bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of immunomodulatory hydrolysates from Alaska pollock frame
Authors: Hou Hu , Fan Yan , Li Bafang , Xue Changhu , Yu Guangli 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory peptides can enhance body immunity. There have been few systematic investigations on preparing immunomodulatory peptides from Alaska pollock frame. The aim of this study was to obtain such peptides from Alaska pollock frame and determine their properties.RESULTS: Trypsin protein hydrolysate (TPH) significantly enhanced the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes, T cells and peritoneal macrophages (P < 0.05). Compared with TPH with molecular weight (MW) > 2 kDa, TPH with MW < 2 kDa showed higher lymphocyte proliferation activity at 10, 50 and 500 µg ml−1. The optimised hydrolysis conditions were a temperature of 50 °C, an enzyme dose of 24 U mg−1 and a time of 290 min. The proliferation rate and degree of hydrolysis were 28.45 ± 1.79% and 16.87 ± 0.15% respectively. The main amino acids in TPH were proline, aspartate, glutamic acid and leucine. TPH had high solubility and low viscosity. TPH showed high stability under both acid and alkaline conditions or when digested by trypsin and/or pepsin.CONCLUSION: TPH showed high immunomodulatory activity, with molecular weight and amino acid composition being the important factors affecting this activity. TPH had high solubility, low viscosity and high stability. As a good immunomodulator, TPH may therefore have wide application. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanocomposite p‐n Junction Polycarbazole CdSe/TiO2 Thin Films on ITO via Electrochemical Crosslinking
Authors: Frau Antonio F. , Park Yushin , Pernites Roderick B. , Advincula Rigoberto C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe fabrication and characterization of a hybrid polymer p‐n junction‐type thin film via electropolymerization of NPs and a precursor polymer is described. Blends of TiO2 NPs, CdSe NCs, Cbz‐COOH, and PVK were utilized to enable electrochemical deposition on ITO glass substrates. Spectroscopic, microscopic, and wetting measurements confirmed thin film fabrication. CV yielded a CPN nanocomposite with electropolymerized (i.e., crosslinked) carbazole units embedding CdSe NCs. Absorption and emission measurements confirmed a charge transfer mechanism between the crosslinked carbazole and the NCs resulting in a p‐n junction‐type thin film on ITO; with the observed quenching of CdSe NC emission. Several possible applications of such thin films are also discussed. magnified image
The Role of a Nanoscale Interphase from Plasma Polymers on the Micromechanics of Fiber Composites
Authors: Photjanataree Penchom , Liu Zheng , Jones Frank Ralph 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA model composite is used to simulate the interphase between an allylamine/1,7‐octadiene plasma copolymer‐coated fiber and an epoxy resin. Time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is used to identify the structure of the interacting polymers and the locus of failure. The crack propagates near to one of the glass surfaces where a bonded semi‐interpenetrating network forms. The effect of functionality of the plasma copolymer coating (or size) and its thickness on interfacial stress transfer efficiency (STE) at a fiber‐break is studied using the fragmentation test. The cumulative stress transfer function and associated STE is able to differentiate between the improvement with increasing amine group concentration and decreasing thickness of the plasma polymer.magnified image
Carbon Fibers: Precursors, Manufacturing, and Properties
Authors: Frank Erik , Hermanutz Frank , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe properties, structure, and processing of carbon fibers are reviewed. Carbon fibers are made from several precursors, with PAN being the dominating precursor in the market. Carbon fibers have high tensile strength, high modulus (up to the theoretical limit of around 1000 GPa), and low density, depending on the structure and processing in very limited combinations. Both the structure and composition of the precursor affect the properties of the resulting carbon fibers significantly. Although the essential processes for carbon fiber production are similar, different precursors require different processing conditions in order to achieve improved performance. Future developments are discussed. magnified image
Traces of Orlicz‐Sobolev functions under general growth restrictions
Authors: Kałamajska Agnieszka , Krbec Miroslav 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe prove an estimate for the trace operator in spaces whose weak derivatives are in Orlicz spaces without constraints upon the growth of the generating Young function. This extends the known trace theorems established in Orlicz‐Sobolev spaces, where the complementary Young function had to fulfill the Δ2‐condition.
