bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrophysical and mechanical properties of soft and porous building rocks used in Apulian monuments (south Italy)
Authors: Andriani Gioacchino F. , Walsh Nicola 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This paper brings a comprehensive review of the main petrophysical and mechanical properties of calcarenite rocks used from time immemorial in Apulia (south Italy), with load-bearing and decorative functions both in constructions of specific historic and architectonic interest and in more common buildings. These soft and porous rocks show a reduced ability to maintain their characteristics of strength, appearance and resistance to decay over a considerable period of time. Even more than other sedimentary rocks, calcarenites belonging to the same formation can change considerably in terms of physical properties and mechanical behaviour due to the complex spatial arrangement of facies strongly conditioned by depositional fabric and diagenetic processes. A number of calcarenite varieties belonging to the Calcarenite di Gravina Fm. and Pietra Leccese Fm. was selected from different parts of Apulia and characterized according to petrographical, physical and mechanical properties. These included porosity, pore size distribution, density, water absorption, degree of saturation, permeability, thermal properties as well as compressive strength and flexural strength. Particular attention was given to the relationships between rock fabric features and physico-mechanical behaviour of the calcarenites. In addition, a comparison of data for the examined varieties was also discussed. A classification of the Apulian calcarenites based on rock fabric features and uniaxial compressive strength was proposed. Critical observations regarding the durability of the Apulian calcarenites were made, taking into account other data from literature.
Petrophysical properties of selected Quaternary building stones in western Austria
Authors: Unterwurzacher Michael , Obojes Ulrich , Hofer Roland , Mirwald Peter W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In west Austria Quaternary building stones, such as lithic breccias of alluvial fans and talus slopes or calcareous spring tufa, have been frequently used as building stones since Roman times. Spring tufas are a widely used building material of historical objects in west Austria. This porous calcareous rock, formed by carbonate precipitation from calcium carbonate supersaturated spring waters, is an appreciated building stone: easy to quarry, lightweight, easily workable and relatively resistant to weathering. The Hötting Breccia, a lithified talus and alluvial breccia, has only been extracted in a few quarries near Innsbruck/Tyrol, however. Many of the mediaeval buildings of the towns of Innsbruck and Hall are built of this decorative type of stone. Petrography, mineralogical composition, porosity parameters and hygric properties have been investigated in this study from two tufas and one breccia occurrence. The results obtained reveal that these Quaternary stones, being formed at the Earth's surface, exhibit pore properties and hygric behaviour which differ considerably from other stone materials which have been subjected to the physical-chemical formation conditions of the upper Earth crust. This has implications for their workability, internal stability and weathering behaviour.
Pore and hygric properties of porous limestones: a case study from Bratislava, Slovakia
Authors: Laho Marek , Franzen Christoph , Holzer Rudolf , Mirwald Peter W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Most historic stone monuments in Bratislava (Slovakia) are built with various types of porous, light and weakly cemented sedimentary rocks. These Neogene sandstones and limestones, also known as Leitha limestones, were quarried in the Vienna Basin. The various sedimentary environments are reflected in the heterogeneity of lithotypes and their cementation. The distinctly different pore structure of these rocks is reflected in their very variable physical properties and consequently in the distinct durability. Petrographic and petrophysical properties were determined on main ashlar types of the two most important historical monuments of Bratislava, the Castle and St Martin's Cathedral. Fresh samples of Leitha limestones were also obtained from the existing or abandoned quarries. The study includes a detailed petrographic examination of major rocks types and an assessment of their mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction and microscopy. Hygric properties and porosity influence the weathering stability and the chances to apply conservation treatment. Parameters such as pore volume, pore size distribution by mercury porosimetry, specific surface of pores by nitrogen adsorption (BET) analysis as well as water sorption, capillary water uptake and drying behaviour were measured and compared for the six studied lithotypes.
The 19th century Corsi collection of decorative stones: a resource for the 21st century?
Authors: Cooke Lisa 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

The Corsi collection of decorative stones is arguably the most important and certainly the most diverse and well known of similar collections in Europe. Formed in Rome in the first quarter of the 19th century it consists of 1000 polished sample blocks (
c
. 15×7.5×4 cm) of natural decorative and semi-precious stone. All the blocks were acquired by Faustino Corsi through other persons, usually a dealer or stonecutter who had them cut to approximately the dimensions of the first model. More than 300 are from stone that had been used in ancient Rome; the others are from stone quarried at a later date. The collection, which is complete, has been in the possession of Oxford University since 1827. The reasoned catalogue by Corsi sheds light on early 19th century ideas about mineralogy and many of the types of stone in use in Rome. Hand specimens are not as important as they used to be for teaching undergraduates, and the decorative arts have little place in modern science. Recent work on provenance, type of stone and nomenclature greatly increase the value of the collection as a resource for identification of ornamental stone used in historical buildings, sculpture and the decorative arts in the 21st century.
