bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis
Authors: Malter Michael P. , Helmstaedter Christoph , Urbach Horst , Vincent Angela , Bien Christian G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveAntibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been described in a few patients with temporal lobe epilepsies consistent with limbic encephalitis (LE). We studied a cohort of patients with recent‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy caused by LE to test for GAD antibody positivity and response to immunotherapies.MethodsOver a period of 3.75 years, 138 patients aged ≥18 years investigated at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, for recent‐onset epilepsy were prospectively collected and studied for cliniconeuroradiological features of LE, autoantibodies, and treatment responses.ResultsFifty‐three adult patients fulfilled the criteria for LE: (1) limbic signs and symptoms for ≤5 years and (2) brain MRI revealing mediotemporal encephalitis (T2/fluid attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity without atrophy). Nine had high‐titer GAD antibodies; 10 had voltage‐gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibodies. Patients with GAD antibodies were younger (median age, 23 years; range, 17‐66 years) (p = 0.003) and presented with seizures only, whereas polymorphic limbic features were more common in the VGKC antibody‐positive group (p < 0.001). None had tumors. Patients with GAD antibodies more frequently had cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands (p = 0.009) and intrathecal secretion of the specific antibody (p = 0.01). Following monthly intravenous methylprednisolone pulses, GAD antibodies remained highly elevated in 6/6 patients, whereas VGKC antibodies normalized in 6/9 patients (p = 0.03). Despite more intense anticonvulsive treatment in the GAD antibody‐positive group (p = 0.01), none of these patients became seizure free, unlike all of the patients with VGKC antibodies (p < 0.001).InterpretationHigh‐titer GAD antibodies define a form of nonparaneoplastic LE. This is a chronic, nonremitting disorder and should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with TLE and mediotemporal encephalitis. Therapeutic trials of other immunotherapies should be undertaken. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:470–478
Cerebellar morphology in Tourette syndrome and obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Tobe Russell H. , Bansal Ravi , Xu Dongrong , Hao Xuejun , Liu Jun , Sanchez Juan , Peterson Bradley S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveNeuroanatomical and functional imaging studies have identified the cerebellum as an integral component of motor and language control. Few studies, however, have investigated the role of the cerebellum in Tourette syndrome (TS), a condition defined by the presence of semi‐involuntary movements and sounds.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging was conducted in 163 persons with TS and 147 control participants. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore effects on cerebellar surface morphology and underlying volumes for the main diagnosis effects of TS as well as comorbid obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Additionally, the correlations of symptom severity with cerebellar morphology were also assessed.ResultsThe TS group demonstrated reduced volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres bilaterally that derived primarily from reduced gray matter in crus I and lobules VI, VIIB, and VIIIA. These decreased regional volumes accompanied increasing tic symptom severity and motoric disinhibition as demonstrated by a finger tapping test. Males had reduced volumes of these same regions compared with females, irrespective of diagnosis. Comorbid OCD was associated with relative enlargement of these regions in proportion to the increasing severity of OCD symptoms.InterpretationThe cerebellum is involved in the pathogenesis of TS and tic‐related OCD. Baseline gender differences in cerebellar morphology may in part account for the more prevalent expression of TS in males. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:479–487
Milkshakes, lady lumps and growing up to want boobies: how the sexualisation of popular culture limits girls' horizons
Authors: Coy Maddy 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article explores research evidence on the harmful impact of sexualised popular culture on girls and young women, and draws implications for the Every Child Matters (ECM) framework (Department for Education and Skills, 2004). The key theme is how sexualisation narrows girls' ‘space for action’, their aspirations and achievements by re‐defining femininity and beauty as of most importance, but also the negative impact on sexual relationships and interactions, with a specific focus on portrayal of black girls and young women in terms of the intersection of race and gender. Recommendations are made for a gendered analysis of sexualisation to be incorporated into ECM indicators and relevant policy measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐domain handover scheme using an intermediate mobile access gateway for seamless service in vehicular networks
