bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audience Beliefs and International Organization Legitimacy
Authors: Chapman Terrence L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent work suggests that multilateral security institutions, such as the UN Security Council, can influence foreign policy through public opinion. According to this view, authorization can increase public support for foreign policy, freeing domestic constraints. Governments that feel constrained by public opinion may thus alter their foreign policies to garner external authorization. These claims challenge traditional realist views about the role of international organizations in security affairs, which tend to focus on direct enforcement mechanisms and neglect indirect channels of influence. To examine these claims, this article investigates the first link in this causal chain—the effect of institutional statements on public opinion. Strategic information arguments, as opposed to arguments about the symbolic legitimacy of specific organizations or the procedural importance of consultation, posit that the effect of institutional statements on public opinion is conditional on public perceptions of member states' interests. This article tests this conditional relationship in the context of changes in presidential approval surrounding military disputes, using a measure of preference distance between the United States and veto-wielding members of the UN Security Council. Findings indicate that short-term changes in presidential approval surrounding the onset of military disputes in the United States between 1946 and 2001 have been significantly larger when accompanied by a positive resolution for a Security Council that is more distant in terms of foreign policy preferences. The article also discusses polling data during the 1990s and 2000s that support the strategic information perspective.
Do Firms Target Credit Ratings or Leverage Levels?
Authors: Kisgen Darren J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFirms reduce leverage following credit rating downgrades. In the year following a downgrade, downgraded firms issue approximately 1.5%–2.0% less net debt relative to net equity as a percentage of assets compared to other firms. This relationship persists within an empirical model of target leverage behavior. The effect of a downgrade is larger at downgrades to a speculative grade rating and if commercial paper access is affected. In particular, firms downgraded to speculative are about twice as likely to reduce debt as other firms. Rating upgrades do not affect subsequent capital structure activity, suggesting that firms target minimum rating levels.
Stock Option Repricing and Its Alternatives: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Kalpathy Swaminathan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper I examine the likelihood of CEO stock option repricing and its alternatives: namely, option grant, stock grant, and “do nothing.” Multinomial logit results suggest that firms reprice options to increase sensitivity of pay to stock price and to temper down sensitivity of pay to volatility. Moreover, repricing firms are younger and more concentrated in industries where human capital is important. Finally, I find no evidence that internal governance or executive conflicts of interest are relevant in explaining repricing. My results indicate that repricing is motivated by incentive alignment and retention, and not by agency cost considerations.
Late time evolution of unforced inviscid two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: DRITSCHEL DAVID G. , SCOTT RICHARD K. , MACASKILL CHARLIE , GOTTWALD GEORG A. , TRAN CHUONG V. 
Published: October 2009

We propose a new unified model for the small, intermediate and large-scale evolution of freely decaying two-dimensional turbulence in the inviscid limit. The new model's centerpiece is a recent theory of vortex self-similarity (Dritschel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, 2008, no. 094501), applicable to the intermediate range of scales spanned by an expanding population of vortices. This range is predicted to have a steep k−5 energy spectrum. At small scales, this gives way to Batchelor's (Batchelor, Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 1969, p. 233) k−3 energy spectrum, corresponding to the (forward) enstrophy (mean square vorticity) cascade or, physically, to thinning filamentary debris produced by vortex collisions. This small-scale range carries with it nearly all of the enstrophy but negligible energy. At large scales, the slow growth of the maximum vortex size (~t1/6 in radius) implies a correspondingly slow inverse energy cascade. We argue that this exceedingly slow growth allows the large scales to approach equipartition (Kraichnan, Phys. Fluids, vol. 10, 1967, p. 1417; Fox & Orszag, Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 1973, p. 169), ultimately leading to a k1 energy spectrum there. Put together, our proposed model has an energy spectrum ℰ(k, t) ∝ t1/3k1 at large scales, together with ℰ(k, t) ∝ t−2/3k−5 over the vortex population, and finally ℰ(k, t) ∝ t−1k−3 over an exponentially widening small-scale range dominated by incoherent filamentary debris.Support for our model is provided in two parts. First, we address the evolution of large and ultra-large scales (much greater than any vortex) using a novel high-resolution vortex-in-cell simulation. This verifies equipartition, but more importantly allows us to better understand the approach to equipartition. Second, we address the intermediate and small scales by an ensemble of especially high-resolution direct numerical simulations.
Gentamicin-resistant staphylococei: genetics of an outbreak in a dermatology department
Authors: Naidoo Jay , Noble W. C. , Weissmann A. , Dyke K. G. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe genetics of gentamicin resistance inStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated during an outbreak of infection in a dermatology department have been studied. The predominant strain ofS. aureusdid not appear to possess a plasmid mediating gentamicin resistance though one isolate yielded a plasmid coding for penicillin and gentamicin. Three distinct plasmids were isolated from other phage types ofS. aureuswhich appeared towards the end of the epidemic. There appeared to be a stepwise loss of gentamicin resistance in the predominant strain.
