bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical classification of the toxicity and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of sediments from a highly industrialized seaport
Authors: Alden Raymond W. , Butt Arthur J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Data from a comprehensive series of toxicity bioassays and chemical surveys were analyzed by discriminant analysis to statistically classify sediment quality in the Port of Hampton Roads, Virginia. A consensus “map” indicating sediment quality was developed to classify stations into “clean” vs. “contaminated” groups. The “clean” group, which produced few biological effects, included stations with low levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while significant biological effects were associated with “contaminated” sediments containing high levels of PAHs. The statistical analysis clearly indicated different characteristic patterns of PAHs in the various geographic regions. Both the toxicological and PAH data indicated a change in the sediment quality between dredging operations. The multivariate statistical approach to the classification of sediment quality has been shown to provide an effective, objective means of evaluating dredged materials being considered for ocean disposal.
Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of chemically induced liver damage in rainbow trout
Authors: Dixon D. G. , Hodson P. V. , Kaiser K. L. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The utility of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity (SSDH) to diagnose chemically induced liver damage in fish was assessed with rainbow trout. The assay was both precise and repeatable and was unaffected by long-term sample storage in liquid nitrogen, by fish weight, by sex, or by fasting. Exposure of trout to phenol, p-chlorophenol, p-phenoxyphenol, carbon tetrachloride, or copper injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) or added to water, caused an exposure-dependent increase in SSDH activity. Peak activity occurred 48 h after the start of exposure. Cyanide had no effect on SSDH activity, consistent with previous observations of no hepatotoxicity. The response to toxic chemicals was unaffected by impaired liver function induced by preexposure to excessive levels of dietary carbohydrate. Elevated SSDH activity was strongly correlated to decreased serum protein levels. Hepatic lesions visible at the light-microscope level were observed with waterborne toxicant exposure; parenchymatous edema was closely associated with increased liver somatic index (LSI). With i.p. dosing, however, biochemical lesions preceded histopathology since no visible lesions or changes in LSI were associated with toxicant exposure. Therefore, SSDH activity provides a good, reliable indicator of sublethal hepatotoxicity in studies of chemical effects on fish.
Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in the japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Schell John D. , Cooper Kathryn O. , Cooper Keith R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Growing interest in the use of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small aquarium fish, for carcinogenicity and toxicological studies necessitates an understanding of their xenobiotic metabolizing capabilities. Historically, hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity has been characterized using inducing agents such as beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). Hepatic cytochrome P450, 7-ethoxy-resorufin o-deethylase (EROD) activity, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were increased in male and female adult medaka following dietary exposure to BNF. In noninduced male and female adult medaka, EROD activity was not detectable. The EROD activity of the male medaka increased to 1.05 nmol/min/mg protein on day 4. Female EROD activity reached a maximum of 0.65 nmol/min/mg protein on day 2. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in the males increased from a control level of 33.02 to 81.9 nmol/min/mg protein by day 4 of BNF exposure. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in females reached a maximum rate of 63.4 nmol/min/mg protein within 48 h of exposure, but returned to noninduced levels (49.6 nmol/min/mg protein) by day 4. Cytochrome P 450 concentration, liver-to-body-weight ratios, and microsomal protein concentration increased in a time-dependent fashion for both sexes following BNF exposure.
A discussion of chemical equilibria and transport at the sediment-water interface
Authors: Reuber Barbara , Mackay Donald , Paterson Sally , Stokes Pamela 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The kinetic and equilibrium processes influencing the behavior of organic contaminants in the vicinity of the sediment-water interface are discussed. These processes include sorption, sediment deposition and resuspension, diffusive and convective movement of contaminants in pore water, and bioturbation. A series of relatively simple mathematical models is presented to illustrate some expected relationships between water and sediment and biota (fish) concentrations. Some implications of these relationships for chemical behavior and bioavailability in aquatic systems are discussed.
Developmental toxicity of four model alkylating agents on japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos
Authors: Solomon Frances P. , Faustman Elaine M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
As public and scientific interest increases in identifying in vitro alternatives to whole-animal testing, there is a need to characterize the responses of in vitro systems to defined chemical agents. In this paper we have utilized the medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo culture system to examine the developmental toxicity of a series of chemically defined model alkylating agents. The medaka embryo culture system was used because it offers numerous advantages over other in vitro embryo systems. This study has examined the developmental toxicity of four model alkylating agents: methylnitrosourea (MNU), ethylnitrosourea (ENU), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). These alkylating agents represent chemical models for compounds that are environmental and occupational pollutants. The embryotoxic parameters that were monitored include embryolethality and specific malformations. Medaka embryos in early organogenesis (stage 20) were exposed for 2 h to the test compound at concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 120 mM. The embryos were cultured at 20°C in Petri dishes and were assessed daily for viability and gross malformations until hatching. All agents tested produced concentration-dependent decreases in viability and increases in malformations. The developmental toxicity of the four alkylating agents examined is, in order of decreasing potency, MNU &gt; ENU &gt; MMS &gt; EMS. A similar spectrum of malformations was produced following exposure to each alkylating agent; however, agents undergoing first-order nucleophilic substitution reactions were more potent developmental toxins than those agents which undergo second-order nucleophilic substitution reactions. Observed abnormalities included flexure, cardiac, optic, and cephalic malformations.
