bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrition facts, drug facts, and model facts: putting AI ethics into practice in gun violence research
Authors: Zhu Jessica , Cukier Michel , Richardson Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Firearm injury research necessitates using data from often-exploited vulnerable populations of Black and Brown Americans. In order to reduce bias against protected attributes, this study provides a theoretical framework for establishing trust and transparency in the use of AI with the general population.

Methods
We propose a Model Facts template that is easily extendable and decomposes accuracy and demographics into standardized and minimally complex values. This framework allows general users to assess the validity and biases of a model without diving into technical model documentation.

Examples
We apply the Model Facts template on 2 previously published models, a violence risk identification model and a suicide risk prediction model. We demonstrate the ease of accessing the appropriate information when the data are structured appropriately.

Discussion
The Model Facts template is limited in its current form to human based data and biases. Like nutrition facts, it will require educational programs for users to grasp its full utility. Human computer interaction experiments should be conducted to ensure model information is communicated accurately and in a manner that improves user decisions.

Conclusion
The Model Facts label is the first framework dedicated to establishing trust with end users and general population consumers. Implementation of Model Facts into firearm injury research will provide public health practitioners and those impacted by firearm injury greater faith in the tools the research provides.
Designing interactive visualizations for analyzing chronic lung diseases in a user-centered approach
Authors: Warnking René Pascal , Scheer Jan , Becker Franziska , Siegel Fabian , Trinkmann Frederik , Nagel Till 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Medical practitioners analyze numerous types of data, often using archaic representations that do not meet their needs. Pneumologists who analyze lung function exams must often consult multiple exam records manually, making comparisons cumbersome. Such shortcomings can be addressed with interactive visualizations, but these must be designed carefully with practitioners’ needs in mind.

Materials and Methods
A workshop with experts was conducted to gather user requirements and common tasks. Based on the workshop results, we iteratively designed a web-based prototype, continuously consulting experts along the way. The resulting application was evaluated in a formative study via expert interviews with 3 medical practitioners.

Results
Participants in our study were able to solve all tasks in accordance with experts’ expectations and generally viewed our system positively, though there were some usability and utility issues in the initial prototype. An improved version of our system solves these issues and includes additional customization functionalities.

Discussion
The study results showed that participants were able to use our system effectively to solve domain-relevant tasks, even though some shortcomings could be observed. Using a different framework with more fine-grained control over interactions and visual elements, we implemented design changes in an improved version of our prototype that needs to be evaluated in future work.

