bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel effects of phytochrome status on reproductive shoot growth in Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: CASAL JORGE J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of supplementary far‐red light (FR), provided either (bring or at the end of the photoperiod, on reproductive shoot growth were investigated in Triticum aestivam L. plants grown under natural radiation. Natural photoperiods were inductive per se and supplementary FR had no obvious effects on the date of floral initation, as indicated by the lack of differences in both the final number of leaves and the rate of leaf appearance. The first internode to elongate was longer, and the first visible node appeared earlier in FR‐treated plants. However, the rate of extension growth of the peduncle (i.e. the uppermost internode, that bears the ear) was temporarily delayed by FR. Therefore, the period between the appearance of the first visible node and ear emergence was extended by FR. Neither the final length of the flag‐leaf sheath nor the final length of the stem were significantly affected by the treatments. The responses to FR provided during twilight were fully reversed by red light, indicating the involvement of phytochrome. The potential significance of stem‐growth responses mediated by phytochrome for wheat crop performance is discussed.
The Azolla–Anabaena symbiosis: endophyte continuity in the Azolla life‐cycle is facilitated by epidermal trichomes †
Authors: PERKINS S. K. , PETERS G. A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYLight, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to follow sporocarp development in Azolla mexicana and the mechanism by which sporocarps become inoculated with symbiotic Anabaena. Packaging of the Anabaena into sporocarps is facilitated by branched epidermal trichomes, termed sporangial pair hairs. Sporocarps arc borne in pairs and arise from the ventral lobe initial of the first leaf of a lateral branch. Four sporangial fours ore associated with each sporangial pair from the onset of their development. These hairs differentiate rapidly and exhibit transfer cull ultrastructure. They protrude into the mass of undifferentiated Anabaena filaments which comprise the apical colony. Subsequently, the sporangial primordia and the sporangial hairs with in ten wined Anabaena filaments are displaced ventrally and covered by the developing involucre. A reservoir of Anabaena filaments is thus entrapped between the developing sporocarp pair and the lower surface of the involucre, A cup‐shaped indusium forms around the base of each sporangium, separating it from the sporangial hairs while entrapping the Anabaena filaments. As development continues, the indusia completely encapsulate the individual sporangia and engulf the Anabaena which is differentiating into akinetes. In mature megasporocarps the Anabaena cells are packaged into a chamber near the indusial pore and a cluster of simple trichomes occur external to the indusium around their base.The partner tabes of the developing sporangia form modified leaf cavities. These cavities are smaller than those in dorsal lobes not partnered with sporangia and they have a diminished complement of berth simple cavity trichomes and Anabaena. The Anabaena filaments in these modified cavities rapidly begin to differentiate akinetes rather than heterocysts. Factors which may contribute to akinete formation in the sporocarps and modified leaf cavities are discussed.
Mediation of competition between two colonizing VA mycorrhizal fungi by the host plant
Authors: PEARSON J. N. , ABBOTT L. K. , JASPER D. A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn two experiments, we investigated the effect of Scutellospora calosopora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders on mycorrhiza formation between subterranean clover and Glossip. (WUM 10). The rate and extent of colonization by Glomus sp. in the first expt was negatively correlated with increasing quantities of inoculum of S. calospora. A split‐root system was used to deter mine whether the declive in mycorrhiza formation was likely to be due to(1) a direct interaction (and/or an effect of‘prior occupancy'related to a higher number of infective hyphae present at higher inoculum levels) or (2) an indirect effect mediated by an effect of S. calospora on the plain itself. In this experiment, S. Cfralospora present on one side of the spllit‐roor markedly reduced colonization (total, arbuscular and vesicular) by Glomus sp. on the other side. However, this effect was compounded by a difference between the length of roots formed in association with each fungus. These results indicate that, for these two fungi in association with subterranean clover, the mechanism of competition during mycorrhiza formation has a physiological basis and may involve the carbohydrate supply of the host.
The occurrence of SO2‐related foliar symptoms on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in an open‐air forest fumigation experiment
Authors: SHAW P. J. A. , HOLLAND M R. , DARRALL N. M. , McLEOD A. R. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAs part of a long‐team open‐air fumigation experiment, Scots pine was exposed continuously to SO2 pollution following a predetermined pattern of hourly mean values based upon monitoring data from a site in central England. Although annual mean concentrations did not exceed 22 ppb, up to 20% of trees developed foliar necrosis in threw consecutive growing seasons similar to published descriptions of acute K(X damage, The number of trees affected increased with SO2 concentration, mid there‐ wan H significant tendency for the same trees to be affected in consecutive years, implying that sensitivity lo these levels was genetically bused. As a group, trees showing necrotic symptoms were not significantly retarded in their growth, although their 1990 budburst was significantly delayed and the few trees which lost over 50% of their foliage were visibly stunted. Fumigation of potted trees for short periods in chambers with up to 1000 ppb SO2 failed to produce any comparable effects. Regression analyses between the number of plants affected each year and a range of gas concentration parameters showed mean concentrations during a critical period in May to be most closely related to the development of symptoms, although no effects became visible until approximately 5 wk later. The start date for the critical period differed between years, and for the two years of which budburst data were available it coincided with the start of needle elongation. The duration of the critical period lay in the range 6–14 d. Linear extrapolation from the data suggested the threshold mean SO2 concentration for visible injury to be in the range 6–8 ppb (measured during the critical period during needle expansion) although this could underestimate the true value.
Survival and recovery of perennial forage grasses under prolonged Mediterranean drought: II. Water status, solute accumulation, abscisic acid concentration and accumulation of dehydrin transcripts in bases of immature leaves
Authors: VOLAIRE FLORENCE , THOMAS HENRY , BERTAGNE NADIA , BOURGEOIS EMMANUELLE , GAUTIER MARIE‐FRANÇOISE , LELIÈVRE FRANÇOIS 
Published: September 2010

