bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, BreinUa booliati (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae): Course of development in rat host
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Yap Eu-Hian , Ho Beng-Chuan , Kang Kim-Lian , Lim Boo-Liat , Lim E.Poh-Choo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe development of Breinlia booliati is described in its natural host, Rattus sabanus and in an inbred strain of laboratory albino rat. The growth of the parasite is similar in both the rat hosts. The third moult occurs between six—eight days and the final moult between 24–28 days. Larvae were recovered initially from the skin and carcass. After five weeks, developing stages were seen only in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the site of development of the adult worms. Worms became sexually mature by 11–12 weeks and there was considerable growth in length of the female worms after this stage.
Experimentally induced Haemonchus contortus infections in the rabbit
Authors: Hutchinson G. W. , Slocombe J. O. D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHaemonchus contortus originally derived from an Ontario field strain was used to infect laboratory rabbits. Both ensheathed and artificially exsheathed larvae were given at doses of up to 10 million larvae per rabbit. Only artifically exsheathed larvae were infective and a dose of at least 50,000 was required to produce a significant level of infection.H. contortus completed its development in the rabbit, but at a slower rate than in the sheep. Although a few fecund females were found 35 days after infection no eggs were observed on faecal examination. A high proportion of early fourth stage larvae were recovered from numerous rabbits including some which were examined well beyond a postinfection period when all worms should have been in the adult stage. This phenomenon occurred when freshly harvested and exsheathed larvae were used. Post-exsheathed cold conditioning of larvae at 5°C further increased the proportion of early fourth stage larvae (maximum proportions were found after 21 and again after 79 days of cold conditioning and thereafter declined). Whether such larvae were inhibited cannot be stated definitely. However, several of these larvae contained crystalline rods within their soma, and the structure of the crystals was similar to those previously described from inhibited H. contortus larvae recovered from sheep.It was concluded that the laboratory rabbit could be a useful host for further studies on some aspects of the biology and pathogenicity of H. contortus.
Studies on the life-cycle of Asymphylodora tincae Modeer, 1790) Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam: Part 2: The relations between Asymphylodora tincae and its definitive host, Tinca tinca
Authors: Zietse M. A. , Van Den Broek Elisabeth , Erwteman-Ooms Elze E. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe natural infection of tench by Asymphylodora tincae in a lake was studied during one summer season. The incidence of infection was 57%, the mean intensity about 50. The distribution of the digencans along the host's intestine showed a maximum in the second half; this could be modified by the presence of other helminth species. Tench caught in early spring and kept in the laboratory retained their natural infection throughout the summer. Starvation of hosts during two months caused disappearance of the infection. Experiments showed that metaecrcariae, introduced into the intestine of tench, can excyst within one hour. In vitro, cysts in contact with tench bile opened within 15 seconds. Bile of several other cyprinid fisli species caused excystment within 60 seconds. Asymphylodora eggs appeared in tench faeces 7 to 10 days after infection. Progenetic specimens of A. tincae probably disintegrate in the intestine of the tench and their eggs arc passed out with the faeces.
The effect ofTrichinella spiralison the rate of clearance of51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells and125I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone from the bloodstream of mice
Authors: Aboul-Atta Nagwa A. N. , Steward M. W. , Denham D. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMice infected for one to eight weeks withTrichinella spiraliscleared either51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) given intravenously. PVP was cleared more rapidly from the blood of mice infected for one week than from uninfected mice with older infections which behaved in a similar manner to the controls. SRBC were consistently cleared faster from the blood of mice infected for one week than from normal mice. If the infections were older than this a more rapid clearance was also demonstrated as long as the infections were reasonably heavy.
