bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable development policy: goals, targets and political cycles
Authors: Quental Nuno , Lourenço Júlia M. , da Silva Fernando Nunes 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the global political milestones of greater importance to the emergence and evolution of sustainable development. In addition, it depicts the cyclical patterns of political activity dealing with sustainability and identifies the main sustainability goals and targets endorsed by several political initiatives. These tasks are accomplished through a literature review and an assessment of indicators dealing with political will. It is concluded that global sustainability governance followed an intermittent path characterized by two periods of significant accomplishments (until 1979; 1987–1995) and by two others less successful (1980–1986; 1995 onwards, interrupted by a peak around 2000). Peaks in political activity coincide with the decennial Earth Summits, suggesting their major influence as catalysts of more profound societal and political action. Sustainability concerns and goals shifted from an emphasis on pollution control and availability of natural resources to a more balanced position that puts human development at the center. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Scheduling for next generation WLANs: filling the gap between offered and observed data rates
Authors: Çiftçioğlu Ertuğrul Necdet , Gürbüz Özgür 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn wireless networks, opportunistic scheduling is used to increase system throughput by exploiting multi‐user diversity. Although recent advances have increased physical layer data rates supported in wireless local area networks (WLANs), actual throughput realized are significantly lower due to overhead. Accordingly, the frame aggregation concept is used in next generation WLANs to improve efficiency. However, with frame aggregation, traditional opportunistic schemes are no longer optimal. In this paper, we propose schedulers that take queue and channel conditions into account jointly, to maximize throughput observed at the users for next generation WLANs. We also extend this work to design two schedulers that perform block scheduling for maximizing network throughput over multiple transmission sequences. For these schedulers, which make decisions over long time durations, we model the system using queueing theory and determine users' temporal access proportions according to this model. Through detailed simulations, we show that all our proposed algorithms offer significant throughput improvement, better fairness, and much lower delay compared with traditional opportunistic schedulers, facilitating the practical use of the evolving standard for next generation wireless networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Aging: Challenges for Community Psychology
Authors: Cheng Sheung-Tak , Heller Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOlder persons are among the major marginalized, disenfranchised citizens worldwide, yet this group has generally been ignored in the community psychology literature. In this paper, we trace the demographic trends in aging worldwide, and draw the field's attention to the United Nations Program on Aging, which structures its policy recommendations in terms of concepts that are familiar to community psychologists. A central theme of the paper is that community psychology can have a role in producing the conceptual shifts needed to change societal attitudes now dominated by negative age stereotypes.
Adolescent Place Attachment, Social Capital, and Perceived Safety: A Comparison of 13 Countries
Authors: Dallago Lorenza , Perkins Douglas D. , Santinello Massimo , Boyce Will , Molcho Michal , Morgan Antony 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn adolescence, children become increasingly independent and autonomous, and spend more time in neighborhood settings away from home. During mid‐to‐late adolescence, youth often become more critical about the place they live. Their attachment to home and even community may decrease as they explore and develop new attachments to other specific places. The aim of this study is to understand how 15‐year‐old students from 13 countries perceive their local neighborhood area (place attachment, social capital and safety), and how these different community cognitions are interrelated. We hypothesize that their place attachment predicts safety, and that the relationship is mediated in part by social capital. Result show that, despite cross‐cultural differences in neighborhood perceptions, the proposed theoretical model fits robustly across all 13 countries.
Trioctylphosphine as Both Solvent and Stabilizer to Synthesize CdS Nanorods
Authors: Chen Shutang , Zhang Xiaoling , Zhang Qiuhua , Tan Weihong 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
High quality CdS nanorods are synthesized reproducibly with cadmium acetate and sulfur as precursors in trioctylphosphine solution. The morphology, crystalline form and phase composition of CdS nanorods are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CdS nanorods obtained are uniform with an aspect ratio of about 5:1 and in a wurtzite structure. The influence of reaction conditions on the growth of CdS nanorods demonstrates that low precursor concentration and high reaction temperature (260 °C) are favorable for the formation of uniform CdS nanorods with 85.3% of product yield.
Some Schiff Base Surfactants as Steel‐Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Aiad Ismail Abdelrhman , Negm Nabel A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo series of Schiff base amphiphiles were prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde or anisaldehyde with three different alkyl chain length fatty amines namely: dodecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl amine. The chemical structures of the prepared Schiff bases were confirmed by using different techniques, (elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra). The data of structural analysis for these compounds were confirmed by the purity of the synthesized amphiphiles. The synthesized Schiff bases were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel (mild steel) in various acidic media (HCl and H2SO4) using a weight loss technique. The corrosion inhibition measurements of these inhibitors showed high protection against corrosion process in the tested acidic media at different doses (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) as well as their having a good biocidal effect against sulphate reducing bacteria. The discussion correlated the efficient corrosion inhibition of these inhibitors to their chemical structures.
Palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments withHadimopanellaplates from the early Cambrian of South Australia
Authors: TOPPER TIMOTHY P. , BROCK GLENN A. , SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN B. , PATERSON JOHN R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPhosphatized articulated palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments with attachedHadimopanellaGedik, 1977 plates are described from the lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation of South Australia.Hadimopanellais principally known from single, isolated, button-shaped, phosphatic sclerites. The new articulated material from South Australia reveals for the first time the configuration of plates referable toHadimopanellawithin the scleritome. The scleritome fragments represent the main trunk sections of the cuticle with anterior and posterior terminations lacking. Each annulus on the trunk is ornamented by rows of irregularly alternatingHadimopanellaplates. The large majority of plates display a single, centrally located, conical node referable to the form speciesH. apicataWrona, 1982. However, individual plates display considerable morphological variation with plates situated along the flattened trunk margin identical to the form speciesH. antarcticaWrona, 1987. The South Australian material displays the detailed scleritome configuration of cuticular plates and platelets and demonstrates irrefutably that plates of the form speciesH. apicataandH. antarcticaoccur as mineralized cuticular elements on the same palaeoscolecid scleritome.
Attachment, reproduction, and life history trade-offs: A broader view of human mating
Authors: Beckes Lane , Simpson Jeffry A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this commentary, we attempt to broaden thinking and dialogue about how our ancestral past might have affected attachment and reproductive strategies. We highlight the theoretical benefits of formulating specific predictions of how different sources of stress might impact attachment and reproductive strategies differently, and we integrate some of these ideas with another recent evolutionary model of human mating.
Behavioural Analysis And Cognition
Authors: Burton Mark 
Published: June 2009

