bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of a patient‐centred snack delivery system in a children's hospital increases patient satisfaction and decreases foodservice costs
Authors: White Melinda , Wilcox Judy , Watson Rebecca , Rogany Ayala , Meehan Lorissa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article is to evaluate a new patient‐centred snack delivery system at a children's hospital, investigating patient satisfaction, cost outcomes and snack item popularity. Patient satisfaction was determined via surveys. Foodservice cost comparisons were made 6 months before and after the implementation of the snack trolley. Snack popularity was determined by recording, categorizing and ranking snacks distributed over this period. Patients/carers (75%) believed that the snack trolley service rated a four or above on a scale of 1 (not satisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). Foodservice cost savings of $AU3307 or 33.3% (P < 0.01) were observed over 6 months. Popular snacks were Arnott's Tiny Teddies [22.5% (n = 978) of the snacks distributed], followed closely by Arnott's Shapes (n = 818, 18.9%). In conclusion, a patient‐centred snack trolley in a children's hospital can increase patient satisfaction and reduce foodservice costs.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: Bishop William F. 
Published: September 2010

Major reserves of oil exist in the Reforma area of Tabasco and Chiapas states and the Campeche Shelf of SE Mexico in high‐energy, bank‐edge, reef‐derived or reef‐associated carbonate rocks, ranging in age from Late Jurassic to earliest Late Cretaceous. It is the conclusion of this study that the Reforma reservoir facies does not extend into W Guatemala. However, there the potential for major reserves in bank and lagoonal carbonates of similar age is considered excellent. A variety of structures, mostly resulting from salt tectonics, is present. Known reservoir rocks include fractured carbonates with secondary porosity resulting from solution and dolomitization, and limestones with primary intergranular porosity. An indigenous source is likely for the large quantitis of oil which have been tested at Rubelsanto. Seals, in the form of thick intervals of Cretaceous anhydrite and, in places, of Tertiary fine‐grained clastics, are abundant.The area E of Rubelsanto may have considerable merit, particularly if detailed structural analysis indicates that similar salt‐tectonic features are present. The less deeply buried areas of Cretaceous carbonates are not highly regarded because: (1) salt is absent: (2) temperatures sufficient for maturation of hydrocarbons may be lacking: and (3) a considerable number of dry holes with no significant shows has been drilled. N Guatemala is somewhat attractive, because the proper combination of unmetamorphosed Paleozoic organic shale on basement highs, well‐developed Todos Santos sandstone reservoirs, and the overlying thick evaporite seal could trap sizable hydrocarbon accumulations. However, as degree of metamorphism decreases, presumably basinward, distance from source terrain for detritus increases and reservoirs may be inadequate.
SEDIMENTATION, SEA‐LEVEL RISE AND TECTONICS AT THE TRIASSIC‐JURASSIC BOUNDARY (STATFJORD FORMATION), TAMPEN SPUR, NORTHERN NORTH SEA
Authors: Røe Signe‐Line , Steel Ron 
Published: September 2010

Statfiord Formation reservoir rocks (Rhaetian‐Sinemurian) of the Tampen Spur area, Northern North Sea consist of coarse‐ and fine‐grained units in alternation, in a succession up to 300‐m thick in places. The formation is interpreted in terms of coastal fans and fan deltas on a low‐energy coastline.Four broad facies associations are distinguished: subaerial fan and distal fan (partly subaqueous) deposits make up the coarse‐grained units, while the fine‐grained units consist of lagoon‐bay and floodbasin‐bay sediments. The deposits interpreted as subaerial fan‐plain and braided‐stream channels are dominantly cross‐stratified and plane‐bedded, coarse‐grained sandstones and fine‐conglomerates. The distal fan deposits, mainly massive or bioturbated finel/medium‐grained sandstones tend to occur at the base or top of the coarse units.The deposits interpreted in terms of a lagoon‐bay setting consist of wave‐rippled, flaser/lenticular bedded siltstone and fine‐grained sandstone in a “background”of dark grey mudstone with occasional coal beds. This association is thought to have originated largely in front of the fans. The floodbasin‐bay association, consisting mainly of red‐and green‐coloured, massive and bioturbated mudstone and silty sandstone is believed to have accumulated in ephemeral floodbasin lakes or in the inner regions of coastal embayments, between fans. In addition to the main associations, there are also marine reworked sandstones at the top of the formation in some areas.Sedimentation time trends within the coarse‐grained units reflect fan shifting and progradation. On the formation scale, the coarse units become coarser and more laterally‐continuous upward, whereas the fine units become dominated by the lagoon‐bay facies at younger stratigraphic levels.It is argued that the former was a response mainly to tectonics, while eustatic sea level rise accounts for the increase in marine deposits through time. The marine sandstone at the top of the formation suggests a transition from a low energy, protected shoreline to a higher energy, more open one; a change that is related to basin enlargement and increased rate of relative sea level rise at the Statfjord‐Dunlin Formation transition.
