bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,4,7,10‐Tetraisoalkyltetracenes: Tuning of Solid‐State Optical Properties and Fluorescence Quantum Yields by Peripheral Modulation
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi , Tsukuda Hideki , Yoneda Akio , Kawase Takeshi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe have synthesized 1,4,7,10‐tetraisoalkyltetracenes from a 2,6‐naphthodiyne precursor and 2,5‐diisoalkylfurans as the starting materials (isoalkyl: isopropyl, isobutyl, and isopentyl). The tetracene molecules exhibited crystallochromy: The solid‐state colors of the isopropyl, isobutyl, and isopentyl derivatives were yellow, red, and orange‐yellow, respectively. In contrast, there were no marked differences in the optical properties of these compounds in solution. The isopropyl derivative exhibited the highest fluorescence quantum yield in the solid state of 0.90 in the series of alkylated tetracenes. X‐ray analysis revealed that there were significant structural differences in alkyl conformation and crystal packing. The crystallochromy effects are derived from the unique crystal‐packing patterns. The fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state probably depend on the relative positional relationship of the nearest neighboring molecules in one column as well as the crystal rigidity.
Evaluation of the damage by dyestuffs and NaCl on Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Gao Shang , Tao Fang , Wu Linhui , Huang Minsheng , Chen Cheng 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWhite rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), is oxidizing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dyes. The approaches of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation were carried out to evaluate DNA and cell damaged by dyestuff and NaCl of different concentrations on P. chrysosporium. According to the data of P. chrysosporium cultivation and TEM observation, the damage of NaCl on P. chrysosporium was more significant than dyestuff. In addition, UPGMA method was performed to analyze the damage on P. chrysosporium by different concentration of NaCl and dyestuff by MVSP (Version 3.1). It showed that the DNA similarity between No. 2 (100 mg/L dyestuff and 15% NaCl) and No. 3 (100 mg/L dyestuff and 8% NaCl) was 66.7% when the concentrations of dyestuff was 100 mg/L. The DNA similarity between No. 3 (100 mg/L dyestuff and 8% NaCl) and No. 4 (300 mg/L dyestuff and 8% NaCl) was 88.9% when NaCl was kept at 8%, which was higher than 66.7%. No. 5 (300 mg/L dyestuff and 15% NaCl) was the most serious group. These results showed the damage by NaCl was significantly serious than that of dyestuffs. Therefore, the concentrations of NaCl in real dyestuff wastewater should be kept within 8%, keeping the treatment efficiency. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Methane production from anaerobic–aerobic sequential system treatment of azo dye Reactive Red 24
Authors: Karatas Mustafa , Dursun Sukru , Argun Mehmet Emin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study describes the treatment of azo dye Reactive Red 24 (RR 24) and methane production efficiency of anaerobic–aerobic sequential system. An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and continuously stirred aerobic reactor were used to treat RR 24 dye. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate, and sludge retention time ratio on the methane production percentage, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was investigated. The sequential anaerobic–aerobic treatment of synthetic dye wastewater feed with 150 mg/L of RR 24 dye resulted in 100% color and 95.2% COD removal at 5.76‐day HRT. The amount of methane produced in anaerobic reactor was 563 mL/day (80% methane intotal gas) and 129 mL/day (55%) for organic loading of 2.52 and 23.53 kg COD/(m3 day), respectively. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Synthesis, crystal structure, and herbicidal activity of pyrimidinyl benzylamine analogues containing a phosphonyl group
