bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the family and childhood backgrounds of hospitalised offenders with schizophrenia or personality disorder
Authors: Gibbon Simon , Ferriter Michael , Duggan Conor 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground Previous studies have demonstrated high levels of childhood adversity and familial criminality in offender patients with schizophrenia and/or personality disorder, but few have directly compared these groups.Aims To compare the parenting histories of offender patients with schizophrenia with those with personality disorder. We hypothesised that rates of family criminality and experiences of disrupted parenting would be higher in the personality disorder group than the schizophrenia group.Method A retrospective case‐control methodology compared the family background and childhood experiences of patients with either schizophrenia or personality disorder (n = 3088) admitted to any of the English high‐security hospitals.Results Compared with those with schizophrenia, patients with personality disorder had experienced higher rates of family criminality, parental separation, and multiple changes of caregiver and institutional care. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of family psychiatric history between the groups.Discussion Although our hypotheses were sustained, we were impressed that rates of disruption to parenting were high in the schizophrenia group as well as in the personality disorder group. Less than a third of the personality disorder group had survived childhood without a change in parenting, but this was true for about half of the schizophrenia group, too. Family work tailored for people with schizophrenia is needed, even though within personality disorder services, a greater demand for disorder‐sensitive family work is likely to be encountered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic Investigation of Iron‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kleimark Jonatan , Hedström Anna , Larsson Per‐Fredrik , Johansson Charlotte , Norrby Per‐Ola 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of the iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl electrophiles with alkyl Grignard reagents is studied by a combination of GC monitoring, Hammett competition experiments, and DFT calculations. The reaction follows a pathway where an FeI complex, formed in situ, reacts in a rate‐limiting oxidative addition with the aryl electrophile. A rapid thermoneutral transmetalation from a Grignard reagent occurs either before or after the oxidative addition, with little to differentiate between the two pathways. A reductive elimination of the resulting alkyl aryl FeIII complex closes the catalytic cycle. Iron in lower oxidation states can act as a competent precatalyst by oxidation into the FeI–FeIII cycle. FeII complexes can give FeI catalysts through reductive elimination of a bimetallic complex. Added ligands, dilution, and powerful aryl electrophiles all serve to increase the stability of the active catalyst, presumably by counteracting oligomerization of low‐valent iron.
The Co‐Entrapment of a Homogeneous Catalyst and an Ionic Liquid by a Sol–gel Method: Recyclable Ionogel Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Craythorne Steven J. , Anderson Kris , Lorenzini Fabio , McCausland Christina , Smith Emily F. , Licence Peter , Marr Andrew C. , Marr Patricia C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMolecular hydrogenation catalysts have been co‐entrapped with the ionic liquid [Bmim]NTf2 inside a silica matrix by a sol–gel method. These catalytic ionogels have been compared to simple catalyst‐doped glasses, the parent homogeneous catalysts, commercial heterogeneous catalysts, and Rh‐doped mesoporous silica. The most active ionogel has been characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid state NMR before and after catalysis. The ionogel catalysts were found to be remarkably active, recyclable and resistant to chemical change.
Evidence for Endocyclic Cleavage of Conformationally Restricted Glycopyranosides
Authors: Manabe Shino , Ishii Kazuyuki , Hashizume Daisuke , Koshino Hiroyuki , Ito Yukishige 
Published: June 2009

Abstract2,3‐trans‐carbamate‐ and ‐carbonate‐carrying pyranosides were very easily anomerised from the β to the α direction in the presence of a Lewis acid compared to other pyranosides. This reaction is caused by endocyclic cleavage of the pyranosides. Evidence for endocyclic cleavage of conformationally restricted pyranosides in the chair form was obtained by intra‐ and intermolecular Friedel–Crafts reactions, chloride addition, and reduction of the generated cation. On the other hand, pyranosides with the distorted conformation were never cleaved in an endocyclic manner.