POST‐DRILLING ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH FALKLAND BASIN—PART 2: PETROLEUM SYSTEM AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: Richards P. C. , Hillier B. V. 
Published: September 2010

Six wells were drilled in the North Falkland Basin in 1998. Five of these wells recorded oil shows, and up to 32% gas was also recorded in mud returns to the rig floor. However, none of the wells encountered commercially viable petroleum accumulations.The syn‐rift and early post‐rift intervals contain thick, lacustrine claystones with oil source potential as indicated by TOC values up to 7.5% and Rock‐Eva1 S2 values of up to 102 kg HC per tonne of rock. These source rocks were immature or only marginally mature in five of the wells but had attained maturity in one of them. Modelling suggests that the main source interval may well be within the peak oil generation window in deeper, undrilled parts of the basin. Calculations of the amount of oil expelled range up to 60 billion barrels.Most of the wells tested a closely‐related set of plays in large structures asSociated with a sandstone interval near the top of the late syn‐rifi to early post‐rij? source‐rock succession. Post‐drilling geological modelling of the basin suggests that oil is unlikely to have migrated into this sandstone play at the localities tested, and that the wells consequently failed largely due to a lack of charge. Howevel; the play maintains exploration potential elsewhere. Other plays, particularly those stratigraphically asSociated with the base rather than the top of the source rock, may have a higher chance of exploration success.
MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTION IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS: EVIDENCE FOR RECURRENT EPIZOOTICS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC AND GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Duignan Pádraig J. , House Carol , Odell Daniel K. , Wells Randall S. , Hansen Larry J. , Walsh Michael T. , Aubin David J. St. , Rima Bert K. , Geraci Joseph R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMorbillivirus infection is widespread among odontocetes of the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Serologic evidence of infection in bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus, was first detected during an epizootic along the mid‐Atlantic coast in 1987. Here, we report recurrent epizootics in the coastal dolphin population since at least the early 1980s based on serological surveys and regional stranding frequencies. The first observed epizootic of this series occurred in the Indian and Banana Rivers in 1982 and was followed by others on the mid‐Atlantic coast in 1987–1988 and in the Gulf of Mexico between 1992 and 1994. This temporal pattern of infection is likely facilitated by the population size and its fragmentation into relatively discrete coastal communities. Introduction of morbillivirus into a community with a sufficient number of naive hosts may precipitate an epizootic, depending on the potential for transmission within the group. Propagation of an epizootic along the coast is probably determined by frequency of contact between adjacent communities and seasonal migrations.Morbillivirus antibodies were also detected in serum from offshore bottlenose dolphins. The sero‐prevalence in the latter may be higher than in coastal dolphins because of their close association with enzootically infected pilot whales (Globicephalaspp.). Occasional contact between offshore and coastal dolphins may provide an epizootiologic link between pilot whales and coastal dolphin communities.
