bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgCAMs redundantly control axon navigation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Schwarz Valentin , Pan Jie , Voltmer-Irsch Susanne , Hutter Harald 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Background
Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgCAMs) form one of the largest and most diverse families of adhesion molecules and receptors in the nervous system. Many members of this family mediate contact and communication among neurons during development. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome contains a comparatively small number of IgCAMs, most of which are evolutionarily conserved and found across all animal phyla. Only some of these have been functionally characterized so far.

Results
We systematically analyzed previously uncharacterized IgCAMs in C. elegans. Green fluorescent protein reporter constructs of 12 IgCAMs revealed that expression generally is not confined to a single tissue and that all tissues express at least one of the IgCAMs. Most IgCAMs were expressed in neurons. Within the nervous system significant overlap in expression was found in central components of the motor circuit, in particular the command interneurons, ventral cord motoneurons as well as motoneurons innervating head muscles. Sensory neurons are underrepresented among the cells expressing these IgCAMs. We isolated mutations for eight of the genes showing neuronal expression. Phenotypic analysis of single mutants revealed limited neuronal defects, in particular axon navigation defects in some of the mutants. Systematic genetic interaction studies uncovered two cases of functional overlap among three and four genes, respectively. A strain combining mutations in all eight genes is viable and shows no additional defects in the neurons that were analyzed, suggesting that genetic interactions among those genes are limited.

Conclusion
Genetic interactions involving multiple IgCAMs affecting axon outgrowth demonstrate functional overlap among IgCAMs during nervous system development.
Treatment of malignant tumors of the skull base with multi-session radiosurgery
Authors: Coppa Nicholas D , Raper Daniel MS , Zhang Ying , Collins Brian T , Harter K William , Gagnon Gregory J , Collins Sean P , Jean Walter C 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Objective
Malignant tumors that involve the skull base pose significant challenges to the clinician because of the proximity of critical neurovascular structures and limited effectiveness of surgical resection without major morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of multi-session radiosurgery in patients with malignancies of the skull base.

Methods
Clinical and radiographic data for 37 patients treated with image-guided, multi-session radiosurgery between January 2002 and December 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Lesions were classified according to involvement with the bones of the base of the skull and proximity to the cranial nerves.

Results
Our cohort consisted of 37 patients. Six patients with follow-up periods less than four weeks were eliminated from statistical consideration, thus leaving the data from 31 patients to be analyzed. The median follow-up was 37 weeks. Ten patients (32%) were alive at the end of the follow-up period. At last follow-up, or the time of death from systemic disease, tumor regression or stable local disease was observed in 23 lesions, representing an overall tumor control rate of 74%. For the remainder of lesions, the median time to progression was 24 weeks. The median progression-free survival was 230 weeks. The median overall survival was 39 weeks. In the absence of tumor progression, there were no cranial nerve, brainstem or vascular complications referable specifically to CyberKnife® radiosurgery.

Conclusion
Our experience suggests that multi-session radiosurgery for the treatment of malignant skull base tumors is comparable to other radiosurgical techniques in progression-free survival, local tumor control, and adverse effects.
Word Study Instruction in the K–2 Classroom
Authors: Williams Cheri , Phillips‐Birdsong Colleen , Hufnagel Krissy , Hungler Diane , Lundstrom Ruth P. 
Published: April 2009

