bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighborhoods and COVID-19
Authors: Kim Byoungjun , Whalen Adam M. , Rundle Andrew G. , Morrison Christopher N. , Branas Charles C. , Duncan Dustin T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Emerging studies, primarily in North American and European contexts, have identified various social and built environments as potential determinants of COVID-19 outcomes, including infection, hospitalization, and death. Beyond these direct COVID-19 outcomes, neighborhood characteristics not only play important roles in COVID-19 prevention, such as facilitating spatial access to testing and vaccine uptake, but also are linked with COVID-19-related comorbidities, as well as collateral health outcomes due to mandated lockdowns and social distancing (e.g., mental health, substance use, domestic violence). In this chapter, the authors discuss theoretical mechanisms of neighborhood effects on COVID-19, followed by an overview of current research. They suggest important caveats of current studies and considerations for future research on the neighborhood effects of COVID-19. And finally they discuss existing and future place-based interventions, such as revitalizing outdoor streets for pedestrians and promotion of non-motorized transportation (i.e., active transportation), for COVID-19 prevention and mitigation.
China's Galaxy Empire
Authors: Keane John , He Baogang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This short but lively book targets a development of enormous contemporary significance: China’s return, after two centuries of decline and subjugation, to a position of prominence in world affairs. The daring thesis is that China is a newly rising empire of a kind never before witnessed: a galaxy empire, so called to emphasize that it is the first to be born of the digital communications era, and to show how the gravitational, push/pull effects of this young, economically, and politically powerful and heavily armed empire are impacting every continent and even reconfiguring outer space, where China is competing with the United States, India, and Europe to become the leading power. The galaxy empire approach rejects clichéd misdescriptions of China as a ‘big power’, hegemonic ‘sovereign state’, or monolithic ‘autocracy’. It explains why the galaxy empire defies older definitions of land, sea, and air-based empires. It offers fresh ways of thinking about major developments, such as the launch of the massive state capitalist Belt and Road Initiative, the rapid rise of a global Chinese middle class, internal colonialism in Tibet and Xinjiang, the growth of the world’s largest standing army and the galaxy empire’s efforts to re-define the US-led ‘rules-based global order’ by means of new currency arrangements, cross-border protocols, bio-protection agreements, and peacekeeping and military operations. The galaxy empire thesis underscores the protean, shapeshifting qualities of this young empire, and it therefore warns against the political and military perils of simple-minded, friend-versus-enemy thinking and Big China, Bad China politics. But it also proffers a forewarning to China’s rulers: while every rising empire aims to shift the balance of power in its favour, no empire lasts forever, and some are stillborn, because they indulge illusions of greatness and reckless power adventures.
The Nature and Value of Friendship
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of friendship built around two real-life cases of the author’s close friendships. The essentially historical nature of friendship is emphasized by showing how the other paradigmatic features of friendship—concern and affection, special knowledge, and a desire to share lives—depend upon and are a function of the past interactions of the friends. After a discussion of ways of thinking about friendship that ought to be avoided because they move a philosophical account beyond ordinary experience, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the ending of friendship. Even the very best of close friendships may be terminated, and examining the endings and exitings from friendships can tell us a great deal about the role of friendship in our lives: seeing what we lose and what we cause others to lose when a friendship is terminated reveals what friendship adds to our lives.
Partiality and Intimacy in an Imperfect World
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Even if we accept that we have reasons of intimacy, we have to recognize that those reasons compete with our agent-neutral reasons to aid persons less privileged than ourselves. Many people in the world are in dire need of the basic necessities of life and have little hope of providing a comfortable and rewarding life for themselves or for their intimates. So we need to consider that our reasons of intimacy may be outweighed and that our actual practices of partiality are unjustified. This chapter considers some important ways in which this conflict between partiality and need has been conceptualized, and examines both charitable giving and inheritance tax to show how what are sometimes seen as only political problems are really personal problems for all of us. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of philosophy in approaching these issues.
Introduction: Interpreting Plato’sLaws
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a road map for the interpretive project undertaken in the book. The current consensus emphasizes the dialogue’s ambition to describe a “community of the virtuous.” Optimistically, scholars hold that Magnesia instils rational freedom among ordinary citizens. This book argues, by contrast, that Plato was a “realist” as well as an “idealist.” While the Athenian Stranger aspires to cultivate virtue in ordinary citizens, the dialogue emphasizes the obstacles to his ambition—in particular, that Magnesians cannot rule themselves rationally. The conflict between idealism and realism leads to the dialogue’s presentation of politics as an ineluctably tragic enterprise. The dialogue’s sensitive portrayal of its characters leads readers to wonder about the identity of the Athenian Stranger himself. He turns out to be an itinerant, Platonically educated philosopher with eudaimonistic ambitions of his own.
