bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elimination from elite endurance rides in nine countries: A preliminary study
Authors: NAGY A. , MURRAY J. K. , DYSON S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Endurance is the fastest growing Féderation Équestre International (FEI) discipline and the large number of eliminations on veterinary grounds needs to be investigated.Objectives: To document elimination rates and explore potential risk factors for elimination due to lameness or metabolic reasons in 9 countries representing 5 continents.Methods: Data for rides of ≥100 km (‘elite endurance rides’) in Australia, France, Italy, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), UK, Uruguay and USA were collected from the FEI website. Data were collected for all started horses on the country, number of horses in the class, ride distance, class (e.g. young rider class) and the average speed of the winning horse. Retirements, eliminations for lameness, metabolic and other reasons were recorded. Uni‐ and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of country, number of horses in the class, ride distance and young rider class on 2 outcomes (elimination for lameness and metabolic reasons).Results: Data for 157 classes at 91 events were analysed. The UAE had the highest number of entries (1497), followed by France (1029) and Spain (408). Of 4326 started horses, 46.0% finished the ride. Lameness was the most common cause of elimination in all countries followed by metabolic reasons (69.2 and 23.5% of all eliminations, and 31.8 and 10.8% of all started horses, respectively). Eight percent of horses were retired by the rider, having passed the veterinary examination. In multivariable analysis, the risk of elimination for lameness was associated with the country in which the ride was held, and the risk significantly increased (OR = 1.60) for horses competing in rides with ≥80 entries. The risk of elimination for metabolic reasons was also significantly associated with the country in which the ride was held and the risk significantly increased (OR = 2.17) for horses competing in rides with ≥100 entries in the multivariable analysis.Conclusions and potential relevance: Elimination rates vary between countries, with lameness being the most common reason for elimination globally. Analysis of retrospective data showed country and number of started horses to be risk factors for elimination due to lameness and for elimination due to metabolic disorders. A prospective study is needed to assess the effects of environmental conditions, individual horse speed and other variables on the risk of specific causes of elimination.
Heel effects on joint contact force components in the equine digit: a sensitivity analysis
Authors: NOBLE P. , LEJEUNE J.‐P. , CAUDRON I. , LEJEUNE P. , COLLIN B. , DENOIX J.‐M. , SERTEYN D. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Whereas the effect of heel configuration on the tension of the suspensory apparatus is well documented in the literature, there are few reports of joint contact force components in the equine distal forelimb.Objectives:To improve understanding of the effect of heel configuration on equine digit joint loading, a sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effect of a raised heel on joint contact force components in the coffin and fetlock joints during the stance phase of the trot.Materials and methods:Four Warmblood horses were used. An inverse dynamic analysis was carried out using kinematic and kinetic data. Taking into account the tendon wrapping forces (WF) around the sesamoid bones in the calculations, the joint contact forces (CF) were estimated for the coffin and fetlock joints during the trot stance phase (4 m/s). To test the sensitivity of the results to heel configuration changes, calculations were performed repeatedly for different heel configurations (raised by 0, 6 and 12°). A one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test the effect of heel configuration (at the 3 levels) (α= 0.05; P<0.05;post hoctesting: Bonferroni).Results:For heel configurations raised from 0–12°: whereas the tension of the deep digital flexor tendon decreased and the tension of the superficial digital flexor tendon increased, for the coffin joint the peak WF (1.4 ± 0.25 bwt; 1.2 ± 0.2 bwt; 0.95 ± 0.1 bwt) and the peak CF (2.45 ± 0.25 bwt; 2.2 ± 0.2 bwt; 2 ± 0.1 bwt) decreased significantly (P<0.05). For the fetlock joint, the peak WF (3.8 ± 0.7 bwt; 4.1 ± 0.3 bwt; 4.4 ± 0.25 bwt) and the peak CF (4.35 ± 0.7 bwt; 4.7 ± 0.35 bwt; 5 ± 0.3 bwt) increased, but not significantly.Conclusion:This analysis suggests that the coffin joint loading and fetlock joint loading are strongly connected. The heel configuration may influence both coffin joint and fetlock joint contact force components.
