bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ischaemic pre‐conditioning means an increased adenosine metabolism with decreased glycolytic flow in ischaemic pig myocardium
Authors: ÅBERG A. M. , AHLSTRÖM K. , ABRAHAMSSON P. , WALDENSTRÖM A. , RONQUIST G. , HAUCK P. , JOHANSSON G. , BIBER B. , HANEY M. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Ischaemic pre‐conditioning (IP) is a potent protective mechanism for limiting the myocardial damage due to ischaemia. It is not fully known as to how IP protects. The metabolism of adenosine may be an important mechanistic component. We study the role of adenosine turnover together with glycolytic flow in ischaemic myocardium subjected to IP.Methods: An acute myocardial ischaemia pig model was used, with microdialysis sampling of some metabolites (lactate, adenosine, glucose, glycerol, taurine) of ischaemic myocardium. An IP group was compared with a control group before and during a prolonged ischaemia. 14C‐labelled adenosine and glucose were infused through microdialysis probes, and lactate, 14C‐labelled lactate, glucose, taurine and glycerol were analysed in the effluent. The glycogen content in myocardial biopsies was determined.Results: The 14C‐adenosine metabolism was higher as there was a higher production of 14C‐lactate in IP animals compared with the controls. The glycolytic flow, measured as myocardial lactate formation, was retarded during prolonged ischaemia in IP animals. Myocardial free glucose and glycogen content decreased during the prolonged ischaemia in both groups, with higher free glucose in the IP group. We confirmed the protective effects of IP with lower myocardial concentrations of markers for cellular damage (glycerol).Conclusions: This association between increased adenosine turnover and decreased glycolytic flow during prolonged ischaemia in response to IP can possibly be explained by the competitive effect for the metabolites from both glucose and adenosine metabolism for entering glycolysis. We conclude that this study provides support for an energy‐metabolic explanation for the protective mechanisms of IP.
Perisciatic infusion of ropivacaine and analgesia after hallux valgus repair
Authors: ZARIC D. , JØRGENSEN B. G. , LAIGAARD F. , CHRISTIANSEN J. , BURCHARD E. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Moderate to severe pain after hallux valgus repair can be successfully treated with a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block in ambulatory patients. Different anesthesiologists use various infusion rates for this purpose. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of two infusion rates of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml: 5 and 8 ml/h.Methods: Forty ambulatory patients who underwent chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus were randomized to receive perisciatic infusion of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml at a rate of either 5 ml/h (5 ml group) or 8 ml/h (8 ml group). All patients received standard general anesthesia for surgery after the sciatic popliteal and the single‐shot saphenus nerve blocks were performed. Verbal rating scale (VRS) scores for pain, sleep disturbances, opioid consumption and side effects were monitored for 3 post‐operative days.Results: No significant difference was found in the primary end point worst pain on the first post‐operative day with VRS scores of 2.5 (0–8) vs. 5.5 (0–10) for the 5 and 8 ml/h groups, respectively (P=0.53). Post‐operative pain was satisfactory in both groups, with an average VRS score ≤4 for 60–62 h.Conclusion: We found no significant difference in the analgesic effect between two perisciatic infusion rates of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml (5 vs. 8 ml/h) in ambulatory patients who underwent chevron osteotomy.
Cytoplasmic feminizing elements in a two‐population model: infection dynamics, gene flow modification, and the spread of autosomal suppressors
Authors: KOBAYASHI Y. , TELSCHOW A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe investigate the dynamics of a cytoplasmic parasitic element with feminizing effect in a two‐population model. We assume that the host species has a ZZ/ZW sex determination system. Our analysis reveals that the feminizer and the W chromosome can stably coexist by dominating different populations if the transmission rate differs significantly between the populations and migration is sufficiently weak. In the equilibrium of coexistence, genetic influx at any host autosomal locus is strongly enhanced in the population where infection is prevalent but not modified in the other population. We further explore conditions for the spread of autosomal suppressor genes that reduce transmission of feminizing elements to the cost of host viability, and compute their equilibrium frequencies. Our results confirm the hypothesis that selfish genetic elements convert infected host populations into genetic sinks, thereby restricting the spread of transmission suppressors.
Phenotypic plasticity in sexual communication signal of a noctuid moth
Authors: GROOT A. T. , CLAβEN A. , STAUDACHER H. , SCHAL C. , HECKEL D. G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractVariability within sex pheromone signalling systems is generally believed to be low because of strong stabilizing selection; yet the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa (Hs) shows significant intraspecific variation. One possible explanation is that females may alter their sex pheromone blend depending on prevailing olfactory cues in the habitat, which we termed the ‘experience hypothesis’. This could be adaptive if Hs females experiencing the pheromone of another species, Heliothis virescens (Hv), responded to reduce the frequency of heterospecific matings. We exposed Hs females to no pheromone, Hs pheromone or Hv pheromone in the first 3 days of their adult lives. Hs females in the latter treatment produced significantly more of the acetate Z11‐16:OAc, which inhibits the attraction of Hv males. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing adaptive phenotypic plasticity in a moth sex pheromone and suggests that behavioural differentiation may precede genetic divergence in the sexual signals of moths.
