bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basal Forebrain Histaminergic Transmission Modulates Electroencephalographic Activity and Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia
Authors: Luo Tao , Leung L Stan 
Published: September 2009

Background
The tuberomammillary histaminergic neurons are involved in the sedative component of anesthetic action. The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the basal forebrain receives dense excitatory innervation from the tuberomammillary nucleus and is recognized as an important site of sleep-wake regulation. This study investigated whether NBM administration of histaminergic drugs may modulate arousal/emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.

Methods
Microinjections of histaminergic agonists and antagonists were made into the NBM of rats anesthetized with isoflurane. The changes in electroencephalographic activity, including electroencephalographic burst suppression ratio and power spectra, as well as respiratory rate, were recorded under basal conditions and after NBM injection. Time to resumption of righting reflex was recorded as a measure of emergence from anesthesia.

Results
The rats displayed a burst suppression electroencephalographic pattern at inhaled isoflurane concentrations of 1.4-2.1%. Application of histamine (1 microg/0.5 microl) to the NBM reversed the electroencephalographic depressant effect of isoflurane; i.e., electroencephalographic activity shifted from the burst suppression pattern toward delta activity at 1.4% isoflurane, and the burst suppression ratio decreased at 2.1% isoflurane. Histamine-evoked activation of electroencephalography was blocked by NBM pretreatment with a H1 receptor antagonist, triprolidine (5 microg/1 microl), but not by a H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine (25 microg/1 microl). The respiratory rate was significantly increased after histamine injection. NBM application of histamine facilitated, while triprolidine delayed, emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.

Conclusions
Histamine activation of H1 receptors in the NBM induces electroencephalographic arousal and facilitates emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. The basal forebrain histaminergic pathway appears to play a role in modulating arousal/emergence from anesthesia.
Response of Serum Proteome in Patients Undergoing Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Modesti Pietro Amedeo , Gamberi Tania , Bazzini Cristina , Borro Marina , Romano Salvatore Mario , Cambi Giulia Elisa , Corvi Andrea , Dorigo Walter , Paparella Laura , Pratesi Carlo , Carini Marco , Gensini GianFranco , Modesti Alessandra 
Published: September 2009

Background
Postoperative organ dysfunction in conventional surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is associated with a complex inflammatory reaction, with activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. A prospective,observational study was performed to define the complex plasma proteomic changes after AAA repair and to identify factor(s) that may affect myocardial function in uncomplicated procedures.

Methods
Ten patients undergoing infrarenal AAA repair were investigated. Eight subjects subjected to major abdominal surgery served as controls. Hemodynamic changes were continuously monitored by using the pressure recording analytical method technique. The time course of plasma proteins was investigated after induction of anesthesia and at different times after surgery (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h) by using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and Western blot. The effects of plasma on the functional properties of isolated rat ventricular myocytes were also investigated.

Results
In AAA patients alone, 18 spots were found to change more than two-fold in expression level, spot identification revealing an increased thrombin generation 6 h after surgery. At the same time cardiac cycle efficiency significantly reduced versus baseline (-0.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.3 in AAA patients, P < 0.01; 0.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.3 in control surgery, not significant; P < 0.01 group x time interaction at ANOVA). Plasma obtained 6 h after AAA surgery dose-dependently inhibited contractile function of control rat myocytes (percent shortening fell by 51% with 10% of AAA plasma and was abolished with 20% of AAA plasma, P < 0.001 for both). The inhibitory response was abolished by thrombin antagonism.

Conclusions
These findings show for the first time the possible role of thrombin generation within the complex activation of inflammatory response in causing hemodynamic instability in the early postoperative period after AAA surgery.
Adaptive Support Ventilation
Authors: Sulemanji Demet , Marchese Andrew , Garbarini Paul , Wysocki Marc , Kacmarek Robert M. 
Published: September 2009

Background
Adaptive support ventilation (ASV) allows the clinician to set a maximum plateau pressure (PP) and automatically adjusts tidal volume to keep PP below the set maximum.

