bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy outcome, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study
Authors: Rosenfeld Hila , Ornoy Asher , Shechtman Svetlana , Diav‐Citrin Orna 
Published: July 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Human pregnancy experience with propylthiouracil has not shown an increased risk of major anomalies, but its use in pregnancy has been associated with fetal or neonatal thyroid dysfunction with or without goitre.• The rate of these complications has not been prospectively evaluated. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • Based on prospective data from the Israeli Teratology Information Service, propylthiouracil was not associated with an increased teratogenic risk.• Hypothyroidism was found in 9.5% (56.8% of whom with goitre) of fetuses or neonates, whereas hyperthyroidism was detected in 10.3%.• In most cases neonatal thyroid functions normalized without treatment.AIMSPropylthiouracil (PTU) is presently considered to be the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. It is known to cross the human placenta, and therefore may affect the fetus. The major aims of this study were to evaluate the rate of major anomalies and to report the rate of fetal goitre, accompanied by hypothyroidism, in fetuses/ newborns of mothers after in utero exposure to PTU.METHODSProspective observational controlled cohort study of PTU‐exposed pregnancies of women counselled by the Israeli Teratology Information Service between the years 1994 and 2004 compared with women exposed to nonteratogens.RESULTSWe followed up 115 PTU‐exposed pregnancies and 1141 controls. The rate of major anomalies was comparable between the groups [PTU 1/80 (1.3%), control 34/1066 (3.2%), P= 0.507]. Hypothyroidism was found in 9.5% of fetuses/neonates (56.8% of whom with goitre). Hyperthyroidism, possibly resulting from maternal disease, was found in 10.3%. Goitres prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound were successfully treated in utero by maternal dose adjustment. In most cases neonatal thyroid functions normalized during the first month of life without any treatment. Median neonatal birth weight was lower [PTU 3145 g (2655–3537) vs. control 3300 g (2968–3600), P= 0.018].CONCLUSIONSPTU does not seem to be a major human teratogen. However, it could cause fetal/neonatal hypothyroidism with or without goitre. Fetal thyroid size monitoring and neonatal thyroid function tests are important for appropriate prevention and treatment.
Vestigial and scalloped in the ladybird beetle: a conserved function in wing development and a novel function in pupal ecdysis
Authors: Ohde T. , Masumoto M. , Morita‐Miwa M. , Matsuura H. , Yoshioka H. , Yaginuma T. , Niimi T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Drosophila melanogaster, Vestigial (Vg) and Scalloped (Sd) form a transcription factor complex and play a crucial role in wing development. To extend our knowledge of insect wing formation, we isolated vg and sd homologues from two ladybird beetle species, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and Harmonia axyridis. Although the ladybird beetle vg homologues had only low homology with D. melanogaster vg, ectopic expression of H. vigintioctopunctata vg induced wing‐like tissues in antennae and legs of D. melanogaster. Subsequent larval RNA interference (RNAi) analysis in H. vigintioctopunctata demonstrated conserved functions of vg and sd in wing development, and an unexpected novel function of sd in pupal ecdysis. Furthermore, our results can be applied to the production of a flightless ladybird beetle for biological control purposes using larval RNAi.
Cognitive behavioural therapy: from face to face interaction to a broader contextual understanding of change
Authors: Jahoda A. , Dagnan D. , Stenfert Kroese B. , Pert C. , Trower P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is increasingly used to address the emotional and interpersonal problems of people with ID. There is a limited but promising evidence base supporting this activity. However, these individuals face real and continuing challenges in their lives that have implications for their self and interpersonal perceptions. These adversities have implications for the adaptation of CBT. First, it may mean that characteristically negative perceptions may be more common and may be the result of a complex interaction with a truly aversive environment and should not simply be considered as cognitive distortions. Secondly, clients may have limited control over their everyday lives, with limited opportunity to negotiate change with their informal and formal sources of support. This review suggests that it is important to consider the interpersonal context of therapy both to ensure effective work within sessions and to enable real change in clients' everyday lives. The review draws upon Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development and ecological models of change to consider the challenges of establishing collaborative relationships and the potential to use CBT within a broad psychosocial model. The aim is to offer a helpful framework for practitioners and to identify directions for future research.