The “Truest Tragedy” in Plato’sLaws
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractToward the end of Book 7, the Athenian offers a pregnant reflection on his own political project. He has established the Magnesian regime as a mimesis of the best life; and that, he says, is the “truest tragedy.” According to the conventional interpretation, the Athenian’s prove superior to those of the traditional tragic poets, his rivals. While this interpretation fits the understanding of Magnesia’s ordinary citizens, Magnesia’s civil religion suggests the need to uncover, in addition, a deeper meaning. This chapter argues that the tragedy of the Athenian’s political project lies in the necessary ignorance of the ordinary citizens for whom the regime, with its civil religion, is created. Their teleological purpose as human beings is frustrated because they fail to live lives of rational self-governance. Subsequent discussions of astronomy and mathematics sharpen this distinction between ordinary citizens and philosophers.
Introduction
Authors: Aziz Sahar F. , Esposito John L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Islamophobia is a rapidly growing problem across the world, arising from a convergence of right-wing populism, xenophobia, and a normalization of anti-Muslim scapegoating. The consequences are devastating for Uyghurs in China indefinitely detained in concentration camps, Indian Muslims attacked in pogroms, and the Rohingya murdered in a genocide. Muslims in the global north, meanwhile, are denied religious freedom and other civil rights on account of their purported corruption of liberal values. The case studies of ten countries across three continents—North America, Europe, and Asia—demonstrate a troubling trend: right-wing politicians, buttressed by civil society groups and conservative media outlets, deploy Islamophobia to intensify the majority ethnic populations’ fears of losing power and wealth. Global Islamophobia in an Era of Populism is the first to tackle these complex, interconnected phenomena through empirically supported analysis by internationally known scholars.
Postcolonialism, Post–National Socialism, German Reunification, and the Rise of the Far Right
Authors: Hafez Farid 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that postcolonialism, post-Nazism, and German reunification are three important factors in the making of Germany’s self-imagination that explain the relevance and rise of Islamophobia in Germany today. The belated arrival of the Alternative for Germany (AfD), a successful right-wing populist party with an anti-Muslim agenda, does not indicate a belated arrival of Islamophobia. Rather, the AfD was able to mobilize a preexisting narrative about Muslims contained in the centrist parties, first and foremost the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union, as well as an existing Islamophobic state praxis in the wake of 9/11 that goes even back to colonial times. The chapter shows that with rising violence committed by underground right-wing groups, state authorities have realized that the growing Islamophobia has increasingly become a threat to the state itself.
France’s Islamophobic Bloc and the “Mainstreamization” of the Far Right
Authors: Mohammed Marwan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the European context, the rise of Islamophobia is regularly associated with the growth of political and electoral forces from the radical right and neofascist movements over the last three decades. One recent development, however, has been the penetration and legitimization—also called the “mainstreamization”—of far-right ideas, theses, and opinions in politics. But in France, the idea that the Muslim presence poses a problem as soon as it becomes visible crosses both sides of the political field. This chapter addresses Islamophobia across France’s political spectrum, which spans from views on the left to those on the extreme right. Mohammed argues that there is an “Islamophobic bloc” whose ideologies and rhetoric converge in the construction of a “Muslim problem.”
Islamophobia in Russia
Authors: Calderone Sarah , Aziz Sahar F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Russia has been home to native Muslim minorities for centuries, and after the fall of the Soviet Union, migrant populations from Muslim-majority, post-Soviet countries in Central Asia began arriving in large numbers. Despite the official government narrative that Russia is a multinational, multi-denominational country, those migrants still experience xenophobia and discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity, nationality, and religion. The chapter discusses Russia’s complicated history with its Muslim minorities and that history’s effect on relations with migrants from post-Soviet states in the form of a Good Muslim/Bad Muslim paradigm. The chapter considers public opinion about these groups, which is driven in part by xenophobic right-wing populism that is considered acceptable by the Russian government. And it covers how Russia’s national security and migration laws reflect and contribute to these conditions. Central Asian migrants are subject to considerations of whether Muslims are accepted or not into Russian society, including those of their religiosity, political ambitions, and usefulness to government aims. A populist nationalism underlies relations with Muslims and other groups threatening Russian authority generally.
