bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early patterning and blastodermal fate map of the head in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: Birkan Michael , Schaeper Nina D. , Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe process of head development in insects utilizes a set of widely conserved genes, but this process and its evolution are not well understood. Recent data from Tribolium castaneum have provided a baseline for an understanding of insect head development. However, work on a wider range of insect species, including members of the hemimetabolous orders, is needed in order to draw general conclusions about the evolution of head differentiation and regionalization. We have cloned and studied the expression and function of a number of candidate genes for head development in the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus. These include orthodenticle, empty spiracles, collier, cap ‘n’ collar, and crocodile. The expression patterns of these genes show a broad conservation relative to Tribolium, as well as differences from Drosophila indicating that Tribolium + Oncopeltus represent a more ancestral pattern. In addition, our data provide a blastodermal fate map for different head regions in later developmental stages and supply us with a “roadmap” for future studies on head development in this species.
Risk of Fractures Requiring Hospitalization After an Initial Prescription for Zolpidem, Alprazolam, Lorazepam, or Diazepam in Older Adults
Authors: Finkle William D. , Der Jane S. , Greenland Sander , Adams John L. , Ridgeway Gregory , Blaschke Terrance , Wang Zixia , Dell Richard M. , VanRiper Kurt B. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesTo determine whether zolpidem is a safer alternative to benzodiazepines.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingCommunity based.ParticipantsHealth maintenance organization members with an initial prescription for zolpidem (n = 43,343), alprazolam (n = 103,790), lorazepam (n = 150,858), or diazepam (n = 93,618).MeasurementsZolpidem and benzodiazepine prescriptions were identified from pharmacy databases. Rates of nonvertebral fractures and hip fractures requiring hospitalization were compared before and after an initial prescription for each treatment, adjusting for confounders using doubly robust estimation.ResultsIn patients aged 65 and older, the rates of nonvertebral fractures and dislocations were similar in the pre‐ treatment intervals. The rate ratios (RRs) for the 90‐day posttreatment interval relative to the pretreatment interval were 2.55 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.78–3.65; P < .001) for zolpidem, 1.14 (95% CI = 0.80–1.64; P = .42) for alprazolam, 1.53 (95% CI = 1.23–1.91; P < .001) for lorazepam, and 1.97 (95% CI = 1.22–3.18; P = .01) for diazepam. The ratio of RRs (RRR)—the RR in the posttreatment period adjusted for the corresponding RR in the pretreatment period—were 2.23 (95% CI = 1.36–3.66; P = .006) for zolpidem relative to alprazolam, 1.68 (95% CI = 1.12–2.53; P = .02) for zolpidem relative to lorazepam, and 1.29 (95% CI = 0.72–2.30; P = .32) for zolpidem relative to diazepam. The RRs decreased with time from the initial prescription (trend P < .001), as would be expected if the association is causal.ConclusionIn older adults, the risk of injury with zolpidem exceeded that with alprazolam and lorazepam and was similar to that with diazepam. If the associations are causal, then the high incidence of these fractures implies that these treatment induce a substantial number of fractures and consequential costs. Further study of the association is imperative.
Partially Dominant Mutant Channel Defect Corresponding with Intermediate LQT2 Phenotype
Authors: KRISHNAN YAMINI , ZHENG RENJIAN , WALSH CHRISTINE , TANG YINGYING , McDONALD THOMAS V. 
Published: September 2011

