bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical issues in setting micronutrient recommendations for pregnant women: an insight
Authors: Berti Cristiana , Decsi Tamás , Dykes Fiona , Hermoso Maria , Koletzko Berthold , Massari Maddalena , Moreno Luis A. , Serra‐Majem Luis , Cetin Irene 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe European Micronutrient Recommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network aims to provide standardized approaches to reveal and beneficially influence variability within the European Union in micronutrient recommendations for vulnerable population groups. Characterization of the ‘vulnerability’ together with the ‘variability’ of micronutrient needs represents the first step to creating guidelines for setting micronutrient recommendations within target populations. This paper describes some of the key factors and characteristics relevant to assess micronutrient requirements and formulate recommendations of micronutrients in pregnancy. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy increase to support fetal growth and development as well as maternal metabolism and tissue accretion. Micronutrients are involved in both embryonal and fetal organ development and overall pregnancy outcomes. Several factors may affect directly or indirectly fetal nourishment and the overall pregnancy outcomes, such as the quality of diet including intakes and bioavailability of micronutrients, maternal age, and the overall environment. The bioavailability of micronutrients during pregnancy varies depending on specific metabolic mechanisms because pregnancy is an anabolic and dynamic state orchestrated via hormones acting for both redirection of nutrients to highly specialized maternal tissues and transfer of nutrients to the developing fetus. The timing of prenatal intakes or supplementations of specific micronutrients is also crucial as pregnancy is characterized by different stages that represent a continuum, up to lactation and beyond. Consequently, nutrition during pregnancy might have long‐lasting effects on the well‐being of the mother and the fetus, and may further influence the health of the baby at a later age.
Evil in Angels and Men: Thomas Aquinas and Melanie Klein
Authors: Lefébure Marcus 
Published: September 2010

When I opened this series of Dominican conversations some months ago now, I suggested that angels were worth studying not only in their own right but for the light they throw on the human condition. I want now in this concluding paper to apply this suggestion to our final topic, evil in angels. This paper will, therefore, consist of two main parts: In the first part I want to indicate how St Thomas analyses evil in angels, while in the second part I want to show how this analysis clarifies the root of evil in ourselves.Turning, then, to our first concern, I want to help you pick a way through the often dense wood of St Thomas’ thinking by as it were blazing those trees which serve as so many markers of the way through. These turn put on inspection and in reflection not to be as numerous as first appears. In fact St Thomas’ thinking on evil in the angels continues to be what we have already seen his thinking on other aspects of the angels to be: the sustained and rigorous pursuit of the implications of certain basic metaphysical principles or axioms. The sheer intellectual energy, brilliance and yet economy, therefore even the spare beauty of this argumentation is brought out by Fr Kenelm Foster’s summary in Appendix 2 on Satan, (in Volume 9 of the Gilby bi-lingual edition of the Summa). I cannot emulate that tour de force here, it would be out of place, and so I shall attempt to supply my own thread through the labyrinth.
Human Beings are Transcendent: A Response to Fergus Kerr's Rahner Retrospective III
Authors: Shutte Augustine 
Published: September 2010

I get my copies of New Blackfriars in a rather unusual manner, once a year and all at once, a whole years’s worth at a time. So it was only in May 1982 that I came across Fergus Kerr’s article Rahner Retrospective III: Transcendence or Finitude in the September 1981 issue. It gives such a seriously misleading view of Karl Rahner’s understanding of human nature and offers such an inadequate substitute as the proper philosophical foundation for Christian theology that it requires to be countered without delay.As the title of his article suggests, what Kerr objects to in Rahner’s view of human nature is his notion that we are transcendent beings. What he wants to put in its place is a certain understanding of our finitude.Kerr describes his paper as “a preliminary exploration of the basic epistemological problems in Rahner’s philosophy of man, with the tentative proposal that a quite different starting-point needs to be accepted” (p 370).
