bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“It was all slightly unreal”: What's Wrong with Tolerance and Accommodation in the Adjudication of Religious Freedom?
Authors: Beaman Lori G. 
Published: November 2011

Dans le présent article, l'auteure soutient que R. c. N.S. fournit l'occasion de voir comment les concepts de tolérance et d'accommodement peuvent miner tout sens profond et fondamental de l'égalité. De tels concepts sont très nuisibles parce que les relations de pouvoir qu'ils entretiennent sont fondées sur l'inégalité. Ils invoquent un privilège colonial selon lequel « nous » nous occuperons de « vous ». Le vocabulaire de l'accommodement raisonnable, comme celui de la tolérance, nous éloigne de l'égalité au lieu de nous en rapprocher. Dans le cas de N.S., on décrit les femmes portant le niqab comme des femmes qui demandent un privilège, ce qui ouvre la voie à des arguments basés sur la peur coloniale et raciste plutôt que sur un désavantage réel ou une vraie inégalité. En formulant la discussion en termes d'égalité, on laisse moins de place à ce type de réactions.
Do Women Refugee Judges Really Make a Difference? An Empirical Analysis of Gender and Outcomes in Canadian Refugee Determinations
Authors: Rehaag Sean 
Published: November 2011

Des recherches antérieures démontrent que l'identité des juges est un élément déterminant dans les décisions concernant les demandes d'asile. Le présent article examine l'effet du sexe des juges dans des décisions portant sur des demandes d'asile. À l'aide de données portant sur plus de 65 000 décisions concernant des demandes d'asile au Canada de 2004 à 2008, l'article révèle que les juges masculins accordent leur autorisation légèrement plus souvent que les juges de sexe féminin. En outre, cette différence dans les taux d'approbation est plus prononcée lorsque ce sont des femmes qui font la requête et lorsqu'il s'agit de persécution fondée sur le sexe. Cependant, malgré la tendance globale, les juges de sexe féminin ayant travaillé pour les droits des femmes avaient en moyenne un taux d'approbation plus élevé lorsqu'il s'agissait de requérantes et lorsqu'il était question de persécution fondée sur le sexe. Le présent article conclut en analysant les conséquences pour les politiques en matière de réfugiés et pour la recherche sur le genre et la fonction de juge.
Effects of nanoclay on rutting and fatigue resistance of bitumen binder
Authors: Jahromi Saeed Ghaffarpour , Ahmadi Nabi Allah , Vossugh Shahram , Mortazavi Mohammadreza 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Nanoclays are a new generation of processed clays of interest in a wide range of high performance composites. Nanoclay is defined as clay that can be modified to make the clay complexes compatible with organic monomers and polymers. Here, it can be said that polymeric nanocomposites are among the most exciting and promising classes of materials discovered recently. A number of physical properties are enhanced successfully when a polymer is modified with a small amount of nanoclay on condition that the clay is dispersed at the nanoscopic level. This research has accomplished a comparative rheological test on unmodified and nanoclay modified bitumen. For this, two types of nanoclay were used: Nanofill-15 and Cloisite-15A. X-ray diffraction has been used to study the nanostructure exfoliation of nanoclay platelets in bitumen. The results show that compared to unmodified bitumen, the nanoclay modification leads to changes in rheological parameters by increasing stiffness and decreasing the phase angle, hence it can also reduce aging effects in bitumen. Further, comparison of the rutting parameter (G∗/sin δ) shows that the nanoclay modification could increase the rutting resistances of bitumen and the improvement is dependent upon the type and amount of nanoclay. The fatigue resistance parameter (G∗/sin δ) at low to medium temperatures shows that the nanoclay modification reduces the fatigue life, however it exhibits the same fatigue life as that of the unmodified bitumen after a particular aging condition.
Comparison of induced hypertension, fluid bolus, and blood transfusion to augment cerebral oxygen delivery after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Dhar Rajat , Scalfani Michael T. , Zazulia Allyson R. , Videen Tom O. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Diringer Michael N. 
Published: November 2011

Object
Critical reductions in oxygen delivery (DO2) underlie the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). If DO2 is not promptly restored, then irreversible injury (that is, cerebral infarction) may result. Hemodynamic therapies for DCI (that is, induced hypertension [IH] and hypervolemia) aim to improve DO2 by raising cerebral blood flow (CBF). Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may be an alternate strategy that augments DO2 by improving arterial O2 content. The authors compared the relative ability of these 3 interventions to improve cerebral DO2, specifically their ability to restore DO2 to regions where it is impaired.