Methods
ASV was compared to a fixed tidal volume of 6 ml/kg. ASV determined the respiratory rate and tidal volume based on its algorithms. Maximum airway pressure limit was 28 cm H2O in ASV. Six sets of lung mechanics were simulated for two ideal body weights: 60 kg, Group I; 80 kg, Group II. Positive end expiratory pressure was 8, 12, and 16 cm H2O, and target minute volume 120%, 150%, and 200% of predicted minute volume.

Results
ASV "sacrificed" tidal volume and minute ventilation to maintain PP in 9 (17%) of 54 scenarios in Group I and 20 (37%) of 54 scenarios in Group II. In Group I, the number of scenarios with PP of 28 cm H2O or more was 14 for ASV (26%) and 19 for 6 ml/kg (35%). In these scenarios, mean PP were ASV 28.8 +/- 0.86 cm H2O (min 28, max 30.3) and 6 ml/kg 33.01 +/- 3.48 cm H2O (min 28, max 37.8) (P = 0.000). In group II, the number of scenarios PP of 28 cm H2O or more was 10 for ASV (19%) and 21 for 6 ml/kg (39%). In these cases, mean PP values were ASV 28.78 +/- 0.54 cm H2O (min 28, max 29.6) and 6 ml/kg 32.66 +/- 3.37 cm H2O (min 28.2, max 38.2) (P = 0.000).

Conclusion
In a lung model with varying mechanics, ASV is better able to prevent the potential damaging effects of excessive PP (greater than 28 cm H2O) than a fixed tidal volume of 6 ml/kg by automatically adjusting airway pressure, resulting in a decreased tidal volume.
Characteristics of stork feces‐derived H5N1 viruses that are preferentially transmitted to primary human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Suksatu Ampa , Sangsawad Wichayapong , Thitithanyanont Arunee , Smittipat Nat , Fukuda Mark M. , Ubol Sukathida 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAvian influenza viruses are a possible threat to human health as they may cause an influenza pandemic. Asian open‐bill storks are migratory birds that brought H5N1 viruses into Thailand during the 2004–2005 epidemic. However, to date, there are no reports of direct transmission of stork‐derived H5N1 viruses to Thais. Therefore, we questioned whether or not H5N1 viruses secreted in the feces of infected storks could directly infect cells derived from the human respiratory tract. To answer this question, we used primary NHBE cells as a model. We found that H5N1 viruses from two of the three cloacal swabs rapidly replicated and caused severe structural damage to the infected NHBE cells within the early phase of infection. Viruses from the remaining swab replicated poorly and caused no damage to the infected cells. The rapid‐replicating viruses were able to replicate efficiently even in the presence of a high level of type I IFN production and stimulated a high level of IL‐6 production but not the immunosuppressive cytokine, IL‐10. The genotypic study revealed that the major genotypes of the two rapid‐replicating viruses present in stork feces were the best‐fit genotypes for replication in the primary NHBE cells. In contrast, the major NA‐based genotype found in the cloacal swab containing slow‐replicating viruses could not survive in the primary NHBE cells. Altogether, the data suggested that those stork‐derived H5N1 viruses that preferentially replicated in human airway epithelial cells may exist in nature, and may not require additional mutations in order to defeat the species barrier.
Impaired pneumococcal immunity in children after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Schubert Ralf , Behl Michael , Koenig Melanie , Rose Markus A. , Koehl Ulrike , Meisel Roland , Laws Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