Power—Tool of Social Analysis and Theological Concept: A Case of Confrontation?
Authors: Pickering W. S. F. 
Published: September 2010

The tool of social analysisPower has become a central concept in the analysis of political and social institutions. Its newly-found utility in part stems from the growth of Marxist analysis, which so many academics in the social sciences who are not necessarily Marxists have accepted to various degrees.Until recently, the more common concept was authority—an idea that was once popular particularly amongst political theorists. Authority as an analytical tool has ceased to have pride of place because of its abstract nature and ideological overtones. The tendency today is to speak of power structures, not authority structures. Authority exists but it can be overthrown by another authority. The question is not so much the nature of the authorities but the fact that one is able to vanquish the other. How is the triumph achieved? The answer is simply that one authority has more power than the other and thus overcomes it. The concept of authority is still referred to and continues to be valuable, but the model of power is more useful, since it is that of a conflict in which sheer strength wins the day. Power implies opposition and final triumph. That is what politics is about. Some would see the whole of history as a power struggle. As Lenin has written: ‘Great questions in the life of nations are settled only by force.’The extensive use now made of the concept of power has brought with it the problems of definition, and within the social sciences the issue virtually constitutes a subject in itself.
Toxicity of Fluoranthene and Its Biodegradation by Cyclotella caspia Alga
Authors: Liu Yu , Luan Tian‐Gang , Lu Ning‐Ning , Lan Chong‐Yu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFluoranthene is one of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with four benzene rings. Because of its toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, fluoranthene is on the black lists of 129 and 68 priority pollutants established by US Environmental Protection Agency and the People's Republic of China, respectively. In recent years, the amount of fluoranthene in the aquatic environment has been increasing with increases in anthropogenic discharge. Based on the biological investigation of tidal water in the Futian mangrove, Cyclotella caspia was selected as the dominant algal species to determine the toxicity of fluoranthene towards C. caspia alga and to investigate the biodegradation of fluoranthene by C. caspia under pure culture. The toxicity experiment showed that the 96‐h EC50 value for fluoranthene was 0.2 mg/mL. Four parameters, namely C. caspia algal growth rate, chlorophyll (Chl) a content, cell morphology, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were chosen as indices of toxicity and were measured at 6 d (144 h). The results showed that: (i) the toxicity of fluoranthene towards C. caspia alga was obvious; (ii) C. caspia algal growth rate and Chl a content decreased with increasing concentrations of fluoranthene; and (iii) the rate of cell deformation and SOD activity increased with increasing concentrations of fluoranthene. The biodegradation experiment showed that: (i) the rate of physical degradation of fluoranthene was only 5.86%; (ii) the rate of biodegradation of fluoranthene on the 1st and 6th days (i.e. at 24 and 144 h) was approximately 35% and 85%, respectively; and (iii) the biodegradation capability of C. caspia alga towards fluoranthene was high. It is suggested that further investigations on the toxicity of fluoranthene towards algae, as well as on algal biodegradation mechanisms, are of great importance to use C. caspia as a biological treatment species in an organic wastewater treatment system.(Managing editor: Ping He)
Construction and Identification of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library for 0‐613‐2R in Upland Cotton
Authors: Yin Jian‐Mei , Guo Wang‐Zhen , Zhang Tian‐Zhen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library containing a large genomic DNA insert is an important tool for genome physical mapping, map‐based cloning, and genome sequencing. To isolate genes via a map‐based cloning strategy and to perform physical mapping of the cotton genome, a high‐quality BAC library containing large cotton DNA inserts is needed. We have developed a BAC library of the restoring line 0‐613‐2R for isolating the fertility restorer (Rf1) gene and genomic research in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The BAC library contains 97 825 clones stored in 255 pieces of a 384‐well microtiter plate. Random samples of BACs digested with the NotI enzyme indicated that the average insert size is approximately 130 kb, with a range of 80–275 kb, and 95.7% of the BAC clones in the library have an average insert size larger than 100 kb. Based on a cotton genome size of 2 250 Mb, library coverage is 5.7 × haploid genome equivalents. Four clones were selected randomly from the library to determine the stability of the BAC clones. There were no different fingerprints for 0 and 100 generations of each clone digested with NotI and HindIII enzymes. Thus, the stability of a single BAC clone can be sustained at least for 100 generations. Eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers flanking the Rf1 gene were chosen to screen the BAC library by pool using PCR method and 25 positive clones were identified with 3.1 positive clones per SSR marker.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Physiological and Molecular Features of the Pathosystem Arabidopsis thaliana L.‐Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Libert
