bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing HIV transmission through male homosexual and heterosexual contact in Australia: results from an extended back‐projection approach
Authors: Wand H , Yan P , Wilson D , McDonald A , Middleton M , Kaldor J , Law M 
Published: February 2010

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to reconstruct the HIV epidemic in Australia for selected populations categorized by exposure route; namely, transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs), and transmission among heterosexual men and women in Australia.DesignStatistical back‐projection techniques were extended to reconstruct the historical HIV infection curve using surveillance data.MethodsWe developed and used a novel modified back‐projection modelling technique that makes maximal use of all available surveillance data sources in Australia, namely, (1) newly diagnosed HIV infections, (2) newly acquired HIV infections and (3) AIDS diagnoses.ResultsThe analyses suggest a peak HIV incidence in Australian MSM of ∼2000 new infections per year in the late 1980s, followed by a rapid decline to a low of <500 in the early 1990s. We estimate that, by 2007, cumulatively ∼20  000 MSM were infected with HIV, of whom 13% were not diagnosed with HIV infection. Similarly, a total of ∼1050 and ∼2600 individuals were infected through sharing needles and heterosexual contact, respectively, and in 12% and 23% of these individuals, respectively, the infection remained undetected.DiscussionMale homosexual contact accounts for the majority of new HIV infections in Australia. However, the transmission route distribution of new HIV infections has changed over time. The number of HIV infections is increasing substantially among MSM, increasing moderately in those infected via heterosexual exposure, and decreasing in IDUs.
HIV and people over 50 years old in Europe
Authors: Lazarus JV , Nielsen KK 
Published: February 2010

Objective
The aim of the study was to report on HIV and older people in the European Region, including new data stratified by subregion and year.Methods
Data were collected from the 2008 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Communicable Diseases Unit survey on HIV/AIDS and health systems.Results
It was found that 12.9% of newly reported cases of HIV infection in Western Europe in 2007 were in people aged 50 years or older. In Central Europe, almost one‐in‐10 newly reported cases of HIV infection were in older people, while the proportion in Eastern Europe was 3.7% in 2007.Conclusions
The issue of HIV infection among older people is of increasing concern as more people age with HIV infection as a result of the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy.
Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect
Authors: Bowes Lucy , Maughan Barbara , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E. , Arseneault Louise 
Published: February 2010

Background:  Bullied children are at risk for later emotional and behavioural problems. ‘Resilient’ children function better than would be expected given their experience of bullying victimisation. This study examined the role of families in promoting resilience following bullying victimisation in primary school.Method:  Data were from the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Study which describes a nationally representative sample of 1,116 twin pairs and their families. We used mothers’ and children’s reports to examine bullying victimisation during primary school and mothers’ and teachers’ reports to measure children’s emotional and behavioural adjustment at ages 10 and 12. We used mothers’ and interviewers’ reports to derive measures of protective factors in the home including maternal warmth, sibling warmth and positive atmosphere at home.Results:  Results from linear regression models showed that family factors were associated with children’s resilience to bullying victimisation. Maternal warmth, sibling warmth and a positive atmosphere at home were particularly important in bullied children compared to non‐bullied children in promoting emotional and behavioural adjustment. We used a twin differences design to separate out environmental protective factors in twins who are genetically identical. Differences in maternal warmth between twins from genetically identical monozygotic pairs concordant for bullying victimisation were correlated with twin differences in behavioural problems (r = –.23) such that the twin who received the most warmth had fewer behavioural problems. This shows that maternal warmth has an environmental effect in protecting children from the negative outcomes associated with being bullied.Conclusions:  Warm family relationships and positive home environments help to buffer children from the negative outcomes associated with bullying victimisation. Warm parent–child relationships can exert an environmentally mediated effect on children’s behavioural adjustment following bullying victimisation. Identifying protective factors that promote resilience to bullying victimisation could lead to improved intervention strategies targeting the home environment.
