bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Devonian of Ferques, (Lower Boulonnais)
Authors: Robinson John William Dudley 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The Palæozoic rocks of the Boulonnais are classic ground, and received the attention, among others, of De Verneuil, Murchison, Rigaux, and above all Godwin-Austen and Gosselet. Owing to the occurrence of coal, however, most attention has been given to the Carboniferous deposits, and, except for palaeontological work by Rigaux, the Devonian seems to have been comparatively neglected for the last forty years. The classic description is that published by Godwin-Austen in 1853, which has been slightly amended by Gosselet and Rigaux, while the beds have been correlated with those of other areas by Gosselet.
The published maps are poor, and of little use in the field. This is partly due to the lack of a good topographical map, but also to the apparent absence of detailed mapping. The accompanying map (Pl. XIV) suffers from the first defect, but was prepared on a scale of 1:1000 over an area extending across the outerop along the Nord Railway, and on a scale of 1:10,000 for the remainder.
All the beds are referred to the Upper and to part of the Middle Devonian (Famennian, Frasnian, and Givetian). They consist of limestones, sandstones, shales, dolomites, and conglomerate.
Physical Aspect.
The Lower Boulonnais may be regarded as forming the southern-most extension of the Weald. It is ringed round by Chalk hills; but the denudation in the centre has been more extensive, exposing a considerable expanse of Jurassic rocks and a smaller one of the Palaeozoic. The district is drained by a number of small
The Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Arthog - Dolgelley District Merionethshire
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert , Wells Alfred Kingsley 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The district to be considered in this paper is situate on the southern flank of the Harlech Dome, and is underlain by strata of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician age. The area is bounded on its northern side by the Mawddach Estuary, which separates it from the Harlech-Barmouth area of Lower Cambrian rocks. On its southern side the whole district is overlooked by the great escarpment of Cader Idris, from which, however, it is separated by a long straight fault-valley—the Llyn Gwernan Valley. The western boundary is formed by the valley of the Afon Arthog, while the eastern boundary lies near the town of Dolgelley. The area thus defined is about 8 miles long by 2 miles broad. The ground is represented on the Ordnance Survey maps, 1-inch (large-sheet series) 59 (Barmouth), and on the 6-inch quarter-sheets Merioneth 36 N.E., S.E., 37 N.W., with portions of sheets 33 S.W. and 37 N.E., S.W., and on the Geological Survey Map, Sheet 59 N.E. 1-inch (Old Series).

(
a
) Physical Features of the Area.

The ground between the two boundary-valleys, the Mawddach Estuary and the Llyn Gwernan Valley, is occupied by a hill-range, or rather by a series of ranges, made by the scarps of the various harder beds, and having a general west-south-westerly trend. The hills average 900 to 1000 feet in height, attaining their greatest, elevation on Bryn Brith (1259 feet). They fall into two main groups, which are separated one from the other by a broad upland hollow
The Cambrian Horizons of Comley (Shropshire), and their Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, etc.
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The objects of this paper are to define the horizons of the Cambrian system at Comley, to describe and illustrate the species of brachiopoda, pteropoda, and gasteropoda, and to discuss the relationships of the faunas one to the other and to those of other Cambrian areas.
The majority of the specimens now described were obtained from the excavations carried out between the years 1907 and 1914, on behalf of the Committee for the Excavation of Critical Sections in Palaeozoic Rocks, appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Some specimens were collected in 1892 for H.M. Geological Survey by Mr. J. Rhodes, and others have been obtained by myself or other observers at various dates since 1890.
II. The Comlet Horizons.
Details of the sections opened by excavation have been given in the reports of the meetings of the British Association held at Dublin in 1908, Winnipeg in 1909, Sheffield in 1910, Portsmouth in 1911, Dundee in 1912, and Manchester in 1915.
In Table I (facing p. 326) the various horizons from which different assemblages of fossils have been obtained are set out in descending order, with the proposed nomenclature in spaced type, followed by index-letters, thicknesses, general lithological characters, and suggested correlations. The designations used by me in previous communications and in my reports to the British Association are inserted in ordinary type in the first column.
Since these differ considerably from those now proposed, a few words of explanation seem to be necessary.
As
The Arctic Flora of the Cam Valley at Barnwell, Cambridge
Authors: Chandler Marjorie Elizabeth Jane 
Published: October 2009

