bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of clear resection margins in anorectal malignant melanoma
Authors: Nilsson P J , Ragnarsson-Olding B K 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Anorectal melanoma is rare and surgery is the recommended primary treatment. There has been some debate whether abdominoperineal resection (APR) or local excision is most appropriate. The aim of this study was to provide a population-based analysis of symptoms, treatment and outcome.

Methods
From the Swedish National Cancer Registry, 251 patients with anorectal melanoma were identified from 1960 to 1999. Medical reports were collected and reviewed retrospectively. R0 resection was defined by clear macroscopic margins and a pathology report showing a margin greater than 10 mm. Survival was compared with the log rank test, and Cox multivariable analysis was performed.

Results
APR and local excision was performed in 66 and 86 patients respectively. Median survival after surgery was 14 months, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Seventy-two patients in whom an R0 resection was achieved, irrespective of approach, had a significantly better overall 5-year survival rate than patients with involved margins (19 versus 6 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). Multivariable analysis showed resection status and tumour stage to be independent prognostic variables.

Conclusion
Both APR and LE seem appropriate for anorectal melanoma provided clear margins can be achieved; prognosis is poor regardless of surgical approach.
Population-based trend analysis of 2813 patients undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid resection
Authors: Guller U , Rosella L , Karanicolas P J , Adamina M , Hahnloser D 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
The use of laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticular disease has become increasingly popular. The objective of this trend analysis was to assess whether clinical outcomes following laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticular disease have improved over the past 10 years.

Methods
The analysis was based on the prospective database of the Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery. Some 2813 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticular disease from 1995 to 2006 were included. Unadjusted and risk-adjusted analyses were performed.

Results
Over time, there was a significant reduction in the conversion rate (from 27·3 to 8·6 per cent; Ptrend &lt; 0·001), local postoperative complication rate (23·6 to 6·2 per cent; Ptrend = 0·004), general postoperative complication rate (14·6 to 4·9 per cent; Ptrend = 0·024) and reoperation rate (5·5 to 0·6 per cent; Ptrend = 0·015). Postoperative median length of hospital stay significantly decreased from 11 to 7 days (Ptrend &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
This first trend analysis in the literature of clinical outcomes after laparoscopic sigmoid resection, based on almost 3000 patients, has provided compelling evidence that rates of postoperative complications, conversion and reoperation, and length of hospital stay have decreased significantly over the past 10 years.
A major trauma centre is a specialty hospital not a hospital of specialties
Authors: Davenport R A , Tai N , West A , Bouamra O , Aylwin C , Woodford M , McGinley A , Lecky F , Walsh M S , Brohi K 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
High estimates of preventable death rates have renewed the impetus for national regionalization of trauma care. Institution of a specialist multidisciplinary trauma service and performance improvement programme was hypothesized to have resulted in improved outcomes for severely injured patients.

Methods
This was a comparative analysis of data from the Royal London Hospital (RLH) trauma registry and Trauma Audit and Research Network (England and Wales), 2000–2005. Preventable mortality was evaluated by prospective analysis of the RLH performance improvement programme.

Results
Mortality from critical injury at the RLH was 48 per cent lower in 2005 than 2000 (17·9 versus 34·2 per cent; P = 0·001). Overall mortality rates were unchanged for acute hospitals (4·3 versus 4·4 per cent) and other multispecialty hospitals (8·7 versus 7·3 per cent). Secondary transfer mortality in critically injured patients was 53 per cent lower in the regional network than the national average (5·2 versus 11·0 per cent; P = 0·001). Preventable death rates fell from 9 to 2 per cent (P = 0·040) and significant gains were made in critical care and ward bed utilization.

Conclusion
Institution of a specialist trauma service and performance improvement programme was associated with significant improvements in outcomes that exceeded national variations.
Liver resection under total vascular exclusion with or without preceding Pringle manoeuvre
Authors: Fu S-Y , Lau W Y , Li A-J , Yang Y , Pan Z-Y , Sun Y-M , Lai E C H , Zhou W-P , Wu M-C 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Adequate control of bleeding is crucial during liver resection. This study analysed the safety and efficacy of hepatectomy under total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) in patients with tumours encroaching or infiltrating the hepatic veins and/or the inferior vena cava (IVC).

Methods
All patients undergoing liver resection with THVE between January 2000 and July 2006 were identified from a prospectively collected database containing 2400 patients. Data on patient demographics, surgical procedure and outcome were collected.

Results
A total of 87 patients scheduled for liver resection under THVE were identified, 77 with malignant tumours and ten with benign disease. THVE could not be used in two patients (2 per cent) owing to haemodynamic intolerance during trial clamping. Seventeen patients received simultaneous clamping of the portal triad and vena cava, and 68 had portal triad clamping followed by concomitant portal and vena cava clamping. The mean(s.d.) duration of THVE was 28·3(7·5) and 18·7(5·2) min respectively. Overall postoperative complication and operative mortality rates were 53 and 2 per cent respectively. Mean(s.d.) hospital stay was 16·8(4·7) days.

