bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green anarcho-social work
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Anarchism has a long-standing concern about the environment. If land is property, it can be commodified, abused, and exploited. Rather than seeking to shame or instigate an ethical capitalism, anarchism seeks to eliminate the ownership of things. The concept of ownership is challenged as fiction. Anarchist writings exist that seek to imagine alternative ways of relating to each other and the natural world that would go beyond incremental adjustments to a system of relations requiring ongoing exploitation to exist. Social work’s efforts to engage with environmental justice are examined within this context of green anarchism, and the reader is encouraged to consider the fallacy of reformist approaches which echo other liberal models in social policy that only soften the capitalist project while the world burns. This chapter is important, given the increasingly concerning environmental devastation and the related alarm raised by scientists and environmental activists.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments and Argumentative Rationality
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the types of reasons for belief operative in pragma-epistemic argumentative rationality, sharpening the distinction between reasons one has to believe that a proposition is true and reasons for one to believe that it is true. It shows how these two different types of reasons for belief ground a distinction between objective and subjective rationality. The chapter develops the pragma-epistemic approach to argumentative rationality, drawing on reasons for belief. On this approach, objective and subjective rationality are two dimensions of argumentative rationality. Discussion of the epistemic and pragma-dialectic approaches to argumentative rationality further distinguishes the pragma-epistemic approach. Both approaches presuppose that one’s use of an argument rationalizes one’s believing the conclusion if and only if the argument used is good as understood by the epistemic and pragma-dialectic theories of good argument, respectively. The chapter argues against this claim in defense of the pragma-epistemic approach.
Partible Inheritance by Lot
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Partible inheritance by lot of equal/equitable portions was more common than primogeniture, implying interchangeability and equality among inheritors who would agree in advance about the portions and then draw lots. It was either for pairing a portion with a person or determining the turn to declare one's preference, thus combining the random, arbitrary lot and free personal choice (parallel to distributing kleroi in colonies). Brothers were perceived as homoklaroi, or “equal sharers of the kleros/oikos" while the polis was conceptualized as a union of property-holding households. Inheritance and colonization were linked, sometimes involving brothers getting a kleros at home and one overseas, with continuing interdependent relations (inheritance and marriage) between colonies and mother cities. All categories of lot drawing, often studied as separate fields, shed light on each other: inheritance (Greek law, property), sacrifice (Greek religion), booty (practices of war), oracles (Greek religion), and land distribution in new settlements (kleroi, Greek colonization).
Envoi
Authors: Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The envoi explores briefly how the practices of drawing lots in ancient Greece support propositions for using the lot in present-day Western liberal states. Taking off more than 50 years ago, these debates are intensifying today due to the urgency of the issues they deal with, a fair distribution of goods and benefits, and improving the trust of citizens in parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. Our historical study of drawing lots in Greek antiquity provides the historical grounding for reflecting on the possible applications of drawing lots today, especially to support citizens’ democratic engagement.
Tough Prioritizing
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4, “Tough Prioritizing,” shows that people are reluctant to deprioritize less effective causes and that that reduces the effectiveness of their help. To be effective, it’s not enough to support effective causes: One also needs to decide not to support less effective causes. Support for a less effective cause has an opportunity cost: Those resources could have been used to support a more effective cause, and if so, they would have done more good. But most people don’t want to deprioritize less effective causes that seem worthy of support. To avoid that, they often split their support between charities or causes. While such splitting can be a good strategy for investors, it’s usually more effective for small donors to concentrate their donations toward one charity. Yet many are reluctant to do so, even after learning that it’s more effective. Thus, the refusal to prioritize reduces the effectiveness of people’s help.
Monteverdi’s Performers
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter argues that music cannot be divorced from its performance. While Monteverdi’s use of clefs, ranges, and modes is a fact of compositional life, it also bears upon his intended singers and instrumentalists. In Mantua, he directed a highly proficient group of male and female musicians whose individual and collective abilities had a significant impact on the fashioning of his madrigals. Comparisons with musical practice in Ferrara and Florence further help clarify Monteverdi’s distinctive contribution to the madrigals of his time. His move to Venice in 1613 then brought him into contact with a new set of performers in quite different circumstances that also changed his ways of thinking musically. No less important for understanding his madrigals are the contexts in which they were performed, whether under the Gonzagas in Mantua, private patrons in Venice, or the Habsburg court in Vienna.