Authors: Dai Fu‐Ming , Xu Tong , Wolf Gerhard A , He Zu‐Hua 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Libert causes rot diseases on many crops worldwide and large economic losses occur frequently because of a lack of resistant varieties. The pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum and the molecular basis of plant responses to the pathogen are poorly understood. In the present investigation, the process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L., a plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus, was analysed. In addition, the defense activation in the host was investigated. A convenient inoculation method using millet grain was developed for S. sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis. The fungus rapidly infected the plants, probably through ball‐ or cushion‐like infection structures. Visible symptoms developed within 24 h and plants were killed 72 h after inoculation. Cellulase, the main enzyme that caused host tissues to rot, was secreted by S. sclerotiorum in a pH‐dependent manner. Oxalic acid, another pathogenic factor secreted by the fungus, induced necrotic lesions on the leaves. Infection with S. sclerotiorum strongly induced the production of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the PR gene PDF.1 was induced, but not PR1, indicating that the pathogen activated basal defense of jasmonic acid/ethylene dependence, which is consistent with its necrotrophic characteristics. This pathosystem for Arabidopsis‐S. sclerotiorum could provide an approach for the analysis of the interactions between S. sclerotiorum and other crops, thereby facilitating genetic manipulation techniques for controlling this pathogen.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Purification, Biological Activities, and Molecular Cloning of a Novel Mannose‐Binding Lectin from Bulbs of Zephyranthes candida Herb (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Wu Chuan‐Fang , Li Jian , An Jie , Chang Li‐Qing , Chen Fang , Bao Jin‐Ku 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel mannose‐binding agglutinin was purified from bulbs of Zephyranthes candida Herb by extraction, precipitation with 80% (NH4)2SO4, and ion‐exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Sephacryl S‐100. The purified Z. candida agglutinin (ZCA) migrated as a single band of 12 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and non‐reducing conditions. The apparent molecular mass of the lectin, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, was 48 kDa. The results indicated that ZCA was composed of four identical subunits of 12 kDa each (homotetrameric nature). The ZCA agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at concentrations of 0.95,1.90, and 31.30 μg/mL, respectively. Bioassays indicated that ZCA has a significant effect on wheat aphid survival. Mortality after 7 d was > 90% at 0.26%. A degenerate primer was designed in accordance with the N‐terminal partial sequence of purified ZCA. The full‐length cDNA was cloned by 3′‐ and 5′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full‐length cDNA had 661 bp and the sequence encoded an open reading frame of 168 amino acids. The mature protein of ZCA includes 109 amino acid residues and the molecular weight of the protein was 12.1 kDa. The result show that the zca gene encodes a protein precursor with a signal peptide, a mature protein, and a C‐terminal cleavage amino acids sequence. Molecular modeling of ZCA indicated that its three‐dimensional structure strongly resembles that of the snowdrop agglutinin. Blocks' analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of ZCA has three functional domains specific for agglutination and three carbohydrate binding boxes (QDNY).(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Effects of Climate Change and Shifts in Forest Composition on Forest Net Primary Production
Authors: Chiang Jyh‐Min , Iverson Louts R. , Prasad Anantha , Brown Kim J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Forests are dynamic in both structure and species composition, and these dynamics are strongly influenced by climate. However, the net effects of future tree species composition on net primary production (NPP) are not well understood. The objective of this work was to model the potential range shifts of tree species (DISTRIB Model) and predict their impacts on NPP (PnET‐II Model) that will be associated with alterations in species composition. We selected four 200 × 200 km areas in Wisconsin, Maine, Arkansas, and the Ohio‐West Virginia area, representing focal areas of potential species range shifts. PnET‐II model simulations were carried out assuming that all forests achieved steady state, of which the species compositions were predicted by DISTRIB model with no migration limitation. The total NPP under the current climate ranged from 552 to 908 g C/m2 per year. The effects of potential species redistributions on NPP were moderate (−12% to +8%) compared with the influence of future climatic changes (−60% to +25%). The direction and magnitude of climate change effects on NPP were largely dependent on the degree of warming and water balance. Thus, the magnitude of future climate change can affect the feedback system between the atmosphere and biosphere.