3,5-Dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide in the control ofHymenolepis nanain rats—a pilot study
Authors: Gupta Suman , Katiyar J. C. , Sharma S. , Sen A. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe efficiency of a new anticestode compound, 3,5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide (GUPTAet al.1980) for mass eradication of hymenolepiasis from rat colonies was assessed in a pilot study. The drug was administered with milk or food. For effective eradication, depending on the size of animals, single or multiple doses of 100 to 500 mg of the drug'kg body-weight, mixed in milk, or 50mg/kg in feed were necessary. Better results were obtained when the compound was given in feed as it ensured effective consumption irrespective of the seasonal variations. The efficacy of the compound was also assessed on cysticcrcoids in intermediate hosts (Tribalium confusum) by feeding them on flour medicated at 5%, l% and 0.1% levels. None of the concentrations killed the larvae or arrested their development.
Insulin-like effects of fatty acid synthesis in liver of hamsters infected with plerocercoids of the tapeworm,Spirometra mansonoides
Authors: Phares C. Kirk , Carroll R. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractElevated serum lipids are associated with infections of laboratory rodents with plerocercoids ofSpirometra mansonoides. The effect of infection with these larval tapeworms on triglyceride degradation and hepaticde novofatty acid synthesis was investigated in Syrian hamsters. Serum lipoprotein electrophoresis revealed a consistent elevation in very low density lipoproteins in the infected animals. Lipoprotein lipase activity was enhanced in the infected animals. After seven days of plerocercoid infection the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2) was significantly elevated after 6,12 and 18 hours of fasting. Fatty acid synthetase was significantly increased after 0,6,12,18 and 24 hours of fasting. Therefore, a chronic insulin-like activity on lipid metabolism of hamsters is associated with plerocercoid infection.
Induction of peripheral blood eosinophilia in mice by excretory and secretory antigen ofToxocara canislarvae
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , oshima Tomoo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMedium in whichT. canislarvae had been cultured was applied to a Sephadex G-25 gel column and four fractions (Fr. 1-Fr. 4) were isolated. Each fraction was administered to mice by implanting a mini-osmotic pump into the peritoneal cavity and the subsequent peripheral blood eosinophilic counts were recorded. Mice given Fr. 1 showed a markedly greater eosinophilic response than did those given the other fractions. Complement activation by each fraction was investigated using normal human serum. Fr. 1 and Fr. 3 had a capacity to activate complement. The results suggest that Fr. 1 may be not only antigenetic and allergenic but also could induce eosinophilia and activate complement.
Vulnerability of male spider crab Maja brachydactyla (Brachyura: Majidae) to a pot fishery in south-west Ireland
Authors: Fahy Edward , Carroll Jim 
Published: June 2009

The Magharees fishery (Brandon and Tralee Bays in south-west Ireland) is 495 km2 in extent, the majority of this area ≤20 m in depth. Since 1981 it has been occupied by a directed spider crab fishery yielding in some years all of the national catch of Maja brachydactyla. Maximum recorded landings were 336 t in 1999 and effort has numbered up to 10,000 pots annually. Increasing fishing capacity and declining opportunities have accentuated fishing effort on spider crab. This paper describes a catch census undertaken in the fishing season of March to August inclusive, 2000–2007 and a mark–recapture experiment, 2005–2007. A method of ageing the adult moult by attributing a chronology to the rate of erosion of the claw on the dactyl is introduced. Males migrated longer distances, moved into the fishery on a wider trajectory and demonstrated greater wear on the claw than females. Recapture rate of males was twice that of females. The conduct of the fishery changed in its 26 years in existence. Landings became more concentrated in the earlier months of the year and the recent summer fishery was characterized by fewer male captures. Larger males were quickly removed and none >140 mm carapace length survived in the fishery longer than one year.
The ultrastructure of the epidermis of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenea)
Authors: Shaw M. K. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe epidermis of Diplectanum aequans has, in general, been found to be similar to the epidermis of other monogeneans, consisting of a syncytial outer epidermis and sunken sub-epidermal nucleated regions. However, the epidermis of D. aequans differs from that of other monogeneans in 3 respects. These are, the presence of large areas of granular cytoplasm within the outer epidermis, the presence of myofibres invaginating into the epidermal matrix and, in the posterior regions of the epidermis, the presence of epidermal scales. These scales occur within the epidermal cytoplasm, beneath the outer membrane, and are composed of moderately electron-dense material. Also present beneath the outer membrane in the more anterior regions of the epidermis are small scale-like sclerites of a similar electron density to the epidermal scales.
