bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional pluralism or constitutional unity? An empirical study of international commitment (1945–2007)
Authors: MILEWICZ KAROLINA , BÄCHTIGER ANDRÉ , NOTHDURFT ARNE 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article asks whether international law is moving towards a more unified constitutional order or whether differentiated types of constitutional processes are emerging. We study the sequencing and ratification pace of 32 ‘quasi-constitutional’ international agreements containing procedural guidelines for inter-state relations and fundamental human rights provisions for individuals drawn up between 1945 and 2007. We do so in a comparative and quantitative fashion applying sophisticated statistical tools, namely event history techniques combined with counting processes. On the basis of our multi-treaty framework, the findings do not lend support to a unified and quick process of global constitutionalisation. Rather, they provide evidence for the idea of a ‘multi-speed globe’ of differentiated constitutionalisation. We also make a first attempt to study antecedents to global constitutionalisation. Our findings show that processes of global constitutionalisation vary across regime types and world regions (while there is no effect for new and old states).
Deliberation and global civil society: agency, arena, affect
Authors: BRASSETT JAMES , SMITH WILLIAM 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article provides a critical analysis of the role and function of global civil society within deliberative approaches to global governance. It critiques a common view that global civil society can/should act as an agent for democratising global governance and seeks to explore the importance of global civil society as an arena of deliberation. This more reconstructive aim is supplemented by an empirically focused discussion of the affective dimensions of global civil society, in general, and the increasingly important use of film, in particular. Ultimately, this then yields an image of the deliberative politics of global civil society that is more reflective of the differences, ambiguities and contests that pervade its discourses about global governance. This is presented as a quality that debates about deliberative global governance might learn from as well as speak to.
Democratising biotechnology? Deliberation, participation and social regulation in a neo-liberal world
Authors: NEWELL PETER 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere is now significant policy and academic interest in the governance of science and technology for sustainable development. In recent years this has come to include a growing emphasis on issues of public understanding of science and innovative processes of deliberative and inclusive policy-making around controversial technologies such as nuclear power and agricultural biotechnology. Concern with such issues coincides with rising levels of interest in deliberative democracy and its relationship to the structures and processes of global governance. This article connects these two areas through a critical examination of ‘global’ deliberations about agricultural biotechnology and its risks and benefits. It draws on an extensive survey concerned with the diverse ways in which a range of governments are interpreting and implementing their commitments under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety regarding public participation and consultation in order to assess the potential to create forms of deliberation through these means. The article explores both the limitations of public deliberation within global governance institutions as well as of projects whose aim is to impose participation from above through international law by advocating model approaches and policy ‘tool kits’ that are insensitive to vast differences between countries in terms of capacity, resources and political culture.
HOW TO GENERATE UNIFORM SAMPLES ON DISCRETE SETS USING THE SPLITTING METHOD
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Dolgin Andrey , Rubinstein Reuven Y. , Vaisman Radislav 
Published: April 2010

The goal of this work is twofold. We show the following:1.In spite of the common consensus on the classic Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) as a universal tool for generating samples on complex sets, it fails to generate points uniformly distributed on discrete ones, such as that defined by the constraints of integer programming. In fact, we will demonstrate empirically that not only does it fail to generate uniform points on the desired set, but typically it misses some of the points of the set.2.Thesplitting, also called thecloningmethod – originally designed for combinatorial optimization and for counting on discrete sets and presenting a combination of MCMC, like the Gibbs sampler, with a specially designed splitting mechanism—can also be efficiently used for generating uniform samples on these sets. Without introducing the appropriate splitting mechanism, MCMC fails. Although we do not have a formal proof, we guess (conjecture) that the main reason that the classic MCMC is not working is that its resulting chain is not irreducible. We provide valid statistical tests supporting the uniformity of generated samples by the splitting method and present supportive numerical results.
