bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIBRARY LETTERS
Authors: Schmitt Susanne 
Published: November 2010

FORESTS FOR OPTIMISTS AND SPECIESKüchli, C. (1997) Forests of hope: stories of regeneration. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London. 244 pp., photos. Paperback: Price Ãº19.99. ISBN 1‐85383‐505‐6. For most parts of the world, the general perception is that forests are under threat and are irreplaceably lost at an ever increasing rate. In this beautifully laid out and illustrated book by Christian Küchli a different and hopeful message is presented. He presents twelve well‐researched and readable case studies from both developed and developing countries. These are personal accounts of individual or collective actions to restore, protect and manage forest resources, with the common message that local initiatives and commitment are crucial. He clearly spells out that social and political change exert powerful forces on the forests of the world. However, the important point that he notes is that these may be either negative or positive, whereby the recovery of forests in Central Europe after sweeping social change serves as a powerful positive example.With this he also attempts to provide a new framework for the future by concentrating on what he sees as the most important forest preserving mechanisms. The first one is that local resistance to the exploitation and destruction of forests is crucial. The second is the important recognition that forests have a great capacity to regenerate naturally, a situation which ‘gloom and doom’ messages often neglect or even deny. Thirdly, he advocates that more attention should be paid to the possibilities of near‐natural forest management as a profitable option which still needs to gain full recognition.Whilst not being naive and whilst recognizing the powerful forces threatening forests, particularly in the developing world, this book provides a ray of sunshine and hope. This book is recommended to people interested in the future of forests. It suits both the more optimistic and the sceptical. For the former the book should help to reinforce their hope, and for the latter it may help convince them that not all is lost. For both it should provide a positive incentive to support the current movement towards greater involvement of local people in forest management.
Is FAST Stroke Smart? Do the Content and Language used in Awareness Campaigns Describe the Experience of Stroke Symptoms?
Authors: Bray Janet E. , O'Connell Bev , Gilligan Amanda , Livingston Patricia M. , Bladin Chris 
Published: November 2010

Background Public education campaigns for stroke are used worldwide. However, there are few published evaluations of such campaigns. Aim This cross-sectional study examined patient and bystander awareness of two Australian campaigns, ‘FAST’ (face, arm, speech, time) and ‘Signs of Stroke’, and evaluated the campaigns ability to identify stroke and to describe the symptom experience. Methods Interviews were conducted with either stroke patients or a key bystander for consecutive eligible cases admitted to two metropolitan hospitals between August 2006 and April 2008. Participants were asked to describe awareness of the FAST campaign, the symptoms experienced and to evaluate the symptom descriptions of Signs of Stroke against their own experience. Results A total of 100 patients and 70 bystanders were interviewed for 170 cases (71% of eligible cases). Only 12% of those interviewed were aware of the FAST campaign, and of these few (19%) were able to recall all FAST symptoms, with only one bystander using the FAST assessments to identify stroke. At least one FAST symptom was reported by 84% and one Signs of Stroke symptom by 100%. Less than half of those experiencing ‘weakness or paralysis’ thought this description exactly described their experience. Common descriptors of symptoms were: face or mouth droop or drop; trouble using, coordinating or moving arm, hand or leg; trouble walking or standing; numbness; and slurring or loss of speech. Conclusion Awareness of the FAST and Signs of Stroke campaigns was low, with poor recall and little use of the FAST assessments. Some symptom descriptions used in the campaign were not reflective of the symptom experience. The content and language of these campaigns could be improved to portray stroke symptoms more realistically.
Effect of conventional interferon‐α in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Xin , Qin Wenxia , Zhou Rongle , Wang Li , Li Youping , Zhao Liansan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Background Although a few studies have tested the effect of interferon‐α on chronic hepatitis B, its treatment effect remains uncertain, and the association of treatment effect with intervention characteristics has not been thoroughly explored. This study examined the effect of IFN‐α in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B, and investigated the characteristics associated with treatment effect. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Scientific Citation Index, Current Content Connect, Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, and Chinese Biomedical Database, all up to 15 September 2009. We included randomized trials comparing IFN‐α to placebo, no treatment, or standard care (SC) in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias and extracted data, independently and in duplicate. We conducted meta‐analyses of the included studies, and subgroup analyses to examine the association of pre‐specified characteristics (eg, dose, treatment duration) with treatment effect. Results A total of 31 randomized controlled trials, involving 2164 patients, were included. The risk of bias varied across studies. Compared with placebo, no treatment, or SC, IFN‐α improved loss of HBeAg (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.83 to 3.04), HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.32), HBeAg seroconversion (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62), ALT normalization (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.56), and loss of HBsAg (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.91). Treatment effects differed in high versus low dose, and long versus short duration of IFN‐α. The effect of high dose IFN‐α (OR 3.28, 95% CI 2.31 to 4.66) is statistically larger than that of low dose IFN‐α (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.28) on loss of HBeAg (interaction P = 0.017), and longer IFN‐α treatment durations produce greater effects (OR 3.28, 95% CI 2.16 to 5.00) than do shorter durations (OR 1.94, 95% CI 0.42 to 2.66, interaction P = 0.038). High dose IFN‐α had a significant effect on HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.03 to 3.86), while low dose IFN‐α did not (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.41, interaction P = 0.01); longer treatments significantly improved HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.62 to 4.12), but shorter durations did not (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.97, interaction P = 0.024). Conclusions IFN‐α can improve serological, biomedical, and virological response. Higher doses and prolonged treatments appear to have larger treatment benefits than lower doses and shorter treatments. However, the increased adverse reactions and costs associated with higher doses and prolonged treatment warrant caution in applying these results.
