bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic control of acquired resistance toHeligmosomoides polygyrus:overcoming genetically determined weak responder status by strategic immunization with ivermectin-abbreviated infections
Authors: Wahid F.N. , Behnke J.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe induction of acquired resistance toH. polygyrus, following treatment of mice by a 6 day immunizing infection abbreviated with the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (6d I-AI), was investigated. Four worms were sufficient to elicit >80% protection against challenge and immunizing infections >50 worms generated >95% protection in female NIH mice. A few worms were recovered during the second week from immunized challenged mice but these were rapidly expelled from the gut lumen. Treatment with hydrocortisone from day 10 postinfection, permitted worm burdens to accumulate over the following 2 weeks. The 6d I-AI protocol enabled females of strains previously designated as weak responders to develop potent acquired resistance to challenge (CBA mice showed >90% protection), although weak responder strain male mice were not significantly protected. Delaying treatment with ivermectin by as little as 24 h resulted in poorer expression of acquired resistance. A positive correlation between the increasing interval from infection to treatment with ivermectin and worm burdens after challenge, and the negative correlation with IgGl antibody responses after challenge indicated that the immunodepressive activities of 7 day and older worms down-regulated local intestinal immune responses. Mice characterized by weak responder phenotype were significantly more sensitive to downregulation than mouse strains showing strong responder phenotype. In consequence, optimal timing of treatment with anthelmintics during exposure to the immunizing infection, intending to minimize exposure to the immunodepressive stages of the parasite, is sufficient to overcome reported genetic constraints on the development of resistance in this system.
Role of T cell subpopulations in mice infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Lee J.D. , Wang J.J. , Chang J.H. , Chung L.Y. , Chen E.R. , Yen C.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhen C57BL/6 mice were infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis, the percentage of T helper (CD4+) cells and T supressor (CD8+) cells in peripheral blood increased weekly until the third and seventh week respectively, and then gradually decreased. C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD4+and CD8+T cells byin vivoinjection of anti-CD4and anti-CD8monoclonal antibodies, respectively, and then infected withA. cantonensis. There were significantly more and less worms recovered in the mice depleted of CD4+and CD8+T cells respectively than in undepleted mice. Discrete subpopulations of T cells from mice exposed toA. cantonensisfor 3 weeks or 7 weeks were adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients which were then given a challenge infection. Protection was mediated by a CD4+T cell population present in mice after 3 weeks of infection but was not demonstrable with cells taken 7 weeks after infection. When CD4+T cells obtained from 3-week infected mice were mixed with 5% CD8+T cells obtained from mice infected for 7 weeks, no significant transfer of resistance was observed. Thus, immune responses toA. cantonensisin mice were regulated by discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes.
Human infection with Dirofilaria repens in Malaysia
Authors: Shekhar K.C. , Pathmanathan R. , Krishnan R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHuman dirofilariasis is a rare infection in Malaysia. Thus far, only two human cases have been reported viz. Dirofilaria immitis and D. (Nochtiella) repens and in both instances, adult worms were recovered from infected patients. The two cases reported in the present study, one from Melaka and the other from Penang, were diagnosed histologically. Based on the diagnostic criteria for identifying Dirofilaria in tissue sections, the parasites were identified as D. (Nochtiella) repens.
Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects
Authors: Southgate V.R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEcological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mali on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.
Development ofNeostrongylus linearisinCernuella (Cernuella) virgataexperimentally infected and maintained in the subhumid climate of Galicia in northwest Spain
Authors: López C. , Panadero R. , Díez P. , Morrondo P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwelve batches of the molluscCernuella (Cernuella) virgata(Mollusca: Helicidae) were deposited monthly directly on faeces containing first-stage larvae ofNeostrongylus linearis, so that they were naturally infected. Every two weeks the molluscs were examined to study the larval development ofN. linearis. No correlation was found between the number of first-stage larvae ofN. linearison the faeces and the number of total larvae and third-stage larvae which developed in the snails. However, a negative correlation was found between temperature and the days needed to reach the different larval stages. Thus, the molluscs harboured third-stage larvae from mid-spring to mid-autumn, the period of time which carries the greatest risk of infection for the definitive hosts.
Quantitative characterization of texture used for identification of eggs of bovine parasitic nematodes
