bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal evolution of water contributions to discharge from a Greenland outlet glacier: insight from a new isotope-mixing model
Authors: Bhatia Maya P. , Das Sarah B. , Kujawinski Elizabeth B. , Henderson Paul , Burke Andrea , Charette Matthew A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) subglacial hydrological system may undergo a seasonal evolution, with significant geophysical and biogeochemical implications. We present results from a new isotope-mixing model to quantify the relative contributions of surface snow, glacial ice and delayed flow to the bulk meltwater discharge from a small (∼5 km2) land-terminating GrIS outlet glacier during melt onset (May) and at peak melt (July). We use radioactive (222Rn) and stable isotopes (18O, deuterium) to differentiate the water source contributions. Atmospherically derived 7Be further constrains meltwater transit time from the glacier surface to the ice margin. We show that (1) 222Rn is a promising tracer for glacial waters stored at the bed and (2) a quantitative chemical mixing model can be constructed by combining 222Rn and the stable water isotopes. Applying this model to the bulk subglacial outflow from our study area, we find a constant delayed-flow (stored) component from melt onset through peak melt. This component is diluted first by snowmelt and then by increasing glacial ice melt as the season progresses. Results from this pilot study are consistent with the hypothesis that subglacial drainage beneath land-terminating sections of the GrIS undergoes a seasonal evolution from a distributed to a channelized system.
Dispersive pressure and density variations in snow avalanches
Authors: Buser Othmar , Bartelt Perry 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSnow avalanches possess two types of kinetic energy: the kinetic energy associated with the mean velocity in the downhill direction and the kinetic energy associated with individual particle velocities that vary from the mean. The mean kinetic energy is directional; the kinetic energy associated with the velocity fluctuations is non-directional in the sense that it is connected to random particle movements. However, the rigid, basal boundary directs the random fluctuation energy into the avalanche. Thus, the random energy flux is converted to free mechanical energy which lifts and dilates the avalanche flow mass, changing the flow density and increasing the normal (dispersive) pressure and, as a consequence, changing the flow resistance. In this paper we derive macroscopic relations that link the production of the random kinetic energy to the perpendicular acceleration of the avalanche’s center of mass. We show that a single burst of fluctuation energy will produce pressures that oscillate around the hydrostatic pressure. Because we do not include a damping process, the oscillations of the center of mass remain, even if the production of random kinetic energy stops. We formulate relationships that can be used within the framework of depth-averaged mass and momentum equations that are often used to simulate snow avalanches in realistic terrain.
Management of chickpea pod borer, <i>helicoverpa armigera</i> (Hubner) using neem seed extract and lambda-cyhalothrin in high barind tract
Authors: Hossain MS , Islam MS , Salam MA , Hossain MA , Salma MU 
Published: October 2011

Context: Lamda cyhalothrin and neem seed extract can protect chickpea by controlling pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Objective: To find out the effect of neem seed extract and lambda-cyhalothrin application schedule for the effective and economic management of pod borer attacking chickpea. Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted in High Barind Tract of northern Bangladesh with the application of neem seed extract @ 50 g-l (two and three spraying) and lambda-cyhalothrin. (Karate 2.5 EC) @ 2 ml-l (two and three spraying) and untreated control. The seeds of BARI-Chola 5 chickpea were sown in rows with the spacing of 40 cm. At maturity, all the pods were collected from 10 randomly selected plants from middle rows of each plot. The damaged (bored) and total numbers of pod were counted. The grain yield loss (kg-ha) and percent pod damage were determined. The seed yield of each treatment was converted to kg-ha. Results: The lowest pod damage (2.55%) as well as grain yield loss (34.90 kg-ha) were observed in the treatment where lamda cyhalothrin applied three times at 7 days interval from flowering stage. Chickpea seed yield was maximum (1338 kg-ha) with lamda cyhalothrin sprayed thrice which was identical to sprayed twice (1280 kg-ha). Neem seed extract showed a marginal performance to control chickpea pod borer. The highest marginal benefit cost ratio (3.19) was recorded from lamda cyhalothrin sprayed twice. Conclusion: Lamda cyhalothrin double sprayed with 7 days interval from pod formation stage is the best package in managing pod borer in chickpea considering efficacy and profitability. Keywords: Chickpea; pod borer; pod damage; pesticides; yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8774 JBS 2010; 18(0): 44-48
Influence of juvenile hormone analogue and insulin applied at third and fourth instar on some larval and cocoon characters in <i>bombyx mori</i> L.
Authors: Mali SG , Khyade VB 
Published: October 2011

