bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression signatures in breast cancer distinguish phenotype characteristics, histologic subtypes, and tumor invasiveness
Authors: Pedraza Vincente , Gomez‐Capilla Jose A. , Escaramis Georgia , Gomez Carolina , Torné Pablo , Rivera Jose M. , Gil Angel , Araque Patricia , Olea Nicolas , Estivill Xavier , Fárez‐Vidal M. Esther 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The development of reliable gene expression profiling technology is having an increasing impact on the understanding of breast cancer biology.METHODS:In this study, microarray analysis was performed to establish gene signatures for different breast cancer phenotypes, to determine differentially expressed gene sequences at different stages of the disease, and to identify sequences with biologic significance for tumor progression. Samples were taken from patients before their treatment. After microarray analysis, the expression level of 153 selected genes was studied by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.RESULTS:Several gene sequences were expressed differentially in tumor samples versus control samples and also were associated with different breast cancer phenotypes, estrogen receptor status, tumor histology, and grade of tumor differentiation. In lymph node‐negative tumors were identified a set of genes related to tumor differentiation grade.CONCLUSIONS:Several differentially expressed gene sequences were identified at different stages of breast cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Supramolecular Dimers of Copper(II) Complexes Resulting from Designed Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Nayak Malabika , Sarkar Sohini , Lemoine Pascale , Sasmal Sujit , Koner Rajesh , Sparkes Hazel A. , Howard Judith A. K. , Mohanta Sasankasekhar 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSyntheses, characterization and crystal structures of fourdesigned host–guest compounds of the compositions [{CuIIL1}2⊂(H3N(ethylene)NH3)](NO3)2 (1), [{CuIIL1}2⊂(H3N(propylene)NH3)](NO3)2 (2), [{CuIIL1}2⊂(H3N(butylene)NH3)](NO3)2 (3) and [{CuIIL2}2⊂(H3N(ethylene)NH3)](NO3)2 (4) are described in this investigation [H2L1 = N,N′‐ethylenebis(3‐methoxysalicylaldimine); H2L2 = N,N′‐ethylenebis(3‐ethoxysalicylaldimine); ethylene = (CH2)2; propylene = (CH2)3; butylene = (CH2)4]. Compounds 2 and 3 crystallize in the orthorhombic Pcab and monoclinic C2/c systems, respectively, while the space group of compounds 1 and 4 is triclinic P$\bar {1}$. In all of these four compounds 1–4, the two +NH3 sites of the [H3N(CH2)nNH3]2+ dication (n = 2–4) behave as guests in the O4 compartment of two [CuIIL1/L2] moieties through bifurcated N–H···O(phenoxo) and N–H···O(methoxy/ethoxy) hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Evidently, two mononuclear copper(II) moieties are interlinked by bridging supramolecular synthons, resulting in the formation of a supramolecular dimer in the title compounds. From the extent of displacement of the N atoms of [H3N(CH2)nNH3]2+ from the least‐squares O(phenoxo)2O(methoxy/ethoxy)2 plane, it is clear that [CuIIL1] is a better host than [CuIIL2] for the diprotonated diamine guests. Comparison of the inclusion of water and diprotonated diamines in [CuIIL1/L2] is also described in the present investigation. Interestingly, of the two guest species, water and diprotonated diamines, [CuIIL2] prefers the former and [CuIIL1] prefers the latter.
