bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport, Social Division and Social Inequality
Authors: Jarvie Grant 
Published: January 2012

Sport, Social Division and Social InequalityThis article examines different forms of social division and social inequality which impact upon contemporary sport. The research draws upon and contributes to contemporary sports participation data in one country. It also draws upon some examples of research from countries other than UK in order to provide a broader international perspective. It examines new forms of inequality and some of the ways in which sport has helped to support social change. It suggests that future researcher examining the relationship between sport and social inequality might think of this in at least three ways (i) inequality of condition; (ii) inequality of opportunity and (iii) inequality of capability. The research supports the argument that sport has a part to play in improving the life chances. The research provides a valuable comparative example from which to develop further comparative research in this area.
Epistemology of Health, Quality of Life, Social Connectedness and the Contribution of Sports for Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Teixeira Reis Andre 
Published: January 2012

Epistemology of Health, Quality of Life, Social Connectedness and the Contribution of Sports for Subjective Wellbeing
In this article, literature about the perspectives on the understanding and epistemology of health is addressed. This evolutionary process has opened new terms for a wider understanding of health, quality of life and well-being. From this, concepts of health are addressed through the role of personal consciousness and intentionality within the group context, and the specific term subjective social well-being (SSWB) will be employed to explore social experiences through sports. Because health is a complex issue and because interventions need to be similarly complex, the science underpinning this work must integrate information from the many disciplines (medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, biology, history, law, and demography, among others). Finally, the role of physical activities and sports for the attaining of SSWB and fundamental questions for researchers will be discussed.
"Is Intensity Decisive?" Changes in Levels of Self-efficacy, Stages of Change and Physical Activity for Two Different Forms of Prescribed Exercise
Authors: Bredahl Thomas , Singhammer John , Roessler Kirsten 
Published: January 2012

"Is Intensity Decisive?" Changes in Levels of Self-efficacy, Stages of Change and Physical Activity for Two Different Forms of Prescribed Exercise
This study explores the long-term treatment effect on levels of self efficacy, stages of change and physical activity of prescribed exercise (EoP) for two different groups: a treatment group (TG) which includes patients with hypertension and a prevention group (PG). This study is an evaluation of best practice. Analyses were conducted at baseline and after 4, 10 and 16 months. The TG received group-based training and motivational counseling. The PG received motivational counseling only. No significant change in self-efficacy across time and no differences between groups were found. A significantly greater probability of reporting high level of stages of change was observed for the TG. No differences were observed between the groups across time. A significant increase in physical activity level across time was found, but no differences between the groups were found. EoP improves participants' level of physical activity and stages of change, regardless of the intensity of the intervention.
Funding Options for Sports Organizations
Authors: Kosík Miloš 
Published: January 2012

Funding Options for Sports Organizations
When the level of funding for sport compared to the overall state budget, or be related to the gross domestic product can be ascertained that in the past twenty years, the money directed to this area is constantly decreasing. In the imaginary scale of the European Union are under study, the Czech Republic is among the lowest rungs. The analysis is not only taking the top sport, but also activities in the field of sport for all, support for youth, sports and similar construction. This article aims to report on funding opportunities in sport, focusing on the Czech Republic. What are the possible ways of acquiring money from different sources public, private and international (public budget, entrepreneurial appropriation, bank credits, EU sources, Bohemian and Moravian federation of physical training).
Psychological Predictors of Injury among Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Devantier Casper 
Published: January 2012

Psychological Predictors of Injury among Professional Soccer PlayersObjectives:Numerous empirical studies suggest that specific psychological factors influence the frequency and severity of sport injuries. The main purpose of the present study is to outline the psychological factors, which predict increased injury vulnerability among professional male soccer players in Denmark. Based on the Stress-Injury Model by Williams & Anderson (1998) it is hypothesized that low coping resources, high competitive trait anxiety, and history of previous injuries would be positively related to an increased risk of injury occurrence and severity.Methods:The soccer players (N = 87) were asked to report history of previous injuries within the last 12 months. Furthermore, 2 questionnaires were used; Competitive Trait Anxiety Test, and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory - 28 (ACSI-28). Injuries were prospectively recorded throughout a period of approximately 3 months by the team's medical staff (doctors and physiotherapists).Results:Study findings clearly suggest that history of previous injury and coping with adversity are the best predictors of injury occurrence. These factors explained between 7 % and 11 % of the total variance of injury occurrence and days lost due to injury respectively. Furthermore, the same variables were found very successful in prediction injury occurrence.Conclusions:The findings support the suggestions that psychological factors can be utilized as a predictive measurement to sport injuries, which should be considered by coaches and medical staff in order to reduce vulnerability to injury.
High School Volleyball Coaches Instructional Approaches and Perceptions to using Athlete Created Pre-competition Warm-up Music
Authors: Yeats Jeremy , Smith Mark 
Published: January 2012

