bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über die Art des Reflexmechanismus, der einen chemischen Reiz von der Haut auf die peripheren Gefäße der inneren Organe überträgt1
Authors: Andersson N. , Ekström T. 
Published: April 2012

Zusammenfassung
. Die Leitungsbahnen des von G. von Reis und F. Sjöstrand nachgewiesenen kutoviszeralen Reflexes, der unter anderem durch chemische Hautreize ausgelöst wird und eine Zunahme der peripheren Blutmenge der inneren Organe bewirkt, wurden studiert.
. Daß es sich dabei um eine nervös bedingte Übertragung des Reizes handelt, konnte als auch für Kaninchen gültig bestätigt werden.
. Bei Kaninchen verläuft der Reflex extraspinal.
. Bei Meerschweinchen scheint er teilweise segmental zu sein.
. Dennoch erhielt man eine deutliche Wirkung auch bei Reizung kleiner Bezirke, und zwar im großen Ganzen unabhängig von ihrer Lage. Die Wirkung wechselte ihrer Stärke nach bei wechselnder Lage des gereizten Bezirks.
Photoelektrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Permeierungsgeschwindigkeit von Anelektrolyten durch die Membran von roten Blutkörperchen
Authors: Meldahl K. F. , Ørskov Sören L. 
Published: April 2012