Swards of cocksfoot (cvs KM2, Lutetia) and perennial ryegrass (cvs Aurora, Vigor) were grown under full irrigation or severe (80 d) drought in a field experiment in the South of France. Responses of the bases of immature leaves plus enclosed tissues were made during the drought period and after rewatering.By the end of the drought, water content had fallen from 3·0 to 0·8 gwater g−1dm, and osmotic potential from −1·0
to −4·5 MPa in all cvs. Measured minerals and water‐soluble carbohydrates contributed, respectively, c 19 and 44% to osmotic potential in droughted leaf bases. The drought‐sensitive cocksfoot cv. Lutetia was characterized by a large proportion of fructans having a low degree of polymerization (DP=3, 4). As drought progressed, accumulation of dehydrin transcripts and ABA were higher in leaf bases of the sensitive cv. Lutetia than in the resistant cv. KM2.After rewatering, the water status of immature leaf bases returned to control levels in 1–2 d, and then increased further as leaves began to grow and new tissue was produced. High‐DP‐fructans remained unchanged in leaf bases of ‘Lutetia’ but were depleted by over 55%, and therefore remobilized, in leaf bases of other cvs after 8 d.It is concluded that enclosed immature leaf bases survive drought by tolerating a low water status and that changes conventionally associated with desiccation tolerance are expressed most strongly in susceptible plants least able to maintain their water supply.
The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes
Authors: Shepherd Tom , Wynne Griffiths D. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPlants are subject to a wide range of abiotic stresses, and their cuticular wax layer provides a protective barrier, which consists predominantly of long‐chain hydrocarbon compounds, including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, secondary alcohols, ketones, esters and other derived compounds. This article discusses current knowledge relating to the effects of stress on cuticular waxes and the ways in which the wax provides protection against the deleterious effects of light, temperature, osmotic stress, physical damage, altitude and pollution. Topics covered here include biosynthesis, morphology, composition and function of cuticular waxes in relation to the effects of stress, and some recent findings concerning the effects of stress on regulation of wax biosynthesis are described.

