bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics
Authors: Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Influenza viruses can cause epidemics or pandemics (worldwide epidemics), during which acute febrile respiratory disease spreads rapidly among all age groups, accompanied by excess hospitalisation and death. Here, we describe the recorded influenza virus pandemics, including the most recent pandemic that was caused in 2009 by a novel virus of the H1N1 subtype. Influenza virus replication and adaptation to new hosts account for much of the evolutionary success of these viruses. We review the viral proteins that are known to affect host range and pathogenicity (i.e. the
haemagglutinin protein
HA
, the
neuraminidase protein
NA
, the polymerase protein
PB2
, the nonstructural protein
NS1
and the
PB1‐F2
protein). We also discuss the clinical features of influenza virus infections, influenza virus immunology and influenza virus control, including antiviral treatment and vaccination.

Key Concepts:

Influenza A viruses cause annual epidemics that result from point mutations in the HA (and NA) proteins (antigenic drift).

At random intervals, influenza pandemics are caused by viruses that introduce HA proteins into the human population against which most humans lack immunity.

Influenza A viruses evolve through reassortment and point mutations.

Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses.

Influenza A viruses can be transmitted among species, despite host range restriction factors.

The HA protein is the major protective antigen and an important determinant of host range and pathogenicity.

The PB1, NS1 and PB1‐F2 proteins are also important determinants of pathogenicity.

For seasonal and pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses, inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available.

Two classes of antiviral compounds (ion channel inhibitors and neuraminidase inhibitors) exist: resistance to ion channel inhibitors is now widespread among circulating H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses; resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has been reported for most seasonal H1N1 viruses, some pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses and some highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses.
Predator‐induced Plasticity
Authors: Hoverman Jason T 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Predator‐induced plasticity is an important mechanism enabling prey survival in complex environments. Prey alter a diversity of traits including behaviour, morphology and life history in response to predators to reduce their risk of predation. However, predator‐induced plasticity has associated costs including reduced competitive ability. To maximise fitness, prey modulate their phenotypic responses to the level of predation risk in the environment. Prey detect differences in predator densities or predators consuming more prey and track temporal variation in predation risk. Prey also detect different predator species in the environment and form predator‐specific defences. In aquatic systems, prey possess sophisticated sensory systems that enable the detection of chemical cues released by damaged prey and predators. Predator‐induced plasticity also influences interactions within larger communities and can lead to trophic cascades.

Key Concepts:

Phenotypic plasticity is one mechanism organisms use to cope with environmental heterogeneity.

Environmental heterogeneity in predation risk favours the evolution of predator‐induced plasticity in a diversity of prey species.

Prey that express predator‐induced plasticity in behavioural, morphological and life history traits can reduce their likelihood of predation, but the responses have associated costs.

To maximise fitness, prey fine‐tune their defences based on predator species identity, predator density, amount of prey consumed by predators and the prey species being consumed.

The expression of predator‐induced plasticity can impact species interactions throughout food webs.
Renal Carcinoma and von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Authors: Connor Thomas M , Maxwell Patrick H 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare autosomal dominant condition with a high risk of renal carcinoma. The underlying tumour suppressor gene is also mutated in most sporadic clear cell renal carcinomas. The

VHL

gene product functions as an
E3 ubiquitin ligase
that mediates the degradation of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). Loss of
VHL
leads to constitutive activation of HIF target genes that normally mediate responses to hypoxia, including those that regulate diverse processes such as angiogenesis and cellular metabolism. Novel therapies for renal cancer target angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A number of other kidney cancer genes have been found from studying other familial cancer syndromes. These genes mediate responses to cellular stress and nutrient deprivation.

Key Concepts:

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome caused by mutations in the
VHL
tumour suppressor gene.

VHL disease exhibits striking genotype–phenotype correlation.

The great majority of sporadic clear cell renal cancers also show loss of VHL function.

The VHL gene product functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the degradation of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) alpha.

Loss of VHL leads to constitutive activation of HIF target genes that play key roles in angiogenesis and metabolism.

Novel therapies for renal cancer target specific effects of VHL loss, including inhibitors of angiogenesis.

A number of other kidney cancer genes have been found to be involved in cellular pathways involved in cellular stress and nutrient deprivation.
Degradation of Misfolded Secretory and Membrane Proteins and Associated Diseases
Authors: Kim Ikjin , Rao Hai 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Proper folding and targeting of proteins are pivotal for the functioning of cells. Misfolded secretory and membrane proteins are selected for degradation by the proteasome, a multisubunit cytosolic protease. This disposal process termed endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD) includes recognition of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), retrotranslocation of substrates from the ER to the cytosol, ubiquitylation of substrates by the ubiquitylation enzymes, targeting of substrates to the proteasome, preprocessing of the substrates for efficient proteasomal degradation and final cleavage of misfolded proteins by the proteasome. Malfunctioning of ERAD components or accumulation of misfolded substrates has been found to cause various human diseases ranging from neurodegenerative disorders to cancers. Understanding the mechanism underlying ERAD provides a critical stepping‐stone to design drugs and develop preventative and therapeutic strategies against these diseases.