Developmental outcomes following major surgery: What does the literature say?
Authors: Walker Karen , Badawi Nadia , Holland Andrew JA , Halliday Robert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRelative to the wealth of information in the medical literature regarding developmental outcome for infants who have had cardiac surgery available, few studies specifically detail how those who have undergone major surgery grow and develop. The few published studies tend to be disease specific, making their results difficult to translate to a more general setting. As mortality for most infants who require surgery in infancy continues to decrease, the focus for researchers and clinicians should be on how these children will grow and develop. As parents realise that their infant will survive, this becomes their next major concern. The most common conditions requiring early major surgery have been reviewed in relation to data on infant developmental outcomes.
Universal post‐arrival screening for child refugees in Australia: Isn't it time?
Authors: Patradoon‐Ho Patrick S , Ambler Rosemary W 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt is known that the refugee population in Australia is at risk of tuberculosis (TB) and children with TB infection can develop active disease with devastating consequence. Currently, in New South Wales (NSW) and possibly other Australian States and Territories, there are different and complex health‐screening pathways for newly arrived refugees. This is compounded by various factors, such as social and language difficulties for refugees to access healthcare and limited pre‐embarkation screening. In this Viewpoint article, we present a child refugee in Australia with TB and use this case to reason why a universal post‐arrival health screening programme should be established.
Feedback modulation of transduction by calcium in a spider mechanoreceptor
Authors: Höger Ulli , Torkkeli Päivi H. , French Andrew S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCalcium ions play important roles in the adaptation of auditory hair cells, and there is evidence that they are involved in modifying the sensitivity and adaptation of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate mechanoreceptors. However, there is little direct evidence concerning the concentration changes, signaling pathways or ultimate effects of these proposed modulatory mechanisms. We measured receptor potential, receptor current and action potentials intracellularly during mechanotransduction in a group of sensory neurons of the spider Cupiennius salei, which possesses low‐voltage‐activated calcium channels. Simultaneously, we elevated intracellular [Ca2+] by UV light release from cage molecules, and observed increases in [Ca2+] as changes in calcium‐sensitive dye fluorescence. Increases of 10–15% in [Ca2+] caused reductions of approximately 40% in receptor potential and approximately 20% in receptor current. Mechanically evoked action potential firing caused much larger increases in [Ca2+], and the firing rate fell as [Ca2+] rose during mechanical stimulation. Release of caged calcium just before mechanical stimulation significantly reduced peak firing. Dose–response measurements suggested that the binding of one or two intracellular calcium ions per channel reduces the probability of the mechanotransduction channel being open. Our data indicate that calcium regulates sensitivity in these mechanoreceptor neurons by negative feedback from action potentials onto transduction channels.
Sight and sound of actions share a common neural network
Authors: Giusti M. A. , Bozzacchi C. , Pizzamiglio L. , Di Russo F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe mirror‐neuron system (MNS) connects sensory information that describes an action with a motor plan for performing that action. Recently, studies using the repetition‐suppression paradigm have shown that strong activation occurs in the left premotor and superior temporal areas in response to action‐related, but not non‐action‐related, stimuli. However, few studies have investigated the mirror system by using event‐related potentials (ERPs) and employing more than one sensory modality in the same sample. In the present study, we compared ERPs that occurred in response to visual and auditory action/non‐action‐related stimuli to search for evidence of overlapping activations for the two modalities. The results confirmed previous studies that investigated auditory MNS and extended these studies by showing that similar activity existed for the visual modality. Furthermore, we confirmed that the responses to action‐ and non‐action‐related stimuli were distinct by demonstrating that, in the case of action‐related stimuli, activity was restricted mainly to the left hemisphere, whereas for non‐action‐related stimuli, activity tended to be more bilateral. The time course of ERP brain sources showed a clear sequence of events that subtended the processing of action‐related stimuli. This activity seemed to occur in the left temporal lobe and, in agreement with findings from previous studies of the mirror‐neuron network, the information involved appeared to be conveyed subsequently to the premotor area. The left temporo‐parietal activity observed following a delay might reflect processing associated with stimulus‐related motor preparation.