VARIABILITY IN ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL DIVE DATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TDR STUDIES
Authors: Boveng Peter L. , Walker Brian G. , Bengtson John L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe analyzed 19 dive records obtained from female antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalas gazella) during three austral summer breeding seasons on Seal Island, Antarctica, to assess the extent of individual variation and the potential for using time‐depth recorder (TDR) statistics to detect annual changes in six measures of foraging behavior. We report the mean values and typical variability among individuals for dive duration, dive depth, proportion of time submerged, transit time, vertical distance dived, and diving intensity. Dive duration was the least variable and vertical distance dived was the most variable among individual seals. The results were used to estimate the sample sizes required to detect—with acceptable precision and power—differences in the six measures between sites, years, or species. Statistics that vary most among individuals require the largest sample sizes to reliably detect a given percentage difference between annual means. Interestingly, we also observed the most significant interannual differences in those same statistics. These results emphasize that specifying the magnitude of the (interannual, intersite or interspecific) difference that is biologically significant to the study population is an important, though sometimes difficult, component of TDR survey design.
DETERMINING PREGNANCY FROM BLUBBER IN THREE SPECIES OF DELPHINIDS
Authors: Kellar Nicholas M. , Trego Marisa L. , Marks Corina I. , Dizon Andrew E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe quantified progesterone in 110 blubber samples from dolphins of known reproductive status in order to test the accuracy of a method to determine pregnancy status in wild cetaceans. The samples were collected from fishery‐bycaught delphinids of three species (Delphinus delphis, Lissodelphis borealis, and Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). We ascertained that blubber progesterone concentrations could clearly distinguish pregnant D. delphis (range 132–415 ng/g, mean 261 ng/g) from non‐pregnant mature and immature ones (range 0.92–48.2 ng/g, mean 15.2 ng/g). We found similar dramatic differences in L. borealis and L. obliquidens. These results were insensitive to various blubber sampling depths and anatomical sampling locations on the body, suggesting relative homogeneity of progesterone levels throughout the blubber. However, no trend was found in blubber progesterone concentration with fetal length, indicating that although blubber progesterone appears to distinguish pregnancy status, it is unlikely to differentiate pregnancy stage. Based on the findings presented here we suggest that this method, when coupled with projectile biopsy procedures, can be used to assess the pregnancy status of free‐ranging cetaceans and thus provide a new tool to determine pregnancy rates of wild populations.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND BODY SCARRING IN THE BOTO (AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN) INIA GEOFFRENSIS
Authors: Martin A. R. , Da Silva V. M. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMeasurements and quantitative descriptions of a large sample of live adult botos (Inia geoffrensis) were obtained from the Mamirauá Reserve in the central Amazon. Males were on average 16% longer and weighed 55% more than females, demonstrating that this species is one of the most sexually dimorphic of all cetaceans for size. Males were also pinker than females, more heavily scarred by intraspecific tooth rakes, and had more life‐threatening injuries. Some larger males had areas of modified skin that may simply be scar tissue, but may also be a heritable characteristic used as a shield or weapon. As in sperm whales, sexual size dimorphism and male‐male aggression appear to be linked in botos, suggesting fierce competition for a resource—probably mating opportunities. The boto is unique among river dolphins in that males are larger than females. This distinction implies long evolutionary separation and fundamental differences in social behavior.
