bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant
Authors: Kanjilal Barun , Mazumdar Papiya Guha , Mukherjee Moumita , Rahman M Hafizur 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Despite recent achievement in economic progress in India, the fruit of development has failed to secure a better nutritional status among all children of the country. Growing evidence suggest there exists a socio-economic gradient of childhood malnutrition in India. The present paper is an attempt to measure the extent of socio-economic inequality in chronic childhood malnutrition across major states of India and to realize the role of household socio-economic status (SES) as the contextual determinant of nutritional status of children.

Methods
Using National Family Health Survey-3 data, an attempt is made to estimate socio-economic inequality in childhood stunting at the state level through Concentration Index (CI). Multi-level models; random-coefficient and random-slope are employed to study the impact of SES on long-term nutritional status among children, keeping in view the hierarchical nature of data.

Main findings
Across the states, a disproportionate burden of stunting is observed among the children from poor SES, more so in urban areas. The state having lower prevalence of chronic childhood malnutrition shows much higher burden among the poor. Though a negative correlation (r = -0.603, p < .001) is established between Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) and CI values for stunting; the development indicator is not always linearly correlated with intra-state inequality in malnutrition prevalence. Results from multi-level models however show children from highest SES quintile posses 50 percent better nutritional status than those from the poorest quintile.

Conclusion
In spite of the declining trend of chronic childhood malnutrition in India, the concerns remain for its disproportionate burden on the poor. The socio-economic gradient of long-term nutritional status among children needs special focus, more so in the states where chronic malnutrition among children apparently demonstrates a lower prevalence. The paper calls for state specific policies which are designed and implemented on a priority basis, keeping in view the nature of inequality in childhood malnutrition in the country and its differential characteristics across the states.
The impact of self and peer perceptual differences on student social behaviour
Authors: Armstrong Cole 
Published: August 2010

Background. The development of socially appropriate behaviour is increasingly seen as an important part of a student's education. Aim. To examine whether changes in a student's behaviour, as part of an ongoing social empathy intervention, can in part be explained by the difference between the student's self‐perception of their behaviour and their peers‐perception of their behaviour. Method. A school population (383 students from year levels 4 to 6) was assessed for a range of prosocial and antisocial behaviours. Assessments were made by the students themselves, and by peer nominations of their classmates. A perceptual difference index was calculated to determine the difference between the student's self‐assessment and their peers' assessment of their behaviour. Results. Hierarchical regression found that students' prosocial behaviour increased more over the course of the school year when self‐perception of their prosocial behaviour more closely matched the perceptions of their class‐peers. Similarly, students' antisocial behaviour decreased more over the school year when their self and peer perceptions of their antisocial behaviour were more closely aligned. Very few personal demographics were associated with either type of behaviour, and overall there was found to be a great deal of stability in behaviour. Conclusion. This study highlights the importance of taking into account students' personal characteristics when developing interventions to encourage socially appropriate behaviour. Furthermore, it suggests that in order to achieve positive change, any intervention must engage student's self‐beliefs regarding their behaviour.
Post‐traumatic growth as outcome of a cognitive‐behavioural therapy trial for motor vehicle accident survivors with PTSD
Authors: Zoellner Tanja , Rabe Sirko , Karl Anke , Maercker Andreas 
Published: August 2010

Objectives. Treatment effects on post‐traumatic growth (PTG) and its subdomains were investigated together with predictors of the Janus‐face model of PTG. Design. Effects were investigated within a randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural theropy (CBT) for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method. Forty motor vehicle accident survivors were randomly assigned to a treatment or waiting condition. PTG was measured by the Post‐traumatic Growth Inventory and complemented by its possible predictors (optimism, openness). Results. The CBT treatment proved to be highly effective in terms of PTSD symptom reduction. In contrast to previous findings, however, there was no treatment effect on PTG in general. The CBT group showed, however, increases in PTG subdomains ‘new possiblities’ and ‘personal strength’. Conclusions. The results of this study caution researchers to naively expect PTG as a uniformly positive outcome to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
Rumination as a predictor of relapse in mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for depression
Authors: Michalak Johannes , Hölz Anne , Teismann Tobias 
Published: August 2010

