bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Farbige Schutzgruppen für die Synthese von Polypeptiden
Authors: Schwyzer R. , Sieber P. , Zatskó K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstractp‐Phenylazo‐benzyloxy‐carbonylchlorid (PZ‐Chlorid) und p‐(p′‐Methoxyphenylazo)‐benzyloxy‐carbonylchlorid (MZ‐Chlorid) sind ausgezeichnet kristallisierte, stabile Verbindungen, welche sich mit Aminogruppen von Aminosäuren und Peptiden zu organgelben Derivaten umsetzen lassen. Wie die klassische Carbobenzoxygruppe (Z‐) lassen sich die PZ‐ und MZ‐Gruppen durch Hydrierung oder mit HBr in Eisessig leicht wieder spalten. Deshalb und weil Chromatogramme und multiplikative Verteilungen leicht kolorimetrisch ausgewertet werden können, dürften diese neuen Schutzgruppen für die Synthese und Isolierung von Polypeptiden grosse Vorteile bieten.
Löslichkeitsprodukte von Metalloxyden und ‐Hydroxyden. 2. Mitteilung. Das Löslichkeitsprodukt des Thallium(III)‐oxydes
Authors: Schindler P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe solubility equilibrium of thallium(III) oxide at 25° has been investigated by determining [Tl3+] and [H+] in solutions in contact with the solid phase. [Tl3+] and [H+] have been measured by EMF‐method at the constant ionic strength 3M.The precipitation reaction attains a steady state after about 200 hours while the dissolving reaction needs only a few hours.The steady state of both reactions can be expressed by the equationwithSince in 3MNaClO4.Biedermann's measurements of the hydrolysis of Tl3+are discussed with respect to the stability of soluble hydrolysis products.
Untersuchungen über das Schicksal von Antioxydantien im Tierkörper. I. Zum Verhalten der tertiären Butylgruppe
Authors: Bernhard Karl , Thommen Hans 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWir haben eine in der Carboxylgruppe 14C‐signierte α‐Phenylisobuttersäure hergestellt und an Ratten peroral verabreicht. Sie wird nicht abgebaut, vielmehr grösstenteils im Harn wieder ausgeschieden und nur geringfügig in der Leber zurückgehalten. Der Befund wird im Hinblick auf das Verhalten von Antioxydantien mit tertiärer Butylgruppe im Tierkörper diskutiert.
Über N‐Amino‐α‐pyridone
Authors: Hoegerle K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDurch Umsatz von Chloramin mit methylsubstituierten 2‐Pyridonen sowie mit 2‐Chinolon und 4‐Methyl‐2‐thiazolon wurden die N‐Aminoderivate dieser Verbindungen erhalten. Diese wurden durch ihr chemisches und optisches Verhalten charakterisiert.
Über Pyrid[2,1‐b][1,3,4]oxdiazolone‐(2)
Authors: Hoegerle K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUmsatz von 1‐Aminopyridonen‐(2) mit Phosgen ergab ein neues mesoionisches Ringsystem, das Pyrid[2,1‐‐b][1,3,4]oxdiazolon‐(2), dessen chemisches und physikalisches Verhalten untersucht und mit jenem des bekannten Ringsystems Pyrid[1,2‐b][1,2,4]oxdiazolon‐(2) verglichen wurde. Beide Verbindungstypen ergeben beim Umsatz mit Alkoholen und Aminen unter geeigneten Bedingungen unter Öffnung des Oxdiazolonringes Urethane und Harnstoffderivate.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 9. Mitteilung Additions‐ und Substitutionsreaktionen organischer Selenverbindungen mit unpolaren und polaren Äthylenen
Authors: Hölzle G. , Jenny W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEs werden weitere Beispiele für die Addition von Selenenylacetaten an Äthylene beschrieben. Polare Äthylene, welche einseitig mit Elektronendonatoren substituiert sind, reagieren mit Selenenylacetaten unter Bildung von Substitutionsprodukten. Bei Gegenwart von Pyridin gehen auch Selenensäureester, Selenenylhalogenide und Selencyanide mit polaren Äthylenen Substitutionsreaktionen ein. Der Mechanismus der Additions‐ und Substitutions‐ reaktion wird diskutiert.
