bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency Effects on the Morphological Conditioning of Syllable-fi nal / s / Reduction in Border Uruguayan Spanish
Authors: Waltermire Mark 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This research provides a usage-based account of the phonological reduction of syllable and wordfinal /s/ in the bilingual Spanish of the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. As with monolingual dialects of Uruguayan Spanish, patterns of aspiration and deletion seem to be conditioned by lexical frequency, with words of high frequency demonstrating higher rates of reduction than words of low frequency. Unlike these dialects, however, the deletion of /s/ in border varieties may be conditioned by Portuguese morphological patterns in which plural /s/ is deleted for head nouns and adjectives but retained for determiners. This possibility is explored by examining the linear and relative positions of plural NP constituents as well as the plural marking patterns of preceding constituents. Multivariate analysis shows that /s/ deletion is statistically probable in highly frequent words whereas aspiration is favored among words of low frequency. The latter finding may be the result of a social distribution of aspirated variants among more upwardly mobile residents. The use of both variants is conditioned by the morphological patterns of Portuguese, in which plural marking is carried out through the use of overt articulations for plural determiners and first position NP constituents while plural markers are deleted for nouns and adjectives, especially for second and third position constituents. These results provide further evidence of the uniqueness of bilingual dialects and support the claim that bilinguals have more expansive linguistic repertoires than monolinguals.
Analysis of a Tornadic Mesoscale Convective Vortex Based on Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of CASA X-Band and WSR-88D Radar Data
Authors: Snook Nathan , Xue Ming , Jung Youngsun 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
One of the goals of the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is to improve storm-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) by collecting data with a dense X-band radar network that provides high-resolution low-level coverage, and by assimilating such data into NWP models. During the first spring storm season after the deployment of four radars in the CASA Integrated Project-1 (IP-1) network in southwest Oklahoma, a tornadic mesoscale convective system (MCS) was captured by CASA and surrounding Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler (WSR-88Ds) on 8–9 May 2007. The MCS moved across northwest Texas and western and central Oklahoma; two tornadoes rated as category 1 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF-1) and one tornado of EF-0 intensity were reported during the event, just to the north of the IP-1 network. This was the first tornadic convective system observed by CASA.
To quantify the impacts of CASA radar data in storm-scale NWP, a set of data assimilation experiments were performed using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) system configured with full model physics and high-resolution terrain. Data from four CASA IP-1 radars and five WSR-88Ds were assimilated in some of the experiments. The ensemble contained 40 members, and radar data were assimilated every 5 min for 1 h. While the assimilation of WSR-88D data alone was able to produce a reasonably accurate analysis of the convective system, assimilating CASA data in addition to WSR-88D data is found to improve the representation of storm-scale circulations, particularly in the lowest few kilometers of the atmosphere, as evidenced by analyses of gust front position and comparison of simulated Vr with observations. Assimilating CASA data decreased RMS innovation of the resulting ensemble mean analyses of Z, particularly in early assimilation cycles, suggesting that the addition of CASA data allowed the EnKF system to more quickly achieve a good result. Use of multiple microphysics schemes in the forecast ensemble was found to alleviate underdispersion by increasing the ensemble spread. This work is the first assimilating real CASA data into an NWP model using EnKF.
Multiscale Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Kinematic Structure from Airborne Doppler Radar Composites
Authors: Rogers Robert , Lorsolo Sylvie , Reasor Paul , Gamache John , Marks Frank 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The multiscale inner-core structure of mature tropical cyclones is presented via the use of composites of airborne Doppler radar analyses. The structure of the axisymmetric vortex and the convective and turbulent-scale properties within this axisymmetric framework are shown to be consistent with many previous studies focusing on individual cases or using different airborne data sources. On the vortex scale, these structures include the primary and secondary circulations, eyewall slope, decay of the tangential wind with height, low-level inflow layer and region of enhanced outflow, radial variation of convective and stratiform reflectivity, eyewall vorticity and divergence fields, and rainband signatures in the radial wind, vertical velocity, vorticity, and divergence composite mean and variance fields. Statistics of convective-scale fields and how they vary as a function of proximity to the radius of maximum wind show that the inner eyewall edge is associated with stronger updrafts and higher reflectivity and vorticity in the mean and have broader distributions for these fields compared with the outer radii. In addition, the reflectivity shows a clear characteristic of stratiform precipitation in the outer radii and the vorticity distribution is much more positively skewed along the inner eyewall than it is in the outer radii. Composites of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) show large values along the inner eyewall, in the hurricane boundary layer, and in a secondary region located at about 2–3 times the radius of maximum wind. This secondary peak in TKE is also consistent with a peak in divergence and in the variability of vorticity, and they suggest the presence of rainbands at this radial band.
