bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the region for receptor binding and triggering of oligomerization on Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa toxin
Authors: Obata Fumiaki , Kitami Madoka , Inoue Yukino , Atsumi Shogo , Yoshizawa Yasutaka , Sato Ryoichi 
Published: September 2009

The determination of the receptor‐binding region of Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is expected to facilitate an improvement in their insecticidal ability through protein engineering. We analyzed the region on Cry1Aa molecules involved in interactions with the cadherin‐like protein receptor BtR175 using cysteine‐substituted mutant toxins and several synthetic peptides corresponding to the loops in domain 2. In addition, the region necessary to trigger oligomerization was analyzed using these mutant toxins. The mutant toxins were modified by two types of molecule, i.e. digested fragments of the Cry1Aa precursor with an average molecular mass of 2 kDa and 5‐iodoacetamidofluorescein, which has a molecular mass of 515 kDa. We examined whether these modifications interfere with the toxin–BtR175 interaction as a result of steric hindrance. 5‐Iodoacetamidofluorescein modification of R311C, N376C and G442C revealed steric hindrance effects, indicating that R311 on loop 1, N376 on loop 2 and G442 on loop 3 are on the contact face of the toxin–BtR175 interface when Cry1Aa binds to BtR175. Loop 2 is thought to interact with BtR175 directly, as a peptide corresponding to the N‐terminal half of loop 2, (365)LYRRIILG(372), has the potential to bind to BtR175 fragments. Meanwhile, mutant toxins with cysteine substitutions in loops 1 and 2 were oligomerized by the binding of digested fragments in the activation process without receptor interaction, and the wild‐type toxin formed oligomers by interaction with BtR175 fragments. These observations suggest that loops 1 and 2 form both a binding region and a sensor region, which triggers toxin oligomer formation.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7259673, MINT‐7259722, MINT‐7259737, MINT‐7259757, MINT‐7259774, MINT‐7259791, MINT‐7259808, MINT‐7259685, MINT‐7259707, MINT‐7259830: btr175 (uniprotkb:Q9XY09) binds (MI:0407) to cry1Aa (uniprotkb:P0A366) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
Bridging the Gap: How Can Information Access and Exchange Between Conservation Biologists and Field Practitioners be Improved for Better Conservation Outcomes?
Authors: Sunderland Terry , Sunderland‐Groves Jacqueline , Shanley Patricia , Campbell Bruce 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTIt is widely accepted that there is a considerable gap between the science of conservation biology and the design and execution of biodiversity conservation projects in the field and science is failing to inform the practice of conservation. There are many reasons why this implementation gap exists. A high proportion of papers published in scientific journals by conservation biologists are seldom read outside of the academic world and there are few incentives for academics to convert their science into practice. In turn, field practitioners rarely document their field experiences and experiments in a manner that can meaningfully inform conservation scientists. Issues related to access to scientific literature, scientific relevance in multidisciplinary environments, donor expectations and a lack of critical analysis at all levels of conservation theory and practice are factors that exacerbate the divide. The contexts in which conservation biologists and field practitioners operate are also often highly dissimilar, and each has differing professional responsibilities and expectations that compromise the ability to learn from each other's expertise. Building on recent debate in the literature, and using case studies to illustrate the issues that characterize the divide, this paper draws on the authors' experiences of project management as well as academic research. We identify five key issues related to information exchange: access to scientific literature, levels of scientific literacy, lack of interdisciplinarity, questions of relevance and lack of sharing of conservation‐related experiences and suggest new ways of working that could assist in bridging the gap between conservation scientists and field practitioners.
