bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OSTEOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE OPHTHALMOSAURUS
Authors: APPLEBY R. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYDetailed examinations of two hitherto unknown collections of ophthalmosaurs have been made. Highly ossified specimens have been used to make a restoration of the back of the skull and to bring the occipital and otic regions into their correct relationships with the roofing bones of the skull. The bony labyrinth has been re‐interpreted. The frontal bone is described in detail. Details of post‐cranial osteology are also given, including the presence of a posterior notch in the coracoid of O. icenicus Seeley. This species is rare, most of the known specimens being allocated to the species O. monocharactus sp. nov. This new knowledge has been used to compare the British ophthalmosaurs with American forms from rocks of the same age and it has been shown that Ophthalmosaurus, containing two species, is separate generically from Baptanodon which contains three.
THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HARVEST MICE (MICROMYS MINUTUS) IN CORN RICKS NEAR OXFORD*
Authors: SOUTHWICK CHARLES H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe harvest mouse was a common and occasionally abundant rodent in corn ricks around Oxford in the winter of 1954‐55. After existing as a rare species for several decades, it has apparently increased to its present abundance within one or two years. An unusual opportunity exists for the study of this most interesting mammal.
THE SKULL OF ICTOPS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE INSECTIVORA
Authors: BUTLER P. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe skull of the leptictid insectivore Ictops, from the White River Oligocene, is redescribed, and compared with Echinosorex and other primitive Erinaceidae. It is concluded that Ictops is much more primitive than any known erinaceid, and at the same time possesses characters which indicate that the Leptictidae and Erinaceidae have specialized in divergent directions. The characters which Ictops shares with the Erinaceidae are almost wholly primitive insectivore characters, not indicative of special relationship. The Leptictidae are therefore removed from the Erinaceoidea and placed in a separate superfamily, the Leptictoidea.A new classification of the insectivores is proposed, based on characters of the skull. The Lipotyphla are regarded as an order, with two suborders: (1)Erinaceomorpha, a primitive group consisting of the Leptictoidea and Erinaceoidea; (2)Soricomorpha, a specialized group, probably derived from an erinaceomorph ancestry, and comprizing the Tenrecoidea, Soricoidea and Chrysochloroidea. The chrysoehlorids are regarded as highly specialized derivatives of a soricomorph stock. The Macroscelididae, Tupaiidae, Lemuroidea and Dermoptera are interpreted as forming a natural group (Archonta), with an ancestry near the Erinaceomorpha. The Macroscelididae are related to the Tupaiidae, and thus to the Primates; they are in some ways more primitive than the Tupaiidae, and have developed in a divergent direction, in some respects paralleling the Erinaceidae. They are not closely related to the Lipotyphia, and are placed in a new order, Macroscelidea. The superorder Archonta thus consists of three orders: (1)Macroscelidea, (2)Dermoptera (3)Primates (including Tupaiidae).
THE FEEDING MECHANISM OF THE FISH SPARISOMA GRETENSE (LINNE)
Authors: BOARD P. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA description is given of structures within the mouth and pharynx of the Parrot Fish, Sparisoma cretense (L.).Suggestions that the fish is able to ruminate are shown to be unsupported by the facts available.It is suggested that the fish carries on a type of filter feeding, the filter consisting of the posterior gill‐rakers of the second and third gill arches.Food particles which collect on the filter are scraped off by the anterior portion of the pharyngeal valve.Particles on the floor of the pharynx behind the last gill slit are pushed backward in a film of mucus by the posterior portion of the valve.The movements of the pharyngeal valve during feeding are in phase with the backward and forward movements of the superior pharyngeals, except when the particles being dealt with are large enough to demand some adjustment in the movements of the pharyngeal valve. The feeding mechanism can deal with any particle small enough to enter the mouth.
THE GREY SEAL AT THE ISLES OF SCILLY.
Authors: DAVIES J. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe Cornish Grey Seal colonies have remained static in contrast to a general increase in numbers elsewhere in Britain. At Scilly, almost continuous human interference is thought to have been either directly or indirectly responsible for this. The seals breed on exposed rocky islets in the west of the archipelago and the total population is thought to be about fifty. Short notes are given on breeding behaviour and a short term marking technique for seal calves is explained. A comment is made on the general nature of seasonal movements in the species.