Authors: Sommer C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the use of texture, i.e. the grey level variation in digital images, as a basis for identification of strongylid eggs. Texture features were defined by algorithms applied to digital images of eggs from the bovine parasitic nematodes, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, and Oesophagostotnum radiatum. The resulting data served to establish classification criteria by linear discrimination analysis, and the criteria were subsequently evaluated by crossvalidations. From 25 texture features, ten features were selected by their significant discriminatory powers. Using a classification criterion based on these ten texture features, an average of 91.2% of eggs from the three species were correctly classified. All O. radiatum eggs were correctly classified, 11.8% of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora were reciprocally misclassified, and 2.9% of O. ostertagi were identified as O. radiatum. When the ten texture features were used singly an average of 51.2 to 37.9% of the species could be classified correctly. When texture was used together with the shape and size features, a higher percentage of eggs were correctly classified compared with the classification based on either texture, or shape and size. Hence, all O. radiatum were correctly classified as well as 88.3% of O. ostertagi and 91.2% of C. oncophora, resulting in an average of 93.1% correctly classified eggs. The rapid and accurate measurements of texture features may serve as a basis for identification or enhance performance of classification criteria based on egg shape/size.
An erratic parasitism found in the lungs of sheep during experimental infection with Fasciola gigantica (Japanese strain)
Authors: Yoshihara S. , Hung N.H. , Hung N.P. , Goto N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn erratic parasitism was observed in the lungs of sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica at autopsy 14 weeks after inoculation. Macro-scopically, several hyperaemia of 7.5–12.5 mm in diameter were found on the surface of the lungs. Juvenile flukes detected in the lungs were much smaller than those in the liver of the same sheep. A slight inflammatory reaction was observed in the lungs and it is likely that the flukes had migrated in the pleural cavity for some time. Occasionally, a mixed thrombus with many eosinophils was found in the blood vessels adjacent to the bronchia, although no cough was observed clinically. This suggests that diagnosis of juvenile fluke is difficult not only by parasitological but also serological methods.
Plagiorchis muris: recovery, growth and development in albino rats
Authors: Hong S.J. , Ahn J.H. , Woo H.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMetacercariae of Plagiorchis muris, obtained from naturally infected dragonflies, Sympetrum eroticum, successfully established in 4-week-old albino rats up to 14 days post-infection (p.i.) but by day 28 p.i. the recovery rate had significantly decreased. The genital primordia in excysted metacercariae were differentiated into those of metraterm, Mehlis' gland, ovary and cirrus pouch, with the primordial testes appearing on day 1 p.i. The vitellaria and eggs in the uterus were present in flukes on days 2 and 4 p.i., respectively. Mature flukes were established in the lower part of the small intestine on day 5 p.i., with the peak of egg production occurring on day 14 p.i. Growth of the flukes continued up to day 28 p.i.
Morphological variability inFasciola hepaticaeggs in ruminants, rodents and lagomorphs
Authors: Abrous M. , Comes A.M. , Gasnier N. , Rondelaud D. , Dreyfuss G. , Chauvin A. , Ménard A. , Agoulon A. , Cabaret J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe length and width of 1297Fasciola hepaticaeggs shed in cattle hosts, 337 in sheep and 199 in nutria, were measured from several parts of France. The data were compared with those obtained from other studies in Spain, France (where rats were also investigated), Germany and the Netherlands. One way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to assess differences between host origins. The distribution of length and width of eggs were analysed using skewness and kurtosis Fisher coefficients. The eggs recovered from sheep, cattle, rodents and lagomorphs were different in size: the eggs found in rodents (length L × width W in μm: 8592) and lagomorphs (L × W in μm: 9100) were smaller than those found in sheep and cattle (L×W in μm: 10,000). These morphological differences inF. hepaticaeggs were host-induced in rats (L×W in μm: 9709 in cattle to 8949 in rats) and rabbits (L×W in μm: 9709 in cattle to 8432 in rabbits). These differences in size of eggs might correspond to their being less able to develop into miracidia in less frequent hosts such as rodents and rabbits.
Biological control of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in ovine faeces by administering an oral suspension of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores to sheep
Authors: Mendoza de Gives P. , Flores Crespo J. , Herrera Rodriguez D. , Vazquez Prats V. , Liebano Hernandez E. , Ontiveros Fernandez G.E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA single oral dose of an aqueous suspension containing 11,350,000 chlamydospores of a Mexican isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans (FTHO-8) given to sheep, resulted in a maximum reduction of 88% (range 86.7–90.4%) of the population of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in the faeces. The effect of this treatment continued for 4–5 days after administration of the suspension. The possible use of this treatment as a method of control of ovine haemonchosis is discussed.
On Three New Species ofOpistholebes(Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929) from the Globe fish,Tetraodon viridipunctatus(Gunther) from India
Authors: Gupta Amar Nath 
Published: June 2009

