bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic subretinal implants allow blind retinitis pigmentosa patients to read letters and recognize the direction of fine stripe patterns
Authors: ZRENNER E , WILKE R , BARTZ‐SCHMIDT K , BENAV H , BESCH D , GEKELER F , KOCH J , PORUBSKA K , SACHS H , GREPPMAIER U , HARSCHER A , WILHELM B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Restoration of letter reading and stripe pattern recognition in blind RP patients by placing subretinal implants transchoroidally near the macula, consisting of two arrays: 4x4 electrodes controlled retroauricularly via a subdermal line for direct stimulation (“DS array”) and a "chip" (3x3x0,1 mm),1500 electrodes. Methods Letters and stripe pattern were presented to 3 patients via the light sensitive chip – by patterns steadily presented at a screen. On the DS array the sensation evoked by each individual pulse consists of whitish round dot, clearly separated from its neighbor. Patterns consisting of such 4 x 4 dots correspond to letters of approximately 5 cm diameter presented at 60 cm distance. Results Pat.1 correctly (20/24) recognized the direction of the letter “U”, presented with the opening in four different directions (DS array). Pat.2 correctly (12/12) differentiated letters via DS array (e.g. COIL). With the light sensitive chip, he correctly (22/24) differentiated letters (e.g. LITZ; 8,5 cm high, 1.7 cm line width) steadily presented on a screen at 62 cm distance Pat.3 recognized (15/20 correct, 4AFC) the direction of lines or stripe patterns with the chip, as did Pat.1 (11/14, 2AFC) and Pat.2 (11/12 4AFC) up to 0.35 cycles/deg. Conclusion Active subretinal multielectrode implants with currents close to produce retinotopically correct patterns that allow for the first time recognition of individual letters and stripe patterns up to 0.35 cycles/deg clearly supporting the feasibility of light sensitive subretinal multi‐electrode devices for restoration of useful vision.
Acquired loss of chromatic sensitivity
Authors: BARBUR J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose A range of ophthalmic and neurological conditions cause diminished visual performance, even when the subject is often unaware of any problems and the loss of vision remains undetected in conventional perimetry and visual acuity tests. The extent to which detection of acquired colour vision loss can revealed in subclinical cases and distinguished from congenital loss has been investigated. Methods Over 400 subjects with congenital and acquired colour vision loss have been examined using conventional colour screening methods. In addition, the loss of yellow / blue and red / green chromatic sensitivity has been quantified using the CAD test (http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/200904.pdf). Those investigated included subjects with diseases of the retina and / or the optic nerve as well as patients with selective damage to central visual pathways. Patients with various stages of glaucoma, photoreceptor dystrophies, diabetes, optic neuritis, age‐related macular degeneration as well as tobacco and alcohol toxicity have been examined. Results Algorithms developed for analysis of colour vision loss and automatic classification of congenital and / or acquired colour deficiency will be described. In acquired deficiency, the loss of chromatic sensitivity tends to affect both the rg and the yb channels. Significant differential effects have, however, been observed in relation to stimulus size, retinal location and state of light adaptation. Conclusion The findings from these studies show that in the majority of these conditions, the loss of chromatic sensitivity is the most sensitive measure of early changes in diseases of the eye.
Pterygium surgery long term follow‐up
Authors: WOOD T , WILLIAMS E , WILLIAMS B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To determine if a pterygium surgical procedure consisting of minimal conjunctival removal, excision of the hypertrophic subconjunctival fibrovascular tissue, application of mitomycin 0.25 mg/ml for 1 minute combined with temporary nasal tarsorrhaphy, and postoperative dexamethasone/antibiotic drops achieved the following: safely simplified pterygium removal, controlled the early side effects of mitomycin, reduced the rate of recurrence, and eliminated the need for conjunctival transplantation. Methods Twenty eyes of 19 patients underwent the procedure with mitomycin; fifteen were primary and 5, recurrent. These were compared to a previous group of 28 eyes in 26 patients that underwent pterygium/tarsorrhaphy surgery without mitomycin; twenty had primary and 8 had recurrent pterygia. Postoperatively, all eyes in both groups were treated with dexamethasone/antibiotic drops. Results In the mitomycin group (average follow‐up 25 months), 19 of 20 eyes healed uneventfully. At 12 months, there had been no recurrences in the mitomycin group. In the non‐mitomycin group (average follow‐up 43 months), 9 (32%) recurred within 12 months; four (44%) of these required a second procedure at an average of 9 months. At 23 and 33 months, 2 (10%) eyes treated with mitomycin presented with asymptomatic, one mm recurrences that required no additional treatment. Conjunctival healing, as reflected in the time from surgery until tarsorrhaphy opening, was significantly longer in the mitomycin group, 37 vs. 17 days (P = .001). Conclusion The described technique provided a safe and successful approach to pterygium management.