Highly infectious symbiont dominates initial uptake in coral juveniles
Authors: ABREGO DAVID , VAN OPPEN MADELEINE J. H. , WILLIS BETTE L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe majority of reef‐building corals acquire their obligate algal symbionts (Symbiodinium) from the environment. However, factors shaping the initial establishment of coral–algal symbioses, including parental effects, local environmental conditions and local availability of symbionts, are not well understood. This study monitored the uptake and maintenance of Symbiodinium in juveniles of two common corals, Acropora tenuis and Acropora millepora, that were reciprocally explanted between sites where adult colonies host different types of Symbiodinium. We found that coral juveniles were rapidly dominated by type D Symbiodinium, even though this type is not found in adult colonies (including the parental colonies) in four out of the five study populations. Furthermore, type D Symbiodinium was found in less than one‐third of a wide range of coral species (n > 50) sampled at the two main study sites, suggesting that its dominance in the acroporid juveniles is not because it is the most abundant local endosymbiotic type. Moreover, dominance by type D was observed irrespective of the light intensity to which juveniles were exposed in a field study. In summary, despite its relatively low abundance in coral assemblages at the study sites and irrespective of the surrounding light environment, type D Symbiodinium is the main symbiont type initially acquired by juveniles of A. millepora and A. tenuis. We conclude that during early ontogeny in these corals, there are few barriers to the uptake of Symbiodinium types which differ from those found in parental colonies, resulting in dominance by a highly infectious and potentially opportunistic symbiont.
Relationship between pretreatment specific IgE and the response to omalizumab therapy
Authors: Wahn U. , Martin C. , Freeman P. , Blogg M. , Jimenez P. 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Omalizumab, an anti‐IgE antibody, has proven efficacy in patients with moderate‐to‐severe and severe persistent allergic (IgE‐mediated) asthma. While previous analyses have had some limited success in predicting which patients will gain greatest benefit based on pretreatment baseline characteristics, it remains important to try to improve this predictability.Methods:  Following a run‐in phase, patients (12–75 years) inadequately controlled despite current therapy were randomized to receive omalizumab or placebo for 28 weeks in a double‐blind, parallel‐group, multicenter study (INNOVATE). Univariate analyses were performed to assess whether pretreatment specific IgE serum levels and related variables could be identified that were predictive of a response to omalizumab patients (n = 337) enrolled in INNOVATE. Response was measured via variables including exacerbations, QoL, FEV1 and physicians’ overall assessment.Results:  A total of 305 patients (90.5%) were sensitive to more than one allergen and the majority of patients were positive to D1 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D2 Dermatophagoides farinae. Patients with relatively high values of D1 or D2, but with these making a relatively low contribution to total specific IgE load, appeared to attain most benefit from omalizumab. However, no consistent predictive effect for omalizumab response was observed either for total specific IgE or levels of IgEs specific for individual allergens.Conclusions:  Based on these data, pretreatment allergen‐specific IgE levels do not provide any better prediction of response to treatment as compared with pretreatment total IgE. At present, the most reliable method of identifying patients who respond to omalizumab treatment remains a physician’s assessment.
Low genetic variability and strong differentiation among isolated populations of the rare steppe grass Stipa capillata L. in Central Europe
Authors: Hensen I. , Kilian C. , Wagner V. , Durka W. , Pusch J. , Wesche K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract Stipa capillata L. (Poaceae) is a rare grassland species in Central Europe that is thought to have once been widespread in post‐glacial times. Such relict species are expected to show low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation between populations due to bottlenecks, long‐term isolation and ongoing habitat fragmentation. These patterns should be particularly pronounced in selfing species. We analysed patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation in the facultatively cleistogamous S. capillata to examine whether genetic diversity is associated with population size, and to draw initial conclusions on the migration history of this species in Central Europe. We analysed 31 S. capillata populations distributed in northeastern, central and western Germany, Switzerland and Slovakia. Estimates of genetic diversity at the population level were low and not related to population size. Among all populations, extraordinarily high levels of genetic differentiation (amova: φST = 0.86; Bayesian analysis: θB = 0.758) and isolation‐by‐distance were detected. Hierarchical amova indicated that most of the variability was partitioned among geographic regions (59%), or among populations between regions when the genetically distinct Slovakian populations were excluded. These findings are supported by results of a multivariate ordination analysis. We also found two different groups in an UPGMA cluster analysis: one that contained the populations from Slovakia, and the other that combined the populations from Germany and Switzerland. Our findings imply that S. capillata is indeed a relict species that experienced strong bottlenecks in Central Europe, enhanced by isolation and selfing. Most likely, populations in Slovakia were not the main genetic source for the post‐glacial colonization of Central Europe.
