bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical design of a dual-cryostat instrument for a high-field pulsed magnet
Authors: Capatina D. , Islam Z. , Trakhtenberg E. , Nojiri H. , Narumi Y. 
Published: December 2010

The engineering of a dual-cryostat for a pulsed-magnet instrument at the Advanced Photon Source is presented. The dual-cryostat independently cools the magnet coil (using liquid-nitrogen) and the sample (using a closed-cycle refrigerator). Liquid-nitrogen cooling may allow a repetition rate of a few minutes for peak fields near 30 T. The system is unique in that the liquid-nitrogen cryostat incorporates a double-funnel vacuum tube passing through the solenoid's bore in order to preserve the entire angular range allowed by the magnet bore for scattering studies. Second, the use of a separate refrigerator for the sample allows precise positioning of samples in the bore while minimizing magnet vibrations propagating to the sample during pulsed-field generation.
ALBA XALOC beamline diffractometer table skin concept design
Authors: Colldelram C. , Ruget C. , Nikitina L. 
Published: December 2010

The XALOC beamline is dedicated to macromolecular crystallography. The position and angle of the X-ray beam at the sample change in horizontal and vertical directions. Consequently, the support of the sample has to follow the beam with two linear and two rotational movements. For this purpose ALBA engineering division has developed a positioning table in house. The main goal of the design was to achieve high resolution, accuracy and stability. Effective resolution and accuracy need adequate actuators and high stability, in the range of 0.1 µm and 0.2 µrad resolution and 1 µm repeatability and first resonance mode f0 = 45 Hz (static and dynamic), for a 1.5 m-long, 1 m-high and 0.6 m-wide table which can support 0.5 tonnes of payload. The actuators were chosen by analytical calculations, whereas the stability is accomplished by a design that minimizes the thermal drifts and avoids the amplification of the vibrations from the ground, increasing the frequency of the resonance modes. The concept is based on a big block of natural granite that acts as a very stable reference base, in terms of thermal expansion and stiffness, and the mechanics are placed as close as possible to this reference. In this manner, the thermal drift is minimized and the stiffness is maximized. Conceptually, the mechanics can be imagined as a skin around the granite base. To reach a proper design several solutions have been analysed, with Finite element analysis (FEA) tools, to validate a compromise solution which has been produced and tested.
Nobody Dares: Freedom, Dissent, Self-Knowing, and Other Possibilities in Sebald Beham'sImpossible*
Authors: Merback Mitchell B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFeaturing the image of an athlete tugging at a rooted sapling, Impossible is the most enigmatic of the many small-scale engravings produced by Hans Sebald Beham. Juxtaposed with the adage “Nobody should dare great things that are impossible for him to do,” the image not only challenges the astute viewer to a game of wits: the resulting paradox also unleashes a cascade of ethical questions concerning the boundedness of the will, Christian freedom, human perfectibility, and the paradoxical conditions of self-knowledge. These issues came to the fore in the sixteenth-century debate over free will, which pitted humanists, magisterial, and radical reformers against one another. Beham's documented experience as a religious and political dissident during the 1520s raises the possibility that the print, made later in life, embeds still another allegorical layer: the conflicted situation of the artist in an era of reform and iconoclasm, Renaissance and revolution, hope and disillusionment.
The Study of Nature, Philosophy, and the Royal Library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial*
Authors: Portuondo María M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractInterpretations of the iconography of the Royal Library of the Escorial have fostered many assessments of the intellectual panorama of late sixteenth-century Spain. This study advances the thesis that once the Royal Library was established in its permanent premises attempts were made to define its intellectual agenda, and in particular to redirect the study of nature undertaken there in a rather distinct and novel direction. To identify this agenda, this study shuns iconographic interpretation to focus instead on Friar José de Sigüenza's description of the library's frescoes. Once this discourse by the librarian of the Escorial is read independently of meanings that might have been inscribed in the library's iconography and is complemented with insights gleaned from other works by its author and his mentor, Benito Arias Montano, the librarian's description reveals itself to be a manifesto of how the friar thought the study of nature should be undertaken at the Escorial. It entailed a reorientation away from Aristotelian and empiricist approaches and toward the elaboration of a radically new biblist metaphysics.