Introduction
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Economic and military mobilization during World War II brought changes to the Deep South’s economic, social, and political systems, a process that had begun a decade earlier with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies. Wartime mobilization transformed the Deep South’s economy, completing the agricultural revolution begun during the 1930s and generating a new wave of industrialization. As part of its mobilization for total war, the federal government decreed the need for nondiscrimination in war industry employment and military training and service. In the Deep South, where race relations operated in an openly discriminatory manner, federal nondiscrimination directives clashed with White southern tradition in war workplaces and in and around military camps.
The FEPC and Black Workers
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the South, the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) proved particularly ineffectual in bringing about change. White Southerners had created a system of racial apartheid designed to legally enshrine social, legal, and economic discrimination against its Black population. FDR’s Executive Order 8802, which created the FEPC, endorsed nondiscrimination but provided few mechanisms to enforce it. The South had Black citizens who pressed for change, although challenging White supremacy in the region entailed personal risks. Most employers in the Deep South maintained discriminatory employment practices throughout the war. This chapter looks closely at three examples of how employers in the Deep South that made major contributions to war production managed to evade the requirements of Executive Order 8802 and limit Black industrial employment in the region: the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company in Mobile, Alabama; the Bell Bomber Plant in Marietta, Georgia; and the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation in Pascagoula, Mississippi.
Theodore Bilbo: Southern Reactionary
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Theodore Bilbo served as a US senator from Mississippi throughout World War II. Bilbo saw the war years as presenting existential dangers to the southern way of life. During World War II, Bilbo and other White Southerners believed that the nondiscrimination stance of the federal government posed challenges to the South’s system of race relations. Federal initiatives also helped create an atmosphere where Black activism—even in places as hostile to Black freedom as Mississippi—could begin to flourish. Bilbo feared a coming race war and proposed as a solution that all Blacks be removed from the United States and returned to Africa. During the war, Bilbo became the most outspoken opponent of any efforts to weaken racial segregation and White supremacy in the South and the nation, and by the summer of 1945, a sustained and national anti-Bilbo movement (mostly among Northerners) emerged.
Claudia Jones
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2, “Claudia Jones: ‘The Negro question in the United States is prior to, and not equal to, the woman question,’ ” examines Jones’ Black left internationalist feminist analyses and activism related to the issues of fascism, imperialism, capitalism, poverty, sexism, slavery and rape, abolition and suffrage, Jim Crow and segregation, lynching, and police brutality as represented in her essay “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman!” (1949). It is argued that Jones’ triple-oppression analysis takes seriously the simultaneity of racial oppression, gender oppression, and class oppression in ways that explicitly center and make visible Black women’s lived experience as well as their militant agency. It is also argued that although Jones and Beauvoir take quite different approaches to the issues of their times (both publishing their most popular text in 1949), Jones must be credited for facilitating one of the earliest recoveries of The Second Sex in the US context.
Simone de Beauvoir’s Analogical Approach
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5, “The Analogical Approach: ‘There are deep analogies between the situations of women and blacks,’ ” gives a close textual analysis of the use of the race/gender analogy and other comparative and competing frameworks of oppression in The Second Sex. The following arguments are made: (1) Beauvoir’s comparative and competing frameworks of oppression pose at least two problems—on the one hand, she collapses diverse systems of oppression as the same, and on the other hand, she also attempts to distinguish between these systems of oppression by privileging gender difference and oppression above other forms of identity and oppression; (2) Beauvoir’s utilization of the race/gender analogy omits the experiences and oppressions of Black women and other Women of Color who experience racial and gender oppression simultaneously; and furthermore, (3) even when white feminists critique Beauvoir’s use of analogies and/or other comparative and competing frameworks of oppression, often they do not cite and engage Black and Latina feminists who have taken up these issues in Beauvoir.
