bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of nonsurgical treatment for the symptom of irritability in infants with GERD
Authors: Neu Madalynn , Corwin Elizabeth , Lareau Suzanne C. , Marcheggiani‐Howard Cassandra 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose.  The purpose of this review was to assess effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment on irritable behavior of infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease.Design and Methods.  A systematic literature review was conducted.Results.  Research targeted treatment for irritability in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease. All interventions including placebo were similar in reducing irritability. Which specific intervention is best for which infant is not yet known. Minor adverse effects that could increase discomfort in infants were found with pharmacologic treatments.Practice Implications.  Knowledge of the effects of treatment on irritability and regurgitation can assist the nurse to work with other care providers in deciding how best to treat an individual infant.
Health behaviors and mental health of students attending alternative high schools: A review of the research literature
Authors: Johnson Karen E. , Taliaferro Lindsay A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose.  The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge about health‐risk behaviors and mental health among alternative high school students.Conclusions.  Substance use, diet and/or physical activity, sexual‐risk behaviors, mental health, and violence were reviewed. Students were described as marginalized youth facing significant social environmental challenges. Findings from 43 studies published from 1997–2010 suggested a high prevalence of health‐risk behaviors among alternative high school students. Very few studies were conducted by nurse researchers. Suggestions for future research include addressing social environmental factors, resiliency, and emotional/mental health outcomes.Practice Implications.  Alternative high schools offer a venue to conduct research and implement nursing interventions with high‐risk, yet resilient, youth.
Aggregation and Hydrophobicity Properties of 6 Dairy Propionibacteria Strains Isolated from Homemade Turkish Cheeses
Authors: Darilmaz D.O. , Beyatli Y. , Yuksekdag Z.N. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  In the present study, 6 dairy Propionibacterium strains were assessed with regard to their hydrophobic characteristics and their autoaggregation and coaggregation abilities since these traits have been shown to be indicative of adherence in other microorganisms. Aggregation assays and bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons demonstrated significant differences in cell surface properties among the tested propionibacteria strains. Almost all strains appeared relatively hydrophilic, which showed low affinity for p‐xylene. Four of the tested strains showed the strong adhesion to ethyl acetate, a basic solvent, in comparison with microbial adhesion to chloroform, an acidic solvent, which demonstrated the particularity of propionibacteria to have an important electron donor and acidic character. Also, these strains simultaneously showed affinity to 3 hydrocarbons, suggesting a high complexity of the cell surface. All propionibacteria strains tested showed autoaggregation and coaggregation ability with the Escherichia coli ATTC 11229, but the results were strain‐specific and dependent on incubation conditions. Anaerobic incubation conditions were determined as the best condition for aggregation abilities of propionibacteria strains. A relationship was obtained between aggregation abilities (auto‐ and coaggregation) and a correlation between adhesion to hydrocarbon (chloroform) and autoaggregation was possible. Our results indicate that the ability to autoaggregation together with cell surface hydrophobicity and coaggregation abilities with E. coli strain can be used for preliminary screening in order to identify potentially probiotic bacteria suitable for human or animal use.Practical Application:  Autoaggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and coaggregation abilities with E. coli of the selected dairy propionibacteria strains could be used as probiotic in foods after in vivo studies.
