bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiphoton microscopy for structure identification in human prostate and periprostatic tissue: implications in prostate cancer surgery
Authors: Tewari Ashutosh K. , Shevchuk Maria M. , Sterling Joshua , Grover Sonal , Herman Michael , Yadav Rajiv , Mudalair Kumaran , Srivastava Abhishek , Rubin Mark A. , Zipfel Warren R. , Maxfield Frederick R. , Xu Chris , Webb Watt W. , Mukherjee Sushmita 
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Prostate cancer surgery outcomes depend on an optimal balance of three aspects: complete removal of cancerous glands, preservation of nerves for sexual function and of sphincteric structures for urinary control. Current surgical techniques, even with the magnification provided by the robotic stereoscope, are insufficient to identify these structures in the surgical field. Multiphoton microscopy has been shown to produce high contrast images with subcellular resolution in fresh (unprocessed and unstained tissue) utilizing intrinsic tissue emission signals.We provide evidence that Multiphoton microscopy of freshly excised tissue from human radical prostatectomy specimens, without any processing or use of exogenous contrast, can identify all relevant prostatic and periprostatic structures. These include the prostatic acini, the stroma and the capsule, as well as periprostatic fascial structures such as loose connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels and fat, as well as areas of local inflammation. We also show that multiphoton microscopy is able to distinguish between normal prostate gland, those with benign hyperplasia, and those harboring cancer.OBJECTIVE• To test whether multiphoton microscopy (MPM) might allow identification of prostatic and periprostatic structures with magnification and resolution similar to gold standard histopathology.MATERIAL AND METHODS• The present study included 95 robotic radical prostatectomy patients who consented to participate in an Institutional Review Board‐approved study starting in 2007.• The types of specimens used for imaging were excised surgical margins and biopsies, and sections obtained from the excised prostate.• The specimens were imaged with a custom‐built MPM system.• All images were compared with haematoxylin/eosin histopathology of the same specimen.RESULTS• MPM of freshly excised, unprocessed and unstained tissue can identify all relevant prostatic and periprostatic structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, capsule, underlying acini and also pathological changes, including prostate cancer.•  Histological confirmation and correlation of these structures and pathologies have validated the findings of MPM.CONCLUSIONS• MPM shows great promise as a tool for real‐time intra‐surgical histopathology without needing excision or administration of contrast agents.• The results will, however, need to be confirmed in true surgical settings using a miniaturized MPM microendoscope.
Immunogenicity of chloroplast‐derived HIV‐1 p24 and a p24‐Nef fusion protein following subcutaneous and oral administration in mice
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rabade Nuria , McGowan Edward G. , Zhou Fei , McCabe Matthew S. , Bock Ralph , Dix Philip J. , Gray John C. , Ma Julian K‐C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryHigh‐level expression of foreign proteins in chloroplasts of transplastomic plants provides excellent opportunities for the development of oral vaccines against a range of debilitating or fatal diseases. The HIV‐1 capsid protein p24 and a fusion of p24 with the negative regulatory protein Nef (p24‐Nef) accumulate to ∼4% and ∼40% of the total soluble protein of leaves of transplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. This study has investigated the immunogenicity in mice of these two HIV‐1 proteins, using cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Subcutaneous immunization with purified chloroplast‐derived p24 elicited a strong antigen‐specific serum IgG response, comparable to that produced by Escherichia coli‐derived p24. Oral administration of a partially purified preparation of chloroplast‐derived p24‐Nef fusion protein, used as a booster after subcutaneous injection with either p24 or Nef, also elicited strong antigen‐specific serum IgG responses. Both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, associated with cell‐mediated Th1 and humoral Th2 responses, respectively, were found in sera after subcutaneous and oral administration. These results indicate that chloroplast‐derived HIV‐1 p24‐Nef is a promising candidate as a component of a subunit vaccine delivered by oral boosting, after subcutaneous priming by injection of p24 and/or Nef.
Estimating and testing linkage disequilibrium from sib data
Authors: Jonker Marianne , Vaart Aad van der , Bochdanovits Zoltan , Boomsma Dorret 
Published: March 2011

We consider estimation and testing of linkage equilibrium from genotypic data on a random sample of sibs, such as monozygotic and dizygotic twins. We compute the maximum likelihood estimator with an EM‐algorithm and a likelihood ratio statistic that takes the family structure into account. As we are interested in applying this to twin data we also allow observations on single children, so that monozygotic twins can be included. We allow non‐zero recombination fraction between the loci of interest, so that linkage disequilibrium between both linked and unlinked loci can be tested. The EM‐algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood estimator of the haplotype frequencies and the likelihood ratio test‐statistic, are described in detail. It is shown that the usual estimators of haplotype frequencies based on ignoring that the sibs are related are inefficient, and the likelihood ratio test for testing that the loci are in linkage disequilibrium.