A section in Pleistocene gravels at Barnwell, Cambridge, was described by Prof. Marr & Miss E. W. Gardner in 1916. They drew attention to the occurrence there of peat-seams yielding definite plant-remains, which were submitted to the late Clement Reid for identification. His preliminary report, showing the Arctic nature of the flora, was incorporated by Prof. Marr in a paper read before the Geological Society; but, unfortunately, death prevented Mr. Reid from undertaking the full examination of the beds which he had, no doubt, intended to make.
I lately had the opportunity of investigating the Barnwell pit, and the examination of fresh material revealed the existence of a far larger fossil flora than was suspected originally. The records of such Arctic floras in low latitudes are few, and in the present instance a number of plants identified had not been recognized previously in the fossil state. It was thought desirable, therefore, that the results of this fuller study should be placed on record, in order that they might be available to other workers in the same field.
Owing to the great kindness of Mrs. E. M. Reid, I was able to use the unique collection of recent seeds made by Mr. Reid in his lifetime, and that collection (referred to as the Reid Collection throughout this paper) was the standard for all my systematic work.
As the stratigraphical details were dealt with in 1916, no full account of the beds is given here, but the accompanying section, drawn to scale,
A New Species of Blattoid (
Archimylacris
) from the Keele Group (Radstockian) of Shropshire
Authors: Bolton Herbert 
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to the Geological Survey for the opportunity of examining a fragment of an insect-wing discovered by Mr. J. Pringle, F.G.S., while engaged in the examination of core-material collected in 1919 by Mr. T. C. Cantrill, B.Sc, F.G.S., from a new borehole for water at Slang Lane, Wellington (Shropshire).
The core-material came from some level between the surface and 97 feet, the actual depth being undeterminable because the chisel was used in boring. From an examination of the plant-remains, Mr. Pringle is of opinion, and Mr. Cantrill's field-observations bear him out, that the beds belong to the Keele Group.
The wing-fragment and its impression lie upon the surfaces of two pieces of red marl, and are not easily recognizable. Its discovery by Mr. Pringle is testimony to the thoroughness of his search of the material.

Enough of the wing is present to enable us to determine the genus, and to show that the form is new to British Coal Measures, and sufficiently distinct from Continental species to merit specific distinction. The characters of the subcosta and the interstitial neuration clearly indicate that the wing belongs to the genus
Archimylacris
, and as such I describe it.

Archimylacris pringlei, sp. nov.
Holotype. The basal two-thirds, and impression of a tegmen or forewing, lying upon the irregular surface of two small pieces of red marl, and partly obscured by plant-remains. Length=18 mm. Collection of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street, Reg. Nos. 30725-426.
Horizon and locality.—Keel Group, Upper Division of the Coal
The Granite-Gneisses of Southern Eyre Peninsula (South Australia) and their Associated Amphibolites
Authors: Tilley Cecil Edgar 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The basement platform which forms the foundation of Southern Eyre Peninsula, and on which the much younger Tertiary and Recent sediments repose, consists of a complex of igneous and metamorphic rocks, which in their lithological and petrographical characters bear not only a remarkable resemblance to rocks of known Pre-Cambrian age in other parts of the State, but also to the well-known Pre-Cambrian tracts in other regions of the world.
The evidences for the Pre-Cambrian age of the Eyre Peninsula rocks cannot rest on palaeontological evidence, for there are no known deposits of Lower Palaeozoic age that have been recognized within the area. The data from which the Pre-Cambrian age is deduced are, therefore, of a comparative kind.
The older rock series of Yorke Peninsula to which these Eyrian rocks bear a close lithological and petrographical resemblance are of definite Pre-Cambrian age, as proved by the presence of Cambrian sediments on an eroded platform of the series, in the Moonta and Wallaroo region. Apart from this local correlation, the complex bears a noteworthy similarity to the Pre-Cambrian tracts of the Northern Hemisphere, and to none more than the Laurentian of Canada.
Superposed with a marked angular unconformity on the meta-morphosed members of this older complex, and resting horizontally on the deeply-eroded igneous types, are Upper Tertiary sands and travertine. These deposits form a mantle to a considerable portion of the region, and hinder the study of the older series over large areas of country. Inland, in the hilly regions
The Evolution of Certain Liassic Gastropods, with special reference to their Use in Stratigraphy
Authors: McDonald Agnes Irene , Trueman Arthur Elijah 
Published: October 2009

