bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of diapause in codling moth larvae
Authors: Ashby Michael D. , Singh Pritam 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDiapause in a New Zealand strain of codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus [Lepidoptera; Olethreutidae]) was induced in larvae by photoperiods of 15 h or less. Once diapause had been initiated, it could not be terminated by any combination of conditions tested for at least 20 days after cocooning. In diapausing larvae a low rate of pupation occurred at 25 °C under a long day (18 h) photoperiod. A high rate of pupation was achieved under a long day regime when larvae were decocooned, and provided with apple as nourishment. Diapause could be terminated predictably in 94–100% of larvae by 1) conditioning at 15 °C and constant darkness for periods of 40–100 days, then 2) chilling at 2 ± 2 °C and constant darkness for 20–50 days followed by 3) any post‐chill condition periods at 25 °C, 18 h photoperiod. Complete diapause termination was achieved when 100 days conditioning was followed by 30 days or 50 days post‐chill period. Under these conditions, 76% termination occurred in the post‐chill period after 10 days, and 93% after 25 days.To terminate diapause in codling moth larvae, we recommend that a 100 days conditioning followed by 30 days chilling and 50 days post chilling periods be used.RésuméContrôle de la diapause chez le carpocapseLa diapause a été induite chez les chenilles d'une souche néo‐zélandaise de Cydia pomonella L. (Lépid. Olethreutidae) par des photopériodes inférieures ou égales à 15 heures. Une fois la diapause induite, aucune combinaison des conditions examinées n'a pu la rompre pendant les 20 premiers jours ayant suivi la formation des cocons.Chez les chenilles en diapause, un faible taux de nymphose a été obtenu à 25 °C et jours longs (15 h). Quand les chenilles étaient extraites de leurs cocons et alimentées en pommes, une forte proportion de nymphoses a été obtenue en jours longs.La diapause a pu être rompue à 94–100%:

par conditionnement à 15 °C et obscurité constante pendant 40 à 100 j;
ensuite par refroidissement à 2 °C ± 2 et obscurité constante pendant 20–50 j;
pour finir par un séjour a 25 °C et photopériode de 18 h.

La fin complète de la diapause a été obtenue lorsque les 100 j de conditionnement ont été suivis par une période de réchauffement de 30 à 50 j après la diapause. Dans de telles conditions, la fin de la diapause a eu lieu pour 76% des chenilles avant 10 j et pour 93% avant 25 j.Pour obtenir la rupture de la diapause des chenilles de carpocapse nous conseillons, après 100 j de conditionnement, une période de refroidissement de 30 j suivie d'une période de réchauffement de 50 j.
Map position of Aldox (Aldehyde‐oxidase) and Adh (Alcohol dehydrogenase) loci on autosome II of Musca domestica L
Authors: Cima L. , Rovati C. , Este S. Vanossi , Milani R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Aldox and Adh structural loci of Musca domestica L. belong to autosome II. They code for the enzymes aldehyde oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Both these enzymes have allelic variants with specific electrophoretic mobility, which, on cellogel, are seen as single bands. The Aldox and Adh loci encompass a large map interval, which includes the morphological markers ar, cm, and car. The recombination frequencies between these five loci indicate the alignment Aldox – ar – cm – car – Adh.RésuméLocalisation chez Musca domestica L. des gènes Aldox et Adh codant les enzymes aldéhyde oxydase (AO) et alcool déshydrogénase (ADH)Chez la mouche, les enzymes AO et ADH, observées par électrophorèse sur cellogel, présentent toutes 2 des formes alléliques exprimées par des bandes ayant une mobilité anodique propre.Les gènes structuraux Aldox et Adh, codant ces formes, sont liés entre eux et situés sur le chromosome 2. Ils se recombinent avec une fréquence élevée d'interchange; ils sont donc séparés par un intervalle important dans lequel sont compris les caractères visibles ar, cm, car. La fréquence des recombinaisons entre caractères visibles et gènes enzymatiques indique l'ordre suivant sur ce segment du deuxième chromosome de la mouche: Aldox, ar, cm, car, Adh.
