bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Moine Gneisses of the East-Central Highlands and their Position in the Highland Sequence
Authors: Barrow George 
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION.

The object of this paper is : First, to describe the Moine Gneisses in:Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and to show that in their mode of occurrence and field-characters, as well as in their composition and microscopic structures, they are identical with the Moine Gneisses of the North-Western Highlands.
Secondly, to trace the mode of ending-off of these gneisses, and to show that, while retaining their characteristic parallel banding they pass into a small zone of rocks, locally known as the Hon estones, which, in varying phases, lie persistently for miles oll the white margin of the Central-Highland Quartzite. The parallel-banded Moine Gneisses are, in fact, simply the flaggy margin of this Quartzite.
Thirdly, to show, that in this special area, as the flaggy rocks thicken, there is usually a small hiatus in the succession, owing either to the contemporaneous erosion of the finer material that should lie next them, or to its non-deposition. When this parallelbanded material, however, attains a certain degree of fineness, this erosion rarely occurs, and then the other limit of the group is the Little Limestone. In fact, when the succession is complete, the Moine Gneisses can be shown to pass laterally into the rocks ofthe Honestone Group, and to lie between the white margin of the Quartzite and the Little Limestone.
Whether these flaggy rocks lie above or below the Quartzite is at present a matter of dispute. The view here taken is that they come above the Quartzite, and the evidence for that view
An Experiment in Mountain-Building: Part II.
Authors: Avebury P. C. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
1903 the Society did me the honour of publishing a short paper on this subject. I may, perhaps, just repeat that Sir James Hall many years ago, and others since, have illustrated the formation of folded mountains by placing layers of cloth under a weight, and then compressing two of the sides so that the cloth was thrown into folds. Since then, other and more complete, experiments of the same kind have been made by Favre, Cadell, Daubrée, Willis, Ruskin, and others.

In these investigations the compression was from two sides only. If, however, folded mountains are caused by contraction due to the cooling of the earth, the compression must take place from all sides.
With the view of illustrating this, I requested the Cambridge Philosophical Instrument Company to make for me an apparatus consisting of four square beams of wood, resting upon a floor, which by means of screws could be moved nearer to, or farther from, each other. The beams left between them a space 2 feet across and 9 inches in depth.
In this square central space 1 placed layers of cloth, baize, oil-cloth, cement, etc., separated by layers of sand. The machine was then set in motion, and compressed so that the central space was reduced from 24 inches square to 22.
Since last year I have made other experiments, changing the arrangement in various ways. The results differ in details in almost every case, the initial movements being probably determined by slight differences in
The Blea Wyke Beds and the Dogger in North-East Yorkshire
Authors: Rastall Robert Heron 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
exact stratigraphical position of the Blea Wyke Beds and their relations to the beds above and below them have given rise to a great deal of discussion, but no very satisfactory conclusion seems to have been reached by any of the writers on the question.

Many attempts have been made to assign these beds to the Lias or to the Inferior Oolite, but hitherto there has always been some objection to drawing a hard-and-fast line at any particular horizon; and in these days, when less importance is attached to arbitrary divisions of geological time, and more to broad questions of physical geography, it seems worth while to study the question afresh from a more modern standpoint.
These beds are also noteworthy for another reason, because a study of them seems to throw some light on the history of the Peak Fault, perhaps the greatest and most important dislocation in North-East Yorkshire.
Before beginning the detailed study of the Blea Wyke Beds, it will be necessary to say a few words concerning the general structure of the district in which they are developed.
The southernmost exposure of the Lias on the Yorkshire coast is in the cliffs below what was formerly known as Peak, but now called Ravenscar.
At this point the beds have a rather steep dip to the south, and by proceeding northwards from Staintondale, we pass in succession over a fine series of Oolitic and Liassic strata. The Oolites form the cliffs as far north
On the Age and Relations of the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow
Authors: White Harold J. Osborne , Treacher Llewellyn 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the course of an investigation of the Upper Chalk in the western part of the London Basin, we had occasion, last autumn, to examine the pit at the South Lodge of Taplow Court, to which so much attention was attracted twelve years ago by Mr. A. Strahan's discovery of the richly-phosphatic character of some of the beds therein exposed.

