bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boron Content of Alfalfa as Influenced by Boron Supply
Authors: Dible W. T. , Berger K. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe object of this investigation was to explain the variations in the boron content of boron deficient alfalfa and to outline a procedure for sampling plants which will give a more accurate measure of the plant boron status.Alfalfa, grown in nutrient solutions where the boron was excluded during a stage of active elongation of the plant, contained 8 ppm of boron in the apical part of the shoot and 23 ppm in the total shoot. Plants receiving a continuous supply of boron had equal distribution in apical and basal parts of the shoot. In field experiments, as the available soil moisture became limiting in the surface foot of soil, the boron content of the apical leaves of the alfalfa shoot was decreased from 30 to 20 ppm while the boron content of the bottom leaves remained at 30 ppm. Apical portions of boron deficient plants in several fields contained about 8 ppm.Because of the immobility of boron in the alfalfa shoot, a sharp reduction of boron supply can result in boron deficiency symptoms on alfalfa plants with relatively high amounts of boron in the total shoot. Therefore, the indicative analysis is of the apical part of the alfalfa shoot.
Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Investigations of Clay‐adsorbed Organic Colloids: 1. Preliminary Investigations
Authors: Stevenson F. J. , Marks Joy D. , Varner J. E. , Martin W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the nature and composition of the organic colloids extracted from Brookston clay with neutral sodium pyrophosphate solution. The number of electrically homogeneous organic colloids present on the clay was determined electrophoretically. Some of the amino acids and monosaccharides in the hydrolysate of the colloids were identified by paper chromatography.It was found that the colloidal extract consisted of one main component, a brownish‐black material, with a second present in small concentration. The electrophoretic mobility of the second component corresponded closely to that of nucleoproteins.Eight amino acids: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, valine and leucine, were identified. Two sugars, galacturonic acid and xylose, were also present together with an unidentified spot which was probably a mixture of mannose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. Traces of ribose and glucurone were detected.
The Effect of Calcium on the Growth of Soybeans Supplied with Ammonium Nitrogen
Authors: Siegel J. J. , Hough H. W. , Turk L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrification was inhibited in soils treated with fumigants, resulting in the accumulation of ammonium. A study was made of the effects of this reduced form of nitrogen on the growth of soybeans. Soybeans were grown in sterile nutrient cultures and were supplied nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ammonium, or amino acids at varying levels of calcium.The plants receiving ammonium had a higher content of protein and matured earlier but did not produce as much vegetative growth. High calcium levels in the nutrient solution resulted in the best plant growth where the source of nitrogen was ammonium. The total mineral cation uptake was lower in the ammonium‐supplied plants than in those supplied with nitrate indicating that ammonium enters into the cation balance.Soybeans grown on soils fumigated with Dowfumes N, W‐40, and MC‐2 responded favorably to high levels of calcium. The plants grew rapidly and had a high protein content although the total mineral cation uptake was less than that of the untreated soils. A high level of calcium is necessary where ammonium is the source of nitrogen.
Mulch Tillage: Some Effects on Plant and Soil Properties
Authors: Moody J. E. , Lillard J. H. , Edminster T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of a “double‐cut plow” method of mulch tillage on fertility, as measured by soil nitrate‐N, soluble nutrients in leaf, grain yields, and nutrient content of the corn plant, and on physical properties of the soil were investigated at Blacksburg, Va. The standard 3‐year rotation of corn, small grain, and clover‐grass with mulch tillage practice during the corn year was compared with a similar rotation using conventional clean tillage practice.The percentage of N in the corn plant was lower where mulch tillage was used. The differences were significant (5% level) for high yield seasons. Percentage P in the plant was not affected by tillage method. Differences in K content of corn plant between tillage method, although usually large, were inconsistent. In general, soil nitrate‐N and soluble N‐P‐K in leaf tissue were lower during the early part of the growing season under mulch tillage.Significant reduction in yields (19 bu./A.) were obtained from mulch in 1948. This was apparently due to a similar reduction in stand. In 1949 and 1950, with planter modifications which pushed the mulch from the row, comparable yields and stands were obtained. Three‐year average yields were: mulch 73 bu./A., turn plow 81 bu./A.The 0–3 inch layer of soil under mulch showed higher aggregation, air space, percent organic matter, and percent total nitrogen than did conventional tillage.There are a number of factors which may affect the availability of nutrients where this tillage method is used. It is believed that the lower N status under mulch was due chiefly to changes in the soil microflora brought about by this tillage.
