bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial nerves 3,4 and 6: from brainstem to orbit
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To review the pertinent anatomy of the ocular motor cranial nerves in correlation with their clinical presentationMethods didactic lecture and cassResults The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (CN3) is composed of several subnuclei. The central caudal subnucleus innervates the levator palpebrae bilaterally. Fibers from the superior rectus subnucleus decussate and innervate the SR muscle of the contralateral eye. Axonal fascicles from each subnucleus remain topographically arranged as they traverse the midbrain. Autonomic fibers (pupil and accommodation) orient dorsomedially in the peripheral nerve as it exits the peduncles of the ventral midbrain. The clinical presentation of a nuclear, fascicular and peripheral lesion of CN3 are distinctive and localizing. The trochlear nerve (CN4) is the smallest cranial nerve yet has the longest pathway. It is susceptible during closed head injury. The abducens nerve (CN6) exits the ventral pons and ascends the clivus to reach the cavernous sinus. It is prone to injury with changes in intracranial pressure. Lesions of the clivus can also cause bilateral abducens palsy.Conclusion Understanding the anatomic pathway of the ocular motor nerves can help focus the etiology and location of the lesion.
Commercial interest
Supranuclear eye movement disorders
Authors: BORRUAT FX 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSupranuclear disorders of eye movement result from a relative deafferentiation of oculomotor nuclei (III, IV, VI) in the presence of intact nuclei, cranial nerves and extraocular muscles. In supranuclear oculomotility disorders there is often a dissociation of eye movements (for example, gaze palsy with preserved vestibulo‐ocular reflex, or saccadic palsy with preserved pursuit). This presentation will discuss the most important supranuclear disorders, including internuclear ophthalmoplegia, dorsal mesencephalic syndrome, skew deviation, and progressive supranuclear palsy. At the end of the session, participants should be able to recognize and provide a differential diagnosis for the aforementioned supranuclear disorders.
Suspicious choroidal naevi
Authors: KIVELÄ T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To summarize salient characetristics of suspicious uveal naevi and guidelines for their management.Methods Review of literature and personal experience.Results The differential diagnosis of uveal naevi and melanoma is based on clinical examination with the slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope together with ultrasonography of the eye. Large to medium‐sized melanomas are reliably differentiated from naevi using these methods. The challenge lies in early detection of small melanomas which are more difficult to tell from presumed naevi. A useful mnemonic 'To Find Small Ocular Melanomas' reminds the general ophthalmologist to look for tumour Thickness of more than 2 mm, subretinal Fluid, visual Symptoms, Orange pigment and location of the tumour Margin at the optic disc. Optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence imaging help in identifying subretinal fluid and orange pigment and in measuring the thickness of thin choroidal naevi and melanomas. Each of the risk characteristics roughly doubles the likelihood of growth so that the risk for growth is about 30 times higher when all five characteristics are present as compared to their absence. In addition, a low acoustic profile, the absence of a halo around the tumour and the absence of drusen over it increase the likelihood of growth. The trend is toward taking a biopsy of suspicious small choroidal tumours as an alternative to documenting growth before treating them as melanomas.Conclusion Patients with a choroidal melanocytic tumour with at least one risk characteristic benefit from referral to an ocular oncologist. The rest of the patients can be made aware of their presumed naevus and that they should be observed periodically. The patients should be told to return immediately if they develop new visual symptoms.
