bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergence between sea urchins and their microbiota following speciation
Authors: Carrier Tyler J. , Schwob Guillaume , Ketchum Remi N. , Lessios Harilaos A. , Reitzel Adam M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAnimals have a deep evolutionary relationship with microbial symbionts, such that individual microbes or an entire microbial community can diverge alongside the host. Here, we explore these host-microbe relationships in Echinometra, a sea urchin genus that speciated with the Isthmus of Panama and throughout the Indo-West Pacific. We find that the eggs from five Echinometra species generally associate with a species-specific bacterial community and that the relatedness of these communities is largely congruent with host phylogeny. Microbiome divergence per million years was higher in more recent speciation events than in older ones. We, however, did not find any bacterial groups that displayed co-phylogeny with Echinometra. Together, these findings suggest that the evolutionary relationship between Echinometra and their microbiota operates at the community level. We find no evidence suggesting that the associated microbiota is the evolutionary driver of Echinometra speciation. Instead, divergence between Echinometra and their microbiota is likely the byproduct of ecological, geographic, and reproductive isolations.
Illumination matters part IV: blackout and whiteout in flexible ureteroscopy - first report on a phenomenon observed by PEARLS
Authors: Kwok Jia-Lun , De Coninck Vincent , Panthier Frédéric , Kamkoum Hatem , Pauchard Felipe , Shrestha Anil , Gauhar Vineet , Brachlow Jan , Schmid Florian Alexander , Poyet Cédric , Eberli Daniel , Traxer Olivier , Keller Etienne Xavier 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To date, no study has evaluated effects of varying brightness settings on image quality from flexible ureteroscopes submerged in saline. The aim was to evaluate blackout and whiteout occurrences in an in-vitro kidney calyx model.

Material and methods
We evaluated a series of contemporary flexible ureteroscopes including the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, as well as OTU WiScope using a 3D-printed enclosed pink in-vitro kidney calyx model submerged in saline. Endoscopic images were captured with ureteroscope tip placed at 5 mm,10 mm and 20 mm distances. The complete range of brightness settings and video capture modes were evaluated for each scope. Distribution of brightness on a grayscale histogram of images was analyzed (scale range 0 to 255). Blackout and whiteout were defined as median histogram ranges from 0 to 35 and 220 to 255, respectively (monitor image too dark or too bright for the human eye, respectively).

Results
Blackout occurred with the P7, Pusen 7.5F, 9.2F and WiScope at all distances, and V3 at 20 mm - with lowest brightness settings. Whiteout occurred with Flex-X2s, V3 and P7 at 5 mm and 10 mm, as well as with V3 and P7 at 20 mm - mostly with highest brightness settings. The Flex-Xc had neither blackout nor whiteout at all settings and distances.

Conclusion
Blackout or whiteout of images is an undesirable property that was found for several scopes, possibly impacting diagnostic and therapeutic purposes during ureteroscopy. These observations form a guide to impact a urologist’s choice of instruments and settings.
Sex differences in the extent of acute axonal pathologies after experimental concussion
Authors: Song Hailong , Tomasevich Alexandra , Paolini Andrew , Browne Kevin D. , Wofford Kathryn L. , Kelley Brian , Kantemneni Eashwar , Kennedy Justin , Qiu Yue , Schneider Andrea L. C. , Dolle Jean-Pierre , Cullen D. Kacy , Smith Douglas H. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough human females appear be at a higher risk of concussion and suffer worse outcomes than males, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. With increasing recognition that damage to white matter axons is a key pathologic substrate of concussion, we used a clinically relevant swine model of concussion to explore potential sex differences in the extent of axonal pathologies. At 24 h post-injury, female swine displayed a greater number of swollen axonal profiles and more widespread loss of axonal sodium channels than males. Axon degeneration for both sexes appeared to be related to individual axon architecture, reflected by a selective loss of small caliber axons after concussion. However, female brains had a higher percentage of small caliber axons, leading to more extensive axon loss after injury compared to males. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism in axonal size is associated with more extensive axonal pathology in females after concussion, which may contribute to worse outcomes.
On a novel gradient flow structure for the aggregation equation
Authors: Esposito A. , Gvalani R. S. , Schlichting A. , Schmidtchen M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe aggregation equation arises naturally in kinetic theory in the study of granular media, and its interpretation as a 2-Wasserstein gradient flow for the nonlocal interaction energy is well-known. Starting from the spatially homogeneous inelastic Boltzmann equation, a formal Taylor expansion reveals a link between this equation and the aggregation equation with an appropriately chosen interaction potential. Inspired by this formal link and the fact that the associated aggregation equation also dissipates the kinetic energy, we present a novel way of interpreting the aggregation equation as a gradient flow, in the sense of curves of maximal slope, of the kinetic energy, rather than the usual interaction energy, with respect to an appropriately constructed transportation metric on the space of probability measures.
An exceptional property of the one-dimensional Bianchi–Egnell inequality
Authors: König Tobias 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn this paper, for $$d \ge 1$$

