bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW OF NEARCTICAPOTOMISHÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE: OLETHREUTINI)
Authors: Adamski D. , Peters T. Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA review of NearcticApotomisHübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutini) is presented. Seventeen species are recognized, of which the following are new:coloradensis,trifida, andspurinfida.Apotomis strigosaHeinrich, 1926 is considered a new synonym oftertianaMcDunnough, 1922, anddextranaMcDunnough, 1923 ofremovanaKearfott, 1907. Descriptions, distribution maps, and a key to species are provided. Illustrations of male and female genitalia and photographs of distinctive wing patterns are included. Scanning electron micrographs reveal that setae on digitus of male genitalia are taxonomically important.
ACCUMULATION AND PERSISTENCE OF FENITROTHION IN NEEDLES OF BALSAM FIR AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON ABUNDANCE OF NEODIPRION ABIETIS (HARRIS) (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Mallet V.N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFenitrothion accumulates in foliage tissue of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in the forest, but only until about 1.5 μg/g is reached. The balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris), which belongs to the family of forest insects known to be most sensitive to fenitrothion, has become rare but persists in New Brunswick in spite of the use of fenitrothion for control of spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumerifana (Clemens).
MESOTHORACIC SKELETOMUSCULATURE AND MECHANICS OF FLIGHT AND JUMPING IN EUPELMINAE (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: EUPELMIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMesothoracic skeletomusculature of male and female Eupelminae is described and compared with that of other Eupelmidae, Chalcidoidea, and Hymenoptera. Various external mesopleural features and structural dimorphism between the sexes are explained by differences in muscle form and placement. A set of terms for mesothoracic structure is proposed that is equally applicable to male and female eupelmines and to other chalcidoids. Mechanics of flight and jumping in male eupelmines, and of jumping in females, is also described. The flight mechanism of males is similar to that previously described in other hymenopterans and is structurally independent of the jumping mechanism. Contraction of large mesotergal-mesotrochanteral muscles, originating from the axillae and axillar phragmata, act directly to retract the mesotrochanters into the mesocoxae for jumping. Females have coadapted the flight and jumping mechanisms into a single mechanism to improve jumping greatly. The mesotergal-mesotrochanteral muscles are reduced to slender, tendon-like muscles originating from the anteroventral angle of each lateral axillar surface. Jumping in females results from contraction of large mesopleural-mesotergal muscles that insert into anterolateral processes of the mesoscutum by pads of resilin. The pads are stretched during contraction of the mesopleural-mesotergal muscles and the potential energy thus stored is subsequently released to flex the mesonotum along the transscutal articulation. The first and second axillary sclerites are modified to function as a hinge to control mesonotal flexing for jumping. Flexing the mesonotum rotates the lateral axillar surfaces anteriorly and dorsally, thereby pulling up on the mesotergal-mesotrochanteral muscles and changing a horizontally directed force into a vertical force that is used to retract the mesotrochanters for jumping. A mesothoracic lock mechanism to prevent initial mesonotal flexing is proposed, but is not documented. “Contortion” of female eupelmines is described, and is a consequence of the increased degree of mesonotal flexing required for their jumping mechanism. The modified mesocoxal articulation of females is hypothesized to function in rotating the middle legs cephalad to protect the head and antennae during landing. It is questioned whether female eupelmines can fly, and the adaptive significance of enhancement of jumping at the expense of flight in females, and of sexual dimorphism in the subfamily, is discussed.
FACTORS AFFECTING SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA) (CLEM.) MATING AND MATING DISRUPTION WITH PHEROMONE IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Ponder B.M. , Kipp L.R. , Bergh C. , Lonergan G.C. , Seabrook W.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFactors influencing spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) mating and mating suppression in an enclosed environment in the laboratory were investigated to develop a quantitative assay suited to statistical analysis. Mating in the absence of the two major components of spruce budworm sex pheromone (control) was not affected by changes in moth population density nor by increasing the experimental duration from 20 to 44 h. The proportions mated increased with an increase in the male:female ratio to 1.5:1 and when the experimental duration was prolonged to 68 h. Using a population density, sex ratio combination of 15:10 (male:female) the proportions of mated females decreased with increasing source concentrations of the two major spruce budworm sex pheromone components (95:5E/Z-11–14-tetradecenal). This effect was diminished with increases in the population density and with extended test duration. Mating in the presence of pheromone remained lower than controls over all durations tested.