Climate Change and Cultural Survival in the Arctic: People of the Whales and Muktuk Politics
Authors: Sakakibara Chie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article explores the interface of climate change and society in a circumpolar context, particularly experienced among the Iñupiaq people (Iñupiat) of Arctic Alaska. The Iñupiat call themselves the “People of the Whales,” and their physical and spiritual survival is based on their cultural relationship with bowhead whales. Historically the broader indigenous identity, spawned through their activism, has served to connect disparate communities and helped revitalize cultural traditions. Indigenous Arctic organizations such as the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) and the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) are currently building upon a strong success record of their past to confront the environmental problems of their future. Employing what the author calls muktuk politics—a culturally salient reference to the bowhead whale skin and the underlying blubber—the Iñupiaq have revitalized their cultural identity by participating in international debates on climate change, whaling, and human rights.Currently, the ICC and the AEWC identify Arctic climate change and its impact on human rights as their most important topics. The Iñupiat relationship with the land, ocean, and animals are affected by a number of elements including severe weather, climate and environmental changes, and globalization. To the Iñupiat, their current problems are different than those of the past, but they also understand that as long as there are bowhead whales they can subsist and thrive, and this is their goal. This new form of muktuk politics seeks to bring their current challenges to a wider audience by relying on more recent political experiences.
Lenalidomide maintenance after nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma is not feasible: results of the HOVON 76 Trial
Authors: Kneppers Evelien , van der Holt Bronno , Kersten Marie-Jose , Zweegman Sonja , Meijer Ellen , Huls Gerwin , Cornelissen Jan J. , Janssen Jeroen J. , Huisman Cynthia , Cornelisse Petra B. , Bruijnen Cheryl P. , Emmelot Maarten , Sonneveld Pieter , Lokhorst Henk M. , Mutis Tuna , Minnema Monique C. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
To improve the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) in multiple myeloma as part of first-line treatment, we prospectively investigated the feasibility and efficacy of lenalidomide maintenance. Patients started maintenance 1 to 6 months after nonmyeloablative allo-SCT. Lenalidomide was dosed 10 mg on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day schedule for a total of 24 cycles. Peripheral blood samples were taken to evaluate immune modulating effects. Thirty-five eligible patients were enrolled, and 30 started with lenalidomide. After 2 cycles, 14 patients (47%) had to stop treatment, mainly because of the development of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). In total, 13 patients (43%) stopped treatment because of development of GVHD, 5 patients (17%) because of other adverse events, and 5 patients (17%) because of progression. Responses improved in 37% of patients, and the estimated 1-year progression-free survival from start of maintenance was 69% (90% confidence interval, 53%-81%). Lenalidomide increased the frequency of human leukocyte antigen-DR+ T cells and regulatory T cells, without correlation with clinical parameters. In conclusion, lenalidomide maintenance 10 mg daily after nonmyeloablative allo-SCT with unmanipulated graft in multiple myeloma patients is not feasible, mainly because of the induction of acute GVHD. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as #NTR1645.
