bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P01-161 - Functions of Compulsions in Different Symptom Subtypes of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Authors: Starcevic V. , Brakoulias V. , Berle D. , Sammut P. , Milicevic D. , Moses K. , Hannan A. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo ascertain what motivates patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to perform compulsions.MethodsFifty-nine OCD patients underwent a comprehensive assessment, which included a structured interview designed to elicit one or more functions of their compulsions. Each patient was interviewed about the maximum of 3 compulsions.ResultsThe functions of 138 compulsions were identified, and compulsions were classified in accordance with OCD symptom subtypes as washing/cleaning (n=35), checking (n=33), mental/covert (n=23), ordering/symmetry (n=17), hoarding (n=10), and miscellaneous (n=20). Compulsions were most frequently performed to decrease distress or anxiety (n=87, 63%) or automatically, without patients thinking why they were doing it (n=87, 63%). However, the reasons for performing compulsions varied significantly, depending on the OCD subtype. In comparison with patients from other subtypes, those with checking compulsions were more likely to perform them because they believed something bad would happen if they failed to do so, patients with washing/cleaning compulsions were more likely to perform them to alleviate the feeling of disgust, and patients with mental and ordering/symmetry compulsions were more likely to perform them to achieve a “just right” feeling.ConclusionsIdentifying functions of compulsions improves understanding of the psychopathology of OCD and has important treatment implications. Cognitive-behaviour treatment approaches differ in accordance with the reasons for performing compulsions: exposure and response prevention tends to achieve better results when compulsions are driven by a need to decrease distress, anxiety or the feeling of disgust, whereas cognitive techniques may be more useful when compulsions are performed for other reasons.
P01-162 - A Case Control Study of Cognitive Deficits and Memory Disturbances in Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Talaei A. , Fayyazi Bordbar M.R. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionSome studies have demonstrated high cognitive deficits in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering the limited available information about this issue, we decided to assess the cognitive deficits and memory disturbances in these patients.MethodsThe present study is a case control research conducted on 50 patients with post-traumatic stress disorder who were admitted to Ibn-e-Sina psychiatric hospital in Mashhad, in north-eastern part of Iran in 2008. The control group included 50 people of first degree relatives of these patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study. Case and control groups were selected by simple sampling method; and for all of them, a questionnaire of demographic information, Wechsler memory scale, and mini mental status examination (MMSE) were completed. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS 14th edition by chi square, T test, and analyze of variance.ResultsThe mean score of Wechsler memory scale in patients with PTSD (80.78±18.39) was signifantly higher than control group (67.92±7.38) (P=0.000). The mean score of MMSE was significantly lower in patients with PTSD compared to control group (P=0.000). The determined disability level assessed by Iranian veterans organization and also comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders with PTSD did not have a significant relationship with cognitive deficits, but the duration of PTSD and age of patients were signifantly related to the level of cognitive deficits.DiscussionCognitive deficits and memory disturbances are higher in patients with PTSD than general population.
P01-163 - Determinants of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Wajid Ali Akhunzada, Mohammad Khalil Akhter
Authors: Ali W. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo verify the association of various risk factors with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in adults among Internally Displaced Persons of Bajour and Swat.Design: Case Control studyPlace and Duration of studyConducted on adult males and females among internally displaced persons, selected from the IDPs Camp in Peshawer and the IDPs visiting Psychiatric setting at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawer from 1st of May to 15th of June, 2009.Materials and MethodsCases selected among the respondents through a screening questionnaire, suffering from PTSD. The controls were those respondents which screened out negative from the questionnaire for PTSD but were from the same camp. A total of 208 cases & equal number of controls were enrolled in the study. The statistical analysis was done in a stepwise manner (Uni-variate analysis, bi variate analysis, Logistic regression) using SPSS version 17.ResultsThe results show that the factors significantly associated with PTSD were Exposure to Injury (OR=19.181, 95% CI=5.740-22.797, p=0.000), Witnessing Death (OR=21.113, 95% CI=5.550-19.826, P=0.000), Hopelessness (OR=26.918, 95% CI= 3.403-13.101, p=0.000), Torture (OR= 5.008, 95% CI=1.795-3.962, p=0.009) and Loss of relative (OR=3.934, 95% CI=1.077-4.893, p=0.008).ConclusionThe Posttraumatic stress disorder is highly prevalent in the vulnerable populations and various determinants are responsible for the morbidity associated with it. The degree that risk factors function to determine both the development and recovery from trauma, it is plausible that targeting risk factors may help both in the treatment of PTSD and in preventing recurrences of PTSD over time.
