bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Center‐out echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging with correction of gradient‐echo phase and time shifts
Authors: Labadie Christian , Hetzer Stefan , Schulz Jessica , Mildner Toralf , Aubert‐Frécon Monique , Möller Harald E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA procedure to prevent the formation of image and spectral Nyquist ghosts in echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging is introduced. It is based on a novel Cartesian center‐out echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging trajectory, referred to as EPSICO, and combined with a correction of the gradient‐echo phase and time shifts. Processing of homogenous sets of forward and reflected echoes is no longer necessary, resulting in an optimized spectral width. The proposed center‐out trajectory passively prevents the formation of Nyquist ghosts by privileging the acquisition of the center k‐space line with forward echoes at the beginning of an echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging dwell time and by ensuring that all k‐space lines and their respective complex conjugates are acquired at equal time intervals. With the proposed procedure, concentrations of N‐acetyl aspartate, creatine, choline, glutamate, and myo‐inositol were reliably determined in human white matter at 3 T. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late effects of total body irradiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children under 3 years of age
Authors: Levy Jean M. Mulcahy , Tello Tiffany , Giller Roger , Wilkening Greta , Quinones Ralph , Keating Amy K. , Liu Arthur K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundTotal body irradiation (TBI) is an important component of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) for pediatric malignancies. With increasing survival rates, late effects of SCT become more important. Younger children may be at particular risk of late effects of radiation and SCT.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed outcomes of children less than 3 years of age who received TBI as part of their preparative regimen for SCT at Children's Hospital Colorado. Clinical information including the date of last follow‐up, most recent lab values, and physiologic tests were extracted from the medical record.ResultsOf 81 patients who underwent SCT, 19 received TBI and of those, 15 were long‐term survivors available for review. Late effects occurring in greater than 50% of the children included abnormalities involving endocrine, metabolic, renal, cataracts, and neurocognitive systems. Other organs involved less commonly included liver, skeletal, and cardiac abnormalities. Solid tumors were a rare finding with only one patient developing a benign osteochondroma and no identified secondary malignancies.ConclusionsTBI has been shown to be an important part of the preparative regimen for patients undergoing SCT. Our results, similar to other studies, suggest TBI in patients less than 3 years of age will likely result in multi‐organ dysfunction including endocrine, metabolic, renal, eye, and neurocognitive abnormalities. A longitudinal study with standardized testing of these systems would further clarify the late effects concerns in this patient population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 700–704. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of short circuit current gains by an anti‐reflective textured cover on silicon thin film solar cells
Authors: Ulbrich Carolin , Gerber Andreas , Hermans Ko , Lambertz Andreas , Rau Uwe 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe influence of a retro‐reflective texture cover on light in‐coupling and light‐trapping in thin film silicon solar cells is investigated. The texture cover is applied to the front glass of the cell and leads to a reflectance as low as r ≈ 3% by reducing the reflection at the air/glass interface and indirectly also reducing the reflections from the internal interfaces. For weakly absorbed light in the long wavelength range, the texture also enhances the light‐trapping in the solar cell. We demonstrate an increase of the short circuit current density of exemplary investigated thin film silicon tandem solar cells by up to 0.95 mA cm−2 and of the conversion efficiency by up to 0.74% (absolute). For a planar microcrystalline solar cell, the enhancement of light‐trapping was determined from the reduced reflection in the long wavelength range to be up to 17%, leading to an increase of the external quantum efficiency of up to 12%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S. W. D. K. GANDAH (1927–2001): INTELLECTUAL AND HISTORIAN FROM NORTHERN GHANA
Authors: Lentz Carola 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTS. W. D. K. Gandah was the son of an influential chief and witnessed first-hand the way the conflicts, pressures and transformations of colonial rule played out on the ground in northern Ghana. Belonging to the first generation of educated northerners, he put his literary and intellectual attainments to original use throughout his life. In addition to an autobiography (The Silent Rebel), he wrote a fascinating history of his father (Gandah-yir), extracts from which are published here. In this introduction I discuss the author's development as a writer and local historian. I analyse his ambivalent perspective on Chief Gandah's life, as loyal son, but also critic of many aspects of village life – a perspective typical of a first generation of indigenous intellectuals who embodied both a traditional upbringing and new values instilled through Western education. I look at Kumbonoh's reflections on the task that he has set himself for his Gandah-yir manuscript, namely reconciling oral tradition, local memories, and written history in an attempt to produce a historical account not only for his immediate family and the wider Dagara community, but for a broader readership.