Salmonella isolation from reptilian faeces: A discussion of appropriate cultural techniques
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA short study of salmonella isolation from reptile faeces is described. The samples came from the reptile house at the Bristol Zoological Gardens. The wide range of salmonella serotypes present in the material, including representatives of all four subgenera, is noted. The important factors in the technique of isolation are discussed. These are choice of inoculum, enrichment medium, and plating Medium, useof multiple subculture and serological isolation. If the number of samples available is scanty, an extended technique will probably yield more information than a simple method.
A comparison of enrichment media for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs
Authors: Fricker C. R. , Girdwood R. W. A. , Munro D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe relative efficiency of three selective enrichment broths (Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate, Rappaport's and selenite F) was investigated for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs. Pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was employed throughout the study, which involved the examination of 560 gulls, sixty (10·7%) of which were found to be carrying salmonellae. Rappaport's broth as modified by Vassiliadis for incubation at 43°C (Vassiliadis et al. 1976) yielded the highest number of positive swabs (57) and the widest range of serotypes. It was significantly more efficient that either selenite F or tetrathionate broth, although the results obtained with Rappaport's broth incubated at 37 and 43°C did not differ significantly (P > 0·5). Eleven serotypes were isolated during, the study, the most prevalent being Salmonella virchow.
The generation of aerosols by accidents which may occur during plant-scale production of micro-organisms
Authors: Ashcroft J. , Pomeroy N. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYExperiments have been performed to simulate accidents which may occur during large-scale production of micro-organisms. Four types of accident, which were considered to be the most likely to result in the greatest hazard to health, were simulated using a bacterial model. The accidents were all concerned with faults occurring in the operation of the microbial fermenter. Gross contamination of surfaces occurred in all experiments, but only three types of accident produced a measurable aerosol.
A standardized monitor for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization cycles
Authors: Dadd A. H. , Stewart Celia M. , Town Margaret M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe resistance of spores ofB. subtilisvar.nigerproduced in liquid synthetic medium and exposed to ethylene oxide on a nylon surface, has been shown to be almost identical to that for spores produced on a traditional solidified complex medium with exposure to the sterilant on aluminium foil. The use of short lengths of nylon tube as carriers allowed easy production and handling, with self-protection of the spore-bearing surface. Addition of a dye provided visual evidence of inoculation without affecting resistance to ethylene oxide. Such a monitor is suitable for use as a standardized biological challenge in routine ethylene oxide sterilization cycles.
The isolation ofCampylobacter jejunifrom flies
Authors: Wright E. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYLiving flies collected from three locations were cultured on selective medium forCampylobacterspp.Campylobacter jejuniwas isolated from five (2·4%) of 210 flies examined.These results suggest that the potential hazard to health from the transmission of campylobacters from animals to human food by flies is small.
Milk-borne campylobacter enteritis in a rural area
Authors: Wright E. P. , Tillett H. E. , Hague J. T. , Clegg F. G. , Darnell R. , Culshaw J. A. , Sorrell J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring November and December 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in Derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness. One month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. A casecontrol study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm. No new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a Pasteurization Order from 26 January to 23 February 1982.
Enterotoxin production, phage typing and serotyping ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from clinical materials and food
Authors: Melconian A. K. , Brun Y. , Fleurette J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe production of enterotoxins A, B, C and F by strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from various clinical sources and from isolates implicated in food poisoning was investigated.One hundred and ninety one of the 374 clinical strains (51·1%) were found to be enterotoxigenic; of these, 81 (27·7 %) strains produced enterotoxin A, 57 (15·3 %) strains produced enterotoxin B, 23 (6·2 %) strains produced enterotoxin C, and 64 (17·1 %) strains produced enterotoxin F. These enterotoxigenic strains were most frequently lysed by phages of group III (21·5%) or were not typable (22%).Eighteen of the 29 strains implicated in food poisoning were enterotoxigenic.The correlation of antigens and bacteriophage patterns with enterotoxigenicity was determined: enterotoxin A being related to a4antigen, enterotoxin B to phages of 94/96 complex with c1, o antigens, and enterotoxin F to phages of group I with 2632, k1k2, m antigens.