ZusammenfassungDie Apparatur und deren Anwendung für eine Mikromethode zur Bestimmung der Permeabilität der roten Blutkörperchen wird beschrieben. Die Grundlage der Methode beruht, ebenso wie die früher von Ørskov beschriebene, auf der Beobachtung, daß die Lichtdurchlässigkeit einer Blutkörperchensuspension von der Größe der Blutkörperchen abhängt.Die Permeierungsgeschwindigkeit wird nach dem Fickschen Gesetz berechnet. Es zeigte sich aber, daß die Ergebnisse für die untersuchten vier Stoffe, Glyzerin, Thioharnstoff, Malonamid und Glukose sehr schlecht mit dem Fickschen Gesetz übereinstimmen. Es wird daher empfohlen, mehrere Punkte im Verlauf der Permeierung zu definieren und gleichzeitig die gefundenen Versuchszeiten anzugeben.Die Versuche deuten darauf hin, daß die Poren der Blutkörperchenmembran verkleinert werden, wenn die Blutkörperchen schrumpfen. Dementsprechend findet sich in 0,9% NaCl‐Lösung eine langsamere Permeierung als in 0,7%.Es wird erörtert, welche Faktoren für den Verlauf der Permeierung Bedeutung haben u. a. das verschiedene Alter der Blutkörperchen in ein und derselben Probe.Zugabe von Natriumzitrat und auch von NaCl verringern die Lichtdurchlässigkeit einer Blutkörperchensuspension mehr als die Zufuhr von Glukose und Mannit auch dann, wenn die Gefrierpunktserniedrigung in gleichem Maße erhöht ist. Es wird angenommen, daß Zitrat die Lichtdurchlässigkeit der Membran verändert. Dies ist für Glyzerin, Thioharnstoff und Glukose nicht der Fall.Stehen der Suspension verringert in einigen Fällen die Permeierungsgeschwindigkeit; dies trifft besonders für Glukose beim menschlichen Blut zu.
Efficacy of patient questionnaire in predicting renal dysfunction in outpatients older than 60 years of age prior to contrast‐enhanced computed tomography
Authors: Lui Elaine H , Lau Kenneth K , Polkinghorne Kevan , Chang Chian A , Ardley Nicholas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN), a common iatrogenic cause of acute renal failure, is preventable. Identification of impaired renal function prior to intravenous contrast is important. Questionnaire screening has been useful to negate the need for cumbersome and costly renal function testing on all patients prior to contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT). The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists guidelines include age older than 60 as a risk marker requiring renal function testing. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the efficacy of the pre‐CT questionnaire in identifying patients with pre‐existing renal impairment even in this older than 60 age group.Methods: All outpatients were given questionnaires containing 11 CIN risk markers prior to CECT. Radiographers documented age, gender, serum creatinine and/or estimated glomerulofiltration rate (eGFR mL/min/1.72 m2) within 3 months of CT. Questionnaires of all patients older than 60 years were collated. The data was tabulated and analyzed. Incomplete questionnaires were excluded.Results: 134/171 (78.4%) patients had eGFR ≥ 60 and 37/171 (21.6%) had eGFR < 60, with 31/171 (18.1%) having eGFR between 30 and 60 and 3/171 (1.8%) having eGFR < 30. 47/171 (27.5%) circled ‘no’ to all risk markers. Percentage for sensitivity is 81.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 64.8–92%), for specificity 29.9% (95% CI 22.3–38.4%), for positive predictive value 24.2% (95% CI 17–32.7%) and for negative predictive value 85.1% (95%CI 71.7–93.8%). Kidney disease, anaemia, myeloma and vasculitis seem to be statistically significant risk factors (P < 0.05). All three true‐positive patients with eGFR < 30 indicated known kidney disease. Seven false‐negative patients had eGFR 30–60, with 4/7 (57.1%) having CIN risk markers in their medical records.Conclusion: Questionnaire screening for CIN risk has a high negative predictive value (85.1%) even in patients older than 60 years.
Common patterns in 558 diagnostic radiology errors
Authors: Donald Jennifer J , Barnard Stuart A 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: As a Quality Improvement initiative our department has held regular discrepancy meetings since 2003. We performed a retrospective analysis of the cases presented and identified the most common pattern of error.Methods: A total of 558 cases were referred for discussion over 92 months, and errors were classified as perceptual or interpretative. The most common patterns of error for each imaging modality were analysed, and the misses were scored by consensus as subtle or non‐subtle.Results: Of 558 diagnostic errors, 447 (80%) were perceptual and 111 (20%) were interpretative errors. Plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) scans were the most frequent imaging modalities accounting for 246 (44%) and 241 (43%) of the total number of errors, respectively. In the plain radiography group 120 (49%) of the errors occurred in chest X‐ray reports with perceptual miss of a lung nodule occurring in 40% of this subgroup. In the axial and appendicular skeleton missed fractures occurred most frequently, and metastatic bone disease was overlooked in 12 of 50 plain X‐rays of the pelvis or spine. The majority of errors within the CT group were in reports of body scans with the commonest perceptual errors identified including 16 missed significant bone lesions, 14 cases of thromboembolic disease and 14 gastrointestinal tumours. Of the 558 errors, 312 (56%) were considered subtle and 246 (44%) non‐subtle.Conclusion: Diagnostic errors are not uncommon and are most frequently perceptual in nature. Identification of the most common patterns of error has the potential to improve the quality of reporting by improving the search behaviour of radiologists.
Medulloblastoma: Progress over time
Authors: Smee Robert I , Williams Janet R , De‐loyde Katie J , Meagher Nicola S , Cohn Richard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Medulloblastoma is the most common central nervous system tumour in children aged 0–4 years, with 75% of cases occurring in patients <16 years, and rare in adults. The intent of this audit is to review a single centre's experience and to compare outcomes with other centres' outcomes.Methods: This Ethics approved retrospective audit evaluates the paediatric population aged <16 years who received radiotherapy as their initial or salvage treatment at the Prince of Wales Hospital Cancer Centre between 1972 and 2007. The primary and secondary end‐points were progression‐free survival (PFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS), with comparisons made between patients treated before and after 1990, and the impact of high‐ and low‐risk disease.Results: There were 80 eligible patients, 78 who had radiotherapy at initial presentation, and 2 at the time of recurrence. Median age was 6.5 years, 52 were boys and 28 were girls. Seventy‐eight patients had a surgical procedure and ultimately received craniospinal radiotherapy. Of these 78 patients, 32 (40%) had a macroscopically complete resection. The 5‐year PFS was 69.7%. The 5‐year PFS for patients treated pre and post 1990 was 66.1% and 71.8%, respectively. The 5‐year CSS for high‐ and low‐risk patients was 61.1% and 78.4%, respectively. Ultimately, 33% of patients were dead due to disease.Conclusion: This audit demonstrates those children referred to this facility for treatment have comparable survival to that of other major centres.