Monteverdi’s “Mistakes”
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses discrepancies between the texts set by Monteverdi as they survive in literary sources, and in his actual madrigals. Some such cases reflect different lines of transmission. But others are demonstrable mistakes, whether at the level of individual words, or in terms of Monteverdi’s apparent misconstruction of syntax and meaning. His lesser errors raise the question of whether they should be corrected by way of editorial emendation. His larger ones, however, can only be left standing. What do they tell us about his general approach to poetry on the one hand, and his musical thinking on the other?
The Growth of Polarization and Partisan Think Tanks
Authors: Fagan E.J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Decades of research on polarization concludes that American party elites polarized long before their voters, but the research has identified few causes of elite polarization. Using data on think tank revenue and testimony before Congress, this chapter tests whether the broad trends in polarization are related to partisan think tanks. It finds a very close relationship between the growth of polarization and partisan think tanks. Polarization began to increase shortly after the Heritage Foundation was founded in 1973 and increased at almost exactly the same rate as partisan think tank influence. Furthermore, the chapter explores how the rise of think tanks relates to the decline in congressional capacity and influence of academics in Congress.
Ghazaliyah
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed case study of Sunni mobilization throughout the 2003–2011 period in one neighborhood (Ghazaliyah) in northwest Baghdad. It addresses the nature of sectarian war between Shia and Sunni militias, the early irrelevance of US presence and strategy, and the origins, implementation, and success of the Sons of Iraq (SOI) program. This case provides a window into the mobilization of Iraqi military personnel and veterans, one of the strongest sources of Sunni opposition. Finally, the chapter discusses the failure of the Iraqi state to incorporate Sons of Iraq participants into state institutions.
Anbar, 2003–2011
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter is co-written with Jon Lindsay, who served as a Naval intelligence officer in Anbar in the period immediately after the Surge. Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 serve as a set; in both, practitioners analyze their respective experiences in two parts of Iraq at roughly the same time. Chapter 11 first covers early Sunni mobilization in Anbar and alliance with al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). The chapter moves to investigate the failure of US clear, hold, build (CHB) strategy in Anbar. It then examines the development and implementation of a successful community mobilization strategy in the form of the Awakening and how it “flipped” Anbar tribes from alliance with AQI to alliance with the United States.
The Surge
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Controversy still surrounds the explanation for the dramatic drop in violence in 2007. Some argue that the Surge alone, with its increased number of US troops and population-centric strategy, produced the change. Alternatively, the “synergy” argument holds that an interaction between the Awakening and clear, hold, build produced the decline. This chapter stresses the goals and agency of Iraqi actors and argues that sectarian politics and Shia political decisions drove the outcome as much as US strategy.
The Future of American Military Intervention
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 23 takes the lessons of Chapter 21, examines them in light of discussion in Chapter 22, and speculates about the future of US military intervention. It systematically assesses the possible future implementation of the five strategies (and some combinations of those strategies) at the heart of the book. Given the constraints identified in Chapter 22, how will the United States envision the use of war-fighting; clear, hold, build (CHB); community mobilization; decapitation; and homogenization moving forward? The book concludes by highlighting the strengths of the analytical framework developed in Section I as a method capable of understanding fluid, violent, domestic conflicts.
“You Can’t Do Nothing but Kill Me”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In reaction to the sacking of First African Baptist Church by the police and white Tuscaloosans, the Black church community armed themselves, and formed an armed self-defense group called the Defenders. In addition to these protective measures, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. sent three of his most reliable SCLC workers—James Bevel, Harold Middlebrook, and Richard Boone—to help not only sustain the movement in Tuscaloosa, but also over see the birth of a more aggressive campaign of boycotting and marching and filing a series of lawsuits. A story of a new mass meeting at a different church, Bailey Tabernacle CME Church, and the efforts of police to stop it, are covered. Reverend Rogers has mixed feelings about the Defenders and the increasing purchase and ownership of guns by Blacks, even as he and his family suffered from the constant stress of knowing they were targets for the Klan, despite being guarded by the Defenders. Reverend Rogers comes to see the necessity of ideological flexibility on issues of non-violent social change, and greets the passage of the Civil Rights Act with a mix of joy and caution, as knew that the fight for civil rights was still far from over.
