bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A biobank of primary teeth within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa): a resource for the future
Authors: Tvinnereim Helene Meyer , Lygre Gunvor Bentung , Haug Kjell , Schreuder Patricia , Klock Kristin 
Published: February 2012

SummaryTvinnereim HM, Lygre GB, Haug K, Schreuder P, Klock K. A biobank of primary teeth within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa): a resource for the future. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 264–271.The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a prospective population‐based cohort study including >100 000 pregnancies and following the children through childhood, using questionnaires and collecting biological samples. The aim of MoBa is to test specific aetiological hypotheses by estimating the association between exposure and disease, aiming at prevention. A biobank for exfoliated primary teeth collected from the children participating in MoBa has been established (MoBaTooth Biobank). Samples of tooth tissues from the primary dentition can give information about exposure to toxic and essential elements during fetal life and early infancy. Prenatally and postnatally formed tooth tissues permanently document early exposures unlike other biomarkers, as teeth form incrementally at a known rate. Results from tooth analyses will be coupled with corresponding information in the multiple questionnaires and data from analysis of other biological samples collected by MoBa. Invitations to donate one or more teeth are sent to all mothers/children in the period 2008–2016, when the child is 6.75 years old. By August 2011, 7400 participants had been recorded into the MoBaTooth database donating altogether 9798 teeth (1.3 teeth per child). The response rate was 24%, but there is a lag of >1 year in the response. Data from the tooth biobank can supply MoBa with important additional information on the uptake of trace elements during fetal life and early infancy. This information can illuminate possible causal factors of health and disease in the future.
Barite in the ocean – occurrence, geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications
Authors: GRIFFITH ELIZABETH M. , PAYTAN ADINA 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe mineral barite (BaSO4) can precipitate in a variety of oceanic settings: in the water column, on the sea floor and within marine sediments. The geological setting where barite forms ultimately determines the geochemistry of the precipitated mineral and its usefulness for various applications. Specifically, the isotopic and elemental composition of major and trace elements in barite carry information about the solution(s) from which it precipitated. Barite precipitated in the water column (marine or pelagic barite) can be used as a recorder of changes in sea water chemistry through time. Barite formed within sediments or at the sea floor from pore water fluids (diagenetic or cold seeps barite) can aid in understanding fluid flow and sedimentary redox processes, and barite formed in association with hydrothermal activity (hydrothermal barite) provides information about conditions of crust alteration around hydrothermal vents. The accumulation rate of marine barite in oxic‐pelagic sediments can also be used to reconstruct past changes in ocean productivity. Some key areas for future work on the occurrence and origin of barite include: fully characterizing the mechanisms of precipitation of marine barite in the water column; understanding the role and potential significance of bacteria in barite precipitation; quantifying parameters controlling barite preservation in sediments; determining the influence of diagenesis on barite geochemistry; and investigating the utility of additional trace components in barite.
Divergent functions of the myotubularin (MTM) homologs AtMTM1 and AtMTM2 in Arabidopsis thaliana: evolution of the plant MTM family
Authors: Ding Yong , Ndamukong Ivan , Zhao Yang , Xia Yuannan , Riethoven Jean‐Jack , Jones David R. , Divecha Nullin , Avramova Zoya 
Published: February 2012

SummaryMyotubularin and myotubularin‐related proteins are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Defects in their function result in muscular dystrophy, neuronal diseases and leukemia in humans. In contrast to the animal lineage, where genes encoding both active and inactive myotubularins (phosphoinositide 3‐phosphatases) have appeared and proliferated in the basal metazoan group, myotubularin genes are not found in the unicellular relatives of green plants. However, they are present in land plants encoding proteins highly similar to the active metazoan enzymes. Despite their remarkable structural conservation, plant and animal myotubularins have significantly diverged in their functions. While loss of myotubularin function causes severe disease phenotypes in humans it is not essential for the cellular homeostasis under normal conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Instead, myotubularin deficiency is associated with altered tolerance to dehydration stress. The two Arabidopsis genes AtMTM1 and AtMTM2 have originated from a segmental chromosomal duplication and encode catalytically active enzymes. However, only AtMTM1 is involved in elevating the cellular level of phosphatidylinositol 5‐phosphate in response to dehydration stress, and the two myotubularins differentially affect the Arabidopsis dehydration stress‐responding transcriptome. AtMTM1 and AtMTM2 display different localization patterns in the cell, consistent with the idea that they associate with different membranes to perform specific functions. A single amino acid mutation in AtMTM2 (L250W) results in a dramatic loss of subcellular localization. Mutations in this region are linked to disease conditions in humans.
