bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playgrounds: Radical Failure in the Amazon
Authors: Leggett Gary 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCovering more than 8.1 million square kilometres (3.127 million square miles), the Amazon is a vast territory that has captured people's imaginations and ambitions. These range from Henry Ford's attempt in 1928 to build a rubber company town near Santarém, Brazil, to more contemporary projects that have aimed to boost and connect the continent's economy. Gary Leggett explores the failure of such totalising projects across time and asks why they might have proved inherently flawed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Responses to Climate Change in Latin America: Reasons, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Romero‐Lankao Patricia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCities in Latin America have a crucial role to play in climate change. Urban areas are the main emitters of greenhouse gases, while being vulnerable to severe weather conditions such as floods, heat waves and tropical storms that environmental shifts are expected to trigger. Patricia Romero‐Lankao outlines the background to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, while highlighting how development in Latin America presents unique opportunities for mitigating potential damage to the environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filling the Voids with Popular Imaginaries
Authors: de Mello Franco Fernando 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the last few years, the emergence of a burgeoning middle class in Brazil has transformed the country into one of the fastest growing consumer markets in the world. For MMBB Arquitetos, based in São Paulo, social mobility and the upgrading of urban infrastructure represent a unique opportunity to develop the city. Fernando de Mello Franco of MMBB describes the practice's strategy for ‘urbanising’ much needed new infrastructure. A canal with a public park can be inserted, for instance, alongside a new drainage system, providing necessary social adhesion in a fragile urban culture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bogotá and Medellín: Architecture and Politics
Authors: Castro Lorenzo , Echeverri Alejandro 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the last 15 years, Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia's two largest cities, have undergone urban renaissances. These are a direct result of a political will to tackle the social, economic and physical segregation caused by the large‐scale urban migrations of the 1970s and 1980s, which resulted in informal developments that were often isolated from central urban areas with no infrastructure. Lorenzo Castro and Alejandro Echeverri describe the shared experiences and distinct approaches of each city. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latin America Meander: In Search of a New Civic Imagination
Authors: Cruz Teddy 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTeddy Cruz reviews the shifting political landscape of the last two decades in Latin America. Breaking from US dependency, the continent has charted an alternative course as municipalities have reconnected public policy, social justice and civic imagination. In order to address inequality, new models of urban development have been produced on sites of scarcity, and city mayors and administrations have been prepared to learn from each other through best practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supersudaca’s Asia Stories (aka at Home in the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Worlds)
Authors:   Supersudaca
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe architecture network Supersudaca is best known for its research projects on Latin America and the Caribbean. Here they describe their experiences as they shifted their focus to Asia and the Middle East in a super‐tour that took in Kuala Lumpur, Tokyo, Dubai, Mumbai, Dhaka, Phnom Penh, Singapore and China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Cities Become Strategic
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe 1980s saw the rise of cities as strategic economic spaces. This was driven by the emergence of intermediate services, such as IT and finance, which tend to be located in cities regardless of whether or not they serve the manufacturing sector. Saskia Sassen describes both the direct result that cities becoming strategic had on built form and how the growth in the informal economy was in fact a response to this shift in late capitalism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organising Communities for Interdependent Growth
Authors: Martin‐Moreno Enrique 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecognising interdependence provides unique opportunities for small businesses to grow and communities to flourish. Enrique Martin‐Moreno urges architects, as they are presented with opportunities in Latin America, to participate in the building of social projects to understand the potency of trust and shared self‐reliance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking Beyond Informality
Authors: Fabricius Daniela 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is all too easy to be optimistic about the economic and social future of Latin America. Daniela Fabricius, the author of 100% Favela: The Informal Geographies of Rio de Janeiro (forthcoming), calls into question architects working within the realpolitik of a globalised, post‐nationalist world. Could an all too ready acceptance of existing conditions and the adoption of informality leave inhabitants short‐changed? For to live informally is also to live precariously ‐ no substitute for secure and prosperous living.
