bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allowing the Poor to Share the Earth
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo of the greatest challenges facing humanity are environmental degradation and the persistence of poverty. Both can be met by instituting a Global Resources Dividend (GRD) that would slow pollution and natural-resource depletion while collecting funds to avert poverty worldwide. Unlike Hillel Steiner's Global Fund, which is presented as a fully just regime governing the use of planetary resources, the GRD is meant as merely a modest but widely acceptable and therefore realistic step toward justice. Paula Casal has set forth various ways in which this step might be improved upon. Solid counter-arguments can be given to her criticisms and suggestions. But to specify the best (effective and realizable) design of an appropriate global institutional mechanism with some confidence, economists, political scientists, jurists, environmental scientists, and activists would need to be drawn in to help think through the immense empirical and political complexities posed by this urgent task.
Can Wars Be Fought Justly? The Necessity Condition Put to the Test
Authors: Statman Daniel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccording to a widespread view, the same constraints that limit the use of otherwise immoral measures in individual self-defense apply to collective self-defense too. I try to show that this view has radical implications at the level of jus in bello, implications which have not been fully appreciated. In particular, if the necessity condition must be satisfied in all cases of killing in war, then most fighting would turn out to be unjust. One way to avoid this result is to adopt a contractualist view of killing in war, a view which interprets the necessity condition in a way that is more permissive with regard to killing combatants in war. At least in this respect, a contractualist view of killing in war has an advantage over other candidates in explaining how wars might be fought justly.
The Virtues (and a Few Vices) of Daniel Russell's Practical Intelligence and the Virtues
Authors: Toner Christopher 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDaniel Russell's Practical Intelligence and the Virtues is principally a defense of the Aristotelian claim that phronesis is part of every unqualified virtue—a defense of what Russell calls "hard virtue theory" and "hard virtue ethics." The main support for this is the further claim that we would be unable to act well reliably, or form our character reliably, without phronesis performing its "twin roles": correctly identifying the mean of each virtue, and integrating the mean of each virtue with those of others so as to enable us to act in an overall virtuous manner. In following Russell's argument for these claims, we find much else of interest, including a persuasive account of right action and a resurrection of the old doctrine of cardinal virtues. Here I seek first to give readers a sense of the range and depth of this important book by summarizing the main lines of its argument. But I also raise some critical points, the most substantive of which concern his treatments of the unity of the virtues and of responsibility for character.
Kept on File: The Secret Service's Activities against Popular Music in Hungary, 1960–1990
Authors: Szőnyei Tamás 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe study shows that in the People's Republic of Hungary, within the frames of the mono-party system, the state security service—functioning according to the directives of the ruling communist party—was keen on trying to hinder the influence of Western ideologies from corrupting the youth through popular music. This fight was going on from the early '60s through 1990, the year that brought about the change of the political system, the transition from dictatorship to plural democracy, from planned economy to free market. To achieve their goal, to influence the functioning of the institutional system of popular music and to break the popularity of several beat/rock/folk/punk groups considered subversive, the secret service used—among other means—a web of informants. In doing so they could have some success, but in the end—due to the lucky turns of world politics—they just were not able to stop the collapse of the system. For the historian, however, these reports give a fascinating insight into the life of the young generation under state socialism and the moral ambiguities of resistance, co-existence and collaboration.
Double Presence: Proselytism and Belonging in an Angolan Prophetic Church's Diaspora in Europe
Authors: Blanes Ruy Llera 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the issue of proselytism and belonging among Angolan Christians in Europe, namely those belonging to the Tokoist Church, a propheticbased movement originated in Angola in the 1940s and later transnationalized into other African countries and Europe. Invoking fieldwork performed with the church in Lisbon and Luanda, I suggest that religious proselytism in diasporic contexts, as an expression of transnational religiosity, cannot be analyzed without approaching the issue of identity and belonging, which in turn is processed through the production of 'double presences,' a reflection of the multiple agencies and territorialities in which migrants are involved.
Gender and Return in the Kimbanguist Church of Portugal
Authors: Santos Joana , Sarró Ramon 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes some events related to the Kimbanguist church that have taken place in Portugal and in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It unearths a connection between an increasing feminization of practices and narratives within this church and the emergence of an ideology of return to Africa linked both to eschatological beliefs and to notions of 'mission,' 'example,' and 'success.' The article shows the advantage of a multi-sited fieldwork in the study of transnational religion, as well as the changing nature of religious institutions in today's world, in which socio-political dynamics in the migrants' new settings both affect and are affected by what happens in the headquarters of their religious institution.
