bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Bionomics of the Sheep Ked, Melophagus ovinus, L., in West Wales
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: July 2009

A method is described for studying the life-cycle of Melophagus ovinus. The female ked matures in 6 to 7 days and the male in 10 to 11 days. Copulation takes place 16 hours after emergence and the first pupa is deposited by the female about 13 days after its emergence. The second and successive pupae are deposited at intervals of seven to eight days. The pupal stage covers 20 to 26 days (an average of 22·5 days for 28 observations). The life-cycle is completed in 33–36 days. Experimental conditions did not affect the duration of the various stages observed in the life-cycle.An investigation of the periodic fluctuations in the infestation of a flock of Welsh sheep showed that the degree of infestation is influenced by the transference of keds between the sheep. Before lambing, keds are transferred from hoggs to two- to three-year old ewes and, after lambing, from ewes to lambs. The peak infestation of ewes and hoggs occurs before lambing. The maximum infestation of lambs occurs before shearing. At shearing the majority of adult keds and pupae are removed with the fleece. Adults surviving after shearing are killed at dipping. Depending on the nature of the dip, re-infestation results from pupae hatching in fleece or by the transference of keds from infested sheep coming into contact with the dipped flock. Keds disappear from the fleece through being devoured by the sheep, by the activity of insectivorous birds and through natural death. The transference of keds between sheep is achieved through contact and occurs readily when the ked is on the surface of the fleece. The vertical migration of the insect in the fleece is controlled by temperature and is not influenced by light.The distribution of pupal and adult stages of M. ovinus in the fleece of lambs, hoggs and ewes is given. The position of attachment to the pupae is controlled by the depth of the fleece, deposition occurring on the wool fibres at a point where the temperature is suitable for their development. The age of the sheep influences the distribution of the ked, young sheep being more susceptible than older animals. In a flock, the higher infestation of hoggs compared to older ewes may be due to the	higher initial infestation of the hoggs after dipping. Open fleeced sheep are more susceptible to ked infestation than tight fleeced sheep.
Tsetse Flies carried by Railway Trains in Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin 
Published: July 2009

Railway trains running through tsetse-infested country between Mombasa and Nairobi in Kenya Colony carry G. longipennis, G. pcdlidipes and G. brevipalpis on to stock-farming areas beyond the natural limit of the fly belt, thus being largely responsible for outbreaks of animal trypanosomiasis and a reluctance on the part of European, Asian and African settlers to develop the land, affected by this form of fly dispersal, to its full capacity.The country through which the trains travel is described together with an account of a survey of the fly distribution.Tabulated figures are given of the monthly totals of tsetses collected from passenger and goods trains by teams of fly boys posted at Emali and Sultan Hamud railway stations about 17 and 25 miles respectively outside the fly belt towards Nairobi More than 24,000 flies were collected over a period of one year and many, not collected by the de-flying teams, were carried up-country even as far as Nairobi, 101 miles from the fly belt.Tsetses were collected from inside passenger trains, but very much larger numberswere
taken from the outer surfaces and undercarriages of goods trucks.Reference is also made to the rôle of motor traffic, especially when in convoy in the dispersal of tsetses.The incidence of animal trypanosomiasis along the line of the railway is dealt with and the association of the disease with tsetses carried by trains is supported by results of laboratory experiments on the transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei by the three species of flies concerned.Bush-clearing on stock farms outside the fly belt will not protect the cattle from infection carried by flies brought by trains but bush-clearing in specified localities of fly concentration in the infested country is recommended as a measure to reduce the numbers now attracted to trains. It is considered that the spraying of trains will bring considerable relief to farmers ; but, so far, no suitable spraying apparatus has been devised nor has a reasonably cheap insecticide been found for this purpose.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Mahaffy A. F. 
Published: July 2009

In an attempt to isolate yellow fever virus fromAëdes (Stegomyia) africanus, Theo., an intensive series of catches was carried out during 11 weeks of 1945 in 2 forest areas in Bwamba County, Uganda. Most of the work was carried out on platforms in trees during the sunset period, since the main biting activity ofA. africanusoccurs in the forest canopy just after sunset. Virus was not obtained during the course of this work.The results confirmed thatA. africanusis the dominant arboreal Culicine of the sunset period. In catches carried out actually in the canopy it formed 69 per cent. of the total Culicines taken.
The Climatology of Blowfly Myiasis.
Authors: Macleod John 
Published: July 2009

