. Theseus must unlearn this limited mind-set and become a truly Panhellenic hero. The article traces how this in fact happens in the course of the play, above all through the developing relationship between Theseus and Adrastos. His jingoism and isolationism melt away, though in herex machinaappearance Athena undermines the great-heartedness that both kings have displayed. Despite that, the play ends affirmatively, endorsing the theme of the inadequacy of a narrow Athenocentrism.
Description of Ruehmaphelenchus digitulus sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from Taiwan
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Wang Jiangling 
Published: April 2012

Ruehmaphelenchus digitulus sp. n., isolated from coniferous packaging wood from Taiwan, is described and figured. The new species is characterised by a relatively stout body with a = 28.0 (23.7-31.3) and 27.0 (22.9-32.7) for male and female, respectively, three lines in the lateral field, spicules relatively small (chord = 17.0-19.2 μm; arc = 13.8-16.6 μm) with weakly developed condylus and rostrum, bursa absent, vulva positioned at ca 80% of body length, vulva flap absent, vulval lips slightly protruding, post-uterine branch extending slightly over half of vulva to anus distance, and tail conoid, ca 2-3 anal body diam. long, with terminal process 7-10 μm long. The new species is the fourth known for the genus. It can be distinguished from R. martinii, R. asiaticus and R. thailandae mainly by the different shape and size of the spicules and the different shape and length of the female tail terminus. The separate species status is also supported by ITS-RFLP pattern and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial SSU ITS1/2 and partial LSU sequences.
Suitability of celery cultivars to infection by populations of Meloidogyne hapla
Authors: Melakeberhan Haddish , Wang Wei 
Published: April 2012

In addition to a limited number of commercially available cultivars, celery has least known status against plant-parasitic nematodes such as Meloidogyne hapla. The interactions of the cvs Dutchess and Green Bay, most widely used, and P-6848 Pybas and S-1355, new entries, and populations of M. hapla, Mh 1, Mh 2 and Mh 3, isolated from sandy/sandy loam soils, and Mh 4 and Mh 5, isolated from organic (muck) soil typical of celery production, were examined in a one nematode-generation glasshouse experiment. The tomato cv. Rutgers, a susceptible host on which the M. hapla populations were cultured, was used as a nematode viability control. Mh 5 followed by Mh 3 were the most infective of the populations of M. hapla. The celery cultivars ranged between 32% and 67% of the suitability of Rutgers tomato to M. hapla. In 3-month long experiments, inocula of 3500 and 9100 Mh 4 eggs (600 cm3 soil)−1 suppressed celery growth, suggesting the potential of these populations of M. hapla to cause yield loss. However, the varying degree of host suitability suggests that the severity of the problem will likely vary by cultivar and population of M. hapla. The study establishes numerical references for selecting cultivars and/or designing suitable location-specific management practices.
One new Myxosporean species, Triangula cirrhini sp. nov., and one known species, T. ludhianae (syn. M. ludhianae Gupta and Khera, 1991) comb. n. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), infecting Indian major carp in Harike wetland of Punjab
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Singh Ranjeet 
Published: April 2012

