bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meissl Memorial Senior Scientist
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Beginning in 1976, the Committee on Geodesy of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council has administered a Senior Scientist Program supported by the National Geodetic Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Under this program, awardees have spent up to a year in residence at the National Geodetic Survey, conducting research in geodesy and related fields. Through the summer of 1984, 15 prominent scientists have participated, producing more than 20 papers published in a NOAA publications series or in professional journals.The second awardee was Peter Meissl, Professor of Geodesy at the Technical University of Graz, Austria, who spent 8 months during 1977 at the National Geodetic Survey. His work, “A Priori Prediction of Roundoff Error Accumulation in the Solution of a Super‐Large Geodetic Normal Equation System,” was released as a NOAA professional paper, published hardbound as an acknowledgment of the permanence of the achievement. His contribution was so outstanding that he was invited to return for the summer of 1982. But, tragically, in May 1982 he was killed in a mountain‐climbing accident near Graz.
Komatiites
Authors: Klein Terry 
Published: October 2011

Since komatiites were first described in 1969, we have wondered what they are, what they look like, where they are, and how they got there. Arndt and Nisbet's well‐edited, well‐illustrated volume provides a good basis and excellent resource book for the geologist that wants to know more.Komatiites, an outgrowth of the 1979 Penrose Conference held in Val'Dor, Quebec, consists of seven parts with 29 chapters by 44 authors. Each part has a helpful editorial introduction that gives background citations, lends historical perspective, and summarizes the section's content. The book's purpose—“to summarize our present knowledge of komatiites”—is accomplished well. Because the proliferation of literature has slowed since the 1970s, only a few significant papers published after 1981 are missing from the reference citations.
Revolution in the Earth Sciences: Advances in the Past Half‐Century
Authors: Gutmann James T. 
Published: October 2011

This volume is the proceedings of a symposium held at Carleton College to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its Department of Geology and to honor the founder of that department, Larry Gould, later the president of Carleton and long an internationally prominent figure in the area of polar research. The title of the volume may lead some to anticipate a more comprehensive treatment of the “revolution” than its articles provide. However, its stated purpose is to illuminate just how the substantial changes of recent decades came about in each of a wide variety of areas within earth science, in effect providing a set of case studies of the revolution. In this it succeeds admirably.The dramatic evolution of ideas in geotectonics is not directly treated here; indeed, it would be difficult to say much that is new in doing so. Instead, most of the 31 articles in this paperbound volume focus on developments in specific fields ranging from experimental rock deformation (considered by Tullis and Tullis) to the geology of Antarctica (by Rowley). A noteworthy and distinguishing feature of this collection is that the articles provide lucid reviews at a level accessible to undergraduates. Especially valuable for their concise treatment of major areas are papers on advances in high pressure experimentation (by Bishop), on the development of ideas about Archean tectonics (by Southwick), on current thinking about Precambrian crustal evolution (by Ernst) and on the application of radiogenic isotopic systems to geochronology and petrogenesis (by Bickford). Similarly, Hanor describes the development of thinking about subsurface sedimentary brines, Carson reviews ideas on sediment deposition and deformation at convergent margins, and Collier discusses the renaissance in invertebrate paleontology. Also present are excellent papers on aspects of geomorphology, hydrogeology, archaeological geology, venusian tectonics, and 11 articles on topics in economic geology and mineral and energy resources. Among the latter, all of which are very clearly written, a paper by Albers on the leadership role of the U.S. Geological Survey in meeting national mineral and energy needs is particularly recommended.
Eric L. Butler: Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Eric L. Butler, a chemistry and oceanography instructor at Phillips Academy in Andover, Mass., has been selected as the 1984–85 AGU Congressional Science Fellow. Last week he began his 1‐year stint on Capitol Hill AGU's eighth Congressional Science Fellow.Butler, a member of AGU's Ocean Sciences section, received his Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Oceanography of the University of Rhode Island. While his formal course work focused on chemistry and oceanography, his research has dealt largely with atmospheric chemistry and the measurement and geochemistry of trace organic compounds. He has been associated with the Center for Atmospheric Chemical Studies at the University of Rhode Island since its inception several years ago.
Satellite congestion
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