Rapid evolution of parasite life history traits on an expanding range‐edge
Authors: Kelehear Crystal , Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard 
Published: February 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 329–337AbstractParasites of invading species undergoing range advance may be exposed to powerful new selective forces. Low host density in range‐edge populations hampers parasite transmission, requiring the parasite to survive longer periods in the external environment before encountering a potential host. These conditions should favour evolutionary shifts in offspring size to maximise parasite transmission. We conducted a common‐garden experiment to compare life history traits among seven populations of the nematode lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) spanning from the parasite population core to the expanding range‐edge in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia. Compared to conspecifics from the population core, nematodes from the range‐edge exhibited larger eggs, larger free‐living adults and larger infective larvae, and reduced age at maturity in parasitic adults. These results support a priori predictions regarding adaptive changes in offspring size as a function of invasion history, and suggest that parasite life history traits can evolve rapidly in response to the selective forces exerted by a biological invasion.
The evolution of parasitoid fecundity: a paradigm under scrutiny
Authors: Jervis Mark A. , Moe Annika , Heimpel George E. 
Published: February 2012

Ecology Letters(2012)15: 357–364AbstractAn important assumption in insect parasitoid life‐history theory is that, within parasitoid complexes (species assemblages associated with particular hosts), members attacking young host stages are more fecund than members targeting older ones. This hypothesis reflects the general trajectory of host survivorship curves: as a host cohort ages, availability to female parasitoids declines, as can the risk that the host – and the parasitoid offspring it carries – succumbs to extrinsic mortality. However, the analyses that provided empirical support for the hypothesis did not control for phylogeny. Using the original datasets, we use phylogenetically corrected analyses to test whether the results of the seminal study are upheld. Although we show those findings to be robust, the decline in fecundity could be a sampling artefact. We conclude that it would be unwise to assume the paradigm to be generally representative of natural parasitoid complexes.
Diet and prey selection of the southern marsupial mole: an enigma from Australia's sand deserts
Authors: Pavey C. R. , Burwell C. J. , Benshemesh J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe two marsupial moles are the sole extant members of the order Notoryctemorphia, an ancient Australian lineage, with extreme adaptations for fossoriality. We tested whether the order conforms to the expectation that the low productivity of subterranean environments results in subterranean mammals being generalist feeders. To do this, we examined diet, invertebrate availability in foraging areas and prey selection by the southern marsupial mole or Itjaritjari Notoryctes typhlops, which occupies the sand deserts of southern and central Australia. Because the species is so infrequently encountered, we examined digestive tracts from museum specimens which themselves are rare; we obtained access to ∼12% of all specimens available in Australia's museums. Our invertebrate sampling protocol was based on a novel survey method, which, for the first time, enables quantification of the distribution and habitat use of N. typhlops. We sampled topographic positions on sandridges and areas of the soil profile (0–70 cm) where marsupial moles forage. Rarefaction methods indicated our sample size was sufficient to record the majority of prey items. Material in digestive tracts of 16 specimens consisted of five insect orders (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera), scorpions, spiders and plant material. N. typhlops consumed two main prey types: social insects (ants and termites) and the larvae of beetles. Ants, termites and beetle larvae were also the main invertebrates captured in soil cores on sandridges; other invertebrates combined contributed <5% to abundance. Prey selection assessment using Jacobs' index and Bonferroni confidence intervals indicated an active avoidance of termites (D = −0.61), whereas ants (D = −0.13) and beetle larvae (D = 0.57) and all other prey categories were taken in proportion to availability. Our results show that N. typhlops is best classed as a dietary generalist despite its specialized adaptations for a subterranean lifestyle.
