bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin Receptor-1 C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) in Plasma: Putative Biomarker for Diabetes
Authors: Pugia Michael J. , Franke Deanna D. H. , Barnes Sean L. , Zercher Amy , Brock David , Foltz Mary , Valdes Roland , Jortani Saeed A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Polypeptide fragments from cell surface receptors when found in plasma may be indicators of receptor regulation in disease conditions. It is known that subjects with diabetes have significantly lower plasma concentrations of adiponectin, a hormone released by adipose tissue, compared with nondiabetic controls. This hormone interacts with cell surface receptors in muscle (AdipoR1) and liver (AdipoR2).

Methods
We analyzed the relative distribution of specific fragments of AdipoR1 in healthy and diabetic individuals using an immunoaffinity mass spectrometry approach. We used antibodies raised against AdipoR1 immobilized on pre-activated protein chip surfaces to determine the molecular weights of bound polypeptide fragments using immunomass spectrometry (immuno-MS).

Results
Initially, immuno-MS analyses using a polyclonal antibody revealed two peaks (m/z 3,902 and 7,812) in plasma from normal, healthy individuals (n = 5) that were not present in the plasma of diabetics (n = 5). To confirm the detection of these fragments, a monoclonal antibody was developed against the last 25 amino acids of the AdipoR1 C-terminal fragment (CTF). Using the immuno-MS method, the monoclonal antibody detected the AdipoR1 CTF (m/z 3475) in all healthy controls (n = 10), but did not detect these fragments in the diabetic patients (n = 10).

Discussion
These preliminary observations suggest that the plasma levels of this receptor fragment may serve as an indicator of diabetic condition.
Sonographic pleural fluid volume estimation in cats
Authors: Shimali Jerry , Cripps Peter J , Newitt Anna L.M. 
Published: September 2009

The aims of this study were to evaluate whether a recently published study used to objectively monitor pleural fluid volumes in dogs could be successfully employed in cats and secondly to assess its accuracy. Eleven feline cadavers were selected. Using the trans-sternal view employed in dogs, linear measurements from the pleural surface of the midline of the sternebra at the centre of the heart to the furthest ventro-lateral point of both right and left lung edges were recorded. Isotonic saline was injected using ultrasound guidance into both right and left pleural spaces and the measurements were repeated using standard increments until 400 ml total volume was reached. The mean measurement increased in a linear relationship with the cube root of fluid volume for all cats individually. An equation was produced to predict the volume of fluid from the mean linear measurement for all cats combined: Volume=[-3.75+2.41(mean)]3 (P<0.001) but variability in the slope of the curve for individual cats limited the accuracy of the combined equation. Equations were derived to predict the constant and slope of the curve for individual cats using the thoracic measurements made, but the residual diagnostic graphs demonstrated considerable variability. As in dogs, good correlation was found between the ultrasonographic measurement and fluid volume within individual cats. An accurate equation to predict absolute pleural fluid volume was not identified. Further analysis with reference to thoracic measurements did not increase accuracy. In conclusion, this study does provide a method of estimating absolute pleural fluid volume in cats, which may be clinical useful for pleural fluid volume monitoring but this is yet to be validated in live cats.
Conserving the oldest historic sites in the Antarctic: the challenges in managing the sealing sites in the South Shetland Islands
Authors: Pearson Michael , Stehberg Ruben , Zarankín Andrés , Senatore M. Ximena , Gatica Carolina 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe fur seal population of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, was intensively hunted by sealers from the discovery of the islands in 1819 to the early 1820s, by which time the seal numbers were so depleted that sealing became uneconomic. Sealing was revived for both fur seals and elephant seals at several periods later in the century. Sealers were put ashore in gangs and built makeshift shelters in which to live, and also occupied caves. Many of these have been identified on the various islands of the South Shetlands, and a number have been excavated. The paper addresses some of the management issues facing the conservation of these sites, which include accelerating tourism, disturbance by scientific researchers, disturbance by animal activity, burial or erosion by drifting sand, and climate change.