AN ECONOMIC THRESHOLD FUNCTION FOR THE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Raworth D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe growth and yield responses of “Totem” strawberries, Fragaria × ananassa, to 4 introduction densities of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were observed under field conditions in the lower Fraser Valley. At the high-density treatments T. urticae populations peaked at 65 mites/leaflet and declined during harvest. At the medium- and low-density treatments and in the controls, T. urticae had lower and later peaks. Two species of insect predators and 1 phytoseiid species preyed upon T. urticae. Berry weight and number were predicted (R = 0.97, 12 df) from the number of flowering stalks and accumulated mite-days. Yields increased with increasing numbers of flowering stalks and declined with increasing accumulated mite-days. A $1300 yield loss/ha was observed when 2500 mite-days accumulated between 15 May and 16 July. Fruit size was not affected by T. urticae. Yield equations were developed so that a mite sample 1–5 weeks before harvest can be used to predict dollars lost due to T. urticae. The data allow the grower to determine an economic threshold based on the number of weeks before harvest, mite sample precision, differences in environmental conditions relative to the present study, the control measure to be used, and the market price to the grower.
PHENOLOGY OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lee Dennis A. , Spence John R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDifferences in phenology were observed between two populations ofOstrinia nubilalis(Hbn.) in Alberta. In the South Saskatchewan River valley, borers pupated and emerged 3–6 days earlier than on the plains. This was not simply a function of different microclimates because median pupation occurred at 331 degree-days (DD) for plains populations and at 490 DD for valley populations. First-generation flight extended from the last week in June until the 1st week in August. Flight peaks in 1983 occurred on 8 July in the valley and on 14 July on the plains. Flight was delayed in 1984 by cold nightly temperatures. In 1983 valley populations had a partial second generation, with a flight peak in late August. Mean pupal mass was significantly less for plains populations than valley populations. Transplant experiments demonstrated that these differences reflected mainly environmental influences. During spring 1984, mean larval mass in the two populations did not differ until early June, when both mean wet and dry mass of valley larvae increased significantly but those of plains larvae did not change. This variability of phenotypes contributes to the colonizing ability of the European corn borer.
PRIMARY TYPES OF CERAPHRONOIDEA, EVANIOIDEA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, AND TRIGONALOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION
Authors: Sarazin Michael J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo hundred and thirty-nine primary types of Ceraphronoidea (11), Evanioidea (1), Proctotrupoidea (226), and Trigonaloidea (1) housed in the Canadian National Collection were examined and listed. These were contributed by the following authors: Masner (108), Townes (41), Muesebeck (25), Harrington (16), Johnson (9), Dessart (7), Huggert and Masner (6), Masner and Huggert (5), MacGown (5), Johnson and Masner (3), Ritchie and Masner (3), Mineo (2), Provancher (2), Ashmead (1), Bin and Johnson (1), Dessart and Bin (1), Fouts (1), MacGown and Nebeker(1), Sharkey (1), and Viereck (1). Lectotypes are designated by L. Masner for the following Harrington species: Aphanogmus salicicola, Lygocerus pallipes, Aclista caudata, Eritrissomerus pallipes, Sactogaster varipes, Baryconus bicolor, and Baryconus cinctus; and for Pentacantha canadensis Ashmead. The following new generic combinations are also proposed by L. Masner: Acanosema caudata (Harrington) and A. crassicornis (Harrington) from Aclista; Amblyaspis pallipes (Harrington) from Eritrissomerus; and Trimorus canadensis (Ashmead) from Pentacantha.
THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF CRYPTOCEPHALUS QUADRUPLEX NEWMAN AND C. VENUSTUS FABRICIUS, WITH A KEY TO THE KNOWN IMMATURE STAGES OF THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF CRYPTOCEPHALINE LEAF BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe eggs and larvae of Cryptocephalus quadruplex Newman and C. venustus Fabricius are described and illustrated. Both species very likely overwinter in the larval stage. The adults emerge from the last week of May to mid-June. Before mating they feed on plants for about a week. The oviposition period is quite extended and lasts from mid-June to the end of July. The eggs are laid singly in the leaf litter. The hatching period was 10–15 days in the laboratory. The larvae develop through 5 instars and feed exclusively on dead or decaying leaves of various plants. By the end of September most of them have grown to the 4th instar, some to the 5th. At this moment they stop feeding and move deeper in the leaf litter for overwintering. The 1st instar is easily recognized by the presence of the egg bursters on meso- and metathorax, the large flattened-papillate setae of the head capsule, and the presence of 2 pairs of spiniform setae on tibiae. In the following instars the size varies as well as the number of spiniform setae on the tibiae and the number of secondary clubbed setae on the pronotum.
ANTHOBIOIDES PUBESCENS, AN UNUSUAL NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINTOAE) FROM WASHINGTON
Authors: Campbell J.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAnthobioides pubescens, an unusual new genus and new species of rove beetle, is described from the Olympic and Mt. Rainier National Parks, WA. The genus is assigned to the Anthobium-group of genera in the tribe Anthophagini, subfamily Omaliinae. The new genus represents the sister group of the genus Camioleum Lewis from Japan. The phylogeny of Anthobioides and Camioleum and their relationship to the other four genera assigned to the Anthobium-group is discussed. All pertinent characters of Anthobioides are illustrated by line drawings or scanning electron photomicrographs.
THE ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS IN NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA: UPDATING AND RATIONALIZING RECENT WORK
Authors: Vickery V.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA number of recent publications have been produced on North American orthopteroid insects. These publications differ in some respects in dealing with the northern, particularly Canadian, orthopteroid fauna. This paper details the changes in names of taxa at nearly all levels, together with the present accepted names, and explanations and reasons for the changes.
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA BROWN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe reproductive cycles of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, were studied in the field in Manitoba from 1974 to 1978. Vitellogenesis is initiated within the first 3 days after emergence from aestivation in early August. Oviposition begins soon after the first eggs are developed, usually within the first 8 days after emergence. The rate of egg laying reaches a peak within 2 weeks after the initiation of oviposition and then declines gradually during the remainder of the oviposition period. Almost all eggs were laid between mid-August and mid-October. The average numbers of eggs laid per mated female in three oviposition studies were as follows: 1 female per cage (1974), 254±74 (±SE) (range, 11–696); 1 female per cage (1976), 273±47 (range, 0–622); and 25 females per cage (1974), 426±3 (range, 392–462). The most eggs were laid at the lowest temperature regime tested (6–20°C; mean, 12°C). Copulation is initiated in males and females during the 1st day after emergence from aestivation and both mate many times. Stimuli associated with copulation and (or) insemination enhance egg output, but are not required for the initiation of vitellogenesis and oviposition. Males transfer sufficient spermatozoa to the females during the first one or more copulations that occur during the first 8 days after emergence to fertilize almost all eggs produced. A system for classifying the stages of oocyte development is described.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PSENINE WASP FROM AFRICA AND A KEY TO GENERA (HYMENOPTERA: PEMPHREDONIDAE: PSENINAE)
Authors: Finnamore Albert T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new genus and species of psenine wasp are described:Lithium cicatrix. Relationships with other genera are discussed, new tribal limits are proposed, and a key to genera of psenine wasps is presented.
NEW BAETIDAE FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND NORTHERN MEXICO (EPHEMEROPTERA: INSECTA), WITH NOTES
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Murvosh Chad M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCollections of Baetis Leach, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, and Dactylobaetis Traver and Edmunds from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico included new species and new distribution records. The nymphal stages of Baetis sonora n.sp. and Dactylobaetis sinaloa n.sp. are described and figured. Species of Baetis nymphs that were given informal epithets, even though they were described, keyed, and their taxonomic characters figured, are named, or tentatively associated with a described adult. Baetis sp. “A” Morihara and McCafferty is tentatively associated as the nymphal stage of B. adonis Traver, Baetis sp. “B” Morihara and McCafferty is named B. libos, and Baetis sp. “C” Morihara and McCafferty is named B. notos. New collection records extend the known distributional limits of Baetis insignificans McDunnough, Baetodes edmundsi Koss, B. fuscipes Cohen and Allen, and Dactylobaetis mexicanus Traver and Edmunds.
