bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Selection in Upland Cotton in Stress Environments1
Authors: Quisenberry J. E. , Roark Bruce , Fryrear D. W. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Much of the Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) acreage growni n the UnitedS tates is producedin environments where lack of moisture and low temperatures frequently limit production. The purpose of the current research was to test the effectiveness of selecting for lint yield in such stress environments as compared with an optimal environment. Random F3 plants from a composite cross population were advanced two generations by self‐pollination. The F4 and F5 progenies were grown at Lubbock, Big Spring, and College Station, Tex. in 1976, and the F5 progenies were grown at the same locations in 1977. In both years, all locations were classified as deficient or adequate in temperature and moisture based on input heat units and available water. Genotype × environmenitn teractions, within‐location herltabifities, and genetic advance for lint yield were estimated.In 1976, Lubbockw as deficient in heat units and adequate in precipitation, Big Spring was adequate in heat units and deficient in precipitation, and College Station was adequate in both heat units and moisture. Entries were not significantly different for lint yield at either Lubbock or Big Spring, although the genotype × environment interaction was significant for these locations. At College Station, entries were significantly different, whereas the genotypes × environment interaction was not significant. We concluded that selection within the stress environments was largely based upon genotype × environment interactions. A significant genetic advance for lint yield was realized at all locations when the selection was made at College Station in an environment considered optimal for the growth of Upland cotton.
Growth of Sugarbeet Seedling in Various Atmospheres of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide1
Authors: Wyse Roger 
Published: July 2010

The allocation of photosynthates is the result of complex competitive interactions between sinks for available photosynthate. The objective of this research was to determine if altered photosynthate supplies would change the normal partitioning patterns in young sugarbeet plants. Photosynthetic rates were enhanced by CO2 enrichment and photorespiration was reduced by a combination of high CO2 and low O2. The plants were grown in growth chambers having day‐night temperatures of 28/22 C with a photoperiod of 16 hours. When the first true leaves appeared, the seedlings were placed in treatment chambers within the larger growth chambers, and the following combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide were established (% O2 — ppm CO2): 21‐300; 21‐1,000; 5‐300; 5‐1,000. Photon Flux Density within the treatment chambers was 320 /μE/m2/sec. The plants were maintained within the chambers for 10 days.Elevated CO2 enhanced total dry matter accumulation by 180% but low O2 had no significant effect. The final dry matter accumulation expressed on a final leaf area basis was increased 56 and 19% by 1,000 ppm CO2 and 5% O2 respectively. The additional photosynthate resulting from enhanced photosynthesis was allocated preferentially to the root sink. The primary effect of low O2 was to enhance root diameter and leaf number, but low O2 had little effect on other growth characteristics. Results indicate that the young sugarbeet root is the preferred sink for additional photosynthate.
Efficiency of Single‐Seed‐Descent vs. Anther‐Derived Dihaploid Breeding Methods in Tobacco1
Authors: Schnell R. J. , Wernsman E. A. , Burk L. G. 
Published: July 2010