Bringing Back the Gospel: Reverse Mission among Nigerian Pentecostals in Britain
Authors: Burgess Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the concept 'reverse mission' in relation to Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal churches in Britain. It begins with a general discussion of the term 'reverse mission' before examining the discourse of reverse mission as it is employed by Nigerian Pentecostals in Britain. Finally, the article explores the actual achievements of Nigerian Pentecostals against the background of European secularism. It considers whether their presence is an indication of the re-emergence of religion as a social force in Britain. Studies of reverse mission sometimes measure success in terms of winning indigenous converts or adherents and consequently find migrant churches wanting. The article concludes that Nigerian Pentecostal churches are to some extent a social force in Britain and it suggests that the adoption of a broader conception of mission, which includes civic engagement, enables a more nuanced assessment of their achievements, at least as far as the British context is concerned.
The Role and Relevance of the Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers in the European Context
Authors: Allan A. , Tignino M. , Loures F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn 2008, the UN International Law Commission adopted a set of 19 articles as a contribution to the codification and development of international groundwater law, and submitted them to the UN General Assembly. In view of the ILC's report, UNGA Resolution 63/124 takes note of the Draft Articles; commends them to the attention of governments; encourages States to apply and adjust the Draft Articles as a basis to negotiate specific aquifer agreements; and decides provisionally to examine the question of the final form that might be given to those articles at that body's 66 th Session. The Draft Articles offer an important basis for the progressive development of the law governing transboundary aquifers, in particular by acknowledging the complementary relationship between universal and regional or aquifer-specific legal instruments. In this context, the paper will assess the potential role and relevance of the Draft Articles' text, as it now stands, to guide European States in the sound management of the aquifers shared in the region. It will do so by comparing and evaluating the relationship between the Draft Articles and relevant European legal instruments, with particular focus on the issues of sustainability, planned measures, monitoring, emergencies, and the geographic scope of freshwater agreements. The analysis will show that, while these global and regional instruments can be mutually supportive, some important differences exist in the extent and content of the obligations under each of them.
Study of DNA Amplification Efficiency Based on Temperature Analyses of the Moving Fluid in a Liquid-Plug Flow PCR System
Authors: Fuchiwaki Yusuke , Nagai Hidenori , Saito Masato , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Flow-through PCR devices for performing rapid and small-volume DNA amplification on a single chip have attracted great interest. Flow-through DNA amplification was performed by moving PCR solution as a liquid plug through three individual temperature zones. Since precise control of the temperature setting is the most important technique for successful DNA amplification, real-time temperature analyses of the moving fluid were investigated using a polyolefin pressure-sensitive adhesive (PPSA) film to cover the microchannel. The temperature profile at 20 °C during annealing phase was the closest to the recommended conditions for PCR compared to the profile from 55 to 20 °C, and it showed the highest amplification of the tested regimes. The microchannel design was optimized using an infrared (IR) thermal imager to significantly increase the fluorescence intensity of the amplified products. A flow time of five to six seconds per cycle resulted in a temperature profile close to the recommended thermal gradient. These studies resulted in effective findings for simple and rapid amplification by moving a PCR solution as liquid-plug on a single chip.
Chirality Inversion in a Crystal Only by Photoirradiation
Authors: Nitami Tsuyoshi , Sekine Akiko , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When a crystal of [(S)-1-cyclohexylethylamine]bis(dimethylglyoximato)[(S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]cobalt(III) was irradiated with a halogen lamp, the absolute configuration of the (S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl group gradually changed from S to R with retention of the single crystal form. After 24 h exposure, the change became within experimental error and the S:R ratio of the 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl group was found to be 18:82 by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The crystals with the (R)- and (racemic)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl groups instead of the (S)-enantiomer have isomorphous structures to the crystal with the (S)-enantiomer. Both of the crystals were also changed to the same structure as that with the (S)-enantiomer on exposure to the halogen lamp. This marvelous ratio of 18:82 was clearly explained with the shape of the reaction cavity for the photoreactive 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl group in each crystal structure. A pseudo-isomorphous crystal of the complex with the (S)-enantiomer was obtained under the same conditions but it contains a water molecule as solvate. The (S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl group in the crystal gradually changed to the disordered racemate with retention of the single-crystal form. The different reaction pathway between the pseudo-isomorphous crystals with and without a water molecule was explained with not only the size but also the shape of the reaction cavity for the photoreactive group.
Preparation, Spectral Properties, and Electron Affinity of Bis(thiadiazolo)quinoxaline and Bis(thiadiazolo)phenanthroquinoxaline as n-Type Semiconductors
Authors: Ishi-i Tsutomu , Nakanishi Taro , Teshima Yuuki , Yasuda Takeshi , Han Liyuan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bis(thiadiazolo)phenanthroquinoxaline and bis(thiadiazolo)quinoxaline derivatives were prepared as a new candidate of n-type semiconductors and their electronic properties were investigated by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. The bis(thiadiazolo)phenanthroquinoxaline having the trifluoromethyl groups indicates n-type characteristic in an organic field-effect transistor.
