bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New strategies for kiwifruit processing
Authors: STEELE R.J. , JOHNSON R.L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryImproved strategies are presented for recovering the chloroplast fraction from kiwifruit. One strategy is to extract chlorophyll from the ‘peel’, i.e. the outer 29% of the fruit, the remainder being processed to juice by conventional methods with the sacrifice of its chlorophyll content. This strategy recovers two‐thirds of the chlorophyll content of the fruit and speeds the overall processing. A second strategy facilitates processing by washing the screens used for separating fruit tissues from chloroplast‐containing juice. the washing with fine water jets cleans the screens in situ of the kiwifruit slime. It was also shown that chloroplast extracts when stored in a domestic freezer are stable for at least one year. Recombined frozen kiwifruit products such as sorbet and ice‐cream are chlorophyll‐colour stable for at least 7 months.
Use of polysorbate 80 to reduce cholesterol in dehydrated egg yolk
Authors: PARASKEVOPOULOU ADAMANTINI , KIOSSEOGLOU VASSILIS 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe lipid and cholesterol contents of freeze‐ and spray‐dried egg‐yolk were substantially reduced by extraction with 1% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono‐oleate (polysorbate 80) in 10/90, 20/80, 50/50 and 80/20 (v/v) ethanol/water mixtures. the functionally important phospholipid content of the resulting yolk‐protein concentrate was only marginally reduced when low ratio mixtures were used, but total yields were reduced. the influence of polysorbate 80 is attributed to the weakening of protein‐protein bonds responsible for the stabilization of egg lipoprotein structures and subsequent release of lipids.
Resource allocation to defence and growth are driven by different responses to generalist and specialist herbivory in an invasive plant
Authors: Huang Wei , Siemann Evan , Wheeler Gregory S. , Zou Jianwen , Carrillo Juli , Ding Jianqing 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. Invasive plants often have novel biotic interactions in their introduced ranges. These interactions, including less frequent herbivore attacks, may convey a competitive advantage over native plants. Invasive plants may vary in defence strategies (resistance vs. tolerance) or in response to the type of herbivore (generalists vs. specialists), but no study to date has examined this broad set of traits simultaneously.2. Here, we examined resistance and tolerance of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) populations from the introduced and native ranges to generalist (Cnidocampa flavescens) and specialist herbivores (Gadirtha inexacta) in the native range.3. In a field common‐garden test of resistance, caterpillars of each species were raised on plants from native and invasive populations. We found the specialist grew larger on and consumed more mass of invasive plant populations than native populations, while the generalist showed the same performance between them. The results were consistent with our laboratory bioassay using excised leaves. Chemical analyses showed that the invasive plants had lower tannin content and higher ratio of carbohydrate to protein than those of their native counterparts, suggesting that plants from invasive populations have altered chemistry that has a larger impact on specialist than on generalist resistance.4. To test for differences in herbivore tolerance, plants were first defoliated by specialist or generalist herbivory and then allowed to regrow for 100 days in a field common garden. We found that plants from invasive populations had greater herbivore tolerance than native populations, especially for tolerance to generalists. They also grew more rapidly than native counterparts in the absence of herbivory.5. Synthesis.The results of these experiments indicate that differences in selective pressures between ranges have caused dramatic reductions in resistance to specialist herbivores and those changes in plant secondary chemistry likely underlie these differences. The greater tolerance of invasive populations to herbivory appears to at least partly reflect an increase in growth rate in the introduced range. The greater tolerance to generalist herbivores suggests the intriguing possibility of selection for traits that allow plants to tolerate generalist herbivores more than specialist herbivores.
