bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metasomatic zoning of subcratonic lithosphere in Siberia: physicochemical modeling
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Chudnenko K.V. , Mazurov M.P. , Perepechko Yu.V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Nonisothermal equilibrium physicochemical dynamics has been numerically modeled to estimate the effect of reduced asthenosphere fluids on continental lithosphere profiles beneath the Siberian Platform (SP). When the over-asthenosphere continental mantle is metasomatically changed by reduced magmatic fluids, the following sequence of zones forms: (1) zone where initial rocks are intensively sublimated and depleted by most petrogenic components; the restite in this case becomes carbonated, salinated and graphitized; (2) zone of Si and Fe enrichment and carbon deposition in initial rocks depleted in Na, K, P, Mn; (3) zone of diamond-bearing lherzolites enriched with Na; (4) zone of hydrated rocks enriched with K; (5) zone of hydrated rocks not enriched with petrogenic components. Zone 1 can be responsible for the formation of kimberlite melts, zones 3 and 4 can be substrates of alkaline magma melting, and zone 5 can be the source of mafic tholeiitic magma.
The coefficients of heterovalent NaSi–CaAl interdiffusion in plagioclases
Authors: Korolyuk V.N. , Lepezin G.G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Literature data on the coefficients of heterovalent NaSi–CaAl interdiffusion in plagioclases are analyzed. It is shown that activation energy and frequency factor decrease as the partial pressure of water and plagioclase basicity increase. A general expression has been derived for the interdiffusion coefficients of albite and anorthite components as a function of the plagioclase composition (NPl), temperature T (K), and water pressure PH2O (kbar):D~[cm2s]=exp{13.14−0.354NPl+40.721+PH2O2−116095−1037NPl+139732/(1+PH2O2)RT}.
Pyrope–knorringite garnets: overview of experimental data and natural parageneses
Authors: Turkin A.I. , Sobolev N.V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper gives an analytical overview of the experimental data obtained by different authors at high P and T in the model system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 (MASCr). A set of four simple polynomial equations is proposed for the temperature and pressure dependence of chromium content in garnet and spinel in the assemblage Gar + Opx + Es and Gar + Fo + Opx + Sp.
From the first equation, one can estimate the minimum pressure at a given temperature which is required for the formation of peridotite garnets of uncertain paragenesis with a known knorringite content. A combination of the second and third equations helps estimate P and T from the chromium content of garnet and spinel from assemblages containing both minerals. If the spinel composition is unknown, but there is reason to assign garnet to a spinel-bearing paragenesis, the fourth equation is applicable for estimating pressure at given temperature.
Originally, the proposed garnet–spinel geothermobarometer was developed for a harzburgite paragenesis. However, it is applicable to garnets with CaO/Cr2O3 &lt; 0.903 (including lherzolitic ones), that is, those within the Pyr–Kn–Uv triangle of the reciprocal quaternary diagram Pyr–Cros–Uv–Kn.
Using the above equations and an empirical PCG geobarometer (Grütter et al., 2006), comparative geothermobarometric estimates were obtained for a set of garnet and garnet–spinel inclusions in diamonds and intergrowths with diamond, as well as garnet inclusions in spinel. If garnet has CaO/Cr2O3 = 0.35–0.40, the results are in good accord. For Cr-richest and Ca-poorest garnets, the PCG barometer shows pressures 10–15% higher compared with our estimates.
