bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water uptake and hydraulic redistribution across large woody root systems to 20 m depth
Authors: BLEBY TIMOTHY M. , MCELRONE ANDREW J. , JACKSON ROBERT B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDeep water uptake and hydraulic redistribution (HR) are important processes in many forests, savannas and shrublands. We investigated HR in a semi‐arid woodland above a unique cave system in central Texas to understand how deep root systems facilitate HR. Sap flow was measured in 9 trunks, 47 shallow roots and 12 deep roots of Quercus, Bumelia and Prosopis trees over 12 months. HR was extensive and continuous, involving every tree and 83% of roots, with the total daily volume of HR over a 1 month period estimated to be approximately 22% of daily transpiration. During drought, deep roots at 20 m depth redistributed water to shallow roots (hydraulic lift), while after rain, shallow roots at 0–0.5 m depth redistributed water among other shallow roots (lateral HR). The main driver of HR appeared to be patchy, dry soil near the surface, although water may also have been redistributed to mid‐level depths via deeper lateral roots. Deep roots contributed up to five times more water to transpiration and HR than shallow roots during drought but dramatically reduced their contribution after rain. Our results suggest that deep‐rooted plants are important drivers of water cycling in dry ecosystems and that HR can significantly influence landscape hydrology.
The Therapeutic Effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Experimental Arthritis is Associated with CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells
Authors: Chen G. , Hao J. , Xi Y. , Wang W. , Wang Z. , Li N. , Li W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been found to act as a potent anti‐inflammatory factor through regulating the production of both anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory mediators and promoting Th2‐type responses. In this study, we used Chicken collagen II‐induced experimental arthritis (CIA) model in Wistar rats to investigate the potential effects of VIP on rheumatoid arthritis. Our results showed that in vivo treatment of CIA‐induced rats with VIP had great protective benefit at both clinical and histological levels. Disease suppression was associated with the inhibition of T cells proliferation, shifting of the immune response toward a Th2‐type response and expanded CD4+CD25+ Treg in the periphery, which inhibited autoreactive T cell activation/expansion. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that VIP had great protective effect on CIA through its inhibition actions on pathogenic T cells.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces CCL18 Expression in Human Macrophages
Authors: Ferrara G. , Bleck B. , Richeldi L. , Reibman J. , Fabbri L. M. , Rom W. N. , Condos R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with the immune system is mediated by cytokine and chemokine responses of macrophages and/or dendritic cells. Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) and interleukin (IL)‐10 are major factors secreted by phagocytes, postulated to recruit naïve T lymphocytes and inhibit pro‐inflammatory cells. Our study investigated the role of CCL18 and IL‐10 in an in vitro model of infection by MTB in human macrophages. CD14+ monocytes, obtained from the peripheral blood of eight healthy donors, differentiated in monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) with monocyte‐colony stimulating factor (100 ng/ml) for 6 days, were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/ml) and with heat killed MTB Hv37Ra (multiplicity of infection 1:5) for 24 h. Alveolar macrophages from five healthy donors were infected with MTB Hv37RA. CCL18 protein and mRNA were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real‐time PCR, IL‐10 levels by ELISA. Stimulation of MDM with LPS or MTB led to a significant increase in CCL18 protein (control 2.67 ± 0.46 ng/ml, LPS 4.05 ± 0.56 ng/ml, with MTB 6.70 ± 1.59 ng/ml, n = 5, P < 0.05) and specific mRNA levels (control 0.09 ± 0.01, LPS 0.24 ± 0.11, with MTB 0.34 ± 0.08 CCL18/Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), n = 3, P < 0.05). A significant increase of the production of CCL18 was observed in infected alveolar macrophages. IL‐10 levels increased from 38.52 ± 26.38 pg/ml in control cells to 1129.32 ± 235.00 and 974.25 ± 164.46 pg/ml in LPS and MTB treated cells, respectively (P < 0.05). Up‐regulation of CCL18 and IL‐10 in macrophages by MTB may be involved in the recruitment of naïve T cells in association with local suppressive immunity against intracellular pathogens. This could represent a mechanism of tolerance during the early phases of infection.
