bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outbreeding Depression after Two Generations of Hybridizing Southeast Alaska Coho Salmon Populations?
Authors: Dann Tyler H. , Smoker William W. , Hard Jeffrey J. , Gharrett Anthony J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNo fitness loss was detected in second‐generation hybrids, relative to parental controls, between three pairs of coho salmonOncorhynchus kisutchpopulations from Southeast Alaska, in which groups were cultured in a common freshwater environment, released to sea together, and recovered together as adults. Divergence among the populations as measured by neutral molecular markers was significant. Marine survival did not differ among parental groups, F1groups, F2groups, and hybrid groups, between parental and hybrid groups, and between parental and F2groups. Marine survival of F1hybrids in the first generation of the experiment exceeded that of parental controls but did not differ among parental or F1groups, although the power of the latter tests was low. Tests for the loss of fitness in hybrids relative to parental controls based on fluctuating asymmetry (FA) yielded only one significant result among six tests, and in many instances hybrids exhibited less FA than parental controls. Body length differed among years, populations, sexes, and cross types (parental, F1hybrids, and F2hybrids); the differences among cross types were consistent with among‐population differences. In contrast, bilateral meristic counts exhibited little variability (coefficients of variation = 0.02–0.09). Meristic differences among years probably reflect the effects of the different environments experienced by the fish. The small variability in bilateral meristic characters suggests strong genetic canalization for these traits. Although no losses in fitness (as measured by marine survival and FA) were observed, the power of each of our tests was low and the among‐population differences were unique to this experiment.
Unintended Effects of Electrofishing on Nongame Fishes
Authors: Miranda L. E. , Kidwell R. H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMost studies of injury associated with electrofishing have focused on game fishes, but few have given attention to cohabiting small nongame species. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we subjected small nongame cyprinids, ictalurids, and percids to a wide range of voltages and waveforms to examine potential harmful effects. Fish were treated with power levels distributed uniformly between the thresholds required to immobilize game fish and also were subjected multiple times to those thresholds to simulate the range of conditions that might exist in a heterogeneous electrical field formed during electrofishing in field situations. Across waveforms and species, the incidence of hemorrhages averaged 2% (range = 0–20%), the incidence of spinal injuries averaged 6% (range = 0–30%), and mortality averaged 16% (range = 0–90%). Continuous DC was generally less harmful than pulsed‐DC waveforms; hemorrhages and spinal injuries tended to increase with high pulse frequencies, and mortalities tended to increase with low pulse frequencies. Ambiguities in the results were apparent, suggesting that some species may experience extensive harm, whereas others may not. Given the potential to harm numerically small populations and populations of imperiled species, we suggest (1) expanded efforts to overcome the power limitations that prevent effective use of continuous‐DC electrofishing in many field situations and (2) pilot studies at geographic locations where numerically small populations of nongame species may be a concern.
Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars
Authors: Bernatt Jakub 
Published: October 2010

Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars
The paper describes high output induction motors driving large applications of heavy starting conditions. Heavy start is characterised by long accelerating time and occures in drives of hudge inertia torque, esspecially when performed at full load. The reliable operation of the motors depends on proper design and quality of rotor's cage. The aspects of thermal behaviour and electrodynamic forces have to be considered during the design of the motor for hard working conditions. In the paper the rotor with idle bars is investigated.
Synthesis and CAD of permanent magnet DC brushless motors
Authors: Dąbrowski Mirosław , Rudeński Andrzej 
Published: October 2010

Synthesis and CAD of permanent magnet DC brushless motorsThe paper presents an algorithm and software for the optimal design of permanent magnet brushless DC motors. Such motors are powered by DC voltage sources via semiconductor switches connected to the motor phase belts. The software is adjusted to the design of motors with NdFeB high energy density magnets. An attention has been given to issues important in the design of the motors, i.e., permanent magnet selection, structure of magnetic circuit, and armature windings. Particularly, precision of calculation of the permanent magnet operating point, visualization of selection process of the winding belts, and magnetic circuit dimensioning have been investigated. The authors have been trying to make the equations more specific and accurate than those presented in the literature. The user software interface allows changes in the magnetic circuit dimensions, and in the winding parameters. It is possible to examine simultaneously the influence of these changes on the calculation results. The software operates both with standard and inverted (outer rotor) motor structure. To perform optimization, a non-deterministic method based on the evolution strategy (μ+λ) - ES has been used.
