bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccines Are Not Associated With Metabolic Events in Children With Urea Cycle Disorders
Authors: Morgan Thomas M. , Schlegel Cameron , Edwards Kathryn M. , Welch-Burke Teresa , Zhu Yuwei , Sparks Robert , Summar Marshall ,   the Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:
Despite the success of childhood immunizations in prevention of infectious diseases, questions remain about the safety of vaccines in medically fragile children with inborn errors of metabolism such as urea cycle disorders (UCDs). Patients with UCDs are subject to hyperammonemic episodes (HAEs) after infection, fever, or other stressors.

OBJECTIVE:
We sought to assess the risk of HAEs that required urgent care or hospitalization after routine vaccinations in pediatric patients with underlying UCDs.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective investigation of vaccine safety in children with UCDs within the longitudinal Rare Diseases Clinical Research Consortium for UCD. Postvaccination exposure periods were defined as 7 or 21 days after any immunization. The association of vaccines and HAEs was modeled by using conditional Poisson regression, adjusting for age, and using a self-controlled case series method including all patients with ≥1 HAE and with any vaccine exposure.

RESULTS:
The study enrolled 169 children younger than 18 years. Of these children, 74 had records of at least 1 HAE and at least 1 vaccination. With adjustment for age, there was no increase in relative incidence of HAEs in either the 7-day (1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80–2.13]) or 21-day (1.05 [95% CI: 0.74–1.47]) exposure period after vaccination compared with HAEs outside of the vaccination periods. No vaccine type was associated with significantly more HAEs.

CONCLUSIONS:
We found no statistically significant association between childhood immunizations and HAEs in children with UCDs. The results support the safety of immunization in this medically vulnerable population.
Interobserver Agreement in the Assessment of Clinical Findings in Children With First Unprovoked Seizures
Authors: Dayan Peter S. , Lillis Kathleen , Bennett Jonathan , Conners Gregory , Bailey Pam , Callahan James , Akman Cidgem , Feldstein Neil , Hauser W. Allen , Kuppermann Nathan ,   the Pediatric Emergency Department Northeast Team of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVES:
Variables used in prediction rules and clinical guidelines should show acceptable agreement when assessed by different observers. Our objective was to determine the interobserver agreement of patient history and physical examination variables used to assess children undergoing emergency department (ED) evaluation for a first seizure not provoked by a known precipitant such as fever or trauma (ie, an unprovoked seizure).

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective cohort study of children aged 28 days to 18 years evaluated for unprovoked seizures at 6 tertiary care EDs. We excluded patients if previously evaluated for a similar event. Two clinicians independently completed a clinical assessment before neuroimaging. We determined agreement for each clinical variable by using the unweighted κ statistic.

RESULTS:
A total of 217 paired observations were analyzed; median patient age was 53.5 months, and 38% were younger than 2 years. Agreement beyond chance was at least moderate (κ ≥ 0.41) for 21 of 31 (68%) variables for which κ could be calculated. κ was ≥0.41 for 7 of 11 (64%) general history variables, all 8 seizure-specific history variables (including seizure focality), and 6 of 12 (50%) physical examination variables. Agreement beyond chance was substantial or better (κ ≥ 0.61) for 2 of 11 (18%) general history variables, for 5 of 8 (63%) seizure-specific history variables, and for 2 of 12 (17%) physical examination variables.

CONCLUSIONS:
For children with first unprovoked seizures evaluated in the ED, clinicians frequently assess findings from seizure-specific history with substantial agreement beyond chance. Those clinical variables that have been associated with the presence of intracranial abnormalities and show reliability between assessors, such as seizure focality and the presence of any focal neurological finding, may be more useful in the ED assessment of children with first unprovoked seizures.
Clinical Features That Identify Children With Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Authors: Subbarayan Anbezhil , Colarusso Gloria , Hughes Stephen M. , Gennery Andrew R. , Slatter Mary , Cant Andrew J. , Arkwright Peter D. 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:
The 10 warning signs of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) have been promoted by various organizations in Europe and the United States to predict PID. However, the ability of these warning signs to identify children with PID has not been rigorously tested.

OBJECTIVE:
The main goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of these 10 warning signs in predicting defined PID among children who presented to 2 tertiary pediatric immunodeficiency centers in the north of England.