Authors: Tang Wu , Yu Zhi‐Hua , Shi De‐Qing 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA series of pyrimidinyl benzylamine analogues containing a phosphonyl group (2) was synthesized via the Mannich‐type reactions of 2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzoaldehyde 1, aromatic amines, and dialkyl phosphites or triphenyl phosphite in the presence of Mg(ClO4)2. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data (infrared, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and mass spectrometry) and elemental analyses, and compound 2b was further determined by X‐ray diffraction crystallography. The results of preliminary bioassays (in vitro) showed that most of title compounds 2 exhibited higher herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds (Brassica campestris L.) than monocotyledonous weeds (Echinochloa crus‐galli). Further bioassays (in vivo) indicated that some of 2 displayed as good herbicidal activity against amaranth pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) as the commercially available herbicide, Bispyribac‐sodium, in both preemergence and postemergence treatments at the dose of 1.5 kg/ha. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:148–155, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20589
New phosphoric triamides: Chlorine substituents effects and polymorphism
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Oroujzadeh Nasrin , Shariatinia Zahra 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNew phosphoric triamides 1–10 were synthesized by the reaction of N‐2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl phosphoramidic dichloride with various cyclic aliphatic amines, and the products were characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Surprisingly, the 1H NMR spectra of compounds 1–7 demonstrate long‐range 4J(H,H) coupling constant from 1.5 to 1.9 Hz. Comparison of the NMR and IR spectra of N‐benzoyl, N‐4‐chlorobenzoyl, and N‐2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl phosphoric triamide analogues indicates that N‐2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl derivatives have the most upfield δ(31P) and the highest ν(CO) values. The crystal structures of 3, 4, 6, 6a, and 10 have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. Interestingly, the structures of 6 and 6a are polymorphic. All structures form dimers through strong, intermolecular PO···HN hydrogen bonds. The dimers connect to each other via weak CH···Cl and CH···OH bonds to produce two‐dimensional polymeric chains for 4 and three‐dimensional networks for others. Among new synthesized N‐2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl phosphoric triamides, one indicated polymorphism. All structures were characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:168–180, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20592
Efficient and Convenient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)‐Mediated Synthesis of Spiro‐oxindoles
Authors: Mitaram Meshram Harshadas , Aravind Kumar Dachepally , Ramalinga Vara Prasad Busam , Ramesh Goud Palakuri 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolyethylene glycol (PEG) has been reported as an efficient and convenient medium for the three‐component synthesis for spiro‐oxindole.
Terpenoids from Roots of Chloranthus spicatus
Authors: Xiao Zhi‐Yong , Wang Xia‐Chang , Zhang Gui‐Ping , Huang Zhong‐Liang , Hu Li‐Hong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFive new terpenoids, including four eudesmane‐type sesquiterpenoids, 1–4, and one labdane‐type diterpenoid, 6, together with ten known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Chloranthus spicatus. The structures and their relative configurations were mainly established by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra, and MS experiments.
Synthesis and bio‐activity of alkyl/aryl [2‐(1,2,4,5‐tetrahydro‐3‐sulfanylene/selenylene naphtha[1,8][1,5,3]diazaphosphocin‐ 3‐yl)methyl amino acid esters]
Authors: Subba Reddy S. , Rao V. K. , Ravi Sankar A. U. , Raju C. N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
magnified imageSynthesis of alkyl/aryl [2‐(1,2,4,5‐tetrahydro‐3‐sulfanylene/selenylene naphtha[1,8‐f,g][1,5,3]diazaphosphocin‐3‐yl) methyl amino acid esters] (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) was accomplished in three steps. 1, 8‐diamino naphthalene (2) was reacted with tris (bromomethyl) phosphine (1) in the presence of triethylamine in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) under N2 atmosphere to form a PIII intermediate (3). It was converted to the corresponding sulfide (4) and selenide (5) by reacting with sulfur and selenium, respectively. The intermediates 4 and 5 were further reacted with amino acid esters to obtain the title compounds (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). The structures of the title compounds were established by elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and FAB mass). The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was evaluated and they exhibited significant activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of crown compounds containing a 1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety: Microwave‐assisted synthesis
Authors: Outirite Moha , Lebrini Mounim , Lagrenée Michel , Bentiss Fouad 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
