bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circadian rhythms of PERIOD1 expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in the absence of entrained food‐anticipatory activity rhythms in rats
Authors: Verwey Michael , Lam Germain Y. M. , Amir Shimon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhen food availability is restricted to a single time of day, circadian rhythms of behavior and physiology in rodents shift to anticipate the predictable time of food arrival. It has been hypothesized that certain food‐anticipatory rhythms are linked to the induction and entrainment of rhythms in clock gene expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), a putative food‐entrained circadian oscillator. To study this concept further, we made food availability unpredictable by presenting the meal at a random time each day (variable restricted feeding, VRF), either during the day, night or throughout the 24‐h cycle. Wheel running activity and the expression of the clock protein, Period1 (PER1), in the DMH and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were assessed. Rats exhibited increased levels of activity during the portion of the day when food was randomly presented but, as expected, failed to entrain anticipatory wheel running activity to a single time of day. PER1 expression in the SCN was unchanged by VRF schedules. In the DMH, PER1 expression became rhythmic, peaking at opposite times of day in rats fed only during the day or during the night. In rats fed randomly throughout the entire 24‐h cycle, PER1 expression in the DMH remained arrhythmic, but was elevated. These results demonstrate that VRF schedules confined to the day or night can induce circadian rhythms of clock gene expression in the DMH. Such feeding schedules cannot entrain behavioral rhythms, thereby showing that food‐entrainment of behavior and circadian rhythms of clock gene expression in the DMH are dissociable.
Pea‐derived vaccines demonstrate high immunogenicity and protection in rabbits against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus
Authors: Mikschofsky Heike , Schirrmeier Horst , Keil Günther M. , Lange Bodo , Polowick Patricia L. , Keller Wilf , Broer Inge 
Published: May 2009

SummaryVaccines against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are commercially produced in experimentally infected rabbits. A genetically engineered and manufactured version of the major structural protein of RHDV (VP60) is considered to be an alternative approach for vaccine production. Plants have the potential to become an excellent recombinant production system, but the low expression level and insufficient immunogenic potency of plant‐derived VP60 still hamper its practical use. In this study, we analysed the expression of a novel multimeric VP60‐based antigen in four different plant species, including Nicotiana tabacum L., Solanum tuberosum L., Brassica napus L. and Pisum sativum L. Significant differences were detected in the expression patterns of the novel fusion antigen cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)::VP60 (ctbvp60SEKDEL) at the mRNA and protein levels. Pentameric CTB::VP60 molecules were only detected in N. tabacum and P. sativum, and displayed equal levels of CTB, at approximately 0.01% of total soluble protein (TSP), and traces of detectable VP60. However, strong enhancement of the CTB protein content via self‐fertilization was only observed in P. sativum, where it reached up to 0.7% of TSP. In rabbits, a strong decrease in the protective vaccine dose required from 48–400 µg potato‐derived VP60 [Castanon, S., Marin, M.S., Martin‐Alonso, J.M., Boga, J.A., Casais, R., Humara, J.M., Ordas, R.J. and Parra, F. (1999) Immunization with potato plants expressing VP60 protein protects against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. J. Virol. 73, 4452–4455; Castanon, S., Martin‐Alonso, J.M., Marin, M.S., Boga, J.A., Alonso, P., Parra, F. and Ordas, R.J. (2002) The effect of the promoter on expression of VP60 gene from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in potato plants. Plant Sci. 162, 87–95] to 0.56–0.28 µg antigenic VP60 (measured with VP60 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) of crude CTB::VP60 pea extracts was demonstrated. Rabbits immunized with pea‐derived CTB::VP60 showed anti‐VP60‐specific antibodies, similar to RikaVacc®‐immunized rabbits, and survived RHDV challenge.
International Trade Policy towards Monopoly and Oligopoly*
Authors: Kujal Praveen , Ruiz Juan M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper highlights the importance of product differentiation and endogenous R&D in determining the optimal R&D policy, in a model where investment in cost‐reducing R&D is committed before firms compete in a differentiated‐goods third‐country export market. R&D is always taxed in oligopolies for high degrees of product differentiation. For lower degrees of product differentiation the duopoly is subsidized or the government remains inactive. In contrast, the monopoly is always subsidized. The government with a duopoly may be active or inactive depending on the degree of product differentiation. Thus, we may observe a reversal in the sign of the optimal R&D policy if the degree of product differentiation changes or, alternatively, if there is a change in the number of firms. Similar qualitative results hold if trade policy uses output subsidies, instead of R&D promotion.
