bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting extinction risk of ectotherms under climate warming: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Walters Richard J. , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Berger David 
Published: August 2012

SummaryIt has been postulated that climate warming may pose the greatest threat species in the tropics, where ectotherms have evolved more thermal specialist physiologies. Although species could rapidly respond to environmental change through adaptation, little is known about the potential for thermal adaptation, especially in tropical species.In the light of the limited empirical evidence available and predictions from mutation‐selection theory, we might expect tropical ectotherms to have limited genetic variance to enable adaptation. However, as a consequence of thermodynamic constraints, we might expect this disadvantage to be at least partially offset by a fitness advantage, that is, the ‘hotter‐is‐better’ hypothesis.Using an established quantitative genetics model and metabolic scaling relationships, we integrate the consequences of the opposing forces of thermal specialization and thermodynamic constraints on adaptive potential by evaluating extinction risk under climate warming. We conclude that the potential advantage of a higher maximal development rate can in theory more than offset the potential disadvantage of lower genetic variance associated with a thermal specialist strategy.Quantitative estimates of extinction risk are fundamentally very sensitive to estimates of generation time and genetic variance. However, our qualitative conclusion that therelativerisk of extinction is likely to be lower for tropical species than for temperate species is robust to assumptions regarding the effects of effective population size, mutation rate and birth rate per capita.With a view to improving ecological forecasts, we use this modelling framework to review the sensitivity of our predictions to the model's underpinning theoretical assumptions and the empirical basis of macroecological patterns that suggest thermal specialization and fitness increase towards the tropics. We conclude by suggesting priority areas for further empirical research.
Hope in people with cancer: a multivariate analysis from Turkey
Authors: Kavradim Selma Turan , Özer Zeynep Canli , Bozcuk Hakan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThe study was planned to determine the hope levels of people with cancer and the variables affecting hope.BackgroundHope is essential for patient well‐being and positively correlated with improved coping skill.DesignA descriptive and exploratory design.MethodsThe study sample included 240 consecutive patients treated with chemotherapy and attending the Day Chemotherapy Unit of a University Hospital in Turkey. The study was conducted between December 2009–January 2010. Personal Information Form and Herth Hope Scale were used for data collection. The determinants and subscales of hope were evaluated with univariate and multivariate regression analyses.ResultsThese mean scores showed high levels of hope among the patients included in the study. It was found that net family income, knowledge level about the disease, feeling of improvement, perception of satisfactory family support by the patient, mouth ulcers, feeling anxious or worried and presence of fear were independently related with the total hope score.ConclusionsThe study results showed high levels of hope among the participating patients. It is concluded that physical, financial and psychological well‐being and information and support needs are directly and independently related with hope in people with cancer. These findings support the need for clinicians to continue to practise and implement hope fostering/hindering interventions among their patients.
Lesbian co‐mothers' experiences of maternity healthcare services
Authors: Cherguit Jasmina , Burns Jan , Pettle Sharon , Tasker Fiona 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThis article is a report of a study of lesbian co‐mothers' experiences of UK maternity healthcare services.BackgroundWith the increase in fertility provision to lesbian couples, maternity healthcare services are increasingly coming into contact with lesbian co‐mothers. Literature highlights the need to investigate donor‐conceived lesbian families and an absence of research focusing on the unique experiences of co‐mothers in the maternity process.DesignThe study followed a qualitative design and interpretative phenome‐nological analysis methodology.MethodsA qualitative study was carried out involving ten lesbian co‐mothers, whose children were conceived via anonymous donor insemination to their partners. Data collection took place between May–September 2009.FindingsInterpretative phenomenological analysis revealed two main types of co‐mothers' experiences, those connected with maternity service structures and interpersonal experiences with maternity care staff. Co‐mothers felt excluded by heterocentric organizational service structures. However, the co‐mothers' overwhelming experiences with staff were positive and inclusive. Despite this, co‐mothers reported that any ambiguous or non‐inclusive experiences with professionals left them questioning whether these experiences were due to homophobic attitudes or professional incompetence.ConclusionThe results indicate that these lesbian co‐mothers felt predominantly included and accepted by maternity services. Ambiguous interpersonal experiences, however, evoked doubts in this regard. In addition, organizational heterocentric structural barriers remain. Structural service delivery changes could facilitate co‐mothers' feelings of inclusion and highlight the important role practitioners have in contributing to co‐mothers' experiences.
