bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Desires, Knowledge Control, and Physician Resistance: Regulating Ayurvedic Medicine in Nepal
Authors: Cameron Mary 
Published: April 2009

AbstractForms of medical regulation in Nepal are shown to limit health knowledge transmission in the name of protecting the people from health care providers both familiar and trusted. Within the last four years Nepal's Ministry of Health implemented controversial legislation requiring Ayurvedic medical practitioners to register with the government in order to practise medicine and to prepare plant-based medications. Traditional practitioners find the age and lineage requirements for those not holding medical certification in Ayurveda potentially devastating to their profession, and they have launched an active campaign resisting the new professionalisation requirements. These actions can be seen to result from the convergence of a rising modern Nepali state bureaucracy, the people's desire for a country free of high rates of morbidity and mortality, and the powerful ideology of Western-based health care modernisation guiding health development. I draw on recent research in Kathmandu and in two rural communities to summarise the role of Ayurveda in Nepal's health care, to analyse the politics behind the legislation and the traditional healers' response, and finally to suggest the legislation's impact on health care.
The Last Crusade? British Propaganda and the Palestine Campaign, 1917–18
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: April 2009

Irrespective of its genuine strategic objectives or its complex historical consequences, the campaign in Palestine during the first world war was seen by the British government as an invaluable exercise in propaganda. Keen to capitalize on the romantic appeal of victory in the Holy Land, British propagandists repeatedly alluded to Richard Coeur de Lion's failure to win Jerusalem, thus generating the widely disseminated image of the 1917–18 Palestine campaign as the ‘Last’ or the ‘New’ Crusade. This representation, in turn, with its anti-Moslem overtones, introduced complicated problems for the British propaganda apparatus, to the point (demonstrated here through an array of official documentation, press accounts and popular works) of becoming enmeshed in a hopeless web of contradictory directives. This article argues that the ambiguity underlying the representation of the Palestine campaign in British wartime propaganda was not a coincidence, but rather an inevitable result of the complex, often incompatible, historical and religious images associated with this particular front. By exploring the cultural currency of the Crusading motif and its multiple significations, the article suggests that the almost instinctive evocation of the Crusade in this context exposed inherent faultlines and tensions which normally remained obscured within the self-assured ethos of imperial order. This applied not only to the relationship between Britain and its Moslem subjects abroad, but also to rifts within metropolitan British society, where the resonance of the Crusading theme depended on class position, thus vitiating its projected propagandistic effects even among the British soldiers themselves.
Law and Wisdom: in the Mishnaic System
Authors: Schnabel Eckhard J. 
Published: April 2009

For Jews the authority of post-biblical writings in the Midrashic collections, Mishnah, and Talmuds (Babylonian and Palestinian) is clearly greater than the Christians accord post-biblical Church Fathers. Following Jacob Neusner's methodological clarification, Schnabel focuses on the Mishnah as a separate source for Jewish thought, and undertakes to get at the heart of the Mishnaic system as it centers on the behavioral ("halakic") norms for Jewish life. Mishnaic form and logic need explication, especially for Christians. Priestly tradition, Pharisaic piety and their own professional value of Torah study led the scribal authors of Mishnah to norms at once scripture-based, traditional and yet geared to the needs of real life Jewish communities. Their synthesis, because it is so different from Christian writings of the same period, illustrates the varied wealth of religious vision available in the biblical sources. With sanctification as its goal, Mishnaic literature legislates orderly and systematic practices which honor the cultic and holiness values of its forebears. Of particular interest are the wisdom norms of the sages (scribes) as these bear on both the cultic practices and home observances of Judaism. The world-view of the Mishnah, finally, sets the stage for the many particularities of Mishnaic wisdom and legal interpretations which have come to be core elements of Judaism even until today.
BR96-Doxorubicin Conjugate (BMS-182248) Versus Doxorubicin: A Comparative Toxicity Assessment in Rats
Authors: Comereski Charles R. , Peden W. Michael , Davidson Thomas J. , Warner Garvin L. , Hirth Robert S. , Frantz Jerry D. 
Published: April 2009

