bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of various disinfectants using the Kirby-Bauer Method with disc diffusion to determine their effectiveness against locally isolated pathogens
Authors: Mehmood Muhammad Danish , Sabir Sawaira , Ghani Muhammad Usman , Anwar ul-Haq Huma , Khalid Rauf , Sharif Nadeem 
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various disinfectants against locally isolated pathogens using the Kirby-Bauer Method with disc diffusion. Indigenous strains of Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, Campylobacter, Citrobacter freundii, and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from the bacterial depository bank and sub-cultured on their respective selective media. A 0.5 McFarland Turbidity Standard was prepared, and eight commercially available disinfectants were tested for efficacy. The results of this study will inform the selection of appropriate disinfectants for use in preventing the spread of disease in various settings, including home sanitation, healthcare, and industrial manufacturing processes. The disinfectants used in this study produced different results against the targeted pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide and Formalin produced larger zones of inhibition, while Povidone Iodine and Hydrochloric acid produced intermediate zones. Ethanol, Methanol, and Dettol produced smaller .zones of inhibition. Benzalkonium Chloride was effective only against S. aureus, while all other indigenous isolates resisted it.
Keywords: Disinfectants, Sal. typhimurium, E.coli, Campylobacter, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus auerus, Antibiotic sensitivity test
Association between kidney dysfunction and electrolytes imbalance among HIV patients attending Muhororo District Hospital
Authors: Fabrice UWUMUREMYI , Angelique USENGIMANA , Jean de Dieu NDAYAMBAJE , Jean Chrysostome UWIHANGANYE , Jean Pierre UWIZEYIMANA , Innocent Nzabanterura , Alain Prudence Ishimwe 
Published: June 2024

Background: Kidney diseases has been recognized as one of the challenging complications in HIV infected people. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia are the most disturbed electrolytes associated with an increased risk of death both in hospitalized and in ambulatory HIV patients.
Aim: The study aimed to assess the association between renal dysfunction and serum electrolytes disorders among HIV infected patients.
Method: It was a retrospective study conducted at Muhororo district hospital from May up to July 2023. HIV infected patients were enrolled in the study and their serum creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride were tested and the results analyzed by using SPSS version 22. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significance.
Result: Among 115 HIV infected patients, 67.8% were females and 32.1% were males. The Mean serum creatinine was elevated among HIV infected patients [1.01(mg/dl) ±0.27, 0.99(mg/dl) ±0.26], and 40.8% had hyponatremia, 8% had hypernatremia, 6% had hypokalemia 7.8% had hyperkalemia 17.3% had hypochloremia and 20% had hyperchloremia Mean serum sodium was slightly decreased [134.1(mmol/l) ±11.8], there was no change in mean of both serum K+ and CL_ [4.4 (mmol/l) SD±1 / 100.7(mmol/l) with SD±14.2 for serum Cl-]. Serum creatinine was significantly associated with Na+ and K+ [P=0.04, r=-0.19/ p=0.01, r= 0.22] however the correlation between Cl- and Serum creatinine was not statistically significant [P=0.3, r=-0.08].
Conclusion: The study found elevated serum creatinine and, the weak correlation between creatinine and electrolytes in HIV infected patients on ART. The present findings need to be confirmed with further studies with large sample size. HIV infected patients should change life style that predispose their health to the development of kidney diseases they must also stick on healthcare provider’s counselling.
Keywords: HIV, Kidney Dysfunction, Serum electrolytes.
Identification of Bacteria from Public Toilets of Modern Market (Goico) in Musanze Town, Rwanda
Authors: Julienne MUKANDAYISHIMIYE , Cedrick IZERE , ALAIN PRUDENCE ISHIMWE , Hyacinthe MUKASHEMA , Innocent NZABANTERURA , Jean Chrysostome UWIHANGANYE , Jean Baptiste HABANABAKIZE , Dary Lorraine KORINEZA 
Published: June 2024

