bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renewable Energy and Historic Preservation on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf
Authors: Ball Dave 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) is responsible for leasing renewable energy activities on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Included among these activities are offshore data collection devices, wind turbines and marine hydrokinetic (MHK) facilities, such as wave and current generators. As with any federal action or undertaking, an assessment of potential impacts to the environment, including cultural resources, is required. This paper provides an introduction to BOEMRE's offshore renewable energy program and the protection of underwater cultural heritage on the Pacific OCS. Included is a summary of energy activities on the Pacific OCS and BOEMRE environmental studies designed to provide information for compliance reviews under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act.

Introduction
Acquisition of offshore energy and mineral resources has occurred in the federal waters of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for over sixty years. For most of that time, the focus has been primarily on exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources (e.g., oil and gas). Oversight of these activities on the OCS currently lies with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE). In addition to oil and gas activities, BOEMRE is responsible for granting access to OCS sand and gravel for coastal restoration projects. With passage of the 2005 Energy Policy Act, BOEMRE's responsibility also now includes offshore renewable energy, with a focus on wind and marine hydrokinetic (MHK) projects. As interest in renewable energy on the OCS takes shape, the technologies to harness wind and MHK energy continue to improve. Likewise, regulations to ensure environmentally safe development of these resources are also advancing.

Pacific Region Development
Offshore oil drilling in the U.S. began off the California coast near Santa Barbara in 1896, when a drilling rig was erected on a pier that extended approximately 300 feet from shore. Fifty-one years later, in 1947, the first offshore well was completed out of site of land by Kerr-McGee off the Louisiana coast. Since that time, the offshore oil and gas industry has grown, and today development is concentrated primarily on hydrocarbon resources in the Gulf of Mexico (Austin et al., 2004).
On the Pacific OCS, oil and gas development has been limited not only by congressional moratoria, which were in place from 1982 through 2008, but also as a result of state and local opposition to offshore oil and gas development along the West Coast. However, production continues in this region on leases issued prior to 1984. Currently, there are 49 active oil and gas leases on the Pacific OCS, located roughly between Huntington Beach and Pismo Beach, along the southern California coast.
Efficient Perforation Of High-Pressure Deepwater Wells
Authors: Sanders William , Baumann Carlos Erik , Williams Harvey Alec Rodney , de Moraes Flavio Dias , Shipley Jonathan , Bethke Martin Eric , Ogier Scott 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the planning, logistics, and technology used in Cascade and Chinook, the two largest deepwater high-pressure perforation jobs successfully executed to date in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). These Lower Tertiary well completions have gross perforation intervals over 800 feet and downhole pressures higher than 19,000 psi. This paper discusses the technology used in the planning stages to predict gunshock loads on completion equipment, and the logistics and procedures used to minimize costs, rig time and risks while maintaining safe operations.
Perforating several intervals in one run was required to complement a single-trip multi-zone frac-pack system in which all downhole packers, screens and service tools are run at once, and all zones are stimulated in a single trip. Perforating all intervals with long gunstrings and then frac packing multiple zones in a single trip saves substantial rig time compared with performing conventional stacked frac packed completions requiring multiple trips per perforated zone.
Thousands of perforating jobs are conducted successfully worldwide each month. However, there are a small number of jobs, typically high-pressure deepwater wells, where gun shock is a real and significant risk. When planning perforation jobs in deepwater high-pressure wells, engineers strive to minimize the risk of equipment damage due to perforating gunshock loads, such as bent tubing and unset packers, and a potential fishing job. For Cascade and Chinook, peak gunshock loads were evaluated with software that predicts the pressure waves in the completion fluid, and the associated structural loads on all well components.
Fast gauge pressure data shows that predicted wellbore pressure transients are sufficiently accurate both in magnitude and time when the input reservoir response data is close to the actual field data.
We discuss in detail the logistics and procedures used for loading and transportation of guns, building the BHA, and running the gun string in the well. The logistics for mobilizing over 700 lbs of explosives requires extensive planning to minimize time and costs. Minimizing the time needed for each gun connection is crucial to minimize rig time, and several approaches were employed.
The logistics and procedures outlined in this paper led to a rig time reduction of over 67% for the execution of the largest deepwater high-pressure perforation jobs done to date in the Gulf of Mexico.