The Effects of Different Chilling Methods on Meat Quality and Calpain Activity of Pork Muscle Longissimus Dorsi
Authors: Xu Yang , Huang Ji‐Chao , Huang Ming , Xu Bao‐Cai , Zhou Guang‐Hong 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional chilling (0 to 4 °C), rapid chilling (RC, –20 °C for 30 min, followed by 0 to 4 °C), and short‐duration chilling (0 to 4 °C for 30 min, followed by 25 °C) on meat quality and calpain activity of pork muscle longissimus dorsi (LD). The muscle quality characteristics pH, color, cooking loss, pressing loss and tenderness, and calpain activities were measured 0‐, 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐h postmortem. Results show that the RC resulted in a faster temperature decline of the muscle, and prevented the meat pH and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* value from declining during postmortem aging. RC also reduced meat cooking loss and pressing loss compared with the other two chilling methods. However, the chilling methods did not significantly affect meat shear force. During the first 24‐h postmortem, there was not a noticeable change in the activity of m‐calpain. But μ‐calpain activity decreased regardless of chilling method. In the rapidly chilled carcasses, μ‐calpain activity remained the same 3‐ and 12‐h postmortem. However, in the short‐duration chilled and conventionally chilled carcasses, the activity was visibly reduced. At 24‐h postmortem, no clear zones on the gel were observed in all three treatments.Practical Application:  Conventional and RC methods are commonly used for pork in commercial practice nowadays. Compared with conventional chilling, the effect of RC on quality parameters of pork varies. In recent years, short‐duration chilling (SC) is widely used in many Chinese pig slaughtering facilities. However, few researchers have studied the effect of SD on pork quality. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of different chilling methods on functionalities or quality of chilled pork meat.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Buckwheat Starch Components Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Neethirajan Suresh , Tsukamoto Kazumi , Kanahara Hiroko , Sugiyama Shigeru 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Morphological and structural features of buckwheat starch granules and nanocrystals were examined using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Partially digested starch granules revealed a clear pattern of growth rings with the central core revealing lamellar structure. Atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments revealed that the buckwheat starch granules were polygonal in shape and were in the range of 2 to 19 μm in diameter. The optimized acid hydrolysis process produced nanocrystals with the shape of spherical structure with lengths ranging from 120 to 200 nm, and the diameter from 4 to 30 nm from aqueous suspensions of buckwheat starch solution. The sorption isotherms on buckwheat starch nanocrystal/glycerol composite exhibited a 3‐stage transition of moisture in the blending. The biocompatible nature of buckwheat starch nanocrystals and their structural properties make them a promising green nanocomposite material.Practical Application:  Buckwheat starches had never been studied on a nanoscale, but we have achieved new understanding of starch granule morphology and concentric growth rings using nanoscale imaging. Since buckwheat is an underutilized crop, we foresee the potential application of buckwheat starch, starch‐based nanocrystals, and nanoparticles, to expand markets and encourage producers to expand their buckwheat acreage. The atomic force image analysis suggests that buckwheat starch could be used as a new biopolymer material in food industries.
Quality, Antioxidative Ability, and Cell Proliferation‐Enhancing Activity of Fermented Black Soybean Broths with Various Supplemental Culture Medium
Authors: Lin Chih‐Chien , Wu Pey‐Shiuan , Woei‐Ming Liang David , Kwan Chang‐Chin , Chen Yi‐Shyan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The fermented soybean‐based foods have played an important role in traditional diets around the world for many centuries, and Bacillus subtilis is typically used in the fermentation of soybean‐based foods. The fermentation process may improve not only the flavor but also the nutritional value of food, and substances produced in this fermented broth were affected by many factors including culture medium and the selected soybeans. In this study, we use 3 potential culture mediums in the fermentation of black soybean and the fermented black soybean broths were used for the examination of amino acid composition, total phenolics content, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents, the antioxidant properties, and cytotoxicity. Our results indicated that the fermented black soybean broth, fermentation III, have the most abundant essential amino acid (79.77 mg/g), phenolics (19.33 mg/g), flavonoids (46.01 mg/g), and anthocyanins (1.06 mg/g). Besides, all of the fermented black soybean broths exhibited the significant antioxidative abilities with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating effect. In addition, the fermented black soybean broths demonstrated the cell proliferation‐enhancing activity in Detroit 551 cells. The cells were augmented up to the maximum value of 183.6% (compared with control) at 10 mg/mL of the fermentation I. Therefore, the different supplemental culture medium fermented black soybean broths may be used as a functional ingredient in the products of nutritional drinks and health foods.Practical Application:  The present study illustrated the potential of various supplemental culture medium fermented black soybean broths in the application of functional ingredient for nutritional drinks and health foods.