P03-01 - Behavioral Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms in Youth with Prader-Willi Syndrome: Results from a Pilot Study
Authors: Storch E. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesObsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are common in both children and adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), to the degree that they are considered central to the syndrome's behavioral phenotype and constitute diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Although efficacious behavioral treatments (e.g., exposure and response prevention) exist for OC symptoms in typically developing youth, these treatments are not tailored to meet the specific needs of youth with PWS and their families. The purpose of the current study is to report on a modified CBT protocol that addresses obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth with PWS.MethodsThree children received a modified version of cognitive-behavioral therapy targeting obsessive-compulsive symptoms in PWS. Measures were administered at screening, baseline, and post-treatment and included the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children, Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS), Family Accommodation Scale, Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Improvement (CGI), and measures of impairment and adaptive functioning. Treatment consisted for 12 family-based CBT sessions that included exposure and response prevention; cognitive restructuring; and other operant treatment elements.ResultsParticipants experienced reduced CYBOCS scores at baseline to post-treatment, 25 to 15.3. All three youth were considered treatment responders on the CGI-Improvement scale. Similar reductions on secondary variables such as OCD impairment were reported.ConclusionsAlthough these results are preliminary, initial results suggest that behavioral treatment of OC symptoms may be effective in the PWS population. This treatment holds promise for being a safe and tolerable method for reducing compulsive symptoms in youth with PWS.
P01-165 - Teenagers’ Suicidal Behavior, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms
Authors: Adomaitienė V. , Jaras A. , Lauciūtė E. , Dambrauskienė K. , Taranda V. , Vilkas V. 
Published: June 2010

Statistical data of recent years evidences that Lithuania is leading in Europe in the suicide rate. Suicide is one of the main causes of death in adolescence.ObjectiveThe goal of the study was to establish the relationship between teenagers’ anxiety and depression symptoms and suicidal behavior.MethodsTwo groups of teenagers from 14 to 17 took part in the study: the study group (after suicide attempts, N=109) and the control group (no suicide attempts, N=218). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used in evaluating anxiety and depression symptoms.ResultsEvaluating adolescents’, who attempted suicide, anxiety and depression symptoms according to HADS, no significant differences between genders were determined: anxiety symptoms were determined to 22.8% of girls and 26.9% of boys (X2=3.50, df=2, p=0.2), depression symptoms were determined to 21.1% of girls and 26.9% of boys (X2=1.01, df=2, p=0.6). Evaluating possible impact on teenagers’ suicidal behavior, the odds rate was calculated, the chance was determined whether a suicide is possibly attempted. The possibility of suicidal behavior was increased significantly by anxiety and depression symptoms, determined with HADS: 3,9 times more anxiety symptoms (95%, CI 1,6-9,7) and 9,2 times more depression symptoms (95% CI 2,9-29,7) in boys, and in girls, respectively - 2,5 times (95%, CI 1,1-5,9) and 7,6 times (95%, CI 2,4-24,8).ConclusionsAnxiety and depression symptoms, according to HADS, may have possible impact on teenagers’ suicidal behavior.
P01-174 - Executive Dysfunctions in Disorders Central in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Authors: Bogte H. 
