bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Screening and Parents' Written Comments: An Added Dimension to the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status Questionnaire
Authors: Cox Joanne E. , Huntington Noelle , Saada Adrianna , Epee-Bounya Alexandra , Schonwald Alison D. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to better understand the utility of using the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) in well-child visits by analyzing themes and patterns in parents' written responses on the PEDS form.

METHODS:
We reviewed a consecutive sample of medical records with PEDS forms for children aged 6 months to 9 years (site 1) and 3 to 5 years (site 2). We recorded the concerns that parents identified in response to the 10 PEDS questions along with demographic information. We then categorized parents' written comments about those concerns according to comment content. We used qualitative and quantitative methods for analysis.

RESULTS:
We collected 752 PEDS forms. Ninety percent of the parents endorsed at least 1 concern (94.6% on the English forms versus 69.7% on the Spanish forms; P &lt; .001). Parents qualified 27.5% of their concerns with a written comment. In 23.9% of cases in which parents identified a concern and provided a written comment, the content of the comment did not match the question's intent; rates of mismatch were similar for the English and Spanish forms. Among comments regarding behavioral concerns, 12% reflected a misunderstanding of age-appropriate behavior. Medical concerns accounted for 14.1% of the comments; these concerns were more common on English forms (61.3%) than on Spanish forms (1.7%) (P &lt; .08). More than one-fourth of the comments reported behavior or development that was on target or advanced for the child's age.

CONCLUSIONS:
Parents frequently used the PEDS forms to communicate additional concerns regarding their child or provide positive feedback on their child's progress. The inappropriate developmental expectations, limited health literacy, and culturally distinct comments on the PEDS forms reinforce the importance of using screening tools to enhance the care provided during visits but not to replace patient-provider communication.
Growth in Children with Clefts: Serial Hand-Wrist X-Ray Evidence
Authors: Bowers Evelyn J. 
Published: December 2010

Objective Serial hand-wrist x-rays were assessed for Tanner-Whitehouse 2 skeletal ages of children with cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip and palate, and bilateral cleft lip and palate. The skeletal ages were compared by cleft type to see whether growth delay might explain the small body size for age and delayed maturation sometimes seen elsewhere in children with clefts. Design This is a retrospective study of serial x-rays collected between 1950 and 1968 at the Philadelphia Growth Center. The author was blind to age, sex, and diagnosis while reading these films. Participants These x-rays were taken as part of routine auxological evaluation of the normality of growth status. Main Outcome Measures Distributions of skeletal age patterns in advance of or delayed from chronological age and frequencies of clinically significant deviant patterns are presented. Conclusions Boys and girls with cleft palate show different maturational patterns, supporting a sex influence on the etiologies of at least some of these anomalies. Boys with unilateral cleft lip and palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate have different maturational patterns, consistent with these anomalies having different sets of etiological factors. Girls with unilateral cleft lip and palate almost always have advanced skeletal ages; whereas, boys sometimes do not. These results support the need for keeping both sex and diagnostic categories separate when conducting etiological searches.
A Novel Method to Identify Pore Fluid in Low Porosity/Low Permeability Gas Zones
Authors: Liu Xiao-peng , Hu Xiao-xin 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Considering that it is difficult for well log analysts and geologists in identifying pore fluid in low porosity and low permeability reservoirs because of the variation of formation water salinity, a novel chart is proposed by using Archie equation to gain the lower limit of resistivity. This chart has considered the affection of formation water salinity and temperature to the resistivity, from this chart, it can be seen that for different formation porosity, different formation water salinity or temperature, the lower limit of resistivity for gas sand is different, the formation porosity is more bigger, formation water salinity is more higher and the reservoir temperature is more higher, the correspondent lower limit of resistivity for hydrocarbon reservoir is more little, vice versa. With this chart, it will be much easier in interpreting the appearance of high resistivity water layers or low resistivity hydrocarbon reservoir. It will also be usable in the interpretation of the formation that they are reconstructed and connected with the surface water thus lead to large diversity in formation water salinity between adjacent wells.
Uncertainty Analysis Considering the Production History: Evaluation of a Real Field
Authors: Lisboa E. , Duarte R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The use of uncertainty analysis as a tool in reservoir studies is becoming more and more common inside Petrobras and all around the world. However, in fields with production history, traditional uncertainty analysis, combining possible values of uncertainty variables, can lead to models that poorly represent the reservoir and to results that do not respect the available dynamic data. During uncertainty analysis process, history matching evaluation can considerably reduce the existing uncertainties.
