bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Efficacy Study of Occupational Therapy With High-Risk Neonates
Authors: Case-Smith Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This single-subject research study with replication evaluated the effect of daily occupational therapy on the nutritive and nonnutritive sucking behaviors of three high-risk, premature infants. At the time of entrance into the study, the infants were 34 to 35 weeks old and were documented poor feeders. Treatment consisted of individual, multimodal sensory stimulation, with emphasis on proprioceptive and vestibular input, graded to the sensory needs of the infants. Movement components of the jaw and tongue during nutritive and nonnutritive sucking were measured during baseline and intervention phases to assess the infants’ sucking ability. A comparison of testing results revealed that during intervention the total sucking scores improved significantly for two of the three infants and that rapid changes occurred in the oral-motor function of all three infants. The results of the study suggest that occupational therapy can improve the rate of development of sucking in the premature neonate. However, future research needs to be done to isolate the specific techniques of treatment that produce positive changes.
Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Intervention With AIDS Patients
Authors: Schindler Victoria J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The role of psychosocial occupational therapy with AIDS patients is explored. The clinical picture is defined, information regarding the transmission, incidence, diagnosis, and treatment is presented, and the impact of the illness on the developmental life cycle is described. The occupational behavior framework is used to guide evaluation and intervention and case examples are provided. Finally, fears and issues affecting therapists working with these patients are explored.
The Effect of Purposeful Activity on Pain Tolerance
Authors: Heck Stephen A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Purposeful and nonpurposeful tasks were performed by 30 normal college-age students (15 male, 15 female) in a study examining the effectiveness of the two types of activity in prolonging tolerance to electrically induced pain. The subjects acted as their own controls, indicated their own threshold for stimulation, and were monitored for peripheral skin temperature and heart rate. Duration of tolerance was measured in seconds from attainment of threshold until the request by the subject that stimulation be stopped. Results indicated that the subjects tolerated pain significantly longer (p = .02) while performing the activity designated as purposeful. No significant differences in peripheral skin temperature or heart rate were found under the two conditions.
Wrist Muscle Tone and Self-Care Skill in Persons With Hemiparesis
Authors: Spaulding Sandi J. , Strachota Elaine , McPherson James J. , Kuphal Marea , Ramponi Maria 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the interaction between muscle tone at the wrist and self-care function in persons with hemiparesis. Dynamic and static muscle tone measurements were taken at the wrist. Self-care ability was measured with a chart review and the Klein–Bell Scale. The results of the study did not support the assumption that there is a significant relationship between muscle tone and activities of daily living for persons with hemiparesis. Perhaps other variables such as the general state of health, cognition, and perception should also be considered during the treatment of self-care.
Heart Rate, Activity, Duration, and Affect in Added-Purpose Versus Single-Purpose Jumping Activities
Authors: Bloch Marti W. , Smith Doris A. , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This research replicates and extends an occupational therapy research project reported by Kircher in 1984. Thirty women aged 18 to 31 years jumped with a rope on one day and jumped in place on another day in a counterbalanced design. Each subject stopped jumping when she reached what she perceived as the very hard level on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (Borg, 1970). Differences from Kircher’s design included an imposed target zone formula for safe maximum exertion, use of a portable, more easily read heart rate monitor (Exersentry, Model 3), use of the Osgood Semantic Differential to measure affective meanings, and asking the subjects to identify the type of jumping they preferred. Data analysis supported Kircher’s finding that at the given rate of perceived exertion, heart rate increase after jumping rope was significantly higher (p = .01) than after jumping without a rope. The difference in duration of jumping approached significance (p = .06), but in the direction opposite to what Kircher found. There were no significant differences in affective meanings or preference. Results are discussed in terms of the need for a growing body of occupational therapy literature in regard to the purposefulness of activities.
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Proximal and Distal Motor Control
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Fisher Anne G. , Bauer David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to test the ontogenetic principle that the development of proximal postural stability precedes, and is necessary for, the development of distal fine motor control. The Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (Case-Smith, 1987) was used to examine the relationship between proximal and distal motor function in 60 normal infants. Low positive partial correlations were found between components of posture and fine motor control. Although all partial correlations, except those between the head component of postural control and the fine motor scores, were significant, they were not strong enough to support the validity of the proximal–distal principle. They appear instead to reflect a functional rather than an ontogenetic relationship. These findings have implications for treatment and further research.
