bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review
Authors: Ellis F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This supplement to Acta Radiologica is beautifully produced in what has now become the traditional fashion for this series, and our admiration is necessarily tempered by a tinge of austere envy of the timber and labour conditions which make such a volume possible. The text is in German, which is unfortunate for many English and Americans who would otherwise be delighted to possess it. Even so, the 44-page protocol of cases treated forms a useful guide as well as an objective record which could be understood and followed by the veriest linguistic tyro using a dictionary.
Some Tracer and Therapeutic Studies with Artificial Radioactivity Sir James Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecture
Authors: Lawrence John H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mr. Chairman, Members of the Institute, Ladies and Gentlemen:
I appreciate the honour you have given me in asking me to be one of the Sir James Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecturers. I am mindful of the fact that many distinguished men have given these Lectures in the past. Therefore I am conscious of the responsibility you have placed on me and hope that I will not fail you. Sir James Mackenzie Davidson was one of the greatest pioneers in radiology. Immediately after the discovery of X rays in 1896 he saw their immense possibilities in medicine and visited Röntgen in the same year. During his life he made numerous contributions in this field, particularly in instrumentation and in methods of localisation. His many important pieces of work were possible because, in addition to his training in ophthalmology and radiology, he possessed a knowledge of physics and mathematics. The laboratory in which I work is founded on the belief that physics, chemistry and mathematics more than ever have much to offer in medical research, diagnosis and treatment, and in our laboratory more and more of the younger men are gaining fundamental training in these sciences in addition to their medical training.
My last trip to England was in 1939 to attend the British Association meeting in Dundee.
The Relation of Radiosensitivity and Radiocurability to the Histology of Tumour Tissue
Authors: Glücksmann Alfred 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
1. Radiosensitivity of tumour tissue is not linked with its radiocurability.
2. The preponderance of short-lived undifferentiated cells and thus the degree of anaplasia determines the degree of radiosensitivity of tumours, as measured by the rate of tumour shrinkage.
3. The radiocurability of tumours—measured by the five-year symptom-free rate—varies with the degree of differentiation of the tissue and inversely with the growth-coefficient and the tendency to metastatic spread.
4. The reduction of radiocurability of tumours by lymphnode involvement is due to the biological character of such tumours rather than to differences in response of tumour tissue at primary and secondary sites.
5. The capacity for increased differentiation under radiation distinguishes most of the radiocurable tumours.
A Preliminary Note on some Biological Effects of Alpha Radiation on the Frog Tadpole
Authors: Tansley K. , Gray L. H. , Spear F. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mitotic and degenerate cell counts were made on the eye and brain of frog tadpoles exposed to three different doses of α rays and the results compared with those already known for a small dose of γ rays. Whereas with the lowest α-ray dose the relation between mitosis and degeneration does not differ from that which would be expected to follow a relatively small dose of radiation, after the two larger α-ray doses degeneration far exceeds this amount. It would seem that α rays cause the degeneration of potential dividing cells in considerable numbers.
Radiological Demonstration of Ascaris Infestation
Authors: Strang C. , Warrick C. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Reports of the radiographic demonstration of ascaris infestation have appeared in American and Continental literature, but seldom in British journals.
Roundworms may be demonstrated by serial radiographs of the abdomen at half-hourly intervals after ingestion of the opaque meal. The presence of the parasites may be discovered during a routine examination to exclude other affections of the alimentary tract. In certain cases ova are absent from the stools and in these the barium meal is the only method of immediate diagnosis.
The radiological signs are (1) sharply defined band-shaped filling defects; (2) linear shadows due to adherence of barium to the exterior of the worm; (3) thread-like shadows caused by the presence of barium in the enteric canals of the worms; and (4) evidence of disordered motility of the bowel.
A case is reported in which the worms were shown at two barium follow-through examinations, and all the above signs were demonstrated.
The Radiological Assessment of the Normal Aqueduct and 4th Ventricle
Authors: Sutton David 
Published: July 2009

