bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Tolerance of White Lupin1
Authors: Wiedenhoeft M. Hagemann , Ciha A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLupin (Lupinus albus L.), a high protein grain legume, has the potential of being grown in the Pacific Northwest as an alternative crop for pea (Pisum sativa L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.). Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of the white lupin cultivar Astra to preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POE) applications of herbicides commercially available for other grain legumes. All herbicide applications were made at two rates; the rate labelled for pea, lentil, or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and three times the labelled rate. Six weeks after application, plant height, shoot dry weight, and visual injury were determined for all plants. Triallate [S‐(2,3,3‐trichloro‐2‐propenyl)bis(1‐methylethyl)carbamothioate] at 1.4 and 4.2 kg a.i. ha−1, trifluralin [2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] at 0.8 kg a.i. ha−1 applied PPI, fluazifop [(±)‐2‐(4‐{[5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid} at 0.3 kg a.i. ha−1, and diclofop {(±)‐2‐[4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 1.1 kg a.i. ha−1 applied POE did not reduce shoot dry weight. Atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐ triazine‐2,4‐diamine] and EPTC (S‐ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate) applied PPI, metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐ 1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H‐one] applied PRE, and the herbicides atrazine, bentazon [3‐(1‐methylethyl)‐(1H)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐ one2,2‐dioxide], 2,4‐DB ester [4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid], dinoseb [2‐(1‐methylpropyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenol], fluorochloridone [3‐chloro‐4‐(chloromethyl)‐1[ 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐2‐pyrrolidinone], MCPA Na salt [(4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetic acid], and metribuzin applied POE severely injured the lupins. Greater visual injury occurred when the POE herbicides were applied at the one to two‐leaf stage than at the five‐ to six‐leaf stage.
Quality of Whole Crop and Pressed Forage from Mechanically Dewatered Alfalfa, Red Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage harvesting techniques that reduce losses in yield and quality that normally occur during field wilting of silage and curing of hay are needed. A 2‐yr field study was conducted to evaluate mechanical dewatering of first‐cutting forage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) harvested at four stages of maturity. Each species, grown on Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudolls), was harvested at weekly intervals beginning on 27 May 1980 and 26 May 1981, and the forage was macerated and pressed at 6.9 × 105 Pa for 2 min. Samples of the whole crop collected immediately after cutting and of the pressed forage were dried at 55°C to constant weight. Birdsfoot trefoil was the highest in N concentration of the three whole crops, and red clover was higher in N than alfalfa in 1 of the 2 yr. Pressed forage of alfalfa averaged 6.0 g kg−1 less N than the whole crop. Pressed forage averaged 106, 151, and 49 g kg−1 more neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than whole crop for alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. Birdsfoot trefoil in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was affected least by Pressing, and red clover IVDMD was affected most. Results of this 2‐yr experiment indicate that mechanical dewatering reduced IVDMD and generally N, and increased NDF concentration. Differences in legume species response to pressing were substantial and would preclude generalization of mechanical dewatering responses across species. However, whole crop dry matter, N, and IVDMD predicted 0.81 or more of the variation in pressed forage IVDMD of the three species, indicating that pressed forage IVDMD can be accurately predicted from whole crop composition.
Phomopsis Seed Infection and Nutrient Accumulation in Pods of Soybean with Reduced Fruit Loads
Authors: Thomison P. R. , Jeffers D. L. , Schmitthenner A. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractActive infection of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fruits by Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs is associated with physiological changes occurring during senescence. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of carbohydrate and mineral nutrient composition of pod tissue to seed infection by P. longicolla. Varying carbohydrate and mineral nutrient levels in pod tissue were created by different fruit removal and debranching treatments. Reducing fruit load in plants from three to four pods per node to one per node increased seed infection by P. longicolla 42% and decreased seed germination 35%. Total nonstructural carbohydrates, N, and P concentrations in pod walls at physiological maturity were increased 56, 40, and 77%, respectively, by pod reduction. Seed total nonstructural carbohydrates were reduced 13% and seed N increased 15% by reduced fruit loads. Fruit removal delayed plant maturation up to 2 to 3 wk. A lower incidence of P. longicolla and moldy seed from upper nodes (vs. lower nodes) of plants was associated with lower K and greater Ca and total nonstructural carbohydrates in pod walls. Decreasing seed infection by P. longicolla might be achieved by maximizing fruit loads and shortening the time interval between physiological maturity and harvest maturity.
