bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Poisson Regression To Evaluate the Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal California Wetlands
Authors: Hogan Jennifer N. , Daniels Miles E. , Watson Fred G. , Conrad Patricia A. , Oates Stori C. , Miller Melissa A. , Hardin Dane , Byrne Barbara A. , Dominik Clare , Melli Ann , Jessup David A. , Miller Woutrina A. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Fecal pathogen contamination of watersheds worldwide is increasingly recognized, and natural wetlands may have an important role in mitigating fecal pathogen pollution flowing downstream. Given that waterborne protozoa, such as
Cryptosporidium
and
Giardia
, are transported within surface waters, this study evaluated associations between fecal protozoa and various wetland-specific and environmental risk factors. This study focused on three distinct coastal California wetlands: (i) a tidally influenced slough bordered by urban and agricultural areas, (ii) a seasonal wetland adjacent to a dairy, and (iii) a constructed wetland that receives agricultural runoff. Wetland type, seasonality, rainfall, and various water quality parameters were evaluated using longitudinal Poisson regression to model effects on concentrations of protozoa and indicator bacteria (
Escherichia coli
and total coliform). Among wetland types, the dairy wetland exhibited the highest protozoal and bacterial concentrations, and despite significant reductions in microbe concentrations, the wetland could still be seen to influence water quality in the downstream tidal wetland. Additionally, recent rainfall events were associated with higher protozoal and bacterial counts in wetland water samples across all wetland types. Notably, detection of
E. coli
concentrations greater than a 400 most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml was associated with higher
Cryptosporidium
oocyst and
Giardia
cyst concentrations. These findings show that natural wetlands draining agricultural and livestock operation runoff into human-utilized waterways should be considered potential sources of pathogens and that wetlands can be instrumental in reducing pathogen loads to downstream waters.
Outer Dynein Arm Light Chain 1 Is Essential for Controlling the Ciliary Response to Cyclic AMP in Paramecium tetraurelia
Authors: Kutomi Osamu , Hori Manabu , Ishida Masaki , Tominaga Takashi , Kamachi Hiroyuki , Koll France , Cohen Jean , Yamada Norico , Noguchi Munenori 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

The individual role of the outer dynein arm light chains in the molecular mechanisms of ciliary movements in response to second messengers, such as Ca
2+
and cyclic nucleotides, is unclear. We examined the role of the gene termed the outer dynein arm light chain 1 (LC1) gene of
Paramecium tetraurelia
(
ODAL1
), a homologue of the outer dynein arm LC1 gene of
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
, in ciliary movements by RNA interference (RNAi) using a feeding method. The
ODAL1
-silenced (
ODAL1
-RNAi) cells swam slowly, and their swimming velocity did not increase in response to membrane-hyperpolarizing stimuli. Ciliary movements on the cortical sheets of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells revealed that the ciliary beat frequency was significantly lower than that of control cells in the presence of ≥1 mM Mg
2+
-ATP. In addition, the ciliary orientation of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells did not change in response to cyclic AMP (cAMP). A 29-kDa protein phosphorylated in a cAMP-dependent manner in the control cells disappeared in the axoneme of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells. These results indicate that
ODAL1
is essential for controlling the ciliary response by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
Tetrahymena thermophila JMJD3 Homolog Regulates H3K27 Methylation and Nuclear Differentiation
Authors: Chung Pei-Han , Yao Meng-Chao 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Histone H3K27me3 modification is an important regulator for development and gene expression. In
Tetrahymena thermophila
, the complex chromatin dynamics of H3K27me3 marks during nuclear development suggested that an H3K27me3 demethylase might exist. Here, we report an H3K27me3 demethylase homolog,
JMJ1
, in
Tetrahymena
. During conjugation,
JMJ1
expression is upregulated and the protein is localized first in the parental macronucleus and then in the new macronucleus. In conjugating cells, knockdown of
JMJ1
expression resulted in a severe reduction in the production of progeny, suggesting that
JMJ1
is essential for
Tetrahymena
conjugation. Furthermore, knockdown of
JMJ1
resulted in increased H3K27 trimethylation in the new macronucleus and reduced transcription of genes related to DNA elimination, while the DNA elimination process was also partially blocked. Knockdown of the H3K27 methyltransferase
EZL2
but not that of
EZL1
partially restored progeny production in
JMJ1
-knockdown cells and reduced abnormal H3K27me3 accumulation in the new macronucleus. Taken together, these results demonstrate a critical role for
JMJ1
in regulating H3K27me3 during conjugation and the importance of
JMJ1
in regulating gene expression in the new macronucleus but not in regulating the formation of heterochromatin associated with programmed DNA deletion.
