bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polygenesis of diamonds in the Siberian Platform
Authors: Afanas’ev V.P. , Lobanov S.S. , Pokhilenko N.P. , Koptil’ V.I. , Mityukhin S.I. , Gerasimchuk A.V. , Pomazanskii B.S. , Gorev N.I. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Diamonds from the Siberian Platform have been studied in terms of their polygenesis, specifically their origin from different types of primary sources. Five groups of diamonds have been distinguished which might have originated from different sources, and their distribution over the platform has been shown. The sources of two groups of diamonds (kimberlitic and impact) are known. The former originated from Phanerozoic kimberlites, and the latter, from astroblemes. For the other groups, nonkimberlitic sources are suggested, including Precambrian ones.
Ultramafic and mafic magmatism in southwestern Tuva
Authors: Oidup Ch.K. , Lesnov F.P. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Lebedev V.I. , Sal’nikova E.B. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive geological, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological studies of ultramafic and mafic magmatism in the poorly explored southwestern Tuva (evidence from the Birdag and Khayalyg massifs). These massifs intrude ortho- and paraschists, which are presumably Middle Proterozoic. Amphibole gabbros in the Khayalyg massifs contain numerous relict host-rock xenoliths. The massifs are dominated by meso- and leucocratic amphibole gabbros with minor ultramafic (serpentinous plagioclase harzburgites and plagioclase lherzolites) and transitional (wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, melanocratic olivine gabbronorites) rocks. The serpentinous plagioclase harzburgites and plagioclase lherzolites occur in the amphibole gabbros of the Birdag massif as small lenticular bodies. The latter are interpreted as xenoliths of ultramafic restites of earlier protrusion rather than mafic-melt differentiates. The wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, and melanocratic olivine gabbronorites forming the outer zones of the xenogenic bodies of ultramafic restites are considered hybrid rocks. They resulted from the contact reactions of mafic melts and their fluids with the xenogenic bodies of ultramafic restites, which were feldspathized during this interaction. In the gabbros from both massifs, the chondrite-normalized content of MREE and HREE is lower and that of LREE is higher than those in N-MORB. The plagioclase peridotites, wehrlites, and olivine clinopyroxenites forming xenogenic bodies among the amphibole gabbros of the Birdag massif are richer in REE (especially LREE) than the ultramafic restites in ophiolite associations. This is because they were infiltrated by fluids enriched in these elements during their alteration under the influence of later mafic melts. The studies suggest that the Birdag and Khayalyg ultramafic–mafic massifs result from the spatial coexistence of (1) more ancient small protrusions of ultramafic restites, which occurred as allochthons among Middle Proterozoic(?) metamorphic rocks, (2) later gabbroic intrusions (from 494 ± 16 to 450–447.4 ± 5 Ma), and (3) hybrid transitional rocks (wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, melanocratic olivine gabbros) making up contact-reaction zones along their boundaries.
Physicochemical modeling of mineral formation processes at the Badran gold deposit (Yakutia)
Authors: Obolensky A.A. , Gushchina L.V. , Anisimova G.S. , Serkebaeva E.S. , Tomilenko A.A. , Gibsher N.A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The physicochemical modeling of mineral formation processes at the Badran subthrust gold-quartz deposit was performed, based on a study of fluid inclusions in quartz by Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, thermometry, and freezing. The results show that at stage I, highly productive gold-bearing quartz veins (gray quartz) of the deposit formed from heterogeneous fluid at &lt;320 ºC and 2.0–0.1 kbar with the active participation of CO2, N2, and CH4; the salinity of this solution reached 10 wt.% NaCl-equiv. At stage II (Au-productive), milky-white quartz was produced from the homogeneous medium-chloride-sulfide solution which remained after the heterogenization of the initial fluid, at 300–100 ºC and 0.1 kbar. At stage III (with low Au production), clear quartz formed from homogeneous chloride solutions with salinity of &lt;4.5 wt.% NaCl-equiv. at &lt;200 ºC and &lt;0.1 kbar. The physicochemical conditions of Au concentration within the complex geochemical system Au–Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn–As–Sb–Hg–Ag–H2O–Cl–H2S–CO2 at the Badran deposit was modeled using the Chiller software. The following models were used: (1) solution–rock interaction and (2) condensation of gas phase (for stage I); (3) simple cooling of medium-chloride-sulfide solution (for stage II); (4) simple cooling and (5) mixing of low-chloride-sulfide solution with acid meteoric waters (for stage III). The models show the sequence of vein formation in the ore-producing system and the host-rock metasomatism in the deep horizons of the deposit.
