bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertebral deformity in men
Authors: Mann Thomas , Oviatt Shelia K. , Wilson David , Nelson David , Orwoll Eric S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Vertebral fracture is the most prevalent manifestation of osteoporosis in women, but there is very little information concerning vertebral fracture in men. These studies begin to determine the prevalence, radiographic character, and relationship to bone mineral density of vertebral deformity in men. A group of 144 white men aged 34–94 years (83% between 50 and 80 years) were studied. Thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were obtained using standardized techniques, and morphometric measures of vertebrae (T6–L5) were obtained using a computerized digitization pad. Vertebral deformities (wedge, midbody, and crush) were identified using several criteria. In addition, a skeletal radiologist independently identified vertebral deformities, as well as vertebrae affected by epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease), using classic radiographic criteria. Bone mineral density was measured at lumbar spine and proximal femoral sites using dual-photon absorptiometry. The prevalence of vertebral deformity was related to the criteria used for their identification. Utilizing vertebral-specific criteria (anterior/posterior or midbody/posterior vertebral height more than 3 SD below vertebral specific mean), 10% of subjects had vertebral deformity. Wedge deformity occurred primarily in thoracic vertebrae and were more common than midbody deformity, which occurred more commonly in lumbar vertebrae. Crush deformities were not observed. Evidence of vertebral epiphysitis was present in 9% of subjects but was not responsible for vertebral deformity sufficient to be falsely identified using the more than −3 SD criterion. Bone mineral density in subjects with vertebral deformity was clearly reduced at both vertebral (p = 0.003) and proximal femoral (p = 0.002) measurements sites. The number of vertebral deformities was negatively correlated with vertebral bone mineral density. In summary, vertebral deformity in men is associated with generalized osteopenia.
Predicting degradability parameters of diets for ruminants using regressions on chemical components
Authors: Bruno‐Soares Arminda Martins , Cadima Jorge , Matos Teresa de Jesus S 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Dry matter degradability (DMD) parameters (a, b and c in the Ørskov and McDonald model) are usually determined by the nylon bag technique. The aim of this study was to estimate DMD parameters of ruminant mixed diets, which are in general unavailable, through multiple linear regressions on their chemical composition (ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL)). The regressions were based on data from 77 feeds.RESULTS: The prediction model for a was reduced to a simple linear regression on NDF (adjusted R2 = 0.727, F test P < 0.001). A regression model for b was obtained with ADL as the sole predictor (adjusted R2 = 0.691, P < 0.001). The model's upper asymptote (a + b) was predicted from ADL, NDF and ash (adjusted R2 = 0.908, P < 0.001). Modelling c proved more difficult (adjusted R2 with all five predictors = 0.481, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Regressing model parameters on feed chemical composition is a promising method for estimating the degradability of mixed diets, providing an alternative to invasive and expensive laboratory techniques. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Aqua regia extractable selenium concentrations of some Scottish topsoils measured by ICP‐MS and the relationship with mineral and organic soil components
Authors: Shand Charles A , Balsam Matthias , Hillier Stephen J , Hudson Gordon , Newman Gareth , Arthur John R , Nicol Fergus 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: To provide information concerning the geographical distribution of selenium (Se) in the soils of Scotland, we analysed 47 arable soils selected on the basis of their parent rock, which were expected to have relatively high, low or unclassified Se concentrations. To investigate relationships between the actual minerals in the soils and the aqua regia extractable Se concentration of the soil, soil minerals were quantified by X‐ray diffraction.RESULTS: The aqua regia extractable Se concentrations of the soils were between 0.19 and 1.46 mg kg−1. No simple correlation between the aqua regia extractable Se concentrations of the soil and the parent rock classification estimated by soil survey was evident. Partial least squares analysis revealed that the aqua regia extractable Se concentration of the soils was positively related to loss on ignition (LOI) or C concentration and negatively related to the K‐feldspar concentration, with other minerals being less important.CONCLUSION: The Se concentration of arable topsoils from Scotland is more related to LOI or carbon concentration, with parent material being less important. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of mineral nutrition in minimizing cadmium accumulation by plants
Authors: Sarwar Nadeem , Saifullah  , Malhi Sukhdev S , Zia Munir Hussain , Naeem Asif , Bibi Sadia , Farid Ghulam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal for both plants and animals. The presence of Cd in agricultural soils is of great concern regarding its entry into the food chain. Cadmium enters into the soil–plant environment mainly through anthropogenic activities. Compounds of Cd are more soluble than other heavy metals, so it is more available and readily taken up by plants and accumulates in different edible plant parts through which it enters the food chain. A number of approaches are being used to minimize the entry of Cd into the food chain. Proper plant nutrition is one of the good strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain. Plant nutrients play a very important role in developing plant tolerance to Cd toxicity and thus, low Cd accumulation in different plant parts. In this report, the role of some macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and calcium), micronutrients (zinc, iron and manganese), and silicon (a beneficial nutrient) has been discussed in detail as to how these nutrients play their role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation of α‐ from β‐arylalanines by nickel nitrilotriacetate chromatography
Authors: Wijeratne Salinda , Byrne Noelle A. , Walker Kevin D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA method is described to separate α‐ from β‐arylalanines by ligand exchange chromatography on a nickel nitrilotriacetate agarose column with UV monitoring of the effluent. Separate mixtures containing an α‐ and β‐arylalanine pair (1 mg of each) were individually loaded onto the nickel resin pre‐equilibrated with the mobile phase at room temperature, and the amino acids were eluted from the column with a gradient from pH 12.0–8.0. The β‐arylalanines eluted first, followed by the α‐isomers. The four α/β‐amino acid pairs tested were well separated with baseline resolution. An aliquot of each fraction was chemically treated to derivatize the amino acids to their N‐acyl methyl ester analogs, and their identities were confirmed by GC/MS analysis. The sample recovery was quantitative (>98%), and the column matrix was very resilient, as demonstrated by consistent separation of the solutes after ∼100 preparative cycles.