Development of a Level I Fieldwork Evaluation
Authors: Brown Suzanne , Streeter Lynn A. Caruso , Stoffel Virginia C. , McPherson James J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Wisconsin Council on Education (Wiscouncil) developed and pilot tested an evaluation of student performance for Level I fieldwork to be used for both occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant students. Data were gathered from 259 students, fieldwork supervisors, and faculty who rated the form on a number of variables. The majority of students and clinical faculty believed the form was good to excellent in meeting their needs, in being useful in a variety of settings, in being applicable for both occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant students, and in overall efficiency. On the basis of the results of the 1-year pilot study, short (23-item) and long (38-item) versions of the form were developed. Implications for use and the importance of future research to determine reliability and validity are discussed.
Changes in Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Parent Participation and Home Programs: An Update
Authors: Bazyk Susan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Attitudes and beliefs regarding parent participation and home programs in early intervention have significantly changed over the last 30 years on the basis of public policy and the needs of families. This paper discusses traditional and current attitudes and practices regarding parent participation and home programs. These attitudes and practices have been influenced by the medical model, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94–142), the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99–457), and parental concerns. We have evolved from believing that, as occupational therapists, we are the experts who teach parents what to do with their child through parent training to believing that parents and professionals need to collaborate as equal partners in developing home activities. Six guidelines are suggested for use in developing family-centered home programs, and the application of some of these guidelines is demonstrated in a case example.
Occupational Therapy in Early Intervention: A Family-Centered Approach
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C. , Mulrooney Lisa L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article describes a framework for occupational therapy service provision in early intervention settings and presents pilot data aimed at examining the framework’s effectiveness. The Family-Centered Framework for Early Intervention is a synthesis of concepts from the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980) and from the literature on play. It encompasses a systematic, holistic approach that considers the child and the family within the context of their life environments. In this framework, play is used both as an evaluative tool and as an intervention modality that addresses the volition, habituation, and performance of the child and family as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the environment. Play is also used as a primary measure of competence and change. This framework may be useful in defining occupational therapy roles for the early intervention population.
Developing Information-Seeking Skills in Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Mularski Carol A. , Nystrom Eleanor , Grant H. Kay 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of teaching occupational therapy students methods for finding information in libraries. It details the efforts at Ohio State University to supply this instruction and demonstrates the positive results of library user education as seen by the instructors of occupational therapy students. This partnership between librarians and classroom instructors can easily be adapted to any health sciences education program.
Affective Responses to Activities: A Comparative Study
Authors: Boyer JoAnne , Colman Wendy , Levy Linda , Manoly Brena 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document variation in affective responses to different types of traditional occupational therapy activities. Each of 45 subjects (24 psychiatric inpatients and 21 matched control subjects) participated in a series of four activities: leather lacing, working with clay, filing, and exercycling. Immediately following each activity, each subject completed the Affective Self-Report Checklist designed to elicit affective responses. In addition, each of the activity sessions was professionally videotaped and later rated for affective responses by trained observers. The data analysis revealed no significant differences in affective responses to activities between groups. However, with the groups combined, significant differences were found in affective responses on 6 of the 15 scales of the checklist, with clay and filing the pair of activities that differed most. These findings are a necessary first step in the collection of baseline data regarding responses to activities.
The Relationship Between Oral Sensation and Drooling in Persons With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Weiss-Lambrou Rhoda , Tétreault Sylvie , Dudley John 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the relationship between oral sensation and drooling in persons with cerebral palsy. The sample was composed of 40 subjects between 5 and 21 years of age who had a diagnosed condition of cerebral palsy. Twenty of the subjects had a drooling problem and 20 did not. The subjects were randomly selected from two Montreal schools for the disabled. The experimental procedure consisted of the administration of three tests of oral sensation: a test of oral stereognosis, a test of oral form discrimination, and a test of lingual two point discrimination. In addition, saliva was quantified in those subjects who drooled. The results suggested a relationship between oral stereognosis and drooling in persons with cerebral palsy. The main implication for occupational therapists is that the assessment and treatment of drooling in people with cerebral palsy should address both the sensory and motor elements of oral function.
