bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curriculum planning: prediction or response? A case‐study of teacher planning conducted through partnership action research
Authors: Bage Grant , Grosvenor Jill , Williams Marion 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article draws on evidence from a partnership action research project concerning curriculum organization in three English primary schools. Using a case‐study of site visit planning, teaching and learning in an age 5‐11 rural primary school, it argues that, despite major centralizing initiatives such as the English National Curriculum and OFSTED inspection systems, teacher planning remains a complex, variable and necessarily individualized activity. The teacher planning discussed has been highly commended through a local school inspection under the OFSTED system; but the teachers’ organically influenced views of planning contrast with the more mechanistic written guidance from governmental and advisory bodies. Such centralized advice, driven by the assumption that educational improvement means ‘raising standards’, tends to model formulaic planning procedures which ignore evidence of how rich teacher thinking and planning can be in practice. The argument is made not simply to undermine nationally agreed curricula or inspection systems, but to advocate that policy‐makers should build from teachers’ natural diversities and avoid the over‐ambitious, even dangerous task of attempting to standardize their planning.
Exploring the use of textbooks in Key Stage 3 geography classrooms: a small‐scale study
Authors: Lambert David 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTResearch on school textbooks in the UK is surprisingly sparse. It consists mainly of reports on quantitative measures of textbook provision or else desk research on the contents of textbooks. Though valuable in a number of respects, work of this nature fails to address more dynamic questions relating to the way textbooks are used in the classroom and in home study. While textbook use is linked to some degree to how teachers and children perceive the role of the textbooks, and may therefore be open to enquiry by way of survey methods, there is a need to access classrooms directly. This study attempts to do this using an observation instrument developed for use by student teachers, who became the principal data‐gatherers in a specially arranged experiment in textbook provision. With support in kind arranged through the Educational Publishers’ Council, participating geography departments were able to choose, free of charge, the printed resources they required to teach an aspect of the KS3 programme of study to Year 8. In exchange they agreed to open geography classrooms to observation and scrutiny. This article describes the results of the study.
Primary teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning
Authors: Gipps Caroline , McCallum Bet , Brown Margaret 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on primary teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning and in particular about their preferred ways of teaching; how they integrate National Curriculum requirements into their teaching programmes and their views about stereotyped ‘models’ of pedagogy. The authors conclude that learning and teaching are understood as highly complex and cannot be subsumed under one particular model. They suggest that most primary school teachers adopt an eclectic approach, but that frequently they are confused about the content of the mix or which approach might be most appropriately used in any particular context.
Creative development in the early years: some implications of policy for practice
Authors: Craft Anna 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the identifying of ‘creative development’ as a desirable early years learning outcome by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority (SCAA, 1997). The article begins with a rationale for the inclusion of ‘creativity’ in the curriculum of young children in a post‐modern world at the turn of the century. It then goes on to look at the way in which ‘creative development’ is characterized by SCAA as a desirable learning outcome, and to unpick some of the messages which its inclusion in the curriculum may signify. There are several challenges posed by this part of the early years curriculum, which are then explored. Finally it proposes a framework for interpreting and translating it into practice.
On Adaptation in Analogy: Tests of Pragmatic Importance and Adaptability in Analogical Problem Solving
Authors: Keane Mark T. 
Published: September 2011

When people use analogies to solve problems, they form an analogical mapping between two domains of knowledge. This mapping may support inferences by analogy that suggest a novel solution to a problem. Several factors have been proposed to be important in selecting this mapping from among several alternative mappings: structural factors (systematicity and structural consistency) and pragmatic factors (the exploitation of higher-order planning categories). We suggest another set of factors plays a role in selecting mappings: adaptability. Specifically, if a mapped solution can be adapted easily to a problem, then it will be preferred over an alternative mapping that is less adaptable. Two experiments are reported which test the effects of pragmatic and adaptation factors, using a novel technique in which the story analogue has two alternative plans, either of which can be used to solve an insight problem. In Experiment 1, these plans were varied in terms of their pragmatic importance (success or failure) and their adaptability. In Experiment 2, the relative adaptability of plans was manipulated. The results suggest that there is little evidence for these specific pragmatic factors, but that adaptability plays a definite role in selecting an analogous plan. The findings suggest that most models need to be extended to include adaptation constraints.