High School Volleyball Coaches Instructional Approaches and Perceptions to using Athlete Created Pre-competition Warm-up Music
Research has shown psychological, psychophysical, and physical effects of music in sport (Bateman & Bale, 2009). However, music has received little attention among sport scholars. The purpose of this study was to examine high school varsity volleyball coaches' pedagogical assumptions and practices of allowing female high school volleyball teams to create and play their own pre-competition warm-up music. Eleven head coaches of female high school varsity volleyball teams who employed athlete created pre-competition warm-up music were interviewed (minimum 45 minutes). All interviews were transcribed then analyzed using open and axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). All 11 coaches believed that having athletes create and develop pre-competition music positively impacted athlete performance. Analysis further illustrated the coaches believed a connection exists between the use of music and athletic performance across three themes, increased motivation, mood, and team cohesion. Coaches interviewed in this study believed that music provided a consistent and inspirational routine. A limitation of this study is that actual performance was not measured, so future research is needed to examine the actual impact of music on athletic performance, as well as the impact of warm-up music in other sport settings.
Fair Play in the Perspective of Contemporary Sport
Authors: Sekot Aleš 
Published: January 2012

Fair Play in the Perspective of Contemporary Sport
Sport as a socio-cultural phenomenon of modern times is often portrayed as a renaissance of the Olympic ideals. Today, however, we can see that sports in many cases contributes to the emancipation process, particularly in developing countries, offers opportunities for strengthening national identity and fosters respect for state symbols. A wider context of applying the principle of fair play in sports has its indisputable philosophical and ethical dimensions. The first expresses the widening gap between high performance sports and recreational sports. The importance of schools in the value modeling of the principle of fair play in general and at the level of sports is given by the fact that their very nature is aimed at socialization and education. Olympic Movement must ensure that the Olympic Games preserve both the Olympic values and the principles of protecting the environment, respond to the needs of the young generation of athletes and enhance gender equality and equal opportunities.
A new glacier inventory for the Jostedalsbreen region, Norway, from Landsat TM scenes of 2006 and changes since 1966
Authors: Paul Frank , Andreassen Liss M. , Winsvold Solveig H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPronounced changes in glacier mass and length were observed for the monitored glaciers in the Jostedalsbreen region, Norway, since the last glacier inventories were compiled in the 1960s and 1980s. However, the current overall extent of the glaciers in the region is not well known. To obtain this information, we have compiled a new inventory from two mosaicked Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes acquired in 2006 that have excellent snow conditions for glacier mapping, the first suitable scenes for this purpose after 22 years of imaging with TM. Drainage divides and topographic inventory parameters were derived from a 25 m national digital elevation model for 1450 glaciers. By digitizing glacier outlines from 1 : 50 000 scale topographic maps of 1966, we calculated changes in glacier area for ~300 glaciers. Cumulative length changes for the 1997–2006 period were derived from an additional TM scene and compared with field measurements for nine glaciers. Overall, we find a 9% area loss since 1966, with a clear dependence on glacier size; however, seasonal snow in 1966 in some regions made area determination challenging. The satellite-derived length changes confirmed the observed high spatial variability and were in good agreement with field data (±1 pixel), apart from glacier tongues in cast shadow. The new inventory will be freely available from the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) glacier database.
Dynamics and mass balance of four large East Antarctic outlet glaciers
Authors: Stearns Leigh A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) is Earth’s largest reservoir of fresh water and has the potential to raise sea level by ~50 m. A significant amount of the ice sheet’s mass is discharged by outlet glaciers draining through the Transantarctic Mountains, the balance characteristics of which are largely unknown. Here the mass balance is estimated for four glaciers draining ice from the EAIS through the Transantarctic Mountains into the Ross Sea embayment: David, Mulock, Byrd and Nimrod glaciers. Remote-sensing observations are used to map changes in ice flow and surface elevation, and ultimately to compute the mass balance of each glacier using the input–output method and three separate estimates for accumulation rate. Results computed using this method indicate small positive balances for David (2.41±1.31 Gt a–1), Mulock (1.91±0.84 Gt a–1) and Nimrod (0.88±0.39 Gt a–1) glaciers, and a large positive imbalance for Byrd Glacier (21.67±4.04 Gt a–1). This large imbalance for Byrd Glacier is inconsistent with other observations, and is likely due to an overestimation of accumulation rates across large regions of the interior catchment.
Use of historical elevation data to calculate surface-elevation and volume changes of Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, southwest British Columbia, Canada, 1970 to mid-1980s
Authors: VanLooy Jeffrey A. , Forster Richard R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInvestigations into glacial changes, including understanding variations in the rates of glacial volume and surface-elevation changes, have increased over the past decade. This study uses historical glacier elevation data in the form of topographic maps from 1970 and a digital elevation model from the mid-1980s to calculate surface-elevation and volume changes for Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, southwest British Columbia, Canada. Results indicate that the icefield thinned at an average rate of 0.76±0.25 ma–1 during this period. A previous study of Ha-Iltzuk Icefield also using the geodetic method found a thinning rate of 1.0±0.20ma–1 between the mid-1980s and 1999, indicating a slight increase in the amount of icefield thinning. Within the ablation zone, thinning increased with decreasing elevation at a rate of 1.9±0.68 ma–1 km–1 between these two periods (1970 to mid-1980s versus mid-1980s to 1999). Analysis of meteorological data suggests that increases in both temperature and rainfall, as well as decreases in snowfall, likely contributed to the increased thinning rate.