Residual Viraemia in HIV‐1‐Infected Patients with Plasma Viral Load ≤20 copies/ml is Associated with Increased Blood Levels of Soluble Immune Activation Markers
Authors: Ostrowski S. R. , Katzenstein T. L. , Pedersen B. K. , Gerstoft J. , Ullum H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDespite undetectable viral load in conventional assays, probably all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 infected patients have residual viraemia (RV) detectable by ultra‐sensitive assays. To study this issue, this study investigated virologic and immunologic consequences of RV in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)‐treated HIV‐1‐infected patients with plasma HIV‐1 RNA ≤20 copies/ml. The study included 32 HAART‐treated HIV‐1‐infected patients with HIV‐1 RNA ≤20 copies/ml followed prospectively 6‐monthly for 24 months. RV was detected by transcription‐mediated amplification (TMA‐RV) technique (Procleix® HIV‐1 Discriminatory Assay; Chiron) and by PCR (PCR‐RV, Amplicor HIV‐1 Monitor Assay; Roche Diagnostics). The association between RV and proviral‐HIV‐1‐DNA, CD4‐count, CD8‐count, soluble [soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFr)‐II, β2‐microglobulin, immunoglobulins] and cellular (HLA‐DR, CD38, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L) T‐cell markers of immune activation was investigated. In the 24‐months study‐period, 23 patients had ≥1 episode with TMA‐RV whereas 9 patients had undetectable TMA‐RV throughout the study‐period. Time‐points with TMA‐RV and PCR‐RV were associated with higher circulating sTNFrII (+0.234 ng/ml, P = 0.030) and β2‐microglobulin (+22 nmol/l, P = 0.016) and time‐points with PCR‐RV were also associated with higher IgA (+0.82 μmol/l, P = 0.035) and CD8‐count (+1.18‐fold, P = 0.001). Patients with TMA‐RV in the study‐period had higher HIV‐1 RNA pre‐HAART (P = 0.032). RV was not associated with proviral‐HIV‐1‐DNA, CD4‐count, CD4+HLA‐DR+, CD8+HLA‐DR+CD38+, CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+, CD8+CD45RA−CD45RO+, CD4+CD45RA+CD62L+, CD8+CD45RA+CD62L+ T cells, IgG or IgM. In conclusion, RV was associated with increased blood levels of soluble immune activation markers in HAART‐treated HIV‐1‐infected patients. The finding that RV was associated with higher pre‐HAART plasma viral load suggests that RV is linked to pre‐HAART disease progression.
Anti‐CD20 treatment in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: Isaksen K. , Jonsson R. , Omdal R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe performed a search for publications on rituximab (Rtx) in the treatment of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), and assessed the reports for the efficacy of the drug on complaints like sicca symptoms, systemic manifestations and pSS associated lymphoma. We also reviewed the effects on laboratory parameters and potential adverse effects. From the published literature there is little evidence supporting Rtx to have an effect on sicca symptoms, and there is particularly lack of objective improvements in measures of oral and ocular dryness. Systemic manifestations such as fatigue, synovitis, arthralgia, cryoglobulinaemia‐related vasculitis, neurological, renal and pulmonary involvement all seem to react favourably to Rtx treatment. The effect on pSS associated non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma is also beneficial. Rheumatoid factor concentration is decreasing during Rtx treatment. The levels of anti‐SSA and ‐SSB antibodies are, however, unaltered according to the majority of the studies. The most common complications to Rtx treatment are mild and transient infusion related reactions. Delayed moderate‐to‐severe reactions are less common, and occur mostly in patients who develop human anti‐chimeric antibodies. In conclusion, Rtx is a promising treatment option for severe pSS with systemic complications, but more data from randomized controlled trials are warranted before conclusions on the drug’s role can be made with more accuracy.