Contents

Summary
469

I
Introduction
470

II
Biosynthesis of cuticular wax
470

III
Deposition and crystalline morphology of cuticular wax
474

IV
Cuticular wax as a photoprotective layer
475

V
Effects of irradiation and temperature on cuticular wax composition
478

VI
Contact angles and wettability
481

VII
Humidity effects
482

VIII
Water, salinity and cold stress
482

IX
Mechanical stress
485

X
Altitude
486

XI
Pollution
486

XII
Genetic and environmental control of cuticular wax production
488

XIII
Conclusions
493

Acknowledgements
493

References
493
Signaling pathways of isoproterenol‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in primary cultures of astrocytes are concentration‐dependent
Authors: Du Ting , Li Baoman , Li Hongmei , Li Min , Hertz Leif , Peng Liang 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1007–1023.AbstractStimulation of β‐adrenoceptors activates the canonical adenylate cyclase pathway (via Gs protein) but can also evoke phosphorylation of extracellular‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) via Gs/Gi switching or β‐arrestin‐mediated recruitment of Src. In primary cultures of mouse astrocytes, activation of the former of these pathways required micromolar concentrations of the β1/β2‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, that acted on β1‐adrenoceptors, whereas the latter was activated already by nanomolar concentrations, acting on β2 receptors. Protein kinase A activity was required for Gs/Gi switching, which was followed by Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Giα‐ and metalloproteinase‐dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; at its Y1173 phophorylation site), via its receptor‐tyrosine kinase, β‐arrestin 1/2 recruitment, and MAPK/ERK kinase‐dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation. ERK1/2 phosphorylation by Src activation depended on β‐arrestin 2, but not β‐arrestin 1, was accompanied by Src/EGFR co‐precipitation and phosphorylation of the EGFR at the Src‐phosphorylated Y845 site and the Y1045 autophosphorylation site; it was independent of transactivation but dependent on MAPK/ERK kinase activity, suggesting EGFR phosphorylation independently of the receptor‐tyrosine kinase or activation of Ras or Raf directly from Src. Most astrocytic consequences of activating either pathway (or both) are unknown, but morphological differentiation and increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein in response to dibutyryl cAMP‐mediated increase in cAMP depend on Gs/Gi switching and transactivation.
Macrophage‐colony stimulating factor as an inducer of microglial proliferation in axotomized rat facial nucleus
Authors: Yamamoto Shinichi , Nakajima Kazuyuki , Kohsaka Shinichi 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1057–1067.AbstractWe analyzed the mechanism of microglial proliferation in rat axotomized facial nucleus (axotFN). In immunoblotting analysis for possible mitogens, we noticed that the amounts of macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) increased in the axotFN for 3–7 days after transection. In contrast, the amounts of granulocyte macrophage‐CSF and interleukin‐3 did not significantly increase. A potential source for M‐CSF was immunohistochemically verified to be microglia. Immunoblotting showed that the amounts of receptor for M‐CSF (cFms) increased in the axotFN for 3–14 days after injury, and immunohistochemical staining showed that cFms is expressed in microglia. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen as a marker of proliferation was immunohistochemically identified in microglia in axotFN, and the level was found to peak 3 days after transection in immunoblotting. Hypothesizing that up‐regulated M‐CSF triggers the above phenomena, we investigated the effects of M‐CSF on cFms and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels in primary microglia. The biochemical experiments revealed that M‐CSF induces cFms and drives the cell cycle in microglia. The neutralization of M‐CSF in microglia derived from axotFN significantly reduced the proliferation. These results demonstrate that up‐regulated M‐CSF triggers the induction of cFms in microglia and causes the microglia to proliferate in the axotFN.
Ganglioside‐mediated aggregation of amyloid β‐proteins (Aβ): comparison between Aβ‐(1–42) and Aβ‐(1–40)
Authors: Ogawa Mariko , Tsukuda Miho , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Ikeda Keisuke , Okada Takuma , Yano Yoshiaki , Hoshino Masaru , Matsuzaki Katsumi 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 851–857.AbstractConversion of the soluble, non‐toxic amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) into an aggregated, toxic form rich in β‐sheets is considered a key step in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipid rafts in membranes play a pivotal role in this process. We have proposed that Aβ‐(1–40) specifically bound to a ganglioside cluster forms cytotoxic fibrils via a conformational transition from an α‐helix‐rich structure to a β‐sheet‐rich one. In the present study, we compared the interaction of Aβ‐(1–40) and Aβ‐(1–42) with both model and living cell membranes. Aβ‐(1–42) exhibited lipid specificity and affinity similar to Aβ‐(1–40), though its amyloidogenic activity was more than 10‐fold that of Aβ‐(1–40). Antibody staining experiments, using the A11 antibody specific to Aβ oligomers, demonstrated that oligomers were not detected during the aggregation process, and cell death was observed only after significant accumulation of the proteins, suggesting that the fibril‐induced disruption of cell membranes leads to the cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we succeeded in visualizing fibrils formed on cell membranes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Aβ‐(1–40) formed long fibrils extruding to the aqueous phase, whereas Aβ‐(1–42) fibrils appeared to be laterally co‐assembled and short.
Iranian nursing students’ comprehension and experiences regarding evaluation process: a thematic analysis study
Authors: Vaismoradi Mojtaba , Parsa‐Yekta Zohreh 
Published: September 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 151–159

