bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Autophagy in Macrophages
Authors: Harris James , Hanrahan Orla , De Haro Sergio A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMacroautophagy is a conserved intracellular homeostatic mechanism for the degradation of cytosolic constituents. Autophagy can promote cell survival by providing essential amino acids from the breakdown of macromolecules during periods of nutrient deprivation, and can remove damaged or excess organelles, such as mitochondria and peroxisomes. More recently, autophagy has been shown to play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogenic bacteria in macrophages and dendritic cells. This unit presents protocols for the measurement of autophagy in macrophages. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 87:14.14.1‐14.14.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Uniform Hölder Bounds for Nonlinear Schrödinger Systems with Strong Competition
Authors: Noris Benedetta , Terracini Susanna , Tavares Hugo , Verzini Gianmaria 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor the positive solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii system

we prove that L∞‐boundedness implies C0,α‐boundedness for every α ϵ (0,1), uniformly as β → +∞. Moreover, we prove that the limiting profile as β → +∞ is Lipschitz‐continuous. The proof relies upon the blowup technique and the monotonicity formulae by Almgren and Alt, Caffarelli, and Friedman. This system arises in the Hartree‐Fock approximation theory for binary mixtures of Bose–Einstein condensates in different hyperfine states. Extensions to systems with k > 2 densities are given. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of poor assembly ergonomics on product quality: A cost–benefit analysis in car manufacturing
Authors: Falck Ann‐Christine , Örtengren Roland , Högberg Dan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe study aimed at analyzing the relationship between assembly ergonomics, assemblability (“ease of assembly”), and product quality and at quantifying these relationships in economic terms. This was in order to better to support the development of more ergonomic product and assembly solutions, particularly at early stages of the car development process. The assembly of 24,443 cars was studied for 8 weeks in an assembly plant and for another 16 weeks as factory‐complete vehicles. The results show increased risks for quality errors of 3.0 and 3.7 times and total action costs that were 8.7 times and 8.2 times higher for high and medium physical load assemblies compared to low physical load assemblies for 55 tasks assessed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variations in the foliar δ13C and C3/C4 species richness in the Japanese flora of Poaceae among climates and habitat types under human activity
Authors: Hanba Yuko T. , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Enomoto Takashi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor 383 Poaceae species harvested over the Japanese islands and stored as herbarium specimens along several decades, we determined C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis from leaf stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C). Then, we sought the relationships between C4 species richness and climatic factors or habitat types. Except for the two Panicum species (P. lanuginosum and P. scoparium) having the possibility of C3–C4 intermediate, 227 and 154 species were classified into C3 and C4. The C4 species richness increased from northern to southern islands in Japan, positively correlated with mean annual air temperature. Greater C4 species richness in the seashore habitats, and smaller C4 species richness in the shaded, wet and highland habitats would be related to the photosynthetic responses to local environmental factors such as irradiance level and temperature regime. No difference of leaf δ‐value of C3 Poaceae was obtained between the habitats with different soil water availability, suggesting the less importance of soil water availability on leaf water‐use efficiency in C3 Poaceae species in Japan having humid climate. Additionally, possible effects of human activity around the harvested time or site on leaf δ‐value were estimated, because the habitat includes the sites with high human activity. Leaf δ‐value was decreased with sampling year, and it was higher in the densely inhabited district for both C3 and C4. They are probably due to a historical decrease in the atmospheric δ‐value via increasing human activity, and high gas emission at the districts of high human density.
What makes the satellite‐based EVI–GPP relationship unclear in a deciduous broad‐leaved forest?
Authors: Nagai Shin , Saigusa Nobuko , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that gross primary production (GPP) of terrestrial vegetation can be estimated directly with the satellite‐based Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). However, the reported EVI–GPP relationships showed wide variability, with the regression functions showing widely scattered data. In the present study, we examined the possible reasons for this variability in the EVI–GPP relationship using daily EVI values from satellite and field measurements and daily flux‐based GPP in a cool‐temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest in Japan. The variability appears to be caused by noise due to cloud contamination in the satellite data as well as the different seasonality of EVI and GPP, especially during the leaf‐expansion period. Our findings indicate that improvement of cloud screening and consideration of the leaf‐expansion period are critical when applying the EVI–GPP relationship.