Impact of FDG‐PET on lung cancer delineation for radiotherapy
Authors: Morarji Kavita , Fowler Allan , Vinod Shalini K , Ho Shon Ivan , Laurence Jerome M 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of fused diagnostic F‐18 2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and planning FDG‐PET/CT scans on voluming of lung cancer for radiotherapy.Methods: Five radiation oncologists (ROs), five radiation oncology trainees and a radiologist contoured five cases of non‐small cell lung cancer. The CT alone, the diagnostic FDG‐PET/CT and planning FDG‐PET/CT each registered to the CT, were used to contour three volumes. The concordance index (CI) was used to compare each volume with a reference RO.Results: Although there was considerable inter‐observer variability in CT contouring, there was no significant difference between mean volumes of the gross tumour volume for the RO and radiation oncology trainees using any technique. There was no increase in CI with the addition of PET/CT, either diagnostic or planning, for the RO. However, the volumes of the radiation oncology trainees showed a significant increase in CI from 65.8% with CT alone to 68.0% and 72.3% with diagnostic PET/CT and planning PET/CT, respectively (P = 0.028). Mean variation at the tumour/mediastinum interface was significantly reduced with addition of registered PET/CT.Conclusions: The concordance of RO with the reference RO did not significantly increase with use of integrated FDG PET/CT images. However, the contouring of radiation oncology trainees' became more concordant with the reference.
Low sleep and low socioeconomic status predict high body mass index: a 4‐year longitudinal study of Australian schoolchildren
Authors: O'Dea J. A. , Dibley M. J. , Rankin N. M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationships between body mass index (BMI), sleep duration and socioeconomic status (SES) in a 4‐year cohort of 939 children aged 7–12 years.MethodsChildren and their mothers completed an annual questionnaire to assess usual weekday sleep and wake times, amount of sleep, physical activity, parental education and school SES. 93% of children were enrolled (939/1010) and retention was 88%, 83% and 81% in consecutive years. Height and weight were measured annually.ResultsBMI increased with decreasing amount of sleep and less sleep predicted greater International Obesity Task Force measures of obesity and overweight. In all 4 years, after controlling for baseline BMI, low SES was a significant predictor of high BMI. Children in the upper tertile of sleep in year 1 had a 2.3 kg lower weight gain (standard error [SE]: 0.5) between years 1 and 4 (P < 0.0001) than children in the lower tertile of sleep and a 0.45 kg m−2 lower increase in BMI (SE: 0.15) (P = 0.004). The difference between children with consistently low and high sleep duration over 4 years was 1 BMI point. Those with the lowest BMI were the children with both high SES and high sleep duration. PA was not associated with BMI.ConclusionsBoth low SES and short sleep duration predict obesity risk in children after controlling for baseline BMI and this trend becomes stronger as children enter adolescence. Obesity prevention should include a sleep promotion component and this may be more beneficial to children of low SES and/or socially disadvantaged backgrounds.
Water‐equivalent path length calibration of a prototype proton CT scanner
Authors: Hurley R. F. , Schulte R. W. , Bashkirov V. A. , Wroe A. J. , Ghebremedhin A. , Sadrozinski H. F.‐W. , Rykalin V. , Coutrakon G. , Koss P. , Patyal B. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:The authors present a calibration method for a prototype proton computed tomography (pCT) scanner. The accuracy of these measurements depends upon careful calibration of the energy detector used to measure the residual energy of the protons that passed through the object.Methods:A prototype pCT scanner with a cesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) crystal calorimeter was calibrated by measuring the calorimeter response for protons of 200 and 100 MeV initial energies undergoing degradation in polystyrene plates of known thickness and relative stopping power (RSP) with respect to water. Calibration curves for the two proton energies were obtained by fitting a second‐degree polynomial to the water‐equivalent path length versus calorimeter response data. Using the 100 MeV calibration curve, the RSP values for a variety of tissue‐equivalent materials were measured and compared to values obtained from a standard depth‐dose range shift measurement using a water‐tank. A cylindrical water phantom was scanned with 200 MeV protons and its RSP distribution was reconstructed using the 200 MeV calibration.Results:It is shown that this calibration method produces measured RSP values of various tissue‐equivalent materials that agree to within 0.5% of values obtained using an established water‐tank method. The mean RSP value of the water phantom reconstruction was found to be 0.995 ± 0.006.Conclusions:The method presented provides a simple and reliable procedure for calibration of a pCT scanner.
Calculation of conversion factors for effective dose for various interventional radiology procedures
Authors: Compagnone Gaetano , Giampalma Emanuela , Domenichelli Sara , Renzulli Matteo , Golfieri Rita 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:To provide dose‐area‐product (DAP) to effective dose (E) conversion factors for complete interventional procedures, based on in‐the‐field clinical measurements of DAP values and using tabulated E/DAP conversion factors for single projections available from the literature.Methods:Nine types of interventional procedures were performed on 84 patients with two angiographic systems. Different calibration curves (with and without patient table attenuation) were calculated for each DAP meter. Clinical and dosimetric parameters were recorded in‐the‐field for each projection and for all patients, and a conversion factor linking DAP and effective doses was derived for each complete procedure making use of published, Monte Carlo calculated conversion factors for single static projections.Results:Fluoroscopy time and DAP values for the lowest‐dose procedure (biliary drainage) were approximately 3‐fold and 13‐fold lower, respectively, than those for the highest‐dose examination (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS). Median E/DAP conversion factors from 0.12 (abdominal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) to 0.25 (Nephrostomy) mSvGy−1 cm−2 were obtained and good correlations between E and DAP were found for all procedures, with R2 coefficients ranging from 0.80 (abdominal angiography) to 0.99 (biliary stent insertion, Nephrostomy and TIPS). The DAP values obtained in this study showed general consistency with the values provided in the literature and median E values ranged from 4.0 mSv (biliary drainage) to 49.6 mSv (TIPS).Conclusions:Values of E/DAP conversion factors were derived for each procedure from a comprehensive analysis of projection and dosimetric data: they could provide a good evaluation for the stochastic effects. These results can be obtained by means of a close cooperation between different interventional professionals involved in patient care and dose optimization.
2011 Sino-American Symposium on Clinical and Translational Medicine
Authors: Sanders Sean 
Published: April 2012

