bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facilitation of Quercus ilex in Mediterranean shrubland is explained by both direct and indirect interactions mediated by herbs
Authors: Cuesta Bárbara , Villar‐Salvador Pedro , Puértolas Jaime , Rey Benayas José M. , Michalet Richard 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Competitive and facilitative interactions shape plant communities. Whereas a number of studies have addressed competition and direct facilitation among plants in dry ecosystems, indirect facilitation has received little attention. 2. We investigated the relative importance of direct and indirect facilitation by the nurse plant Retama sphaerocarpa on late‐successional Quercus ilex seedlings mediated by herb suppression in a Mediterranean shrubland in 2006 and 2007. We also studied whether facilitation outcome depended on the size of the facilitated seedlings. 3. A field experiment was carried out to test the effect of (i) position of Q. ilex seedling with respect to shrub canopy (under shrubs or in gaps), (ii) herb competition (presence or absence), and (iii) seedling size. 2006 was an average rainfall year while 2007 had a much more humid spring and a dryer summer than 2006. 4. In both years, nurse shrubs reduced seedling mortality whereas herbs increased it. In the average rainfall year, seedling mortality under shrubs was unaffected by herbs whereas in gaps it was significantly higher in presence of herbs. This showed that the nurse shrub indirectly facilitated the seedlings by reducing the competitive capacity of herbs. Conversely, facilitation was predominately direct during the humid spring and dry summer year since herbs hindered seedling survival similarly under the nurse shrub and in gaps. The nurse shrub directly facilitated the seedlings by reducing seedling photoinhibition and water stress. 5. Improvement of environmental conditions by Retama benefited smaller seedlings but not larger seedlings since the nurse shrub reduced mortality of smaller seedlings relative to that in gaps, but this effect was not observed for larger seedlings. This indicates that individuals within a seedling population may not have the same response to facilitation. 6. Synthesis. Both indirect and direct facilitation are important mechanisms for Q. ilex regeneration in Retama shrubland and their importance seems to vary with climatic conditions. Indirect facilitation by release of herb competition under nurse shrubs is important in years of dry springs when competition between nurse shrubs and herbs is high, whereas direct facilitation mediated by microclimate amelioration increases with summer aridity.
MicA sRNA links the PhoP regulon to cell envelope stress
Authors: Coornaert Audrey , Lu Alisa , Mandin Pierre , Springer Mathias , Gottesman Susan , Guillier Maude 
Published: March 2010

SummaryNumerous small RNAs regulators of gene expression exist in bacteria. A large class of them binds to the RNA chaperone Hfq and act by base pairing interactions with their target mRNA, thereby affecting their translation and/or stability. They often have multiple direct targets, some of which may be regulators themselves, and production of a single sRNA can therefore affect the expression of dozens of genes. We show in this study that the synthesis of the Escherichia coli pleiotropic PhoPQ two‐component system is repressed by MicA, a σE‐dependent sRNA regulator of porin biogenesis. MicA directly pairs with phoPQ mRNA in the translation initiation region of phoP and presumably inhibits translation by competing with ribosome binding. Consequently, MicA downregulates several members of the PhoPQ regulon. By linking PhoPQ to σE, our findings suggest that major cellular processes such as Mg2+ transport, virulence, LPS modification or resistance to antimicrobial peptides are modulated in response to envelope stress. In addition, we found that Hfq strongly affects the expression of phoP independently of MicA, raising the possibility that even more sRNAs, which remain to be identified, could regulate PhoPQ synthesis.
Pharmacological and non‐drug treatment of child bipolar I disorder during prospective eight‐year follow‐up
Authors: Geller Barbara , Tillman Rebecca , Bolhofner Kristine , Zimerman Betsy 
Published: March 2010

Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Pharmacological and non‐drug treatment of child bipolar I disorder during prospective eight‐year follow‐up. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 164–171. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  The Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders study, a National Institute of Mental Health‐funded study of child bipolar I disorder (BP‐I) begun in 1995, is a prospective follow‐up study that included collecting pharmacological and non‐drug treatment data.Methods:  There were 115 first‐episode subjects who fit full DSM‐IV criteria for BP‐I, mixed or manic phase, with severity scores in the clinically impaired range, ascertained by consecutive new case ascertainment. Subjects were assessed with the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH‐U‐KSADS), given separately to parents about their children and to children about themselves. All treatment was provided by the subjects’ own community practitioners, exactly as if they had not been in the research study. Thus, families were only seen for research assessments, and research staff were not at all involved in their treatment. Data on type, dose, and duration of pharmacological and non‐drug treatment were collected. During follow‐up, 93.9% (n = 108) were assessed at each of the nine assessment times.Results:  During the eight years, only 62.6% received any antimanic medication (antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, lithium) at any time. Percents who received non‐antimanic medication included 77.4% medication for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and 64.3% antidepressants. A total of 67.8% of subjects were taking two or more concurrent medication classes. Subjects ascertained from psychiatric versus pediatric sites received antimanics significantly more frequently (p = 0.006). Earlier recovery during eight‐year follow‐up was predicted by greater percent of weeks on lithium (p = 0.017).Conclusions:  Given these findings, and the poor prognosis from prospective follow‐up of this sample reported elsewhere, there is a need for further research that informs the development of effective treatment strategies.