Multiple cutaneous melanoma metastases
Authors: Cagnoni Matteo L. , Graziani Monaldo Pichi , Ghersetich Ilaria , Freschi Giancarlo , Salvadori Adriana , Urso Carmelo , Lotti Torello 
Published: August 2010

An 84‐year‐old white woman presented with diagnosed vascular failure in the left leg. The patient had had diabetes mellitus for over 50 years. Five years earlier, her right leg was amputated because of an obliterating arteriopathy.At the time of hospitalization, she showed dry gangrene in all the toes on her left foot. A laser Doppler test performed on the left leg showed severe peripheral arteriopathy affecting the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, with a Windsor index of 20% in her ankle.On physical examination, the patient showed several nodular lesions on the anterior and anterior‐medial surface of her left leg. These lesions were infiltrated, of a hard elastic consistency, and occasionally confluent, with a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 4 cm (Fig. 1) and the color varying from ochre‐yellow to brownish‐red to slate‐brown. The patient reported that these lesions had erupted approximately 2 years earlier and had been accompanied by itching and mild burning. She had shown them to her family doctor who had diagnosed seborrhoeic keratosis.A series of biopsies performed on the nodules revealed the presence of atypical melanocytes arranged in alveolar formations that reached the epidermis. The epidermis appeared thin, compressed, and atrophic; no signs of junctional activity could be seen (Fig. 2).The tumor cells were round, with a clear cytoplasm and atypical, hyperchromatic, oval nuclei containing nucleoli (Fig. 3). Some atypical melanocytes contained small amounts of melanic pigment that was concentrated in the cytoplasm of macrophages which were mixed with the elements of the tumor. There had been no melanoma in the clinical history of the patient.The patient had a chest roentgenogram with tomography and a computer tomography (CT) scan of the liver, spleen, mediastinum, and brain, all with negative results.The case is worth reporting because of the peculiar cutaneous lesions that could suggest several diagnostic hypotheses. The clinical picture could have been interpreted as being Kaposi's sarcoma, seborrhoeic keratosis, angiosarcoma, or multiple Spitz nevi. A Spitz nevus is a benign variant of a compound nevus that is characterized histopathologically by atypical, large melanocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Histologic examination removed any doubt, suggesting a metastatic origin for the proliferating nodules. Marked expression of S‐100 protein and of HMP45 was found by immunohistochemistry; HMP45 was also intensely positive in the deep layers of the dermis.It was not possible to define the site of the primary lesion from the patient's history or from physical examination;1,2 however, one cannot exclude that the primary lesion was at the same site as where the metastases had diffused, either by growing spontaneously from healthy tissue or through a transformation of anevus.3,4
First record of host defence peptides in tadpoles. The magnificent tree frog Litoria splendida
Authors: Wabnitz P. A. , Walters H. , Tyler MJ. , Wallace J. C. , Bowie J. H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Tadpoles of the Magnificent Tree Frog Litoria splendida produce host defence peptides early in their development and well before metamorphosis. Peptides were identified and characterized using high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. No host defence peptides were identified in the eggs. The neuropeptide caerulein was detected 10 d after egg deposition, and the antibiotic peptides caerin 1.1, caerin 1.6 and caerin 3.1 first appeared at 14 d. The concentration of peptides increases with the onset of metamorphosis at 84 d, when the host‐defence peptide profile is the same as that of the adult.
Aggregation of Aβ Alzheimer's disease‐related peptide studied by dynamic light scattering
Authors: Thunecke M. , Lobbia A. , Kosciessa U , Dyrks T. , Oakley A.E. , Turner J. , Saenger W. , Georgalis Y. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The aggregation behavior of the major component of Alzheimer's disease‐related, amyloid peptides, Aβ‐(1–40) and Aβ‐(1–42), was studied in solution using dynamic light scattering. With most solvents employed, we found fibrils coexisting with oligomeric Aβ species. Pronounced differences were observed in aggregation of Aβ‐(1–40) and (1–42) sequences in acetonitrile‐water mixtures. Cofactors such as Zn2+were found to induce deaggregation of Aβ instead of aggregation. The results indicated that the initial state of the peptide immediately after synthesis is rather poorly defined. Using freezing instead of lyophilization after the final peptide synthesis step, may partially relieve these problems.
