bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Tumor Cytolysis by Macrophages
Authors: Escórcio‐Correia Mónica , Hagemann Thorsten 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis unit describes two different protocols for the measurement of tumor cytolysis by macrophages. Traditionally, cytotoxicity assays have relied on the use of radioactive isotopes. In Basic Protocol 1, cytotoxic activity is measured by the release into the culture supernatant of a radioisotope that had been incorporated by the target cell and is released upon cell death. This poses a problem for some cell lines in which spontaneous isotope release occurs in the absence of effector cell cytotoxicity. In Basic Protocol 2, a nonradioactive approach is used to measure cytolysis that relies on the fluorescence staining of tumor cells with cell‐death markers. It also provides the obvious advantage of avoiding the use of hazardous radioactive materials. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 92:14.18.1‐14.18.11. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vivo and Ex Vivo Protocols for Measuring the Killing of Extracellular Pathogens by Macrophages
Authors: Medina Eva , Goldmann Oliver 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis unit describes a series of in vivo/ex vivo combined protocols for investigating the interactions (adhesion, phagocytosis, and killing) of extracellular bacteria with peritoneal murine macrophages. It includes steps needed for in vivo infection of murine peritoneal macrophages after intraperitoneal inoculation with the pathogen of interest, as well as the measurement of bacteria associated with or truly internalized by these phagocytic cells. Several protocols for the ex vivo measurement of the ability of peritoneal macrophages to kill the microorganisms that have been ingested during the in vivo infection assay are included. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 92:14.19.1‐14.19.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Macrophage Growth and Differentiation
Authors: Chitu Violeta , Yeung Yee‐Guide , Yu Wenfeng , Nandi Sayan , Stanley E. Richard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis unit provides protocols for measuring the abundance and growth of macrophage precursors in agar cultures and the proliferation of isolated mature macrophages in vitro, by either direct cell counting or by DNA measurement. Methods for the immunohistochemical identification of macrophages and the determination of their proliferative status in vivo by immunofluorescence are also included. It also describes methods for characterization of macrophage differentiation through the immunofluorescence analysis of cell‐surface expression of CSF‐1 receptor. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 92:14.20.1‐14.20.26. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Carbide‐Derived Carbons – From Porous Networks to Nanotubes and Graphene
Authors: Presser Volker , Heon Min , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCarbide‐derived carbons (CDCs) are a large family of carbon materials derived from carbide precursors that are transformed into pure carbon via physical (e.g., thermal decomposition) or chemical (e.g., halogenation) processes. Structurally, CDC ranges from amorphous carbon to graphite, carbon nanotubes or graphene. For halogenated carbides, a high level of control over the resulting amorphous porous carbon structure is possible by changing the synthesis conditions and carbide precursor. The large number of resulting carbon structures and their tunability enables a wide range of applications, from tribological coatings for ceramics, or selective sorbents, to gas and electrical energy storage. In particular, the application of CDC in supercapacitors has recently attracted much attention. This review paper summarizes key aspects of CDC synthesis, properties, and applications. It is shown that the CDC structure and properties are sensitive to changes of the synthesis parameters. Understanding of processing–structure–properties relationships facilitates tuning of the carbon material to the requirements of a certain application.
Highly Chemo‐ and Regioselective Transfer Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds using Ammonium Formate Catalyzed by Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Lou Xia‐Bing , He Lin , Qian Yue , Liu Yong‐Mei , Cao Yong , Fan Kang‐Nian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA highly chemo‐ and regioselective reduction of a wide diversity of aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding amines has been achieved by a combination of gold nanoparticles supported on titania and ammonium formate (HCOONH4) in ethanol at room temperature. Furthermore, a direct and mild route to formanilides from aromatic nitro compounds bearing different functional groups by reductive N‐formylation using the gold‐mediated transfer reduction protocol is also established.
