bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this section, David Hume defends a compatibilist account of the relation between human freedom and necessary laws of human nature. The compatibilism itself is entirely unremarkable for a thinker influenced by the mechanist tradition; compatibilist interpretations of one form or another are offered by many mechanical philosophers, especially of course by materialists, such as Thomas Hobbes, or by those prepared to regard materialism as possible, such as John Locke. It is unlikely then that Hume's readers would have found anything novel or startling in the broad commitments expressed here. It is reasonable now to expect that the point of this section lies in the details, rather than in the compatibilist conclusion itself. Hume's purposes, then, are metaphysical, moral, and religious: a consistent experimentalism will teach people their place in the world.
Hume's Enlightenment Tract
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe best explanations of the physical world are provided by experimental philosophy. This philosophy denies knowledge to make room for enquiry. That is, it rejects the extravagant claims made on behalf of human reason by the dogmatic philosophers, and therefore also of the knowledge of the essences of objects derived from rational insight into their natures, or delivered a priori by alleged innate principles in the mind. Without such knowledge, people must make do with experience and what can be gleamed from it. The explanations that best fit the experimental evidence are that the world works according to mechanical principles: most simply, that change occurs because objects in motion collide with other objects, and impart motion to them. Although the nature of the mind is not revealed by this philosophy, it is not the case that mechanical explanations cannot illuminate mental capacities and processes.
The Powers of the Victorian State
Authors: Harling Philip 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines five points about the powers of the Victorian State. The first is that the remarkably deep and broad legitimacy that Victorian Britons conferred on their agencies of government was largely predicated on what those agencies did not do: spend too much of the taxpayers' money, or blatantly privilege some sectional interests at the expense of others. The second point is that the ostensibly ‘minimal’ Victorian State was nevertheless a strict moral disciplinarian that was armed with formidable powers to force self-reliance, sobriety, orderliness, and sexual decency on the reprobate, most notably paupers, prisoners, and prostitutes. The third point is that the Victorian State's attempts to impose market discipline on the poor obliged it occasionally to intervene in the market itself in an effort to make the living and working conditions of the poor broadly tolerable. The fourth point is the centrality of the local agencies of the state in the delivery of non-military services. The last point is that the imperial and social crises of the fin-de-siècle challenged traditional notions of the proper limits of government and triggered the rapid expansion of the responsibilities and fiscal capacities of the state. The end result was an Edwardian State that possessed broader powers than its Victorian predecessor, not only to promote a more capacious notion of the ‘common good’ but to punish those who were thought to pose a threat to it.
The Authority of the Law
Authors: Finn Margot C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter re-examines the transition from status to contract and from contractual individualism to legal collectivism by scrutinizing the authority of the law from three successive vantage points. It begins by surveying English criminal law reform, then considers English civil law reform, and concludes by exploring the evolution of ‘British’ law in the empire. The goal of the chapter is to suggest ways in which attention to place, personnel, and process can illuminate the broad patterns of legal change in the Victorian era in new ways. The interpretation is framed by the overarching question: ‘where should we look to find the authority of the Victorian law?’ That is, where should we seek the Victorian law in terms of its physical and administrative locations — inside English territorial borders or outside them, inside criminal or civil tribunals, within the superior or within the inferior court systems?.
Propositionalism
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe discussion of the previous chapter intimates that the central problem raised by intensional transitive verbs is that of accounting for notional readings of verb phrases (vp's) they head, in particular, for vp's in which the complement of the itv is a quantified noun phrase. If first-order logical formalisms are unusable given the overt structure of intensional transitive vp's, two strategies suggest themselves. One is to use higher-order logical formalisms. The other, to be examined in this chapter, is to uncover enough covert material in the vp to allow the explicit quantified noun phrase (qnp) to function as a first-order quantifier.
Substitutivity
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReferential opacity is the term commonly used for the phenomenon of substitution-failure, for example, the failure of ‘seek/fear/caricature Hyde’ to entail ‘seek/fear/caricature Jekyll’. Richard (2001) remarks that a treatment of intensional transitives that does not examine referential opacity could seem like a critical discussion of Paradise Lost that ignores the Prince of Darkness. This chapter presents a ‘hidden indexical’ theory of opacity and discusses how it is to be integrated into the semantics for itv's that has been developed here.
