bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the significance of the ductility test for bitumen
Authors: Saal R. N. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn analysis of the primary factors governing the ductility of bitumens, as determined by the well‐known test, is given.Two phenomena should be distinguished: (1) brittle fracture (ductility 0–1 cm.); (2) thread formation (ductility > 1 cm.). Brittle fracture occurs if the stiffness of the bitumen at 10 sec. is higher than 107 N/sq. m.; this limiting value has been deduced both theoretically and experimentally. Thread formation occurs at lower stiffnesses. For bitumens of medium penetration index (P.I.) (P.I. between —2 and +2), thread formation must be considered as being largely due to a rise in temperature in the thread formed, resulting from the large amount of energy introduced during stretching. For high‐P.I. bitumens (P.I. > 2) the ductility behaviour must be attributed partly to the said rise in temperature, but mainly to thixotropy due to breakdown of the structure during stretching.Low‐P.I. Newtonian‐type bitumens (P.I. less than —2), which under normal conditions have ductilities of either 0 or more than 100, may also show intermediate values if the energy of stretch is increased by appropriate means.If we consider that neither the rise in temperature nor the thixotropic breakdown occurs in the practical use of bitumen, we may draw the conclusion that the significance of the ductility test is very doubtful, and that tests more adapted to practical circumstances should be preferred for the evaluation of bitumens.
The polyphosphates of manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper: Their complex character, composition and behaviour
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Kertes S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBoth the simple and the more complicated soluble salts of anion complexes of pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate with Mn, Ni, Co and Cu were studied by heterometry (photometric study of suspensions), potentiometry and conductimetry on a comparative basis. The composition of the different insoluble salts and compounds obtained were derived from the shape of the individual heterometric curves.In the case of pyrophosphates, insoluble salts of the composition MIIP2O7 (M represents the metal) were obtained with all cations. In particular cases, insoluble salts of the composition Na2MII3(P2O7)2 were also found.With all cations, the anion complex [MIIP2O7]2‐ giving soluble salts was formed. Copper and nickel gave, in addition, soluble salts of the complexes [Cu(P2O7)2]−6, [Cu2(P2O7)3]6‐ and [Ni3(P2O7)2]2‐.With tripolyphosphate the following was established: in all cases a soluble salt of the anion complex [MIIP3O10]3‐ was found. In addition, soluble salts of the complex [MII3(P3O10)2]4‐were obtained with nickel and cobalt, and of [MII5(P3O10)3]5‐ with copper. In all cases two insoluble compounds of the composition MII5(P3O10)2 and NaMII2(P3O10) were obtained by heterometry.Structural formulae are presented for most of the compounds obtained and the interrelation between them discussed.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. IX. Analysis of silicious dusts: Effect of various inorganic ions on the determination of dissolved silica by the molybdenum‐blue method
Authors: Prentice A. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of various inorganic anions and cations on the determination of silica by the molybdenum‐blue method is studied. The following ions do not interfere:Anions: Carbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate.Cations: Aluminium, calcium, magnesium, manganese.The extent and nature of the interference caused by the following ions is discussed:Anions: Dichromate, phosphate. Cations: Copper, ferrous iron, ferric iron.The effect of copper is noteworthy, in that compound formation is indicated, the apparent ratio of copper to silica in the complex being 12 : 1.
Atmospheric corrosion by nuclei
Authors: Preston R. S. T. J. , Sanyal B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBare and varnished steel contaminated by nuclei produce, in humid atmospheres, the type of corrosion characterised by filamental configuration and known as filiform. With some nuclei, corrosion takes place at relative humidities below 60%.Filiform corrosion is characteristic of, and the primary phase in, electrolytic corrosion in atmospheric conditions, but the rate of attack varies from one electrolyte to another and with the degree of humidity. In several cases, corrosion attack has been found to be greater at 70% relative humidity than at 99% relative humidity.The presence of highly hygroscopic salts in the atmosphere can initiate corrosion, even at low relative humidities.Nuclei on the outside of a varnish film will generally start corrosion earlier than those beneath the film, especially if water is present on the surface.
Organic fluorine compounds. III. Some fluorinated phosphate esters
Authors: Sellars K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following fluorinated phosphate esters have been prepared: tris‐(1 : 1‐di‐H‐heptafluorobutyl) phosphate; tris‐(m‐trifluoromethylphenyl) phosphate; bis‐(m‐trifluoromethylphenyl) (1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphate; 2 : 2 : 3 : 3‐tetrafluorotetramethylene‐1 : 4‐di‐(bis‐2 : 2 : 2‐trifluoroethyl phosphate). In addition, the new compounds (1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphorodichloridate and bis‐(1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphorochloridate were prepared.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. IV. The preparation of a number of trialkyl‐ and triaryltin compounds
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods are given for the preparation of 22 organotin compounds of the type R3SnX, including 16 not previously described. The fungicidal properties of these compounds were described in Part III of this series.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. V The preparation and antifungal properties of unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of a number of unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates is described.From the antifungal test results of these compounds it appears that a single rule governs the activity of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates, namely that it is the total number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl groups, rather than the nature of the groups, which governs the fungitoxicity of the compounds; this is greatest for a total of 9–12 carbon atoms.
