bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital ureteric diverticula in children and adults: classification, radiological and clinical features
Authors: Sarajlić M. , Durst-Zivković B. , Svoren E. , Vitković M. , Batinić D. , Bradić I. , Vučković I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To date, about 100 cases of a blind-ending branch of a bifid ureter have been reported. We present 13 clinically, radiologically and histologically evaluated cases of congenital ureteric diverticulum. We believe this anomaly is not as rare as hitherto believed and suggest the term congenital ureteric diverticulum for a blind-ending branch of a bifid ureter.
Screening for breast cancer: the UK scene
Authors: Forrest A. P. M. 
Published: July 2009

Sir James McKenzie Davidson was born in 1856, 39 years before Röntgen discovered X rays. A graduate of the University of Aberdeen, his initial training was in surgery (and what better for a future radiologist!) and ophthalmology. It was following a visit to Wurzberg that he decided to devote his energies to the new specialty of radiology and was appointed to Charing Cross and the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospitals. There he was instrumental in pioneering many new developments, including the use of stereoscopy for localizing foreign bodies, a method of great benefit to the wounded of World War I.
McKenzie Davidson continued to pioneer new developments up to his untimely death at the age of 63 years (Obituary, 1919; Burrows, 1986). Thirty of his colleagues, including Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, set up a memorial fund, which was used to help purchase 32 Welbeck Street as a home for the Röntgen Society or, as it became in 1924, your British Institute of Radiology. Furthermore, his widow and family endowed this Memorial Lecture so that his name could be kept alive in radiological circles. And so it should be, for McKenzie Davidson was not only a pioneer and innovator but, from all accounts, a warm and generous man, bringing distinction to the field in which he was truly a founding father. It is a great honour to be invited to deliver this lecture in his memory.
A review of occupational exposure in the North-Western Region
Authors: Pratt T. A. , Sweeney J. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1985 require employers to monitor all classified persons and to demonstrate that all non-classified persons who work in controlled areas do not exceed three-tenths (i.e. the classification level) of any relevant annual dose limit. A review of occupational doses was undertaken to ascertain whether any person needed to be designated as a classified person and to demonstrate compliance with the Regulation regarding non-classified staff working in controlled areas. The occupational-dose data for 1986 were compared with data for 1981 to identify any areas where changes in workload, equipment or techniques had led to increases in whole-body or organ doses. The results demonstrate that the level of whole-body occupational dose received by the vast majority of NHS employees in the North-Western Regional Health Authority is, as expected, extremely low. However, two specific areas were identified where occupational doses are relatively high and need to be carefully monitored. The review has also led to a number of operational changes being implemented by the Approved Dosimetry Service.
A technique for total skin electron irradiation using six large flattened electron beams: implementation on linear accelerators having different modes of electron beam production
Authors: El-Khatib Ellen Grein , Rymel Jurek , Al-Mokhlef Jazi 
Published: July 2009

Total skin electron beam irradiation (TSEI) has been considered for the treatment of mycosis fungoides because of the special characteristics of the electron beam, delivery of a maximum radiation dose close to the entrance surface of the tissues and a rapid fall-off in dose beyond the maximum. However, delivering a homogeneous radiation dose over all surface areas of the human body is complicated. This problem has been dealt with in various ways by different institutions.
The use of TSEI dates back to the 1950s (Lo et al, 1979) and clinical studies at Stanford University have demonstrated that TSEI may lead to a long remission or even cure if it is used in the early stages of the disease (Hoppe et al, 1979). Techniques that have been developed to irradiate the entire body surface include the use of pairs of angled beams, two to eight in number (Karzmark et al, 1960; Karzmark, 1964, 1967, 1968; Edelstein et al, 1973; Hoppe et al, 1979; Nisce et al, 1981; Coffey et al, 1982; Fraas et al, 1983; Hogstrom et al, 1984), a pendulum arc technique (Sewchand et al, 1979), and more recently, patient rotation (Kumar & Patel, 1978; Podgorsak et al, 1983).
With the use of multiple fields, the depth–dose characteristics of electron beams are changed from those of a single field because of the oblique incidence of electrons (Bjarngard et al, 1977; Pla et al, 1988).
Book reviews
Authors: Klngsley D. P. E. 
Published: July 2009