I. Historical and Introductory Notes.
Gastropods are very suitable for evolutionary studies, for the shells are frequently well-preserved in fossils; while, owing to the mode of coiling, the development may be observed in any complete individual without breakage of the shell. Such studies on fossil Gastropods have shown that they illustrate clearly many of the biological principles that have been demonstrated by investigators of other groups, such as the Ammonites.
But, although Gastropods afford excellent material for palæontological researches of this nature, it is well known that apart from, systematic work by numerous palæontologists, they have been comparatively neglected in this country. Further study is particularly desirable, since they are frequently abundant in formations where the fossils that are generally used in zoning are not common, and it is probable that a clearer understanding of the Gastropods will make it easier to correlate such rocks.
On the Continent a great deal more attention has been paid to the classification of fossil Gastropods, by E. Koken and P. Fischer, and more recently by Dr. A. E. M. Cossmann; the last-named author has produced several valuable monographs on the various groups, and his comprehensive ‘Essais de Paléoconchologie Comparée’ mark a great advance in the study of those fossils. In the course of his work that author has found it necessary to subdivide many of the genera that had been proposed by earlier workers, and has shown that many of the older names cannot be applied so broadly as has been customary.
Very
The Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Llangollen District, with special reference to the Tectonics.
Authors: Wills Leonard Johnston , Smith Bernard 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area dealt with in the following pages forms the western half of the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Map, New Series, Sheet 121, with small contiguous strips in Sheets 120 & 137. It was mapped by us in the course of official work for the Geological Survey, in 1912 & 1913. The memoir on Sheet 121 is in preparation; but both it and the map which it accompanies have been greatly delayed by the War. This applies even more emphatically to Sheet 137. In the projected memoir on Sheet 121, special attention will be devoted to the Wrexham-Ruabon Coalfield.

In preparing the present paper, we have been influenced by a desire to publish in a concise form
1
an account of the older rocks which are more of theoretical than economic importance. We have attempted to describe the district as a geological unit, whereas the Survey Memoir must be primarily an explanation of the map and of the evidence on which it is based.

We are, therefore, greatly indebted to the Director of H.M. Geological Survey for permission to publish the following account, which is divisible into two parts. In the first, we aim at stating new facts and important modifications of the hitherto accepted ideas of the stratigraphical sequence, without traversing in detail the work of previous investigators where their conclusions have been confirmed by us. In the second part, we give a fuller description of the tectonics than the space available in the official Memoir would allow.
Our
Shales-with-‘beef,’ a Sequence in the Lower Lias of the Dorset Coast.
Authors: Lang William Dickson , Spath Leonard Frank , Richardson William Alfred 
Published: October 2009

Shales-with-‘beef’ was the name given to some 70 feet of Lias on the Dorset coast, lying above (53) Table Ledge and below (76 a) the Birchi-Tabular. The beds consist of paper-shales, marls, indurated bands, and limestone nodule-beds, with numerous, more or less impersistent, interbedded seams of fibrous calcite, called ‘Beef’ by the Officers of the Geological Survey.
Descending to the beach at Charmouth, and there forming reefs on the foreshore, the Shales-with-Beef are the most accessible Lias of that place. Yet they are, perhaps, the least known of all the beds. This is doubtless because of the generally unsatisfactory condition of the fossils found in them, and their consequent worthlessness on the one hand to the native, who finds no sale for such fragmentary and friable remains as the fossils present; while, on the other hand, the geologist seldom finds specimens more than approximately identifiable, and generally obtains completely satisfactory examples from but three or four horizons.