The dual nature of medical enculturation in postgraduate medical training and practice
Authors: Gordon Jill , Markham Pippa , Lipworth Wendy , Kerridge Ian , Little Miles 
Published: August 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 894–902Objectives  Enculturation is a normal and continuing part of human development. This study examined how medical graduates perceive the process of enculturation after graduation.Methods  We conducted a qualitative study of the values of medical graduates associated with Sydney Medical School to identify processes that contribute to the ongoing process of enculturation.Results  Two processes contributing to the process of enculturation were identified. Participants were aware of having passively absorbed the explicit and implicit culture of medicine, and of having actively sought to assimilate (or to avoid assimilating) the medical culture. The processes of enculturation were particularly evident in relation to three major concerns: competence; patient‐centredness, and self‐care.Conclusions  The participants in this study demonstrated the capacity to reflect on and differentiate between two types of enculturation: absorption and assimilation. They were aware of the impacts of enculturation with respect to three main sets of values that are, respectively, epistemic, interpersonal and personal. Faculty development programmes might benefit from paying explicit attention to the process of enculturation and its influence on learning and practice.
More than an education: the hidden curriculum, professional attitudes and career choice
Authors: Phillips Susan P , Clarke Matthew 
Published: August 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 887–893Objectives  In this qualitative study we examine how teachers’ egalitarian or discriminatory behaviours and values at odds with those of the individual learner or the institution are perceived and absorbed by students, and how this hidden curriculum shapes the doctors students become.Methods  During 2011, a total of 120 randomly selected medical students from each class at three Canadian medical schools were electronically asked for examples of teachers’ words, attitudes or behaviours that discriminated against or promoted equality towards a group or groups of doctors or patients. We examined the content of participants’ examples of unexpected messages and their reactions to these. Responses were aggregated, sorted and coded for conceptual themes. An independent qualitative researcher repeated the analytic process and then engaged in discussion with us to reach consensus on themes and meanings.Results  The 76 (63%) respondents noted that attitudes in keeping with universally held, institutional values of equality towards, for example, homosexuals or marginalised populations were expressed, but also described role‐modelling at odds with this. Patient characteristics such as obesity, drug abuse, mental illness and poverty were presented as signs of individual weakness or moral failing. Some teachers assumed immigrant status based on a student’s or patient’s skin colour or last name. Respondents described how women in medicine were maligned as potential surgeons and were expected to put family before career. Teachers denigrated doctors from specialties other than their own. Students reacted to discordant role‐modelling by challenging, dissociating themselves, with silence or with confusion followed by attempts at individual transformation to realign careers and behaviours with those of teachers.Conclusions  When teaching contradicts institutional or learners’ values, or is particularly inspiring, students notice and may be influenced to the extent that they rethink personal beliefs and plans to fit their future doctor selves to these models.
Evaluations of situational judgement tests to assess non‐academic attributes in selection
Authors: Patterson Fiona , Ashworth Victoria , Zibarras Lara , Coan Philippa , Kerrin Maire , O’Neill Paul 
Published: August 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 850–868Objectives  This paper presents a systematic review of the emerging international research evidence for the use of situational judgement tests (SJTs) for testing important non‐academic attributes (such as empathy, integrity and resilience) in selection processes.Methods  Several databases (e.g. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched to retrieve empirical studies relating to SJTs published between 1990 and 2010. Personal contact with experts in the field was made to identify any unpublished research or work in progress to obtain the most current material. Finally, reference lists were checked to access other relevant journal articles and further research. All research studies were required to meet specific inclusion criteria selected by two independent reviewers.Results  Over 1000 citations were identified during the initial literature search; following the review of abstracts, full‐text copies of 76 articles were retrieved and evaluated. A total of 39 articles that adequately met the inclusion criteria were included in the final review. The research evidence shows that, compared with personality and IQ tests, SJTs have good levels of reliability, predictive validity and incremental validity for testing a range of professional attributes, such as empathy and integrity.Conclusions  SJTs can be designed to test a broad range of non‐academic constructs depending on the selection context. As a relatively low‐fidelity assessment, SJTs are a cost‐efficient methodology compared with high‐fidelity assessments of non‐academic attributes, such as those used in objective structured clinical examinations. In general, SJTs are found to demonstrate less adverse impact than IQ tests and are positively received by candidates. Further research is required to explore theoretical developments and the underlying construct validity of SJTs.
