bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL MAPPING OF SENSORY TEXTURE DESCRIPTORS
Authors: ROHM HARALD , DÜRRSCHMID KLAUS , FORKER ANNE , JAROS DORIS 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Although language is of great importance in sensory science, there is no reliable descriptor compilation for German language. To evaluate whether there is redundancy in existing descriptor collections, a two‐dimensional mapping technique was applied to texture descriptors within the firmness–brittleness space; this technique does not investigate texture attributes as such but focuses on the consumers' mental reconstruction of texture properties in terms of language. A total of 68 subjects, skilled and unskilled in sensory science, contributed to the tests. The statistics show that there are no significant differences between skilled and unskilled individuals with respect to the location of the descriptors in the firmness–brittleness map. Some descriptors formed pronounced clusters with a high degree of similarity, which, however, does not justify descriptor elimination. Consumers' mental representations of the texture descriptors can be mapped in the frame of mechanical texture attributes, but not in an exhaustive manner; they appear to be multimodal and multidimensional. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe two‐dimensional descriptor mapping technique can be helpful in identifying potentially matching sensory descriptors and in making a set of sensory terms, which is used in descriptive analysis or in communication with consumers, more reliable and free of redundancy; however, aspects of multimodality and multidimensionality of texture descriptors have to be considered.
Laboratory Investigation into the Contribution of Contaminants to Ground Water from Equipment Materials Used in Sampling
Authors: Gilmore Tyler J , Mitroshkov Alexandre V. , Dresel P. Evan , Sklarew Deborah S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBenzene contamination was detected in well water samples from the Ogallala Aquifer beneath and adjacent to the Department of Energy's Pantex Plant near Amarillo, Texas. This study assessed whether or not the materials used in multilevel sampling equipment at this site could have contributed to the contaminants found in well water samples. As part of this investigation, laboratory testing of the sample equipment material was conducted.Results from the laboratory tests indicated three different materials from two types of multilevel samplers did, in fact, contribute volatile and semivolatile organic compounds to the ground water samples from static leach tests that were conducted during an eight week period. The nylon‐11 tubing contributed trace concentrations of benzene (1.37 μg/L) and relatively high concentrations of the plasticizer N‐butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBSA) (764 mg/L) to the water; a urethane‐coated nylon well liner contributed relatively high concentrations of toluene (278 μg/L) and trace amounts of NBSA; and a sampling port spacer material made of nylon/polypropylene/polyester‐composite contributed trace amounts of toluene and NBSA.While the concentrations of benzene and toluene measured in the laboratory tests were below the concentrations measured in actual ground water samples, the concentrations of organics from these equipment materials were sufficient to render the results reported for the ground water samples suspect.
Exposure to non‐core foods and beverages in the first year of life: Results from a cohort study
Authors: KOH Gloria A. , SCOTT Jane A. , ODDY Wendy H. , GRAHAM Kathleen I. , BINNS Colin W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  To report the proportion of Australian infants who were introduced to non‐core foods and beverages and to identify factors that are associated with the introduction of non‐core foods and beverages to infants in the first year of life.Methods:  Participants were 587 women recruited from two maternity hospitals in Perth and followed up by telephone interview at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks post‐partum to collect information on infant feeding practices. Factors associated with introduction of non‐core foods and beverages by 52 weeks post‐partum were identified using multivariate logistic regression.Results:  The three non‐core foods most commonly introduced to infants by 52 weeks post‐partum were biscuits and cakes (91.6%, n = 415), hot chips/French fries (78.6%, n = 356) and ice‐cream (68.2%, n = 309). Independent predictors of introduction of non‐core foods and beverages by 52 weeks post‐partum were age at which solids were first introduced and the presence of older siblings.Conclusion:  Identifying factors associated with the introduction of non‐core foods and beverages to infants is important to help health professionals better target early feeding interventions. Consistent recommendations are required to ensure clear understanding of what foods are suitable and not suitable for infants.
Effect of a television programme on nutrition cognitions and intended behaviours
Authors: BYRD‐BREDBENNER Carol , GRENCI Alexandra , QUICK Virginia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  The present study examined the effect of nutrition‐related information in the Lisa the Vegetarian episode from the prime‐time television series The Simpsons on children's nutrition cognitions and intended behaviours. This episode was chosen because its storyline is rich in nutrition‐related information.Methods:  The sample was girls aged 9 and 10 years from New Jersey in the USA who were assigned to either the treatment group (n = 34) or control (n = 37). At the pretest, both study groups completed a self‐administered questionnaire that measured nutrition cognitions (knowledge, outcome expectations, attitude and perceived norms) conveyed in the programme and intended behaviours related to vegetarianism. At the post‐test, administered 7 to 14 days later, the control group again completed the questionnaire. The treatment group viewed the television programme and completed the questionnaire. At the follow‐up post‐test, administered 7 to 14 days after the post‐test, both groups again completed the questionnaire.Results:  Analysis of covariance, with pretest score as the covariate, revealed that the treatment group mean post‐test and follow‐up post‐test knowledge and intended behaviour scores were significantly more positive and attitude scores were significantly more negative than the control group.Conclusion:  Study findings indicate that television programmes must be recognised as an important vehicle for conveying nutrition‐related information that affects children's cognitions and intended behaviours.