Comparison of net anaerobic energy utilisation estimated by plasma lactate accumulation rate and accumulated oxygen deficit in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: OHMURA H. , MUKAI K. , TAKAHASHI T. , MATSUI A. , HIRAGA A. , JONES J. H. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Accumulated O2deficit (AOD) and plasma lactate accumulation rate (PLAR) are alternative methods for estimating net anaerobic energy utilisation (NAEU) in exercising horses. How they compare or their accuracy is unknown.Objectives:We hypothesised net anaerobic energy utilisation calculated byPLAR(NAUEPLAR) is equivalent toNAUEestimated byAOD(NAUEAOD).Methods:Six Thoroughbred horses ran at identical supramaximal speeds (118% aerobic capacity) until exhaustion for 2 runs while breathing normoxic (NO, 21% O2) or hyperoxic (HO, 26% O2) gas. Jugular blood was sampled at 15 s intervals to measure plasma lactate concentration. Horses also ran at incremental submaximal speeds from 1.7–11.0 m/s to determine the linear relationship between speed and O2consumption to estimate O2demand forAODcalculations.Results:Maximum O2consumption of horses increased 11.6 ± 2.3% inHOandNAEUPLARandNAUEAODdecreased 38.5 ± 8.0% and 46.2 ± 17.7%, respectively. TheNAEUPLARinNOwas 114.5 ± 27.4 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 23.5 ± 3.7% to total energy turnover and inHOwas 70.9 ± 19.8 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 14.6 ± 3.8% to total energy turnover. TheNAUEAODinNOwas 88.6 ± 24.3 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 19.9 ± 2.1% to total energy turnover and inHOwas 56.2 ± 19.1 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 10.9 ± 4.3% to total energy turnover. Overall,NAEUAODwas systematically biased ‐23.5 ± 16.8 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt belowNAEUPLAR. Total energy demand estimated byPLARwas 11.1 ± 5.4% greater than that estimated byAODand was higher in every horse.Conclusions:TheNAUEPLARestimates average 40.0 ± 29.6% higher thanNAUEAODand are highly correlated (r2= 0.734), indicating both indices are sensitive to similar changes inNAEU. Accuracy of the estimates remains to be determined. Multiple considerations suggestNAUEAODmay underestimate total energy cost during high‐speed galloping, thus biasing low theAODestimate ofNAEU.
A preliminary modelling study on the equine cervical spine with inverse kinematics at walk
Authors: ZSOLDOS R. R. , GROESEL M. , KOTSCHWAR A. , KOTSCHWAR A. B. , LICKA T. , PEHAM C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReason for performing study: The motion of the atlanto‐occipital, cervical vertebral and cervicothoracic joints play an important role in equestrian sports and they are also common sites for lesions limiting performance in horses.Objectives: To calculate inverse kinematics based on cervical vertebral motion and to develop a model close to the measured neck movements.Materials and methods: Measurements were recorded in 6 horses without neck pain. Reflective markers were placed on both cristae facialis, both sides of cervical vertebra 1, 3 and 6 on the withers and hooves. The neck model was reconstructed from CT scans of the osseus structures and was developed in SIMM (Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modelling). Inverse kinematics calculation was done in OpenSim. Three degrees of freedom: Flexion‐extension (FE), axial rotation (AR) and lateral bending (LB) were considered. The simulated motion was generated from the recorded motion of the skin markers. The differences in angular range of motion (ROM) of the joints were analysed using paired sample t tests.Results: From the model, the smallest FE ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and the largest was in the C3–C4 joint (11°± 5°). The smallest AR ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and largest AR ROM was in the atlantoaxial joint (7°± 2°). The smallest LB ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and the largest LB ROM was in the cervicothoracic joint (18°± 5°). There were significant differences between the ROM of joints in 51 of 168 comparisons (P<0.05).Conclusions: The result of the motion of each joint gives an insight into the biomechanics of the equine neck. The small FE ROM at C5–C6 illustrates the pathogenetical relevance of the model for the development of osteoarthritis. The calculated data also provides a source for inverse dynamics.
