bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moment arms of the shoulder muscles during axial rotation
Authors: Ackland David C. , Pandy Marcus G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine the instantaneous moment arms of 18 major muscle sub‐regions crossing the glenohumeral joint in axial rotation of the humerus during coronal‐plane abduction and sagittal‐plane flexion. The tendon‐excursion method was used to measure instantaneous muscle moment arms in eight entire upper‐extremity cadaver specimens. The results showed that the inferior subscapularis was the largest internal rotator; its rotation moment arm peaks were 24.4 and 27.0 mm during abduction and flexion, respectively. The inferior infraspinatus and teres minor were the greatest external rotators; their respective rotation moment arms peaked at 28.3 and 26.5 mm during abduction, and 23.3 and 22.1 mm during flexion. The two supraspinatus sub‐regions were external rotators during abduction and internal rotators during flexion. The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major behaved as internal rotators throughout both abduction and flexion, with the three pectoralis major sub‐regions and middle and inferior latissimus dorsi displaying significantly larger internal rotation moment arms with the humerus adducted or flexed than when abducted or extended (p < 0.001). The deltoid behaved either as an internal rotator or an external rotator, depending on the degree of humeral abduction and axial rotation. Knowledge of moment arm differences between muscle sub‐regions may assist in identifying the functional effects of muscle sub‐region tears, assist surgeons in planning tendon transfer surgery, and aid in the development and validation of biomechanical computer models. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:658–667, 2011
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic characterisation of hydrotalcites based on the formula Ca6Al2(CO3)(OH)16· 4H2O
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Palmer Sara J. , Theiss Frederick 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have successfully synthesised hydrotalcites (HTs) containing calcium, which are naturally occurring minerals. Insight into the unique structure of HTs has been obtained using a combination of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) as well as infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Calcium‐containing hydrotalcites (Ca‐HTs) of the formula Ca4Al2(CO3)(OH)12·4H2O (2:1 Ca‐HT) to Ca8Al2(CO3)(OH)20· 4H2O (4:1 Ca‐HT) have been successfully synthesised and characterised by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. XRD has shown that 3:1 calcium HTs have the largest interlayer distance. Raman spectroscopy complemented with selected infrared data has been used to characterise the synthesised Ca‐HTs. The Raman bands observed at around 1086 and 1077 cm−1 were attributed to the ν1 symmetric stretching modes of the (CO32−) units of calcite and carbonate intercalated into the HT interlayer. The corresponding ν3 CO32− antisymmetric stretching modes are found at around 1410 and 1475 cm−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Bounded Axiom A Forcing Axiom
Authors: Weinert Thilo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe introduce the Bounded Axiom A Forcing Axiom (BAAFA). It turns out that it is equiconsistent with the existence of a regular ∑2‐correct cardinal and hence also equiconsistent with BPFA. Furthermore we show that, if consistent, it does not imply the Bounded Proper Forcing Axiom (BPFA) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Consistency of Heyting arithmetic in natural deduction
Authors: Kanckos Annika 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA proof of the consistency of Heyting arithmetic formulated in natural deduction is given. The proof is a reduction procedure for derivations of falsity and a vector assignment, such that each reduction reduces the vector. By an interpretation of the expressions of the vectors as ordinals each derivation of falsity is assigned an ordinal less than ε 0, thus proving termination of the procedure (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly Selective Anionic Counterion‐based Fluorescent Sensor for Hg2+ by Grafted Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Fan Quli , Sun Pengfei , Liu Lulin , Lu Xiaomei , Li Bo , Quan Yiwu , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGrafted conjugated polyelectrolytes were synthesized for the first time and characterized. The polymers demonstrated properties of a convenient and efficient protocol for creating Hg2+ sensors. The unique character of the new material comes from an anionic counterion nature with no external cofactors, and imparts high selectivity and fast detection for mercury ion in a fluorescence probe. The concept may be potentially applied to create new sensors for monitoring other ions. magnified image
Tough and Hydrophilic Photonic Crystals Obtained from Direct UV Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Hao Xin , Zhou Jinming , Zhang Youzhuan , Wang Jingxia , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTough and hydrophilic polystyrene (PS) photonic crystals (PCs) were obtained from direct UV irradiation. The irradiation procedure results in photochemical cross‐linking of PS spheres, which leads to the enhanced mechanical strength of the PC films, without degrading the spectra quality of the PCs. Otherwise, the irradiation induces the formation of the carbonyl groups upon the latex surface, which changes the wettability of the films from hydrophobicity to high hydrophilicity. The results provide a facile and effective approach to fabricate functional PC films with high mechanical strength and special wettability, which will be of great importance for the practical application of PCs. magnified image