The role of carbon dioxide in the metabolism of adultHaemonchus contortus, in vitro
Authors: Ward P. F. V. , Huskisson N. S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAdultHaemonchus contortusworms simultaneously excrete and fix CO2. Their initial content of CO2was measured as 4·55 μmoles/100mg wet weight and their excretion rate in air as 1 μmole/100 mg wet weight/h for at least 4 h. When the worms were incubated either aerobically or anaerobically with14CO2most of the metabolized radioactivity was associated with propan-1-ol and propionate but small amounts were found in succinate and lactate. No radioactivity was associated with ethanol or acetate, two major catabolites of glucose. Stepwise degradation of the metabolized radioactive propanol and propionate showed that all the radioactivity in both compounds was associated with carbon atom no. 1. These results show thatH. contortushas much in common with the anaerobic energy metabolism ofAscaris lumbricoidesbut they are not inconsistent with the utilization of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by the worm.H. contortusworms were found to metabolize their excretory products. When they were incubated with either [2,3-14C]succinate or [2-14C]acetate,14CO2was excreted under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. These results are consistent with a pathway similar to that used byAscarisoperating alone under anaerobic conditions and together with the tricarboxylic acid cycle under aerobic conditions.
Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: III. Antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks
Authors: Nantulya V. M. , Doyle J. J. , Jenni L. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense STIB 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. The variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. The bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice contained variable antigen types which were not present in the corresponding metacyclic populations. When derivatives of 2 other stocks of T. congolense, isolated in a different area of Tanzania, underwent cyclical development in the tsetse fly, the metacyclic populations of each stock also had a characteristic variable antigen composition. The metacyclic populations of the 3 stocks were, however, completely dissimilar in variable antigen composition. Simultaneous infection of tsetse flies with a mixture of different stocks resulted in the concurrent production of metacyclic trypanosomes which contained the characteristic variable antigen types of each stock. The effect of cyclical transmission on the process of antigenic variation in T. congolense infections is therefore similar to that in T. brucei infections.
Post-larval mortality of the endoparasitic isopod castrator Portunion conformis (Epicaridea: Entoniscidae) in the shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, with a description of the host response
Authors: Kuris Armand M. , Poinar George O. , Hess Roberta T. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and H. nudus, sometimes kill the female endoparasitic entoniscid isopod, Portunion conformis, a parasitic castrator. Studies of host populations from Baja California, Mexico to Vancouver Island, Canada, show that the incidence of parasitized hosts with dead parasites and the percentage of the parasite population found dead vary markedly with locality but only occasionally with season. Both higher incidences of hosts with dead P. conformis and higher proportions of the total parasite population found dead are associated with (1) high prevalence of parasitism, (2) female hosts and (3) large hosts. Within a host, the proportion of the parasites that are dead is not related to the degree of multiple infection. Typically, either all or none of the parasites in a multiple infection are dead. Supernumerary juvenile parasites do not suffer differential mortality. The developmental stage of the female parasite does not seem to influence the likelihood of death. The presence of dead parasites may not confer an acquired immunity to re-infection. These features suggest that parasite death is typically the result of activation of a successful host defensive process rather than indicative of a defect on the part of the parasites. Parasitized female hosts can regain their reproductive capabilities following death of the parasite. Post-parasitic broods are smaller than normal. Reproductive recovery is presumed to provide the selective pressure favouring evolution of a lethal host response. The host-produced sheath surrounding female parasites is a haemocytic response. Sheaths enclosing dead parasites are thicker and more electron dense than those containing healthy parasites. The sheath of a healthy P. conformis may actually protect the parasite from a more intense host response.