Partnering for Greater Success: Local Stakeholders and Research in Tropical Biology and Conservation
Authors: Kainer Karen A. , DiGiano Maria L. , Duchelle Amy E. , Wadt Lúcia H. O. , Bruna Emilio , Dain Jonathan L. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTLocal communities are important stakeholders in resource management and conservation efforts, particularly in the developing world. Although evidence is mixed in suggesting that these resident stakeholders are optimal forest stewards, it is highly unlikely that large tracts of tropical forests will be conserved without engaging local people who depend on them daily for their livelihoods. Stakeholders, who reside in biodiverse ecosystems like tropical forests, are the largest direct users and ultimate decision‐makers of forest fate, can be important investors in conservation, harbor local ecological knowledge that complements Western science and frequently have long‐term legitimate claims on lands where they reside. Research partnerships with local stakeholders can increase research relevance, enhance knowledge exchange and result in greater conservation success. Different phases of the research cycle present distinct opportunities for partnership, with flexibility in timing, approaches and strategies depending on researcher and local stakeholder needs and interests. Despite being the last step in the research process, dissemination of results can be the best starting point for researchers interested in experimenting with local stakeholder engagement. Still, tropical biologists might not choose to partner with local people because of lack of institutional rewards, insufficient training in stakeholder engagement, insecure research infrastructure in community settings, and time and funding limitations. Although not appropriate in all cases and despite significant challenges, some biological scientists and research institutions have successfully engaged local stakeholders in the research process, proving mutually beneficial for investigators and local people alike and resulting in important innovations in tropical biology and conservation.
Graduate Students and Knowledge Exchange with Local Stakeholders: Possibilities and Preparation
Authors: Duchelle Amy E. , Biedenweg Kelly , Lucas Christine , Virapongse Arika , Radachowsky Jeremy , Wojcik Deborah J. , Londres Marina , Bartels Wendy‐Lin , Alvira Diana , Kainer Karen A. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTTropical biologists are exploring ways to expand their role as researchers through knowledge exchange with local stakeholders. Graduate students are well positioned for this broader role, particularly when supported by graduate programs. We ask: (1) how can graduate students effectively engage in knowledge exchange during their research; and (2) how can university programs prepare young scientists to take on this partnership role? We present a conceptual framework with three levels at which graduate students can exchange knowledge with stakeholders (information sharing, skill building, and knowledge generation) and discuss limitations of each. Examples of these strategies included disseminating preliminary research results to southern African villages, building research skills of Brazilian undergraduate students through semester‐long internships, and jointly developing and implementing a forest ecology research and training program with one community in the Amazon estuary. Students chose strategies based on stakeholders' interests, research goals, and a realistic evaluation of student capacity and skill set. As strategies became more complex, time invested, skills mobilized, and strength of relationships between students and stakeholders increased. Graduate programs can prepare students for knowledge exchange with partners by developing specialized skills training, nurturing external networks, offering funding, maximizing strengths of universities in developed and developing regions through partnership, and evaluating knowledge exchange experiences. While balancing the needs of academia with those of stakeholders is challenging, the benefits of enhancing local scientific capacity and generating more locally relevant research for improved conservation may be worth the risks associated with implementing this type of graduate training model.