This article describes nine tips for implementing a word study program in the K‐2 classroom. These tips are based on the results of four classroom‐based qualitative research projects collaboratively conducted by a university professor and four primary‐grade teacher‐researchers. The article suggests that through small‐group word study instruction and hands‐on word work activities, K‐2 teachers can keep students motivated and engaged in learning about the English spelling system.تقدم هذه المقالة تسعة اقتراحات لتنفيذ برنامج دراسة الكلام في الصفوف من الروضة حتى الصف الثاني الابتدائي. إذ تبني هذه الاقتراحات على أساس نتائج أربعة مشاريع منفذة في الصف من النوع الكيفي شارك فيها أستاذ جامعي وأربعة معلمي مدرسة ابتدائية. وتقترح المقالة أن من خلال تعليم دراسة الكلام في مجموعات صغيرة مستخدمة أنشطة عملية تعاونية يستطيع المعلمون من الروضة حتى الصف الثاني أن يجعلوا الطلاب متحمسين ومنشغلين في نظام التهجئة الإنجليزية.本文描述在幼儿园到小学二年级课堂里实施一项单字学习计划的九个要诀。这些要诀是基于四个以教室为本位的质的研究计划所得的结果，该研究计划是由一名大学教授与四名小学教师研究者协作进行。本文认为通过小组形式的单字学习教导和动手做的单字练习活动，幼儿园到小学二年级的教师可以帮助维持对学习英语拼写系统的动机与投入。Cet article présente neuf conseils pour mettre en place un programme d'étude du vocabulaire dans une classe de deuxième année. Ces conseils proviennent des conclusions de quatre projets de recherche qualitative dans la classe, conduits en collaboration entre un professeur d'université et quatre chercheurs‐enseignants de première année. Cet article suggère qu'au moyen d'un enseignement du vocabulaire en petit groupe et des activités pratiques sur les mots, les enseignants de deuxième année peuvent maintenir la motivation des élèves et leur investissement dans des apprentissages relatifs au système d'écriture de l'anglais.В статье предлагаются девять советов по обучению лексике в первых‐вторых классах начальной школы. Это советы основаны на результатах четырех качественных исследований, совместно проведенных профессором университета и четырьмя учителями начальных классов. Они пришли к выводу, что изучение слов в малых группах и активная практика их применения мотивируют учащихся и позволяют эффективно работать над сложной английской орфографией в начальной школе.Este artículo describe nueve consejos que se pueden usar para implementar un programa de estudio de vocabulario en los grados del K‐2. Estos consejos surgieron de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación cualitativo de cuatro salones de clase que fue conducido por un profesor universitario y cuatro maestros‐investigadores de primer grado. Este artículo sugiere que, por medio de la instrucción a nivel de grupos pequeños y de actividades prácticas, los maestros de K‐2 pueden mantener el interés y la motivación de los estudiantes en la ortografía del inglés.
Surfactant Protein D and KL-6 as Serum Biomarkers of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Scleroderma
Authors: HANT FAYE N. , LUDWICKA-BRADLEY ANNA , WANG HE-JING , LI NING , ELASHOFF ROBERT , TASHKIN DONALD P. , SILVER RICHARD M. 
Published: April 2009

Objective.To assess whether serum concentrations of surfactant protein D (SP-D) and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), glycoproteins expressed by type II pneumocytes, correlate with the presence of “alveolitis” and measures of lung function in patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS).Methods.Serum obtained at baseline screening of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) in the SLS was assayed. “Alveolitis” was defined by either bronchoalveolar lavage or thoracic high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) by SLS criteria. SP-D and KL-6 levels were measured by ELISA in 66 SSc patients (44 with “alveolitis,” 22 without “alveolitis”) and in 10 healthy controls. These were compared to clinical measures of lung disease and “alveolitis” in the SLS patients.Results.SP-D levels were 300 ± 214 ng/ml (mean ± SD) in the SSc patients compared to 40 ± 51 ng/ml in controls (p < 0.0001). KL-6 levels were 1225 ± 984 U/ml in the SSc patients and 333 ± 294 U/ml in controls (p < 0.0001). SSc patients with “alveolitis” had higher levels of both SP-D and KL-6 than those without “alveolitis.” The level of SP-D was 353 ± 219 ng/ml in patients with “alveolitis” and 161 ± 143 ng/ml without “alveolitis” (p = 0.0002). The level of KL-6 was 1458 ± 1070 U/ml in patients with “alveolitis” and 640 ± 487 U/ml without “alveolitis” (p = 0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of both SP-D and KL-6 for the determination of “alveolitis.” KL-6 and SP-D were positively correlated with maximum fibrosis scores, but not with maximum ground-glass opacities, on HRCT.Conclusion.Serum levels of SP-D and KL-6 appear to be indicative of “alveolitis” in SSc patients as defined by the SLS, and are significantly higher than in SSc patients without “alveolitis.” Serum SP-D and KL-6 may serve as noninvasive serological means of assessing interstitial lung disease in patients with SSc.
Implementation of Z-Scores as an Age- and Sex-independent Parameter for Estimating Joint Space Widths in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: PFEIL ALEXANDER , SCHÄFER MAX L. , LEHMANN GABRIELE , SEIDL BETTINA E. , EIDNER THORSTEN , MALICH ANSGAR , RENZ DIANE M. , OELZNER PETER , HANSCH ANDREAS , WOLF GUNTER , HEIN GERT , KAISER WERNER A. , BÖTTCHER JOACHIM 
Published: April 2009

