bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Alien Structure
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends the claim that there are alien languages and that alien metaphysical structure is possible, and responds to some arguments to the contrary. Part of the discussion is focused on specific purported examples of alien languages, where one kind of example is of what is dubbed a flat language where all subsentential expressions are of the same type. One argument against alien languages that is considered is centered on the idea that all entities can be referred to or at least quantified over. Another argument is centered on the idea that all languages must employ predication. The chapter also discusses whether the kinds of considerations that Donald Davidson has presented regarding the possibility of alternative conceptual schemes speak against the possibility of alien languages.
Alien Metaphysics
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about metaphysics and metametaphysics. It discusses some different ways of conceiving of the possibility of alien structure. The question of whether structure of the reality is familiar or alien need not be an either/or issue: the familiar and the alien can coexist, in various ways. The nature of ontology and ontological commitment is discussed. Specifically, is the very idea of ontology somehow tied to how reality is represented by relatively familiar languages? The chapter also discusses how the possibility of alien structure affects various contemporary ontological debates. It discusses how it affects how we should think of plenitudinous views in ontology. It discusses how it relates to the idea that ontological debates are verbal. It discusses how it relates to the doctrine of quantifier variance.
Sentences and Truth
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Up until this point the focus has been on how languages can differ at the subsentential level and corresponding issues on the metaphysics side. The main questions discussed in this chapter are: Are there alien languages that do not employ sentences? Are there alien languages in the business of describing the world but such that their sentences are not properly assessed in terms of truth or falsity but in terms of something else? The focus lies on difficulties in making sense of talk of alternatives to sentences and alternatives to truth, and how to deal with those difficulties. Along the way, the chapter discusses philosophical views emphasizing the primacy of sentences over subsentential expressions, associated with Frege and Quine, and their potential implications for debates over the alien.
And Beyond
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This is a brief concluding chapter, summarizing main lessons and pointing the way to future research. What specific problems might be such that appeal to alien structure might help resolve those problems? Might further empirical research into what natural languages there are be fruitful? In this book I have focused on descriptive, fact-stating language. But what broadly alien kinds of non-descriptive, broadly expressivist languages can there be, and might some such languages along some relevant dimension be better than familiar languages?
Voyagers in deep time
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of plate tectonics, which helps explain why there is consistency in tectonic action across a wide region. Plate tectonics brings context and consistency to volcanic activities, active fault systems, and mountain building. We learn about the different styles of fault displacement: normal extensional, reverse thrust fault and horizontal strike-slip. When a strike slip fault displacement jumps to a parallel fault a coffin-shaped pull-apart basin forms and fills with sediment. Two pull apart basins along the Sticklepath Fault through Devon reveal that the fault underwent several kilometres of displacement over the past few tens of millions of years, through the eras of the Cenozoic,
The big tilt
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the 17th century Robert Hooke, in charge of experiments at the newly founded Royal Society, lectured on how earthquakes lithified and raised fossils out of the sea. Hooke was born at the western tip of the Isle of Wight above the best exposed Cenozoic tectonics in Britain, where at Alum Bay the whole Paleogene geological sequence is tilted almost vertical, with the layers exposed in the cliffs. At the beginning of the 19th century the geologist William Smith sought to explain the consistent tilt across much of England whereby the geological strata dip down to the east, which we now understand is a consequence of the domal uplift of Britain and Ireland at the beginning of the Cenozoic, with its centre in the Irish Sea. Before this time almost all the region, lay underwater beneath a warm Cretaceous sea. The geological exposure provided the opportunity for the British geologist Murchison to classify and name three of the geological periods: the Permian, the Devonian and the Silurian. We also consider the complex process of geological radio-isotope age-dating.
