bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Genetic Structure of Tetranychus urticae and Its Sibling Species Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in China as Inferred From Microsatellite Data
Authors: Li Ting , Chen Xiao-Lin , Hong Xiao-Yue 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The population structure of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and its sibling species the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae), from China were investigated using microsatellite markers. The two species exhibited significant polymorphism but generally low genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation between populations of T. urticae and T. cinnabarinus was extreme and was significantly related to geographical distance between the populations (Mantel test). The overall level of genetic diversity of T. cinnabarinus was significantly higher than that of T. urticae. However, the various geographical levels of T. cinnabarinus were lower than those of T. urticae. The average pairwise FST between geographical populations of T. cinnabarinus was far higher than that of T. urticae, suggesting that the genetic differentiation of T. cinnabarinus was much higher than that of T. urticae. A comparison of T. urticae and T. cinnabarinus collected in adjacent and sympatric areas provided no evidence that genetic differentiation was related to geographical distances, suggesting a lack of gene flow between populations of these two species. In a phylogenetic analysis, seven geographical populations of T. urticae clustered in one branch and six geographical populations of T. cinnabarinus were distributed in other branches.
Copulation Duration in Nonterritorial Odonate Species Lasts Longer Than in Territorial Species
Authors: Córdoba-Aguilar A , Serrano-Meneses M A , Cordero-Rivera A 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe tested whether long copulation duration is more likely to have evolved in nonterritorial odonate species than in territorial species, given that nonterritorial males do not incur the costs of territory defense. A phylogenetic comparative method that controls for the phylogenetic nonindependence of species was used to compare copulation duration among 46 species of the two main odonate suborders (Anisoptera and Zygoptera). Copulation duration of nonterritorial anisopteran species was longer than for territorial dragonflies; however, this relationship was not found for Zygoptera. Long copulations in Anisoptera may be related to a male's ability to manipulate a female's stored sperm. It is suggested that constraints that prevent a territorial male from lengthening copulation do not seem to operate in Zygoptera. Other selective processes (i.e., cryptic female choice and/or sexual conflict) may also be important determinants of copulation duration in the Zygoptera. To our knowledge, this is the first exploration of the relation copulation duration and mating systems in insects.
THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF MODERN SWIMMING-BATHS. (INCLUDES PHOTOGRAPHS). STUDENTS PAPER NO. 1051.
Authors: HEATLEY P 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis The importance of swimming-baths as an essential part of a planned community has been realized and future years will witness a rapid increase in the number of these establishments in the United Kingdom. Many departures from the commonly accepted type of design will be necessary if new baths are to conform with all the latest recognized standards. Costs of several existing swimming-baths are listed and a study of these indicates that large sums of public money will be required for the erection of future baths. Such expense can only be justified if the result fully satisfies the needs of the community it is intended to serve. The various aspects that must be considered in the design of a swimming-bath are dealt with, and particular attention is drawn to details, which, whilst seldom affecting initial cost, add greatly to the usefulness of the building. Suitable lay-outs for future swimming-baths are shown in detail. The installation of wave-making machinery is discussed, and mention is made of the performances of existing plant. Special features that must be incorporated in the construction of a wave-bath are listed. The Paper concludes with a review of foreign swimming-baths, and attention is drawn to these establishments which have unusual features incorporated in their design.