Jointing patterns and stress tensors in Cenozoic sediments of the Baikal rift: development of the structural-genetic approach
Authors: Seminsky K.Zh. , Cheremnykh A.V. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Mass measurements of joints in Cenozoic sediments from the Baikal rift have yielded statistical data suitable for processing with a new structural-genetic approach. In the course of processing, the new approach has been methodologically completed with formalized techniques for proceeding from local stress tensor reconstructions to regional-scale stress patterns. The jointing patterns in soft sediments of the area have been recognized to be basically of tectonic origin, and their seeming fuzziness to result from spatial and hierarchic variations during rifting-related stress and strain changes. The patterns vary in time, space, and hierarchy, the three kinds of variability being associated, respectively, with stages of rifting and failure dynamics, with control from the prerift tectonics, and with the existence of six hierarchic levels of stress tensors. For the latter, the complete hierarchy of six stress levels has been recognized for the first time in the Pribaikalian crust.
Prostitution and Female Leadership in Rural Thailand: The Story of Phayao Province
Authors: NISHIZAKI YOSHINORI 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFor all the attention paid to the economic, social, and moral dimensions of prostitution in Thailand, no scholar has thus far conducted an empirical study of the relationship between the vice and political change in the countryside, where most sex workers come from. Using the case of Phayao Province in northern Thailand, I attempt to redress this lacuna. I show how rampant prostitution, the most acute social issue in Phayao, has ushered in the rise to power of one virtuous woman from an ethnic minority family—Ladawan Wongsriwong. Located on the economic and social margins of Thailand, many village families in Phayao traditionally relied on prostitution for income, causing a massive influx of young girls into the lucrative sex industry in Bangkok and abroad. In the 1990s, however, AIDS started taking a heavy toll on Phayao's small population. Against this backdrop, Ladawan emerged as a prominent female leader in the male-dominant rural society of Phayao by conducting an extensive issue-oriented campaign against prostitution. This case questions much of the literature on rural politics and female leadership in democratizing Southeast Asia that underestimates the importance of social issues.
Determined to Be Free: The Meaning of Freedom in Spinoza'sTheologico-Political Treatise
Authors: Frankel Steven 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe goal of this essay is to offer an alternative account to the view that political freedom and philosophical freedom are consistent, harmonious, and mutually reinforcing. Certainly, freedom is central to Spinoza's political thought, but to understand it properly, we need to explain how it alleviates, rather than encourages, superstition among the nonrational multitude. In light of his belief in the permanency of irrationality and superstition, Spinoza does not hope to expunge illusions from political life. Advocating freedom is an attempt to adapt the facts of the imagination to the needs of our political order and create stability. The belief in freedom—that is, the belief that we are individual actors who decide our actions and determine our fate—is the most powerful and abiding illusion in politics.
Attention et production d'autoreformulations autoamorcées en français langue seconde, quelle relation?
Authors: SIMARD DAPHNEE , FORTIER VERONIQUE , ZUNIGA MICHAEL 
Published: February 2011

RESUMECette étude avait comme objectif de tenter d'établir un lien entre la capacité attentionnelle et les autoreformulations autoamorcées d'apprenants adultes de français langue seconde produites lors d'une tâche de narration. L'analyse des données n'a pas permis d'établir une association significative entre ces deux variables. Les résultats appuient donc ceux obtenus d'une étude antérieure (c.-à-d., Fincher, 2006) ayant examiné, de manière différente, la même question de recherche. Les résultats doivent être interprétés en fonction de la mesure de l'attention utilisée, à savoir une mesure capacitaire. Les conclusions de l'étude permettent de faire ressortir le manque de précision concernant la nature du processus attentionnel en jeu lors de production d'autoreformulations autoamorcées.
