bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Populations of the Large Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster NGC 2257: No Major Environmental Effect on the Formation of Multiple Populations of Old Globular Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Lee Jae-Woo , Kim Tae-Hyeong , Kim Hak-Sub , Sung Hyun-Il , Kim Hwihyun , Mille Francesco Di 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
How the environment of the host galaxy affects the formation of multiple populations (MPs) in globular clusters (GCs) is one of the outstanding questions in near-field cosmology. To understand the true nature of the old GC MPs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), we study the Ca–CN–CH photometry of the old metal-poor LMC GC NGC 2257. We find the predominantly first-generation-dominated populational number ratio of n(FG):n(SG) = 61:39(±4), where FG and SG denote the first and second generations, respectively. Both the FG and SG have similar cumulative radial distributions, consistent with the idea that NGC 2257 is dynamically old. We obtain [Fe/H]
hk
= −1.78 ± 0.00 dex(σ = 0.05 dex), and our metallicity is ∼0.2 dex larger than that from the high-resolution spectroscopy by others, due to their significantly lower temperatures by ∼−200 K. The NGC 2257 FG shows a somewhat larger metallicity variation than the SG, the first detection of such a phenomenon in an old LMC GC, similar to Galactic GCs with MPs, strongly suggesting that it is a general characteristic of GCs with MPs. Interestingly, the NGC 2257 SG does not show a helium enhancement compared to the FG. Our results for the Galactic normal GCs exhibit that the degree of carbon and nitrogen variations is tightly correlated with the GC mass, while NGC 2257 exhibits slightly smaller variations in its mass. We show that old LMC GCs follow the same trends as the Galactic normal GCs in the ΔW
CF336W,F438W,F814W, N
FG/N
tot, and

log
M
/

M

⊙

domains. Our result indicates that the environment of the host galaxy did not play a major role in the formation and evolution of GC MPs.
The Oxidation–Deuteration Processes of Large, Astronomically Relevant Cationic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Hu Xiaoyi , Zhao Nian , Zhang Congcong , Yang Xuejuan , Tielens Alexander G. G. M. , Zhen Junfeng 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In interstellar environments, gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) predominantly involves (photo)fragmentation, hydrogenation, and oxidation chemical routes, which lead to the formation of complex organic species. Here the gas-phase reactions between tribenzo-naphtho-pero-pyrene (TNPP, C40H18) cations and ultraviolet, 18/16O or D atoms are investigated. The oxidized TNPP cations ([C40H18/17/16O
n
]+, n = [1, 6]) are newly formed; the collision-induced deoxidation of oxidized TNPP cations is followed by the loss of HCO/CO units. With laser irradiation, the photo-deoxidation of oxidized TNPP cations is identified. Smaller PAH cations, [C40−n
H18−n
]+, with n = [1, 5], i.e., PAHs containing odd carbon numbers (e.g., 39, 37 C atoms), are produced. Furthermore, the oxidized–deuterated TNPP cations ([C40H
m
D
n
O
x
]+) are well formed upon simultaneous reaction with O and D atoms. The structure of the oxidized–deuterated TNPP cations and the bonding energy for these reaction pathways were investigated with theoretical calculations. Four oxidation bonding types are identified together with their evolution pathways. The reaction energy is relatively high, and the addition of O/D atoms to the carbon skeleton is a relatively random and independent event, i.e., with no restrictions or requirements for the carbon sites of PAH species. Consequently, the oxidized–deuterated states and forms of PAH compounds are intricate and complex. Furthermore, the calculations confirm that the loss of CO or H+CO is energetically preferable. Importantly, the formation of the carbonyl unit is confirmed. We infer that the collision/photo-induced deoxidation (loss of (H)CO units) of oxidized PAH species is involved in the top-down evolution routes of large PAHs and effectively catalyzes the potential formation of small oxygen-containing species (e.g., OH/HCO/CO) in the interstellar medium.
Re-description and dietary ecology of the Hylarana annamitica (Sheridan &amp; Stuart, 2018) (Ranidae) from central Vietnam
Authors: To Duong , Le Minh Duc , Le Hang , Phan My , Ho Anh , Nguyen Truong , Ziegler Thomas , Pham Anh 
Published: February 2025

