bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Sustained Microwave Absorption Induced by Extremely High Radiation Intensities in Surface Electrons on Liquid Helium
Authors: Konstantinov Denis , Kono Kimitoshi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new nonlinear-optical absorption effect is observed in electrons bound to the liquid helium surface. We study absorption of mm-wave radiation due to resonant excitation of electron bound states. Below 1 K, almost all electrons occupy the ground state. Therefore, the system should be transparent for resonant radiation connecting any two excited states. On the contrary, we observe strong absorption peaks associated with transitions between the first excited and the higher excited states. We show that this anomaly results from the bistability of the electron system induced by extremely high radiation intensities and the long electron relaxation time.
Preparation and Characterization of Covalently Binding of Rat Anti-human IgG Monolayer on Thiol-Modified Gold Surface
Authors: Lv Zhengjian , Wang Jianhua , Deng Linhong , Chen Guoping 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) film and rat anti-human IgG protein monolayer were fabricated on gold substrates using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) method. The surface properties of the bare gold substrate, the MHA film and the protein monolayer were characterized by contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) method and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The contact angles of the MHA film and the protein monolayer were 18° and 12°, respectively, all being hydrophilic. AFM images show dissimilar topographic nanostructures between different surfaces, and the thickness of the MHA film and the protein monolayer was estimated to be 1.51 and 5.53 nm, respectively. The GIXRD 2θ degrees of the MHA film and the protein monolayer ranged from 0° to 15°, significantly smaller than that of the bare gold surface, but the MHA film and the protein monolayer displayed very different profiles and distributions of their diffraction peaks. Moreover, the spectra of binding energy measured from these different surfaces could be well fitted with either Au4f, S2p or N1s, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that MHA film and protein monolayer were successfully formed with homogeneous surfaces, and thus demonstrate that the SAM method is a reliable technique for fabricating protein monolayer.
Synthesis of Novel Flower-Like Zn(OH)F via a Microwave-Assisted Ionic Liquid Route and Transformation into Nanoporous ZnO by Heat Treatment
Authors: Song Jia-kui , Zheng Ming-bo , Yang Zhen-jiang , Chen Hui-qin , Wang Hai-yan , Liu Jin-song , Ji Guang-bin , Zhang Hai-qian , Cao Jie-ming 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Zinc hydroxide fluoride (Zn(OH)F) with novel flower-like morphology has been prepared via a microwave-assisted ionic liquid route. The flower-like Zn(OH)F particle has six petals and every petal is composed of lots of acicular nano-structure. Nanoporous ZnO is obtained by thermal decomposition of as-prepared Zn(OH)F in air, and the flower-like morphology is well retained. In the process of synthesis, ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is used as both the reactant and the template.
Simple Systematic Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles with Adjustable Aspect Ratios
Authors: Mohanty Paritosh , Landskron Kai 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
One-dimensional periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanoparticles with tunable aspect ratios are obtained from a chain-type molecular precursor octaethoxy-1,3,5-trisilapentane. The aspect ratio can be tuned from 2:1 to >20:1 simply by variation in the precursor concentration in acidic aqueous solutions containing constant amounts of triblock copolymer Pluronic P123. The mesochannels are highly ordered and are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the PMO particles. No significant Si–C bond cleavage occurs during the synthesis according to29Si MAS NMR. The materials exhibit surface areas between 181 and 936 m2 g−1.
A Quaternary ZnCdSeTe Nanotip Photodetector
Authors: Chang SJ , Hsiao CH , Wang SB , Cheng YC , Li TC , Chang SP , Huang BR , Hung SC 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The authors report the growth of needle-like high density quaternary Zn0.87Cd0.13Se0.98Te0.02nanotips on oxidized Si(100) substrate. It was found that average length and average diameter of the nanotips were 1.3 μm and 91 nm, respectively. It was also found that the as-grown ZnCdSeTe nanotips exhibit mixture of cubic zinc-blende and hexagonal wurtzite structures. Furthermore, it was found that the operation speeds of the fabricated ZnCdSeTe nanotip photodetector were fast with turn-on and turn-off time constants both less than 2 s.
