bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naphthyl‐Based Chalcone Derivatives: A Multifaceted Player in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Mahesha Priyanka , Shetty Nitinkumar S. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractResearch has placed a great deal of emphasis on molecule development and discovery with substantial biological profiling in recent years. Despite the significant side effects, medicinal chemists have long strived to synthesize drug molecules with the highest level of therapeutic activity and the lowest possible level of toxicity. The naphthyl‐based chalcone derivatives have drawn attention due to their simple structures and wide range of pharmacological effects. The main focus of this review is to outline the biologically active molecules based on naphthyl moiety‐substituted chalcone derivatives developed over the years. A synopsis of pharmacological screening, including relevant structure‐activity relationships, action mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications, is provided in this article. It is true that prospective hybrids combining the naphthyl moiety with different chalcone pharmacophores are needed to address drug resistance and improve specificity. Therefore, this review may be useful in the development and design of new, highly successful therapeutic drugs based on previously reported methodologies.
Formation and Fluorescent Mechanism of Multiple Color Emissive Carbon Dots from o‐Phenylenediamine
Authors: Li Pengfei , Xue Shanshan , Sun Lu , Ma Xiaobao , Liu Wenning , An Li , Liu Yichang , Qu Dan , Sun Zaicheng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) have received considerable attention in many application areas owing to their unique optical properties and potential applications; however, the fluorescent mechanism is an obstacle to their applications. Herein, three‐color emissive CDs are prepared from single o‐phenylenediamine (oPD) by regulating the ratio of ethanol and dimethylformamide (DMF). Fluorescent mechanism of these CDs is proposed as molecular state fluorescence. Reaction intermediates are identified using liquid chromatrography–mass spectroscopy (LC–MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. 1H‐Benzo[d]imidazole (BI), 2,3‐diaminophenazine (DAP), and 5,14‐dihydroquinoxalino[2,3‐b] phenazine (DHQP) are proposed to be the fluorophores of blue, green, and red emissive CDs by comparing their optical properties. As per the LC–MS and 1H‐NMR analysis, DHQP with red emission tends to form from DAP and oPD in pure ethanol. By adding DMF, BI formation is enhanced and DHQP formation is suppressed. The prepared CDs exhibit green emission with DAP. When the DMF amount is >50%, BI formation is considerably promoted, resulting in DAP formation being suppressed. BI with blue emission then turns into the fluorophore of CDs. This result provides us an improved understanding of the fluorescent mechanism of oPD‐based CDs, which guides us in designing the structure and optical properties of CDs.
Eggshell‐Like Carbon Microspheres with Curvature Scheme: Distorted Energy Band and Atomic Charge Waves‐Driven High Performance for Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Wang Qiheng , Li Ruixue , Feng Wen , Liu Mengying , Li Peng , Liu Jingjun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA metal‐free nanocarbon with an eggshell structure is synthesized from chitosan (CS) and natural spherical graphite (NSG) as a cathode electrocatalyst for clean zinc‐air batteries and fuel cells. It is developed using CS‐derived carbons as an eggshell, covering NSG cores. The synthesis involves the in situ growth of CS on NSG, followed by ammonia‐assisted pyrolysis for carbonization. The resulting catalyst displays a curved structure and completely coated NSG, showing superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. In 1 M NaOH, the ORR half‐wave potential reached 0.93 V, surpassing the commercial Pt/C catalyst by 50 mV. Furthermore, a zinc‐air battery featuring the catalyst achieves a peak power density of 167 mW cm‐2 with excellent stability, outperforming the Pt/C. The improved performance of the eggshell carbons can be attributed to the distorted energy band of the active sites in the form of N‐C moieties. More importantly, the curved thin eggshells induce built‐in electric fields that can promote electron redistribution to generate atomic charge waves around the N‐C moieties on the carbon shells. As a result, the high positively charged and stable C+ sites adjacent to N atoms optimize the adsorption strength of oxygen molecules, thereby facilitating performance.
Thermally Conductive Elastomer Composites with High Toughness, Softness, and Resilience Enabled by Regulating Interfacial Structure and Dynamics
Authors: Fan Jianfeng , Zhou Yu , Ding Shengchang , Pang Yunsong , Zeng Xiangliang , Guo Shifeng , Xu Jianbin , Ren Linlin , Sun Rong , Zeng Xiaoliang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe emerging applications of thermally conductive elastomer composites in modern electronic devices for heat dissipation require them to maintain both high toughness and resilience under thermomechanical stresses. However, such a combination of thermal conductivity and desired mechanical characteristics is extremely challenging to achieve in elastomer composites. Here this long‐standing mismatch is resolved via regulating interfacial structure and dynamics response. This regulation is realized both by tuning the molecular weight of the dangling chains in the polymer networks and by silane grafting of the fillers, thereby creating a broad dynamic‐gradient interfacial region comprising of entanglements. These entanglements can provide the slipping topological constraint that allows for tension equalization between and along the chains, while also tightening into rigid knots to prevent chain disentanglement upon stretching. Combined with ultrahigh loading of aluminum‐fillers (90 wt%), this design provides a low Young's modulus (350.0 kPa), high fracture toughness (831.5 J m−2), excellent resilience (79%) and enhanced thermal conductivity (3.20 W m−1 k−1). This work presents a generalizable preparation strategy toward engineering soft, tough, and resilient high‐filled elastomer composites, suitable for complex environments, such as automotive electronics, and wearable devices.
Middle school students' use of the energy concept to engage in new learning: What ideas matter?
Authors: Nordine Jeffrey , Kubsch Marcus , Fortus David , Krajcik Joseph , Neumann Knut 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOne reason for the widespread use of the energy concept across the sciences is that energy analysis can be used to interpret the behavior of systems even if one does not know the particular mechanisms that underlie the observed behavior. By providing an approach to interpreting unfamiliar phenomena, energy provides a lens on phenomena that can set the stage for deeper learning about how and why phenomena occur. However, not all energy ideas are equally productive in setting the stage for new learning. In particular, researchers have debated the value of teaching students to interpret phenomena in terms of energy forms and transformations. In this study, we investigated how two different approaches to middle school energy instruction—one emphasizing energy transformations between forms and one emphasizing energy transfers between systems—prepared students to use their existing energy knowledge to engage in new learning about a novel energy‐related phenomenon. To do this, we designed a new assessment instrument to elicit student initial ideas about the phenomenon and to compare how effectively students from each approach learned from authentic learning resources. Our results indicate that students who learned to interpret phenomenon in terms of energy transfers between systems learned more effectively from available learning resources than did students who learned to interpret phenomena in terms of energy forms and transformations. This study informs the design of introductory energy instruction and approaches for assessing how students existing knowledge guides new learning about phenomena.