A REPORT ON THE PARASITIC COPEPODA AND BRANCHIURA OF THE FISHES OF LAKE NYASA
Authors: FRYER G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAn account is given of the parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Nyasa.At least thirteen species of parasitic Copepoda and four species of Branchiura are now known from the lake, four of the copepods and one of the branchiurans being described as new in the present paper. Two of the copepods have been assigned to new genera.Of the recorded species nine copepods and two branchiurans are so far known only from L. Nyasa.Notes on the structure, habits, host preferences, and development of several species are given, and quantitative data on the incidence of Lernaea bagri on Bagrus meridionalis are analysed. The larval stages of Afrolernaea longicollis gen. et sp. n. are described, and an account of the structure and behaviour of the larva of Chonopeltis inermis is given for the first time.The extra‐Nyasan distribution of some of the non‐endemic species throws light on the possible migrations of the fishes serving as hosts and suggests former connections across the watersheds of several lake and river systems which are today isolated from one another. This information supports and supplements that already deduced from the distribution of fishes.A species flock of parasitic copepods of the genus Lernaea exists in L. Nyasa. The relationships of the various species are obscured by the specialized and degenerate characteristics associated with the parasitic mode of life but it is possible to point out certain affinities and to correlate to some extent the divergent evolution of certain species with the adaptive radiation of certain genera of cichlid fishes.The possible implications of the rich parasitic crustacean fauna of the lake on fish culture are briefly mentioned.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILY MACROCHELIDAE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SUBFAMILY PARHOLASPINAE (ACARINA‐MESOSTIGMATA)
Authors: EVANS G. OWEN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The classification of the Macrochelidae is discussed. The family is divided into two subfamilies: Macrochelinae Tragardh (including Areolaspinae Trägårdh) and Parholaspinae nov.
Keys are given to the genera (females only) of the Macrochelinae and to genera and species of the Parholaspinae.
Three new genera are proposed Parholaspulus gen. n., type Parholaspulus alstoni sp. n.; Tricholaspis gen. n., type: Tricholaspis marginipilis sp. n., and Neparholaspis gen. n., Type: Neparholaspis spathulatus sp. n.
The following new species, in addition to the three species referred to above, are described and figured Holaspulus tweediei sp. n. (both sexes). Neparholaspis simplex sp. n. (both sexes). Gamasholaspis intermedius sp. n. (female only). Parholaspis kewensis sp. n. (female only).
Parholaspis pachylaelapsoides Schweizer 1932 is considered to be a synonym of Holaspulus tenuipes Berl., 1904, and Parholaspis crispus Willmann 1940 is transferred to the genus Neparholaspis.
THE AFFINITIES OFBURRAMYS PARVUSBROOM A FOSSIL PHALANGEROID MARSUPIAL
Authors: RIDE W. D. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe major part of Broom's original collection of specimens ofBurramys parvusBroom has been re‐examined with the acetic acid technique.Additional information thus acquired makes it certain thatBurramys parvusdoes not belong within the Macropodidae, nor is it ancestral to them.Resemblances toHypsiprymnodon moschatusare the result of convergence, and suggested affinities withThylacoleoappear to be without adequate foundation.Burramys parvushas features in common with several genera of Phal‐angerinae, in particular withEudromicia, Cercaertus, andPetaurusand should be included in this subfamily instead of being placed in a separate monotypic subfamily.Those figured specimens of the species described by Broom from the Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales, which are at present in the Australian Museum, Sydney, must be presumed to be the types.
MOULTING IN THE ANURA: THE NORMAL MOULTING CYCLE OF BUFO REGULARIS REUSS
Authors: TAYLOR SONYA , EWER D. W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The normal behaviour pattern of Bufo regularis while moulting is described.
The frequency of moulting has been determined in various conditions. At 20° C. these toads moult once every four to seven days. The frequency of moulting is not influenced by size, age or feeding, nor does there appear to be any difference in this regard between the sexes; any seasonal variation is slight.