Influence of Cobalt Doping on the Physical Properties of Zn0.9Cd0.1S Nanoparticles
Authors: Singhal Sonal , Chawla Amit Kumar , Gupta Hari Om , Chandra Ramesh 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Zn0.9Cd0.1S nanoparticles doped with 0.005–0.24 M cobalt have been prepared by co-precipitation technique in ice bath at 280 K. For the cobalt concentration >0.18 M, XRD pattern shows unidentified phases along with Zn0.9Cd0.1S sphalerite phase. For low cobalt concentration (≤0.05 M) particle size, d
XRDis ~3.5 nm, while for high cobalt concentration (>0.05 M) particle size decreases abruptly (~2 nm) as detected by XRD. However, TEM analysis shows the similar particle size (~3.5 nm) irrespective of the cobalt concentration. Local strain in the alloyed nanoparticles with cobalt concentration of 0.18 M increases ~46% in comparison to that of 0.05 M. Direct to indirect energy band-gap transition is obtained when cobalt concentration goes beyond 0.05 M. A red shift in energy band gap is also observed for both the cases. Nanoparticles with low cobalt concentrations were found to have paramagnetic nature with no antiferromagnetic coupling. A negative Curie–Weiss temperature of −75 K with antiferromagnetic coupling was obtained for the high cobalt concentration.
Poor pregnancy outcome following assisted reproductive technology among women operated on for bilateral endometriomas
Authors: Yamamoto Setsuko , Umeki Michiko , Maeda Tomoko , Yamaguchi Mina , Hamano Teruhiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurposeTo determine the first line of infertility treatment for managing patients with unilateral or bilateral ovarian endometriomas.MethodsWe evaluated pregnancy outcome in patients who had received ovarian surgery for unilateral (Group U, n = 47) or bilateral endometriomas (Group B, n = 38) and aspiration with or without alcohol fixation for unilateral (Group u, n = 37) or bilateral endometriomas (Group b, n = 22). Subsequently, 64 of these women, excluding 29 dropouts, underwent assisted reproductive technology. We compared the clinical pregnancy rates of the four groups.ResultsThe cumulative pregnancy rate after operation of Group B (18%) was significantly lower than that of a cyst‐free control group (n = 143; 44%) and Group U (43%). Group B had fewer oocytes fertilized during ART than did Group b (P < 0.005) and fewer blastocysts available for transfer (P < 0.005). The cumulative pregnancy rate of Group B was also lower than in Group b (P = 0.052).ConclusionsPregnancy outcomes of Group B were not better than for Group b. Therefore, encouraging such women to move directly to ART might help avoid ovarian damage and improve their ability to achieve a pregnancy.
Shock focusing in a planar convergent geometry: experiment and simulation
Authors: BOND C. , HILL D. J. , MEIRON D. I. , DIMOTAKIS P. E. 
Published: November 2009

The behaviour of an initially planar shock wave propagating into a linearly convergent wedge is investigated experimentally and numerically. In the experiment, a 25° internal wedge is mounted asymmetrically in a pressure-driven shock tube. Shock waves with incident Mach numbers in the ranges of 1.4–1.6 and 2.4–2.6 are generated in nitrogen and carbon dioxide. During each run, the full pressure history is recorded at fourteen locations along the wedge faces and schlieren images are produced. Numerical simulations performed based on the compressible Euler equations are validated against the experiment. The simulations are then used as an additional tool in the investigation.The linearly convergent geometry strengthens the incoming shock repeatedly, as waves reflected from the wedge faces cross the interior of the wedge. This investigation shows that aspects of this structure persist through multiple reflections and influence the nature of the shock-wave focusing. The shock focusing resulting from the distributed reflected waves of the Mach 1.5 case is distinctly different from the stepwise focusing at the higher incoming shock Mach number. Further experiments using CO2 instead of N2 elucidate some relevant real-gas effects and suggest that the presence or absence of a weak leading shock on the distributed reflections is not a controlling factor for focusing.
Focus identification in child Mandarin
Authors: ZHOU PENG , CRAIN STEPHEN 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated how Mandarin-speaking children and adults interpret focus structures likeZhiyou Yuehan chi-le pingguo‘Only John ate an apple’ andShi Yuehan chi-de pingguo‘It is John who ate an apple’. We found that children tended to associate focus operatorszhiyou‘only’ andshi‘be’ with the verb phrase (VP), whereas adults uniquely associated them with the subject noun phrase (NP). To account for this difference, we propose that children initially treat focus operators as adverbials, thus ending up associating them with the VP. In order to assess our proposal, we examined children's understanding ofzhiyou-constructions with negation, likeZhiyou Yuehan meiyou chi pingguo‘Only John didn't eat an apple’. It was found that children, like adults, consistently associated the focus operator with the subject NP in this construction. The findings have an important bearing on language learnability, since negation assists children in reaching the adult-like interpretation.
Developmental processes.
Authors: Heuvelink E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The following stages of tomato plant development are considered: germination, leaf appearance and leaf growth, stem development, root development, flowering (in particular, the factors affecting the number of leaves preceding the first inflorescence, a hypothesis on tomato flowering, and the appearance rate of new trusses), flower development, pollination, fruit set, and fruit development (with reference to the relationship between fruit development and fruit growth).
