bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypically plastic responses to environmental variation are more complex than life history theory predicts
Authors: Hayes Abigail M , Worthington Amy M , Lavine Mark , Lavine Laura 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For insects that exhibit wing polyphenic development, abiotic and biotic signals dictate the adult wing morphology of the insect in an adaptive manner such that in stressful environments the formation of a flight-capable morph is favored and in low-stress environments, a flightless morph is favored. While there is a relatively large amount known about the environmental cues that dictate morph formation in wing polyphenic hemipterans like planthoppers and aphids, whether those cues dictate the same morphs in non-hemipteran (i.e., cricket) wing polyphenic species has not been explicitly investigated. To experimentally test the generality of environmental cue determination of wing polyphenism across taxa with diverse life histories, in this study, we tested the importance of food quantity, parasitic infection, and tactile cues on wing morph determination in the wing polyphenic sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Our results also show that certain stress cues, such as severe diet quantity limitation and parasitic infection, actually led to an increase in the production of flightless morph. Based on these findings, our results suggest that physiological and genetic constraints are important to an organism’s ability to respond to environmental variation in an adaptive manner beyond simple life history trade-offs.
Moss abundance increased along a gradient of postfire interventions from high to low intensity after a forest fire in Brandenburg, Germany
Authors: Fröhlich Katrin , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Saha Somidh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The intensity and frequency of forest fires are increasing in the cultural landscape of central Europe as the climate is becoming warmer and drier. This requires an understanding of natural regeneration processes in forests and the effects of traditional and new approaches to restoring fire-damaged forests; however, it warrants more research in Germany, where large-scale stand-replacing fire is a new phenomenon in recent times. Specifically, early successional plant pioneer communities, such as mosses, influence the regenerating forest system, by providing viable conditions and habitats for subsequent plant species. The present work focuses on the processes that take place in the moss communities undergoing management interventions of a gradient of intervention intensities after fire disturbance. In a plot-based field inventory, we investigated early successional moss communities three years after a forest fire in Brandenburg, Germany. The study area was subjected to various postfire interventions: high intensity site preparation and dense row planting, natural regeneration (no intervention), and a moderate site preparation in combination with low-density group planting approach. Utilizing Bray–Curtis-based nonmetric multidimensional scaling to assess similarities among postfire moss communities, a simplification of moss communities under high-intensity postfire intervention was observed. We found that the diversity and abundance of mosses decreased with the application of high-intensity postfire intervention but increased with the application of moderate postfire interventions. Furthermore, we found a higher share of light-demanding pioneer mosses in areas under high intensity postfire intervention. In areas under moderate or no postfire intervention, more shade-tolerant species were present. We conclude that moderate interventions with low-intensity site preparation and group planting resulted in reduced losses of moss species and coverage in the successional moss community.
A Coordinated Data Analysis of Four Studies Exploring Age Differences in Social Interactions and Loneliness During a Global Pandemic
Authors: Neupert Shevaun D , Graham Eileen K , Ogle Destiny , Ali Sumbleen , Zavala Daisy V , Kincaid Reilly , Hughes MacKenzie L , Hu Rita X , Antonucci Toni , Suitor J Jill , Gilligan Megan , Ajrouch Kristine J , Scott Stacey B 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Examining loneliness and social isolation during population-wide historical events may shed light on important theoretical questions about age differences, including whether these differences hold across different regions and the time course of the unfolding event. We used a systematic, preregistered approach of coordinated data analysis (CDA) of 4 studies (total N = 1,307; total observations = 18,492) that varied in design (intensive repeated-measures and cross-sectional), region, timing, and timescale during the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Methods
We harmonized our data sets to a common period within 2020–2021 and created a common set of variables. We used a combination of ordinary least squares regression and multilevel modeling to address the extent to which there was within- and between-person variation in the associations between social isolation and loneliness, and whether these associations varied as a function of age.

Results
Within- and between-person effects of social interactions were negatively associated with loneliness in 1 study; in follow-up sensitivity analyses, these patterns held across early and later pandemic periods. Across all data sets, there was no evidence of age differences in the within-person or between-person associations of social interactions and loneliness.

Discussion
Applying the CDA methodological framework allowed us to detect common and divergent patterns of social interactions and loneliness across samples, ages, regions, periods, and study designs.
Neighborhood Gentrification and Food Insecurity Among Urban Older Adults: Evidence From New York City
Authors: Cheung Ethan Siu Leung 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Gentrification is a prevalent neighborhood development process in urban areas across the United States. Prior studies have identified the influence of gentrification on late-life health and quality of life, yet little is known about its relationship with food insecurity, an important public health issue for older adult populations. Using New York City as a case study, this study investigated associations between living in a gentrifying neighborhood and food insecurity, as well as the mediating roles of neighborhood environment factors—social cohesion, public transportation, and food environment.

