bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary on ‘Interventions for Unilateral Refractive Amblyopia’
Authors: Rahi Jugnoo S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shotton K, Powell C, Voros G, Hatt Sr. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD005137. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The Cochrane Library and Treatment for Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children: An Overview of Reviews
Authors: Russell Kelly , Robinson Joan , Yorke Diane , Axelsson Inge 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children and also results in significant morbidity. The most common treatment options include anti‐pyretics and antibiotics. Other treatments include vitamins and over‐the‐counter cough syrup.ObjectiveThis overview presents a summary of the results of previous Cochrane reviews on the treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children.MethodsThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for all systematic reviews examining the treatment of pediatric pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections. All reviews that were under the heading “pneumonia” on the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Topic List and the ARI group were consulted. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods.Main ResultsEight reviews and one protocol were identified and data were available from seven reviews. Azithromycin and amoxicillin‐clavulanate appeared to be equivalent for CAP in developed countries. In comparing beta‐lactams, one small low‐quality trial showed a higher cure rate with amoxicillin‐clavulanate than with amoxicillin. In comparing macrolides, the efficacy of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin appeared to be equal. Azithromycin was better tolerated than was amoxicillin‐clavulanate. For CAP in developing countries, the failure rate was lower for amoxicillin than for co‐trimoxazole. Initial therapy with oral or parenteral antibiotics were equivalent in children with non‐severe pneumonia. A 3‐day course of amoxicillin or of co‐trimoxazole had an equivalent clinical cure rate, treatment failure rate and relapse rate when compared to a 5‐day course. Inconsistent outcomes were shown in studies of vitamin A for therapy of non‐measles pneumonia. There were insufficient children in the studies of over‐the‐counter medications for cough in children with pneumonia to reach meaningful conclusions.ConclusionsAlthough thousands of children have been enrolled in trials of CAP treatments, limited conclusions can be reached about the ideal treatment, route and duration in developed or developing countries and for children of various ages. The primary reason for this is the multitude of interventions studied in diverse populations. Another major problem is that the diagnosis of pneumonia was often clinical rather than radiographic—often by necessity in developing countries. Even when pneumonia was diagnosed radiographically, differentiating viral from bacterial pneumonia was often not practical. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Aberrant DNA methylation profile and frequent methylation of KLK10 and OXGR1 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Chang‐Yi , Hsieh Sen‐Yung , Lu Yen‐Jung , Wu Chi‐Sheng , Chen Lih‐Chyang , Lo Shao‐Jung , Wu Cheng‐Tao , Chou Min‐Yuan , Huang Tim Hui‐Ming , Chang Yu‐Sun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInvestigating aberrant DNA methylation in the cancer genome may identify genes that play an important role in tumor progression. In this study, we combined differential methylation hybridization and a CpG microarray platform to characterize methylation profiles and identify novel candidate genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genomic DNA of 21 paired adjacent normal and HCC samples was used, and results were analyzed by hierarchical clustering. Twenty‐seven hypermethylated candidates and 38 hypomethylated candidates were obtained. Six candidate genes from the hypermethylated group were validated by combined bisulfite restriction analysis; two genes, human kallikrein 10 gene (KLK10) and oxoglutarate (α‐ketoglutarate) receptor 1 gene (OXGR1), were further analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. The DNA hypermethylation status of KLK10 and OXGR1 were subsequently examined in HCC cell lines and clinical samples using methylation‐specific PCR. In 49 HCC samples, 46 (94%) showed that at least one of these two genes was highly methylated. Moreover, KLK10 and OXGR1 mRNA levels were inversely correlated (r = −0.435 and −0.497, P < 0.05) with DNA methylation as examined in paired adjacent normal and tumor samples. Statistical analyses further indicated that KLK10 hypermethylation was significantly associated with cirrhosis (P = 0.042) and HCV infection (P = 0.017) as well as inversely associated with HBV infection (P = 0.023). Furthermore, restoration of KLK10 and OXGR1 expression reduced the ability of anchorage‐independent growth, and sensitized HCC cells to doxorubicin‐ or 5‐fluorouracil‐induced cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the hypermethylated KLK10 and OXGR1 are frequent in HCC and may be useful as markers for clinical application. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic alterations in primary breast cancers compared with their sentinel and more distal lymph node metastases: An aCGH study