The Replacement of Nonexchangeable Potassium by Various Acids and Salts
Authors: Williams D. E. , Jenny H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large proportion of the potassium absorbed by plants growing on Ramona loam is obtained from the nonexchangeable form. The nonexchangeable potassium may possibly be released to the solution phase before being absorbed by plant roots. This investigation concerns the release of fixed potassium from Ramona loam through the action of various acids and salts. The soil contains 20,000 ppm of potassium of which 78 ppm is exchangeable to neutral, normal ammonium acetate. Rye plants grown by the Neubauer technique removed in addition 112 ppm of nonexchangeable K from the soil. Water saturated with CO2 at pH 4.0 leached through the soil for 50 days removed only 39 ppm of nonexchangeable K. It was noted that equal volumes of CO2 saturated water which passed through the soil removed the same amount of K regardless of the rate of leaching or thickness of the soil column. The final concentration of potassium in the CO2 saturated water leachates was 0.1 ppm K.Extraction and leaching studies with dilute acid solutions varying in pH from 1 to 7 revealed a correlation between pH and the amount of K replaced from the soil. Potassium replaced with 0.1 N acid solutions with pH ranges between 3 and 7 was mostly from the exchangeable form, whereas that replaced at pH values below 3 included a large proportion of the non‐exchangeable form.A comparison of leaching and extraction studies demonstrates that for equal volumes and pH values the extraction method is more efficient in releasing nonexchangeable K than the leaching method. This holds even for water saturated with CO2.In extractions with various chloride salts, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid, it was found that all ions except ammonium replaced nonexchangeable K from the soil. The ions in descending order of effectiveness of replacement of K from the soil are H+ > Na+ > Li+ > Ca++ > Mg++ > NH4+.
The Influence of Soil Moisture Condition on the Uptake of Phosphorus from Calcareous Soils by Sugar Beets
Authors: Haddock Jay L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted during 4 years on irrigated calcareous soils in Utah, from which data on the soluble phosphorus content of sugar beet petioles were related to soil moisture condition and fertilizer application. In addition, during 1950, the relationships between fertilizer placement and soil moisture condition upon phosphorus uptake were determined using P32‐tagged superphosphate. On August 20, 1947 sugar beet petioles obtained from beets growing on soils indicating about 1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 ohms resistance contained approximately 13,000, 900, and 500 ppm of phosphorus, respectively. Phosphorus fertilizer placed in bands 6 inches below the soil surface and 4 inches to the side of beets was more readily available to sugar beet plants than broadcast phosphorus at all soil moisture conditions studied, early in the season. High concentration of available soil nitrogen and high soil moisture tension are conditions hindering the uptake of soil phosphorus. It is not clear from the data obtained why low soil moisture tension influences phosphorus uptake by sugar beets favorably. It is probable that indirect effects of soil temperature and carbonic acid concentration in the soil solution of moist soil may promote phosphorus uptake.