The tragedy at Kapp Thordsen, Spitsbergen, 1872–1873. Could lead poisoning have been the cause?
Authors: Kjær Kjell-G. , Aasebø Ulf , Hultgreen Tora 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTA group of 17 Norwegian sealers died in Svenskhuset, the Swedish House at Kapp Thordsen, Spitsbergen during the winter and spring of 1872–1873. The Swedish House was built by a mining company, but was left deserted as there were poor prospects for mining in the area. The house was well stocked with food, fuel and hunting gear. The death of these men has been a mystery for 135 years although the usual interpretation has been that they died from scurvy. In an effort to challenge this historical diagnosis, the authors applied for permission to open the graves to sample the bone for lead analysis, and, if possible, to examine the skeletons for evidence of scurvy. This was granted. No objective signs of scurvy were found. The level of lead in bone, however, was very high, indicating that lead poisoning very probably played a part in the tragedy. This article reveals the historical facts behind the tragedy, the excavation of the sealers’ graves in 2008, and presents a discussion of the medical evidence.
Animism, personhood and the nature of reality: Sami perspectives
Authors: Helander-Renvall Elina 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is an exploration and description of the inter-subjective character of human and non-human relationships. Recent research into animism shows that at present there is emerging a new ontology that breaks down barriers between human beings and animals, culture and nature. This new animism predominantly discusses how human persons relate to the world. The culture of many indigenous groups is animistic meaning that nature is alive and there is a social space for humans and non-humans to interrelate to each other. In this article, an attempt is made to describe in detail how Sami reindeer herders perceive their environment and how the interplay and dialogue with nature is integrated in the overall activities of Sami within this relationship.A living being co-exists within certain environmental conditions and is dependent on all other beings with which she/he is in relationship. In this sense one can speak about ‘inter-subjectivity’ meaning direct subject-to-subject sharing of presence. It will be shown that the relationship between humans and non-humans is highly context-bound. Furthermore, the relationship between humans and non-humans within the Sami cultural circles is based on the mutual caretaking, respect and conditioning within different groups. For instance, the reindeer give themselves to humans and humans give shelter to them. According to the Sami world view, there are many different kinds of persons, such as humans, animals and spirits. To be a person in an animistic sense is a very flexible way of existence and one has to learn to know what the different personhoods are about. In this context, it is important to understand the role and function of the landscape and certain places and features within the landscape in specific areas. This is because within these places, communication, and what will be referred to as mythic discourse, takes place between humans and non-humans, and this dialogue is known to be of benefit to human beings in their daily lives and activities.
Traditional Saami reindeer herding village resource territories on the western Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Wheelersburg Robert P. , Gutsol Natalia 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTSome Arctic scholars believe that modern reindeer herding on the Kola Peninsula has cultural continuity with the traditional period of such activity in the late 19th century. Others believe that by World War II, Soviet repression of Saami leaders, collectivisation of herding villages, and relocation of families had eliminated many traditional behaviours, especially in the Lake Imandra watershed. This study utilises informant interviews with survivors of the Babinski and Ekostrovski Saami reindeer herding villages and archival materials to understand how their families used land and water to fish, hunt, and obtain other resources including cash labour. As part of the United States National Science Foundation's human dimensions of the Arctic system (HARC) programme to examine how humans are both shaped by, and shape, the Arctic environment, the authors document how lands and waters formed traditional resource territories for Saami herding families. The results reveal that prior to their destruction, western Kola reindeer herding villages were integrated along family lines, with villages sharing mates, resource territories, and economic activities. This paper argues that there was, in fact, no cultural continuity between traditional Saami reindeer herding villages and modern herding structures such as the post-Soviet brigade on the western Kola Peninsula.