Über synthetisches d,l‐Muscarin und seine drei Stereoisomeren. Synthese des d,l‐epiallo‐Muscarins. 9. Mitteilung über Muscarin
Authors: Eugster C. H. , Häfliger F. , Denss R. , Girod E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and isolation of d,l‐epiallo‐Muscarine are described. The syntheses of d,l‐Muscarine and its three stereoisomers from 2‐Methyl‐5‐dimethylaminomethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐furan‐3‐one and the properties of their salts are reviewed. The proof for the configurations of d,l‐Muscarine and its three stereoisomers is given.
Zum Problem der Struktur des Lycomarasmins
Authors: Brenner M. , Tamm R. , Quitt P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIm Zusammenhang mit Erwägungen über den Mechanismus der Aminoacyl‐Einlagerungsreaktion ist für das Lycomarasmin eine zum (α‐Hydroxy‐β‐glycyloxy‐propionyl)‐asparagin tautomere bizyklische Struktur in Betracht gezogen worden. Entsprechende synthetische Versuche haben ergeben, dass die postulierte bizyklische Struktur instabil ist und dass das Lycomarasmin deshalb einen anderen Bau muss.
14C‐Umlagerung, Salzeffekte und Ionenpaar‐Rückkehr in der Solvolyse von [2‐(p‐Anisyl)‐äthyl]‐p‐toluolsulfonat
Authors: Jenny E. F. , Winstein S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe solvolysis of 14C‐labelled 2‐p‐anisyl‐1‐ethyl p‐toluenesulfonate p‐CH3O–C6H4–CβH2–*CαH2–OTs (IA) leads to product in which 14C‐scrambling between Cα and Cβ is complete when the solvent is formic acid or acetic acid, but only partial when the solvent is ethanol. These results confirm previous conclusions, based on kinetic evidence, that solvolysis of 2‐p‐anisyl‐1‐ethyl toluenesulfonate is almost exclusively anchimerically assisted in formic and acetic acid solvents, but not in the more nucleophilic solvent, ethanol.
Über fokussierenden Ionenaustausch V. Trennung von Metallionen, insbesondere von radioaktiven Indikatoren durch Austausch mit Protonen
Authors: Schumacher E. , Streiff H. J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFocusing ion exchange (FI) has extensively been studied using a pH‐gradient for producing a gradient in chelating tendency. NTA, EDTA, Chel CD, Chel ME and Chel DE are complexing agents, HCl or HClO4 in suitable concentrations are complex‐destroying agents.
Überführung des (−)‐Sclareols in (+)‐Manool
Authors: Ohloff G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEs wird eine ergiebige Überführung des (−)‐Sclareols in (+)‐Manool beschrieben, die auf der selektiven Esterpyrolyse des Di‐O‐acetyl‐(−)‐sclareols beruht.
Weitere Versuche zur Fettsäurebildung bei Mikroorganismen
Authors: Bernhard Karl , Abisch Leo , Wagner Heribert 
Published: December 2010

Abstract14C‐acetate was added to the culture medium of Phycomyces Blakesleeanus when the fungus was inoculated. Growth was interrupted on the 4th to 14th day and the fatty acids isolated from the mycelium. As in previous studies, linolenic acid exerted the highest degree of specific activity. The percentage of activity exhibited by each of the fatty acids studied remained constant during the various periods of growth. Hydrogenation of linolic acid and linolenic acid, i.e. conversion of unsaturated acids to saturated acids, did therefore not occur. During the phase of reproduction the fungus converted some active substances originally developed, perhaps reserve materials, into fatty acids.