The Production of Knowledge
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book reflects on a number of challenges associated with management and social science research — the search for a ‘behavioral science’, the limits of rationality, the unreliability of many research findings, the social shaping of research agendas, cultures, and judgements. The book is chronologically structured and includes discussions of research projects and various methodological debates. This is a feisty argument based on all aspects of research — carrying out research programmes, evaluating research, tirelessly questioning the assumptions and claims of social science research, and never avoiding the awkward theoretical or practical challenges that face organizational researchers.
Creating Better Social Science
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs some questions cannot be answered by traditional theories alone, this book asserts that there are research tactics do not help humans in understanding themselves and their environments. As a consequence social scientists have found a need to come up with alternative research methods. Such reforms attempt to point out inappropriate statistical technique, faults in the assumption that social systems and people are stable and nonreactive, and that research should consider environmental circumstance and not just logic and human physiology alone. Researchers must be able to set higher standards for the credibility of their findings so that social science research can better account for features in society and bring greater respect to the researchers. This chapter introduces the structure of the book and shows an autobiographical approach in an attempt to explain views through research experiences.
The Production of Knowledge
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause social science research has a low utilitarian value, little attention is given to such research and social scientists are probably receiving a lot less respect than they deserve. Higher standards for reliability should then be set for social science research so that more respect would be given to the researchers and the findings would have more value for society. This chapter presents some research tactics that will hopefully improve the results of social science research or at least filter unnecessary noise. The chapter encourages researchers to challenge their own thinking to be able to demonstrate the validity of their knowledge through observation and displacing situations from equilibria. Also, the chapter introduces statistical methods that would yield the production of reliable knowledge. Lastly, researchers should be able to create consensus about what they know.
Formalization: Expressibility, Definability, Compositionality
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses logical equivalence across languages in terms of the concept of a lexical mapping and addresses the issue of compositionality. Compositionality is perhaps the first extra condition for translation, and it is considered in an abstract setting. However, it is considered in this chapter with a twist, in that a distinction is made between compositionality of a language and compositionality of a translation. Conditions on the grammars of the respective languages are examined to extend a lexical mapping to a compositional translation. The main condition is that the syntactic rules of the source language should be definable in the target language. A notion of definability closely related to uniform translation is explored. The chapter concludes with a detailed and coherent picture of the relation between expressivity issues for both formal and natural languages.
Bureaucratic rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers the early work on bureaucracy before examining the foundations of a bureaucratic rationality. It strongly distinguishes between the bureaucratic form and a bureaucratic rationality that underpins it. Bureaucratic rationality is identified as domination through knowledge, or that which allows things to be known. It is the mundane, seemingly insignificant acts of semantics, drawing definitional boundaries, rules, procedures, codes, protocols, and writing the world in formalized terms, that enables it to be known, become predictable, and be acted upon. As such, bureaucratic rationality is the underlabourer allowing bureaucratic structures to function. And it is this bureaucratic rationality that persists, if not more so, when the organizational form identified as bureaucracy undergoes many changes.
Who should decide? Developing strategy-making capabilities
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStrategy making in many financial services firms is dominated by the desire to control risks, steer resources into profitable areas, and make incremental adjustments to the existing business model. Innovative strategic thinking that penetrates the organization from the lower ranks of the firm is rare. The narrow regulatory framework and inflexible IT systems often contribute to a fairly centralized approach to strategic decision-making in financial services firms. This chapter describes how financial services firms can accelerate their strategic metabolisms and fuel strategic thinking processes with energy. It shows how strategy processes should be designed for firms to lead to unique strategic positions.
