bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some properties of concentrated solutions of invert sugar and urea
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Triffett A. C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvert sugar and mixtures of invert sugar and urea containing 20–30% of urea absorb approximately the same amounts of water at all relative humidities and these amounts are about two‐thirds of that absorbed by glycerol under the same conditions. The solutions of the mixtures have much lower viscosities than those of invert sugar and in this resemble solutions of glycerol more closely. The value of the mixtures as humectants is limited by their low thermal stability and by a tendency to deposit an addition compound of glucose and urea. If this addition compound is removed, a humectant remains which is permanently liquid.The comparatively low viscosities of solutions containing both invert sugar and urea makes it possible to filter the addition compound of glucose and urea from highly concentrated solutions and to obtain it in yields corresponding to 75% of the glucose present. Some partition ratios of glucose, fructose and urea have been measured and it is concluded that efficient separation of those two sugars from urea by liquid‐liquid extraction is unlikely.
Reaction of sodium hydride with boron trichloride to form diborane
Authors: Batha H. D. , Good C. D. , Faust J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium hydride and boron trichloride react to form nearly stoicheiometric amounts of diborane in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride and aromatic solvents such as benzene. The sodium chloride by‐product, which apparently prevents reaction of sodium hydride if it is not removed from the surface of the hydride, reacts with aluminium chloride and dissolves in benzene. The reaction temperature should be kept below 68° to minimise decomposition of the sodium hydride.
Critical temperatures and critical pressures for the ethane—n‐butane—n‐pentane system
Authors: Mehra V. S. , Thodos G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe limited critical temperatures and pressures resulting from the vapour—liquid equilibrium studies for the ethane—n‐butane—n‐pentane system have been utilised along with the available critical temperatures and pressures of the corresponding binary systems to obtain relationships for the critical temperatures and pressures covering the entire range of compositions for this ternary system.
Molar volumes of mixed nitrate melts
Authors: Al‐Mahdi A. A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDensities of liquid potassium nitrate containing from 0·1 mole to 0·4 mole fraction of calcium nitrate have been measured with a manometric densitometer. The lowest liquidus temperature measurement ranged from 160° to about 400°, above which chemical decomposition became prominent.Isotherms of molar volume as a function of composition were found to be straight lines, and thus the mixtures behave ideally with respect to volume change on mixing. Coefficients of thermal expansion of different mixtures have been calculated.
Determination of dissolved oxygen by the winkler method and the solubility of oxygen in pure water and sea water
Authors: Montgomery H. A. C. , Thom N. S. , Cockburn A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractValues for the solubility of oxygen in water obtained by a modification of the Winkler method are shown to be low because of losses of iodine vapour. Iodine vapour is also lost in two of the standard modifications of the Winkler method in common use, the amount lost depending on the technique of the analyst.The volatilisation of iodine can be avoided by the use of the alkaline iodide reagent of Pomeroy & Kirschman; a procedure employing this reagent is described. Interference by pitrites and ferric iron may be eliminated by sodium azide and phosphoric acid respectively.The accuracy of the Winkler method, modified to prevent the loss of iodine vapour, has been confirmed using gaseous oxygen as a standard.Using the procedure recommended, determinations have been made of the solubility of atmospheric oxygen in distilled water between 0·4° and 37°, and in sea water between 2° and 27°. The results for distilled water are in excellent agreement with those of Klots & Benson between 2° and 27°; the new values for sea water agree fairly well with those of Fox.In measurements of the rate of solution of oxygen, the approach to equilibrium using these values was consistent with the law of Adeney & Becker.
Use of carbon‐14 in the study of metal‐carbon dioxide reactions
Authors: Jepson W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen a metal is oxidised in carbon dioxide, the growth of oxide film may be accompanied by the deposition of carbon which may return to the gas phase as carbon monoxide, remain in the oxide film or dissolve in the metal. Isotopic tracer techniques with carbon‐14 provide a simple method by which the amount of carbon deposition may be measured, and they also provide a unique method by which the fate of this carbon may be determined. The current experimental techniques are outlined and numerical values are given, with illustrative results, for the oxidation of beryllium, of a 20/25/niobium austenitic steel and of chromium.