Records of oviposition by blowflies on test groups of sheep, over a five-year period, were examined for relation between the rate of oviposition per day and the conventional meteorological indices of daily weather conditions. There was a definite correspondence with the maximum shade temperature for the day. The relation was not straight-line, the slope changing at between 18 and 20°C. The association with the minimum temperature was not significant. Insolation, as measured by the difference between maximum temperatures in the sun and shade, was positively associated with oviposition.The humidity indices—evaporating power of the air and the saturation deficit—and the ratio of the daily totals of rain and evaporation, showed a low correlation ; the rainfall correlation was barely significant. The association was in no instance statistically reliable.
The Biology of Quettania coeruleipennis Schwarzer (Coleoptera) in Baluchistan
Authors: Janjua Nazeer Ahmed , Mehra Ram Narian 
Published: July 2009

The biology of the Cerambycid, Quettania coeruleipennis, which is a serious pest of almond and pomegranate in Baluchistan is described. The larvae attack the top shoots and small branches, tunnelling downwards; the attacked branches ultimately become hollow and dry up.The various stages are described in detail and their duration and seasonal history during the years 1943–1946 have been investigated. During these years, oviposition commenced between 7th and 18th May and ended between 22nd May and 3rd June; the incubation period of the eggs ranged from 12 to 19 days (average 15·9 days). Hatching of eggs started between 22nd May and 2nd June and ended between 10th and 20th June and the feeding period of the larvae ranged from 265 to 317 days (average 289·6 days). The prepupal period varied from 7 to 12 days (average 9·7 days). The first pupation during these four years took place between 2nd and 10th March and the last between 12th and 24th March and the pupal period varied from 25 to 36 days (average 30·2 days). Emergence of the adults began between 5th and 15th May and ended between 18th and 29th May.
Hibernation of Hyalomma savignyi (Ixodidae) in Palestine
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B. 
Published: July 2009

Galuzo (1941) in his ecological studies of the tick fauna in Kazakh S.S.R. states that the nymph of Hyalomma detritum, Schulze, overwinters on the host, that he is of the opinion that H. savignyi, Gerv., hibernates in the adult stage away from the host (in animal quarters or houses) and that he found hibernating nymphs of H. marginatum, Koch, in grass meadows.In the course of field work carried out in Palestine during the winter 1945–16 only a few adult male and female ticks (some gorged) were found in the Jordan Valley and the Negeb, and none in the more temperate parts of the country.
Climate and the Activity of the Kenya coastal Glossina
Authors: Moggridge J. Y. 
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with Glossina pallidipes, G. austeni and G. brevipalpis as they occur on the Kenya coast.Temperature and saturation deficiency both exert a generally inverse effect on the activity and apparent density of both G. pallidipes and G. austeni. True density also varies inversely as the s.d.
A Comparative Study of Anti-locust Baits, with special Reference to Base Materials
Authors: Hynes H. B. N. 
Published: July 2009

A simple, but reliable, technique is described for the study of the acceptability to locust hoppers of poison baits under field conditions.This was applied to the study of a number of vegetable materials which might be used for the manufacture of wet baits to destroy hoppers of the Desert Locust.The materials tested could be divided into five classes of acceptability, and consideration of these indicated that heavy lignification detracted from acceptability while the presence of starch added to it.It was shown that molasses adds to the acceptability of only the least acceptable materials unless very large amounts are used.Simple tests showed that acceptability was not correlated with water-absorbing properties, that the rate of drying of bait was dependent on the amount of water initially absorbed, and that molasses influences the rate of drying only when large amounts are added.
An Ecological Study of the Insects and Mites in the Nests of certain Birds in Britain
Authors: Woodroffe G. E. 
Published: July 2009

The chief aims of the survey and an important conclusion reached during some preliminary work are briefly stated. This latter was the recognition of two distinct nest types—the wet nest, exposed to rain, and the dry nest, sheltered from rain.The methods used to examine materials and record results are described. They were closely similar to those described in a previous publication.The insect fauna is listed under three headings: (a) ectoparasites of birds, which includes 12 species; (b) scavengers, including 66 species; and (c) predators, comprising 14 species. Figures are given for the frequency of occurrence and the abundance of the more important nidicole species, abundance being given as an arbitrary estimate. The importance of each as a pest is also briefly stated, and detailed records are given for uncommon or particularly interesting species.The mite fauna is dealt with in a similar manner. It includes one ectoparasite, 10 scavengers and 11 predators.The basic composition of nests and the temperature and humidity conditions within them are described briefly and the possible influence of these factors upon the nest fauna is discussed.The species of the dry nest community are classified, according to their feeding habits, as ectoparasites of birds, scavengers and predators, and according to their status in the nest, as regular, occasional and incidental inhabitants. The distribution of the group of species which truly characterises this community is discussed.
Report on Encyrtidae associated with Mealybugs on Cacao in Trinidad, and on some other Species related thereto
Authors: Kerrich G. J. 
Published: July 2009

