bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hermanns Schlachten: Gender, Culture and the German Nation in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Griffiths Elystan 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article investigates treatments of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ motif in the long eighteenth century, focusing particularly on works by Johann Elias Schlegel, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and Heinrich von Kleist. In particular, it considers how these authors represent the relationships between gender, culture and the German nation in their plays. It is argued that the development of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ motif is not driven primarily by a search for models of masculinity (Hans Peter Herrmann), but rather that the gender roles portrayed in these works are shaped by a rapidly changing socio‐political and intellectual climate which saw profound shifts in the understanding of nationhood as a cultural and political construct and in the relationship between gender and nationhood. The article proposes a broader framework of investigation, which on the one hand takes account of the changing relationships between intellectuals and power in Germany and on the other considers intertextual relationships between Kleist's play and the earlier versions of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ in order to examine the dialogue between different generations of writers.
The Quest for German Nationhood and the Reception of Women in Histories of German Literature, 1835–1872
Authors: Whittle Ruth 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWriting literary history has been understood as giving a politicised historical account of German culture ever since the inception of this genre in Germany with the publication of the Geschichte der poetischen National‐Literatur der Deutschen by Georg Gottfried Gervinus in 1835.1 The concerted view today is that it was the ‘shockwaves’ of the Napoleonic Age which had fuelled a desire to construct an order and propose a unity, at least in book form, which would prevent similar chaos ever happening again, and this intention informed the first histories of German literature.2 This paper will explore the role women were accorded in such histories, and the selection criteria which contributed to their exclusion or gave them the best chance to be included. It examines the intersection of the narrative of German literary history in the service of nation building, women's writing, and ‘Wissenschaftsgeschichte’ from a gendered perspective by comparing how women writers fared in notable works of contemporary literary history just before the events of the German Revolution of 1848/49 (Gervinus) until the unification of Germany in 1872 (Prutz, Gottschall and Kreyßig).
Patterns and predictors of the use of different antiretroviral drug regimens at treatment initiation in the UK
Authors: Easterbrook PJ , Phillips AN , Hill T , Matthias R , Fisher M , Gazzard B , Gilson R , Scullard G , Johnson M , Dunn DT , Orkin C , Anderson J , Schwenk A , Leen C , Sabin CA ,   on behalf of the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study Steering Committee
Published: September 2010

BackgroundWe describe the patterns of antiretroviral drug use at treatment initiation from 1996 to 2005 in a large UK multicentre cohort.MethodsWe examined trends over time and across 10 clinical sites in stage of disease and type of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Multivariable regression was used to identify factors associated with the CD4 cell count at ART initiation, and with the choice of a protease inhibitor (PI) over a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and use of nevirapine over efavirenz.ResultsA total of 14 252 patients initiated ART, of whom 54% had a CD4 count <200 cells/μL. The most important predictors of starting ART at a lower CD4 cell count were being male, nonwhite, and heterosexual or an injecting drug user (P<0.0001). Among those starting ART, the use of highly active ART increased from 23% in 1996 to >96% from 2000 onwards. There were differences over time and across the clinics in the use of PIs vs. NNRTIs, in the choice of specific PIs, NNRTIs and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone, and in the rate at which prescribing practices changed.ConclusionsClinic site and calendar year were important determinants of choice of drug at ART initiation, whereas clinical and demographic characteristics were more important in influencing the CD4 cell count at initiation of ART.
Comparison of two genotypic algorithms to determine HIV‐1 tropism*
Authors: Soulié C , Derache A , Aimé C , Marcelin A‐G , Carcelain G , Simon A , Katlama C , Calvez V 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesOne or both of two co‐receptors, CCR5 (R5) and CXCR4 (X4), are used by HIV‐1 to enter into host cells. The glycoprotein 120 (gp120) V3 sequence is correlated with the R5 and X4 phenotype. CCR5 inhibitors are specifically active against R5 viruses, suggesting the need to determine tropism before the use of these antagonists. A comparison of the position‐specific scoring matrices (PSSM) and Geno2pheno algorithms based on the V3 loop gp120 sequences and previously described to be correlated to the R5 or X4 phenotype was carried out.MethodsV3 envelope (env) genes from 83 plasma samples were amplified and sequenced, and 69 sequences were analysed with the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms.ResultsThese two algorithms were concordant in 86.5% of cases. The Geno2pheno algorithm gave a tropism result more frequently than the PSSM algorithm, but R5X4 or X4 viruses were less frequently detected by the Geno2pheno algorithm. R5X4 or X4 tropism was predicted in 29.9% of samples. There was more R5X4 co‐receptor use in the antiretroviral‐treated group than in the antiretroviral‐naïve group.ConclusionsIt is advisable to run a validated co‐receptor use prediction tool before using co‐receptor antagonists. If genotyping methods are considered, the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms are complementary and both are necessary. The association between predicted co‐receptor use and virological response to co‐receptor antagonists needs to be thoroughly evaluated.