Strength and Ductility of Bi‐Modal Cu
Authors: Zhao Yonghao , Topping Troy , Li Ying , Lavernia Enrique J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEngineering a microstructure with multiple length scales has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the plasticity of nanostructured materials which otherwise lack extensive dislocation activity, and therefore low ductility. To that effect, various research groups have implemented this concept by promoting the formation of so called bi‐modal microstructures (e.g., consisting of a mixture of ultrafine and micro‐grains) with balanced combinations of strength and ductility. Despite encouraging results, fundamental, information on important questions remained unanswered. For example, what is the relationship between the volume fraction of the coarse grained phase and the overall ductility? What is the influence of size of the coarse grained phase, and how does its distribution influence ductility? To provide insight into these, and other related questions, in this work, we prepared bimodal Cu with homogeneous distribution of different‐volume‐fraction micro‐grains via isothermal recrystallization of an ultrafine grained Cu matrix at 200 °C. Analysis of the tensile results and microstructural characterization suggest that both strength and ductility of the bi‐modal Cu follows the rule‐of‐mixtures, with interesting results related to volume fraction. Our work provides a pathway for optimizing the mechanical properties of multiscale materials.
Elementary Deformation and Damage Mechanisms During Fatigue of Pseudoelastic NiTi Microstents
Authors: Frotscher Matthias , Wu Sangni , Simon Tobias , Somsen Christoph , Dlouhy Antonin , Eggeler Gunther 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the present study, we investigate the fatigue behavior of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) microstents at 22 °C (room temperature) and 37 °C up to 30 × 106 load cycles. We briefly describe our test procedure, which applies displacement‐controlled pull–pull fatigue cycling between displacements corresponding to apparent strains of 5 and 7.5%. The response of the microstents to mechanical loading indicates cyclic softening during 30 × 104 cycles. Subsequently, the maximum load remains constant throughout the remainder of the test. We use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to clarify the microstructural reasons for cyclic softening. A focused ion beam (FIB) technique is used to take out thin foil specimens from critical microstent locations. Our TEM results show that the dislocation density increases during cycling. We also find that microstructural regions with stabilized stress‐induced B19′ martensite can be detected.
Organic Thin‐Film Transistors: Simultaneous Modification of Bottom‐Contact Electrode and Dielectric Surfaces for Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Through Single‐Component Spin‐Cast Monolayers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2011)
Authors: Acton Orb , Dubey Manish , Weidner Tobias , O’Malley Kevin M. , Kim Tae‐Wook , Ting Guy G. , Hutchins Daniel , Baio J. E. , Lovejoy Tracy C. , Gage Alexander H. , Castner David G. , Ma Hong , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn efficient process is developed by spin‐coating a single‐component, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom‐contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This effi cient interface modifi cation is achieved using n‐alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom‐contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO2) dielectrics in low‐voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X‐ray absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well‐defi ned phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both n‐channel (C60) and p‐channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifi cally, SAMs of n‐octylphos‐phonic acid (OPA) provide both low‐contact resistance at the bottom‐contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO2 dielectric bottom‐contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm‐cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec−1), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom‐contact OTFTs.
Tailored Assembly of Carbon Nanostructures: Tailored Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2011)
Authors: Lee Sun Hwa , Lee Duck Hyun , Lee Won Jun , Kim Sang Ouk 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis Feature Article reviews recent progress in the tailored assembly of carbon nanotubes and graphene into three‐dimensional architectures with particular emphasis on our own research employing self‐assembly principles. Carbon nanotubes and graphene can be assembled into macroporous films, hollow spherical capsules, or hollow nanotubes, via directed assembly from solvent dispersion. This approach is cost‐effective and beneficial for large‐scale assembly, but pre‐requests stable dispersion in a solvent medium. Directed growth from a nanopatterned catalyst array is another promising approach, which enables the control of morphology and properties of graphitic materials as well as their assembly. In addition, the aforementioned two approaches can be synergistically integrated to generate a carbon hybrid assembly consisting of vertical carbon nanotubes grown on flexible graphene films. Tailored assembly relying on scalable self‐assembly principles offer viable routes that are scalable for mass production towards the ultimate utilization of graphitic carbon materials in nanoelectronics, displays, sensors, energy storage/conversion devices, and so on, including future flexible devices.
