bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Two New Trematodes (Proterodiplostomatidae) from an African Crocodile, and a List of Strigeid Parasites from Africa
Authors: Bisseru B. 
Published: November 2009

A description of Neoparadiplostomum magnitesticulatum gen. et sp. nov. and Neoparadiplostomum kafuensis gen. et sp. nov. is given. The material was obtained from the intestine of Crocodilus niloticus, Kafue River, Northern Rhodesia.The genus Neoparadiplostomum which is proposed as new is closely related to all the other genera of the subfamily Proterodiplos-tomatinae, but differs from them in the nature of the paraprostate and the arrangement of the sexual ducts.A catalogue is given of some known strigeid (Trematoda) parasites from the African Continent.
Studies on Digestion in the Monogenetic Trematode Polystoma integerrimum
Authors: Jennings J. B. 
Published: November 2009

1. The adult stage of Polystoma integerrimum feeds on blood which is digested by a combination of intraluminar and intracellular processes, haemolysis and partial digestion in the gut lumen being followed by absorption and completion of digestion by the cells of the gastrodermis.2. The end products of intracellular digestion are the pigment haematin and a crystalline substance identified as haematoidin, which is chemically identical with vertebrate bilirubin, and these are passed back into the lumen to be eventually voided to the exterior.3. It is probable that the expulsion of haematin from the gut cells results in a simultaneous release of enzymes, traces of which persist in the lumen to effect the early extracellular stages in the digestion of the next meal, so that intraluminar digestion in Polystoma appears to be an incidental extension of the primitive intracellular process arising from the blood-feeding habit and the consequent need to eliminate residues of haemoglobin breakdown from the gastrodermis.4. Since haematin formation has been described in certain other trematodes it is suggested that their digestive processes probably follow a course similar to that described for Polystoma but an alternative method must exist within the class since other blood feeders such as Haplometra and Gorgodera do not form this pigment.
The Identification of Infective Filarial Larvae in Mosquitoes: with a Note on the Species Found in “Wild” Mosquitoes on the Kenya Coast
Authors: Nelson G. S. 
Published: November 2009

1. At least twenty-two species of filarial worms are known to develop in mosquitoes. Filarial larvae of non-human origin must often be present in mosquitoes dissected during filariasis surveys yet the larvae seen are commonly assumed to be of human origin.2. On Pate island off the Kenya coast where bancroftian filariasis is prevalent, several distinct species of infective larvae were found in mosquitoes both in the houses and in the bush. Seven species of filarial worms were found in the local animals and a collection of known infective larvae was made by feeding mosquitoes on these different infections. A study of the material in this “reference collection” showed that many of the larvae in “wild” mosquitoes could be identified with confidence.3. A technique has been developed for the dissection of preserved and stained mosquitoes; this method has many advantages and can be used in routine filariasis surveys.4. The characters which were most useful in differentiating the infective larvae were: the length; the position of the anus; and the shape of the caudal extremity. Eight species of infective larvae were available for study, these are described and illustrated: W. bancrofti, W. malayi, W. pahangi, W. patei, D. corynodes, D. repens, D. immitis and S. equina. The literature dealing with a further fourteen species is reviewed.5. A simple key has been produced to help identify the species of infective larvae found in mosquitoes.6. On the Kenya coast W. bancrofti infective larvae have been found only in C. fatigans, A. gambiae and A. funestus. Infective larvae of animal origin which might easily be mistaken for those of W. bancrofti have been found in Ae. pembaensis, Ae. aegypti, M. uniformis and M. africanus.7. Formulae for transmission indices based on infection rates in insect vectors are of little value unless there is confidence in specific identification.8. A study of the infective larvae in Simulium neavei from an onchocerciasis area in Uganda has shown that not all the larvae are of human origin. A closer examination of the morphology of infective larvae in the vectors of filarial parasites of man in other areas will almost certainly show that the interpretation of infection rates may be complicated by the presence of infections of nonhuman origin.9. Feeding experiments were carried out with Aedes pembaensis and Ac. aegypti on a donkey infected with Setaria equina; both of these mosquitoes proved to be suitable vectors of this filarial worm.
Observations on Cyathocephalus truncatus Pallas, 1781 (Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) in its Intermediate and Definitive Hosts in a Trout Stream, North Wales
Authors: Awachie J. B. E. 
Published: November 2009

Of the three species of fish which live in Afon Terrig (Salmo trutta, Cottus gobio and Nemacheilus barbatula), only S. trutta was infected by Cyathocephalus truncatus. The parasite has a clear annual cycle and hence a periodicity of occurrence in the brown trout.No age resistance of fish to infection by C. truncatus is found. The increase of incidence with age among l+—3+ year-old fish and decrease in the older age groups are correlated with the variation in the food and feeding habits of trout with age.