Effect of stool storage at room temperature on salmonella isolation from faeces
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStools, known to have contained salmonellas were cultured in three enrichment media on arrival at the laboratory. The three media were laboratory prepared selenite F, laboratory prepared Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and commercially obtained Oxoid Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate (CM343). Where faecal samples were sufficiently large, they were stored at room temperature and re-examined using the same three enrichment broths. Whether fresh or stored stools were investigated, the laboratory prepared media were significantly more efficient than the commercial medium. In a straight comparison of the two laboratory prepared media, no significant difference in efficiency was evident with fresh stool samples. With stored specimens, however, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate was significantly better than selenite F. This finding might be relevant in examining samples delayed in the post.
Aerosol exposure of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: McVicar John W. , Eisner Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSlight modifications of a small, plastic covered greenhouse provided a chamber for the exposure of cattle of all ages to aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Particle size distributions of aerosols were 76% < 3 μm, 17% 3–6 μm, and 7% > 6 μm immediately after the deVilbis no. 40 nebulizer used was turned off and 90% < 3 μm, 8% 3–6 μm, and 2% > 6 μm 20–30 min later. Pharyngeal virus growth curves and viremia patterns correlated well with the dose of virus to which test cattle were exposed and were similar to those of cattle inoculated intranasally.
Antibody response in pig nasal fluid and serum following foot-and-mouth disease infection or vaccination
Authors: Francis M. J. , Black L. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYNasal fluid and serum collected from pigs after exposure to live foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus or injection of single oil emulsion (w/o) or double oil emulsion (w/o/w) vaccines were examined for FMD neutralizing activity. After virus exposure the response profiles of serum and nasal mucus were similar to one another. In both, neutralizing activity rose to a peak at one to two weeks after exposure and then subsided slowly. After vaccination with either the w/o or w/o/w preparations a neutralizing response was demonstrable in the serum three to seven days after the first injection, and this was boosted by revaccinations 56 and 117 days later. The neutralizing activity was also detectable in nasal fluid seven days after the first vaccination, but subsequent revaccinations 56 and 117 days later provoked neutralizing titres which were no greater than those observed after the initial vaccination.
A comparison of procedures for the isolation of campylobacters from seagull faeces
Authors: Fricker C. R. , Girdwood R. W. A. , Munro D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo enrichment broths (Preston and Roman & Doyle's) and four solid media (Preston, Skirrow's, Butzler's and Blaser's) were compared to determine their relative efficiencies in recovering campylobacters from 389 freshly voided seagull faeces, 276 of which were found to contain campylobacters by one or more of the procedures used.A combination of enrichment in Preston medium followed by plating on to Preston agar gave the highest number of isolates (263). Enrichment in fluid media was shown to be an important part of the technique, as only 85 (30·8 %) of the 276 isolations were made as a result of direct plating.Very little difference was seen between the two forms of enrichment (P> 0·5) but of the four selective media, Butzler's was significantly less efficient than any of the other three (P< 0·01), because it failed to grow more than a few strains ofCampylobacter coliand the NARTC group, which together made up nearly two-thirds of the total number ofCampylobacterspp. isolated.
A minimal apparatus method for counting bacteria: comparison with reference method in surveying beef carcasses at three commercial abattoirs
Authors: Hudson W. R. , Roberts T. A. , Whelehan O. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn two surveys of three commercial abattoirs a minimal apparatus method for making bacterial counts, the ‘loop-tile’ method, detected the same trends in bacterial numbers on beef carcasses as the ISO reference method applied to the same samples. Both methods showed the carcasses from one abattoir, that with an export licence, to carry consistently higher numbers of bacteria, and one of the four sites sampled on each carcass to be consistently dirtier than the other three.
Studies on the growth and survival ofStaphylococcus aureusin corned beef
Authors: Mansfield J. M. , Farkas G. , Wieneke Antonnette A. , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe growth of an enterotoxin A producing strain ofStaphylococcus aureusin corned beef was investigated. In the inoculated 6 lb. canned product the bacteria spread throughout the meat and attained high numbers. The rate of spread of the organisms was related to the temperature and length of storage of the cans and the numbers of bacteria inoculated. Cans which had been stored for more than four months showed high counts of the bacteria throughout the meat. It was noted that with the long term contaminated product counts ofS. aureuson some selective media may give falsely low results.Numbers ofS. aureuson meat inoculated by handling after removal from the can were initially extremely variable. More uniform distribution and higher counts were attained only if the meat was exposed for some hours at ambient temperature or above. The significance of the results to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning suspected of being associated with canned corned beef is discussed.
Hygiene for the newborn – to bath or to wash?
Authors: Hylén A.-M. , Karlsson E. , Svanberg L. , Walder M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAppropriate skin care of newborns is performed partly to prevent infection but also for aesthetic and cleansing purposes. Skin care should involve cleansing with a non-toxic, non-abrasive neutral material. This study compared the relative risks and benefits of washing versus bathing with regard to bacterial colonization rate, clinical infection rate, body temperature and crying. The results confirm our clinical impression that bathing and washing routines do not differ with regard to signs of infection or other clinical complications. However, the washing routine does increase the babies heat loss and make them less comfortable.