Life cycle assessment-driven selection of industrial ecology strategies
Authors: Ardente Fulvio , Cellura Maurizio , Lo Brano Valerio , Mistretta Marina 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The paper presents an application of the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) to the planning and environmental management of an “eco-industrial cluster.” A feasibility study of industrial symbiosis in southern Italy is carried out, where interlinked companies share subproducts and scraps, services, structures, and plants to reduce the related environmental impact. In particular, the research focuses on new recycling solutions to create open recycling loops in which plastic subproducts and scraps are transferred to external production systems. The main environmental benefits are the reduction of resource depletion, air emissions, and landfilled wastes. The proposed strategies are also economically viable and they suggest cost abatement for the involved companies. This research shows the need for a multidisciplinary approach to data processing and to complexity managing of the investigated systems. In this context, life-cycle thinking is required to be promoted throughout the economy, as well to be as a part of all decisions on products and other criteria such as functionality, health, and safety. The Life-Cycle Assessment approach can be assumed as a methodology for influencing decision makers to make sustainable choices. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:52–60. © 2009 SETAC
An approach for assessing cumulative effects in a model river, the Athabasca River basin
Authors: Squires Allison J , Westbrook Cherie J , Dubé Monique G 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Novel approaches addressing aquatic cumulative effects over broad temporal and spatial scales are required to track changes and assist with sustainable watershed management. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) requires the assessment of changes due to multiple stressors both spatially and temporally. The province of Alberta, Canada, is currently experiencing significant economic growth as well as increasing awareness of water dependencies. There has been an increasing level of industrial, urban, and other land-use related development (pulp and paper mills, oil sands developments, agriculture, and urban development) within the Athabasca River basin. Much of the historical water quantity and quality data for this basin have not been integrated or analyzed from headwaters to mouth, which affects development of a holistic, watershed-scale CEA. The main objectives of this study were 1) to quantify spatial and temporal changes in water quantity and quality over the entire Athabasca River mainstem across historical (1966–1976) and current day (1996–2006) time periods and 2) to evaluate the significance of any changes relative to existing benchmarks (e.g., water quality guidelines). Data were collected from several federal, provincial, and nongovernment sources. A 14% to 30% decrease in discharge was observed during the low flow period in the second time period in the lower 3 river reaches with the greatest decrease occurring at the mouth of the river. Dissolved Na, sulfate, chloride, and total P concentrations in the second time period were greater than, and in some cases double, the 90th percentiles calculated from the first time period in the lower part of the river. Our results show that significant changes have occurred in both water quantity and quality between the historical and current day Athabasca River basin. It is known that, in addition to climatic changes, rivers which undergo increased agricultural, urban, and industrial development can experience significant changes in water quantity and quality due to increased water use, discharge of effluents, and surface run-off. Using the results from this study, we can begin to quantify dominant natural and man-made stressors affecting the Athabasca River basin as well as place the magnitude of any local changes into an appropriate context relative to trends in temporal and spatial variability. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:119–134. © 2009 SETAC
Carcinogenic risk as the basis for fish advisories: A critique
Authors: Stone David , Hope Bruce K 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Fish advisories are important tools in public health practice and are primarily used to translate fish contaminant levels into consumption recommendations for consumers. Even when a targeted advisory is issued, it may alter broad food consumption patterns among the public, including diminishing intake of fish-based protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Such alterations may have both positive (e.g., reduced exposure to contaminants) and negative (e.g., loss of health benefits or cultural traditions associated with consuming fish) consequences. Currently, a fish advisory may be based on the potential for either noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic endpoints. Consumption recommendations based on a cancer outcome are likely to be highly restrictive, potentially diminishing opportunities for the recognized health benefits associated with a fish-rich diet. This possibility causes us to raise 3 arguments against using cancer risk as the basis for fish consumption advisories. First, the benefits of fish consumption are widely recognized. Second, the standard methodology to predict cancer risk is likely to overestimate actual risk, often by orders of magnitude. Third, the public's real and perceived concerns about cancer may result in unintended consequences, such as avoidance of fish altogether. As an alternative to cancer-based advisories, we suggest that future advisories incorporate a multidisciplinary public health framework focused on avoiding noncarcinogenic health outcomes and encouraging the public to consume a balanced diet rich in fish. We also suggest that decision makers need to 1) understand which elements of the advisory process are science and which are implicit or default policy, 2) consciously consider whether these policy elements are appropriate for their particular situation, and 3) if not, be willing to make and defend alternative policy choices. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:180–183. © 2009 SETAC
A risk-ranking methodology for prioritizing historic, potentially contaminated mine sites in British Columbia
Authors: Power Beth A , Tinholt Mark J , Hill Ryan A , Fikart Alena , Wilson Ross M , Stewart Gregg G , Sinnett Geoff D , Runnells Joanna L 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Crown Land Restoration Branch (CLRB) of the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands is responsible for managing thousands of historic and abandoned mine sites on provincial lands (referred to as Crown Contaminated Sites). For most of these sites, there is limited information available regarding the extent of potential contamination or potential human health and ecological risks. Given the large number of sites, the CLRB sought a system for prioritizing investigation and management efforts among them. We developed a Risk-Ranking Methodology (RRM) to meet this objective, which was implemented in 2007/2008 with an emphasis on historic mine sites because of the significant number of sites and related potential risk. The RRM uses a risk-based Preliminary Site Investigation to gather key information about the sites. The information for each site is analyzed and summarized according to several attributes aimed at characterizing potential health and ecological risks. The summary information includes, but is not limited to, generic comparisons of exposure with effects levels (screening quotients) for human and ecological exposure pathways. The summary information (more than 25 attributes) is then used in a workshop setting to evaluate relative rankings among sites, and also to identify subsequent management actions for each site. Application of the RRM in 2007/2008 was considered successful, because there was confidence in the process, the content and the outputs. A key challenge was keeping the number of attributes to a manageable level. Ranking was based on discussion and consensus, which was a feasible approach given the relatively small number of sites that need to be ranked each year, and facilitated transparency in the ranking process. We do not rule out the future possibility of developing a quantitative function to capture trade-offs among attributes. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:145–154. © 2009 SETAC
Black-Oil Simulations for Three-Component, Three-Phase Flow in Fractured Porous Media
Authors: Geiger S. , Matthäi S. , Niessner J. , Helmig R. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Discrete-fracture modeling and simulation of two-phase flow in realistic representations of fractured reservoirs can now be used for the design of improved-oil-recovery (IOR) and enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) strategies. Thus far, however, discrete-fracture simulators usually do not include a third compressible gaseous phase. This hinders the investigation of the performance of gas gravity drainage, water alternating gas injection, and blowdown in fractured reservoirs.