Induction motor analysis employing optimal torque predictor and massive conductor approach
Authors: Bernat Jakub , Stępień Sławomir 
Published: October 2010

Induction motor analysis employing optimal torque predictor and massive conductor approachThis research presents a method for the simulation of the magneto-mechanical system dynamics taking motion and eddy currents into account. The major contribution of this work leans on the coupling the field-motion problem considering windings as the current forced massive conductors, modelling of the rotor motion composed of two conductive materials and the torque calculation employing the special optimal predictor combined with the modified Maxwell stress tensor method. The 3D model of the device is analysed by the time stepping finite element method. Mechanical motion of the rotor is determined by solving the second order motion equation. Both magnetic and mechanical equations are coupled in the iterative solving process. Presented method is verified by solving the TEAM Workshop Problem 30.
Simple generation of neutral bimetallic aluminium and zinc alkyls Schiff bases bridged by a central resorcinol moiety
Authors: Aazam Elham , Coles Martyn 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Aluminium and zinc complexes bearing the N,O-chelating Schiff base ligand 4,6-bis-1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethylimino)ethyl)benzene-1,3-diol, (C6H2(OH)2(NCH2CH2NMe2)2) (1a), have been synthesized. Bimetallic aluminium and zinc alkyl complexes (2a–4a) were prepared by treatment of the hexadentate 1a with the appropriate amount of AlMe3, ZnMe2 and ZnEt2, respectively. 2a has been characterized crystallographically, it lies on a crystallographic two-fold rotation axis and each aluminium centre adopts a five coordinate geometry. Complex 2a was tested as a catalyst in the ring-opening polymerisation of ɛ-caprolactone. We describe here the synthesis of two neutral ligands (1a and (C6H2(OH)2(C6H5NH2) (C=O(CH3)) (1b)) and demonstrate their application in the synthesis of molecular aluminium and zinc derivatives.
On identities in orthocomplemented difference lattices
Authors: Matoušek Milan , Pták Pavel 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In this note we continue the investigation of algebraic properties of orthocomplemented (symmetric) difference lattices (ODLs) as initiated and previously studied by the authors. We take up a few identities that we came across in the previous considerations. We first see that some of them characterize, in a somewhat non-trivial manner, the ODLs that are Boolean. In the second part we select an identity peculiar for set-representable ODLs. This identity allows us to present another construction of an ODL that is not set-representable. We then give the construction a more general form and consider algebraic properties of the ‘orthomodular support’.
Algebraic Theory of Causal Double Products
Authors: Hudson R. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Corresponding to each “rectangular” double product in the form of a formal power series R[h] with coefficients in the tensor product 풯(ℒ)⊙ 풯 (ℒ) with itself of the Itô Hopf algebra, we construct “triangular” elements T[h] of 풯(ℒ) satisfying ΔT[h] = T[h](1)
R[h]T{h](2). In Fock space representations of 풯(ℒ) by iterated quantum stochastic integrals when ℒ is the algebra of Itô differentials of the calculus, these correspond to “causal” double product integrals in a single Fock space.
Mapping aquifer geometry using electrical resistivity tomography: a case study from Şanlıurfa, south‐eastern Turkey
Authors: Drahor M.G. , Berge M.A. , Göktürkler G. , Kurtulmuş T.Ö. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTA shallow aquifer system was investigated with 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to determine the hydrogeological setting of the Balıklı Lake region, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Many spring waters are found in the study area where groundwater flow paths merge and reach the surface. A recreation complex was planned near the Balıklı Lake by the Municipality of Şanlıurfa. Therefore, an ERT survey was carried out to reveal the subsurface characterization, particularly to investigate the possible shallow aquifer system beneath the recreation area. Consequently, 2D resistivity data along thirteen profiles were acquired in the study area and the data were inverted by a tomographic inversion technique. The conductive layers in the ERT results indicated a shallow aquifer zone probably related to a karstic environment. The high conductivity observed in this layer might be caused by pollution resulting from the industrial and domestic wastes of the residential areas. The high resistive bottom layer was considered to be the basement in the study area. The geometry of the shallow aquifer environment was confirmed by slicing maps obtained from the ERT data. To build the conceptual geological model, a 2D forward resistivity modelling study was also achieved after the inversion studies. The inversion parameters and borehole result underlie the background of the forward model. Field and synthetic data were compared to each other and tested in means of calculation of the misfits to determine the reliability of these models.
The Influence of Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of Dental Glass Ionomer Cements
Authors: Brandt Björn , Lohbauer Ulrich , Göken Mathias , Durst Karsten 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe toughening potential of a particle‐size reduction is investigated on experimental glass ionomer cements (GICs). A reduction of the particle size results in a reduced fracture toughness. The use of bimodal particle‐size distributions is proposed for the development of tough and workable cements, where small particles provide the reactive surface area and large particles are responsible for crack deflection. Characterization of a GIC‐restored tooth with reference to a composite restoration by nanoindentation demonstrates the clinical relevance of the study. The elastic properties of GICs are well adapted for application in contact with dentine.
