bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Colombian conflict: a description of a mental health program in the Department of Tolima
Authors: Sanchez-Padilla Elisabeth , Casas German , Grais Rebecca F , Hustache Sarah , Moro Marie-Rose 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Colombia has been seriously affected by an internal armed conflict for more than 40 years affecting mainly the civilian population, who is forced to displace, suffers kidnapping, extortion, threats and assassinations. Between 2005 and 2008, Médecins Sans Frontières-France provided psychological care and treatment in the region of Tolima, a strategic place in the armed conflict. The mental health program was based on a short-term multi-faceted treatment developed according to the psychological and psychosomatic needs of the population. Here we describe the population attending during 2005-2008, in both urban and rural settings, as well as the psychological treatment provided during this period and its outcomes.
We observed differences between the urban and rural settings in the traumatic events reported, the clinical expression of the disorders, the disorders diagnosed, and their severity. Although the duration of the treatment was limited due to security reasons and access difficulties, patient condition at last visit improved in most of the patients. These descriptive results suggest that further studies should be conducted to examine the role of short-term psychotherapy, adapted specifically to the context, can be a useful tool to provide psychological care to population affected by an armed conflict.
Hypothermia in bleeding trauma: a friend or a foe?
Authors: Kheirbek Tareq , Kochanek Ashley R , Alam Hasan B 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe induction of hypothermia for cellular protection is well established in several clinical settings. Its role in trauma patients, however, is controversial. This review discusses the benefits and complications of induced hypothermia--emphasizing the current state of knowledge and potential applications in bleeding patients. Extensive pre-clinical data suggest that in advanced stages of shock, rapid cooling can protect cells during ischemia and reperfusion, decrease organ damage, and improve survival. Yet hypothermia is a double edged sword; unless carefully managed, its induction can be associated with a number of complications. Appropriate patient selection requires a thorough understanding of the pre-clinical literature. Clinicians must also appreciate the enormous influence that temperature modulation exerts on various cellular mechanisms. This manuscript aims to provide a balanced view of the published literature on this topic. While many of the advantageous molecular and physiological effects of induced hypothermia have been outlined in animal models, rigorous clinical investigations are needed to translate these promising findings into clinical practice.
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of a hard palate minor salivary gland: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ward Bryan K , Seethala Raja R , Barnes E Leon , Lai Stephen Y 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Objective
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of a minor salivary gland is extremely rare. The goal of this report is to increase awareness of this rare disease and to review and discuss the differential diagnosis and important considerations in treatment.

Study Design
Case report and review of the literature.

Methods
Case report of a basal cell adenocarcinoma of a hard palate minor salivary gland and review of the literature of basal cell adenocarcinoma.

Results
Basal cell adenocarcinomas are slow-growing tumours that most commonly involve the parotid gland and very rarely involve minor salivary glands. Although recurrence rates for these tumours are high, mortality rates are low. Histological diagnosis is important to distinguish this tumour from adenoid cystic carcinoma given the significant difference in disease prognosis.

Conclusions
Diagnosis of these tumours must be made histologically. Recommended treatment options include wide local excision with radiotherapy reserved for close surgical margins or for local recurrence.
Liver X receptor agonist treatment reduced splanchnic ischemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Crisafulli Concetta , Di Paola Rosanna , Mazzon Emanuela , Paterniti Irene , Galuppo Maria , Genovese Tiziana , Bramanti Placido , Cappellani Alessandro , Cuzzocrea Salvatore 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
T0901317, LXR receptor agonist, reduces the inflammatory response and the ileum injury associated to splanchnic artery occlusion shock.
LXR is another member of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors that heterodimerizes with RXR and regulates the intracellular levels of cholesterol through gene induction of enzymes and proteins involved in the cholesterol metabolism and transport. LXR ligands inhibit the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators in immunostimulated macrophages; in vivo studies have shown that activation of LXR reduces the inflammatory response in a murine model of contact dermatitis and atherosclerosis. No reports have addressed a role for LXRs in pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of T0901317, a potent LXR ligand, in a mouse model of SAO shock, which was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk, resulting in a total occlusion of these arteries for 30 min. After this period of occlusion, the clamps were removed. Mice were killed at 60 min after reperfusion. This study provides the evidence that T0901317, LXR agonist, modulates: the development of SAO shock; the infiltration of the tissue with PMNs; the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β; the nitration of tyrosine residues; NF-κB expression; the MAPK phosphorylation (ERK, JNK, and p38); FasL; apoptosis; Bax and Bcl-2 expression; and the degree of tissue injury caused by SAO shock. Our results imply that LXR agonists may be useful in the therapy of inflammation.