Évaluation et identification perceptives d'accents ouest-africains en français
Authors: DE MAREÜIL PHILIPPE BOULA , BOUTIN BÉATRICE AKISSI 
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉCette étude examine avec quel degré de granularité divers accents ouest-africains en français peuvent être distingués. Elle vise avant tout à déterminer si, en perception, des auditeurs de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sont capables d'identifier l'appartenance ethnolinguistique, le pays de résidence et le niveau d'études de locuteurs akan, bambara, sénoufo, mossi (de langue mooré) et wolof, enregistrés en Côte d'Ivoire, au Mali, au Burkina Faso et au Sénégal. Une expérience perceptive a été menée, d'où il ressort que les dimensions étudiées sont bien identifiées par les sujets. Pour les jeunes locuteurs comme pour les locuteurs plus âgés, en lecture comme en parole spontanée, les résultats sont très robustes. Ils sont de plus assez fidèles à la conscience linguistique auto-évaluée par les auditeurs: quand ceux-ci se déclaraient confiants pour reconnaître les accents en présence, tel a effectivement été le cas. Quelques indices acoustiques différenciant notamment les accents wolof (Sénégal) et akan (Côte d'Ivoire) ont finalement été dégagés.
ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related kinase) is activated by mild hypothermia in mammalian cells and subsequently activates p53
Authors: Roobol Anne , Roobol Jo , Carden Martin J. , Bastide Amandine , Willis Anne E. , Dunn Warwick B. , Goodacre Royston , Smales C. Mark 
Published: February 2011

In vitro cultured mammalian cells respond to mild hypothermia (27–33 °C) by attenuating cellular processes and slowing and arresting the cell cycle. The slowing of the cell cycle at the upper range (31–33 °C) and its complete arrest at the lower range (27–28 °C) of mild hypothermia is effected by the activation of p53 and subsequent expression of p21. However, the mechanism by which cold is perceived in mammalian cells with the subsequent activation of p53 has remained undetermined. In the present paper, we report that the exposure of Chinese-hamster ovary-K1 cells to mildly hypothermic conditions activates the ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related kinase)–p53–p21 signalling pathway and is thus a key pathway involved in p53 activation upon mild hypothermia. In addition, we show that although p38MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) is also involved in activation of p53 upon mild hypothermia, this is probably the result of activation of p38MAPK by ATR. Furthermore, we show that cold-induced changes in cell membrane lipid composition are correlated with the activation of the ATR–p53–p21 pathway. Therefore we provide the first mechanistic detail of cell sensing and signalling upon mild hypothermia in mammalian cells leading to p53 and p21 activation, which is known to lead to cell cycle arrest.
Autotransporter passenger domain secretion requires a hydrophobic cavity at the extracellular entrance of the β-domain pore
Authors: Zhai Yujia , Zhang Kai , Huo Yanwu , Zhu Yanshi , Zhou Qiangjun , Lu Jiuwei , Black Isobel , Pang Xiaoyun , Roszak Aleksander W. , Zhang Xujia , Isaacs Neil W. , Sun Fei 
Published: February 2011

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious acute respiratory illness of humans caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. The AT (autotransporter) BrkA (Bordetella serum-resistance killing protein A) is an important B. pertussis virulence factor that confers serum resistance and mediates adherence. In the present study, we have solved the crystal structure of the BrkA β-domain at 3 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. Special features are a hairpin-like structure formed by the external loop L4, which is observed fortuitously sitting inside the pore of the crystallographic adjacent β-domain, and a previously undiscovered hydrophobic cavity formed by patches on loop L4 and β-strands S5 and S6. This adopts a ubiquitous structure characteristic of all AT β-domains. Mutagenesis studies have demonstrated that the hairpin-like structure and hydrophobic cavity are crucial for BrkA passenger domain (virulence effector) translocation. This structure helps in understanding the molecular mechanism of AT assembly and secretion and provides a potential target for anti-pertussis drug design.
Comparing the potential renal protective activity of desferrioxamine B and the novel chelator desferrioxamine B-N-(3-hydroxyadamant-1-yl)carboxamide in a cell model of myoglobinuria
Authors: Groebler Ludwig K. , Liu Joe , Shanu Anu , Codd Rachel , Witting Paul K. 