The frequency of moulting is greater at higher temperatures. Abrupt changes of temperature do not upset the moulting rhythm.
At 25° C. less than an hour before moulting the toads pale markedly. The return to normal coloration is slower, taking more than four hours.
The frequency of moulting is higher in toads kept in constant light than in those in constant darkness. In conditions of alternating light and dark there is a well marked preference for moulting during the hours of illumination at 25° and 30° C., but at 20° C. the effect is abolished. It is suggested that light can trigger the events which lead to the shedding of the skin.
THE STOMACH IN THE PROTOBRANCHIA AND SEPTIBRANCHIA (LAMELLIBRANCHIA)
Authors: PURCHON R. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Detailed studies have been made of the structure and function of the stomach in the two protobranchs, Nucula nucleus L. and Nuculana minuta (Müller).
The structure of the stomach in the Protobranchia was described and figured, and defined as Stomach Type I.
The stomach of the septibranch Cuspidaria cuspidaia (Olivi) was similarly examined, described and figured, and was defined as Stomach Type II.
The stomachs of the Protobranchia and Septibranchia were compared and it was noted that there were several common features. Further resemblances were found in the structure of the digestive diverticula, and in the muscular pumping of water by the ctenidium (Nuculana) or by the septum (Cuspidaria).
It was concluded that there is a strong suggestion of phylogenetic relationship between the Protobranchia and the Septibranchia.
The view, previously stated by Yonge, that there was no justification for linking the Protobranchia and the Arcacea in an order Taxodonta was upheld.
ON THE WING‐VENATION OF CHAETEESSA AND OTHER MANTIDS (INSECTA: MANTODEA)
Authors: SMART JOHN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe wings of Chaeteessa are described and the condition of venation commented on. Venation is primitive and blattid‐like.Features of the wings of Metallyticus are described briefly.Comments are made on venation in other genera of mantids and a remarkable uniformity of venation noted. The way in which venation in these other mantids differ from that of Chaeteessa and Metallyticus is considered and homologies are determined.The unique primitiveness of Chaeteessa is confirmed.
THE TEETH OF THE ECHINOIDEA
Authors: MACGREGOR A. B. , CHIR. B. , MACINNES D. G. , MARSLAND E. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe developing hard tissues of the teeth of Echinus esculentus are described and figured, and it is noted that calcification occurs in two forms. Attention is drawn to a structural analogy which appears to exist between these two calcified tissues and the primary tissues of vertebrate teeth, despite certain differences in the chemical analysis. This is considered noteworthy in view of the fact that true teeth are generally associated only with the vertebrates.
HABITAT OF SOME MALAYAN RATS
Authors: Harrison J. L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.During the last five years a good deal of information about the detailed distributon of Malayan rats has been gathered in connection with studies on trombiculid mites carried out at the Institute for Medical Research, Malaya. By methods of trapping and marking rats in a variety of habitats some of their preferences have been worked out. Information on these habitat preferences is given for the following rats: Rattus rattus diardi, R. r. jalorensis, R. r. argentiventer, R. exultans, mülleri, rajah, whiteheadi and sabanus: and some notes on R. norvegicus, annandalei and bowersi.The infestation by trombiculid mites is used as evidence that rats do or do not share the same micro‐habitat, since these mites have no marked host preferences.Evidence is adduced that Rattus rajah surifer and R. r. pellax are probably but colour varieties of the one species.
LARVAE OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF DIOGENES, PAGURUS, ANAPAGURUS AND LITHODES (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA)
Authors: MACDONALD J. D. , PIKE R. B. , WILLIAMSON D. I. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Larvae of nine of the eleven members of the Paguroidea (including Coenobitoidea) recorded from British waters have been hatched from the egg in the laboratory. Zoeal stages and the glaucothoe of each of these nine species are described. A single zoea of a 10th species was obtained from the plankton It is provisionally identified and described.Larval characters provide strong evidence of convergent evolution in the adults, both in those species at present grouped in the Paguridae and in those at present grouped in the genus Pagurus. A revised classification is proposed.
