bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke – current status
Authors: Auriel E. , Bornstein N.M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWith the growing understanding of the mechanism of cell death in ischemia, new approaches for treatment such as neuroprotection have emerged. The basic aim of this strategy is to interfere with the events of the ischemic cascade, blocking the pathological processes and preventing the death of nerve cells in the ischemic penumebra. This concept involves inhibition of the pathological molecular events which eventually leads to the influx of calcium, activation of free radicals and neuronal death. Despite encouraging data from experimental animal models, all clinical trials of neuroprotective therapies have to date been unsuccessful. This article reviews some of the reasons for the failure of neuroprotection in the clinical trials so far. Despite all the negative reports, we believe it would be wrong to give up at this point, since there is still reasonable hope of finding an effective neuroprotection for stroke.
Vascular biology: the role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate in both the resting state and inflammation
Authors: Swan David J. , Kirby John A. , Ali Simi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Biochemistry of sphingosine 1‐phosphate
S1P receptor biology
The vascular gradient of sphingosine 1‐phosphate
Role of S1P on vascular endothelium
Crosstalk between S1PR and other receptors
Therapies targeting the S1P signalling axis
Summary and future directions

The vascular and immune systems of mammals are closely intertwined: the individual components of the immune system must move between various body compartments to perform their function effectively. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator, exerts effects on the two organ systems and influences the interaction between them. In the resting state, the vascular S1P gradient contributes to control of lymphocyte recirculation through the blood, lymphoid tissue and lymphatic vasculature. The high level of S1P in blood helps maintain endothelial barrier integrity. During the inflammatory process, both the level of S1P in different immune compartments and S1P receptor expression on lymphocytes and endothelial cells are modified, resulting in functionally important changes in endothelial cell and lymphocyte behaviour. These include transient arrest of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue, crucial for generation of adaptive immunity, and subsequent promotion of lymphocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. This review begins with an outline of the basic biochemistry of S1P. S1P receptor signalling is then discussed, followed by an exploration of the roles of S1P in the vascular and immune systems, with particular focus on the interface between them. The latter part concerns crosstalk between S1P and other signalling pathways, and concludes with a look at therapies targeting the S1P‐S1P receptor axis.
Arterial calcifications
Authors: Rennenberg Roger. J. M. W. , Schurgers Leon J. , Kroon Abraham A. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Arterial calcification in specific patient populations at high risk for cardiovascular disease
Summary

Arterial calcifications as found with various imaging techniques, like plain X‐ray, computed tomography or ultrasound are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of arterial calcification increases with age and is stimulated by several common cardiovascular risk factors. In this review, the clinical importance of arterial calcification and the currently known proteins involved are discussed. Arterial calcification is the result of a complex interplay between stimulating (bone morphogenetic protein type 2 [BMP‐2], RANKL) and inhibitory (matrix Gla protein, BMP‐7, osteoprotegerin, fetuin‐A, osteopontin) proteins. Vascular calcification is especially prevalent and related to adverse outcome in patients with renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. We address the special circumstances and mechanisms in these patient groups. Treatment and prevention of arterial calcification is possible by the use of specific drugs. However, it remains to be proven that reduction of vascular calcification in itself leads to a reduced cardiovascular risk.
Red wine antioxidant resveratrol‐modified cardiac stem cells regenerate infarcted myocardium
Authors: Gurusamy Narasimman , Ray Diptarka , Lekli Istvan , Das Dipak K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Stem cell therapy
Regeneration of myocardium 28 days after myocardial infarction
Concluding remarks

To study the efficiency of maintaining the reduced tissue environment via pre‐treatment with natural antioxidant resveratrol in stem cell therapy, we pre‐treated male Sprague‐Dawley rats with resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg/day gavaged for 2 weeks). After occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), adult cardiac stem cells stably expressing EGFP were injected into the border zone of the myocardium. One week after the LAD occlusion, the cardiac reduced environment was confirmed in resveratrol‐treated rat hearts by the enhanced expression of nuclear factor‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2) and redox effector factor‐1 (Ref‐1). In concert, cardiac functional parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening) were significantly improved. The improvement of cardiac function was accompanied by the enhanced stem cell survival and proliferation as demonstrated by the expression of cell proliferation marker Ki67 and differentiation of stem cells towards the regeneration of the myocardium as demonstrated by the enhanced expression of EGFP 28 days after LAD occlusion in the resveratrol‐treated hearts. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol maintained a reduced tissue environment by overexpressing Nrf2 and Ref‐1 in rats resulting in an enhancement of the cardiac regeneration of the adult cardiac stem cells as demonstrated by increased cell survival and differentiation leading to cardiac function.
The role of epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ouwens D. Margriet , Sell Henrike , Greulich Sabrina , Eckel Juergen 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Fat depots around the heart and vasculature
Physiological function of epicardial adipose tissue
Visualization of epicardial adipose tissue
Epicardial fat thickness as diagnostic marker
Visualization of perivascular adipose tissue
Expression and secretion of fatty acids and adipokines from epicardial and perivascular fat depots
Cross‐talk between secretory products from EAT and the myocardium
Cross‐talk between secretory products from PVAT and the vasculature
Perspectives and conclusions

Obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, are characterized by expansion and inflammation of adipose tissue, including the depots surrounding the heart and the blood vessels. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral thoracic fat depot located along the large coronary arteries and on the surface of the ventricles and the apex of the heart, whereas perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds the arteries. Both fat depots are not separated by a fascia from the underlying tissue. Therefore, factors secreted from epicardial and PVAT, like free fatty acids and adipokines, can directly affect the function of the heart and blood vessels. In this review, we describe the alterations found in EAT and PVAT in pathological states like obesity, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss how changes in adipokine expression and secretion associated with these pathological states could contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac contractile and vascular dysfunction.
Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics: III. SERUM LEVELS
Authors: Jørgensen A. , Overø K. Fredricson 
Published: August 2010

Serum concentrations of clopenthixol and flupenthixol have been determined during a four weeks dosage interval in patients trelated with intramuscular injections of clopenthixol decanoate or flupenthixol palmitate in Viscoleo®. Maximal drug levels were attained by the end of the first week after injection of either preparation. A period of exponential decline was then recorded. The half‐lives were estimated to 19 days for clopenthixol and 17 days for flupenthixol. These half‐lives most likely refer to the rate of release from the oil depot and not to elimination of drug. The mean ratio between maximal and minimal drug levels was 2.5 for clopenthixol and 3.7 for flupenthixol. Systemic clearance was estimated to about 0.7/min and 0.5/min, respectively.Significant correlation was found between the administered doses and recorded serum levels, between doses and estimated areas under the serum concentration curves, and also between areas and drug levels. The data indicate more limited individual variability than that seen with other psychotropic drugs, given orally.The study clearly demonstrates, that significant serum levels of active drug is maintained throughout the dosage interval by intramuscular injection of clopenthixol decanoate or flupenthixol palmitate in VisColed® every fourth week.
Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics: IV. SERUM LEVELS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Malm U. , Jørgensen A. , Overø K. Fredricson 
Published: August 2010