The starter ocean
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the structure and composition of the ocean floor and how the Paleocene volcanic activity in the Hebrides reflects the attempt to open up a new spreading ridge ‘oceanic’ plate boundary. A series of concentrated igneous dyke swarms at Skye, Mull, Arran and in Antrim together acted as a southwesterly plate boundary diversion to the pre-existing NE-SW band of strike-slip faulting that existed before 60 million years ago, separating Greenland from the continental margin of northwest Europe. The combination of volcanic magma chambers, dyke swarms and lava-fields means that the crust of Skye can be said to have become one third oceanic. These separate spreading ridges, each with 2-3 km of dilation are linked by strike-slip ‘transform faults’ :a fault style first identified by Canadian geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson in the 1960s. Magma in the igneous dykes propagated sideways from magma chambers beneath central volcanoes, as observed in several eruptions on Iceland over the past forty years. Once the magma in the dyke broke through to the surface the dyke would not grow any longer. While standard dykes are 30-50km long and a metre wide, for a period the volcanoes produced giant dykes, that could be ten times as long and ten times or more wide, propagated to the southeast across north Wales and northern England and far across the southern North Sea. These giant dykes, sourced principally from the Mull and Slieve Gullion volcanoes reflect an attempt to create a new plate boundary cutting Britain in two, but only succeeded in splitting the crust by about 200 metres. It took many tens of cubic kilometres of magma to fill a giant dyke, requiring an enormous magma chamber, far larger than any identified in recent eruptions worldwide.
The Encouragement of Spiritual Friends
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Through a rich variety of spiritual friendship, enacted within intra-generational relationships, women used letters, diaries, and other life writings to learn religious belief and life together. Taking a broad view of friendship, this chapter notes the porous relational boundaries between friends and siblings and observes the possibilities for spiritual friendship between women as well as between women and men. It focuses on the mutuality of such relationships and considers literary interactions as conversations, a term that highlights the personal and interactive nature of such encounters. Friends often turned to each other in distressing circumstances, when various cultural voices urged their resignation to illness or death. More than a cultural trope, resignation was a religious directive, and is here analysed as a subject of conversation between spiritual friends of various denominational commitments. When analysed as acts of spiritual friendship, women’s literary interactions illuminate one of the hidden ways in which women constituted religious communities, for these informal literary encounters helped women not only to think through religious ideas and personal faith commitments, but to articulate what they believed, and so guide friends’ responses to suffering within religious communities.
Life Writing as Spiritual Legacy
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Preserved and cherished as spiritual legacy, women’s life writings continued to be read after the death of their authors, thus forming community memory and continuing to shape religious identity. Building on the work of scholars who have highlighted the ways in which an historiographical emphasis on print culture has obscured women’s influence in eighteenth-century intellectual and literary worlds, this chapter considers the afterlives of women’s spiritual life writings and illuminates women’s ongoing, posthumous authority in varied religious contexts. This authority was perpetuated through future generations of women who were active more frequently than men as the keepers of manuscripts and, with them, spiritual meaning.
The Essence of Restitution
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter first explains what the Law of Restitution is about: it is the law of gain-based remedies. It discusses the nature of restitutionary remedies, which may be categorized as personal or proprietary, and explains their characteristics. It then discusses when restitutionary remedies are awarded, including to reverse unjust enrichment, to deprive benefits from a wrongdoer, and to vindicate property rights. It explains the justification for recognizing an independent Law of Restitution. It sets out the principal types of restitutionary remedy: money had and received, money paid to the use of the defendant, reasonable value of property and services, account of profits, restitutionary damages, recognition of a beneficial interest, equitable charge, subrogation, rectification, rescission, and interest.
Necessity
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In English law, the ambit and rationale of necessity within the Law of Restitution is a matter of some uncertainty. This chapter considers whether the principle of necessity has any significance in underpinning the recognition of particular grounds of restitution within the Law of Unjust Enrichment. The relevance of the principle of voluntariness is analysed, along with the reasons for its underdeveloped nature. The doctrines of necessitous intervention by a stranger and agency of necessity are considered. Necessity in the context of marine adventures is also examined, with a consideration of the issues of salvage and general average.
Restitutionary Claims and Remedies to Vindicate Property Rights
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between claims to vindicate property rights where the claim is proprietary and where the claim is personal. Proprietary remedies at Law are very limited. Personal claims to vindicate property rights at Law are ones of strict liability. Equity proprietary remedies to vindicate equitable property rights encompass the constructive trust, the lien, and subrogation. Personal claims to vindicate property rights in Equity mainly take the form of the claim for knowing receipt, and this is a claim that requires proof of fault. Finally, the chapter considers the reasons for the differences between the Common Law and equitable claims.