Interstate Conflicts, Terrorism, and Grey Zones
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Interstate conflicts and extremist violence at sea are two of the core dimensions of maritime security. In contrast to the blue crimes discussed in the next chapter, both derive from political motives. In Chapter 4, the authors begin by exploring the different forms of maritime conflicts between states, which can range from competing territorial claims to militarized disputes. The chapter shows that while the overall number of conflictual relations between states is substantial, only a few have the potential to escalate. Maritime terrorism and extremist violence at sea are also examined. The chapter ends by discussing grey-zone activities in the maritime domain, which blur the boundaries between interstate disputes and terrorism.
The Who’s Who of Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Who are the most key actors in maritime security and what are their roles? Chapter 6 introduces the most important actors, the logics that drive them, and how they contribute to maritime security solutions. The authors start with a discussion of states and the diverse range of departments and agencies that are often involved in maritime security, including navies and coast guards. The chapter then investigates the role of international and regional organizations that are not only important forums for states, but also ensure compliance and deliver capacity-building. From there, the chapter turns to the maritime industry as a key user of ocean space. Industry actors are often driven by concerns over profits, but also are deeply involved in maritime security. Lastly, the chapter discusses the role of activists and nongovernmental organizations which have become important not only as watchdogs, but also in complementing the activities of states and international organizations.
The Toolbox of Maritime Security Solutions
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A rich set of practical tools forms the repertoire of maritime security solutions. Each has promises and limitations. Chapter 7 starts with a discussion of maritime security governance and how it draws on informal and experimental solutions at a national and regional level. It discusses how maritime security strategies allow for prioritizing, organizing, and coordinating maritime security responses. From there, the authors address information sharing and maritime domain awareness. These aim at better understanding what is going on at sea to target responses and better coordinate between actors. Finally, the chapter investigates how capacity-building and security assistance work can promulgates the tools globally.
‘Cheap Clothes and Nasty’
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the normative critique of the book by providing a descriptive account of sweatshop labour. To that end, it first historically contextualizes sweatshop labour as an early practice of industrial subcontracting. Modern sweatshops that emerged as the result of the globalization of supply chains from the 1960s onwards share important similarities with these early sweatshops, with regards to both the working conditions and the lack of accountability along (global) supply chains. The chapter outlines key characteristics of modern sweatshops, in particular their low wages, long hours, and dangerous and unhealthy working conditions. It demonstrates how these are embedded in, and sustained by, the structural conditions of global capitalism, gender oppression, imperialism, racism, and the global border regime.
Conclusion
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by assessing how the commitment to take up political responsibility can be sustained. This moves the analysis from the level of individuals to the level of institutions and transnational practices of solidarity. This chapter puts forward the argument that a commitment to take up political responsibility is generally sustained by practices of solidarity that already exist at the transnational level. Yet the commitment can also emerge in the absence of these practices, resulting from the experience of injustice. The chapter closes with some considerations about how transnational practices and institutions should be structured to globalize resistance against sweatshop labour and strengthen transnational solidarity.
Senate Communication in the Era of Trump
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A single tweet can set off a political firestorm, and this digital climate has been brewing in the Senate for more than a decade as senators have used social media to build reputations and stoke partisan divisions. The threat of 3 a.m. tweets by former President Donald Trump offered unprecedented fuel to the fire. Press staff and journalists alike note one of the biggest changes in congressional communication stems from the rise of Trump when the pace of information escalated and senators’ Twitter accounts, particularly Democrats, became the voice of opposition. Pairing an analysis of Senate social media data with staff interviews, the chapter explains how the Senate continues to adapt to a Trump-reinforced Twitter environment where misinformation is common, facts are debatable, and news is always being made.
Aristotle and Xunzi
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter locates Aristotle and Xunzi in their sociohistorical and intellectual backgrounds and notes the factors that would have played a role in shaping the two philosophers’ thought and influenced the way they ‘philosophised’, thereby setting the background for the detailed textual analysis in the subsequent chapters. What are perceived as ‘philosophical texts’ were read in specific ways that reflected the literary practices of the time. Through identifying the particular features of classical Greek and Warring States Chinese societies and reconstructing the literary cultures and contexts of persuasion, it reveals that within apparent similarities there are significant differences providing the backdrop to Aristotle’s and Xunzi’s philosophical formulations.