Effect of Sodium Ion on Synthetic Water‐stable Aggregates
Authors: Mazurak Andrew P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractParticles of diameter <0.15µ were separated from Hesperia sandy loam (micaceous soil) and electrodialyzed. Proper quantities of 0.1 N NaOH were added to the electrodialzed suspensions so that the symmetry‐concentrations, S, of Na+ were 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0. Each suspension was dried to induce aggregation. The dry synthetic aggregates were then analyzed for their water‐stability by shaking them in water for 2‐, 20‐, 200‐, and 2,000‐minutes. After each shaking period a size distribution of aggregates was obtained.The cumulative weight percentage curves for aggregates with Na+ showed two distinct types of size distribution. Those for aggregates formed with electrodialyzed particles and with Na+ of 0.25‐S and less showed a sigmoid type of size distribution, while those for aggregates formed with Na+ of 0.50‐, 1.0‐, and 2.0‐S showed a bimodal type. The aggregates formed with electrodialyzed particles were more stable in water than any of the aggregates with Na+. The order of water‐stability of aggregates for each of the four shaking periods, as shown by the geometric mean diameters, was: electrodialyzed particles > 0.0625‐S Na+ > 0.125‐S Na+ > 0.25‐S Na+ > 0.50‐S Na+ > 1.0‐S Na+ > 2.0‐S Na+.The effect of Na+ on the values of geometric mean diameter of water‐stable aggregates was not a linear function, but rather some power function.
The Effect of the Calcium‐Magnesium Ratio on the Solubility and Availability of Plant Nutrients
Authors: Sanik J. , Perkins A. T. , Schrenk W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of the present paper is to determine the effect of the Ca‐Mg ratio in solution and in the soil on the solubility and availability of certain plant nutrients. In recent years many papers have been published on the effect of the Ca‐Mg ratio on crop production. Certain papers and unpublished data have indicated that the Ca‐Mg ratio affects the solubility of other plant nutrients, esepecially phosphorus, including some of the minor or trace elements. Nutrient solutions have been made up and mixed with common soil clay kaolin as an adsorbing component. The solubility of B, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, and P were determined. Soil from the Kingman area which is quite low in Mg was obtained for greenhouse studies. Wheat and sorghum were grown and analyzed for the above elements. Plant uptake of the nutrients was plotted against the Ca‐Mg ratio. The results showed:

A varying Ca:Mg ratio in Kingman soil produced a difference in the weight and height of the plants grown with a maximum plant growth at a Ca‐Mg mol. ratio of 4‐1. All the nutrient elements studied were affected by a varying Ca:Mg ratio in the soil.

The effects observed on the minor elements in wheat and sorghum agree qualitatively with most of the effects observed in nutrient solution studies.

No direct correlation was found between the ratio of Ca:Mg in the soil as compared to the ratio in the plants, but a general correlation occurs.

An overall maximum uptake of the minor elements seems to be provided for both wheat and sorghum at a Ca:Mg ratio of approximately 4:1.

A high magnesium soil favors the uptake of Mn and Zn by sorghum and K, B, and Mn by wheat.
Nitrogen Recoveries from Applications of Ammonium Chloride, Phosphate, and Sulfate and Outgo of Complementary Ions in Rainwater Leachings through a Six‐foot Soil‐subsoil Column
Authors: MacIntire W. H. , Young J. B. , Shaw W. M. , Robinson B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objectives of the 12‐year lysimeter study were to determine (a) annual recoveries of nitrogen as NH3, NO2, and NO3 from ammonium chloride, phosphate, and sulfate applications to a 1‐foot stratum of Cumberland silt loam underlain by a 5‐foot column of red clay subsoil, and (b) attendant outgo of exchanged Ca, Mg, and K and recoveries of additive CI and SO4.Quantity of nitrogen input, the soil‐subsoil column used in lysimeter triplicates, and the experimental procedure were those described in a 10‐year study in which nitrates of Na, Ca, and Mg were applied (2).Leachings of NH4 were nil to meager; nitrites appeared in the leachings throughout the first 3 years. Largest outgo of engendered