Flooding to manage dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) and broad-leaved weed species in cranberry: An innovative use of a traditional strategy
Authors: Sandler Hilary A. , Mason Joanne 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe implementation of new uses for traditional cultural and pest management practices has been prompted by renewed interest in sustainable approaches for farming. The use of floods (for various durations) has been an inexpensive and historical cultural practice in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponAit.) horticulture. The onset of a serious economic crisis in the cranberry industry in 1999–2000 brought about an urgent need to find inexpensive methods of pest control that would allow growers to remain fiscally solvent. Initially, anecdotal evidence from several farms indicated that holding short-term spring floods suppressed dodder infestations. Based on these findings, a 2-year demonstration-style project was initiated in 2002 to determine the efficacy of short-term floods (24–48 h) for the management of dodder in cranberry in Massachusetts. The project was expanded to include evaluating a 10-day summer flood for control of broad-leaved weed species at one commercial cranberry farm. Species richness and diversity and percentage weed coverage were lower after the implementation of the 10-day flood period compared to pre-flood assessments. Weed species dead or not detected after the 10-day flood included ground nut, asters, narrow-leaved goldenrod, chokeberry and poison ivy. Comparison of paired sites (flooded and nonflooded bogs) indicated dodder stem dry weights were lower on flooded areas in three out of the seven locations in year 1. At two additional locations, the flooded bog had higher stem weights when paired with a historically low-infestation bog, which may have masked any dodder reduction from the flooding practice. In year 2, no differences in the number of germinated seedlings between any treatment pairs were noted. Data from a cranberry company representing 12% of the cranberry acreage in Massachusetts indicated a 65–89% reduction in pesticide use when short-term spring floods were implemented during 2001–2003 compared to the previous 3-year period. Short-term flooding may offer a sustainable option that can be integrated into the overall management plan for several problematic cranberry weed species, especially dodder. Additional research is warranted to further define the most effective environmental conditions needed and to validate the efficacy of short flooding events for effective cranberry weed management.
Abundances of hydrogen and helium isotopes in the Protosolar Cloud
Authors: Geiss Johannes , Gloeckler George 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFor our understanding of the origin and evolution of baryonic matter in the Universe, the Protosolar Cloud (PSC) is of unique importance in two ways: 1) Up to now, many of the naturally occurring nuclides have only been detected in the solar system. 2) Since the time of solar system formation, the Sun and planets have been virtually isolated from the galactic nuclear evolution, and thus the PSC is a galactic sample with a degree of evolution intermediate between the Big Bang and the present.The abundances of the isotopes of hydrogen and helium in the Protosolar Cloud are primarily derived from composition measurements in the solar wind, the Jovian atmosphere and “planetary noble gases” in meteorites, and also from observations of density profiles inside the Sun. After applying the changes in isotopic and elemental composition resulting from processes in the solar wind, the Sun and Jupiter, PSC abundances of the four lightest stable nuclides are given.
What helium and lithium can tell us about CEMP stars?
Authors: Meynet Georges , Hirschi Raphael , Ekstrom Sylvia , Maeder André , Georgy Cyril , Eggenberger Patrick , Chiappini Cristina 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe show that the peculiar surface abundance patterns of Carbon Enhanced Metal Poor (CEMP) stars has been inherited from material having been processed by H- and He-burning phases in a previous generation of stars (hereafter called the “Source Stars”). In this previous generation, some mixing must have occurred between the He- and the H-burning regions in order to explain the high observed abundances of nitrogen. In addition, it is necessary to postulate that a very small fraction of the carbon-oxygen core has been expelled (either by winds or by the supernova explosion). Therefore only the outermost layers should have been released by the Source Stars. Some of the CEMP stars may be He-rich if the matter from the Source Star is not too much diluted with the InterStellar Medium (ISM). Those stars formed from nearly pure ejecta would also be Li-poor.
He-rich and He-poor populations in RGB stars. Results on a sample of 19 globular clusters
Authors: Bragaglia Angela , D'Orazi Valentina , Gratton Raffaele , Carretta Eugenio , Cassisi Santi , Lucatello Sara 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe use about 1400 red giant branch stars observed in 19 Galactic Globular Clusters (GCs) to compare colours, metallicities, and RGB bump luminosities of stars assigned to first and second generations. We find subtle differences which we attribute to the different He content. In general these differences are visible only when we consider the extreme second generation stars, with the exception of NGC 2808. When using various indicators, the implied helium enhancements are similar, but the absolute calibration is still uncertain.
