bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do some levator avulsions improve over time?
Authors: Dietz H. P. , Shek K. L. , Descallar J. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine whether the sonographic appearance of levator ani muscle avulsion after vaginal birth can improve significantly over the first few years postpartum.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of women seen in the context of two prospective perinatal imaging studies. All subjects had undergone an interview, clinical examination and four‐dimensional translabial ultrasound on average 4.3 months and 3.1 years postpartum. Volume datasets were analyzed at a later date, with the examiner blinded against all other data. The number of abnormal slices at both timepoints was compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. Patients in whom findings had changed over time were reviewed separately, in parallel, in order to reduce the impact of differences in slice location and imaging settings. The symmetry test was used to analyze changes between the two postnatal visits.ResultsOf 1148 women recruited originally, 315 attended at least two postnatal visits. Forty‐two were excluded, leaving 273 women for the final analysis. The mean time of first follow‐up was 4.3 (range, 2.6–9.8) months after their first birth and the mean time of last follow‐up was 3.1 (range, 1.4–8.0) years postpartum. Cohen's κ for the category of avulsion (normal, partial avulsion and full avulsion) at the two assessments was 0.89, with agreement in 97% (264/273) of cases. At the first visit, full levator ani muscle avulsion was diagnosed in 20, partial avulsion in 32 and no avulsion in 221 women. While seven partial avulsions appeared sonographically normal at the second visit, there were no statistically significant changes in avulsion category between visits (P = 0.4).ConclusionsTomographic pelvic floor imaging obtained 3–10 months after childbirth may be used as a proxy for long‐term outcomes. Ultrasound findings at a mean of 3.1 years postpartum showed 97% agreement with findings obtained on imaging at a mean of 4.3 months postpartum. There was a non‐significant reduction in abnormal slices at the second follow‐up visit, affecting at most 3/12 slices. This may be explained by compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining intact muscle. Sonographic normalization of full levator ani muscle avulsion was not observed. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Informal Education Practices for Human–AI Creative Pedagogy for Accessibility and Inclusivity
Authors: Boulord Caroline , Le Borgne Yann-Aël , Corieri Patricia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Scientotheque, a Brussels-based association committed to accessibility and inclusivity in technology for marginalised populations, addresses the challenge of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into society with a focus on equity. This chapter outlines the association's educational initiatives since 2020, emphasising teacher training and AI workshops for disadvantaged youth. Through partnerships, the Scientotheque collaborates on diverse projects, promoting STEM skills and combating gender bias. The chapter details the association's educational approach to AI, employing project-based pedagogy and offering a comprehensive catalog of over 200 educational resources. The Scientotheque prioritises teacher support, recognising the pivotal role of ongoing assistance. Activities conducted during the 2020–2021 school year demonstrate how the Scientotheque effectively engages young learners, demystifying complex AI concepts through hands-on, collaborative, and fun activities. The chapter concludes by highlighting the Scientotheque's pioneering role in AI education in Belgium and its involvement in the AI4InclusiveEducation project, aiming to provide inclusive AI education content.
Students’ Perspective on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Authors: Caucheteux Christelle , Hodgkins Lianne-Blue , Batifol Victoire , Fouché Laurent , Romero Margarida 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWhile researchers and policymakers contribute crucial insights into the technical, ethical, and systemic dimensions of AI in education, the learner's perspective introduces a different viewpoint in which their representation of AI’s potential influences their perspectives and hopes for improving the learning experience. In this chapter, we focus on studies which analyse the perspective of middle school students at Life Bloom Academy before and after their participation in a semester of AI acculturation activities. Throughout this designated semester, students at Life Bloom Academy embarked on a comprehensive and interdisciplinary educational journey aimed at cultivating their understanding of AI. Under the guidance of their teachers, students began their journey by delving into the philosophical nuances of human intelligence. An integral component of this educational journey involved a visit to the Maison de l'Intelligence Artificielle (MIA), where students actively participated in a diverse range of multidisciplinary activities centred around both contemporary and prospective applications of AI. The study suggests that middle school students not only display a keen awareness of the societal implications linked to the utilisation of AI but also manifest a lasting enthusiasm for the technology that extends beyond the boundaries of a traditional academic setting.
Krylov complexity for Jacobi coherent states
Authors: Haque S. Shajidul , Murugan Jeff , Tladi Mpho , Van Zyl Hendrik J. R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We develop computational tools necessary to extend the application of Krylov complexity beyond the simple Hamiltonian systems considered thus far in the literature. As a first step toward this broader goal, we show how the Lanczos algorithm that iteratively generates the Krylov basis can be augmented to treat coherent states associated with the Jacobi group, the semi-direct product of the 3-dimensional real Heisenberg-Weyl group H1, and the symplectic group, Sp(2, ℝ) ≃ SU(1, 1). Such coherent states are physically realized as squeezed states in, for example, quantum optics [1]. With the Krylov basis for both the SU(1, 1) and Heisenberg-Weyl groups being well understood, their semi-direct product is also partially analytically tractable. We exploit this to benchmark a scheme to numerically compute the Lanczos coefficients which, in principle, generalizes to the more general Jacobi group Hn ⋊ Sp(2n, ℝ).
Modeling social cognition in alcohol use disorder: lessons from schizophrenia
Authors: Perini Irene , Pabst Arthur , Martinez Diana , Maurage Pierre , Heilig Markus 
Published: May 2024

