bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sewall’s Secret
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although Samuel Sewall has long been hailed as the father of American abolitionism, he was also an active participant in the slave trade throughout his life. Evidence from his journals and his well-known pamphlet, The Selling of Joseph, suggest that before buying or selling black Africans he first mentally assembled a narrative of their enslavement. This chapter reconstructs several of those narratives from Sewall’s journal, newspapers, court records, and other sources, tracking the ways in which black African residents of Boston responded to Sewall’s hypocrisy during the city’s 1723 arson attacks. As black African arsonists targeted Sewall’s home, the judge responded by helping to pass a new slave code that restricted the movements and rights of Boston’s colored population.
Royalty Enslaved
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, the most famous black Africans were members of politically prominent families sold into slavery and then repatriated by wealthy European governments or the trading companies they sponsored. These enslaved black African princes included the brothers James Chandos and John Towgood Mastoon, Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, and William Ansah Sessarakoo. As these princes bargained for their freedom with the Royal African Company and others, they shared narratives of their early lives and of their enslavement as tools of diplomacy. These accounts are among the earliest formally composed slave narratives, but their purpose was not to argue for the abolition of the slave trade, as in so many nineteenth-century narratives. Indeed, in their narratives, these princes often argued for expanding the slave trade, with the goal of creating stronger economic ties between foreign nations.
Fighting for, and against, the British
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Enslaved black Africans in colonial North America without a royal pedigree often identified as foreigners, and they recognized their allegiance—to one or another European state—as a potentially liberating form of power. The black African men accused of setting New York on fire in 1741 reported that their motive in doing so was to secure the aid of France and Spain in escaping from British enslavement. Briton Hammon, by contrast, pledged his allegiance to Great Britain during the Seven Years’ War and framed the story of his captivity among Indians and in Cuba as an expression of loyalty to British ideals of freedom. In his Narrative, Hammon demonstrates that the slave narrative began as an attempt to situate the enslaved within a network of foreign states, deploying diplomacy in order to achieve freedom or other personal gain.
Late Nineteenth-Century Labor Unrest, the Origins of the Law and Order Leagues, and J. West Goodwin
Authors: Pearson Chad E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and characteristics of the Midwestern Law and Order Leagues. Formed in response to the 1886 Southwest Railroad strike, the Law and Order Leagues first emerged in Sedalia, Missouri, before spreading elsewhere. In places like Sedalia, Parsons, Kansas, and St. Louis, the Law and Order Leagues confronted Knights of Labor (KOL) strikers and escorted scabs across picket lines. This chapter looks closely at one of the organization’s leaders and organizers, J. West Goodwin, a newspaperman and anti-labor union ideologue. Goodwin used his paper, the Sedalia Bazoo, to tout the activities of the vigilante organization and signaled out KOL leaders, including Martin Irons. Irons was unable to secure good employment after the strike, and Goodwin repeatedly used the Sedalia Bazoo to further stigmatize Irons. The Law and Order League, under the leadership of people like Goodwin, was a powerful organization that hurt the labor movement.
Birth of the Citizens’ Alliances, the Persistence of Law and Order, and Mythmaking in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Pearson Chad E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of Citizens’ Associations, an assortment of benign-sounding employer-led organizations. Responding to the reformism central to the so-called Progressive Era, the Citizens’ Alliances promoted themselves as committed to supporting “the common people”—small business owners and non-union workers. In reality, these organizations were led by diehard union-busters and strikebreakers, including some who had participated in earlier employers’ associations, including the Ku Klux Klan and the Law and Order Leagues. J. West Goodwin, a former leader of the Law and Order League, was an active organizer of these groups. They came together to form a national organization, the Citizens’ Industrial Association of America, in late 1903. Despite the language of reform, the members of these organizations were involved in brutal strikebreaking campaigns in the remote mine regions of Colorado and Pennsylvania as well as in modest-sized cities like Pensacola, Florida.
The Messianic Moment, 1919–1931
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From 1919 to 1931, African North Americans, through word and deed, engaged in cross-border messianic Pan-Africanisms, a corollary of widespread racial terrorism and Black people’s reflections on ancient Nilotic civilizations. The chapter begins with an examination of Black intellectuals’ writings on African history and ethnology in the long nineteenth century. This intellectual climate underscored self-determination, informing the messianic and revolutionary dimensions of Garveyism. The final part of the chapter scrutinizes editorials in the Canadian newspaper the Dawn of Tomorrow, which African American expatriates founded to unify Black people and inspire global messianic liberation.