How to enter? The choice of the market entry mode
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile deciding on the timing and speed of market entry, financial services firms have to choose the most appropriate market entry mode among the available alternatives. Strategic objectives such as timing and speed of market entry certainly influence the choice of market entry mode. Acquisitions allow for an immediate and quick entry but are risky. Organic growth is slower but easier to control. This chapter reviews the strategies companies in the financial services sector pursue to enter foreign markets. In general, firms can internationalize in a number of ways, including through exports, contractual agreements, and foreign direct investment (FDI). International financial services markets have traditionally been entered using equity modes such as mergers and acquisitions or FDI.
How to organize? International organizational architectures
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on what corporate headquarters do to add value to their family of international business units. The primary purpose is to provide an understanding of the potential to add value through a brief synopsis of a selected sample of the corporate strategy literature and an exploration of the complex and delicate relationship between MNC headquarters and subsidiaries. A description of the key pillars for corporate headquarters' roles and functions in the modern international financial services firm is followed by case examples of the organizational structures of UniCredit Group and Erste Bank. The chapter concludes with reflections on how to balance the trade-off between local responsiveness and global efficiency.
Madness and Discord, 1788–1789
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1788 to 1789. According to his letters and writings, Burke spent 1788 mostly on farming and writing correspondence. During this period, for various political reasons, Burke lost favour with the king, the public, and even many of his own associates. He was particularly hurt by the disregard of this because his entire political career had been devoted to its service.
Chained to an Oar, 1792–1794
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the career and activities of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1792 to 1794. During this period, Burke's relationship with the Whig Party did not improve. The Whig leaders still refused to break ties with Prime Minister Charles James Fox despite the recognition of a national emergency requiring a united front against the dangers from abroad. During this time, Burke also attempted to revive the process of impeachment but he failed.
An Old Oak, 1795–1796
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke. In his letters Burke has repeatedly descanted the theme of retirement and often compared himself to an oak. His complete withdrawal from politics was soon shattered in 1795 when Lord Auckland invited him to write a riposte on his pamphlet titled Some Remarks on the Apparent Circumstances of the War in the Fourth Week of October 1795. Burke declined and instead wrote his opinion on the same issue under the document titled Two Letters on the Prospect of a Regicide Peace.
The Habsburgs and Central Europe, 1683–1723
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the successful attempts of Austria and Hungary to consolidate the Habsburg's possession from 1683 to 1723. It suggests that these attempts were made because the dynasty was still very much attached to imperial aspirations and associated schemes for Counter-Reformation. It argues that during this period and beyond, the Reich remained a mixed blessing for Habsburg government. This essay also analyses why the expansion efforts produced minimal results.
Culture and Authority in Central Europe, 1683–1806
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents an essay concerning the relation between Enlightenment culture and the evolving state in the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy. It highlights the cultural influence of the French and of the Prussian-Protestant model and analyses the relation of patriotism with transnational and trans-regional currents. This essay explores the social foundations of the changing cultural structures and the extent to which the state took over from the court the responsibility as purveyor and fashioner of culture.
Monarchy: From Reverence to Indifference
Authors: McKenna Mark 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines colonial Australia’s view of the British monarchy. It suggests that the Australian conception of the monarchy was the most potent symbol in conveying ideas of Australia’s inherent unity and fraternity with Britain and the Empire. The loyalty to the monarchy may be attributed to Australia’s distance from Britain, which tended to exaggerate affection to the King. In addition, the institution of monarchy in Australia was detached from the ancient hierarchy of aristocracy and privilege on which it rested in Britain.
Blame it on the WTO?
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often accused of, at best, not paying enough attention to human rights or, at worst, facilitating and perpetuating human rights abuses. This book weighs these criticisms and examines their validity, incorporating legal arguments as well as some economic and political science perspectives. After introducing the respective WTO and human rights regimes, and discussing their legal and normative relationship to each other, the book presents a detailed analysis of the main human rights concerns relating to the WTO. These include the alleged democratic deficit within the Organization and the impact of WTO rules on the right to health, labour rights, the right to food, and on questions of poverty and development. Given that some of the most important issues within the WTO concern its impact on poor people within developing States, the book asks whether rich States have an obligation to the people of poorer States to construct a fairer trading system that better facilitates the alleviation of poverty and development. Against this background, the book examines the current Doha round proposals as well as suggestions for reform of the WTO to make it more ‘human rights-friendly’.
