bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular Uptakes, Biostabilities and Anti‐miR‐210 Activities of Chiral Arginine‐PNAs in Leukaemic K562 Cells
Authors: Manicardi Alex , Fabbri Enrica , Tedeschi Tullia , Sforza Stefano , Bianchi Nicoletta , Brognara Eleonora , Gambari Roberto , Marchelli Rosangela , Corradini Roberto 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA series of 18‐mer peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) targeted against micro‐RNA miR‐210 was synthesised and tested in a cellular system. Unmodified PNAs, R8‐conjugated PNAs and modified PNAs containing eight arginine residues on the backbone, either as C2‐modified (R) or C5‐modified (S) monomers, all with the same sequence, were compared. Two different models were used for the modified PNAs: one with alternated chiral and achiral monomers and one with a stretch of chiral monomers at the N terminus. The melting temperatures of these derivatives were found to be extremely high and 5 M urea was used to assess differences between the different structures. FACS analysis and qRT‐PCR on K562 chronic myelogenous leukaemic cells indicated that arginine‐conjugated and backbone‐modified PNAs display good cellular uptake, with best performances for the C2‐modified series. Resistance to enzymatic degradation was found to be higher for the backbone‐modified PNAs, thus enhancing the advantage of using these derivatives rather than conjugated PNAs in the cells in serum, and this effect is magnified in the presence of peptidases such as trypsin. Inhibition of miR‐210 activity led to changes in the erythroid differentiation pathway, which were more evident in mithramycin‐treated cells. Interestingly, the anti‐miR activities differed with use of different PNAs, thus suggesting a role of the substituents not only in the cellular uptake, but also in the mechanism of miR recognition and inactivation. This is the first report relating to the use of backbone‐modified PNAs as anti‐miR agents. The results clearly indicate that backbone‐modified PNAs are good candidates for the development of very efficient drugs based on anti‐miR activity, due to their enhanced bioavailabilities, and that overall anti‐miR performance is a combination of cellular uptake and RNA binding.
Species‐Specific Activity of Glycolipid Ligands for Invariant NKT Cells
Authors: Dangerfield Emma M. , Cheng Janice M. H. , Knight Deborah A. , Weinkove Robert , Dunbar P. Rod , Hermans Ian F. , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Stocker Bridget L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe immunomodulatory glycolipid α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) binds to CD1d and exhibits potent activity as a ligand for invariant CD1d‐restricted natural killer‐like T cells (iNKT cells). Structural analogues of α‐GalCer have been synthesised to determine which components are required for CD1d presentation and iNKT cell activation, however, to date the importance of the phytosphingosine 4‐hydroxyl for iNKT cell activation has been disputed. To clarify this, we synthesised two 4‐deoxy α‐GalCer analogues (sphinganine and sphingosine) and investigated their ability to activate murine and human iNKT cells. Analysis revealed that the analogues possessed comparable activity to α‐GalCer in stimulating murine iNKT cells, but were severely compromised in their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. Here we determined that species‐specific glycolipid activity was due to a lack of recognition of the analogues by the T‐cell receptors on human iNKT cells rather than insufficient presentation of the analogues on human CD1d molecules. From these results we suggest that glycolipids developed for potent iNKT cell activity in humans should contain a phytosphingosine base.
ChemInform Abstract: 2Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·2H2O and 2Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·4H2O, Two High Temperature Phases of the Magnesia Cement System.
Authors: Dinnebier Robert E. , Oestreich Melanie , Bette Sebastian , Freyer Daniela 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe title materials exist as stable phases in the MgO—MgCl2—H2O system at 120 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Rare Earth Metal Bismuthide Oxides RE2BiO2 (RE: Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho).
Authors: Nuss Juergen , Jansen Martin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe new dark grey metallic compounds Nd2BiO2, Tb2BiO2, Dy2BiO2, and Ho2BiO2 are synthesized in ≈1 g batches by solid state reaction of elemental Bi, LnBi (Ln: Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho), and Ln2O3 (sealed Ta ampules, 1770 K, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Study of WSF4·NC5H5.