d
≥
1

and $$s \in (0,\frac{d}{2})$$

s
∈
(
0
,

d
2

)

, we study the Bianchi–Egnell quotient $$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {Q}}(f) = \inf _{f \in \dot{H}^s({\mathbb {R}}^d) \setminus {\mathcal {B}}} \frac{\Vert (-\Delta )^{s/2} f\Vert _{L^2({\mathbb {R}}^d)}^2 - S_{d,s} \Vert f\Vert _{L^{\frac{2d}{d-2s}}(\mathbb R^d)}^2}{\text {dist}_{\dot{H}^s({\mathbb {R}}^d)}(f, {\mathcal {B}})^2}, \qquad f \in \dot{H}^s({\mathbb {R}}^d) \setminus {\mathcal {B}}, \end{aligned}$$

Q

(
f
)

=

inf

f
∈

H
˙

s

(

R

d

)

\
B

‖

(
-
Δ
)

s
/
2

f
‖

L
2

(

R

d

)

2

-

S

d
,
s

‖
f
‖

L

2
d

d
-
2
s

(

R
d

)

2

dist

H
˙

s

(

R

d

)

(
f
,
B
)

2

,

f
∈

H
˙

s

(

R

d

)

\
B
,

where $$S_{d,s}$$

S

d
,
s

is the best Sobolev constant and $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
is the manifold of Sobolev optimizers. By a fine asymptotic analysis, we prove that when $$d = 1$$

d
=
1

, there is a neighborhood of $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
on which the quotient $${\mathcal {Q}}(f)$$

Q
(
f
)

is larger than the lowest value attainable by sequences converging to $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
. This behavior is surprising because it is contrary to the situation in dimension $$d \ge 2$$

d
≥
2

described recently in König (Bull Lond Math Soc 55(4):2070–2075, 2023). This leads us to conjecture that for $$d = 1$$

d
=
1

, $${\mathcal {Q}}(f)$$

Q
(
f
)

has no minimizer on $$\dot{H}^s({\mathbb {R}}^d) \setminus {\mathcal {B}}$$

H
˙

s

(

R

d

)

\
B

, which again would be contrary to the situation in $$d \ge 2$$

d
≥
2

. As a complement of the above, we study a family of test functions which interpolates between one and two Talenti bubbles, for every $$d \ge 1$$

d
≥
1

. For $$d \ge 2$$

d
≥
2

, this family yields an alternative proof of the main result of König (Bull Lond Math Soc 55(4):2070–2075, 2023). For $$d =1$$

