bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether sulfone)‐graft‐polydimethylsiloxane copolymers
Authors: Chen Zheng , Yang Jinsheng , Guan Shaowei , Li Xiujie , Rong Changru , Jiang Zhenhua 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNovel poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) polymers containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) side chains were synthesized and characterized with NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the copolymers were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The polymers showed perfect thermal stability, as the decomposition temperatures were all above 380°C, and exhibited glass‐transition temperatures in the range 130–188°C. Furthermore, the surface properties of the copolymers were evaluated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle analysis. The results show that the hydrophobic abilities of the graft copolymer surfaces were improved significantly compared to PAES through the introduction of the PDMS chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of the particle size and particle agglomeration on composite membrane performance
Authors: García M. G. , Marchese J. , Ochoa N. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOne of the most used methods for studying the rigidification of polymer matrices in composite membranes is differential scanning calorimetry. Glass‐transition temperatures give information about filler–polymer interaction and the rigidity of the polymer matrix. In this study, optical microscopy, mechanical property testing, and X‐ray diffraction, instead of differential scanning calorimetry, were used to study both poly(ether imide) (PEI) matrix rigidification and activated carbon–PEI interfacial adhesion. Then, the permselective properties of the mixed matrix membranes were interpreted. The change in rigidity in these composite membranes was in agreement with the decrease in the flexibility of the composite materials as the filler content increased. This fact was confirmed by the tension and elongation data and X‐ray diffraction (DRX) measurements. However, the Young's modulus value decreased as the carbon content increased. There was an increase in all of the gas permeability coefficients measured in the composites compared with that of PEI. As the particle size grew, a low particle surface area and a poor interfacial adhesion were observed. The carbon agglomerates acted as sites of stress concentration within the polymeric matrix. This decreased the intercatenary distances and limited the movement of polymer chains, which resulted in a more rigid matrix. The higher selectivity of the H2/CH4, H2/CO2 and O2/N2 systems observed in the composite membranes revealed that there were both a preferential sorption of certain gases in the carbon surface or carbon–polymer interface and a molecular size exclusion, which were responsible for that increment, despite the poor interfacial adhesion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Kinetics of the polymerizable azo initiator 2,2′‐azobis[N‐(2‐propenyl)‐2‐methylpropionamide] and its application to graft copolymerization
Authors: Yasuda Masahiro , Kunieda Hiroshi , Fujiwara Maya , Takenaka Hiroki , Glomm Wilhelm R. , Ogino Hiroyasu , Ishikawa Haruo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe polymerizable azo initiator 2,2′‐azobis[N‐(2‐propenyl)‐2‐methylpropionamide] (APMPA) has both vinyl groups and azo groups. To develop a new graft polymerization method, the radical polymerization kinetics of APMPA and graft polymerization with the produced macromolecular azo initiator were studied. Because the azo group of APMPA was stable below 80°C, the vinyl group of APMPA could be polymerized with 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) as an initiator at 60 and 70°C. However, the homopolymerization of APMPA could not proceed because of APMPA self‐circulation reactions. Using comonomers such as styrene (ST), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate, we synthesized copolymers of APMPA. The 1H‐NMR spectra of the resulting copolymers showed the incorporation of APMPA. With the copolymer composed of ST and APMPA used as an initiator, the gel permeation chromatogram showed that the high‐molecular‐mass fraction of the grafted polymer increased with time. By this method, grafted copolymers having branched chains composed of ST, MMA, or an amphiphilic macromonomer were obtained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Processing characteristics of low‐density polyethylene filled with calcium carbonate of different size distributions
