bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptions of One Known and Four New Species of Aphids from Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lambers D. Hille Ris 
Published: January 2010

Some of my emigrated Dutch friends have with considerable success collected aphids for me in Canada. The following notes are based on some of their catches.Maculolachnus sijpkensi, new speciesOviparous female.Body about 3.00-3.60 mm long, rather broadly oval. Head and pronotum brown sclerotic; mesonotum marginally sclerotic, spino-pleurally with small brown scleroites at the bases of the very numerous hairs; such scleroites also present on metanotum and marginally on abd. segment I, and in number at the bases of the hairs of VIIth, rarely also VIth abd. tergite; VIIIth terpite with a sclerotic band, which is narrower and often broken in the middle. No scleroites present at the bases of the spinopleural hairs of abd. tergites I-V or I-VI. Intersegmental sclerites on abdomen small, dark brown to Black. Dorsal hairs very numerous, on IIIrd abd. tergite up to about 0.11 mm long. Antennae darker-brown than the head, about 519 length of body; for interrelation of segments vide measurements; IIIrd segment with 4-11 rhinaria; the tw to seven of them that stand in a row large, elevated and bulging, but if many rhinaria are present often some small ones in the row, or besides some quite large; flat ones outside the row present; base of segment never with rhinaria; IVth segment two to four rhinaria on distal part; Vth without secondarv rhinaria, the primary rhinarium much elevated and bulging; VIth segment rather cylindrical, attenuated towards base, about 6 times as long as its maximum width; accessory rhinaria in two groups of which the basal one stands about halfway the segment, while the other stands beside the primary rhinarium.
A New Laspeyresia Species on Red Pine
Authors: Freeman T. N. 
Published: January 2010

During his study of the ecology of red pine plantations, Mr. J. L. Martin, Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, found a species of Laspeyresia feeding as larvae under the bark of living trees. This species is described here to enable him to report on the results of his investigation.Laspeyresia resinosae, new speciesAntenna, head, thorax, and abdomen powdery-grey. Basal half of forewing grey; outer half blackish, with cupreous reflections, the tips of the scales ochreous; outer three-fifths of costa with four pairs of silvery-white geminations; the basal pair of geminations fuse into a single, angular, transverse, shiny-leaden fascia, that extends to the trailing margin just beyond the middle; a similar fascia arises from the second costal geminations, and extends only to the fold; a third leaden fascia arises from the apical geminations, extends irregularly to the tornus, and is broken into three almost equal sections; the central portions of the second and third fasciae are narrowly margined with a few black scales, representing a very poorly defined ocelloid patch; outer margin with a very distinct black line basad to the shiny leaden fringe; the black line cut by three white dashes, two opposite the breaks in the outer, transverse fascia, and the third at the tornal end of that fascia. Hind wing powdery-grey; fringe dirty-white with darker basal line. Under-surface and legs silvery-grey. Tarsi black banded. Wingspread: 9.5-10.5 mm. Moth in late June and early July.
Chromatography
Authors: Miller James M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An introduction to the principles and operating parameters of chromatography, including, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), ion chromatography (IC), ion‐exchange chromatography (IEC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Emphasis on detectors, many of which are spectroscopic, including especially mass spectroscopy, MS.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Hill Wendell T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA concise review of fundamental aspects of electromagnetic radiation, light, seasoned with references to historical developments is presented. Starting with basic definitions, this chapter gives an overview of the spectrum of light from radio waves to gamma rays, details key equations describing light propagation in vacuum, polarization, radiometric parameters, diffraction, interference, and superposition. The chapter includes a discussion of photons, the close connection between Fermat's principle for light and Maupertuis's principle for matter and concludes with a brief outline of how the wave equation for light motives Schrödinger's equation for matter waves.
F
ourier and Other Mathematical Transforms
Authors: Bracewell Ronald N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

