bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FISICA E «FILOSOFIA NATURALE» IN RIEMANN
Authors: TAZZIOLI ROSSANA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The aim of many eighteenth century «natural philosophers» - cartesians, leibnizians and newtonians - was to formulate a theory able to explain the propagation of physical phenomena. They conceived the universe as being filled with an incompressible fluid (ether) whose deformations allowed for the transmission of forces through spaces. These attempts continued throughout the nineteenth century.Riemann's writings on «Naturphilosophie», dating most probably from 1853-54, can be regarded in this context as a search for a unified explanation of physical phenomena. In these writings Riemann studies the state of a single particle of ether, and analyses locally the space around it. The passage from «local» to «global» constitutes the research method adopted by Riemann in his famous Inauguraldissertation (1851) and Habilitationsschrift (1854a), and in other papers on the propagation of electricity within a body (1854b, 1857a, 1876c). From this point of view it is possible to include Riemann's mathematical and physical writings, apparently fragmentary, in a wide-ranging research program (never brought to conclusion), which leads to the formulation of an unified theory of physical doctrines.
THE PRINTER'S COPY OF COMMANDINO'S TRANSLATION OF ARCHIMEDES, 1558
Authors: NEVILLE PAMELA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Un manoscritto venuto recentemente alla luce a Londra rappresenta un legame importante tra gli studi rinascimentali della matematica greca e la nascita dell'algebra moderna. Il manoscritto è composto da 3 parti. La prima è la copia del tipografo per la prima edizione della traduzione dell'Archimede eseguita da Federico Commandino e pubblicata da Paolo Manuzio a Venezia nel 1558. Il documento porta le correzioni e le istruzioni manoscritte del Commandino per il tipografo. Nei margini sono incollate 41 figure geometriche incise, prove per l'edizione a stampa. La seconda parte contiene una raccolta di note e lettere, tutte riguardanti problemi di geometria e di matematica. Otto dei fogli potrebbero essere stati scritti dall'allievo del Commandino, Guidobaldo dal Monte. L'ultima parte, con ogni probabilità scritta nella Francia del nord durante la prima parte del diciassettesimo secolo, è strettamente collegata alle ricerche matematiche di François Viète. Il testo, apparentemente il lavoro di un allievo, tratta i vari argomenti della « nuova algebra» e <?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?>cita l'opera di Viète. Questo volume appartenne per un certo periodo alla Biblioteca Albani. Infatti, il primo foglio del testo di Archimede porta lo stemma di Giovanni Francesco Albani (papa Clemente XI). Nel diciannovesimo secolo, invece, entrò a far parte della collezione di Baldassarre Boncompagni Ludovisi.
LA MUSICA NELLA FILOSOFIA NATURALE DEL SEICENTO IN ITALIA
Authors: GOZZA PAOLO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The leit-motiv of the present description of the relationship between music and natural philosophy in Italy in the seventeenth century is a recurrent theme: the mathematical or « Pythagorean » approach to music as opposed to the experimental or « Aristoxenian » approach. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries this opposition, rendered pertinent by the cultural transformations that accompanied the consolidation of modern science, gained in complexity and took on original forms and meanings. The present paper, in the first instance, outlines the major traditions of classical musical thought and its medieval heritage. Secondly, it provides a survey of the more significant attempts at renewing musical theory that were carried out during the second half of the Cinquecento in the light of the Italian renaissance of mathematics of the XV and XVI centuries. It continues with an examination of the musical ideas of Galileo and offers a primary documentation of the interest displayed by representatives of the Galilean school in the science of sound during the first half of the Seicento.Finally it discusses, for the first time, the theories of sound of F. M. Grimaldi and D. Bartoli and the musical doctrines of P. Mengoli within the framework of the principal philosophical elements of Italian culture between 1660 and 1680.