Authors: Nieboer Jared , Yu Xin , Chaudhary Praveen , Mercier Helen P. A. , Gerken Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe new Lewis acid/base adduct of title is obtained from WSF4 and pyridine at room temperature (yield given in g) and characterized by single crystal XRD, Raman and NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Sulfur‐ and Phosphorus‐Substituted Fluoroalkylating Silicon Reagents with Imines and Enamines under Acidic Conditions.
Authors: Kosobokov Mikhail D. , Dilman Alexander D. , Struchkova Marina I. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Hu Jinbo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe title reaction allows an effective access to diverse fluorinated amines of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous and Biphasic Nitrile Hydration Catalyzed by a Recyclable Ru(II) Complex under Atmospheric Conditions.
Authors: Lee Wei‐Chih , Frost Biran J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAqueous phase nitrile hydration results in near quantitative conversion of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles (I) and (III) into amides (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Deprotection of Aryl tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers Promoted by Phosphates.
Authors: Yan Lin , Zhao Fangli , Gan Yin , Zhao Jin , Jiang Zhiyong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTbs functions at the aromatic moiety are deprotected selectively under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H Alkenylations of Anilides and Benzamides in Water.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Wang Lianhui , Wolfram Ratnakancana , Lygin Alexander V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStarting from the fluorinated benzamide (X), the lactams (XI) and (XII) are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Imidomethyltrifluoroborates with Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Devulapally Rammohan , Fleury‐Bregeot Nicolas , Molander Gary A. , Seapy Dave G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe reaction is conveniently achieved by Suzuki—Miyaura‐like cross‐coupling with trifluoroborate (III), which is easily prepared by an optimized procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Propargylation of Aldehydes with Allenylboronate.
Authors: Reddy Leleti Rajender 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe organocatalytic reaction is practical and quite general with a broad substrate scope covering aryl, polyaryl, heteroaryl, and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cyclobutene‐1,2‐bis(imidazolium) Salt as Preligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Properties and Applications.
Authors: Rahimi Alireza , Papai Imre , Madarasz Adam , Gjikaj Mimoza , Namyslo Jan C. , Schmidt Andreas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe title salt forms mono‐ and bis‐carbenes on treatment with bases, which serve as efficient ligands in room‐temperature Suzuki—Miyaura reactions, C—C couplings to form sterically extremely hindered biaryls, selective thiophene arylations and couplings with vinylic chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminoborylation/Suzuki—Miyaura Tandem Cross Coupling of Aryl Iodides as Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Biaryls.
Authors: Marciasini Ludovic , Richy Nicolas , Vaultier Michel , Pucheault Mathieu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSequential borylation of a first aryl iodide (I) using a dialkylaminoborane followed by a Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling of second aryl iodide (II) affords unsymmetrical biaryls, in an efficient and practical manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted α‐Tetralones by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1‐(2‐Haloaryl)cyclobutanols.
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Sawano Shota , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe asymmetric version of the title reaction affords chiral α‐tetralones bearing an asymmetric quaternary carbon at the 3‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrofurans from Glycerol by Catalytic Alkylation of Ketones.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Phapale Vilas B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe iridium‐catalyzed α‐alkylation of ketones (II) and (VI) followed by reduction and application of a Fe(III)‐mediated deprotection/cyclization methodology affords an isomeric mixture of tetrahydrofurans (IV)/(V) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Direct Phosgeneless Route to N‐Heteroaryl Unsymmetrical Ureas.
Authors: Carafa Marianna , Mele Valentina , Quaranta Eugenio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe approach to ureas (III), (V), and (VII) involves the direct reaction of N‐phenoxycarbonyl derivatives of pyrrole, indole, and carbazole, (I), (IV), and (VI), with amines (II) in the presence of an amidine base under very mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Iminoindolines via Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reductive Cyclization of Carbodiimides.
Authors: Ishida Takayuki , Tsukano Chihiro , Takemoto Yoshiji 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA synthetic method for the preparation of 2‐iminoindolines via SmI2‐mediated reductive cyclization of carbodiimides bearing unsaturated carbonyl groups such as lactams or esters (cyclic or acyclic) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel 3,4,5‐Trimethoxybenzylbenzimidazole Derivatives that Inhibit Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Pathogenesis in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells.