A Novel Carbene Ruthenium Complex as Reusable and Selective Two‐Electron Catalyst for Alkene Epoxidation
Authors: Dakkach Mohamed , Fontrodona Xavier , Parella Teodor , Atlamsani Ahmed , Romero Isabel , Rodríguez Montserrat 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new ruthenium aquo catalyst with the formula trans‐[Ru(II)(CN‐Me)(trpy)OH2](PF6)2 [where trpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine and CN‐Me=3‐methyl‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐imidazolylidene] has been prepared and thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The complex has been tested in epoxidation catalysis both in dichloromethane and dichloromethane:ionic liquid media, displaying excellent performances and selectivities. Reuse of the catalyst in ionic liquid:solvent media has been explored for the first time in ruthenium‐mediated epoxidation catalysis and its performance is fully maintained for up to ten runs.
Bicyclic Cyclopentenones via the Combination of an Iridium‐ Catalyzed Allylic Substitution with a Diastereoselective Intramolecular Pauson–Khand Reaction
Authors: Farwick Andreas , Engelhart Jens U. , Tverskoy Olena , Welter Carolin , Umlauf (née Stang) Quendolin A. , Rominger Frank , Kerr William J. , Helmchen Günter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEnantioselective syntheses of bicyclic cyclopentenones are described. Key steps are an iridium‐catalyzed allylic substitution and an intramolecular diastereoselective Pauson–Khand reaction. The diastereoselectivity of the Pauson–Khand reaction was found to be crucially dependent on the unit connecting the propargylic and the olefinic parts of the precursor. Very high degrees of diastereoselection were obtained with an NBoc unit as connector. This methodology has been illustrated by application within an enantioselective formal total synthesis of (−)‐α‐kainic acid.
Copper(I)‐Mediated Cyanation of Boronic Acids
Authors: Zhang Guoying , Zhang Lingli , Hu Maolin , Cheng Jiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simple cyanation reaction of boronic acids with cuprous cyanide is achieved, providing nitriles in moderate to good yields. In the presence of copper(I) iodide, trimethylsilyl cyanide is also a good cyanating reagent. The reaction can be conducted on a 10‐mmol scale. Thus, this new approach represents an exceedingly practical method for the synthesis of nitriles.
Predicted costs of iron‐chelators in myelodysplastic syndromes: A 10‐year analysis based on actual prevalence and red cell transfusion rates
Authors: Durairaj Senthilkumar , Chew Stephen , Hyslop Ann , Keenan Norene , Groves Michael J. , Tauro Sudhir 
Published: February 2011

AbstractConsideration of iron‐chelation (IC) in transfusion‐dependent patients is recommended in most clinical‐practice guidelines on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The financial impact of IC on health‐care systems is predicted through economic modeling, but an analysis based on actual prevalence is lacking. Here, we have investigated the potential drug‐costs and need for IC in a cohort of 189 United Kingdom‐based MDS patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2010. Patients with low or intermediate‐1 IPSS scores were identified as eligible for IC if ≥24 red cell units (RCU) had been transfused over 12 consecutive months or the transfusion‐intensity averaged ≥2 RCU per month. Drug‐costs were calculated from the time patients qualified for IC until death or last follow‐up. In 159 patients with low/intermediate‐1 MDS, survival was superior with a low IPSS score (P = 0.014), age <70 years (P = 0.043), transfusion‐independence at diagnosis (P = 0.0056) and transfusion‐intensity of <2 RCU per month (P = 0.009). Reflecting the time elapsed since diagnosis, longer survival was observed with a cumulative red cell load of ≥75 U (P = 0.046). By logistic‐regression analysis, transfusion‐intensity independently predicted survival (P = 0.0035) in low and intermediate‐1 risk MDS patients. Forty‐one patients fulfilled criteria for consideration of IC. Of these, 6 patients died within 1 month; 35 patients survived for a median of 16 months (range 1–61). Had patients commenced IC, the anticipated drug‐costs alone would have been ∼$526,880–$2,064,800 over 10 years. The lack of association between cumulative transfusion‐load and survival calls for a prospective evaluation of the cost‐utility of IC in patients surviving long‐term, to enable evidence‐based recommendations in MDS management. Am. J. Hematol.86:406–410, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysbindin‐1 gene contributes differentially to early‐ and adult‐onset forms of functional psychosis