SPECIALIZED TARSAL HAIRS ON ADULT MALE COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY), HAMPER ITS LOCOMOTION ON SMOOTH SURFACES
Authors: Pelletier Y. , Smilowitz Z. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTarsi of male Colorado potato beetles adhere to glass and plastic surfaces limiting locomotion greatly. This is not observed with females. Scoop-like tarsal hairs present only in males are responsible for the adherence. The effect of this morphological difference on toxicological or behavioral research conducted in glass or plastic cages is discussed.
THE FIRST RECORDS OF DOLOMEDES STRIATUS GIEBEL IN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN (ARANEIDA: PISAURIDAE)
Authors: Leech Robin , Buckle Donald J. 
Published: November 2009

During the summer of 1985, an intensive effort was made to collect the invertebrates, particularly insects and spiders, of the Wagner Natural Area. This is a 162-ha area 6 km west of the city limits of Edmonton, Alta., on the south side of Highway 16X.An examination of the spiders collected in the pitfall pans revealed two species of pisaurids, Dolomedes striatus Giebel, 1869, and Dolomedes triton (Walckenaer, 1837). This is the first record of Dolomedes striatus for Alberta. The previous known western limit of its distribution was more or less between Lake Nipigon and Thunder Bay, Ont. (Carico 1973).
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONOPHYMA ZUBOVSKII FROM AFGHANISTAN (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pfadt Robert E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo species of grasshoppers in the genus Conophyma Zubovskii (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are described as new. Eight male and eight female specimens of Conophyma sharafii n.sp. were collected 8 June 1967 near Altimur Kotal, Paktia Province, Afghanistan, and seven male and four female specimens of Conophyma roberti n.sp. were collected 11 August 1967 near Gardan Deh, Bamian Province, Afghanistan. These discoveries extend the southern range of Conophyma in Afghanistan and bring the total number of described species in the genus to 83.
THE VALIDITY OF IPS CRIBRICOLLIS (EICH.) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AS DISTINCT FROM I. GRANDICOLLIS (EICH.) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF BOTH SPECIES IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractComparison of type material and series of Ips cribricollis (Eich.) and I. grandicollis (Eich.) showed that the species are readily separated by external morphology, the pars stridens of the females, and, especially, the genitalia of the males. Earlier work showed that representatives of the two species were not able to interbreed and that their chromosomes were different. These data and the discovery of the two species at the same locality in Central America are compelling reasons for recognition of these entities as separate species.
THE BIOLOGY OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM MALLOCH IN ALBERTA. PART II. SEASONAL PARITY STRUCTURE AND MERMITHID PARASITISM OF POPULATIONS ATTACKING CATTLE AND FLYING OVER THE ATHABASCA RIVER
Authors: Anderson J.R. , Shemanchuk J.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDissections of flies caught attacking cattle and flying over the Athabasca River (14 June through 11 September 1974) revealed two large peaks of nulliparous females and two peaks of parous females. In both cases, peak numbers of nullipars preceded the peaks in pars. A small third cohort emerged in late August, and some nullipars were collected over the river on all sampling dates.Around cattle, nullipars had two prominent, but brief, peaks, followed by two subsequent prolonged periods when pars were most abundant. Parity of captured females was typical of the expected seasonal pattern of parity for an anautogenous species and corroborated our previous determination of obligate anautogeny of laboratory-reared females.Females examined for parity status were categorized as being teneral, blood-fed, gravid/ovipositing, or parasitized with a mermithid parasite (Isomermis spp.). Dissection of 2414 flies caught over the river revealed little difference in the infection rates of males and females throughout the season. Mermithids occurred primarily in nulliparous flies of the first generation and retarded the development of the reproductive organs in both sexes. Parasitism did not prevent nulliparous females from mating, nor feeding on carbohydrate or blood. A blood meal actually seemed required for maturation of the mermithid parasite. Blood-engorged females with mermithids were collected both around cattle and flying over the Athabasca River. When parasitized females with digested blood meals joined swarms of ovipositing females, mermithids were returned to the river. Nearly all flies harbored just one worm; of the 1435 parous females examined for parity, only 1 had a small mermithid. By killing flies from which they exited, the worms prevented females from taking a second blood meal.Although flies were killed by exit of the mermithid, this parasite is ineffective against the major pest species, Simulium arcticum Malloch, because it does not prevent parasitized females from seeking and taking a blood meal and thereby harassing cattle. However, in years when nearly 50% of the emerged adults are parasitized (like 1974), this mermithid may be a principal factor regulating the population density of the S. arcticum population in subsequent years.