Renormalisation of IR divergences and holography in de Sitter
Authors: Bzowski Adam , McFadden Paul , Skenderis Kostas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We formulate a renormalisation procedure for IR divergences of tree-level in-in late-time de Sitter (dS) correlators. These divergences are due to the infinite volume of spacetime and are analogous to the divergences that appear in AdS dealt with by holographic renormalisation. Regulating the theory using dimensional regularisation, we show that one can remove all infinities by adding local counterterms at the future boundary of dS in the Schwinger-Keldysh path integral. The counterterms amount to renormalising the late-time bulk field. We frame the discussion in terms of bulk scalar fields in dSd+1, using the computation of tree-level correlators involving massless and conformal scalars for illustration. The relation to AdS via analytic continuation is discussed, and we show that different versions of the analytic continuation appearing in the literature are equivalent to each other. In AdS, one needs to add counterterms that are related to conformal anomalies, and also to renormalise the source part of the bulk field. The analytic continuation to dS projects out the traditional AdS counterterms, and links the renormalisation of the sources to the renormalisation of the late-time bulk field. We use these results to establish holographic formulae that relate tree-level dSd+1 in-in correlators to CFT correlators at up to four points, and we provide two proofs: one using the connection between the dS wavefunction and the partition function of the dual CFT, and a second by direct evaluation of the in-in correlators using the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. The renormalisation of the bulk IR divergences is mapped by these formulae to UV renormalisation of the dual CFT via local counterterms, providing structural support for a possible duality. We also recast the regulated holographic formulae in terms of the AdS amplitudes of shadow fields, but show that this relation breaks down when renormalisation is required.
Gluon double-spin asymmetry in the longitudinally polarized p + p collisions
Authors: Kovchegov Yuri V. , Li Ming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We derive the first-ever small-x expression for the inclusive gluon production cross section in the central rapidity region of the longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions. The cross section depends on the polarizations of both protons, therefore comprising the numerator of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry ALL for the produced gluons. The cross section is calculated in the shock wave formalism and is expressed in terms of the polarized dipole scattering amplitudes on the projectile and target protons. We show that the small-x evolution corrections are included into our cross section expression if one evolves these polarized dipole amplitudes using the double-logarithmic helicity evolution derived in [1–4]. Our calculation is performed for the gluon sector only, with the quark contribution left for future work. When that work is complete, the resulting formula will be applicable to longitudinally polarized proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions, as well as to polarized semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) on a proton or a nucleus. Our results should allow one to extend the small-x helicity phenomenology analysis of [5] to the jet/hadron production data reported for the longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC and to polarized SIDIS measurements at central rapidities to be performed at the EIC.
On the intermediate Jacobian of M5-branes
Authors: Jefferson Patrick , Kim Manki 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study Euclidean M5-branes wrapping vertical divisors in elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfold compactifications of M/F-theory that admit a Sen limit. We construct these Calabi-Yau fourfolds as elliptic fibrations over coordinate flip O3/O7 orientifolds of toric hypersurface Calabi-Yau threefolds. We devise a method to analyze the Hodge structure (and hence the dimension of the intermediate Jacobian) of vertical divisors in these fourfolds, using only the data available from a type IIB compactification on the O3/O7 Calabi-Yau orientifold. Our method utilizes simple combinatorial formulae (that we prove) for the equivariant Hodge numbers of the Calabi-Yau orientifolds and their prime toric divisors, along with a formula for the Euler characteristic of vertical divisors in the corresponding elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfold. Our formula for the Euler characteristic includes a conjectured correction term that accounts for the contributions of pointlike terminal ℤ2 singularities corresponding to perturbative O3-planes. We check our conjecture in a number of explicit examples and find perfect agreement with the results of direct computations.
Exact overlaps for all integrable two-site boundary states of $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$(N) symmetric spin chains
Authors: Gombor Tamas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We find closed formulas for the overlaps of Bethe eigenstates of $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
(N) symmetric spin chains and integrable boundary states. We derive the general overlap formulas for $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
(M) ⊕ $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
(N − M) symmetric boundary states and give a well-established conjecture for the $$ \mathfrak{sp} $$
sp
(N) symmetric case. Combining these results with the previously derived $$ \mathfrak{so} $$
so
(N) symmetric formula, now we have the overlap functions for all integrable boundary states of the $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
(N) spin chains which are built from two-site states. The calculations are independent from the representations of the quantum space therefore our formulas can be applied for the SO(6) and the alternating SU(4) spin chains which describe the scalar sectors of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills and ABJM theories which are important application areas of our results.
Mechanical stability of homogeneous holographic solids under finite shear strain
Authors: Baggioli Matteo , Li Li , Li Wei-Jia , Sun Hao-Tian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study the linear stability of holographic homogeneous solids (HHS) at finite temperature and in presence of a background shear strain by means of a large scale quasi-normal mode analysis which extends beyond the hydrodynamic limit. We find that mechanical instability can arise either as a result of a complex speed of sound — gradient instability — or of a negative diffusion constant. Surprisingly, the simplest HHS models are linearly stable for arbitrarily large values of the background strain. For more complex HHS, the onset of the diffusive instability always precedes that of the gradient instability, which becomes the dominant destabilizing process only above a critical value of the background shear strain. Finally, we observe that the critical strains for the two instabilities approach each other at low temperatures. We conclude by presenting a phase diagram for HHS as a function of temperature and background shear strain which shows interesting similarities with the physics of superfluids in presence of background superfluid velocity.
Verhaltens- und Hypnotherapie bei Alopecia areata: Eine Einzelfallstudie
Authors: Kogler Alois , Müller Ilse , Kopera Daisy , Gieler Uwe 
Published: May 2024

