bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability‐indicating chemometric methods for the determination of pyritinol dihydrochloride
Authors: El‐Sayed Mohammad A. , Abdul‐Azim Mohammad Mohammad 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree multivariate calibration methods, including classical least square with nonzero intercept (CLS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS), have been used for the determination of pyritinol dihydrochloride in the presence of its degradation product. The CLS, PCR and PLS techniques are useful in spectral analysis because the simultaneous inclusion of many spectral wavelengths instead of the single wavelength used in derivative spectrophotometry has greatly improved the precision and predictive abilities of these multivariate calibrations. A training set was constructed for the mixture and the best model was used for the prediction of the concentration of the selected drug. The proposed procedures were applied successfully in the determination of pyritinol dihydrochloride in laboratory‐prepared mixtures and in commercial preparations. Pyritinol dihydrochloride was analysed with mean accuracies 99.99 ± 0.905, 99.91 ± 0.966 and 99.92 ± 0.962 using the CLS, PCR and PLS methods respectively. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed using the standard addition technique. The proposed procedures were found to be rapid and simple and required no preliminary separation. They can therefore be used for the routine analysis of pyritinol dihydrochloride in quality‐control laboratories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of winding radial deformation and determination of deformation extent using vector fitting‐based estimated transfer function
Authors: Karimifard P. , Gharehpetian G. B. , Tenbohlen S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper suggests a new method to detect the location and the extent of the winding buckling which is based on the transfer function (TF) estimation using the vector fitting (VF) method. To study the proposed method, the verified detailed model of the transformer winding in the frequency range of kHz < f < MHz has been developed. The simulation results indicate the capability of the proposed method to localize the deformed section in the transformer winding. In addition, the proposed method presents an index for the determination of the deformation extent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of case management model for community dwelling older persons with mild dementia in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Linda C. W. , Lee Jenny S. W. , Chung Jenny C. C. , Lau Anna , Woo Jean , Kwok Timothy C. Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a case management (CM) model for people with mild dementia, whereby resources within the family and in the community were mobilized and optimally used.MethodCommunity dwelling psychiatric and geriatrics outpatients with mild dementia were randomized to receive CM by a trained occupational therapist for 4 months (CM group, N = 59) or usual care only (control group, N = 43). Primary outcome indicators included the Zarit Burden Scale (ZBI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Personal Well‐Being Index for Adult (PWI‐A) of the family caregivers. Secondary outcome indicators included the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and Personal Well‐Being Index for Intellectually Disabled (PWI‐ID) of the demented subjects as measured at fourth and twelfth months.ResultCSDDis reduced in the CM group at fourth month, but not at twelfth month. The changes in outcome variables of persons with dementia did not differ between the groups (Mann–Whitney U‐test, p > 0.05). At follow‐up, CM group used more day care and domestic helpers than control group (χ 2, p > 0.05).ConclusionCase management for Chinese persons with mild dementia outpatients did not show significant effects in reducing caregiver burden, but encouraged family caregivers to seek external support. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High specific activity (+)‐amphetamine and (+)‐methamphetamine
Authors: Lamb Pamela B. , McElhinny Charles J. , Sninski Todd , Purdom Hunter , Carroll F. Ivy , Lewin Anita H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHigh specific activity (+)‐amphetamine and (+)‐methamphetamine were prepared by reductive dechlorination of (S)‐(3′,5′‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐propylazide and (S)‐2′6′‐dichloromethamphetamine, respectively. While the latter was readily obtained by resolution of racemic 2′6′‐dichloromethamphetamine using (+)‐dibenzoyltartaric acid, the analogous amphetamine resisted all efforts to resolve it. Hence, the required chiral precursor was prepared by stereospecific total synthesis following methodology that had been previously developed in our Laboratories. The tritium labeled compounds had specific activity 30.1 Ci/mmol and 38.3 Ci/mmol, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with cognition in adults: The Seattle Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yu Fang , Ryan Lindsay H. , Schaie K. Warner , Willis Sherry L. , Kolanowski Ann 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA better understanding of factors that affect cognition could lead to improved health and greater independence for older adults. We examined the association of four modifiable factors (leisure‐time physical activity, leisure‐time cognitive activity, self‐directed work, and hypertension) with changes in two aspects of fluid intelligence (verbal memory and inductive reasoning). Data for 626 adults collected over 14 years (three time points) were analyzed by multi‐level modeling. A component of self‐directed work, higher work control, was associated with better verbal memory (p < .05) and inductive reasoning (p < .01). There were no significant interactions among these factors. The findings suggest that a strong sense of control at work may be protective for fluid intelligence in adults. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:540–550, 2009