Body composition in older orthopaedic rehabilitation inpatients: Are field methods valid?
Authors: YAXLEY Alison , MILLER Michelle , MASTERS Stacey , AHERN Michael , CROTTY Maria 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  The assessment of body composition is an important aspect of the determination of nutritional health. This cross‐sectional measurement study aimed to assess the relative validity of a range of field techniques for the measurement of body composition in a sample of older orthopaedic inpatients participating in rehabilitation.Methods:  Assessment of percent fat‐free mass of 31 adults, aged 65 years and over, was conducted under fasting conditions by two types of bioelectrical impedance analysis (multi‐frequency and single frequency—using manufacturer's pre‐programmed prediction equation) and compared with percent fat‐free mass estimated by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, a reference technique. Data from multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis were also used to calculate percent fat‐free mass from the prediction equation of Dey et al. for comparison. Skeletal muscle mass was derived from assessment of corrected arm muscle area and compared with skeletal muscle mass from dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry analysis. Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to determine the level of agreement between each field technique and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry.Results:  Mean bias and limits of agreement between single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry were −5.7% (−24.0, 12.6), between multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (manufacturer's pre‐programmed prediction equation) and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry were 1.4% (−13.4, 16.1), between multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (Dey et al. prediction equation) and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry were −5.0% (−16.6, 6.6) and between skeletal muscle mass as derived from assessment of corrected arm muscle area and skeletal muscle mass from dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry analysis −0.97 kg (−8.37, 6.43).Conclusion:  None of the methods assessed are clinically acceptable for assessment of body composition in older orthopaedic rehabilitation patients; however, estimation of skeletal muscle mass, as derived from corrected arm muscle area, is likely to be of more use in the clinical setting as there is no requirement for patients to be fasted.
Evaluation of the composition of omega‐3 fatty acids in dietary oil supplements
Authors: HAMILTON Karina , BROOKS Peter , HOLMES Mark , CUNNINGHAM Judy , RUSSELL Fraser D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of the present study was to determine the fatty acid composition of 19 dietary oil supplements that are commercially available in Australia, comparing findings with manufacturers' reported omega‐3 fatty acid content.Methods:  Fifteen fish oil supplements and four non‐fish oil supplements were obtained from Australian retail stores. Fatty acids were derivatised, and fatty acid methyl esters were quantitated using classical GC‐flame ionisation detection methods. Composition of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reported by supplement manufacturers was compared with experimental values using the Bland‐Altman plot.Results:  The combined eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in the fish oil and non‐fish oil supplements was 17.63–71.45% and 0.00–0.05% respectively. A high level of congruency was observed for the composition of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reported by manufacturers and determined experimentally (mean difference, eicosapentaenoic acid, 13.2 mg; docosahexaenoic acid, 12.8 mg).Conclusion:  Current practice in pre‐market assessment of complementary medicines in Australia is satisfactory for supplements examined in the present study. Intake of these fish oil supplements can be used to provide high levels of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids that would be otherwise difficult to achieve through normal dietary intake alone.
Defining Political Will
Authors: POST LORI ANN , RAILE AMBER N. W. , RAILE ERIC D. 
Published: September 2010

Although frequently invoked as a rhetorical tool in political discussions, “political will” remains ambiguous as a concept. Acknowledging the centrality of political will to policy outcomes, the authors propose a pragmatic and systematic approach to definition. This approach facilitates analysis by identifying particular shortcomings in political will. This identification in turn permits the application of appropriate theoretical frameworks from various disciplines and the effective construction and use of ameliorative measures. The authors also address fundamental issues like the specification of contexts. The analytical approach includes a conceptual definition dissected into essential components, along with corresponding means of operationalization and targets for assessment. Among the major definitional components are requirements that a sufficient set of decision makers intends to support a particular initiative and that such support is committed. The latter condition is difficult to ascertain, but various signals, influences, and constraints on action are observable.Aunque frecuentemente invocado como una herramienta retórica en las discusiones políticas, “la voluntad política” se mantiene como unconcepto ambiguo. Reconociendo la importancia de la voluntad política en los resultados políticos, los autores proponen una aproximación pragmática y sistemática para su definición. Esta aproximación facilita el análisis al identificar faltas particulares en el concepto de voluntad política. Dicha identificación permite a su vez la aplicación del marco teórico apropiado de varias disciplinas y la construcción efectiva y utilización de medidas de mejoramiento. Los autores abordan también tópicos fundamentales como la importancia del contexto. La aproximación analítica incluye una definición conceptual diseccionada en componentes esenciales, junto con medios correspondientes de operacionalización y los objetivos a evaluar. Entre los componentes más importantes de la definición están los requerimientos que una serie de hacedores de políticas intente apoyar una iniciativa particular y que dicho apoyo sea real. La última condición es difícil de determinar, pero varias señales, influencias, y limitaciones son observables.
