bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioelectrochemical Systems: An Outlook for Practical Applications
Authors: Sleutels Tom H. J. A. , Ter Heijne Annemiek , Buisman Cees J. N. , Hamelers Hubertus V. M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBioelectrochemical systems (BESs) hold great promise for sustainable production of energy and chemicals. This review addresses the factors that are essential for practical application of BESs. First, we compare benefits (value of products and cleaning of wastewater) with costs (capital and operational costs). Based on this, we analyze the maximum internal resistance (in mΩ m2) and current density that is required to make microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and hydrogen‐producing microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) cost effective. We compare these maximum resistances to reported internal resistances and current densities with special focus on cathodic resistances. Whereas the current densities of MFCs still need to be increased considerably (i.e., internal resistance needs to be decreased), MECs are closer to application as their current densities can be increased by increasing the applied voltage. For MFCs, the production of high‐value products in combination with electricity production and wastewater treatment is a promising route.
Enzymatic versus Microbial Bio‐Catalyzed Electrodes in Bio‐Electrochemical Systems
Authors: Lapinsonnière Laure , Picot Matthieu , Barrière Frédéric 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCatalyses of electrode reactions by oxidoreductases or living electroactive bacteria are compared and recent advances reviewed. The relation between the biological and nevertheless inert nature of enzymes and the living machinery of electroactive microbes is discussed. The way these biocatalysts may be electrically contacted to anodes or cathodes is considered with a focus on their immobilization at electrodes and on the issue of time stability of these assemblies. Recent improvements in power output of biofuel cells are reviewed together with applications that have appeared in the literature. This account also reviews new approaches for combining enzymes and living microbes in bioelectrochemical systems such as reproducing microbial metabolisms with enzyme cascades and expressing oxidoreductases on genetically engineered microbes. Finally, the use of surface chemistry for studying the microbe–electrode interface and bioelectrodes with cell organelles, such as mitochondria, or with higher organisms, such as yeasts, are discussed. Some perspectives for future research to extend this field are offered as conclusions.
A new species of Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) from the West Sayan, Altai‐Sayan Mountains, Russia
Authors: Shaulo Dmitriy N. , Erst Andrey S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new species Dianthus mainensis (sect. Chinenses), which is endemic to the West Sayan is described and illustrated. The species is most close to D. versicolor but differs from the latter in a number of characters (e.g., leaf and stem indumentum; shape and pubescence of epicalyx scales; petal color). Similarly to the other members of this group, D. mainensis is an obligate petrophyte and grows on outcrops of carbonate rocks. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zur numerischen Modellierung von Vollverdrängungsbohrpfählen
Authors: Grabe Jürgen , Pucker Tim 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEs werden numerische Simulationen zum Bohren von Vollverdrängungsbohrpfählen durchgeführt. Die verwendete gekoppelte Euler‐Lagrange‐Methode ermöglicht die Simulation großer Verformungen. Die Vorteile der Methode werden herausgestellt und deren Anwendbarkeit auf das komplexe Randwertproblem wird gezeigt. Es werden die Drehzahl bei konstanter Vorschubgeschwindigkeit und die Geometrie des Bohrwerkzeugs variiert, um deren Einfluss auf die Anpresskraft und das Drehmoment des Bohrwerkzeugs zu untersuchen. Weiterhin wird die Beeinflussung des Bodens im Nahbereich um den Pfahl die Spannungsänderungen in diesem Bereich ermittelt.Numerical modeling of full displacement pilesThe installation process of full displacement piles is simulated numerically using a three dimensional model. The coupled Eulerian‐Lagrangian method is applied, that makes the simulation of geotechnical problems with large deformations possible. The crowd force and the torque are carried out during the simulation to investigate the influences of the installation technique and the geometry of the drilling tool. The rotational speed is varied at constant penetration velocity. The influences on the soil surrounding the pile are determined investigating the stress changes in this area.
