bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARS spectral fitting with multiple resonant species using sparse libraries
Authors: Cutler Andrew D. , Magnotti Gaetano 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) technique is often used in the study of turbulent flames. Fast and accurate algorithms are needed for fitting CARS spectra for temperature and multiple chemical species. This paper describes the development of such an algorithm. The algorithm employs sparse libraries whose size grows more slowly with number of species than a regular library. It was demonstrated by fitting synthetic ‘experimental’ dual‐pump CARS spectra containing four resonant species (N2, O2, H2 and CO2), both with added noise and without it, and by fitting experimental spectra from a H2air flat flame produced by a Hencken burner. In the four‐species example, the library was nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the equivalent regular library (fitting times are correspondingly faster), and the fitting errors in the absence of added noise were negligible compared to the random errors associated with fitting noisy spectra. When fitting noisy spectra, weighted least squares fitting to signal intensity, as opposed to least squares fitting or least squares fitting to square root of intensity, minimized random and bias errors in fit parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical strategies for promoting full inclusion of individuals with disabilities in community‐based participatory intervention research
Authors: Hassouneh Dena , Alcala‐Moss Amana , McNeff E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCommunity‐based participatory research (CBPR) with disability communities is directed toward facilitating full inclusion of individuals with disabilities and disability community organizations in all aspects of the research process. Within the CBPR framework, academic‐disability community partners may value and wish to use experimental designs to test interventions. Being aware of and proactively addressing barriers and challenges to inclusion in the areas of human resources, training, productivity, accommodation, and inadequate funding for disability community organizations are critical for success. Some of the strategies discussed in this article for addressing these challenges include creating redundant systems, providing benefits counseling and individualized payment options for employment, designing trainings to be disability friendly, and carefully considering selection of partners in light of available community resources. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:253–265, 2011
Psychometric properties of the interpersonal relationship inventory‐short form for active duty female service members
Authors: Nayback‐Beebe Ann M. , Yoder Linda H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Interpersonal Relationship Inventory‐Short Form (IPRI‐SF) has demonstrated psychometric consistency across several demographic and clinical populations; however, it has not been psychometrically tested in a military population. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the reliability and component structure of the IPRI‐SF in active duty United States Army female service members (FSMs). The reliability estimates were .93 for the social support subscale and .91 for the conflict subscale. Principal component analysis demonstrated an obliquely rotated three‐component solution that accounted for 58.9% of the variance. The results of this study support the reliability and validity of the IPRI‐SF for use in FSMs; however, a three‐factor structure emerged in this sample of FSMs post‐deployment that represents “cultural context.” © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:241–252, 2011
Short‐ and Long‐Term Results of Open Versus Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Authors: Swank H. A. , Eshuis E. J. , van Berge Henegouwen M. I. , Bemelman W. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundClinical advantages of laparoscopic appendectomy have been shown in numerous trials and reviews. Most of these advantages are small and of limited clinical relevance, while laparoscopic operation costs are reported to be higher. The present study compares short‐ and long‐term results of conventional appendectomy with or without diagnostic laparoscopy (OA), and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA).MethodsAll adult patients who underwent appendectomy in our institution from 1995 to 2005 were included retrospectively. Patient data were retrieved from medical records, questionnaires sent by mail, and records of general practitioners. Primary outcome parameters were long‐term complications, readmissions, and reinterventions (>30 days postoperatively). Secondary outcome parameters were short‐term complications, readmissions, and reinterventions (≤30 days postoperatively).ResultsA total of 755 patients were included, 545 of whom underwent OA, with the remaining 210 undergoing LA. In the long term there were few complications noted, and there were no significant differences in complications between the two groups. Within 30 days postoperatively, LA was associated with a significantly higher incidence of abdominal abscesses with consequent diagnostic investigations, interventions, and readmissions.ConclusionsAlthough laparoscopic appendectomy is known to deliver clinical advantages, it is associated with a higher incidence of abdominal abscesses. Because the procedure is about to become the standard of care, future research must be directed at solving this issue. The expected lower incidence of incisional hernia and small bowel obstruction after laparoscopic appendectomy was not shown in the present study.
Chinese Painting and Cultural Interpretation: Chiang Yee's Travel Writing During the Cold War Era
Authors: Da Zheng  
Published: April 2011

On June 11, 1956, Chiang Yee was led into the Sanders Theater of Harvard University, where he began delivering his Phi Beta Kappa oration, entitled “The Chinese Painter”:The word “Chinese” in my title conveys a reference both to the birthplace of the painter and to the type of work to be expected from him; but while that is what I mean, I wish to point out that the word has not the same significance today as it would have had fifty to a hundred years ago. Then a “Chinese” painter was a painter absolutely and exclusively Chinese, differing fundamentally from the painters of all other nations and races. When I speak of a Chinese painter of today, I mean one who is basically Chinese but not exclusively so in his creation. He is not, and should not be, isolated from or independent of the rest of the world, for he has his part to play in the cultural evolution of the world. (242)
Neither Tramp Nor Hobo: Images of Unemployment in the Art of the Ashcan School
Authors: Boylan Alexis L. 
