bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Part 2: application in disease
Authors: Edwards Melissa L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective –Review the mechanisms of action and clinical application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) based on human and veterinary clinical and experimental literature.Data Sources –Pubmed and Veterinary Information Network databases were searched for human and veterinary journal articles on hyperbaric therapy in clinically applicable situations. Historical reference searches on several articles in addition to basic physiologic concepts were also reviewed.Human Data Synthesis –HBOT has gained acceptance as an adjunctive treatment in clinical conditions other than diving‐related injuries, such as select problem wounds and central nervous system diseases, in human medicine. Access to hyperbaric therapy has increased and ongoing research has furthered understanding of the mechanisms and potential therapeutic uses of HBOT.Veterinary Data Synthesis –Several animal models have been utilized to examine the effects of HBOT; primarily rodents (mice, rats) and rabbits but also dogs, cats, and pigs. Data related to animal model research as it pertains to clinical application of HBOT is reviewed.Conclusions –There is a substantial body of literature that has examined the adverse and beneficial effects of HBOT in animal models. As technology becomes more readily available to clinical practice and more clinical trials are performed to define its effectiveness, HBOT may be considered as an additional therapeutic option in many conditions including select problem wounds, spinal cord injury, and cerebral ischemic injury. Understanding the mechanisms by which HBOT exerts its effects will help guide research and use of the modality in clinical patients.
The Muslim Brothers: Egypt’s Most Influential Pressure Group
Authors: Brownlee Jason 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPolitical observers often describe the Society of Muslim Brothers (SMB) as Egypt’s most powerful opposition movement. That image suggests the group is actively contesting power and trying to supplant incumbents. In fact, the Society’s 80‐year history provides scant evidence that the group seeks to rule Egypt. During the monarchy, immediately after the July Revolution, and under Hosni Mubarak’s presidency, the SMB has eschewed direct control over the state. Contrary to the Leninist picture sketched by analysts, SMB leaders have focused on swaying top policy‐makers, not replacing them. Scholars should therefore revise their depictions of the Muslim Brothers and treat it as a pressure group, rather than an opposition movement. Reclassifying the SMB does not minimize its significance; popular pressure groups can influence public policy more than marginal opposition parties. The conceptual shift would clarify what is at stake in an escalating campaign of state repression. Whereas researchers focus on the Brothers’ putative quest for power, it is their clarion policy critique, especially criticism of Egypt’s regional alignment, that most aggravates Mubarak.
Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (Mirena®) and Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depoprovera) as long‐term maintenance therapy for patients with moderate and severe endometriosis: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: WONG Alice Yuen Kwan , TANG Lawrence Chang Hung , CHIN Robert Kien Howe 
Published: May 2010

Background:  Progestogen therapy has been found to be useful in controlling endometriosis. For patients after conservative surgery, long‐term medical maintenance therapy should be sought to prevent recurrence and control symptoms. Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) may be a useful form of prolonged progestogen therapy for endometriosis.Aims:  To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of LNG‐IUS to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for patients with moderate or severe endometriosis following conservative surgery, in terms of symptoms control, recurrence prevention and patients’ acceptance.Methods:  A total of 30 patients after conservative surgery for endometriosis underwent randomisation. Of these patients, 15 received LNG‐IUS and 15 had three‐monthly depot MPA for three years. Their symptom control, recurrence, compliance and change in bone mineral density (BMD) were compared. The data were analysed using student’s t‐test and chi‐square test.Results:  Symptoms and recurrence were controlled by both therapies. The compliance was better in LNG‐IUS Group with 13 patients staying on their therapy versus seven patients in Depot MPA Group. LNG‐IUS users had a significantly better change in BMD (+0.023, +0.071 g/cm2) than Depot MPA users (−0.030, −0.017 g/cm2) in both hip and lumbar regions.Conclusions:  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system was effective in symptom control and prevention of recurrence. LNG‐IUS users showed a better compliance. After three years, bone gain was noted with LNG‐IUS, but bone loss with depot MPA.