Comparison of HPLC enantioseparation of substituted binaphthyls on CD‐, polysaccharide‐ and synthetic polymer‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Loukotková Lucie , Tesařová Eva , Bosáková Zuzana , Repko Pavel , Armstrong Daniel W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRetention and enantioseparation behavior of ten 2,2′‐disubstituted or 2,3,2′‐trisubstituted 1,1′‐binaphthyls and 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyls, which are used as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis, was investigated on eight chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on β‐CD, polysaccharides (tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) cellulose or amylose CSPs) and new synthetic polymers (trans‐1,2‐diamino‐cyclohexane, trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine and trans‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐(11S,12S)‐11,12‐dicarboxylic acid CSPs). Normal‐, reversed‐phase and polar‐organic separation modes were employed. The effect of the mobile phase composition was examined. The enantiomeric separation of binaphthyl derivatives, which possess quite similar structures, was possible in different enantioselective environments. The substituents and their positions on the binaphthyl skeleton affect their properties and, as a consequence, the separation system suitable for their enantioseparation. In general, the presence of ionizable groups on the binaphthyl skeleton, substitution with non‐identical groups and a chiral axis in the 1,2′ position had the greatest impact on the enantiomeric discrimination. The 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyl derivatives were the most easily separated compounds in several separation systems. From all the chiral stationary phases tested, cellulose‐based columns were shown to be the most convenient for enantioseparation of the studied analytes. However, the polymeric CSPs with their complementary behavior provided good enantioselective environments for some derivatives that could be hardly separated in any other chromatographic system.
Development of single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS for the determination of aliphatic amines in tobacco
Authors: Sha Yunfei , Meng Jiaoran , Lin Huaqing , Deng Chunhui , Liu Baizhan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, for the first time, headspace (HS) single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS was developed to determine the aliphatic amines in tobacco samples. In the HS extraction procedure, the mixture of derivatization reagent and organic solvent was employed as the extraction solvent for HS single‐drop microextraction and in situ derivatization of aliphatic amine in the samples. Fast extraction and simultaneous derivatization of the analytes were performed in a single step, and the obtained derivatives in the microdrop extraction solvent were analyzed by GC‐MS. The optimized experiment conditions were: sample preparation temperature of 80°C and time of 30 min, HS extraction solvent (the mixture of benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzaldehyde) volume of 2.0 μL, extraction time of 90 s. With the optimal conditions, the method validations were also studied. The method has good linearity (R2 more than 0.99), accepted precision (RSD less than 13%), good recovery (98–104%) and low limit of detection (0.11–0.97 μg/g). Finally, the proposed technique was successfully applied to the analyses of aliphatic amines in tobacco samples of seven different brands. It was further demonstrated that the proposed method offered a simple, low‐cost and reliable approach to determine aliphatic amines in tobacco samples.
