bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glenoid and Coracoid Morphology are Ideally Matched for the Congruent-Arc Latarjet
Authors: Gooding Benjamin W. T. , Cresswell Timothy R. , Sloan Roger , Du Toit Don F. , De Beer Joe 
Published: November 2010

Background The Congruent-Arc Latarjet is modification of the Latarjet open bony stabilisation for shoulder instability. It involves rotation of the coracoid so the curved under-surface lies congruent with the glenoid. The aim of this study was to define the relationship between the concave under surface of the coracoid and the glenoid. Methods An initial study of 210 cadaveric scapulae was performed followed by a study measuring the same curves using 3D CT reconstruction on 20 scapulae from living patients. Results Cadveric measurement revealed the glenoid's surface had a median radius of curvature of 30 mm and the coracoid had a median radius of curvature of 25 mm. The CT measurements revealed similar radii of curvature with the glenoid measuring 23.9 mm and the coracoid measuring 25.4 mm (p = 0.2488). Conclusion The curvature of the glenoid in the cadaveric specimens was slightly larger than the corresponding coracoid curvature. In life this difference may be minimised by articular cartilage, labrum and the attachment of capsule. The CT study revealed similar curves, although in contrast to the cadaveric specimens the coracoid curvature was slightly larger. Overall the curvature of the under surface of the coracoid is similar to the glenoid, which supports this modification of the Latarjet procedure.
Human control of an inverted pendulum: Is continuous control necessary? Is intermittent control effective? Is intermittent control physiological?
Authors: Loram Ian D. , Gollee Henrik , Lakie Martin , Gawthrop Peter J. 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryHomeostasis, the physiological control of variables such as body position, is founded on negative feedback mechanisms. The default understanding, consistent with a wealth of knowledge related to peripheral reflexes, is that feedback mechanisms controlling body position act continuously. For more than fifty years, it has been assumed that sustained control of position is best interpreted using continuous paradigms from engineering control theory such as those which regulate speed in a vehicle ‘cruise control’ system. Using a joystick to control an unstable load that falls over like a person fainting, we show that control using intermittent gentle taps is natural, more effective and robust to unexpected changes than continuous hand contact, works best with two taps per second, and can explain the upper frequency limit of control by both methods. Serial ballistic control, limited to an optimum rate, provides a new physiological paradigm for interpreting sustained control of posture and movement.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Albinterferon Alfa-2b in Subjects with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis Compared to Those in Matched Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Serra Denise B. , Sun Haiying , Karwowska Sylwia , Praestgaard Jens , Halabi Atef , Stein Daniel S. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Albinterferon alfa-2b (albIFN) is being developed, in combination with ribavirin, for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a 900-μg dose of albIFN administered as a single subcutaneous injection in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis and matched healthy volunteers (by age [±5 years], weight [±5 kg], and gender). The maximum concentration in plasma (
C
max
) and the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC
0-∞
) were 42.8 ± 14.0 ng/ml and 16,414 ± 4,203 ng·h/ml, respectively, for healthy volunteers, while the
C
max
and AUC
0-∞
were 49.9 ± 20.9 ng/ml and 18,919 ± 8,008 ng·h/ml, respectively, for ESRD patients. The geometric least-squares mean ratios were 1.15 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.78, 1.68) for
C
max
and 1.11 (90% CI, 0.83, 1.48) for AUC
0-∞
. Adverse events were as expected for an interferon (e.g., flu-like symptoms), with the main laboratory adverse event being a decline in total white blood cell count, which was specifically related to a decline in the neutrophil count. This effect was somewhat greater in the ESRD patients, with the maximal decreases in neutrophil counts from those at the baseline being (−2.6 ± 0.32) × 10
9
and (−2.19 ± 0.58) × 10
9
cells/liter for the ESRD patients and the healthy volunteers, respectively. This study indicates no significant effect of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of albIFN. Safety and tolerability were as expected for an interferon.
Vancomycin Bonded to Bone Grafts Prevents Bacterial Colonization