At the limbic–motor interface: disconnection of basolateral amygdala from nucleus accumbens core and shell reveals dissociable components of incentive motivation
Authors: Shiflett Michael W. , Balleine Bernard W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough it has long been hypothesized that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) acts as an interface between limbic and motor regions, direct evidence for this modulatory role on behavior is lacking. Using a disconnection procedure in rats, we found that basolateral amygdala (BLA) input to the core and medial shell of the NAc separately mediate two distinct incentive processes controlling the performance of goal‐directed instrumental actions, respectively: (i) the sensitivity of instrumental responding to changes in the experienced value of the goal or outcome, produced by specific satiety‐induced outcome devaluation; and (ii) the effect of reward‐related cues on action selection, observed in outcome‐specific Pavlovian–instrumental transfer. These results reveal, therefore, that dissociable neural circuits involving BLA inputs to the NAc core and medial shell mediate distinct components of the incentive motivational processes controlling choice and decision‐making in instrumental conditioning.
Evidence for trans‐generational medication in nature
Authors: Lefèvre Thierry , Oliver Lindsay , Hunter Mark D. , De Roode Jacobus C. 
Published: October 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 1485–1493AbstractParasites pose a serious threat to host fitness, and natural selection should favour host traits that reduce infection or disease symptoms. Here, we provide the first evidence of trans‐generational medication, in which animals actively use medicine to mitigate disease in their offspring. We studied monarch butterflies and their virulent protozoan parasites, and found that neither caterpillars nor adult butterflies could cure themselves of disease. Instead, adult butterflies preferentially laid their eggs on toxic plants that reduced parasite growth and disease in their offspring caterpillars. It has often been suggested that sick animals may use medication to cure themselves of disease, but evidence for the use of medication in nature has so far been scarce. Our results provide evidence that infected animals may indeed use medicine as a defence against parasites, and that such medication may target an individual’s offspring rather than the individual itself.
Glucose control and outcome in patients with stable diabetes and previous coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral artery disease. Findings from the FRENA Registry
Authors: Camafort M. , Álvarez‐Rodríguez L. R. , Muñoz‐Torrero J. F. S. , Sahuquillo J. C. , López‐Jiménez L. , Coll R. , Monreal M. ,   the FRENA Investigators
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 73–80 (2011)AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to address the controversy over the influence of intensive glucose control on the risk for cardiovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  FRENA is an ongoing registry of stable outpatients with symptomatic coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral artery disease. We compared the incidence of subsequent ischaemic events (myocardial infarction, stroke or critical limb ischaemia) in patients with Type 2 diabetes and mean HbA1c levels < 7.0% (< 53 mmol/mol) vs. those with HbA1c levels > 7.0% (> 53 mmol/mol).Results  Of 974 patients with Type 2 diabetes, 480 (49%) had mean HbA1c levels < 7% (< 53 mmol/mol). Over a mean follow‐up of 14 months, 126 patients (13%) had subsequent ischaemic events: myocardial infarction (43), stroke (29) and critical limb ischaemia (64). The incidence of subsequent ischaemic events was significantly lower in patients with mean HbA1c levels < 7.0% (< 53 mmol/mol) than in those with HbA1c levels > 7.0% (> 53 mmol/mol) (8.6 vs. 14 per 100 patient‐years; rate ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.4–0.9). These differences persisted after adjusting for potential confounders. However, this better outcome was only found in patients presenting with coronary artery disease (rate ratio 0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.8), not in those with cerebrovascular disease (rate ratio 0.9; 95% CI 0.4–2.0) or peripheral artery disease (rate ratio 0.8; 95% CI 0.5–1.3). Patients with mean HbA1c levels < 7.0% (< 53 mmol/mol) also had a lower mortality (rate ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.3–0.99).Conclusions  In secondary prevention, patients with diabetes and HbA1c levels < 7.0% (< 53 mmol/mol) had a lower incidence of subsequent ischaemic events and a lower mortality than those with HbA1c levels > 7.0% (> 53 mmol/mol). These differences appeared only in patients with coronary artery disease.
Characterizing sudden death and dead‐in‐bed syndrome in Type 1 diabetes: analysis from two childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes registries
Authors: Secrest A. M. , Becker D. J. , Kelsey S. F. , LaPorte R. E. , Orchard T. J. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 293–300 (2011)AbstractAims  Type 1 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for sudden unexplained death, generating concern that diabetes processes and/or treatments underlie these deaths. Young (< 50 years) and otherwise healthy patients who are found dead in bed have been classified as experiencing ‘dead‐in‐bed’ syndrome.Methods  We thus identified all unwitnessed deaths in two related registries (the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County) yielding 1319 persons with childhood‐onset (age < 18 years) Type 1 diabetes diagnosed between 1965 and 1979. Cause of death was determined by a Mortality Classification Committee (MCC) of at least two physician epidemiologists, based on the death certificate and additional records surrounding the death.Results  Of the 329 participants who had died, the Mortality Classification Committee has so far reviewed and assigned a final cause of death to 255 (78%). Nineteen (8%) of these were sudden unexplained deaths (13 male) and seven met dead‐in‐bed criteria. The Mortality Classification Committee adjudicated cause of death in the seven dead‐in‐bed persons as: diabetic coma (n = 4), unknown (n = 2) and cardiomyopathy (n = 1, found on autopsy). The three dead‐in‐bed individuals who participated in a clinical study had higher HbA1c, lower BMI and higher daily insulin dose compared with both those dying from other causes and those surviving.Conclusions  Sudden unexplained death in Type 1 diabetes seems to be increased 10‐fold and associated with male sex, while dead‐in‐bed individuals have a high HbA1c and insulin dose and low BMI. Although sample size is too small for definitive conclusions, these results suggest specific sex and metabolic factors predispose to sudden unexplained death and dead‐in‐bed death.
