bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social responsibility, global strategy, and the multinational enterprise: global monitory democracy and the meaning of place and space
Authors: Devinney Timothy M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDrawing on scholarship in a wide range of disciplines, this article examines how and where social responsibility can be accommodated within existing global strategy theory. It queries how the evolving global sociopolitical geography fundamentally alters key areas of research and what this may imply about the long‐term veracity of our theories. It is argued that the same forces that have fostered the revolution in information technology are changing the fundamental meaning of place and space and with it the ability of new monitory forces to arise that put pressure on conventional modes of governance and control, particularly with respect to global institutions and multinational enterprises.
Reverse innovation, emerging markets, and global strategy
Authors: Govindarajan Vijay , Ramamurti Ravi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract‘Reverse innovation’ refers to the case where an innovation is adopted first in poor (emerging) economies before ‘trickling up’ to rich countries. Although examples of reverse innovation are still rare, it raises interesting theoretical questions, such as what kinds of innovation emerging economies are likely to spawn, why such innovations might diffuse to rich countries, what competitive advantages local and foreign firms enjoy in this process, and how it affects the global strategy and organization of established MNEs. Research on reverse innovation can enrich and extend mainstream theories of innovation, internationalization, MNE management, and FDI spillovers.
Reaction of Primary Alkylamines, Heterocumulenes, and Isatoic Anhydride, Catalyzed by Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in H2O
Authors: Yavari Issa , Beheshti Saeideh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the one‐pot reaction of isatoic anhydride (=1,2‐dihydro‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐dione), primary alkylamines, and heterocumulenes (isothiocyanates and isocyanates) in H2O catalyzed by magnetically recoverable Fe3O4 nanoparticles is described.
Acetylenic Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds – Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Molecules
Authors: Lincke Kasper , Christensen Mikkel Andreas , Diederich François , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo tetrathiafulvalene‐functionalized acetylenic scaffolds were synthesized by GlaserHay and Sonogashira coupling reactions; the one scaffold was based on a central dehydroannulene core and the other on a tetraethynylethene core. Peripheral propyl groups on the tetrathiafulvalenes ascertained solubility. The compounds are strong donoracceptor chromophores and exhibit characteristic charge‐transfer absorptions according to UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the redox properties were investigated by cyclic and differential‐pulse voltammetries. The experiments allow for a direct comparison between the acceptor strengths of the two acetylenic cores, and the conclusions are supported by electron‐affinity calculations.
Synthesis and Selected Reactions of Hydrazides Containing an Imidazole Moiety
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Pieczonka Adam Marek , Kowalczyk Ewelina , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe preparation of two types of imidazole derivatives bearing a hydrazide group was achieved by treatment of the corresponding esters with NH2NH2⋅H2O in MeOH at room temperature. In the case of 4‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐1H‐imidazole 3‐oxides 3, hydrazides of type 1 were formed with retention of the N‐oxide structure (Scheme 1). Interestingly, due to a strong H‐bonding, no deoxygenation of the N→O function could be achieved even by treatment of 3 with Raney‐Ni. The second type, 2‐[(1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)sulfanyl]acetohydrazides 2, was obtained from 1H‐imidazole‐2(3H)‐thiones 4 in two steps via S‐alkylation with methyl bromoacetate, followed by treatment with NH2NH2⋅H2O (Scheme 2). An imidazole 7, containing both types of hydrazide groups, was prepared analogously from ethyl 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐thioxo‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carboxylate 4d (Scheme 4). Both types of hydrazides, 1 and 2, were transformed successfully to the corresponding acylhydrazones 8 and 9, respectively (Scheme 5). Furthermore, it has been shown that hydrazides of type 1 are useful starting materials for the synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiones 11 and 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐amines 12, bearing an imidazole 3‐oxide moiety (Scheme 7).
