bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MICRO-ORGANIC MATERIAL WITH DIAGENETIC PYRITE FROM THE LOWER PROTEROZOIC MOUNT ISA SHALE AND A CARBONIFEROUS SHALE
Authors: Love L. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Forms of organic material already known to be associated with first generation pyrite grains in the Mount Isa Shale (Lower Proterozoic, Queensland, Australia) are explained by reference to similar forms obtained from an Upper Carboniferous shale from Yorkshire, England. In both cases the material is regarded as first having lain as plant micro-debris in the sea-floor mud, where iron sulphide formed within it. Deformation of some bodies by reorganization of pyrite, with or without new mineral, left various distinct and characteristic forms. Probably of diverse origin, some of the original bodies from the Mount Isa Shale are referable to the Acritarch sub-group, Sphaeromorphitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant, 1963.
THE CARBONIFEROUS SUCCESSION IN THE KIRKBY MALZEARD AREA, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Thompson A. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Beds described range from the Sabdenian (H) to the Halifaxian (G
2
) stage. The sequence is thinner stage for stage than in the Bradford area, with the most marked attenuation in R
2
. A shelly siltstone in R
1
, the Ure Shell Bed, and its associated shales yield a fauna rich in brachiopods. Above the persistent Brimham Grits are fifty feet of measures with two
Lingula
bands, thought to be the sole representatives of R
2
. Measures in G
1
and G
2
, include the
Gastrioceras cumbriense
band and two beds with
Lingula.
Some eight square miles of country hitherto mapped as Millstone Grit are considered to be of Westphalian age.
THE PETROLOGY OF THE LITTLE WHIN SILL, COUNTY DURHAM
Authors: Dunham A. C. , Kaye M. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Core from the Rookhope borehole and suites of samples from natural outcrops have been used in a detailed investigation of the petrology and chemistry of the Little Whin Sill. Orthopyroxene (Fs
23–27
), plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine (Fa
15
) occur as phenocrysts; this is the first report of fresh olivine. The groundmass is composed of clinopyroxene (Ca
45
Mg
51
Fe
4
-Ca
38
Mg
38
Fe
24
), plagioclase (An
70–35
) and iron-titanium ores. Eleven new analyses for major elements are presented, together with a new analysis of the White Whin. Statistical analysis of trace element data suggests that only Mn and Sr show significant variation within a given section across the sill, but these elements and Rb show significant variation between sections. A comparison of the chemistry of the Great and Little Whin Sills suggests that the latter is poorer in SiO
2
, K
2
O, and Rb than the Great Whin Sill but carries more CO
2
. The White Whin, consisting of Ca-Mg-Fe-carbonates, illite, kaolin, plagioclase, anatase and quartz, is shown to be chilled whin to which CO
2
, H
2
O and K
2
O have been added, and from which Na
2
O, CaO, MgO and Fe have been lost. It is suggested that the Little Whin Sill represents the initial magma of the whole Whin Sill complex, the high CO
2
content being a result of later alteration. The chemistry of the whin suite of intrusions has characteristics intermediate between tholeiitic and alkaline dolerites, and the initial magma may itself be a differentiate. Although crystal settling is absent, a trend towards iron enrichment is found, with an insrease in the ratio FeO : Fe
2
O
3
towards the centre of the Little Whin Sill. In addition there may be another trend toward silica enrichment in a lateral direction.
MICROFOSSILS FROM THE MANX SLATE SERIES
Authors: Downie C. , Ford T. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The occurrence of distinctive groups of chitinozoa, acritarchs and scole-codonts in the Lonan Flags near Douglas, Isle of Man, indicates that the lower part of the Manx Slate Series is probably early Arenig in age, but a late Tremadoc age cannot be entirely excluded.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEALED CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The pattern of block and basin, well known in the Carboniferous rocks of the Pennines, is traced eastwards beneath the later rocks. In Durham and Yorkshire the basinal areas remain strongly defined, with an indication that the eastern edge of the Askrigg Block is near Darlington, with the “Cleveland Basin” beyond. South of the Humber the basinal developments (Gainsborough Trough, Edale Gulf and Widmerpool Gulf) finger out into the block-like shelf area of Lincolnshire. The structural lines which bounded these basins in the later Lower and early Upper Carboniferous continue on to the shelf, but are not there associated with differential intra-Carboniferous (early Hercynian) movement on a significant scale.