Why are Nitrogen Concentrations in Plant Tissues Lower under Elevated CO2? A Critical Examination of the Hypotheses
Authors: Taub Daniel R. , Wang Xianzhong 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon have not been definitely established, although a considerable number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for it. In this review we discuss and critically evaluate these hypotheses. One contributing factor to the decreases in tissue N concentrations clearly is dilution of N by increased photosynthetic assimilation of C. In addition, studies on intact plants show strong evidence for a general decrease in the specific uptake rates (uptake per unit mass or length of root) of N by roots under elevated CO2. This decreased root uptake appears likely to be the result both of decreased N demand by shoots and of decreased ability of the soil‐root system to supply N. The best‐supported mechanism for decreased N supply is a decrease in transpiration‐driven mass flow of N in soils due to decreased stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, although some evidence suggests that altered root system architecture may also play a role. There is also limited evidence suggesting that under elevated CO2, plants may exhibit increased rates of N loss through volatilization and/or root exudation, further contributing to lowering tissue N concentrations.
Expression of two types of acetylcholinesterase gene from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in insect cells
Authors: SHANG JIN‐YAN , SHAO YA‐MING , LANG GUO‐JUN , YUAN GAN , TANG ZHEN‐HUA , ZHANG CHUAN‐XI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractComplementary DNAs encoding two types of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The type 1 (Bmace1) and type 2 (Bmace2) ORFs are 2052 and 1917 bp in length, respectively. Both the complete ORFs of the Bmaces and C‐terminal truncated forms were recombined into the Bacmid baculovirus vector under the control of the polyhedrin promoter and expressed in Trichoplusia ni (Tn‐5B1‐4) cells. The resulting products exhibited AChE activity and glycosylation of the expressed proteins. An inhibition assay indicated that the ace2‐type enzyme was more sensitive than the ace1‐type enzyme to inhibition by eserine and paraoxon.
The fatty acid compositions of predator Piocoris luridus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and its host Monosteria unicostata (Heteroptera: Tingidae) reared on almond
Authors: CAKMAK OZLEM , BASHAN MEHMET , BOLU HALIL 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe changes in fatty acid compositions during nutritional interaction among almond Amygdalus communis Linnaeus (Rosales: Rosaceae) (host plant), lacebug Monosteria unicostata (Mulsant and Rey) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) and its predator Piocoris luridus Fieber (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were substantially different. Unlike the general observations for virtually most terrestrial insects, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were detected in high proportions of phospholipid fractions in both insects, especially in P. luridus. Also the almond tissues provide very little oleic acid to the herbivore diet, yet both insect species developed high proportions of this component. Our data reveals instances of specific accumulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation/desaturation, and not incorporating selected fatty acids into cellular lipids.