Defences Arising from Changes in the Defendant’s Circumstances
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines those general defences to restitutionary claims which are concerned with changes in the defendant’s circumstances once an enrichment has been received. The first such defence is estoppel, which has a particularly important role in the context of restitutionary claims and generally applies as a complete defence, although qualifications to this are examined. Then the defence of ministerial receipt is examined. Finally, the defence of change of position is considered and the chapter identifies its salient elements, both as regards causation and acting in good faith. The final part of the chapter examines the relationship between the various defences.
Reflective Luminosity
Authors: Goldstein Simon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the principle of Reflective Luminosity: if you know that you know p, then you omega know p. The chapter develops six benefits of this principle: it explains how assertion and action could require omega knowledge; it explains why three iterations of knowledge seems like the same thing as four; it explains the unconfident examinee case; it explains why questions about second-order knowledge are unusual; it predicts that the margin for error principle is normally true; it can predict that you are justified in believing the margin for error principle. The chapter develops five costs of the principle: it does not allow testifiers with different levels of reliability to produce different amounts of knowledge; it does not generalize to two types of revenge cases of counterexamples to KK; it doesn’t allow you to remember seeing something without being certain of it; it leads to various kinds of trouble about justified belief when combined with various theories of justified belief. The chapter goes on to consider several weakenings of Reflective Luminosity that retain some of the benefits while avoiding some of the costs.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldstein Simon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by critically comparing the three theories of omega knowledge in the book. Each theory has its own costs and benefits. The costs of Variable Margins are too high to accept. This leaves Reflective Luminosity and Fragility. It is difficult to say which theory is better, because their benefits and costs do not neatly contain one another. The chapter ends by tying up loose ends: first, it discusses the status of the omega infallibilist principle that you are permitted to be certain of p iff you omega know p; second, it discusses the connection between iterations of knowledge and the strength of one’s epistemic position; third, it discusses how to extend the discussion beyond safety based theories of knowledge; fourth, it discusses whether debates about knowledge versus omega knowledge could be verbal.
The explanatory argument
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents a programmatic explanatory argument for the reason-responsive consequentialist view. Historically, consequentialists have defended their view on the basis of its ability to recover clear, correct, and unifying explanations of a diverse array of normative phenomena. In this chapter, I show how the reason-responsive consequentialist view accounts for a range of normative claims about inquiry that have eluded philosophical analysis including duties to avoid cognitive clutter; norms of friendship; and norms of logical non-omniscience. In traditional consequentialist fashion, the explanatory argument takes these explanatory successes as evidence for the correctness of the reason-responsive consequentialist view.
Brain Plasticity and Prediction of Response to Psychotherapy
Authors: Zacharek Sadie J. , Gabrieli John D. E. , Hofmann Stefan G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Psychotherapy improves the mental health of many patients, and such improvement must occur through change (plasticity) in the human brain. Such plasticity can be measured with neuroimaging to reveal the neural mechanisms of psychotherapy. Here we review what is known about neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurochemical plasticity associated with one well-validated form of psychotherapy—cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)—for the most common mental health difficulty—anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia). CBT, like other behavioral and pharmacological treatments, is effective for about half of patients, and presently there is no scientific basis for clinicians or patients to select a particular treatment that is most likely to be effective for an individual patient (precision or personalized medicine). We review evidence about neuroimaging measures (biomarkers), collected prior to CBT interventions, that are associated with or predictive of patient response to treatment. With further advancement, such predictive biomarkers may allow for individualized selections of treatments that lead to higher rates of therapeutic benefits for patients.
An Interpersonal Perspective on the Physiological Stress Response
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Cundiff Jenny M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Stress management and related interventions are useful in the prevention and treatment of a variety of medical conditions, including coronary heart disease (CHD). These interventions improve emotional adjustment and reduce physiological stress responses that otherwise contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of the disease process. However, most of these interventions are based on a largely intrapersonal view of the psychophysiology of stress, with an emphasis on dampening physiological stress responses directly through relaxation, meditation or biofeedback approaches, or cognitive-behavioral approaches that alter stress-engendering cognitive processes (e.g., appraisals, cognitive distortions, rumination, worry). The present chapter presents an interpersonal view of stress and its impact on the development and course of CHD and discusses its implications for adjunctive interventions with this population. Based in the interpersonal tradition in clinical and personality psychology, this model identifies the two basic social motives of connection with others and status relative to others as key influences on physiological stress responses. The related dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex—affiliation and control—and other concepts in the interpersonal perspective provide an organizing framework for psychosocial risk and protective factors for CHD, as well as the psychophysiological mechanisms linking them with the disease process. Therapeutic implications of the affiliation dimension for stress management and related interventions include reduction of expression of and exposure to hostility, as well as increased expression of and exposure to warmth. For the control dimension, cultivation of autonomy as an alternative to both effortful expression of control or dominance and excessive deference or submissiveness is a potentially valuable focus for intervention. In pursuing these goals, several current psychological therapies can be incorporated into an interpersonally enhanced approach to stress management.
