bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics in Women's Health Care
Authors: Pozharny Yevgeniya , Lambertini Luca , Clunie Garfield , Ferrara Lauren , Lee Men‐Jean 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEpigenetics refers to structural modifications to genes that do not change the nucleotide sequence itself but instead control and regulate gene expression. DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation are some of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic modification. Epigenetic changes are believed to be a result of changes in an organism's environment that result in fixed and permanent changes in most differentiated cells. Some environmental changes that have been linked to epigenetic changes include starvation, folic acid, and various chemical exposures. There are periods in an organism's life cycle in which the organism is particularly susceptible to epigenetic influences; these include fertilization, gametogenesis, and early embryo development. These are also windows of opportunity for interventions during the reproductive life cycle of women to improve maternal‐child health. New data suggest that epigenetic influences might be involved in the regulation of fetal development and the pathophysiology of adult diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Various epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Additionally, environmental exposures are being held responsible for causing epigenetic changes that lead to a disease process. Exposure to heavy metals, bioflavinoids, and endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A and phthalates, has been shown to affect the epigenetic memory of an organism. Their long‐term effects are unclear at this point, but many ongoing studies are attempting to elucidate the pathophysiological effects of such gene‐environment interactions. Mt Sinai J Med 77:225–235, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Sertoli Leydig cell ovarian tumour and gastric polyps as presenting features of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Howell Lisa , Bader Abdulgader , Mullassery Dhanya , Losty Paul , Auth Marcus , Kokai George 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report a case of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) in a 2‐year old with precocious puberty secondary to a Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour. Family history of PJS and other neoplasms were discovered. The tumour was excised and the STK11 gene deletion identified in both patient and father. Screening revealed hamartomatous gastric polyps, which were removed. Current recommendations for screening of children with PJS begin at age 8 years, based on reported occurrence of complications 1. This report illustrates the importance of considering early screening, along with close clinical review and patient/parent education, for detection of life threatening neoplasms and complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:206–207. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathologic study of glioblastoma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Huttner Anita J. , Kieran Mark W. , Yao Xiaopan , Cruz Lilliam , Ladner Jesse , Quayle Katherine , Goumnerova Liliana C. , Irons Mira B. , Ullrich Nicole J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is characterized by low‐grade tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. There is also an increased risk of developing malignant tumors. Glioblastoma is an uncommon, malignant tumor of children that is even less frequently observed in children with NF1.ProcedureWe performed a retrospective review of patients with NF1 and glioblastoma to determine specific clinical and pathologic indicators of overall prognosis.ResultsFive patients were identified from the CHB/DFCI database for whom pathologic and imaging studies were available. All pathologic specimens demonstrated vascular proliferation and necrosis. All samples stained positively for p53. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) copy numbers was increased, PTEN copy numbers were normal and the promoter of the O(6)‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene was unmethylated in the one patient evaluated. In the same time period, there were 56 patients without NF1 diagnosed with glioblastoma who were treated at our institution. Although the small sample size precludes formal statistical analysis, the 2‐year survival of patients with NF1 is 60% with median overall survival of 9.25 years compared to non‐NF1 patients with a 2‐year survival of 25% and median overall survival 1.08 years.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that children with NF1 may be at risk for glioblastoma, but that these patients have an increased survival compared to children without NF1. Additional molecular studies will be required to determine if the pathogenesis of these tumors differs from glioblastoma in children without NF1. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:890–896 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MTRpolymorphic variant A2756G and retinoblastoma risk in Brazilian children