Exposure of water consumers to mesophilic actinomycetes
Authors: Ojanen T. H. , Katila M.-L. , Mäntyjärvi R. , Seppänen H. , Muittari A. , Kuusisto P. , Virtanen P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn autumn 1978 an epidemic of respiratory disease resembling allergic alveolitis occurred in a small Finnish community. The disease was caused by repeated exposures to tap water aerosol. The raw water of the community and the sand filters of the purification system were heavily contaminated with mesophilic actinomycetes. Fourteen different strains of actinomycetes were isolated. Exposed persons with and without symptoms as well as unexposed control persons were tested for antibodies against five of these actinomycetes and againstEnterobacter agglomerans. Both the exposed and the control persons had antibodies to actinomycetes but the exposed persons had antibodies against more actinomycete strains than the control persons. Precipitating antibodies againstE. agglomeranswere also found in control persons as well as in patients. There was a significant difference between the patients and the exposed healthy persons in bacterial agglutination tests with flagellar antigen of oneE. agglomeransstrain. However, the role of mesophilic actinomycetes andE. agglomeransin the aetiology of the disease could not be firmly established.
Escherichia coli as a genetic tool
Authors: Datta Naomi 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe study of Escherichia coli and its plasmids and bacteriophages has provided a vast body of genetical information, much of it relevant to the whole of biology. This was true even before the development of the new techniques, for cloning and analysing DNA, that have revolutionized biological research during the past decade. Thousands of millions of dollars are now invested in industrial uses of these techniques, which all depend on discoveries made in the course of academic research on E. coli. Much of the background of knowledge necessary for the cloning and expression of genetically engineered information, as well as the techniques themselves, came from work with this organism.
Brucellosis: serological methods compared
Authors: Heizmann W. , Botzenhart K. , Döller G. , Schanz D. , Hermann G. , Fleischmann K. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAt least 12 persons contracted clinical, and 4 persons subclinicalBrucella melitensisinfection during a brucellosis epidemic in the spring and summer of 1983 in Southern Germany, a region which had been free of this disease for the past 20 years. All cases of illness were traced to one infected herd of sheep. The presence of antibodies against B. melitensis was examined in 72 sera of infected patients using the following tests: agglutination, Coomb's test, two complement fixation tests with different antigen preparations (CFT 1 and 2), IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and opsonophagocytosis; and the occurrence of cross-reacting antibodies againstYersinia enterocolitcaO9 was investigated in the agglutination and complement fixation tests. Sera from 100 blood donors and 112 other people with close contact with sheep were also examined. The results revealed the need to consider an intermediate range in the interpretation of ELISA results – due to elevated values of persons in groups at risk but without clinical signs of illness. In all other tests, however, such persons revealed the same cut-off levels as the general population. Results from all initial sera of infected persons revealed titres of optical densities above the baseline levels determined in the present study, with the exception of the Coomb's and CFT 2 tests. The agglutination test, but not brucella CFT2, revealed complete cross-reactivity between Y. enterocolitica O9 and B. melitensis. ELISA stood out as the only test which is suited to diagnosis of both recent and past infection, since ELISA IgM determination permits conclusions about the time of the onset of illness, and determination of IgG may still yield values above the cut-off level up to G23 days after the onset of illness. In 2 of the 1G infected persons, IgG ELISA was the only test revealing previous infection 424 and 528 days after the onset of illness. A procedural scheme is presented which may help to simplify the diagnosis of brucellosis.
Pneumococcal carriage amongst Australian aborigines in Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Authors: Hansman D. , Morris S. , Gregory M. , McDonald B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn Alice Springs and its vicinity, a single nasal swab was collected from 282 Australian aborigines in May 1981 to determine nasal carriage rates of pneumococci. Each swab was inoculated on blood agar and on gentamicin blood agar. The carriage rates were 89% in children, 39% in adolescents and 34% in adults. In all, 27 serotypes of pneumococci were met with and 15 (4%) of subjects yielded two or more serotypes. In children, types 23, 19, 6, 22 and 6 were predominant (in that order), whereas type 3 was commonest in older subjects. Approximately 25% children and 5% adults yielded drug-insensitive pneumococci. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole was met with, resistant pneumococci showed five resistance patterns and belonged to nine serotypes, predominantly types 19 and 23. All isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin and rifampicin. The carriage rate of drug-insensitive pneumococci was 100-fold higher amongst children sampled than in non-aboriginal children in Australia.