The promotion of dropwise condensation by mono‐layers of radioactive fatty acids II. Chromium surfaces
Authors: Tanner D. W. , Pope D. , Potter C. J. , West D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the promotion of dropwise condensation on chromium surfaces by monolayers of stearic acid‐1‐14C, montanic acid‐19,20‐T(n), and mixed monolayers of stearic acid and octadecane. The desorption of promoter during condensation was followed by carbon‐14 and tritium counting and by autoradiography. The accompanying increase in wettability was characterised by changes in heat transfer. The life of promotion ranged from 50 to 200 min., increasing in the series: mixed monolayer < stearic acid < montanic acid. It is concluded that the promotion life of a fatty acid on chromium is determined by the rate of desorption.
The pick‐up of sulphur dioxide by paper
Authors: Hudson F. Lyth , Grant R. L. , Hockey J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe authors have further developed a method, using radioactive sulphur dioxide for examining the effect of variables such as humidity, temperature and furnish on the affinity of sulphur dioxide for paper.The temperature coefficient indicates that a diffusion process determines the rate of uptake which is also almost linearly related to moisture content, being increased by storage under moist conditions.
The specific heats of linear high polymers
Authors: Melia T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecific heat studies on linear high polymers in the temperature range 0° to 400°K are reviewed and the temperature dependence of the specific heats of high polymers is discussed. The detection of reversible and irreversible transitions in high polymers by specific heat measurements is also considered. Thermodynamic properties derived from specific heat data are listed for several polymers. Suggestions are made for further research.
Piston‐flow reactor model for continuous industrial fermentations
Authors: Grieves R. B. , Pipes W. O. , Milbury W. F. , Wood R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the piston‐flow (tubular) fermentor would provide operational difficulties, it is of significance for the analysis of mixing imperfections, for the analysis of a large number of stirredtank fermentors operated in series, and for the possibility of more efficient operation than the stirred tank. The basic kinetics of microbial growth are reviewed, noting that the reaction order varies during the course of reaction from autocatalytic first to ordinary first order; the equations describing effluent micro‐organism and limiting substrate concentrations for a stirred‐tank fermentor operated with recycle are reviewed. A rigorous analysis of the piston‐flow fermentor is given, for the first time, by means of a combination of the equations of microbial growth with a mathematical description of the hydraulic regime. A quantitative comparison is made between the two basic reactor types: the type of fermentor used depends on the objective of the process; if the objective is the reduction in effluent concentration of the limiting substrate, the piston‐flow fermentor provides more efficient operation. High recycle and concentration factors are of greater benefit to the piston‐flow unit, which becomes more efficient from the point of view of both objectives.
Influence of radiant energy source on bitumen oxidation
Authors: Martin K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy use of the steady change in infra‐red absorption of the carbonyl functional groups of bitumen with increase of radiant energy flux, the oxidation rates of four air‐blown bitumens of coating grade have been obtained for the three sources of radiation, carbon arc, xenon arc, and sunlight. Differences in the pattern of oxidation for the much used carbon arc compared with both xenon‐arc and solar irradiation were found, whereas the last two sources induced nearly identical behaviour in the bitumens. Continuous measurement of the intensity of the solar radiation by pyroheliometry has indicated that the oxidation rates are directly proportional to intensity, sensitive to very low intensities and independent of diurnal changes. Potassium ferrioxalate dosimetry has shown that the intensity of the xenon‐arc irradiation as used in a weatherometer simulated that of summer sunshine extremely well, whereas the carbon‐arc irradiation, as used in the ASTM method of evaluation of weatherometer durability of bitumens, had a fivefold greater intensity. This increased intensity changed the pattern of rate of bitumen oxidation rather than simply accelerating the steady‐state oxidation rates.