Safety profile of oxcarbazepine: Results from a prescription‐event monitoring study
Authors: Buggy Yvonne , Layton Deborah , Fogg Carole , Shakir Saad A.W. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  To monitor safety of oxcarbazepine, prescribed in primary care in England, using prescription‐event monitoring (PEM).Methods:  Postmarketing surveillance using observational cohort technique of PEM. Exposure data were obtained from dispensed British National Health Service prescriptions issued by general practitioners (GPs) March 2000–July 2003. Demographic, drug utilization, and clinical event data were collected from questionnaires posted to GPs at least 6 months after first prescription date for each patient. Incidence densities (IDs) (number of first reports per 1,000 patient‐months of treatment) were calculated and differences for events reported in month 1 (ID1) and months 2–6 (ID2–6) (99% confidence intervals) were examined for changes in event rates. Follow‐up and causality assessment of medically significant events were undertaken.Results:  The cohort comprised 2,243 patients [mean age 40.4 years; range 2–99 years; standard deviation (SD) 18.8; 46.3% (n = 1,038) male]. Most frequently reported primary indications were epilepsy, convulsion (n = 1,111; 49.5%, n = 209; 9.3%, respectively). GPs recorded 932 reasons for stopping medication in 698 (31.1%) patients; most frequent clinical reason “drowsiness/sedation” (n = 57; 2.5% of cohort). Clinical events (excluding indication) associated with starting treatment (lower 99% CI > 0) included: “drowsiness/sedation” (ID1‐ID2–6 = 14.2), “nausea/vomiting” (ID1‐ID2–6 = 13.0), and dizziness (ID1‐ID2–6 = 11.6). Events followed up and assessed as probably related to oxcarbazepine use included rash (7 of 11) and hyponatremia (15 of 38).Discussion:  There were no serious adverse drug reactions reported during this study. Results of the study should be taken in context with other epidemiologic studies.
Sociocultural and psychological features of perceived stigma reported by people with epilepsy in Benin
Authors: Rafael Florentina , Houinato Dismand , Nubukpo Philippe , Dubreuil Catherine‐Marie , Tran Duc Si , Odermatt Peter , Clément Jean‐Pierre , Weiss Mitchell G. , Preux Pierre‐Marie 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Stigma is a major burden of epilepsy. In sub‐Saharan Africa the few studies that addressed epilepsy stigma emphasize enacted, rather than perceived, stigma. This inattention may compromise clinical management and delay help seeking, thereby contributing to the treatment gap. We assessed perceived stigma and identified sociocultural and psychological factors explaining greater stigma among people with epilepsy (PWE) in Benin.Methods:  PWE included in this study were ascertained using a door‐to‐door survey in the general population in a Beninese rural area. We applied both qualitative and quantitative research methods to assess stigma and patient’s experience and beliefs. An Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) and verbally administered questionnaires provided data for demographic, clinical, and sociocultural features. Sociocultural features were evaluated in terms of illness‐related experience and sociocultural representations of epilepsy. Depression and anxiety were also screened.Results:  Eighty PWE were included. About 68.7% reported feeling stigmatized. Multivariate regression revealed that factors independently associated with perceived stigma were experience of social isolation (p < 0.001), experience of marital problems (p < 0.01), and presence of anxiety disorder (p < 0.01).Discussion:  Perceived stigma is an important issue in epilepsy in Benin. Social factors seem to be more influential than sociocultural representation of epilepsy. Insofar as research is needed in other African countries to determine the nature and relevant features of stigma to improve treatment and control.
Can BIS monitoring be used to assess the depth of propofol anesthesia in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus?