magnified imageNew macrocyclic polyether compounds containing a 2,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety are quickly prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving ethylene glycol ditosylate or polyethylene glycol ditosylate and a biphenol, the 2,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole, with solid anhydrous potassium carbonate as a base under microwave irradiation (monomode and multimode). The structures of new macrocyclic polyether compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
MgBr2‐mediated opening of 2,3‐three membered heterocyclic amines
Authors: Righi Giuliana , Ciambrone Simona , Esuperanzi Evelina , Montini Francesca , Pelagalli Romina 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
magnified imageRegio‐ and stereo‐controlled opening of 2,3‐epoxy amines and 2,3‐aziridine amines by the commercially available MgBr2 is described. As reported, this new method could represent a general and useful approach for the preparation of promising intermediates. Moreover, in particular cases, the reaction evolves toward an interesting oxazolidin‐2‐one structure. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature
Authors: Stewart I. D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the modern era of urban climatology, much emphasis has been placed on observing and documenting heat island magnitudes in cities around the world. Urban climate literature consequently boasts a remarkable accumulation of observational heat island studies. Through time, however, methodologists have raised concerns about the authenticity of these studies, especially regarding the measurement, definition and reporting of heat island magnitudes. This paper substantiates these concerns through a systematic review and scientific critique of heat island literature from the period 1950–2007. The review uses nine criteria of experimental design and communication to critically assess methodological quality in a sample of 190 heat island studies. Results of this assessment are discouraging: the mean quality score of the sample is just 50 percent, and nearly half of all urban heat island magnitudes reported in the sample are judged to be scientifically indefensible. Two areas of universal weakness in the literature sample arecontrolled measurementandopenness of method: one‐half of the sample studies fail to sufficiently control the confounding effects of weather, relief or time on reported ‘urban’ heat island magnitudes, and three‐quarters fail to communicate basic metadata regarding instrumentation and field site characteristics. A large proportion of observational heat island literature is therefore compromised by poor scientific practice. This paper concludes with recommendations for improving method and communication in heat island studies through better scrutiny of findings and more rigorous reporting of primary research. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The apparent electrical conductivity as a surrogate variable for predicting earthworm abundances in tilled soils
Authors: Joschko Monika , Gebbers Robin , Barkusky Dietmar , Timmer Jens 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNoninvasive geophysical methods have a great potential for improving soil‐biological studies at field or regional scales: they enable the rapid acquisition of soil information which may help to identify potential habitats for soil biota. A precondition for this application is the existence of close relationships between geophysical measurements and the soil organism of interest. This study was conducted to determine whether field measurements of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) are related to abundances of earthworms in tilled soils. Relationships between ECa and earthworm populations were investigated along transects at 42 plots under reduced and conventional tillage at a 74 ha field on sandy‐loam soil in NE Germany. Relations were analyzed with linear‐regression and spatial analysis.The apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was quantitatively related to earthworm abundances sampled 5 months after the geophysical measurements. No relationship was found, however, in plots under conventional tillage when analyzed separately. If earthworm abundances were known at every other location along the transects and if the state‐space approach was used for analysis, the analysis of ECa measurements and earthworm abundances indicated that 50% of the earthworm samples could have been substituted by ECa measurements. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of ECa measurements for predicting earthworm habitats in tilled soil.
