bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing the cultural story in child protection: learning from the insider's experience
Authors: Gibbs Judith 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that child protection organizations intent upon tackling low retention rates and enhancing the services they offer to children and families must pay greater attention to the emotional life of the organization and to enabling workers to manage the intrusiveness of the work. Findings from in‐depth qualitative interviews with child protection workers and supervisors are reported in the form of a story about the insider's experience of the organization. The consequences of working in an organizational culture that denies opportunities for workers to understand and manage the emotional toll of the work are explored. While reporting on research and work undertaken with Australian child protection workers between 1997 and 2002, the view is expressed that these ideas have current relevance to many organizations in the health and welfare field whose core business involves workers coming into contact with individuals in complex, uncertain and ambiguous situations. The paper looks at what needs to change about organizational structures such as supervision to promote learning within a more healthy organizational culture. A clear message from senior managers and politicians to workers that the organization endorses the open expression of feelings, doubts and uncertainties is pivotal.
Intrinsic asthma: not so different from allergic asthma but driven by superantigens?
Authors: Barnes P. J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe mechanisms of intrinsic or non‐allergic asthma remain uncertain as allergens have no obvious role in driving the inflammatory process in the airways. However, IgE synthesis occurs in the airways, despite negative skin prick tests and serum‐specific IgE. Furthermore, the inflammatory process in the airways is very similar between allergic and non‐allergic asthma, with increased T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cells, mast cell activation and infiltration of eosinophils. This pattern of inflammation is associated with a similar expression of inflammatory mediators, including Th2 cytokines and eosinophilotactic chemokines. There is increasing evidence that microbial superantigens, particularly Staphylococcal enterotoxins are important in amplifying inflammation in atopic dermatitis and chronic rhinosinusitis, in atopic and non‐atopic patients. Superantigens may also be important in intrinsic asthma as airway epithelial cells may be colonized by Staphylococci and other superantigen‐producing microbes. Superantigens produced locally in the airways may lead to class switching of local B cells, resulting in polyclonal IgE production in the airways and also specific IgE against the superantigen (which functions as a ‘superallergen’). This leads to sensitization of mast cells, which can be activated by the usual asthma triggers, such as exercise. Superantigens also cause clonal expansion of T cells, resulting in increased Th2 cells and CD8+ cells, while suppressing regulatory T cells. Superantigens may also reduce responsiveness to corticosteroids, resulting in more severe asthma. Finally, cytotoxic autoantibodies may also be implicated as IgG antibodies directed against epithelial proteins, such as cytokeratin‐18, have been detected in intrinsic asthma, possibly as a result of epithelial damage and this may make epithelial cells more susceptible to microbial colonization. The therapeutic implications are that antibodies against local IgE and microbial superantigens or antibiotic therapy to eradicate the relevant superantigen‐producing microorganisms may improve the efficacy of conventional therapy with corticosteroids.
Calcium balance in Daphnia grown on diets differing in food quantity, phosphorus and calcium
Authors: HE XUE‐JIA , WANG WEN‐XIONG 
Published: June 2009

Summary1. The influences of dietary phosphorus (P) and food concentration on the calcium (Ca) balance in Daphnia magna were examined in this study at two different ambient Ca concentrations (0.5 and 10 mg Ca L−1). Daphnia were grown by feeding the young adults differentially under contrasting dietary P conditions [molar C : P ratio = c. 900 and c. 90 as low P (LP) and high P (HP), respectively], ambient Ca concentrations [0.5 mg and 10 mg Ca L−1 as low Ca (LCa) or high Ca (HCa), respectively] and food levels [0.15 or 1.5 mg C L−1 as low food (LF) or high food (HF), respectively] for 5 days.2. The specific Ca contents of daphniids (1.9–6.5% of dry weight−1) increased with increasing Ca concentration, food level and dietary P content, although the food level did not affect the Ca content in the HPHCa treatment. A radioactive tracer method showed that the food level did not affect the influx of Ca from the water under LP conditions, but the Ca influx under HP conditions doubled with a HF level. A LP condition also led to a decrease in Ca influx with a HF level.3. During the 3 days of efflux, generally only a small proportion of Ca (2.6–3.3%) was retained by the daphniids, but this retention increased (14–23%) under low ambient Ca concentrations and under P‐limitation. Excretion was the most important pathway for Ca loss (accounting for 50–60% of body Ca), followed by moulting (20–47%), but the relative contribution of these two pathways (excretion and moulting) did not vary among all the different treatments. The absolute loss of Ca through excretion and moulting, on the contrary, differed with different ambient Ca concentrations and dietary P conditions. A HF level led to an increase in the loss rates in most cases.4. Our study strongly suggested that there is an interaction between an essential metal (Ca) and macronutrients (C and P) in freshwater crustaceans with HCa and P contents. The results imply that variation in environmental nutrient conditions may change the Ca budget in crustaceans and may affect the dynamics of Ca in the epilimnion of freshwaters.
Review of non‐invasive ventilation in the emergency department: clinical considerations and management priorities
Authors: Rose Louise , Gerdtz Marie F 
Published: June 2009

