bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties of Bread Dough and Finished Bread with Added Pectin Fiber and Phenolic Antioxidants
Authors: Sivam Anusooya S. , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Waterhouse Geoffrey I.N. , Quek SiewYoung , Perera Conrad O. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Comparative studies were conducted in this paper to investigate the effects of added dietary fiber (DF) and/or phenolic antioxidants on the properties of bread dough and finished bread. Breads were developed in the absence (control bread), or presence of apple pectin and/or fruit phenolic extracts (treated breads), and subjected to quality evaluation (attributes including color, weight, and volume) and characterization of chemical and rheological properties. Chemical analyses revealed that breads with added phenolic extracts had greater antioxidant activity and higher extractable phenolic content, than control bread and the treated breads with added apple pectin(s). The measured antioxidant activity was mainly derived from the phenolics present in bread. Storage modulus G′ (elasticity) and loss modulus G″ (viscocity) of the treated bread dough with added pectin(s) only were higher than those of control dough. The G′ or G″ of the treated breads incorporated with a combination of a pectin and fruit phenolic extract depended on the type of phenolic extract (that is, apple and blackcurrant extracts behaved differently from kiwifruit extract). The G′ and G″ at the final baking step were higher than those of other stages, indicating an increase in cross‐linking among polymeric molecules and bread particles of high molecular weight. We conclude that the added pectin and/or phenolic extract had influenced bread dough cross‐linking microstructure and bread properties through being involved in the interactions with bread components such as wheat proteins during dough development and bread baking.Practical Application:  Dietary fibers and phytochemicals (including phenolic antioxidants) have long been recognized as the active nutrients responsible for the health benefits of fruit and vegetables to humans. Interest in incorporating bioactive ingredients such as dietary fiber and phenolic antioxidants into popular foods like bread has grown rapidly, due to the increased consumer health awareness. The added bioactive ingredients may or may not promote the development of bread dough. This paper reports the findings associated with the properties of the functional breads enhanced with apple pectin and apple, blackcurrant, and kiwifruit phenolic extracts. Results of this paper indicate that the success of the development of such functional breads is ultimately determined by the interactions among added bioactive ingredients and other bread components.
EBUS‐TBNA in mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathies and/or masses: an Italian case series
Authors: Gurioli Carlo , Ravaglia Claudia , Romagnoli Micaela , Casoni Gianluca , Tomassetti Sara , Nanni Oriana , Poletti Venerino 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is an established method to diagnose hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathies and/or masses. Real‐time endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a method that involves TBNA, and has been shown to increase the diagnostic yield in this context.Objectives:  A descriptive study has been conducted to test real‐time EBUS in the diagnosis of hilar‐mediastinal lymphadenopathies/masses with a shorter diameter less then 2.5 cm or with a previous negative ‘blind’ TBNA.Methods:  Consecutive patients referred for EBUS‐TBNA of hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes were included in the study, when a node or mass was detected on a chest computed tomography scan. The primary end point was the number of successful biopsy specimens. Lymph node stations were classified according to the American Thoracic Society scheme.Results:  Ninety‐four patients (66 males, 28 females) of mean age 62 years (range: 17–86) underwent EBUS‐TBNA: EBUS‐TBNA could be performed in all patients. The procedure was diagnostic in 80 patients (89.4%); positive samples were 73 (52 lung cancer, 18 sarcoidosis and 3 tuberculosis), negative samples were 17, inadequate specimens were obtained in four patients (4.25%) and surgically proven false negative results were found in six cases (6.38%). Biopsy specimens were taken from lymph nodes in region 2L (1 case), 2R (5 cases), 4R (20 cases), 4L (7 cases), 7 (47 cases), 10R (9 cases), 10L (2 cases), 11R (6 cases) and 11L (3 cases). Sensitivity was 92.4%, and specificity was 100%. No complications occurred.Conclusions:  EBUS‐TBNA is a safe and reliable method for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes.Please cite this paper as: Gurioli C, Ravaglia C, Romagnoli M, Casoni G, Tomassetti S, Nanni O, Poletti V. EBUS‐TBNA in mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathies and/or masses: an Italian case series. Clin Respir J 2012; 6: 3–8.
