bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Size‐selective fishing gear and life history evolution in the Northeast Arctic cod
Authors: Jørgensen Christian , Ernande Bruno , Fiksen Øyvind 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndustrial fishing has been identified as a cause for life history changes in many harvested stocks, mainly because of the intense fishing mortality and its size‐selectivity. Because these changes are potentially evolutionary, we investigate evolutionarily stable life‐histories and yield in an energy‐allocation state‐dependent model for Northeast Arctic codGadus morhua. We focus on the evolutionary effects of size‐selective fishing because regulation of gear selectivity may be an efficient management tool. Trawling, which harvests fish above a certain size, leads to early maturation except when fishing is low and confined to mature fish. Gillnets, where small and large fish escape, lead to late maturation for low to moderate harvest rates, but when harvest rates increase maturation age suddenly drops. This is because bell‐shaped selectivity has two size‐refuges, for fish that are below and above the harvestable size‐classes. Depending on the harvest rate it either pays to grow through the harvestable slot and mature above it, or mature small below it. Sustainable yield on the evolutionary time‐scale is highest when fishing is done by trawling, but only for a small parameter region. Fishing with gillnets is better able to withstand life‐history evolution, and maintains yield over a wider range of fishing intensities.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Implications of fisheries‐induced evolution for stock rebuilding and recovery
Authors: Enberg Katja , Jørgensen Christian , Dunlop Erin S. , Heino Mikko , Dieckmann Ulf 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWorldwide depletion of fish stocks has led fisheries managers to become increasingly concerned about rebuilding and recovery planning. To succeed, factors affecting recovery dynamics need to be understood, including the role of fisheries‐induced evolution. Here we investigate a stock’s response to fishing followed by a harvest moratorium by analyzing an individual‐based evolutionary model parameterized for Atlantic codGadus morhuafrom its northern range, representative of long‐lived, late‐maturing species. The model allows evolution of life‐history processes including maturation, reproduction, and growth. It also incorporates environmental variability, phenotypic plasticity, and density‐dependent feedbacks. Fisheries‐induced evolution affects recovery in several ways. The first decades of recovery were dominated by demographic and density‐dependent processes. Biomass rebuilding was only lightly influenced by fisheries‐induced evolution, whereas other stock characteristics such as maturation age, spawning stock biomass, and recruitment were substantially affected, recovering to new demographic equilibria below their preharvest levels. This is because genetic traits took thousands of years to evolve back to preharvest levels, indicating that natural selection driving recovery of these traits is weaker than fisheries‐induced selection was. Our results strengthen the case for proactive management of fisheries‐induced evolution, as the restoration of genetic traits altered by fishing is slow and may even be impractical.
SYNTHESIS: Life history change in commercially exploited fish stocks: an analysis of trends across studies
Authors: Sharpe Diana M. T. , Hendry Andrew P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAge and size at maturation have declined dramatically in many commercial fish stocks over the past few decades – changes that have been widely attributed to fishing pressure. We performed an analysis of such trends across multiple studies, to test for the consistency of life history changes under fishing, and for their association with the intensity of exploitation (fishing mortality rate). We analyzed 143 time series from 37 commercial fish stocks, the majority of which originated from the North Atlantic. Rates of phenotypic change were calculated for two traditional maturation indices (length and age at 50% maturity), as well as for probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). We found that all three indices declined in heavily exploited populations, and at a rate that was strongly correlated with the intensity of fishing (for length at 50% maturity and PMRNs). These results support previous assertions that fishing pressure is playing a major role in the life history changes observed in commercial fish stocks. Rates of change were as strong for PMRNs as for age and size at 50% maturity, which is consistent with the hypothesis that fishing‐induced phenotypic changes can sometimes have a genetic basis.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Avoidance of fisheries‐induced evolution: management implications for catch selectivity and limit reference points
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractI examined how the fitness (r) associated with early‐ and late‐maturing genotypes varies with fishing mortality (F) and age‐/size‐specific probability of capture. Life‐history data on Newfoundland’s northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) allowed for the estimation of r for individuals maturing at 4 and 7 year in the absence of fishing. Catch selectivity data associated with four types of fishing gear (trap, gillnet, handline, otter trawl) were then incorporated to examine how r varied with gear type and with F. The resulting fitness functions were then used to estimate the F above which selection would favour early (4 year) rather than delayed (7 year) maturity. This evolutionarily‐sensitive threshold, Fevol, identifies a limit reference point somewhat similar to those used to define overfishing (e.g., Fmsy, F0.1). Over‐exploitation of northern cod resulted in fishing mortalities considerably greater than those required to effect evolutionary change. Selection for early maturity is reduced by the dome‐shaped selectivities characteristic of fixed gears such as handlines (the greater the leptokurtosis, the lower the probability of a selection response) and enhanced by the knife‐edged selectivities of bottom trawls. Strategies to minimize genetic change are consistent with traditional management objectives (e.g., yield maximization, population increase). Compliance with harvest control rules guided by evolutionarily‐sensitive limit reference points, which may be achieved by adherence to traditional reference points such as Fmsy and F0.1, should be sufficient to minimize the probability of fisheries‐induced evolution for commercially exploited species.