Microencapsulation of a Crop Protection Compound by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Bose Ranjita K. , Heming Alex M. , Lau Kenneth K. S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) has been employed as a one‐step liquid‐free process combining polymerization and coating for the encapsulation of 3D non‐planar substrates. Coatings have been applied using iCVD specifically to encapsulate microparticles of a highly water‐soluble crop protection compound (CPC) for controlled release. Release behavior has been compared among different coatings synthesized using different iCVD processing conditions, including varying degrees of polymer hydrophobicity, continuous and pulsed deposition, and crosslinking. iCVD has been found to provide tunable synthesis of hydrophobic, crosslinked polymers with control over mass diffusivity, and coating thickness for enhancing barrier properties.
Tenofovir: Quo Vadis Anno 2012 (Where Is It Going in the Year 2012)?
Authors: De Clercq Erik 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwenty years after its original discovery, tenofovir has acquired a crucial position in the fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). First, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is not only efficacious against, and has been licensed for the treatment of HIV (AIDS), but also HBV (hepatitis B). Second, for the treatment of HIV infections, TDF can be used in combination with other anti‐HIV drugs, such as emtricitabine (combination termed Truvada®) and Truvada can be further combined with efavirenz, rilpivirine, elvitegravir, atazanavir, or darunavir, as a single once‐daily oral pill. Third, Truvada can be used prophylactically to prevent transmission of HIV infection. And fourth, to prevent sexual HIV transmission, tenofovir could also be used topically (i.e., as a vaginal gel). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev., 32, No. 4, 765‐785, 2012
Reduction of the radiofrequency heating of metallic devices using a dual‐drive birdcage coil
Authors: Eryaman Yigitcan , Turk Esra Abaci , Oto Cagdas , Algin Oktay , Atalar Ergin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, it is demonstrated that a dual‐drive birdcage coil can be used to reduce the radiofrequency heating of metallic devices during magnetic resonance imaging. By controlling the excitation currents of the two channels of a birdcage coil, the radiofrequency current that is induced near the lead tip could be set to zero. To monitor the current, the image artifacts near the lead tips were measured. The electric field distribution was controlled using a dual‐drive birdcage coil. With this method, the lead currents and the lead tip temperatures were reduced substantially [<0.3°C for an applied 4.4 W/kg SAR compared to >4.9°C using quadrature excitation], as demonstrated by phantom and animal experiments. The homogeneity of the flip angle distribution was preserved, as shown by volunteer experiments. The normalized root‐mean‐square error of the flip angle distribution was less than 10% for all excitations. The average specific absorption rate increased as a trade‐off for using different excitation patterns. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous distribution of myocardial steatosis—An ex vivo evaluation
Authors: Liu Chia‐Ying , Liu Yuan Chang , Venkatesh Bharath Ambale , Lima Joao A. C. , Bluemke David A. , Steenbergen Charles 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMyocardial fat accumulation could occur in diseased hearts. The degree of heterogeneity is unknown because accurate assessment is difficult using conventional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in a beating heart. The purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution of intramyocellular lipid content and to determine its association with disease characteristics. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on formalin‐fixed slices of human hearts at various circumferential locations (N = 55). Twenty‐nine percent of the hearts had the highest fat content measured in the septum, followed by posterior (27%), lateral (26%), and anterior (18%) wall. Age was significantly correlated with the mean fat percentages (r2 = 0.12, P = 0.007). Those who died from cardiovascular disease demonstrated significantly higher and more heterogeneous fat distribution than those who did not (1.62% ± 1.1% vs. 0.59% ± 0.4%, P = 0.002). In summary, septal fat content is representative of mean fat percentage. Fat content increases with age; fat distribution may be heterogeneous when associated with cardiovascular disease. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive prenatal detection of chromosomal aneuploidies using different next generation sequencing strategies and algorithms