Authors: Lee Kang‐Won , Seo Won‐Kyeong , Cho You‐Ze , Kim Jong‐Woo , Park Jin‐Soo , Moon Byoung‐Sub 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCurrent IP‐level mobility management protocols are unable to satisfy the stringent handover latency requirements for supporting real‐time multimedia services between different domains in a high‐speed vehicular environment. This paper proposes an inter‐domain handover scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) with a new network entity, called intermediate‐mobile access gateway (iMAG). The iMAG is located between the home and the foreign domains and is connected to both domains. The proposed scheme is a proactive handover approach that performs the inter‐domain L3 handover in advance before the inter‐domain L2 handover while the Mobile Node (MN) is still connected to the iMAG in the home domain. Therefore, the proposed scheme enables the inter‐domain handover latency to reduce as low as the intra‐domain handover latency. Numerical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is able to support seamless service continuity in inter‐domain handovers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated stability‐indicating TLC method for the determination of noscapine
Authors: Ashour Ahmed , Hegazy Maha Abdel Monem , Moustafa Azza Aziz , Kelani Khadiga Omar , Fattah Laila Elsayed Abdel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA sensitive, selective, precise and stability‐indicating thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of noscapine, both as a bulk drug and in its formulation. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F‐254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of chloroform‐methanol (10:0.5 v/v). Densitometric analysis of noscapine and its degradation products was carried out in the absorbance mode at 254 nm. This system was found to give compact symmetrical spots for noscapine (Rf value 0.85 ± 0.04). Noscapine was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation and photo degradation.The drug undergoes photo degradation and also degrades under acidic and basic conditions. The prepared degradation products were identified and verified through infrared (IR) and mass spectral analyses. The degraded products were also well resolved from the pure drug with significantly different Rf values and they were quantitatively determined. The method was validated for linearity, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), specificity and accuracy. Linearity was found to be in the 1.0–10.0 µg, 0.4–3.2 µg, 1.0–9.0 µg and 0.5–5.0 µg/band ranges for noscapine, cotarnine, meconine and opionic acid, respectively. The polynomial regression analysis for the calibration plots showed a good polynomial relationship with r2 of 0.9998, 9989, 9996 and 0.9997 for noscapine and its three degradation products, cotarnine, meconine and opionic acid, respectively. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable and specific for the estimation of noscapine. As this approach could effectively separate the drug from its degradation products it can be employed as a stability‐indicating method in Quality Control laboratories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct injection horse‐urine analysis for the quantification and confirmation of threshold substances for doping control. IV. Determination of 3‐methoxytyramine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Vonaparti A. , Lyris E. , Panderi I. , Koupparis M. , Georgakopoulos C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLevodopa and dopamine have been abused as performance‐altering substances in horse racing. Urinary 3‐methoxytyramine is used as an indicator of dopaminergic manipulation resulting from dopamine or levodopa administration and is prohibited with a urinary threshold of 4 µg mL−1 (free and conjugated). A simple liquid chromatographic (LC)/mass spectrometric (MS) (LCMS) method was developed and validated for the quantification and identification of 3‐methoxytyramine in equine urine. Sample preparation involved enzymatic hydrolysis and protein precipitation. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was selected as a separation technique that allows effective retention of polar substances like 3‐methoxytyramine and efficient separation from matrix compounds. Electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode with product ion scan mode was chosen for the detection of the analytes. Quantification of 3‐methoxytyramine was performed with fragmentation at low collision energy, resulting in one product ion, while a second run at high collision energy was performed for confirmation (at least three abundant ions). Studies on matrix effects showed ion suppression depending on the horse urine used. To overcome the variability of the results originating from the matrix effects, isotopic labelled internal standard was used and linear regression calibration methodology was applied for the quantitative determination of the analyte. The tested linear range was 1–20 µg mL−1. The relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐ assay analysis of 3‐methoxytyramine in horse urine were lower than 4.2% and 3.2%, respectively. Overall accuracy (relative percentage error) was less than 6.2%. The method was applied to case samples, demonstrating simplicity, accuracy and selectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular uptake and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in prostate cancer cells: a comparative study of rods and spheres
Authors: Arnida  , Malugin Alexander , Ghandehari Hamidreza 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUsing a series of gold nanoparticles with incremental increase in dimensions but varying geometries (spherical vs rods) we have evaluated the influence of shape, size, surface properties and concentration on cellular uptake, adsorption of proteins and toxicity in a human prostate cancer cell line (PC‐3). In the range of 30–90 nm diameter studied, spherical particles of 50 nm in diameter without polyethylene glycol (PEG) had the highest uptake. Surface attachment of PEG reduced cellular uptake. PEGylated gold nanorods had a net positive charge compared with their spherical counterparts and particle geometry influenced cellular uptake. In the absence of serum proteins the uptake of plain spherical GNPs increased. These studies pave the way for the tailoring of gold nanoparticles for targeted tumor therapy applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rearrangement and predissociation processes in negative molecular ions of nitrobenzenes