RESPIRATION AND DROWNING IN OVERWINTERING PUPAE OFHELIOTHIS ZEA(BODDIE)
Authors: Williams D.W. , Stinner R.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRespiration rates and drowning times after complete submergence were observed in diapausingHeliothis zea(Boddie) pupae at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27°C. Respiration rate in pupae 2.5–12 weeks in diapause increased as an exponential function of temperature. The respiration rate of post-diapause pupae at 27°C increased over 10-fold in an approximately linear fashion during 12 days of pharate adult development. Time to 50% drowning in diapausing pupae decreased with increasing temperature, varying from 22.9 to 4.1 days at 5 and 27°C, respectively. Drowning rates in these pupae increased approximately exponentially with temperature. Diapausing and post-diapause pupae at 27°C had similar times to 50% drowning. An empirical model of drowning fitted the results well at all five temperatures, but a mechanistic model based on respiration predicted drowning considerably before it was observed. When the latter model was modified to allow withdrawal of dissolved oxygen from the water, it predicted longer survival periods, as observed. Our evidence suggests that respiration and drowning rates are closely correlated. Given the long survival times under complete submergence at 5–20°C, we speculate that pupae overwintering in the field in deep diapause are relatively resistant to drowning, whereas pre- and post-diapause pupae, with higher respiration rates, are at much greater risk.
RELATION BETWEEN POD DAMAGE CAUSED BY LARVAE OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND YIELD LOSS, SHELLING, AND SEED QUALITY IN CANOLA
Authors: Bracken G.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCanola plants in 0.84-m2 field plots were exposed to 120 bertha army worm larvae per square metre, beginning at mid 5th instar, for increasing durations. Yield loss increased with feeding duration throughout the feeding period whereas the proportion of pods damaged increased rapidly at first then leveled at 45%. Pod damage was negatively correlated with plot yield but the regression was not statistically significant. More seed shelled from plants with damaged pods than from plants with no pod damage under field conditions simulating drying in the swath. Seed from damaged pods had greater proportions of green and broken seeds causing lower seed grade and these defects were evident in seed from plots with 21% or more damaged pods. Although control measures for bertha armyworm should not be undertaken before pod damage is observed, a control decision should be made before 20% of the pods are damaged.
DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HÜBNER) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lee Dennis A. , Spence John R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTemperature effects on development were studied for two Alberta populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from the South Saskatchewan River valley and the surrounding plains. Lower developmental thresholds for all life stages of both Alberta populations were determined by linear regression. Thresholds for the egg stage were significantly less for plains borers (9.5°C) than for valley borers (10.8°C), and about 2°C lower than for corn borers from the United States. Thresholds in Alberta populations for the 4th (15.3°C) and 5th (14.0°C, plains) instars, and for post-diapause pupation (12.8°C), were much higher than in populations from the United States. Higher temperature thresholds delay development in Alberta populations, thus reducing midsummer pupation. Valley populations developed significantly faster than plains populations during egg development, during the prepupal period of the 5th instar, and during post-diapause pupation. These results explain why valley populations have a partial second generation in some years.