Iranian nursing students’ comprehension and experiences regarding evaluation process: a thematic analysis study In this study, a qualitative design based on a thematic analysis approach was employed to explore the comprehension and experiences of Iranian nursing students regarding evaluation process in both classroom and clinical setting. After utilising purposeful sampling to choose 13 bachelor’s degree nursing students, semi‐structured interviews were held for data gathering. During the data analysis, three main themes emerged: ‘definition of evaluation process’, ‘unfair evaluation’ and ‘ideal evaluation’. The second theme consisted of two sub‐themes: ‘problematic process’ and ‘unexpected outcome’. Our study findings showed a gap between what Iranian nursing students depicted as a fair and equitable evaluation and what they experienced during their academic career. There is a need to bring a change to process of evaluation to increase the feeling of fairness and justice regarding evaluation among nursing students. The findings can be helpful for international nurse instructors to be exposed to the unheard perspectives of nursing students and reconsider the weaknesses of evaluation process conducted by them.
Mitochondrial functional impairment with aging is exaggerated in isolated mitochondria compared to permeabilized myofibers
Authors: Picard Martin , Ritchie Darmyn , Wright Kathryn J. , Romestaing Caroline , Thomas Melissa M. , Rowan Sharon L. , Taivassalo Tanja , Hepple Russell T. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryMitochondria regulate cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis and have been implicated in aging. However, it remains unclear whether age‐related loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, is associated with abnormal mitochondrial function. Two technically different approaches have mainly been used to measure mitochondrial function: isolated mitochondria and permeabilized myofiber bundles, but the reliability of these measures in the context of sarcopenia has not been systematically assessed before. A key difference between these approaches is that contrary to isolated mitochondria, permeabilized bundles contain the totality of fiber mitochondria where normal mitochondrial morphology and intracellular interactions are preserved. Using the gastrocnemius muscle from young adult and senescent rats, we show marked effects of aging on three primary indices of mitochondrial function (respiration, H2O2 emission, sensitivity of permeability transition pore to Ca2+) when measured in isolated mitochondria, but to a much lesser degree when measured in permeabilized bundles. Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial isolation procedures typically employed to study aged muscles expose functional impairments not seen in situ. We conclude that aging is associated with more modest changes in mitochondrial function in sarcopenic muscle than suggested previously from isolated organelle studies.
Predictors of Nursing Home Residents' Time to Hospitalization
Authors: O'Malley A. James , Caudry Daryl J. , Grabowski David C. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives. To model the predictors of the time to first acute hospitalization for nursing home residents, and accounting for previous hospitalizations, model the predictors of time between subsequent hospitalizations.Data Sources. Merged file from New York State for the period 1998–2004 consisting of nursing home information from the minimum dataset and hospitalization information from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System.Study Design. Accelerated failure time models were used to estimate the model parameters and predict survival times. The models were fit to observations from 50 percent of the nursing homes and validated on the remaining observations.Principal Findings. Pressure ulcers and facility‐level deficiencies were associated with a decreased time to first hospitalization, while the presence of advance directives and facility staffing was associated with an increased time. These predictors of the time to first hospitalization model had effects of similar magnitude in predicting the time between subsequent hospitalizations.Conclusions. This study provides novel evidence suggesting modifiable patient and nursing home characteristics are associated with the time to first hospitalization and time to subsequent hospitalizations for nursing home residents.
Curative‐intent radiation therapy as a treatment modality for appendicular and axial osteosarcoma: a preliminary retrospective evaluation of 14 dogs with the disease
Authors: Walter C. U. , Dernell W. S. , LaRue S. M. , Lana S. E. , Lafferty M. H. , LaDue T. A. , Withrow S. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCanine osteosarcoma is a common bone malignancy associated with aggressive local disease and rapid metastasis. Current local therapeutic modalities do not provide curative‐intent options for dogs with significant orthopaedic or neurologic disease, dogs which are denied amputation or dogs with non‐resectable lesions. The goals of this retrospective study included the evaluation of local control, survival, and time to the development of metastases in 14 dogs treated with curative‐intent radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Median local disease control was 202 days (79–777). Median survival was 209 days (79–781). Median time to metastasis was 314 days (7–645). No significant correlation was found between the outcome and pre‐treatment alkaline phosphatase levels, radiographic appearance, tumour site, radiation dose or chemotherapeutics administered. In these dogs, full‐course radiation therapy in conjunction with chemotherapy was not found to yield equivalent results to the standard of care options.
Comparative Oncology Solution to Understanding Hormonal Impact in the Epidemiology of Lymphoma
Authors: Henry C. J. , Hahn A. W. , Tyler J. W. , Steinberg H. S. , Caldwell C. W. 
Published: September 2010