Beyond the harsh. Objective and subjective living conditions in Nunavut
Authors: Morin Alexandre , Edouard Roberson , Duhaime Gérard 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper simultaneously analyses some objective and subjective living conditions in Nunavut (federal territory of Canada located in the Arctic) in 2001: population, housing, language, education, economic activities, health, social problems and geographic mobility. It examines original descriptive statistics from the Survey of living conditions in the Arctic and other sources. In some cases the results confirm the ordinary depressing picture of Inuit conditions, but in other cases statistics qualify or even contradict such a picture. The overall findings show that despite objective difficult conditions, Nunavummiut living in Nunavut (primarily the elites and the lower class) are generally satisfied with their communities so that the majority wishes to remain there. Certain modern social institutions and individual rationalities are contributing to this situation: wage earning, market economy, utilitarian and consumption oriented approach, democratic state based on law, formal knowledge, individualism and the capacity for self analysis. The concepts of aspiration and mastery of one's own destiny seem accurate to explain the importance of education and employment in people's satisfaction, and their dissatisfaction about the housing situation. The existence of family and neighbourhood networks appears to explain both a certain residential stability and out migration, through the social support functions of these networks, in which sharing and exchanging food play a major role. In general, if most of Nunavummiut continue to live in the Arctic despite unfavourable conditions, it is not only because they are able to ensure their material existence there, but also because they attach a meaning to and believe that that is where they have the best chance to exert the highest degree of control over their personal and domestic reality.
Harmony and Discord in China's Africa Strategy: Some Implications for Foreign Policy
Authors: Alden Chris , Hughes Christopher R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the challenges faced by Beijing in managing this increasingly complex relationship, reflecting upon the structural factors that encourage harmony and introduce discord in China–Africa ties. It examines how various policy solutions being considered by China, ranging from increasing participants in the policy-making process to tentative engagement with international development regimes, may still not address the most difficult issues involving adverse reactions to the Chinese presence from African civil societies and political opposition groups. In particular the lack of a strong civil society inside China inhibits the ability of its policy makers to draw on the expertise of the kind of independent pressure groups and NGOs that are available to traditional donor/investor states. The article concludes by asking how the Chinese system can make up for these weaknesses without moving further towards the existing models and practices of the developed countries.
China's Sudan Engagement: Changing Northern and Southern Political Trajectories in Peace and War
Authors: Large Daniel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChina has developed a more consequential role in Sudan over the past two decades, during which it has become bound up in the combination of enduring violent internal instability and protracted external adversity that has characterized the politics of the central state since the 1989 Islamist revolution. Two inter-related political trajectories of China's Sudan engagement are examined here. The first concerns Beijing's relations with the ruling National Congress party in incorporating China into its domestic politics and foreign relations amidst war in Darfur, to which Beijing has responded through a more engaged political role. The second confronts the practical limitations of China's sovereignty doctrine and exclusive reliance upon relations with the central state. Following the peace agreement of 2005 that ended the North–South war, and motivated by political imperatives linked to investment protection concerns, China has developed new relations with the semi-autonomous Government of Southern Sudan, thus seeking to position itself to navigate Sudan's uncertain political future.
Machaut's peer, Thomas Paien
Authors: LEACH ELIZABETH EVA 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the texts of Machaut's double balade, Quant Theseus/Ne quier (B34) is ascribed in Machaut's Voir dit to a certain Thomas Paien. The present article suggests that this Thomas was one of Machaut's peers, being like him a canon of Reims and a court secretary. Figures with similar names (and the pervasive idea that a character cited in a work of fiction might not be a real person at all) have confused earlier attempts at identification. A possible occasion for the composition of B34's texts – also involving a balade on the same refrain by Jehan Froissart – can be found in a shared patron–client link between Machaut and Thomas, both of whom had associations with John, Duke of Berry.