Working for an electronic database of historical stone resources in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy)
Authors: Frangipane Anna 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Friuli-Venezia Giulia is situated in northeast Italy, on the border with Austria and Slovenia. The availability of stone from many different sites across the geographical area of the Carnian and Julian Alps, the foothills and the eastern Karst has meant that, historically, a great variety of stone materials has been employed in the region. The sources of these materials are well documented as are the locations of earlier quarries, providing evidence that small-scale local quarrying operated throughout the region for more than two thousand years. In the modern period, from the beginning of the 20th century, these quarries were progressively abandoned. It is only recently that the area of historical building resources has started to attract new attention and detailed studies have been carried out into the use of natural stone materials, both from the geological and architectural points of view. The results of these studies are of great importance for the history of construction, and they also provide useful support for restoration. However, there is a great need for a comprehensive system to organize the considerable amount of data from historical documents and recent research. At present, much of the information available is accessible only to specialists, a situation which hinders the sharing of knowledge and the development of the field. In order to meet this need, a research project is in progress which aims to create an electronic database of the historical stone resources of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Based on the historical listings of quarries included in two 19th century surveys of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the database will describe the sites with existing buildings and other constructions in which the quarried materials were employed supplementing the data, where possible, with illustrations and specific references. The aim of the work is not only to demonstrate the great variety of stone resources in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and the influence of this on the history of building, but also to allow the cross-disciplinary correlation between architectural, material and geographical data. Once the database has been implemented, it is hoped that it will provide a continuously upgraded resource for future conservation and restoration projects.
Alveolar weathering of Cretaceous building sandstones on monuments in Saxony, Germany
Authors: Siedel Heiner 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The pattern of alveolar weathering on Cretaceous building sandstones from Saxony has been studied and related to the sandstone rock fabric and the spatial distribution of soluble salts at two monuments. The results demonstrate that uneven weathering of the stone surface is initiated by differences in porosity and mineral composition at macroscopic or microscopic scale within the heterogeneous material. Magnesium sulphate, the dominant salt, accumulates in areas with a higher content of clay minerals or ferric oxides/hydroxides, characterized by a higher amount of smaller pores. At an incipient stage, small pits in the surface are formed by salt weathering at these points. The stone dries more slowly from the base of these pits, thus accumulating more salt and leading to further material loss. Once deepened, the hole can shelter efflorescing salts from rain. The preferential weathering at the surface of the holes by salt crystallization and hydration pressure becomes a self-perpetuating process at this second stage, dependent only on changing moisture and climate. Building materials (mortars) and sulphur derived from air pollution are the main sources of the salts involved in the process of alveolar weathering on the investigated buildings. In contrast, salts that cause alveolar weathering of the Cretaceous sandstone bedrock in natural outcrops in Saxony mainly originate from long-term chemical weathering of the rock itself.
Electronic database of historical natural stones of the Czech Republic: structuring field and laboratory data
Authors: Kampfová Hana , Přikryl Richard 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

The structure of the electronic database of natural stones used in the Czech Republic (named
Deka
) has been completed. The system is based on MySQL, and is comprised of the following crucial items: general data, data regarding the geographic location and status of the quarry; petrographic description, associated mineralogical data and chemical analyses; technical data covering physical and mechanical properties as well as sculptural workability; parameters about the deposit (quarry); and data describing historical exploitation and utilization. Along with the structure of the database, other practical problems such as access to the database, insertions, corrections, erasing a record or reference, etc. are discussed. The database is designed for geologists, historians and restorers resolving problems of a stone's provenance from monuments, architects involved in the selection of promising stone types for new projects and for educational purposes to geologists, restorers, etc.