Conclusion
Employing a user-centered design approach, we developed a visual analytics system for lung function data that allows medical practitioners to more easily analyze the progression of several key parameters over time.
Burns Resulting From Electric Vehicle Manufacturing in Silicon Valley
Authors: Silverstein Max L , Karanas Yvonne , Sheckter Clifford C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced novel technologies and manufacturing processes that expose workers to new risks of burn injury. We identified 6 patients who were admitted to our burn center for injuries that occurred while working in EV manufacturing facilities. The burns fell into 3 categories: flash flame burns due to lithium-ion battery explosions, high-voltage electrical injuries, and burns caused by contact with molten metal. Recognizing these recurrent patterns of injury should inform future prevention efforts and prepare health systems to evaluate and treat patients burned in EV manufacturing.
Elastic reverse time migration based on nested triangular mesh in 2D isotropic media
Authors: Lu Yongming , Lei Tao , Liu Qiancheng , Zhang Jianfeng , Zang Nan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Reverse time migration (RTM) based on a two-way wave equation is an important imaging tool that has been widely used in exploration geophysics. It offers distinct advantages in handling complex geological structures. Moreover, elastic reverse time migration (ERTM) can produce more physically meaningful images for subsurface and has received increasing attention in recent years. However, rugged topography presents challenges in the reconstruction of subsurface structures for ERTM. To overcome this problem, we introduce the grid method for topography ERTM, which is an unstructured mesh-based algorithm. However, the conventional gird method for RTM is implementing by discretizing the model into small meshes, leading to high computational cost. To address this problem, we introduce the grid method based on nested unstructured meshes to implement ERTM with complex surface topography. Low-order small meshes, due to their fine scale, can accurately depict complex surface topography. However, their generation process is relatively time consuming. By contrast, high-order large meshes contain many similar small meshes internally, which can be processed in parallel, resulting in higher computational efficiency. Therefore, we propose the following strategy: for the receiver wavefield, several layers on surface discretized by the small meshes are used to place receivers and remaining layers discretized by the large meshes to improve computational efficiency. For the source wavefield, only the large meshes are used because the spacing of the shot is relatively large. In this way, we ensure the accurate description of complex surface topography for the implementation of ERTM with high computational efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness of our method is validated through experiments on three models with complex topography.
Searching for gamma-ray emission from stellar flares
Authors: Song Yuzhe , Paglione Timothy A D , Ilin Ekaterina 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Flares from magnetically active dwarf stars should produce relativistic particles capable of creating γ-rays. So far, the only isolated main-sequence star besides the Sun to have been detected in γ-rays is TVLM 513−46546. Detecting γ-ray flares from more dwarf stars can improve our understanding of their magnetospheric properties, and could also indicate a diminished likelihood of their planets’ habitability. In this work, we stack data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope during a large number of events identified from optical and X-ray flare surveys. We report an upper limit of γ-ray emission from the population of flare stars. Stacking results towards control positions are consistent with a non-detection. We compare these results to observed solar γ-ray flares and against a model of emission from neutral pion decay. The upper limit is consistent with solar flares when scaled to the flare energies and distances of the target stars. As with solar flares, the neutral pion decay mechanism for γ-ray production is also consistent with these results.
Prospects for constraining quasar ages with fibre spectrographs: quasar-induced Ly α emission from the intergalactic medium
Authors: Hada Ryuichiro , Takada Masahiro , Inoue Akio K 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a theoretical framework for linking quasar properties, such as quasar age, to the surrounding Ly α emission intensity. In particular, we focus on a method for mapping the large-scale structure of Ly α emission intensity with galaxy spectra from wide-field spectroscopic surveys, e.g. the Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) or the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), and consider the quasar-induced Ly α emission from the intergalactic medium (IGM). To do this, we construct a theoretical model based on two physical processes: resonant scattering of quasar Ly α photons and fluorescence due to quasar ionizing photons, finding that the fluorescence contribution due to optically thick gas clouds is dominant. Taking into account the light-cone effect and assuming a typical quasar spectrum, we calculate the fluorescence contribution to the spectrum stacked within each bin of the separation angle from the quasar as a function of quasar age. Furthermore, we compute the quasar-Ly α emission cross-correlation and its SNR for the planned PFS survey. The predicted signal can only account for $\sim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the measurements indicated from the BOSS and eBOSS surveys in the outer region of $\gtrsim 10\ \rm {cMpc}\ \rm {h}^{-1}$, and the predicted SNR is not sufficient to detect the quasar-induced contribution. However, we found that our model, combined with the contribution of star-forming galaxies, is not in conflict with these measurements. We discuss other possible contributions to the Ly α emission excess around quasars, the efficiency of using spectroscopic fibres, and the redshift dependence of our model.