A study is presented of the normal radiological anatomy of the aqueduct and 4th ventricle based on an analysis of 100 cases. After briefly describing the radiological techniques of investigation, the previous literature on methods of assessing the posterior fossa is reviewed.
Measurements are recorded, using the Lysholm skull table, for:
(1) The distance between the dorsum sellæ and aqueduct (2·9 to 4·1 cm.).
(2) The distance between the dorsum sellæ and the floor of the 4th ventricle (3·1 to 4·3 cm.).
(3) The height of the 4th ventricle (1·3 to 2·1 cm.).
(4) The distance from the fastigium to the mouth of the aqueduct (3·4 to 5·1 cm.).
(5) The ventricular angle (85° to 95°).
Personal observations on the radiological anatomy of the 3rd ventricle, aqueduct and 4th ventricle are described.
The diagnostic importance of absolute measurements as compared with relative measurements (such as are provided by Twining's line and the Swedish line) is discussed.
It is emphasised that in doubtful cases a thorough analysis of all available measurements and dimensions may be required to detect abnormalities.
Some Measurements of Gamma-ray Doses Received by a Radiotherapist During Radium Operations
Authors: Howarth J. L. , Miller H. , Walter J. 
Published: July 2009

Measurements were made over a period of 18 months of the doses of radiation actually received by a radium therapist during operations, (a) by the fingers and hands, and (b) by the body as a whole (integral dose). The doses to the gonads are also estimated. These are given in a series of tables.
The significance of the findings is discussed, with special reference to the permissible tolerance doses, both local and general.
The Radiological Diagnosis of Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Kaye Josse , Meyer M. J. , van Lingen B. , McGregor M. , Braudo J. L. 
Published: July 2009

1. The radiological features of 100 cases of mitral stenosis were contrasted with 100 control cases.
2. Four signs of left auricular enlargement were assessed. When any one of these alone was present there was an almost equal chance of the case in question not being due to mitral valve disease. When two or more were present together the chance of the case being one of mitral disease was approximately 23 : 1. The value of searching for all these four features when attempting to establish the diagnosis of mitral valve disease is stressed.
3. In the mitral series 90 per cent of cases showed at least one of the four signs described for left auricular enlargement. Ten per cent of cases, however, showed no evidence of left auricular enlargement.
4. In the control series 16 per cent of cases showed at least one of the features of left auricular enlargement.
5. The importance of a hitherto recognised, but never emphasised, sign of left auricular enlargement in the left anterior oblique view is stressed.
6. Neither heart size nor the co-existence of other heart disease was found to diminish the frequency with which features of left auricular enlargement could be found in mitral valve disease.
7. Other features of left auricular enlargement were also assessed. It was concluded that they were of little value in establishing the diagnosis in early or doubtful cases.
8. Features other than those due to left auricular enlargement were found to be of little diagnostic value.
Radiation Monitoring in the Hospitals of Great Britain
Authors: Greening J. R. 
Published: July 2009

The data presented in this paper are based on replies to a questionnaire which was sent by the Scientific Sub-committee of the Hospital Physicists' Association to the heads of hospitals and medical school physics departments with the intention of assessing the scope of existing radiation protection services and the usefulness of the records to those bodies which from time to time suggest maximum allowable exposures. Information was also obtained from the National Physical Laboratory Radiation Protection Service. This survey, therefore, covers the majority of persons liable to be exposed to radiations in the course of their duties in hospitals or medical schools. It includes the M.R.C. Radiotherapeutic Research Unit but excludes members of other University or Government Departments such as Atomic Energy Establishments.
Two main types of protection service are employed. The first applies mainly to radiotherapy departments where the dose-rate of stray radiation is measured in all places that could be occupied by staff, and by use of suitable absorbing materials is reduced below the maximum permissible level under the worst conditions of operation of the apparatus. Under these conditions it is sometimes decided that the continuous carrying of an ionization chamber or film is unnecessary. Consequently persons covered by such a protection service have not been included in the statistics given later, but the existence of this group exposed to radiation at less than the current maximum permissible level should be noted.
Two Tumours Within a Fractured Skull
Authors: Cowie Thomas N. 
Published: July 2009