Published: February 2011

Accumulating Mb (myoglobin) in the kidney following severe burns promotes oxidative damage and inflammation, which leads to acute renal failure. The potential for haem–iron to induce oxidative damage has prompted testing of iron chelators [e.g. DFOB (desferrioxamine B)] as renal protective agents. We compared the ability of DFOB and a DFOB-derivative {DFOB-AdAOH [DFOB-N-(3-hydroxyadamant-1-yl)carboxamide]} to protect renal epithelial cells from Mb insult. Loading kidney-tubule epithelial cells with dihydrorhodamine-123 before exposure to 100 μM Mb increased rhodamine-123 fluorescence relative to controls (absence of Mb), indicating increased oxidative stress. Extracellular Mb elicited a reorganization of the transferrin receptor as assessed by monitoring labelled transferrin uptake with flow cytometry and inverted fluorescence microscopy. Mb stimulated HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α), and both ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule) and VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule) gene expression and inhibited epithelial monolayer permeability. Pre-treatment with DFOB or DFOB-AdAOH decreased Mb-mediated rhodamine-123 fluorescence, HO-1, ICAM and TNFα gene expression and restored monolayer permeability. MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) secretion increased in cells exposed to Mb-insult and this was abrogated by DFOB or DFOB-AdAOH. Cells treated with DFOB or DFOB-AdAOH alone showed no change in permeability, MCP-1 secretion or HO-1, TNFα, ICAM or VCAM gene expression. Similarly to DFOB, incubation of DFOB-AdAOH with Mb plus H2O2 yielded nitroxide radicals as detected by EPR spectroscopy, indicating a potential antioxidant activity in addition to metal chelation; Fe(III)-loaded DFOB-AdAOH showed no nitroxide radical formation. Overall, the chelators inhibited Mb-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and improved epithelial cell function. DFOB-AdAOH showed similar activity to DFOB, indicating that this novel low-toxicity chelator may protect the kidney after severe burns.
When a module is not a domain: the case of the REJ module and the redefinition of the architecture of polycystin-1
Authors: Schröder Samantha , Fraternali Franca , Quan Xueping , Scott David , Qian Feng , Pfuhl Mark 
Published: February 2011

The extracellular region of a group of cell-surface receptors known as the polycystic kidney disease 1 family, containing, among others, polycystin-1, has been controversially described as containing four FNIII (fibronectin type III) domains or one REJ (receptor of egg jelly protein) module in the same portion of polypeptide. Stimulated by recent atomic force microscopy work, we re-examined the similarity of these four domains with a FNIII sequence profile showing the evolutionary relationship. Two of the predicted domains could be expressed in bacteria and refolded to give a protein suitable for biophysical study, and one of these expressed solubly. CD spectroscopy showed that both domains contain a significant amount of β-sheet, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Confirmation of independent folding as a domain is obtained from highly co-operative thermal and urea unfolding curves. Excellent dispersion of peaks in the high-field region of one-dimensional NMR spectra confirms the presence of a hydrophobic core. Analytical ultracentrifugation and analytical gel filtration agree very well with the narrow linewidths in the NMR spectra that at least one of the domains is monomeric. On the basis of this combined theoretical and experimental analysis, we show that the extracellular portion of polycystin-1 does indeed contain β-sheet domains, probably FNIII, and that, consequently, the REJ module is not a single domain.
The Cdc42-associated kinase ACK1 is not autoinhibited but requires Src for activation
Authors: Chan Wing , Sit Soon-Tuck , Manser Ed 
Published: February 2011

The non-RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) ACK1 [activated Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42)-associated kinase 1] binds a number of RTKs and is associated with their endocytosis and turnover. Its mode of activation is not well established, but models have suggested that this is an autoinhibited kinase. Point mutations in its SH3 (Src homology 3)- or EGF (epidermal growth factor)-binding domains have been reported to activate ACK1, but we find neither of the corresponding W424K or F820A mutations do so. Indeed, deletion of the various ACK1 domains C-terminal to the catalytic domain are not associated with increased activity. A previous report identified only one major tyrosine phosphorylated protein of 60 kDa co-purified with ACK1. In a screen for new SH3 partners for ACK1 we found multiple Src family kinases; of these c-Src itself binds best. The SH2 and SH3 domains of Src interact with ACK1 Tyr518 and residues 623–652 respectively. Src targets the ACK1 activation loop Tyr284, a poor autophosphorylation site. We propose that ACK1 fails to undergo significant autophosphorylation on Tyr284in vivo because it is basophilic (whereas Src is acidophilic). Subsequent ACK1 activation downstream of receptors such as EGFR (EGF receptor) (and Src) promotes turnover of ACK1 in vivo, which is blocked by Src inhibitors, and is compromised in the Src-deficient SYF cell line. The results of the present study can explain why ACK1 is responsive to so many external stimuli including RTKs and integrin ligation, since Src kinases are commonly recruited by multiple receptor systems.