Improved methods of deposit analysis. I. Silicon, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, chloride
Authors: Grant J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods employed for the analysis of fly ash and high‐temperature bonded deposits for silicon, aluminium, calcium, magnesium and chloride ion are given. These are determined from one solution obtained by fusing a 0·2 g. sample with sodium hydroxide followed by treatment with sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.The effect of certain interfering ions has been determined and a large number of these ions are removed from the test solution, before determination of calcium, magnesium and aluminium, by mercury cathode electrolysis followed by cupferron‐chloroform extraction.Silicon and aluminium are determined colorimetrically, calcium and magnesium by complexometric methods and the chloride ion by potentiometer.Estimates of standard deviation of 0·09% for silica, 0·1% for alumina and 0·05% for calcium oxide and magnesia were obtained. The methods are suitable for batch analysis.
The effects of some organic acids and salts on the setting of gypsum plaster. I. Acetates
Authors: Combe E. C. , Smith D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe properties of one batch of autoclave calcium sulphate hemihydrate have been determined. A study has been made of the effects of various concentrations of acetic acid, and potassium and calcium acetates on (i) the rate of evolution of heat, (ii) the setting expansion, (iii) the setting time, (iv) the compressive strength, (v) pH and (vi) the crystal morphology of this plaster. A theory of Ridge et al. has been tested and is discussed.It has been shown that the three additives have some similarities in their effects on the kinetics of setting and it is concluded that the acetate ion plays a major role in the observed retardation of setting.
The kinetics of the thermal hydrocracking of cresols
Authors: Davies G. A. , Long R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the thermal hydrocracking of o‐, m‐ and p‐cresol in the temperature range 580—700° at pressures up to 390 p.s.i.g. with hydrogen/cresol ratios ranging from 0.8/1.0to 4.0/1.0 in a continuous flow reactor. The main products of the reaction, analysed by gas chromatography, are toluene and phenol (primary products) and benzene (secondary product). Small amounts of 2,6‐xylenol are present in the products from o‐cresol.In the presence of excess hydrogen the results for the overall rate of hydrocracking are found to fit a 1.5‐order rate equation, first‐order with respect to the cresol and 0.5‐order with respect to hydrogen. A possible mechanism for the main reactions taking place has been suggested which accords with the rate equations obtained experimentally.As the hydrogen/feed ratio is reduced below 1.0/1.0 the products become more complex and the 1.5‐order rate equation no longer applies. When nitrogen is used instead of hydrogen, i.e., under conditions of thermal cracking, the results are found to fit a first‐order rate equation which agrees with that proposed by Neuworth & Jones.The rate constants for the hydrocracking of the cresol isomers are found to be in the order: ortho > para > meta.
Tensio‐gravimetric determination of the activity of methanol in the sodium methoxide/methanol system, and the solvation of the aqueous hydroxide ion and the methanolic methoxide ion
Authors: Freeguard G. F. , Moodie R. B. , Smith D. J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTensio‐gravimetric analysis is used to determine the activity of methanol for the sodium methoxide–methanol system over the whole range of composition, and the existence of a solid solvate is demonstrated. Solvent activities and acidity function data are combined to deduce solvation numbers of solute species. The treatment is shown to be successful for the aqueous hydroxide ion but not for the methoxide ion in methanol, and reasons for this are discussed.
Extraction of some mineral acids by tri‐n‐octylamine
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution equilibria of nitric, hydrochloric, perchloric, sulphuric and phosphoric acids between aqueous solutions and benzene solution of tri‐n‐octylamine have been investigated. The partition and infra‐red results indicate that the extraction of these acids is governed by the formation of the mono‐amine salts of monobasic acids, and of the mono‐, di‐(and tri‐) amino salts of di‐(and tri‐) basic acids.