Effect of organoclay on thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of novel thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation technique
Authors: Barick Aruna Kumar , Tripathy Deba Kumar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) containing organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared by melt compounding method followed by compression molding. Different percentage of organically modified nanoclays (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%) was incorporated into the TPU matrix in order to examine the influence of the nanofillers on nanophase morphology and materials' properties. The microstructure morphology of the nanocomposites was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X‐ray analysis (EDX), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The observation established that the organoclay is homogeneously dispersed and preferentially embedded in the TPU soft segment phase. Significant enhancement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was observed with the addition of the OMMT under thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dynamic mechanical properties of the TPU nanocomposites were analyzed using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA), which confirms that the addition of OMMT has a strong influence on the storage and loss modulus of the TPU matrix. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel polymer nanocomposites based on polystyrene and Ti‐functionalized polyhedral silsesquioxanes
Authors: Monticelli Orietta , Zunino Ennio , Carniato Fabio , Boccaleri Enrico , Marchese Leonardo , Chincarini Andrea 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTi‐based polyhedral silsesquioxanes (Ti‐POSSs) have been prepared and dispersed in polystyrene (PS), by in situ polymerization, and the resulting materials have been characterized by several experimental techniques including both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), X‐ray photospectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). TEM and SEM analyses proved that PS nanocomposites of the samples based on heptaisobutyl‐Ti‐POSS (HEI‐Ti‐POSS) are formed, where HEI‐Ti‐POSS cages are directly linked to the macromolecules via Ti‐C bonds. The presence of HEI‐Ti‐POSS enhances the thermo‐oxidative stability of PS‐based nanocomposites and does not significantly affect the polymer molecular mass. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of ultrasound biomicroscopy to image human ovaries in vitro
Authors: Baerwald A. , Dauk S. , Kanthan R. , Singh J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that ultrasound biomicroscopy is an effective tool for imaging human ovaries in vitro.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study of 11 women (mean age, 48.9 ± 2.3 years; range, 40–65 years) undergoing unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy. Ovaries were obtained in the operating room and imaged in a cooled saline bath using conventional two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound. Follicles identified using conventional 2D ultrasound were then imaged in a cooled saline bath using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ovaries were then placed in 10% neutral‐buffered formaldehyde and transported to the Pathology Department for histological evaluation. Digital images of individually identified ovarian follicles using conventional ultrasound, ultrasound biomicroscopy and histology were obtained (n = 22). Thicknesses of the follicle wall, granulosa layer and theca interna layer were measured using standardized techniques.ResultsThe imaging sensitivity, defined as the smallest follicle visualized, was greater using ultrasound biomicroscopy (0.33 ± 0.07 mm) than it was using conventional ultrasound (1.5 ± 0.21 mm; P < 0.0001). The mean follicle wall thickness was greater using conventional ultrasound (0.675 ± 0.039 mm) compared with ultrasound biomicroscopy (0.254 ± 0.017 mm), which in turn, was greater than that measured by histology (0.160 ± 0.009 mm) (P < 0.0001). The mean granulosa and theca layer thickness measurements, respectively, were greater using ultrasound biomicroscopy (0.067 ± 0.004 mm; 0.186 ± 0.014 mm) compared with histology (0.034 ± 0.002 mm; 0.126 ± 0.008 mm) (P ≤ 0.001). Protrusions from the follicle wall into the antrum, believed to represent cumulus–oocyte complexes, were visualized in five of 22 follicles using ultrasound biomicroscopy.ConclusionsThe ultrasound biomicroscope was an effective tool to image human ovaries in vitro. Ultrasound biomicroscopy provided greater sensitivity and resolution for imaging ovarian follicles compared with conventional 2D ultrasonographic techniques. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender dimorphism in siblings with schizophrenia‐like psychosis due to Niemann‐Pick disease type C
Authors: Walterfang M. , Fietz M. , Abel L. , Bowman E. , Mocellin R. , Velakoulis D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe describe the differential presentation of schizophrenia‐like psychosis in two siblings with the ‘variant’ biochemical presentation of adult Niemann‐Pick disease type C. The male sibling presented with psychosis at age 16 years and cognitive and motor disturbance at age 25 years, whereas his elder sister, sharing the same mutation but showing less severe biochemical, neuroimaging and ocular motor parameters, presented with a similar schizophrenia‐like illness with associated cognitive and motor disturbance at age 31 years. Their illness onset, course and response to treatment mirrors the sex dimorphism seen in schizophrenia, and is suggestive of an interaction between the neurobiology of their metabolic disorder and sex differences in neurodevelopment.