A New Method for Quantifying the Needling Component of Acupuncture Treatments
Authors: Davis Robert T , Churchill David L , Badger Gary J , Dunn Julie , Langevin Helene M 
Published: March 2012

Objectives The highly variable nature of acupuncture needling creates challenges to systematic research. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of quantifying acupuncture needle manipulation using motion and force measurements. It was hypothesised that distinct needling styles and techniques would produce different needle motion and force patterns that could be quantified and differentiated from each other. Methods A new needling sensor tool (Acusensor) was used to record needling in real time as performed by six New England School of Acupuncture staff from the ‘Chinese acupuncture’ (style 1) and ‘Japanese acupuncture’ (style 2) programmes (three from each). Each faculty expert needled 12 points (6 bilateral locations) in 12 healthy human subjects using tonification (technique 1) and dispersal (technique 2). Parameters calculated from the raw needling data were displacement amplitude, displacement frequency, rotation amplitude, rotation frequency, force amplitude and torque amplitude. Results Data analysis revealed significant differences in the amplitude of displacement and rotation between needling performed by staff from two different acupuncture styles. Significant overall differences in the frequency of displacement between techniques 1 and 2 that were not dependent of the style of acupuncture being performed were also found. The relationships between displacement and rotation frequencies, as well as between displacement and force amplitudes showed considerable variability across individual acupuncturists and subjects. Conclusions Needling motion and force parameters can be quantified in a treatment-like setting. Needling data can subsequently be analysed, providing an objective method for characterising needling in basic and clinical acupuncture research.
Hanging-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Deasy Conor , Bray Janet , Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen , Cameron Peter 
Published: March 2012

IntroductionHanging is an infrequent but devastating cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We determine the characteristics and outcomes of hanging-associated OHCA in Melbourne Australia.MethodsA 10-year retrospective case review of all adult hangings (aged ≥16 years) associated with OHCA, was conducted using data from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2009, the emergency medical service (EMS) attended 33 178 adult OHCAs of which 1321 (4%) had hanging as the aetiology. The median age (IQR) of hanging-associated OHCA cases was 39 (29–51) years and 1162 were men (88%). The first recorded rhythm by EMS was asystole seen in 1276 (75.5%) patients, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in 38 (13.4%) cases and ventricular fibrillation in 7 cases (0.5%). EMS attempted resuscitation in 208 (15.7%) patients of whom 61 (29.3%) achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and were transported, and 7 (3.3%) survived to hospital discharge. Hanging-associated OHCAs were younger (median (IQR) 38 (29–51) years versus 74 (61–82) years, p<0.001), less likely to have a shockable rhythm (0.5% vs 17.2%, p<0.001), receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (14.1% vs 25.5%, p<0.001) or an attempted resuscitation by EMS (15.7% vs 36.1%, p<0.001) compared with OHCA cases with an aetiology of ‘presumed cardiac’ arrest. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with EMS decision to attempt resuscitation; the adjusted OR (95% CI) for ‘presence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ was 15.8 (10.70–23.30) and for ‘witnessed arrest’ was 5.26 (1.17–23.30).ConclusionAttempted resuscitation was not always futile with a survival of 3.3%. A preventive focus is needed.
