bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of lead in US workplaces using data from OSHA's integrated management information system
Authors: Henn Scott A. , Sussell Aaron L. , Li Jia , Shire Jeffrey D. , Alarcon Walter A. , Tak Sangwoo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundLead hazards continue to be encountered in the workplace. OSHA's Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) is the largest available database containing sampling results in US workplaces.MethodsPersonal airborne lead sampling results in IMIS were extracted for years 1979–2008. Descriptive analyses, geographical mapping, and regression modeling of results were performed.ResultsSeventy‐nine percent of lead samples were in the manufacturing sector. Lead sample results were highest in the construction sector (median = 0.03 mg/m3). NORA sector, year, OSHA region, number of employees at the worksite, federal/state OSHA plan, unionization, advance notification, and presence of an employee representative were statistically associated with having a lead sample result exceed the PEL.ConclusionsLead concentrations within construction have been higher than any other industry. Lead hazards have been most prevalent in the north and northeastern US. IMIS data can be useful as a surveillance tool and for targeting prevention efforts toward hazardous industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:356–365, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms in firefighters
Authors: Greven Frans E. , Rooyackers Jos M. , Kerstjens Huib A.M. , Heederik Dick J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with respiratory symptoms in common firefighters in the Netherlands.MethodsA total of 1,330 firefighters from the municipal fire brigades of three provinces of the Netherlands were included in the study. All subjects were administered a Dutch web‐based version of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire.ResultsGeneral respiratory symptoms were associated with the number of fires fought in the last 12 months with odds ratios between 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–1.4) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.7) per 25 fires. A strong association was found between an inhalation incident and present respiratory symptoms with odds ratios between 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7) and 3.0 (95% CI 1.9–4.7). Adjustments for smoking, sex, atopy, and age did not change any of the associations. After stratification, atopics showed elevated odds ratios.ConclusionsIt is recommended that firefighters are aware of these elevated healthcare risks associated with exposure to fire smoke and that they increase as much as possible the use of self‐contained breathing apparatus. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:350–355, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life history traits, maternal behavior and infant development of blue‐eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons)
Authors: Volampeno M. Sylviane N. , Masters Judith C. , Downs Colleen T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn understanding of recruitment is important for estimating population growth and viability, and their implications for conservation. We present the first results regarding the life history, maternal behavior and infant development of the critically endangered blue‐eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) of Madagascar. The species breeds seasonally, with births occurring at the end of the dry season, between late August and October. Over two successive birth seasons in 2006 and 2007, we observed a total of 13 lactating females and 22 infants from six groups. We inferred age at first reproduction as 3 years, and calculated the birth rate as 1.0 infant per female per year with a mean inter‐birth interval of 358 ± 24.81 days (319–410 days). Infants spent the first 3 weeks of life constantly with their mothers; locomotor independence and ingestion of solid food began at week 10, and the infants were weaned by week 25. After week 28, infants spent less than 20% of their time in contact with their mothers. Over the study period infant mortality was 22.7%, with predation and sickness observed as causes. Our results suggest that overall recruitment is relatively slow, which has implications for the species' survival, particularly given their restricted and threatened habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 73:474–484, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Vigabatrin‐exposed patients