Removal of trace amounts of strontium from aqueous solutions by ion flotation. II Continuous scale operation
Authors: Davis B. M. , Sebba F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA flotation circuit operating on a continuous basis has been designed and constructed for removal of Sr ions from simple aqueous solutions. Under steady‐state conditions, a continuous extraction rate of 97.3% has so far been achieved. The effects of changing the gas rate and flow rates of both the Sr and collector solutions were also examined. Finally a discussion is included where the results of these experiments are compared with those from similar continuous‐scale experiments where Sr ions are removed by the technique of foam separation.
The effect of grinding on precipitated magnesium hydroxide
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Saenz J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnesium hydroxide, prepared by precipitation, was ground in a vibratory ball mill for 733 h. Samples were withdrawn at intervals, and examined by thermogravimetric analysis and by X‐ray diffraction (the broadening of the lines being analysed using integral breadths), and their specific surfaces were determined by adsorption of nitrogen at —183°.The results indicate that the particles initially consist of small piles of plate‐like crystallites and that they become progressively fractured across their (001) faces, until they are approximately equi‐dimensional. By a process of shearing and re‐adhesion, the piles become increasingly turbostratic in structure, but distortion of the lattice appears only after 350 h. Water is adsorbed on the surface temporarily exposed during grinding and some, at least, of it becomes buried in the interior of the particles.
Residual odour in plasticisers: Measurement of volatile components by a modified glc technique
Authors: Sully B. D. , Janes J. F. , Williams P. L. , Andrews B. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is described for the determination of volatile odorous impurities in plasticisers using a modified GLC technique in which the plasticiser itself acts as its own stationary phase. Assessments made by an odour panel show that for ester‐type plasticisers there is a good correlation with the content of free alcohol down to at least 10 ppm.
The reaction between ethylene and chlorine‐water in a wetted‐wall column. I. The mechanism of reaction
Authors: Dun P. W. , Wood T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA wetted‐wall column was used to measure rates of sorption of ethylene into the following liquids: pure water, aqueous hypochlorous acid, and chlorine‐water acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Experimentally determined diffusivities of ethylene in water, at 20° and 30°, are consistent with previously reported values. The experimental evidence supports Shilov's mechanism viz., that the reaction between ethylene and chlorine‐water takes place via a liquid‐phase complex of ethylene and free chlorine.
The adsorption of benzene vapour from an air stream, by beds of charcoal. II. The rate‐controlling mechanism
Authors: Jones W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate‐controlling mechanisms discussed are: (i) mass transport of vapour in the air; (ii) an irreversible surface reaction, controlled by a thin, stagnant layer of air around the charcoal granules; (iii) a reversible surface reaction, also controlled by a thin layer of air; (iv) diffusion of vapour into the granules. In each case, a linear equilibrium adsorption isotherm of benzene vapour by charcoal is assumed. An electrical analogue of the uptake (linear isotherm) is described and its use and the results obtained are discussed. It is concluded that diffusion of vapour into the granule as the rate‐controlling mechanism, gives the best description of the observed results.
Thermodynamics of addition polymerisation I. The system trioxane‐polyoxymethylene
Authors: Melia T. P. , Bailey D. , Tyson A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermodynamic functions of trioxane have been calculated at various temperatures in the range 0° to 1,000°k. These results have been used in conjunction with previously published data for trioxane and polyoxymethylene to calculate the enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes associated with the polymerisation of trioxane.
The analysis of gypsum plasters and minerals by thermogravimetry
Authors: Keattch C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure is described for determining calcium sulphate hydrates by thermogravimetry. the carbonate content, if desired, can also be determined simultaneously. the method has been applied to gypsum plasters and minerals, and has also proved useful in determining the degree of hydration of set gypsum plasters.
