Sequence Stratigraphy and 3-D Modeling of a Pennsylvanian, Distally Steepened Ramp Reservoir: Canyon and Cisco Formations, South Dagger Draw Field, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Tinker Scott W. , Caldwell Donald H. , Brinton Lisë , Brondos Michael D. , Carlson Janine L. , Cox Denise M. , Demis William D. , Hamman Jeffry G. , Laskowski Leonard C. , Miller Kurt A. , Zahm Laura C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Three-dimensional geologic models are often described as “products” of the reservoir characterization process, when in fact they might better be considered “tools” for reservoir management. For a 3-D geologic model to be used as a reservoir management tool, it must be a reasonably accurate representation of the rock and fluid system in the earth volume of interest. Integrated 3-D geologic modeling is a highly iterative, hierarchical process. Each step of the workflow builds and is dependent upon prior steps. Each data type used in reservoir characterization results from a unique experiment measuring different volumes of rock. Sophisticated, calculation intensive algorithms, designed to run on powerful hardware systems, are now available to help integrate these different data types. However, hardware and software are only tools, and effective 3-D reservoir modeling must involve an iterative process of geological interpretation, petrophysical analysis, seismic processing and inversion, and application of mathematical algorithms. The iterative reservoir characterization process involves several significant challenges, including defining and adhering to a reasonable workflow, handling multiple data types to fill the interwell volume with petrophysical data that describe reservoir behavior accurately, and testing the 3-D model interpretation.
South Dagger Draw field is presented as a case study to demonstrate our reservoir characterization workflow. South Dagger Draw is a Pennsylvanian reservoir located in southeast New Mexico. It produces from vuggy porosity formed along fractures and dominantly in algal mound complexes located at the ramp margin. A detailed sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of logs, cores, predicted facies, and 3-D acoustic impedance data, guided by a depositional model derived from description of cores and outcrops, defined a series of complex sigmoid-oblique, prograding clinoforms. This stratigraphic framework is the input for 3-D geologic modeling.
Seismic and log data were integrated into a 3-D Geologic Model using a new approach based on rock physics rather than geostatistics. The approach recognizes that acoustic impedance (AI) values, derived from accurate, iterative inversions of 3-D seismic data, represent the only true measurements of the complete earth volume of interest. Therefore, instead of treating the AI measurements as “soft” data and conditioning the model results to the limited earth sample measured by well logs, the AI data are treated as valid, and the log data are conditioned to the seismic using nonlinear rock and fluid physical equations. The result is a 3-D Geologic Model that acknowledges the error and scale differences inherent in the subsurface data (core description, core analysis, wireline logs, and 3-D seismic), attempts to integrate the data on the basis of physical principles, and provides a forward modeling approach to test the result.