Pin1 inhibition activates cyclin D and produces neurodegenerative pathology
Authors: Atabay Kutay Deniz , Karabay Arzu 
Published: March 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 430–439.AbstractAbnormal cell cycle events are increasingly becoming important attributes of neurodegenerative pathology. Pin1 is a crucial target of neurodegeneration in relation to its functions regarding these abnormal cell cycle events in neurons. Pin1 is majorly involved in many aspects of cell cycle regulation and it has also been suggested to have a neuroprotective function against neurodegenerative pathologies. Oxidative dysregulation of Pin1 affects not only normal tau regulation, eventually causing tangle formation, but also cell cycle regulation in neurons. Presence of cell cycle proteins has been shown in many neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, many of these proteins have physical interactions with Pin1. Hence, understanding Pin1’s role in abnormal cell cycle re‐entry is critical in terms of finding new approaches for the future therapeutic options treating neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we show that inhibition of Pin1 by its selective inhibitor juglone leads to up‐regulation of cyclinD1, phospho‐tau, and caspase 3, producing apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We also observed axonal retraction with a change in sub‐cellular localizations of cyclins. Therefore, Pin1 dysregulation, in relation to its role in cell cycle regulation in neurons, may have profound effects in the progression of neurodegenerative pathology, making it a possible crucial target behind many neurodegenerative diseases.
Motivation for diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Oftedal Bjørg , Bru Edvin , Karlsen Bjørg 
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 735–744

Motivation for diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetesAim:  The aim of this study was to investigate diet and exercise management and how indicators of intrinsic motivation such as ability expectations and values are associated with diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes.Background:  Motivational problems are probably one of the main reasons for poor diabetes management. However, the mechanisms involved in the motivation for adequate self‐management are still unclear.Design and methods:  A cross‐sectional design including a postal questionnaire that investigated diet and exercise management as well as intrinsic motivational factors such as ability expectations and values related to these behaviours was used to collect the data. A sample comprising 425 adults with type 2 diabetes aged between 30 and 70 completed the questionnaire.Results:  Reported diet management was more in accordance with recommendations than reported exercise management. Yet results indicated equally high ability expectations and positive values for exercise and diet management. Moreover, results demonstrated that ability expectations and values explained more variance in exercise (21.6%) than in diet management (7.6%).Conclusions:  The modest association between intrinsic motivational factors and diet management may imply that there are important extrinsic factors that play a significant role in determining dietary behaviour. The combination of lower exercise activity than recommended and high ability expectations and values for such activity may reflect that subjective exercise norms are formed individually in accordance with what most people recognise as the appropriate level of physical activity. Finally, results may indicate that there is potential for improving exercise management by stimulating intrinsic motivation as well as by more clearly communicating recommendations for such management.
The preservation and degradation of filamentous bacteria and biomolecules within iron oxide deposits at Rio Tinto, Spain
Authors: PRESTON L. J. , SHUSTER J. , FERNÁNDEZ‐REMOLAR D. , BANERJEE N. R. , OSINSKI G. R. , SOUTHAM G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the keys to understanding and identifying life on other planets is to study the preservation of organic compounds and their precursor micro‐organisms on Earth. Rio Tinto in southwestern Spain is a well documented site of microbial preservation within iron sulphates and iron oxides over a period of 2.1 Ma. This study has investigated the preservation of filamentous iron oxidising bacteria and organics through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, from laboratory cultures of natural samples to contemporary natural materials to million‐year old river terraces. Up to 40% elemental carbon and >7% nitrogen has been identified within microbial filaments and cell clusters in all samples through SEM EDS analyses. FTIR spectroscopy identified C–Hx absorption bands between 2960 and 2800 cm−1, Amide I and II absorption bands at 1656 and 1535 cm−1, respectively and functional group vibrations from within nucleic acids at 917, 1016 and 1124 cm−1. Absorption bands tracing the diagenetic transformation of jarosite to goethite to hematite through the samples are also identified. This combination of mineralogy, microbial morphology and biomolecular evidence allows us to further understand how organic fossils are created and preserved in iron‐rich environments, and ultimately will aid in the search for the earliest life on Earth and potential organics on Mars.