Malignant melanoma of the uvea: radiotherapy techniques
Authors: DESJARDINS L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Malignant melanoma of the uvea is a relatively radioresistant tumor which can be treated with radiotherapy only with high dose. For this reason only radiotherapy techniques with precise location of the radiation doses are usedMethods Proton beam therapy has been used since 1975 by Gragoudas in Boston and the in Europe since 1983.Because of the Bragg pick, the use of an accelerated proton beam allows delivering homogenous high dose to the tumor while sparing the normal tissue around. Brachytherapy is also widely used. It consists to suture to the sclera against the tumor a radioactive plaque that can contain iodine 125 seeds or ruthenium. Iodine 125 is a low energy gamma emmeting isotope; the radiation is totally stopped by heavy metals like gold .The seeds need to be changed every two months because of its half life. Ruthenium 106 is a beta emmiting isotope. Its low penetration prevents its use for the bigger tumors. With brachytherapy the dose of 90 grays is usually delivered to the top of the tumor while the base receives more than 300grays.Results Tumor control is excellent with proton beam (less than 5% recurrence at 5 years) and good with brachytherapy (less than 10% recurrence at 5 years) Globe preservation is possible in more than 90% of treated patients. The visual acuity depends of the size and location of the tumor. Mortality by metastasis is equal after conservative management by radiotherapy or enucleation.Conclusion Various techniques of radiotherapy can achieve good local control and globe preservation in patients with uveal melanoma
Malignant melanoma of the uvea: surgical techniques
Authors: DAMATO B 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To describe the surgical techniques in the management of uveal melanoma.Methods The surgical techniques include: excision‐, incision‐, and aspiration‐biopsy; various forms of exo‐resection and endoresection; enucleation and exenteration. Local resection and enucleation can be primary or secondary.Results Biopsy greatly enhances prognostication by allowing multivariate analysis of clinical, histological and genetic predictors of metastasis. Primary local resection is indicated in only a minority of patients, in whom radiotherapy is unlikely to be successful, because of tumour size or location. The role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy is controversial. Secondary local resection can salvage eyes with local tumour recurrence or the toxic tumour syndrome after radiotherapy. Enucleation may be necessary because the tumour is too extensive when the patient presents or because of complications after conservative forms of therapy.Conclusion The results of biopsy and surgical treatment are highly surgeon‐dependent and require appropriate skills if complications are to be avoided. Intensive efforts are required to ensure that skills are transferred between surgeons so that technical advances are not forgotten.
Photophobia in neuro‐ophthalmological conditions
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To understand the clinical presentation and possible mechanism of photophobia in neuro‐ophthalmological conditions. migraine and meningitis and lesions along the anterior visual pathway.Methods case studies, literature reviewResults Photophobia is a symptom that commonly accompanies migraine and meningitis. It occurs occasionally with lesions along the anterior visual pathway and in particular with suprasellar mass lesions, even if there is no evidence of chiasmal dysfunction. Such patients complain of a variety of symptoms related to excessive light perception. These take the form of photopsias, glare, dazzle, light aversion and photooculodynia.Conclusion Recent evidence and new physiologic concepts related to centrally‐mediated light sensitivity and intolerance point to the thalamus as an integrating center for light and nociceptive signals. We will review these "photophobia circuits" and examine their application in clinical neuroophthalmology
Commercial interest
The role of electrophysiology
Authors: HOLDER GE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To demonstrate the role of electrophysiological assessment in the investigation and management of the patient with photophobia, or whose vision is worse under bright lighting conditions.Methods The ISCEV standard techniques for ERG, PERGm, mfERG and EOG recording will be described, as will any necessary non‐standard protocol additions.Results Selected cases will be used to illustrate the value of the objective data provided by electrophysiology.Conclusion The objective data provided by electrophysiological assessment is important to the assessment, diagnosis and management of this group of patients.