AGE CHANGES IN DIMENSIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SKULLS OF MALE AND FEMALE APES
Authors: ASHTON E. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Comparison has been made between the mean values of corresponding cranial dimensions of samples of male and female chimpanzees, and of male and female gorillas of various ages.
The skull of the adult male chimpanzee is, on the average, 5 per cent bigger than that of the female. No consistent sexual differences in skull size appear to exist in immature specimens of this ape.
The skull of the adult male gorilla is about 18 per cent bigger than that of the female, sexual differences first appearing when the permanent incisors, second molars and premolars are erupting.
It is suggested that the greater degree of sexual differentiation in the gorilla arises because its adolescent growth‐spurt begins earlier, and possibly lasts longer, than in the chimpanzee.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOVEMENTS OF MOLES (TALPA EUROPAEA L.) AFTER WEANING
Authors: Crowcroft) GILLIAN K. GODFREY (Mrs. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Pregnant female moles (Talpa europaea L.) were labelled with radioactive Cobalt and their ranges determined with a Geiger‐Müller counter unit.
Some of their young were also labelled and their movements studied during the first ten weeks after weaning.
The young became familiar with their mothers' ranges within a few days of leaving the nest, and remained within them for the entire period.
Factors influencing the dispersal of young moles are briefly discussed.
THE ANATOMY OF POTAMOTHERIUM AN OLIGOCENE LUTRINE
Authors: SAVAGE R. J. G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A detailed account is given of the anatomy of the skeleton and dentition of Potamotherium, the first known otter, from Upper Oligocene lacustrine deposits in Allier, central France. Almost all parts of the skeleton are represented: the bones are plentiful and well preserved, displaying many aquatic adaptations.The taxonomy of the Lutrinae, the stratigraphy of the deposits containing Potamotherium and their associated fauna are briefly discussed in the introduction.Study of the dentition includes consideration of milk teeth. Potamotherium is the only lutrine retaining the second upper molar and the dentitions, both milk and permanent, are rather more complex than those of present day lutrines, though basically very similar to Lutra: the differences are interpreted taxonomically but no functional explanations are possible.The description of the skull bones is outlined and the structures transmitted by the cranial foramina interpolated. Detailed study is centred on the brain, ear and nasal region. The pattern of the cortical convolutions is mapped, and the ratios of brain weight to body weight in various lutrines are compared. The petrosum reveals details of the semi‐circular canals and cochlea, and two of the ossicles are described: an attempt is made to interpret auditory perception. Preservation of maxillo‐ and ethmo‐turbinals, together with the olfactory lobes of the brain leads to an analysis of the nasal region and its functions. The mechanics of jaw movements are discussed and these considered along with the dentition suggest the likely feeding habits.The anatomy of the vertebral column, ribs and sternum is described in detail. The main factors influencing locomotion are discussed and comparisons made with living carnivores. The poise of the neck, arching of the back and length of the tail are each considered. The varying position of the zygapo‐physes are correlated with the degree of flexibility of the back and certain characters of the ribs are shown to be adaptations to aquatic breathing.The anatomy of the pectoral girdle and fore limb includes discussion of the main muscles. The mechanical bases of the limb adaptations are explained, and these compared with fully aquatic and non‐aquatic species. The rotary movements of the manus are correlated with its use in land and in water.The study of the pelvic girdle and hind limb reveals that most bones have different proportions from those of terrestrial carnivores; this effects the mechanics of muscle actions, enabling aquatic movements to be performed more effectively. Prom the shape of the pelvic girdle the probable size of the litters is predicted. The knee joint, the patella, the muscles to the pes and the length of the metatarsals are among the features discussed in the determination of the functions of the hind limb.In conclusion the mode of life and probable appearance of Potamotherium are considered. On land it must have closely resembled Lutra, while in the water this abundantly successful lake‐dweller was a powerful swimmer.
THE FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SEA URCHIN PSAMMECHINUS MILIARIS (GMELIN) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: HANCOCK D. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Feeding experiments have shown that burrs, Psammechinus miliaris, are capable of penetrating and eating adult oysters, but they were found to do so only rarely.The erosion of oysters seemed to result from the activity of Psammechinus in search of Polydora and Cliona. Barnacles, cockles and ascidians were eaten frequently. The maximum feeding rate occurred during the summer.
