bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relaxation and coalescence of two equal-sized viscous drops in a quiescent matrix
Authors: Vannozzi Carolina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHead-on collisions of two equal-sized viscous drops in a biaxial extensional flow were simulated using the boundary integral method in the Stokes flow limit, for capillary numbers of the order of $1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 4} $–$1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $, typical of flow-induced coalescence experiments. At a certain point in time, during the drainage process, the flow was abruptly stopped and the time-dependent dynamics of drop deformation (relaxation) was followed to discern whether the pair of drops would eventually coalesce. The concept of coalescence probability was used to study the evolution of probable collisions. The polymeric system of polybutadiene (PBd) drops undergoing head-on collisions in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, previously well-characterized both experimentally and numerically by Yoon et al. (Phys. Fluid, vol. 19, 2007, 102102), in which both fluids were Newtonian under the experimental conditions, was used as our reference. Film shapes, velocity profiles and pressure distributions were studied for initially parabolic or dimpled thin film shapes. It was shown that micrometre-sized drops undergoing relaxation can coalesce in the capillary number range studied, which also included cases of hindered coalescence and cases in which the flow interaction time for the collision was smaller than the drainage time; thus, this phenomenon could influence the final drop size distribution of blends. Further, these findings could be of interest in interpreting stop–strain experiments, in the case of a sudden change in flow conditions and in population balance studies of drops in blends.
ULTRAPOWERS OF ℓ1-MUNN ALGEBRAS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO SEMIGROUP ALGEBRAS
Authors: SOROUSHMEHR MAEDEH 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work, we study and investigate the ultrapowers of ℓ1-Munn algebras. Then we show that the class of ℓ1-Munn algebras is stable under ultrapowers. Finally, applying this result to semigroup algebras, we show that for a semigroup S, ultra-amenability of ℓ1(S) and amenability of the second dual ℓ1(S)′′ are equivalent.
ON THE CLASS NUMBER AND THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF THE REAL QUADRATIC FIELD
Authors: KIM JAE MOON , RYU JADO 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor a real quadratic field $k=\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {pq})$, let tk be the exact power of 2 dividing the class number hk of k and ηk the fundamental unit of k. The aim of this paper is to study tk and the value of Nk/ℚ(ηk). Various methods have been successfully applied to obtain results related to this topic. The idea of our work is to select a special circular unit ℰk of k and investigate C(k)=〈±ℰk 〉. We examine the indices [E(k):C(k)] and [C(k):CS (k)] , where E(k) is the group of units of k, and CS (k) is that of circular units of k defined by Sinnott. Then by using the Sinnott’s index formula [E(k):CS (k)]=hk, we obtain as much information about tk and Nk/ℚ (ηk) as possible.
THE MODULUS OF WEAKLY COMPACT MULTIPLIERS ON THE BANACH ALGEBRA L1(𝒢)** OF A LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP
Authors: MEHDIPOUR MOHAMMAD JAVAD 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this paper we give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the answer to the open problem raised by Ghahramani and Lau (‘Multipliers and modulus on Banach algebras related to locally compact groups’, J. Funct. Anal. 150 (1997), 478–497) is positive.
Treatment with Selemax®, a selenium-enriched yeast, ameliorates experimental arthritis in rats and mice
Authors: Vieira Angélica T. , Silveira Kátia D. , Arruda Maria C. C. , Fagundes Caio T. , Gonçalves Juliana L. , Silva Tarcília A. , Neves Maria J. , Menezes Maria A. B. C. , Nicoli Jacques R. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Martins Flaviano S. 
Published: January 2012

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly targets the synovial membrane, cartilage and bone. It affects 1 % of the population and is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. Se is an essential trace element with antioxidant properties and the ability to modulate the immune responses. Selemax® is an inactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) enriched with organic Se. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Selemax® administration in models of an antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in C57BL/6 mice, and of an adjuvant-induced arthritis (AdIA) in Holtzman rats. As control, the animals were treated with the same inactivated yeast species that was not enriched for Se. In the AIA model, treatment with different doses of Selemax® (0·01, 0·1, 1 and 10 % added to food) significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells recruited to the knee cavity, essentially by reducing the number of neutrophils. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1/keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1/KC), were also reduced in the peri-articular tissue of mice treated with Selemax® at the tested dose (1 %). In the AdIA model in rats, Selemax® treatment decreased paw oedema and hypernociception. This reduction was associated with inhibition of the influx of proinflammatory cells. Therefore, treatment with Selemax® is associated with amelioration of several inflammatory and functional parameters in models of arthritis, suggesting that this Se-enriched yeast should be evaluated further in patients with RA.
Supplementation of xanthophylls decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in hens and chicks
Authors: Gao Yu-Yun , Xie Qing-Mei , Jin Ling , Sun Bao-Li , Ji Jun , Chen Feng , Ma Jing-Yun , Bi Ying-Zuo 
Published: January 2012