The later Hercynian folding and faulting (post-Westphalian, pre-Zechstein) does not appear to have produced large displacements east of the Carboniferous outcrops. Available evidence in East Yorkshire shows no major folding at this time, and although the well-known fold and fault structures of the Yorkshire–Nottinghamshire coalfield belt continue eastwards into Lincolnshire, they become progressively more gentle as they pass on to the shelf area. Seismic surveys beneath the Fenland show the relief of the Lower Carboniferous to be comparable with that of the overlying Permian.
Within the concealed Carboniferous rocks of north-eastern England the vertical amplitude of movements associated with the early-Hercynian disturbances is several times as great as that due to the late-Hercynian phase. Both are more nearly of epeirogenic than of orogenic type.
THE ROWHURST TONSTEIN, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF CRANDALLITE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Harrison R. K. , Sergeant G. A. , Young B. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Rowhurst Tonstein occurs in a split of the Rowhurst Coal (Middle Coal Measures) at Red Street Colliery near Kidsgrove, north Staffordshire, the two probably being equivalent to the High Main Tonstein and High Main Coal of Derbyshire. The Rowhurst Tonstein consists of crypto- to micro-crystalline crandallite (mean refractive index 1.624), kaolinite, carbonaceous material, minor apatite, pyrite, quartz and illite. X-ray powder data were obtained from diffractometer traces of the crandallite, and unit cell dimensions (
a
7.007 ± 0.003 Å,
c
16.30 ± 0.05 Å) from the spacings
d
224̄0
and
d
101̄7
respectively. The mineral parageneses are indeterminable, but it seems likely that apatite, kaolinite and the crandallite were co-precipitated from soil colloids derived from peaty, coal-forming plants.
THE ORDOVICIAN ROCKS IN THE CAUTLEY AND DENT DISTRICTS OF WESTMORLAND AND YORKSHIRE
Authors: Ingham J. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Ordovician inliers of the Cautley and Dent districts (Westmorland and NW. Yorkshire) expose an almost complete sequence of Ashgill beds—which form a better type sequence than that in Ash Gill, Coniston—underlain by the Pusgillian and part of the Onnian Stage of the Caradoc Series. Eight zones are recognized in the Ashgill Series, characterized by distinctive trilobite and brachiopod assemblages; faunal lists are appended. The term “Cautley Mud-stones” is introduced for strata from the Onnian Stage to the top of Zone 7. Marr’s “contemporaneous volcanic group” and “
mucronatus
band of the
Staurocephalus
group” are renamed the “Cautley Volcanic Group” and “Cystoid Limestone” respectively. The term “Wilsey Beck Sandstone” is proposed for a rock unit that forms a useful marker horizon in Zone 2 of the Dent district. The approximate maximum thickness of Ordovician beds exposed is 2,100 feet (640 metres). Tentative correlations are made with Ashgill successions in Great Britain and abroad.
PALYNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE AGE OF THE CARBONIFEROUS BEDS OF WOODBURY HILL, NEAR ABBERLEY, WORCESTERSHIRE
Authors: Spinner Edwin 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Fifty-seven species, representing thirty-one genera, of spores are recorded from the Hillside and Woodbury Hill measures of Woodbury Hill, part of the Abberley-Malvern Hill range in Worcestershire; a most probable West-phalian D age is suggested for these measures. One new species of megaspore,
Lagenicula malvernensis,
and one new species of miospore,
Schopfites conatus,
are described.
THE CONTINUATION OF THE EAST MIDLANDS COAL MEASURES INTO LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Howitt F. , Brunstrom R. G. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The method of correlation of the Coal Measures by a combination of geophysical logs and conventional methods is described, and examples from the East Midlands are illustrated. Maps resulting from these correlations are presented to illustrate the thickness trends and regional structure of the Coal Measures from the present worked coalfields to the coast of north Lincolnshire.