The Annam Stream Frog Hylarana annamitica was recently discovered from north and central Vietnam and Laos by Sheridan and Stuart (2018). Knowledge of its natural history is virtually lacking.
In this study, we provide an extended morphological description of Hylarana annamitica, based on newly-collected specimens from Vu Quang National Park, Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam. In addition, we present data on the diet of Hylarana annamitica, based on stomach content analyses of 46 individuals (32 males and 14 females) and compare prey selection between sexes. We found a total of 37 prey categories with 339 items, comprising 327 items of invertebrates, two items of vertebrates and 10 unidentified in the stomachs of H. annamitica. The most important (IRI) groups amongst the prey of H. annamitica were Coleoptera (17.19%), followed by Mantodea (14.78%), Orthoptera (11.26%), Lepidoptera (11.13%), Araneae (10.0%) and Blattodea (9.87%). There was an overlap of 45.63% in the diet between males and females and, in both sexes, the trophic spectrum was similar, predominantly consisting of Araneae, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Orthoptera.
Near working distances adopted by university students while viewing printed materials
Authors: Hasrod Nabeela 
Published: February 2025

Back ground: With the increased near visual requirements among university students needed for studying and reading, both on printed material and with digital devices being used for these activities now more than pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the near working distance (NWD) may have shifted from the standard NWD of 40 cm.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the working distance adopted by university students while viewing printed material at near.Setting: The study took place within a South African university. The sample consisted of 455 students, predominantly female (63.7%) of African descent (90.8%). The age range was from 17 years to 33 years with the mean age and standard deviation (s.d.) of 20.93 ± 2.06 years.Methods: While reading a 40 cm near chart in the seated position, in a room with a standardised chart luminance of 500 lux, three consecutive measurements of habitual near distance were measured.Results: For the whole sample, the mean NWD was 39.99 cm ± 9.41 cm, with a maximum and minimum of 64 cm and 16.17 cm, respectively, and a range of 47.83 cm. Females presented with larger mean NWD (40.19 cm ± 9.74 cm). Although white people were the smallest sample, they also had the smallest mean NWD (N = 9; 31.37 cm ± 7.91 cm). Finally, mixed-race people presented with the greatest variation in results (s.d. = 11.48 cm), whereas Indian Asian people had the smallest variation in NWD measurements (s.d. = 5.81 cm).Conclusion: University students have a mean NWD close to the standard clinical testing distance of 40 cm used for near testing, with 0.01 cm difference.Contribution: This study has established the NWD for university students compared to the standard of 40 cm that is used in the examination of patients in clinical practice. There are limited studies that have analysed the NWD in a South African university setting.
Revisiting botulinum toxin in isolated apraxia of eyelid opening: A case-based review of literature
Authors: Jha Shreyashi , Roy Arijit 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Apraxia of Eyelid Opening (ALO)is a motor abnormality characterized by difficulty in initiating eyelid elevation upon voluntary command. Botulinum Toxin (BT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for ALO, consistent with the hypothesis that dystonia underlies its pathophysiology. We present an interesting case of isolated ALO successfully treated with an optimized BT administration technique that resulted in adequate resolution of symptoms. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on BT use in isolated ALO and propose a standardized protocol to enhance treatment efficacy.
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia associated with celiac disease: Case report
Authors: Mukherjee Angshuman , Kumar Neeraj , Pawar Meghna , Dabla Surekha , Aneja Ankit 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder manifesting chiefly as gluten sensitive enteropathy but extra-intestinal manifestations have also been increasingly identified. Movement disorders that have been recognized as manifestations of celiac disease include cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, and chorea. Here we present a case of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in a young adult male patient who was evaluated for secondary causes of PKD after genetic study was inconclusive and was found to have significantly raised levels of IgATTG antibody titres suggestive of celiac disease. His presenting complaints resolved with gluten restricted diet.
Comparative Prospective Study of Autologous Platelet-rich Plasma Injection versus Platelet-rich Plasma Dressing for Treating Chronic Non-healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Debnath Anindya , Das Jaya , Athani Badarinath , Zachariah Kurian , Rawat Nidhi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Introduction:
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a severe complication with the potential for lower limb amputations. This is a pilot study investigating the comparative efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for chronic DFUs, utilising dressing and perilesional/wound bed injection methods.