Silica‐Polymethacrylate Hybrid Particles Synthesized Using High‐Pressure Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Pietrasik Joanna , Hui Chin Ming , Chaladaj Wojciech , Dong Hongchen , Choi Jihoon , Jurczak Janusz , Bockstaller Michael R. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHybrid nanoparticles with a silica core and grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) chains were prepared via activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) at room temperature under high pressure. Due to enhanced propagation rate constant and reduced termination rate constant for polymerizations conducted under high pressure, the rate of polymerization was increased, while preserving good control over polymerization when compared to ATRP under ambient pressure. Molecular weights of greater than 1 million were obtained. The PMMA and PBMA brushes exhibited “semi‐diluted” or “diluted” brush architecture with the highest grafting densities ≈0.3 chain·nm−2. magnified image
Mass spectrometric analysis of long‐chain lipids
Authors: Murphy Robert C. , Axelsen Paul H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElectrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization generate abundant molecular ion species from all known lipids that have long chain fatty acyl groups esterified or amidated to many different polar headgroup features. Molecular ion species include both positive ions from proton addition [M+H]+ and negative ions from proton abstraction [M−H]− as well as positive ions from alkali metal attachment and negative ions from acetate or chloride attachment. Collisional activation of both MALDI and ESI behave very similarly in that generated molecular species yield product ions that reveal many structural features of the fatty acyl lipids that can be detected in tandem mass spectrometric experiments. For many lipid species, collision induced dissociation of the positive [M+H]+ reveals information about the polar headgroup, while collision induced dissociation of the negative [M−H]− provides information about the fatty acyl chain. The mechanisms of formation of many of these lipid product ions have been studied in detail and many established pathways are reviewed here. Specific examples of mass spectrometric behavior of several molecular species are presented, including fatty acids, triacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, ceramide, and sphingomeylin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:579–599, 2011
Perfusion territory imaging of intracranial branching arteries – optimization of continuous artery‐selective spin labeling (CASSL)
Authors: Helle Michael , Rüfer Susanne , Alfke Karsten , Jansen Olav , Norris David G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractContinuous artery‐selective spin labeling (CASSL) is based on a standard continuous arterial spin labeling sequence with adiabatic flow‐driven inversion and an amplitude‐modulated control experiment, and has been proposed recently as a new method for the noninvasive flow territory mapping of cerebral arteries. Spatial selectivity is achieved by the rotation of a tilted labeling plane about the axis of a selected artery, which restricts the tagging pulses to the same spatial position for the vessel of interest but, for any other adjacent and parallel artery, the locus of resonance will vary in time and saturates the blood at a certain distance to the labeling focus. In numerical simulations and in a volunteer study, the key labeling parameters of CASSL were investigated with the goal of increasing the spatial selectivity whilst maintaining sufficient labeling efficiency, in order to selectively label the blood in small intracranial arteries distal to the circle of Willis. The optimized labeling parameters were employed in vivo and adapted to different vascular geometries. The labeling of small intracranial branches of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries in close vicinity to other vessels yielded clearly delineated perfusion territories and demonstrated the method's capability for highly selective perfusion measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐inflammatory chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions within the Ewing sarcoma microenvironment determine CD8+ T‐lymphocyte infiltration and affect tumour progression
Authors: Berghuis Dagmar , Santos Susy J , Baelde Hans J , Taminiau Antonie HM , Maarten Egeler R , Schilham Marco W , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , Lankester Arjan C 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEwing sarcoma is an aggressive round cell sarcoma with poor patient prognosis, particularly in cases of advanced‐stage disease. Dynamic tumor‐host immune interations within the tumor microenvironment may polarize in situ immune responses and shape tumor development and/or progression. To gain insight into the nature of tumour–host immune interactions within the Ewing sarcoma microenvironment, the presence and spatial distribution of infiltrating CD8+/CD4+ T‐lymphocytes were evaluated in therapy‐naive Ewing sarcoma. Expression profiling of 40 different chemokines and several chemokine receptors was performed in therapy‐naive tumours and cell lines by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Considerable inter‐tumour variation was observed regarding density, type, and distribution of infiltrating T‐lymphocytes. Tumour‐infiltrating T‐cells contained significantly higher percentages of CD8+ T‐lymphocytes as compared to stroma‐infiltrating cells, suggesting preferential migration of this T‐cell type into tumour areas. Gene expression levels of several type 1‐associated, pro‐inflammatory chemokines (CXCR3‐ and CCR5‐ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5) correlated positively with