Aims and objectives.  We aimed to synthesise evidence from published literature on non‐invasive ventilation to inform nurses involved in the clinical management of non‐invasive ventilation in the emergency department.Background.  Non‐invasive ventilation is a form of ventilatory support that does not require endotracheal intubation and is used in the early management of acute respiratory failure in emergency departments. Safe delivery of this intervention requires a skilled team, educated and experienced in appropriate patient selection, available devices and monitoring priorities.Design.  Systematic review.Method.  A multi‐database search was performed to identify works published in the English language between 1998–2008. Search terms included: non‐invasive ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure and emergency department. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review were identified and systematically applied.Results.  Terminology used to describe aspects of non‐invasive ventilation is ambiguous. Two international guidelines inform the delivery of this intervention, however, much research has been undertaken since these publications. Strong evidence exists for non‐invasive ventilation for patients with acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Non‐invasive ventilation may be delivered with various interfaces and modes; little evidence is available for the superiority of individual interfaces or modes.Conclusions.  Early use of non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute respiratory failure may reduce mortality and morbidity. Though international guidelines exist, specific recommendations to guide the selection of modes, settings or interfaces for various aetiologies are lacking due to the absence of empirical evidence.Relevance to clinical practice.  Monitoring of non‐invasive ventilation should focus on assessment of response to treatment, respiratory and haemodynamic stability, patient comfort and presence of air leaks. Complications are related to mask‐fit and high air flows; serious complications are few and occur infrequently. The use of non‐invasive ventilation has resource implications that must be considered to provide effective and safe management in the emergency department.
Lateral line depigmentation (LLD) in channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus(Rafinesque)
Authors: Corrales J , Ullal A , Noga E J 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHead and lateral line erosion (HLLE) is a chronic dermatopathy affecting a number of fish that presents as depigmented skin along the lateral line system of the trunk and head. We present microbiological, immunological and histopathological features of this lesion in channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus(Rafinesque), that developed after exposure to a chronic nutritional stress. Depigmention was limited to skin that was adjacent to the lateral line. The epidermis of affected fish was thin and reduced to a one‐cell‐thick layer over the lateral line. Melanocytes were depleted at the dermo‐epidermal junction and formed aggregates in the epidermis. Innate immunity was weaker in affected fish than that previously measured in well‐fed channel catfish. Because the pathology and apparent aetiology of HLLE described in various fish species are highly variable, HLLE appears to be a clinical sign, rather than a disease or syndrome. Thus, we propose that this clinical sign be referred to as lateral line depigmentation (LLD), because this description more accurately encompasses all cases of this presentation reported in fish. As nutritional requirements of channel catfish and lateral line neuroanatomy are well‐known, the ability to reproducibly induce LLD in this species could provide a useful model for understanding its pathogenesis.
First isolation and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae from Brazilian Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and pintado, Pseudoplathystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz)
Authors: Evans J J , Klesius P H , Shoemaker C A 
Published: June 2009

Abstract Lactococcus garvieae infection in cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and pintado, Pseudoplathystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz), from Brazil is reported. The commercial bacterial identification system, Biolog Microlog®, confirmed the identity of L. garvieae. Infectivity trials conducted in Nile tilapia using Brazilian Nile tilapia L. garvieae isolates resulted in a median lethal dose‐50 of 1.4 × 105 colony‐forming units (CFU)/fish. This is the first evidence of the presence of this pathogen from Brazilian fish. In addition, this is the first report of L. garvieae infection in either Nile tilapia or pintado. Collectively, this evidence expands the geographical range of fish hosts, number of fish hosts harbouring L. garvieae and carbon source utilization by L. garvieae fish isolates. Furthermore, the Biolog system may be an alternative technique to polymerase chain reaction for the identification of L. garvieae and discrimination between closely related bacterial species.
Epiphanies and research in the field of mental health
Authors: LEES J. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

This article looks at the richness inherent in our life experience and engages on a journey to examine this richness in the light of two experiences (or epiphanies) on a clinical training course. It demonstrates how, as a result of continued refection and reflexive analysis, my understanding of these experiences transformed over a period of time.
The field of inquiry was a training in psychoanalytic counselling. My ongoing analysis of the experiences provided an evaluation of some key features of that culture and the nature of clinical training, particularly in psychoanalytic milieu.
The article concludes with a discussion about the academic culture in which I am now working and the way in which it influences my writing style (in, for example, this article). It concludes that the discourse of this culture prevents us from reaching our creative spiritual core and examines how we can overcome this limitation.