Spin-configuration of emission states in zero-dimensional metal halides
Authors: Kuang Zhiyuan , Huang Xinyu , Wang Xing , Wang Chengcheng , Wang Xinrui , Huang Wei , Peng Qiming , Wang Jianpu 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Understanding the spin-configuration of excited states in a luminescent material is essential for tailoring its properties for many applications such as light-emitting diodes and spin-optoelectronic devices. Zero-dimensional organic-inorganic metal halide (0D-OIMH) materials have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse applications owing to their captivating optoelectronic characteristics. However, the electronic structure and spin-configuration of the frequently observed dual-peak emission in these materials remains a subject of intensive debate. In this study, we employ low-temperature magneto-optical measurements to investigate the excited state structure of a representative 0D-OIMH, namely (Bmpip)2SnBr4. The spin-configurations of the dark and bright states are clearly elucidated by measuring the magneto-polarization of the emissions. Our results reveal that the high-energy peak arises from bright excited states within a higher energy band, whilst the low-energy peak originates from a combination of triplet-bright states and singlet-dark states. These findings provide an unambiguous understanding of the exciton structures of the distinctive 0D-OIMHs.
Conversion-type anode chemistry with interfacial compatibility toward Ah-level near-neutral high-voltage zinc ion batteries
Authors: Guo Shan , Qin Liping , Wu Jia , Liu Zhexuan , Huang Yuhao , Xie Yiman , Fang Guozhao , Liang Shuquan 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
High-voltage aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) with a high-safety near-neutral electrolyte is of great significance for practical sustainable application; however, they suffer from anode and electrode/electrolyte interfacial incompatibility. Herein, a conversion-type anode chemistry with a low anodic potential, which is guided by the Gibbs free energy change of conversion reaction, was designed for high-voltage near-neutral AZIBs. A reversible conversion reaction between ZnC2O4·2H2O particles and three-dimensional Zn metal networks well-matched in CH3COOLi-based electrolyte was revealed. This mechanism can be universally validated in the battery systems with sodium or iodine ions. More importantly, a cathodic crowded micellar electrolyte with a water confinement effect was proposed in which lies the core for the stability and reversibility of the cathode under an operating platform voltage beyond 2.0 V, obtaining a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles. Remarkably, the scientific and technological challenges from the coin cell to Ah-scale battery, sluggish kinetics of the solid-solid electrode reaction, capacity excitation under high loading of active material, and preparation complexities associated with large-area quasi-solid electrolytes, were explored, successfully achieving an 88% capacity retention under high loading of more than 20 mg cm−2 and particularly a practical 1.1 Ah-level pouch cell. This work provides a path for designing low-cost, eco-friendly and high-voltage aqueous batteries.
Revisiting the diagnostic and prognostic significance of high-frequency QRS analysis in cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive review
Authors: Qiu Shifeng , Liu Tinghui , Zhan Zijin , Li Xue , Liu Xuewei , Xin Xiaoyu , Lu Junyan , Wu Lipei , Wang Li , Cui Kai , Xiu Jiancheng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present a significant global public health threat, contributing to a substantial number of cases involving morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the early and accurate detection of CVDs plays an indispensable role in enhancing patient outcomes. Decades of extensive research on electrocardiography at high frequencies have yielded a wealth of knowledge regarding alterations in the QRS complex during myocardial ischemia, as well as the methodologies to assess and quantify these changes. In recent years, the analysis of high-frequency QRS (HF-QRS) components has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for diagnosing various cardiovascular conditions. Alterations in HF-QRS amplitude and morphology have demonstrated remarkable sensitivity as diagnostic indicators for myocardial ischemia, often surpassing measures of ST-T segment changes. This comprehensive review aims to provide an intricate overview of the current advancements, challenges, and prospects associated with HF-QRS analysis in the field of CVDs.
Anti-HMGCR myopathy: estimated five-fold higher incidence in Polynesian compared with European populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Chow Ke Li , Keating Paula Elizabeth , O’Donnell John Liston 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
In 2014 the incidence of anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase (HMGCR) myopathy in New Zealand was ∼1.7 case/million persons/year. This study aimed to re-estimate the population incidence and assess ethnic variation in those aged &gt;40 years old.

