bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defense Training Technology Applications
Authors: Boycan G. Gary 
Published: January 2012

The Joint Service Research and Development program promotes the application of technology to solve manpower, personnel, and training (MPT) problems common to the military Services. The program originated in the 1978 House Armed Services Committee (HASC) hearings on military MPT issues, and subsequent HASC requests for tri-service coordination and funding of Defense-wide efforts. It is administered through a Joint Service Research and Development Steering Committee, which has representatives of each Service. Since funding for the program is in the engineering development category, it is essential that products be demonstrated and evaluated within a short time, usually three years. The products represent a culmination of successful laboratory research and development. The panel describes five of the products. TRAID consists of a library of computer-based instructional programs which is sufficiently flexible to support development, delivery, and management to meet most Service instructional requirements. Each of the Service training laboratories participate, to synthesize work related to computer-based instruction across are those which have been successfully demonstrated within the developing Service. Language Skills Computer Assisted Instruction, developed by the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC), automates literacy instruction It applies a diagnostic-prescriptive approach to remedial reading, using material from Navy manuals. The Computerized Hand-held Instructional Prototype, CHIP, is a revision of the Army Research Institute's (ARI) tutor device CHIP combines the miniaturization advances in semiconductor technology with the advantages of computer-based instruction, providing adaptive training, controlled feedback, self-pacing, and effective drill and practice in non-traditional settings. The Personal Electronic Aid for Maintenance (PEAM) is a joint venture of the Naval Training Equipment Center and ARI. PEAM improves the productivity of the organizational level maintenance technician by enhancing the quality, management, and delivery of technical information through an automated maintenance information system. Interactive Videodisc Instruction for Basic Skills Training, supported by 14 video-discs, is an ARI program. The training covers spatial orientation and navigational skills, study and test-taking skills, problem solving, and other learning strategies. Instruction is presented in the context of the Army Skill Qualification Test, Expert Infantryman's Badge, and tactical exercises. Additional land navigation materials are under development for the commander of the MI Abrams tank. Demonstrations of the technologies, following the presentations, allow the audience to sample these Joint Service program products.
The Eye Blink and Workload Considerations
Authors: Stern John A. , Skelly June J. 
Published: January 2012

Two parameters of the eye blink, blink rate and blink duration, were used to assess workload in two independent operational studies. Both studies involved high fidelity strategic bomber mission simulations. The first study was an extended wartime mission where workload was evaluated during mission segments. The second study involved shorter, discrete training missions where task difficulty was systematically manipulated. Both studies produced complementary results. Results show that: (1) blink rate is significantly affected by task demands; (2) blink rate is sensitive to task modality; (3) blink duration is significantly affected by task modality and complexity; and (4) blink duration is a sensitive index of time on task effects. These data support the use of eye blink measurement in “noisy” complex environments as both a feasible and valuable assessment technique.
Information-Processing Approaches to the Study of Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Robertson Scott P. 
Published: January 2012

This symposium brings together several researchers studying different aspects of human-computer interaction. All of the researchers share the assumption that it is important to understand the cognitive processes involved in human-computer situations. Each presentation focuses on a unique aspect of the cognitive component of human-computer situations, however. Human-computer interaction is a growing area that includes many human factors issues. Physical factors in human-computer situations are common across the range tasks for which computers are used and are similar to traditional ergonomic considerations in other contexts. When the focus is on human performance in a particular task, however, the important issues become the design of the software interface and the cognitive components involved in manipulating the interface and understanding the system behind it. We hope that this set of talks will focus interest on “cognitive human factors” and provide insight into which components of the cognitive system are relevant to particular kinds of tasks and which methodologies might be appropriate in different research contexts. Thus, the tasks studied and methodologies discussed are diverse. Two studies focus on procedural skills (text editing and image processing). The researchers in these cases describe plans and strategies and rely on naturalistic observation and formal simulation to characterize the observed behavior. Another study focuses on database manipulation and utilizes a more traditional experimental methodology. The researcher describes the characteristics of different memory representations resulting from different database interfaces and shows the importance of “interface-representation compatability.” Yet another study concerns the task of software development. The researcher examines problem solving strategies and the interaction between development methodology and the programming problem to be solved. Finally, one presentation explicitly explores the use of a particular theoretical orientation and research tool, signal detection theory, in the general context of human-computer interaction.
A Selective Review of Navy Human Engineering Research and Development Programs
Authors: Fleming Robert A. , Baker Clifford C. , Benson William 
Published: January 2012