Nb and Ta Adducts: Connecting d0 Metal Chlorides and Phosphorus Sulfide Cages
Authors: Hoppe Diana , Schemmel Dominik , Schütz Martin , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPhosphorus sulfide cages α‐P4S4, α‐P4S5, β‐P4S5, and β‐P4S6 and transition‐metal chlorides TaCl5 and NbCl5 form molecular adducts in CS2/n‐hexane. The crystal structures of the adducts (TaCl5)(α‐P4S4), (TaCl5)(α‐P4S5), (TaCl5)(β‐P4S5), (NbCl5)(β‐P4S5), and (TaCl5)(β‐P4S6) are reported and their conformation and energetic stability are discussed on the basis of ab initio electronic structure calculations. Furthermore bond lengths of coordinated and noncoordinated phosphorus sulfide cages obtained from experiment and theory are compared, emphasizing the changes within the cages that emerge upon coordination.
Cover Picture: A Cholesterol‐Based Tether for Creating Photopatterned Lipid Membrane Arrays on both a Silica and Gold Surface (Chem. Eur. J. 26/2009)
Authors: Han Xiaojun , Achalkumar Ammathnadu S. , Bushby Richard J. , Evans Stephen D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA cholesterol‐based membrane tether…︁ system has been developed, for the attachment of lipid bilayer membranes at silica and gold surfaces, by S. D. Evans et al. in their Full Paper on page 6363 ff. Arrays of membrane have been produced by using deep UV lithography on both metallic and insulating substrates. Their response to electric fields demonstrates the formation of highly resistive, fluid membranes.magnified image
Multimerization of Peptide Mimotopes for Blocking of Factor VIII Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Kessel Christoph , Kreuz Wolfhart , Klich Katharina , Becker‐Peters Karin , Vorpahl Frank , Dietrich Ursula , Klingebiel Thomas , Königs Christoph 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAbout 30 % of patients with severe hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) to coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) upon treatment with exogenous factor preparations. Two peptides, C6 (NPVENMMDRDSQ) and H10 (QSPWQTWFTRAL), that mimic putative inhibitor epitopes (mimotopes), were previously selected by phage display screening of plasma samples from patients with inhibitors. Synthetic peptide mimotopes inhibited IgG binding to FVIII (IC50: 30–50 μM). This effect was increased by an equimolar combination of both mimotopes. Mimotopes were fused to the C‐terminal multimerization domain of the C4bp α‐chain and expressed as multimers in 293T cells. Multimerized mimotopes showed improved binding to anti‐FVIII IgG and prolonged in vitro half‐life relative to synthetic peptides. The two mimotopes were combined in heteromultimers by co‐transfection of 293T cells with respective vectors, resulting in bi‐specific molecules that almost completely blocked polyclonal antibody binding to FVIII (IC50: 2–3 μM). This strategy is capable of functionally improving synthetic peptides by multimerization and could provide a basis for novel therapeutic approaches for patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors.
PAMAM Dendrimers Mediate siRNA Delivery to Target Hsp27 and Produce Potent Antiproliferative Effects on Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Xiao‐xuan , Rocchi Palma , Qu Fan‐qi , Zheng Shu‐quan , Liang Zi‐cai , Gleave Martin , Iovanna Juan , Peng Ling 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) holds great promise for the treatment of inherited and acquired diseases, provided that safe and efficient delivery systems are available. Herein we report that structurally flexible triethanolamine (TEA) core PAMAM dendrimers are able to deliver an Hsp27 siRNA effectively into prostate cancer (PC‐3) cells by forming stable nanoparticles with siRNA, protecting the siRNA nanoparticles from enzymatic degradation, and enhancing cellular uptake of siRNA. The Hsp27 siRNA resulted in potent and specific gene silencing of heat‐shock protein 27, an attractive therapeutic target in castrate‐resistant prostate cancer. Silencing of the hsp27 gene led to induction of caspase‐3/7‐dependent apoptosis and inhibition of PC‐3 cell growth in vitro. In addition, the siRNA–dendrimer complexes are non‐cytotoxic under the conditions used for siRNA delivery. Altogether, TEA core PAMAM dendrimer‐mediated siRNA delivery, in combination with RNAi that specifically targets Hsp27, may constitute a promising approach for combating castrate‐resistant prostate cancer, for which there is no efficacious treatment.