Authors: Ketonis Constantinos , Barr Stephanie , Adams Christopher S. , Shapiro Irving M. , Parvizi Javad , Hickok Noreen J. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTInfection is an important medical problem associated with the use of bone allografts. To retard bacterial colonization, we have recently reported on the modification of bone allografts with the antibiotic vancomycin (VAN). In this report, we examine the ability of this antibiotic-modified allograft to resist bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. When antibiotic was coupled to the allograft, a uniform distribution of the antibiotic was apparent. Following challenges withStaphylococcus aureusfor 6 h, the covalently bonded VAN decreased colonization as a function of inoculum, ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 log10CFU. Furthermore, the VAN-modified surface resisted biofilm formation, even in topographical niches that provide a protected environment for bacterial adhesion. Attachment of the antibiotic to the allograft surface was robust, and the bonded VAN was stable whether incubated in aqueous media or in air, maintaining levels of 75 to 100% of initial levels over 60 days. While the VAN-modified allograft inhibited the Gram-positiveS. aureuscolonization, in keeping with VAN′s spectrum of activity, the VAN-modified allograft was readily colonized by the Gram-negativeEscherichia coli. Finally, initial toxicity measures indicated that the VAN-modified allograft did not influence osteoblast colonization or viability. Since the covalently tethered antibiotic is stable, is active, retains its specificity, and does not exhibit toxicity, it is concluded that this modified allograft holds great promise for decreasing bone graft-associated infections.
A Rapid, High-Throughput Viability Assay forBlastocystisspp. Reveals Metronidazole Resistance and Extensive Subtype-Dependent Variations in Drug Susceptibilities
Authors: Mirza Haris , Teo Joshua D. W. , Upcroft Jacqui , Tan Kevin S. W. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTBlastocystisis an emerging protistan parasite of controversial pathogenesis. Although metronidazole (Mz) is standard therapy forBlastocystisinfections, there have been accumulating reports of treatment failure, suggesting the existence of drug-resistant isolates. Furthermore, very little is known aboutBlastocystissusceptibility to standard antimicrobials. In the present study, we established resazurin and XTT viability microassays forBlastocystisspp. belonging to subtypes 4 and 7, both of which have been suggested to represent pathogenic zoonotic subtypes. The optimized resazurin assay was used to screen a total of 19 compounds against both subtypes. Interestingly, subtype 7 parasites were resistant to Mz, a 1-position-substituted 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI), while subtype 4 parasites were sensitive. Some cross-resistance was observed to tinidazole, another 1-position 5-NI. Conversely, subtype 4 parasites were resistant to emetine, while subtype 7 parasites were sensitive. Position 2 5-NIs were effective against both subtypes, as were ornidazole, nitazoxanide, furazolidone, mefloquine, quinicrine, quinine, cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and iodoacetamide. Both subtypes were resistant to chloroquine, doxycycline, paromomycin, ampicillin, and pyrimethamine. This is the first study to report extensive variations in drug sensitivities among two clinically important subtypes. Our study highlights the need to reevaluate established treatment regimens forBlastocystisinfections and offers clear new treatment options for Mz treatment failures.
The
In Vitro
Contribution of Autolysins to Bacterial Killing Elicited by Amoxicillin Increases with Inoculum Size in
Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Dubée Vincent , Chau Françoise , Arthur Michel , Garry Louis , Benadda Samira , Mesnage Stéphane , Lefort Agnès , Fantin Bruno 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death are poorly understood despite the critical role of the bactericidal activities of antibiotics for successful treatment of severe infections. These mechanisms include irreversible damaging of macromolecules by reactive oxygen species and bacteriolysis mediated by peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins). We have assessed the contribution of the second mechanism by using an autolysin-deficient mutant of
Enterococcus faecalis
and shown that it contributes to amoxicillin-induced cell lysis only at a high bacterial density.
Barriers to, and facilitators of, the prevention of unintentional injury in children in the home: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research
Authors: Smithson Janet , Garside Ruth , Pearson Mark 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundThis review considers barriers to, and facilitators of, success for interventions to reduce unintentional injury to children in the home through supply and/or installation of home safety equipment, and looks at risk assessments.MethodsA systematic review of qualitative research. Bibliographic databases were searched for studies on interventions to reduce unintentional child injury in the home, or on related attitudes and behaviours. Studies were quality appraised, findings extracted, and a conceptual framework was developed to assess factors affecting the success of interventions.ResultsNine peer-reviewed journal articles were included. Barriers and facilitators were highlighted at organisational, environmental and personal levels. Effective provision of safety equipment involves ongoing support with installation and maintenance. Take up and success of interventions depends on adjusting interventions according to practical limitations and parents' cultural expectations. A particular barrier was parents' inability to modify rented or shared accommodation.ConclusionsThe review highlights ways in which health inequalities affect the take up and success of home safety interventions, and how health workers can use this knowledge to facilitate future interventions.
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF A LABORATORY AMMONIA/WATER ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP
Authors: MOSER HARALD , RIEBERER RENÉ 
Published: November 2010

