bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new objective procedure for classifying New Zealand synoptic weather types during 1958–2008
Authors: Jiang Ningbo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA set of 12 daily weather types has been obtained for the New Zealand region from the 51‐year NCAR/NCEP dataset by using a two‐stage classification procedure (rotated T‐mode principal component analysis followed by convergent K‐means clustering). Analysis of this classification confirms previous studies and provides further insight into the variation features of the regional synoptic weather on the seasonal, interannual and longer‐time scales.There are seasonal variations in both intensity and frequency of synoptic weather types. For example, southern highs are more frequent in summer and autumn, while troughs and lows occur more often in winter and secondarily spring. The high and low centres of weather types tend to be more intense in winter than summer.The frequency and lifetime of synoptic weather types fluctuate on the interannual and decadal scales; there exist significant correlations between frequencies of individual weather types and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). In all seasons, the frequencies of weather types can change with phases of SOI. The most significant changes in weather type frequencies during the negative SOI phase occur in spring, and characterized by more frequent occurrence of weather types which provide prevailing southwesterly to westerly winds and reduced prominence of anticyclonic situations. The most significant changes in type frequencies during the positive SOI phase occur in summer, with more frequent anticyclonic types but less frequent cyclonic types. The frequency change in winter seems different from other seasons, although consistent with previous studies. In addition, the probability of extremely frequent occurrence or lack of occurrence of certain weather types during a month also varies significantly with SOI phases and with seasons, indicating that the chance for extreme weather conditions to occur is conditional on SOI.The results can be useful for climate forecasts, studies of climate extremes, air pollution, climatic impacts on human health and other environmental problems. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Physiological and quality responses of Chinese ‘Suli’ pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd) to 1‐MCP vacuum infiltration treatment
Authors: Chen Shoujiang , Zhang Min , Wang Shaojin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: 1‐Methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) is a potent inhibitor of ethylene action and can maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of fresh produce. But the effectiveness of application of 1‐MCP may depend upon its capacity to diffuse into the flesh tissue. However, to our knowledge, no study has been performed on the quality maintenance of pear fruit treated with 1‐MCP vacuum infiltration. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of 1‐MCP vacuum‐infiltration treatment on post‐harvest quality and physiology of ‘Suli’ pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd).RESULTS: 1‐MCP treatment led to decreased losses in flesh firmness and titratable acidity (TA), delayed change in skin colour and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) during cold storage. It also inhibited flesh browning and maintained a higher taste score after shelf life. These effects were higher when fruits were vacuum‐infiltrated with 1‐MCP. However, 1‐MCP had little effect on total soluble solids (TSSs) and respiration rate of pear.CONCLUSION: Overall, our results indicated that 1‐MCP vacuum infiltration treatment was effective in controlling fruit ripening changes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro study of the soft tissue effects of microsecond‐pulsed CO2 laser parameters during soft tissue incision and sulcular debridement
Authors: Vaderhobli Ram M. , White Joel M. , Le Christine , Ho Sunita , Jordan Richard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCarbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are an important part of dental treatment. Advances in laser technology have produced microsecond pulse durations and small beam sizes. The histological effects of porcine intraoral soft tissue with a range of microsecond‐pulsed CO2 laser parameters used for incision and sulcular debridement were evaluated in vitro and compared with historical histologic data.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFresh pig mandibles were used to perform incision and sulcular debridement using a microsecond‐pulsed CO2 laser. λ = 10,600 nm, articulated arm delivered non‐contact with spot size 200 µm, 500 µm, and 1 mm, and focal distance of 1 mm. For sulcular debridement, epithelium within periodontal pocket (6 mm×6 mm) was removed. Laser parameters for incision were from 30 Hz, 350 microseconds, 28 mJ and energy density of 143 J/cm2 to 90 Hz, 1,000 microseconds, 60 mJ, and 1,911 J/cm2. Width and depth of tissue removed, as well as coagulation effects of the tissue treated were measured. These were compared to historical histologic database. Laser‐treated surfaces were observed qualitatively using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsAll laser parameters studied were able to reach the defined simulation objectives in reasonable amounts of time, less than a minute for incision and <20 seconds for sulcular debridement. The depth of the cut was significantly greater than the historical 95% confidence interval, but equivalent for width, lateral, and deep coagulation to the historical database. Sulcular debridement was achieved with minimal coagulation, <100 µm. SEM analysis did not identify any alteration to enamel, dentin, or bone during sulcular debridement.ConclusionThe treatment objectives of incision and sulcular debridement were achieved with minimal lateral and deep coagulation in reasonable amount of time. Microsecond‐pulsed CO2 lasers can be safely and effectively used for incision and sulcular debridement. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:257–263, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of melanoma cells in vitro using an optical detector of photoacoustic waves