Magnetic Properties of FePt Nanoparticles Prepared by a Micellar Method
Authors: Gao Y , Zhang XW , Yin ZG , Qu S , You JB , Chen NF 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
FePt nanoparticles with average size of 9 nm were synthesized using a diblock polymer micellar method combined with plasma treatment. To prevent from oxidation under ambient conditions, immediately after plasma treatment, the FePt nanoparticle arrays were in situ transferred into the film-growth chamber where they were covered by an SiO2 overlayer. A nearly complete transformation of L 10 FePt was achieved for samples annealed at temperatures above 700 °C. The well control on the FePt stoichiometry and avoidance from surface oxidation largely enhanced the coercivity, and a value as high as 10 kOe was obtained in this study. An evaluation of magnetic interactions was made using the so-called isothermal remanence (IRM) and dc-demagnetization (DCD) remanence curves and Kelly–Henkel plots (ΔM measurement). The ΔM measurement reveals that the resultant FePt nanoparticles exhibit a rather weak interparticle dipolar coupling, and the absence of interparticle exchange interaction suggests no significant particle agglomeration occurred during the post-annealing. Additionally, a slight parallel magnetic anisotropy was also observed. The results indicate the micellar method has a high potential in preparing FePt nanoparticle arrays used for ultrahigh density recording media.
In Vitro Simultaneous Transfer of Lipids to HDL in Coronary Artery Disease and in Statin Treatment
Authors: Lo Prete Ana C. , Dina Clederson H. , Azevedo Carolina H. , Puk Camila G. , Lopes Neuza H. M. , Hueb Whady A. , Maranhão Raul Cavalcante 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe exchange of lipids with cells and other lipoproteins is a crucial process in HDL metabolism and for HDL antiatherogenic function. Here, we tested a practical method to quantify the simultaneous transfer to HDL of phospholipids, free‐cholesterol, esterified cholesterol and triacylglycerols and to verify the lipid transfer in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or undergoing statin treatment. Twenty‐eight control subjects without CAD, 27 with CAD and 25 CAD patients under simvastatin treatment were studied. Plasma samples were incubated with a donor nanoemulsion prepared by ultrasonication of the constituent lipids and labeled with radioactive lipids; % lipids transferred to HDL were quantified in the HDL‐containing supernatant after chemical precipitation of non‐HDL fractions and the nanoemulsion. The assay was precise and reproducible. Increase of temperature (4–37 °C), of incubation period (5 min to 2 h), of HDL‐cholesterol concentration (33–244 mg/dL) and of mass of nanoemulsion lipids (0.075–0.3 mg/μL) resulted in increased lipid transfer from the nanoemulsion to HDL. In contrast, increasing pH (6.5–8.5) and albumin concentration (3.5–7.0 g/dL) did not affect lipid transfer. There was no difference between CAD and control non‐CAD with regard to the lipid transfer, but statin treatment reduced the transfer to HDL of all four lipids. The test herein described is a valid and practical tool for exploring an important aspect of HDL metabolism.