It was originally intended to devote no more than a few paragraphs to this section, in a short account of the highest beds of the Chalk and their relations with the Lower Eocene sediments in the whole area, which we have in preparation; but the difficulties in the way of a satisfactory interpretation which presented themselves at the preliminary inspection referred to, and seemed, for a time, but to increase with succeeding visits, compelled us to undertake a minute examination of the beds, and the results of this work now appear to be of sufficient interest to merit the more detailed discussion obtainable in a separate paper.
In dealing with the phenomena of a single exposure of a rock having so wide a lateral range as the Chalk, some loss of the sense of continuity and of proportion is usually inevitable; but a separate treatment of the Taplow-Court section appears to be justified, no less by the remoteness of the beds from any visible Chalk of a similar age, than by their exceptional lithological character.
References to the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow are numerous and widely scattered, but
The Relations of the Eocene and Cretaceous Systems in the Esna-Aswan Reach of the Nile Valley
Authors: Beadnell Hugh John Llewellyn 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the autumn of 1904 I had occasional opportunities of examining the desert-margins on both sides of the Nile Valley, between Aswan and Esna. The geological information hitherto published on this part of Egypt is so scanty that no apology is needed for putting on record the following observations, which, although disconnected, have an important bearing on a somewhat vexed question of Egyptian geology, namely, the mutual relations of the Cretaceous and Eocene systems.

(1) The Kom-Ombo Plain.
From Aswan to Darau the valley is comparatively narrow. Immediately north of the latter place it opens out, from a narrow gorge closed in by sandstone-hills, to a broad plain bounded by an undulating sandstone-desert on the west side, and by the ordinary sandstone-hills on the east: the latter running round in a wide curve, and not approaching the river until Jebel Silsila, 30 kilometres (sixteen and a half miles) farther north, is reached. In the centre of this area, on the eastern bank of the river, is the temple of Kom Ombo, from which the plain takes its name.
As has long been recognized, the plain is superficially an extensive alluvial deposit; in addition to the sands and clays, with fluviatile shells and occasional mammalian bones, bands of tufaceous limestone are met with in the neighhourhood of Fatira. These deposits cannot be classed with the recent Nile alluvium, as they belong to the period of the great Pleistocene lakes of the Nile Valley, and have their surface some 25 metres (82 feet) above the
The Doncaster Earthquake of April 23rd, 1905
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
On April 13th, 1902, a slight earthquake occurred in the north of Lincolnshire. Its intensity was not more than 4, and the area disturbed by it included about 600 square miles. The shock was of the simplest character, lasting on an average for 4 seconds, and consisting of a single series of vibrations, which increased in intensity to a maximum and then died away. Though of little consequence when considered as an isolated event, the shock derives interest from its probable connection with the much stronger twin-earthquake which occurred in the same district three years later, on April 23rd, 1905.

On this day, there were two undoubted earthquakes, namely:—

(
a
)

About 1.30 a.m.

(
b
)

1.37 a.m. (principal earthquake).

