bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sky-Cover Correlation within a Sky Dome
Authors: Willand James H. , Steeves Julia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new utility for the use of whole-sky photographs has been developed through an effort to discern the structural pattern of correlations of cloud cover within an observer's sky dome. The photographs were taken from the National Weather Service observing site at Columbia, Missouri, and were originally assembled for the purpose of estimating probabilities of cloud-free lines of sight from the earth through the atmosphere. The procedure for determining the spatial correlation structure of sky cover within the sky dome starts with the defining and tabulating of a dichotomous sky-cover condition over small sectors of the sky dome, and then calculating the correlation associated with the tabulated sky conditions in each sector. This note shows that correlation of sky-cover conditions over a sky dome are very high, and that they are less degrading in the winter than in the summer. The results of this study can be applied to the estimation of cloud-free lines of sight to multiple satellites.
Acoustic Sounder Observations of Atmospheric Turbulence Parameters in a Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Quintarelli Frank 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Acoustic sounder observations of atmospheric turbulence parameters presented in this paper include estimates of the dissipation rate ε, estimates of turbulent scale lengths λ, and uncertainties in measurements of the variance of the vertical wind σ2w caused by pulse volume filtering. The calculations are mainly restricted to periods when the convective regime is well established.
Two techniques are used to determine ε and λ. Structure functions and the spectral variance of the echo are used to determine ε. The spectrum of vertical velocities are used to calculate λm and the autocorrelation function is used to calculate λe.
Estimates of ε obtained from the spectral variance of the echo compare favorably with estimates from the structure function during convective regimes but the agreement is poor in other regimes.
The autocorrelation function method for obtaining length scales yields results more reliably than the spectral method. The ratio λm/λe compares favorably with values reported in the literature except at low heights where it is markedly lower.
The effects of pulse volume filtering on measurements of σ2w were found to be significant. In convective conditions, σ2w deduced from the Doppler shift of the echo can be underestimated by up to 25% and by greater amounts in other conditions.
Lidar-Derived Distribution of Cloud Vertical Location and Extent
Authors: Carswell A. I. , Fong A. , Pal S. R. , Pribluda I. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of a statistical analysis of lidar-determined cloud geometrical properties measured during the 1989 and 1991 campaigns of the Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study. Useful lidar descriptors are introduced to specify the bottom-, top-, and midcloud altitudes. These are used to describe the behavior of cloud vertical location and vertical extent during several months of observations using a dual wavelength (1064 and 532 nm) Nd:YAG lidar at Toronto. Frequency distributions of cloud height and cloud thickness are presented and the relationship of the lidar descriptors to cloud properties are discussed. These data are compared with other information on cloud geometry available in the literature.
A Bayesian Approach to Microwave Precipitation Profile Retrieval
Authors: Evans K. Franklin , Turk Joseph , Wong Takmeng , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A multichannel passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithm is developed. Bayes theorem is used to combine statistical information from numerical cloud models with forward radiative transfer modeling. Amultivariate lognormal prior probability distribution contains the covariance information about hydrometeor distributions that resolves the nonuniqueness inherent in the inversion process. Hydrometeor profiles are retrieved by maximizing the posterior probability density for each vector of observations. The hydrometeor profile retrievalmethod is tested with data from the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (IO, 19, 37, and 85 GHz) of convection over ocean and land in Florida. The CP-2 multiparameter radar data are used to verify theretrieved profiles. The results show that the method can retrieve approximate hydrometeor profiles, with larger errors over land than water. There is considerably greater accuracy in the retrieval of integrated hydrometeor contents than of profiles. Many of the retrieval errors are traced to problems with the cloud model microphysicalinformation, and future improvements to the algorithm are suggested.
A Method to Estimate Missing Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature Observations
Authors: DeGaetano Arthur T. , Eggleston Keith L. , Knapp Warren W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A method to estimate missing daily maximum and minimum temperatures is presented. Temperature estimates are based on departures from daily temperature normals at the three closest stations with similar observation times. Although applied to Cooperative Observer Network stations in the northeastern United States, the approach can be used with any network of stations possessing an adequate station density and period of record.
Generally, 75% of the estimates for both daily maximum and minimum temperature are within 1.7°C of the observed value. Median absolute differences between estimated and observed minimum temperatures, however, tend to be greater than those associated with maximum temperatures. For minimum temperatures, median absolute differences are approximately 1.0°C, whereas for maximum temperatures these differences are near 0.5°C. The accuracy of the estimates is independent of observation time, geographic location, and observed temperature but is influenced somewhat by station density.
