bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient dose and risk in mammography
Authors: Law J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Patient dose in mammography is estimated by two different methods which are compared and which give good agreement. A mean tissue dose of about 1 mGy per film is found for a breast of 4.5 cm compressed thickness. Variables which affect dose are then considered quantitatively, including compressed breast thickness, tube potential, grids, magnification and beam collimation. The variables having the greatest effect are breast thickness and magnification. For example, an 8 cm breast receives about four times the mean tissue dose of a 3.5 cm breast. Similarly, using a magnification factor of about 2, dose is increased about four times in the primary beam, but the adverse consequences may be largely removed with conventional collimation to part of the breast only. Finally, the dose estimates are combined with existing data on breast cancer induction to predict the risk of carcinogenesis in a breast screening programme. For example, in a screening centre performing 15000 examinations per year, only one induced cancer is predicted in about 7 years of screening under average UK conditions of age and breast thickness.
Book reviews
Authors: Risdon R. A. 
Published: July 2009

As its title suggests, this multi-author text, written by 28 pathologists, radiologists and urologists from the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia, seeks a multidisciplinary approach to urological pathology.
The book is divided into seven chapters, with varying numbers of contributors to each, covering urological kidney disease, the urinary passages, renal transplantation, the prostate and seminal vesicles, the testis and paratesticular structures, the penis and scrotum, and the adrenals. Each chapter is preceded by a table of topics covered, and starts with sections on normal development and structure, radiological evaluation, specimen preparation and developmental anomalies.
Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal trauma
Authors: Kerslake R. W. , Jaspan T. , Worthington B. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A retrospective series of 118 magnetic resonance examinations of 110 patients who had sustained previous spinal trauma is reported. Examinations performed within 3 weeks of trauma showed extraspinal soft tissue (including ligamentous) injury in 48% and intraspinal lesions in 61% (mostly consisting of extradual haematoma and spinal cord contusion). In examinations performed more than 3 weeks after injury intraspinalabnormalities were shown in 51% and these represented spinal cord compression, atrophy, myelomalacia and syringohydromyelia. Magnetic resonance imaging has the unique capability of displaying non-invasively the late sequelae of spinal trauma permitting simultaneous evaluation of the extra-spinal soft tissues, vertebral column and spinal cord. It is therefore recommended as the technique of choice in the investigation of patients who have sustained previous spinal injury, particularly those with neurological deficit. In the acute phase potentially remediable causes of neurological impairment such as disc herniation or extradural haematoma can be identified. Signal changes in the cord may allow the prognosis for neurological recovery to be established. In the later stages sequelae such as cord atrophy, myelomalacia and syringohydromyelia are accurately identified and surgical therapy may be guided, where appropriate.
Implications of the uptake of 131I-radiolabelled metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) for the targeted radiotherapy of neuroblastoma
Authors: O'Donoghue J. A. , Wheldon T. E. , Babich J. W. , Moyes J. S. E. , Barrett A. , Meller S. T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Selective uptake of radiolabelled meta-iodobenzyJguanidine (mlBG)in neuroblastoma provides a possible approach to biologically targeted radiotherapy of this disease. A mathematical model was used to predict absorbed doses to tumours of varying size from therapeutic 13lI-mIBG, based on measurements of 125I-mIBG uptake in surgically excised tumours from six patients. Two size categories of tumour target were considered: bulk tumour and microscopic disease. The predicted absorbed doses were compared with doses calculated to achieve a 50% probability of tumour cure. The analysis shows that the probability of tumour cure depends strongly on mlBG uptake, effective half-life of mlBG in tumour and tumour diameter. Small microtumours may be relatively resistant to mlBG treatment owing to the limited absorption of 131I beta-energy. The product of patient mass and percentage uptake per unit mass of tumour may be a useful indicator of therapeutic outcome when targeted radiotherapy is used for the treatment of paediatric tumours.
