bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Force: Sweden, the Jus ad Bellum and the European Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Österdahl Inger 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores the development of a doctrine of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect among Swedish policy-makers. The doctrine may or may not include an authorization by the United Nations (UN) Security Council as a necessary component. The article investigates how the new doctrine fits with the Swedish constitutional regulation of the use of force and how the evolution of the new Swedish view of the jus ad bellum interacts with the regulation of the use of force in the European Union (EU). The responsibility to protect answers to many of the concerns voiced in Parliament; the doctrine caters both to those who wish a basis for action independent of the Security Council and to those who are faithful to the UN. The parliamentary debates as well as government documents point to a developing political consensus that unilateral humanitarian intervention may be justified under certain exceptional circumstances. The argument that decisions should be made by the Security Council is difficult to maintain in the face of grave human suffering which would otherwise warrant action by the international community. The increasing ability and willingness to intervene internationally in Sweden and the EU leads to a further question, namely: For what will the force be used?
Special Protection: Article 20, Special Protection and Children's Rights Training in the Developing World?
Authors: Stevens Irene , Taylor Raymond 
Published: January 2010

AbstractArticle 20 of the UNCRC entitles young people in residential care to 'special protection.' This presents a challenge to States Parties concerned with how such protection can be achieved. It is suggested that one way to do this is through the establishment and delivery of meaningful training in children's rights. This paper describes the authors' experience of delivering a training programme on children's rights for staff working in Social Protection Centres in Vietnam. It provides a critical reflection on the broad emphasis of current children's rights training in the developing world and argues for more targeted research in this area.
Re-negotiating Personal Integrity in Finnish Child Welfare
Authors: Kouvonen Petra 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBy means of a semiotic analysis of various modalities, this article identifies two kinds of professional “speaking-images”—that of the legal adviser and the legal expert—and uses these to illustrate how deviant behaviour among children in child care custody is currently being framed. The data consist of comments on the new Finnish Child Welfare Act (LSL 417/2007) found in professional magazines in the field. The main finding is that the legal regulation of interventions in general might work to preserve child integrity. However, deviant acts of children, such as substance abuse, seem to be classified as risks that allow for a compulsory intervention.
Comparing Children's Rights: Introducing the Children's Rights Index
Authors: Gran Brian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChildren's rights continue to be subject of international debates. Moving past these debates can be facilitated with an international measure of children's rights. This article introduces the Children's Rights Index, an international measure of children's rights for over 190 countries. The Children's Rights Index consists of two civil rights, two political rights, two social rights, and two economic rights. This article presents country scores on the Children's Rights Index, then examines whether children's rights vary by region and other differences, such as country wealth. It is hoped that the Children's Rights Index will provide evidence on children's rights important to the work of governments and nongovernmental organizations, as well as scholars and others concerned about children's welfare.
Adenoviral Pancreatitis in Rhesus Monkeys: Current Knowledge
Authors: Chandler F. W. , McClure H. M. 
Published: January 2010