Network Structure, Knowledge Governance, and Firm Performance: Evidence from Innovation Networks and SMEs in the UK
Authors: CLIFTON NICK , KEAST ROBYN , PICKERNELL DAVID , SENIOR MARTYN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIt is increasingly understood that learning and thus innovation often occurs via highly interactive, iterative, network‐based processes. Simultaneously, economic development policy is increasingly focused on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) as a means of generating growth, creating a clear research issue in terms of the roles and interactions of government policy, universities, and other sources of knowledge, SMEs, and the creation and dissemination of innovation. This paper analyses the contribution of a range of actors in an SME innovation creation and dissemination framework, reviewing the role of various institutions therein, exploring the contribution of cross‐locality networks, and identifying the mechanisms required to operationalise such a framework. Bivariate and multivariate (regression) techniques are employed to investigate both innovation and growth outcomes in relation to these structures; data are derived from the survey responses of over 450 SMEs in the UK. Results are complex and dependent upon the nature of institutions involved, the type of knowledge sought, and the spatial level of the linkages in place but overall highlight the value of cross‐locality networks, network governance structures, and certain spillover effects from universities. In general, we find less support for the factors predicting SME growth outcomes than is the case for innovation. Finally, we outline an agenda for further research in the area.
Urban Polycentricity and the Costs of Commuting: Evidence from Italian Metropolitan Areas
Authors: VENERI PAOLO 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTPolycentricity at the metropolitan scale is perhaps the model of spatial organisation that needs to be investigated more thoroughly as regards its effects on travel. The aim of this paper is to test the role of polycentricity—as well as other spatial characteristics, such as compactness, functional diversification and size—in the costs of commuting, taking into account an external cost component (per‐capita CO2 emissions) and a private cost component (time spent on travelling). The degree of urban polycentricity has been measured by adopting a dynamic approach based on commuting flows and on social network analysis tools. The analysis is carried out using a database of 82 Italian metropolitan areas (MAs). Results show that MAs with a higher degree of polycentricity are more virtuous both in terms of private and external costs of mobility, while the degree of compactness is associated with lower environmental costs but with higher private costs. Size is associated with both higher external and private costs, while the role of functional diversification turns out to be statistically insignificant. Socio‐demographics also play a role.
Immigration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study in the United States
Authors: WANG QINGFANG 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTUsing Singer's typology of different types of immigration gateways, this study mainly addresses how metropolitan area conditions impact ethnic labor force entrepreneurial choices across ethnicity and gender, within the contexts of different types of immigration gateways. Employing the 5 percent 2000 Integrated Public Usable Microdata Samples and a multilevel regression strategy, this study demonstrates that different types of immigration gateways have distinctive impacts on ethnic entrepreneurship. After controlling for both personal‐ and metropolitan‐level characteristics, it is found that whites and blacks are more likely to own businesses in newer immigration gateways, while Hispanics and Asians are more likely to do so in the more established gateways. In addition, differences as to the interaction effects of gender and regional labor markets are the most significant for blacks and Asians. Such interaction effects reshape gender differences in business ownership across ethnic groups.
The second modern condition? Compressed modernity as internalized reflexive cosmopolitization
Authors: Kyung‐Sup Chang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCompressed modernity is a civilizational condition in which economic, political, social and/or cultural changes occur in an extremely condensed manner in respect to both time and space, and in which the dynamic coexistence of mutually disparate historical and social elements leads to the construction and reconstruction of a highly complex and fluid social system. During what Beck considers the second modern stage of humanity, every society reflexively internalizes cosmopolitanized risks. Societies (or their civilizational conditions) are thereby being internalized into each other, making compressed modernity a universal feature of contemporary societies. This paper theoretically discusses compressed modernity as nationally ramified from reflexive cosmopolitization, and, then, comparatively illustrates varying instances of compressed modernity in advanced capitalist societies, un(der)developed capitalist societies, and system transition societies. In lieu of a conclusion, I point out the declining status of national societies as the dominant unit of (compressed) modernity and the interactive acceleration of compressed modernity among different levels of human life ranging from individuals to the global community.