The physicochemical conditions of diamond formation in the mantle matter: experimental studies
Authors: Litvin Yu.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractExperimental studies of diamond formation in the alkaline silicate-carbon system Na2O–K2O–MgO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–C were carried out at 8.5 GPa. In accordance with the diamond nucleation criterion, a high diamond generation efficiency (spontaneous mass diamond crystallization) has been confirmed for the melts of the system Na2SiO3–carbon and has been first established for the melts of the systems CaSiO3–carbon and (NaAlSi3O8)80(Na2SiO3)20–carbon. It is shown that in completely miscible carbonate-silicate melts oversaturated with dissolved diamond-related carbon, a concentration barrier of diamond nucleation (CBDN) arises at a particular ratio of carbonate and silicate components. Study of different systems (eclogite–K-Na-Mg-Ca-Fe-carbonatite–carbon, albite–K2CO3–carbon, etc.) has revealed a dependence of the barrier position on the chemical composition of the system and the inhibiting effect of silicate components on the nucleation density and rate of diamond crystal growth. In multicomponent eclogite-carbonatite solvent, the CBDN is within the range of carbonatite compositions (&lt;50 wt.% silicates). Based on the experimental criterion for the syngenesis of diamond and growth inclusions in them, we studied the syngenesis diagram for the system melanocratic carbonatite–diamond and determined a set of the composition fields and physical parameters of the system that are responsible for the cogeneration of diamond and various mineral and melt parageneses. The experimental results were applied to substantiate a new physicochemical concept of carbonate-silicate (carbonatite) growth media for most of natural diamonds and to elaborate a genetic classification of growth mineral, melt, and fluid inclusions in natural diamonds of mantle genesis.
Peridotite–eclogite–carbonatite systems at 7.0–8.5 GPa: concentration barrier of diamond nucleation and syngenesis of its silicate and carbonate inclusions
Authors: Bobrov A.V. , Litvin Yu.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Diamond crystallization in multicomponent melts of variable composition is studied. The melt carbonates are K2CO3, CaCO3⋅MgCO3, and K-Na-Ca-Mg-Fe-carbonatites, and the melt silicates are model peridotite (60 wt.% olivine, 16 wt.% orthopyroxene, 12 wt.% clinopyroxene, and 12 wt.% garnet) and eclogite (50 wt.% garnet and 50 wt.% clinopyroxene). In the experiments carried out under the PT-conditions of diamond stability, the carbonate-silicate melts behave like completely miscible liquid phases. The concentration barriers of diamond nucleation (CBDN) in the melts with variable proportions of silicates and carbonates have been determined at 8.5 GPa. In the system peridotite–K2CO3–CaCO3⋅MgCO3–carbonatite they correspond to 30, 25, and 30 wt.% silicates, respectively, and in the analogous eclogite–carbonate system, 45, 30, and 35 wt.%. In the silicate-carbonate melts with higher silicate contents seed diamond growth occurs, which is accompanied by the crystallization of thermodynamically unstable graphite phase. In the experiments with melts compositionally corresponding to the CBDN at 7.0 GPa and 1200–1700 °C, a full set of silicate minerals of peridotite (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet) and eclogite (garnet, clinopyroxene) parageneses was obtained. The minerals occur as syngenetic inclusions in natural diamonds; moreover, the garnets contain an impurity of Na, and the pyroxenes, K. The experimental data indicate that peridotite-carbonate and eclogite-carbonate melts are highly effective for the formation of diamond (or unstable graphite) together with syngenetic minerals and melts, which agrees with the carbonate-silicate (carbonatite) model for the mantle diamond formation.
Computational Analysis of Cysteine Proteases (Clan CA, Family C1) of Leishmania Major to Find Potential Epitopic Regions
Authors: Saffari Babak , Mohabatkar Hassan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Leishmania is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from simple cutaneous to invasive visceral leishmaniasis. Here, the sequences of ten cysteine proteases of types A, B and C of Leishmania major were obtained from GeneDB database. Prediction of MHC class I epitopes of these cysteine proteases was performed by NetCTL program version 1.2. In addition, by using BcePred server, different structural properties of the proteins were predicted to find out their potential B cell epitopes. According to this computational analysis, nine regions were predicted as B cell epitopes. The results provide useful information for designing peptide-based vaccines.
How Do Variable Substitution Rates Influence Ka and Ks Calculations?
