bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE MIGRATION OF ADDITIVES FROM PACKAGING PLASTICS TO FOODS
Authors: POÇAS MARIA F. , OLIVEIRA JORGE C. , BRANDSCH RAINER , HOGG TIMOTHY 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe mathematical modeling of migration of additives from plastics to food simulants was studied using experimental data published in the literature, following two routes: the conventional approach using the solution of Fick's 2nd law, and a kinetic model based on the Weibull distribution function. The objective of this comparison was to permit using a mathematically simpler model equally able to describe migration data, and that could have a generally wider applicability by describing situations more complex than those that simple diffusional phenomena can describe. The relationship between the parameters of the two models was analyzed by regression of data generated by Fick's law using the Weibull model. The results show that the time constant parameter is related to the diffusion coefficient and the material thickness. It depends on temperature and on the molecular weight of the migrant in a similar manner to the diffusion coefficient. The activation energy presented values from 72 to 125 kJ/mol. The shape parameter is a function of the contribution of the mass transfer resistance at the interface. It was independent of temperature and of the migrant, assuming a global constant value of 0.67, for the systems and conditions studied. The results indicate that the Weibull model can be used to describe and analyze the migration of additives from plastics to foods with a meaning of the parameters in terms of the underlying physical phenomena.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe Weibull model can be used to describe the migration from packaging to foods with the advantage of significant simplicity of calculation compared to Fick's 2nd law. The model can be applied in packaging systems with mass transfer processes more complex than those that simple diffusional phenomena can describe. In the migration of components from paper‐based materials (instead of plastics) into solid foods, mass transfer occurs in a heterogeneous medium of paper fibers and air. Migration curves commonly present an initial lag phase for heavier migrants. The sigmoidal‐shape of the migration curves are not adequately described by the established models based in Fick's 2nd law solutions, and the Weibull model is a good alternative. Additionally, this simple model can potentially be used in probabilistic approaches for exposure assessments of consumers to migrants originating from packaging materials.
Unique seasonal forage bases within a local population of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Olin Jill A. , Fair Patricia A. , Recks Melissa A. , Zolman Eric , Adams Jeff , Fisk Aaron T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing photo‐identification data, bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) populations can be differentiated based on their use of particular estuaries or coastal habitats. Questions remain, however, about the validity of such fine‐scale population partitioning and whether the resulting assemblages utilize unique forage bases. To address the issue of forage base use, stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) and sulfur (δ34S) were analyzed from skin tissues (n= 74) of bottlenose dolphins sampled seasonally along the coast and in three estuaries near Charleston, South Carolina. Autumn values of δ34S, δ15N, and δ13C and summer values of δ34S indicated that dolphins sampled from these four assemblages utilized unique forage bases, despite limited sample sizes. Likewise, autumn and spring differences in δ15N and δ13C values were evident in the North Edisto River, and in δ34S from dolphins sampled from all three estuarine assemblages; no seasonal differences were identified in the coastal assemblage. Results demonstrate the importance of considering spatial and temporal variation in forage base when developing local management plans for bottlenose dolphin and highlight the discriminatory power of δ34S for estuarine and coastal marine mammals. These results also suggest that stable isotopes could be developed as a complementary tool for photo‐identification based partitioning of bottlenose dolphin populations.
On the Role of Translations in State‐of‐the‐Art Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Way Andy , Hearne Mary 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor the state‐of‐the‐art in Machine Translation (MT) to advance, we contend that Statistical MT (SMT) practitioners will have to collaborate with linguists and translators. This has not happened to date for two main reasons: (i) there remain many translators – and even more surprisingly, many experienced MT protagonists – who find the basic model of SMT very difficult to understand; and (ii) while current approaches to MT depend entirely on the availability of large quantities of translated data, very little thought is given to the process by which the data were produced and the kinds of phenomena that are known to exist in real‐translated texts. We argue that much light can be shed on these by looking at the areas of contrastive linguistics and translation studies. In this paper, we describe how central linguists and translators are to the MT process, so that SMT developers and researchers may better understand how to include these previously neglected groups in continuing to advance the state‐of‐the‐art. In a companion paper, we describe the workings of SMT in language that is understandable to linguists and translators. If these constituencies are to make an impact in the field of MT, they need to know how their input is used by the SMT systems, and how they can help in the data annotation phase which is crucial if greater strides are to be made than heretofore.
Clinical multicenter evaluation of a new FXa‐based Antithrombin assay
Authors: MERZ M. , BÖHM‐WEIGERT M. , BRAUN S. , COOPER P. C. , FISCHER R. , HICKEY K. , STEFFAN A. , KEMKES‐MATTHES B. , KITCHEN S. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  The determination of functional Antithrombin is a central part of thrombophilia screening. In this multicenter study, a new FXa‐based method (INNOVANCE® Antithrombin) was evaluated on four different analyzers.Methods:  The INNOVANCE Antithrombin method was evaluated by precision and reference interval studies and by comparing the new method with established methods through parallel measurement of samples from 249 patients and 151 apparently healthy individuals.Results:  The INNOVANCE Antithrombin assay demonstrated on all analyzers repeatability coefficients of variation (CVs) ≤ 3.2% and within‐device and between‐run CVs ≤ 6.9%. The reference intervals of all analyzers are comparable with 2.5th percentiles between 80% and 85% of normal. The INNOVANCE Antithrombin and the FIIa‐based Berichrom® AT III (A) methods demonstrated good concordance with correlation coefficients of r = 0.908 or higher. The INNOVANCE Antithrombin method demonstrated furthermore an excellent comparability with the STA® Antithrombin III assay and an acceptable comparability with the Coamatic® LR Antithrombin assay. The patients with congenital deficiency (n = 31) were identified with all assays except for the patients carrying the P41L heparin‐binding site mutation, which was only identified with the INNOVANCE Antithrombin and the STA Antithrombin III methods.Conclusion:  The INNOVANCE Antithrombin assay has high sensitivity for Antithrombin deficiencies and is reliable, precise and suitable for routine clinical use.