Authors: Musialowicz Tadeusz , Mervaala Esa , Kälviäinen Reetta , Uusaro Ari , Ruokonen Esko , Parviainen Ilkka 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Appropriate treatment of generalized convulsive refractory status epilepticus (RSE) requires general anesthesia in the intensive care unit (ICU) with continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) monitoring. During out of office hours and weekends, cEEG monitoring is not always available. The Bispectral Index (BIS) monitor can be used to assess the hypnotic component of general anesthesia. We conducted a study to evaluate the feasibility of using the BIS monitoring to assess the burst suppression (BS) pattern during propofol anesthesia in RSE.Methods:  Ten adult patients with RSE admitted to the ICU were monitored simultaneously with cEEG and BIS monitoring. We compared the BIS and suppression ratio (SR) values with the EEG burst suppression pattern when the depth of anesthesia was titrated to the BS level monitoring by cEEG.Results:  We found an excellent correlation between the cEEG burst rate per minute and the BIS (r2 = −0.9; p < 0.001) and SR (r2 = −0.88; p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of BIS score of 30 to detect BS in electroencephalography were 99% and 98%, respectively. The BIS monitor was not able to recognize regional epileptic activity and epileptic bursts during the BS pattern.Discussion:  The cEEG can be considered as the primary monitoring technique in the assessment of the depth of anesthesia in the treatment of RSE. If cEEG is not available, the BIS monitor can be used to guide the level of anesthesia, targeting BS in patients with RSE.
A comparison of implant stability quotients measured using magnetic resonance frequency analysis from two directions: a prospective clinical study during the initial healing period
Authors: Park Jong‐Chul , Kim Hyun‐Duck , Kim Soung‐Min , Kim Myung‐Jin , Lee Jong‐Ho 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectives: Given that the orientation of the transducer (mesiodistal or buccolingual) affects the data obtained from a piezoelectric resonance frequency analysis (RFA), this study evaluated whether it is necessary to use measurements taken in two different directions (mesiodistal and buccolingual) when using magnetic RFA to assess changes in the stiffness of dental implants.Materials and methods: A prospective clinical trial was completed, in a total of 53 patients, on 71 non‐submerged dental implants that were inserted to replace the unilateral loss of mandibular molars. All of the implants were of the same diameter (4.1 mm), length (10 mm), and collar height (2.8 mm). The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured during the surgical procedure, and at 4 and 10 weeks after surgery. Measurements were taken twice in each direction: in the buccolingual direction from the buccal side and in the mesiodistal direction from the mesial side. The average of two measurements in each direction was regarded as the representative ISQ of that direction. The higher and lower values of the two ISQs (buccolingual and mesiodistal) were also classified separately. In addition, the variation in ISQ was quantified by subtracting the lower value from the higher value, and the implants were classified into two groups according to this variation: one with ISQ variation of 3 or more and the other with a variation of <3.Results: There were no differences between the two ISQs when measured from different directions, but there were significant differences between the higher and lower values of the ISQs at each measurement point. A significant difference was also observed between the two ISQ variation groups in the pattern of change of the lower value for the period from immediately after surgery to 10 weeks after surgery.Conclusion: Acquisition of two directional measurements and classification of the higher and lower values of the two directional ISQs may allow clinicians to detect patterns of change in ISQ that would not be identified if only one directional measurement were made. To cite this article:
Park J‐C, Kim H‐D, Kim S‐M, Kim M‐J, Lee J‐H. A comparison of implant stability quotients measured using magnetic resonance frequency analysis from two directions: a prospective clinical study during the initial healing period. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 591–597. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01868.x
N‐Desmethylclozapine exerts dual and opposite effects on salivary secretion in the rat
Authors: Ekström Jörgen , Godoy Tania , Riva Alessandro 
Published: February 2010

Ekström J, Godoy T, Riva A.N‐Desmethylclozapine exerts dual and opposite effects on salivary secretion in the rat. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 1–8. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral SciN‐Desmethylclozapine is a major metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, used in the treatment of therapy‐resistant schizophrenia. Patients under clozapine treatment report a troublesome sialorrhea. Recent experiments show clozapine to exert mixed agonist/antagonist actions on salivary secretion in rats. The present study was performed to define the secretory role ofN‐desmethylclozapine and to compare it with that of its parent compound.N‐Desmethylclozapine evoked secretion by acting directly on the muscarinic acetylcholine M1‐receptors of ‘silent’ duct‐cannulated parotid and submandibular glands of the anaesthetized rat. In chronic surgically denervated glands, the secretory response was enlarged. The methacholine‐evoked secretion, as well as the parasympathetic nerve‐evoked secretion, were reduced byN‐desmethylclozapine and involved blockade of M3‐receptors, while the sympathetic nerve‐evoked response was reduced, involving blockade of α(1)‐adrenergic receptors. Synergistic interactions betweenN‐desmethylclozapine and the β‐adrenergic receptor agonist, isoprenaline, occurred. Compared with clozapine, the excitatory efficacy ofN‐desmethylclozapine was higher and the inhibitory efficacy was lower (parasympathetic activity) or about the same (sympathetic activity). Theoretically, in humans treated with clozapine, an increase in theN‐desmethylclozapine : clozapine ratio would contribute to salivation during the night and at rest, and, furthermore, the magnitude of the reduction in the reflexly elicited secretion is likely to diminish.