Authors: Wang Dapeng , Zhang Song , He Fuhong , Zhu Jiang , Hu Songnian , Yu Jun 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The ratio of nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) to synonymous substitution rate (Ks) is widely used as an indicator of selective pressure at sequence level among different species, and diverse mutation models have been incorporated into several computing methods. We have previously developed a new γ-MYN method by capturing a key dynamic evolution trait of DNA nucleotide sequences, in consideration of varying mutation rates across sites. We now report a further improvement of NG, LWL, MLWL, LPB, MLPB, and YN methods based on an introduction of gamma distribution to illustrate the variation of raw mutation rate over sites. The novelty comes in two ways: (1) we incorporate an optimal gamma distribution shape parameter a into γ-NG, γ-LWL, γ-MLWL, γ-LPB, γ-MLPB, and γ-YN methods; (2) we investigate how variable substitution rates affect the methods that adopt different models as well as the interplay among four evolutional features with respect to Ka/Ks computations. Our results suggest that variable substitution rates over sites under negative selection exhibit an opposite effect on ω estimates compared with those under positive selection. We believe that the sensitivity of our new methods has been improved than that of their original methods under diverse conditions and it is advantageous to introduce novel parameters for Ka/Ks computation.
Equivariant K-theory of quaternionic flag manifolds
Authors: Mare Augustin-Liviu , Willems Matthieu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe consider the manifold Fln(ℍ) = Sp(n)/Sp(1)n of all complete flags in ℍn, where ℍ is the skew-field of quaternions. We study its equivariant complex K-theory rings with respect to the action of two groups: Sp(1)n and a certain canonical subgroup T = (S1)n (a maximal torus). For the first group action we obtain a Goresky-Kottwitz-MacPherson type description. For the second one, we describe the ring KT(Fln(ℍ)) as a subring of KT(Sp(n)/T). This ring is well known, since Sp(n)/T is a complex flag variety.
Survival analysis approach to insect life table analysis and hypothesis testing: with particular reference to Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko)) populations
Authors: Ma Z.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to examine and demonstrate that survival analysis, which has been ade factostandard in biomedical research since the 1990s but has not been widely adopted in entomology yet, should possess similar potential in entomological research. The following three objectives are set to achieve this goal: (i) addressing a fundamental issue – censoring or incomplete observations; (ii) demonstrating the application of survival analysis to analyze insect life tables; and (iii) applying survival analysis for hypothesis testing. The data used to demonstrate the applications is from our laboratory experiments, which recorded the development, survival and reproduction of 1800 Russian wheat aphids (Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), RWA) under 25 treatments of temperature and plant-growth stage. With regard to the first two objectives, besides examining the near ubiquitous existence of censoring in insect population research, we constructed and analyzed life tables of 1800 RWA individuals with survival analysis. We further demonstrate that there could be very significant differences in life table parameters, such as median development times with and without considering censoring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recognition in entomology that censoring, which is hardly avoidable, can cause significant systematical bias (ranging between 4–25%; table 1) in insect development data analysis. As for the third objective, the study shows that four statistics from survival analysis can be applied to testing the effects of covariates, such as temperature and plant-growth stage, on development and survival of the Russian wheat aphid. The advantages of survival analysis include the handling of censored observations, survival probabilities in the form of rigorous survivor function vs. simple survival rates, dynamic modeling of covariates effects on development and survival with a unified model structure, etc. The methods demonstrated in this article should also be useful for entomological research beyond insect demography, such as bioassay, assessment of natural enemies, the studies of insect behaviors, etc.
Population genetic structure of economically important Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: a comparative analysis
Authors: Timm A.E. , Geertsema H. , Warnich L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractComparative studies of the population genetic structures of agricultural pests can elucidate the factors by which their population levels are affected, which is useful for designing pest management programs. This approach was used to provide insight into the six Tortricidae of major economic importance in South Africa. The population genetic structure of the carnation wormE. acerbellaand the false codling mothT. leucotreta, analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, is presented here for the first time. These results were compared with those obtained previously for the codling mothCydia pomonella, the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta, the litchi mothCryptophlebia peltasticaand the macadamia nut borerT. batrachopa. Locally adapted populations were detected over local geographic areas for all species. No significant differences were found among population genetic structures as result of population history (whether native or introduced) although host range (whether oligophagous or polyphagous) had a small but significant effect. It is concluded that factors such as dispersal ability and agricultural practices have the most important effects on genetically structuring populations of the economically important Tortricidae in South Africa.
