bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Resuscitation: How Do Paramedics Experience Ethical Dilemmas when Faced with Cancer Patients with Cardiac Arrest?
Authors: Nordby Halvor , Nøhr Øyvind 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Research on prehospital emergency work traditionally has focused on medical issues, but paramedics often have to make ethical choices. The goal of this exploratory study was to understand how paramedics experience difficult ethical dilemmas regarding resuscitation of cancer patients.Methods:Paramedics from ambulance services in Norway were interviewed about resuscitation of cancer patients with cardiac arrest. The qualitative study included naturalistic, semi-structured interviews and a cognitive-emotional, interpretive approach.Results:All study participants believed that it ethically can be correct not to resuscitate if the patient is expected to survive for only a short time with a very low quality of life and severe negative illness experiences. However, this belief sometimes failed to match formal or informal guidelines and contextual factors such as expectations of relatives. When confronting these challenges, the majority of the paramedics relied heavily on the advice of medical experts, but some had to make more autonomous decisions.Discussion:The concept of a double pressure situation can be used to analyze the ethical dilemmas regarding resuscitation of cancer patients. The pressure from “below” is grounded in individual caring frameworks, and in the belief that it can be wrong to resuscitate. The pressure from “above” is objective and system-related, related to uncertainty, and grounded in the fundamental and irreducible value of human life.Conclusions:The findings of this qualitative, exploratory study suggest that ethical concepts and analyses of double pressure situations should have an important role in education and training designed to prepare emergency personnel for difficult life and death choices. More research is needed to shed light on how ethical dilemmas arise in prehospital work.
Optical Transient Surveys
Authors: Schmidt Brian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe last five years have seen an explosion of activity to monitor the sky at optical wavelengths. The following summarizes an overview of the range of experiments currently being, or soon to be, undertaken in both cataloguing and monitoring the sky, and suggests scientific opportunities for the short- to medium- term in the arena of optical transient astronomy. In so doing, it applies the philosophy described by Warner (page 3) to the gamut of variability studies that are now burgeoning in observational astronomy.
The Scientific Potential of LOFAR for Time Domain Astronomy
Authors: Fender Rob 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLOFAR is a ground-breaking low-frequency radio telescope that is currently nearing completion across northern Europe. As a software telescope with no moving parts, enormous fields of view and multi-beaming, it has fantastic potential for the exploration of the time-variable universe. In this brief paper I outline LOFAR's capabilities, our plans to use it for a range of transient searches, and some crude estimated rates of transient detections.
Time-Domain Astronomy withSwift,FermiandLobster
Authors: Gehrels Neil , Barthelmy Scott D. , Cannizzo John K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe dynamic transient gamma-ray sky is revealing many interesting results, largely due to findings byFermiandSwift. The list includes new twists on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), a GeV flare from a symbiotic star, GeV flares from the Crab Nebula, high-energy emission from novae and supernovae, and, within the last year, a new type of object discovered bySwift—a jetted tidal disruption event. In this review we present highlights of these exciting discoveries. A new mission concept calledLobsteris also described; it would monitor the X-ray sky at order-of-magnitude higher sensitivity than current missions can.
Explosions on a Variety of Scales
Authors: Bildsten Lars 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe theoretical community is beginning to appreciate (and predict) the potential diversity of explosive outcomes from stellar evolution, while the supernovæ surveys are finding new kinds of supernovæ. This talk described two such new supernovæ. The first are ultraluminous core collapse supernovæ with radiated energies approaching 1051 ergs. The talk went on to present our recent work that explains these events with late-time energy deposition from rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars: magnetars. It concluded with our theoretical work on helium shell detonations on accreting white dwarfs that predict a new class of supernovæ called “.Ia's”. The first such candidate may well have been found by the Palomar Transient Factory.
On the Sensitivity of Period Searches
Authors: Schwarzenberg-Czerny A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAstronomical time series are special in that time sampling in them is uneven yet often with periodic gaps due to daytime, moon and seasons. There is therefore a need for special-purpose time-series analysis (TSA) methods. The emergence of massive CCD photometric surveys from the ground and space raises the question of an automatic period search in ≫ 105 light curves. We caution that already at the planning stage it is important to account for the effects of time sampling and analysis methods on the sensitivity of detections. We present a transparent scheme for the classification of period-search methods. We employ tools for evaluating the performance of those methods, according to the type of light curves investigated. In particular we consider sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillations as well as eclipse or transit light curves. From these considerations we draw recommendations for the optimum analysis of astronomical time series. We present briefly the capability of an automatic period-search package Tatry. Finally we discuss the role of Monte Carlo simulations in the analysis of detection sensitivity. As an example, we demonstrate a practical method to account for the bandwidth (multi-trial) penalty in the statistical evaluation of detected periods.