An easy way to reduce PIT‐tag loss in rodents
Authors: Lebl Karin , Ruf Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPassive integrated transponders (PIT‐tags) have been shown to be a reliable method for individually marking rodents in field studies. The loss rates of PIT‐tags vary, depending on the species, from 3.6 to 7.2%. We used PIT‐tags to individually mark a population of edible dormice. Due to a relatively high loss rate of transponders in the first year (7.4%) we used a tissue adhesive to seal the punctuation wound in the second year. With this method we could reduce the tag‐loss rate to 2.2%. We therefore recommend using a tissue adhesive, which is easy and fast to apply, after injecting a transponder.
Gas exchange of juvenile and mature trees of Alnus jorullensis (Betulaceae) at sites with contrasting humidity in the Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Piper Frida I. , Cavieres Lohengrin A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reduction of photosynthetic rates with tree age has been proposed as a major driver of the productivity declination along ontogeny. It is not clear, however, how environmental humidity affects stomatal conductance and biochemical potential of photosynthesis in trees belonging to different age‐classes. We assessed daily cycles of gas exchange on leaves of juvenile and mature individuals of the tropical high‐elevation tree Alnus jorullensis Kunth (Betulaceae), at two sites with contrasting precipitation in the Venezuelan Andes. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were higher in juvenile trees during the morning and at noon in the mesic site, and were in general similar between age‐classes in the wet site. Under light‐saturating conditions, the net photosynthetic rate was similar between the age‐classes at the wet site and higher for juvenile trees at the mesic site, whereas stomatal conductance did not differ between age‐classes and was higher at the wet site. Daily cycles of gas exchange and a type II regression model between photosynthesis and intercellular CO2 concentration indicated that the better performance of juvenile trees at the mesic site was due to lower non‐stomatal limitations. These results support the proposal that non‐stomatal limitations—rather than stomatal ones—are involved in the decay of photosynthesis in mature trees, and suggest that such limitations may be evident only under drier conditions.
Polymeric Nanocapsule from Silica Nanoparticle@Cross-linked Polymer Nanoparticles via One-Pot Approach
Authors: Shen Ruoping , Mu Bin , Du Pengcheng , Liu Peng 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A facile strategy was developed here to prepare cross-linked polymeric nanocapsules (CP nanocapsules) with silica nanoparticles as templates. The silica nanoparticle@cross-linked polymer nanoparticles were prepared by the encapsulation of the silica nanoparticles by the one-pot approach via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate in the presence ofN,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linker from the initiator-modified silica nanoparticles. After the silica nanoparticle templates were etched with hydrofluoric acid, the CP nanocapsules with particle size of about 100 nm were obtained. The strategy developed was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy.
Developmental learning impairments in a rodent model of nodular heterotopia
Authors: Threlkeld Steven W. , Hill Courtney A. , Cleary Caitlin E. , Truong Dongnhu T. , Rosen Glenn D. , Fitch R. Holly 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Developmental malformations of neocortex—including microgyria, ectopias, and periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH)—have been associated with language learning impairments in humans. Studies also show that developmental language impairments are frequently associated with deficits in processing rapid acoustic stimuli, and rodent models have linked cortical developmental disruption (microgyria, ectopia) with rapid auditory processing deficits. We sought to extend this neurodevelopmental model to evaluate the effects of embryonic (E) day 15 exposure to the anti-mitotic teratogen methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) on auditory processing and maze learning in rats. Extensive cortical anomalies were confirmed in MAM-treated rats post mortem. These included evidence of laminar disruption, PNH, and hippocampal dysplasia. Juvenile auditory testing (P21–42) revealed comparable silent gap detection performance for MAM-treated and control subjects, indicating normal hearing and basic auditory temporal processing in MAM subjects. Juvenile testing on a more complex two-tone oddball task, however, revealed a significant impairment in MAM-treated as compared to control subjects. Post hoc analysis also revealed a significant effect of PNH severity for MAM subjects, with more severe disruption associated with greater processing impairments. In adulthood (P60–100), only MAM subjects with the most severe PNH condition showed deficits in oddball two-tone processing as compared to controls. However, when presented with a more complex and novel FM sweep detection task, all MAM subjects showed significant processing deficits as compared to controls. Moreover, post hoc analysis revealed a significant effect of PNH severity on FM sweep processing. Water Maze testing results also showed a significant impairment for spatial but not non-spatial learning in MAM rats as compared to controls. Results lend further support to the notions that: (1) generalized cortical developmental disruption (stemming from injury, genetic or teratogenic insults) leads to auditory processing deficits, which in turn have been suggested to play a causal role in language impairment; (2) severity of cortical disruption is related to the severity of processing impairments; (3) juvenile auditory processing deficits appear to ameliorate with maturation, but can still be elicited in adulthood using increasingly complex acoustic stimuli; and (4) malformations induced with MAM are also associated with generalized spatial learning deficits. These cumulative findings contribute to our understanding of the behavioral consequences of cortical developmental pathology, which may in turn elucidate mechanisms contributing to developmental language learning impairment in humans.