AbstractIn this paper I will argue that investigating our professional experiences can enrich our understanding, widen our perspective, transform our inner lives and create an endless source of discovery about ourselves, society and the professional discursive systems that we inhabit. I will call such events, after Denzin's work in 1989, epiphanies. In order to develop the theme I will give an account of my own experience of two such epiphanies on a psychoanalytic training course in counselling. I will then present my reflexive analysis of these events over the years, including my reflections on the peer review comments for this paper, and finish with some questions arising out of the study relating to the current status of nursing as an academic profession.
Parental mental illness: a review of barriers and issues for working with families and children
Authors: MAYBERY D. , REUPERT A. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summaryFor the psychiatric workforce to become family focused (particularly in relation to children) there is a clear need for family sensitive policies and procedures, managerial and organizational support and well‐targeted and sustained workforce training. However, there are multiple barriers to the adult mental health workforce becoming family focused including:

Some adult mental health services do not identify consumers who are parents and subsequently do not respond to children, parenting and family needs.
Organizations often do not have adequate family and child friendly policies and procedures.
The adult mental health workforce lacks skills and knowledge about families, children and parenting.
The workforce needs to increase encouragement of consumers to include family members and dependent children in treatment of the ill parent including the provision of psycho‐education.

AbstractMany consumers of psychiatric services are parents, making these services the opportunistic point for supporting consumers' children. While evidence suggests that assisting such children improves their mental health, there is a large gulf between what psychiatric services should (or could) provide and what they do in practice. This paper summarizes the constraining barriers and issues for the psychiatric workforce according to: (1) policy and management; (2) interagency collaboration; (3) worker attitude, skill and knowledge; (4) the parent‐consumer; and (5) the consumer's family, including children. Potential solutions are presented, with a particular focus on the hierarchical nature of these barriers. Recommendations are made, including organizational audits to identify the most pressing barriers that impede family sensitive practice.
Monitoring exposure to avian influenza viruses in wild mammals
Authors: VANDALEN KACI K. , SHRINER SUSAN A. , SULLIVAN HEATHER J. , ROOT J. JEFFREY , FRANKLIN ALAN B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza (AI) viruses primarily circulate in wild waterfowl populations and are occasionally transmitted to domestic poultry flocks. However, the possible roles of other wildlife species, such as wild mammals, in AI virus ecology have not been adequately addressed.
Due to their habitat and behaviour, many wild mammals may be capable of transmitting pathogens among wild and domestic populations. Exposure to AI viruses has been reported in an array of wild and domestic animals. The presence of wild mammals on farms has been identified as a risk factor for at least one poultry AI outbreak in North America. These reports suggest the need for seroprevalence studies examining the exposure of wild mammals to AI viruses.
Serological tests are routinely used to assess domestic poultry, domestic swine and human exposure to influenza A viruses, but these tests have not been validated for use in wild mammals. As such, some of these protocols may require adjustments or may be inappropriate for use in serology testing of wild mammals. Herein, we review these serological techniques and evaluate their potential usefulness in AI surveillance of wild mammals. We call for care to be taken when applying serological tests outside their original area of validation, and for continued assay verification for multiple species and virus strains.
Role of the Helix aspersa snail as a vector of Phytophthora citrophthora causing branch cankers on clementine trees in Spain
Authors: Alvarez L. A. , Gramaje D. , Abad‐Campos P. , García‐Jiménez J. 
Published: June 2009

This study investigated the suspected role of invertebrate vectors in the transmission of phytophthora branch canker, a severe disease of clementine cultivars in Spain, caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Ants (Lasius grandis) and snails (Helix aspersa and Rumina decollata) were collected in spring and autumn 2005 from 15 commercial citrus fields which were severely affected by the disease. Isolations made from L. grandis and R. decollata bodies did not yield positive results. However, P. citrophthora was isolated from 5·0% of bodies of H. aspersa and 4·8% of samples of their faeces. In one assay, after snails were allowed to feed for 5 h on citrus branches which had been artificially infected with P. citrophthora, the pathogen was isolated from 79% of their faeces. In another experiment, snails were infested by placing them in contact with a substrate colonized by P. citrophthora and then transferred to the base of potted 4‐year‐old trees of cvs Clemenules, Fortune and Nova in the glasshouse. One day after their release, infested snails were widely distributed throughout the tree canopies and 10 days later bark discoloration and gum exudations were observed on the trees. Phytophthora citrophthora was readily isolated from tissues showing symptoms.
Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions
Authors: Verdejo‐Lucas S. , Cortada L. , Sorribas F. J. , Ornat C. 
Published: June 2009

