bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DSA‐Mesh: a distributed security architecture for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Martignon Fabio , Paris Stefano , Capone Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged recently as a technology for next‐generation wireless networking. They consist of mesh routers and clients, where mesh routers are almost static and form the backbone of WMNs. WMNs provide network access for both mesh and conventional clients.In this paper, we propose DSA‐Mesh, a fully distributed security architecture that provides access control for mesh routers as well as a key distribution scheme that supports layer‐2 encryption to ensure security and data confidentiality of all communications that occur in the backbone of the WMN.DSA‐Mesh exploits the routing capabilities of mesh routers: after connecting to the access network as generic wireless clients, new mesh routers authenticate to a key management service (consisting of several servers) implemented using threshold cryptography, and obtain a temporary key that is used both to prove their credentials to neighbor nodes and to encrypt all the traffic transmitted on wireless backbone links.A key feature in the design of DSA‐Mesh is its independence from the underlying wireless technology used by network nodes to form the backbone. Furthermore, DSA‐Mesh enables seamless mobility of mesh routers. Since it is completely distributed, DSA‐Mesh permits to deploy automatically and incrementally large WMNs, while increasing, at the same time, the robustness of the system by eliminating the single point of failure typical of centralized architectures.DSA‐Mesh has been implemented in Network Simulator, and extensive simulations have been performed in large‐scale network scenarios, comparing it to a static key approach and to a centralized architecture where a single key server is deployed. Numerical results show that our proposed architecture considerably increases the WMN security and reliability, with a negligible impact on the network performance, thus representing an effective solution for wireless mesh networking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonstationarity
Authors: Yang Wei , Zurbenko Igor 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe definition of stationary time series was first provided followed by a few examples of nonstationary time series. Statistical methods to analyze nonstationary time series was then reviewed in two categories: parametric methods and nonparametric methods. Focus was given to nonparametric methods. Spectral analysis of time series with seasonal components was discussed as a special case. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Nanoelectrodes for biological measurements
Authors: Yeh Joanne I. , Shi Haibin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNanoelectrodes are electrodes with a critical dimension in the range of one to hundreds of nanometers and include individual electrodes, nanoelectrode ensembles, and arrays. Metallic nanowires, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanowires have been employed to fabricate nanoelectrodes and platforms. In this review, applications of single electrodes, nanoelectrode arrays, and ensembles are briefly evaluated, with emphasis on biological analysis. Nanoelectrodes offer great advantages in numerous areas of biological investigations, particularly in single cells studies, fabrication of microchips, design of coordinated biosensors, and in addressable patterned electrodes. Consequently, nanoelectrodes have immense potential in the development of efficient, specific, sensitive, and intelligent sensors. In conjunction with the rapidly evolving, cost‐effective fabrication and materials development approaches, these sensors can be used as direct, point‐of‐care clinical devices, enabling more personalized medical care. The development and application of nanodevices in biology and medicine will have enormous implications for society and human health. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 176–188This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Carnivorous mammals: nutrient digestibility and energy evaluation
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Kleffner Helen , Kienzle Ellen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEstimating the energy content is the first step in diet formulation, as it determines the amount of food eaten and hence the concentration of nutrients required to meet the animal's requirements. Additionally, being able to estimate the energy content of a diet empirically known to maintain body condition in an animal will facilitate an estimation of maintenance energy requirements. We collated data on nutrient composition of diets fed to captive wild canids, felids, hyenids, mustelids, pinnipeds, and ursids and the digestibility coefficients from the literature (45 species, 74 publications) to test whether differences in protein and fat digestibility could be detected between species groups, and whether approaches suggested for the estimation of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content in domestic carnivores (NRC [2006] Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.) can be applied to wild carnivores as well. Regressions of digestible protein or fat content vs. the crude protein (CP) or fat content indicated no relevant differences in the digestive physiology between the carnivore groups. For diets based on raw meat, fish, or whole prey, applying the calculation of ME using “Atwater factors” (16.7 kJ/g CP; 16.7 kJ/g nitrogen‐free extracts; 37.7 kJ/g crude fat) provided estimates that compared well to experimental results. This study suggests that ME estimation in such diets is feasible without additional digestion trials. For comparative nutrition research, the study implicates that highly digestible diets typically fed in zoos offer little potential to elucidate differences between species or carnivore groups, but research on diets with higher proportions of difficult‐to‐digest components (fiber, connective tissues) is lacking. Zoo Biol 29:687–704, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based Guidelines for Perioperative Management of Diabetes in Cardiac and Vascular Surgery
Authors: Wong Jennifer , Zoungas Sophia , Wright Chris , Teede Helena 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundManagement of patients with hyperglycaemia undergoing vascular and cardiac surgery is important, with mounting evidence that hyperglycaemia in this setting is associated with worse outcomes. Evidence‐based guidelines for the management of these patients have been limited.Methods/ResultsOur institution was aware of the lack of standardization of care in this growing population group and formed a multidisciplinary guideline development group to develop evidence‐based guidelines to standardize the perioperative management of hyperglycaemia.ConclusionThis series of articles outlines the process of developing evidence‐based guidelines and the recommendations for perioperative management of patients with hyperglycaemia and diabetes undergoing cardiac and vascular surgery at our institution.
Xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency with novel sequence variations presenting as rheumatoid arthritis in a 78‐year‐old patient
Authors: Jurecka Agnieszka , Stiburkova Blanka , Krijt Jakub , Gradowska Wanda , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSummaryThis report describes the clinical, biochemical and molecular data of a 78‐year‐old patient with xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as rheumatoid arthritis.BackgroundXanthinuria type I is a rare disorder of purine metabolism caused by xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) deficiency; fewer than 150 cases have been described in the literature so far.MethodsWe describe the clinical history and urine and serum findings of a 78‐year‐old patient with isolated XDH deficiency presenting as rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis.ResultsThe patient suffered from arthral symptoms and nephrocalcinosis. Very low concentrations of uric acid were observed in her serum and urine. The allopurinol loading test indicated her xanthinuria to be type I. Analysis of genomic DNA revealed novel heterozygous deletion in exon 8 (g.27073delC, p.214QfsX4) and previously published heterozygous nucleotide missense transition in exon 25 (g.64772‐C>T, p.T910M).ConclusionHereditary xanthinuria is a rare disorder, but it also needs to be considered in patients not originating from Mediterranean countries or the Near or Middle East. Urate concentration in serum and urine may provide an initial indication of XDH deficiency before high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is performed. The key to identifying the disorder is a greater awareness of XDH deficiency amongst primary care physicians, nephrologists, and urologists, but also rheumatologists. The diagnosis and therapeutic management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Immigrants’ responsiveness to labor market conditions and their impact on regional employment disparities: evidence from Spain
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , De la Rica Sara 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUsing data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa) from 1999 through 2007, we explore the role of employment opportunities in explaining the growing immigrant flows of recent years. Subsequently, we investigate whether immigrant inflows have helped reduce regional employment disparities. Our results indicate that immigrants choose to reside in regions with higher employment rates for their particular skills. However, perhaps owing to its recent nature or the ability of the production infrastructure to absorb the increase in immigrant labor, the immigration shock seems to have lowered regional employment rate disparities only temporarily.
Postponing the legal retirement age
Authors: Lacomba Juan A. , Lagos Francisco 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper analyzes the reform of the pensionable age as an answer to the future financing problems of public pension systems. We use a two-staged model where, first, the government decides the redistribution level of the pension system and, secondly, individuals face a voting process on the legal retirement age. The results suggest that governments attempting to postpone the legal retirement age should increase the degree of intra-generational redistribution of the pension system in order to make the reform aimed at more easily achievable. More importantly, the most productive individuals could support some degree of redistribution to that aim.
Informal care and labour force participation among middle-aged women in Spain
Authors: Casado-Marín David , García-Gómez Pilar , López-Nicolás Ángel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInformal care is today the form of support most commonly used in Spain by those who need help in order to carry out basic daily activities. The potential labour opportunity costs incurred by Spanish informal carers have not as yet been quantified. In this paper we use the Spanish subsample of the European Community Household Panel (1994–2001) to estimate an econometric model which we exploit to examine the effects of various types of informal care on labour market outcomes. Our results reveal the existence of non-negligible costs in terms of foregone employment for carers who live with the dependent person and/or provide more than 28 h of care/week. We also find that providing care for more than a year has negative effects on employment. Nonetheless, there seems to be no contemporaneous employment effects associated to either starting or ending an episode of care.
Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen und der Einfluss der Familie
Authors: Peter Claudia 
Published: January 2010