Practising Immortality: Schemes for Conquering ‘Time’ during the Ceauşescu Era
Authors: Mocanescu Alice 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article analyses the relationship between time, charisma, and the personality cult devoted to Nicolae Ceauşescu in communist Romania. It attempts to explore what schemes and devices were used in order to construct his image as a national leader and how time and charisma were dealt with within the process. Ceauşescu was obsessed with both carving a prominent place for himself in the national pantheon and shaping his posthumous image. This involved, first, the construction of his image in historical perspective – Ceauşescu was portrayed as the last and most important in a long lineage of national heroes. Second, it required an emphasis on the relationship between Ceauşescu and the masses. Third, it meant an attempt at mastering time – at delivering an image of Ceauşescu that would survive the passage of time unaltered. By investigating three mechanisms of cult production (stadium celebrations, architectural construction, and the medium of painting) this paper explores the relationship between constructed charisma, the creation of a national hero, and the issue of time within Ceauşescu's personality cult.
Why Knowledge Should Not Be Typed: An Argument against the Type Solution to the Knowability Paradox
Authors: CARRARA MASSIMILIANO , FASSIO DAVIDE 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Knowability Paradox is a logical argument to the effect that, if there are truths not actually known, then there are unknowable truths. Recently, Alexander Paseau and Bernard Linsky have independently suggested a possible way to counter this argument by typing knowledge. In this article, we argue against their proposal that if one abstracts from other possible independent considerations supporting reasons for typing knowledge and considers the motivation for a type‐theoretic approach with respect to the Knowability Paradox alone, there is no substantive philosophical motivation to type knowledge, except that of solving the paradox. Every attempt to independently justify the typing of knowledge is doomed to failure.
Recent advances in optic neuritis related to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chan Jane W. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract.More advanced methods of detecting and quantifying optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis have been developed in the past 15 years. This review focuses on developments in optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and its role in monitoring axonal loss in the course of the disease. New clinical trial methods of measuring visual acuity (VA) include high‐contrast VA testing with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts, low‐contrast letter acuity and contrast sensitivity testing. Multi‐focal visual evoked potentials have been used to detect early, subtle visual impairment in ON and early recovery of visual function. New technical developments in OCT may help advance our knowledge in studying the relationship between optic nerve/retinal atrophy and brain atrophy in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. The treatment of CIS patients is still debatable.
Polymorphisms in the ABCB1 Gene in Phenobarbital Responsive and Resistant Idiopathic Epileptic Border Collies
Authors: Alves L. , Hülsmeyer V. , Jaggy A. , Fischer A. , Leeb T. , Drögemüller M. 
Published: April 2011

Background: Variation in the ABCB1 gene is believed to play a role in drug resistance in epilepsy.Hypothesis/Objectives: Variation in the ABCB1 gene encoding the permeability‐glycoprotein could have an influence on phenobarbital (PB) resistance, which occurs with high frequency in idiopathic epileptic Border Collies (BCs).Animals: Two hundred and thirty‐six client‐owned BCs from Switzerland and Germany including 25 with idiopathic epilepsy, of which 13 were resistant to PB treatment.Methods: Prospective and retrospective case‐control study. Data were collected retrospectively regarding disease status, antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, and drug responsiveness. The frequency of a known mutation in the ABCB1 gene (4 base‐pair deletion in the ABCB1 gene [c.296_299del]) was determined in all BCs. Additionally, the ABCB1 coding exons and flanking sequences were completely sequenced to search for additional variation in 41 BCs. Association analyses were performed in 2 case‐control studies: idiopathic epileptic and control BCs and PB‐responsive and resistant idiopathic epileptic BCs.Results: One of 236 BCs (0.4%) was heterozygous for the mutation in the ABCB1 gene (c.296_299del). A total of 23 variations were identified in the ABCB1 gene: 4 in exons and 19 in introns. The G‐allele of the c.‐6‐180T > G variation in intron 1 was significantly more frequent in epileptic BCs resistant to PB treatment than in epileptic BCs responsive to PB treatment (Praw= .0025).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A variation in intron 1 of the ABCB1 gene is associated with drug responsiveness in BCs. This might indicate that regulatory mutations affecting the expression level of ABCB1 could exist, which may influence the reaction of a dog to AEDs.