Probing the Physics of Planets and Stars with Transit Data
Authors: Aigrain Suzanne 
Published: April 2012

SummaryVirtually all exoplanet detection and characterisation methods are based on time-domain data. This invited talk gave an overview of some recent results in the field, highlighting some of the time-series-specific challenges encountered along the way. In particular it focussed on planetary transits: how to detect shallow, rare transits in noisy data, and how to model them with extreme accuracy to extract information about the transiting planet's atmosphere. Space-based transit surveys also constitute an extraordinary goldmine of information on stellar variability, and the talk touched briefly upon some recent statistical work in that field.
Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Bonning Erin Wells 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis talk explored variability in active galactic nuclei (AGN) for a variety of scales across the time domain. From billion-year-scale intermittency to a quasi-periodic oscillation signal with a period of one hour, time-varying signals offer insights into a myriad of complex processes driven by the AGN central engine. Athough the era of time-domain observations of AGN across the spectrum has but just begun, already observations reveal the rich detail of phenomena associated with actively accreting black holes which challenge theoretical models.
Variable Red Giants
Authors: Kerschbaum Franz , Nowotny Walter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe longest-known class of pulsating variable stars, namely pulsating red giants, is also the one that involves the most complex physical processes. Pulsation, mass loss, nuclear synthesis, mixing, atmospheric and circumstellar chemistry and dust formation all interrelate with one another and make both the observational studies and the modelling efforts quite challenging. The paper outlines some of the current key questions, and recommends observational strategies.
Towards a New Generation of Multi-Dimensional Stellar Models: Can Our Models Meet the Challenges?
Authors: Baraffe I. , Viallet M. , Walder R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe talk described the first steps of development of a new multi-dimensional time-implicit code devoted to the study of hydrodynamical processes in stellar interiors. The main motivation stemmed from the fact that our physical understanding of stellar interiors and evolution still largely relies on one-dimensional calculations. The description of complex physical processes like time-dependent turbulent convection, rotation or MHD processes mostly relies on simplified, phenomenological approaches, with a predictive power hampered by the use of several free parameters. These approaches have now reached their limits in the understanding of stellar structure and evolution. The development of multi-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations becomes crucial to progress in the field of stellar physics and to meet the enormous observational efforts aimed at producing data of unprecedented quality (COROT, Kepler GAIA). The code we are developing solves the hydrodynamical equations in spherical geometry and is based on the finite volume method. The talk presented a global simulation of turbulent convective motions in a cold giant envelope, covering 80% in radius of the stellar structure. Our first developments show that the use of an implicit scheme applied to a stellar evolution context is perfectly thinkable.
Exploring the Time Domain with Synoptic Sky Surveys
Authors: Djorgovski S. G. , Mahabal A. A. , Drake A. J. , Graham M. J. , Donalek C. , Williams R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSynoptic sky surveys are becoming the largest data generators in astronomy, and they are opening a new research frontier that touches practically every field of astronomy. Opening the time domain to a systematic exploration will strengthen our understanding of a number of interesting known phenomena, and may lead to the discoveries of as yet unknown ones. We describe some lessons learned over the past decade, and offer some ideas that may guide strategic considerations in the planning and execution of future synoptic sky surveys.
From Hipparcos to Gaia
Authors: Eyer L. , Dubath P. , Saesen S. , Evans D.W. , Wyrzykowski L. , Hodgkin S. , Mowlavi N. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe measurement of the positions, distances, motions and luminosities of stars represents the foundations of modern astronomical knowledge. Launched at the end of the eighties, the ESA Hipparcos satellite was the first space mission dedicated to such measurements. Hipparcos improved position accuracies by a factor of 100 compared to typical ground-based results and provided astrometric and photometric multi-epoch observations of 118,000 stars over the entire sky. The impact of Hipparcos on astrophysics has been extremely valuable and diverse. Building on this important European success, the ESA Gaia cornerstone mission promises an even more impressive advance. Compared to Hipparcos, it will bring a gain of a factor 50 to 100 in position accuracy and of a factor of 10,000 in star number, collecting photometric, spectrophotometric and spectroscopic data for one billion celestial objects. During its 5-year flight, Gaia will measure objects repeatedly, up to a few hundred times, providing an unprecedented database to study the variability of all types of celestial objects. Gaia will bring outstanding contributions, directly or indirectly, to most fields of research in astrophysics, such as the study of our Galaxy and of its stellar constituents, and the search for planets outside the solar system.