Appendix 1: A description of the eight types of data used in the dimension store database is provided at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/sup18394
Ornamental stones in the cultural heritage of Campania region (southern Italy): the Vitulano marbles
Authors: Allocca Francesco , Calcaterra Domenico , Calicchio Gabriella , Cappelletti Piergiulio , Colella Abner , Langella Alessio , Gennaro Maurizio de' 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The marbles exploited between Vitulano and Cautano (Benevento province, Campania region, Italy), have been widely utilized (at least from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century) in several important monumental buildings of the region, due to their good properties and peculiar aesthetic qualities. They are limestones deriving from the filling of palaeo-cavities, carved into an emerged Cretaceous calcareous platform, by calcareous breccias, bauxite and alabastrine deposits. Such cavities are the result of both jointing and karst processes. The studied outcrops of the Vitulano Marbles are affected by a complex joint pattern in terms of attitude and spacing, which results in rock blocks highly variable in volume. Regarding the mineralogical composition, calcite is definitely predominant whereas the insoluble residue is constituted by low amounts of dolomite, bohemite, ematite and kaolinite. The petrophysical characterization put in evidence fairly good geomechanical properties, only partly affected by the geostructural anisotropy of the rock.
Black-crust growth and interaction with underlying limestone microfacies
Authors: Fronteau Gilles , Schneider-Thomachot Céline , Chopin Edith , Barbin Vincent , Mouze Dominique , Pascal André 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Black crust growth mechanisms on three French building stones are described using diagenetic models that reveal the close links between the crust–stone interfaces and the microfacies of the host limestone. Each limestone is representative of a specific sedimentary facies and displays mixed pore structure: crinoidal limestone (Euville limestone), oolitic limestone (Savonnières limestone) and bioclastic matrix-supported limestone (Courville limestone). The crinoidal limestone is mainly made of well-developed calcitic cement (spar syntaxial calcite) with low macrocroporosity (15–20 vol. %). The oolitic limestone is macroporous (30–40 vol. %), oolite nucleus being partially or completely dissolved. The third building stone studied is less porous (14 vol. %) but presents a significant microporosity.
Weathering of the Euville limestone proceeds primarily through preferential exploitation of cleavages and microcracks and secondly by progressive recrystallization in the areas separated by previous gypsum fill-in (micro-box work). In the Savonnières limestone (oolitic limestone), gypsum recrystallization could occur without microcracks: elements are sometimes nearly totally weathered, while the palisadic calcitic cement surrounding the oolites was still preserved. In the matrix-supported limestone (Courville limestone), weathering could deeply affect the matrix while elements are not weathered. When a layer of microcrystalline calcite is observed on the surface of the limestone, however, the black crust growth seems to be limited to the external part of the stone.
Porous characteristics of limestones directly depend on sedimentary and diagenetic phases developed. The pore network controls moisture movement and also determines the reactivity of the stone to gypsum recrystallization.
Influence of temperature and salt concentration on the salt weathering of a sedimentary stone with sodium sulphate
Authors: Angeli Matthieu , Hébert Ronan , Menéndez Beatriz , David Christian , Bigas Jean-Philippe 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate how the ambient temperature and salt concentration affect the salt decay of a sedimentary stone. Samples of a detritic limestone which have experienced cycles of accelerated ageing at 5, 25 (room temperature, RT) and 50 °C with brines which had different sodium sulphate concentration were analysed. The weight of the samples and of the pieces fallen off during the cycles was monitored. The results show that the damage is more important at 5 °C than at RT. The samples at 50 °C were intact at the end of the experiment. Second, the size of the pieces fallen from the samples is significantly smaller for low temperatures: at 5 °C, the decay produces a fine powder; at RT, the pieces fallen off are of millimetre to centimetre scale. The weathering patterns are therefore different at these two temperatures: fine crumbling at 5 °C; coarse crumbling and contour scaling at RT. The salt uptake seems quite similar for a given concentration whatever the temperature. The decay also seems to be of a different kind for each concentration at RT: crumbling at low concentration, contour scaling at high concentration. Crystallization seems to take place deeper inside the porous network of the stone when the concentration of salts in the brine is higher, that is to say when the brine viscosity is higher.
Is sodium sulphate invariably effective in destroying any type of rock?
Authors: Yu Swe , Oguchi Chiaki T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sodium sulphate has been implicated as one of the most destructive weathering agents in many field observations and numerous laboratory studies. We hypothesize however, that sodium sulphate would not be invariably effective on any type of rock. To verify the supposition, a laboratory cyclic impregnation–drying experiment was undertaken. In addition to sodium sulphate, two other destructive hydratable salts, magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate, were used to attack eight types of rock. In all three salt attacks, rock breakdown occurred only during immersion due to the exertion of higher crystallization pressure driven by the greater supersaturation reached after dissolution of the crystals precipitated during drying. Sodium sulphate was the most destructive salt in six out of the eight rocks tested, and even granite was substantially disintegrated. However, although probability is small, sodium sulphate indeed manifested its impotency against a relatively weak rock (Tago Sandstone). Contrary to its modest damaging power on other rocks, magnesium sulphate destroyed Tago Sandstone which could resist sodium sulphate attack. Sodium carbonate was the least destructive of the three hydratable salts. The general damage mechanism of hydratable salts, the process of damage of Tago Sandstone by magnesium sulphate and the possible reasons behind the impotency of sodium sulphate against Tago Sandstone are all investigated.