Published: April 2011

This short notice, entitled “When a ‘Hobo’ Works,” which appeared in the New York Times, July 13, 1912, might seem overwrought to contemporary readers in its definitive nature. The need to delineate work and nonwork, however, was quite serious business for Americans in the first decades of the 20th century. During this period, as evidenced in newspaper and journal articles, legislation, and popular culture, there was growing apprehension about the perceived differences and slippage among the ideas of the tramp, the hobo, the vagrant, the unemployed worker, and the worker. Most of this conversation was directed toward defining work and nonwork for men — specifically for white men. Tramping came to be viewed as an affliction of both mind and body, with writers, politicians, and reformers seeking to define the tramp and then theorizing how to put these newly codified bodies to work.Some of the most complex images of joblessness from this period were produced by the Ashcan school of artists, who frequently portrayed jobless men in their paintings and drawings. The Ashcan school, a group of six realist painters who lived and worked in New York City from 1900 to the First World War, established a national reputation as radicals rebelling against what they argued was a conservative artistic community woefully out of touch with modern American life. Ashcan artists depicted what they claimed to be the realities of the city around them — busy streets, shopgirls, ethnic communities, construction workers, and prostitutes, as well as tramps. John Sloan's The Coffee Line, 1905 (Figure 1), is typical of the kinds of images that Ashcan artists produced. The scene is a snowy winter's night in New York with a band of men in line to get a free cup of coffee. Jobless men are the stars here; unwitting leads in Sloan's slice of New York City life. The painting did much to communicate nationally a visual image of the tramp in New York City; it won honorable mention in 1905 at the Carnegie Institute International Exposition and was then exhibited in Chicago; Spartanburg, South Carolina; Dallas; and Seattle.
Dialogues with the Self: New Thoughts on Marsden Hartley's Self-Portraits
Authors: Coco Janice 
Published: April 2011

Scholars have long acknowledged the crucial role biography plays in Marsden Hartley's oeuvre, as many have used his autobiography Somehow a Past and his homosexuality to interpret his recurring motifs. As a recognized writer and painter, he figured prominently in American modernism and was among the first to explore abstraction as his prime expression. Heavily influenced by European models, he forged a mature style drawn from German expressionism and his affinity for the mystic transcendentalism of writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, William James, and Walt Whitman. A lifelong transient, he stood apart from those in the Alfred Stieglitz circle (Figure 1), spending more time outside the United States than in, returning at the end of his life to become “the painter of Maine.” General consensus allows that Hartley's early life influenced his images directly; but, more specifically, art historian Bruce Robertson suggests that Hartley turned to self-portraiture in his last years to work through childhood issues of loss and abandonment. Following suit, this essay considers these tender issues further with a reading of four late paintings, of which two are not yet recognized as self-portraits.The paintings themselves are treated as sites to explore and define the self, in the words of the psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott, as a “potential space” in which the artist reengages with and attempts to resolve past issues. More specifically, Winnicott describes a psychological transition, a buffer zone between mind and reality, used to cope with maturational issues. In this metaphorical space, one creates symbols and forms object relationships, meaning, a personal language with which to negotiate the real world and one's place in it. All cultural production, Winnicott argues, results from this interim process, which acts as a defensive filter to mitigate harsh truths — in Hartley's case, the loss of both parents and feelings of rejection. From this perspective, I focus narrowly on the symbolic arrangement by which identity issues merge with metaphysics, sex, and death. Although much has been written on these themes, I interpret the paintings' usefulness to Hartley, the ways that they functioned as tools, moving him toward personal integration. In dealing with issues of loss and mourning, I necessarily reflect on dark subject matter; even so, this study is not meant to represent the whole of Hartley's character. A complex person, he was not in a constant state of turmoil and, as Jonathan Weinberg, Donna Cassidy, and many others have demonstrated, Hartley was driven by much more than psychological angst. However, the lens of psychoanalysis (in this case, psychobiography and object relations) provides an additional way to interpret these late images.