Helium abundances in inner Galaxy planetary nebulae
Authors: Cavichia Oscar , Costa Roberto D. D. , Maciel Walter J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNew helium abundances of planetary nebulae located towards the bulge of the Galaxy were derived, based on observations made at OPD (Brazil). We present accurate helium abundances for 56 PNe located towards the galactic bulge. The data show good agreement with other results in the literature, in the sense that the distribution of the abundances is similar to previous works. Furthermore, the radial helium gradient is extended towards the galactic center. The results show that no trend can be identified when comparing the internal gradient (R ≤ 4 kpc) to the whole galactic disk.
The helium spread among the stars of 47Tuc
Authors: Di Criscienzo Marcella 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe show that the current data of the HB branch of 47 Tuc show a particular feature that cannot be explained if a single population with an unique mechanism of mass loss is considered. We find that a spread in helium abundance among the stars is necessary, of ~0.02. We indicate that the same variation in helium is present among the sub giant branch stars and suggest that is responsible of the spread in luminosity of the bright sub giant branch, while only a small part of the second generation is characterized by C+N+O increase and gives the faint sub giant branch.
Light elements in stars with exoplanets
Authors: Santos N. C. , Delgado Mena E. , Israelian G. , González-Hernández J. I. , Gálvez-Ortiz M. C. , Mayor M. , Udry S. , Rebolo R. , Sousa S. , Randich S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is well known that stars orbited by giant planets have higher abundances of heavy elements when compared with average field dwarfs. A number of studies have also addressed the possibility that light element abundances are different in these stars. In this paper we will review the present status of these studies. The most significant trends will be discussed.
Li abundances and chromospheric activity of BY Dra type stars
Authors: Mishenina Tamara V. , Soubiran Caroline , Kovtyukh Valery V. , Belik Stanislav I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAtmospheric parameters and Li abundances have been determined for 162 stars observed at high resolution, high signal to noise ratio with the ELODIE echelle spectrograph (OHP, France). Among them, about 70 stars are active stars with a large fraction of BY Dra type stars. For all stars, rotational velocities were obtained with a calibration of the cross-correlation function, effective temperatures by the line depth ratio method, surface gravities by the parallaxe method and by the ionization balance of iron. The frequency of stars with observed lithium is significantly higher in active stars than in non active stars. Among active stars, no clear correlation has been found between different indicators of activity for our sample stars, but some correlation of an index R′H K and vsini is observed.
Lithium abundances in dwarfs of intermediate age open clusters
Authors: Pace Giancarlo , Mélendez Jorge 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLithium abundance measurements in dwarf stars in open clusters are of crucial importance for our understanding of the mixing mechanism and have allowed us to achieve important conclusions on the matter. However, in order to further our understanding of what drives lithium depletion, lithium abundance measurements have to be coupled with accurate temperature determinations, which are best achieved when the analysis of iron lines is employed. Effective temperature estimations from photometry, on the contrary, can be affected by errors as large as several hundred kelvins due to uncertain open cluster reddening, especially when studying old open clusters, which tend to be more distant. We present lithium abundance in 12 dwarfs belonging to 4 open clusters at about 1 or 2 Gyr. The stellar effective temperatures, along with the other parameters, were estimated from the analysis of about 60 Fe I lines and 10 Fe II. Even though the few datapoints call for caution, we notice that stars in the open cluster IC 4651 seem to present a steep decline with temperature below 6000 K.
Supersplat—spliced RNA-seq alignment
Authors: Bryant Douglas W. , Shen Rongkun , Priest Henry D. , Wong Weng-Keen , Mockler Todd C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Motivation: High-throughput sequencing technologies have recently made deep interrogation of expressed transcript sequences practical, both economically and temporally. Identification of intron/exon boundaries is an essential part of genome annotation, yet remains a challenge. Here, we present supersplat, a method for unbiased splice-junction discovery through empirical RNA-seq data.