Do discounted journal access programs help researchers in sub‐Saharan Africa? A bibliometric analysis
Authors: DAVIS Philip M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPrior research has suggested that providing free and discounted access to the scientific literature to researchers in low‐income countries increases article production and citation. Using traditional bibliometric indicators for institutions in sub‐Saharan Africa, we analyze whether institutional access to TEEAL (a digital collection of journal articles in agriculture and allied subjects) increases: (i) article production; (ii) reference length; and (iii) number of citations to journals included in the TEEAL collection. Our analysis is based on nearly 20,000 articles – containing half a million references – published between 1988 and 2009 at 70 institutions in 11 African countries. We report that access to TEEAL does not appear to result in higher article production, although it does lead to longer reference lists (an additional 2.6 references per paper) and a greater frequency of citations to TEEAL journals (an additional 0.4 references per paper), compared to non‐subscribing institutions. We discuss how traditional bibliometric indicators may not provide a full picture of the effectiveness of free and discounted literature programs.
Constructing Public Opinion
Authors: Carpini Michael X. Delli 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses what has come to define public opinion for over the last seventy-five years – the grouping of individual opinions by quantitative analysis, surveys, and sampling – and describes the efforts to discover public opinion before the arrival of systematic surveys. It then presents a detailed review of the origins and institutionalization of scientific survey research from the 1930s until the 1950s, and, finally, discusses the changes that occurred since 1960, emphasizing several challenges and opportunities facing survey research.
Comparative effects of four herbicides on physiological aspects in Triticum sativum L.
Authors: Faheed Fayza A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFour herbicide (topik, puma super, granstar and derby) treatments at the recommended field dose (RFD) were applied for 5 weeks on wheat (Triticum sativum L. cv. Giza 168) crop. These selected herbicides are recommended to control two types (narrow and broad) of weeds in this crop. The growth parameter, oxidative stress defence system, nitrate reduction, proline level and protein contents were used to evaluate the toxic effect of these herbicides on wheat crop. The toxicity of herbicides used on this crop was as follows: puma super > topik > derby > granstar. The correlation between the herbicide concentrations and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes was monitored.
Identifying putative candidate genes and pathways involved in immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection
Authors: Wysocki M. , Chen H. , Steibel J. P. , Kuhar D. , Petry D. , Bates J. , Johnson R. , Ernst C. W. , Lunney J. K. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryDifferences in gene expression were compared between RNAs from lungs of high (HR) and low (LR) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) burden pigs using the swine protein–annotated long oligonucleotide microarray, the Pigoligoarray. Pathway analyses were carried out to determine biological processes, pathways and networks that differ between the LR and HR responses. Differences existed between HR and LR pigs for 16 signalling pathways [P < 0.01/−log (P‐value) >1.96]. Top canonical pathways included acute phase response signalling, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells and tight junction signalling, with numerous immune response genes that were upregulated (SOCS1, SOD2, RBP4, HLA‐B, HLA‐G, PPP2R1A and TAP1) or downregulated (IL18, TF, C4BPA, C1QA, C1QB and TYROBP). One mechanism, regulation of complement activation, may have been blocked in HR (PRRSV‐susceptible) pigs and could account for the poor clearance of PRRSV by infected macrophages. Multiple inhibiting signals may have prevented effective immune responses in susceptible HR pigs, although some protective genes were upregulated in these pigs. It is likely that in HR pigs, expression of genes associated with protection was delayed, so that the immune response was not stimulated early; thus, PRRSV infection prevented protective immune responses.
Who likes it hot? A global analysis of the climatic, ecological, and evolutionary determinants of warming tolerance in ants
Authors: Diamond Sarah E. , Sorger D. Magdalena , Hulcr Jiri , Pelini Shannon L. , Toro Israel Del , Hirsch Christopher , Oberg Erik , Dunn Robert R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEffects of climate warming on wild populations of organisms are expected to be greatest at higher latitudes, paralleling greater anticipated increases in temperature in these regions. Yet, these expectations assume that populations in different regions are equally susceptible to the effects of warming. This is unlikely to be the case. Here, we develop a series of predictive models for physiological thermal tolerances in ants based on current and future climates. We found that tropical ants have lower warming tolerances, a metric of susceptibility to climate warming, than temperate ants despite greater increases in temperature at higher latitudes. Using climatic, ecological and phylogenetic data, we refine our predictions of which ants (across all regions) were most susceptible to climate warming. We found that ants occupying warmer and more mesic forested habitats at lower elevations are the most physiologically susceptible to deleterious effects of climate warming. Phylogenetic history was also a strong indicator of physiological susceptibility. In short, we find that ants that live in the canopies of hot, tropical forest are the most at risk, globally, from climate warming. Unfortunately this is where many, perhaps most, ant and other species on Earth live.
