bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Socioeconomic Role of the Local Foreign Minorities in Modern Egypt, 1805–1961
Authors: Deeb Marius 
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the socioeconomic role played by the local foreign minorities in modern Egypt. Who were these local foreign minorities? And what do we mean by their socioeconomic role?Local foreign minorities were those foreigners like the Greeks, the Armenians, the Italians, and other Europeans, who emigrated to Egypt during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and who kept their language and culture and did not get assimilated into Egyptian society. Other local foreign minorities included the Syrians and the Jews. The former were originally Arabic speaking but a large proportion of them tended later to acquire foreign nationalities and a Levantine outlook. A great number of Jews in Egypt were foreign emigrants who settled during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in Egypt, whereas a section of the indigenous Jewish population acquired foreign protection and foreign nationalities during the same periods.
The State and the Arts in Ottoman Turkey
Authors: Rogers J. M. 
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to present to a wide public the documents relating to the construction of Süleymaniye published by the late ömer Lutfi Barkan and his team of collaborators in Süleymaniye Camii ve Inşaati, Vols. I, II (Ankara 1972, 1979). They strikingly illustrate the ability of the Ottoman central administration to co-ordinate complex operations minutely from a distance; and nothing of such detail exists for any monument of Istanbul before the early seventeenth century, or for any other building in the Islamic world.Some topics have already been considered in detail by Barkan, which explains the present choice of the sections of the accounts relating to furnishing and decorating Süleymaniye. They offer a mass of material of considerable intrinsic interest and of considerable value for the history of the luxury trades, both domestic and foreign, in sixteenth-century Ottoman Turkey. But simple translation is not enough: there are too many variant or dubious readings; the technical vocabulary is often recondite and the senses of certain terms must be a matter for conjecture; and the identification or designation of many of the materials is problematic.
Agricultural Mechanization in Egypt: Hopes and Fears
Authors: Richards Alan 
Published: December 2011

The fellah has never used tractors, reapers, binders, and threshing machines, and it is unlikely that he ever will. He is too poor, and in any case feels no need of intermediaries between him and the soilH. H. Ayrout, The Egyptian Peasant, 1963.Father Ayrout might be surprised by the Egyptian countryside today! Agricultural mechanization has been spreading rapidly, especially since 1973. Although national tractor censuses are notoriously unreliable because of the problems of treating old machines, current official estimates place the number of four-wheeled tractors at 25,000. Over 1,000 tractors have been manufactured at the Nasr works in Helwan every year since 1973; the number of tractor imports has quadrupled in the same period (see table I).
Oral squamous cell carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients: clinicopathological audit
Authors: Butt F M A , Chindia M L , Rana F 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground:Most human immunodeficiency virus positive patients now have a longer life expectancy, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, they are now at increased risk of developing a malignancy during their lives.Aim:To investigate the age at which oral squamous cell carcinoma presents in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Study design:Prospective, clinicohistopathological audit of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Results:Of 200 human immunodeficiency virus positive patients, 16 (8 per cent) presented with oral squamous cell carcinoma (nine women and seven men; age range 18–43 years, mean age 31.7 years). The majority of patients (62.5 per cent) had stage III and IV disease (tumour-node-metastasis staging). There was a predilection for poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (using Broder's histopathological classification).Conclusion:Oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection appears to present at a relatively young age.
Evaluation of epithelial proliferation in paediatric and adult cholesteatomas using the Ki-67 proliferation marker
Authors: Sikka K , Sharma S C , Thakar A , Dattagupta S 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntroduction:The aggressiveness of cholesteatoma in children compared with adults is well known. However, the factors influencing the poorer prognosis of paediatric cholesteatoma are not well understood. This study compared the proliferative potential of paediatric cholesteatoma with that of adult cholesteatoma, using Ki-67 as a proliferation marker.Methods:A prospective study of 67 patients with aural cholesteatoma was performed. Thirty-eight adult and 29 paediatric cases were evaluated using clinical parameters including bone erosion, complications and extent of disease. A surgical specimen underwent histological evaluation and measurement of the proliferation index using Ki-67 labelling. Normal epithelium from a control group was also examined.Results:Cholesteatoma epithelium has a greater rate of proliferation than normal skin. There were however no statistical differences between the paediatric and adult cholesteatoma groups in terms of clinical behaviour or proliferation potential. Paediatric cholesteatoma was similar to adult cholesteatoma in terms of complications, bone erosion and disease spread.Conclusion:Cholesteatoma is a disorder of epithelial proliferation. Although postulated to be more aggressive in children than adults, this study found no clinicopathological differences between paediatric and adult cases.