Granulosa cell tumours of the ovary
Authors: GEETHA Puliyath , NAIR M. Krishnan 
Published: May 2010

Granulosa cell tumours are rare, potentially malignant sex cord stromal tumours of the ovary. They are unique in their presentation and histological features. Many of them are hormone‐producing and this property helps them to present early unlike other epithelial ovarian cancers. As a result, most of them will be in an early stage at the time of initial diagnosis. The tumour can manifest in young girls as a juvenile form and conservative management with unilateral salpingo‐opherectomy may be an option in them as 95% are unilateral. Surgery is the treatment of choice and initial staging laparatomy a determinant recurrence. Advance stage of the tumour, its size (>5 cm), mitotic figures (>10/hpf), nuclear atypia and absence of call‐exner bodies are poor prognostic factors. Such tumours are characterised by late recurrences and this necessitates a prolonged follow‐up. Tumour markers such as inhibin and estradiol are useful in follow‐up. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone replacement therapy have very little role in the initial treatment and may be suggested in case of recurrences. With appropriate treatment, a better survival rate can be achieved as against other ovarian malignancies.Methods used for locating, selecting and synthesising data:  A search of Medline and Cochrane data base for the period from 1999 to 2010 was carried out to include relevant systematic reviews, meta‐analysis, randomised controlled and other clinical and rare case reports. The date of the last search was January 2010.
Lateglacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate gradients in the Nordfjord–Ålesund area, western Norway
Authors: BIRKS HILARY H. , VAN DINTER MARIEKE 
Published: May 2010

Birks, H. H. & van Dinter, M. 2010: Lateglacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate gradients in the Nordfjord–Ålesund area, western Norway. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 783–798. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00161.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.Modern climate in western Norway shows a strong west–east gradient in oceanicity–continentality (coast to inner fjord) and altitudinal temperature gradients that control the regional and altitudinal zonation of vegetation. To discover if similar gradients existed during the Lateglacial and early Holocene, plant‐macrofossil analyses were made from five lacustrine sediment sequences in the Nordfjord–Ålesund region selected to sample the present climatic gradients. The macrofossil assemblages could be interpreted as analogues of the present vegetation, thus allowing reconstruction of past vegetation and climates. When the five sites were compared, climatic gradients could be detected. During the Lateglacial interstadial, mid‐alpine assemblages with Salix herbacea and S. polaris occurred at the lowland coast and upland inland sites, whereas the inland lowland site had low‐alpine dwarf‐shrub heath dominated by Betula nana, demonstrating a strong west–east gradient in temperature and precipitation and an altitudinal gradient inland. During the Younger Dryas stadial, assemblages at the lowland coast and upland inland sites resembled high‐alpine vegetation, whereas the inland lowland site was warmer with mid‐alpine vegetation, demonstrating west–east and altitudinal temperature gradients. Gradients became less pronounced in the Holocene. The early abundance of Betula nana in the inner fjord sites but its rarity at the coast is striking and reflects the oceanicity gradient. All sites became forested with Betula pubescens a few centuries into the Holocene. This forest was probably close to tree line at 370 m a.s.l. at the coast. Inland, there was no detectable altitudinal gradient, with the tree line well above 400 m a.s.l. reflecting the present pattern of tree‐line elevation.
Optimizing the Response From a Passively Controlled Biventricular Assist Device
Authors: Gaddum Nicholas Richard , Timms Daniel L. , Pearcy Mark John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent studies into rotary biventricular support have indicated that inadequate left/right flow balancing may lead to vascular congestion and/or ventricular suckdown. The implementation of a passive controller that automatically adjusts left/right flow during total and partial cardiac support would improve physiological interaction. This has encouraged the development of a biventricular assist device (BiVAD) prototype that achieves passive control of the two rotary pumps' hydraulic output by way of a nonrotating double pressure plate configuration, the hub, suspended between the ventricular assist device (VAD) impellers. Fluctuations in either the VAD's inlet or outlet pressure will cause the hub to translate, and in doing so, affect each pump's hydraulic outputs. In order to achieve partial support, the floating assembly needed to respond to pathologic blood pressure signals while being insensitive to residual ventricular function. An incorporated mechanical spring–mass–damper assembly affects the passive response to optimize the dynamic interaction between the prototype and the supported cardiovascular system. It was found that increasing the damping from a medium to a high level was effective in filtering out the higher frequency ventricular pressure signals, reducing a modified amplitude ratio by up to 72%. A spring response was also identified as being inherent in the passive response and was characterized as being highly nonlinear at the extremes of the floating assembly's translation range. The results from this study introduce a new means of BiVAD control as well as the characterization of a fully passive mechanical physiological controller.
