bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of the Arylsulfonamide Group on the Character of Substitution in the Aromatic Series. Part 4. Reaction of 4‐Sulfonamidophenol and 1, 4‐Di(sulfonamido)benzene Derivatives with Nitrosation Reagents.
Authors: ZAKATOV V. V. , DUBINA V. L. , TORUBAROV I. V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiroannelation Starting from β‐Trifluoroacetylpyrrolidone.
Authors: BOUILLON J.‐P. , JANOUSEK Z. , VIEHE H. G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Cyclization of o‐Hydroxy‐ω‐cinnamylideneacetophenones to 2‐Styrylchromones (II) with Potassium Iodate‐Dimethyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: SINGHI M. , GROVER S. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Diastereoisomeric Menthoxyphenylthioxophosphoranesulfenyl Bromides
Authors: LUCZAK L. , LOPUSINSKI A. , MICHALSKI J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Diastereoselective Routes for the Synthesis of the Ambergris Ketals.
Authors: COSTA M. C. , TAVARES R. , MOTHERWELL W. B. , MARCELO CURTO M. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of 20(S)‐Camptothecin: A Practical Application of the Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation Reaction.
Authors: FANG F. G. , XIE S. , LOWERY M. W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Rearrangements of Silylated Penicillin G 1‐Oxide.
Authors: VAN DER KLEIN P. A. M. , WITKAMP H. A. , DE VROOM E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Atpenin B. An Original “Clockwise” Functionalization of 2‐Chloropyridine.
Authors: TRECOURT F. , MALLET M. , MONGIN O. , QUEGUINER G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Multifunctional Nanocarrier Based on Nanogated Mesoporous Silica for Enhanced Tumor‐Specific Uptake and Intracellular Delivery
Authors: Gao Yaohua , Yang Cuihong , Liu Xue , Ma Rujiang , Kong Deling , Shi Linqi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA multifunctional drug delivery system based on MCM‐41‐type mesoporous silica nanoparticles is described that behaves as if nanogates were covalently attached to the outlets of the mesopores through a highly acid‐sensitive benzoic–imine linker. Tumor‐specific uptake and intracellular delivery results from the pH‐dependent progressive hydrolysis of the benzoic–imine linkage that starts at tumor extracellular pH = 6.8 and increases with decreasing pH. The cleavage of the benzoic–imine bond leads to the removal of the polypseudorotaxane caps and subsequent release of the payload drugs at tumor sites. At the same time, the carrier surface becomes positively charged, which further facilitates cellular uptake of the nanocarriers, thus offering a tremendous potential for targeted tumor therapy.magnified image
In situ Lubrication Dispersion of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Poly(propylene) Melts
Authors: Hong Joung Sook , Hong In Gook , Lim Hyung Tag , Ahn Kyung Hyun , Lee Seung Jong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn in situ lubrication dispersion method is developed to achieve electrical conductivity in PP containing a small amount of MWCNTs. Good dispersion of the MWCNTs in PP is observed even after a short mixing time because the interactions between the entangled nanotubes are reduced. By in situ lubrication dispersion, the electrical percolation threshold of the PP nanocomposite can be as low as 0.5–0.7 wt% MWCNT. Rheological data also support percolation at 0.5 wt% MWCNT. With 0.5 wt% MWCNT, the slope of G′ at low frequency approaches unity and shows non‐terminal behavior. The proposed dispersion method enhances the wetting of MWCNTs and improves MWCNT dispersion compared to both direct mixing of MWCNT powder with a polymer melt and conventional master batch dilution.magnified image
Synthesis and characterization of new selenophene‐based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Lee Woo‐Hyung , Lee Sang Kyu , Son Seon Kyoung , Choi Ji‐Eun , Shin Won Suk , Kim Kyoungkon , Lee Soo‐Hyoung , Moon Sang‐Jin , Kang In‐Nam 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThree new polymers poly(3,4′′′‐didodecyl) hexaselenophene) (P6S), poly(5,5′‐bis(4,4′‐didodecyl‐2,2′‐biselenophene‐5‐yl)‐2,2′‐biselenophene) (HHP6S), and poly(5,5′‐bis(3′,4‐didodecyl‐2,2′‐biselenophene‐5‐yl)‐2,2′‐biselenophene) (TTP6S) that have the same selenophene‐based polymer backbone but different side chain patterns were designed and synthesized. The weight‐averaged molecular weights (Mw) of P6S, HHP6S, and TTP6S were found to be 19,100, 24,100, and 19,700 with polydispersity indices of 2.77, 1.48, and 1.41, respectively. The UV–visible absorption maxima of P6S, HHP6S, and TTP6S are at 524, 489, and 513 nm, respectively, in solution and at 569, 517, and 606 nm, respectively, in the film state. The polymers P6S, HHP6S, and TTP6S exhibit low band gaps of 1.74, 1.95, and 1.58 eV, respectively. The field‐effect mobilities of P6S, HHP6S, and TTP6S were measured to be 1.3 × 10−4, 3.9 × 10−6, and 3.2 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. A photovoltaic device with a TTP6S/[6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (1:3, w/w) blend film active layer was found to exhibit an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.71 V, a short circuit current (JSC) of 5.72 mA cm−2, a fill factor of 0.41, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.67% under AM 1.5 G (100 mW cm−2) illumination. TTP6S has the most planar backbone of the tested polymers, which results in strong π–π interchain interactions and strong aggregation, leading to broad absorption, high mobility, a low band gap, and the highest PCE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A 2D Model for Characterising First‐order Variability in Sublimation of Buried Glacier Ice, Antarctica: Assessing the Influence of Polygon Troughs, Desert Pavements and Shallow Subsurface Salts