Conclusion
Major hepatic resection for tumours encroaching on the hepatic veins or IVC can be carried out under THVE with reasonable morbidity and mortality.
Blumgart anastomosis for pancreaticojejunostomy minimizes severe complications after pancreatic head resection (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 741–750)
Authors: Grobmyer S R , Kooby D A , Hochwald S N , Blumgart L H 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Phosphopantetheinylation and Specificity of Acyl Carrier Proteins in the Mupirocin Biosynthetic Cluster
Authors: Shields Jennifer A. , Rahman Ayesha S. , Arthur Christopher J. , Crosby John , Hothersall Joanne , Simpson Thomas J. , Thomas Christopher M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAcyl carrier proteins are vital for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides. The mupirocin biosynthetic cluster of Pseudomonas fluorescens encodes eleven type I ACPs embedded in its multifunctional polyketide synthase (PKS) proteins plus five predicted type II ACPs (mAcpA‐E) that are known to be essential for mupirocin biosynthesis by deletion and complementation analysis. MupN is a putative Sfp‐type phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Overexpression of three type I and three type II mupirocin ACPs in Escherichia coli, with or without mupN, followed by mass spectroscopy revealed that MupN can modify both mupirocin type I and type II ACPs to their holo‐form. The endogenous phosphopantetheinyl transferase of E. coli modified mAcpA but not mAcpC or D. Overexpression of the type II ACPs in macp deletion mutants of the mupirocin producer P. fluorescens 10586 showed that they cannot substitute for each other while hybrids between mAcpA and mAcpB indicated that, at least for mAcpB, the C‐terminal domain determines functional specificity. Amino acid alignments identified mACPs A and D as having C‐terminal extensions. Mutation of these regions generated defective ACPs, the activity of which could be restored by overexpression of the macp genes on separate plasmids.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric Biaryl‐Containing Diols
Authors: Burda Edyta , Bauer Walter , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of C2‐symmetric diols bearing a biphenyl‐framework has been developed by means of an enzymatic reduction of the corresponding diketones, which were prepared by a Suzuki coupling reaction. Furthermore, a chemoenzymatic one‐pot synthesis of a C2‐symmetric diol in aqueous media has been realized through combination of the Suzuki coupling reaction and enzymatic reduction. Chiral stereoisomers of the biaryl‐containing diols are prepared with diastereomeric ratios in excess of 25:1 and enantiomeric excesses of greater than 99 %.
Catalysis in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Serp Philippe , Castillejos Eva 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCatalysis is currently recognized as a potential field of application for carbon nanotubes, and throughout the past decade the number of publications and patents on this subject has been increasing exponentially. In most of these cases, the use of these nanomaterials as support structures facilitates better performances than conventional supports. To date, most of the research has focused on supported metal catalysts, in which the active phase is located on the external surface of the carbon nanotubes. The selective deposition of metallic nanoparticles in the inner cavity of nanotubes, which could allow the exploitation of advantageous confinement effects, has received much less attention. In this Minireview, the different strategies for the preparation of such nanocatalysts, as well as the benefits that could be expected from the resultant confinement effects are presented, with the aim of highlighting their potential use in catalysis.
Dissymmetries in fluorescence excitation and emission from single chiral molecules
Authors: Hassey‐Paradise Ruthanne , Cyphersmith Austin , Tilley Anna May , Mortsolf Tim , Basak Dipankur , Venkataraman Dhandapani , Barnes Michael D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChirality in molecular systems plays profoundly important roles in chemistry and physics. Most chemistry students are introduced to the concept of chirality through demonstrations of the interaction of chiral molecules with polarized light manifested as an “optical rotation” leading to the “(+)” and “(−)” [or dextrorotatory (d‐) and levorotatory (l‐)] designations of chiral compounds, with the subsequent determination of absolute stereochemical configuration by chemical or physical means enabling application of the familiar “R” and “S” labels. Although the intrinsic molecular parameters that control the dissymmetric light‐matter interaction in chiral systems are well understood, we have only recently begun to ask questions regarding the role of local molecular environment and hidden heterogeneities associated with the ensemble‐averaged molecular chiroptical response. In this mini‐review, we discuss some of our recent research on application of single‐molecule spectroscopy as a tool for probing heterogeneities and fluctuations of chiroptical dissymmetries in condensed phase. Chirality 21:E265–E276, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation betweenR/Senantiomer ratio of lansoprazole and CYP2C19 activity after single oral and enteral administration