Carisbamate in essential tremor: Brief report of a proof of concept study
Authors: Elble Rodger J. , Biondi David M. , Ascher Steve , Wiegand Frank , Hulihan Joseph 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe efficacy and safety of carisbamate, an investigational neuromodulator currently in development for epilepsy, were examined in a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled study of essential tremor. Sixty‐two patients (intent‐to‐treat analysis set; mean age 64 years; 66% men) received carisbamate 400 mg/day or matching placebo in a crossover study design with two 21‐day treatment periods. The Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marín Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) was the primary assessment tool. Carisbamate and placebo treatment did not differ in their effect on the TRS (P = 0.94) or on measures of affect, mood, or quality of life. Carisbamate was generally well tolerated and had an adverse event profile comparable to that of placebo. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Assessing suturing techniques using a virtual reality surgical simulator
Authors: Kazemi Hamed , Rappel James K. , Poston Timothy , Hai Lim Beng , Burdet Etienne , Leong Teo Chee 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAdvantages of virtual‐reality simulators surgical skill assessment and training include more training time, no risk to patient, repeatable difficulty level, reliable feedback, without the resource demands, and ethical issues of animal‐based training. We tested this for a key subtask and showed a strong link between skill in the simulator and in reality. Suturing performance was assessed for four groups of participants, including experienced surgeons and naive subjects, on a custom‐made virtual‐reality simulator. Each subject tried the experiment 30 times using five different types of needles to perform a standardized suture placement task. Traditional metrics of performance as well as new metrics enabled by our system were proposed, and the data indicate difference between trained and untrained performance. In all traditional parameters such as time, number of attempts, and motion quantity, the medical surgeons outperformed the other three groups, though differences were not significant. However, motion smoothness, penetration and exit angles, tear size areas, and orientation change were statistically significant in the trained group when compared with untrained group. This suggests that these parameters can be used in virtual microsurgery training. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:479–486, 2010.
Performance of algebraic multigrid methods for non‐symmetric matrices arising in particle methods
Authors: Seibold B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLarge linear systems with sparse, non‐symmetric matrices are known to arise in the modeling of Markov chains or in the discretization of convection–diffusion problems. Due to their potential of solving sparse linear systems with an effort that is linear in the number of unknowns, algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods are of fundamental interest for such systems. For symmetric positive definite matrices, fundamental theoretical convergence results are established, and efficient AMG solvers have been developed. In contrast, for non‐symmetric matrices, theoretical convergence results have been provided only recently. A property that is sufficient for convergence is that the matrix be an M‐matrix.In this paper, we present how the simulation of incompressible fluid flows with particle methods leads to large linear systems with sparse, non‐symmetric matrices. In each time step, the Poisson equation is approximated by meshfree finite differences. While traditional least squares approaches do not guarantee an M‐matrix structure, an approach based on linear optimization yields optimally sparse M‐matrices. For both types of discretization approaches, we investigate the performance of a classical AMG method, as well as an algebraic multilevel iteration (AMLI) type method. While in the considered test problems, the M‐matrix structure turns out not to be necessary for the convergence of AMG, problems can occur when it is violated. In addition, the matrices obtained by the linear optimization approach result in fast solution times due to their optimal sparsity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artifactual hypoglycaemia secondary to leukaemoid reaction
Authors: Elrishi MA , Simpson AI , Bradley EJ , Lawrence IG 
Published: March 2010

AbstractArtifactual hypoglycaemia presents clinically as asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, and may be associated with an increased white blood cell count. The authors report a case of artifactual hypoglycaemia secondary to leukaemoid reaction in a patient with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Following thorough investigation and exclusion of true hypoglycaemia, this phenomenon was eventually diagnosed. The importance of awareness in the clinically asymptomatic patient of this phenomenon, taking measures to reduce erroneous laboratory glucose results, and confirmatory testing with a glucometer is emphasised. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Outlook and adaptation in advanced cancer: a systematic review
Authors: O'Brien Charlotte Wattebot , Moorey Stirling 
Published: March 2010

Abstract‘Fighting spirit’ in early‐stage cancer comprises optimism about prognosis, a belief that the disease and/or its effects are controllable, and a determination to cope with the situation using various active coping methods. It is associated with better adjustment. In advanced cancer, the usefulness of this coping style is contentious. This systematic review identified eight studies that investigated these qualities in advanced cancer. They provided some evidence that positive attitude and self‐efficacy may be associated with better emotional adjustment; active, problem‐focused coping appears to be adaptive and avoidant coping maladaptive. However, major methodological flaws make any conclusions highly speculative. Further research in this area using larger samples and longitudinal design is required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rasch analysis of positive changes following adversity in cancer patients attending community support groups