The productivity and leaf chemical composition of random dihaploid (DH) and single‐seed‐descent (SSD) lines of Nicotiana tabacum L. from the same F1 hybrid plant, were compared. ‘Hicks Broadleaf’ was crossed with ‘Coker 139,’ anthers from a single F1 plant were cultured, and 50 DH lines were produced for testing. The same F1 was selfed, and 50 random F8 lines were developed by the SSD procedure. Experimental lines and check cultivars were compared in three environments.The DH population yielded 10.6% less cured leaf, possessed inferior leaf quality, was later flowering, produced reduced leaf numbers, and its cured leaf was lower in total alkaloids than the SSD population. The antherculture procedure produced a DH population with greater genetic variability for leaf yields than the conventionally‐inbred population, but the suppressed DH mean overwhelmed the benefit of increased variation. Results indicate that selection in SSD populations would be preferable to selection in DH population for the identification of superior genotypes.
Production Traits of Oats Selected under Low, Medium, and High Productivity1
Authors: Shabana R. , Bailey T. , Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Selection for yield (10% intensity) was carried out in two groups of random oat (Avena saliva L.) lines (group T and group G contained 200 and 480 lines, respectively) under low‐, medium‐, and high‐productivity conditions. Selected lines from each selection condition were tested for mean, response, and stability of yield, in evaluation experiments that encompassed production environments from low to high.Actual gains in mean yield from selection averaged across the three selection environments were 16 and 7% in the T and G groups, respectively. Actual advances were 16, 13, and 18% of the population mean under low, medium, and high productivity, respectively, for group T, and 7, 5, and 8%, respectively, for group G. In each group, advances from selection under high and low productivities were superior to that from medium productivity. There was no superiority for one selection condition over another for either response or stability of yield.Lines selected only under low or medium productivity gave mean yields not significantly greater than the respective group means, whereas those selected only under high productivity gave significantly greater ones. The number of lines common to the samples selected under low, medium, and high productivity were three for group T and six for group G. These lines averaged 20% greater than the group means for yield, and were significantly superior under low, medium, and high productivity.Low‐ and high‐productivity conditions were nearly equal for selecting high‐yielding lines of oats, and both were somewhat superior to medium productivity. However, a detailed analysis showed that high productivity tended to differentiate high‐yielding lines best. The most superior lines for all conditions of production were those chosen in all three selection environments and those chosen in both low and high productivity.
Cell Membrane Stability as a Measure of Drought and Heat Tolerance in Wheat1
Authors: Blum A. , Ebercon Adelina 
Published: July 2010

Drought and heat tolerance tests that were developed for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were adapted to and evaluated in field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf.) during 1977/1978 and 1978/1979.The drought tolerance test is based on the measurement of the electroconductivity of aqueous media containing leaf discs that were previously water stressed in vitro by exposure to a solution of polyethylene glycol‐6,000 (PEG). The heat tolerance test is similarly based on exposure of leaf discs to heating, in vitro, to 44 C.Drought tolerance of wheat leaves decreased with plant age. For a given plant growth stage, some variation was revealed in drought tolerance, according to leaf position. Maximal separation of wheat cultivars in drought tolerance was obtained with 40% (w/v) solution of PEG, when plants were grown under conditions of favorable moisture regime and sampled during the late jointing growth stage.Wheat was more drought tolerant than maize, sorghum or millet, based on published data.When plants were sampled during a period of water stress, they were more drought tolerant than well‐watered plants, indicating adjustment of cell membrane stability to drought stress. Wheat cultivars varied in their ability to adjust, in this respect.Unlike in sorghum, drought and heat tolerance were not correlated in wheat.The inclusion of a limited number of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmark) genotypes in this study indicated that the methods discussed work equally well with these crop plants.
New Genes for Resistance to Whitebacked Planthopper in Rice1
Authors: Angeles Enrique R. , Khush G. S. , Heinrichs E. A. 
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), in 12 resistant rice Oryza sativa L. cultivars was studied. This study was undertaken to identify additional genes for resistance and to determine the allelic relationships of newly identified genes and Wbph. The bulk seedling test was utilized for testing the hybrid materials for resistance to the insect. The reactions of F1, F2, and F3 populations from the crosses of resistant cultivars with ‘TN1’ revealed that resistance in ‘P580,’ ‘Sathra 267,’ ‘Sonpattar 45,’ ‘Sufaida 172,’ ‘ARC 10239,’ ‘Jhinuwa,’ ‘N32,’ and ‘Latighawar’ is controlled by a single dominant gene. Resistance of ‘IR2035‐117‐3’ is governed by two independent dominant genes. Similarly, resistance of ‘Colombo,’ ‘368,’ and ‘WC 1240’ is conferred by one dominant and one recessive gene that segregate independently of each other.P580, Sathra 267, Sonpattar 45, Sufaida 172, Jhinuwa, N32, and Latighawar have the Wbph gene for resistance. This gene was redesignated as Wbph 1. ARC 10239 has a single dominant gene which segregates independently of Wbph 1. It is designated as Wbph 2. IR2035‐117‐3 is homozygous for Wbph 1 and Wbph 2 whereas Colombo has Wbph 2 and another recessive gene. Wbph 1 and a recessive gene confer resistance in WC 1240 and 368.
Genetic Control for Percentage Grain Protein and Grain Yield in Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Finkner R. E. , Finkner M. D. , Glaze R. M. , Maese Gloria 
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of grain protein and yield was investigated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Divergent selection was applied to a series of individual plants from the breeding nursery for high and low protein content. Protein percentage was determined from a random sample of finely ground grain by the Udy dye‐binding method. The selected lines were crossed onto A‐lines ‘Martin’ (high protein) and ‘Wheatland’ (low protein). Test crosses, parents, and checks were planted in replicated lattice‐designed tests at Clovis, N.M., for 3 years.Highly significant differences were detected between the lines selected for high and low protein content for both percentage of grain protein and grain yield. Significant differences also were found between the two female lines. Genetic analyses of the test crosses and their parents indicated that low protein content was partially conditioned by dominant genes. Of 155 test crosses, 3% produced grain protein content significantly below the lower parent, indicating negative heterosis; 35% of the test crosses were signifidcantly below their mid‐parent mean, indicating dominant genes for low protein. Grain yield was determined by dominant or overdominant gene action as 43% of the test crosses yielded significantly above their midparent mean, and 35% of the crosses yielded significantly more than the highest yielding parent. Protein percentage had a highly significant negative correlation with yield (r = ‐0.53, significant at the 0.01 level).Partitioning of the genetic variance indicated that additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for both attributes studied. The genetic variances for males were greater than for females for both attributes; however, many more males were tested than females. Narrow‐sense heritability values of 35 and 44% were computed for grain protein percentage and yield, respectively.
Quantifying Morphological Development of Alfalfa for Studies of Herbage Quality1
Authors: Kalu Bernard A. , Fick Gary W. 
Published: July 2010