In addition to these, several disturbances of uncertain seismic origin are reported:—
April 23rd, about 1.39 a.m.: Barton-on-Humber.—A very slight shock, similar to that of the principal earthquake, and accompanied by a sound like distant thunder.
April 23rd, about 2.5 a.m.: Farnsfield and Normanton-on-Trent.—A slight shock, without any attendant sound, was felt at these places, both of which are more than 15 miles from the principal epicentre.
At Farndon (near Newark) subterranean noises are said to have been heard on several occasions, especially on April 27th, at 11.30 p.m., and on April 29th, about midnight.
A slight shock was felt at Epworth, and a rumbling sound was heard at Norton. Epworth lies between the two portions of the isoseismal 7 of the
The Tarns of the Canton Ticino (Switzerland)
Authors: Garwood Edmund J. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The study of lakes, so long neglected by geographers in the past, has of recent years received a great impetus from the investigations of Prof. Forel, M. Delebecque, Prof. Penck, and other workers on the Continent, and of Prof. Russell, Prof. Gilbert, and Prof. W. M. Davis in America; while in our own country, Dr. Mill, Dr. Marr, Sir John Murray, Mr. Pullar, and others have aroused our interest in this fascinating subject.
In his exhaustive ‘Handbook of Limnology,’ Prof. Forel remarks:— ‘Each lake is an organism in itself, each has its peculiarities, its special history in the past and in the present, each deserves a special description. Hence the charm and also the scientific value which attach to the study of lakes in general and to that of each lake in particular.’
Of all the numerous interesting branches of study connected with lakes, that of the origin of the hollow in which the lake occurs is the one that must especially appeal to the geologist; while of these hollows, those basins that are entirely surrounded by solid rock are certainly the most interesting and the most difficult to explain.
The theory, originally advanced by the late Sir Andrew Ramsay, and supported by Tyndall, Gastaldi, and de Mortillet, which would have us regard the majority of the large Alpine lakes as due to the direct erosive action of ice, has gradually given rise to a detailed consideration of the genesis of each individual lake.
At the present day
The Highest Silurian Rocks of the Ludlow District
Authors: Elles Gertrude L. , Slater I. L. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction and Bibliography
The Ludlow district has been regarded as classic ground since the days of Murchison, and, although it has been much neglected by the geologists of more recent times, local collectors of fossils have placed in the Ludlow Museum a collection which is probably unsurpassed for its excellence in illustrating the geology of the neighbourhood.
Many papers were written upon the district by Murchison and others of his time; but, with the exception of Miss Wood's paper on the Lower Ludlow Shales, there has been no revision of its geology since their day: and we are of opinion that the area presents many features of interest, both structurally and otherwise, which can only be brought out by more recent methods of research.
In the Ludlow-Downtown district there exists an interesting series of rocks, limited by the Aymestry Limestone at their base and the Old Red Sandstone at their summit, and it is with these that the present paper deals. Lithologically, they present a varied series of sediments, ranging from limestones on the one hand, through calcareous flagstones and shales, to shallow-water sandstones on the other; and these lithological changes are associated with certain changes in the fauna.
Palæontologically, these rocks are characterized by the presence of Eurypteridæ, which, although rare in the lower beds, gradually increase in importance until they attain their maximum development in the beds immediately underlying the Old Red Sandstone. The rich brachiopod-fauna characteristic of the lower beds dwindles and almost dies out with
On the Igneous and Associated Sedimentary Rocks of Liangynog (Caermarthenshire)
Authors: Cantrill Thomas Crosbee , Thomas Herbert Henry 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In the neighbourhood of the village of Llangynog, some 6 miles south-west of the town of Caermarthen, an elevated tract of ground lying between the River Towy on the east and the Cywyn on the west, presents features of especial interest in that it contains several small masses of igneous rocks among the Ordovician sediments. In the re-mapping on the 6-inch scale of the South Wales Coalfield and the ground adjacent thereto, it fell to us to re-examine this district. In memoirs necessarily devoted chiefly to a description of the Coal-field, it is not possible to enter into such detail concerning the petrology and stratigraphy of these older rocks as they seem to deserve. We therefore sought the permission of the Director of the Geological Survey to lay before this Society the following particulars.
The district is comprised in the Old Series 1-inch Ordnance-map, Sheet 41; in the New Series 1-inch map, Sheet 229 (Caermarthen), and in the 6-inch maps, Caermarthenshire 38 S.E., 39 S.W., 45 N.E., and 46 N.W. It consists of an elevated plateau, which at Pen-y-Moelfre and Castell Cogan attains an altitude of 546 feet and 426 feet respectively; it is drained in part by several streams which flow southward into the estuaries of the Tâf and the Towy, and in part by streams flowing north-westward into the Cywyn, which itself falls into the Tâf.
The south-eastern part of the plateau is occupied by the red marls of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, the base
The Carboniferous Rocks at Rush (County Dublin)
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred , Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. [C. A. M.]
Although Carboniferous rocks form the rock-floor of the greater portion of the County of Dublin, they are so much concealed inland by Glacial Drift as to render their structure and relationships usually obscure. On the coast, however, they crop out in several very good sections, especially near Malahide, about 4 miles north of Dublin Bay, and at Rush, about 6 miles still farther north. The latter is the more extensive and interesting of these two.
From the shore south of Rush village, extending northward past Loughshinny to within a mile of Skerries—a distance in all of about 5 miles—the Lower Carboniferous rocks are splendidly exposed: the outcrops being only interrupted occasionally, where the shore is covered by sand, or the Glacial Drift descends to sea-level. At the suggestion of Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., and tempted by the interesting character of the rocks themselves, I was induced (during a temporary residence in Ireland) to make a detailed examination of these beds. In order to understand the coast-section in full detail, a horizontal section of the beds, as shown in the cliffs and along the rocky shore, has been prepared for the whole distance on the scale of 1 inch to 10 feet. As, however, fossils have up to the present been collected only from the rocks near Rush, that is to say at the southern end of the line of section, the present communication will be restricted to that part of the area; but account
On the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of the Mendip Area (Somerset), with especial reference to the Palæontological Sequence
Authors: Sibly Thomas Franklin 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
This paper contains the results of a detailed examination of the Carboniferous Limestone in the Mendip area.
The object of my work has been the complete investigation of the faunal sequence in the Carboniferous-Limestone Series, following on the lines laid down by Dr. Arthur Vaughan, in his great paper on ‘The Palæontological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area.’ Detailed work in the Mendips has shown that the system of zones and subzones, established by Dr. Vaughan in the Bristol sequence, requires only very slight modification to co-ordinate accurately the faunal sequence in the Mendip area. The correlation of the Mendip and Bristol areas is treated fully in the present paper, my comparison being based on Dr. Vaughan's paper, to which I make frequent reference.
I am indebted to Mr. H. B. Woodward's Geological Survey-memoir on ‘The Geology of East Somerset & the Bristol Coalfields,’ published in 1876, and to a paper by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, entitled ‘Mendip Notes,’ published in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, for much valuable information and guidance. To my recent paper on ‘The Carboniferous Limestone of Burrington Combe,’ which deals fully with the Burrington section, I refer frequently.
The Carboniferous Limestone presents more or less complex structural features in several parts of the Mendip area, and it is to be hoped that the application of palæontological study to these problems will furnish correct solutions. The time at my disposal has not permitted me to pay much attention to
The Geology of Dunedin, (New Zealand)
Authors: Marshall Patrick 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction, and Description of the Topography of the Area.
The eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand has two projecting points consisting of volcanic rocks of Kainozoic age. These igneous masses constitute Banks Peninsula and the Otago Peninsula. Except in regard to their physiographical nature, neither of these areas has been submitted to accurate geological examination, although enough work has been done to show that both of them offer a most interesting field for petrographical study.
The general structure of Banks Peninsula was studied by Sir Julius von Haast, who traced and described various crater-walls which were the boundaries of the foci of most intense volcanic activity. The structure of one of these—Lyttelton Harbour—was displayed with great clearness in the walls of the railway-tunnel that pierced it, and Sir Julius has given an accurate description of this.
Many of the rock-specimens collected during the tunnel-driving were described and figured by the officers of the French Campbell-Island Expedition. Other rock-specimens from the district have been described by Marshall, Speight, and Ulrich.
So far as its general structure is concerned, Otago Peninsula has received less notice, though brief descriptions have been given by Hutton, Hector, and Ulrich. More detailed work has been devoted to the Otago-Peninsula rocks, and some types were described by Hutton, and later, in a far more elaborate manner, by Ulrich. who was the first to recognize the specially-interesting series of alkaline rocks that occurs here.
In the present paper an attempt will be made to
The Chalk and Drift in Möen
Authors: Hill Edwin 
Published: October 2009

