bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Approaches to Understanding School Violence
Authors: Waldron Linda M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn terms of research on school violence, criminologists have dominated the field; yet, this work has narrowly centered on crime as an indicator of violence. Although cultural sociologists have done noteworthy research on schooling and education, much of the focus has been on academic achievement. Yet, some cultural scholars have analyzed the expressions and practices of school violence, and in this paper, I argue that this approach reveals a rich, complex understanding of aggression and violence that is needed in sociological research on school violence. This includes looking at not only crime and more traditional, physical expression of violence, but also taking seriously verbal, emotion, sexual, or racial forms of violence, in addition to violence that is perpetuated by institutions. This paper reviews some of the more conventional studies on school violence and then looks at how cultural sociologists have begun to broaden this perspective. I use Swidler's ‘cultural toolkit’ as a framework for analyzing school violence, focusing on symbolic violence, cultural scripts, cultural resources and ideology as some of the cultural tools that prove useful to expanding our understanding of schooling and violence.
Biomedical Informatics Unit (BMIU): Slim‐Prim System Bridges the Gap Between Laboratory Discovery and Practice
Authors: Viangteeravat Teeradache , Brooks Ian M. , Ketcherside W. Joseph , Houmayouni Ramin , Furlotte Nicholas , Vuthipadadon Somchan , McDonald Chanchai S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWith current national emphasis on translational research, data exchange systems are needed that bridge basic science and clinical research. To meet this challenge, an electronic system was developed by the Biomedical Informatics Unit (BMIU) of the University of Tennessee Clinical Translation Science Institute (UT CTSI). This integrated data system collects, processes, archives, and distributes basic, clinical, and translational research data. The system provides information via web‐based applications in a secure and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant manner to facilitate data sharing and analysis across domains. The system is currently in use by a number of studies and has proven to be an effective tool for data collection and processing in clinical studies.
Training the Next Generation of Research Mentors: The University of California, San Francisco, Clinical & Translational Science Institute Mentor Development Program
Authors: Feldman Mitchell D. , Huang Laurence , Guglielmo B. Joseph , Jordan Richard , Kahn James , Creasman Jennifer M. , Wiener‐Kronish Jeanine P. , Lee Kathryn A. , Tehrani Ariane , Yaffe Kristine , Brown Jeanette S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMentoring is a critical component of career development and success for clinical translational science research faculty. Yet few programs train faculty in mentoring skills. We describe outcomes from the first two faculty cohorts who completed a Mentor Development Program (MDP) at UCSF. Eligibility includes having dedicated research time, expertise in a scientific area and a desire to be a lead research mentor. A post‐MDP survey measured the program's impact on enhancement of five key mentoring skills, change in the Mentors‐in‐Training (MIT) self‐rated importance of being a mentor to their career satisfaction, and overall confidence in their mentoring skills. Since 2007, 29 MITs participated in and 26 completed the MDP. Only 15% of the MITs reported any previous mentor training. Overall, 96% of MITs felt that participation in the MDP helped them to become better mentors. A majority reported a significant increase in confidence in mentoring skills and most reported an increased understanding of important mentoring issues at UCSF. MITs reported increased confidence in overall and specific mentoring skills after completion of the MDP. The MDP can serve as a model for other institutions to develop the next generation of clinical‐translational research mentors.
Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms by a Novel Antibacterial Envelope for Use with Implantable Cardiac Devices
Authors: Agostinho Alessandra , James Garth , Wazni Oussama , Citron Mark , Wilkoff Bruce D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBiofilm formation on representative implantable medical devices using a known human pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) at all time points measured (24,48, and 72 hours) by employing a novel antibacterial envelope (AIGIS Rx™). The result was demonstrated using a standard US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) bioreactor model and the results were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial envelope used in the study is coated with a proprietary combination broad spectrum antibiotics (rifampin and minocycline) embedded in a resorbable polymeric coating. The antibiotics are designed to elute out of the coating over a multi‐day period for controlled, site‐specific drug delivery.The infection rate for patients receiving pacemakers and defibrillators is increasing faster than the rate of new implants and the growing resistance of S. aureus strains suggests that conventional, systemic antibiotic prophylaxis may have limited future utility. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that bacterial biofilms result in infections of implantable medical devices. These findings demonstrate the in vitro efficacy of a new means to address potential biofilm‐derived Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) related to implantable medical devices composed of titanium inclusive of pacemakers and defibrillators by means of a locally delivered, low dose, combination antibacterial treatment.
Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years
Authors: Borland R , Wilson N , Fong G T , Hammond D , Cummings K M , Yong H-H , Hosking W , Hastings G , Thrasher J , McNeill A 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:To examine the impact of health warnings on smokers by comparing the short-term impact of new graphic (2006) Australian warnings with: (i) earlier (2003) United Kingdom larger text-based warnings; (ii) and Canadian graphic warnings (late 2000); and also to extend our understanding of warning wear-out.Methods:The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey (ITC Project) follows prospective cohorts (with replenishment) of adult smokers annually (five waves: 2002–2006), in Canada, United States, UK and Australia (around 2000 per country per wave; total n = 17 773). Measures were of pack warning salience (reading and noticing); cognitive responses (thoughts of harm and quitting); and two behavioural responses: forgoing cigarettes and avoiding the warnings.Results:All four indicators of impact increased markedly among Australian smokers following the introduction of graphic warnings. Controlling for date of introduction, they stimulated more cognitive responses than the UK (text-only) changes, and were avoided more, did not significantly increase forgoing cigarettes, but were read and noticed less. The findings also extend previous work showing partial wear-out of both graphic and text-only warnings, but the Canadian warnings have more sustained effects than UK ones.Conclusions:Australia’s new health warnings increased reactions that are prospectively predictive of cessation activity. Warning size increases warning effectiveness and graphic warnings may be superior to text-based warnings. While there is partial wear-out in the initial impact associated with all warnings, stronger warnings tend to sustain their effects for longer. These findings support arguments for governments to exceed minimum FCTC requirements on warnings.
A Combined Multisensor Optimal Estimation Retrieval Algorithm for Oceanic Warm Rain Clouds
Authors: Rapp Anita D. , Elsaesser G. , Kummerow C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The complicated interactions between cloud processes in the tropical hydrologic cycle and their responses to changes in environmental variables have been the focus of many recent investigations. Most studies that examine the response of the hydrologic cycle to temperature changes focus on deep convection and cirrus production, but recent results suggest that warm rain clouds may be more sensitive to temperature changes. These clouds are prevalent in the tropics and make considerable contributions to the radiation budget and to total tropical rainfall, as well as serving to moisten and precondition the atmosphere for deep convection. A change in the properties of these clouds in climate-change scenarios could have significant implications for the hydrologic cycle. Existing microwave and visible retrievals of warm rain cloud liquid water path (LWP) disagree over the range of sea surface temperatures (SST) observed in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Although both retrieval methods show similar behavior for nonraining clouds, the two methods show very different warm-rain-cloud LWP responses to SST, both in magnitude and trend. This makes changes to the relationship between precipitation and cloud properties in changing temperature regimes difficult to interpret. A combined optimal estimation retrieval algorithm that takes advantage of the strengths of the different satellite measurements available on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite has been developed. Deconvolved TRMM Microwave Imager brightness temperatures are combined with cloud fraction from the Visible and Infrared Scanner and rainwater estimates from the TRMM precipitation radar to retrieve the cloud LWP in warm rain systems. This algorithm is novel in that it takes into account the water in the rain and estimates the LWP due to only the cloud water in a raining cloud, thus allowing investigation of the effects of precipitation on cloud properties.
Quantifying the Eddy Feedback and the Persistence of the Zonal Index in an Idealized Atmospheric Model
Authors: Chen Gang , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An idealized atmospheric model is employed to quantify the strength of the eddy feedback and the persistence of the zonal index. The strength of the surface frictional damping on the zonal index is varied, and an external zonal momentum forcing is included to compensate for the momentum change associated with the friction change such that the climatological jet latitude and shape are unchanged.
The model can generate a nearly identical climatology and leading mode of the zonal mean zonal wind for different frictional damping rates, except when the jet undergoes a regime transition. For those experiments without a regime transition, as the surface friction is increased, the strength of eddy feedback is enhanced but the zonal index becomes less persistent. A simple feedback model suggests that the e-folding decorrelation time scale of the zonal index can be determined by the frictional damping rate and the strength of eddy feedback. The strength of eddy feedback is found to be related to the instantaneous vertical wind shears near the surface controlled by the frictional damping. Furthermore, the climate response to an external zonal torque is proportional to the decorrelation time scale, although the simple prediction used here overestimates the climate response by a factor of 2.