SummaryA better understanding of social deficits in alcohol use disorder (AUD) has the potential to improve our understanding of the disorder. Clinical research shows that AUD is associated with interpersonal problems and the loss of a social network which impedes response to treatment. Translational research between animal models and clinical research may benefit from a discussion of the models and methods that currently guide research into social cognition in AUD. We propose that research in AUD should harness recent technological developments to improve ecological validity while maintaining experimental control. Novel methods allow us to parse naturalistic social cognition into tangible components, and to investigate previously neglected aspects of social cognition. Furthermore, to incorporate social cognition as a defining element of AUD, it is critical to clarify the timing of these social disturbances. Currently, there is limited evidence to distinguish factors that influence social cognition as a consequence of AUD, and those that precede the onset of the disorder. Both increasing the focus on operationalization of social cognition into objective components and adopting a perspective that spans the clinical spectrum will improve our understanding in humans, but also possibly increase methodological consistency and translational dialogue across species. This commentary underscores current challenges and perspectives in this area of research.
Mercury Concentrations in Feathers of Albatrosses and Large Petrels at South Georgia: Contemporary Patterns and Comparisons with Past Decades
Authors: Mills William F. , Bustamante Paco , Ramírez Francisco , Forero Manuela G. , Phillips Richard A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMercury (Hg) is an environmental contaminant that can negatively impact the health of humans and wildlife. Albatrosses and large petrels show some of the highest levels of Hg contamination among birds, with potential repercussions for reproduction and survival. Here, body feather total Hg (THg) concentrations were determined in breeding adults of five species of albatrosses and large petrels in the foraging guild at South Georgia during the mid-2010s. We tested the effects of species, sex and trophic ecology (inferred from stable isotopes) on THg concentrations and compared our results with published values from past decades. Feather THg concentrations differed significantly among species (range: 1.9–49.6 µg g−1 dw), and were highest in wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans, intermediate in black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophris and northern giant petrels Macronectes halli, and lowest in southern giant petrels M. giganteus and white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis. Females were more contaminated than males in all species, potentially due to differences in distributions and diet composition. Across species, THg concentrations were not correlated with feather δ13C or δ15N values, implying that species effects (e.g., breeding and moulting frequencies) may be more important than trophic effects in explaining feather THg concentrations in this foraging guild. Within species, the only significant correlation was between THg and δ13C in wandering albatrosses, which could reflect higher Hg exposure in subtropical waters. Comparisons with THg concentrations from past studies, which reflect contamination from 10 to > 60 years ago, revealed considerable annual variation and some evidence for increases over time for wandering and black-browed albatrosses since before 1950 and from the late 1980s, respectively.
The robustness of phylogenetic diversity indices to extinctions
Authors: Manson Kerry 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPhylogenetic diversity indices provide a formal way to apportion evolutionary history amongst living species. Understanding the properties of these measures is key to determining their applicability in conservation biology settings. In this work, we investigate some questions posed in a recent paper by Fischer et al. (Syst Biol 72(3):606–615, 2023). In that paper, it is shown that under certain extinction scenarios, the ranking of the surviving species by their Fair Proportion index scores may be the complete reverse of their ranking beforehand. Our main results here show that this behaviour extends to a large class of phylogenetic diversity indices, including the Equal-Splits index. We also provide a necessary condition for reversals of Fair Proportion rankings to occur on phylogenetic trees whose edge lengths obey the ultrametric constraint. Specific examples of rooted phylogenetic trees displaying these behaviours are given and the impact of our results on the use of phylogenetic diversity indices more generally is discussed.
Climatology of severe hail potential in Europe based on a convection-permitting simulation
Authors: Kahraman Abdullah , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Fowler Hayley J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe present a new approach to identify severe hailstorms in a convection-permitting climate model, and build a climatology of severe hail potential in Europe using an ingredients-based approach based on a 20-year long hindcast simulation. Severe hail in Europe occurs mostly in southern regions (up to 40 times a year per 10,000 km2 around Northern Italy), and from May to August. It peaks from afternoon to evening hours on land, whilst sea areas are prone to hail at any time of the day. The Mediterranean Sea experiences severe hailstorms mostly in autumn: the central Mediterranean has the highest frequency among all regions studied, and may be considered as an unknown alley for hailstorms in Europe. Results derived from the high-resolution model are in very good agreement with existing hail climatologies constructed from observations, including the fine scale spatial variation. We conclude that our approach provides a reliable proxy for studying future changes in severe hail in convection-permitting simulations.
Validation of a risk score to differentiate autoimmune and viral encephalitis: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Denmark
Authors: Fjordside Lasse , Nissen Mette Scheller , Florescu Anna Maria , Storgaard Merete , Larsen Lykke , Wiese Lothar , von Lüttichau Hans Rudolf , Jepsen Micha Phill Grønholm , Hansen Birgitte Rønde , Andersen Christian Østergaard , Bodilsen Jacob , Nielsen Henrik , Blaabjerg Morten , Lebech Anne-Mette , Mens Helene 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
A score to differentiate autoimmune (AE) and viral encephalitis (VE) early upon admission has recently been developed but needed external validation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the score in a larger and more diagnostically diverse patient cohort.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective nationwide and population-based cohort study including all adults with encephalitis of definite viral (2015–2022) or autoimmune aetiology (2009–2022) in Denmark. Variables included in the score-model were extracted from patient records and individual risk scores were assessed. The performance of the score was assessed by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses and calculation of the area under the curve (AUC).