The Employment Effect of the Disability Discrimination Act: Evidence from the Health Survey for England
Authors: Jones Melanie K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper uses data from the Health Survey for England between 1991 and 2004 to examine the labour market impact of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA). Consistent with previous evidence in the UK and the USA, this study finds no evidence of a positive employment effect of the introduction of the DDA. Sensitivity analysis, using the small firm exemption of the DDA, and controlling for changes in the composition of the disabled, is used to test the robustness of the main results.
Evaluating the reproductive cost of migration for females in a partially migrating pond‐breeding amphibian
Authors: Grayson K. L. , McLeod H. D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPopulations of animals with resident and migratory individuals provide an ideal system for addressing questions concerning the evolution of migration. Partially migratory populations may persist because residents and migrants have equal fitness or because migration is based on conditional asymmetries. Studies measuring the costs and benefits of migration provide empirical data to test hypotheses concerning the maintenance of partial migration within a population. In this study, we measured the reproductive differences between resident and migrant females in a pond‐breeding amphibian, the red‐spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens. We used large field enclosures to repeatedly sample egg laying over the prolonged breeding season of this species. Resident females did not lay a greater number of eggs or begin laying eggs earlier, despite beginning the breeding season earlier and having a higher mass than migrant newts. The only difference in reproduction we detected was that the eggs of resident females hatched into larger larvae compared with the larvae of migrant females. We discuss this result in the context of other potential trade‐offs between residency and migration. This study illustrates the phenology of egg laying of N. viridescens and our results contribute to understanding the population dynamics of partially migratory species.
Effects of 10 years of conservation tillage on soil properties and productivity in the farming–pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: He J. , Kuhn N. J. , Zhang X. M. , Zhang X. R. , Li H. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSoil degradation and subsequent yield decline are the main factors limiting further development of agriculture on the farming–pastoral transition zone of China. A 10‐year field experiment was conducted in Inner Mongolia to compare the long‐term effects of no‐tillage with straw cover (NT), subsoiling with straw cover (ST), rototilling with straw cover (RT) and traditional tillage (TT) using ploughs on soil properties and productivity in a spring wheat–oat cropping system. Long‐term conservation tillage increased soil organic matter in the top 20 cm by 21.4%, total N by 31.8% and Olsen’s P by 34.5% in the 0–5 cm layer compared to traditional tillage. Mean percentage of macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm, +20%) and macroporosity (>60 μm, +52.1%) also improved significantly in the 0–30 cm soil layer (P < 0.05). The largest yield improvements coupled with greatest water use efficiency (WUE) were achieved by no‐tillage with straw cover. Ten‐year mean crop yields increased by 14.0% and WUE improved by 13.5% compared to traditional tillage due to greater soil moisture and improved soil physical and chemical status. These improvements in soil properties and productivity are of considerable importance for the seriously degraded soils in semiarid Inner Mongolia, as well as for food security, sustainable agriculture and carbon storage in the farming–pasture transition regions of China.
The effect of botulinum toxin A on skin flap survival in rats
Authors: Kim Young Seok , Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won‐Jai , Yoo Won Min , Tark Kwan‐Chul 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis study examines the role of botulinum toxin type A (BoTA) in preventing the collapse of the peripheral vessels in the cutaneous flap and in increasing the survival of the flap. Because BoTA cleaves the SNAP‐25 protein, the release of vasoconstriction cotransmitters as well as acetylcholine would be blocked. Dorsal skin flaps in rats were elevated and returned to the original position. In the BoTA and the control group, either BoTA or saline was injected into the entire flap. The flap survival rate measurement and a histopathological examination were performed 1 week after flap elevation. The cutaneous blood flow was measured in three different areas of each flap, serially. In BoTA group, there was a significant increase in the survival rate (93.79 ± 6.06%,p=0.042). In the control group, the blood flow was decreased significantly immediately after flap elevation. The blood flow was high in all areas in the BoTA group in a week, and also most of the vessels maintained their shape without collapsing. In conclusion, pretreatment with BoTA increases the dorsal skin flap survival in rats by increased perfusion, and further studies should be performed to determine the possible mechanism by which BoTA attenuates the sympathetic vasoconstriction effect in skin flaps.