SummaryAlthough the substantial risk for invasive pneumococcal disease is well recognized in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, little is known about the specific immunity against pneumococci in children after cytotoxic therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We therefore assessed the spontaneous reconstitution of humoral immunity against pneumococcal antigens, of total IgG and the IgG2 subclass, and of lymphocyte subsets in a total of 53 children treated for ALL. None of the patients had received pneumococcal vaccination prior to or after therapy for ALL. At 3 and 9 months after completion of chemotherapy, most patients had levels of specific antibodies to pneumococcal antigens below the presumed threshold of protection and significantly lower than those of age‐matched unvaccinated healthy controls. In contrast, at 9 months after completion of therapy, only a minority of patients had immunoglobulin concentrations or lymphocyte subset counts below the age‐matched reference value. Our data indicate that patients with ALL who are unvaccinated against pneumococci have a selective immunodeficiency with an impaired antibody protection against pneumococci for up to 9 months after completion of therapy. Therefore, effective prevention, including chemoprophylaxis and active immunization, has to be considered in this patient population.
Daily labile plasma iron as an indicator of chelator activity in Thalassaemia major patients
Authors: Zanninelli Giuliana , Breuer William , Cabantchik Zvi I. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryLabile plasma iron (LPI), a non‐transferrin‐bound component of plasma iron detected in iron overload disorders is a potential source of cellular iron accumulation and ensuing oxidative damage. Periodic monitoring of LPI over a 24 h time‐span was used to compare the ability of chelation to control daily LPI levels in 40 Thalassaemia major patients (9–11/group) who had been receiving one of three different chelation protocols for more than a year: Group I. deferrioxamine overnight, Group II. deferiprone daily, Group III. deferrioxamine and deferiprone sequentially. An additional group (Group IV) was treated with desferasirox for up to 6 months. The patterns of daily LPI recrudescence showed significant individual variations, especially in patients treated with deferrioxamine or deferiprone, although these patterns were maintained over 6–9 months of treatment in all groups. Group data analysis showed that the proportion of patients whose daily LPI were maintained within the normal range (<0·45 μmol/l) varied with treatment: 6/10 with deferrioxamine, 5/11 with deferiprone, 9/10 with deferrioxamine + deferiprone and 8/10 at the onset and 10/10 after 6 months treatment with deferasirox. Although the clinical significance and therapeutic value of LPI remain to be established, monitoring of daily LPI level may provide an analytical basis for assessing chelation efficacy in preventing daily LPI recrudescence.
Three clonal types of urothelium with different capacities for replication
Authors: Thangappan R. , Kurzrock E. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Similar to other epithelia, urothelium in vivo has a hierarchal organization of cells each with specific gradients of differentiation. While distinct cell types have been described as important in bladder cancer in vitro, clonal and proliferative capacities of normal urothelial cells have not been characterized.Materials and methods:  Three cell types and colony types were identified from primary porcine urothelial culture. Proliferative activity, patterns of apoptosis and differentiation, colony forming efficiency and ability to change phenotype with passage were determined and compared.Results:  Small, T‐I colonies with large flattened (type‐1) cells had low levels of proliferation and high levels of apoptosis. Large T‐III colonies had a central area of small (type‐3) cells surrounded by type‐1 and type‐2 cells. Proliferation and apoptosis were asymmetrically distributed in the periphery of T‐II and T‐III colonies. T‐III colonies proved to be significantly more clonogenic and proliferative. With appropriate induction, type‐1 cells were able to proliferate upon passage and form type‐3 cells, yet long‐term culture demonstrated that progeny of type‐1 cells appeared to have inherited a clonogenic handicap.Conclusions:  Type‐3 cells in the centre of T‐III colonies appear to harbour stem‐like qualities with a relatively low proliferative and apoptotic index at homeostasis and the ability to become highly proliferative upon passage. This study demonstrates that distinct urothelial cell types with differing clonal capacities can be isolated from the bladder and these cells may have implications for tissue engineering and carcinogenesis.
Gestational age and occurrence of atopy at age 31—a prospective birth cohort study in Finland
Authors: Pekkanen J. , Xu B. , Järvelin M.‐R. 
Published: September 2009

