bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on the concentration-compactness principle for generalized Moser-Trudinger inequalities
Authors: Černý Robert 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Let Ω ⊂ ℝn, n ≥ 2, be a bounded domain and let α < n − 1. Motivated by Theorem I.6 and Remark I.18 of [Lions P.-L., The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The limit case. I, Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana, 1985, 1(1), 145–201] and by the results of [Černý R., Cianchi A., Hencl S., Concentration-Compactness Principle for Moser-Trudinger inequalities: new results and proofs, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (in press), DOI: 10.1007/s10231-011-0220-3], we give a sharp estimate of the exponent concerning the Concentration-Compactness Principle for the embedding of the Orlicz-Sobolev space W
01
L
n logα
L(Ω) into the Orlicz space corresponding to a Young function that behaves like exp t
n/(n−1−α) for large t. We also give the result for the case of the embedding into double and other multiple exponential spaces.
Necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis caused by anorexic syndrome — a case report
Authors: Pejčić Tatjana , Stanković Ivana , Djordjević Ivanka , Pavlović Dušica , Petković Tatjana , Stoimenov Tatjana , Borovac Desa 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The patient presented is a 44-year-old female treated for cavitary changes in the lung apexes. Due to suspected tuberculosis, treatment began with anti-tuberculosis (AT) drugs, despite negative sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli. During hospitalization, the patient was febrile (up to 38°C), hypotensive, extremely cachectic (32 kg), had a dry cough, increased nitrogen products, hypokalemia and anemia. Because of poor response to the applied AT therapy, bronchoscopic tests were repeated and spores of aspergillus fungus were discovered in the pathohistological findings of transbronchial lung biopsy. The appropriate treatment with amphotericin B and voriconazole was initiated. A psychiatric opinion was requested because we suspected that the patient suffered from the anorexic syndrome (anorexia nervosa). This diagnosis was confirmed by a psychiatrist; her psychiatric treatment began simultaneously with the treatment in our facility. Anorexia was the cause of the cachexia, immunodeficiency and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The disorder was not recognized before the manifestation of the somatic disorder. There is little data in the available literature on the association between these two diseases.
Microendoscopic stereotactic-guided percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal nucleotractotomy
Authors: Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , de Almeida Fabrício Freitas , de Oliveira Ywzhe Sifuentes Almeida , Fonoff Erich Talamoni 
Published: October 2011

Object
Over the past few decades, various authors have performed open or stereotactic trigeminal nucleotractotomy for the treatment of neuropathic facial pain resistant to medical treatment. Stereotactic procedures can be performed percutaneously under local anesthesia, allowing intraoperative neurological examination as a method for target refinement. However, blind percutaneous procedures in the region of the atlantooccipital transition carry a considerably high risk of vascular injuries that may bring prohibitive neurological deficit or even death. To avoid such complications, the authors present the first clinical use of microendoscopy to assist percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal nucleotractotomy. The aim of this article is to demonstrate intradural microendoscopic visualization of the medulla oblongata through an atlantooccipital percutaneous approach.

Methods
The authors present a case of severe postherpetic facial neuralgia in a patient who underwent the procedure and had satisfactory results. Stereotactic computational image planning for targeting the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus in the posterolateral medulla was performed, allowing for an accurate percutaneous approach. Immediately before radiofrequency electrode insertion, a fine endoscope was introduced to visualize the structures in the cisterna magna.

Results
Microendoscopic visualization offered clear identification of the pial surface of the medulla oblongata and its blood vessels, the arachnoid membrane, cranial nerve rootlets and their entry zone, and larger vessels such as the vertebral arteries and the branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

Conclusions
The initial application of this technique suggests that percutaneous microendoscopy may be useful for particular manipulation of the medulla oblongata, increasing the safety of the procedure and likely improving its effectiveness.
Awareness of HIV/AIDS among rural youth in India: A community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Yadav Sudha B , Makwana Naresh R , Vadera Bhavin N , Dhaduk Kishor M , Gandha Kapil M 
Published: October 2011

Introduction: More than one third of reported cases of HIV/AIDS in India are among youth and 60 percent of these reside in rural areas. Assessment of the awareness of HIV/AIDS in the youth is important for determining the impact of previous and current awareness programs as well as the need for interventions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of rural youth regarding HIV/AIDS and to explore the epidemiological determinants of awareness among them. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among youths aged 15-24 years in rural areas of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India. A cluster sampling design was used, surveying 50 subjects from each of 30 clusters. Data was collected through house-to-house visits using a semi-structured questionnaire. Proportions and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Out of a total of 1,237 subjects who participated in survey, 60% knew something about HIV. Of those who had heard of HIV, more than 90% subjects knew the modes of transmission and more than 80% were aware of modes of prevention of HIV/AIDS. One fifth of the subjects had misconceptions in relation to HIV/AIDS. On applying multiple logistic regression, age, education, occupation, and mass media exposure were found to be the major determinants of their knowledge with regard to HIV/AIDS. Conclusions: Basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS is still lacking in two fifths of the rural youth. Literacy and media exposure are factors that determine awareness of HIV among them and can be helpful to raise their knowledge regarding this scourge.