Measurements of volatile compound contents in resins using a moisture analyzer
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Nagano Futami , Endo Kazuhiko , Ohno Hiroki 
Published: February 2010

Hashimoto M, Nagano F, Endo K, Ohno H. Measurements of volatile compound contents in resins using a moisture analyzer. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 94–99. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral SciThe contents of volatile adhesive compounds, such as water, solvents, and residual unpolymerized monomers, affect the integrity and durability of adhesive bonding. However, there is no method available that can be used to rapidly assess the residual solvent or water contents of adhesive resins. This study examined the effectiveness of a digital moisture analyzer to measure the volatile compound contents of resins. Five self‐etching adhesives and seven experimental light‐cured resins prepared with different contents (0, 10, and 20% by weight) of water or solvents (acetone and ethanol) were examined in this study. The resins were prepared using different methods (with and without air blast or light‐curing) to simulate the clinical conditions of adhesive application. Resin weight changes (% of weight loss) were determined as the residual volatile compound contents, using the moisture analyzer. After the measurements, the resin films were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The weight changes of the resins were found to depend on the amount of water or solvents evaporating from the resin. Water and solvents were evaporated by air blast or light‐curing, but some of the water and solvents remained in the cured resin. The moisture analyzer is easy to operate and is a useful instrument for using to measure the residual volatile compound contents of adhesive resin.
Regenerative Treatment of Peri‐Implantitis Bone Defects with a Combination of Autologous Bone and a Demineralized Xenogenic Bone Graft: A Series of 36 Defects
Authors: Wiltfang Jörg , Zernial Oliver , Behrens Eleonore , Schlegel Andreas , Warnke Patrick H. , Becker Stephan T. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTAim: As the treatment of peri‐implantitis–induced bone loss is still a problem, we studied the regenerative treatment of these defects with a mix of autologous bone and a new type of bone graft substitute (demineralized xenogenic bone graft) including growth factors.Material and Methods: In a prospective manner, 36 cases of peri‐implantitis–induced bone loss (depth >4 mm) in 22 patients were followed for 1 year. After resolving the acute infection by local rinsing, granulation tissue was removed. The implants were decontaminated with etching gel and the defects were filled with autologous bone mixed 1:1 with a xenogenic bone graft. The prosthetic reconstructions did not have to be removed. Values of probing depths as well as bone defects were analyzed.Results: The radiologic evaluation of the bone defects after regenerative treatment revealed a mean reduction of 3.5 mm comparing the values from 5.1 mm prior to surgery to 1.6 mm 1 year after treatment. Average reduction of the probing depth was 4 mm. The remaining bone defects were larger than 3 mm in 4 out of 36 implants 1 year after treatment. Probing depths of more than 4 mm were present in seven implants.Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, we conclude that for bone defects larger than 4 mm in case of peri‐implantitis, this single surgical intervention provided a reliable method to reduce bone defects.