The Fourier Transform

Continuous versus Discrete Transforms

Some Common Transforms

The Laplace Transform

Convergence Conditions

Why Transforms are Useful

Fields of Application

The
H
artley Transform

The Fast Fourier Transform

The Fast
H
artley Algorithm

The
M
ellin Transform

The
H
ilbert Transform

Multidimensional Transforms

The
H
ankel Transform

The
A
bel Transform

Tomography and the Radon Transform

The
W
alsh Transform

The

Z

Transform

Convolution

Summary
Laser Sources
Authors: Andrews David L. , Lipson Robert H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Optically Pumped Solid‐State Lasers

Ruby Laser

Neodymium Lasers

Widely Tunable Lasers

Color‐Center Lasers

Fiber Lasers

Diode Lasers

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitter Lasers

Visible Laser Diodes

Quantum Dot Lasers

Quantum Cascade Lasers

Quantum Microcavity Lasers

Atomic and Ionic Gas Lasers

Helium–Neon Laser

Argon and Krypton Lasers

Molecular Gas Lasers

Carbon Dioxide Laser

Nitrogen Laser

Iodine Laser

Excimer Lasers

Dye Lasers

Pulsing Techniques

Cavity Dumping

Q‐Switching

Mode‐Locking

Ultrafast Pulse Compression

Continuum Generation

Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation

Frequency Conversion

Frequency Doubling

Optical Parametric Oscillators

Frequency Tripling and Four‐Wave Mixing

Higher Order Harmonic Generation

Free‐Electron Laser

Tabletop X‐ray Lasers
Ultraviolet and Visible Light Spectrometers
Authors: Hardwick John L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA wide variety of instruments exist for recording the intensity of light as a function of wavelength. In the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, these include dispersive spectrometers (based on gratings and prisms) and nondispersive spectrometers (usually interferometric in nature). A discussion of the main kinds of visible and ultraviolet spectrometers is given along with their advantages and drawbacks in terms of resolution, accuracy, efficiency, and ease of use. Considerations for choosing the design of an optical spectrometer are outlined, and the main aberrations associated with common optical designs are discussed.
Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Andrews David L. , Bradshaw David S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

