bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potency and effect of phytotoxins within yellow split-pea (Pisum sativum) and adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) on survival and reproductive potential of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Holloway Graham J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSitophilus oryzae (L.) is a serious pest of stored cereal grains, but recently a few populations have been found able to feed and breed on certain legumes also. Legumes contain many toxic phytochemicals. A technique is described to generate data suitable for probit analysis, enabling a dose- response line to a toxic food to be constructed. The toxic effects of two legumes, yellow split-pea and adzuki bean, on adult survival and reproduction in three geographical strains of S. oryzae were examined. The strains were shown to vary in their abilities to tolerate legume phytotoxins, but there was no correlation between the abilities to survive on different legumes in the same strain. Yellow split-pea was shown to have residual effects on adult survival and reproduction, but performance was enhanced rather than impaired. It is suggested that improved performance results from induction of certain enzymes by substances within yellow split-pea. The use of legumes mixed with cereals as a control measure against S. oryzae is also discussed.
Evaluation of a method for maintaining age-structured populations of house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), to study the evolution of insecticide resistance
Authors: Denholm I. , Sawicki R. M. , Farnham A. W. , White Jean C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn inexpensive and versatile method for maintaining age-structured Musca domestica L. populations for studies on the evolution of insecticide resistance is described. Adult flies are kept in spacious aluminium cages in which age-structuring is maintained by the thrice-weekly addition of pupae bred from eggs collected from within the cages. The population size is regulated in a density-independent manner by constraining the input of pupae to that necessary to maintain the required equilibrium density of adults within a cage. Adult numbers are monitored by photographing from outside the cage flies settled on a grid etched on the rear wall, and by converting this grid count to an estimate of population size using a calculated regression line. Observed changes in fly numbers in a cage accorded well with those predicted by a computer model using empirical data on larval productivity, and the emergence and survivorship schedules of adult flies. Since a variety of insecticide control regimes can be applied within the cage, this system enables an adequate yet tractable simulation of selection for resistance by insecticides under field conditions.
A mark-release-recapture demonstration of host-preference heterogeneity in Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Thai village
Authors: Nutsathapana Suthas , Sawasdiwongphorn Phorn , Chitprarop Udom , Cullen J. R. , Gass R. F. , Green C. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of Anopheles minimus Theobald at a site in northern Thailand that were caught on man or domestic bovids and were released showed a significant tendency to return to the type of host upon which they were first caught (P = 0·03). From a total of 3526 individuals marked and released, 51 were recaptured. A simple explanation is that the taxon is in fact a mixture of two or more morphologically cryptic species, a suggestion already indicated by previous studies.
Taxonomic study of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera) associated with gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on mango trees
Authors: Bouček Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe chalcidoid parasites associated with galls on mango leaves and branches caused by Cecidomyiidae (mainly Procontarinia spp. in India) are taxonomically treated and keyed out. They include ten species belonging to five families (plus one treated elsewhere). The following taxa are described as new: in Torymidae, Mangostigmus gen. n. for Neomegastigmus amraeus Kurian; in Ormyridae, Ormyrulus gibbus gen. et sp. n.; in Pteromalidae, Gastrancistrus (Mangistrus subgen. n.) cherryi sp. n.; and in Eulophidae, Aprostocetus sankarani sp. n., Mangocharis longiscapus gen. et sp. n. and Chrysonotomyia obesula sp. n. The name Gastrancistrus mangiferae Subba Rao is placed in synonymy under G. muneswari Yadav. Two probable new synonymies are suggested under Chrysonotomyia.
Susceptibility to topical applications of endosulfan and dieldrin in sprayed and unsprayed populations of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Kenya
Authors: Turner D. A. , Golder T. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn investigation into the possible development of insecticide resistance in Glossina was carried out by comparing the susceptibility to topical applications of endosulfan and dieldrin between two populations of G. pallidipes Austen in Kenya, one from the Lambwe Valley, where there has been a long history of spraying operations, and the other from Nkruman which has never been sprayed. Dosage-mortality regression lines and LD50 and LD95 data showed that wild-caught, non-teneral males and females from Lambwe were significantly more tolerant of both insecticides than their counterparts from Nkruman, with the exception of males treated with dieldrin. The differences were insufficiently great, however, to be incontestable evidence for the development of resistance in the Lambwe strain, although there were no other obvious sources of variability between strains adequate to account for the differences in susceptibility.