Objectives. In mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT), it is proposed that training in mindfulness should reduce the tendency of formerly depressed patients to enter into ruminative thinking, thus reducing their risk of depressive relapse. However, data showing that rumination is associated with depressive relapse are lacking. Method. In an uncontrolled study with 24 formerly depressed patients, rumination was assessed with the Ruminative Response Scale. To assess the occurrence of relapse or recurrence, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV was administered 12 months after the end of the MBCT. Results. Rumination significantly decreased during the MBCT course. Post‐treatment levels of rumination predicted the risk of relapse of major depressive disorder in the 12‐month follow‐up period even after controlling for numbers of previous episodes and residual depressive symptoms. Conclusions. The results provide preliminary evidence that rumination is important in the process of depressive relapse.
Family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s achievement
Authors: Sastry Narayan , Pebley Anne R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examined family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s reading and mathematics achievement using data from the 2000–2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. To describe inequality in achievement scores, we used Gini coefficients and concentration indices and multilevel regression models. We found no inequality in children’s achievement by family income when other variables in the model were held constant. Mother’s reading scores and average neighborhood levels of income accounted for the largest proportion of inequality in children’s achievement. Neighborhood economic status appears to be strongly associated with children’s skills acquisition.
Nonresponse in repeat population-based voluntary counseling and testing for HIV in rural Malawi
Authors: Obare Francis 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Despite the increasing number of population-based surveys in sub-Saharan Africa that provide testing and counseling for HIV over the past decade, understanding the nature of nonresponse in these surveys, especially panel HIV surveys, is still limited. This article uses longitudinal HIV data collected from rural Malawi in 2004 and 2006 to examine nonresponse in repeat population-based testing. It shows that nonresponse in repeat testing led to significant bias in the estimates of HIV prevalence and to inconsistent conclusions about the predictors of HIV status. In contrast, previous cross-sectional analyses found that nonresponse does not significantly bias the estimates of HIV prevalence. The difference in conclusions from cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of nonresponse can be attributed to two factors: the different definitions of what constitutes nonresponse in both contexts, and the risk profiles of the missed populations. In particular, although refusal and temporary absence are the major sources ofnonresponse in the cross-sectional contexts, attrition attributable to mortality and out-migration are additional sources of nonresponse in repeat testing. Evidence shows that out-migrants have higher HIV prevalence than nonmigrants, which could account for significant bias in the estimates of prevalence among participants in both tests observed in this study.
Heavy Waters: Waste and Atlantic Modernity
Authors: Deloughrey Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

We cannot think of a time that is oceanlessOr of an ocean not littered with wastage—T. S. Eliot, “The Dry Salvages”A Poem that Renders the Sea as Pedagogical History, Lorna Goodison's “Arctic, Antarctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean” depicts Caribbean schoolchildren learning “the world's waters rolled into a chant.” After shivering through the “cold” Arctic and Antarctic, the class “suffered [a] sea change” in the destabilizing Atlantic, abandoning the terrestrial stability of their benches to enter an ocean in which only their voices orient them in time and space as they “call out across / the currents of hot air.” In fathoming what Derek Walcott has called “the sea [as] history,” their “small bodies” are “borrowed / by the long drowned” (Goodison). While colonial narratives of maritime expansion have long depicted the ocean as blank space to be traversed, these students enter Atlantic stasis, a place occupied by the wasted lives of Middle Passage modernity. This Atlantic is notaqua nullius, circumscribed and mapped by the student oceanographer, but rather a place where the haunting of the past overtakes the present subject. Édouard Glissant has described the Atlantic as a “beginning” for modernity, a space “whose time is marked by … balls and chains gone green” (Poetics6): a sign of submarine history and its material decay. Thus, Atlantic modernity becomes legible through the sign of heavy water, an oceanic stasis that signals the dissolution of wasted lives. After the poem's irruptive consonance of the “bodies borrowed,” the vowels lengthen to mimic a “long drowned” history of the Atlantic, and the narrative is transformed. Reminding us that the Middle Passage “abyss is a tautology” that haunts ocean modernity (Glissant,Poetics6), the poem traps the students (and readers) in the violent corporeal history of the Atlantic. Instead of moving on to the next ocean of the lesson, the class repeats the word “Atlantic, as if wooden pegs / were forced between our lips; Atlantic, as teacher's / strap whipped the rows on.” Only in the last two lines of the poem do we catch a glimpse of other oceans, trapped as we are in “learn[ing] this lesson: / Arctic, Antarctic, Atlantic, Pacific and then Indian.”
Aimé Césaire: The Bearable Lightness of Becoming
Authors: Dash J. Michael 
Published: August 2010