Introduction:  Surveillance, Epidemiology & End Results (SEER) data indicate that non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is approximately 50% more common among men than women. A similar male predisposition is reported for canine lymphoma, yet the underlying role of gender in lymphoma etiology remains elusive. Because similarities exist between canine lymphoma and NHL, databases including the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) and Veterinary Cancer Registry (VCR) may prove useful in understanding lymphoma epidemiology. This study sought to determine the relationship between gender and development of canine lymphoma.Materials:  Data from 1980 to 2000 were retrieved from the VMDB and sorted by gender and reproductive status. Spayed or neutered dogs diagnosed with lymphoma were compared to intact dogs seen each year in each gender category using a two‐tailed Student's t‐test. The VCR was searched for all canine lymphoma cases. The number of cases in each gender group was compared to the number of cancer diagnoses per group using a Chi‐square test (3 degrees of freedom). Differences were deemed significant when P < 0.050.Results:  The VMDB included 15,091 lymphoma cases in a population of 1.34 million dogs. In the VCR database, 394 lymphoma cases were identified amongst 6,070 canine cancer diagnoses. In both analyses, intact females were significantly less likely to develop lymphoma than were other gender groups.Conclusions:  In dogs, as in people, female gender and intact reproductive status appears to be protective against the development of lymphoma. This data suggests that further examination of the role of estrogen in lymphoma prevention is warranted.