bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of heat propagation through poultry in a reduced computational‐cost model of contact cooking
Authors: Eberth John F. , Neal Jack A. , Robles Hernandez Francisco C. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryDuring thermal food preparation, it is essential for the product to reach safe temperature thresholds. Yet, excessive cooking is time‐consuming and decreases desirable qualities. In this work, we developed, and experimentally verified, a computationally minimum mathematical model to predict one‐dimensional temperature distribution through contact cooking of poultry. This model was based on discretising the heat equation with temperature and time varying thermophysical properties of the major constituents: water, proteins and lipids. The relative amounts of these constituents are available from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for different poultry samples. Our results yielded an average modelling experimental temperature error of 3.15 °C. For contact cooking of a 1‐cm thick sample, the minimum time to reach the temperature threshold in a chicken breast was 368 s compared to 98.9 s when flipped at an optimised time. These techniques can be implemented into a microprocessor‐based thermal monitoring system to non‐invasively predict temperature distribution in processed meat and poultry.
Volatile compounds and oxidative stability of Pinus halepensis Mill. seed oil under heating conditions
Authors: Dhibi Madiha , Flamini Guido , Issaoui Manel , Hammami Mohamed 
Published: March 2012

SummaryHeating conditions of Pinus halepensis seed oil were monitored to evaluate the effect of thermo‐oxidation processes on the bioactive compounds contained in the samples. The following parameters were monitored: ultra violet absorption at 232 and 270 nm, fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, antiradical activity and aromatic profiles. Under thermo‐oxidation process, trans fatty acids (TFA) increased and conjugated linoleic acid isomers appeared. The antiradical activity significantly decreased from 73.3% to 52.5% after 120 min of heating. Oxidative stability decreased (r = −0.70). The volatile profile was heavily influenced by heating with the formation of new volatile compounds, such as the two isomers (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal. α‐pinene, and the main terpene compound was very vulnerable to heating conditions. Despite its peculiar pleasant aroma and nutritional value, the P. halepensis seed oil should not be used for cooking. Indeed, under frying conditions, its antioxidant properties and oxidative stability are lost and potential toxic compounds, such as TFA and unsaturated aldehydes, are formed.
Physical inactivity in aging and dementia: a review of its relationship to pain
Authors: Plooij Bart , Scherder Erik JA , Eggermont Laura HP 
Published: March 2012

Aims.  The goal of this brief review is to address studies examining the relationship between physical inactivity and pain in aging and dementia.Background.  A decrease in the level of physical activity is characteristic of older persons, both with and without dementia. Passive behaviour is often considered to be part of the apathy frequently observed in patients with dementia, although it could also be a sign of pain.Design.  Literature review.Method.  Searches were performed in PubMed and Embase. A total of 15 studies concerning the relationship between physical inactivity and pain in older persons with and without dementia were identified (older persons without dementia: 12; with dementia: 3).Results.  In older persons without dementia, a positive relationship between physical inactivity and pain has been demonstrated. In older persons with dementia, pain may cause physical inactivity and physical inactivity may cause pain.Conclusions.  In older persons, a positive relationship between physical inactivity and pain was demonstrated. More specifically, pain may cause physical inactivity. In older persons with dementia pain may cause physical inactivity and vice versa.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses’ awareness of physical inactivity as an indication of pain in older persons with and without dementia may reduce the risk of underdiagnosis and subsequent undertreatment of pain.