Preparation of Electrically Conductive Film from Silver Nanocolloid Synthesized by Reduction of Silver–Thiolate
Authors: Miyashima Naoki , Matsuda Keigo , Shishido Masahiro 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We have developed a simple scheme for preparation of silver nanoparticle film. This scheme includes the reaction between octanethiol in the toluene and silver ion in water at toluene–water interface. The electric conductive films would be produced by sintering the coated films of the prepared silver nanoparticles below 200 °C.
An overview of the genetic susceptibility to alcoholism
Authors: Buscemi Loredana , Turchi Chiara 
Published: October 2011

Aims Alcoholism is a multifactorial, genetically influenced disorder. It is a major health and social issue, a highly frequent disease and a cause of premature death. It is also the most expensive addictive disorder due to morbidity, mortality, societal and legal problems. Besides their involvement in alcohol-related fatalities, forensic scientists are also required to assess driving and working ability as well as permanent invalidity due to alcohol-related conditions. Greater knowledge of the genetic basis of alcoholism could improve prevention by identifying specific risk factors and mechanisms, leading to effective therapeutic strategies and eventually to personalized treatments. Methods This overview of the recent scientific literature on the genetic basis of alcoholism summarizes the analytical strategies currently applied to the identification of candidate genes involved in alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) and discusses some genes and related phenotypes that have been shown to influence the risk of alcoholism. Results Alcoholism is a complex heterogeneous genetic disease. It is a quantitative disorder, in which the combined incidence of multiple genetic factors and environmental factors varies from one subject to another. Family, twin and adoption studies indicate that 50-60% of the risk of alcoholism is due to genetic factors. Risk loci for AUDs include both genes involved in alcohol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as genes moderating neurophysiological responses such as impulsivity, disinhibition, sensation-seeking and externalizing behaviours. Alcoholism also co-exists with other addictions and psychiatric disorders. Such co-morbidity suggests the existence of shared aetiological factors. Conclusions Despite several genes that influence the risk for AUDs having been identified, the genetic bases of alcoholisn remain largely unknown. Particularly the mechanism of action or the understanding of the physiology of some genes, as well as the gene-environment interactions, is still unknown. Technological progress and advances in transcriptomics, epigenomics and proteomics are expected to enhance our knowledge of the genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.
Mired in confusion: making sense of the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
Authors: Cairns Ruth , Brown Penelope , Grant-Peterkin Hugh , Owen Gareth S , Richardson Genevra , Szmukler George , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: October 2011

Introduction There is uncertainty about how to identify deprivation of liberty and the interface of the Mental Health Act and Mental Capacity Act Safeguards. Objective To increase current understanding by exploring how an expert legal panel interpret existing case law relating to deprivation of liberty in the clinical setting. Design Clinical vignettes of real patients were used to explore lawyers' thinking about important factors that: (1) distinguish lawful restriction from deprivation of liberty and (2) govern the choice between safeguard regimes when there is deprivation of liberty. The relative importance of such factors was discussed in a consensus meeting using a modified nominal group approach. Participants and setting Six eminent barristers and solicitors with expertise in mental health law attended a consensus meeting after making individual judgements about vignettes describing the situations of 28 incapacitated patients who had been admitted informally to a range of psychiatric inpatient units in South East London. Results Lawyers attributed key importance to a patient's ‘freedom to leave’ and suggested that patients' subjective experiences should be considered when identifying deprivation of liberty. Conclusions Clarification of deprivation of liberty and its safeguards will develop with future case law. Based on current available case law, the lawyers' expert views represented a divergence from Code of Practice guidance. We suggest that clinicians give consideration to this.
Identification of Extremely Premature Infants at High Risk of Rehospitalization
Authors: Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Carlo Waldemar A. , McDonald Scott A. , Yao Qing , Das Abhik , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Generic Database and Follow-up Subcommittees of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Extremely low birth weight infants often require rehospitalization during infancy. Our objective was to identify at the time of discharge which extremely low birth weight infants are at higher risk for rehospitalization.

METHODS:
Data from extremely low birth weight infants in Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers from 2002–2005 were analyzed. The primary outcome was rehospitalization by the 18- to 22-month follow-up, and secondary outcome was rehospitalization for respiratory causes in the first year. Using variables and odds ratios identified by stepwise logistic regression, scoring systems were developed with scores proportional to odds ratios. Classification and regression-tree analysis was performed by recursive partitioning and automatic selection of optimal cutoff points of variables.