Features and pathogenesis of adenoviral pancreatitis in rhesus monkeys were studied with an immunofluorescence staining procedure on tissues from two previously documented cases. Fluorescing adenovirus antigen in epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts, duodenum, and jejunum suggests that under as yet undefined conditions, a primary adenovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract ascends to the pancreatic parenchyma via pancreatic ducts. In a retrospective survey, over 3,000 microslides of pancreas taken at necropsy from several species of nonhuman primates (1,002 animals) were studied to determine the incidence of and species susceptibility to adenoviral pancreatitis. Other than the two documented cases from our files, we found comparable lesions in only one rhesus monkey. Adenoviral pancreatitis seems to be a distinct entity in rhesus monkeys, and it should be considered when pancreatitis is found in this species. Our findings also suggest a possible viral cause for some cases of pancreatitis in man.
Identification of novel downstream targets of platelet glycoprotein VI activation by differential proteome analysis: implications for thrombus formation
Authors: Schulz Christian , Leuschen Nina V. , Fröhlich Thomas , Lorenz Michael , Pfeiler Susanne , Gleissner Christian A. , Kremmer Elisabeth , Kessler Mirjam , Khandoga Alexander G. , Engelmann Bernd , Ley Klaus , Massberg Steffen , Arnold Georg J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPlatelets play a key role in hemostasis and various diseases including arterial thrombosis. Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) mediates adhesion to collagen structures exposed at sites of vascular injury and subsequent platelet activation. We determined the effects of specific activation of GPVI on the human platelet proteome. Isolated human platelets were stimulated with an activating monoclonal antibody specific for GPVI. Platelet proteins were analyzed by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry. We identified 8 differentially abundant proteins associated with cell signaling, metabolism, organization and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, and membrane trafficking. Differentially abundant proteins included aldose reductase (AR), beta-centractin, charged multivesicular body protein 3, Src substrate cortactin, ERp57, and pleckstrin. Importantly, GPVI-modulated protein abundance was functionally relevant. Correspondingly, AR enzyme activity significantly increased upon GPVI activation and inhibition of AR resulted in reduced platelet aggregation. Furthermore, ERp57 was released upon ligation of platelet GPVI and increased the activity of tissue factor, a major initiator of blood coagulation. In summary, GPVI activation results in differential changes in abundance of platelet proteins, including AR and ERp57, which support platelet aggregation and platelet-dependent coagulation. These results provide further insight into the mechanisms that underlie platelet activation through the GPVI receptor and may help to identify novel pharmacologic targets.
Copy neutral loss of heterozygosity: a novel chromosomal lesion in myeloid malignancies
Authors: O'Keefe Christine , McDevitt Michael A. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP-A) have recently been widely applied as a powerful karyotyping tool in numerous translational cancer studies. SNP-A complements traditional metaphase cytogenetics with the unique ability to delineate a previously hidden chromosomal defect, copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH). Emerging data demonstrate that selected hematologic malignancies exhibit abundant CN-LOH, often in the setting of a normal metaphase karyotype and no previously identified clonal marker. In this review, we explore emerging biologic and clinical features of CN-LOH relevant to hematologic malignancies. In myeloid malignancies, CN-LOH has been associated with the duplication of oncogenic mutations with concomitant loss of the normal allele. Examples include JAK2, MPL, c-KIT, and FLT3. More recent investigations have focused on evaluation of candidate genes contained in common CN-LOH and deletion regions and have led to the discovery of tumor suppressor genes, including c-CBL and family members, as well as TET2. Investigations into the underlying mechanisms generating CN-LOH have great promise for elucidating general cancer mechanisms. We anticipate that further detailed characterization of CN-LOH lesions will probably facilitate our discovery of a more complete set of pathogenic molecular lesions, disease and prognosis markers, and better understanding of the initiation and progression of hematologic malignancies.
NMR characterisation of the minimal interacting regions of centrosomal proteins 4.1R and NuMA1: effect of phosphorylation
Authors: Treviño Miguel A , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Mar , Correas Isabel , Marcilla Miguel , Albar Juan P , Rico Manuel , Jiménez M Ángeles , Bruix Marta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Some functions of 4.1R in non-erythroid cells are directly related with its distinct sub-cellular localisation during cell cycle phases. During mitosis, 4.1R is implicated in cell cycle progression and spindle pole formation, and co-localizes with NuMA1. However, during interphase 4.1R is located in the nucleus and only partially co-localizes with NuMA1.

Results
We have characterized by NMR the structural features of the C-terminal domain of 4.1R and those of the minimal region (the last 64 residues) involved in the interaction with NuMA1. This subdomain behaves as an intrinsically unfolded protein containing a central region with helical tendency. The specific residues implicated in the interaction with NuMA1 have been mapped by NMR titrations and involve the N-terminal and central helical regions. The segment of NuMA1 that interacts with 4.1R is phosphorylated during mitosis. Interestingly, NMR data indicates that the phosphorylation of NuMA1 interacting peptide provokes a change in the interaction mechanism. In this case, the recognition occurs through the central helical region as well as through the C-terminal region of the subdomain meanwhile the N-terminal region do not interact.

Conclusions
These changes in the interaction derived from the phosphorylation state of NuMA1 suggest that phosphorylation can act as subtle mechanism of temporal and spatial regulation of the complex 4.1R-NuMA1 and therefore of the processes where both proteins play a role.
Testing for mean and correlation changes in microarray experiments: an application for pathway analysis
Authors: Alvo Mayer , Liu Zhongzhu , Williams Andrew , Yauk Carole 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Microarray experiments examine the change in transcript levels of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. To derive meaningful data, biologists investigate the response of genes within specific pathways. Pathways are comprised of genes that interact to carry out a particular biological function. Existing methods for analyzing pathways focus on detecting changes in the mean or over-representation of the number of differentially expressed genes relative to the total of genes within the pathway. The issue of how to incorporate the influence of correlation among the genes is not generally addressed.

