bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell survival measurements in an argon, aluminium and sulphur filtered neutron beam: a comparison with 24 keV neutrons and relevance to boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Mill A J , Morgan G R , Newman S M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been advanced as a suitable alternative therapy for the treatment of glioma. BNCT involves the selective uptake of a tumour with a boron-bearing substance and subsequent irradiation with a beam of neutrons. Previous attempts with BNCT have utilized thermal neutrons, but this involves resection of the scalp prior to treatment and is only possible with superficial tumours. An alternative is to use a beam of intermediate-energy neutrons which will produce a peak in the thermal neutron fluence at depth in tissue and so enable deep-seated tumours to be treated. A neutron beam with a mean energy of ∼ 9 keV, obtained by filtering neutrons from a reactor with aluminium, argon and sulphur, has been used to explore the radiobiological advantage over thermal and 24 keV neutrons for BNCT. Irradiation of V79 and HeLa cells at various positions in a polythene phantom suggest that the beam is less cytotoxic for a given neutron fluence than the 24 keV neutron beam previously considered as an alternative to thermal neutrons for BNCT. However, optimization of boron distribution via the development of new compounds still appears to be necessary for BNCT to become a safe alternative option for the treatment of glioma.
Technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime labelled leucocyte scanning in the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease
Authors: Malcolm P N , Bearcroft C P , Pratt P G , Rampton D S , Garvie N W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The technetium hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime labelled white cell scan (WCS) is not widely used as a screening test for Crohn's disease primarily because, though sensitive, it is perceived as being insufficiently specific. A series of 42 patients screened for Crohn's disease by this method was analysed retrospectively. The sensitivity was 100% and specificity 91%. This performance was maintained in a subgroup of these patients with very low prevalence of disease. If appropriate criteria for interpretation are used the WCS is a specific as well as a sensitive screening test for Crohn's disease.
Is there still a role for lymphography in the management of early stage carcinoma of the cervix?
Authors: Fernando I N , Moskovic E , Fryatt I , Glaholm J , Blake P R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The value of lymphography in the management of carcinoma of the cervix is controversial and in many institutions has ceased to be used as part of routine staging. We present the results of 103 patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated by radical radiotherapy alone at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1984 and 1990 all of whom had a staging lymphogram and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis as part of their routine staging prior to therapy. Our results show that 72 patients (70%) had no involved nodes detected on either CT or lymphography (LG − ve/CT − ve) while 16 patients (15.5%) were thought to have involved lymph nodes on lymphography alone but not on CT (LG + ve/CT − ve). The remaining 15 cases (14.5%) had involved lymph nodes on both CT and lymphography (LG + ve/CT + ve). There were no patients shown to have involved lymph nodes on CT with a negative lymphogram. Survival analysis on these three groups showed that patients in the LG + ve/CT + ve group did worse than the other two groups with only a 28% 5 year survival compared with 60% (LG − ve/CT − ve group) and 64% (LG + ve/CT − ve group) (p &lt; 0.1). This effect of lymph node involvement disappeared in a multivariate analysis using Cox regression when stage came out as the strongest factor affecting survival. After controlling for stage, a further analysis of patients with only stage I and II disease has shown that patients who were LG + ve/CT + ve still did significantly (p &lt; 0.05) worse (30% 5 year survival) than the other two groups: LG − ve/CT − ve (62% 5 year survival) and LG + ve/CT − ve (78% 5 year survival). The lymphogram result in the LG + ve/CT − ve group altered clinical management in 5/6 patients with stage I or IIA disease who avoided radical surgery and who were given a parametrial boost to the site of lymph node involvement. The possible benefit of this additional treatment to explain the higher survival rate of patients in the LG + ve/CT − ve group is discussed further. We conclude that lymphography still has a limited role to play in patients with early stage disease (I or IIA) who do not appear to have involved lymph nodes on CT scanning.
Recurrent upper tract urothelial tumours: the use of loopography following cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Noble J , Amin Z , Kessel D , Rickards D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recurrent upper tract tumours following cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma are not uncommon. Conventional follow-up to identify preclinical recurrent disease often involves a combination of excretory urography and urine cytology. This study investigates the possible advantages of loopography in the follow-up of these patients. 41 patients who had undergone cystectomy and ileal loop diversion for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were studied. At the time of evaluation with a loopogram, eight out of 41 (19.5%) were symptomatic. Loopography was well tolerated by all of the patients with no reported side-effects or complications from the procedure. Six out of 41 (14.6%) of the loopograms demonstrated an abnormality with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma identified in two patients. In only one case was excretory urography necessary where a ureteric stricture prevented retrograde imaging of the upper tract. Loopography is a safe and well-tolerated investigation for the follow-up of these patients. Excretory urography should be reserved for cases where upper tract imaging is impaired because of obstruction within the loop or ureters.