Care of the patient with an autism spectrum disorder by the general physician
Authors: Venkat Arvind , Jauch Edward , Russell William Scott , Crist Candace Roman , Farrell Robert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), comprising classic autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder-not otherwise specified, represent complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and repetitive, stereotyped behaviours. It is estimated that up to 1% of the general population may be affected by an ASD. Whether due to improved diagnostic techniques or a true rise in incidence, the prevalence of patients with ASD is rising, and these individuals are increasingly encountered in a variety of healthcare settings. Care givers of patients with an ASD report frequently that lack of awareness of the complications of these disorders and the method of appropriately assessing these individuals impair the effective delivery of healthcare to this patient population. It is now clear that patients with an ASD, in addition to the defining characteristics of these disorders, can present to the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings with a variety of psychiatric, neurological, gastrointestinal, nutritional/metabolic, dental, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, gynaecological, traumatic and musculoskeletal conditions that can require acute intervention. In addition, the common treatments given to patients with an ASD may result in side effects and complications that may require acute intervention. For physicians who encounter patients with an ASD, the combination of impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and stereotyped behaviours creates an additional barrier to diagnosis and treatment of these individuals. Careful preparation of the examination environment, direct engagement of care givers and the patient and the use of communication techniques and pharmacological adjuncts can aid physicians in treating the patient with an ASD in the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings.
Pharmacogenomics in Early-Phase Oncology Clinical Trials: Is There a Sweet Spot in Phase II?
Authors: O'Donnell Peter H. , Stadler Walter M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Many clinical trials of oncology drugs now include at least a consideration of pharmacogenomics, the study of germline or acquired genetic factors governing a drug's response and toxicity. Besides the potential benefit to patients from the consideration of personalized pharmacogenomic information when making treatment decisions, the incentive is clear for oncology drug developers to incorporate pharmacogenomic factors in the drug development process, because pharmacogenomic biomarkers may allow predictive characterization of subpopulations within a disease that may particularly respond or may allow preidentification of patients at highest risk for adverse events. There is, however, a lack of agreement in actual practice about at what point in the oncology clinical drug development process pharmacogenomic studies should be incorporated. In this article, we examine the recent growth of pharmacogenomics in oncology clinical trials, especially in early-phase studies, and examine several critical questions facing the incorporation of pharmacogenomics in early oncologic drug development. We show that phase II clinical trials, in particular, have a favorable track record for showing positive pharmacogenomic signals, worthy of additional follow-up and validation, and that the phase II setting holds significant promise for potentially accelerating and informing future phase III trials. We conclude that phase II trials offer an ideal “sweet spot” for routine incorporation of pharmacogenomic questions in oncology drug development. Clin Cancer Res; 18(10); 2809–16. ©2012 AACR.
Hyaluronan Protects Bovine Articular Chondrocytes Against Cell Death Induced by Bupivacaine at Supraphysiologic Temperatures
Authors: Liu Sen , Zhang Qing-Song , Hester William , O’Brien Michael J. , Savoie Felix H. , You Zongbing 
Published: March 2012

Background: Bupivacaine and supraphysiologic temperature can independently reduce cell viability of articular chondrocytes. In combination, these 2 deleterious factors could further impair cell viability. Hypothesis: Hyaluronan may protect chondrocytes from death induced by bupivacaine at supraphysiologic temperatures. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Bovine articular chondrocytes were treated with hyaluronan at physiologic (37°C) and supraphysiologic temperatures (45°C and 50°C) for 1 hour and then exposed to bupivacaine for 1 hour at room temperature. Cell viability was assessed at 3 time points: immediately after treatment, 6 hours later, and 24 hours later using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The effects of hyaluronan on the levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the chondrocytes were determined using Alcian blue staining. Results: (1) Bupivacaine alone did not induce noticeable chondrocyte death at 37°C; (2) bupivacaine and temperature synergistically increased chondrocyte death, that is, when the chondrocytes were conditioned to 45°C and 50°C, 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine increased the cell death rate by 131% to 383% in comparison with the phosphate-buffered saline control group; and (3) addition of hyaluronan reduced chondrocyte death rates to approximately 14% and 25% at 45°C and 50°C, respectively. Hyaluronan’s protective effects were still observed at 6 and 24 hours after bupivacaine treatment at 45°C. However, at 50°C, hyaluronan delayed but did not prevent the cell death caused by bupivacaine. One-hour treatment with hyaluronan significantly increased sulfated glycosaminoglycan levels in the chondrocytes. Conclusion: Bupivacaine and supraphysiologic temperature synergistically increase chondrocyte death, and hyaluronan may protect articular chondrocytes from death caused by bupivacaine. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a rationale to perform preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate whether intra-articular injection of a mixture of bupivacaine and hyaluronan after arthroscopic surgery may protect against bupivacaine’s chondrotoxicity.