Serum KL‐6 level and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Haberman Brent , Doan Minh L. , Smith E. O’Brian , Schecter Marc G. , Mallory George B. , Elidemir Okan 
Published: July 2010

Haberman B, Doan ML, Smith EO, Schecter MG, Mallory GB, Elidemir O. Serum KL‐6 level and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:903–908. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  KL‐6 is a glycoprotein expressed by pulmonary epithelial cells, and its serum level has been used as a marker of disease activity in a variety of respiratory illnesses. Previously, we showed that KL‐6 was elevated in lung transplant recipients diagnosed with BOS. In this study, we followed serum KL‐6 levels and lung functions prospectively in lung transplant recipients who were within the first five‐yr post‐transplant and had no evidence of BOS at the time of study entry. Mean peak KL‐6 levels were 596.16 ± 309.32 U/mL in the nine recipients who developed BOS compared to 352.41 ± 140.68 in 36 recipients who did not (p = 0.05). Six of the nine patients with BOS had an absolute rise in KL‐6 above baseline level >200 U/mL compared to two of the 37 who had the same increase in KL‐6 but did not develop BOS. Using the 200 U/mL elevation of KL‐6 from baseline as a threshold for a positive test would produce a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 95%, PPV of 75%, and a NPV of 92%. In addition, mean KL‐6 levels of patients during acute rejection were not significantly elevated compared to the prerejection mean KL‐6 levels (p = 0.71). We conclude that serum KL‐6 is a relatively specific marker of BOS in lung transplant recipients.
Perspective on Physiological/Endocrine and Nutritional Factors Influencing Fertility in Post‐partum Dairy Cows
Authors: Thatcher WW , Santos JEP , Silvestre FT , Kim IH , Staples CR 
Published: July 2010

ContentsIncreasing reproductive performance of post‐partum lactating dairy cows is a multi‐factorial challenge involving disciplines of production medicine, nutrition, physiology and herd management. Systems of programmed timed insemination have been fine‐tuned to achieve pregnancy per artificial inseminations (AI) approximating 45%. Systems have optimized follicle development, integrated follicle development with timing of induced corpus luteum regression and fine‐tuned sequential timing of induced ovulation and AI. Use of programmes for insemination have identified occurrence of anovulatory ovarian status, body condition, uterine health and seasonal summer stress as factors contributing to reduced herd fertility. Furthermore, programmes of timed insemination provide a platform to evaluate efficacy of nutritional and herd health systems targeted to the transition and post‐partum periods. The homeorhetic periparturient period, as cows deal with decreases in dry matter intake, results in a negative energy balance and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. Cows that transition well will cycle earlier and have a greater risk of becoming pregnant earlier post‐partum. The innate arms of the immune system (acute and adaptive) are suppressed during the periparturient period. Cows experiencing the sequential complex of disorders such as dystocia, puerperal metritis, metritis, endometritis and subclinical endometritis are subsequently less fertile. Targeted strategies of providing specific nutraceuticals that provide pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory effects, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linoleic, eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid), sequential glycogenic and lipogenic enrichment of diets, and organic selenium appear to differentially regulate and improve the immune and reproductive systems to benefit an earlier restoration of ovarian activity and increased fertility.
Adriamycin nephropathy: A model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: LEE VINCENT WS , HARRIS DAVID CH 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAdriamycin nephropathy (AN) is a rodent model of chronic kidney disease that has been studied extensively and has enabled a greater understanding of the processes underlying the progression of chronic proteinuric renal disease. AN is characterized by podocyte injury followed by glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Genetic studies have demonstrated a number of loci that alter both risk and severity of renal injury induced by Adriamycin. Adriamycin‐induced renal injury has been shown in numerous studies to be modulated by both non‐immune and immune factors, and has facilitated further study of mechanisms of tubulointerstitial injury. This review will outline the pharmacological behaviour of Adriamycin, and describe in detail the model of AN, including its key structural characteristics, genetic susceptibility and pathogenesis.