Authors: Zhang Jun , Fang Jue , Wu Jun‐Li , Wu Juan , Zhou Ning‐Lin , Mo Hong , Ma Zhen‐Mao , Shen Jian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was filled with blends of different proportions of two sizes of calcium carbonate (CaCO3; 600 and 2500 mesh). The torque of the LDPE/CaCO3 samples was measured with a torque rheometer. The results showed that the process torque values of the LDPE/CaCO3 samples obviously decreased when LDPE was filled with a blend of two sizes of CaCO3 (600‐ and 2500‐mesh CaCO3 blend) in comparison with samples filled with CaCO3 of a single size (600 or 2500 mesh). When the ratio of 600‐mesh CaCO3 to the total CaCO3 was in the range of 40–60 wt %, the lowest torque value of the LDPE/CaCO3 samples was achieved. When the content of CaCO3 in a sample was 30 wt %, LDPE filled with CaCO3 of different size distributions showed the largest decrease in the torque ratio in comparison with the samples filled with CaCO3 of a single size. The torques of LDPE samples filled with CaCO3 of a single size and those filled with CaCO3 of different size distributions at different temperatures were also studied. The results showed that the flow activation energy and flow activation entropy of LDPE samples filled with CaCO3 of different size distributions increased obviously. The increase in the flow activation entropy was used to explain the phenomenon of the process torque decreasing for LDPE samples filled with CaCO3 of different size distributions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether‐block‐amide) and application as permanent antistatic agent
Authors: Wang Guojian , Xue Bing 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(ether‐block‐amide) (PEBA) were prepared by means of a condensation reaction with polyamide‐6 as hard segment and polyether as soft segment. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as the followings: 3% of water and 0.35% of catalyst, reaction temperature 260°C ± 5°C and the reaction time 4 h under the N2 atmosphere, and 1 h under the vacuum, the vacuum <80 Pa. Characterization results of FTIR and 1H‐NMR showed that the block copolymer of polyether and polyamide was synthesized successfully. The obtained PEBA was applied as an antistatic agent for the ABS resin. The research results showed that the blend with the best properties was PEBA2‐2/ABS and the dosage of PEBA was 12%. PEBA2‐2 could obviously decrease the surface resistivity of ABS from 1014 to 1010Ω and also exhibit good persistent antistatic ability. The surface resistivity of the blends decreased with the increase of content of PEBA. The increase of ratio of polyether in PEBA was favorable for the decrease of surface resistivity of the blends. The observation of SEM indicated that the PEBA and ABS had good compatibility. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cellulose acetate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties
Authors: Li Meilu , Kim Il‐Hwan , Jeong Young Gyu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA)‐based nanocomposites with various contents of neat multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) or acid‐treated one (MWCNT‐COOH) are prepared via melt‐compounding method and investigated their morphology, thermal stability, mechanical, and electrical properties. SEM microphotographs reveal that MWCNT‐COOHs are dispersed uniformly in the CA matrix, compared with neat MWCNTs. FTIR spectra support that there exists a specific interaction between carboxyl groups of MWCNT‐COOHs and ester groups of CA, indicating good interfacial adhesion between MWCNT‐COOHs and CA matrix. Accordingly, thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of CA/MWCNT‐COOH nanocomposites were higher than those of CA/MWCNT composites. On the contrary, electrical volume resistivities of CA/MWCNT‐COOH nanocomposites are found to be somewhat higher than those of CA/MWCNT composites, which is because of the deterioration of graphene structures for MWCNT‐COOHs and the good dispersion of MWCNT‐COOHs in the CA matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Good properties of similarity measures and their complementarity
Authors: Egghe Leo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSimilarity measures, such as the ones of Jaccard, Dice, or Cosine, measure the similarity between two vectors. A good property for similarity measures would be that, if we add a constant vector to both vectors, then the similarity must increase. We show that Dice and Jaccard satisfy this property while Cosine and both overlap measures do not. Adding a constant vector is called, in Lorenz concentration theory, “nominal increase” and we show that the stronger “transfer principle” is not a required good property for similarity measures. Another good property is that, when we have two vectors and if we add one of these vectors to both vectors, then the similarity must increase. Now Dice, Jaccard, Cosine, and one of the overlap measures satisfy this property, while the other overlap measure does not. Also a variant of this latter property is studied.