Quality of information sources about mental disorders: a comparison of Wikipedia with centrally controlled web and printed sources
Authors: Reavley N. J. , Mackinnon A. J. , Morgan A. J. , Alvarez-Jimenez M. , Hetrick S. E. , Killackey E. , Nelson B. , Purcell R. , Yap M. B. H. , Jorm A. F. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundAlthough mental health information on the internet is often of poor quality, relatively little is known about the quality of websites, such as Wikipedia, that involve participatory information sharing. The aim of this paper was to explore the quality of user-contributed mental health-related information on Wikipedia and compare this with centrally controlled information sources.MethodContent on 10 mental health-related topics was extracted from 14 frequently accessed websites (including Wikipedia) providing information about depression and schizophrenia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, and a psychiatry textbook. The content was rated by experts according to the following criteria: accuracy, up-to-dateness, breadth of coverage, referencing and readability.ResultsRatings varied significantly between resources according to topic. Across all topics, Wikipedia was the most highly rated in all domains except readability.ConclusionsThe quality of information on depression and schizophrenia on Wikipedia is generally as good as, or better than, that provided by centrally controlled websites, Encyclopaedia Britannica and a psychiatry textbook.
DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND ECONOMIC LIBERTY
Authors: Tomasi John 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLibertarians and classical liberals typically defend private economic liberty as a requirement of self-ownership or on the basis of consequentialist arguments of various sorts. By contrast, this paper defends private economic liberty as a requirement of democratic legitimacy. In recent decades, many philosophers have converged upon a certain view about political justification. If a set of social institutions is to be just and legitimate, those institutions must be acceptable in principle to the citizens who are to lead their lives within them. This deliberative or democratic approach to justification is traditionally associated with thinkers on the left who are skeptical of the importance of private economic liberty. This article shows how the protection of private economic liberty is a requirement of citizens' developing and exercising the moral powers they have as democratic citizens. Democratic legitimacy does not require the affirmation of absolute economic liberty rights as sometimes defended by libertarians. But democratic legitimacy does require that a wide range of private economic liberties be meriting constitutional protection on a par with the civil and political liberties of democratic citizens. This opens the way for a wider defense of classical liberalism based upon the idea of democratic legitimacy.
RESCUING JUSTICE FROM EQUALITY
Authors: Wall Steven 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the wake of G. A. Cohen's masterful critique of Rawls's work, this paper discusses Rawlsian justice in general and the difference principle in particular. It argues that Rawlsian arguments for the difference principle present a puzzle and that to respond adequately to the puzzle we must engage in rational reconstruction. After explaining the puzzle and considering and rejecting a number of responses to it, the paper begins its reconstructive project. It presents the case for viewing the difference principle as a maximizing prioritarian principle of justice, one that that contains no trace of commitment to equality as a distributive norm. The paper concludes by bringing out some of the implications of viewing Rawlsian justice in this light.
Equine encephalosis virus: evidence for circulation beyond southern Africa
Authors: OURA C. A. L. , BATTEN C. A. , IVENS P. A. S. , BALCHA M. , ALHASSAN A. , GIZAW D. , ELHARRAK M. , JALLOW D. B. , SAHLE M. , MAAN N. , MERTENS P. C. , MAAN S. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYPrior to the recent outbreak of equine encephalosis in Israel in 2009, equine encephalosis virus (EEV) had only been isolated from equids in South Africa. In this study we show the first evidence for the circulation of EEV beyond South Africa in Ethiopia, Ghana and The Gambia, indicating that EEV is likely to be freely circulating and endemic in East and West Africa. Sequence analysis revealed that the EEV isolate circulating in The Gambia was closely related to an EEV isolate that was isolated from a horse from Israel during the EEV outbreak in 2009, indicating that the two viruses have a common ancestry. Interestingly horses in Morocco tested negative for EEV antibodies indicating that the Sahara desert may be acting as a geographical barrier to the spread to the virus to North African countries. This evidence for EEV circulation in countries in East and West Africa sheds light on how the virus may have reached Israel to cause the recent outbreak in 2009.