Results
In this paper, we propose a non-parametric rank test for analyzing pathways that takes into account the correlation among the genes and compared two existing methods, Global and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), using two publicly available data sets. A simulation study was conducted to demonstrate the advantage of the rank test method.

Conclusions
The data indicate the advantages of the rank test. The method can distinguish significant changes in pathways due to either correlations or changes in the mean or both. From the simulation study the rank test out performed Global and GSEA. The greatest gain in performance was for the sample size case which makes the application of the rank test ideal for microarray experiments.
Relationship between perceived body weight and body mass index based on self- reported height and weight among university students: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries
Authors: Mikolajczyk Rafael T , Maxwell Annette E , El Ansari Walid , Stock Christiane , Petkeviciene Janina , Guillen-Grima Francisco 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Despite low rates of obesity, many university students perceive themselves as overweight, especially women. This is of concern, because inappropriate weight perceptions can lead to unhealthy behaviours including eating disorders.

Methods
We used the database from the Cross National Student Health Survey (CNSHS), consisting of 5,900 records of university students from Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Spain and Turkey to analyse differences in perceived weight status based on the question: "Do you consider yourself much too thin, a little too thin, just right, a little too fat or much too fat?". The association between perceived weight and body mass index (BMI) calculated from self-reported weight and height was assessed with generalized non-parametric regression in R library gam.

Results
Although the majority of students reported a normal BMI (72-84% of males, 65-83% of females), only 32% to 68% of students considered their weight "just right". Around 20% of females with BMI of 20 kg/m2 considered themselves "a little too fat" or "too fat", and the percentages increased to 60% for a BMI of 22.5 kg/m2. Male students rarely felt "a little too fat" or "too fat" below BMI of 22.5 kg/m2, but most felt too thin with a BMI of 20 kg/m2.

Conclusions
Weight ideals are rather uniform across the European countries, with female students being more likely to perceive themselves as "too fat" at a normal BMI, while male students being more likely to perceive themselves as "too thin". Programs to prevent unhealthy behaviours to achieve ill-advised weight ideals may benefit students.
Dietary patterns in Canadian men and women ages 25 and older: relationship to demographics, body mass index, and bone mineral density
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Poliquin Suzette , Hanley David A , Prior Jerilynn C , Barr Susan , Anastassiades Tassos , Towheed Tanveer , Goltzman David , Kreiger Nancy ,   the CaMos Research Group
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Previous research has shown that underlying dietary patterns are related to the risk of many different adverse health outcomes, but the relationship of these underlying patterns to skeletal fragility is not well understood. The objective of the study was to determine whether dietary patterns in men (ages 25-49, 50+) and women (pre-menopause, post-menopause) are related to femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) independently of other lifestyle variables, and whether this relationship is mediated by body mass index.

Methods
We performed an analysis of 1928 men and 4611 women participants in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, a randomly selected population-based longitudinal cohort. We determined dietary patterns based on the self-administered food frequency questionnaires in year 2 of the study (1997-99). Our primary outcome was BMD as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry in year 5 of the study (2000-02).

Results
We identified two underlying dietary patterns using factor analysis and then derived factor scores. The first factor (nutrient dense) was most strongly associated with intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The second factor (energy dense) was most strongly associated with intake of soft drinks, potato chips and French fries, certain meats (hamburger, hot dog, lunch meat, bacon, and sausage), and certain desserts (doughnuts, chocolate, ice cream). The energy dense factor was associated with higher body mass index independent of other demographic and lifestyle factors, and body mass index was a strong independent predictor of BMD. Surprisingly, we did not find a similar positive association between diet and BMD. In fact, when adjusted for body mass index, each standard deviation increase in the energy dense score was associated with a BMD decrease of 0.009 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.016) g/cm2 for men 50+ years old and 0.004 (95% CI: 0.000, 0.008) g/cm2 for postmenopausal women. In contrast, for men 25-49 years old, each standard deviation increase in the nutrient dense score, adjusted for body mass index, was associated with a BMD increase of 0.012 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.022) g/cm2.

Conclusions
In summary, we found no consistent relationship between diet and BMD despite finding a positive association between a diet high in energy dense foods and higher body mass index and a strong correlation between body mass index and BMD. Our data suggest that some factor related to the energy dense dietary pattern may partially offset the advantages of higher body mass index with regard to bone health.
Oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) regulates cell cycle and apoptosis in cervical cancer HeLa cells
Authors: Jiang Lu , Zeng Xin , Wang Zhi , Ji Ning , Zhou Yu , Liu Xianting , Chen Qianming 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Oral Cancer Overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) is a candidate protooncogene locating on 11q13. Recent studies show that ORAOV1 acts as a primary driving force behind 11q13 gene amplification and plays a functional role in the tumorigenesis in a variety of human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). According to the results of molecular cytogenetic methods, 11q13 was characterized to be a high-level and recurrent amplification chromosomal site in cervical cancers. Up till now, the role of ORAOV1 in cervical cancer is unknown. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the function of ORAOV1 in cervical cancer cell growth by studying its roles in HeLa cells using small interfering RNA.