In the preface to this book, Dr Elster comments that at the time it was written there was no available textbook devoted exclusively to cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and that he wished to distinguish established fact from opinion and uncorroborated data. There are now numerous textbooks available devoted to cranial imaging so how does this book differ from the others and has the author achieved his aim ?
The book is divided into 12 chapters, the first two consisting of the physical and technical parameters of MRI and the third and fourth being devoted to normal cranial anatomy and the congenital and developmental anomalies encountered.
Treatment of tumours of the parotid gland and middle ear using obliquely reconstructed computed tomographic images
Authors: Sims C. , Manifold I. H. , Conway J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Conventional planning of radiotherapy of tumours of the parotid, middle ear and other tumours in the head and neck often requires the treatment plane to be non-transverse. This produces major problems in delineating the tumour as well as verifying that vital structures such as the spinal cord are not included in the target volume. The use of computed tomography (CT) generally overcomes some of these problems and we have developed an algorithm to reconstruct transverse CT images into the appropriate oblique plane. Software has been written on the Picker Independent Treatment Planning System (ITPS) to allow planning on central axis and off-axis oblique planes. In addition we have used a beam's eye view facility to aid in the verification process.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue: results of treatment in 115 cases
Authors: Calais Gilles , Reynaud-Bougnoux Agnés , Bougnoux Philippe , Le Floch Olivier 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Between 1976 and 1986, we treated 115 patients (mean age 53.8 years) with base of tongue carcinomas. The staging system used was the UICC TNM classification of 1979. Seventy per cent of the tumours were T3 or T4 and 42% had N2 or N3 lymph nodes. Locoregional treatment was irradiation alone (98/115) or surgery and post-operative radiotherapy (17/115). Sixtyseven patients received induction chemotherapy. Actuarial survival of the entire group at 3 and 5 years was 25 and 23%, respectively, and 3-year actuarial survival rates for Tl, T2, T3 and T4 lesions were 42, 48, 20 and 17%, respectively. The local control rate at the primary site was 55% and 78% in the neck. Distant metastases occurred in 10% of patients and 8% had a second primary. Nodal status was the only other prognostic factor. The local control rate obtained with irradiation alone was not good. For limited Tl and T2 tumours, interstitial therapy or surgery should improve the local control rate.
Radiotherapy in the management of aggressive fibromatosis
Authors: Atahan I. Lale , Akyol Fadil , Zorlu Faruk , Gürkaynak Murat 
Published: July 2009

Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare, slowly growing benign tumour arising from the fascial sheaths and musculoaponeurotic structures (Greenberg et al, 1981; Leibel et al, 1983). Its incidence is reported to be 25 in 100 000 (Greenberg et al, 1981; Leibel et al, 1983). This locally aggressive, non-encapsulated tumour is formed by the proliferation of benign fibroblasts. It extends along the fascial planes and infiltrates the adjacent muscles. Depending on its localization, it may cause erosion of the underlying or neighbouring bones and pressure on the blood vessels, nerves and air passages with related symptoms and restriction of movements of the extremities (Leibel et al, 1983; Raney et al, 1987). Distant organ and lymphatic metastases are very rarely encountered. The incidence of local recurrence following surgical excision varies between 40 and 50%, thus making radical surgical intervention an alternative treatment procedure (Suit & Russel, 1975).
In 1928, Ewing was the first to propose radiotherapy as a treatment modality for the management of cases not amenable to surgical resection. He described the radioresponsiveness of this tumour as “slowly but satisfactorily” (Leibel et al, 1983).
The influence of tube type and operator experience on performance of small bowel enema
Authors: Martin Derrick F. , Nicholson David 
Published: July 2009