Sir Henry De la Beche described the Lias of this coast nearly a century ago; and, although he generally under-estimated their thickness, the subdivisions that he then made can be approximately correlated as follows, at any rate those five which lie above the Blue Lias limestones:—

(5)
Irregular bed of Limestone, with nodular concretions, frequently containing ammonites; 2 feet=Stellaris beds (87–89).

(4)
Slaty marls, with several thin beds of indurated marl; 67 feet = Black Marl series above Birchi-Tabular and below Stellaris beds (77–88).

(3)
Slaty marls containing small crystals of selenite; 32 feet Shales-with-Beef (54–76).
On some Rugose Corals from the Burindi Series (Lower Carboniferous) of New South Wales; together with a Short Account of the Upper Palæozoic Rocks of the Area in which they were collected
Authors: Benson William Noel , Smith Stanley 
Published: October 2009

Homœmorphy, regarding both external form and internal structures, is exceedingly common among Rugose Corals. Analogous features may occur in unrelated genera living contemporaneously in the same region or may be found reappearing in corals of different stocks in widely separated regions and epochs.

This paper describes two gener—
Amygdaloptzyllum
Dun & Benson, and
Cionodendron
, gen. nov., from the Burindi Series (Lower Carboniferous) of New South Wales; it also includes a few remarks concerning the species of
Lithostrotion
collected from the same series (and from the equivalent horizon in Queensland).

Amygdalophyllum
and
Cionodendron
are related respectively to the Carboniferous species of
‘Cyathophyllum’
(Palæosmilia) Edwards & Haime, and
Lithostrotion
; but both corals are characterized by an unusually large columella, as in Cyathaxonia.
Amygdalophyllum
and
Cionodendron
illustrate a remarkable case of parallelism.

The Australian species of
Lithostrotion
show certain small peculiarities of structure which distinguish them as a group from their British congeners.

The described material, much of which has been collected by one of us (W. N. B.), is the property of the Geological Surveys of New South Wales and Queensland, and of the Australian Museum (Sydney), and our thanks to these Institutions for the loan of the small collection is cordially tendered.
Before the corals are discussed, a short account is given of the stratigraphical succession of the region in which they were found, ‘and our reasons are stated for correlating the Burindi Series with the Viséan of Europe.
The fossils herein described come from the parishes of Moorowarra and Babbinboon, near Somerton, 20
The Pamir Earthquake of 18th February, 1911
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

The Pamir earthquake of the 18th of February 1911, though of destructive violence in the central region and giving rise to long- distance records, would probably have passed without special notice had it not been for two circumstances : one, that it was accompanied by a landslip of exceptional dimensions, which dammed one of the principal drainage-valleys of the region, and gave rise to a permanent lake over 15 miles in length and 900 feet in depth; the other, that the late Prince Boris Galitzin formulated the conclusion that this landslip was the originating cause of the earthquake, and that this was an interesting and unique -instance of coincidence of epicentre and hypocentre. Attention has been recently drawn once more to this earthquake, and, although mistakes in Prince Galitzin's mathematical methods have been pointed out, the justice of his conclusion has been maintained; but this conclusion is so contrary to all other present knowledge of the character and behaviour of earthquakes, that a fuller examination of the evidence seemed desirable, and as this is not generally available, being published almost exclusively in the Eussian language, it has seemed desirable to record the facts, so far as they are available.
Before dealing with the local observations and records of the earthquake, it will be well to refer briefly to Prince Galitzin^s paper.2 His conclusions were based primarily on the survey conducted in 1913 by Col. Spiiko, from which it was computed that the mass of the landslip amounted to between 7
Further Researches on the Succession and Metamorphism in the Mona Complex of Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward 
Published: October 2009

S
ince
my return to North Wales, the proximity of Anglesey has made it possible (in intervals of my survey of the country about Bangor and Carnarvon) to seek further light on the unsolved problems of the Mona Complex; and some of the results are embodied in the present paper.