Alterations in mitochondrial respiratory function in response to endurance training and endurance racing
Authors: VOTION D.‐M. , FRAIPONT A. , GOACHET A. G. , ROBERT C. , Van ERCK E. , AMORY H. , CEUSTERS J. , De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G. , FRANCK T. , MOUITHYS‐MICKALAD A. , NIESTEN A. , SERTEYN D. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Limited information exists about the muscle mitochondrial respiratory function changes that occur in horses during an endurance season.Objectives:To determine effects of training and racing on muscle oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and electron transport system (ETS) capacities in horses with high resolution respirometry (HRR).Methods:Mitochondrial respiration was measured in microbiopsies taken from thetriceps brachii(tb) andgluteus medius(gm) muscles in 8 endurance horses (7 purebred Arabians and 1 crossbred Arabian) before training (T0), after two 10 week training periods (T1, T2) and after 2 CEI** endurance races (R1, R2). Muscle OXPHOS capacity was determined using 2 titration protocols without (SUIT 1) or with pyruvate (SUIT 2) as substrate. Electrons enter at the level of Complex I, Complex II or both complexes simultaneously (Complexes I+II). Muscle ETS capacity was obtained by uncoupling Complexes I+II sustained respiration.Results:T1 improved OXPHOS and ETS capacities in thetbas demonstrated by the significant increase of oxygen fluxes vs. T0 (Complex I: +67%; ETS: +37%). Training improved only OXPHOS in thegm(Complex I: +34%). Among horses that completed the race, a significant decrease in OXPHOS (Complex I: ∼−35%) and ETS (−22%) capacities was found in thetbwith SUIT 2 indicating a reduced aerobic glycolysis. Significant correlations between CK activities and changes in OXPHOS were found suggesting a relationship between exercise‐induced muscle damage and depression of mitochondrial respiration.Conclusions:For the first time, OXPHOS and ETS capacities in equine muscle at different steps of an endurance season have been determined by HRR. Significant alterations in mitochondrial respiratory function in response to endurance training and endurance racing have been observed although these changes appeared to be muscle group specific.
Fault seal calibration: a brief review
Authors: Yielding G. , Bretan P. , Freeman B. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Calibration is a necessary step in the workflow for prediction of fault seal because there is no direct way to detect the hydraulic behaviour of a fault at the scale of a hydrocarbon trap. Over the last 20 years two general approaches have been developed:

Measurement of hydraulic properties of fault-zone samples (lab calibration), then mapping these results onto the appropriate parts of trap-bounding faults.

Design of simple algorithms which attempt to capture a salient feature of the fault zone (e.g. CSP, SSF, SGR), then looking at known trap-bounding faults to find a relationship between the algorithm and the presence or capacity of a seal (sub-surface calibration).

Seal capacity is typically described by Hg–air threshold pressure in the lab or static pressure differences in the subsurface (e.g. hydrocarbon buoyancy pressure). In addition to likely interpretation and geometry errors in approaches (i) and (ii), further uncertainty is introduced when converting the calibrated seal strength to potential hydrocarbon column height, because of the variability of subsurface hydrocarbon fluids (interfacial tension). Despite these potential problems, the different methodologies typically agree reasonably well in their predictions for fault-seal capacity. However, this agreement may be largely coincidental and is likely to be a response to the heterogeneity of fault-zone structure (especially at intermediate ‘compositions’ or SGR).