The integration of corporate governance in corporate social responsibility disclosures
Authors: Kolk Ans , Pinkse Jonatan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn recent years, not only has attention to corporate governance increased but also the notion has broadened considerably, and started to cover some aspects traditionally seen as being part of corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR, corporate governance and their interlink seem particularly relevant for multinational enterprises (MNEs), which, due to their activities in multiple contexts around the world and concomitant visibility, generally face higher demands to be transparent and disclose information about such issues. Insights into whether and in which cases disclosures on the two topics actually merge has been very limited, however. This paper analyses to what extent corporate governance has become integrated in MNEs' disclosure practices on CSR. Based on an analysis of CSR reporting of Fortune Global 250 companies, findings show that more than half of them have a separate corporate governance section in their CSR report and/or explicitly link corporate governance and CSR issues. We also found that MNEs that disclose information on a wider variety of social and environmental issues and frame CSR with a focus on internal issues are more inclined to integrate corporate governance into their CSR reporting. This integration seems to be a global phenomenon that cuts across countries and sectors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Towards Molecular Wires Based on Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Mas‐Ballesté Rubén , Castillo Oscar , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Olea David , Gómez‐Herrero Julio , Zamora Félix 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe formation of one‐dimensional structures on nanoscale is one of the main goals of modern nanotechnology. The aim of these efforts is to find conductive long molecules that could serve as molecular wires in nanocircuits. In recent years, electrical conductivity in several organic and metal‐organic systems has been studied to this end. In principle, DNA is one of the most attractive molecules for molecular wire owing to its well‐known self‐assembly chemistry and controllable structural diversity. However, the ability of DNA to conduct electricity is still controversial. In principle, binding of metal ions to organic molecules seems to be a suitable method for improving conductivity. Therefore, some studies were carried out with the so‐called M‐DNA as an alternative to increase conductivity on DNA. We have selected the 1D‐coordination polymer [Cd(6‐MP–)2]n (6‐MP– = 6‐mercaptopurinate) as a feasible structural model that is suitable for providing basic information about the electrical properties of M‐DNA.Work with this coordination polymer revealed several aspects concerning the systematic search for new adsorption methods for coordination polymers on surfaces, their morphological and physical characterization, and opened a new playground for the study of coordination polymers as potential molecular wires. In this microreview, we focus on the description of several methods dealing with the isolation of single chains from crystals of these supramolecules, and different pathways to obtain molecular assemblies are also described. Methodologies and characterization techniques are illustrated with the results obtained with different coordination polymers.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Crystal Structure, Vibrational Spectra and Activation of BaCa(P4O12) with Eu2+ Compared with β‐Sr(PO3)2:Eu
Authors: Höppe Henning A. , Panzer J. Michel U. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe polyphosphates β‐Sr(PO3)2 and BaCa(PO3)4 were doped with Eu2+, BaCa(PO3)4 was structurally characterised for the first time. Both phosphors were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy. β‐Sr(PO3)2:Eu and BaCa(PO3)4:Eu were found to emit blue light at 424 nm and 418 nm, respectively, with a broader emission band compared with α‐Sr(PO3)2:Eu. Both phosphors can be excited at 330 nm, i.e. an UV‐LED emission. The crystal structure of BaCa(PO3)4 has been determined based on single‐crystal data [P21/n, Z = 4, a = 723.00(11), b = 917.05(19), c = 1524.7(2) pm, β = 90.995(12)°, R1 = 0.050, wR2 = 0.099, 1748 reflections, 164 parameters]. BaCa(PO3)4 is not homeotypic with β‐Sr(PO3)2 and α‐Sr(PO3)2 but isotypic with BaCd(PO3)4. The vibrational spectra of BaCa(PO3)4 are also presented and discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
New Electrochemically Generated Polymeric Pd Complexes as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Bandini Marco , Pietrangelo Agostino , Sinisi Riccardo , Umani‐Ronchi Achille , Wolf Michael O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractElectrochemically generated films of polymerized (diamino‐oligothiophene)palladium complexes as heterogeneous catalysts for Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions are reported. The electrodeposition of these polymeric species onto porous graphite electrodes allows for easy removal of the organometallic species from the reaction mixture and convenient reuse in subsequent (up to 6) reactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