Calcium Deficiency in Sorghum Grown in Controlled Environments in Relation to Nitrate/Ammonium Ratio and Nitrogen Source
Authors: Murtadha H. M. , Maranville J. W. , Clark R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions often develops Ca deficiency. Since information on factors affecting Ca uptake and distribution in sorghum is limited, experiments were conducted to better understand factors associated with the enhancement of this disorder. Sorghum genotypes ‘Redlan’ and ‘Martin’ were grown in a growth chamber with 21.4 mM N (300 mg L−1) at NO−3/NH+4 ratios of 300:0, 250:50, 200:100, and 150:150, with Ca levels of 1.25 or 2.50 mM(50 or 100 mg L−1, respectively) to determine the effects of these N ratios on sorghum growth in nutrient solution and the occurrence of Ca deficiency. The same genotypes and conditions were used in a N source experiment where NO−3, NO−3/NH+4 (1:1), NH+4, and urea were compared. Symptoms of Ca deficiency were visible on young leaves of plants grown in solutions containing high proportions of NO+4 and low levels of Ca, but not with NO−3 only or urea. The pH of solutions in the NO−3/NH+4 ratio experiment were higher with NO−3 as the predominate N source. Growth and Ca concentrations decreased but total plant N concentrations increased with high proportions of NH+4 in the treatment solutions and with decreased Ca levels. Thus, N/Ca ratios increased progressively as the proportion of NH+4 in the nutrient solution increased, which also corresponded to increasing severity of Ca deficiency observed on leaves. Lower leaves had higher Ca concentrations than upper leaves indicating the relative immobility of Ca in sorghum. When comparing N sources, plants grown with NO−3 or urea as the sole source of N generally had the best growth and the highest Ca concentrations, followed by plants grown with 1:1 NO−3/NH+4, and NH+4 only, respectively. Dry matter yields increased with increasing solution Ca levels regardless of N source. The enhance uptake of Ca in sorghum when grown with only NO−3 is believed to occur partially as a mechanism to counterbalance anion absorption and maintain proper cation/anion balance. It is likely that a reduction in Ca concentration in plants grown with high NH+4 was partially a result of reduced solution pH exerting antagonistic effects on Ca absorption or releasing Ca from cell wall anionic sites. Reduced and abnormal root growth resulting from high solution NH+4 may have enhanced the appearance of Ca deficiency symptoms by reducing Ca uptake due to reduced absorbing surface or lack of root tip growth.
Survival of Guayule Transplants with Different Methods of Establishment
Authors: Mulkey J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) to develop as a competitive crop in areas suitable for dryland production, information is needed on methods to establish acceptable stands. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of planting method, application of an antitranspirant, and the addition of small volumes of water at planting on the survival of guayule transplants under dryland conditions. The study was conducted on a Uvalde silty clay loam (fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustoll). Planting method, antitranspirant, and moisture level at planting significantly affected transplant survival. Plant survival rates were reduced when transplants were sprayed with an antitranspirant at planting. The addition of water at planting did not significantly affect the survival of transplants with root balls. Survival rates were significantly higher for transplants without root balls that received 200 mL of water per seedling at planting compared to transplants that received no water. A transplant survival rate of 93% or greater was achieved for transplants with root balls, and for transplants without root balls when a small volume of water was applied at planting.