Chemistry of Anthracene–Acetylene Oligomers. XVIII. Construction and Structures of Belt-Shaped Macrocyclic Oligomers with Anthracene Units and Acetylene Linkers and Resolution of Chiral Derivatives
Authors: Ishikawa Takeharu , Iwanaga Tetsuo , Toyota Shinji , Yamasaki Mikio 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Acyclic anthracene–acetylene trimers consisting of two 1,8-anthrylene units and one 1,5- or 1,8-anthrylene unit were cyclized by Eglinton coupling to form the corresponding cyclic trimer, hexamer, and higher oligomers. The molecular structures of these oligomers were investigated by X-ray analysis and DFT calculations at the M05/3-21G level. The trimers have rigid macrocyclic frameworks and the hexamer and higher oligomers prefer to take flat or folded structures due to transannular π···π interactions between the anthracene units. Cyclic hexamers and higher oligomers feature chiral structures that are likened to figure-eight or directional belts. The enantiomers of some chiral cyclic oligomers were resolved by chiral HPLC. The dynamic behavior of the macrocyclic frameworks and each anthrylene unit was observed by variable-temperature 1H NMR measurements. The electronic spectra of these cyclic oligomers are discussed in terms of ring size and the combination of anthrylene units.
Hydroxy-Functionalized Porphycenes: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Electrochemistry
Authors: Okawara Toru , Abe Masaaki , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A series of porphycenes bearing acetoxy and hydroxy groups at the meso-positions have been prepared and fully characterized: H2TPrPc-OH, [Ni(TPrPc-OH)], H2TPrPc-OAc, and [Ni(TPrPc-OAc)], where TPrPc-OH: 9-hydroxy-2,7,12,17-tetrapropylporphycenato dianion and TPrPc-OAc: 9-acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetrapropylporphycenato dianion. H2TPrPc-OH is structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, showing the enol-form in the solid state. The introduction of the electron-donating hydroxy group to the meso-position decreases the HOMO–LUMO gap by ca. 0.2 eV relative to the unsubstituted parent porphycene due to the remarkable destabilization of the HOMO level. This is experimentally confirmed by red shift of the Q band in the UV–vis spectra (in CH2Cl2), negative shift of the E1/2 (in 0.1 M n-Bu4NPF6–THF), and also supported by DFT calculations. In aqueous THF, an irreversible oxidation of H2TPrPc-OH and [Ni(TPrPc-OH)] appears to be pH-dependent, with a negative Epa shift upon increasing the solution pH (in the region from 3.0 to 10.5) with slopes of −62 and −63 mV per pH unit for H2TPrPc-OH and [Ni(TPrPc-OH)], respectively, indicating the occurrence of {1H+/1e} proton-coupled electron transfer.
Produced-Water-Volume Estimates and Management Practices
Authors: Veil J.A.. A. , Clark C.E.. E. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Produced water is the largest byproduct stream associated with oil and gas production. Within the United States, nearly 1 million oil or gas wells are producing hydrocarbons with various volumes of produced water. In the past, several estimates of the annual volume of produced water have been made, but none are highly accurate, nor are they current. This paper describes a study conducted by Argonne National Laboratory for the US Department of Energy (DOE) in 2009 to develop accurate estimates of produced-water volumes for 2007. The estimates were developed through contacts with regulatory-agency representatives from each of the 31 states that produce oil and gas, as well as several federal agencies that oversee onshore and offshore production on federal lands. A few states maintained detailed records of produced-water volumes, many provided estimates from underground injection records, and a few do not maintain accurate records for estimation. For those states, estimates were developed using various extrapolation methods. Where possible, the produced-water volumes are provided separately for different hydrocarbon types (i.e., crude oil, conventional gas, coalbed methane, tight-shale gas). This allows calculations of water/hydrocarbon ratios for different states and different hydrocarbon types.
In addition to providing a recent accurate volume estimate, the paper discusses the ways in which the produced water is managed in the different states and in the US offshore. While much of the onshore produced water is reinjected for enhanced recovery or disposal and much of the offshore produced water is discharged to the ocean, various other methods are used also. The Argonne study and this paper provide the most-complete and -recent picture of produced-water management in the United States.
Asymptotic Model of the 3D Flow in a Progressing-Cavity Pump
Authors: Andrade S.F.A.. F.A. , Valério J.V.. V. , Carvalho M.S.. S. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Fundamental understanding of the flow inside progressing-cavity pumps (PCPs) represents an important step in the optimization of the efficiency of these pumps, which are largely used in artificial-lift processes in the petroleum industry.