Effect of smoking, abstention, and nicotine patch on epidermal healing and collagenase in skin transudate
Authors: Sørensen Lars Tue , Zillmer Rikke , Ågren Magnus , Ladelund Steen , Karlsmark Tonny , Gottrup Finn 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTDelayed wound healing may explain postoperative tissue and wound dehiscence in smokers, but the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on the cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Suction blisters were raised in 48 smokers and 30 never smokers. The fluid was retrieved and the epidermal roof was excised. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured after 2, 4, and 7 days. Then, the smokers were randomized to continuous smoking or abstinence with a transdermal nicotine patch or a placebo by concealed allocation. The sequence was repeated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks in all smokers and abstainers and in 6 never smokers. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 and MMP‐1 levels in suction blister fluid were assessed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Random‐effects models for repeated measurements were applied andp≤0.05 was considered significant. One week after wounding the TEWL was 17.20 (14.47–19.92) g/cm2 hour (mean, 95% CI) in smokers and 13.89 (9.46–18.33) in never smokers (p<0.01). In abstinent smokers TEWL was 18.95 (15.20–22.70)(p<0.01, when compared with smokers). In smokers, MMP‐8 was 36.4 (24.3–48.5) ng/mL (mean, 95% CI) and 15.2 (1.4–30.2) ng/mL in never smokers (p<0.01). Abstinent smokers' MMP‐8 level was 21.2 ng/mL (6.6–43.0) (p=0.02, when compared with smokers). MMP‐1 was unaffected by smoking and abstention. Transdermal nicotine patch did not affect any parameter. We conclude that smoking attenuates epidermal healing and may enhance extracellular matrix degradation. Three months of abstinence from smoking does not restore epidermal healing, whereas 4 weeks of abstinence normalizes suction blister MMP‐8 levels. These findings suggest sustained impaired wound healing in smokers and potential reversibility of extracellular matrix degradation.
Dynamic changes after murine digit amputation: The MRL mouse digit shows waves of tissue remodeling, growth, and apoptosis
Authors: Gourevitch Dimitri L. , Clark Lise , Bedelbaeva Khamilia , Leferovich John , Heber‐Katz Ellen 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTDigit regrowth following amputation injury proximal to the first phalangeal joint is not a property of mammalian wound healing. However, the regenerative potential observed in the MRL mouse invites a reexamination of this rule. In this study, healing was assessed in three mouse strains after amputation midway through the second phalangeal bone. Three distinct outcomes were observed though evidence for regrowth was observed only in the MRL mouse. Here, a blastema‐like structure was seen along with apparent chondrogenesis, consistent with a histological profile of a regenerative response to injury. Analysis of trichrome staining and basement membrane changes, proliferation and apoptosis indicated that these processes contributed to the formation of new digit tissue. On the other hand, SW and B6 digits did not show evidence of growth with little mesenchymal BrdU incorporation or phosphorylation of H3.