Nitrogen Fixation in a White Clover‐Fescue Pasture Using Three Methods of Nitrogen‐15 Application and Residual Nitrogen‐15 Uptake
Authors: Labandera C. , Danso S. K. A. , Pastorini D. , Curbelo S. , Martin V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is essential that the 15N source and method of labeling should not introduce significant errors into the estimation of N2 fixed in plants. This study, which was conducted in 1984 and continued in 1985, compares N2 fixation measurements based on the repeated or rotated application of 15N‐labeled (NH4)2SO4 on plots of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Zapican)‐fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Tacuabe) sward with values obtained from plants that relied solely on residual 15N uptake. The soil used was a Typic Hapludoll, pH 6.9. The percentage of N fixed assessed by the different 15N application methods averaged 86% in 1984 and 93% in 1985. In 1984, when white clover was predominant in the sward, 109 kg N/ha was fixed in 26 wk, compared to only 13.3 kg N/ha in the 22‐wk period of 1985 during which fescue dominated the sward. The yield‐independent estimates of percentage of clover N derived from N: fixation were more precise than the yield‐dependent values of total N2 fixed. In general, 15N applications made at the harvest preceding the N2‐ fixation measurement period gave similar percentages of N fixed in the 2 yr, compared to the higher values obtained from estimations based solely on residual 15N uptake. In all cases, however, estimations of total N2 fixed, in contrast to percentage N fixed, were not significantly influenced by method of 15N supply.
Field Plot Technique Comparison for Estimating Corn Grain and Dry Matter Yield
Authors: Wolkowski R. P. , Reisdorf T. A. , Bundy L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProduction recommendations are based on research data collected from small plots, with the assumption that experimental results are transferable to field‐scale conditions. Frequently, research techniques are selected to conserve resources and improve the efficiency of maintaining and harvesting the small‐plot experiments. This study evaluated the effects of plant density, plot length, alley size, and harvest method on corn (Zea mays L. ) grain and dry matter yield. Grain and dry matter yield decreased as harvested length increased. Alleys (0.75 or 3.0 m wide) increased grain yield relative to plots without alleys, but had no effect on dry matter yield. Combine‐harvested grain yields were equal to or higher than yields obtained by hand harvesting and stationary shelling due to lower grain losses during shelling with the combine. A sample size of 10 to 15 plants per plot minimized the coefficient of deviation of corn dry matter yield determination.
Conversion of Fertilized Annual Range Forage to Beef Cattle Liveweight Gain
Authors: Raguse C. A. , Taggard K. L. , Hull J. L. , Morris J. G. , George M. R. , Larsen L. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐yr field experiment evaluated average daily (ADG) and total seasonal (LG) weight gains of growing beef cattle (Bos taurus) on fertilized California foothill annual range. Soils were a mixture of four series of alfisols. Nitrogen was applied alone at 45 or 90 kg ha−1, P and S were applied together at 34P 37S or 67P 74S kg ha−1, and the two N rates were combined with 34P 37S. Two 13.2‐ha replications were stocked with 215‐kg steers in late November, and stocking rates were increased twice during a grazing season averaging 190 d. Forage on offer (FL) varied from 400 to 2500 kg ha−1. Annual forage production (FP) varied from 2500 to 5700 kg ha−1 and differed (P<0.05) between treatments and years. Year‐to‐year and within‐year variations in rainfall influenced FP. Average daily gains over the season varied linearly from less than 0.2 to over 1.0 kg steer−1. Differences in ADG due to treatments were largely restricted to the first year and to treatments with N, P, and S or the higher level of PS, but 3‐yr trends were not significant. Average daily gain was not strongly influenced by either FL or legume content of the forage. Three‐year LG was highest for the two NPS and the higher PS treatment. Fertilization increased forage organic matter digestibility and N concentrations over the control. Results indicate that either N, P, and S or a sufficient level of P and S to stimulate production of legume N was required for high forage production.
Proportionate Allocation of Pasture Subsamples for Laboratory Quality Analysis
Authors: Hill N. S. , Fales S. L. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical analysis of pasture subsamples is an expensive and time consuming process. The objective of this project was to develop a method by which the number of pasture subsamples can be reduced for routing chemical analysis. Pasture sumsamples of pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were combined into proportionately allocated samples (PA). Laboratory analysis of in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and crude protein (CP) were conducted on the subsamples and PA. Numerical averages (NA) and weighted means (WM) were calculated for IVDMD and CP of the subsamples. One subsample was randomly selected (RS) to estimate IVDMD and CP. The NA, PA, and RS were regressed with WM to determine the goodness of fit of the data for each method. Squared correaltion coefficients of the WM (dependent variable) and PA (independent variable) comparison were 0.99 and 0.93 for IVDMD and CP, respectively. The PA reduced sample number to one‐sixth of the original sample volume. The PA was an excellent method of reducing sample volume for IVDMD and CP analysis of pure samples of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil.