History of
RET

The First Experiments

Early Developments of Theory

Förster Theory

The Photophysics of
RET

Primary Excitation Processes

Coupling of Electronic Transitions

Dissipation and Line‐Broadening

The Förster Equation

Orientation Dependence

Förster Radius

Polarization Features

Diffusion Effects

Long‐Range Transfer

Dexter Transfer

Applications of
RET
to Molecular Biology

Spectroscopic Ruler

Conformational Change

Intensity‐Based Imaging

Lifetime‐Based Imaging

Other Applications

Acknowledgments
Chemometrics and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Brereton Richard G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A historic introduction to chemometrics is presented. Notation and matrix operations are also presented. Multivariate curve resolution is described, including the use of principal components analysis and the determination of the number of components in a series of mixture spectra. Both noniterative and iterative approaches to resolving out the characteristics (spectra and concentration profiles) of components are outlined. Calibration is covered, including univariate calibration, multiple linear regression, principal components regression, partial least squares, and model validation and assessment. Exploratory data analysis discusses principal components analysis as a method for data visualization and cluster analysis. Supervised methods include ways of developing and assessing classification models, and descriptions of class discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and K‐nearest neighbor method. Finally, multivariate statistical process control is introduced.
Agricultural Biotechnology and Socioeconomic Effects
Authors: Lacy William B. , Glenna Leland , Biscotti Dina , Welsh Rick 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTransgenic crops, an early product of agricultural biotechnology, have experienced one of the fastest adoptions of crop technologies in history. Global acreage planted with transgenic crops increased 67‐fold between 1996 and 2007 for a total of 284 million acres in 23 countries. Herbicide‐tolerant (HT) soybeans and insect‐resistant Bt maize constitute over 80% of this acreage. Proponents of transgenic crops see a very positive future with the number of farmers adopting transgenic crops increasing 10‐fold up to 100 million or more between 2006 and 2015. However, numerous scholars and policy makers have raised questions about these optimistic outlooks. Much of the debate is focused on health and environmental safety issues. Increasingly, a fourth criterion that addresses the social and economic effects of a product or technology has been proposed for product approval and regulation. These concerns have become part of policy and regulatory processes, even though the significance of the fourth criterion may vary according to the ideological and organizational factors in different countries. This article discusses a number of both positive and negative social and economic impacts agricultural biotechnology may have on (i) farmers, rural communities, and the food system; (ii) the structure and organization of agribusiness and industry; (iii) consumers; (iv) science and technology transfer; and (v) developing countries and the global economy. The article concludes with a review of a number of alternatives that have emerged for incorporating socioeconomic issues into broader public discussion and eventually into informed decision making.
Cell Differentiation,In vitroMammalian
Authors: Parenteau Nancy L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere has been a significant increase in activity in the growth and manipulation of differentiating cell populations brought on by the interest in embryonic and adult stem cells. New methods of analysis have assisted in making important connections betweenin vivobiology and what one observes in a culture dish. Despite the many technical and interpretive challenges faced in the cultivation of differentiating mammalian cell populations, great strides have been made in understanding the constituents of differentiating cell populations and their behavior through the use ofin vitrocultivation. This article reviews some of the important insights that have been gained in the last several years through work with a variety of culture systems and their comparison with what is observedin vivo. Continued comparison and benchmarking between organ systems and cell types should continue to improve our ability to effectively work with embryonic and adult cell populations with an appreciation for the need to distinguish between modulation and differentiation, growth and neogenesis, and fact from artifact.
DNA Sequencing: An Outsourcing Guide
Authors: Touchman Jeffrey W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDNA sequencing, the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA strand, is a fundamental and ubiquitous method in molecular biology. Examples of its many uses include characterization of unknown DNA, mutation detection, allele identification, and clone construct confirmation. Advances in sequencing technology, motivated by the successful International Human Genome Project, have resulted in unprecedented access to high‐quality and cost‐effective automated analysis. It is increasingly common for researchers to delegate routine DNA sequencing needs to dedicated laboratories or companies specializing in this technology. In this unit, we discuss key protocols for maximizing the success of DNA sequencing when working with such service providers and describe detailed troubleshooting advice for analyzing anomalous results. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:12.1.1‐12.1.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The elements of morphology: Ear—An initial approach for the incisura