The methodology used in this work is based on experimental design and response surfaces. Besides the cumulative production response surface, another one is generated to represent the quality of the history matching. Only cases with a good history matching are selected as input to the Montecarlo simulation. With this technique, it is possible to evaluate the initially defined probability distributions and, if necessary, to redefine shape or limits for the probability density curve.
The methodology was applied in a real study in Petrobras. There are uncertainties related to faults, absolute permeability and also related to the existing fluid properties. Although there are other wells in the same block, the studied area is located in a sea-bottom slope region, where water depth varies considerably within the block, possibly influencing the oil quality.
Since there are two wells operating in the studied region, one producer and one injector, the developed analysis took the existing dynamic data into account, reducing model uncertainties.
Prediction of Bubblepoint Pressure and Bubblepoint Oil Formation Volume Factor in the Absence of PVT Analysis
Authors: Elmabrouk S. , Zekri A. , Shirif E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Up till now, there has not been one specific correlation published to directly estimate the bubblepoint pressure in the absence of PVT analysis and, at the moment, there is just one published correlation available to estimate the bubblepoint oil FVF directly in the absence of PVT analysis. The majority of the published bubblepoint pressure and bubblepoint oil FVF correlations cannot be applied directly. This is because the correlations require the knowledge of bubblepoint solution GOR and gas specific gravity as part of the input variables, both of which are rarely measured field parameters. Solution GOR and gas specific gravity can be obtained either experimentally or estimated from correlations. In this study, multiple regression analysis technique is applied in order to develop two novel correlations with which to estimate the bubblepoint pressure and the bubblepoint oil FVF. These new correlations can be applied in a straightforward manner by using direct field data. Additional correlations or experimental analyses are unnecessary. Separator GOR, separator pressure, stock-tank oil gravity and reservoir temperature are the only key parameters required to predict bubblepoint pressure and bubblepoint oil FVF using the proposed correlations.
Performance Model Analysis for Candidate Recognition
Authors: Tan J. S. , Castillo Y. Del , Reese R. D. , Pinzon C. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The main objective of the project was to increase operation efficiency through monitoring production and injection performance in 18 Permian Basin fields (waterflood and natural depletion). A performance model (PM) technique has been developed to efficiently analyze massive amounts of production and injection data from thousands of wells. Using the PM technique, under- performing wells and patterns were rapidly identified and ranked for workover opportunities. Additionally, non-responsive injection areas (composed of several patterns) were also identified to enhance injection efficiency. The PM technique was implemented in 18 fields in the Permian Basin. The largest field having more than 1300 wells was evaluated.
The PM technique described here is based on a modified heterogeneity index (MHI) concept. This improvement was necessary since calculations using traditional heterogeneity index (HI) skewed the results and incorrectly quantified the performance comparison. The MHI has successfully corrected and overcome traditional HI weakness.
The PM is an improved candidate recognition technique that uses binary codes and personality concepts to effectively monitor wells and injection patterns. The personality characterization process creates and uses several interpretation scenarios to identify problematic wells, patterns or both.
PM methodology and personality concepts are discussed in detail and field implementation results are presented.
Integrated Monitoring of Radon and NORM Scale for HSE: Case Study of Well Surveillance
Authors: Nengkoda A. , Hajri M. , Kindy A. , Bulushi A. , Yazeedi Z. , Velagapudi R. Kiran 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Processes of oil production, gathering, transportation are some times accompanied by scaling of radioactive materials (NORM). As an integrated approach to identify the Radon and NORM scale as flow assurance issue, a campaign of Radon monitoring, Barium and Strontium ion analysis from produced water potential lead to NORM scale have been conducted starting from well testing and in both onplot-offplot of the oil gathering station. Chemical composition of NORM scales strongly depend on chemical composition of produced waters. Presence of considerable amount of radioactive materials on technological equipment during production and treatment of oil, and gas may lead to personnel irradiation exceeding allowable levels and creates potential hazard to environmental pollution. The role of radon and its decay products in pollution of environment and internal personnel irradiation was not practically studied. Liberation of radon with decay products from scales and their entry into atmosphere may lead to radioactive pollution of environment, which increases the risk of internal personnel irradiation. This technical paper explained how to monitor effectively potential NORM and the intensity of radon accumulation in X field Petroleum Development Oman. During well testing or intervention, the equipment of wells radiobarite precipitates on impellers of electric centrifugal pumps, tubing inside surface in the form of white films with yellowish tint. Thickness of scales on tubing surface achieves 3 mm. In long-run operation radiobarite in electric centrifugal pump is able to clogging up. As a result of this well surveillance, Radon, Barium and Strontium analysis from produced water are really helpful in predicting NORM potential.