d
=
1

we make some numerical observations which support the conjecture stated above.
Disparity between Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and Toarcian carbon isotope excursion
Authors: Ruebsam Wolfgang , Schwark Lorenz 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, Early Jurassic) is marked by widespread marine deoxygenation and deposition of organic carbon (OC)-rich strata. The genesis of the T-OAE is thought to be associated with environmental changes caused by the emission of 12C-enriched greenhouse gasses (CO2, CH4), manifested in a negative Toarcian carbon isotope excursion (nT-CIE). The nT-CIE is commonly used to stratigraphically define the T-OAE, and despite the complex interrelationship of the different environmental phenomena, both terms (nT-CIE and T-OAE) are commonly used interchangeable. We here demonstrate that occurrence of OC-rich strata is diachronous and not restricted to the nT-CIE, reflecting the interaction of global- and regional-scale processes. Thus, the interchangeable use of T-OAE and nT-CIE should be discarded. The nT-CIE, however, hosts the T-OAE climax, marked by the widest extent of OC-rich strata. Early Toarcian environmental changes, particularly sea level rise and rising temperatures, may have made marine areas more susceptible to develop oxygen deficient conditions, favoring OC-accumulation.
Graphical abstract
Reservoir quality of Upper Cretaceous limestones (Ahlen-Fm., Beckum Member, Münsterland Cretaceous Basin): effects of cementation and compaction on the compactable depositional volume
Authors: Ölmez Jasemin Ayse , Busch Benjamin , Hilgers Christoph 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Upper Cretaceous limestones unconformably overlie Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing lithologies and are studied to assess their effect on rising mine-water levels in the Ruhr mining district. Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks from the Münsterland Cretaceous Basin have previously been studied regarding their sedimentary structures and fossil content. However, understanding the petrophysical and petrographic heterogeneity in regard to sedimentary properties and their effect on fluid migration pathways is yet missing. Utilizing He-pycnometry, Klinkenberg-corrected air permeabilities, p-wave velocities, transmitted and reflected light analyses, point-counting and cathodoluminescence, we assess the petrophysical, geomechanical and mineralogical properties. Porosity ranges from 1.0 to 18.7% and permeability ranges from < 0.0001 to 0.2 mD, while p-wave velocity ranges between 2089 and 5843 m/s. Mechanical compaction leads to grain rearrangement, deformation of calcispheres, foraminifera and ductile clay mineral laminae. Above and below clay laminae, compaction bands of deformed calcispheres develop. Early diagenetic mineral precipitation of ferroan calcite in inter- and intragranular pores reduces porosity and permeability and influences geomechanical properties. An underestimated aspect of limestone petrography is the relationship of the original primary compactable depositional volume and the influence of compaction, deformation and cementation during early and late diagenesis on reservoir properties. The detrital dominated limestones show an originally high compactable depositional volume (CDV). Overall, reservoir qualities are poor and indicate the sealing potential of the studied lithologies. The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) limestones thus may act as a barrier for increasing mine-water levels from dismantled, post-mining subsurface hard coal mines in the region.
Graphical abstract
On growth and scoliosis
Authors: Smit Theodoor H. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To describe the physiology of spinal growth in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods
Narrative review of the literature with a focus on mechanisms of growth.

Results
In his landmark publication On Growth and Form, D’Arcy Thompson wrote that the anatomy of an organism reflects the forces it is subjected to. This means that mechanical forces underlie the shape of tissues, organs and organisms, whether healthy or diseased. AIS is called idiopathic because the underlying cause of the deformation is unknown, although many factors are associated. Eventually, however, any deformity is due to mechanical forces. It has long been shown that the typical curvature and rotation of the scoliotic spine could result from vertebrae and intervertebral discs growing faster than the ligaments attached to them. This raises the question why in AIS the ligaments do not keep up with the speed of spinal growth. The spine of an AIS patient deviates from healthy spines in various ways. Growth is later but faster, resulting in higher vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Vertebral bone density is lower, which suggests less spinal compression. This also preserves the notochordal cells and the swelling pressure in the nucleus pulposus. Less spinal compression is due to limited muscular activity, and low muscle mass indeed underlies the lower body mass index (BMI) in AIS patients. Thus, AIS spines grow faster because there is less spinal compression that counteracts the force of growth (Hueter–Volkmann Law). Ligaments consist of collagen fibres that grow by tension, fibrillar sliding and the remodelling of cross-links. Growth and remodelling are enhanced by dynamic loading and by hormones like estrogen. However, they are opposed by static loading.