Research Design and Methods
This study adopted 2 waves of annual data from the Poverty Tracker Study (2015–2016; N = 703) merged with American Community Survey and spatial data sets to measure gentrification and neighborhood factors. Adjusted logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between gentrification and food insecurity. Further mediation analyses were conducted to test the mechanisms of such associations.

Results
Older adults in gentrifying neighborhoods were more likely to have food insecurity than those in moderate- to high-income neighborhoods. Compared to low-income neighborhoods, older adults in gentrifying neighborhoods had a lower likelihood of reporting food insecurity. Two significant mediators were found when comparing gentrification with moderate- to high-income neighborhoods: social cohesion and healthy food outlets.

Discussion and Implications
This study highlights the importance of gentrification in determining late-life food insecurity and identifies possible mechanisms with policy and social service implications to reduce the risk of food insecurity in urban areas.
The role of regulatory T-cells in the development of endometriosis
Authors: Knez Jure , Kovačič Borut , Goropevšek Aleš 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign disease of the female reproductive tract, characterized by the process of chronic inflammation and alterations in immune response. It is estimated to affect 2–19% of women in the general population and is commonly associated with symptoms of chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that are potent suppressors of inflammatory immune response, essential in preventing destructive immunity in all tissues. In endometriosis, several studies have investigated the possible role of Treg cells in the development of the disease. Most studies to date are heterogeneous in methodology and are based on a small number of cases, which means that it is impossible to define their exact role at present. Based on current knowledge, it seems that disturbed Treg homeostasis, leading to increased systemic and local inflammation within ectopic and eutopic endometrium, is present in women who eventually develop endometriosis. It is also evident that different subsets of human Treg cells have different roles in suppressing the immune response. Recent studies in patients with endometriosis have investigated naive/resting FOXP3lowCD45RA+ Treg cells, which upon T cell receptor stimulation, differentiate into activated/effector FOXP3highCD45RA− Treg cells, characterized by a strong immunosuppressive activity. In addition, critical factors controlling expression of Treg/effector genes, including reactive oxygen species and heme-responsive master transcription factor BACH2, were found to be upregulated in endometriotic lesions. As shown recently for cancer microenvironments, microbial inflammation may also contribute to the local composition of FOXP3+ subpopulations in endometriotic lesions. Furthermore, cytokines, such as IL-7, which control the homeostasis of Treg subsets through the tyrosine phosphorylation STAT5 signalling pathway, have also been shown to be dysregulated. To better understand the role of Treg in the development of endometriosis, future studies should use clear definitions of Tregs along with specific characterization of the non-Treg (FOXP3lowCD45RA−) fraction, which itself is a mixture of follicular Tregs and cells producing inflammatory cytokines.
Too busy to balance? A longitudinal analysis of board of director busyness and firms’ ambidextrous orientation
Authors: Heyden Mariano L. M , Fourné Sebastian P. L , Matthews Lane , Wilden Ralf , Tarkovska Valentina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Studies commonly highlight the informational upside of a board of directors’ connections to its external environment. Through their seats on multiple outside boards, directors are positioned to bring valuable informational resources to complex internal tasks on a focal firm. Crafting an ambidextrous strategic orientation is such a task, requiring great informational resourcing from a board to reconcile contradictions of exploration and exploitation. Yet, we assign an important boundary condition to this expectation by unpacking the idea of “busyness” as an important consideration in a board’s (in)ability to apply their informational resources. We complement Resource Dependence Theory with insights from bounded rationality and bounded reliability, to challenge the “more is better” assumption of the benefits of outside board seats. We develop corresponding hypotheses on the extent to which busyness of different director types (exemplified here via the busyness of non-executives, executives, and women directors) is related to the ambidextrous strategic orientation of a firm. Our results from a robust longitudinal panel analysis of publicly listed UK firms uncover complex patterns and provide evidence that boards with busy non-executives have a negative influence on the ambidextrous strategic orientation of firms, whereas boards with busy executive directors do not seem to exert an influence. We further find that boards with busy women directors show an inverted U-shaped relation with ambidextrous strategic orientation. We discuss implications for theory and practice.
Reactivation of a Transplant Recipient's Inherited Human Herpesvirus 6 and Implications to the Graft
Authors: Hannolainen Leo , Pyöriä Lari , Pratas Diogo , Lohi Jouko , Skuja Sandra , Rasa-Dzelzkaleja Santa , Murovska Modra , Hedman Klaus , Jahnukainen Timo , Perdomo Maria Fernanda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The implications of inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) in solid organ transplantation remain uncertain. Although this trait has been linked to unfavorable clinical outcomes, an association between viral reactivation and complications has only been conclusively established in a few cases.