At last count, there were more than 160 satellites in geostationary orbits, circling the earth at an altitude of 37,000 km, and according to a research review published recently by the Rand Corporation, that's already too crowded. The risk of physical collisions among satellites is small, say authors Alvin L. Hiebert and William Sollfrey, but there is an emerging problem with what they call “spectral and orbital congestion,” the result of too many satellites and ground stations sending out too many electromagnetic signals that can interfere with one another.The report comes at a time when the Federal Communications Commission is planning to reduce the spacing between satellites along the U.S. segment of the orbital arc so that 37 additional satellites can be squeezed into the high orbit favored for telecommunications. “As more satellites are launched and others are shifted to avoid collisions, interference problems will get more complicated,” say the authors of the report.
The Exploration of Outer Space With Cameras
Authors: Belton Michael J. S. 
Published: October 2011

This monograph “chronicles the use of television cameras and other visual imaging systems by NASA on unmanned outer space probes and in the exploration of the Solar System's planetary bodies.”The book is technically well organized and a nicely printed volume with the unfortunate exception of the 32 illustrative plates that are of nothing less than abysmal quality. Included in the selection of pictures are a number of classic Voyager color photographs, but the high contrast black and white renditions in this volume convey little of their original beauty or information content.
Physical Geology: Principles and Perspectives
Authors: Skehan James W. 
Published: October 2011

Textbooks on physical geology have proliferated over the past 20 years or more, during which time most fields have undergone a subject matter explosion. The challenge of authoring such a textbook is to accurately summarize the most important factual and theoretical results and to present the material in a pedagogically attractive and meaningful manner. The authors mainly have met that challenge.Basically, I could teach the course quite happily using this book as the text. An attractive feature is that the authors have summarized those aspects o f the science with which I am most familar in a generally acceptable and interesting manner. This includes excellent line drawings and block diagrams calculated to be very helpful to the student. Those chapters dealing with areas of the authors' scientific expertise are understandably stronger and smoother than some others. A useful perspective for the beginning student and teacher is an explicit discussion of geology as a science with a comparison and contrast of methods and results in relation to other fields of science.
Long‐range space objectives
Authors: Lanzerotti L. J. 
Published: October 2011

At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the National Research Council's Space Science Board has undertaken a special study of the long‐term (post‐1985) objectives of U.S. research in the space sciences. The study will continue over approximately 2 years and will involve two to three summer sessions as well as disciplinary group meetings during the intervals between the summer sessions. This special study is intended to build upon and considerably extend the strategy reports in the various space science disciplines that the board has been involved in formulating over the past few years.In the first meeting of the entire study, held at Woods Hole, Mass., August 20–29, each of the disciplinary panels formulated a draft report on the present status of their sciences and the expected space science missions to the year 1995. These expected missions are based upon the science strategies as contained in the reports of the several committees of the Space Science Board. The individual task groups also developed, in a very preliminary fashion, scientific objectives and space science missions that might well be considered for implementation in the post‐1995 era.
What is mineral physics?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In the past the principal task of the mineralogist was simply to describe and classify physical, chemical, and structural properties of the remarkable variety of natural inorganic crystals. As this task was gradually accomplished for most species, however, mineralogists increasingly sought to identify physical and chemical principles that underly mineral formation and behavior and procedures that might lead to predictions of stability and properties of phases deep within the earth. Mineral physics, which has evolved during the past 2 decades, is thus the study of mineralogical problems through the application of the principles of condensed‐matter physics and chemistry.Mineral physics bridges gaps among a number of disciplines. Mineral physics is closely linked with traditional earth‐science fields, including solid‐earth geophysics, geochemistry, crystallography, petrology, and crystal chemistry. Close ties also exist with topics in ceramics, materials science, physical chemistry, high‐temperature and high‐pressure research, and solid‐state physics. The range of materials studied parallels the diversity of minerals themselves: elements, metal alloys, sulfides, halides, layer compounds, and zeolites, in addition to rock‐forming oxides and silicates, have been the focus of much study. Experiments on minerals and their analog compounds have intensified as new industrial applications have been found in the manufacture of lasers, high‐performance ceramics, molecular sieves, catalysts, and a wide variety of electronic components.
Proterozoic Geology
Authors: Sims P K. 
Published: October 2011