Peristaltic flow of a Phan‐Thien‐Tanner nanofluid in a diverging tube
Authors: Akbar Noreen Sher , Nadeem S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe present study examines the peristaltic flow of a PTT nanofluid in a diverging tube. This is the first article on the PTT peristaltic flow in nanofluid. The governing equations for PTT nanofluid are modelled in a cylindrical coordinates system. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave c1. Temperature and nanoparticle equations are coupled so the homotopy perturbation method is used to calculate the solutions of temperature and nanoparticle equations, while exact solutions have been evaluated for the velocity profile and pressure gradient. The solutions analyze the Brownian motion number Nb, thermophoresis number Nt, local temperature Grashof number Br, and local nanoparticle Grashof number Gr. The effects of various physical parameters of the model are investigated and discussed. It is observed that the pressure rise decreases with the increase in thermophoresis number Nt. Increases are noted in the Brownian motion parameter Nb and the thermophoresis parameter Nt as the temperature profile increases. Streamlines have been plotted at the end of the article. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20386
Evolution of bisphosphonate-related atypical fracture retrospectively observed with DXA scanning
Authors: Ahlman Mark A , Rissing Michael S , Gordon Leonie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We present a case of a 61-year-old female with history of long-term bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis initially diagnosed by screening dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). After 4 years of treatment with bisphosphonates, the patient presented to primary care with left hip pain. Diagnostic hip radiographs were interpreted as normal, and she continued to take bisphosphonates. Two months later, she experienced a complete transverse subtrochanteric left femur fracture after minimal trauma. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Review of the patient's postoperative films revealed lateral subtrochanteric cortical beaking at the fracture. This type of “atypical” fracture has been reported to be a result of chronic bisphosphonate-associated fractures with high specificity. In addition, the right femur also showed cortical beaking with a horizontal linear lucency in an identical location, suggesting an impending fracture. Longitudinal review of the both diagnostic radiographs as well as DXA images shows a stepwise development of these subtrochanteric abnormalities in both femurs. A current hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of bisphosphonate-associated fracture is that the medication inhibits bone turnover and repair of microscopic trauma. A cycle of defective repair and continual microtrauma compounded over time gradually weakens the bone and creates an architectural conduit for transverse or “atypical” fracture. Standard practice is not to use DXA as a diagnostic “image.” We present this case to show that a common location and classic appearance of subtrochanteric bisphosphonate-associated fractures may be clearly visualized on absorptiometry images long before fracture. This observation is important because the majority of patients taking bisphosphonate therapy also receive regular DXA imaging. Because of the chronicity of standard bone-density monitoring for these patients throughout their treatment regimen, DXA may find a role for early detection of cortical abnormalities. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
A Phex mutation in a murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia alters phosphate responsiveness of bone cells
Authors: Ichikawa Shoji , Austin Anthony M , Gray Amie K , Econs Michael J 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Mutations in the PHEX gene cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Hypophosphatemia in XLH results from increased circulating levels of a phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) synthesis. The current standard therapy for XLH—high-dose phosphate and calcitriol—further increases FGF23 concentrations, suggesting that patients with XLH may have an altered response to extracellular phosphate. To test for the presence of abnormal phosphate responsiveness, we compared serum biochemistries and femoral Fgf23 mRNA expression between wild-type mice, murine models of XLH (PhexK496X) and hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis (Galnt3−/−), and Galnt3/Phex double-mutant mice. Phex mutant mice had not only increased Fgf23 expression but also reduced proteolytic cleavage of intact Fgf23 protein, resulting in markedly elevated intact Fgf23 levels and consequent hypophosphatemia. In contrast, despite markedly increased Fgf23 expression, Galnt3 knockout mice had significantly high proteolytic cleavage of Fgf23 protein, leading to low intact Fgf23 concentrations and hyperphosphatemia. Galnt3/Phex double-mutant mice had an intermediate biochemical phenotype between wild-type and Phex mutant mice, including slightly elevated intact Fgf23 concentrations with milder hypophosphatemia. Despite the hypophosphatemia, double-mutant mice attempted to reduce serum phosphate back to the level of Phex mutant mice by upregulating Fgf23 expression as much as 24-fold higher than Phex mutant mice. These data suggest that Phex mutations alter the responsiveness of bone cells to extracellular phosphate concentrations and may create a lower set point for “normal” phosphate levels. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Association between sclerostin and bone density in chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Morse Leslie R , Sudhakar Supreetha , Danilack Valery , Tun Carlos , Lazzari Antonio , Gagnon David R , Garshick Eric , Battaglino Ricardo A 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in profound bone loss due to muscle paralysis and the inability to ambulate. Sclerostin, a Wnt signaling pathway antagonist produced by osteocytes, is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Short-term studies in rodent models have shown increased sclerostin in response to mechanical unloading that is reversed with reloading. These studies suggest that complete spinal cord injury, a condition resulting in mechanical unloading of the paralyzed lower extremities, will be associated with high sclerostin levels. We assessed the relationship between circulating sclerostin and bone density in 39 subjects with chronic SCI and 10 without SCI. We found that greater total limb bone mineral content was significantly associated with greater circulating levels of sclerostin. Sclerostin levels were reduced, not elevated, in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with those with SCI who walk regularly. Similarly, sclerostin levels were lower in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with persons without SCI who walk regularly. These findings suggest that circulating sclerostin is a biomarker of osteoporosis severity, not a mediator of ongoing bone loss, in long-term, chronic paraplegia. This is in contrast to the acute sclerostin-mediated bone loss shown in animal models of mechanical unloading in which high sclerostin levels suppress bone formation. Because these data indicate important differences in the relationship between mechanical unloading, sclerostin, and bone in chronic SCI compared with short-term rodent models, it is likely that sclerostin is not a good therapeutic target to treat chronic SCI-induced osteoporosis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Dynamics and mechanism of structural diffusion in linear hydrogen bond
Authors: Chaiwongwattana Sermsiri , Phonyiem Mayuree , Vchirawongkwin Viwat , Prueksaaroon Supakit , Sagarik Kritsana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDynamics and mechanism of proton transfer in a protonated hydrogen bond (H‐bond) chain were studied, using the CH3OH2+(CH3OH)n complexes, n = 1–4, as model systems. The present investigations used B3LYP/TZVP calculations and Born‐Oppenheimer MD (BOMD) simulations at 350 K to obtain characteristic H‐bond structures, energetic and IR spectra of the transferring protons in the gas phase and continuum liquid. The static and dynamic results were compared with the H3O+(H2O)n and CH3OH2+(H2O)n complexes, n = 1–4. It was found that the H‐bond chains with n = 1 and 3 represent the most active intermediate states and the CH3OH2+(CH3OH)n complexes possess the lowest threshold frequency of proton transfer. The IR spectra obtained from BOMD simulations revealed that the thermal energy fluctuation and dynamics help promote proton transfer in the shared‐proton structure with n = 3 by lowering the vibrational energy for the interconversion between the oscillatory shuttling and structural diffusion motions, leading to a higher population of the structural diffusion motion than in the shared‐proton structure with n = 1. Additional explanation on the previously proposed mechanisms was introduced, with the emphases on the energetic of the transferring proton, the fluctuation of the number of the CH3OH molecules in the H‐bond chain, and the quasi‐dynamic equilibriums between the shared‐proton structure (n = 3) and the close‐contact structures (n ≥ 4). The latter prohibits proton transfer reaction in the H‐bond chain from being concerted, since the rate of the structural diffusion depends upon the lifetime of the shared‐proton intermediate state. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Chemistry and heterocyclization of thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Shawky Ahmed M. , Shehatta Hamdy S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe review summarizes the literatures dealing with the synthesis of thiosemicarbazone derivatives, chemical reactions and their applications in the synthesis of important heterocyclic as well as fused heterocyclic compounds J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Variability in the interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children
