bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of constituent time intervals of right and left fetal modified myocardial performance indices on pulsed Doppler echocardiography: a short report
Authors: Meriki N. , Izurieta A. , Welsh A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess reproducibility of constituent time intervals measured by pulsed Doppler echocardiography for calculation of the right and left fetal myocardial performance indices (MPIs).MethodsThis was a prospective study of 30 normal singleton pregnancies (19–36 weeks). In each, five different time intervals were measured from the Doppler waveform and four repeated measures were taken for each time interval. Three were from the left heart: isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) and ejection time (ET); two were from the right heart: ‘a‐interval’ and ‘b‐interval’. The left and right modified MPIs (Mod‐MPIs) generated by these constituent time intervals were also evaluated. Two operators evaluated the reproducibility of all measures.ResultsThere was generally good intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility for all time intervals and resultant Mod‐MPIs: ICT, range, 19–43 ms with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85–0.95); ET, range, 160–184.8 ms with ICC, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84–0.95); IRT, range, 35.8–48.5 ms with ICC, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.52–0.81); a‐interval, range 208–265 ms with ICC, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.82–0.94); b‐interval, range, 163.1–188.3 ms with ICC, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71–0.90); left Mod‐MPI, range, 0.33–0.48 with ICC, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74–0.91); right Mod‐MPI, range, 0.21–0.49 with ICC, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71–0.90). The 95% limits of agreement showed no statistically significant difference in measurements between the two examiners for all time intervals.ConclusionThis is the first study to evaluate the reproducibility of the component time intervals of both right and left fetal Mod‐MPIs in the second and third trimesters and supports the reproducibility of fetal functional cardiac assessment. The IRT is the main source of variation for the left Mod‐MPI so should be the focus of further investigation. Even using two separate pulsed‐wave Doppler gates and therefore separate cardiac cycles, the right Mod‐MPI is reproducible. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of some ancient glass vessels fragments found in Xinjiang, China, using a portable energy dispersive XRF spectrometer
Authors: Liu Song , Li Qinghui , Gan Fuxi , Zhang Ping 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this article, a portable energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer having determination capability for elements of Na and Mg is applied to characterization of the 58 ancient glass vessels fragments found in Xinjiang, China, successfully. These ancient glass samples were found in different historical sites dated from the Han Dynasty (202 B.C.–220 A.D.) to early Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 A.D.). The chemical composition difference between the original weathered and inner fresh surfaces is distinguished. Using Mg, Ca, Al and K as the diagnostic elements, the glass samples analyzed are mainly classified into three types through cluster analysis. Each type of glass seems to be produced under different recipes. The techniques used to make these glasses and their possible provenances are discussed briefly. The obtained results provide new useful information for further understanding of the exchange and trade networks related to early glasses found in Xinjiang, China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study on determination of uranium and thorium in their mixed oxides by EDXRF using tube and radioisotope X‐ray sources
Authors: Misra N. L. , Kumar S. Sanjay , Dhara Sangita , Singh Ajit Kumar , Lodha G. S. , Aggarwal Suresh Kumar 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStudies on the matrix effects of uranium and thorium on the determinations of each other in their mixed oxides using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry with tube and radioisotope excitations of U Lα and Th Lα are reported. An internal standard method for the determination of uranium and thorium in these mixed oxides is found suitable. Comparison of the analytical results of EDXRF determinations of uranium and thorium using tube and radioisotope excitation sources has been made. The analytical methodology involves preparation of mixed oxide calibration/sample mixtures of uranium and thorium oxides, mixing of internal standard yttrium in these mixtures, pelletizing the mixtures after thorough mixing and grinding using boric acid binder and measuring EDXRF spectra of the specimens thus prepared using Rh X‐ray tube as well as 109Cd radioisotope source. The samples were analyzed for uranium and thorium on the basis of the calibration plots obtained by plotting the intensity ratios of the analyte and internal standard characteristic X‐ray lines and their corresponding amount ratios. An average precision of 1.2% (1 s RSD) was observed for the determination of U and Th and the results deviated from the corresponding expected values by 3% on average. Due to the refractory nature of thorium oxide, comparatively more grinding time was required for thorium determinations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial and Superoxide Dismutase Activity as Well as DNA Interactions of Ciprofloxacin‐Based Ternary Copper(II) Phenanthroline Complexes
Authors: Patel Mohan N. , Dosi Promise A. , Bhatt Bhupesh S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Five neutral mixed‐ligand mononuclear square‐pyramidal copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(cpf)(Ln)Cl] (cpf = ciprofloxacin and Ln = phenanthroline derivatives) (1–5) were synthesized and characterized. The complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity and bactericidal activity against two Gram(+ve) and three Gram(–ve) microorganisms and the results showed that all complexes studied are more potent than the quinolone standard drug ciprofloxacin. Absorption titration, viscosity, and thermal denaturation measurement studies revealed that each of these square‐pyramidal complexes moderately interacts with calf thymus DNA. The binding constants for mixed ligand complexes are in order of 1.5 × 104–3.0 × 104 M–1. Based on the data obtained in the DNA binding studies an intercalative mode of binding is suggested for these complexes. The nucleolytic cleavage activity of adducts and gyrase inhibition assay were studied on double stranded pUC19 DNA by gel electrophoresis experiments. From the SOD mimic study; the concentration of complexes ranging from 0.45 μM to 1.45 μM are enough to inhibit the reduction rate of NBT by 50 % (IC50) in NADH/PMS system.