A New Approach for Gas Separation in Pumped Directional Wells
Authors: Ortiz Vidal L. E. , Rodriguez O. M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach associated with the gas separation in inclined gas-liquid flow. This type of flow is found when gravitational gas separators are applied in association with the submergible centrifugal pump (SCP) technique for oil production in directional wells. Free gas in the suction of the SCP is one of the most important limitations in the design of the pumping system. The purpose of this study is the phenomenological modelling of total gas separation in a gravitational gas separator formed by an inclined annular channel whose geometry is known as inverted-shroud separator. Inclination angle, inlet and outlet gas mass flow rates, position of the dynamic level of liquid in the annular channel, casing pressure, and liquid flow rate are related to the separation efficiency. Bubble size is a key factor for the design of gravitational gas separators. Thus, a correlation for the two-phase turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, which has a significant effect on the bubble size, is proposed. New data were collected in an inclinable test section, at 15 and 45 degrees from the horizontal, with inside and outside diameters of 20 and 65 mm, respectively. The total length of the test section was 10.5 m. Air and water at near atmospheric pressure constituted the gas and liquid phases. The liquid flow rate was in the 9–26 l/min range and the average inlet gas mass flow rate was 1.18 kg/hr. The proposed model was qualitatively compared with data from the literature and quantitatively adjusted against the new experimental data, with good agreement. This new approach will assist in the optimization and sizing of the pumping system for oil production in directional wells.
Rapid Optimization of Development Scenarios for Multiple Exploration Prospects Using an Integrated Asset Model
Authors: Smyth John , Rusin Piotr , Garcia Jhairo , Cullick Stan 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper introduces a decision optimization procedure that can evaluate and rank hundreds of prospect development scenarios quickly. Sophisticated optimization techniques that include uncertainty analysis are combined with fully coupled reservoir simulation models and a surface production network.
In an example, 12 prospects are evaluated together. Each prospect is multi-zone with varying physical parameters, where each prospect has an equal probability of success. This procedure represents a holistic approach that incorporates technical drilling constraints, full-cycle development costs, and economic evaluation. The methodology yields production profiles for a maximum of seven successes out of the 12 prospects. Production plateaus range from 5 to 20 years at rates ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 BOPD. More than 3,000 simulations, representing 60 development scenarios each covered by 64 uncertainty samples were executed for the integrated asset model. This method yields full-development cycle results and enables decision makers to screen potential projects quickly. This approach considers all possible scenarios under conditions of uncertainty to provide associated risks. The procedure can quickly be scaled from quite coarse subsurface models, e.g., "tanks", to higher-resolution models as new information is acquired.
We present a rigorous method for the rapid evaluation of a portfolio of exploration prospects to benefit operators who perform early pre-screening of projects in their current portfolios or who are considering new business opportunities that require rapid and accurate evaluation. Strategic tendencies are quickly identified and enable integrated asset teams to focus on critical aspects of potential project performance.
Drilling Optimization Using 3D Geomechanical Modeling in the Llanos Orientales Basin, Colombia
Authors: Araujo Ewerton , Alcalde Rene , Mateus Darwin , Fernandez-Ibañez Fermín , Sheridan Judith , Ward Chris , Brudy Martin , Alvarellos Jose , Ordonez Luz Yamile , Cardona Felipe 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Drilling in tectonic active areas always faces NPT related to wellbore instability problems, which are very difficult to predict without a clear understanding of the local and regional stresses magnitude and orientation and their impact on any wellbore trajectory. Ecopetrol S.A. has experienced those problems in the Apiay-Suria areas in the Llanos Orientales basin over the last 20 years. In order to optimize the drilling process by eliminating the NPT related to wellbore instability, a 3D geomechanical model was built integrating the geological structural model with all relevant well information such as wireline logging data and drilling reports.
