bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobility of Plasmids
Authors: Smillie Chris , Garcillán-Barcia M. Pilar , Francia M. Victoria , Rocha Eduardo P. C. , de la Cruz Fernando 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPlasmids are key vectors of horizontal gene transfer and essential genetic engineering tools. They code for genes involved in many aspects of microbial biology, including detoxication, virulence, ecological interactions, and antibiotic resistance. While many studies have decorticated the mechanisms of mobility in model plasmids, the identification and characterization of plasmid mobility from genome data are unexplored. By reviewing the available data and literature, we established a computational protocol to identify and classify conjugation and mobilization genetic modules in 1,730 plasmids. This allowed the accurate classification of proteobacterial conjugative or mobilizable systems in a combination of four mating pair formation and six relaxase families. The available evidence suggests that half of the plasmids are nonmobilizable and that half of the remaining plasmids are conjugative. Some conjugative systems are much more abundant than others and preferably associated with some clades or plasmid sizes. Most very large plasmids are nonmobilizable, with evidence of ongoing domestication into secondary chromosomes. The evolution of conjugation elements shows ancient divergence between mobility systems, with relaxases and type IV coupling proteins (T4CPs) often following separate paths from type IV secretion systems. Phylogenetic patterns of mobility proteins are consistent with the phylogeny of the host prokaryotes, suggesting that plasmid mobility is in general circumscribed within large clades. Our survey suggests the existence of unsuspected new relaxases in archaea and new conjugation systems in cyanobacteria and actinobacteria. Few genes, e.g., T4CPs, relaxases, and VirB4, are at the core of plasmid conjugation, and together with accessory genes, they have evolved into specific systems adapted to specific physiological and ecological contexts.
Transport and Dynamics of the Panay Sill Overflow in the Philippine Seas*
Authors: Tessler Zachary D. , Gordon Arnold L. , Pratt Larry J. , Sprintall Janet 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObservations of stratification and currents between June 2007 and March 2009 reveal a strong overflow between 400- and 570-m depth from the Panay Strait into the Sulu Sea. The overflow water is derived from approximately 400 m deep in the South China Sea. Temporal mean velocity is greater than 0.75 m s−1 at 50 m above the 570-m Panay Sill. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of a mooring time series shows that the flow is dominated by the bottom overflow current with little seasonal variance. The overflow does not descend below 1250 m in the Sulu Sea but rather settles above high-salinity deep water derived from the Sulawesi Sea. The mean observed overflow transport at the sill is 0.32 × 106 m3 s−1. The observed transport was used to calculate a bulk diapycnal diffusivity of 4.4 × 10−4 m2 s−1 within the Sulu Sea slab (∼575–1250 m) ventilated from Panay Strait. Analysis of Froude number variation across the sill shows that the flow is hydraulically controlled. A suitable hydraulic control model shows overflow transport equivalent to the observed overflow. Thorpe-scale estimates show turbulent dissipation rates up to 5 × 10−7 W kg−1 just downstream of the supercritical to subcritical flow transition, suggesting a hydraulic jump downstream of the sill.
Sustained, Full-Water-Column Observations of Internal Waves and Mixing near Mendocino Escarpment
Authors: Alford Matthew H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The relative strength and spatiotemporal structure of near-inertial waves (NIW) and internal tides (IT) are examined in the context of recent moored observations made 19 km south of Mendocino Escarpment, an abrupt ridge/step feature in the eastern Pacific. In addition to strong internal tide generation, steps and ridges give rise to the possibility of “shadowing,” wherein near-inertial energy is prevented from reaching depths beneath a characteristic intersecting the ridge top. A combination of two moored profilers and a long-range acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) yielded velocity and shear measurements from 100 to 3640 m (60 m above bottom) and isopycnal depth, strain, and overturn-inferred turbulence dissipation rate from 1000 to 3640 m. Sampling intervals (20 min in the upper 1000 m and 1.5 h below that) were fast enough to minimize aliasing of higher-frequency internal-wave motions. The 67-day-long record is easily sufficient to isolate NIW and IT via bandpass filtering and to capture low-frequency variability in all quantities.