The volume for 1899 of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society contained a paper by Prof. Bonney and myself on the ‘Relations of the Chalk & Drift in Möen and Rügen,’ in which we expressed the opinion that the existing dislocations of the Chalk had been produced before the advent of the Drift.
In 1904, there appeared a second edition of ‘Danmarks Geologi,’ by Prof. N. V. Ussing. This, on p. 89, mentions the phenomena of Möen, and some of the explanations of them put forward. Forchhammer, it says, assumed that they were results of plutonic forces: Johnstrup considered them to be caused by the thrust of the mighty inland ice-sheet which passed over Denmark : German writers more recently have explained them as consequences of widespread earth-movements, with or without ice-thrust. But there is no allusion to the view taken in our paper; therefore I think that it may be useful to publish the results of further study made by me in 1903, 1904, and 1905.
The problem of Möen is to account for the position of some isolated small portions of clay, seen here and there included in the Chalk along a range of chalk-cliffs some 4 miles long. The beds are much dislocated. Forchhammer, followed by Puggaard and Lyell, regarded the disturbances as subsequent to the Glacial deposits, and the Drift-inclusions as portions engulfed. Johnstrup, regarding the disturbances as due to thrust of the ice-sheet, considered the Drift-inclusions as introduced by the same agent. Prof. Ussing
The Tarannon Series of Tarannon
Authors: Wood Ethel M. R. , Shakespear G. A. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
(A) Historical Review.
Stretching southward for 70 miles from the shores of the Irish Sea near Conway in North Wales, through Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire into the central parts of Radnorshire near Llanbister, there sweeps a continuous band of massive greywackés, flagstones, and shales, known to geologists as the Denbighshire Grits or Flags. This arenaceous formation is from 1000 to 3000 feet in thickness, and is acknowledged on all hands to be of Wenlock age.
Rising out from beneath the Denbighshire Grits, and intervening between them and the older rocks which are at present assigned to the Llandovery and Bala, there occurs a series of relatively shaly strata which are distinguished on the Geological-Survey maps by a special tint of purple, and are indicated upon the legends as ‘Tarannon Shales.’ They are laid down on the maps as forming a narrow belt, seldom exceeding a quarter of a mile in width and entering into all the sinuosities of the outcrop of the lower margin of the Denbighshire Grits.
Although these so-called ‘Tarannon’ Beds were not mapped as constituting a distinct formation until 1855, their peculiar mineral characters—‘fine, smooth, slaty strata, grey or light blue, occasionally slightly sandy, and alternating with purple bands’—had not escaped the attention of the earlier geological workers in Wales. As early as 1843 Sedgwick and Sailer had noticed in the Berwyn Hills certain ‘pale-coloured earthy slates’ which ‘seem to pass without a break into the overlying Denbigh Flagstone.’ From the fact that they were aluminous