bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of ROS by Photosensitized Anthracene Under Sunlight and UV‐R at Ambient Environmental Intensities
Authors: Mujtaba Syed Faiz , Dwivedi Ashish , Mudiam Mohana Krishna Reddy , Ali Daoud , Yadav Neera , Ray Ratan Singh 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the photostability and phototoxicity mechanism of anthracene (ANT) in a human skin epidermal cell line (HaCaT) at ambient environmental intensities of sunlight/UV‐R (UV‐A and UV‐B). Photomodification of ANT under sunlight/UV‐R exposure produced two photoproducts, anthrone and 9,10 anthracenedione. Generation of 1O2, O2•− and •OH was measured under UV‐R/sunlight exposure. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further substantiated by their quenching with free radical quenchers. Photodegradation of 2‐deoxyguanosine and linoleic acid peroxidation showed that ROS were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT generates significant amount of intracellular ROS in cell line. Maximum cell viability (85%) was reduced under sunlight exposure (30 min). Results of MTT assay accord NRU assay. ANT (0.01 μg mL−1) induced cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase. RT‐PCR demonstrated constitutive inducible mRNA expression of CYP 1A1 and 1B1 genes. Photosensitive ANT upregulates CYP 1A1 (2.2‐folds) and 1B1 (4.1‐folds) genes. Thus, the study suggests that ROS and DNA damage were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT exposure may be deleterious to human health at ambient environmental intensities reaching the earth’s surface through sunlight.
Trafficking in Humans: The TIP Report
Authors: Bernat Frances P. , Zhilina Tatyana 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHuman trafficking occurs throughout the world and is considered to be ‘modern day slavery’. To end such victimization, the United States began to take an aggressive stance against human trafficking by enacting the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000. Pursuant to the TVPA, the US government has attempted to assess the nature and extent of human trafficking. Since 2001, the US Department of State has compiled data on various forms of international human trafficking and published an annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report. Within the report, countries are designated as Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List, or Tier 3 depending upon whether they are taking active measures articulated in the TVPA to create strong laws, assist victims, and punish traffickers. Until this past year, 2010, the United States did not include itself within the report. Such an omission enabled other nations to challenge the objectivity of the tiered system. In June 2010, for the first time, the TIP Report included the United States in its analysis. This paper will review the positive and negative aspects of the TIP Report and indicate what the potential impact of the US’s self‐analysis could be on future efforts to end worldwide human trafficking.
Perimetry, tonometry and epidemiology: the fate of glaucoma management
Authors: Heijl Anders 
Published: June 2011

Abstract.This is the lecture that I gave when I was awarded Acta Ophthalmologica’s gold medal and honorary award at the Nordic Ophthalmological Congress in Reykjavik in August 2010.I was inspired by Jared Diamond’s famous book: Guns, Germs, and Steel, The Fates of Human Societies. Diamond is professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles. In this book, which won the Pulitzer Prize, the author explains why the European civilization took over the world. This was all because of predetermined factors of biological nature, environmental differences that were strengthened by feedback loops, and resulted in technological innovation and superiority.In this presentation, I write about the development of glaucoma knowledge and management. I suggest that the development might have been predetermined, just waiting for more facts to be unveiled by research. The technologies tonometry and perimetry have been fundamental as has epidemiological techniques and controlled trials.The new and increased knowledge about glaucoma must now be translated to improvements of clinical glaucoma care. The glaucoma scientists of today and tomorrow will continue to reveal as yet unknown facts, maybe in a predetermined way, but nevertheless of benefit to all patients with glaucoma.
Applied anatomy of the pterygomandibular space: improving the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks
Authors: Khoury JN , Mihailidis S , Ghabriel M , Townsend G 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the pterygomandibular space is essential for the successful administration of the inferior alveolar nerve block. In addition to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, other structures in this space are of particular significance for local anaesthesia, including the inferior alveolar vessels, the sphenomandibular ligament and the interpterygoid fascia. These structures can all potentially have an impact on the effectiveness of local anaesthesia in this area. Greater understanding of the nature and extent of variation in intraoral landmarks and underlying structures should lead to improved success rates, and provide safer and more effective anaesthesia. The direct technique for the inferior alveolar nerve block is used frequently by most clinicians in Australia and this review evaluates its anatomical rationale and provides possible explanations for anaesthetic failures.