Ratios of Regioisomers of Triacylglycerols Containing Dihydroxy Fatty Acids in Castor Oil by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe triacylglycerols (TAG) containing dihydroxy fatty acids have been recently identified by mass spectrometry in castor oil. These new dihydroxy fatty acids were proposed as 11,12‐dihydroxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid (diOH18:1), 11,12‐dihydroxy‐9,13‐octadecadienoic acid (diOH18:2) and 11,12‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (diOH18:0). The ratios of regioisomers of the TAG were estimated by fragment ions from the loss of fatty acids at the sn‐2 position as α,β‐unsaturated fatty acids by electro spray ionization‐mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts (MS3). The content of regioisomeric diOH18:1‐OH18:1‐diOH18:1 (ABA, with two different fatty acids) was about 92% in the total of stereoisomeric diOH18:1‐OH18:1‐diOH18:1, OH18:1‐diOH18:1‐diOH18:1 and diOH18:1‐diOH18:1‐OH18:1 combined. The approximate contents of other regioisomers were as follows: diOH18:1‐OH18:1‐OH18:1 (92%), diOH18:1‐diOH18:0‐diOH18:1 (91%), diOH18:2‐OH18:1‐OH18:1 (80%) and diOH18:0‐OH18:1‐OH18:1 (96%). The ratios of regioisomers of TAG (ABC) containing three different fatty acids were estimated as about 7:1:2 (OH18:1:diOH18:1:diOH18:2) and about 7:2:1 (OH18:1:diOH18:0:diOH18:1). Ricinoleate (OH18:1) was predominately at the sn‐2 position of TAG (both AAB and ABC) containing dihydroxy fatty acids and ricinoleate. Dihydroxy fatty acids were mainly at the sn‐1,3 positions of TAG containing dihydroxy fatty acids and ricinoleate in castor oil. The ratios of the three regioisomers of TAG (ABC) containing three different fatty acids by mass spectrometry are first reported here.
Identification of colonization factors of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliwith PCR-based technique
Authors: PUIPROM O. , CHANTAROJ S. , GANGNONNGIW W. , OKADA K. , HONDA T. , TANIGUCHI T. , SAWANPANYALERT P. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYColonization factors (CFs) mediate attachment of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) to the intestinal mucosa and induce protective immunity against ETEC diarrhoea. We designed CF-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, and developed a simple PCR-based genotypic CF identification method. ETEC strains (n=17) isolated from patients with diarrhoea in Thailand were examined for genotypical identification of CFs of ETEC strains. Coli surface antigen 6 (CS6) was the most common CF (29%), followed by CS13 (12%), colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I), CS2 and CS3, and CS17/CS19 (6% each), while 41% of the strains were negative. This simple PCR method for the detection of CF genes is useful for surveillance of ETEC infections in diagnostic laboratories.
The Lambeth Conference 2008 and the Millennium Development Goals: A Botswana Perspective
Authors: Selwyn Mwamba Musonda Trevor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Bishops of the Anglican Communion met on the campus of the University of Kent at Canterbury, England, for the Lambeth Conference in July 2008. The Conference took place at a time when the Anglican Communion was going through turbulence over the issue of human sexuality. Accordingly, there was much expectation that the Conference would inter alia discuss and come up with the way forward on the issue of homosexuality. Prudently, the Conference’s focus rested on the real Mission of the Church, epitomized by the Walk of Witness on July 24, 2009 from Whitehall and Westminster to Lambeth Palace. There, Archbishop Rowan Williams spoke of the Communion’s commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is within this context that this article seeks to discuss the issue of the MDGs in the context of the Lambeth Conference, from the perspective of Botswana. It is my intention to show that the Anglican Communion should be focused on the life and death issues of eradicating abject poverty, HIV and AIDS, malaria, bad governance, unjust trade policies and environment, rather than wasting valuable spiritual energy on the ‘luxury’ of human sexuality which is a non-issue for the poor.