Authors: Kowalewski Douglas E. , Marchant David R. , Head James W. , Jackson David W. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTTo assess the role of thermal contraction‐crack polygons (sublimation polygons) in modulating sublimation of buried glacier ice in Antarctica, we applied a 2D numerical model using COMSOL Multiphysics that calculates the rate and spatial variability of vapour diffusion through porous media. Specifically, we examined vapour transport through Granite drift, a dry supraglacial till marked with thermal contraction‐crack polygons that rests on glacier ice reportedly ≥8‐million years in age. The model results show that sublimation varies with drift texture and surface topography. Initially, the rates are highest beneath relatively coarse‐grained sand‐wedge deposits at polygon margins, creating deep, surface troughs. As troughs approach ~1‐m depth, the cooler atmospheric and soil temperatures that arise from solar shielding reduce the rates of ice sublimation to levels below that at polygon centres, preventing runaway ice loss at polygon margins. Including the effects of a salt‐cemented horizon at 10 − 15‐cm depth (porosity 20%) and a rocky surface pavement (75% ground coverage), our modelled ice loss at polygon centres, for example, is 0.022 mm a−1, an order of magnitude lower than previous estimates (0.14 mm a−1). This finding highlights the importance of including field‐based data for drift texture, topography and microclimate variation in modelling ice sublimation. The results also suggest that stable conditions (no ice loss) at polygon centres are possible with either a 1.9°C decrease in mean annual atmospheric temperature or a 12 per cent increase in mean annual relative humidity. These results indicate that the preservation of buried, multi‐million‐year‐old ice is plausible in the coldest and driest regions of Antarctica. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, luminescence and structural properties of rare‐earth‐doped RbLuS2 compounds
Authors: Jarý V. , Havlák L. , Bárta J. , Nikl M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRare‐earth (RE = Ce, Pr, Sm, Tb) doped ternary sulfides of the general formula RbLu0.99RE0.01S2 and undoped RbLuS2 were synthesized in the form of crystalline hexagonal platelets by chemical reaction in the electric resistance furnace under the flow of hydrogen sulfide. Only a single crystalline phase of the rhombohedral lattice system (space group $ {\rm R}\bar 3{\rm m}) $ was detected by X‐ray powder diffraction. Absorption and luminescence characteristics were measured. The band edge of RbLuS2 is found at 310 nm, and characteristic Pr3+, Sm3+ and Tb3+ 4f–4f emission lines in the visible spectral range are observed. A charge transfer transition in the Pr3+ excitation spectrum in the near UV spectral region is revealed and an efficient energy transfer from the host to the emission centers is found. The application potential for white LED or X‐ray phosphors is discussed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of compatibilizers and processing temperature on microcellular injection‐molded polypropylene/(waste tire powder) composites
Authors: Zhang Zhen‐Xiu , Fan Jun‐ling , Pal Kaushik , Kim Jin Kuk , Xin Zhen‐Xiang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNowadays the economic recycling of waste tires has become a global challenge. The use of waste tire powder as a dispersed elastomeric phase in a polypropylene (PP) matrix offers an interesting opportunity for recycling of waste tire rubber. Compatibilized PP/(waste tire powder) composites are microcellularly processed to create a new class of materials with unique properties. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of developing microcellular structures in PP/waste ground rubber tire (WGRT) composites. Microcellular PP/WGRT composites are prepared by an injection‐molding process using a chemical blowing agent. In this study, cell sizes, cell density, void fraction, and mechanical properties of the composite foams were measured, as well as the shear viscosity of the unfoamed composites. The influence of various compatibilizers and processing temperatures on cell morphology and the mechanical properties of injection‐molded PP/WGRT composites were investigated. It was seen that the addition of maleic anhydride‐grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) increased the shear viscosity of the composites. The void fraction and cell density of the PP/WGRT composites increased with addition of compatibilizers, whereas the average cell sizes decreased. A processing temperature range of 180–195°C gave finer microcellular structure and regular cell distribution. The SEBS‐g‐MA enhanced the elongation properties and acted as an effective compatibilizer in this particular system. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
The uneasy relationship between national security and personal freedom: New Zealand and the ‘War on Terror’
Authors: Small David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAs part of the ‘War on Terror’ declared in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, countries introduced legislation to bolster national security, often at the expense of personal freedoms and long-established legal principles. Like the Cold War, the ‘War on Terror’ is cast as a global struggle of good against evil. New Zealand defied Cold War logic with its anti-nuclear policy. Examining the difficulties of upholding personal freedoms and the rule of law while bolstering national security, this article analyses New Zealand's anti-terrorism legislation and shows that it has steadily moved away from its initial measured approach. It argues that New Zealand could and should develop an anti-terrorism model appropriate to low-risk societies, and that, like its anti-nuclear stance during the Cold War, such an independent approach would be a valuable contribution to the world community.