NAPHTHAQUINONE PIGMENT IN THE TROPICAL SEA URCHIN DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI
Authors: MILLOTT NORMAN 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Pigment with the characteristics of a naphthaquinone is widely distributed throughout the body of the echinoid Diadema antillarum. Chromatography indicates that there is a main reddish orange pigment sometimes accompanied by small amounts of a purple pigment.The purified main pigment crystallises in red needles which melt at 223°C, sublime about 200°C, and in acidified ether show absorption maxima at 263/64: 337/39: 462/63 mμ. It appears to be a hydroxynaphthaquinone resembling echinochrome A.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTESTINAL BLOOD‐SYSTEM OF LAMPREYS (PETROMYZONIDAE), WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF VASCULAR COUPLES
Authors: BAXTER E. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

The circulation of blood in the intestinal wall has been studied in living lamprey embryos and unpigmented larvae.
A simple circulation is established just before the time of hatching.
The anterior mesenteric artery supplies the intestinal wall and the sub‐intestinal vein drains it.
Shortly after hatching, posterior mesenteric vessels appear.
When pigmentation sets in the posterior mesenteric artery develops a connection with the posterior cardinal veins by way of recto‐cloacal vessels.
Torsion of the intestine and its blood vessels extends gradually towards the posterior end but ceases at the end of the typhlosole.
A median dorsal branch of the posterior mesenteric artery comes to lie in or on the wall of the intestine on its left side and enters the typhlosole to become confluent with the anterior mesenteric artery as the typhlosolar artery.
Additional posterior mesenteric arteries supply the peripheral part of the intestinal wall and persist throughout the ammocoete stage.
In the ammocoete a sub‐cardinal vein takes blood from the kidneys to the post‐cardinal veins.
At or just before metamorphosis outgrowths from the sub‐cardinal vein grow down within the connective tissue coat of the posterior mesenteric arteries to reach the intestinal wall, thus forming the “vascular couples” characteristic of the adult.
During metamorphosis secondary venous connections are developed between the kidney veins and the post‐cardinal veins.
Questions of terminology are discussed and the term “supra‐renal sinus”abandoned in favour of“sub‐cardinal sinus”.
The term “vascular couple” is retained. “Veins”, “arteries” and “ligaments” of previous authors are interpreted according to the mode of development of the vascular couple.
The “valves” of Keibel (1924) are shown to be sphincters in the wall of the dorsal aorta at the origin of the segmental parietal arteries.
The general plan of the intestinal blood system of the adult lamprey shows the persistence of several features characteristic of the earlier developmental stages.
The functional significance of the vascular couples is still not fully understood.
THE STRUCTURES PRODUCING “NON‐IRIDESCENT” BLUE COLOUR IN BIRD FEATHERS
Authors: AUBER L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The paper deals with the morphology and evolution of feathers of structural colours based on Tyndall's principle (short wavelengths of light are scattered from a cloudy medium, underlaid by pigmentations that absorb long wavelengths).
The texture of the cloudy medium, usually of medullary origin, represents a dimensional extreme of vacuolization in feathers without Tyndall colour.
Concealed bases of Tyndall‐coloured feathers show primitive conditions, as found in dull‐coloured feathers. Transitions between bases and bright terminal regions are interpreted as evolutionary steps, ontogenetically repeated in retrogression.
There are few alternative configurations in pigmentation (1) of medullary or cortical portions, each of them evolved convergently in heterogeneous families: convergence is evident from differences in baso‐terminal transitions (3).
Divergence of related species (or of plumage regions in the same species) in late evolutionary phases is suggested by agreement in transitional, but differences in terminal, configurations.
Evolution of alternative configurations may be controlled by available quantities of cells: these are sometimes correlated with the body volume.
The taxonomic significance of Tyndall configurations has been discussed.
Convergent evolution (4) of configurations in Alcedinidae and Thraupidae has been studied in detail.
Double medullae in Alcedinidae and Thraupidae may represent stabilization of fluctuant conditions in other families.