Characteristics of Temperature Depressions Associated with Snow Cover across the Northeast United States
Authors: Leathers Daniel J. , Ellis Andrew W. , Robinson David A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Daily snow cover and temperature data are collected for a network of 91 stations covering the northeast United States and the association between the two is explored. Observations are examined for the six-month winter season, November&#x96;April, for the period 1948/49&#x96;1987/88. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are stratified by 15-day periods and further by the presence or absence of a snow cover. It is found that for snow covers of 2.5 cm or greater, depressions of daily maximum and minimum temperature average approximately 6° and 5°C, respectively. Relatively large variations in the temperature depressions are observed across space, whereas smaller variability is found across the snow cover season.
Temporally, maximum temperature depressions are greater during the early and later portions of the snow cover season and somewhat smaller during the midwinter months. The magnitude of minimum temperature depressions are larger during the midwinter months but decrease in size early and especially late in the snow cover season. The presence of a snow cover decreases the daily temperature range in November, March, and April and has little effect during the intervening months.
Spatially, the magnitude of both maximum and minimum temperature depressions increases away from coastal areas. In the case of maximum temperature depressions, there is also a consistent increase toward the southern portion of the region. For minimum temperature depressions, no large-scale geographic control, except for coastal proximity, dominates the spatial distribution of the depression magnitudes.
Potential geographic “forcing” mechanisms are evaluated. The results indicate that large sensible and, in some cases, latent heat fluxes from the lower atmosphere to the snowpack account for much of the observed temperature depressions.
Radar and Surface Measurement of Rainfall during CaPE: 26 July 1991 Case Study
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Chandrasekar V. , Scarchilli Gianfranco 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Conventional usage of multiparameter radar measurements for rainfall estimation has been associated with tracking the variability of the raindrop size distribution. The use of multiparameter radar measurements in a statistical framework to estimate rainfall is presented in this paper. The techniques developed in this paper are applied to the radar and rain gauge measurement of rainfall observed on 26 July 1991, during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification program. Conventional pointwise estimates of rainfall are also compared. The probability matching procedure, when applied to the radar and surface measurements shows that multiparameter radar algorithms can match the probability distribution functions better than the reflectivity based algorithms, thereby indicating the potential of multiparameter radar measurements for statistical approach to rainfall estimation.
Simultaneous Measurements of Atmospheric Water Vapor with MIR, Raman Lidar, and Rawinsondes
Authors: Wang J. R. , Melfi S. H. , Racette P. , Whitemen D. N. , Chang L. A. , Ferrare R. A. , Evans K. D. , Schmidlin F. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric water vapor were made by the Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR), Raman lidar, and rawinsondes. Two types of rawinsonde sensor packages (AIR and Vaisala) were carried by the same balloon. The measured water vapor profiles from Raman lidar, and the Vaisala and AIR sondes were used in the radiative transfer calculations. The calculated brightness temperatures were compared with those measured from the MIR at all six frequencies (89, 150, 183.3 ± 1, 183.3 ±3, 183.3 ±7, and 220 GHz). The results show that the MIR-measured brightness temperatures agree well (within ±K) with those calculated from the Raman lidar and Vaisala measurements. The brightness temperatures calculated from the AIR sondes differ from the MIR measurements by as much as 10 K, which can be attributed to low sensitivity of the AIR sondes at relative humidity less than 20%. Both calculated and the MIR-measured brightness temperatures were also used to retrieve water vapor profiles. These retrieved profiles were compared with those measured by the Raman lidar and rawinsondes. The results of these comparisons suggest that the MIR can measure the brightness of a target to an accuracy of at most ±K and is capable of retrieving useful water vapor profiles.
Meteorological Modeling on High-Ozone Days in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Hurley P. J. , Manins P. C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The West Australian capital city of Perth is located on a coastal plain between the sea to the west and an escarpment rising to the east. It is isolated from all other cities or sources of pollution. In this study, the meteorological conditions leading to high ozone levels have been classified according to the dominant weather patterns using both synoptic charts and air monitoring data. The data revealed that practically all high-ozone days were associated with recirculation of ozone or its precursors. Meteorological modeling was then performed for the generic conditions leading to high ozone in the Perth region. The modeling predicted that recirculation of surface air over the Perth region was common. Both same-day and next-day recirculation of surface air are features of the model predictions and are conducive to high ozone levels. The modeling predicts day-by-day buildup of smog to be a favored occurrence under these synoptic conditions. Other interesting meteorological features seen in Perth observations on high-ozone days were also predicted by the modeling, including stalling sea breezes under some conditions, hydraulic jump effects over the escarpment, and mesoscale enhancement of the west coast trough.