While the technology of naval warfare continues to grow at an impressive rate, personnel limitations and resources are becoming a major impediment to maintaining fleet readiness. Technolgy and complexity of naval systems may outstrip human capabilities to operate and maintain them. This, in concert with dwindling manpower availability and increasing competition for manpower, becomes a major issue in achieving and maintaining a high level of naval readiness, now and in the future. Current human factors engineering technology is often inadequate to remedy this growing divergence of technology and human capabilities. New human factors engineering technologies must be developed and applied to allow mutual man-system monitoring, decision making, and control. This paper summarizes a number of efforts underway within the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center to apply existing HFE technology and to provide some of the fundamental research required to develop new human engineering methods, techniques, and data.
Human Factors Emphases Emerging from Product Liability Case Histories
Authors: Small Arnold M. 
Published: January 2012

This session on Human Factors is planned as an interactive panel meeting, interactive for both the panel members and attendees. The purpose is to demonstrate the spread taking place in the nature of Human Factors involved for forensic applications and in the type of accidents with which they are associated. For this purpose the procedure involved is the case history report. Panel members jointly will select cases to report which best serve this purpose and time will be scheduled for others in attendance to contribute likewise.
Future Directions for Cost Effective Air Force Aircrew Training: Managed Technology and the Training System
Authors: Heintzman Richard J. , Courtice Major Andrew J. 
Published: January 2012

Although early simulation efforts were slow to be accepted and exploited, their value in reducing flight training risk and cost has resulted in the development and use of modern technology to the point where today many airline training programs require zero hours of inflight training time. This means that the first time a first officer steps into the real airplane to fly it is full of passengers. The savings from these efforts in terms of dollars, safety and time to train have been so significant that airlines were able to pay for their entire training programs with the fuel savings alone. The oil embargo provided the military the incentive to try and achieve the same type of benefit as the airlines, from its aircrew training programs, through an extensive use of aircrew training devices. Early in this effort, the military realized that the vast differences between commercial airline operations and military missions made it extremely difficult to apply ground based trainers to the same extent as the airlines. Simulators lacked the fidelity to reproduce the military training environment. This paper will review the current situation concerning simulation within the Air Force and outline the steps we are taking to better apply training simulation to the military mission. It reviews the challenges still lying ahead, especially in the areas which require the exploitation of human factors research and application.
User Evaluation of the Lisp Intelligent Tutoring System
Authors: Hoecker Douglas G. , Elias Glenn S. 
Published: January 2012

In a cooperative arrangement between Westinghouse and Carnegie-Mellon University, a test version of CMU's LISP Intelligent Tutoring System (LISPITS) was installed on a Westinghouse VAX 11/785 that could be accessed by engineering personnel from company sites anywhere in the country. The object of this research was to evaluate LISPITS's performance in a more industrial environment than heretofore attempted. More specific research questions concerned (a) dialog structure, (b) computer resource requirements for large numbers of students, (c) rule–base applicability to students of different backgrounds, and (d) LISPITS's effectiveness as measured by student performance. Four classes of data were collected: (1) computer usage (accounting data) (2) 34–item questionnaires, (3) mid–term and final exams, (4) computer–readable files of activity in both the exercise and coding windows. Results suggest (a) overall, this group's experience with LISPITS was a positive one, and that basically this technology works in an industrial environment; (b) dialog management, while adequate, could be further optimized on the current 80–column x 24–line display; (c) dialog could be improved even more greatly with a more advanced display (e.g., more and larger windows, high resolution, bit-napped text and highlights) (d) two aspects of the interaction appear to have salient impact on learning and user acceptance for students with professional engineering experience: (1) the tutor's flexibility in dealing with potentially–valid student solutions, and (2) the level of analysis that governs error detection, diagnosis, and intervention strategies.
Human Factors in Space
Authors: Regal David M. 
Published: January 2012