Authors: Lai Chih‐Ho , et al. et al. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmong the title compounds (VIII) (28 examples) synthesized, compound (VIIIf) is found to be the most potent one in the inhibition of H.pylori growth and pathogenesis of host cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Vinyl Oxygen Heterocycles.
Authors: Cannon Jeffrey S. , Olson Angela C. , Overman Larry E. , Solomon Nicole S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCatalysts (I) and (II) efficiently promote the enantioselective rearrangement of (E)‐alkenylated phenols to 2‐vinyl oxygen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of the Bis(triflates) of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Dihydroxythioxanthone. Electronic and Steric Effects on the Site‐Selectivity.
Authors: Zinad Dhafer Saber , Feist Holger , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA convenient and regioselective method for the synthesis of a variety of arylated thioxanthones is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Coupling Sequence for the Regiospecific Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines.
Authors: Chen Ming Z. , Micalizio Glenn C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe de novo synthesis proceeds through the nucleophilic addition of a dithiane anion to an α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde or ketone, followed by the Ti‐mediated carbometalation of the lithium alkoxides derived from the resulting alcohols (III) with Tms‐imines (generated in situ by the low‐temperature reaction of LiN(Tms)2 with an aldehyde), and the Hg(II)‐ or Ag(I)‐mediated ring closure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines under Combined Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation: K2CO3‐Promoted Tandem Addition/Cyclization/Hydrogen Shift Process.
Authors: Feng Huangdi , Li Yuan , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe multicomponent reaction, efficiently achieved under optimized conditions A), allows an interesting access to pyridine structures of type (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Dihydropyrimidine Skeleton Using 1,2,4‐Trisubstituted‐1,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadienes.
Authors: Cho Hidetsura , Nishimura Yoshio , Yasui Yoshizumi , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCyclization of substrates (I) with activated olefins results in formation of tetrahydropyrimidines together with varying ratios of 1,6‐dihydropyrimidines.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2H‐Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Bayat Mohammad , Bayat Yadollah , Asayes Soheila Shafei 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA new synthetic strategy for 2H‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (III) is described including proposal of a possible reaction mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Aldimines with 6‐[2‐(Dimethylamino)vinyl]‐1,3‐dimethyluracil.
Authors: Sarma Rupam , Sarmah Manas M. , Prajapati Dipak 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe title reaction allows an efficient access to pyridopyrimidines of type (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungus Periconia sp. F‐31.
Authors: Ge Han‐Lin , Zhang De‐Wu , Li Li , Xie Dan , Zou Jian‐Hua , Si Yi‐Kang , Dai Jungui 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe two new terpenoids, (+)‐periconone A (I) and (‐)‐2‐caren‐4,8‐olide (II), display low antitumor activities against six human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Larrealignans A and B, Novel Lignan Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Larrea tridentata.
Authors: Yokosuka Akihito , Matsuo Yukiko , Jitsuno Maki , Adachi Kohei , Mimaki Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTitle compounds (I) are found to show no cytotoxic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Clickosomes — Using Triazole‐Linked Phospholipid Connectors to Fuse Vesicles.
Authors: Loosli Frederic , Doval David Alonso , Grassi David , Zaffalon Pierre‐Leonard , Favarger France , Zumbuehl Andreas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo complementary artificial diether phospholipids are synthesized and subjected to the Huisgen‐Sharpless click reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Constituents of Lagochilus leiacanthus (Labiatae).
Authors: Furukawa Megumi , Suzuki Hideya , Makino Mitsuko , Ogawa Shoujiro , Iida Takashi , Fujimoto Yasuo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo new flavones (Ia), (Ib), their 2′‐O‐β‐D‐glucosides and 15‐demethoxyscupolin (II) are isolated from the whole title herb.
ChemInform Abstract: Morphology Controlled Synthesis of LiV2O5/Ag Nanocomposite Nanotubes with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance.
Authors: Diggikar Rahul S. , Dhavale Vishal M. , Shinde Dhanraj B. , Kanbargi Nihal S. , Kulkarni Milind V. , Kale Bharat B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUniformly embedded Ag nanoparticles in orthorhombic nanotubes of LiV2O5 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of LiNO3, AgNO3, NH4VO3, and HNO3 (autoclave, 80 °C, 24 h).