Zusammenfassung
Thema
Alopecia areata (AA) ist eine Form des Haarverlusts mit kahlen kreisrunden Arealen am Kopf ausgelöst durch auto- und/oder psychoneuroimmunologische Mechanismen. Sekundär leiden Betroffene unter der Haarlosigkeit. Trotz Fortschritten in den dermatologischen medikamentösen Therapien (z. B. durch JAK-Inhibitoren) und Biologica gibt es keine Standard-Therapien. Auch Psychotherapie kann Wirksamkeit nicht belegen. Der Verlauf kann nicht vorhergesagt werden, oft kommt es zur spontanen Remission.

Ziel
Mit dieser Einzelfallstudie sollen psychosomatische Ursachen aufgezeigt und Ansätze zu einem kombinierten medizinisch-psychotherapeutischen Behandlungsprocedere entwickelt werden.

Methode
Eine Patientin mit dermatohistologisch verifizierter AA wurde nach frustranen dermatologischen Lokaltherapieversuchen (a) verhaltens- und (b) hypnotherapeutisch in jeweils 15 Sitzungen behandelt. Vor Beginn der Behandlung wurde eine psychologische Diagnostik mit Instrumenten zur Körperwahrnehmung, Depression und Selbstakzeptanz durchgeführt.

Ergebnis
Die Psychotherapie führte zu positiven Veränderungen im Selbstwert und Körperbild und verbessertem Coping mit der Erkrankung, aber nicht zum Nachwachsen der Haare.