Two Cases of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss After Methadone Overdose
Authors: Christenson Bret J , Marjala Andrew RP 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE To document the presentation of 2 cases of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) following methadone overdose. CASE SUMMARY We report 2 cases of acute, bilateral methadone-induced hearing loss that took place on the same night in our emergency department. A 30-year-old male and his 25-year-old wife were found unresponsive in their home after ingesting an unknown, but presumably large, quantity of methadone. Drugs that are typically categorized as ototoxic were ruled out in each patient via rapid in-house urine drug screens as well with a comprehensive analysis via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Methadone and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were the only drugs found in the toxicology screenings that were common to both patients. The man had a long treatment course that included several days in the intensive care unit. The woman recovered completely and was discharged within a day of admission. The hearing loss in both patients reversed completely within 24 hours. DISCUSSION Several medications are commonly associated with ototoxicity, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics, loop diuretics, and chemotherapy agents. Although rare, drug-induced SSHL has been documented particularly among intravenous drug abusers after heroin injection. Until now, there has been only one published case report documenting drug-induced SSHL attributed to methadone. CONCLUSIONS We believe methadone to be the probable cause of SSHL in both patients, because it and THC were the only common drugs found on toxicology screens, a recent case report involved methadone-induced SSHL, and because of the suddenness of the onset and recovery of the patient's hearing coinciding with the time frame of the ingestion. The Naranjo probability scale score revealed that the adverse reaction was probable for each patient.
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Managed Telephone Lipid Clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Fabbio Kristin L , Bradley Matthew , Chrymko Margaret 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the US, with dyslipidemia being a significant risk factor. Pharmacist-managed lipid clinics have been shown to be effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values in the veteran population. In addition, telephone-managed clinics are known to be an effective method to manage anticoagulation therapy. This type of appointment is very convenient; it reduces travel and waiting times, costs, and potential no-show rates. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in LDL-C levels from baseline to follow-up and number of patients attaining LDL-C goals during enrollment in the pharmacist-managed telephone lipid clinic (PMTLC). METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients enrolled in the clinic who had follow-up laboratory data available. Baseline LDL-C values were compared with values obtained at follow-up. Patients' total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) values were also collected and analyzed for improvement. The agents used, number of antidyslipidemic medications, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions prior to and during clinic enrollment were also collected. RESULTS Patients in the PMTLC had a mean ± SD reduction in LDL-C of 44.3 ± 45.2 mg/dL (p < 0.001). In addition, 10 (28%) patients achieved the LDL-C goal (p = 0.002). Mean reductions in TC and TG levels were 44 mg/dL (18%) and 14.6 mg/dL (8%), respectively. There was no significant change in HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS The PMTLC at the Erie, PA, Veterans Affairs Medical Center demonstrated statistically significant reduction in patients' LDL-C levels and increase in the number of patients attaining LDL-C goal.
Melatonin Treatment for Insomnia in Pediatric Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bendz Lisa M , Scates Ann C 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of melatonin for the treatment of insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). DATA SOURCES Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1948-August 2009), EMBASE (1950-August 2009), and Scopus (1960-August 2009) using the terms melatonin, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pediatric, insomnia, sleep disorder, and sleep. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed for relevant information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All English-language articles and human studies were identified and evaluated. Results from all identified randomized trials (n = 5), safety studies (n = 1), long-term follow-up studies (n = 1), post hoc retrospective analyses (n = 1), meta-analyses (n = 2), review articles (n = 9), and letters (n = 1) were summarized. DATA SYNTHESIS Pediatric insomnia is prevalent in children with ADHD and impacts academic performance, social functioning, overall health, and family life. First-line therapy includes ruling out differential diagnoses, optimizing ADHD stimulant treatment, and initiating good sleep hygiene and behavioral therapy. Adjuvant pharmacotherapy is then an option and melatonin is often prescribed. Melatonin regulates circadian rhythm sleep disorders such as sleep-onset insomnia (SOI) in children with ADHD. Four studies in children with ADHD and insomnia showed improvement in sleep onset and sleep latency. Studies included children 6–14 years old and melatonin doses ranged from 3 to 6 mg administered within a few hours of a scheduled bedtime. In all studies, adverse events were transient and mild. The available melatonin studies are limited by small size and short duration; variable SOI criteria, ADHD criteria, and treatment assessments; and lack of generalizability. CONCLUSIONS Available data suggest that melatonin is a well-tolerated and efficacious treatment option for pediatric patients with chronic SOI and ADHD. Regulated melatonin products and larger, well-designed trials to establish optimal dosing regimens and long-term safety are needed.