Authors: Gutierrez‐Juarez Gerardo , Gupta Sagar K. , Al‐Shaer Mays , Polo‐Parada Luis , Dale Paul S. , Papageorgio Chris , Viator John A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCirculating tumor cells have been shown to correlate positively with metastatic disease state in patients with advanced cancer. We have demonstrated the ability to detect melanoma cells in a flow system by generating and detecting photoacoustic waves in melanoma cells. This method is similar to flow cytometry, although using photoacoustics rather than fluorescence. Previously, we used piezoelectric films as our acoustic sensors. However, such films have indicated false‐positive signals due to unwanted direct interactions between photons from the high laser fluence in the flow system and the film itself. We have adapted an optical detection scheme that obviates the need for piezoelectric films.Study Design/Materials and MethodsOur photoacoustic system comprised a tunable laser system with an output of 410–710 nm with a pulse duration of 5 nanoseconds. The light was delivered by optical fiber to a glass microcuvette that contained saline buffer suspensions of melanoma and white blood cells. We used a continuous HeNe laser to provide a probe beam that reflected off of a glass and water interface in close proximity to the microcuvette. The beam was detected by a high‐speed photodiode. When a photoacoustic wave was generated in the microcuvette, the wave propagated and changed the reflectance of the beam due to index of refraction change in the water. This perturbation was used to detect the presence of melanoma cells.ResultsWe determined a detection threshold of about one individual melanoma cell with no pyroelectric noise indicated in the signals.ConclusionsThe optical reflectance method provides sensitivity to detect small numbers of melanoma cells without created false‐positive signals from pyroelectric interference, showing promise as a means to perform tests for circulating melanoma cells in blood samples. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:274–281, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiautomated intraocular laser surgery using handheld instruments
Authors: Becker Brian C. , MacLachlan Robert A. , Lobes Louis A. , Riviere Cameron N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveIn laser retinal photocoagulation, hundreds of dot‐like burns are applied. We introduce a robot‐assisted technique to enhance the accuracy and reduce the tedium of the procedure.Materials and MethodsLaser burn locations are overlaid on preoperative retinal images using common patterns such as grids. A stereo camera/monitor setup registers and displays the planned burn locations overlaid on real‐time video. Using an active handheld micromanipulator, a 7 × 7 grid of burns spaced 650 µm apart is applied to both paper slides and porcine retina in vitro using 30 millisecomds laser pulses at 532 nm. Two scenarios were tested: unaided, in which the micromanipulator is inert and the laser fires at a fixed frequency, and aided, in which the micromanipulator actively targets burn locations and the laser fires automatically upon target acquisition. Error is defined as the distance from the center of the observed burn mark to the preoperatively selected target location.ResultsAn experienced retinal surgeon performed trials with and without robotic assistance, on both paper slides and porcine retina in vitro. In the paper slide experiments at an unaided laser repeat rate of 0.5 Hz, error was 125±62 µm with robotic assistance and 149±76 µm without (P < 0.005), and trial duration was 70±8 seconds with robotic assistance and 97±7 seconds without (P < 0.005). At a repeat rate of 1.0 Hz, error was 129±69 µm with robotic assistance and 166±91 µm without (P < 0.005), and trial duration was 26±4 seconds with robotic assistance and 47±1 seconds without (P < 0.005). At a repeat rate of 2.0 Hz on porcine retinal tissue, error was 123±69 µm with robotic assistance and 203±104 µm without (P < 0.005).ConclusionRobotic assistance can increase the accuracy of laser photocoagulation while reducing the duration of the operation. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:264–273, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antioxidant activity of tocopherols and tocotrienols and comparison of vitamin E concentration and lipophilic antioxidant capacity in human plasma
Authors: Müller Lars , Theile Kathleen , Böhm Volker 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA comparative study investigated four tocopherols, four tocotrienols, and α‐tocopheryl acetate on their antioxidative activities in five different popular assays, which were adapted to non‐polar antioxidants. α‐Tocopherol, used as calibration standard, showed the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power. Greater ring methyl substitution not only led to an increase of scavenging activity against the stable 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical, but also to a decrease in oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Regarding α‐tocopherol equivalent antioxidant capacity no significant differences in the antioxidant activity of all vitamin E isoforms were found. In contrast, a significantly lower peroxyl radical‐scavenging activity of α‐tocochromanols was determined in a chemiluminescence assay. Except oxygen radical absorbance capacity, no significant differences of the antioxidant activity related to the side chain could be detected. The data show that the reducing ability and radical chain‐breaking activity of the several vitamin E forms depends on the circumstances under which the assays are performed. In our opinion, the used lipophilic methods can be useful for estimating the antioxidant activity of strong non‐polar antioxidants, e.g. carotenoids, too. Furthermore, we could show a significant correlation between the total tocopherol content in human plasma and the lipophilic antioxidant capacity measured by α‐tocopherol equivalent antioxidant capacity and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl.