40 Years On – Ensuring an Academic Law Library is Fit for Purpose
Authors: Raper Diane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Kent Law School at the University of Kent celebrated its 40thAnniversary in 2008 and Diane Raper, the current law librarian, reviews the changes that have taken place over the years in relation to user comment and feedback, and external drivers which have ensured the provision of a first-class library and information service for staff and students. She also considers the major changes in the modus operandi of the service over the last 40 years.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Broadbent Nigel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFollowing the enactment of the Civil Procedure Rules in 1999, potential litigants are expected to pursue alternative means to litigation for solving their disputes. In this article, Nigel Broadbent a Director at Lupton Fawcett LLP in Leeds clearly explains the various activities which fall within ADR, including mediation, family dispute resolution, arbitration, conciliation and adjudication.
A compact semi-lumped tunable complex-impedance transformer
Authors: Perrier Anne-Laure , Duchamp Jean-Marc , Exshaw Olivier , Harrison Robert , Ferrari Philippe 
Published: September 2009

This article describes the design and performance of a compact tunable impedance transformer. The structure is based on a transmission line loaded by varactor diodes. Using only two pairs of diodes, the circuit is very small with a total length of only λ/10. Both the frequency range and the load impedance can be tuned by varying the varactor bias voltages. Our design provides a tunable operating frequency range of ±40% and an impedance match ranging from 20 to 90 Ω at 0.8 GHz and from 30 to 170 Ω at 1.5 GHz. In addition, a new approach that considers losses for the simulation and measurement of this impedance transformer was investigated. The measured performance of a 1 GHz prototype design confirmed the validity of this new approach.
Analysis and design of an efficient, fully integrated 1–8 GHz traveling wave power amplifier in 180 nm CMOS
Authors: Carls Joerg , Ellinger Frank , Zhang Yulin , Joerges Udo , Wehrli Silvan 
Published: September 2009

Traveling wave amplifiers (TWAs) offer the advantage of broadband amplification and a closed set of equations that allow deriving the RF gain by means of treating TWAs as discrete transmission line approximations. Up to now, however, the significant losses associated with CMOS integrated inductors have been neglected. This work presents a new approach for determining the transmission line losses and phase constants that will bring about an enhanced gain prediction accuracy. The theory is verified by means of a realized design example. The working principle of the integrated DC supply inductor is discussed, whose performance is based on the inductors self-resonance effect. When applying a supply voltageVddof 2.4 V, the measured compression pointP1 dBand the power added efficiency PAE at 2.4 GHz amount to 16.9 dBm and 19.6%, respectively. At 5.5 GHz, a value of 16.6 dBm forP1 dBand an associated PAE of 13.9% are achieved. The peak RF gain for these output power values reaches 11 dB, and values greater than 8 dB are obtained up to 7 GHz.
The development of persistent thrombotic masses in patients with deep venous thrombosis randomized to long-term anticoagulation treatment
Authors: Vítovec  , Goláň  , Roztočil  , Linhart  
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the regression rate of persistent echogenic masses in patients with idiopathic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) who were after initial 6 months randomized to long-term anticoagulation treatment or to discontinuation of anticoagulation. Patients and methods: We followed 168 patients with idiopathic DVT for two years since diagnosis. After 6 months of standard therapy (heparin / LMWH, warfarin with target INR 2-3) we randomized patients with persistent echogenic masses of over 20% of venous diameter to either discontinuation of warfarin or to continuation of warfarin for another 6 months. We evaluated the size of thrombotic masses with duplex ultrasound. Results: After 6 months of standard therapy complete regression was observed in 69 patients while in 99 patients echogenic masses persisted, with 71 patients maintaining an obstruction of at least 20% of venous cross-sectional area. 52 patients were randomized. 27 patients continued warfarin therapy and in 25 patients warfarin was discontinued. After discontinuation of warfarin a further trend to regression was seen in both groups. A significant difference in regression of thrombotic masses between the 6th and 12th month of follow up was seen in patients continuing to receive warfarin, both within the popliteal vein (2.81 ± 1.56 vs. 2.10 ± 1.67 mm, p < 0.05) and the femoral vein (3.95 ± 2.74 vs. 2.30 ± 1.34 mm, p < 0.05). Conclusions: After 6 months of DVT treatment persistent echogenic masses can be found in almost two thirds of patients. Even after discontinuation of anticoagulation treatment echogenic masses further regress. However, the rate of regression in patients with deep venous thrombosis between the 6th and 12th month was greater in patients randomized to continue warfarin during this period than in patients without anticoagulation.
