bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Last Night, I Prayed to Matthew”: Matthew Shepard, Homosexuality, and Popular Martyrdom in Contemporary America
Authors: Hoffman Scott W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn October 1998, Matthew Shepard, a young gay student at the University of Wyoming, was brutally murdered. Upon hearing the news, many Americans described him as a victim of a hate crime. Others, however, proclaimed Shepard a gay martyr. This declaration was not simply political rhetoric. Despite long-standing conservative religious opposition to homosexuality, they believed that Shepard had been granted salvation and a place among the saints in heaven. This article addresses the questions, “How and why was Matthew Shepard declared a popular martyr?” More specifically, how does this popular martyrdom relate to contemporary debates surrounding civil rights for gays and lesbians in America? As part of a series of social movements that followed the Second World War, sexual minorities have struggled to claim legitimate space in American society, leaving dramatic social changes in their wake. Noting this, while contrasting the news media’s construction of Shepard with the simultaneous popular discussion on the Internet, this article argues that a long tradition of popular martyr-making came together with social and political circumstances at a certain historical moment to transform the obscure victim of a hate crime into a popular martyr residing in heaven. That is, although the news media constructed Shepard as simply the affable young victim of a fatal hate crime, these contingencies allowed many Americans to reconstruct Shepard as a popular martyr. They expressed this belief in political, cultural, and social action. In time, Shepard's popular martyrdom helped further a growing acceptance of gays and lesbians into America's mainstream.
Functional Dissection of the Neural Substrates for Sexual Behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Meissner Geoffrey W , Manoli Devanand S , Chavez Jose F , Knapp Jon-Michael , Lin Tasha L , Stevens Robin J , Mellert David J , Tran David H , Baker Bruce S 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The male-specific Fruitless proteins (FruM) act to establish the potential for male courtship behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and are expressed in small groups of neurons throughout the nervous system. We screened ∼1000 GAL4 lines, using assays for general courtship, male–male interactions, and male fertility to determine the phenotypes resulting from the GAL4-driven inhibition of FruM expression in subsets of these neurons. A battery of secondary assays showed that the phenotypic classes of GAL4 lines could be divided into subgroups on the basis of additional neurobiological and behavioral criteria. For example, in some lines, restoration of FruM expression in cholinergic neurons restores fertility or reduces male–male courtship. Persistent chains of males courting each other in some lines results from males courting both sexes indiscriminately, whereas in other lines this phenotype results from apparent habituation deficits. Inhibition of ectopic FruM expression in females, in populations of neurons where FruM is necessary for male fertility, can rescue female infertility. To identify the neurons responsible for some of the observed behavioral alterations, we determined the overlap between the identified GAL4 lines and endogenous FruM expression in lines with fertility defects. The GAL4 lines causing fertility defects generally had widespread overlap with FruM expression in many regions of the nervous system, suggesting likely redundant FruM-expressing neuronal pathways capable of conferring male fertility. From associations between the screened behaviors, we propose a functional model for courtship initiation.
Sex-Specific Incompatibility Generates Locus-Specific Rates of Introgression Between Species
Authors: Fusco Diana , Uyenoyama Marcy K 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Disruption of interactions among ensembles of epistatic loci has been shown to contribute to reproductive isolation among various animal and plant species. Under the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model, such interspecific incompatibility arises as a by-product of genetic divergence in each species, and the Orr–Turelli model indicates that the number of loci involved in incompatible interactions may “snowball” over time. We address the combined effect of multiple incompatibility loci on the rate of introgression at neutral marker loci across the genome. Our analysis extends previous work by accommodating sex specificity: differences between the sexes in the expression of incompatibility, in rates of crossing over between neutral markers and incompatibility loci, and in transmission of markers or incompatibility factors. We show that the evolutionary process at neutral markers in a genome subject to incompatibility selection is well approximated by a purely neutral process with migration rates appropriately scaled to reflect the influence of selection targeted to incompatibility factors. We confirm that in the absence of sex specificity and functional epistasis among incompatibility factors, the barrier to introgression induced by multiple incompatibility factors corresponds to the product of the barriers induced by the factors individually. A new finding is that barriers to introgression due to sex-specific incompatibility depart in general from multiplicativity. Our partitioning of variation in relative reproductive rate suggests that such departures derive from associations between sex and incompatibility and between sex and neutral markers. Concordant sex-specific incompatibility (for example, greater impairment of male hybrids or longer map lengths in females) induces lower barriers (higher rates of introgression) than expected under multiplicativity, and discordant sex-specific incompatibility induces higher barriers.
Comprehensive Comparison of Drug Prescribing in the United States and United Kingdom
Authors: Parkin Lianne , Hagberg Katrina Wilcox , Jick Hershel 
Published: June 2011