Polycliphora nezumiaegen. et sp. nov. (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) a gill parasite ofNezumia aequalis(Macrouridae) from Senegal
Authors: Lambert Monique , Euzet Louis 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe diagnosis of the genusPolycliphoragen. nov. is based on the large number of haptoral clamps and on their skeleton. The systematic position of the parasite is discussed. Among the Diclidophoridae,Polycliphora nezumiaegen. et sp. nov., becomes the type of a new sub-family.
Some implications of a sexual cycle in Theileria
Authors: Irvin A. D. , Boarer C. D. H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryRecent microscopic studies of Theilerial parasites in. ticks appear to provide convincing evidence for a sexual cycle for these parasites. This evidence would remove most of the objections to placing piroplasms in the same class as malarial and coccidial parasites. It is suggested, therefore, that the class Piroplasmasida (Piroplasmea) be abolished and that piroplasms be located in a sub-order Piroplasmorina alongside Haemosporina within the class Sporozoa (Teleospora).If the close relationship of Theilerial and malarial parasites is correct then by analogy meiotic or reduction division of Theileria probably occurs during sporogony in the tick salivary gland acinar cells. This means that all bovine stages are haploid. If these can be cloned and characterized by isoenzyme or drug resistance markers, then genetic recombinant studies, similar to those performed with malarial and coccidial parasites, could be conducted.The potential of genetic recombination greatly increases the scope of the parasite for developing new variants. This potential is greatest in areas where there is a variety of tick and host species which apply different types of selection pressure to parasites. Atypical strains of Theileria are usually isolated from such areas, and although the characteristics of these strains may not be expressed in the wild, unnatural selection by laboratory passage may reveal their presence. The apparent lability of such strains may simply be cloning of different genetic recombinants.If different strains can be cloned and characterized it may be possible by genetic recombination techniques to develop new clones which retain desired characters for use as avirulent protective vaccines, but from which undesirable characters have been eliminated.
Circulating antigens, antibodies and immune complexes in experimentalTaenia pisiformisinfections of rabbits
Authors: Craig P. S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCirculating antigen has been detected in the serum of rabbits experimentally infected withTaenia pisiformis. A rabbit antiserum against an antigen preparation derived from thein vitromaintenance of living metacestodes ofT. pisiformiswas used in a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigen was detected in infected rabbit serum 48 h after infection and peak levels were recorded at 2 weeks post-infection or post-challenge. The pattern of circulating immune complex formation followed closely that of circulating antigen, and infected rabbit serum contained both anti-metacestode and anti-oncospheral antibodies. Serum antigen levels were just detectable (0·4–0·8 μg protein/ml) over the period (> 2 weeks post-infection) of peritoneal cyst development. The circulating antigen probably has antigenic determinants in common with the oncosphere, juvenile and mature metacestode stages. Possible reasons for the temporal variation in serum antigen levels are discussed.
Identification of an antigen of Onchocerca volvulus of possible diagnostic use
Authors: Philipp M. , Gómez-Priego A. , Parkhouse R. M. E. , Davies M. W. , Clark N. W. T. , Ogilvie Bridget M. , Beltrán-Hernández F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAdult Onchocerca volvulus worms obtained by enzyme digestion from nodules of infected Mexicans were radio-isotope labelled by the chloramine-T or Bolton–Hunter methods. No antigenic determinants were detected in extracts of worms labelled by the chloramine-T method but 3 antigens were detected in extracts of the Bolton–Hunter labelled worms. Two were present in such small amounts that it was impractical to investigate them further, but a major component of mol. wt 20 kDa was purified by gel filtration and used in a serological survey of inhabitants of villages in Southern Mexico. Using the 20 kDa antigen, which is superficially located on both sexes of O. volvulus, sera from both non-endemic and endemic regions were analysed by radio-immunoprecipitation of this antigen. In Southern Mexico, the average sensitivity of the test was 92%, and the specificity 98%. Whilst the 20 kDa antigen did not detect antibodies in the sera of Trinidadians infected with Wuncheria bancrofti or Mansonella ozzardi, this antigen detected high levels of antibodies in Indians exposed to W. bancrofti.