Clinical features of heart failure hospitalization in younger and elderly patients in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao 
Published: December 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (6): 597–604AbstractBackground  This study compared the comorbidities, drugs, expenses and in‐hospital mortality between younger and elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure.Methods  A random sample of 1 000 000 insurants of the National Health Insurance program of Taiwan in 2005 was used. Comparisons were made between younger (20–64 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) patients.Results  Heart failure hospitalization was identified in 2692 patients. Ageing, female sex, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nephropathy, infection and ischaemic heart disease were significantly associated with heart failure hospitalization. The incidence was 88 and 2181 per 100 000 population, in younger and elderly people, respectively. The most common comorbidity in the elderly was hypertension (38·3%), followed by infection (32·0%) and ischaemic heart disease (31·9%). In younger patients, hypertension (41·3%), diabetes (35·5%) and ischaemic heart disease (29·8%) were the most common comorbidity. Diuretics were the most common drugs for both the younger (74·4%) and the elderly (76·9%) patients, followed by angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers and aspirin. The length of stay was longer (17·1 vs. 11·0 days, P < 0·0001), total expense higher (105 290·5 vs. 85 473·6 New Taiwan Dollars, P < 0·05) and in‐hospital mortality higher (4·2% vs. 2·7%, P = 0·0823) in the elderly. Length of stay, nephropathy, infection, ischaemic heart disease and peripheral arterial disease were associated with expenses. In‐hospital mortality was associated with age, length of stay, cancer, infection and peripheral arterial disease.Conclusions  The elderly have a 25‐fold higher risk of heart failure hospitalization, longer length of in‐hospital stay, higher total medical expense and higher in‐hospital mortality.
Pharmacokinetics of high‐dose etoposide administered in combination with fractionated total‐body irradiation as conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Chrzanowska Maria , Sobiak Joanna , Grund Grzegorz , Wachowiak Jacek 
Published: December 2010

Chrzanowska M, Sobiak J, Grund G, Wachowiak J. Pharmacokinetics of high‐dose etoposide administered in combination with fractionated total‐body irradiation as conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:96–102. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Etoposide (VP‐16) is one of the most widely used antitumor agents in pediatric oncology as well as chemotherapeutic agents used in conditioning regimen prior to allo‐HSCT for childhood ALL. This study included 21 children with ALL who underwent allo‐HSCT after conditioning with FTBI and high‐dose of VP‐16 (60 mg/kg) given intravenously as single four‐h infusion on day −3 (n = 2) or day −4 (n = 19) prior to allo‐HSCT. Blood samples were collected at defined time intervals until 120 h elapsed from the end of infusion. VP‐16 plasma concentrations were determined using validated HPLC method. Three‐compartment model was assumed for assessing PK parameters of VP‐16. The median value of VP‐16 Cmax measured at the end of infusion was 188.0 μg/mL (range 148.0–407.0 μg/mL). Out of 21 studied children, VP‐16 was still detectable in 17 patients 72 h (median concentration 0.31 μg/mL) and in eight patients 96 h (median concentration 0.31 μg/mL) after the end of infusion. VP‐16 concentration 96 h after the end of infusion was positively correlated with VP‐16 AUC and negatively correlated with VP‐16 CL normalized to body weight.