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Mitigating fisheries‐induced evolution in lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Okamoto Kenichi W. , Whitlock Rebecca , Magnan Pierre , Dieckmann Ulf 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSize‐selective mortality caused by fishing can impose strong selection on harvested fish populations, causing evolution in important life‐history traits. Understanding and predicting harvest‐induced evolutionary change can help maintain sustainable fisheries. We investigate the evolutionary sustainability of alternative management regimes for lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) fisheries in southern Canada and aim to optimize these regimes with respect to the competing objectives of maximizing mean annual yield and minimizing evolutionary change in maturation schedules. Using a stochastic simulation model of brook charr populations consuming a dynamic resource, we investigate how harvesting affects brook charr maturation schedules. We show that when approximately 5% to 15% of the brook charr biomass is harvested, yields are high, and harvest‐induced evolutionary changes remain small. Intensive harvesting (at approximately >15% of brook charr biomass) results in high average yields and little evolutionary change only when harvesting is restricted to brook charr larger than the size at 50% maturation probability at the age of 2 years. Otherwise, intensive harvesting lowers average yield and causes evolutionary change in the maturation schedule of brook charr. Our results indicate that intermediate harvesting efforts offer an acceptable compromise between avoiding harvest‐induced evolutionary change and securing high average yields.
Lymphocyte‐Bound Complement Activation Products as Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Liu Chau‐Ching , Kao Amy H. , Hawkins Douglas M. , Manzi Susan , Sattar Abdus , Wilson Nicole , Ahearn Joseph M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is frequently misdiagnosed due to the lack of definitive diagnostic tests. The purpose of this study was to determine specifically whether complement activation products (CAP) are deposited on lymphocytes of SLE patients and whether lymphocyte‐bound CAP (LB‐CAP) may serve as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of SLE. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 224 patients with SLE, 179 patients with other diseases, and 114 healthy controls. LB‐CAP on peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Diagnostic utility of LB‐CAP was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Significantly elevated levels of C4d and C3d were detected specifically on T and B lymphocytes (designated T‐C4d, T‐C3d, B‐C4d, and B‐C3d) of SLE patients. As diagnostic tools, T‐C4d and B‐C4d, respectively, were 56% sensitive/80% specific and 60% sensitive/82% specific in differentiating SLE from other diseases. Moreover, compared with measurement of anti‐dsDNA, serum C3, or serum C4, measurement of T‐C4d/B‐C4d was significantly more sensitive in identifying SLE patients during a single clinic visit. This is the first investigation of lymphocytes bearing complement activation products in human disease. T‐C4d and B‐C4d have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for SLE and may have added value to current laboratory tests for SLE diagnosis.
Mortality from cancer and other causes in the Balangero cohort of chrysotile asbestos miners
Authors: Pira E , Pelucchi C , Piolatto P G , Negri E , Bilei T , La Vecchia C 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:To provide further information on mortality from cancer and other causes among chrysotile asbestos miners several years after exposure ceased, we updated the analyses from the Balangero mine worker cohort with follow-up to the end of 2003.Methods:The cohort included 1056 men, for a total of 34 432 man-years of observation. We obtained employment data from factory personnel records, and ascertained vital status and causes of death through population registers and death certificates from municipal registration offices. We computed expected numbers of deaths and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for relevant causes using the province of Turin and national death rates, for each 5-year calendar period and age group.Results:We found a significant excess mortality from pleural cancer only (4 deaths, SMR 4.67) and pleural and peritoneal cancers combined (5 deaths, SMR 3.16). All pleural and peritoneal cancer deaths occurred 30 or more years after first exposure. The SMRs were 1.27 for lung cancer (45 deaths), 1.82 for laryngeal cancer (8 deaths) and 1.12 for all cancers (142 deaths). Cumulative dust exposure and the various time factors considered did not show a clear pattern of risk associated with mortality from lung cancer. There were 57 deaths from cirrhosis (SMR 2.94) and 54 from accidents and violence (SMR 1.88). Overall, we observed a total of 590 deaths as compared to 412.9 expected (SMR 1.43).Conclusions:This updated analysis, with almost 60% of the cohort having died, confirmed the excess mortality from pleural and peritoneal cancers and from several alcohol-related causes.