Heterogeneous Aromatic Amination of Aryl Halides with Arylamines in Water with PS‐PEG Resin‐Supported Palladium Complexes
Authors: Hirai Yoshinori , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCatalytic aromatic amination is achieved in water under heterogeneous conditions by the use of immobilized palladium complexes coordinated with the amphiphilic polystyrene‐poly(ethylene glycol) resin‐supported di(tert‐butyl)phosphine ligand. Aromatic amination of aryl halides with diphenylamine and N,N‐double arylation of anilines with bromobenzene were found to proceed in water with broad substrate tolerance to give the triarylamines in high yield with high recyclability of the polymeric catalyst beads. Very little palladium leached from the polymeric catalyst under the water‐based reaction conditions to provide a green and clean (metal‐uncontaminated) protocol for the preparation of triarylamines, including the optoelectronically active N,N,N′,N′‐tetraaryl‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamines (TPDs).
Identification based adaptive iterative learning controller
Authors: Ashraf Suhail , Muhammad Ejaz , Al‐Habaibeh Amin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn recent years, more research in the control field has been in the area of self‐learning and adaptable systems, such as a robot that can teach itself to improve its performance. One of the more promising algorithms for self‐learning control systems is Iterative Learning Control (ILC), which is an algorithm capable of tracking a desired trajectory within a specified error limit. Conventional ILC algorithms have the problem of relatively slow convergence rate and adaptability. This paper suggests a novel approach by combining system identification techniques with the proposed ILC approach to overcome the aforementioned problems. The ensuing design procedure is explained and results are accrued from a number of simulation examples. A key point in the proposed scheme is the computation of gain matrices using the steepest descent approach. It has been found that the learning rule can be guaranteed to converge if certain conditions are satisfied.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Disturbance decoupled fault reconstruction using sliding mode observers
Authors: Ng Kok Yew , Tan Chee Pin , Akmeliawati Rini , Edwards Christopher 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates and presents conditions that guarantee disturbance decoupled fault reconstruction using sliding mode observers, which are less stringent than those of previous work, and show that disturbance reconstruction is not necessary. An aircraft model validates the ideas proposed in this paper.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
How to behave ethically in a world of fads
Authors: Schreck Kimberly A. , Miller Victoria A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough applied behavior analysis (ABA) has significant scientific support for treating people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the field of autism treatment has been plagued with rapidly proliferating fad treatments subjecting people with ASD to various ineffective, pseudoscientific, and antiscientific treatments. To combat this, professionals must learn to make ethical treatment decisions, sometimes before research is conducted or published. Even when research is available negating fads, behavioral professionals must also overcome misperceptions about ABA. The purposes of this paper are to provide behavioral professionals with (a) a mechanism for making ethical treatment decisions (using sensory integration as an example) and (b) a method for responding to potential misperceptions and obstacles to using ABA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilizing physiological measures to facilitate phobia treatment with individuals with autism and intellectual disability: A case study
Authors: Chok James T. , Demanche John , Kennedy Amanda , Studer Lisa 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDespite the conceptualization of phobic fear as a multi‐factorial response, the measurement and treatment of phobias is often not comprehensive. The extant literature on the treatment of phobias for individuals with intellectual disabilities has exclusively focused on indices of behavioral avoidance. The present study demonstrates the treatment of behavioral avoidance and physiological reactivity in a child diagnosed with autism, intellectual disability, and a dog phobia. The results indicate that the individual often experienced physiological reactivity in the presence of the feared stimulus despite engaging in behavioral approach. Treatment of both behavioral avoidance and physiological reactivity resulted in successful generalization of treatment effects across three additional dogs and maintenance of treatment effects during a six‐month follow‐up assessment. Implications for examining multiple aspects of the anxious response when treating children with intellectual disabilities and severe language delays are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromuli. Plastiden‐Brücken im Netzwerk der Zelle
Authors: Krupinska Karin , Desel Christine , Mulisch Maria 
Published: June 2010

AbstractStromuli sind bewegliche Fortsätze der Plastiden, die Brücken zwischen den Plastiden bilden oder Kontakte zwischen Plastiden und anderen Räumen der Zelle herstellen können. Damit könnten sie eine Funktion bei der Koordination von Prozessen in verschiedenen Plastiden haben und Signale zwischen Plastiden und anderen Teilen der Zelle austauschen. Stromuli wurden vor mehr als 100 Jahren zuerst in Zellen des Wasserfarns Selaginella beobachtet und später mit verbesserten lichtmikroskopischen Verfahren auch in Höheren Pflanzen nachgewiesen. Als es vor ca. 15 Jahren möglich wurde, das Stroma der Plastiden durch das grün fluoreszierende Protein (GFP) sichtbar zu machen, wurden sie neu entdeckt. Ihre Bildung wird vom Gewebe, Entwicklungszustand und von externen Faktoren wie der Temperatur beeinflusst wird. Ein intaktes System von Aktinfasern ist Voraussetzung zur Bildung der Stromuli. An ihrer Bewegung ist das Motorprotein Myosin beteiligt.