An Embodied‐Socio‐Psychological Perspective in Health Psychology?
Authors: Santiago Delefosse Marie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe author introduces an alternative perspective to the biopsychosocial model in health psychology. In the first part of her article, she presents the major critiques levelled at mainstream research in health psychology. In the second part, she reviews fundamental studies on the place of emotions in corporeality, then studies that are more psycho‐socially oriented and focus on the relationship between health and the social. This literature review shows the necessity of an alternative perspective. The Embodied‐Socio‐Psychological (ESP) perspective which is presented here is based on a historico‐cultural and developmental approach, drawing from Wallon and Vygotsky’s work and supported by current research in neuroscience on mirror neurons as well as by early interaction psychology. The ESP perspective enables accounting for the articulation between embodied emotional development and the development of superior psychological functions within the social and cultural field; during the crisis of serious illness, this articulation is strongly disrupted in its embodied emotional, embodied social as well as socio‐psychological foundations. This perspective proposes going beyond a notion of the ill human being as a juxtaposition of BPS variables, in order to account for the complementary, indissociable and complex articulation of the corporeal, the social and the psychological. It refers to a theoretical approach that is clearly psychological and no longer anchored in a biomedical definition.
‘Oh My Child, What an Inappropriate Spouse for You!’: Asymmetrical Preferences and Parent–Offspring Conflict Over Mating
Authors: Apostolou Menelaos 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring human evolutionary time, parents have been influential in controlling the mating decisions of their offspring. As a result, they have evolved preferences that enable them to choose as sons‐in‐law and daughters‐in‐law those individuals who are most beneficial for them. Despite parental control over mating, offspring have been able to exercise their own mate choice, and they have evolved preferences which enable them to choose as mates those individuals who are most beneficial for them. However, parents and offspring are not genetically identical and thus they do not share identical interests with respect to mate choice. As a consequence, in‐law and mate preferences do not always converge, with a number of traits being valued differently in an in‐law and in a spouse. Recent advancements in evolutionary psychology have identified specific in‐law and mate preferences, along with specific areas of disagreement between the two. These findings have important implications for psychology, evolutionary theory and the social sciences, which are further explored.
Social Psychology, War and Peace: Towards a Critical Discursive Peace Psychology
Authors: Gibson Stephen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I make two related arguments: that peace psychology and social psychological peace research should give greater attention to discourse, and that critical discursive approaches in social psychology should explore matters of international military conflict, an area which has hitherto been somewhat neglected in this tradition of work. These arguments are developed in relation to debates concerning the nature and status of psychological ‘science’, and the neglect of language in social and peace psychology. To illustrate the possibilities of a critical discursive approach, research on the discursive function of ‘peace’ is discussed. In conclusion, it is suggested that a critical discursive perspective enables analysts to interrogate a range of assumptions underpinning militaristic ideologies.
The Quest for Multicultural Competence: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Clinical and Organizational Research
Authors: Chao Melody Manchi , Okazaki Sumie , Hong Ying‐yi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMulticultural competence refers to the ability to appreciate diversity and to work effectively in multicultural settings. In this increasingly diverse and globalized world, being culturally competent has become more important than ever. Integrating research in counseling and organizational studies, the authors examine the conceptualization of cultural competence across disciplinary boundaries. The authors review pertinent research to dissect the major challenges posted to the quest for cultural competence and conclude that training programs that overemphasize knowing the different ‘Others’ may promote a false sense of competence, and even fuel intergroup hostility and reactance. To enhance cultural competence, we recommend shifting the emphasis in competence trainings from knowing the different ‘Others’ to enhancing critical self‐awareness.
The Future of Social‐Health Psychology: Prospects and Predictions
Authors: Taylor Shelley 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSocial‐health psychology has made substantial contributions to health psychology and is poised to make many more in the future. Some new developments will come from empirical progress in theoretical and empirical social psychology that can elucidate the psychological mechanisms whereby social variables affect health. Others will come from technological advances, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, that will uncover mechanisms that underlie effects of stress, coping, persuasive communications, and other factors on health. Progress will also come from social psychologists’ increasing comfort with biological processes and measures, including genetics and neuroendocrine mechanisms. As such, social‐health psychology will not only continue to enrich both health psychology and social psychology, but increasingly be able to speak to intervention possibilities. Moreover, by virtue of its emphasis on psychobiological mechanisms, social‐health psychology leads the way for an expanding role of social psychology in the integrative science of the future.
Transnational Linkages and Movement Communities
Authors: Aunio Anna‐Liisa , Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo conceptualize the emergence and maintenance of transnational movements and linkages among supporters, we identify three types of movement communities: professional communities, grassroots communities and conscience communities, which are differentiated on bases of location, repertoire and networks. We argue that these ‘imagined communities’ are all critical to the construction of transnational social movement identities and campaigns. Based on this approach, research is needed to show how different types of movement communities are activated by campaigns, what parts they play in the mobilization and outcomes of campaigns, and how linkages are created and maintained among these communities.
Bartonella spp. DNA in Cardiac Tissues from Dogs in Colorado and Wyoming
Authors: Fenimore A. , Varanat M. , Maggi R. , Schultheiss P. , Breitschwerdt E. , Lappin M. R. 
Published: May 2011