Donor bone marrow derived dendritic cells promote corneal allograft survival in the rat
Authors: O'FLYNN L , TREACY O , RYAN A , MORCOS M , NOSOV M , RITTER T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Glucocorticoid treatment of ex‐vivo generated donor bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) will promote graft survival upon injection into corneal transplant recipients.Methods BMDCs were propagated from Dark Agouti (DA) rat BM precursor cells and for glucocorticoid treated BMDCs, dexamethasone (Dexa) 10e‐6M was added to the culture. BMDCs +/‐ Dexa phenotype, APC function and immunostimulatory capacity were examined. A fully allogeneic rat corneal transplantation model (DA to LEW) was used for in‐vivo studies. BMDCs +/‐ Dexa were harvested and 1x10e6 cells injected intravenously into recipients 7 days prior to corneal transplantation. Graft survival and development of opacity, edema and neovascularisation were monitored. On the average day of rejection graft infiltrating cell populations were analysed.Results Ex‐vivo generated BMDCs have a semi‐mature phenotype and can be treated with Dexa to maintain their immature phenotype (n=5 p<0.05). BMDCs are capable of activating allogeneic lymphocytes, efficiently presenting antigen and activating antigen specific T cells however, there is a reduction in the level of proliferation (n=4, p<0.05). When applied in‐vivo BMDCs and Dexa BMDCs significantly prolong corneal allograft survival (MST> 30d, n=14 p<0.0004 and n=24 p<0.0001 resp.) compared to untreated allogeneic controls (MST 18d, n=11). A significant reduction in the total number of graft infiltrating cells was observed for both treated groups (p<0.05).Conclusion Our results demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of donor‐derived BMDCs with and without glucocorticoid treatment to prolong corneal transplant survival which represents a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of corneal allograft rejection.
The fish scale‐derived Biocornea as a scaffold for human corneal cells
Authors: VAN ESSEN TH , SPARKS SJ , LIN CC , HUSSAIN AK , COMMANDEUR S , HORNG JL , LUYTEN GPM , GHALBZOURI AEI , JAGER MJ 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Collagen matrices are a promising alternative for corneal donor transplants. Existing collagen matrices are synthesized or derived from animal corneas. We investigated whether fish scale‐derived collagen type I matrix could serve as a scaffold for in vitro corneal regeneration.Methods Primary human keratocytes were cultured for 2 weeks onto uncoated and collagen type IV coated scaffolds. Additionally a cell line of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) were co‐cultured with the scaffold. Cell morphology and tissue organization were assessed using fluorescence staining. Furthermore, epithelial morphogenesis, cell proliferation, cell infiltration and the effect of different protease treatments on scaffold permeability were analyzed as well.Results Keratocytes and HCECs cultured onto the micro‐patterned side covered the whole surface of the scaffold as well as keratocytes cultured onto the smooth side of the scaffold. No difference in cell attachment was observed between the uncoated and coated scaffolds. Cross sections showed no cellular infiltration into the scaffold. Dispase treatment separated the lamellae at the edges of the scaffold, but this did not induce cell penetration.Conclusion The fish scale‐derived scaffold is biocompatible with human corneal epithelial and stromal cells and could therefore be a promising non‐expensive basis for corneal regeneration. Additional stromal‐scaffold interaction and cell infiltration studies will be the focus of our research.
Commercial interest
Cultivation and characterization of corneal limbal epithelial stem cells on lens capsule in animal material‐free medium
Authors: ALBERT R , VEREB Z , CSOMOS K , MOE MC , JOHNSEN EO , NICOLAISSEN B , RAJNAVOLGYI E , FESUS L , BERTA A , PETROVSKI G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To develop simple, reproducible and animal‐materials free method for cultivating and differentiating human limbal stem cells (LSCs) into corneal epithelium on human lens capsule (LC) for clinical transplantation.Methods Limbal tissues (2x2x0,25 mm) were harvested from cadavers (44 males and 33 females, age 70,5+9,3 years) within 12 hours of biologic death. All tissue collection complied with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Regional Ethical Committee. Cell viability was measured with the MTT and annexin‐FITC/propidium iodide assays. Characterization of the growing cells was performed by RT‐qPCR and immunfluorescence stainings accordingly.Results Cell outgrowth at the edge of the explants was observed within 24 hours of cultivation and achieved viable outgrowth (>97% viability as measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry) within two weeks. The outgrowing cells were tested for positivity for markers of stemness (P63, ABCG2, CK19, ITGA9, VIM), proliferation (Ki‐67), limbal epithelial cells (CK 8/18 and 14) and differentiated cornea epithelial cells (CK 3 and 12). Immunostaining revealed the non‐hematopoietic, ‐endothelial and ‐mesenchymal stem cell phenotype, while the cell adhesion molecules, integrins and lectin‐based surface carbohydrate profiling showed a specific pattern on the LESCs.Conclusion We report a method for isolating and expanding cornea LESCs from cadavers or alternatively from autologous donors capable of producing viable cell outgrowth on LC for possible treatment of LESC deficiency.
