bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedure for the isolation of vanillin from vanilla extracts prior to isotopic authentication by quantitative 13C‐NMR
Authors: Cicchetti Esmeralda , Silvestre Virginie , Fieber Wolfgang , Sommer Horst , Remaud Gérald , Akoka Serge , Chaintreau Alain 
Published: September 2010

AbstractQuantitative isotopic 13C‐NMR at natural abundance recently became a new tool for the authentication of natural flavours. In contrast to isotopic‐ratio mass spectrometry, which yields the global 13C/12C ratio of a molecule, isotopic 13C‐NMR allows the determination of isotopic ratios of each spectroscopically differentiable carbon site. Since it requires a significant amount of the purified analyte, an optimized vanillin isolation procedure is presented here. It involves an accelerated solvent extraction of beans, a fat removal step and a subsequent medium‐pressure isolation of the vanillin peak on a reusable reverse‐phase column, using mostly water as a mobile phase (97%). The overall recovery from the bean extract is 90%. The procedure was automated as much as possible and checked against the risk of isotopic fractionation. The overall protocol was demonstrated to be suitable for isotopic measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembling peptide amphiphile promotes plasticity of serotonergic fibers following spinal cord injury
Authors: Tysseling Vicki M. , Sahni Vibhu , Pashuck Eugene T. , Birch Derin , Hebert Amy , Czeisler Catherine , Stupp Samuel I. , Kessler John A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInjection into the injured spinal cord of peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules that self‐assemble and display the laminin epitope IKVAV at high density improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in two different species, rat and mouse, and in two different injury models, contusion and compression. The improvement required the IKVAV epitope and was not observed with the injection of an amphiphile displaying a nonbioactive sequence. To explore the mechanisms underlying these improvements, the number of serotonergic fibers in the lesioned spinal cord was compared in animals receiving the IKVAV‐PA, a nonbioactive PA (PA control), or sham injection. Serotonergic fibers were distributed equally in all three groups rostral to the injury but showed a significantly higher density caudal to the injury site in the IKVAV PA‐injected group. Furthermore, this difference was not present in the subacute phase following injury but appeared in the chronically injured cord. The IKVAV PA‐injected groups also trended higher both in the total number neurons adjacent to the lesion and in the number of long propriospinal tract connections from the thoracic to the lumbar cord. IKVAV PA injection did not alter myelin thickness, total axon number caudal to the lesion, axon size distribution, or total axon area. Serotonin can promote stepping even in complete transection models, so the improved function produced by the IKVAV PA treatment may reflect the increased serotonergic innervation caudal to the lesion in addition to the previously demonstrated regeneration of motor and sensory axons through the lesion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc..
Task type as a moderator of positive/negative feedback effects on motivation and performance: A regulatory focus perspective
Authors: Van Dijk Dina , Kluger Avraham N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractApplying Higgins' regulatory focus theory, we hypothesized that the effect of positive/negative feedback on motivation and performance is moderated by task type, which is argued to be an antecedent to situational regulatory focus (promotion or prevention). Thus, first we demonstrated that some tasks (e.g., tasks requiring creativity) are perceived as promotion tasks, whereas others (e.g., those requiring vigilance and attention to detail) are perceived as prevention tasks. Second, as expected, our tests in two studies of the moderation hypothesis showed that positive feedback increased self‐reported motivation (meta‐analysis across samples: N = 315, d = 0.43) and actual performance (N = 55, d = 0.67) among people working on promotion tasks, relative to negative feedback. Positive feedback, however, decreased motivation (N = 318, d = −0.33) and performance (N = 55, d = −0.37) among individuals working on prevention tasks, relative to negative feedback. These findings suggest that (a) performance of different tasks can affect regulatory focus and (b) variability in positive/negative feedback effects can be partially explained by regulatory focus and task type. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(acrylic acid): A Combined Analysis with Field‐Flow Fractionation and SAXS
Authors: Knappe Patrick , Bienert Ralf , Weidner Steffen , Thünemann Andreas F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPolyelectrolytes such as PAA and its salts are widely used, but are notoriously difficult to characterize due to their polyelectrolyte properties and broad molecular mass distributions. In this paper, we report on a new PAA analysis by combining asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation and an advanced SAXS technique using an acoustic levitator to minimize background scattering. The proof‐of‐principle is demonstrated with a mixture of three standard PAAs with different molecular masses. Detailed information on the PAA fractions is available on radii of gyration, polymer contour lengths, and coil conformation. Our method is expected to be applicable for a wide range of water‐soluble synthetic and natural polymers and ideal for molecular masses of 5 × 103–2 × 105 g · mol−1.