Fast personal computer based retrieval system for a high-volume database of a radiology information system
Authors: Urhahn Reinhard , Günther Rolf W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A personal computer system has been used to facilitate search and analysis of a radiology information system database (RADOS) for research purposes. The system enables flexible retrieval of examination data and radiographic findings with subsequent graphical manipulations. With modifications it could be implemented on other radiology information systems.
Estimation of doses to patients from “complex” conventional X-ray examinations
Authors: Calzado A. , Vañó E. , Morán P. , Castellote C. , Ruiz S. , González L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A numerical method has been developed to estimate the organ doses and effective dose-equivalent for patients undergoing three “complex” examinations (barium meal, barium enema and intravenous urography). The separation of radiological procedures into a set of standard numerical views is based on the use of Monte Carlo conversion factors and measurements within a Remab phantom. The radiation doses measured in a phantom for such examinations have been compared with the predictions of the “numerical” method. Dosimetric measurements with thermoluminescent dosemeters attached to the patient's skin along with measurements of the dose-area product during the examination have enabled us to derive organ doses and to estimate the effective dose-equivalent. Mean frequency weighted values of dose-area product, energy imparted to the patient, doses to a set of organs and effective dose-equivalent in the area of Madrid are reported. Comparisons of the results with those from similar surveys in other countries have been made.
Demonstration of intramedullary tuberculomas by magnetic resonance imaging: a report of two cases
Authors: Jena A. , Banerji A. K. , Tripathi R. P. , Gulati P. K. , Jain R. K. , Khushu S. , Sapra M. L. 
Published: July 2009

Intramedullary tuberculomas are rare (Arseni & Samitca, 1960; Dastur, 1972; Compton & Dorsch, 1984) but have been demonstrated either at surgery or at autopsy. The appearance of tuberculomas in the brain on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported (Gupta et al, 1988). However, the image morphology of intrinsic cord tuberculomas has not been described. We present the MR findings in two patients with tuberculomas of the cervical cord diagnosed on the basis of positive therapeutic response to antituberculous therapy (ATT).
Two young patients with clinical and radiological evidence of intramedullary pathology, who were referred for MRI study with possibility of tuberculous myelitis, are described. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervicodorsal spine was performed with a 1.5 T (MAGNETOM, Siemens) system using spin echo sequences (repetition time (TR), 2000 ms and echo time (TE), 69–90 ms for T2 images; TR, 700–800 ms and TE, 17–22 ms for T1 images) in axial and sagittal planes. Images were acquired on 256 × 256 matrix and 1.2 gradient zooming with 5 mm contiguous slices. Follow-up studies in both cases were taken after 4 months and after 1 year in Case 2. from C2 to C5/C6 (Figs la & b). The extradural space and vertebral bodies were found to be normal. The lesion appeared to be hypointense in its periphery with central hyperintensity on T2-weighted images and low to isointense on T1 images. The patient showed remarkable relief of her symptoms over a period of 4 months with ATT.
Book reviews
Authors: McNally N. J. 
Published: July 2009

These two volumes represent the proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Hyperthermic Oncology held in Kyoto in September 1988. There is an enormous amount of information here, with over 1700 pages and more than 400 presentations from the most basic, through clinical experience to the physics of hyperthermia.
Volume 1 contains a vast number of summary papers, up to three pages in length, on all aspects of hyperthermia. Only the really dedicated “hyperthermist” will find this volume of value.
Real-time digital contrast enhancement and magnification in the assessment of acute elbow injuries
Authors: Holland P. , Davies A. M. , Morris E. , Fowler J. , Wellings R. , Tyrrell P. N. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The elbow is a common site of injury and missed fractures may lead to disability and litigation. An assessment was made of a commercially available desk-top digital contrast enhancement and magnification unit (DETECT system) in a series of 320 patients with an acute elbow injury. Five radiologists of varying experience independently viewed elbow radiographs on a conventional light-box, and subsequently using the digitizer, indicating the presence or absence of a fracture. The overall results demonstrated no difference in performance when using the unit, though small improvements in the confidence with which a definite diagnosis was made were observed. Assessment of soft tissues with the digitizer was less reliable.
