bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correcting Current Moisture Calculations for Purchasing High Moisture Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Butts C. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The U.S. peanut industry may eliminate the 10% moisture content threshold for purchasing peanuts to facilitate implementing continuous flow drying systems and to increase the efficiency of the postharvest processing system. Equations based on the theoretical definition of wet basis moisture content were proposed to determine the weight of various components in a load of farmers stock peanuts. These equations more accurately describe and account for the distribution of moisture within a load of peanuts. Accurate descriptions of the amount of loose shelled kernels, foreign material, and in-shell peanuts would enable improved tracking of losses during storage. Compared to the current price structure, the proposed equations predict reduced payments to growers no more than $30 per 5-mt load of peanuts. The maximum reduction of $30 occurred if peanuts were delivered and marketed at 30% w.b. moisture content. A reduction of approximately $8.50 would occur for a 5-mt load delivered at 15% moisture content. The cumulative economic impact warrants adjustment of the peanut support price schedule if accurate accounting of moisture is implemented.
Yield of Peanut Genotypes Resistant to Root-Knot Nematodes1
Authors: Starr J. L. , Simpson C. E. , Lee T. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Yields of six runner-, two spanish-, and one virginia-type breeding lines of peanut with resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, were compared to yields of susceptible cultivars in nematode-infested and noninfested field plots in 1996. Pod yields of resistant runner-, virginia-, and one of the spanish-type breeding lines were 1.5 to 4 times greater (P = 0.05) than pod yields of the susceptible cultivars Florunner, NC-7, and Tamspan 90 in two nematode-infested fields. Final nematode population densities on most resistant breeding lines were lower (P = 0.05) than those on the susceptible cultivars. In the noninfested field, all but one runner- and the two spanish-type resistant breeding lines had pod yields that were not different from that of the susceptible cultivars. Yields of the resistant breeding lines ranged from 3890 to 5152 kg/ha in the noninfested field. In 1997, yields of three of the runner-type breeding lines were compared to the yields of Florunner and Tamrun 96 in three fields not infested with M. arenaria. In one field, no differences were observed in pod yield among the breeding lines and cultivars; in the second field the yield of two of the breeding lines were not different from the susceptible cultivars; and in the third field, only TP259-3-5 had pod yield equivalent to that of the susceptible cultivars. These data indicate that resistant runner-type genotypes with high yield potential have been developed, but additional breeding efforts are needed to develop nematode resistance in high yielding spanish- and virginia-type peanuts.
Application of Direct Solvent Extraction to the LC Quantification of Vitamin E in Peanuts, Peanut Butter, and Selected Nuts
Authors: Lee J. , Landen W. O. , Phillips R. D. , Eitenmiller R. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Direct solvent extraction with hexane:ethyl acetate (90:10, v/v), saponification, and Soxhlet extraction with hexane were evaluated for their usefulness as extraction methods to determine vitamin E in peanuts and peanut butters. The direct solvent extraction procedure yielded higher values for each tocopherol homolog in peanut and peanut butter compared to the other methods. Coupling of the rapid, direct solvent extraction with normal phase chromatography on Si 60 provides a highly reproducible procedure to quantitate vitamin E in peanuts and peanut products. The overall % recoveries (means ± S.D.) of this study for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were 99.9 ± 3.29, 100.4 ± 11.7, 98.9 ± 5.94, and 100.3 ± 4.87, respectively. Limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.21, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.08 ng and 0.39, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.13 ng, respectively, for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. Repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of the methods were excellent with % CVs for accuracy of 1.19 (α-T), 1.55 (γ-T), and 2.69 (δ-T). Accuracy was not acceptable for β-T due to its extremely low concentration in the peanut and because peak purity was not obtained for β-T. The method was applied to other seeds with good success. Major homologs were γ-T in peanuts, pecans, cashews, walnuts, and pistachio; α-T in almonds; and α-T3 in macadamia.
Variation in Intensity of Sweet and Bitter Sensory Attributes Across Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Genetic improvement of sweet, bitter and roasted peanut attributes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) flavor is predicated on the existence of genetic variation for the attributes. A total of 1136 SMK samples representing 122 cultivars and breeding lines and 42 year-by-location combinations from three major peanut-producing regions were roasted, ground to paste, and submitted to a trained sensory panel for evaluation of flavor attributes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance to separate genetic, environmental and GxE interaction effects following adjustment for roast color and intensity of the fruity attribute. Genotypic variation was significant for all three attributes as was location-to-location variation within year and region. Large year effects were observed for bitter and roasted peanut attributes. Estimates of broad-sense heritability (H) among inbred lines and cultivars were 0.28 for sweet, 0.06 for bitter, and 0.06 for roasted peanut attributes, indicating that selection for sweetness should result in relatively rapid genetic gain. The ranges of genotypic means were 2.33-4.12 flavor intensity units (fiu) for sweet, 2.43-4.46 fiu for bitter, and 3.75-5.22 fiu for roasted peanut. Correlations among least squares means for the three attributes were highly significant (r = −0.80 for bitter and sweet, r = 0.59 for roasted peanut and sweet, and r = −0.59 for roasted peanut and bitter), indicating that indirect selection based on the more highly heritable sweet attribute could be more effective than direct selection for increased intensity of the roasted peanut and decreased intensity of the bitter attribute. Specific genotypes with superior aspects of roasted peanut flavor were identified.