At the Institute of Thermal Engineering, a small-capacity ammonia/water absorption heat pumping unit with about 5 kW cooling capacity has been constructed and tested in the laboratory. For all heat exchangers, standard plate heat exchangers have been used. The heat pump has been designed to operate in a wide operating range in order to enable different temperature levels for ice production, residential cooling, and heating applications. To identify potential for improvements, a thermodynamic analysis using both the first and the second law of thermodynamics has been carried out in order to locate irreversibilities associated with inefficient processes and to calculate the exergy loss of each component. Therefore the exergy losses of the main components have been separated into one part which is caused by the heat transfer and another part which originates from internal irreversibilities, e.g., from mixing processes. Furthermore, sensitivity calculations have been performed by varying the temperature levels of the heat sources and the heat sink in order to investigate the different component losses at different operating conditions. The results show that the component exergy losses depend particular on the temperature level of both the heat sources and the heat sink. At low temperature lifts, the exergy losses of the absorber and generator are dominant and with increasing temperature lift, the exergy losses of the dephlegmator and the rectification column become considerable.
An information-theoretic framework for semantic-multimedia retrieval
Authors: Magalhães João , Rüger Stefan 
Published: November 2010

This article is set in the context of searching text and image repositories by keyword. We develop a unified probabilistic framework for text, image, and combined text and image retrieval that is based on the detection of keywords (concepts) using automated image annotation technology. Our framework is deeply rooted in information theory and lends itself to use with other media types.
We estimate a statistical model in a multimodal feature space for each possible query keyword. The key element of our framework is to identify feature space transformations that make them comparable in complexity and density. We select the optimal multimodal feature space with a minimum description length criterion from a set of candidate feature spaces that are computed with the average-mutual-information criterion for the text part and hierarchical expectation maximization for the visual part of the data. We evaluate our approach in three retrieval experiments (only text retrieval, only image retrieval, and text combined with image retrieval), verify the framework's low computational complexity, and compare with existing state-of-the-art ad-hoc models.
Cell-Probe Proofs
Authors: Yin Yitong 
Published: November 2010

We study the nondeterministic cell-probe complexity of static data structures. We introduce
cell-probe proofs
(CPP), a proof system for the cell-probe model, which describes verification instead of computation in the cell-probe model. We present a combinatorial characterization of CPP. With this novel tool, we prove the following lower bounds for the nondeterministic cell-probe complexity of static data structures.

–There exists a data structure problem with high nondeterministic cell-probe complexity.

–For the exact nearest neighbor search (NNS) problem or the partial match problem in high dimensional Hamming space, for any data structure with Poly(
n
) cells, each of which contains
O
(
n
C
) bits where
C
< 1, the nondeterministic cell-probe complexity is at least Ω(log(
d
/log
n
)), where
d
is the dimension and
n
is the number of points in the data set.

–For the polynomial evaluation problem of
d
-degree polynomial over finite field of size 2
k
where
d
≤ 2
k
, for any data structure with
s
cells, each of which contains
b
bits, the nondeterministic cell-probe complexity is at least min ((
k
/
b
(
d
− 1)), (
k
−log(
d
−1)/log
s
)).
Endogenous Versus Tumor-Specific Host Response to Breast Carcinoma: A Study of Stromal Response in Synchronous Breast Primaries and Biopsy Site Changes
Authors: Wu Julie M. , Beck Andrew H. , Pate Lisa L. , Witten Daniela , Zhu Shirley X. , Montgomery Kelli D. , Allison Kimberly H. , van de Rijn Matt , West Robert B. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Purpose: We recently described two types of stromal response in breast cancer derived from gene expression studies of tenosynovial giant cell tumors and fibromatosis. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the basis of this stromal response—whether they are elicited by individual tumors or whether they represent an endogenous host reaction produced by the patient.
Experimental Design: Stromal signatures from patients with synchronous dual primaries were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray (n = 26 pairs) to evaluate the similarity of stromal responses in different tumors within the same patient. We also characterized the extent to which the stromal signatures were conserved between stromal response to injury compared to the stromal response to carcinoma using gene expression profiling and tissue microarray immunohistochemistry.
Results: The two stromal response signatures showed divergent associations in synchronous primaries: the DTF fibroblast response is more likely to be similar in a patient with multiple breast primaries (permutation analysis P = 0.0027), whereas CSF1 macrophage response shows no significant concordance in separate tumors within a given patient. The DTF fibroblast signature showed more concordance across normal, cancer, and biopsy site samples from within a patient, than across normal, cancer, and biopsy site samples from a random group of patients, whereas the CSF1 macrophage response did not.
Conclusions: The results suggest that the DTF fibroblast response is host-specific, whereas the CSF1 response may be tumor-elicited. Our findings provide further insight into stromal response and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to target particular stromal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 437–46. ©2010 AACR.
Individualized Assessment of Radiation Dose in Patients Undergoing Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography With 256-Slice Scanning
Authors: Perisinakis Kostas , Seimenis Ioannis , Tzedakis Antonis , Papadakis Antonios E. , Damilakis John 
Published: November 2010

Background—
Available data on the radiation burden from coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography (CCTA) are mostly limited to effective dose estimates. This study provides individualized estimates of doses and associated life attributable risks of radiation-induced cancer in a clinical patient population undergoing 256-slice CCTA.

