bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in mite (Acari) and fungal populations in aerated and unaerated wheat stored for three years
Authors: Hurlock E. T. , Armitage D. M. , Llewellin B. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn experiments at Slough, southern England, one hundred tonnes of wheat at about 14% moisture content were divided between six similar metal bins, three of which were aerated during the winter. Observations were made on the mite and fungal populations and physical conditions for an uninterrupted storage period of three years. During the winter, the wheat in the aerated bins was 2–4°C cooler than that in the unaerated bins and it always had a moisture content 0·5–1% higher, except at the surface where it was usually drier. Aeration appeared to delay the increase of Acarus siro L. and Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schr.) for 4–6 months after harvest, but few individuals survived into the second year of storage in any bin. Cheyletus eruditus (Schr.) and Tydeus interruptus Thor were present after one year and were most numerous in the aerated bins. The distribution within the bins of the different species of mites varied with season. A greater increase in storage fungi occurred in the aerated bins than the unaerated. Members of the Aspergillus glaucus and A. restrictus groups, Penicillium spp. and Wallemia sebi were the commonest fungi.
The age-structure and biting behaviour of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from Manaus, Brazil
Authors: Charlwood J. D. , Lopes J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe physiological age of female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) caught biting horses during seven all-day catches and 20 catches in the morning or afternoon during the rainy season (January-July) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, was determined by examination of their ovaries. Males and unmated females with undeveloped ovaries had similar biting patterns, with peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon, when the relative humidity was between 50 and 80%. Nulliparous inseminated females with ovaries at Stages II to V attacked throughout the day, with no pronounced peaks, whereas parous females showed a peak of biting in the late morning and early afternoon. The majority of parous flies had oviposited less than four times and had distended overiolar sacs, indicative of recent oviposition.
Forty generations of inbreeding of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Jordan A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA single male and female were removed from a well-established laboratory colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and became the parents of an inbred stock. In general, each subsequent generation comprised ten randomly selected females mated to one of three randomly selected males, both sexes being offspring of the preceding generation. The inbred stock was fed on the ears of rabbits for 40 generations, over a period of almost eight years. Performance, in terms of length of female life, female fecundity, number and weight of puparia produced, effective emergence rate from puparia and sex ratio of emerged flies showed little variation between generations. By generation 40, the inbreeding coefficient was 0·9347; over the same eight years, the inbreeding coefficient of the parent colony of G. m. morsitans was less than 0·0303. It is concluded that the risks of inbreeding having deleterious effects on laboratory colonies of Glossina are slight.
Field studies of the responses of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera to carbon dioxide, acetone and other chemicals
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in the Zambesi Valley, Zimbabwe, carbon dioxide alone dispensed at 2·5 to 15 litres/min, or acetone alone dispensed at 0·3 to 300 g·h, increased by up to six times the catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw, and G. pallidipes Aust. from stationary biconical traps, stationary electrocuting traps used with and without a visual target, and a mobile party of hand-net catchers. Catches were increased further when the chemicals were dispensed together. Carbon dioxide at 2·5 litres/min plus acetone at 15 g/h was about half as effective as ox odour for enhancing the catches from an electrocuting trap plus target; the efficacy of carbon dioxide at 15 litres/min plus acetone at 300 g/h was not significantly different from that of ox odour. Several short-chain ketones, and also formaldehyde and propionaldehyde, were attractive. Several long-chain ketones, and also heptaldehyde and caproic acid, were repellent. Carbon dioxide was attractive for Tabanidae, Stomoxyinae and non-biting Muscidae. Acetic acid was repellent for Stomoxyinae and non-biting Muscidae.
Catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) in odour-baited traps in riverine and deciduous woodlands in the Zambesi Valley of Zimbabwe
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. were made on electric nets baited with the odour of one ox, in deciduous and riverine woodland in the Zambesi Valley of Zimbabwe. Catches of teneral and mature flies of both sexes and species declined sharply during the hot dry season (September to November) in the deciduous woodland. In the riverine woodland, catches of mature G. m. morsitans increased during this period; catches of mature G. pallidipes rose rapidly to a high level in June (early in the cool dry season), which was maintained for most of the dry season. Catches of teneral flies in the riverine woodland were fairly constant from June to September (the cool dry season and start of the hot dry season) and then declined, though not as sharply as in the deciduous woodland. The percentage of tenerals in the catch showed a minimum at the end of the hot dry season (October–November); at that time there was also a dramatic rise in the female: male ratio in the deciduous woodland, but no such change occurred in the riverine area.