Discipline and delegation: colonial governance in Malayan towns, 1880–1930
Authors: LEES LYNN HOLLEN 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT:British colonial administrators had two strategies for governing towns in Malaya during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They used Sanitary Boards to improve public health and to control populations indirectly, and they relied on police forces for direct forms of discipline. Both strategies reveal the overall weakness of the British colonial regime in that region.
Focused Ion Beam Induced Microstructural Alterations: Texture Development, Grain Growth, and Intermetallic Formation
Authors: Michael Joseph R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCopper, gold, and tungsten thin films have been exposed to 30 kV Ga+ion irradiation, and the resulting microstructural modifications are studied as a function of ion dose. The observed microstructural changes include texture development with respect to the easy channeling direction in the target, and in the case of Cu, an additional intermetallic phase is produced. Texture development in these target materials is a function of the starting materials grain size, and these changes are not observed in large grained materials. The accepted models of differential damage driven grain growth are not supported by the results of this study. The implications of this study to the use of focused ion beam tools for sample preparation are discussed.
Analysis of Two in Planta Expressed LysM Effector Homologs from the FungusMycosphaerella graminicolaReveals Novel Functional Properties and Varying Contributions to Virulence on Wheat
Authors: Marshall Rosalind , Kombrink Anja , Motteram Juliet , Loza-Reyes Elisa , Lucas John , Hammond-Kosack Kim E. , Thomma Bart P.H.J. , Rudd Jason J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSecreted effector proteins enable plant pathogenic fungi to manipulate host defenses for successful infection. Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Leaf infection involves a long (approximately 7 d) period of symptomless intercellular colonization prior to the appearance of necrotic disease lesions. Therefore, M. graminicola is considered as a hemibiotrophic (or necrotrophic) pathogen. Here, we describe the molecular and functional characterization of M. graminicola homologs of Ecp6 (for extracellular protein 6), the Lysin (LysM) domain-containing effector from the biotrophic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum, which interferes with chitin-triggered immunity in plants. Three LysM effector homologs are present in the M. graminicola genome, referred to as Mg3LysM, Mg1LysM, and MgxLysM. Mg3LysM and Mg1LysM genes were strongly transcriptionally up-regulated specifically during symptomless leaf infection. Both proteins bind chitin; however, only Mg3LysM blocked the elicitation of chitin-induced plant defenses. In contrast to C. fulvum Ecp6, both Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM also protected fungal hyphae against plant-derived hydrolytic enzymes, and both genes show significantly more nucleotide polymorphism giving rise to nonsynonymous amino acid changes. While Mg1LysM deletion mutant strains of M. graminicola were fully pathogenic toward wheat leaves, Mg3LysM mutant strains were severely impaired in leaf colonization, did not trigger lesion formation, and were unable to undergo asexual sporulation. This virulence defect correlated with more rapid and pronounced expression of wheat defense genes during the symptomless phase of leaf colonization. These data highlight different functions for MgLysM effector homologs during plant infection, including novel activities that distinguish these proteins from C. fulvum Ecp6.
ITP: a historical perspective
Authors: Stasi Roberto , Newland Adrian C. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryA clinical syndrome of bleeding and purpura consistent with a diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) was described by Werlhof long before platelets were identified as the cellular component of blood playing an essential role in primary haemostasis. Although a role for the spleen was suggested nearly a century ago, the pathophysiology of ITP has remained elusive for many decades. During this time Werlhof’s disease was renamed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, from which the acronym ITP originally derives. The second half of the 20th century brought recognition of the autoimmune components of ITP, and hence the need for a new standard nomenclature, which has recently been accepted. ITP currently stands for Immune Thrombocytopenia, a name that more appropriately reflects the low platelet count rather than purpura as the main feature of the disease, as well as to defining its underlying nature. Advances in our knowledge of the disease have paralleled the availability of new therapeutic agents, and we are now entering an era of pathophysiologically‐based treatment options.
Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection with hepatic abscesses in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Kaur P. , Fishman J.A. , Misdraji J. , Varma M.C. , Kotton C.N. 
Published: April 2011

P. Kaur, J.A. Fishman, J. Misdraji, M.C. Varma, C.N. Kotton. Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection with hepatic abscesses in a renal transplant recipient Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 531–535. All rights reservedAbstract: Mycobacterium kansasii is the second most frequent cause of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial disease in the United States after Mycobacterium avium complex. While primarily it is a pulmonary disease, extrapulmonary manifestations are common. This case report describes a recent renal transplant recipient with disseminated M. kansasii infection presenting with hepatic abscesses, with discussion of clinical management issues and strategies, and a review of the literature.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor pathway activation in restless legs syndrome patients
Authors: Patton S. M. , Ponnuru P. , Snyder A. M. , Podskalny G. D. , Connor J. R. 