Alcohol vs. mechanical delamination in the treatment of corneal erosion: an electron microscopic study
Authors: PALADINI I , BRAHIMI B , MENCHINI U , DUA HS , ROMAGNOLI P , MENCUCCI R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To performed an electron microscopy study to investigate the cleavage plane and the efficacy of alcohol delamination in recurrent corneal erosion (RCE). Methods By electron microscopy we analysed the epithelium of: seven controls treated with mechanical debridment, seven controls treated with alcohol delamination, ten cases of traumatic RCE and seven RCE due to MDFP treated with alcohol delamination, with special regard to the epithelial cells and the cleavage plane. Moreover we analysed four corneas from penetrating keratoplastys that were treated by alcohol delamination on the bench and both the epithelium and stroma were studied. Results In traumatic RCE the basement membrane remained in situ, a precondition for quick epithelial healing . In MDFP the whole basement membrane was detached from the stroma and remained adherent to the epithelium, therefore after alcohol delamination the healing process should be different between MDFP and traumatic RCE. Conclusion The present findings give strenght to alcohol delamination as a promising treatment for RCE
Lymphocyte and markers of inflammation detection in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with dry eye by enhanced flow cytometry
Authors: BARABINO S , MONTALDO E , SOLIGNANI F , MINGARI C , ROLANDO M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that the use of cell culture medium can increase the number of cells obtained by impression cytology (IC) sampling of the conjunctiva in dry eye patients, and make the analysis of epithelial and lymphocyte cell populations with flow cytometry possible. Methods IC specimens were collected in 15 normal subject and 15 dry eye patients. Samples collected from the right eye were placed in cell culture medium containing 10% foetal calf serum (FCS), and samples from the left eye in Phosphate Bufferred Saline containing 0.05% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The number of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry in both groups. Samples collected from a group of 30 dry eye patients were placed in FCS and stained for the expression of CK19, CD45, CD3, HLA‐DR, and analyzed by flow cytometry. A control group of 10 subjects was used as control. Results The number of cells counted in the FCS samples was statistically increased in the normal (12791 ± 11350 events per minute) and dry eye group (23468 ± 15596) when compared to PFA samples (2031 ± 2336, and 2608 ± 1814 respectively). In dry eyes the low number of cells in PFA samples made possible only the analysis of HLA‐DR expression, while in FCS samples epithelial (CK19+), leukocyte (CD45+), and lymphocyte (CD3+) cell populations were characterized, other than analyzed for HLA‐DR expression. Conclusion This study indicates that using this new method of preservation can enhance flow cytometry analysis of epithelial and immune cells of the conjunctiva in dry eye patients, opening new scenarios in the comprehension of its pathogenesis and in testing new therapies.