Versuche zum Abriebverhalten von Gesteinen bei hydraulischen Einwirkungen
Authors: Heibaum Michael , Warnecke Wilfried 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn der Wechselwirkung von Locker‐ und Festgestein untereinander und mit anderen Werkstoffen bei Transport‐, Lade‐ und Lösevorgängen ist der Abrieb als Teil der generellen Degradation ein wichtiger Parameter. Zur Untersuchung des Abriebs bei hydraulischen Einwirkungen wurden mögliche Versuche verglichen und Parameterstudien durchgeführt. Dabei wurden der Abrieb von Lockergestein aktiv als Reibladung und passiv z. B. bei Geschiebetransport betrachtet sowie wesentliche Einflussparameter ermittelt. Für die Simulation des hydraulisch induzierten Abriebs steht mit dem Micro‐Deval‐Versuch ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Verfügung.Investigations on the abrasion behavior of soil from hydraulic impactsTo assess the interaction of soil and rock between each other and versus other materials during transport, loading and quarrying, abrasion as one part of general degradation is an important parameter. To investigate abrasion from hydraulic effects, appropriate tests are compared and parametric studies have been performed. Both, active abrasion of soil as abradant and passive abrasion e.g. due to bedload transport are considered to work out relevant influencing factors. To simulate hydraulically induced abrasion, the Micro‐Deval‐Test has proven its suitability.
Indigo and Tyrian Purple – From Ancient Natural Dyes to Modern Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Głowacki Eric Daniel , Voss Gundula , Leonat Lucia , Irimia‐Vladu Mihai , Bauer Siegfried , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe describe the history of indigo dye and its derivative Tyrian purple, from their roles in the ancient world to recent research showing the semiconducting properties of indigoids. Indigoids are natural dyes that have been produced for centuries, and indigo is currently the most produced dye worldwide. Herein we review the history of these materials, their chemistry and physical properties, and their semiconducting characteristics in the solid state. Due to hydrogen bonding and π‐stacking, indigo and Tyrian purple form highly‐ordered crystalline thin films. Such films have been used to fabricate high‐performance organic field‐effect transistors with ambipolar charge transport, as well as complementary‐like circuits. Mobility values were found to be in the range of 10−2–0.4 cm2/Vs. With performance on par with the best available organic semiconductors, indigoids demonstrate the potential of sustainable electronics based on biodegradable and biocompatible materials.
Trinal Decompositions of Steiner Triple Systems into Triangles
Authors: Lindner Charles C. , Meszka Mariusz , Rosa Alexander 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIt is well known that when or , there exists a Steiner triple system (STS) of order n decomposable into triangles (three pairwise intersecting triples whose intersection is empty). A triangle in an STS determines naturally two more triples: the triple of “vertices” , and the triple of “midpoints” . The number of these triples in both cases, that of “vertex” triples (inner) or that of “midpoint triples” (outer), equals one‐third of the number of triples in the STS. In this paper, we consider a new problem of trinal decompositions of an STS into triangles. In this problem, one asks for three distinct decompositions of an STS of order n into triangles such that the union of the three collections of inner triples (outer triples, respectively) from the three decompositions form the set of triples of an STS of the same order. These decompositions are called trinal inner and trinal outer decompositions, respectively. We settle the existence question for trinal inner decompositions completely, and for trinal outer decompositions with two possible exceptions.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL SENSE OF LGBT COMMUNITY SCALE
Authors: Lin Yen‐jui , Israel Tania 
Published: June 2012