infiltrating (CD8+) T‐lymphocyte numbers expressing corresponding chemokine receptors. Survival analyses demonstrated an impact of tumour‐infiltrating, and not stroma‐infiltrating, CD8+ T‐lymphocytes on tumour progression. At protein level, both tumour and stromal cells expressed the IFNγ‐inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. CCR5‐ligand CCL5 was exclusively expressed by non‐tumoural stromal/infiltrating cells. Together, our results indicate that an inflammatory immune microenvironment with high expression of type 1‐associated chemokines may be critical for the recruitment of (CD8+) T‐lymphocytes expressing corresponding chemokine receptors. The observed impact of tumour‐infiltrating (CD8+) T‐lymphocytes is consistent with a role for adaptive anti‐tumour immunity in the prevention of Ewing sarcoma progression. Recognition of the merits and exploitation/induction of an inflammatory microenvironment may improve the efficacy of natural immune responses against, and (adoptive) immunotherapeutic approaches for, Ewing sarcoma. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of antidepressants and NSAIDs in relation to mortality in long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Wernli Karen J. , Hampton John M. , Trentham‐Dietz Amy , Newcomb Polly A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the post‐diagnosis use of antidepressants and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in relation to all‐cause, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among long‐term breast cancer survivors.MethodsA cohort of 3058 breast cancer survivors, who previously participated in a series of case‐control studies diagnosed between 1988 and 1999 in Wisconsin. Cancer survivors completed a self‐administered mailed follow‐up questionnaire in 1998–2001 that addressed use of medications post‐diagnosis, including antidepressants and NSAIDs. Vital status information was obtained through the National Death Index through 31 December 2006. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsWe identified 463 deaths due to all‐causes, 163 due to breast cancer, and 93 due to CVD during follow‐up. Among women who had used any antidepressant after a breast cancer diagnosis, there was an increased risk of all‐cause (adjusted HR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.12−2.02) and CVD mortality (HR = 2.42, 95%CI: 1.21−4.83), but not breast cancer mortality (HR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.55−1.56). The use of NSAIDs after diagnosis was not associated with all‐cause (HR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.69−1.18), breast cancer mortality (HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.44−1.10), or CVD (HR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.57−1.65).ConclusionsThe use of antidepressants or NSAIDS was not related to breast cancer mortality in long‐term breast cancer survivors. In these women, however, antidepressants may increase the risk of all‐cause mortality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypropylene nanocomposites with various functionalized‐multiwalled nanotubes: thermomechanical properties, morphology, gas permeation, and optical transparency
Authors: Ko Jeong‐Ho , Yoon Choon Sup , Chang Jin‐Hae 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with three different functionalized‐multiwalled nanotubes (F‐MWNTs) are compared in terms of their thermomechanical properties, morphology, oxygen permeability, and optical transparency. The F‐MWNTs dodecanol‐MWNT, dodecylamine‐MWNT, and 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol‐MWNT were combined with PP to produce hybrid films. The variations of their properties with the matrix polymer F‐MWNT content are discussed. Transmission electron microscopy photographs show that most of the F‐MWNTs are dispersed homogeneously in the matrix polymer on the nanoscale, although some agglomerated F‐MWNT particles are formed. Even composites with low F‐MWNT contents (≤3 wt %) exhibit much better thermomechanical values than pure PP. The gas permeability of the hybrids was found to decrease linearly with increases in the F‐MWNT content of the PP matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Toughening of poly(L‐lactide)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite with ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate
Authors: Shi Yunyun , Li Yanli , Wu Jun , Huang Ting , Chen Chen , Peng Ya , Wang Yong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPoly(L‐lactide)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PLLA/MWCNTs) nanocomposite recently attracts much attention because of its excellent comprehensive properties including improved thermostability, tensile strength, and conductivity. However, the nanocomposite exhibits similar brittleness compared with unmodified PLLA. In this work, a polar elastomer, that is, ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA), was introduced into PLLA/MWCNTs nanocomposite. The selective distribution of MWCNTs and the effects of EVA on crystalline structure of PLLA were investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. The results show that the presence of EVA induces the change of the distribution of MWCNTs in the nanocomposites, and consequently, the cold crystallization of PLLA is prevented. With the increase of EVA content, both the ductility and the impact resistance of PLLA/FMWCNTs are improved greatly, indicating the toughening effect of EVA on PLLA/MWCNTs nanocomposite. The decreased tensile strength and modulus can be compensated through annealing treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Modulation of a GEF switch: Autoinhibition of the intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange activity of p115‐RhoGEF
Authors: Chen Zhe , Guo Liang , Sprang Stephen R. , Sternweis Paul C. 