Shear–peel bond strength of orthodontic primers in wet conditions
Authors: Kula KS , Nash TD , Purk JH 
Published: September 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors – Kula KS, Nash TD, Purk JHObjective – The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether a hydrophilic primer (TransbondTM MIP, [MIP]) produces a significant difference in shear/peel bond strength compared with a traditional hydrophobic primer (TransbondTM XT, [XT]) in wet (W) or dry (D) conditions and if there is a difference in the site of bond failure.Design – A randomized blinded in vitro design.Setting and Sample Population – The University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Dentistry. Forty extracted human premolars were divided into four test groups (n = 10 each): MIP‐dry conditions (MIPD), MIP‐wet conditions (MIPW), XT‐dry (XTD) and XT‐wet (XTW).Experimental Variable – Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the teeth according to the manufacturer's directions except XTW and MIPW were exposed to moisture.Outcome Measure – Shear/peel test 24 h after bonding using an Instron at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and the adhesive remnant index to determine the site of bond failure.Results – The bond strengths (X ± SD) in MPa were XTD = 8.3 ± 2.3; XTW = 0.8 ± 0.7; MIPD = 7.5 ± 1.8 and MIPW = 7.9 ± 1.7. The shear/peel bond strengths were significantly different: XTD = MIPD = MIPW > XTW (p ≤ 0.01; two‐way ANOVA; Tukey HSD). The ARI scores were also significantly different: XTD = MIPD = MIPW > XTW (p ≤ 0.01; Chi‐square).Conclusions – Orthodontists who suspect moisture contamination should use a hydrophilic primer during bonding procedures to maintain shear/peel bond strength.
Towards sustainable fisheries: Assessing co-management effectiveness for the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Diver Sibyl 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCo-management theory argues that incorporating local knowledge into fisheries science decision-making can lead to more sustainable fisheries through improved fishery dynamics, reduced harvest pressure, and increased regulatory compliance. The Maine lobster fishery, Japanese fishing cooperatives, and Alaska’s Community Development Quota Program are all considered successful models of fisheries co-management. Co-management arrangements between Pacific Northwest treaty tribes and state managers were first established in the 1970s, following court decisions upholding the tribes’ treaty rights to fish. However, the long-term effectiveness of Pacific Northwest salmon fisheries co-management is not fully understood. Here I present an historical analysis of co-management effects for the Columbia River salmon fishery, from both an ecological and social perspective. My research objectives are to (1) evaluate the perceived impact of tribal participation in salmon fishery management decisions (2) assess social, economic, and ecological impacts of fisheries co-management, and (3) understand barriers to co-management efforts in terms of institutional and political frameworks. Building on Evelyn Pinkerton’s research, I use archival materials, scientific literature, and interviews with key actors to define key developments in Columbia River salmon fishery co-management, including legal decisions and the establishment of tribal fish commissions. I then conduct a preliminary analysis of co-management effectiveness over time. Initial results suggest that tribal participation in fisheries management has led to ecologically and socially sustainable fisheries management practices in the Columbia River basin, although political disagreements have held back progress. For example, tribal fisheries co-management has led to improved ecological management practices, including new requirements for counting fish harvest levels and monitoring of habitat quality. Co-management has created economic opportunities, such as niche markets for native-caught fish and added-value processing, which can generate larger profits from smaller fish harvests. Increasing tribal fisheries capacity through co-management has also forwarded community efforts to ensure cultural survival by maintaining traditional fishing practices. Institutional and political barriers to co-management that include sovereignty issues, regulatory conflicts, and funding needs present challenges to resolving habitat management problems for the region.
Evaluation of Two Hot Water Washer Disinfectors for Medical Instruments
Authors: Jette L.P. , Lambert N.G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo models of hot water washer disinfectors (Decomat 128 and Hospital A, Euroclean Canada Inc; Ontario, Canada) were evaluated by two methods for their efficacy in disinfecting anesthesia equipment. In the first method, three different microbial suspensions were each sealed into 30 capillary tubes. In the second method, corrugated anesthesia tubes were rinsed with suspensions of each of two bacterial strains. The tubes then underwent a standard cycle in the hot water washer disinfectors and were subsequently tested for growth of microorganisms. All experiments were repeated three times, and the temperature was registered in all cases. In the capillary test, growth was rarely detected (13/540 tubes) and the inactivation factor for both apparatus was > 5 log,,. In the rinse test, no growth was detected. The mean temperature for 15 disinfection cycles was 84.2 ± 0.8°C for Decomat 128 and 88.9 ± 0.5% for Hospital A. However, for Decomat 128 we observed a variation of 3°C from one disinfection cycle to another and a progressive reduction of 2.2°C over a series of five consecutive complete cycles. Both methods gave reproducible results. Under our experimental conditions, both hot water washer disinfectors proved to be efficacious for the disinfection of reusable anesthesia equipment.