Key Concepts:

Misfolded secretory and membrane proteins are degraded by ERAD.

Malfunctioning of ERAD components or accumulation of misfolded substrates cause various human diseases.

ERAD is composed of multiple steps including substrates recognition, retrotranslocation, ubiquitylation, targeting of substrates to the proteasome and the cleavage of substrates by the proteasome.

ERAD substrates are recognised and sorted into different degradation pathways based on the location of the misfolded domain and the topology of the protein.

The retrotranslocation of the substrates from the ER to the cytosol is mediated by undefined channel proteins.

Retrotranslocated substrates are ubiquitylated by membrane associated E3 enzymes with the help from E1, E2 enzymes.

Postubiquitylation processes in ERAD include substrate extraction from the ER membrane, substrate delivery to the proteasome, preprocessing of the substrates and proteasomal degradation.
Nuclear Sequences of Mitochondrial Origin as Phylogenetic Markers
Authors: Hazkani‐Covo Einat 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Numts
(nuclear sequence of mitochondrial origin) are fragments of mitochondrial DNA present in the nuclear genomes of most eukaryotes.
Numts
have unique characteristics that make them useful as nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetic markers.
Numts
utilities include analysis of nuclear mutational spectra and the relative rates of the mitochondria and the nucleus. Additionally, because
numt
appearance in the same position in multiple species indicates its ancestry,
numts
are valuable for phylogentic tree reconstruction.
Numts
are also beneficial to study mitochondrial evolution as it can uncover extinct mtDNA variations. Despite the potential for confusion with

bona fide

mtDNA, the increasing number of genomes sequenced will make it easier to identify
numts
from mitochondrial DNA and to use them for taxonomy and phylogeny.

Key Concepts:

Numts
have unique characteristics that make them suitable as phylogenetic markers.

Verified
numts
are useful both for the study of mitochondrial evolution and for the study of nuclear evolution.
Origin and Evolutionary History of the Malagasy
Authors: Tofanelli Sergio , Bertoncini Stefania 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The uniqueness of Malagasy people comes from a balanced admixture between deep‐rooted branches of the human evolutionary history, the Southeast Asian and the African branch. The time and the place of origin of the admixture event have been long elusive because of controversial results, but new insights from multiple disciplines are providing a crossroad for an integrated theory. A complex pattern is emerging, which traces the superimposition of cultural and biological layers of different origin upon a preexisting common substratum. A connective role for the two main ethnic components was most likely played by Malays in historical times. However, the genetic and lexical legacy with mainland Africa and proto‐Austronesians suggests that a former admixture is likely to have occurred before human groups settled in Madagascar. Postcontact demographic dynamics and an initial multiethnic composition of migrants could be further confounding elements that make the search of univocal ancestries inconclusive.

Key Concepts:

Multidisciplinary contributions are giving new insights on the evolutionary history of the Malagasy.

The Malagasy are an admixed population with unique features.

The Malagasy admixture is the result of the combination of two main components, Indonesian and African.

The origin of Malagasy admixture can be traced back to the contacts between people surfing the waves of expansion of Austronesian and Bantu languages.

The Malays have played a crucial role to connect Austronesian and Bantu people in historical times.

The time and the place of origin of the admixture event are still uncertain.

A former admixture is likely to have occurred in mainland Africa before human groups settled in Madagascar.
Differentiating accounts of actual, suggested and fabricated childhood events using the judgment of memory characteristics questionnaire
Authors: Short Jennifer L. , Bodner Glen E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractStatement analysis procedures are used in forensic settings to classify reported events as experienced or non‐experienced. These procedures are typically validated using accounts of actual events and intentionally fabricated events. However, people can also unintentionally develop false memories. To examine whether inclusion of accounts of suggested events affects classification accuracy, we validated the judgment of memory characteristics questionnaire (JMCQ) statement analysis procedure using all three statement types. Participants attempted to recall two actual events and one suggested event from their childhood over two cognitive interviews, then intentionally fabricated an account of another childhood event. Fourteen of the 34 participants (41%) reported having experienced the suggested event. Independent raters then used the JMCQ to analyse and classify each type of statement from this participant subset. Inclusion of accounts of suggested events did not reduce classification accuracy. Raters tended to classify accounts of both fabricated and suggested events as non‐experienced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of etanercept beyond 10 years of therapy in North American patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Weinblatt Michael E. , Bathon Joan M. , Kremer Joel M. , Fleischmann Roy M. , Schiff Michael H. , Martin Richard W. , Baumgartner Scott W. , Park Grace S. , Mancini Edward L. , Genovese Mark C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsAdult patients with early RA or longstanding RA received etanercept in open‐label extension studies following initial double‐blind trials of etanercept.ResultsOf 558 early RA patients and 714 longstanding RA patients who received at least 1 dose of etanercept, a total of 194 early RA patients and 217 longstanding RA patients were treated with 25 mg of etanercept twice weekly through 10 years. Five opportunistic infections were reported: in early RA, 1 Candida septicemia; in longstanding RA, 1 herpes zoster, 1 atypical mycobacterium infection, 1 meningoencephalitis (unspecified), and 1 fungal sepsis (unspecified). Twenty‐nine cases of sepsis occurred (10 early RA, 19 longstanding RA). Occurrence of all malignancies was similar to that expected in the general population, but the occurrence of lymphomas was higher than expected in the general population. Fourteen lymphomas (7 early RA, 7 longstanding RA) and 2 cases of demyelinating disease (1 early RA, 1 longstanding RA) were reported. Deaths occurred in 18 early RA patients and 43 longstanding RA patients. Both patient groups showed sustained improvement in American College of Rheumatology responses, swollen joint counts, Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index scores, and C‐reactive protein levels.ConclusionEtanercept maintained therapeutic benefits beyond 10 years of therapy in both early RA and longstanding RA patients, suggesting that etanercept is well tolerated and effective as a long‐term, continuous therapy for the treatment of RA, with a favorable risk/benefit ratio.
Hybridized Nanowires and Cubes: A Novel Architecture of a Heterojunctioned TiO2/SrTiO3 Thin Film for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Ng Jiawei , Xu Shiping , Zhang Xiwang , Yang Hui Ying , Sun Darren D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA unique morphology of SrTiO3 nanocubes precipitated on TiO2 nanowires is successfully synthesized in the form of a thin‐film heterojunctioned TiO2/SrTiO3 photocatalyst using facile hydrothermal techniques. The formation mechanisms of the synthesized photocatalysts are meticulously studied and described. Growth of SrTiO3 single crystal nanocubes (≈50 nm in width) on anatase polycrystalline nanowires follows an in situ dissolution‐precipitation pathway. This is consonant with the classic LaMer model. By analyzing the results of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV‐vis spectrophotometry, a comprehensive structural and morphological characterization of the photocatalysts is established. FESEM images reveal that the anatase film comprises mainly of nanowires bristles while the tausonite film is primarily made up of nanocube aggregations. In comparison to the respective pristine semiconductor photocatalysts, the heterostructured photocatalyst demonstrates the highest efficiency in photocatalytic splitting of water to produce H2, 4.9 times that of TiO2 and 2.1 times that of SrTiO3. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is largely attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charges at heterojunctions of the two dissimilar semiconductors, as well as a negative redox potential shift in the Fermi level.
Civil engineering airman at increased risk for injuries and injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Webb Timothy S. , Wells Timothy S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundWith the advent of electronic records, the opportunity to conduct research on workplace‐related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders has increased dramatically. The purpose of this study was to examine the United States Air Force Civil Engineering career field to determine if they are negatively impacted by their work environment. Specifically, the objective of this study was to determine if enlisted Civil Engineering Airmen (n = 25,385) were at increased risk for injury or injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders compared to enlisted Information Management/Communications Airmen (n = 28,947).MethodsUsing an historical prospective design, electronic data were assembled and analyzed using Cox's proportional hazards modeling. Models were stratified by gender and adjusted for race/ethnicity, marital status, birth year, and deployment status.ResultsMale Civil Engineers were observed to be at greater risk for both inpatient injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders (HR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.54–2.26) and injuries (HR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.48–2.11), while female Civil Engineers were more than double the risk for both inpatient injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders (HR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.28–3.73) and injuries (HR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.27–3.88) compared to Information Management/Communications Airmen.ConclusionsAlthough analyses do not allow exploration of specific causes, they highlight the utility of using electronic data to identify occupations for further evaluation. Based on these results, additional resources were allocated to survey Civil Engineers on their physical work demands and job requirements to identify key problem areas for further study and mitigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:248–254, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of connective tissue disease in silicosis (1985–2006)—a report from the state of michigan surveillance system for silicosis