Studies on the Incidence of Larval Trematodes Infecting the Fresh Water Molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales
Authors: Probert Allan J. 
Published: November 2009

Information on the incidence of larval trematodes infecting the fresh water molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales, has been collected over a period of three years.The percentage infection of the molluscs occurring within the habitat has been assessed and comparisons made with the findings of other workers.The percentage of active and passive parasite stages composing this infection has been considered.
The incidence of helminth parasites from the wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus(L.) in Eastern Scotland
Authors: Boag B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSamples of wild rabbits were collected each month over the six-year period 1977–82 and their intestines and abdomens examined for helminths. Three species of nematode, four of cestode and one trematode were found,Graphidium strigosumwas recorded in 33% of the 786 rabbits,Trichostrongylus retortaeformisin 79%,Passalurus ambiguusin 14·2%Cittotaenia Pectinatain 37%,C. denticulatain 11%,Coenurus pisiformisin 3%,Cysticercus serialisin 0·1% andFasciola hepaticain 0·1%.G. strigosumandP. ambiguusinfections were greatest in the older heavier animals whereas juvenile rabbits had the heaviestT. retortaeformisnematode burdens. Seasonal fluctuations were observed inG. strigosum, T. retortaeformis, P. ambiguusandCittotaenia denticulata.The sex and reproductive state of the female rabbit did not have any significant effect on either the nematode or cestode worm burdens. Myxomatosis was shown to significantly increase the worm burden ofT. retortaeformisand raise that ofP. ambiguus.No nematode or cestode from domesticated animals were recovered and it was concluded that sinceF. hepaticawas found only once rabbits did not constitute a serious hazard to the farm animals grazing the area.
The tail morphology of different developmental stages ofOllulanus tricuspis(Leuckart, 1865) (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
Authors: Hasslinger M.-A. , Wittmann F. X. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn a study of the morphology of the posterior ends ofO. tricuspis, it could firstly be recognized that not only the adult females but also the LII to LIV possess five cusps. They have apparently been partly overlooked by microscopic examination because of their appearance in different optical planes.
Hospitalization of paediatric patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infection, 1998–2006
Authors: SIRCAR K. D. , BANCROFT E. , NGUYEN D. M. , MASCOLA L. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYHospital discharge reports have provided data for studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI) studies. This analysis determined the sensitivity and positive predictive value of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code combinations to calculate hospitalization incidence rates, representativeness of a set of three ICD-9-CM codes to define MRSA SSTI, and hospitalization incidence rate trends for paediatric MRSA SSTIs in Los Angeles County (LAC). Using 133 cases from 31 hospitals, we found that the set of three ICD-9-CM codes used to define laboratory-confirmed cases had one of the highest positive predictive values (49%). There was no difference in age and race between those categorized using three codes vs. other code combinations. A dramatic increase in paediatric MRSA SSTI cases occurred in LAC during 1998–2006. We conclude that this combination of codes may be used to determine the rise of MRSA SSTIs in paediatric populations.
Religion, State, and Democracy: Analyzing Two Dimensions of Church-State Arrangements
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOne of the essential characteristics of a democratic regime is the separation of Church and state. The elected governors of a democratic regime's institutions require sufficient autonomy in order to make policy that is within the bounds of the constitution and which cannot be contested or overruled by non-elected religious leaders or institutions. However, this requirement is often confused by scholars and politicians to mean that a democracy must also be secular. Therefore, the idea of an “Islamic democracy” for example, is often derided as a contradiction in terms. Using quantitative data from Grim and Finke (2006) and Fox (2006) on cross-national Church and state relationships, this article argues that once the core autonomy prerequisite has been fulfilled, further separation of Church and state is not necessarily associated with higher levels of democracy. In fact, the data indicate that there is a wide range of Church-state arrangements which gives religion the possibility of a central role in political life while maintaining a high quality of democratic rights and freedoms. Drawing on the statistical results of this analysis, the article concludes by rethinking about the possibilities and limits for “public” religion to strengthen democratization processes.
Niche partitioning and the effect of interspecific competition on microhabitat use by two sympatric galaxiid stream fishes
Authors: CROW S. K. , CLOSS G. P. , WATERS J. M. , BOOKER D. J. , WALLIS G. P. 
