bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A C Subunit of the Plant Nuclear Factor NF-Y Required for Rhizobial Infection and Nodule Development Affects Partner Selection in the Common Bean–Rhizobium etliSymbiosis
Authors: Zanetti María Eugenia , Blanco Flavio A. , Beker María Pía , Battaglia Marina , Aguilar O. Mario 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLegume plants are able to interact symbiotically with soil bacteria to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Although specific recognition between rhizobia and legume species has been extensively characterized, plant molecular determinants that govern the preferential colonization by different strains within a single rhizobium species have received little attention. We found that the C subunit of the heterotrimeric nuclear factor NF-Y from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) NF-YC1 plays a key role in the improved nodulation seen by more efficient strains of rhizobia. Reduction of NF-YC1 transcript levels by RNA interference (RNAi) in Agrobacterium rhizogenes–induced hairy roots leads to the arrest of nodule development and defects in the infection process with either high or low efficiency strains. Induction of three G2/M transition cell cycle genes in response to rhizobia was impaired or attenuated in NF-YC1 RNAi roots, suggesting that this transcription factor might promote nodule development by activating cortical cell divisions. Furthermore, overexpression of this gene has a positive impact on nodulation efficiency and selection of Rhizobium etli strains that are naturally less efficient and bad competitors. Our findings suggest that this transcription factor might be part of a mechanism that links nodule organogenesis with an early molecular dialogue that selectively discriminates between high- and low-quality symbiotic partners, which holds important implications for optimizing legume performance.
Access to orphan drugs despite poor quality of clinical evidence
Authors: Dupont Alain G. , Van Wilder Philippe B. 
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The clinical evidence level of orphan medicines in European market authorization submissions is low: few randomized controlled trials, short treatment follow‐up, rarely hard clinical endpoints.• The success rate at centralized market authorization is lower for orphan drugs (62.9%) than for non‐orphan medicines (70.7%).• The burden of disease of rare diseases is high, affecting the lives of at least 30 million patients in the European Union (EU). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • As opposed to market authorization, orphan drugs gain reimbursement more easily than non‐orphan innovative drugs.• Lower quality of evidence of clinical efficacy and safety, more uncertainty on cost‐effectiveness and higher product prices are accepted for orphan drugs.• There is a need for collaboration between the European Commission, competent for market authorization, and the EU member states, competent for reimbursement, in assessing the therapeutic risks and benefits of orphan drugs, to reduce the evidence gap post marketing.AIM We analysed the Belgian reimbursement decisions of orphan drugs as compared with those of innovative drugs for more common but equally severe diseases, with special emphasis on the quality of clinical evidence.METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Agency administrative database, we evaluated all submitted orphan drug files between 2002 and 2007. A quality analysis of the clinical evidence in the orphan reimbursement files was performed. The evaluation reports of the French ‘Haute Autorité de Santé’, including the five‐point scale parameter ‘Service Médical Rendu (SMR), were examined to compare disease severity. Chi‐squared tests (at P < 0.05 significance level) were used to compare the outcome of the reimbursement decisions between orphan and non‐orphan innovative medicines.RESULTS Twenty‐five files of orphan drugs and 117 files of non‐orphan drugs were evaluated. Twenty‐two of 25 (88%) submissions of orphan drugs were granted reimbursement as opposed to 74 of the 117 (63%) non‐orphan innovative medicines (P= 0.02). Only 52% of the 25 orphan drug files included a randomized controlled trial as opposed to 84% in a random control sample of 25 non‐orphan innovative submissions (P < 0.01). The duration of drug exposure was in most cases far too short in relation to the natural history of the disease.CONCLUSIONS Orphan drug designation predicts reimbursement despite poor quality of clinical evidence. The evidence gap at market authorization should be reduced by post‐marketing programmes, in which the centralized regulatory and the local reimbursement authorities collaborate in an efficient way across the European Union member states.