The Middle Eastern and biblical origins of the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Berry Elliot M , Arnoni Yardena , Aviram Michael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo place the Mediterranean diet (MedDi) in the context of the cultural history of the Middle East and emphasise the health effects of some of the biblical seven species – wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and date honey.DesignReview of the literature concerning the benefits of these foods.SettingMiddle East and Mediterranean Basin.SubjectsMediterranean populations and clinical studies utilising the MedDi.Results and conclusionsThe MedDi has been associated with lower rates of CVD, and epidemiological evidence promotes the benefits of consuming fruit and vegetables. Recommended foods for optimal health include whole grain, fish, wine, pomegranates, figs, walnuts and extra virgin olive oil. The biblical traditional diet, including the seven species and additional Mediterranean fruits, has great health advantages, especially for CVD. In addition to the diet, lifestyle adaptation that involves increasing physical activity and organised meals, together with healthy food choices, is consistent with the traditional MedDi. The MedDi is a manageable, lifestyle-friendly diet that, when fortified with its biblical antecedent attributes, may prove to be even more enjoyable and considerably healthier in combating the obesogenic environment and in decreasing the risks of the non-communicable diseases of modern life than conventional, modern dietary recommendations. The biblical seven species, together with other indigenous foods from the Middle East, are now scientifically recognised as healthy foods, and further improve the many beneficial effects of the MedDi.
Low consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of chronic disease: a review of the epidemiological evidence and temporal trends among Spanish graduates
Authors: Martínez-González Miguel Á , de la Fuente-Arrillaga Carmen , López-del-Burgo Cristina , Vázquez-Ruiz Zenaida , Benito Silvia , Ruiz-Canela Miguel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo review the evidence on the association between fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption and risk of chronic disease, and to assess trends in the prevalence of low F&V consumption.DesignSystematic review and cross-sectional analyses of a Mediterranean cohort.SettingThe Seguimiento University of Navarra (SUN) project (Spanish dynamic cohort of graduates).SubjectsA systematic review of prospective studies aimed to assess the relationship between fruit and/or vegetables consumption and chronic disease incidence was conducted. We also assessed 18 457 university graduates (59·4 % women; mean age = 39 (sd12) years) enrolled in a dynamic cohort with permanently open recruitment. Baseline data were collected between 1999 and 2010 using a validated 136-item FFQ. Four definitions for low F&V consumption were used (<400 g/d, <200 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) per d, ≤2 servings/d and ≤1 serving/d). Multivariate-adjusted cross-sectional associations between the prevalence of low F&V consumption and the year of recruitment were estimated.ResultsThe systematic review found that a high F&V consumption is inversely associated with CVD incidence and mortality. This association is not so clear for cancer. Inconsistent findings have been reported for diabetes. In all, 13 % of participants in the SUN cohort did not meet the goal of consuming at least 400 g/d of F&V and 2·1 % of them did not reach >1 serving/d. Between 1999 and 2010 the consumption of F&V significantly increased.ConclusionsEven among health-conscious university graduates, low F&V consumption is fairly prevalent. Although the temporal trends suggest an improvement, preventive strategies addressed to increase F&V consumption are needed.
Mediterranean diet in secondary prevention of CHD
Authors: de Lorgeril Michel , Salen Patricia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo summarise our present knowledge on the Mediterranean diet in secondary prevention of CHD.DesignReview of literature.SettingAdult coronary patients.SubjectsCHD patients at high risk of cardiac death.ResultsThe two main causes of death in these patients are sudden cardiac death (SCD) and chronic heart failure (CHF). The main mechanism underlying recurrent cardiac events is coronary thrombosis resulting from atherosclerotic plaque erosion or ulceration. The occurrence of thrombosis is usually associated with plaque weakness in relation to high lipid content of the lesion where cholesterol only represents a very small part compared with other lipids (i.e. fatty acids). Thus, the three main aims of the preventive strategy are to prevent coronary thrombosis, malignant ventricular arrhythmia and the development of left ventricular dysfunction (and CHF) and finally to minimise the risk of plaque erosion and ulceration. There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the secondary prevention of CHD because no other dietary pattern has been successfully tested so far in these patients. The most important aspect, in contrast with the pharmacological prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet results in a striking effect on survival.ConclusionsThe traditional Mediterranean diet is effective in reducing both coronary atherosclerosis/thrombosis and the risk of fatal complications such as SCD and heart failure.
Local evidenced-based policy options to improve food security in South Australia: the use of local knowledge in policy development
Authors: Bastian Amber , Coveney John 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine realist policy options for the South Australian government to improve food security.DesignSemi-structured interviews with twenty-four key South Australian food security stakeholders.SettingFood security is a global issue that affects both developing and developed countries. Governments are well placed to improve food security but the solutions are not always evident.SubjectsPolicy makers, leaders of non-government organisations, private enterprise and front-line food security workers in South Australia.ResultsThe research produced forty-four potential policy options for the South Australian government to improve food security.ConclusionsStakeholders offered detailed policy solutions for the local context. This illustrates how gathering local evidence expands understanding on an issue. The process used to generate these policy options is applicable to other public health problems and other contexts.