This unusual case, recorded by kind permission of Mr. Joseph Schorstein, the surgeon in charge, presents several features of clinical and radiological interest. The patient was admitted to hospital with suspected chronic intracranial abscess, but was found to have a glioblastoma of one cerebral hemisphere.
At post-mortem examination, there was also found to be a left acoustic neurinoma, which had produced considerable erosion of the internal auditory canal, easily identifiable on review of the X-ray films, but which had not given rise to symptoms during life. Audiometry would almost certainly have revealed impaired hearing, but this was not found on ordinary clinical examination. The location of the glioblastoma deep to a tantalum plate which had been seven years in position raises interesting aetiological problems, but may well be pure coincidence. This plate was inserted to cover a bone defect resulting from fracture.
The Radiographic Appearances of the Chest in Persons of Advanced Age
Authors: Edge J. R. , Millard F. J. C. , Reid Lynne , Simon G. 
Published: July 2009

The chest radiographs of 100 subjects aged 75 or over were studied.
1. There was no radiological evidence of emphysema in any instance, which suggests that the majority of patients with gross emphysema die of it before reaching 75.
2. Unlike other authors, we have been unable to recognise a senile lung pattern.
3. The only consistent changes were those in the bony skeleton. Decalcification of the ribs was generally present, and may have affected the interpretation of the appearance of the lung vessels. Spondylosis in the dorsal region was universal, and significant kyphosis was present in the majority.
4. The increase in the cardiothoracic ratio commonly found was due to shrinkage of the thoracic cage, and not to an increase in the heart size, so that this ratio is of no value in the assessment of cardiomegaly.
5. The lungs from six aged and five young normal subjects were studied. The aged lungs showed a mild degree of panacinar emphysema only without air trapping.
A “Wedged Counter” for Thyroid Measurements
Authors: Hall F. M. , White D. R. 
Published: July 2009

The assessment of radio-iodine content of the thyroid gland is an essential part of most thyroid function tests. Various techniques of measurement are used. These either depend upon the thyroid being measured within an iso-count zone of homogeneity between two counters, or by measurements with a single counter over the front of the neck, corrections being derived for the uncertain distance of the gland from the single counter. There are a great many patients referred for iodine tests, who are too ill to be placed between paired counters, leading to the use, therefore, of a single counter.
The present description is of a method of measuring thyroid radioactivity, ideally suited to the patient confined to bed, allowing an accurate result to be obtained without the need for any correction for thyroid-counter distances. This method involves the production of an area of uniform counting rate, by using a pair of G.M. tubes set at 90 deg., with wedged filters to modify the iso-count curves of the tubes (this is analogous to the practice of using wedged filters for radiotherapy, but in reverse).
The Grenz-ray Output Characteristics of a Superficial Therapy Machine
Authors: Stewart F. S. , Jones D. E. A. 
Published: July 2009

In a superficial X-ray therapy unit, the Dermopan, recently installed at this hospital, an unexpected relationship was observed between X-ray output and tube current when the latter was varied from the specified value at the 10 kV setting. It is thought worth while to record this observation, since failure to appreciate this behaviour could lead to serious errors in dosage. It will also be seen that, by means of a simple adjustment of the control circuit of the machine, this characteristic can be turned to good account by providing improved dose control.
The equipment uses a self-rectified tube with a beryllium window. A selector switch on the control panel provides for operation at 10, 29, 43 or 50 kVp. An electrical interlock system ensures that the tube can be energised only when the filter appropriate to the selected kilovoltage is in place. A fine control of line voltage is provided. A tube current of precisely 25 mA is specified at all four X-ray qualities. Tube current control is smooth and adequately fine, but no stabiliser of cathode current is provided.
Measurements of X-ray output were made using a grenz-ray ionisation chamber (Osborn and Clifton).* If the exposure rate for each kilovoltage setting at 25 mA is taken as unity, the relative outputs observed for other values of tube current are shown in Fig. 1.
Buscopan in Diagnostic Radiology of the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Murray J. P. 
Published: July 2009

