bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best Practices for Composite Plug Milling
Authors: Craig Steven , Harris Jeffery , Lehr Douglas , Brandt Nathan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Horizontal fracture-stimulated completions remain the de facto method of producing hydrocarbons from shale formations. The vast majority of wells are completed using the "Plug and Perf"method, which requires either a jointed pipe or coiled tubing (CT) with a positive displacement motor (PDM) to mill out the composite plugs (CP) after the fracturing operations are finished. It is estimated that between 100,000 to 140,000 composite plugs are installed and milled each year in the US alone. Efficient removal of these composite plugs is critical in achieving operational efficiencies forboth the operator and service suppliers.
Currently many milling operations are planned at the well-site with engineering or operational risk assessments performed only after problems arise. This paper will provide data to assist operators in improving those risk assessments.
This paper will describe best practices and recommendations for pre-job planning, mill design, motor selection, fluid selection, weight on bit, wiper trip frequency and speed, whether to produce the well during milling, surface flowback equipment, operational contingencies and data analysis. These best practices have been developed from reviewing operational practices on many operations across the US.
Successful Cementing Through Coiled Tubing E-Line: An Economical Solution for Coiled Tubing Drilling Applications
Authors: Abdul Rahman A. A. , Ahmad Fauzi N. , Hamzah N. E. , Chaari Y. , Sorman I. , Jenie J. R. , Marsaleh Z. , Macdonald D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Cementing through coiled tubing electric line (CT e-line) is not a common practice; this application is highly recommended in Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) applications using the existing CT e-line pipe to achieve a better time performance for sidetracking a well since using the CTD technique is mainly based on economical evaluation. Several considerations need to be taken into account while designing the job and performing the operation. The relatively high density and viscosity fluid can lead to bird nesting the cable due to high friction and excessive slack inside the pipe; it can also affect the integrity of the cable as well as the performance of the bottomhole assembly (BHA). The interface between cement and other fluids pumped through CT e-line pipe can be also affected.
A review on a feasibility study of cementing through CT e-line that was performed in 2003 in Alaska highlights all the concerns, challenges, and potential issues that can be encountered during a cementing job through CT e-line, best practices, lessons learned, and way forward to implement this technique. This review is supported by two successful case histories performed in Malaysia CTD campaign applying this technique for different objectives: remedial cementing for casing and tubing sealing in a deviated well and remedial cement plug for window recovery.
By implementing cementing through CT e-line, the effective job time was improved by avoiding swapping pipes in an offshore environment where the logistic, safety, and space accommodation is a huge challenge. The use of CTD as an economical sidetracking technology was reinforced by making the CT e-line pipe universally utilized in all the project steps, even for running and setting completion.
A New Methodology for Stimulation of a High-Water-Cut Horizontal Oil Well through the Combination of a Smart Chemical System with Real-Time Temperature Sensing: A Case Study of South Umm Gudair Field, PZ Kuwait
Authors: Al-Najim A. , Zahedi A. , Al-Khonaini T. , Al-Sharqawi A. I. , Tardy P. M. , Adil A. R. , Nugraha I. , Ramondenc P. , Al-Hadyani F. S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a matrix acidizing treatment in a well located at the neutral zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, whereby the combination of a "smart fluid" in a stimulation treatment pumped through a Coiled-Tubing (CT) with the real time distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology helped improve the real-time decision process of fluid placement, temporary plugging placement, and treatment efficiency evaluation. As part of the analysis process and to facilitate the onsite decision-making process, a temperature inversion technique was also used to translate the actual temperature profiles into fluid invasion profiles across the horizontal open-hole section of the well. Additionally, a full scale acid placement and thermal modeling is proposed in order to perform an in-depth post-treatment evaluation. The bottom hole data evaluation further confirmed the benefits of using a smart fluid. Following the treatment, the well produced at a rate of 1500 bbl/day with 17% water cut, which is well below the field average of ~50%.
Elastomer-Wrapped Expandable Liner Seals Problem Perforations Allowing Successful Performance of High Pressure Frac Job
Authors: Skiles S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Cased-Hole Expandable Liners can be used for many different applications, including corrosion remediation, casing damage repair, perforation isolation, and to seal off water encroachment. The standard expandable liner design includes a carbide anchor at the bottom to hold the liner in place, as well as elastomer bands at the top and bottom of each joint to provide a seal. By designing a specialized liner system, in which the entire liner is wrapped with elastomers, greater sealability and pressure integrity is achieved.
In this particular application in the East Texas Basin, watered-out perforations needed to be isolated to facilitate fracturing and producing a deeper zone in the wellbore. Several approaches were considered and it was eventually decided to install a single trip 38 ft elastomer-wrapped expandable joint to isolate perforations in 5-1/2 in. 17.0 lb/ft casing and maintain a seal during the fracturing operations. Elimination of the end connections and beveling the ends of the liner meant that it could be rated at the pressure limitation of the pipe body, rather than that of the connections. In addition, further studies indicated that wrapping the entire expandable liner section with elastomers provided added support and sealability.
This paper will discuss the problems associated with the water encroachment through the perforations, the design of the elastomer-wrapped expandable liner system, and the engineering study that led to its rating being sufficient to withstand the high pressure frac job. It will go on to describe the liner installation and the ensuing well stimulation, which yielded very satisfactory results.
Developing Values and Purposes in Teachers for a Better World: The Experience of the United Kingdom Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development/Global Citizenship
Authors: Inman Sally , Mackay Sophie , Rogers Maggie 
Published: March 2012