Die Buche. Eine Kultur‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte
Authors: Schulze Ernst Detlef , Hessenmöller Dominik , Seele Carolin , Wäldchen Jana , von Lüpke Nikolas 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDiese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die Ökologie der Buche und ihrer Begleitbaumarten. Die historische Entwicklung der Buchenwälder wird in einem wirtschaftlichen und soziologischen Kontext der menschlichen Entwicklungsgeschichte dargestellt. Besondere Bedeutung hat dabei die Stellung der Jagd und der Einfluss des Schalenwildes auf die Baumarten in historischer Zeit. Die Diskussion, ob “Wald vor Wild” oder “Wald und Wild” hat bis heute eine politische Dimension, die mehr als die Ökologie der Arten die Baumartenmischung im Wald bestimmt.
“Falschgeld” aus botanischer Sicht
Authors: Kremer B. P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMit Pressemitteilung 5/2010 teilte das Bundesfinanzministerium mit, dass die Bundesregierung – mitinitiiert vom Bundesbeauftragten für Kultur und Medien – eine Sechserserie kleiner Goldmünzen im Nennwert von je 20 Euro auflegen wird. Leitthema der Sonderedition ist der “Deutsche Wald”; es steht im Kontext mit dem von der UN ausgerufenen Internationalen Jahr der Wälder 2011. Die Auswahl der gezeigten Baumarten ist jedoch aus Sicht des Botanikers wenig glücklich.
Aufwärmstation für Hummeln
Authors: Wendler Silke 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAls Winterblüher hat der Stinkende Nieswurz (Helleborus foetidus) das Problem, dass aufgrund der niedrigen Außentemperaturen nicht viele bestäubende Hummeln unterwegs sind. Die Forschergruppe um Carlos Herrera aus Spanien hat nun herausgefunden, dass Hefen den Zucker im Blütennektar abbauen und dabei Wärme erzeugen, von der die Hummeln angelockt werden.
Mückenstich mit Folgen: Denguefieber
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMückenstiche plagen uns in nördlichen Breitengraden mit Juckreiz, sind aber in der Regel nach wenigen Tagen vergessen: In den Tropen und Subtropen bergen sie dagegen das Risiko, ernsthaft zu erkranken, denn Stechmücken (“Moskitos”) sind Überträger (Vektoren) für verschiedene Krankheitserreger. Eine weltweit wachsende Bedeutung gewinnt das Denguefieber, das durch Flaviviren ausgelöst und durch Tigermücken (Aedes) übertragen wird. Für sinnvolle Gegenmaßnahmen und Therapien sind Kenntnisse der Kontakte und Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Erreger, Vektor und Mensch unerlässlich.
