bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE RESISTANCE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEATS TO THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSawfly-resistant bread wheats varied widely among years in resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Experimental evidence showed that the major factor involved was a reduction in the intensity of sunlight. A reduction in the intensity of sunlight by up to 50%, which was produced by shading the growing plants with cotton sheeting, caused minor decreases in sawfly resistance. More intensive shading with solid-sided cages and with combined light filters of red and yellow caused the plants to become hollow-stemmed and very susceptible to sawfly damage.Annual variations in sawfly resistance in plants grown in the field from 1949 to 1978 were significantly related to variations in the number of days with measurable precipitation, to the amounts of precipitation, and to the hours of bright sunshine in the period between 25 May and 5 July. These weather variables were significantly interrelated and were important primarily because they indicated the amounts of light received by the plants. A sufficient reduction in the amount of light (particularly during mid-June) significantly reduced sawfly resistance.
MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAE, DEUTONYMPHS, AND ADULTS OF THE WATER MITENAJADICOLA INGENS(PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA: HYGROBATOIDEA) WITH REMARKS ON PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND REVISION OF TAXONOMIC PLACEMENT OF NAJADICOLINAE
Authors: Simmons Thomas W. , Smith Ian M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults and deutonymphs ofNajadicola ingens(Koenike) are redescribed and larvae are described for the first time. In light of larval, deutonymphal and adult character states, the phylogenetic relationship ofNajadicolawith genera in the families Pionidae and Unionicolidae is re-evaluated and transfer of the subfamily Najadicolinae to Pionidae is proposed. Original life history information is presented to supplement existing literature. Parasitism by larvalN. ingenson an adult chironomid of the genusPolypedilumis reported. The unique behavioural and morphological characteristics of members ofNajadicolasuggest that mussel parasitism evolved independently from a parallel adaptive sequence in the genusUnionicola.
SPECIES RICHNESS, DENSITY, AND DIVERSITY OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN A HABITAT OF THE MIXED GRASS PRAIRIE
Authors: Pfadt Robert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn assemblage of 24 grasshopper species inhabited a mixed grass prairie site near Livermore, Colorado. Ten species were gomphocerines, 9 melanoplines, and 5 locustines; the gomphocerines represented ca. 80% of total density, melanoplines 15%, and locustines 5%. Grass feeders, gomphocerines and most locustines, made up 85% of total density. The dominant species was Ageneotettix deorum which contributed 52% of the grasshopper density in 1981 and 37% in 1982. The grasshopper population was at outbreak density both years, 60/m2 in 1981 and 36/m2 in 1982. The pasture had never been treated with insecticide or herbicide. The Shannon-Wiener index of ca. 2.00 indicated a high grasshopper diversity.
A CATALOGUE OF TYPES OF COLEOPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS, SUPPLEMENT II
Authors: McNamara Jean 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe type material, added to the Coleoptera Section of the Canadian National Collection of Insects from 1 January 1974 to 31 December 1980, is catalogued. This new material consists of 416 holotypes, 188 allotypes and 4 neotypes; 2 species are represented by syntypes and 718 by paratypes or paralectotypes. The reference to the original description for each species is cited. All data associated with the specimens are quoted, except in the case of paratypes, paralectotypes and syntypes.
VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FOOD CONSUMPTION AND REPRODUCTION IN THE COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Rollo C. David , Gunderman Marvin W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLong term daily feeding in individual adult males and females of Periplaneta americana (L.) was quantified using a standardized diet. There was considerable variation among days, probably related to digestive processes with a period greater than 1 day. Female feeding was correlated with the reproductive cycle, most feeding occurring during the first few days after depositing an oötheca. Females differed with respect to the length of their reproductive cycles, and the amount of food that was accumulated prior to producing an oötheca. Females with high feeding rates produced oöthecae at a faster rate, but they were less efficient at converting food into oöthecal biomass than females that ate more slowly. A decrease in temperature from 25 °C to 20 °C more than doubled the length of the reproductive cycle, but the amount of food accumulated during inter-ovipositional intervals and the size of the oöthecae were not affected.
EFFECT OF EXPOSING ADULTS OF THE GYPSY MOTH PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) TO HOSTS ON THE PARASITE'S SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIOR
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo-day-old females of Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) were exposed to hosts for several days after which their host-related behavior was observed. Parasites retained their preference for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), larvae over greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), whether conditioned to gypsy moths, wax moths, or no hosts. However, parasites conditioned to gypsy moth larvae examined and attacked hosts less frequently than those conditioned to wax moths or to no hosts. By exposing female flies to gypsy moth larvae for short times before tests and by dissecting them it was found that the number of progeny a female was capable of producing was not closely related to subsequent levels of parasite activity. Thus the activity differences appear to be behavioral rather than physiological in origin. The explanation appears to be that C. concinnata is unusually active when it first encounters a preferred host such as the gypsy moth. The invariance of the preference for gypsy moth larvae despite the exposure history of adult females means that C. concinnata probably could be reared on wax moths in the laboratory without concern that newly-emerged parasites might contact wax moths. They would still successfully attack gypsy moths in the field.