Methods
The authors compared 3 prospective physiological studies in which PET imaging was used to measure global and regional CBF and DO2 before and after the following treatments: 1) fluid bolus of 15 ml/kg normal saline (9 patients); 2) raising mean arterial pressure 25% (12 patients); and 3) transfusing 1 U of RBCs (17 patients) in 38 individuals with aneurysmal SAH at risk for DCI. Response between groups in regions with low DO2 (< 4.5 ml/100 g/min) was compared using repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results
Groups were similar except that the fluid bolus cohort had more patients with symptoms of DCI and lower baseline CBF. Global CBF or DO2 did not rise significantly after any of the interventions, except after transfusion in patients with hemoglobin levels < 9 g/dl. All 3 treatments improved CBF and DO2 to regions with impaired baseline DO2, with a greater improvement after transfusion (23%) than hypertension (14%) or volume loading (10%); p < 0.001. Transfusion also resulted in a nonsignificantly greater (47%) reduction in the number of brain regions with low DO2 when compared with fluid bolus (7%) and hypertension (12%) (p = 0.33).

Conclusions
The IH, fluid bolus, and blood transfusion interventions all improve DO2 to vulnerable brain regions at risk for ischemia after SAH. Transfusion appeared to provide a physiological benefit at least comparable to IH, especially among patients with anemia, but transfusion is associated with risks. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be established in controlled clinical trials.
Acinetobacter species meningitis in children: a case series from Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Ali Faisal , Shah Muhammad Shafaat , Shaikh Abdul Sattar , Mir Fatima , Zaidi Anita K M 
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter pose a serious therapeutic dilemma in hospital practice, particularly when they cause meningitis, as the few antimicrobial agents to which these isolates are susceptible have poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration. Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course and outcome of eight consecutive cases of meningitis due to Acinetobacter spp. in children ages 15 years or less, seen in a tertiary care medical center in Karachi, Pakistan. Results: Of the eight cases of Acinetobacter meningitis, isolates from five patients were pan-resistant, and two were multidrug-resistant. A neurosurgical procedure was performed in five of eight patients followed by external ventricular drain insertion prior to the development of infection. Seven received intravenous (IV) polymyxin (mean; 12.8 days), while 5/8 also received intrathecal (IT) polymyxin (mean; 12.0 days). The mean length of hospitalization was 38.7 ± 19 days. All patients achieved cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture negativity by the end of treatment (mean; 5.4 days). Two patients died: one with pan-resistant Acinetobacter, and the second with a multi-drug resistant isolate. Conclusion: Post-neurosurgical multidrug-resistant and pan-resistant Acinetobacter meningitis can be successfully treated if appropriate antimicrobial therapy is instituted early. The role of IT polymyxin B administration alone versus combination therapy (IV and IT) needs further study.
Using Mobile Banking Services to Improve Financial Access for the Poor: Lessons from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India
Authors: Metre Kanika 
Published: November 2011

As the number of mobile phone subscriptions has rapidly expanded in developing countries, so too has the use of mobile phones to facilitate small-scale financial transactions around the world. Microfinance experts have recognized these mobile banking services as a means for expanding access to financial services among poor and low-income populations. Innovations over the past few years have proven that mobile network operators and banks can cooperate to create successful business models for mobile banking services. Recognizing this success, this paper further explores the ways in which private sector, public sector, and non-profit sector actors can and should collaborate to meet the financial service needs of the poor through innovations in mobile banking. Case studies from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India provide relevant lessons on how these collaborations have succeeded or failed in the past.
Cubic Polynomials with Periodic Cycles of a Specified Multiplier
Authors: Ingram Patrick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe consider cubic polynomialsf(z) =z3+az+bdefined over ℂ(⋋), with a marked point of periodNand multiplier ⋋. In the caseN= 1, there are infinitely many such objects, and in the caseN≥ 3, only finitely many (subject to a mild assumption). The caseN= 2 has particularly rich structure, and we are able to describe all such cubic polynomials defined over the field.
A política de ensino superior a distância no Brasil nos anos de neoliberalismo
Authors: De Souza Lima Katia Regina 
Published: November 2011

O artigo trata da base de fundamentação teórica da política de ensino superior a distância no Brasil nos anos 1990 e na primeira década do novo século. Parte da consideração de que essa política está inscrita na reforma neoliberal da educação realizada no referido período em consonância com as políticas elaboradas, difundidas e monitoradas pelos organismos internacionais. Apresenta as principais ações e legislações em ensino a distância no período de 1995 a 2010, identificando os eixos centrais desta política – “atualização tecnológica” e “ampliação do acesso ao ensino” – e sua fundamentação teórica nas noções de “globalização econômica” e “sociedade da informação”, ambas difundidas pelas escolas estadunidenses de administração de empresas e pelos organismos internacionais. Problematiza em que medida o ensino a distância, particularmente o ensino superior a distância no Brasil, viabiliza a massificação da formação e aprofunda a mercantilização da educação por meio da ampliação do número de instituições e cursos privados a distância. Conclui que processo é conduzido pelas políticas governamentais no referido período, garantindo a lucratividade da burguesia de serviços educacionais (local e internacional) pela adequação da educação a nova fase de acumulação do capital.
A educação libertária no boletim Cultura Popular (Lisboa, 1919)
Authors: Barreira Luiz Carlos 
Published: November 2011