Field and laboratory detection of the altered acetylcholinesterase resistance genes which confer organophosphate and carbamate resistance in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hemingway J. , Smith C. , Jayawardena K. G. I. , Herath P. R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA simple field method for direct detection of an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-type organophosphate and carbamate resistance mechanism in individual insects was developed. The test will allow accurate differentiation by eye, on the basis of a colour change, of homozygous-susceptible and heterozygous or homozygous-resistant individuals. In initial field trials of this test in Sri Lanka, Anopheles nigerrimus Giles and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles were shown to contain this type of resistance gene, while a further nine species of mosquito had no evidence of it. Frequencies of the altered AChE gene in A. nigerrimus were estimated to be higher than those of C. tritaeniorhynchus, where the gene was found in only one of three localities in the island. The implication of the increase in prevalence of the AChE resistance gene in mosquito populations is discussed.
Combined effect of natural enemies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae & Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with different niche breadths in reducing high populations of red scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Samways M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree populations of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) were studied on orange trees at two sites in the hot Transvaal lowveld in South Africa. The first two were on the same trees, which had severe scale in the tree crowns and a low infestation in the bottoms. The third population, at a second site, was high and relatively evenly-spread over the whole tree. In previous years, the parasitoids Aphytis africanus Quednau and A. melinus DeBach had been unable on their own to reduce the high scale populations. Once a certain scale density level on the tree framework had been breached, a proportionately large number of susceptible scales escaped parasitism and reached the gravid female stage, which is invulnerable to attack. The ineffectiveness of parasitoids in these circumstances, resulting partly from their narrow niche breadth, was compounded by peak numbers only being reached late in the season. By this time, the large number of adult scales had already rendered the fruit unmarketable. In both sites, the predator Chilocorus nigritus (F.) was introduced and the trees also received commercial applications of petroleum oil. In one site, this oil treatment was restricted to the tree crowns. Although overall parasitism of vulnerable stages was relatively unaffected by these abiotic and biotic controlling factors, there was a shift to increased percentage parasitism of the virgin female away from the other susceptible stages. In addition, it was confirmed that the broad attack niche provided by C. nigritus, which preys on all developmental stages of the scale, readily complements parasitoid activity and can be of major economic importance.
Egg to adult survival of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in irrigated pastures when flood-caused mortality is prevented
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. , Hayles L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurvival of Musca vetustissima Walker from egg to adult in nutritious cattle dung from pasture irrigated during the dry south-western Australian summer was measured in the field. When drowning was prevented by placing dung on a low embankment, survival was high for only the first two months of the fly season, which included the first month of the five-month irrigation period. Substantial emergence of wild M. vetustissima adults from naturally- infested dung occurred only around that time. Survival was so low during the last four months of irrigation, even in the absence of mortality caused by drowning, that irrigated pasture areas in south-western Australia are unlikely to have significantly greater potential for breeding of M. vetustissima than non-irrigated pastures during most of the summer.
Bush fly,Musca vetustissimaWalker (Diptera: Muscidae), control in relation to seasonal abundance of scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in south-western Australia
Authors: Ridsdill-Smith T. J. , Matthiessen J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeasonal patterns of abundance ofMusca vetustissimaWalker and scarabaeine dung beetles were measured at Busselton in south-western Australia for two years before and three years after, the introduction and establishment of two species of summer-active dung beetles,Oniticellus pallipes(F.) andOnthophagus binodis(Thunberg). Previously, only a single winter-active native dung beetle species,O. feroxHarold, occurred in this area. The mean dry weight of dung beetles trapped in December (early summer) was unaffected by the establishment of the additional species, and fly populations remained high. In January, however, dung beetle dry weight increased more than 60-fold andM. vetustissimaabundance fell to 12% of its previous value, essentially halving the duration of major fly problems in the area. Virtually no flies emerged from cattle dung after December, when dung beetle activity reduced egg-adult survival ofM. vetustissimato only 0·5%. It is proposed that betterM. vetustissimacontrol could be achieved in much of south-western Australia by introducing additional dung beetle species that are abundant in November and December.
The effect of host-plant and delayed mating on the fecundity and lifespan of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): their influence on population dynamics and relevance to pest management
Authors: Leather S. R. , Watt A. D. , Barbour D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult females of Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller) in the laboratory laid more eggs on some provenances of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) than on others, even when offered no choice. Their preoviposition period was inversely related to the suitability of the host for larval growth and development. The shorter the preoviposition period the greater the number of eggs that were laid. Delayed mating resulted in reduced fecundity and reduced egg fertility. Female moths lived longest on those hosts on which they oviposited most. Oviposition preferences were correlated with the ratio of the two monoterpenes α- and β-pinene within the host-plants. The effects of provenance, delayed mating and adult mortality were demonstrated through a simulation model; the effect of delayed mating was particularly marked when adult survival was poor. Egg production in the field in Scotland varied from 30 to 123 eggs per female, but this variation could largely be explained by spring temperature. It was concluded that this relationship was due to the influence of temperature on mating and egg laying. The relationship between temperature and egg production forms a basis for predicting damaging levels of Panolis flammea from either pupal or adult numbers. The effects of provenance and delayed mating demonstrate that the frequency of P. flammea outbreaks in the UK may be reduced by the planting of less preferred lodgepole pine provenances and by mating-disruption methods.
Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from the Netherlands and Turkey, intercepted at quarantine on bulbs, corms and rhizomes of ornamental plants
Authors: Williams D. J. , Miller Douglass R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhenacoccus avenae Borchsenius, a mealybug described originally from beneath the leaf sheaths of a grass in Armenia, USSR, has been intercepted at quarantine in the Netherlands. USA and England on bulbs, corms and rhizomes of ornamental plants from Turkey. The mealybug, however, has never been recorded from Turkey although it probably exists there on monocotyledons. It is redescribed and illustrated here to facilitate identification at quarantine stations, and a list is given of its host-plants in the families Gramineae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae and Liliaceae.
The genetics of hybrid sterility between subspecies of the complex ofGlossina morsitansWestwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Rawlings P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCrosses were made between the three subspecies of the complex ofGlossina morsitansWestwood and the hybrid females backcrossed. Hybrid female fecundity was highly ‘reactive’ to foreign male genes when the mother wasG. morsitans centralisMachado compared with the reciprocal crosses and backcrosses. Hybrid F1males were unable to inseminate females successfully, and although in nearly a quarter of the dissections sperm was transferred to the uterus, it did not migrate to the spermathecae. Heterozygosity between the X- and Y-chromosomes and most of the autosomes led to high frequencies of sterile males, but homozygosity between the X- and Y-chromosomes could still yield 30–50% sterility. Successive backcrosses of hybrid females betweenG. m. morsitansandG. m. centralisto the latter subspecies continued to increase the frequency of fertile males. Interactions between X-chromosome and autosomal gene seemed to be responsible for hybrid male sterility, and the number of sterility genes involved appeared to be very few. Crosses involvingG. morsitans submorsitansNewstead generally agreed with those between the other two subspecies, but the distortion in the sex ratio of emergent adults limited the application of the data to this subspecies. Competition experiments using sterile hybrid males and fertile males in population cages (30 cm cube) showed that suppression was possible, especially when the ratio of sterile:fertile males was 2:1. The value of stetile hybrid males in tsetse control programmes and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the complex is discussed.
Effects of temperature and host-plant on regulation of glasshouse mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) populations by introduced parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Tingle C. C. D. , Copland M. J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction of parasitoids gave improved biological control of Planococcus citri (Risso) in a large glasshouse stocked with a variety of ornamental plants, supplementing that achieved by the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. Following parasitoid release, there was evidence of pest population regulation on guava and coffee bushes with reduced and stabilized mealybug numbers and stable percentage parasitism. The mean temperature during one sampling period was significantly correlated with the percentage parasitism two months later, indicating that temperature has a major impact on parasitoid efficiency. Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) was responsible for about 90% of the parasitism observed; the remainder was by Leptomastix dactylopii Howard. The effects of supplementary inoculative releases of Leptomastidea abnormis were variable, but resulted in increased percentage parasitism only when the number released contributed significantly to those already established. No evidence of pest population regulation was found on Aristolochia or Passiflora vines nor on potted Gesneriaceae plants of the genera Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia. Peak mealybug populations on these last plants coincided with periods of new growth, fruiting or flowering. Host-plant quality thus seems to be a major factor inducing mealybug outbreaks.
The seasonal breeding rate of Glossina tachinoides Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae) in peridomestic agroecosystems of the Nsukka area, Nigeria
Authors: Madubunyi L. Chuka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of Glossina tachinoides Westwood captured three-hourly in biconical traps deployed from 16.30 to 18.30 h weekly in three peridomestic agroecosystems in southern Nigeria from April 1984 to March 1987, were dissected and classified as nulliparous, pregnant, aborted or parous-but-not-pregnant. In all three tsetse populations, the monthly pregnancy rate ranged from 76 to 94% and the abortion rate from 3 to 8% throughout the year. No seasonal or locational differences or evidence of seasonal increase, reduction or cessation in breeding were demonstrated. A significant difference between years with respect to monthly abortion rate during the wet season was possibly due to changes in vegetation structure which is dependent on crop types. It is concluded that the low population density and pattern of seasonal fluctuation in apparent density of G. tachinoides in these peridomestic agroecosystems are due to causes other than seasonal differences in its breeding rate.
A shoot-fly, Atherigona ramu sp. n. (Diptera: Muscidae), attacking sugarcane in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Pont A. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe shoot-fly Atherigona ramu sp. n. is described from Papua New Guinea. It was reared from sugarcane at the agronomy centre of Ramu Sugar Ltd, Gusap, Papua New Guinea, and is also known from other parts of Papua New Guinea.
Notes on Insect Pests in Antigua
Authors: Ballou H. A. 