Authors: Miura Masatomo , Motoyama Satoru , Hinai Yudai , Niioka Takenori , Hayakari Makoto , Ogawa Jun‐Ichi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether CYP2C19 activity can be estimated from plasma concentrations of lansoprazole enantiomers 4 h (C4h) after single administrationbyoral and enteral routes. Sixty‐nine subjects, 22 homozygous extensive metabolizers (homEMs), 32 heterozygous EMs (hetEMs), and 15 poor metabolizers (PMs), participated in the study. After a single oral or enteral dose of racemic lansoprazole (30 mg), plasma concentrations of lansoprazole enantiomers were measured 4 h postdose. TheR/Sratio of lansoprazole at 4 h differed significantly among the three groups (P< 0.0001) regardless of the administration route. TheR/Sratio of lansoprazole in CYP2C19 PMs ranged from 3.0 to 13.7, whereas in homEMs and hetEMs the ratio ranged from 8.6 to 90 and 2.1 to 122, respectively. The relationship between (S)‐lansoprazole concentration andR/Sratio of lansoprazole at C4his given by the following formula: log10[R/Sratio] = 2.2 – 0.64 × log10[C4hof (S)‐lansoprazole] (r= 0.867,P< 0.0001). Thus, phenotyping CYP2C19 using theR/Senantiomer ratio of lansoprazole seems unlikely. However, to obtain a pharmacological effect similar to that in CYP2C19 PMs, we can presume that lansoprazole has a sufficient effect in the patient with anR/Senantiomer ratio at 4 h ≤ 13.70 and (S)‐lansoprazole concentration at 4 h ≥ 50 ng/ml. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myrcene as a Natural Base Chemical in Sustainable Chemistry: A Critical Review
Authors: Behr Arno , Johnen Leif 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCurrently, a shift towards chemical products derived from renewable, biological feedstocks is observed more and more. However, substantial differences with traditional feedstocks, such as their “hyperfunctionalization,” ethical problems caused by competition with foods, and problems with a constant qualitative/quantitative availability of the natural products, occasionally complicate the large‐scale market entry of renewable resources. In this context the vast family of terpenes is often not taken into consideration, although the terpenes have been known for hundreds of years as components of essential oils obtained from leaves, flowers, and fruits of many plants. The simple acyclic monoterpenes, particularly the industrially available myrcene, provide a classical chemistry similar to unsaturated hydrocarbons already known from oil and gas. Hence, this Review is aimed at reviving myrcene as a renewable compound suitable for sustainable chemistry in the area of fine chemicals. The versatility of the unsaturated C10‐hydrocarbon myrcene, leading to products with several different areas of application, is pointed out.
Are CB1receptor antagonists nootropic or cognitive impairing agents?
Authors: Varvel Stephen A. , Wise Laura E. , Lichtman Aron H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor more than a decade, a considerable amount of research has examined the effects of rimonabant (SR 141716) and other CB1receptor antagonists in both in vivo and in vitro models of learning and memory. In addition to its utility in determining whether the effects of drugs are mediated though a CB1receptor mechanism of action, these antagonists are useful in providing insight into the physiological function of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Several groups have reported that CB1receptor antagonists enhance memory duration in a variety of spatial and operant paradigms, but not in all paradigms. Conversely, disruption of CB1receptor signaling also impairs extinction learning in which the animal actively suppresses a learned response when reinforcement has been withheld. These extinction deficits occur in aversively motivated tasks, such as in fear conditioning or escape behavior in the Morris water maze task, but not in appetitively motivated tasks. Similarly, in electrophysiological models, CB1receptor antagonists elicit a variety of effects, including enhancement of long‐term potentiation (LTP), while disrupting long‐term depression (LTD) and interfering with transient forms of plasticity, including depolarization‐induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and depolarization‐induced suppression of excitation (DSE). The collective results of the in vivo and in vitro studies employing CB1receptor antagonists, demonstrate that these receptors play integral roles in different components of cognitive processing. Functionally, pharmacological blockade of CB1receptors may strengthen memory duration, but interferes with extinction of learned behaviors that are associated with traumatic or aversive memories. Drug Dev Res 70:555–565, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of taranabant (MK‐0364) for its self‐administration in rhesus monkeys and for its discriminative stimulus effects in rats
Authors: Beardsley Patrick M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTaranabant (aka, MK‐0364) was tested in rhesus monkeys that were trained to self‐administer cocaine and in rats that were trained to discriminate Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from vehicle in order to facilitate inferences about taranabant's potential to produce subjective effects similar to THC and to be used for recreational purposes (i.e., for its potential abuse liability). Four rhesus monkeys with chronically implanted intravenous catheters were trained to lever press according to fixed‐ratio 50 (FR50) schedules reinforced with infusions of 0.03 or 0.01 mg/kg cocaine during daily, 1‐h experimental sessions. During substitution tests, cocaine was replaced with a test dose (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) of taranabant for four, consecutive daily sessions. Additionally, 10 adult male Long‐Evans hooded rats were trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg i.p. THC from vehicle using a food‐reinforced, lever press procedure. Following training, doses of THC (0.1–10 mg/kg i.p.) and taranabant (0.3–17 mg/kg i.p.) were tested. None of the four monkeys self‐administered taranabant above vehicle‐control levels, and for three of the monkeys levels of responding were, at times, lower than those of vehicle itself. During discrimination tests, increases in the dose of THC or taranabant resulted in ED50values (±95% CI) of 9.65 mg/kg (7.03–13.27) and of 20.51 mg/kg (8.13–51.64), respectively, for reducing response rates. THC, but not taranabant, dose‐dependently generalized to the 3‐mg/kg THC discriminative stimulus at levels of 80% and above. These results indicate that taranabant does not exhibit THC‐like agonistic activity in vivo, and consequentially suggest it would be unlikely that it would have a THC‐like abuse potential. Drug Dev Res 70:577–584, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward the design of cannabinoid CB1receptor inverse agonists and neutral antagonists