Leg Dominance Is a Risk Factor for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Recreational Skiers
Authors: Ruedl Gerhard , Webhofer Magdalena , Helle Kenneth , Strobl Martin , Schranz Alois , Fink Christian , Gatterer Hannes , Burtscher Martin 
Published: March 2012

Background: In recreational alpine skiing, the knee joint accounts for about one third of all injuries in male and female skiers. However, female recreational skiers have twice the knee injury incidence of male skiers, and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk is 3 times greater in female skiers. Purpose: To evaluate whether leg dominance is a risk factor for noncontact ACL injuries in female recreational skiers. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The relationships between leg dominance, side of knee injury, and gender were analyzed in 65 male and 128 female skiers suffering from a noncontact ACL rupture. Results: Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures of the left knee occurred more frequently in female than in male recreational skiers (68% vs 48%, P = .006). For both genders, in 90%, the right leg was the preferred kicking leg. With regard to leg dominance, female skiers suffered more often from ACL ruptures of their nondominant leg than male skiers (63% vs 45%, P = .020). An adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.8) was calculated. Conclusion: Female skiers showed a 2-fold higher risk of suffering from an ACL rupture on their nondominant leg. Therefore, leg dominance seems to be a risk factor for noncontact ACL injuries in female recreational skiers.
All-Inside Repair for a Root Tear of the Medial Meniscus Using a Suture Anchor
Authors: Jung Yu-Hun , Choi Nam-Hong , Oh Jong-Seok , Victoroff Brian N. 
Published: March 2012

Background: There are no published articles reporting clinical outcomes after all-inside meniscal repair using a suture anchor for a medial meniscal root tear. Purpose: To evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes after repair of medial meniscal root tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Thirteen patients with a root tear of the medial meniscus underwent all-inside repair using a suture anchor. Postoperative evaluation of meniscal status was performed using physical examination criteria, specifically joint line tenderness, McMurray test, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional evaluations were performed using Tegner activity level and Lysholm knee score. Follow-up MRI scans were obtained 6 months postoperatively to evaluate healing of the root tear and measure extrusion of the midbody of the medial meniscus. Results: The average follow-up was 30.8 months (range, 24-40 months). No patients had joint line tenderness or effusion. No patients demonstrated a positive McMurray test result postoperatively. The preoperative mean Tegner activity level was 1.9 (range, 1-6), and the mean Lysholm score was 69.1 (range, 53-91). At last follow-up, the mean Tegner activity level was 3.9 (range, 2-6), and the mean Lysholm score was 90.3 (range, 75-100). Improvements in both the Tegner activity level and Lysholm score were statistically significant ( P = .001 and P = .000, respectively). Follow-up MRI was performed in 10 patients. Five (50%) patients showed complete healing; 2 of these 5 patients showed complete healing with isointense signal of a normal meniscus, and 3 showed intermediate signal tissue at the previous tear site without any high signal cleft or ghost sign. Four (40%) patients showed partial healing, and 1 (10%) showed no healing. Mean extrusion of the midbody of the medial meniscus was 3.9 mm (range, 2.2-7.1 mm) preoperatively and 3.5 mm (range, 1.2-6.1 mm) postoperatively. Extrusion was not significantly decreased. Conclusion: This study demonstrated symptomatic improvement after meniscal root repair using a suture anchor. However, follow-up MRI scans did not show complete healing of all repaired root tears.