Background: The hereditary Long QT Syndrome is a common cardiac disorder where ventricular repolarization is delayed, abnormally prolonging the QTc interval on electrocardiograms. LQTS is linked to various genetic loci, including the KCNH2 (HERG) gene that encodes the α‐subunit of the cardiac potassium channel that carries IKr. Here, we report and characterize a novel pathologic missense mutation, G816V HERG, in a patient with sudden cardiac death.
Methods: Autopsy‐derived tissue sample was used for DNA extraction and sequencing from an unexpected sudden death victim. The G816V HERG mutation was studied using heterologous expression in mammalian cell culture, whole cell patch clamp, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunochemical analyses.
Results: The mutant G816V HERG channel has reduced protein expression and shows a trafficking defective phenotype that is incapable of carrying current when expressed at physiological temperatures. The mutant channel showed reduced cell surface localization compared to wild‐type HERG (WT HERG) but the mutant and wild‐type subunits are capable of interacting. Expression studies at reduced temperatures enabled partial rescue of the trafficking defect with appearance of potassium currents, albeit with reduced current density and altered voltage‐dependent activation. Lastly, we examined a potential role for hypokalemia as a contributory factor to the patient's lethal arrhythmia by possible low‐potassium‐induced degradation of WT HERG and haplo‐insufficiency of G816V HERG.
Conclusion: The G816V mutation in HERG causes a trafficking defect that acts in a partially dominant negative manner. This intermediate severity defect agrees with the mild clinical presentation in other family members harboring the same mutation. Possible hypokalemia in the proband induced WT HERG degradation combined with haplo‐insufficiency may have further compromised repolarization reserve and contributed to the lethal arrhythmia. (PACE 2012; 35:3–16)
CALIFORNIA'S SITES OF CONSCIENCE: An Analysis of the State's Historic Mission Museums
Authors: Dartt‐Newton Deana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInCalifornia,Franciscan mission “museums” are used to supplementK–12 curricula aboutNativeAmerican history and the settlement of the state. Heavily influenced by the localCatholic diocese, many of these sites offer a slanted view of history and a distorted version of native life in the missions and erase the presence of native people today. I critically analyzed visual representations at the 19 operating mission museums, with in‐depth research at six, and explored what emerged as the dominant narratives. I argue that as important sites of conscience, the mission museums miss valuable opportunities to educate the public and potentially heal past wrongs. Finally, I offer insights and suggestions for addressing misrepresentations, through sustained community engagement, for mission museum directors and staff who expressed a desire to do so.
SETTLER HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE LOCAL HISTORY MUSEUM
Authors: Smith Andrea L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn what ways doesAmerica's settler colonial heritage shape how its citizens imagine the national past? I address this question through a study of county historical museums in ruralArizona, with a particular focus on theNavajoCountyMuseum. This analysis suggests that we consider the “natural history” or “evolutionary” style of organizing collections as integrally tied to a foundational settler colonial logic. Conclusions are drawn about the ubiquity of this orientation to the national past and the difficulties curators may face in effectively challenging it.
Relation between duration and severity in bereavement‐related depression
Authors: Wakefield J. C. , Schmitz M. F. , Baer J. C. 
Published: September 2011

Wakefield JC, Schmitz MF, Baer JC. Relation between duration and severity in bereavement‐related depression.Objective: Prolonged duration is commonly used as an indicator that bereavement‐related depression (BRD) is pathological. DSM‐IV replaced the traditional 1‐year pathology cut‐point by a 2‐month cut‐point. Yet, little evidence exists regarding the validity of these cut‐points in indicating increased BRD severity. This study evaluated the validity of the 2‐month and 1‐year cut‐points in differentiating less severe from more severe BRDs in a nationally representative U.S. sample.Method: National Comorbidity Survey respondents with BRD’s (n = 152) lasting 0–8, 9–52 and >52 weeks were evaluated for depression severity using six severity indicators. Cut‐point validity was established by discontinuities in severity levels between durations below and above the cut‐point.Results: Bereavement‐related depressions of >52‐week duration were significantly higher than 9‐ to 52‐week BRDs on four of six severity indicators and on a cumulative overall severity measure of mean number of severity indicators per person, whereas ≤8‐week and 9‐ to 52‐week durational categories differed on one severity indicator and not on overall severity. Additional analyses using durations 0–12, 13–26, 27–52 and >52 weeks suggested that alternative <52‐week cut‐points also lack validity.Conclusion: The traditional 1‐year cut‐point validly identifies increasing BRD severity; DSM’s 2‐month cut‐point does not. Duration does not indicate increasing BRD severity before 1 year. Research using the 2‐month cut‐point may yield misleading results.
High mTOR expression is associated with a worse oncological outcome in laryngeal carcinoma treated with postoperative radiotherapy: a pilot study
Authors: Lionello Marco , Blandamura Stella , Loreggian Lucio , Ottaviano Giancarlo , Giacomelli Luciano , Marchese‐Ragona Rosario , Velardita Carmelita , Staffieri Alberto , Marioni Gino 
Published: September 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 136–140Background:  There are currently no clinical or pathological parameters able to predict response to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Few studies have investigated the molecular pathways potentially capable of predicting said response. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) acts as a ‘master switch’ protein in cancer cells, modulating metabolism, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Cancer treatment with mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin analogs, or rapalogs) has produced promising results in various malignancies (renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and melanoma). The novel aim of the present study was to ascertain the prognostic role of mTOR expression in a series of patients with LSCC treated with primary surgery followed by RT.Methods:  The retrospective study involved 25 consecutive patients with LSCC given postoperative RT. Immunohistochemical mTOR expression was evaluated in primary LSCC by image analysis.Results:  The locoregional recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with LSCC whose mTOR expression was >2.5% (P = 0.013). After postoperative RT, the locoregional recurrence risk ratio was 3.25 in LSCCs with mTOR >2.5%. The different disease‐free survival was significantly shorter in cases of LSCC with mTOR >2.5% (P = 0.029).Conclusions:  mTOR should be studied as a potential predictor for identifying LSCCs at higher risk of early recurrence after postoperative RT. New therapeutic strategies should be investigated in LSCC, including the use of rapalogs associated with conventional chemotherapeutic regimens in combination with RT.
New Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Decaluwé Kelly , Pauwels Bart , Verpoest Sara , Van de Voorde Johan 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Despite the high efficacy and safety rates of the currently available treatments for erectile dysfunction, basic research reveals numerous new targets that are explored for therapeutic use.