Effect of potassium fertilization on soil potassium pools and rice response in an intensive cropping system in China
Authors: Zhang Qi‐chun , Wang Guang‐huo , Feng Yu‐ke , Qian Peiyuan , Schoenau Jeff J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn order to assess the changes in soil K pools as affected by K‐fertilizer application and the impact of the changes on K balance, grain yield, and K uptake, an experiment was conducted in Central Zhejiang Province, E China, in a continuous double‐cropping rice system. Two sites were selected: (1) the Agricultural Research Institute of Jinhua (ARI) where soil is calcareous and (2) the Shimen Research Farm (SM) where soil is acidic. Eight consecutive crops were grown (1997–2000) in ARI and five consecutive crops (1998–2000) at SM. Treatments included unfertilized control (CK) and three different fertilizer treatments (NP, NK, and NPK). Potassium extracted by ion‐exchange resin decreased from 26 mg kg–1 to 5–10 mg kg–1 after eight consecutive seasons of growth at the ARI site. Addition of 100 kg K ha–1 for each rice crop was not enough to maintain initial K availability, especially in the calcareous soil at ARI site. In treatments with K, a small increase in readily available K was observed only in SM soil. The K extracted by HNO3 also decreased significantly in the treatments without K addition and was increased slightly in the treatments with K application. In the NP treatment, the decrease in HNO3‐K was several times greater than resin‐K, indicating that nonexchangeable K may be the major source of K supply to rice. Soil K depletion was greater for hybrid rice than for inbred rice, and this difference in K demand should be taken into account in developing fertilizer recommendations for irrigated rice.
Density, metabolic activity, and identity of cultivable rhizosphere bacteria on Salix viminalis in disturbed arable and landfill soils
Authors: Hrynkiewicz Katarzyna , Baum Christel , Leinweber Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to provide fundamental data for a subsequent selection of willow growth and soil remediation promoting bacterial strains. The rhizosphere of willows (Salix viminalis) was screened for cultivable bacteria with high enzymatic activity (proteolytic, pectolytic, cellulolytic, amylolytic) and production of siderophores at four test sites with broad spectrum of anthropogenic soil disturbance: sewage‐sludge application, impoverishment by unfavorable arable use, ash dumping, and household‐waste depositing. The density of bacteria in the rhizosphere ranged from 7.92 to 8.56 log10 of colony‐forming units per gram dry weight of soil and varied in a site‐ and willow‐clone‐specific manner. Within the 240 bacterial strains, a high diversity of metabolic activities was observed but was rarely combined in one strain (1.2% having six and 5.8% having five out of seven metabolic activities, respectively). The majority of strains (79.2%) revealed just one or two metabolic activities. Most common was a combination of lipolytic, proteolytic activities, and siderophore production as found in 13.8% of the bacterial strains. The 50 strains with the highest metabolic activity belonged predominantly to the Gammaproteobacteria (66%), the others to Flavobacteria (18%), Betaproteobacteria (8%), Actinobacteria (4%), and Bacilli (4%). The highest portion of cultivable strains of rhizosphere bacteria with high metabolic activities belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Flavobacterium. We hypothesize that these genera include strains that support willow growth and soil remediation. Therefore, the described strain collection from the rhizosphere of S. viminalis provides a valuable basis for a subsequent selection of these candidates for applications in improvement of site adaptation of plants or remediation of soils.
Carbonyl compounds methylglyoxal and glyoxal affect interleukin‐8 secretion in intestinal cells by superoxide anion generation and activation of MAPK p38
Authors: Kuntz Sabine , Kunz Clemens , Rudloff Silvia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe carbonyl compounds methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (GL) are reactive intermediates of glucose degradation pathways and capable of inducing cellular damage. Although immune‐stimulating activity has been investigated in endothelial cells, little is known about the signaling pathways of cytokine induction of these compounds in the intestine. Hence, we investigated the impact of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) on IL‐8 production by human intestinal cells (Caco‐2 and HT‐29) after stimulation by MG and GL. Both compounds induced a dose‐dependent enhancement of IL‐8 secretion in human intestinal cells. MAPK p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) were phosphorylated in these cells after having been stimulated by MG and GL. Furthermore, inhibitors of MAPK p38 (SB 203580 and 239063), ERK1/2 (PD 98059) and NF‐κB activation (SM‐7368 and SC‐514) reduced IL‐8 secretion. The most important mechanism by which MG and GL induced IL‐8 secretion was the generation of superoxide anions which was confirmed by the inhibition of the cytosolic NADPH oxidase with diphenyl iodonium (DPI) or by application of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Our data suggest that multiple pathways were simultaneously activated; however, superoxide dependent MAPK p38 activation seems to be the most dominant pathway for IL‐8 secretion in intestinal cells.