Background: Several Bartonella species (spp.) have been identified in dogs diagnosed with infectious endocarditis (IE) or myocarditis.Objective: To interrogate cardiac tissues of dogs with suspected IE for the presence of Bartonella spp. DNA of dogs in the Rocky Mountain states.Animals: Nine dogs with a clinical diagnosis of endocarditis from January 1990 to June 2008 were included.Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital were searched. Animals were excluded if there was no diagnosis of IE in the original necropsy report. Paraffin embedded tissue blocks and medical records were available from 9 dogs. Total DNA was extracted from the cardiac tissues and assessed for Bartonella spp. DNA by 3 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. For positive samples, the Bartonella spp. were determined by genetic sequencing or fluorogenic real‐time PCR.Results: Bartonella henselae DNA was amplified from the tissues of 7 dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii DNA was amplified concurrently from 3 dogs. Six dogs were from Colorado and 1 was from Wyoming. Flea or tick infestations were reported in 2 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Bartonella spp. should be on the differential list for dogs in the Rocky Mountain states. The results emphasize the need for routine use of external parasite control products even in regions perceived to have low risk for flea and tick infestations.
Should topical opioid analgesics be regarded as effective and safe when applied to chronic cutaneous lesions?
Authors: Farley Peter 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The induction of analgesia for many chronic cutaneous lesions requires treatment with an opioid analgesic. In many patients suffering with these wounds such drugs are either contraindicated or shunned because of their association with death. There are now case reports involving over 100 patients with many different types of chronic superficial wounds, which suggest that the topical application of an opioid in a suitable gel leads to a significant reduction in the level of perceived pain.

