bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Id3 Restricts the Developmental Potential of γδ Lineage during Thymopoiesis
Authors: Ueda-Hayakawa Ikuko , Mahlios Josh , Zhuang Yuan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Most T cell progenitors develop into the αβ T cell lineage with the exception of a small fraction contributing to the γδ lineage throughout postnatal life. T cell progenitors usually commit to the αβ lineage upon the expression of a fully rearranged and functional TCRβ gene, and most cells that fail to produce a functional TCRβ-chain will die instead of adopting the alternative γδ T cell fate. What prevents these cells from continuing TCRγ rearrangement and adopting the γδ T cell fate is not known. In this study, we show that functional loss of Id3 results in a significant increase of γδ T cell production from progenitor cells undergoing TCRβ rearrangement. The enhanced γδ T cell development correlated with increased TCRγ gene rearrangement involving primarily Vγ1.1 in Id3 deficient mice. We further show that Id3 deficiency promotes γδ T cell production in a manner independent of TCRβ-chain expression. Our data indicates that Id3 suppresses Vγ1.1 rearrangement and γδ lineage potential among T cell progenitors that have completed TCRβ gene rearrangement without producing a functional TCRβ protein.
IL-23 Drives Pathogenic IL-17-Producing CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Ciric Bogoljub , El-behi Mohamed , Cabrera Rosalyn , Zhang Guang-Xian , Rostami Abdolmohamad 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
IL-17-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc17) appear to play a role in a range of conditions, such as autoimmunity and cancer. Thus far, Tc17 cells have been only marginally studied, resulting in a paucity of data on their biology and function. We demonstrate that Tc17 and Th17 cells share similar developmental characteristics, including the previously unknown promoting effect of IL-21 on Tc17 cell differentiation and IL-23-dependent expression of IL-22. Both STAT1 and STAT4 are required for optimal development of Tc17 cells and maximal secretion of cytokines. Tc17 cells are cytotoxic, and they can be either pathogenic or nonpathogenic upon adoptive transfer in the model of autoimmune diabetes. Tc17 cells treated with TGF-β1 plus IL-6 are not diabetogenic, whereas IL-23-treated cells potently induce the disease. IL-17A and IL-17F are necessary but not sufficient for diabetes induction by Tc17 cells. Tc17 cells treated with TGF-β1 plus IL-6 or IL-23 likely differ in pathogenicity due to their disparate capacity to attract other immune cells and initiate inflammation.
Transcriptome Profiling and Functional Analyses of the Zebrafish Embryonic Innate Immune Response to Salmonella Infection
Authors: Stockhammer Oliver W. , Zakrzewska Anna , Hegedûs Zoltán , Spaink Herman P. , Meijer Annemarie H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Due to the clear separation of innate immunity from adaptive responses, the externally developing zebrafish embryo represents a useful in vivo model for identification of innate host determinants of the response to bacterial infection. Here we performed a time-course transcriptome profiling study and gene ontology analysis of the embryonic innate immune response to infection with two model Salmonella strains that elicit either a lethal infection or an attenuated response. The transcriptional response to infection with both the lethal strain and the avirulent LPS O-Ag mutant strain showed clear conservation with host responses detected in other vertebrate models and human cells, including induction of genes encoding cell surface receptors, signaling intermediates, transcription factors, and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, our study led to the identification of a large set of novel immune response genes and infection markers, the future functional characterization of which will support vertebrate genome annotation. From the time series and bacterial strain comparisons, matrix metalloproteinase genes, including mmp9, were among the most consistent infection-responsive genes. Purified Salmonella flagellin also strongly induced mmp9 expression. Using knockdown analysis, we showed that this gene was downstream of the zebrafish homologs of the flagellin receptor TLR5 and the adaptor MyD88. Additionally, flagellin-mediated induction of other inflammation markers, including il1b, il8, and cxcl-C1c, was reduced upon Tlr5 knockdown as well as expression of irak3, a putative negative TLR pathway regulator. Finally, we showed that induction of il1b, mmp9, and irak3 requires Myd88-dependent signaling, while ifn1 and il8 were induced Myd88 independently during Salmonella infection.
