bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model for nulling and mode changing in pulsars
Authors: Timokhin A. N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We propose that in some pulsars the magnetosphere has different states with different geometries or/and different distributions of currents; it occasionally switches between them. These states have different spin-down rates and emission beams; in some of the states no radio emission is produced at all. Switching into a different state manifests as a mode change when we see different parts of the emission beam or the beams in different states have significantly different geometries; it manifests as nulling when either we miss the new beam or no radio emission is generated in the new state. We show that modest variations in the beam shape can be accompanied by large variations in the pulsar spin-down rate W– the dependence of W on the opening angle of the emission beam α can be as strong as W ∝ α4. We speculate about physical mechanisms which may cause reconfiguration of the magnetosphere.
Observations of radio pulses from CU Virginis
Authors: Ravi V. , Hobbs G. , Wickramasinghe D. , Champion D. J. , Keith M. , Manchester R. N. , Norris R. P. , Bray J. D. , Ferrario L. , Melrose D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The magnetic chemically peculiar star CU Virginis is a unique astrophysical laboratory for stellar magnetospheres and coherent emission processes. It is the only known main-sequence star to emit a radio pulse every rotation period. Here we report on new observations of the CU Virginis pulse profile in the 13- and 20-cm radio bands. The profile is known to be characterized by two peaks of 100 per cent circularly polarized emission that are thought to arise in an electron–cyclotron maser mechanism. We find that the trailing peak is stable at both 13 and 20 cm, whereas the leading peak is intermittent at 13 cm. Our measured pulse arrival times confirm the discrepancy previously reported between the putative stellar rotation rates measured with optical data and with radio observations. We suggest that this period discrepancy might be caused by an unknown companion or by instabilities in the emission region. Regular long-term pulse timing and simultaneous multiwavelength observations are essential to clarify the behaviour of this emerging class of transient radio source.
EFFECTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON THE PASTING PROPERTIES OF RICE FLOUR FROM WAXY AND NONWAXY VARIETIES
Authors: WU W.S. , TSAI Y.H. , WEI C.I. , SUN PAN B. , HUANG T.C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of organic acids on the pasting and textural properties of rice flour. Nonwaxy (Taisen 2 rice, TS2) and waxy (Taisen Waxy 2, TSW2) were selected as rice materials. Organic acids (including acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and citric acid) of 0.1 mM, 1 mM and 10 mM were added to the rice flour (v/w, on dry basis) at 0.5% and 2.0% levels and cooked in Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA; RVA‐4, Newport Scientific, Pty Ltd, Narrabeen, Australia) at 95C for 12.5 min. Results showed that addition of 0.1 mM of organic acids significantly (P < 0.05) decreased peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and setback of TS2 rice flour. The hardness of TS2 rice flour gel was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by the addition of 1 mM and 10 mM of these organic acids compared with the control. Reduced final viscosity showed that the addition of organic acids were able to retard the tendency of rice flour gel to retrograde. For waxy rice TSW2, addition of these organic acids had not the same tendency on pasting and textural properties, possibly because of the 22% amylose content in nonwaxy rice and 0% amylose in waxy rice.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSince rice flour is widely used in the rice food industry, while organic acids are effective for improving flavor and texture of food products, the effects of organic acids on the pasting behaviors and textural properties of rice flour need to be examined. This study is of interest because rice flour is usually used along with other ingredients such as salts, sugar, lipids, emulsifiers and organic acids, etc. The presence of organic acids may influence the rice flour pasting properties differently with waxy and nonwaxy rice. Such investigations are of importance to rice food industries and especially to the rice‐consuming peoples.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON STORAGE QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT ROMAINE LETTUCE
Authors: MANOLOPOULOU H. , LAMBRINOS GR. , CHATZIS E. , XANTHOPOULOS G. , ARAVANTINOS E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study the influence of two storage temperatures (0C and 5C) and three packaging films (low density polyethylene of 60 µm thickness, medium density polyethyle of 60 µm thickness and polyvinylchloride) on the quality of fresh‐cut Romaine lettuce stored under passive modified atmosphere. Results showed that all types of packaging reduced weight loss in fresh‐cut lettuces when stored at 0 or 5C. Firmness did not significantly change in response to storage time or packaging type during storage. Ascorbic acid retention was affected by storage temperature and modified atmosphere packaging. The type of polyethylene as packaging material and the final storage time, proved to be the most significant factors as far the visual or color parameter evaluation concerns. The modified atmosphere packaging of fresh‐cut “Romaine” lettuce at low storage temperatures (0C) is highly suggested to avoid quality degradation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults suggest that fresh‐cut Romaine lettuce packaged in 60‐µm‐thick LDPE and MDPE film bags and stored at 0C exhibited very low quality deterioration as far the estimated firmness, color, ascorbic acid and sensory evaluation concerns. The suitable packaging film and modified atmosphere conditions in conjunction with low storage temperatures can significantly control physiological changes initiated by the processing and storage conditions. According to this, it is possible to reduce browning, sustain the initial ascorbic acid content and finally extend shelf life of the fresh‐cut lettuce in a wholesale cold store, during domestic storage or in catering industry.