Reduced lethality of Al, Zn and Cu mixtures to american flagfish by complexation with humic substances in acidified soft waters
Authors: Hutchinson Neil J. , Sprague John B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Acute lethality of Al/Zn/Cu mixtures to fry of American flagfish (Jordanella floridae) was reduced by factors of 2.1 to 14.5 in water of pH 5.8 from four lakes of the Canadian Shield, compared to lethality in synthetic soft water. Test waters ranged from clear to dark brown but were otherwise similar. LC50s for total Al/Zn/Cu were correlated with several measurements of humic substances in the lakes, including total organic carbon (TOC), absorbance at 310 nm (A310), color, and Secchi depth. Dialysis techniques showed that toxicity of Al and Cu was reduced by complexation with high-molecular-weight (MW) (&gt; 1,000) humic substances in the colored water. Zn was present mainly as low-MW forms and effects of complexation on its lethality were not resolved. Regressions predicted that survival of early life-stages of fish is doubtful in acidified, soft-water lakes containing less than 2.2 mg/L of TOC or in which A310 &lt;0.016. Changes in trace-metal lethality associated with TOC were greater than those associated with changes in total hardness.
Aluminum toxicity and speciation in soil liquids—experiments with Allium cepa L
Authors: Berggren Dan , Fiskesjö Geirid 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Allium cepa L. was grown in soil liquids from beech, birch, and spruce stands of south Sweden. Root growth, cytology, and morphology at different concentrations and speciation of aluminum were studied. A strong cation exchange resin was used to discriminate between toxic and nontoxic species of Al.
Root growth was inhibited in all soil liquids compared to controls and was nonlinearly related to the total Al concentration. Cytological changes (i.e., release of nucleolar material into the cytoplasm) were found in certain root tip cells and appeared over the whole Al concentration range of the soil liquids studied. The ion exchange method investigated was able to discriminate between toxic and nontoxic Al in the soil liquid from the mor layer of a podzol (dissolved organic carbon content = 80 mg/L). Labile Al, predominantly corresponding to inorganic monomeric Al forms, made up the toxic Al fraction.
An evaluation of avian impact assessment techniques following broad-scale forest insecticide sprays
Authors: Mineau Pierre , Peakall David B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We briefly review methods for assessing the impact of forest insecticide spray programs on forest songbirds and discuss the applicabilities of various census techniques. Data obtained on brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) levels in live birds collected postspray are reanalyzed. We conclude that these data show a severe collection bias in favor of birds with a low (e.g., approximately below 30% from control) level of AChE inhibition. Possible solutions are discussed. Finally, we suggest that multiyear impact assessment studies involving a number of reproductive parameters are needed to evaluate the effects of nonpersistent insecticides on forest songbirds.
Estimating responses of fish populations to toxic contaminants
Authors: Barnthouse Lawrence W. , Suter Glenn W. , Rosen Aaron E. , Beauchamp John J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In assessments of risks of toxic contaminants to fish populations, the endpoints of ultimate interest are the persistence, abundance, and production of populations. In this article we demonstrate a method for expressing toxicity test data obtained from full-life-cycle tests in terms of the same indices used to assess effects of harvesting and power-plant cooling systems on fish populations. Our approach involves fitting the logistic concentration-response function to chronic test data and coupling the functions obtained to a fish life-cycle model. Confidence bands derived from the data quantify uncertainties inherent in predicting population-level effects from (1) full-life-cycle test data for the species of interest, (2) extrapolation of a concentration-response function from an acute LC50 for the species of interest, and (3) extrapolation from an acute LC50 for another species. Using rainbow trout and largemouth bass as representative species, we evaluate the relative importances of three sources of uncertainty contributing to prediction intervals for populationlevel effects. We also compare population-level concentration-response functions to predicted and experimentally derived maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations for five toxic chemicals.
Behavior of mallard ducklings from adults exposed to selenium
Authors: Heinz Gary H. , Gold Lyn G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Pairs of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 1, 2, 4 or 8 ppm selenium in the form of seleno-DL-methionine. Ducklings from these pairs were fed an untreated diet from hatching through 6 d of age, at which time their avoidance of a fright stimulus was tested. Selenium had no effect on the ducklings' response to the fright stimulus.