Einleitung
Die Adipositasforschung ist mittlerweile ca. 150 Jahre alt und bisher leider nicht sehr erfolgreich gewesen. Die impliziten Normierungen in den naturwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Deutungen haben dabei auch oft den Blick auf bestimmte Aspekte verstellt bzw. den Bereich der sozialen Einflüsse unterbelichtet gelassen. Ein Aspekt, der bisher wenig thematisiert wurde, ist der des Zusammenhangs von (intakten) Familienstrukturen, familiärer Essensorganisation und dem körperlichen Gesundheitszustand der Kinder, wozu auch die Gewichtsentwicklung gehört. Erst wenn man erkennt, dass das (kindliche) Essverhalten im Wesentlichen Produkt der familiären Sozialisation ist und die Erziehung sich gerade oft bei Tisch vollzieht und deren anomische Variante oft keinen Ort und keine Zeit mehr „bei Tisch“ kennt, dann ist man der Vervollständigung des Puzzles – nämlich der interdisziplinären Erforschung des für die moderne Überflussgesellschaft typischen wie rätselhaften Phänomens Adipositas – einen Schritt näher gekommen.
EHRLICH’S THEOREM FOR GROUPS
Authors: LI YUANLIN , NICHOLSON W. K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA group G is called morphic if every endomorphism α:G→G for which Gα◃G satisfies G/Gα≅ker (α). Call an endomorphism α∈end(G) regular if αβα=α for some β∈end(G), and call α unit regular if β can be chosen to be an automorphism of G. The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following group-theoretic analogue of a theorem of Ehrlich: if G is a morphic group, an endomorphism α:G→G for which Gα◃G is unit regular if and only if it is regular. As an application, a cancellation theorem is proved that characterizes the morphic groups among those with regular endomorphism monoids.
ON THE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS OF THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONaxm−byn=c
Authors: HE BO , TOGBÉ ALAIN 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLeta,b,c,xandybe positive integers. In this paper we sharpen a result of Le by showing that the Diophantine equationhas at most two positive integer solutions (m,n) satisfying min (m,n)>1.
From Lint to the Inspection of Vessels : The Amazing Development of Red Cross Tasks
Authors: Gabru Senedu 
Published: January 2010