Syphilitic retinitis and uveitis in HIV‐positive adults
Authors: Hughes Edward H , Guzowski Magdalena , Simunovic Matthew P , Hunyor Alex P , McCluskey Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  The incidence of new infection with syphilis is increasing, particularly in men who have sex with men, with HIV co‐infection common. There has been a corresponding increase in ophthalmic manifestations that can be varied in presentation.Methods:  Thirteen consecutive patients with syphilitic uveitis presenting to two ophthalmic departments in Sydney are described.Results:  Twelve patients were male, of whom 10 were homosexual and six HIV‐positive. Peripheral retinitis with panuveitis was the commonest ophthalmic presentation (n = 7, 54%), and six cases were initially treated with vitreous tap and intravitreal foscarnet as a precaution in case of viral retinitis. Retinitis was present in six of six (100%) HIV‐positive and only one of seven (14%) HIV‐negative patients (χ210.6, P < 0.01). Other ophthalmic presentations included anterior uveitis, vitritis, multifocal choroiditis, scleritis and papillitis. All patients responded to 10–14 days' intravenous penicillin with good final visual outcomes (6/12 or better in all eyes).Conclusions:  This case series reinforces the importance of considering syphilis in the differential diagnosis of many ocular presentations, but in particular retinitis. Retinitis appears to be the predominant presentation in HIV‐infected individuals, suggesting that HIV infection may somehow modulate the disease.
The Effects of Marginal Employment on Subsequent Labour Market Outcomes
Authors: Böheim René , Weber Andrea 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Unemployed workers in Austria do not lose their unemployment benefits (UI) if they work in a job where their earnings are below a certain threshold [‘marginal employment’ (ME)]. ME might improve their labour market status by signalling effort, or worsen it through reduced job-search effort. Those who work in ME while claiming UI have less employment and lower earnings afterwards than those who do not. The penalty lessens over time but is still present after three years.
Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: a comparison of youth from low‐ versus middle‐income backgrounds
Authors: Alex Mason W. , Hitch Julia E. , Kosterman Rick , McCarty Carolyn A. , Herrenkohl Todd I. , David Hawkins J. 
Published: July 2010

Background: This study examined adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and risky sex. Analyses further examined the influences of late childhood involvement in these problem behavior outcomes, with mediation through teen delinquency and alcohol use, and examined differences in the pathways for youth from low‐ compared to middle‐income backgrounds.Method: Multiple‐group latent growth curve modeling was conducted using data collected from a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to age 24. Self‐report assessments included delinquent involvement, alcohol use, and sexual activity in late childhood; delinquency and alcohol use in adolescence; and crime, AUDs, and risky sex in early adulthood.Results: Late childhood delinquent involvement was associated with young adult crime, AUDs, and risky sex indirectly through adolescent delinquency, and had a persistent direct effect on crime. Adolescent delinquency also mediated the relation between early sex onset and crime. Early alcohol use predicted a higher level of, and a faster rate of increase in, adolescent drinking, which predicted, in turn, young adult AUDs and risky sex. Significant group differences indicated stronger associations between adolescent delinquency and each young adult outcome for youth from low‐ compared to those from middle‐income backgrounds.Conclusions: Early intervention may help prevent the development of crime, AUDs, and risky sex behaviors, especially among disadvantaged youth.
Executive control and response expectancy: A Laplacian ERP study
Authors: Meckler Cedric , Allain Sonia , Carbonnell Laurence , Hasbroucq Thierry , Burle Boris , Vidal Franck 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe event‐related potential called “Error Negativity” (Ne, ERN), which appears when subjects commit errors in choice reaction time tasks, is a marker of response monitoring. By introducing a response probability bias, we show that the Ne is sensitive to response expectancy. We further show that the small negativity evoked by correct responses (Ne‐like, CRN) is also sensitive to response expectancy: On unexpected responses, the former decreases while the latter increases to such an extent that the amplitudes of the two components are in the same range of magnitude. Although the sensitivity of the Ne to response expectancy is compatible with the current models accounting for the Ne, the common sensitivity of the Ne and the Ne‐like supports the idea that they reflect functionally similar monitoring processes.
