bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal health program management in a resource‐constrained setting in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Thomas Abigail , Kumar Vishwajeet , Bhandari Mahendra , Ahuja Ramesh C. , Singh Pramod , Baqui Abdullah H. , Awasthi Shally , Singh J. V. , Santosham Mathuram , Darmstadt Gary L. ,   and for the Saksham Study Group
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis analysis identifies salient features of team management that were critical to the efficiency of program implementation and the effectiveness of behavior change management to promote essential newborn care practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. In May 2003, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and King George Medical University initiated a cluster‐randomized, controlled neonatal health research program. In less than 2 years, the trial demonstrated rapid adoption of several evidence‐based newborn care practices and a substantial reduction in neonatal mortality in intervention clusters. Existing literature involving research program management in resource‐constrained areas of developing countries is limited and fails to provide models for team organization and empowerment. The neonatal research project examined in this paper developed a unique management strategy that provides an effective blueprint for future projects. Transferable learning points from the project include emphasizing a common vision, utilizing a live‐in field site office, prioritizing character and potential in the hiring process, implementing a learning‐by‐doing training program, creating tiers of staff recognition, encouraging staff autonomy, ensuring a broad staff knowledge base to seamlessly handle absences, and maintaining the flexibility to change partnerships or strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of enzymatic extraction of ferulic acid from wheat bran, using response surface methodology, and characterization of the resulting fractions
Authors: Barberousse Hélène , Kamoun Amel , Chaabouni Moncef , Giet Jean‐Michel , Roiseux Olivier , Paquot Michel , Deroanne Claude , Blecker Christophe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The agro‐industries generate thousands of tons of by‐products, such as bran or pulps, each year. They are, at best, used for cattle feeding. Through biocracking, this biomass may constitute a renewable source for various molecules of interest for the industry. For instance, ferulic acid, a compound showing antioxidant ability, is found in abundance in cereal bran. Its release depends mainly on the breaking of its ester linkage to other constitutive elements of the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and xylanase activities, as well as incubation time and temperature, on ferulic acid extraction yield from wheat bran. Under optimized conditions, the composition of the hydrolysate and of residual bran were compared to native bran.RESULTS: Experiments carried out under the predicted optimal conditions (FAE amount, 27 U g−1; xylanase amount, 304 U g−1; incubation time, 2 h; and temperature, 65 °C) led to an extraction yield of 52.8%, agreeing with the expected value (51.0%). The crude ferulic acid fraction was purified with Amberlite XAD16, leading to a final concentration of 125 µg mL−1 of ferulic acid in ethanol. The antioxidant capacity of this purified fraction was evaluated by the DPPH· scavenging method: it exhibited better efficiency (EC50 = 10.6 µmol L−1 in ferulic acid) than the ferulic acid standard (EC50 = 13.7 µmol L−1).CONCLUSION: These results confirm the potential of wheat bran valorization in the field of natural antioxidant extraction, possibly viable in an industrial scheme. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
How different are diastereomorphous orientations of enantiomers in the liquid crystalline phases of PBLG and PBDG: a case study
Authors: Marx Andreas , Schmidts Volker , Thiele Christina M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe orientational properties of the two enantiomers of an example compound, namely isopinocampheol [(+)‐ and (−)‐IPC] in the two enantiomers of a liquid crystalline phase, namely Poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L/D‐glutamate (PBLG/PBDG) with the organic cosolvent CDCl3, were investigated. The interactions can be either enantiomorphous, leading to equal orientations and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), or diastereomorphous, leading to different orientations and RDCs. The difference between the two diastereomorphous orientations was determined to be rather small (5° in the Euler angle β). Furthermore, we investigated whether one of the two diastereomorphous interactions is favored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of an ISR‐related metabolite produced by rhizobacterium Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 active against soft‐rot disease pathogen in tobacco
Authors: Park Myung Ryeol , Kim Young Cheol , Lee Sunwoo , Kim In Seon 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 (C1036) causes induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity against the soft‐rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum SCC1 (SCC1). However, microbial metabolites from C1036 involved in ISR activity remain unknown. The present study was performed to identify an ISR‐related metabolite produced by C1036.RESULTS: The supernatants of C1036 cultures grown on Luria‐Bertani medium were subjected to solvent extraction, repeated column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography for isolation of an ISR‐related metabolite. High‐resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the isolated metabolite indicated a C9H15O3N compound with a mass of 185.11. Low‐resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the metabolite showed a molecular ion peak at 185 and its fragment ions at 84 and 56. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer analyses characterised all protons and carbons of the isolated metabolite. Based on the data, the isolated metabolite was determined to be butyl 2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylate (BPC). BPC at 12 mM significantly suppressed the disease symptoms in ISR bioassays against SCC1.CONCLUSION: This is the first report identifying BPC as an ISR‐related metabolite produced by C1036. C1036 may play a role in promoting plant growth because it produces ISR‐related metabolites against the plant pathogen SCC1. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Antiviral and anticancer activities of 13(E)‐labd‐13‐ene‐8α,15‐diol isolated from Brachyglottis monroi