Published: November 2009

Summary1. Numerous interacting abiotic and biotic factors influence niche use and assemblage structure of freshwater fishes, but the strength of each factor changes with spatial scale. Few studies have examined the role of interspecific competition in structuring stream fish assemblages across spatial scales. We used field and laboratory approaches to examine microhabitat partitioning and the effect of interspecific competition on microhabitat use in two sympatric stream fishes (Galaxias‘southern’ and Galaxias gollumoides) at large (among streams and among sites within streams) and small (within artificial stream channels) spatial scales.2. Diurnal microhabitat partitioning and interspecific competition at large spatial scales were analysed among three sympatry streams (streams with allotopic and syntopic sites; three separate catchments) and four allopatry streams (streams with only allotopic sites; two separate catchments). Electro‐fishing was used to sample habitat use of fishes at 30 random points within each site by quantifying four variables for each individual: water velocity, depth, distance to nearest cover and substratum size. Habitat availability was then quantified for each site by measuring those variables at each of 50 random points. Diet and stable isotope partitioning was analysed from syntopic sites only. Diel cycles of microhabitat use and interspecific competition at small spatial scales were examined by monitoring water velocity use over 48 h in artificial stream channels for three treatments: (i) allopatric G. ‘southern’ (10 G. ‘southern’); (ii) allopatric G. gollumoides (10 G. gollumoides) and (iii) sympatry (five individuals of each species).3. One hundred and ninety‐four G. ‘southern’ and 239 G. gollumoides were sampled across all seven streams, and habitat availability between the two species was similar among all sites. Galaxias‘southern’ utilised faster water velocities than G. gollumoides in both the field and in channel experiments. Both species utilised faster water velocities in channels at night than during the day. Diet differences were observed and were supported by isotopic differences (two of three sites). No interspecific differences were observed for the other three microhabitat variables in the field, and multivariate habitat selection did not differ between species. Interspecific competition had no effect on microhabitat use of either species against any variable either in the field (large scale) or in channels (small scale).4. The results suggest that niche partitioning occurs along a subset of microhabitat variables (water velocity use and diet). Interspecific competition does not appear to be a major biotic factor controlling microhabitat use by these sympatric taxa at any spatial scale. The results further suggest that stream fish assemblages are not primarily structured by biotic factors, reinforcing other studies de‐emphasising interspecific competition.
Effects of clinical factors on psychosocial variables in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Liu Hongxia , Feurer Irene D. , Dwyer Kathleen , Shaffer David , Pinson C. Wright 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTitle. Effects of clinical factors on psychosocial variables in renal transplant recipients.Aim. This paper is a report of a study investigating the effects of clinical factors (side effects of immunosuppressive medications, transplant‐related hospitalizations, donor type, duration of dialysis before transplantation and time post‐transplant) on cognitive appraisal of health, perceived self‐efficacy, perceived social support, coping and health‐related quality of life after renal transplantation.Background. Some clinical factors such as hospitalizations, side effects of medications, donor type and dialysis, which influence the health‐related quality of life of renal transplant recipients, have been investigated. However, the effects of these clinical factors on psychosocial variables after renal transplantation have not been well documented.Method. Using a descriptive cross‐sectional design, a convenience sample of 160 renal transplant recipients was recruited (N = 55 < 1 year post‐transplant;N = 105 1–3 years post‐transplant) from May, 2005 to January, 2006. Standardized instruments were used to measure the key constructs. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of clinical factors on the psychosocial outcome measures.Results. Participants reporting more (>17) immunosuppressive medication‐associated side effects appraised their health more negatively, used more disengagement coping, had lower degrees of perceived self‐efficacy, and reported lower physical and mental health‐related quality of life than those with fewer symptoms (≤17). Participants less than 1 year post‐transplant used more engagement coping, reported higher degrees of perceived self‐efficacy and perceived social support than participants in the later period post‐transplant.Conclusion. Interventions aimed at alleviating bothersome medication side effects are needed to help these patients cope with transplantation and improve their health‐related quality of life.
Attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities: nursing students and non‐nursing peers
Authors: Ten Klooster Peter M. , Dannenberg Jan‐Willem , Taal Erik , Burger Gerard , Rasker Johannes J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTitle.  Attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities: nursing students and non‐nursing peers. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the attitudes of Dutch nursing students towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities.Background.  Attitudes of healthcare professionals are a major factor in the rehabilitation and self‐acceptance of persons with disabilities. Consequently, it is important that nurses develop or maintain positive attitudes towards people with disabilities during their education. However, more knowledge is needed about current attitudes of nursing students and factors influencing these attitudes.Methods.  A sample of Dutch nursing students (n = 81) and an age‐matched group of non‐nursing peers (n = 48) completed standardized scales measuring attitudes about physically or intellectually disabled people. Data were collected in 2006.Findings.  Nursing students were more positive towards physically disabled people than their peers, and more strongly endorsed empowerment and similarity of intellectually disabled people. These attitudinal differences generally remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment for demographic variables and experience and contact with individuals with disabilities. An important independent determinant of a positive attitude towards physically disabled people in the total sample was having a relative or friend with a physical disability. This association, however, was not apparent in attitudes towards intellectually disabled persons.Conclusion.  Educational interventions aimed at improving attitudes towards people with disabilities should include focus on forms of contact beyond the context of formal care relationships.