The polygyny of Myrmica rubra: selective oophagy and trophallaxis as mechanisms of reproductive dominance
Authors: Sommeijer M. J. , Van Veen J. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIndividual reproductive behaviour of queens and their contacts with workers was studied in experimental polygyne nests with food shortage and food abundance. As a measure for dominance we used the number of eggs produced by individual queens. The egg production of individual queens was determined by means of a colour‐marking technique.Queen presence reduced the oophagy of queen eggs by workers. Workers ate more eggs from a queen that had been removed from the nest than from a queen that remained in the nest. Dominant queens never left the broodnest for foraging, in contrast to sub‐dominant queens. Queens with high egg production always had the most activated ovaries. They also had most trophallactic contacts with workers.Food shortage accentuated the dominance of one of the queens. In nests with abundant food all queens contributed to reproduction, but under food shortage only one of the queens continued to reproduce.RésuméLa polygénie de Myrmica rubra: oophagie sélective el trophallaxie comme mécanismes de dominance reproductiveLe comportement reproducteur individuel de reines et leurs contacts avec des ouvrières ont été étudiés dans des nids polygéniques expérimentaux avec aliments rationnés ou abondants. Le nombre d'oeufs pondus par chaque femelle, marqués par coloration, a servi de critère de dominance.La présence de reines réduit l'oophagie des ouvrières: ces dernières consomment plus d'oeufs d'une reine extraite du nid qu'en présence d'une reine dans le nid. Les reines dominantes n'abandonnent jamais leur couvée pour prospecter, contrairement aux reines subdominées. Les reines avec une production d'oeufs élevée ont toujours les ovaires les plus activés. Elles ont aussi le plus de contacts trophallaxiques avec les ouvrières.Le rationnement en aliments accentue la dominance de certaines reines. Dans des nids avec abondance de nourriture, toutes les reines contribuent à la reproduction, mais avec rationnement, seules quelques reines continuent à se reproduire.
Distribution dynamics of Blattella germanica in a closed urban environment
Authors: Rivault Colette 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA population of Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptcra) cockroaches was studied in a swimming‐bath. Trapped adults were marked and released in their capture area.The overall recapture rate was 15%, but it varied according to the capture area. This rate was higher in the toilets than around the pool borders. Distances between capture and recapture points also varied. Recaptures were more frequent in the capture area than in other areas; only 15% of the animals left their initial area. Movements occurred mainly between neighbouring areas. Recaptures in the capture area were lower around the large pool than around the shallow pool and in the toilets.In conclusion, there were three types of areas which were differently occupied. This could be explained by variations of resources like shelter and food. The complexity of the environmental structure favoured development of cockroach populations although they were able to modify their behavior in relation to the environmental features.RésuméDynamique d'une population de Blattella germanica en milieu urbainUne population de Blattes (Blattella germanica) a été étudiée dans l'enceinte d'une piscine par des piégeages hebdomadaires. Les animaux adultes sont marqués et relâchés dans leur zone de capture initiale.Le taux de recapture total est de 15%; mais on observe des differences en fonction de la zone de capture. Le taux de recapture est plus élevé dans les toilettes qu'en bordure des bassins. Par contre les distances entre capture et recapture y sont plus faibles.D'autre part, le taux de recapture est plus élevé dans la zone de capture initiale: seulement 15% des animaux changent de zone. Les déplacements ont lieu principalement entre deux zones voisines. Les recaptures dans la zone d'origine sont meilleures autour du petit bassin et dans les toilettes qu'autour du grand bassin.D'après ces résultats, il est possible de distinguer trois types de zone qui présentent un taux d'occupation plus ou moins élevé. Le taux d'occupation dans ces trois zones pourrait être lié à l'abondance des ressources telles que la nourriture et les abris. L'augmentation de la complexité de la structure du milieu qui augmente le nombre d'abris potentiels semble favoriser le développement des populations de Blattes. Celles‐ci sont cependant capables d'adapter leur comportement avec les caractéristiques du milieu et de l'exploiter au mieux.