The Crystal Structures of two Anhydrous Magnesium Hydroxychloride Phases from in situ Synchrotron Powder Diffraction Data
Authors: Dinnebier Robert E. , Halasz Ivan , Freyer Daniela , Hanson Jonathan C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe crystal structures of two members of the solid solution series Mg(OH)xCly x+y = 2, Mg(OH)1.7Cl0.3 (P$\tilde {3}$m1, a = 3.169(2) Å, c = 5.530(12), V = 48.1(1) Å3 at T = 365 °C) and MgOHCl (R$\tilde {3}$m, a = 3.3877(4) Å, c = 17.534(4) Å, V = 174.27(6) Å3 at T = 625 °C) were determined from in situ synchrotron powder diffraction data at high temperature upon dehydration of 3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O (F3) and 5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O (F5) phases. The crystal structures of Mg(OH)1.7Cl0.3 (example of ss‐type‐OH) and MgOHCl (example of ss‐type‐Cl) can be related to the C19 (CdCl2) and C6 (CdI2) structure type, respectively, with the disordered chloride and hydroxide anions occupying the same crystallographic site in layers.
[Te8]2[Ta4O4Cl16]: A Two‐dimensional Tellurium Polycation obtained via Ionic Liquid‐Based Synthesis
Authors: Freudenmann Dominic , Feldmann Claus 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBy reaction of elemental tellurium, tellurium(IV) chloride, tantalum(V) chloride and tantalum(V) oxychloride in the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl ([BMIM]Cl:1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride),[Te8]2[Ta4O4Cl16] is obtained in the form of lucent black crystals. The title compound consists of infinite [Te–Te–(Te6)]n2+ chains (Te–Te: 264.9(1)–284.3(1) pm) and isolated [Ta4O4Cl16]4– anions. The [Te–Te–(Te6)]n2+ chains are interconnected to form a two‐dimensional tellurium network (Te–Te: 335.9 pm). Due to this interaction the [Te–Te–(Te6)]n2+ chains in [Te8]2[Ta4O4Cl16] show an arrangement that differs significantly from known polycationic [Te8]n2+ chains. The two‐dimensional tellurium network is finally separated by tetrameric, corner‐sharing oxidochloridotantalate anions [(TaO2/2Cl4/1)4]4– that are firstly observed. The composition of [Te8]2[Ta4O4Cl16] is confirmed by EDX analysis; its optical band gap is estimated to 1.1–1.2 eV via UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Properties of the Energetic Coordination Compound [Co(DAT)2(H2O)4](HTNR)2·2H2O (DAT = 1,5‐diaminotetrazole)
Authors: Zhang Jianguo , Wei Lei , Cui Yan , Zhang Tonglai , Zhou Zunning , Yang Li 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new coordination complex, [Co(DAT)2(H2O)4](HTNR)2·2H2O [DAT = 1,5‐diaminotetrazole, HTNR = 2,4,6‐trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid)], was obtained in high yield and characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The molecular structure of [Co(DAT)2(H2O)4](HTNR)2·2H2O in the crystalline state is determined by X‐ray crystallography is as follows: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 19.216(3) Å, b = 5.4992(8) Å, c = 30.418(5) Å, β = 104.500(5), V = 3112.0(8) Å3, Z = 4, ρcalc. = 1.851 g·cm–3, R1 = 0.0271 and wR2 = (all data) 0.0674. The central cobalt(II) cation is coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of two DAT and four oxygen atoms of four H2O ligand molecules to form a six‐coordinate and slightly distorted octahedral structure. Extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds link molecular units of [Co(DAT)2(H2O)4(HTNR)2·2H2O together to form a 3D net structure with pore canals. The thermal decomposition mechanism for the title compound was predicted based on DSC, TG‐DTG, and FT‐IR analyses and non‐kinetic parameters of the first exothermic process were estimated by applying the Kissinger, Starink, and Ozawa–Doyle methods.