Methods
An incidence cohort was defined by seropositivity for immunoprecipitating anti-HMGCR autoantibodies tested at a national reference laboratory between 1 October 2019 and 30 September 2021. Separately, ethnicity standardized incidence in &gt;40 year olds discharged from New Zealand public hospitals for idiopathic and unspecified myopathy [International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems Tenth Revision Australian Modification (ICD-10 AM) codes M60.8/M60.9], was examined for concordance.

Results
The 40 patients identified in the incidence cohort were all &gt;40 years old and all had a prior history of statin use. Annual incidence was 4 cases/million/year (95% CI 2.8–5.5). In those &gt;40 years old the incidence in Polynesians (Māori and Pacific Peoples combined) was 25 cases/million/year (95% CI 15.9–40.1), in Asians 5.7 cases/million/year (95% CI 0.7–20.5) and in Europeans 7 cases/million/year (95% CI 3.1–8.4). The risk in statin users aged &gt;40 years was ∼1/9000 in Polynesians and ∼1/48 000 in Europeans. Ethnic difference in incidence of idiopathic and unspecified myopathy (ICD AM codes M60.8/M60.9) was also found in hospital discharges.

Conclusion
In the past half decade the estimated incidence of anti-HMGCR myopathy in New Zealand has doubled. Polynesian peoples of New Zealand &gt;40 years old have an estimated 5-fold higher risk compared with European and Asian peoples. The estimated absolute risk in statin users &gt;40 years old was 108 cases/million/year in Polynesians vs 21 cases/million/year in Europeans.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute lung injury in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies—a potential lifesaving intervention
Authors: Zheng Boyang , Eline Ellen , Xu Lillian , Huang Kun , Hermans Greet , Perch Michael , Samoukovic Gordan , De Langhe Ellen , Dastmalchi Maryam , Christopher-Stine Lisa , Diederichsen Louise Pyndt , Leclair Valérie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) can present with acute IIM-related lung injury and respiratory failure, leading to a high mortality risk in intensive care units (ICU). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in acute respiratory distress syndrome can be lifesaving. We aimed to report a case series of IIM patients that received ECMO.

Methods
Patients with IIM from tertiary care centres in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, USA and Sweden who underwent ECMO were reviewed to describe clinical characteristics, disease outcomes and hospitalization course. Clinical characteristics at admission and during ICU stay including ECMO complications and mortality causes were summarized.

Results
The study included 22 patients (50% female, mean ± SD age at admission 47 ± 12 years) with anti-MDA5 positive dermatomyositis (68%), anti-synthetase syndrome (14%), polymyositis (9%), overlap myositis (5%) and non-MDA5 dermatomyositis (5%). Patients had low comorbidity scores and 46% had received immunosuppression before their ICU admission. Eight (36%) patients died in the ICU, six (27%) were bridged to recovery and eight (36%) were bridged to transplant. When comparing patients bridged to recovery and those who died in the ICU, those who died were older (P = 0.03) and had higher median Charlson comorbidity index scores (P = 0.05). Both groups had similar frequencies of ECMO-related complications (33% vs 50%, P = 0.94).