Conclusion
Increased spinal elongation and reduced ligamental growth result in differential strain and a vicious circle of scoliotic deformation. Recognising the physical and biological cues that contribute to differential growth allows earlier diagnosis of AIS and prevention in children at risk.
Quantitative Analysis and 3D Visualization of Crack Behavior in 3D-Printed Rock-Like Specimens with Single Flaw Using In-Situ Micro-CT Imaging
Authors: Shao Yulong , Yang Jingwei , Kim Jineon , Mehrishal Seyedahmad , Song Jae-Joon 
Published: May 2024

Abstract3D printing technology allows for precise control of preparing complex geometries and internal defects in printed rock analogs, while in-situ Micro-CT imaging enables real-time observation of crack behavior. The combination of these technologies offers a new research approach for studying rock crack behavior. In this study, 3D-printed rock-like specimens containing a pre-existing flaw were prepared using a gypsum powder-based 3D printer. An advanced in-situ Micro-CT system equipped with a loading device was used to quantitatively and visually investigate the crack behavior in 3D-printed specimens under uniaxial compression testing. 2D CT images obtained from in-situ compression testing at different deformations could be used to reconstruct a 3D model and visually identify the crack patterns of the extracted cracks in 3D-printed specimens. The initiation angle of cracks, volume of the pre-existing flaw, volume of newly formed cracks, and damage value with respect to strains were analyzed to quantitatively investigate crack behavior. The results indicated that within the 3D-printed specimens, tensile cracks were first initiated near the internal flaw, followed by the occurrence of shear cracks or tensile-shear mixed cracks at the flaw tips. Additionally, there was a negative linear correlation between the initiation angle of newly formed cracks and the initial flaw angle. For flaw angles in the range of 0° ≤ α ≤ 45°, a higher number of newly formed cracks were observed in the 3D-printed specimens, and the rates of increase in crack volume and damage values with strain were faster. However, for flaw angles in the range of 45° < α ≤ 90°, the results showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, through comparison with the crack behavior of natural rocks containing a single flaw, it was found that the failure modes and crack behavior of the 3D-printed specimens exhibit certain similarities with natural rocks.
Exploring the impact of chaos engineering with various user loads on cloud native applications: an exploratory empirical study
Authors: Al-Said Ahmad Amro , Al-Qora’n Lamis F. , Zayed Ahmad 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOne of the most popular models that provide computer resources today is cloud computing. Today’s dynamic and successful platforms are created to take advantage of various resources available from service providers. Ensuring the performance and availability of such resources and services is a crucial problem. Any software system may be subject to faults that might propagate to cause failures. Such faults with the potential of contributing to failures are critical because they impair performance and result in a delayed reaction, which is regarded as a dependability problem. To ensure that critical faults can be discovered as soon as possible, the impact of such faults on the system must be tested. The performance and dependability of cloud-native systems are examined in this empirical study using fault injection, one of the chaos engineering techniques. The study explores the impacts and results of injecting various delay times into two cloud-native applications with diverse user numbers. The performance of the applications with various numbers of users is measured in relation to these delays, which accordingly reflects measuring the dependability of those systems. Firstly, the systems’ architecture were identified, and serverless with two Lambda functions and containerised microservices applications were chosen, which depend on utilising and incorporating cloud-native services. Secondly, faults are injected in order to quantify performance attributes such as throughput and latency. The results of several controlled experiments carried out in real-world cloud environments provide exploratory empirical data, which promoted comparisons and statistical analysis that we utilised to identify the behaviour of the application while experiencing stress. Typical results from this investigation include an overall reduction in performance that is embodied in an increase in latency with injecting delays. However, a remarkable result is noticed at a particular delay in which defects and availability problems appear out of nowhere. These findings assist in highlighting the value of using chaos engineering in general and fault injection in particular to assess the dependability of cloud-native applications and to find unpredicted failures that could arise quickly from defects that aren’t supposed to spread and result in dependability issues.
A cyber defense system against phishing attacks with deep learning game theory and LSTM-CNN with African vulture optimization algorithm (AVOA)
Authors: Elberri Mustafa Ahmed , Tokeşer Ümit , Rahebi Javad , Lopez-Guede Jose Manuel 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPhishing attacks pose a significant threat to online security, utilizing fake websites to steal sensitive user information. Deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have emerged as promising tools for detecting phishing attacks. However, traditional CNN-based image classification methods face limitations in effectively identifying fake pages. To address this challenge, we propose an image-based coding approach for detecting phishing attacks using a CNN-LSTM hybrid model. This approach combines SMOTE, an enhanced GAN based on the Autoencoder network, and swarm intelligence algorithms to balance the dataset, select informative features, and generate grayscale images. Experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy, precision, and sensitivity compared to other techniques, effectively identifying phishing attacks and enhancing online security.
Evaluating the merits and constraints of cryptography-steganography fusion: a systematic analysis
Authors: Haverkamp Indy , Sarmah Dipti K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn today's interconnected world, safeguarding digital data's confidentiality and security is crucial. Cryptography and steganography are two primary methods used for information security. While these methods have diverse applications, there is ongoing exploration into the potential benefits of merging them. This review focuses on journal articles from 2010 onwards and conference papers from 2018 onwards that integrate steganography and cryptography in practical applications. The results are gathered through different databases like Scopus, IEEE, and Web of Science. Our approach involves gaining insights into real-world applications explored in the existing literature and categorizing them based on domains and technological areas. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyze the advantages and limitations associated with these implementations, examining them from three evaluation perspectives: security, performance, and user experience. This categorization offers guidance for future research in unexplored areas, while the evaluation perspectives provide essential considerations for analyzing real-world implementations.
Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a large-scale data analysis using the Japanese claims database
Authors: Kimura Takayuki , Takami Tomoko , Piao Yi , Ntalla Ioanna , Saji Shigehira 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
This study evaluated treatment patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) in real-world clinical settings in Japan.