Results
A total of 496 patients with encephalitis [AE n = 90, VE n = 287 and presumed infectious encephalitis (PIE) n = 119] were included in the study. The score was highly accurate in predicting cases of AE reaching an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.92–0.97). Having a score ≥ 3 predicted AE with a PPV of 87% and an NPV of 91%. The risk score was found to perform well across aetiological subgroups and applied to the PIE cohort resulted in an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84–0.93).

Conclusion
The excellent performance of the score as reported in the development study was confirmed in this significantly larger and more diverse cohort of patients with encephalitis in Denmark. These results should prompt further prospective testing with wider inclusion criteria.
Evaluation of the surface characteristics and antibacterial properties of Titanium dioxide nanotube and methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine (MPC) coated orthodontic brackets-a comparative invitro study
Authors: Rao Madhura , Ashith M V , Suman Ethel , Isloor Arun M , Shetty Neetha J , Natarajan Srikant 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Objectives
White spot lesions are the most common iatrogenic effect observed during orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to compare the surface characteristics and antibacterial action of uncoated and coated orthodontic brackets.

Materials and methods
Sixty commercially available stainless steel brackets were coated with TiO2 nanotubes and methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine. The sample was divided into Group 1: uncoated orthodontic brackets, Group 2: Stainless steel brackets with TiO2 nanotubes coating, Group 3: Stainless steel brackets with methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine coating, and Group 4: Stainless steel brackets with TiO2 nanotubes combined with methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine coating. Surface characterization was assessed using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Streptococcus mutans was selected to test the antibacterial ability of the orthodontic brackets, total bacterial adhesion and bacterial viability were assessed. The brackets were subjected to scanning electron microscopy to detect the presence of biofilm.

Results
The surface roughness was the greatest in Group 1 and least in Group 2 followed by Group 4 and Group 3 coated brackets. The optical density values were highest in Group 1 and lowest in Group 4. Comparison of colony counts revealed high counts in Group 1 and low counts in Group 4. A positive correlation between surface roughness and colony counts was obtained, however, was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
The coated orthodontic brackets exhibited less surface roughness than the uncoated orthodontic brackets. Group 4 coated orthodontic brackets showed the best antibacterial properties.