Endoscopic anatomy of the postganglionic pterygopalatine innervation of the posterolateral nasal mucosa
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundRecent anatomic dissections have redefined the sinonasal parasympathetic pathway suggesting that individual rami project from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) to innervate the nasal mucosa via multiple small nerve fascicles. The purpose of this study is correlate these anatomic descriptions with endoscopic findings and to define the pattern and location of the posterolateral neurovascular rami.MethodsEight cadaver heads were utilized for a total of 16 individual sides. A lateral nasal submucosal flap was elevated while preserving all neurovascular bundles perforating the palatine bone. All nerves were traced proximally to confirm their origin.ResultsExcluding the sphenopalatine foraminal contents, accessory posterolateral nerves were noted in 87.5% (14/16) of specimens, 50% (7/14) of which contained greater than one. All nerves could be traced directly to the PPG or greater palatine nerve. Of the 25 accessory nerves identified, the most common location was posterosuperior to the horizontal attachment of the inferior turbinate (40%, 10/25).ConclusionThis study supports prior work suggesting that neurons project from the PPG via multiple individual postganglionic rami to supply the nasal mucosa. This new anatomic insight may be exploited to selectively lesion these nerve fascicles in patients with vasomotor rhinitis to improve outcomes while avoiding the morbidities associated with vidian neurectomy. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Sinonasal and nasopharyngeal applications of the hand‐held CO2 laser fiber
Authors: Agarwal Garima , Kupferman Michael E. , Holsinger Floyd C. , Hanna Ehab Y. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundCarbon dioxide (CO2) laser provides precision and excellent hemostasis, leading to healing with minimal discomfort and complications. In spite of the advantages, the application of CO2 laser has been limited in the sinonasal region due to the difficulty in delivering laser energy to the deep, narrow, and confined spaces. The availability of flexible laser fibers and custom‐designed hand pieces has rectified these limitations but, until this date, there are no data on their safety and efficacy profile.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent sinonasal and nasopharyngeal surgery with a hand‐held CO2 laser at M.D. Anderson Cancer center between 2007 and 2009.ResultsOut of 12 patients, 3 patients had postradiotherapy adhesions, 2 patients had a recurrent sinonasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 1 patient each had a ganglioneuroblastoma of the nasopharynx involving the basisphenoid and clivus, recurrent spindle cell melanoma of the nasopharynx, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, papilloma of the nasal cavity, pituitary adenoma, spindle cell lipoma of the nasopharynx, and intranasal Rosai‐Dorfman disease. The CO2 laser, along with conventional endoscopic techniques and instruments, was used at 6–12 W continuous mode, to excise the disease. Median blood loss was 88 mL with no laser‐related complication in any patient.ConclusionIn sinonasal and nasopharyngeal regions, use of hand‐held CO2 laser fiber provides precision, excellent hemostasis and minimizes tissue manipulation thereby reducing risk to the underlying structures. Thus, it can be an important tool for rhinologists and skull‐base surgeons, especially for revision and postradiotherapy cases. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Nasal inspiratory flow: at rest and sniffing
Authors: Rennie Catherine E. , Gouder Kevin A. , Taylor Donal J. , Tolley Neil S. , Schroter Robert C. , Doorly Denis J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study quantifies the time‐varying flow rate during inspiration at rest and in sniffing, both predecongestion and postdecongestion. It aims to provide a better understanding of nasal airflow mechanics, for application to the physiological modeling of nasal respiration and to therapeutic drug delivery.MethodsThe temporal profiles of nasal inspiration were measured at high fidelity in 14 healthy individuals using simultaneous bilateral hot‐wire anemometry. Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) rate, acoustic rhinometry (AR), and the sinonasal outcome test (SNOT) provided complementary clinical measurements. The impact of decongestion was also investigated.ResultsIn the initial phase of inspiration, a rapid rise in flow rate was observed. Flow first exceeded 150 mL/second in either passage within a median time of approximately 120 ms for inspiration at rest and approximately 60 ms in sniffing (∼20 ms in the fastest sniffs). The mean sustained flow rate attained and the overall period of each measured inspiratory profile were analyzed. AR showed a significant change in nasal volume with decongestion, although these change were not manifest in the temporal profiles of inspiratory flow (barring a weak effect associated with the most vigorous sniffs).ConclusionNovelmethods were applied to investigate the temporal profiles of nasal inspiration. Characteristic features of the profile were identified and found to be significantly different between inspiration at rest and sniffing. Decongestion was found to have little effect on the temporal profiles for the flow regimes studied. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Correlating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 sinus secretion levels with tissue biopsy levels