Authors: Fatjó‐Vilas Mar , Papiol Sergi , Estrada Gemma , Bombín Igor , Peralta Victor , Rosa Araceli , Parellada Mara , Miret Salvador , Martín María , Lázaro Luisa , Campanera Sílvia , Muñoz Ma José , Lera‐Miguel Sara , Arias Bárbara , Navarro Ma Eulalia , Castro‐Fornieles Josefina , Cuesta Manuel J. , Arango Celso , Fañanás Lourdes 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDysbindin‐1 is a relatively ubiquitous protein in the brain which is involved in the modulation of synaptic homeostasis. The dysbindin‐1 gene (DTNBP1) has been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder diagnoses. However, its contribution to the severity of the clinical and neurocognitive expression of these disorders remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association betweenDTNBP1and the phenotypes which are more directly linked with the underlying biology, such as age at onset and neurocognitive impairment. The present family sample comprised 894 Caucasian individuals: 268 patients affected by functional psychosis [58% with illness onset before 18 years, mean age at onset (SD): 14.71 (2.10)], 483 parents and 143 siblings. TenDTNBP1single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in all individuals and their transmission disequilibrium was tested in relation to: (i) the risk for psychosis; (ii) patients' age at onset; and (iii) familial neurocognitive performance (including IQ estimation and executive functioning). In early‐onset families a 5‐marker haplotype encompassing exons 2–4 and the surrounding introns was significantly over‐transmitted to cases, while in adult‐onset families two haplotypes corresponding to the region between introns 4 and 7 were over‐transmitted to cases. Estimated IQ was associated with the rs760666 marker in the whole sample, whereas a significant association between executive functioning and the rs2619522 marker appeared in early‐onset families. Our findings confirm the role of the dysbindin‐1 gene in the risk for functional psychosis and show a differential haplotypic risk pattern in families with early as opposed to adult onset in the affected offspring. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide association analysis of age at onset and psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder
Authors: Belmonte Mahon Pamela , Pirooznia Mehdi , Goes Fernando S. , Seifuddin Fayaz , Steele Jo , Lee Phil Hyoun , Huang Jie , Hamshere Marian L. ,   The Bipolar Genome Study (BiGS) Consortium, The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Bipolar Disorder Group, DePaulo J. Raymond , Kelsoe John R. , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus , Cichon Sven , Gurling Hugh , Purcell Shaun , Smoller Jordan W. , Craddock Nick , Schulze Thomas G. , McMahon Francis J. , Potash James B. , Zandi Peter P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder (BP), most notably ANK3. However, most of the inherited risk for BP remains unexplained. One reason for the limited success may be the genetic heterogeneity of BP. Clinical sub‐phenotypes of BP may identify more etiologically homogeneous subsets of patients, which can be studied with increased power to detect genetic variation. Here, we report on a mega‐analysis of two widely studied sub‐phenotypes of BP, age at onset and psychotic symptoms, which are familial and clinically significant. We combined data from three GWAS: NIMH Bipolar Disorder Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN‐BP), NIMH Bipolar Disorder Genome Study (BiGS), and a German sample. The combined sample consisted of 2,836 BP cases with information on sub‐phenotypes and 2,744 controls. Imputation was performed, resulting in 2.3 million SNPs available for analysis. No SNP reached genome‐wide significance for either sub‐phenotype. In addition, no SNP reached genome‐wide significance in a meta‐analysis with an independent replication sample. We had 80% power to detect associations with a common SNP at an OR of 1.6 for psychotic symptoms and a mean difference of 1.8 years in age at onset. Age at onset and psychotic symptoms in BP may be influenced by many genes of smaller effect sizes or other variants not measured well by SNP arrays, such as rare alleles. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at onset of psychotic disorder: Cannabis, BDNF Val66Met, and sex‐specific models of gene–environment interaction