Authors: de Lima Elker Lene Santos , da Silva Vanessa Cavalcante , da Silva Hildson Dornelas Angelo , Bezerra Alexandre Medeiros , de Morais Vera Lucia Lins , de Morais Adriana Lins , Cruz Raquel Vera , Barros Mário Henrique Magalhães , Hassan Rocio , de Freitas Antonio Carlos , Muniz Maria Tereza Cartaxo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundPolymorphisms in the genes of folate and methionine metabolism enzymes have been associated with some forms of cancer by affecting DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation.ProcedureA case–control study of 72 retinoblastoma cases and 98 cancer‐free children controls was performed to investigate whether the polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFRC677T and A1298C), methionine synthase (MTRA2756G), carrier of reduced folate 1 (RFC‐1 A80G) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS2R > 3R) altered the risk for retinoblastoma.ResultsMTRA2756G AG plus GG genotype frequencies were higher in patients than in controls (45% vs. 26%,P = 0.03). Individual carriers of the variant allele G had a 2.02 (95% CI: 1.05–3.92)‐fold increased risk for retinoblastoma. In contrast, no association was observed with respect toMTHFRC677T and A1298C,RFCA80G, andTYMSpolymorphisms.ConclusionsThis study presents evidence for an association between theMTRA2756G polymorphism and retinoblastoma susceptibility in a Northeast population from Brazil. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:904–908 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulations of instability in fiber spinning of polymers
Authors: Gagov Atanas , Leonov Arkady I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis work determines the critical regimes beyond which the melt fiber spinning for noncrystallizable polymeric liquids becomes unstable. The critical draw ratio of the process is established using linear stability analysis for both isothermal and nonisothermal fiber spinning regimes. In addition, nonlinear isothermal analysis describes the complete range of the stable and unstable conditions for fiber spinning. Unlike previous studies, this research uses quite realistic viscoelastic constitutive equations extensively tested for five polymer liquids, which provides a good comparison of our calculations with available experimental data. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of sparse long‐chain branching on the step‐strain behavior of a series of well‐defined polyethylenes
Authors: McGrady Christopher D. , Seay Christopher W. , Mazahir Syed M. , Baird Donald G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effect of sparse long chain branching, LCB, on the shear step‐strain relaxation modulus is analyzed using a series of eight high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) resins. Strains of 1 to 1250% are imposed on materials with LCB content ranging from zero to 3.33 LCB per 10,000 carbon atoms. All materials are observed to obey time–strain separation beyond some characteristic time, τk. The presence of LCB is observed to increase the value of τk relative to the linear resin. The behavior of the relaxation modulus at times shorter than τk is investigated by an analysis of the enhancement seen in the linear relaxation modulus, G0(t), as a function of strain and LCB content. This enhancement is seen to (1) increase with increasing strain in all resins, (2) be significantly larger in the sparsely branched HDPE resins relative to the linear HDPE resin, and (3) increase in magnitude with increasing LCB content. The shape and smoothness of the damping function is also investigated. The finite rise time to impose the desired strain is compared to the Rouse relaxation time of linear HDPE resins studied. Sparse LCB is found to increase the magnitude of the relaxation modulus at short times relative to the linear resin. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of acrylamide/acrylic acid‐based aluminum flocculant for dye reduction and textile wastewater treatment
Authors: Noppakundilograt Supaporn , Nanakorn Praon , Jinsart Wanida , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAluminum hydroxide‐poly[acrylamide‐co‐(acrylic acid)], AHAMAA, was synthesized with a redox initiator by solution polymerization in which the effects of reactant contents were optimized. The effects of pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on Congo red reduction were investigated. A mixture of Congo red and direct blue 71, and the composite textile dye wastewater were investigated. Adsorptions of both dyes were more effective in the nonbuffered solution than those in the buffered solution, and Congo red adsorbed more than direct blue 71 at all pHs. The adsorption of Congo red increased with increasing temperature and its initial concentration. Both dyes obeyed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorptions in 100 mg dm−3 solution were 109 ± 0.5 mg g−1 and 62 ± 6.6 mg g−1 for Congo red and direct blue 71, respectively. At 150 mg dm−3 of the mixed Congo red and direct blue 71, the adsorption was 142 ± 2 mg g−1 by 643 ± 3 mg dm−3 AHAMAA. The 40 mg g−1 dyes of the textile effluent wastewater were adsorbed by 500 mg dm−3 AHAMAA. AHAMAA could decrease turbidity of the composite wastewater containing a mixture of reactive and direct dyes from 405 to 23 NTU. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1535–1546, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polymerization of 1,3‐dienes and styrene catalyzed by cationic allyl Ni(II) complexes