Redefining second modernity for East Asia: a critical assessment
Authors: Han Sang‐Jin , Shim Young‐Hee 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to critically assess the extent to which the concept of second modernity and reflexive modernization proposed by Beck and Grande is relevant to East Asia. Concepts such as driving forces, human agency, objective‐structural versus cultural‐discursive dimensions, radicalizing versus deficiencies aspects of modernity, push versus pull factors are used to clarify the basic conditions of this historical transformation. Utilizing these conceptual schemes, this paper has advanced the following central claims: 1) Second modernity and reflexive modernization, as a global trend, affects East Asia as deeply as it does in the West, especially when we see this as a structurally conditioned historical transformation; 2) Global risks, as a driving force of second modernity, are more relevant in East Asia because, as a result of the side‐effects of the rush‐to development, East Asian countries face complex risks of far greater intensity than in the West; 3) The action‐mediated pull factor of second‐modern transformation in East Asia, expressed through the cultural–discursive articulation of collective desire and aspiration, differs significantly from the West. Consequently, the East Asian pathways to individualization display distinctive characteristics despite the common structural background where push factors operate; 4) East Asia also differs from the West in terms of the normative vision anchored in second modernity; 5) Nevertheless, concrete pathways to second modernity within East Asia differ from one country to another.
‘Small change of the universal’: beyond modernity?
Authors: Maharaj Sarat 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper is a sounding of Ulrich Beck's and Edgar Grande's conceptual map of the varieties of second modernity – Western and Non‐Western, European and beyond – that makes up today's world. Their mapping is examined in the light of two, striking analytical perspectives associated with Ulrich Beck: everyday ‘cosmopolitization’ and his call for a methodological cosmopolitanism. A line of inquiry explores whether contemporary modernities are essentially expressions of a single, underlying modernization drive or whether they are utterly disparate entities. The implications of treating them as ‘variants and variations’ are unpacked with reference to musical models and how they generate difference. The probe into methodological cosmopolitanism touches on ‘de‐provincialization’ that is somewhat at odds with the postcolonial project of ‘provincializing’ Europe. It looks at the attempt to go beyond ‘nation‐bound’ sociological dualisms in determining the appropriate ‘unit of analysis’ for our ever‐morphing current reality. Does this imply engaging with ‘singularity’– with a mode of conceptualization that sidesteps the universal/particular couple and related either/or thinking? References to the making of the ‘first modernity’ under unequal centre/periphery relations of colonial power are aired for possible lessons in mappings of the second.Ulrich Beck's ‘impure, really‐existing cosmopolitanism’– in contrast to its speculative counterpart derived from the realm of pure ideas – springs from humdrum global economic and political links and institutions that span out across, above and beyond the ‘container of the national space’. With the inadvertent cosmopolitical impact of the migrations it amounts in practice to a functioning ‘cosmopolitan realpolitik’. Is there room for it to develop or will it stall as a mere front for national, tribal‐territorial interests – going the way of ‘multiculturalism and diversity’ that seem increasingly to serve as governmental ideologies for managing global difference? Whether each of the varieties of second modernity throws up a ‘cosmopolitan vision’ of its own remains to be determined more fully. It seems possible that friction between the modernities might fetch up on a higher plane as clashing cosmopolitanisms. Historical precedents give scant comfort if we look at the fate of the ecumenic empires of the ancient world of the ‘first cosmopolitan age’ or at landmark cosmopolitan endeavours such as Aby Warburg's and WEB Du Bois' on the eve of counter‐cosmopolitan currents of the 1930s. An abiding scepticism prevails about the capacity of ‘impure cosmopolitanism’ to bootstrap and elaborate itself from an involuntary, reflex condition into a self‐reflexive, critical dispensation.
The experimental investigation of soil gas radon migration mechanisms and its implication in earthquake forecast
Authors: CHYI L. L. , QUICK T. J. , YANG T. F. , CHEN C. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments were performed to help understand the fluctuations and the spike‐like anomalies of Rn in a time series that was recorded continuously at monitoring stations. One of the experiments indicated that Rn is adsorbed on the surface of sand particles and can be liberated with minor changes in the physical conditions of the containing medium. Another experiment indicated that the liberation of ultra‐trace Rn, adsorbed on the surface of sand, was not very sensitive to small temperature and pressure changes but was responsive to the flow of carrier gases. Among the carrier gases tested, CO2 was preferred because it has a boiling point similar to that of Rn. However, all other gases that are inert to Rn can also be carrier gases. Temperature variation in the supra soil layer can be measured fairly accurately inside double‐insulated PVC pipes that also house the Rn detecting system. Temperature variation appears to be related to localized strain heating that is a part of the earthquake energy variation cycle. Up‐flow of soil gas, caused by the strain heating, induced the sudden release of Rn, which thus appears as a spike‐like anomaly. The migration of soil gases is expected to follow the thermal cycle corresponding to each earthquake cycle. Therefore, the spike‐like anomalies can be used, in conjunction with the temperature variation cycle, as time markers to forecast the time, place, and magnitude of a coming earthquake.
