bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Interests and Political Representation
Authors: Iversen Torben , Soskice David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article begins by explaining the positive relationship between distributional equality and redistribution. It proposes in the second section that the correlation is indirect: two factors, the electoral system and the degree of economic coordination, each impact on both distribution and redistribution. Proportional representation (PR) promotes both distributive equality and especially redistribution; so does coordinated capitalism with an even greater impact on distribution. PR promotes center-left coalitions; and coordinated capitalism, by encouraging investment in co-specific skills, reinforces both median voter and business support for wage compression and strong welfare state insurance. The positive correlation between distributional equality and redistribution is in turn explained by a positive correlation between PR and coordinated capitalism.
Business and Neo‐corporatism
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The advent of neo-corporatism has been a rare occurrence among advanced capitalist liberal democracies—and virtually unheard of elsewhere. Of the twenty or so original members of that club of rich countries, the OECD, only about one-third have managed to practice it for any length of time, despite the demonstrable benefits that this mode of interest intermediation has had for many aspects of macroeconomic performance from the end of the Second World War until the end of the 1970s. The most pervasive reason for this has been the opposition of organized business interests. Only under exceptional conditions of a “balance of class forces” between capital and labor has it emerged and persisted at the national level.
China and the Multinational Experience
Authors: Story Jonathan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBusiness people ask of China: what do we need to know in order to do business in China? The answer provided here is that the transformation of China conditions every aspect of business, and that therefore the central consideration for top management of multinational corporations is to understand the linkage between the party-state's economic policies and record, the rapid evolution of the business system, and what this spells out for the making and implementation of corporate strategy. The approach is to conceive of corporations as learning organizations, learning in this case how to operate in a China which is deeply engaged in learning what it means to modernize fast. This article links changes in the macro-context for China to changes in its business system; then briefly illustrates what this has meant, and continues to mean, for implementing corporate strategy and policies in China. The final section discusses the futures of China as the key to making corporate policies there now.
Credit Rating Agencies
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Ratings seem increasingly central to the regulatory system of modern capitalism and therefore to governments everywhere. Getting credit ratings “right” therefore seems vitally important to many observers. But in pursuing improvement in the rating system one needs to appreciate the challenges and limits to rating. This article argues, after due attention to the origins and work of the agencies, that our expectations of the agencies are founded on a limited rationalist or machine-like understanding of the workings of capital markets. A more appropriately social (and dynamic) view of markets makes the challenge of effective rating even more daunting. The increasingly volatile nature of markets has created a crisis in relations between the agencies and governments, which increasingly seek to monitor their performance and stimulate reform in their procedures.
Corporate Control and Managerial Power
Authors: Culpepper Pepper D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the existing literature on the politics of corporate governance. The scholarship discussed has provided an important corrective to work on the origins of ownership in the law and economics literature, which focused on the historical origins of legal systems as the primary determinant of contemporary patterns of share ownership and minority shareholder protection. New theories of the politics in corporate governance bring in political agency and possibilities for change over time in individual countries, both of which were absent from work on legal origins. And indeed, the new theories of corporate governance are not wrong about the politics they describe. They provide different and important lenses for explaining the politics of corporate governance during moments of high political salience.
Social Policy and Business
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article seeks to ascertain the full measure of the relationship between business and the welfare state and to understand when employers reluctantly accept, tolerate, or even actively pursue the provision of social benefits. It first reviews the relevant literature to pinpoint business motivations for supporting the creation of social benefits, either within the firm or by the state. It then explores the institutional conditions that encourage employers to cast a sympathetic eye on the welfare state. It suggests that employers have varied reasons for accepting and even seeking the provision of social benefits, ranging from mitigating labor unrest to securing productivity enhancements. Higher levels of employer organization, somewhat unexpectedly, make firms and national business communities more likely to support social programs.