Field trials were conducted in a plastic house artificially infested with an avirulent population of Meloidogyne javanica to determine the durability of the resistance mediated by the Mi gene in tomato rootstocks after repeated cultivation for three consecutive years. Treatments included an experimental rootstock cv. PG76 (Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum sp.), a commercial rootstock cv. Brigeor (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites), a resistant tomato cv. Monika (S. lycopersicum), and a susceptible cv. Durinta (S. lycopersicum). Based on the reproduction index (RI: number of eggs per g root on the resistant cultivar divided by number of eggs per g root on the susceptible cultivar × 100), rootstock cv. PG76 responded as highly resistant (RI = 7%) after the first cropping cycle (3·4 nematode generations), showed intermediated resistance (RI = 33%) after the second cropping cycle (3·3 generations), and was fully susceptible (RI = 94%) after the third cycle (3·3 generations). In contrast, rootstock cv. Brigeor and resistant cv. Monika retained intermediate resistance levels (RI = 41 and 25%, respectively) after the third cropping cycle. Virulent nematode populations were rapidly selected from an avirulent one after repeated cultivation of resistant tomatoes under field conditions. Bioassays conducted under controlled conditions confirmed that selection for virulence occurred more rapidly in plots with cv. PG76 followed by Brigeor and Monika. The nematode population in the field not exposed to Mi resistance remained avirulent to Mi genotypes. The genetic background of the resistant rootstocks and the frequency of cropping were critical factors for the appearance of virulent nematode populations. Irrespective of nematode infection, all resistant tomatoes yielded more than the susceptible cultivar.
On the Sorting of the Repertoire: An analysis of Cohn’s challenge to Integrity (Dembic), Round 2
Authors: Anderson C. C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn analyzing the integrity model and other context‐based models, Melvin Cohn excluded the possibility that regulatory T cells or germline selected mechanisms can contribute to defining the specificity of immune responses. Here I discuss in greater detail how both the experimental data and a quantitative view of the evolution of immune control mechanisms challenge Cohn’s arguments.
Epidemiological studies of the ‘non‐specific effects’ of vaccines: I – data collection in observational studies
Authors: Fine Paul E. M. , Williams Thomas N. , Aaby Peter , Källander Karin , Moulton Lawrence H. , Flanagan Katie L. , Smith Peter G. , Benn Christine S. ,   on behalf of the Working Group on Non‐specific Effects of Vaccines
Published: June 2009

SummaryRoutine vaccination programmes have led to substantial declines in the incidence of most of the target diseases. In these circumstances, vaccine effects beyond those on the target diseases may become evident. Several studies have suggested that certain vaccines may influence mortality in low income settings in ways that cannot be attributed to effects on target diseases. Trials of such ‘non‐specific’ effects are difficult if not impossible to organise; and observational studies of them are prone to serious confounding, because those who do or do not receive vaccines are likely to differ in many ways, some of which relate to their subsequent risk of early death, independent of vaccination. They are also prone to other biases, including the selective loss of vaccination records for children who die. We review these potential sources of bias and suggest what and how data may be collected to optimise the validity of such studies.
Fluoride, triclosan and organic weak acids as modulators of the arginine deiminase system in biofilms and suspension cells of oral streptococci
Authors: Barboza‐Silva E. , Castro A. C. D. , Marquis R. E. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  The arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria is a major generator of alkali (ammonia) in dental plaque and is considered to have anticaries effects. However, many of the antimicrobial agents used in oral care products may reduce alkali production by the ADS. The objective of our work was to assess the sensitivity of the ADS of oral streptococci to commonly used antimicrobials, fluoride, triclosan and organic weak acids.Methods:  Streptococcus sanguinis NCTC 10904 and Streptococcus ratti FA‐1 were grown in suspension cultures and mono‐organism biofilms. ADS activity at pH values of 4, 5 and 6 was assessed, and the actions of the agents was determined in terms of reduced production of alkali from arginine, inhibition of ADS enzymes and changes in uptake of arginine.Results:  ADS activity was not greatly affected by pH changes between 4 and 6 and was greater per unit of biomass for cell suspensions than for biofilms. NaF was a poor inhibitor, while triclosan was highly effective with a 50% inhibitory dose for the two organisms between 0.03 and 0.05 and between 0.10 and 0.15 mm‐h for suspension cells and biofilms, respectively. The weak acid indomethacin was nearly as potent at pH 4.0 as triclosan, while capric and lauric acids were less potent, especially for biofilms. The methyl ester of lauric acid was slightly stimulatory. The major targets for the inhibitors appeared to be transport systems for arginine uptake, although carbamate kinase was a secondary target.Conclusion:  Triclosan, indomethacin, caprate and laurate can reduce ADS activity in dental plaque.