CONTRIBUTION OF MELANOIDINS TO THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PRUNES
Authors: MADRAU MONICA ASSUNTA , SANGUINETTI ANNA MARIA , DEL CARO ALESSANDRA , FADDA COSTANTINO , PIGA ANTONIO 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Prunes, obtained by drying certain cultivars of plums, have greater antioxidant activity than most other fruits and vegetables. Recent research has attributed only a minor part of this antioxidant activity to phenolic compounds, and it has been hypothesized that most of the antioxidant activity is caused by unknown or new products created during processing. In this study, the relationship between the antioxidant properties of prunes and their phenolic compound and brown products content has been investigated. The latter is a result of the nonenzymatic browning reaction. The results show that most of the antioxidant activity of fresh plums is caused by the polyphenolic fraction. The prunes, obtained by drying at 60 and 85C, despite the significant decrease in polyphenols, showed an increase in antioxidant activity. This was mostly because of the nonenzymatic browning reaction products, mostly low molecular weight compounds, whereas polyphenols contributed only to 23% of the total value. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults of this research could have direct or indirect applications. First of all, results give evidence of the best drying conditions related to the nutritional profile of the prunes. Results related to the antioxidant activity of melanoidin compounds can, moreover, stimulate medical researcher to test if melanoidin extracts are really in vivo or ex vivo antioxidants, and in that case, producers of functional foods or food ingredients can be encouraged to try to isolate and characterize the compounds responsible for increased antioxidant activity.
RECIDIVISM OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE STATE PRISON INMATES IN FLORIDA*
Authors: BALES WILLIAM D. , BEDARD LAURA E. , QUINN SUSAN T. , ENSLEY DAVID T. , HOLLEY GLEN P. 
Published: September 2010

Research Summary:A fundamental claim made in support of private prisons is that they reduce state inmate recidivism. Current knowledge on this empirical question is limited to three prior studies with problematic methodologies. To test this claim better, we use multiple measures of exposure to private prisons to define and analyze multiple treatment/comparison groups of private and public prison inmates. Multivariate survival analysis, controlling for a range of recidivism covariates wider than the prior studies included, is used to compare reoffense and reimprisonment rate differences in a large cohort of Florida prison inmates released from 1995 to 2001. No significant recidivism rate differences are found between private and public prison inmates for adult males, adult females, or youthful offender males.Policy Implications:This study finds no empirical justification for the policy argument that private prisons reduce recidivism better than public prisons. However, the research on this issue has been limited and similar research is needed to test this claim in states other than Florida. Future research on the topic should incorporate reliable measures of program attributes and participation, assess unique characteristics of private prisons that might affect recidivism, and determine whether certain inmate subgroups benefit from those distinctive attributes. In the meantime, until reliable evidence that private prison exposure reduces recidivism appears, public policy debate on the value of private prisons should focus on cost‐savings or other arguments, not on recidivism‐reduction claims.
Age and Gender Variations in the Management of Ischaemic Stroke in China
Authors: Huang Yining , Wang Ji-Guang , Wei Jade W. , Headley Alexander P. , Wong Lawrence K. S. , Heeley Emma L. , Arima Hisatomi , Sun Jian , Li Qiang , Liu Ming , Li Zhengyi , Wu Li'e , Cheng Yan , Huang Qifang , Zhang Shihong , Xu En , Yang Qidong , Lu Chuanzhen , Anderson Craig S. 
Published: September 2010

Background Stroke is a major health issue in China. Aims We aimed to describe the management of patients admitted to hospitals in China with acute ischaemic stroke, and to determine whether there were any differences by age and gender. Methods Using a multicentre prospective hospital register across all eight major economic (geographic) regions in China, data on the socioeconomic characteristics, medical history, clinical features, and in-hospital investigations, management, and outcomes were collected on consecutive patients with acute stroke due to cerebral ischaemia during a 5-month period in 2006. Results Overall, traditional Chinese medicine and neuroprotectant use were remarkably high, with nearly 80% of patients receiving the former and >70% receiving the latter in hospital. Length of hospital stay was also long (median duration 16-days). Multivariate analyses revealed no clinically important differences in management between the genders. For the age-specific analyses, there were significant trends of decreasing use of thrombolysis ( P = 0.04), warfarin ( P = 0.01), corticosteroids ( P = 0.03), and lipid-lowering therapy ( P = 0.001); however, more assisted feeding ( P = 0.004) and rising rates of disability and in-hospital complications occurred with increasing age. Conclusions New information is provided regarding the current state of ischaemic stroke management in China. Notably, there is high use of traditional Chinese medicine and neuroprotectants and long lengths of hospital stay. Similar to many other countries, differences in stroke care and management by age and gender also exist to a small extent in China.