Reappraising the geomorphology‐ecology link
Authors: Darby Stephen E 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis thematic Virtual Special Issue highlights a personal selection of 18 recent (2007–2009) contributions to Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. These papers provide a flavour of recent research that is concerned with furthering our understanding of the many ways in which the biosphere interacts with the physical and chemical processes of sediment transfer/transformation. Much of this research has focused on understanding the mechanics by which the biota can modulate sediment transport and the strength of earth surface materials, often with the aim of applying that knowledge to enhance bioremediation methods of erosion control. This work continues to be fundamentally important in enhancing our understanding of earth surface processes, but often treats the biosphere and physical world as uncoupled entities. This selection therefore also provides samples of work that point to an ongoing but significant disciplinary reappraisal in which it is the interactions between ecological and geomorphological realms that are of primary interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic value of MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 expression in pharyngeal cancer
Authors: Pastorcic‐Grgic Marija , Sarcevic Bozena , Dosen Danijel , Juretic Antonio , Spagnoli Giulio C. , Grgic Marko 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe prognostic value of cancer testis antigens in pharyngeal cancer is understudied.MethodsWe recruited 90 patients who were treated for pharyngeal cancer. Monoclonal antibodies 57B and B9.8.1.1 were used for detection of MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 genes.ResultsMAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 gene products were detectable in 70.0% and 33.3% of pharyngeal tumors, respectively. No correlation was established between MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 expression and TNM staging at presentation. Survival analysis showed a trend toward a shorter 5‐year disease‐free survival in the group of patients with MAGE‐A–positive tumors (log‐rank test, p = .122). In contrast, a trend toward a prolonged 5‐year disease‐free survival was observed in the group of patients with NY‐ESO‐1–positive tumors (log‐rank test, p = .219).ConclusionIn a large population of patients with pharyngeal cancer and available 5‐year survival data, prognosis tended to be poorer with MAGE‐A expression and better with NY‐ESO‐1 expression, but the correlations did not reach statistical significance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Clean synthesis of spiro[indole‐3,8′‐phenaleno[1,2‐b]pyran]‐9′‐carbonitriles and spiro[indole‐3,4′‐pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran]‐3′‐carbonitriles by one‐pot, three‐component reactions
Authors: Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Amanpour Tayebeh , Bazgir Ayoob 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
magnified imageAn environmentally benign three‐component reaction in aqueous media has been reported for the synthesis of spiro[indole‐3,8′‐phenaleno[1,2‐b]pyran]‐9′‐carbonitriles and spiro[indole‐3,4′‐pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran]‐3′‐carbonitriles. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Mycotoxin profiles in the grain of Triticum monococcum, Triticum dicoccum and Triticum spelta after head infection with Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Suchowilska Elżbieta , Kandler Wolfgang , Sulyok Michael , Wiwart Marian , Krska Rudolf 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of study was to investigate mycotoxin profiles in the grain of spring lines of Triticum monococcum (12 lines), T. dicoccum (13 lines) and T. spelta (five lines), in comparison to the T. aestivum cultivar Sumai‐3 which is resistant to Fusarium head blight. The grain was obtained from control heads and heads artificially inoculated in the field with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxins were determined by LC‐MS/MS.RESULTS: A total of 11 toxins were identified in control grain samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations exceeded 0.5 mg kg−1 in only three samples of T. monococcum grain and in one sample of T. dicoccum grain. Inoculation with F. culmorum resulted in a substantial increase in the concentrations of DON (to 63 mg kg−1) in the T. monococcum and DON‐3‐glucoside (to 5.6 mg kg−1) in the T. dicoccum. Inoculation contributed to a drop in tentoxin levels (by 57% in T. spelta) and to an increase of cyclodepsipeptide concentrations (in particular enniatins B and B1) being two‐fold (T. monococcum) to four‐fold (T. dicoccum) higher on average than in control samples. The Sumai‐3 responded to inoculation with nearly a two‐fold drop in the levels of the cyclodepsipeptides.CONCLUSION: The results of a discriminant analysis for all identified toxins indicate that einkorn, emmer and spelt differ significantly with regard to the mycotoxin profiles of their grain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A bivariate optimal replacement policy for a cold standby repairable system with repair priority