The taxonomy of a complex of parasites associated with mealy-bugs on cacao in Trinidad is dealt with. The descriptions of nine species new to science are given and species not new have been treated in comparable detail. Fresh taxonomic or other data have been given for some related species.The inclusion of an aberrant Thysanid species of biological importance necessitated a comparative study of characters that have been used within this group. In this connection, Thysanid parasites of Tachinidae attacking moth larvae in sugar-cane were considered and found separable into three closely related species, two of which are described as new.
The Effect of High Maximum Temperatures upon the Longevity of Glossina submorsitans, Newst., and G. tachinoides, Westw.
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Newly Hatched Tsetse (0–1 day old).1. Neither species is affected by daily maximum temperatures of 95–102°F.2. Possibly the death of any weakly tsetse is accelerated by a temperature of 102·5°F.3. The critical zone for G. tachinoides is 103° to 105°F., but at the latter temperature 100 per cent. mortality is only assured if this maximum lasts for about 100 minutes.4. The critical zone for G. submorsitans is 103·5° to 106°F.5. If maintained for 60 minutes, 106°F. assures 100 per cent. mortality among young flies of both species.Old Tsetse (over 10 days old).6. The critical zone for G. tachinoides is 102° to 105·5°F.7. The critical zone for G. submorsitans is 102·5° to 106°F.8. The sudden increase in mortality among tsetse upon very hot days would appear to be directly due to the maximum temperature having entered the critical zone, and not to excessively low humidity or very high evaporation.9. The critical zone for old flies starts at about 1°F. lower than for newly hatched flies.10. G. tachinoides is rather more susceptible to high maximum temperatures than is G. submorsitans ; results also suggest that G. tachinoides cannot withstand an exposure of long duration at high temperatures as well as G. submorsitans.
The Occurrence of Glossina morsitans in Tanganyika Territory in Vegetational Types other than the Isoberlinia-Brachystegia Communities
Authors: Lloyd H. M. 
Published: July 2009

(a). G. morsitans had been found in banana plantations and it was feared that it might in time establish itself. However, most of these flies had been caught in plantations which were reverting back to natural types of vegetation.(b). It was shown by the release of marked flies that G. morsitans was repelled by the plantations which were still being cultivated.(c). Only one G. morsitans was taken by the writer in cultivated plantations. It was demonstrated that flies found in these situations might easily have been transported thither by man or animals.(d). The temperature in the banana plantations was slightly higher, and the range of the humidity greater, than in the adjacent vegetation. The difference between these physical factors of the two localities is insufficient to account for the flies' preference for natural types of vegetation as opposed to plantations.
The Biological Control of Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll. (Col. Curculionidae) in Mauritius
Authors: Williams J. R. , Moutia L. A. , Hermelin P. R. 
Published: July 2009

A brief historical account is given of the spread of the Eucalyptus Snout Beetle, Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll., fron Australia, its country of origin, and of the utilisation of its natural parasite Anaphoidea nitens Gir. for its control on the African mainland.The discovery of G. scutellatus in Mauritius is described. Its entry was effected between 1935–40, and by 1944 it was threatening Eucalyptus plantations over the whole island.A. nitens was introduced in 1946 from East Africa. Establishment was extremely rapid and two years later G. scutellatus was effectively controlled.Notes are given on the bionomics of both host and parasite under Mauritian conditions.Ecological data are briefly discussed.
A new Grasshopper (Orth. Acrididae) damaging Groundnuts
Authors: Dirsh V. M. 
Published: July 2009

Pyrgomorphella arachidis, sp. n.♂ (Type). Of medium size, slender, finely rugulose.Antenna of 17 segments, shorter than head and pronotum together, thick, slightly flattened and scarcely broadened at the base. Fastigium of vertex long, parabolic, ratio of its length to the width between eyes, 1·8. On the lateral sides of head behind the eyes there is a series of callosities forming a longitudinal stripe, which continues on to the lateral lobe of pronotum.
New Species and Records of Diatraea Guild. from Northern Venezuela (Lepid., Pyral.)
Authors: Box Harold E. 
Published: July 2009

Records are given of the localities (with altitudes) and habitats of 11 species of Diatraea Guild., all reared from known food-plants in northern Venezuela. The larvae of several of these moths are important pests of sugar-cane and maize. Among the eight previously described forms, D. busckella rosa Heinr. is here raised to specific rank, and D. busckella Dyar & Heinr. is treated as a polytypic species, in which typical subsp. busckella has three well-defined forms, two of them, viz., f. falconensis nov. and f. setariaeoides nov., being described, while others are indicated ; the subsp. setariae nov. is also described. The diagnostic characters of D. rosa and D. busckella are discussed and their genitalia are illustrated. The various subspecies and forms of D. busckella are discussed in relation to each other and to D. rosa, these two species being considered as together comprising a supraspecies. Hybrids have been reared in the laboratory among certain of the components.Three new species, D. andina, D. pittieri and D. silvicola, are described and illustrated, all from northern Venezuela.
The Control of the Black Sage in Mauritius by Schematiza cordiae Barb. (Col., Galerucid.)
Authors: Williams J. R. 
Published: July 2009

Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) R. & S., is a Boraginaceous shrub indigenous to the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America. It was accidentally introduced into Mauritius about 1890, probably from British Guiana, and became a weed of major importance.A comparative ecological study of Cordia in Mauritius and in Trinidad showed that its invading power in the former island rested upon a profuse production of viable fruits, whereas in Trinidad, where the plant is of no agricultural concern, fruit production was controlled by the combined action of a number of insects. It was accordingly decided to introduce suitable species of these insects into Mauritius.The first to be introduced was a leaf-eating Cassidid beetle, Physonota alutacea, but as described elsewhere, this introduction, which took place in 1947–48, was not a success.The introduction of the second species, Schematiza cordiae Barber, and its result, is described in the present paper. This Galerucid is also a leaf-feeder, but it will sometimes feed upon the inflorescences.Through the agency of the Commonwealth Bureau of Biological Control, air consignments of Schematiza were received between June and September, 1947. Breeding was started, and after feeding tests in both Mauritius and Trinidad had established its specificity to C. macrostachya, the release of laboratory reared adults was commenced in March, 1948. In February, 1949, after about 18,000 had been released, breeding was no longer necessary for large populations had developed in the field and were inflicting severe injury to Cordia scrub. Dispersion of the insect over the island followed quickly, and was assisted by the collection and distribution of about 60,000 adults. Schematiza became extremely abundant so that by the middle of 1950 most expanses of scrub in the island had either been stripped of leaves and inflorescences, or had generally been severely defoliated.As a result, much scrub is dead owing to a prolonged period without foliage, much is being subjugated by other vegetation, while partial defoliation and direct inflorescence attack have reduced the reproduction of other bushes.This rapid control of C. macrostachya is attributed to the high fecundity of the Schematiza combined with its freedom from parasites and important predators, and to its suitability to the climates of all Cordia infested regions.
Field Observations on the Cacao Mirids Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in the Gold Coast. PART II. Geographical and Habitat Distribution
Authors: Williams G. 
Published: July 2009

The geographical ranges of Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma overlap, and the Gold Coast lies in the zone common to both. The respective northern limits remain to be determined, and should be investigated to the north of the main cacao belt, from Kintampo to the Afram plain.The same area should also yield information on the possible importance of alternative hosts in the dispersal of cacao Mirids, as the small stands are well separated from each other.Earlier records, that D. theobroma is confined to seedlings and S. singularis to mature trees, are erroneous. D. theobroma is found on pods and, particularly, chupons. The feeding range of S. singularis includes fan branches in addition, but breeding is confined to chupons and pods.Observations suggest that there is competition for breeding sites on chupons. Of the many chupons in an area only a small number is available to Mirids, and the proportion of nymphs reaching maturity is limited by their sedentary habit and the destructiveness of their feeding.Co-existence of the two species is possible by their slightly different habits. S. singularis produces more eggs, but is more diffusely distributed. D. theobroma is virtually restricted to chupons, but can quickly build up a large population in favourable areas by its greater rate of egg production.In Nigeria, the rate of egg production by D. theobroma is less than that by S. singularis, and this, together with the sparsity of chupons, may account for the unimportance of D. theobroma in that country.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. I.—Preliminary Experiments in Areas supporting Populations of the Tsetse Fly (Glossina palpalis (R.-D.))
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Yeo D. 
Published: July 2009

Preliminary experiments are described of applications from aircraft of coarse sprays and coarse aerosols. The experiments were carried out over dense forest areas containing the tsetse fly G. palpalis.At dosages of 0·2 lb. per acre of the p,p'isomer of DDT, or 0·032 lb. per acre of the γ isomer of BHC, both the sprays and the aerosols were relatively ineffective, and significant kills were obtained only with the aerosols.The sprays were ineffective not only because they did not penetrate the canopy, but also because the nominal dosage was in any case too small to produce lethal deposits upon vegetation.Much of the aerosol was filtered out by the upper layers of the canopy. The meteorological conditions in the area were also unsuitable for the application of aerosols, and much of the insecticide did not reach the canopy, but was blown away from the treated area.It is concluded that aircraft applications of insecticide against G. palpalis are wasteful of insecticide, and would be very costly if substantial reductions in fly population were to be obtained. If insecticides are to be of value in such areas, ground methods of applying them would be almost certainly more effective, and less costly.