Occurrence of the grasshopper pest Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in south-western Nigeria in relation to the wet and dry seasons
Authors: Page W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn investigation into the seasonal abundance of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) around Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that hatching occurs between October and March and peak abundance is in late November. Adults occur almost throughout the year. Oviposition takes place between March and October or possibly November, with a peak in April. Eggs laid in March and April hatch in October and November after a diapause, while those laid from June onwards do not appear to enter diapause. Thus eggs laid in June and July hatch at the same time as those laid in March and April. Parasitism by the sargophagid fly Blaesoxipha filipjevi (Rod.) during March and April results in a rapid decline in adult numbers which may be followed by a secondary peak in adult numbers when nymphs, which are present at the same time and are rarely parasitised, reach adult stage. Oviposition resulting from such a peak does not produce a secondary peak in hatching as this coincides with hatching from earlier layings. The fungus Entomophthora grylli plays an important role in controlling the abundance of nymphs and adults during the dry season despite the intermittent nature of the attacks. During the wet season, the fungus is able to germinate and disperse more readily, thus keeping the numbers of the insects low. It is concluded that there is one generation of Z. variegatus a year, with a peak in population coinciding with the dry season (November-March). It is suggested from the results that the grasshopper may have originated in the semi-arid zones of the north.
The effects of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of diapause in eggs of the Australian plague locust,Chortoicetes terminifera(Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Wardhaugh K. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhotoperiod was shown to be the principal factor regulating the induction of a facultative egg-diapause inChortoicetes terminifera(Wlk.). All developmental stages from first-instar nymphs to immature adults were sensitive to photoperiod. At constant photophases, the insect exhibited a short-day—long-day response, with the upper and lower critical photo-periods for induction approximating to LD 15·5: 8·5 and 11:13, respectively. These correspond to the range of photoperiods experienced by the insect under natural conditions. The maximum inductive response occurred at about the mid-point of this range, i.e. LD 13·5: 10·5. In experiments in which insects experienced a change in photophase at the end of the nymphal stage, the incidence of diapause varied with the direction of change (long to short or short to long) and indicated that diapause induction was prevented by an increase in photophase but enhanced when the photophase was reduced. The size of the inductive response associated with a decrease in photophase appeared to depend less on the size of the decrease than on its position within the inductive range, such that the maximum effects were observed when the sequence of light regimes were close to or spanned the most inductive constant photophase. Temperature was also important in determining the induction of diapause. In the upper portion of the inductive range (15·5 to 12·5 h light), insects subjected to high temperatures or to an increase in temperature during development showed a lower incidence of diapause than those subjected to low temperatures or to a decrease in temperature. In the lower portion of the inductive range, the effects of temperature were reversed, with high temperature or an increase in temperature being more inductive than low temperature or a decrease in temperature.
Sexual competitiveness of males of the Mediterranean fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), carrying a Y-chromosome translocation
Authors: Rössler Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe sexual competitiveness of males of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) carrying a chromosomal translocation and a morphological mutation was compared to that of a wild-type strain. The competitiveness was evaluated by calculating from progeny data the proportion of females that mated with each male type. Males were introduced into the test population in varying proportions. The chromosomal translocation did not affect the competitiveness of the males. The presence of an eye-colour mutation (apricot) reduced the sexual competitiveness of the males bearing the translocation. The results showed evidence for a minority effect (an inverse relation between genotype frequency and mating success). The genetic background of the females in the test populations influenced the competitiveness of the participating males.
Serological identification of the predators of the complex of Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Ivory Coast
Authors: Service M. W. , Elouard J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe natural predators of larvae and pupae of the complex of Simulium damnosum Theo., most probably S. soubrense Vajime & Dunbar and S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar, in the River Marahousé in the Ivory Coast were identified by serological methods. Rabbits were injected with cell-free saline extracts of S. damnosum larvae to produce S. damnosum antiserum, which was used in interfacial capillary ring tests. A total of 1648 gut smears was made from various aquatic invertebrates and tested, and Trichoptera larvae were identified as the most important predators.