Intraoperative assessment of microperfusion with visible light spectroscopy for prediction of anastomotic leakage in colorectal anastomoses
Authors: Karliczek A. , Benaron D. A. , Baas P. C. , Zeebregts C. J. , Wiggers T. , Van Dam G. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurpose  Anastomotic leakage is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, there is no accurate tool to predict its occurrence. We evaluated the predictive value of visible light spectroscopy (VLS), a novel method to measure tissue oxygenation [saturated O2 (StO2)], for anastomotic leakage of the colon and the rectum.Method  Oxygen saturation in the bowel was measured in 77 colorectal resections. The anastomosis was between 2 and 30 cm (mean 13 cm) from the anal verge. The oxygen saturation was measured in the colon and rectum before and after anastomosis construction. This was compared with a reference measurement in the caecum. Data on postoperative complications were prospectively collected.Results  Anastomotic leakage occurred in 14 (18%) patients. When compared with a leaking anastomosis, normal anastomoses showed rising O2 values during the operation (mean StO2 72.1 ± 9.0–76.7 ± 8.0 vs 73.9 ± 7.9–73.1 ± 7.4) (P ≤ 0.05). There were also higher StO2 values in the caecum compared with those which ultimately leaked (73.6 ± 5.7 normal anastomoses, 69.6 ± 5.6 anastomotic leaks) (P ≤ 0.05). Both StO2 values were predictive of anastomotic leakage.Conclusion  Tissue oxygenation O2 appears to be a potentially useful means of predicting anastomotic leakage after colorectal anastomosis.
A new rapid micromethod for the assay of phenobarbital from dried blood spots by LC‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: La Marca Giancarlo , Malvagia Sabrina , Filippi Luca , Luceri Francesca , Moneti Gloriano , Guerrini Renzo 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAdvantages of dried blood spot include low invasiveness, ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. We used tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to determine phenobarbital levels on dried blood spot specimens and compared this methodology to commercially available particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) in plasma/serum samples. The calibration curve in matrix using D5‐phenobarbital as internal standard was linear in the phenobarbital concentration range of 1–100 mg/L (correlation coefficient 0.9996). The coefficients of variation in blood spots ranged 2.29–6.71% and the accuracy ranged 96.54–103.87%. There were no significant differences between the concentrations measured using PETINA and LC‐MS/MS (both had similar precision and accuracy) however, LC‐MS/MS allows at least 1.5 times higher throughput of phenobarbital analysis and additionally offers ease of sample collection which is particularly important for newborns or small infants.
Yoga Decreases Kyphosis in Senior Women and Men with Adult‐Onset Hyperkyphosis: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Greendale Gail A. , Huang Mei‐Hua , Karlamangla Arun S. , Seeger Leanne , Crawford Sybil 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether a specifically designed yoga intervention can reduce hyperkyphosis.DESIGN: A 6‐month, two‐group, randomized, controlled, single‐masked trial.SETTING: Community research unit.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen women and men aged 60 and older with a kyphosis angle of 40° or greater. Major exclusions were serious medical comorbidity, use of assistive device, inability to hear or see adequately for participation, and inability to pass a physical safety screen.INTERVENTION: The active treatment group attended hour‐long yoga classes 3 days per week for 24 weeks. The control group attended a monthly luncheon and seminar and received mailings.MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were change (baseline to 6 months) in Debrunner kyphometer‐assessed kyphosis angle, standing height, timed chair stands, functional reach, and walking speed. Secondary outcomes were change in kyphosis index, flexicurve kyphosis angle, Rancho Bernardo Blocks posture assessment, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).RESULTS: Compared with control participants, participants randomized to yoga experienced a 4.4% improvement in flexicurve kyphosis angle (P=.006) and a 5% improvement in kyphosis index (P=.004). The intervention did not result in statistically significant improvement in Debrunner kyphometer angle, measured physical performance, or self‐assessed HRQOL (each P>.1).CONCLUSION: The decrease in flexicurve kyphosis angle in the yoga treatment group shows that hyperkyphosis is remediable, a critical first step in the pathway to treating or preventing this condition. Larger, more‐definitive studies of yoga or other interventions for hyperkyphosis should be considered. Targeting individuals with more‐malleable spines and using longitudinally precise measures of kyphosis could strengthen the treatment effect.
Student‐to‐Student Interaction Revisited: A Case Study of Working Adult Business Students in Online Courses*
Authors: Kellogg Deborah L. , Smith Marlene A. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTFaculty teaching in online environments are universally encouraged to incorporate a variety of student‐to‐student learning activities into their courses. Although there is a body of both theoretical and empirical work supporting this, adult professional students participating in an online MBA program at an urban business school reported being at best indifferent and often negative regarding these learning activities. A case study was performed to explore how pervasive this attitude was and the possible reasons for it. Through various sources of data and exploration, we discovered that common interactive modalities are not associated with either perceived learning or satisfaction. A content analysis of a data analysis course revealed that 64.5% of responses recalled student‐to‐student interactivities when responding to a “learned least from” query. We identified three possible reasons for these negative responses: time inefficiency, interaction dysfunction, and flexibility intrusion. We conclude that, although some working professional students probably do learn from student‐to‐student interactivity, the costs incurred may be too great. If working adult students present a different profile than those students typically represented in academic research and thus have different needs and expectations, we may need to rethink the design of online education delivered to them.