Just as the tree obtains nourishment at its roots, so we come to draw strength and inspiration at the very source of a noble idea, where the Red Cross was born and where it has grown.Delegates of 90 Societies, representing 157 million members, have flocked here from all parts of the world to celebrate and pay tribute to one hundred years of service and unlimited devotion to the welfare of mankind.This commemoration is a suitable vantage-point from which to review the road which has been travelled in the course of a century by a great movement and also to look ahead in order to study the future, its prospects and its limitations.
The Interaction of Christianity and Chivalry in the historical development of the Law of War
Authors: Draper G. I. A. D. 
Published: January 2010

The ensuing article is based upon a lecture, the last of a series of three, delivered at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, in Geneva, in October and November of 1963. The author would like to take this opportunity to express his grateful thanks to Mr. Jacques Freymond the Director of the Institute, at whose invitation the lectures were delivered, and by whose kind permission the following article is published in this Review.The three lectures were devoted to the general theme of Christianity and war. More specifically, they endeavoured to deal with the contribution rendered by Christian ideals and thinking to the rudimentary development of the Law of War at a time when theology, morals, and law were not severable. It is from this rich amalgam that Public International Law in general, and the Law of War in particular, emerged as an integral part of the Christian civilization of Western Europe. The subsequent movement whereby International Law reached out from Europe to become more truly universal is still in progress today.
Doctors in the service of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