Allons, la vraie poésie est ailleurs. Come on, true poetry lies elsewhere.—Suzanne CésaireThe Recent Death of AIMÉ Césaire has Been an Occasion for Extolling his Virtues As Venerable Patriarch, Founding Father, and sovereign artist. Even his fiercest critics have considered him a unique poet-politician worthy of being interred in the Pantheon by the French state. Members of the créolité movement, such as Raphael Confiant and Patrick Chamoiseau, hailed him as the “nègre fondamental” ‘foundational black man,’ who was also like the father of the Martinican people. Confiant reiterated his filial devotion as Césaire's “fils à jamais” ‘son forevermore,’ and Chamoiseau identified him as the “maître-marronneur” ‘master Maroon.’ This wave of adulation tends to emphasize the militant poet-politician that Césaire never quite was. He was arguably the founder neither of a nation nor of a people nor, for that matter, of a movement. While he coined the word négritude, he was less the founder of the negritude movement than was his contemporary Léopold Sédar Senghor, who set about creating a totalizing, biologically based ideology around the concept of negritude. Perhaps even more telling is his view of the Haitian leader Henry Christophe as tragically flawed because of Christophe's obsession with founding a people. The protagonist of the play La tragédie du roi Christophe (The Tragedy of King Christophe) is a heedless builder, so obsessed by the need to construct and to found that he destroys himself, leaving behind the massive stone ship of the Citadelle as his legacy.
The Effect of Sunday Sales of Alcohol on Highway Crash Fatalities
Authors: Stehr Mark F 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that increased alcohol availability leads to increased consumption of alcohol. From 1995 to 2008, fourteen states relaxed or repealed their bans on the Sunday sale of packaged alcohol. This paper leverages these repeals to provide quasi-experimental evidence on the effect of Sunday sales bans on alcohol related crash fatalities. Previous published studies in this area have found conflicting results regarding the effect of Sunday sales on traffic accidents and fatalities, but these studies have focused on repeals in single states, cities, or provinces; are outdated; or have failed to control for underlying changes in traffic fatalities that may be correlated with repeals but are due to other factors affecting traffic safety. Drawing upon data from the lower 48 states from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), this paper finds that only the repeal in New Mexico led to an increase in fatalities. The effect is evident only in New Mexico because this repeal led to larger increases in drinking in New Mexico than in other states, residents of New Mexico drive more than residents of the other repeal states, and there is a greater fraction of traffic fatalities involving alcohol in New Mexico than in the other repeal states.
Diabetic Nephropathy Is Accelerated by Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency and Inhibited by Farnesoid X Receptor Activation in a Type 1 Diabetes Model
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin X. , Jiang Tao , Shen Yan , Caldas Yupanqui , Miyazaki-Anzai Shinobu , Santamaria Hannah , Urbanek Cydney , Solis Nathaniel , Scherzer Pnina , Lewis Linda , Gonzalez Frank J. , Adorini Luciano , Pruzanski Mark , Kopp Jeffrey B. , Verlander Jill W. , Levi Moshe 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is complex and involves activation of multiple pathways leading to kidney damage. An important role for altered lipid metabolism via sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) has been recently recognized in diabetic kidney disease. Our previous studies have shown that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear hormone receptor, modulates renal SREBP-1 expression. The purpose of the present study was then to determine if FXR deficiency accelerates type 1 diabetic nephropathy in part by further stimulation of SREBPs and related pathways, and conversely, if a selective FXR agonist can prevent the development of type 1 diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia were induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6 FXR KO mice. Progress of renal injury was compared with nephropathy-resistant wild-type C57BL/6 mice given STZ. DBA/2J mice with STZ-induced hyperglycemia were treated with the selective FXR agonist INT-747 for 12 weeks. To accelerate disease progression, all mice were placed on the Western diet after hyperglycemia development.

RESULTS
The present study demonstrates accelerated renal injury in diabetic FXR KO mice. In contrast, treatment with the FXR agonist INT-747 improves renal injury by decreasing proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and modulating renal lipid metabolism, macrophage infiltration, and renal expression of SREBPs, profibrotic growth factors, and oxidative stress enzymes in the diabetic DBA/2J strain.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate a critical role for FXR in the development of diabetic nephropathy and show that FXR activation prevents nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.
Glucagon Supports Postabsorptive Plasma Glucose Concentrations in Humans With Biologically Optimal Insulin Levels
Authors: Cooperberg Benjamin A. , Cryer Philip E. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
Based on the premise that postabsorptive patients with type 1 diabetes receiving intravenous insulin in a dose that maintains stable euglycemia are receiving biologically optimal insulin replacement, we tested the hypothesis that glucagon supports postabsorptive plasma glucose concentrations in humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fourteen patients with type 1 diabetes were studied after an overnight fast on up to five occasions. Insulin was infused intravenously to hold plasma glucose concentrations at ∼100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) overnight and fixed from −60 to 240 min the following morning. From 0 through 180 min the patients also received 1) saline, 2) octreotide 30 ng · kg−1 · min−1 with growth hormone replacement or octreotide with growth hormone, plus 3) glucagon in doses of 0.5 ng · kg−1 · min−1, 4) 1.0 ng · kg−1 · min−1, and 5) 2.0 ng · kg−1 · min−1.