A more precise and quantitative method of specifying the morphological development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is needed for communication among scientists working with the crop and for associating alfalfa phenology and forage quality. A 10‐stage numerical system for individual stems (Stages to 9) was defined, and two procedures for calculating the mean stage of a herbage sample were compared on alfalfa samples grown in the spring, summer, or autumn and representing weekly age increments up to 10 weeks from all seasons. Samples were collected during one growing season from a 3‐year‐old stand of ‘Iroquois’ alfalfa grown in Tompkins County, N.Y. Mean stage by count (MSC) was the average of the individual stages present in the herbage sample, weighted for number of stems in each stage. Mean stage by weight (MSW) was the average of individual stages present, weighted for dry weight of herbage in each stage. Both methods quantified morphological development of alfalfa canopies with the anticipated effects of seasonal temperature, but the MSW procedure was superior in showing greater numerical differentiation and in distinguishing samples of diverse age and stage structure.Linear regression in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) on MSW across seasons and ages of herbage samples was highly significant:IVTD = 92.93−3.98·(MSW), r2 = 0.984, n = 11. Crude protein (CP) was characterized by a highly significant quadratic regression: CP = 40.89−7.38·(MSW) + 0.57 (MSW)2, R2 = 0.995, n = 11. The association of alfalfa quality and MSW has not been sufficiently tested to represent a general prediction model. However, the observed relationship indicates the potential usefulness of MSW in developing such a model.
Improvement of Sugarbeet Seed Emergence with Dilute Acid and Growth Regulator Treatments
Authors: Akeson W.R. , Freytag A.H. , Henson M.A. 
Published: July 2010