No near-inertial shadowing was observed. Instead, energetic near-inertial waves were observed at all depths, radiating both upward and downward. A strong upward internal tide beam, showing a pronounced spring–neap cycle, was also seen near the expected depth. Case studies of each of these are presented in depth and isopycnal-following coordinates. Except for immediately above the bottom and in the “beam,” where IT kinetic energy shows marked peaks, kinetic energy in the two bands is within a factor of 2 of each other. However, because of the redder NIW vertical wavenumber spectrum, NIW shear exceeded IT shear at all depths by a factor of 2–4. Dissipation rate was strongly enhanced in the bottom 1000 m and in the depth range of the internal tide beam. However, except for very near the bottom and possibly in one NIW event, no clear phase relationship was observed between dissipation rate and wave shear or strain, suggesting that turbulence occurs through a cascade process rather than by direct breaking at most locations.
Tensile and Shear Loading Stability of All-Inside Meniscal Repairs
Authors: Brucker Peter U. , Favre Philippe , Puskas Gabor J. , von Campe Arndt , Meyer Dominik C. , Koch Peter P. 
Published: August 2010

Background: Most biomechanical studies for evaluation of the structural properties of meniscal repairs have been performed in tensile loading scenarios perpendicular to the circumferential meniscal fibers. However, meniscal repair constructs are also exposed to shear forces parallel to the circumferential meniscal fibers during healing, particularly in the midportion of the meniscus. Hypothesis: Material properties of meniscal repair devices cannot be extrapolated from tensile to shear load scenarios. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: In 84 harvested and isolated bovine lateral menisci following removal of adjacent soft tissue, a standardized vertical lesion was set followed by repair using all-inside flexible (FasT-Fix, FasT-Fix AB, RapidLoc) and rigid (Meniscus Screw, Meniscus Arrow) meniscal repair devices. Vertical and horizontal 2.0 Ethibond sutures were used as controls. The repaired meniscal construct was tested in a tensile (parallel to the axis of the tested repair device) and shear load scenario (perpendicular to the axis of the tested repair device) at 5 mm/min and 37°C environmental temperature. Maximum load to failure, stiffness, and failure mode were recorded. Results: The absolute load to failure values of each repair device in the shear scenario were only marginally different from the tensile load scenario. However, the stiffness of several tested devices was markedly reduced in the shear scenario. In both scenarios, large differences of the load to failure and the stiffness between the implant types up to 5-fold were found ( P < .05). The failure mode of several all-inside flexible repair devices was different in the shear versus tensile load scenario, while the failure mode of the rigid systems was similar in both scenarios. Conclusion: All-inside meniscal repair devices exposed to shear load scenarios have comparable maximum loads to failures as tensile load scenarios. However, the stiffness of the majority of the flexible meniscal repair implants in a shear load scenario is markedly reduced. The applied scenario also affects the failure mode in several flexible meniscal repair devices. Clinical Relevance: Meniscal repair devices with sufficient stiffness and stability against shear loads may be favored for meniscal repair, especially within the midportion of the meniscus where shear loads occur during healing.
Oxidation-resistant Film for Negative Active Materials of Lead–Acid Batteries Generated by Co-adsorption of Ascorbic Acid and Boric Acid
Authors: Miyanari Nagayoshi , Yamamuro Takateru , Kunitake Masashi , Nishiyama Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A simple and useful technique for preparing an oxidation-resistant film on a Pb electrode is reported. By dipping a Pb electrode into a mixed solution of 1% ascorbic and 5% boric acids at 40 °C and then drying in air, the film was coated on the surface to protect the Pb electrode from oxidation. EPMA results clearly showed that no oxidation of the Pb surface took place even after one week in air. In addition, the discharge curve of a Pb plate treated with the reported method was as good as that obtained from conventional methods.
Simple Intercalation Reaction of Layered Double Hydroxide with Sodium Valproate under Solid Conditions
Authors: Hayashi Aki , Nakayama Hirokazu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The intercalation of sodium valproate, a hygroscopic antiepileptic drug, was successful for the first time in the interlayer region of nitrate-type LDH simply by mixing both powders in a mortar at room temperature. The addition of a small amount of water accelerated the reaction.
Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquid by Sputter Deposition as Catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling in Water
Authors: Oda Yoshiro , Hirano Koji , Yoshii Kazuki , Kuwabata Susumu , Torimoto Tsukasa , Miura Masahiro 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles in an ionic liquid prepared readily by sputter deposition efficiently catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic aryl halides in water.
Ein suboptimaler Ansatz zur schnellen modellprädiktiven Regelung nichtlinearer Systeme
Authors: Graichen Knut , Egretzberger Markus , Kugi Andreas 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag stellt ein schnelles modellprädiktives Regelungsverfahren für nichtlineare Systeme mit Stellgrößenbeschränkungen vor. Das Verfahren berechnet in jedem Abtastschritt eine suboptimale Lösung des unterlagerten Optimierungsproblems, die über die Laufzeit des Prozesses inkrementell verbessert wird. Des Weiteren zeichnet sich das Verfahren durch eine feste Anzahl an Iterationen pro Abtastschritt aus und ist rechenzeit- und speichereffizient implementierbar. Die Echtzeitfähigkeit und Regelgüte sowie die inkrementelle Verbesserung des Verfahrens werden für einen Verladekran im Labormaßstab mit einer Abtastzeit von 2 ms verdeutlicht.
Effiziente und gesicherte Modellreduktion für parametrisierte dynamische Systeme
Authors: Haasdonk Bernard 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie einige charakteristische Komponenten von Reduzierte-Basis-Verfahren auf die Ordnungsreduktion von parametrisierten linearen dynamischen Systemen übertragen werden können. Den Schlüssel für Effizienz des Reduktionsprozesses stellt eine Offline/Online-Zerlegung dar, welche unter Annahme einer affinen Parameterabhängigkeit der Systemkomponenten realisiert werden kann. Zusätzlich ist eine Absicherung der reduzierten Simulationsergebnisse durch garantierte, schnell zu berechnende und scharfe A-posteriori-Fehlerschranken möglich. Experimente zeigen die Anwendbarkeit der parametrischen Reduktionstechnik, die Zuverlässigkeit der Fehlerschätzer und die erreichte Laufzeit-Beschleunigung.
Backstepping zur Synchronisierung nichtlinearer dynamischer Systeme
Authors: Listmann Kim D. , Adamy Jürgen , Woolsey Craig A. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung
Es wird eine systematische Methode zum Entwurf synchronisierender Regler für Systeme in strenger Rückkopplungsform entwickelt. Dabei wird die Äquivalenz unter statischer Zustandsrückführung der gegebenen Systeme zu passiven Systemen ausgenutzt und eine neue Variante des Backstepping-Verfahrens vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich ein Kollektiv identischer Agenten synchronisiert, wenn das Kommunikationsnetzwerk zu allen Zeitpunkten stark zusammenhängend und ausgeglichen ist. Die Methode wird anhand zweier Beispiele illustriert.
Hierarchische Modellierung und Regelung hybrider Systeme auf zwei Ebenen
Authors: Stursberg Olaf , Paschedag Tina , Rungger Matthias , Ding Hao 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung
Während hybride dynamische Modelle zur Behandlung von Systemen mit heterogener Dynamik mittlerweile relativ etabliert sind, beschränkt sich die überwiegende Mehrzahl von Ansätzen zur Auslegung und Analyse hybrider Systeme auf monolithische Modelle ohne Hierarchie. Dieser Beitrag zeigt zunächst auf, wie sich modulare hybride Systeme mit zwei Entscheidungsebenen, die z. B. zur Darstellung von Fertigungsprozessen geeignet sind, systematisch modellieren lassen. Der zweite Teil stellt eine Methodik vor, mit der sich ereignisdiskrete Stellgrößen (als koordinierende Steuerung) und kontinuierliche Eingänge (im Sinne eingebetteter Regelungen) kombiniert festlegen lassen. Die Methodik benutzt einen Ansatz der kostenbasierten Graphensuche auf der oberen Entscheidungsebene sowie Prinzipien der prädiktiven Regelung auf der unteren. Die Vorgehensweise wird anhand eines Fertigungsprozesses illustriert.