The present study investigated the effects of xanthophylls (containing 40 % of lutein and 60 % of zeaxanthin) on proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF)) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10) expression of breeding hens and chicks. In Expt 1, a total of 432 hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (as the control group), 20 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls (six replicates per treatment). The liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were sampled at 35 d of the trial. The results showed that both levels of xanthophyll addition decreased IL-1β mRNA in the liver and jejunum, IL-6 mRNA in the liver, IFN-γ mRNA in the jejunum and LITAF mRNA in the liver compared to the control group. Expt 2 was a 2 × 2 factorial design. Male chicks hatched from 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophyll diet of hens were fed a diet containing either 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls. The liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected at 0, 7, 14 and 21 d after hatching. The results showed thatin ovoxanthophylls decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and LITAF) in the liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4 and IL-10) in the liver, jejunum and ileum mainly at 0–7 d after hatching.In ovoeffects gradually vanished and dietary effects began to work during 1–2 weeks after hatching. Dietary xanthophylls modulated proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ) in the liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the liver and jejunum mainly from 2 weeks onwards. In conclusion, xanthophylls could regulate proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in different tissues of hens and chicks.
Sources of dietary protein and risk of hypertension in a general Dutch population
Authors: Altorf-van der Kuil Wieke , Engberink Mariëlle F. , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Boer Jolanda M. A. , Monique Verschuren W. M. 
Published: January 2012