Assessing vitamin D status: Pitfalls for the unwary
Authors: Lai Jeffrey K. C. , Lucas Robyn M. , Clements Mark S. , Harrison Simone L. , Banks Emily 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe use of vitamin D testing has grown rapidly in the recent times as a result of increased interest in the role of vitamin D in health. Although the generally accepted measure of vitamin D status is circulating 25(OH)D concentration, there is little consensus on which assay method should be used. Commonly used assays include competitive protein‐binding assay, RIA, enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassays, HPLC, and LC‐MS/MS, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. However, there is significant interassay and interlaboratory variability in measurements. Our simulation of the published data showed that using a deficiency cut‐point of 50 nmol/L, 57% of samples assessed using a chemiluminescence immunoassay were classified as deficient compared with 41% of samples assessed using LC‐MS/MS; a 20% misclassification rate. Similar rates of misclassification were seen at 75 nmol/L. This has implications for clinical practice and decision limits for vitamin D supplementation, suggesting that cut‐points should be assay specific rather than universal and that greater harmonization between laboratories is required. Newer assays using alternative biological samples to determine the circulating 25(OH)D have been proposed and advances in the genetics of vitamin D and the role of vitamin D‐binding protein may improve future assay accuracy.
Recovery and metabolism of xanthohumol in germ‐free and human microbiota‐associated rats
Authors: Hanske Laura , Loh Gunnar , Sczesny Silke , Blaut Michael , Braune Annett 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe impact of human intestinal bacteria on the bioavailability of the prenylflavonoid xanthohumol (XN) was studied by comparing germ‐free (GF) and human microbiota‐associated (HMA) rats. After XN application, XN, XN conjugates, and isoxanthohumol (IX) conjugates occurred in blood samples of GF and HMA rats, whereas IX was detected only in the blood of HMA rats. Overall excretion of XN and its metabolites within 48 h was only 4.6% of the ingested dose in GF rats and 4.2% in HMA rats, feces being the major route of excretion. While both GF and HMA rats excreted XN, IX, and their conjugates with urine and feces, 8‐prenylnaringenin and its corresponding conjugates were exclusively observed in the feces of HMA rats. The microbial formation of 8‐prenylnaringenin was confirmed by incubation of XN and IX with human fecal slurries. The amount of conjugates excreted in urine and feces was lower in HMA rats compared to GF rats indicating their hydrolysis by human intestinal microbiota. Thus, the impact of bacteria on the XN metabolism in the gut may affect thein vivoeffects of ingested XN.
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the major peach allergen Pru p 3, a lipid transfer protein: Molecular characterization of the products and assessment of their IgE binding abilities
Authors: Cavatorta Valeria , Sforza Stefano , Aquino Giancarlo , Galaverna Gianni , Dossena Arnaldo , Pastorello Elide Anna , Marchelli Rosangela 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA simulated gastrointestinal digestion has been carried out on purified peach lipid transfer protein, one of the main allergens among the population of the Mediterranean area and the major allergen of peach allergic patients. The percentage of intact protein, after extensive digestion, measured by comparison with a non‐digestible peptide analogue used as internal standard, was found to be about one‐third of the original protein content. The peptides formed in digested fraction were characterized by means of LC/MS. The products of the digestion essentially derived from trypsin action, whereas the protein appeared to be resistant to pepsin and chymotrypsin. The identified peptides could be classified as low molecular weight and high molecular weight peptides. The latter consisted of the full protein, with the disulfide bridges still intact, deprived of the smaller peptides. The different digestion products, including the high and low molecular weight peptides, were purified by LC and assessed, together with the intact protein, by dot‐blot analysis with sera of allergic patients, allowing to estimate their potential allergenicity. The intact protein and the high molecular weight peptides were found to be recognized by patients' sera, whereas the small peptides were found to be not reactive.