Enhanced working and verbal memory after lamotrigine treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder
Authors: Pavuluri Mani N , Passarotti Alessandra M , Mohammed Tahseen , Carbray Julie A , Sweeney John A 
Published: March 2010

Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Mohammed T, Carbray JA, Sweeney JA. Enhanced working and verbal memory after lamotrigine treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 213–220. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To examine the treatment impact of lamotrigine on the neurocognitive profile of patients with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).Method:  Healthy controls (HC) (n = 24; mean age = 12.4 ± 3.3 years) and unmedicated PBD patients with manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes (n = 34; mean age = 13 ± 3.1 years) were matched for IQ, age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. A neurocognitive battery was administered at baseline and again after 14 weeks, during which PBD patients were treated with lamotrigine.Results:  Clinical symptoms improved with treatment in the patient group with significant change from baseline to follow‐up on the Young Mania Rating Scale (p < 0.001) and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (p < 0.001). Global neurocognitive function improved with lamotrigine in PBD patients over time relative to that in HC, although overall performance remained impaired. Working memory and verbal memory significantly improved with treatment in patients, and deficits in these domains were no longer significantly impaired relative to HC at follow‐up. Executive function significantly improved with treatment in the patient group but still lagged behind HC at follow‐up. Performance on attention tests did not improve with treatment.Conclusions:  There appears to be significant improvement in cognitive abilities in PBD patients treated with lamotrigine that is most prominent in the areas of working memory and verbal memory and that occurs along with mood stabilization.
Clinical characteristics of comorbid obsessive‐compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder in children and adolescents
Authors: Joshi Gagan , Wozniak Janet , Petty Carter , Vivas Fe , Yorks Dayna , Biederman Joseph , Geller Daniel 
Published: March 2010

Joshi G, Wozniak J, Petty C, Vivas F, Yorks D, Biederman J, Geller D. Clinical characteristics of comorbid obsessive‐compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 185–195. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To explore bidirectional comorbidity between bipolar disorder (BPD) and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in youth and to examine the symptom profile and clinical correlates of both disorders in the context of reciprocal comorbidity and ascertainment status.Methods:  Two samples of consecutively referred youth (ages 6–17 years) ascertained contemporaneously for respective studies of BPD and OCD were compared using clinical and scalar assessment and structured diagnostic interviews.Results:  A total of 21% (17/82) of the BPD subjects and 15% (19/125) of the OCD subjects met DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria for both disorders. In the presence of BPD, youth with OCD more frequently experienced hoarding/saving obsessions and compulsions along with a clinical profile of greater comorbidity, poorer global functioning, and higher rate of hospitalization that is characteristic of BPD. Multiple anxiety disorders (≥ 3), especially generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia, were present at a higher frequency when OCD and BPD were comorbid than otherwise. In subjects with comorbid OCD and BPD, the primary disorder of ascertainment was associated with an earlier onset and more severe impairment.Conclusions:  An unexpectedly high rate of comorbidity between BPD and OCD was observed in youth irrespective of primary ascertainment diagnosis. In youth with comorbid OCD and BPD, the clinical characteristics of each disorder run true and are analogues to their clinical presentation in youth without reciprocal comorbidity, with the exception of increased risk for obsessions and compulsions of hoarding/saving and comorbidity with other anxiety disorders.