A Control Systems Framework for Understanding Normal and Abnormal Posture
Authors: Lee Wynne A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of a control systems framework for understanding normal and abnormal posture, with a special emphasis on postural control during arm movements. The need for meaningful and valid definitions of postural output is discussed. A distinction is drawn between the joint posture and balance outputs of the system. The roles of commands and perturbing inputs in controlling and disturbing joint posture and balance are described. The effects of initial conditions on command inputs and postural outputs are considered. Mechanisms for correcting postural errors are described, with a major focus on active closed-loop and open-loop control processes. The method of objectively describing system behavior by the gains, time delays, and thresholds of input–output functions is presented. All concepts are developed in relation to their clinical implications.
Weakness in Patients With Hemiparesis
Authors: Bourbonnais Daniel , Noven Sharyn Vanden 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Clinical and experimental results are reviewed concerning muscle weakness in patients with hemiparesis after a stroke. The discussion includes the important role that alterations in the physiology of motor units, notably changes in firing rates and muscle fiber atrophy, play in the manifestation of muscle weakness. This role is compared with the lesser role that spasticity (defined as hyperactive stretch reflexes) of the antagonist muscle group appears to play in determining the weakness of agonist muscles. The contribution of other factors that result in mechanical restraint of the agonist by the antagonist (e.g., passive mechanical properties and inappropriate cocontraction) is discussed relative to muscle weakness in patients with hemiparesis.
A Comparison of Treatment Approaches Used After Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery
Authors: Groves Elin J. , Rider Barbara A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two treatment approaches used by two hand clinics were compared for patients who had undergone carpal tunnel release surgery. One of the clinics used an exercise program consisting of progressive resistive exercise; the other clinic used limited activity and no specific exercise program. Measurements of grip strength and active and passive wrist flexion and extension were taken 3 weeks and 6 weeks after surgery and then analyzed to determine if significant differences existed between the two treatment approaches. A significant difference was found only in active wrist extension, which increased after 3 weeks of a progressive resistive exercise program. Grip strength was also greater after 3 weeks of exercise; however, the increase was not statistically significant. The study raises a question about the efficacy of postoperative treatment for patients who have had carpal tunnel release surgery.
Normal Adult Performance on Constructional Praxis Training Tasks
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study used a balanced factorial design to examine the performance of normal young adults on a parquetry block assembly task that occupational therapists use to treat constructional deficits in adults. Ninety-six 18- to 34-year-old right-handed college students or college graduates (48 men and 48 women) were tested. Independent variables were subjects’ sex, presence or absence of color on the model design card, and amount of detail on the model design card. Dependent variables were speed and accuracy of design construction. Results of a factorial analysis of variance with the three variables showed that the subjects’ total time scores were significantly related to their sex and to the presence or absence of color and the amount of detail on the design card. Interaction effects were significant for sex by amount of detail and for color by amount of detail. The results were used to generate clinical performance criteria and graded levels of difficulty for this modality. The subjects’ learning and test behaviors were examined to generate ideas for treatment and for future research.
Added-Purpose Versus Rote Exercise in Female Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Yoder Rita M. , Nelson David L. , Smith Doris A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Seven recent experimental and quasi-experimental studies have compared the exercise of subjects instructed to pursue some added goal (often termed purposeful activity) with the exercise of subjects instructed to exercise without the suggestion of an added goal (often termed nonpurposeful activity). This article suggests a new terminology for this type of independent variable and describes an experiment within this developing tradition. An occupational form designed, through materials and instructions, to elicit a rotary arm exercise with the added purpose of stirring cookie dough was compared with an occupational form designed to elicit the rotary arm exercise with no added purpose. The subjects were 30 elderly female nursing home residents randomly assigned to the occupational forms. Results indicated that the added-purpose, occupationally embedded exercise condition elicited significantly more exercise repetitions than did the rote exercise condition (one-tailed p = .012). Exercise duration and exercise stoppages were also recorded. This study provides additional support for the traditional occupational therapy idea of embedding exercise within occupation. Suggestions are made for future research involving the experimental analysis of therapeutic occupation.