Greenland marine-terminating glacier area changes: 2000–2010
Authors: Box Jason E. , Decker David T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractArea changes at 39 of the widest Greenland marine-terminating glacier outlets are measured in consecutive annual end-of-melt-season Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) scenes spanning ten annual intervals (2000–10). The rates of cumulative area change for glaciers and ice shelves are well represented by linear least-squares fits, R = –0.99 and R = –0.94, with average rates of –70 and –65km2 a–1, respectively. Collectively, during this decade, the 39 glaciers lost a cumulative area of 1368 km2. More than three-quarters of the total area change occurred north of 72˚N. The largest 11-year area change for a single glacier during the survey period is the 311km2 loss at Humboldt Glacier. The largest annual change for a single glacier was extreme compared with the others, where Petermann glacier retreated 17km between 3 and 5 August 2010. For the 10 year sample, on average, the count of glaciers retreating is twice that advancing. A larger distinction is evident considering area change, with the ratio of retreat and advance, on average, nine times the gain. For glaciers with ice shelves, we find no year with collective area gain. The area change data from this study are posted at: http://bprc.osu.edu/~jbox/data/GAC/
Sensitivity of the frozen/melted basal boundary to perturbations of basal traction and geothermal heat flux: Isunnguata Sermia, western Greenland
Authors: Brinkerhoff Douglas J. , Meierbachtol Toby W. , Johnson Jesse V. , Harper Joel T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA full-stress, thermomechanically coupled, numerical model is used to explore the interaction between basal thermal conditions and motion of a terrestrially terminating section of the west Greenland ice sheet. The model domain is a two-dimensional flowline profile extending from the ice divide to the margin. We use data-assimilation techniques based on the adjoint model in order to optimize the basal traction field, minimizing the difference between modeled and observed surface velocities. We monitor the sensitivity of the frozen/melted boundary (FMB) to changes in prescribed geothermal heat flux and sliding speed by applying perturbations to each of these parameters. The FMB shows sensitivity to the prescribed geothermal heat flux below an upper threshold where a maximum portion of the bed is already melted. The position of the FMB is insensitive to perturbations applied to the basal traction field. This insensitivity is due to the short distances over which longitudinal stresses act in an ice sheet.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae)
Authors: Novy Ari , Flory S. Luke , Honig Joshua A. , Bonos Stacy , Hartman Jean Marie 
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae) to assess its population structure and to facilitate tracking of invasion expansion.• Methods and Results: Using 454 sequencing, 11 polymorphic and six monomorphic microsatellite primer sets were developed for M. vimineum. The primer sets were tested on individuals sampled from six populations in the United States and China. The polymorphic primers amplified di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide repeats with three to 10 alleles per locus.• Conclusions: These markers will be useful for a variety of applications including tracking of invasion dynamics and population genetics studies.
Microsatellite marker development for the threatened orchid Masdevallia solomonii (Orchidaceae)
Authors: López‐Roberts M. Cristina , Almeida Paulo R. M. , Oliveira Eddy J. F. , Berg Cássio van den 
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers for Masdevallia solomonii were developed to serve as a tool in future population genetic studies of this threatened species from the Bolivian Yungas.• Methods and Results: Thirteen microsatellite primers were characterized by cloning an intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) library. From these, 10 loci presented considerable variation in allele number (3–10), expected heterozygosity (0.537–0.865), and polymorphic information content per locus (0.500–0.848).• Conclusions: The markers obtained for M. solomonii are the first in the genus and subtribe. The observed polymorphism will make it possible to assess genetic diversity and structure of this species and will serve to propose effective conservation actions.
Development of eight mitochondrial markers for Funariaceae (Musci) and their amplification success in other mosses
Authors: Liu Yang , Moskwa Nicholas L. , Goffinet Bernard 
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: In comparison to the wide use of chloroplast markers, few mitochondrial markers are available for phylogenetic studies in bryophytes. We investigated the phylogenetic suitability of several mtDNA markers within the Funariaceae and across mosses.• Methods and Results: By comparing mitochondrial genomes of two mosses, eight regions with higher substitution rates were identified and sequenced for three species in the Funariaceae and one outgroup taxon. Variations in the substitution rate of these new loci were compared to previously used markers. Thirty‐four samples representing all major moss lineages were targeted to assess the universality of the newly designed primers.• Conclusions: The new markers provided similar or more sequence variations in Funariaceae compared to previously developed mtDNA markers. Five out of eight loci were amplified in 70% of other taxa, indicating that these markers may be suitable for phylogenetic studies in other moss lineages.
Ritonavir-Induced Lipoatrophy and Dyslipidaemia is Reversed by the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Leflunomide in a Ppar-Γ-Dependent Manner
Authors: Mencarelli Andrea , Francisci Daniela , Renga Barbara , D'Amore Claudio , Cipriani Sabrina , Basile Flavia , Schiaroli Elisabetta , Baldelli Franco , Fiorucci Stefano 
Published: January 2012