Evidence suggests a small beneficial effect of dietary protein on blood pressure (BP), especially for plant protein. We examined the relationship between several types of dietary protein (total, plant, animal, dairy, meat and grain) and the risk of hypertension in a general population of 3588 Dutch adults, aged 26–65 years, who were free of hypertension at baseline. Measurements were done at baseline and after 5 and 10 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR), with 95 % CI, for incident hypertension were obtained in tertiles of energy-adjusted protein, using time-dependent Cox regression models. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, smoking, baseline systolic BP, dietary confounders and protein from other sources (if applicable). Mean BP was 118/76 mmHg at baseline. Protein intake was 85 (sd22) g/d (approximately 15 % of energy) with 62 % originating from animal sources. The main sources of protein were dairy products (28 %), meat (24 %) and grain (19 %). During the follow-up, 1568 new cases of hypertension were identified (44 % of the participants). Energy-adjusted intake of total protein, plant protein and animal protein was not significantly associated with hypertension risk (all HR approximately 1·00,P>0·60). Protein from grain showed a significant inverse association with incident hypertension, with a HR of 0·85 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·00,Ptrend = 0·04) for the upper tertile ( ≥ 18 g/d)v.the lower tertile ( < 14 g/d), whereas dairy protein and meat protein were not associated with incident hypertension. In conclusion, higher intake of grain protein may contribute to the prevention of hypertension, which warrants confirmation in other population-based studies and randomised controlled trials.
INTERACTION BETWEEN HIV AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE, SAFE SEX PRACTICE AND HIV PREVALENCE: EVIDENCE FROM BOTSWANA
Authors: RAY RANJAN , SINHA KOMPAL 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis paper makes methodological and empirical contributions to the study of HIV in the context of Botswana, a country with high HIV prevalence. Comparable evidence is presented from India to put the Botswana results in perspective. The results point to the strong role played by affluence and education in increasing HIV knowledge, promoting safe sex and reducing HIV prevalence. The study presents African evidence on the role played by the empowerment of women in promoting safe sex practices such as condom use. The lack of significant association between HIV prevalence and safe sex practice points to the danger of HIV-infected individuals spreading the disease through multiple sex partners and unprotected sex. This danger is underlined by the finding that females with multiple sex partners are at higher risk of being infected with HIV. These results take on special policy significance in the context of Botswana, where the issue of multiple sex partners has not been adequately addressed in the programme to contain the spread of HIV.
THE HIV–POVERTY THESIS RE-EXAMINED: POVERTY, WEALTH OR INEQUALITY AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HIV INFECTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA?
Authors: FOX ASHLEY M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryAlthough health is generally believed to improve with higher wealth, research on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa has shown otherwise. Whereas researchers and advocates have frequently advanced poverty as a social determinant that can help to explain sub-Saharan Africa's disproportionate burden of HIV infection, recent evidence from population surveys suggests that HIV infection is higher among wealthier individuals. Furthermore, wealthier countries in Africa have experienced the fastest growing epidemics. Some researchers have theorized that inequality in wealth may be more important than absolute wealth in explaining why some countries have higher rates of infection and rapidly increasing epidemics. Studies taking a longitudinal approach have further suggested a dynamic process whereby wealth initially increases risk for HIV acquisition and later becomes protective. Prior studies, conducted exclusively at either the individual or the country level, have neither attempted to disentangle the effects of absolute and relative wealth on HIV infection nor to look simultaneously at different levels of analysis within countries at different stages in their epidemics. The current study used micro-, meso- and macro-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 170 regions within sixteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa to test the hypothesis that socioeconomic inequality, adjusted for absolute wealth, is associated with greater risk of HIV infection. These analyses reveal that inequality trumps wealth: living in a region with greater inequality in wealth was significantly associated with increased individual risk of HIV infection, net of absolute wealth. The findings also reveal a paradox that supports a dynamic interpretation of epidemic trends: in wealthier regions/countries, individuals with less wealth were more likely to be infected with HIV, whereas in poorer regions/countries, individuals with more wealth were more likely to be infected with HIV. These findings add additional nuance to existing literature on the relationship between HIV and socioeconomic status.
Dissociable patterns of medial prefrontal and amygdala activity to face identityversusemotion in bipolar disorder
Authors: Keener M. T. , Fournier J. C. , Mullin B. C. , Kronhaus D. , Perlman S. B. , LaBarbara E. , Almeida J. C. , Phillips M. L. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundIndividuals with bipolar disorder demonstrate abnormal social function. Neuroimaging studies in bipolar disorder have shown functional abnormalities in neural circuitry supporting face emotion processing, but have not examined face identity processing, a key component of social function. We aimed to elucidate functional abnormalities in neural circuitry supporting face emotion and face identity processing in bipolar disorder.MethodTwenty-seven individuals with bipolar disorder I currently euthymic and 27 healthy controls participated in an implicit face processing, block-design paradigm. Participants labeled color flashes that were superimposed on dynamically changing background faces comprising morphs either from neutral to prototypical emotion (happy, sad, angry and fearful) or from one identity to another identity depicting a neutral face. Whole-brain and amygdala region-of-interest (ROI) activities were compared between groups.ResultsThere was no significant between-group difference looking across both emerging face emotion and identity. During processing of all emerging emotions, euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder showed significantly greater amygdala activity. During facial identity and also happy face processing, euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder showed significantly greater amygdala and medial prefrontal cortical activity compared with controls.ConclusionsThis is the first study to examine neural circuitry supporting face identity and face emotion processing in bipolar disorder. Our findings of abnormally elevated activity in amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during face identity and happy face emotion processing suggest functional abnormalities in key regions previously implicated in social processing. This may be of future importance toward examining the abnormal self-related processing, grandiosity and social dysfunction seen in bipolar disorder.
Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Authors: Kessler R. C. , Avenevoli S. , McLaughlin K. A. , Green J. Greif , Lakoma M. D. , Petukhova M. , Pine D. S. , Sampson N. A. , Zaslavsky A. M. , Merikangas K. Ries 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundResearch on the structure of co-morbidity among common mental disorders has largely focused on current prevalence rather than on the development of co-morbidity. This report presents preliminary results of the latter type of analysis based on the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).MethodA national survey was carried out of adolescent mental disorders. DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) administered to adolescents and questionnaires self-administered to parents. Factor analysis examined co-morbidity among 15 lifetime DSM-IV disorders. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to predict first onset of each disorder from information about prior history of the other 14 disorders.ResultsFactor analysis found four factors representing fear, distress, behavior and substance disorders. Associations of temporally primary disorders with the subsequent onset of other disorders, dated using retrospective age-of-onset (AOO) reports, were almost entirely positive. Within-class associations (e.g. distress disorders predicting subsequent onset of other distress disorders) were more consistently significant (63.2%) than between-class associations (33.0%). Strength of associations decreased as co-morbidity among disorders increased. The percentage of lifetime disorders explained (in a predictive rather than a causal sense) by temporally prior disorders was in the range 3.7–6.9% for earliest-onset disorders [specific phobia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and much higher (23.1–64.3%) for later-onset disorders. Fear disorders were the strongest predictors of most other subsequent disorders.ConclusionsAdolescent mental disorders are highly co-morbid. The strong associations of temporally primary fear disorders with many other later-onset disorders suggest that fear disorders might be promising targets for early interventions.
Welfare-to-work, Agency and Personal Responsibility
Authors: WRIGHT SHARON 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA strong international reform agenda has been established around the idea that benefit recipients must be ‘activated’ to find jobs. This approach, which has found support across the political spectrum in times of affluence and austerity, rests on previously contested assumptions about human motivation, choice, action and personal responsibility. This article considers the largely untested assumptions within UK welfare-to-work policies and marketised employment services, which are designed to control and modify behaviour through compulsion and incentives. It examines those assumptions in relation to conceptualisations of human agency drawn from social policy literature. A gap is identified between accounts of agency grounded in the lived experiences of social actors (policy-makers, front-line workers and service users) and hypothetical models of individual agency (e.g. ‘rational economic man’) which have been more influential in policy design. It is argued that scope exists for understandings of agency to encompass the motivations, intentions and actions ofallsocial actors involved in the policy process. This highlights the power dynamics of context creation, the universal potential for malevolence and the weight of moral significance. Conceptual and empirical insights point towards understanding the enactment of agency as relational, dynamic, differentiated, interconnected, interdependent, intersubjective and interactive.
XXIV. Report of Researches in a Cemetery of the Anglo-Saxon Period at Brighthampton, co. Oxford; in a Letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Earl Stanhope, F.R.S., President
Authors: Akerman John Yonge 
Published: January 2012