Public–Private Partnerships in Business and Government
Authors: Greve Carsten 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article aims to examine the various definitions and categories of the concept of public–private partnerships (PPPs), the nature of the recent debate in the disciplines of economics, political science, and sociology, the business side of the partnerships in terms of the companies involved worldwide, and the regulatory perspective from a government point of view of how to steer, govern, and regulate partnerships. The article closes with some remarks on future research agendas. The first section deals with definition challenges. Some scholars conceive of PPPs in a very broad manner that tries to encompass nearly all sustained activities between business actors and formal political actors from traditional political institutions.
Consumer Policy
Authors: Trumbull Gunnar 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Policy researchers have offered two classes of theories of consumer regulation. One emphasizes the role of business in proposing and shaping consumer protection policies. A second set of theories emphasizes the discretion and initiative of regulators. Through a comparative study of the emergence of consumer protection policies in France and Germany during the 1970s, this article shows that neither of these classes of theories explains the patterns of regulation that emerge. On the one hand, business interests were nearly identical across the two countries, yet regulatory outcomes were starkly different. On the other hand, national regulators that advocated consumer protections faced strong societal pressures as they selected the regulatory trajectory their country would follow. In France, in particular, consumer policy was characterized by significant experimentation, failure, and reassessment.
Environmental and Food Safety Policy
Authors: Grant Wyn 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article addresses four broad themes. First, there is a set of challenges to business from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with environment and food related issues. Against a background of a general decline in the strength of trade unions, these public interest groups have become the main countervailing political force to business. Second, there is the emergence of an entirely new set of regulatory actors, most notably the EU. Multi-level governance has become a key feature of the regulatory process. Third, there is the reaction against command and control regulation and its perceived limitations and a search for new policy instruments, although one must be careful of exaggerating the extent to which government has been replaced by governance. A fourth underlying theme is the economic and political significance of globalization in the food chain, particularly in terms of debates about trade liberalization.
Endogenous Trade Protection
Authors: Magee Stephen P. , Magee Christopher S. P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article surveys the literature on the political economy of trade policy. The discussion is organized around five propositions. The first is just a statement about the ways in which interest groups can influence government policies. The second proposition is the central point made in the political economy literature, and it explains the existence of policies that transfer income within a country while clearly reducing national welfare. Proposition three discusses how interest groups will be organized in their lobbying over trade policy. The last two propositions are more recent and more controversial. Both of these effects cause the weakening of protectionist forces globally. In proposition four, the article discusses the evidence that globalization has weakened the autonomy of nation states.
The State of Survey Research as a Research Tool in American Politics
Authors: Atkeson Lonna Rae 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSurvey research is one of the most common types of quantitative research methodologies in the social sciences. Today, it is a widely used tool to study many different kinds of questions in political science and across many subfields. Therefore, it is important because it provides a systematic way to explore vital questions about society and democracy by connecting the citizen to government. Although the method of survey research often relies on correlational studies to evaluate theories, other methods are also used. As the new millennium approached, survey response rates began to rapidly decline across all formats due, in part, to significant changes in technology. Alternatives to traditional survey research modes may include internet and mixed-mode surveys, and non-probability samples. It is important for the academic community to carefully consider the different survey methods used and their strengths and weaknesses.
Laboratory Experiments in American Political Behavior
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article concentrates on laboratory experiments. It starts by presenting a short discussion of the virtues and limitations of experimental research. It then outlines the contributions and advances derived from experiments in American political behavior. In addition, the focus of discussion is on the three areas within American political behavior: the role of stereotypes in campaigns, impression formation, and the influence of the media. Experiments showed theoretical expectations emanating from social psychology that individuals employ gender and racial stereotypes when evaluating politics and forming impressions of candidates and politicians. The experimental method was vital in advancing the understanding of how citizens incorporate and process information during contemporary campaigns. Moreover, the experimental methodology has enabled researchers to convincingly reveal that the media influence how citizens view politics in a number of distinct ways.
Field Experiments and the Study of Political Behavior
Authors: Davenport Tiffany C. , Gerber Alan S. , Green Donald P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article presents an overview of field experiments and their contribution to the study of political behavior. First, it briefly outlines the history of field experimentation in political science and neighboring disciplines. It then summarizes a series of important and interrelated research literatures, exploring the influences of political campaigns, political communication, and political socialization. The review shows that the advent of field experimentation represents a significant departure from what had been a field dominated by survey and lab research. Furthermore, the ways in which field experimental studies shaped the research in political behavior are addressed. Field experimental studies have brought a new level of precision to the study of campaign communication. The principal argument for observational research is that it enables scholars to study a broad class of causal questions, not just those that are amenable to experimental manipulation.