Mean Exposure Fractions of Human Body Solar UV Exposure Patterns for Application in Different Ambient Climates
Authors: Downs Nathan , Parisi Alfio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this research, the erythemally effective UV measured using miniaturized polysulphone dosimeters to over 1250 individual body sites and collected over a 4‐year period is presented relative to the total exposed skin surface area (SSA) of a life‐size manikin model. A new term is also introduced, the mean exposure fraction (MEF). The MEF is used to weight modeled or measured horizontal plane UV exposures to the total unprotected SSA of an individual and is defined as the ratio of exposure per unit area received by the unprotected skin surfaces of the body relative to the exposure received on a horizontal plane. The MEF has been calculated for a range of solar zenith angles (SZA) to provide a sunburning energy data set weighted to the actual SSA of a typically clothed individual. For this research, the MEF was determined as 0.15, 0.26 and 0.41 in the SZA ranges 0°–30°, 30°–50° and 50°–80° providing information that can be used in a variety of different ambient, latitudinal and seasonal climates where total human body UV exposure information is not available.
Genotyping success of historical Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) samples
Authors: POLANC PRIMOŽ , SINDIČIĆ MAGDA , JELENČIČ MAJA , GOMERČIĆ TOMISLAV , KOS IVAN , HUBER ĐURO 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHistorical samples, like tanned hides and trophy skulls, can be extremely important for genetic studies of endangered or elusive species. Selection of a sampling protocol that is likely to provide sufficient amount and quality of DNA with a minimum damage to the original specimen is often critical for a success of the study. We investigated microsatellite genotyping success of DNA isolated from three different types of Eurasian lynx historical samples. We analysed a total of 20 microsatellite loci in 106 historical samples from the endangered Dinaric lynx population, established from re‐introduction of three pairs of lynx in 1973 from Slovakian Carpathians. Of the three tested sample types, turbinal bone and septum from the nasal cavity of the trophy skulls had the lowest percentage of samples successfully genotyped for all 20 microsatellite loci. Footpad samples, collected using a cork drill, exhibited better results in polymerase chain reaction amplification and genotyping than samples of footpad epidermis cut with a scalpel. We report simple and efficient sampling protocols, which could be widely applied for future studies utilizing historical samples.
Objectives of teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to medical students
Authors: Benbassat Jochanan , Polak Bettine C. P. , Javitt Jonathan C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To propose the objectives of undergraduate training in direct ophthalmoscopy (DO).Method:  Narrative review of the literature on (i) opinions about the expected proficiency from students in DO, and (ii) estimates of its diagnostic value.Results:  (i) Authorities disagree on the proficiency in DO that they expect from students. Textbooks of physical diagnosis differ in their coverage of DO. Surveys have indicated that US physicians expect students to be able to detect optic nerve head abnormalities. The Association of American Medical Colleges expects students to perform ophthalmoscopic examination and describe observations. The International Council of Ophthalmology expects students to recognize also diabetic and hypertensive retinopathies. The Association of University Professors in Ophthalmology requires that students recognize papilloedema, cholesterol emboli, glaucomatous cupping and macular degeneration. (ii) There is evidence that DO, even by ophthalmologists, is inadequate for screening for glaucoma, diabetic and hypertensive retinopathies. Two studies have suggested a limited value of DO in detecting clinical emergencies.Conclusions:  The evidence that DO, even by ophthalmologists, is sub‐optimal in detecting common abnormalities challenges existing the notions of training medical students. On pending the results of additional studies of the value of DO in detecting emergencies, we suggest that undergraduate teaching of DO should impart the following: (i) an ability to identify the red fundus reflex and optic disc; (ii) an ability to recognize signs of clinical emergencies in patients, mannequins or fundus photographs; and (iii) knowledge about, but not an ability to detect, other retinopathies.