GERMAN-SOVIET CO-OPERATION IN SCIENCE: THE CASE OF THE LABORATORY FOR RACIAL RESARCH, 1931-1938
Authors: WEINDLING PAUL 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Anche se contatti fra sostenitori tedeschi e sovietici della eugenetica durante gli anni venti sono stati documentati, è stato dato per scontato che questi contatti si siano interrotti entro il 1930. Questo articolo esamina l'attività di un laboratorio tedesco-sovietico per la ricerca razziale che è finora sfuggito all'attenzione degli storici. Il laboratorio fu fondato da scienziati tedeschi quando la Germania stava tentando di stabilire contatti commerciali ed economici con l'Unione Sovietica. La ricerca riguardava soprattutto la patologia comparativa e l'anatomia del cervello. Il laboratorio ricevette il sostegno di scienziati attivi a Mosca, in Caucasia e nella Transcaucasia. Ragioni diplomatiche spiegano la sopravvivenza dell'Istituto.
L'EMPLOI DES OBJECTIFS ITALIENS L'OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS LA FIN DU 17me SICLE
Authors: GRILLOT SOLANGE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Dopo Galileo il cielo pu essere osservato con strumenti ottici. Nel corso del XVII sec. nasce e si sviluppa l'ottica astronomica, sfruttando fino all'estremo le possibilit offerte da obiettivi costituiti da una sola lente. La produzione qualitativamente pi alta quella di vetrai e ottici italiani. La notoriet di uno di questi, Giuseppe Campani, mostra chiaramente che i suoi pretesi segreti di fabbricazione erano soltanto una leggenda. In realt, egli doveva il successo soltanto alla sua ingegnosit, pazienza e alla severa eliminazione dei prodotti imperfetti. Fu proprio Campani a fornire a J.-D. Cassini quelle lenti che, in Italia prima, all'Osservatorio di Parigi poi, permisero a quest'ultimo di compiere le sue scoperte, dovute anche, e in gran parte, all'abilit e tenacia dell'osservatore. Infatti, i telescopi aerei o ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?telescopi senza tubo erano difficilissimi da usare a causa delle loro dimensioni legate al problema della riduzione dell'aberrazione cromatica. La difficolt di impiego era tale da impedire ogni scoperta: solo un secolo pi tardi, con l'impiego dei telescopi riflettori, gli sforzi riprenderanno e le scoperte saranno nuovamente possibili.
HISTORIC AND CRITICAL COMMENT ON THE RISPOSTA OF R. J. BOSCOVICH TO A PARAGRAPH IN A LETTER BY PRINCE KAUNITZ
Authors: PROVERBIO EDOARDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Nel novembre 1769 R. J. Boscovich venne chiamato da Pavia ad insegnare Astronomia e Ottica presso le scuole Palatine di Milano. Nel periodo 1769-1771 egli intensific la sua attivit di ricerca nel campo dell'astronomia e dell'ottica all'Osservatorio di Brera da lui progettato. Sulla fine del 1771 il governo di Vienna, nell'ambito del piano di ristrutturazione dell'insegnamento universitario a Pavia e a ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?Milano avanz alcune osservazioni riguardo il funzionamento dell'Osservatorio di Brera. Tali osservazioni suscitarono non poca perplessit, in particolare in Jerome Lalande, assiduo corrispondente del Boscovich. Boscovich rispose a queste osservazioni con un lungo memoriale rimasto praticamente ignoto sino al 1927. La Risposta del Boscovich al Principe Kaunitz costituisce un documento importante per le informazioni sull'attivit svolta dal Boscovich e dagli astronomi della Specola di Brera in un momento particolarmente significativo per la storia di questa istituzione. Viene presentata una nuova edizione critica della Risposta corredata da ampi commenti e annotazioni.