First Asymmetric Synthesis of (Un)saturated 1‐Alkylbenzo[c]azepin‐3‐ones: Extension to the Corresponding Benzazepines
Authors: Dumoulin David , Lebrun Stéphane , Deniau Eric , Couture Axel , Grandclaudon Pierre 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA flexible route for the stereoselective synthesis of a variety of structurally diverse (1R)‐1‐alkyldihydro and tetrahydrobenzazepin(ones) has been developed. The key step is a highly diastereoselective 1,2‐addition process applied to a stereopure aromatic hydrazone combined with a ring‐closing metathesis reaction to secure the formation of the seven‐membered azaheterocycle ring system.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient and Selective Method for the Synthesis of Dihydrodipyridopyrazines Based on the Pd‐Catalysed Amination of Halopyridines
Authors: Patriciu Oana‐Irina , Fînaru Adriana‐Luminiţa , Massip Stéphane , Léger Jean‐Michel , Jarry Christian , Guillaumet Gérald 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel methodology for the efficient and selective synthesis of isomers A and B of N‐substituted dihydrodipyridopyrazines was developed. The key step is the intermolecular coupling of aminopyridines and halonitropyridines/dihalopyridines in the presence of a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2/Xantphos. This system displays good functional group compatibility and the desired C–N bond‐forming process proceeds in good yields. Cyclization of suitable nitro‐substituted N,N′‐dipyridinylamines produces monosubstituted dihydrodipyridopyrazines, which can easily be alkylated to give a large variety of unsymmetrical 5,10‐dialkyl‐5,10‐dihydrodipyrido[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐e]pyrazines (isomers A) and 5,10‐dialkyl‐5,10‐dihydrodipyrido[2,3‐b:3′,2′‐e]pyrazines (isomers B). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of C‐1 Alkyl and Aryl Glycals from Pyranosyl or Furanosyl Chlorides by Treatment with Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Gómez Ana M. , Pedregosa Ana , Casillas Marta , Uriel Clara , López J. Cristóbal 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGlycosyl chlorides, with ether or isopropylidene acetal protecting groups, readily available from furanoses or pyranoses, can be conveniently transformed into C‐1 alkyl or aryl glycals by reaction with alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Alkoxyallene‐Based De Novo Synthesis of Rare Deoxy Sugars: New Routes to L‐Cymarose, L‐Sarmentose, L‐Diginose and L‐Oleandrose
Authors: Brasholz Malte , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStarting from lithiated methoxyallene and lactaldehyde derivatives, the four rare 2,6‐dideoxy‐hexoses L‐cymarose, L‐sarmentose, L‐diginose and L‐oleandrose were synthesized in a stereodivergent fashion. Key steps towards these four target monosaccharides were the oxidative ring openings of allene‐derived 2,5‐dihydrofurans, diastereoselective carbonyl reductions as well as face‐selective hydrogenation protocols. First glycosylation reactions employing thiophenyl glycosyl donors of L‐cymarose and L‐diginose were performed in high yields and with fair to excellent stereocontrol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Influence of rock mass strength on the erosion rate of alpine cliffs
Authors: Moore Jeffrey R. , Sanders Johnny W. , Dietrich William E. , Glaser Steven D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCollapse of cliff faces by rockfall is a primary mode of bedrock erosion in alpine environments and exerts a first‐order control on the morphologic development of these landscapes. In this work we investigate the influence of rock mass strength on the retreat rate of alpine cliffs. To quantify rockwall competence we employed the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) geomechanical strength index, a metric that combines numerous factors contributing to the strength of a rock mass. The magnitude of cliff retreat was calculated by estimating the volume of talus at the toe of each rockwall and projecting that material back on to the cliff face, while accounting for the loss of production area as talus buries the base of the wall. Selecting sites within basins swept clean by advancing Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers allowed us to estimate the time period over which talus accumulation occurred (i.e. the production time). Dividing the magnitude of normal cliff retreat by the production time, we calculated recession rates for each site. Our study area included a portion of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Lake Tahoe. Rockwall recession rates determined for 40 alpine cliffs in this region range from 0·02 to 1·22 mm/year, with an average value of 0·28 mm/year. We found good correlation between rockwall recession rate and SMR which is best characterized by an exponential decrease in erosion rate with increasing rock mass strength. Analysis of the individual components of the SMR reveals that joint orientation (with respect to the cliff face) is the most important parameter affecting the rockwall erosion rate. The complete SMR score, however, best synthesizes the lithologic variables that contribute to the strength and erodibility of these rock slopes. Our data reveal no strong independent correlations between rockwall retreat rate and topographic attributes such as elevation, aspect, or slope angle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimised spreading code redistribution PAPR reduction technique for MC‐CDMA systems