Methods:
In this prospective comparative interventional study, 15 patients with non-healing chronic DFUs (Wagner Grade 1 or 2) were enrolled in each group. Group 1 received PRP via dressing while Group 2 underwent perilesional and wound bed injections with a 1-week interval between treatments. Evaluation included the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing tool, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale and a secondary analysis of the correlation between wound healing and glycaemic control.

Results:
The PRP injection group showed a statistically significant reduction in ulcer size (P < 0.035), exudate (P < 0.026) and tissue type (P < 0.003). Notably, this group exhibited a higher incidence of wound improvement overall. However, no statistically significant correlation emerged between wound healing and glycaemic control.

Conclusion:
The study concludes that PRP injection for chronic DFUs surpasses the effectiveness of PRP dressing alone, proving to be a cost-effective and secure approach. The intervention yielded satisfactory results, expediting the healing process of chronic diabetic ulcers. These findings offer valuable insights for refining treatment approaches for DFUs.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Low Back Pain in Young Adults at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northeast India
Authors: Harshith R. , Ray Jaybrata 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Aims and Objectives:
This study aims to evaluate degenerative changes in the lumbar spine of young adults aged 18–39 years with low back pain (LBP), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It seeks to correlate MRI findings with varying levels of physical activity to gain insights into effective management strategies.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to July 2024 at the Department of Radiology, Agartala Government Medical College and GBP Hospital. Sixty patients (aged 18–39 years) presenting with LBP were included and classified into three activity levels: routine, moderate and strenuous. MRI was performed using a 3.0 Tesla Siemens MRI machine, with standardised sequences. MRI findings were classified into disc degeneration, spinal canal narrowing, Modic changes, Schmorl’s nodes, spondylolisthesis and osteophytes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results:
Out of 60 participants, 61.7% were male and 38.3% female. The majority were aged 26–39 years (76.6%). 70% had routine activities and 80% had chronic LBP. The most common MRI findings were disc desiccation (70%), disc bulge (73.3%) and type 2 Modic changes (78.3%), with disc desiccation increasing significantly with age (P = 0.037). Disc herniation and canal stenosis increased with age (P < 0.05). Spinal canal stenosis was most commonly Grade 1 (50%). Loss of lumbar lordosis was observed in 91.7% of cases, and osteophytes and facet joint sclerosis were more prevalent in older patients (P = 0.026). The L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels were most affected, with multilevel disc involvement seen in 43.3% (P = 0.012). Spinal canal stenosis, especially in severe cases, was significantly associated with disc herniation (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
MRI plays a crucial role in diagnosing lumbar spine abnormalities in young adults with LBP, with degenerative changes such as disc desiccation, disc bulge and Modic changes being common with increasing age. These changes, particularly in individuals aged 26–39, emphasise the importance of early intervention and lifestyle modifications. However, some patients showed no MRI abnormalities, highlighting the multifactorial nature of LBP. MRI should be used judiciously, with conservative management prioritised in younger individuals unless red-flag symptoms or failure of conservative treatment occurs while recommending MRI for those in or over the 26–39 years age group.