It has been suggested that main risk factors for development of allergic diseases operate already during pregnancy and in early childhood.To study the association between gestational age, birth weight, parity and parental farming with the risk of atopy and asthma in young adults.In a prospective birth cohort study, 5192 subjects born in Northern Finland in 1966 were followed up at the age of 31. Skin prick tests were done to three of the most common allergens in Finland and to house dust mite. Data on doctor‐diagnosed asthma was obtained from questionnaires. Perinatal data had already been collected during pregnancy.The risk of atopy increased linearly with increasing length of pregnancy among babies born in the 35th weak of gestation or later. Gestational age equal to, or over 40 weeks compared with less than 36 weeks was associated with an increased risk of atopy (multivariate odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI 1.16, 2.34). The association was stronger among farmers' children (P for interaction 0.01). High parity and being a farmer's child (multivariate odds ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.42–0.60) was associated with decreased risk of atopy. In contrast, no associations were observed for doctor‐diagnosed asthma.The results underline the importance of pregnancy and very early childhood in the development of atopy, and suggest that timing of the environmental exposure is of importance for the immune system. No association was observed for asthma, which may be due to the multifactorial origins of asthma.
HLA‐DRB1*07 may have a susceptibility and DRB1*04 a protective effect upon the development of a sensitization to house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Authors: Kim Y.‐K. , Oh H.‐B. , Oh S.‐Y. , Cho S.‐H. , Kim Y.‐Y. , Min K.‐U. 
Published: September 2009

IgE responses to house dust mite‐derived allergens seem to be the most important in the development of atopic asthma and rhinitis, but it has been difficult to demonstrate genetic control of the IgE response to the allergens.This study was undertaken to investigate the association between sensitization to house dust mite, D. pteronyssinus (DP), and genotypes of HLA‐DRB1 alleles.DNAs were extracted from two groups of unrelated Koreans: (1) 178 with sensitization to DP; and (2) 99 age‐matched non‐atopic controls. Genotypes of the HLA‐DRB1 alleles were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods.The frequency of HLA‐DRB1*07 was significantly increased in the DP‐sensitive subjects compared with the controls (15.7% vs 4.0%, P = 0.009). Conversely, the frequencies of HLA‐DRB1*04 and *14 were decreased in the DP‐sensitive subjects compared with the controls (27.5% vs 45.5%, P = 0.002; 13.5% vs 24.2%, P = 0.02). Of the DRB1*04 alleles, DRB1*0403 was significantly decreased in the DP‐sensitive subjects compared with the controls (3.9% vs 13.1%, P = 0.005). No significant differences were found in the distributions of the other HLA‐DRB1 alleles between the two groups.HLA‐DRB1*07 may have a susceptibility, and DRB1*04 and DRB1*14 may have a protective effect, upon the development of a sensitization to DP.
Do combined elimination diet and prolonged breastfeeding of an atopic infant jeopardise maternal bone health?
Authors: Holmberg‐Marttila D. , Sievänen H. , Sarkkinen E. , Erkkilä A. , Salminen S. , Isolauri E. 
Published: September 2009

Prolonged breastfeeding, and intervention in the maternal diet during breastfeeding, have been suggested as a means to treat atopic symptoms of infants. The impact of these actions on the mother's skeletal health has remained unclear.The purpose of this study was to determine factors that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and serum lipid fatty acid profile in mothers of atopic infants.BMD at the lumbar spine, right femoral neck and dominant distal radius of 24 mothers of atopic infants (study group) and 25 mothers of healthy infants (control group) were measured with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry postpartum after the resumption of menses. In addition, the fatty acid profile of their serum cholesteryl esters was determined.A systematic trend for 4–6% lower BMD was observed in the study group, but this difference was mainly attributable to a difference in body weight between the groups. In addition, the omega (ω)‐3 fatty acid metabolite EPA showed a positive association with femoral neck BMD. Mothers of atopic infants had a significantly lower proportion of ω‐6 fatty acid parent LA and a higher proportion of ω‐6 fatty acid metabolite GLA than the control mothers. These differences were associated not only with dietary factors but also with the duration of postpartum amenorrhea and total lactation.Neither the breastfeeding nor the mother's short‐term elimination diet per se seemed to be associated with low BMD in the mothers of atopic infants. Thus, if an elimination diet benefits the infant, it can be recommended for a limited period. However, it may be advisable to give special dietary counselling, especially to low body weight mothers, in order to ensure adequate nutrient intake and to minimize the possible risk of potential bone loss.
Histopathology of the airway epithelium in an experimental dual‐phase model of bronchial asthma
Authors: Tohda Y. , Kubo H. , Ito M. , Fukuoka M. , Nakajima S. 
Published: September 2009