Segmentation by genres: the case of the Aardklop national arts festival
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville , Ellis Suria 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to distinguish between genre supporters and non‐genre supporters at the Aardklop National Arts Festival. This was done to determine genre supporters' individual needs and wants so that effective marketing strategies can be developed and the festival programme can be designed to attract more genre supporters. Previous research indicated that the future of festivals is dependent on the number of show tickets sold and festivals therefore need to attract more genre supporters. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey (N = 495) was conducted, where afterwards independent t‐tests were used to determine the differences between visitors who attend the different ticketed shows/productions and those who do not. Results showed that genre attendees and non‐attendees differ significantly based on socio‐demographic and behaviour characteristics, which gave a comprehensive profile of the two types of visitors at the festival. This method proved to be successful especially in increasing ticket sales. Marketing and management implications for effectively targeting genre supporters were also indicated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic thyroid surgery: An initial experience with North American patients
Authors: Kuppersmith Ronald B. , Holsinger F. Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjective:To review the initial experience of gasless transaxillary robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroid surgery in a series of patients and describe modifications of the technique for the North American patients, selection criteria, and other issues related to this technology.Methods:Retrospective review of the first 31 consecutive cases at a single institution.Results:Thirty‐one patients underwent robotic thyroid surgery. Twenty thyroid lobectomies and 11 total thyroidectomies were performed. Improvements in the length of time to perform components of the procedure were noted from the early group of cases to later group of cases. No major or permanent complications occurred.Conclusions:Robotic thyroid surgery is feasible in North American patients and can be safely performed. The procedure has potential complications and a definite learning curve exists for both surgeons and operating room staff. Training methods need to be validated to ensure safe adoption. More studies need to be performed to further evaluate the relative benefits of this technique. Laryngoscope, 2011
An Iterative Method for Producing Equilibrated Symmetric Three‐Arm Star Polymer Melts in Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Subramanian Gopinath 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMelts of symmetric three‐arm stars are generated using a novel iterative method. In this method, an equilibrated low molecular weight configuration is used to generate progressively higher molecular weights by affine scaling and equilibration. At each stage in the progression, the synthetically lowered entanglement density allows bypassing of the exponentially large relaxation times of branched polymers. The quality of equilibration was assessed by measuring the mean dimensions, distribution of dimensions, and internal length scales of the polymers. The total time required to generate the progression of equilibrated configurations was seen to scale as the Rouse time of the highest molecular weight. magnified image
Molecular mechanisms for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by natural dietary compounds
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Lai Ching‐Shu , Wu Jia‐Ching , Ho Chi‐Tang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractColorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer‐related mortality in both men and women worldwide. This review focuses on preventing the initiation and promotion of neoplastic growth in colorectal cancer, particularly with natural dietary compounds. Chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural dietary compounds and/or synthetic substances that can delay, prevent, or even reverse the development of adenomas, as well as the progression from adenoma to carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of their chemopreventive action are associated with the modulation of signaling cascades, gene expressions involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and the suppression of chronic inflammation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here, we summarize the currently known targets and signaling pathways whereby natural dietary compounds interfere with the development of colorectal cancer, and thus providing evidence for these substances in colonic cancer chemopreventive action.
Fire protection of polypropylene and polycarbonate by intumescent coatings
Authors: Jimenez M. , Duquesne S. , Bourbigot S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn innovative way to improve fire‐retardant properties of different polymers by applying intumescent coatings on their surface has been studied. Two polymers have been investigated: polypropylene and polycarbonate. The surfaces were first subjected to a flaming treatment in order to clean them and to increase their wettability and thus improve the adhesion of the coatings. Two different formulations were then applied: a transparent intumescent varnish, based on an acrylic resin, and an intumescent coating based on polyvinylacetate resin. Different parameters have been obtained using several fire tests. The cone calorimeter, the limiting oxygen index and UL94 tests have been carried out to evaluate the fire‐retardant properties obtained for both the intumescent coating and the intumescent varnish. Results clearly evidence an outstanding improvement of the fire‐retardant properties using intumescent coatings without any incorporation of flame retardants in the bulk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties and flame retardancy of novel epoxy based on phosphorus‐modified Schiff‐base