A Simple Model of Climatological Rainfall and Vertical Motion Patterns over the Tropical Oceans
Authors: Back Larissa E. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA simple model is developed that predicts climatological rainfall, vertical motion, and diabatic heating profiles over the tropical oceans given the sea surface temperature (SST), using statistical relationships deduced from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The model allows for two modes of variability in the vertical motion profiles: a shallow mode responsible for all “boundary layer” convergence between 850 hPa and the surface, and a deep mode with no boundary layer convergence. The model is based on the argument expressed in the authors’ companion paper that boundary layer convergence can be usefully viewed as a forcing on deep convection, not just a result thereof. The shallow mode is either specified from satellite observations or modeled using a simple mixed-layer model that has SST as well as 850-hPa geopotential height, winds, and temperature as boundary conditions. The deep-mode amplitude is empirically shown to be proportional to a simple measure of conditional instability in convecting regions, and is determined by the constraint that radiative cooling must balance adiabatic warming in subsidence regions.This two-mode model is tested against a reanalysis-derived dry static energy budget and in a reanalysis-independent framework based on satellite-derived surface convergence and using SST as a proxy for conditional instability. It can predict the observed annual mean and seasonal cycle of rainfall, vertical motion, and diabatic heating profiles across the tropical oceans with significantly more skill than optimized predictions using a thresholded linear relationship with SST. In most warm-ocean regions, significant rainfall only occurs in regions of monthly-mean boundary layer convergence. In such regions, deep-mode amplitude and rainfall increase linearly with SST, with an additional rainfall contribution from the shallow mode directly tied to boundary layer convergence. This second contribution is significant mainly in the east and central Pacific ITCZ, where it is responsible for that region’s “bottom-heavy” vertical-velocity, diabatic heating, and cloud profiles.
Observed Subseasonal Variability of Oceanic Barrier and Compensated Layers
Authors: Liu Hailong , Grodsky Semyon A. , Carton James A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A monthly gridded analysis of barrier-layer and compensated-layer width based on observed vertical profiles of temperature and salinity and covering the period 1960–2007 is explored for evidence of subseasonal variability and its causes. In the subtropics and midlatitudes this variability is mostly evident during the local cold season when barrier layers and compensated layers are present. There is significant variability of anomalous (nonseasonal) barrier-layer and compensated-layer width on interannual periods, while in the North Pacific longer-term changes are also detectable. In the winter North Pacific a salinity-stratified barrier layer exists at subpolar latitudes. Farther south along the Kuroshio Extension a compensated layer exists. The width of the barrier layer varies from year to year by up to 60 m while compensated-layer width varies by half as much. During the observation period the barrier-layer width decreased in response to a strengthening of the Aleutian low pressure system, the resulting strengthening of dry northerly winds, and a decrease of precipitation. In contrast, the compensated-layer width increased in response to this pressure system strengthening and related amplification of the midlatitude westerly winds, the resulting increase of net surface heat loss, and its effect on the temperature and salinity of the upper-ocean water masses. The tropical Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans all have permanent barrier layers. Their interannual variability is less than 20 m but is comparable in magnitude to the time mean barrier-layer width in these areas. In the tropical Pacific west of 160°E and in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, the barrier-layer width changes by approximately 5 m in response to a 10-unit change in the Southern Oscillation index. It thickens during La Niñas as a result of the presence of abundant rainfall and thins during dry El Niños. Interannual variations of barrier-layer width in the equatorial Pacific are weak east of 160°E with an exception of the area surrounding the eastern edge of the warm pool. Here subduction of salty water contributes to locally stronger variations of barrier-layer width.
Linear Waves in Midlatitudes on the Rotating Spherical Earth
Authors: De Leon Yair , Paldor Nathan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The linear waves of the shallow water equations in a zonal channel in midlatitudes on the rotating spherical earth are investigated analytically and numerically by solving several relevant eigenvalue problems. For baroclinic deformation radii in the ocean, the phase speed of long Rossby waves in a sufficiently wide channel on the sphere can be 5 times that of their harmonic β-plane counterparts. The difference between the two phase speeds increases with the channel width and decreases with 1) the latitude of the equatorward wall, 2) the radius of deformation, and 3) the mode number. For Poincaré (inertia–gravity) waves, the phase speed on the sphere is slightly lower than that of harmonic waves on the β plane. The meridionally dependent amplitude of the meridional velocity is identical for both waves and is trapped near the equatorward wall—that is, its amplitude is maximal within a few deformation radii from this wall. The phase speeds of the Kelvin and anti-Kelvin waves on a sphere are determined by the latitudes of the equatorward and poleward walls, respectively, where they attain their maximal height amplitude. Accordingly, the phase speed of the anti-Kelvin wave is larger than that of the westward-propagating Poincaré waves in a certain wavenumber range, whereas the phase speed of eastward-propagating Poincaré waves does not approach that of the Kelvin wave even at large wavenumbers. Analytical expressions for the phase speed of trapped Poincaré and Rossby waves are obtained for small deformation radii in wide channels by approximating the meridional velocity’s eigenfunction by an Airy function that decays with distance from the equatorward wall. The exact latitude of the poleward wall does not affect the solution, provided it is several deformation radii away from the equatorward boundary and the exact channel width increases with the radius of deformation. For a sufficiently small radius of deformation, such as that observed in the ocean, the solution is trapped, even for very narrow channels, and the phase speed is only slightly larger than that of harmonic waves.