Computational Analysis of Oil Spill in Shallow Water due to Wave and Tidal Motion
Authors: Agrawal Madhusuden , Dakshinamoorthy Duraivelan 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Oil and gas consumption is vital for sustained economic growth. With many developing countries progressing towards prosperity, oil and gas consumption demand increases every year. Oil spills due to major accidents hamper the growth and development of the oil and gas industries. Oil spills also cause serious damage to ocean environment and most of the spills take months or years to cleanup. With the recent unfortunate event of a large scale oil spill in Gulf of Mexico, it is clearly evident that such accidents must be prevented from happening or at least efforts must be taken to mitigate the effects of oil spill during such accidents. In order to mitigate the effects, one needs to predict the accurate trajectory of oil films during a spill event, so that appropriate actions can be taken in a timely manner. Over past three decades, simplified empirical correlations are most commonly used in evaluation of the oil slick spreading. Latest developments in computational fluid dynamics and increased computational resources have provided an opportunity to develop a comprehensive model for oil spill problem.
In this current study, a detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based study is proposed to predict the trajectory of oil film during various spill scenarios in shallow water drilling. Three dimensional simulations were conducted for different wave and current conditions. A three phase (Oil, water and air) Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model was used to capture the trajectory of oil film. Open channel wave boundary conditions were used to simulate the propagation of sea waves. The sea water wave profile was described by a Fifth-Order Stokes theory. The presented results clearly show the advantages of using this methodology in predicting the trajectory of oil film during various spill scenarios. The results of these CFD studies show that ocean wave profile and current have important effects on the location, and the extent of oil film on sea surface. The polluted area increases with higher interaction of wave and current. At high wavelength, oil dispersion underwater increases and the extent of oil film on sea surface increases. However at high wave amplitude, the extent of oil film on surface decreases. The presented CFD model clearly shows the value of using CFD simulations to predict the trajectory of oil on the sea surface during various oil spill scenarios. This in turn could help in mitigating the effects of oil spill and also help in clean-up activities.
Development of Floating LNG Production Units with Modular/Scalable SMR Processes
Authors: Talib Javid Husain , Price Brian 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The world wide market for LNG continues to grow rapidly. Traditionally, base load LNG plants have provided the majority of this LNG supply. As the industry has grown, base load plants have grown increasing larger and more difficult to site. Additionally, the number of fields with sufficient reserves is diminishing. Owners are now turning to developing mid-scale projects with Floating LNG production systems. A variety of configurations have been put forth and a few are progressing.
The single mixed refrigerant process offers an excellent approach to developing the topsides process units required for LNG production. With real estate on floating structures at a premium, compact, modular facilities are a must. The SMR process is readily modular and scalable to fit the production profile of these projects. Modular concepts from 0.5 MMTPA to 6.0 MMTPA have been developed to fit both tanker retrofits and new build ships. Also, the process offers significant reduction in equipment and power versus expander based processes.
This paper will cover the technology as applied to floating structures with emphasis on efficiency and footprint for a variety of feed gas applications.

Offshore Process Requirements
LNG production facilities to date have all been onshore locations. While many of the same processes are used for both onshore and offshore locations, the requirements for offshore developments are unique to this environment. Some of the key criteria include:Minimizing footprint- Offshore real estate is the critical item in project cost. The minimization of the footprint of the process plant is essential to developing an economically attractive project.Minimize equipment items- The key objective for the process units to achieve an optimal footprint is to minimize the number and complexity of the equipment needed. Single mixed refrigerants produce the lowest equipment count of all processes.Minimize weight and single module lift weights - The cost of structures to support the equipment and modules is a key cost item. Also the lift weight of the individual modules is critical.Minimize module interconnections- The simplification of processes to minimize interconnections reduces the cost and complexity of the installation. Multiple loop refrigeration systems suffer from extreme numbers of interconnections between the loops.Accessibility- The offshore process systems must be accessible for maintenance and egressFlexibility to handle multiple feed gas cases- Onshore developers have learned (some the hard way) the liquefaction processes need to be able to handle a range of feed gases. Single mixed refrigerants excel in this area due to ease of changing the system during operation.
Carbon Capture and Sequestration: The U.S. Department of Energy's R&D Efforts to Characterize Opportunities for Deep Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Offshore Resources
Authors: Litynski John , Brown B.M. , Vikara D.M. , Srivastava R.D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is the lead federal agency for the research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) of carbon sequestration technologies. This effort is being implemented through several activities, including applied research and development (R&D), demonstration projects, and technical support to loan guarantee and tax incentives programs. The sequestration program started in 1997 and has grown significantly. In Fiscal Year 2010, $145 million in federal funding was received to support carbon capture and storage (CCS) related R&D. The Sequestration Program also received $80 million in funding from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to support the development of resources for geologic storage of CO2. The goal of the program is to develop a suite of technologies that can support the implementation of commercial CCS projects by 2020.