Synthesis, solution conformation and interleukin‐6‐related activities of interleukin‐6 peptides
Authors: Bösze S. , Kajtái J. , Szabó R. , Falus A. , Hudecz F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a member of the cytokine superfamily characterised by a wide variety of biological activities on various cell types. IL‐6 exerts pleiotropic activities on hematopoiesis in the immune response and it is the main regulator of acute‐phase protein synthesis in liver cells. According to structure‐function studies, residues of helix A located at the N‐terminal part and/or helix D of the C‐terminal part of the protein are involved in the induction of acute‐phase responses. Two groups of synthetic peptides corresponding to the 18‐46 N‐terminal and the 168‐185 C‐terminal regions of the IL‐6 were prepared by solid‐phase synthesis to identify structural requirements for induction of fibrinogen or complement factor B synthesis. These peptides were characterised by amino acid analysis, analytical reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. CD results showed that under appropriate conditions both 18‐46 and 168‐185 related peptides are able to adopt markedly ordered conformation. We demonstrated that even octapeptides from the N‐terminal part and truncated derivatives of the C‐terminal region preserved some tendency to display the CD curve of periodic conformation. The ability of the peptides to induce de novo synthesis of acute‐phase proteins was evaluated by measuring fibrinogen and complement factor B levels in the supernatants of human HepG2 cells. These results showed that residues 21‐34 are critical for eliciting fibrinogen synthesis in the presence or absence of IL‐6. In contrast, the full‐length 168‐185 peptide is required for the induction of complement factor B response.
One peptide, two topologies: structure and interconversion dynamics of human uroguanylin isomers
Authors: Marx U.C. , Klodt J. , Meyer M. , Gerlach H. , Rösch P. , Forssmann W.‐G. , Adermann K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe peptide hormone uroguanylin stimulates chloride secretion via activation of intestinal guanylyl cyclase C (GC‐C). It is characterized by two disulfide bonds in a 1‐3/2‐4 pattern that causes the existence of two topological stereoisomers of which only one induces intracellular cGMP elevation. To obtain an unambiguous structure‐function relationship of the isomers, we determined the solution structure of the separated uroguanylin isoforms using NMR spectroscopy. Both isomers adopt well‐defined structures that correspond to those of the isomers of the related peptide guanylin. Furthermore, the structure of the GC‐C‐activating uroguanylin isomer A closely resembles the structure of the agonistic Escherichia coli heat‐stable enterotoxin. Compared with guanylin isomers, the conformational interconversion of uroguanylin isomers is retarded significantly. As judged from chromatography and NMR spectroscopy, both uroguanylin isoforms are stable at low temperatures, but are subject to a slow pH‐dependent mutual isomerization at 37°C with an equilibrium isomer ratio of approximately 1:1, The conformational exchange is most likely under the sterical control of the carboxy‐terminal leucine. These results imply that GC‐C is activated by ligands exhibiting the molecular framework corresponding to the structure of uroguanylin isomer A.
Über die Wirkung von Harnstoff und Glykokoll auf den Eiweißumsatz und die Zunahme bei wachsenden Schafen
Authors: Nehring K. , Schramm W. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung der ErgebnisseEs wurden langfristige Versuche mit wachsenden Lämmern durch‐geführt, um den Einfluß von Harnstoff und Glykokoll auf den Eiweiß‐umsatz und die Zunahmen der Tiere zu verfolgen. Es wurden hierbei etwa ⅓ der Menge an Rohprotein und etwa ½ der Menge an verdaulichem Rohprotein durch die “Amide” ersetzt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:

Eine Beeinflussung der Verdaulichkeit der verschiedenen Nähr‐stoffe durch den Zusatz von Harnstoff oder Glykokoll ließ sich nicht feststellen.
Die N‐Bilanz wurde durch die Zufütterung der Amide gegenüber der Eiweißmangelgruppe deutlich verbessert. Gegenüber der Normalgruppe bestanden nur geringe Unterschiede.