Intergeneric reproductive stimulation and parthenogenesis inSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: Basch P. F. , Basch Natalicia 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWhen mice were infected with female cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoniand male cercariae ofSchistosomatium douthitti, many mixed pairs formed. The paired females were approximately the same size as those in unisexual infections, far smaller than females paired withS. mansonimales. Although theSch. douthittimales possessed well-developed testes, sperm were not found in their female partners, which developed scanty vitelline glands and produced laterally spined eggs typical ofS. mansoni. Such eggs yielded swimming miracidia infective to the snail host ofS. mansoni, Biomphalaria glabrata, but not to the lymnaeid snail host ofSch. douthitti. Sporocysts arising from these miracidia were haploid and produced cercariae infective to mice. Parthenogenetically derived female cercariae in mice co-infected with either parthenogenetically derived male or normal diploid maleS. mansonideveloped to large adults of normal appearance, whose eggs yielded diploid miracidia and subsequent generations of normal diploid schistosomes. Parthenogenetically derived females co-infected withSch. douthittimales also paired and produced some eggs containing viable miracidia, which gave rise once again to haploid sporocysts. These observations confirm previous suggestions that the stimulus for maturation in femaleS. mansoniis distinct from that for growth, and is independent of insemination and fertilization. It is concluded that both diploid and haploidS. mansonifemales are capable either of parthenogenesis or of bisexual reproduction when appropriately stimulated.
A commercial vaccine for ovine toxoplasmosis
Authors: Buxton D. , Innes E. A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThis paper describes the development of the first commercial vaccine for toxoplasmosis. The vaccine comprises live tachyzoites of the S48 ‘incomplete’ strain ofToxoplasma gondiiand is deployed to control toxoplasma abortion in sheep. A discussion of protective immune mechanisms and recent studies on host responses to the vaccine is also included.
On the supposed Development ofTrypanosoma lewisiin Lice and Fleas; and the Occurrence ofCrithidia ctenophthalmiin Fleas
Authors: Strickland C. 
Published: June 2009

1. The alimentary tracts of 104 lice (Haematopinus spinulosus), which had been taken from rats infected withT. lewisi, were examined. In 51 lice no trace ofT. lewisicould be found. In 53 liceT. lewisi, unchanged in every particular, was found in various parts of the gut. The trypanosome was seen to be quite unchanged in stained preparations.2. The alimentary tracts of 45 fleas (Ctenophthalmus agyrtes), which had fed on infected rats, were examined. TheT. lewisicould not be found at all in 43 fleas. They disappeared very rapidly from the ingested blood and could not be found in stained preparations. In 2 fleas trypanosomes were found, but they did not differ in form from those seen in the blood of the rat.3. 263 lice were examined from rats which were apparently uninfected withT. lewisi. No form ofT. lewisiwas discovered in fresh or stained preparations.4. 31 fleas from uninfected rats were dissected and their alimentary tracts examined. No trace ofT. lewisiwas found.5. 15 lice were examined 18–48 hours after their removal from an infected rat.T. lewisiwas found in 7 of these, but they shewed no developmental changes.6. Observations made upon 36 lice from infected rats shewed that at the earlier stages of digestionT. lewisiwas more often found than at the later stages. In some lice however trypanosomes could not be found at the early stages of digestion, although they were present at an advanced stage of digestion.7. The examination of other organs than the alimentary canal in fleas and lice did not shew any form ofT. lewisi.8.Crithidia ctenophthalmiwas found in 9Ctenophihalmus agyrtes.9. About 370 lice and 75 fleas were examined but no evidence was obtained of developmental changes ofT. lewisiin either fleas or lice.