This article describes, analyses and evaluates the work of the United Kingdom Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development/Global Citizenship as a contribution to developing teachers who can promote a better world. The article outlines some of the rationales for educating new teachers in values and purposes in relation to education for sustainable development and global citizenship, particularly with respect to the global challenges we face now and in the future. The authors reflect on the role and effectiveness of the United Kingdom Teacher Education Network in developing and disseminating practice, policy and theory. They explore the challenges faced in developing and sustaining the network as a community of practice committed to developing a ‘radical’ practice underpinned by theory. In particular, the authors explore how the changing external climate nationally and internationally calls for strategic thinking on the part of educators committed to the values of education for sustainable development and global citizenship, and discuss how capacity may be built in the current era. Finally, the article discusses some of the findings of a United Kingdom-wide survey of education for sustainable development and global citizenship within initial teacher education undertaken on behalf of the network, and the implications of the findings for the best way to move forward. One of the tasks of the progressive educator … is to unveil opportunities for hope, no matter what the obstacles might be. (Freire, 1994, p. 9)
Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of midcarpal joint defects in Thoroughbreds raised with and without early conditioning exercise
Authors: Kim Woong , Kawcak Chris E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Firth Elwyn C. , Broom Neil D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Objective—To describe and measure histologic features of midcarpal joint cartilage defects in Thoroughbreds and evaluate the influence of early conditioning exercise on defect development.
Sample—24 midcarpal joints from twelve 18-month-old Thoroughbreds.
Procedures—Midcarpal joints from 12 horses (6 exercised spontaneously at pasture only and 6 given additional conditioning exercise beginning at a mean age of 3 weeks were evaluated. Gross cartilage defects were assessed histologically. Third and radial carpal bones were categorized with regard to the presence or absence of calcified cartilage (CC) abnormalities at the dorsoproximal and dorsodistal articular surfaces, respectively; histomorphometric assessment and statistical analysis were conducted for the third carpal bone.
Results—Number and severity of defects did not appear different between exercise groups. Nine third or radial carpal bones had thickened CC with microcracks, matrix and osteochondral junction changes, and increased vascularity, without histologic changes in the hyaline cartilage. Third carpal bones with CC abnormalities had significantly thicker CC (452 vs 228 μm) than did those without CC abnormalities in the evaluated region. However, in the same region, there were no significant differences in hyaline cartilage thickness (681 vs 603 μm), vascular channel area in the subchondral bone (624,894 vs 490,320 μm2), or number of vascular channels (15.9 vs 18.0).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Early exercise did not appear to influence the distribution or severity of cartilage defects in the midcarpal joint. Calcified cartilage abnormalities beneath the undisrupted hyaline cartilage in the dorsoproximal aspect of the third carpal bone may represent the first changes in the pathogenesis of midcarpal osteochondral disease.
Evaluation of the onset of protection induced by a modified-live virus vaccine in calves challenge inoculated with type 1b bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Palomares Roberto A. , Givens M. Daniel , Wright James C. , Walz Paul H. , Brock Kenny V. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate onset of protection induced by modified-live virus (MLV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine administered 7, 5, or 3 days before inoculation with type 1b BVDV (strain NY-1).
Animals—40 calves.
Procedures—Calves were assigned to 4 groups: an unvaccinated control group or groups vaccinated with MLV vaccine containing BVDV types 1a and 2 at 7, 5, or 3 days, before inoculation with NY-1 BVDV. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte counts, serum virus neutralization, and virus isolation (VI); nasal swab specimens (NSSs) were obtained for VI, and rectal temperatures were monitored for 14 days after inoculation.
Results—No significant differences in leukocyte counts or rectal temperatures were detected after BVDV inoculation in vaccinated calves. Vaccinated calves had reduced viremia and viral shedding after inoculation, compared with results for unvaccinated calves. On day 5 after inoculation, a higher proportion of calves vaccinated 3 days before inoculation had positive VI from NSSs, compared with NSS VI results for calves vaccinated 5 and 7 days before inoculation. Unvaccinated calves had leukopenia on days 3, 5, and 6 and had higher rectal temperatures on days 7 and 8 after inoculation, compared with temperatures before inoculation. All unvaccinated calves had ≥ 1 positive VI result from NSSs 3 to 11 days after inoculation, and 4 became viremic.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MLV BVDV vaccine prevented fever, viremia, and leukopenia in calves challenge inoculated with NY-1 BVDV. A high proportion of calves vaccinated 3 days before inoculation shed BVDV after inoculation.
Cytotoxic Effects of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids on Fish and Human Cell Lines
Authors: Cvjetko Marina , Radošević Kristina , Tomica Andrej , Slivac Igor , Vorkapić-Furač Jasna , Srček Višnja 
Published: March 2012