Parameter setting within a socially realistic linguistics
Authors: Wilson John , Henry Alison 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis article considers the theoretical and practical relationship between core linguistics and sociolinguistics in relation to the emergence of Principles and Parameters Theory. Parameters were introduced into core Chomskyan linguistics in an effort to account for variation between languages. However, as we argue – and as has long been known in sociolinguistics – languages (French, Italian etc.) are social rather than abstract products. In this sense, core linguistics may need to pay more attention than it has in the past to aspects of actual variation in order to understand the limits and range of parameters. Thus we argue that dialects of languages in themselves have parameters, and as such may be defined within parametric limits. Here we believe there is something of interest to sociolinguists, in terms both of structural definitions and of overall historical development. In general, then, while variation has always been central to sociolinguistics, it is now central, in one sense, to core linguistics; and here we have the opportunity to explore ways in which sociolinguistics and core linguistics may relate to each other in their interest in variation. (Parameters; variation; dialect; Belfast; Ireland)
Language policy, language education, language rights: Indigenous, immigrant, and international perspectives
Authors: Hornberger Nancy H. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTIndigenous languages are under siege, not only in the US but around the world – in danger of disappearing because they are not being transmitted to the next generation. Immigrants and their languages worldwide are similarly subjected to seemingly irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. This article discusses a number of such cases, including Shawandawa from the Brazilian Amazon, Quechua in the South American Andes, the East Indian communities of South Africa, Khmer in Philadelphia, Welsh, Maori, Turkish in the UK, and Native Californian languages. At a time when phrases like “endangered languages” and “linguicism” are invoked to describe the plight of the world's vanishing linguistic resources in their encounter with the phenomenal growth of world languages such as English, the cases reviewed here provide consistent and compelling evidence that language policy and language education serve as vehicles for promoting the vitality, versatility, and stability of these languages, and ultimately promote the rights of their speakers to participate in the global community on and IN their own terms. (Endangered languages, immigrant languages, indigenous languages, language revitalization, linguicism)
Higher order terms of radiative damping in extreme intense laser-matter interaction
Authors: Pandit Rishi R. , Sentoku Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2012

The higher order terms of the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation have been derived, and their effects are studied via a relativistic collisional particle-in-cell simulation. The dominant group of terms up to the fourth order of the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation is identified for ultra-intense laser-matter interactions. The second order terms are found to be the damping terms of the Lorentz force while the first order terms represent friction in the equation of motion. Because the second order terms restrict electron acceleration during the laser interaction, electrons/ions are prevented from over-accelerating. Radiative damping becomes highly significant when I≥ 1022 W/cm2 while Bremsstrahlung will be saturated, thus radiative damping will be a dominant source of hard x-rays in regimes at extreme intensities.
Ultrasound Fundamentals and Equipment
Authors: Jacob Adam K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides a general overview of ultrasound principles and equipment. The overview begins with a description of the sound wave and its cycle, frequency, wave length, and amplitude. Next, the discussions turns to the sound wave's behavior in reaction to different tissue types, angle, and structure depth. Various types of image artifacts and their causes are also covered. Equipment review includes probe selection, image optimization, conducting gel, and probe stands.
Supraclavicular Blockade
Authors: Jacob Adam K. , Scott Kenneth P. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Supraclavicular block is used for procedures of the upper extremity distal to the shoulder, including the elbow, forearm, and hand. The following aspects of the procedure are reviewed: clinical applications, relevant anatomy, patient position, technique (including neural localization techniques, needle insertion site, and needle redirection cues), and side effects and complications. Use of ultrasound guidance for this block is also reviewed.
RNA Silencing Induced by an Artificial Sequence That Prevents Proper Transcription Termination in Rice
Authors: Kawakatsu Taiji , Wakasa Yuhya , Yasuda Hiroshi , Takaiwa Fumio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPosttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a sequence-specific mRNA degradation caused by small RNA, such as microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). miRNAs are generated from MIRNA loci, whereas siRNAs originate from various sources of double-stranded RNA. In this study, an artificial RNA silencing inducible sequence (RSIS) was identified in rice (Oryza sativa). This sequence causes PTGS of 5′ or 3′ flanking-sequence-containing genes. Interestingly, two target genes can be simultaneously suppressed by linking a unique target sequence to either the 5′ or 3′ end of RSIS. Multiple gene suppression can be also achieved though a single transformation event by incorporating the multisite gateway system. Moreover, RSIS-mediated PTGS occurs in nuclei. Deep sequencing of small RNAs reveals that siRNAs are produced from RSIS-expressing cassettes and transitive siRNAs are produced from endogenous target genes. Furthermore, siRNAs are typically generated from untranscribed transgene terminator regions. The read-through transcripts from the RSIS-expression cassette were consistently observed, and most of these sequences were not polyadenylated. Collectively, this data indicates that RSIS inhibits proper transcription termination. The resulting transcripts are not polyadenylated. These transcripts containing RSIS become templates for double-stranded RNA synthesis in nuclei. This is followed by siRNA production and target degradation of target genes.