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Iakovlev Vladimir V. , Wong Vietty , Leung Stephanie , Warren Keisha , Iakovleva Gaiane , Arneson Nona C. R. , Pintilie Melania , Miller Naomi , Youngson Bruce , McCready David R. , Done Susan J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMetastatic potential of breast cancer may be associated with specific genomic alterations and the earliest metastases are likely to be found in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we compared the genomes of primary breast invasive duct carcinomas (IDCs), their sentinel and more distal lymph node metastases, and IDCs without nodal metastasis. Thirty‐three samples from 22 patients with IDC were subjected to aCGH: 8 IDC samples from patients without lymph node metastasis, 11 IDCs associated with SLN metastases out of which 7 had paired samples of metastases, and 14 samples of lymph node metastases out of which 8 were sentinel‐distal pairs from 4 patients. aCGH data were analyzed by correlation of genomic profiles, cluster analysis, segmentation, and peak identification. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used for data validation. We observed high genomic similarity between primary tumors and their nodal metastases as well as between metastases to the sentinel and distal lymph nodes. Several recurrent alterations were detected preferentially in IDC associated with SLN metastases compared to IDCs without metastasis. Amplification within the 17q24.1‐24.2(59.96–62.76 Mb) region was associated with presence of sentinel or distal lymph node metastases; larger tumor size and higher histological grade. In our samples, there were genomic events associated with metastatic progression, which could be detected in both primary tumors and LN metastases. Gain on 17q24.1‐24.2 is a candidate region for further testing as a predictor of nodal metastasis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial groundwater flow to a finite diameter well in a leaky confined aquifer with a finite‐thickness skin
Authors: Yang Shaw‐Yang , Yeh Hund‐Der 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA mathematical model that describes the drawdown due to constant pumpage from a finite radius well in a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system is presented. The aquifer system is overlain by an aquitard and underlain by an impermeable formation. A skin zone of constant thickness exists around the wellbore. A general solution to a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system in Laplace domain is developed and inverted numerically to the time‐domain solution using the modified Crump (1976) algorithm. The results show that the drawdown distribution is significantly influenced by the properties and thickness of the skin zone and aquitard. The sensitivity analyses of parameters of the aquifer and aquitard are performed to illustrate their effects on drawdowns in a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system. For the negative‐skin case, the drawdown is very sensitive to the relative change in the formation transmissivity. For the positive‐skin case, the drawdown is also sensitive to the relative changes in the skin thickness, and both the skin and formation transmissivities over the entire pumping period and the well radius and formation storage coefficient at early pumping time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of climate change on hydrological processes over a basin scale in northern Taiwan
Authors: Yu Pao‐Shan , Wang Yu‐Chi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of climate change on rainfall, evapotranspiration, and discharge in northern Taiwan. The upstream catchment of the Shihmen reservoir in northern Taiwan was chosen as the study area. Both observed discharge and soil moisture were simultaneously adopted to optimize the HBV‐based hydrological model, clearly improving the simulation of the soil moisture. The delta change of monthly temperature and precipitation from the grid cell of GCMs (General Circulation Models) that is closest to the study area were utilized to generate the daily rainfall and temperature series based on a weather generating model. The daily rainfall and temperature series were further inputted into the calibrated hydrological model to project the hydrological variables. The studies show that rainfall and discharge will be increased during the wet season (May to October) and decreased during the dry season (November to April of the following year). Evapotranspiration will be increased in the whole year except in November and December. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping an eye on retinoblastoma control of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Conklin Jamie F. , Sage Julien 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine. However, before the full potential of these cells is achieved, major basic biological questions need to be addressed. In particular, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the derivation of hESCs from blastocysts, the regulation of the undifferentiated, pluripotent state, and the control of differentiation into specific lineages. Furthermore, we still do not fully understand the tumorigenic potential of hESCs, limiting their use in regenerative medicine. The RB pathway is a key signaling module that controls cellular proliferation, cell survival, chromatin structure, and cellular differentiation in mammalian cells. Members of the RB pathway are important regulators of hESC biology and manipulation of the activity of this pathway may provide novel means to control the fate of hESCs. Here we review what is known about the expression and function of members of the RB pathway in hESCs and discuss areas of interest in this field. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1023–1030, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapist empathy and client anxiety reduction in motivational interviewing: “She carries with me, the experience”
Authors: Angus Lynne E. , Kagan Fern 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article, we examine the use of motivational interviewing (MI) to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by means of case illustration that focuses on four categories drawn from the client's experience of the key ingredients in MI therapy. The case illustration, drawn from the York study on combining MI and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of GAD (uses the client's pre‐ and post‐therapy narrative interviews) to arrive at categories representative of the client's experience of MI therapy. The results of the qualitative analysis highlight the key contributions to positive client outcomes and readiness for change in brief MI therapy for GAD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–12, 2009.