Costs of care in a mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer clinical trial sample: Key resources and their determinants
Authors: Gustavsson Anders , Cattelin Francoise , Jönsson Linus 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundCosts of care are frequently included as secondary endpoint in Alzheimer clinical trials because payers demand evidence of the budgetary effects of novel therapies. Future clinical trial protocols can be optimized on the basis of the currently available data, including what are the key resources and how are they correlated to disease severity measures.MethodsPrimary patient‐level data from two 18 months clinical trials of a putative disease modifier in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (n = 2,744) were analyzed to identify key components of costs of care and their determinants in a clinical trial setting. Costs of care were assessed with the resource utilization in dementia Lite (RUD) instrument, which includes patient accommodation, informal care, community care, and hospitalizations. The contribution of each component to total costs of care and their correlation with one another and key disease severity measures (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale, Mini‐Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire) was explored.ResultsInformal care constituted 82% to 86% of the total costs of care over the 18‐months trial and community care services and patient accommodation contributed 6% to 8% each. Informal care was positively correlated with hospitalizations but negatively to patient accommodation, indicating that these services are supplements. Informal care also had the strongest pair‐wise correlation with key disease severity measures, suggesting a higher chance of identifying a treatment effect on this component. ADL‐ability (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory) was the strongest predictor of costs of care of all disease severity measures.ConclusionsInformal care is the most important component of costs of care in a mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer clinical trial sample, and it is primarily driven by the ADL‐ability of the patient. Investigators should focus on the assessment of this economic endpoint because a significant treatment effect on this resource is likely to also affect total costs of care.
Extended results of the Alzheimer's disease anti‐inflammatory prevention trial
Authors: Breitner John C. , Baker Laura D. , Montine Thomas J. , Meinert Curtis L. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Ashe Karen H. , Brandt Jason , Craft Suzanne , Evans Denis E. , Green Robert C. , Ismail M. Saleem , Martin Barbara K. , Mullan Michael J. , Sabbagh Marwan , Tariot Pierre N. 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundEpidemiologic evidence suggests that nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) delay onset of Alzheimer's dementia (AD), but randomized trials show no benefit from NSAIDs in patients with symptomatic AD. The Alzheimer's Disease Anti‐inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT) randomized 2528 elderly persons to naproxen or celecoxib versus placebo for 2 years (standard deviation = 11 months) before treatments were terminated. During the treatment interval, 32 cases of AD revealed increased rates in both NSAID‐assigned groups.MethodsWe continued the double‐masked ADAPT protocol for 2 additional years to investigate incidence of AD (primary outcome). We then collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 117 volunteer participants to assess their ratio of CSF tau to Aβ1‐42.ResultsIncluding 40 new events observed during follow‐up of 2071 randomized individuals (92% of participants at treatment cessation), there were 72 AD cases. Overall, NSAID‐related harm was no longer evident, but secondary analyses showed that increased risk remained notable in the first 2.5 years of observations, especially in 54 persons enrolled with cognitive impairment––no dementia (CIND). These same analyses showed later reduction in AD incidence among asymptomatic enrollees who were given naproxen. CSF biomarker assays suggested that the latter result reflected reduced Alzheimer‐type neurodegeneration.ConclusionsThese data suggest a revision of the original ADAPT hypothesis that NSAIDs reduce AD risk, as follows: NSAIDs have an adverse effect in later stages of AD pathogenesis, whereas asymptomatic individuals treated with conventional NSAIDs such as naproxen experience reduced AD incidence, but only after 2 to 3 years. Thus, treatment effects differ at various stages of disease. This hypothesis is consistent with data from both trials and epidemiological studies.
A dynamical instability due to fluid–wall coupling lowers the transition Reynolds number in the flow through a flexible tube
Authors: Verma M. K. S. , Kumaran V. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA flow-induced instability in a tube with flexible walls is studied experimentally. Tubes of diameter 0.8 and 1.2 mm are cast in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer gels, and the catalyst concentration in these gels is varied to obtain shear modulus in the range 17–550 kPa. A pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the tube is used to drive fluid flow, and the friction factor $f$ is measured as a function of the Reynolds number $Re$. From these measurements, it is found that the laminar flow becomes unstable, and there is a transition to a more complicated flow profile, for Reynolds numbers as low as 500 for the softest gels used here. The nature of the $f$–$Re$ curves is also qualitatively different from that in the flow past rigid tubes; in contrast to the discontinuous increase in the friction factor at transition in a rigid tube, it is found that there is a continuous increase in the friction factor from the laminar value of $16/ Re$ in a flexible tube. The onset of transition is also detected by a dye-stream method, where a stream of dye is injected into the centre of the tube. It is found that there is a continuous increase of the amplitude of perturbations at the onset of transition in a flexible tube, in contrast to the abrupt disruption of the dye stream at transition in a rigid tube. There are oscillations in the wall of the tube at the onset of transition, which is detected from the laser scattering off the walls of the tube. This indicates that the coupling between the fluid stresses and the elastic stresses in the wall results in an instability of the laminar flow.