Effects of residual chlorfluazuron on haemolymph‐borne oviposition‐stimulating factors in Spodoptera litura
Authors: Perveen F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAcylurea insecticides can have various effects on insect reproduction and may even interfere with haemolymph‐borne oviposition‐stimulating factors (OSFs). This study describes the effects of injecting haemolymph into females of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the effects of chlorfluazuron on the activities of OSFs, when sublethal doses (LD10: 1.00 ng larva−1 or LD30: 3.75 ng larva−1) were applied topically to newly ecdysed fifth instars under laboratory conditions. The haemolymph of moths of varying age, sex, and mating status resulted in the following increases in oviposition rates within the first 24 h, listed in decreasing order: the haemolymph of mated females injected into mated females (56%), mated females into newly emerged virgin females (53%), virgin males into virgin females (49%), and virgin females into mated females (29%), compared with uninjected mated or virgin females. Two factors are involved in the activation of ovipositon: OSF‐I is found in virgin females, whereas OSF‐II may be formed or received by males during mating. By contrast, the haemolymph taken from chlorfluazuron‐treated adults (treated as fifth instars with sublethal doses) injected into females resulted in the following percentage decreases in oviposition rates within the first 24 h, listed in decreasing order: the haemolymph of LD10‐ and LD30‐treated virgin males injected into untreated virgin females (77 and 84%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated virgin females into untreated mated females (70 and 80%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated mated females into untreated mated females (61 and 69%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated mated females into untreated virgin females (59 or 68%, respectively), compared with untreated ones. Hence, residual chlorfluazuron decreases the activities of OSFs by significantly decreasing the oviposition rates. Moreover, virgin females’ or males’ OSFs are more sensitive to chlorfluazuron than those of mated cutworms. Both OSFs are most likely proteins.
Dental patient education: a survey from the perspective of dental hygienists
Authors: Rantanen M , Johansson K , Honkala E , Leino‐Kilpi H , Saarinen M , Salanterä S 
Published: July 2009

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00403.x Rantanen M, Johansson K, Honkala E, Leino‐Kilpi H, Saarinen M, Salanterä S. Dental patient education: A survey from the perspective of dental hygienists.Abstract:  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to describe the current patient education practices of dental hygienists by exploring their views concerning their skills and knowledge related to patient education and by determining the implementation of patient education in their work, with regard to both method and content.Methods:  The target group consisted of 416 dental hygienists (n = 222, 53%) The research strategy used was a survey. The material was gathered using questionnaire.Results:  According to the dental hygienists, their skills and knowledge about patient education were good. However, the implementation of education was not in line with these assessments. The content of the education given focused mostly on the functional dimension. Little use was made of various educational methods, and the dental hygienists felt that they were not in good enough command of the methods. The patient’s expectations and learning were not assessed systematically. The education provided and the assessment of the need for education often focused on the professional him/herself and the standpoint of the patient empowerment was disregarded.Conclusions:  These results lay the foundation for additional research aimed at developing the patient education given by these professionals and making it support the empowerment of each patient.
A Five-Nation Survey to Assess the Distribution of the Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency Time Among the General Male Population
Authors: Waldinger Marcel D. , McIntosh Joe , Schweitzer Dave H. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The duration of the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) may give rise to subjective complaints of premature ejaculation (PE) and is usually determined by self-assessment or by stopwatch.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the IELT distribution in the general male population and the accuracy of IELT assessment by using a blinded timer device instead of a stopwatch, thereby minimizing possible interference with the spontaneous and natural way of having intercourse.

Methods
The IELT was measured with a timer device during 4 weeks in a nonselected sample of 474 men from The Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, and the United States. Questionnaires were administered before and after the 4-week IELT assessments.

Main Outcome Measures
IELT; erectile function dysfunction score of International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF).

Results
The IELT had a positively skewed distribution, with a geometric mean of 5.7 minutes and a median of 6.0 minutes (range: 0.1–52.1 minutes). Men from Turkey had the shortest median IELT (4.4 minutes). Men from the United Kingdom had the longest IELT (10.0 minutes). Circumcision and condom use had no significant impact on the median IELT. Subjects who were discontent with their latency time had slightly lower median IELT values of 5.2 minutes than the median of the population.

Conclusion
The IELT distribution, measured with a blinded timer device, is very similar to the IELT distribution of our previous population survey which utilized a stopwatch. In the general male population, complaints of discontent with self-perceived latency had a slightly lower median IELT value than the median of the overall population.