A statistical structural analysis of some british coals and the significance of the refractometric increment
Authors: Leicester James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData on a number of British coals have been examined by the methods of statistical structural analysis and the results are compared with those obtained by van Krevelen on Saar and Lorraine vitrinites.For British coals above 83% carbon the results are similar, but for low‐rank coals, where non‐aromatic structures become important, the techniques applied are inadequate. There is no evidence of a minimum in the curve relating the number of rings per C atom and the rank of the coal. Data showing the change in refractometric increment per aromatic carbon atom with increasing coal rank offer an explanation of the properties of coal. A suggestion has been made that the blackness of coal can be given a qualitative explanation from the range of charge transfer bands.
Viscosity‐molecular weight relationships for cellulose nitrate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Epstein J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix fractions have been obtained from a sample of cellulose nitrate (12.5%N) and molecular weights determined osmotically. Viscosity data are presented for the fractions in acetone and amyl methyl ketone, ethyl and amyl acetates, ethyl and butyl formates. Values of K and α in the expression [η] = KMa are given for each solvent. The chains seem to be more extended in the better of each pair of related solvents. Extension appears to be greater in acetates than in ketones of comparable solvent power. The limited flexibility of cellulose nitrate chains may decrease with increasing degree of nitration.
Electrolytic deposition and diffusion of lithium into magnesium
Authors: Smolinski J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLithium, has been deposited on to a solid magnesium cathode from an electrolyte of a fused mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. The deposited lithium diffused into the cathode to form a β‐phase magnesium—lithium alloy. The method can be used to alloy a magnesium surface to a depth of 1.5 mm.
Analysis of styrenated methyl linoleate
Authors: Tiong Sie Swan , Waterman H. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of methyl linoleate with gaseous styrene at 280° and the analysis of the reaction product is described. It is shown that the main product is an addition compound of one mole of styrene and one mole of methyl linoleate. Ring‐analysis and chemical degradation provided evidence that this product is formed by a Diels—Alder mechanism.No high‐molecular‐weight polystyrene could be found in the reaction product.
The effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the sedimentation of arachin
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArachin when exposed to 1.7M‐guanidine hydrochloride is changed to slowly‐sedimenting material by way of an intermediate sedimenting component similar to the arachin dissociation product. After removal of the guanidine hydrochloride by dialysis, the dissociation‐association reactions of the apparently unchanged arachin occur normally.
The operation of concentric‐tube distillation columns under reduced pressure
Authors: Banks R. E. , Musgrave W. K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData are given which will allow the drawing of the vapour‐liquid equilibrium diagram for a mixture of methyl benzoate and methyl caprylate, at a pressure of 50 mm. of mercury. The mixture has been used to determine the efficiency of two virtually identical concentric‐tube distillation columns when working at this pressure. Under these conditions their efficiency is approximately half that at atmospheric pressure.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. I. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
Authors: Gerrard W. , MacKlen E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of hydrogen chloride, as moles per mole of compound, in series of alcohols, carboxylic acids and their esters appears to be determined mainly by electron density (basic strength) of the significant oxygen atom. Change in solubility with change in substituents follows the expected change in basic strength. Alkyl substituents increase solubility, whereas substitution by chlorine causes a more pronounced decrease. The solubility in a carboxylic acid is much lower than in the corresponding alcohol; but compensation is gained by replacing the acidic hydrogen atom to form an ester.Values for different temperatures are given and from these, linear plots of solubility‐reciprocal of the absolute temperature are obtained.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. I. The hydrogenation of oleic acid
Authors: Aylward Francis , Rao C. V. Narayana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrogenation of oleic acid by hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solutions has been investigated and it has been shown that the rate of the reaction is increased (i) by using an excess of hydrazinc (a molecular ratio oleic: hydrazine of 2 or more), (ii) by raising the temperature and (iii) by continuous stirring of the solution. Earlier investigations have suggested that the reaction is relatively slow, but it has now been demonstrated that at 50° with agitation of the solutions, 93% of oleic acid originally present may be changed to stearic acid in 6 hours, so that this method of hydrogenation may have applications, especially as hydrazine is now readily produced on an industrial scale.