Metabolic effects of second‐generation antipsychotics in bipolar youth: comparison with other psychotic and nonpsychotic diagnoses
Authors: Moreno Carmen , Merchán‐Naranjo Jessica , Álvarez Mar , Baeza Inmaculada , Alda Jose A , Martínez‐Cantarero Carmen , Parellada Mara , Sánchez Bernardo , De La Serna Elena , Giráldez Marisa , Arango Celso 
Published: March 2010

Moreno C, Merchán‐Naranjo J, Álvarez M, Baeza I, Alda JA, Martínez‐Cantarero C, Parellada M, Sánchez B, de la Serna E, Giráldez M, Arango C. Metabolic effects of second‐generation antipsychotics in bipolar youth: comparison with other psychotic and nonpsychotic diagnoses. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 172–184. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  Despite known metabolic effects of second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) on children and adolescents, comparative effects in youth with different diagnoses remain underreported. We compared differences in metabolic changes three months after starting treatment with SGAs in youth with bipolar disorder and with other psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders.Methods:  Weight and metabolic differences among diagnostic groups before and three months after starting treatment with SGAs were compared in a naturalistic cohort of children and adolescents (14.9 ± 3.0 years) diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n = 31), other psychotic disorders (n = 29), and other nonpsychotic disorders (n = 30), with no (35.6%) or very little (6.6 ± 9.0 days) previous exposure to antipsychotics. Composite measurements of significant weight gain [weight increase ≥ 5% at three months or increase ≥ 0.5 in body mass index (BMI) z‐score] and ‘risk for adverse health outcome’ (≥ 95th BMI percentile, or ≥ 85th BMI percentile plus presence of one other obesity‐related complication) were included. SGAs (risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine) were prescribed in comparable proportion among groups.Results:  Baseline weight and metabolic indices were not significantly different among diagnoses. Three months after starting treatment with SGAs, more than 70% patients had significant weight gain, BMI z‐score increased in all diagnostic groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), total cholesterol increased in the bipolar (p = 0.02) and psychotic (p = 0.01) disorder groups, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in the bipolar group (p = 0.02), and free T4 decreased in the psychotic disorder group (p = 0.05). More patients with bipolar disorder presented overweight plus ≥ 1 obesity‐related complication at follow‐up.Conclusions:  There are early weight gain and metabolic changes across diagnoses in youth treated with SGAs.
Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Correll Christoph U , Sheridan Eva M , DelBello Melissa P 
Published: March 2010

Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 116–141. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To compare antipsychotic and mood stabilizer (MS) efficacy and tolerability in youth and adults with bipolar mania.Methods:  Medline/PubMed search for studies including: (i) youth (< 18 years) or adults (≥ 18 years); (ii) bipolar I disorder; (iii) double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial (DB‐RPCT); (iv) ≤ 12 weeks of treatment; and (v) calculable effect sizes (ES) and/or numbers needed to treat/harm (NNT/NNH) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI). Non‐overlapping 95% CIs determined significant group differences.Results:  We identified nine DB‐RPCTs in youth (n = 1,609), 5 evaluating second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (n = 1,140) and 4 evaluating MSs (n = 469). We also identified 23 DB‐RPCTs in adults (n = 6,501), 14 including SGAs (n = 3,297), 5 using haloperidol as an active comparator (n = 580), and 11 including MSs (n = 2,581). Young Mania Rating Scale scores improved significantly more with SGAs than MSs in youth (ES = 0.65, CI: 0.53–0.78 versus 0.24, CI: 0.06–0.41) and adults (ES = 0.48, CI: 0.41–0.55 versus 0.24, CI: 0.17–0.31). After excluding topiramate studies, SGAs had larger ES than MSs only in youth (ES = 0.65, CI: 0.53–0.78 versus 0.20, CI: 0.02–0.39), but not adults (ES = 0.48, CI: 0.41–0.55 versus 0.46, CI: 0.37–0.55). However, in adults SGAs had significantly larger ES regarding Clinical Global Impressions scores than MSs, even without topiramate (ES = 0.75, CI: 0.68–0.82 versus 0.24, CI: 0.07–0.41). Rates of response, remission, and discontinuation due to any reason compared to placebo were similar between medication and age groups, except for more favorable NNTs for remission with SGAs than MSs in adults after excluding topiramate. SGAs caused more weight gain than MSs in youth (ES = 0.53, CI: 0.41–0.66 versus 0.10, CI: −0.12–0.33), but not in adults (ES = 0.13, CI: 0.05–0.22 versus 0.00, CI: −0.08–0.08). However, results were heterogeneous and not significant in either age group after excluding topiramate. Nevertheless, SGA‐related weight gain was significantly greater in youth than adults. In youth, SGA‐related somnolence was greater than with MSs (NNH = 4.7, CI: 3.9–6.0 versus 9.5, CI: 6.3–23.5), and more likely than in adults (NNH = 7.1, CI: 6.1–8.8). Conversely, youth experienced less akathisia with SGAs than adults (NNH = 20.4, CI: 14.1–36.5 versus 10.2, CI: 8.1–13.7), likely due to lower doses/slower titration.Conclusions:  In treating mania, potentially greater short‐term efficacy compared to placebo with SGAs versus MS needs to be balanced against increased adverse events, especially in youth.