Este artigo apresenta e analisa o boletim Cultura Popular, editado pelo Ateneu Popular, instituição educacional libertária fundada em Lisboa em 1917. Esse boletim, apesar de uma existência bastante efêmera, guarda informações significativas para os estudos sobre os processos de formação dos trabalhadores urbanos no limiar da modernidade capitalista, que tenham como principal fonte e objeto de pesquisa a imprensa operária. Algumas dessas informações dizem respeito, por exemplo, à ênfase que os colaboradores desse periódico davam à educação dos costumes, sem desconsiderarem, no entanto, a importância da instrução. Por intermédio dessa educação, redatores e colaboradores de Cultura Popular objetivavam fazer com que as classes trabalhadoras passassem a cultivar novos hábitos, como os de asseio corporal, por exemplo.
Effect of optical phonon‐magnon interaction on the magnon softening at finite temperature
Authors: Cheng T.‐M. , Zhao Z. , Jia W.‐Y. , Chen H. , Li L. , Zhu L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA magnon‐phonon interaction model is set up in a two‐dimensional ferromagnetic compound square‐lattice system. Using the Matsubara Green function theory we calculated the magnon dispersion curves on the main symmetric line in Brillouin zone, compared the influences of the magnetic ion optical phonon with non‐magnetic ion optical phonon on the magnetic excitation of the system and discussed the influences of various parameters on the magnon softening. The lower Debye temperature of ferromagnetic materials is, the more likely the magnon softening occurs. It turned out that the optical phonon‐magnon coupling plays an important role on the magnon softening, the longitudinal optical phonon contributes the most to the magnon softening and magnon damping. It is also found that the contribution of the non‐magnetic ion to the magnon softening and magnon damping is more significant than that of magnetic ion when the mass of the magnetic ion is less than that of the non‐magnetic ion, or the mass of magnetic ion and the non‐magnetic ion are equal.
Calcium phosphate incorporated poly(ethylene oxide)‐based nanocomposite electrolytes for lithium batteries. I. Ionic conductivity and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy studies
Authors: Stephan A. Manuel , Kumar T. Prem , Thomas Sabu , Thomas P. Selvin , Bongiovanni Roberta , Nair Jijeesh R. , Angulakshmi N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) composed of poly(ethylene oxide), calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2], and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)/lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide [LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiTFSI] in various proportions were prepared by a hot‐press method. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, ionic conductivity testing, and transference number studies. The free volume of the membranes was probed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy at 30°C, and the results supported the ionic conductivity data. The NCPEs with LiClO4 exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the NCPE with LiTFSI as a salt. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Life in the Slow Lane: The Effect of Reduced Mobility on Tadpole Limb Development
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Ponssa María Laura 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMovement is thought to be a primary agent eliciting basic responses in the vertebrate body, such as the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Embryos do not passively await hatching or birth but rather begin active movement very early on in their development. Most studies dealing with embryonic responses to changes in mobility have been performed in chickens or mammals. Herein, we investigate for the first time whether the embryos of organisms that are free‐living during development demonstrate the same morphological responses to reduced mobility as embryos that undergo development in controlled environments such as in utero or in a shelled egg. We changed the viscosity of the environment in which free‐living anuran tadpoles grow by rearing them in an agar medium. We thus increased the viscosity of the growth medium resulting in a decrease in larval movement. We predicted that a substantial increase in viscosity of the medium in which the larvae were reared would have at least two consequences: (1) a reduction of tadpole mobility and (2) a delayed onset of skeletogenesis thus producing shorter long bones. Our predictions were upheld and tadpoles reared in an agar medium remain immobile longer and showed a delayed onset of skeletogenesis compared with controls. We propose that the developmental responses to the same stimulus are similar throughout tetrapods, regardless of their developmental context (i.e., intrauterine, within an egg, or free‐living). Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Giant Danio (D. Aequipinnatus) as A Model of Cardiac Remodeling and Regeneration