Authors: Hunter Alasdair G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe recent series of articles describing human surface anatomy included an article on the ear by Hunter et al. [Hunter et al. (2009); Am J Med Genet Part A 149A: 40–60]. That publication did not include the incisura. This article provides an approach to assessing the incisura in the hope that others may find it useful and/or modify it as appropriate. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MTHFR,TGFB3, andTGFApolymorphisms and their association with the risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate in China
Authors: Zhu JiangHui , Hao Ling , Li Song , Bailey Lynn B. , Tian YiHua , Li Zhu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOur previous results indicated a moderate association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene 677C‐T variant and an increased risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) among the northern but not southern population in China, suggesting possible genetic heterogeneity in the etiology of nsCL/P between these two populations. It remains unknown whether the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene TaqI polymorphism and transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3) gene CA repeats influence the risk of nsCL/P differently between the northern and southern Chinese populations. In this study of 188 Chinese case‐parent triads, we found an independent association between theTGFB3variant and risk of nsCL/P (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.25–3.54 for heterozygotes; OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.83–3.83 for homozygotes). TheMTHFRvariant was associated with an increased risk of nsCL/P among children in the north (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.18–8.23 for heterozygotes; OR = 3.36, 95%CI: 1.14–9.93 for homozygotes) and appear to interact marginally with theTGFB3variant in the occurrence of nsCL/P among southern subjects (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.06–1.07). No association was found between theTGFAvariant and risk of nsCL/P in our data. Our results suggest that theTGFB3gene variant may be an important genetic risk factor for nsCL/P occurrence in Chinese children, and we found no evidence of heterogeneity between northern and southern Chinese populations in the associations betweenTGFB3andTGFAvariants and risk of nsCL/P, but these results warrant further investigation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four unrelated patients with lubs X‐linked mental retardation syndrome and different Xq28 duplications
Authors: Bartsch Oliver , Gebauer Konstanze , Lechno Stanislav , van Esch Hilde , Froyen Guy , Bonin Michael , Seidel Jörg , Thamm‐Mücke Barbara , Horn Denise , Klopocki Eva , Hertzberg Christoph , Zechner Ulrich , Haaf Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Lubs X‐linked mental retardation syndrome (MRXSL) is caused by small interstitial duplications at distal Xq28 including the MECP2 gene. Here we report on four novel male patients with MRXSL and different Xq28 duplications delineated by microarray‐based chromosome analysis. All mothers were healthy carriers of the duplications. Consistent with an earlier report [Bauters et al. (2008); Genome Res 18: 847–858], the distal breakpoints of all four Xq28 duplications were located in regions containing low‐copy repeats (LCRs; J, K, and L groups), which may facilitate chromosome breakage and reunion events. The proximal breakpoint regions did not contain known LCRs. Interestingly, we identified apparent recurrent breakage sites in the proximal and distal breakpoint regions. Two of the four patients displayed more complex rearrangements. Patient 2 was endowed with a quadruplicated segment and a small triplication within the duplication, whereas patient 3 displayed two triplicated segments within the duplication, supporting that the Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) model may explain a subset of the structural rearrangements in Xq28. Clinically, muscular hypertonia and contractures of large joints may present a major problem in children with MRXSL. Because injection of botulinum toxin (BT‐A; Botox) proved to be extremely helpful for patient 1, we recommend consideration of Botox treatment in other patients with MRXSL and severe joint contractures. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haploinsufficiency of the gene Quaking (QKI) is associated with the 6q terminal deletion syndrome
Authors: Backx Liesbeth , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Marcelis Carlo , Devriendt Koen , Vermeesch Joris , Van Esch Hilde 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSubtelomeric rearrangements involving chromosome 6q have been reported in a limited number of studies. Although the sizes are very variable, ranging from cytogenetically visible deletions to small submicroscopic deletions, a common recognizable phenotype associated with a 6q deletion could be distilled. The main characteristics are intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, seizures, brain anomalies, and specific dysmorphic features including short neck, broad nose with bulbous tip, large and low‐set ears and downturned corners of the mouth. In this article we report on a female patient, carrying a reciprocal balanced translocation t(5;6)(q23.1;q26), presenting with a clinical phenotype highly similar to the common 6q‐ phenotype. Breakpoint analysis using array painting revealed that the Quaking (QKI) gene that maps in 6q26 is disrupted, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of this gene plays a role in the 6q‐ clinical phenotype. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylation profiling in individuals with Russell–Silver syndrome
