bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overlap in soil water sources of savanna woody seedlings and grasses
Authors: Kambatuku Jack R. , Cramer Michael D. , Ward David 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTSeasonal availability of water is a key controlling factor in semi‐arid savanna vegetation structure, function and interactions. Understanding of woody plant interactions with grasses in savannas has long been underpinned by Walter's two‐layered niche differentiation hypothesis that postulates that grasses and trees source water from different depths. The Walter hypothesis persists in the literature, despite contrary evidence and a lack of quantitative empirical tests of the theory. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine the following: (1) whether tree seedlings and grasses obtain water from different depths on rocky and sandy soils; (2) whether interspecific competition affected tissue water content of clipped grasses; and (3) the influence of repeated grass clipping on soil moisture. Grass competition significantly reduced tree seedling rooting depth on both rocky and sandy substrates. Trees had significantly longer roots on rocky substrates than on sandy substrates for all combinations (trees only, trees with unclipped grasses and trees with clipped grasses). Results indicated a three‐tier soil moisture depletion pattern, with a top layer (15 cm) exclusively exploited by grasses, an intermediate zone (25–35 cm) utilised by both grass and tree seedling roots and deeper subsoil exclusively tapped by tree seedling roots. Our results are consistent with Walter's hypothesis, but we distinguished between three rather than two layers of tree and grass root interactions in acquiring soil moisture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fate and transport evaluation of potential leaching risks from cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Authors: Sinha Parikhit , Balas Robert , Krueger Lisa , Wade Andreas 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Fate and transport analysis has been performed to evaluate potential exposures to cadmium (Cd) from cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics (PV) for rainwater leaching from broken modules in a commercial building scenario. Leaching from broken modules is modeled using the worst-case scenario of total release of Cd, and residential screening levels are used to evaluate potential health impacts to on-site workers and off-site residents. A rooftop installation was considered rather than a ground-mount installation because rainwater runoff is concentrated via building downspouts in a rooftop installation rather than being dispersed across large areas in a ground-mount installation. Fate and transport of Cd from leachate to soil are modeled using equilibrium soil/soil-water partitioning. Subsequent migration to ambient air as windblown dust is evaluated with a screening Gaussian plume dispersion model, and migration to groundwater is evaluated with a dilution-attenuation factor approach. Exposure point concentrations in soil, air, and groundwater are one to six orders of magnitude below conservative (residential soil, residential air, drinking water) human health screening levels in both a California and southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg) exposure scenario. Potential exposures to Cd from rainwater leaching of broken modules in a commercial building scenario are highly unlikely to pose a potential health risk to on-site workers or off-site residents. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1670–1675. © 2012 SETAC
Partial life-cycle and acute toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids to freshwater mussels
Authors: Hazelton Peter D. , Cope W. Gregory , Pandolfo Tamara J. , Mosher Shad , Strynar Mark J. , Barnhart M. Christopher , Bringolf Robert B. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Freshwater mussels are among the most sensitive aquatic organisms to many contaminants and have complex life-cycles that include several distinct life stages with unique contaminant exposure pathways. Standard acute (24–96 h) and chronic (28 d) toxicity tests with free larva (glochidia) and juvenile mussels are effective at generating data on contaminant effects at two discrete life stages but do not incorporate effects on brooded glochidia. We developed a novel partial life-cycle assay that incorporates exposures to brooding adult female mussels and used this method in combination with acute toxicity tests to assess adverse effects of perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) on freshwater mussels. Fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) were exposed to PFOS at two life stages: brooding glochidia (in marsupia) for 36 d and free glochidia in water for 24 h. In standard acute tests with glochidia (24–48 h exposures) and juveniles (48–96 h exposures) of fatmucket and black sandshell (Ligumia recta), glochidia were 8 to 25 times more sensitive than juveniles. Perfluoroctanesulfonic acid significantly reduced the duration of glochidia viability and reduced probability of metamorphosis at concentrations 3,000 times lower than the most sensitive acute endpoint (24-h EC50). The partial life-cycle test is adaptable to a variety of endpoints and research objectives and is useful for identifying adverse effects at contaminant concentrations below those required for an acute lethal response. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1611–1620. © 2012 SETAC
Pyrethroids in Southern California coastal sediments