Multi‐Gram Synthesis of a Hyaluronic Acid Subunit and Synthesis of Fully Protected Oligomers
Authors: Virlouvet Mickaël , Gartner Michael , Koroniak Katarzyna , Sleeman Jonathan P. , Bräse Stefan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFully protected tetra‐, hexa‐ and octasaccharides of hyaluronic acid were synthesized on a scale of several 100 mg up to gram quantities using allyl (methyl 2‐O‐benzoyl‐3‐O‐benzyl‐4‐O‐levulinoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyluronate)‐(1→3)‐4‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐trichloroacetamido‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside as a key building block. This disaccharide was subjected to deprotection, then glycosylation via the trichloroacetimidate method was employed to achieve the formation of the oligosaccharides.
Fully Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis using C‐Terminal tert‐Butyl Ester Interconversion
Authors: Nuijens Timo , Cusan Claudia , van Dooren Theodorus J. G. M. , Moody Harold M. , Merkx Remco , Kruijtzer John A. W. , Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Liskamp Rob M. J. , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChemoenzymatic peptide synthesis is potentially the most cost‐efficient technology for the synthesis of short and medium‐sized peptides with some important advantages. For instance, stoichiometric amounts of expensive coupling reagents are not required and racemisation does not occur, thus rendering purification easier compared to chemical peptide synthesis. The economically most attractive synthesis runs in the N→C terminal direction wherein a cheap C‐terminally protected amino acid is employed as the building block for elongation. However, C‐terminal deprotection and activation after an elongation step – without cleavage of the side‐chain protective groups or the peptide bonds – was hitherto still a challenge. In this paper we describe a novel C‐terminal ester interconversion catalysed by the serine endopeptidase Alcalase. C‐Terminally protected peptide tert‐butyl esters were enzymatically converted into primary alkyl esters in quantitative yield and used directly in the next enzymatic elongation step with another amino acid tert‐butyl ester. This fully enzymatic N→C elongation strategy by C‐terminal ester interconversion was applied toward the synthesis of biologically active peptides up to the pentamer level.
An Efficient Synthesis of gem‐Dihydroperoxides with Molecular Oxygen and Anthracene under Light Irradiation
Authors: Tada Norihiro , Cui Lei , Okubo Hiroaki , Miura Tsuyoshi , Itoh Akichika 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA new efficient dihydroperoxidation protocol of a wide variety of carbonyl compounds with molecular oxygen, anthracene, and 2‐propanol under light irradiation afforded their corresponding gem‐dihydroperoxides in high yields.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)‐3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoate (‘Roche Ester’) and Derivatives via Biocatalytic CC‐Bond Reduction
Authors: Stueckler Clemens , Winkler Christoph K. , Bonnekessel Melanie , Faber Kurt 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEnoate reductases from the ‘old yellow enzyme’ family were employed for the asymmetric bioreduction of methyl 2‐hydroxymethylacrylate and its O‐allyl, O‐benzyl and O‐TBDMS derivatives to furnish (R)‐configurated methyl 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionate products in up to >99% ee Variation of the O‐protective group had little influence on the stereoselectivity, but a major impact on the reaction rate.
Overcoming mass‐transfer limitations in partial hydrogenation of soybean oil using metal‐decorated polymeric membranes
Authors: Singh D. , Pfromm P. H. , Rezac M. E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe conventional soybean oil hydrogenation process (metal catalyst on solid support particles slurried in oil, H2 bubbled through the oil) is compared with metal‐decorated integral‐asymmetric polyetherimide (PEI) membranes, as far as changes in temperature and pressure are concerned. Using metal‐decorated polymeric membranes, H2 is supplied to the catalytic sites by permeation from the membrane substructure. As opposed to the slurry process, metal‐decorated membranes show only slightly increased trans fatty acid (TFA) formation when the temperature is raised (50–90°C) to accelerate the process. This is likely due to the efficient and to some extent self‐regulating H2 supply directly to the catalytic sites on the membrane skin. The hydrogenation rate and TFA formation of the metal‐decorated membrane process show a minor dependence on pressure. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Efficient and robust three‐phase split computations
Authors: Haugen Kjetil B. , Firoozabadi Abbas , Sun Lixin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe combination of successive substitution and the Newton method provides a robust and efficient algorithm to solve the nonlinear isofugacity and mass balance equations for two‐phase split computations. The two‐phase Rachford–Rice equation may sometimes introduce complexity, but the Newton and bisection methods provide a robust solution algorithm. For three‐phase split calculations, the literature shows that the computed three‐phase region is smaller than measured data indicate. We suggest that an improved solution algorithm for the three‐phase Rachford–Rice equations can address the problem. Our proposal is to use a two‐dimensional bisection method to provide good initial guesses for the Newton algorithm used to solve the three‐phase Rachford–Rice equations. In this work, we present examples of various degree of complexity to demonstrate powerful features of the combined bisection‐Newton method in three‐phase split calculations. To the best of our knowledge, the use of the bisection method in two variables has not been used to solve the three‐phase Rachford–Rice equations in the past. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water technology