Three new species of the genusOpistholebes(Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929) are described from the small intestine of the globefish,Tetraodon viridipunctatus(Gunther) in India.A key to the species of the genusOpistholebesNicoll, 1915 is given.
Cephalic and Pharyngeal Structures in Microfilariae Revealed by Staining
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Simpson M. G. 
Published: June 2009

(1) Staining methods using paraldehyde-fuchsin, chrome-haematoxylin, and alcian blue or astra blue following oxidation, have demonstrated the shape of the hook and other structures on the cephalic space of microfilariae. These structures are described for three species of the genus Brugia, B. malayi, B. pahangi and B. patei, and are compared with the related structures found in the genera Wuchereria, Loa, Cardiofilaria, Onchocerca, Mansonella, Dipetalonema and Litomosoides.(2) In Brugia the hook of the microfilaria is V-shaped and is supported basally by a pair of transverse basal pieces which are closely associated with an oral ring. Similar structures are found in the microfilariae of Wuchereria and Loa except that in Loa the hook is supported below by a semi-circular arch. In Brugia there is a row of three spines transversely on the cephalic space opposite the hook complex, the spines being markedly shorter in B. patei than in the other two species; in Wuchereria there is a single transverse row of four spines, and in Loa there are two or three transverse rows of spines, No spines arranged opposite the hook complex were observed in the other genera. The hook and associated structures in Cardiofilaria are similar in arrangement to those of Loa, and the small structures in Mansonella can possibly be derived from a similar arrangement. In Onchocerca the hook has the appearance of a broad plate and in Dipetalonema perstans part of the surface of the cephalic space appears to be involved with the small pointed “hook”. In Litomosoides the tip of the cephalic space is covered by a helmet-like structure carrying a pointed beak-like projection.(3) It is suggested, from their staining reactions, that the cephalic structures of microfilariae are particularly rich in disulphide bonds, suggesting the presence of cystine.(4) The staining methods also demonstrate an internal thread of tissue in microfilariae which extends in Brugia from the tip of the cephalic space back to the innen korper. A similar thread is present in the microfilaria of Wuchereria, Loa, Cardiofilaria and Mansonella but was not observed in the other genera, although a short thread of tissue was stained in the cephalic space in Onchocerca and Litomosoides. In Brugia, the buccal capsule, the pharynx and the pharyngo-intestinal valve develop around the pharyngeal thread of the microfilaria. The extreme end of the thread, around which the pharyngo-intestinal valve develops, differs in its staining reactions from the rest of the thread.(5) The staining reactions of the pharyngeal thread in the microfilaria of Brugia show resemblances to those of “elastic” fibres in other invertebrates and oxytalan fibres of vertebrates. The pharyngeal thread appears to contain an acid mucopolysaccharide component.(6) The possible functions of the cephalic and pharyngeal structures in the microfilariae are discussed briefly.(7) A staining routine for demonstrating the structures described in this paper is given in an appendix.
Some Observations on the Nematode Hexatylus viviparus Goodey, 1926
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: June 2009

Hexatylus viviparus, a spear-bearing nematode superficially resembling Aiiguillulina dipsaci, was originally described by the writer (1926) from a diseased potato tuber. In a second note published the same year (1926a), further details of its structure were given; the organisms in this case being obtained from a gladiolus corm affected with an internal soft rot.Since the appearance of these papers the writer has encountered this species on several occasions both in potato tubers and gladiolus corms. The receipt of a gladiolus corm in February, 1937, the brown rotten centre of which contained numerous specimens of the worm, provided further material for detailed observations on the structure of the worms. Some of the decayed central tissues of the corm also served as an inoculum for the cultivation of the nematode, along with a fungus, on slope cultures of a malt extract agar. Subcultures from the original slopes have been made from time to time and on these the worms have been successfully maintained for more than twelve months.
Further Observations on the Morphology of Heterodera schachtii, with Remarks on the Bionomics of a strain attacking Mangolds in Britain
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J. 
Published: June 2009