Authors: O'Connor Abby R. , Brookhart Maurice 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPolymerizations of 1,3‐dienes using in situ generated catalyst [(2‐methallyl)Ni][B(ArF)4], 6, (ArF = 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) as well as [(2‐methallyl)Ni(mes)][B(ArF)4], 14, (mes = mesitylene) are reported. Highly sensitive complex 6 polymerizes butadiene (BD) at –30 °C to yield polybutadiene with a Mn of ca. 10 K and 94% cis‐1,4‐enchainment while less reactive isoprene (IP) was polymerized at 23 °C to yield polyisoprene with Mn ca. 7 K. Complex 6 was also shown to polymerize a functionalized diene, 2,3‐bis(4‐trifluoroethoxy‐4‐oxobutyl)‐1,3‐BD, to polymer with Mn = 113 K. The stable and readily isolated arene complex 14 initiates BD and IP polymerizations at somewhat higher temperatures relative to 6 and delivers polymers with higher molecular weights. Complex [(allyl)Ni(mes)][B(ArF)4], 13, catalyzes polymerization of styrene to yield polystyrene with high conversion, Mn's = ca. 6 K and MWD = 2. The π‐benzyl complex [(η3‐1‐methylbenzyl)Ni(mes)] [B(ArF)4], 19, was detected as an intermediate following chain transfer by in situ NMR studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1901–1912, 2010
Thermal cured epoxy resins using certain calixarenes and their esterified derivatives as curing agents
Authors: Xu Shengang , Kudo Hiroto , Nishikubo Tadatomi , Nakamura Shinya , Numata Shunichi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe acetyl esterified calixarene (CA) derivatives were prepared from calix[4]resorcinarene (CRA), and p‐tert‐butylcalixarene (BCA[n], n = 4, 6, 8), respectively. Using these CA derivatives as curing agents, the thermal curing reactions of two multifunctional epoxy resins (jER 828, 186 g/equiv., and ESCN, 193.7 g/equiv.) were investigated. The temperatures of glass transition (Tg) and decomposition (T) were measured by DSC and TGA, respectively. Based on the yields, Tgs, and Tds of the thermal cured jER 828 epoxy resin with CRA‐E100, the curing conditions were optimized to be tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) as catalyst in NMP at 160 °C for 15 h. Under this curing condition, the cured materials of jER 828 or ESCN using various CA derivatives as curing agents were prepared. Except for BCA4 derivatives, the yields of thermal curing reaction were higher than 90%. Tgs and Ts of the resultant cured materials were in the range of 113–248 °C and 363–404 °C, respectively. These results mean that the cured epoxy resins with excellent Tgs were successfully formed by using CA derivatives as curing agents. It was also found that the Tgs of cured epoxy resins were strongly affected by the degree of esterification of CA derivatives. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1931–1942, 2010
Two main chain polymeric metal complexes as dye sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells based on the coordination of the ligand containing 8‐hydroxyquinoline and phenylethyl or fluorene units with Eu(III)
Authors: Xiao Lifen , Liu Yuan , Xiu Qian , Zhang Lirong , Guo Lihui , Zhang Hailiang , Zhong Chaofan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo novel main chain polymeric metal complexes containing 8‐hydroxyquinoline europium complexes and phenylethyl or fluorene units: 1,4‐Dioctyloxy‐2,5‐bis[2‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline)‐vinyl]‐benzene Eu(III) (3) and 2,7‐bis[2‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline)‐vinyl]‐9,9′‐diocthylfluorene Eu(III) (4) with donor–acceptor‐π‐conjugated structure (D‐π‐A) have been synthesized and investigated as dye sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells dyes (DSSCs). They have been determined and studied by FT‐IR, TGA, DSC, GPC, Elemental analysis, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as dye sensitizers. On the basis of optimized dye and molecular structure, they have shown solar‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency 2.25% for 3 (Jsc = 4.77 mA cm−2, Voc = 630 mV, FF = 0.75) and 3.04% for 4 (Jsc = 6.33 mA cm−2, Voc = 640 mV, FF = 0.75), under the illumination of AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2. The IPCE of 3 and 4 are 30% and 46% at 400 nm, respectively. Besides, they showed good stabilities with thermal decomposition temperatures at 280 °C and 225 °C, respectively, which are suitable for DSSCs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1943–1951, 2010
Structured multistimuli‐responsive functional polymer surfaces obtained by interfacial diffusion of amphiphilic block copolymers
Authors: Bousquet Antoine , Ibarboure Emmanuel , Papon Eric , Labrugère Christine , Rodríguez‐Hernández Juan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHerein, we report the preparation of structured multistimuli‐responsive surfaces able to change reversibly both their chemical composition depending on the environment and their surface behavior by varying either/both the pH or/and the temperature. For that purpose, we took advantage of the surface segregation in homopolymer/diblock copolymer blends, composed of either polystyrene‐block‐poly(N,N′‐dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) (PS‐b‐PDMAEMA) or polystyrene‐block‐poly (N,N′‐diethylaminoethylmethacrylate) (PS‐b‐PDEAEMA) and high molecular weight polystyrene used as a matrix. The variations of the surface composition as a function of the environment of exposure (air or water vapor) was investigated were investigated by XPS and contact angle measurements. The water‐annealed surfaces contain PDMAEMA or PDEAEMA at the surface and are additionally able to respond both to pH and temperature as demonstrated by the Wilhelmy technique. Both PDMAEMA and PDEAEMA can switch from a hydrophilic state to a collapsed hydrophobic state increasing the temperature above the LCST. More interestingly, as a result of the microphase separation of the block copolymers at the interface, the surfaces of the blends exhibit structuration. Thus, either micellar structures or “donut‐like” morphologies were obtained by using THF or toluene, respectively, as solvent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1952–1961, 2010