States' Senior Residential Property Tax Abatements: Uncontroversial Benefit or Looming but Unrecognized Problem?
Authors: LOCKHART CHARLES , GILES‐SIMS JEAN , CAMP BAYLISS 
Published: September 2010

All the U.S. states create residential property tax abatement policies that provide important benefits for a rapidly growing older population. These policies vary sharply, and we seek to explain variation in their generosity. We employ regression in conjunction with a cross‐sectional data set of the 50 states focused early in the current decade. Several variables prominent in explaining cross‐state variation in other public policies exert only modest effects on these programs. Rather, the primary influence is a positive one for a cultural orientation toward government helping a broad swath of the citizenry. We attribute this unusual pattern of explanatory factors to (1) abatement programs' older target populations; (2) their tax expenditure status; and (3) their tendency to be categorized as economic development rather than social programs. This explanatory pattern holds theoretical importance inasmuch as it provides few constraints on the growth of at least some programs serving older citizens.Todos los estados de la Unión Americana establecen políticas de reducción de impuestos para las propiedades residenciales que dan beneficios importantes para la población, en rápido crecimiento, de adultos mayores. Estas políticas varían bruscamente y buscamos explicar la variación en su generosidad. Empleamos una regresión conjuntamente con datos transversales de 50 estados y enfocados en el principio de la década actual. Diversas variables que explican la variación entre estados en otras políticas públicas sólo ejercen efectos modestos en estos programas de reducción de impuestos. En cambio, la influencia más importante es una positiva para la orientación cultural relacionada con la ayuda del gobierno para una amplia porción de la ciudadanía. Atribuimos este diseño inusual de factores explicativos a: (1) la población objetivo de adultos mayores de estos programas de reducciones; (2) al estatus de los adultos mayores en los programas de reducciones y (3) a la tendencia de que la reducción de impuestos para las propiedades residenciales sea categorizada como desarrollo económico en lugar de programas sociales. Este patrón explicativo mantiene una importancia teórica dado que provee pocas restricciones para el desarrollo en el futuro de al menos algunos programas de ayuda a la ciudadanía de adultos mayores.
Self‐Employed without Employees: Managing Risks in Modern Capitalism
Authors: DEKKER FABIAN 
Published: September 2010

One characteristic of the postindustrial labor market is the rise of the self‐employed worker without personnel. These workers are usually not (fully) included in the welfare system against social risks. Most policy makers as well as social scientists are convinced that these workers want to develop individual risk strategies, for example on the private insurance market. This dominant assumption regarding their risk behavior has, however, not been subjected to empirical research. Through 40 in‐depth interviews with self‐employed workers in the Netherlands, this article examines their risk perception and coping behavior. The main conclusion is that the self‐employed worker does not show the expected individual risk behavior. Exceptional behavior concerns the risk of unemployment. From a policy perspective, the findings suggest that these “new” flexible workers may require collective social guarantees in response to risks.Una característica del mercado laboral de la era post‐industrial es el incremento del trabajador autónomo sin personal bajo su mando. Estos trabajadores no suelen estar (completamente) cubiertos contra riesgos sociales por el sistema de seguridad social. La mayoría de los hacedores de política así como los sociólogos están convencidos que estos trabajadores procurarán estrategias de riesgo individuales, principalmente en el mercado privado de seguros. Sin embargo este supuesto dominante con relación a su comportamiento de riesgo no ha sido objeto de una investigación empírica. A través de 40 entrevistas profundas con trabajadores por cuenta propia en los Países Bajos, este artículo examina sus percepciones de riesgo y su comportamiento para enfrentarlo. La conclusión principal es que el trabajador por cuenta propia no presenta el comportamiento individual de riesgo esperado. Un comportamiento excepcional concierne al riesgo del desempleo. Desde una perspectiva política, las conclusiones sugieren que estos “nuevos” trabajadores flexibles pueden requerir garantías colectivas sociales en respuesta a los riesgos a que están expuestos.