Assessment of Genetic Ancestry and Population Substructure in Costa Rica by Analysis of Individuals with a Familial History of Mental Disorder
Authors: Segura‐Wang Maia , Raventós Henriette , Escamilla Michael , Barrantes Ramiro 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe population of Costa Rica has been considered valuable for locating susceptibility genes of complex disorders because of historical events and a gradual admixture process. We present an assessment of 426 unrelated individuals with a familial history of mental disorder and with ancestors born in the Central Valley, genotyped at 730 microsatellites to evaluate genetic diversity, ancestry, and substructure at the general and regional population levels using quantitative methods. Low population substructure was found. Estimated mean ancestry proportions were 54%, 32%, and 13% for European, Amerindian, and African components, respectively, with some regional variation. The FSTvalues obtained confirm the largest genetic similarity to Europeans. Subdivision of the Amerindians into individual populations revealed strong similarity to Chibchan groups. Analysis of the African ancestry showed high similarity to West and Central African populations. Gene ancestries from other African areas were also detected, probably resulting from ancestral admixture within Africa prior to colonial times. Our analyses show, in an ethnohistorical‐genetic context, that gene flow and admixture are important components of Costa Rican population history. The results confirm the need to consider the particular regional genetic structure, the effects of genetic drift and the ancestry when designing and interpreting investigations of genetic traits in this population.
Analysis of a commercial dimethyl‐sulfoxide‐stabilized frozen canine platelet concentrate by turbidimetric aggregometry
Authors: Guillaumin Julien , Jandrey Karl E. , Norris Jeffrey W. , Tablin Fern 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives –To assess platelet function of a commercial dimethyl‐sulfoxide (DMSO)‐stabilized frozen platelet concentrate (PC) using turbidimetric aggregometry.Design –In vitro analysis.Setting –Research laboratory in a school of veterinary medicine.Animals –Five units of frozen PC in 6% DMSO were studied. Fresh platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), with and without 6% DMSO, from 6 healthy dogs were used as controls.Interventions –Turbidimetric platelet aggregation was measured after initiation of platelet aggregation by addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, or thrombin at concentrations of 30 μM, 20 μg/mL, and 0.5 U/mL, respectively. Measures were performed at thaw and repeated 2 hours after thaw for the frozen PC.Measurements and Main Results –Compared with PRP, the frozen PC showed decreased aggregation in response to thrombin (amplitude of 84% versus 25%,P=0.01), and collagen (amplitude of 13% versus 3%,P=0.05) but not ADP (6.5% versus 18%,P=0.2). Compared with frozen PC at thaw, the frozen PC at 2 hours after thaw showed decreased aggregation in response to thrombin, collagen, and ADP (P<0.05). There was no difference in aggregation between PRP in 6% DMSO and frozen PC.Conclusions –These in vitro data suggest there is a decrease in platelet response to agonists associated with the freeze‐thaw process in the commercially available 6% DMSO canine frozen PC.
Anaphylaxis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by inadvertent intravenous administration of mare's milk in a neonatal foal
Authors: Alcott Cody J. , Wong David M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective –To describe the diagnostic procedures, therapeutic management and successful outcome of a case of anaphylaxis induced by the inadvertent intravenous (IV) administration of mare's milk to a neonatal foal.Case Summary –A 3‐day‐old Thoroughbred colt was presented for treatment of bilateral flexural limb deformities of the forelimbs. Because the foal was unable to ambulate initially, mare's milk was administered via nasoesophageal tube feedings during treatment of the musculoskeletal disorder. Anaphylaxis resulted after unintentional administration of a bolus of 150 mL of mare's milk through a jugular catheter. Aggressive therapy for anaphylaxis and careful monitoring resulted in the successful recovery of the foal after 9 days of intensive care.New or Unique Information Provided –This case is the first published report to describe the effects of accidental IV administration of mare's milk to a neonatal foal. Medical errors are commonly reported in pediatric medicine; the intent of this report is to raise awareness of medical errors and student education in equine medicine as well as describe the therapy and outcome of anaphylaxis induced by IV administration of mare's milk in a neonatal foal.