bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of delirium post‐stroke
Authors: Manus John Mc , Pathansali Rohan , Hassan Hardi , Ouldred Emma , Cooper Derek , Stewart Robert , Macdonald Alastair , Jackson Stephen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess and compare the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) in the detection of delirium in the acute stroke setting, when used by a non‐psychiatrist doctor.MethodsConsecutive participants within 4 days of an acute stroke were screened for delirium using the CAM and the DRS. Patients also had a Mini‐Mental State Examination at each assessment. Patients were screened weekly for a maximum of 4 weeks. The CAM and DRS were compared against each other with respect to agreement and applicability.ResultsOf 110 eligible patients, 82 were recruited over a 7 month period. Delirium developed in 23 patients (28%), 21 of whom developed delirium during week 1. We found high agreement between the CAM and the DRS in the detection of stroke in the acute stroke setting (κ values 0.97, 0.86, 0.79 and 1 at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). In addition, there was strong correlation between low MMSE scores (MMSE less that 10) and delirium (κ scores 1.0, 0.82, 0.83 and 1.0 at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively).ConclusionsDelirium is a common complication post‐stroke. The CAM is equivalent to the DRS in the acute stroke setting when used by a trained non‐psychiatrist. A low MMSE score may have a small benefit in identifying patients that are at risk of having delirium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of Granger causality and coherency in fMRI‐based analysis of the motor system
Authors: Kayser Andrew S. , Sun Felice T. , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe ability of functional MRI to acquire data from multiple brain areas has spurred developments not only in voxel‐by‐voxel analyses, but also in multivariate techniques critical to quantifying the interactions between brain areas. As the number of multivariate techniques multiplies, however, few studies in any modality have directly compared different connectivity measures, and fewer still have done so in the context of well‐characterized neural systems. To focus specifically on the temporal dimension of interactions between brain regions, we compared Granger causality and coherency (Sun et al., 2004, 2005: Neuroimage 21:647–658, Neuroimage 28:227–237) in a well‐studied motor system (1) to gain further insight into the convergent and divergent results expected from each technique, and (2) to investigate the leading and lagging influences between motor areas as subjects performed a motor task in which they produced different learned series of eight button presses. We found that these analyses gave convergent but not identical results: both techniques, for example, suggested an anterior‐to‐posterior temporal gradient of activity from supplemental motor area through premotor and motor cortices to the posterior parietal cortex, but the techniques were differentially sensitive to the coupling strength between areas. We also found practical reasons that might argue for the use of one technique over another in different experimental situations. Ultimately, the ideal approach to fMRI data analysis is likely to involve a complementary combination of methods, possibly including both Granger causality and coherency. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of piece‐wise linear, linear, and nonlinear atlas‐to‐patient warping techniques: Analysis of the labeling of subcortical nuclei for functional neurosurgical applications
Authors: Chakravarty M. Mallar , Sadikot Abbas F. , Germann Jürgen , Hellier Pierre , Bertrand Gilles , Collins D. Louis 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDigital atlases are commonly used in pre‐operative planning in functional neurosurgical procedures performed to minimize the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These atlases can be customized to fit an individual patient's anatomy through atlas‐to‐patient warping procedures. Once fitted to pre‐operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, the customized atlas can be used to plan and navigate surgical procedures. Linear, piece‐wise linear and nonlinear registration methods have been used to customize different digital atlases with varying accuracies. Our goal was to evaluate eight different registration methods for atlas‐to‐patient customization of a new digital atlas of the basal ganglia and thalamus to demonstrate the value of nonlinear registration for automated atlas‐based subcortical target identification in functional neurosurgery. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of two automated linear techniques, two piece‐wise linear techniques (requiring the identification of manually placed anatomical landmarks), and four different automated nonlinear atlas‐to‐patient warping techniques (where two of the four nonlinear techniques are variants of the ANIMAL algorithm). Since a gold standard of the subcortical anatomy is not available, manual segmentations of the striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus are used to derive a silver standard for evaluation. Four different metrics, including the kappa statistic, the mean distance between the surfaces, the maximum distance between surfaces, and the total structure volume are used to compare the warping techniques. The results show that nonlinear techniques perform statistically better than linear and piece‐wise linear techniques. In addition, the results demonstrate statistically significant differences between the nonlinear techniques, with the ANIMAL algorithm yielding better results. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vegetation controls on small‐scale runoff and erosion dynamics in a degrading dryland environment