Identification of label‐retaining endothelial cells in adult human corneas: a new clue for the existence of endothelial stem cells
Authors: HA THI BM , HE Z , CAMPOLMI N , PISELLI S , GAIN P , PEOC'H M , DUMOLLARD JM , ACQUART S , GARRAUD O , THURET G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The lack of self‐renewal capacity of human corneal endothelial cells (EC) in vivo was explained by cell cycle arrest in the G1‐phase due to cell contact inhibition, TGF‐beta signaling, and stress induced premature senescence. Nevertheless, their residual ability to divide in primary culture suggests the existence of progenitor cells, probably located at the endothelial periphery (Whikehart.MolVis2005; He.StemCells2012). Stem cells are slow‐cycling cells characterized by their quiescent state in niches and their ability to retain for a long time markers of S‐Phase like BrDU or EdU. Aim: to search for the presence of label‐retaining EC in human corneasMethods Label retaining EC were searched by 5‐Ethynyl‐2’‐Deoxyuridine (Click‐it EdU) incorporation during long‐term culture: 30 days for organ cultured human corneas (n=10) or 15 days for in vitro primary cultured EC (n=5), both followed by a 30‐day culture without EdU. Flat‐mouted corneas and EC cultures were observed with an inverted fluorescent microscopeResults Label‐retaining EC were observed in the peripheral area of all OC corneas, varying from 1 to 50. Numerous label‐retaining EC were also present in all primary cultures, always attached to Descemet membrane fragmentsConclusion The presence of label‐retaining EC constitutes a new clue for the existence of corneal endothelial stem cells in human. Their apparent scarcity is consistent with the inability of the human corneal endothelium to repair in vivo, but isolation and expansion of these endothelial stem cells or progenitors could allow development of bioengineered endothelium
Coupling innovative imaging: in vivo multilaser confocal microscopy and ex vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy of cornea and skin in nephropathic cystinosis
Authors: ESPINASSE M , CINOTTI E , PERROT JL , LABEILLE B , CAMBAZARD F , DUMOLLARD JM , PEOC'H M , CAMPOLMI N , THURET G , GAIN P 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare, autosomal‐recessive inherited disease, characterized by lysosomal accumulation of cystine crystals in almost all tissues. Aim: to describe an innovative in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) of crystals in the skin, the cornea and the conjunctiva as well as raman spectroscopy of the crystals in skin and corneaMethods A 36 year‐old women with advanced nephropatic cystinosis underwent penetrating keratoplasty for severe visual loss and chronic ulceration in her left eye. The only dermatology symptom was skin dryness. Cornea and skin was analysed with IVCM using the innovative multilaser (488, 658 and 785 nm) confocal microscope Vivascope 1500 and the handeld monolaser Vivascope 3000 (MAVIG GmbH). In order to obtain the chemical composition, ex vivo Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM ARAMIS,Horiba Jobin‐Yvon,France) was performed on corneal button retrieved during keratoplasty and on a skin sample, both immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen without adjuvantResults Multilaser and monolaser IVCM showed reflective crystals in the corneal epithelium, stroma, tarsal conjunctiva and forearm skin with the highest resolution obtained at 488nm. Ex vivo Raman spectra were obtained in skin and corneaConclusion Combination of IVCM with Raman spectroscopy may improve the diagnosis and follow‐up for other metabolic diseases with skin and corneal thesaurismoses like amylosis, Wilson disease, Fabry disease or mucopolysaccharidosis
Potential role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics
Authors: URTTI A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTraditionally pharmacokinetics has been considered to be dominated by passive drug diffusion and metabolism. During the last decade pharmacokinetic research has shown that active drug transport by membrane transporter proteins is much more common than previously thought. The role of membrane transporters in ocular tissues is poorly known, but literature search on transporter interactions of ocular drugs reveals that there is high potential for such interactions, but expression of membrane transporters in the ocular tissues is not well understood. Drug concentrations relative to the affinity of the transporters is another factor that affects the importance of these interactions. Pharmacokinetic simulations reveal that the active transporters probably have important role in the access of systemic drugs to the eye (across blood retina barrier) and in the case of controlled release formulations. For drug absorption from the regular eye drops transporters seem to have relatively minor influence.