Can species distribution modelling provide estimates of population densities? A case study with jaguars in the Neotropics
Authors: Tôrres Natália M. , De Marco Paulo , Santos Thiago , Silveira Leandro , de Almeida Jácomo Anah T. , Diniz‐Filho José A. F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim  To test the prediction that environmental suitability derived from species distribution modelling (SDM) could be a surrogate for jaguar local population density estimates.Location  Americas.Methods  We used 1409 occurrence records of jaguars to model the distribution of the species using 11 SDM methods. We tested whether models’ suitability is linearly correlated with jaguar population densities estimated from 37 different locations. We evaluated whether the relationship between density and suitability forms a constraint envelope, in which higher densities are found mainly in regions with high suitability, whereas low densities can occur in regions with variable suitability. We tested this using heteroscedasticity test and quantile regressions.Results  A positive linear relationship between suitability and jaguar density was found only for four methods [bioclimatic envelope (BIOCLIM), genetic algorithm for rule set production (GARP), maximum entropy (Maxent) and generalized boosting models (GBM)], but with weak explanatory power. BIOCLIM showed the strongest relationship. Variance of suitability for lower densities values was larger than for higher values for many of the SDM models used, but the quantile regression was significantly positive only for BIOCLIM and random forests (RF). RF and GBM provided the most accurate models when measured with the standard SDM evaluation metrics, but possess poor relationship with local density estimates.Main conclusions  Results indicate that the relationship between density and suitability could be better described as a triangular constraint envelope than by a straight positive relationship, and some of the SDM methods tested here were able to discriminate regions with high or low local population densities. Low jaguar densities can occur in areas with low or high suitability, whereas high values are restricted to areas where the suitability is greater. In high suitability areas but with low jaguar density estimates, we discuss how extrinsic factors driving abundance could act at local scales and then prevent higher densities that would be expected by the favourable regional environmental conditions.
Jews in Early Modern Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Kaplan Debra 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn recent decades, research has pointed to an early modern period, in which great transformation took place. By focusing on local studies, scholars have recognized that Jews and Christians residing in Europe interacted with one another, sharing daily experiences as well as important cultural developments. The Jews living in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries experienced many changes, first and foremost among them demographic migrations. Developments such as the Renaissance, the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the Scientific Revolution, and the invention of moveable type altered life for Jews and Christians of Europe alike. Further research in this field should include social history, as well as the transregional connections between Jews living in different regions.
Representations of Apartheid and Resistance in Documentary Film
Authors: Moyer‐Duncan Cara 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAlthough there has been a surge of interest in South African cinema studies since the end of apartheid, relatively little has been written on documentary film and apartheid era resistance. During the apartheid era, documentary film was used to capture both the atrocities of apartheid and resistance to it. These films not only created a historical record of events in South Africa, but they also became important political tools in mobilizing support against the apartheid regime. In the post‐apartheid era, the anti‐apartheid movement remains a popular theme in documentary film, serving as a site for reflecting on and reclaiming history. This article provides an overview of apartheid and resistance in documentary films produced both during and after apartheid, and suggests how these films can broaden our understanding of South African history and be used as guideposts for addressing some of the challenges that face South Africa today.
The use of propofol sedation in a paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Svensson Marie‐Louise , Lindberg Lars 
Published: February 2012

Background: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate and report the experience of the use of continuous intravenous propofol sedation in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Methods: All children younger than 16 years who were admitted to the PICU at a University Hospital for slightly more than a year and received propofol infusion were included prospectively and data were recorded before and within 6 h after completion of the propofol infusion.Results: A total of 174 out of 955 children (18·2%) received propofol infusion for sedation. The median age was 2 years 10 months (range: 2 months to 16 years), duration of propofol infusion 13 h (range: 1·6–179 h) and dose of propofol 2·9 mg/kg/h (range: 0·3–6·5 mg/kg/h). No one developed signs of the propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS). Neither dose >3 mg/kg/h, duration of infusion >48 h nor both were found to be related to adverse metabolic derangements or circulatory failure. Eight children increased their lactate concentration ≥1·8 mmol/L during propofol infusion. All had a favourable outcome. One child who had received propofol infusion for 10 h died, but this occurred 14 h after the infusion ceased and was without doubt attributed to a multiple organ failure not related to the propofol infusion.Conclusion: Propofol infusion was used in this population at low risk of PRIS with no metabolic or circulatory adverse effects. These findings indicate that the occurrence of adverse effects may not be directly related to dose or duration of infusion, but emphasizes the risk that sporadic factors may be involved, such as genetic mutations. Guidelines are presented.