Context: Juvenile hormone and insulin prolongs the larval duration in mulberry silkworm thereby extending the feeding period which results in an increase in cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight. The larval treatment with Juvenile Hormone analogue could be utilized to increase silk production. Objective: The objectives of the study is to find out the influence of a Juvenile Hormone analogue, Manta and human insulin to the larval instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (PM x CSR2) on larval growth, development and cocoon characters. Materials and Methods: The disease free layings of polyvoltine race (PM x CSR2) of silkworm, B. mori were used for the study. The acetone solution of manta was used for topical application to third and fourth instar larvae at 36 hours after second and third moult at the rate of 8 ml solution application to the group of 100 larvae through hand sprayer. For insulin treatment 100 g fresh mulberry leaves were soaked in 300 ml of aqueous solution of insulin for half an hour. The first feeding after treating the larvae with manta consisted of insulin treated leaves. The pre-cocooning parameters such as larval duration, larval weight, silkgland weight and the post cocooning parameters such as female and male cocoon weights and their shell weights and shell ratio were calculated. Results: The results indicate the larval duration and larval and silkgland weight significantly increased after treatment with manta or manta followed by insulin treatments. The results of the present study suggest that the treatment with manta followed by insulin yields heavier cocoons and cocoon shells in both the sexes than those obtained after treatment with manta or insulin. Conclusion: It can be suggested that the treatment with Manta followed by insulin may be utilized to increase silk production by increasing the heavier larva, cocoon, shell. Keywords: Bombyx mori; silkworm; Juvenile hormone; Manta; insulin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8775 JBS 2010; 18(0): 49-52
Biological activities of isolated compounds from <i>vitex negundo</i> leaf
Authors: Chowdhury NY , Islam W , Khalequzzaman M 
Published: October 2011

Context: Viyex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae) is a beautiful tree which is an erect, large aromatic shrub with quadrangular branchlets possess pesticidal, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Objective: To determine the biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp lethality bioassay) of the two isolated compounds from methanolic leaf extract. Materials and Methods: Powdered leaves of nishinda were extracted with methanol using Soxhlet’s apparatus and subsequent analyses isolated two compounds. Five gram-positive, eight Gram-negative bacterial strains were used for the antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion assay method. The antifungal activities of the isolated compounds were also performed on four pathogenic fungi. Each pure compound was dissolved in 200 μl of methanol to get a concentration 300 μg/10 μl. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were determined by serial dilution technique. For brineshrimp bioassay each compound and standard amphicilin trihydrate were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to get a five concentrations. Each concentration contained three vials consisting of 10 nauplii in 5 ml of treated sea water. The number of survived nauplii were counted after 24 h and the LD50 values were calculated. Results: The zone of inhibition was prominent for the control (kanamycin) at concentration of 30 μg/disc. At 100 μg/disc Compound 1 exhibited bigger and more prominent clear zone of growth inhibition in all test microorganisms except Shigella shiga. On the contrary, Compound 2 at 100 μg/disc, showed clear zone of inhibition in all bacteria, but inhibition of zones were larger in Compound 1 than Compound 2. Antimicrobial effect of Compound 2 tested on different pathogenic bacteria (MIC 128 μg/ml) and fungi showed that it possesses growth inhibitory effect at various concentrations. MIC of Compound 1 for B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. B-haemolyticus was 64 μg/ml, whereas for P. aeruginosa it was 128 μg/ml (Table 2). MIC of Compound 2 was 128 μg/ml for B. subtilis, S.-β-haemolyticus and P. aeruginosa whereas it was 64 μg/ml for S. aureus. No fungal activity was observed for Compound 1. Clear inhibition zone was observed for Compound 2 at both concentrations for all of the pathogenic fungi tested. At 100 μg/disc Compound 2 exhibited bigger and prominent clear zone than 50 μg/disc.. Brine shrimp bioassay showed the toxic effect of the both the compounds. Conclusion: The findings indicate promising antibacterial and antifungal activities of V. negundo against life treating pathogens which appears to be an effective material for development of antimicrobial drugs and ecofriendly biopesticides. Keywords: Vitex negundo; Antimicrobial; MIC; bacteria; phytochemical; medicinal plant activity; brineshrimp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8776 JBS 2010; 18(0): 53-59
Morphometric analysis of indigenous, exotic and crossbred chickens (<i>gallus domesticus</i> L.) In Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M Saiful , Dutta Ripon Kumar 
Published: October 2011