A Pharmacist and Health Promoter Team to Improve Medication Adherence Among Latinos with Diabetes
Authors: Gerber Ben S , Cano Alejandra I , Caceres Maria L , Smith Daphne E , Wilken Lori A , Michaud Jessica B , Ruggiero Laurie A , Sharp Lisa K 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND There is a need to improve blood glucose levels of underserved Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of a pharmacist and health promoter team designed to address the barriers to medication adherence and adjustment and improve self-care among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Clinical staff at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center referred Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes (hemoglobin A1c [A1C] ≥8.0%) to the study. A research assistant assessed patients on diabetes and medical history, medication list, medication adherence and related habits, health literacy, diabetes knowledge and numeracy, beliefs in benefits of diabetes therapy, depression, social support, and access to care. A bilingual, bicultural health promoter reviewed these assessments and worked with patients through home and clinic visits and telephone calls. The health promoter communicated with a pharmacist to receive assistance in medication management (reconciliation and adjustment). Participants received case management for 6 months. RESULTS Nine patients were successfully recruited. The mean age was 58 years and mean duration of diabetes was 21 years. Successful collaboration between pharmacists and the health promoter required frequent communication and intense effort to address complex patient barriers. Health promoter contact time, in person, per participant ranged from 0 minutes to 640 minutes, and telephone call time ranged from 27 minutes to 111 minutes during the study period. Eight participants had medication adjustments during the study period, with a maximum of 7 adjustments per participant. Mean hemoglobin A1C declined from an average of 9.6% to 9.0%. Two patients are presented as case studies to describe how the pharmacist-health promoter team functioned. Information was obtained from health promoter records, survey results, and chart reviews. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacist and health promoter team management of uncontrolled diabetes among Latinos appears to be a feasible approach to improving medication management.
Phosphorylase and the origin of reversible protein phosphorylation
Authors: Fischer Edmond H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This article presents a historical account of the discovery of reversible protein phosphorylation. The process was uncovered in the mid-1950s in a study designed to elucidate the complex hormonal regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase. This enzyme was originally thought to be regulated by AMP now known to serve as an allosteric effector. By contrast, hormonal regulation was found to result from a phosphorylation of the protein triggered by Ca2+ and ATP which activate phosphorylase kinase; the reverse reaction is catalyzed by a phosphorylase phosphatase. Although that reaction is extremely simple, it came nevertheless as a complete surprise because essentially nothing was known at that time about the structure and function of phosphoproteins. This study led to the establishment of the first hormonal cascade of successive enzymatic reactions, kinases acting on kinases, initiated by cAMP discovered by Earl Sutherland. It also showed how two different physiological processes (carbohydrate metabolism and muscle contraction) could be regulated in concert. The regulation of phosphorylase was so straightforward that it was thought to represent the prototype for these kinds of interconversions. We know today that it was almost the absolute exception.
Principles, implementation, and application of biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS)
Authors: Wilk Wolfram , Zimmermann Tobias J. , Kaiser Markus , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS) represents an alternative approach for the generation of compound collections for biological applications. In BIOS, biologically relevant and prevalidated scaffold structures, such as core structures of natural products or known drugs, are employed as scaffolds for the generation of compound collections with focused diversity. In this review, we discuss the underlying concept of the BIOS approach, and its practical implementation in library design and synthesis. To highlight its relevance for chemical biology applications, we finally present examples in which compound collections generated under the BIOS principle have been used to elucidate biological questions.
An examination of the proteolytic activity for bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 2 and 12
Authors: Telugu Bhanu Prakash V.L. , Palmier Mark O. , Van Doren Steven R. , Green Jonathan A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) represent a complex group of putative aspartic peptidases expressed exclusively in the placentas of species in the Artiodactyla order. The ruminant PAGs segregate into two classes: the ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ PAGs. Some of the modern PAGs possess alterations in the catalytic center that are predicted to preclude their ability to act as peptidases. The ancient ruminant PAGs in contrast are thought to be peptidases, although no proteolytic activity has been described for these members. The aim of the present study was to investigate (1) if the ancient bovine PAGs (PAG-2 and PAG-12) have proteolytic activity, and (2) if there are any differences in activity between these two closely related members. Recombinant bovine PAG-2 and PAG-12 were expressed in a baculovirus expression system and the purified proteins were analyzed for proteolytic activity against a synthetic fluorescent cathepsin D/E substrate. Both proteins exhibited proteolytic activity with acidic pH optima. The k
cat/K
m for bovine PAG-2 was 2.7×105 m
-1 s-1 and for boPAG-12 it was 6.8×104 m
-1 s-1. The enzymes were inhibited by pepstatin A with a K
i of 0.56 and 7.5 nm for boPAG-2 and boPAG-12, respectively. This is the first report describing proteolytic activity in PAGs from ruminant ungulates.