Authors: Michaelides Katerina , Lister Debbie , Wainwright John , Parsons Anthony J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the controls of vegetation on runoff and erosion dynamics in the dryland environment of Jornada, New Mexico, USA. As the American southwest has seen significant shifts in the dominant vegetation species in the past 150 years, an understanding of the vegetation effects on hydrological and erosional processes is vital for understanding and managing environmental change. Small‐scale rainfall simulations were carried out to identify the hydrological and erosional processes resulting from the grassland and shrubland vegetation species. Results obtained using tree‐regression analysis suggested that the primary vegetation control on runoff and erosion is the shrub type and canopy density, which directly affects the local microtopographic gradient of mounds beneath the shrubs. Significant interactions and feedbacks were found to occur among the local mound gradient, crust cover, soil aggregate stability and antecedent soil moisture between the different vegetation species for both the runoff and erosion responses. Although some of the shrub species were found to produce higher sediment yields than the grass species, the distinguishing feature of the grassland was the significantly higher enrichment in the fine sediment fraction compared to all other surface cover types. This enrichment in fines has important implications for nutrient movement in such environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance assessment of a GCM land surface scheme using a fine‐scale calibrated hydrological model: an evaluation of MOSES for the Nile Basin
Authors: Elshamy Mohamed Ezzat , Wheater Howard S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLand surface schemes (LSSs) represent the interface between land surface and the atmosphere in general circulation models (GCMs). Errors in LSS‐simulated heat and moisture fluxes can result from inadequate representation of hydrological features and the derivation of effective surface parameters for large heterogeneous GCM gridboxes from small‐scale observations. Previous assessments of LSS performance have generally compared simulated heat and moisture fluxes to observations over a defined experimental domain for a limited period. A different approach has been evaluated in this study, which uses a fine‐resolution calibrated hydrological model of the study basin to provide a quasi‐observed runoff series for direct comparison with simulated runoff from a selected LSS at GCM scale. The approach is tested on two GCM gridboxes covering two contrasting regions within the Nile Basin. Performance is mixed; output from the LSS is generally compatible with that of the fine‐resolution model for one gridbox while it cannot reproduce the runoff dynamics for the other. The results also demonstrate the high sensitivity of runoff and evapotranspiration to radiation and precipitation inputs and show the importance of subtle issues such as temporal disaggregation of climatic inputs. We conclude that the use of a fine‐resolution calibrated model to evaluate a LSS has several advantages, can be generalized to other areas to improve the performance of global models and provides useful data that can be used to constrain LSS parameterizations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors among 37,838 first‐degree relatives of 13,896 patients with multiple myeloma in Sweden
Authors: Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Björkholm Magnus , Goldin Lynn R. , Blimark Cecilie , Mellqvist Ulf‐Henrik , Wahlin Anders , Turesson Ingemar , Landgren Ola 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere are emerging data to suggest a role for genetic factors in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Based on small numbers, certain solid tumors have been reported to occur more frequently among blood relatives of patients with MM. Using population‐based data, we assessed risks for hematologic malignancies, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and solid tumors among first‐degree relatives of patients with MM. We included 13,896 patients with MM and 54,365 matched controls. Also we identified first‐degree relatives of patients with MM (n = 37,838) and controls (n = 151,068). Using a marginal survival model, we estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hematologic and solid tumors among family members of patients with MM and controls as measures of familial aggregation. Compared with relatives of controls, relatives of patients with MM had an increased risk of developing MM (RR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.6–2.9), MGUS (2.1; 1.5–3.1), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (2.1; 1.0–4.2), any solid tumor (1.1; 1.0–1.1) and bladder cancer (1.3; 1.0–1.5). No significantly increased risk was found for other hematologic or solid malignancies. Our findings support a role for a shared susceptibility (genetic, environmental or both) that predisposes to MM, MGUS, ALL and bladder cancer. © 2009 UICC
Detection of cell‐free BIRC5 mRNA in effusions and its potential diagnostic value for differentiating malignant and benign effusions
Authors: Wang Tingting , Qian Xiaoping , Wang Zhongqiu , Wang Lifeng , Yu Lixia , Ding Yitao , Liu Baorui 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe detection of circulating nucleic acids has long been explored for the diagnosis of a variety of clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to detect the cell‐free mRNA expression of BIRC5 in patients with effusions and assess its potential diagnostic value. Pleural fluids and ascites samples were collected prospectively from 112 patients. The cell‐free RNA was extracted from effusions and the mRNA expression of BIRC5 was detected using real‐time RT‐PCR. The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and biochemical markers in effusions was also assayed. Effusions were classified as benign or malignant on the basis of their definitive pathologic or cytologic diagnoses. The expression of cell‐free BIRC5 mRNA was statistically significantly higher in the malignant group than in the benign group. BIRC5 mRNA was also significantly different between patients with Stage III and Stage IV non–small cell lung cancers. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of BIRC5 were 79.0 and 81.3%, whereas a combination of CEA and BIRC5 reached 86.4% sensitivity and 88.4% accuracy. These results indicate that effusions with higher levels of cell‐free BIRC5 mRNA are more likely to be malignant. Determination of BIRC5 and CEA in effusions could enhance diagnostic value in the diagnosis of malignant effusions. © 2009 UICC
Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K is a marker of oral leukoplakia and correlates with poor prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matta Ajay , Tripathi Satyendra Chandra , DeSouza Leroi V. , Grigull Jörg , Kaur Jatinder , Chauhan Shyam Singh , Srivastava Anurag , Thakar Alok , Shukla Nootan Kumar , Duggal Ritu , DattaGupta Siddhartha , Ralhan Ranju , Michael Siu K.W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOral leukoplakia is a heterogeneous lesion with risk of cancer development; there are no biomarkers to predict its potential of malignant transformation. Tissue proteomic analysis of oral leukoplakia using iTRAQ labeling liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry showed overexpression of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), a transformation‐related RNA‐binding protein, in leukoplakia in comparison with normal tissue. Herein, we investigated the clinical significance of hnRNP K in identification of oral leukoplakic lesions in early stages and as a prognostic marker in head‐and‐neck/oral squamous cell carcinomas (HNOSCCs). Immunohistochemical analysis of hnRNP K was performed in 100 HNOSCCs, 199 leukoplakias and 55 nonmalignant tissues and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and disease prognosis over 6 years for HNOSCCs. hnRNP K nuclear expression increased from normal tissues to leukoplakia, and frank malignancy (p< 0.001). Cytoplasmic hnRNP K increased significantly from leukoplakia to HNOSCCs (p< 0.001) and was associated with poor prognosis of HNOSCCs (p= 0.011) by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The most important finding of our follow‐up study is that cytoplasmic hnRNP K is an independent predictor of disease recurrence in HNOSCC patients. In conclusion, nuclear hnRNP K may serve as a potential marker for early diagnosis, whereas its cytoplasmic accumulation can help to identify a subgroup of HNOSCC patients with poor prognosis, suggesting its putative utility in clinical management of HNOSCC. © 2009 UICC
Association of prostate stem cell antigen gene polymorphisms with the risk of stomach cancer in Japanese
Authors: Matsuo Keitaro , Tajima Kazuo , Suzuki Takeshi , Kawase Takakazu , Watanabe Miki , Shitara Kohei , Misawa Kazunari , Ito Seiji , Sawaki Akira , Muro Kei , Nakamura Tsuneya , Yamao Kenji , Yamamura Yoshitaka , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Hiraki Akio , Tanaka Hideo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA recent whole‐genome association study identified a strong association between polymorphisms in the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) gene and stomach cancer risk. In this case‐control study, we aimed to validate this association, and further to explore environmental factors possibly interacting with PSCA polymorphisms in 708 incident stomach cancer cases and 708 age–sex matched controls. The association between PSCA polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection was also examined. We found that rs2294008 and rs2976392, which were strongly linked to each other (D′ = 1.00), were significantly associated with stomach cancer risk. Per allele odds ratio for rs2994008 was 1.40 (95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.65; p = 3.7 × 10−5). We found significant interaction with a family history of stomach cancer in first‐degree relatives (p‐heterogeneity = 0.009). Similar to originally reported association, we found significant heterogeneity between diffuse and intestinal type (p‐heterogeneity = 0.007). No association was seen between PSCA polymorphisms and H. pylori infection. In conclusion, PSCA polymorphisms are associated with stomach cancer risk in Japanese. A possible interaction with family history warrants further evaluation. © 2009 UICC
Conditions affecting cell seeding onto three‐dimensional scaffolds for cellular‐based biodegradable implants
Authors: Weinand Christian , Xu Jian Wei , Peretti Giuseppe M. , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeeding cells efficiently and uniformly onto three‐dimensional scaffolds is a key element for engineering tissues, particularly when only a low‐number of cells is available for tissue repair and regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate three seeding techniques on two biocompatible scaffolds in vitro using chondrocytes as follows: (1) static; (2) modified centrifugal cell immobilization (CCI); and (3) dynamic oscillating motion. Five milliliters of media containing 5, 10, or 25 million articular, auricular, or costal chondrocytes were used to seed porous PLGA scaffolds and sections of devitalized cartilage. The dynamic oscillating technique resulted in up to 150% higher cellular load at 7 days than CCI seeding. Cell distribution was more homogeneous throughout the scaffold under dynamic conditions versus more sporadic and dispersed cell concentrations on the scaffolds when using either the static or the modified CCI technique. Cell load and distribution, when using a low numbers of chondrocytes at one and two million cells per milliliter, was comparable to that using the much higher number, especially under dynamic seeding conditions. The seeded scaffolds were used as implants to achieve cellular bonding between two devitalized meniscus discs. The constructs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 12 weeks and analyzed histologically. Implants seeded with auricular chondrocytes showed qualitative more integration into native meniscus tissue than articular and costal cell implants. We conclude the dynamic oscillating seeding technique is an efficient technique for seeding low‐cell numbers onto scaffolds resulting in consistent and uniform cell distribution throughout porous PLGA scaffolds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