NO3 occurred in the second, third, and fourth years, in descending order, and respective totals for the initial 6 years were virtually the same as the totals for the 12 years. The applied NH4 was recovered chiefly as engendered NO3, but substantial fractions were lost through reduction processes and/or fixation. Recoveries of N from chloride, phosphate, and sulfate were 79%, 74.8%, and 86%, respectively.Chlorine recoveries were 73% in the second year, 93% in the second and third years together, 97% after 4 years, and complete in 12 years.Sulfate recoveries from the (NH4)2SO4 were only 8.3%. The phosphate caused a significant increase in outgo of SO4 from native supplies, but the chloride did not.Calcium Outgo: That induced by the chloride was largest in the second year;That induced by the sulfate occurred chiefly in the second and third years;That induced by the phosphate was highest in the third year and indicated the early development of dicalcium and dimagnesium phosphates in the upper strata of the soil‐subsoil.The outgo of Ca as chloride was twice the outgo induced by the phosphate and 1.4 that induced by the sulfate.Magnesium exchange exerted by the three ammonium salts was in the order found for the exchange of calcium, but the mean for Mg exchange was only 52% of the mean for Ca exchange.Potassium exchange was evidenced by the second year's leachings and by those of the next 3 years; but K‐exchange totals were small in relation to the totals for exchanged Ca and Mg. K‐exchange was largest from the chloride and least from the phosphate.The enhancements in outgo of K, Ca, and Mg were induced by the passage of engendered nitrates.Sodium outgo was uniform in the first 4 years and was not determined thereafter.It seems certain that heavy applications of nitrogen as ammonium chloride, phosphate, or sulfate to a heavy soil, in fallow, will not be recovered completely in the rainwater leachings that pass through strata of clay subsoil.
Mineral Characteristics of Some Soils of Puerto Rico
Authors: Jeffries C. D. , Bonnet J. A. , Abruna F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreliminary data are presented of some of the mineralogical characteristics of 41 soil series of Puerto Rico, which includes soils of three orders, 22 great soil groups occurring in seven physiographic provinces. Study of the constituent minerals of these soils show that there are present quartz, feldspars of the plagioclase series, and the clay minerals kaolin, illite, montmorillonite, and one called provisionally beidellite. The soils can be divided into two general groups, those with abundant feldspar and those where feldspar is absent or occurs only in traces. On the average, those soils which contain feldspar have a lower clay content, a higher total exchange capacity, and a higher productivity rating, where lack of rainfall or extreme slope are not factors, than those soils where feldspars are absent or occur only in traces. This appears to be independent of the great soil group, or province in which the soil series occur. It may be that the presence or abscence of feldspar in a soil is one of the indications of its potential fertility status.
Losses of Nitrogen During Decomposition of Plant Material in the Presence of Inorganic Nitrogen
Authors: Jansson Sven L. , Clark Francis E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOat straw and alfalfa hay were decomposed in the presence of added inorganic nitrogen under differing conditions of incubation. Changes in organic, ammonium, and oxidized forms of nitrogen were determined. With plant material in shallow (3 mm) layers and at two‐thirds moisture saturation, there was loss of nitrogen in decomposition of alfalfa, but not in decomposition of oat straw. Some influences of pH, moisture content, pore size, added energy‐rich materials, kind of inorganic nitrogen, and of addition of germicidal materials on the occurrence and extent of denitrification are reported. Vigorous bacterial activity and an alkaline reaction were necessary for any extensive denitrification from added nitrate. An active fungus flora was commonly encountered in decompositions in which there were no appreciable losses of nitrogen. Nitrite toxicity appeared to be an important ecological factor in preventing bacterial growth and biological denitrification in acid substrates.