“The Dirty Hand in the Latex Glove”: A Study of Hand Hygiene Compliance When Gloves Are Worn
Authors: Fuller Christopher , Savage Joanne , Besser Sarah , Hayward Andrew , Cookson Barry , Cooper Ben , Stone Sheldon 
Published: November 2011

Background and Objective.Wearing of gloves reduces transmission of organisms by healthcare workers' hands but is not a substitute for hand hygiene. Results of previous studies have varied as to whether hand hygiene is worse when gloves are worn. Most studies have been small and used nonstandardized assessments of glove use and hand hygiene. We sought to observe whether gloves were worn when appropriate and whether hand hygiene compliance differed when gloves were worn.Design.Observational study.Participants and Setting.Healthcare workers in 56 medical or care of the elderly wards and intensive care units in 15 hospitals across England and Wales.Methods.We observed hand hygiene and glove usage (7,578 moments for hand hygiene) during 249 one-hour sessions. Observers also recorded whether gloves were or were not worn for individual contacts.Results.Gloves were used in 1,983 (26.2%) of the 7,578 moments for hand hygiene and in 551 (16.7%) of 3,292 low-risk contacts; gloves were not used in 141 (21.1%) of 669 high-risk contacts. The rate of hand hygiene compliance with glove use was 41.4% (415 of 1,002 moments), and the rate without glove use was 50.0% (1,344 of 2,686 moments). After adjusting for ward, healthcare worker type, contact risk level, and whether the hand hygiene opportunity occurred before or after a patient contact, glove use was strongly associated with lower levels of hand hygiene (adjusted odds ratio, 0.65 [95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.79]; P<.0001).Conclusion.The rate of glove usage is lower than previously reported. Gloves are often worn when not indicated and vice versa. The rate of compliance with hand hygiene was significantly lower when gloves were worn. Hand hygiene campaigns should consider placing greater emphasis on the World Health Organization indications for gloving and associated hand hygiene.Trial Registration.National Research Register N0256159318.
VIII.–‐Studies On Cell Division In Tissue Culture
Authors: Canti R. G. , Spear F. G. , Spear F. G. , Cox S. F. 
Published: November 2011

(a) The Effect of Gamma Ray Radiation on Cell Division in Tissue Culture in Vitro.(b) The Effect of Low Temperature on Cell Division in Vitro.(c) The Effect of X‐Rays on Mitosis in Tissue Culture in Vitro.
XII.–‐The Mode Of Formation Of The Image In The Microscope
Authors: Rheinberg Julius 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.It is shown that, as regards the formation of the image by the microscope, the Abbe theory and the Airy theory and its variants do not in any way conflict. The Abbe theory, by reason of the way it originated, deals in the first place with objects so illuminated as to lack self‐luminosity to the maximum extent. The Airy theory deals with completely self‐luminous objects. These are the two limiting cases. A gradual but strictly limited approach towards self‐luminosity is presented by the structural elements of objects according to the way they may be illuminated. It is indicated how all cases can be, and are, indeed, most conveniently dealt with by the Abbe theory.
METALLOGRAPHY AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Rosenhain Walter , Murphy A. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMethods are described for the microscopic investigation of the structure of mercury and amalgams in the solid state. Specimens of the metals are solidified by means of carbon dioxide snow or other refrigerant, and are polished, etched and examined microscopically at temperatures below −40° C. Typical photomicrographs are included.