Ecological Goals and Wetland Preservation Choice
Authors: De Laporte Aaron , Weersink Alfons , Yang Wanhong 
Published: September 2009

Canada's multilayered wetland policies promote the preservation of “significant” wetlands, but the criteria for identifying these wetlands are not clearly defined partially because wetlands are a source of multiple ecological outputs, such as abating sediment and providing wildlife habitat. This study adapts a GIS‐based, hydrologic, and economic model to examine the trade‐offs between agricultural interests and ecological benefits in the Eramosa Watershed, located in southwestern Ontario, Canada. While preserving a wetland enhances both water quality and wildlife habitat goals, and the costs of preservation increase at an increasing rate as expected, the ranking of wetlands, and so the choice of “significant” wetlands, varies considerably depending upon the wetland benefit chosen as the policy goal. The trade‐off between wetland benefits and drainage is diminished if there is an alternative means to abate sediment. Since conservation tillage is a lower cost means of improving water quality than wetland preservation, its inclusion can achieve comparable environmental benefits at decreased agricultural cost. La politique canadienne multicouche sur les zones humides préconise la préservation des zones humides «d'importance», mais les critères d'identification de ces zones ne sont pas clairement définis, en partie parce que les zones humides offrent une foule d'avantages écologiques tels que la réduction des sédiments et la constitution d'habitats fauniques. Dans la présente étude, nous avons adapté un modèle économique et hydrologique fondé sur un système d'information géographique (SIG) pour analyser les compromis entre les intérêts agricoles et les avantages écologiques dans le bassin hydrographique de la rivière Eramosa, situé dans le sud‐ouest de la province d'Ontario, au Canada. Bien que la préservation des zones humides améliore la qualité de l'eau et les habitats fauniques, et que les coûts liés à la préservation ne cessent d'augmenter, le classement des zones humides et, par conséquent, le choix des zones humides «d'importance» varient considérablement en fonction de l'avantage retenu comme objectif politique. Le compromis entre les avantages des zones humides et le drainage est diminué s'il existe une solution de rechange pour réduire les sédiments. Étant donné que, pour améliorer la qualité de l'eau, le travail de conservation du sol est un moyen plus économique que la préservation des zones humides, il peut permettre d'obtenir des avantages environnementaux comparables à des coûts agricoles moins élevés.
Trade Bans, Imperfect Competition, and Welfare: BSE and the U.S. Beef Industry
Authors: Panagiotou Dimitrios , Azzam Azzeddine M. 
Published: September 2009

Between May 2003 and July 2005, the U.S. beef industry faced a total ban on Canadian cattle imports following the discovery of BSE in Canada in May 2003 and restrictions on U.S. beef exports following the discovery of BSE in the United States in December 2003. When the United States reopened its border to Canadian cattle in July 2005, shipments were restricted to cattle less than 30 months of age. The total ban on Canadian cattle imports and restrictions on U.S. beef exports overlapped between January 2004 and July 2005. The restrictions on Canadian cattle imports and U.S. beef exports overlapped for some time after July 2005. This paper addresses theoretically and empirically how to disentangle the impact on the U.S. beef industry of the BSE‐related beef trade interruptions in the presence of overlaps and imperfect competition. Entre mai 2003 et juillet 2005, l'industrie bovine américaine s'est vue imposer une interdiction d'importer des bovins canadiens à la suite de la découverte d'un cas d'ESB au Canada en mai 2003 ainsi que des restrictions quant aux exportations de bœuf américain à la suite de la découverte d'un cas d'ESB aux États‐Unis en décembre 2003. En juillet 2005, les États‐Unis ont rouvert leur frontière aux bovins canadiens vivants de moins de 30 mois uniquement. L'interdiction absolue d'importer des bovins canadiens et les restrictions sur les exportations de bœuf américain se sont chevauchées entre janvier 2004 et juillet 2005. Les restrictions sur les importations de bovins canadiens et les exportations de bœuf américain se sont chevauchées pendant quelque temps après juillet 2005. Le présent article s'est penché sur les façons, théoriques et empiriques, de démĉler les répercussions que les interruptions du commerce du bœuf attribuables à l'ESB ont eues sur l'industrie bovine américaine en présence de chevauchements et de concurrence imparfaite.
The initial core mass function due to ambipolar diffusion in molecular clouds
Authors: Kunz Matthew W. , Mouschovias Telemachos Ch. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We show that the ambipolar-diffusion–initiated fragmentation of molecular clouds leads simply and naturally to an initial core mass function (CMF) which is very similar to the initial stellar mass function (IMF) and is in excellent agreement with existing observations. This agreement is robust provided that the three (input) free parameters remain within their range of values suggested by observations. Other, observationally testable, predictions are made.
