bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recoverin is the tumor antigen in cancerassociated retinopathy
Authors: Polans Arthur S. , Adamus Grazyna 
Published: February 2010

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made toward understanding the involvement of recoverin in a cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) that results in blindness. We describe the expression of recoverin in tumors of individuals afflicted with CAR, characterize the immunological response towards recoverin in these patients, and demonstrate how the disease can be induced in rodents using recoverin as an immunogen.
Further insight into the structural and regulatory properties of the cGMP-gated channel
Authors: Molday Robert S. , Hsu Yi-Te 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecent studies from several different laboratories have provided further insight into structure-function relationships of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and in particular the cCMPgated channel of rod photoreceptors. Site-directed mutagenesis and rod-olfactory chimeria constructs have defined important amino acids and peptide segments of the channel that are important in ion blockage, ligand specificity, and gating properties. Molecular cloning studies have indicated that cyclic nucleotide-gated channels consist of two subunits that are required to reproduce the properties of the native channels. Biochemical analysis of the cGMP-gated channel of rodcells have indicated that the 240 kDa protein that co-purifies with the 63 kDa channel subunit contains both the previously cloned second subunit of the channel and a glutamic acid-rich protein. The regulatory properties of the cGMP-gated channel from rod cells has also been studied in more detail. Studies indicate that the beta subunit of the cGMP-gated channel of rod cells contains the binding site for calmodulin. Interaction of calmodulin with the channel alters the apparent affinity of the channel for cGMP in all in vitro systems that have been studied. The significance of these recent studies are discussed in relation to the commentaries on the target article.
The sociopath: Cheater or warrior hawk?
Authors: Bailey Kent G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMealey's excellent target article rests on several assumptions that may be questioned, including the overarching assumption that sociopathy reflects the failure of a small minority of males to cooperate with the larger group. I suggest that violent competition in ancestral bands – and not “cheating” in the “game” of cooperation – was the primary evolutionary precursor of sociopathy. Today's violent sociopath is far more a “warrior hawk” than a failed cooperator.
Cheaters never prosper, sometimes
Authors: Carmichael H. Lorne 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the Frank (1988) model, a small increase in the number of cheaters will soon be reversed. It is not clear that this prediction holds for sociopathy. There are also many attractive evolutionary models that do not admit a small, stable proportion of cheaters. Hence, without definitive evidence about the character of early human society, we cannot conclude that sociopathy has an evolutionary origin.
“Just So” stories and sociopathy
Authors: Futterman Andrew , Allen Garland E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSociobiological explanation requires both a reliable and a valid definition of the sociopathy phenotype. Mealey assumes that such reliable and valid definition of sociopathy exists in her “Integrated Evolutionary Model.” A review of psychiatric literature on the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder clearly demonstrates that this assumption is faulty. There is substantial disagreement among diagnostic systems (e.g., RDC, DSM-III) over what constitutes the antisocial phenotype, different systems identify different individuals as sociopathic. Without a valid definition of sociopathy, sociobiological theories like Mealey's should be viewed as entirely speculative.
Diathesis stress model or “Just So” story?
Authors: McFall Richard M. , Townsend James T. , Viken Richard J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMealey's sociopathy model is an exemplar of popular diathesis-stress models. Although such models, when presented in descriptive language, offer the illusion of integrative explanation, their actual scientific value is very limited because they fail to make specific, quantitative, falsifiable predictions. Conceptual and quantitative weaknesses of such diathesis-stress models are discussed and the requirements for useful models are outlined.
Adaptive and nonadaptive explanations of sociopathy
Authors: Moore Chris , Rose Michael R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe doubt that primary sociopathy is adaptive, for three reasons: First, its prevalence is too low to require an adaptive explanation. Second, a common sequela of damage to the orbito-frontal lobes is “pseudopsychopathy.” Any pattern of behavior that can be produced by brain damage is unlikely to be adaptive. Third, we argue that most human social behavior is not under tight genetic control, but is produced by open-ended calculation of fitness-contingencies.
Touchstones of abnormal personality theory
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStrengths of Mealey's target article are its implementation of results from game-theoretic analyses and its potential links with other formal developments. In recent dynamic decision/choice models, reduced salience of avoidance tendencies, said to typify primary sociopaths, has quantifiable consequences for response latencies and choices. Also, formal models of stress effects on information processing predict selected effects of hypoarousability.