Poor emergence of sugarbeet seedling under moisture, temperature, and impedance stress conditions can limit satisfactory stand establishment. The objective of this study was to permeate seeds with dilute acid, growth regulators, and other chemicals, alone and in combinations, and to determine the effect of these treatments on emergence under favorable and unfavorable conditions. Commercially processed seed was treated with 1.0 N hydrochloric acid, propylene, ethylene, 10 and 100 ppm gibberillic acid (GA3), 10 and 100 ppm kinetin, 10 and 100 ppm 6‐benzyl‐aminopurine (6‐BA), 1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.01 M pH 6.7 and 11.4 phosphate buffers, and fermentation, alone and in combination.Effects of treatments on emergence of ‘GWH 58’ were evaluated in laboratory tests with combinations of moisture, temperature, and impedance stress and in field trials in 1977, 1978, and 1979. Laboratory tests showed that the acid treatment stimulates emergence under moisture and temperature, but not impedance stress conditions. The growth regulators ‐ GA3, kinetin, ethylene, and propylene stimulated emergence under combined moisture, temperature, and impedance stress. Under these conditions, acid and growth regulator treatment effects were additive.In field tests, the growth regulator seed treatments stimulated emergence only in combination with acid pretreatment. The acid + 100 ppm GA3 treatment gave the most consistent positive results (significant at 0.05 in 69% of trials) and greatest average improvement in emergence (9.3% of seeds planted) over the control. Significant improvements in field emergence were also obtained with acid + 10 ppm GA3, acid + 10 and 100 ppm kinetin, acid + 10 and 100 ppm 6‐BA, and acid + 100% propylene. Combinations of growth regulators gave no improvement in emergence over that of the individual growth regulators. The acid seed treatment improved emergence only under moisture stress conditions. Cultivars differed in their response to acid + 100 ppm GA, and acid + I00 ppm kinetin treatments in laboratory and field emergence trials conducted in 1980.
Seedling Growth of Cicer Milkvetch as Affected by Seed Weight and Temperature Regime1
Authors: Townsend C. E. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: July 2010

Seedling vigor of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) has been improved by breeding for high seed weight, but it is not known how growth characteristics differ among seedlings derived from seed of different weight classes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed weight (3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8, 5.2, and 5.6 g/1,000 seeds) and temperature regime (20 C day/15 C night and 25 C day/20 C night) various seedling growth traits. When averaged over all sampling dates, temperature regime significantly affected area of upper leaves; dry weight of cotyledons, primary leaf, upper leaves, stems, and roots; height of seedlings; total dry weight of shoots; and total dry weight of seedlings. Values for all traits except weight of cotyledons and primary leaf were higher at 25/20 C than at 20/15 C. Cotyledon area and primary leaf area were not influenced by temperature. Within a temperature regime, seed weight also significantly affected all characters. For most seedling traits an increase in dry weight or area was associated with increased seed weight.In a growth analysis study, temperature treatments significantly affected initial seedling weight, initial leaf area, relative growth rate, relative leaf area expansion rate, relative leaf weight expansion rate, leaf area partitioning coefficient, leaf weight partitioning coefficient, and final seedling weight. Temperature regime did not affect initial leaf weight and net assimilation rate. Seed weight was positively and linearly associated with initial seedling weight, initial leaf area, and initial leaf weight at both temperatures and with final seedling weight at 20/15 C. The lack of association of seed weight with some important growth analysis traits suggests that certain seedling vigor characters are entirely independent of seed weight. The initial advantage of high seed weight progenies, however, tended to be maintained in the early phases of seedling development, as indicated by final seedling weight. Thus, with populations selected for high seed weight, additional progress in improving seedling vigor might be achieved through selection for relative leaf area expansion rate, net assimilation rate, or other traits.
Natural Cross‐Pollination in Diploid and Autotetraploid Soybeans1
Authors: Sadanaga K. , Grindeland R. 
Published: July 2010