We present a new numerical method that expands the capabilities of existing black-oil models for three-component, three-phase flow in three ways: (a) It uses a finite-element/finite-volume discretization generalized to unstructured hybrid element meshes. (b) It employs higher-order accurate representations of the flux terms. (c) Flash calculations are carried out with an improved equation of state allowing for a more realistic treatment of phase behavior.
We illustrate the robustness of this numerical method in several applications. First, quasi-ID simulations are used to demonstrate grid convergence. Then, 2D discrete-fracture models are used to illustrate the effect of mesh quality on predicted production rates in discrete-fracture models. Finally, the proposed method is used to simulate three-component, three-phase flow in a realistic 2D model of fractured limestone mapped in the Bristol Channel, UK, and create a 3D stochastically generated discrete-fracture model.
The Effect of Pressure-Decline Rate and Pressure Gradient on the Behavior of Solution-Gas Drive in Heavy Oil
Authors: Sheikha Hussain , Pooladi-Darvish Mehran 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Heavy-oil recovery under solution-gas drive is affected by several interacting factors including pressure-decline rate and pressure gradients. It has been suggested that a high pressure decline rate (dp/df) generates larger supersaturation and faster nucleation that leads to more-dispersed gas bubbles, while a high pressure gradient (∇p) increases the viscous forces acting on the gas phase, enhancing bubble break up and gas dispersion. Both effects lead to lower gas mobility, affecting oil recovery; however, the relative importance of each is not known. Finding this is important to develop mathematical models and to allow extrapolation of experimental results to field conditions, where the relative importance of these factors changes with time and space. Previous experimental studies were affected by a combination of the two effects.
In this paper, we distinguish between the effect of the pressure-decline rate and pressure gradient on gas mobility and oil recovery by varying these independently. In the experimental work reported in this paper, change in confining pressure is used to create a change in pressure-decline rate, and a change in production rate is used to change the pressure gradient. Several depletion experiments at varying pressure-decline rates and production rates are reported here.
At a constant pressure-decline rate, the recovery factor tripled when the flow rate was increased by one order of magnitude. Similar experiments were conducted when the pressure-decline rate was increased by one order of magnitude but the flow rate was kept constant. In this case, the recovery factor did not change significantly. The results of this study clearly indicate that the pressure gradient has a much greater effect on gas mobility and oil recovery than pressure-decline rate has. This paper presents the experimental results and their analysis, along with the implications of these findings on modeling of solution-gas drive in heavy oils.
Updating the Geomechanical Model and Calibrating Pore Pressure From 3D Seismic Using Data From the Gnu-1 Well, Dampier Subbasin, Australia
Authors: White Adrian , Mclntyre Brett , Castillo David , Kowan Julie , Magee Marian , Ward Chris , O'shea Paul 
Published: June 2009

Summary
A post-mortem analysis of the Gnu-1 well was conducted to help us to understand drilling experiences in the context of the pore-pressure and stress profiles. The post-mortem involved a review of the drilling experiences and an analysis of circumferential acoustic scanning tool (CAST) image data, wireline-log data, and the logging-while-drilling (LWD) data. This information was used to refine and verify a geomechanical model (i.e., in-situ stress, pore pressure, and rock-mechanical properties) in the vicinity of the Gnu-1 well. Of prime concern was the verification of the predrill pore-pressure prediction previously undertaken using 3D-seismic-velocity data and offset-well data. Wellbore-failure and natural-fracture analyses were integral parts of the post-mortem. Wellbore breakouts seen in the image data allowed the pore pressure in the 8.5-in. hole section of Well Gnu-1 to be constrained. Modeling using image data collected in the Athol formation indicates that the pore pressure does not increase as rapidly as was estimated in the predrill study. Pore pressures in the North Rankin formation and in deeper formations were consistent with the predrill study. The geomechanical model was able to explain the losses seen in the Athol formation in Well Gnu-1 when using the mud weights experienced by the open hole at the time of drilling.