On the brain and personality substrates of psychopathy
Authors: Panksepp Jaak , Knutson Brian , Bird Laura 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFurther understanding at neuroscientific and personality levels should considerably advance our ability to deal with individuals that have strong sociopathic tendencies. An analysis of neurodynamic responses to emotional stimuli will eventually be able to detect sociopathic tendencies of the brain. Such information could be used to enhance the options available to individuals at risk without limiting their personal freedoms.
Evolution, mating effort, and crime
Authors: Rowe David C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstructUnlike some psychiatric illnesses, criminal lifestyles are not reproductive dead ends and may represent frequency-dependent adaptations. Sociopaths may gain reproductively from their greater “mating effort” relative to nonsociopaths. This mating-effort construct should be assessed directly in future studies of sociopathy. Collaboration between biologically oriented and environmentally oriented researchers is needed to investigate the biosocial basis of sociopathy.
How representation works is more important than what representations are
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA theory of representation is incomplete if it states “representations areX” whereXcan be symbols, cell assemblies, functional states, or the flock of birds fromTheaetetus, without explaining the nature of the link between the universe ofXs and the world. Amit's thesis, equating representations with reverberations in Hebbian cell assemblies, will only be considered a solution to the problem of representation when it is complemented by a theory of how a reverberation in the brain can be a representation of anything.
Not the module does memory make – but the network
Authors: Fuster Joaquin M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis commentary questions the target articles inferences from a limited set of empirical data to support this model and conceptual scheme. Especially questionable is the attribution of internal representation properties to an assembly of cells in a discrete cortical module firing at a discrete attractor frequency. Alternative inferences are drawn from cortical cooling and cell-firing data that point to the internal representation as a broad and specific cortical network defined by cortico-cortical connectivity. Active memory, it is proposed, consists in the sustained activation of the component neuron populations of the network.
Hebb's accomplishments misunderstood
Authors: Hucka Michael , Weaver Mark , Kaplan Stephen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAmit's efforts to provide stronger theoretical and empirical support for Hebb's cell-assembly concept is admirable, but we have serious reservations about the perspective presented in the target article. For Hebb, the cell assembly was a building block; by contrast, the framework proposed here eschews the need to fit the assembly into a broader picture of its function.
An evolutionary perspective on Hebb's reverberatory representations
Authors: Krakauer David C. , Houston Alasdair I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHebbian mechanisms are justified according to their functional utility in an evolutionary sense. The selective advantage of correlating content-contingent stimuli reflects the putative common cause of temporally or spatially contiguous inputs. The selective consequences of such correlations are discussed by using examples from the evolution of signal form in sexual selection and model-mimic coevolution. We suggest that evolutionary justification might be considered in addition to neurophysiology plansibility when constructing representational models.
The problems of cognitive dynamical models
Authors: Petitot Jean 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAmit's “Attractor Neural Network” perspective on cognition raises difficult technical problems already met by prior dynamical models. This commentary sketches briefly some of them concerning the internal topological structure of attractors, the constituency problem, the possibility of activating simultaneously several attractors, and the different kinds of dynamical structures one can use to model brain activity: point attractors, strange attractors, synchronized arrays of oscillators, synfire chains, and so forth.
Unitary consciousness requires distributed comparators and global mappings
Authors: Reeke George N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGray, like other recent authors, seeks a scientific approach to consciousness, but fails to provide a biologically convincing description, partly because he implicitly bases his model on a computationalist foundation that embeds the contents of thought in irreducible symbolic representations. When patterns of neural activity instantiating conscious thought are shorn of homuncular observers, it appears most likely that these patterns and the circuitry that compares them with memories and plans should be found distributed over large regions of neocortex.
The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control
Authors: Feldman Anatol G. , Levin Mindy F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to motoneurons may be cardinal components of the physiological mechanism that produces positional frames of reference. The hypothesis that intentional movements are produced by shifting the frame of reference is extended to multi-muscle and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems with a solution of the redundancy problem that allows the control of a joint alone or in combination with other joints to produce any desired limb configuration and movement trajectory. The model also implies that for each motor behavior, the nervous system uses a strategy that minimizes the number of changeable control variables and keeps the parameters of these changes invariant. Examples are provided of simulated kinematic and electromyographic signals from single- and multi-joint arm movements produced by suggested patterns of control variables. Empirical support is provided and additional tests of the model are suggested. The model is contrasted with others based on the ideas of programming of motoneuronal activity, muscle forces, stiffness, or movement kinematics.