The computation of the flow inside a PCP is extremely complex because of the transient character of the flow, the moving boundaries, and the difference in length scale of the channel height between the stator and rotor. This complexity makes the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as an engineering tool almost impossible. This work presents an asymptotic model to describe the single-phase flow inside PCPs using lubrication theory. The model was developed for Newtonian fluid, and lubrication theory was used to reduce the 3D Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates to a 2D Poisson's equation for the pressure field at each timestep, which is solved numerically by a second-order finite-difference method. The predictions are close to the experimental data and the results obtained by solving the complete 3D, transient Navier-Stokes equations with moving boundaries, available in the literature. Although the accuracy is similar to the complete 3D model, the computing time of the presented model is orders of magnitude smaller. The model was used to study the effect of geometry, fluid properties, and operating parameters in the pump-performance curves and can be used in the design of new pumping processes.
A Model for Wetted-Wall Fraction and Gravity Center of Liquid Film in Gas/Liquid Pipe Flow
Authors: Zhang Hong-Quan , Sarica Cem 
Published: June 2011

Summary
The model presented in this study unifies the predictions of liquid wetted-wall fraction, film gravity center, and flow-pattern transition between stratified and annular flows. It is based on the instability of the liquid film in an equilibrium stratified flow proposed by Taitel and Dukler (1976) for flow-pattern transition prediction from stratified flow to nonstratified flows. The geometrical relationship between the wetted-wall fraction and the gravity center of the liquid film is established based on the double-circle model proposed by Chen et al. (1997), and is further simplified with explicit approximation. The predictions of the present model are compared and agree well with experimental wetted-wall-fraction measurements and flow-pattern observations from different authors.
Considerable Under-Treatment of Chronic HCV Infection in HIV Patients despite Acceptable Sustained Virological Response Rates in a Real-Life Setting
Authors: Reiberger Thomas , Obermeier Martin , Payer Berit A , Baumgarten Axel , Weitner Lutwin , Moll Arend , Christensen Stefan , Köppe Siegfried , Kundi Michael , Rieger Armin , Peck-Radosavljevic Markus 
Published: June 2011

Background According to guidelines, treatment of HCV infection should be considered a priority in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients. Methods This multicentre study includes HIV–HCV-coinfected patients diagnosed since 2001 in 14 participating centres in Austria and Germany. Demographic and virological data were recorded. Factors associated with non-initiation of HCV treatment were identified. Results Among 9,524 HIV patients screened, 1,033 HIV– HCV-coinfected patients were identified (male/female: 760/273; age: 43 ±9 years; weight: 71 ±12 kg; CD4+ T-cell nadir: 255 ±189 cells/μl; HCV RNA: 3.79x106 IU/ml; HIV RNA: 65x103 copies/ml). HCV genotype (GT) was predominantly GT-1 (62%). A total of 416 (40%) patients received HCV treatment, whereas 617 (60%) patients remained untreated. The main reasons for deferral of HCV treatment were patient refusal (20%), adherence/compliance (18%), active intravenous drug abuse (14%) and advanced immunodeficiency/AIDS (9%). Patients starting HCV treatment had significantly lower fibrosis stage (F2 versus F4; P<0.0001), higher CD4+ T-cell count (530 cells/|il versus 430 cells/|il; P<0.0001), lower HIV RNA levels (18x103 copies/ml versus 47x103 copies/ml; P=0.0008) and higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 113 IU/ml versus 75 IU/ml; P<0.0001) than patients without initiation of HCV treatment. Age, HCV GTs, HCV RNA, haemoglobin levels, platelet count and white blood cell count were similar in patients receiving and in patients not receiving antiviral therapy. Multivariate analysis identified ALT levels ( P<0.0001) and CD4+ T-cell count ( P<0.0001) as independent predictors of treatment uptake. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) was 41% (155/416), with GT-1 and non-GT1 patients achieving SVR rates of 29% and 48%, respectively. Conclusions This large cohort study provides evidence for considerable under-treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV patients. Despite acceptable treatment success in this real-life setting, HCV remains untreated in the majority of patients and often owing to potentially modifable reasons.
