bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐frequency passive seismic experiments in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: implications for hydrocarbon detection
Authors: Ali Mohammed Y. , Berteussen Karl A. , Small James , Barkat Braham 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTLow‐frequency passive seismic experiments utilizing arrays of 3‐component broadband seismometers were conducted over two sites in the emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The experiments were conducted in the vicinity of a producing oilfield and around a dry exploration well to better understand the characteristics and origins of microtremor signals (1–6 Hz), which had been reported as occurring exclusively above several hydrocarbon reservoirs in the region.The results of the experiments revealed that a strong correlation exists between the recorded ambient noise and observed meteorological and anthropogenic noises. In the frequency range of 0.15–0.4 Hz, the dominant feature is a double‐frequency microseism peak generated by the non‐linear interactions of storm induced surface waves in the Arabian Sea. We observed that the double‐frequency microseism displays a high variability in spectral amplitude, with the strongest amplitude occurring when Cyclone Gonu was battering the eastern coast of Oman; this noise was present at both sites and so is not a hydrocarbon indicator. Moreover, this study found that very strong microtremor signals in the frequency range of 2–3 Hz were present in all of the locations surveyed, both within and outside of the reservoir boundary and surrounding the dry exploration well. This microtremor signal has no clear correlation with the microseism signals but significant variations in the characteristics of the signals were observed between daytime and nighttime recording periods that clearly correlate with human activity.High‐resolution frequency‐wavenumber (f‐k) spectral analyses were performed on the recorded data to determine apparent velocities and azimuths of the wavefronts for the microseism and microtremor events. The f‐k analyses confirmed that the double‐frequency microseism originates from wave activity in the Arabian Sea, while the microtremor events have an azimuth pointing towards the nearest motorways, indicating that they are probably being excited by traffic noise. Results drawn from particle motion studies confirm these observations. The vertical‐to‐horizontal spectral ratios of the data acquired in both experiments show peaks around 2.5–3 Hz with no dependence on the presence or absence of subsurface hydrocarbons. Therefore, this method should not be used as a direct hydrocarbon indicator in these environments. Furthermore, the analyses provide no direct evidence to indicate that earthquakes are capable of stimulating the hydrocarbon reservoir in a way that could modify the spectral amplitude of the microtremor signal.
Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra
Authors: BLOK D. , HEIJMANS M. M. P. D. , SCHAEPMAN‐STRUB G. , KONONOV A. V. , MAXIMOV T. C. , BERENDSE F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractClimate change is expected to cause extensive vegetation changes in the Arctic: deciduous shrubs are already expanding, in response to climate warming. The results from transect studies suggest that increasing shrub cover will impact significantly on the surface energy balance. However, little is known about the direct effects of shrub cover on permafrost thaw during summer. We experimentally quantified the influence of Betula nana cover on permafrost thaw in a moist tundra site in northeast Siberia with continuous permafrost. We measured the thaw depth of the soil, also called the active layer thickness (ALT), ground heat flux and net radiation in 10 m diameter plots with natural B. nana cover (control plots) and in plots in which B. nana was removed (removal plots). Removal of B. nana increased ALT by 9% on average late in the growing season, compared with control plots. Differences in ALT correlated well with differences in ground heat flux between the control plots and B. nana removal plots. In the undisturbed control plots, we found an inverse correlation between B. nana cover and late growing season ALT. These results suggest that the expected expansion of deciduous shrubs in the Arctic region, triggered by climate warming, may reduce summer permafrost thaw. Increased shrub growth may thus partially offset further permafrost degradation by future temperature increases. Permafrost models need to include a dynamic vegetation component to accurately predict future permafrost thaw.