Recent articles in this journal have argued for and against the admission of cognitive concepts in discussion of behavioural therapies. The intention of this article is to clarify some of the issues and hence to try and reduce some of the confusion.Much of the confusion stems from a misunderstanding of behaviourism, particularly of the approach variously called radical, analytical, or systematic behaviourism. This approach, associated with Skinner in particular, must be clearly demarcated from methodological behaviourism which simply distinguishes between the public and the private, and then studies only the former, thus maintaining a dualist ontology between the physical and the mental. Analytical behaviourism, on the other hand, only accepts the existence of the physical, but also distinguishes between the public and the private (Skinner, 1945, 1953, 1964).
Is a B.A.T. Therapeutic?
Authors: Rowland L. A. , Canavan A. G. M. 
Published: June 2009

Recent years have seen a growing concern in the psychometric properties of behavioural assessment procedures. The present study addresses itself to the question of the possible reactivity of the behavioural assessment of fear, a situation predicted both by the experimental extinction and incubation models.In a single case study it was found that a 50% reduction in self-reported fear was associated with the behavioural assessment, though there was no evidence of a reduction of fear associated with “verbal therapy”. It is suggested that:
(i) behavioural assessments of fear are reactive;
(ii) that they produce a reduction in fear; and
(iii) that this is consistent with an extinction model.
Behavioural Concepts and Treatments of Neuroses
Authors: Marks Isaac 
Published: June 2009

Behavioural psychotherapy has many roots, and experimental psychology is but one of many “idols of origin” which is in any case largely ignored by behavioural practitioners. The conditioning model of neurosis has shortcomings, and cognitive explanations alone are not satisfactory. It may be necessary to think in terms of failed extinction of phobias and rituals rather than of enhanced acquisition. Aetiological theories need not be related to effective treatment, nor are they necessary for clinicians to carry out successful behavioural treatment. For therapists, paradigms are more useful when derived from clinical experiments rather than from the laboratory. A critical task concerning treatments to reduce anxiety is to investigate those parameters which decide when exposure will be habituating and when it will be sensitizing. To this end, analogue research is less relevant than clinical experiments whose results can be used directly by clinicians. Ten theoretical problems with exposure are noted.The demand for behavioural psychotherapy exceeds the supply of therapists. Paraprofessionals and self-help methods can help to bridge the gap, while preventive measures may prevent the development of some pathology. Most clinical psychologists and psychiatrists are overqualified merely to deliver behavioural services; there is no evidence that such qualifications add to effectiveness, though they are invaluable for research and teaching.
Behaviour Modification in Dentistry: a Review
Authors: Lindsay S. J. E. , Busch C. J. 
Published: June 2009