Dr Bisset makes a number of points to which we wish to respond.
(1) The intubation technique for small bowel enema used by the authors was substantially as described by Nolan and Cadman (1987). We find this an effective technique, which is easy for trainee registrars to learn. It is also simple for the patient, as it requires the minimum of twisting and turning on the unyielding fluoroscopy table, which can be particularly difficult for the elderly, the infirm and the asthenic.
Book reviews
Authors: Hugh A. E. 
Published: July 2009

This is an excellent book. It is small, readable and cheap, and contains a lot of simple information which will be of great interest and value to every GP who picks it up, even if he only reads part of it, which is unlikely.
It is also of great interest in another way. The author has taken on the philosophy that, as every patient “belongs” to a GP, it is very important that not only GPs know what is likely to happen to their patients in hospital but also that GPs should recognize the radiologist as a front-line hospital referral specialist, whose proper use of very expensive diagnostic equipment can expedite the solving of patients' problems, and provide a much faster and better service to patients than the alternative referral to X-ray (imaging) departments only via medical or surgical outpatient departments.
Book reviews
Authors: White C. P. 
Published: July 2009

The author of this book set out to discover whether there were any characteristic investigative findings in children with centrally mediated visual deficits that would perhaps help in the earlier identification of such deficits.
Twenty-six children and young adults were extensively investigated with detailed neurological and ophthalmological examinations, neuroradiological (computed tomography (CT) scans in all and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in five) and neurophysiological (opticokinetic nystagmography and visual evoked potentials) examinations.
The use of an infrared touch-screen to control the sensitivity of ultrasound scanners in clinical practice
Authors: Pye S. D. , Elliott V. , Marshall I. , Millar D. , Robertson S. , McDicken W. N. , Wild S. R. 
Published: July 2009

Real-time ultrasound involves rapid scanning through the body and easy control manipulation is essential. The sensitivity settings of a scanner (also referred to as the time gain compensation (TGC) settings) are crucial in obtaining good image quality. However, many ultrasound scanners only allow the operator a limited scope for adjusting the sensitivity, and often it is only possible to change the slope or overall level of the TGC or to alter the TGC at a few depth ranges. No commercially available scanners allow the operator to alter the sensitivity in small regions of the image despite the common experience that a diagnosis is often made by examining in detail a particular area of an image.
One approach to this problem is to automate fully the sensitivity controls (McDicken et al, 1974; DeClercq & Maginness, 1975; Pye et al, 1988). Another approach is to make the sensitivity controls more flexible and easier to use. In order to explore the potential of more flexible methods of sensitivity control, an infrared touch-screen has been used in conjunction with a microcomputer to control the sensitivity of a real-time scanner. This system has been evaluated clinically in routine obstetric scanning.
The touch-screen is manufactured by Microvitec Ltd, and comprises an array of infrared emitters and detectors plus control logic mounted in a frame that fits around a 14-inch monitor screen. The maximum resolution of the array is 120 divisions horizontally by 90 vertically.
An illustrative case: enough to raise one's blood pressure
Authors: Herbetko J. , Batty V. , Millar J. G. B. 
Published: July 2009

A 64-year-old man was noted, during investigation of labile hypertension, to have marked central obesity and a plethoric facies. Tests revealed diabetes mellitus and consistently elevated urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) at 1066, 661 and 500μmol/24 h (normal range 7–85).
Imaging with meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) showed increased uptake in the region of the left adrenal gland (Fig. 1), and subsequent computed tomographic (CT) scans are illustrated in Fig. 2. A repeat CT scan 7 months following surgery is illustrated in Fig. 3.
On the basis of the first CT scan, further investigations were undertaken.
The biochemical findings together with the MIBG image are diagnostic of a phaeochromocytoma.
The CT scan shows the presence of an 8 cm mass containing flecks of calcium, replacing the left adrenal gland, which confirms this diagnosis. In addition, there is marked hypertrophy of the right adrenal gland with preservation of its normal configuration, together with abundant retroperitoneal fat deposition.
These findings of adrenal hyperplasia and an abundant amount of fat can occur in Cushing's syndrome and this was confirmed on biochemical testing. Serum cortisol at 9.00 a.m. was &gt; 1932 nmol/litre (normal 200–700) and at 12.00 p.m. was 1874 nmol/litre (normal &lt;200). On both low (0.5 mg 6-hourly) and high (2 mg 6-hourly) doses of dexamethasone, serum cortisol at 9.00 a.m. was &gt; 1932 nmol/litre. Plasma adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) at 9.00 a.m. was 399 ng/litre (normal &lt; 80). Plasma corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) was 270 ng/litre (normal &lt;100).
Common symptom: uncommon cause
Authors: Tung Kean T. , Wilson Graham F. 
Published: July 2009