Results
Functional analyses revealed that ORAOV1 was involved in the regulation of HeLa cell growth through its effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. Silence of ORAOV1 in HeLa cells downregulated the expression of Cyclin A, Cyclin B1 and Cdc2, and led to a distinct S cell cycle arrest. Moreover, knockdown of ORAOV1 expression activated both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and led to apoptosis in HeLa cells through its effect on the expression of several apoptosis related proteins such as P53, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and cytochrome c. Interestingly, the expression of Cyclin D1, a pivotal gene for cervical cancer tumorigenesis, was also found to be reduced in ORAOV1 silenced HeLa cells.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that ORAOV1 has an important role in regulating cell growth of cervical cancer HeLa cells through regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, it may be a crucial protooncogene and a novel candidate therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
Acute paretic syndrome in juvenile White Leghorn chickens resembles late stages of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies in humans
Authors: Bader Sophie R , Kothlow Sonja , Trapp Sascha , Schwarz Susanne CN , Philipp Hans-Christian , Weigend Steffen , Sharifi Ahmad R , Preisinger Rudolf , Schmahl Wolfgang , Kaspers Bernd , Matiasek Kaspar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundSudden limb paresis is a common problem in White Leghorn flocks, affecting about 1% of the chicken population before achievement of sexual maturity. Previously, a similar clinical syndrome has been reported as being caused by inflammatory demyelination of peripheral nerve fibres. Here, we investigated in detail the immunopathology of this paretic syndrome and its possible resemblance to human neuropathies.MethodsNeurologically affected chickens and control animals from one single flock underwent clinical and neuropathological examination. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) alterations were characterised using standard morphological techniques, including nerve fibre teasing and transmission electron microscopy. Infiltrating cells were phenotyped immunohistologically and quantified by flow cytometry. The cytokine expression pattern was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These investigations were accomplished by MHC genotyping and a PCR screen for Marek's disease virus (MDV).ResultsSpontaneous paresis of White Leghorns is caused by cell-mediated, inflammatory demyelination affecting multiple cranial and spinal nerves and nerve roots with a proximodistal tapering. Clinical manifestation coincides with the employment of humoral immune mechanisms, enrolling plasma cell recruitment, deposition of myelin-bound IgG and antibody-dependent macrophageal myelin-stripping. Disease development was significantly linked to a 539 bp microsatellite in MHC locus LEI0258. An aetiological role for MDV was excluded.ConclusionsThe paretic phase of avian inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis immunobiologically resembles the late-acute disease stages of human acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and is characterised by a Th1-to-Th2 shift.
Comparative proteomic analysis of normal and tumor stromal cells by tissue on chip based mass spectrometry (toc-MS)
Authors: Escher Niko , Ernst Günther , Melle Christian , Berndt Alexander , Clement Joachim H , Junker Kerstin , Friedrich Karlheinz , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , von Eggeling Ferdinand 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In carcinoma tissues, genetic and metabolic changes not only occur at the tumor cell level, but also in the surrounding stroma. This carcinoma-reactive stromal tissue is heterogeneous and consists e.g. of non-epithelial cells such as fibroblasts or fibrocytes, inflammatory cells and vasculature-related cells, which promote carcinoma growth and progression of carcinomas. Nevertheless, there is just little knowledge about the proteomic changes from normal connective tissue to tumor stroma. In the present study, we acquired and analysed specific protein patterns of small stromal sections surrounding head and neck cell complexes in comparison to normal subepithelial connective tissue. To gain defined stromal areas we used laser-based tissue microdissection. Because these stromal areas are limited in size we established the highly sensitive 'tissue on chip based mass spectrometry' (toc-MS). Therefore, the dissected areas were directly transferred to chromatographic arrays and the proteomic profiles were subsequently analysed with mass spectrometry. At least 100 cells were needed for an adequate spectrum. The locating of differentially expressed proteins enables a precise separation of normal and tumor stroma. The newly described toc-MS technology allows an initial insight into proteomic differences between small numbers of exactly defined cells from normal and tumor stroma.