Hypertension and Cognitive Decline in Rural Elderly Chinese
Authors: Gao Sujuan , Jin Yinlong , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Liang Chaoke , Hall Kathleen S. , Ma Feng , Murrell Jill R. , Cheng Yibin , Matesan Janetta , Bian Jianchao , Li Ping , Hendrie Hugh C. 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between hypertension and cognitive decline in older adults.DESIGN: Prospective observational study.SETTING: Four rural counties in China.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand rural Chinese aged 65 and older (median age 70, range 65–92) participated in a baseline evaluation. A follow‐up evaluation of 1,737 subjects was conducted 2.5 years after baseline.MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive function was assessed using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning and Recall Tests, Indiana University (IU) Story Recall Test, Animal Fluency Test, and IU Token Test. Hypertension was defined as the mean of two readings of systolic blood pressure (BP) of 140 mmHg or greater, diastolic BP of 90 mmHg or greater, or according to self‐report. Cognitive decline was derived as the difference between baseline and follow‐up scores. Analysis of covariance models were used to estimate the association between hypertension, BP, and cognitive decline, adjusting for other covariates.RESULTS: Greater decline was found on the CERAD 10‐Word List Learning (P<.001) and Recall (P=.01) scores for subjects with hypertension than for those without. In particular, significantly greater decline was seen in the group with hypertension that was not taking medication than in the group without hypertension. No significant difference on cognitive decline was found between subjects with hypertension who were taking medication and those without hypertention.CONCLUSION: Untreated hypertension was associated with greater cognitive decline in this Chinese cohort. Better hypertension detection and treatment in elderly people, especially in developing countries, may offer protection against cognitive decline.
Inappropriate Medication Use as a Risk Factor for Self‐Reported Adverse Drug Effects in Older Adults
Authors: Chrischilles Elizabeth A. , VanGilder Rachel , Wright Kara , Kelly Michael , Wallace Robert B. 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between inappropriate medication use and self‐reported adverse drug effects (ADEs).DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with three annual mailed surveys.SETTING: Population‐based sample of Iowa Medicare beneficiaries.PARTICIPANTS: Cohort members (n=626) with established mobility disability and complete pharmacy dispensing records, continuous Medicare eligibility, and survey data.MEASUREMENTS: The number of unique drug ingredients dispensed and inappropriate use were assessed for the year before the ADE survey. Inappropriate medication use was defined according to published criteria: contraindicated drugs for elderly people, drug–disease interactions (constructed from linked Medicare claims), drug–drug interactions, and therapeutic duplications. An ADE was defined from the following question: “In the past 12 months, have you experienced an unwanted effect or side effect of a medication?”RESULTS: Of respondents to the ADE survey, 22.0% reported having experienced an ADE in the past year, and 322 (51.4%) received at least one potential inappropriate medication. Factors associated univariately with ADE self‐report were number of medications, number of mobility limitations, any inappropriate medication use, and each of the individual domain appropriateness indicators, as well as number of different domains of inappropriate use. The adjusted odds ratio for developing an ADE was 2.14 (95% confidence interval=1.26–3.65) for those with inappropriate use versus no inappropriate use.CONCLUSION: Efforts to reduce ADEs by reducing medication inappropriateness should be encouraged as a complement to efforts focused on reducing the number of medications prescribed.
Effects of crossbreeding indigenous Hair Goat with Saanen on carcass measurements and meat quality of kids under an intensive production system
Authors: YILMAZ Alper , EKIZ Bulent , OZCAN Mustafa , KAPTAN Cuneyt , HANOGLU Hulya , YILDIRIR Mesut 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of study was to investigate the effect of genotype on carcass measurements and meat quality characteristics of purebred Hair Goat, Saanen × Hair Goat (F1 and B1) kids under an intensive production system. In total, 24 kids were slaughtered at the age of approximately 133 days. Kids were fattened for 56 days immediately after weaning. Hot carcass weights were 6.78, 7.61 and 7.02 kg and dressing percentages were 49.71, 49.27 and 48.78%, respectively (P > 0.05). Differences between genotypes for carcass measurements and indexes were not significant. Effect of genotype on pH measurements, drip loss, water holding capacity, cooking loss and Warner Bratzler shear force values were not significant. Meat lightness values at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day after cutting were higher in crossbred kids than Hair Goat kids (P < 0.05). Redness value was significantly higher in meat samples of Hair goat kids at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day measurements (P < 0.05). Kid genotype had no significant effect on meat sensory characteristics, except tenderness. Panelists gave lower scores for meat tenderness to F1 and B1 crosses compared to purebred Hair Goat kids. In conclusion, higher meat lightness values of crossbred kids, at particularly B1 level, might have a positive effect on the consumer choices.
