bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-adhesive effect of an acidic polysaccharide from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger on the binding of Helicobacter pylori to the MKN-45 cell line
Authors: Xu Chen , Ruan Xiao-Ming , Li Hong-Sen , Guo Bin-Xin , Ren Xiao-Dong , Shuang Jing-Lei , Zhang Zhen 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains has necessitated a search for alternative therapies for the treatment of this infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not polysaccharide fractions from Aloe vera are effective in inhibiting the adherence of H. pylori in vitro.

Methods
Polysaccharide fractions were extracted from A. vera and subjected to carbohydrate analysis. The adhesive effect was determined by co-incubation of H. pylori and cells with polysaccharides followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate labelling and Gram staining in vitro. Inhibition of H. pylori growth and cellular viability was tested by agar diffusion and MTT assay.

Key findings
APS-F2 contained significant amounts of galacturonic acid, galactose and arabinose. APS-F1 was galacturonic acid-free and consisted of mannose, glucose and galactose. APS-F2 (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) reduced the count of H. pylori attached to MKN45 cells to 88, 76 and 64%, respectively. APS-F1 did not show the same effect. Neither polysaccharide revealed an inhibitory effect on the growth of H. pylori or cell viability. In addition, APS-F2 was shown to have a potent anti-adhesive effect against Escherichia coli.

Conclusions
The results show that the acidic polysaccharide from A. vera has a potent anti-adhesive effect against H. pylori in vitro. However, there have yet to be any in-vivo studies to demonstrate the clinical relevance of this finding.
Characterisation of fenofibrate dissolution delivered by a self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system
Authors: Wei Jyh-Ding , Ho Hsiu-O , Chen Chien-Ho , Ke Wen-Tin , Chen Eric Tsu-Hsin , Sheu Ming-Thau 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This study attempted to characterise the in-vitro release profiles of fenofibrate (FFB) from a self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system (SMEDDS) for optimising formulation factors and dissolution conditions for in-vivo absorption.

Methods
The study was conducted by profiling the release of FFB formulated with either a complete solution or a micronised dispersion system (MDS) in a SMEDDS composed of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and surfactant mixtures (Smix) of TPGS and Tweens at different ratios (Km = TPGS/Tweens), with and without adding water. Optimised FFB SMEDDS formulations were then selected for in-vivo bioavailability study.

Key findings
The release rates of FFB from TPGS/Tween 20 systems were faster than those from TPGS/Tween 80 systems at the same Km value. In both systems, the release rates of FFB increased with a decrease in the Km value. Furthermore, both the release rates and the amounts of FFB from MDS in the water medium decreased with an increasing percentage of Smix added to both water contents. However, the release rates and amounts of FFB from MDSs increased with an increasing percentage of Smix in a 0.025 M sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution. It was further illustrated that the release of FFB from SMEDDSs was complete within 30 min in both the 0.025 M SLS solution and water medium, but the release of FFB from Tricor® or MDSs was limited in water medium. An optimised FFB SMEDDS with either Tween 20(E5(20)) or Tween 80(E5(80)) and one MDS were selected for a pharmacokinetic study to compare with Tricor®. The results demonstrated that the area under the receiver operating curve and Cmax values were in the order of Tricor® &gt; E5(80) ≅ E5(20) &gt; MDS and Tricor® ≅ E5(80) &gt; E5(20) &gt; MDS, respectively.