Representing complexity well: a story about teamwork, with implications for how we teach collaboration
Authors: Lingard Lorelei , McDougall Allan , Levstik Mark , Chandok Natasha , Spafford Marlee M , Schryer Catherine 
Published: August 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 869–877Objectives  In order to be relevant and impactful, our research into health care teamwork needs to better reflect the complexity inherent to this area. This study explored the complexity of collaborative practice on a distributed transplant team. We employed the theoretical lenses of activity theory to better understand the nature of collaborative complexity and its implications for current approaches to interprofessional collaboration (IPC) and interprofessional education (IPE).Methods  Over 4 months, two trained observers conducted 162 hours of observation, 30 field interviews and 17 formal interviews with 39 members of a solid organ transplant team in a Canadian teaching hospital. Participants included consultant medical and surgical staff and postgraduate trainees, the team nurse practitioner, social worker, dietician, pharmacist, physical therapist, bedside nurses, organ donor coordinators and organ recipient coordinators. Data collection and inductive analysis for emergent themes proceeded iteratively.Results  Daily collaborative practice involves improvisation in the face of recurring challenges on a distributed team. This paper focuses on the theme of ‘interservice’ challenges, which represent instances in which the ‘core’ transplant team (those providing daily care for transplant patients) work to engage the expertise and resources of other services in the hospital, such as those of radiology and pathology departments. We examine a single story of the core team’s collaboration with cardiology, anaesthesiology and radiology services to decide whether a patient is appropriate for transplantation and use this story to consider the team’s strategies in the face of conflicting expectations and preferences among these services.Conclusions  This story of collaboration in a distributed team calls into question two premises underpinning current models of IPC and IPE: the notion that stable professional roles exist, and the ideal of a unifying objective of ‘caring for the patient’. We suggest important elaborations to these premises as they are used to conceptualise and teach IPC in order to better represent the intricacy of everyday collaborative work in health care.
The reorganization of actin filaments is required for vacuolar fusion of guard cells during stomatal opening in Arabidopsis
Authors: LI LI‐JUAN , REN FEI , GAO XIN‐QI , WEI PENG‐CHENG , WANG XUE‐CHEN 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe reorganization of actin filaments (AFs) and vacuoles in guard cells is involved in the regulation of stomatal movement. However, it remains unclear whether there is any interaction between the reorganization of AFs and vacuolar changes during stomatal movement. Here, we report the relationship between the reorganization of AFs and vacuolar fusion revealed in pharmacological experiments, and characterizing stomatal opening in actin‐related protein 2 (arp2) and arp3 mutants. Our results show that cytochalasin‐D‐induced depolymerization or phalloidin‐induced stabilization of AFs leads to an increase in small unfused vacuoles during stomatal opening in wild‐type (WT) Arabidopsis plants. Light‐induced stomatal opening is retarded and vacuolar fusion in guard cells is impaired in the mutants, in which the reorganization and the dynamic parameters of AFs are aberrant compared with those of the WT. In WT, AFs tightly surround the small separated vacuoles, forming a ring that encircles the boundary membranes of vacuoles partly fused during stomatal opening. In contrast, in the mutants, most AFs and actin patches accumulate abnormally around the nuclei of the guard cells, which probably further impair vacuolar fusion and retard stomatal opening. Our results suggest that the reorganization of AFs regulates vacuolar fusion in guard cells during stomatal opening.
Bioavailability of different chemical forms of dissolved silica can affect marine diatom growth
Authors: Capellacci Samuela , Battocchi Cecilia , Casabianca Silvia , Giovine Marco , Bavestrello Giorgio , Penna Antonella 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate that dissolved silica obtained from mineral (crystalline quartz), biogenic amorphous (diatomaceous earth) and artificial amorphous sources (Aerosil) influence the growth rate of two marine diatoms, Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema marinoi. Diatoms were reared in four different experimental conditions in artificial seawater containing either dissolved silica previously obtained through dissolution of the mineral crystalline quartz or two amorphous substrates, biogenic diatomaceous earth or artificial Aerosil silica. Sodium metasilicate was used as control. When the silica in the different media reached concentrations higher than 107 μm, particles were eliminated by filtration and the diatom cells were inoculated. Maximum cell density, growth and silica assimilation rates of both species in the presence of dissolved silica derived from crystalline quartz and metasilicate were higher than those obtained with the other silica sources. These results are discussed against the background of previous geochemical studies that have shown that silica–water interactions are strictly dependent on the silica polymorphs involved and on the ionic composition of the solution. Our results demonstrate that the soluble silicon compounds generated in seawater by crystalline sources are highly bioavailable compared with those generated by biogenic and amorphous materials. These findings are potentially of considerable ecological importance and may contribute to clarifying anomalous spatial and temporal distributions of siliceous organisms with respect to the presence of lithogenic or biogenic silica sources in marine environments.
Evaluation of narrow‐band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal lesions: Is a learning curve involved?