Severe adverse reactions to dental local anaesthetics: systemic reactions
Authors: Sambrook PJ , Smith W , Elijah J , Goss AN 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Occasionally, patients suffer systemic adverse effects from injections of local anaesthetic solutions. This may range from minor transient vasovagal attacks to life‐threatening collapse.Methods:  The suspected adverse reactions reported to the Office of Product Review of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) were analysed in detail.Results:  There was a high incidence (70%) of adverse reactions associated with prilocaine, which is much greater than its market share (less than 20%). There is a tendency to consider all systemic adverse reactions as being ‘allergic’ reactions although this is rarely the case. Syncope, cardiovascular and central nervous system reactions are much more common. There is also a risk of methaemoglobinaemia to prilocaine and articaine. A small series of cases referred to one of the authors were also reported.Conclusions:  Recommendations are made as to the prevention, acute care and subsequent investigation of adverse reactions. The most important conclusion is not to just label the response as allergic and to use an alternative agent. Detailed investigation and reporting should be made for all cases of suspected severe adverse reaction to local anaesthetic agents.
Mandible fracture severity may be increased by alcohol and interpersonal violence
Authors: O’Meara C , Witherspoon R , Hapangama N , Hyam DM 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Alcohol as a cofactor in interpersonal violence (IPV) has been established by studies from a number of countries. This study aimed to determine if alcohol was a cofactor in the incidence or severity of mandible fracture.Methods:  A prospective study of mandible fracture patients presenting for oral maxillofacial review over 16 months was completed. Injury severity was assessed utilizing the Mandible Injury Severity Score (MISS).Results:  A total of 252 facial trauma cases presented to our tertiary referral centre, 83 with fractures of the mandible. The majority of presentations were secondary to IPV (n = 54, 65.06%), 49 (90.74%) of these cases involved alcohol. Overall, alcohol was involved in 63.85% of cases (n = 53). The relative risk of requiring surgical intervention with alcohol involvement was 2.68 (CI = 1.11–9.47). Alcohol significantly increased facial fracture severity for MISS: alcohol (n = 53) 13.07 ± 5.01, no alcohol (n = 30) 11.03 ± 4.87 (p < 0.05). IPV also increased facial fracture severity for MISS: IPV (n = 54) 13.09 ± 4.90, non‐IPV (n = 29) 11.00 ± 4.81 (p < 0.05). The angle of the mandible was most commonly fractured (40.5% of cases).Conclusions:  Mandible fracture patients, whose injury is a result of IPV, have more severe fractures and a higher likelihood of requiring surgery if alcohol is involved. This correlates to a higher surgical workload, economic and social burden to the community. Primary alcohol and IPV prevention strategies will play an important role in reducing mandible fracture.
Relationship of unstimulated saliva cortisol level with severity of oral dryness feeling in menopausal women
Authors: Agha‐Hosseini F , Mirzaii‐Dizgah I , Mirjalili N 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Menopause may be associated with some adverse changes, such as oral dryness (OD) feeling. The exact mechanisms that mediate sensation of OD in menopausal women have not been firmly established. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of unstimulated whole saliva cortisol level with severity of OD feeling in menopausal women.Methods:  A case control study was carried out on 70 selected menopausal women with/without OD feeling, conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The xerostomia inventory (XI) score was used as an index of OD feeling severity. Unstimulated whole saliva cortisol concentration was measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis of student’s t‐test and Spearman correlation was used.Results:  The mean cortisol concentration of saliva was significantly higher in women with OD feeling than the control. There was significant positive correlation between the XI score and the concentration of unstimulated whole saliva cortisol (r = 0.559, p = 0.025).Conclusions:  Unstimulated whole saliva cortisol is higher in menopausal women with OD feeling than in controls and this correlates with the severity of OD.
Prosthodontic considerations designed to optimize outcomes for single‐tooth implants. A review of the literature
Authors: Lewis MB , Klineberg I 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to review the literature on the restoration of single‐tooth implants, and to develop evidence‐based conclusions to optimize aesthetic, biologic and patient‐related outcomes.Methods:  An electronic and hand search was conducted using the search terms ‘dental implants, single‐tooth; dental restoration, temporary; dental impression materials; dental impression technique; dental prosthesis, implant‐supported; dental prosthesis design; dental abutments; dental occlusion; maintenance; survival; and survival analysis’. Resultant titles were screened, and full text was obtained where relevant. The authors selected the most appropriate articles, giving preference to systematic reviews and long‐term, patient‐based outcome data.Results:  Thirty‐nine articles were selected and critiqued by the authors.Conclusions:  There was strong suggestion by several authors that peri‐implant soft tissue aesthetics can be sculpted through provisional restoration contour, but there are no clinical outcome studies to define or support this claim. Laboratory studies demonstrate that pick‐up type impression copings in conjunction with elastomeric impressions are the most accurate means for transferring implant position to a dental cast. Laboratory and finite‐element analysis studies suggest implants with an internal‐type connection show improved stress distribution, but supportive clinical data are lacking. The authors of this review favour a screw‐retained prosthesis for retrievability. Clinical and histological studies show that gold, titanium and zirconia ceramic abutment materials exhibit excellent biological responses, although there is insufficient data on the clinical service provided by zirconia as an implant‐substructure material. The literature does not associate any particular occlusal scheme with superior clinical outcomes. Implant‐borne single crowns offer comparable clinical service to tooth‐borne fixed dental prostheses. However, single‐tooth implant restorations are associated with an increased incidence of biological and technical complications.