Conclusions
The absorption of drug carried by SMEDDS might not be enhanced as a result of the smaller volume of water taken with oral administration of SMEDDSs and the agitation rate of the gastrointestinal tract not being strong enough to efficiently promote the self-microemulsification process to facilitate the in-vivo dissolution rate.
Effect of telmisartan in limiting the cardiotoxic effect of daunorubicin in rats
Authors: Arozal Wawaimuli , Watanabe Kenichi , Veeraveedu Punniyakoti T , Thandavarayan Rajarajan A , Harima Meilei , Sukumaran Vijayakumar , Suzuki Kenji , Kodama Makoto , Aizawa Yoshifusa 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesStudies have suggested that angiotensin receptor blockers may exert a protective role towards doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, but they have not been extensively investigated in this area. We therefore investigated whether the co-treatment of telmisartan, an angiotensin (Ang II) type-1 receptor blocker, might offer protection against daunorubicin cardiotoxic properties in rats.MethodsDaunorubicin was administered at 3 mg/kg/day every other day for 12 days. Telmisartan was administered orally every day for 12 days.Key findingsDaunorubicin-treated rats showed cardiac toxicity, evidenced by worsening cardiac function, evaluated by haemodynamic status and echocardiography, elevation of malondialdehyde level and a decreased level of total glutathione peroxidase activity in the heart tissue. These changes were reversed by treatment with telmisartan. Furthermore, telmisartan also downregulated matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression, attenuated the increased protein expression of p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, nuclear factor kappa B and Nox4 in heart tissue, and reduced oxidative-stress-induced DNA damage, which was evaluated by the expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Moreover, telmisartan reduced the myocardial apoptosis induced by daunorubicin.ConclusionsThe present study indicates that telmisartan may improve cardiac function by inhibiting the action of Ang II via AT-1R, which reverses oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis. This suggests a beneficial effect of telmisartan treatment in the prevention of daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Isoflurane preconditioning increases endothelial cell tolerance to in-vitro simulated ischaemia
Authors: Feng Jifeng , Zuo Zhiyi 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Isoflurane preconditioning has been shown to protect endothelial cells against lipopolysaccharide and cytokine induced injury. This study was designed to determine whether isoflurane preconditioning increased endothelial cell tolerance to ischaemia.

Methods
Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were exposed or not exposed to various concentrations of isoflurane for 1 h. After a 30-min isoflurane-free period, cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 h and reoxygenation for 1 h. Lactate dehydrogenase release from cells was used to measure cell injury. In some experiments, various protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) inhibitors were present from 30 min before isoflurane treatment to the end of isoflurane treatment.

Key findings
Isoflurane preconditioning dose-dependently decreased the OGD induced lactate dehydrogenase release. This protection was inhibited by 2 µM chelerythrine, a general PKC inhibitor, or 10 µM Gö6976, an inhibitor for the conventional PKCs. This protection was also inhibited by 0.3 µM glybenclamide, a general KATP channel inhibitor, and 500 µM 5-hydroxydecanoate, a mitochondrial KATP channel blocker. In addition, pretreatment with 100 µM diazoxide, a KATP channel activator, for 1 h also reduced OGD induced endothelial cell injury. This diazoxide induced protection was inhibited by chelerythrine.

Conclusions
The results suggest that isoflurane preconditioning induces endothelial protection against in-vitro simulated ischemia. This protection may be mediated at least in part by conventional PKCs and mitochondrial KATP channels. The results also indicate that PKCs may be downstream of KATP channels in causing endothelial protection.
Pharmacy services at admission and discharge in adult, acute, public hospitals in Ireland
Authors: Grimes Tamasine , Duggan Catherine , Delaney Tim 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
To describe hospital pharmacy involvement in medication management in Ireland, both generally and at points of transfer of care, and to gain a broad perspective of the hospital pharmacy workforce.

Methods
A survey of all adult, acute, public hospitals with an accident and emergency (A&E) department (n = 36), using a semi-structured telephone interview.

Key findings
There was a 97% (n = 35) response rate. The majority (n = 25, 71.4%) of hospitals reported delivery of a clinical pharmacy service. On admission, pharmacists were involved in taking or verifying medication histories in a minority (n = 15, 42.9%) of hospitals, while few (n = 6, 17.1%) deployed staff to the A&E/acute medical admissions unit. On discharge, the majority (n = 30, 85.7%) did not supply any take-out medication, a minority (n = 5, 14.3%) checked the discharge prescription, 51.4% (n = 18) counselled patients, 42.9% (n = 15) provided medication compliance charts and one hospital (2.9%) communicated with the patient's community pharmacy. The number of staff employed in the pharmacy department in each hospital was not proportionate to the number of inpatient beds, nor the volume of admissions from A&E. There were differences identified in service delivery between hospitals of different type: urban hospitals with a high volume of admissions from A&E were more likely to deliver clinical pharmacy.