Objective.To compare normative data of joint space distances (JSD) with the JSD of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as measured by computer-aided joint space analysis (CAJSA) at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) articulations, and to differentiate age- and sex-related alterations from the disease-related joint space narrowing.Methods.In total, 256 healthy subjects and 248 patients with verified RA (following revised ACR criteria) underwent computerized semiautomated measurements of JSD (CAJSA, version 1.3.6) at the MCP articulation (JSD-MCP) based on digital radiographs. The Z-score, a comparative parameter that differentiates joint space alterations caused by RA-related cartilage destruction from age- and sex-related changes, was calculated.Results.Our data showed a relationship between measured joint space widths (MCP total and MCP thumb to little finger) and age for healthy subjects and also the RA group. The RA group revealed an age-related joint space narrowing that was surpassed by the RA-related narrowing of joint space widths classified by Sharp joint space narrowing score and resulting in smaller Z-scores for RA patients.Conclusion.The CAJSA technique seems to distinguish age-related JSD changes in healthy volunteers from RA-induced alterations. In addition the Z-score was also able to differentiate RA-dependent narrowing of JSD. Calculation of the Z-scores based on sex- and age-specific reference data may facilitate earlier identification of patients with RA, allowing initiation of a more optimal, individually adapted therapeutic strategy.
The Atypical Chemokine Receptor D6 Contributes to the Development of Experimental Colitis
Authors: Bordon Yvonne , Hansell Chris A. H. , Sester David P. , Clarke Mairi , Mowat Allan McI. , Nibbs Robert J. B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProinflammatory CC chemokines control leukocyte recruitment and function during inflammation by engaging chemokine receptors expressed on circulating leukocytes. The D6 chemokine receptor can bind several of these chemokines, but appears unable to couple to signal transduction pathways or direct cell migration. Instead, D6 has been proposed to act as a chemokine scavenger, removing proinflammatory chemokines to dampen leukocyte responses. In this study, we have examined the role of D6 in the colon using the dextran sodium sulfate-induced model of colitis. We show that D6 is expressed in the resting colon, predominantly by stromal cells and B cells, and is up-regulated during colitis. Unexpectedly, D6-deficient mice showed reduced susceptibility to colitis and had less pronounced clinical symptoms associated with this model. D6 deletion had no impact on the level of proinflammatory CC chemokines released from cultured colon explants, or on the balance of leukocyte subsets recruited to the inflamed colon. However, late in colitis, inflamed D6-deficient colons showed enhanced production of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-17A, and there was a marked increase in IL-17A-secreting γδ T cells in the lamina propria. Moreover, Ab-mediated neutralization of IL-17A worsened the clinical symptoms of colitis at these later stages of the response in D6-deficient, but not wild-type, mice. Thus, D6 can contribute to the development of colitis by regulating IL-17A secretion by γδ T cells in the inflamed colon.
Mémoire de travail à long terme : quelle est l’utilité de ce concept ? Émergence, concurrence et bilan de la théorie d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995)
Authors: Guida Alessandro , Tardieu Hubert , Nicolas Serge 
Published: April 2009