Cation Radius and pH of Drying Agent Solutions Influence on Alfalfa Drying Rates
Authors: Panciera M. T. , Walgenbach R. P. , Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical drying agents based on K2CO3 reduce the drying time of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but the effects of cation radius and solution pH on drying agent efficacy have not been defined. Studies were conducted to define the effects of sampling date, cation radius, and pH on alfalfa drying time and the drying process. Nine treatments and a distilled water control were applied to field grown ‘Spectrum’ alfalfa sampled on 5 June, 17 July, and 16 Aug. 1984. Treatments consisted of nine combinations of three cations (Na+, K+, Cs+) and three anions (C2H3O2=, CO3−, OH−). Cation radii were 0.097 to 0.167nm and pH ranged from 7.5 to 13.3. Samples were allowed to dry under ambient laboratory conditions. Water contents (WC, g water kg−1 dry matter) were determined at intervals and data were fitted to a biexponential curve. All chemicals reduced the drying time of alfalfa relative to controls, but K2CO3, KOH, Cs2CO3, and CsOH were the most effective compounds. Controls dried to a WC of 250 in 126 to 184 h, while treated forage dried to the same level in 32 to 110 h. A significant sampling date ✕ treatment interaction occurred for drying time and some of the shortest drying times were observed for the June sampling date. Cation radius and pH accounted for 73 to 90% of the variation in drying time among chemicals. Rapid phase drying accounted for loss of 394 to 538 g kg−1 of initial moisture for controls and 252 to 949 g kg−1 for chemical treatments. Increasing cation radius and pH increased the efficacy of drying agents under laboratory conditions.
Reduced Tillage System Influence on Yield of Sunflower Hybrids
Authors: Deibert Edward J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on the effect of reduced tillage on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production with different hybrids is limited. A 3‐yr study (1984 to 1986) was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tillage system and weed control method on seed weight, yield, oil concentration, and total oil of early and late maturity sunflower hybrids under dryland conditions in North Dakota. Sunflower hybrids were grown on a Fargo clay soil (fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Vertic Haplaquolls) with established long term tillage plots. Tillage treatments included conventional (Plow) and three reduced tillage systems (Sweep, Intertill, and No‐till) with weed control provided by herbicides with and without cultivation. Yield, weight, oil concentration, and oil yield of the sunflower seed was not significantly different among tillage systems or between weed control methods. Hybrids performed similarly in the seed parameters measured, although the late maturity hybrid consistently produced smaller seed. Results from the study indicated that early maturity sunflower hybrids are better adapted to the dryland areas of the cool northern states because seed yield and quality, irrespective of tillage or weed control method, were equal to or better than those for late maturity hybrids.
Johnsongrass Control in Conventionally Tilled and No‐Tilled Soybean with Foliar‐Applied Herbicides
Authors: Banks P. A. , Bundschuh S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerennial johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is costly and difficult to control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Selective and nonselective foliar‐active herbicides were evaluated for activity and residual control of rhizome johnsongrass in conventional‐ and no‐till soybean culture. Broadcast foliar applications of selective graminacides and rope‐wick applications of nonselective foliar‐active herbicides were applied to rhizome johnsongrass growing in conventional‐till and no‐till soybean in 1984 and 1985. Selective graminacides generally provided excellent johnsongrass control (90 to 100%) that resulted in higher soybean yields than plots treated with rope‐wick applied herbicides. Selective graminacides also provided greater suppression of johnsongrass regrowth in the year following treatment compared with the nonselective herbicides. Two applications of selective graminacides did not improve johnsongrass control as compared with one application. Two rope‐wick applications of glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] or sulfosate (trimethylsulfoniumcarboxy methylaminomethylphosphonate) improved johnsongrass control, as compared with one application, in one of two years, but soybean yields did not always equal that applied with selective graminacides. Tillage did not significantly affect johnsongrass control with any of the treatments.