Study Objective. To compare the frequency of outpatient drug prescribing in the United States and United Kingdom according to individual drugs and therapeutic categories during 2004–2006.Design. Retrospective prescription record review.Data Sources. United Kingdom General Practice Research Database, and the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database for U.S. data.Subjects. In the U.K. database, we identified 1.6 million people younger than 65 years who were prescribed at least one prescription drug in at least one of the calendar years during the study period (2004–2006). For comparison, for each U.K. person identified, we randomly identified one person of the same sex and year of birth in the U.S. database who was also prescribed at least one drug in the same calendar year.Measurements and Main Results. We compared the frequency of prescribing of individual drugs, as well as selected therapeutic categories. Substantially higher proportions of people in the United States were prescribed antibiotics, statins, and postmenopausal hormones, but asthma drugs were prescribed more frequently in the United Kingdom. In those younger than 20 years, antidepressants and antipsychotics were prescribed more than twice as frequently in the United States, and males in the United States were far more likely to be prescribed drugs for attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder than were their counterparts in the United Kingdom.Conclusion. This study provides documented quantification of differing patterns of drug use in the United States and United Kingdom during 2004–2006. The higher proportionate prescribing for most indications in the United States and the greater use of drugs under patent suggest that monetary costs are likely to be considerably higher in the United States than in the United Kingdom.
Novel Locus FER Is Associated With Serum HMW Adiponectin Levels
Authors: Qi Lu , Menzaghi Claudia , Salvemini Lucia , De Bonis Concetta , Trischitta Vincenzo , Hu Frank B. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is a predominant isoform of circulating adiponectin and has been related to type 2 diabetes. Previous linkage studies suggest that different genetic components might be involved in determining HMW and total adiponectin levels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of serum HMW adiponectin levels in individuals of European ancestry drawn from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (N = 1,591). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in the GWAS analysis were replicated in an independent cohort of Europeans (N = 626). We examined the associations of the identified variations with diabetes risk and metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS
We identified a novel locus near the FER gene (5q21) at a genome-wide significance level, best represented by SNP rs10447248 (P = 4.69 × 10−8). We also confirmed that variations near the adiponectin-encoding ADIPOQ locus (3q27) were related to serum HMW adiponectin levels. In addition, we found that FER SNP rs10447248 was related to HDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.009); ADIPOQ variation was associated with fasting glucose (P = 0.04), HDL cholesterol (P = 0.04), and a metabolic syndrome score (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that different loci may be involved in regulation of circulating HMW adiponectin levels and provide novel insight into the mechanisms that affect HMW adiponectin homeostasis.
Contact Toxicities of Oxygenated Monoterpenes to Different Populations of Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Mahdi Safaei , Sasan Jafarnia , Sara Khosroshahi 
Published: June 2011