Authors: Choi Hwa Jung , Song Jae Hyoung , Kwon Dur Han , Baek Seung Hwa 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe antiviral activity of 13(E)‐labd‐13‐ene‐8α,15‐diol (1), isolated from Brachyglottis monroi, was examined against human rhinovirus 2 (HRV2) and 3 (HRV3), and the anticancer activity on human cancer cells (A549 and Hep2). Compound (1) showed strong anti‐HRV2 and HRV3 activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.68 and 0.87 µg/mL, respectively, and a 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of 59.45 µg/mL. Ribavirin only showed anti‐HRV3 activity with an IC50 of 30.48 µg/mL and a CC50 > 100 µg/mL. The addition of compound (1) to HRV‐infected HeLa cells directly reduced the formation of visible cytopathic effect (CPE) and it directly interacted with HRV particles. Furthermore, A549 and Hep2 cells incubated with 32 µg/mL of compound (1) for 48 h exhibited antilung and antilaryngeal cancer activities, with a viability of less than 50%. These results suggest that compound (1) may be used as a potential antiviral and anticancer agent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism of cyadox in rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes and identification of metabolites by accurate mass measurements using electrospray ionization hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhaoying , Huang Lingli , Dai Menghong , Chen Dongmei , Tao Yanfei , Wang Yulian , Yuan Zonghui 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCyadox (CYX), (2‐formylquinoxaline)‐N1,N4‐dioxide cyanoacetylhydrazone, is a growth promoter, which is more efficient and less toxic to animals. Few studies have been performed to reveal the metabolism of CYX in animals till now. In this study, the metabolic fate of CYX in the liver microsomes of animal was investigated firstly using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. CYX was incubated with rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes in the presence of a NADPH‐generating system. Multiple scans of metabolites in MS and MS2modes and accurate mass measurements were performed simultaneously through data‐dependent acquisition. Most measured mass errors were less than 10 ppm for both protonated molecules and fragment ions using external mass calibration. The structures of metabolites and their fragment ions were easily and reliably characterized based on the accurate MS2spectra and known structure of CYX. The relative biotransformation of CYX into characterized metabolites was estimated based on the UV absorption and the assumption that all metabolites had the same extinction coefficient as the parent compound at 305 nm. Totally, seven metabolites were identified as three reduced metabolites (cyadox 1‐monoxide (Cy1), cyadox 4‐monoxide (Cy2) and bisdesoxycyadox (Cy4)), three hydrolysis metabolites of the amide bond (N‐decyanoacetyl cyadox (Cy5), N‐decyanoacetyl cyadox 1‐monoxide (Cy6) and N‐decyanoacetyl bisdesoxycyadox (Cy7)) and a hydroxylation metabolite of Cy1 (Cy3). Cy1–Cy6 could be detected in rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes while metabolite Cy7 could only be observed in pig. The amounts of the metabolites in three species are different. For the formations of Cy1 and Cy3, the rank order was rat∼chicken > pig. For Cy4 and Cy5, the order was pig > rat > chicken. Cy1 and Cy4 have been previously reported, whereas the other five metabolites were novel. The N→O group reduction and hydroxylation were the main metabolic pathways for CYX in the three species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramolecular transacylation: fragmentation of protonated molecules via ion‐neutral complexes in mass spectrometry
Authors: Tu Ya‐Ping , Huang Yingying , Atsriku Christian , You You , Cunniff Jack 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn intramolecular transacylation reaction was observed in the mass spectrometry of molecules containing both benzoyl and carboxymethyl groups on an aromatic heterocyclic core. The reaction is triggered by a dissociative protonation on the heterocyclic ring at the atom (carbon or nitrogen) that bonds to the benzoyl group, leading to an intermediate ion‐neutral complex. The incipient benzoyl cation in the complex migrates to attack the carboxyl group of the neutral partner at the carbonyl or hydroxyl oxygen under thermodynamic or kinetic control, respectively. Elimination of benzoic acid followed by loss of carbon monoxide takes place as a result of the transacylation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis and optimization of AMGA for the large‐scale virtual screening
Authors: Ahn Sunil , Kim Namgyu , Lee Seehoon , Nam Dukyun , Hwang Soonwook , Koblitz Birger , Breton Vincent , Han Sangyong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses performance issues on ARDA Metadata Grid Application (AMGA) and presents new techniques to improve the throughput of AMGA for the WISDOM environment. The first issue is a performance degradation problem when AMGA is used as a metadata service for task retrieval in the WISDOM environment. To deal with the issue, a new AMGA operation designed to reduce the communication overhead required to retrieve a task from AMGA is proposed. According to a performance study conducted with the new operation, the throughput of task retrieval using the proposed operation can be as much as 70 times higher than the throughput when using the existing AMGA operations. The second issue is an AMGA throughput issue in large‐scale grid‐enabled applications such as WISDOM, where it is not uncommon that thousands of jobs running on grid nodes access the AGMA service simultaneously. To address this issue, integration of a load‐balancing technique and a DB connection pool technique into the AMGA are proposed. Test results demonstrate that the performance can be improved linearly in proportion to the number of AMGA servers set up for load balancing; the performance improvement continues until the performance limit of the backend database system is reached. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Initial Postexcision PTH Level Does Not Fall Appropriately During Parathyroidectomy: What to Do Next?