Seawater challenge testing of coho salmon smolts following exposure to roundup® herbicide
Authors: Mitchell David G. , Chapman Peter M. , Long Timothy J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Concentrations of Roundup® herbicide of up to 10 times those encountered in the environment immediately after aerial application (2.78 mg/L) did not affect 24–h seawater survival; nor did plasma sodium concentration, hematocrit or growth in 10-d exposures with yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Similarly, no abnormal responses were noted when a 10-d freshwater recovery period was provided between the herbicide and seawater exposures. These results indicate that the application of Roundup at the manufacturer's recommended use-rates for forestry management will not adversely affect the ability of coho salmon smolts to adapt to seawater and to osmoregulate normally.
Effects of hardness, alkalinity and pH on the toxicity of pentachlorophenol to selenastrum capricornutum (printz)
Authors: Smith P. D. , Brockway D. L. , Stancil F. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to Selenastrum capricornutum was examined in three different culture media: a hard and a soft form of Freeman's reference water and the algal assay bottle test (AABT) medium (a soft water). The 96-h growth potentials of the media were equal (28–29 mg/L dry wt.) but 96-h EC50s ranged sevenfold: 0.11 mg/L (AABT), 0.15 mg/L (Freeman's soft water) and 0.76 mg/L (Freeman's hard water). Culture media equilibrium pH and 96-h EC50 were strongly correlated (r = 1.00). Evidence is presented that supports the hypothesis that the toxicity of PCP, a weak acid, is due primarily to the concentration of the undissociated species.
Acute bioassays and hazard evaluation of representative contaminants detected in great lakes fish
Authors: Passino Dora R. May , Smith Stephen B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We have provided a hazard ranking for 19 classes of compounds representing many of the nearly 500 organic compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) from the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair. We initially made a provisional hazard ranking based on available published and unpublished information on aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, occurrence and sources. Acute toxicity tests with Daphnia pulex at 17°C in reconstituted hard water were performed with 30 compounds representative of the 19 classes that were highest in the provisional ranking. The resulting toxicity data, along with information on the compounds' occurrence in Great Lakes fish and their sources, were ranked and weighted and then used in calculating the revised hazard ranking. The 10 most hazardous classes, in descending order, are as follows (values shown are mean 48-h EC50s, in μg/ml): arene halides (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT), 0.0011; phthalate esters, 0.133; chlorinated camphenes (toxaphene), 0.0082; polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., dimethyl-naphthalene) and reduced derivatives, 1.01; chlorinated fused polycyclics (e.g., trwzs-nonachlor), 0.022; nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., O-methylhydroxyl-amine), 1.35; alkyl halides (e.g., (bromomethyl)cyclohexene), 10.1; cyclic alkanes (e.g., cyclododecane), 20.9; silicon-containing compounds (e.g., dimethyldiethoxy silane), 1.25; and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (e.g., nicotine), 2.48. We recommend that chronic bioassays be conducted with fish and invertebrates to determine the sublethal effects of the following classes of compounds, for which few toxicity data are available: PAHs, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, other nitrogen-containing compounds, alkyl halides, cyclic alkanes and silicon-containing compounds. Information from these types of studies will aid researchers in determining the possible causal role these contaminants play in the decline and reproductive impairment of Great Lakes fish.
Chromate ion as a reference toxicant for aquatic phytotoxicity tests
Authors: Wang Wuncheng 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To conduct toxicity tests, it is essential to include controls to ascertain the health of the test organisms. The common practice is to include negative controls in every test. That positive controls are not used is perhaps because there is no consensus about the reference toxicant. The objective of this study was to test chromate ion as a candidate for reference toxicant. Two aquatic phytotoxicity tests were performed: a millet root elongation test and a duckweed test.
To the same test species, the Cr(VI) toxic effect was very consistent in repeated experiments. The toxic effects to millet were nearly identical in both deionized water and sewage effluent samples. The toxic effect to duckweed was also highly repeatable in 59 water samples from 18 sample stations. The results suggest that the Cr(VI) ion can be used as a general reference toxicant in river water, lake water or wastewater samples. The concentration-effect relationships, however, are different, depending on the test organisms.