Authors: Lao Wenjian , Tiefenthaler Liesl , Greenstein Darrin J. , Maruya Keith A. , Bay Steven M. , Ritter Kerry , Schiff Kenneth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Little is known about pyrethroid fate and effects in estuarine and marine environments. In the present study, the extent and magnitude of pyrethroids in coastal embayments of the Southern California Bight (SCB), USA, were assessed. Using a stratified probabilistic design, 155 sediment samples were collected from four embayment habitats (estuaries, marinas, open bays, and ports) and analyzed for eight common-use pyrethroids. Total pyrethroid concentrations ranged from less than 0.5 to 230 µg/kg dry weight (area-weighted mean concentration = 5.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg) and were detected in 35% of the total SCB embayment area. Estuaries and marinas had the greatest areal extent of detectable concentrations (up to 65%) and the greatest area-weighted mean concentrations (22.1 ± 26.5 µg/kg). Sites with the greatest pyrethroid concentrations were located near sources of runoff from urban watersheds. Bifenthrin and cyfluthrin were detected in 32 and 15% of all samples, respectively, whereas the other six pyrethroids were detected in ≤5% of samples. Permethrin and bifenthrin had the highest concentrations at 132 and 65 µg/kg. Toxic units estimated for the marine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius ranged from 0 to 5.8, exceeding unity in 9 and 32% of the total and estuary habitat areas, respectively, and were not correlated with mortality, suggesting that other factors (e.g., co-occurring contaminants, reduced bioavailability) may affect the predictive capability using a single test species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1649–1656. © 2012 SETAC
Physiological sensitivity of freshwater macroinvertebrates to heavy metals
Authors: Malaj Egina , Grote Matthias , Schäfer Ralf B. , Brack Werner , von der Ohe Peter Carsten 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Macroinvertebrate species traits, such as physiological sensitivity, have successfully been introduced in trait-based bioassessment approaches and are important predictors of species sensitivity in the field. The authors ranked macroinvertebrate species according to their physiological sensitivity to heavy metals using toxicity data from acute laboratory assays. Rankings for each of the heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg, were standardized based on all available species data. Rankings for different heavy metals on the species level showed no significant difference between compounds and were reasonably well correlated pairwise (0.50 &lt; r &lt; 0.73). Thus, an aggregated heavy metal ranking was developed, which assigns a single physiological sensitivity value (Smetal) to macroinvertebrate taxa. Considering the high variation, especially for higher taxonomic levels, that is, in the order level, it is recommended to use S values of the genus or species level for meaningful analyses. In terms of taxonomic ranking, crustaceans were overall the most sensitive taxonomic group, whereas insects were generally the most tolerant group. Species in the order of Cladocera were three orders of magnitude more sensitive than insects of the order of Trichoptera. By contrast, mollusks covered a wide range of sensitivities, with bivalves being on average one order of magnitude more sensitive than gastropods. The authors concluded that physiological sensitivity represents a promising trait for trait-based risk assessment that together with other demographic and recolonization traits may help to identify the effects of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1754–1764. © 2012 SETAC
Retracted: Critical Human Factor Evaluation of Knowledge Sharing Intention in Taiwanese Enterprises
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Wu , Chang Min‐Li , Tseng Chun‐Pin , Chen Bo‐Chen , Chang Yevvon Yi‐Chi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractKnowledge management (KM) is important in the Taiwan business world. Only 0.1% of SMEs, however, have been guided by the Small and Medium Enterprise Administration (SMEA) to introduce knowledge management from 1993 through 2008. The population of KM‐implementing SMEs is low. The climate of knowledge sharing has been recognized as the critical factor to successful KM. According to the research results obtained in this study, relation‐based motivation is positively related to one's intention to share knowledge. Individual workers can have increased relation‐based motivation to become leaders of SMEs building the culture of interpersonal trust and offering group‐based reward mechanisms in an organization. This research can help business managers to identify the motivational elements that can encourage investment and propose pragmatic suggestions for introducing initiatives to reinvigorate the number of SMEs implementing KM in Taiwan. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of human activities on stream flow in the Biliu River basin, China
Authors: Zhang Chi , Shoemaker Christine A. , Woodbury Joshua D. , Cao Mingliang , Zhu Xueping 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe obvious decline in stream flow to the Biliu River reservoir over the period 1990–2005 has raised increasing concerns. Climate change and human activities, which mainly include land use changes, hydraulic constructions and artificial water consumption, are considered to be the most likely reasons for the decline in stream flow. This study centres on a detailed analysis of the runoff response to changes in human activities. Using a distributed hydrological model, (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), we simulated runoffs under different human activity and climate scenarios to understand how each scenario impacts stream flow. The results show that artificial water consumption correlates with the precipitation (wet, normal and dry) of the year in question and is responsible for most of the decrease in runoff during each period and for each different wetness year. A Fuzzy Inference Model is also used to find the relationship between the precipitation and artificial water consumption for different years, as well as to make inferences regarding the future average impact on runoff. Land use changes in the past have increased the runoff by only a small amount, while another middle reservoir (Yunshi) has been responsible for a decrease in runoff since operation began in 2001. We generalized the characteristics of the human activities to predict future runoff using climate change scenarios. The future annual flow will increase by approximately 10% from 2011 to 2030 under normal human activities and future climate change scenarios, as indicated by climate scenarios with a particularly wet year in the next 20 years. This study could serve as a framework to analyse and predict the potential impacts of changes both in the climate and human activities on runoff, which can be used to inform the decision making on the river basin planning and management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of temporal characteristics of terrestrial water storage changes and its comparison to terrestrial mass changes