Published: July 2009

The principal object of my visit to Antigua, during December 1912, was to study an outbreak of the twig borer of limes which had been reported by the Superintendent of Agriculture from two localities in the island.At the time of my visit, owing to recent pruning, there were only occasionally infested branches to be seen, but these were in sufficient number to enable me to form a very good opinion of the nature of the attack and of the general habits of the insect.The attack on a lime branch apparently always begins on a small twig. I am not able to say whether the twig on or in which the egg is laid is dead or dying at the time of egg-laying ; but in every instance of attack observed by me, both in the field and in specimens forwarded, the twig has been found entirely eaten out, the dead interior connecting with the tunnel in the larger branch from which the twig springs. This branch is always more or less girdled by the tunnel of the grub. The girdling seems to be the first thing done by the grub after completing the destruction of the smaller twig and it results in the death of the branch beyond the point of the girdle. The tunnel does not circle the twig in such a manner as to cut it off completely, but the direction is rather in a spiral, so that as the injury to the branch becomes more and more felt, it breaks down and is usually left hanging. The entire grub and pupa stages are passed within this branch, the adult beetle only issuing from the dead branch some time after emerging from its pupal condition.
On the Biology of Dysdercus howardi, Ballou. II. The Effect of continued Inbreeding on the Life History
Authors: MacGill Elsie I. 
Published: July 2009

1. A number of generations of Dysdercus howardi, Ballou, bred in the laboratory between 1932 and 1934 are compared with a similar number of generations bred from 1940 to 1941.2. There is found to be no significant difference in the length of the life-cycle in the two periods.3. There is a significantly greater number of adult female insects in the earlier generations of D. howardi (eleven generations).4. In the later generations there is a higher percentage of infertile eggs. The difference between the two groups of insects is highly significant.5. There is no significant difference in the percentages of nymphs becoming adult in the two periods.6. The differences in the numbers of adult insects and in the sex ratios obtained in 1932–34 and 1940–41 are found to be non-significant (twelve generations).
Notes on Coccidae occurring in the Seychelles Islands, with descriptions of new species
Authors: Green E. E. 
Published: July 2009

The new species, described below, have been received from Mr. R. Dupont, Superintendent of Botanic Stations in the Seychelles.Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ansei, sp. nov. (fig. 1).Female puparium irregularly circular or broadly ovate ; flattish or moderately convex. Very pale brownish ochreous, semitransparent ; pellicles darker, central. Diameter averaging 1·45 mm.Male puparium smaller and more distinctly ovate ; pellicle nearer one extremity. Length 1 mm.Adult female broadly rounded in front, narrowed and bluntly pointed behind. Margins of abdominal segments moderately produced. Pygidium (fig. 1) with six well developed prominent rounded lobes, the median pair indented on each side, the two lateral lobes more conspicuously indented on the outer side. Squames. long and deeply fimbriate : two in each of the median and first lateral spaces, three in the second lateral space, and three beyond the outer lateral lobe, followed immediately by a stout marginal prominence, beyond which the margin is slightly cristate for a short distance. Spines few, small and inconspicuous. Paraphyses, four on each side, elongate, conspicuous. Anal orifice near the extremity. Circumgenital glands in four groups: upper laterals with 3 to 4 pores, lower laterals with 2 to 3. Oval dorsal pores in two series on each side. Numerous long slender ducts communicating with the dorsal and marginal pores. Length, 1 mm.
Notes on Culicidae, with descriptions of new species
Authors: Edwards F. W. 
Published: July 2009

A. (Coelodiazesis) plumbeus, Hal.The life-history of this species has recently been fully described by Christophers (Ind. Jl. Med. Res., iii, Jan. 1916, p. 489) from larvae obtained in tree-holes in the neighbourhood of Simla. It is somewhat surprising that a species of Anopheles should have such a wide range, especially since tree-breeding mosquitos are usually more local in their distribution than other kinds. I believe, however, that Christophers was perfectly correct in his conclusion that A. barianensis, James, is the same species as A. plumbeus, Hal.
Revisionary notes on the New World genera of cercopid froghoppers (Homoptera: Cercopoidea). II
Authors: Fennah R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany tomaspidine froghoppers are pests of crops in South America, and their current taxonomic position frequently does not reflect their true affinities. In this second revisionary contribution, certain generic features of Tiodus, Iphirhina, Tunaima and Urubaxia are described and compared, and 2 species are transferred to Maxantonia, 3 to Tunaima, 1 to Kanaima, 1 to Prosapia and 5 to Mahanarva. Huaina gen. n., Choconta gen. n. and Tiodus rufescens sp. n. are described. Monecphora fortunata Lall. is suppressed under Kanaima vittata (Wlk.), and Maxantonia scita (Wlk.) is recalled from synonymy with Monecphora quadrifasciata (Lep. & Serv.).