Authors: Muftakhov Mars V. , Khatymov Rustem V. , Shchukin Pavel V. , Pogulay Andrey V. , Mazunov Victor A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe reactions of resonant electron capture by the molecules of benzene nitroderivatives has been studied in the gas phase. Some fragment negative ions were found to be unstable with respect to electron autodetachment. This circumstance has been used for the determination of their structure. In particular, it has been established that the low measured appearance energy of neutral component of [MH]− ion beam is a result of isomerization of nitrobenzenes' molecular ion, leading to the 2‐nitrosophenol structure with the subsequent formation of the phenoxide anion in the autodetaching state. The effective yield curves of some types of fragment ions demonstrate fine vibrational structures, testifying the predissociation mechanism of ion formation. For all detected ions, the absolute cross sections of formation have been measured. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global runoff routing with the hydrological component of the ECMWF NWP system
Authors: Pappenberger F. , Cloke H. L. , Balsamo G. , Ngo‐Duc T. , Oki T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA global river routing scheme coupled to the ECMWF land surface model is implemented and tested within the framework of the Global Soil Wetness Project II, to evaluate the feasibility of modelling global river runoff at a daily time scale. The exercise is designed to provide benchmark river runoff predictions needed to verify the land surface model. Ten years of daily runoff produced by the HTESSEL land surface scheme is input into the TRIP2 river routing scheme in order to generate daily river runoff. These are then compared to river runoff observations from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) in order to evaluate the potential and the limitations. A notable source of inaccuracy is bias between observed and modelled discharges which is not primarily due to the modelling system but instead of to the forcing and quality of observations and seems uncorrelated to the river catchment size. A global sensitivity analysis and Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) uncertainty analysis are applied to the global routing model. The ground water delay parameter is identified as being the most sensitive calibration parameter. Significant uncertainties are found in results, and those due to parameterisation of the routing model are quantified. The difficulty involved in parameterising global river discharge models is discussed. Detailed river runoff simulations are shown for the river Danube, which match well observed river runoff in upstream river transects. Results show that although there are errors in runoff predictions, model results are encouraging and certainly indicative of useful runoff predictions, particularly for the purpose of verifying the land surface scheme hydrologicly. Potential of this modelling system on future applications such as river runoff forecasting and climate impact studies is highlighted. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Regional co‐variability and teleconnection patterns in surface solar radiation on a planetary scale
Authors: Papadimas C. D. , Fotiadi A. K. , Hatzianastassiou N. , Vardavas I. , Bartzokas A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe spatial and temporal distribution of the downward solar radiation (DSR) at the Earth's surface, which is a key parameter for the Earth‐atmosphere climate system, is studied on a global scale by applying the multivariate statistical method of factor analysis (FA) on mean monthly DSR values for the period 1984–2000 for winter and summer. DSR fluxes have been computed with a physical deterministic radiation transfer model, which uses satellite and reanalysis climatological input data. FA objectively groups grid points with common temporal variability of solar radiation, identifying areas with characteristic solar radiation variability and revealing teleconnection patterns. The globally distributed DSR exhibits strong variability and can be represented by about 30 factors (sub‐areas) explaining approximately 85% of the total variance. The main factors are located in the tropical Pacific (El Niño Southern Oscillation), the northern Pacific (Aleutian low), desert areas (Africa, Middle East, and Australia), and oceanic areas (storm track zone around 60°S). Furthermore, some of these areas are teleconnected indicating common DSR variability in remote places of the Earth. The primary physical parameter for the co‐variability of surface solar radiation is found to be cloud cover. The time series of the factor scores (solar radiation) exhibit features associated with natural climatic phenomena (e.g. NAO, ENSO), thus revealing that DSR might be considered as an indirect indicator for these phenomena. On the other hand, DSR determines these phenomena through its effects on major climate parameters such as surface temperature or evaporation, thus playing a key role in their formation and explanation. Finally, our analysis revealed some statistically significant trends of solar radiation, for example, a reduction in the northern Pacific and an increase in tropical and subtropical regions, which are important for global dimming/brightening and associated surface warming of the Earth. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Probabilistic methods for seasonal forecasting in a changing climate: Cox‐type regression models