Natural cross‐pollination in diploid and autotetraploid soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was determined by use of recessive genes d1d2, which conditioned green seed color, in the female parents and the dominant alleles D1D2 in the pollen parents. In three‐row plots, the center row was planted to the female parents, and the outer rows to the pollen parents. The frequency of cross‐pollination in the autotetraploids flanked by diploids was 0.04%, in the control (normal diploids flanked by normal diploids), 0.17%; in the normal diploids flanked by autotetraploids, 0.07%; and in diploid male‐sterile (ms2) strain flanked by autotetraploids, 62%. Natural cross‐pollination between diploid and autotetraploid soybeans tailed to produce triploids. Seedlings from hybrid seeds from autotetraploid plants were autotetraploids; seedlings from hybrid seeds from diploid plants were diploids. The hybrids were the result of cross‐pollination from nonflanking rows of 4n male parents in the former and 2n male parents in the latter.Five trisomics, one monotelotrisomic, one tetraploid, and one mixoploid were found among 175 hybrid progeny in the ms2 strain.
Brown Midrib Mutants in Sudangrass and Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Fritz J. O. , Cantrell R. P. , Lechtenberg V. L. , Axtell J. D. , Hertel J. M. 
Published: July 2010

Three low lignin, brown midrib (bmr) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) mutants, designated bmr‐6, bmr‐12, and bmr‐18, were each backcrossed to normal grain‐ and grassy‐type sorghums. The objective was to determine if the effect of the brown midrib mutants on fiber composition would be expressed equally in both grain‐ and grassy‐type genetic backgrounds.Analysis for fiber composition and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was conducted on mature stem tissue of mutant and normal plants from the F2 generation Of the first and second backcross. The bmr‐6 mutant reduced lignin percentage from 10.3 to 8.5 (P < 0.01) and increased IVDMD percentage from 39.6 to 48.7 (P < 0.01). Mutant ✕ background and mutant backcross interactions were not significant (P > 0.10), indicating that the effect of the bmr‐6 mutant was expressed as well in grassy‐type as in grain‐type backgrounds. Similar results were obtained with the bmr‐12 and bmr‐18 mutants. These mutants, evaluated after only one backcross, reduced stem lignin from 8.3 to 6.1% (P < 0.01) and increased IVDMD from 44.0 to 55.5% (P < 0.01). The effects were expressed as well in grassy‐type as in grain‐type backgrounds.Results indicate that sudangrass sorghums containing brown midrib mutant genes are lower in lignin percentage and higher in digestibility than normal genotypes. Mutant sudangrasses of this nature should be higher in digestible energy percentage and should result in greater animal production than normal sudangrasses [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] when fed to ruminant animals.
Gramine in Barley Forage ‐ Effects of Genotype and Environment1
Authors: Hanson A. D. , Traynor P. L. , Ditz K. M. , Reicosky D. A. 
Published: July 2010

Consumption of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) containing about 2,000 μg dry wt or more of the indole alkaloid gramine can adversely affect ruminant performance. Because gramine occurs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves, 20 cultivars of barley and four races of Hordeum spontaneum Koch were analyzed for gramine and related alkaloids after growth in controlled environments (21/16 C, day/night) to the fourleaf stage. Shoot gramine levels ranged from <30 to >10,000 μg/dry wt; 10 ‘high‐gramme’ genotypes (six H. vulgare, four H. spontaneum) contained at least 2,000 μg/g. Other indole alkaloids were absent or present only in trace amounts.Beginning at the two‐leaf stage, the high‐gramine barley cultivars ‘Arimar’ and ‘Maraini’ were grown for 2 weeks at 21/16 C and 30/25 C, with either adequate or limited water supply. Growth of both cultivars at the higher temperatures approximately doubled their gramine concentrations (to about 4,000 μg/g). Cyclic wilting, which resulted from limiting irrigation, did not greatly affect gramine concentrations. In a cool, spring, field planting at a loamy, non‐irrigated site, the gramine concentration in Arimar shoots was 1,700 μg/g at the three‐to‐four‐leaf stage, but fell to 200 μg/g at the six leaf stage. In a warm, summer, field planting at a sandy irrigated site, the gramine concentrations at both three‐to‐four and six‐leaf stages were ≥2,700 μg/g in Arimar and ≥4,500 μg/g in Maraini.Gramine merits attention as a potential anti‐quality factor in breeding programs for barley suited to grazing or other forage uses.