Published: June 2010

Many cognitive operations are needed for the successful completion of goal-oriented behaviour. These operations are commonly referred to as executive functions (EF). It is assumed that the prefrontal cortex has a central role in EF. Given its many connections to other parts of the brain, is in an excellent position to coordinate processing across wide regions of the central nervous system. EF enable the individual to shift attention, inhibit pre-potent response, generate goal-directed behaviour, and solve problems in a planned, strategic way (Goldman-Rakic, 1993). Patients with frontal lobe damage fail on tests that tap these abilities (e.g. Damasio, 1994). Another deficit is their inability to calculate ‘chance’.Concerning many disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry it has been assumed, that EF deficits are essential in their etiology. For instance it has been proposed, that such deficits are central in autism (Ozonoff, Pennington & Rogers, 1994; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Ozonoff, 1997), and that this deficit may underlie the social (mentalising) deficit in autistic individuals (Hughes, Russel & Robbins, 1994). EF deficits can also be found in individuals with ADHD, but these deficits are supposed to show a different ‘profile’ than the EF deficits in autism. In adolescence the brain undergoes a major transformation, and in this stage the EF deficits may lead to disruptive behaviors (e.g. Spear, 2007).In this presentation there will be an emphasis on results of research by the author concerning EF deficits in autism and in adolescence.
P01-180 - Use of Mechanical Restrain among Psychiatric Hospitalized Polish Adolescents
Authors: Butwicka A. , Gmitrowicz A. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo evaluate factors associated with the use of restrain and its duration among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.MethodsRetrospective, chart-based analysis of patients treated during a 2-year period in Department of Adolescent Psychiatry with average number of patients of 22.6±4.7 and an average admission rate of 320/year.ResultsThere were 543 events of restrain during a 2 year period in 164 patients (27/10000 patient days).Restrain was used during 413 (28%) out of 1462 of 12-hour-long analyzed duties. Median duration of restrain per patient was 240 (IQR 90-465) minutes. Factors associated with the risk for restrain in multivariate model were: nurse workload (OR 1.17; 95%CI: 1.09-1.26), fraction of female patients in the unit (OR 3.26; 95%CI: 1.06-10.07), weekday duty (OR 1.67; 95%CI: 1.30-2.13), spring or autumn season (OR 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.93). Child and adolescent psychiatrist on duty (beta= -0.10; p< 0.001) and greater nurse workload (beta= -0.11; p< 0.01) were associated with shorter duration of restrain per patient. Night-time duties were associated with longer use of restrain than day-time ones: 270.0 (25%-75% 92.5-558.8) vs 225.0 (25%-75% 90.0-360.0) minutes. Similarly weekend 292.5 min (120.0-555.0) vs weekday 206.3 min (90.0-427.5) or spring/autumn 295.0 min (25%-75% 105.0-510.0) vs summer/winter 180.0 min (25%-75% 75.0-408.8) duties were associated with highly statistically significant (p< 0.01) longer duration of restrain per patient. Duration of restrain per patient (min.)p level Mean+SDMean+SDMean+SDMean+SD Type of specialist on dutyGeneral psychiatristChild and adolescent psychiatrist 306.5+238.9255.0 (90.0-480.0)221.0+237.3120.0 (60.0-270.0)0.0026Type of dayWeekdaysWeekend 274.8+226.0206.3 (90.0-427.5)346.7+259.7292.5 (120.0-555.0)0.0080Season of yearSpring or autumnSummer or winter 326.8+241.7295.0 (105.0-510.0)259.8+232.3180.0 (75.0-408.8)0.0002Type of shiftDayNight 257.7+203.9225.0 (90.0-360.0)338.7+26,8270.0 (92.5-558.8)0.0009[Duration of restrain per patient and characterist]ConclusionsHealth service-related factors are important predictors of the use and duration of restrain. Adequate number of well-qualified nursing staff should be consider as means to counter this problem.
P01-182 - Genetic Syndromes Associated with Autism
Authors: Cozaru C.G. , Papari C.-A. , Papari A. 