The focus of this study was the development and validation of a Psychological Sense of LGBT Community Scale (PSOC‐LGBT), designed to assess the degree to which self‐identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons report feelings of belonging to and being able to depend on their local LGBT community, as well as the degree to which they believe an LGBT community exists in their local area. The scale is a modification of an existing Psychological Sense of Community Scale (PSOCS) that was designed for gay and bisexual men (Proescholdbell et al., 2005). A total of 356 participants completed either an Internet‐based or a paper survey. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, and validity coefficients supported the use and continued development of the modified instrument. Implications for future research and application are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taurine chloramine induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell lines
Authors: Pilz Magdalena , Holinka Johannes , Vavken Patrick , Marian Brigitte , Krepler Petra 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough combination of surgery with chemotherapy has noticeably improved the survival rate of osteosarcoma patients, the application of anticancer drugs is still associated with significant adverse reactions, for instance acquisition of drug‐resistant phenotypes, necessitating the development of new chemotherapeutical agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to research, if taurine chloramine (NCT) induces apoptosis in the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS, MG‐63, and SAOS‐2. Proliferation of osteosarcoma cells was detected with the “EZ4U Cell Proliferation and Cyotoxicity Assay” showing a time‐ and dose‐dependent cytotoxic effect of NCT on these cell lines. After 3 h of incubation all cell lines showed significantly less cells at 5.5 mM NCT solutions, after 6 h at concentrations of 1.1 and 2.2 mM. Acridine‐orange fluorescence nuclear staining showed characteristic features of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was detected via ELISA, showing significant results for HOS and MG‐63 after 6 h at an NCT concentration of 3.3 mM. Results of JC‐1 mitochondrial FACS analysis presented a significant increase in apoptotic cells after 6 h at 3.3 mM for the tested cell lines. Summarized, the results of this study indicate that NCT is a promising agent in osteosarcoma therapy. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:2046–2051, 2012
A method for the identification and quantitation of hydraulic fluid contamination of turbine engine oils by gas chromatography–chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Webster Renée L. , Evans David J. , Rawson Paul M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe identification of aircraft hydraulic fluid contamination of turbine engine oils is difficult. Repeated field incidents of this type of cross contamination have led to the requirement to develop a method suitable for quantitation of such contamination. A gas chromatography–chemical ionisation mass spectrometry method for the determination of H‐537 hydraulic fluid contamination in turbine engine oil was developed and validated. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations of the standards were 3–7% and 5–9%, respectively. Mean recoveries of hydraulic fluid in turbine engine oil were 90–94%, and the calibration curve was linear with R2 = 0.999. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.05% (w/w) and 0.5% (w/w), respectively. The method was successfully applied to laboratory degraded samples and field samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Monolithic Materials for Boronate‐Affinity Chromatography via Schrock Catalyst‐Triggered Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Bandari Rajendar , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMonolithic polymeric materials are prepared via ring‐opening metathesis copolymerization of norborn‐2‐ene with 1,4,4a,5,8,8a‐hexahydro‐1,4,5,8‐exo,endo‐dimethanonaphthalene in the presence of macro‐ and microporogens, that is, of n‐hexane and 1,2‐dichloroethane, using the Schrock catalyst Mo(N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2‐C6H3)(CHCMe2Ph)(OCMe3)2. Functionalization of the monolithic materials is accomplished by either terminating the living metal alkylidenes with various functional aldehydes or by post‐synthesis grafting with norborn‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl‐4‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)benzoate. Finally, boronate‐grafted monolithic columns (100 × 3 mm i.d.) are successfully applied to the affinity chromatographic separation of cis‐diol‐based biomolecules.