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Lightning over Arizona from a Power Utility Perspective
Authors: López Raúl E. , Holle Ronald L. , Watson Andrew I. , Skindlov Jon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether a spatially significant and temporally persistent variation in cloud-to-ground lightning frequency exists across the Salt River Project (SRP) region of central Arizona. Cloud-to-ground lightning data for 8 years from the Bureau of Land Management detection network were compiled to develop maps of lightning strike density across Arizona and the SRP region. In space, lightning frequency varied significantly across both of these topographically diverse regions. There was nearly five times more lightning over the high-altitude eastern border of the SRP region than over the lower western desert portion. The spatial pattern was consistent through time, so that more substantial lightning protection is warranted over the eastern SRP region than over the west. However, lightning frequency is highly variable from month to month and year to year on both the state and SRP scales, so that the value of newly installed lightning protection cannot be judged on experiences from a few years.
Distant Green Thunderstorms—Fraser’s Theory Revisited
Authors: Gallagher Frank W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The theoretical development presented by Fraser can produce a spectrum of light that would be perceived as a faint green. The theory assumed a perfectly black background thunderstorm. Severe thunderstorms are certainly not black when observed from a distance of 30–40 km. Thus it is useful to compare the theory with some observed examples of severe thunderstorms that should have been green by the Fraser theory but were not. Therefore, some elementary modifications of the Fraser model such as using a nonblack background are suggested. The use of a nonblack cloud background tends to shift the resulting dominant wavelengths away from the green portion of the spectrum, suggesting a better match with observations.
Adequacy of Using a 1/3-Degree Special Sensor Microwave Imager Dataset to Estimate Climate-Scale Rainfall
Authors: Li Qihang , Ferraro Ralph , Grody Norman 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Until recently, monthly rainfall products using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Office of Research and Applications Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) rainfall algorithm have been generated on a global 2.5° × 2.5° grid. The rainfall estimates are based on a subsampled set of the full-resolution SSM/I data, with a resulting spatial density of about one-third of what is possible at SSM/I’s highest spatial resolution. The reduction in the spatial resolution was introduced in 1992 as a compromise dictated by data processing capabilities. Currently, daily SSM/I data processing at full resolution has been established and is being operated in parallel with the subsampled set. Reprocessing of the entire SSM/I time series based on the full-resolution data is plausible but requires the reprocessing of over 10 yr of retrospective data. Because the Global Precipitation Climatology Project is considering the generation of a daily 1° × 1° rainfall product, it is important that the effects of using the reduced spatial resolution be reexamined.
In this study, error due to using the reduced-resolution versus the full-resolution SSM/I data in the gridded products at 2.5° and 1° grid sizes is examined. The estimates are based on statistics from radar-derived rain data and from SSM/I data taken over the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radar site. SSM/I data at full resolution were assumed to provide rain estimates with 12.5-km spacing. Subsampling with spacings of 25, 37.5 (which corresponds to the present situation of ⅓° latitude–longitude spatial resolution), and 50 km were considered. For the instantaneous 2.5° × 2.5° product, the error due to subsampling, expressed as a percentage of the gridbox mean, was estimated using radar-derived data and was 6%, 10%, and 15% at these successively poorer sampling densities. For monthly averaged products on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid, it was substantially lower: 3%, 4%, and 7%, respectively. Subsampling errors for monthly averages on a 1° × 1° grid were 8%, 16%, and 23%, respectively. Estimates based on SSM/I data at full resolution gave errors that were somewhat larger than those from radar-based estimates. It was concluded that a rain product of monthly averages on a 1° × 1° grid must use the full-resolution SSM/I data. More work is needed to determine how applicable these estimates are to other areas of the globe with substantially different rain statistics.
Multiscale Local Forcing of the Arabian Desert Daytime Boundary Layer, and Implications for the Dispersion of Surface-Released Contaminants
Authors: Warner Thomas T. , Sheu Rong-Shyang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Four 6-day simulations of the atmospheric conditions over the Arabian Desert during the time of the 1991 detonation and release of toxic material at the Khamisiyah, Iraq, weapons depot were performed using a mesoscale model run in a data-assimilation mode. These atmospheric simulations are being employed in a forensic analysis of the potential contribution of the toxic material to so-called Gulf War illness. The transport and concentration of such surface-released contaminants are related strongly to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth and the horizontal wind speed in the PBL. The product of the PBL depth and the mean wind speed within it is referred to as the ventilation and is used as a metric of the horizontal transport within the PBL. Thus, a corollary study to the larger forensic analysis involves employing the model solutions and available data in an analysis of the multiscale spatial variability of the daytime desert PBL depth and ventilation as they are affected by surface forcing from terrain elevation variations, coastal circulations, and contrasts in surface physical properties.