Gender earning gaps around the world: a study of 64 countries
Authors: Ñopo Hugo , Daza Nancy , Ramos Johanna 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze gender disparities in labor earnings for a comprehensive set of 64 countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing the methodological approach proposed by Ñopo, socio‐demographic characteristics are used to match males and females such that gender earnings disparities are computed only among individuals with the same observable characteristics.FindingsDisparities are partially attributed to gender differences in observable socio‐demographic and job characteristics. After matching males and females with the same characteristics, the authors found that the earnings gap falls within a range between 8 per cent and 48 per cent of average females’ earnings, being more pronounced in South Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa. The unexplained earnings gaps are more pronounced among part‐time workers and those with low education levels.Originality/valueThis paper presents a comprehensive view of gender earnings gaps in the world, simultaneously exploring many of the issues highlighted in the related literature. It adds value by exploring gender gaps in a comparative perspective, applying the same methods for several different countries.
Testing the role of comparative advantage and learning in wage and promotion dynamics
Authors: Hunnes Arngrim 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate empirically whether job assignment, based on comparative advantage and learning about workers’ abilities, can explain wage and promotion dynamics within firms.Design/methodology/approachThe Gibbons and Waldman model is estimated in a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework using a unique data set on white‐collar workers in Norway, for the years 1987‐1997. The estimation is carried out on two occupational groups: technical and administrative white‐collar workers.FindingsThe placing of workers in a given position within a firm's hierarchy is based on comparative advantage. Both measurable and unmeasurable skills are important. This holds in both occupations that were studied in this investigation. When it comes to firms’ learning about their workers, the results are not so clear; however, overall, the results on learning seem to have stronger support than found in previous studies. In general, there is more evidence for learning about administrative white‐collar workers than learning about technical white‐collar workers.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to a very small thread of empirical literature concerning wage and promotion dynamics within firms using linked employer‐employee data that contain detailed information on firm hierarchies.
The changing role of librarians in the digital world
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Mahmood Khalid 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe aim of this study was to explore the pattern and extent of the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies by Pakistani librarians.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted using web‐based surveying software (SurveyMonkey) and Pakistan based LIS e‐mail discussion groups. Professional librarians serving in all types of libraries participated in the study.FindingsInstant messaging, blogs, social networking and wikis were the most popular Web 2.0 technologies. Librarians adopted such technologies in their professional and personal lives. Gender, length of professional experience and place of work have no effect on the frequency of use, while perceived skill level of internet use and perceived ease of Web 2.0 use have a significant effect on the frequency. Lack of computer literacy, and lower availability of computers and internet facilities were the major hindrances of Web 2.0 adoption by librarians. Awareness and training programs could enable librarians to cope with Web 2.0 technologies.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the use of a non‐probability/non‐representative sampling method, the results cannot be generalized.Practical implicationsThis study will create awareness among LIS professionals toward the use of advanced technology in their professional environment. The findings of this study will contribute to the successful adoption of Web 2.0 in libraries.Originality/valueThis is the first study on the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies in Pakistani librarianship.