Principles of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: van den Boogaard Jeroen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter critiques the use of traditional principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) that are used in many militaries: humanity, military necessity, distinction, proportionality, and chivalry. After making a distinction between foundations, principles, and rules of IHL, this chapter explores what the legal significance of IHL principles is and how they relate to other types of norms. The chapter then proposes a new framework of principles of IHL using a functional approach. The chapter concludes by suggesting a new set of IHL principles to be used both for IHL education and as guidance for military forces in planning and executing military operations in accordance with their IHL obligations.
America in the Middle of Its Century
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although America won World War II on behalf of democracy, it struggled to abide by its own ideals, especially in southern states like Texas. There, Lyndon Johnson was the beneficiary of blatant election fraud: the addition of fake votes to Ballot Box 13 in the 1948 election that propelled Johnson to the Senate, as detailed by Robert Caro in his LBJ biography. Johnson’s opponent, Coke Stevenson, attempted to secure a federal court order to rectify the fraud, but Justice Hugo Black relying upon what was by then well-settled law emanating from Kentucky’s 1899 gubernatorial election ruled that the federal judiciary was powerless to intervene. Texas and Johnson were crucial again in the 1960 presidential election, when questionable returns from that state and Illinois gave the Kennedy-Johnson ticket a victory over Richard Nixon’s first run for the White House. There was no fair procedure for Nixon to challenge the Texas result.
The Eighties and Nineties
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The polarization of twenty-first century politics has its roots in the final two decades of the twentieth century. A fight over the 1984 election for Indiana’s eighth congressional district poisoned relations between the parties and triggered the rise of Newt Gingrich, thereby escalating partisan tensions. “The Bloody Eighth,” as the episode came to be known, involved Democrats overturning the outcome in the state through a treatment of absentee ballots that Republicans viewed as brazenly inconsistent and hypocritical. Absentee ballots were also the source of contention in Alabama’s 1994 election for the chief justice of its supreme court. That dispute caused the federal courts to declare unconstitutional a change in the rule for counting ballots after they had been cast, and the Supreme Court’s refusal to overturn the federal judiciary’s intervention in the case—contrary to Justice Black’s order in 1948—signaled a transformation of the Court’s jurisprudence.
Experimental Status of B0−B0¯ Mixing
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss some experimental information on the B0-B0 systems, where B0 may be either or B . The experimental results that we shall discuss are important for two reasons. First, Xd (the mixing parameter x of the B -B system) provides a constraint on the standard model’s CKM matrix, as we shall discuss in Chapter 18. Second, mixing measurements fix the values of the dilution factors that time-integrated experiments on CP violation will be faced with. For more details the reader may wish to consult the reviews by Fridman (1988) and by Schroder (1994), and the original articles of the various experimental collaborations.
ϵ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study in this chapter the standard-model computation of the CP-violating parameters t and o. These are the only non-zero GP-violating parameters mea¬sured to date, but they are equivalent, as seen in eqn (8.92). Their fit constitutes a crucial test for any model of CP violation.
Effective Hamiltonians
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study in this chapter the effective low-energy Hamiltonian which drives the nonleptonic decays of the kaons, as a preliminary for the computation of e in the next chapter. Readers less interested in detailed theoretical computations may want to skip both chapters. We base our analysis on the review articles by Buchalla et al. (1996) and by Buras and Fleischer (1998). The reader should also consult the books by Donoghue et al. (1992) and by Weinberg (1995), which contain useful introductory chapters on the operator product expansion, the renormalization group, and the determination of Wilson coefficients. Finally, the TASl93 lectures by Cohen (1994) constitute a very nice and pedagogical introduction to the use of effective Hamiltonians.
Multi-Higgs-Doublet Models
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The scalar sector of the standard model (SM) consists of only one doublet with weak hypercharge Y = 1/2. Most extensions of the SM include an enlargement of the Higgs sector. There are many theoretical motivations to enlarge the scalar sector of the standard electroweak theory, even if one only considers extensions of that theory based on the standard SU(3)c®SU(2)®U(l) gauge group. Among the specially important theoretical motivations, one may include:because of the need to give masses to both the up-type and the downtype quarks, on the other hand in order to eliminate the gauge anomalies generated by the fermionic supersymmetric partners of the scalars. Spontaneous CP violation-if one wishes to have CP as a good symmetry of the Lagrangian, only broken by the vacuum, then an extension of the Higgs sector is required. This will be explained in detail in the next chapter, where specific examples are presented.