Conclusions
The frequency and consistency of delivering pharmacy services to facilitate medication reconciliation at admission and discharge could be improved. Workforce constraints may inhibit service expansion. Development of national standards of practice may help to eliminate variation between hospitals and support service development.
Efficacy of Usual and High Doses of Daptomycin in Combination with Rifampin versus Alternative Therapies in Experimental Foreign-Body Infection by Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Garrigós C. , Murillo O. , Euba G. , Verdaguer R. , Tubau F. , Cabellos C. , Cabo J. , Ariza J. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

The treatment of prosthetic joint infections caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) continues to be a challenge for the clinician. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of daptomycin at usual and high doses (equivalent to 6 and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day, respectively, in humans) and in combination with rifampin and to compare the activities to those of conventional anti-MRSA therapies. We used MRSA strain HUSA 304, with the following MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), respectively: daptomycin, 1 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml; vancomycin, 2 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml; linezolid, 2 μg/ml and >32 μg/ml; and rifampin, 0.03 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml. In time-kill curves, only daptomycin and its combinations with rifampin achieved a bactericidal effect in log and stationary phases. For
in vivo
studies, we used a rat foreign-body infection model. Therapy was administered for 7 days with daptomycin at 100 mg/kg/day and 45/mg/kg/day, vancomycin at 50 mg/kg/12 h, rifampin at 25 mg/kg/12 h, and linezolid at 35 mg/kg/12 h, and each antibiotic was also combined with rifampin. Among monotherapies, daptomycin at 100 mg/kg/day and rifampin performed better than vancomycin and linezolid. In combination with rifampin, both dosages of daptomycin were significantly better than all other combinations, but daptomycin at 100 mg/kg/day plus rifampin achieved better cure rates at day 11 (
P
< 0.05) than daptomycin at 45 mg/kg/day plus rifampin. Resistant strains were found in monotherapies with rifampin and daptomycin at 45 mg/kg/day. In conclusion, daptomycin at high doses was the most effective monotherapy and also improved the efficacy of the combination with rifampin against foreign-body infections by MRSA. Clinical studies should confirm whether this combination may be considered the first-line treatment for foreign-body infections by MRSA in humans.
Effect of Antacids on the Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seronegative Volunteers
Authors: Kiser Jennifer J. , Bumpass J. Brock , Meditz Amie L. , Anderson Peter L. , Bushman Lane , Ray Michelle , Predhomme Julie A. , Rower Joseph , MaWhinney Sam , Brundage Richard 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Raltegravir's divalent metal ion chelating motif may predispose the drug to interactions with divalent cations. We determined whether a divalent cation-containing antacid interacted with raltegravir. Twelve HIV-1-seronegative subjects were enrolled in this randomized, prospective, crossover study of single-dose raltegravir (400 mg) with and without an antacid. Subjects underwent two intensive pharmacokinetic visits in the fasted state separated by a 5- to 12-day washout period. With simultaneous antacid administration, time to peak raltegravir concentration occurred 2 h sooner (
P
= 0.002) and there was a 67% lower raltegravir concentration at 12 h postdose (
P
< 0.0001) than with administration of raltegravir alone. The raltegravir area under the-concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h and maximum concentration were unchanged with the addition of an antacid. Studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of this interaction, whether it remains after multiple dosing to steady state, whether it is mitigated by temporal separation, and whether raltegravir interacts with divalent cation-containing vitamins, supplements, or foods.
Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Terpenoid Phenols Resembles Calcium Stress and Inhibition of the TOR Pathway
Authors: Rao Anjana , Zhang Yongqiang , Muend Sabina , Rao Rajini 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Terpenoid phenols, including carvacrol, are components of oregano and other plant essential oils that exhibit potent antifungal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including
Candida albicans
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. To gain a mechanistic view of the cellular response to terpenoid phenols, we used
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
as a model organism and monitored temporal changes in metabolic activity, cytosolic and vacuolar pH, and Ca
2+
transients. Using a panel of related compounds, we observed dose-dependent Ca
2+
bursts that correlated with antifungal efficacy. Changes in pH were long lasting and followed the Ca
2+
transients. A
vma
mutant lacking functional vacuolar H
+
-ATPase (V-ATPase) and defective in ion homeostasis was hypersensitive to carvacrol toxicity, consistent with a role for ionic disruptions in mediating cell death. Genomic profiling within 15 min of exposure revealed a robust transcriptional response to carvacrol, closely resembling that of calcium stress. Genes involved in alternate metabolic and energy pathways, stress response, autophagy, and drug efflux were prominently upregulated, whereas repressed genes mediated ribosome biogenesis and RNA metabolism. These responses were strongly reminiscent of the effects of rapamycin, the inhibitor of the TOR pathway of nutrient sensing. The results point to the activation of specific signaling pathways downstream of cellular interaction with carvacrol rather than a nonspecific lesion of membranes, as has been previously proposed.
Identification and Characterization of the Multidrug Resistance Gene
cfr
in a Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Sequence Type 8 Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
IVa (USA300) Isolate
Authors: Shore Anna C. , Brennan Orla M. , Ehricht Ralf , Monecke Stefan , Schwarz Stefan , Slickers Peter , Coleman David C. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