The diurnal activity, movement and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Buvuma Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: OGWAL LONJINO M. , KALYEBI ANDREW , KADDU JOHN B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe diurnal activity patterns, trypanosome infection rates and movement of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) were investigated in Buvuma Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda. Hourly trapping of tsetse flies was undertaken to determine their activity rhythm while a capture‐mark‐release‐recapture method was conducted to assess the movement and dispersal of tsetse flies between lakeshore, hinterland and further inland sites along a transected area. Dissection of tsetse flies was also undertaken to determine the trypanosome infection rates in salivary glands, proboscis and mid‐gut. Results indicated a bimodal diurnal activity profile for G. f. fuscipes on the Island, both on the lakeshore and in the hinterland. Movement and dispersal of G. f. fuscipes tsetse flies occurred between lakeshore, hinterland and further inland sites with a greater tendency of flies to move to the lakeshore. Trypanosome infection rates of 4.32% for Trypasoma vivax and 1.15% for T. congolense were found in G. f. fuscipes.
Influence of host age and host deprivation on longevity, egg load dynamics and oviposition rate in Microplitis rufiventris
Authors: HEGAZI ESMAT MOHAMED , EL‐AZIZ GEHAN MOHAMED ABD , EL‐SHAZLY AHMED YOUSEF , KHAFAGI WEDAD EMAM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdult size, longevity, egg load dynamics and oviposition of Microplitis rufiventris Kok. which began their development in the first, second, third (preferred hosts) or fourth (non‐preferred hosts) instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were studied. The parasitoid size was largely determined by the initial host size at parasitism. Non‐ovipositing females derived from older hosts lived for longer periods than those derived from younger ones. However, the ovipositing females, irrespective of their size, lived for almost the same periods. At emergence, the oviducts of adult females contain a significant amount of mature eggs available for oviposition for a few hours on eclosion day. Egg load increases during the early phase of adult life. The amount of additional mature eggs and rate of egg maturation per hour was greater for wasps derived from preferred hosts compared with those in females derived from non‐preferred hosts. The pattern of egg production in M. rufiventris females depended on the availability of hosts for parasitization. Host‐deprived females depleted the egg complement with aging; the longer the host deprivation, the lower the oviduct egg load. Marked reduction in both realized or potential fecundity of host‐deprived females was observed following host availability. Host privation for more than 3 days induced a marked deficit fecundity pattern through the female's life. The realized fecundity was determined by the interaction among host availability, the number of eggs that are matured over the female's life span, oviposition rate and host size from which the female was derived. These results suggest that: (i) M. rufiventris wasp is a weak synovigenic species; (ii) the maturation of additional eggs is inhibited once the maximum oviduct egg load is reached; (iii) the egg load of the newly emerged female is significantly less than the realized fecundity; and (iv) because M.rufiventris females oviposit fewer eggs when they begin depleting their egg supply at 3 days, augmentative releases will require release immediately following emergence to ensure the highest parasitization rate in the field.
Energy budgets of the Chinese green lacewing (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and its potential for biological control of the cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: GAO FENG , LIU XIANG‐HUI , GE FENG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEnergy budgets of larval stages of the Chinese green lacewing, Chrysopa sinica (Tjeder) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were determined under laboratory conditions at photo‐period of 14:10 L:D, 27 ± 1°C and 75%± 2% RH. The energy used as ingestion, assimilation, respiration, productivity and feces was constructed for each developmental stage. In addition, under these experimental conditions, the potential of C. sinica as a biological control agent was evaluated according to the ingestion by this predator and the energy content of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae). The larval stage of C. sinica was able to consume 1281.4 1‐day‐old aphids, 1018.7 2‐day‐old aphids, 626.9 3‐day‐old aphids, 393.5 4‐day‐old aphids, 312.1 5‐day‐old aphids or 203.5 9‐day‐old aphids, respectively. No significant difference was detected between the estimated number of aphids consumed by the lacewings using energetic methods and the actual number of aphids consumed by the lacewings in this experiment. Our results showed that C. sinica is an important natural enemy of the cotton aphid, and energetic methods are very useful to quantify biological control efficacy of natural enemies.