Prefaces:
The second annual Sino-American Symposium on Clinical and Translational Medicine was held on 24 June 2011 in Shanghai, China. It provided a forum for scientists, physicians, and officers from China and the United States to come together to discuss important issues and challenges in making quality health care accessible to all peoples.
As the Chinese Minister of Health, Dr. Zhu Chen, puts it: "The per capita expenditure on health in China is much less than that in the United States, and the two nations' health care systems are quite different. However, both countries face the same challenge: To meet the growing health needs and expectations of their citizens, while facing an increasingly restrictive financing environment. We think that translational medicine is one of the best solutions to tackle this challenge."

This booklet, produced as a special sponsored supplement to
Science
, collects in one volume several reports from the symposium covering a broad range of topics from pure scientific research to decision-making and policy, and accounts of the successful implementation of translational strategies and the commercialization of medical devices. It also provides a foundation for the future cooperation between China and the United States, as well as the rest of the world, on which to build a strong strategy for applying the tenants of translational medicine to the benefit of all human kind.
Downregulation of Endothelial MicroRNA-200b Supports Cutaneous Wound Angiogenesis By Desilencing GATA Binding Protein 2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2
Authors: Chan Yuk Cheung , Roy Sashwati , Khanna Savita , Sen Chandan K. 
Published: April 2012

Objective—
MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate angiogenesis by posttranscriptional silencing of target genes. The significance of angiostatic miR-200b in switching on skin wound angiogenesis was tested.