Die Untersuchungen über den Anteil der verschiedenen N‐Formen in den N‐Ausscheidungen im Harn ließen nur geringe Veränderungen erkennen. Es ließ sich eine gewisse Erhöhung des Gehalts an NH4‐N in den Amidgruppen feststellen. Der Gehalt an Hippursäure wurde nicht verändert.Diese Untersuchungen zeigten weiterhin, daß die Tiere eine gewisse Zeit brauchen, um ihren Organismus an die Zufuhr der Amide anzupassen.
Der N‐Gehalt des Blutes wie der N‐Ansatz in der Wolle wurde durch die verschiedene Fütterung nicht beeinflußt. Die Möglichkeit einer Ausscheidung von N in gasförmigem Zustand als Ammoniak wird auf Grund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen abgelehnt.
Die Bestimmung der Schwefelbilanz ließ einen deutlichen Einfluß der Amidfütterung erkennen. Der S‐Ansatz war am geringsten in der Mangelgruppe und wurde durch die Zufütterung von Harnstoff und Glykokoll wesentlich erhöht, wenn auch die Werte der Normalgruppe nicht erreicht wurden.
Den Ergebnissen beim N‐Ansatz entsprechen die verschiedenen Gewichtszunahmen. Die geringste Zunahme war in beiden Versuchsabteilungen in der Mangelgruppe zu beobachten. Die Harnstoff‐ und besonders die Glykokollgruppe zeigten deutlich bessere Zunahmen, die nicht wesentlich von der Normalgruppe abwichen.
Die Beziehungen zwischen Gewichtszunahmen, N‐Ansatz und S‐Ansatz läß die folgende Übersicht erkennen:
Versuche über Gärfutterbereitung mit Lampes krausblättriger Futtermalve und über die Verdaulichkeit des Gärfutters bei Schafen1
Authors: Scharrer K. , Nebelsiek H. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung

Es wurden Einsäuerungsversuche mit Malve‐Mais‐ bzw. Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Gemischen durchgeführt. Die dabei gewonnenen Silagen wurden auf ihre Brauchbarkeit und Verdaulichkeit im Differenzverfahren unter Verwendung von Wiesenheu als Grundfutterversuch an Schafen geprüft.
Die Einsäuerung ergab, daß bei Malve‐Mais sowohl mit 0,3 wie mit 0,5 kg Biosilzusatz ein gutes Gärfutter erzielt wird. Hingegen zeigte sich bei Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Mischungen, daß ohne Sicherungszusätze und mit 0,25 kg Biosil/dz noch kein einwandfreies Gärfutter zu erhalten war. Erst durch einen Zusatz von 0,50 bzw. 1,00 kg Biosil/dz wurde ein gutes Gärfutter erreicht.
In den einzelnen Malve‐Mais‐ bzw. Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Gemischen wurden die Verdauungskoeffizienten der verschiedenen Nährstoffe und der Stärkewert ermittelt. Das Malve‐Mais‐Gärfutter mit einem Zusatz von 0,3 kg Biosil/dz wies einen verdaulichen Reinproteingehalt von 4,96% und 40,02 kg‐Stärkewert in der Trockensubstanz auf; das Malve‐Mais‐Gärfutter mit einem Zusatz von 0,5 kg Biosil/dz einen Gehalt an verdaulichem Reinprotein von 4,82% und 49,47 kg‐Stärkewert in der Trockensubstanz. Von den Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Gärfutterarten hatte Malve‐Rübenblatt + 0,5 kg Biosil/dz in der Trockensubstanz einen Gehalt von 7,30% verdaulichem Reinprotein und 42,59 kg‐Stärkewert, das Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Gärfutter mit 1,0 kg Biosil/dz in der Trockensubstanz einen Gehalt von 9,49% verdaulichem Reinprotein und 40,04 kg‐Stärkewert.