This book and its companion, Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region (Mem. 160 Geological Society of America, 1984), edited by L.G. Medaris, Jr., are the products of an International Proterozoic symposium held at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, May 18–21, 1981. This volume contains 23 papers that present the current thinking of experts on many aspects of Proterozoic evolution of the earth; it is divided into five broad categories: tectonics, magmatism and metamorphism, mineral resources, evolution of life and the atmosphere, and glaciation.The Proterozoic is a distinctive interval in the geologic history of the earth, encompssing the transition from Archean conditions to those of the Phanerozoic. By Early Proterozoic time, extensive stable continental plates existed, and deformation, deposition, and intrusion styles were comparable to those of today. Also, the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere and hydrosphere continuously increased during the Proterozoic and eventually reached levels supportive of metazoan evolution.
New astronomy satellite
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new NASA astronomy satellite designed to probe the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) band is scheduled to be launched from the space shuttle in 1988. Called the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), the satellite's initial objective is to make the first all‐sky map in the EUV band of the electromagnetic spectrum, a band between ultraviolet and X ray light.EUVE, to be stationed in orbit at an altitude of about 550 km, will carry four 40‐cm ultraviolet telescopes to be used to conduct the survey and also a spectrometer to carry out detailed observations of new EUV sources and stars.
Energetic Ion Composition in the Earth's Magnetosphere: A Volume in the Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences Series
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: October 2011

This book originated from 10 invited papers presented at the Symposium on the Role of Ion Composition in Understanding Magnetospheric Processes, which was held in August 1981 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Now, 15 independent papers comprise the volume, of which five are theoretically oriented and 10 are observational in nature, being principally summaries of earlier work.The opening sentence of this volume begins, “In more innocent times it was believed…”—a wonderfully appealing introduction to many an exciting tale of adventure and enchantment. While the remaining prose does not match the spirit of this introductory phrase, the story told collectively by the 15 papers is, in proper perspective, exciting and adventurous. The implied loss of innocence is a reality and was, to my mind, necessary. It was necessary in order to establish a truer observational framework for magnetospheric physics and to get on with the effort of trying to understand this cosmic plasma environment in which we reside. However, the spirit of that early innocence must be kept alive if we are to see the excitement and beauty in the present and future phases of our research.
Water Management Models in Practice: A Case Study of the Aswan High Dam
Authors: El‐Ashry M. T. , Alford D. L. 
Published: October 2011

The stated purpose of this volume is the development and evaluation of operating policies for the Aswan High Dam and their relation to the development of water resources policy in Egypt. That objective is admirably fulfilled through discussions of water use in Egypt and the operation objectives of the High Dam, the behavior of the physical system and simulation of the reservoir, a realtime management model of the dam, management of water shortages and trade‐offs between major uses, and coordinated operation of the dam with new upstream as well as downstream developments.The High Dam has been a source of controversy, particularly with regard to its environmental impacts. Its adverse effects include changes in the water table and attendant salt buildup in irrigated areas, excessive growth of aquatic plants below the dam, shoreline erosion, and increases in water‐borne diseases such as schistosomiasis (bilharzia). The dam was intended to offset rapid population growth by increasing food supplies through the transformation of irrigated land in southern Egypt from seasonal to perennial cultivation and by providing water for the reclamation of desert land. Unfortunately, such benefits have been outstripped by the rapidly growing population, and water shortages will be experienced by the end of the century.
1984 solar eclipse
Authors: Salah Joseph E. 
Published: October 2011