Enhanced Chondrogenic Responses of Human Articular Chondrocytes Onto Silk Fibroin/Wool Keratose Scaffolds Treated With Microwave‐Induced Argon Plasma
Authors: Cheon Young Woo , Lee Won Jai , Baek Hyun Sook , Lee Young Dae , Park Jong‐Chul , Park Young Hwan , Ki Chang Seok , Chung Kie‐Hyung , Rah Dong Kyun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSilk fibroin (SF) is a natural, degradable, fibrous protein that is biocompatible, is easily processed, and possesses unique mechanical properties. Another natural material, wool keratose (WK), is a soluble derivative of wool keratin, containing amino acid sequences that induce cell adhesion. Here, we blended SF and WK to improve the poor electrospinability of WK and increase the adhesiveness of SF. We hypothesized that microwave‐induced argon plasma treatment would improve chondrogenic cell growth and cartilage‐specific extracellular matrix formation on a three‐dimensional SF/WK scaffold. After argon plasma treatment, static water contact angle measurement revealed increased hydrophilicity of the SF/WK scaffold, and scanning electron microscopy showed that treated SF/WK scaffolds had deeper and more cylindrical pores than nontreated scaffolds. Attachment and proliferation of neonatal human knee articular chondrocytes on treated SF/WK scaffolds increased significantly, followed by increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Our results suggest that microwave‐induced, plasma‐treated SF/WK scaffolds have potential in cartilage tissue engineering.
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Hemodialysis, Hemodiafiltration, and Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Eiselt Jaromír , Rajdl Daniel , Racek Jaroslav , Široká Romana , Trefil Ladislav , Opatrná Sylvie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAsymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a mediator of endothelial dysfunction. Production and elimination of ADMA may be affected by the type of renal replacement therapy used and oxidative stress. Plasma ADMA, advanced glycation end products (AGE), and homocysteine were assessed in 59 subjects: 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients, 19 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 20 controls. Results were compared between the groups. The effect of 8 weeks of HD and high‐volume predilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) was compared in a randomized study. HD patients showed higher ADMA (1.20 [0.90–1.39 µmol/L]) compared to controls (0.89 [0.77–0.98], P < 0.01), while ADMA in PD did not differ from controls (0.96 [0.88–1.28]). AGE and homocysteine were highest in HD, lower in PD (P < 0.01 vs. HD), and lowest in controls (P < 0.001 vs. HD and PD). PD patients had higher residual renal function than HD (P < 0.01). The decrease in ADMA at the end of HD (from 1.25 [0.97–1.33] to 0.66 [0.57–0.73], P < 0.001) was comparable to that of HDF. Switching from HD to HDF led to a decrease in predialysis homocysteine level in 8 weeks (P < 0.05), while ADMA and AGE did not change. Increased ADMA levels in patients undergoing HD, as compared to PD, may be caused by higher oxidative stress and lower residual renal function in HD. Other factors, such as diabetes and statin therapy, may also be at play. The decrease in ADMA at the end of HD and HDF is comparable. Switching from HD to HDF decreases in 8 weeks the predialysis levels of homocysteine without affecting ADMA.