Effect of ascorbic acid or increasing metabolizable energy level with or without supplementation of some essential amino acids on productive and physiological traits of slow‐growing chicks exposed to chronic heat stress
Authors: Attia Y. A. , Hassan R. A. , Tag El‐Din A. E. , Abou‐Shehema B. M. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryFour hundred and twenty, 21‐day‐old slow‐growing chicks were divided randomly into seven treatments, each containing five replicates. Each replicate was kept in a 1 × 1‐m floor pen. One treatment was kept under thermo‐neutral conditions in a semi‐open house and fed a corn–soybean meal diet (positive control). The other six groups were kept under chronic heat stress (CHS) at 38 °C and 60% RH for 4 h from 12:00 to 16:00 pm for three successive days per week. Chicks in CHS treatments were fed a corn‐soybean meal diet without (negative control) or with increasing metabolizable energy (ME) level by oil supplementation alone, or also with increasing some essential amino acids (EAA) such as methionine (Met), methionine and lysine (Met+Lys) or methionine, lysine and arginine (Met+Lys+Arg) or supplemented with 250 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg.CHS impaired (p < 0.05) growth performance, increased plasma triglycerides and total serum Ca while decreasing (p < 0.05) plasma glucose and total serum protein. Meanwhile 250 mg AA/kg diet or an increasing ME without or with some EAA partially alleviated (p < 0.0001) the negative effect of CHS on growth while increasing (p < 0.05) feed intake and improving (p < 0.05) feed:gain ratio (F:G) and crude protein (CP) digestibility (p < 0.05). AA or increasing ME with or without EAA increased (p < 0.05) percentage dressing, liver and giblets to those of the positive control. AA or increasing ME with or without EAA partially alleviated the negative effect of CHS on blood pH, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hgb), total serum protein and total Ca, plasma glucose and triglyceride, rectal temperature and respiration rate.Increasing ME level improved chickens’ tolerance to CHS without a significant difference from those supplemented with AA. However, increasing Met, Lys and Arg concentration did not improve performance over that recorded with increasing ME level alone. Under CHS, 250 mg AA/kg diet or increasing ME level by addition of 3% vegetable oil could be an useful approach to improve productive and physiological traits of slow‐growing chicks, which may be applicable also to fast‐growing one.
Effect of Chilling Temperature on the Long‐Term Survival of Rabbit Spermatozoa held Either in a Tris‐Based or a Jellified Extender
Authors: Rosato MP , Iaffaldano N 
Published: December 2010

ContentsAs the preservation of the fertilizing capacity of rabbit spermatozoa for several days after semen collection remains a major target for the artificial insemination programs of rabbit breeding, a study was conducted to compare the efficacy of 5 or 15°C as holding temperature in lengthening the preservability of rabbit semen quality during 192 h of storage both in a solid (Cunigel) and a liquid (Tris‐Citric acid‐Glucose; TCG) extender. Six pooled semen samples (two ejaculates/male; two–three males/pool) were taken and made four aliquots: two aliquots were tenfold diluted with the TCG extender, whereas the other two were tenfold diluted with the Cunigel extender. One aliquot per diluent was stored at 5°C and the second one at 15°C. Sperm motility (light microscope), viability (SyBr‐PI staining), plasma membrane functional integrity (Hypo‐osmotic swelling test) and acrosome integrity (PSA–FITC staining) were recorded at 0, 48, 120 and 192 h of storage. In liquid‐stored spermatozoa, mass motility and viability were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in samples stored at 5°C than at 15°C at all the storage times; at 5°C resulted also higher (p ≤ 0.05) the percentages of both forward motility at 48 h and sperm functional integrity at 120 and 192 h of storage, whereas chilling temperature did not affect acrosome integrity. With the Cunigel extender, all the semen qualitative parameters were significantly higher in sample stored at 5 than 15°C over storage time (p ≤ 0.05); only acrosome integrity at 192 h was not different according to the chilling temperatures. In conclusion, 5°C were better than 15°C for the long‐term storage of rabbit semen both in the TCG and Cunigel extender.