GANGLIONEUROMA OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: Haddow A. , Horning E. S. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISGanglioneuromas of the adrenal medulla are occasionally reported in man, but to the best of the authors' knowledge the histology of these tumours has not previously been described in rodents. Ganglioneuromas of the adrenal gland developed in 2 male albino rats during treatment with aminostilbene and aromatic nitrogen mustard carcinogens respectively. As these adrenal lesions showed no evidence of calcification or extensive degeneration it is therefore considered likely that they arose after treatment with the carcinogen had commenced. The histological structure of these nerve tumours in the treated rats coincides quite closely with that previously described in human adrenal ganglioneuromas.Abnormal accumulations of Nissl substance are seen in the large mature ganglionic cells of the rat adrenal tumours, which the authors think is closely linked with their failure to function as normal neurones. When considering the incapacity of adult nerve cells to undergo mitosis, the histogenesis of these tumours is a subject of special interest. The possible development of ganglioneuromas from undifferentiated proliferating neural crest tissue of the developing sympathetic ganglia or adrenal medulla is also discussed.
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION IN A TRANSPLANTABLE FIBROADENOMA OF THE RAT
Authors: Selbie F. R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe changes undergone by a transplantable fibroadenoma of the rat during 24 passages over a period of 15 years are described. Both the stroma and the epithelial elements have shown independent growth resulting in pure sarcomata and pure carcinomata with metastases. It is suggested that the same tumour can be benign or malignant, its behaviour being determined either by the local resistance of the host or by excess of proliferative energy.
EXPERIMENTS WITH A VARIABLE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE MICROSCOPE
Authors: Oettlé A. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.A special Cooke microscope was used to examine the principles of phase‐contrast applied to a series of simple objects. With transparent objects the image contrast with different methods depends on the phase change introduced by the object. Simple absorption of the direct light without phase change increases contrast of both phase and absorbing objects at first, but eventually produces central dark‐ground illumination. With objects of widely differing phase change optimum phase‐contrast is obtained with a quarter‐Nave phase‐plate. The exact degree of phase change required is not critical. Absorption of the direct light increases the sensitivity and it is suggested that 100 P.c., 20 p.c., and 6 p.c. transmission objectives would suit most requirements. Absorption of diffracted light is useful with objects of high phase change, but as these are already easy to see the scope of this method is limited. Phase‐contrast is maximal at the border of the image of a large object, but it extends further into the image than is generally realized. As a means of immersion refractometry phasecontrast is more sensitive than the microscopical methods commonly employed. Precautions to be observed in the use of the star test and Abbe test plate are mentioned.
RECENT DISCOVERIES CONCERNING MITOCHONDRIA AND GOLGI APPARATUS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Bourne Geoffrey H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.MitochondriaRecent researches have shown that mitochondria contain a high percentage of a number of enzymes which play an important part in the aerobic metabolism of the cell. The mitochondria therefore rise to importance as the major centres of cell respiration. The fact that many of these enzymes are constituents of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle‐a cycle which has been described as the meeting point of protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism‐indicates that mitochondria may in addition be concerned both with breakdown of protein and fat as well as carbohydrate and with the synthesis of these three substances.Golgi apparatusA mass of evidence now supports the conception of the Golgi apparatus as being composed of lipo‐protein spheres which possess unusual capabilities of segregation for a variety of substances. It is suggested that the primary function of these spheres is to protect the cell by segregating noxious substances. In secretory cells this segregating ability is used to accumulate secretory products which have been synthesized by the mitochondria.
X.—THE USE OP POLYVINYL ALCOHOL AND ITS DERIVATIVES AS MICROSCOPICAL MOUNTING MEDIA.; PAET II.—HYDROCARBON‐MISCIBLE MOUNTING MEDIA
Authors: Gray Peter , Wess Gloria 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA mounting medium with a refractive index of 1·474 had been developed from a 23 p.c. dispersion of polyvinyl acetate in “cellosolve” plasticized with 13 p.c. of diamyl phthalate. When heated the medium hardened in 2–3 days to a stable transparent film which did not cause stain‐fading in test mounts stained with either Ehrlich's acid alum haematoxylineosin B or with Mallory's acid fuchsin‐orange G‐aniline blue and exposed for 6 weeks to heat, artificial, or natural lighting.
XI.—THE TEACHING OF THE USE OF THE POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
Authors: Hartshorne N. H. , Stuart A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISIt is emphasized that students must fully understand the optics of the lens system of the polarizing microscope, and also that they must acquire the ability to “see” in three dimensions, so as to appreciate clearly the relationships between the optical and morphological vectors of crystals. To achieve the second of these requirements free use should be made of skeletal models in teaching and some suitable models for this purpose are described. Another teaching aid which the authors regard as indispensable is the projection microscope. Suggestions are made regarding the best ways in which polarization colours, extinction and extinction angles, and interference figures may be explained and demonstrated. Special considerations affecting the teaching of biologists are mentioned. Finally the equipment and lay‐out of the teaching laboratory are discussed, and a new type of lock‐up working table is described.