Results: Using a genomic reference and RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing datasets, supersplat empirically identifies potential splice junctions at a rate of ∼11.4 million reads per hour. We further benchmark the performance of the algorithm by mapping Illumina RNA-seq reads to identify introns in the genome of the reference dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana and we demonstrate the utility of supersplat for de novo empirical annotation of splice junctions using the reference monocot plant Brachypodium distachyon.
Availability: Implemented in C++, supersplat source code and binaries are freely available on the web at http://mocklerlab-tools.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/
Contact: tmockler@cgrb.oregonstate.edu
The stem canker (blackleg) fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, enters the genomic era
Authors: ROUXEL T. , BALESDENT M. H. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY Leptosphaeria maculans is the most ubiquitous pathogen of Brassica crops, and mainly oilseed brassicas (oilseed rape, canola), causing the devastating ‘stem canker’ or ‘blackleg’. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the pathogen, from taxonomic issues to specific life traits. It mainly illustrates the importance of formal genetics approaches on the pathogen side to dissect the interaction with the host plants. In addition, this review presents the main current research topics on L. maculans and focuses on the L. maculans genome initiative recently begun, including its main research issues.Taxonomy:  Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not. (anamorph Phoma lingam Tode ex Fr.). Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes (Loculoascomycetes), Order Pleosporales, Genus Leptosphaeria, Species maculans.Host range:  cultivated Brassicas such as Brassica napus (oilseed rape, canola), B. rapa, B. juncea, B. oleracea, etc., along with numerous wild crucifers species. Arabidopsis thaliana was recently reported to be a potential host for L. maculans. Primary disease symptoms are greyish‐green collapse of cotyledon or leaf tissue, without a visible margin, bearing tiny black spots (pycnidia). The fungus then develops an endophytic symptomless growth for many months. Secondary symptoms, at the end of the growing season, are dry necroses of the crown tissues with occasional blackening (stem canker or blackleg) causing lodging of the plants. Pseudothecia differentiate on leftover residues. Seedling damping‐off and premature ripening are also reported under certain environmental conditions.Useful websites:  Leptosphaeria maculans sequencing project at Genoscope: http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Projets/Projet_DM/organisme_DM.html; the SECURE site: http://www.secure.rothamsted.ac.uk/ the ‘Blackleg’ group at the University of Melbourne: http://www.botany.unimelb.edu.au/blackleg/overview.htm
Salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent gene activation can be uncoupled from cell death‐mediated gene activation: the SA‐inducible NIMIN‐1 and NIMIN‐2 promoters, unlike the PR‐1a promoter, do not respond to cell death signals in tobacco
Authors: GLOCOVA IVANA , THOR KATHRIN , ROTH BERNHARD , BABBICK MAREN , PFITZNER ARTUR J. P. , PFITZNER URSULA M. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYTobacco pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes of group 1 are induced during pathogen defence (hypersensitive response, HR, and systemic acquired resistance, SAR), after exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), and by developmental cues. Likewise, SA enhances transcripts for Arabidopsis NIMIN‐1 and NIMIN‐2, which interact with NPR1/NIM1, a key regulator of SAR. To further illuminate gene activation during pathogen defence, reporter gene expression from the NIMIN‐1 and NIMIN‐2 promoters was analysed in transgenic tobacco plants in direct comparison to PR‐1 gene expression. NIMIN[GUS] chimeric genes were highly sensitive to SA, whereas NIMIN[GUS], unlike PR1a[GUS], expression was only weak in necrotic tissue exhibiting HR. Furthermore, PR‐1a, but not NIMIN, promoter constructs were activated systemically in response to local cell death elicited by expression of the proapoptotic Bax gene. Conversely, NIMIN‐1[GUS] expression was completely suppressed during pathogen defence in plants depleted from SA, whereas PR‐1 proteins still accumulated in necrotic tissue. These findings demonstrate that SA‐dependent gene activation can be uncoupled from cell death‐induced gene activation. Whereas PR‐1a induction during the HR and SAR responses is mediated by HR‐associated signals and SA, activation of the NIMIN‐1 and NIMIN‐2 promoters in infected tobacco relies on SA, but not on cell death signals.