Context: The quantification of morphometric variations has been regarded as peripheral to the mechanistic study of development of a species. This is now changing because the rapidly advancing knowledge of development in post-genomic biology is creating a need for more refined measurements of the morphometric changes produced by genetic perturbations or treatments. Objective: To estimate the age at marketable size and body morphometric parameters of indigenous, exotic and crossbred chicken to use such parameters as discriminate variables and to investigate the relationships among the variables of the chicken breeds under study. Materials and Methods: Six chicken breeds namely an indigenous (non descriptive, Deshi), four exotics as Broiler, Cockerel, Fayoumi and RIR, and a crossbred called Sonali (RIR?× Fayoumi?), were used for the study. Results: Age and nine morphometric parameters viz., gross weight (GW), blood weight (BW), feather weight (FW), skin weight (SW), body weight after skinning (BWS), visceral weight (VW), offal weight (OW), net edible weight (NEW) and edible ratio (ER), were determined from a total of 30 adult chickens (6 breeds _ 5 replicates each). All the parameters except FW showed significant differences among the breeds (P<0.01). RIR showed the highest values for all parameters except ER, which was the highest in Cockerel (1.77±0.23) and the lowest in RIR (1.47±0.01). Association between GW and NEW was statistically significant in Indigenous (P<0.001), Sonali (P<0.01) and all exotics except Broiler (P<0.001). Conclusion: Present results indicate that Cockerel, Fayoumi, Indigenous and Sonali chickens are advantageous genotypes as they had higher ER values compared to Broiler and RIR breeds. Keywords: Gallus domesticus; body morphometric traits; net edible weight; edible ratio DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8782 JBS 2010; 18(0): 94-98
<i>In vitro</i> regeneration of pumpkin (<i>cucurbita maxima</i>) through shoot apical meristem
Authors: Haque ME , Rezwana D , Islam MA , Sikdar B 
Published: October 2011

Context: Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is very important vegetable crop. It is damaged by several types of diseases, especially viral diseases which reduce the total yield of pumpkin. This is very difficult problem and such type of problem can be overcome by meristem culture. Objectives: To develop suitable protocols for indirect regeneration of pumpkin plant through shoot apical meristem. Materials and Methods: Meristems were isolated from 15-21 days in vivo grown plants by collecting shoot tips and were prepared (0.2-0.5 mm) under 4X zoom stereo-microscope remaining two leaves primordia. Inoculation of explants was made singly per culture vessel in semisolid MS fortified with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinin and auxin. Results: Among different concentrations, 1.0 mg/l BAP showed best response for callus induction. Calli were sub cultured for shoot formation in MS containing BAP singly or combination with GA3 and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l GA3 gave better result. In vitro regenerated shoots were rooted well in ½ strength MS with 0.5 mg/l IBA and micro plants were acclimatized successfully in natural condition. Conclusion: Indirect regeneration of pumpkin plants through shoot apical meristem has been established. Keywords: Growth regulators; in vitro regeneration; Pumpkin; Cucurbita maxima. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8784 JBS 2010; 18(0): 104-107
Phototherapy in different stages of birth weight for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Paul T , Parial R , Hasem MA , Mojumder S , Islam MM , Junaid MM , Das M , Alauddin M 
Published: October 2011