Authors: Stumm Markus , Entezami Michael , Trunk Nastasja , Beck Martina , Löcherbach Julia , Wegner Rolf‐Dieter , Hagen Andreas , Becker Rolf , Hofmann Wera 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveHere we describe the successful application of massively parallel sequencing for noninvasive prenatal detection of trisomy 21. In addition, for the detection of a broader spectrum of fetal aneuploidies, a target enrichment approach was successfully tested.MethodsThe circulating cell‐free DNA was prepared from 53 maternal blood samples and analysed using Illumina's sequencing systems Genome AnalyzerIIx and HiSeq2000, respectively. In a first experiment the SureSelect Target Enrichment System was tested.ResultsIn our initial study analysing 42 samples on the Genome AnalyzerIIx, all eight samples from women carrying a trisomy 21 fetus were correctly identified. On the basis of our HiSeq2000 sequence data, we discussed new algorithms for detection of fetal trisomy 21. In addition, we successfully used the combination of a target enrichment system followed by sequencing and were able to identify fetal trisomy 13 and fetal trisomy 21.ConclusionsOur results confirm previous reports that massively parallel sequencing of cell‐free fetal DNA allows the reliably noninvasive detection of trisomy 21 from maternal blood with the potential to enhance test selectivity and specificity by bioinformatic means. According to our preliminary results, targeted sequencing might be an alternative strategy to detect chromosomal aneuploidies besides trisomy 21. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in benzyl imidazolium ionic liquids
Authors: Dou Junyan , Liu Zhengping , Mahmood Khalid , Zhao Yuntao 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn order to improve the method of synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a series of ionic liquids (ILs) based on benzyl imidazolium ([YBMIM][X], Y = NO2, CH3, F; B = benzyl; X = Tf2N) were used to investigate the formation of PET at low temperature and pressure. High molecular weight PET (Mw up to 2.6 × 104 g mol−1) was obtained by two‐step polycondensation in these ILs at lower temperature (230–240 °C) than with traditional melt polycondensation (270–290 °C). Moreover, the molecular weight of the resulting PET was found to depend on the activities of the catalysts used in the ILs. The catalysts (Sb2(OCH2CH2O)3, Sb(OAc)3, Sb2O3) used in the preparation of PET have little effect on the thermostability of the ILs. The ILs can decrease the viscosity of the reaction system, and thus small molecules can be easily removed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of polymerization of benzoxazines and thermal degradation characteristics of polybenzoxazines via direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry
Authors: Fam Shahla Bagheri , Uyar Tamer , Ishida Hatsuo , Hacaloglu Jale 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPolymerization of benzoxazines and thermal degradation mechanisms of polybenzoxazines were investigated using the direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry (DP‐MS) technique. The benzoxazine structures were based on phenol and aniline and on bisphenol‐A and methylamine or aniline. Polymerizations of the benzoxazines were carried out by curing them at elevated temperatures without addition of initiator or catalyst. DP‐MS data showed the presence of chains generated by opposing polymerization reaction pathways indicating quite complex structures for the polybenzoxazines under investigation. Thermal decomposition of polybenzoxazines was started by the cleavage of methylamine or aniline linkages. It was determined that polybenzoxazines based on phenol were more stable than the corresponding bisphenol‐A‐based polybenzoxazines, while those based on methylamine were more stable than the corresponding polybenzoxazines incorporating aniline. Thus, it can be concluded that the presence of bulky groups decreased the extent of crosslinking which in return decreased the thermal stability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Depression and cancer survivorship: importance of coping self‐efficacy in post‐treatment survivors