Ocular surface findings in patients with congential aniridia
Authors: DE LA PAZ MF , BLANCO Z , ALVAREZ J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose to study the Schirmer´s test, tear Break‐up time, ocular tear ferning pattern test and impression cytology results in patients with congenital aniridia Methods 25 eyes of 25 patients with congenital aniridia underwent Schirmer´s test I, tear break‐up time, ocular ferning pattern test and impression cytology to study the ocular surface characteristics. Clinical findings were correlated with the results of the aforementioned tests. Results Aniridia related keratopathy was Grade 0 in 12%, Grade 1‐A in 52%, 1‐B in 20% and Grade 2 in 16% of eyes studied. Schirmers Test I was normal in 96% of eyes. Tear break‐up time was abnormal in 75% of patients. Ocular ferning pattern tests were as follows: Grade 1 (20%), grade 2 (50%), Grade 3 (20%) and Grade 4 (10%). Conjunctival squamous metaplasia revealed: Grade 0 (23%), Grade 3 (35%), Grade 5 (4%). Conjunctival keratinization was mild in 35% and moderate in 15%. Significant correlation was found between conjunctival keratinization and the degree of Anirida‐related keratopathy. Significant correlation was also found between ocular ferning pattern test and conjunctival keratinization. Conclusion Aniridia –related keratopathy is a muco‐deficient and lipo‐deficient, more than an aqueo‐deficient dry eye disease. Simple tests of the ocular surface must be done early on to direct the right kind of dry eye treatment in these difficult cases.
Compare optical with photometry measures of tear film lipid layer
Authors: NEPP J , BENZ P , NELL B , SCHAUERSBERGER J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Quantity of tear film lipids could be estimated optically by colours of interference By photometric evaluation it may be measured. Therefore we compared both measures. Methods Patients with dry eyes were observed by Tearscope and Meibometer 550. For tearscope we used the 4‐parted scale of colours. Meibometry was performed with clean stripes, which have touched the tear film. >300 units are said to be normal. We observed the tear film by Schirmer I, Lissamin green and fluorescein staining, and the break up time. We correlated the measurements with Pearson Correlation. Results 85 eyes of 53 patients were observed. Both measurements of the lipids showed positive correlations R=67. There was no Correlation between any lipid measurement and the watery and mucin Layer (R‐0,1 ‐ 0,3) Conclusion The measurement of lipids is similar in both measurements. The optical evaluation needs longer experience, the Meibometry needs standards to find reproducible results. The lack of correlation between lipid layer results and the other results of the tear film observation may point at the special function of lipids independent of the other layers of the tear film.
Evaluation of spatial contrast sensitivity after the instillation of diclofenac eye drops
Authors: KARAMPATAKIS V , CHATZIMPALIS T , KORDALI P , KALPATSANIDIS A , STAMOULAS K 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To evaluate if diclofenac eye drop instillation is related with spatial contrast sensitivity (CS) impairment. Methods Thirty ophthalmologically healthy Caucasian individuals (‐‐male, ‐‐female), aged from 20 to 59 underwent CS testing. The examination was repeated 20 and 40 minutes after the instillation of diclofenac eye drops unilaterally. The fellow eye served as control. Results All the examined individuals had normal visual acuity, color vision and CS before the diclofenac drop instillation. Four of them complained of a temporary glare at the eye in which diclofenac was instilled. These four individuals had decreased CS in low spatial frequencies (1.5 & 3 cycles/degree), in the examination performed 20 minutes after the instillation. The CS normalized again in the third CS evaluation performed 40 minutes after the instillation. Conclusion The temporary glare that affects visual performance of some individuals after diclofenac eye drop instillation is related with a temporary decrease of spatial CS in low frequencies. Within this time period of 40 minutes after the instillation of diclofenac, individuals who experience visual disturbances should avoid activities that demand high visual efficacy or postpone the instillation for a more convenient time in relation to the duration of glare they have experienced.
Superior oblique myokymia
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSuperior oblique myokymia (SOM) is an uncommon disorder characterized by episodic monocular oscillopsia. In most cases of SOM no specific etiology is found but occasional cases have been associated with intracranial tumors and head trauma. Recent radiologic evidence suggests that microvascular compression of the fourth cranial nerve may be a pathogenetic mechanism of SOM. This presentation will review the clinical presentation and course of SOM, including video examples, and discuss treatment options.