Grip force adjustments during rapid hand movements suggest that detailed movement kinematics are predicted
Authors: Flanagan J. Randall , Tresilian James R. , Wing Alan M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe λ model suggests that detailed kinematics arise from changes in control variables and need not be explicitly planned. However, we have shown that when moving a grasped object, grip force is precisely modulated in phase with acceleration-dependent inertial load. This suggests that the motor system can predict detailed kinematics. This prediction may be based on a forward model of the dynamics of the loaded limb.
Do control variables exist?
Authors: Hatsopoulos Nicholas G. , Warren William H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe argue that the concept of a control variable (CV) as described by Feldman and Levin needs to be revised because it does not account for the influence of sensory feedback from the periphery. We provide evidence from the realm of rhythmic movements that sensory feedback can permanently alter the frequency and phase of a centrally generated rhythm.
What can we expect from models of motor control?
Authors: Loeb Gerald E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe lambda model of servocontrol seems superior to the alpha model in terms of dealing with the mechanical complexities of nonlinear and multiarticular muscles. Both, however, can be trivialized by noting that the “control variable” may simply be the sum of descending influences at propriospinal interneurons in the case of the lambda model or in the muscles themselves in the case of the alpha model. The notion that the brain explicitly computes output in terms of any such control variables may be an engineering metaphor, useful for conceptual understanding but not for generating predictive hypotheses about higher motor circuitry.
Kinematic invariances and body schema
Authors: Morasso Pietro , Sanguineti Vittorio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGeneralizing the notion that muscles are positional frames of reference, a high-dimensional muscle space is defined for multi-muscle systems with an embedded low-dimensional motor manifold of functional articulators. A central representation of such a manifold is proposed as computational body schema. The example of the jaw-tongue system is presented, discussing the relation of functional articulators with kinematic invariances and control problems.
Equifinality and phase-resetting: The role of control parameter manipulations
Authors: van Emmerik R. E. A. , Wagenaar R. C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is argued that the equilibrium point model can lead to new insights regarding transition and stability processes in movement coordination. The role of movement control parameters on equifinality and phase-resetting is discussed; not only control but also external control parameters can affect the global dynamical regime.
Multiple drafts: An eternal golden braid?
Authors: Dennett Daniel , Kinsbourne Marcel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGlicksohn and Salter both raise good questions that force us to clarify our position. We agree with much of their commentary, with a few caveats. Glicksohn wrongly assumes that later drafts must be “more advanced” and Salter speaks of “recruitment into consciousness,” which invites (but does not require) a Cartesian interpretation. Their suggestions about the time course of “editorial” revision of the multiple drafts and the possibility of restoration of the information in abandoned drafts are possible extensions of the Multiple Drafts Model.
How to reconsider the base rate fallacy without forgetting the concept of systematic processing
Authors: Fernandez-Berrocal Pablo , Almaraz Julian , Segura Susana 
Published: February 2010

Abstract(1) There is enough contradictory evidence regarding the role of base rates in category learning to confirm the nonexistence of biases in such learning. (2) It is not always possible to activate statistical reasoning through frequentist representation. (3) It is necessary to use the concept of systematic processing in reconsidering the published work on biases.
Judgment under uncertainty: Evolution may not favor a probabilistic calculus
Authors: Ginzburg Lev R. , Janson Charles , Ferson Scott 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe environment in which humans evolved is strongly and positively autocorrelated in space and time. Probabilistic judgments based on the assumption of independence may not yield evolutionarily adaptive behavior. A number of “faults” of human reasoning are not faulty under fuzzy arithmetic, a nonprobabilistic calculus of reasoning under uncertainty that may be closer to that underlying human decision making.
P(D/H), P(D/˜H), and base rate consideration
Authors: Klar Yechiel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFailure to consider base rate is regarded as potentially hazardous, mainly because its consideration is assumed to be determined solely by P(H/D), the probability of the individuating data if the hypothesis is true, and not at all by P(D/˜H), the probability if the hypothesis is false. However, when P(D/˜H) is unconfounded from P(D/H), it turns out to be the stronger determinant of base rate consideration.