Myxozoans are important metazoan parasites infecting variety of fishes all over the world. During our study of myxosporean parasites of fishes of Harike wetland, India,Triangula cirrhinisp. nov. and one already known species,Triangula ludhianae(syn.M. ludhainaeGupta and Khera, 1991) were recorded from mucous membrane covering the epithelial lining of primary gill lamellae ofCirrhina reba(Ham.) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes). Spores of the first species,T. cirrhinisp. nov., measure 6.7 × 6.6 μm, triangular, bowl-shaped in valvular view having broad and flattened anterior end and narrow rounded posterior end. 4-5 prominent sutural edge markings (parietal folds) are present around the posterior margin of shell valves. In some spores, 7-8 sutural edge markings are also present all around the circumference. Polar capsules are two, equal measuring 3.3 × 3.1 μm, running parallel to each other, bottle-shaped with fine ducts opening divergently at the anterior corner of the spore. A very large intercapsular process is present. Spores of the second species,Triangula ludhianae(syn.M. ludhianaeGupta and Khera, 1991) measure 8.4 × 6.9 μm, conical in valvular view having broad and flattened anterior end and narrow blunt posterior end. Polar capsules are two, large, equal, measuring 3.3 × 3.0 μm and bottled-shaped with fine ducts opening wide apart at the anterior corners of the spore. An intercapsular process is absent but a crescent-shaped depression is present at the anterior end in the intercapsular space. In the present study,M. ludhianaeis transferred to the genusTriangulaon the basis of spore morphology.
International Governance, Responsibility and Management of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Freestone David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article is a summary of a keynote address given at the Symposium held at the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea at the University of Utrecht on 8 July 2011, the articles from which are collected in this Special Issue. It considers the threats facing the high seas and open ocean, and it considers the defects of the current state of governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), using the current efforts to protect the Sargasso Sea as an example. It then puts forward the case for the restatement of principles of ocean governance as part of a process within the UN to develop a new instrument to govern ABNJ.
Governance Principles for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
There is a widely held view that there is a need to formulate a comprehensive set of general principles for the legal regime of maritime areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). On the basis of existing suggestions for a list of governance principles, the present report investigates how these principles might be formulated in more detail. The report concludes that most of the principles are already part of international law. The report submits that an advantage of drawing up an instrument on governance principles for ABNJ would be that it brings them together in one single document and would unequivocally recognize their relevance. To be effective, such an instrument should, in addition: contain commitments to apply and operationalize these principles; identify institutions and other actors which have a role in the implementation of these principles; and provide for reporting by these institutions and other actors to a global body allowing the assessment of the stage of implementation of the principles.
The Global Water Partnership: Between Institutional Flexibility and Legal Legitimacy
Authors: Fromageau Edouard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Global Water Partnership (GWP) represents a new kind of institution that raises various interesting questions in terms of international institutional law. Established in 1996 as a “virtual organization”, it progressively evolved to become in 2002 a twofold institution structured around, on the one hand, a network without legal personality and, on the other hand, an international organization with full legal personality under international law. This article aims to analyze this unique structure and its consequences on membership and organic issues. The reasons underpinning this evolution will also be studied. If institutional flexibility prevailed in the early life of the institution, practical problems and concerns about legal legitimacy have led to a more formal structure in its later life. Principles such as those developed by the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project, namely legitimacy, transparency and accountability, have been also widely used to shape and organize this structure.
National “Beauty” and Yahweh’s “Glory” as a Dialectical Key to Ezekielian Theology
Authors: Willis John T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The message of the book of Ezekiel is addressed to three nations: Phoenicia (chaps 26-28), Egypt (chaps 29-32), and Judah. Its judgment oracles are predominantly “announcements of doom.” But at certain junctures the author states the “reason” for the coming destruction. In each case, the fundamental “reason” for imminent divine punishment is trust in one’s own “beauty” (yph): Phoenicia (27:3, 4, 11; 28:12, 17); Egypt (31:3, 8, 9); Judah (16:14, 15, 25). In stark contrast to this self-fascination, Yahweh’s “glory” (kbd) appears in a theophanic vision recurring throughout the book: over against Phoenicia (18:22), Egypt (31:18, by implication), and Judah/Jerusalem (1:28; 3:12, 23 [2x]; 8:4; 9:3; 10:4 [2x], 18, 19; 11:22, 23; 43:2 [2x], 4, 5; 44:4). This dialectic between Yahweh’s “glory” and nations’ preoccupation with their own “beauty” seems to be the theological thread which holds the book of Ezekiel together.
Quantifying Eye Stability During a Fixation Task: A Review of Definitions and Methods
Authors: Castet Eric , Crossland Michael 
Published: April 2012

Several definitions, measurements, and implicit meanings of ‘fixation stability’ have been used in clinical vision research, leading to some confusion. One definition concerns eye movements observed within fixations (i.e., within periods separated by saccades) when observing a point target: drift, microsaccades and physiological tremor all lead to some degree of within-fixation instability. A second definition relates to eye position during multiple fixations (and saccades) when patients fixate a point target. Increased between-fixation variability, combined with within-fixation instability, is known to be associated with poorer visual function in people with retinal disease such as age-related macular degeneration. In this review article, methods of eye stability measurement and quantification are summarised. Two common measures are described in detail: the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) and the within-isolines area. The first measure assumes normality of the underlying positions distribution whereas the second does not. Each of these measures can be applied to two fundamentally different kinds of eye position data collected during a period of target observation. In the first case, mean positions of eye fixations are used to obtain an estimate of between-fixation variability. In the second case, often used in clinical vision research, eye position samples recorded by the eyetracker are used to obtain an estimate that confounds within- and between-fixation variability.We show that these two methods can produce significantly different values of eye stability, especially when reported as BCEA values. Statistical techniques for describing eye stability when the distribution of eye positions is multimodal and not normally distributed are also reviewed.
Exploration of factors associated with social worker attitudes toward suicide
Authors: Kodaka Manami , Inagaki Masatoshi , Poštuvan Vita , Yamada Mitsuhiko 
Published: April 2012

Background: Social workers are expected to play important roles in suicide intervention. Caregiving behaviours of medical personnel to suicidal individuals have been reported to be influenced by their own attitudes toward suicide. In this context, only a limited number of studies have examined social workers’ attitudes toward suicide. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore associations between personal or occupational factors of social workers and their attitudes toward suicide. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 2,999 study participants registered with the Tokyo chapter of the Japanese Association of Certified Social Workers. We adopted the Attitudes Toward Suicide Scale (ATTS) to measure attitudes toward suicide. MANCOVA was used to test for the effects of demographic, personal and occupational factors on ATTS sub-scale scores. Results: Participants with a history of suicidal thoughts had stronger attitudes regarding the right to suicide than those with no history; these attitudes were not affected by a history of participating in suicide-prevention training. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that suicide education should incorporate programmes directed at altering permissive attitudes toward suicide.