Trichomycetes in aquatic insects from Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Strongman D. B. 
Published: November 2010

Trichomycetes, an ecological grouping of fungi and protists associated with the guts of aquatic arthropods, are distributed globally. The diversity of this unique species complex is, however, more completely documented in some parts of the USA and Europe than in Canada. Twenty species of trichomycetes were collected from insect hosts at six sites in Prince Edward Island, situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence about 14 km off the east coast of New Brunswick. Five new species of Harpellales (Fungi, Kickxellomycotina), Caudomyces longicollis Strongman sp. nov. from Antocha sp. (Tipulidae), Legeriomyces minae Strongman sp. nov. from mayflies, and Smittium ditrichosporum Strongman sp. nov., Smittium insulare Strongman sp. nov., and Smittium tynense Strongman sp. nov. from chironomids are described. Smittium brevisporum L.G. Valle & Santam. and Smittium gracilis L.G. Valle & Santam., previously known only from Spain, are recorded for the first time in North America. A number of species of Harpellales and Amoebidiales (Phylum Mesomycetozoa) previously recorded from the region (P.E.I. and N.S.), and several that are common and widely distributed, were also recovered. Stachylina pedifer Lichtw. & M.C. Williams was collected from chironomids in a stream exposed to seawater during high tide. Trichomycete diversity is high on P.E.I., as it is in many regions where extensive surveys have been conducted, including islands such as Australia and New Zealand. More data from islands may help shed some light on distribution patterns for these obligate endobionts and provide some insights into mechanisms for dispersal.
A Brief Review of Ethnicity Studies in Turkey
Authors: Suvari Çakır Ceyhan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAs is known, the racist worldview rising in Europe, particularly in Germany of the 1930s, affected also the socio-political realities in Turkey, and became in effect a part of the official policy of the country. Many theories of obvious Turkist nature, such as Güneş Dil Teorisi (Sun Language Theory), were even shaped by the government and introduced into the university programmes. In this framework, the ancient Near Eastern states were declared Turkish, and the idea about the primordial presence of the Turks in Anatolia and Mesopotamia became a sort of axiom or absolute truth. From anthropological perspective, thousands of Armenian and Greek graves were opened and examined for the purpose of determining the real Turkish type; the skulls taken from these graves were compared with those of the contemporary Turks. The racist ideology defeated in Europe as a result of World War II, was correspondingly overthrown in Turkey too; even some sanctions were imposed to its defenders. However, since the 1980s, the similar ideas have been brought to the agenda again via the project of “the re-discovery of the proto-Turks in Anatolia”. Moreover, some Turkish academics have argued that the non-Muslim and non-Turk peoples, such as the Pontus Greeks, the Armenians, and the Assyrians are, indeed, of Turkic origin. This paper examines the recent publications by several Turkish authors who vehemently advocate the above summarised views, which, at the same time, are shared and embraced by a clear majority of the academics studying identity and ethnicity issues in Turkey. The introductory part of the paper discusses the theoretical aspects of ethnicity—again with a focus on the relevant literature published in Turkey.
Recht für Juristen, Recht für Laien? – Oder: (Wie) Lässt sich das Recht dem juristischen Laien näher bringen?
Authors: Jermol Ada Gruntar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEspecially for non-experts, translating legal texts is a complicated and multifaceted process, demanding much linguistic and technical competence from translators. Legal systems differ from one another, and each one has a specific set of norms, especially reflected at the lexical level – that is, in terminology. Understanding two legal systems is not easy, even for experts; of course, it is even more difficult for translators, who are usually not legal experts. This article focuses on how to quickly and transparently provide translators with some (basic) technical knowledge using ontologies, which in recent years have found considerable application in synthesizing and visualizing knowledge.