Genetic basis of glaucomas
Authors: TEKELI OYA 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGlaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. The exact cause of the glaucoma is still unknown.The glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of glaucoma and positive family history support the inheritance of glaucoma. There is evidence showing that genetic factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here we aim to emphasize the genetic basis of glaucoma.
Vascular issues in glaucoma
Authors: KOCABORA S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA literature review is done to analyze relevant data about the role of blood flow abnormalities in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Elevated intraocular pressure that is incontestably the major risk factor for glaucomatous optic nerve damage alone cannot explain all glaucoma cases since despite low intraocular pressure some glaucoma cases continue to progress.The results of several studies suggest that ocular hemodynamic abnormalities also play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.Another issue relevant to vascular factor is oxidative stress.Reduced blood flow may lead to hypoxia and consequently to accumulation of prooxidants leading to the optic nerve damage. The capillaries in the anterior optic nerve possess local autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain relatively a constant blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressure.The role of endothelium generated vasoactive molecules in controlling vascular supply within the optic nerve head is important.The decreased perfusion in the anterior optic nerve and the failure of autoregulation in overcoming this decrease are the main mechanisms that compromise the blood supply to the optic nerve head. Intraocular pressure fluctuations and decreased ocular perfusion pressure may synergistically cause instability and decrease in blood flow. Although several methods exist to examine different aspects of the ocular blood flow in different vascular beds, there is no a standard method for blood flow measurements and the clinical role of this measurement in glaucoma is not still well determined. The data from future prospective, randomized and long‐term clinical trials are required to well understand the role of ocular blood flow deficiencies in the development and progression of glaucoma.
Damage integrity from eye to visual cortex
Authors: ENGIN K 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEver since the initial reports on the impacts of glaucoma on the optic nerve (ON), corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL) and visual cortex, its damage beyond the retinal ganglion cells into the brain substance became increasingly evident. In 2 consecutive studies, we aimed to evaluate the structural and functional extent of glaucomatous neurodegeneration in an attempt to develop techniques feasible for routine clinical application. Original diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques with 1,5T MRI system were applied in retrobulber imaging and evaluation. fMRI detects increased neuronal activity via changes in blood oxygenation, DTI is based on the movement principle of fluids in a plane connected to the nerve. ON damage and cortical hypofunction were imaged. Most importantly, optic coherence tomography (OCT), central visual field (CVF) findings show statistically significant positive and negative correlation with particular diffusion parameters of ON and CGL, respectively. Aside from the classical treatment methods based on management of the IOP, new strategies focusing on the area beyond the optic nerve head are needed to be developed. Better understanding of retrobulbar glaucomatous damage will enable us to develop more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for glaucoma management, and possibly shed a light on the current unanswered questions about glaucoma.
Biomaterials for ocular surface reconstruction
Authors: FUCHSLUGER T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To provide an overview over the clinical need and recent developments regarding biomaterials for ocular surface reconstruction.Methods Epithelial and stroma substitutes will be presented, as well as own data generated by electrospinning of a biodegradable elastomer.Results Biofilms can be created and are sucessfully applied both on a research and on a clinical level.Conclusion Biomaterials will become a reality in ophthalmosurgery.