Authors: Liu Huan , Xu Kai , Cai Hualun , Su Jiangxun , Liu Xin , Fu Zien , Chen Mingcai 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThrough addition reaction of Schiff‐base terephthalylidene‐bis‐(p‐aminophenol) (DP‐1) and diethyl phosphite (DEP), a novel phosphorus‐modified epoxy, 4,4'‐diglycidyl‐(terephthalylidene‐bis‐(p‐aminophenol))diphosphonate ether (EP‐2), was obtained. An modification reaction between EP‐2 and DP‐1 resulted in an epoxy compound, EP‐3, possessing both phosphonate groups and CN imine groups. The structure of EP‐2 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR analyses. The thermal properties of phosphorus‐modified epoxies cured with 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA) and 4,4'‐diaminodiphenyl ether (DDE) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The activation energies of dynamic thermal degradation (Ed) were calculated using Kissinger and Ozawa's methods. The thermal degradation mechanism was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG‐IR). In addition, the flame retardancy of phosphorus‐modified epoxy thermosets was evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 vertical test methods. Via an ingenious design, phosphonate groups were successfully introduced into the backbone of the epoxies; the flame retardancy of phosphorus‐modified epoxy thermosets was distinctly improved. Due to incorporation of CN imine group, the phosphorus‐modified epoxy thermosets exhibited high thermal stabilities; the values of glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) were about 201–210°C, the values of Ed were about 220–490 kJ/mol and char yields at 700°C were 49–53% in nitrogen and 45–50% in air. These results showed an improvement in the thermal properties of phosphorus‐modified epoxy by the incorporation of CN imine groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of ionic cross‐linked sulfonated copolyimide membranes containing pyrimidine groups
Authors: Jin Rizhe , Li Yuhan , Xing Wei , Qiu Xuepeng , Ji Xiangling , Gao Lianxun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of sulfonated copolyimides containing pyrimidine groups (SPIs) were synthesized by random copolymerization of 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminopyrimidine (PAPRM), and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (ODADS). Proton exchange treatment in 1.0 M sulfuric acid solution resulted in ionic cross‐linking of the sulfonated copolymers due to the acid (sulfonic acid)‐base (pyrimidine group) interactions and the membrane with more basic PAPRM moiety could absorb sulfuric acid to favor the proton transfer. The effects of the structure of the diamines on the properties of SPI membranes were evaluated by studying the membrane parameters including water uptake, proton conductivity, water stability, and methanol permeability. The basic pyrimidine groups introduced in the main chains could effectively resist membrane swelling due to the strong interchain interactions through basic pyrimidine groups and sulfonic acid groups. Compared with the corresponding uncross‐linked copolyimides (NTDA/ODADS/ODA), the acid–base copolyimides displayed excellent water stability. The SPI membranes also exhibited improved mechanical properties and decreased methanol permeability. However, the cross‐linked membranes showed lowered proton conductivities than the uncross‐linked ones because a small part of the sulfonic acid groups had been consumed during the cross‐linking process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal stability and fire retardancy of PMMA (nano)composites with layered metal hydroxides containing dodecyl sulfate anions
Authors: Zhu Liying , Su Shengpei , Hossenlopp Jeanne M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLayered double hydroxides (LDHs) with Mg/Al, Zn/Al, Ca/Al metal hydroxide layers, and a Zn/Ni hydroxy double salt (HDS) were prepared with a common anion, dodecyl sulfate [CH3(CH2)10COO−, DS]. The LDH and HDS additives were melt blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The dispersion and morphology were characterized via X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. Mg/Al‐DS and Zn/Al‐DS LDHs were found to form nanocomposites with PMMA, exhibiting good dispersion and some degree of exfoliated morphology for the Zn/Al‐DS/PMMA combination and mixed intercalation and exfoliation behavior for Mg/Al‐DS in PMMA. The Ca/Al‐DS LDH and Zn/Ni‐DS HDS formed microcomposites with PMMA. Thermal stability was investigated via thermogravimetric analysis; each of the additives increased the thermal stability of PMMA. Cone calorimetry was used to measure the fire properties; the microcomposite of Zn/Ni‐DS HDS at 10% loading provided the best improvement in peak heat release rate, with a 40% reduction over the pure polymer. The residue composition after burning the composites was investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocomposites based on ramie fibers and poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA): morphology and properties