At a recent meeting of the incoherent scatter radar user community an experiment was planned to observe the ionospheric and thermospheric response to the May 30, 1984, annular solar eclipse with the meridional radar chain whose elements span the eclipse path. Investigators from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, SRI International, Arecibo Observatory, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Haystack Observatory were involved in this experiment. The operation of the incoherent scatter radars is sponsored by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Sciences Division.Three radars participated in the observations of the eclipse effects: Arecibo (18°N), Millstone Hill (43°N), and Sondrestrom (67°N). The Millstone Hill radar was within 3° latitude of the path of the eclipse and experienced a maximum solar obscuration of 92% at 1705 UT. The eclipse duration was approximately 3 hours. Measurements at Millstone Hill included electron density, plasma temperatures, and ion drifts overhead using the 67‐m zenith antenna and to the south and southwest at low elevations (10–15°) using the 46‐m steerable antenna to map drift velocity vectors and extend the observations towards the Arecibo station. Millstone Hill began gathering observations at 1200 UT and continued through the eclipse to 2200 UT. The automated data processing and graphics capabilities at Millstone Hill were utilized to obtain initial results of the eclipse observations within 12 hours of the completion of the experiment, and the data were placed in the remotely accessible user data base on the Millstone computer. These data are available to the research community on request.
Military nuclear waste disposal
Authors: Robb David W. 
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council (NRC) panel has endorsed a plan for a proposed underground military nuclear waste disposal facility located on a site near Carlsbad, N.M. The Department of Energy (DOE) asked NRC to evaluate the geologic suitability of the site.The NRC panel, chaired by Frank L. Parker of Vanderbilt University, concluded in its final report that “the important issues about the geology of the site have been resolved…” Those issues include the purity and volume of salt, the absence of brine pockets at the repository horizon in the areas excavated, the absence of breccia pipes and of toxic gases, and the nearly horizontal bedding of the salt. Thick underground salt beds have long been considered prime candidates for nuclear waste repositories. The existence of salt beds is believed to indicate long‐term stability. In addition, the salt is flexible and will seal cracks and discontinuities over time.
New solar system
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Using sensitive optical instruments and computer enhancement techniques, two astronomers believe that they may have “photographed” what could be a new solar system forming around Beta Pictoris, a star 50 lightyears from earth. Using a 254‐cm telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, combined with a charged‐coupled device (CCD) and a coronagraph, an optical instrument developed for detecting very faint objects close to brighter ones, the astronomers photographed clearly for the first time a large group of solid particles, called a circumstellar disk, surrounding the star. This disk may be evidence of a new solar system.The scientists, Bradford A. Smith of the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Richard J. Terrile of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., say that there is some evidence that planets could have formed around the star. The brightness of the star seen through its disk indicates that the innermost particles of the disk may have been swept away; the formation of planets would produce this effect. However, the astronomers have not yet been able to determine if there are actually planets around the star.
Solar Maximum Mission highlights
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Since the in‐orbit repair of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft, one of the notable discoveries reported is evidence of a 155‐day cycle in the occurrence of high‐energy solar flares. No pattern to these phenomena had been observed previously. High‐energy flares are disruptive to the interplanetary solar wind and are thought to be responsible for geomagnetic storms.Scientific results based on data from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft since its repair in April by space shuttle astronauts will be highlighted at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., December 3–7, 1984. Eight presentations to be given on the morning of Monday, December 3 will focus on the spacecraft's gamma ray observations, results from the hard X ray burst spectrometer and hard X ray imaging spectrometer, and coronal observations made with the coronagraph/polarimeter.
Attrition of NASA scientists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During the past 3 1/2 years the number of physical scientists employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has dropped by more than 15%. The number of mathematics personnel also dropped by about 13%. NASA says these figures represent a trend to increase the agency's emphasis on its primary activity—aerospace engineering—that began with the completion of the Apollo missions.For the same period the number of NASA personnel falling into the categories of aero‐space engineering and electronic engineering increased slightly—by 1.2% and 3.1%, respectively. The decrease in both total NASA personnel and total scientific work force was about the same; NASA's scientific work force declined about 2.8%, compared with a total agency work force decrease of 2.9% .
Crustal observations through drilling
Authors: Raliegh Barry 
Published: October 2011

The use of the drill to probe the earth's crust, driven by primarily economic incentives, has come a long way since the first oil well at Titusville, Penn., began producing torn a depth of 21 m in 1859. Wells have now been drilled to depths of over 12 km (in the Kola Peninsula of the Soviet Union), in rocks where the pressure of pore fluid equals the weight of the entire overburden, in rocks at temperatures exceeding 400°C, and even in molten basalt in Hawaiian pit craters flooded by recent lava flows. To compensate for the hostility of such environmental extremes, drilling for resources has become one of the most robust of modern technologies.In the late 1960s, when the ocean floors were hypothesized to have originated at the midocean ridges and to be consumed at the deep trenches, drilling proved to be the ultimate test of the revolutionary theory of plate tectonics. Now, earth scientists, confronted by problems of the evolution of the continents and physicochemical processes currently active in shaping them, have begun using drilling as one of the most valuable of experimental tools in understanding the continental lithosphere.
TOGA Program Office established
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The international project office for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program—a 10‐year international study on how atmospheric and oceanographic changes in the tropics affect climate patterns worldwide—has been established at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colo. Rex J. Fleming of NOAA will head this office.Scientists from as many as 36 nations are expected to take part in the TOGA program, which will be responsible for assembling the instrumentation system for monitoring tropical ocean atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Data will be gathered from ocean buoys, satellites, research ships, balloons, and other platforms to support the research.