A 48-year-old Bangladeshi man presented with a 2-month history of low lumbar back pain radiating down the right leg. Otherwise he felt well and in particularsuffered no cough, fever or weight loss.
Examination revealed local tenderness over the lower lumbar spine with decreased range of movements but no neurological deficit. The remainder of the physicalexamination was normal.
The chest radiograph (Fig. 1), lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine (Fig. 2) and ultrasound scan of the porta hepatis (Fig. 3) are shown below.
Control of patient positioning for fast neutron therapy using positron emission tomography
Authors: Vynckier S. , Vanneste F. , Richard F. , Bol A. , Michel C. , Wambersie A. 
Published: July 2009

With conventional photon therapy, radiographs are widely used for the verification of patient positioning. This method cannot be used with neutrons because of the poor sensitivity of standard films to neutrons compared with γ rays. In addition, there is little difference in energy absorption between bone and soft tissue for these neutron beams (Bewley et al, 1973; Catterall & Bewley, 1979).
The problem can be solved by introducing into the collimator, at the target position, a diagnostic X-ray tube (Risler & Wootton, 1988). Another approach entails visualizing the neutron-induced activity within the patient using positron emission tomography (PET). At high neutron energies, shortlived positron emitters are produced (Kleck et al, 1988; Vynckier et al, 1988) with activities sufficiently high to be visualized; the dose-equivalent rate close to the patient as a result of this activation is ∼ 30 μSv h−1 immediately after irradiation (Tatcher et al, 1987). The same approach was reported recently for pion radiotherapy (Goodman et al, 1986).
The value of transoesophageal ultrasonography in the management of a mediastinal foregut cyst
Authors: Page J. E. , Wilson A. G. , de Belder M. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mediastinal foregut cysts account for approximately 10% of primary mediastinal masses. The differentiation of these cysts from other mediastinal masses is important, especially if a policy of aspiration and observation of cysts is adopted. Computed tomography (CT) is generally regarded as the definitive imaging modality in these cases, but it may occasionally fail to identify the cystic nature of the mass. We report a case in which transoesophageal ultrasound contributed to the diagnosis and demonstrated features of the cyst contents that were not visible on CT.
Low-field cine magnetic resonance imaging in aortic valve disease
Authors: Metcalfe Malcolm J. , Jones Richard A. , Redpath Thomas W. , Smith Francis W. , Jennings Kevin , Walton Stephen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds considerable promise as a means of detecting abnormal blood flow patterns within the heart and great vessels. To date, the majority of techniques employed have required moderate to high field strengths. We describe a novel, low-field-strength approach that is technically undemanding and faster than conventional methods, which we have applied to the detection of aortic valve disease. A series of 26 patients with aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation was compared with 21 normal subjects. All 20 patients with aortic stenosis and 15 of 16 patients with aortic regurgitation were identified. There were four false positives in the aortic stenosis group; all these patients had significant aortic regurgitation. There were no false positives in the aortic regurgitation group. Low-field cine MRI is a practical and useful technique for the detection of aortic valve disease.
Periventricular enhancement: a non-pathognomonic sign of intracerebral tumours
Authors: Murray P. A. , Harriett A. N. , Thompson P. I. , Charlesworth M. , Plowman P. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Four cases of periventricular contrast enhancement on computed tomography due to different tumours are reported, emphasizing that periventricular contrast enhancement is a non-specific radiological sign.
Lung cancer: tissue characterization by magnetic resonance imaging T
1, and T
2 values in vitro and role of histopathology
Authors: Ranade S. S. , Trivedi P. N. , Bamane V. S. 
Published: July 2009