Outbreak of Cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo and the global picture
Authors: Kelvin Alyson Ann 
Published: October 2011

Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by infection of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Often manifested as a constant diarrhoeal disease, Cholera is associated with significant mortality as well as economic loss due to the strain on health care. Cholera often affects nations with lower economic status. The recent outbreak of cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo has affected thousands of people. Here we review the past cholera epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of the bacterium, and the political and environmental aspects that affect the treatment and eradication of this disease.
Acardia: Epidemiologic findings and literature review from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research
Authors: Botto Lorenzo D. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Amar Emmanuelle , Carey John C. , Castilla Eduardo E. , Clementi Maurizio , Cocchi Guido , de Walle Hermien E.K. , Halliday Jane , Leoncini Emanuele , Li Zhu , Lowry R. Brian , Marengo Lisa K. , Martínez‐Frías María‐Luisa , Merlob Paul , Morgan Margery , Muñoz Leonora Luna , Rissmann Anke , Ritvanen Annukka , Scarano Gioacchino , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAcardia is a severe, complex malformation of monozygotic twinning, but beyond clinical case series, very few epidemiologic data are available. The goals of this study were to assess the epidemiologic characteristics of acardia from birth defect registries in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (Clearinghouse), and compare these findings to current literature. The study included 17 surveillance programs of the Clearinghouse representing 23 countries from North and South America, Europe, China, and Australia. Anonymized individual records with clinical and demographic data were reviewed centrally by clinical geneticists. A literature search was performed. A total of 164 cases of acardia were reported from an underlying cohort of 21.2 million births. Of these, 23% were elective pregnancy terminations. Rates did not vary significantly by maternal age. For many cases, information on pregnancy exposures and genetic testing was missing. However, these limited data did not suggest high rates of chronic illnesses (diabetes, seizure disorders) or lifestyle factors such as smoking. One case had trisomy 13. Major malformations were reported in 2.4% of co‐twins. With some basic assumptions, the total prevalence of acardia was estimated at 1 in 50,000–70,000 births, and 1 in 200–280 monozygotic twins. In summary, acardia is a dramatic, probably underreported, and incompletely understood malformation. Studies on its epidemiology and etiology are challenging and still rare. An international collaboration of epidemiologists, clinicians, and geneticists is necessary to understand the etiology, pathogenesis, and occurrence of this severe malformation complex. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferring origin–destination trip matrices from aggregate volumes on groups of links: a case study using volumes inferred from mobile phone data
Authors: Caceres Noelia , Romero Luis M. , Benitez Francisco G. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe origin–destination matrix is an important source of information describing transport demand in a region. Most commonly used methods for matrix estimation use link volumes collected on a subset of links in order to update an existing matrix. Traditional volume data collection methods have significant shortcomings because of the high costs involved and the fact that detectors only provide status information at specified locations in the network. Better matrix estimates can be obtained when information is available about the overall distribution of traffic through time and space. Other existing technologies are not used in matrix estimation methods because they collect volume data aggregated on groups of links, rather than on single links. That is the case of mobile systems. Mobile phones sometimes cannot provide location accuracy for estimating flows on single links but do so on groups of links; in contrast, data can be acquired over a wider coverage without additional costs. This paper presents a methodology adapted to the concept of volume aggregated on groups of links in order to use any available volume data source in traditional matrix estimation methodologies. To calculate volume data, we have used a model that has had promising results in transforming phone call data into traffic movement data. The proposed methodology using vehicle volumes obtained by such a model is applied over a large real network as a case study. The experimental results reveal the efficiency and consistency of the solution proposed, making the alternative attractive for practical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioprocessing of bacteriophages via rapid drying onto microcrystals