Teicoplanin- A New Agent for Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Authors: Eggleston Mark , Ofosu Joseph 
Published: September 2009

Gram-positive bacterial infections remain a serious challenge for infectious disease practitioners. Many gram-positive organisms are developing new methods of antibiotic resistance, thus rendering our standard antimicrobial agents ineffective. Penicillin G resistance, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and recently, a laboratory strain of vancomycin-resistant S aureus have become catalysts in the search for effective alternatives in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. This review will briefly describe an investigational agent (investigational in the US, although used widely overseas) that has been very successful in treating gram-positive bacterial infections. The antibiotic, named teicoplanin. (Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals) may be approved for release in the United States in the future.Originally known as teichomycin A, teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, chemically similar to the vancomycin-ristocetin antibiotic group. Teicoplanin was discovered following the fermentation process of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus The antibiotic has a linear heptapeptide structure and weighs approximately 2000 daltons.
Tuberculosis Epidemic Among Hospital Personnel
Authors: Haley Charles E. , McDonald Robert C. , Rossi Lois , Jones Wilbur D. , Haley Robert W. , Luby James P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSix employees of the emergency department at Parkland Memorial Hospital developed active tuberculosis in 1983-1984. Five of the cases occurred four to 12 months after exposure to the index case, a patient with severe cavitary tuberculosis seen in the emergency department in April 1983. One resident physician developed cavitary disease after exposure to this patient. An additional employee case may have resulted from transmission from one of the initial employee cases. One immunocompromised patient may have acquired tuberculosis as a result of exposure to the index case. In addition, the tuberculin skin tests of at least 47 employees exposed to the index case converted from negative to positive. Of 112 previously tuberculin-negative emergency department employees who were tested in October 1983, 16 developed positive skin tests, including the 5 employees with active disease. Fifteen of these new positives had worked on April 7, 1983, while the index case was in the emergency department (x2 = 20.6, P <0.00l). Factors related to the genesis of the epidemic included the disease characteristics in the index case and the recirculation of air in the emergency department. This investigation indicates that city-county hospital emergency department employees should be screened at least twice a year for evidence of tuberculosis and that the employee health services of such hospitals should regard the surveillance of tuberculous infection among personnel at a high-priority level.
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Multiple Episodes of Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection: A Cohort Study
Authors: Miller Patti J. , Farr Barry M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA retrospective cohort study of patients with multiple nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) compared with patients suffering only one BSI was conducted to assess morbidity and mortality. Three hundred forty-one patients with BSIs were identified, including 33 with multiple BSIs (9.7%). No significant differences existed between patients experiencing one BSI compared to those experiencing multiple BSIs in age, sex, race, severity of underlying disease, hypothermia, hypoxemia, oliguria, metabolic acidosis, or hypotension. Sixteen of 33 (49%) with multiple BSIs died compared with 124 of 308 (40%) with only one BSI (P =0.36), leading to a relative risk of 1.23 for death and an attributable mortality of 9% in those with multiple BSIs.
Game Theory: For Adults Only
Authors: Nettleman Mary D. 
Published: September 2009

Our earliest memories include the games played with friends and parents, sometimes for fun, sometimes for education. Similarly, the roots of decision analysis can be traced to game theory. Game theory is the study of probabilities and outcomes that occur when two or more players interact in a fixed setting. Although not widely applied to health care, an understanding of game theory is fundamental to decision analysis.We have all attempted game theory at an informal level. In a game of chess, players try not only to see which move is best, but also to predict how an opponent will react to the move. In Monopoly, a player might have to decide if it is profitable to buy Boardwalk if he or she does not own Park Place. In the latter situation, the player must estimate the probability that the random role of the dice will enable him or her to land on Park Place before his or her opponents or that an opponent would not elect to buy the property if given the opportunity.