RESULTS:
A total of 3787 infants were evaluated (mean ± SD birth weight: 787 ± 136 g; gestational age: 26 ± 2 weeks; 48% male, 42% black). Forty-five percent of the infants were rehospitalized by 18 to 22 months; 14.7% were rehospitalized for respiratory causes in the first year. Both regression models (area under the curve: 0.63) and classification and regression-tree models (mean misclassification rate: 40%–42%) were moderately accurate. Predictors for the primary outcome by regression were shunt surgery for hydrocephalus, hospital stay of &gt;120 days for pulmonary reasons, necrotizing enterocolitis stage II or higher or spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation, higher fraction of inspired oxygen at 36 weeks, and male gender. By classification and regression-tree analysis, infants with hospital stays of &gt;120 days for pulmonary reasons had a 66% rehospitalization rate compared with 42% without such a stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
The scoring systems and classification and regression-tree analysis models identified infants at higher risk of rehospitalization and might assist planning for care after discharge.
Bismuth-Loaded Polymer Scintillators for Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Rupert Benjmain L. , Cherepy Nerine J. , Sturm Benjamin W. , Sanner Robert D. , Dai Zurong , Payne Stephen A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWe synthesize a series of polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) monoliths containing varying loadings of triphenyl bismuth as a high-Z dopant and varying fluors, either organic or organometallic, in order to study their use as scintillators capable of gamma ray spectroscopy. A trend of increasing bismuth loading resulting in a better resolved photopeak is observed. For PVK parts with no fluor or a standard organic fluor, diphenylanthracene (DPA), increasing bismuth loading results in decreasing light yield while with samples 1 or 3 % by weight of the triplet harvesting organometallic fluor bis(4,6-difluoropyridinato-N,C2)picolinatoiridium (FIrpic) show increasing light yield with increasing bismuth loading. Our best performing PVK/ BiPh3/FIrpic scintillator with 40 wt % BiPh3 and 3 wt % FIrpic has an emission maximum of 500 nm, a light yield of ∼30,000 photons/MeV, and energy resolution better than 7% FWHM at 662 keV. Replacing the Ir complex with an equal weight of DPA produces a sample with a light yield of ∼6,000 photons/MeV, with an emission maximum at 420 nm and energy resolution of 9% at 662 keV. Transmission electron microscopy studies show that the BiPh3 forms small clusters of approximately 5 nm diameter.
Gold Nanowire Scattering and Absorption Measurements
Authors: Green Andrew J. , Carlson Michael T. , Khan Aurangzeb , Richardson Hugh H. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTLithographically prepared gold nanodots and nanowires were placed onto a thermal sensor film to measure heat absorption. These identical wires are also subjected to dark field scattering measurements allowing for a comparison between absorption and scattering at the excitation wavelength. An increasing liner trend is found to exist between nanowires of increasing aspect ratio. The nanostructures also exhibit a decreasing temperature change with increasing wire length with a constant laser flux of 1.3 x 1010 W/m2.
Book Reviews
Authors: Thorkelson Eli , Fuller Steve 
Published: October 2011

Annie Vinokur and Carole Sigman (eds) (2010) L’enseignement supérieur entre nouvelle gestion publique et crise systémiqueReview by Eli ThorkelsonMichèle Lamont (2009) How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic JudgmentReview by Steve Fuller
The Bedouin in History or Bedouin History?
Authors: Franz Kurt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Approaches to the Bedouin's importance in the history of the Arab Middle East regularly confl ict on whether outside or inside infl uences are paramount. In particular, have their political structures and activities been a secondary response to processes that stemmed from the polities of sedentary people, or have primary agency and rationales from within their own milieu been pivotal? For the fi rst time, this issue is to undergo methodical diachronic analysis. Distinguishing major periods of Bedouin political development from antiquity to the present, with an emergent focus on northern Arabia and the Fertile Crescent, a constant set of seven key features is assessed period by period in order to compare historical variations. Period-specifi c and consolidated results show that periods characterised by intrinsic factors differ clearly from periods marked by extrinsic ones, and that they alternate. Even as the Bedouin engage in interaction with the sedentary people, their own dynamics prove persistent and irreducible in themselves.
Being in the Frontline of a Sámi Culture and a Private Business: Cross-Border Reindeer Herding in Northern Norway and Sweden
Authors: Koch Peter , Miggelbrink Judith 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article investigates a conflict that loomed over the mutual use of pastures on either side of the border by various Sámi groups during the last decade. On the basis of a critical reading of Foucault, we analyse the identifications connected to different kinds of spaces that come up in the mediation of this conflict. Surprisingly, the notion of belonging to an indigenous people plays only a very limited role in this conflict. Being a Sámi and a state citizen turns out to be more important. Reindeer pastures are perceived as lands, bounded spaces, and as part of the state space, since reindeer herding is a 'nationalised' business. However, pastures as concrete places in themselves have not emerged as an important aspect of this conflict.