Contact Toxicities of Oxygenated Monoterpenes to Different Populations of Colorado Potato Beetle,Leptinotarsa DecemlineataSay (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)In the present study, 12 pure oxygenated monoterpenes at 2 different doses were tested for their toxicity against second and third instar larvae and adults of three different populations of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay). Some of tested compounds were found to be toxic to larvae and adults, but the degree of toxicity was variable. The mortality range was 20-100%. In general, fenchone, linalool, citronella and menthone showed a strong toxicity against the tested developmental stages; camphor, carvone and linalyl acetate showed moderate toxicity against larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle and some compounds like fenchol, isomenthol, menthol, nerol and neryl acetate showed the least or no toxicity against the tested developmental stages ofL. decemlineata.Another important result was that although the tested populations of Colorado potato beetle showed some resistance to Endosulfan (50% WP), there was no resistance to tested oxygenated monoterpenes. The present results indicate that some of these compounds can be used as potential control agents against both larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle.
Use of Cultural Filtrates of Certain Microbial Isolates for Powdery Mildew Control in Squash
Authors: Elkot Gaber , Derbalah Aly 
Published: June 2011

Use of Cultural Filtrates of Certain Microbial Isolates for Powdery Mildew Control in SquashPowdery mildew induces significant losses in yield and quality of squash. Therefore, culture filtrates of certain microbial isolates, (Epicoccum nigrum,Epicoccum minitans,Epicoccumsp.,Trichoderma harzianum,Trichoderma virideandBacillus pumilus) were used alone, and in combination with the fungicide penconazole to control powdery mildew in squash, under field conditions. Moreover, GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the chemical components of the most effective culture filtrates against powdery mildew pathogen. The results showed that culture filtrates of different microbial isolates (except forTrichoderma harzianum) were more effective against powdery mildew in squash than the tested fungicide alone at the recommended levels, in both tested seasons. The results also showed that mixing different culture filtrates with penconazole improved efficiency against powdery mildew compared to using the fungicide alone, in both tested seasons. The efficacy of the culture filtrates of the tested microbial isolates against powdery mildew were due to the presence of a mixture of known antifungal compounds. The results suggest the possible use of the culture filtrates of the tested microbial isolates as alternative to fungicides, in powdery mildew control. Also, this study suggests the possible mixing of the culture filtrate of the tested biocontrol agents with fungicides to minimize the applied amount of fungicides.
Empirical-Scientific Model of Geography
Authors: Chojnicki Zbyszko 
Published: June 2011

Empirical-Scientific Model of Geography
The article presents a philosophical-methodological conception of an empirical-scientific model of geography as an empirical science. It consists of an introduction and two parts. The introduction discusses the notion of philosophical-methodological models of geography and philosophical orientations. Part one addresses the philosophical-methodological foundations of the model, which are three successive philosophical streams: empiricism, logical empiricism (neo-positivism), and scientific philosophy. Part two offers a characterisation of the empirical-scientific model in terms of the principles of scientific philosophy embracing three chief problem areas: ontological, epistemological and methodological.
Modern Economic and Geographical Characteristics and Prospects of Development of Environmental Protection Infrastructure in the Baikal Region of Russia
Authors: Zabortseva Tatiana 
Published: June 2011

Modern Economic and Geographical Characteristics and Prospects of Development of Environmental Protection Infrastructure in the Baikal Region of Russia
In the administrative division of Russia, the Baikal region is traditionally considered as embracing three parts: the Irkutsk oblast', the Republic of Buryatia, and Zabaikalsky Kray. Its area is three times larger than that of France (1.6 million km2), but its population size and density are typical of "the Siberian depth of the country" (4.6 million people, under 3 persons/km2). One of the most important global features of a part of this region - the Baikal Natural Territory - is to ensure the preservation of Lake Baikal as a World Heritage Site. A strategy of environmentally oriented land use determines an adequate level of development of ecological infrastructure and its most important sector - environmental protection infrastructure (EPI). The article presents an analysis of the current infrastructure for managing solid waste, and proposes a forecast scenario of its development with the use of the gravity model in the EPI sector involving recycling collection points.
Dependence of Heavy Soil Transport Function on Soil Profile Depth
Authors: Kotorová Dana , Jakubová Jana , Kováč Ladislav 
Published: June 2011