Electrical stimulation of sacral dermatomes can suppress aberrant urethral reflexes in felines with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: McCoin Jaime L. , Bhadra Narendra , Gustafson Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAimsUncoordinated reflex contractions of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) are a major component of voiding dysfunction after neurologic injury. Patterned stimulation of sacral afferent pathways can reduce abnormal EUS reflexes after acute spinal cord injury (SCI); however, effectiveness following chronic SCI is unknown.MethodsFour adult male cats were implanted with bilateral extradural sacral root electrodes to allow bladder activation and underwent subsequent spinal transection (T10–12). Nine weeks after SCI urethral and bladder pressures were recorded with and without sacral afferent stimulation. Surface electrodes were applied to sacral and lumbar dermatomes and stimulus amplitude set below the muscle fasciculation threshold. The stimulation pattern was varied by on/off times of fixed frequency at each location.ResultsReflexive EUS contractions were observed in all animals after chronic SCI. Patterned sacral dermatome stimulation reduced EUS reflex rate and amplitude in two of four cats. Suppression was dependent on both the stimulus location and pattern. Sacral locations and a stimulation pattern of (0.75 sec on, 0.25 sec off, 20 Hz) were effective in both responder animals.ConclusionsPatterned sacral dermatome stimulation can reduce abnormal urethral reflexes following chronic SCI. Reflex suppression is dependent on both the stimulation location and stimulus pattern. Reduction of reflexive EUS activity after chronic SCI with this non‐destructive and non‐invasive approach may provide an advance for the treatment of detrusor‐sphincter‐dyssynergia. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 92–97, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active control of sloshing in containers with elastic baffle plates
Authors: Hernández Erwin , Santamarina Duarte 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYWe consider the finite element approximations of an optimal control problem consisting in the suppression of slosh arising in fluid–structure interaction problems with free surface. The vibration of a plate in contact with an incompressible fluid is considered as state equations in the optimization problem, and distributed controls on the plate are calculated to suppress the slosh.Locking‐free finite elements are used to discretize the plate, which is modeled by Reissner–Mindlin equations. The effect of the fluid is taken into account by means of an added mass formulation, discretized by standard piecewise linear tetrahedral finite elements, and the gravity waves on the free surface of the liquid are considered in the model. The control variable is the amplitude of a secondary force actuating on the structure.Implementation issues are discussed, and numerical experiments are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational nonlinear stochastic homogenization using a nonconcurrent multiscale approach for hyperelastic heterogeneous microstructures analysis
Authors: Clément A. , Soize C. , Yvonnet J. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis paper is devoted to the computational nonlinear stochastic homogenization of a hyperelastic heterogeneous microstructure using a nonconcurrent multiscale approach. The geometry of the microstructure is random. The nonconcurrent multiscale approach for micro‐macro nonlinear mechanics is extended to the stochastic case. Because the nonconcurrent multiscale approach is based on the use of a tensorial decomposition, which is then submitted to the curse of dimensionality, we perform an analysis with respect to the stochastic dimension. The technique uses a database describing the strain energy density function (potential) in both the macroscopic Cauchy green strain space and the geometrical random parameters domain. Each value of the potential is numerically computed by means of the FEM on an elementary cell whose geometry is given by the random parameters and the corresponding macroscopic strains being prescribed as boundary conditions. An interpolation scheme is finally introduced to obtain a continuous explicit form of the potential, which, by derivation, allows to evaluate the macroscopic stress and elastic tangent tensors during the macroscopic structural computations. Two numerical examples are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exact reanalysis algorithm using incremental Cholesky factorization and its application to crack growth modeling
Authors: Pais Matthew J. , Yeralan Sencer N. , Davis Timothy A. , Kim Nam H. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, an exact reanalysis algorithm based on an incremental Cholesky factorization is presented, which can solve a linear system of equations when a small portion of the coefficient matrix is modified. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by modeling quasi‐static crack growth in the extended finite element method. The example presented shows that a 60% to 70% reduction in computational time is achievable by using the reanalysis approach for solving crack growth problems. It is shown that the reanalysis approach has increasing benefits as the mesh density increases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Quantitative Analytical Methods to Measure the Polymorphic Composition of CL20 (Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane – HNIW) with FTIR‐NIR or FTIR‐MIR Spectroscopy using PLS Regression
Authors: Dumas Séverine , Gauvrit Jean Yves , Lanteri Pierre 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCL20 (HNIW=Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane), is an energetic molecule that presents four polymorphs (called alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and epsilon (ε)). Industry is focused to synthesize the ε‐form. For them, it is very important to get an analytical method to quantify the concentration of the ε‐form, which has the best energetic performance. The aim of this work is to develop a quantitative analytical method to measure the polymorphic composition of CL20 using FTIR (mid IR and near IR, MIR/NIR) spectroscopy with PLS regression.