The Inhibition of Adrenaline by Spasmolytic Agents
Authors: Graham J D P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Isolated segments of duodenum from the duck react to the addition of adrenaline by a biphasic response, contracting and relaxing. Atropine, trasentin 6H, homatropine and neoantergan (2786 R.P.) abolish this contractile response. Hyoscine and hyoscyamine have no effect in concentrations of 105. Rabbit gut is inhibited by adrenaline and l-nor-adrenaline. This action is abolished after neoantergan has been in contact with some segments of gut. Rabbit uterus contracts with adrenaline or neoantergan. In the presence of the latter the former inhibits movement of the uterus. The pressor response to adrenaline and l-nor-adrenaline in spinal cats is inhibited by atropine, trasentin and neoantergan in high doses (atropine sulphate 20&#x006d;̇0 mg./kg.). Certain differences between l-adrenaline and l-nor-adrenaline are discussed. A tentative hypothesis is offered to account for the adrenolytic activity found in a wide variety of compounds. This is an extension of MacGregor’s well-known explanation for the reactions of cocaine and adrenaline, based on certain common structural features in the adrenolytic agents discussed.
An Identity Test for Pheniodol
Authors: Foster G E , Williams W D , Ellis B , Petrow V , Snook G F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sir,–During recent work in our laboratories an identification test suitable for routine analysis was required for pheniodol, α-phenyl-β-(4-hydroxy-3:5-diiodophenyl)-propionic acid, but no assistance in this matter was obtained by a survey of the literature. Accordingly, we developed the following test which has proved satisfactory in the hands of several independent workers.
Dissolve 0°5 g. in 15 ml. of 10 per cent. sodium hydroxide solution, warming if necessary. Add 1 g. of zinc dust and boil the mixture under a reflux condenser for 20 minutes. Cool, filter, add excess of dilute hydrochloric acid and collect the α-phenyl-β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid. Wash with water and re-crystallise the product from alcohol-water mixture. The crystals, after drying at 100°C, melt at 180° to 181°C. The filtrate, from the acid after separation from the original reaction mixture, affords reactions characteristic of iodides.
It is felt that this test may be of interest to your readers.
The Determination of Alkaloids by Exchange of Ions
Authors: Jindra A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The development of research on substances serving for the exchange of ions has been going on for about a century. Research workers were at first dependent only on substances of natural origin, but in the years 1910 to 1930 many experiments were made towards preparing suitable synthetic products. In 1935, Adams and Holmes1 prepared a new type of artificial resin, and thus, with this new group of substances, started development along new lines. Griessbach2 examined in detail the composition, action and theory of ion-exchange substances, also their preparation and the determination of their activity, and explained their wide use for metallurgical and chemical purposes, especially as water softeners and salt-removers. In principle we are concerned with two groups of artificial resins. The first includes the condensation products of formaldehyde with aromatic acids, chiefly polyhydric phenols, and natural products of the tannin type, these condensation products serving as exchangers of cations, or eventually of hydrogen ions. The second group is formed by the condensation products of aromatic amines with aldehydes, these products serving for the exchange of anions, including hydroxyl ions. Hesse3 deals, under the heading of chromatographic determination, with the exchange of ions in some detail, from both theoretical and practical standpoints. Similarly, Myers4 sees in the exchange of ions only one of the methods of chromatographic determination (see also Zechmeister5).