Authors: Wilson Matt A. , Orlandi Richard R. , Firpo Matthew A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundCollecting mucosal biopsies is invasive and creates additional inflammation, hampering a better understanding of nasal and sinus disease evolution and response to treatment. We examine whether sinus secretion collection can replace tissue biopsy for protein determination.MethodsPrior to surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a piece of gelatin foam was used to collect secretions from the ethmoid mucosa. A tissue biopsy was then taken from the same location. Matrix metallopro‐teinase‐9 (MMP‐9) protein levels were measured in each sample.ResultsMMP‐9 protein levels in secretions and tissues were significantly correlated (p = 0.0033, r = 0.52, by Pearson correlation).ConclusionSecretion collection can replace tissue biopsy for MMP‐9 determinations, reducing morbidity. Furthermore, secretion collection allows sequential sampling from the same location. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Chitravas Numthip , Jung Richard S. , Kofskey Diane M. , Blevins Janis E. , Gambetti Pierluigi , Leigh R. John , Cohen Mark L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:Heightened awareness of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) among physicians and the lay public has led to its frequent consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Our goal was to determine which treatable disorders are most commonly mistaken for CJD.Methods:We performed a retrospective clinical and neuropathological review of prion‐negative brain autopsy cases referred to the US National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center at Case Western Reserve University from January 2006 through December 2009.Results:Of 1,106 brain autopsies, 352 (32%) were negative for prion disease, 304 of which had adequate tissue for histopathological analysis. Alzheimer disease (n = 154) and vascular dementia (n = 36) were the 2 most frequent diagnoses. Seventy‐one patients had potentially treatable diseases. Clinical findings included dementia (42 cases), pyramidal (n = 20), cerebellar (n = 14), or extrapyramidal (n = 12) signs, myoclonus (n = 12), visual disturbance (n = 9), and akinetic mutism (n = 5); a typical electroencephalogram occurred only once. Neuropathological diagnoses included immune‐mediated disorders (n = 26), neoplasia (n = 25, most often lymphoma), infections (n = 14), and metabolic disorders (n = 6).Interpretation:In patients with RPD, treatable disorders should be considered and excluded before diagnosing CJD. Misdiagnosed patients often did not fulfill World Health Organization criteria. RPD with positive 14‐3‐3 cerebrospinal fluid protein should not be regarded as sufficient for the diagnosis of CJD. Adherence to revised criteria for CJD, which include distinctive magnetic resonance imaging features of prion disease, is likely to improve diagnostic accuracy. ANN NEUROL 2011;
In defense of the somatic mutation theory of cancer
Authors: Vaux David L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAccording to the somatic mutation theory (SMT), cancer begins with a genetic change in a single cell that passes it on to its progeny, thereby generating a clone of malignant cells. It is strongly supported by observations of leukemias that bear specific chromosome translocations, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, in which a translocation activates the c‐myc gene, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in which the Philadelphia chromosome causes production of the BCR‐ABL oncoprotein. Although the SMT has been modified and extended to encompass tumor suppressor genes, epigenetic inheritance, and tumor progression through accumulation of further mutations, perhaps the strongest validation comes from the successful treatment of certain malignancies with drugs that directly target the product of the mutant gene.magnified imageDavid Vaux is at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Australia
The tissue organization field theory of cancer: A testable replacement for the somatic mutation theory
Authors: Soto Ana M. , Sonnenschein Carlos 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe somatic mutation theory (SMT) of cancer has been and remains the prevalent theory attempting to explain how neoplasms arise and progress. This theory proposes that cancer is a clonal, cell‐based disease, and implicitly assumes that quiescence is the default state of cells in multicellular organisms. The SMT has not been rigorously tested, and several lines of evidence raise questions that are not addressed by this theory. Herein, we propose experimental strategies that may validate the SMT. We also call attention to an alternative theory of carcinogenesis, the tissue organization field theory (TOFT), which posits that cancer is a tissue‐based disease and that proliferation is the default state of all cells. Based on epistemological and experimental evidence, we argue that the TOFT compellingly explains carcinogenesis, while placing it within an evolutionarily relevant context.magnified imagemagnified imageAna Soto and Carlos Sonnenschein are at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
The development and implementation of a thermal process trainer for control and measurement via the Internet
Authors: Matijević Milan , Stefanović Miladin , Cvjetković Vladimir , Joković Vladimir , Babajić Nenad , Ravlić Miroslav , Nestic Snezana 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn engineering education, it is very important to provide solid knowledge and practice to students in order to deal with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for the control of processes. In this article we will present the concept, detailed technical requirements, description, implementation, and verification of a process (thermal) trainer. In addition three possible educational tasks will be presented with a developed software infrastructure for the remote control of a laboratory set‐up via the Internet. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 167–177, 2014
An AHP application to select software for engineering education
Authors: Dorado R. , Gómez‐Moreno A. , Torres‐Jiménez E. , López‐Alba E. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSimulations help students to deal with complex real problems, therefore engineering instructors include these software packages in their teaching methodologies. To achieve a learning aim, different programs can be chosen. Which is the adequate choice? Based on educational criteria, we implement a well‐known selection method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to find a satisfactory solution. An example portrays the selection tool performance in the thermal engineering field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:200–208, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20546