Mount Augustus Geology and Geomorphology
Authors: BOURMAN ROBERT P. , OLLIER CLIFF D. , BUCKMAN SOLOMON 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMount Augustus (Burringurrah) at 1105 m AHD, is a prominent elongate inselberg, underlain dominantly by resistant sandstone of Middle Proterozoic age (1.6 billion years old). It is located midway between Meekatharra and Carnarvon in semi‐arid Western Australia. The Mount Augustus Sandstone and overlying sediments were folded and tilted about 1 billion years ago, providing the template for the modern Mount Augustus. It is essentially a structural landform. Its shape broadly conforms to the underlying asymmetrical anticline, which has a steep northern limb and a gentler dipping southern limb. The anticline plunges at a shallow angle to the southeast. The mountain is the core of the original fold and it stands some 700 m above the surrounding Gascoyne planation surface. Other rock types present on Mount Augustus include metamorphic and igneous rocks, which preclude it from being termed a monolith. Weathering, fluvial erosion and sedimentation have modified the original bedrock structures. Fluted bedrock provides evidence of rapid runoff from bare bedrock surfaces. A joint system has influenced the orientation of a step‐like sequence of numerous scarplets on slopes. The weathered rock is red, but the coloured rock is only a centimetre deep on most surfaces. The surrounding alluvial, gibber and sand plains shallowly bury the eroded bedrock plains of the Gascoyne planation surface. Former alluvial fills have been ferricreted in the lower reaches of some channels and are currently being eroded. Mount Augustus has often been compared with Ayers Rock, and unwarranted claims have been made that it is the biggest rock in the world and the world's biggest monolith.
“Adversarial legalism” in the German system of industrial relations?
Authors: Rehder Britta 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe US has a distinctive legal style, which Robert Kagan has called “adversarial legalism.” It is marked by a pattern of political decisionmaking and conflict resolution in which the courtrooms and the law are systematically exploited as political arenas for making and implementing political settlements and policy outlines. In this article it is argued that a “German way” of adversarial legalism is about to emerge in the German industrial relations system. Economic liberalization, the fragmentation and decentralization of lawmaking authority in the political sphere, and the common‐law‐like nature of German labor law have contributed to the appearance of a judicialized pattern of governance. Nonetheless, Germany is not converging on the “American way of law” and major differences are expected to persist in the years to come.
Power to the legal professionals: Is there an Americanization of European law?
Authors: Van Waarden Frans 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwelve years ago, Robert Kagan asked “Should Europe worry about adversarial legalism?” He answered this question with a qualified “no,” and identified a number of sources of resistance to such a trend. More recently, he broadened the issue in this journal by asking whether European countries experience an “Americanization” of their legal systems. The articles in this Symposium on the Americanization of European Law all revisit that question. The present article introduces the topic, discusses the elements that make up adversarial legalism, and summarizes and compares the findings of the articles in the Symposium. The articles find an increase in one dimension of adversarial legalism, namely, more legalism, that is, more litigation, more formalism, and more verdicts interfering with politics, but hardly any increase in adversarialism. Tenacious pre‐existing national legal and political cultures and institutions resist a further move in the direction of American style adversarial legalism. The mix of more litigation, more legalism, and more politicization, overlaid on the pre‐existing hierarchic authority of courts and legal functionaries has, however, strengthened the societal and political power of the judiciary vis‐à‐vis other powers. A professional elite is increasingly making the political choices that in a democratic society ought to be made by democratic representatives. Perhaps Europe should worry about this.
On Ihara’s lemma for Hilbert modular varieties
Authors: Dimitrov Mladen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLetρbe a two-dimensional moduloprepresentation of the absolute Galois group of a totally real number field. Under the assumptions thatρhas a large image and admits a low-weight crystalline modular deformation we show that any low-weight crystalline deformation ofρunramified outside a finite set of primes will be modular. We follow the approach of Wiles as generalized by Fujiwara. The main new ingredient is an Ihara-type lemma for the local component atρof the middle degree cohomology of a Hilbert modular variety. As an application we relate the algebraicp-part of the value at one of the adjointL-function associated with a Hilbert modular newform to the cardinality of the corresponding Selmer group.
