bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Bactericidal Antibodies: Observations on the Bactericidal Mechanism of Normal Serum
Authors: Mackie T. J. , Finkelstein M. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. An analytical study has been made of the mechanism of natural bactericidal action by the serum of various animals (ox, sheep, horse, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat, man) towards certain organisms (B. typhosus, B. dysenteriae Shiga, B. proteus, V. cholerae) exhibiting the maximum reactivity to this effect.2. Serum-complement has no bactericidal action per se, and an antibodylike agent invariably acts as an intermediary agent, “sensitising” the particular organism to the action of the complement and capable of being “absorbed” by it from serum at 0° C.3. This sensitising agent is stable at 55° C. but labile at 60°–65° C. In this respect it resembles natural haemolysins and agglutinins, but contrasts with the more stable immune antibodies and the more labile natural complement-fixing antibodies (for bacterial antigens). It is resident mainly in the carbonic-acid-insoluble fraction of the serum. It is present in the serum of young animals before certain other natural antibodies have developed.4. Absorption tests demonstrate the high degree of specificity of these natural bactericidal antibodies for particular bacteria.5. A non-specific extracellular substance occurs in bacterial cultures which may neutralise or inhibit these antibodies, and interfere with their sensitising action even at 0° C.6. This substance is liberated in large amount in cultures heated at high temperatures (120° C). It can be removed by repeated washing of growths in saline solution. It may inactivate a bactericidal antibody in heated serum, though not in fresh unheated serum, and may inactivate a particular antibody in the serum of one animal species but not in another. Strains of bacteria vary in their production of this substance.7. The observations submitted in this paper, correlated with previous studies of natural antibodies by the authors and others, indicate that immune antibodies have their precursors specifically differentiated in the serum of normal animals and that, in general, immune antibodies are not substances formed de novo.
The Incidence of Cancer of the Bladder and Prostate in Certain Occupations
Authors: Henry S. A. , Kennaway N. M. , Kennaway E. L. 
Published: May 2009

In eight out of ten occupations associated with exposure to coal gas, tar, pitch or soot the incidence of cancer of the bladder is greater than that found in the general male population, and in five of the ten it is from one and a half to four times as great. Three of these occupations show the highest figures for incidence of cancer of the bladder observed among the forty-six occupations investigated. Various possible sources of error in these figures are discussed, of which the most serious is the smallness of the numbers of deaths involved. The corresponding data for cancer of the prostate give less consistent indications of an occupational liability. The subject needs much further enquiry, but it has seemed best to publish now, without further delay, such material as is available, rather than wait for another long term of years while more data accumulate.A large, and quite essential, part of this investigation, namely the computing of the population for each occupation recorded on the death certificates, and the calculation of the ratios, has been carried out by members of the staff of the Registrar General, to whom we wish to express our great indebtedness. We have to thank the British Empire Cancer Campaign for a grant which enabled the special enquiry into individual cases to be made, and to record our gratitude to those who assisted so willingly in carrying out this enquiry.
Further Experience of the Bismuth Sulphite Media in the Isolation of Bacillus typhosus and B. paratyphosus B from Faeces, Sewage and Water
Authors: Wilson W. James , Blair E. M. McV. 
Published: May 2009

1. By means of the Old Standard bismuth sulphite medium B. typhosus was cultivated 44 times out of 50 examinations of the stools of 50 typhoid fever patients and convalescents.2. By means of the same medium B. paratyphosus B was cultivated 22 times out of 27 examinations of the stools of 27 different cases of paratyphoid fever.3. In 13 examinations of Belfast sewage in different months during 1928 and 1929, by means of the Old Standard sulphite media, B. typhosus was isolated on 10 occasions. In two examinations of Lisburn sewage B. typhosus was isolated. Although no special search for B. paratyphosus B was undertaken, this organism was isolated on two occasions from Belfast sewage. The viability of B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B in sewage is longer than was suggested by the work of previous observers. It has been possible to cultivate B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B from the deposit of sewage stored in a bottle at room temperature for 3 weeks. On one occasion B. typhosus was found alive at the end of 5 weeks.4. On two occasions water from the River Lagan was examined, and on one of these B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B were cultivated.5. For the isolation of the B. enteritidis Gaertner the media gave good results in the examination of faeces from cases of food-poisoning.