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Tolerability of isradipine in early Parkinson's disease: A pilot dose escalation study
Authors: Simuni Tanya , Borushko Emily , Avram Michael J. , Miskevics Scott , Martel Audrey , Zadikoff C. , Videnovic Aleksandar , Weaver Frances M. , Williams Karen , Surmeier D. James 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecent data suggests that isradipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, is neuroprotective in preclinical models of parkinsonism. Isradipine has not been systematically studied in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and tolerability of isradipine controlled release (CR) in patients with early PD. Qualified subjects (n = 31) received isradipine CR, titrated from 5 to 20 mg daily dose over 8 weeks as tolerated. Eighty‐one percent of subjects completed the study. Tolerability of isradipine CR was dose dependent: 94% for 5 mg dose; 87% for 10 mg; 68% for 15 mg; and 52% for 20 mg. Isradipine had no significant effect on blood pressure or PD motor disability. The two most common reasons for dose reduction were leg edema (7) and dizziness (3). There was no difference in isradipine tolerability between subjects with and without dopaminergic treatment, or with and without hypertension. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
LRRK2 G2019S mutations are associated with an increased cancer risk in Parkinson disease
Authors: Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Barrett Matthew J. , Stanley Kaili M. , Luciano Marta San , Shanker Vicki , Severt Lawrence , Hunt Ann , Raymond Deborah , Ozelius Laurie J. , Bressman Susan B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLeucine rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) G2019S mutations are presumed to cause PD through a toxic gain of function of the protein kinase. Small molecule kinase inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of certain cancers, and some antioncogenic agents such as sunitinib, may nonspecifically inhibit LRRK2. Few studies, however, have assessed cancer risk in LRRK2 mutation carriers. To explore this risk, we evaluated records of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) PD patients participating in genetic research. Charts were reviewed for 163 unrelated AJ PD patients, 31 of whom harbored the G2019S mutation. History of cancer was queried at baseline intake using a form reviewing medical conditions, and charts were reviewed for all follow‐up visits. 9/31 LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers had nonskin cancers, whereas 15/132 without mutations had nonskin cancers, representing an almost threefold increased risk in this group (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.6). Age at first nonskin cancer was younger in the LRRK2 carriers (56.0 years) than the noncarriers (62.0 years), but was not significant. 67% of the LRRK2 carriers had their cancer before the onset of PD, whereas only 40% of noncarriers developed their first nonskin cancer before onset of PD. While further evaluation is warranted, our findings indicate an increased risk of nonskin cancers in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers, which may be related to toxic gain of function of mutated LRRK2. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Gender differences in self‐reported late effects, quality of life and satisfaction with clinic in survivors of lymphoma
Authors: Arden‐Close E. , Absolom K. , Greenfield D. M. , Hancock B. W. , Coleman R. E. , Eiser C. ,   and on behalf of the Late Effects Group Sheffield
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives: Gender differences in perceived vulnerability to late effects and views about follow‐up among cancer survivors have received little attention. As lymphoma affects both genders similarly, we compared the consequences of cancer (late effects, perceived vulnerability and quality of life (health‐related quality of life (HRQoL)), and satisfaction with clinic visits between genders.Methods: A cohort of 115 younger adults (18–45 years, >5 years disease‐free survival), who had been treated for lymphoma participated. Questionnaires (n = 91) were completed before and after (n = 62) routine consultant‐led appointments. Survivors (n = 24) without appointments were recruited by post. Questionnaires included HRQoL, late effects, perceived vulnerability, issues survivors wanted to discuss and reported discussing in clinic, time waiting in clinic and consultation satisfaction.Results: There were no gender differences in number of self‐reported late effects or perceived vulnerability. Men with more late effects reported worse psychological HRQoL (r = 0.50, p<0.001). While men wanted to discuss more topics than they did, women were able to discuss the topics they wanted (ANOVA, p = 0.01). Multiple regression analyses showed a shorter wait in clinic (r = −0.46, p = 0.009) and discussing more topics (r = 0.34, p = 0.06) explained 30.6% of the variance in consultation satisfaction for men.Conclusions: Issues surrounding follow‐up provision are increasingly important given the length of survival in young adults following treatment for lymphoma. Men may experience poor psychological well‐being due to distress about unanswered concerns. Consideration of their concerns should be prioritised, given that satisfaction and ultimately continued attendance at clinic and HRQoL may be dependent on the extent to which follow‐up meets survivors' expectations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposed ToF‐SIMS/XPS standardization methods for bonding wires in electronic packaging applications
Authors: Sodhi R. , Gallaugher M. , Wang Z. , Koo J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTime of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and XPS were utilized to assess the surface characteristics of the bonding wire generally used in electronic packaging applications. This paper outlines the proposed standard methodologies for the analysis of the high‐curvature surfaces of the fine bonding wires (less than 1.2 mil (30 micron) in diameter) using specially designed stages and systematic data acquisition and analysis. Examples are given to showcase the effectiveness of the methodology, which is able to differentiate various industrial process residues and contaminants on the bonding wire. A preliminary draft of the proposed standard surface characterization methods is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Caster Semenya Controversy: The Case of the Use of Genetics for Gender Testing in Sport