Agnetina den, a new species of perlid stonefly (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Vietnam
Authors: CAO Thi Kim Thu , BAE Yeon Jae 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new species of perlid stonefly, Agnetina den, is described from Vietnam. Male adults of this species can be easily distinguished by their black body color pattern, submedian patches of sensilla basiconica on hemitergites 7–8, and clusters of long dense fine setae on the inner sides the abdominal tergites. Illustrations of habitat and diagnostic characters are presented.
Microstructure of the silk apparatus of the comb‐footed spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Authors: MOON Myung‐Jin , AN Jeong‐Su 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe microstructural organization of the silk‐spinning apparatus of the comb‐footed spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum, was observed by using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The silk glands of the spider were classified into six groups: ampullate, tubuliform, flagelliform, aggregate, aciniform and pyriform glands. Among these, three types of silk glands, the ampullate, pyriform and aciniform glands, occur only in female spiders. One (adult) or two (subadult) pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another pair of minor ampullate glands supply the median spinnerets. Three pairs of tubuliform glands in female spiders send secretory ductules to the median (one pair) and posterior (two pairs) spinnerets. Furthermore, one pair of flagelliform glands and two pairs of aggregate glands together supply the posterior spinnerets, and form a characteristic spinning structure known as a “triad” spigot. In male spiders, this combined apparatus of the flagelliform and the aggregate spigots for capture thread production is not apparent, instead only a non‐functional remnant of this triad spigot is present. In addition, the aciniform glands send ductules to the median (two pairs) and the posterior spinnerets (12–16 pairs), and the pyriform glands feed silk into the anterior spinnerets (90–100 pairs in females and 45–50 pairs in males).
Analysis of the bacterial community in glassy‐winged sharpshooter heads
Authors: LACAVA Paulo Teixeira , PARKER Jennifer , ANDREOTE Fernando Dini , DINI‐ANDREOTE Francisco , RAMIREZ José Luiz. , MILLER Thomas A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe glassy‐winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis, is an important vector of various strains of Xylella fastidiosa, which cause disease in a variety of economically important plants. These diseases include citrus variegated chlorosis, oleander leaf scorch and Pierce's Disease of grapevines. Symbiotic control (SC) is a new strategy that uses symbiotic endophytes as biological control agents to antagonize or displace the pathogenic strains of X. fastidiosa. Candidate endophytes for use in SC must occupy the xylem of host plants and attach to the pre‐cibarium and cibarium of sharpshooter insects in order to have access to the pathogen. The study of the bacterial community of GWSS heads by isolation and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed the presence of species that may be suitable for use in SC. In addition, the results indicated that two important factors, insect age and choice of host plant, affect the composition of the bacterial community in GWSS heads. The main bacterial genera isolated as colonizers of GWSS heads were identified, using partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pedobacter and Methylobacterium, as well as the species Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. DGGE patterns revealed a diversity of endophytic species able to colonize the GWSS head. The main genera isolated in culture were also identified using this technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) from polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐DGGE patterns indicated that the bacteria inhabiting the GWSS head are similar to those found as endophytes inside the host plants, and that insect developmental stage and preferential feeding on one host plant species over another are important factors in determining the composition of the bacterial community in the GWSS head. However, a shift in host plants for a small period of time did not cause changes in the compositions of these communities.
Teenage and adult tonsillectomy: dose–response relationship between diathermy energy used and morbidity
Authors: Cardozo A.A.J. , Hallikeri C. , Lawrence H. , Sankar V. , Hargreaves S. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To determine whether an increase in the use of bipolar diathermy energy to perform a tonsillectomy is associated with an increase in postoperative pain and haemorrhage.Study design:  Prospective study.Setting:  District General Hospital.Methods:  In all, 101 patients above the age of 13 years who underwent a tonsillectomy that involved the use of bipolar diathermy during the study period were included. The cumulative amount of diathermy energy used to perform each tonsillectomy was calculated with the help of a digital stop clock timing device connected to the diathermy foot‐pedal.Main outcome measures:  Postoperative pain scores and the incidence of secondary haemorrhage were recorded for each patient at four points in time following surgery, up to the tenth postoperative day. The haemorrhage rates were categorised into three groups (no bleeding, minor bleeding and major bleeding) according to severity. Associations between the diathermy energy used to perform each tonsillectomy and the corresponding postoperative pain scores and secondary bleeding rates were investigated.Results:  There was a statistically significant positive relationship between the total amount of bipolar diathermy energy used per tonsillectomy and the pain scores at all the four recorded points in time (rs = 0.44–0.72, P < 0.001). When the median energy consumption in the three groups (no bleeding, minor bleeding and major bleeding) were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test, we found that there was limited evidence of a difference between the groups, but this was not statistically significant at the 5% level [H (2) = 5.374, P = 0.065, 99% CI 0.058–0.071].Conclusions:  Increased use of bipolar diathermy during the performance of a tonsillectomy is associated with a statistically significant increased amount of postoperative pain. The dose–response relationship between diathermy energy and postoperative bleeding is less clear. This suggests that there could be other important factors such as surgical instrument characteristics and degree of tonsillar adherence that have an additional influence and are therefore possible areas for future research.