Non-invasive assessment of diffuse liver disease by in vivo measurement of proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times at 0.08 T
Authors: Keevil S F , Alstead E M , Dolke G , Brooks A P , Armstrong P , Farthing M J G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
44 patients with a range of parenchymal liver diseases diagnosed by biopsy or laboratory investigations underwent proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry of the liver at 0.08 T. T 1 maps were produced using an interleaved saturation recovery and inversion recovery sequence and T 2 maps using a four echo Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill sequence. Significantly raised relaxation times compared with a previously studied group of 42 normal volunteers were found in groups of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (p &lt; 0.001 for T 1 and T 2), chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (p &lt; 0.01 for T 1 and T 2) and minor liver abnormalities (p &lt; 0.01, T2 only). T 1, was significantly higher in cirrhotics than in patients with CAH (p &lt; 0.002) and minor abnormalities (p &lt; 0.001). This suggests a role for relaxometry in the confirmation of the presence of cirrhosis (sensitivity = 75%, specificity ≈ 97% taking T 1 &gt; 266 ms as a positivity criterion). Reduced T 2 values were found in patients with liver iron overload prior to venesection (p &lt; 0.001 versus normals, p &lt; 0.02 versus venesected patients). Although this latter test has relatively low sensitivity and specificity, it may have a role in the monitoring of treatment for iron overload.
Mesenteric arterial rupture following blunt abdominal trauma: demonstration by computed tomography
Authors: Campbell R S D , Zammit-Maempel I 
Published: July 2009

We thank O'Sullivan et al for their comments, and agree largely with the points that have been made.
With regard to CT examination of multitrauma patients; ideal techniques may not always be possible or indeed applicable, but may need to be modified in a given situation. In our case the CT scan demonstrated an extensive traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.
The relationship of pulmonary interstitial emphysema to subsequent type of chronic lung disease
Authors: Cochran D P , Pilling D W , Shaw N J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) can be classified using the chest radiograph taken on day 28 into type 1 (homogeneous opacification) or type 2 (the presence of cystic change) and it has been suggested that the presence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) leads to the development of type 2 CLD. To further study this relationship we examined the chest radiographs taken on days 1–7, 14, 21 and 28, of 202 infants treated at Liverpool Maternity Hospital between January 1980 and December 1989 who developed CLD. 39% (54/137) of infants who developed type 1 CLD had suffered from PIE compared with 78% (51/65) with type 2 CLD (p &lt; 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of PIE in infants who developed CLD and subsequently died compared with those who survived. In the infants who survived there was no significant difference in length of oxygen dependency between those who suffered from PIE (median 99 days oxygen dependent) and those who had no PIE (median 105 days). We conclude that the presence of PIE is associated with subsequent development of type 2 CLD but is not a prerequisite for this radiographic type of chronic lung disease. Of those infants who survive to develop CLD, the presence of PIE does not alter prognosis in terms of duration of oxygen dependency or mortality.
Computed tomography of suspected lumbar disc protrusion in a district general hospital: outcome of scanning at L3/4
Authors: Lord P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
115 patients referred for computed tomography of suspected lumbar disc protrusion were surveyed retrospectively. In 42% of patients, signs and symptoms were clearly confined to the L5 or SI root; in these cases, an abnormality at L3/4 on computed tomography did not result in surgery at L3/4.
Should broadband ultrasonic attenuation be normalized for the width of the calcaneus?
Authors: Blake G M , Herd R J M , Miller C G , Fogelman I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) is a measure of ultrasound transmission through the calcaneus that is dependent on bone thickness as well as the density of scattering centres. This report examines whether the normalization of BUA (units dB MHz−1) for calcaneal width (nBUA: units dB MHz−1 −1) improves the discrimination of clinical studies. BUA and calcaneal width were measured in 200 women using a contact ultrasound (CUBA-Research) system and nBUA evaluated by dividing BUA by bone width. 150 subjects were early post-menopausal and the remaining 50 were osteoporotic women with confirmed vertebral crush fracture. The ability of BUA and nBUA to differentiate between the two groups of subjects was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The areas (and standard errors) under the ROC curves were 0.878 (0.033) for BUA and 0.910 (0.028) for nBUA. The difference (and standard error) between the areas under the ROC curves was 0.033 (0.026) and was not statistically significant.
Use of a double inversion recovery pulse sequence to image selectively grey or white brain matter
Authors: Redpath T W , Smith F W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The design of a double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence, to image selectively grey or white brain matter, is described. Suitable choice of inversion times allows either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white matter to be suppressed, to image the cortex alone, or CSF and grey matter to be suppressed, to image the white matter. The DIR sequence was found to give clear delineation of the cerebral cortex.