Structural Variations in Copper(II) Complexes of a Bitopic Bis(pyrazolyl)methane Ligand
Authors: Reger Daniel L. , Pascui Andrea E. , Smith Mark D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe equal molar reaction of Cu(BF4)2·3H2O with the ditopic, bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligand p‐[CH(pz)2]2C6H4 (Lp) where pz is a pyrazolyl ring, in methanol produces [Cu(μ‐Lp)(CH3OH)](BF4)2·(CH3OH)0.62 (1) and a similar reaction in water/methanol yields [Cu(μ‐Lp)(CH3OH)]2(SiF6)(BF4)2·(CH3OH)2 (2). The water/ethanol solvent system yields both [Cu2(μ‐Lp)(H2O)6](SiF6)2·(H2O)4 (3) and [Cu(μ‐Lp)(H2O)](BF4)2·(CH3CH2OH)2 (4), and if the ratio of Cu(BF4)2·3H2O and Lp is changed to 2:1, only 3 forms. Recrystallization of the solid formed from the reaction of THF solutions of Cu(BF4)2·3H2O with Lp from DMSO yields [Cu2(μ‐Lp)(DMSO)6](BF4)4·(DMSO)2·C6H6·(H2O)0.5 (5) and a recrystallization of compound 1 from DMSO yields [Cu2(μ‐Lp)(DMSO)6](BF4)4·(DMSO)2·C6H6 (6). Complexes 1, 2, and 4 are coordination polymers in which the N4O‐coordinated, square‐pyramidal copper(II) ions are oriented in an anti conformation withrespect to the phenylene spacer of Lp. Complexes 3, 5 and 6 are dinuclear with N2O3‐coordinated, square‐pyramidal copper(II) ions again oriented in an anti configuration with respect to the bridging Lp. The square pyramidal geometries show axial elongation, a result of pseudo Jahn–Teller electronic effects. In the cases of the coordination polymers, the axially coordinated solvent molecule is lost at low temperatures upon heating of the crystals. The three compounds in each structural type have nearly the same overall configurations. Cooperative effects of O–H···F, O–H···O and C–H···F hydrogen bonding interactions organize the supramolecular structures and influence the crystal packing of complexes 1–4. The C–H···F interactions have metrics that indicate they are unusually strong, due to the enhanced polarization of the C–H bond and charge assistance from the anionic fluorine atom.
Tissue-based risk assessment of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes
Authors: Redman Aaron D. , Mihaich Ellen , Woodburn Kent , Paquin Paul , Powell David , McGrath Joy A. , Di Toro Dominic M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are important consumer materials that are used in personal care products and industrial applications. These compounds have gained increased attention in recent years following the implementation of chemical legislation programs worldwide. Industry-wide research programs are being conducted to characterize the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) properties of cVMS materials. As part of this larger effort, a tissue-based risk assessment was performed to further inform the regulatory decision-making process. Measured tissue concentrations of cVMS compounds in fish and benthic invertebrates are compared with critical target lipid body burdens (CTLBBs) as estimated with the target lipid model (TLM) to evaluate risk. Acute and chronic toxicity data for cVMS compounds are compared with data for nonpolar organic chemicals to validate application of the TLM in this effort. The analysis was extended to estimate the contribution from metabolites to the overall cVMS-derived tissue residues using a food chain model calibrated to laboratory and field data. Concentrations of cVMS materials in biota from several trophic levels (e.g., invertebrates, fish) are well below the estimated CTLBBs associated with acute and chronic effects. This analysis, when combined with the limited biomagnification potential for cVMS compounds that was observed in the field, suggests that there is little risk of adverse effects from cVMS materials under present-day emission levels. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1911–1919. © 2012 SETAC
Hybrid grid generation for viscous flow analysis
Authors: Park Seyoun , Jeong Byungduk , Lee Jin Gyu , Shin Hayong 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYCartesian grid with cut‐cell method has drawn attention of CFD researchers owing to its simplicity. However, it suffers from the accuracy near the boundary of objects especially when applied to viscous flow analysis. Hybrid grid consisting of Cartesian grid in the background, body‐fitted layer near the object, and transition layer connecting the two is an interesting alternative. In this paper, we propose a robust method to generate hybrid grid in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) space for viscous flow analysis. In the first step, body‐fitted layer made of quadrangles (in 2D) or prisms (in 3D) is created near the object's boundary by extruding front nodes with a speed function depending on the minimum normal curvature obtained by quadric surface fitting. To solve global interferences effectively, a level set method is used to find candidates of colliding cells. Then, axis‐aligned Cartesian grid (quadtree in 2D or octree in 3D) is filled in the rest of the domain. Finally, the gap between body‐fitted layer and Cartesian grid is connected by transition layer composed of triangles (in 2D) or tetrahedrons (in 3D). Mesh in transition layer is initially generated by constrained Delaunay triangulation from sampled points based on size function and is further optimized to provide smooth connection. Our approach to automatic hybrid grid generation has been tested with many models including complex geometry and multi‐body cases, showing robust results in reasonable time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling of finite and hierarchical infinite elements: application to a non‐homogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space subjected to a non‐uniform circular loading