While engaged in my recent perambulation of the forest of Wychwood, I paid a visit to Stanlake, near Witney, the scene of Mr. Stone's researches, communicated by that gentleman to the Society in the last session. On that occasion Mr. Stone informed me of the discovery of Anglo-Saxon remains in the adjoining village of Brighthampton. His account is as follows:—“On the 24th June, 1857, as some workmen were employed on the site of the old malthouse at Brighthampton, which has been recently removed, they discovered, immediately beneath the floor, a grave containing the remains of a child, lying east and west, the head to the west. There were found with the remains beads of amber and of glass, a small brass-bound bucket, the staves of which, being of wood, had perished, a small knife, a pair of fibulæ of bronze gilt, and some unknown fragments in bronze.”
II.—Notices of Recent Excavations in Rome
Authors: Parker John Henry 
Published: January 2012

The excavations made in Rome during the winter of 1867–68 have been numerous, and their results important.The first in period of time, and perhaps in importance also in an archæological point of view, was that made by the monks of SS. Cosmas and Damian behind their church and monastery, in what is now a courtyard, occupying the site of the porticus of the ancient temple out of which this church was made. In this excavation, at the depth of from twenty to thirty feet, were found several fragments of the celebrated Plan of Rome, of the third century of the Christian era, engraved on slabs of marble. The greater part of this curious plan was discovered in the sixteenth century, and placed against the walls of the staircase in the museum on the Capitol, but the exact spot on which it was found was not known, and the present discovery is therefore of high importance.
VI.—Notes on the Hut-Urns and other objects discovered in an ancient Cemetery in the Commune of Marino (Province of Rome)
Authors: Pigorini L. , Lubbock John 
Published: January 2012

Although every object of antiquity possesses a certain interest for the archaeologist, still that interest is much increased when a number are found together, and under circumstances which imply that they were contemporaneous.A “find” of special interest was made in the year 1817 at Albano, and described in a letter from Dr. A. Visconti to Signor G. Carnevali di Albano. Since however this letter does not give a complete description of the antiquities in question, and is moreover not easily accessible to archaeologists, we have thought that a more complete account would be acceptable to the Society, the pottery belonging to this find being of peculiar interest.
XIII.—Documents relating to the death and burial of king Edward II
Authors: Moore Stuart Archibald 
Published: January 2012

The task I have set myself in this paper, a task in which I fear I shall hardly succeed, is to endeavour to wipe away from the pages of our national history one of the foulest blots that stains them, viz., the legend, the unproved rumour, of the hideous detail of the murder of king Edward II. in Berkeley Castle.I suspect I am not the first inquirer on this subject, for I find the wardrobe account of 1 Edward III. which I shall presently refer to has been “galled,” probably for the purpose of making a copy of it.
XXV.—Ancient Rome; MS. Notes by Pirro Ligorio, made between c. 1550 and 1570 A.D.
Authors: Middleton J. Henry 
Published: January 2012

Even in the last three centuries so much that was of archaeological value among the ruins of Ancient Rome has been destroyed, that any record of the existing remains which dates back as far as the 16th century must be of interest to the modern student.The great revival of classical architecture which took place in the sixteenth century induced all the chief architects of that time to study with special care even the smallest fragments of the former architectural glory of the ancient city. Among the many professional architects of that time who measured and copied both the general form and the details of the classical remains, none did so with greater zeal and more patient labour than Pirro Ligorio in the preparation of his copious work L'Antichità di Roma, which still exists as a MS. in thirty folio volumes among the royal archives at Turin.
XV.—Calais and the Pale
Authors: Dillon Harold Arthur 
Published: January 2012

When Queen Mary was dying, according to Mistress Rice as quoted by Holinshed, she declared, “When I am dead and opened you shall find Calais lying in my heart.”In her letter of January 7, 1558, to the gentlemen of every shire, urging them to raise men for the succour of that town, which though she was not then aware of it had already fallen; the Queen spoke of Calais as the chief jewel of the realm. That it was so in the opinion of many there is no doubt, and the delineations of the English possessions in France of those days always present the district as viewed from this country, that is with the actual south at the top of the map.