Clinical trial: gastric acid suppression in Hispanic adults with symptomatic gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease – comparator study of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole
Authors: Morgan D. , Pandolfino J. , Katz P. O. , Goldstein J. L. , Barker P. N. , Illueca M. 
Published: April 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 200–208SummaryBackground  Hispanic‐Americans are a rapidly growing population in the United States, yet gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is not well studied in this population.Aim  To compare the efficacy of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in suppressing gastric acid, including the area of the ‘acid pocket,’ in Hispanics with GERD.Methods  In this open‐label, 3‐way crossover study, 83 Hispanics with symptomatic GERD were randomized to 1 of 6 possible treatment sequences of three 5–7‐day dosing periods with esomeprazole 40 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg daily separated by 10–17‐day washout periods. Intragastric pH was measured for 24 h using dual probes with a distal and proximal (area of the ‘acid pocket’) electrode.Results  Esomeprazole suppressed intragastric acid (pH >4.0) significantly longer over 24 h (primary end point) compared with lansoprazole and pantoprazole (P < 0.0001), and proximal gastric acid (pH >4.0) significantly longer over 24 h compared with lansoprazole (P < 0.05) and pantoprazole (P < 0.0001).Conclusions  Esomeprazole was more effective than lansoprazole and pantoprazole in suppressing gastric acidity at both intragastric distal and proximal (area of the acid pocket) sites in Hispanics with GERD. Future studies are warranted to understand better the role of the acid pocket in GERD (Clinical trial numbers: D9612L00106; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00410592).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Metabolic outcome of GH treatment in prepubertal short children with and without classical GH deficiency
Authors: Decker Ralph , Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin , Kriström Berit , Nierop Andreas F. M. , Gustafsson Jan , Bosaeus Ingvar , Fors Hans , Hochberg Ze’ev , Dahlgren Jovanna 
Published: April 2010

SummaryContext  Few studies have evaluated the metabolic outcomes of growth hormone (GH) treatment in idiopathic short stature (ISS). Moreover, children with ISS appear to need higher GH doses than children with GH deficiency (GHD) to achieve the same amount of growth and may therefore be at increased risk of adverse events during treatment. The individualized approach using prediction models for estimation of GH responsiveness, on the other hand, has the advantage of narrowing the range of growth response, avoiding too low or high GH doses.Design  Short prepubertal children with either isolated GHD (39) or ISS (89) participated in a 2‐year randomized trial of either individualized GH treatment with six different GH doses (range, 17–100 μg/kg/day) or a standard dose (43 μg/kg/day).Objective  To evaluate if individualized GH treatment reduced the variance of the metabolic measures as shown for growth response and to compare changes in metabolic variables in children with ISS and GHD.Hypothesis  Individualized GH dose reduces the range of metabolic outcomes, and metabolic outcomes are similar in children with ISS and GHD.Results  We observed a narrower variation for fasting insulin (−34·2%) and for homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (−38·9%) after 2 years of individualized GH treatment in comparison with standard GH dose treatment. Similar metabolic changes were seen in ISS and GHD. Delta (Δ) height SDS correlated with Δinsulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), Δleptin and Δbody composition. Principal component analysis identified an anabolic and a lipolytic component. Anabolic variables [Δlean body mass (LBM) SDS and ΔIGF‐I SDS] clustered together and correlated strongly with Δheight SDS and GH dose, whereas lipolytic variables [Δfat mass (FM) SDS and Δleptin] were clustered separately from anabolic variables. Regression analysis showed GH dose dependency in ISS, and to a lesser degree in GHD, for ΔLBM SDS and Δheight SDS, but not for changes in FM.Conclusions  Individualized GH dosing during catch‐up growth reduces the variance in insulin and HOMA and results in equal metabolic responses irrespective of the diagnosis of GHD or ISS.