Résumé La théorie de la mémoire de travail à long terme d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995) avance l’idée que, grâce à l’expertise dans un domaine, les individus sont capables d’utiliser une partie de leur mémoire à long terme comme mémoire de travail. Nous avons essayé d’évaluer l’utilité de cette notion en nous centrant sur trois points : (1) en présentant la théorie des chunks et les limitations théoriques qui ont conduit à la proposition de mémoire de travail à long terme ; (2) en mettant en avant l’impact heuristique de la théorie d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995) au travers des expériences réalisées après sa parution ; et (3) en confrontant la théorie de la mémoire de travail à long terme avec des théories parentes, afin d’évaluer l’impact des idées qui sont au cœur de cette théorie.
Les fonctions du langage chez la personne aveugle. Méta-analyse de la relation entre connaissance et langage
Authors: Galiano Anna R. , Portalier Serge 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Dans cet article nous allons comparer la thèse de l’expérience visuelle directe dans la genèse des capacités cognitives (voie directe) et la thèse de l’expérience langagière pour pallier le handicap dérivé du déficit visuel (voie indirecte). Dans un premier moment, nous présentons de manière critique les études philosophiques et psychologiques qui avalisent l’une ou l’autre thèse et les interprétations des résultats selon la position épistémologique assumée par les auteurs. Ensuite, nous mettons l’accent sur la double fonction du langage chez la personne adulte, aveugle de naissance, et sur son implication dans d’autres canaux de connaissance comme le système haptique. Nous nous référons aux fonctions de source de connaissance et de canal de transmission de ces connaissances. En conclusion, nous nous proposons de lancer un débat épistémologique et méthodologique sur deux principaux aspects : approfondir les connaissances liées au fonctionnement du langage et de son importance dans la genèse des connaissances, et amorcer de nouvelles pistes pour une évaluation du langage capable de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité de la population des personnes aveugles.
Fluorescent Logic Gates Chemically Attached to Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Mu Lixuan , Shi Wensheng , She Guangwei , Chang Jack C. , Lee Shuit‐Tong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDurch Verankern einer Dansyleinheit auf Siliciumnanodrähten (SiNWs; siehe Bild) wurde ein chemisch gesteuertes, fluoreszierendes Logikgatter erhalten. Das Logikgatter nutzte pH‐Änderungen sowie HgII‐ und Cl−‐ oder Br−‐Ionen als Eingabe und die Fluoreszenz der modifizierten SiNWs als Ausgabesignal. Die modifizierten SiNWs konnten als Logikgatter mit drei Eingaben die Operationen YES und INH kombinieren.magnified image
Einfluss einer einzelnen Aminosäure auf den Reaktionsmechanismus von Ammonium‐Lyasen und ‐Mutasen
Authors: Bartsch Sebastian , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlle Wege führen nach Rom? Modeling und kinetische Messungen identifizierten eine Aminosäure in Phe/Tyr‐Ammonium‐Lyasen (PAL/TAL), die kontrolliert, ob die Reaktion über einen Friedel‐Crafts‐ oder einen E1cB‐Mechanismus verläuft. So führt Glu484 in pcPAL zum Friedel‐Crafts‐Typ (siehe Bild; MIO=4‐Methylidenimidazol‐5‐on) und ein Asn in TAL zu einer Eliminierung. Zudem wurden eine PAL‐Mutante und eine TAL mit Aktivität für einen Aminoalkohol erhalten.magnified image
Methylolation of melamine with incipient condensation. I. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Nicolau V. V. , Martinelli M. , Strumia M. C. , Estenoz D. A. , Meira G. R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis work investigates five reactions between melamine (M) and formaldehyde (F) at pH = 9.0, and with initial F : M ratios of 2. The samples were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), volumetric techniques, and (1H and 13C) NMR. Condensation was quantified by the SEC measurements. In the experiments at 38 and 48°C, condensation was almost negligible, and the reversibility of methylolation reactions determined that equilibriums were reached in the ratios between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. In the experiments at 60, 70, and 90°C, condensation was significant, but in all cases, the mass fraction of single‐ringed species was larger than that of species with two or more rings per molecule. The following were estimated by combining the SEC and volumetric measurements: number‐average molecular weights, and average functionalities of reactive H's, methylols, methylene bridges, and ether bridges. The dissolution of M in water was essentially instantaneous. The measurements are employed in the next article of this series for adjusting a novel mathematical model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the structure of nylon 6 films iodinated before forming. III. Fine structure variation of the amorphous film through deiodination
Authors: Shin Eun Joo , Lee Sun Hee , Lee Ju Yoen , Lee Yang Hun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAmorphous nylon 6 film iodinated before forming with an aqueous solution of 1.0N iodine–potassium iodide (I2/KI) was deiodinated by dipping in water/ethylene glycol (EG) solutions of sodium thiosulfate with various EG contents and temperatures, washed with water, and dried at ambient condition. Structural variation through deiodination and the effects of the deiodination conditions were investigated by X‐ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The degree of swelling of the films immediately after deiodination and the time required to complete the deiodination were generally increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing temperature and EG content. The amorphous iodinated film was crystallized through deiodination. The α‐crystal formation became easier with increasing temperature and EG content in the solution. The crystallinity of the films was higher after drying than before drying, suggesting that the drying induced further crystallization without any significant conversion of crystal type. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