Published: June 2010

Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopment disorder that can reveal impairments in social interactions, communication, and behavior. This paper aims to review the current understanding of the etiologies and the multiple pathogenetic pathways that are likely to lead to the autistic phenotype. Multiple studies evidence that most cases of autism likely have an underlying genetic cause or predisposition. Just as mental retardation, autism is likely to be caused by many different genetic mechanisms and genes rather than a single, or few, major genes or environmental effects. Applying routine genetic testing in clinical (CLIA-certified) diagnostic laboratories it's possible to identify the specific etiology and recurrence risk in 10% to 15% of autism cases and is clinically indicated for any child with autism. In this study we report 5 cases with different genetic syndromes in which autism has been described as one of the possible manifestations: Down syndrome, 22q13 deletion, “cri du chat” syndrome - 5p15 deletion, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Sotos syndrome.ConclusionsThe etiologies of autism are complex and presence of a wide variety cytogenetic abnormalities are providing us with extremely valuable information about the role played by genetics in autism and collaboration with psychiatrists. Such recognition and understanding will help clinicians implement syndrome-specific treatments of patients identified with a genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder. Early identification of this genetic disorder is critical not only to the individual patient but for the entire family.
P01-184 - Do I Really Matter to you? The Potential Influence of Social Desirability on Treatment Outcome
Authors: Seeger T. , Brocke W. , Groves L. , Cawthorpe D. , Wilkes C. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesContinuous client feedback aims to increase the effectiveness of therapy by emphasizing common factors in treatment across theories that contribute the most to change. In this paper, we present data using two independent measures, which appears to isolate the influence of social desirability on treatment outcomes.MethodsContinuous client feedback data was collected in the Student Health Partnership program and compared with independent data reflecting client function (Child Global Assessment of Function). Data was collected at two times by the same staff using two sampling methods. In the first sample, staff preferentially assigned clients to case (continuous client feedback) and comparison treatment as usual) on the basis of preference and convenience whereas in the second sample assignment to case and comparison was random.ResultsWhen the data from the two sample frames was compared, systematically different trajectories in the measured outcomes reflecting continuous client feedback and function were obtained with those in sample one being substantially higher than comparisons or population reference values.ConclusionsThe difference in results emerging from the two sampling frames is explained in terms of social desirability. Outcomes for clients were much better in the first sample, where staff choose clients they apparently liked for specialized treatment.
P01-185 - Predicting Risk for Poor Outcomes in Children's Mental Health
Authors: Nguyen H. , Wilkes C. , Cawthorpe D. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesUsing baseline and outcome data collected in the Calgary Region Children and Adolescent Mental Health Program (CAMHP) over the last six years, a profile was developed for those who are at risk for poor treatment outcomes.MethodsBased on the data collected in CAMHP, 6229 completed measurable treatment plans (MTP) were analyzed for consistency (by year) and theoretical meaningfulness (by clinical level). A table was developed to describe by quartiles those who improved and those who got worse in terms of problem severity and function. A multi-variable linear regression model was developed for function with linked data that predicted the profile of those at risk for poor treatment outcomes.ResultsMTP scores reflecting problem severity and function were consistent over time. Further, MTP scores were theoretically meaningful (e.g., inpatients were more severe on admission than those receiving community or day hospital-based treatment). In total, 659 MTPs indicated no improvement for a negative state and an additional 830 changed negatively in problem severity and Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) scores. The multivariable model based on admission data provided a risk profile for this group that accounted for 52% of the variance for discharge function.ConclusionsThe baseline and outcome data gathered from the Regional Access and Intake System (RAIS) serving CAMHP may be used effectively to predict clinical outcomes in ways that can draw attention to those at risk for poor outcomes.