Effect of metformin therapy on cardiac function and survival in a volume-overload model of heart failure in rats
Authors: Benes Jan , Kazdova Ludmila , Drahota Zdenek , Houstek Josef , Medrikova Dasa , Kopecky Jan , Kovarova Nikola , Vrbacky Marek , Sedmera David , Strnad Hynek , Kolar Michal , Petrak Jiri , Benada Oldrich , Skaroupkova Petra , Cervenka Ludek , Melenovsky Vojtech 
Published: February 2011

Advanced HF (heart failure) is associated with altered substrate metabolism. Whether modification of substrate use improves the course of HF remains unknown. The antihyperglycaemic drug MET (metformin) affects substrate metabolism, and its use might be associated with improved outcome in diabetic HF. The aim of the present study was to examine whether MET would improve cardiac function and survival also in non-diabetic HF. Volume-overload HF was induced in male Wistar rats by creating ACF (aortocaval fistula). Animals were randomized to placebo/MET (300 mg·kg−1 of body weight·day−1, 0.5% in food) groups and underwent assessment of metabolism, cardiovascular and mitochondrial functions (n=6–12/group) in advanced HF stage (week 21). A separate cohort served for survival analysis (n=10–90/group). The ACF group had marked cardiac hypertrophy, increased LVEDP (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) and lung weight confirming decompensated HF, increased circulating NEFAs (non-esterified ‘free’ fatty acids), intra-abdominal fat depletion, lower glycogen synthesis in the skeletal muscle (diaphragm), lower myocardial triacylglycerol (triglyceride) content and attenuated myocardial 14C-glucose and 14C-palmitate oxidation, but preserved mitochondrial respiratory function, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. MET therapy normalized serum NEFAs, decreased myocardial glucose oxidation, increased myocardial palmitate oxidation, but it had no effect on myocardial gene expression, AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) signalling, ATP level, mitochondrial respiration, cardiac morphology, function and long-term survival, despite reaching therapeutic serum levels (2.2±0.7 μg/ml). In conclusion, MET-induced enhancement of myocardial fatty acid oxidation had a neutral effect on cardiac function and survival. Recently reported cardioprotective effects of MET may not be universal to all forms of HF and may require AMPK activation or ATP depletion. No increase in mortality on MET supports its safe use in diabetic HF.
Primary Prophylaxis of Variceal Hemorrhage in Children With Portal Hypertension: A Framework for Future Research
Authors: Ling Simon C , Walters Thomas , McKiernan Patrick J , Schwarz Kathleen B , Garcia‐Tsao Guadalupe , Shneider Benjamin L 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTNonselective β‐blocker therapy and endoscopic variceal ligation reduce the incidence of variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic adults, but their use in children is controversial. There are no evidence‐based recommendations for the prophylactic management of children at risk of variceal hemorrhage due to the lack of appropriate randomized controlled trials. In a recent gathering of experts at the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases annual meeting, significant challenges were identified in attempting to design and implement a clinical trial of primary prophylaxis in children using either of these therapies. These challenges render such a trial unfeasible, primarily due to the large sample size required, inadequate knowledge of appropriate dosing of β‐blockers, and difficulty in recruiting to a trial of endoscopic variceal ligation. Pediatric research should focus on addressing questions of natural history and diagnosis of varices, prediction of variceal bleeding, optimal approaches to β‐blocker and ligation therapy, and alternative study designs to explore therapeutic efficacy in children.