Background: Bacteria are present on all surfaces, to which they were carried by many direct and indirect methods of transmission. A toilet is simply a receptacle into which both solid and liquid waste of human origin, in the form of urine and excreta are discharged. In public toilets, complete strangers mix and use the same sanitary facilities, with all the related risks of bodily fluid exchange, contamination and organism transmission. Unhygienic use of the toilet’s facilities may cause urine and fecal residues after use to serve as a major reservoir or source of human pathogen, which may in turn bring about disease outbreak.
Aim: This study aimed at Identification of Bacteria from Public Toilets of Modern Market (Goico) In Musanze Town, Rwanda
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify bacteria from GOICO market toilets. About 40 samples; 20 from male and 20 from female toilets were collected and transported to INES-clinical microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. Laboratory techniques including culture, gram stain, biochemical tests and antibiogram were performed.
Results: The most predominant bacteria isolated was S. aureus (31.43%), followed by S. typhi (20%), Streptococcus(15.71%), E. coli(12.86%), P. aeuriginosa(10%), P. mirabilis(7.14%), C. freundi(1.43%), S. epidermidis (1.43%). It was noted that female toilets were more contaminated (51.43%) than male toilets (48.57%). All gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Gentamicin. Almost all bacteria except P. mirabilis were sensitive to Norfloxacin, gram negative showed a resistance to Vancomycin and Novobiocin.
Conclusion: These results should alert public toilets users that extreme caution must be executed while using these toilets, as they may be a source of pathogenic bacteria. The best way to keep a toilet and its seat free of bacteria is to clean it with bleach. Otherwise, keep the bacteria at bay by washing your hands, and if you just don't trust that toilet seat, wipe it down with a disinfectant or antibacterial wipe before you sit.
Keywords: Bacteria, Public toilets, E. coli, S. typhi, Urinary tract
Comparison of Consolidation Strategies for Pediatric Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia -- Results of the Randomized GATLA 8-LMA-P'07 Trial
Authors: gomez sergio , Deana Alejandra , Riccheri Maria Cecilia , Freigeiro Daniel , Moran Lorena , Fynn Alcira Beatriz , Sung Lillian 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjective: The primary objective was to
determine if consolidation with two short chemotherapy cycles using
cytarabine plus idarubicin (AI) and high dose cytarabine plus
mitoxantrone (haM) (two-cycle) reduced the cumulative incidence of
relapse compared to the standard regimen of a 6-week consolidation phase
(CONS) among newly diagnosed pediatric patients with acute myeloid
leukemia (AML). Methods: GATLA 8-LMA-P’07 was a phase III
trial conducted in 26 centers in Argentina. We included newly diagnosed
pediatric patients with AML 0-18 years of age. Patients with M3 AML were
excluded. After two cycles of induction, patients in remission were
randomized to either CONS or two-cycle consolidation chemotherapy. High
risk patients received matched family stem cell transplantation or
maintenance therapy for 12 months. Results: One hundred
seven patients younger than 18 years with de novo AML were randomized
to CONS (n=52) or two-cycle (n=57). Cumulative incidence (standard
error) of relapse was not significantly different between CONS (31%
(0.1)) and two-cycle (39% (0.1)) consolidation (P=0.25). There was no
significant difference in 5-year event free survival (53.6% (0.8) vs
44.3 (0.7), P= 0.31) or 5-year overall survival (55.0% (0.8) vs. 53.7%
(0.7), P=0.91) for CONS and two-cycle consolidation respectively.
Conclusions: Consolidation with two cycles of chemotherapy was
not significantly better than the standard consolidation in reducing the
cumulative risk of relapse among newly diagnosed children with AML from
Argentina. Future research should evaluate new approaches to improves
outcomes for pediatric patients with AML.
Trefoil Factor 2 Expressed by the Murine Pancreatic Acinar Cells Is Required for the Development of Islets and for β-Cell Function During Aging
Authors: Ortiz Jose A. , Ghazalli Nadiah , Lopez Kassandra , Rawson Jeffrey , McCown Erika M. , Oh Eunjin , Irimia Jose M. , Jou Kevin , Mares Jacob , Chen Min-Hsuan , Wu Xiwei , Zook Heather N. , Quijano Janine C. , Erdem Neslihan , Lizarraga Anahy , Kandeel Fouad , Fueger Patrick T. , Thurmond Debbie C. , Ku Hsun Teresa 
Published: June 2024