Job conditions, job satisfaction, somatic complaints and burnout among East African nurses
Authors: van der Doef Margot , Mbazzi Femke Bannink , Verhoeven Chris 
Published: March 2012

Aims.  To describe job conditions, job satisfaction, somatic complaints and burnout of female East African nurses working in public and private hospitals and to determine how these well‐being outcomes are associated with job conditions.Background.  Insight into job conditions, health and well‐being status and their interrelation is virtually lacking for East African nurses.Design.  Cross‐sectional survey of 309 female nurses in private and public hospitals in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.Methods.  Nurses completed a survey assessing job conditions and job satisfaction (the Leiden Quality of Work Life Questionnaire – nurses version), somatic complaints (subscale of the Symptom CheckList) and burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory).Results.  The East African nurses show high levels of somatic complaints, and nearly one‐third of the sample would be labelled as burned out. In comparison with a Western European nurses reference group, the nurses score unfavourably on job conditions that require financial investment (e.g. workload, staffing, equipment and materials). On aspects related to the social climate (e.g. decision latitude, cooperation), however, they score more favourably. In comparison with private hospital nurses, public hospital nurses score similarly on aspects related to the social climate, but worse on the other job conditions. Public hospital nurses have a lower job satisfaction than private hospital nurses, but show comparable levels of somatic complaints and burnout. Strongest correlates of low job satisfaction are low supervisor support and low financial reward. Burnout is mainly associated with high workload and inadequate information provision, whereas somatic complaints are associated with demanding physical working conditions.Conclusions.  Improvement in job conditions may reduce the high levels of burnout and somatic complaints and enhance job satisfaction in East African nurses.Relevance to clinical practice.  Efforts and investments should be made to improve the job conditions in East African nurses as they are key persons in the delivery of health care.
Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)
Authors: Leknes I L 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin‐injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow‐brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non‐specific and specific defence in such specimens.
‘If you listen to me properly, I feel good’: a qualitative examination of patient experiences of dietetic consultations
Authors: Hancock R. E. E. , Bonner G. , Hollingdale R. , Madden A. M. 
Published: April 2012

How to cite this article: Hancock R.E.E., Bonner G., Hollingdale R. & Madden A.M. (2012) ‘If you listen to me properly, I feel good’ a qualitative examination of patient experiences of dietetic consultations. J Hum Nutr Diet. 25, 275–284AbstractBackground:  There is considerable interest in healthcare research regarding communication skills and some debate surrounding the effectiveness of a patient‐centred approach to care. Understanding patient experiences of consultations can help indicate how consultations can be modified to improve effectiveness. At present, there is little research exploring patient experience of dietetic consultations. The present study aimed to achieve a better understanding of patients’ experiences of dietetic consultations using qualitative analysis.Methods:  Patients undergoing consultations with a dietitian were invited to discuss their experience of the consultation with a research dietitian who was not involved in their care. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted and analysed using the Framework approach.Results:  Seventeen patients participated and described their experiences of consultations, which were varied and influenced by factors such as information given (resources, explanation, repetition, consistency); their dietitian’s approach (prescriptive or nonprescriptive, use of behaviour change skills), behaviour (listening skills, body language) and appointment (expectations, involvement of the multidisciplinary team, length of time); and their own internal experience (confidence, guilt, frustration). Patients agreed that certain factors, such as good communication and rapport, receiving effective and reliable information and resources, and nonjudgmental, regular support, were important factors in creating a positive experience of their consultation. However, they differed in what they believed constituted these factors.Conclusions:  Patients like dietitians to adopt a patient‐centred approach, which might be either patient‐ or practitioner‐led, and to take account of what they wanted from consultations, adapting these to meet their individual requirements.
Primary care for adults with Down syndrome: adherence to preventive healthcare recommendations
Authors: Jensen K. M. , Taylor L. C. , Davis M. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  Due to significant medical improvements, persons with Down syndrome now live well into adulthood. Consequently, primary care for adults with Down syndrome needs to incorporate routine care with screening for condition‐specific comorbidities. This study seeks to evaluate the adherence of primary care physicians to age‐ and condition‐specific preventive care in a cohort of adults with Down syndrome.Methods  In this retrospective observational cohort study, preventive screening was evaluated in patients with Down syndrome aged 18–45 years who received primary care in an academic medical centre from 2000 to 2008. Comparisons were made based on the field of patients' primary care providers (Family or Internal Medicine).Results  This cohort included 62 patients, median index age = 33 years. Forty per cent of patients received primary care by Family Physicians, with 60% seen by Internal Medicine practices. Patient demographics, comorbidities and overall screening patterns were similar between provider groups. Despite near universal screening for obesity and hypothyroidism, adherence to preventive care recommendations was otherwise inconsistent. Screening was ‘moderate’ (50–80%) for cardiac anomalies, reproductive health, dentition, and the combined measure of behaviour, psychological, or memory abnormalities. Less than 50% of patients were evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea, atlanto‐axial instability, hearing loss or vision loss.Conclusions  We observed inconsistent preventive care in adults with Down syndrome over this 8.5‐year study. This is concerning, given that the adverse effects of many of these conditions can be ameliorated if discovered in a timely fashion. Further studies must evaluate the implications of screening practices and more timely identification of comorbidities on clinical outcomes.