A mixed method approach to understanding the role of emotions and sensual delight in dining experience
Authors: Arora Raj 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to use a mixed method approach to understand the role of emotions and sensual delight in influencing satisfaction and intention. The setting for the study is restaurants. Three types of restaurants form the basis of investigation: fine dining, family dining and fast food restaurants. Using three categories of restaurants affords the opportunity to understand the differential impact of sensual delight and emotions in these settings. Furthermore the mixed method approach helps to validate the quantitative findings and also to offer additional insight in consumption emotions.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a concurrent, two‐studies design where quantitative and qualitative data are both collected (concurrently or sequentially) and analyzed separately. Four independent investigations are reported in this paper. The first three investigations (fine dining, family dining and fast food dining) are based on quantitative modeling using LISREL. The last investigation provides a richer narrative using phenomenological approach.FindingsThe quantitative findings show a strong influence of sensual delight and emotions in affecting satisfaction and intentions. The qualitative findings show how managers may enhance the dining experience and customer satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsCaution is advised in extrapolating the results beyond the issues investigated in the study.Practical implicationsThe findings provide a framework for managers in creating a delightful dining experience.Originality/valueThere are several important contributions from this study. First the role of emotions in various dining aspects is new in this study. It has not been investigated in dining situations. Next, while the role of sensual delight in hedonic situations is understandable, it has not been systematically investigated using causal models. Third, this study uses a mixed method approach. The quantitative study is followed by a qualitative study to add further insights that will help understand drivers of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Thus it is a very comprehensive study on sensual delight in the restaurant industry.
Practices and experiences: challenges and opportunities for value research
Authors: Helkkula Anu , Kelleher Carol , Pihlström Minna 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to distinguish experiences from practices and relate this distinction to current developments in value research within service‐dominant (S‐D) logic and the broader service domain.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a conceptual overview of how experiences and practices have been characterized in the literature to date, how they differ from each other, and if and where they intersect. Following this, the epistemological and methodological differences between practices and experiences are illustrated using narrated experiences and practical observations of car‐washing.FindingsWhile practices are primarily routinized patterns of behaviour, experiences focus more on individuals' value determinations in different contexts. Thus, different types of methodology are needed to observe customers' behaviour in value‐creating practices and interpret customers' sense making of value experiences.Research limitations/implicationsBoth phenomenological value experiences and value co‐creation practices contribute to value research: while practices are the shared possession of the collective, internal and individual differentiation is included in practices. Practices may change or evolve over time, possibly resulting in improved value outcomes or experiences. Opportunities and challenges should be considered by value researchers including the temporal nature of practices and experiences, evidence about value, and the intersubjectivity of social relations.Practical implicationsTo better facilitate individual experiences and collective practices, service providers need to understand both experiences and practices in order to co‐create value with individuals and their networks.Originality/valueThis study is the first systematic attempt in service research to present an analysis of the distinction between experiences and practices, and to analyze the relevance of this distinction for value research.
Analysis of dark current dependent upon threading dislocations in Ge/Si heterojunction photodetectors
Authors: Wei Ying , Cai Xueyuan , Ran Jinzhi , Yang Jianhong 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the dependence of dark current on threading dislocations (TDs) in relaxed Ge layer for Ge/Si heterojunction photodetectors.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis of the effects of TDs is based on SRH generation and recombination mechanism used in two‐dimensional drift‐diffusion numerical simulation.FindingsIt is found that the TDs in Ge layer acting as the recombination centers lead to large dark current densities of devices, and the recombination rate is affected by the impurity out‐diffusion from Si substrate. Besides, the TDs, being the acceptor‐like defects simultaneously, form band barrier at Si/Ge interface with lightly doped Si substrates, thus limiting the minority carrier transport and resulting in low dark current densities.Originality/valueThe simulation results are excellently consistent with the experimental data and indicate that the reduction of threading dislocation densities (TDDs), especially in Ge buffer layer, dramatically decreases dark currents densities of Ge/Si photodetectors. The investigation can be applied to imbue devices with desired characteristics.
Clinical governance: a lever for change in Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital in Vietnam
Authors: Trong Tuan Luu 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThis research aims to look through the data of Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital, a state‐owned hospital in Vietnam, for evidence on whether a clinical governance initiative cultivates ethical leadership, market‐ or innovation‐oriented culture, knowledge sharing, and knowledge‐ or identity‐based trust.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a case study approach with hospital document collection, field observations, and in‐depth interviews conducted between April 2009 and April 2011.FindingsThe findings demonstrated that a clinical governance initiative, when effectively implemented, can function as a lever for behavioural transformations in the hospital towards ethical leadership, market‐ or innovation‐oriented culture, knowledge sharing, and knowledge‐ or identity‐based trust.Originality/valueThe current research provides a portrayal of an effective clinical governance initiative with its proactive hospital outcomes such as ethical leadership, market‐ or innovation‐oriented culture, knowledge sharing, and knowledge‐ or identity‐based trust on the hospital journey of sustainable health creation. This paper also highlights the necessity for research that examines other organizational outcomes of clinical governance in Vietnamese hospitals of other ownerships.