Effects of Hydrocortisone on the Differentiation of Human T Helper 2 Cells
Authors: Sun L. , Yu G. , Yang S. , Zhang L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe investigated the effects of the neuroendocrine modulator hydrocortisone (HC) on Th2 differentiation of human naive CD4+ T cells with and without CD28 co‐stimulation. Human naive CD4+ T cells were isolated and purified from umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells from full‐term newborn infants. CD4+ T cells were treated with different concentrations of HC under Th0 or Th2 culture conditions. Th0 conditions included stimulation by immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD3 and CD28; Th2 conditions were the same + rhIL‐4. Parallel cultures excluded the CD28 mAb. Th1 (IL‐2, INF‐γ)‐ and Th2 (IL‐4, IL‐5)‐type cytokines were quantified in culture supernatants by ELISA and within cells by flow cytometry. For both Th0 and Th2 culture conditions, HC significantly inhibited Th1 cytokines’ release (IL‐2 and INF‐γ). For Th0 culture conditions, HC slightly increased IL‐4 expression (Th2 cytokine). However, for Th2 culture conditions, HC inhibited the IL4‐induced production of IL‐4. Although the absolute cytokine amounts were decreased, absence of CD28 co‐stimulation did not alter these ‘trends’. Our findings indicate that HC can alter the Th1/Th2 balance by inhibiting the production of Th1‐type cytokines. HC can also diminish the extensive Th2 differentiation induced by IL‐4.
Adaptive T‐cell responses regulating oral tolerance to protein antigen
Authors: du Pré M. F. , Samsom J. N. 
Published: December 2010

To cite this article: du Pré MF, Samsom JN. Adaptive T‐cell responses regulating oral tolerance to protein antigen. Allergy 2011; 66: 478–490.AbstractThe term oral (or mucosal) tolerance has been classically defined as the suppression of T‐ and B‐cell responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route. In recent years, it has become clear that both innate and acquired regulatory immune responses are essential for the development of oral tolerance. As such, mucosal microenvironmental factors such as transforming growth factor‐ β, prostaglandins but also dietary vitamin A create conditioning of an adaptive regulatory T‐cell response that suppresses subsequent antigen‐specific responses. Particular resident subsets of antigen presenting dendritic cells are pivotal to convey conditioning signals next to the presentation of antigen. This review discusses the primary mechanisms of adaptive regulatory T‐cell induction to ingested soluble protein antigen. However, we also discuss the limitations of our knowledge with respect to understanding the very common food hypersensitivity Celiac disease caused by an aberrant adaptive immune response to the food protein gluten.
SEM and Neurohistological Observations of Nerve Endings in the Middle Region of the Tongue of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu): A Silver Impregnation Method
Authors: Watanabe I. , Guimarães J. P. , Maia M. O. , Santos T. C. , Kfoury Jr J. R. , Boleta S. A. , Almeida S. R. Y. , Righeti M. M. , Miglino M. A. 
Published: December 2010

With 4 figuresSummaryThe presence of lingual papillae and the nerve endings in the middle region of the tongue mucosa of collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) were studied using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, based upon the silver impregnation method. The middle region of tongue mucosa revealed numerous filiform and fungiform papillae. The thick epithelial layer showed epithelial cells and a dense connective tissue layer containing nerve fibre bundles and capillaries. The sensory nerve endings, intensely stained by silver impregnation, were usually non‐encapsulated and extended into the connective tissue of the filiform and fungiform papillae very close to the epithelial cells. In some regions, the sensory nerves fibres formed a dense and complex network of fine fibrils. The presence of these nerve fibrils may characterize the mechanisms of transmission of sensitive impulses to the tongue mucosa.