The toxicity of BMS-182248, an immunoglobulin (cBR96)-cytotoxic drug (doxorubicin) conjugate, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats at single intravenous doses of 508, 1,200, and 2,550 mg/m2 (conjugated doxorubicin doses of 14.7, 34.8, and 74 mg/m 2, respectively) and compared to that obtained from administration of free doxorubicin at single doses of 33.6 and 72 mg/m2 (approximately equivalent to that contained in the 1,200- and 2,550-mg/m2 doses of BMS-182248, respectively). Necropsies were conducted on day 8, upon death/moribund sacrifice, or after an approximate 3-mo observation period following completion of treatment. Death/moribundity of all rats that received 72 mg/m2 and of 9 of 20 rats given 33.6 mg/m2 free doxorubicin were attributed primarily to delayed cardiotoxicity and glomerulonephropathy. With BMS-182248, death from glomerulonephropathy and cardiotoxicity occurred in only 4 of 20 rats given 2,550 mg/m2 (74 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalent). No deaths or cardiotoxicity occurred in rats given 508 or 1,200 mg/m2 BMS-182248. Additional effects noted with either drug included testicular atrophy, axonal degeneration of sciatic nerve and nerve tracts of brain and spinal cord, teeth (incisor) abnormalities, thymic atrophy, bone marrow hypocellularity, splenic lymphoid and red-pulp depletion, and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and liver. Also noted were altered chief cells in the stomach, vacuolation of adrenal gland and corpora lutea in the ovary, uterine and seminal vesicle atrophy, ulceration and myocyte regeneration/degeneration in the tongue, increased osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone, and lymphoid hyperplasia of mandibular lymph node. In general, these effects were more severe in doxorubicin-treated rats. All changes observed with BMS-182248 were considered primarily due to the effects of doxorubicin and were substantially less severe (most notably cardiotoxicity) compared to those produced by an equivalent amount of doxorubicin.
Collagen-Platelet Composites Improve the Biomechanical Properties of Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts in a Porcine Model
Authors: Fleming Braden C. , Spindler Kurt P. , Palmer Matthew P. , Magarian Elise M. , Murray Martha M. 
Published: April 2009

Background The outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is variable, and many patients have increased joint laxity postoperatively. Hypothesis Placement of a collagen-platelet composite (CPC) around the graft at the time of ACL reconstruction decreases postoperative knee laxity and improves the structural properties of the graft compared with standard ACL reconstruction. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Thirteen immature pigs underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction with a bone–patellar tendon–bone allograft. In 6 pigs, a standard allograft was used to reconstruct the ACL. In 7 pigs, a CPC was placed around the allograft. After 15 weeks of healing, the animals were euthanized, and the anterior-posterior (AP) knee laxity and structural properties of the graft were measured. Qualitative histology of the grafts was also performed. Results The AP laxity values of the reconstructed knees, normalized to the contralateral control, were significantly reduced by 28% and 57% at 60° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively, with the addition of CPC (P <. 001). Significant improvements in the graft structural properties were also found; the normalized yield (P =. 044) and maximum failure loads (P =. 025) of the CPC group were 60% higher than the standard ACL-reconstructed group. Although cellular and vessel infiltration were observed in the grafts of both groups, regions of necrosis were present only in the standard ACL-reconstructed group. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the application of CPC at the time of ACL reconstruction improves the structural properties of the graft and reduces early AP knee laxity in the porcine model after 15 weeks of healing. Clinical Relevance Application of a CPC to an ACL graft at the time of surgery decreased knee laxity and increased the structural properties of the graft after 15 weeks of healing.
Effect of p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP), a cyanide antidote, on cyanide given by intravenous infusion
Authors: Bright J.E. , Marrs T.C. 
Published: April 2009

1 Beagle bitches were infused with potassium cyanide solution after protection with p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP). 2 Methaemoglobin levels fell very rapidly after the start of the infusion. 3 Whole blood and plasma cyanide estimations revealed that most of the cyanide was sequestered inside the red cells. 4 Animals survived a supralethal dose of cyanide when protected with PAPP.
From Critical to Socio-Legal Studies: Three Dialectics in Search of a Subject
Authors: Norrie Alan 
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the ‘gap’ between socio-legal studies and critical legal theory. Examining Derrida’s ‘Force of Law’, it argues that the fault lies as much with the latter’s marginalisation of the social and political character of the law as with the former’s narrow, policy-oriented character. Despite such marginalisation, deconstructive concepts such as supplementarity and différance are important and ought to be preserved for a critical sociology of law. This becomes possible once Derrida’s position is located within the modern dialectical tradition initiated by Hegel and developed by Bhaskar.Both Hegel and Derrida offer important dialectical concepts for the critique of social phenomena like law, but both in different ways surrender them through recourse to ethical standpoints which marginalise the significance of analysing law as a social and political phenomenon. Bhaskar’s dialectical critical realism is presented as a way through the resulting impasses, specifically by virtue of his dialectical and sociological concept of ‘entity relationism’. This is contrasted with the analytical concept of ‘identity thinking’ which lies at the heart of law and the idea of the legal subject.The article concludes by outlining how a dialectical approach can elucidate problems of subjectivity and responsibility in the criminal law. It contrasts formal legal conceptions of the subject, which seek to exclude relational issues, with moral conceptions in and beyond the law, which open out to the subject’s relationality. Legal reasoning is located on this contradictory dialectical ‘edge’ and suffers accordingly.
Modelling of a Beam with a Breathing Edge Crack and Some Observations for Crack Detection
Authors: Nandi A. , Neogy S. 
Published: April 2009