Borderlands Blues, 1930–1950
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, a group of highly mobile African North Americans practiced interspatial citizenship, that is, racial belonging in the liminal space along an international border. For Black people, this mode of cross-border life amplified Pan-Africanisms, sometimes a bourgeois Du Boisian version or a militant, Black Nationalist Garveyite version but always a universal appreciation of Black solidarity and liberation. They lived, worked, nurtured families, and agitated for full citizenship in the United States and Canada at different moments of their lives, forging a cross-border, continental identity as agents whose “citizenship” transcended both countries, as well as the Caribbean, and sometimes Africa and Europe. In this vein, the Great Lakes region was not simply a US-Canadian border zone but a demilitarized hemispheric and global checkpoint with little surveillance.
Immigration, Black Power, and Draft Resisters
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As opposition to the racism, sexism, and imperialism of the Cold War global order intensified, leftists from the Caribbean and Black Panthers and war resisters from the United States sought social and economic refuge in Canada. The racism and latent imperialism of Canadian society compelled activists to agitate for social change. This chapter uncovers the struggles of these African Caribbean and Black and white radicals from the United States, as well as Canadian-born activists, who tried to improve the material conditions of vulnerable groups. It is within this logic that Caribbean immigrants, Black Panthers, and US draft resisters looked north to Canada as a viable alternative to an increasingly repressive US government.
The Mind of the State
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Black activists’ attempts to subvert the imperial, capitalistic, and racist logics of the United States and Canada in the late 1960s and 1970s set them on a collision course with the state. The pursuit of Black liberation in US and Canadian societies brought activists into the crosshairs of the security and intelligence apparatus. Using declassified intelligence reports obtained under freedom of information provisions in the United States and Canada, this chapter uncovers the only known case of US and Canadian authorities deploying the Black “spook.”
Cold Wars, Hot Wars
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter, which partly relies on declassified sources obtained under freedom of information provisions, uncovers connections between African Liberation Day (ALD) organizing in North America and a US-Canadian arms manufacturer. Working in partnership with the intelligence community, this multinational arms dealer transshipped sophisticated ordnance, cannons, and radar defense systems via the Eastern Caribbean to apartheid South Africa, an action meant to undermine revolutionary Pan-African struggle. The chapter also unearths revolutionary and counterrevolutionary currents in the Caribbean, including the role that US and Canadian white supremacists sought to play in creating an ethno-state paradise in the Eastern Caribbean.
Introduction
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter gives a brief overview of Mormonism and the book’s structure. It offers a review of theory and literature on media and religious studies that informs this book’s approach. It also seeks to suggest why studying Mormonism, in particular, helps us rethink categories and concepts such as agency, matter, spirit, and technology. It lays out the theoretical lens of mixing feminist new materialism with media archaeology to further develop a technology-aware form of cultural studies.
Cinematic Traffic
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although the film is lost, one of the few extant scenes from the first Latter-day Saint church’s film, One Hundred Years of Mormonism (1913), shows technical camera tricks at work to make the angel Moroni materialize in Smith’s bedroom. Staging the specters of Smith’s visions through double exposure literally modernized the Mormon past and submitted it to the public sphere and commercial traffic of cinema. Now involved in proper trafficking and commerce, Mormons were increasingly in step with modernity. There were several popular silent films that depicted Mormons as perpetrators of human trafficking, using hypnotic or mesmerizing vision to abduct women and force them into polygamy. This chapter argues that the LDS church’s interaction with film refashioned Mormon visibility and attention to their look, by warding off negative images and curating a wholesome public image that entailed techniques of performing cinematic whiteness and American belonging.
Micromanaging Death
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the LDS church’s doctrinal directive to perform proxy rituals to save the dead at the nexus of microfilm technology and the rescue of daunting amounts of records around the Second World War. Mormon genealogists credited the advent of microphotography as divine intervention for providing the managerial techniques to save records through duplication and provide the necessary accounting for ordinances performed in temples by the living for the dead. The technology was connected to world projects that would bring together vast stores of records and knowledge to create a shared database—a world brain—for the betterment of humanity. In Latter-day Saint use, microfilm even allowed for instances of spiritual feedback, wherein spirits from beyond the veil could visit, guide, or instant message living genealogists to notify them their proxy work was valid. Good genealogist Mormons had to learn techniques of scanning, recording, zooming, and seeing with spiritual eyes. Visions of dead ancestors were tamed into feedback loops supporting a system that facilitated temple work, while also bolstering racial lineages and American belonging.