Mechanism Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Corzo Cesar A. , Cotter Matthew J. , Cheng Pingyan , Cheng Fendong , Kusmartsev Sergei , Sotomayor Eduardo , Padhya Tapan , McCaffrey Thomas V. , McCaffrey Judith C. , Gabrilovich Dmitry I. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a major component of the immune suppressive network described in cancer and many other pathological conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated that one of the major mechanisms of MDSC-induced immune suppression is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanism of this phenomenon remained unknown. In this study, we observed a substantial up-regulation of ROS by MDSC in all of seven different tumor models and in patients with head and neck cancer. The increased ROS production by MDSC is mediated by up-regulated activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX2). MDSC from tumor-bearing mice had significantly higher expression of NOX2 subunits, primarily p47phox and gp91phox, compared with immature myeloid cells from tumor-free mice. Expression of NOX2 subunits in MDSC was controlled by the STAT3 transcription factor. In the absence of NOX2 activity, MDSC lost the ability to suppress T cell responses and quickly differentiated into mature macrophages and dendritic cells. These findings expand our fundamental understanding of the biology of MDSC and may also open new opportunities for therapeutic regulation of these cells in cancer.
Natural Graphite
Authors: Kalyoncu Rustu S. , Taylor Harold A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGraphite is the soft, gray‐black form of crystalline carbon; the other forms of crystalline carbon are diamond and fullerenes. Graphite occurs naturally as crystalline flake, mined as flat hexagonal flakes in usually weathered metamorphic rock, as amorphous in former coal beds subjected to additional heat and pressure, and as lump or high‐crystalline graphite occurring in hydrothermal veins in its host rock in Sri Lanka. Natural graphite is not mined in the United States. It is usually mined by open‐pit and beneficiated (crystalline flake) by flotation. Its principal sources are China and Brazil, then Canada, Mexico, and Madagascar.Flake graphite can also be recovered from a steelmaking waste called kish. Competition within China sets the world price. Natural graphite is used principally in graphite‐containing refractories for steelmaking that are thermally conductive and resist high temperatures, in automotive brake linings, and in batteries, pencils, lubricants, and crucibles. It may come to be used in fuel cells to power nonpolluting vehicles.
Handbook Of Heterogeneous Catalysis.Band 1–8. 2., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Herausgegeben von G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth und J. Weitkamp.
Authors: Thomas John Meurig 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWiley‐VCH, Weinheim 2008. 3966 S., geb., 1999.00 €.—ISBN 978‐3527312412magnified image
Handbook Of Heterogeneous Catalysis. 2., completely revised and enlarged Edition. Vol. 1–8. Edited by G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth, and J. Weitkamp.
Authors: Thomas John Meurig 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWiley‐VCH, Weinheim 2008. 3966 pp., hardcover € 1999.00.—ISBN 978‐3527312412magnified image
Cover Picture: Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Bisanthraquinone Antibiotic BE‐43472B (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 19/2009)
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Lim Yee Hwee , Becker Jochen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA cascade sequence featuring a Diels–Alder reaction, a lactolization, and an SN(Ar)‐type substitution forms the core of the bisanthraquinone antibiotic BE‐43472B in its first total synthesis, which K. C. Nicolaou et al. describe in their Communication on page 3444 ff. The background of the cover picture is a photograph of Ecteinascidia turbinata (courtesy of John Easley Photography), the marine source of the streptomyces strain producing this antibiotic.magnified imageA cascade sequence featuring a Diels–Alder reaction, a lactolization, and an SN(Ar)‐type substitution forms the core of the bisanthraquinone antibiotic BE‐43472B in its first total synthesis, which K. C. Nicolaou et al. describe in their Communication on page 3444 ff. The background of the cover picture is a photograph of Ecteinascidia turbinata (courtesy of John Easley Photography), the marine source of the streptomyces strain producing this antibiotic.magnified image