Authors: Leung Kit Nam Francis , Zhang Yuan Lin , Lai Kin Keung 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article, an optimal replacement policy for a cold standby repairable system consisting of two dissimilar components with repair priority is studied. Assume that both Components 1 and 2, after repair, are not as good as new, and the main component (Component 1) has repair priority. Both the sequence of working times and that of the components'repair times are generated by geometric processes. We consider a bivariate replacement policy (T,N) in which the system is replaced when either cumulative working time of Component 1 reaches T, or the number of failures of Component 1 reaches N, whichever occurs first. The problem is to determine the optimal replacement policy (T,N)* such that the long run average loss per unit time (or simply the average loss rate) of the system is minimized. An explicit expression of this rate is derived, and then optimal policy (T,N)* can be numerically determined through a two‐dimensional‐search procedure. A numerical example is given to illustrate the model's applicability and procedure, and to illustrate some properties of the optimal solution. We also show that if replacements are made solely on the basis of the number of failures N, or solely on the basis of the cumulative working time T, the former class of policies performs better than the latter, albeit only under some mild conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Molecular weight effects on gelation and rheological properties of konjac glucomannan–xanthan mixtures
Authors: Shen Dan , Wan Chao , Gao Shanjun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFractions of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with various viscosity‐average molecular weights (Mv) ranging from 4.00 × 105 to 2.50 × 106 were prepared by hydrolysis degradation in hydrochloride acid/ethanol. Effect of Mv of KGM on the critical gelation temperature (Tgel) determined by Winter–Chambon criterion and the elasticity of KGM/xanthan mixed gels, a kind of binary gel formed by synergistic gelation, were investigated by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. It was shown that the value of Tgel of the gel was shifted to a higher temperature and the gel strength was enhanced when Mv of KGM was increased. The critical Mv (1.91 × 106) was observed, above which the Tgel and elasticity of the mixed gels showed no or slight increase. It was suggested that Tgel and elasticity of KGM/xanthan mixed gels mainly depend on the structure of junction zones driven by the strong interaction between KGM and xanthan, which was gradually improved with increasing Mv of KGM. It was found that the critical strain and yield stress of the mixed gels increased monotonically with the increasing Mv of KGM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 313–321, 2010
Multiple morphologies of the aggregates from self‐assembly of diblock copolymer with relatively long corona‐forming block in dilute aqueous solution
Authors: Zhao Fabao , Sun Jianping , Liu Zhilei , Feng Liang , Hu Jiwen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReported here is self‐assembly behavior in selective solvent of diblock copolymers with relatively long corona‐forming block compared to core‐forming block. Three diblock copolymers, poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether‐b‐poly(methacryloyl‐L‐leucine methyl ester), also denoted as MPEG‐b‐PMALM copolymer, were prepared by fixing MPEG block with an average number of repeating units of 115, whereas varying PMALM block with an average number of repeating unit of 44, 23, 9, respectively. Multiple morphologies, such as sphere, cylinder, vesicle, and their coexisted structures from self‐assembly of these diblock copolymers in aqueous media by changing block nonselective solvent and initial polymer concentration used in preparation, were demonstrated directly via TEM observation. These results herein might, therefore, demonstrate as an example that a wide range of morphologies can be accessed not only from “crew‐cut micelles” but also from “star‐micelles” by controlling over preparation strategies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 364–371, 2010
Role of dopamine D1receptors in caffeine‐mediated ERK phosphorylation in the rat brain
Authors: Acquas Elio , Vinci Stefania , Ibba Federico , Spiga Saturnino , De Luca Maria Antonietta , Di Chiara Gaetano 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of this research was to study the role of dopamine D1receptors in caffeine elicited ERK phosphorylation in the prefrontal and other cortical (cingulate and motor) and subcortical (shell and core of the nucleus accumbens) regions. To this end, caffeine (3 and 10 mg/kg) was administered before phosphoERK immunohistochemistry. Caffeine dose‐dependently increased the number of phosphoERK‐positive neurons in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices but not in the secondary motor cortex and in the nucleus accumbens shell and core. The dopamine D1receptor antagonist, SCH 39166 (50 μg/kg), fully prevented phosphoERK activation by caffeine (10 mg/kg) in the superficial and deep layers of the prefrontal cortex but failed to prevent it in the cingulate cortex. Given that phosphoERK can be regarded as a postsynaptic marker of neuronal activation, the present results indicate that psychotropic properties of caffeine may result from the activation of prefrontal, via dopamine D1receptors, and cingulate cortices. Failure of caffeine to activate ERK in the nucleus accumbens further supports, indirectly, the observation that caffeine fails to activate dopamine transmission in this structure and is consistent with the tenet that caffeine lacks of true addictive properties. Synapse 64:341–349, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The idea of anthropogenic global climate change in the 20th century