The factors affecting end‐of‐life decision‐making by physicians of patients with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands: a qualitative study
Authors: Wagemans A. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. , Proot I. , Metsemakers J. , Tuffrey‐Wijne I. , Curfs L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  The aim of this study was to investigate the process of end‐of‐life decision‐making regarding people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in the Netherlands, from the perspective of physicians.Methods  This qualitative study involved nine semi‐structured interviews with ID physicians in the Netherlands after the deaths of patients with ID that involved end‐of‐life decisions. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Grounded Theory procedures.Results  Four main contributory factors to the physicians decision‐making process were identified, three of which are related to the importance of relatives' wishes and opinions: (1) Involving relatives in decision‐making. As they had assessed their patients as lacking capacity, the physicians gave very great weight to the opinions and wishes of the relatives and tended to follow these wishes. (2) Delegating quality of life assessments to relatives. Physicians justified their end‐of‐life decisions based on their medical assessment, but left the assessment of the patients' quality of life to relatives, despite having their own implicit opinion about quality of life. (3) Good working relationships. Physicians sought consensus with relatives and paid care staff, often giving greater weight to the importance of good working relationships than to their own assessment of the patient's best interest. (4) Knowledge of the patient's vulnerabilities. Physicians used their intimate, long‐standing knowledge of the patient's fragile health.Conclusions  In order to take a more balanced decision, physicians should seek possibilities to involve patients with ID themselves and other stakeholders which are important for the patients. Physicians who have known the patient over time should rely more on their own knowledge of the patient's needs and preferences, seek the input of others, and openly take the lead in the decision‐making process.
A promising new wavelength region for three‐photon fluorescence microscopy of live cells
Authors: NORRIS GREG , AMOR RUMELO , DEMPSTER JOHN , AMOS WILLIAM B. , McCONNELL GAIL 
Published: March 2012

SummaryWe report three‐photon laser scanning microscopy (3PLSM) using a bi‐directional pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with signal wavelength output at λ= 1500 nm. This novel laser was used to overcome the high optical loss in the infrared spectral region observed in laser scanning microscopes and objective lenses that renders them otherwise difficult to use for imaging. To test our system, we performed 3PLSM auto‐fluorescence imaging of live plant cells at λ= 1500 nm, specifically Spirogyra, and compared performance with two‐photon excitation (2PLSM) imaging using a femtosecond pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser at λ= 780 nm. Analysis of cell viability based on cytoplasmic organelle streaming and structural changes of cells revealed that at similar peak powers, 2PLSM caused gross cell damage after 5 min but 3PLSM showed little or no interference with cell function after 15 min. The λ= 1500 nm OPO is thus shown to be a practical laser source for live cell imaging.
The development and testing of a new communication tool to help clinicians inform patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome about treatment options
Authors: PELLETIER‐FLEURY NATHALIE , GAFNI AMIRAM , KRUCIEN NICOLAS , FLEURY BERNARD 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe objective of this study was to develop a tool to help clinicians inform patients about mechanical treatment options, continuous positive airway pressure and oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, and to assess its validity, reliability and acceptability. Continuous positive airway pressure is always indicated as a first‐line treatment in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. However, oral appliances might be an effective treatment option in patients who fail treatment attempts, and also as a first‐line treatment for patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea. To help patients choose their initial treatment, we developed an electronic decision board to present information regarding the potential benefits and side effects of the two treatment options, using the best available evidence. In 34 healthy volunteers, to test validity we evaluated the extent to which the respondents’ preferences for a treatment changed predictably when the rate of effectiveness and side effects were modified. Reliability was tested by readministering the decision board 2 weeks afterwards (kappa test). The decision‐board acceptability was evaluated in 99 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. We found that the decision board was valid. Reliability was excellent (κ = 0.94). Concerning acceptability, 72% of the patients were satisfied with the information provided in the decision board and 71% indicated that it helped them to make a decision. The average score of true/false test of knowledge was 7.9 of 10 (range 3–10). The decision board we developed is a valid, reliable and acceptable tool to assess patients’ preferences.