Authors: Wonkam Ambroise , Fieggen Karen , Ramesar Raj 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCaster Semenya won the eight‐hundred‐meter title in the Berlin World Athletics Championships in 2009. Few hours after, Caster was at the center of a harsh contestation on gender. The International Association of Athletics Federations started an investigation, which was not respectful of her privacy. Caster's case highlights the need for an improvement in the awareness of genetic counseling principles amongst professionals, the public and various stakeholders. We critically examine the historical steps of gender verification in the Olympics, the violation of genetic counseling principles in Caster's case and outline some reflections on the complexity of the genetics of Disorders of sex development (DSD). Variability in both genotypes and phenotypes in DSD may not allow any etiological or functional classification at this point in time that could permit uncontroversial gender verification for fairer sport participation. We strongly suggest revisiting the pertinence of gender verification, and the process whereby this is done.
Gender Verification: A Term Whose Time has Come and Gone
Authors: Hercher Laura 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe process of testing to determine gender in putatively female athletes was developed in order to prevent cheating, but has devolved instead into a clumsy mechanism for detecting disorders of sexual development (DSD's). In over thirty years of compulsory testing, individuals with DSD's have been stigmatized and some have been denied the right to compete, although frequently their condition provided no competitive advantage. More recent guidelines require testing only on a case‐by‐case basis; the South African runner Caster Semenya was the first major test of this policy, and her experience points to the need for a more sensitive and confidential process. In addition, her case dramatizes the inadequacy of the term “gender verification.” Gender identity is a complex entity and resists simple classification. Sports authorities may set guidelines for who can compete, but they should refrain from taking on themselves the authority to decide who is and who is not a female.
Engkabang Fat Esters for Cosmeceutical Formulation
Authors: Abd Gani Siti Salwa , Basri Mahiran , Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin , Kassim Anuar , Raja Abd Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha , Salleh Abu Bakar , Ismail Zahariah 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEngkabang fat esters were synthesized from engkabang fat using an enzyme as catalyst. The main composition of the fat esters were oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate and oleyl oleate. The percentage yield was 93.67%. Ternary phase diagrams systems containing fat esters/surfactant/water were constructed. Several regions appeared in the ternary phase diagrams such as isotropic, homogenous, liquid crystal, two‐phase and three‐phase regions. Increasing the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance value of the used surfactants gave a larger homogenous and isotropic region in ternary phase diagrams of engkabang fat esters/nonionic surfactant/deionized water. Isotropic and homogenous regions in the ternary phase diagram of engkabang fat esters: PEG‐40 hydrogenated castor oil (2:1)/polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan tri‐oleate/deionized water, was the largest when compared to the other ternary phase diagrams. The isotropic and homogenous region can be used as a medium in formulation of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products such as creams, lotions, balms and lipsticks.
Host-parasite relationships in flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) – the relative importance of host biology, ecology and phylogeny
Authors: MARQUES J. F. , SANTOS M. J. , TEIXEIRA C. M. , BATISTA M. I. , CABRAL H. N. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe extent to which host biology, ecology and phylogeny determine the diversity of macroparasite assemblages has been investigated in recent years in several taxa, including fish. However, consensus has not been reached probably as a result of data being collected from different sources, different temporal scales or host and parasite biogeography and phylogeny having greater influence than expected. The present study evaluates the relative importance of 27 biological, ecological and phylogenetic characteristics of 14 flatfish species on the diversity of their ecto- and endoparasite assemblages, comprising a total of 53 taxa. Redundancy analyses were applied to the mean abundance of each parasite taxa infecting each host and to the richness, taxonomic distinctness and variance in taxonomic distinctness calculated for each assemblage within each host. Only a few host characteristics contributed significantly to the observed patterns: host distribution was more important in determining the type and mean abundance of ectoparasites present in an assemblage, whereas diversity of these assemblages were mainly related to the host's maximum size. Endoparasite mean abundance and diversity were mostly influenced by the number of food items ingested and by the presence of Crustacea and Polychaeta in the diet. However, the sympatric occurrence of related hosts also played an important role in the diversity values found in macroparasite assemblages. Results showed that a host characteristic has different importance according to the host-parasite relationship being examined, suggesting an important role for host-parasite co-evolution on the diversity of extant macroparasite assemblages.