Forefoot Running Improves Pain and Disability Associated With Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Diebal Angela R. , Gregory Robert , Alitz Curtis , Gerber J. Parry 
Published: March 2012

Background: Anterior compartment pressures of the leg as well as kinematic and kinetic measures are significantly influenced by running technique. It is unknown whether adopting a forefoot strike technique will decrease the pain and disability associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in hindfoot strike runners. Hypothesis: For people who have CECS, adopting a forefoot strike running technique will lead to decreased pain and disability associated with this condition. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Ten patients with CECS indicated for surgical release were prospectively enrolled. Resting and postrunning compartment pressures, kinematic and kinetic measurements, and self-report questionnaires were taken for all patients at baseline and after 6 weeks of a forefoot strike running intervention. Run distance and reported pain levels were recorded. A 15-point global rating of change (GROC) scale was used to measure perceived change after the intervention. Results: After 6 weeks of forefoot run training, mean postrun anterior compartment pressures significantly decreased from 78.4 ± 32.0 mm Hg to 38.4 ± 11.5 mm Hg. Vertical ground-reaction force and impulse values were significantly reduced. Running distance significantly increased from 1.4 ± 0.6 km before intervention to 4.8 ± 0.5 km 6 weeks after intervention, while reported pain while running significantly decreased. The Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) significantly increased from 49.9 ± 21.4 to 90.4 ± 10.3, and the Lower Leg Outcome Survey (LLOS) significantly increased from 67.3 ± 13.7 to 91.5 ± 8.5. The GROC scores at 6 weeks after intervention were between 5 and 7 for all patients. One year after the intervention, the SANE and LLOS scores were greater than reported during the 6-week follow-up. Two-mile run times were also significantly faster than preintervention values. No patient required surgery. Conclusion: In 10 consecutive patients with CECS, a 6-week forefoot strike running intervention led to decreased postrunning lower leg intracompartmental pressures. Pain and disability typically associated with CECS were greatly reduced for up to 1 year after intervention. Surgical intervention was avoided for all patients.
The implementation of integrated emotion-oriented care: Did it actually change the attitude, skills and time spent of trained caregivers?
Authors: van der Kooij CH , Dröes RM , de Lange J , Ettema TP , Cools HJM , van Tilburg W 
Published: March 2012

Background: Successful implementation is a vital precondition for investigating the outcome of care innovation. This study concerned the evaluation of the implementation of integrated emotion-oriented care (IEOC) in psychogeriatric nursing home wards. The main question was whether the trained caregivers actually applied the knowledge and techniques of IEOC during their daily work. Methods: The study was conducted within the framework of a randomized clinical trial into the effectiveness of IEOC in 16 wards. Preceding the experimental period, staff from 16 wards were educated and trained to work with a standardized care plan, resulting in a similar level of quality of care at the start of the trial. On the experimental wards IEOC was then implemented by training on the job in addition to training courses for personnel. To examine the implementation effectiveness, a self-report questionnaire, ‘Emotion-oriented Skills in the Interaction with Elderly People with Dementia’, was administered at baseline and after 7 months to a sample of caregivers from the experimental and the control wards. In addition, participant observation was conducted on four experimental and four control wards, and time spent by care personnel on different type of care tasks was registered. Results: The implementation of IEOC resulted in increased emotion-oriented skills and more knowledge of the residents among the caregivers. Providing IEOC was not more time consuming for the caregivers than providing usual care. Conclusion: This study shows that the implementation of IEOC was effective. It is recommended that in intervention studies the correct application of a new intervention or care approach is examined before jumping to conclusions about the effectiveness of the intervention or care approach itself.