An attempt was made to assess the value of Buscopan in routine gastrointestinal radiology. It was indicated in 55 out of 1,163 examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, 45 out of 247 barium enema examinations and in two out of 14 T-tube choledochograms.
It was considered a safe and effective spasmolytic and most helpful in assessing achalasia of the cardia, acute peptic ulceration near the pylorus and both functional and organic disorders in the large bowel. It was disappointing as a diagnostic aid in chronic peptic ulceration and neoplastic disease of the stomach.
Its greatest value lay in helping to distinguish between functional and organic conditions in the colon and in assessing organic pathology in the distal colon more adequately.
Neurological Complications following Arterial Catheterisation by the Axillary Approach
Authors: Staal A. , van Voorthuisen A. E. , van Dijk L. M. 
Published: July 2009

The authors review the neurological complications seen in their series of 21 arterial catheterisations by the axillary approach. Five patients had slight disturbances of the brachial plexus (paraesthesia and weakness) for some months. Two other patients with severe lesions of the brachial plexus are more fully described. The necessity of a very strict indication for this technique is pointed out.
Meticulous care should be given to haemostasis and in cases of complications early neurosurgical exploration is indicated.
Review
Authors: Jacobs Philip 
Published: July 2009

Traumatic lesions often receive rather scant attention in general radiological text-books. Since this book is devoted entirely to the radiological aspects of trauma, it fills a long-felt need.
The author makes no claim to provide a detailed annotated tome. Nevertheless, most injuries are well covered. In addition to the more usual subjects, the reader will find interesting sections on such topics as sports injuries, ballistics and medico-legal studies.
The Haematological Complications of Polycythaemia Vera and Treatment with Radioactive Phosphorus
Authors: Szur L. , Lewis S. M. 
Published: July 2009

1. Haematological complications developed in 18 of a series of 169 patients with polycythaemia vera, seen over a 16-year period and treated with 32P. The complications are considered under three headings: marrow depression, myelosclerosis, and granulocytic leukaemia.
2. Two patients developed pancytopenia. Attention is drawn to the rarity of this complication, and differences from other forms of marrow hypoplasia are discussed.
3. Myelosclerosis occurred much more frequently than leukaemia in this series (12 cases of myelosclerosis as compared with four of leukaemia). The difficulties which may be encountered in distinguishing between the two conditions are emphasised. The clinical and haematological features in the patients who developed myelosclerosis and leukaemia are compared with the findings in the patients who did not develop these complications.
4. The difficulty of assessing the role of 32P in causing or increasing the incidence of these complications is discussed. Leukaemia and myelosclerosis occur in polycythaemic patients not treated by ionising radiation. It is therefore possible that an increased incidence may merely be a result of the prolongation of life produced by treatment with 32P. It is perhaps more likely, however, that radioactive phosphorus both prolongs life and also increases the frequency of leukaemia.
5. It is concluded that the relationship between the development of myelosclerosis and leukaemia and treatment with 32P could be clarified only by a planned and statistically valid investigation. A plea is made for co-operative efforts to organise such an investigation.
W. E. Schall, B.Sc, F.Inst.P.
Authors: C.A.  
Published: July 2009

The world of radiology mourns the death on December 2, 1965, of a senior member of the British Institute of Radiology and one of the oldest members of the X-ray industry.
William Ernest Schall was born on April 21, 1888, at Regents Park, London, the son of Karl Schall, one of the founders of the firm Reiniger, Gebbert and Schall.
W. E. Schall was educated at Dulwich and University College, London. He was offered a Research Scholarship which he was unable to accept in view of his father's indifferent health. He joined his father about 1909 as manager of the business, and he became Governing Director in 1912 following his father's retirement.
Correspondence
Authors: Shuttleworth E. , Fowler J. F. 
Published: July 2009