Dependence of Heavy Soil Transport Function on Soil Profile DepthThe aim of this work was to quantify the effect of soil profile depth on the transport function of heavy soils. Treatments were carried out between 2006 and 2009 in Milhostov. Two variants were examined : the (conventional soil tillage and long-time no-tilled variant). Soil samples were taken in spring and autumn from soil profile depth of 0.00-0.60 m from each 0.10 m. For further evaluation the average values were used. Particle size composition, bulk density, total porosity and maximum capillary capacity were determined. Content of clay particles in soil profile was in interval 59.64-68.53% and such soils are characterised in the range from clay-loamy soil to clayey soil. The bulk density increased with the depth of soil profile and its values reached 1 184-1 646 kg m-3. The total porosity was in range 37.68-55.17% and it decreased with the depth of soil profile. The values of maximum capillary capacity were characterised for heavy soils with high content of clay particles. The depth had statistically significant effect on all observed parameters. In average, on both variants the bulk density was higher than 1 400 kg m-3, the total porosity was lower than 47% and the content of clay was higher than 30%, pointing to the possibility of soil compaction, which will result in reduced transport function of heavy soils.
Yield Formation of White Lupin Lupinus albus L. on Heavy Gleyey Alluvial Soil
Authors: Šariková Danica , Hnát Andrej , Fecák Peter 
Published: June 2011

Yield Formation of White Lupin Lupinus albus L. on Heavy Gleyey Alluvial Soil
Field trial with white lupin Lupinus albus L., an anti-trypsin-free French cultivar Amiga, on heavy gleyey alluvial soil of the research base in Milhostov (alt.: 101 m, avg. year temp.: 9.0°C, year precip.: 559 mm) in the trial years of 2006-2008 was performed. The influence of three seeding rates: 0.55, 0.65, 0.75 million viable seeds per ha (MVS) and three doses of N fertilization: 25, 50, 75 kg ha-1 N on seed yield and yield components such as plant number per m2, pod number per plant, seed number per plant and thousand seed weight was tested in the trial. The data of randomized complete block design trial were statistically evaluated by ANOVA and LSD method. All tested factors had highly significant (P≤0.01) influence on seed yield. Seed yield was especially influenced by weather in year (97.8% influence), followed by seeding rate with the influence of 1.8% and N fertilization with the influence of 0.3% only. The highest seed yield of 2.21 t ha-1 was under the highest seeding rate of 0.75 MVS with the difference of 0.36 t ha-1 (19.5%) in comparison with the lowest seeding rate of 0.55 MVS (1.85 t ha-1) and about 0.15 t ha-1 (10.7%) higher in comparison with the seeding rate of 0.65 MVS (2.06 t ha-1). The highest influence on seed yield had the dose of 75 kg ha-1 N. The seed yield of 2.09 t ha-1 under the treatment with the highest dose of 75 kg ha-1 N was about 0.13 t ha-1 (6.6%) higher than the yield under the treatment with the lowest dose of 25 kg ha-1 N (1.96 t ha-1). All yield components were highly significantly (P≤0.01) influenced by weather in year. Plant number per m2 was also highly significantly (P≤0.01) influenced by all tested factors.
Sites Availability for Minimalizing and Soil-Conservation Tillage of Soils in Slovakia
Authors: Vilček Jozef , Kováč Karol 
Published: June 2011

Sites Availability for Minimalizing and Soil-Conservation Tillage of Soils in SlovakiaThere is an alternative technology of traditional agricultural soil processing, so called minimalizing cultivation, which is based on reduction of some operating processes used in common. It is possible to perform this technology only in particular soil conditions. Total land area of sites, which are avail-able for the application of minimalizing cultivation is about 693 thousand hectares, which presents approximately 28% of agricultural and 48% of arable soils. 60% of this land area occurs in the maize production area and 39% in the sugar beet production area, thus in the most favourable agricultural local-ities regarding climate and soil. According to the administrative structuring of Slovakia 43% of agricultural soils suitable for minimalizing technologies occurs in Nitra district and about 27% in Trnava district. Identification of areas, suitable for such technologies application, is possible by the information databases of Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, which have been elaborated for this purpose in geographic and informative systems. Regarding input parameters, they were chosen as follows: climatic conditions of given locality, steepness, depth, stoniness and soil texture.
Arthritis Extended-Role Practitioners: Impact on Community Practice (An Exploratory Study)
Authors: Lineker Sydney C. , Lundon Katie , Shupak Rachel , Schneider Rayfel , MacKay Crystal , Varatharasan Nirupa 
Published: June 2011