Limitations:
The study’s cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality. Self-reported activity levels may introduce bias, and the lack of a control group limits the ability to differentiate between pathological and normal age-related changes. In addition, the single-centre setting may affect the generalisability of the findings. The high cost and limited accessibility of MRI in resource-constrained settings like India further complicate widespread application.
Behçet’s disease: A review of the ophthalmologic findings reported in Behçet’s original descriptions
Authors: Accorinti Massimo , Gilardi Marta , Cecere Michela , Ohno Shigeaki , De Geronimo Daniele 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic disease characterized by the onset of oral aphthae, genital ulceration, skin lesions, and uveitis. Although it seems that the first description of this disease was made by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC, the Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behçet in 1937 proposed the association of oral and genital ulcers and uveitis as an expression of a distinct disease. This review aimed to critically examine the first descriptions by Hulusi Behçet and compare the clinical ocular findings he reported between 1937 and 1940 with those observed in the current era. No significant changes have been observed over time regarding gender distribution, mean age at onset, bilaterality, and occurrence of posterior/panuveitis, while the occurrence of hypopyon seems to decrease and that of anterior uveitis to increase. In Behçet’s works, it is possible to find a quite a detailed description of many of the common clinical features of this disease, based on the observation of a few cases, and without the aid of modern ancillary technologies. Finally, in recent reports, there is no adequate acknowledgment of Behçet’s first observations.
Molecular Evidence Points to Strong Resemblance in the Parasitoid Species of Rice and Cogongrass Gall Midges, Platygaster spp. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae)
Authors: Hidayat Purnama , Lestari Yuliana Ayu , Nurulita Sari 
Published: February 2025

The rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, and the cogongrass gall midge, O. javanica, cause gall formation on rice and cogongrass (alang-alang) (Imperata cylindrica). Two different species parasitize these two gall midges but closely related platygasterids, Platygaster oryzae on the rice gall midge and P. orseoliae on the cogongrass gall midge. Both the gall midges and their parasitoids are often found in the adjacent area, raising a question about the relationship between the two gall midges and their parasitoids. This research aims to study the molecular identity of the rice and cogongrass gall midges, along with their platygasterid parasitoids, based on partial sequences of the mtCOI gene. Samples were collected from rice and cogongrass in the adjacent area in Cianjur, West Java Province, and a rice field with no cogongrass in Bogor, West Java Province. Successful DNA amplification was achieved using universal primers for mtCOI. Nucleotide sequencing analysis revealed that the rice gall from Bogor and Cianjur shared 100% similarity and 93.2-99.3% similarity with the rice gall from other countries. Notably, the parasitoids P. oryzae collected from rice in Bogor and Cianjur shared 97.2% similarity with P. orseoliae collected from cogongrass in Cianjur. These findings suggest that the platygaster parasitoids associated with the rice gall and the cogongrass gall midges are identical, serving as potential natural enemies for both pests. This study represents the first molecular identification report of rice and cogongrass gall midges and their platygasterid parasitoids from Java Island, Indonesia.
Management of ear infections by Primary Healthcare Workers
Authors: Babalola O.E. , Adeyemo A.A. 
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Ear infections are prevalent in children, and inadequate management of these infections by Primary Health Care Workers (PHCWs) contributes significantly to the burden of hearing loss. This study assessed PHCWs' knowledge and management practices of Childhood Ear Infections (CEI).
Materials and Method: The cross-sectional study used a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire to elicit responses on knowledge and practice of CEI from 120 PHCWs working in urban and peri-urban areas in southwest Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Result: The mean knowledge and practice scores were 27.2±4.7 and 9.7±2.9 respectively. Good and poor knowledge scores were seen in 14% and 4% of respondents respectively while 55% of respondents hadpoor practice scores. Knowledge was significantly associated with job cadre and the level of educationwas associated with CEI management practice.
Conclusion: PHCWs lack adequate knowledge of CEI, highlighting the need for continuous in-service training and mentorship in CEI management for all PHCWs.
Formulation and Characterization of Stimuli-Responsive In Situ Gel For Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis
Authors: Ubani-Ukoma U.N. , Enisenyin O.A. , Oyewale O.J. , Nwankwo P.A. 
Published: February 2025