METHODS:
A retrospective survey of 563 children who presented to 2 pediatric immunodeficiency centers was undertaken. The clinical records of 430 patients with a defined PID and 133 patients for whom detailed investigations failed to establish a specific PID were reviewed.

RESULTS:
Overall, 96% of the children with PID were referred by hospital clinicians. The strongest identifiers of PID were a family history of immunodeficiency disease in addition to use of intravenous antibiotics for sepsis in children with neutrophil PID and failure to thrive in children with T-lymphocyte PID. With these 3 signs, 96% of patients with neutrophil and complement deficiencies and 89% of children with T-lymphocyte immunodeficiencies could be identified correctly. Family history was the only warning sign that identified children with B-lymphocyte PID.

CONCLUSIONS:
PID awareness initiatives should be targeted at hospital pediatricians and families with a history of PID rather than the general public. Our results provide the general pediatrician with a simple refinement of 10 warning signs for identifying children with underlying immunodeficiency diseases.
Cl Doping Effect by Thermal Treatment with KCl for ZnO Single Crystals
Authors: Fujimoto Akira , Harada Yoshiyuki 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated the optical and electrical properties of ZnO single crystals coated with KCl by examining the photoluminescence (PL) at 9 K and the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration. The band-edge PL intensity of the KCl-coated sample was much larger than that of the uncoated sample. Moreover, a substantial increase in Hall electrons was observed in the coated sample. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed bonding between chlorine and zinc atoms in the coated sample. Therefore, coating the surface of ZnO single crystals with KCl enhances the donor concentration and improves the surface state.
InGaN MQW LED structures using AlN/GaN DBR and Ag-based p-contact
Authors: Lee K. , Rodak L. E. , Kumbham V. , Narang V. , Dudding J. S. , Rahimi R. , Kuchibhatla S. , Hornak L. , Korakakis D. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTResonant cavity light emitting diode (RCLED) structure was grown using digital AlGaN/GaN Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and Ag-based p-contact. A five period of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) layers are placed between these two high reflectance mirrors. Digital AlGaN/GaN DBR have a maximum reflectivity of about 60 % at 445 nm and 90 % at 439 nm for 6 period and 12 period, respectively. Ag-based p-contact exhibits an average reflectance of around 85-90 % for a wavelength of 400-600 nm. The light output intensity of the RCLEDs with 12 period digital AlGaN/GaN DBR is higher by a factor of 3 as compared to that of the similar structure without digital AlGaN/GaN DBR at an injection current of 50 mA.
Thermodynamics of Oxygen Chemistry on PbTiO3 and LaMnO3 (001) Surfaces
Authors: Pilania Ghanshyam , Ramprasad R. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe present a first principles thermodynamic study of O ad-atom and vacancy formation on the AO- and BO2-terminated (001) surfaces of the PbTiO3 (PTO) and LaMnO3 (LMO) cubic perovskites. Our results show that, owing to the highly energetically unfavorable nature of O vacancy formation on these surfaces, O vacancies appear only at high temperatures and practically irrelevant low pressures on the (T, p) surface phase diagram. In contrast, effortless formation of O ad-atoms on the surfaces is encountered at practically achievable pressures and temperatures. Above room temperature and close to atmospheric pressures, we predict clean PbO and TiO2-terminated (001) PTO surfaces as the stable surface phases while partially or fully O ad-atom covered surfaces are found to be more stable for LMO. These results are consistent with the observation that LMO is far more active towards oxidation catalysis than PTO.
Electromigration and 1/ƒ Noise in Single-Crystalline, Bamboo and Polycrystalline Al Lines
Authors: Van Den Homberg Marc J.C. , Alkemade P.F.A. , Verbruggen A. H. , Dirks A. G. , Ochs E. , Radelaar S. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe relation between electromigration and microstructure for three types of Al lines with different microstructures has been studied. The lines were made by recrystallization of Al in a SiO2 groove pattern. They were either truly bamboo with grains of on average 3 μm long or distorted (i.e. with dislocations) single-crystals. In addition, conventional, polycrystalline Al lines with grains of on average 230 nm were made. The lines were lifetime-tested (200 °C,j=2, 5 and 8 MA/cm2) and subjected to l/f noise measurements (from 200 to 500 K).The bamboo and single-crystalline Al lines showed the same, although weak, 1/ƒ noise. This observation demonstrates that other mechanisms than thermal motion of atoms at grain boundaries can cause noise. It is suggested that dislocations are the sources for noise in our samples. The measured activation energy (0.8 eV) is in agreement with the activation energy for pipe diffusion along dislocation lines.The lifetime-tests showed significantly higher times to failure for the single-crystalline and bamboo lines as compared to polycrystalline lines. Preliminary results indicate slightly higher lifetimes for the bamboo than for the single-crystalline lines. It is concluded that interface diffusion is the main mechanism for electromigration in truly bamboo or single-crystalline lines. Our measurements demonstrated that dislocations are important in the formation of l/ƒ noise and interfaces in the formation of electromigration damage.
Violência, ordem democrática e direitos humanos na América Latina
Authors: Uprimny Rodrigo 
Published: April 2011