The Real World Experience of the Everolimus‐Eluting Coronary Stent System: Audit of Everolimus‐Eluting Coronary Stents
Authors: ALDOUS SALLY , SMYTH DAVID , BLAKE JAMES , MCCLEAN DOUGAL , ELLIOTT JOHN 
Published: March 2011

Aims:
To investigate the safety and efficacy of everolimus‐eluting stents (EES) in a real world population, including those with high‐risk characteristics and complex lesions.
Methods:
In this report, we analyze 2‐year outcomes in 500 consecutive unselected patients treated with EES between April 2007 and March 2008. All patients were followed for 2 years for adverse events.
Results:
There were 995 EES deployed in 792 lesions. The indication for the coronary procedure was acute coronary syndrome in 94.2% of patients. Bifurcations were involved in 21% of lesions, 3.5% degenerated vein grafts, 2.7% left main stem stenoses, 33% multivessel disease, 4.5% in‐stent restenosis, and 79.1% AHA/ACC classification B2/C lesions. The major adverse cardiac event rate (composite of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization) was 10.6%. Target lesion revascularization was required in 4.0% patients, 1.4% for in‐stent thrombosis. These event rates are comparable with studies involving lower risk patients and less complex coronary lesions.
Conclusion:
The use of EES, even in this real world, high‐risk population, continues to demonstrate safety and efficacy rates comparable with current studies in more selected patient groups and, therefore, may justify current practice to utilize EES in “off label” situations. (J Interven Cardiol 2011;24:241–246)
Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms
Authors: Bernays E. A. , Weiss M. R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual‐choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
Spatial changes in invertebrate predation rate in winter wheat following treatment with dimethoate
Authors: Duffield S. J. , Jepson P. C. , Wratten S. D. , Sotherton N. W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExperiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to investigate the mechanism underlying patterns of invertebrate population recovery in winter wheat following treatment with the broad‐spectrum insecticide dimethoate. Predation of Drosophila pupae and artificially induced aphid populations was monitored at different distances into plots treated with dimethoate. An initial drop in predation was recorded in all positions following treatment. Predation rate then showed a period of recovery, which progressed from the edge to the centre of the treated plots. This pattern of recovery corresponded to the numerical pattern of recovery of the predatory invertebrate groups; Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms to explain observed patterns of recovery of invertebrate ‘prey’ groups such as aphids. It is concluded that the ranking of pesticides by their toxicity alone would fail to take into account ecological processes that determine the different patterns of population change following treatment.
Tethered flight activity of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola: seasonal, host, and morphotypic effects
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Förster (Homoptera: Psyllidae), was flown in the laboratory to test hypotheses suggested by field observations. Flight durations of the same insects flown on two different days were highly correlated, suggesting that there were biological differences among insects in flight tendencies. Flight durations were similar between summerform and winterform morphotypes. Flight frequencies and durations increased between September and November collections of winterforms, results that are consistent with field observations. Long‐duration (60+ min) flights were three to four times as frequent in winterforms restricted to senescing pear foliage compared to insects provided access to pear seedlings. Winterforms collected during the fall flight period from a pear orchard and an adjacent apple orchard (an overwintering habitat) showed similar flight durations. There was no correlation between flight durations and any of five body and wing measurements; body size of winterforms increased between September and November. It has been proposed elsewhere that much of the fall movement into adjacent non‐pear habitats by winterforms is due to short duration non‐migratory flights rather than to a true migratory flight. The lack of differences between apple‐ and pear‐collected winterforms may be consistent with this hypothesis.
Hypersensitive reaction and induced resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae
Authors: Bentur J. S. , Kalode M. B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRice seedlings of the resistant variety Phalguna showed premature tillering, browning of central leaf, and tissue necrosis at the apical meristem following artificial infestation with avirulent biotype 1 of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood‐Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tissue necrosis representing a typical hypersensitive reaction (HR), accompanied by maggot mortality, was observed within 4 days after infestation. However, reinfestation of secondary tillers subsequent to HR in primary tiller, did not lead to HR in secondary tillers though maggot mortality was seen. Artificial infestation with the weed gall midge O. fluvialis did not result in HR either in gall midge susceptible TN 1 or resistant Phalguna rice varieties. Resistance in Phalguna against the virulent biotype 4 could be induced by either prior, simultaneous, or subsequent infestation with the avirulent biotype 1. The duration of effectiveness of such induced resistance varied with the sequence and time lag between infestations.