Authors: Alvarez‐Gonzalez Eva , Alfadhel Munerah , Mane Parag , Ford Steven J. , Moore Barry D. , van der Walle Christopher F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe present an alternative bioprocess for bacteriophages involving room temperature coprecipitation of an aqueous mixture of phage (Siphoviridae) and a crystallizable carrier (glutamine or glycine) in excess of water miscible organic solvent (isopropanol or isobutanol). The resultant suspension of phage‐coated microcrystals can be harvested by filtration and the residual solvent removed rapidly by air‐drying at a relative humidity of 75%. Albumin or trehalose added at 5% w/w of the crystalline carrier provide for better stabilization of the phage during co‐precipitation. Free‐flowing dry powders generated from an aqueous solution of phage (∼13 log10 pfu/mL) can be reconstituted in the same aqueous volume to a phage titer of almost 10 log10 pfu/mL; high enough to permit subsequent formulation steps following bioprocessing. The phage‐coated microcrystals remain partially stable at room temperature for at least one month, which compares favorably with phage immobilized into polyester microcarriers or lyophilized with excipient (1–5% polyethylene glycol 6000 or 0.1–0.5 M sucrose). We anticipate that this bioprocessing technique will have application to other phage families as required for the development of phage therapies. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
The Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkynes—1,2‐Dione Formation Versus Oxidative Cleavage—A Matter of Temperature
Authors: Enthaler Stephan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe iron‐catalyzed oxidation of a variety of alkynes with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant was examined in detail. Various reaction parameters were investigated in the oxidation of diphenyl acetylene. The best catalytic performance was observed for a combination of FeCl3 with 4‐dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) as the ligand, yielding various 1,2‐diones in excellent yields and selectivities at room temperature. Moreover, by subsequently increasing the reaction temperature to 60 °C, a selective oxidative cleavage was observed, resulting in carboxylic acid derivatives.
Noble Metal‐Modified Porous Titania Networks and their Application as Photocatalysts
Authors: Wang Xingdong , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Mitchell David R. G. , Prince Kathryn , Caruso Rachel A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of titania materials, which suffer from high percentages of photon‐induced electron and hole pair recombination, noble metal (Pd, Au, Ag, and Pt) modified porous titania materials were prepared. A modified deposition precipitation technique was used to deposit the metal onto a porous TiO2 support preformed using an agarose gel templating technique coupled with sol‐gel chemistry. The final composites were characterized by use of SEM–EDX, TEM, XRD, diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, zeta potential, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was investigated by monitoring changes in methylene blue concentration under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity was enhanced significantly, relative to the pure titania support, by Pd (63 %) and Au (31–37 %), and slightly by Ag (24 %) and Pt (12 %) at the respective optimum metal deposition amount. A uniform distribution of metal in the TiO2 network, the metallic form of the noble metal, and an increased organic pollutant adsorption contributed positively to the photocatalytic activity of the final materials.
Enantiopure Triazolium Salts: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Applications in Organocatalysis
Authors: Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , Porcar Raúl , Busto Eduardo , Alfonso Ignacio , Montejo‐Bernardo Jose , García‐Granda Santiago , Gotor Vicente , Luis Santiago V. , García‐Verdugo Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel family of triazolium salt enantiomers has been efficiently synthesized by combining chemical and biocatalytic methods. The stereoselective action shown by hydrolytic enzymes led to the design of simple and general chemoenzymatic routes in which tunable vectors, such as ring size, substituent stereochemistry, oxygen substitution, anion nature, or N4‐triazole alkylating chain, were considered to produce 30 enantiopure triazolium salts in very high overall yields. Finally, selected triazolium salts were tested as phase‐transfer catalysts in the asymmetric Michael addition of diethyl malonate to trans‐chalcone to rationalize their activity and stereopreference. Low to complete conversion values were achieved in the formation of the Michael addition adduct, which mainly gave low levels of stereoselectivity depending on the different structural patterns considered in this systematic study.
The Catalytic Amination of Alcohols
Authors: Bähn Sebastian , Imm Sebastian , Neubert Lorenz , Zhang Min , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this Minireview, the synthesis of amines by the amination of alcohols, by means of the so‐called borrowing hydrogen methodology, is presented. Compared to other synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of amines, these transformations are highly attractive because often alcohols are readily available starting materials, some of them on a large scale from renewable sources. In addition, the amination of alcohols produces water as the only by‐product, which makes the process potentially environmentally benign. Already today, lower alkyl amines are produced in bulk by the chemical industry with this synthetic method. In particular, the recent progress applying organometallic catalysts based on iridium, ruthenium, and other metals will be discussed. Notable recent achievements include the conversion of challenging substrates such as diols, the development of recyclable catalysts, milder reaction temperatures, and the direct alkylation of ammonia or its equivalents with alcohols.