Bolivia
Authors: Lupien Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Indigenous CSOs in Bolivia found themselves maneuvering a very different political landscape in the era of President Evo Morales (2006-2019) and his Movimiento al socialismo (MAS) party. An indigenized social citizenship regime and a system of participatory democracy mechanisms provided unprecedented access to the state while seeking to limit associational space outside of this new architecture. Bolivian organizations in 2010s re-centered their multi-scalar positioning around the MAS and focused on civic political action, which provided some with significant gains through controlled inclusion. Some Indigenous sectors contested the MAS’s extractive policies, which resulted in a split between Indigenous civil society. Indigenous CSOs and their leaders have developed a remarkable level of political experience and impressive mobilizing capacity. When their social and political gains were threatened by an unelected interim administration of 2019-2020, they drew on these skills to lead a series of large-scale uprisings. But the political opportunities had shifted in favor of their opponents, and their mobilizing structures had been weakened by years of integration with MAS and the growing rift between Indigenous CSOs. This demonstrates that Indigenous civil society can be weakened through political fragmentation and excessive integration with state structures.
Seattle in Coalition
Authors: Johnson Diana K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the fall of 1999, the World Trade Organization (WTO) prepared to hold its biennial Ministerial Conference in Seattle. The event culminated in five days of chaotic political protest that would later be known as the Battle in Seattle. The convergence represented the pinnacle of decades of organizing among workers of color in the Pacific Northwest, yet the images and memory of what happened centered around assertive black bloc protest tactics deployed by a largely white core of activists whose message and goals were painted by media coverage as disorganized and incoherent. This insightful history takes readers beyond the Battle in Seattle and offers a wider view of the organizing campaigns that marked the last half of the twentieth century. Narrating the rise of multiracial coalition building in the Pacific Northwest from the 1970s to the 1990s, Diana K. Johnson shows how activists from Seattle's Black, Indigenous, Chicano, and Asian American communities traversed racial, regional, and national boundaries to counter racism, economic inequality, and perceptions of invisibility. In a city where more than eighty-five percent of the residents were white, they linked far-flung and historically segregated neighborhoods while also crafting urban-rural, multiregional, and transnational links to other populations of color. The activists at the center of this book challenged economic and racial inequality, the globalization of capitalism, and the white dominance of Seattle itself long before the WTO protest.
Higher Education for All
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The 1960 California Master Plan for Higher Education remains to this day the largest and most ambitious attempt to provide free, universal college education in the United States. Yet the Master Plan, the product of committed Cold War liberals, unfortunately served to reinforce the very class-based exclusions and de facto racism that plagued K–12 education in the nation's largest and most diverse state. In doing so, it inspired a wave of student and faculty organizing that not only forced administrators and politicians to live up to the original promise of the Master Plan—quality higher education for all—but changed the face of California itself. Higher Education for All is the first and only comprehensive account of the California Master Plan. Through deep archival work and sharp attention to a fascinating cast of historical characters, Andrew Stone Higgins has excavated the forgotten history of the Master Plan: from its origins in the 1957 Sputnik Crisis, through Governor Ronald Reagan's financial starvation and his failed quest to introduce tuition, to the student struggle to institute affirmative action in university admissions.
Introduction
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction provides a succinct overview of Higher Education for All. Beginning with a recognition of the class-based and racial exclusions embedded in the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the introduction examines how most contemporary discussions of the Master Plan misunderstand the impact of this celebrated liberal reform. As discriminatory admissions standards channeled ever greater numbers of student of color into community colleges, students of color and their allies organized across campuses to establish Educational Opportunity Programs for affirmative action, helping to make good on the original promise of the Master Plan: quality higher education for all.
The Ghost of Sputnik
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Soviet launch of Sputnik in October 1957 occasioned an intense discussion over the state of American education. This chapter traces these discussions in broad form at the national level and in close detail within California, demonstrating that as top California educators aimed to develop education to meet the Soviet threat, they failed to consider how racial and class-based exclusions built into the K-12 years would impact higher education. De facto segregation simply wasn’t on their radar. In such a context, instead of establishing a meritocracy, the Master Plan system emerged as a hierarchy very much divided by race and class.