Authors: Neuman Mark I. , Lee Edward Y. , Bixby Sarah , Diperna Stephanie , Hellinger Jeffrey , Markowitz Richard , Servaes Sabah , Monuteaux Michael C. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although chest radiography is commonly used to establish the diagnosis of pneumonia in children, the reliability of radiographic findings among radiologists is not well described.OBJECTIVE:We sought to evaluate the inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability of radiographic features commonly described by radiologists in childhood pneumonia.METHODS:Prospective case‐based study. One hundred and ten radiographs of children evaluated in a pediatric emergency department for suspicion of pneumonia were interpreted by six radiologists at two academic children's hospitals. Radiologists were blinded to the clinical history. Reliability of standardized radiographic features was evaluated using the kappa statistic.RESULTS:The radiographic finding of an alveolar infiltrate demonstrated substantial reliability among radiologists (κ = 0.69). The presence of ‘any infiltrate’ and pleural effusion demonstrated moderate reliability (κ = 0.47 and k=0.45, respectively). Other radiographic features were less reliable: air bronchograms (κ = 0.32), hilar adenopathy (κ = 0.21), and interstitial infiltrate (κ = 0.14). Similarly, the finding of alveolar infiltrate demonstrated substantial intra‐rater reliability upon review of ten duplicate radiographs, whereas interstitial infiltrate was less reliable.CONCLUSION:The radiographic finding of an alveolar infiltrate is very reliable among pediatric radiologists, whereas the finding of an interstitial infiltrate is less reliable. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
MR in hypertension
Authors: Roditi Giles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHypertension is a common systemic disorder affecting the cardiovascular system and kidneys with important morbidity and mortality. However, hypertension is often thought of by radiologists as an “invisible” disease. The aim of this article is to first review hypertension first in terms of its diagnosis, epidemiology and clinical importance. Second, those causes of secondary hypertension that may be diagnosed with MRI techniques are described along with the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system and kidneys that are demonstrable with MRI with particular emphasis on renovascular disease. Lastly the use of integrated MRI protocols to evaluate the hypertensive patient and areas for future research are considered. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connection between NAO, weather types and precipitation in León, Spain (1948–2008)
Authors: Fernández‐González S. , del Río S. , Castro A. , Penas A. , Fernández‐Raga M. , Calvo A. I. , Fraile R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe variability of winter precipitation in the west of the Iberian Peninsula is strongly affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This study focuses on identifying the relationship that exists between precipitation registered in the city of León (in northwestern Spain), the NAO index and the associated weather type during the same period. In order to achieve this objective, the prevailing weather type has been calculated for each day in León from January 1948 to March 2009, using the objective Lamb Weather Types classification method. The most significant results appear in winter (from December to March). During these months an increase has been observed in the frequency of ‘anticyclonic’ weather type (A) (very dry), and a decrease in the ‘cyclonic’ (C), ‘south‐westerly’ (SW) and ‘westerly’ (W) types (the three rainiest weather types). The positive trend in the NAO index could be the main cause of the decrease in the frequency of the three rainiest weather types (C, SW and W) and therefore, responsible for the relevant decline in winter precipitation observed in the city of León. The high correlation coefficients between the NAO index, the frequency of the three rainiest weather types and winter precipitation suggests an interesting method to forecast rainfall. Using a binary logistic regression model, a downscaling model for daily precipitation has been obtained based on the weather types and the NAO index. The daily results obtained for the winter months are good (TSS = 0.64) bearing in mind that only sea level pressure data were used in the logistic model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Survival impact of malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine and islet cell neoplasm phenotypes