Authors: Clayton Lisa M. , Dévilé Marita , Punte Trusjen , Kallis Constantinos , de Haan Gerrit‐Jan , Sander Josemir W. , Acheson James , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Vigabatrin‐associated visual field loss (VAVFL) occurs in 25 to 50% of exposed patients and is routinely monitored using perimetry, which has inherent limitations. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning has been described in a small number of vigabatrin‐exposed patients. We explored the relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field size, to determine whether OCT is a suitable tool to use in patients exposed to vigabatrin.Methods:Two hundred one vigabatrin‐exposed subjects with epilepsy, divided into 2 groups, and 90 healthy controls participated. Visual fields were obtained using Goldmann kinetic perimetry and quantified using mean radial degrees (MRD). RNFL imaging was performed using either spectral‐domain (Group 1) or time‐domain (Group 2) OCT.Results:Thirty‐nine of 201 (19.4%) patients were unable to perform perimetry. Thirteen (6.5%) patients were unable to perform OCT. A total of 51.6% of patients showed VAVFL. Average RNFL thickness was significantly thinner in patients (77.9μm) compared to healthy controls (93.6μm) (p < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between MRD and average RNFL thickness for Group 1 (r = 0.768, p < 0.001) and Group 2 (r = 0.814, p < 0.001). OCT RNFL imaging showed high repeatability.Interpretation:OCT provides a useful tool to assess people exposed to vigabatrin, and can provide an accurate estimate of the extent of visual field loss in the absence of a reliable direct measure of the visual field. The strong linear relationship found between RNFL thickness and visual field size provides some evidence that irreversible VAVFL may be related to loss of retinal ganglion cell axons. Ann Neurol 2011;
Cellular immunosenescence in adult male crickets, Gryllus assimilis
Authors: Park Youngjin , Kim Yonggyun , Stanley David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEcological immunity studies in invertebrates, particularly insects, have generated new insights into trade‐offs between immune functions and other physiological parameters. These studies document physiologically directed reallocations of immune costs to other high‐cost areas of physiology. Immunosenescence, recognized as the age‐related deterioration of immune functions, is another mechanism of radically altering immune systems. We investigated the hypothesis that aging brings on immunosenescence in adult males of the cricket, Gryllus assimilis. Our data show that the intensity of melanotic nodule formation decreased with adult age from after 3‐week post‐adult emergence. Circulating hemocyte populations similarly decreased from about 5,000 hemocytes/µl hemolymph to about 1,000 hemocytes/µl hemolymph. The numbers of damaged hemocytes in circulation increased from less than 10% at 1‐week post‐adult emergence to approximately 60% by 3‐week post‐adult emergence. The composition of hemocyte types changed with age, with increasing proportions of granulocytes and decreasing proportions of plasmatocytes. The declines in nodule formation were not linked to the adult age of sexual behaviors, which begin shortly after entering adulthood in this species. We infer that age‐related senescence, rather than cost reallocations, may account for observed declines in various parameters of immune functions in insects, as seen in other animals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalization of Sambucus nigra agglutinins I and II in insect midgut CF‐203 cells
Authors: Shahidi‐Noghabi Shahnaz , Van Damme Els J. M. , De Vos Winnok H. , Smagghe Guy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this project, the uptake mechanisms and localization of two lectins from Sambucus nigra, further referred to as S. nigra agglutinin (SNA)‐I and SNA‐II, into insect midgut CF‐203 cells were studied. SNA‐I is a chimeric lectin belonging to the class of ribosome‐inactivating proteins, whereas SNA‐II is a hololectin devoid of enzymatic activity. Internalization of the fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled lectin was investigated using confocal microscopy. Both lectins were internalized into the cytoplasm of CF‐203 cells at similar rates. Preexposure of the insect midgut cells to specific inhibitors of clathrin‐ and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis resulted in an inhibition of lectin uptake in CF‐203 cells and caspase‐induced cytotoxicity caused by SNA‐I and SNA‐II, confirming the involvement of both endocytosis pathways. Further studies demonstrated that the uptake mechanism(s) for both lectins required phosphoinositide 3‐kinases, but did not depend on the actin cytoskeleton. Since the hololectin SNA‐II apparently uses a similar endocytosis pathway as the chimerolectin SNA‐I, it can be concluded that the endocytosis process mainly relies on the carbohydrate‐binding activity of the lectins under investigation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemotherapeutic agents, XXI: Synthesis of π‐deficient pyrimidines as leishmanicides
Authors: Ram Vishnu J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSynthesis of 5‐cyano‐6‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2‐thiouracil (1) has been described from 3‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde, thiourea, and ethyl cyanoacetate. Alkylation of 1 with mono‐ and dihaloalkanes under different conditions, provided 2a,b, 3a,b, and 4a‐i. Halogenation of 4g with POCl3 yielded 5 which underwent nucleophilic substitution with amines to give 6a‐g. Fusion of 4a with aromatic and heterocyclic amines at 160°C gave the substitution products 7a‐c. Some of the compounds were screened for antileishmanial activity but only one of them (6d) demonstrated very significant activity.