Esterase activity in whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in Israel in relation to insecticide resistance
Authors: Wool D. , Greenberg S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA cotton‐field population of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) was 3–5 times more resistant to an organophosphorous insecticide than two control populations. Esterase activity levels in individuals from the resistant population were considerable lower than in control individuals. The distribution of activity values of large numbers of adults from the cotton field was strongly skewed to the right, while the control populations had symmetrical distributions. This may reflect selection against individuals with high EST activity. Control populations are almost fixed for a fast esterase allozyme, which preferentially cleaves β‐Naphthyl Acetate. In field populations the alternative slow allozyme, which prefers the α‐form of the substrate, is dominant. Low EST activity may be used as a marker for resistant individuals in Israeli B. tabaci.RésuméRelation entre le niveau d'activité estérasique et la résistance aux insecticides de Bemisia tabaci en IsraëlLa population de l'aleurode, B. tabaci Genn., d'un champ de coton s'est montrée 3 à 5 fois plus résistante aux organophosphorés que 2 populations témoins. Le niveau d'activité des estérases était considérablement plus faible chez les individus de la population résistante que chez les individus des populations témoins. La distribution des activités estérasiques de nombreux adultes du champ de coton étaient biaisée vers la droite, alors qu'elle était symétrique pour les populations témoins, ce qui révèle une sélection à l'encontre des individus ayant une forte activité estérasique. Cette hypothèse est étayée par l'affinité pour le substrat et des preuves électrophorétiques. Une faible activité estérasique peut être utilisée comme marqueur des individus résistants de B. tabaci en Israël.
Feeding on seeds induces diapause in the cabbage bug, Eurydema rugosa
Authors: Numata H. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEurydema rugosa Motschulsky (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) entered adult diapause under a short‐day photoperiod, whether the food was leaves or seeds of Brassica napus L. Under a long‐day photoperiod, adults raised on leaves became reproductive. However, adults raised on seeds entered diapause even under a long‐day photoperiod, although they were nutritionally better than leaves in respect of mortality and weight gain in the nymphal period. It is suggested that E. rugosa uses the status of the host plant as a cue for timing the diapause induction.RésuméInduction de la diapause d'Eurydema rugosa par la consommation de grainesE. rugosa Motschulsky (Hétérop. Pentatomidae) entre en diapause imaginale en jours courts, lorsqu'il s'alimente avec des feuilles ou des graines de Brassica napus L. En jours longs, les adultes élevés sur feuilles se reproduisent; par contre, élevés sur graines, ils entrent en diapause, bien que leur alimentation ait été meilleure que sur feuilles à en juger par la mortalité et le gain de poids pendant le dernier stade larvaire. On suggère que E. rugosa utilise l'état de la plante hôte comme moyen de régler l'induction de la diapause.
Host plant relationships and life cycles of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus
Authors: Guldemond J. Adriaan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe host plant relationships of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus were studied by field sampling and laboratory experiments. Host plant suitability and host plant preference were assessed in the laboratory using parthenogenetic females of the summer generations (exules). Differences in reproductive performance and host plant preference were found between closely related taxa of C. galeopsidis. Host plant preference was correlated with reproductive performance in these forms of C. galeopsidis. This indicated that evolutionary divergence has occurred and this justifies their status as separate species. It did not prove possible to induce an improvement in the performance of the C. galeopsidis from Lamium galeobdolon on Galeopsis tetrahit, the host plant of a closely related taxon. The life cycles and host plant relationships of Cryptomyzus are defined, including the previously unknown life cycles of C. heinzei, C. ballotae and two forms of C. galeopsidis. The results are discussed in relation to host use and their significance for differentiation between closely related aphid taxa.RésuméRelations entre la plante hôte et le cycle des pucerons du genre CryptomyzusLes relations des pucerons du genre Cryptomyzus avec leurs plantes hôtes ont été étudiées dans la nature et au laboratoire. L'adéquation de la plante et le choix de l'insecte ont été examinés au laboratoire sur des femelles parthénogénétiques des générations estivales (exules). Les différences de performances reproductives et de choix des hôtes étaient liées étroitement à la position taxonomique de C. galeopsidis; chez ces formes de C. galeopsidis les choix entre hôtes étaient liés aux performances reproductives. Ceci indique qu'il y a eu une divergence évolutive et justifie leur statut d'espèces distinctes. Ceci ne prouve pas qu'il soit possible d'induire une amélioration des performances de C. galeopsidis de Lamium galeobdolon sur Galeopsis tetrahit, plante hôte d'un taxon voisin. Les cycles et les relations avec les plantes hôtes de tous les taxa de Cryptomyzus ont été précisés, y compris pour les cycles jusqu'alors inconnus de C. heinzei, C. ballotae et de 2 formes de C. galeopsidis. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction de l'utilisation de l'hôte et de leur signification pour la différenciation de taxa très voisins de pucerons.