The Hands of the Projectionist
Authors: Cartwright Lisa 
Published: July 2011

ArgumentThis essay considers the work of projection and the hand of the projectionist as important components of the social space of the cinema as it comes into being in the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth. I bring the concept of Maurice Merleau-Ponty on the place of the body as an entity that applies itself to the world “like a hand to an instrument” into a discussion of the pre-cinematic projector as an instrument that we can interpret as evidence of the experience of the work of the projectionist in the spirit of film theory and media archaeology, moving work on instrumentation in a different direction from the analysis of the work of the black box in laboratory studies. Projection is described as a psychological as well as a mechanical process. It is suggested that we interpret the projector not simply in its activity as it projects films, but in its movement from site to site and in the workings of the hand of its operator behind the scenes. This account suggests a different perspective on the cinematic turn of the nineteenth century, a concept typically approached through the study of the image, the look, the camera, and the screen.
Assembly and disassembly of a retinal cholinergic network
Authors: FORD KEVIN J. , FELLER MARLA B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the few weeks prior to the onset of vision, the retina undergoes a dramatic transformation. Neurons migrate into position and target appropriate synaptic partners to assemble the circuits that mediate vision. During this period of development, the retina is not silent but rather assembles and disassembles a series of transient circuits that use distinct mechanisms to generate spontaneous correlated activity called retinal waves. During the first postnatal week, this transient circuit is comprised of reciprocal cholinergic connections between starburst amacrine cells. A few days before the eyes open, these cholinergic connections are eliminated as the glutamatergic circuits involved in processing visual information are formed. Here, we discuss the assembly and disassembly of this transient cholinergic network and the role it plays in various aspects of retinal development.
The sky as a social field
Authors: Iwaniszewski Stanisław 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLike other features of the surrounding world, objects and events perceived in the sky were used to mediate between humans and specific meanings acquired in relation to them. Celestial bodies were often believed to act like human agents. In this way the skies became part of the social field of human beings—a heterogeneous space in which all important types of relationships could happen. For this reason, the study of the role celestial lore and skywatching played in human populations is a task appropriate to cultural astronomers rather than to astrophysicists or historians of science.
Contributions to the study of the Muisca calendar
Authors: Izquierdo Manuel Arturo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this work is to review and expand upon the model proposed by Father José Domingo Duquesne de la Madrid (1745–1821) regarding the calendar of the pre-Columbian Muisca culture of central Colombia. This model was dismissed by scholars in the late 19th century when it was called just a simple invention of a clergyman; however, a detailed analysis shows that his interpretation of the calendar was based on genuine ethnographic information. According to Duquesne, this calendar was based on a series of moons whose multiples are 5, 20 and 37. These multiples generate time series that can be comparable to our years (37 moons), centuries (740 moons, or 59.8 years) and millennia (14800 moons or 1196 years). According to the information provided, these long time spans can be tracked up to a period of 74000 moons (5978 years). The work of Duquesne provides us some clues about the state of timekeeping traditions in pre-Columbian societies of the Intermediate Area.
Identification of astronomical objects in ancient engravings: Malargüe, Mendoza, Argentina. Methodological contributions in archaeoastronomy
Authors: Tucker Hugo , Risi Andres , Bandiera Roberto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn 2007 a group was formed to study ‘Archaeoastronomy of Malargüe’. Its main objective is to contribute to the understanding of rock art records from the study of their variability, in order to understand their functionality in the context of regional archaeological problems. The research is addressed using an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological model, focusing on the characteristics of the site and location of the engravings, their relationship with the landscape, and the identification of possible representations of astronomical objects. In this paper, we discuss some of the theoretical and methodological tools we have used for the fieldwork and analysis, using as our case study work at the rock art sites of Agua Botada, Valle Hermoso, and Los Toscales del Payén in the south of Mendoza, Argentina.
Agricultural Land Elasticities in the United States and Brazil
Authors: Barr Kanlaya J. , Babcock Bruce A. , Carriquiry Miguel A. , Nassar Andre M. , Harfuch Leila 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe elasticity of aggregate supply of cropland is one key to understanding the degree to which policy‐induced increases in demand for biofuel feedstocks or agricultural CO2 offsets will result in higher prices or expanded crop production. We report land supply elasticities for the United States and Brazil estimated directly from recent changes in planted crop acreage and estimated changes in expected returns. The resulting aggregate implied land‐use elasticities with respect to price are quite inelastic in the United States and Brazil elasticities have declined sharply in recent years. The estimated elasticities imply that current estimates of land‐based CO2 emissions from biofuels expansion may be overstated