Calculus of variations and descriptive set theory
Authors: Sofronidis Nikolaos E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIf X is a locally compact Polish space, then LSC(X, ℝ) denotes the compact Polish space of lower semi‐continuous real‐valued functions on X equipped with the topology of epi‐convergence.Our purpose in this article is to prove the following: if –∞ < α < β < ∞ and –∞ < a < b < ∞, while r ∈ ℕ \ {0}, then the set CV of all f ∈ LSC([α, β ] × [a, b ] × ℝ, ℝ) for which there is u ∈ Cr ([α, β ], [a, b ]) such that for any v ∈ Cr ([α, β ], [a, b ]) we have that ∫αβ f (x, u (x), v ′(x))dx ≥ ∫αβ f (x, v (x), v (x))dx is not Borel (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Commutative rings whose ideals form an MV‐algebra
Authors: Belluce Lawrence P. , Nola Antonio Di 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work we introduce a class of commutative rings whose defining condition is that its lattice of ideals, augmented with the ideal product, the semi‐ring of ideals, is isomorphic to an MV‐algebra. This class of rings coincides with the class of commutative rings which are direct sums of local Artinian chain rings with unit (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proper and piecewise proper families of reals
Authors: Gitman Victoria 
Published: September 2009

AbstractI introduced the notions of proper and piecewise proper families of reals to make progress on a long standing open question in the field of models of Peano Arithmetic [5]. A family of reals is proper if it is arithmetically closed and its quotient Boolean algebra modulo the ideal of finite sets is a proper poset. A family of reals is piecewise proper if it is the union of a chain of proper families each of whom has size ≤ ω1.Here, I investigate the question of the existence of proper and piecewise proper families of reals of different cardinalities. I show that it is consistent relative to ZFC to have continuum many proper families of cardinality ω1 and continuum many piecewise proper families of cardinality ω2 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Gradish Angela E , Scott‐Dupree Cynthia D , Shipp Les , Harris C Ron , Ferguson Gillian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in Ontario greenhouse vegetable production to B. impatiens.RESULTS: Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were harmful to worker bees following direct contact, while chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested were harmless. Worker bees fed imidacloprid‐contaminated pollen had shortened life spans and were unable to produce brood. Worker bees consumed less pollen contaminated with abamectin. Metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested caused no sub‐lethal effects in bumble bee micro‐colonies.CONCLUSION: We conclude that the new reduced risk insecticides metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole and the fungicides myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil are safe for greenhouse use in the presence of bumble bees. This information can be used preserve greenhouse pollination programs while maintaining acceptable pest management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Additivity and transferability of exchange energy
Authors: Rico Jaime Fernández , López Rafael , Ema Ignacio , Ramírez Guillermo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractExchange energy of molecules at equilibrium geometries is shown to be highly independent of the basis set and nearly equal to the sum of the exchange energies of isolated atoms. Furthermore, molecular exchange can be predicted along a chemical series with high accuracy in terms of empirical exchange contributions associated to the constituent atoms, whose values, obtained by fitting, are similar to those of the isolated atoms. It is concluded that molecular exchange is essentially a sum of atomic contributions whose differences from those of the isolated atoms are small and characteristic of the neighboring atoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Optical properties of the Si(111):H surface with adsorbed Ag clusters
Authors: Ramirez Jessica J. , Kilin Dmitri S. , Micha David A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSystems composed of small Ag clusters adsorbed on the Si(111):H surface have been computationally studied by methods of density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT, to obtain information on properties of photoexcitations and electronic structure. The systems have been modeled as slabs with varying numbers of layers, and an increasing number of Ag atoms in the adsorbed clusters. Ab initio electronic structure, atomic conformations, excitation energies, electron binding energies, and electronic oscillator strengths are obtained using two different implementations of DFT, as provided by the Vienna Ab‐initio Simulation Package and Gaussian03 computational packages. Time‐independent results from extended and finite models establish a general trend regarding the energy band gaps increase with slab thickness and decrease with cluster sizes. Resulting trends in oscillator strength versus photon energies, from time‐dependent calculations, establish a consistent picture with an increase of light absorption at the lower photon energies as the size of clusters and number of slab layers is increased. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Survival and fidelity of an enclosed white‐tailed deer population using capture–recapture‐reporting data