Community Policing, Trust, and Muslim Communities in Relation to “New Terrorism”
Authors: SPALEK BASIA 
Published: September 2010

The following article examines the role of trust between police and communities in the context of “new terrorism,” drawing upon data that examined engagement and partnership work between communities and police within this context. A key finding is that in a low‐trust context, as characterized by “new terrorism,” it is important for police officers to focus initially upon building contingent trust by trust‐building activities that demonstrate trustworthiness. Partnerships between police and members of Muslim communities carrying out sensitive intervention work with those deemed at risk from committing acts of terrorism appear to feature implicit trust. These partnerships are less focused upon short‐term outcomes, but rather, individuals are committed to these relationships so that within the partnerships themselves trust is implicit between officers and Muslim community members. This suggests that police within specialist counter‐terrorism units underpinned specifically by principles of community policing are best placed to provide the kind of long‐term interaction and trust‐building that is required for sensitive partnership work to take place, for contingent trust to be built into implicit trust.Basándonos en datos que examinan el compromiso y el trabajo conjunto dentro del contexto del “nuevo terrorismo” este artículo examina el rol de la confianza entre los oficiales de policía y las comunidades musulmanas. Un hallazgo clave es que en un contexto de baja confianza, característico del “nuevo terrorismo,” es importante para los oficiales de policía enfocarse inicialmente en la construcción de una confianza contingente por medio de actividades que construyan y demuestren dicha confianza. La colaboración entre la policía y los miembros de las comunidades Musulmanas que realizan un delicado trabajo deintervención con aquellos que están en riesgo de cometer actos de terrorismo parecería mostrar una confianza implícita. Estas colaboraciones están menos enfocadas en resultados de corto plazo, en lugar de ello los individuos están comprometidos en estas relaciones para que la confianza entre los oficiales y los miembros de la comunidad Musulmana llegue a estar implicada. Esto sugiere que los oficiales de policía asignados a unidades anti‐terroristas ancladas específicamente en principios de colaboración ciudadana están mejor ubicados para proveer el tipo de interacción de largo plazo y de construcción de confianza que es requerido para llevar a cabo un trabajo de colaborativo delicado, para que la confianza contingente sea incorporada en la confianza implícita.
Chemistry and Origin of Enigmatic Monazite and Chevkinite/Perrierite in the Egyptian Black Beach Sand
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed I. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe content of monazite in the Egyptian black beach sand and coastal sand dunes is normally equal to or below 0.01 wt.%. The obtained high grade monazite concentrate includes three minor monazite groups in addition to major canary and lemon yellow coloured monazite: (i) the colourless to pinkish white coloured monazite; (ii) the opaque light to dark resinous, reddish brown and dark brown coloured monazite; and (iii) opaque yellowish red to brownish red coloured monazite grains group. These groups represent 3%, 4% and 2%, respectively, in the high grade monazite concentrate. A negligible amount of euhedral to subhedral black to brownish black chevkinite/perrierite mineral crystals was detected in the obtained monazite concentrate. The presence of these minor mineral groups affects the chemical composition of the obtained high grade monazite concentrate.The Ce2O3 is the main REE in the studied monazite. In the colourless‐pinkish monazite grains, the analyzed REE are the following, in order of abundance; Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy. UO2 ranges between 0.11 and 1.74 wt.%. The contents of Eu2O3 is under the limit of detection while ThO2 ranges between 3.99 and 8.58 wt.% with an average value of 5.57 wt.%. These grains are most probably igneous monazite from a highly differentiated granite.The resinous, brown monazite grains have lower Ce2O3 content (24.63 wt.%) and much lower La2O3 content (6.00 wt.%) but greater content of Eu2O3 (0.41 wt.%) than those of the colourless‐pinkish monazite. These monazites have the lowest contents of Th, U and Ca among the three groups. The resinous, brown monazites are most probably formed by metamorphism or alteration leading to leaching or replacement of pre‐existing minerals.The red monazite group has a lower average Ce2O3 content (25.28 wt.%) than the colourless‐pinkish variety (28.02 wt.%) but slightly greater than that of the resinous, brown ones. The red monazite group has the highest ThO2 and UO2 contents; 5.84 wt.% and 1.24 wt.%, respectively. It has the lowest monazite component mole fraction (0.75). The red monazite seems to have been formed by hydrothermal alteration of pre‐existing monazite and other mineral species bearing for Y, REE, Ca, Th and U.The two coupled substitution mechanisms: (Th, U)4++ Ca2+ 2REE3+, and (Th, U)4++ Si4+ REE3++ P5+, are obvious in the studied colourless‐pink monazite.