Authors: Chen Dakai , Li Jing , Ren Jie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe herein report effects of morphology of PLLA and natural fiber on combination properties of biocomposites based on PLLA and ramie fibers. For this purpose, short ramie fiber (FIB), ramie fabric (FAB), PLLA film (FPLLA), and PLLA powder (PPLLA) were used to investigate the structure–property relationship of PLLA biocomposites with 30 wt% ramie fiber prepared by hot compression molding. It is revealed that mechanical properties of biocomposites are strongly dependent on the morphology of PLLA and FAB. DMA test shows that the improved storage modulus was due to the better dispersion of FIB. DSC and POM tests show that PLLA/FIB biocomposites have the highest spherulite growth rate. TGA test shows that char residue at high temperature is affected by the dispersion of PLLA and ramie fiber. SEM images exhibit the different interfacial adhesion character of FIB and FAB in the PLLA matrix after the ramie fiber treated with alkali and silane. PLLA/FAB biocomposites have not only better anti‐dripping properties when burning but also better aging resistance in UV‐irradiation hydrothermal aging, and which can be attributed to fiber bundle and laminated PLLA biocomposites structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potentially inappropriate prescription of new drug: thiazolidinediones for patients with type II diabetes in Taiwan
Authors: Wen Yu‐Wen , Tsai Yi‐Wen , Huang Weng‐Foung , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan , Chen Pei‐Fen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPurposeTo examine the potentially inappropriate prescription of thiazolidinediones (TZD).MethodsData on TZD prescriptions were collected from Taiwan's National Health Insurance dataset from 2001 to 2006. TZDs were considered inappropriately prescribed when they were prescribed to patients who were (1) under 18 years old, (2) pregnant, who had (3) type 1 diabetes, (4) severe heart failure, (5) hepatic insufficiency, or (6) renal insufficiency and taking TZD + metformin in combination. We aggregated potentially inappropriate prescriptions of TZD for each health‐care institution in each month starting from March 2001, when TZD was introduced to Taiwan's market.ResultsThe potentially inappropriate prescription of TZD increased from 9.41% in 2001 to 12.50% in 2006. Prior inappropriate prescription led to a 0.06% (95%CI: 0.04–0.08) further increase in its later inappropriate prescription. Accumulated months of experience prescribing TZD was found associated with higher proportion of inappropriate prescription of TZD (0.03%, 95%CI: 0.01–0.05). However, it was negatively associated with new incidence of inappropriate prescription of TZD (−0.20, 95%CI: −0.22 to −0.18). The greater the volume of prior TZD prescription (−0.87%, 95%CI: −0.93 to −0.81) and the greater the number of accumulated months since adoption (−0.14%, 95%CI: −0.16 to −0.12), the greater the decrease in rates of new inappropriate prescriptions.ConclusionsAlong with the quick penetration of the new DM drug came an increased possibility that it would be prescribed inappropriately, a trend that persisted over time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐expert's theories of three major personality disorders
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Kirkby Victoria , Mcclelland Alastair 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground The aims of this study were to assess lay people's ability to recognize personality disorders as psychological ‘illnesses’ and to establish their beliefs concerning causes and treatment of each disorder.Methods Two hundred fourteen participants answered a questionnaire, consisting of three case vignettes describing paranoid, narcissistic and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders, according to DSM‐IV‐TR, each followed by 20 attitudinal statements concerning aetiology and treatment.Results Narcissistic personality disorder was the disorder least recognized as a psychological ‘illness’. Overall, psychological causes and treatments were given more prominence than biological ones. Results suggest that personal experience of mental health problems (whether theoretical or practical) seems to improve ‘illness’ recognition.Conclusion To the extent that personality disorders were recognized as psychological ‘illnesses’, recognition was increased if the personality disorder was related to a similar Axis I disorder. Experience of mental health problems and knowledge of psychology or psychiatry improves ‘illness’ recognition, although not for every personality disorder. Psychological causes were endorsed more strongly than biological causes for all disorders—but again, the extent to which a disorder was thought to have a psychological rather than biological cause varied as a function of the disorder. A similar pattern was observed for treatment preferences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding energies of excitons in strained [0001]‐oriented wurtzite AlGaN/GaN double quantum wells
Authors: Zhu J. , Ban S. L. , Ha S. H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA variational method combined with a numerical computation is adopted to investigate binding energies of excitons in wurtzite AlGaN/GaN double quantum wells. The strain modification on material parameters and the built‐in electric fields (BEFs) produced by spontaneous and strain‐induced piezoelectric polarization are taken into account. The dependences of excitonic binding energies on the structural dimension including the widths of asymmetric wells and central barrier are presented. The results indicate that the BEF, which is very strong and can be exactly modulated by the structural dimension, plays a dominant role in determining the binding energy. The exciton is almost indirect one for an asymmetric well influenced by the BEF. The binding energy is very small and is insensitive to the structural dimension. The variation of binding energy versus the widths of both the wells and central barrier in an asymmetric structure is rather different from that in a symmetric one.