Examina-se, da perspectiva das organizaÃ§Ãµes nÃ£o-governamentais, como devem ser consideradas as diversas formas de violÃªncia que tÃªm impacto sobre os direitos humanos na AmÃ©rica Latina, com destaque para a violÃªncia estatal e paraestatal, das guerrilhas, do narcotrÃ¡fico e da criminalidade comum. O autor argumenta que a idÃ©ia da violaÃ§Ã£o dos direitos humanos deve ser reservada Ã aÃ§Ã£o de agentes pÃºblicos. ViolÃªncias praticadas por agentes nÃ£o estatais devem ser vistas sob uma Ã³tica distinta.
Reflections on Contrasting Views on Themes in Chinese Civilization
Authors: Haaland Gunnar 
Published: April 2011

CORRECTION: On Page 9, Paragraph 3, Line 7, the date of the Yüan dynasty (1279 – 1368) has been changed to Yüan dynasty (1271 – 1368). Like any complex civilization, China contains the confluence of range of traditions of knowledge that people draw on in their interpretations of and reactions to events in the 'world' they are exposed to. However traditions of knowledge serve multiple purposes and may lead to contradictory views on important issues. Chairman Mao when reflecting on two dominant cultural traditions – the Confucian school and the Legalist school - stated that in China there is always two opposite viewpoints. The traditions of knowledge expressing such divergent viewpoints had for more than 2000 years been nurtured and elaborated in the organizational context of the Chinese Empire. An important concern in these traditions is their emphasis on lessons to be drawn from past historical experiences. In the present situation the historical consciousness allows for alternative guidelines for interpreting events taking place on national as well as on global arenas. Keywords: modern China; Leninist capitalism; Confucian superstructure; guanxi; corruption; mianzi (face) DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4510 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.1-20
Bacteriophage Lambda Genomic Library Construction of Oryza sativa L. var. Pokkali
Authors: Rahman Suhaila , Ohto Masa-aki , Seraj Zeba I. , Blumwald Eduardo 
Published: April 2011

A major QTL called ‘Saltol’ on rice chromosome 1 has been identified as linked to salinity tolerance traits of the landrace, Pokkali. A genomic library of Pokkali rice variety was constructed in bacteriophage Lamda Fix II with 20 kb inserts. Plaques containing genes implicated to salt tolerance have been identified using probes homologous to S-Ad methionine synthetase (SAM) and cation chloride co-transporter after two rounds of hybridization. Clearly demarcated plaques of the two clones of interest have been lifted out for DNA isolation and subsequent characterization to be followed by subcloning into TAC vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of large genomic fragments into sensitive rice. Key words: Rice, Pokkali, Genomic library, Lambda vector, Partial Fill-In, Titer D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3235 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 149-159, 2007 (December)
In vitro Plant Regeneration in Mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek)
Authors: Hoque M.I. , Zahan Most. Mosfeqa , Sarker R.H. 
Published: April 2011

An efficient regeneration protocol without the intervention of callus using cotyledon explants of three mungbean varieties namely, BARI mug-3, BARI mug-5 and BINA mug-5 was developed. Best response toward multiple shoot regeneration in BARI mug-5 and BINA mug-5 was observed on MS supplemented with 0.5 and 0.5 mg/l Kn. However, for BARI mug-3, MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l Kn was found to be most effective for multiple shoot regeneration. Half-strength of MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA was found to induce healthy roots from the excised shoots in all the three mungbean varieties. In vitro regenerated plantlets with well developed roots were successfully established in soil. Key words: Regeneration protocol, mungbean, Vigna radiata D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3241 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 209-216, 2007 (December)
Changes of Serum Levels of Keratin-18 Fragments in Hepatitis B E Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Patients under Oral Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Giannousis Ioannis P , Manolakopoulos Spilios G , Hadziyannis Emilia , Georgiou Anastasia , Papatheodoridis George V 
Published: April 2011