Cytotoxic Effects of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids on Fish and Human Cell LinesIonic liquids bring a promise of a wide range of "green" applications that could replace conventional volatile solvents. However, before these applications become large-scale, their toxicity needs to be investigated in order to predict the impact on human health and environment. In this study we assessed the cytotoxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids (in the concentrations between 0.1 mmol L-1 and 10 mmol L-1) in the ovarian fish cell line CCO and the human tumour cell line HeLa using the MTT cell viability assay. Our results showed that the most cytotoxic ionic liquid was 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoro methylsulphonyl)imide, [BMIM][Tf2N], followed by 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4], 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MMIM][PF6]. Generally, the effects were concentration-dependent. They also depended on the type of anion and the n-alkyl chain length. The comparison between the fish CCO and human HeLa cell lines suggests that CCO cells provide a good biological system for initial toxicity testing of ionic liquids that could replace in vivo bioassays.
The Role of Interferon-gamma Release Assay in Tuberculosis Control
Authors: Jurčev-Savičević Anamarija , Katalinić-Janković Vera , Miše Kornelija , Gudelj Ivan 
Published: March 2012

The Role of Interferon-gamma Release Assay in Tuberculosis ControlTuberculosis is still one of the major global public health threats. Countries with low incidence must focus on exhausting the reservoir of future cases by preventing reactivation. Therefore, it is important to identify and effectively treat those individuals who have latent tuberculosis infection and who may develop active disease. The tuberculin skin test has been the standard for detection of immune response against M. tuberculosis since the beginning of the 20th century. The new millennium has brought advancement in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. The name of the new blood test is interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Croatia is a middle-incidence country with a long decreasing trend and developed tuberculosis control. To reach low incidence and finally eliminate tuberculosis, its tuberculosis programme needs a more aggressive approach that would include intensive contact investigation and treatment of persons with latent tuberculosis infection. This article discusses the current uses of IGRA and its role in tuberculosis control.
Allergens from Fusarium solani Identified by Immunoblotting in Asthma Patients In Iran
Authors: Khosravi Ali , Fatahinia Mahnaz , Shokri Hojjatollah , Yadegari Mohammad 
Published: March 2012

Allergens from Fusarium solani Identified by Immunoblotting in Asthma Patients In IranWe extracted Fusarium solani antigens to evaluate specific anti-F. solani IgE in fifty-one patients with asthma (33 men and 18 women) and in 22 non-atopic healthy subjects (15 men and 7 women). F. solani strains were cultured in Sabouraud glucose agar and subjected to cell disruption using the freeze-and-thaw method. The obtained cytoplasmic extracts were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sensitisation to F. solani antigens has been evaluated in asthmatic patients using the immunoblotting assay. The SDS-PAGE identified 29 protein bands in the cytoplasmic extracts of F. solani isolates, with molecular weights ranging from 24 kDa to 112 kDa. Immunoblotting detected specific anti-F. solani IgE antibody in all asthma patients, but not in the control group. The predominant reactive allergens in patients corresponded to the bands with molecular weights of 24 kDa, 58.5 kDa, 64.5 kDa, 69 kDa, 72 kDa, and 97 kDa. Our results suggest that various allergenic components of F. solani may produce symptoms of asthma in susceptible individuals and they call for further research.
Boat Pressure Washing Wastewater Treatment with Calcium Oxide and/or Ferric Chloride
Authors: Oreščanin Višnja , Kollar Robert , Nađ Karlo , Mikelić Ivanka , Mikulić Nenad 
Published: March 2012