Methods
The treatment patterns, time to next treatment or death (TTNTD), time to treatment discontinuation, adverse events of interest, and medical costs of treating patients with mTNBC in first-, second-, and third-line settings were investigated using data of patients meeting the inclusion criteria between January 2017 and March 2022 in a Japanese medical claims database. The treatment regimens for mTNBC were defined according to the Japanese Breast Cancer Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Results
In this study, 2236 patients with mTNBC (median age 66.0 years; 99.8% female) were included in the first-line cohort. Of these, 46.6% and 20.8% were included in the second- and third-line cohorts, respectively. The two most frequently used treatments were capecitabine (19.1%) and S-1 (tegafur–gimeracil–oteracil) (14.5%) in the first-line cohort, eribulin (18.3%) and bevacizumab/paclitaxel (14.4%) in the second-line cohort, and eribulin (19.4%) and bevacizumab/paclitaxel (17.5%) in the third-line cohort. The TTNTD shortened as the line of therapy progressed (median 8.0, 6.5, and 5.2 months for the first-, second-, and third-line treatments, respectively). Nausea/vomiting and neutropenia/leukopenia occurred in 62.8% and 18.3% of all patients, respectively. The medical total costs per day were 6.7, 10.2, and 12.9 thousand yen during the first-/second-/third-line treatments, respectively.

Conclusion
This study provides insight into current treatment patterns for mTNBC in Japan. The cost–benefit balance worsens with later-line treatment and a high unmet need for mTNBC drug treatment remains.