Metaphyseal‐Loading Anterolaterally‐Flared Femoral Stem in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty: Five‐ to Eleven‐Year Follow‐Up Evaluation
Authors: Kawahara Hideo , Kokubo Yasuo , Yayama Takafumi , Uchida Kenzo , Kobayashi Shigeru , Nakajima Hideaki , Oki Hisashi , Negoro Kohei , Mwaka Erisa S. , Orwotho Norbert T. , Baba Hisatoshi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUsing a nonlinear three‐dimensional finite element analysis simulating loading conditions, we designed a new type of proximal‐fitting, anterolaterally‐flared, arc‐deposit hydroxyapatite‐coated anatomical femoral stem (FMS‐anatomic stem; Japan Medical Materials, Osaka, Japan) for cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) for Japanese patients with dysplastic hip osteoarthritis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the new stem. We reviewed 143 consecutive patients (164 hips; 13 men, 14 hips; 130 women, 150 hips; age at surgery, 56.6 ± 7.6 years, mean ± SD, range, 30–74) who underwent cementless THA using the FMS‐anatomic stem at a single institution, with a follow‐up period of 7.6 ± 1.6 years (range, 5.3–11.0). Harris Hip score improved from 46.1 ± 12.6 before surgery to 90.0 ± 8.9 points post‐THA. The 7.6‐year survival rate of the stem was 99.0% after revision for aseptic loosening. Radiographs at follow‐up confirmed the stability of the femoral stems within the femoral canal in all cases, with sufficient bone ingrowth. None of the patients had subsidence of the stem exceeding 2.0 mm within the femoral canal or changes in varus or valgus position of more than 2.0°. The FMS‐anatomic stem provided excellent results in patients with dysplastic hip osteoarthritis. Our analysis confirmed reduced radiolucency around the stem in Gruen zones, minimal subsidence, appropriate stress shielding, and promising medium‐term stability within the femoral canal in our patients.
Hemocompatibility Assessment of Carbonic Anhydrase Modified Hollow Fiber Membranes for Artificial Lungs
Authors: Oh Heung‐Il , Ye Sang‐Ho , Johnson Jr Carl A. , Woolley Joshua R. , Federspiel William J. , Wagner William R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHollow fiber membrane (HFM)‐based artificial lungs can require a large blood‐contacting membrane surface area to provide adequate gas exchange. However, such a large surface area presents significant challenges to hemocompatibility. One method to improve carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer efficiency might be to immobilize carbonic anhydrase (CA) onto the surface of conventional HFMs. By catalyzing the dehydration of bicarbonate in blood, CA has been shown to facilitate diffusion of CO2 toward the fiber membranes. This study evaluated the impact of surface modifying a commercially available microporous HFM‐based artificial lung on fiber blood biocompatibility. A commercial poly(propylene) Celgard HFM surface was coated with a siloxane, grafted with amine groups, and then attached with CA which has been shown to facilitate diffusion of CO2 toward the fiber membranes. Results following acute ovine blood contact indicated no significant reduction in platelet deposition or activation with the siloxane coating or the siloxane coating with grafted amines relative to base HFMs. However, HFMs with attached CA showed a significant reduction in both platelet deposition and activation compared with all other fiber types. These findings, along with the improved CO2 transfer observed in CA modified fibers, suggest that its incorporation into HFM design may potentiate the design of a smaller, more biocompatible HFM‐based artificial lung.
Novel Strategy to Engineer Trachea Cartilage Graft With Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Macroaggregate and Hydrolyzable Scaffold
Authors: Liu Liangqi , Wu Wei , Tuo Xiaoye , Geng Wenxin , Zhao Jie , Wei Jing , Yan Xingrong , Yang Wei , Li Liwen , Chen Fulin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLimited donor sites of cartilage and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during expansion, low tissue reconstruction efficiency, and uncontrollable immune reactions to foreign materials are the main obstacles to overcome before cartilage tissue engineering can be widely used in the clinic. In the current study, we developed a novel strategy to fabricate tissue‐engineered trachea cartilage grafts using marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) macroaggregates and hydrolyzable scaffold of polylactic acid–polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLGA). Rabbit MSCs were continuously cultured to prepare macroaggregates in sheet form. The macroaggregates were studied for their potential for chondrogenesis. The macroaggregates were wrapped against the PLGA scaffold to make a tubular composite. The composites were incubated in spinner flasks for 4 weeks to fabricate trachea cartilage grafts. Histological observation and polymerase chain reaction array showed that MSC macroaggregates could obtain the optimal chondrogenic capacity under the induction of transforming growth factor‐β. Engineered trachea cartilage consisted of evenly spaced lacunae embedded in a matrix rich in proteoglycans. PLGA scaffold degraded totally during in vitro incubation and the engineered cartilage graft was composed of autologous tissue. Based on this novel, MSC macroaggregate and hydrolyzable scaffold composite strategy, ready‐to‐implant autologous trachea cartilage grafts could be successfully fabricated. The strategy also had the advantages of high efficiency in cell seeding and tissue regeneration, and could possibly be used in future in vivo experiments.