The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives: III. Pessaries
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A technique is described for comparing the spermicidal powers of pessaries, using human sperms.2. Those pessaries which do not contain cocoa-butter are more spermicidal than those that do.3. Quinine and lactic acid pessaries, in cocoa-butter vehicles, are almost without effect upon sperms.4. There is more than ten times as much quinine bisulphate in a quinine pessary as suffices to kill all sperms in half an hour, but the cocoa-butter prevents its action in some way which is not at present understood.5. Semori is the most spermicidal pessary of the nine investigated. Even at one-tenth of the concentration at which it is normally used, it kills every sperm or nearly every sperm in half an hour.6. Even if the foam-producing substances are omitted, semori remains effective.7. The minute quinine urea hydrochloride pessary is nearly as effective as semori, but the absence of foam-producing substances in this pessary limits its usefulness.8. Speton relies for its spermicidal power wholly upon its foam-producing substances. Its supposedly active substance, sodium dichlorylsulphamidbenzoate, is without effect upon sperms.
Observations on the Weil-Felix Reaction in Tsutsugamushi Disease
Authors: Wolff J. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The Weil-Felix reaction in a series of forty-five cases of tsutsugamushi disease (type Schüffner) is recorded.2. The agglutination reaction was negative in fifteen cases, the other thirty showing a positive reaction with the “Kingsbury” strain of B. proteus X.3. The Weil-Felix reaction is not regarded as an adequate method for differentiating tsutsugamushi disease from scrub typhus, since high titres (1 in 1000) occur in a considerable proportion of cases of tsutsugamushi disease.4. In the present state of our knowledge of the two diseases it is recommended that they should be separated according to the presence or absence of a primary ulcer and bubo.
The Phases ofHaemophilus pertussis
Authors: Leslie P. H. , Gardner A. D. 
Published: May 2009

Haemophilus pertussisis a uniform species, without fixed varieties or “types.”After isolation from the human subject it tends to pass through a series of antigenically distinct phases, of which the first two are toxic to guinea-pigs, whereas the last two are relatively harmless. The former probably correspond to the smooth, the latter to the rough phase of other bacteria.The phase-changes are, up to a point, reversible.Experiments on guinea-pigs have produced some evidence that the toxic Phase I is the best and perhaps the only antigen for the production of active immunity in guinea-pigs.
The incidence of brucellosis clinical and latent among various groups of the population
Authors: Beattle C. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The population as a whole is exposed toBrucellainfection by the consumption of infected milk. This does not appear to be a very potent source of infection as relatively few clinical cases of brucellosis occur, nor are many latent infections discovered by the agglutination reaction.2. Those exposed to contact with infected animals or meat, as are farm workers, slaughterers and butchers, run a greater risk of contracting infection. The risk is not, however, markedly increased when the contact is limited to the handling of carcasses or meat, milking or ordinary animal husbandry.3. Members of the veterinary profession, who assist in calving and remove placentas from infected cows are exposed to the greatest risk of infection. They come in contact with the greatest natural concentration ofBr. abortusthrough the most dangerous route, the skin. Clinical brucellosis is not common among them, but many contract latent infection. 58·3% of post-graduate and 10·8% of undergraduate veterinary students were found to have agglutinins forBr. abortusin their serum. This should be borne in mind when a diagnosis of undulant fever is considered in a member of the veterinary profession.
The antigenic structure of the mannitol-fermenting group of dysentery bacilli
Authors: Boyd J. S. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. Group variants devoid of type antigen, described in the previous section, provide material for ascertaining the various components of the antigen in the mannitol-fermenting dysentery bacilli.2. Flexner Y, as defined by Andrewes and Inman, is not a valid type. The strains which are regarded as being of this type, such as Y Hiss and Russell and Y Lentz, are old strains which have lost their type antigen and possess only group antigen. The reason why many newly isolated strains are identified as Y is because the antiserums used for their recognition contain more group than type agglutinin.3. The four Flexner types V, W, X, and Z, each possess a distinctive type antigen and share a complex group antigen. They do not, as suggested by Andrewes and Inman, possess minor quantities of each other's type antigen.4. 103, P 119, and the 88-Newcastle-Manchester series have also distinctive type antigens, and share the same group antigen with V, W, X, and Z.5. It is considered that the existing Flexner group should be extended to include all organisms which have a type-specific antigen and share this common group antigen. The three types in (4) should therefore be placed in the group and named accordingly.6. Six types which have the biochemical reactions of the Flexner group, and which have individual type antigens but no Flexner group antigen, are provisionally placed in a separate loose group.