Data from more than 40 wells was used to build several 1D individual geomechanical models. To avoid missing local tectonic effects on the stress field, offset wells close to and away from the main faults crossing the fields were selected. To constrain the orientation and magnitude of the in situ stresses, image data was extensively analyzed to pick wellbore failure (breakouts and induced fractures) while drilling. Wireline logging was used as insightful information to calculate overburden, rock strength and to understand the pore pressure generation mechanism.
The 3D model was built using formation tops, faults geometry, reservoir pressure and hydraulic fracturing data. By applying geostatistical techniques on the individual wells’ 1D models, a 3D volume of stresses and rock properties was obtained. The comparison of the 3D results with real data measured in a recent well drilled at the edge of the 3D cube showed amazing one-to-one similarity in all the formations from the reservoir to surface. The new drilling campaign has started using the 3D model for wellbore stability analysis and the results are showing that the associated geomechanical risks to drill the wells in the area have been properly addressed, and a much better drilling experience has been obtained, taking out the guesswork from the process.
Effect of Mobile Water-Saturation on Thermal Efficiency of Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage Process
Authors: Javad S. , Oskouei P. , Maini B. , Moore R. G. , Mehta S. A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The commercial viability of SAGD process is negatively affected by several undesirable reservoir features like pronounced heterogeneity, low vertical permeability, thick and areally extensive shale barriers and steam thief zones. The efficiency of SAGD projects is also affected by the presence of mobile water saturation in the target zone. Although the presence of small mobile water saturation is not considered harmful, reservoirs with high mobile water saturation may be poorly suited for the SAGD process. Nonetheless, SAGD remains the only practical technology for in situ extraction of oil from oil-sand reservoirs, even when mobile water is present. This raises the question of how much mobile water is a show stopper.
To investigate the effect of mobile water saturation on SAGD performance, high pressure physical model experiments were carried out. Different levels of mobile water saturations were established in the model by modifying the packing and saturating techniques. SAGD experiments were conducted by injecting superheated steam at controlled rates and producing the oil from the production well at constant pressure. The injection rate was selected to keep the pressure difference between the injector and producer at a low level.
The oil production behavior was analyzed to evaluate the effect of water saturation on the thermal efficiency of the process. Based on the results of low (immobile) and high (mobile) water saturation experiments it was observed that oil recovery factor droped by 7% and Cumulative Steam Oil Ratio increased by 50 percent when initial water saturation was increased from 14.7% to 32%.
Carbon Footprint and Principle of Additionality in CO2-EOR Projects: The Weyburn Case
Authors: Condor J. , Suebsiri J. , Wilson M. , Asghari K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper addresses the process of using CO2 for enhanced oil recovery technique (CO2-EOR) as driver to produce more oil from depleted oil reservoirs, while leading to effective CO2 abatement. Here, a simplified summary of this complex system through a lifecycle emission analysis is presented. This analysis is based on two concepts: (i) the Carbon Footprint of CO2-EOR, and (ii) the Principle of Additionality in CO2-EOR. The data used for this analysis comes from the Weyburn project in Saskatchewan, Canada.
The international community has been discussing for some time if CO2-EOR projects should be considered for carbon credits. There are still questions of "additionality" that should be addressed before the net climate impact of storing CO2 in an EOR project is verified. Since CO2-EOR has gained considerable interest within the oil and gas industry due to its potential for increased oil production, it is important to use a real case data to probe if CO2-EOR is a viable CO2 abatement technology or if on the contrary, it may result in increased emissions.
This study concludes that any emissions trading benefits from CO2 storing as part of a CO2-EOR project should be discounted according to a detailed analysis of the full cycle carbon balance using the principle of additionality. A key exception to this should be when a commercially viable CO2-EOR project results in the development of pipeline infrastructure which would also enable long term geological sequestration without EOR. In this way, CO2-EOR projects could play an important catalyst role in accelerating the deployment of CCS infrastructure. Finally a sensitivity analysis has indicated that the provision of petroleum tax breaks for CO2-EOR projects on the grounds of their emissions reduction potential is not the best use of public funds.
This study provides guidance to whether or not CO2-EOR projects should be eligible for carbon credits as part of deployment of CCS processes. Also this study contributes by defining an appropriate framework for developing guidelines, standards, and/or best practice manuals for the permanent geological sequestration of carbon dioxide.