The influence of temperature and moisture on the survival and duration of the egg stage of the Australian sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA relationship between mean development rate, temperature and saturation deficit was derived for the egg stage ofLucilia cuprina(Wied.). Development rate increased linearly with temperature between 10 and 40°C at constant saturation deficits. Increasing saturation deficits between 0 and 10 mm Hg caused non-linear decreases in development rate. At zero saturation deficit, temperatures between 15 and 40°C had no effect on egg survival. Survival in the egg stage declined rapidly with increasing saturation deficits, primarily through the inability of the larvae to rupture the chorion of the egg. The aggregation of single eggs into compact egg-masses during oviposition appeared to afford no additional protection against desiccation. The ecological implications of the results are discussed.
Laboratory experiments on the disruption of mating in the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by excesses of female pheromones
Authors: Ellis P. E. , Brimacombe L. C. , Mcveigh L. J. , Dignan A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe courtship of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was studied in closed cages containing an excess of the female sex pheromones (Z,E)-9, 11-tetradecadienly acetate (III) or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (IIA). High levels of III or IIA were obtained by using polyethylene vials loaded with 5, 1 or 0·1 mg of pheromone. Vials containing 10 or 1 μg released low levels of pheromone. Excess pheromone reduced mating; at high levels of III and IIA, only 15% and 42% of pairs, respectively, mated, compared with 92% of control pairs. Some 45% of courtships in control cages did not end in copulation, and in half of these the female rejected the male by giving a rapid flick of the wings. A detailed examination of unsuccessful courtships showed that an excess of III or IIA disrupted female courtship behaviour. At the higher levels of pheromone, no female wing-lifted to show acceptance of the male and only a few rejected the male by wing-flicking. Significantly more females took to flight in cages containing III, whilst in cages with IIA females either took to flight or remained still. These changes in behaviour were still apparent in courtships where the female was calling and the male gave a full brush display. It is suggested that both III and IIA block olfactory reception of the male brush pheromone. An excess of either pheromone increased the proportion of male courtships of non-calling females. IIA had no other appreciable effect on male behaviour, but III also significantly reduced full brush displays during courtship, increased the period of flight preceding hovering and increased partial brush extension during flights that did not lead to courtship.
Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of eggs of Heliothis armiger (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Cotton in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Haggis Margaret J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo determine the extent to which the distribution of ovipositing Heliothis armiger (Hb.) might be ‘clumpy’ rather than random, the numbers of eggs on cotton throughout the 10 000 km2 Sudan Gezira were subjected to analyses of variance. It was found that at any time there was less variability within than between areas, highly significantly less for units of 600–700 km2. Within all areas, the numbers of eggs varied very significantly with time and many-fold increases in numbers of eggs occurred simultaneously over thousands of square kilometres. In every three-day period, there were two or more significantly different levels of infestation, each extending over areas ranging from a few hundred to several thousand square kilometres; the boundaries of such areas changed continuously, and no consistent differences or patterns were found. These findings suggest that redistribution of mobile populations of moths takes place over large distances. At all times there were areas with egg numbers below those considered economically serious; this has been utilised in new control strategy and tactics which have been effectively implemented experimentally. Larval spraying appeared also to reduce oviposition for at least three days and could in part account for some, but certainly not all, of the differences between areas.
Interactions Between Camargue horses and horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Hughes R. D. , Duncan P. , Dawson J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the Camargue in southern France, catches of tabanids in a Manitoba trap in 1976–78 gave seasonal, daily and hourly records of numbers. Concurrently, some interactions of the flies with a group of free-ranging horses were observed directly. The tabanids were present from May to October annually, with the main peak of abundance between late May and early July. The number trapped in each hour of the day increased with the ambient temperature in the morning, was stable during the hottest time of the day and declined in the late afternoon. Their alighting on a horse always elicited reactions aimed at dislodging them. When tabanids became very abundant and active, the horses would move as a group from where they were feeding to a traditional open bare area (‘chomadou’) where they would stay without feeding, sometimes for hours, even though large numbers of tabanids were still worrying them. Analyses of data on an index of the abundance of tabanids on or about the horses in a group showed the horses did not reduce the fly load by moving to and resting on their chomadou area. The number of responses by a horse to the tabanids on or about it was shown to be dependent not only on the number of flies but on their activity. Analysis of the responses revealed a negative effect of wind speed on the activity component which was separate from its known negative effect on the number of flies present. A hypothesis is proposed that movement to the chomadou can be explained as the horses going to an area ‘known’ to be usually exposed to the prevailing wind.
New records of some important mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPalmicultor palmarum (Ehrhorn), a species of pseudococcid found mainly on coconut in Micronesia and Hawaii, is recorded for the first time from the Bahamas. Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) is discussed from Guyana, the first record for the New World, and Pseudococcus microadonidum Beardsley is recorded from the Seychelles causing damage to coconut.