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Abdelfatah Rehab , Tayeb Aghareed , Yoshida Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis work represents the extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water. The extraction efficiencies of different range temperatures (180–280°C), having mean particle size range from 3 mm to less than 0.5 mm, water:seed ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1, and extraction times in the range of 5–60 min were all investigated. The composition of the extracted oil, using the subcritical water, was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography and compared with that extracted using traditional hexane extraction. The results showed that the optimum temperature, mean particle size, water:seed ratio, and extraction time were 270°C, <0.5 mm, 2:1, and 30 min, respectively. In addition the extracted oil was identical to that extracted using the traditional hexane method. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Oxygen mass transport limitations at the cathode of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Authors: Benziger Jay , Kimball Erin , Mejia‐Ariza Raquel , Kevrekidis Ioannis 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOxygen transport across the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells was examined by varying the O2/N2 ratio and by varying the area of the GDL extending laterally from the gas flow channel under the bipolar plate (under the land). As the cathode is depleted of oxygen, the current density becomes limited by oxygen transport across the GDL. Oxygen depletion from O2/N2 mixtures limits catalyst utilization, especially under the land.The local current density with air fed PEM fuel cells falls to practically zero at lateral distances under the land more than 3 times the GDL thickness; on the other hand, catalyst utilization was not limited when the fuel cell cathode was fed with 100% oxygen. The ratio of GDL thickness to the extent of the land is thus critical to the effective utilization of the catalyst in an air fed PEM fuel cell. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Effect of flow direction on the performance of radial flow catalytic reactors
Authors: Moustafa Tarek , Badr Sara , Hassan Mohamed , Abba Ibrahim A. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe effect of flow direction in radial flow catalytic reactors was studied using a reactor model construct. Inward and outward flows result in different performance depending on the reaction type and the underlying kinetics. For irreversible reaction with power law kinetics, inward flow results in higher conversion relative to outward flow for identical set of operating conditions. The trend reverses for reversible reactions, for both exothermic and endothermic types. For Langmuir‐Hinshelwood monotonic type reactions, however, inward flow is shown to be superior for both reversible and irreversible reactions. A typical industrial example for the endothermic catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene is used to directionally verify the predictions from our generic model. The results from our model predictions show that outward flow is favorable, in line with industrial practice. This study does reveal, however, that this relatively straightforward technique can be applied to gauge the superior flow direction depending on the type of reaction considered. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of operating variables on the production of nanoparticles by stirred media milling
Authors: Pradeep P. R. , Pitchumani B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of major operating variables on the production of stable nanoparticle suspensions in an attritor mill, which can serve as guidelines for the selection of major operating variables for desired comminution. Experimental work has been carried out to study the effect of major operating variables, such as slurry solid mass fraction, grinding media size, density and pin tip velocity on the milling efficiency of silica. The effect of these major operating variables on the variation of width of product size distribution was studied using response surface methodology. Size reduction was found to increase with increasing value of slurry solid mass fraction, until it reached a maximum and then decreased. The use of grinding media of smaller diameter was found to cause higher rates of size reduction and narrower particle size distribution than the use of larger grinding media. Pin tip velocity was found to be an important parameter affecting comminution results. Size reduction was found to increase on the order of increasing pin tip velocity, until it reached a maximum and then decreased. Grinding media of higher density was found to be more effective for size reduction and production of a narrower product size distribution. The results suggest that these variables affect the energy required to achieve a given product size during nanomilling. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties and rheological behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites with different organoclays
Authors: Narkhede Jitendra S. , Shertukde Vikrant V. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPoly(butylene terephthalate)–clay nanocomposites with three different organically modified clays were prepared via melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder. Decyl triphenylphosphonium bromide, hexadecyl triphenylphosphonium bromide, and cetyl pyridinium chloride were used to modify the naturally occurring montmorillonite clay. The organically modified clays were characterized with X‐ray diffraction for the d001‐spacing and with thermogravimetric analysis to determine the thermal stability. The prepared nanocomposites were injection‐molded and examined for the dispersion quality of the clay, the mechanical properties, and the rheological behavior. The tensile strength of the nanocomposites increased with a 1% addition of clay; however, more clay decreased the tensile strength. Nanocomposites with finely dispersed clay platelets and nanocomposites with poorly dispersed clay platelets showed very different rheological behaviors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011