Multiscale analysis of temporal variability of soil CO2 production as influenced by weather and vegetation
Authors: VARGAS RODRIGO , DETTO MATTEO , BALDOCCHI DENNIS D. , ALLEN MICHAEL F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEcosystem processes are influenced by weather and climatic perturbations at multiple temporal scales with a large range of amplitudes and phases. Technological advances of automated biometeorological measurements provide the opportunity to apply spectral methods on continuous time series to identify differences in amplitudes and phases and relationships with weather variation. Here we used wavelet coherence analysis to study the temporal covariance between soil CO2 production and soil temperature, soil moisture, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Continuous (hourly average) data were acquired over 2 years among three vegetation types in a semiarid mixed temperate forest. We showed that soil temperature and soil moisture influence soil CO2 production differently at multiple periods (e.g. hours, days, weeks, months, years), especially after rain pulse events. Our results provide information about the periodicity of soil CO2 production among vegetation types, and provide insights about processes controlling CO2 production through the study of phase relationships between two time series (e.g. soil CO2 production and PAR). We tested the performance of empirical models of soil CO2 production using the continuous wavelet transform. These models, built around soil temperature and moisture, failed at multiple periods across the measured dates, suggesting that empirical models should include other factors that regulate soil CO2 production at different temporal scales. Our results add a new dimension for the analysis of continuous time series of biometeorological measurements and model testing, which will prove useful for analysis of increasing sensor data obtained by environmental networks.
El Niño, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galapagos marine species
Authors: EDGAR GRAHAM J. , BANKS STUART A. , BRANDT MARGARITA , BUSTAMANTE RODRIGO H. , CHIRIBOGA ANGEL , EARLE SYLVIA A. , GARSKE LAUREN E. , GLYNN PETER W. , GROVE JACK S. , HENDERSON SCOTT , HICKMAN CLEVE P. , MILLER KATHY A. , RIVERA FERNANDO , WELLINGTON GERALD M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractComparisons between historical and recent ecological datasets indicate that shallow reef habitats across the central Galapagos Archipelago underwent major transformation at the time of the severe 1982/1983 El Niño warming event. Heavily grazed reefs with crustose coralline algae (‘urchin barrens’) replaced former macroalgal and coral habitats, resulting in large local and regional declines in biodiversity. Following recent threat assessment workshops, a total of five mammals, six birds, five reptiles, six fishes, one echinoderm, seven corals, six brown algae and nine red algae reported from coastal environments in Galapagos are now recognized as globally threatened. The 2008 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 43 of these species, while two additional species (Galapagos damsel Azurina eupalama and 24‐rayed sunstar Heliaster solaris) not seen for > 25 years also fulfil IUCN threatened species criteria. Two endemic species (Galapagos stringweed Bifurcaria galapagensis and the damselfish A. eupalama) are now regarded as probably extinct, while an additional six macroalgal species (Dictyota galapagensis, Spatoglossum schmittii, Desmarestia tropica, Phycodrina elegans, Gracilaria skottsbergii and Galaxaura barbata) and the seastar H. solaris are possibly extinct. The removal of large lobster and fish predators by artisanal fishing probably magnified impacts of the 1982/1983 El Niño through a cascade of indirect effects involving population expansion of grazing sea urchins. Marine protected areas with adequate enforcement are predicted to ameliorate but not eliminate ecosystem impacts caused by increasing thermal anomalies associated with El Niño and global climate change.
A histopathological study of the pulp of dogs’ teeth after induction of experimental pulp inflammation for different periods of time
Authors: SHAHRAVAN A. , GHODDUSI J. , ESLAMI B. , RATEGAR A.F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the reaction of the pulp of dogs’ teeth after insertion of soft carious dentin from freshly extracted human teeth into the buccal cavities for short and longer periods of time. Forty‐seven mature lower and upper teeth were used in this study. On the middle of the buccal side of the teeth, 3 × 5 mm class ν cavities were prepared, soft carious dentin from freshly extracted human teeth was inserted into the floor of the cavity, and those were filled with glass ionomer. The dogs were killed after 7, 14, 28 and 47 days using vital perfusion techniques. Six‐micrometre sections were prepared and blindly evaluated by pathologist. An inflammatory reaction occurred in all of the samples. Moderate to severe inflammation were shown in all periods except in one in the 7‐day period. Insertion of soft carious dentin gathered from freshly extracted human teeth into class ν cavities produced in dogs’ teeth for 7 days is a reproducible process and could be used in study of pulp pathology.