Authors: Roland Christina L. , Bian Aihua , Mansour John C. , Yopp Adam C. , Balch Glen C. , Sharma Rohit , Xie Xian‐Jin , Schwarz Roderich E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe low incidence of malignant “functional” (F) or “nonfunctional” (NF) neuroendocrine islet cell tumors (ICTs) of the pancreas represents a challenge to precise post‐therapeutic survival prediction. This study examined the survival impact of malignant pancreatic ICT morphologic subtypes.MethodsA pancreatic ICT data set was created from a US‐based population database from 1980–2004. Prognostic factors with survival impact and relationships between surgical therapy and overall survival (OS) were analyzed.ResultsThere were 2,350 individuals with malignant ICTs. Histologic subtypes included carcinoid tumors, islet cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and malignant gastrinomas, insulinomas, glucagonomas, or VIPomas. There was no difference in resection rates between FICTs and NFICTs (23% vs. 20%, P = ns). Median OS was 30 months, with group differences ranging from NE carcinomas (21) to VIPomas (96; P < 0.0001). Median OS of resected versus unresected FICTs was 172 versus 37 months, while that of NFICTs was 113 versus 18 months (P < 0.0001). Compared to neuroendocrine carcinomas, hazard ratios were: VIPomas 0.48, gastrinomas 0.65, carcinoid tumors 0.76, insulinomas 0.84, glucagonomas 0.93, and islet cell carcinomas 1.0.ConclusionsWhen controlled for other established prognostic parameters, histopathologic subtype assignment of pancreatic ICTs affects survival prediction. Resection is associated with superior survival for all tumor types. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:595–600. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOIL DEGRADATION AND ALTERED FLOOD RISK AS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEFORESTATION
Authors: de la Paix M. J. , Lanhai L. , Xi C. , Ahmed S. , Varenyam A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to analyze soil degradation and altered flood risks as a consequence of deforestation. The results showed that the use of fuelwood and competition for agriculture land are the main causes of deforestation, which leads to increased soil erosion and floods. The consequences and the societal risks from floods are quantified. This study indicates that the numbers of fatalities and mortality per river flood event are lower compared with those caused by flash floods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkyl‐Substituted N‐Vinylimidazolium Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Thermal Properties and Ionic Conductivities
Authors: Green Matthew D. , Salas‐de la Cruz David , Ye Yuesheng , Layman John M. , Elabd Yossef A. , Winey Karen I. , Long Timothy E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStructure‐property relationships for polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) relate chemical structure to ionic conductivity and reveal the importance of glass transition temperature (Tg) and the energy associated with an ion‐hopping mechanism for ion conduction for a series of alkyl‐substituted vinylimidazolium PILs. The alkyl‐substituted vinylimidazolium‐based PILs with varying lengths of n‐alkyl substituents provide diverse precursors with exchangeable anions to further enhance thermal stability and ionic conductivity. As the anion size increases, regardless of alkyl substituent length, Tg decreases and the onset of weight loss, TD, increases. As the length of the alkyl substituent increases, Tg decreases for PILs with Br− and BF4− counteranions. Ionic conductivity increases over an order of magnitude upon exchange of the counteranion from TfO− < Tf2N−.
Combined nerve transfers for repair of the upper brachial plexus injuries through a posterior approach
Authors: Lu Jiuzhou , Xu Jianguang , Xu Wendong , Xu Lei , Fang Yousheng , Chen Liang , Gu Yudong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe upper brachial plexus injury leads to paralysis of muscles innervated by C5 and C6 nerve roots. In this report, we present our experience on the use of the combined nerve transfers for reconstruction of the upper brachial plexus injury. Nine male patients with the upper brachial plexus injury were treated with combined nerve transfers. The time interval between injury and surgery ranged from 3 to 11 months (average, 7 months). The combined nerve transfers include fascicles of the ulnar nerve and/or the median nerve transfer to the biceps and/or the brachialis motor branch, and the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) and triceps branches to the axillary nerve through a posterior approach. At an average of 33 months of follow‐up, all patients recovered the full range of the elbow flexion. Six out of nine patients were able to perform the normal range of shoulder abduction with the strength degraded to M3 or M4. These results showed that the technique of the combined nerve transfers, specifically the SAN to the SSN and triceps branches to the axillary nerve through a posterior approach, may be a valuable alternative in the repair of the upper brachial plexus injury. Further evaluations of this technique are necessary. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.