Experiments on Staphylococcus food poisoning
Authors: Minett F. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Feeding tests on monkeys (Macacus rhesus), dogs and cats are unsatisfactory for detecting the presence of enterotoxin, owing to the variable susceptibility of these animals by the oral route.2. Using Dolman's method, in which the material is injected intra-peritoneally into kittens, the production of enterotoxin has been demonstrated by: (a) sixteen out of thirty-eight strains of Staph. aureus, isolated from cases of acute or chronic mastitis or from normal udder milk; (b) four out of five strains of Bact. coli, mostly from calves with “white scours”. No enterotoxin was obtained from fifteen strains of Str. agalactiae from mastitis in cows.3. The formation of enterotoxin under natural conditions has been observed: (a) In udder milk seeded with Staph. aureus or naturally contaminated with that organism and stored at atmospheric temperatures (18 and 22°C.). The substance remains active in cheese prepared from such milk. (b) In layer cake made with cream naturally contaminated with Staph. aureus.4. A small outbreak of poisoning due to potted meat paste was shown to be caused by a non-haemolytic Staphylococcus.5. A few feeding experiments on man with milk or cream, in which food-poisoning staphylococci had grown, were negative, but on one occasion a Staphylococcus from a case of mastitis yielded a culture filtrate which caused symptoms of food poisoning.6. Enterotoxin has the following properties. It is resistant to heat (95°C., 30 min.), to low concentrations of formalin sufficient to destroy the haemolytic toxin, to acid (pH 5·0), and to rennet, but is destroyed by trypsin.It diffuses freely into the culture medium but only slightly through collodion. It is antigenic. Its properties are such that enterotoxin can be classed as a bacterial exotoxin.
A comparative study of coliform organisms found in chlorinated and in non-chlorinated swimming bath water
Authors: Bardsley Doris A. 
Published: May 2009

The investigation deals with the bacteriological examination of 386 samples of water from Manchester swimming baths where the method of purification could be studied.There were 339 samples from chlorinated pools of which 160 gave acid and gas in MacConkey broth at 37° C. and 2130 strains were isolated. The remaining forty-seven samples were from untreated open-air pools. Thirty of these samples were positive and 270 strains were isolated. The strains were classified according to Wilson's method into thecoli, intermediate,aerogenesand irregular groups, and only 1·78% of the total were found to be irregular. Both series of samples included more than 72% which containedcoli, and among the chlorinated samples no less than 70% yieldedaerogenesand nearly 49% intermediate type, while among the non-chlorinated baths there were 43% withaerogenesand 40% with intermediate type. There was a similar difference in the proportions ofcoli, aerogenesand intermediate type in chlorinated and in non-chlorinated baths when the results were considered on the basis of strains (Table II).Since these differences in proportion were considered significant, and since the chief variation in conditions between outdoor and indoor baths consists of chlorination, a series of experiments was devised to test the effect of chlorine on pure cultures ofcoli, aerogenes, and intermediate type. There was very little change after adding 0·1 part of chlorine per million, but the addition of 0·3 and 0·5 part was followed by very rapid reduction in numbers with diminution in free chlorine. This reduction was on the whole least withaerogenes. The numbers continued to fall for about 48 hr. until all trace of chlorine had disappeared and then regrowth occurred. This regrowth was most vigorous and most rapid withaerogenes(see figures) but was very slow in all cases.
The role of the spirochaete in the Wassermann reaction
Authors: Beck A. 
Published: May 2009

1. The examination of 1100 sera by both the Wassermann reaction and the complement-fixation test with spirochaetes revealed a superior sensitivity of the latter reaction and practically equal specificity of the two tests.2. Syphilitic serum contains two different antibodies: one reacting with the lipoid antigen of the Wassermann reaction, the other with a specific antigen in the spirochaete.3. The spirochaetal antibody of syphilitic serum has a complex serological structure, corresponding to spirochaete strains of different antigenic make-up.4. The existence of this antibody and its specific absorption by the homologous antigen can also be demonstrated by agglutination.5. The difference between agglutinin titres found in normal and syphilitic sera is not pronounced enough to render this method satisfactory for the practical diagnosis of syphilis.6. The spirochaete contains, apart from its specific antigen, the ubiquitous lipoid substance representing the Wassermann antigen.7. A fraction was obtained from spirochaetes by Raistrick and Topley's method which in complement-fixation and precipitation tests reacted actively with spirochaete antisera from rabbits, but which so far failed to react with syphilitic sera.This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. I wish to thank Prof. Golla, Director of the Central Pathological Laboratory, L.C.C. Mental Hospitals, who rendered this work possible, and Dr Arthur Davies, Director of the Devonport Laboratory, for the hospitality afforded me at his laboratory and for the patients’ sera used in this work. I am indebted to Prof. R. T. Hewlett for his revision of the manuscript, to Prof. Raistrick for advice in chemical matters, and to Dr Amies, of the Lister Institute, for his help with the Sharples centrifuge.