Toward automated peak resolution in complete GC × GC–TOFMS chromatograms by PARAFAC
Authors: Hoggard Jamin C. , Siegler W. Christopher , Synovec Robert E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe have previously developed automated PARAFAC methods for resolving peaks from small subsections of data, obtained using comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectral detection (GC × GC–TOFMS). Herein, we build upon those previous methods and present a new method for resolving peaks across much larger sections or even entire GC × GC–TOFMS chromatograms using PARAFAC in an automated fashion. In addition, the method presented is demonstrated on three GC × GC–TOFMS data sets: (1) a complete chromatogram of a test mixture of 32 compounds, (2) several compounds spiked into a diesel sample at two known concentrations and (3) a large section of the chromatogram of the headspace of a urine sample collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME), i.e. containing volatile metabolites. The results of these analyses show that the presented method resolves peaks (including overlapping peaks) and provides useful quantitative and identification information as long as some care is taken in the selection of parameters (such as the size of subsections to be analyzed individually by PARAFAC). Analysis time using PARAFAC remains a challenge, but a technique for reducing the amount of time is demonstrated and future possibilities for greatly reducing the analysis time are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lehrerfortbildung im Bereich Chemie – eine Chance für die Unterrichtsentwicklung an der Hauptschule
Authors: Barth Ulrich , Pfeifer Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund der PISA‐Studien [1] gewinnen Anstrengungen zur Schul‐ und Unterrichtsentwicklung weitere Aktualität. Ein wichtiges Instrument zur Unterrichtsentwicklung ist dabei die Lehrerfortbildung, die sich mit ihrem Fortbildungsangebot zumeist an Experten wendet, d.h. Zielgruppe sind Lehrkräfte, die das entsprechende Unterrichtsfach studiert haben und auch Unterrichtserfahrung mitbringen. Ziel der Lehrerfortbildung muss in diesem Fall sein, den Lehrkräften neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Fachwissenschaft sowie der Fachdidaktik in „ihrem Fach”︁ nahe zu bringen, sie also auf „dem Laufenden”︁ zu halten.
Übergangsmetallkomplexe in der Organischen Chemie
Authors: Butenschön Holger 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie Metallorganische Chemie ist ein Teilgebiet der Chemie, welches zwischen der Organischen und der Anorganischen Chemie angesiedelt ist. Während die Organische Chemie definitionsgemäß die Chemie der Verbindungen des Kohlenstoffs ist und die Anorganische Chemie unter anderem die Chemie der Metalle und deren Verbindungen zum Gegenstand hat, verknüpft die Metallorganische Chemie Teile dieser beiden Disziplinen, indem Verbindungen bearbeitet werden, die neben organischen Teilen auch Metalle enthalten. Innerhalb der Metallorganischen Chemie werden üblicherweise Verbindungen der Hauptgruppenmetalle wie Triethylaluminium oder Grignard‐Reagenzien von den Übergangsmetallkomplexen unterschieden. Letztere sind der Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes.Übergangsmetallkomplexe bestehen aus einem oder mehreren Metallatomen und daran gebundenen, oft organischen Liganden. Durch die Bindung an ein Metallatom verändern sich die chemischen Eigenschaften der Liganden und des Metallzentrums. Dementsprechend werden hier nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Stoffklasse der Übergangsmetallkomplexe zunächst einige ausgewählte Reaktionen an den Liganden von Übergangsmetallkomplexen behandelt. Es folgen stöchiometrische Reaktionen am Metallatom. Danach wird der wichtige und anwendungsnahe Bereich der Übergangsmetallkatalyse an einigen aktuellen Beispielen vorgestellt. Den Abschluss bildet eine kurze Zusammenfassung. In einem Einschub werden die Herstellung des Ferrocens sowie seine Acetylierung als Möglichkeit für die Berücksichtigung metallorganischer Verbindungen im Chemieunterricht vorgestellt.