The breathing behaviour of closing cracks has been adequately simulated as a small-displacement, frictionless contact problem. The problem of a beam with an edge crack subjected to harmonic loading has been considered as a plane problem and an attempt is made to solve it by using finite elements employing eight-node plane isoparametric elements. The proposed model allows the crack size and position to be varied. Another physically important problem of a cantilever beam held between two heavy jaws at the top and bottom, which are not equally flushed, is considered. This beam is also excited by a harmonic load at the tip. The contact model and a simple single degree of freedom model are used to solve the problem. Both the above problems (cracked beam and beam in offset jaws) show presence of integral multiples of the forcing frequency in their frequency spectra. An important observation regarding cracked beams and beams with imperfect support is made. If the forcing frequency is such that it coincides or is close to any one of the integral sub-multiples (1/ n) of the first natural frequency of the system, then the nth harmonic of the forcing frequency will considerably shoot up. This effect is highly pronounced for the case n = 2 and this observation may be used to detect cracks in beams as small as 2.5% of the depth. For cracked beams, the even harmonics are considerably stronger than the odd ones. As the crack size decreases, the odd harmonics become weaker. For a 2.5% crack only the second and fourth harmonics are visible in an 80 dB scale, with the former being the stronger. However, it is important to note that cracked beams and beams with imperfect support have closely similar spectral characteristics and so due caution must be exercised during crack detection.
Showing and Telling: Australian Land Rights and Material Moralities
Authors: Strang Veronica 
Published: April 2009

This article draws upon landscape theory and studies of material culture to explore the process through which space is humanized, examining in particular how this process legitimizes moral rights to property. Drawing on ethnographic research in the Western Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, it considers some of the performative, representational and material activities through which Aboriginal groups assert their claims to the land. The analysis is placed within the wider historical and political context of the land rights and environmental movements in which ownership of the peninsula is entangled. The Aboriginal community in Kowanyama has primary claims to several thousand square miles of land within and surrounding their ‘Deed of Grant in Trust’ area, but these are opposed by many local pastoralists, the National Parks service and, to some degree, tourist and environmental groups in the region. The article examines how the construction of performative and artefactual representations of an indigenous cultural landscape enables Aboriginal groups to concretize and communicate their particular moral and political position and challenge European Australians’ colonial control over the land.
Survivin is not required for the endomitotic cell cycle of megakaryocytes
Authors: Wen Qiang , Leung Cindy , Huang Zan , Small Sara , Reddi Alagarsamy Lakku , Licht Jonathan D. , Crispino John D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Survivin is a member of the chromosome passenger complex, which plays an important role in chromosome alignment, separation, and cytokinesis. Although survivin is required for the proliferation and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, the extent to which it is necessary for endomitosis of megakaryocytes remains controversial. To determine whether survivin is required for polyploidization, we analyzed mice with a megakaryocyte-specific deletion. PF4-Cre/survivinfl/fl mice harbored normal platelet counts with megakaryocytes that reached ploidy states comparable with those of control littermates. The CD41+ cells within these animals showed little excision but increased annexin V staining, implying that survivin is required for survival of megakaryocyte progenitors in vivo. In contrast, megakaryocytes in which survivin was excised ex vivo showed robust excision and an increased degree of polyploidization. These results demonstrate that survivin is necessary for survival of megakaryocyte progenitors, but is not required for polyploidization of committed megakaryocytes.
Clinical usefulness of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder
Authors: Guilera Georgina , Pino Oscar , Gómez-Benito Juana , Rojo J Emilio , Vieta Eduard , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Segarra Nuria , Martínez-Arán Anabel , Franco Manuel , Cuesta Manuel J , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto , Bernardo Miguel , Purdon Scot E , Díez Teresa , Rejas Javier ,   the Spanish Working Group in Cognitive Function
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
The relevance of persistent cognitive deficits to the pathogenesis and prognosis of bipolar disorders (BD) is understudied, and its translation into clinical practice has been limited by the absence of brief methods assessing cognitive status in Psychiatry. This investigation assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) for the detection of cognitive impairment in BD.

Methods
After short training, psychiatrists at 40 outpatient clinics administered the SCIP three times over two weeks to a total of 76 consecutive type I BD admissions. Experienced psychologists also administered a comprehensive battery of standard neuropsychological instruments to clinical sample and 45 healthy control subjects.