Methods
We used hybrid capture sequencing for in-depth analysis of the viral sequences reconstructed from sequential liver biopsies. Moreover, we investigated viral replication through in situ hybridization (U38–U94 genes), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (U89/U90 genes), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We also performed whole transcriptome sequencing to profile the host immune response.

Results
We report a case of reactivation of a recipient’s iciHHV-6B and subsequent infection of the graft. Using a novel approach integrating the analysis of viral and mitochondrial DNAs, we located the iciHHV-6B intragraft. We demonstrated active replication via the emergence of viral minor variants, in addition to positive viral messenger RNAs and antigen stainings in tissue sections. Furthermore, we detected significant upregulation of antiviral immune responses, arguing against immunotolerance.

Conclusions
Our analysis underscores the potential pathological impact of iciHHV-6B, emphasizing the need for monitoring reactivation in transplant recipients. Most crucially, it highlights the critical role that the host's virome can play in shaping the outcome of transplantation.
Effectiveness, safety and discontinuation rates of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in people with HIV using real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chivite Iván , Berrocal Leire , de Lazzari Elisa , Navadeh Soodabeh , Lluis-Ganella Carla , Inciarte Alexy , de la Mora Lorena , González-Cordón Ana , Martínez-Rebollar Maria , Laguno Montserrat , Torres Berta , Blanco José Luis , Martínez Esteban , Mallolas Josep , Ambrosioni Juan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The use of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) is based on the results of robust clinical trials.

Objectives
To assess the effectiveness and safety of BIC/FTC/TAF in treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) people with HIV using available real-world cohort studies.

Methods
Systematic review and meta-analysis of publications and communications identified via Boolean search in Medline, PubMed and Embase, and conference abstracts reporting retrospective real-world use of BIC/FTC/TAF, published until 31 January 2024. The primary endpoint was the proportion of TN and TE people with HIV with viral load (VL) &lt; 50 copies/mL at 48 weeks while on treatment.

Results
Of the 38 identified publications and conference abstracts, for the present analysis we included 12 publications (comprising 792 TN and 6732 TE individuals). For the three publications including 507 TN participants reporting the primary outcome, VL suppression was 97% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 89–100]. For the nine publications including 4946 TE participants reporting the primary outcome, VL suppression was 95% (95% CI: 94–96), with suppression &gt;93% in all studies. Total discontinuations at 48 weeks in TE individuals were 3% (95% CI: 2–5), 1% (95% CI: 0–2) due to side effects. A total of four publications with 151 TE individuals with previous presence of M184V substitution were identified, reporting a suppression rate at 48 weeks of 95% (95% CI: 88–100).

Conclusions
Real-world studies demonstrate low discontinuation rates and high rates of virologic suppression in individuals treated with BIC/FTC/TAF, both TN and TE with and without previous detection of M184V substitution.
Utilizing ChatGPT as a scientific reasoning engine to differentiate conflicting evidence and summarize challenges in controversial clinical questions
Authors: Xie Shiyao , Zhao Wenjing , Deng Guanghui , He Guohua , He Na , Lu Zhenhua , Hu Weihua , Zhao Mingming , Du Jian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Synthesizing and evaluating inconsistent medical evidence is essential in evidence-based medicine. This study aimed to employ ChatGPT as a sophisticated scientific reasoning engine to identify conflicting clinical evidence and summarize unresolved questions to inform further research.

Materials and Methods
We evaluated ChatGPT’s effectiveness in identifying conflicting evidence and investigated its principles of logical reasoning. An automated framework was developed to generate a PubMed dataset focused on controversial clinical topics. ChatGPT analyzed this dataset to identify consensus and controversy, and to formulate unsolved research questions. Expert evaluations were conducted 1) on the consensus and controversy for factual consistency, comprehensiveness, and potential harm and, 2) on the research questions for relevance, innovation, clarity, and specificity.

Results
The gpt-4-1106-preview model achieved a 90% recall rate in detecting inconsistent claim pairs within a ternary assertions setup. Notably, without explicit reasoning prompts, ChatGPT provided sound reasoning for the assertions between claims and hypotheses, based on an analysis grounded in relevance, specificity, and certainty. ChatGPT’s conclusions of consensus and controversies in clinical literature were comprehensive and factually consistent. The research questions proposed by ChatGPT received high expert ratings.