SCIENCE AND THE SECULARISATION OF KNOWLEDGE: PERSPECTIVES ON SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: BROOKE JOHN HEDLEY 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Il presente articolo intende mettere in luce la complessità dei legami tra l'innovazione scientifica ed il progresso sociale abitualmente indicato dal termine « secolarizzazione ». Vengono delineati i contrasti tra Boyle e Priestley, tra Newton e Laplace, tra Burnet e Hutton, tra Ray e Lamarck, allo scopo di illustrare le trasformazioni concettuali compiute durante l'illuminismo. Ogni trasformazione rappresenta ciò che potremmo chiamare una secolarizzazione della conoscenza. L'autore sostiene, comunque, che va stabilita una distinzione critica tra la secolarizzazione interna alla scienza e la scienza come agente della secolarizzazione. L'importanza di tale distinzione è manifesta se si sottolineano le seguenti considerazioni: 1) non vi è polarità semplice tra sacro e « secolare », profano, nelle reazioni all'innovazione scientifica; 2) diversi significati religiosi possono venire attribuiti alla nuova scienza; 3) le scienze molto spesso non fanno altro che mettere in luce conflitti metafisici preesistenti; 4) in quanto risorsa nelle polemiche teologiche, le scienze possono addirittura riflettere, piuttosto che causare, attitudini profane. Riferendosi a studi recenti di Funkenstein, Buckley e Brockliss, l'argomentazione si conclude con il commento di fatti profondamente ironici rilevabili nei legami storici tra scienza illuministica e religione.
LA CLASSIFICAZIONE DEGLI STRUMENTI SCIENTIFICI
Authors: D'AGOSTINO SALVO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Some guiding ideas in the classification of historical scientific instruments are presented, with the aim of specifying usefull selectioncriteria for the exhibition in a scientific museum and historiography for the historian of physics. Classification criteria should be founded on the examination of structural features which belong to the instrument per se and to the modes in which it has been used in meaningful experiments. Examples are given in the history of some nineteenth century Electrometers. Some tools for a meaningful historiography of instruments are indicated in Information Theory.
NOTE SULLA FORMAZIONE DEL LESSICO DELLA METAFORA MACHINA MUNDI
Authors: BARONCINI GABRIELE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title It is a commonly held belief that the classical world not only failed to develop mechanism but that it did not even possess a lexical and conceptual equivalent to the modern metaphor of the machina mundi. On the other hand the ancient world's familiarity with a wide variety of mechanisms is well known and this can be seen in Platonic and Aristotelian lexis. This present essay proposes to reformulate the judgement regarding the absence of a general notion of the machine in the classical world and its correspondent metaphorical use in the light of the specific forms of metaphorical exchange which the philosophical and scientific thought of the ancients placed between naturalia and artificialia. In this perspective the absence of the modern metaphor appears to be compensated for in a way by the contiguous of natural demiurgy (natura opifex); a diffuse presence which utilizes the subjective aspect of projecting demiurgy as an intertechnical metaphor. In the pseudo-Aristotelian De mundo the typically modern connection between artificialist and legal metaphor comes to the surface. Besides, the world machine of the modern age was to lose its traditional semantical ties with the demiurgical machinatio only in the late eighteenth century. A more objective meaning of machina made headway in Latin culture and the term was proposed as a common name for mechanical apparatus. The new theological interest in patristics then gave the demiurgical metaphor a tendency towards the radical denaturalization of worldliness, which was particularly evident in Lattanzio.
