bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversations With Brecht and Dürrenmatt
Authors: von Einem Gottfried 
Published: February 2010

It was in the summer of 1948—or was it '49?—that Brecht stayed with me in Salzburg. I meant to work with him on an opera. He outlined a plot, which I have forgotten. Or rather, my memory has jumbled it up with the story of The Threepenny Opera, which it strongly resembled. All that remains is the title: ‘Joys and sorrows of the pirates, great and small’.Why did I never write the opera? On one point Brecht and I had always done battle, and did so again. Brecht was adamant that the public must clearly understand every single word. I argued that it was necessary only at points when the action moves on; everywhere else, one could rely on the singers' artistry, particularly since the music in any case takes over the text's function. Brecht was cross. Instead of an opera he wrote me a Passion text, Das Stundenlled. It is a choral work without soloists, so here the text is repeated often enough to become comprehensible. Many people were surprised that Brecht of all people should have written a Passion.
Colin McPhee's Music: (I) From West to East
Authors: Young Douglas 
Published: February 2010

It was the title that made me stop: A House in Bali by Colin McPhee, 1947, first edition, 5p. At that price it was irresistible; but what was such a recondite book doing in a junk shop in Camberwell—who was the author, and what was the significance of the ‘house’ in the title? As I looked through the book it became apparent that McPhee was a composer. I had never heard a note of his music, but one thing in particular fascinated me: inside the book cover was an announcement:Three of the author's transcriptions for two pianos of Balinese gamelan music have been published by G. Schirmer of New York. Under the title ‘Balinese Ceremonial Music…’.
Britten's Piano Concerto: The Original Version
Authors: Roseberry Eric 
Published: February 2010