In a previous publication the morphological characters of a strain of H. schachtii specialised on the potato in Lincolnshire were discussed. The size and shape of the brown cysts, size of the eggs and first stage larvæ and the general characters of the adult males of this strain were compared with those of a strain attacking potatoes in Rostock, Mecklenburg, for which the specific name H. rostochiensis was suggested by Wollenweber 1923.Considerable dimensional variations were found to exist in the Lincolnshire strain, and a study of the literature on the morphological characters of H. schachtii specialised on sugar-beet and oats, showed equally wide divergencies between the findings of different workers. A certain amount of preserved material of infected roots of beet and oats being available to the writer, as many developmental stages as possible were extracted from these, on which similar morphological studies were carried out. Thus a fairly complete comparative survey of H. schachtii specialised on beet, oats and potatoes was completed, and the morphological variations between the strains were found to be insufficient to justify the separation of the strain specialised on potato from those on beet and oats. The name H. rostochicnsis was, therefore, deemed a synonym for H. schachtii.
On the Possibility of Panagrellus silusiae Parasitizing the Mouse under Experimental Conditions.
Authors: Lees E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Panagrellus silusiae was cultured in various media to determine the possibility of establishing it as a facultative parasite in the mammalian body. It was found to tolerate pH values of its environment between 1.0–8.5.2. It survived for 24 hours in gastric juice but was rapidly killed by pancreatic juice. In both preparations larval mortality was higher than that of adults.3. P. silusiae withstood environmental temperatures up to 87°C. At 40°C. death did not occur within 24 hours.4. P. silusiae could survive without oxygen for at least 24 hours provided that the carbon-dioxide produced by its own respiration was not allowed to accumulate.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds I.—Trematoda
Authors: Mettrick D. F. 
Published: June 2009

Re-descriptions are given of the following species :—1.Lyperosomum longicauda(Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899.2.Lutztrema monenteron(Price and Mclntosh, 1935) Travassos, 1941.3.Dicrocoelioides petiolatum(Railliet, 1900) Dollfus, 1954.4.Brachylaemus fuscatus(Rudolphi, 1819) var.nicolli(Witenberg 1925).Previous host records for these trematodes are given.A list is given of the host records made during the survey.
On a New Cestode,Anthobothrium taeniurin.sp., (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the Relationship betweenAnthobothriumvan Beneden, 1850,RhodobothriumLinton, 1889 andInermiphyllidiumRiser, 1955
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new species,Anthobothrium taeniurin.sp., has been described from the spiral intestine of the sting ray,Taeniura lymmafrom the Red Sea and compared with related species.2. The two generaRhodobothriumLinton, 1889 andInermipyllidiumRiser, 1955 are considered to be synonyms ofAnthobothriumvan. Beneden, 1850.
The Extent to which Self-Augmentation of Nematode Parasitism Occurs in Lambs
Authors: Tetley J. H. 
Published: June 2009

Sheep reared worm free were used as indicators of the availability of sheep nematode infective larvae during the summer on pasture grazed by ordinary flock ewes and their lambs.Data were collected in terms of worms found in the test sheep at post mortem examination after periods of three weeks' exposure in the field.
On a New Nematode, Nilonema gvmnarchi gen. et sp. nov., (Dracunculidae), from a Freshwater Fish in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil L. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. The females of a new nematode Nilonema gymnarchi gen. et sp. nov. are described from the lung-like air bladder of the Nile fish Gymnarchus niloticus in the Sudan.2. Nilonema gymnarchi is made the genotype of a new genus Nilonema on the basis of the presence and position of cone-like cuticular protuberances.
The Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium in Trout, with Special Reference to an Outbreak in the West of England
Authors: Fraser Phyllis G. 
Published: June 2009

(1) The occurrence of outbreaks of Diphyllobothrium in trout and related forms is reviewed.(2) A survey of the occurrence of Diphyllobothrium in Great Britain has been made. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium have been found in approximately half of the areas from which trout have been examined. Three species of Diphyllobothrium at least have been found to infect trout and related species of freshwater fish in this country.
On Polystoma prudhoei sp. nov. (Trematoda: Monogenea) from Rana (Ptychadena) oxyrhynchus in the Cameroons
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

The material of this study consists of three monogenetic trematodes which were collected in mid August, I960 from the urinary bladder of Rana (Ptychadena) oxyrhynchus caught in Kumba, the Cameroons (West Africa). Mr. F. R. N. Pester, F.I.S.T., of the Department of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine kindly forwarded the material to the writer for identification.The specimens are all identical, belonging to a new species of the genus Polystoma Zeder, 1800 which is described herein as Polystoma Prudhoei sp. nov. in honour of Mr. S. Prudhoe of the Department of Zoology, the British Museum (Natural History) for his unfailing help and advice.