An uncertainty modelling workflow for structurally compartmentalized reservoirs
Authors: Irving A. D. , Chavanne E. , Faure V. , Buffet P. , Barber E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Despite their significance, structural parameters are sometimes neglected in assessments of uncertainty on connected volumes and forecast production for compartmentalized reservoirs. A workflow is proposed for modelling multiple realizations of fault geometry and properties using 3D geomodelling software. Geometrical parameters that may be simulated include fault and horizon shape and location, fault displacement and fault pattern, while property variables include fault permeability, thickness and clay smears. Realizations are ranked by estimated connected volume, with selected models being exported for numerical flow simulation. Experimental design is used to assess sensitivity of forecast production and pressure to different parameters. The workflow is illustrated using a North Sea reservoir, in which structural heterogeneities cause considerable uncertainty on connected volumes, with implications for history matching and infill well planning. Fault geometry and permeability were the most important properties for all studied responses, however their relative significance could vary between early and late field life. A number of improvements are proposed, chiefly in the areas of connected volume estimation, handling of uncertain grid geometries and calculation of stress- or saturation-dependent fault permeabilities. Finally, the method can be integrated with conventional sedimentary and petrophysical uncertainties to investigate interactions and relative sensitivities with regard to structural parameters.
The challenges and impact of compartmentalization in reservoir appraisal and development
Authors: Fox R. J. , Bowman M. B. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
As an industry we have been poor at identifying and predicting the effect of reservoir compartmentalization on fluid flow throughout field life. In the context of harder-to-find reserves and rising development costs it is vital to have a well-rounded strategy in place to identify and mitigate uncertainties and risks associated with compartmentalization. The key challenge of today is therefore to improve predictive capability.
Historically we have relied too heavily on ‘single complex’ linear modelling approaches to understand the impact of compartmentalization. Lately, we have begun to place a greater emphasis on using a forensic level of reservoir analysis coupled with the use of dynamic signals from production data and constant down hole monitoring of fluid-type, pressures and temperatures. Evidence is mounting that as fields deplete they evolve mechanically over production time-scales leading to changes in fault behaviour, stress configuration, compaction and hence compartmentalization; such factors are commonly not predicted at start-up. Our challenge has been to develop toolkits and workflows which integrate an appropriate range of geological models iteratively coupled with dynamic data. We need to develop analytical approaches that enable real-time updates from the evolving reservoir & fluid system to iteratively modify our models and improve their predictive power. This will allow us to make better-informed decisions at every stage of field life.
Sedimentological control of fluid flow in deep marine turbidite reservoirs: Pierce Field, UK Central North Sea
Authors: Scott E. D. , Gelin F. , Jolley S. J. , Leenaarts E. , Sadler S. P. , Elsinger R. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The Pierce Field in the Central UK North Sea is a twin diapir structure that produces from the Paleocene Forties Sandstone Member (Forties Sandstone). Different hydrocarbon–water contacts encountered in the wells around both diapirs have been variously ascribed to a hydrodynamically tilted oil–water contact or else some form of stepped (compartmentalized) contact. Recent reinterpretation of the structure, sedimentology and fluid geochemistry has indicated that the stratigraphic architecture of the reservoir is the prime control on fluid flow over both geological and production time-scales. These depositional architectures deflect the hydrodynamic flow of aquifer water around the field, resulting in a modified-tilted-contact. The same depositional architectures control the flow of fluids under production. The Forties Sandstone was emplaced by turbidity flows influenced by pre-existing seafloor topography that funneled the flows into discrete sediment corridors and into the Pierce area. The rising twin diapirs further influenced the flows by forming: (a) a small salt withdrawal basin between the diapirs that captured sediment; and (b) enough seafloor topography to prevent the bulk of the flows from depositing significant amounts of sand over the crest of the diapirs. Because the bulk of the high permeability sands were deposited in a rim around the diapirs, the aquifer and injected water does not always flow to structurally higher elevations, but follows the geometry of the channelized sands. While faults are present on both South and North Pierce, they are not extensive and do not appear to play a major role in the compartmentalization of the field. From production data, pressure communication can be inferred around North Pierce and around the majority of South Pierce, the main exception being a block bound by large throw faults in the SE of the southern diapir. Geochemical fingerprinting of the hydrocarbons in Pierce shows families of oils that suggest that the northern and southern parts of the reservoir are separate oil compartments, which is a result of the interaction of the filling history and the stratigraphic and structural architecture of the reservoir.