Identification of a novel snake peptide toxin displaying high affinity and antagonist behaviour for the α2‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Rouget Céline , Quinton Loïc , Maïga Arhamatoulaye , Gales Céline , Masuyer Geoffrey , Malosse Christian , Chamot‐Rooke Julia , Thai Robert , Mourier Gilles , De Pauw Edwin , Gilles Nicolas , Servent Denis 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEMuscarinic and adrenergic G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the targets of rare peptide toxins isolated from snake or cone snail venoms. We used a screen to identify novel toxins fromDendroaspis angusticepstargeting aminergic GPCRs. These toxins may offer new candidates for the development of new tools and drugs.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHIn binding experiments with3H‐rauwolscine, we studied the interactions of green mamba venom fractions with α2‐adrenoceptors from rat brain synaptosomes. We isolated, sequenced and chemically synthesized a novel peptide, ρ‐Da1b. This peptide was pharmacologically characterized using binding experiments and functional tests on human α2‐adrenoceptors expressed in mammalian cells.KEY RESULTSρ‐Da1b, a 66‐amino acid peptide stabilized by four disulphide bridges, belongs to the three‐finger‐fold peptide family. Its synthetic homologue inhibited 80% of3H‐rauwolscine binding to the three α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes, with an affinity between 14 and 73 nM and Hill slopes close to unity. Functional experiments on α2A‐adrenoceptor demonstrated that ρ‐Da1b is an antagonist, shifting adrenaline activation curves to the right. Schild regression revealed slopes of 0.97 and 0.67 and pA2values of 5.93 and 5.32 for yohimbine and ρ‐Da1b, respectively.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSρ‐Da1b is the first toxin identified to specifically interact with α2‐adrenoceptors, extending the list of class A GPCRs sensitive to toxins. Additionally, its affinity and atypical mode of interaction open up the possibility of its use as a new pharmacological tool, in the study of the physiological roles of α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes.
Activation of µ‐opioid receptors and block of KIR3 potassium channels and NMDA receptor conductance byl‐ andd‐methadone in rat locus coeruleus
Authors: Matsui Aya , Williams John T. 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEMethadone activates opioid receptors to increase a potassium conductance mediated by G‐protein‐coupled, inwardly rectifying, potassium (KIR3) channels. Methadone also blocks KIR3 channels and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. However, the concentration dependence and stereospecificity of receptor activation and channel blockade by methadone on single neurons has not been characterized.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHIntracellular and whole‐cell recording were made from locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices and the activation of µ‐opioid receptors and blockade of KIR3 and NMDA channels withl‐ andd‐methadone was examined.KEY RESULTSThe potency ofl‐methadone, measured by the amplitude of hyperpolarization was 16.5‐fold higher than withd‐methadone. A maximum hyperpolarization was caused by both enantiomers (∼30 mV); however, the maximum outward current measured with whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recording was smaller than the current induced by [Met]5enkephalin. The KIR3 conductance induced by activation of α2‐adrenoceptors was decreased with high concentrations ofl‐ andd‐methadone (10–30 µM). In addition, methadone blocked the resting inward rectifying conductance (KIR). Bothl‐ andd‐methadone blocked the NMDA receptor‐dependent current. The block of NMDA receptor‐dependent current was voltage‐dependent suggesting that methadone acted as a channel blocker.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSMethadone activated µ‐opioid receptors at low concentrations in a stereospecific manner. KIR3 and NMDA receptor channel block was not stereospecific and required substantially higher concentrations. The separation in the concentration range suggests that the activation of µ‐opioid receptors rather than the channel blocking properties mediate both the therapeutic and toxic actions of methadone.
Low frequency stimulation decreases seizure activity in a mutation model of epilepsy
Authors: Kile Kara Buehrer , Tian Nan , Durand Dominique M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  To investigate brain electrical activity in Q54 mice that display spontaneous seizures because of a gain‐of‐function mutation of the Scn2a sodium channel gene, and to evaluate the efficacy of low frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) for seizure frequency reduction.Methods:  Electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and hippocampal deep electrodes were implanted into Q54 mice expressing an epileptic phenotype (n = 6). Chronic six channel recordings (wideband, 0.1–300 Hz) were stored 24 h a day for more than 12 days. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) (3 Hz, square wave, biphasic, 100 μs, 400 μA) was applied to the ventral hippocampal commissure (VHC) in alternating 5 min cycles (on or off) 24 h a day for a period of 4 days.Results:  LFS (3 Hz) resulted in a significant reduction in seizure frequency and duration (21% and 35%, p < 0.05), when applied to the VHC of epileptic Q54 mice (n = 6). Seizure frequency was not directly affected by stimulation state (“on” vs. “off”).Conclusion:  LFS applied at a frequency of 3 Hz significantly reduced seizure frequency and duration in the Q54 model. Furthermore, the reduction of seizure frequency and duration by LFS was not immediate but had a delayed and lasting effect, supporting complex, indirect mechanisms of action.