Integrating Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback into Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Authors: Gevirtz Richard N. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the most popular “third wave” therapies. In scores of head-to-head studies with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), research shows ACT to be either comparable or superior. This chapter describes the core principles of ACT in relationship to current neuroscience formulations and known mechanisms impacted by heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB). Combining HRVB with ACT offers advantages for a variety of physical, stress-related, and psychological disorders. The author concludes that ACT is a better fit with HRVB than CBT or other therapeutic approaches. A case example illustrates the integration of ACT and HRVB.
Compassionate Bodies, Compassionate Minds
Authors: Petrocchi Nicola , Ottaviani Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The evolutionary approach has been increasingly used to deepen our understanding of human psychology. In this chapter, in line with the evolution-informed bio-psycho-social approach of compassion-focused therapy (CFT), we will conceptualize compassion as a purely human motivational system evolved from the caregiving motivation. This evolutionary framework will help us understand the psychophysiological changes that compassion generates in our organism, particularly in the parasympathetic nervous system, and how these can be voluntarily induced and used to promote therapeutic change. Several case narratives will illustrate the psychophysiological and emotional impact of helping clients experience compassion for themselves and others. Using a neurovisceral integration model, we will suggest how activating a compassionate motivation, both toward self and others, will promote emotional regulation and feelings of intra- and inter-personal safeness. Improved self-regulation will help clients respond flexibly and more courageously to changing and challenging environments, one being precisely the therapeutic path.
Microeconomics in Words
Authors: Besharov Gregory 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The claims of economists about the successes and failures of markets have enormous influence in public debates, yet the sources of those claims are often unclear. This book demystifies microeconomic analyses by showing how they depend on simplifying assumptions and ethical judgments that could be made differently. Because microeconomics is a model-based discipline, the book addresses what makes outcomes efficient in models of markets, and it questions when market efficiency is desirable. To make the material more accessible and to provide context for the ideas, the book adopts a word-based rather than mathematical approach and uses many examples from literary classics. Starting with the basic model of supply and demand, the book layers on complications of taxes, market failures and their solutions, limitations on correcting them, and transaction costs and institutions. It focuses on both the insights and the limitations of economic analyses—not only what has been formally proven but also what is discussed less formally in academic articles. The book then turns to the topics of free trade and controversial markets for cigarettes and transplant organs to show how the tools and concepts that have been developed are used, and not used, in practice. Readers should develop a deep understanding of microeconomic analyses and be able to make better judgments about what is learned from them.
Mapping Gains from Trade
Authors: Besharov Gregory 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic model of supply and demand. Assuming no distortions, it shows how prices guide producers and consumers to an efficient equilibrium without centralized direction. In this simple model, the creation of a market can only make people better off, and private charity and public regulation can only make outcomes worse—results that are all overturned in later chapters. The chapter also considers why policies such as minimum wages and price controls might be desirable even though they are inefficient according to market values. The chapter does consider an alternative value system, one based on needs rather than wealth, but it is the values of the market that are typically used in microeconomic analyses.
The Visible Footprint
Authors: Besharov Gregory 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the study of how prices efficiently guide decisions in models with multiple markets that do not have distortions. It begins with two simple textbook examples to illustrate production, consumption, and trade. It then proceeds to the two welfare theorems, with attention to their assumptions to consider what they imply about outcomes of real markets. The chapter then turns to richer models and considers how efficient markets may not be part of an efficient social outcome. It ends with an appreciative interpretation of the welfare theorems and relates them to Adam Smith’s conception of the invisible hand.