SPATIAL SEGREGATION BETWEEN APHIS VERNONIAE (APHIDIDAE) AND PUBLILIA RETICULATA (MEMBRACIDAE), TWO SPECIES OF COLONIAL HOMOPTERA ON NEW YORK IRONWEED
Authors: Bristow Catherine M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpatial segregation between the colonial homopterans Aphis vernoniae Thomas and Publilia reticulata Van Duzee on New York ironweed, Vernonia noveboracensis L., does not occur either among plant patches or among plants. Before August, spatial separation occurs on the plants, with A. vernoniae concentrated in the inflorescences and P. reticulata concentrated on the middle leaves. Apparent overlap increases as A. vernoniae moves onto senescing leaves late in the season. However, the A. vernoniae colonies are found nearer to the petiole, and there is little actual overlap in the distributions of the two species.
MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: I. AGE-SPECIFIC ENERGETICS MODELS—PEA APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Summers C. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA simple age-specific energetics (calories or biomass) model for the growth and development, reproduction, respiration, ageing, and intrinsic survivorship as a function of temperature and per capita energy availability for pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) is reported. The ratio of energy supply–demand is used to scale all of the rates in the model. The maximum demand for energy based upon current state values is used to drive the Frazer–Gilbert functional response model (i.e. food acquisition), which is a component of the metabolic pool model used to assimilate energy to growth, reproduction, respiration, and egestion. The extensive data sets on pea aphid energetics published by Randolph et al. (1975) were used to develop the model. As the model estimates reproduction (Mx) and survivorship (Lx) values, extensive published age-specific life-data sets on pea aphids are used to test it. The results suggest:(1) the lower thermal threshold for development is raised and the upper threshold is lowered as food resources are decreased(2) the temperature-dependent rate of development is slowed with decreasing energy resources(3) the size of individuals and reproduction become smaller as temperature approaches the upper and lower thermal thresholds.A simple model for multitrophic level interactions incorporating the acquisition and assimilation functions is presented.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): EVIDENCE FOR A MISSING COMPONENT
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWind tunnel experiments confirmed the optimum blend of the two major components of the sex pheromone of the spruce bud worm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal, to be close to a ratio of 95(E):5(Z). The addition of two minor components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the saturated tetradecanal, previously identified in the effluvia of calling virgin females, showed that the acetate alone reduced the level of some responses, while the addition of tetradecanal to the acetate:aldehyde blend restored response to previous levels. Addition of tetradecanal alone showed only minor effects on responses. Males responding to calling females showed higher levels of response and sustained flight longer than did males responding to the four-component blend, and this fact suggests that the blend is incomplete.
MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: III. A CASE STUDY IN AN ALFALFA ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Summers C. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe field population dynamics of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), as influenced by weather, competitors (Egyptian alfalfa weevil = EAW, Hypera brunneipennis), predation from coccinellids (Hippodamia convergens) and harvesting practices, are examined with a stochastic multitrophic level simulation model. The model incorporates a demand-driven functional-response model to estimate prey consumption, and a metabolic pool model to determine the rates and priorities of food allocation to respiration, growth, reproduction, and egestion.The model results compare favorably with field data, and are used to examine the effects of removal of each of the above factors on the dynamics of the aphids. The model shows that the observed density of EAW did not affect the aphid dynamics, but did reduce the standing crop of alfalfa. The predator H. convergens had a significant effect on the population dynamics of the aphids and the plant. Harvesting greatly affected the aphid population dynamics, as well as the dynamics of plant growth and reserve accumulation. However, high temperatures mediated through species-specific respiration costs and possibly a fungal pathogen were responsible for the observed dominance of blue aphid populations in the cool parts of the year and pea aphid populations during warmer parts of the year.
Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes and Root Maggots
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Klassen W. , Pillai M. K. K. , Hooper G. S. H. 