Distinctions between persistent and reversible group I mGluR‐induced epileptiform burst prolongation
Authors: Fuortes Michaelangelo G. , Rico Marjorie J. , Merlin Lisa R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe have previously shown that selective activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) results in long‐lasting enhancement of synchronized network activity in the hippocampal slice. Data herein suggest that activation of group I mGluRs need not result in this potentially epileptogenic effect. (1S,3R)‐1‐Aminocyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), a nonselective mGluR agonist, elicits ictaform bursts identical in appearance to those induced by selective agonists, but ACPD‐induced bursts do not persist following removal of the agent. Like the bursts induced by selective agonist, the ACPD bursts are blocked with group I mGluR antagonists and are not dependent on activation of either N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors or protein kinase C. However, they differ from the persistent bursts in that they do not require active protein synthesis and they are not suppressed with L‐cysteine sulfinic acid, an agonist at a phospholipase D‐coupled metabotropic receptor. These novel findings provide evidence that group I mGluR‐induced epileptogenesis may be preventable.
Molecular characterization of a novel chromosomal translocation t(12;14)(q23;q11.2) in T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma between the T‐cell receptor delta‐deleting elements (TRDREC and TRAJ61) and the hypothetical gene C12orf42
Authors: Przybylski Grzegorz K. , Dittmann Kathleen , Grabarczyk Piotr , Dölken Gottfried , Gesk Stefan , Harder Lana , Landmann Eva , Siebert Reiner , Schmidt Christian A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChromosomal aberrations have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance in hematologic malignancies. By combining fine‐tiling comparative genomic hybridization (FT‐CGH) and ligation‐mediated PCR (LM‐PCR), we established a fast, robust approach to precisely characterize chromosomal breakpoints. Using this approach, we clarified at the molecular level novel chromosomal translocation t(12;14)(q23;q11.2) in T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma. The translocation occurred during the deletional rearrangement of the T‐cell receptor delta gene (TRD), which is a pivotal step in T cell differentiation toward the alpha/beta vs. the gamma/delta lineage. We found that this rearrangement disrupted the hypothetical gene C12orf42 and brought the Achaete‐scute complex homolog 1 gene into proximity of the TRA enhancer, which encodes a member of the basic helix‐loop‐helix family of transcription factors and is overexpressed in thyroid and lung cancers.
Long‐term effects of leisure time physical activity on risk of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, allowing for body weight history, in Danish men
Authors: Berentzen T. , Petersen L. , Pedersen O. , Black E. , Astrup A. , Sorensen T. I. 
Published: July 2010

AIMS: To determine if the level of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in young adulthood in obese and non‐obese men reduces the risk of insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in middle age, and if such an effect is explained by the current level of LTPA, or by the body mass index (BMI) history preceding and subsequent to the assessment of LTPA.METHODS: Longitudinal study of groups of obese and randomly selected non‐obese men identified at around age 19, and re‐examined at mean ages of 32, 44 and 51. BMI was measured at all four examinations. LTPA was assessed by self‐administrated questionnaires at the last three examinations. IR and the presence of IGT was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test at the last examination.RESULTS: LTPA in young adulthood reduced the risk of IR and IGT in middle age throughout the range of BMI. Adjustment for the BMI history preceding and subsequent to the assessment of LTPA attenuated the association with IR and IGT, but active men remained at low risk of IR and IGT. Adjustment for subsequent and current levels of LTPA, smoking habits, alcohol intake, educational level and family history of diabetes had no notable influence on the results.CONCLUSION: LTPA appears to reduce the risk of IR and IGT, an effect which is not explained by the current level of physical activity, and only partially explained by the BMI history preceding and subsequent to the assessment of LTPA.