Aim
To overview potential new targets and to review available animal and human studies focusing on the potential of these targets for effective therapy for treating erectile dysfunction.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Medline database, and citations were selected based on relevance.

Main Outcome Measures
Data are presented based on the analysis of the selected scientific information and published clinical trials.

Results
Fundamental research has, in the past decade, increased the understanding in both the physiological and the pathophysiological pathways that play a role in erectile function. As this information increases each day, new targets to treat erectile dysfunction are frequently presented. Currently a number of new therapeutic targets have been published. Some of them target the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate relaxation pathway as the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors do, others primarily target pathways involved in contraction. Also, targets within the central nervous system currently receive much attention. Some of these targets have already been used in clinical trials to test their efficacy and safety, with either disappointing or promising results.

Conclusions
This review overviews potential therapeutic targets and summarizes animal as well as human studies evaluating their perspectives for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Taxonomy of genusMyrmecoporaSaulcy in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: YOO In‐Seong , KIM Yoon‐Ho , AHN Kee‐Jeong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA taxonomic study of KoreanMyrmecoporaSaulcy is presented.Myrmecopora(Lamproxenusa)rufescens(Sharp) previously reported by Ahn was an incorrect identification ofM. (L.)reticulataAssing. Diagnoses, habitus photographs and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.
Actions taken to deal with mental health problems in Australian higher education students
Authors: Reavley Nicola J. , McCann Terence V. , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAims: With approximately 50% of young people aged 18–24 in tertiary education, these are potential settings for programmes to improve mental health literacy. A survey was carried out with students and staff of a tertiary education institution to investigate psychological distress, actions to deal with mental health problems and first‐aid behaviours.Methods: Telephone interviews were carried out with 774 students of an Australian metropolitan university (with 422 staff as a comparison group). They answered questions relating to psychological distress, actions to deal with mental health problems and first‐aid behaviours.Results: Students were more likely to be psychologically distressed than staff (21% vs. 13%) and 27% reported experiencing a problem similar to that described in a depression vignette. The most common actions taken were talking to a close friend, physical activity and talking to close family. Over 72% of students with a problem had sought professional help, most often from a general practitioner or counsellor. Only 10% reported seeking help from a student counsellor. Helpful first‐aid behaviours were common and were seen in over 90% of students who had a family member or close friend with a similar problem.Conclusions: There is a need for further investigation of levels and factors associated with psychological distress in higher education students along with an exploration of barriers to and enablers of use of student counselling services. High levels of help seeking from friends and first‐aid behaviours provided point to the need for effective peer‐to‐peer education.
Understanding the experiences and service needs of siblings of individuals with first‐episode psychosis: a phenomenological study
Authors: Sin Jacqueline , Moone Nicki , Harris Paul , Scully Elizabeth , Wellman Nigel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground: Despite recent focus on developing family‐inclusive services to meet the needs of young people with first‐episode psychosis, the needs of their siblings are often overlooked.Aims: This study explored the experiences and needs of siblings of young adults with first‐episode psychosis receiving support from two Early Intervention in Psychosis Services in South‐East England.Methods: Thirty‐one siblings aged 11–35 years, were given a semi‐structured interview to gather their perspectives and accounts of their lived experiences. The resultant rich qualitative data was analysed using responsive‐reader and framework methods.Results: Six themes were identified: siblings' roles and involvement; emotions; impact on relationships; coping patterns; resilience; and siblings' service needs.Conclusion: All participants had been greatly affected by the onset of the psychosis in their brother or sister. Most siblings did not identify themselves as carers, although most played a significant part in their brother's or sister's life. Participants wanted dynamic, robust and accessible services, especially information and peer support to meet their needs.
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IN ACUTE POISONING: PROSPECTIVE STUDY FROM A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Sweni Shah , Meenakshisundaram Ramachandran , Sakthirajan R. , Rajendiran Chinnasamy , Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ponniah 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYBackground: Cases of people presenting with poisoning are likely to develop acute renal failure (ARF), which may be due to multiple mechanisms/aetiologies. These cases need careful observation and appropriate treatment.Objective: To find the risk of ARF among acute poisoning cases, identify the underlying causes and to analyse the outcomeMaterial and methods: In this prospective study with nested case control, 1,250 cases admitted to the Poison Control, Training and Research Centre of Government General Hospital, Madras Medical College were monitored and evaluated for development of ARF. Patients with history of diabetes/hypertension, known chronic kidney disease, chronic NSAID therapy, those on drugs that increase serum creatinine by inhibiting creatinine secretion and other co‐morbid illnesses were excluded. Data were interpreted after subjecting them to bivariate logistic regression and then step wise multivariate analysis.Results: Thirty‐two cases developed ARF. Twenty‐four were due to snake bite, the rest due to chemical poisons. Chances of developing ARF were greater (6.15%) among the poisoning due to bites and stings than chemical poisoning (0.9%). Five in the former and seven in the latter expired. Among cases bitten by snakes, only 22 (7%) cases bitten by Russell Viper Daboia russelii developed renal failure. Copper sulphate and rat killer poisonings were the commonest causes of chemical induced ARF, dichromate, indigenous medicines and vasmol 33 (paraphenelyne diamine) were the least causes for ARF. None of the patients with organophosphate developed ARF nor did any of the 150 admitted for overdose of medicines developed ARF.Conclusion: The risk of ARF among the cases of poisoning was 2.5%. The outcome of ARF among bites and stings was better than chemical poisoning, and the difference was highly significant (p= 0.005, OR = 0.04–1.0, 95% CI = 0.004–0.38). Early recognition and appropriate measures reduce the occurrence of ARF.
Dexamethasone attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver injury by downregulating glucocorticoid‐induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand in Kupffer cells
Authors: Wei Si D. , Li Jin Z. , Liu Zuo J. , Chen Qi , Chen Yong , Chen Min , Gong Jian P. 
Published: September 2011