Exocrine-to-endocrine cross talk in the pancreas is crucial to maintain β-cell function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this cross talk are largely undefined. Trefoil factor 2 (Tff2) is a secreted factor known to promote the proliferation of β-cells in vitro, but its physiological role in vivo in the pancreas is unknown. Also, it remains unclear which pancreatic cell type expresses Tff2 protein. We therefore created a mouse model with a conditional knockout of Tff2 in the murine pancreas. We find that the Tff2 protein is preferentially expressed in acinar but not ductal or endocrine cells. Tff2 deficiency in the pancreas reduces β-cell mass on embryonic day 16.5. However, homozygous mutant mice are born without a reduction of β-cells and with acinar Tff3 compensation by day 7. When mice are aged to 1 year, both male and female homozygous and male heterozygous mutants develop impaired glucose tolerance without affected insulin sensitivity. Perifusion analysis reveals that the second phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from islets is reduced in aged homozygous mutant compared with controls. Collectively, these results demonstrate a previously unknown role of Tff2 as an exocrine acinar cell-derived protein required for maintaining functional endocrine β-cells in mice.

Article Highlights
142-OR: A1C and Average Glucose Discordance—Personalized A1C Improves the Discrepancy, Particularly in Black Individuals
Authors: AJJAN RAMZI , DUNN TIMOTHY , XU YONGJIN , CHOUDHARY PRATIK 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Black individuals with diabetes have greater hypoglycemic hospitalizations, perhaps due to overtreatment of elevated laboratory A1C compared to average glucose (AG), related to altered red blood cell (RBC) biology. Our aim was to evaluate the size of the problem and improve A1C accuracy using a new glycemic marker.
Methods: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and bi-monthly A1C were collected in a 26-week study of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes across different race groups. RBC personal glycation ratio (PGR) was determined at 12 weeks and used to calculate personalized A1C (pA1C) with this new glycemic marker assessed against paired 56-day AG-derived A1C.
Results: Of 811 A1C and AG-derived A1C comparisons in 245 individuals, 34% displayed greater than 0.5% disagreement. This was reduced to 13% using pA1C, with the largest improvement detected in 56 Black individuals (reducing from 42% deviation rate for A1C to 17% for pA1C, Figure). For A1C values &lt;7%, more than 0.5% discrepancy between A1C and AG-derived A1C for the whole group and Black individuals was lowered from 27% and 34%, respectively, to 5% and 9% with pA1C.
Conclusion: Clinically significant A1C and AG-derived A1C discordance is common, particularly in Black individuals. Personalized A1C addresses this discrepancy potentially improving clinical management in diabetes and reducing health disparities.

Disclosure
R. Ajjan: Research Support; Abbott. Speaker's Bureau; Abbott. Advisory Panel; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk. Speaker's Bureau; Boehringer-Ingelheim. Research Support; Diabetes UK. Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi. T. Dunn: Employee; Abbott. Y. Xu: None. P. Choudhary: Advisory Panel; Abbott, Biolinq. Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. Advisory Panel; Ypsomed AG, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.
1932-LB: Cost-Effectiveness of the National Diabetes Prevention Program—A Real-World, Two-Year Prospective Study
Authors: KUO SHIHCHEN , YE WEN , WANG DI , MCEWEN LAURA N. , VILLATORO SANTOS CLAUDIA , HERMAN WILLIAM H. 
Published: June 2024

Few studies have examined the cost-effectiveness of the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) in real-world settings. We evaluated the real-world cost-effectiveness of the NDPP in people with prediabetes in a large workforce with employer-sponsored health insurance. We performed individual-level, empirical data analyses using surveys and health insurance claims for 6,179 adult employees, dependents, and retirees with prediabetes who enrolled (n=592) or did not enroll (n=5,587) in the NDPP. We assessed direct medical costs the year before NDPP enrollment/index date (baseline) through 2 years afterward, EQ-5D-5L utility scores at baseline and 2 years afterward, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) over 2 years for NDPP enrollees and non-enrollees. We applied propensity score weighting to adjust for bias due to self-selection for enrollment, multiple imputations to handle missing data, and bootstrap method to produce confidence intervals (CIs). We adopted a health system perspective and discounted costs and QALYs at 3% annually. Costs were expressed in 2020 U.S. dollars. Compared to non-enrollees, the average reduction in direct medical costs per enrollee was $3,979 (95% CI: -$11,962 to $2,019) over 2 years. The cost savings were primarily related to fewer hospitalizations (-$3,016), outpatient visits (-$639), and emergency room visits (-$272) among enrollees. Each enrollee accrued 1.726 QALYs and each non-enrollee accrued 1.702 QALYs over 2 years, representing a gain of 0.024 (95% CI: -0.007 to 0.052) QALY per enrollee. The uncertainty analyses showed a high probability (75%) of cost savings, and an 89% probability of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained, for NDPP enrollees versus non-enrollees. In this real-world population with prediabetes, enrollment in the NDPP was likely to provide cost savings and improve quality-adjusted life-expectancy. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings.