Cellularity and Adipogenic Profile of the Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue From Obese Adolescents: Association With Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis
Authors: Kursawe Romy , Eszlinger Markus , Narayan Deepak , Liu Teresa , Bazuine Merlijn , Cali Anna M.G. , D'Adamo Ebe , Shaw Melissa , Pierpont Bridget , Shulman Gerald I. , Cushman Samuel W. , Sherman Arthur , Caprio Sonia 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
We explored whether the distribution of adipose cell size, the estimated total number of adipose cells, and the expression of adipogenic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue are linked to the phenotype of high visceral and low subcutaneous fat depots in obese adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 38 adolescents with similar degrees of obesity agreed to have a subcutaneous periumbilical adipose tissue biopsy, in addition to metabolic (oral glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) and imaging studies (MRI, DEXA, 1H-NMR). Subcutaneous periumbilical adipose cell-size distribution and the estimated total number of subcutaneous adipose cells were obtained from tissue biopsy samples fixed in osmium tetroxide and analyzed by Beckman Coulter Multisizer. The adipogenic capacity was measured by Affymetrix GeneChip and quantitative RT-PCR.

RESULTS
Subjects were divided into two groups: high versus low ratio of visceral to visceral + subcutaneous fat (VAT/[VAT+SAT]). The cell-size distribution curves were significantly different between the high and low VAT/(VAT+SAT) groups, even after adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity (MANOVA P = 0.035). Surprisingly, the fraction of large adipocytes was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) in the group with high VAT/(VAT+SAT), along with the estimated total number of large adipose cells (P &lt; 0.05), while the mean diameter was increased (P &lt; 0.01). From the microarray analyses emerged a lower expression of lipogenesis/adipogenesis markers (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase) in the group with high VAT/(VAT+SAT), which was confirmed by RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONS
A reduced lipo-/adipogenic capacity, fraction, and estimated number of large subcutaneous adipocytes may contribute to the abnormal distribution of abdominal fat and hepatic steatosis, as well as to insulin resistance in obese adolescents.
One-Hour Plasma Glucose Identifies Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction in Individuals With Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Manco Melania , Panunzi Simona , Macfarlane David P. , Golay Alain , Melander Olle , Konrad Thomas , Petrie John R. , Mingrone Geltrude ,   on behalf of the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Risk (RISC) Consortium
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
Some individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) exhibit a 1-h excursion of plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance testing as high as that of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The aim of this study was to characterize their metabolic phenotype.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,205 healthy volunteers (aged 29–61 years) underwent assessment of 1) oral glucose tolerance and 2) insulin sensitivity (standardized euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp), as part of the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Risk (RISC) study.

RESULTS
One-hour plasma glucose correlated better than 2-h plasma glucose with total insulin secretion (r = 0.43), β-cell glucose sensitivity (r = −0.46), and β-cell rate sensitivity (r = −0.18). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified 8.95 mmol/l as the best cutoff value for prediction of IGT from 1-h plasma glucose (sensitivity 77% and specificity 80%). Participants with NGT with 1-h plasma glucose &gt;8.95 mmol/l had larger waist circumference, higher BMI, lower insulin sensitivity, higher fasting glucose, and higher insulin secretion than their counterparts with 1-h plasma glucose ≤8.95 mmol/l (P &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). Moreover, they exhibited lower β-cell glucose sensitivity (P &lt; 0.001), β-cell rate sensitivity (P &lt; 0.001), and potentiation factor (P = 0.026). When compared with conventionally defined IGT, they were not different in waist circumference and BMI, hepatic insulin extraction, β-cell glucose sensitivity, β-cell rate sensitivity, and potentiation factor but did have greater insulin sensitivity along with reduced basal (P = 0.001) and total insulin secretion (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Higher values of 1-h plasma glucose may identify an intermediate condition between NGT and IGT characterized by greater insulin resistance, reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity, and reduced β-cell rate sensitivity.