Part of the program funding is being used to assess the potential for storing CO2 in offshore geologic formations. This paper presents an overview of projects awarded to assess the potential for geologic storage in state and federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and in Texas and California state territorial waters, as well as research efforts DOE is supporting world-wide. These efforts are aimed at capacity assessments; monitoring and modeling of sub-seabed storage projects; characterization of projects that are drilling wells and conducting seismic surveys; and assessment of regulatory gaps relative to storing CO2 in offshore formations. The results are expected to provide a summary of basin-scale suitability and will identify and prioritize potential offshore CO2 geological storage opportunities.

Introduction
Fossil fuels are projected to be the primary source of energy for the United States and most developed and developing countries over the next several decades, and their consumption is expected to increase. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) have risen significantly from preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to present levels of around 384 ppm (Tans, 2008). Evidence suggests that the observed rise in atmospheric CO2 levels is the result of expanded use of fossil fuels for energy. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is expected to rise due to the anticipated increase in fossil fuel usage unless major advances in energy management and production are made (Socolow et al., 2004; Greenblatt and Sarmiento, 2004). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an emerging strategy for preventing the emission of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. The long-term storage of anthropogenic CO2 is a promising technology for slowing, and ultimately reversing, the build-up of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere (NETL, 2009).
New Method for Managing Hydrates in Deepwater Tiebacks
Authors: Creek Jefferson Louis , Subramanian Sivakumar , Estanga Douglas Alexander 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper will discuss holistic application and integration of existing technology to manage hydrate formation and potential blockage in subsea tiebacks. The paper will cover how careful examination of the nature of the reservoir fluids and properties can be used to advantage in subsea field developments to facilitate strategies different from "first principal" techniques such as chemicals and insulation that are aimed at preventing hydrate formation altogether. In many developments such methods would be expensive potentially to the point of preventing economic development of a particular asset. In the present work a combination of modern flow and thermodynamic simulation tools in conjunction with judicious testing to verify key assumptions have been used to develop an operational hydrate management philosophy of "doing nothing" under certain circumstances. In fact it is suggested that hydrates can form without any significant blockage risk to operations.
The concept is based on allowing hydrates to form in a limited fashion. Aspects of the concept have been discussed and demonstrated in field and laboratory applications within industry forums such as the Deepstar Flow Assurance program.

Introduction
Many considerations enter into the flow assurance philosophy and design for a given project development. Of the many tasks, the planning for managing hydrate formation usually requires the most effort in terms of time and planning. Hydrate mitigation and management in a deepwater oil system typically ends up being comprised of a collection of strategies that involve thermal management (eg. insulation of subsea equipment and flowlines to retain heat and provide cooldown time), chemical injection (eg. pumping methanol and or low dosage hydrate inhibitor during shutdowns and restarts), pressure reduction (eg. blowdown), and fluid composition management (eg. dead oil displacement during extended shutdowns). The hydrate management philosophy therefore has a significant impact on hardware design and operating procedures.
Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 Axes In Vivo
Authors: Ishizaki Masayuki , Akimoto Toshihiko , Muromoto Ryuta , Yokoyama Mika , Ohshiro Yuya , Sekine Yuichi , Maeda Hiroaki , Shimoda Kazuya , Oritani Kenji , Matsuda Tadashi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Tyrosine kinase-2 (Tyk2), a member of the Jak family of kinases, mediates the signals triggered by various cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-12, and IL-23. In the current study, we investigated the in vivo involvement of Tyk2 in several IL-12/Th1– and IL-23/Th17–mediated models of experimental diseases, including methylated BSA injection-induced footpad thickness, imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation, and dextran sulfate sodium- or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. In these disease models, Tyk2 deficiency influenced the phenotypes in immunity and/or inflammation. Our findings demonstrate a somewhat broader contribution of Tyk2 to immune systems than previously expected and suggest that Tyk2 may represent an important candidate for drug development by targeting both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 axes.