Management of intrusive luxation in the primary dentition by surgical repositioning: an alternative approach
Authors: Shanmugam HV , Arangannal P , Vishnurekha C , Nichani MH , Vijayaprabha K 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntrusive luxation is the most common trauma during early infancy which results in the displacement of the tooth into its alveolus. Depending on the severity of the intrusion, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends either extraction or spontaneous re‐eruption for the primary tooth. This case report provides a brief insight into surgical repositioning as an alternative treatment option for the management of intruded primary tooth in a 4‐year‐old girl.
Tuberculosis cutis orificialis with both gingival involvement and underlying pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Sun W‐L , Xu K‐L , Chen L‐L , Yu Z‐S 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTuberculosis cutis orificialis is a rare manifestation of cutaneous tuberculosis which occurs in the oral, perianal and adjacent mucosa. The most frequent orificial lesion location is the tongue. We report a case of a 35‐year‐old female with tuberculosis cutis orificialis with gingival involvement. She had a six‐month history of a moderately painful gingival ulceration. Histopathological examination showed granulomatous infiltrates composed of epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells and caseating necrosis. A purified protein derivative test was positive. Sputum culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chest X‐ray and high resolution computed tomography showed active pulmonary tuberculosis in both upper lung zones. The gingival specimen was positive for M. tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction. A complete resolution was achieved after six months of anti‐tuberculosis therapy. Dental identification of M. tuberculosis may serve as an important aid in the first line of control of this dangerous infectious disease.
Consensus statement by hospital based dentists providing dental treatment for patients with inherited bleeding disorders*
Authors: Hewson ID , Daly J , Hallett KB , Liberali SA , Scott CLM , Spaile G , Widmer R , Winters J 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAvoidance of dental care and neglect of oral health may occur in patients with inherited bleeding disorders because of concerns about perioperative and postoperative bleeding, but this is likely to result in the need for crisis care, and more complex and high‐risk procedures. Most routine dental care in this special needs group can be safely managed in the general dental setting following consultation with the patient’s haematologist and adherence to simple protocols. Many of the current protocols for dental treatment of patients with inherited bleeding disorders were devised many years ago and now need revision. There is increasing evidence that the amount of factor cover previously recommended for dental procedures can now be safely reduced or may no longer be required in many cases. There is still a need for close cooperation and discussion between the patient’s haematologist and dental surgeon before any invasive treatment is performed. A group of hospital based dentists from centres where patients with inherited bleeding disorders are treated met and, after discussions, a management protocol for dental treatment was formulated.
Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health
Authors: Deacon SA , Glenny A‐M , Deery C , Robinson PG , Heanue M , Walmsley AD , Shaw WC 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Powered brushes were first introduced commercially in the 1960s. A recent systematic review suggested the superiority of certain modes of powered over manual toothbrushing for plaque and gingivitis reduction. That review did not allow for direct comparison between different modes of powered toothbrush.Objectives:  To compare different modes of powered toothbrushing against each other for plaque reduction and the health of the gingivae. Other factors to be assessed were calculus and stain removal, cost, dependability and adverse effects.Search strategy:  The following databases were searched: Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register (to 26 July 2010); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 3); MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 26 July 2010); EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 26 July 2010); CINAHL via EBSCO (1982 to 26 July 2010). There were no language restrictions.Selection criteria:  Trials were considered for inclusion with the following criteria: random allocation of participants; no compromised manual dexterity; unsupervised powered toothbrushing for at least four weeks. The primary outcomes were the plaque and gingivitis scores after powered toothbrush use during trial period.Data collection and analysis:  Data extraction was performed independently and in duplicate. The authors of trials were contacted to provide missing data where possible. The effect measure for each meta‐analysis was the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random‐effects model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were assessed.Main results:  The review included data from 15 trials with 1015 participants. Due to the dearth of trials assessing the same mode of action, no definitive conclusions can be stated regarding the superiority of one mode of powered toothbrush over any other. Only minor and transient side effects were reported. Cost, dependability were not reported.Authors’ conclusions:  Further trials of good quality are required to establish if any mode of action has superiority over the other modes of action for powered toothbrushes.