Seasonal variations in the encapsulation of eggs of the encyrtid parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi by the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis
Authors: Blumberg D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEncapsulation of eggs of the introduced parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerel!) (Homoptera: Coccidae) under both greenhouse and field conditions, at Bet Dagan, was found to occur almost all year round (1986–1988). However, encapsulation rates varied considerably during the different seasons and were correlated with the ambient temperatures. The rates of efficient encapsulation (i) in scales infesting Hedera helix and Schefflera arboricola under greenhouse conditions, were lowest during December to May (6–17%) and highest during July to September (78–100%); (ii) in scales infesting avocado in the orchard, were lowest during October to May (0–11%) and highest during June to August (54–57%). Under greenhouse conditions, encapsulation rates did not differ in scales grown on H. helix and on S. arboricola, but were significantly lower in scales grown on avocado. Encapsulation by scales infesting S. arboricola was more frequent at temperatures ranging from 20–28 °C, than from 7–23 °C.The increased resistance by encapsulation of P. pyriformis to successful parasitization by M. stanleyi during the summer, may account for the inability of the parasitoid to prevent the autumn and winter outbreaks of the pest.
Sensory interaction during trap‐finding by female onion flies: implications for ovipositional host‐plant finding
Authors: Judd G.J.R. , Borden J.H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing various three‐dimensional traps alone and in combination with the onion volatile, dipropyldisulphide (Pr2S2), we found that visual behaviour of female onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen), varied with the ‘visual context’ (background composition and trap spacing) in which traps were presented and the females' reproductive state (mated vs. unmated). Against a background of real onions, females alighted more frequently on spherical than cylindrical traps, and white than green spheres, but females responded equally to white and green cylinders. In an onion field, baiting traps with Pr2S2 significantly increased female response to white over green traps, but had no influence on their response to trap shape. When traps were spaced 10 m apart and against a background of bare soil, females orienting to Pr2S2 baits alighted more frequently on vertical than horizontal traps, but shape and spectral reflectance were insignificant. However, when traps were spaced 0.25 m apart, females orienting to Pr2S2 baits alighted more frequently on cylinders than spheres. Mated females alighted more frequently on green than white cylinders, but unmated females responded to cylinders independent of spectral reflectance. When located 20 m downwind from Pr2S2 baits, mated females alighted on green cylinders significantly more often than unmated females. Response to traps mimicking onion plants suggests that ovipositional host‐finding in female onion flies is dominated by olfactory responses at long range (several metres) and by visual cues at short‐range (ca. 1 m). The view that host location by female onion flies is a hierarchical response pattern mediated by multiple sensory modalities and modified by resource level (habitat) and reproductive status, is discussed.
Mite‐load function improves precision of feeding damage estimation in Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Candolfi M.P. , Keller M. , Boiler E.F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of temperature and light regime on the feeding intensity of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) was studied on bean plants. A nonlinear relationship was found between temperature and feeding activity of T. urticae. The feeding intensity increased from 10 °C to 35 °C. At 10 °C there was practically no feeding, whereas at 35 °C maximum feeding occurred. Above 35 °C the activity of the mites decreased. No difference could be found in the feeding intensity of mites kept at permanent darkness or permanent light. Based on the observed relationship between temperature and feeding activity and intensity of damage symptoms, respectively, we propose the use of a mite‐load function to define the mite stress imposed on the plant.ZusammenfassungEin verbessertes Mass für die Abschâtzung von Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) SaugsckädenWir untersuchten den Einfluss von Temperatur und Licht auf die Saugtätigkeit von Tetranychus urticae auf Bohnenpflanzen und fanden eine nicht‐lineare Beziehung zwischen Temperatur und Saugaktivität. Die Saugintensität stieg bei Temperaturen über 10 °C an bis zum Saug‐maximum bei 35 °C und sank dann relativ rasch ab. Permanentes Licht‐ oder Dunkelregime übte keinen Einfluss auf die Saugleistung aus. Aufgrund der beobachteten Zusammenhänge zwischen Temperatur, Saugintensität und Intensität der Ausbildung der Schadsymptome entwickelten wir ein verbessertes Mass (‘mite‐load’) für die Erfassung des Spinnmilbenstresses auf die Wirtspflanze. Die präsentierten Daten zeigen, dass mit der ‘mite‐load’ Funktion die Saugschäden von T. urticae präziser erfasst werden können als mit den bisher gebräuchlichen Milbendichten pro Blatt oder Milbentagen.