Plant water relations and irrigation.
Authors: Menzel C. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longans covers the following: soil and plant water relations; irrigation requirements; tree water use; irrigation in China, Vietnam and India; soil water uptake; relationship between gas exchange and tree water status; models of leaf gas exchange; relationship between growth and weather; effects of drought on the growth of young trees, flowering in potted plants and orchard trees, and fruit growth and quality; irrigation management; irrigation systems; and monitoring of tree water use.
Pests.
Authors: Waite G. K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on pests (Conopomorpha spp. as fruit borers, leaf feeders under Lepidoptera, bugs, soft scales, armoured scales, branch borers, weevils, Scarabidae beetles, leaf-feeding beetles, mites, longan erinose mite, longan gall mite, gall midges, fruit flies, bark borers, mealybugs and thrips) infesting litchi (Litchi chinensis) and/or longan provides information on the extent of damage on crops and control strategies (including biological, cultural, chemical and integrated control, and use of pheromone traps). Tabulated data on the geographical distribution of the arthropod pests of longan and litchi are presented.
Measuring uncertainty with subjective probabilities.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter explains the concept of subjective probabilities (which are used to measure uncertainty) and describes methods of eliciting and describing probability distributions in the context of agriculture. The final section outlines methods for updating or revising probabilities in the light of new information that becomes available, for instance as a result of collecting more data, obtaining a forecast, or conducting an experiment about uncertain variables.
Integrating beliefs and preferences for decision analysis.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter returns to an example relating to insurance against losses from foot-and-mouth disease to show how probabilities and utilities are integrated into risk analysis. It explains the use of decision trees and the payoff table approach, and how to incorporate new information in the analysis.
Risk and mathematical programming models.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter first offers an introduction to mathematical programming and then presents a basic example illustrating the bare essentials of a non-linear MP model for a dairy farmer's insurance problem. Subsequent sections discuss: mathematical programming approaches to whole-farm system planning under risk; risk programming; and stochastic programming.
Risk considerations in agricultural policy making.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter deals first with government interventions that have farm-level risk implications, and then addresses issues in developing policies to manage difficult risks such as market failure as well as the management of some emerging risks, such as extreme weather, food safety, epidemic pests animal diseases, and environmental risks.
Epithelial structure and function in the hen lower intestine.
Authors: Laverty G. , Elbrønd V. S. , Árnason S.S. , Skadhauge E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In birds, transport processes in the lower intestine mediate absorption of ions, water and a variety of organic substrates, including significant amounts of glucose, amino acids derived from protein associated with urate spheres, and short-chain fatty acids derived from fermentation processes. These transport pathways contribute to both osmoregulation and energy homeostasis. Although birds lack a urinary bladder, evidence has shown that ureteral urine, entering the distal lower intestine, is forced into the colon, caecae and even distal portions of the small intestine. Further, substrates also enter the lower intestine from the small intestine. Thus, the lower intestine serves as an 'integrating segment' for mixing and modification of both urinary and intestinal inputs. Of particular interest is that much of the transport activity of the lower intestine is regulated by the hormone aldosterone, which in turn varies inversely with dietary salt content. Numerous studies have shown that following acclimation to low-salt diets, sodium-linked organic substrate co-transporters are largely suppressed, while electrogenic sodium channels (ENaCs) are induced. These changes can be manipulated, at least in part, by resalination of low-salt hens, or by aldosterone administration to high-salt-acclimated birds. In the coprodeum, the changes in transport are paralleled by extensive remodelling of the mucosal surface, with low-salt acclimation increasing cell numbers, microvillus density and length and the proportion of 'mitochondrial-rich' (MR) cells. The latter may be the sites of proton secretion in the lower intestine. A cAMP-activated chloride secretion pathway is also present in both colon and coprodeum, and may be mediated by a CFTR-like Cl- channel. There are still a number of unresolved issues, including whether other hormones contribute to the regulation of transport activity.
Micronutrient supply: influence on gut health and immunity.
Authors: Klasing K. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The intestine is sensitive to the deficiency or excess of several vitamins and minerals. A deficiency of vitamin A interferes with the development and differentiation events necessary for maintaining intestinal architecture. A deficiency of vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, thiamin, niacin, or riboflavin interferes with cellular proliferation and diminishes the size of the villi. However, the gut is not the most sensitive indicator of a deficiency. Some nutrients, including long-chain fatty acids, carotenoids and vitamins A, D and E, modulate regulatory pathways of systems involved in intestinal homeostasis and health, including the immune system. By shifting the balance of regulatory processes, the dietary levels of these nutrients change gut health, sometimes for the good and sometimes to the detriment of the bird, depending on the pathogen milieu. Enteric infections markedly diminish the absorption of many micronutrients, especially the fat-soluble vitamins. The decrease in absorption may be related to: (i) decreased intestinal integrity and function due to pathology inflicted by the pathogen; (ii) increased rate of passage of digesta through the intestines; or (iii) as an integral part of the inflammatory response to the pathogens. Thus, micronutrient nutrition can affect gut health, but gut health can also affect micronutrient nutrition.