Consumption of plant sterols reduces plasma and hepatic triglycerides and modulates the expression of lipid regulatory genes and de novo lipogenesis in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Rideout Todd C. , Harding Scott V. , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo investigate emerging clinical data suggesting a triglyceride (TAG)‐lowering response to plant sterol (PS) therapy, we characterized changes in TAG metabolism in 16 C57BL/6J mice fed a basal control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 2% PS for 6 wk. PS consumption reduced (p<0.05) plasma (−28%) and hepatic (−30%) TAG concentrations compared with CON mice. PS consumption increased (p<0.05) hepatic lipogenic gene expression (sterol‐regulatory‐element‐binding protein 1c, 2.4‐fold of CON; fatty acid synthase, 6.5‐fold of CON) and de novo lipogenesis (4.51±0.72 versus 2.82±0.61%/day) compared with CON. PS consumption increased (p<0.05) fecal palmitate and stearate excretion and reduced body weight gain compared with CON mice. Although no change in the transcription of intestinal fatty acid absorptive genes was observed, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α mRNA was reduced (p<0.05, 2.0‐fold of CON) in the PS‐fed mice. In conclusion, PS‐fed C57BL/6J mice showed pronounced reductions in plasma and hepatic TAG concentrations despite increases in hepatic lipogenic gene expression and de novo lipogenesis. Interference with intestinal fatty acid/TAG metabolism as suggested by increased fecal fatty acid loss and reduced weight gain may be associated with the TAG‐lowering response to PS consumption.
Analysis for temperature and pressure fields in process of hydrate dissociation by depressurization
Authors: Zhao Zhenwei , Shang Xinchun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn improved axisymmetric mathematic modeling is proposed for the process of hydrate dissociation by depressurization around vertical well. To reckon in the effect of latent heat of gas hydrate at the decomposition front, the energy balance equation is employed. The semi‐analytic solutions for temperature and pressure fields are obtained by using Boltzmann‐transformation. The location of decomposition front is determined by solving initial value problem for system of ordinary differential equations. The distributions of pressure and temperature along horizontal radiate in the reservoir are calculated. The numeric results indicate that the moving speed of decomposition front is sensitively dependent on the well pressure and the sediment permeability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐point time discretization technique for parabolic partial differential equations
Authors: Khoshghalb A. , Khalili N. , Selvadurai A. P. S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Crank–Nicolson scheme has second‐order accuracy, but often leads to oscillations affecting numerical stability. On the other hand, the implicit scheme is free from oscillation, but it has only first‐order accuracy. In this work, a three‐point discretization scheme with variable time step is presented for the time marching of parabolic partial differential equations. The method proposed has second‐order accuracy, is unconditionally stable and dampens spurious oscillations of the numerical results. The application and effectiveness of the new method are demonstrated through several numerical examples. It is shown that, unlike the Crank–Nicolson method, the approach proposed produces no oscillatory response irrespective of the time step adopted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydromechanical behavior of Tournemire argillites: Measurement of the poroelastic parameters and estimation of the intrinsic permeability by œdometric tests
Authors: Noiret A. , Giot R. , Bemer E. , Giraud A. , Homand F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractKnowledge of shale poromechanical behavior is proven to be essential for various environmental issues such as deep geological storage of CO2, high level radioactive waste storage, oil field abandonment and so forth… This paper sets out the key points of shale experimental characterization within the framework of Biot's mechanics of fluid saturated porous solids. Shales are well known to present a more or less transverse isotropy. This paper describes a full methodology for
œdometric tests on such sensitive and weakly permeable material. To illustrate this methodology, measurements carried out on Tournemire argillite are proposed. A transverse isotropic poroelastic model is also used to give a more in depth understanding of the hydromechanical coupling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
eXtended Stochastic Finite Element Method for the numerical simulation of heterogeneous materials with random material interfaces
Authors: Nouy A. , Clément A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn eXtended Stochastic Finite Element Method has been recently proposed for the numerical solution of partial differential equations defined on random domains. This method is based on a marriage between the eXtended Finite Element Method and spectral stochastic methods. In this article, we propose an extension of this method for the numerical simulation of random multi‐phased materials. The random geometry of material interfaces is described implicitly by using random level set functions. A fixed deterministic finite element mesh, which is not conforming to the random interfaces, is then introduced in order to approximate the geometry and the solution. Classical spectral stochastic finite element approximation spaces are not able to capture the irregularities of the solution field with respect to spatial and stochastic variables, which leads to a deterioration of the accuracy and convergence properties of the approximate solution. In order to recover optimal convergence properties of the approximation, we propose an extension of the partition of unity method to the spectral stochastic framework. This technique allows the enrichment of approximation spaces with suitable functions based on an a priori knowledge of the irregularities in the solution. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method and demonstrate the relevance of the enrichment procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental quality versus economic performance: A dynamic game approach