From the very beginning, the Red Cross has been closely linked, with doctors and with all whose task it is to heal, the finest of vocations.The Red Cross was in fact created a hundred years ago to provide against deficiencies in the Army Medical Services. This was an essentially medical factor which has continued to exist in every facet of Red Cross work, even when this work has exceeded its bounds and extended not only to the various victims of conflicts, but also in time of peace to life's victims—the sick.Both the Red Cross and doctors have the same aim: to struggle against suffering and death. There can therefore never be too close co-operation between them. Without doctors the Red Cross would be nothing. The Red Cross, for its part, has obtained bases for doctors rendering their action possible in time of war and which are precisely contained in the Geneva Conventions.
Repatriation and Accommodation in Neutral Countries of Wounded and Sick Prisoners of War
Authors: Rubli Jean-Maurice 
Published: January 2010

The termination of captivity for reasons of health is one of the rights of prisoners of war stipulated by the Geneva Conventions.Article 109 of the Third Convention lays down that Parties to the conflict are bound to send back to their own country, regardless of number or rank, seriously wounded and seriously sick prisoners of war.The same article stipulates that the belligerent Parties shall endeavour to make arrangements for the “accommodation in neutral countries”, as a subsidiary solution, of all cases where captivity should be terminated for humanitarian reasons, but where, for military motives, the States concerned are unable to agree to repatriation. We are here above all thinking of aged prisoners, of those who have undergone a long period of captivity or of those whose mental health has deteriorated.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of the Federation of Malaya
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of the Federation of Malaya by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition by letter dated June 6,1962. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on April 16,1962, by the Government of the Federation of Malaya which accorded the Society recognition, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Algerian Red Crescent Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Algerian Red Crescent Society.This Society applied for recognition by letter dated June 24, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on September 6, 1962, by the Algerian provisional Executive which accorded it recognition, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Ivory Coast Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on August 8, 1963, of the Ivory Coast Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated April 18, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of the Republic of the Ivory Coast of April 18, 1963, recognizing the Society, the Decree having been commented upon and defined in a letter from the Minister of the Interior on July 16, 1963, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Tanganyika
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 8, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of Tanganyika by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated July 9, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Government of Tanganyika's Decree of December 7, 1962, recognizing the Society, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Red Crescent Society of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 8, 1963, of the Red Crescent Society of Saudi Arabia by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated August 1, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of June 8, 1963, of the Government of Saudi Arabia, recognizing the Society as an auxiliary to the army medical services, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report on its activities.
Centenary of the International Committee of the Red Cross (440th Circular)
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

On February 17, 1963, the International Committee of the Red Cross will have had a hundred years of existence.On February 9, 1863, the Public Welfare Society of Geneva met at the instigation of its President, Gustave Moynier, to study the proposals which Henry Dunant had formulated at the end of his book “A Memory of Solferino” : first of all to create already in peace-time aid societies which in time of war would assist the army medical service ; then to conclude an international Convention which would serve as a basis for their action. The Public Welfare Society then appointed from amongst its members a Committee of five, in order to prepare a memorandum on the subject which would be presented to a forthcoming relief congress.
Centenary Celebration of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

The International Committee of the Red Cross wishes to thank the large number of persons who have responded to its appeal and have come here to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of its foundation.Mr. Pierre Boissier will shortly be describing to you how this work began, reminding you how much the whole world owes to the five men of Geneva who created the Red Cross. Did they not accomplish, with astonishing courage and tenacity, the two great ideas of their colleague Henry Dunant: the declaration of legal principles leading, on the one hand, to the protection of the victims of war and, on the other hand, to the forming of National Societies whose task it was to assist the Army Medical Services in the theatre of hostilities ? Furthermore, by constituting themselves as an International Committee, they foresaw that it could carry out the dual role of a neutral and impartial body which would propagate and develop humanitarian law and also send delegates to places in which fighting was taking place who would see to the application of this law. The principles and the action would thus be complementary.
The Red Cross and new developments in blood transfusion
Authors: Hantchef Z. S. 
Published: January 2010

Although mention of blood transfusion dates back to the origin of medicine, it may be said that the genuine history of transfusion starts at the beginning of our century.Since then transfusion has passed through several decisive phases, but it is only in the past twenty years that it has made spectacular progress and has become one of the essential components of modern medicine.