Breeder management: how did we get here?
Authors: Laughlin K. F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Broiler breeders are managed to maximize the output of day-old chicks. This involves control of body weight, feed intake and day length during both the rearing and production periods. The relative importance of these factors has changed over time and with the commercial production strategies of different countries. Several novel concepts of managing broiler breeders have been developed in scientific studies. However, examination of the breeder management advice from commercial breeding companies shows that the precise methods have then evolved in practical use within the production industry. Some ideas, such as dwarf breeders, caged housing and artificial insemination, have not gained industry acceptance to the extent which was originally assumed. Genetic improvements in breeder performance have been steady and consistent since the late 1970s but there remains a significant variation about the average performance, which is an indication of the 'environmental' effect. Reducing this variation represents an opportunity for further improvement in flock performance.
Developments in quantitative genetics and genomics relevant for poultry breeding.
Authors: Bijma P. , Bovenhuis H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Developments in genetics and genomics relevant for poultry breeding are reviewed, focusing on the use of molecular information in breeding programmes and the potential for improving traits affected by social interactions among individuals. QTL mapping studies have resulted in almost 700 QTL for a wide variety of traits, showing that they have been successful. However, few applications of marker-assisted selection in commercial poultry breeding exist, mainly because evidence for the QTL is often not conclusive and confidence intervals for QTL locations are large, making utilization in practice difficult. Moreover, moving from QTL to causal mutation has been successful only in a few cases. Thus, neither MAS nor selection for known genes will greatly increase responses to selection in the near future. Genome-wide selection (GWS), however, may offer a solution. Basically GWS is a method to estimate breeding values. Simulation studies suggest that accuracies of EBVs in the range of 0.7-0.8 are feasible. Tests of GWS on real data are currently ongoing, and initial results are promising. The second section of this chapter shows that social interactions create considerable heritable variance that is hidden in classical analyses. Results show that social effects contribute more than half of the heritable variance in mortality due to cannibalism in laying hens, and in growth rate and feed intake in growing pigs. We present statistical models and breeding strategies to utilize this extra heritable variation for genetic improvement. Though social genetic effects may not always be important or may be difficult to use in some cases, the promising results observed in laying hens and pigs should be sufficient incentive for further research in this area.
Vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.
Authors: Kidd M. T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Breeder hen micronutrient levels must be provided in adequate amounts, as a deficiency in virtually any mineral or vitamin can impair embryonic development and hatchability. As breeder hen experiments are time-consuming and costly, most micronutrients are formulated into premixes with wide safety margins. However, are nutrient levels for hen productivity also adequate for chick health and growth (i.e. chick quality)? Chick quality is an accepted viability index, but its assessment entails numerous measurements that often vary. Increasing some vitamin, mineral and micronutrient levels in hen diets will increase progeny tissue levels of these nutrients, but do these increased maternal transfer levels result in realized benefits? This depends on the nutrient, its source, level and the degree of embryo and chick stress (e.g. physiological, immunological and environmental stressors). Investigations on hen diet fat-soluble vitamins and trace elements have shown some consistent beneficial effects on progeny performance. Both the fat-soluble vitamins D and E result in carry-over effects that improve chick health, growth and bone quality. It may be that the chick's preferential absorption of glucose over fatty acids limits early fat-soluble vitamin absorption, resulting in the hen's nutrition as the primary source of these vitamins for the young chick. The trace elements zinc, manganese and selenium have a myriad of metabolic needs and have been shown to improve chick quality, especially that of chick health.
Botany and taxonomy.
Authors: Bassi D. , Monet R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the origin and dissemination of peach, taxonomy of cultivated peach and wild relatives, and peach morphology (tree, leaf, flower, fruit, endocarp and seed), fruit development, fruit appearance and composition, biology and phenology, floral biology and fruit set, chilling and heat requirements, phenological phases, time of flowering, time of ripening (fruit development period), and cultivar classification.
Diseases caused by prokaryotes - bacteria and phytoplasmas.
Authors: Ritchie D. F. , Barba M. , Pagani M. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the epidemiology, symptoms and management (mainly through chemical and cultural methods, and host resistance) of the following diseases of peach induced by bacteria (bacterial canker complex caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. syringae pv. persicae, bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and phony peach disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa) and phytoplasmas ['Candidatus Phytoplasma'] (peach X-disease, peach yellows, peach rosette, peach yellow leaf roll, and European stone fruit yellows).