Variation in tolerance of seven species of stored product Coleoptera to methyl bromide and phosphine in strains from twenty-nine countries
Authors: Hole Barbara D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe toxicities at 25°C and 70% RH of methyl bromide at about 4 mg/litre and phosphine at about 0·24 mg/litre were determined for large populations, including all developmental stages, of a number of strains of seven species of stored product beetles from 29 countries for a range of exposure periods. The species tested were Oryzaephilus surmamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryzae (L.), S. zeamais Motsch., Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) and T. confusum Duv. With both fumigants, some individuals of certain strains of S. oryzae and T. castaneum survived a concentration × time product twice that sufficient to kill every individual of other strains of these species, and this was also true for R. dominica with methyl bromide and T. confusum with phosphine. With methyl bromide, some individuals of six species survived the longest exposure used. For the two species of Tribolium, this was 48 h, and for the three of Sitophilus and R. dominica it was 32 h. With phosphine, individuals in many strains of S. granarius, S. oryzae and S. zeamais survived for 8 days. In several of the species, there was some correlation between the tolerances of immature stages and of adults for both fumigants. Many strains were tolerant to both fumigants.
Three New Australian species of Goniozus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and G. antipodum Westwood redescribed
Authors: Farrugia D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGoniozus antipodum Westw. is redescribed, and three species, G. jacintae sp. n., G. collessi sp. n. and G. mandibulatus sp. n., are described from the females, figured and keyed. All are from Australia, and G. jacintae and G. mandibulatus are parasites of the tortricid Epiphyas postvittana Wlk.
Marasmia Patnalis sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Rice in S.E. Asia
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA pyralid moth belonging to the Marasmia generic complex of leaf-rolling defoliators of rice in S.E. Asia is described and named M. patnalis sp. n. It is differentiated from M. bilinealis (Hmps.), M. ruralis (Wlk.), M. suspicalis (Wlk.) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn.), with which it had previously been confused because of similarity of the adults and shared host-plant association.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock
Authors: Pegram Rupert G. , Hoogstraal Harry , Wassef Hilda Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation).Amblyomma variegatum(F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle.A. cohaerensDön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced byA. gemmaDön. in drier eastern areas.A. lepidumDön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution ofBoophilus decoloratus(Koch) is similar to that ofA. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatumKoch andH. marginatum rufipesKoch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones.H. anatolicum anatolicumKoch,H. anatolicum excavatumKoch,H. dromedariiKoch,H. erythraeumTonelli-Rondelli, andH. impeltatumSchulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia.Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsiNeum.,R. sanguineus(Latr.) group andR. simusKoch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m,R. pulchellus(Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels.R. longicoxatusNeum. andR. pravusDön. inhabit drier localities, butR. lunulatusNeum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently wereA. nuttalliDön.,A. sparsumNeum.,B. annulatus(Say),Haemaphysalis aciculiferWarb.,H. leachii(Aud.),H. parmataNeum.,H. spinulosaNeum.,Hyalomma marginatum marginatumKoch,H. marginatum turanicumPom.,H. puntHoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen,Ornithodoros savignyi(Aud.),R. longus Neum., R. muhsamaeMorel & Vassiliades, andR. senegalensisKoch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.
Laboratory studies on oviposition behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae): choice of oviposition medium and oviposition cycle
Authors: Suleman M. , Shirin M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe preference of Culex quinquefasciatus Say for oviposition in rearing water (in which larvae and pupae of the same species had been reared), pond water, tap water (from a well) deionised water and food water (in which larval food was mixed) was tested in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Most oviposition occurred in rearing water, followed in decreasing order by pond water, tap water, deionised water and food water, the differences being significant except between pond water and tap water. Diel oviposition activity of females from wild-caught pupae was studied under tropical normal (light-day) photoperiod (LD 12:12), reversed (dark-day) photoperiod (DL 12:12) and continuous light (LL) for at least three consecutive days at average conditions of 29·3°C and 91% RH. Under conditions of alternate light and dark periods (normal as well as reversed), there was a circadian rhythm, which was unimodal, confined to the scotophase and concentrated in the first half of the scotophase. Under continuous light, activity was greatly depressed, with disturbances both in circadian rhythm and unimodality. It is concluded that the circadian rhythm of oviposition activity of C. quinquefasciatus is predominantly exogenous in nature and regulated mainly by photoperiod, activity being stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.