The New Right Takes Aim
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The third chapter demonstrates that debates over the Master Plan and ensuing student protest were at the center of the emergence of the New Right in 1960s California. Even before the rise of Ronald Reagan, heated discussion of public education featured prominently in the campaign of Max Rafferty as he ran for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1962. During the Free Speech Movement, Rafferty emerged as the most prominent voice in opposition to student revolt, prefiguring Reagan’s subsequent critiques. Running for governor of California in 1966, Reagan built upon Rafferty’s politicization of education, speaking out against the FSM and opposing subsequent student protests that targeted the de facto racism embedded in Master Plan admissions standards and a Eurocentric curriculum. With Reagan in the governor’s mansion, the levers of power within the Master Plan system fell under the control of a staunch conservative opposed to the provision of free public higher education. But despite the immense budgetary and disciplinary powers he wielded as governor, Reagan could not stop the wave of student protest that crested in his first four years in office.
A Master Plan for Chicanos
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the racial shortcomings of the Master Plan served as the central spur to student organizing within the Chicano movement in California. Mexican Americans—then and now California’s largest minority population—had long faced segregation in education in California. Inspired by a range of contemporary struggles, Chicanos began organizing on college campuses. By the late 1960s, Mexican American students and faculty had developed an in-depth analysis of the racism embedded in the Master Plan and began working towards the goal of closing the racial attainment gap in the Master Plan system. Their organizing culminated in a three day workshop that produced El Plan de Santa Barbara, a 150-page manifesto that would serve as a plan of action for increasing Chicana/o matriculation on California campuses and establishing programs of Chicano Studies across the country.
Conclusion
Authors: Walkiewicz Kathryn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The book’s conclusion returns us to the McGirt v. Oklahoma decision of 2020. The US federal government and the State of Oklahoma have emphasized that the decision primarily applies to criminal jurisdiction, policing and surveillance, and little else. By understanding McGirt in conversation with two of the most popular TV shows of 2019 and 2020, Watchmen (2019) and Live PD (2016–), we can think through the ways Indian Territory, especially Tulsa, figures in a larger twenty-first-century cultural imaginary that invokes long-standing discourses of US intervention into tribal affairs, as well as the criminalization of Blackness and Indigeneity.
Dreamland
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In a world of border walls and obstacles to migration, a lottery where winners can gain permanent residency in the United States sounds too good to be true. Just as unlikely is the idea that the United States would make such visas available to foster diversity within a country where systemic racism endures. But in 1990, the United States Diversity Visa Lottery was created to do just that. Dreamland tells the surprising story of this unlikely government program and its role in American life as well as the global story of migration. Historian Carly Goodman takes readers from Washington, D.C., where proponents deployed a colorblind narrative about our "nation of immigrants" to secure visas for white immigrants, to the African countries where it flourished and fostered dreams of going to America. From the post office to the internet, aspiring emigrants, visa agents, and others embraced the lottery and tried their luck in a time of austerity and limits. Rising African immigration to the United States has enriched American life, created opportunities for mobility, and nourished imagined possibilities. But the promise of the American dream has been threatened by the United States' embrace of anti-immigrant policies and persistent anti-Black racism.
Past and Present
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Seeking ongoing immigration reform that would allocate more visas to the undocumented Irish, a group organized under the name the Irish Immigration Reform Movement. Using the motto “legalize the Irish” they publicized the plight of the New Irish, built popular support, and worked with policymakers on reforms. Messages about historic contributions by Irish immigrants resonated in the context of a white ethnic revival, in which many Americans with immigrant roots celebrated that element of their identities. In this light, the treatment of the Irish under the contemporary immigration system seemed unfair and discriminatory.
Post Office Rumors
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Postal services are part of the national and global infrastructure of communication, often building upon circuits of empire. In the late 20th century, national postal services suffered from underinvestment and private alternatives sprouted up. The visa lottery, though, depended upon the public postal systems, because entries had to be delivered to a US Post Office box address. In this context, rumors emerged that Nigeria and other African states were destroying people’s lottery applications to thwart their emigration. These complaints and narratives reflected people’s deeper frustrations with governments that were failing them.
Soft Power
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The visa lottery helped make concrete the possibility of emigrating to the United States, even as it reinforced idealized imagined versions of American life in people’s minds. Lottery applicants as well as visa entrepreneurs amplified images of the United States as a dreamland, reflecting global inequalities and aspirations for what a good life entailed. Although Africa was rarely central to US foreign policy, the end of the Cold War saw the United States retreat from the continent further, leaving US culture and commerce to do the work of cultural engagement. The visa lottery became an example of US soft power at work, shaping people’s impressions of the United States as a place of wealth and opportunity, big cars and big houses, and upward mobility.