Methods and Results—
Typical retrospectively and prospectively ECG-gated CCTA exposures in a 256-slice CT scanner were simulated on 52 patient-specific voxelized phantoms. Dose images depicting the dose deposition on the exposed region were generated, and normalized organ doses for all primarily irradiated radiosensitive organs were derived and correlated to patient body habitus. Lung, breast, and esophagus absorbed doses were then determined in 136 consecutive patients subjected to CCTA. Projected life attributable risks of radiation-induced cancer were estimated through the use of appropriate sex-, age- and organ-specific cancer risk factors and compared with corresponding nominal cancer risks. The total projected life attributable risk of radiogenic cancer after CCTA decreases steeply with age at exposure, and lung cancer constitutes the most probable detriment for both sexes. The relative risks of lung cancer associated with prospectively ECG-gated CCTA were 1.0032 and 1.0008 for women and men, respectively. The mean total projected life attributable risks were estimated to be 24.9±7.4 and 71.5±30.0 per 100 000 women undergoing prospectively and retrospectively ECG-gated CCTA, respectively. The corresponding values for men were 7.3±1.3 and 31.4±5.0 per 100 000 patients.

Conclusions—
The mean projected life attributable risks of radiation-induced cancer in a typical clinical patient cohort undergoing standard prospectively ECG-gated CCTA with a 256-slice scanner were found to inconsequentially increase the natural cancer incidence rates.
Differentiation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Immunogenicity and Limits Their Long-Term Benefits for Myocardial Repair
Authors: Huang Xi-Ping , Sun Zhuo , Miyagi Yasuo , McDonald Kinkaid Heather , Zhang Li , Weisel Richard D. , Li Ren-Ke 
Published: November 2010

Background—
Cardiac cell therapy for older patients who experience a myocardial infarction may require highly regenerative cells from young, healthy (allogeneic) donors. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently under clinical investigation because they can induce cardiac repair and may also be immunoprivileged (suitable for allogeneic applications). However, it is unclear whether allogeneic MSCs retain their immunoprivilege or functional efficacy late after myocardial implantation. We evaluated the effects of MSC differentiation on the immune characteristics of cells in vitro and in vivo and monitored cardiac function for 6 months after post–myocardial infarction MSC therapy.

Methods and Results—
In the in vitro experiments, inducing MSCs to acquire myogenic, endothelial, or smooth muscle characteristics (via 5-azacytidine or cytokine treatment) increased major histocompatibility complex-Ia and -II (immunogenic) expression and reduced major histocompatibility complex-Ib (immunosuppressive) expression, in association with increased cytotoxicity in coculture with allogeneic leukocytes. In the in vivo experiments, we implanted allogeneic or syngeneic MSCs into infarcted rat myocardia. We measured cell differentiation and survival (immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction) and cardiac function (echocardiography, pressure-volume catheter) for 6 months. MSCs (versus media) significantly improved ventricular function for at least 3 months after implantation. Allogeneic (but not syngeneic) cells were eliminated from the heart by 5 weeks after implantation, and their functional benefits were lost within 5 months.

Conclusions—
The long-term ability of allogeneic MSCs to preserve function in the infarcted heart is limited by a biphasic immune response whereby they transition from an immunoprivileged to an immunogenic state after differentiation, which is associated with an alteration in major histocompatibility complex–immune antigen profile.
Warning Information in a Preconvection Environment from the Geostationary Advanced Infrared Sounding System—A Simulation Study Using the IHOP Case
Authors: Li Jun , Li Jinlong , Otkin Jason , Schmit Timothy J. , Liu Chian-Yi 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this paper, a convective initiation event from the International H2O Project (IHOP) field experiment is used to demonstrate the potential utility of a future geostationary advanced infrared (IR) sounder for severe storm nowcasting applications. An advanced IR sounder would provide detailed stability information (e.g., lifted index and other parameters) with high temporal resolution useful for determining favorable locations for convective initiation. Atmospheric data from a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation was used to generate simulated Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) stability products. Comparison of these products shows that the ABI [or the current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Sounder] provides limited stability information before the storm development as a result of the limited spectral IR information for temperature and moisture profiling. The high spatial and temporal geostationary advanced IR sounder, however, can provide critical information about the destabilization much earlier than the current GOES Sounder or ABI.