Simultaneous wetting/drying, freeze/thaw and salt crystallization experiments of three types of Oya tuff
Authors: Oguchi Chiaki T. , Yuasa Hayato 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

An abandoned subsurface Oya tuff quarry in Japan had abundant salt efflorescence in winter. Besides salt weathering, freeze-thaw weathering and slaking were likely to occur because of winter temperatures below 0 °C and the presence of swelling clays in the rock. Field surveys were performed to collect salts. Thenardite and gypsum were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as the main salts, along with zeolites as secondary minerals. Oya tuff is categorized into three types for practical usage. To investigate petrophysical differences among the three types of Oya tuff, mercury intrusion porosimetry and tensile strength tests were performed. To determine the influence of petrophysical properties on salt weathering, freeze-thaw weathering and slaking (wet-dry weathering), all three types of Oya tuff were used for experiments. Prismatic specimens, the bases of which were sunk into distilled water, were used for the freeze-thaw and slaking experiments and Na
2
SO
4
saturated solution was used for the salt-weathering experiment. The results show that the specimens subjected to salt weathering were the most severely damaged. The coarse-type Oya tuff sustained the most severe damage, whereas the fine type received the least. There was a large amount of debris in the coarse type, but less in the fine type. The weathering susceptibility index WSI was also calculated from the results of the pore size analyses and tensile strength. The index decreases with increasing weathering cycles representing resistant rocks. The phenomena of weathering of Oya tuff were explained by three weathering experiments on three kinds of tuff. The WSI may be useful as a practical indicator of rock weathering.
Fire damage of trachyte: investigations of the Teplá monastery building stones
Authors: Gillhuber Stephanie , Lehrberger Gerhard , Göske Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe building stones of Teplá monastery (founded 1193) experienced a huge fire in 1677. Trachyte as a major rock type responded by changing colour from light beige to pink-red. Laboratory tests, during which the fresh unaltered stone from the original quarry was heated, proved the same reddened surface. Three varieties of local trachyte were examined: a greyish, naturally very fresh type (TA), a yellowish, slightly weathered and therefore iron hydroxide-bearing type (TB) and a trachyte typical with black manganese oxide dendrites and patches (TC). The changes of the physical properties and composition of these rocks were examined by ultrasonic velocity, thin section analysis, SEM observation and XRD tests. The experimental studies showed that Teplá trachyte is generally fire resistant up to 1000 °C.
Serpentinites from Cabo Ortegal (Galicia, Spain): a search for correct use as ornamental stones
Authors: Pereira Dolores , Peinado Mercedes , Yenes Mariano , Monterrubio Serafin , Nespereira Jose , Blanco Jose Antonio 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Different varieties of serpentinites present at Cabo Ortegal were studied. For many years, the ‘Verde Pirineos’ type has been quarried and sold commercially, but its physical characteristics do not fulfil the requirements for its use as an ornamental stone. ‘Piedra de Doelo’ is the local name for a serpentinite that has been quarried and used for many centuries in a large number of historical buildings distributed throughout the area. The preservation status of the rock is very poor and the stone is severely affected by weathering. A third variety, similar to the ‘ophicalcite’ described in the literature, is currently under investigation with a view to studying the possibility of the resumption of serpentinite quarrying. Although serpentinites are commercially known as ‘green marbles’, Galician serpentinites do not fulfil the mineral requirements to be described as such. Study of the characteristics of serpentinites, including their mineralogy, may offer a clue to the correct use of Galician serpentinites.
A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland
Authors: McCabe Stephen , Smith Bernard J. , Warke Patricia A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it has experienced. A consideration of the combined impact of background environmental factors (such as salt accumulation, temperature cycles, frost, chemical alteration, soiling of the surface, changes in surface morphology and biological colonization) and ‘exceptional’ factors (such as lime rendering, fire, climate change, abandonment and conservation intervention) is used to formulate alternative decay pathways of the sandstones identified at the Friary. Discussion focuses on the value of identifying conceptual event sequences such as the cumulative impact of past events, individual and combined, to produce recognizable decay features seen in the present day. The possible impact of future climate change on the decay of medieval sandstone monuments is discussed.