Synthetic æstrogens
Authors: Dodds E C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The field of chemotherapy in general has shown the large numbers of compounds which can be used for the same purposes. One only has to contemplate the development of the so-called “sulpha” drugs to provide an example of this. The first compound produced by Domagk1 was the complex dye-stuff Prontosil. This substance obtained wide acceptance for the treatment of certain infections, but almost completely disappeared after the brilliant observations of Trefouel, Nitti and Bovet2 that in the rabbit the compound was split at the azo linkage, liberating sulphonamide, and that this simple substance itself was active against certain infections. As we know, this was the start of a whole series of drugs of which there must be by now many hundreds on the market.
The Pharmacological Actions of Erythræa Spicata
Authors: Farrag H F , Sherif M A F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The drug produced depression of the toad’s heart at a concentration of 1 in 600 of the extract; below this concentration there was practically no depression. It produced increase in coronary flow in the rabbit’s heart. It produced fall of blood pressure in dogs and dilatation of vessels in toads. It depressed plain muscle. The active principle is glycosidal in nature. It has a very low toxicity.
The Colorimetric Determination of Aneurine by Auerbach’s Method
Authors: Ballard C W , Ballard E J 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Auerbach’s method for the colorimetric determination of aneurine has been modified. The modified method is of greater precision, is reproducible and permits the use of a calibration curve. The inapplicability of Auerbach’s method to certain tablets has been shown and a more satisfactory method is described.
Anticoagulants
Authors: MacIntosh F C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The processes that underly the clotting of blood are still far from adequately understood, in spite of the many facts uncovered by generations of patient investigators. The classical scheme associated with the name of Morawitz1, although neither complete nor universally accepted, is still useful as a summary of the main events. According to this scheme, the plasma contains three essential ingredients of the complete clotting system: these are ionised calcium and the proteins prothrombin and fibrinogen. The addition of a fourth ingredient, thrombokinase (or better thromboplastin, since its enzymic nature is still in doubt) completes the system, and initiates clotting. Thromboplastin is present in the tissues generally and also in the blood platelets. When blood makes contact with tissue fluid, or the platelets are injured by contact with a hydrophilic surface, prothrombin reacts with thromboplastin and with calcium ions to form an enzyme, thrombin: this is the first stage of clotting. In the second stage of clotting thrombin acts upon fibrinogen, changing it into the insoluble protein fibrin, whose threads constitute the matrix of the clot.
The Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of Ethylene Glycol and Some of its Monoalkyl Ethers Against Bacterium Coli: Part Vi
Authors: Berry H , Michaels I 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The course of the disinfection (at 20°C) between Bact. coli and several concentrations of the following ethers of ethylene glycol has been investigated: monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl, monobutyl and monohexyl. Several experiments were conducted at every concentration and probit-log. time regressions calculated for all experiments. For every concentration of a substance the sum of squares for the common regression and for the variation in regression was calculated; the error mean square of the regression was also computed. The data for every concentration of each compound have been pooled, and a mean regression has been calculated for each compound. The statistical data from all the calculations for the terms of the regressions for every concentration of the compounds (at 20°C) have been massed and an analysis of variance carried out. The probabilities for the differences between the mean squares of the items in the analysis of variance have been deduced by means of the z distribution. No significant difference could be shown between the variation in regression between concentrations and between tests; these two errors have been pooled in order to establish the error mean square for all the estimations performed. The probit-log. time regression coefficient for every compound has been compared with its standard error; in all cases the ratio was large thereby indicating that b had been estimated satisfactorily. Confidence limits (at P = 0&#x006d;̇05) of the probit-log. time regressions have been calculated and a diagram constructed to show the increased precision obtained when many tests are performed at the same concentration.
