bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(P2-17) “Burning Valentine,” a Simulated Evacuation Exercise of a Burn Unit (BU)
Authors: Dhondt E.L. , Peeters T. , Orlans L. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundAccording to the Belgian Hospital Disaster Planning Act, all hospitals are required to have written disaster plans and to routinely conduct annual disaster drills. In 2010, the management of the Military Hospital decided to organize an evacuation exercise of the newly built 24-bed BU.AimTo evaluate this new BU's evacuation plan and drills and the overall hospital emergency incident response and command system.Methods and ResultsIt was decided to conduct a simulated evacuation exercise following an internal fire, before the BU effectively was put into use, thereby deploying fashioned simulated patients and visitors but bringing into action the regular attending medical, nursing and logistic staff. A multidisciplinary design and organizing team was launched, consisting of the hospitals disaster preparedness coordinator, the EMS-staff, external burn care, emergency incident management and operational engineering experts. The appointed objectives for evaluation were the knowledge of the regular evacuation drills, especially the clearance of an intensive care room; access to evacuation routes; visibility of safety guidelines; mission and tasks of the hospital's first response team and the medical incident manager; communication and information flow and the establishment of the hospital's coordination committee. In the mean time and following lessons learned, a number of mitigation measures have been instituted: adequate identification of evacuated rooms, new configuration of the fire detection alarm, optimized access to stairwells and elevators, adjustment of action cards and specific fire fighting training for hospital staff. Finally the decision was made not to purchase specific evacuation equipment for the movement of patients.ConclusionTaking advantage of the BU's provisional vacancy, a simulated hospital evacuation exercise increased the hospital emergency preparedness, awareness and response to disasters within the hospital, in particular in a critical care department, otherwise difficult to assess.
(P2-44) Use of Non-Traditional Technological Methodologies to Advance the Epidemiology & Management of Human Stampedes in Developing Countries: Case Series on Chinese School Stampedes
Authors: Ngai K.M. , Lee W.Y. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveHuman-stampede events are emerging epidemics with large unplanned or impromptu mass gatherings. They are increasing in frequency worldwide, yet little is known of the epidemiology and other characteristics that would allow for communities to prepare, prevent and properly manage medical outcomes. We report a non-traditional methodology to identify a stampede's epidemiological characteristics using news reports, social networking, and systematic search of the internet. This hitherto unused technological dimension is a useful adjunct to obtain crucial data on mortality and morbidity, improve immediate understanding of the pathophysiology of the event, and provides opportunities to develop public education to remove potential bottlenecks and improve crowd control of these preventable tragedies.MethodA LexisNexis search was followed by sequential searches of multiple internet-based English-language news agencies and the few research reports available in the scientific literature. Date, country, geographical region, time of occurrence, type of event, location, mechanism, number of participants, number injured, and number of deaths were recorded. Descriptive analysis was performed for deaths, injuries and location for this abstract.ResultsFollowing an extensive search of media accounts and research reports, a total of 263 human stampede events were identified worldwide between 1980 and 2011 resulting in 8,268 deaths and over 16,707 injuries. Major Religious assemblages, particularly in India and the Middle East, accounted for the highest number of fatalities. Precipitants of stampedes follow a geographical pattern; In Africa, sporting and political events and in Europe, entertainment venues sparked stampedes. This case series reports 7 incidents in China. All cases occurred in the recess hour of schools, when students formed a bottleneck at narrow staircases, resulting in 27 deaths and 168 injured.ConclusionUnderstanding the triggers in mass gatherings for a human stampede have been greatly aided by advances in social networking, internet and video mobile phones. Particularly in difficult environments which were previously difficult to document. The patterns identified in this study can appreciably add to community level preparedness, prevention and improved clinical understanding and management at prehospital and hospital levels.
(P2-50) Surviving a Severe Train Crash
Authors: Forsberg R.M. , Saveman B. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundPrevious disaster studies mainly focused on analyzing the experience from a psychological or psychiatric perspective. The occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder also has been the central issue when studying survivors of train crashes. Research concerning being involved in train crashes is scarce.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the experience of surviving a severe train crash.MethodsIn 2004, a severe train crash occurred in the south of Sweden. Approximately 78 passengers were on the train. All of them were injured, and two of the passengers died. Fourteen of the survivors agreed to be interviewed five years after the crash. The interviews were narrative, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a phenomenological-hermeneutical method. First, a naive reading of the text, later, a structural analysis, and finally a comprehensive understanding in which the other phases were considered and discussed with relevant literature.ResultsThe preliminary results show a naive understanding of being in the pre-crash, crash and post-crash phases. Four themes were recognized: (1) life is going on like being on a railway track; (2) the train derails, so do I; (3) back on track again; and (4) life goes on in a new track. The results will be elaborated and discussed together with the comprehensive understanding.ConclusionsSurviving a severe train crash changes life immediately as well as five years later.