Pilot Study of Postexposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis C Virus in Healthcare Workers
Authors: Corey Kathleen E. , Servoss Julie C. , Casson Deborah R. , Kim Arthur Y. , Robbins Gregory K. , Franzini Jean , Twitchell Katherine , Loomis Susan C. , Abraczinskas Diane R. , Terella Adam M. , Dienstag Jules L. , Chung Raymond T. 
Published: September 2009

Background and Objective.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission occurs in 0.2%-10% of people after accidental needlestick exposures. However, postexposure prophylaxis is not currently recommended. We sought to determine the safety, tolerability, and acceptance of postexposure prophylaxis with peginterferon alfa-2b in healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to blood from HCV-infected patients.Design.Open-label pilot trial of peginterferon alfa-2b for HCV postexposure prophylaxis.Setting.TWO academic tertiary-referral centers.Methods.HCWs exposed to blood from HCV-infected patients were informed of the availability of postexposure prophylaxis. Persons who elected postexposure prophylaxis were given weekly doses of peginterferon alfa-2b for 4 weeks.Results.Among 2,702 HCWs identified with potential exposures to bloodborne pathogens, 213 (7.9%) were exposed to an HCV antibody-positive source. Of 51 HCWs who enrolled in the study, 44 (86%) elected to undergo postexposure prophylaxis (treated group). Seven subjects elected not to undergo postexposure prophylaxis (untreated group). No cases of HCV transmission were observed in either the treated or untreated group, and no cases occurred in the remaining 162 HCWs who did not enroll in this study. No serious adverse events related to a peginterferon alfa-2b regimen were recorded, but minor adverse events were frequent.Conclusion.In this pilot study, there was a lower than expected frequency of HCV transmission after accidental occupational exposure. Although peginterferon alfa-2b was safe, because of the lack of HCV transmission in either the treated or untreated groups there is little evidence to support routine postexposure prophylaxis against HCV in HCWs.
5. Food consumption, nutrient intake, and the use of food composition tables
Authors: West Clive E. , van Staveren Wija A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the approaches to measuring food consumption and nutrient intake at the individual level. It then examines the role of food analysis in determining nutrient intake, and the issues in the development, maintenance, and application of food composition data to estimates of nutrient intake. It touches on missing values, cooking and recipe analysis (and the problems of estimating water losses and vitamin and mineral retention values), and bioavailability. It looks at comparability between databases. Lastly, it summarizes the issues relating to accurate determination of estimates of nutrient intake using databases (such as coding and errors in data entry), and concludes by looking at food groups and food scores, and the limitations of food composition tables and nutrient databases in nutritional epidemiological studies.
16. Experimental studies: clinical trials, field trials, community trials, and intervention studies
Authors: Margetts Barrie M. , Rouse Ian L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Experimental studies set out to alter, rather than just observe, relevant exposures of interest, and to assess over time their impact on health status or disease outcomes. This chapter begins with an historical perspective, and goes on to define experimental studies with tables illustrating the differences between the types of study. This is followed by an outline of the practical approaches to study design, including selection of study populations, allocation of treatment regimes, length of follow up, observer and participant effects, compliance, ascertainment of exposure and outcome, and sample size and power. The chapter concludes with a consideration of analysis and interpretation, some useful variations in design (e.g., factorial designs), and the role of systematic review and meta-analysis.