Purpose: We compared practice of extended role practitioners and experienced therapists without extended practice training to determine differences in assessment and management of clients with inflammatory arthritis, in preparation for a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Retrospective review of randomly selected charts of extended-role trained occupational therapists or physiotherapists and from experienced therapists matched on therapist discipline, geographical location, and time of referral. Three trained reviewers used standardized forms to extract data independently. Results: We reviewed 58 charts of adult clients with inflammatory arthritis. Compared with experienced therapists, extended-role practitioners were more likely to receive referrals specifically for assessments (52% vs. 14%); to treat clients with undifferentiated arthritis (48% vs. 10%); to document comorbidities (90% vs. 66%); to advocate on behalf of the client with the client's family, physician, or specialist (52% vs. 21%); to recommend or provide exercise or physical activity (86% vs. 62%); to educate clients about pain management (41% vs. 28%), energy conservation (24% vs. 14%), and posture (21% vs. 7%); to recommend splints (41% vs. 31%); and to refer for or recommend radiologic or laboratory assessments (14% vs. 3%). Experienced therapists were more likely to provide education about joint protection (41% vs. 31%), community resources (31% vs. 7%), and assistive devices (45% vs. 21%). Conclusions: We identified possible differences in practice between extended-role practitioners and experienced therapists without training for extended practice. Capturing these details in future studies evaluating the efficacy of extended role practitioner interventions will be important.
Spinal duraplasty materials and hydrostasis: a biomechanical study
Authors: Finn Michael A. , Faulkner Nathan D. , Hetzel Scott J. , Anderson Paul A. 
Published: June 2011

Object
Dural tears are a frequent complication of spinal surgery and contribute to significant morbidity. Occasionally, dural tears cannot be closed primarily and dural patch grafts must be utilized. No data exist on the comparative immediate hydrostatic strength of various patch materials used alone or with a biological adhesive in a spinal dural tear model. Thus, the authors conducted this study to determine the comparative effectiveness of various patch materials used with and without biological adhesive.

Methods
Twenty-four thoracic spines from calves were prepared with laminectomies and spinal cord evacuation, leaving the dura intact. Foley catheters were inflated on either side of a planned dural defect, and baseline hydrostasis was measured using a fluid column at 30, 60, and 90 cm of H2O. A standard dural defect (1 × 2 cm) was created, and 8 patches of each material (human fascia lata, Duragen, and Preclude) were sutured in place using 5-0 Prolene hemo-seal running sutures. Hydrostasis was again tested at the same pressures. Finally, a hydrogel sealant (Duraseal) was placed over the defect and hydrostasis was again tested. Results were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA.

Results
The leakage rate increased significantly at each pressure tested for all conditions. There was no difference in leakage among the 3 patch materials at any of the pressures or for either condition (with or without sealant). All patch materials allowed significantly greater leakage than the intact condition at all pressures. The use of sealant reduced leakage significantly at the 30 and 60 mm Hg pressures to levels similar to the intact condition. At 90 mm Hg, leakage of the sealed construct was greater than at the intact condition but significantly less than without the use of sealant.

Conclusions
All 3 dural patch materials were of similar hydrostatic strength and allowed greater leakage than at the intact condition. The use of sealant reduced the amount of leakage at all pressures compared with patching alone but allowed more leakage than the intact state at a high hydrostatic pressure (90 mm Hg).