RISK OF EXTIRPATION OF STELLER SEA LIONS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA AND ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: A POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES FOR WHY SEA LIONS DECLINED IN WESTERN ALASKA
Authors: Winship Arliss J. , Trites Andrew W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe estimated the risk that the Steller sea lion will be extirpated in western Alaska using a population viability analysis (PVA) that combined simulations with statistically fitted models of historical population dynamics. Our analysis considered the roles that density‐dependent and density‐independent factors may have played in the past, and how they might influence future population dynamics. It also established functional relationships between population size, population growth rate and the risk of extinction under alternative hypotheses about population regulation and environmental variability. These functional relationships can be used to develop recovery criteria and guide research and management decisions. Life table parameters (e.g., birth and survival rates) operating during the population decline (1978–2002) were estimated by fitting simple age‐structured models to time‐series of pup and non‐pup counts from 33 rookeries (subpopulations). The PVA was carried out by projecting all 33 subpopulations into the future using these estimated site‐specific life tables (with associated uncertainties) and different assumptions about carrying capacities and the presence or absence of density‐dependent population regulation. Results suggest that the overall predicted risk of extirpation of Steller sea lions as a species in western Alaska was low in the next 100 yr under all scenarios explored. However, most subpopulations of Steller sea lions had high probabilities of going extinct within the next 100 yr if trends observed during the 1990s were to continue. Two clusters of contiguous subpopulations occurring in the Unimak Pass area in the western Gulf of Alaska/eastern Aleutian Islands and the Seguam–Adak region in the central Aleutian Islands had relatively lower risks of extinction. Risks of extinction for a number of subpopulations in the Gulf of Alaska were reduced if the increases observed since the late 1990s continue into the future. The risks of subpopulations going extinct were small when density‐dependent compensation in birth and survival rates was assumed, even when random stochasticity in these vital rates was introduced.
DECLINES IN HARBOR SEAL(PHOCA VITULINA)NUMBERS IN GLACIER BAY NATIONAL PARK, ALASKA, 1992–2002
Authors: Mathews Elizabeth A. , Pendleton Grey W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Glacier Bay National Park had one of the largest breeding aggregations of harbor seals in Alaska, and it is functionally the only marine reserve for harbor seals in Alaska; yet, numbers of seals in the Bay are declining rapidly. Understanding why seals in Glacier Bay are declining may clarify their minimal habitat needs. We estimated population trends using models that controlled for environmental and observer‐related factors. In 1992, 6,200 seals were counted on icebergs in a tidewater glacial fjord and at terrestrial sites; by 2002 only 2,550 seals were counted at these same haul‐outs. Numbers of non‐pups in the glacial fjord declined by 6.6%/yr (−39%/8 yr) in June and by 9.6%/yr (−63%/11 yr) in August and at all other haul‐outs by 14.5%/yr (−75%/10 yr) during August. In the glacial fjord the number of pups remained steady from 1994 to 1999 and made up an increasing proportion of seals counted (5.4%/yr), and the proportion of pups peaked at 34%–36%. The rapid declines do not appear to be due to changes in seal behavior or redistribution. The declines reinforce genetic evidence that harbor seals in Glacier Bay are demographically isolated from other populations and indicate that current management stocks need to be redefined. Changes in Glacier Bay's ecosystem and population demographic data from the glacial fjord suggest that interspecific competition and predation are likely factors in the declines.
Modeling the Fluid Dynamics in a Human Stomach to Gain Insight of Food Digestion
Authors: Ferrua M.J. , Singh R.P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  During gastric digestion, food is disintegrated by a complex interaction of chemical and mechanical effects. Although the mechanisms of chemical digestion are usually characterized by using in vitro analysis, the difficulty in reproducing the stomach geometry and motility has prevented a good understanding of the local fluid dynamics of gastric contents. The goal of this study was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to develop a 3‐D model of the shape and motility pattern of the stomach wall during digestion, and use it to characterize the fluid dynamics of gastric contents of different viscosities. A geometrical model of an averaged‐sized human stomach was created, and its motility was characterized by a series of antral‐contraction waves of up to 80% relative occlusion. The flow field within the model (predicted using the software Fluent™) strongly depended on the viscosity of gastric contents. By increasing the viscosity, the formation of the 2 flow patterns commonly regarded as the main mechanisms driving digestion (i.e., the retropulsive jet‐like motion and eddy structures) was significantly diminished, while a significant increase of the pressure field was predicted. These results were in good agreement with experimental data previously reported in the literature, and suggest that, contrary to the traditional idea of a rapid and complete homogenization of the meal, gastric contents associated with high viscous meals are poorly mixed. This study illustrates the capability of CFD to provide a unique insight into the fluid dynamics of the gastric contents, and points out its potential to develop a fundamental understanding and modeling of the mechanisms involved in the digestion process.Practical Application:  This study illustrates the capability of computational fluid dynamic techniques to provide a unique insight into the dynamics of the gastric contents, pointing out its potential to develop a fundamental understanding and modeling of the human digestion process.