A recent publication (Burns, 1965) described the use of a nomogram to obtain equivalent dosages for different fractionation regimes. We have been seriously alarmed, in discussion with practising radiotherapists from several centres, to find that this nomogram has been believed more literally than the author intended, instead of being treated as a useful example of the way in which such nomograms could be constructed.
Burns was careful to explain very clearly that his nomogram was based on a cell survival curve for well oxygenated cells having an extrapolation number n = 2 and reciprocal slope D0 = 160 rads. He described in detail how any other dose-response curve of the readers' choice could equally well be used to construct an alternative nomogram.
Non-rachitic Bow Leg and Knock-knee Deformities in Young Jamaican Children
Authors: Bateson Eric M. 
Published: July 2009

Severe bow legs and knock knees are very common in Jamaican children. These two deformities are closely related and are not due to any known pathological condition including rickets.
In advanced cases the bow legs change to tibia vara and the knock knees to tibia valga, while changes appear in the tibial metaphysis which resemble osteochondritis radiologically. Three factors, racial, eccentric pressure on the knee and increased plasticity of bone, have been shown to play a part in the development of these deformities.
In severe bow legs treatment appears to be indicated when the angle formed by the femur and tibia exceeds 25 deg. Spontaneous correction of lesser angulation can occur.
Observer Error in the Radiological Diagnosis of Paterson-Kelly Webs
Authors: Elwood P. C. , Pitman R. G. 
Published: July 2009

A study of the differences between eight radiologists in the detection of Paterson-Kelly webs in photographs of the barium swallow X-ray films of 132 subjects with dysphagia is reported.
The number of subjects in whom a web was detected by the different radiologists varied from 6 to 59 per cent. Agreement was also poor as to whether or not stenosis was present. A grading scheme for webs is described, but its use in this study appears to do little to diminish the differences between the radiologists.
This study throws doubt on the validity of comparisons of the prevalence of webs in series reported by different authors. The possible relevance of webs to dysphagia is discussed briefly.
The Effect of Single Doses of X Radiation on Mandibular Growth
Authors: Adkins K. F. 
Published: July 2009

The short-term effects of localised X radiation applied in single doses of 110, 550 and 1,100 R on mandibular growth in the rat were examined.
Intravital staining with the fluorochrome alizarin red S had labelled the bone mineralised immediately before irradiation and permitted recognition of that level in subsequent examinations. Microscopic measurements were taken from the labelled line to the periphery of the bone at the lingual alveolar plate, the inferior border and the condyle. Gross measurements taken were from the gnathion to condyle and gnathion to gonion.
Analysis of results revealed a marked reduction in growth in every area examined in animals receiving 1,100 R of X radiation. The greatest reductions were in the lingual alveolus (63 per cent) and the condyle (36 per cent). The lowest dose to produce any significant retardation of bone growth was 550 R where reductions of 12 per cent in the inferior border and 9 per cent in the condyle were recorded for male animals. At the 110 R level there was no measurable reduction of bone growth.
Radiation Cataract—New Evidence on Radiation Dosage to the Lens
Authors: Britten M. J. A. , Halnan Keith E. , Meredith W. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. The eyes of 104 patients treated for 106 tumours of the eyelids in 1952–53 and 1957–58, have been examined in 1964.
2. Fourteen cases of radiation cataract (only six seriously affecting visual acuity) were found in 38 patients treated by radon gold seed implant. The five major cataracts began to affect vision at 3, 7, 10, 10 and 11 years after treatment. These cataracts are probably progressive between six and 11 years after treatment, since the incidence after radon seed implant was three out of 16 1957–58 cases and 11 out of 22 1952–53 cases, all five major cataracts being in the latter group.
3. Many of these radiation cataracts have not had significant effect on visual acuity, even though they were clearly distinguishable when the lens was examined by slit-lamp ten or more years after radiotherapy.
4. Radiation doses to the lens have been calculated. After a radon gold seed implant, 4,000 R to the centre of the lens appear to lead to cataract in all cases, less than 2,000 R to no cataracts.
5. Only one case of radiation cataract was found in 57 patients treated by superficial X-ray therapy, and this was in the contralateral eye. The radiation dose to the whole of this lens was approximately 950 rads given as a single treatment and the lens dose on the treated side was about 16 rads.