Technical and Observational Challenges for Future Time-Domain Surveys
Authors: Bloom Joshua S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBy the end of the last decade, robotic telescopes were established as effective alternatives to the traditional role of astronomer in planning, conducting and reducing time-domain observations. By the end of this decade, machines will play a much more central role in the discovery and classification of time-domain events observed by such robots. While this abstraction of humans away from the real-time loop (and the nightly slog of the nominal scientific process) is inevitable, just how we will get there as a community is uncertain. I discuss the importance of machine learning in astronomy today, and project where we might consider heading in the future. I will also touch on the role of people and organisations in shaping and maximising the scientific returns of the coming data deluge.
Optical & NIR Transient Surveys
Authors: Cross Nicholas J. G. , Djorgovski S. G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA workshop on Optical & Near Infrared Transients took place during the first afternoon of the Symposium. It ran for two sessions. The first was given over to talks about various current optical and near-infrared transient surveys, focussing on the Vista surveys, the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, Pan-STARRS, Gaia, TAOS and TAOS2. The second session was a panel-led discussion about coordinating multi-wavelength surveys and associated follow-ups.
The Future of X-Ray Time-Domain Surveys
Authors: Haggard Daryl , Sivakoff Gregory R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractModern X-ray observatories yield unique insight into the astrophysical time domain. Each X-ray photon can be assigned an arrival time, an energy and a sky position, yielding sensitive, energy-dependent light curves and enabling time-resolved spectra down to millisecond time-scales. Combining those with multiple views of the same patch of sky (e.g., in the Chandra and XMM-Newton deep fields) so as to extend variability studies over longer baselines, the spectral timing capacity of X-ray observatories then stretch over 10 orders of magnitude at spatial resolutions of arcseconds, and 13 orders of magnitude at spatial resolutions of a degree. A wealth of high-energy time-domain data already exists, and indicates variability on timescales ranging from microseconds to years in a wide variety of objects, including numerous classes of AGN, high-energy phenomena at the Galactic centre, Galactic and extra-Galactic X-ray binaries, supernovæ, gamma-ray bursts, stellar flares, tidal disruption flares, and as-yet unknown X-ray variables. This workshop explored the potential of strategic X-ray surveys to probe a broad range of astrophysical sources and phenomena. Here we present the highlights, with an emphasis on the science topics and mission designs that will drive future discovery in the X-ray time domain.
Gravitational Microlensing
Authors: Wyrzykowski Ł. , Moniez M. , Horne K. , Street R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGravitational microlensing is a well established and unique field of time-domain astrophysics. For two decades microlensing surveys have been regularly observing millions of stars to detect elusive events that follow a characteristic Paczyński lightcurve. This workshop reviewed the current state of the field, and covered the major topics related to microlensing: searches for extrasolar planets, and studies of dark matter. There were also discussions of issues relating to the organisation of follow-up observations for microlensing, as well as serendipitous scientific outcomes resulting from extensive microlensing data.
Using the VO to Study the Time Domain
Authors: Seaman Rob , Williams Roy , Graham Matthew , Murphy Tara 
Published: April 2012

AbstractJust as the astronomical “Time Domain” is a catch-phrase for a diverse group of different science objectives involving time-varying phenomena in all astrophysical régimes from the solar system to cosmological scales, so the “Virtual Observatory” is a complex set of community-wide activities from archives to astroinformatics. This workshop touched on some aspects of adapting and developing those semantic and network technologies in order to address transient and time-domain research challenges. It discussed the VOEvent format for representing alerts and reports on celestial transient events, the SkyAlert and ATELstream facilities for distributing these alerts, and the IVOA time-series protocol and time-series tools provided by the VAO. Those tools and infrastructure are available today to address the real-world needs of astronomers.
Small and Robotic Telescopes in the Era of Massive Time-Domain Surveys
Authors: Bode M. F. , Vestrand W. T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe have entered an era in time-domain astronomy in which the detected rate of explosive transients and important ephemeral states in persistent objects threatens to overwhelm the world's supply of traditional follow-up telescopes. As new, comprehensive time-domain surveys become operational and wide-field multi-messenger observatories come on-line, that problem will become more acute. The goal of this workshop was to foster discussion about how autonomous robotic telescopes and small-aperture conventional telescopes can be employed in the most effective ways to help deal with the coming deluge of scientifically interesting follow-up opportunities. Discussion topics included the role of event brokers, automated event triage, the establishment of cooperative global telescope networks, and real-time coordination of observations at geographically diverse sites. It therefore included brief overviews of the current diverse landscape of telescopes and their interactions, and also considered planned and potential new facilities and operating models.
Historical Time-Domain: Data Archives, Processing, and Distribution
Authors: Grindlay Jonathan E. , Griffin R. Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe workshop on Historical Time-Domain Astronomy (TDA) was attended by a near-capacity gathering of ~30 people. From information provided in turn by those present, an up-to-date overview was created of available plate archives, progress in their digitization, the extent of actual processing of those data, and plans for data distribution. Several recommendations were made for prioritising the processing and distribution of historical TDA data.