A Multiplex PCR Method for the Identification of Commercially Important Salmon and Trout Species (Oncorhynchus and Salmo) in North America
Authors: Rasmussen Hellberg Rosalee S. , Morrissey Michael T. , Hanner Robert H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to develop a species‐specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that allows for the detection of salmon species substitution on the commercial market. Species‐specific primers and TaqMan® probes were developed based on a comprehensive collection of mitochondrial 5′ cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) “barcode” sequences. Primers and probes were combined into multiplex assays and tested for specificity against 112 reference samples representing 25 species. Sensitivity and linearity tests were conducted using 10‐fold serial dilutions of target DNA (single‐species samples) and DNA admixtures containing the target species at levels of 10%, 1.0%, and 0.1% mixed with a secondary species. The specificity tests showed positive signals for the target DNA in both real‐time and conventional PCR systems. Nonspecific amplification in both systems was minimal; however, false positives were detected at low levels (1.2% to 8.3%) in conventional PCR. Detection levels were similar for admixtures and single‐species samples based on a 30 PCR cycle cut‐off, with limits of 0.25 to 2.5 ng (1% to 10%) in conventional PCR and 0.05 to 5.0 ng (0.1% to 10%) in real‐time PCR. A small‐scale test with food samples showed promising results, with species identification possible even in heavily processed food items. Overall, this study presents a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for salmon species identification that can be applied to mixed‐species and heavily processed samples in either conventional or real‐time PCR formats.Practical Application:  This study provides a newly developed method for salmon and trout species identification that will assist both industry and regulatory agencies in the detection and prevention of species substitution. This multiplex PCR method allows for rapid, high‐throughput species identification even in heavily processed and mixed‐species samples. An inter‐laboratory study is currently being carried out to assess the ability of this method to identify species in a variety of commercial salmon and trout products.
Effect of High Pressure Pasteurization on Bacterial Load and Bioactivity of Echinacea Purpurea
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Min , Hu Chun , Raghubeer Errol , Kitts David D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology was applied to organic Echinacea purpurea (E. purpurea) roots and flowers to determine the feasibility of using this technology for cold herb pasteurization, to produce microbiologically safe and shelf‐stable products for the natural health products (NHPs) industry. HHP significantly (P < 0.01) reduced microbial contamination in both roots and flowers without affecting the phytochemical retention of chicoric and chlorogenic acids, and total alkamide contents. The antioxidant activity of E. purpurea methanol‐derived extracts, evaluated in both chemical (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) [ABTS] and oxygen radical absorption capacity [ORAC] assay) and in cell culture models (RAW264, 7 macrophage, H2O2‐induced intracellular oxidation, and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]‐induced nitric oxide production), was not adversely affected by the application of HHP at both 2 and 5 min at 600 mPa. Furthermore, HHP did not affect the capacity of E. purpurea extracts to suppress nitric oxide production in LPS‐activated macrophage cells. Therefore, our results show that HHP is an effective pasteurization process treatment to reduce microbial‐contamination load while not adversely altering chemical and bioactive function of active constituents present in organic E. purpurea.Practical Application:  Our study reports for the first time, the effectiveness of using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology pressure to pasteurize E. purpurea root and flower, and the comparative retention of bioactive phytochemicals. Therefore, this technique can be used in food and natural health product industries to produce high‐quality, microbiologically safe, and shelf‐stable products.