Gefährdet: der Albatros der Antipoden‐Inseln
Authors: Baer Julia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDer Antipoden‐Wanderalbatros (Diomedea exultans antipodensis) ist in der neuseeländischen Subantarktis beheimatet. Über 90% der Population brütet auf einer kleinen Inselgruppe zwischen Neuseeland und dem antarktischen Kontinent: den Antipoden‐Inseln. Die eindrucksvollen Vögel, die eine Flügelspannweite von über drei Meter erreichen können, sind akut gefährdet. Ursachen sind unter anderem die Langleinen‐ und Schleppnetzfischerei.
Determination of Carbohydrate‐Binding Preferences of Human Galectins with Carbohydrate Microarrays
Authors: Horlacher Tim , Oberli Matthias A. , Werz Daniel B. , Kröck Lenz , Bufali Simone , Mishra Rashmi , Sobek Jens , Simons Kai , Hirashima Mitsuomi , Niki Toshiro , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGalectins are a class of carbohydrate‐binding proteins named for their galactose‐binding preference and are involved in a host of processes ranging from homeostasis of organisms to immune responses. As a first step towards correlating the carbohydrate‐binding preferences of the different galectins with their biological functions, we determined carbohydrate recognition fine‐specificities of galectins with the aid of carbohydrate microarrays. A focused set of oligosaccharides considered relevant to galectins was prepared by chemical synthesis. Structure–activity relationships for galectin–sugar interactions were determined, and these helped in the establishment of redundant and specific galectin actions by comparison of binding preferences. Distinct glycosylations on the basic lactosyl motifs proved to be key to galectin binding regulation—and therefore galectin action—as either high‐affinity ligands are produced or binding is blocked. High‐affinity ligands such as the blood group antigens that presumably mediate particular functions were identified.
Protocols for the Sequential Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopic Assignment of a Uniformly Labeled 25 kDa Protein: HET‐s(1‐227)
Authors: Schuetz Anne , Wasmer Christian , Habenstein Birgit , Verel René , Greenwald Jason , Riek Roland , Böckmann Anja , Meier Beat H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sequence‐specific resonance assignment of a protein forms the basis for studies of molecular structure and dynamics, as well as to functional assay studies by NMR spectroscopy. Here we present a protocol for the sequential 13C and 15N resonance assignment of uniformly [15N,13C]‐labeled proteins, based on a suite of complementary three‐dimensional solid‐state NMR spectroscopy experiments. It is directed towards the application to proteins with more than about 100 amino acid residues. The assignments rely on a walk along the backbone by using a combination of three experiments that correlate nitrogen and carbon spins, including the well‐dispersed Cβ resonances. Supplementary spectra that correlate further side‐chain resonances can be important for identifying the amino acid type, and greatly assist the assignment process. We demonstrate the application of this assignment protocol for a crystalline preparation of the N‐terminal globular domain of the HET‐s prion, a 227‐residue protein.
A Kinetic Model for Selective Ethene Trimerization to 1‐Hexene by a Novel Chromium Catalyst System
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Wöhl Anina , Peitz Stephan , Peulecke Normen , Aluri Bhaskar R. , Müller Bernd H. , Heller Detlef , Rosenthal Uwe , Al‐Hazmi Mohammed H. , Mosa Fuad M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA numerical model for the kinetics of the selective trimerization of ethene to 1‐hexene has been developed on the basis of mechanistic investigations and extensive experimental parameter studies. The reaction is catalyzed by a homogeneous catalyst system, comprising the chromium source [CrCl3(thf)3], a Ph2PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)H ligand, and triethylaluminum as activator. The kinetic model is designed as a tool for laboratory data evaluation, design and planning of meaningful experiments in the multidimensional parameter space, and parameter identification, and, moreover, it includes all features needed to eventually facilitate the transfer of the laboratory results into the technical environment. In particular, the model is designed to deliver the intrinsic chemical kinetics of the homogeneous catalytic system and to rule out any undetected influence of phase‐transfer limitations. Key kinetic parameters are determined by fitting the numerical simulations to the experimental results. In general, the model calculations and experimental data are in excellent agreement. In conjunction with mechanistic investigations, the model helps to elucidate the complex reaction network.