Discussion
Our experiment implies that, in evaluating the relationship between evidence and claims, ChatGPT considered more detailed information beyond a straightforward assessment of sentimental orientation. This ability to process intricate information and conduct scientific reasoning regarding sentiment is noteworthy, particularly as this pattern emerged without explicit guidance or directives in prompts, highlighting ChatGPT’s inherent logical reasoning capabilities.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated ChatGPT’s capacity to evaluate and interpret scientific claims. Such proficiency can be generalized to broader clinical research literature. ChatGPT effectively aids in facilitating clinical studies by proposing unresolved challenges based on analysis of existing studies. However, caution is advised as ChatGPT’s outputs are inferences drawn from the input literature and could be harmful to clinical practice.
An example of leveraging AI for documentation: ChatGPT-generated nursing care plan for an older adult with lung cancer
Authors: Dos Santos Fabiana C , Johnson Lisa G , Madandola Olatunde O , Priola Karen J B , Yao Yingwei , Macieira Tamara G R , Keenan Gail M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Our article demonstrates the effectiveness of using a validated framework to create a ChatGPT prompt that generates valid nursing care plan suggestions for one hypothetical older patient with lung cancer.

Method
This study describes the methodology for creating ChatGPT prompts that generate consistent care plan suggestions and its application for a lung cancer case scenario. After entering a nursing assessment of the patient's condition into ChatGPT, we asked it to generate care plan suggestions. Subsequently, we assessed the quality of the care plans produced by ChatGPT.

Results
While not all the suggested care plan terms (11 out of 16) utilized standardized nursing terminology, the ChatGPT-generated care plan closely matched the gold standard in scope and nature, correctly prioritizing oxygenation and ventilation needs.

Conclusion
Using a validated framework prompt to generate nursing care plan suggestions with ChatGPT demonstrates its potential value as a decision support tool for optimizing cancer care documentation.
Ameliorative Potential of Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Versus Prednisolone in a Rat Model of Lung Fibrosis: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study
Authors: Shalaby Amany Mohamed , Hassan Shaimaa Mohamed Abdelfattah , Abdelnour Hanim Magdy , Alnasser Sulaiman Mohammed , Alorini Mohammed , Jaber Fatima A , Alabiad Mohamed Ali , Abdullatif Asmaa , Elshaer Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelrahim , Aziz Seham Ahmed Mohammed Abdel , Abdelghany Eman M A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown origin with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The encouraging findings from preclinical investigations utilizing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) indicated that they could serve as a promising therapeutic alternative for managing chronic lung conditions, such as IPF. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of bone marrow–derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) versus prednisolone, the standard anti-inflammatory medication, in rats with bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis. Four groups were created: a control group, a BLM group, a prednisolone-treated group, and a BM-MSCs-treated group. To induce lung fibrosis, 5 mg/kg of BLM was administered intratracheally. BLM significantly increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The disturbed lung structure was also revealed by light and transmission electron microscopic studies. Upregulation in the immune expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta-1, and Bax was demonstrated. Interestingly, all findings significantly regressed on treatment with prednisolone and BM-MSCs. However, treatment with BM-MSCs showed better results than with prednisolone. In conclusion, BM-MSCs could be a promising approach for managing lung fibrosis.
Connecting Species-Specific Extents of Genome Reduction in Mitochondria and Plastids
Authors: Giannakis Konstantinos , Richards Luke , Dauda Kazeem A , Johnston Iain G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mitochondria and plastids have both dramatically reduced their genomes since the endosymbiotic events that created them. The similarities and differences in the evolution of the two organelle genome types have been the target of discussion and investigation for decades. Ongoing work has suggested that similar mechanisms may modulate the reductive evolution of the two organelles in a given species, but quantitative data and statistical analyses exploring this picture remain limited outside of some specific cases like parasitism. Here, we use cross-eukaryote organelle genome data to explore evidence for coevolution of mitochondrial and plastid genome reduction. Controlling for differences between clades and pseudoreplication due to relatedness, we find that extents of mtDNA and ptDNA gene retention are related to each other across taxa, in a generally positive correlation that appears to differ quantitatively across eukaryotes, for example, between algal and nonalgal species. We find limited evidence for coevolution of specific mtDNA and ptDNA gene pairs, suggesting that the similarities between the two organelle types may be due mainly to independent responses to consistent evolutionary drivers.