RAPID ANALYSIS OF THE WEARDALE GRANITE
Authors: Holland J. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

X-ray fluorescence and spectrochemical analyses of twenty specimens of the Weardale Granite collected at intervals of fifty feet between 2,642 feet and 1,742 feet from the Rookhope borehole have demonstrated a significant chemical discontinuity at, or close to, a depth of 2,200 feet. The geochemical evidence is consistent with a magmatic origin for this discontinuity, in which the granite below 2,200 feet is a slightly later fraction than the granite above. It is unlikely that differentiation
in situ
would have yielded such an arrangement, and it would seem more probable that the granite has been emplaced in phases.
A CONTOUR MAP OF THE SUB-CARBONIFEROUS SURFACE IN THE NORTH-EAST MIDLANDS
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A combination of data from seismic surveys and deep borings has provided a basis for a tentative contour map of the rocks beneath the Carboniferous. This surface falls from outcrop in Charnwood, and around 2,000 feet below sea level in the southern Fenland, to at least 10,000 to 11,000 feet near the Humber and beneath the Lower Carboniferous gulfs. As far as is known gradients are fairly gentle, reflecting the control of the Lincolnshire–East Midlands Shelf area. The steepest falls are on the north-eastern flank of the Charnwood–Mountsorrel area where there may well be major faulting. The very limited penetrations of the sub-Carboniferous floor show quartzites, possibly Cambrian, in the middle parts of the area, and sheared rocks comparable with Precambrian in the south and west.
BASEMENT CONTROL OF CARBONIFEROUS SEDIMENTATION IN NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Geophysical evidence has provided an explanation for the disposition of massif and basinal structural regions in northern England. The massifs are underlain by granite masses of Caledonian age or older which have exerted a strong positive tectonic control since their emplacement in Devonian or earlier times. These positive structural regions formed gradually dwindling islands and uplands during Carboniferous times at least until the late Viséan and in some cases considerably later. Structural basins and troughs surrounded the island areas and here great thicknesses of sediments were deposited. Deposition began in Tournaisian times and in some regions was a continuation of Old Red Sandstone sedimentation. Subsidence, forming basins of deposition and causing the initial Carboniferous marine transgression, is shown to be of tectonic origin. Early basin formation and later, and more widespread, epeirogenic subsidence are linked to isostatic uplift of the Caledonian mountain ranges following the mantle flow theory (Bott, 1964a).
Throughout the Carboniferous Period the Basement exerted a profound tectonic control on sedimentation. The distribution of sedimentary facies in basinal and cratonic regions is dependent on this control as is the continuous supply of clastic sediment. It forms the controlling mechanism of cyclic sedimentation of Yoredale and to some extent Coal Measures facies. The disposition of some Carboniferous knoll reefs may also have a basement control.
ISOTOPIC AGES OF LATE CALEDONIAN GRANITIC INTRUSIONS IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: Brown P. E , Miller J. A. , Grasty R. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Published isotopic ages, together with new determinations on sixteen intrusions, show that the majority of the Newer Granites were emplaced 400 ± 10 million years ago. Potassium-argon ages reveal a peak in the Moine rocks at about 420 to 430 million years and a somewhat earlier peak in the Dalradian. Although the majority of the Newer Granites were therefore emplaced in country rocks which had already become closed systems to radiogenic argon, several important exceptions to this rule have been recognized and present results indicate that some intrusions yield potassium-argon ages concordant with those of their country rocks. It is suggested that variations in intrusive style of the granitic masses may be related to their age and hence to the temperature of their country rocks and depth of cover.
EARLY DIAGENESIS IN MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS NODULAR ANHYDRITE OF SPITSBERGEN
Authors: Holliday D. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Nodular anhydrite rocks of Middle Carboniferous age of Central Vestspitsbergen exhibit a wide variety of fabrics which give evidence for both secondary anhydrite (after primary gypsum) and primary anhydrite. A diagenetic sequence is suggested, in which penecontemporaneous formation of secondary anhydrite from primary gypsum was accompanied by growth of primary anhydrite; large scale replacement of host dolomitic sediment by anhydrite occurred simultaneously. This sequence is thought to be a necessary consequence of the diachronous nature of early diagenesis in a sabkha-like environment. It is suggested that primary anhydrite may have been mistakenly identified as secondary by some previous authors.