Space is a unique living and working environment. It is an environment that demands the highest level of performance from crewmembers and is very unforgiving of errors and inefficiency. The spacecraft that we build will have to sustain their inhabitants at a high level of productivity for missions of many months, perhaps longer. Clearly, human factors has a most important role to play in this area. In recognition of this fact, NASA has recently contracted for the writing of a single human factors standard to aid in the design and construction of manned spacecraft. This document is the Man/System Integration Standards, and is the subject of this symposium. Participating contractors include the Boeing Aerospace Company, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, the Essex Corporation, and CAMUS, Inc. The six presentations in this session provide an overview of this project. We begin with a history of the manned space program. Then, through the use of a film shot on orbit, graphically demonstrate the need for human factors in space. The mechanics of organizing and managing a large scale project to create a new human factors standards document is outlined next. The final three presentations describe contents of the document. These include a description of how human performance in space differs from that on Earth, unique design requirements in zero-gravity, and human factors considerations of extravehicular activities.
Jar Lids: Effect of Diameter, Gripping Materials and Knurling
Authors: Nagashima Kazunobu , Konz Stephan 
Published: January 2012

In Exp. 1, 10 female subjects each twisted six jar lids vs a torque meter with a bare hand, rubber gripper and a cotton cloth. The torques of 3.17 Nm for the 48 mm dia, 5.02 for the 67 mm dia, and 6.04 for the 86 mm dia lids differed significantly. Torques of 4.04 for the cotton cloth in the hand, 4.85 for the bare hand and 5.36 for the rubber gripper also varied significantly. The 4.66 Nm for non-knurled was not significantly different from the 4.84 for knurled. Exp. 2 replicated Exp. 1 with 5 of the 6 lids for 29 visitors to a University Open House. The results were compatible with Experiment 1. Torque exertable on a lid can be predicted well from grip strength, lid radius and the gripping material (rubber, bare hand or cloth).
Assessment of Human Physical Strength – Biomechanics of Force and Torque Exertion
Authors: Kroemer Karl H. E. 
Published: January 2012

Knowledge of human capability to exert strength from the body (usually using hands or feet) to an external object (such as a control, or while lifting a load) is of great interest to the human factors engineer. Definition and measurement of human strength has been of considerable interest in various disciplines, such as physiology, psychology, biomechanics, sports physiology, physical education, and of course in human factors and ergonomics. With such a diversity of disciplines and interests, it is not surprising to find the concept, the problem, the techniques of solving it, and the results to be diverse, in fact partly incompatible. This undesirable condition needs to be resolved. For this, several eminent researchers, studying different aspects of the “strength” problem, are presenting their thoughts, experiences, and solutions. We do not dare to hope that this symposium will in fact solve the problem, define what human strength is, how it can be measured, and how the data may be applied. Still, we expect this to be a first and deciding step in bringing together the various fields interested in human strength.
Impact of Human Performance on System Performance
Authors: Connelly Edward M. 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: The objectives of this symposium are to identify fundamental performance measurement problems and to present theory, methods and application tools for assessing the impact of human performance on system performance. Further, case studies are used to illustrate the methods and tools. Finally, plans for development by government agencies of computer based processors implementing the tools are presented. Scientific Importance: Design and analysis of systems involving human operators have been hampered by the lack of performance based development tools. In order to assess the impact of human performance on system performance, it is first necessary to have a reliable and quantitative means for assessing overall system performance. Second, a means is required for relating human performance to the system performance. When these two types of tools are available and are used, systems can be designed to a prescribed performance standard. The papers in this session address fundamental performance measurement issues (including measurement reliability, sensitivity, and discrimination issues), as well as application methods and procedures.
A Theory of Human Performance Assessment
Authors: Connelly Edward M. 
Published: January 2012

Selection of a measure of effectiveness (MOE) (a mathematical function) and using that measure to evaluate performance demonstrations (or exercises, or experimental trials) without first testing the measure, typically results in a disagreement between two ways of assigning effectiveness scores to each performance demonstration. The two ways of assigning effectiveness scores to each performance demonstration are: effectiveness scores assigned directly by the investigator and effectiveness scores assigned by the MOE selected by the investigator. The disagreement often exists even when comparing the rank ordering of the two sets of scored performance demonstrations. A disagreement between the two methods means that one method, possibly both, are not correct. The direct assignment of effectiveness scores to each performance demonstration constitutes a test of the MOE. In this paper, we argue that test is typically not conducted and if it were, the MOE (existing untested MOE's) would likely fail the test. We also argue that the investigator should not select an MOE but rather should have an authority (SME) score performance demonstrations and then synthesize an MOE that will pass the test. A method for synthesizing the MOE is presented.
Delivery of Army Training via Computer Conferencing: An Empirical Evaluation of a Rising Technology—Report of Year One
Authors: Richards Robert E. 
Published: January 2012