Authors: Weart Spencer R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPeople had long speculated that human activities might affect a region's climate. But a developed conjecture that humanity might change the climate of the entire planet first appeared in 1896: a calculation that carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion could gradually warm the globe. Scientists soon rejected the idea. Most people thought it incredible that climate could change globally except on a geological timescale, pushed by forces far stronger than human activity. In midcentury, a few scientists revived the hypothesis of global warming. Meanwhile, the exponential growth of human activity, especially chemical pollution and nuclear armaments, was showing that humanity really could affect the entire atmosphere. Moreover, during the 1960s research suggested that small perturbations might lead to an abrupt change in the climate system. Although nobody expected serious impacts until the distant 21st century, some began to frame global warming not just as a scientific puzzle but as an environmental risk, a security risk, a practical policy question, an international relations issue, and even a moral problem. In the late 1970s a scientific consensus began to take shape, culminating around the end of the century in unanimous agreement among government representatives on essential points, although many uncertainties remained. Meanwhile, increasing media warnings of peril made most of the literate world public aware of the issue, which had deep implications for the human relationship with nature. Skepticism persisted, correlated with aversion to regulation. The majority of the world public were now concerned, but disinclined to take action Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
State‐of‐the‐art with regional climate models
Authors: Rummukainen Markku 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRegional climate models are used by a large number of groups, for more or less all regions of the world. Regional climate models are complementary to global climate models. A typical use of regional climate models is to add further detail to global climate analyses or simulations, or to study climate processes in more detail than global models allow. The relationship between global and regional climate models is much akin to that of global and regional weather forecasting models. Over the past 20 years, the development of regional climate models has led to increased resolution, longer model runs, and steps towards regional climate system models. During recent years, community efforts have started to emerge in earnest, which can be expected to further advance the state‐of‐the‐art in regional climate modeling. Applications of regional climate models span both the past and possible future climates, facilitating climate impact studies, information and support to climate policy, and adaptation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Earth System Models
Market and regulatory aspects of trans‐national offshore electricity networks for wind power interconnection
Authors: Roggenkamp Martha M. , Hendriks Ralph L. , Ummels Bart C. , Kling Wil L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSubsea cable connections are an essential part of offshore wind power projects. Apart from direct connections between an offshore wind park to the national grid, several alternatives can be envisaged, including the connection to interconnectors between countries or direct connection to a country outside the jurisdiction where the wind park is based. Besides the technical‐economical constraints of these new types of grid connection, market and regulatory aspects need to be assessed. The paper gives an overview of these trans‐national connection schemes for wind power and considers integration into electricity markets and discusses regulatory implications. The scope of the research is Western Europe. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction and regulation ofTrypanosoma bruceiVSG-specific antibody responses
Authors: BLACK S. J. , GUIRNALDA P. , FRENKEL D. , HAYNES C. , BOCKSTAL V. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThe review addresses how infection withTrypanosoma bruceiaffects the development, survival and functions of B lymphocytes in mice. It discusses (1) the contributions of antibodies to trypanosome clearance from the bloodstream, (2) how B lymphocytes, the precursors of antibody producing plasma cells, interact with membrane form variable surface glycoprotein (VSG), i.e. with monovalent antigen that is free to diffuse within the lipid bilayer of the trypanosome plasma membrane and consequently can cross-link B cell antigen specific receptors by indirect processes only and (3) the extent and underlying causes of dysregulation of humoral immune responses in infected mice, focusing on the impact of wild type and GPI-PLC−/−trypanosomes on bone marrow and extramedullary B lymphopoiesis, B cell maturation and survival.