Background The effect of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment on hepatocyte apoptosis has not been evaluated. We investigated the changes in serum levels of the apoptotic caspase-generated fragments of keratin-18 (K-18) in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative CHB patients under nucleoside/nucleotide analogue(s). Methods We included 46 patients with HBeAg-negative CHB who had received lamivudine or adefovir monotherapy for ≥12 months. Of the 42 lamivudine treated patients, 23 developed virological breakthroughs and received add-on adefovir therapy for ≥12 months. Levels of K-18 fragments were measured blindly in stored serum samples using the M30-Apoptosense® ELISA Kit (PEVIVA, Alexis, Grünwald, Germany). Results During initial therapy, the median serum K-18 fragment levels were significantly reduced from baseline (280 U/l [149–2,461]) to 6 months (164 U/l [110–454]; P<0.001) and from 6 to 12 months (145 U/l [113–280]; P=0.031). K-18 fragment levels increased at breakthroughs (187 U/l [137–1,063]) compared to last previous visits (145 U/l [118–389]; P=0.015) but remained lower than baseline ( P=0.036). Changes of K-18 fragment levels correlated positively with changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HBV DNA from baseline to 6 or 12 months of initial therapy. In patients with breakthroughs, K-18 fragment levels had only a trend towards a decrease from adefovir addition (198 U/l [124–1,219]) to 6 months (170 U/l [122–1,576]; P=0.109) and mainly to 12 months (156 U/l [122–878]; P=0.055). Conclusions Serum levels of K-18 fragments decrease significantly during oral antiviral therapy in HBeAg-negative CHB in parallel with the improvements in ALT and HBV DNA levels. They increased again during breakthroughs and improved after an effective rescue therapy, perhaps at a slower rate compared to the initial therapy.
Martyr et témoin : les mythes de Daniel Mendelsohn
Authors: Kohn Max 
Published: April 2011

Le livre Les Disparus de Daniel Mendelsohn est très important pour la question de la place du narrateur dans un récit littéraire qui a affaire avec un passé irreprésentable. Il marque la place fondamentale du narrateur comme témoin du fait qu’il est lui-même vivant. Par conséquent, même si les autres sont morts, ils redeviennent vivants par son acte de narration. Mais le doute sous-jacent à toute littérature subsiste. Le narrateur est-il vraiment Daniel Mendelsohn ? Daniel Mendelsohn produit un mythe en ancrant son œuvre dans des mythes biblique et gréco-latins d’ailleurs et la victime est proche du martyr quand elle devient un mythe.
Saints et martyrs dans la spiritualité orthodoxe : la réception de la tradition hagiographique
Authors: Christopoulou Vassiliki-Piyi 
Published: April 2011