Authors: Philip Errol J. , Merluzzi Thomas V. , Zhang Zhiyong , Heitzmann Carolyn A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundAn estimated 30% of cancer patients are expected to experience clinically significant psychological distress during the treatment phase of their disease. Despite significant attention being directed to the mental health needs of individuals undergoing and completing treatment, there is less known about the mental health needs of survivors and the role of potential protective factors in survivorship, such as coping self‐efficacy and social support.MethodOne hundred and twenty‐four post‐treatment cancer survivors (mean age = 62.23 years, women = 70%, average 9.3 years post‐treatment) were asked to complete measures of physical symptoms, coping self‐efficacy, social support, and depression as part of a national convenience sample of cancer patients and survivors.ResultsAbout 20% of participants possessed scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depressed Mood Scale indicative of clinically relevant depression. Coping self‐efficacy was not only a significant predictor of depression (43% Variance Accounted For); it also partially mediated the relationship between symptoms and depression. Social support accounted for limited variance and was not a significant predictor of depression in a model containing both social support and coping self‐efficacy as predictors.ConclusionA substantial minority of post‐treatment survivors reported depression symptomatology. Coping self‐efficacy may be an important component of patients' adjustment and possible target for intervention. These results highlight the ongoing mental health and support needs of cancer survivors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lay understanding of common medical terminology in oncology
Authors: Pieterse Arwen H. , Jager Nienke A. , Smets Ellen M.A. , Henselmans Inge 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to replicate and extend an earlier study carried out in the UK of lay understanding of cancer‐related terms in a Dutch sample, by (i) examining understanding of common terms relating to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment and (ii) experimentally exploring the effect of medical jargon versus plain language use on individuals' perceived efficacy in interacting with oncologists, participating in medical decision making, and interpersonal trust.MethodsOne hundred ninety‐four lay people completed a questionnaire assessing (i) understanding, confidence in understanding, and worry after reading 10 scenarios presenting cancer‐related terms and (ii) perceived communication efficacy, decision‐making efficacy, and trust following a vignette portraying an oncologist using either jargon or plain language.ResultsOn average, participants understood a majority (6.8 ± 1.6) of cancer‐related terms, yet only 2.2% understood all 10 terms correctly. Compared with incorrect understanding, correct understanding was generally related to higher confidence in understanding and to worry levels that better matched the scenarios. Language complexity did not significantly affect measures of perceived efficacy or trust. Overall confidence in understanding was significantly related to measures of perceived efficacy (p < 0.01).ConclusionSimilar to the earlier UK study these results suggest that lay people's understanding of commonly‐used terms in oncology is suboptimal. Moreover, confidence in understanding was related to perceived efficacy in participating in the consultation. Oncologists should attempt to correct patient misunderstanding to alleviate unnecessary worry and potentially facilitate patient participation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of motor function in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: De Souza LH , Ashburn A 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly affects young adults. In order to provide physiotherapy appropriate to the needs of individuals with MS, it is necessary to assess and evaluate the nature and degree of motor and functional deficits. The aim of this research was to develop a physiotherapy assessment which would consistently and objectively evaluate motor function in people with MS. The Motor Club Assessment (MCA), originally developed for use in stroke patients, was identified as exhibiting several features which were consonant with the required criteria. It was therefore modified for use in MS. The Amended MCA (AMCA) was tested for inter‐rater agreement, which was found to be good for the lower limb motor section (weighted kappa = 0.80), the upper limb motor section (weighted kappa = 0.90), and the functional activities section (weighted kappa = 0.92). The internal consistency was high for the lower limb section (alpha = 0.97) and the functional activities section (alpha = 0.92), but could not be determined for the upper limb section due to a clear ceiling effect. The study demonstrated that the AMCA is a valid tool for assessment use by physiotherapists in MS patients, and that it has an acceptable level of reliability when used in a clinic setting by physiotherapists suitably experienced in the treatment of neurological patients.
Temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of Bi2Te3 and Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thermoelectric films
Authors: Li Duanhui , Li Liangliang , Liu Da‐Wei , Li Jing‐Feng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of Bi2Te3 and Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thermoelectric films was investigated. The temperature coefficients of the Eg(2) peak positions were determined as –0.0137 cm–1/°C and –0.0156 cm–1/°C, respectively. The thermal expansion of the crystal caused a linear shift of the Raman peak induced by the temperature change. Based on the linear relation, a reliable and noninvasive micro‐Raman scattering method was shown to measure the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric films. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
b/t‐Interaktionsdiagramme zum vereinfachten Beulsicherheitsnachweis nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 für Platten aller Baustahlsorten
Authors: Hillebrecht Volker , Rubert Achim , Strutzke Matthias 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNach kurzer Darstellung der historischen Entwicklungen und wesentlichen Unterschiede der Nachweisformate von DIN 18800‐3 und DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 gegen Plattenbeulen werden die Nachweisschritte der Methode der reduzierten Spannungen (einschließlich alternativer Formeln) der DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 zusammengestellt. Die damit entwickelten b/t‐Interaktionsdiagramme zum vereinfachten Beulnachweis des Membranspannungsfeldes Ed (sx,Ed, tEd) für zweiseitig gelenkig gelagerte Platten ersetzten das komplette Nachweisformat und sind für alle Baustahlsorten geeignet. Es werden Anwendungsbeispiele gezeigt und ein Ausblick auf zu erwartende Änderungen der DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 gegeben.b/t‐interaction diagrams for a simple buckling assessment procedure according to EN 1993‐1‐5 for plates of all construction steel grades. Following a short summary of the historical development and the main differences between the plate buckling assessments of the German code DIN 18800‐3 and the new DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 a detailed table of the method of reduced stresses (including alternative formulas) is presented. b/t‐interaction diagrams for simply supported plates of any construction steel grade with membrane stress fields Ed (sx,Ed, tEd) are provided. They fully replace the buckling assessment procedure. Finally some examples and hints of future developments are shown.
Dynamische Systemantwort des Timoshenko‐Balkens unter Impulseinwirkung aus Detonation
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Trometer Stefan , Reyer Dominic 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStützenkonstruktionen werden für die Abtragung von Vertikallasten dimensioniert, zusätzliche horizontale Belastungen durch außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen wie Detonationen stellen dabei eine große Herausforderung dar. Die Bestimmung der dynamischen Systemantwort bei variabler Normalkraftauslastung ist notwendig, um die dynamischen Effekte unter einer solchen Impulsbelastung mit ausreichender Präzision abzubilden, sie zu verstehen und daraus die Beanspruchungen genau zu ermitteln. Die Wahl einer passenden Balkentheorie in Kombination mit einer effizienten Lösungsstrategie ist dabei von zentraler Bedeutung. Als zielführend hat sich die Modalanalyse erwiesen, die auf den Timoshenko‐Balken angewandt wird. Das Lösungsverfahren wird vorgestellt, untersucht und mit anderen ausgewählten Lösungsverfahren verglichen und diskutiert.Dynamic system response of the Timoshenko beam subjected to impulsive loading due to explosion. Column constructions are designed to safely transfer vertical loads into the ground. Hence additional horizontal loading caused by accidental loading due to explosion constitute a major challenge. The determination of the dynamic system response at variable axial loading is required to identify the dynamic effects with adequate accuracy, to understand the mechanisms and to derive the design state. It is of importance to choose a suitable beam theory in combination with an efficient solution strategy. Herein, the modal analysis with an extension for continuous systems is applied on basis of the Timoshenko beam theory. The complete solution strategy is presented, investigated, compared with other selected strategies and discussed herein.
Analysis and design of a ZVS converter for high voltage input–low voltage output application
Authors: Yan Zhou , Bo‐Lin Wang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper proposes a full‐bridge (d = 50%) cascaded buck topology which is a very suitable circuit for high voltage input–low voltage output applications with high output current. Benefiting from working under a large duty cycle, the proposed converter can easily achieve zero voltage switching turn‐on and turn‐off of active switches in a full bridge. Small‐signal model of this topology is analyzed through its corresponding peak current mode control. Its small‐signal transfer function is given, and the control loop design is discussed. Advantages of this topology and operation principles are analyzed. Design guidelines, drawn from this analysis, are applied on a low‐voltage (3.3 V) output voltage prototype to validate the proposed concept. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.