Context: The goal of phototherapy is to lower the concentration of circulating bilirubin or keep it from increasing in the treatment of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. As phototherapy decrease billirubin level of infants, it is important to fix the dose of phototherapy. Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of double phototherapy versus conventional single phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Materials and Methods: For this purpose 50 term and preterm newborns were enrolled. They were divided into 2 groups, 38 newborns were taken in group 1 and 12 newborn were taken in group 2. The babies who got conventional single phototherapy were taken in group 1. Each group was again divided into 3 subgroups according to their birth weight Normal Birth Weight (NBW), = Low Birth Weight (LBW) and Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW). Results: The serum bilirubin level of term babies were found 17.32 ± 4.08 mg/dl and in preterm babies were found 13.17 ± 1.49 mg/dl. Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in enrolled babies were due to physiologic jaundice (38%), neonatal sepsis (50%) and perinatal asphyxia (12%). The serum bilirubin level in physiological jaundice was found 18.47 ± 5.38 mg/dl, in neonatal sepsis was found 14.90 ± 1.85 mg/dl and in perenatal asphyxia was found 14.10 ± 1.47 mg / dl. Decline rate of serum bilirubin per day was found 4.58 ± 2.43 mg / dl in NBW babies with the use of conventional single phototherapy compared to 6.27 ± 2.26 mg / dl with the use of conventional double phototherapy. In LBW babies decline rate of serum bilirubin per day was found 2.07 ± 0.84 mg / dl with the use of conventional single phototherapy but 4.70 ± 2.08 mg / dl with the use of conventional double phototherapy. In VLBW babies, decline rate of serum bilirubin per day was found 2.24 ± 1.10 mg / dl with the use of conventional single phototherapy. Any VLBW babies which were given conventional double phototherapy were not found. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that double phototherapy is more effective than conventional single phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in both groups of neonates; however the rate of fall of bilirubin was higher in NBW subgroups. Keywords: Phototherapy; hyperbilirubinaemia; preterm; term. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8786 JBS 2010; 18(0): 116-120
Self-Reported Hearing Problems among Older Adults: Prevalence and Comparison to Measured Hearing Impairment
Authors: Hannula Samuli , Bloigu Risto , Majamaa Kari , Sorri Martti , Mäki-Torkko Elina 
Published: October 2011

Background:There are not many population-based epidemiological studies on the association between self-reported hearing problems and measured hearing thresholds in older adults. Previous studies have shown that the relationship between self-reported hearing difficulties and measured
hearing thresholds is unclear and, according to our knowledge, there are no previous population-based studies reporting hearing thresholds among subjects with hyperacusis.Purpose:The aim was to investigate the prevalence of self-reported hearing problems, that is, hearing difficulties,
difficulties in following a conversation in noise, tinnitus, and hyperacusis, and to compare the results with measured hearing thresholds in older adults.Research Design:Cross-sectional, population-based, and unscreened.Study Sample:Random sample of subjects (n = 850)
aged 54-66 yr living in the city of Oulu (Finland) and the surrounding areas.Data Collection and Analysis:Otological examination, pure tone audiometry, questionnaire surveyResults:The prevalence of self-reported hearing problems was 37.1% for hearing difficulties, 43.3% for difficulties
in following a conversation in noise, 29.2% for tinnitus, and 17.2% for hyperacusis. More than half of the subjects had no hearing impairment, or HI (BEHL[better ear hearing level]0.5‐4 kHz < 20 dB HL) even though they reported hearing problems. Subjects with self-reported
hearing problems, including tinnitus and hyperacusis, had significantly poorer hearing thresholds than those who did not report hearing problems. Self-reported hearing difficulties predicted hearing impairment in the pure-tone average at 4, 6, and 8 kHz, and at the single frequency of 4 kHz.Conclusions:The
results indicate that self-reported hearing difficulties are more frequent than hearing impairment defined by audiometric measurement. Furthermore, self-reported hearing difficulties seem to predict hearing impairment at high frequencies (4‐8 kHz) rather than at the frequencies of 0.5‐4
kHz, which are commonly used to define the degree of hearing impairment in medical and legal issues.
Intravenous Silibinin as ‘Rescue Treatment’ for On-Treatment Non-Responders to Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Combination Therapy
Authors: Rutter Karoline , Scherzer Thomas-Matthias , Beinhardt Sandra , Kerschner Heidrun , Stättermayer Albert F , Hofer Harald , Popow-Kraupp Theresia , Steindl-Munda Petra , Ferenci Peter 
Published: October 2011