Asymmetrical development of the gyri recti presenting as a suprasellar mass: case report and description of six further cases
Authors: Ward S C , Ahuja A , Ma H T G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Asymmetrical appearances of normal anatomical structures can sometimes mimic pathology. We present a case where asymmetry of the gyri recti was interpreted as a suprasellar mass on axial CT scanning. The true nature of the apparent abnormality was revealed by coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We also present six further cases where asymmetrical gyri recti were noted as incidental findings on coronal MRI scans. This is a common, but important, normal anatomical variant, which should not be mistaken for pathology.
Bowel infarction with splenic air embolism: computed tomography findings
Authors: Frola C , Cantoni S , Turtulici I , Loria F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is used increasingly as an early radiological examination in patients with suspected bowel infarction because it provides information about the intestinal wall, mesenteric circulation and peritoneal cavity [1,2]. Other disorders that present with similar symptoms such as intraabdominal abscess, pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis can be excluded [3]. CT can demonstrate small amounts of air within the bowel wall, in the spleno–mesenteric–portal venous system and in the peritoneal cavity, making it possible to differentiate portal venous gas from pneumobilia. The authors describe a patient in whom a specific diagnosis of bowel infarction was made on the characteristic CT findings. Furthermore, air embolism was observed in the splenic parenchyma. This finding has not been previously reported in bowel infarction or in any other abdominal disorder.
Radiation dose to the lens from computed tomography scanning in a neuroradiology department
Authors: Maclennan A C , Hadley D M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radiation dose to the lens was measured by thermoluminescent dosimetry on 194 patients undergoing routine head and neck computed tomography scanning in a neuroradiology department. The results are lower than previously reported: brain scans, mean value 5.1 mGy; orbital scans, mean value 18.5 mGy; and direct coronal pituitary scans, mean value 1.9 mGy. These lower values in axial brain scans are due to use of the supraorbital meatal baseline for radiographic positioning.
The effects of local X-irradiation on the distensibility of the rectum in rats
Authors: Tamou S , Trott K R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Proctometry was performed on female Wistar rats following irradiation of the rectum with single doses of 15, 18 and 22 Gy of X-rays. The results indicated a progressive increase in distensibility until week 29 after irradiation which was attributed to degenerative changes in the intestinal wall. A major factor which determines colorectal pressure is the neuromuscular activity, however, neuromuscular transmission was not affected by irradiation.
Renal transplant artery stenosis—three cases where magnetic resonance angiography was superior to conventional arteriography
Authors: Gibson M , Cook G , Gedroyc W M W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Stenosis of renal transplant arteries is a common cause of graft dysfunction and hypertension. Conventionally it is investigated by intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (IA DSA). Recently three-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been used successfully as a non-invasive method of assessing renal transplant arteries. We report three cases where MRA was superior to IA DSA in the detection of renal transplant artery stenosis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed radiologically, treated by transcatheter arterial embolization and limited-field radiotherapy
Authors: Jackson J E 
Published: July 2009

I was disappointed to read the case report by Le Pechoux et al [1] describing the radiological diagnosis of a hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization and limited-field radiotherapy. That the authors should have submitted this paper is bad enough, but for a reputable British journal to have accepted it is inexcusable. It is well known by radiologists that the majority of solitary hepatic tumours cannot be reliably diagnosed by radiological means alone and biopsy is mandatory in most patients. There are very few exceptions to this rule.
The tumour described by the authors of this paper is large and has a very well defined border. On computed tomography (CT) it shows early and marked contrast enhancement to a greater degree than normal hepatic parenchyma.
Hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed radiologically, treated by transcatheter arterial embolization and limited-field radiotherapy
Authors: Akine Y , Hasegawa H , Takayasu K , Muramatsu Y 
Published: July 2009

Issues raised by Dr J E Jackson concerning the case reported by Le Pechoux et al [1] in the BJR are: (1) the reliability of diagnosis based on imaging only; and (2) that of percutaneous biopsy in the diagnosis of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with its maximum diameter of 8 cm.
The hepatic tumour presented had a fibrous capsule (Figure 1) along with characteristic imaging features as described in the text and thus we feel confident with the diagnosis given. Fibrolamellar hepatoma is extremely rare in Japan as indicated by the fact that we have seen no patient with this disease at the National Cancer Center Hospital where about 100 patients with hepatic tumours are annually operated upon. Hepatic adenoma is also very rarely seen in Japan. As for the possibility of the described lesion being a metastasis, the patient has shown no evidence of other malignant tumour in any other organ for the past 4 years and, in addition, the diagnosis of metastatic tumour is unlikely because of the fibrous capsule.