High‐resolution 1H NMR investigations of the capacity of dentifrices containing a “smart” bioactive glass to influence the metabolic profile of and deliver calcium ions to human saliva
Authors: Grootveld Martin , Silwood Christopher J. L. , Winter Walter T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDentifrices containing H2O‐reactive bioactive glasses alleviate hypersensitivity in teeth via the blockage of open dentinal tubules. Here, the ability of two such products to release Ca2+ ions into human saliva was investigated, together with their influence on the status of this biofluid's 1H NMR‐detectable biomolecules. Human salivary supernatants were equilibrated with increasing volumes of those derived from each dentifrice (5.00 min at 37°C). These biofluids were also equilibrated at 37°C with a preselected quantity of the intact products (samples were collected at increasing timepoints). Salivary Ca2+ concentrations were monitored by a 1H NMR technique involving ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate addition and/or atomic absorption spectrometry. Added Ca2+‐ and dentifrice supernatant volume (DSV)‐induced modifications to the salivary 1H NMR profile were explored by spectral titration. Data acquired demonstrated added DSV‐dependent increases in salivary Ca2+ concentrations and (Ca2+‐independent) modifications to the intensities of selected salivary 1H NMR signals, particularly those of the malodorous amines methyl‐, dimethyl‐, and trimethylamines, which were diminished by up to 80% of their prior values. Time‐dependent elevations in salivary Ca2+ level were observed on equilibration with the intact dentifrices. Added Ca2+ ions exerted a concentration‐dependent influence on a range of resonances (including those of citrate, succinate, pyruvate, and lactate). These data provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms of action of the products tested. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
RGD modified PLGA/gelatin microspheres as microcarriers for chondrocyte delivery
Authors: Tan Huaping , Huang Dejuan , Lao Lihong , Gao Changyou 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPoly(lactide‐co‐glycotide) (PLGA)/gelatin composite microspheres were prepared by an emulsion solvent evaporation technique. RGDS peptides were further immobilized under the catalyzation of water soluble carbodiimide (EDAC). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the gelatin was entrapped in the PLGA/gelatin microspheres with a manner of separated domains. The contents of the entrapped gelatin and immobilized RGDS peptides were quantified as 0.9 mg/20 mg and ∼2.1 μg/20 mg microspheres by hydroxyproline analysis and bicinchoninic acid protein assay, respectively. Moreover, difference in morphology of PLGA, PLGA/gelatin and RGDS modified PLGA/gelatin (PLGA/gelatin‐RGDS) microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The PLGA/gelatin and PLGA/gelatin‐RGDS microspheres lost their weight rapidly in PBS, but slowly in DMEM/fetal bovine serum. Rabbit auricular chondrocytes were seeded onto the microspheres in vitro to assess their biological performance and applicability as cell carriers. Results show that amongst the PLGA, PLGA/gelatin and PLGA/gelatin‐RGDS microspheres, the latter ones have the best performance in terms of chondrocyte attachment, proliferation, viability and sulfated glycosaminoglycans secretion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Pseudoplasticity and setting properties of two‐solution bone cement containing poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres and nanospheres for kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty
Authors: Rodrigues D. C. , Gilbert J. L. , Hasenwinkel J. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe viscosity and setting parameters of acrylic bone cements used for restoring vertebral compression fractures are critical factors in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures. Cements exhibiting lower viscosities and longer setting times are desired to overcome the difficulty of forcing the dough through small gauge needles and to reduce the risk of cementing them during surgery. However, cement extravasation is of great concern and can result when cements exhibiting lower viscosities are used. Therefore, the viscosity of cements should also be highly pseudoplastic to simultaneously facilitate flow through needles (shear‐thinning) and inhibit potentially deleterious extravasation by viscosity recovery at the delivery sites. The viscosity of two‐solution bone cement can be manipulated by changes in the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio and by the incorporation of cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate), (PMMA), microspheres or nanospheres in the polymer phase. In this study, the effect of the addition of cross‐linked PMMA particles to the linear polymer‐monomer solution with particle sizes ranging from 20–100 μm (microspheres) and 300–330 nm (nanospheres) is evaluated in terms of cement rheological properties and setting behavior. The addition of cross‐linked PMMA particles was observed to reduce the viscosity in comparison to the standard formulation while keeping the pseudoplastic characteristics, and to improve the setting properties by increasing curing time and reducing maximum exotherm significantly. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009