Authors: Houmat Abderrahim 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYA method is presented for coupling cubic‐order quadrilateral finite elements with the finite side of a new coordinate ascent hierarchical infinite element. At a common side shared by a hierarchical infinite element and an arbitrary number of finite elements, the displacements are minimized in the least square sense with respect to the degrees‐of‐freedom of the finite elements. This leads to a set of equations that relate the degrees‐of‐freedom of the finite and hierarchical infinite elements on the shared side. The method is applied to a non‐homogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space subjected to a non‐uniform circular loading with Young's and shear moduli varying with depth according to the power law. A constant mesh constructed from coupled finite and hierarchical infinite elements is used and convergence is sought simply by increasing the degree of the interpolating polynomial. The displacements and stresses produced by conical and parabolic circular loads applied on the surface are obtained. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through convergence and comparison studies. New results produced by a frusto‐conical circular load applied on the surface of a half‐space made up of heavily consolidated London clay are provided. The non‐homogeneity parameter and degree of anisotropy are shown to influence the soil response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growing Stem Cells: The Impact of Federal Funding Policy on the U.S. Scientific Frontier
Authors: Furman Jeffrey L. , Murray Fiona , Stern Scott 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper articulates a citation‐based approach to science policy evaluation and employs that approach to investigate the impact of the United States’ 2001 policy regarding the federal funding of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. We evaluate the impact of the policy on the level of U.S. hESC research, the U.S. position at the knowledge frontier, and the strategic response of U.S. scientists. Consistent with recent research on the science of science and innovation policy, we employ a difference‐in‐differences approach using bibliometric data with the aim of analyzing the causal impact of the policy on cumulative research. Our estimates suggest that in the aftermath of the 2001 policy, U.S. production of hESC research lagged 35 to 40 percent behind anticipated levels. However, this relative decline was largely concentrated in the years 2001 to 2003 and ameliorated over time. The rebound in U.S. hESC research after 2003 was driven by contributions by researchers at elite U.S. institutions and U.S. researchers who collaborated with international partners. The results suggest that scientists respond strategically to research funding restrictions and that modest science policy shifts can have a significant influence on the within‐country composition of research and the pattern of global research collaboration.
Evolution of metal plating for silicon solar cell metallisation
Authors: Lennon Alison , Yao Yu , Wenham Stuart 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIncreasing silver prices and reducing silicon wafer thicknesses provide incentives for silicon solar cell manufacturing to develop new metallisation strategies that do not rely on screen printing and preferably reduce silver usage. Recently, metal plating has re‐emerged as a metallisation process that may address these future requirements. This paper reports on the evolution of metal plating techniques, from their use in early silicon solar cells, to current light‐induced plating processes. Unlike screen‐printed metallisation, metal plating typically requires an initial patterning step to create openings in a masking layer for the subsequent self‐aligned metallisation. Consequently, relevant recently‐developed dielectric patterning methods are also reviewed because, in many cases, the plating process must be adapted to the properties of the patterning method used. The potential of new light‐induced plating processes to form cost‐effective copper metallisation is supported by the recent activity in the development of metal plating tools for commercial silicon solar cell manufacture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.