THE BARYTES DEPOSITS AT CLOSEHOUSE, LUNEDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hill J. A. , Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Barytes deposits of unusual geological type occur at Closehouse. Lying within a major fault-zone which is probably continuous from the Pennine escarpment almost to the Durham coast, the largest mineralized body so far found seems to have been formed by metasomatism of a fractured dyke-link within the Whin Sill suite of quartz-dolerite intrusions. North of the fault-zone, which trends east—west, the adjacent sedimentary rocks range down from the Smiddy Limestone to basement beds below the Melmerby Scar Limestone, while within the belt of disturbed strata, beds ranging down from the Scar Limestone to the Smiddy Limestone have been identified. All these strata belong to the Viséan stage of the Lower Carboniferous. The main barytes body reaches 55 feet wide, has been proved over a length of 1,400 feet, and has a vertical dimension of at least 180 feet. Another substantial body, emplaced where the dyke has pinched out, occurs in calcareous shale or shaly limestone, and contains carbonaceous and aluminous material, probably of residual origin in the interstices between coarse barite crystals.
1
The controls of mineralization are discussed in relation to the geological setting.
THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF ALTERED QUARTZ-DOLERITE IN THE CLOSEHOUSE MINE AREA
Authors: Ineson P. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The nature of the altered quartz-dolerite dykes at Closehouse mine has been investigated using petrographic, rapid chemical, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and emission spectrographic techniques. Normal dolerite is shown to have been converted into a clay-carbonate rock (White Whin) which is similar to other examples in the Northern Pennines where metasomatism has taken place. Ba, Rb, Zn, Pb, CO
2
, K
2
O and H
2
O are enriched in the White Whin adjacent to the vein while Sr, Zr, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, MgO, Na
2
O and iron are depleted. SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, TiO
2
and Mn remain constant. These changes were possibly effected by the mineralizing fluids responsible for the barite deposits within the altered dolerite at Closehouse.
WESTPHALIAN VOLCANISM AT THE HORIZON OF THE BLACK RAKE IN DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Francis E. H. , Smart J. G. O. , Raisbeck D. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Black Rake, some 7 to 15 metres below the Clay Cross Marine Band, contains an interbedded tuffaceous siltstone over much of the Derby-Nottingham Coalfield. This siltstone is up to 38 centimetres thick and comprises forty or fifty graded layers most of which include basaltic glass shards and pumice. At most localities the bed has been dolomitized, resulting in increased thickness and better preservation of the included basaltic material. The bed is formed of fall-out dust from at least three vents centred to the east and north-east of Nottingham; its distribution suggests the influence of prevailing easterly winds. The lateral equivalents of the siltstone near the vents include basaltic tuffs and accretionary lapilli tuffs. The lithology and field relationships of all these pyroclastic rocks are matched in the Namurian and Westphalian volcanic fields of Scotland.
COMPARATIVE TILL FABRICS AND TILL FABRIC VARIABILITY IN A TILL SHEET AND A DRUMLIN: A SMALL-SCALE STUDY
Authors: Andrews J. T. , King C. A. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Ten samples of 50 pebbles were taken from a till sheet (Nottingham) and a drumlin (Yorkshire). Statistical analysis of these data indicates that there is considerable fabric variability. In part this is related to significantly different proportions of shape classes, sizes and elongations that do occur even between samples a few metres apart. The results confirm and strengthen the early warning of Holmes, who showed that shape and roundness condition orientation. These suggestions have been largely ignored and their implications forgotten.
THE CARSTONE (LOWER CRETACEOUS) OF MELTON, EAST YORKSHIRE, AND ITS BRACHIOPOD FAUNA
Authors: Owen E. F. , Rawson P. F. , Whitham F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The stratigraphy of the Melton Carstone is outlined and related to exposures to the north and south. A newly discovered brachiopod fauna, consisting of
Burrirhynchia leightonensis, Cyclothyris mirabilis
and
Modestella festiva,
is described and compared with that of the Shenley Limestone (Lower Albian) of Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, the only locality from which these species have previously been recorded.