Authors: Nakaegawa Tosiyuki , Yamamoto Keiko , Tanaka Taichu Y. , Hasegawa Takashi , Fukuda Yoichi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the dominant component of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and its contribution ratio at both seasonal and interannual time‐scales on a global‐scale, using a land‐surface hydrological model, and estimates the climatological mean mass changes. The largest annual range of the four components of TWS, namely soil moisture, snowpack, river channel water storage, and shallow groundwater storage, and the range ratio of the largest annual range among the four components to that of TWS at both seasonal and interannual time‐scales on a global‐scale are investigated using the land‐surface hydrological model. Although soil moisture covers most areas as the largest annual range at the monthly time‐scale, the three other components show unique geographical distributions. At the interannual time‐scale, geographical distribution is basically similar to that of the monthly time‐scale except for the replacement of snowpack to soil moisture in high latitudinal regions. These results provide qualitative information about which component is important for a certain region. In addition, mass changes, namely mineral dust and sediment transports as natural phenomena, crude oil, coal, and natural gas, iron, and bauxite mining as anthropogenic phenomena, are estimated. Comparison of the mass changes with the TWS variability show that it takes a long time for the mass changes to become equivalent to the interannual variability of TWS in magnitude in most regions or fields. Detectability of the mass changes by a satellite gravity mission is examined and the mass decreases due to mineral dust and sediment transports and mining are detectable in regions with large signals within 20 years under ideal conditions. These results provide basic but new information about hydrological features of TWS and mass changes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological and physiological markers of tactile sensorial processing in healthy newborns
Authors: Góis‐Eanes Maria , Gonçalves Óscar F. , Caldeira‐da‐Silva Pedro , Sampaio Adriana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe main objective of this review is to provide a descriptive analysis of the biological and physiological markers of tactile sensorial processing in healthy, full‐term newborns. Research articles were selected according to the following study design criteria: (a) tactile stimulation for touch sense as an independent variable; (b) having at least one biological or physiological variable as a dependent variable; and (c) the group of participants were characterized as full‐term and healthy newborns; a mixed group of full‐term newborns and preterm newborns; or premature newborns with appropriate‐weight‐for‐gestational age and without clinical differences or considered to have a normal, healthy somatosensory system. Studies were then grouped according to the dependent variable type, and only those that met the aforementioned three major criteria were described. Cortisol level, growth measures, and urinary catecholamine, serotonin, and melatonin levels were reported as biological‐marker candidates for tactile sensorial processing. Heart rate, body temperature, skin‐conductance activity, and vagal reactivity were described as neurovegetative‐marker candidates. Somatosensory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked magnetic fields, and functional neuroimaging data also were included.
TIME‐VARYING DYNAMICS OF THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Mumtaz Haroon , Sunder‐Plassmann Laura 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYWe use a time‐varying structural vector autoregression to investigate evolving dynamics of the real exchange rate for the UK, euro area and Canada. We show that demand and nominal shocks have a substantially larger impact on the real exchange rate after the mid 1980s. Real exchange rate volatility, relative to fundamentals, also shows a marked increase after this point in time. However, there is some evidence suggesting a closer business cycle co‐movement of the real exchange rate and fundamentals. Simulations from an open‐economy DSGE model show that these results are consistent with a decline in exchange rate pass‐through. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow and deformation behavior at the microscale of soils from several long‐term potassium fertilization trials in Germany
Authors: Holthusen Dörthe , Peth Stephan , Horn Rainer , Kühn Thomas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of K fertilization on microstructural soil stability is rarely analyzed until now although the ambiguous impact on bulk soil structure was reported quite often, e.g., with regard to higher erodibility on the one hand and higher water storage on the other. Soil material from different long‐term fertilization trials in Germany was examined rheologically by means of an amplitude sweep test where the samples were subjected to oscillating shearing with increasing deflection. The resulting shear stress was recorded, and the maximum stress denoted the maximum shear strength of the sample. Results showed an ambiguous influence of K which depends strongly on the soil properties. On the one hand, an increased ion concentration in the soil solution leads to increasing attractive forces as defined by the DLVO theory and therefore higher shear resistance. With increasing desiccation, K+ like other salts can precipitate at the contact areas between particles and lead to cementation. On the other hand, K+ as a monovalent ion impedes covalent and ionic bonding between clay minerals which holds true for most of the examined soil types while only sandy soils showed an increase in soil strength due to K fertilization. Potassium depletion further resulted in increased interaction of fertilization with other impact factors, e.g., climate and soil properties. Thus, the destabilizing effect of K+ was more pronounced under liming as without liming. Subsequent modeling with selected soil parameters confirmed the high influence of matric potential. The modeling also revealed the interactions with other soil parameters, e.g., pH, oxides, texture, exchangeable cations as well as lack or surplus of K in relation to recommended K content. In conclusion, microstructural stability of soil depends on several soil parameters and requires the inclusion of many chemical and physical soil properties.