The review evaluates the contribution which behaviour modification has made to the outstanding behavioural problems in dentistry: the treatment and management of the fear of routine conservation; the prevention of tooth and gum disease; the management of acute operative pain and chronic facial pain.Investigations of dental fear and operative pain have been limited perhaps too much to patients, especially children, who attend for dental treatment. Behaviour modification has yet to help adequately those patients who avoid dentists and who may be the most acutely afraid and the most intolerant of dentistry. More adequate contributions here could be made if behavioural sciences were much more satisfactorily taught in dental undergraduate and postgraduate curricula than at present.Useful contributions to preventive dentistry have already been made. The successful treatment of chronic facial pain will have to depend, at least in part, on a more adequate understanding of the psychophysiological mechanisms of the complaint. The nature of the placebo effect in treatment here also needs to be more thoroughly understood.
Supporting the Residual Memory of a Korsakoff Patient
Authors: Davies Ann D. M. , Binks Martin G. 
Published: June 2009

The memory functioning of a 31-year-old Korsakoff syndrome patient was assessed in his everyday environment and in the laboratory and a programme devised to support residual memory capacity. The patient's wife was used as a monitor of input and retrieval conditions and taught how to seek situations in which her husband would be least impaired. Prompt cards and leaflets were provided for acquaintances in order to reduce the memory demands of the patient's environment.Follow-up at 1 year showed that although tested memory functioning deteriorated, the patient's memory support system had continued. Additionally, an experiment demonstrated that retrieval could be boosted significantly by presentation of associative cues at storage and retrieval. These findings were used to guide further change in the way the patient's wife managed his memory impairments.
Brief Behavioural Psychotherapy with Psychosomatic/Anxiety Patients in Primary Health Care
Authors: Kowalski Reinhard 
Published: June 2009

To date clinical psychology research in primary health care has not taken sufficient account of the specific medical learning history of psychosomatic/anxiety patients and of the need to modify this learning process in therapy. In this pilot study a clinical judgement method is used to identify a group of primary care patients with physical symptoms where the general practitioner considers psychological factors highly relevant. Brief behavioural psychotherapy is defined and offered to those patients in order to provide effective approaches to their symptoms.As a result different patient groups emerge: those who do not attend for their initial interview, those who attend only for their initial interview and those who attend for further sessions. These groups differ in general practice consultation rates prior to the intervention, and their consultation rates change differently following the intervention. The regular therapy attenders also differ from the “interview only” patients in terms of chronicity and degree of depressive symptoms. Significant symptomatic improvement was achieved for the therapy group. Further research is needed to identify the different groups of psychosomatic primary health care patients.
Increasing the Attention Span of Five Mentally Handicapped Children Using their Parents as Agents of Change
Authors: Chamberlain Paul 
Published: June 2009

A child's ability to attend selectively to stimuli is central to the learning process. The length of time for which a child will attend (the child's attention span) is of equal importance. In general, mentally handicapped children have exteremly short attention spans. This study reviews the relevant literature and describes in detail an operant procedure designed to increase the attention spans of five mentally handicapped children, using parents as agents of change.All parents were successful and the resulting increase was statistically significant. Short term follow up indicated that any increase in attention span may well be reduced if the procedure is discontinued, thought subsequent attendances at a nursery school appeared to maintain the gains achieved by the intervention process.
Treatment of Compulsive Over-exercising in Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Study
Authors: Long Clive , Smith Jennifer 
Published: June 2009

Despite being a long recognized feature of Anorexia Nervosa, exercising has been largely neglected as a topic for research and treatment. An increasing cultural emphasis on fitness has highlighted the dangers of becoming addicted to exercise and its role in the development and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa. Most estimates of the incidence of exercise addiction in the anorexic population are high, and the behaviour would appear to pre- and post-date the eating disorder.In view of this, the development of an effective treatment method for this particular problem is needed. One such approach that employs cognitive behavioural techniques, including exposure and response prevention is described and illustrated by case example.
Rapid Audio-tape Treatment of Obsessional Ruminations. A Case Report
Authors: Headland Karina , McDonald Bob 
Published: June 2009