Commercial interest
Macrosquare wave jerks
Authors: EGGENBERGER E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMacro‐square wave jerks (MSWJ) are a specific saccadic intrusion. Both the more common square wave jerks (SWJ) and the rare macrosquare wave jerks are horizontal saccadic intrusions with a normal intersaccadic interval; these two saccadic intrusions differ from each other concerning their size: SWJ are less than 5 degrees, while macrosquare wave jerks are greater than 5 degrees. Occasional SWJ, especially in the older population, may be normal, while the presence of macrosquare wave jerks always indicates pathology (MS, multiple system atrophy have been reported).
Descement’s membrane detachment diagnosis using a very high frequency ultrasound scanning system (Artemis 2, Ultralink LLC)
Authors: STRATOS A , KYMIONIS G , BOUZOUKIS D , KROKIDIS M , TSILIMBARIS M , PALLIKARIS IG 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To present a case report of Descement’s Membrane Detachment after cataract surgery diagnosed using a Very High Frequency ultrasound scanning system (Artemis 2, Ultralink LLC). Methods A 74‐ year‐old female was referred to our institute due to persistent corneal edema after cataract surgery. Slit lamp examination revealed severe total corneal edema (obscuring anterior chamber and iris). Using a very high frequency (VHF) ultrasound scanning system (Artemis 2, Ultralink LLC) Descement’s Membrane Detachment (DMD) was diagnosed. Results The patient was treated with anterior chamber air tamponade using a 27 gauge cannula attached to a syringe with a filter riled under topical anesthesia. Descement's membrane was successfully reattached and corneal edema resolved after two weeks. Conclusion This case report demonstrates that the VHF ultrasound scanning system (Artemis 2, Ultralink LLC) could be a useful instrument for the early recognition and possible management of DMD after cataract surgery, especially in patients in which diagnosis is difficult due to significant corneal clouding.
Electrophysiological assessment of optic neuropathies in neuro‐ophthalmological practice
Authors: HAWLINA M , BRECELJ J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Clinical challenge in diagnosis of optic neuropathies are atypical cases of either unknown visual loss or clinical cases in which the cause is identified, however, assessment of the visual function by psychophysical and morphological methods is not sufficiently accurate to assess the damage caused by lesion, or when functional follow‐up is needed to assess the course. Such cases include inflammatory, compressive, paraneoplastic, infiltrative, toxic/nutritive or atypical demyelinating optic neuropathies. Methods Electrophysiological methods will be interpreted with clinical history and presentation of clinical cases. Psychophysical methods and morphological presentation will be discussed in the context of why electrophysiology was needed either to clarify the diagnosis or to assess the functional status of the visual system. Results Electrophysiological methods were informative in either dissociating the retinal involvement from that of optic nerve and to asses the functional preservation of the visual pathway. It is of importance that mfERG and pattern ERG can add to the diagnosis on macular disfunction where visual evoked potentials alone would be diagnostic for optic neuropathy. Conclusion In neuroophthalmology, electrophysiological testing has its value especially in atypical cases and in situations where additional characterisation or functional assessment is needed. It is of importance to be able to dissociate functional characteristics of different components of visual pathway to assess the correct diagnosis and to asses whether the optic nerve may be endangered by progressive process, not readily discernible by other methods.
Wavefront analysis in unilateral herpetic keratitis
Authors: KASWIN G , DE MONCHY I , POGORZALEK N , GENDRON G , OFFRET H , LABETOULLE M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To assess optical aberrations using wavefront analysis in the affected eye of patients with unilateral herpetic keratitis with no apparent visual disturbance (visual acuity : 20/20), and to compare these results with those of the non‐affected eye Methods Corneal optical aberrations from 5 patients with unilateral herpetic keratitis and normal visual acuity (20/20 OU) have been assessed using dynamic skiascopy with OPD Scan II® (Nidek™). Both eyes in all patients were apparently normal using slit‐lamp examination, and wavefront analysis was performed in a quiescent period of the herpetic disease. The fellow eye was used as control. Data were retrospectively analyzed by a blinded examiner. Results Zernike’s polynoms and MTF curve analysis showed bilateral abnormalities in 4 patients, with no specific difference between the two eyes. In contrast, one patient had wavefront disturbances in the affected eye, whereas the non‐affected eye was normal. Conclusion Moderate herpetic keratitis may induce wavefront abnormalities in some patients despite a normal visual acuity and an apparently normal cornea. This could explain visual discomfort that is sometimes described in such patients. . Further studies are needed to unerstand waevfront aberrations induced by herpetic keratitis with normal examination.