Studies in vapour‐liquid equilibria. Ternary system: Acetone‐chloroform toluene
Authors: Satapathy R. , Rao M. Raja , Anjaneyulu N. S. R. , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA systematic study of the vapour—liquid equilibria of the ternary system, acetone—chloroform—toluene was undertaken to study the suitability of toluene as a solvent for the separation of acetone—chloroform mixtures by extractive distillation. The experimental t—x—y data obtained at a pressure of 760 mm. Hg are presented in this paper. The percentage error in smoothing x—y data is not over 2%, and the average deviation in temperature in drawing constant temperature lines is ± 0.1°c for temperatures below 65° and ± 0.2°c for temperatures above 65°. To facilitate the analysis of data, the results are expressed as usual in terms of activity coefficients. The data indicate the absence of a ternary azeotrope. The activity coefficients of chloroform are slightly less than unity in all the regions of concentration, whereas those of acetone are greater than unity. Values of activity coefficients of toluene are, however, a little more than unity for high concentrations of acetone and are close to unity for higher chloroform concentrations. The consistency of the data has been tested by the method of Colburn & Schoenborn. The ternary equilibrium data are fairly well correlated by three‐suffix Margules equations.
Solvent segregation of vegetable oils. II. Safflower oil
Authors: Joshi G. K. , Rebello D. , Shah S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solvent segregation of safflower oil using furfural and mixtures of furfural and hexane has been investigated. Little or no segregation is effected, presumably because of the absence of linoleno‐type glycerides in the oil.
Ultracentrifuge studies on cottonseed protein
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExamination of cottonseed protein in the ultracentrifuge has revealed the presence of at least four sedimenting components with sedimentation constants of 18, 13, 8 and ∼2 Svedberg units. Ammonium sulphate fractionation failed to purify these components. Purification of the s13 and s8 components was achieved by the fractionation method of Karon et alia. No dissociation‐association reactions of the purified components were observed with changes in ionic strength in the range 0.1 to 0.5 or with changes in pH in the range 8–10.
A new method of calculating unsteady state diffusion coefficients in porous solids
Authors: Call F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnsteady state diffusion coefficients in porous solids can be calculated by observing the time at which the flux of material through the porous solid is a definite fraction, conveniently one half, of the steady state flux and then substituting this time into a simple equation. The method requires only a few experimental measurements of the flux.
The adhesive properties of epoxy resins
Authors: de Bruyne N. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEpoxy resins derived from bisphenol and resorcinol have been examined as to their adhesive properties in the presence of phthalic anhydride as hardener. From studies of their dielectric behaviour, the effect of hydroxyl‐group content and molecular weight in their monomolecular properties and their adsorption on to aluminium foil, it is concluded that the hydroxyl groups play a decisive part in anchoring the molecules to a (polar) surface. There was very good correlation (significant at the 1% level) between hydroxyl content and nominal breaking strength of joints on an aluminium alloy, and it was shown that the shrinkage of resin mixtures on cooling decreases with hydroxyl content.
The infra‐red absorption spectra of some novolak and resole molecules
Authors: Grisenthwaite R. J. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe infra‐red spectra of 2: 2′‐dihydroxy‐5: 5′‐dimethydiphenylmethane and of a number of its homologues, of two p‐cresol‐formaldehyde novolak resins, of a trinuclear resole and of related compounds are presented and discussed. Assignments are made for a number of the peaks in the various spectral curves obtained.
Water‐soluble polycarboxylic acids from the oxidation of coal‐tar pitch
Authors: Boreham G. R. , Hammett R. H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA medium soft pitch has been oxidized in oxygen at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of strong alkali to yield a complex mixture of water‐soluble aliphatic acids and aromatic polycarboxylic acids in about 30% yield based on carbon. By chromatography of the methylated hydrocarbons obtained from the acids and from infra‐red spectra, it is concluded that these acids have mainly polynuclear structures.
Studies on the cation exchange properties of assam coal
Authors: Roy M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of sulphonated coal (resins) from Assam coal (India) has been studied and the optimum conditions for maximum sulphonation have been established. These were heating at 100° with concentrated H2SO4 Using a ratio of 1 g. of coal to approx. 4 c.c. of acid in presence of a catalyst, e.g. HgO.The determination of groups responsible for the exchange capacity and estimation of the latter by different methods has also been carried out. The exchange equilibria have also been studied.
Chemical and spectroscopic studies of epoxy resin reactions in the surface coating field
Authors: O'Neill L. A. , Cole C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEsterification of epoxy resins with fatty acids at 260° occurs in two stages (1) addition of one fatty acid molecule to an epoxy group to form a hydroxy‐ester, (2) esterification of the original and of the so‐formed hydroxy groups. The curing process of epoxy resins with amines has been studied by infra‐red spectroscopy, and by measurement of the material produced which is non‐extractable by solvents. The combined data provide some indication of the curing mechanism.