Novel SNP in 5′ flanking region of EDG1 associated with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle
Authors: YAMADA Takahisa , SASAKI Seiki , SUKEGAWA Shin , MIYAKE Takeshi , FUJITA Tatsuo , KOSE Hiroyuki , MORITA Mitsuo , TAKAHAGI Youichi , MURAKAMI Hiroshi , MORIMATSU Fumiki , SASAKI Yoshiyuki 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTMarbling, defined by the amount and distribution of intramuscular fat, is an economically important trait of beef cattle in Japan. The endothelial differentiation, sphingolipid G‐protein‐coupled receptor, 1 (EDG1) gene has been considered as a positional functional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling. We have recently reported that 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), c.‐312A>G in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and c.*446G>A in the 3′ UTR in EDG1 were associated with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle, but this was not functional and a causal mutation for marbling. In the present study, we detected 2 novel SNPs, referred to as g.1475435G>A and g.1471620G>T, in the 5′ flanking region of the EDG1 between low‐marbled and high‐marbled steer groups, which were previously shown to have EDG1 expression differences in musculus longissimus muscle. The g.1475435G>A SNP seemed not to segregate in Japanese Black beef cattle. The g.1471620G>T SNP was associated with the predicted breeding value for beef marbling standard number by the analyses using Japanese Black beef cattle population. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the g.1471620G>T SNP might have an impact on EDG1 expression and also marbling.
Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of larvae of the Anopheles sinensis Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from Paju, Republic of Korea
Authors: CHANG Kyu‐Sik , JUNG Jin‐Sung , PARK Chan , LEE Dong‐Kyu , SHIN E‐Hyun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility of members of the Anopheles sinensis Group in Korea to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 15 insecticides currently used by local public health centers in Korea. The insecticides included eight pyrethroids, six organophosphates and a pyrazol analogue. Based on their LC50 values, the order of susceptibility of An. sinensis larvae to the insecticides was bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, α‐cypermethrin and λ‐cyhalothrin, with values of 0.009, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 p.p.m., respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with fenitrothion, with an LC50 of 7.7 p.p.m. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 14 insecticides were compared to each other using two strains of members of the An. sinensis Group collected in the locality in 2001 and 2008. Anopheles spp. demonstrated higher RR to organophosphates such as fenthion, and low RR for the pyrethroids. Among the organophosphates, fenthion had the highest RR of 33.3 and 270.0 fold differences for LC50 and LC90 values, respectively. Among the pyrethroids, permethrin was observed to have the highest RR of 3.8 and 1.8 fold differences for LC50 and LC90 values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and fenitrothion. An. sinensis s. l. was more susceptible to the six insecticides bifenthrin, λ‐cyhalothrin, α‐cypermethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and pyridafenthion, showing 0.03, 0.06, 0.3, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.4 fold differences in resistance rates (RR LC50), respectively.
Cultural Industries and the Creative Economy – Vague but Useful Concepts
Authors: Boggs Jeff 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor those new to it, the literature on cultural industries can be confusing. While some authors refer to cultural industries, others refer to cultural‐products industries or creative industries. Collectively, this heterogeneous group of industries comprises the cultural economy or the creative economy. Four typologies are presented, enabling one to more easily compare and contrast the essential features of commonly used definitions. The paper then discusses how this vague bundle of concepts is still useful as a lens on contemporary trends in industrialized economies.
Tyramine biosynthesis in Enterococcus durans is transcriptionally regulated by the extracellular pH and tyrosine concentration
Authors: Linares Daniel M. , Fernández María , Martín M. Cruz , Álvarez Miguel A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe microbial decarboxylation of some amino acids leads to the undesirable presence of biogenic amines in foods. One of the most abundant and frequent biogenic amines found in fermented foods is tyramine, which is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine. In the present work, transcriptional analysis of tyramine biosynthesis in Enterococcus durans IPLA655, a strain isolated from cheese, was studied. The gene coding for the tyrosine decarboxylase (tdcA) and that coding for the tyrosine‐tyramine antiporter (tyrP) form an operon transcribed from the promoter PtdcA, the expression of which is regulated by the extracellular pH and tyrosine concentration. Quantification of gene expression during the log phase of growth showed high concentrations of tyrosine and acidic pH conditions to induce tdcA‐tyrP polycistronic messenger transcription.