Creep analysis of high concrete‐faced rockfill dam
Authors: Wei Zhou , Xiaolin Chang , Chuangbing Zhou , Xinghong Liu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe focus of the present study of a concrete‐faced rockfill dam (CFRD) is the time‐dependent deformation problem of rockfill, especially under a high confining pressure. In this paper, a new creep constitutive model for rockfill is introduced. A numerical realization step and algorithm applied to the analysis using the general finite element method is also presented for the creep model. The numerical simulation result of the creep model is compared with data from a laboratory triaxial creep test. It is concluded that the creep model can describe the real creep characteristics and mechanical behavior of rockfill. In studying the stress and deformation behavior of the high rockfill dam, and considering the creep effect, the creep model is applied in performing creep analysis of the Shuibuya CFRD with 200 m high in China, now the highest constructed CFRD in the world. In comparing the creep numerical simulation results with those of previous analyses that did not consider the creep effect, the deformation of the dam exhibits an evident increment, and the rockfill creep has an obvious influence on the deformation and stress of the concrete‐face slab. The prediction of the final maximum settlement was 2.09 m for the Shuibuya Dam, with the rockfill creep effect in accord with the creep parameters of the triaxial creep test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bmp2 and Bmp4 genetically interact to support multiple aspects of mouse development including functional heart development
Authors: Uchimura Takashi , Komatsu Yoshihiro , Tanaka Momo , McCann Kelly L. , Mishina Yuji 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple roles during embryogenesis. Current data indicate that the dosage of BMPs is tightly regulated for normal development in mice. Since Bmp2 or Bmp4 homozygous mutant mice show early embryonic lethality, we generated compound heterozygous mice for Bmp2 and Bmp4 to explore the impact of lowered dosage of these BMP ligands. Genotyping pups bred between Bmp2 and Bmp4 heterozygous mice revealed that the ratio of adult compound heterozygous mice for Bmp2 and Bmp4 is much lower than expected. During embryogenesis, the compound heterozygous embryos showed several abnormalities, including defects in eye formation, body wall closure defects, and ventricular septal defects (VSD) in the heart. However, the ratio of the compound heterozygous embryos was the same as expected. Caesarean sections at E18.5 revealed that half of the compound heterozygotes died soon after birth, and the majority of the dead individuals exhibited VSD. Survivors were able to grow to adults, but their body weight was significantly lower than control littermates. They demonstrated progressive abnormalities in the heart, eventually showing a branched leaflet in atrioventricular valves. These results suggest that the dosage of both BMP2 and 4 is critical for functional heart formation during embryogenesis and after birth. genesis 47:374–384, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lmx1b‐expressing cells in the mouse limb bud define a dorsal mesenchymal lineage compartment
Authors: Qiu Qiong , Chen Haixu , Johnson Randy L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLmx1b‐lacZ expression (blue) highlights dorsal‐restricted expression in limb bud mesenchyme of the mouse embryo. See the paper by Qiu and Johnson in this issue.
Determination of organophosphorus pesticides by capillary electrophoresis‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with collective sample‐introduction technique
Authors: Yang GuiDi , Xu XueQin , Shen MinCong , Wang Wei , Xu LiangJun , Chen GuoNan , Fu FengFu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides using CE‐ICP‐MS with collective sample‐introduction technique has been developed in this study. The method has been successfully used to separate and determine dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate with an RSD of <5% for migration times (n=6) and <4% for peak areas (n=6). The experimental results showed that the collective sample‐introduction considerably reduced the makeup volume and the dilution of analyte, and eventually resulted in a much lower detection limit and a much better electrophoretic resolution. The peak widths and the detection limits of dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate obtained with this method are 15–17 s and 0.05–0.07 μg/mL (as compound), respectively. Using this method, we have successfully separated and determined dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate in vegetable sample with a recovery of 90–96%.
Effect of salicylic acid and diclofenac on the medium‐chain and long‐chain acyl‐CoA formation in the liver and brain of mouse