STORIA NATURALE DELLE SCIMMIE 1600-1800
Authors: BARSANTI GIULIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The story narrated in this article opens with the first encounter with the gorilla (Battel, 1613), an animal which will only be encountered again and correctly described between 1847 and 1852. Seventeenth-century naturalistic literature concentrated on the chimpanzee (Tulp's satyre , 1641, in particular) and on the orang-utan, both considered as belonging to the same species. The connotations of that species favoured the classification of man within the same order of the monkeys (Linnaeus, 1535), and provoked an astonishing exchange of position within the classification itself: the orang-utan is classified as a second human species, and a population in Indonesia is considered the first species within apes (Linneaus, 1758). Eighteenth-century taxonomical research became increasingly more rigorous (starting with Buffon, 1766). Towards the end of the century, the result is achieved of distinguishing between the chimpanzee and the orang-utan (Blumenbach, 1779-1780). The Asiatic ape is however divided in two well-defined species, the small orang-utan described by Vosmaer and Camper (1778-1779), and the great one described by von Wurmb (1780), whereas the one really existing is placed among the baboons (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795). Thus, the chimpanzee conquered the top of the scala naturae, and was eventually identified with man's ancestor (Lamarck, 1802). This article is based on writings and drawings by naturalists and medical writers, as well as on texts and images by travellers, philosophers, artists, and aims at reconstructing the complex network of interactions between observations, expectations, interpretations, ideologies, nomenclature, and classification.
IL FENG SHUIE LA BUSSOLA GEOMANTICA DELL'ISTITUTO E MUSEO DI STORIA DELLA SCIENZA DI FIRENZE
Authors: IANNACCONE ISAIA 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza of Florence preserves some ancient Chinese scientific instruments, very interesting for historians. These instruments are: one compass for navigation, one geomantic compass, one compass with agricultural calendar, two sound spheres, two balances. Only the first of them has been studied, the others are not known yet. The present paper begins a close cooperation between the Institute of Florence and the Istituto Universitario Orientale of Naples (Group of Research on History of Sciences and Technologies of Eastern Asia, direct by A. Tamburello); here, I will attend to the second instrument over mentioned, the geomantic compass. The geomantic compasses are very important for the history of sciences because they bear witness to enormous complexity of the Chinese thought and, in the technical and scientific field, they represent the instrument for the ancient studies on feng shui. After a panoramic description of the divining system of feng shui, I give a deep explication of the geomantic compass preserved in Florence that seems particularly important because it presents some characters rarely used in this kind of instruments.
UN'EDIZIONE COMPUTERIZZATA DI ALCUNI MANOSCRITTI DI LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
Authors: CASTELLANI CARLO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The author has transcribed the most important manuscripts containing the laboratory notebooks of biological interest of L. Spallanzani. Here we show their importance, content and structure by means of a series of tables which give the location, dates of writing and subject matter of the individual manuscripts (which are kept at the A. Panizzi library in Reggio Emilia). An edition of these manuscripts has been transferred to floppy disc and entrusted to the Florence History of Science Museum. In this article we present the criteria which were followed in the preparation of this edition which can be consulted, after complying with the necessary formalities, at the library itself.
GIUSEPPE TOALDO: LA LUNA, IL SAROS E LE METEORE *
Authors: CASATI STEFANO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The origin and evolution of scientific meteorology began and evolved with rhythms and procedures quite different from other scientific disciplines. This particularity is seen in the work of Giuseppe Toaldo, a padovan scientist of the eighteenth century. He dedicated himself to the study of the atmospheric phenomena and contributed, although in a paradoxical way, to the success of the modern meteorology.He created a network of observatories all over Italy and, in trying to verify the hypothesis of lunar influence on weather changes, he collected a large quantity of phenomenological and instrumental data. From his research program, which was mainly based on « lunaristic physics », many contradictions and peculiarities of meteorology of the eighteenth century emerge. Toaldo's attempt to demonstrate his theory, gave rise to a heated scientific debate in which the polemic with Paolo Frisi represents one of the most interesting moments.
PER UN INVENTARIO DEL CARTEGGIO DI ALBERTO FORTIS
Authors: MULJAČIĆ ŽARKO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Presented is Alberto Fortis' correspondence list (Padova, 9 november 1741 - Bologna, 21 october 1803), which includes, to date, 1338 letters written and received by Fortis.Many letters are here reported for the first time, and many data relative to letters already published have been revised and corrected.The large extent of the Fortis' interests, the number of his correspondents and the chronologic extension of his correspondence (1760-1803) make this collection of his letters a very useful tool for historians of the late eighteenth century.