Early Spring Oceanic Heat Fluxes and Mixing Observed from Drift Stations North of Svalbard*
Authors: Sirevaag Anders , Fer Ilker 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
From several drifting ice stations north of Svalbard, Norway, observations were made in early spring of the ocean turbulent characteristics in the upper 150 m using a microstructure profiler and close to the under-ice surface using eddy correlation instrumentation. The dataset is used to obtain average heat fluxes at the ice–water interface, in the mixed layer, across the main pycnocline, as well over different water masses in the region. The results are contrasted with proximity to the branches of the warm and saline Atlantic water current, the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), which is the main oceanic heat and salinity source both to the region and to the Arctic Ocean. Hydrographic properties show that the surface water mass modification is typically due to atmospheric cooling with relatively less influence of ice melting. Surface heat fluxes of O(100) W m−2 are found within the branches of the WSC and over shelf areas with elevated levels of mixing due to strong tides. Away from the shelves and WSC, however, ocean-to-ice turbulent heat fluxes are typical of the central Arctic. Deeper in the water column, entrainment from below together with equally important horizontal advection and diffusion increase the heat content of the mixed layer and contribute to the heat flux maximum in the upper layers. The results in this study emphasize the importance of mixing along the boundaries, over shelves, and topography for the cooling of the Atlantic water layer in the Arctic in general, and for the regional heat budget, hence the ice cover and cooling of the WSC north of Svalbard, in particular.
Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Ozone near the Mesopause from Observations of the 11.072-GHz Line
Authors: Rogers A. E. E. , Lekberg M. , Pratap P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through January 2009. These observations provide an estimate of the diurnal and seasonal variations of ozone in the mesopause region. The 11-GHz line is more sensitive to the ozone at higher altitudes than ground observations of the 142-GHz line, because of the reduced Doppler line width. The observations show an increase in the volume mixing ratio of ozone above 80 km at night by more than a factor of 10 and a seasonal variation of about a factor of 2, which is consistent with the semiannual variations of atomic hydrogen in the mesopause region. The diurnal amplitude and rates of change of the mixing ratios at sunrise and sunset are compared with ground-based observations of the 142-GHz line and the observations of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, as well as with a simplified chemical model of the creation and destruction of ozone in the mesopause region.
Quality Control of Surface Wave Data Estimated from Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio HF Radar Doppler Spectra
Authors: Hisaki Yukiharu 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Ocean wave spectra estimated by high-frequency (HF) radar are very sensitive to the noise of Doppler spectra. The method for estimating wave spectra has been improved. This method is a nonlinear inversion and can be applied to a single radar case by combining the energy balance equation and the regularization constraint. A simple method for selecting radar-estimated wave data for various weights of the nonlinear weighted least squares problem and initial guesses of the iterative algorithm is proposed. This method is based on the residuals of the objective function to be minimized and is then applied to observed Doppler spectra. The selected radar-estimated wave heights using the method correlated well with in situ observations, even in conditions of low signal-to-noise ratios of Doppler spectra, low wave heights, and small temporal variations of wave heights. The optimal value of the criterion of the residuals is dependent on the required wave height accuracy and number of selected radar-estimated wave data.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Knabb Richard D. , Mainelli Michelle , Kimberlain Todd B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, including 14 tropical storms and 1 subtropical storm. Of these, six became hurricanes, including two major hurricanes, Dean and Felix, which reached category 5 intensity (on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). In addition, there were two unnamed tropical depressions. While the number of hurricanes in the basin was near the long-term mean, 2007 became the first year on record with two category 5 landfalls, with Hurricanes Dean and Felix inflicting severe damage on Mexico and Nicaragua, respectively. Dean was the first category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin to make landfall in 15 yr, since Hurricane Andrew (1992). In total, eight systems made landfall in the basin during 2007, and the season’s tropical cyclones caused approximately 380 deaths. In the United States, one hurricane, one tropical storm, and three tropical depressions made landfall, resulting in 10 fatalities and about $50 million in damage.