Olfactory function and nasal nitric oxide
Authors: Elsherif H.S. , Landis B.N. , Hamad M.H. , Hugentobler M. , Bahig S.M. , Gamaa A.M. , Lacroix J.S. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To determine the relationship between nasal nitric oxide (nNO) concentration and its influence on olfactory function.Setting:  Tertiary otolaryngology care centre.Participants:  Sixty‐four patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and 20 healthy subjects participated.Study design:  Prospective study.Outcome measures:  The nNO concentration was measured by chemiluminescence and olfactory thresholds were measured with the phenyl ethanol threshold of the Sniffin’ Sticks. In chronic rhinosinusitis patients this measure was done preoperatively and 3 months after endoscopic sinus surgery.Results:  Healthy subjects had significantly higher nNO concentrations and better olfactory thresholds compared to the chronic rhinosinusitis patients, both before and after those had undergone sinus surgery. Olfactory thresholds and nNO concentrations remained unchanged after surgery in the chronic rhinosinusitis group. In the chronic rhinosinusitis group, nNO concentrations correlated positively with the olfactory threshold preoperatively (P < 0.0001) and 3 months after surgery (P < 0.05). In the control group, nNO production did not correlate with the olfactory thresholds (P > 0.05).Conclusion:  Olfactory function and nNO concentration correlate in chronic rhinosinusitis patients but not in healthy subjects. This suggests that both parameters do rather not directly influence each other but it might be the inflammatory processes found in chronic rhinosinusitis that affects olfaction and nNO. Nasal nitric oxide produced by the paranasal sinuses seems not to directly influence olfactory function.
Risk factors for permanent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients with thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Sevim T. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  This study investigated the incidence of and risk factors for permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis for patients with thyroid malignancy.Design:  Retrospective chart review.Setting:  Tertiary oncology referral centre.Participants:  Records of 290 consecutive patients treated between 1997 and 2001 were reviewed. All patients who have had one or more operations. Patients with preoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and patients who underwent thyroidectomy in conjunction with laryngectomy were excluded. The incidence of postoperative permanent cord palsy was calculated in relation to the number of patients.Main outcome measures:  Age, gender, thyroid functions, tumour localisations and size, multicentricity, thyroid capsule invasion, extrathyroidal soft tissue invasion, differentiation, histological type, co‐existence of lymphocytic thyroiditis, total number of dissected and metastatic nodes, type of surgery, the place of surgery and number of operations were the risk factors investigated for permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results:  Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis developed in 27 (9%) of 290 patients with thyroid carcinoma. Transient and permanent paralysis rates in total or subtotal thyroidectomy, completion thyroidectomy and neck dissection groups were 5/3%, 7/3% and 24/17% respectively. Cox regression analysis identified the type of surgery [adjusted relative risk (RR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–4.0, P = 0.01], extrathyroidal soft tissue invasion (RR = 5.7, 95% CI = 2.0–15.7, P = 0.001) and number of metastatic nodes (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5 P = 0.01).Conclusions:  The factors related with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis post‐thyroid carcinoma surgery are linked to special features of the tumour and to the type of surgery.
Clinical and biological factors affecting response to radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer: a review
Authors: Silva P. , Homer J.J. , Slevin N.J. , Musgrove B.T. , Sloan P. , Price P. , West C.M.L. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The main aim of this article was to review the clinical and biological factors that have been shown to influence the response of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to primary radiotherapy and briefly discuss how some of these factors could be exploited to improve outcome.Design:  Medline based search covering 1982–2006 to identify the HNSCC literature where the effect of clinical and biological factors on locoregional control and overall survival were investigated.Results:  Clinical factors are routinely used in management decisions. Nevertheless, identically staged tumours receiving the same treatment may have different outcomes. Biological factors such as hypoxia, proliferation and radio‐sensitivity play an important role in radiation response. However, these are not currently used in practise because tests that are clinically reliable and feasible are not available.Conclusion:  High‐quality translational research will allow us to develop biological tests that can be used in routine clinical practise to tailor individual treatment, with the ability to improve patient outcome further by modifying the underlying tumour biology.