The staphylococcal
cfr
gene mediates resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A, a phenotype that has been termed PhLOPS
A
. The
cfr
gene has mainly been associated with coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from animals, and only a few
cfr
-positive methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolates have been described so far. This study reports the first description of a
cfr
-positive MRSA isolate (M05/0060) belonging to the pandemic Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive sequence type 8 MRSA IVa/USA300 (ST8-MRSA-IVa/USA300) clone. The
cfr
gene was detected in M05/0060 using a DNA microarray which was used to screen PVL-positive MRSA isolates for the presence of virulence genes, typing markers, and antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that M05/0060 exhibited the
cfr
-associated resistance phenotype. Molecular analysis identified the presence of
cfr
and a second phenicol resistance gene,
fexA
, on a novel 45-kb conjugative plasmid, which was designated pSCFS7. Within pSCFS7, a DNA segment consisting of
cfr
, a truncated copy of insertion sequence IS
21
-
558
, and a region with homology to the DNA invertase gene
bin3
of transposon Tn
552
from
Bacillus mycoides
was integrated into the transposase gene
tnpB
of the
fexA
-carrying transposon Tn
558
. The emergence of a multidrug-resistant
cfr
-positive variant of ST8-MRSA-IVa/USA300 is alarming and requires ongoing surveillance. Moreover, the identification of a novel conjugative plasmid carrying the
cfr
gene indicates the ability of
cfr
to spread to other MRSA strains.
Cardiopulmonary effects of combinations of medetomidine hydrochloride and atropine sulphate in dogs
Authors: Alibhai H. I. K. , Clarke K. W. , Lee Y. H. , Thompson J. 
Published: October 2010

Medetomidine and xylazine are alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists which are used as sedatives and premedicants in small animals. However, bradycardia is a side effect and the use of atropine sulphate has been recommended to counteract it. This study investigated the effects of combining medetomidine (40 μg/kg) and atropine (30 μg/kg) on the cardiopulmonary function of six dogs. Medetomidine administered alone caused severe bradycardia, but hypertension was mild and transient. Medetomidine and atropine administered together caused an initial bradycardia, but within 15 minutes there was tachycardia accompanied by a mean arterial blood pressure of 210 mm Hg. When atropine was administered 30 minutes before medetomidine, tachycardia and hypertension were observed within five minutes of the medetomidine injection. Thus, although atropine will counteract medetomidineinduced bradycardia, its use results in prolonged and severe hypertension, in association with the tachycardia. Although atropine may be life‐saving when bradycardia is profound, its indiscriminate use in combination with alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists may be disadvantageous.
Use of the respiratory stimulant doxapram in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
Authors: Woods R. , McLean S. , Nicol S. , Slip D. J. , Burton H. R. 
Published: October 2010