Disclosure
S. Kuo: None. W. Ye: None. D. Wang: None. L.N. McEwen: None. C. Villatoro Santos: None. W.H. Herman: Consultant; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Advisory Panel; American Diabetes Association. Other Relationship; National Institutes of Health. Advisory Panel; National Committee for Quality Assurance.

Funding
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK109995 and P30DK092926), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U18DP006712)
57-OR: Enhancing Diabetic Eye Disease Detection through Autonomous Artificial Intelligence Implementation in a Federally Qualified Health Center
Authors: CASTRO MILIBETH , BISHOP DOUGLAS , WEITZMAN DENA , RAMIREZ RINA 
Published: June 2024

Diabetic eye disease (DED), specifically diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME), affects nearly 30 percent of people living with diabetes. Despite the severity of DED, almost half of those living with diabetes do not receive an annual eye exam for diabetes (EED) as recommended by leading professional societies. Zufall Health Center (ZHC), a Federally Qualified Health Center, faced a substantial care gap due to the high demand for annual EEDs surpassing the capacity of their onsite optometrist. In response, in April 2021, ZHC implemented an FDA-cleared autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) system for the detection of DR (including DME) into routine diabetes care. We investigated the impact of AI implementation on patient access to annual EEDs, assessing changes in completion rates before and after. Annual EEDs were defined as completion of an evaluation in the eye for DED by either an eyecare provider or autonomous AI. Completion rates for annual EEDs for patients with diabetes increased from 16.0% (314/1,904) (April 2021) to 35.0% (996/2,819) (June 2023), 529 of which were tested with autonomous AI. Between April 2021 to June 2023, 384 patients received a diagnosis from the autonomous AI. Among all patients examined by the autonomous AI, 24.0% (92/384) were identified as having signs of DED and received prompt referrals to eyecare. 292 patients tested negative, avoiding an unnecessary referral to eyecare. The integration of autonomous AI at the point of care effectively reduces access barriers, resulting in a substantial increase in DED testing rates.

Disclosure
M. Castro: None. D. Bishop: None. D. Weitzman: Employee; Digital Diagnostics. R. Ramirez: None.
Multistatic Passive Radar for drone detection based Random Finite State
Authors: Milembolo Miantezila Junior , Guo Bin  , Wu Jinshuang  , Ma Weijiao  
Published: June 2024

Considering the implication of radar sensors in our daily life and environment. Localizing and identifying drones are becoming a research with a greater focus in recent years. Consequently, when an unmanned aerial vehicle is used with bad intention, this can lead to a serious public safety and privacy probem. This study investigate pratical use of spectrum range for multistatic passive radar (MSPR) signal processing . Firstly, signal processing is performed after MSPR sensing detection range ,this include multipath energy detection, reference signal extraction, and receiving antenna configuration. Secondly, based on the MSPR nature, the reference signal is extracted and analyzed. In addition,taking into consideration the vulnerability of passive radar when comes to a moving target localization and real time tracking detection ,a novel method for spectrum sensing and detection which relies on Gaussian filter is proposed. The main goal is to optimize the use of the reference signal extracted with minimum interference as the shared reference signal in spectrum sensing. This will improve the system detection capability and spectrum access. Finally, a recursive method based on Bernoulli random filter is proposed, this takes consideration of drone’s present and unknown states based on time. Moreover, a system is developed meticulously to track and enhance detection of the target. A careful result of the experiment demonstrated that spectral detection can be achieved accurately even when the drone is moving while chasing its position. It shows that Cramer Rao lower error bounds remains significantly within 3% range.
Análise do Primeiro Precedente Doméstico que Reconhece a Possibilidade do Dano Moral Ambiental Coletivo Apelação Cível Nº 2001.001.14586 da Segunda Câmara do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Carvalho Laplace Guedes Alcoforado leite de , Cunha Fábio Leandro de Alencar , Pereira Fábio de Souza 
Published: June 2024

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the judgment handed down in Civil Appeal No. 14586/2001, with the aim of investigating the evolution of environmental concerns and the nature of regulations designed to protect the environment.