Image analysis benchmarking methods for high‐content screen design
Authors: FULLER C.J. , STRAIGHT A.F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe recent development of complex chemical and small interfering RNA (siRNA) collections has enabled large‐scale cell‐based phenotypic screening. High‐content and high‐throughput imaging are widely used methods to record phenotypic data after chemical and small interfering RNA treatment, and numerous image processing and analysis methods have been used to quantify these phenotypes. Currently, there are no standardized methods for evaluating the effectiveness of new and existing image processing and analysis tools for an arbitrary screening problem. We generated a series of benchmarking images that represent commonly encountered variation in high‐throughput screening data and used these image standards to evaluate the robustness of five different image analysis methods to changes in signal‐to‐noise ratio, focal plane, cell density and phenotype strength. The analysis methods that were most reliable, in the presence of experimental variation, required few cells to accurately distinguish phenotypic changes between control and experimental data sets. We conclude that by applying these simple benchmarking principles an a priori estimate of the image acquisition requirements for phenotypic analysis can be made before initiating an image‐based screen. Application of this benchmarking methodology provides a mechanism to significantly reduce data acquisition and analysis burdens and to improve data quality and information content.
Combining FIB milling and conventional Argon ion milling techniques to prepare high‐quality site‐specific TEM samples for quantitative EELS analysis of oxygen in molten iron
Authors: MIYAJIMA N. , HOLZAPFEL C. , ASAHARA Y. , DUBROVINSKY L. , FROST D.J. , RUBIE D.C. , DRECHSLER M. , NIWA K. , ICHIHARA M. , YAGI T. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis paper reports a procedure to combine the focused ion beam micro‐sampling method with conventional Ar‐milling to prepare high‐quality site‐specific transmission electron microscopy cross‐section samples. The advantage is to enable chemical and structural evaluations of oxygen dissolved in a molten iron sample to be made after quenching and recovery from high‐pressure experiments in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell. The evaluations were performed by using electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The high signal to noise ratios of electron energy‐loss spectroscopy core‐loss spectra from the transmission electron microscopy thin foil, re‐thinned down to 40 nm in thickness by conventional Argon ion milling, provided us with oxygen quantitative analyses of the quenched molten iron phase. In addition, we could obtain lattice‐fringe images using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electron energy‐loss spectroscopy analysis of oxygen in Fe0.94O has been carried out with a relative accuracy of 2%, using an analytical procedure proposed for foils thinner than 80 nm. Oxygen K‐edge energy‐loss near‐edge structure also allows us to identify the specific phase that results from quenching and its electronic structure by the technique of fingerprinting of the spectrum with reference spectra in the Fe‐O system.
Assessing the contribution of off‐fault deformation to slip‐rate estimates within the Taupo Rift, New Zealand, using 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar surveying and trenching
Authors: McClymont Alastair Fergus , Villamor Pilar , Green Alan G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate that conventional palaeoseismic trenching and mapping techniques that do not account for the effects of off‐fault deformation can significantly underestimate a fault’s slip rate. Using combined interpretations of 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and palaeoseismic trench data, we show that drag folding and hangingwall and footwall horizontal‐axis rotations have accommodated up to 41% of total extension across a normal fault within the Taupo Rift, New Zealand, over the past 24.6 ± 1.0 cal. ka BP. Our results may explain why geologically determined fault‐slip rates for the central and southern Taupo Rift are anomalously low when compared with geodetic estimates. We suggest that a combination of GPR surveying and palaeoseismic trenching may help resolve differences between geodetically and geologically determined strain rates observed across active extensional regimes worldwide.
