bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatal HHV6 infection in an immunocompromised patient presenting with skin involvement
Authors: Galan Anjela , McNiff Jennifer M. , Choi Jennifer Nam , Lazova Rossitza 
Published: June 2009

Infection with human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV6) has a broad distribution in the human population, with a seroprevalence approaching 100% worldwide. Primary infection takes place during childhood, after which the virus remains latent mostly in lymphocytes and monocytes at various sites. Immunosuppression can result in viral reactivation, associated with clinical sequelae and even death. We report a case of a disseminated HHV6 infection in a 53‐year‐old patient, who was immunocompromised after allogeneic bone marrow transplant treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Initially, he presented with a macular eruption of the skin, followed by involvement of other sites. Histopathologic analysis of skin biopsies revealed superficial perivascular large atypical mononuclear cells with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions. Most affected cells labeled with antibodies to CD3 and CD43 as lymphocytes, and some labeled with CD68 as macrophages. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of the blood, skin, liver, colon, cerebrospinal fluid and brain were positive for HHV6 virus. Additionally, the serologic titers for HHV6 were high. Viral particles were also detected by electron microscopy (EM) in the colon. Although rare, HHV6 virus may be an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, and may present initially in the skin. Awareness of this infection is critical to diagnosis in acute settings.Galan A, McNiff JM, Nam Choi J and Lazova R. Fatal HHV6 infection in an immunocompromised patient presenting with skin involvement.
Comparative genome hybridization analysis of laser‐capture microdissected in situ melanoma
Authors: Vincek Vladimir , Xu Suying , Fan Yao‐Shan 
Published: June 2009

Background: The progression of melanoma occurs through discrete stages with known clinical and histologic features. Although many molecular events that occur during the progression of invasive and metastatic melanomas have been elucidated, there is limited knowledge of genetic changes that occur in the earliest stages of melanoma development. In this pilot study, we investigated genetic changes that happen in in situ melanoma so that we can better understand early melanoma development.Materials and methods: DNA was extracted from five laser‐capture microdissected Clark's level III melanomas, five in situ melanomas and five compound nevi all from sun exposed skin. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization was performed using Agilent 44 K platform.Results: The group of Clark's level III melanomas was characterized with multiple large deletions and duplications. In the group of in situ melanoma, deletions and duplications were limited in size. Deletions in in situ melanomas were present only on chromosomes 13q and 16q. Compound nevi did not show any significant chromosomal aberrations.Conclusion: In situ melanomas show characteristic chromosomal aberrations that are limited compared to melanomas that invade the dermis. Deletion of 13q found in in situ melanomas, which encompass the Rb1 tumor suppressor gene, might be one of the first events in the development of melanoma.
Spontaneous pathology of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and tamarins (Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus mystax)
Authors: David John M. , Dick Jr Edward J. , Hubbard Gene B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  Marmosets and tamarins are increasingly used in research, but their pathology remains poorly defined compared with Old World primates.Methods  Necropsy records of 129 marmosets and 52 tamarins were reviewed; none was used experimentally.Results  The most common marmoset lesions were dehydration, emaciation, nephritis, colitis, and inanition. The most common tamarin lesions were dehydration, ascites, emaciation, and congestive heart failure. Colitis and heart disease were the most common cause of death in marmosets and tamarins, respectively. Immature marmoset and tamarin deaths often occurred within the first month of life. Immature marmosets usually died from inanition, stillbirth, and colitis; immature tamarins from atelectasis, stillbirth, heart failure, and colitis. Lymphoma was the most common neoplasm for both marmosets and tamarins.Conclusion  The findings were similar to prior reports with differences in frequency and severity. We report the first case of endometriosis in a marmoset.
In vivo skin elastography with high‐definition optical videos
Authors: Zhang Yong , Brodell Robert T. , Mostow Eliot N. , Vinyard Christopher J. , Marie Hazel 
Published: June 2009