Control of the Interface Between Electron‐Hole and Electron‐Ion Plasmas: Hybrid Semiconductor‐Gas Phase Devices as a Gateway for Plasma Science
Authors: Tchertchian P. A. , Wagner C. J. , Houlahan T. J. , Li B. , Sievers D. J. , Eden J. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCoupling electron‐hole (e–‐ h+) and electron‐ion plasmas across a narrow potential barrier with a strong electric field provides an interface between the two plasma genres and a pathway to electronic and photonic device functionality. The magnitude of the electric field present in the sheath of a low temperature, nonequilibrium microplasma is sufficient to influence the band structure of a semiconductor region in immediate proximity to the solid‐gas phase interface. Optoelectronic devices demonstrated by leveraging this interaction are described here. A hybrid microplasma/semiconductor photodetector, having a Si cathode in the form of an inverted square pyramid encompassing a neon microplasma, exhibits a photosensitivity in the ∼420–1100 nm region as high as 3.5 A/W. Direct tunneling of electrons into the collector and the Auger neutralization of ions arriving at the Si surface appear to be facilitated by an n ‐type inversion layer at the cathode surface resulting from bandbending by the microplasma sheath electric field. Recently, an npn plasma bipolar junction transistor (PBJT), in which a low temperature plasma serves as the collector in an otherwise Si device, has also been demonstrated. Having a measured small signal current gain hfe as large as 10, this phototransistor is capable of modulat‐ing and extinguishing the collector plasma with emitter‐base bias voltages <1 V. Electrons injected into the base when the emitter‐base junction is forward‐biased serve primarily to replace conduction band electrons lost to the collector plasma by secondary emission and ion‐enhanced field emission in which ions arriving at the base‐collector junction deform the electrostatic potential near the base surface, narrowing the potential barrier and thereby facilitating the tunneling of electrons into the collector. Of greatest significance, therefore, are the implications of active, plasma/solid state interfaces as a new frontier for plasma science. Specifically, the PBJT provides the first opportunity to control the electronic properties of a material at the boundary of, and interacting with, a plasma. By specifying the relative number densities of free (conduction band) and bound (valence band) electrons at the base‐collector interface, the PBJT's emitter‐base junction is able to dictate the rates of secondary electron emission (including Auger neutralization) at the semiconductor‐plasma interface, thereby offering the ability to vary at will the effective secondary electron emission coefficient for the base surface (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formulating functional foods with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe development of functional foods and supplements containing bioactive lipids, such as esters of long‐chain PUFA (LC‐PUFA), is very challenging. Although the requirements and nutritional value of LC‐PUFA are widely recognized, their physical and chemical characteristics are limiting the choice of product applications, packaging materials, processing, and shelf‐life conditions. In this issue of the European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, Borhaug et al. report a new technology to produce water soluble concentrate of LC‐PUFA. Opportunities and challenges for this new generation of ingredients are discussed in the present commentary.See accompanying article by Borhaug et al. on pages 1235–1242
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Hagen's Gland Lactones
Authors: Gharpure Santosh J. , Nanda Laxmi Narayan , Shukla Manoj Kumar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEnantioselective synthesis of Hagen's gland lactone is described. The enantiomerically enriched diol was prepared by organocatalytic α‐oxidation of the aldehyde. The other key reactions involved a highly diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation of vinylogous carbonates to furnish donor–acceptor‐substituted cyclopropanes and their ring opening and iodolactonization followed by reduction.
Picomole Level Determination of Cholesterol by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection Using Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode after Performance Assessment Based on the FUMI Theory
Authors: Kotani Akira , Hakamata Hideki , Nakayama Nobuyuki , Kusu Fumiyo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor the performance assessment of an electrochemical flow cell using a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode in high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC‐ECD) to determine cholesterol, the standard deviation (SD) of area measurements in chromatographic baseline noise (AMCBN) was evaluated based on the function of mutual information (FUMI) theory without repetitive chromatographic measurements. After the selection of suitable components for the electrochemical flow cell in HPLC‐ECD, the detection limit of cholesterol was 0.04 pmol at a detection potential of +2.2 V vs. an Ag/AgCl electrode. The present HPLC‐ECD was applied to determine cholesterol in various meats.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Poly(2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol) with MWCNTs
Authors: Corrêa Cátia Crispilho , Santhiago Murilo , de Carvalho Castro e Silva Cecília , Barboza Formiga André Luiz , Kubota Lauro Tatsuo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe present work describes a simple grafting of poly‐2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by in situ free radical polymerization. The synthesis was performed using mild conditions and the product (MWCNTs/pMVP) was stable for at least 6 months. Also, the dispersion of the MWCNTs/pMVP in dimethylformamide remained homogeneously distributed for up to 2 days, facilitating the modification of glassy carbon electrode. After an in situ activation process, the stable redox couple was formed (catechol/quinone) being able to electrocatalyze NADH oxidation at low overpotential with a high rate constant (kobs).