This symposium consists of four related presentations on the application of computer conferencing to Army training. These presentations will be followed by a short presentation by a distinguished discussant. It should be noted that the work being reported was performed for the United States Army Research Institute (ARI). The first presentation provides an overview of computer conferencing, discusses the training needs of the Army Reserve Component (RC), and looks at the potential match between the capabilities of computer conferencing and the RC training needs. A brief introduction is given of the first year's research study conducted by the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) in support of ARI. A two-group design was adopted to look at the effects of augmenting an existing correspondence course with computer conferencing. The second presentation discusses the data obtained from the study and presents preliminary results (the online class has been completed but the correspondence tests have not all been submitted nor have the study-related posttests and retention tests been completed by all the subjects). The types of data presented and discussed include activity data which was gathered as the online course proceeded, various kinds of survey data, and performance and completion data. The third presentation looks at the online course experience using process observation technique. Some results of the analysis to date are presented, with various examples from the online transcripts illustrating the types of behaviors and interpersonnel interactions observed. The examples are woven together with commentary and clarifying notes. The final presentation is a summary of lessons learned and a list of “gaps” that need to be filled by further research. As with many new areas, what is known at this point in time is overshadowed by what is not known. Important areas needing further research include instructor training and selection, course adaptation methods (how to take existing content and objectives and teach them via computer conferencing), and the entire area of logistics (including hardware, software, and support). As a result of the first year's efforts, the researchers are soberly aware of the difficulties and costs associated with using computer conferencing for training but are also optimistic that given the appropriate type of content, properly trained instructors, willing students, and sufficient logistical support, there is a real place for this technology in delivering training to the Army reserve component.
Analysis of Network and System Management Tasks
Authors: Scott Brenda M. 
Published: January 2012

Network and system management tasks revolve around the activities necessary to establish and maintain data communication networks. This can include tasks such as: • monitoring the network hardware and software components for problems and performance information • identifying and correcting problems in the network • planning and making changes to the network. Task analysis was performed on data available from a customer case study database, (Beith, Moore, Pendley, and Percival, 1985). Models were developed for several network and system management tasks. This paper discusses one of the task models, problem determination, and presents recommendations for information structuring and task flow.
Formulation of Expert System Knowledge
Authors: Mitta Deborah A. 
Published: January 2012

Expert system knowledge represents expertise obtained through formal education, training, and/or experience. Formal education provides deep knowledge of a particular domain; experience and training result in heuristic knowledge. A knowledge base defines the range of information and understanding with which the system is capable of dealing; therefore, its information must be structured and filed for ready access. The objective of this symposium is to address the challenges associated with establishment of valid expert system knowledge, specifically, knowledge to be used by expert system shells. As expert system knowledge is obtained, structured, and stored, it is formulated. In this symposium, knowledge formulation is addressed as a three-phase process: knowledge acquisition, the mechanics associated with structuring knowledge, and knowledge porting. Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting expertise from a domain expert. Expertise may be collected through a series of interviews between the expert and a knowledge engineer or through sessions the expert holds with an automated knowledge acquisition tool. Thus, the ultimate outcome of knowledge acquisition is a collection of raw knowledge data. The following human factors issues become apparent: documenting mental models (where mental models are the expert's conceptualization of a problem), recording cognitive problem-solving strategies, and specifying an appropriate interface between the domain expert and the acquisition methodology. The knowledge structuring process involves the refinement of raw knowledge data, where knowledge is organized and assigned a semantic structure. One issue that must be considered is how to interpret knowledge data such that formal definitions, logical relationships, and facts can be established. Finally, formulation involves knowledge porting, that is, the movement of an expert system shell's knowledge base to various other shells. The outcome of this process is a portable knowledge base, where the challenges lie in maintaining consistent knowledge, understanding the constraints inherent to a shell (the shell's ability to incorporate all relevant knowledge), and designing an acceptable user-expert system interface. The fundamental component of any expert system is its knowledge base. The issues to be presented in this symposium are important because they address three processes that are critical to the development of a knowledge base. In addition to presenting computer science challenges, knowledge base formulation also presents human factors challenges, for example, understanding cognitive problem-solving processes, representing uncertain information, and defining human-expert system interface problems. This symposium will provide a forum for discussion of both types of challenges.