New anthracene‐containing phenylene‐ or thienylene‐vinylene copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, photophysics, and photovoltaics
Authors: Vellis Panagiotis D. , Mikroyannidis John A. , Bagnis Diego , Valentini Luca , Kenny Josè M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFour new conjugated alternating vinylene‐copolymers, PAP6, PAT, PA, and TAT, incorporating anthracene rings along the backbone were synthesized by Heck coupling. They were very soluble in common organic solvents and absorbed at the range of 300–500 nm with optical band gaps of 2.38–2.47 eV. They behaved in solution as green emitters, with maximum photoluminescence at 455–518 nm. Finally, these soluble copolymers were used as donor material to realize bulk heterojunction solar cell with (6,6)‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester as the acceptor. More efficient photovoltaic cells were obtained from the copolymer that carried hexyloxy than dodecyloxy side groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Soluble InP and GaP Nanowires: Self‐Seeded, Solution–Liquid–Solid Synthesis and Electrical Properties
Authors: Liu Zhaoping , Sun Kai , Jian Wen‐Bin , Xu Dan , Lin Yen‐Fu , Fang Jiye 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA facile, self‐seeded, solution–liquid–solid growth of soluble InP and GaP nanowires with a very low amount of native point defects with respect to the carrier concentrations have been synthesized (see scheme) and characterized. They are potentially promising building blocks in optoelectronic applications.magnified imageWe demonstrate a facile method for self‐seeded, solution–liquid–solid growth of soluble InP and GaP nanowires at a temperature of ≈300 °C. Both types of nanowires are single crystals with very small diameters. The synthesized InP nanowires are almost defect‐free, whereas the GaP nanowires have some microtwins. The effect of reaction temperatures and input ligand/III/V (III and V indicate elements of Group 13 and 15 respectively) ratios on wire formation is discussed, and two competitive chemical pathways involved in the nanowire formation are proposed. In addition, electrical properties of these III–V nanowires, generated from the solution‐based approach, were investigated for the first time. The current‐voltage (I–V) and room temperature resistance investigations indicate that both InP and GaP nanowires possess very low native point defects for carrier concentrations and they could be potentially promising building blocks in optoelectronic applications.
Understanding the Effect of Corners: Adsorption of Fluids in Three Different Shapes of Nanopores
Authors: SHAO Xiaohong , MA Congcong , CAO Dapeng , WANG Wenchuan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdsorption of nitrogen, hydrogen and methane in square and rectangular nanopores of various sizes has been studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC). By comparison of three kinds of potential models, it was found that the site‐site model was more rational, which was therefore used in the work. Adsorption behavior of fluids in square, rectangular and cylindrical pores at T=77 K was compared. Prewetting was found in the corners of the square and rectangular pores, which is absent in the cylindrical pores. Adsorption of hydrogen and methane in the three kinds of pores was compared. Among them, the adsorption uptake of hydrogen in the square pore is highest, especially at low pressures, because the effect of potential superposition in the "corners" makes an important contribution to hydrogen adsorption. The results indicate that the presence of corners has a profound effect upon the adsorption and phase behavior of fluids at low pressures.
Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of Complex Bis[2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazapentadienato]Cu(II) Synthesized in situ
Authors: XIE Xiaofeng , CHEN Sanping , WEN Zhengyi , GAO Shengli 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe hydrothermal in situ reaction of 4‐nitrobenzonitrile, ammonia and Cu(II) salts yielded complex bis‐[2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐ triazapentadienato]copper(II), which was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectrum, 1H NMR spectrum and TGA analysis. X‐ray structural analysis revealed that Cu(II) ion was coordinated by four N‐terminal atoms from two 2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazapentadienato ligands forming a tetra‐planar geometry. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory were employed in order to explicate the thermodynamic stability of the complex.
Naphtho[1′,2′:5,6] pyrano[2,3‐c] pyrazole derivatives
Authors: Roma Giorgio , Ermili Aldo , Mazzei Mauro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of 1‐oxo‐3‐dialkylamino‐1 H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans with N,N‐dimethylformamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded the corresponding 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐dialkyl‐amino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans.Condensation of 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐dimethylamino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran with hydrazine or monosubstituted hydrazines was found to lead to the formation of 8‐alkyl(aryl)‐1 1‐oxo‐8H,1 1H‐naplitho[1′,2′:5,6] pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles through the intermediate hydrazones and subsequent cyclization. The same result was achieved starting from other 3‐dialkylamino derivatives but in a lower yield.