Protection of yearling ponies against Strongylus vulgaris by foalhood vaccination
Authors: KLEI T. R. , FRENCH D. D. , CHAPMAN MELANIE R. , McCLURE J. R. , DENNIS VIDA A. , TAYLOR H. W. , HUTCHINSON G. W. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe long term efficacy of an irradiation attenuated larval (L3) vaccine against Strongylus vulgaris was tested in ponies which were reared on pasture. Prior to foaling, mares were divided into two groups. One group of mares and foals received regular (eight weekly) treatment with ivermectin and the second group remained untreated. Half the foals in each pasture group were vaccinated at eight to ten weeks of age. Foals were weaned at three to four months of age and maintained on separate pastures. At eight to ten months of age, ponies were placed in box stalls and half of each treatment group were challenged with S. vulgaris (5 × 1000 L3). Clinical signs and lesions typical of acute verminous arteritis were found at necropsy in the ivermectin treated non‐vaccinated challenged yearlings. Ivermectin treated vaccinated challenged yearlings did not show these clinical signs, had markedly reduced to absent arterial lesions and showed an 89 per cent reduction in arterial larval burdens post mortem. Significant differences in clinical signs, arterial lesions or arterial larval burdens were not seen between vaccinated and non‐vaccinated foals reared without benefit of ivermectin treatment.
Effect of butorphanol on equine antroduodenal motility
Authors: MERRITT A. M. , CAMPBELL‐THOMPSON MARTHA L. , LOWREY S. 
Published: June 2011

SummarySix healthy six to eight‐month‐old horses were surgically prepared with Ag bipolar electrodes sutured to the gastric antrum and duodenum. Leads from the electrodes were exteriorised through a stab incision in the flank. During experimental sessions the horses were lightly restrained in stocks and electrode leads were connected to a physiograph to record antroduodenal myoelectrical activity. Intravenous (iv) injection of 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) of the opioid agonist/antagonist, butorphanol was followed within 2 to 3 mins by a normal appearing period of repetitive spike activity, or phase III, of the migrating motor complex (MMC) on the duodenum. This was followed by a period of no spike activity, or phase I, of the MMC and then resumption of intermittent spike activity, or phase II, of normal duration. Pre‐treatment with 15 μg/kg bwt of the non‐selective opioid antagonist, naloxone, or with 1 mg/kg bwt of the (α2‐adrenergic antagonist, tolazoline, did not block the myoelectrical response to butorphanol. It was concluded that a dose of butorphanol that has effective analgesic effects in a colicky horse resets the antroduodenal MMC without causing undesirable effects on antroduodenal motility. This particular effect of butorphanol might not be mediated by either a2‐adrenergic or opioid receptors, although the latter question needs further investigation.
Observations on the colic motor complex in a pony with a small intestinal obstruction
Authors: KING J. N. , GERRING E. L. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryCharacteristic motility patterns were seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a pony prepared chronically with electromechanical recording devices after developing a simple obstruction of the small intestine. Gross distension of the stomach with fluid produced loss of gastric contractile activity and a chaotic electrogram. These changes were reversed instantaneously when the stomach was decompressed. In the jejunum, proximal to the obstruction, the unique ‘colic motor complex’ was observed with contractions of longer duration arranged in characteristic pulses of activity. The left dorsal colon showed continuous hyperactivity and the small colon remained active. Abnormal motility patterns occurring secondary to a small intestinal obstruction could play a role in the aetiology of small and large intestinal disorders.
Correlative morphometry and morphology of normal equine intestinal mucosa and comparison after adaptation to extensive large colon resection
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , COCKERELL G. L. , LEE R. E. , STASHAK T. S. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryLight microscopy, morphometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the mucosal morphology of seven intestinal specimens (three from the small intestine and four from the large intestine) from two horses not subjected to surgery and three horses one year after sham‐operation for colon resection. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation revealed similar morphology for all horses except that the unoperated horses had significantly (P<0.05) fewer goblet cells in the crypts of the large intestine. In the small intestine, SEM demonstrated that villus shape varied and ranged from coned to broad and flat. In the large intestine, SEM of the right ventral and dorsal colon revealed more prominent crypt openings than in the caecum. The small colon contained the most prominent crypt openings with the least variation among horses. In the small intestine, light microscopy and morphometry revealed a greater number of goblet cells and a decreased width to the enterocytes in an aboral direction from the cranial jejunum to the ileum. In the large intestine, the crypt area and crypt depth increased significantly and the intercrypt area decreased significantly in an aboral direction from the caecum to the small colon (P<0.05). In comparison to the normal morphology, horses one year after extensive large colon resection had significantly greater intercrypt area in the caecum and remaining large colon.