Biocompatibility and Calcification of Bovine Pericardium Employed for the Construction of Cardiac Bioprostheses Treated With Different Chemical Crosslink Methods
Authors: Jorge‐Herrero Eduardo , Fonseca Carlos , Barge Alexandra P. , Turnay Javier , Olmo Nieves , Fernández Pilar , Lizarbe María A. , García Páez José M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe use of biological materials in the construction of bioprostheses requires the application of different chemical procedures to improve the durability of the material without producing any undesirable effects. A number of crosslinking methods have been tested in biological tissues composed mainly of collagen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility, the mechanical properties, and in vivo calcification of chemically modified bovine pericardium using glutaraldehyde acetals (GAAs) in comparison with glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment. Homsy's tests showed that the most cytotoxic treatment is GA whereas GAA treatments showed lower cytotoxicity. Regarding the mechanical properties of the modified materials, no significant differences in stress at rupture were detected among the different treatments. Zeta‐Potential showed higher negative values for GA treatment (−4.9 ±  0.6 mV) compared with GAA‐0.625% (−2.2 ± 0.5 mV) and GAA‐1% (−2.2 ± 0.4 mV), which presented values similar to native tissue. Similar results were obtained for calcium permeability coefficients which showed the highest values for GA treatment (0.12 ± 0.02 mm2/min), being significantly lower for GAA treatments or non‐crosslinked pericardium. These results confirmed the higher propensity of the GA‐treated tissues for attraction of calcium cations and were in good agreement with the calcification degree obtained after 60 days implantation into young rats, which was significantly higher for the GA group (22.70 ± 20.80 mg/g dry tissue) compared with GAA‐0.625% and GAA‐1% groups (0.49 ± 0.28 mg/g dry tissue and 3.51 ± 3.27 mg/g dry tissue, respectively;P < 0.001). In conclusion, GAA treatments can be considered a promising alternative to GA treatment.
DUI Offenders Delay License Reinstatement: A Problem?
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Tippetts A. Scott , McKnight A. Scott 
Published: May 2010

Background:  We examined the extent to which driving under the influence (DUI) offenders delay reinstatement, the reasons for that delay, and the relationship of the delay to recidivism. Analyzed were the driving records of 40 million drivers (3 million convicted of DUI) from 7 of the largest states spanning 7 to 14 years. License suspension effectively reduces, but does not eliminate, impaired driving. Apparently, many feel they can avoid apprehension for unlicensed driving; the limited research to date suggests that up to 75% of convicted offenders continue to drive and up to 84% delay reinstatement for 3 or more years.Methods:  ANOVA and regression procedures were used to determine the relationship of prior driving record and sentence length to the DUI offender’s delay in reinstatement. Meta‐analysis was used to summarize results across the 7 states and survival analysis to determine the effect of the delay on recidivism.Results:  Forty‐two percent of first offenders and 55% of multiple offenders convicted for DUI delay reinstatement for more than a year. For a third of the offenders, there were no records of their having reinstated within 5 years of becoming eligible. Both factors—more than one prior offense and the length of suspension imposed—were related to delay in reinstatement. Offenders who delayed reinstatement were more likely to recidivate both while they delayed before reinstating and after they reinstated.Conclusions:  DUI offenders who delay reinstatement after they become eligible are high‐risk drivers. Offenders who reinstate, however, have lower recidivism rates than those who do not. This suggests that encouraging reinstatement but with continued controls, as some states have provided through laws requiring interlocks as a condition of reinstatement, may be effective if they do not motivate extended delays.