Endothelial Cell-Pericyte Interactions Stimulate Basement Membrane Matrix Assembly: Influence on Vascular Tube Remodeling, Maturation, and Stabilization
Authors: Stratman Amber N. , Davis George E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractExtracellular matrix synthesis and deposition surrounding the developing vasculature are critical for vessel remodeling and maturation events. Although the basement membrane is an integral structure underlying endothelial cells (ECs), few studies, until recently, have been performed to understand its formation in this context. In this review article, we highlight new data demonstrating a corequirement for ECs and pericytes to properly deposit and assemble vascular basement membranes during morphogenic events. In EC only cultures or under conditions whereby pericyte recruitment is blocked, there is a lack of basement membrane assembly, decreased vessel stability (with increased susceptibility to pro-regressive stimuli), and increased EC tube widths (a marker of dysfunctional EC-pericyte interactions). ECs and pericytes both contribute basement membrane components and, furthermore, both cells induce the expression of particular components as well as integrins that recognize them. The EC-derived factors—platelet derived growth factor-BB and heparin binding-epidermal growth factor—are both critical for pericyte recruitment to EC tubes and concomitant vascular basement membrane formationin vitroandin vivo. Thus, heterotypic EC-pericyte interactions play a fundamental role in vascular basement membrane matrix deposition, a critical tube maturation event that is altered in key disease states such as diabetes and cancer.
Dynamics of corporate social responsibility: towards a new ‘conception of control’?
Authors: LAMARCHE THOMAS , RUBINSTEIN MARIANNE 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Corporate social responsibility (CSR) was long associated with the ethics of company heads but now falls within an institutional process whereby practices give rise to rules which in turn modify company actions. CSR has spread as a result of social demand for a more ecological society, but it also constitutes a response to the crisis of shareholder governance. Drawing on the notion of ‘conception of control’ set out by Neil Fligstein (1990), we argue that CSR has given rise to a new ‘conception of control’, which we term ‘shareholder–CSR compatible’. Such a conception reflects how governance changes when environmental and societal responsibilities are combined with responsibility to shareholders. Shareholder value is still central within the enterprise, but top managers must now assume the position of mediators between these two imperatives.
ERK1/2 and Akt pathway activated during (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1)‐induced apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells
Authors: Meng Li , Tao Hongwen , Dong Guoqiang , Yang Tingting , Zhang Wannian , Zhu Weiming , Huang Caiguo 
Published: December 2011

Abstract(3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) was isolated from the endogenous fungus, Fusarium oxysporum J8‐1‐2. Previous studies showed that (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) has anti‐oestrogen properties which make it cytotoxic to ER (oestrogen receptor)‐positive breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) suppresses mRNA and protein expression of the ERα and oestrogen responsive genes of cyclin D1 and PR. We have investigated the interaction between (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) and ERα and followed the roles of ERK (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase), Akt and GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) during (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1)‐induced apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells. (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) competed with E2 (17β‐estradiol) for ERα active sites to inhibit ERα activation. However, while ERK1/2 and Akt were activated, GSK3β was inactivated during (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1)‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that this compound is indeed an anti‐oestrogen agent that can also activate the survival signalling pathway. Apoptosis caused by (3R, 6R)‐bassiatin(1) may be related to activation of ERK.
Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK‐52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway
Authors: Guo Chengzhi , Yuan Hui , He Zuping 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere was an outbreak of urinary stones associated with consumption of melamine‐tainted milk products in 2008 in China, leading to serious illness of many infants and even death. We have recently demonstrated that melamine causes oxidative damage on the NRK (normal rat kidney)‐52e cells. The objective of this study was to explore the cellular signalling pathway that mediates the cell apoptosis induced by melamine in the NRK‐52e cells. Fluorescence microscope showed that melamine enhanced intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels of the NRK‐52e cells. AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and flow cytometry revealed that melamine increased apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK‐52e cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Notably, MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide] assays and flow cytometry displayed that SB203580, an inhibitor for p38 MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) pathway, increased the proliferation of the NRK‐52e cells and reduced the apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK‐52e cells. Western blots further demonstrated that p38 phosphorylation was activated by melamine in the NRK‐52e cells and inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of p38 phosphorylation induced by melamine. Together, these results suggested that melamine causes apoptosis of the NRK‐52e cells via excessive intracellular ROS and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. This study thus offers a novel insight into molecular mechanisms by which melamine has adverse cytotoxicity on renal tubular epithelial cells.