The Assay of Mercuric Salicylate
Authors: Dombrow M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The B.P.C. assay of mercuric salicylate has been shown to give low results, compared with the U.S.P. XI method and a gravimetric sulphide method. A study of the conditions of the B.P.C. method has been made and sources of error revealed. A modification of the B.P.C. method has been proposed which gives results in agreement with the sulphide and U.S.P. XI methods. I am indebted to Mr. C. Morton, B. Sc., Ph.C., Head of the Chelsea School of Pharmacy, for his helpful criticisms.
Indian Henbane: Part I
Authors: Forsdike J L , Johnson B 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A type of hyoscyamus growing wild in India is described. The species to which this plant should be referred has not yet been determined. This plant may be distinguished from H. niger, when unground, by the shape of the leaves, which are ovate to oblong and much less indented. The powder is distinguishable because the calcium oxalate crystals present are larger than those in H. niger; the presence of any calcium oxalate crystals exceeding 35μ long, or of more than 10 per cent. exceeding 25 μ may be taken as indicating something other than true Hyoscyamus niger. The total alkaloid contents of the specimens examined were, except in one case, less than the minimum required by the British Pharmacopæia for Hyoscyamus. The acid-soluble ash was greater than that usually found in H. niger grown in England, but about equal to that found in H. niger from India. A report of a germination test on the seeds is given. It was found that soaking the seeds for 18 to 24 hours in 2 per cent. w/v solution of hydrogen peroxide before sowing gave the best results. Our thanks are due to Professor Qazilbash, of Islamia College, Peshawar and to Mr. K. C. Chaterjee, of Boots Pure Drug Company (India), Ltd., for the provision of material; to Mr. A. W. Billitt, of Lenton Experimental Station, Nottingham, for carrying out the germination test and for growing the plants; to Dr. R. Melville, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for information; and to Mr. H. O. Meek, for helpful criticism. We are indebted to the Directors of Boots Pure Drug Company, for permission to publish this paper.
The Active Constituents of the Vegetable Purgatives Containing Anthracene Derivatives
Authors: Fairbairn J W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A review of the published theories which seek to account for the activity of purgative drugs containing anthracene derivatives is given. The relative activity of anthracene derivatives occurring as (a) glycosides, (b) anthranols and (c) anthraquinones, in certain crude drugs has been determined by biological means. A similar investigation of isolated glycosides, anthranols and anthraquinones has been carried out. The results show that the anthracene derivatives are highly active as anthranol glycosides; less active as free anthranols and much less active as free anthraquinones. The more complex aglycone (dianthranol) of sennoside A is more active than the simple anthranol of aloe emodin. The theory is advanced that the sugar moiety of the glycoside not only acts as a “transporter” of the active aglycone, enabling it to reach the large intestine, but is also a “protector” which prevents oxidation of the aglycone to the relatively (orally) inactive anthraquinone. The experiments also show that a determination of “total anthraquinones” irrespective of their form of occurrence will be no guide to biological activity. Further work on the glycoside fraction of these crude drugs is being carried out. I would like especially to thank Mr. T. C. Lou for performing all the bio-assays included in this paper, for preparing the pure anthracene compounds and for much valuable assistance and many useful suggestions during the course of the work. I am also grateful to the Pharmacology Department of this School for facilities for carrying out the bio-assays; and to the Department of Physical Chemistry for the loan of certain spectrophotometric equipment necessary for the colorimetric assays. Acknowledgments are made to Sandoz Products Ltd.*** for the gift of sennosides A and B, and to Mr. A. H. Fenton for the preliminary biological work.
The Variations in Colour of Liquid Extract of Liquorice B.P
Authors: Oakley J H , Stuckey R E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A study has been made of the colouring matter extracted from liquorice root and of some of the possible causes of variation in colour of liquid extract of liquorice B.P. It has been shown that the colour variation occurring in samples of extract prepared according to the official instructions may result from the standardisation of the preparation on its content of total water-soluble extractive. The effect of changes in pH value on the colour of liquid extract of liquorice has also been investigated. The authors wish to thank Miss S. M. Stokes for assistance in carrying out the practical work, and the Directors of The British Drug Houses, Ltd., for permission to publish this paper.