Bei Malve‐Rübenblatt‐Gärfutter wurde somit durch einen Sicherungszusatz von 0,5 kg Biosil/dz zwar ein höherer Stärkewert erzielt als bei dem Zusatz von 1,0 kg Biosil/dz; der Gehalt an verdaulichem Reinprotein war aber im letzteren Fall höher. Bei Malve‐Mais‐Gärfutter hatte der höhere Sicherungszusatz einen höheren Stärkewert zur Folge, wogegen der Gehalt an verdaulichem Reinprotein keinen Unterschied im Vergleich mit demjenigen des Gärfutters mit 0,3 kg Biosil/dz aufwies.
über die Verdauung und Resorption von Kohlenhydraten im Dickdarm der Wiederkäuer
Authors: Trautmann A. , Asher Th. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungUnter Anwendung von Blinddarmkanülen wird bei der Ziege festgestellt, daß Zellulose und Stärke nach Einbringen in das Caecum den Dickdarmtraktus passieren, ohne wesentlich verändert zu werden.Werden durch eine Labmagenkanüle nur die Vormägen ausgeschaltet, so kommt es anscheinend auch nicht zu einer nennenswerten Verdauung von eingebrachter Zellulose.Bei Applikation von Traubenzuckerlösungen durch die Blinddarmkanüle werden selbst kleine Mengen des Zuckers (I g) nicht vollständig resorbiert; auch Rohrzucker, Malzzucker und Milchzucker lassen sich einige Stunden nach dem Eingeben in die Kanüle qualitativ in den Fäzes wieder nachweisen. Verabreichung größerer Mengen der genannten Zuckerarten führen zu Diarrhoe.Beim „caekalen” Einlauf von Flüssigkeiten findet kein sofortiger Durchfluß durch das gesamte Colon statt. Werden größere Wassermengen zugeführt, so tritt Hämaturie ein.Hohe intravenöse Gaben von Traubenzucker führen zu einer Exkretion von reduzierender Substanz (Traubenzucker) durch den Dickdarm.Im Hinblick auf die funktionellen Besonderheiten des Verdauungstraktus der Wiederkäuer muß davor gewarnt werden, bei anderen Herbivorenarten (z. B. Pferd) erhobene Befunde auf die Wiederkäuer zu übertragen. In verdauungsphysiologischer Hinsicht erscheint es zweckmäßig, den Sammelnamen „Herbivoren” zu vermeiden.
Mitteilung aus der amtlichen Lebensmitteluntersuchungsstelle der Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsanstalt Kassel‐Harleshausen Blausäuregehalt von Leinsamen
Authors: Haun F. , Leistner W. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungAus dem Schrifttum ist bekannt, daß Leinsamen und Leinsamenkuchenmehle ein Glykosid enthalten, das Blausäure abspaltet. An Proben von Leinsamen‐ und Leinsamenkuchenmehl wird festgestellt, daß die direkte Bestimmung ohne Einquellen der Probe keine wesentlichen Mengen Blausäure ergibt. Bereits nach einstündigem Einquellen mit Wasser setzt die Abspaltung der Blausäure ein. Wird zum Anfeuchten eine 1 prozent. Weinsäurelösung verwendet, ist die Abspaltung etwas geringer, beim Anfeuchten mit iprozent. Salzsäure tritt keine Blausäureabspaltung ein. Wird in einem offenen Gefäß mit Wasser aufgekocht und bleibt der Schleim offen stehen, ist etwa noch die Hälfte Blausäure in dem Schleim nachweisbar. Nach dem Anfeuchten mit Wasser und einem 18stündigen Bebrüten im geschlossenen Gefäß bei 37° entwickelten 4 Leinsamenkuchenmehle aus dem Handel sämtlich über 500 mg Blausäure (HCN) in 1 kg. Eine derartige Menge ist bedenklich und geeignet, eine schwere Erkrankung bzw. den Tod eines jungen oder schwachen Tieres herbeizuführen, wenn der stark mit Blausäure durchsetzte Brei eingegeben wird. Für eine Vergiftung durch blausäurehaltigen Leinsamenschleim ist weniger die Qualität des Samens als die Art der Zubereitung des Schleimes verantwortlich zu machen.