Ectoparasites (sucking lice, fleas and ticks) of small mammals in southeastern Kenya
Authors: OGUGE N. O. , DURDEN L. A. , KEIRANS J. E. , BALAMI H. D. , SCHWAN T. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.During 1998–2000, at least 14 species (n = 309) of small mammals were live‐trapped and examined for ectoparasites in moist forests of the Taita and Shimba Hills and drier savannah habitats of Nguruman, southeastern Kenya. Ectoparasites were recorded from 11 species of mammals. Five species of sucking lice [Hoplopleura inexpectans Johnson, H. intermedia Kellogg & Ferris, Polyplax reclinata (Nitzsch), P. waterstoni Bedford and Schizophthirus graphiuri Ferris], six species of fleas (Ctenophthalmus leptodactylous Hubbard, Dinopsyllus grypurus Jordan & Rothschild, D. lypusus Jordan & Rothschild, Hypsophthalmus campestris Jordan & Rothschild, Listropsylla basilewskyi Smit and Xiphiopsylla lippa Jordan) and at least six species of ticks (Amblyomma sp., Haemaphysalis sp., Ixodes sp., I. alluaudi Neumann, I. cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, I. muniensis Arthur & Burrow and Rhipicephalus sp.) were recorded from these hosts. Four of the five species of sucking lice were host specific whereas P. reclinata was recorded from two different species of white‐toothed shrews, Crocidura spp. Although fleas and ticks were less host specific, C. leptodactylous, D. grypurus and I. cumulatimpunctatus were only recorded from the murid rodent Praomys delectorum (Thomas), Amblyomma sp. was only recorded from the nesomyid rodent Beamys hindei Thomas, Rhipicephalus sp. was only recorded from the murid Lemniscomys striatus (L.) and I. muniensis was only recorded from the dormouse Graphiurus microtis (Noack). More species of ectoparasites and significantly greater infestation prevalences were recorded from small mammals in moist habitats compared with those from the savannah habitat. At least one of the fleas recorded, D. lypusus, is a known vector of Yersinia pestis Lehmann & Neumann, the causative agent of plague, which is present in the region.
Environmental risk factors associated with West Nile virus clinical disease in Florida horses
Authors: RIOS L. M. V. , SHEU J.‐J. , DAY J. F. , MARUNIAK J. E. , SEINO K. , ZARETSKY H. , LONG M. T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the extrinsic risk factors of West Nile virus (WNV) clinical disease in Florida horses as established from confirmed and negative horses tested within the state from 2001 to 2003. An Arboviral Case Information Form (ACF) was submitted by a referring veterinarian at the time of testing to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services on every horse suspected of a viral encephalitis in Florida. A follow‐up survey that focused on arbovirus prevention and farm ecology was created and mailed to the owner of each tested horse. Data from the follow‐up survey indicated peak WNV prevalence in the late summer months in Florida. Quarter horses were the most commonly affected breed. The WNV vaccine was highly protective and natural water on the property also had a protective association. Factors that increased the risk of WNV to horses were the use of fans and a stable construction of solid wood or cement. Some risk indicators were dead birds on the property and other ill animals on the property. Data from this retrospective study have helped identify factors associated with WNV transmission in equines in Florida. Horses that have not been vaccinated and show clinical signs of arboviral infection from June to November should be tested for WNV. Horses that have been vaccinated and show clinical signs should be tested when the vaccination was administered within 1 month or greater than 6 months prior to the onset of clinical symptoms associated with WN infection.
The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus in Central Europe
Authors: SCHAFFNER F. , KAUFMANN C. , HEGGLIN D. , MATHIS A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Complaints about a biting pest led to the recognition of invasive Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Europe. Larval collections from cemetery vases revealed a colonized area of approximately 1400 km2 in northern Switzerland spreading into bordering Germany, suggesting that the mosquito has been established in this region for several years. Within this range, larvae of Ae. japonicus were recovered from more containers than the most common resident culicid species Culex pipiens. Possible introduction sites (used tyre yards and international airports) revealed few or no larvae, and the mode of introduction remains unclear. Given the vector potential of this species for arboviruses, implementation of surveillance and control measures should be considered.