Comparison of tiotropium plus formoterol to tiotropium alone in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: WANG Jianmiao , JIN Di , ZUO Peng , WANG Tao , XU Yongjian , XIONG Weining 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  It is not clear whether combination therapy with tiotropium plus formoterol has greater efficacy, without increasing the burden of adverse events, compared with tiotropium alone. This meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in efficacy and adverse events associated with combination therapy compared with tiotropium alone, in patients with stable COPD.Methods:  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane trials database were searched for this analysis. Randomized controlled trials of 2 or more weeks of treatment with tiotropium plus formoterol or arformoterol, compared with tiotropium alone, were reviewed. Studies were pooled to yield odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean differences (WMD), with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:  Eight trials, involving 1868 randomized patients, met the inclusion criteria. Treatment with tiotropium plus formoterol significantly improved the average FEV1 (WMD 105 mL, 95% CI: 69–142), average FVC (WMD 135 mL, 95% CI: 96–174) and trough FEV1 (WMD 53 mL, 95% CI: 30–76), compared with tiotropium alone, although the difference was not statistically significant for trough FVC. The mean change in transitional dyspnoea index (TDI) was markedly greater with tiotropium plus formoterol (WMD 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01–1.99) than with tiotropium alone, and there was a similar difference in the proportion of patients with a clinically significant change in TDI (OR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.58–3.46). There tended to be fewer adverse events and COPD exacerbations with tiotropium plus formoterol, compared with tiotropium alone, but the differences were not statistically significant.Conclusions:  Tiotropium plus formoterol significantly improved lung function and symptom scores compared with tiotropium alone. There was a trend towards a reduction in adverse events, although the difference was not statistically significant. Long‐term trials are necessary to evaluate the effects of tiotropium plus formoterol and to clarify the role of combination therapy, compared with tiotropium alone.
Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the ANA grade angiosperm Schisandra arisanensis (Schisandraceae)
Authors: CHIEN CHING‐TE , CHEN SHUN‐YING , BASKIN JERRY M. , BASKIN CAROL C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe determined the kind of seed dormancy in Schisandra arisanensis, an ANA grade ([A]mborellales [N]ymphaeales [A]ustrobaileyales) angiosperm with medicinal value. Seeds have small underdeveloped embryos, and following seed maturity their length increased approximately 360% before radicle emergence. Germination was delayed 6–8 weeks, and the percentage and rate were much higher at 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C than at 30/20°C. For seeds incubated at 5/5°C (8 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks) → 20/10°C (8 weeks) → 25/15°C (12 weeks) → 20/10°C (5 weeks), embryos grew at 15/6°C → 20/10°C, and almost all seeds that germinated (89%) did so at 20/10°C → 25/15°C. When seeds were incubated in a complementary temperature sequence, 25/15°C (12 weeks) → 20/10°C (8 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks) → 5/5°C (9 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks), embryos grew at 25/15°C → 20/10°C. Nearly all seeds that germinated (93%) did so at 25/15°C → 20/10°C and at 15/6°C following 9 weeks at 5/5°C. Based on the temperature requirements for embryo growth and seed germination, seeds of this species have non‐deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (C1bB).
CROSSING THE WIRES IN THE PLEASURE MACHINE: LENIN AND THE EMERGENCE OF HISTORICAL DISCONTINUITY
Authors: RUNIA EELCO 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTIf it is true, as I have argued in an earlier essay, that discontinuity is not an unintended side‐effect of our ambition to attain goals that are in line with our identity, but the result of our giving in to a sublime “why not?,” then how can we conceive of history as a process? In this essay I will explore the thesis that my notion that the discontinuities of history spring from a dehors texte squares well with an evolutionary view of history. I will do so by giving an account of how Lenin and Trotsky brought off one of the primordial discontinuities of the twentieth century, the Russian Revolution. Starting with Trotsky's remark that Lenin owed his success to his “imagination,” I show that the October 1917 coup d'état was not guided by strategy or driven by ideology, but by a series of “inspired” improvisations in which the protagonists fled forward into the unknown. Trotsky describes Lenin's “intuition of action” as the fruit of his ability to take leave of the system of complexity reduction that is stored in conventions, received wisdom, and other things we take for granted. Trotsky in effect says that Lenin's improvisations were most successful when he was so completely “possessed” by his deeds that he didn't fully know what he was doing—when, that is, he was in (as psychiatrists would say) a state of dissociation. In Lenin's inspired deeds the “latent powers of the organism” that humans have “inherited from animal ancestors” rose up, Trotsky said, and “smashed through the doors of psychic routine and—together with the highest historico‐philosophical generalizations—stood up in the service of the revolution.” Acting out the dehors texte, Lenin brought about one of the metamorphoses in which humanity mutates to new—though not necessarily higher or happier—levels. The essay includes some remarks on what all this might mean for the relation between history and theory in the upcoming years.
MINIMALISM AND VICTIM TESTIMONY
Authors: DEAN CAROLYN J. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis essay renews a discussion of how historians do, and should, represent atrocity. It argues that the problems of representing extreme violence remain under‐conceptualized; in this context it discusses the strengths and weaknesses of minimalism, a style prevalent both in historiography and in an intellectual culture that values understatement in approaches to violence. The essay traces the general cultural preference for minimalist narratives of suffering, which, it claims, is driven by the widespread conviction that experimental and exuberant narratives convert victims' suffering into kitsch. It then focuses on two works, by Saul Friedländer and by Jan Gross, on the history of Jewish victims during and after the Second World War in order to assess how each uses sophisticated minimalist understatement to represent suffering, but with radically different effects. Finally, it asks historians to reflect upon the representation of extreme events by focusing on narrative style, on questions of ethics, and on the cultural narratives within which their own work on suffering and violence is inevitably embedded—especially given that historians are paying increasing attention to violent events that generate tremendous difficulties in relation to the representation both of victims and perpetrators.
INTERTWINED HISTORIES: CRÓNICA AND TĀRĪKH IN THE SIXTEENTH‐CENTURY INDIAN OCEAN WORLD1
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM SANJAY 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis essay reflects on the future of world history by reflecting on its past. It looks to how Iberian historiography in the early modern period “rediscovered” Islamic historiography in the course of Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean region in the sixteenth century. However, since the Iberians had deliberately cultivated a form of amnesia regarding this historiography as a result of the so‐called Reconquest, new modes and methods of appropriation had to be found. Further, whereas medieval contact had largely been with materials in Arabic, the sixteenth‐century world was far more centrally concerned with materials in Persian. The essay proposes that these materials and their perspective had a significant impact on humanist historians such as João de Barros as well as on their successors. Equally, access to European historical writings in Latin had some impact on Indo‐Persian chroniclers at the Mughal court and elsewhere. However, it may be argued that an even greater impact on the Mughals was that of “Hindu” writings regarding the ancient past of India. All in all, the essay suggests that the past of such historical writing was crucially mediated by philological practice. Nor can philology be neglected for future projects in the writing of world history or global history. The essay thus questions the presumptions of both neoskeptics, who neglect how historians have worked in the past, and of scientistic historians, who oppose the central place of humanistic disciplines in the future writing of history.
A STRANGE CAREER: THE HISTORICAL STUDY OF ECONOMIC LIFE
Authors: SEWELL WILLIAM H. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis article attempts to account for professional historians' relative neglect of the history of economic life over the past thirty years, looking mainly at the American case. This neglect seems paradoxical, considering the remarkable transformations that have taken place in world capitalism during this same period. I trace the neglect to the capture of the once interdisciplinary field of economic history by mathematically inclined economists and to the roughly simultaneous turn of historians from social to cultural history. I conclude by suggesting some topics in the history of economic life that seem both timely and exciting. I also suggest some intellectual resources that other disciplines, particularly economic sociology and economic history, could offer should historians decide to tackle the history of economic life once again.