Quality and Economic Evaluation of Peanut Stored in Modular Containers1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Butts C. L. , Lamb M. C. , Cundiff J. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Handling problems at buying/drying points have significantly increased with the increased harvesting rate of the 4-, 6-, and 8-row combines. Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) can be cured and dried, stored, and moved to the shelling plant when placed in the modular container (box) at the field location. Boxes sized 1.8 m deep x 2.3 m wide x 7.3 m long will hold about 10 Mg of peanuts with two boxes making a semitrailer load. In 1995 and 1996, standard 4.3-m peanut wagons and 4.3-m boxes were used to study a) changes in peanut moisture, b) handling concerns of boxes, and c) the economic feasibility of handling peanuts in boxes. Peanut moisture content decreased from about 10.3 to 6.2% during the two storage periods of 140 and 160 d. Differences in temperature and relative humidity caused the average moisture content to decrease from 9.6 to 7.5% in 70 d during 1995 compared to a drop from 9.5 to 7.5% in 140 d during 1996. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the top 15 cm lagged behind the ambient temperature by 6.4 and 4.3 hr, respectively. Daily average temperatures and relative humidities in the paired boxes and wagons were similar. Relative humidity in the middle of the boxes and wagons did not fluctuate with ambient humidity. Transferring peanuts by an elevator failed to simulate warehouse system handling damage. The economic analysis, after adjusting for reduced shrink loss and handling loss, showed an on-farm operation cost of $19.54/yr/Mg for the box system concept compared to $19.98/yr/Mg for the current wagon-warehouse system. For a buying point operation, the cost was $9.80/yr/Mg for the box system concept compared to $9.93/yr/Mg for the wagon-warehouse system. The two systems are approximately equal in total cost.
Determination of Peanut Maturity Using a Hunter Colorimeter
Authors: Grimm C. C. , Champagne E. T. , Sanders T. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut maturity has previously been correlated with the color of the mesocarp of the peanut hull going from light to dark as the peanut matures. In this study, peanuts were sorted into maturity classes of yellow, orange A, orange B, brown and black based on the hull scrape method of Williams and Drexler. The Hunter L*, a*, and b* values were also measured on the dry pods for each class. The color of the mesocarp of freshly harvested peanuts was determined using a Hunter colorimeter. Hunter L*, a*, and b* values on individual peanuts, representative of each class using wet and dry hulls, were reproducibly determined with standard deviations of less than 0.8%. Yellow peanut pods had a median L* value of 70.0, while mature black peanut pods had a median L* value of 51.7 and median values for orange A, orange B and brown pods were, 68.0, 63.7, 57.0, respectively. A similar inverse relationship was observed for the b* value and maturity, while the a* value reached a maximum at orange A. No correlation was observed between the peanut maturity and L*, a*, and b* values acquired with the exocarp intact. Hunter L* and b* values of mesocarps show potential for determining physiological maturity of peanuts.
Peanut Irrigation Management Using EXNUT and MOISNUT Computer Programs1
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Bennett C. T. , Tyson T. W. , Baldwin J. A. , Beasley J. P. , Bader M. J. , Tyson A. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Economic benefits from irrigating peanuts in the humid Southeast are often marginal or negative because proper consideration must be given to the complex relationships of plant, soil, pest and weather. Computer programs EXNUT and MOISNUT were developed to consider these complex relationships and to recommend timely irrigation of peanuts. A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using these computer programs for scheduling peanut irrigation on sandy and medium textured soils in Georgia. During 1994-1996, irrigation was applied two to nine times as recommended by these two computer programs. Net returns to irrigation were $490/ha higher for irrigated plots with these two programs than for nonirrigated plots. Serious compaction problems negated irrigation benefits in 1994 on the medium textured soil, and poor fertility and high disease pressure on the sandy soil negated irrigation benefits in 1995. Without these problems, the average benefit was $920/ha. During 1996, the irrigation benefits from using EXNUT and MOISNUT programs and the fungicide Folicur averaged $1098/ha and $1011/ha for sandy and medium textured soils, respectively. On the average, market grade of the irrigated peanuts were higher than for the nonirrigated peanuts. No aflatoxin (&lt; 1 ppb) was found in edible grade peanuts where these computer programs were used to manage irrigation. Based upon this study and previous research, the EXNUT and MOISNUT computer programs are very useful for scheduling irrigation on peanuts. Proper use of these computer programs should minimize the negative aspects of irrigation for fields with high disease pressure and fields that produce plants with shallow root systems.