Visual Perception of Objects: An Approach to Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Toglia Joan Pascale 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper proposes an alternative to the deficit-specific approach that has been used to guide the visual perceptual assessment and treatment of brain injured adults. Recent theoretical advances in visual object perception are combined with a cognitive rehabilitation model to provide a framework for occupational therapy assessment and treatment of object-processing dysfunction. Assessment guidelines are presented that emphasize the analysis of residual function by specifying the task conditions that influence visual perception. A case study illustrates clinical application of this approach. Implications for research are discussed.
A Part-Time Level II Fieldwork Program
Authors: Adelstein Laurie A. , Cohn Ellen S. , Baker Robin C. , Barnes Mary Alicia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes an alternative to the traditional Level II fieldwork program for master’s degree students in occupational therapy. In this part-time 9-month program, students complete the fieldwork requirement while simultaneously balancing academic responsibilities. One advantage of this program over the traditional 3-month program is that the extended length of time offers students the opportunity to develop clinical skills beyond the technical level.
Home Adaptations for Persons With Chronic Disabilities: An Educational Model
Authors: Levine Ruth E. , Gitlin Laura N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper offers a method by which to train students in the provision of culturally relevant, in-home environmental adaptations for persons with chronic disabilities. On the basis of a theoretical framework, the student therapist learns about the client’s life-style and offers adaptations that evolve from a collaborative problem-solving process. The training process has been developed and refined over a 3-year period. A case study illustrates the student’s application of theory and practice and the outcome for the client of this service provision approach.
Evolving Educational Practices in Occupational Therapy: The War Emergency Courses, 1936–1954
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper uses evidence collected from both written and oral history sources to present one approach to understanding the way in which educational practices evolved in occupational therapy. The paper introduces two fundamental positions regarding the nature, scope, and content of professional preparation for occupational therapists. For expediency, these viewpoints are labeled academicism and experientialism. This paper traces the interaction of these positions in the development and implementation of the War Emergency Courses. The implications for educational policy in occupational therapy arising from that program are also examined.
Child Abuse as an Antecedent of Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Baldwin Lynda C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Until recently, few cases of multiple personality disorder were diagnosed in children. Today, the number of cases is increasing at an alarming rate and appears to be most closely associated with repeated sexual and physical abuse. This paper focuses on reports of childhood multiple personality disorder in the literature, the etiology of this disorder, family dynamics, the differences between childhood and adult multiple personality disorder, credibility problems in children, reasons for failure to diagnose multiple personality disorder in children, treatment, and signs and symptoms to look for in the clinical setting.
Expressive Therapy in Conjunction With Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Persons With Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Higdon John F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article examines the prevalence and complexity of multiple personality disorder as well as the contributions that psychiatry and occupational therapy make in its treatment. The value of activity is that it serves as a nonverbal mediator of communication. Activities are also useful in helping the therapist to obtain a patient’s history, which is necessary for abreaction (i.e., the patient’s reliving and recalling of the original abuse). Abreaction is a precursor to the integration of the abusive memories into the patient’s current life.
Considerations and Techniques in the Treatment of Persons With Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Fike M. Laurita 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy intervention with the patient with multiple personality disorder requires an understanding of the complex psychotherapeutic goals for the patient and of the process involved in resolution of the trauma that led to the development of multiple personality. The psychotherapeutic techniques of hypnosis and abreaction affect the provision of occupational therapy services. Hypnotic communication, particularly the use of ideomotor hand signals, often facilitates work with various alter personalities. Occupational therapists may use a developmental approach with both child and adult alter personalities and may also use projective techniques, self-care training, and role and task management techniques. Occupational therapy can act as a stabilizing force for the person with multiple personality disorder through the enhancement of function and competency during the psychotherapeutic process.
Factors Associated With the Transition to Oral Feeding in Infants Fed by Nasogastric Tubes
Authors: Bazyk Susan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Following a review of 100 infants fed by nasogastric tubes, medical factors associated with the length of transition to complete oral feeding were identified through correlational and multiple regression analyses. Six of the 100 infants had an extremely lengthy transition or never progressed to oral feeding; the remaining 94 infants progressed to oral feeding within 2 to 58 days. The total number of medical complications correlated significantly and positively with the length of transition. Digestive, respiratory, and cardiac complications were all significant predictors of the length of transition to oral feeding. The results of this study may assist occupational therapists in earlier identification of and intervention for infants fed by nasogastric tubes who are at risk for later oral feeding problems and a longer transition from nasogastric tube to oral feeding.