Game restocking and the introduction of sarcoptic mange in wild rabbit in north‐eastern Spain
Authors: Navarro‐Gonzalez N. , Serrano E. , Casas‐Díaz E. , Velarde R. , Marco I. , Rossi L. , Lavín S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus has been recently reclassified as Near Threatened in its natural range in the Red List of Endangered Species by the IUCN, and a huge conservation effort is being undertaken in Spain for this keystone species. Restocking is a frequent measure for wild rabbit population reinforcements and it is also part of predator conservation programmes. However, it can have a negative influence on the resident rabbit population when it is not carried out carefully. In our work, using a model selection procedure based on a theoretic information approach, we analyze which factors favor the presence of sarcoptic mange in some wild rabbit populations in Catalonia (north‐eastern Spain), as well as the trend of rabbit abundance in affected and non‐affected hunting estates. Presence of mange depends on animal abundance and on restocking numbers (22.09%). From the mean rabbit abundance (30 rabbits hunted km−2) and the mean restocking rate (18 rabbits km−2), the probability of being affected increased in nearly 5% when the restocking rate increased in one unit. Rabbit abundance (2001–2007) depends on the presence of mange and on the effect of the year (23.86%), and clearly declined in the hunting estates with mange, whereas abundance is maintained in mange‐free zones. Our results indicate that a sanitary control is necessary when restocking wild rabbit populations. Furthermore, restocking is shown to be a potential way of introducing pathogens to resident populations, especially under conditions of high density.
Signaling a switch: Neural correlates of task switching guided by task cues and transition cues
Authors: West Robert , Langley Moses M. , Bailey Kira 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials were used to examine the neural correlates of task switching directed by task cues and transition cues. Task cues signal both a change of task set and the task to implement; in contrast, transition cues signal a change of task set but do not indicate the required task. The data from two experiments revealed that the frontal P2 and reconfiguration slow wave were elicited by task and transition cues and may reflect processes associated with the change detector and task set configuration. Experiment 2 revealed that the frontal positivity and transition parietal slow wave are associated with the retrieval of the prior task set from memory. These data indicate that distinct neural processes that are related to the change detector, task set configuration, and the retrieval of a recently utilized task set from memory support task switching that is guided by task and transition cues.
Considerations on a Time‐Democratic Electoral System*
Authors: BARRICELLI LUISA AALL 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBy ‘Time‐Democracy’ is understood a system of representation and government formation in which the relative strength of a party or a coalition determines the fraction of an election period during which the party/coalition will be in executive office. This system is based upon the assumption that the structure of the legislative body as well as the length of the electoral period will be laid down in the constitution. Some questions related to the applicability and practical implementation of the system are discussed.
Canine pedal injury resulting from metal landscape edging
Authors: Duffy Amanda L. , Hackett Timothy B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground
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This study was performed to document the frequency and severity of limb injuries that occur when dogs come in contact with metal landscape edging. A retrospective study from 1997 to 2007 was performed at Colorado State University veterinary teaching hospital. Sixty dogs were admitted to hospital for traumatic limb injuries resulting from metal landscape edging identified by a computerized medical records search.Key Findings
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Most dogs were young, large breed dogs. All 60 dogs suffered traumatic pedal lacerations when contacting metal landscape edging, the majority of which occurred on the forelimbs. Eighty‐five percent required surgical repair. All 60 dogs were discharged from the hospital and 30 were available for long‐term follow‐up. While most dogs healed with a perfect cosmetic outcome, 3 dogs with tendon involvement developed residual digital deformities.Significance
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Dogs are at risk of injury when exposed to metal landscape edging. Severity of pedal injury determines treatment protocol and prognosis for recovery.
Applying close range digital photogrammetry in soil erosion studies
Authors: Peter Heng B. C. , Chandler Jim H. , Armstrong Alona 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Soil erosion due to rainfall and overland flow is a significant environmental problem. Studying the phenomenon requires accurate high‐resolution measurements of soil surface topography and morphology. Close range digital photogrammetry with an oblique convergent configuration is proposed in this paper as a useful technique for such measurements, in the context of a flume‐scale experimental study. The precision of the technique is assessed by comparing triangulation solutions and the resulting DEMs with varying tie point distributions and control point measurements, as well as by comparing DEMs extracted from different images of the same surface. Independent measurements were acquired using a terrestrial laser scanner for comparison with a DEM derived from photogrammetry. The results point to the need for a stronger geometric configuration to improve precision. They also suggest that the camera lens models were not fully adequate for the large object depths in this study. Nevertheless, the photogrammetric output can provide useful topographical information for soil erosion studies, provided limitations of the technique are duly considered.