Protein functional landscapes, dynamics, allostery: a tortuous path towards a universal theoretical framework
Authors: Zhuravlev Pavel I. , Papoian Garegin A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEnergy landscape theories have provided a common ground for understanding the protein folding problem, which once seemed to be overwhelmingly complicated. At the same time, the native state was found to be an ensemble of interconverting states with frustration playing a more important role compared to the folding problem. The landscape of the folded protein – the native landscape – is glassier than the folding landscape; hence, a general description analogous to the folding theories is difficult to achieve. On the other hand, the native basin phase volume is much smaller, allowing a protein to fully sample its native energy landscape on the biological timescales. Current computational resources may also be used to perform this sampling for smaller proteins, to build a ‘topographical map’ of the native landscape that can be used for subsequent analysis. Several major approaches to representing this topographical map are highlighted in this review, including the construction of kinetic networks, hierarchical trees and free energy surfaces with subsequent structural and kinetic analyses. In this review, we extensively discuss the important question of choosing proper collective coordinates characterizing functional motions. In many cases, the substates on the native energy landscape, which represent different functional states, can be used to obtain variables that are well suited for building free energy surfaces and analyzing the protein's functional dynamics. Normal mode analysis can provide such variables in cases where functional motions are dictated by the molecule's architecture. Principal component analysis is a more expensive way of inferring the essential variables from the protein's motions, one that requires a long molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, the two popular models for the allosteric switching mechanism, ‘preexisting equilibrium’ and ‘induced fit’, are interpreted within the energy landscape paradigm as extreme points of a continuum of transition mechanisms. Some experimental evidence illustrating each of these two models, as well as intermediate mechanisms, is presented and discussed.
Collisional and collisionless beam plasma instabilities
Authors: Bret Antoine 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCollisions are a key issue regarding the instabilities involved in the fast ignition scenario for inertial confinement fusion. Because of the plasma density gradient through which the relativistic electron beam travels, unstable modes are collisionless at the beginning of the path, and collisional near the target core. While some works have been done on both regimes, the transition from the former to the later remains unclear. By implementing a hot fluid model accounting for a collisional return current, a theory is presented which bridges between the two regimes. The transition from one regime to the other is detailed in terms of the beam-to-plasma density ratio and the collision frequency. Purely collisional modes are found to arise at very low k, compared to the collisionless ones, and generate beam skin-depth size structures in accordance to previous works on resistive filamentation.
Interaction of two plasma jets produced successively from Cu target
Authors: Kasperczuk A. , Pisarczyk T. , Badziak J. , Borodziuk S. , Chodukowski T. , Parys P. , Ullschmied J. , Krousky E. , Masek K. , Pfeifer M. , Rohlena K. , Skala J. , Pisarczyk P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOur earlier papers demonstrate a very simple method of plasma jet formation, consisting in irradiating a massive planar target of a relatively high atomic number by a partly defocused laser beam. Our present interest is concentrated on interaction of the plasma jet with other media. This paper is aimed at investigations of interaction of two jets launched successively on Cu target. Our attention was paid to the role of radiative cooling in the plasma jet formation. The experiment was carried out at the PALS iodine laser facility. The laser provided a 250-ps (full width at half maximum) pulse with energy of 130 J at the third harmonic frequency (λ3 = 0.438 µm). Two successive jets were produced on a massive flat Cu target provided with a cylindrical channel 5 mm long and 400 µm in diameter. Since the focal spot diameter of the laser beam on the target surface was larger than that of the channel (800 µm), the annular irradiation of the target face resulted in creation of the first plasma jet, whereas the second jet was produced by action of the central part of laser beam on the channel wall. Three-frame interferometric system, X-ray streak camera, and a set of ion collectors were used as diagnostic tools.
New micro-cones targets can efficiently produce higher energy and lower divergence particle beams
Authors: Renard-Le Galloudec N. , D'Humieres E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSmall conical targets have been used in high intensity laser target interaction mostly in the context of fast ignition. We demonstrate that when cone targets are shaped appropriately and used with specific interaction conditions, they can produce particle beams of higher maximum energy and number in a lower angular divergence than flat targets. This is relevant to fast ignition, small compact particle beams, medical applications, focused ion and/or electron beam microscopes. This fact carries the potential to produce particle beams that are no longer limited by the characteristics of the laser. Note that for fast ignition, reducing the divergence of the beam lowers the energy requirement and enhances the energy deposition into the compressed fuel.