Computed tomography evaluation of renal parenchymal volume in patients with chronic pyelonephritis and its relationship to glomerular filtration rate
Authors: D'Souza R C M , Kotre C J , Owen J P , Keir M J , Ward M K , Wilkinson R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The measurement of renal parenchymal volume using a calibrated computed tomography image processing method has been evaluated clinically on a cohort of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Comparison of renal volume with function as assessed by 99Tcm DTPA renography demonstrated a simple linear relationship in patients who were normotensive and aproteinuric. The implications of this result on the interpretation of prognostic factors determining declining renal function in chronic pyelonephritis are discussed.
Classification of ductal cacinoma in situ by image analysis of calcifications from digital mammograms
Authors: Parker J , Dance D R , Davies D H , Yeoman L J , Michell M J , Humphreys S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that non-comedo cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may have a lower risk of progressing to invasive disease than comedo DCIS and may be managed with less radical treatment. Most cases of DCIS present as calcifications on the mammogram and, due to differences in the tumour architecture, comedo calcifications often have a characteristic linear or branching appearance. In this study, computer methods were developed to identify the comedo cases using the imaging features of individual calcifications and of calcification clusters. Classifier performance was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and was optimized by systematic testing of many different combinations of these features. On a test-set of 42 cases the computer achieved a ROC curve area of 0.91 using six combined cluster features. These results are encouraging given the observed overlap in appearance between the comedo and non-comedo cases.
Caesium-137 spherical sources for the LDR\WIDR Selectron
Authors: Medley C M T 
Published: July 2009

The letter from Dr Jones in the British Journal of Radiology [1] makes a number of points about caesium-137 spherical sources manufactured for Nucletron by Amersham International plc.
I am pleased that Dr Jones found Amersham helpful when discussing the issues; however, I would like to clarify our position and in particular comment on his statement “10 years of technical progress at Amersham … has resulted in a lower quality standard”.
Biophysical properties and clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents
Authors: Vré R Mathur-De , Lemort M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very versatile and effective technique for detecting and characterizing lesions, for identifying a variety of patho-physiological abnormalities, and for providing perfusion and functional information. The application of contrast enhanced MRI to many clinical and research indications has emerged because of the rapid evolution in imaging techniques, improved methodology, and the development of efficient and specific contrast agents. Problems related to optimizing parameters and dosage have been due to complex interplay of relaxation times, biophysical mechanisms and acquisition parameters. A knowledge of basic biophysical aspects is therefore essential for a full understanding of the results obtained for different organs under different conditions, and for optimizing the image parameters and dosage of contrast agents. This article underlines the biophysical basis of the effects of contrast agents in MRI, identifies the problems involved in optimizing the parameters for maximum efficiency, and presents a general overview of the clinical studies and research applications in the central nervous system, perfusion abnormalities, hepatobiliary system, musculoskeletal system and the gastrointestinal tract. The section on perfusion studies includes a discussion of quantitative analysis and kinetic models describing the effects of contrast agents. Finally, a critical evaluation of the scope and limitations of contrast enhanced MRI is presented.
The use of a contrast–detail test object in the optimization of optical density in mammography
Authors: Robson K J , Kotre C J , Faulkner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In mammography, it is important that the maximum amount of diagnostic information is obtained from each radiograph. One of the factors influencing image quality is the optical density of the film. In this study, a contrast–detail test object was used to establish the optimum optical density value on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for two mammographic film–screen combinations under particular processing conditions. The optimum optical density, taken as being the point at which the threshold contrast is a minimum varied little with detail size. The optimum optical density for the Fuji film–screen combination with Photosol chemistry was found to be higher than that for the Kodak film–screen combination and Kodak processing conditions studied. Although the actual values of optical density are specific to the fixed processing conditions encountered, the technique has more general applicability.
Radiation dose reduction in paediatric fluoroscopy using added filtration
Authors: Nicholson R A , Thornton A , Akpan M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Studies on a water phantom indicate that the insertion of extra tube filtration combined with the removal of the antiscatter grid can reduce the total energy imparted from paediatric fluoroscopy by a factor of more than four when automatic exposure control is used. The omission of the grid is responsible for up to 40% of the reduction while the addition of 0.7 mm steel filtration is found to account for a further reduction in energy imparted of between 57% and 70%, for depths of water simulating small patients of 6–16 cm thickness. For all contrast paediatric examinations the reduction in image quality was considered to be small and the diagnostic information unimpaired with the filter in place.
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm—dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging features
Authors: Hayashi H , Kumazaki T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm is an uncommon disorder characterized by marked thickening and extensive inflammatory changes of the aneurysmal wall. The appearances of an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm on dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are described and the value of this modality in achieving a pre-operative diagnosis is emphasized.