The use of doxapram to stimulate breathing was examined in southern elephant seals chemically restrained with ketamine and xylazine. Animals which were breathing spontaneously received doxapram (approximately 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) or saline into the extradural intravertebral vein. Doxapram caused a dose‐dependent increase in the depth and rate of respiration which began within one minute, peaked after two minutes and lasted for up to five minutes. A dose of 2 mg/kg appeared to be safe and effective for the stimulation of respiration, while 4 mg/kg caused arousal and shaking. Doxapram (2 mg/kg) was tested on 14 occasions in animals which had developed apnoea during chemical restraint. Doxapram had no effect when administered into the extradural intravertebral vein and appeared to be of more benefit when administered directly into the lungs via an endotracheal tube, but it was not effective in all cases. There was evidence to suggest that the endotracheal tube prevented some of the animals from breathing. The effect of intubation and endotracheal doxapram administration was therefore examined in 19 apnoeic and 31 spontaneously breathing seals. Intubation induced apnoea in animals at low levels of chemical restraint and endotracheal doxapram was unreliable for the stimulation of breathing.
Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle
Authors: Clarkson M. J. , Downham D. Y. , Faull W. B. , Hughes J. W. , Manson F. J. , Merritt J. B. , Murray R. D. , Russell W. B. , Sutherst J. E. , Ward W. R. 
Published: October 2010

A survey was made of 37 dairy farms in Wirral, mid‐ Cheshire, mid‐Somerset and Dyfed, Wales, to assess the incidence and prevalence of lameness in the cows between May 1989 and September 1991. The incidence was obtained from records made whenever a cow was examined for lameness or received preventive foot‐trimming. The mean annual incidence was 54.6 new cases per 100 cows with a range from 10.7 to 170.1 and the mean values during summer and winter were 22.9 and 31.7, respectively. The prevalence of lameness was measured by regular visits at which locomotion was scored on a scale of 1 to 5, and the prevalence of lameness was calculated for each visit as the proportion of cows with scores of 3 or more. The mean annual prevalence over the whole period was 20.6 per cent with a range from 2.0 to 53.9 per cent for the 37 farms. The mean prevalences during summer and winter were 18.6 and 25.0 per cent, respectively. The prevalence measured at a single visit in midsummer or midwinter was significantly correlated with the mean prevalence over the whole corresponding period and may be useful as an assessment of the extent of lameness in a herd and the efficacy of control measures. There was evidence that training farmers to recognise early cases of lameness and request veterinary treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the duration of cases of lameness.
Breath hydrogen excretion by healthy cats after oral administration of oxytetracycline and metronidazole
Authors: Muir P. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Cripps P. J. , Brown P. J. 
Published: October 2010

Breath hydrogen excretion over a period of three hours was measured to evaluate carbohydrate malassimilation in healthy cats treated orally with antibiotics. Both an absorbable carbohydrate (xylose) and a non‐absorbable carbohydrate (lactulose) were administered during the tests to evaluate the changes in the intestinal mucosa and the population of bacteria within the intestinal lumen. Overall, the effects of oxytetracycline and metronidazole on breath hydrogen excretion were not significantly different. However, the treatment effect with an antibiotic did significantly change breath hydrogen excretion after xylose administration (P<0.05) within groups. Similarly, with each antibiotic, breath hydrogen excretion was affected significantly (P<0.001) by the time after the administration of the carbohydrate. Treatment with each antibiotic also interacted significantly with this time effect (P<0.05) within groups. After lactulose administration, there was a trend within groups for the type of antibiotic to interact with the treatment effect on breath hydrogen excretion (P = 0.09). After oxytetracycline treatment, more hydrogen was exhaled during the first 120 minutes after lactulose administration than in the pre‐antibiotic test, whereas after metronidazole treatment, less hydrogen was exhaled between 60 and 180 minutes after lactulose administration. After treatment with either oxytetracycline or metronidazole, more hydrogen was exhaled after xylose administration. Obligate anaerobes could be isolated from samples of small intestinal fluid obtained endoscopically after oxytetracycline treatment, but they could not be isolated after treatment with metronidazole.