Cuff‐leak test for predicting postextubation airway complications: a systematic review
Authors: Zhou Ting , Zhang Hong‐Ping , Chen Wei‐Wei , Xiong Ze‐Yu , Fan Tao , Fu Juan‐Juan , Wang Lei , Wang Gang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground and objective: Postextubation problems such as laryngeal edema and reintubation are common complications after tracheal intubation. The cuff‐leak test has been proposed as a method of identifying those patients at high risk in clinical practice, but its efficacy remains controversial.Methods: We searched electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Web of Science, Ovid, and Embase. Studies were included if they were concerned with accuracy of the cuff‐leak test and the effect of cuff‐leak test screening on patient‐important outcomes. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality with the QUADAS tool and extracted data. We compiled diagnostic two by two tables and pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity, but refrained from pooling when there was considerable clinical or statistical heterogeneity.Results: Sixteen diagnostic tests with 3172 participants and six clinical trials with 2500 patients were identified. The median diagnostic odds ratios for predicting postextubation laryngeal edema and reintubation were 18.16 (range, 3.54 to 356.00) and 10.80 (2.74 to 1665.00), respectively. The accuracy of the cuff‐leak test varied with different methods, duration of intubation, and study population. An indirect comparison found significant differences in post‐extubation incidence of laryngeal edema (OR = 2.09, 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.89) but not reintubation (OR = 0.94, 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.57) if using cuff‐leak test screening.Conclusions: Our results suggest the cuff‐leak test accurately predicts which adult patients are at high risk of postextubation airway complications, but randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess this diagnostic strategy.
Incidence of Postoperative Seizures with and without Levetiracetam Pretreatment in Dogs Undergoing Portosystemic Shunt Attenuation
Authors: Fryer K.J. , Levine J.M. , Peycke L.E. , Thompson J.A. , Cohen N.D. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundIn dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS), postligation seizures can be challenging to treat and often result in mortality. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a novel anticonvulsive drug that is commonly used in humans with seizure disorders who have hepatic comorbidity.ObjectivesTo compare the incidence of postoperative seizures in dogs that underwent surgical attenuation of an extrahepaticCPSand preoperatively received eitherLEVor no anticonvulsant medication.AnimalsA total of 126 dogs undergoing attenuation of an extrahepaticCPSthat preoperatively received eitherLEVor no anticonvulsant medication.MethodsRetrospective case review. Information obtained included signalment, duration of clinical signs, presence of neurologic abnormalities before surgery, preoperative bile acid and ammonia concentrations, diagnostic imaging modality, duration of hospitalization, postoperative complications including seizures, and discharge status. Bayesian Poisson regression was used to estimate the risk of seizures inLEV‐treated dogs when compared with untreated dogs.ResultsLevetiracetam was administered to 33% (42/126) of dogs. No dog treated withLEVexperienced postoperative seizures, whereas 5% (4/84) of dogs not treated withLEVexperienced postoperative seizures. The relative risk of seizures was significantly (P < .0002) < 1 for theLEV‐treated dogs, indicatingLEVprotection against development of postoperative seizures. No dog that experienced postoperative seizures survived to discharge from the hospital.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLevetiracetam administered at 20 mg/kgPOq8h for a minimum of 24 hours before surgery significantly decreased the risk of postoperative seizures and death in dogs undergoing surgical attenuation of extrahepaticCPSwith ameroid ring constrictors.
Dose Reduction of Meloxicam in Dogs with Osteoarthritis‐Associated Pain and Impaired Mobility
Authors: Wernham B.G.J. , Trumpatori B. , Hash J. , Lipsett J. , Davidson G. , Wackerow P. , Thomson A. , Lascelles B.D.X. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundProgressive nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) dose reduction appears logical; however, there is no evidence‐based medicine indicating that efficacy is maintained as dose is reduced.ObjectiveTo determine if NSAID dose can be reduced and pain relief and mobility can be maintained in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 59) with OA‐associated impaired mobility and pain.MethodsProspective, randomized, blinded study. After 14 days wash‐out, dogs were randomized to reducing dose (RDG) (n = 30) or maintenance dose (MDG) (n = 29). MDG received standard dose meloxicam. RDG received a reducing dose from D28 onward, reducing to 0% of maintenance for the final 2 weeks. Assessments were at D14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 using subjective owner assessments, accelerometry (AM), and standing percent body weight distribution (%BW). A Kaplan–Meier survival curve described how dogs dropped out because of insufficient pain control. A Log‐rank test compared the groups.ResultsMore dogs in RDG (13) dropped out because of owner‐evaluated insufficient pain control compared with MDG (5) (P = .029; odds ratio: 3.67; median dropout time: 84 days in each group). For the dogs that did not drop out (n = 41), there were no significant differences between groups in owner assessments (P > .2 for each), %BW placed on the index limb (P = .750), or accelerometer‐measured activity (P = .14).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceDose reduction is a less effective means of pain control compared with maintained dosing. However, NSAID dose reduction with maintained efficacy is possible, but success appears to be individual dog dependent.