An audio-tape technique was used in the treatment of a 35-year-old male with a 13 year history of obsessional rituals and ruminations. His rituals responded to exposure and self-imposed response prevention but the ruminations remained as before.The audio-tape treatment, which involved him listening to his own voice reciting his ruminative content, resulted in a rapid and substantial reduction in frequency of ruminations and this was maintained to one month follow-up.The clinical and theoretical implications of this treatment approach are discussed.
The Measurement of the Quality of Care in Psychiatric Rehabilitation Settings: Development of the Model Standards Questionnaires
Authors: Lavender A. 
Published: June 2009

The need to monitor the standards of care provided in settings for the long term psychiatrically disabled has become increasingly recognized. A critical review of the literature indicated that no comprehensive assessment procedure existed for settings providing some form of rehabilitation. However, five important aspects of care in each setting were identified: (i) Treatment Practices, (ii) Unit Management Practices, (iii) Community Contact Practices, (iv) The Physical Environment and (v) Staffing Resources.A series of questionnaires was devised—The Model Standards Questionnaires—to assess each of these aspects of care. The questionnaires can be used to provide a profile of particular settings quality of rehabilitation and as a means of identifying how the quality of that rehabilitation might be improved.
Health technology management in Israel: HTA in action
Authors: Shemer Joshua , Shani Mordechai , Tamir Orly , Siebzehner Miriam Ines 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the history and present situation with health technology assessment (HTA) in Israel.Methods:The method used in this study was a historical analysis based mainly on the knowledge of the authors, but supplemented by the published literature.Results:HTA originated in Israel as a centralized function conducted under the auspice of research, developing into an active multidisciplinary center. Throughout the expansion of the field, HTA was performed in affiliation with several local and international bodies, while providing direct and indirect support at the national level. Today, mainly as a result of vigorous dissemination of the principles, methodology and tools for HTA by the Israeli Center for Technology Assessment in Health Care (ICTAHC), this discipline is increasingly a decentralized activity conducted by a great variety of institutions. Israeli health policy decisions are increasingly based on the results of HTA.Conclusions:ICTAHC's role and functioning has expanded since its beginnings. HTA has become an important part of health care in Israel.
Health technology assessment in the United Kingdom
Authors: Drummond Michael , Banta David 
Published: June 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe generally the development and present situation with health technology assessment (HTA) in the United Kingdom.Methods: The methods used are a review of important materials that have described the development process and present situation, supplemented by some personal experiences.Results: The United Kingdom has been characterized historically as a country with a strong interest in evidence in health care, both clinical trials for efficacy and cost-effectiveness analyses. However, this evidence was not well-linked to the needs of the National Health Services (NHS) before formation of the NHS R&D Programme in 1991, The R&D Programme brought substantial resources into HTA and related activities, with the central aim of improving health care in Britain and increasing value for money. However, policy makers as well as staff of the R&D Programme were dissatisfied with the use of the HTA results in clinical and administrative practice. Therefore, the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) was formed in 1999. NICE issues guidance intended to influence practical decision making in health care at the national and local levels, based on efficacy information and, in some cases, economic analyses. NICE is now also seeking ways to maximize impacts on practice.Conclusions: The UK experience shows that information on clinical and cost-effectiveness may not be enough to change practice, at least in the short-run. Still, one may conclude that the United Kingdom now has one of the few most important and influential HTA programs in the world.
Health technology assessment in South Korea
Authors: Kim Chang-yup 
Published: June 2009

Objective: To analyze evolution of the health technology assessment (HTA) at the national level in South Korea.Methods: Analysis of public documents, personal communication, and literative review.Results: HTA in South Korea has been developed since 1990s, first introduced by academia and institutionalized within the National Health Insurance (NHI). Rapidly increasing expenditure had been a challenge of the NHI, which considered health technology management as a cost controlling measure. An amendment was made to the NHI Law in 2000, and provision was made to regulate the process of determining new insurance benefits including procedures, drugs, and equipment. This requirement made the NHI agencies to promote HTA approaches in connection with the government and professional organizations. Also the Healthcare Act was revised in October 2006 ruling that HTA focusing on safety and effectiveness be responsible for new health technologies. Currently, the HTA process is governed by a governmental committee comprising twenty members and technically supported by the HTA center created in the NHI structure.Conclusions: Institutionalized HTA in Korea has been driven mainly by the requirements of the NHI and manifested strengths as well as weaknesses. The government is establishing a new organization for HTA, independent from the NHI.