The coarsest computational grid spanned the entire northern Arabian Desert and surrounding areas of the Middle East, and represented the large-scale PBL modulation by the orography. The PBL depths were greatest over the high elevations of the western Arabian Peninsula and over the Zagros Mountains in western Iran and were shallowest over water bodies and the lower elevations in the Tigris–Euphrates Valley. Higher-resolution grids in the nest (the smallest grid increment was 3.3 km) showed that the PBL depth minimum in the Tigris–Euphrates Valley was likely a consequence of compensating subsidence associated with the thermally forced daytime upward motion over the Zagros Mountains to the east in Iran, with possible contributions from an elevated mixed layer. Further local modulation of the daytime desert PBL occurred as a result of the inland penetration of the coastal sea-breeze circulation on the west side of the Persian Gulf, where PBL depths were suppressed as far as 100 km inland. On the finest scales, significant PBL-depth variability resulted from surface thermal differences associated with contrasts between barren desert and partially vegetated desert.
The average 1500 LT ventilation over the Arabian Desert for the 6-day period varied spatially from less than 4000 m2 s−1 to over 24 000 m2 s−1. This range represents over a factor-of-6 variation in the ability of the atmosphere to transport contaminants away from a source region.
Dispersion of Particles Released into a Neutral Planetary Boundary Layer Using a Markov Chain–Monte Carlo Model
Authors: Avila R. , Raza S. S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The dispersion and concentration of particles (fluid elements) that are continuously released into a neutral planetary boundary layer is presented. The velocity fluctuations of the particles are generated using a Markov chain–Monte Carlo (MCMC) process at random time intervals with a one-step memory. The local mean concentration of the particles is calculated by using a fully Lagrangian method, which performs an efficient near-neighbor search and employs a smoothing kernel for eliminating the statistical noise. The predicted vertical and transversal root-mean-square of the particles’ deviation from their mean position [()1/2 and ()1/2] for an elevated continuous release source in a neutral atmosphere are compared with empirical parameters like the Pasquill–Gifford σz and σy. The numerical predictions of the particle concentration are compared with a Gaussian model and field measurement data on the ground concentration obtained during the Green Glow Program. The comparison between the numerical predictions and the field data shows that the MCMC model can successfully predict the particle dispersion and concentration in a neutral atmosphere.
Ferret badger rabies origin and its revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmission in Southeast China
Authors: Liu Ye , Zhang Shoufeng , Wu Xianfu , Zhao Jinghui , Hou Yanli , Zhang Fei , Velasco-Villa Andres , Rupprecht Charles E , Hu Rongliang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
The frequent occurrence of ferret badger-associated human rabies cases in southeast China highlights the lack of laboratory-based surveillance and urges revisiting the potential importance of this animal in rabies transmission. To determine if the ferret badgers actually contribute to human and dog rabies cases, and the possible origin of the ferret badger-associated rabies in the region, an active rabies survey was conducted to determine the frequency of rabies infection and seroprevalence in dogs and ferret badgers.

Methods
A retrospective survey on rabies epidemics was performed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces in southeast China. The brain tissues from ferret badgers and dogs were assayed by fluorescent antibody test. Rabies virus was isolated and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The sera from ferret badgers and dogs were titrated using rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) test.

Results
The ferret badgers presented a higher percentage of rabies seroconversion than dogs did in the endemic region, reaching a maximum of 95% in the collected samples. Nine ferret badger-associated rabies viruses were isolated, sequenced, and were phylogenetically clustered as a separate group. Nucleotide sequence revealed 99.4-99.8% homology within the ferret badger isolates, and 83-89% homology to the dog isolates in the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes in the same rabies endemic regions.

Conclusions
Our data suggest ferret badger-associated rabies has likely formed as an independent enzootic originating from dogs during the long-term rabies infestation in southeast China. The eventual role of FB rabies in public health remains unclear. However, management of ferret badger bites, rabies awareness and control in the related regions should be an immediate need.
Label-free Biosensor Using Polyion-modified Gold Nanorods Adsorbed on a Glass Substrate
Authors: Honda Kanako , Kawazumi Hirofumi , Nakashima Naotoshi , Niidome Yasuro 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs), which were modified with polyions, were fixed on polycation-modified glass substrates. Adsorption of antibodies and antigens on the glass substrates induced large peak shifts (44 nm) of longitudinal surface plasmon bands in the near-infrared region. The shifts were assignable to changes of refractive indices of polyion layers at the glass surfaces.
Fabrication and Enhanced Rectifying Performance of Zn1−xCoxO Nanowall Vertically Growing on Si Wafer
Authors: Zhu Guoxing , Liu Yuanjun , Zhang Chi , Zhu Zonglong , Xu Zheng 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Mesocrystalline ZnO and Co-doped ZnO nanowall/p-Si heterojunctions are prepared by a chemical precursor route, which exhibits a rectifying behavior with a lower turn-on voltage tuned by Co2+ dopant concentration.