The Impact of Satellite-Derived Polar Winds on Lower-Latitude Forecasts
Authors: Santek David 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) in NWP models continues to be an important source of information in data-sparse regions. These AMVs are derived from a time sequence of images from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. NWP centers have documented positive impact on model forecasts not only in regions where the AMVs are measured, but elsewhere as well. One example is the effect of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) polar winds on forecasts in the middle and lower latitudes.
Using a preoperational version of NCEP’s Global Forecast System (GFS), an experiment was run during August and September 2004, with and without the MODIS polar winds. Several cases within this period were analyzed to determine how winds poleward of 70° latitude affect the height and wind fields into lower latitudes.
From the five cases examined, it was determined that the addition of the polar winds modifies the mass balance in synoptic-scale waves near the polar jet streams. This change in mass balance is evident in differences in the ageostrophic wind, which has an effect on the speed and amplitude of baroclinic waves that extends from the jet stream into lower latitudes in later forecast times. These results reveal the substantial impact that polar-only observations may have on the predictability of global weather systems.
Calibrated Precipitation Forecasts for a Limited-Area Ensemble Forecast System Using Reforecasts
Authors: Fundel Felix , Walser Andre , Liniger Mark A. , Frei Christoph , Appenzeller Christof 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe calibration of numerical weather forecasts using reforecasts has been shown to increase the skill of weather predictions. Here, the precipitation forecasts from the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling Limited Area Ensemble Prediction System (COSMO-LEPS) are improved using a 30-yr-long set of reforecasts. The probabilistic forecasts are calibrated on the exceedance of return periods, independently from available observations. Besides correcting for systematic model errors, the spatial and temporal variability in the amplitude of rare precipitation events is implicitly captured when issuing forecasts of return periods. These forecast products are especially useful for issuing warnings of upcoming events. A way to visualize those calibrated ensemble forecasts conveniently for end users and to present verification results of the return period–based forecasts for Switzerland is proposed.It is presented that, depending on the lead time and return period, calibrating COSMO-LEPS with reforecasts increases the precipitation forecast skill substantially (about 1 day in forecast lead time). The largest improvements are achieved during winter months. The reasonable choice of the length of the reforecast climatology is estimated for an efficient use of this computational expensive calibration method.
Calibrating Multimodel Forecast Ensembles with Exchangeable and Missing Members Using Bayesian Model Averaging
Authors: Fraley Chris , Raftery Adrian E. , Gneiting Tilmann 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBayesian model averaging (BMA) is a statistical postprocessing technique that generates calibrated and sharp predictive probability density functions (PDFs) from forecast ensembles. It represents the predictive PDF as a weighted average of PDFs centered on the bias-corrected ensemble members, where the weights reflect the relative skill of the individual members over a training period.This work adapts the BMA approach to situations that arise frequently in practice; namely, when one or more of the member forecasts are exchangeable, and when there are missing ensemble members. Exchangeable members differ in random perturbations only, such as the members of bred ensembles, singular vector ensembles, or ensemble Kalman filter systems. Accounting for exchangeability simplifies the BMA approach, in that the BMA weights and the parameters of the component PDFs can be assumed to be equal within each exchangeable group. With these adaptations, BMA can be applied to postprocess multimodel ensembles of any composition.In experiments with surface temperature and quantitative precipitation forecasts from the University of Washington mesoscale ensemble and ensemble Kalman filter systems over the Pacific Northwest, the proposed extensions yield good results. The BMA method is robust to exchangeability assumptions, and the BMA postprocessed combined ensemble shows better verification results than any of the individual, raw, or BMA postprocessed ensemble systems. These results suggest that statistically postprocessed multimodel ensembles can outperform individual ensemble systems, even in cases in which one of the constituent systems is superior to the others.
Mast cells counteract regulatory T-cell suppression through interleukin-6 and OX40/OX40L axis toward Th17-cell differentiation
Authors: Piconese Silvia , Gri Giorgia , Tripodo Claudio , Musio Silvia , Gorzanelli Andrea , Frossi Barbara , Pedotti Rosetta , Pucillo Carlo E. , Colombo Mario P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of inflammatory diseases implies inactivation of regulatory T (Treg) cells through mechanisms that still are largely unknown. Here we showed that mast cells (MCs), an early source of inflammatory mediators, are able to counteract Treg inhibition over effector T cells. To gain insight into the molecules involved in their interplay, we set up an in vitro system in which all 3 cellular components were put in contact. Reversal of Treg suppression required T cell–derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the OX40/OX40L axis. In the presence of activated MCs, concomitant abundance of IL-6 and paucity of Th1/Th2 cytokines skewed Tregs and effector T cells into IL-17–producing T cells (Th17). In vivo analysis of lymph nodes hosting T-cell priming in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis revealed activated MCs, Tregs, and Th17 cells displaying tight spatial interactions, further supporting the occurrence of an MC-mediated inhibition of Treg suppression in the establishment of Th17-mediated inflammatory responses.