Chronic Pruritus
Authors: Butler Daniel C. , Berger Timothy , Elmariah Sarina , Kim Brian , Chisolm Sarah , Kwatra Shawn G. , Mollanazar Nicholas , Yosipovitch Gil 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceChronic pruritus, defined as itch experienced for 6 weeks or longer, affects approximately 22% of people in their lifetime. Approximately 1% of physician visits are for the chief concern of chronic pruritus. Chronic pruritus is associated with adverse outcomes, including impaired sleep and reduced quality of life.ObservationsChronic pruritus can be categorized by etiology into inflammatory, neuropathic, or a combination of inflammatory and neuropathic pruritus. Chronic pruritus is due to inflammation in approximately 60% of patients and may be caused by eczema, psoriasis, or seborrheic dermatitis. Chronic pruritus is due to a neuropathic or mixed etiology in approximately 25% of patients. Neuropathic causes of chronic pruritus include postherpetic neuralgia and notalgia paresthetica and are typically due to localized or generalized nerve dysregulation. Approximately 15% of people with chronic pruritus have other causes including systemic diseases with secondary itch, such as uremic pruritus and cholestatic pruritus, medication-induced pruritus such as pruritus due to immunotherapy, and infectious etiologies such as tinea corporis and scabies. When few primary changes are present, a thorough history, review of symptoms, and laboratory evaluation should be performed, particularly for people with chronic pruritus lasting less than 1 year. Clinicians should consider the following tests: complete blood cell count, complete metabolic panel, and thyroid function testing to evaluate for hematologic malignancy, liver disease, kidney disease, or thyroid disease. First-line treatment for inflammatory chronic pruritus includes topical anti-inflammatory therapies such as hydrocortisone (2.5%), triamcinolone (0.1%), or tacrolimus ointment. Approximately 10% of patients do not respond to topical therapies. In these patients, referral to dermatology and systemic oral or injectable treatments such as dupilumab or methotrexate may be considered. When no underlying systemic disease associated with pruritus is identified, patients are likely to have neuropathic chronic pruritus or mixed etiology such as chronic pruritus of unknown origin. In these patients, neuropathic topical treatments such as menthol, pramoxine, or lidocaine can be used either alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents such as topical steroids. Other effective therapies for neuropathic pruritus include gabapentin, antidepressants such as sertraline or doxepin, or opioid receptor agonist/antagonists such as naltrexone or butorphanol.Conclusions and RelevanceChronic pruritus can adversely affect quality of life and can be categorized into inflammatory, neuropathic, or a combined etiology. First-line therapies are topical steroids for inflammatory causes, such as hydrocortisone (2.5%) or triamcinolone (0.1%); topical neuropathic agents for neuropathic causes, such as menthol or pramoxine; and combinations of these therapies for mixed etiologies of chronic pruritus.
Chitosan‐Decorated Alumina Hybrid Nanoparticles as Smart Scavengers of HF and Dissolved Transition Metals in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Callegari Daniele , Canini Mattia , Davino Stefania , Coduri Mauro , Mustarelli Piercarlo , Quartarone Eliana 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLithium‐ion cells encompassing LiPF6 as the lithium salt and high‐voltage (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, LNMO) or high‐capacity (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2, NMC811) cathode materials are prone to transition metal (TM) dissolution caused by HF, whose formation is catalyzed by H2O traces. TM ions can shuttle to the anodic compartment, increasing the cell degradation rate. Accordingly, specific self‐healing strategies are helpful to develop scavengers able to eliminate HF and absorb TM ions so avoiding their shuttling. In this work, the fabrication and test of a bi‐functional, autonomous scavenging agent made of Al2O3 particles decorated is reported with chitosan. The nanometric Al2O3 core is a trap for HF by chemical bonding. The chitosan coating is acid‐sensitive, and the opening of such a capping layer is triggered in the presence of even small amounts of HF, leading to an efficient TM ion‐trapping. In addition, chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable, and abundant, which is relevant for design‐for‐recycling scopes. With ≈200 ppm of water in the electrolyte, 12 wt% of scavenger causes, after 200 cycles at 1C, an increase of capacity retention from 73% to 88% for LNMO, and, impressively, from 46% to 84% for NMC811. This autonomous self‐healing mechanism is promising for application in next‐generation smart cells without requiring any external sensing.