Chlorination of sewage methane in a fluidized bed
Authors: Bijawat H. C. , Patel N. B. , Potnis G. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments on the application of the fluidized bed technique to the chlorination of sewage gas methane are described and the feasibility of this method for maintaining easy control over the reaction is demonstrated. Activated carbon, pumice and cupric chloride on pumice have been used as catalysts in the fluidized bed, and their performance evaluated compared with that of sand, a non‐catalytic inert. The influence on the reaction of the carbon deposited during chlorination has been investigated. Based on chlorine, yields of carbon tetrachloride up to almost 90% of the theoretical were obtained.
The ‘kettle‐wax’ phase in soap systems: Dilatometric study of the systems sodium laurate‐water and sodium laurate‐sodium chloride‐water
Authors: Aggarwal Sundar L. , Sanjana N. R. , McBain J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy a dilatometric method, curves depicting volume change with temperature were obtained for a number of sodium laurate—water systems containing from 50% to 75% by weight of soap. In these curves, the appearance of the ‘neat’ and middle soap phase is marked by a discontinuity. These phases exhibit a rather small but linear increase in volume with temperature. The transition temperatures as obtained from the dilatometric method were found to agree to within a few degrees with those predicted from the phase diagram of this system.These studies were extended to the ternary system sodium laurate—salt—water. For some of these ternary systems, the volume—temperature curves exhibited discontinuities at 80–90°, which were attributed to the appearance of a homogeneous phase termed ‘kettle‐wax’. The boundary of this kettle‐wax phase, which is capable of existing above 80–90° was delimited by means of these studies. The importance of this phase in determining various equilibria in soap boiling is discussed.
Permeation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene films: Nitric acid
Authors: Garner F. H. , Ellis S. R. M. , Gill J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe permeation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene by nitric acid has been found to occur at a limited number of sites in the surface of the film. These sites have been detected using paper impregnated with a suitable indicator and also by microscopical examination; they were found to be randomly distributed and were mainly macro‐ or visible cracks. Counts have been made of the numbers and size distribution of the cracks. Infra‐red spectrometry was used to investigate whether chemical reactions occurred between nitric acid and the fluorinated plastic film, but no evidence of chemical degradation products was found.
The alkaline denaturation of arachin
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Williams R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe denaturation of arachin at pH 11 and at ionic strengths I = 1.0, 0.2 and 0.05 has been studied by means of the ultracentrifuge. Change of the arachin component to slowly sedimenting material occurred by way of an intermediate component of sedimentation constant similar to that of the arachin dissociation component. The rate cf disappearance of the arachin component is greater the lower the ionic strength whereas the formation of the intermediate component is favoured at high ionic strengths (e.g., 1.0). A fairly pure sample of this intermediate component has been prepared. The half life (t1/2) of the reaction at I = 0.2 was not found to vary significantly on increasing the protein concentration thirteenfold. The logarithmic plot of protein concentration against time, however, failed to give the straight line expected of a reaction which is first‐order with respect to protein concentration. Possible causes for this seeming discrepancy are discussed.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVIII Chromatographic analysis
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious chromatographic and experimental techniques are described, which have made possible the analysis of samples taken from phenol—formaldehyde reaction mixtures studied over a wide range of conditions. Many of the components have been identified by chromatography with known compounds, the RF values of the others have been recorded for information in tabular form.Some of the simpler reactions possibly involved in these condensations have been investigated, allowing a tentative hypothesis to be formed regarding the reaction mechanism involved.The investigation partially clarifies the earlier stages of the reaction although compounds are present, just prior to the resin becoming insoluble, which cannot be identified with any known intermediates.
A rapid method for determining potassium and sodium in coal ash and related materials
Authors: Jackson P. J. , Smith A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn connexion with the analysis of coal ashes and related silicate materials, an investigation has been made of the interference of aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicate and borate in the determination of sodium and potassium by the EEL flame photometer. The effects of all these constituents, with the exception of calcium, were negligible in the ranges of concentration likely to be met in this work. The interference of calcium in the determination of sodium was eliminated by adding aluminium, incorporated in the hydrofluoric‐sulphuric acid mixture used to decompose the sample. A method is proposed by which sodium and potassium in silicates may be determined in 1 1/2 hours. Results by this method compare favourably with those obtained by the J. L. Smith procedure1, 2and by the Lundegardh flame spectrographic technique.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds: II. The hydrogenation of elaidic and ricinoleic acids
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElaidic and ricinoleic acid can be hydrogenated by hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solution at 50°. Over 90% hydrogenation can be achieved in 8 hours providing an excess of hydrazine is used with continuous stirring of the mixture. Under comparable conditions and with a 5: 1 ratio of hydrazine hydrate to fatty acid, the rates of hydrogenation of elaidic, ricinoleic and oleic acids are almost identical.