Results
Feasibility was supported by a brief administration time (approximately 15 minutes) and minimal scoring errors. The reliability of the SCIP was confirmed by good equivalence of forms, acceptable stability (ICC range 0.59 to 0.87) and adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha of 0.74). Construct validity was granted by extraction of a single factor (accounting 52% of the variance), acceptable correlations with conventional neuropsychological instruments, and a clear differentiation between bipolar I and normal samples. Efficiency was also provided by the adequate sensitivity and specificity.

Limitations
The sample size is not very large. The SCIP and the neurocognitive battery do not cover all potentially relevant cognitive domains. Also, sensitivity to change remains unexplored.

Conclusion
With minimal training, physicians obtained a reliable and valid estimate of cognitive impairment in approximately 15 minutes from an application of the SCIP to type I BD patients.
Fatal Liver Failure in a Patient on Acetaminophen Treated with Sunitinib Malate and Levothyroxine
Authors: Weise Amy M , Liu Chin Y , Shields Anthony F 
Published: April 2009

Objective: To report the occurrence of fatal acute liver failure following addition of levothyroxine to a regimen of sunitinib and acetaminophen. Case Summary: A 57-year-old woman who started sunitinib treatment for relapsed metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor after imatinib failure had disease stabilization and normal livar function through 8 cycles of sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment. Her continuing medications included acetaminophen approximately 4.5 g/wk, as well as standard medications for asthma. In cycle 8, she received oral levothyroxine 50–150 pg/day for approximately 30 days to control hypothyroidism before beginning cycle 9 of sunitinib. On day 4 of cycle 9, she was hospitalized with progressively rising circulating liver enzyme levels. She died 4 days postadmission despite discontinuation of sunitinib and initiation of Intensive supportive treatment. At autopsy, her liver showed severe centrliobular necrosis with moderate-to-severe steatosis and minimal parenchymal invasion by the neoplasm. Viral stains were negative. Discussion: Hepatic failure has been reported rarely in patients receiving sunitinib. Autopsy results excluded neoplastic disease progression and viral infection in the etiology of the event, and the patient may have died of the combined interaction of sunitinib, acetaminophen, and levothyroxine. Although sunitinib was not more than a possible hepatotoxin (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) and may even have been hepatoprotective over a 48-week period against chronic intake of acetaminophen (probable hepatotoxin) by producing regional hypothyroidism within the liver, it is hypothesized that correction of the putative hepatic hypothyroidism with oral levothyroxine (possible hepatotoxin) and reinitiation of sunitinib treatment may have triggered hepatic necrosis. Conclusions: Acetaminophen should be used with particular caution in patients receiving sunitinib. In sunitinib-treated patients who also require levothyroxine therapy, increased caution in restarting subsequent sunitinib treatment and discontinuation of acetaminophen, if possible, is advisable. Further evaluation of this potential interaction is warranted.
Treatment of Osteoporosis/Osteopenia in Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma
Authors: Bryant Michele L , Worthington Mary A , Parsons Kerry 
Published: April 2009

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of various treatment options for osteopenia and osteoporosis secondary to cancer treatment in pediatric patients undergoing cancer therapy. Data Sources: A systematic search of PubMed (1949–November 2008) and international Pharmaceutical Abstracts (to November 2008) was conducted using the following search terms: osteoporosis, osteopenia, pediatrics, cancer, neoplasms, chemotherapy, bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, calcitonin, and physical therapy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All prospective studies that evaluated various osteoporosis treatment options in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy were included. Results from studies evaluating bisphosphonates and other treatments in children with osteoporosis due to other causes were also included if important safety and efficacy data were provided. Most commonly reported primary efficacy endpoints included comparisons of bone density parameters measured before and after treatment. Data Synthesis: Four clinical studies and 2 case reports describing treatment with bisphosphonates, specifically alendronate and Pamidronate, for osteoporosis or osteopenia in pediatric cancer patients were identified. Results from the trials showed that these medications were efficacious in reducing bone mineral density loss during cancer therapy and were well tolerated in this special population. Primary efficacy endpoints included improvements in Z-scores measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The most commonly reported adverse effects included hypocalcemia, mild stomach upset, and infusion-related hyperpyrexia. Four additional clinical trials involving the treatment of osteoporosis or osteopenia in children and adolescents who developed bone degeneration after chronic steroid therapy are also included. In these trials, treatment options such as calcitonin, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation were also shown to be beneficial. Conclusions: The clinical trials published to date are limited to only a few conducted in small populations of patients diagnosed with lymphoblastic leukemia or non–Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, alendronate and Pamidronate both appeared to be effective options in improving bone mineral density scores with minimal adverse effects.