Clinical relevance
Coated orthodontic brackets prevent adhesion of streptococcus mutans and reduces plaque accumulation around the brackets thereby preventing formation of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment.
Digital literacy scale: Validity and reliability study with the rasch model
Authors: Avinç Ece , Doğan Fatih 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe study aimed to develop a Likert-type measurement tool (Digital Literacy Scale, DLS) to determine the digital literacy levels of secondary school students. The validity and reliability of the developed measurement tool were verified using the Rasch model. The Rasch Model can estimate missing data and allow for small study groups (Rasch, Rasch, Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests, Danish Institute for Educational Research, 1960). Additionally, this model can verify the expected pattern of the measurement tool by calibrating it across participants and items. The content validity of DLS was ensured by expert opinion, and the construct validity was ensured by using the Rach model. In the content validity study, a 25-item pool was created for the draft DLS, and 5 items were removed from the draft DLS at this stage. Construct validity studies were carried out with the remaining 20 items using the classical test theory and item response theory (Rasch model). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and first-level Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used within the scope of classical test theory. Then some Rasch assumptions such as dimensionlessness, local independence, monotonicity, and bias were tested for DLS. In the validity and reliability analysis of DLS, no items were eliminated, and the quantitative theoretical results were statistically confirmed. The analysis results showed that the minimum statistical values required for a good measurement tool were met. Accordingly, 20 valid and reliable compatible items that can be used to determine the digital literacy status of secondary school students were produced.
Childhood Trajectories of Paternal and Maternal Psychological Distress and Decision-making in Early Adolescence
Authors: Sifaki Maria , Flouri Eirini , Midouhas Emily 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDecision-making is important for adolescent wellbeing, and predictive of several other outcomes. While past research demonstrates the role of maternal psychological distress in adolescent decision-making, the role of paternal psychological distress remains relatively unexplored. This study examined the association between trajectories of paternal and maternal psychological distress, jointly modelled, in childhood and child decision-making in early adolescence. Using data from 9846 families of the Millennium Cohort Study, we identified paternal and maternal psychological distress trajectories across child ages 3–11 using joint group-based trajectory modelling and explored their associations with offspring decision-making at age 11 with multiple linear regression models. Paternal and maternal psychological distress was measured with the Kessler-6 scale, while adolescent decision-making was assessed using the Cambridge Gambling Task. We identified 2 trajectories for fathers (‘low distress’ and ‘moderate-increasing distress’) and 4 for mothers (‘minimal distress’, ‘low distress’, ‘moderate-increasing distress’ and ‘severe distress’). When jointly modelled, paternal and maternal trajectories predicted decision-making in fully adjusted models. Compared to the ‘low distress’ paternal trajectory, the ‘moderate-increasing distress’ paternal trajectory was associated with less delay aversion, although this effect disappeared when examining only two-parent biological families. Compared to the ‘minimal distress’ maternal trajectory, the ‘moderate-increasing distress’ trajectory predicted slower deliberation time, whereas the ‘severe distress’ trajectory predicted greater risk-taking. There were no gender differences in these paths. Consistently moderate and high levels of maternal distress during childhood are associated with increased decision latency and greater risk-taking, respectively, in early adolescence.
Navigating the currents of coastal narratives in search of sustainable futures
Authors: Paterson Shona K. , Chabay Ilan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the face of rapid, consequential changes in coastal conditions, coastal communities and regions must make decisions to address these changes and negotiate pathways towards more sustainable futures. Making just and equitable decisions requires engaging the affected population and influential stakeholders in the process. These processes can be improved by considering and engaging with shared narratives present across both time and location. This paper reviews exemplary instances in which narratives have been employed in facilitating decisions in coastal regions, in particular, future-facing-narratives that reflect the social landscape and dynamics operating in parallel with environmental and geographical conditions. Recognizing and learning from these narratives deepens and facilitates making informed, meaningful decisions on complex, contested, value-laden issues facing coastal communities. This paper argues that decisions at scales from local-to-national can be improved by considering shared narratives of sustainability and social identity as central pillars of the negotiation around both governance processes and desirable outcomes.
Attenuated down-regulation of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 genes as a mechanism for phosphorus sensitivity in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae)
Authors: Bird Toby , Nestor Benjamin J. , Liu Shu Tong , Shen Qi , Ranathunge Kosala , Lambers Hans , Finnegan Patrick M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background and aims
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and integral for crop yield. However, plants adapted to P-impoverished environments, such as Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae), are often sensitive to P supplies that would be beneficial to other plants. The strategies for phosphate uptake and transport in P-sensitive species have received little attention.

Methods
Using a recently-assembled transcriptome of H. prostrata, we identified 10 putative members of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) gene family, which is responsible for inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake and transport in plants. We examined plant growth, organ P concentrations and the transcript levels for the eight PHT1 members that were expressed in roots of H. prostrata at Pi supplies ranging from P-impoverished to P-excess.

Key results
Hakea prostrata plants suppressed cluster root growth above ecologically-relevant Pi supplies, whilst non-cluster root mass ratios were constant. Root P concentrations increased with increasing Pi supply. Of the eight H. prostrata PHT1 genes tested, four had relatively high transcript amounts in young roots suggesting important roles in Pi uptake; however, a maximum five-fold difference in expression between P-impoverished and P-excess conditions indicated a low P-responsiveness for these genes. The HpPHT1;8 and HpPHT1;9 genes were paralogous to Pi-responsive Arabidopsis thaliana PHT1;8 and PHT1;9 orthologues involved in root-to-shoot translocation of P, but only HpPHT1;9 was P responsive.

Conclusions
An attenuated ability of H. prostrata to regulate PHT1 expression in response to Pi supply is likely responsible for its low capacity to control P uptake and contributes to its high P sensitivity.