LA FISIOLOGIA IN ITALIA FRA OTTOCENTO E NOVECENTO*
Authors: POGLIANO CLAUDIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title After a brief outline of the impressive expansion of physiology which took place in Europe during the Nineteenth century, the essay focuses on the developments occurred in Italy following the national unification. The main schools and exponents are considered, while an important common feature is seen in their broad philosophical attitudes and in their strong social bent. Furthermore, the essay suggests that Italian physiologists tried hard to hinder the process of growing specialization of medical knowledge and practice by claiming a sort of holistic approach to the bodily functions.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: LUIGI PEPE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Two letters of Gianfrancesco Malfatti (1731-1807) are published. The first one is addressed to Cassini de Thury (1784), the second one to Vincenzo Monti (1806). These letters also regard other important figures of the eighteenth century in Ferrara and of the Napoleonic Period, such as the physician Giuseppe Antonio Testa (1756-1814) and Giovanni Battista Costabili Containi (1756-1841).
ACQUISTO DI DUE MANOSCRITTI MAGALOTTI DI PROVENIENZA GINORI-VENTURI
Authors: TRUCI ISABELLA 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In July 1990 Ministero dei Beni Culturali bought two important manuscripts of XVII century, belonging to Lorenzo Magalotti and given from the Ministero itself to the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence, the most suitable seat to receive them. The first one is Scritture intorno al paragone degli occhiali di S.A.S., containing autographic letters by Magalotti, Campani, Falconieri, and others. The other one, entitled Miscellanea di cose fisiche non stampate dal Galileo ed altri, contains copied and autographic documents and letters.
Epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in Bali 2008-2010
Authors: Susilawathi Ni M , Darwinata Agus E , Dwija Ida BNP , Budayanti Nyoman S , Wirasandhi Gusti AK , Subrata Ketut , Susilarini Ni K , Sudewi Raka AA , Wignall Frank S , Mahardika Gusti NK 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundPreviously thought to be rabies free, Bali experienced an outbreak of animal and human rabies cases in November 2008. We describe the epidemiological and clinical data of human rabies cases occurring in the first two years of the outbreak.MethodsWe analysed the patient records of all rabies cases from the Sanglah General Hospital in Denpasar, and district hospitals in Buleleng and Tabanan. A conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was developed to detect the rabies virus genome in saliva, corneal swabs, and ante- and post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ResultsThere were 104 human rabies cases in Bali during November 2008-November 2010. Patients' mean age was 36.6 years (range 3-84 years; SD 20.7), most were male (56.7%), and originated from rural districts. Almost all (92%) cases had a history of dog bite. Only 5.8% had their wounds treated and received an anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) after the bite incident. No patients received rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The estimated time from dog bite to the onset of signs and symptoms was 110.4 days (range 12-720 days; SD 118.2). The mean length of medical care until death was 21.8 hours (range 1-220 hours; SD 32.6). Less than 50% of patients had prodromal symptoms. The most frequent prodromal symptom was pain or paraesthesia at the bite site (37.6%). The two most common central nervous system infection signs were agitation (89.2%) and confusion (83.3%). Signs of autonomic nervous system dysfunction included hydrophobia (93.1%), hypersalivation (88.2%), and dyspnea (74.4%). On admission, 22 of 102 patients (21.6%) showed paralytic manifestations, while the rest (78.4%) showed furious rabies manifestations. The case-fatality rate was 100%. The rabies virus genome was detected in 50 of 101 patients (49.5%) with the highest detection rate from post-mortem CSF samples.ConclusionsRabies is a major public health problem in Bali. Human fatalities occur because of a lack of knowledge regarding rabies risk, the poor management of dog bites, and the limited availability of RIG. Increasing public awareness of dog bite management, increasing the availability of ARV and RIG, and implementing an island-wide dog vaccination campaign will help prevent human rabies cases.