P01-194 - Why Patients do not Attend - Understanding the Reasons for Non-attendance at a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Doherty A.M. , McCarthy M.R. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo examine the reasons for non attendance at clinic appointments, and to identify any ways in which these rates might be reduced.MethodsWe examined the records of those patients who, having consented to a referral to a child and adolescent psychiatry service, then either failed to attend any appointments, or who ceased to attend after having attended one or more appointments, but without being discharged, over an 18-month period. The parents of these children were contacted by telephone and a semi-structured interview was conducted to ascertain the reason in each case for defaulting on the appointment.ResultsThe reasons given by the parents of the patients for missing appointments included their opinion that the referral was unnecessary (31.8%), resolution of the problem which led to the referral (22.7%), the child refusing to attend (22.7%) and problems with clinicians (9%). In the majority of cases where the parent did not consider the referral necessary, the referral had been made by the child's school (71%), with the parent reporting that they had felt pressurised into consenting to the referral.ConclusionThe high levels of non-attendance at clinics have serious implications, especially if it means that those in need of services are not accessing them. The factors which we have identified in this study are chiefly patient rather than service factors, which are likely to be related to socio-economic factors.
P01-197 - Prosaccades and Antisaccades in Individuals with ADHD and Autism Using the Gap/overlap Paradigm
Authors: Azadi B. , Ettinger U. , Asherson P. , Ashwood K. , Cartwright S. , Bolton P. 
Published: June 2010

Saccadic reaction time (SRT), is a good index of visual attention pattern. “Gap/overlap paradigm” is supporting the idea that state of attention (engaged/disengaged) influences the SRT toward stimulus. In “overlap”, fixation point (FP) and target overlap; while in “gap”, FP extinguished before target onset. 200ms gap is associated with reduced RT compared with the overlap (“gap effect”).Boys aged 7-16, with diagnosis of ADHD, ASD or comorbid ASD+ADHD (FSIQ>70) were tested on antisaccades and prosaccades under gap, overlap, and step conditions.Preliminary result of 15 ADHD, 7 ASD and 8 co-morbid subjects is reported with data collection still ongoing. For latency, there was an effect of Task (P< 0.05), i.e. slower latency during antisaccades than prosaccades, and there was an effect of condition (P< 0.05) suggesting increase in latency from gap to step to overlap. These effects were highly significant but independent of group (p=0.7). For error rate there was an effect of task ((P< 0.05; more directional errors in antisaccade than prosaccade) but no effect of condition. Task effect was independent of group, but there was a strong trend towards an effect of Group (p=0.055); this effect indicates that the comorbid group had the lowest error rates compared to the other two groups, who in turn were very similar to each other.These data replicate previously demonstrated saccadic task in patients with ADHD, and ASD. Comparison of the data with a control group will enable us to explain the different patterns of attentional processing in these clinical groups.
P01-202 - School Refusal
Authors: George M. , Khan A. , Nicholls J. , Thambirajah M.S. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionThe issue of school attendance is currently the focus of intense activity in Schools & Local Educational Authorities in England. The latest figures from the Department for Schools, Children and Families shows the overall absenteeism as 6.26%, in England. It is thought approximately 1 to 5 percent of all school-aged children have school refusal (Fremont, 2003) and is one of the reason of School non attendance.AimTo investigate if the current practice regarding the assessment and management of school refusal is compliant with the local CAMHS School refusal protocol.Method20 case notes of clients diagnosed with anxiety based school refusal were reviewed against standardsResultsMajority (80%) of the patients attended their first CAMHS Clinic during which evaluations of Child (100%), family (100%) & school factors (70%) contributing to School refusal was carried out. We found anxiety disorders (83%) & depression (66%) as the main contributing child factors. We also found that nearly half of the children had parental mental illness as a signification contributory factor.Following the initial assessment, school reports including attendance were requested in 84% of the cases. Unfortunately 33% of the patients who attended the 1st clinic did not attend further appointments. All the patients (67%) were offered gradual return to school, attendance at pupil referral unit and home tuition.25% were offered family therapy and 16% of the patients have their parents referred to the adult mental health unit. Individual works including behavioural and cognitive approach was undertaken in 42% of the cases.