Reproductive performance of asexual clones of the peach-potato aphid, (Myzus persicae, Homoptera: Aphididae), colonising Scotland in relation to host plant and field ecology
Authors: Fenton B. , Kasprowicz L. , Malloch G. , Pickup J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe population of peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), in Scotland comprises large numbers of a few superclones with much smaller numbers of other clones, and the reason for their differential success has yet to be elucidated. In the current study, the reproduction of lineages derived from these clones was measured by counting the numbers of offspring produced by a one-day-old nymph after 15 days. This was measured on four plant species, including local agricultural hosts and at two different temperatures (14 and 18°C). There were significant differences in clonal lineage reproduction on different hosts and at different temperatures and amongst clonal lineages on the same hosts at the same temperature. Lineages of local insecticide sensitive clones did not have the best reproductive potential; instead, a recently introduced clonal lineage carrying MACE insecticide resistance was the best reproducer. The clonal lineage with the lowest reproductive potential also carried insecticide resistance, but this was kdr. A lineage from a local insecticide-sensitive clone was the least affected by reduced temperature. There was evidence of host plant specialisation in some of the clonal lineages.
Do schistosomes grow old? A confocal laser scanning microscopy study
Authors: Machado-Silva J.R. , Neves R.H. , Rodrigues-Silva R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInfected hosts progressively decrease egg output during the chronic phase of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Ageing may be a factor that results in a progressive decrease in the ability to reproduce. This study was performed to gain insight into the effects of ageing on adult schistosomes, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Adult worms were recovered from experimentally infected Nectomys squamipes (water rat). Viable eggs were voided in the faeces for 65 weeks and, thereafter, only unviable eggs were eliminated. The rat died after 70 weeks in captivity. Recovered worms (six males and one female) were prepared for confocal microscopy and images were obtained with an LSM 510–ZETA laser confocal microscope. The overall morphology of the adult worms (suckers and tegument) and reproductive organs were the focus of this work. The suckers, ovary, vitellaria and oocytes appeared to be apparently normal. The ootype was formed by flattened cells and unclear nuclei, suggesting that the mechanism for eggshell production by the ootype during organogenesis might have been impaired. Testicular lobes showed empty areas around the germinative cells. Male adult worms showed flaccid musculature of the dorsal surface. Taken together, the present results provided several indications of infertility in older male and female schistosomes.
An outbreak of hepatitis A in Roma populations living in three prefectures in Greece
Authors: VANTARAKIS A. , NEARXOU A. , PAGONIDIS D. , MELEGOS F. , SERETIDIS J. , KOKKINOS P. , ZARKADIS I. , PARASIDIS T. , ALAMANOS Y. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection affected Roma populations living in three prefectures of northeastern Greece. Between July and November 2007, 124 cases were reported. We carried out investigations to characterize the pathogen, to identify the source of infection and the route of transmission. Using the RT–PCR technique, HAV strains of the same genotype were detected in all sera from a subset of patients with acute disease. These showed more than 99·8% identity, suggesting a common source. A questionnaire was also completed to collect clinical and epidemiological information. The outbreak affected mainly Roma children aged <10 years. An inspection of Roma settlements showed that poor sanitary conditions were associated with the HAV outbreak.
Association of HIV transmission categories with sociodemographic, viroimmunological and clinical parameters of HIV-infected patients
Authors: COLLAZOS J. , ASENSI V. , CARTON J. A. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYTo analyse sociodemographic, viroimmunological and clinical parameters in different HIV-transmission categories at baseline and during treatment, 3039 patients were followed up for 12 months after the initiation of a nelfinavir-based regimen. Multiple baseline parameters were significantly different in the diverse categories, including CD4 counts (P<0·0001) and viral load (P=0·02). There were differences in the groups regarding the CD4 response (P=0·01), but not the virological response (P=0·4), to therapy over time. Multivariate analyses revealed that transmission categories were significantly related to baseline CD4 counts (P=0·01), viral load at 12 months (P=0·0006), poorer adherence to therapy of injecting drug users (IDUs)vs. each of the other groups (P<0·001) and failure to complete the 12-month evaluation of IDUvs. heterosexual (P=0·003) and men who have sex with men (MSM) groups (P=0·02). We conclude that transmission categories had a significant influence on several baseline parameters and viroimmunological outcomes following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), as well as on adherence to therapy and to medical appointments.