Revisiting the value of assessing the mitotic rate of choroidal melanoma
Authors: COUPLAND SE , DAMATO B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To re‐evaluate mitotic rate (MR) as an indicator of malignancy grade in uveal melanoma (UM) and as a predictor for UM‐related mortality. Methods UM patients treated 1993‐2006 by local resection or enucleation were included. Data on largest basal diameter (LBD), ciliary body involvement, extraocular extension, cell type, closed loops, MR per 40/HPF, cytogenetics were collected. Mortality data were obtained from NHS Cancer Registry. Results 918 patients (520 M; 398 F) had median age of 64.6 yrs with a median follow‐up of 3.46 yrs (range 0.02‐13). The UM had mean diameter of 14.9 mm with ciliary body involvement in 43.0%, epithelioid cells in 63.3%, closed loops in 41.2%, extraocular spread in 11.3%. Cytogenetics in 337 patients showed disomy 3 and 8 in 27%, monosomy 3 in 10.7%, chromosome 8 gains in 24.0%, both these abnormalities in 38.3%. The median MR was 3(range 0‐61, SD 6). High MR correlated with ciliary body involvement (p = 0.001), epithelioid cells(p = 0.009), closed loops(p<0.0001), extraocular spread(p=0.027) & monosomy 3(p<0.0001;Mann‐Whitney). MR also correlated with LBD(p=0.0001; t‐test). Metastatic death occurred in 243 patients (26.7%). Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed MR >4/40 HPF to be associated with increased 10‐year metastatic mortality from 32.5 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 25.7‐39.3) to 65.5 (95% CI 55‐7‐75.4; log rank statistic 53.28, p<0.0001). Cox multivariate analysis showed MR to be an independent predictive factor for metastatic death (p<0.0001). MR was predictive of metastatic death also in patients without detectable monosomy 3 (Log rank statistic 10.38, p = 0.002). Conclusion MR correlates with other known risk factors for metastatic death and independently predicts mortality even when cytogenetics show disomy 3.
Immunohistochemical findings and proliferation markers in uveal melanomas after gamma‐knife radiosurgery
Authors: WACKERNAGEL W , MAYER CF , LACKNER EM , SCHNEIDER MR , LANGMANN G , UNGER F , KLEINERT R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose We describe immunohistochemical characteristics and tumor cell proliferation in 12 eyes with uveal melanoma enucleated after Gamma‐Knife radiosurgery (GKR) with different treatment doses. Methods Tumors were stained for the specific melanocytic markers S‐100, HMB‐45 and Melan A. The immunoreactive score (IRS, Remmele‐score) was calculated from percentage of positive cells and staining intensity. Proliferating cells were identified with PC‐10 and MIB‐1 staining and counted. All markers were evaluated at the tumor apex, center, base and margins. Results were compared between eyes enucleated for tumor recurrence or treatment related side effects. Influence of treatment dose and time to enucleation were analyzed. Results Only 1 of 12 melanomas stained positive for S‐100 (median IRS 0). HMB‐45 and Melan A were both positive in 11 of 12 cases (median IRS 9 and 10.5, respectively). Staining intensity was higher at the tumor apex, base and margins than in the tumor center, which frequently showed necrosis. PC‐10 and MIB‐1 showed proliferating cells in all melanomas, without relation to tumor recurrence (n=5), radiation dose (25‐50 Gy) or time between GKR and enucleation (1‐47 months). We found markedly more proliferating cells at the tumor margins. Conclusion Proliferating cells were found even in cases with clinically stable disease. The finding of cycling cells at the tumor margins and necrosis in the tumor center might reflect the inhomogenous dose distribution used for GKR, with the tumor center receiving almost twice the dose of the surface and margins. It might also be an indicator for an intrinsically higher proliferation rate at the margins of the melanoma.