Spatial and temporal population structure of Brevicoryne brassicae
Authors: Cole R.A. , Lynn J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAllozymes from individual aphids were used as markers to examine the structure of Brevicoryne brassicae colonies collected from field experiments at Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, during the summers of 1991, 1992 and 1993. Eighteen enzyme systems were examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis, but only 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGDH) showed polymorphism (three alleles) in the samples. There were significant differences in gene frequencies between populations at some sites within 1 kilometre and between times of sampling, with an increase in the proportion of the most common genotype AA later in the season, possibly due to selection during the summer of the best adapted clones. These changes in gene frequency might produce biased results in trials screening brassica crops against aphids.
Age‐related responses from the maxillary sensilla styloconica of Choristoneura fumiferana larvae to foliage extracts from balsam fir hosts
Authors: Toufexis D. J. , Albert P. J. , Bauce E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn electrophysiological study of the sensilla styloconica of the galea in Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae showed a differential response between fourth‐ and sixth‐instars to extracts of balsam fir foliage. Larvae raised on artificial diet were stimulated with the water soluble fraction of needle extracts obtained from terminal and lateral shoots of 30‐ and 70‐yr‐old balsam fir trees. An extract‐sensitive neuron was found in the lateral styloconic sensillum of both instars. The lateral styloconica in the fourth‐instar larvae were more sensitive to extracts from terminal than from lateral shoot foliage of both young and old trees. The lateral styloconica of sixth‐instar larvae were more sensitive to lateral shoot foliage of old trees. Results are discussed with respect to their relationship to feeding preferences and feeding rates observed in a previous behavioural study.
Geometric relationships between whitefly feeding behavior and vascular bundle arrangements
Authors: Cohen Allen Carson , Henneberry T. J. , Chu C. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study revealed strong evidence that nymphs of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, are obligate feeders on vascular bundles and that there are large differences between different host plants as to the availability of vascular bundles to silverleaf whitefly nymphs. The relationship between nymphs and leaf vascular bundles was studied using 1) leaf sectioning and 2) techniques of leaf clearing of intact leaves. A geometric model is presented of the feeding relationship of vascular bundle‐using homopterans. The relative abundance of vascular bundles was examined in six species of host plants that varied from highly preferred to tolerably acceptable. Included in order of acceptance were cantaloupe, cotton, hibiscus, broccoli, lantana and lettuce. The length of vascular bundle per 1.0 mm2 of leaf surface ranged from about 10 mm in cantaloupe to 2.8 mm in lettuce. Salivary sheaths were found to connect with vascular bundles in 100% of the intact nymphs examined by the staining and clearing technique. However only 64% of those examined by the sectioning technique appeared to be connected to vascular bundles. This indicates that the sectioning technique leads to a high rate of error, causing an underestimation of the importance of direct contact with vascular bundles. About 50% of epidermal stylet penetrations were through epidermal cells; the remaining 50% went through intercellular junctions. On cotton leaves, the distance between the point of labial contact with the leaf surface and the nearest point of the vascular bundle rarely exceeded 60 μm. Our studies show that while 50% of lettuce leaf‐surface was beyond 60 μm of a vascular bundle, only 10% of cantaloupe leaf surface area was outside of the 60 μm range. In cotton, mean distance from labium to the nearest point of the vascular bundle was 40.9 μm (SEM = 2.66, N = 50, range 0–80 μm). Over 98% of all salivary sheaths went to minor veins (78% to single‐filament vascular bundles, nearly 20% to double filament bundles). Fewer than 2% went to bundles with 3 or more filaments.
Hibernation dynamics of Oryzophagus oryzae and its implications for management
Authors: Mielitz Luiza R. , Becker Miriam , Romanowski Helena P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hibernation dynamics of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) was studied in a bamboo stand, in Eldorado do Sul district (30° 02′ S, 51° 23′ WGR), RS, Brazil. From February 1990 to February 1991, a total of 12057 insects were sampled in the litter of the study area (80 m × 2 m), following a stratified random sampling programme. Four major phases were recognized in the phenology of the hibernating population: (1) a period of arrival at the hibernation site (February–March); (2) a settling period at the site; (3) a period of departure from the hibernation site (August–November); and (4) a residual period. Thus, diapause lasted about 7–8 months. The total mortality rate was 42% and a high rate of infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. was recorded among the dead insects (43%). Microclimatic profiles showed a narrower interval of variation of the air temperature and relative humidity in the bamboo litter than in the open field, hence characterizing the site as a refuge for hibernation. The concentration of high densities of hibernating adults in small areas, the long duration of diapause and the high natural occurrence of B. bassiana make the hibernation period a very appropriate and recommendable time for control of this weevil.