Authors: Dai Jun , Shen Yu‐Feng , Sano Yasushi , Li Xiao‐Bo , Xue Han‐Bin , Zhao Yun‐Jia , Gao Yun‐Jie , Song Yan , Ge Zhi‐Zheng 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundThe usefulness of endoscopy narrow‐band imaging (NBI) in differentiating colorectal lesions has been demonstrated. However, the learning curve associated with this technique is a concern for endoscopists.MethodsPrior to carrying out these colonoscopies, four endoscopists attended a training course designed to teach the principles of NBI and application of the Sano Capillary Pattern (CP) classification criteria. Following a pre‐test, endoscopists used NBI with magnification and CP analysis for real‐time colonoscopy exams to predict lesion histology. Three sets of 15 lesions were imaged. These three sets included both lesions requiring endoscopic treatment (e.g. target lesions) and lesions that were not, or could not be, treated by endoscopy (e.g. non‐target lesions). The diagnostic accuracy of each endoscopist for each set of lesions was evaluated to assess the learning curve associated with the application of NBI.ResultsOverall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for differentiating neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions were 95.4%, 98.0%, and 92.0%, respectively. For target lesions versus non‐target lesions, the diagnostic accuracy associated with the second set of lesions was better than that achieved with the first set of lesions (78.3% vs 96.7% (P = 0.02) and 70.0% vs 96.7% (
P < 0.01), respectively in each case). In contrast, the difference in diagnostic accuracy between the second and third sets of lesions was not significant.ConclusionNBI with magnification is a useful tool for the diagnosis of colorectal lesions. Moreover, following a short training program and with minimal clinic practice, less experienced endoscopists were able to become competent in the method.
How much food does man require? New insights
Authors: Henry C. J. K. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe transition from hunter gatherers to modern man is categorized by the enormous decrease in the number of plant species utilized today. Four main staples, rice, wheat, corn and potato, feed almost 80% of the world's population. An additional characteristic of our modern diet is the rich energy density of our meals. In order to estimate human energy requirements, new predictive equations to estimate basal metabolic rate have been developed. These equations will enable us to estimate human energy requirements in both developed and developing countries.
Milk ingestion in athletes and physically active individuals
Authors: James L. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryMilk is a cheap drink that naturally contains nutrients in similar amounts as found in typical carbohydrate‐electrolyte sports drinks, as well as providing some protein (36 g/l). While there is little information about the ingestion of milk during exercise, the available evidence suggests that milk might enhance certain aspects of recovery when ingested after resistance and endurance exercise. The protein content of milk means that ingestion of milk immediately after resistance exercise acutely increases muscle protein synthesis, and if used chronically during a resistance training programme, milk ingestion enhances lean mass gains and fat mass losses compared with other protein sources (e.g. soy protein) or ingestion of carbohydrate. Ingesting milk after muscle damaging exercise also appears to alleviate some of the symptoms of exercise‐induced muscle damage, while the electrolytes naturally occurring in milk, as well as the milk protein, appear to enhance rehydration after endurance exercise. In summary, milk appears to be an appropriate post‐exercise drink for athletes and physically active individuals that are not intolerant to lactose and/or dairy. Milk might enhance some aspects of recovery after exercise and it appears that the proteins contained in milk are responsible for most of these enhancements.
The quality of dietary intake methodology and reporting in child and adolescent obesity intervention trials: a systematic review
Authors: Burrows T. , Golley R. K. , Khambalia A. , McNaughton S. A. , Magarey A. , Rosenkranz R. R. , Alllman‐Farinelli M. , Rangan A. M. , Truby H. , Collins C. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAssessing dietary intake is important in evaluating childhood obesity intervention effectiveness. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the dietary intake methods and reporting in intervention studies that included a dietary component to treat overweight or obese children. A systematic review of studies published in the English language, between 1985 and August 2010 in health databases. The search identified 2,295 papers, of which 335 were retrieved and 31 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐three studies reported energy intake as an outcome measure, 20 reported macronutrient intakes and 10 studies reported food intake outcomes. The most common dietary method employed was the food diary (n = 13), followed by 24‐h recall (n = 5), food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (n = 4) and dietary questionnaire (n = 4). The quality of the dietary intake methods reporting was rated as ‘poor’ in 15 studies (52%) and only 3 were rated as ‘excellent’. The reporting quality of FFQs tended to be higher than food diaries/recalls. Deficiencies in the quality of dietary intake methods reporting in child obesity studies were identified. Use of a dietary intake methods reporting checklist is recommended. This will enable the quality of dietary intake results to be evaluated, and an increased ability to replicate study methodology by other researchers.
RATIONALITY AND MORAL REALISM
Authors: Zangwill Nick 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWhat can a moral realist say about why we should take morality seriously and about the relation between morality and rationality? I take off from Christine Korsgaard's criticism of moral realism on this score. The aim is to achieve an understanding of the relation between moral and rational properties and of the role of practical deliberation on a realist view. I argue that the justification for being concerned with rational and moral normative properties may not be an aspect of our minds to which we have access. I argue against a view that gives automatic pride of place to the rational properties of our mind by drawing attention to valuable non‐rational modes of thought such as creative, imaginative and instinctive thought. Thus the value of taking account of rationality is contingent on its benefits. But this is not why we should be taking account of morality.