An innovative method for neuraxis radiotherapy using partial transmission block technique
Authors: Plowman P. N. , Doughty D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Whole CNS (neuraxis) radiotherapy is an important part of therapy for certain CNS tumours which seed via the CSF. Many, if not the majority, of these predominantly young patients are cured but the neuropsychometric, neuroendocrine and growth morbidity of neuraxis radiotherapy on children by conventional methods may be considerable; patients receiving such therapy at an early age often are eventually in the educationally subnormal category. Recent radiobiological data support the concept that all aspects of CNS radiation tolerance are heavily dependent on daily fraction size. We describe a new radiotherapy technique that allows lower daily fraction sizes to be delivered to the neuraxis without prejudicing the total dose to the neuraxis or primary area and without prolonging the overall treatment time. Published radiobiological data support the concept that all the major morbidities attributed to conventional neuraxis radiotherapy will be reduced by the currently described technique without reducing tumour control rates.
Intracranial chondrosarcoma in a patient with Ollier's disease
Authors: Clifton A. G. , Kendall B. E. , Crockard H. A. , Hughes T. 
Published: July 2009

Cartilaginous intracranial tumours are rare. A case of intracranial chondrosarcoma is described in a patient with Ollier's disease. The patient also had evidence on computed tomography of enchondromata involving the ethmoid sinuses.
A 36-year-old woman with Ollier's disease diagnosed at the age of 13 months, involving mainly her right side and affecting hand, rib cage, right femur, and right toes, presented with a 10-month history of intermittent diplopia on right gaze.
Scoring of image quality phantom films in mammography
Authors: Robinson A. , Underwood A. C. 
Published: July 2009

We were very interested to read the paper by J. Law “A new phantom for mammography” (1991). We have been advocates of this particular phantom for some time and have used it regularly on a total of 29 mammography units (nine different makes/types in all) over the past 2 years.
One could of course use different methods of scoring the image quality perceived on test films and the degree of sensitivity to changes of kilovoltage, film processing etc. will clearly depend on the scoring system chosen.
Embolization with steel coils using a saline flush technique
Authors: Makita Kohzoh , Furui Shigeru , Irie Toshiyuki , Hirata Junnichi , Yamauchi Teiyuh , Tsuchiya Kazuhiro , Takenaka Eiichi , Ohtomo Kuni , Ibukuro Kenji 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method using saline flush to push Gianturco steel coils through catheters is described, and has been successfully used in 45 patients. The saline flush technique requires no precise matching of coils and catheters, solves problems associated with the conventional method and simplifies the coil embolization procedure.
Response of the mouse mediastinum to single and fractionated X-rays
Authors: Hirn-Stadler B. , Wbra F. , Fowler J. F. , Rojas A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The acute oesophageal response, after localized mediastinal irradiation in unanaesthetized mice, was assessed with a sequential, non-invasive and clinically orientated assay. Changes in body weight, after single and fractionated X-ray doses (8 fractions in 8 or 15 days and 4 fractions in 4 or 13 days), were recorded and the nadir of weight loss for each regime was used as the end-point. In our studies, quantal and non-quantal analyses of the weight loss data gave good dose–response relationships. The shapes of the dose–effect curves for single doses, 4F/4 days and 8F/8 days showed a remarkable degree of radioresistance, which became less apparent when the overall time was increased to 13 and 15 days for 4 and 8 fractions, respectively. The α/β values (7–17 Gy) are within the range found for other acutely responding normal tissues. Histopathological changes were also assessed and the structural changes observed in the oesophageal epithelium, after a single dose of 34 Gy or after 46 Gy given as 3F/6 days, correlated with the gross changes observed in body weight.