CD‐ROM‐based program for breastfeeding mothers
Authors: Labarère José , Gelbert‐Baudino Nathalie , Laborde Laurent , Arragain Domitille , Schelstraete Camille , François Patrice 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe vast majority of breastfeeding mothers in Western countries have routine access to multimedia and Internet resources at home. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a CD‐ROM‐based intervention in increasing the rates of breastfeeding. We conducted a pre‐ and post‐intervention study involving four control and four intervention maternity units in France. All breastfeeding mothers in intervention units were given a CD‐ROM‐based program addressing various breastfeeding topics. The primary outcome was any breastfeeding at 4 weeks assessed by follow‐up telephone interview. The secondary outcomes included breastfeeding duration, breastfeeding difficulties after discharge and satisfaction with the breastfeeding experience. The rates of any breastfeeding at 4 weeks varied from 88.6% (209/236) to 87.9% (211/240) and from 86.0% (222/258) to 88.0% (228/259) for mothers enrolled in intervention and control maternity units, respectively (P for interaction = 0.54). The hazard of breastfeeding discontinuation for mothers enrolled in intervention units did not vary significantly across study periods after adjusting for education level, epidural anaesthesia, breastfeeding assessment score and return to work (P for interaction = 0.18). The rates of breastfeeding at 4 weeks remained unchanged when restricting the analysis to the mothers who actually received (87.8% [173/197]) or used [88.2% (105/119)] the CD‐ROM during the post‐intervention period. No significant differences were found in secondary outcomes between the two study groups. A CD‐ROM‐based intervention for breastfeeding mothers provides no additional benefit to usual post‐natal care. Further study is needed to assess the effectiveness of multimedia packages as part of more intensive multifaceted interventions.
Sensitivity to Abscisic Acid Modulates Positive Interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana Individuals
Authors: Zhang Hao , Shen Zhuxia , Wang Genxuan , Dai Xinfeng , Huang Qiaoqiao , Zheng Kefeng 
Published: February 2010

Abstract The ability of abscisic acid (ABA) to modulate positive interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals under salinity stress was investigated using abi1‐1 (insensitive to ABA), era1‐2 (hypersensitive to ABA) mutant and wild type plants. The results showed that sensitivity to ABA affects relative interaction intensity (RII) between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals. The neighbor removal experiments also confirmed the role of phenotypic responses in linking plant‐plant interactions and sensitivity to ABA. For abi1‐1 mutants, the absolute value differences between neighbor removal and control of stem length, root length, leaf area, leaf thickness, flower density, above biomass/belowground biomass (A/U), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content and water‐use efficiency were smaller than those of the wild type, while for era1‐2 mutants, these absolute value differences were larger than those of the wild type. Thus, it is suggested that positive interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals are at least partly modulated by different sensitivity to ABA through different physiological and phenotypic plasticity.
Characterization of a Novel Plantain Asr Gene, MpAsr, that is Regulated in Response to Infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Liu Hai‐Yan , Dai Jin‐Ran , Feng Dong‐Ru , Liu Bing , Wang Hong‐Bin , Wang Jin‐Fa 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Asr (abscisic acid, stress, ripening induced) genes are typically upregulated by a wide range of factors, including drought, cold, salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and injury; in addition to plant responses to developmental and environmental signals. We isolated an Asr gene, MpAsr, from a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of cold induced plantain (Musa paradisiaca) leaves. MpAsr expression was upregulated in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense infected plantain leaves, peels and roots, suggesting that MpAsr plays a role in plantain pathogen response. In addition, a 581‐bp putative promoter region of MpAsr was isolated via genome walking and cis‐elements involved in abiotic stress and pathogen‐related responses were detected in this same region. Furthermore, the MpAsr promoter demonstrated positive activity and inducibility in tobacco under F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection and ABA, cold, dehydration and high salt concentration treatments. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MpAsr exhibited higher drought tolerance, but showed no significant decreased sensitivity to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. These results suggest that MpAsr might be involved in plant responses to both abiotic stress and pathogen attack.