Benjamin Britten's revision of the original (1938) version of his ‘First’ Piano Concerto (he wrote no other) was undertaken in 1945. There had been discussions of a revival of the work between the composer and his friend, the pianist Clifford Curzon, who had encouraged Britten to replace the original third movement, entitled ‘Recitative and Aria’, and was delighted with the substituted ‘Impromptu’. As Curzon wrote to Britten on 1 September, 1946:It has arrived and is exquisite. I can't tell you how delighted I am…
From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony
Authors: Shastri Lokendra , Ajjanagadde Venkat 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHuman agents draw a variety of inferences effortlessly, spontaneously, and with remarkable efficiency – as though these inferences were a reflexive response of their cognitive apparatus. Furthermore, these inferences are drawn with reference to a large body of background knowledge. This remarkable human ability seems paradoxical given the complexity of reasoning reported by researchers in artificial intelligence. It also poses a challenge for cognitive science and computational neuroscience: How can a system of simple and slow neuronlike elements represent a large body of systemic knowledge and perform a range of inferences with such speed? We describe a computational model that takes a step toward addressing the cognitive science challenge and resolving the artificial intelligence paradox. We show how a connectionist network can encode millions of facts and rules involvingn-ary predicates and variables and perform a class of inferences in a few hundred milliseconds. Efficient reasoning requires the rapid representation and propagation of dynamic bindings. Our model (which we refer to as SHRUTI) achieves this by representing (1) dynamic bindings as the synchronous firing of appropriate nodes, (2) rules as interconnection patterns that direct the propagation of rhythmic activity, and (3) long-term facts as temporal pattern-matching subnetworks. The model is consistent with recent neurophysiological evidence that synchronous activity occurs in the brain and may play a representational role in neural information processing. The model also makes specific psychologically significant predictions about the nature of reflexive reasoning. It identifies constraints on the form of rules that may participate in such reasoning and relates the capacity of the working memory underlying reflexive reasoning to biological parameters such as the lowest frequency at which nodes can sustain synchronous oscillations and the coarseness of synchronization.
Toward a theory of human memory: Data structures and access processes
Authors: Humphreys Michael S. , Wiles Janet , Dennis Simon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStarting from Marr's ideas about levels of explanation, a theory of the data structures and access processes in human memory is demonstrated on 10 tasks. Functional characteristics of human memory are captured implementation-independently. Our theory generates a multidimensional task classification subsuming existing classifications such as the distinction between tasks that are implicit versus explicit, data driven versus conceptually driven, and simple associative (two-way bindings) versus higher order (threeway bindings), providing a broad basis for new experiments. The formal language clarifies the binding problem in episodic memory, the role of input pathways in both episodic and semantic (lexical) memory, the importance of the input set in episodic memory, and the ubiquitous calculation of an intersection in theories of episodic and lexical access.
The real-life/laboratory controversy as viewed from the cognitive neurobiology of animal learning and memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParallel to Koriat & Goldsmith's accounting of human memory, there are two distinct approaches in animal learning. Behaviorist approaches focus on quantitative aspects of conditioned response probability, whereas cognitive and ethological approaches focus on qualitative aspects of how memory is used in real life. Moreover, in animal research these distinguishable measures of memory are dissociated in experimental amnesia.
Implications of output-bound measures for laboratory and field research in memory
Authors: Fisher Ronald P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEveryday memory tasks often require that researchers focus on output-bound measures of memory. As a result, nonmemorial processes (e.g., report option and grain size) may influence recall accuracy. These nonmemorial processes, usually eliminated by laboratory researchers, have the potential to explain some anomalous results and may even be useful to enhance everyday recollection.
Metacognition, metaphors, and the measurement of human memory
Authors: Nelson Thomas O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInvestigations of metacognition – and also the application of the storehouse and correspondence metaphors – seem as appropriate for laboratory research as for naturalistic research. In terms of measurement, the only quantitative difference between the “input-bound percent correct” and “output-bound percent correct” is the inclusion versus exclusion (respectively) of omission errors in the denominator of the percentages.
Beyond the correspondence metaphor: When accuracy cannot be assessed
Authors: Newby Ian R. , Ross Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith propose that the correspondence metaphor captures the essence of everyday memory research. We suggest that correspondence is often not at issue because objective assessments of everyday events are frequently lacking. In these cases, other questions arise, such as how individuals evaluate the validity of memories and the significance they attach to those evaluations.
Hypothesis testing in experimental and naturalistic memory research
Authors: Wright Daniel B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith's distinction between the correspondence and storehouse metaphors is valuable for both memory theory and methodology. It is questionable, however, whether this distinction underlies the heated debate about so called “everyday memory” research. The distinction between experimental and naturalistic methodologies better characterizes this debate. I compare these distinctions and discuss how the methodological distinction, between experimental and naturalistic designs, could give rise to different theoretical approaches.
Group selection or categorical perception?
Authors: Palmer Craig T. , Fredrickson B. Eric , Tilley Christopher F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHumans appear to be possible candidates for group selection because they are often said to live in bands, clans, and tribes. These terms, however, are only names for conceptual categories of people. They do not designate enduring bounded gatherings of people that might be “vehicles of selection.” Hence, group selection has probably not been a major force in human evolution.
Family functioning and emotional state two and five years after traumatic brain injury
Authors: PONSFORD JENNIE , SCHÖNBERGER MICHAEL 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have documented poor family functioning, anxiety, and depression in relatives of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, few studies have examined family functioning over extended periods after injury. The present study aimed to investigate family functioning and relatives’ emotional state 2 and 5 years following TBI, predictive factors, and their interrelationships. Participants were individuals with TBI and their relatives, with 301 seen at 2 years and 266 at 5 years post-injury. Measures included a Structured Outcome Questionnaire, Family Assessment Device (FAD), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique. Results showed that while the group did not differ greatly in family functioning from a normative group, a significant proportion showed unhealthy functioning across most FAD subscales. Both TBI participants and their relatives showed elevated rates of anxiety and depression. There was little difference between family functioning or relatives’ anxiety or depression levels at 2 and 5 years post-injury. Path analysis indicated that neurobehavioral changes in the injured individual have an impact on family functioning and distress in relatives even at 5 years post-injury. These findings indicate the need for long-term support of families with a brain-injured member. (JINS, 2010,16, 306–317.)
Eliminating drug price differentials across government programmes in the USA
Authors: Chalkidou Kalipso , Anderson Gerard F , Faden Ruth 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFederal agencies in the USA pay significantly different prices for the same prescription drugs because each agency uses a different approach to derive the payment rate. Because we do not identify any economic rationale or socially accepted moral reasoning that would justify the current level of price variation, we suggest that the federal government should pay a uniform price for each drug. Laws and regulations that give certain federal agencies the ability to earn rebates, use formularies, or permit other special arrangements would need to be eliminated in order to have a single payment rate. This could make some government agencies worse off than others; however, a uniform payment rate would not need to affect beneficiaries’ current financial contributions, access to drugs, benefits or overall public expenditures. At the same time, having a single rate would permit the government to adopt a more effective approach to purchasing drugs and send a consistent message to pharmaceutical companies concerning which types of drugs the government wants them to develop for government beneficiaries. How this single price would be derived and how it would compare with the lowest or highest prices currently achieved by government agencies would depend on a variety of policy issues including the government’s desire to encourage pharmaceutical research and development and the need to control health care spending.
Developmental microbial ecology of the crop of the folivorous hoatzin
Authors: Godoy-Vitorino Filipa , Goldfarb Katherine C , Brodie Eoin L , Garcia-Amado Maria A , Michelangeli Fabian , Domínguez-Bello Maria G 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is a South American strict folivorous bird, with a crop microbial ecosystem that ferments dietary plants. Chicks progressively become independent from the adult-fed regurgitated crop liquids, and we hypothesized that the crop bacterial ecosystem develops through ecological succession mechanisms, as they grow into adults. The aim of this work was to compare the crop bacterial community in hoatzins from three age groups: newly hatched chicks, juveniles and adults by sequencing 16S rRNA genes and using the G2 PhyloChip. Cloning yielded a total of 2123 nearly full-length sequences binned into 294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (with &lt;97% homology) belonging to 7 phyla, with 91% of novel OTUs. The microarray identified a diverse bacterial community dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with ∼1400 taxa grouped in 40 phyla that included those detected by cloning. In comparison with the adult, the hoatzin chick crop had a greater abundance of Flavobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae but lacked phyla DSS1, Deferribacteres and Termite group 1, which were mostly present in adults. The overall community structure of the crop of the hoatzin changes with age in a complex manner, probably responding to new niches made available through dietary changes related to the transition from dependent to independent feeding.
The Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Disease in Older Adults
Authors: Talbot H. Keipp , Falsey Ann R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Viral respiratory disease in older adults has been increasingly recognized as a significant cause of hospitalizations and death. Unfortunately, the recognition and diagnosis of infection due to many viral respiratory pathogens in older adults can be elusive because of atypical clinical presentations and the insensitivity of current laboratory diagnostic tests in this population. For influenza diagnosis, rapid antigen tests followed by viral culture (if antigen test results are negative), can be useful in older adults as long as clinicians are mindful of test limitations. Although specific, rapid antigen tests are insensitive in this population. Erroneous negative results may lead to delays in timely administration of antiviral treatment and institution of appropriate isolation precautions. The increasing availability of new, rapid, and sensitive molecular diagnostics, such as polymerase chain reaction testing, should provide more accurate and timely diagnoses of viral respiratory infections in older adults in the near future.
Calculating Linear Flow Velocity from Volumetric Flow Rate
Authors: Hedlund Helena 
Published: February 2010