Duplex ultrasound of the common femoral vein in pregnancy and puerperium
Authors: Duddy M. J. , McHugo J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The common femoral veins of 34 apparently normal women were examined by ultrasound during or just after pregnancy. The cross sectional areas of these veins were measured at rest in the supine position and during a Valsalva manoeuvre. The veins were also assessed by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. We believe that Doppler examination is superior to calibre response assessment during the Valsalva manoeuvre in excluding an isolated iliac occlusion in women in late pregnancy and in early puerperium.
The use of real-time ultrasound in the management of scrotal trauma
Authors: Lewis Carolyn A. , Michell Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
27 patients were studied with real-time ultrasound following severe scrotal trauma. 22 (81.5%) had ultrasound features of scrotal trauma and, of these, five (18.5%) had signs of testicular rupture. Four of these five patients underwent surgery following ultrasound. This confirmed the diagnosis of rupture and the testes were repaired. Ultrasound should be offered to all patients presenting with scrotal trauma to select patients with testicular rupture for surgery.
Fascioliasis: findings in 15 patients
Authors: Pulpeiro J. R. , Armesto V. , Varela J. , Corredoira J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The clinical and radiological features of 15 cases of fascioliasis are reported. Pleural effusion, associated with pulmonary infiltrates or ascites, was observed in two patients. Computed tomography (CT) was the most useful imaging method, showing small nodules and linear tracks within the liver parenchyma which were hypodense on non-enhanced scans, remaining hypodense or becoming isodense with normal liver after contrast medium administration. After successful treatment lesions decreased in number and size and finally disappeared or calcified. Lesions increased or remained unchanged when treatment failed to control the disease.
Dosimetric accuracy at low monitor unit settings
Authors: Das Indra J. , Kase Kenneth R. , Tello Victor M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dosimetric accuracies at low monitor units are evaluated for linear accelerators from various manufacturers. A large error is observed in the majority of the accelerators. The error can be positive or negative. Although the error can exceed 20% for the first few monitor units, it is usually less than 5% when more than 10 monitor units are delivered. When low doses are required proper precautions should be taken for dosimetric accuracy including the beam energy, beam flatness and dose per monitor unit.
Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Stroudley Jessica , Walsh Margaret 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Videofluoroscopy was used to examine swallowing in 24 patients with Parkinson's disease and dysphagia. Motility patterns for liquids, semi-solidsand solid foods were classified into oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases. Abnormalities in swallowing were demonstrated in 92% of patients in the oral phase, 54% in the pharyngeal phase and 8% in the oesophageal phase. Tracheal aspiration occurred in 46%. These abnormalities were more marked with liquids than with semi-solids or solids. Abnormalities of swallowing are common in Parkinsonian patients with dysphagia.Videofluoroscopy is the appropriate method of investigation.
Concomitant chemo/radiotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Macmillan C. H. , Carrick K. , Bradley P. J. , Morgan D. A. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Giving chemotherapy and radiotherapy simultaneously (concomitant therapy) is one approach to improving results in advanced head and neck cancer. To assess the feasibility of one such regimen, 25 patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil, 1 g/m2 per 24 h for Days 1–5 (105 h) and mitomycin-C 14 mg/m2intravenously on Day 3 during the first week of radiotherapy. Twenty had Stage IV disease; four Stage III; and one Stage II. Ages ranged from 21 to 73 years (median 60 years). The tumours involved were as follows: oral cavity (6); nasopharynx (8); oropharynx (5); secondary node from unknown primary (3); hypopharynx (2); paranasal sinus (1). Radiotherapy was delivered as 10 Gy per week (total dose 60–70 Gy). Chemotherapy was well tolerated and all received the intended dose. Mild nausea occurred in five patients and three experienced transient vomiting. A generalized “early” mucositis affected 16 out of 25 (64%), caused interruption of radiotherapy in three patients, and is thought to be chemotherapy related. Twenty-two patients received the dose of radiotherapy intended, and two stopped prematurely at 53 and 56 Gy. Three episodes of neutropaenic infection occurred. Two recovered uneventfully, but one toxic death occurred in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis. A complete response was seen in 21 (84%). For 17 patients with non-nasopharyngeal carcinoma the 2-year survival is 40%, 24%disease free. The concomitant use of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin and radiotherapy is well tolerated in this group of patients.