Authors: Decoster Jeroen , van Os Jim , Kenis Gunter , Henquet Cecile , Peuskens Joseph , De Hert Marc , van Winkel Ruud 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDiscovering modifiable predictors for age at onset may help to identify predictors of transition to psychotic disorder in the “at‐risk mental state.” Inconsistent effects of sex, BDNF Val66Met (rs6265), and cannabis use on age of onset were previously reported. BDNF Val66Met and cannabis use before illness onset were retrospectively assessed in a sample of 585 patients with schizophrenia and their association with age at onset was evaluated. Cannabis use was significantly associated with earlier age at onset of psychotic disorder (AOP; average difference 2.7 years,P < 0.001), showing dose–response effects with higher frequency and earlier age at first use. There was a weak association between BDNF Val66Met genotype and AOP (difference 1.2 years;P = 0.050). No evidence was found for BDNF × cannabis interaction (interactionχ2(1) = 0.65,P = 0.420). However, a significant BDNF × cannabis × sex interaction was found (interactionχ2(1) = 4.99,P = 0.026). In female patients, cannabis use was associated with earlier AOP in BDNF Met‐carriers (difference 7 years), but not in Val/Val‐genotypes. In male patients, cannabis use was associated with earlier AOP irrespective of BDNF Val66Met genotype (difference 1.3 years). BDNF Val66Met genotype in the absence of cannabis use did not influence AOP, neither in female or male patients with psychotic disorder. Complex interactions between cannabis and BDNF may shape age at onset in female individuals at risk of psychotic disorder. No compelling evidence was found that BDNF genotype is associated with age at onset of psychotic disorder in the absence of cannabis use. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lysinuric protein intolerance: Reviewing concepts on a multisystem disease
Authors: Sebastio Gianfranco , Sperandeo Maria P. , Andria Generoso 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is an inherited aminoaciduria caused by defective cationic amino acid transport at the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in intestine and kidney. LPI is caused by mutations in the SLC7A7 gene, which encodes the y+LAT‐1 protein, the catalytic light chain subunit of a complex belonging to the heterodimeric amino acid transporter family. LPI was initially described in Finland, but has worldwide distribution. Typically, symptoms begin after weaning with refusal of feeding, vomiting, and consequent failure to thrive. Hepatosplenomegaly, hematological anomalies, neurological involvement, including hyperammonemic coma are recurrent clinical features. Two major complications, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and renal disease are increasingly observed in LPI patients. There is extreme variability in the clinical presentation even within individual families, frequently leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. This condition is diagnosed by urine amino acids, showing markedly elevated excretion of lysine and other dibasic amino acids despite low plasma levels of lysine, ornithine, and arginine. The biochemical diagnosis can be uncertain, requiring confirmation by DNA testing. So far, approximately 50 different mutations have been identified in the SLC7A7 gene in a group of 142 patients from 110 independent families. No genotype–phenotype correlation could be established. Therapy requires a low protein diet, low‐dose citrulline supplementation, nitrogen‐scavenging compounds to prevent hyperammonemia, lysine, and carnitine supplements. Supportive therapy is available for most complications with bronchoalveolar lavage being necessary for alveolar proteinosis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disorders of creatine transport and metabolism
Authors: Longo Nicola , Ardon Orly , Vanzo Rena , Schwartz Elizabeth , Pasquali Marzia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCreatine is a nitrogen containing compound that serves as an energy shuttle between the mitochondrial sites of ATP production and the cytosol where ATP is utilized. There are two known disorders of creatine synthesis (both transmitted as autosomal recessive traits: arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; OMIM 602360; and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (OMIM 601240)) and one disorder of creatine transport (X‐linked recessive SLC6A8 creatine transporter deficiency (OMIM 300036)). All these disorders are characterized by brain creatine deficiency, detectable by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Affected patients can have mental retardation, hypotonia, autism or behavioral problems and seizures. The diagnosis of these conditions relies on the measurement of plasma