Workshop on Stellar Tidal Disruption
Authors: Farrar Glennys R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe past year has seen major advances in the observational status of Stellar Tidal Disruption, with the discovery of two strong optical candidates in archived SDSS data and the real-time X-ray detection of Swift J1644+57, plus rapid radio and optical follow-up establishing it as a probable Tidal Disruption Flare (TDF) in “blazar mode”. These observations motivated a workshop devoted to discussion of such events and of the theory of their emission and flare rate. Observational contributions included a presentation of Swift J2058+05 (a possible second example of a TDF in blazar mode), reports on the late-time evolution and X-ray variability of the two Swift events, and a proposal that additional candidates may be evidenced by spectral signatures in SDSS. Theory presentations included models of radio emission, theory of light curves and the proposal that GRB101225A may be the Galactic tidal disruption of a neutron star, an interpretation of Swift J1644+57 as due to the disruption of a white dwarf instead of main-sequence star, calculation of the dependence of the TDF rate on the spin of the black hole, and analysis of the SDSS events, fitting their SEDs to profiles of thoretical emission from accretion disks and showing that their luminosity and rate are consistent with the proposal that TDEs can be responsible for UHECR acceleration.
Workshop on Faint and Fast Transients
Authors: Kasliwal Mansi , Bildsten Lars 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIn the past five years systematic searches, serendipitous discoveries and archival searches have yielded over a dozen transients that are brighter than novæ but fainter than supernovæ. The observed properties of these “gap” transients tend to place them in distinct classes, some being about 100 times brighter than novæ and durations of nearly 100 days (e.g., M85 OT, PTF10fqs), while others (such as SN2002bj and PTF10bhp) nearly reach supernovæ luminosities but fade in five days. The state of theoretical understanding varies substantially across the class of objects, and is ripe for progress.
Workshop on Algorithms for Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Protopapas Pavlos 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis Workshop covered the four major subjects listed below in two 90-minute sessions. Each talk or tutorial allowed questions, and concluded with a discussion.Classification: Automatic classification using machine-learning methods is becoming a standard in surveys that generate large datasets. Ashish Mahabal (Caltech) reviewed various methods, and presented examples of several applications.Time-Series Modelling: Suzanne Aigrain (Oxford University) discussed autoregressive models and multivariate approaches such as Gaussian Processes.Meta-classification/mixture of expert models: Karim Pichara (Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile) described the substantial promise which machine-learning classification methods are now showing in automatic classification, and discussed how the various methods can be combined together.Event Detection: Pavlos Protopapas (Harvard) addressed methods of fast identification of events with low signal-to-noise ratios, enlarging on the characterization and statistical issues of low signal-to-noise ratios and rare events.
Investigating the Sources of Flickering and Superhumps in the Dwarf Nova V4140 Sgr
Authors: Baptista R. , Borges B. , Oliveira A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe report the results of maximum entropy eclipse-mapping analysis of an ensemble of light curves of the dwarf nova V4140 Sagitarii (V4140 Sgr) with the objective of studying the spatial distribution of its steady-light and flickering sources in quiescence, and the changing disk structure during an outburst.
The Kepler Guest Observer Programme
Authors: Barclay Thomas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Kepler Guest Observer Office is dedicated to the service of the broad science community, with a charter to promote the exploitation of Kepler data and broaden the scientific impact of the Kepler mission. There are four routes by which to gain access to Kepler data: the Guest Observer programme annual call for proposals, the quarterly call for Director's Discretionary Targets, the Kepler Asteroseismic Science Consortium, and by accessing the Kepler public data archive. The Guest Observer Office supports all users of Kepler data no matter which route they took to access data, and to that end have developed software tools which can be used by the community in their data analyses.
Crab Pulsar: Enhanced Optical Emission During Giant Radio Pulses
Authors: Collins Susan , Shearer Andy , Stappers Ben , Barbieri Cesare , Naletto Giampiero , Zampieri Luca , Verroi Enrico , Gradari Serena 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough optical pulsar studies have been limited to a few favoured objects, the observation of pulsars at optical wavelengths provides an opportunity to derive a number of important pulsar characteristics, including the energy spectrum of the emitting electrons and the geometry of the emission zone. These parameters will be vital for a comprehensive model of pulsar emission mechanisms. Observations of the Crab pulsar with the high-time-resolution photon-tagging photometer IquEYE show an optical–radio delay of ~178 μs. Incorporating simultaneous Jodrell Bank radio observations suggested a correlation between giant radio pulses and enhanced optical pulses for this pulsar, thus offering possible evidence for the reprocessing of radio photons.