Optimal level of 25‐(OH)D in children in Nanjing (32°N Lat) during winter
Authors: Liang Guan‐Yu , Qin Rui , Li Jing , Liang Guan‐Xiang , Guan Yong‐Juan , Gao Zhan‐Hui 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The optimal serum level of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐(OH)D) for bone health is still unclear, especially in children. Hypovitaminosis D is also re‐emerging in developed and developing countries. The purpose of the present study was therefore to determine optimal serum 25‐(OH)D level and preliminarily identify the vitamin D nutritional status in Nanjing children.Methods:  All subjects (76 healthy, 66 suffering from infectious diseases) aged 0–10 years were recruited during the period December 2007–March 2008. Venous blood samples were collected before breakfast and the levels of serum 25‐(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) were determined. The optimal level of serum 25‐(OH)D was explored using the three response curves of 25‐(OH)D versus PTH, 25‐(OH)D versus BAP, and 25‐(OH)D versus Ca×P product.Results:  For 25‐(OH)D ≤ 50 nmol/L, PTH and BAP were both inversely correlated with 25‐(OH)D (PTH, r=−0.864, P < 0.01; BAP, r=−0.856, P < 0.01). For 25‐(OH)D > 50–60 nmol/L, levels of PTH and BAP remained steady. With regard to the Ca×P product, for 25‐(OH)D ≤ 50 nmol/L, Ca×P product increased as 25‐(OH)D increased (r= 0.037, P > 0.05). For 25‐(OH)D > 50–60 nmol/L, Ca×P product remained steady. The mean serum level of 25‐(OH)D was 80.5 ± 29.3 nmol/L (mean ± SD) in the healthy children, and 65.7 ± 32.3 nmol/L in the sick children.Conclusion:  The optimal 25‐(OH)D level may be 50–60 nmol/L for bone health in Nanjing children. The vitamin D nutritional status of Nanjing children is relatively good in winter.
Might asphyxia cause respiratory inhibition after crying in mature infants?
Authors: Minowa Hideki , Bando Yuka , Yasuhara Hajime , Ohgitani Ayako 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  To clarify the timing of injury in utero causing respiratory inhibition after crying (RIAC), the relationship between asphyxia and RIAC was investigated in infants whose gestational age was ≥36 weeks.Methods:  RIAC and cranial ultrasound abnormalities were examined for retrospectively in infants treated in the neonatal intensive care unit from April 2004 through March 2009. All included infants were gestational age ≥36 weeks and had an Apgar score <4 points at 1 min. The relationship between RIAC and perinatal factors was also examined.Results:  Twenty‐six infants were included. Three infants had RIAC, seven infants had poor prognosis, and nine infants had ultrasound abnormalities in the ganglionic eminence (GE). There was a significant relationship between RIAC and ultrasound abnormalities in the GE (P= 0.032). Poor prognosis was significantly associated with low Apgar score at 5 min (P≤ 0.001), disseminated intravascular coagulation (P= 0.047), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (P= 0.028), and brain hypothermia therapy (P= 0.028). There was no significant relationship between RIAC and poor prognosis. All infants had ultrasound abnormalities in the GE on the day of birth.Conclusion:  Damage occurring in utero prior to 36 weeks gestation might cause increased echogenicity or cyst formation in the GE, potentially disturbing maturation of the respiratory center with the development of RIAC.
Recurrent impetigo herpetiformis successfully treated with methotrexate: A case report
Authors: Luewan Suchaya , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Tongsong Theera 
Published: December 2010

AbstractImpetigo herpetiformis is a rare disease and its occurrence is specific for pregnancy. The lesions are characterized by sterile, pustular eruptions. The disorder is usually seen in the third trimester, but cases of impetigo herpetiformis appearing in the first trimester have also been reported. The lesions are expected to disappear after birth, but the disorder may recur during subsequent pregnancies. In this case report we discuss a 28‐year‐old pregnant woman, G3P1011, with a history of impetigo herpetiformis in the first pregnancy, who presented with generalized pustular lesions at 30 weeks' gestation. Her disease responded poorly to corticosteroids and was more severe than in the previous pregnancy. She delivered prematurely at 34 weeks' gestation and then received aggressive postpartum treatment with methotrexate, resulting in a dramatic response. This case supports the current understanding that recurrent impetigo herpetiformis in subsequent pregnancy tends to be more severe and to have an earlier onset. Additionally, it provides additional evidence that methotrexate may be used as an alternative treatment for impetigo herpetiformis in the case of a poor response to corticosteroids.
Intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability using a noninvasive ultrasound cardiac output monitor in healthy anesthetized children
Authors: Dhanani Sonny , Barrowman Nick J. , Ward Roxanne E. , Murto Kimmo T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  Accurate and reliable evaluation of cardiac index (CI) in critically ill pediatric patients can optimize their management. Although validated, noninvasive ultrasound measurement techniques have been previously shown to be unreliable because of observer variability.Objective:  To confirm intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability when using the noninvasive USCOM® in healthy anesthetized children.Methods:  Prospective observational study at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, included newborns to 12 years of age undergoing elective surgery or magnetic resonance imaging. The USCOM® was used to assess CI via aortic flow with a trans‐sternal approach. Two trained observers were responsible for taking two measurements of CI each at steady state in randomized succession after stable depth of anesthesia was achieved.Results:  Fifty‐nine patients were included. Forty‐seven (80%) were between 3 and 7 years old, with 57% male. The mean difference ± sd for repeat CI measurements by each of two observers was 0.11 ± 0.47 and 0.05 ± 0.65 l·min−1·m−2, respectively. Intra‐observer reliability for these repeat measurements by each observer determined by Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. The mean difference ± sd between observers was 0.16 ± 0.59 l·min−1·m−2, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was 0.87. The two observers subjectively rated measurements as ‘Difficult’ or ‘Very difficult’ only 14% (16/118) and 3% (4/118) of the time, respectively. No adverse events were reported.Conclusion:  This study confirms that the USCOM® is relatively easy to use and reliable in healthy children when operated by trained users.
The European Union as a Small Power
Authors: TOJE ASLE 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith the creation of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP), the EU has entered the realm of power politics. Although the ambition to become a great power has been frequently reiterated, the EU has often failed to deliver stated policy objectives. This article has two broad goals. One is to outline the strategic behavioural patterns of small powers. The lack of scholarly attention to these states – the largest group in the international system – is a major omission from the International Relations canon. The other is to see how EU patterns of behaviour, exemplified in attempts to build up capacities for military intervention, overlap with those of a small power. The article argues that the concept of a small power best captures the reality of the EU as a strategic actor. Consequently, the EU is more comparable to other small powers such as Sweden or Argentina rather than to great powers such as China or Russia.
Towards a Social Theory of EU Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: BICKERTON CHRIS J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article argues that the study of EU foreign and security policy has been hampered by its conceptualization of the sovereign state. Realist and constructivist scholars share Stanley Hoffmann's formulation of states as either ‘obstinate or obsolete’. EU foreign and security policy is puzzling in this respect as it corresponds to neither. Drawing on two examples – the EC's role in the Conference on Security and Co‐operation in Europe (CSCE) in 1973–75 and the contemporary workings of the Political and Security Committee (PSC) – this article suggests that we think of EU foreign and security policy as driven not by the obstinacy or the obsolescence of the nation‐state but rather by its transformation. In line with this claim, the article proposes a social theory of EU foreign and security policy with democracy and bureaucracy as two competing political forms within the framework of the modern state. It is the changing balance between these two political forms that drives forward closer foreign and security co‐operation in Europe.
Moulting, ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in the Cambrian ptychopariid trilobite Strenuaeva inflata from the northern Swedish Caledonides
Authors: CEDERSTRÖM PETER , AHLBERG PER , NILSSON CARIN H. , AHLGREN JOHN , ERIKSSON MATS E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Three thousand seven hundred disarticulated remains together with several articulated specimens of the Cambrian Series 2 ptychopariid trilobite Strenuaeva inflata Ahlberg and Bergström, 1978 have been collected from the Torneträsk area, northern Sweden. The material provides significant new data on the morphology, ontogeny, moulting and enrolment of the species. Two distinct morphotypes, possibly an expression of sexual dimorphism, are recognized. The morph with a pair of bulbs in the frontal area, interpreted as brood pouches, is considered to represent females. Statistical treatment of the length/width ratio in cranidia reveals isometric growth during ontogeny for both morphotypes. The transition from the meraspid to holaspid ontogenetic period has been established through recognition of the successive development of the number of thoracic segments in articulated late meraspides. Throughout its life cycle, S. inflata went through 11 meraspid degrees and at least 17 holaspid growth stages. Inferred moult ensembles and exuviae reveal the successive opening of cephalic sutures and the function of the rostral plate during exuviation. As in other ellipsocephalid trilobites in which enrolment is known, the pygidium and two or three thoracic segments of S. inflata are concealed beneath the cephalon (spiral enrolment) during complete enrolment.