Authors: O’Neal Patrick B. , Poylin Vitaliy , Mowschenson Peter , Parangi Sareh , Horowitz Gary , Pant Pravin , Hasselgren Per‐Olof 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackgroundInadequate fall in the intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) level after removing enlarged parathyroid gland(s) typically signifies additional hyperfunctioning gland(s), prompting further neck dissection, but it may also be a false negative result. We analyzed intraoperative management of patients with an inadequate fall on PTH after excision of enlarged parathyroid gland(s).MethodsAnalysis involved a prospective database of 189 patients undergoing 193 procedures for primary hyperparathyroidism. The PTH level was determined before neck incision and 10–15 min after excision of enlarged parathyroid gland(s). A PTH decrease > 50% and into normal range was used as the criterion of successful parathyroidectomy.ResultsIn 48 of 193 operations, initial postexcision PTH level did not fall appropriately. That inadequate fall in PTH level was a false negative result in 16 patients (33%) and cure was achieved without additional neck exploration in all but one patient, who had additional (negative) neck exploration after excision of a parathyroid adenoma. In all patients with false negative postexcision PTH assay, operative findings concurred with preoperative imaging tests.ConclusionsInadequate fall in intraoperative PTH may be false negative, particularly after removal of an adenoma found in the location determined by preoperative imaging. Repeat PTH may confirm the initial assay as false negative, obviating the need for additional neck dissection. Importantly, if repeat PTH does not fall appropriately, additional neck exploration needs to be performed.
III. The ‘Garbled’ Blue Books of 1839—Myth or Reality?
Authors: Alder G. J. 
Published: June 2009

The Afghan war blue books of 1839 have usually been regarded as classic examples of the way official documents can be mutilated by skilful and unscrupulous editing almost to the point of forgery. Sir William Kaye's monumental and authoritative history of the first Afghan war, published in 1851, contains this crushing indictment:I cannot, indeed, suppress the utterance of my abhorrence of this system of grabling the official correspondece of public men-sending the letters of a statesman or diplomatist into the world mutilated, emasculated-the very pith and substance of them cut is palmed upon the world has not one redeeming feature.
The Overrated adversary: Rhodes and Ottoman naval power
Authors: Brummett Palmira 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the relative power of the Rhodian and Ottoman fleets in the first decades of the sixteenth century, taking as its context the commercial and diplomatic relations of the eastern Levantine states. After the Aegean wars of 1499–1503 Rhodes failed to mobilize a Christian alliance against the Ottomans. Nor did the rise of Ismail Safavi in Iran provide the hoped for relief from Ottoman expansion. While the Ottoman state was preoccupied with the succession struggle for Bayezid's throne and with plans to extend its hegemony to the Indian Ocean, Rhodes was fighting for survival. Although the development of the Ottoman fleet provoked great fear in Rhodes, Venice and the Mamluk kingdom, Ottoman naval power until the conquest of Cairo in 151J was directed primarily to defensive and transport activities. Further the Ottoman fleet provided security against corsairs for merchant shipping. By supporting the corsair activities of Order members, Rhodes alienated the Mamluk state, Venice and France (allpotential allies in an anti-Ottoman coalition) but refrained from directly challenging the Ottoman navy. Naval engagements during this period cannot be understood without taking into consideration the prolonged conditions of grain shortage in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. Both aggressive and defensive measures taken by the Ottoman, Venetian and Rhodian fleets Were ordinarily related to the competition for foodstuffs during this period rather than the conquest of territory or the establishment of commercial dominance (as in the Indian Ocean).