I. T
he
A
ge of the
M
ona
C
omplex
.

Pebbles derived from the Mona Complex had already been found in Cambrian rocks ranging from the Bron-llwyd GS-rit down to the basement conglomerates of Carnarvonshire. Fragments have now been obtained from much lower horizons. For the massive conglomerate of Bangor cannot be later than Cambrian, and it is certain that, at any rate, the lower portions of the Bangor Volcanic Series (with which portions alone we are concerned in this paper) must be much older than that conglomerate. The Volcanic Series being essentially pyroclastic, fragments other than those of the contemporaneous volcanic rocks are rare. The agglomerates, however, have yielded a few fragments of Gwna quartzite and jasper. These fragments are not schistose. But in a slide [E 1539], cut from an agglomerate between the Workhouse and Hendre-wen Lane, there is a beautiful oval fragment (fig. 1, p. 335), about ⅛ inch long, of undoubted Penmynydd-Zone mica-schist, well-foliated and holocrystalline, with sphene, zircon, and a pale epidote. It is, therefore, certain that, before the eruption of this ancient volcanic series, the Penmynydd anamorphism of the Mona Complex was complete.

II. T
he
G
wna
B
eds
.

New Analyses of the Quartzite.
At the time of the issue
The Glaciation of North-Eastern Ireland
Authors: Dwerryhouse Arthur Richard 
Published: October 2009

The region to be described covers the counties of Antrim and Down, with parts of Armagh, Londonderry, Tyrone, Monaghan, and Louth, in all about 3200 square miles, and is included in sheets 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 59, 60, 61, 70, and 71, of the maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland on the scale of 1 inch to the mile.
The area is also covered by Bartholomew's ' ‘Quarter-inch to the mile map of Ireland’, Sheet 2, which contains most of the place-names used in this paper.
References to the previous papers on the subject are collected in a (‘ Bibliography of Irish Glacial & Post-Glacial Geology ’ by R. LI. Praeger, Proc. Belfast Nat. Field-Club, App. (1896), and in a Summary of Recent Glacial Investigations by the B.N.F.C., ibid. App. vii (1905–1906).
The area is naturally divided into four geographical units—the basaltic plateau of County Antrim, the Trias-filled valley of Belfast, the undulating Palaeozoic area of Down and Monaghan, and the igneous areas of the Mourne Mountains, Slieve Croob, and Carlingford.
The great plateau of County Antrim is formed of Tertiary basalts lying unconformably upon various older rocks, including Dalradian schists, Carboniferous,Triassic, Liassic, and Cretaceous rocks. The present surface of the basalt country forms a trough with its axis running north and south. The central valley is occupied by Lough Neagh, the waters of which stand at 52 feet above, and the
The Geology of the Schists of the Schichallion District (Perthshire)
Authors: Anderson Ernest Masson 
Published: October 2009

The district studied, extends from the northern slopes of Carn Mairg across Strath Tummel, and includes a part of the valley of the Errochty Water. Except for some later intrusions, it is occupied entirely by crystalline schists. These belong in part to the series of Struan Flags—the probable equivalents of the Moine Gneisses of the more northern Highlands—and in a greater part to the so-called Dalradian Series, which here projects along a north-and-south axis for about 7 miles into the flags. The area includes the best development of the well-known Schichallion Boulder Bed, and has a historical interest from its association with Maskelyne's Schichallion experiment, which in itself led, at an early date, to a certain study of the geology.
The district was mapped about the year 1900 by the late Mr. J. S. Grant Wilson, of the Geological Survey. Although a succession not previously recognized forms the basis of the map now presented, the latter follows Wilson's in many of its main features, and the investigation of the area would have been a task of far greater difficulty without the guidance of his previous work.
I am to a great extent indebted to Mr. E. B. Bailey for the inspiration which led me to take an interest in the problems of the Southern Highlands. Mr. Bailey, in a previous traverse of the ground here described, had anticipated that part of the conclusions of this paper which concern the divisions of the Quartzite Group, and the relations of the rocks