Two pharmacokinetic parameters viz. the minimum serum concentration in the dosage interval and the area under the serum concentration curve have been correlated to 14 parameters for clinical outcome, viz. total points and factor points from the three rating scales, BPRS, CPRS, and side effects scale, in a double blind clinical trial of clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics.No statistically significant correlations were observed. It is of some interest, however, that the results suggest that the treatment of individual patients with neuroleptics may be adjusted by means of repeated ratings, residual percentage, changes in psychopathology, and determinations of serum concentrations.Our results do not indicate any optimal concentration range for these depot neuroleptics in the maintenance phase of schizophrenia. The so‐called therapeutic window as to neuroleptics obviously varies with regard to the phase of the disease as well as the patients' social situation.
Biological psychiary and ethics
Authors: Lunn Villars 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe crucial concept of biological psychiatry ‐ comprising psychochemistry, psycho‐physiology and psycho‐pharmacology and based on a positivistic scientific view ‐ is explanation through the demonstration of causal material connections.Conversely the central concept of the psycho‐dynamic schools, based on a hermeneutic‐finalistic ideology, is understanding, pertinent to the meaning of psychical symptoms.The two models are not mutually exclusive but represent complementary concepts whose mutual scientific value can only be measured through their mutual utility as basis for etiological research and for the choice of treatment.Since the age of Enlightment in the 18th century the concept of reason in the shape of an unambigous scientific attitude extensively has rendered the ethics redundant. However, our time is characterized by a reaction against this rationalistic concept about science as a substitute for morality. First of all biological psychiatry, based on the methods of the natural sciences, has been the subject of denunciation and underevaluation with deep emotional undertones.The anti‐psychiatric movement, the “critical psychiatry”, talks about the psychotic patient as the scapegoat, carrying the burden of the relatives conflicts on his shoulders ‐ thus reintroducing the concept of guilt in the debate.The author claims that the relief for this guilt feeling will be found in the paradigme who regards the endogenous psychoses as biologically determined diseases and not simply as reactions to psychological and social strain.The moral‐philosophical counterpart to the antagonism: positivism versus hermeneutics is found in the dualism: determinism versus indeterminism.Realizing the immanent incomprehensibility of the concept of volition the author argues ‐ again from an utilitaristic point of view ‐ that a deterministic outlook will be the decisive support for the psychiatrist in his attempts to comply with the definitive ethical claim: to hold the patient in unlimited respect.So the biological aspect of psychiatry involves ethical prerogatives and values far beyond and contrary to the current prejudices and contortions characterizing the popular‐populistic view of psychiatry ‐ this regarding the attitude of the physician to the mentally ill patient in person as well as regarding the psychiatrists possibilities of supporting the relatives in their relationship to the sick person.
Blood‐brain barrier studies with special reference to epileptic seizures
Authors: Bolwig Tom G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA review is given of the structure and function of the blood‐brain barier (BBB) with special reference to the situation during and after epileptic seizures including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Based on the literature describing different models of epilepsy the development of the theories concerning the early observations of a BBB dysfunction in connection with seizure activity is given, and gross morphology, ultrastructural and dynamic findings are briefly reviewed.
Rating scales for mood disorders: Applicability, Consistency and construct validity
Authors: Bech Per 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRating scales for mood disorders have been reviewed with special reference to their consistency, applicability, and validity. Diagnostic scales with a biometric reference to antidepressants have been developed on the basis of the Newcastle Scales. This Diagnostic Melancholia Scale (DMS) includes two dimensions, one measuring endogenous depression, and one measuring reactive depression. These dimensions were found not to be mutually exclusive as 30% of the depressed patients scored high on both dimensions. Scales measuring outcomes of treatment were subdivided into (a) scales measuring disability of clinical depression (melancholia), anxiety, and mania, (b) scales measuring distress as a construct of sideeffects during treatment, and (c) scales measuring discomfort or quality of life. Disability, distress and discomfort should be separately validated as they reflect different aspects of outcome of treatment. Self‐rating scales have their main applicability in the measurement of discomfort.
Psychiatri admissions of the elderly
Authors: Strömgren Erik 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1955 Ole J. Rafaelsen performed an analysis of the admissions of elderly patients to the Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital during the preceding decade. On the basis of nation‐wide statistics the changing r&#x006f;&#x030c;le since then of the elderly in the Danish psychiatric hospital system is described.
Imipramine binding in depression and other psychiatric conditions
Authors: Mellerup Erling T. , Plenge Per 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT30 studies of platelet 3H‐imipramine binding in depressed patients are reviewed. 19 of these studies found that depressed patients had lower binding than control persons, whereas 11 studies found no difference. This discrepancy is discussed and it is concluded that methodological problems may account for a substantial part of the low imipramine binding in depressed patients.
Lithium treatment: Are the present schedules optimal?
Authors: Plenge P. , Mellerup E. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLithium treatment is a proven and effective prophylactic treatment of bipolar affective disorders. To day patients receive their lithium in one or two daily doses, and the dosage level in the individual patient is adjusted to the lowest possible level in order to reduce side effects. In the present article we suggest an alternative treatment strategy also aiming at reducing side effects but not involving the slow process of finding the lowest possible effective lithium dose. We suggest prophylaxis may be obtained by giving lithium every second day in a dose producing 12 hour serum lithium concentrations between 0.6 and 0.9 mM, and leading to very low lithium concentrations every second day. This treatment schedule is at present being tested in the clinic.
Imipramine: A model substance in pharmacokinetic research
Authors: Gram Lars F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe pharmacokinetics of imipramine have been studied over a period of 20 years. Imipramine is rapidly and almost completely metabolized with the formation of desipramine (desmethylation), 2‐hydroxy metabolites and subsequent glucoronide coupling. Imipramine has a high clearance (0.8‐1.5 1/min) and a corresponding high first pass eliminatin (30‐70%). Volume of distribution is high (650‐1100 1) and half‐lives accordingly of medium length (6‐12 h). The 2‐hydroxylation which is the most important step of elimination is mediated via a microsomal cytochrome P450 isozyme that exhibit monogenetic polymorphism such that 5‐10% of the population have a severely reduced clearance. Co‐administration of neuroleptics may also considerably impair the 2‐hydroxylation. Steady‐state levels of imipramine and desipramine varies considerably among individuals mainly due to variations in metabolism, but also to a smaller extent due to variations in binding to plasma proteins. The variations in steady‐state concentrations appear to have clear implication for the clinical effects of imipramine.
The integrated approach: On the significance of pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors when lithium prophylaxis fails
Authors: Schou M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDrugs are easy to prescribe, and if a manic‐depressive patient is not helped by one prophylactically administered drug, physicians may be apt as a first reaction to prescribe another drug, especially now that alternatives to lithium have become available. This may or may not be the appropriate course of action. Often nonpharmacological factors determine whether patients consume their medicine and whether they respond to it, and concern about patient selection, patient characteristics, treatment execution, patient and therapist attitudes, treatment organization, and supplementary psychological support may more profitably serve to ensure that manic‐depressive patients obtain help from prophylactic drug treatment. Only by employing a treatment approach which integrates pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures can optimal results be obtained.
Anorexia/Bulimia Nervosa: The development of Anorexia Nervosa and of mental symptoms. Treatment and the outcome of the disease
Authors: Bassøe Hans H. 
Published: August 2010