Anellierte Lactone aus Bay‐K‐8644 und Dihydropyridin‐Nebenprodukten der Hantzsch‐Synthese
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Schmidt Eckhardt 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBay‐K‐8644 (1) reagiert mit Pyridiniumbromidperbromid (PBPB) zum anellierten 1,4‐Dihydropyridin (DHP)‐lacton 7 und der Pyridiniumverbindung 8; mit UV A‐Licht entstehen daraus die 3‐Pyridinole 10 und 11. Aus dem Diester‐1,4‐DHP 2 können mit PBPB das Monolacton 12, das Bislacton 13 und das Dibrommethylderivat 14 isoliert werden. Das zu 1 isomere 1,2‐DHP 4 liefert mit PBPB nur das Oxidationsprodukt 17, während das Diester‐1,2‐DHP 5 außer dem Pyridin (Py) 18 zu den anellierten 1,2‐DHP‐lactonen 19 und 24 führt. Aus 24 wird durch Solvolyse 25 erhalten. Alle DHP werden zu den korrespondierenden Pyridinen dehydriert. Durch anodische Oxidation werden die Halbstufenpotentiale für das System DHP/Py bestimmt, deren Abhängigkeit von strukturellen Parametem wird diskutiert. Bei der polarographischen Bestimmung des Pyridinbislactons 16 entsteht in zweielektroniger Reaktion das 1,4‐DHP 13, was durch präparative kathodische Reduktion bewiesen wird.
[4+1]‐Cycloaddition von Benzylisonitril an cyclische Azadiensysteme des 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazins und 1,2,4‐Triazins
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Guang , John Rainer , Seitz Gunther 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEine Reihe donorsubstituierter 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine wie 1a‐e sowie die 1,2,4‐Triazine 7a und b reagieren mit Benzylisonitril in einer Reaktionsfolge von [4+1]‐Cycloaddition und [4+2]‐Cycloreversion zu instabilen, antiaromatischen Zwischenstufen 4a‐e bzw. 8a,b. In einem weiteren, stabilisierenden Reaktionsschritt erfolgt 1,5‐Wasserstoffverschiebung zu den entspr. Azomeihinen. Die neuen Pyrazole 5a‐e sind als stabile, kristalline Verbindungen in hohen Ausbeuten isolierbar; im Gegensatz dazu werden die Pyrrole 9a und b mit Kieselgel/Wasser zu Benzaldehyd und den entspr. Aminopyrrolen 10a und b hydrolysiert.
Absence of preference for social novelty and increased grooming in integrin β3 knockout mice: Initial studies and future directions
Authors: Carter Michelle D. , Shah Charisma R. , Muller Christopher L. , Crawley Jacqueline N. , Carneiro Ana M. D. , Veenstra‐VanderWeele Jeremy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractElevated whole blood serotonin 5‐HT, or hyperserotonemia, is a common biomarker in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The integrin β3 receptor subunit gene (ITGB3) is a quantitative trait locus for whole blood 5‐HT levels. Recent work shows that integrin β3 interacts with the serotonin transporter (SERT) in both platelets and in the midbrain. Furthermore, multiple studies have now reported gene–gene interaction between the integrin β3 and SERT genes in association with ASD. Given the lack of previous data on the impact of integrin β3 on brain or behavioral phenotypes, we sought to compare mice with decreased or absent expression of the integrin β3 receptor subunit (Itgb3 + / − and −/ −) with wildtype littermate controls in behavioral tasks relevant to ASD. These mice did not show deficits in activity level in the open field or anxiety‐like behavior on the elevated plus maze, two potential confounds in the evaluation of mouse social behavior. In the three‐chamber social test, mice lacking integrin β3 were shown to have normal sociability but did not show a preference for social novelty. Importantly, the absence of integrin β3 did not impair olfaction or the ability to recall familiar social odors. Additionally, mice lacking integrin β3 showed increased grooming behavior in novel environments. These preliminary studies reveal altered social and repetitive behavior in these mice, which suggests that the integrin β3 subunit may be involved in brain systems relevant to ASD. Further work is needed to fully characterize these behavioral changes and the underlying brain mechanisms.