A Viscosity of Cesàro Mean Approximation Methods for a Mixed Equilibrium, Variational Inequalities, and Fixed Point Problems
Authors: Jitpeera Thanyarat , Katchang Phayap , Kumam Poom 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe introduce a new iterative method for finding a common element of the set of solutions for mixed equilibrium problem, the set of solutions of the variational inequality for a "Equation missing"-inverse-strongly monotone mapping, and the set of fixed points of a family of finitely nonexpansive mappings in a real Hilbert space by using the viscosity and Cesàro mean approximation method. We prove that the sequence converges strongly to a common element of the above three sets under some mind conditions. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results of Kumam and Katchang (2009), Peng and Yao (2009), Shimizu and Takahashi (1997), and some authors.
Risk Factors for Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Norman Sandra A. , Localio A. Russell , Kallan Michael J. , Weber Anita L. , Simoes Torpey Heather A. , Potashnik Sheryl L. , Miller Linda T. , Fox Kevin R. , DeMichele Angela , Solin Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground: As cancer treatments evolve, it is important to reevaluate their effect on lymphedema risk in breast cancer survivors.Methods: A population-based random sample of 631 women from metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, diagnosed with incident breast cancer in 1999 to 2001, was followed for 5 years. Risk factor information was obtained by questionnaire and medical record review. Lymphedema was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the relative incidence rates [hazard ratios (HR)] of lymphedema with standard adjusted multivariable analyses ignoring interactions, followed by models including clinically plausible treatment interactions.Results: Compared with no lymph node surgery, adjusted HRs for lymphedema were increased following axillary lymph node dissection [ALND; HR, 2.61; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.77-3.84] but not sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB; HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.58-1.88). Risk was not increased following irradiation [breast/chest wall only: HR, 1.18 (95% CI, 0.80-1.73); breast/chest wall plus supraclavicular field (+/− full axilla): HR, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.48-1.54)]. Eighty-one percent of chemotherapy was anthracycline based. The HR for anthracycline chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.04-2.04), persisting after stratifying on stage at diagnosis or number of positive nodes. Treatment combinations involving ALND or chemotherapy resulted in approximately 4- to 5-fold increases in HRs for lymphedema [e.g., HR of 4.16 (95% CI, 1.32-12.45) for SLNB/chemotherapy/no radiation] compared with no treatment.Conclusion: With standard multivariable analyses, ALND and chemotherapy increased lymphedema risk whereas radiation therapy and SLNB did not. However, risk varied by combinations of exposures.Impact: Treatment patterns should be considered when counseling and monitoring patients for lymphedema. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2734–46. ©2010 AACR.
Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Survival among Californians of Asian Ancestry, 1988 to 2007
Authors: Kwong Sandy L. , Stewart Susan L. , Aoki Christopher A. , Chen Moon S. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a significant health disparity affecting Asian Americans, a population comprised of distinct ethnic groups. The purpose of this article is to analyze Californians of Asian ancestry with HCC with respect to socioeconomic status, demographic factors, stage of disease, treatment received, and survival.
Methods: To investigate ethnic differences in survival, we analyzed ethnically disaggregated data from 6,068 Californians of Asian ancestry with HCC diagnosed in 1988 to 2007 and reported to the California Cancer Registry.
Results: Compared with the average of all ethnic groups, cause-specific mortality was significantly higher among Laotian/Hmong [hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.78-2.44] and Cambodian patients (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.51), groups with higher proportions of their populations at low levels of socioeconomic status; in addition, Laotian/Hmong patients disproportionately presented at later stages of disease, with only 3% receiving local surgical treatment, resection, or liver transplantation. After adjustment for time of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, geographic region, stage at diagnosis, type of surgery, and socioeconomic status, survival disparities remained for both groups (Laotian/Hmong hazard ratio, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.28-1.79; Cambodian hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48).
Conclusions: Our hypothesis that survival outcomes would differ by ethnicity was verified.
Impact: Research is needed not only to develop more effective treatments for HCC but also to develop community-based interventions to recruit Asian Americans, particularly Laotian/Hmong and Cambodians, for hepatitis B screening and into medical management to prevent or detect this tumor at an early stage. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2747–57. ©2010 AACR.