Published: December 2009

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the past 5 years, and others who have contributed to it are F. Matsumura, Z. H. Abedi, T. Kimura, P. G. Fast, J. G. Towgood, J. N. Telford and N. H. Khan.The work with the mosquito Aedes aegypti has involved study of 8 susceptible strains. The mechanism of DDT-resistance has been found to be associated with its detoxication by an enzymic process of dehydrochlorination to DDE; the amount of DDE produced has been found to be directly proportional to the resistance level, both by experiments with larvae in vivo and with larval homogenates incubated with DDT and glutathione in vitro. A secondary resistance mechanism in American strains has been a very pronounced secretion and excretion of peritrophic membrane by the larvae.
The Genus Chrysopophthorus Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysopophthorus has a very wide distribution, occurring in four continents. C. chrysopimaginis Goidanich is placed as a new synonym of C. hungaricus (Z.-Kiss), which is transferred here from Helorimorpha (new combination). The other European species, C. elegans Tobias, is distinguished. Five new species are described; C. americanus from the United States, C. tropicalis, C. caribbeanus and C. brasileanus from South and Central America, and C. orientalis from Malaya.
Mosquito Abundance within a Minnesota Metropolitan Area, 1956–1962
Authors: Price Roger D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLight traps were operated in northern Minneapolis-St. Paul to determine effects of precipitation and control activities upon abundance of Aedes vexans. Data show that the number of female A. vexans taken at the traps is correlated fairly closely with total rainfall, in spite of intensive mosquito abatement operations within the area.
Sexual Behavior in Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae): I. The GenusPyrota
Authors: Selander Richard B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe sexual behavior of 11 species ofPyrotais described. Analysis of the functional significance of anatomical secondary sexual characters in these species and a survey of similar modifications in others indicates that the general pattern observed is characteristic of the genus. Adults exhibit little aggressive behavior, and courtship involves prolonged physical contact between the sexes. Male courtship activities follow a regular cyclic pattern, as he alternately mounts above the female to perform one series of acts (palpation, dorsal antennation, and rocking) and orients behind her to perform another (leg grasp, palpal insertion beneath her elytra, lifting of her body, posterior antennation, abdominal curvature and stroke, and genital hold). Copulation entails abdominal pumping by the male.As a prelude to comparative studies, a new classification of the Meloidae is proposed. Characters of sexual and related behavior at the subfamilial level and anatomical characters associated with them are discussed in an evolutionary context. Nemognathinae and, by inference, Eleticinae have simple courtship behavior, copulate dorso-ventrally for short periods of time, and do not prepare sites for oviposition. Meloinae have more elaborate courtship, copulate in a linear position for extended periods, and oviposit in specially prepared cavities in the ground.Compared with that in other Meloidae, courtship behavior inPyrotais both complex and highly distinctive. Interspecific differences, considered in detail for six species, involve variation in the precise manner of performance of acts and their temporal relationships. Systematically the ethological data are in reasonable accord with those from other sources except that the courtship behavior ofP.concinnais more divergent from that of its presumed relatives than would be expected on the basis of anatomical and ecological characters. An explanation of this discrepancy is proposed in terms of the evolutionary reinforcement of ethological differences functioning in interspecific reproductive isolation.
Mating Behaviour of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Dustan G. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments and observations on Oriental fruit moths in cages and in a peach orchard showed that both males and females may mate more than once. The maximum recorded number of matings was 7 for males and 5 for females. Mating usually occurred in the late afternoon and early evening during the daily flight and egg-laying period. Males seldom mated oftener than once in 24 hours and they transferred only one spermatophore to the female per mating. In cages, males mated approximately 1.4 times each when confined with equal numbers of females. Of the females taken in bait traps in a peach orchard, an average of 2.9% had not mated, 78.8% had mated once, 14.6% twice, and 3.7% more than twice. The mating behaviour of the Oriental fruit moth was shown to be similar to that of the codling moth.
AsiphonaphisWilson and Davis in North America (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Robinson A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA synopsis is given of what is known from the literature of the genusAsiphonaphisin North America. Four species have been described:pruni,anogis,utahensisandcarolinensis. There is evidence that the species described asA.carolinensisis the same asA.anogis. Measurements are given of series of fundatrices, alate and viviparous females, males and oviparae ofA.prunicollected in Manitoba.
Comparative Morphology of some Chrysobothris Larvae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of Eastern Canada
Authors: Benoit Paul 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study deals with the larval morphology of the six commonest species of Chrysobothris that occur in eastern Canada. The morphology of the genus is presented as a guide to the terminology. For each species, a short diagnosis is given, followed by a detailed description, its geographical distribution and a list of its host-plant genera. A key to the larvae is provided.
The Separation of Insect Haemolymph Proteins
Authors: Loughton B. G. , Rueffel P. , Stich H. , West A. S. 