Authors: Makol Ashima , Reilly Mary Jo , Rosenman Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe risk of developing clinical connective tissue disease (CTD) has been reported to be increased among individuals with silica exposure.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of individuals reported to the Michigan Silicosis Surveillance system from 1985 to 2006 to confirm the diagnosis of silicosis and determine the presence of CTDs.ResultsFrom 1985 to 2006, 1,022 cases were confirmed to have silicosis. Medical records of 790 cases were available. Thirty‐three individuals had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [prevalence 4.2% (prevalence ratio (RR) ranged from 2.26, 95% CI: 1.57–3.25 to 6.96, 95% CI: 2.93–16.53) depending on the reference rate used], two had scleroderma [prevalence 0.3% (RR 28.3, 95% CI: 6.09–129.98)], one had systemic lupus erythematosus [prevalence 0.1% (RR 2.53, 95% CI: 0.30–21.64)], two had Sjogrens syndrome [prevalence 0.3% (RR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.09–2.08)], and six had anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) vasculitis [prevalence 0.8% (RR 25.3, 95% CI: 6.34–101.04)]. There was no difference between those with and without CTD with respect to age, race, industry type, history of tuberculosis, application for workers' compensation, or severity of fibrotic changes on chest X‐ray.ConclusionsA two‐ to eightfold risk for RA and systemic lupus erythematosus, with a greater than 24‐fold risk for scleroderma and ANCA vasculitis was found in individuals with silicosis. The most common CTD among silicotics in the Michigan disease registry was RA. Though not classically included in the category of CTD, ANCA‐associated vasculitis was found to have a much greater prevalence amongst silicosis patients than the general population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:255–262, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of “leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain‐containing, Nogo receptor‐interacting protein‐1 (LINGO1)” in two independent Chinese parkinson's disease populations
Authors: Wu Yih‐Ru , Tan Eng‐King , Chen Chiung‐Mei , Kumar Prakash M. , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Chen Sien‐Tsong 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA large genome‐wide association study has shown that the “leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain‐containing, Nogo receptor‐interacting protein‐1 (LINGO1) gene” is associated with an increased risk for essential tremor (ET) recently. Given the clinical phenotype overlap between Parkinson's disease (PD) and ET, and LINGO1 had also been demonstrated to play roles in the structural plasticity and integrity of the DA neurons as well as survival of dopaminergic neurons in PD animal models, it has been suggested that the LINGO1 variant could be associated with PD. Here, we report the first analysis of the LINGO1 variant rs9652490 (A > G) in two independent case–control cohorts in ethnic Chinese populations involving a total of 1,305 subjects (649 PD patients and 656 controls) from Taiwan and Singapore. We were unable to demonstrate any significant association between genotype distribution and allele frequency with risk of PD in each case–control study and in the pooled analysis. Further meta‐analysis including all published data and ours failed to demonstrate any modulatory role of rs9652490 GG genotype or G allele. LINGO1 variant rs9652490 (A > G) is unlikely to play a major role in PD in our Chinese populations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dopamine transporter genotype on caudate volume in childhood ADHD and controls
Authors: Shook Devon , Brady Colin , Lee Philip S. , Kenealy Laura , Murphy Eric R. , Gaillard William D. , VanMeter John W. , Cook Edwin H. , Stein Mark , Vaidya Chandan J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPolymorphism of the dopamine transporter genotype (DAT1) confers a small but significant susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined whether the volume of the head of caudate, a striatal structure with high DAT expression that is important for inhibitory function, differs by DAT1 in children diagnosed with the disorder relative to age and IQ matched controls. Volume of the head of caudate was delineated in the right and left hemisphere and compared between 7‐ and 13‐year‐old children with and without ADHD (combined type) who were carriers of two (10/10) or one (9/10) copy of the 10‐repeat DAT1 allele. Caudate volumes were overall smaller in 10/10 than 9/10 children, particularly in the left than right hemisphere. While DAT1 effects did not vary by ADHD diagnosis, overall caudate volumes were smaller in ADHD relative to control children. Altered caudate development associated with 10‐repeat homozygosity of DAT1 may contribute susceptibility to ADHD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metall‐Salen‐vermittelte Bildung cyclischer Carbonate durch Cycloaddition von CO2 an Epoxide
Authors: Decortes Antonello , Castilla Ana M. , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSalen‐Metall‐Komplexe bilden eine wichtige Klasse von Verbindungen und wurden in der Vergangenheit ausführlich untersucht. Zu ihren katalytische Anwendungen, die es in großer Zahl gibt, zählt auch die Synthese cyclischer Carbonate durch die Kupplung von Epoxiden mit CO2 , das als Atmosphärengas ein attraktiver Rohstoff für technische Verfahren ist. Wir berichten hier über die wichtigsten früheren und aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten zu diesem Thema.