Influence of Cultivation, Mulching, and Fertilizers on Chemical Composition of Pecan Leaves and Their Relation to Yield and Quality of Nuts
Authors: Hunter J. H. , Hammar H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of previous studies on the chemical composition of pecan leaves indicated a significant relationship between the level of phosphorus and potassium in the leaves and quality of nuts. The objective of the present study was to apply phosphate and potash fertilizers under two systems of culture with the view of increasing the uptake of these fertilizers. A block of trees was selected and the entire block was seeded to blue lupine for the purpose of supplying nitrogen to the trees. The block was divided into plots to accommodate a split‐plot experiment using phosphate and potash singly and in combination. The plots were then divided into two series, one to be cultivated during the summer and the other to have the lupine mowed and left as a mulch. Leaf samples were taken in September of each year and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Yield records were taken and samples of nuts were examined for quality.The percentages of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium found in the leaves were not significantly influenced by either cultivation, mulching, or fertilizer. In 1950, the fourth year of treatment, the leaf phosphorus was increased significantly by the application of phosphate and by the summer mulching of the lupine. Leaf magnesium was not significantly influenced by the application of fertilizers, but it was increased significantly by the summer mulching. The mean percentages of leaf N, P, and K were less in 1950 than in 1946 despite the fact that relatively large quantities of these elements were returned to the soil by the cover crop growth and the fertilizer applications. This may have been due to the high utilization of these elements in production of nuts and growth of trees.Nuts of good quality were produced with a relatively wide range of total nutrients in the leaves. Yield of nuts and quality of the kernels were not highly correlated with the level of any one particular element found in the leaves, but there is evidence that the balance of elements in the leaves was the determining factor in influencing quality.
Water Use by Crops as Determined by Weighing Monolith Lysimeters
Authors: Harrold L. L. , Dreibelbis F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to present information on water use by crops as determined from evapo‐transpiration data obtained by weighing monolith lysimeters. Additional information on the accretion, depletion, and storage of soil water as influenced by soil type and land use effects is also included. Most of the data presented were obtained during the period 1941–1951.Water use by crops during the growing season is evaluated in terms of weight of water used to produce one pound of crop. For the corn years (May to September), 438 and 421 pounds of water were consumed in producing one pound of crop (dry matter) on the Muskingum and Keene silt loams, respectively. For the wheat years (April to June 1942, 1946, 1950), consumptive use was 624 and 641 pounds of water respectively; for the first‐year meadow years (April to August) 945 and 1,238 pounds of water per pound of crop were used, respectively, on the same two soil types.Daily soil moisture, accumulated daily precipitation, evapotranspiration, and percolation data are presented in graphs for 1951 from three lysimeters each representing a different soil type. Tabular data from these areas were also given showing monthly accretion, depletion, and storage of soil water.Monthly evapo‐transpiration data are presented for the growing season, April to September for the period 1944–1951. On the lysimeter of Muskingum silt loam the values averaged 23.26, 25.30, and 25.66 inches of water for the corn, wheat, and meadow years, respectively. On the lysimeter of Keene silt loam, values for the same crops averaged 26.42, 28.00, and 26.03 inches, respectively.
The Identification of Clay Minerals in Some Ontario Soils: 1. Parent Materials
Authors: Webber L. R. , Shivas J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe colloidal fractions, one micron and less, from the parent materials of nine Ontario soils were examined by the differential thermal method and by chemical analyses. An attempt was made to characterize these fractions in terms of their clay mineral composition by comparing them with reference clay minerals.The thermal curves suggest that the colloids from the following soil series: Lockport, Haldimand, Caistor, Perth, Peel, Osprey and Guelph, were dominated by an illite‐like clay mineral. Chemical analyses revealed these colloids to have a high content of K2O and an exchange capacity greater than that normally associated with an illite. The Lockport colloid was established as a particular illite and the other soil colloids characterized in terms of the Lockport plus low concentrations of montmorillonite to account for the exchange capacity.The colloids from a, Northern Ontario soil and the Rideau did not fit into the pattern followed by the other colloids. The thermal curve for the Rideau suggested a micaceous colloid lacking well‐defined thermal curve characteristics. The Northern Ontario soil colloid had a high exchange capacity but lacked the major thermal characteristics of montmorillonite.