Glossar Reisezugwagen EN-DE / DE-EN
Authors: Werneyer Susanne 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe process of creating a transeuropean interoperable rail network is an everyday challenge, creating new problems due to different track gauges or voltage systems and leading to new technical developments, implementations and comfort improvements for passengers. Translators and interpreters are faced with various problems: terms and definitions vary between companies and synonyms are not recognised. Furthermore, there is still a lack of mono- and bilingual handbooks, which cover all the aspects and technical components of passenger trains and multiple units. The following glossary is part of a terminological diploma thesis on passenger trains written at the University of Leipzig.
Numerical study of deformations induced by ac electric field in insulating flexoelectric nematic layers
Authors: Derfel G. , Buczkowska M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe influence of the frequency f of applied ac electric field on the time dependence of electric field induced deformations of homeotropic nematic layers is studied numerically. Three kinds of nematic liquid crystals were considered: non-flexoelectric nematic with negative dielectric anisotropy, Δɛ < 0dielectrically compensated nematic (Δɛ = 0) possessing flexoelectric properties determined by the positive sum of flexoelectric coefficients e = e11 + e33 > 0nematic characterised by both Δɛ < 0 and e > 0.It was found that at sufficiently low frequencies, the deformations varied with time. The deformations of purely dielectric nature had the period 1/(2f). When the frequency was increased, a stationary director distribution was achieved, determined by the rms value of the ac voltage. The time period of purely flexoelectric distortions was equal to 1/f. There was a well defined cut-off frequency above which these deformations vanished. In the case of dielectrically anisotropic and flexoelectric nematic, the flexoelectric contribution vanished above a critical frequency and the deformation of dielectric nature stabilized at high frequencies.
Low Dose Vaginal Misoprostol in the Management of Women with Intrauterine Fetal Death
Authors: El-Gharib M.N. , El-Ebyary M.T. , Alhawary T.S. , Elshourbagy S.H. 
Published: November 2010

Objectives The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and side effects of vaginal misoprostol (Vagiprost® tablet) in termination of second and third trimester pregnancy complicated with intrauterine fetal death. Design A prospective observational cohort study. Setting Tanta University Hospital. Patients The study was carried out on 324 women with fetal demise in the second and third trimesters. Cases were collected during the period from January 2008 to December 2009. Intervention All patients were subjected to history taking, physical examination, Bishop Scoring. Application of 25 μg misoprostol in the posterior fornix of the vagina, this will be repeated every 4 hours over 24 hours. The adverse effects, progress, and outcomes were assessed. Results the success rate was 90% and 45% in women with third and second trimesters respectively. The mean induction-termination interval was 8.95 ± 2.63 and 15.3 ± 5.37 hours for women with third and second trimesters respectively. The induction termination interval correlated negatively with the duration of gestation. Approximately, 90% of second trimester and 55% of third trimester women required oxytocin augmentation. The mean value of total required dose of misoprostol was 166.3 ± 7.5 and 120 ± 28.79 μg for women with second and third trimesters respectively. Conclusion Vagiprost appears to be a safe, effective, practical, and inexpensive method for termination of third trimester pregnancy complicated with of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), its effects increase with parity and duration of gestation.
Evaluation of Human Natural Killer Cell Activities in Whole Blood
Authors: Claus Maren , Watzl Carsten 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells of the innate immune system. Activation of NK cells results in their cytotoxic activity against locally attached target cells and leads to the secretion of cytokines. These activities are usually measured in purified NK cells or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this unit, we describe a protocol to measure NK cell cytotoxicity (lysis of 51Cr labeled target cells), degranulation (externalization of CD107a), and cytokine production (intracellular FACS analysis of IFN‐γ) in whole‐blood samples. Using these protocols, it is possible to perform a comprehensive analysis of NK cell function with as little as 3.5 ml of heparinized whole blood. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:7.39.1‐7.39.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring TLR Function in Transfectants
Authors: Rallabhandi Prasad 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis unit summarizes a combination of methods that can be optimized for measuring toll‐like receptor (TLR) function. TLRs serve as primary innate immune sensors and exhibit high specificity towards evolutionarily conserved microbial and viral structures. The unit focuses specifically on TLR4, the principal Gram‐negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensor. Methods described include transient transfections, analyses of activation of various promoters in reporter‐gene assays, and induction of IL‐8 secretion. Other topics that will be briefly discussed include the necessity for the assessment of surface expression of transmembrane receptors (e.g., TLR4) using FACS analysis, and a permutation of the TLR functional analysis approach using site‐directed mutagenesis. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:14.16.1‐14.16.15. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Soft Cosmos of AD’s ‘Cosmorama’ in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Kallipoliti Lydia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBetween 1968 and 1973, the innovative ‘Cosmorama’ section of AD played an influential role in promoting alternative technologies and ecological experiments. Here, guest‐editor Lydia Kallipoliti provides her own ‘soft cosmos’: a genealogy of ecological material experimentation and thinking in the 1960s and 1970s, which puts particular stress on the biological, elastic, moulded and pneumatic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Ut)opiates: Rethinking Nature