On the uniformity of anthropogenic Venice uplift
Authors: Gambolati Giuseppe , Teatini Pietro , Ferronato Massimiliano , Strozzi Tazio , Tosi Luigi , Putti Mario 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA programme of Venice uplift because of seawater injection into a 600–800 m deep brackish aquifer underlying the lagoon has recently been advanced. As the actual spatial variability of the hydro‐geological parameters is to a large extent unknown, a controversial issue concerns the 25–30 cm heave prediction with the possible generation of differential displacements that might jeopardize the integrity of the architectural patrimony. It is shown that significant differential displacements have occurred in Venice in the past and are still presently occurring as evidenced by SAR interferometry. The results of a stochastic analysis addressing the variability of the hydraulic conductivity of the injected formation indicate that even a highly uneven aquifer expansion does not migrate to ground surface because of the smoothing effect exerted by the overburden. The predicted differential displacements are well below the values Venice is experiencing. Any a priori alarmism appears to be unfounded and unjustified.
Detailed molecular and clinical characterization of three patients with 21q deletions
Authors: Lindstrand A , Malmgren H , Sahlén S , Schoumans J , Nordgren A , Ergander U , Holm E , Anderlid BM , Blennow E 
Published: October 2009

Lindstrand A, Malmgren H, Sahlén S, Schoumans J, Nordgren A, Ergander U, Holm E, Anderlid BM,Blennow E. Detailed molecular and clinical characterization of three patients with 21q deletions.We have investigated three patients with 21q deletions, two with developmental delay, dysmorphic features and internal organ malformations, and one with cognitive function within the normal range but with some deficits in gross and fine motor development. All aberrations were characterized by array‐comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). In addition, extensive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping on metaphase chromosomes and mechanically stretched chromosomes was performed on patient 1 who had an extremely complex intrachromosomal rearrangement with 16 breakpoints, four deletions and four duplications. Patients 2 and 3 had interstitial deletions comprising 21q21.1‐21q22.11 and 21q11.2‐21q21.3, respectively. Partial deletions of 21q are rare and these patients display a highly variable phenotype depending on the size and position of the deletion. A review of the literature identified 38 cases with pure 21q deletions. Twenty‐three of these had reliable mapping data. The combined information of present and previous cases suggests that the ITSN1 gene is involved in severe mental retardation in patients with 21q deletion. In addition, a critical region of 0.56 Mb containing four genes, KCNE1, DSCR1, CLIC6 and RUNX1, is associated with severe congenital heart defects, and deletions of the most proximal 15–17 Mb of 21q is associated with mild or no cognitive impairment, but may lead to problems with balance and motor function.
Partial splenic embolization and peg‐IFN plus RBV in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C recurrence: safety, efficacy and long‐term outcome
Authors: Bárcena Rafael , Moreno Ana , Foruny José R , Blázquez Javier , Graus Javier , Riesco José M , Blesa Carlos , García‐Hoz Fernando , Sánchez Juan , Gil‐Grande Luis , Nuño Javier , Fortún Jesús , Rodriguez‐Sagrado Miguel A , Moreno Alberto 
Published: October 2009

Bárcena R, Moreno A, Foruny JR, Blázquez J, Graus J, Riesco JM, Blesa C, García‐Hoz F, Sánchez J, Gil‐Grande L, Nuño J, Fortún J, Rodriguez‐Sagrado MA, Moreno A. Partial splenic embolization and peg‐IFN plus RBV in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C recurrence: safety, efficacy and long‐term outcome. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 366–374. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  There is limited information on the long‐term outcome in liver transplant (LT) subjects undergoing partial splenic embolization (PSE) prior to full dose pegylated interferon/ribavirin (peg‐IFN/RBV).Methods:  Retrospective review of eight LT subjects after PSE and antiviral therapy.Results:  Baseline platelets and neutrophils were <50 000 cells/mL and <1000 cells/mL in 75% and 50%. Mean splenic infarction volume was 85 ± 13%. PSE produced major complications in three (37.5%): recurrent sterile netrophilic ascites and renal insufficiency (n = 2), and splenic abscess (n = 1). Full‐dose peg‐IFN/RBV was started in seven (87.5%), with two early withdrawals (28.6%) despite early virological response (toxicity and infection); both subjects died. Anemia led to RBV dose‐adjustment in six (86%), with human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) use in four (57%). No peg‐IFN adjustments or granulocyte‐colonies stimulating factor were needed. Two patients reached sustained virological response (SVR) (28.6%). Two non‐responders maintained prolonged therapy with biochemical/histological improvement. After a median follow‐up of 151 wk, we observed significant improvements in hematological parameters, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, and prothrombin activity.Conclusions:  Extensive PSE after LT produced significant morbidity (37.5%). Peg‐IFN/RBV was completed in five out of seven (71%), with SVR in two (28.6%). RBV adjustement due to anemia was high despite EPO use. Only patients able to complete or maintain antiviral therapy survived, with long‐term significant benefits in hematological parameters and liver function tests.