Chest radiograph scoring system for use in pre-term infants
Authors: Yuksel B. , Greenough A. , Karani J. , Page A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A scoring system to characterize the pre-term infant's chest radiograph appearance has been evaluated. Chest radiographs taken at 1 month of age in 20 infants (median gestational age 27 weeks) were scored according to abnormalities of lung volume, presence of opacification, interstitial changes and cystic elements (maximum score 17). The median score was 4 (range 1–14); the highest scores were for the only infants with cystic elements and/or interstitial changes on their chest radiographs. The scoring system documented accurately the severity of neonatal respiratory distress; the highest scores occurred in those infants requiring the most prolonged respiratory support, i.e. ventilated beyond 1 week of age (p &lt; 0.01) and oxygendependent beyond 1 month (p &lt; 0.01). It was also a useful predictor of chronic respiratory problems, with an 88% sensitivity in the detection of infants with the most severe lung function abnormalities at 6 months of age.
Computed tomography attenuation measurements for the characterization of hepatic haemangiomas
Authors: Whitehouse R. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The attenuation values of 21 hepatic haemangiomas in 19 patients were measured on non-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans and compared with the attenuation of adjacent liver and the inferior vena cava (IVC). The attenuation of hepatic haemangiomas was lower than that of the surrounding liver, but there was no correlation between these two measurements. There was a highly significant correlation between the attenuation of haemangiomas and blood in the vena cava (r = 0.905, p &lt; 0.001). All the haemangiomas had attenuations within 7 HU of caval blood. By comparison, in 34 hypodense hepatic lesions that did not show contrast-enhanced appearances characteristic of haemangioma, there was no significant correlation between the attenuation of the lesions and the IVC. Nineteen (56%) of these lesions had attenuations differing more than 7 HU from that of caval blood. The influence of this observation on the requirement for dynamic contrast-medium-enhanced and delayed post-contrast CT in the assessment of hepatic lesions is discussed.
Registration of MR and CT images for skull base surgery using point-like anatomical features
Authors: Hill D. L. G. , Hawkes D. J. , Crossman J. E. , Gleeson M. J. , Cox T. C. S. , Bracey E. E. C. M. L. , Strong A. J. , Graves P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have developed a registration technique for combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) images of the skull base for use in surgical planning. The technique is based on user identification of point-like landmarks visible in both modalities. The combination of images involves a small amount of expert interaction, is relatively quick and preliminary evaluation indicates that it is accurate to within 1.5 mm. Registered or fused images can be viewed either on an image processing workstation, or fused images can be printed onto conventional film for convenience in clinical use. We present one patient in order to demonstrate the technique's indications and advantages.
Late enhancement of the left ventricular wall in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by ultrafast computed tomography: a comparison with regional myocardial thickening
Authors: Saito Haruo , Naito Hiroaki , Takamiya Makoto , Hamada Seiki , Imakita Satoshi , Ohta Mitsushige 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eight patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were examined by ultrafast computed tomography (UFCT) to investigate the relationship between late enhancement (LE) of the left ventricular (LV) wall after injection of contrast medium and the variations between minimum and maximum wall thickness of the LV. Late enhancement was usually found as a patchy, stained area in the myocardium on delayed phase volume mode images of UFCT. Out of 48 LV segments of the patients with HCM, 21 had LE. Normalized percentage regional wall thickening in the segments that had LE was significantly less than that in the segments that did not have LE (63.6 ± 44.5% and 137.6 ± 54.6%, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). This may reflect abnormal myocardial architecture.