The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part I. Stomach and pylorus
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. The effects of morphine and diacetylmorphine upon the stomach of the cat are variable. The greater number of experiments showed a decrease in tone which was accompanied by a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of movements. Some animals showed an increase in stomach tone accompained by three to five slowly moving contractions of great amplitude while no change were recorded in two cats.2. Codeine sometimes produced a slight increase in the amplitude of stomach movements with a diminished frequency, while at first the general tone is unaltered. Tone is later reduced slightly to a subnormal level. In other cases it causes a very slight increase in tone and amplitude of movements. These effects are short lived and very small when compared with those produced by morphine or heroin.3. The effects of dihydromorphinone (dilaudid) upon the stomach are far from constant. Most animals show an immediate relaxation of the stomach with a decrease in the amplitude of the movements. In a series of nine experiments, six showed relaxation of the stomach, two contraction, and in one no changes were recorded.4. The effects of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid) on the stomach resemble those of codeine. They consist of a small gradual increase in tone followed by a relaxation to a subnormal level.5. Dihydro-oxycodeinone (eukodol) produces effects which resemble those of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid).6. All these drugs produce constant effects upon the pyloric sphincter. They all produce an increase in the tone of the sphincter accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of the rhythmical movements. Dilaudid is approximately eight times more active than morphine, while diacetylmorphine is about one and a half times more potent than morphine. The effects of these three drugs last several hours.The effects of codeine, dicodid and eukodol show a great similarity. They are of short duration and very small when compared with morphine, heroin and dilaudid.
The incidence of quartz and sericite particles in siliceous residues in silicotic lungs
Authors: Davson J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Preparations for petrographical examination were obtained by micro-incineration of sections from silicotic nodules from thirty-one cases of unequivocal silicosis.2. Particle counts above and below 2 μ showed, in the majority of cases, a preponderance of quartz.3. Jones' claim that sericite particles predominate in the lower size range of particles in silicotic lungs is not confirmed.
Some observations on reversed anaphylaxis
Authors: van den Ende M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The symptoms and autopsy findings in guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum or serum fractions are described. Two types of reaction were observed, acute and delayed, similar to those described in direct anaphylaxis.2. The alterations in systemic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and bronchial resistance, were investigated and found to simulate closely those observable in ordinary anaphylactic shock.3. The antisera have the power of stimulating contraction of the isolated uterus of the guinea-pig, either in the presence or absence of excess guinea-pig serum. The reaction, like that observed in direct anaphylaxis, is therefore cellular.4. Antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum proteins contain, in addition to precipitins, agglutinins for the red cells of that species, and Forssmann antibody. Neither of the last two antibodies, however, is responsible for the shock phenomena here described. It appears that the potency of a serum to produce shock in guinea-pigs is dependent on several factors, of which the most important is the content in precipitins reacting with the guinea-pig serum proteins. These precipitins give rise to the reactions following intravenous injection into guinea-pigs, not merely as a result of humoral combination with homologous antigens, but largely, if not wholly, as the result of an immune reaction with antigens in the protoplasm of the tissue cells.
The Weil-Felix reaction in trachoma
Authors: Kirk R. , McKelvie A. R. , Drysdale A. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Various workers in different countries claim that in the sera of trachoma patients a positive Weil-Felix reaction is found and regard this as evidence that the casual agent of trachoma is a Rickettsia.2. The examination of 200 sera from trachoma patients in the Sudan has failed to reveal any significant differences with regard to the Weil-Felix reaction between them and twenty-two sera from non-trachomatous controls, or 1000 sera taken, without reference to trachoma, from a large and representative section of the population.3. Clinical and serological evidence suggest that typhus is absent from the Sudan. For this reason the interpretation of results is less liable to confusion in the Sudan than in countries where positive Weil-Felix reactions may occur in a varying proportion of the population due to typhus infections.
An anaerogenic strain of Bacterium paratyphosum C
Authors: Nabih M. Said 
Published: May 2009

1. The existence of an anaerogenic strain of Bact. paratyphosum C is recorded in Egypt.2. It was isolated in August 1937, together with an aerogenic strain, from the urine of a patient suffering from enteric fever.3. Biologically the anaerogenic strain was identical with the aerogenic except that it did not produce gas from any “sugar”.4. The anaerogenic strain retained its inability to produce gas from “sugars” for the three years during which tests were carried out, subculturing on various fluid media containing different sugars failing to cause any gas production.5. Serologically there was no indication of any antigenic difference between the anaerogenic and the aerogenic strains.6. The anaerogenic strain contained the Vi antigen and retained it for three years when kept at room temperature.