Boost of mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A response by clarithromycin in paediatric influenza
Authors: SAWABUCHI Takako , SUZUKI Satoshi , IWASE Kazuhiro , ITO Chika , MIZUNO Dai , TOGARI Hajime , WATANABE Isamu , TALUKDER Sadiqur R. , CHIDA Junji , KIDO Hiroshi 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBackground and objective: The antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (OSV) is used to treat influenza. The macrolide clarithromycin (CAM) is used to treat bacterial infections and has anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. This retrospective study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of CAM in children presenting with influenza A.Methods: The study recruited 40 children with acute influenza, and grouped them according to the treatment received: 5‐day treatment with OSV (n = 14), CAM (n = 8), OSV + CAM (n = 12) and untreated (n = 6). The before and after treatment comparisons were made of the level of secretory IgA (sIgA) against influenza A virus (H3N2) and (H1N1), total sIgA, viral RNA copy numbers in nasopharyngeal aspirates and disease symptoms.Results: Infection induced anti‐viral mucosal sIgA in the nasopharyngeal aspirates of most patients of all treatment groups. Particularly prominent increases in the levels were found in the CAM and OSV + CAM groups. Low induction of anti‐viral sIgA was observed in the OSV group, but the addition of CAM to OSV augmented sIgA production and restored local mucosal sIgA levels. The frequency of residual cough in the OSV + CAM group was significantly lower than in the other groups including the group treated with OSV.Conclusions: CAM boosted the nasopharyngeal mucosal immune response in children presenting with influenza A, even in those treated with OSV who had low production of mucosal anti‐viral sIgA, and alleviated the symptoms of influenza.
Black Saturday: The personal recollection of a doctor working during the worst bushfire in Australian history
Authors: Moloney John 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe date, 7 February 2009, will be known forever in Victoria, Australia as “Black Saturday”. In the worst bushfires in Australian history, 173 lives were lost. Townships were razed. Over 1800 homes were destroyed, resulting in > 7000 people being made homeless. The provision of health care to the injured, and then to the displaced communities, was provided by a range of health professionals, including paramedics, nurses, and doctors. This is a personal recollection of the related events.
Early psychosocial interventions after disasters, terrorism, and other shocking events: Guideline development
Authors: Te Brake Hans , Dückers Michel , De Vries Maaike , Van Duin Daniëlle , Rooze Magda , Spreeuwenberg Cor 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough most victims of disasters, terrorism, or other shocking events recover on their own, a sizable amount of these victims develops long‐term disaster‐related problems. These victims should receive timely and appropriate psychosocial help. This article describes the development of guidelines on psychosocial interventions during the first 6 weeks after a major incident. Scientific literature, expert opinions, and consensus among relevant parties in the clinical field were used to formulate the recommendations. Early screening, a supportive context, early preventive and curative psychosocial interventions, and the organization of interventions are covered. The implications for the clinical field and future research are discussed. It is concluded that the international knowledge base provides valuable input for the development of national guidelines. However, the successful implementation of such guidelines can take place only if they are legitimated and accepted by local key actors and operational target groups. Their involvement during the development process is vital.