and urine creatine and guanidinoacetate. Creatine levels in plasma are reduced in both creatine synthesis defects and guanidinoacetate is increased in GAMT deficiency. The urine creatine/creatinine ratio is elevated in creatine transporter deficiency with normal plasma levels of creatine and guanidinoacetate. The diagnosis is confirmed in all cases by DNA testing or functional studies. Defects of creatine biosynthesis are treated with creatine supplements and, in GAMT deficiency, with ornithine and dietary restriction of arginine through limitation of protein intake. No causal therapy is yet available for creatine transporter deficiency and supplementation with the guanidinoacetate precursors arginine and glycine is being explored. The excellent response to therapy of early identified patients with GAMT or AGAT deficiency candidates these condition for inclusion in newborn screening programs. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endoscopic sinus surgery reduces antibiotic utilization in rhinosinusitis
Authors: Bhandarkar Naveen D. , Mace Jess C. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotics are a mainstay of treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS). Although quality‐of‐life outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) have been studied, the change in antibiotic utilization following ESS is less well known.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the effect of ESS on antibiotic utilization in CRS and RARS.MethodsA multi‐institutional, prospective cohort of patients with CRS and RARS was enrolled between January 2001 and January 2009. Patients completed the medication subscale of the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), and the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare differences in the overall reported time of antibiotic between preoperative and postoperative time points.ResultsA total of 503 patients were followed for an average 17.3 months. Overall, patients reported a 57.2% reduction in time on antibiotics following ESS. The majority of patients (60.4%) reported significantly less antibiotic utilization after ESS (p < 0.001) consisting of an 83.7% reduction in the time on antibiotics. Subgroup analysis also revealed a significant reduction in antibiotic utilization for patients with and without nasal polyposis (59.0% and 58.2%; both p < 0.001) as well as RARS (61.2%; p = 0.001).ConclusionESS significantly reduces antibiotic utilization for CRS and RARS. This finding demonstrates potential for lower health care expenditures related to antibiotics, as well as reduced risk of both antibiotic related morbidity and development of bacterial resistance. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on work productivity through one‐year follow‐up after balloon dilation of the ethmoid infundibulum
Authors: Stankiewicz James , Tami Thomas , Truitt Theodore , Atkins James , Winegar Bradford , Cink Paul , Schaeffer B. Todd , Raviv Joseph , Henderson Diana , Duncavage James , Hagaman David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlthough multiple clinical trials have demonstrated that balloon dilation of sinus ostia in patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) results in sustained symptomatic improvement, less data are available to measure the effects of sinusitis on worker productivity. The objective of our research was to analyze work and activity impairment before and after transantral, endoscopically‐guided balloon dilation of the maxillary sinus ostia and ethmoid infundibulum.MethodsSubjects diagnosed with CRS and computed tomography (CT) evidence of disease in the maxillary sinuses alone, or maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses, completed the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire and the Work Limitation Questionnaire (WLQ) before treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months postprocedure.ResultsA total of 56 subjects were enrolled and 53 completed the 1‐year follow‐up. The lost productivity composite score computed from the WLQ improved by 73% (9.0 to 2.4; p < 0.0001) at 1‐year follow‐up whereas lost productivity at work as measured by the WPAI improved by approximately 76% (38.3 to 9.2; p < 0.0001) 12 months after treatment.ConclusionThese results indicate that sinus‐related health problems impose a substantial burden on work productivity and physical/mental activity levels. Treatment of CRS by dilating the maxillary sinus ostium and ethmoid infundibulum can significantly improve quality of life (QOL) and work productivity. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.