RESULTS
Compared with a mean ± SE of 98 ± 5 mg/dl (5.4 ± 0.3 mmol/l) at 180 min during saline, mean plasma glucose concentrations declined to 58 ± 1 mg/dl (3.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l) (P &lt; 0.001) at 180 min during octreotide plus saline and were 104 ± 16 mg/dl (5.8 ± 0.9 mmol/l) (NS), 143 ± 13 mg/dl (7.9 ± 0.7 mmol/l) (P = 0.004), and 160 ± 15 mg/dl (8.9 ± 0.8 mmol/l) (P &lt; 0.001) at 180 min during octreotide plus glucagon in doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ng · kg−1 · min−1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
In the setting of biologically optimal insulin replacement, suppression of glucagon secretion with octreotide caused a progressive fall in plasma glucose concentrations that was prevented by glucagon replacement. These data document that glucagon supports postabsorptive glucose concentrations in humans.
Type 1 Diabetic Drivers With and Without a History of Recurrent Hypoglycemia–Related Driving Mishaps
Authors: Cox Daniel J. , Kovatchev Boris P. , Anderson Stacey M. , Clarke William L. , Gonder-Frederick Linda A. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
Collisions are more common among drivers with type 1 diabetes than among their nondiabetic spouses. This increased risk appears to be attributable to a subgroup of drivers with type 1 diabetes. The hypothesis tested is that this vulnerable subgroup is more at risk for hypoglycemia and its disruptive effects on driving.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Thirty-eight drivers with type 1 diabetes, 16 with (+history) and 22 without (−history) a recent history of recurrent hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps, drove a virtual reality driving simulator and watched a videotape of someone driving a simulator for 30-min periods. Driving and video testing occurred in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner during euglycemia (5.5 mmol/l) and progressive hypoglycemia (3.9–2.5 mmol/l). Examiners were blind to which subjects were +/−history, whereas subjects were blind to their blood glucose levels and targets.

RESULTS
During euglycemia, +history participants reported more autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms (P ≤ 0.01) and tended to require more dextrose infusion to maintain euglycemia with the same insulin infusion (P &lt; 0.09). During progressive hypoglycemia, these subjects demonstrated less epinephrine release (P = 0.02) and greater driving impairments (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Findings support the speculation that there is a subgroup of type 1 diabetic drivers more vulnerable to experiencing hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps. This increased vulnerability may be due to more symptom “noise” (more symptoms during euglycemia), making it harder to detect hypoglycemia while driving; possibly greater carbohydrate utilization, rendering them more vulnerable to experiencing hypoglycemia; less hormonal counterregulation, leading to more profound hypoglycemia; and more neuroglycopenia, rendering them more vulnerable to impaired driving.
Depression of the ferroelastic phase transition in LiCsSO4 by uniaxial stress
Authors: Tylczyński Zbigniew 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In the lithium-caesium sulphate crystal in the temperature range of ferroelastic phase transition, the uniaxial stress σ
X induced changes in velocity and attenuation of the longitudinal ultrasonic wave propagating in the direction [010] are studied. The phase transition is close to the three-critical point and the critical exponent is κ = 0.27 ± 0.02. The stress applied drastically decreases the stepwise change in the wave velocity at T
C up to its disappearance at 2 MPa. In the temperature range between T
C and T
C − 6 K, the stress leads to an increase in the wave velocity and a decrease in its attenuation. This range was interpreted as that of co-existence of ferroelastic and incommensurate ordering, in which the stress influences the density of solitons leading to stiffening of the crystal lattice.
Nucleic Acid Extraction Efficiency and Bacterial Recovery from Maxillary Sinus Mucosal Samples Obtained by Brushing or Biopsy
Authors: Roediger Frederick C , Slusher Nicole A. , Allgaier Silke , Cox Michael J. , Pletcher Steven D. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Lynch Susan V. 
Published: August 2010

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease with a complex pathophysiology involving a microbial component. Culture-independent molecular analysis represents a promising new approach to clarify the microbiology of CRS, but standardized, optimized sampling methods still have not been defined. This study was designed to compare nucleic acid extraction rates and recovery of bacteria for two methods of sampling the maxillary sinus, mucosal biopsy, and brushing. Methods Samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing maxillary sinus surgery. Total extracted nucleic acid concentration and bacterial burden were compared between sample types. Results Total nucleic acid concentration varied across patients. No statistically significant difference in mean total DNA concentration from mucosal biopsy specimens or brushings was observed. However, compared with biopsy specimens, brush samples possessed a significant (p < 0.035) increase in bacterial copy number. Conclusion Endoscopically directed mucosal brushings of the maxillary sinus provide equivalent concentrations of total DNA to mucosal biopsy specimens but possess greater concentrations of bacterial DNA, likely because of the greater surface area sampled by this method. Given the additional advantage of lower risk associated with obtaining brush samples, we suggest they represent the preferred sampling method for future genomic sinus studies.