In Vitro Activity of Nemonoxacin, a Novel Nonfluorinated Quinolone, against 2,440 Clinical Isolates
Authors: Adam Heather J. , Laing Nancy M. , King C. Richard , Lulashnyk Ben , Hoban Daryl J. , Zhanel George G. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, was tested against 2,440 clinical isolates. Nemonoxacin was at least fourfold more active than levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against most gram-positive cocci tested (shown by the following MIC
90
/range [μg/ml] values; community-associated methicillin [meticillin]-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, 0.5/0.015 to 2;
Staphylococcus epidermidis
, 0.5/0.015 to 4 for methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and 2/0.12 to 2 for methicillin-resistant staphylococci;
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, 0.015/≤0.008 to 0.25;
Enterococcus faecalis
, 1/0.03 to 128). Nemonoxacin activity against gram-negative bacilli was similar to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin (MIC
90
/range [μg/ml];
Escherichia coli
, 32/≤0.015 to ≥512;
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, 2/≤0.015 to 128;
K
.
oxytoca
, 0.5/0.06 to 1;
Proteus mirabilis
, 16/0.25 to ≥512;
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, 32/≤0.015 to ≥512;
Acinetobacter baumannii
, 1/0.12 to 16).
Population Pharmacokinetics of Ganciclovir after Intravenous Ganciclovir and Oral Valganciclovir Administration in Solid Organ Transplant Patients Infected with Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Caldés A. , Colom H. , Armendariz Y. , Garrido M. J. , Troconiz I. F. , Gil-Vernet S. , Lloberas N. , Pou L. , Peraire C. , Grinyó J. M. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTA population pharmacokinetics analysis was performed after intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir in solid organ transplant patients with cytomegalovirus. Patients received ganciclovir at 5 mg/kg of body weight (5 days) and then 900 mg of valganciclovir (16 days), both twice daily with dose adjustment for renal function. A total of 382 serum concentrations from days 5 and 15 were analyzed with NONMEM VI. Renal function given by creatinine clearance (CLCR) was the most influential covariate in CL. The final pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: ganciclovir clearance (CL) was 7.49·(CLCR/57) liter/h (57 was the mean population value of CLCR); the central and peripheral distribution volumes were 31.9 liters and 32.0 liters, respectively; intercompartmental clearance was 10.2 liter/h; the first-order absorption rate constant was 0.895 h−1; bioavailability was 0.825; and lag time was 0.382 h. The CLCRwas the best predictor of CL, making dose adjustment by this covariate important to achieve the most efficacious ganciclovir exposure.
Primary Structure and Antibacterial Activity of Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived β-Defensins
Authors: Derache Chrystelle , Labas Valérie , Aucagne Vincent , Meudal Hervé , Landon Céline , Delmas Agnès F. , Magallon Thierry , Lalmanach Anne-Christine 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThree biologically active β-defensins were purified by chromatography from chicken bone marrow extract: avian β-defensin 1 (AvBD1), AvBD2, and the newly isolated β-defensin AvBD7. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that bone marrow-derived AvBD1, -2, and -7 peptides were present as mature peptides and revealed posttranslational modifications for AvBD1 and AvBD7 in comparison to their in silico-predicted amino acid sequences. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis using the nanoelectrospray-quadrupole time of flight method showed N-terminal glutaminyl cyclization of mature AvBD7 and C-terminal amidation of mature AvBD1 peptide, while posttranslational modifications were absent in bone marrow-derived mature AvBD2 peptide. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis performed on intact cells confirmed the presence of these three peptides in mature heterophils. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the three β-defensins against a large panel of gram-positive and -negative bacteria were assessed. While the three defensins displayed similar antibacterial spectra of activity against gram-positive strains, AvBD1 and AvBD7 exhibited the strongest activity against gram-negative strains in comparison to AvBD2.