Voting Technology
Authors: Alvarez R. Michael , Hall Thad E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article reviews a number of avenues of new research in voting technology and provides suggestions for how this new area of research can be improved. There are three broad periods in American history that characterize the technology and methods Americans have used to cast votes. A key issue with voting technologies is whether voters are confident that a given technology is effective in counting votes. After the 2000 election, researchers examined which voting technologies captured votes most accurately, using the concept of the residual vote. Closely related to the problem of residual votes is ballot roll-off. Two additional research questions about voting technology are auditing elections and the potential for electoral manipulation. It is shown that voting technologies might affect election outcomes. The use of new techniques for studying observational data should not be seen as a substitute for the use of actual randomized laboratory or field experiments.
Politics, Expertise, and Interdependence within Electorates
Authors: Ahn T. K. , Huckfeldt Robert , Mayer Alexander K. , Ryan John B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the role of politically expert citizens as primary movers within a democratic political process characterized by patterns of interdependence among citizens. It also argues that the problem is mitigated through the patterns of interdependence realized in the form of complex networks of political communication. The difference between knowledge and expertise is also considered. One of the enduring innovations of the political economy literature on citizenship is to take information costs seriously in the analysis of political communication and expertise. The various aggregate and dynamic implications of heterogeneous networks for democratic politics and political communication are quite profound. Civic capacity in the aggregate benefits from the diffusion of expert opinion within and throughout networks of political communication. Political communication is not an antiseptic exercise in civic education.
Campaign Effects on Vote Choice
Authors: Hillygus D. Sunshine 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article describes how far the literature of campaign effects on vote choice has come, and where it should go. It seems clear that the effects of campaigns are more constrained than often is presented in the media. Moreover, the state of research regarding the influence of campaigns on vote choice (rather than turnout), including campaign effects due to citizen learning, campaign priming, and, more directly, voter persuasion, is discussed. The recent evidence of campaign effects largely reflects the availability of better data and more sophisticated research designs. In addition to individual-level variation in the way voters process campaign information, there is also variation in the particular campaign messages they receive. The great variation in candidate strategy and voter decision making should be viewed as both an opportunity and challenge for campaign scholars.
Forecasting Us Presidential Elections
Authors: Holbrook Thomas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article offers an assessment of the current state of US presidential election forecasting models. It pays attention to presidential forecasting models from the last three election cycles. It starts by exploring ‘under the hood’ and describes the specifics of the most widely known models from the 2004 election. In addition, the predictions made by these models are addressed and the determinants of forecasting accuracy from 1996 to 2004 are identified. Moreover, the article explores the lessons learned from the 2000 campaign and the alternatives to the dominant aggregate-national forecasting models: electronic markets, citizen forecasts, and state-level forecasting models. From a forecasting perspective, the 2008 election outcome was business as usual. Some models were more accurate than others, as is always the case, but the average error was somewhat lower than in the past two elections cycles.
Economics, Elections, and Voting Behavior
Authors: Linn Suzanna , Nagler Jonathan , Morales Marco A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article pays attention to classic and recent work on economic voting at both the individual level and in the aggregate. It first presents the question of pocketbook versus sociotropic voting. The first major attempt to understand the mechanism causing the observed relationship between the state of the economy and voting was the attempt to discover whether voters were paying attention to the aggregate economy, or to their own pocketbook. Next, it addresses the question: do voters vote retrospectively, assessing past economic performance, or do they vote prospectively, basing votes on expectations of the future? Divided government raises an important question for students of economic voting. The implication is that divided government should reduce economic voting because the target of economic responsibility is less clear to voters. The article then provides a discussion of the directions research on economic voting is heading.