Authors: Maia Aline H. N. , Meinke Holger 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor climate risk management, cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) are an important source of information. They are ideally suited to compare probabilistic forecasts of primary (e.g. rainfall) or secondary data (e.g. crop yields). Summarised as CDFs, such forecasts allow an easy quantitative assessment of possible, alternative actions. Although the degree of uncertainty associated with CDF estimation could influence decisions, such information is rarely provided. Hence, we propose Cox‐type regression models (CRMs) as a statistical framework for making inferences on CDFs in climate science. CRMs were designed for modelling probability distributions rather than just mean or median values. This makes the approach appealing for risk assessments where probabilities of extremes are often more informative than central tendency measures. CRMs are semi‐parametric approaches originally designed for modelling risks arising from time‐to‐event data. Here we extend this original concept to other positive variables of interest beyond the time domain. We also provide tools for estimating CDFs and surrounding uncertainty envelopes from empirical data. These statistical techniques intrinsically account for non‐stationarities in time series that might be the result of climate change. This feature makes CRMs attractive candidates to investigate the feasibility of developing rigorous global circulation model (GCM)–CRM interfaces for provision of user‐relevant forecasts. To demonstrate the applicability of CRMs, we present two examples for El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐based forecasts: the onset date of the wet season (Cairns, Australia) and total wet season rainfall (Quixeramobim, Brazil). This study emphasises the methodological aspects of CRMs rather than discussing merits or limitations of the ENSO‐based predictors. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatio‐temporal prediction of snow cover in the Black Forest mountain range using remote sensing and a recurrent neural network
Authors: Sauter Tobias , Weitzenkamp Björn , Schneider Christoph 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWinter tourism is the main economic factor for many different regions in the German Mountain Range. Owing to warming trends experienced in the past and predicted for the future, precise knowledge about the development of snow cover and snow duration in the future is becoming more and more important. On the basis of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario, this paper investigates the possible regional development of snow cover and snow duration in the Black Forest in southwest Germany until 2050. For this purpose, we developed a new method that combines Non‐linear AutoRegressive networks with eXogenous inputs (NARX) with Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). With this non‐parametric approach, we try to define with preferably high accuracy a simple transferable model. Besides the general problem of developing a robust statistical model, our main focus is on the enhancement of the spatial resolution of snow patterns by incorporating complex structures of the underlying terrain using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. The results suggest a possible decrease in the number of snow days (snow cover ≥ 10 cm) in the decade 2041–2050 by 10 to 44% at altitudes higher than 1200 m, by 17 to 57% at 1000–1200 m and 25 to 66% at 500–1000 m. This results in a dramatic shortening of the snow season mainly caused by earlier snow melt initiation rather than by later first snow precipitation in autumn. These considerable changes in the snow season would cause enormous losses in the skiing and tourism industries. In this context, the obtained high‐resolution snow data and maps can provide a useful tool and decision‐making aid for the economy and politics. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Annual and seasonal mean temperatures in Finland during the last 160 years based on gridded temperature data
Authors: Tietäväinen Hanna , Tuomenvirta Heikki , Venäläinen Ari 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe annual and seasonal mean temperature of Finland was calculated for 162 years based on spatially interpolated monthly mean temperature records. The spatial interpolation method, known as kriging, was used with the following forcing parameters: the geographical coordinates, elevation of the terrain, and percentage share of lakes and sea. Homogenised data was used, and thus the most important factor affecting the accuracy of the interpolated data was the uneven distribution of the available observation stations both in time and space. The uncertainty due to the homogenisation adjustments made earlier was notably smaller. In the mid‐1800s, the uncertainty in the annual and seasonal mean temperatures was large, with a maximum in winter of over ± 2.0 °C, but the accuracy improved quickly with time as the number of the observation stations increased. At the beginning of the 20th century, the uncertainty related to the limited station network was less than ± 0.2 °C, in winter less than ± 0.4 °C. According to the data, the rise in Finland's annual mean temperature has been statistically significant during the last 100, 50 and 30 years. During the last 100 years the increase in the mean temperature was largest during spring, but during the last 50 years winters have warmed up the most. The temperature time series obtained are compatible with grid point values picked from the global temperature data grids starting from the 1880s, though the global data sets tend to smooth the extremes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society