Authors: Webb Stephen L. , Gee Kenneth L. , Wang Guiming 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe number of animal populations enclosed by impermeable fences has increased, which poses issues related to the behavior of individuals and populations. Despite the increased number of fenced enclosures, there is a paucity of survival and fidelity data on white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from fenced enclosures. Therefore, we examined marked deer recaptures and resightings over 13 years for an enclosed population of white‐tailed deer in Oklahoma, USA, to estimate survival and fidelity parameters. We found that a step model was the best model of survival for both sexes. Survival of females and males was greater after hunting was suspended. Average female survival was 77% before hunting was suspended but increased to 98% after. Male survival was also greater after (99%) hunting was suspended compared to before (58%). Females exhibited greater site fidelity (84–94%) than males for all age groups except old individuals, which showed similar site fidelities for males and females. Fidelity was highest for old males (85%), followed by adult (74%), fawn (61%), and yearling males (56%). Our high‐tensile electric fence allowed management goals to be achieved through increased survival while potentially maintaining genetic diversity through the exchange of limited numbers of individuals from surrounding areas. However, if the goal is to confine deer to limit disease spread or protect sensitive areas (e.g., airports) from deer encroachment, then other fence designs may be necessary, because our fence was not completely effective at controlling deer movements for these purposes.
Spinale Muskelatrophien
Authors: Rudnik-Schöneborn S. , Zerres K. 
Published: September 2009

Zusammenfassung
Spinale Muskelatrophien (SMA) umfassen eine klinisch und genetisch heterogene Gruppe erblicher neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen, die durch einen progredienten Untergang von Vorderhornzellen im Rückenmark und z. T. auch der motorischen Hirnnervenkerne charakterisiert sind. Die autosomal-rezessive proximale SMA des Kindes- und Jugendalters (SMA 5q) stellt mit etwa 80–90% die große Mehrheit aller spinalen Muskelatrophien und wird in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad in die Typen I–III eingeteilt. Da mehr als 90% der Patienten eine homozygote Deletion des SMN1-Gens auf Chromosom 5q aufweisen, steht eine einfache molekulargenetische Diagnostik zur Verfügung. Inzwischen ist auch eine sichere Einordnung von heterozygoten Anlageträgern möglich, sodass Risikopersonen entsprechend genetisch beraten werden können. Mit der zunehmenden Aufklärung anderer SMA-Formen wächst das Verständnis für die Pathogenese und mögliche Therapieansätze von Vorderhornerkrankungen. Eine kausale Therapie der SMA steht bislang nicht zur Verfügung, wenngleich klinische und genetische Studien sowie Untersuchungen am Tiermodell neue Hoffnungen geweckt haben.
Perioperative Implications of the Joint Commission's 2009 Accreditation Requirements
Authors: Kusler‐Jensen Jane 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTFacilities that are accredited by the Joint Commission are deemed as meeting the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services certification requirements. The accreditation requirements have undergone recent changes.In January 2009, the Joint Commission issued new and revised accreditation requirements. The new requirements have been reviewed by surveyors since April 6, 2009, and are being scored as of July 1, 2009.The revised requirements add additional specifics to the elements of performance. Perioperative nurses will need to understand how these new and revised accreditation requirements will be enforced within their workplaces. This article provides an overview and some ideas for implementation. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 417‐429. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Infantile and Juvenile Scoliosis: The Crooked Path to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Wick Jane Maureen , Konze Julie , Alexander Kelly , Sweeney Chris 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTMost cases of scoliosis are diagnosed and treated during adolescence; many are detected in school screening programs. For a small percentage of children, however, the onset of scoliosis occurs much earlier than adolescence.Infantile scoliosis (ie, onset from birth to two years of age) and juvenile scoliosis (ie, onset from three to nine years of age) involve very different diagnoses and treatment regimens than adolescent scoliosis. Early onset scoliosis may resolve with growth or may require nonsurgical treatment (eg, orthosis, body cast); surgical intervention (eg, halo traction, growing rods, vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib); or a combination of both. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 347‐376. © AORN, Inc, 2009.