Vapour phase adsorption measurements of c6 hydrocarbon mixtures on synthetic faujasite
Authors: Eberly P. E. , Kimberlin C. N. , Baker L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new apparatus is described for measuring pure component isotherms of condensable vapours at temperatures of 25°–150° and pressures up to 600 mm. Facilities are also incorporated into the unit to permit the study of multicomponent adsorption. Without disturbing the adsorption equilibrium, the gas phase can be separated from the adsorbed phase for subsequent analysis by independent methods. With n‐hexane, hexene‐1, 1,5‐hexadiene and benzene on synthetic faujasite at 97°, the pure component isotherms follow the Langmuir equation and the amount adsorbed at saturation has a nearly constant value of 0.23 liq. ml/g. In the adsorption of binary mixtures of benzene and n‐hexane at 97°, the separation factor varies strongly with composition and ranges in value from 13 to 52. A maximum factor is observed at intermediate compositions. Hexene‐1‐n‐hexane mixtures under the same conditions give a lower separation factor of 2–3 which is more nearly constant with composition. Data on multicomponent adsorption of other mixtures are also presented.
The reaction between ethylene and chlorine‐water in a wetted‐wall column. II. Rate equations
Authors: Dun P. W. , Wood T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSecond‐order rate constants have been estimated for the reaction at 20° and 30°. The activation energy, 11 kcal per g‐mol., is consistent with other gas‐liquid systems. Prediction of sorption rates based on the theory for very rapid reaction is adequate, provided that the concentration of free chlorine in the liquid phase is known. In solutions containing 0.3n‐HCl the free chlorine concentration is equal to the total dissolved chlorine concentration; but, in aqueous solutions, the free chlorine concentration in the reaction zone appears to be greater than that calculated for equilibrium conditions.
The enrichment of gases of low calorific value with liquefied petroleum gases
Authors: Cross R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibria have been established between a lean gas of steam reformer composition and each of a number of light hydrocarbons whose mole fractions in the vapour phase were measured at pressures from 100 to 1000 p.s.i.g. at four temperatures around 0°.The manner in which the levels of saturation achieved at pressure depend on the molecular forces between the particular hydrocarbon added and each constituent of the gas is demonstrated.The experimental results enable hydrocarbon dew points to be calculated for a gas, initially of low calorific value, which has been enriched with a commercial hydrocarbon mixture.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria. System: Acetone—hexyl alcohol
Authors: Ramachandra Rao P. , Chiranjivi C. , Dasarao C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsobaric vapour‐liquid equilibrium results have been determined for the binary system acetone‐hexyl alcohol at 760 mm total pressure by use of a Scatchard still. The vapour‐liquid equilibrium results for this system are satisfactorily correlated by Wohl's three‐suffix Margules equations.
Phase equilibria in the system sucrose—glucose—fructose
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. , Brown D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe melting points of mixtures of sucrose, glucose and fructose have been determined, so as to cover the full range of concentrations in the two‐ and three‐component systems. Three binary eutectics and one ternary eutectic were identified each with a fixed melting point, but all other concentrations showed a melting point range corresponding to liquidus—solidus characteristics.
Studies on the separation of o‐ and p‐chloronitrobenzene by solvent extraction. II
Authors: Hanson C. , Patel A. N. , Chang‐Kakoti D. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary phase‐equilibrium diagrams are presented for the o‐ and p‐isomers of chloronitrobenzene with anhydrous methanol and with 90% aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and propanol. by means of a leaching process with 90% aqueous methanol, it is possible to obtain some 75% of the p‐isomer in a pure form from a mixture initially containing o‐ and p‐isomers in the ratio 3:7.
Some ageing characteristics of lime
Authors: Swenson E. G. , Sereda P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study involves the special case of lime compacts which are considered to serve as models for the system of lime in hydrated Portland cement paste. The ageing of lime was studied by measuring length changes of powdered samples under various steady‐state and alternating conditions of humidity. As an explanation for the unique behaviour of lime compacts, a primary mechanism is proposed based on the theory that recrystallisation occurs at least at areas of particle contact when lime compacts are exposed to humidities above a certain value. Furthermore, this recrystallised product is more accommodating than the parent material, and hence it can be consolidated by forces due to menisci or changes in surface free‐energy. This action is manifested by irreversible shrinkage on storage at intermediate humidities, by drying after storage or by alternating between two levels of humidity.