Habitat use affects morphological diversification in dragon lizards
Authors: COLLAR D. C. , SCHULTE J. A. , O’MEARA B. C. , LOSOS J. B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHabitat use may lead to variation in diversity among evolutionary lineages because habitats differ in the variety of ways they allow for species to make a living. Here, we show that structural habitats contribute to differential diversification of limb and body form in dragon lizards (Agamidae). Based on phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstructions for 90 species, we find that multiple lineages have independently adopted each of four habitat use types: rock‐dwelling, terrestriality, semi‐arboreality and arboreality. Given these reconstructions, we fit models of evolution to species’ morphological trait values and find that rock‐dwelling and arboreality limit diversification relative to terrestriality and semi‐arboreality. Models preferred by Akaike information criterion infer slower rates of size and shape evolution in lineages inferred to occupy rocks and trees, and model‐averaged rate estimates are slowest for these habitat types. These results suggest that ground‐dwelling facilitates ecomorphological differentiation and that use of trees or rocks impedes diversification.
Large‐brained mammals live longer
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐LAGOS C. , SOL D. , READER S. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMany mammals have brains substantially larger than expected for their body size, but the reasons for this remain ambiguous. Enlarged brains are metabolically expensive and require elongated developmental periods, and so natural selection should have favoured their evolution only if they provide counterbalancing advantages. One possible advantage is facilitating the construction of behavioural responses to unusual, novel or complex socio‐ecological challenges. This buffer effect should increase survival rates and favour a longer reproductive life, thereby compensating for the costs of delayed reproduction. Here, using a global database of 493 species, we provide evidence showing that mammals with enlarged brains (relative to their body size) live longer and have a longer reproductive lifespan. Our analysis supports and extends previous findings, accounting for the possible confounding effects of other life history traits, ecological and dietary factors, and phylogenetic autocorrelation. Thus, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that mammals counterbalance the costs of affording large brains with a longer reproductive life.
Estimating the ratio of effective to actual size of an age‐structured population from individual demographic data
Authors: Engen S. , Lande R. , Sæther B.‐E. , Gienapp P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effective population size is a central concept for understanding evolutionary processes in a finite population. We employ Fisher's reproductive value to estimate the ratio of effective to actual population size for an age‐structured population with two sexes using random samples of individual vital rates. The population may be subject to environmental stochasticity affecting the vital rates. When the mean sex ratio at birth is known, improved efficiency is obtained by utilizing the records of total number of offspring rather than considering separately female and male offspring. We also show how to incorporate uncertain paternity.
Egg phenotype differentiation in sympatric cuckooCuculus canorusgentes
Authors: ANTONOV A. , STOKKE B. G. , VIKAN J. R. , FOSSøY F. , RANKE P. S. , RØSKAFT E. , MOKSNES A. , MØLLER A. P. , SHYKOFF J. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe brood parasitic common cuckooCuculus canorusconsists of gentes, which typically parasitize only a single host species whose eggs they often mimic. Where multiple cuckoo gentes co‐exist in sympatry, we may expect variable but generally poorer mimicry because of host switches or inter‐gens gene flow via males if these also contribute to egg phenotypes. Here, we investigated egg trait differentiation and mimicry in three cuckoo gentes parasitizing great reed warblersAcrocephalus arundinaceus, marsh warblersAcrocephalus palustrisand corn buntingsMiliaria calandrabreeding in close sympatry in partially overlapping habitat types. The three cuckoo gentes showed a remarkable degree of mimicry to their three host species in some but not all egg features, including egg size, a hitherto largely ignored feature of egg mimicry. Egg phenotype matching for both background and spot colours as well as for egg size has been maintained in close sympatry despite the possibility for gene flow.
A general model of the public goods dilemma
Authors: Frank S. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn individually costly act that benefits all group members is a public good. Natural selection favours individual contribution to public goods only when some benefit to the individual offsets the cost of contribution. Problems of sex ratio, parasite virulence, microbial metabolism, punishment of noncooperators, and nearly all aspects of sociality have been analysed as public goods shaped by kin and group selection. Here, I develop two general aspects of the public goods problem that have received relatively little attention. First, variation in individual resources favours selfish individuals to vary their allocation to public goods. Those individuals better endowed contribute their excess resources to public benefit, whereas those individuals with fewer resources contribute less to the public good. Thus, purely selfish behaviour causes individuals to stratify into upper classes that contribute greatly to public benefit and social cohesion and to lower classes that contribute little to the public good. Second, if group success absolutely requires production of the public good, then the pressure favouring production is relatively high. By contrast, if group success depends weakly on the public good, then the pressure favouring production is relatively weak. Stated in this way, it is obvious that the role of baseline success is important. However, discussions of public goods problems sometimes fail to emphasize this point sufficiently. The models here suggest simple tests for the roles of resource variation and baseline success. Given the widespread importance of public goods, better models and tests would greatly deepen our understanding of many processes in biology and sociality.