Introduction
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explain the reasoning behind the main perceived human rights ‘problems’ with the WTO. These alleged shortcomings are explained and assessed as to their validity. The book also aims to help break down the mutual ignorance that exists in the relationship between trade and human rights. The chapter then discusses the WTO in the global economy and the types of human rights arguments against the WTO. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The WTO and the Right to Food
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of WTO rules on the enjoyment of the right to food. It first describes the human right to food, followed by an overview of current statistics regarding world hunger. The biased impact of current international trade rules on agricultural trade between developed and developing States, which was raised in Chapter 5, is analysed in fuller detail here. The chapter examines problems regarding free trade and agriculture, such as the detrimental effects of volatile markets, cartels, and specialization, and explores the alternative path of empowering small farmers. The impact of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) on the right to food is then analysed, before moving to the chapter's conclusions with recommendations for relevant WTO reforms. Much of the analysis focuses on whether WTO rules and free trade policies generally are producing or are likely to produce an environment in which States, particularly developing States, can discharge their obligations with regard to the right to food. Thus, the analysis largely concerns the instrumental relationship between WTO rules and free trade to human rights protection, rather than direct implementation of the right to food.
Extraterritorial Human Rights Duties
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issue of extraterritorial human rights obligations. It examines the extent to which States have duties to the people in other States. Such duties, if they exist, might signal that States have a duty under international human rights law not to enforce WTO rules which might harm the human rights of people in other States, or a duty to amend WTO rules to assist those in other countries, particularly the poor in developing countries.
Emotions: Non-moral and Moral
Authors: Prinz Jesse J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere are reasons for thinking that moral ontology and moral judgements both involve emotions essentially. The nature of that involvement remains to be worked out, but there is an important hurdle to face before the project can even begin. Historically, philosophers who invoked emotions in their moral theories also provided detailed, independently motivated accounts of the emotions. All too often, we are told that emotions are central to morality without being told what the emotions really are. Emotionists cannot afford to be silent on this question, because some theories of emotion are difficult to reconcile with their approach to morality. This chapter defends a non-cognitive theory of emotions, which can be reconciled with emotionism. It then presents an overview of the moral emotions, and argues that different moral emotions play different functional roles. It also claims that the moral emotions are not basic. Rather, they are derived from non-moral emotions.
Against Objectivity
Authors: Prinz Jesse J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe sensibility theory of morals is a subjectivist theory. To some, this is a sufficient reason for rejection. They insist that morality is objective. It is an objective fact that killing innocent people is wrong. Subjectivism loses sight of this. It makes morality too dependent on us. Subjectivists can respond to this objection in one of two ways. One strategy is to deny that objectivity and subjectivity are incompatible. Another is to deny that morality is objective. The former strategy has been more popular, but the latter is more viable. This chapter argues that objectivity and subjectivity are compatible, but that morality is not objective. It surveys leading ethical theories that have defended objectivism in one or another sense. Some of these objectivist theories are compatible with subjectivism, and others are not. This chapter contends that all of them have insurmountable flaws. It concludes by pointing out that a flight from objectivism need not be a flight from realism. There are moral facts; they are just purely subjective facts.
Moral Progress
Authors: Prinz Jesse J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFriedrich Nietzsche is sometimes called a moral nihilist, and not without warrant. He wanted to undermine Christian morality, but he did not want to eliminate morality altogether. He wanted to replace existing values with better values. If every moral system is a cultural construction, and none has greater claim to absolute truth, what grounds do we have for saying any one system is better than any other? There are two kinds of moral nihilism. According to the first, all moral systems are empty: the claims they make are false. Error theories of morality are nihilistic in this sense. Morality is an illusion, but moral claims can be true. Our current values seem to be an improvement over the values of the past, and moral humility leads us to hope for continued improvement. If moral truth is shallow, then moral change is not a move forward, but a lateral repositioning in a space of equally acceptable options. This is a nihilism of directionless abundance.