Influence of Adjuvants on Efficacy of Imazapic and 2,4-DB
Authors: Jordan D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Adjuvants can have a major influence on efficacy of postemergence herbicides. Imazapic and 2,4-DB are applied postemergence in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to control a variety of weeds. Determining how adjuvants influence efficacy of these herbicides could lead to more efficient weed management. Field experiments were conducted during 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of nonionic surfactant, crop oil concentrate, organosilicone surfactant, and a blend of organosilicone surfactant and methylated seed oil on efficacy of imazapic and 2,4-DB. No-adjuvant and nontreated controls were also included. Adjuvants did not increase redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) or common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) control by imazapic. Only minor differences in control of eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.), entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) by imazapic were noted among adjuvants. Sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Erwin and Barneby] and pitted morningglory control increased when 2,4-DB was applied with adjuvants. Common cocklebur control was improved in one of three experiments when adjuvants were applied with 2,4-DB. Redroot pigweed and entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB was not affected by adjuvants.
Physico-Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Defatted Roasted Peanuts During Storage1
Authors: Brannan G. L. , Koehler P. E. , Ware G. O. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Full-fat (53% oil) and defatted (22% oil) blanched, whole, roasted peanuts were stored at 4,25, and 63 C for 12 wk. Defatted peanuts were lighter in color as indicated by a higher Hunter L and b values and a lower a value. The a value which indicated redness also decreased during storage until week 9. Defatting also resulted in roasted peanutty scores that were lower and decreased during storage and decreased pyrazine peak areas (Peaks 24 and 25). Rancidity-related attributes were generally more intense in defatted samples and increased during storage. PV and TBA values were higher in defatted peanuts and increased during storage. A higher moisture content in defatted peanuts may have contributed to its lower storage stability. TBA correlation with rancidity-related attributes indicated secondary oxidation in the samples during storage. The compounds 1-methylpyrrole, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5 dimethylpyrazine, ethanol, hexanal, and pyridine were tentatively identified by gas chromatography.
Economic Feasibility of Screening Farmer Stock Peanuts Prior to Marketing
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Blankenship P. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Screening farmer stock peanuts prior to marketing provides a method to increase the per-ton value of peanuts. The mechanical separation of larger, higher value pods (overs) from smaller, lower value pods—which includes foreign material (FM) and loose shelled kernels (LSK) (thrus)—results in significant changes in farmer stock grade. Based on data from 394 runner lots in the Southeast, the percentage of sound mature kernels and sound splits (SMKSS), LSK, FM, and other kernels (OK) was changed by +0.61, −4.31, −2.32, and −0.3 between overs and unscreened lots, respectively. The average value of farmer stock peanuts was $29.15/ Mg higher in the screened lots (overs) compared to the unscreened lots. Although the average per-ton value of screened peanuts is increased, economic feasibility of screening is dependent upon several factors. Two specific marketing scenarios for farmers are analyzed including production of quota poundage only and production in excess of quota poundage where additional peanuts are used to replace peanuts removed during the screening process. Thus, opportunity cost must be included. Typical investment in high capacity (minimum 18 Mg/hr) screening equipment is approximately $150,000. Amortized at 10% rate of interest over a 6-yr period with depreciation allowances and labor and energy cost included, a minimum of 4536 Mg/yr must be screened to effectively ldquo;spread” fixed cost, thus indicating that only exceptionally large farmers, groups of farmers, or buying points have sufficient volume for screening. Further, the quality of peanuts prior to screening also impacts economic feasibility. These factors will be incorporated to estimate probability decision thresholds to determine if individual lots can be profitably screened prior to marketing.
Cold Storage and Tempering of Shelled Peanut1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Butts C. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The fiberboard box (121×102×124 cm) used to transport and store shelled stock peanuts was compared with an unvented and vented plastic box (121×121×124 cm) for potential condensation during cooling in cold storage (2.5 C and 72% RH) and tempering (20 ± 5 C and 72 ± 20% RH) after removal from cold storage. The boxes held 1000 kg of shelled runner peanuts at about 6.3% w.b. moisture content. In cold storage, the time required for the temperature to change 50% (t50) was 87 and 63% for unvented and vented plastic boxes of the t50 of the fiberboard box, respectively. In the tempering phase, the center peanut temperature began to change after 50 hr in the fiberboard box compared to 19 hr in the vented plastic box. During tempering, the t50 for the unvented and vented plastic boxes were 63 and 36% compared to the fiberboard box. The temperatures in the vented plastic box responded faster to the surrounding conditions and the time for potential condensation to occur in the peanuts was less. These results suggest that a temperature-controlled area for tempering may be needed if the difference between the cold storage and tempering area temperatures is greater than 15 C.
Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Early Leaf Spot of Peanut1
Authors: Baysinger J. A. , Melouk H. A. , Murray D. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Early leaf spot is a common disease of peanut caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola Hori. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicides on the conidial germination of C. arachidicola and on the incidence of early leaf spot disease in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a greenhouse. Conidial germination was enhanced (≥ 100%) at concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 mg/L of 2,4-DB compared with the untreated control. Lactofen reduced conidial germination by 42% compared with the control at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L and completely inhibited germination at concentrations ≥ 5000 mg/L. A concentration of 10,000 mg/L acifluorfen and 2,4-DB completely inhibited conidial germination. Acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB, and lactofen decreased the sporulation of early leaf spot lesions. Lactofen reduced leaf spot incidence 12% and decreased sporulation of lesions 22% compared with the control. None of the herbicides increased the incidence of early leaf spot on peanut plants or the number of early leaf spot lesions per leaflet when compared with plants that received no herbicide.
Effect of Blanching on Peanut Shelf-Life1
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Adelsberg G. D. , Hendrix K. W. , McMichael R. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Blanching, seed coat removal, is often a processing step in peanut manufacturing but the general peanut industry consensus is that shelf-life reduction occurs as a result of the process. In order to examine the effects of blanching on shelf-life, runner-type peanuts were blanched using total heating time and final temperature in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. In each of nine treatments, heating began at 32 C and increased incrementally through six heating zones over a total time of 30,45, or 60 min to a final temperature of either 76.7, 87.8, or 98.9 C. Blanched peanuts from each treatment and nonblanched control samples were stored at 26 ± 1C and ambient RH and were sampled over a 28-wk period. Peroxide value (PV) and oxidative stability index (OSI) of blanched and nonblanched peanuts were similar indicating no meaningful shelf-life differences. Descriptive sensory analysis of peanuts roasted when taken from storage indicated no significant differences in intensity of painty and cardboardy descriptors between blanched and nonblanched peanuts. Mean separations of attributes, including roast peanutty, for which significant differences were noted revealed only a weak, inconsistent relationship between descriptor intensities and final blanching temperature.
Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) Control in Peanut Using Herbicides Applied Through a Wick-Bar1
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Colvin D. L. , Littlefield T. A. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Tall weeds in peanut fields cause losses other that yield reduction from competition by intercepting fungicides and insecticides, and interfering with harvest efficiency. Studies were conducted at Archer, FL and Tifton, GA in 1994 and 1995 to determine an effective means to selectively control tall Florida beggarweed and sicklepod late season in peanut using herbicides applied with a wickbar. Herbicides evaluated were glyphosate, paraquat, and dimethylalkylamine salt of endothall (DMAA endothall); each applied at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by volume. Treatments were applied in two passes at opposite directions midseason at both locations. Glyphosate and paraquat, at concentrations as low as 25% by volume, effectively controlled Florida beggarweed and sicklepod at both locations. DMAA endothall did not adequately control Florida beggarweed or sicklepod at either location, regardless of rate. Peanut yields were not increased by weed control from any herbicide applied with a wick-bar. The only benefits from late-season Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control with a wick-bar appear to be improved fungicide deposition and more efficient mechanical harvest.
Use of Loose Shelled Kernels to Estimate Aflatoxin in Farmers Stock Peanut Lots1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Giesbrecht F. G. , Hagler W. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Loose shelled kernels (LSK) are a defined grade component of farmers stock peanuts and represented, on the average, 33.3% of the total aflatoxin mass and 7.7% of the kernel mass among the 120 farmers stock peanut lots studied. The functional relationship between aflatoxin in LSK taken from 2-kg test samples and the aflatoxin in farmers stock peanut lots was determined to be linear with zero intercept and a slope of 0.297. The correlation between aflatoxin in LSK and aflatoxin in the lot was 0.844 which suggests that LSK taken from large test samples can be used to estimate the aflatoxin concentration in a farmer's lot. Using only LSK allows large test samples to be used to estimate the lot concentration since LSK can be easily screened from a large test sample. If LSK accounts for 7.7% of the lot kernel mass, a 50-kg sample will yield about 3.9 kg of LSK which can be easily prepared for aflatoxin analysis. Increasing the test sample size from 2 to 50 kg reduced the coefficient of variation associated with estimating a lot with 100 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin from 114 to 23%, respectively. As an example, a farmers stock aflatoxin sampling plan with dual tolerances (10 and 100 ppb) that classified lots into three categories was evaluated for two test sample sizes (2 and 50 kg). The effect of increasing test sample size from 2 to 50 kg on the number of lots classified into each of the three categories was demonstrated when measuring aflatoxin only in LSK.