Background The complex interplay between viral infection and virus-activated inflammatory pathways with protease inhibitors (PIs) contributes to the increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in HIV-infected patients. Leflunomide is an antirheumatic drug whose administration to HIV-1-infected persons effectively decreases T-cell turnover and activation. In this study we have investigated the effects of leflunomide on dyslipidaemia and lipodistrophy induced by ritonavir in rodents. Methods Mice were administered ritonavir (5 mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with leflunomide (40 mg/kg/day) for 12 days. Expression of nuclear receptor and lipidogenetic genes was measured in liver and adipose tissues. Results Administration of the HIV PI ritonavir to mice increased plasma triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and cholesterol levels, and this effect was reverted by cotreatment with leflunomide. Ritonavir administration was associated with reduced epididymal fat/body weight ratio and increased liver content of triacylglycerols content. These effects were reverted by leuflunomide. Histopathology analysis shows that exposure to ritonavir causes inflammation of epididymal fat as demonstrated by dense leukocytes infiltration as well as by increased levels of proinflammatory mediators and reduced expression and activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Leflunomide reduced epididymal fat inflammatory-metabolic alteration induced by ritonavir and restored PPAR-γ expression in the epididymal fat. Conclusions We have shown that the anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide protects against ritonavir-induced inflammation and dysmetabolism in adipose tissue and might be a promising strategy in the setting of HIV-infected patients at risk for HIV-induced dyslipidaemia.
L'éducation en République populaire de Chine entre contrôle étatique et économie de marché
Authors: Nguyen Tri Christine 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Depuis le début des années quatre-vingt, la RPC s’est engagée dans un programme de réformes doublé d’une politique d’ouverture avec l’espoir de réussir enfin à se sortir du sous-développement. Si cette politique a été maintenue dans ses grandes lignes, elle n’a pas manqué de se heurter à de nombreuses difficultés et de connaître quelques aléas. Pour ce qui est de l’éducation, elle s’inscrivait dans l’urgence puisque le succès des réformes reposait en grande partie sur elle. Elle a dû, elle aussi, se plier aux lois de l’« économie de marché socialiste à la chinoise », et on est passé de la commercialisation du secteur public à l’encouragement d’établissements privés à tous les niveaux de l’éducation. À travers quelques exemples, cet article montre une situation particulièrement complexe, où il est parfois difficile de faire la part entre privé et public car, si l’État communiste se désengage financièrement, il entend bien maintenir son ferme contrôle de l’éducation.
Contraints de rester jeunes? Évolution de l'insertion dans trois capitales africaines: Dakar, Yaoundé, Antananarivo
Authors: Antoine Philippe , Razafindrakoto Mireille , Roubaud François 
Published: January 2012

Résumé	Victimes de la crise prolongée que traversent leurs pays, les jeunes des trois capitales africaines (Dakar, Yaoundé et Antananarivo) se trouvent contraints de reporter le calendrier des événements marquant leur entrée dans la vie adulte. Un recul de l’âge aussi bien d’accès au premier emploi rémunéré que d’autonomie résidentielle et de constitution de la famille est observé des générations aînées aux plus jeunes. Le sort de ces derniers est d’autant plus inéquitable que ni leur niveau d’éducation plus élevé, ni le fait de différer leur passage au statut d’adulte ne leur permet d’échapper à une dégradation de leurs conditions, relativement à celles connues par leurs parents, au moment de leur insertion. On assiste même à un ajustement par le bas dans la mesure où les plus éduqués chez les jeunes, au lieu d’être préservés, sont plus affectés par la détérioration du contexte économique.