Published: November 2010

Abstractp115‐RhoGEF (p115) belongs to the family of RGS‐containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases (RGS‐RhoGEFs) that are activated by G12 class heterotrimeric G protein α subunits. All RGS‐RhoGEFs possess tandemly linked Dbl‐homology (DH) and plekstrin‐homology (PH) domains, which bind and catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP on RhoA. We have identified that the linker region connecting the N‐terminal RGS‐homology (RH) domain and the DH domain inhibits the intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) activity of p115, and determined the crystal structures of the DH/PH domains in the presence or absence of the inhibitory linker region. An N‐terminal extension of the canonical DH domain (the GEF switch), which is critical to GEF activity, is well folded in the crystal structure of DH/PH alone, but becomes disordered in the presence of the linker region. The linker region is completely disordered in the crystal structure and partially disordered in the molecular envelope calculated from measurements of small angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS). It is possible that Gα subunits activate p115 in part by relieving autoinhibition imposed by the linker region.
High‐pressure synthesis and properties of new functional compounds
Authors: Jin C. Q. , Liu Q. Q. , Long Y. W. , Zhao J. G. , Lu Y. X. , Yang L. X. , Zhu J. L. , Wang X. C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHigh pressure is a powerful tool in the development of new advanced compounds as it is thermodynamically favorable in the formation of highly compacted advanced materials like perovskite‐type crystals. In particular, the compounds of correlated electron systems containing transition metals have attracted growing research interest because they manifest profound physical functions for a number of potential applications. This paper will introduce our recent work on the high‐pressure synthesis and properties of a correlated electron system with novel properties.
Mixed models for data from thorough QT studies: Part 2. One‐step assessment of conditional QT prolongation
Authors: Schall Robert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe investigate mixed analysis of covariance models for the ‘one‐step’ assessment of conditional QT prolongation. Initially, we consider three different covariance structures for the data, where between‐treatment covariance of repeated measures is modelled respectively through random effects, random coefficients, and through a combination of random effects and random coefficients. In all three of those models, an unstructured covariance pattern is used to model within‐treatment covariance. In a fourth model, proposed earlier in the literature, between‐treatment covariance is modelled through random coefficients but the residuals are assumed to be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.). Finally, we consider a mixed model with saturated covariance structure. We investigate the precision and robustness of those models by fitting them to a large group of real data sets from thorough QT studies. Our findings suggest: (i) Point estimates of treatment contrasts from all five models are similar. (ii) The random coefficients model with i.i.d. residuals is not robust; the model potentially leads to both under‐ and overestimation of standard errors of treatment contrasts and therefore cannot be recommended for the analysis of conditional QT prolongation. (iii) The combined random effects/random coefficients model does not always converge; in the cases where it converges, its precision is generally inferior to the other models considered. (iv) Both the random effects and the random coefficients model are robust. (v) The random effects, the random coefficients, and the saturated model have similar precision and all three models are suitable for the one‐step assessment of conditional QT prolongation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing non‐inferiority to an aggregate response with an application to development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
Authors: Pan Yi , Liu Guanghan F. , Dallas Michael J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe development of a new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine involves assessing the responses of the new serotypes included in the vaccine. The World Health Organization guidance states that the response from each new serotype in the new vaccine should be compared with the aggregate response from the existing vaccine to evaluate non‐inferiority. However, no details are provided on how to define and estimate the aggregate response and what methods to use for non‐inferiority comparisons. We investigate several methods to estimate the aggregate response based on binary data including simple average, model‐based, and lowest response methods. The response of each new serotype is then compared with the estimated aggregate response for non‐inferiority. The non‐inferiority test p‐value and confidence interval are obtained from Miettinen and Nurminen's method, using an effective sample size. The methods are evaluated using simulations and demonstrated with a real clinical trial example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general framework for efficient clustering of large datasets based on activity detection
Authors: Jin Xin , Kim Sangkyum , Han Jiawei , Cao Liangliang , Yin Zhijun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractData clustering is one of the most popular data mining techniques with broad applications. K‐Means is one of the most popular clustering algorithms, due to its high efficiency/effectiveness and wide implementation in many commercial/noncommercial softwares. Performing efficient clustering on large dataset is especially useful; however, conducting K‐Means clustering on large data suffers heavy computation burden which originates from the numerous distance calculations between the patterns and the centers. This paper proposes framework General Activity Detection (GAD) for fast clustering on large‐scale data based on center activity detection. Within this framework, we design a set of algorithms for different scenarios: (i) exact GAD algorithm, E‐GAD, which is much faster than K‐Means and gets the same clustering result; (ii) approximate GAD algorithms with different assumptions, which are faster than E‐GAD, while achieving different degrees of approximation; and (iii) GAD based algorithms to handle thelarge clustersproblem which appears in many large‐scale clustering applications. The framework provides a general solution to exploit activity detection for fast clustering in both exact and approximate scenarios, and our proposed algorithms within the framework can achieve very high speed. We have conducted extensive experiments on several datasets from various real world applications, including data compression, image clustering, and bioinformatics. By measuring the clustering quality and CPU time, the experiment results show the effectiveness and high efficiency of our proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 11–29 2011