Authors: Yang Lin , Alsusa Emad 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMulticarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) is one of the most promising techniques considered for future broadband mobile services. However, the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) problem associated with MC‐CDMA systems can significantly degrade the power efficiency at the transmitter. This paper proposes an efficient PAPR reduction technique for the downlink of MC‐CDMA systems. It regards the order of the CDMA spreading codes as an extra degree of freedom and exploits it to effectively reduce the PAPR of the signal. The proposed technique requires only slight modification to the MC‐CDMA base station and negligible complexity to the mobile terminals. Both lightly loaded and fully loaded systems are examined when using the orthogonal sets of Walsh—Hadamard (WH) and Golay complementary sequences (CSs). It will be demonstrated that the proposed technique achieves significant PAPR reduction with low system complexity at both transmitter and receiver. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slip effects on the peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey fluid in an asymmetric channel under the effect of induced magnetic field
Authors: Nadeem S. , Akram Safia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the effects of slip and induced magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey fluid in an asymmetric channel. The governing two‐dimensional equations for momentum, magnetic force function and energy are simplified by using the assumptions of long wavelength and low but finite Reynolds number. The reduced problem has been solved by Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and closed form solutions have been presented. Further, the exact solution of the proposed problem has also been computed and the mathematical comparison shows that both solutions are almost similar. The effects of pertinent parameters on the pressure rise per wavelength are investigated using numerical integration. The expressions for pressure rise, friction force, velocity, temperature, magnetic force function and the stream lines against various physical parameters of interest are shown graphically. Moreover, the behavior of different kinds of wave shape are also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The putative heme transporter HCP1 is expressed in cultured astrocytes and contributes to the uptake of hemin
Authors: Dang Theresa N. , Bishop Glenda M. , Dringen Ralf , Robinson Stephen R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHemin, which is toxic to brain cells, has been reported to be taken up by cultured astrocytes; however, the mechanism of uptake is currently unknown. The present study investigated the mechanism of hemin uptake by rat primary astrocyte cultures. In medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, cultured astrocytes failed to accumulate significant amounts of heme‐iron, while in serum‐free medium the accumulation of heme‐iron was found to be time‐ and concentration‐dependent. After 6 h of incubation with 24 μM hemin, cells contained 36.2 ± 2.4 nmol heme‐iron/mg protein, which was 21% of the applied hemin. These results suggest that the accumulation of hemin in astrocytes does not require serum proteins such as hemopexin. A potential mechanism of hemin uptake in astrocytes involves the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1), which is reported to mediate hemin uptake into intestinal cells. RT‐PCR analysis revealed that astrocyte cultures contained HCP1 mRNA, and immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of HCP1 protein in cultured astrocytes. The functionality of HCP1 in astrocytes was demonstrated by incubating cells with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), which is known to be transported into cells via HCP1, and ZnPPIX autofluorescence was detected in HCP1‐positive astrocytes. In addition, ZnPPIX was found to attenuate the accumulation of heme‐iron by astrocytes. These results are the first to demonstrate that cultured astrocytes contain functional HCP1 and that this transporter contributes to hemin uptake by astrocytes. HCP1 may therefore provide a new target for reducing hemin‐related toxicity in brain cells. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.