Effects of biotic disturbances on forest carbon cycling in theUnitedStates andCanada
Authors: Hicke Jeffrey A. , Allen Craig D. , Desai Ankur R. , Dietze Michael C. , Hall Ronald J. , (Ted) Hogg Edward H. , Kashian Daniel M. , Moore David , Raffa Kenneth F. , Sturrock Rona N. , Vogelmann James 
Published: September 2011

AbstractForest insects and pathogens are major disturbance agents that have affected millions of hectares inNorthAmerica in recent decades, implying significant impacts to the carbon (C) cycle. Here, we review and synthesize published studies of the effects of biotic disturbances on forestCcycling in theUnitedStates andCanada. Primary productivity in stands was reduced, sometimes considerably, immediately following insect or pathogen attack. After repeated growth reductions caused by some insects or pathogens or a single infestation by some bark beetle species, tree mortality occurred, altering productivity and decomposition. In the years following disturbance, primary productivity in some cases increased rapidly as a result of enhanced growth by surviving vegetation, and in other cases increased slowly because of lower forest regrowth. In the decades following tree mortality, decomposition increased as a result of the large amount of dead organic matter. Net ecosystem productivity decreased immediately following attack, with some studies reporting a switch to aCsource to the atmosphere, and increased afterward as the forest regrew and dead organic matter decomposed. Large variability inCcycle responses arose from several factors, including type of insect or pathogen, time since disturbance, number of trees affected, and capacity of remaining vegetation to increase growth rates following outbreak. We identified significant knowledge gaps, including limited understanding of carbon cycle impacts among different biotic disturbance types (particularly pathogens), their impacts at landscape and regional scales, and limited capacity to predict disturbance events and their consequences for carbon cycling. We conclude that biotic disturbances can have major impacts on forestCstocks and fluxes and can be large enough to affect regionalCcycling. However, additional research is needed to reduce the uncertainties associated with quantifying biotic disturbance effects on theNorthAmericanCbudget.
Temperature sensitivity of soil enzyme kinetics underN‐fertilization in two temperate forests
Authors: Stone Madeleine M. , Weiss Marissa S. , Goodale Christine L. , Adams Mary Beth , Fernandez Ivan J. , German Donovan P. , Allison Steven D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSoil microbes produce extracellular enzymes that degrade carbon (C)‐containing polymers in soil organic matter. Because extracellular enzyme activities may be sensitive to both increased nitrogen (N) and temperature change, we measured the effect of long‐termNaddition and short‐term temperature variation on enzyme kinetics in soils from hardwood forests atBearBrook,Maine, andFernowForest,WestVirginia. We determined theVmaxandKmparameters for five hydrolytic enzymes:α‐glucosidase,β‐glucosidase,β‐xylosidase, cellobiohydrolase, andN‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase. Temperature sensitivities ofVmaxandKmwere assessed within soil samples subjected to a range of temperatures. We hypothesized that (1)Nadditions would cause microbialClimitation, leading to higher enzymeVmaxvalues and lowerKmvalues; and (2) bothVmaxandKmwould increase at higher temperatures. Finally, we tested whether or not temperature sensitivity of enzyme kinetics is mediated byNaddition. Nitrogen addition significantly or marginally significantly increasedVmaxvalues for all enzymes, particularly atFernow. Nitrogen fertilization led to significantly lowerKmvalues for all enzymes atBearBrook, but variableKmresponses atFernowForest. BothVmaxandKmwere temperature sensitive, withQ10values ranging from 1.64–2.27 for enzymeVmaxand 1.04–1.93 for enzymeKm. No enzyme showed a significant interaction betweenNand temperature sensitivity forVmax, and onlyβ‐xylosidase showed a significant interaction betweenNand temperature sensitivity forKm. Our study is the first to experimentally demonstrate a positive relationship betweenKmand temperature for soil enzymes. Higher temperature sensitivities forVmaxrelative toKmimply that substrate degradation will increase with temperature. In addition, theVmaxandKmresponses toNindicate greater substrate degradation underNaddition. Our results suggest that increasing temperatures andNavailability in forests of the northeasternUSwill lead to increased hydrolytic enzyme activity, despite the positive temperature sensitivity ofKm.