Aromaticity in Group 14 Homologues of the Cyclopropenylium Cation
Authors: Fernández Israel , Duvall Matthew , I‐Chia Wu Judy , Schleyer Paul von Ragué , Frenking Gernot 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe nature of the bonding and the aromaticity of the heavy Group 14 homologues of cyclopropenylium cations E3H3+ and E2H2E′H+ (E, E′=C–Pb) have been investigated systematically at the BP86/TZ2P DFT level by using several methods. Aromatic stabilization energies (ASE) were evaluated from the values obtained from energy decomposition analysis (EDA) of charged acyclic reference molecules. The EDA‐ASE results compare well with the extra cyclic resonance energy (ECRE) values given by the block localized wavefunction (BLW) method. Although all compounds investigated are Hückel 4n+2 π electron species, their ASEs indicate that the inclusion of Group 14 elements heavier than carbon reduces the aromaticity; the parent C3H3+ ion and Si2H2CH+ are the most aromatic, and Pb3H3+ is the least so. The higher energies for the cyclopropenium analogues reported in 1995 employed an isodesmic scheme, and are reinterpreted by using the BLW method. The decrease in the strength of both the π cyclic conjugation and the aromaticity in the order C≫Si>Ge>Sn>Pb agrees reasonably well with the trends given by the refined nucleus‐independent chemical shift NICS(0)πzz index.
Pentanary Cross‐Diffusion in Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions Loaded with Two Components of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Authors: Rossi Federico , Vanag Vladimir K. , Epstein Irving R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe measure cross‐diffusion coefficients in a five‐component system, an aerosol OT (AOT) water‐in‐oil microemulsion loaded with two constituents of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction (H2O/AOT/BZ1/BZ2/octane). The species BZ1 is either NaBr, an inhibitor of the BZ reaction, or ferroin, a catalyst for the reaction. As species BZ2, we choose Br2, an intermediate in the reaction. The cross‐diffusion coefficients between BZ1 and BZ2 are found to be negative, which can be understood in terms of complexation between these species. Using a four‐variable model for the BZ reaction, we find that the cross‐diffusion coefficients measured here can lead to a noticeable shift in the onset of Turing instability in the BZ–AOT system.
Photoactive RuII–Polypyridyl Complexes that Display Sequence Selectivity and High‐Affinity Binding to Duplex DNA through Groove Binding
Authors: Ghosh Amrita , Das Priyadip , Gill Martin R. , Kar Prasenjit , Walker Michael G. , Thomas Jim A. , Das Amitava 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe duplex‐DNA binding properties of a nonintercalating polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complex that incorporates a linear extended ligand with a catechol moiety has been probed with a variety of photo‐ and biophysical techniques. These studies reveal that the complex groove binds to DNA sequences biphasically, and displays binding constants equivalent to those of high‐affinity metallointercalators. The complex also displays preferential binding to AT‐rich sequences. Changes in the structure of the coordinated catechol ligand and the incorporation of intercalating ancillary ligands into the complex were found to modulate both the optical‐binding response and binding parameters of the system, which indicates that the catechol moiety plays a crucial role in the observed enhancement to binding affinities.
Low voltage low power fully differential self‐biased 1.5‐bit quantizer with built‐in thresholds
Authors: Figueiredo M. , Goes J. , Oliveira L. B. , Steiger‐Garção A. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYA new fully differential self‐biased 1.5‐bit flash quantizer with built‐in threshold voltages, suitable for high speed ADCs and low voltage operation, is described. The proposed circuit is very simple, and simulation results in a 65 nm standard CMOS technology demonstrate that, following the suggested design methodology, it is able to achieve low offset, low kickback noise, low metastability probability errors and fast regeneration time with very low power dissipation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging circuit formation in zebrafish
Authors: Nikolaou Nikolas , Meyer Martin P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe study of nervous system development has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in molecular biology and imaging techniques. These approaches are perfectly suited to young transparent zebrafish where they have allowed direct observation of neural circuit assembly in vivo. In this review we will highlight a number of key studies that have applied optical and genetic techniques in zebrafish to address questions relating to axonal and dendritic arbor development, synapse assembly and neural plasticity. These studies have revealed novel cellular phenomena and modes of growth that may reflect general principles governing the assembly of neural circuits. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 346–357, 2012
Development of the cerebellum and cerebellar neural circuits