INTRODUCTIONIn chromatography, flow rates should be standardized for columns of different dimensions by expressing the flow rate as linear flow velocity (cm/h). This is defined as the volumetric flow rate (cm3/h) per unit cross-sectional area (cm2) of a given column. However, flow rates are usually measured as volumetric flow rates (mL/min). It is therefore necessary to be able to convert between the units, which can be done using the equation described here.
DEAE-Dextran Transfection of Lymphocyte Cell Lines
Authors: Smale Stephen T. 
Published: February 2010

INTRODUCTIONIn this procedure, negatively charged DNA binds to the positively charged diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) moieties of a DEAE-dextran polymer. The soluble complex is added to the cells, which take it up by nonspecific endocytosis. The method described here uses an initial incubation with a DNA/DEAE-dextran mixture, followed by a second incubation in growth medium supplemented with chloroquine. Chloroquine is thought to enhance transfection efficiencies by neutralizing lysosomal hydrolases, which can degrade the DNA. This protocol describes transfection of lymphocyte cell lines, but it can be used for transient transfection of both adherent and nonadherent cells. However, it rarely is used for stable transfection experiments because toxicity prevents long-term maintenance of the transfected cells. One notable advantage of the DEAE-dextran method is that a relatively small amount of DNA is needed for each experiment.
BiFC Imaging Assay for Plant Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Fang Yuda , Spector David L. 
Published: February 2010

INTRODUCTIONLive cell imaging is an essential approach for studying the structure, dynamics, and functions of cells in a living plant under normal or stressed growth conditions. The tiny flowering plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, provides an ideal system to apply various live microscopy techniques. Its small size allows fluorescent light to penetrate the tissues, and its plantlets contain different cell types with different ploidy levels and differentiation stages. Its 2C nucleus contains only five pairs of chromosomes in which heterochromatin domains are organized as chromocenters, and these domains are easily resolved under the microscope. In addition, the availability of powerful genetic tools facilitates the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying various cellular phenomena. In designing live imaging experiments, one must keep in mind that plants sense light, temperature, osmolarity, humidity, gravity, and nutrition. In addition, plants also have strong circadian rhythms of physiological behavior and gene expression. Moreover, plant tissues are normally thick (having multiple cell layers), and can have strong autofluorescence, especially in green leaves. Therefore, optimized culturing and imaging conditions are essential for successful live cell studies in plants. This protocol describes a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) imaging assay for protein-protein interactions via their transient coexpression in tobacco. The example used here examines interactions among the plant primary microRNA processing proteins Dicer-like 1, Hyponastic Leaves 1, and SERRATE, but the procedure can be modified easily to accommodate other proteins or structures of interest.
Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Synthesis by BrdU Immunoprecipitation on Tiling Microarrays (BrdU-IP-chip) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Viggiani Christopher J. , Knott Simon R.V. , Aparicio Oscar M. 
Published: February 2010