Development, fecundity and egg dispersion of Zabrotes subfasciatus
Authors: Dendy J. , Credland P. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractZabrotes subfasciatus Boh. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is the smallest of the bruchids commonly infesting stored legume seeds, yet its wild and cultivated hosts, Phaseolus lunatus and P. vulgaris, have large seeds. It is demonstrated that the maximum fecundity of females is around 55 eggs which are aggregated onto some of the available hosts. About 80% of the eggs normally hatch and development at 27 °C and 70% relative humidity takes around 34 days. The sex ratio of emerging adults is slightly biased towards males. About 75% of the larvae in a seed produce adults at low and moderate initial densities and up to 20 adults can emerge from a single seed. Adult weight is not influenced by the initial larval density in the seed but there is a strong correlation between the weight of females at emergence and their fecundity. These results are considered in the light of existing knowledge of Z. subfasciatus, much of which is apparently contradictory or inconsistent. Many of these difficulties are resolved and it is demonstrated that the behaviour and bionomics are well adapted to the normal situation in which the beetle is found and that the differences between this species and other bruchids are explicable in this context.
Induction of aldrin epoxidation and glutathione S‐transferase in the mite Rhizoglyphus robini
Authors: Capua S. , Cohen E. , Gerson U. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe extent of induction of aldrin epoxidation and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini was dependent on the ingested plant material or on the type of inducer. GST was strongly induced in mites fed on garlic or exposed to trans‐stilbene oxide as well as by the pesticides fenpropathrin and propoxur. Several phytochemicals such as 3‐indoleacetonitrile, flavone, chalcone and pulegone were potent GST inducers stimulating the enzyme activity by 2–4‐fold. Other toxicants, pesticides and allelochemicals yielded moderate to slight stimulation and a few were even inhibitory. In general, aldrin epoxidation was moderately stimulated by plant materials and xenobiotics. The epoxidation activity was increased in mites fed on garlic and carrot, or exposed to toxicants such as pentobarbital and δ‐hexachlorocyclohexane, pesticides like chlordimeform, propoxur, carbaryl and lindane, as well as allelochemicals such as flavone, β‐carotene, indole‐3‐carbinol and safrole. The relevance of the study vis‐à‐vis adaptation of herbivorous arthropods to their habitats and acquirement of tolerance to chemical control agents, is discussed.
The role of Acanthospermum hispidum in the phenology of Euschistus heros and of Nezara viridula
Authors: Panizzi A. R. , Rossi C. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLaboratory, greenhouse, and field studies with Euschistus heros (F.) and Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in northern Paraná, Brazil, demonstrated greater survival and longevity with E. heros than N. viridula when fed the weed Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Compositae). E. heros was better adapted to A. hispidum than N. viridula but neither species reproduced on this plant. Stink bugs moved from soybean to A. hispidum mainly during mid‐March to mid‐April when soybean plants matured. The infestation reached 60 and 100% with a maximum of ca. 3 and 10 stink bugs/plant in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Surprisingly, E. heros and N. viridula, which are normally seed‐feeders, strongly preferred the high moisture stems of A. hispidum. Both species demonstrated similar feeding frequencies. These results suggest that in northern Paraná, the common weed A. hispidum functions as a temporary host providing water and nutrients to those two pentatomid pests of soybean. Finally, both species do not seem to recognize A. hispidum as an unsuitable or perhaps toxic plant.