Authors: Boucekkine Raouf , Krawczyk Jacek B. , Vallée Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe study a trade‐off between economic and environmental benefits using a two‐stage optimal control setting where the player can switch to a cleaner technology that is environmentally ‘efficient’ but economically less productive. We provide an analytical characterization of the solution paths for the case where the considered utility functions are increasing and strictly concave with respect to consumption and decreasing linearly with respect to the pollution stock. We establish that in this context, an isolated player will either immediately start using the cleaner technology or for ever continue applying the old ‘dirty’ technology. In a two‐player dynamic game (between two neighboring countries) where the pollution results from a sum of two consumptions, we prove existence of a Nash (open‐loop) equilibrium, in which each player chooses the technology selfishly, i.e., without considering the choice made by the other player. A Stackelberg game solution displays the same properties. Under cooperation, the country reluctant to adopt the clean technology under autarky will adopt the cleaner technology provided it benefits from some ‘transfer’ from the more environment‐friendly partner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid method for simultaneous determination of 20 components in Isodon nervosa by high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Du Yingfeng , Jin Yiran , Liu Pengwei , Zhang Xiaowei , Sheng Xiaona , Shi Xiaowei , Wang Qiao , Zhang Lantong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Isodon nervosa is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine including diterpenoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and volatile oil. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of multi‐components is important for its quality control.Objective – To establish a liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 20 bioactive constituents of Isodon nervosa in different places of China and different parts of this herb.Methodology – The optimal chromatographic conditions were achieved on a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with with linear gradient elution with 0.1% aqueous formic acid : methanol containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow‐rate of 0.7 mL/min in 15 min. The identification and quantification of those analytes were achieved on a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Multiple‐reaction monitoring scanning was employed for quantification with switching electrospray ion source polarity between positive and negative modes in a single run. Full validation of the method was carried out (linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification).Results – The results indicated that the method was simple, rapid, specific and reliable. The proposed method was successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 20 chemical compositions in Isodon nervosa samples.Conclusion – Twenty chemical compositions in 21 batches of wild and cultivated Isodon nervosa samples from different sources had great variation in the contents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative quantitative analysis of artemisinin by chromatography and qNMR
Authors: Liu Ning Qing , Choi Young Hae , Verpoorte Robert , van der Kooy Frank 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Since the discovery of artemisinin in the 1970s, many techniques based on diverse chromatography techniques have been developed to detect and quantify this important antiplasmodial compound. The accurate quantification of this compound in the Artemisia annua plant material is mainly needed for breeding purposes in order to cultivate higher yielding varieties. It is also important for the quality control of herbal preparations containing A. annua plant material.Objective – To evaluate the most common validated quantification techniques (LC‐MS, HPLC‐ELSD and TLC) and compare the results to quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) in eight different A. annua samples collected from around the world.Methodology – The leaf material were extracted according to standard procedures and analysed with the validated quantification techniques. For the qNMR analysis we did not employ a standard curve but instead used an internal standard (maleid acid) which is not chemically related to artemisinin.Results – We found a significant difference between the results in this study. Compared with the qNMR results the HPLC‐ELSD corresponded closely, followed by LC‐MS. Quantitation with TLC led to an estimation range of −0.5 to +3.2 mg artemisinin/g of A. annua.Conclusion – These results imply that qNMR, with the addition of an internal standard, can be used to quantify artemisinin in A. annua samples in a rapid and reproducible manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.