A New Polymer Application for North Sea Reservoirs
Authors: Spildo K. , Skauge A. , Aarra M. G. , Tweheyo M. T. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Field trials have demonstrated increased oil recovery by injection of colloidal dispersion gels (CDG). Characteristics of these trials include reservoirs characterized by high permeability heterogeneity and low injection water salinities. The enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been attributed to improved waterflood sweep in the rather heterogeneous reservoirs where this method has been applied. This study presents an investigation of the applicability of CDG at higher salinity, and particularly sandstone North Sea oil reservoir applications.
Earlier laboratory work and field trials involving CDG have involved relatively low reservoir temperatures and low injection water salinity (≈5000 μg/g). This study involves experiments at high temperature (85°C) and salinity (≈35 000 μg/g). When crosslinking is complete, the CDG solutions have slightly lower viscosities than the corresponding polymer solutions, and they also appear to be more stable at high temperatures.
In preparation for a field pilot, several coreflood experiments have been conducted. Significant increase in oil recovery resulting from CDG injection has increased the interest for a field trial in a North Sea oil field. On average, 40% of the remaining oil after waterflooding was produced by CDG injection in linear core-floods, and a mechanism of microscopic diversion is proposed to explain these results. Our hypothesis is that CDG injection can contribute as an EOR method, giving both a microscopic diversion and a macroscopic sweep.
An Integrated Method for Calibrating a Heterogeneous/Fractured Reservoir Model From Wellbore Flow Measurements: Case Study
Authors: Pourpak Hamid , Bourbiaux Bernard , Roggero Frédéric , Delay Frederick 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Reliable flow modeling of highly heterogeneous/fractured reservoirs necessarily goes through the calibration of poorly determined geological and/or petrophysical parameters to field flow measurements. To that end, optimization procedures based on gradient methods or on gradual-deformation techniques have been developed in recent years.
This paper proposes a sequential method combining those two approaches. The case under consideration is a water-bearing reservoir constituted of heterogeneous, karstic and fractured limestones located near Poitiers, France. In a preliminary step, drilling, core, and log data acquired in approximately 30 wells were integrated into a geostatistical facies model used as the support for flow simulation.
First the facies petrophysical properties of this model were calibrated to well pumping and interference responses within a gradient-based inversion loop. Flow responses could be reproduced, with the exception of a few "problematic" observation wells.
Second the gradual-deformation method was applied, globally then locally, to improve the distribution of facies while keeping the previously optimized petrophysical properties. The problematic wells' responses could be reproduced better without altering the other wells' match. Furthermore, that good match of calibration wells was obtained on a simplified geostatistical model involving fewer facies than in the initial model. The gradual-deformation method then appears as a robust and effective approach to find a model best matching a set of flow data among equiprobable geos-tatistical models.
To conclude, the sequential-modeling method demonstrated herein is an effective way to actually integrate geological and flow data and to link geosciences and reservoir-engineering skills, for setting up consistent models of hardly tractable highly heterogeneous reservoirs.
Effects of High Oil Viscosity on Drift Velocity for Horizontal and Upward Inclined Pipes
Authors: Gokcal B. , Al-Sarkhi A. S. , Sarica C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The translational velocity, velocity of slug units, is one of the key closure relationships in two-phase flow mechanistic modeling. It is described as the summation of the maximum mixture velocity in the slug body and the drift velocity. The existing equation for the drift velocity is developed by using potential flow theory. Surface tension and viscosity are neglected. However, the drift velocity is expected to be affected with high oil viscosity. In this study, the effects of high oil viscosity on drift velocity for horizontal and upward inclined pipes are experimentally observed. The experiments are performed on a flow loop with a test section 50.8 mm ID for inclination angles of 0° to 90°. Water and viscous oil are used as test fluids. Liquid viscosities vary from 0.001 to 1.237 Pa·s. A new drift velocity model is proposed for high oil viscosity for horizontal and upward inclined pipes. The experimental results are used to evaluate the performances of proposed model for drift velocity. The calculated drift velocities are compared very well with the experimental results. The proposed model could be easily implemented into translational velocity equation. It should improve the existing two-phase flow models in the development and maintenance of heavy oil fields.