Ion‐beam‐induced mixing in a Si/Co/Si system involving ultrathin layers: A grazing‐incidence X‐ray standing‐wave study
Authors: Roy Sumalay , Dev B. N. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEnergetic ion‐beam‐induced mixing between Co and Si has been studied in a Si (∼5 nm)/Co (∼10 nm) bilayer system deposited on a Si (111) substrate for various ion fluences, ranging from 3 × 1014 ions/cm2 to 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. The amount of ion irradiation induced migration of Co atoms and the predominant direction of this migration (inward or outward) from the Co layer have been determined using combined X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and X‐ray standing‐wave (XSW) techniques under grazing‐incidence conditions. Grazing‐incidence XSW technique is very sensitive for the detection of surface segregation, i.e., it would efficiently detect migration of Co toward the surface. However, in the present case ion‐beam‐induced migration of Co has been found to be predominantly inward, i.e., into the Si substrate. In this ultrathin layered system, grown under ultrahigh vacuum condition, Co has predominantly grown in a face centred cubic (fcc) – (111) orientation. In addition formation of cobalt silicide phases at the interfaces, even in the as‐prepared sample, is observed. Ion‐beam‐induced atomic mixing leads to enhanced growth of these silicide phases at the interfaces between Si and Co. However, even at the highest ion fluence in irradiation the (111)‐textured fcc Co is not fully consumed into formation of cobalt silicides.
Structural, electrical, and optical properties of thermally evaporated Ge–Te, Ge–Sb–Te, and Sb–Te thin films
Authors: Kumar S. , Singh D. , Sandhu S. , Thangaraj R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThin films of GeTe, Ge2Sb2Te5 and Sb2Te3 have been synthesized from their respective polycrystalline bulk by thermal evaporation. X‐ray diffraction study of the films confirms the amorphous nature of GeTe and Ge2Sb2Te5 films, but as‐deposited Sb2Te3 film was in the crystalline form. Structural analysis has been performed for the annealed films above their crystallization temperature by XRD, which was evaluated by temperature‐dependent sheet resistance measurements. The Sb2Te3 film, which was already crystalline, undergoes a small transition at 110 °C. For optical studies, the transmittance and the reflectance spectra were measured over the wavelength ranges 400–2500 nm using UV‐VIS‐NIR spectroscopy. The optical bandgap, reflectance and optical contrast are also presented for thermally evaporated thin films. The dc electrical conductivity of the as‐deposited films has been measured as a function of temperature below the phase‐transition temperature, and increases exponentially with temperature. The value of the activation energy, calculated from the slope of lnσ versus 1000/T, is found to decrease from one end binary GeTe to pseudobinary Ge2Sb2Te5 and then to the other end binary Sb2Te3 films. On the basis of the pre‐exponential factor, the type of conduction in these films has also been discussed in the measured temperature range.
Organic magnetoresistance and spin diffusion in organic semiconductor thin film devices
Authors: Wohlgenannt Markus 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe review recent work in the field of organic spintronics, focusing on our own contributions to this field. There are two principle magnetoresistance effects that occur in organic devices. (i) Organic magnetoresistance (OMAR), which occurs in nonmagnetic organic semiconductor devices. For example, in devices made from the prototypical small molecule Alq3 OMAR reaches values of 10% or more at room temperature. (ii) Organic spin‐valve effects that occur in devices that employ ferromagnetic electrodes for spin‐polarized current injection and detection. We undertake an analysis of these two types of magnetoresistance with the goal of identifying the dominant spin‐scattering mechanism. Analysis of OMAR reveals that hyperfine coupling is the dominant spin‐coupling mechanism. Spin–orbit coupling, on the other hand, is important only in organic semiconductor materials containing heavy atoms. We explore the reasons why spin–orbit coupling is relatively unimportant in hydrocarbon materials. Next, we present a theory for spin diffusion in disordered organic semiconductors based on hyperfine coupling, taking into account a combination of incoherent carrier hopping and coherent spin precession in the random hyperfine magnetic fields. We compare our findings with experimental values for the spin‐diffusion length. Finally, we demonstrate a criterion that allows the determination whether the organic spin‐valves operate in the tunneling or injection regimes. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)