Theoretical Framework: Theoretically, we highlight the Collective Rights and Constitutional Principles that support the Environment, from the theoretical perspective of Lima (2006). An understanding of the three phases in the evolution of recognizing the normativity of principles: jusnaturalism, juspositivism and post-positivism, based on Magalhães Filho (2004). The role of principles in environmental legislation, based on Lima (2006) and Magalhães Filho. The evolution of fundamental rights, based on Garcia (2006), Bonavides (2017) and Magalhães Filho (2004). Collective actions, based on Lima (2006) and Garcia (2006). It deals with environmental protection and the framework of environmental moral damage, taking Ferreira Filho (2004) and Lima (2006) as references. And finally, it deals with collective environmental moral damage, based on Garcia (2006), Ferreira Filho (2004), Lima (2006) and Magalhães Filho (2006).

Method: The methodology used in this work was based mainly on bibliographical research, focusing on the study of the related ruling, in addition to consulting books, articles, magazines and other specialized publications in search of answers to the problem presented, with the aim of deepening knowledge on the subject.

Results and Discussion: The analysis of the evolution of environmental damage and the approaches to liability, as documented in the unanimous decision in Civil Appeal No. 14586/2001, revealed significant progress. The existence of collective environmental moral damage, supported by constitutional principles, is evident, as is the acceptance of this concept by national legislation and case law. Finally, the article pointed out the ways of repairing collective environmental moral damage, highlighting the importance of promoting efforts to solve this problem.
Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of study of Environmental Law. These implications may cover Environmental Civil Liability, Environmental Damage, Collective Moral Damage, as well as Environmental Reparation.

Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by pointing out ways of repairing collective environmental moral damage, highlighting the importance of promoting efforts to solve this problem.
Breathing reserve as a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Kochoyan I. Sh. , Nikitina E. K. , Obukhova A. A. , Zaripova Z. A. 
Published: June 2024

The objective was to assess the possibility of using breathing reserve (BR) to evaluate the individual risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) in patients who underwent open surgery for lung cancer.Materials and methods. The study involved 185 patients who underwent open surgery for lung cancer in the clinic of the Pavlov University in 2018–2020. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in the preoperative period to determine the BR. All patients were retrospectively divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of PPC during 7 days after the surgery. To assess the information content of BR for predicting PPC and their outcome, the data were statistically processed: the Mann–Whitney U-test, Fisher’s exact test, Youden index and linear regression method were used.Results. PPC developed in 7 patients (3.8%), in 3 of them (42.9% of the group with PC and 1.6% of the total group) they were accompanied by acute respiratory failure (ARF), requiring reintubation and mechanical ventilation; these patients died. At the anaerobic threshold (AT), there were significant differences in BR (p = 0.003). A direct correlation was found between BR at the AT not only at the peak load but also during the unloaded cycling (UC) (closeness of connection on the Chaddock scale BR (AT) – BR (peak) ρ = 0.724, BR (AT) – BR (UC) ρ = 0.734, p < 0.001). The chances to develop PC changed as follows: in the group of patients with BR (UC) < 72.025% were 21.4 times higher (95% CI: 2.499 – 182.958); with BR (AT) < 44.136% were 27.2 times higher (95% CI: 4.850 – 152.167); with BR (peak) < 36.677% were 7.6 times higher (95% CI: 1.426 – 40.640).Conclusions. Dynamic measurement of the BR is informative at all stages of CPET. The risk of PPC and their unfavorable outcome increases when the BR is below 72.025% at the unloaded cycling, below 44.136% at the anaerobic threshold and below 36.377% at the peak load. BR can be used as a marker of the development of PPC in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery.