bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Trend in the Management of Omphalocoele in a Tertiary Hospital of a Middle-Income Country
Authors: Ogundoyin Olakayode Olaolu , Ajao Akinlabi Emmanuel 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The peri-operative management of omphalocoele in low- and middle-income countries is challenging owing to non-availability of neonatal intensive care units and equipment needed for the care of this anomaly.

Aim:
This study examined our experience in the management of omphalocoele and compared the pattern and outcome with a similar study from the same centre conducted four decades ago.

Methods:
A retrospective study of neonates managed for omphalocoele from 2003 to 2017 (Group A) was performed. Their demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, management modality and outcome were obtained and statistical analysis was performed to determine the predictors of mortality. The findings were also compared with the findings of a similar study (Group B) published from this centre four decades ago from 1973 to 1978.

Results:
A total of 95 patients were managed in Group A and 33 in Group B. Their ages ranged from 1 to 15 days with a median age of 1 day and a median gestational age at birth of 37 weeks (range – 36–43 weeks) in Group A and 5–72 h in Group B. There were 54 (56.8%) boys and 41 (43.2%) girls in Group A and 17 (51.5%) boys and 16 (48.5%) girls in Group B. Rupture of the sac was observed in 18 (18.9%) patients in Group A and 13 (39.4%) in Group B. Operative management was adopted for 55 (57.9%) patients in Group A compared to 14 (42.4%) in Group B. Mortality was recorded in 16 (16.8%) patients in Group A and 16 (48.5%) in Group B. Following further analysis in Group A, management outcome was noted to be significantly associated with the state of the sac (P = 0.011), presence of associated sepsis (P = 0.002) at presentation and management modality (P = 0.048) with only associated sepsis independently predicting mortality.

Conclusion:
Although epidemiological trend and clinical presentation are still similar, management outcome has improved over the years.
Mastitis and Breast Abscess in Newborns and Infants
Authors: Bertrand Kpangni Ahua Jean , Rose Nandiolo Koné , Franck Lohourou Grah , Célestin Bénié Adoubs , Ibrahim Traoré , Constance Bony Ursula N’gouan 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Mastitis and abscess of the newborn breast are serious infections. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of these infections in our context.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2019. We included all children aged ≤2 months admitted for mastitis or breast abscess. The variables studied were epidemiological and therapeutic.

Results:
We collected 34 files, i.e., 11.3 cases/year. The sex ratio was 0.5. The mean age was 16.3 ± 6.6 days. The mean time to the consultation was 3.7 ± 2.4 days. The parents had undertaken a massage in 79.4% of cases. It was mastitis in 12 cases and abscess in 21 cases. Treatment was surgical in 26 cases.

Conclusion:
This affection is frequent with a female predominance. Its management must be early. The proscription of breast massage would reduce its frequency.
Prevalence of Sickle Cell
Authors: Satam Neha , Patil V W , Garg Deepa , Marar Thankamani 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common and neglected inherited disorder in the Indian tribal and nontribal population. Prevalent in scheduled populations, these are socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. SCD pathogenesis is widely studied at national and international levels which are limited to pain episodes and vaso–occlusive crisis.

Objectives:
In the present study, we studied the prevalence of SCD in tribal and rural population from Palghar.

Materials and Methods:
Subjects from primary health centers of Palghar, Maharashtra, were included in this study. Informed written consent was obtained from the all subjects. The investigation was done by solubility test and high–performance liquid chromatography, along with complete blood count.

Results:
Population is divided into three groups: sickle cell homozygous (HbSS), sickle cell heterozygous (HbAS), and control (HbAA). In the sample size of 5000 subjects, 1% sample was found to be affected by SCD (HbSS) and 4.08% were sickle cell heterozygous (HbAS). Comparison among hemolytic events versus vaso–occlusive single events suggests that hemolytic events, pallor and yellow sclera, counted more than other single vaso–occlusive event. Detailed screening and awareness will be the key to early intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality due to SCD.

Conclusions:
As SCD is becoming an increasing health concern within India, identification and creating awareness is of paramount importance. In this pilot study, heterozygous and homozygous for the sickle cell gene were explained and it is clear that SCD is a major hemoglobinopathy among the tribal people of Palghar. Further in–depth study is necessary for a proper understanding of pathogenesis of SCD.
Study of Depression in People Living with HIV/AIDS Attending Antiretroviral Treatment Center
Authors: Bhure Bhagyashri S. , Ankushe Rajendra T. 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Depression, being the most common neuropsychiatric complication of HIV, is also associated with increased healthcare utilization, decreased quality of life, and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Depression is a multidimensional disorder affected by a variety of biological, psychological, and social determinants, and this relation becomes more complicated in HIV patients. The current study therefore aimed to assess the prevalence of depression in adult people living with HIV/AIDS using Patient Health Questionnaire 12 (PHQ12) and to study the various sociodemographic factors and clinical variables associated with depression in adult people living with HIV/AIDS.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at an ART center in a tertiary care hospital in HIV/AIDS patients of 20–60 years of age. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were studied, and PHQ12 was used to assess depression. The χ2 test was applied to test association among depression, sociodemographic variables, and clinical variables of study subjects.

Results and Conclusion:
Out of the 372 study subjects 169 (45.4%) suffered from depression. Female sex, nuclear family, rural residence, lowered socioeconomic class (lower middle and below), illiteracy, widowed person, and opportunistic infection were significantly associated with depression (P < 0.05) in people living with HIV/AIDS. There was no significant association between prevalence of depression and age group, religion, CD4 count, and WHO staging.
Gastric Ultrasonography in Assessment and Quantification of Gastric Contents in Fasting Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: D’Cunha Delma , Balakrishna Achar Padubidri S , Gurumurthy T , Acharya Manasa 
Published: May 2024

Context:
Gastric ultrasound is an emerging point-of-care diagnostic tool to examine stomach contents and determine pulmonary aspiration risk at the bedside. This is helpful in guiding airway and/or anesthetic management in the acute care setting, when nil per oral (NPO) status is doubtful or unknown or patient has conditions or comorbidities that affect gastric emptying.

Aims:
The objectives of the study were to evaluate and quantify the gastric contents and grade the fullness of the stomach in fasting patients.

Settings and Design:
This was a prospective, observational, hospital-based, analytical study conducted on surgical patients who presented for elective surgeries who were fasted for 8 hours for solids and 6 hours for clear liquids.

Materials and Methods:
Adult patients aged between 18 and 70 years of American Society of Anesthesiology physical status 1–3 were included in the study. Gastric ultrasonography was performed, and gastric volume was calculated. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed using the SPSS software version 22.0.

Results:
Our study included a total of 80 participants. The mean age in diabetic group was 49.3 ± 16.4 years and in the nondiabetic group 49.4 ± 16.8 years. Despite fasting status, 75% of the participants were found to have Grade 1 (up to 100 ml) gastric contents on ultrasonography. The data were found to be statistically significant with P < 0.05. There was no significant correlation of age and ultrasonography findings. However, body mass index of the patient was found to have strong correlation with gastric content and its volume (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
In the current practice, NPO status, especially for emergency cases is elicited through history which is unreliable and in individuals at higher risk for delayed gastric emptying this may pose greater threat for aspiration. Using gastric ultrasonography as a screening tool before planning, the anesthetic induction and technique can help avoid unnecessary perioperative complications.
Recurrent and disseminated abdominal Echinococcosis in unusual locations
Authors: Gunasekaran Gautham , Paramasivam Surendran , Anand Sundeep , Sidarth Gautham Radhakrishnan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hydatid disease is an immense health problem in developing countries. The most frequently involved organ is the liver. Hereby we present an interesting case of 47-year-old man with recurrent and disseminated abdominal Echinococcosis in unusual locations.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) on Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls Residing in Govt. Social Welfare Hostels
Authors: Nagoor Khadervali , Babu Surendra , Raziya Dudekula 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Adolescent girls, in particular, should be encouraged toward practicing hygienic methods during menstruation like usage of sanitary pads and they should get access to clean sanitary products to safeguard their health

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices of menstrual hygiene among the adolescent girls in social welfare hostels and their morbidity pattern during menstruation.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was done among adolescent girls (11–19 years) residing in the government social welfare hostels, Chittoor. The study was started after obtaining the clearance from the institutation ethical committee. A predesigned, pretested, semistructured questionnaire was used and the data were expressed in proportions and frequencies, and appropriate statistical tests were done to see the association with the age category and morbidity profile.

Results:
A total of 200 were participated amongst them early adolescent age group (10–14 years) 68 and late adolescent age group (15–19 years) of 132 were involved. Majority of them (82 [41.0%]) reported menstruation as a physiological process, 57 (28.5%) as pathological process, 48 (24.0%) as curse of God, and very few did not know the reason. The source of information was the mother 73 (36.5%), sisters 72 (36.0%), and friends, respectively. More than three-fourth (155 [77.5%]) of the students were absent from the classes during menstruation and 45 (22.5%) students attended the classes regularly. Approximately 172 (86%) of the students had restrictions and the remaining 28 (14%) did not have any restrictions during menstruation. Treatment seeking during menstruation as home remedy was 48 (24.0%), consulting doctor was 64 (32.0), and 88 (44.0%) were not seeking any treatment during menstruation. The association between menstrual morbidities and age-wise distribution is found to be highly significant with χ2 = 39.04 and P < 0.001

Conclusions:
The adolescent school girls had good knowledge and good practices regarding menstrual health among those who had attained menarche. Mothers were the primary source of information and education about menstruation and restrictions should be intensified.
Clinicopathological Spectrum of Testicular and Paratesticular Lesions
Authors: Jaiswal Shruti , Jaiswal Swapnil 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Both neoplastic and non neoplastic conditions affect the testis. Although non neoplastic testicular lesions are more common, still most of the published studies are done on testicular neoplasms only. Hence the present study was undertaken to study histopathological spectrum of testicular and paratesticular lesions, their age distribution and clinical presentation.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study of 77 cases of orchidectomy specimens, testicular biopsies and paratesticular lesions received in the department of Pathology.

Results:
Non neoplastic testicular lesions were more common than neoplastic (90.1% Vs 9.8%) with majority in the second and third decade. Undescended testis comprised 46.1% of the total orchidectomy specimens followed by Torsion/Infarction testis (15.3%). None of the undescended testis showed tumour deposits unlike western countries. Majority of patients presented with empty scrotum (31.16%) and testicular/scrotal swelling (18.11%). Only 5 cases of testicular neoplasm were diagnosed during the study period amounting to only 1.42 cases per year. All were germ cell tumours (4 classic seminoma and 1 yolk sac tumour).

Conclusions:
Non neoplastic testicular lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. Complete neonatal examination for testicular descent should be mandatory to avoid late presentations and future malignancies. Germ cell tumours formed the bulk of testicular tumours.
Depression Among Tuberculosis Patients and its Socio-Demographic Correlates: A Cross-Sectional Study from Western Maharashtra
Authors: Kapoor Suraj , Faujdar Dharamjeet S , Garg Uma S , Dhawan Rakhi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Tuberculosis being a public health challenge has mental illness as a significant, hidden challenge. Tuberculosis-related perceived stigma and social support remain poorly understood in the developing world and the data on the assessment of perceived stigma and social support remain scarce. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression in tuberculosis and its association with social support and perceived stigma.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) center in the government medical college of Western Maharashtra. Pretested and prevalidated questionnaires were used for data collection with face-to-face interviews carried out among study participants.

Results:
Overall, the prevalence of depression including mild mood disturbances was 26/160 (16.25%). Among various socio-demographic correlates, we found a significant association (P = 0.001) of marital status with depression in tuberculosis. it was found that there was a significant association between perceived stigma with depression (P = 0.001). The odds of depression among participants with perceived stigma was 15.24 times more (OR = 15.24) in comparison to the odds of depression in participants with no perceived stigma. Similarly, it was found that there was a significant association between poor social support with depression (P = 0.02). The odds of depression in participants with good social support were 72% lesser (OR = 0.28) than the odds of depression among participants with poor social support.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study highlights that depression is highly prevalent among patients with tuberculosis. Depression among tuberculosis patients was significantly associated with poor social support and perceived stigma. Thus, to improve tuberculosis treatment adherence, a patient-centric approach should be considered at the programmatic level with social support and awareness generation and other measures to mitigate stigma as its key components.
Assessment of Knowledge–Attitude–Practice Towards COVID-19 among Population Visiting the Endocrinology Department in a Tertiary Care Center in south India
Authors: Acharya Himamshu , Maddukuri Hanumantha R. , Kalra Pramila , Dharmalingam Mala 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Novel corona-virus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide since its origin in late 2019 in the Wuhan province of China. Knowledge about the disease or lack thereof determines the success of containment of the virus. Individuals with chronic noncommunicable diseases are at a higher risk of complications of COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of patients and the people accompanying the patients visiting the Endocrinology out patient department of a tertiary care hospital in south India. A questionnaire that included questions pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding COVID-19 was administered. The COVID-19 knowledge questionnaire had 12 questions: four regarding clinical presentations, three regarding transmission routes, and five regarding the prevention and control of COVID-19.

Results:
Data of 268 individuals were analyzed. The mean knowledge score was 8.43 out of 12. Education was the significant factor that determined knowledge score. The majority agreed that COVID-19 will be controlled (69%) and were hopeful about India winning the battle against COVID-19 (70.5%), 82.1% were avoiding crowded places, and 77.6% were wearing a mask when leaving the house. Caregivers had better knowledge scores as compared with patients.

Conclusions:
The majority of the individuals attending the Endocrinology clinic had good knowledge about COVID-19. The level of education played an important role in determining the level of knowledge.
Study of fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland according to the Milan system
Authors: Parmar Riddhi A , Patel Jaimin M , Patel Keval A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary gland lesions is the initial screening test. The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) classifies FNAC into six categories, which is a simple, convenient and standardized diagnostic method of reporting and also provides management guidelines. The study was encountered in our tertiary care hospital.

Aims and Objectives:
To study the cytology of salivary gland lesions by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and to classify lesions according to The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC).

Materials and Methods:
This is a prospective study of 100 patients with clinically enlarged salivary gland presented at the G.K. General Hospital, Bhuj, during April 2019 to March 2020.

Results:
Of 100 cases, 40 cases were nonneoplastic, 52 cases were neoplastic, and 8 cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation. The category II had 40 cases, out of which chronic sialadenitis was the most common cytological diagnosis (20 cases). There were two case in each category IVb and category V. Category IV had 41 cases on cytology. Category VI had eight cases.

Conclusions:
It is of particular relevance in the head and neck area because of easy accessibility of the target site minimally invasive procedure, excellent patient compliance and thereby help to avoid surgery in nonneoplastic, inflammatory conditions.
Antrochoanal polyp among children: A review
Authors: Swain Santosh Kumar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Antrochoanal polyp (ACP) or Killian polyp originates from the inflamed and edematous mucosa of the maxillary sinus. The etiopathogenesis of the ACPs is not clear. It has two components such as antral one which is always cystic and the nasal part is solid. The expanded intramural cyst enlarges to the point that it completely occupies the maxillary sinus, emerging through the natural ostium into the nasal cavity and extending towards the choana. The common clinical presentations are nasal obstruction and nasal discharge. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)are needed for making the diagnosis and the treatment planning. Surgery is indicated for the treatment of ACP. The endoscopic technique consists of an uncinectomy and resection of the polyp and its attachment to the maxillary sinus via a wide middle meatal antrostomy. Endoscopic sinus surgery via middle meatal antrostomy combined with trans-canine sinuscopy ensures the complete removal of the antral part of the ACP in children. The use of a microdebrider through the canine fossa is helpful to resect a broad attachment of the ACP in the maxillary sinus and it may be indicated as complementary to endoscopic sinus surgery. Simple avulsion of the ACP has a high chance of recurrence, whereas the Caldwell Luc procedure is associated with damage to the maxillary and dental growth centers. More research is needed for establishing the exact etiopathology and newer treatment options for ACPs.
Post-Viral Polyarthritis
Authors: Arulekar Rutuja , Shinde Sandeep Babasaheb 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Viral infection is the infection caused by a virus in the human body. The immune response to a virus infection is attacking the body’s own cells. This causes stress and inflammation of tissues in the body and damage to the cells. Polyarthritis is one of the most common complications caused by viral infection. Post viral polyarthritis mainly affects the large joint such as the knee, but can affect several joints such as ankle, wrist. The full recovery time is still not sure, some studies have shown that it usually takes six weeks or it can even last for months or years.

Case Description:
A 15-year-old male complains of fever with dry cough for 2 days followed by Multiple joint pain and soft tissue pain since 2 months. Swelling was also noticed in both wrist and knee for a week. For assessment outcome measures like VAS, MMT, ROM were taken prior to the treatment. Patient underwent a 4 weeks physiotherapy rehab program and showed marked improvement in the pain, range of motion, muscle strength and functional activities.

Result:
When the post-assessment was done, patient showed significant improvement in the pain relief, showed improvement in range of motion of the joints, increase in the muscle strength and noticeable improvement in functional capacity.

Conclusion:
This concluded that starting physiotherapy management in the sub-acute stage of the condition is effective in reducing pain increasing mobility and increasing the strength and endurance.