Dans cet article, qui met en relation les figures anthropologiques du héros et du saint, les principales formes de sainteté dans la spiritualité orthodoxe, dont le martyre, sont questionnées, en relation avec la réception des martyrologes en tant que « légendes dorées ». Les pathologies de l’idéalisation ou celles d’un masochisme mortifère sont appelées à être dépassées au sein d’une spiritualité authentique, qui ouvre sur la notion de « sacrifice intérieur » ou celle de « sacrifice d’action de grâces » en tant que « gratitude » dans le sens kleinien du terme.
Synergistic Interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 Induce a High Level of Resistance to Lung Infection in Mice
Authors: Duggan Jeffrey M. , You Dahui , Cleaver Jeffrey O. , Larson Derek T. , Garza R. Joshua , Guzmán Pruneda Francisco A. , Tuvim Michael J. , Zhang Jiexin , Dickey Burton F. , Evans Scott E. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Infectious pneumonias exact an unacceptable mortality burden worldwide. Efforts to protect populations from pneumonia have focused historically on antibiotic development and vaccine-enhanced adaptive immunity. However, we have reported recently that the lungs’ innate defenses can be induced therapeutically by inhalation of a bacterial lysate that protects mice against otherwise lethal pneumonia. In this study, we tested in mice the hypothesis that TLRs are required for this antimicrobial phenomenon and found that resistance could not be induced in the absence of the TLR signaling adaptor protein MyD88. We then attempted to recapitulate the protection afforded by the bacterial lysate by stimulating the lung epithelium with aerosolized synthetic TLR ligands. Although most single or combination treatments yielded no protection, simultaneous treatment with ligands for TLR2/6 and TLR9 conferred robust, synergistic protection against virulent Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Protection was associated with rapid pathogen killing in the lungs, and pathogen killing could be induced from lung epithelial cells in isolation. Taken together, these data demonstrate the requirement for TLRs in inducible resistance against pneumonia, reveal a remarkable, unanticipated synergistic interaction of TLR2/6 and TLR9, reinforce the emerging evidence supporting the antimicrobial capacity of the lung epithelium, and may provide the basis for a novel clinical therapeutic that can protect patients against pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability.
Differential Outcome of IL-2/Anti–IL-2 Complex Therapy on Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells following Vaccination with an Adenoviral Vector Encoding EBV Epitopes
Authors: Smith Corey , Martinez Michelle , Peet Jesse , Khanna Rajiv 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
IL-2/anti–IL-2 complex-based therapy has been proposed as a potential adjunct therapeutic tool to enhance in vivo efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for chronic viral infections and human cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-2 complex therapy can have discerning effects on CD8+ T cells depending on their stage of differentiation. To delineate the underlying mechanism for these opposing effects on CD8+ T cells, we examined the effects of IL-2 therapy during early priming, effector, and memory phases of T cell responses generated following immunization with an adenoviral vector encoding multiple EBV CD8+ epitopes. IL-2 complex treatment during the early priming phase, which coincided with low levels of IL-2Rβ (CD122) and higher levels of IL-2Rα (CD25) on CD8+ T cells, did not induce the expansion of effector T cells. In contrast, IL-2 complex treatment following the establishment of memory enhanced the expansion of Ag-specific T cells. Additionally, central memory T cells preferentially expanded following treatment at the expense of effector memory T cell populations. These studies demonstrate how differentiation status of the responding CD8+ T cells impacts on their responsiveness to IL-2 complexes and highlight that timing of treatment should be considered before implementing this therapy in a clinical setting.
Two Sorting Motifs, a Ubiquitination Motif and a Tyrosine Motif, Are Involved in HIV-1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Nef-Mediated Receptor Endocytosis
Authors: Cai Catherine Yi , Zhang Xiaoping , Sinko Patrick J. , Burakoff Steven J. , Jin Yong-Jiu 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
HIV-1 and SIV Nef proteins downregulate cell surface CD4 and MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules of infected cells, which are necessary for efficient viral replication and pathogenicity. We previously reported that K144 in HIV-1 Nef is di-ubiquitinated, and K144R substitution impairs Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation. In this report, we extend the role of ubiquitination at this lysine residue from Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation to Nef-mediated MHC-I downregulation and from HIV Nef to SIV Nef. All HIV-1 Nef mutants that contain K144R substitution are inactive in MHC-I downregulation. Tested MHC-I alleles include HLA-ABC endogenously expressed and HLA-A2 exogenously expressed in Jurkat T cells. CD4 downregulation by SIV Nef involves K176 that aligns with K144 in HIV-1 Nef, as well as an N-terminal tyrosine motif Y28Y39 not present in HIV-1 Nef. Dual mutation at K176 and Y28Y39 completely impaired SIV Nef-mediated CD4 and MHC-I downregulation, whereas a single mutation at K176 or Y28Y39 did not. The involvement of tyrosine motif in SIV Nef-mediated CD4 and MHC-I downregulation prompted us to investigate a putative tyrosine motif (Y202Y/F203) in HIV-1 Nef that is conserved among HIV-1 species. Single mutation at the tyrosine motif Y202F203 in HIV-1 Nef (NA7) greatly impaired Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation, which is similar to what we observed previously with the single mutation at lysine K144. Thus, our study demonstrated that Nef-mediated receptor endocytosis involves the ubiquitination motif and tyrosine motif.