Toxicity of nickel to common duckweed (Lemna minor)
Authors: Wang Wuncheng 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The nickel concentration of 1.0 mg/L in total form has been adopted as the indigenous aquatic life standard. The objective of this study was to test nickel toxicity to duckweed in water samples encompassing a wide variety of water quality. Fifty-nine samples were collected from 18 stations: 10 in Illinois and 8 in neighboring states. Common duckweed, Lemna minor, was exposed to nickel for 96 h. Nickel exhibited the highest phytotoxicity to duckweed in water from the Hayes Creek and Horseshoe Lake stations, the two stations where water contained the lowest hardness, 37 to 78 mg/L as CaCO3. The IC50s for nickel were 0.36 and 0.21 mg/L, respectively. The other 16 stations, combined, showed a mean and standard deviation of 2.5 ± 0.83 mg/L. It is estimated that the nickel ion at a concentration of 1 mg/L can cause a 30% inhibition of duckweed growth in almost all surface waters, and a 70% inhibition in extremely soft waters.
Environmental impact of an aviation kerosene spill on stream water quality in cambria county, Pennsylvania
Authors: Guiney Patrick D. , Sykora Jan L. , Keleti George 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A comprehensive survey of a small Cambria County, Pennsylvania, watershed contaminated by a British Petroleum aviation kerosene leak was conducted from 9 November 1982 until 20 December 1983. The biological data showed evidence of a rapid recolonization process by benthic macroinvertebrates that began at the last two downstream stations shortly after the spill. The recovery at stations located immediately below the spill was delayed because few organisms for repopulation were present in the clean, upstream section and because a drought eliminated most of the biota in the immediate headwaters during 1983. Measurements of species diversity of benthic invertebrates showed that most of the stations in the contaminated sections recovered between June and October 1983. Short-term in situ toxicity bioassays conducted with brook trout in April 1983 showed that the stream was again suitable for restocking with trout. In addition, a fish electroshocking program in May and October 1983 clearly demonstrated that the contaminated sections of the stream had recovered and again supported a diverse fish population, including trout and young-of-the-year minnows and sunfish. The results of chemical analyses and biochemical oxygen demand measurements indicated that the water quality in the contaminated section recovered between 30 November and 14 December 1982.
The major factors that accelerated the recolonization process in the contaminated watershed were (a) immediate and effective cleanup activities; (b) a plentiful source of unpolluted dilution water; (c) the drift of benthic organisms available for recolonization; and (d) the immigration of fish from the unpolluted sections of the watershed.
Microbial activity in soils contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Authors: Arthur Mickey F. , Frea James I. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Soils from Times Beach, Missouri, containing from 8 ng g−1 to 2.4 μg g−1 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were examined for microbial activity. Parameters included enumeration of aerobic eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes; enzymatic assays, including assays for dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, rhodanese, and acid and alkaline phosphatases; and soil respiration (CO2 evolution). The soils were also characterized for organic matter content, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, particle size, and solvent-extractable content. Compared with control soils, the TCDD-contaminated soils showed considerable microbial activity and diversity, suggesting that TCDD is not microbially toxic at these concentrations and/or is not bioavailable.
Biodegradation of three azaarene congeners in river water
Authors: Cassidy Richard A. , Birge Wesley J. , Black Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The biodegradability of three structurally related azaarenes (pyridine, quinoline, and acridine) at various concentrations (which gave 0 to 100% lethality to embryo-larval stages of an indigenous frog species) was determined using a river water die-away test and water collected from the Green River (Newton, KY). HPLC analyses of the amended river water during the 6- to 11-d study revealed rapid removal of pyridine and quinoline at the lower substrate concentrations; however, no change in the acridine concentrations was detected during the 11-d study. Except for the lowest quinoline concentration, the turnover times and latent periods for pyridine and quinoline increased with higher initial concentrations, but the kinetics of microbial oxidation were constant at all but the highest concentrations. The adaptation of previously exposed river flora was determined by respiking degraded waters. When the flora were reexposed to the substrates there was no latent period and the kinetics were superimposable. By tracking the metabolites of quinoline, sequential oxidation of the parent compound to more polar species was demonstrated. It was determined by co-culturing quinoline and acridine that acridine nondegradability was not due to any inhibitory effect that acridine may have on the river flora.
Prediction of consumer product chemical concentrations as a function of publicly owned treatment works treatment type and riverine dilution
Authors: Rapaport Robert A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the United States, effluent from publicly owned treatment works (POTW) becomes diluted in surface waters. These initial concentrations of chemicals in rivers below the effluent outfalls are used as conservative estimates of downstream concentrations. Using computerized U.S. Environmental Protection Agency databases, which include POTW flow rates and receiving water stream flows, dilution factors were determined for activated sludge, trickling filter, and primary treatments as a function of total U.S. POTW discharge and the total number of POTW. Curves were constructed and mathematical functions fitted for POTW flow and number versus dilution factor for each of the treatment types. Using a computer program in which these curves are applied, the fraction of total POTW flow discharged to U.S. rivers and streams that will have a concentration greater than any specified value (e.g., water quality criteria) can be predicted. This procedure will be useful in safety assessments of chemicals discharged to natural waters as components of POTW effluent.