HbCIPK2, a novel CBL‐interacting protein kinase from halophyte Hordeum brevisubulatum, confers salt and osmotic stress tolerance
Authors: LI RUIFEN , ZHANG JUNWEN , WU GUANGYU , WANG HONGZHI , CHEN YAJUAN , WEI JIANHUA 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTProtein kinases play an important role in regulating the response to abiotic stress in plant. CIPKs are plant‐specific signal transducers, and some members have been identified. However, the precise functions of novel CIPKs still remain unknown. Here we report that HbCIPK2 is a positive regulator of salt and osmotic stress tolerance. HbCIPK2 was screened out of the differentially expressed fragments from halophyte Hordeum brevisubulatum by cDNA‐AFLP technique, and was a single‐copy gene without intron. Expression of HbCIPK2 was increased by salt, drought and ABA treatment. HbCIPK2 is mainly localized to the plasma membrane and nucleus. Ectopic expression of 35S:HbCIPK2 not only rescued the salt hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis mutant sos2‐1, but also enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis wild type, and exhibited tolerance to osmotic stress during germination. The HbCIPK2 contributed to the ability to prevent K+ loss in root and to accumulate less Na+ in shoot resulting in K+/Na+ homeostasis and protection of root cell from death, which is consistent with the gene expression profile of HbCIPK2‐overexpressing lines. These findings imply possible novel HbCIPK2‐mediated salt signalling pathways or networks in H. brevisubulatum.
Monocytoid B cells: An Enigmatic B cell Subset Showing Evidence of Extrafollicular Immunoglobulin gene Somatic Hypermutation
Authors: Warsame A. , Delabie J. , Malecka A. , Wang J. , Trøen G. , Tierens A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMonocytoid B cells are IgM+, IgD−/+, CD27− B cells, localized in the perisinusoidal area of the lymph node. These cells are especially prominent in infections such as those caused by toxoplasma and HIV. The ontogeny of monocytoid B cells with respect to B cell maturation is incompletely known. We analysed clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation and expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in monocytoid B cells. Sequence analysis of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes amplified from microdissected monocytoid B cell zones with a high proportion of proliferating cells reveals the presence of multiple clones with low‐level ongoing mutations (mean frequency: 0.46 × 10−2 per bp). Mutation analysis of these ongoing mutations reveals strand bias, a preference of transitions over transversions as well as the occurrence of small deletions, as observed for somatically mutated immunoglobulin genes in the human germinal centre. Proliferation, ongoing mutation as well as expression of AID, combined, is evidence that monocytoid B cells acquire the mutations in the extrafollicular perisinusoidal area of the lymph node and pleads against a postgerminal centre B cell origin.
The post‐pollination ethylene burst and the continuation of floral advertisement are harbingers of non‐random mate selection in Nicotiana attenuata
Authors: Bhattacharya Samik , Baldwin Ian T. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe self‐compatible plant Nicotiana attenuata grows in genetically diverse populations after fires, and produces flowers that remain open for 3 days and are visited by assorted pollinators. To determine whether and when post‐pollination non‐random mate selection occurs among self and non‐self pollen, seed paternity and semi‐in vivo pollen tube growth were determined in controlled single/mixed pollinations. Despite all pollen sources being equally proficient in siring seeds in single‐genotype pollinations, self pollen was consistently selected in mixed pollinations, irrespective of maternal genotype. However, clear patterns of mate discrimination occurred amongst non‐self pollen when mixed pollinations were performed soon after corollas open, including selection against hygromycin B resistance (transformation selectable marker) in wild‐type styles and for it in transformed styles. However, mate choice among pollen genotypes was completely shut down in plants transformed to be unable to produce (irACO) or perceive (ETR1) ethylene. The post‐pollination ethylene burst, which originates primarily from the stigma and upper style, was strongly correlated with mate selection in single and mixed hand‐pollinations using eight pollen donors in two maternal ecotypes. The post‐pollination ethylene burst was also negatively correlated with the continuation of emission of benzylacetone, the most abundant pollinator‐attracting corolla‐derived floral volatile. We conclude that ethylene signaling plays a pivotal role in mate choice, and the post‐pollination ethylene burst and the termination of benzylacetone release are accurate predictors, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of pre‐zygotic mate selection and seed paternity.