Background: The aim of this study is to develop an in-situ gelling system for the effective delivery and sustainedrelease of levofloxacin in the treatment of anterior corneal infections.
Material and Methods: Sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used to formulate in-situ gels (ISGs) with formulation codes F1-F12 and 0.5% levofloxacin solution was used as a control. The formulations were evaluated for clarity, pH, gelling capacity, drug content and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using the KirbyBauer disk diffusion test. The irritability and toxicity of select formulations were assessed using the Hen’s Egg Test, Chorioallantoic Membrane (HETCAM) assay.
Results: The formulated ISGs were within pH range of 5.86 and 7.60. Formulation F7 (0.5% SA + 1.5% HPMC) had the highest gelling capacity and all ISGs had comparable activity against the tested organisms. Formulation F6 (1% HPMC + 1% SA) had the slowest release with approximately 60% release after 4 h, formulation F11 (1.5% HPMC + 2% SA) had the fastest release of 72% after 4 h while LVF solution (control) released 70% in 1 h. There was no significant (p = 0.101) change in the concentration of levofloxacin ISGs after storage at 25o C for 60 days and the HETCAM test confirmed the non-toxicity and non-irritability of the formulations.
Conclusions: Levofloxacin in-situ gels formulated with SA and HPMC E5 LV are able to sustain the release of levofloxacin for 8 h and retain their effectiveness against relevant ocular bacterial infections.
Pratiques éducatives et conservation de la biodiversité dans un contexte de transition écologique
Authors: Vodouhe Fifanou , Domanou Maxime 
Published: February 2025

Description du sujet. Le présent article décrit l’état des connaissances sur les pratiques éducatives et conservation de la biodiversité dans un contexte de transition écologique entre 2010 et 2022.Objectif. Le présent article vise à analyser les pratiques éducatives qui concourent à une efficacité de la conservation de la biodiversité dans un contexte de transition écologique.Méthodes. Utilisant la méthodologie de la revue systématique, seize (16) publications anglophones et francophones sur le sujet sont analysées et mises en perspective.Résultats. Sur la base des documents retenus, les résultats montrent que l’éducation sur la conservation de la biodiversité n’est intégrée que de façon marginale dans les grilles de formation et les organisations non gouvernementales sont les principales actrices qui promeuvent l’éducation environnementale. Ainsi, 70 % des travaux retenus, indiquent que l’insuffisance des visites dans les aires protégées est l’une des raisons liées à l’échec des actions éducatives en faveur de la conservation de la biodiversité ; 81 % des travaux ont montré que les méthodes d’évaluation éducative se concentrent plus sur les changements à court terme dans les connaissances et non dans les comportements de long terme.Conclusion. L’influence de l’éducation sur le succès de la conservation de la biodiversité reste floue, de sorte qu’il est proposé un renouvellement méthodologique pour étudier la relation qui existerait entre les pratiques éducatives et la conservation de la biodiversité.

English title: Educational practices and biodiversity conservation in a context of ecological transition
Description of the subject. This article describes the state of knowledge on educational practices and biodiversity conservation in a context of ecological transition between 2010 and 2022.
Objective. This article aims to analyze the educational practices which contribute to the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation in a context of ecological transition.
Methods. Using systematic review methodology, sixteen (16) English- and French-speaking publications on the subject are analyzed and put into perspective.
Results. Based on the documents retained, the results show that education on biodiversity conservation is only marginally integrated into training schedules and non-governmental organizations are the main actors promoting environmental education. Thus, 70% of the works selected indicate that the insufficiency of visits to protected areas is one of the reasons linked to the failure of educational actions in favor of the conservation of biodiversity; 81% of the work showed that educational evaluation methods focus more on short-term changes in knowledge and not on long-term behavior.
Conclusion. The influence of education on the success of biodiversity conservation remains unclear, so that a methodological renewal is proposed to study the relationship that would exist between educational practices and biodiversity conservation.