Authors: Chien Tsair‐Wei , Wang Wen‐Chung , Chien Chih‐Chiang , Hwang Wei‐Shou 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective: This study assessed the 38‐item Perceived Benefits Scale (PBS) by examining whether the items constructed a single latent trait and formed an interval scale. This would justify its use to measure the advantages of benefit‐finding brought to patients with different cancers from participation in community‐based cancer support groups.Methods: A total of 300 patients were randomly recruited from a 1300‐bed medical centre in Taiwan. The Rasch rating scale model was used to examine the model‐data fit. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis was conducted to verify construct equivalence across groups. Comparisons were made among demographic characteristics for various types of patient support groups.Results: Of the 38 items on the PBS, 28 were applicable to cancer patients and were divided into two distinct unidimensional domains; both met the Rasch model's expectation to constitute a single construct. DIF was found between types of cancers patients, but not between genders. Positive changes following adversity were statistically significantly associated with and ascribed to the duration of patient attendance in community‐based cancer support groups.Conclusion: The two domains verified by Rasch analysis can be used through Rasch‐transformed measures to make further statistical inference when comparing positive changes following adversity within and between cancer groups. The psychometric properties of the PBS verified by Rasch modeling fit to the unidimensionality, but need a huge sample size to support its validity and reliability in future studies. Nonetheless, we should be cautious to make comparisons among types of cancer patients due to DIF exhibited in scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single amino acid substitution in the SdhB protein of succinate dehydrogenase determines resistance to amicarthiazol in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Jun , Li Jun , Zhao Wei , Zhou Ming‐Guo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Ishiyama, a causal agent of rice bacterial leaf blight, was found to be sensitive in vitro to the systemic fungicide amicarthiazol (2‐amino‐4‐methylthiazole ‐5‐carboxanilide), which is a potent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1). This paper aimed to determine the molecular resistance mechanism of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to amicarthiazol.RESULTS: UV‐induced resistant mutants of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to amicarthiazol were isolated. The activity of SDH in wild‐type X. oryzae pv. oryzae was strongly inhibited by amicarthiazol, while that in resistant mutants was insensitive, although their SDH activity was decreased compared with the wild‐type sensitive strain without amicarthiazol. A mutation of Histidine229 (CAC) to Tyrosine229 (TAC) was identified in sdhB, which encoded the iron–sulfur protein subunit of SDH. The sdhB from the mutant was ligated into a cosmid, pUFR034, to generate pUFR034RAX, which conferred resistance to amicarthiazol when transformed into the wild‐type sensitive strain.CONCLUSION: A mutation of His229 (CAC) to Tyr229 (TAC) in SdhB was responsible for determining amicarthiazol resistance. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The archeology of cognitive evolution
Authors: Davidson Iain 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis discussion of archeology of cognition is concerned primarily with the evolutionary emergence of the cognition particular to modern humans but there is an implication for the evolution of cognition among modern humans. Archeological evidence can provide important insights into the evolutionary emergence of human cognition, but theoretical considerations are fundamental in understanding what sorts of cognition there might have been between the ape‐like common ancestor and modern humans. Archeology is the only source of evidence for the behavior associated with such theoretical stages. Cognitive archeology, therefore, involves an iterative interaction between theory from outside archeology and more or less direct evidence from the past. This review considers the range of possible evidence from archeology and genetics and summarizes some of the results of analysis of nonhuman primates particularly to assess characteristics of the last common ancestor (LCA) of apes and humans. The history of changes in size and shape of the brain since separation from other apes introduces the need to assess the appropriate cognitive theories to interpret such evidence. The review concentrates on two such approaches: Baddeley's working memory model as interpreted by Coolidge and Wynn, and Barnard's interacting cognitive subsystems as it has been elaborated to define the cognitive conditions for hominins between the LCA and modern people. Most of the rest of the review considers how the evidence from stone tools might be consistent with such theoretical models of cognition. This evidence is consistent with views that modern human behavior only emerged in the last 100,000 years (or so) but it gives an explanation for that in terms of cognition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Effects of denudation and burial on growth and reproduction of Artemisia ordosica in Mu Us sandland
Authors: Li Shou‐Li , Zuidema Pieter A. , Yu Fei‐Hai , Werger Marinus J. A. , Dong Ming 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPlants in a dune environment have a high risk of being denudated by wind or buried by sand. We conducted a field experiment to assess growth and reproductive performance as well as biomass allocation of Artemisia ordosica after denudation and burial. Height growth decreased after denudation, but remained constant after burial; biomass was reduced by severe burial, but not by moderate ones. Vegetative growth measured by current‐year generated vegetative branches declined with increasing severity of burial. Reproductive maturity was not affected by either denudation or burial, and reproduction decreased only after severe denudation. After denudation, biomass allocated to reproduction was greatly reduced, as shown by strongly reduced biomass allocation to fruits and whole reproductive branches, but that allocated to current‐year vegetative growth was maintained. Biomass allocation to reproduction and vegetative growth remained rather stable after burial. Current‐year reproductive‐to‐vegetative‐biomass ratio was lower after denudation than after burial, indicating that vegetative growth was more favored by A. ordosica after denudation. These modifications are adaptive in the fluctuating environment of mobile sand dunes where denudation and burial frequently occur.