Authors: Hibi Masahiko , Shimizu Takashi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe cerebellum, a structure derived from the dorsal part of the most anterior hindbrain, is important for integrating sensory perception and motor control. While the structure and development of the cerebellum have been analyzed most extensively in mammals, recent studies have shown that the anatomy and development of the cerebellum is conserved between mammals and bony fish (teleost) species, including zebrafish. In the mammalian and teleost cerebellum, Purkinje and granule cells serve, respectively, as the major GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Purkinje cells originate in the ventricular zone (VZ), and receive inputs from climbing fibers. Granule cells originate in the upper rhombic lip (URL) and receive inputs from mossy fibers. Thus, the teleost cerebellum shares many features with the cerebellum of other vertebrates, and is a good model system for studying cerebellar function and development. The teleost cerebellum also has features that are specific to teleosts or have not been elucidated in mammals, including eurydendroid cells and adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, the neural circuitry in part of the optic tectum and the dorsal hindbrain closely resembles the circuitry of the teleost cerebellum; hence, these are called cerebellum‐like structures. Here we describe the anatomy and development of cerebellar neurons and their circuitry, and discuss the possible roles of the cerebellum and cerebellum‐like structures in behavior and higher cognitive functions. We also consider the potential use of genetics and novel techniques for studying the cerebellum in zebrafish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 282–301, 2012
Thy‐1 (CD90) regulates the extravasation of leukocytes during inflammation
Authors: Schubert Kathleen , Polte Tobias , Bönisch Ulrike , Schader Sina , Holtappels Rafaela , Hildebrandt Guido , Lehmann Jörg , Simon Jan C. , Anderegg Ulf , Saalbach Anja 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHuman Thy‐1 (CD90) has been shown to mediate adhesion of inflammatory cells to activated microvascular endothelial cells via interaction with Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) in vitro. Since there are no data showing the physiological relevance of Thy‐1 for the recruitment of inflammatory cells in vivo, different inflammation models were investigated in Thy‐1‐deficient mice and littermate controls. In thioglycollate‐induced peritonitis, the number of neutrophils and monocytes was significantly diminished in Thy‐1‐deficient mice. During acute lung inflammation, the extravasation of eosinophils and monocytes into the lung was significantly reduced in Thy‐1‐deficient mice. Moreover, during chronic lung inflammation, the influx of eosinophils and monocytes was also strongly decreased. These effects were independent of Thy‐1 expression on T cells, as shown by the transplantation of WT BM into the Thy‐1‐deficient mice. In spite of the strong Thy‐1 expression on T cells in the chimeric mice, the extravasation of the inflammatory cells in these mice was significantly diminished, compared to control mice. Finally, the altered number and composition of infiltrating leukocytes in Thy‐1‐deficient mice modified the chemokine/cytokine and protease expression at the site of inflammation. In conclusion, Thy‐1 is involved in the control of inflammatory cell recruitment and, thus, also in conditioning the inflammatory microenvironment.
Determination of ester‐bound 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol and glycidol in fats and oils – a collaborative study
Authors: Fiebig Hans‐Jochen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn 2009, the Joint Committee of DIN and DGF for the Analysis of Fats, Oils, Fatty Products, Related Products and Raw Materials (GA FETT) published the German Standard Method C‐III 18 (09) – Ester‐bound 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD‐Esters) and 3‐MCPD forming substances – Determination in fats and oils by GC‐MS. This method was validated in a collaborative trial organised by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Following further work on bound 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) as a possible precursor for 3‐MCPD‐Esters, the German Standard method was modified in 2009 to determine ester‐bound 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propandiol and 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol. The modified DGF standard method, together with a similar method, developed by SGS Hamburg (Kuhlmann method), was validated in an international collaborative study. The results of this collaborative study are reported for vegetable fats and oils, using GC with mass spectrometric detection and two different deuterated internal standards. Altogether, 17 laboratories from 5 countries (D – E – F – HU – USA) expressed interest in participation. The test was carried out according to ISO 5725:1994 – Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results and the Guidelines for Collaborative Study Procedures To Validate Characteristics of a Method of Analysis (AOCS 2002). The results are reported.Practical application: For the quantitative determination of 3‐MCPD‐ and glycidyl‐esters in refined fats and oils standardised methods are not yet available. Two similar methods for the quantification of the sum of ester‐bound 3‐MCPD and glycidol and for ester‐bound 3‐MCPD alone were tested in an international collaborative trial.