Methods and Results—
Wounding caused imminent and transient downregulation of miR-200b in dermal wound-edge endothelial cells. Derailing this injury response by lentiviral delivery of miR-200b in vivo impaired wound angiogenesis. Computational prediction, target reporter luciferase assay, and Western blot analysis provided first evidence that miR-200b targets globin transcription factor binding protein 2 (GATA2) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Overexpression of GATA2 or VEGFR2 in endothelial cells rescued the angiostatic effect of miR-200b in vitro. Downregulation of miR-200b derepressed GATA2 and VEGFR2 expression to switch on wound angiogenesis, which was disrupted in diabetic wounds. Treatment of endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor-α, a proinflammatory cytokine abundant in diabetic wounds, induced miR-200b expression, silenced GATA2 and VEGFR2, and suppressed angiogenesis. These outcomes were attenuated using anti-miR-200b strategy. Neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-α in the diabetic wounds improved wound angiogenesis and closure, which was accompanied by downregulation of miR-200b expression and desilencing of GATA2 and VEGFR2.

Conclusion—
Injury-induced repression of miR-200b turned on wound angiogenesis. In mice with diabetes mellitus,excessive tumor necrosis factor-α induced miR-200b blunting proangiogenic functions of GATA2 and VEGFR2.
Evidence Supporting a Key Role of Lp-PLA2-Generated Lysophosphatidylcholine in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation
Authors: Gonçalves Isabel , Edsfeldt Andreas , Ko Na Young , Grufman Helena , Berg Katarina , Björkbacka Harry , Nitulescu Mihaela , Persson Ana , Nilsson Marie , Prehn Cornelia , Adamski Jerzy , Nilsson Jan 
Published: April 2012

Objectives—
To determine whether the level of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) generated by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is associated with severity of inflammation in human atherosclerotic plaques. Elevated plasma Lp-PLA2 is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Lp-PLA2 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis. Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzes low-density lipoprotein–oxidized phospholipids generating lysoPCs. According to in vitro studies, lysoPCs are proinflammatory but the association between their generation and plaque inflammation remains unknown.

Methods and Results—
Inflammatory activity in carotid plaques (162 patients) was determined immunohistochemically and by analyzing cytokines in homogenates (multiplex immunoassay). LysoPCs were quantified using mass spectrometry and Lp-PLA2 and the lysoPC metabolite lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by ELISA. There was a strong correlation among lysoPC 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, LPA, and Lp-PLA2 in plaques. LysoPC 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, LPA, and Lp-PLA2 correlated with interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted, and tumor necrosis factor-α in plaques. High lysoPC and Lp-PLA2 correlated with increased plaque macrophages and lipids and with low content of smooth muscle cells, whereas LPA only correlated with plaque macrophages. Lp-PLA2, lysoPC 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1, but not LPA were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic plaques.

Conclusions—
The associations among Lp-PLA2, lysoPCs, LPA, and proinflammatory cytokines in human plaques suggest that lysoPCs play a key role in plaque inflammation and vulnerability. Our findings support Lp-PLA2 inhibition as a possible strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Dietary Sodium and Risk of Stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Gardener Hannah , Rundek Tatjana , Wright Clinton B. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Sacco Ralph L. 
Published: April 2012

Background and Purpose—
The American Heart Association recommends limiting sodium intake to ≤1500 mg/day for ideal cardiovascular health. Although sodium intake has been linked to vascular disease by direct relationship with hypertension, few studies have supported an association with stroke risk.

Methods—
Participants were from the Northern Manhattan Study (mean age 69± 10 years, 64% women, 21% white, 53% Hispanic, 24% black), a population-based cohort study of stroke incidence. Sodium intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and evaluated continuously and categorically: ≤1500 mg/day (12%), 1501 to 2300 mg/day (24%), 2301 to 3999 mg/day (43%), and ≥4000 mg/day (21%). Over a mean follow-up of 10 years, we examined the association between sodium consumption and 235 strokes using Cox models adjusting for sociodemographics, diet, behavioral/lifestyle, and vascular risk factors.

Results—
Of 2657 participants with dietary data, the mean sodium intake was 3031±1470 mg/day (median, 2787; interquartile range, 1966–3815 mg/day). Participants who consumed ≥4000 mg/day sodium had an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.27–5.28) versus those who consumed ≤1500 mg/day with a 17% increased risk of stroke for each 500-mg/day increase (95% CI, 1.07–1.27).

Conclusions—
High sodium intake was prevalent and associated with an increased risk of stroke independent of vascular risk factors. The new American Heart Association dietary sodium goals will help reduce stroke risk.