Diskussion
Obwohl Alopecia areata durch Stressoren ausgelöst werden kann, ist nicht erwiesen, dass psychosomatische Herangehensweisen zur Durchbrechung des Auslösemechanismus geeignet sind, auch wenn sich in der Literatur Hinweise auf positive Auswirkungen von Hypnotherapie und Verhaltenstherapie auf Autoimmunkrankheiten finden. Die Autor:innen entwickelten im Falle der Patientin verhaltenstherapeutische, mit Hypnotherapie kombinierte Vorgehensweisen für die Therapie der Alopecia areata. Auf dieser Basis könnten weitere Studien mit einem größeren Kollektiv an Betroffenen möglicherweise den Benefit dieser Therapieformen untermauern.
Pregnancy state before the onset of labor: a holistic mechanical perspective
Authors: Fidalgo Daniel S. , Jorge Renato M. Natal , Parente Marco P. L. , Louwagie Erin M. , Malanowska Ewelina , Myers Kristin M. , Oliveira Dulce A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSuccessful pregnancy highly depends on the complex interaction between the uterine body, cervix, and fetal membrane. This interaction is synchronized, usually following a specific sequence in normal vaginal deliveries: (1) cervical ripening, (2) uterine contractions, and (3) rupture of fetal membrane. The complex interaction between the cervix, fetal membrane, and uterine contractions before the onset of labor is investigated using a complete third-trimester gravid model of the uterus, cervix, fetal membrane, and abdomen. Through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate the mechanical impact of (i) initial cervical shape, (ii) cervical stiffness, (iii) cervical contractions, and (iv) intrauterine pressure. The findings of this work reveal several key observations: (i) maximum principal stress values in the cervix decrease in more dilated, shorter, and softer cervices; (ii) reduced cervical stiffness produces increased cervical dilation, larger cervical opening, and decreased cervical length; (iii) the initial cervical shape impacts final cervical dimensions; (iv) cervical contractions increase the maximum principal stress values and change the stress distributions; (v) cervical contractions potentiate cervical shortening and dilation; (vi) larger intrauterine pressure (IUP) causes considerably larger stress values and cervical opening, larger dilation, and smaller cervical length; and (vii) the biaxial strength of the fetal membrane is only surpassed in the cases of the (1) shortest and most dilated initial cervical geometry and (2) larger IUP.
On the Chemical Effect of Steam Addition to Premixed Hydrogen Flames with Respect to $$\text {NO}_\text {x}$$ Emissions and Flame Speed
Authors: Concetti Riccardo , Hasslberger Josef , Sattelmayer Thomas , Klein Markus 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe present work analyses the effect of water vapour addition on $${\text {NO}_\text {x}}$$

NO
x

emissions of premixed hydrogen flames. In doing so, the adiabatic flame temperature is maintained by increasing the equivalence ratio, or alternatively increasing the unburned gas temperature, for increasing levels of water loading. Thus, it is possible to elucidate the changes in $${\text {NO}_\text {x}}$$

NO
x

production at constant-temperature conditions when the mixture is diluted with water. A consistent reduction of $${\text {NO}_\text {x}}$$

NO
x

emissions for increasing water dilution can be observed from 1-D premixed freely propagating flame simulations. Regarding the chemical kinetics effect of water vapour, the relative importance of different third-body reactions is examined by modifying the corresponding water collision efficiencies individually. For the chemical mechanism adopted, three reactions directly affect the nitrogen chemistry and the remaining relevant reactions are important for the flame structure and radicals concentration. The analysis stresses the importance of indirect effects like the formation and consumption of $$\text {O}$$
O
and $$\text {H}$$
H
radicals in the pre-heat zone, which enhance the subsequent formation of $${\text {NO}_\text {x}}$$

NO
x

within the flame. The presence of steam can lead to a reduction of approximately $$50\%$$

50
%

in $${\text {NO}_\text {x}}$$

NO
x

emissions under conditions close to stoichiometry and high water loading ($$10\%$$

10
%

by mass), compared to scenarios without water addition. Furthermore, the efficiency of water in third-body reactions significantly contributes to an emission reduction, and half of $$\text {NO}$$
NO
emissions under the same water loading conditions at high equivalence ratio are observed when the third-body reaction efficiency is activated with respect to the case with zero efficiency. This reduction is primarily attributed to effects on radical concentrations. Finally, the chemical effect via the third-body efficiency of water is examined with respect to flame speed. It turns out that the adiabatic flame temperature plays a key role for the relative influence of the chemical kinetics effect of water dilution. A cross-over temperature is found, below which the chemical effect of water reduces the flame speed, whereas the flame speed is increased above it.
Intermediate factors and precedential constraint
Authors: Bench-Capon Trevor 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper explores the extension of formal accounts of precedential constraint to make use of a factor hierarchy with intermediate factors. A problem arises, however, because constraints expressed in terms of intermediate factors may give different outcomes from those expressed only using base level factors. We argue that constraints that use only base level factors yield the correct outcomes, but that intermediate factors play an important role in the justification and explanation of those outcomes. The discussion is illustrated with a running example.