Published: December 2009

It has been suggested that information on the phylogenetic relationships of genera and species could be obtained by comparing the amino acid sequence in the homologous proteins of different species. This procedure is extremely difficult and time-consuming.However, a relatively rapid characterization of proteins can be obtained by analysing their mobilities with starch-gel electrophoresis and examination of antigenic diversity by the agar gel diffusion technique of Ouchterlony.
The Nearctic Species of the Xysticus labradorensis Subgroup (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: Buckle D. J. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe labradorensis subgroup consists of three nearctic species, namely, X. labradorensis Keyserling, 1887, from the low arctic and the Rocky Mountains, X. deichmanni Soerensen, 1898, from the arid arctic, and X. rugosus new name (= X. bimaculatus Emerton, 1894 preoccupied by X. bimaculatus L. Koch 1867) from the Rocky Mountains.
The Value of Physical Factors in Insect Control
Authors: Belton P. , Maw M. G. 
Published: December 2009

For several years we have been investigating the effects of natural and artificial acoustical and electrical phenomena on the behaviour of insects with a view to the development of new methods of control.A. Sounds can be exploited in two ways:–firstly to affect insects whose behaviour is stimulated by naturally-occurring sounds; secondly to use the very rapid pressure changes associated with sounds as a sort of “death ray.”
Development in Neodiprion excitans Rohwer as Related to Oviposition and Pine Needle Growth
Authors: Wilkinson R. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe end of an outbreak of a sawfly, Neodiprion excitans Rohwer, on Pinus taeda L. first was observed in north-central peninsular Florida during December 1962. To aid in dating oviposition, the position of egg pockets in 1962 summer-shoot pine needles was compared with growth of 1963 summer-shoot pine needles. By this method, peaks of adult emergence and oviposition were judged to have occurred during the last half of August and first half of October 1962.Eggs hatched in the fall when laid in growing pine needles during October 1962. Larval development was protracted during unusually cold weather and cocoons were spun as late as mid-January 1963. Adult emergence from these cocoons began in late May 1963, two months later than had been previously recorded for Florida.In contrast, eggs overwintered in the foliage when laid after needle growth had ceased in the fall of 1962. Larval eclosion was in late February and March 1963 and cocoons were spun by mid-May.This combination of events suggested how a new species overwintering in the egg stage (Neodiprion hetricki Ross) might have evolved in temporal isolation from an ancestral species ordinarily overwintering only in the cocoon (N. excitans).
The Caudal Appendage of Final-Instar Larvae of Some Porizontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPresence of a caudal appendage or tail in the last larval instar of three genera of the Porizontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is reported. The structure is described and illustrated and it is suggested that it may be responsible for the jumping of cocoons known to occur in some of the species considered and not known in species that lack the tail.
The Biology of Pissodes terminalis Hopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California
Authors: Stark R. W. , Wood D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPissodes terminalis Hopping attacks the terminal leaders of jack pine and at least two of the four geographic subspecies of lodgepole pine. The development on Pinus contorta murrayana in central California is described and compared with the development on jack pine in Canada. The oviposition period is synchronized with leader elongation, early spring to mid-summer. Feeding of the first three instars is in the phloem-cambial region and the fourth (last) instar is found in the pith. Part of the population completes development in late summer; adults emerge and presumably overwinter in the ground. The balance overwinter usually as mature larvae and occasionally as pupae, completing their development in the spring.Mortality is high and is caused by feeding of associated insects, possibly resin flow, high parasitism and other unknown factors. Seven parasite species from five families were reared.
Erythroneura Leafhoppers from Birches in New Brunswick: 1. Subgenus Erythridula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Varty I. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive species of leafhoppers in the genus Erythroneura subgenus Erythridula have been collected and reared on birch hosts in New Brunswick. These species, E. cornipes Beamer, E. sinua Johnson, E. noeva (Gillette), E. aspera Beamer and Griffith, and E. betulaspera Richards and Varty, have similar seasonal histories and habits, but there are differences in their host relationships and ecology. The morphology of adults and nymphs is described and illustrated.
Ovarioles and Developing Eggs in Grasshoppers
Authors: Smith D. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe average number of ovarioles in three species of grasshopper reared in the laboratory was: Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) 28.1 ± 2.4, M. bivittatus (Say) 80.1 ± 10.1, and Camnula pellucida (Scud.) 27.6 ± 2.7. Not all ovarioles developed mature eggs; some eggs were resorbed. The number of egg rudiments in the ovarioles increased somewhat with age of the grasshopper and would not limit the number of eggs laid. Some abnormalities are described and some discussion of the corpus luteum is included, particularly the relationship between a pigmented corpus luteum and ovulation.