Evaluation of Soybean Zinc and Manganese Requirements by the M‐DRIS and Sufficiency Range Methods
Authors: Hallmark W. B. , Beverly R. B. , Parker M. B. , Adams J. F. , Boswell F. C. , Ohki K. , Shuman L. M. , Wilson D. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe modified‐diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (M‐DRIS) and sufficiency range method (SRM) have not been compared for accuracy of Zn and Mn diagnoses for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Consequently, M‐DRIS and SRM were evaluated for diagnosing Zn deficiencies for two site‐years in Alabama, and Mn deficiencies and sufficiencies for three site‐years in Georgia. The SRM was more accurate than M‐DRIS in detecting when Zn was deficient (P < 0.05) and when Mn was not deficient (P < 0.01). However, M‐DRIS and SRM did not differ (P > 0.10) where Mn was deficient. Partial regression analysis indicated that M‐DRIS also incorrectly diagnosed Ca as deficient in the Alabama studies. False M‐DRIS diagnoses of Mn and Ca deficiencies were attributed to their inflated concentration and ratio means in the M‐DRIS data base, which may also have contributed to false diagnoses of K, Mg, Cu, and Fe deficiencies in the Georgia study. Results demonstrate the danger of using inflated nutrient means in M‐DRIS diagnoses. Further work is needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of M‐DRIS.
Composition and Yields of Alfalfa Fresh Forage, Field Cured Hay, and Pressed Forage
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mechanical dewatering process was developed to avoid losses in yield and quality incurred during field hay curing. A 4‐yr field study was conducted to gain information on factors affecting hay curing losses and to compare hay to mechanically dewatered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Ten harvest regimes were imposed on alfalfa monocultures to provide a wide range of fresh forage compositions and of hay curing conditions. Over the 4 yr, hay averaged 31.0 g kg−1 of N, 3.3 g kg−1 less than herbage, but 3.7 g kg−1 higher than pressed forage. Hay in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was 596 g kg−1, 10% less than herbage, but similar to pressed forage at 589 g kg−1. Pressed forage was highest in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at 559 g kg−1 while fresh forage had 422 g kg−1 and hay had 518 g kg−1. The best single predictors of hay concentrations of N, NDF, and IVDMD were fresh forage concentrations of the same constituents. Other significant variables for prediction of hay composition included dry matter loss (DML) during hay curing, rain amount, and hay curing time. Since hay curing and pressing both affected NDF concentration more than IVDMD, preservation system effects on intake potential could be even greater than effects on digestibility. The finding that fresh forage quality is the primary determinant of alfalfa hay quality indicates that close attention to quality at the time of cutting should more consistently produce hay of the desired quality than would delaying harvest in an attempt to avoid rain. The pressed forage and the protein concentrate together produce yields similar to or greater than those of hay and reduce N losses by nearly one‐half.
Establishiment of Kleingrass with Annual Ryegrass and Other Cultural Treatments
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Hauser V. L. , Meyer R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWeed control is required after seeding kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) to assure successful stand establishment. Four field experiments were conducted over a 4‐yr period at two sites in Texas to evaluate a winter cover of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cultural treatments before seeding kleingrass as possible weed control methods. Hand‐weeding during establishment increased kleingrass forage production to 22 times that was produced in an unweeded control. Kleingrass was successfully established at one site by seeding into annual ryegrass stubble. The stand persisted for 3 yr with little maintenance. The beneficial effects of annual ryegrass cover during the winter before seeding kleingrass were not confirmed in all experiments. Kleingrass establishment following winter cover crops of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.) oat (Avena sativa L.) or weeds was poor. Conversely, a heavy cover of ryegrass kept the soil cool and was responsible for poor kleingrass germination and growth at one site. Kleingrass establishment was most successful when both ryegrass and weeds were removed by herbicides or by tillage before seeding.