Aim:  Glucocorticoid‐induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand (GITRL) plays pro‐inflammatory roles in immune response. Thus, our aim was to assess if dexamethasone attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced liver injury by affecting GITRL in Kupffer cells (KC).Methods:  A BALB/c mouse model of liver injury was established by i.p. injecting with LPS (10 mg/kg) co‐treated with or without dexamethasone (3 mg/kg). Blood and liver samples were obtained for analysis of liver morphology, GITRL expression, hepatocellular function and cytokine levels at 24 h after injection. KC were isolated and challenged by LPS (1 µg/mL), with or without dexamethasone (10 µM) co‐treatment, or with GITRL siRNA pre‐transfection. The GITRL expression and cytokine levels were assayed at 24 h after challenge.Results:  Dexamethasone treatment significantly improved the survival rate of endotoxemic mice (P < 0.05), whereas serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and γ‐interferon levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, respectively). Concurrently, LPS‐induced hepatic tissue injury was attenuated as indicated by morphological analysis; and expression of GITRL in liver tissue and KC was downregulated (P < 0.05). Consistent with these in vivo experiments, inhibited expression of GITRL, TNF‐α and IL‐6 caused by dexamethasone treatment were also observed in LPS‐stimulated KC. The GITRL, TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression was also significantly inhibited by GITRL gene silencing.Conclusion:  The TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression of LPS‐stimulated KC was inhibited by GITRL gene silencing. Dexamethasone attenuates LPS‐induced liver injury, at least proportionately, by downregulating GITRL in KC.
Influence of cigarette smoking on blood and salivary super oxide dismutase levels among smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Reddy Sudhakara , Swapna Lingam Amara , Ramesh Tatipudi , Singh Takur Rajesh , Pradeep Koppolu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the influence of smoking on the blood and salivary superoxide dismutase levels among smokers, and to demonstrate the significance in alterations in the levels of superoxide dismutase in association with patient age, periodontal disease status, and duration and smoking frequency.Methods:  Sixty healthy male patients (aged 20–60 years) constituted the target population. Blood and saliva samples were collected, and the periodontal index was measured using a Community Periodontal Index probe. Blood and salivary superoxide dismutase levels were calculated with the reagents prepared, and values were measured in a UV spectrophotometer.Results:  There was a significant decrease in mean superoxide dismutase levels with an increase in age and smoking duration and frequency (0.23–0.05 U/mL). There was a range of 0.31–0.06 U/mL variation in the mean superoxide dismutase levels as the periodontal disease condition deteriorated.Conclusions:  There was a significant reduction in the superoxide dismutase levels in the blood and saliva of smokers with increased duration and frequency of smoking, and as the periodontal disease condition worsened. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of saliva as an easy, non‐invasive procedure in the diagnosis of patients who are more prone to precancerous lesions and conditions, and its importance in patient education and motivation programs for smoking cessation.