High-throughput molecular analysis in lung cancer: insights into biology and potential clinical applications
Authors: Ocak S. , Sos M. L. , Thomas R. K. , Massion P. P. 
Published: July 2009

During the last decade, high-throughput technologies including genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic have been applied to further our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disease, and to develop strategies that aim to improve the management of patients with lung cancer. Ultimately, these approaches should lead to sensitive, specific and noninvasive methods for early diagnosis, and facilitate the prediction of response to therapy and outcome, as well as the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets.Genomic studies were the first to move this field forward by providing novel insights into the molecular biology of lung cancer and by generating candidate biomarkers of disease progression. Lung carcinogenesis is driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause aberrant gene function; however, the challenge remains to pinpoint the key regulatory control mechanisms and to distinguish driver from passenger alterations that may have a small but additive effect on cancer development.Epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation and histone modifications modulate chromatin structure and, in turn, either activate or silence gene expression. Proteomic approaches critically complement these molecular studies, as the phenotype of a cancer cell is determined by proteins and cannot be predicted by genomics or transcriptomics alone.The present article focuses on the technological platforms available and some proposed clinical applications. We illustrate herein how the “-omics” have revolutionised our approach to lung cancer biology and hold promise for personalised management of lung cancer.
SCH527123, a novel CXCR2 antagonist, inhibits ozone-induced neutrophilia in healthy subjects
Authors: Holz O. , Khalilieh S. , Ludwig-Sengpiel A. , Watz H. , Stryszak P. , Soni P. , Tsai M. , Sadeh J. , Magnussen H. 
Published: July 2009

SCH527123 is a novel, selective CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist that inhibits neutrophil activation and modulates neutrophil trafficking in animal models, characteristics that may be beneficial in the treatment of conditions with unbalanced pulmonary neutrophilia, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this proof-of-principle study was to determine whether SCH527123 inhibits ozone-induced neutrophil recruitment in healthy humans.In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study, oral SCH527123 (50 mg once daily, 4 days), prednisolone (50 mg once), or placebo was alternated with 2-week washouts. 18 healthy ozone responders (>20% increase in sputum neutrophils) underwent ozone challenge tests (250 ppb, 3 h intermittent exercise) 1 h after the last treatment dose. Sputum was induced at 3 h post-challenge.After SCH527123 treatment, the ozone challenge resulted in significantly lower sputum neutrophil counts (0.13×106·mL−1) compared with prednisolone (0.84×106·mL−1; p<0.001) or placebo (2.98×106·mL−1; p<0.001). Comparable results were obtained for total cell count, percentage of sputum neutrophils, and for interleukin-8 and myeloperoxidase in sputum supernatant. Post-challenge, SCH527123 inhibited neutrophilia in peripheral blood but significantly less than in sputum. All treatments were safe and well tolerated.SCH527123 causes significant attenuation of ozone-induced airway neutrophilia in healthy subjects. Further evaluation in a large trial of patients with pulmonary disorders is warranted.
Maintaining benefits following pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Spencer L. M. , Alison J. A. , McKeough Z. J. 
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to determine if weekly, supervised, outpatient-based exercise plus unsupervised home exercise following an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation programme would maintain functional exercise capacity and quality of life at 12 months better than standard care of unsupervised home exercise training.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects completed an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation programme, were randomised to an intervention group (IG) of weekly, supervised, exercise plus home exercise or to a control group (CG) of unsupervised home exercise and followed for 12 months. Outcome measurements at baseline (after pulmonary rehabilitation), and 3, 6 and 12 months included the 6-min walk test and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).59 subjects with moderate COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II) were recruited and 48 subjects completed the study. 12-month mean difference showed no significant change from baseline in 6-min walk distance (IG -11 m, 95% CI -21–10 m; CG -6 m, 95% CI -34–11 m) or total SGRQ score (IG 3, 95% CI -0.8–7; CG -3, 95% CI -7–3).12 months following pulmonary rehabilitation both weekly, supervised, outpatient-based exercise plus unsupervised home exercise and standard care of unsupervised home exercise successfully maintained 6-min walk distance and quality of life in subjects with moderate COPD.