Establishment of Streptococcus mutans in infants induces decrease in the proportion of salivary α‐haemolytic bacteria
Authors: KAWAGUCHI MAMORU , HOSHINO TOMONORI , OOSHIMA TAKASHI , FUJIWARA TAKU 
Published: September 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 139–145Objective.  For paediatric dentists, an indicator to assess caries risk of infants is very important. Conventionally, the number and/or proportions of Streptococcus mutans have been employed as risk indicator; however, because such figures reflect the existing situation, they are not suitable for assessing caries risk of infants that have not yet been infected with S. mutans. Thus, we searched for an indicator for the establishment of S. mutans.Methods.  To evaluate the changes caused by the establishment of S. mutans in the microbiota of the infant oral cavity, we monitored changes in the oral microbiota of two pre‐dentate infants over a 3‐year period and in a cross‐sectional study of 40 nursery school‐aged children by cultivation of saliva on nonselective blood agar, Mitis‐Salivarius agar, and Mitis‐Salivarius agar supplemented with bacitracin combined with identification of selected isolates.Results.  Two longitudinal observations suggested that the establishment of S. mutans would induce a decrease in α‐haemolytic bacteria in the microbial population of the oral cavity. This suggestion was compensated with the results of cross‐sectional study, and it was revealed that the establishment of 103 CFU/mL of mutans streptococci in saliva might be predicted by a microbiota comprising less than approximately 55% of α‐haemolytic.Conclusion.  Decrease in the proportion of α‐haemolytic bacteria in saliva of infant was found to be applicable as an indicator to predict the establishment of S. mutans and to assess dental caries risk as a background for planning of dental care and treatment in the infants before infection with S. mutans.
Perceptions of a life review programme among Chinese patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Xiao Huimin , Kwong Enid , Pang Samantha , Mok Esther 
Published: September 2011

Aims.  The aim of this study was to elicit patients’ perceptions of their participation in a life review programme for Chinese patients with advanced cancer.Background.  Empirical data have supported the suggestion that a life review is an effective psycho‐spiritual intervention, particularly with older people. However, no life review programmes have been specifically designed for Chinese patients with advanced cancer, and their views on the life review therefore remain unknown.Design.  This study was a descriptive qualitative design.Method.  In‐depth individual interviews were conducted with a sample of 26 patients with advanced cancer receiving home‐based palliative care from a hospice after the completion of the programme.Results.  The six categories identified in the analysis were as follows: (1) accepting one’s unique life; (2) feelings of emotional relief; (3) bolstering a sense of meaning in life; (4) leaving a personal legacy; (5) making future orientations; and (6) barriers to a life review.Conclusion.  Our life review programme is non‐invasive care intervention for improving the psycho‐spiritual well‐being of Chinese patients with advanced cancer and helping them to prepare for death. This programme not only provides Chinese nurses with a new approach to meeting the unique needs of patients approaching death but also poses a challenge to customary beliefs about death, which is considered a social taboo in China.Relevance to clinical practice.  The life review programme can be integrated into the usual care arrangements to enhance the psycho‐spiritual well‐being of Chinese patients with advanced cancer. Nurses should be aware of the challenges involved in the process of conducting a life review.
Psychometric testing of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale in an Iranian sample of family caregivers to newly diagnosed breast cancer women
Authors: Khanjari Sedigheh , Oskouie Fatemeh , Langius‐Eklöf Ann 
Published: September 2011

Aim.  To translate and test the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale.Background.  Research across many countries has determined quality of life of cancer patients, but few attempts have been made to measure the quality of life of family caregivers of patients with breast cancer. The Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale was developed for this purpose, but until now, it has not been translated into or tested in the Persian language.Design.  Methodological research design.Methods.  After standard translation, the 35‐item Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale was administered to 166 Iranian family caregivers of patients with breast cancer. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using LISREL to test the scale’s construct validity. Further, the internal consistency and convergent validity of the instrument were tested. For convergent validity, four instruments were used in the study: sense of coherence scale, spirituality perspective scale, health index and brief religious coping scale.Results.  The confirmatory factor analysis resulted in the same four‐factor structure as the original, though, with somewhat different item loadings. The Persian version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scales had satisfactory internal consistency (0·72–0·90). Tests of convergent validity showed that all hypotheses were confirmed. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis additionally confirmed the convergent validity between the total Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer score and sense of coherence ( = 0·34), negative religious coping ( = −0·21), education ( = 0·24) and the more severe stage of breast cancer ( = 0·23), in total explaining 41% of the variance.Conclusion.  The Persian version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale could be a reliable and valid measure in Iranian family caregivers of patients with breast cancer.Relevance to clinical practice.  The Persian version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale is simple to administer and will help nurses to identify the nursing needs of family caregivers.