Y-Box Binding Protein-1 Mediates Profibrotic Effects of Calcineurin Inhibitors in the Kidney
Authors: Hanssen Lydia , Frye Björn C. , Ostendorf Tammo , Alidousty Christina , Djudjaj Sonja , Boor Peter , Rauen Thomas , Floege Jürgen , Mertens Peter R. , Raffetseder Ute 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The immunosuppressive calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus are widely used in transplant organ recipients, but in the kidney allograft, they may cause tubulointerstitial as well as mesangial fibrosis, with TGF-β believed to be a central inductor. In this study, we report that the cold-shock protein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a TGF-β independent downstream effector in CsA- as well as in tacrolimus- but not in rapamycin-mediated activation of rat mesangial cells (rMCs). Intracellular content of YB-1 is several-fold increased in MCs following CNI treatment in vitro and in vivo in mice. This effect ensues in a time-dependent manner, and the operative concentration range encompasses therapeutically relevant doses for CNIs. The effect of CNI on cellular YB-1 content is abrogated by specific blockade of translation, whereas retarding the transcription remains ineffective. The activation of rMCs by CNIs is accomplished by generation of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to TGF-β–triggered reactive oxygen species generation, hydrogen peroxide especially could be identified as a potent inductor of YB-1 accumulation. In line with this, hindering TGF-β did not influence CNI-induced YB-1 upregulation, whereas ERK/Akt pathways are involved in CNI-mediated YB-1 expression. CsA-induced YB-1 accumulation results in mRNA stabilization and subsequent generation of collagen. Our results provide strong evidence for a CNI-dependent induction of YB-1 in MCs that contributes to renal fibrosis via regulation of its own and collagen translation.
Cataract as a Phenotypic Marker for a Mutation in WFS1, the Wolfram Syndrome Gene
Authors: Cherif Titah Salah Mohamed , Meunier Isabelle , Blanchet Catherine , Lopez Severine , Rondouin Gerard , Lenaers Guy , Amati-Bonneau Patrizia , Reynier Pascal , Paquis-Flucklinger Veronique , Hamel Christian P. 
Published: May 2011

Purpose Wolfram syndrome (WS) or diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness (DIDMOAD) (OMIM 222300) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy as the 2 major criteria, followed later in life by deafness, diabetes insipidus, and various signs of neurologic impairment. The presence of a cataract has been variably mentioned in WS. Method Two members of a family had thorough ophthalmic examination and their DNA was screened for mutations in mitochondrial DNA, WFS1, OPA1, and OPA3 genes. Results We report a patient who first had surgery for bilateral cataract at age 5 and who subsequently presented typical signs of WS, i.e., diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy with reduced visual acuity at 20/400 on both eyes at age 22, and mild deafness. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for 2 truncating mutations in WFS1, the major WS gene. She carried the previously reported c.1231_1233 delCT and a novel c.2431_2465dup35 mutation. She also was heterozygote for a novel OPA1 sequence variant, c.929A>G in exon 9, whose pathogenicity remains uncertain. The patient's mother was a heterozygous carrier of the c.2431_2465dup35 mutation. She did not have diabetes mellitus or optic atrophy but had bilateral polar cataract. She did not carry the OPA1 sequence variant. Conclusions Cataract could be a marker for the WFS1 heterozygosity in this family, namely the c.2431_2465dup35 mutation.
Advances in Tailoring Resorcinol‐Formaldehyde Organic and Carbon Gels
Authors: ElKhatat Ahmed M. , Al‐Muhtaseb Shaheen A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAn overview on the preparation and properties of resorcinol‐formaldehyde (RF) organic and carbon gels reveals the fascinating and remarkably flexible properties of RF carbon and organic gels and how these properties are related to the synthesis and processing conditions. The structural properties can be easily tailored by rigidly controlling such conditions. However, slight variations in some conditions may cause drastic variations in the structural characteristics, and hence properties. Therefore, the effects of different conditions must be well‐understood before attempting to tailor organic or carbon gels to specific applications. The most important factors that affect the properties of an organic gel are the precursor concentrations, the catalyst type and concentration, the time and temperature of curing, and the drying method. In addition to these factors, characteristics of activated carbon gels also depend on the pyrolysis temperature and the activation method. These conditions impact the structural and performance characteristics significantly.
Studies on Molecular Conductors: From Organic Semiconductors to Molecular Metals and Superconductors
Authors: Kobayashi Hayao , Kobayashi Akiko , Tajima Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe field of molecular conductors was pioneered by works on the semiconducting properties of phthalocyanines and condensed aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle of the last century. Around three decades ago, the first organic superconductor was reported. Since then, various new molecular superconductors based on multichalcogen π molecules such as bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT‐TTF), dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene (DMET), BETS (or BEDT‐TSF=bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene), and [M(dmit)2] (M=Ni, Pd; dmit=4,5‐dimercapto‐1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione) including unprecedented antiferromagnetic and field‐induced organic superconductors and the first single‐component molecular metals were developed by the members in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Tokyo along with outside collaborators. Studies on the physical properties—especially optical properties—of various types of molecular conductors are also extensively examined.