Background/aims: Continuous measurements of biomechanical properties of skin provide potentially valuable information to dermatologists for both clinical diagnosis and quantitative assessment of therapy. This paper presents an experimental study on in vivo imaging of skin elastic properties using high‐definition optical videos. The objective is to (i) investigate whether skin property abnormalities can be detected in the computed strain elastograms, (ii) quantify property abnormalities with a Relative Strain Index (RSI), so that an objective rating system can be established, (iii) determine whether certain skin diseases are more amenable to optical elastography and (iv) identify factors that may have an adverse impact on the quality of strain elastograms.Methods: There are three steps in optical skin elastography: (i) skin deformations are recorded in a video sequence using a high‐definition camcorder, (ii) a dense motion field between two adjacent video frames is obtained using a robust optical flow algorithm, with which a cumulative motion field between two frames of a larger interval is derived and (iii) a strain elastogram is computed by applying two weighted gradient filters to the cumulative motion data.Results: Experiments were carried out using videos of 25 patients. In the three cases presented in this article (hypertrophic lichen planus, seborrheic keratosis and psoriasis vulgaris), abnormal tissues associated with the skin diseases were successfully identified in the elastograms. There exists a good correspondence between the shape of property abnormalities and the area of diseased skin. The computed RSI gives a quantitative measure of the magnitude of property abnormalities that is consistent with the skin stiffness observed on clinical examinations.Conclusions: Optical elastography is a promising imaging modality that is capable of capturing disease‐induced property changes. Its main advantage is that an elastogram presents a continuous description of the spatial variation of skin properties on the pixel level that would otherwise be impossible with other sensors. Its value will be further enhanced when used with a point‐wise measuring device such as a cutometer that yields absolute elasticity values.
Approximate lesion localization in dermoscopy images
Authors: Celebi M. Emre , Iyatomi Hitoshi , Schaefer Gerald , Stoecker William V. 
Published: June 2009

Background: Dermoscopy is one of the major imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. Because of the difficulty and subjectivity of human interpretation, automated analysis of dermoscopy images has become an important research area. Border detection is often the first step in this analysis.Methods: In this article, we present an approximate lesion localization method that serves as a preprocessing step for detecting borders in dermoscopy images. In this method, first the black frame around the image is removed using an iterative algorithm. The approximate location of the lesion is then determined using an ensemble of thresholding algorithms.Results: The method is tested on a set of 428 dermoscopy images. The localization error is quantified by a metric that uses dermatologist‐determined borders as the ground truth.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the method presented here achieves both fast and accurate localization of lesions in dermoscopy images.
Salivary levels of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA correlate with subgingival levels, not severity of periodontitis
Authors: Dawson III DR , Wang C , Danaher RJ , Lin Y , Kryscio RJ , Jacob RJ , Miller CS 
Published: June 2009

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine the presence and quantity of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the saliva of patients with periodontitis, and investigate the correlation between these factors.Methods:  Presence and amounts of viral DNA in saliva and subgingival plaque samples, from healthy and disease sites, of 65 adults diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were determined using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results:  Epstein‐Barr virus DNA was detected in saliva of 81.5% (53/65) of patients at a median concentration of 4325 copies ml−1. CMV DNA was detected in saliva of one individual (1.5%) at low copy number. Patients who had EBV in saliva were 10 times more likely to have EBV in subgingival plaque than patients lacking EBV in saliva (odds ratio = 10.1, 95% confidence interval = 2.6–39.5; P = 0.0009). EBV DNA burden in saliva positively correlated with the amounts detected in plaque and with amounts detected in increasing number of affected sites (P < 0.0001). EBV DNA presence and quantity in saliva did not correlate with increasing severity of disease as measured by periodontal indices.Conclusions:  Epstein‐Barr virus DNA presence and burden in saliva are associated with its presence and burden in subgingival plaque, but presence and burden in saliva does not correlate with periodontal disease severity.
Increased salivary lipid peroxidation in human subjects with oral lichen planus
Authors: Agha‐Hosseini F , Mirzaii‐Dizgah I , Mikaili S , Abdollahi M 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Background:  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease of unknown aetiology. Recently, increased oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation level, in the saliva of patients with OLP.Method:  Thirty patients with OLP (15 men, 15 women; mean age 44.0, SD ± 11.4 years) and 30 control subjects (16 men, 14 women; aged 23–67 years), matched for age and gender, were enrolled in this case and control study. This study was conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2007. The unstimulated whole saliva malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and TAC levels were assayed by thiobarbituric acid and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), respectively, in both groups.Results:  Mean levels of saliva MDA, but not TAC, in patients with OLP was significantly higher than those of the control group.Conclusion:  We conclude that OLP patients have more cellular lipid peroxidation than healthy subjects.
Molar furcation entrance and its relation to the width of curette blades used in periodontal mechanical therapy
Authors: Dos Santos KM , Pinto SCS , Pochapski MT , Wambier DS , Pilatti GL , Santos FA 
Published: June 2009

Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this research was to evaluate molar furcation entrances and the width of periodontal curette blades used in periodontal instrumentation.Materials and methods: One hundred extracted molars (50 upper and 50 lower) were analysed. The furcation entrances were measured using orthodontic wires of different predetermined diameters: 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 mm. McCall 17–18, Gracey 5–6 and Gracey 5–6 mini‐five curette blades were measured at their anterior (AT), middle (MT) and posterior (PT) thirds by a single trained investigator, through the use of a digital caliper.Results: The results showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) in relation to furcation entrances. The buccal upper molar furcations showed the narrowest dimensions. In relation to the blade diameter, significant differences among the instruments were found for their MT and PT (P < 0.0001), but not for the AT (P = 0.183). Significant differences were found among curette manufacturers. Nineteen per cent of evaluated furcations presented entrances <0.60 mm and 75% of the blades at their AT presented width >0.60 mm.Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that some molar furcation entrances could not be adequately instrumented with the tested curettes. The use of other hand instruments, such as periodontal files, rotating instruments and ultrasonic devices should be taken into consideration during periodontal therapy.
The influence of academic stress on gingival inflammation
Authors: Johannsen A , Bjurshammar N , Gustafsson A 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Objective:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of academic stress on periodontal health, in relation to inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and cortisol in saliva.Materials and methods:  The study included 20 healthy dental hygienists (females: mean age 29.3 ± 8.5 SD) and was conducted during a major exam period and 4 weeks later after the exams. A clinical examination was performed and GCF was collected from four sites in each subject on these two occasions. Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10 levels were determined using Luminex 100 and cortisol amounts by radioimmunoassay (RIA 125I). Students registered their perceived stress on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Significance of the findings was determined using paired t‐test, Wilcoxon‐matched pair and Spearman’s rank correlations.Results:  Students had higher amounts of dental plaque (P < 0.007) and gingival inflammation (P < 0.001) during the exam period compared with after the exams. The amounts of IL‐6 and IL‐10 in GCF were significantly increased during the time of examinations. The median level of cortisol in saliva was also significantly raised during the exam period compared with after the exams, 20.52 nmol/l (range: 11.91–27.34) and 16.41 nmol/l (range: 10.91–24.17) respectively, P < 001. The results from the VAS registration revealed a significant difference (P < 001) between the two occasions.Conclusion:  Academic stress appears to affect periodontal health, shown by more plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and increased amounts of IL‐6, IL‐10 in GCF and cortisol in saliva.
Oral health status and treatment needs among school children in Sana’a City, Yemen
Authors: Al‐Haddad KA , Al‐Hebshi NN , Al‐Ak’hali MS 
Published: June 2009