(P2-54) Legislation Shaped by an Emergency: Methanol Poisoning Experience at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya
Authors: Akida A.W. , Isinta M. , Ndiawo F.O. , Agedo D. , Tsinanga J. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionMethanol poisoning is an uncommon medical emergency linked with consumption of traditional brews made with methanol and formalin and associated with high-mortality rates.ObjectivesHealthcare workers will review the latest worldwide trends of methanol poisoning cases, explain the factors perpetuating methanol poisoning in Kenya, describe the pathophysiological concepts associated with methanol intoxication, and discuss the latest measures to combat methanol poisoning in Kenya and their worldwide applicability.BackgroundMethanol intoxication is an acute illness resulting from consumption of toxic quantities of methanol. The largest tragedy occurred in September 2006 in Nicaragua. A total of 800 fell ill, 46 were killed. In the US, the last incidence was in 1951. Cases were reported in Africa, Tunisia, Tanzania, Uganda, but Kenya, it runs the most rampant. The majority of victims (79%) are young males, (22–30 years of age). Most are single, childless, and have a low-educational status. Motivating factors for intoxication include stress, idleness, peer-pressure, availability of alcohol, and curiosity.PathophysiologyToxicity results from liver enzymatic metabolism of methanol to formaldehyde and formic acid causing severe metabolic acidosis. Common features include inebriation, abdominal pains, bilateral blindness, and complications, including severe renal failure and death. The goals of management include comprehensive assessment, laboratory works, and radiography. Ethanol, fomepizole, and folate are the all-important antidotes.Recommended MeasuresKenyatta National Hospital, the main recipient of these emergencies established emergency measures other than public awareness campaigns. Nationally, policies embrace an inter-sectoral Approach - Medical Services and Public Health Ministries will avail resources and build health worker capacity in research and continuous education. Recently, local brews were legalized through the Alcoholic Drinks Control Act 2010 for quality control. Ministries of Education and Youth Affairs will coordinate and initiate youth development and support programs to create employment.
(P2-86) A Paradigm of Emergency Volunteering: The Case of a Remote Rural Area in Thailand
Authors: Chaleekrua T. , Phlainoi S. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundChanges in gender roles, the nature of the family, marriage patterns, political shifts, the nature of work, and the increase in the number and severity of emergencies are influencing volunteering and changing it in accordance with these changes. This study in a remote rural area in the north of Thailand explores paradigms of emergency volunteering in such areas based on the concept of the multi-paradigm model of volunteering.MethodsA sample of twenty stakeholders: leaders, village health volunteers, the director of the local administrative organization and community heads provided data during in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis.ResultsThe results showed that the paradigms of emergency volunteering existing in the community were the functionalist paradigm and the interpreted paradigm. The functionalist paradigm relies on the belief in universal truths, thus emergency volunteering should be controlled and ordered. The community also believe that as a collective entity they achieve positive outcomes and benefits from emergency volunteering. In contrast, the interpreted paradigm relies on the belief in multiple truths. Thus emergency volunteering should be understood in terms of the individual experiences that emerge for each person from emergency volunteering. Furthermore, the community also believe that emergency volunteering should be focused on extracted cues and the process of helping emergency patients.ConclusionThe conclusion of this study is that the management of emergency volunteering in the context of remote rural communities should be well ordered and be by consensus.
Changing contributions of different agricultural policy instruments to global reductions in trade and welfare
Authors: CROSER JOHANNA , ANDERSON KYM 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTrade negotiators and policy advisors are keen to know the relative contributions of different farm policy instruments to international trade and economic welfare. Nominal rates of assistance or producer support estimates are incomplete indicators, especially when (as in many developing countries) some commodities are taxed and others are subsidized, in which case positive contributions can offset negative contributions. This paper develops and estimates a new set of more-satisfactory partial equilibrium indicators of the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to reductions in agricultural trade and welfare. It does so by drawing on the trade restrictiveness index literature and a recently compiled database on distortions to agricultural prices for 75 developing and high-income countries over the period 1960 to 2004. Results confirm earlier findings that border taxes are the dominant instrument affecting global trade and welfare, but they also suggest declines in export taxes contributed nearly as much as cuts in import protection to the trade and welfare effects of agricultural policy reforms since the 1980s.
Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State by food group: An approach for prioritizing which foods to grow locally
Authors: Peters Christian J. , Bills Nelson L. , Lembo Arthur J. , Wilkins Jennifer L. , Fick Gary W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPublic interest in local food continues to grow, but few analyses have examined the capacity for the US population to be supplied through local and regional food systems. This paper extends earlier work that demonstrated a method for mapping potential foodsheds and estimating the potential for New York to meet the food needs of the state's population centers. It provides a methodology for addressing the question, ‘If land is limited, which foods should be grown locally?’ A spatial model was developed to allocate the available agricultural land of New York State (NYS) to meet in-state food needs for six distinct food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat and eggs) across the eight largest population centers. An optimization routine was used to allocate land to maximize economic land use value (LUV). Eleven scenarios were examined, ranging from a baseline level of consumption of New York produced foods to a 100% local diet. Across the 11 scenarios, the amount of food supplied, the LUV attained, and the area of land allocated increased as the ‘willingness’ to consume local products increased. This approach dictated that land was preferentially devoted to higher-value food groups relative to lower-value groups, and no scenario used all available land. Under the 100% local scenario, 69% of total food needs (on a fresh weight basis) were supplied in-state with an average food distance of 238 km. This scenario provided food from only four of the six groups, namely, dairy, eggs, fruit and vegetables. These results suggest that a much larger proportion of total food needs (on a weight basis) might be provided from in-state production than was found in previous work. LUV serves as a compelling optimization function, and future work should investigate the degree to which maximizing returns to land complements or conflicts with social and environmental goals of local and regional food systems.
Potential and limitations of organic and fair trade cotton for improving livelihoods of smallholders: evidence from Central Asia
Authors: Bachmann Felicitas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCotton is a leading agricultural non-food commodity associated with soil degradation, water pollution and pesticide poisoning due to high levels of agrochemical inputs. Organic farming is often promoted as a means of addressing the economic, environmental and health risks of conventional cotton production, and it is slowly gaining ground in the global cotton market. Organic and fair trade cotton are widely seen as opportunities for smallholder farmers to improve their livelihoods thanks to higher returns, lower input costs and fewer risks. Despite an increasing number of studies comparing the profitability of organic and non-organic farming systems in developing and industrialized countries, little has been published on organic farming in Central Asia. The aim of this article is to describe the economic performance and perceived social and environmental impacts of organic cotton in southern Kyrgyzstan, drawing on a comparative field study conducted by the author in 2009. In addition to economic and environmental aspects, the study investigated farmers’ motivations toward and assessment of conversion to organic farming. Cotton yields on organic farms were found to be 10% lower, while input costs per unit were 42% lower; as a result, organic farmers’ cotton revenues were 20% higher. Due to lower input costs as well as organic and fair trade price premiums, the average gross margin from organic cotton was 27% higher. In addition to direct economic benefits, organic farmers enjoy other benefits, such as easy access to credit on favorable terms, provision of uncontaminated cottonseed cooking oil and cottonseed cake as animal feed, and marketing support as well as extension and training services provided by newly established organic service providers. The majority of organic farmers perceive improved soil quality, improved health conditions, and positively assess their initial decision to convert to organic farming. The major disadvantage of organic farming is the high manual labor input required. In the study area, where manual farm work is mainly women's work and male labor migration is widespread, women are most affected by this negative aspect of organic farming. Altogether, the results suggest that, despite the inconvenience of a higher workload, the advantages of organic farming outweigh its disadvantages and that conversion to organic farming improves the livelihoods of small-scale farmers.
Adiabatic versus diabatic descriptions of the lowest Rydberg and valence $1^\Sigma ^{+}$Σ+1 states of HCl
Authors: Lefebvre-Brion H. , Liebermann H. P. , Vázquez G. J. 
Published: May 2011

In this contribution we first report new ab initio self–consistent field configuration interaction calculations of the first excited adiabatic potential of 1Σ+ symmetry, the 21Σ+ or B1Σ+ state, which presents two minima and can thus be seen as made up of the Rydberg E1Σ+ and the valence V1Σ+ states. Based on the computed 21Σ+ potential, we devised a theoretical procedure to compute the vibronic structure in order to try to explain the energy levels observed in the region above 76 254.4 cm−1 which display an irregular vibrational structure, indicative of spectral perturbations. We try to find out which representation of the electronic states, the diabatic or the adiabatic one, is best suited to replicate the lowest observed vibronic levels of the E and V states. To this end, we deduce, from the 21Σ+ potential and its complementary adiabatic potential, two diabatic potentials. We then carry out a coupled equation treatment based on these diabatic potentials. The results of this treatment indicate that, in the present case, the adiabatic representation is better than the diabatic one to describe the observed vibronic levels. This is due, as expected, to the existence of a strong electrostatic interaction between the two diabatic potentials.
Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy and theoretical investigation of ZrSi
Authors: Gunaratne K. Don Dasitha , Hazra Anirban , Castleman A. W. 
Published: May 2011

The photoelectron spectrum of ZrSi− has been measured at two different photon energies: 2.33 eV and 3.49 eV, providing electron binding energy and photoelectron angular distribution information. The obtained vertical detachment energy of ZrSi− is 1.584(14) eV. The neutral ground and excited state terms are assigned based on experimental and theoretical results. The ground state of ZrSi is tentatively assigned as a 3Σ+ state with a configuration of 1σ2 1π4 1δ0 2σ1 3σ1. A low lying 3Πi neutral excited state is identified to be 0.238 eV (1919 cm−1) above the ground state. The anion ground state is designated as a 2Σ+ state with a 1σ2 1π4 1δ0 2σ2 3σ1 valence electron configuration. A Franck-Condon (FC) simulation of the photoelectron spectrum has been carried out. For the 3Σ+ ← 2Σ+ band, theoretically calculated bond lengths and frequencies are used in the FC calculation which give good agreement with experiment, while for the 3Πi ← 2Σ+ band, the ZrSi bond length is estimated from the FC spectrum. Comparisons are made with previously published theoretical studies and inconsistencies are pointed out. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first spectroscopic information on the transition metal-silicon diatomic, ZrSi.
William of Sherwood on Composition and Division
Authors: Rivero María Luisa 
Published: May 2011

Summary
This article presents a linguistic study of the views of the terminist logician William of Sherwood (c.1200-c.1266) on the six sources of fallacies based on language, and it concentrates in particular on his theories on Composition and Division. William of Sherwood distinguished three levels of representation in a sentence or in a word: a semantic aspect; a morpho-syntactic aspect; and a phonological-phonetic aspect. These three levels are not mentioned in earlier tracts, and differentiate William of Sherwood from other terminist logicians. A morpho-syntactic structure, corresponding to only one phonological structure, which correlates with two semantic representations, can lead to Equivocation or Amphibology. A morphosyntactic structure that has two phonological representations and two semantic structures, can cause the fallacies of Composition, Division, and Accent. In brief, Composition, Division, and Accent are related to strings that are identical as to their syntax, but which are pronounced in various ways. William of Sherwood correlated Composition and Division with optional patterns of intonation. In this respect he differs from a number of 12th century logicians who thought that Composition and Division were reflected in discourse by syntactic order, and who established a trend that continued throughout the Scholastic period.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the imprinted bovine insulin‐like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) are associated with body size traits in Irish Holstein‐Friesian cattle
Authors: Berkowicz E. W. , Magee D. A. , Berry D. P. , Sikora K. M. , Howard D. J. , Mullen M. P. , Evans R. D. , Spillane C. , MacHugh D. E. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe regulation of the bioavailability of insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) is critical for normal mammalian growth and development. The imprinted insulin‐like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) encodes a transmembrane protein receptor that acts to sequester and degrade excess circulating insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF‐II) – a potent foetal mitogen – and is considered an important inhibitor of growth. Consequently, IGF2R may serve as a candidate gene underlying important growth‐ and body‐related quantitative traits in domestic mammalian livestock. In this study, we have quantified genotype–phenotype associations between three previously validated intronic bovine IGF2R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (IGF2R:g.64614T>C, IGF2R:g.65037T>C and IGF2R:g.86262C>T) and a range of performance traits in 848 progeny‐tested Irish Holstein‐Friesian artificial insemination sires. Notably, all three polymorphisms analysed were associated (P ≤ 0.05) with at least one of a number of performance traits related to animal body size: angularity, body depth, chest width, rump width, and animal stature. In addition, the C‐to‐T transition at the IGF2R:g.65037T>C polymorphism was positively associated with cow carcass weight and angularity. Correction for multiple testing resulted in the retention of two genotype–phenotype associations (animal stature and rump width). None of the SNPs analysed were associated with any of the milk traits examined. Analysis of pairwise r2 measures of linkage disequilibrium between all three assayed SNPs ranged between 0.41 and 0.79, suggesting that some of the observed SNP associations with performance may be independent. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies demonstrating associations between IGF2R polymorphisms and growth‐ and body‐related traits in cattle. These results also support the increasing body of evidence that imprinted genes harbour polymorphisms that contribute to heritable variation in phenotypic traits in domestic livestock species.