Normal Dogs Treated with Famotidine for 14 days Have Only Transient Increases in Serum Gastrin Concentrations
Authors: Mordecai A. , Sellon R.K. , Mealey K.L. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundIn people, serum gastrin concentrations increase in response to administration ofH2receptor antagonists, but the effect of famotidine administration on serum gastrin concentrations has not been evaluated in dogs.ObjectivesTo determine if serum gastrin concentrations increase in response to 14 days of famotidine treatment and the time needed to return to baseline after discontinuation of famotidine; define stability of gastrin in samples held at room temperature.AnimalsEleven healthy dogs were included in partA(famotidine treatment) and 7 healthy dogs in PartB(serum gastrin stability). In partA, famotidine (0.5 mg/kgPOq12h) was administered for 14 days. Fasting blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22. In partB, blood was collected after a 12‐hour fast. Gastrin concentrations in serum samples held at room temperature for ≤30 minutes after sampling were compared to concentrations in samples held at room temperature for 150 minutes after sampling.ResultsSerum gastrin concentrations increased by day 3 of famotidine administration and returned to baseline concentrations in all dogs by day 14 despite continued famotidine administration. Serum gastrin concentrations were lower (20% mean decrease;P = .0005) in samples held at room temperature for 150 minutes.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAfter 14 days of famotidine administration, clinically healthy dogs have normal serum gastrin concentrations. In a dog with clinical features consistent with gastrinoma, chronic famotidine administration is unlikely to contribute to increases in serum gastrin concentrations.
Whole‐rock 26Al‐26Mg systematics of amoeboid olivine aggregates from the oxidized CV3 carbonaceous chondrite Allende
Authors: OLSEN M. B. , KROT A. N. , LARSEN K. , PATON C. , WIELANDT D. , SCHILLER M. , BIZZARRO M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract– We report on mineralogy, petrography, and whole‐rock 26Al‐26Mg systematics of eight amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) from the oxidized CV chondrite Allende. The AOAs consist of forsteritic olivine, opaque nodules, and variable amounts of Ca,Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs) of different types, and show evidence for alteration to varying degrees. Melilite and anorthite are replaced by nepheline, sodalite, and grossular; spinel is enriched in FeO; opaque nodules are replaced by Fe,Ni‐sulfides, ferroan olivine and Ca,Fe‐rich pyroxenes; forsteritic olivine is enriched in FeO and often overgrown by ferroan olivine. The AOAs are surrounded by fine‐grained, matrix‐like rims composed mainly of ferroan olivine and by a discontinuous layer of Ca,Fe‐rich silicates. These observations indicate that AOAs experienced in situ elemental open‐system iron‐alkali‐halogen metasomatic alteration during which Fe, Na, Cl, and Si were introduced, whereas Ca was removed from AOAs and used to form the Ca,Fe‐rich silicate rims around AOAs. The whole‐rock 26Al‐26Mg systematics of the Allende AOAs plot above the isochron of the whole‐rock Allende CAIs with a slope of (5.23 ± 0.13) × 10−5 reported by Jacobsen et al. (2008). In contrast, whole‐rock 26Al‐26Mg isotope systematics of CAIs and AOAs from the reduced CV chondrite Efremovka define a single isochron with a slope of (5.25± 0.01) × 10−5 (Larsen et al. 2011). We infer that the excesses in 26Mg* present in Allende AOAs are due to their late‐stage open‐system metasomatic alteration. Thus, the 26Al‐26Mg isotope systematics of Allende CAIs and AOAs are disturbed by parent body alteration processes, and may not be suitable for high‐precision chronology of the early solar system events and processes.