Conclusion
In the patients exposed to ECMO in this case series, 14 were successfully bridged to recovery or transplant, while 8 died in the ICU. Large studies are needed to collect data on clinical outcomes in patients with IIM-ILD exposed to ECMO to identify the best candidates for the intervention.
Lecturers don’t know everything: students listening to the thought processes of lecturers on unfamiliar ground
Authors: Steckles Katie , Ketnor Claire , Porter Ros , Shukie Alex , Corner Alexander S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Due to the nature of the teaching environment, students may often develop perceptions of their lecturers’ ability as mathematicians, based on the pre-prepared and well-rehearsed content they present. In reality, performing mathematical calculations and solving problems is a difficult skill, and students may compare their own experiences unfavourably with the ease they see lecturers display. To interrogate this disparity, an exercise was included in an undergraduate maths session during which lecturers attempted unseen problems from A-level maths papers, so the students could see them describing the process of problem-solving—including making mistakes, applying helpful strategies and techniques, correcting their own errors and identifying gaps in their knowledge. As well as describing these positive behaviours for students, the session aimed to develop the students’ understanding that their own experiences of struggling with maths are normal and healthy. The activity formed part of a broader session on making mistakes in maths, which also included some advice and opportunities to find mistakes in mathematical working-out. The students were invited to participate in questionnaires and focus groups to explore their perceptions and attitudes towards their lecturers’ knowledge and capacity to make mistakes, and in this paper we analyse these responses and consider how this relates to teaching, and to students’ personal development.
OPTIMIZATION OF DRIED BLOOD SPOT ASSAYS FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS SURFACE ANTIBODY QUANTIFICATION
Authors: Motshosi Patience , Phinius Bonolo B. , Jongman Mosimanegape , Baruti Kabo , Bhebhe Lynnette , Choga Wonderful T. , Moyo Sikhulile , Gaseitsiwe Simani , Anderson Motswedi 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACTDried blood spot (DBS) cards can be used as an alternative sample collection method to plasma, however, there is no optimized elution protocol for DBS cards specifically for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) testing. The study aimed to develop a DBS elution protocol for anti-HBs quantification. Our study sought to determine the ideal phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer volume to use by comparing three PBS volumes (300uL, 450uL, and 500uL), and the optimal time to agitate DBS discs on a plate shaker (1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, and 4hrs) to yield DBS anti-HBs concentrations that are comparable to corresponding plasma anti-HBs concentrations. The optimal DBS storage temperature (25°C, -20°C, and -80°C) was investigated to determine the ideal longterm storage temperature of the cards. Residual samples were used for optimization (2019-2021). A total of 50 DBS-plasma pairs was used throughout the study, with plasma anti-HBs concentrations being used as the golden standard to compare. The analysis of results was carried out by determining the p-values of the Wilcoxon sign rank. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed to determine the impact of PBS elution volumes, elution time, and storage temperature on the anti-HBs concentration of DBS samples on STATA Version 15.0. No statistically significant difference between the DBS-plasma anti-HBs pairs was observed when using 450 or 500uL of PBS buffer and when samples were agitated for 3 hours (p=0.594, p=0.499 respectively). The optimal storage temperature for DBS cards was 25°C because the results showed no statistically significant difference between DBS-plasma anti-HBs titers (p=0.594). The two-way ANOVA analysis showed that elution volumes and time had no statistically significant impact on the DBS anti-HBs concentrations, p=0.948 and p=0.381 respectively. Storage temperature had a statistically significant impact on the DBS anti-HBs concentrations, p=0.002. The optimized DBS elution protocol for anti-HBs quantification will help monitor vaccine efficacy in infants due to the low sample volumes required compared to plasma and also can be used for anti-HBs testing in resource-limited areas around the country.
Structural and functional analysis of TREM2 interactions with amyloid beta reveal molecular mechanisms that mediate phagocytosis of oligomeric amyloid beta
Authors: Greven Jessica A. , Osario Omar , Nix Jay C. , Alexander-Brett Jennifer M. , Brett Tom J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe TREM2 receptor is expressed on microglia in the brain, where it plays critical roles regulating microglia function. TREM2 engages a number of ligands involved in Alzheimer’s disease, and consequent signaling triggers phagocytosis, activation, survival, and proliferation. TREM2 has emerged as a drug target for AD, however very little is known regarding the structural basis for TREM2 microglial functions. Here we investigated the engagement of oligomeric amyloid beta (oAβ42) with TREM2. Using familial variants of amyloid beta, we show that mutations in the N-terminal portion of Aβ, notably residues H6 and D7, disrupt binding to TREM2. We then co-crystallized TREM2 with Aβ(1-8) peptide and determined the high resolution crystal structure. The structure revealed the peptide binds to the hydrophobic site of TREM2, closest to CDR1. Mutational and binding studies using BLI confirmed that mutations to the hydrophobic site ablate binding to oAβ42. Finally, we show that these interactions are critical to triggering phagocytosis of oAβ42, as oAβ42 variants H6R and D7N are not phagocytosed. Altogether, these data indicate that TREM2 engages oAβ42 using the hydrophobic site on TREM2 and the N-terminal portion of Aβ, and that this interaction is critical to trigger signaling and phagocytosis.