A wide variety of pulmonary disorders including neoplasms are amenable to characterization by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Cohen et al, 1987). Shioya et al (1988) present a careful study favouring discrimination of normal and pathological lung tissues on the basis of T 1 and T 2 values in vitro, MRI intensity and histological correlation.
This paper brings out a facet of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and histological correlations that has received limited attention. The need for generating information on relative MR intensity of tissues as an aid to clinical interpretation of MR images has recently been recognized (Ehman et al, 1986). Sundaram et al (1987) have reported association of increased MR signal intensity with cellularity in subclassification of histiocytomas.
The potential value of hyperthermia in the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Cochran K. D. , Weatherburn H. 
Published: July 2009

A substantial record of clinical experience exists on the efficacy of zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There is now a trend towards its expression at progressively earlier stages, embracing symptom-free subjects as reported by de Wolf et al (1988) and as proposed in the European Concorde trial (Lancet, 1989).
From the data available, zidovudine emerges as a potent retroviricide, but in vivo the action is incomplete and appears to be largely peripheral. Marrow depression is a prominent risk, and although there may be temporary subjective improvement in established illness, fatality is not avoided. Other agents, and their combinations, provide similar transient benefit.
Assessment and comparison of chest radiography techniques in the United States and Sweden
Authors: Leitz W. K. , Hedberg-Vikström B. R. K. , Conway B. J. , Showalter C. K. , Rueter F. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The United States Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the Swedish National Institute of Radiation Protection started a collaborative project in 1983. The purpose of the project was to test the adequacy and practicability of the United States (US) Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends (NEXT) programme in Sweden. The NEXT protocol for the postero-anterior chest projection was modified and expanded to make it both “statistical” and “investigational” (in the US, NEXT gives mainly “statistical” information). All chest X-ray units in Sweden were surveyed in 1986–87. The project showed that the NEXT programme is applicable to countries other than the United States and provides a standardized protocol that enables intercomparison of the radiological techniques. This paper presents the comparison of the radiological techniques used in Sweden and the United States. The results of the investigational modifications made to the protocol used in Sweden are discussed. Recommendations concerning expansion of the NEXT protocol to include these valuable tools for investigational surveys are presented.
A method for the assessment of the output of irregularly shaped electron fields
Authors: Jones Douglas , Andre Peter , Washington John T. , Hafermann Mark D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A simple approach to the calculation of dose in cone-collimated electron fields is presented. The method accounts for variations in lateral scatter with field size using a Clarkson Integration. The reduction in output by an irregularly shaped aperture is evaluated based on measurements of the output at various distances from the aperture in a field 2.5 cm in diameter. The first 14 months of clinical use were analysed and it is shown that in 42 out of 600 calculations, the cutout factor was less than 0.95 and that in 77% of these, the calculation method was accurate to ±3%.
Embolization hazard of laser hot-tip catheters and coated guidewires
Authors: Delcour C. , Gusella P. , Richoz B. , Grijalvo C. Aguilera , Struyven J. 
Published: July 2009

Laser thermal angioplasty is now widely used for the treatment of arterial occlusions or stenoses (Ginsberg et al, 1985; Cumberland et al, 1986; MacCowan et al, 1988). The first commercially available intravascular laser system uses a metal-capped laser fibre to convert the laser energy into thermal energy. New laser catheters for vascular recanalization have been developed, some of which can be used over a guidewire.
A 56-year-old man presented with left intermittent claudication. An arteriogram revealed a very tight stenosis of the left popliteal artery and diffuse atherosclerotic lesions of the run-off vessels associated with a high-grade stenosis of the origin of the anterior tibial artery and of the tibioperoneal trunk.