Critical and natural sensitivity to base rates
Authors: Kleiter Gernot D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis commentary discusses three points: (1) The implications of the fact that it is rational to ignore base rates if probabilities are estimated by frequencies from samples without missing data (natural sampling); (2) second order probabilities distributions are a plausible way to model imprecise probabilities; and (3) Bayesian networks represent a normative reference for multi-cue models of probabilistic inference.
Studying the use of base rates: Normal science or shifting paradigm?
Authors: Krueger Joachim 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe underutilization of base rates is a consistent finding. The strong claim that base rates are ignored has been rejected and this needs no further emphasis. Following the path of “normal science,” research examines the conditions predicting changes in the degree of underutilization. A scientific revolution that might dethrone the heuristics and biases paradigm is not in sight.
Issues for the next generation of base rate research
Authors: Koehler Jonathan J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCommentators agree that simple conclusions about a general base rate fallacy are not appropriate. It is more constructive to identify conditions under which base rates are differentially weighted. Commentators also agree that improving the ecological validity of the research is desirable, although this is less important to those interested exclusively in psychological processes. The philosophers and ecologists among the commentators offer a kinder perspective on base rate reasoning than the psychologists. My own perspective is that the interesting questions (both psychological and normative/prescriptive) are best answered through empirical studies that use real-world performance standards.
What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?
Authors: Latash Mark L. , Anson J. Greg 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRedundancy of the motor control system is an important feature that gives the central control structures options for solving everyday motor problems. The choice of particular control patterns is based on priorities (coordinative rules) that are presently unknown. Motor patterns observed in unimpaired young adults reflect these priorities. We hypothesize that under certain atypical conditions, which may include disorders in perception of the environment and in decision making, structural or biochemical changes within the central nervous system (CNS), and/or structural changes of the effectors, the central nervous system may reconsider its priorities. A new set of priorities will reflect the current state of the system and may lead to different patterns of voluntary movement. Under such conditions, changed motor patterns should be considered not pathological but rather adaptive to a primary disorder and may even be viewed as optimal for a given state of the system of movement production. Therapeutic approaches should not be directed toward restoring the motor patterns to as close to “normal” as possible but rather toward resolving the original underlying problem. We illustrate this approach using, as examples, movements in amputees, in patients with Parkinson's disease, in patients with dystonia, and in persons with Down syndrome.
Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS
Authors: Berardelli A. , Agostino R. , Currà A. , Manfredi M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLatash & Anson's explanation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease and cocontraction in dystonic patients is intriguing. However, the proposed adaptive changes in the central nervous system do not fit well with both clinical and experimental evidence of motor impairment in these patients. In particular, we question the explanation of: (1) the role of postural reactions and spatial accuracy in bradykinesia, (2) certain abnormalities during the execution of sequential and simultaneous movements, (3) the sudden changes in mobility (ON and OFF) of Parkinsonian patients, and (4) the meaning of reflex circuitry changes in dystonia.
Posturo-kinetic capacity in the disabled
Authors: Bouisset Simon 
Published: February 2010

Abstract“Normal movements” in atypical populations address the question of postural control: Voluntary movement is a perturbation of body balance and cannot be executed without a convenient counterperturbation. Despite a change in the postural program in relation to the impairment (Parkinson's disease, paraplegia), the performance level is decreased. Movements are not “normal,” owing to a reduction in posturokinetic capacity.
Dynamic similarities in action systems
Authors: Burton Allen W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLatash & Anson's contention that movement patterns that are different from those typically observed in persons without impairments should not be considered abnormal and usually should not be corrected is consistent with Davis & Burton's Ecological Task Analysis (ETA). Extending from the ETA concept of performer-scaled performance measures, the use of Froude numbers may offer insight into the global dynamics of a person's action system.
“Constraint” versus “choice” in preferred movement patterns
Authors: Holt Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMovement patterns in impaired gait are not selected by a smart central nervous system (CNS), but arise by virtue of mutual constraints of task, limitations in personal dynamics available for the task, and optimality criteria. An oscillatory model of gait cycle is presented that exemplifies this control and coordination scheme. Preferred gait patterns may be based on physical principles rather than CNS “coordinative rules.”
What makes a population atypical–priorities or constraints?
Authors: Klatzky Roberta L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPriorities for movement reflect constraints deriving from the motor system, task goals, and physical environment. Atypical and typical populations alike set and reset priorities in response to constraints, and they do so at many processing loci and time scales. Efforts to understand what is atypical about a population should focus first on the constraints it encounters.