Latinos and Political Behavior
Authors: Garcia John A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article describes central questions regarding the political behaviors of Latinos and the continuing challenges to exploring and understanding this population. It goes beyond an inventory and assessment of the extant research and provides a discussion of key issues and questions that warrant more complex approaches and theories. The underlying theoretical concern focuses on the nature of community among persons of Spanish origin and its public consequences (i.e., transformation of community inter-connections to public expressions). Any discussion of Latino pan-ethnicity necessarily leads us to consider how Latinos' social identities are associated with their integration into American society. A major theme of this article is a challenge to researchers to view Latinos with greater complexity, and expand the full range of their political behaviors. The most significant form of political expression among Latino immigrants has been the act of naturalization. Additional considerations and directions of Latinos and political behavior are covered.
Getting up off the Canvass
Authors: Goldstein Kenneth M. , Holleque Matthew 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article outlines some of the literature on political mobilization and expands the field's research agenda beyond the typical canvassing activities. It describes the importance of political mobilization for both academics and political professionals. It then presents concerns about the study of mobilization, particularly the problems of endogeneity in observational studies and the use of field experiments. Finally, it turns the attention to the future of research on mobilization, arguing that more attention should be paid to how messages mobilize. The observations of political campaigns and the conversations with professionals who make their living doing election fieldwork strongly suggest that message matters. It is time to put politics and strategy back into the study of a political strategy, the article suggests.
American Electoral Practices in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Franklin Mark N. , Weber Till 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article concentrates on three areas in which American elections have features that are illuminated by voting behavior in countries with somewhat different features. These features are multiple elections, separated powers, and the locality rule. It also describes the aspects of electoral behavior: split-ticket voting, cycle of elections, and low voter turnout. Furthermore, a discussion on midterm loss and electoral realignments is presented. A comparativist perspective on US elections might show the study of realignments in much the same way as it could help to reshape thinking in such diverse subfields as turnout, party identification, and midterm loss.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards George C. , Howell William G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This book addresses approaches to studying the American presidency. It also discusses presidential transitions and agenda setting, critical precursors to governing. It thoroughly examines the president's key relationship with the public, including the public's expectations of the president, the president's responsiveness to the public, the president's ability to lead the public, and the related topics of presidential rhetoric and the public's evaluations of the president. Moreover, the president as party leader, the impact of presidential legislative skills and public approval on congressional support, the consequences of divided government, and the role of interest groups in presidential politics are described. The article then covers the president's influence on the composition of the courts and the courts' checks on the president. Furthermore, it reports the key themes on the presidency, the efforts of different scholars to understand it, and directions for future research.
Game Theory and the Study of the American Presidency
Authors: Canes‐Wrone Brandice 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article describes how game theory has contributed to the understanding of the American presidency as well as how future research could use this technique to advance the understanding even further. The three topics covered here include presidential vetoes, public opinion, and Supreme Court nominations. It also determines several additional areas that seem especially suitable for new game theoretic analysis. Additionally, special attention is given to the limitations of game theory. The data shows how blame game theory can help identify personal versus institutional determinants of veto usage. Game theoretic models of vetoes have not only aided econometric analysis, but also qualitative empirical work. A more detailed description of how game theory has altered the substantive understanding of public opinion is offered. Simple differences in the assumptions of the models can produce vastly different predictions; thus it would be a shame if the theories were only produced by ‘outsiders’ to the field.
Historical Institutionalism, Political Development, and the Presidency
Authors: James Scott C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article starts by addressing historical institutionalism and American political development (APD) as analytic approaches to the study of politics. It explores the presidency's distinctive contribution to the politics of regime change. It then deals with the historically changing modalities of governance, isolating developmentally significant moments in the evolution of presidential politics. It separately examines the evolution of ‘plebiscitary politics’ and the rise of an ‘administrative presidency’. Additionally, it argues that a phrase like ‘the political development of the American presidency’ — or any single institution for that matter — is conceptually misguided. By understanding more fully the unique properties and political standing of the concept of presidency, and by examining its changing interface with other rivals for political authority, theorists find themselves in a better position to theorize its manifold contributions to political change.