Background Intravenous silibinin (ivSIL) is a potent antiviral agent against HCV. In vitro silibinin (SIL) inhibits viral replication, possibly by inhibiting HCV RNA polymerase. In this proof-of-concept study, ivSIL was tested in on-treatment non-responders to full-dose of pegylated interferon-α2a/ribavirin (standard of care [SOC]). Methods A total of 27 treatment-naive patients with <2 log drop in viral load after 12 weeks or still detectable HCV RNA after 24 weeks of SOC treatment (mean age 54.4 ±6.8 years, male/female 19/8, HCV genotype 1 n=19, 3a n=4 and 4 n=4, liver fibrosis F4 n=14, F3 n=5 and F2 n=3, and interleukin 28B polymorphism C/C n=1, T/C n=22 and T/T n=4) received additionally 20 mg/kg/day SIL (Legalon-SIL®; Rottapharm-Madaus, Monza, Italy) intravenously for 14 or 21 days. Thereafter, pegylated interferon/ribavirin was continued. HCV RNA was quantified by TaqMan® (Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Results At the end of ivSIL treatment, 23/27 (85.1%) patients had undetectable HCV RNA. In one of the four remaining patients HCV RNA became undetectable 8 weeks after ivSIL on SOC. Five patients relapsed after ivSIL, three of them responded to repeated administration of ivSIL, but relapsed again. The best predictor of response was a low pre-ivSIL HCV RNA level. A total of 19 patients reached one treatment end point (end of SOC treatment HCV RNA undetectable n=11 and non-response n=8); 8 patients were still on SOC (all HCV-RNA-negative). All 11 patients with end-of-treatment response completed 24 weeks of follow-up; 7 patients remained HCV-RNA-negative and 4 relapsed. Except for a slight increase in bilirubin (mean ±sd 0.98 ±0.35 to 2.12 ±0.99 mg/dl), treatment was well-tolerated. Conclusions ivSIL is an effective ‘rescue treatment’ for on-treatment non-responders to full-dose of SOC.
Réformes des services d'eau en milieu rural africain : enjeux et limites du montage institutionnel de gestion. Une étude de cas au Sénégal
Authors: Diop Moussa , Hamath Dia Amadou 
Published: October 2011

La délégation de gestion du service d’eau en milieu rural se caractérise par une relation contractuelle entre une autorité délégante et un gestionnaire délégué pour la délivrance du service. Au moment où l’État met en place un plan d’action pour généraliser ce modèle, cet article montre que tout le montage fonctionne, en définitive, sur une difficulté à intégrer une grammaire réaliste des relations institutionnelles : espérer que le système socio-technique, organisé autour de la soutenabilité financière, soit viable sans prendre en compte la faiblesse des institutions dans le contexte sénégalais.
L'économie politique de la réforme des filières cotonnières d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du centre : vers la convergence des modes d'organisation ?
Authors: Nubukpo Kako 
Published: October 2011

Les filières cotonnières d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du centre sont le lieu d’importantes mutations qui s’articulent pour l’essentiel, autour d’une ligne directrice : la connexion des producteurs de coton au marché mondial est leur seule voie de pérennisation. Cet article tente de montrer que l’analyse du processus de réformes accrédite le constat d’une harmonisation croissante des points de vue des partenaires au développement. Cependant, derrière ce consensus libéral qui semble s’instaurer, subsistent de profondes différences de perception entre les acteurs, sur fond de divergences sur la conception de la valeur à l’origine des réformes des filières.
L'ennui comme expérience du temps
Authors: David Pascal 
Published: October 2011

Résumé L’ennui n’est pas seulement un fardeau dont il faudrait à tout prix se délivrer, ni une expérience sinistre à laquelle il faudrait tenter d’échapper – et vers quoi donc ? Ce peut être une chance, à condition d’écouter ce qu’il a à nous dire : de nous-mêmes, de notre condition, de notre étoffe temporelle. Lié au « loisir intérieur », qui est le sens même de l’école, l’ennui demande à être fécondé.