Boat Pressure Washing Wastewater Treatment with Calcium Oxide and/or Ferric ChlorideThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of (1) chemical precipitation by calcium oxide, (2) coagulation/flocculation by ferric chloride (FC), and (3) the combination these two methods in reducing the toxicity of wastewater generated by boat pressure washing. All three methods gave satisfactory results in the removal of colour, turbidity, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The concentrations of heavy metals were lowered below national limits with 1 g of CaO, 2.54 mg of Fe3+ in the form of FeCl3x6H2O, and the combination of 0.25 g of CaO and 5.08 mg of Fe3+ per 50 mL of wastewater. Both CaO (1.50 g per 50 mL of wastewater) and FC proved efficient, but their combination yielded a significantly better performance: 99.41 %, 100.00 %, 97.87 %, 99.09 %, 99.90 %, 99.46 % and 98.33 % for colour, turbidity, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb respectively. For colour, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb removal efficiencies increased in the following order: FC<CaO<CaO+FC, while this order for turbidity and Fe was as follows: CaO<FC<CaO+FC. As expected, all three methods increased the concentration of total dissolved solids in the final effluent. Our results suggest that the combined treatment of marina wastewaters with calcium oxide followed by ferric chloride is efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly.
Response surface optimization for efficient dye removal by isolated strain Pseudomonas sp.
Authors: Senthilkumar Shanmugam , Perumalsamy Muthiah , Prabhuy Harinarayan , AhmedBasha Chiya , Anantharaman Narayan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) involving the central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize three important process variables for the decolourization of synthetic dye solutions containing Remazol Turquoise Blue (RTB) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) with isolated bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. The interaction between three variables i.e. Initial concentration of dye, carbon source and nitrogen source were studied and modeled. According to the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results the predicted results were found to be in good agreement with experimental results (R
2: 0.9726; Adj R
2: 0.9480 for RTB and R
2: 0.9789; Adj R
2: 0.9750 for RB5) which indicated excellent evaluation of experimental data from the second order polynomial regression model. Mathematical models were developed by the proposed system, for each process variable showed the effect of each factor and their interactions on biodecolourization process. The optimum concentrations of Dye, Carbon source, and Nitrogen source were found to be 20 mgL−1, 1.5 g/L and 1.5 g/L, respectively for RTB and RB5 to obtain maximum dye removing capacity. Predicted values were validated with experimental results, which indicated appropriateness of the employed model and the success of RSM.
Beam forming in smart antenna with improved gain and suppressed interference using genetic algorithm
Authors: Ghouse Basha T. , Giri Prasad M. , Sridevi P. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The most imperative process in smart antenna system is beam forming, which changes the beam pattern of an antenna for a particular angle. If the antenna does not change the position for the specified angle, then the signal loss will be very high. By considering the aforesaid drawback, here a new genetic algorithm based technique for beam forming in smart antenna system is proposed. In the proposed technique, if the angle is given as input, the maximum signal gain in the beam pattern of the antenna with corresponding position and phase angle is obtained as output. The length of the beam, interference, phase angle, and the number of patterns are the factors that are considered in our proposed technique. By using this technique, the gain of the system gets increased as well as the interference is reduced considerably. The implementation result exhibits the efficiency of the system in beam forming.
Strengthening Alternative Agro-food Networks in the Eastern European Countryside
Authors: Goszczyński Wojciech , Knieć Wojciech 
Published: March 2012

Strengthening Alternative Agro-food Networks in the Eastern European Countryside
This paper will answer the question raised by the ongoing debate on the conditions of Alternative Agro-Food Networks (AAFN) strengthened in the specific context of different European countries. Modern, sustainable local food systems are built on the basis of social networks which linked different actors into a coherent, horizontal web. Producers, processors and consumers are bonded by a common vision and values which go far beyond simple market production. The issue of sustainable food production and consumption gains special importance in the post-transformation countries of Eastern Europe.
Institutional Transformation in the Agricultural Sector of the former Soviet Bloc
Authors: Visser Oane , Schoenmaker Lotte 
Published: March 2012

Institutional Transformation in the Agricultural Sector of the former Soviet Bloc
This article discusses popular explanations for the demise of farm enterprises in Mongolia, such as: reduced state funding, corrupt and self-interested rural elites, and the (supposed) drastic central privatisation policy. It argues that these factors are insufficient to explain the collectives' demise, as they are largely true also for Russia, where no widespread break-up of farm enterprises took place. Farm enterprises in Russia, despite financial difficulties, show remarkable resilience as large-scale units. A tendency which can be observed in general, as well as in most of the regions bordering Mongolia with a similar type of (semi) - pastoralist livestock farming, Therefore, this article takes a look at the level of the Mongolian farm enterprise, and considers the socio-economic specifics of these enterprises to discover the incentives for employees and managers to disband (or leave) these enterprises. In doing so it pays attention to formal structures and informal social structures related to property and production, within a tentative comparison with Russia.