Assessment of the Average Price and Ethanol Content of Alcoholic Beverages by Brand—United States, 2011
Authors: DiLoreto Joanna T. , Siegel Michael , Hinchey Danielle , Valerio Heather , Kinzel Kathryn , Lee Stephanie , Chen Kelsey , Shoaff Jessica R. , Kenney Jessica , Jernigan David H. , DeJong William 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundThere are no existing data on alcoholic beverage prices and ethanol (EtOH) content at the level of alcohol brand. A comprehensive understanding of alcohol prices and EtOH content at the brand level is essential for the development of effective public policy to reduce alcohol use among underage youth. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively assess alcoholic beverage prices and EtOH content at the brand level.MethodsUsing online alcohol price data from 15 control states and 164 online alcohol stores, we estimated the average alcohol price and percent alcohol by volume for 900 brands of alcohol, across 17 different alcoholic beverage types, in the United States in 2011.ResultsThere is considerable variation in both brand‐specific alcohol prices and EtOH content within most alcoholic beverage types. For many types of alcohol, the within‐category variation between brands exceeds the variation in average price and EtOH content among the several alcoholic beverage types. Despite differences in average prices between alcoholic beverage types, in 12 of the 16 alcoholic beverage types, customers can purchase at least 1 brand of alcohol that is under $1 per ounce of EtOH.ConclusionsRelying on data or assumptions about alcohol prices and EtOH content at the level of alcoholic beverage type is insufficient for understanding and influencing youth drinking behavior. Surveillance of alcohol prices and EtOH content at the brand level should become a standard part of alcohol research.
Do People Who “Mature Out” of Drinking See Themselves as More Mature?
Authors: Winograd Rachel P. , Littlefield Andrew K. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundSelf‐perceptions of adulthood during the 20s and 30s are influenced by role transitions, age‐related norms, and character traits. These factors are also associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), which peak and subsequently decrease during this time of life. Previous developmental research has found that alcohol misuse in adolescence predicts lower reported maturity, whereas alcohol misuse in emerging adulthood is not related to maturity. This study examines how self‐perceived maturity (SPM) is affected by AUD status, maturity‐related personality characteristics, and role transition variables at ages 25, 29, and 35, and how those relationships change over time.MethodsData were drawn from a cohort study of 410 college students (N = 489 at baseline). Students were ascertained as first‐time freshmen at a large, public midwestern university in the fall of 1987 but were followed up regardless of subsequent enrollment. The data for the current study were drawn from Waves 5 to 7, when participants were, on average, 25, 29, and 35 years of age. Structural equation modeling was used to determine whether the relation between the SPM item “I feel mature for my age” and DSM‐III AUD status was moderated by age.ResultsResults suggested that individuals with AUDs are more likely to endorse lower SPM levels compared to their nondiagnosing peers at ages 29 and 35 but not at age 25. In contrast, none of the relations between Conscientiousness, concern about Future Consequences, role status variables, and AUD was moderated by time.ConclusionsThese results suggest that alcohol‐related problems may be perceived as more “age appropriate” during the mid‐20s than at later ages in life and that such developmentally sensitive aspects of self‐concept might be useful in cognitive interventions for young adults.
Ethanol Sensitivity in High Drinking in the Dark Selectively Bred Mice
Authors: Crabbe John C. , Kruse Lauren C. , Colville Alexandre M. , Cameron Andy J. , Spence Stephanie E. , Schlumbohm Jason P. , Huang Lawrence C. , Metten Pamela 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundMouse lines are being selectively bred in replicate for high blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) achieved after a short period of ethanol (EtOH) drinking early in the circadian dark phase. High Drinking in the Dark‐1 (HDID‐1) mice were in selected generation S18, and the replicate HDID‐2 line in generation S11.MethodsTo determine other traits genetically correlated with high DID, we compared naïve animals from both lines with the unselected, segregating progenitor stock, HS/Npt. Differences between HDID‐1 and HS would imply commonality of genetic influences on DID and these traits.ResultsHDID‐1 mice showed less basal activity, greater EtOH stimulated activity, and greater sensitivity to EtOH‐induced foot slips than HS. They showed lesser sensitivity to acute EtOH hypothermia and longer duration loss of righting reflex than HS. HDID‐1 and control HS lines did not differ in sensitivity on 2 measures of intoxication, the balance beam and the accelerating rotarod. None of the acute response results could be explained by differences in EtOH metabolism. HDID‐2 differed from HS on some, but not all, of the above responses.ConclusionsThese results show that some EtOH responses share common genetic control with reaching high BECs after DID, a finding consistent with other data regarding genetic contributions to EtOH responses.