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00398.x Al‐Haddad KA, Al‐Hebshi NN, Al‐Ak’hali MS. Oral health status and treatment needs among school children in Sana’a City, Yemen.Abstract:  Data on the oral health status and treatment needs among Yemeni children are lacking.Objectives:  To assess caries prevalence, treatment needs and gingival health status among school children in Sana’a City and to examine how these are affected by age, gender and khat chewing.Methods:  1489 children (6‐ to 14‐year old) were randomly selected from 27 schools representing all nine districts of Sana’a City. Dental caries and treatment needs were evaluated using standard WHO oral survey methods. The plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI) and the gingival index (GI), recorded at the six Ramfjord’s teeth, were used to assess gingival health status.Results:  4.1% of the study subjects were caries‐free. Prevalence of these was significantly higher among the males. Overall, mean dmfs, dmft, DMFS and DMFT scores were 8.45, 4.16, 3.59 and 2.25 respectively. The decayed component accounted for >85% of the scores. The highest dmfs/dmft means were found among the 6–8 years age group, while the highest DMFS/DMFT means were scored by the 12–14 years age group. The need for restorative treatment and extractions was high; the former was significantly higher among the females. All subjects had gingivitis; the mean PI, CI and GI were 1.25, 0.3 and 1.36 respectively. Khat chewing did not affect caries experience; however, it was significantly associated with higher PI, CI and GI scores.Conclusions:  The prevalence of caries, gingivitis and treatment needs among children in Sana’a city is high. More surveys in other Yemeni cities to generate comprehensive data are required.
Could we obtain better estimates of plot species richness from multiple‐observer plant censuses?
Authors: Archaux Frédéric 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestion: Could we better estimate plot species richness by asking several botanists to survey the same plots and using non‐parametric estimators of richness?Location: Two French deciduous forests.Methods: Using replicated, independent censuses made by 11 professional botanists on the same eight 100‐m2 forest plots, the relative performance of different richness estimators (Lincoln‐Petersen, Jackknife 1&2, Chao 1&2, Bootstrap, Chao Mth, Darroch) and the variation in their performance with the number of botanists involved (teams with two to eight botanists) were investigated. The sensitivity of these estimators to the presence of misidentifications in the data was also assessed.Results: When misidentifications are removed, Chao Mth estimators converged fastest to true richness, but none of the tested estimators correctly accounted for differences in exhaustiveness between the teams. Finally, all estimators were highly sensitive to misidentifications.Conclusions: Richness estimators are of little help in the presence of misidentifications and are ineffective at removing between‐team discrepancies, thus strongly limiting their usefulness in practice. Methods are presented to show how surveys can be designed to remove misidentifications and limit between‐team discrepancies. A sensible sampling design for 100‐m2 plots in temperate forests would involve triplets of botanists and correcting data with the Chao N1. Pairs of botanists would already significantly improve the richness estimates, but such estimates would still be biased low. However, further research is needed to design new richness estimators that are more robust to observer effects.
Numerical reproduction of traditional classifications and automatic vegetation identification
Authors: De Cáceres Miquel , Font Xavier , Vicente Paloma , Oliva Francesc 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestions: Is it possible to develop an expert system to provide reliable automatic identifications of plant communities at the precision level of phytosociological associations? How can unreliable expert‐based knowledge be discarded before applying supervised classification methods?Material: We used 3677 relevés from Catalonia (Spain), belonging to eight orders of terrestrial vegetation. These relevés were classified by experts into 222 low‐level units (associations or sub‐associations).Methods: We reproduced low‐level, expert‐defined vegetation units as independent fuzzy clusters using the Possibilistic C‐means algorithm. Those relevés detected as transitional between vegetation types were excluded in order to maximize the number of units numerically reproduced. Cluster centroids were then considered static and used to perform supervised classifications of vegetation data. Finally, we evaluated the classifier's ability to correctly identify the unit of both typical (i.e. training) and transitional relevés.Results: Only 166 out of 222 (75%) of the original units could be numerically reproduced. Almost all the unrecognized units were sub‐associations. Among the original relevés, 61% were deemed transitional or untypical. Typical relevés were correctly identified 95% of the time, while the efficiency of the classifier for transitional data was only 64%. However, if the second classifier's choice was also considered, the rate of correct classification for transitional relevés was 80%.Conclusions: Our approach stresses the transitional nature of relevé data obtained from vegetation databases. Relevé selection is justified in order to adequately represent the vegetation concepts associated with expert‐defined units.
Landscapes and LiDAR: History Under the Greenwood Tree
Authors: Crow Peter 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Our woods and forests have been used by man from prehistoric to modern times. They have given timber for our ships and fuel for industry; they have been fenced for medieval deerparks; they camouflaged dumps and depots during World War Two. Traces of these and other activities remain—but they are usually hidden. Peter Crow explains how LiDAR helps archaeologists see through the trees and reveals the hidden landscapes of the past.
Ethnic Ghettos in Britain: A Fact or a Myth?
Authors: Simpson Ludi , Finney Nissa 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A common claim is that Britain's minorities live isolated “parallel lives” in inner cities that have become ethnic ghettos. Does the evidence confirm such dangerous lack of integration?Ludi Simpson and Nissa Finney find a basic misunderstanding about population change—a misunderstanding that makes changing the ethnic mix of neighbourhoods an unrealistic policy goal.
Is the Statistics Authority Another Factory Inspectorate?
Authors: Maclean Ian 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
It is a year since the Statistics Authority came into being. Official statistics are now supposed to be independent and on course to be trustworthy—and transformed to serve not just government but society as a whole. Has it all worked out? Ian Maclean of the Statistics Users Forum says a start has been made, but progress has been slower than hoped.
Eminent Victorians and Early Statistical Societies
Authors: Magnello Eileen 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Victorians who founded statistical societies had a passion for facts and a concern for the poor. They were a varied bunch: novelists, the inventor of the computer, a predictor of population catastrophe and a philosopher who had his own corpse preserved and put on public display. In the Royal Statistical Society's 175th anniversary year Eileen Magnello looks at the characters who helped to form it.
The absence of an identifiable single catalytic base residue in Thermobifida fusca exocellulase Cel6B
Authors: Vuong Thu V. , Wilson David B. 
Published: June 2009

Thermobifida fusca exocellulase Cel6B acts by an inverting hydrolysis mechanism; however, the catalytic acid and base residues for this enzyme have not been confirmed. Site‐directed mutagenesis and kinetic studies were used to show that Asp274 is the catalytic acid, which is consistent with what is found for other members of family‐6 glycoside hydrolases; however, a single catalytic base was not identified. Mutation of all putative catalytic base residues, within 6 Å of the −1/+1 glucose subsites, including the highly conserved Asp226, Asp497 and Glu495, as well as Ser232 and Tyr220, did not reveal a catalytic base, although these residues are all important for activity. We propose a novel hydrolysis mechanism for T. fusca Cel6B involving a proton‐transferring network to carry out the catalytic base function.