Cross-dialectal variation in propositional anaphora: Null objects and propositionalloin Mexican and Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Alamillo Asela Reig 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDespite the interest in null direct objects in Spanish, the case of direct objects with propositional antecedents, which complement cognition and communication verbs, remains mostly uninvestigated. This article investigates, from a comparative variationist perspective, null direct objects with propositional antecedents, variably coded by the cliticlo, in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. Variable rule analysis of six Spanish corpora reveals a big difference between the two dialects in the frequency of overt vs. null neuter pronoun yet shows that some of the linguistic constraints conditioning the variation are shared by both dialects (presence of a dative pronoun, type of antecedent, sentence type), suggesting that the null pronoun has the same grammatical role in both dialects. Some divergences in the conditioning of the null pronoun also emerge from the analysis and the sociodemographic information available suggests the existence of a change in progress in Mexican Spanish.
Structural analysis of the embryonic development inBrycon cephalus(Günther, 1869)
Authors: de Alexandre Juliana Sversut , Ninhaus-Silveira Alexandre , Veríssimo-Silveira Rosicleire , Buzollo Hellen , Senhorini José Augusto , Chaguri Milena Penteado 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe embryogenesis ofBrycon cephaluswas established in seven stages: zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, larval and hatching, in an incubation period of 11 h (26°C). The zygote phase was observed directly after fertilization and egg hydration. Cleavage began at 0.5 h of incubation and extended up to the morula phase (1.5 h; +100 blastomeres). Cleavage was meroblastic and underwent the following division pattern: the first five divisions were vertical and perpendicular to each other, following the model 2 × 2, 4 × 2, 4 × 4 and 4 × 8. The sixth division was horizontal and occurred at 1.25 h after fertilization, giving rise to two cell layers (4 × 8 × 2) with 64 blastomeres. At the blastula stage (1.25–1.5 h), an irregular space between the blastomeres, the blastocoele, could be detected and the periblast structure initiated. The gastrula (1.75–6.0 h) was characterized by the morphogenetic movements of epiboly, convergence and cell involution, and formation of the embryonic axis. The segmentation stage (7–9 h) comprised the development of somites, the notochord, optic, otic and Kupffer's vesicles, neural tube, primitive intestine and ended with the release of the tail. The larval stage (up to 10 h) was characterized by the presence of 30 somites and growth and elongation of the larvae. At the hatching stage, the embryos presented more than 30 somites and exhibited swimming movements and a soft chorion. The blastomeres presented euchromatic nuclei, indicating a high mitotic activity and many yolk globules in the cytoplasm. The periblast was constituted of a layer with several nuclei and many vesicles, which grew during the epiboly movement.
Lettre du général van Swieten au Comité de Batavia
Authors: van Swieten  
Published: November 2009

Le Comité central de la Croix rouge des Indes néerlandaises a droit à la gratitude du corps expéditionnaire combattant dans les eaux et sur le territoire de l'empire d'Atchin.Permettez-moi d'être auprès de vous l'interprête de la reconnaissance des officiers et des soldats qui ont été témoins de l'action bienfaisante de la Croix rouge ou qui en ont éprouvé les effets salutaires.
Circulaire du Comité central aux comités sectionnaires et aux correspondants
Authors: de Stuers  , Dr Carsten  
Published: November 2009

Selon l'art. 1er de ses statuts, la Société néerlandaise a pour but de se préparer en temps de paix, exclusivement à la tâche d'adoucir le sort du militaire blessé et malade et d'y être toujours prête.Elle tâche d'atteindre ce but en formant de bons infirmiers et en se pourvoyant du matériel nécessaire.
Aperçu des services rendus par la Société de la Croix rouge en 1877–78
Authors: Ghika Démétrius , Boboc Jean-S. 
Published: November 2009

10 Le nombre des malades et blessés, soignés dans les ambulances organisées par la Société de la Croix rouge roumaine sur les champs de bataille, a été de 2716, dont 2,147 Roumains, 553 Turcs et 16 Russes.Le nombre exact des journées de malades a été de 7,139.Les ambulances roumaines ont, en outre, donné 494 consultations gratuites et fait 742 pansements, aux malades et blessés qui ont préféré être soignés hors des ambulances.