Bassøe HH. Anorexia/Bulimia Nervosa: The development of Anorexia Nervosa and of mental symptoms. Treatment and the outcome of the disease.Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 7–13.Since 1958 we have conducted a prospective study of anorexia/bulimia nervosa (A/BN) covering a total of 550 patients. This paper presents a new idea of the development of A/BN. For a variety of reasons, a predisposition for developing A/BN is triggered by a minor and non‐specific loss of weight. The development of mental symptoms with pathological thoughts and behaviour, and disturbances in the satiety and hunger centres suggest a cerebral dysfunction. Educating patients in pathophysiology enables them to use their intelligence, logical thinking and strong will to evaluate the importance of an adequate supply of nutrients. To date, two studies of the outcome of the disease have been carried out producing similar results: 86% fair results (12% spontaneous recovery), 13% chronic cases and 1% have died.
Individual psychotherapeutic treatment of Anorexia Nervosa*
Authors: Lunn Susanne 
Published: August 2010

Lunn S. Individual psychotherapeutic treatment of Anorexia Nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 23–28.The first part of this paper presents a review of the many psychiatric diagnoses and different kinds of treatment which have been used in relation to Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The difficulties in solving the enigma of AN are seen as connected with the conception of AN as a specific nosological entity. Contrary to this, AN is conceived as a specific kind of defense characterized by a splitting of the ego, where adaptation to part of reality is given up by means of denial. This less uniform conception makes it possible to encompass the personality trait common to anorectic patients as well as the differences between them. In the second part, the question of whether psychoanalytic psychotherapy is a suitable form of treatment is discussed. The partly affirmative answer is guided by the anorectic girl's own attempt towards a solution, which indicates a need for a protected, neutral, and empathic space, where she gets the opportunity to express and develop herself. However, in many cases neither the physical nor the psychological conditions for establishing a therapeutic alliance is available. Finally, a need for modification in technique is considered.
Group therapy for anorexic and bulimic patients
Authors: Rosenvinge Jan H. 
Published: August 2010

Rosenvinge JH. Group therapy for anorexic and bulimic patients. Some aspects on the conduction of group therapy and a critical review of some recent studiesActa Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 38–43.Group psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Ner‐vosa (BN) patients may be a major therapeutic challenge. The cognitive‐behavioural approach may seem promising and some important stages in the conduction of cognitive‐behavioural group therapy in particular are discussed. Furthermore, some problems concerning inpatient versus outpatient groups are mentioned. Studies on group therapy that have appeared between 1984 and 1989 are briefly reviewed and some recommendations concerning the improvement of methodology for future studies are put forward.
Eating disorders and the family
Authors: Røgeberg Kristin 
Published: August 2010

Røgeberg K. Eating disorders and the family. Experiences gathered in a parent support group.Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 50–51.The author is a part‐taker in a parent support group at Rikshospitalet in Oslo. The members have different occupations and experiences. This article shows some of the experiences and reflections of the group concerning the subject in question.
Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden
Authors: Volberg Rachel A. , Abbott Max W. , Rönnberg Sten , Munck Ingrid M. E. 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  This paper presents results from the first national survey of problem gambling completed in Sweden. Method:  The Swedish survey is unique in its quality and representativeness, due to the use of multiple modes of data collection, recruitment of respondents from national registers rather than from households, and high response rate. Results:  In spite of high rates of gambling participation in Sweden, the combined prevalence of problem and pathological gambling in Sweden is relatively low (3.9% lifetime and 2.0% current). Multivariate analysis shows that being male, under the age of 25 and born abroad are significant risk factors for lifetime gambling problems in Sweden. Additional risk factors are being single, living in big cities, and receiving social welfare payments. Conclusion:  The groups most at risk for gambling problems in Sweden are people disadvantaged and marginalized by international economic changes as well as the dismantling of the Swedish welfare system.