The value systems of liberals and conservatives in Hungary, 1830–1848
Authors: Dénes Iván Zoltán 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe challenge of Joseph II's enlightened absolutist reforms in the 1780s imposed upon the Hungarian political opinion the painful dilemma of choosing between ‘fatherland’ and ‘progress’, between ‘nation’ and ‘civilization’, between national identity and modernization. These responses created the conceptual basis for the emergence of the modern Hungarian nation. The following characterizes the Hungarian liberals' and conservatives' intellectual horizons and value systems between 1830 and 1848. These two schools represent at least two different modernization strategies, and at least two concepts of national character and two perceptions of adversaries. The ideas here discussed concern the very bases of social organization and the nature and legitimacy of the state; they reveal how Hungarians conceived of the nation; how they saw foreign countries and the European equilibrium; how they perceived themselves and their adversaries, and how they envisaged their past and future.
Archbishop Abbot and the problem of ‘puritanism’
Authors: Holland Susan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is a study of Archbishop Abbot's attitude to puritan nonconformity. It contends that the accusations of laxness levelled against him by Laudian apologists such as Heylin and Clarendon can be discounted as the inevitable consequence of the very different standpoint from which they judged him. It was not laziness that led the primate to turn a blind eye to certain types of nonconformity, but rather a detached attitude – not shared by his anti-Calvinist opponents – which allowed him to differentiate between mild cases of conscience-induced ceremonial nonconformity which posed no danger to the status quo, and the factious high-profile stance of those who undermined the authority of the established church. By taking a very hard line against separatists and their ilk, Abbot felt he could justify the degree of tolerance he granted to those peaceable and orthodox preaching pastors with scruples over certain adiaphora, whose role was so crucial in the unremitting battle against popery to which he dedicated his life.
Rationing, austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945
Authors: Zweiniger-Bargielowska Ina 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe general election of 1945 is described as ‘the Waterloo of the Conservative party’. Yet, in 1951 the Conservatives returned to power and were to remain in office for thirteen years. The purpose of this article is to examine this transformation in electoral fortunes. Labour's defeat in 1951 is usually explained in terms of government fatigue, redistribution, and Liberal disintegration. It is argued here that the Conservative party was not just a passive beneficiary of these developments. Rather, the 1951 result was the outcome of a sustained effort since 1946 to regain the initiative and political power. The Conservatives were actively engaged in forging an anti-socialist coalition focused on disaffection with austerity, rationing and controls on which the party's recovery after 1945 is based.The discussion is divided into four sections. The first outlines the extent of shortages, establishes the significance of this issue in political debate, and identifies the social groups most affected. Part two traces the swing to the right from 1947 onwards and the third section explores Conservative propaganda in opposition to rationing, austerity and controls. The final part examines the party's assessment of the electoral task, its monitoring of public opinion, and the range of techniques employed to rally support.
Heresy hunt: Gilbert Burnet and the convocation controversy of 1701
Authors: Greig Martin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of the high church agitation in the 1690s for a convocation was to establish doctrinal discipline within the anglican church. When convocation met in 1701 the lower house produced censures on Toland's Christianity not mysterious and Burnet's Exposition of the thirty-nine articles.It was Francis Atterbury who insisted that Burnet's Exposition was heretical. He had long been critical of Burnet's views on the trinity and his erastian interpretation of English church history in his History of the reformation. And if Burnet's History was an attempt re-write English church history from the perspective of a latitudinarian, then his Exposition was its theological counterpart.It was assumed that the charges against Burnet were lost. But a copy of them has surfaced and it confirms that it was the connection between latitudinarians and dissent which led to the attack on Burnet. In his zeal to heal divisions within anglicanism and between anglicans and other protestants Burnet had introduced a ‘latitude and diversity of opinions’ which misrepresented true anglican doctrine. This was dangerous, because Burnet intended his Exposition as ‘a platform laid for Comprehension’ with the dissenters and other ‘Adversaries of our Church’. These included obvious heretics like socinians and the deist Toland.
Hugh O'Neill and the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland
Authors: Morgan Hiram 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe Tudor regime faced its greatest challenge in Ireland at the turn of the sixteenth century. The extension of royal authority had run into fierce opposition from a confederacy of Gaelic lords led by Hugh O'Neill. The Tudors stigmatized such resistance as rebellion but the fact that it was taking place in a dependent kingdom in which the monarch was not resident quickly rendered it a war of liberation. This prompts comparison with the other great independence struggle of the early modern period – the Dutch revolt. In both cases the language of faith and fatherland came to the fore. In Ireland this rhetoric was directed at the English-speaking descendants of the Norman conquerors whose support was crucial to the success of O'Neill's cause. Yet it fell on deaf ears because the confederates were unable to legitimize their struggle in the eyes of these catholic loyalists. The sources of political and religious legitimacy were stronger in The Netherlands. While the Netherlandish provincial estates were founts of popular sovereignty, the Irish parliament was an organ of the Tudor state. And whereas in Holland the source of ecclesiastical authority was the non-hierarchical Dutch Reformed Church, in Ireland it was externalized in the person of Clement VIII who could not be won over in spite of the efforts of Peter Lombard, O'Neill's agent in Rome.