Authors: Peñaherrera Maria S. , Weindler Susanne , Van Allen Margot I. , Yong Siu‐Li , Metzger Daniel L. , McGillivray Barbara , Boerkoel Cornelius , Langlois Sylvie , Robinson Wendy P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRussell–Silver syndrome (RSS) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with pre‐ and post‐natal growth restriction and relative macrocephaly. Involvement of imprinted genes on both chromosome 7 and 11p15.5 has been reported. To further characterize the role of epimutations in RSS we evaluated the methylation status at both 11p15.5 imprinting control regions (ICRs): ICR1 associated with H19/IGF2 expression and ICR2 (KvDMR1) associated with CDKN1C expression in a series of 35 patients with RSS. We also evaluated methylation at the promoter regions of other imprinted genes involved in growth such as PLAGL1 (6q24), GCE (7q21), and PEG10 (7q21) in this series of 35 patients with RSS. Thirteen of the 35 patient samples, but none of 22 controls, showed methylation levels at ICR1 that were more than 2 SD below the mean for controls. Three RSS patients were highly methylated at the SCGE promoter, all of which were diagnosed with upd(7)mat. To identify further potential global methylation changes in RSS patients, a subset of 22 patients were evaluated at 1505 CpG sites by the Illumina GoldenGate methylation array. Among the few CpG sites displaying a significant difference between RSS patients and controls, was a CpG associated with the H19 promoter. No other sites associated with known imprinted genes were identified as abnormally methylated in RSS patients by this approach. While the association of hypomethylation of the H19/IGF2 ICR1 is clear, the continuous distribution of methylation values among the patients and controls complicates the establishment of clear cut‐offs for clinical diagnosis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly: A mythologic and teratologic distillate
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis review of holoprosencephaly provides a mythologic and teratologic distillate of the subject under the following headings: Babylonian tablets; Greek mythology; pictures from the 16th through the 20th Centuries; 19th Century teratology; history of more modern concepts and their terminologies; and ocean‐going ships named “Cyclops.” © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using behavior to determine immature life‐stages in captive western gorillas
Authors: Hutchinson J.E. , Fletcher A.W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOntogenic development is divided into infant, juvenile, adolescent and adult life‐stages. Although the developmental trajectory of an individual is a flexible entity, which differs within species, environment and sex, life‐stage classifications are generally structured, age‐based systems. This invariably leads to rigidity within a dynamic system and consequently hampers our understanding of primate life history strategies. We propose that life‐stage classifications should be quantitative, flexible entities, which use a reliable measurement of development. Here, we provide a methodological example where placement into a life‐stage is based upon behavioral variance between other similar‐aged individuals. Behavioral data were collected from 12 male (3–11 years old) and 9 female (3–8 years old) captive immature western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in five family groups, using continuous focal sampling; 900 hr of data were collected over 131 days. Data were applied to four published life‐stage classifications for mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), which showed variable ability to determine life‐stage in western gorillas. A new life‐stage classification (Hutchinson & Fletcher) was proposed specifically for western gorillas, whereby multiple co‐varying behavior provided a robust measure of linear development across immaturity. Each life‐stage was found to be a distinct ontogenic phase and the classification discriminated life‐stage with a high level of accuracy. Using the Hutchinson & Fletcher classification we provide evidence for disparity in developmental trajectories between the sexes from the juvenile period onwards. To expand the understanding of primate life histories, we propose that flexible classifications should be used to enable comparison of allometric life history traits within and between species, from birth onwards. Am. J. Primatol. 72:492–501, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glossar zu Begriffen der Pharmazeutik
Authors: Seydel Joachim , Roy, Langenfeld Kathrin‐Maria 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDieses Glossar zu pharmazeutischen Begriffen wendet sich an Praktiker auf dem Gebiet der Pharmazeutik, und die in ihm enthaltenen Definitionen beziehen sich auf 1) die physikalisch‐chemische Charakterisierung von pharmazeutischen Präparaten und ihren wirksamen Inhaltsstoffen, 2) in der pharmazeutischen Praxis verwendete Grundverfahren, 3) Begriffe mit Bezug zu den verschiedenen Darreichungsformen, 4) Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Arzneimittel‐Freisetzung, 5) Begriffe, die allgemein in der Pharmakokinetik und Biopharmazeutik verwendet werden, sowie Begriffe, die keinem dieser Aspekte zugeordnet werden können. Das Gebiet der Pharmazeutik selbst ist interdisziplinär und wird von Chemikern wie Biowissenschaftlern bearbeitet, die alle von einem Glossar mit zuverlässigen Definitionen profitieren sollten. Die in der Pharmazeutik verwendeten Begriffe werden durch vorhandene Glossare nur selten abgedeckt, und wenn es der Fall ist, sind die gegebenen Definitionen für das Gebiet der Pharmazeutik oft unpassend, was neue oder modifizierte Definitionen erforderlich macht. Im Text kursiv gesetzte Begriffe sind auch als Stichwörter zu finden.