Authors: López‐Durán Fabiola , Moore Nikki 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMuch of what is currently regarded as ‘green’ is predicated on a pre‐modern, even Romantic, notion of nature; with sustainable design often overtly seeking to readdress the balance in nature by countering man's destructive forces. Here, Fabiola López‐Durán and Nikki Moore pursue a more nuanced view of sustainability and architecture through a lineage of ideas, embedded within Lamarckian eugenics ‐ the early 20th‐century movement that sought the advancement of the human race through the transformation of the environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Architecture of the Mouse
Authors: Wigley Mark 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe mouse is a potent prosthetic. When placed in front of our desktop we do not even have to think consciously about reaching for it. Mark Wigley's eulogy to this seemingly humble but transformative technology highlights the power that such a discrete device can have on the human ecosystem, providing a seamless interface between body and brain that is still only to be dreamt of in architecture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEtreePOLIS 1901‐2111
Authors: Hollwich Matthias , Kushner Marc 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAs the natural world continues to change, it is clear that people would rather employ technology to adapt to shifting circumstances rather than alter their lifestyles to suit nature's demands. MEtreePolis is a timeline of crucial historical developments that explores the dichotomy of nature and technology. Commencing in 1901, it shoots past the present and into the future, closing in 2111. By providing an imaginative vision of tomorrow, Matthias Hollwich and Marc Kushner provide an entertaining argument for human manipulation of the environment, suggesting that it will inadvertently trigger ‘ecological salvation’ and ‘social utopia’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Science) Fiction, Ecophysical Apparatus and Skizoid Machines: Animism, Vitalism and Machinism as a Way to Rearticulate the Need to Confront the Unknown in a Contradictory Manner
Authors: Roche François 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFrançois Roche of R&Sie(n) ruminates on the contradictory nature of the present: a time that is ‘vibrating’ while ultimately ‘lacking momentum’. Reclaiming ‘the scenarios and substances that condition architecture’, he rejects the large‐scale flights of fancy of international signature architects and argues for the reactivation of ‘a throbbing, complex and unfinished “localism”’. In so doing, he advocates a machinism that enables fictionalisation and speculation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Go Brown: Inner‐Disciplinary Conjectures
Authors: Tsamis Alexandros 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe relationship of society to its excrement is telling at both a cultural and social level. The notion of green architecture with its emphasis on the naturally pure has so far eschewed waste as a primary generative material. Alexandros Tsamis here invokes a more inclusive notion of the environment in which by‐product becomes intrinsic to any project. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Ecosystems
Authors: Catalá Anna Pla 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDespite computation's wholescale adoption for the generation of complex geometries, the application of computer code has remained relatively undeveloped in an environmental context. Anna Pla Catalá discusses the use of computation in relation to ecological systems and how it might be applied within projects with a complex set of urban components. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dystopian Farming
Authors: Vergne Eric 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this project for Manhattan, the typology of the high‐rise is redefined. Farmers (producers) and city dwellers (consumers) are brought together in close proximity. Eric Vergne describes how rather than embracing the bucolic notion of the rural farm where food aspires to be grown in its most natural or organic state, this ‘dystopian farm’ by necessity embraces technologically advanced modes of food production such as genetic engineering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dross City
Authors: Kallipoliti Lydia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDross or techno‐junk is threatening to take over and consume our cities, as exemplified by the Chinese city of Giuyu, a renowned recipient of electronic and toxic waste. Rather than reject dross as an unwanted and unsightly by‐product of urban life, Lydia Kallipoliti invokes a change in approach that calls for the need to engage with techo‐excrements, endorsing Slavoj Žižek's appeal for ‘more artificiality and less nature’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comings and Goings
Authors: Carter Brian 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAs a throwback to the idealism of the 1970s, with its contemporary layering of ‘obscure language, extreme ideas and incomprehensible rhetoric’, is EcoRedux helpful to architects? Brian Carter, Professor and Dean at the School of Architecture and Planning at the State University of New York at Buffalo, thinks so. A licensed architect in the UK, who most recently worked in practice with Arup Associates in London before taking up an academic position in North America, Carter regards environmental issues as a single but important aspect of design. He urges architects and architectural educators to make the direct engagement with the difficulties of designing and constructing buildings their priority. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.