Electrical low‐frequency stimulation induces long‐term depression of sensory and affective components of pain in healthy man
Authors: Rottmann Silke , Jung Kerstin , Ellrich Jens 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTElectrical low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) of nociceptive skin afferents reliably induces long‐term depression (LTD) of pain. Recent experiments have assessed the effects of LTD on pain perception by using a simple one‐dimensional rating scale. The psychophysical study investigated the impact of noxious LFS on the sensory and affective aspects of pain perception by multidimensional rating scales.In 20 healthy volunteers, nociceptive fibers of the left hand dorsum were electrically stimulated by a concentric electrode. Test stimulation series (15 stimuli each, 0.125Hz) were performed before (Pre) and after (Post) a conditioning LFS (1Hz, 20min) or no stimulation period (Control). Pain ratings concerning test stimulation and LFS were obtained by multidimensional assessment including Verbal rating scale of perceived stimulus intensity (VRS‐I) and unpleasantness (VRS‐U) and pain perception scale with sensory (SES‐S) and affective items (SES‐A).After the conditioning LFS, VRS‐I, VRS‐U, SES‐S, and SES‐A decreased as compared to Pre series and Control. During conditioning LFS, ratings decreased. Factor analysis of SES‐S revealed sole reduction of superficial sharp pain perception after conditioning LFS in contrast to Control experiment. Perception of deep rhythmic pain decreased over time. Deep constant pain and superficial heat pain were not affected.Electrical test stimulation via concentric electrode evokes sensory as well as affective pain perception. Both components decrease during noxious, conditioning LFS and remain depressed for at least one hour. Reduction of sharp pain points to Aδ fiber mediated LTD. These results stress the analgesic potency of LTD and its possible impact on future therapy in chronic pain.
Carbon isotope fluctuations of terrestrial organic matter for the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Santonian) in the Obira area of Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: URAMOTO GO-ICHIRO , ABE YOSHIHIRO , HIRANO HIROMICHI 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStratigraphic fluctuations of carbon isotope values of terrestrial organic matter within the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Santonian) sequence in the Obira area of Hokkaido, Japan, record distinctive δ13C fluctuations for the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, the Middle Turonian, the upper Turonian–lower Coniacian, and the Santonian. A biostratigraphic framework of the age-diagnostic taxa (ammonoids, bivalves and planktic foraminifers) indicates that these δ13C fluctuation events are comparable with those recorded in δ13C data of terrestrial organic matter in Japan and marine carbonates in Europe. These correlations reinforce the utility of these δ13C events in terms of global chemostratigraphy. In particular, the δ13C patterns within the overall positive interval of the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event are highly conformable between marine and terrestrial records. The consistent nature of these different records of δ13C fluctuation patterns demonstrates that the terrestrial organic δ13C data mirror the global-scale δ13C patterns in the carbon reservoir of ocean–atmosphere–terrestrial biosphere during the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event. In addition, global correlation of short-term marine and terrestrial organic δ13C fluctuations of the Upper Cretaceous sequence indicate that the magnitude of several terrestrial organic δ13C events appears more amplified than that of coeval marine carbonate δ13C events. This correlation is interpreted to mean that the effects of local CO2 emission into the atmosphere by release of terrestrial methane hydrate or biomass burning of terrestrial vegetation in the hinterland of the NE Asian region have been superimposed on the global δ13C trend and resulted in the terrestrial organic δ13C records of the Yezo Group.