INTRODUCTIONThe incorporation of thymidine analogs, such as 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), into newly synthesized DNA is a powerful tool for analysis of DNA replication, repair, and other aspects of DNA metabolism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several assays have been developed to identify chromosomal DNA that has incorporated BrdU. Here we describe an approach that couples BrdU immunoprecipitation with DNA microarrays (BrdU-IP-chip) supplied by Roche NimbleGen to enable the genome-wide identification of BrdU-labeled chromosomal DNA. In this procedure, yeast cells that have been engineered to assimilate BrdU from the growth medium and incorporate it into replicating DNA are grown in the presence of BrdU under experimental conditions. These cells are harvested, the genomic DNA is isolated and randomly sheared, and the BrdU-labeled DNA is then immunoprecipitated. This immunoprecipitated DNA is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified, labeled with a fluorophore, and cohybridized along with a reference sample (typically total genomic DNA not subject to immunoprecipitation, but amplified and labeled with a different fluorophore) onto DNA microarrays. The data are then normalized, and chromosomal regions of BrdU incorporation (BrdU peaks) are identified. BrdU peak heights can be quantified and compared with BrdU peak heights at different genomic locations or under different experimental conditions (e.g., different mutants or time points). BrdU-IP-chip has many potential applications and has already been used to identify replication origins, make quantitative comparisons of origin firing between strains, and examine replication fork progression.
Analysis of Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay by Monitoring mRNA Half-Lives in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Yamashita Akio , Ohno Shigeo 
Published: February 2010

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol uses a tetracycline-response-element-regulated (Tet-Off) promoter system and Northern blotting to analyze the half-lives of premature termination codon (PTC)-containing mRNAs following the activation or suppression of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway in mammalian cells. Reporter plasmids are cotransfected with or without effector plasmid(s) and/or small interfering RNA(s) (siRNA[s]) targeted to genes suspected of involvement in NMD. After transfection, cells are harvested and reseeded to five or six plates. Thirty-six to 72 h after transfection, the cells are treated with doxycycline (or tetracycline) to terminate reporter mRNA transcription from the Tet-Off promoter. Cells are then harvested at specific time points, and RNAs are purified for Northern blot analysis. Although various alternative methods (e.g., RNase protection assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR], and quantitative-RT-PCR [qRT-PCR]) are available, the use of Northern blotting to analyze mRNA half-lives to confirm correct mRNA processing is highly recommended. Using this protocol to analyze mRNA half-lives provides an assay that is dependent on the activities of NMD transacting factor(s) in mammalian cells.
Measurement and correlates of ano‐genital distance in healthy, newborn infants
Authors: Sathyanarayana S. , Beard L. , Zhou C. , Grady R. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryAno‐genital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic trait that is a well established reproductive toxicity endpoint in animals. In male animals, a shortened AGD is associated with a variety of genital abnormalities including hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Consensus on the anatomical definition of AGD in humans remains to be established and few data exist on the determinants and normal variance in the general population. We implemented a standardized anthropometric protocol to measure AGD, ano‐scrotal distance (ASD), and ano‐fourchette distance (AFD) in 169 (82 male, 87 female) infants in the University of Washington newborn nursery in 2008. We collected data on the following characteristics: weight, length, and occipital head circumference, race and relevant gestational complications. Using linear regression modelling, we examined AGD/ASD/AFD for sexual dimorphism, normal population variance and predictors of the measurement in infants. The mean male and female AGD measurements were 52.0 mm (SD ± 5.5) and 37.2 mm (SD ± 3.7). The mean ASD and AFD were 23.0 mm (SD ± 3.8) and 15.1 mm (SD ± 2.9). Weight, length, occipital head circumference and gestational age were associated with AGD (p < 0.05). Weight and length were the most important correlates to AGD. We confirmed previous findings that AGD is a sexually dimorphic measurement that is most strongly predicted by infant weight. The application of this measurement to clinically relevant outcomes remains to be explored in further depth.