B. leightonensis
is recorded from the Gault-Lower Greensand junction beds of Wereham Fen House, Norfolk. The ammonite
Dimorphoplites
cf.
hilli,
of early Middle Albian age, is recorded from the Melton Red Chalk, and it is concluded that the underlying Carstone is of Lower Albian age.
DISTRIBUTION OF WESTPHALIAN MARINE FAUNAS IN NORTHERN ENGLAND AND ADJOINING AREAS
Authors: Calver M. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The main features of the Westphalian marine faunas in the coalfields of the Pennine Province are summarized by reference to the sequence proved in the East Midlands Coalfield, which is taken as a standard for the region. The faunal phases of the marine bands are described and the possible spatial relationship of the communities in the Westphalian seas is discussed in terms of facies belts.
The geographical distribution of the communities in the marine bands is set out, and interpreted by palaeofacies maps. These demonstrate the lateral changes which occur in the faunas as the individual bands are traced from the area of maximum deposition in the mid and south Pennines to the surrounding marginal areas. The pattern of the faunal variation is seen to be in close agreement with the depositional history and palaeogeography of the Pennine basin. Brief reference is made to the position of the permanent Westphalian seas.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE WHITBIAN (UPPER LIAS) SEDIMENTS OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Gad M. A. , Catt J. A. , Le Riche H. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Whitbian sediments exposed on the Yorkshire coast consist of grey pyritic shales with bands of calcareous and sideritic concretions, and are divided in upward succession into: the Grey Shales, the Jet Rock Series, the Alum Shale Series and the Peak Shales. Two slightly different successions are separated by a transcurrent fault (the Peak Fault).
The paper describes the mineralogical composition and major and minor element geochemistry of detrital and non-detrital constituents of sediments from all parts of the Whitbian succession except the Peak Shales. The detritus was severely weathered and was probably derived mainly from Palaeozoic clastic sediments. The abundance of organic matter, especially in the Jet Rock Series, indicates anaerobic conditions of deposition, and it is suggested that precipitation of calcium carbonate depended partly on the reducing conditions. Post-depositional changes involving both detrital and non-detrital components of the sediments are discussed, and two main diagenetic phases are recognized. In the earlier phase some of the calcareous nodules developed and pyrites was formed by bacterial sulphate reduction. The later phase was characterized by development of sideritic nodules, though some calcareous concretions also formed. The origin of jet in the Jet Rock Series is discussed. Geochemical correlation of beds on either side of the Peak Fault supports correlations based on lithological and palaeontological similarities.
POTASSIUM BENTONITES IN THE NAMURIAN OF STAFFORDSHIRE AND DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Trewin N. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Seven distinctive thin clay beds and beds of clay with pyrite are described from the Arnsbergian of Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Cheshire. Correlations using these beds are made between the north Staffordshire basin area, Edale, and the Ashover boreholes.
The beds are identified mineralogically as K-bentonites consisting of mixed layer, randomly interstratified mica-montmorillonite with variable amounts of kaolinite. The mica polymorph is dioctahedral and is identified as the 1 Md structure of low temperature origin. K-bentonites contrast markedly with the detrital shales above and below them, which contain quartz, chlorite and detrital mica probably of 2M high temperature structure.
The K-bentonites are considered to be beds of altered wind-blown ash. Within north Staffordshire and Derbyshire they provide a means of correlation independent of the goniatite horizons.
THE CALLOVIAN SUCCESSION AT PECKONDALE HILL, MALTON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wright J. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
This note describes the Oxford Clay succession at Peckondale Hill Brick Pit, near Malton. Ammonites collected from three levels in the pit show that parts of both the Middle and Upper Callovian are represented, and new ammonite records for the Yorkshire Callovian are given. The significance of this exposure is discussed in relation to the stratigraphy of the Yorkshire Callovian.
THE DINOFLAGELLATES OF THE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS AT KIRMINGTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Harland R. , Downie C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The palynology of the peat and silts at Kirmington has been investigated, particular attention being paid to the large number of dinoflagellate cysts. They are nearly all indigenous and indicate two periods of marine transgression. Interpretation of age and environment based on dinoflagellates would be premature.