Spoken verb processing in Spanish: An analysis using a new online resource
Authors: RIVERA SEMILLA M. , BATES ELIZABETH A. , OROZCO-FIGUEROA ARACELI , WICHA NICOLE Y. Y. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTVerbs are one of the basic building blocks of grammar, yet few studies have examined the grammatical, morphological, and phonological factors contributing to lexical access and production of Spanish verb inflection. This report describes an online data set that incorporates psycholinguistic dimensions for 50 of the most common early-acquired Spanish verbs. Using this data set, predictors of response time (RT) from stimulus onset and mean differences at offset are examined. Native Spanish speakers, randomly assigned to one of two tasks, listened to prerecorded verbs and either repeated the verb (single word shadowing) or produced its corresponding pronoun. Factors such as stimulus duration, number of syllables, syllable stress position, and specific levels of initial phoneme facilitated both shadowing of a verb and production of its pronoun. Higher frequency verbs facilitated faster verb repetition, whereas verbs with alternative pronouns increased RT to pronoun production. Mean differences at offset (stimulus duration is removed) indicated that listeners begin speaking earlier when the verb is longer and multisyllabic compared to shorter, monosyllabic words. These results highlight the association between psycholinguistic factors and RT measures of verb processing, in particular, features unique to languages like Spanish, such as alternative pronoun and tense.
Eyebrow anomalies as a diagnostic sign of genomic disorders
Authors: Silengo M , Belligni E , Molinatto C , Baldassare G , Biamino E , Chiesa N , Zuffardi O , Girirajan S , Eichler EE , Ferrero GB 
Published: December 2009

Silengo M, Belligni E, Molinatto C, Baldassare G, Biamino E, Chiesa N, Zuffardi O, Girirajan S, Eichler EE, Ferrero GB. Eyebrow anomalies as a diagnostic sign of genomic disorders.Microdeletions and microduplications in the human genome, termed genomic disorders, contribute to a high proportion of human multisystemic neurodevelopmental diseases and are detected by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In general, most genomic disorders are associated with craniofacial and skeletal features and behavioural abnormalities, in addition to learning disability and developmental delay (LD/DD). Specifically, recognition of a characteristic ‘acial gestalt’ has been the key to distinguish one genomic disorder from the other. Here, we report our experience concerning the relevance of abnormal eyebrow pattern as a diagnostic indicator of specific genomic disorders.
Myocardial Ca2+handling and cell-to-cell coupling, key factors in prevention of sudden cardiac deathThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue on Advances in Cardiovascular Research.
Authors: Tribulova Narcis , Seki Shingo , Radosinska Jana , Kaplan Peter , Babusikova Eva , Knezl Vladimir , Mochizuki Seibu 
Published: December 2009

Using whole-heart preparations, we tested our hypothesis that Ca2+handling is closely related to cell-to-cell coupling at the gap junctions and that both are critical for the development and particularly the termination of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and hence the prevention of sudden arrhythmic death. Intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), ECG, and left ventricular pressure were continuously monitored in isolated guinea pig hearts before and during development of low K+-induced sustained VF and during its conversion into sinus rhythm facilitated by stobadine. We also examined myocardial ultrastructure to detect cell-to-cell coupling alterations. We demonstrated that VF occurrence was preceded by a 55.9% ± 6.2% increase in diastolic [Ca2+]i, which was associated with subcellular alterations indicating Ca2+overload of the cardiomyocytes and disorders in coupling among the cells. Moreover, VF itself further increased [Ca2+]iby 58.2% ± 3.4% and deteriorated subcellular and cell-to-cell coupling abnormalities that were heterogeneously distributed throughout the myocardium. In contrast, termination of VF and its conversion into sinus rhythm was marked by restoration of basal [Ca2+]i, resulting in recovery of intercellular coupling linked with synchronous contraction. Furthermore, we have shown that hearts exhibiting lower SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) activity and abnormal intercellular coupling (as in older guinea pigs) are more prone to develop Ca2+overload associated with cell-to-cell uncoupling than hearts with higher SERCA2a activity (as in young guinea pigs). Consequently, young animals are better able to terminate VF spontaneously. These findings indicate the crucial role of Ca2+handling in relation to cell-to-cell coupling in both the occurrence and termination of malignant arrhythmia.