Sociology: a view from the diaspora
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFrom the vantage point of criminology, one of sociology's main export subject areas, the present and future of sociology appear a good deal more promising than John Holmwood's essay on the discipline's misfortune would suggest. Sociology remains in high demand by students and faculty hiring remains strong, even in its more critical sub‐fields, such as race and ethnicity, sex and gender, and social inequality. Holmwood is correct that sociology is vulnerable to external pressures to demonstrate its relevance to social practice, but those pressures come from left‐wing social movements as well as from centres of power. He is also correct that external pressures contribute to internal disagreement, but sociology has been at war with itself since the 1960s, with little evident decline in its academic standing or intellectual vitality. Those of us on the discipline's diaspora, who depend on sociology for both support and light, must remain hopeful about sociology's continued good fortune.
Youth masculinities: compelling male heterosexuality
Authors: Richardson Diane 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to extend understandings of heterosexual masculine identities through an examination of young men's constructions of what motivates young men to engage in heterosexual practices and relationships, and what not having sex might mean for them. Using the masculinity literature and work on heterosexuality to frame the discussion and to contextualize the findings, it explores the complex dynamics that frame the relationship between masculinity and heterosexuality. Specifically, how dominant or ‘hegemonic’ discourses of heterosexuality shape young men's identities, beliefs and behaviour. It considers these questions using empirical data from a qualitative study of young people living in close‐knit working‐class communities in the North East of England, with a specific focus on cultural and social attitudes towards sexuality and sexual practices. Peer group networks are a key site for the construction and (re)production of masculinity and, therefore, an important arena within which gendered social approval and acceptance is both sought and gained. In this article, I explore the reasons why young men engage in specific types of heterosexual practice in order to gain social approval. A central question is the extent to which heterosexuality is compelling for young men. That young men do feel compelled to behave in certain ways sexually, behaviours that they may be uncomfortable with and/or dislike, and the fact that they feel they are restricted in terms of how they can talk about their experiences within their peer group networks, demonstrates the power of dominant discourses of masculinity in everyday life. This is addressed through an examination of the restrictive effects of normative discourses about male heterosexuality, including their privatizing effects, which suggest that youth masculinities are often experienced in ways that are highly contradictory requiring young men to adopt a range of strategies to deal with this.
Diaspora strategies, skilled migrants and human capital enhancement in Jamaica
Authors: MULLINGS BEVERLEY 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn an attempt to boost its stock of human capital and access to global flows of investment, knowledge and innovation, the Jamaican state has begun to turn to skilled members of its diaspora as a vital and untapped economic resource. State strategies to accumulate human capital within the diaspora, however, raise questions about the culture of labour markets and their effects on human capital enhancement and the transfer of knowledge. Drawing on the labour market experiences of skilled members of the Jamaican diaspora currently living on the island, I explore the possibilities and limits that skilled diaspora network strategies offer for capturing, transforming and embedding knowledge, innovation and investment capital in Jamaica.
Mapping homelands through virtual spaces: transnational embodiment and Iranian diaspora bloggers
Authors: ALINEJAD DONYA 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this article I examine Iranian diaspora blogs in an attempt to understand how Iranian bloggers outside Iran create and occupy online transnational spaces. Although it is acknowledged that the internet does not make offline borders and bodies redundant, there is a need to understand how the awareness of bodily presence in offline locations and situations continually informs and shapes online expressions. Through content analysis of English language blogs by Iranians based in the USA and Canada, as well as interviews with diaspora Iranians who read and write these blogs, I advance a concept of ‘transnational embodiment’. The importance of physical travel to, proximity to, and sensory impressions of particular places within two bounded, politically distinct nation‐states shows that diasporas rely heavily on embodied experience in constructing transnational spaces and not only on psychic ties and recalled memories. Members of the second‐generation Iranian diaspora reveal unique types of embodied ties to a diaspora ‘home’ through their apparent search for authenticity.