6S RNA-dependent inhibition of RNA polymerase is released by RNA-dependent synthesis of smallde novoproducts
Authors: Wurm Reinhild , Neußer Thomas , Wagner Rolf 
Published: December 2009

Abstract6S RNA fromEscherichia coliis known to bind to RNA polymerase, preventing interaction with many promoters during stationary growth. The resulting repression is released under conditions of nutritional upshift, when the growth situation improves. 6S RNA, which binds to the active site of RNA polymerase, has the particularly interesting feature to act as a template, causing the transcription of definedde novoRNAs (dnRNA) that are complementary to a specific sequence region of the 6S RNA. We analyzed the conditions of dnRNA synthesis and determined their effect on the 6S RNA-mediated inhibition of RNA polymerasein vitroandin vivo. Upon nutritional upshift the RNA polymerase/6S RNA complex induces the rapid synthesis of dnRNAs, which form stable hybrids with the 6S RNA template. The resulting structural change destabilizes the inactivated RNA polymerase complex, causing σ subunit release. Both dnRNA and 6S RNA are rapidly degraded after complex disintegration. Experiments using the transcriptional inhibitor rifampicin demonstrate that active transcription is required for the disintegration of the RNA polymerase/6S RNA complex. Our results support the conclusion that 6S RNA not only inhibits transcription during stationary growth but also enables cells to resume rapid growth after starvation and help to escape from stationary phase.
Analysis of an autoproteolytic activity of rice yellow mottle virus silencing suppressor P1
Authors: Weinheimer Isabel , Boonrod Kajohn , Moser Mirko , Zwiebel Michèle , Füllgrabe Marc , Krczal Gabi , Wassenegger Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEctopically expressedrice yellow mottle virusP1 fusion proteins were found to be cleavedin plantaand inEscherichia coli. Cleavage takes place in the absence of bacterial protease activity, indicating that the P1 fusion is autocatalytically processed independently of host factors. N-terminal sequencing of the C-terminal cleavage product of transiently expressed P1/GFP (green fluorescence protein) inNicotiana benthamianashowed that the cleavage site is located between the first two amino acids (aa) downstream of the P1 sequence. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that a phenylalanine to valine substitution at position 157 of the P1 aa sequence impairs proper cleavage, which is nearly unaffected by replacement of phenylalanine with tyrosine. Deletion of methionine159(first GFP aa residue) appeared to not affect P1/GFP cleavage. N-terminal P1-tagging with GFP turned out to impair autocleavage, whereas a small His-tag could not fully prevent cleavage. Additionally, a modified P1/GFP carrying an N-terminal deletion of 81 aa was not cleaved. These findings indicate that this region is involved in the proteolysis mechanism and that large N-terminal fusion partners might affect correct folding of the P1 necessary for self-catalysis.
Association of Aldosterone Concentration and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Genotype with Potassium Response to Spironolactone in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Cavallari Larisa H. , Groo Vicki L. , Viana Marlos A. G. , Dai Yang , Patel Shitalben R. , Stamos Thomas D. 
Published: December 2009

Study Objective.To identify patient‐specific factors associated with spironolactone‐induced potassium level elevation in patients with heart failure.Design.Prospective cohort study.Setting.Two adult heart failure clinics.Patients.Sixty‐two adult (mean ± SD age 54 ± 16 yrs) aldosterone antagonist‐naïve patients with heart failure.Intervention.Patients received spironolactone 12.5 mg/day, titrated to 25 mg/day if tolerated.Measurements and Main Results.Blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1 week after spironolactone initiation, and 1 week after spironolactone dose titration for assessment of baseline aldosterone level, serum chemistry, and angiotensinogen (AGT)c.‐6G>A and p.M268T and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2)c.215C>G and p.I180V genotypes. Patient characteristics, laboratory values, and genotypes were compared between those whose potassium levels increased by more than 0.5 mEq/L (15 patients) and those with lower potassium level elevations (47 patients) after spironolactone initiation and dose titration. Patients with a greater potassium level elevation had a higher mean ± SD aldosterone concentration (178 ± 92 vs 102 ± 57 pg/ml, p=0.007) andNR3C2215G allele frequency (50% vs 22%, p<0.01). Aldosterone concentrations positively correlated with diuretic dose (r=0.313, p=0.014) and negatively correlated with serum potassium level (r=‐0.319, p=0.012). On regression analysis, factors predictive of potassium level increases greater than 0.5 mEq/L with spironolactone were aldosterone level greater than 150 pg/ml (odds ratio [OR] 30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2–287] andNR3C2215G carrier status (OR 17, 95% CI 1.6–167).Conclusion.Our data suggest that potassium should be monitored with particular caution when spironolactone is started in patients with heart failure who have evidence of elevated aldosterone levels, such as high diuretic requirements, or theNR3C2215G allele.