Phosphorus fractions and profile distribution in newly formed wetland soils along a salinity gradient in the Yellow River Delta in China
Authors: Xu Gang , Shao Hong‐Bo , Sun Jun‐Na , Chang Scott X. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSoil P availability has been identified as one of the key factors controlling wetland productivity, structure, and function. Soil P fractions at different depths in newly formed wetlands along a salinity gradient in Yellow River Delta (China) were studied using a modified Hedley fraction method. The total P (Pt) content ranged from 471.1 to 694.9 mg kg–1, and diluted HCl‐extractable inorganic P (Dil‐HCl‐Pi) ranged from 324 to 524.2 mg kg–1. The Dil‐HCl‐Pi is the predominant P form in all profiles, with on average 70% of the Pt extracted as Pi. Organic P (Po) comprised (4.2 ± 2.0)% (mean ± SD) of the Pt, due to low organic‐matter content in coastal salt marsh ecosystems. The labile P (resin‐P, NaHCO3‐Pi, and NaHCO3‐Po) and moderately labile P (NaOH‐Pi and NaOH‐Po) concentrations were both low, ranged from 11.6 to 38.1 and 2.8 to 21.3 mg kg–1, respectively, constituting (3.7 ± 1.1)% and (2.0 ± 0.7)%, respectively, of Pt, suggesting low availability of P to plants in these soils. Our results suggested that vegetation cover significantly influenced soil P dynamics and availability. In particular, the labile P content under Tamarix chinensis increased significantly by 23.2%–145.5% compared with adjacent soils. These findings have important implications for wetland conservation or restoration and long‐term sustainable management of newly formed wetland ecosystems in the Yellow River Delta.
The flavonoid paradox: conjugation and deconjugation as key steps for the biological activity of flavonoids
Authors: Perez‐Vizcaino Francisco , Duarte Juan , Santos‐Buelga Celestino 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFlavonoids have been proposed to exert beneficial effects in the prevention of a large number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Paradoxically, despite the most representative flavonoid—quercetin—exerting biologically demonstrable systemic effects, it is not found in plasma after oral administration and its circulating metabolites show weak activity in vitro. The current available evidence indicates that quercetin is extensively metabolized into methylated and glucurono‐ and sulfo‐conjugated metabolites, which are the plasma circulating forms; and glucurono‐, but not sulfo‐conjugates, can be hydrolyzed at the vascular level, yielding the parent aglycone which accumulates in tissues. Thus conjugation is a reversible process and, at least regarding the vasodilator and antihypertensive effects, the conjugation‐deconjugation cycle appears to be an absolute requirement. Glucuronidated derivatives transport quercetin and its methylated form, and deliver to the tissues the free aglycone, which is the final effector. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
How Mental Simulations of the Future and Message‐Induced Expectations Influence Purchasing Goals
Authors: Handley Ian M. , Goss R. Justin 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn the reported experiment, participants considered future fantasies about owning an electronics product, negative realities that impeded the realization of that fantasy (e.g., insufficient money), or simultaneously considered both. Consistent with Fantasy Realization Theory (Oettingen, 1996), only participants who simultaneously considered fantasies and reality formed stronger (weaker) goals to purchase their fantasy product if they read an advertisement for an electronics store leading them to expect that doing so was feasible (unfeasible). Purchasing goals were not influenced by expectations in the other conditions. The theoretical and practical contributions of these findings as well as future directions for research are discussed.
Non‐Spherical Soft Supraparticles from Microgel Building Blocks
Authors: Seiffert Sebastian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMicrogel particles can be fabricated with great control by droplet‐based microfluidics; however, to this end, their shape is intrinsically limited to be spherical. Existing approaches to circumvent this limitation rely on the rapid interception of transient non‐spherical preparticle shapes, greatly limiting their versatility. This paper presents a facile microfluidic approach that overcomes this limitation. The method utilizes the injection of scaffolding microgel particles into droplets that have insufficient volumes to host the microgels in a spherical shell. As a result, the drops adopt non‐spherical equilibrium shapes that serve to template non‐spherical soft supraparticles by slow and gentle chemical reactions.