Authors: Reggio Patricia H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cannabinoid CB1receptor belongs to Class A of the G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The high constitutive activity of CB1facilitates inverse agonism at this receptor, and CB1inverse agonists/antagonists have recently been considered for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. GPCRs are assumed to have a common topology and to share a common molecular activation mechanism involving their intracellular domains. However, each individual receptor will also have a molecular switch within the ligand binding pocket that is a noncovalent intramolecular interaction in the basal state of the GPCR that must be disrupted to achieve an active state or stabilized to maintain the inactive state. Knowledge of the molecular switch within the ligand binding pocket can greatly facilitate the rational design of inverse agonists and neutral antagonists. This review begins with a brief review on the CB1receptor and its ligands. The review then focuses on the experimental literature on GPCR structure and activation in Class A receptors. The identification of the molecular switch region in the ligand binding pocket of CB1(F3.36/W6.48) is discussed and the combined mutation and modeling studies that have led to the identification of interactions key to the inverse agonism of SR141716A are presented. Finally, the development of the first CB1neutral antagonists based on these modeling/mutation results is discussed. Drug Dev Res 70:585–600, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonylphenol‐induced apoptotic pathways in SCM1 human gastric cancer cells
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Chi , Kuo Daih‐Huang , Huang Chun‐Jen , Fang Yi‐Chien , Shieh Pochuen , Chen Fu‐An , Shaw Chen‐Fu , Jan Chung‐Ren 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnvironmental chemicals may affect human health by disrupting endocrine function. Many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are estrogen‐like molecules that are classified as xenoestrogens (XEs). One XE, nonylphenol, is used as a surfactant or plasticizer and exhibits biotoxicity when accumulated in the body via the food chain. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of nonylphenol‐induced SCM1 apoptosis by measuring cultured human gastric cancer cell (SCM1) death. Using WST‐1 reduction and propidium iodide‐staining assays, nonylphenol treatment was found to activate caspase‐3 and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), major markers in apoptotic pathways. Nonylphenol also activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). However, only SB203580 (a p38MAPK inhibitor) partially inhibited nonylphenol‐induced apoptosis. Nonylphenol induced a [Ca2+]i rise by causing extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and its effects on SCM1 cell death were prevented by pretreatment with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA/AM. These results suggest that nonylphenol caused Ca2+‐dependent apoptosis via the activation of p38 MAPK‐associated caspase‐3 in SCM1 cells. Drug Dev Res 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
miR133a regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes
Authors: Feng Biao , Chen Shali , George Biju , Feng Qingping , Chakrabarti Subrata 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction, eventually leads to heart failure. We have previously shown that alterations of a number of key molecules are involved in producing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether microRNAs (miRNA) play a role in mediating altered gene expression and structural/functional deficits in the heart in diabetes.MethodsSTZ‐induced diabetic mice were haemodynamically investigated after 2 months of diabetes to establish the development of cardiomyopathy. The tissues were then examined for gene expression and microRNA analysis. We further investigated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to identify the mechanisms of glucose‐induced hypertrophy and the potential role of miR133a.ResultsDiabetic mice showed myocardial contractile dysfunction and augmented mRNA expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP), MEF2A and MEF2C, SGK1 and IGF1R compared to age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Cardiac tissues from these mice showed alteration of multiple miRNAs by array analysis including miR133a, which was confirmed by RT‐PCR. In vitro exposure of cardiomyocytes to high levels of glucose produced hypertrophic changes and reduced expression of miRNA133a. Finally, transfection of miR133a mimics prevented altered gene expression and hypertrophic changes.ConclusionData from these studies demonstrate a novel glucose‐induced mechanism regulating gene expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes which is mediated through miR133a. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.