Lesions of trachea cuticles are a pathological histological characteristic of bronchial asthma. Furthermore, collected tracheal cuticles desquamated from the respiratory tract are found in patients’ sputum when asthma attacks occur or after the induction of allergen inhalation. From these facts, it is assumed that desquamation of trachea cuticle cells is a pathological symptom of bronchial asthma. However, there has not been any chronological report of desquamation of trachea cuticles through the process of bronchial asthma attacks.For this report, we made an experimental bronchial asthma model using guinea pigs, and conducted chronological examinations of trachea cuticle lesions related to pathological symptoms of bronchial asthma using a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope.The experimental asthma models were made by injection of ovalbumin into the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs. Then the airway responses to inhaled aerosolized ovalbumin were induced. The trachea were enucleated and examined under an optical microscope, a transmission electron microscope (hereafter abbreviated as TEM), and a scanning electron microscope (hereafter abbreviated as SEM) after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h and 7 days after the immediate airway responses.Intercellular oedema of ciliated epithelium was observed in the sensitization groups immediately after the immediate airway response. SEM observation revealed increased mucus secretion and shortening of cilium. A slight case of desquamation or deciduation of ciliated epithelium was also beginning to appear. TEM observation revealed a dilation of ciliated epithelium intervals. Infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes was already detectable beneath the ciliated epithelium. The degree of ciliated epithelium desquamation and infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes progressed with time. When the late airway response occurred 4 hours later, eosinophilic leucocytes had increased drastically, and ciliate epithelium had desquamated to the extent that basal cells were exposed. Seven days after the immediate airway response, epithelium intercellular oedema had improved, and cilium had been reproduced.These results suggest that desquamation of epithelium caused by trachea cuticle lesions appears at an early stage of an asthma attack, owing to the contraction of the trachea, and that the damage is intensified by the infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes.
The importance of water regimes operating at small spatial scales for the diversity and structure of wetland vegetation
Authors: RAULINGS ELISA J. , MORRIS KAY , ROACHE MICHAEL C. , BOON PAUL I. 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. In most cases, the most important determinant of wetland vegetation is the water regime. Although water regime is usually described and managed at the scale of whole wetlands, the patterning of vegetation is likely to be determined by water regimes that are experienced at much finer spatial scales. In this study, we assess the significance of internal heterogeneity in water regimes and the role that this heterogeneity plays in vegetation patterning.2. The effects of water regime on wetland plant species richness and vegetation structure were studied at Dowd Morass, a 1500 ha, Ramsar‐listed wetland in south‐eastern Australia that is topographically heterogeneous. Data on plant variables and water depth were collected along 45 (50 m) transects throughout the wetland and related to water regimes assigned individually for each transect. Wetland plants were assigned to plant functional groups (PFG) that describe the response of plants to the presence or absence of water at different life stages.3. The classification of water depth data indicated four distinct water regimes in the wetland that were differentiated primarily by the duration of the dry period. Representatives of all PFGs co‐existed over small spatial scales where topographical variation was present, and the richness and cover of understorey species declined as transects became more deeply and permanently flooded. Some PFGs (e.g. amphibious fluctuation tolerator‐low growing and amphibious fluctuation responder‐morphologically plastic) were eliminated by extended periods of flooding, which increased the cover but not richness of submerged plants. Species richness and foliage projective cover declined as water regimes shifted from shallow and frequently exposed conditions to regimes typified by deeper and longer inundation. Cover of the structurally dominant woody species was compromised by deeply flooded conditions but vegetative regeneration occurred despite high water levels.4. Internal topographical variation generates mosaics of water regimes at fine spatial scales that allow plant species with different water regime requirements to co‐exist over small distances. Deep water and an absence of dry periods result in decreased cover of plants and an overall loss of species richness in the understorey. Water regimes are described that promote regeneration and cover of structurally dominant taxa and increased species richness in the understorey. The study demonstrates a strong association between vegetation and the diverse water regimes that exist within a single wetland, a pattern that will be useful for modelling the effects of modified water regimes on wetland vegetation.