Slavery and Womanhood
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Slavery and Womanhood: ‘Assimilating woman to the slave is a mistake,’ ” distinguishes the aforementioned race/gender analogy from the slave/woman analogy (e.g., when Beauvoir portrays woman as enslaved by man, enslaved by domestic duties, and enslaved by the body’s reproductive functions for the species, as well as her use of Hegel’s master-slave dialectic as a theoretical framework for the subjugation of woman). It is argued that Beauvoir’s historical and metaphorical accounts of slavery do not adequately address racialized slavery. As a corrective, the chapter takes up examine critiques of her use of the slave/woman analogy while also taking seriously the lived experiences of enslaved Black women in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Conclusion, “Simone de Beauvoir: ‘I think The Second Sex will seem like an old, dated book, after a while. But nonetheless . . . a book which will have made its contribution’ ” takes up interviews with Beauvoir about The Second Sex and how her relationship to the text evolved over time (between 1974 and 1979). In a 1976 interview with John Gerassi (“Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex Twenty-Five Years Later”), she acknowledges the limits of the text and says that if a project like that were to be done again it should be a collaborative effort with different women speaking from their own lived experiences and situations. Unfortunately, she goes on to undermine this important insight when she also asserts that Black women in America should be listening to white women instead of supporting Black men: “It is the same in America, where black women refused to listen to the women’s liberation movement proselytizers because they were white. Such black women remained supportive of their black husbands despite the exploitation, simply because the person trying to make them aware of the exploitation were white.”1 Thus, in one of the few instances in which Beauvoir takes up Black women in the United States, she assumes we are ignorant of our own oppression and should be enlightened by white women liberators to raise our consciousness about our situation. The conclusion revisits Audre Lorde, specifically her “Open Letter to Mary Daly” and its implications for Beauvoir and The Second Sex. The conclusion also revisits identity politics and intersectionality as coalitional practices, comes back to Maria Lugones on decolonial feminisms and coalition, and closes with (or rather opens up to) Mariana Ortega’s call for coalitional politics and a praxis of intersectional philosophy.
In Pursuit of the Fruit
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the general mission pursued in the book. The roots of the problem develop out of Thomas Kuhn’s approach to scientific knowledge as described in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. That approach, and the history of science upon which it draws, make it difficult to reconcile scientific knowledge with the traditional epistemological focus on true belief. This chapter provides a survey of the alternative epistemological framework developed later on, which replaces the pursuit of true beliefs about nature with the pursuit of apt metaphors for representing it. This chapter remarks on the general approach and the particular relevance of the history of science and mathematics, and it summarizes forthcoming chapters.
Framing Fruitfulness
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we look more closely at the properties of research frameworks, why they are sought out, and how they are able to exert normative influence over members of a research community. This chapter examine two episodes in depth, to present the reader with some fine-grained detail regarding investigative resources that research frames provide. The first is Maxwell’s description of the obstacles confronting research into electricity in his classic paper, “On Faraday’s Lines of Force.” The second is the rise of “particle paleontology” in the 1970s. The chapter then turns to some reflections of Henri Poincaré that articulate in general form some of the ways in which certain bits of research are valued for their broader facilitation of inquiry.
Axiology Here and Now
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides background on utilitarian moral theory and its eventual expansion into consequentialism. Traditional utilitarian approaches, Kolber argues, are simplest and easiest to apply in the here and now. We can adopt more complicated consequentialist theories, if necessary, to fit our moral intuitions. Though such forms of consequentialism are harder to apply in the here and now, they are still superior to standard retributivism. Standard retributivism either cannot be applied in the here and now, in which case it is inferior to pure consequentialist approaches, or it is much harder to apply, in which case we should put a thumb on the scale for consequentialism going forward.
Abolish Incarceration, But Not Today
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
If a serviceable, pure consequentialism with an associated axiology was morally adequate for use in the here and now, it would encourage us to be cautiously but favorably disposed to eventually abolish prison. More specifically, it would advise more radical forms of experimentation to identify better types of and alternatives to prison. Whether sufficient evidence will ultimately support carceral abolition depends on precisely what is meant by carceral abolition and on the evidence that would be marshaled along a path toward reduced reliance on incarceration. On the flip side, because the most consequentialists can muster for abolition are cautious enthusiasm and a willingness to investigate and experiment further, consequentialists should deem at least some incarceration under some conditions morally permissible today.
Healthy Eating
Authors: Darling Katherine E. , Warnick Jennifer L. , Jelalian Elissa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Children’s typical eating patterns change throughout the course of development. Given these changes, it can be hard for parents and caregivers to identify what may be considered “normal” and when they might need to seek outside help. This chapter covers the typical development of eating patterns, from picky eating to overeating. It provides practical strategies for developing a positive eating environment for the whole family. The chapter also includes guidance regarding signs that caregivers may need to seek professional support to address their child’s eating patterns or their nutrition, as well as the kinds of support that are available.
Social Media and Screen Time
Authors: Dreier Melissa J. , Carper Matthew M. , Hamilton Jessica L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview about what “social media” is, what researchers know about how social media affects youth mental health, and what parents can do to help their children navigate social media. This chapter is designed to provide parents with concrete and actionable tips that they can use to both minimize risks from social media and to promote healthy engagement and conversations around social media use.