Authors: Lafontant Pascal J. , Burns Alan R. , Grivas Jamie A. , Lesch Mary A. , Lala Tanmoy D. , Reuter Sean P. , Field Loren J. , Frounfelter Tyler D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe paucity of mammalian adult cardiac myocytes (CM) proliferation following myocardial infarction (MI) and the remodeling of the necrotic tissue that ensues, result in non‐regenerative repair. In contrast, zebrafish (ZF) can regenerate after an apical resection or cryoinjury of the heart. There is considerable interest in models where regeneration proceeds in the presence of necrotic tissue. We have developed and characterized a cautery injury model in the giant danio (GD), a species closely related to ZF, where necrotic tissue remains part of the ventricle, yet regeneration occurs. By light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have documented four temporally overlapping processes: (1) a robust inflammatory response analogous to that observed in MI, (2) concomitant proliferation of epicardial cells leading to wound closure, (3) resorption of necrotic tissue and its replacement by granulation tissue, and (4) regeneration of the myocardial tissue driven by 5‐EDU and [3H]thymidine incorporating CMs. In conclusion, our data suggest that the GD possesses robust repair mechanisms in the ventricle and can serve as an important model of cardiac inflammation, remodeling and regeneration. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Expression and Regulation of Angiopoietin‐2 in Mouse Uterus During Preimplantation Period
Authors: Guo Bin , Wang Wei , Li Shi‐Jie , Han Yu‐Shuai , Zhang Lu , Zhang Xue‐Ming , Liu Ju‐Xiong , Yue Zhan‐Peng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAngiogenesis is crucial to successful implantation and decidualization, however, as an important angiogenic growth factor, the effect of Ang‐2 in the process of implantation and decidualization is still unknown. This study is to investigate the differential expression of Ang‐2 in mouse uterus during early pregnancy and its regulation by steroid hormones using in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR. There is no detectable Ang‐2 mRNA signal on days 1–5 of pregnancy by in situ hybridization. On days 6–8, Ang‐2 mRNA is mainly expressed in the primary decidua of mesometrial side, and the expression gradually increases. By RT‐PCR, a significantly higher level of Ang‐2 expression is observed on day 8 of pregnancy, although Ang‐2 expression can be found through days 1–8. Similarly, Ang‐2 is highly expressed in decidualized cells under artificial decidualization. In the ovariectomized mouse uterus, Ang‐2 expression gradually increases after estrogen injection and with peak levels at 12 hr, while progesterone injection can cause a decline in uterine Ang‐2 mRNA level, which reaches a nadir at 12 hr. These results suggest that Ang‐2 may play a key role in the process of mouse decidualization. Estrogen can induce the expression of Ang‐2 while progesterone can inhibit its expression in the ovariectomized mouse uterus. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of the Human Corpus Striatum and the Presence of nNOS and 5‐HT2A receptors
Authors: Hu Zhiying , Rudd John A. , Fang Marong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study focussed on the development of the corpus striatum in the fetus, using silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry. For the latter, we looked for nNOS positive cells and 5‐HT2A receptors positive cells in the corpus striatum during development. During the initial formation of the corpus striatum, there was migration cells of the ganglionic eminence toward the putamen by 15–17 weeks of gestation. Process formation in the neurons started by week 17 and became very complex before term (31/32 weeks of gestation). By 25–27 gestational weeks, the globus pallidus already had two parts and the corpus striatum was similar to the adult in configuration. The nNOS positive cells appeared early (21–23 weeks in gestation) while 5‐HT2A receptors positive cells were not observed until 31/32 weeks gestation. The number of positive cells in both groups was relatively small. It is anticipated that further developmental changes would occur in the postnatal/neonatal phases. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid‐Term Human Fetuses
Authors: Kiyokawa Hiromichi , Katori Yukio , Cho Kwang Ho , Murakami Gen , Kawase Tetsuaki , Cho Baik Hwan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid‐term human fetuses (12–15 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant TH‐positive neurons. In the former, TH‐positive neurons were much more numerous than nNOS‐positive neurons, whereas in the latter, nNOS immunoreactivity was extremely strong. No or a few cells in the pterygopalatine, otic, and inferior vagal ganglia expressed TH. Ciliary TH neurons appeared to compensate for classically described sympathetic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglion, whereas in the submandibular ganglion, nNOS‐positive neurons as well as TH neurons might innervate the lingual artery in addition to the salivary glands. Significant individual variations in the density of all these markers suggested differences in sensitivity to medicine affecting autonomic nerve function. Consequently, in the human cranial autonomic ganglia, it appears that there is no simple dichotomy between sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Countercurrent Chromatography, Scope and Perspectives: Application to Chirotechnology
Authors: Minguillón C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCountercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid‐liquid separation technique particularly adapted to preparative separations. In spite of the broad range of applications possible, CCC is mainly applied to the purification of natural products from complex mixtures, field in which some of the characteristics of CCC make it advantageous over other more common chromatographic modalities. Nevertheless, CCC has much to offer in biotechnological purification and enantioseparation. The general characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of CCC, together with its application in dieverse contexts, in paricular enantioseparations, are discussed.