Declining β-Cell Function Relative to Insulin Sensitivity With Increasing Fasting Glucose Levels in the Nondiabetic Range in Children
Authors: Tfayli Hala , Lee SoJung , Arslanian Silva 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
In adults, higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, even within the normoglycemic range, are associated with increased diabetes risk. This investigation tested the hypothesis that β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity decreases with increasing FPG in youth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 223 youth with FPG &lt;126 mg/dl underwent evaluation of first- and second-phase insulin secretion during a 2-h hyperglycemic (∼225 mg/dl) clamp, insulin sensitivity during a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, body composition, and abdominal adiposity with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomographic scan. β-Cell function relative to insulin sensitivity was calculated as the product of first-phase insulin and insulin sensitivity, i.e., glucose disposition index (GDI). The subjects were divided into three FPG categories: ≤90, &gt;90–&lt;100, and ≥100–&lt;126 mg/dl.

RESULTS
GDI decreased significantly across the three categories as FPG increased (1,086 ± 192 vs. 814 ± 67 and 454 ± 57 mg/kg/min, P = 0.002). This decline remained significant after adjustment for race, sex, BMI, and percent body fat or visceral fat. Within each FPG category, GDI declined with increasing BMI percentiles.

CONCLUSIONS
The impairment in β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity is apparent even within the nondiabetic FPG range in children. At the current cutoff of 100 mg/dl for impaired fasting glucose (IFG), there is an ∼49% decline in the GDI independent of obesity and race. This observation may reflect a heightened risk of β-cell dysfunction and progression to diabetes in these children. Considering the near doubling of IFG prevalence among youth between National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000 and 2005–2006, our findings have important public health implications.
Diabetes, Glycemic Control, and New-Onset Heart Failure in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: van Melle Joost P. , Bot Mariska , de Jonge Peter , de Boer Rudolf A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Whooley Mary A. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes is a predictor of both coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure. It is unknown to what extent the association between diabetes and heart failure is influenced by other risk factors for heart failure.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We evaluated the association of diabetes and A1C with incident heart failure in outpatients with stable CAD and no history of heart failure (average follow-up 4.1 years).

RESULTS
Of 839 participants, 200 had diabetes (23.8%). Compared with patients who did not have diabetes, those with diabetes had an increased risk of heart failure (hazard ratio [HR] 2.17 [95% CI 1.37–3.44]). Adjustment for risk factors for CAD (age, sex, race, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol), interim myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia did not alter the strength of the association between diabetes and heart failure. After inclusion also of other risk factors for heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, and C-reactive protein) and medication use, diabetes remained an independent predictor of heart failure (HR 3.34 [95% CI 1.65–6.76]; P = 0.001). Each 1% increase in A1C concentration was associated with a 36% increased HR of heart failure hospitalization (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.17–1.58]).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with stable CAD who are free from heart failure at baseline, diabetes and glycemic control are independent risk factors for new-onset heart failure. The mechanisms by which diabetes and hyperglycemia lead to heart failure deserve further study, as the association is independent of baseline functional assessment of ischemia, systolic and diastolic function, and interim myocardial infarction.
Differences in Maternal Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Dietary Fat Intake in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Mild Gestational Hyperglycemia
Authors: Chen Xinhua , Scholl Theresa O. , Leskiw Maria , Savaille Juanito , Stein T. Peter 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the relationship between maternal circulating fatty acids (FAs) and dietary FA intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; n = 49), women with hyperglycemia less severe than GDM (impaired glucose challenge test [GCT] non-GDM; n = 80), and normal control subjects (n = 98).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A case-control design was nested within a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women. Fasting concentrations of serum total FAs (enzymatic assay) and FA composition (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) were determined at entry and the third trimester. Dietary fat intake data were obtained from 24-h recalls.

RESULTS
There was a graded increase among groups (control subjects, impaired GCT non-GDM, and GDM) during the third trimester for total FAs and individual FAs, including myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids (P for trend &lt;0.03 to P &lt; 0.001). Similar relationships were observed at entry in total FAs and for four FAs (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosapentaenoic acids). Women with impaired GCT non-GDM with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had the highest levels of FAs at entry, whereas women with GDM with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had the highest levels during the third trimester, and all grouped FAs were significantly different from lean women with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary intake of polyunsaturated FAs was decreased, but saturated FAs were increased in GDM compared with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Abnormalities in fat metabolism are present in both GDM and impaired GCT non-GDM women. Reducing pregravid weight and altering diet might prevent the associated elevation of circulating FAs.