Authors: Kasuya Fumiyo , Kazumi Maya , Tatsuki Takao , Suzuki Risa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMedium‐chain and long‐chain acyl‐CoA esters are key metabolites in fatty acid metabolism. Effects of salicylic acid on thein vivoformation of acyl‐CoAs in mouse liver and brain were investigated. Further, inhibition of the medium‐chain and long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases by salicylic acid and diclofenac was determined in mouse liver and brain mitochondria. Acyl‐CoA esters were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The amounts of medium‐chain acyl‐CoAs (C6, C8and C10) were less than long‐chain acyl‐CoAs (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1and C20:4) in both liver and brain. The administration of salicylic acid decreased the levels of both the medium‐chain (C6, C8and C10) and long‐chain acyl‐CoAs (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1and C20:4) in liver. In brain, however, only long‐chain acyl‐CoAs were decreased. The level of salicylyl‐CoA detected in brain was about 12% of that in liver. Salicylic acid had a strong inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.1 mm) for the liver mitochondrial formation of hexanoyl‐CoA from hexanoic acid, whereas diclofenac was weak (IC50 = 4.4 mm). In contrast, diclofenac (IC50 = 1.4 mm) inhibited the liver mitochondrial long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases more potently than salicylic acid (IC50 = 25.5 mm). Similar inhibitory activities for the acyl‐CoA synthetases were obtained in the case of the brain and liver mitochondria, except for the weak inhibition of brain medium‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases by salicylic acid (IC50 = 1.8 mm). These findings suggest that salicylic acid and diclofenac exhibit different mechanisms of inhibition of fatty acid metabolism depending on the length of the acyl chain and tissues, and they may contribute to the further understanding of the toxic effects associated with these drugs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapist responsiveness to child engagement: flexibility within manual‐based CBT for anxious youth
Authors: Chu Brian C. , Kendall Philip C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTherapy process research helps delineate common and specific elements essential to positive outcomes as well as develop best practice training protocols. Child involvement and therapist flexibility were rated in 63 anxious youth (ages 8–14) who received cognitive–behavioral therapy. Therapist flexibility, defined as therapist attempts to adapt treatment to a child's needs, was hypothesized to act as an engagement strategy that serves to increase child involvement during therapy. Flexibility was significantly related to increases in later child engagement, which subsequently predicted improvement in posttreatment diagnosis and impairment. Therapist flexibility was not associated with earlier measures of child engagement, so a mediation model could not be supported. It was also hypothesized that the impact of flexibility would be greatest for cases who began treatment highly disengaged (i.e., early involvement would moderate the effect of flexibility). Basic descriptive data supported this model, but formal analyses failed to confirm. Further descriptive analyses suggest therapists employ a range of adaptations and a profile of flexible applications within a manual‐based treatment is provided. Treatment, measurement, and dissemination issues are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 65: 1–19, 2009.
The synthesis of ω‐dialkylaminoalkylaminopyrazino[2,3‐d]‐, pyrido[2,3‐d]‐, imidazo[4,5‐c]‐ and imidazo[4,5‐d]pyridazines
Authors: Patel Natu R. , Rich William M. , Castle Raymond N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 5‐chloro‐8‐(ω‐dialkylaminoalkylamino)pyrazino[2,3‐d]pyridazine (II) proceeded smoothly when 5,8‐dichloropyrazino[2,3‐d]pyridazine (I) was allowed to react with ω‐dialkylaminoalkylamines. Similarly, the reaction of 5,8‐dichloropyrido[2,3‐d]pyridazine (IV) with ω‐dialkylaminoalkylamines gave the two expected products 8‐chloro‐5‐(ω‐dialkylaminoalkylamino)pyrido[2,3‐d]pyridazine (V) and 5‐chloro‐8‐(ω‐dialkylaminoalkylamino)pyrido[2,3‐d]pyridazine (VI) in a 2:3 ratio. 4,7‐Dichloroimidazo[4,5‐d]pyridazine (XII) was found to be much less reactive towards nucleophilic substitutions and more vigorous conditions resulted in disubstituted products (XIII). 7‐Chloroimidazo[4,5‐c]pyridazine (XVIII) was also found to be much less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution. In both of these cases one of the imidazole nitrogen atoms was blocked by a tetrahydropyranyl group which increased the reactivities and led to the desired monosubstituted products XVII from XII and in the latter case the expected products (XIX).
Pyrimidines. XXI. 1‐(Tetrahydro‐2‐furyl)pyrimidines
Authors: Noell C. Wayne , Cheng C. C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA number of 1‐(tetrahydro‐2‐furyl)uracils, cytosines and related compounds were synthesized by a modified Hilbert‐Johnson method from 2‐chlorotetrahydrofuran and the corresponding 2,4‐dimethoxypyrimidines. The relative stability in acid of tetrahydrofuryl and tetrahydropyranyl moieties in compounds of this type was discussed. 2‐Oxo‐4‐methoxy‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine, a compound which has been erroneously reported, has now been prepared and its structure confirmed by conversion into cytosine.
The polymerization of difluorodiazirine
Authors: Ogden Paul H. , Mitsch Ronald A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPyrolysis or ultraviolet photolysis of difluorodiazirine in the presence of boron trifluoride produced polydifluoromethylene. Like polymethylene derived from diazomethane, the polydifluoromethylene so produced possesses “living polymer” properties. The mechanism of polymerization is discussed and is thought to involve the formation of a linear intermediate.
The nitrobenzo [b] thiophenes
Authors: Boswell D. E. , Brennan J. A. , Landis P. S. , Rodewald P. G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSyntheses, and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data for the six mononitrobenzo[b] thiophenes are described. Sulfonation of benzo[b] thiophene has been demonstrated to produce the 2‐ and 3‐isomers.