Published: April 2011

Background and purpose:  These studies tested the hypothesis that hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) pathway activation occurs in substantia nigra neurons and brain microvasculature in patients with restless legs syndrome.Methods:  Immunohistochemical analyses of substantia nigra tissue from six RLS and six control subjects were analyzed for HIF‐1α, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. Microvessel lysates were obtained from cortex tissue from four RLS and four control subjects and the lysates were quantified for HIF‐2α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression using immunoblot analyses. HIF‐1α activation of peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) (14 RLS and 9 control) was determined through immunoblot analysis of PBMC lysates for EPO.Results:  HIF‐1α immunoreactivity in substantia nigra neurons was significantly increased in five of six RLS patients as compared with controls. In addition, nNOS and nitrotyrosine expression are up‐regulated in the substantia nigra of four of six RLS patients as compared with controls. HIF‐2α and VEGF expression are significantly up‐regulated in the microvasculature lysates from four RLS cortical brain tissue as compared with controls. Erythropoietin levels are significantly increased in RLS PBMCs.Conclusions:  These results demonstrate that the hypoxia pathway is activated in multiple cell types in individuals with RLS. Increased nNOS and nitrotyrosine suggests that nitric oxide is involved in the activation. Activation of the hypoxia pathway can result from or contribute to cellular iron deficiency. These observations suggest a novel direction to explore in RLS that is tied to the iron deficiency model but better explains the findings in postmortem studies.
Negotiations about helpfulness – the relationship between formal and informal care in home care arrangements
Authors: Büscher Andreas , Astedt‐Kurki Päivi , Paavilainen Eija , Schnepp Wilfried 
Published: April 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 706–715Negotiations about helpfulness – the relationship between formal and informal care in home care arrangementsBackground:  Informal caregiving by family members is the most common way of caring for sick people at home. However, the number of care arrangements, in which both formal (nurses) and informal (family members) caregivers are involved, is considerable and increasing. Despite implicit assumptions in research that the involvement of nurses in home care arrangements is inherently beneficial, there is evidence that their involvement may have a destabilising effect.Aims:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurses and family caregivers and its impact on the actual care that is provided.Method:  Eighty‐eight interviews with family caregivers (n = 57) and nurses (n = 31) were conducted in Germany and analysed according to the Grounded Theory methodology.Findings:  The relationship between formal and informal care is an encounter of two quite different perspectives that is focused on a negotiation process about caregiving work and the helpfulness of the actions taken and the interventions used. For family caregivers, it is determined by the goal of facilitating work and care for their sick family member. The nurses’ work is characterised by a process of shaping different realities in different homes. The results reveal the processes that lead to the involvement of nurses into home care arrangements and offer a deeper understanding of the negotiation processes between formal and informal caregivers.Conclusions:  To provide sufficient support in home care, nurses need the ability to engage in negotiation processes that take the whole home care arrangement into account. Developmental work is needed to design services that are helpful for family caregivers.
HOST PLANT SELECTION IN THE COLORADO BEETLE LARVA
Authors: DE WILDE J. 
Published: April 2011

In the food finding behaviour of the Colorado beetle larva, random searching and random biting are two apparently spontaneous behaviour elements belonging to different motor systems. Locomotion is directed by light and by host odour, biting is slightly inhibited by indifferent substrates like glass and filter paper. Initiation and maintenance of feeding are partly dependent upon different stimuli, as shown by the behaviour of the larva on Solanum demissum Lindl. Substances inhibiting the ingestion of food do not necessarily interfere with locomotory responses causing the insect to remain on the plant, nor do they prevent the feeding action from being released. This may lead to the cyclic process represented in fig. 6. The factors regulating intensity of motivation and threshold releasing stimulus are discussed.Résumé1. Rapidement après l'éclosion, le premier stade larvaire de Leptinotarsa fait au hasard des mouvements d'exploration.2. Ces mouvements peuvent ětre dirigés par la lumière (intensité, couleur) et par l'odeur de la feuille de Solanum.3. Chez une larve en exploration, la morsure faite au hasard est un autre élément du comportement spontané, qui peut ětre inhibé par les impulsions reçues par les palpes.4. Le début et le maintien de l'alimentation dépendent partiellement de différents stimuli, comme le montre le comportement de la larve sur Solanum demissum. Les substances inhibant l'ingestion d'aliment n'empěchent pas nécessairement l'acte alimentaire d'ětre déclanché.5. Ceci peut aboutir à un cycle fermé représenté dans le diagramme.6. Le r&#x006f;&#x030c;le de constituants nutritifs dans la sélection de la plante‐h&#x006f;&#x030c;te est discuté.