Key findings
Some work has been undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms by which such a reduction is achieved. To date there have been no proven deleterious effects of such an analgesic system upon wound healing. Although morphine is not absorbed through the intact epidermis, an open wound provides no such barrier and for large wounds drug absorption can be problematic. However, for most chronic cutaneous lesions, where data has been gathered, the blood levels of the drug applied ranges from undetectable to below that required for a systemic effect.

Summary
If proven, the use of opioids in this way would provide adequate analgesia for a collection of wounds, which are difficult to treat in patients who are often vulnerable. Proof of this concept is now urgently required.
Chemical study and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the leaves of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae
Authors: Muñoz Orlando , Christen Philippe , Cretton Sylvian , Backhouse Nadine , Torres Vanessa , Correa Olosmira , Costa Edda , Miranda Hugo , Delporte Carla 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Aristotelia chilensis leaves (Elaeocarpaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. A bioguided study was carried out on serial extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, aqueous extract (INFU) and a crude mixture of alkaloids (ALK-MIX). All extracts were evaluated for (1) topical administration against both arachidonic acid and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice and (2) per-os administration against inflammation by λ-carrageenan-induced paw oedema in guinea-pigs and (3) topical analgesia in tail flick and formalin models and per-os writhing test in mice.

Methods
Greater anti-inflammatory effects were obtained against TPA with dichloromethane extract and methanol extract (63.9 and 66.0%, respectively). INFU showed the most potent effect (56.2%) against arachidonic acid. Greater effects were obtained in the writhing test with hexane and dichloromethane extracts (89.2% both). In the topical analgesia models, all the extracts and ALK-MIX were active with exception of the hexane extract in the formalin assay. In tail flick test, ALK-MIX and the methanol extract were the most active (58.2 and 55.2%, respectively). In relation to the tail formalin assay, the methanol extract (74.1%) was the most active. Concerning antioxidant activity, both INFU and the methanol extract were the most active either in the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (52.9 and 62.7%, respectively) or in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50 (concentration that produced 50% of activity) = 12.1 and 9.7 µg/ml, respectively).

Key findings
Aristoteline, aristone, serratoline and hobartinol were isolated from ALK-MIX. Ursolic acid, friedelin and quercetin 5,3′-dimethyl ether were present in the dichloromethane extract while quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and kaempferol were present in the methanol extract. From INFU were isolated protopine, aristoteline and caffeic and ferulic acids.

Conclusions
The effects of A. chilensis are herein demonstrated, validating its use in traditional medicine. Protopine is reported for the first time in Elaeocarpaceae.
Prevention of benzyl alcohol-induced aggregation of chymotrypsinogen by PEGylation
Authors: Rodríguez-Martínez José A , Rivera-Rivera Izarys , Griebenow Kai 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Addition of the antimicrobial preservative benzyl alcohol to reconstitution buffer promotes the formation of undesirable aggregates in multidose protein formulations. Herein we investigated the efficiency of PEGylation (attachment of poly(ethylene glycol)) to prevent benzyl alcohol-induced aggregation of the model protein α-chymotrypsinogen A (aCTgn).

Methods
Various PEG-aCTgn conjugates were prepared using PEG with a molecular weight of either 700 or 5000 Da by varying the PEG-to-protein ratio during synthesis and the formation of insoluble aggregates was studied. The effect of benzyl alcohol on the thermodynamic stability and tertiary structure of aCTgn was also examined.

Key findings
When the model protein was reconstituted in buffer containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol, copious amounts of buffer-insoluble aggregates formed within 24 h (&gt;10%). Benzyl alcohol-induced aggregation was completely prevented when two or five molecules of PEG with a molecular weight of 5000 Da were attached to the protein, whereas two or four molecules of bound 700 Da PEG were completely inefficient in preventing aggregation. Mechanistic investigations excluded prevention of structural perturbations or increased thermodynamic stability by PEGylation from being responsible for the prevention of aggregation. Simple addition of PEG to the buffer was also inefficient and PEG had to be covalently linked to the protein to be efficient.

Conclusions
The most likely explanation for the protective effect of the 5000 Da PEG is shielding of exposed hydrophobic protein surface area and prevention of protein–protein contacts (molecular spacer effect).
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide 2006 and Miltefosine, a Potential Combination for Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Gupta Suman , Sane Shraddha A. , Shakya Nishi , Vishwakarma Preeti , Haq W. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn view of the severe immunosuppression in visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a rational approach to effectively combat the parasitic scourge would be to enhance the immune status of the host. Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) against leishmaniasis has previously been reported, especially as an immunomodulator and adjuvant with various immunogens. In the present study, experiments were carried out with BALB/c mice and hamsters infected withLeishmania donovani. Immunostimulating class B bacterial CpG-ODN namely, ODN-2006, was administered at various doses by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. The dose of CpG-ODN-2006 (1 nM/single dose) showing the most antileishmanial activity was given as free and liposomal forms with different doses of miltefosine, namely, 5 and 10 mg/kg of body weight, for 5 days in mice and hamsters, respectively. Among the various groups, mice coadministered liposomal CpG-ODN and miltefosine (5 mg/kg) showed the best inhibitory effect (97% parasite inhibition) compared with free CpG-ODN plus miltefosine and miltefosine, free CpG-ODN, and liposomal CpG-ODN given separately. Similar responses were observed in the case of hamsters, where the combination of liposomal CpG-ODN with miltefosine (10 mg/kg) gave 96% parasite inhibition. Promising antileishmanial efficacy was observed in animals treated with liposomal CpG-ODN and miltefosine.