Synthesis and electrical properties of polyaniline/polyaniline grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube mixture via in situ static interfacial polymerization
Authors: Jeon In‐Yup , Tan Loon‐Seng , Baek Jong‐Beom 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe mixture of polyaniline (PANi) and PANi grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (PANi‐g‐MWNT) was prepared by a two‐step reaction sequence. MWNT was first functionalized with 4‐aminobenzoic acid via “direct” Firedel‐Crafts acylation in polyphosphoric acid (PPA)/phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) medium to afford 4‐aminobenzoyl‐functionalized MWNT (AF‐MWNT). Then, aniline was polymerized via an in situ static interfacial polymerization in H2O/CH2Cl2 in the presence of AF‐MWNT in organic phase to yield the mixture of PANi and PANi‐g‐MWNT. The mixture was characterized with a various analytical techniques such as elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammogram (CV), UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopies, and electrical conductivity measurement. On the basis of TGA analysis, the thermo‐oxidative stability of the mixture was markably improved compared to that of PANi homopolymer. Even after dedoping, in alkaline solution, the mixture would still display semimetallic conductivity (4.9 S/cm). The capacitance of the mixture was also greatly enhanced and its capacitance decay with respect to cycle times was significantly reduced. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1962–1972, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of polyfluorenes containing bisphenazine units
Authors: Wang Ming , Tong Hui , Cheng Yanxiang , Xie Zhiyuan , Wang Lixiang , Jing Xiabin , Wang Fosong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNovel conjugated copolymers based on 9,9‐dioctylfluorene and bisphenazine (BP) were synthesized by Suzuki polymerization. Energy transfer from the conjugated main chain to the BP moieties was observed. Full energy transfer was achieved when the molar content of the bisphenazine was 20% (20BPPF) in toluene solution. The similar phenomena were observed even for 1% bisphenazine content copolymer (1BPPF) in film. The lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels (−3.06 eV) of the copolymers were lower than that of the polyfluorene homopolymer (PFO; −2.65 eV), indicating that the introduction of the BP unit was benefit to electron injection. Single‐layer electroluminescent devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/LiF/Al) were fabricated to investigate their electroluminescence (EL) performances. The maximum brightness and current efficiency of all BPPF copolymers surpassed the PFO homopolymer. The best single‐layer device was based on 5BPPF, with a maximum brightness of 1532 cd/m2 and current efficiency of 1.09 cd/A. Much higher efficiency could be achieved for multilayer EL devices of 5BPPF (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK/polymer/TPBI/LiF/Al), which showed a maximum current efficiency of 10.01 cd/A. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1990–1999, 2010
Effect of crosslinker multiplicity on the gel point in ATRP
Authors: Van Camp Wim , Gao Haifeng , Du Prez Filip E. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe experimental gelation was studied in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) with various branching reagents that structurally differ by the number of vinyl groups (multiplicity). MA was copolymerized with branching reagents containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 acrylate moieties per molecule, respectively. Reactions with a constant concentration of branching vinyl groups (the same molar ratio of [Vinylbranch]0/[Initiator]0) revealed a different gelation behavior when ethylene glycol diacrylate (2A) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (3A) were used as crosslinkers, whereas the reactions using pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (4A) showed similar gelation behavior as compared to reactions using 3A. Additional reactions with dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (5A) and hexafunctional acrylate crosslinkers (6A) revealed the presence of a concentration‐dependant gelation behavior. On the other hand, in reactions with the same molar concentration of various crosslinkers, gelation occurred at progressively lower MA conversions for reactions with an increasing number of vinyl groups per crosslinker. In addition, the number of unreacted pendant vinyl groups in the sols was compared for reactions with different multiplicity of the crosslinker and various ratios of [Vinylbranch]0/[Initiator]0. Finally, a linear oligomeric crosslinker containing multiple branching vinyl groups along the side chain was used as the branching reagent for gelation. The gelation behavior during the ATRP of MA with the linear crosslinker was different as compared to the use of the aforementioned crosslinkers with a star‐like architecture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2016–2023, 2010
Conjugated polymers atypically prepared in water
Authors: Invernale Michael A. , Pendergraph Samuel A. , Yavuz Mustafa S. , Ombaba Matthew , Sotzing Gregory A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProcessability remains a fundamental issue for the implementation of conducting polymer (CP) technology. A simple synthetic route toward processable precursors to CPs (main chain and side chain) was developed using commercially available materials. These soluble precursor systems were converted to conjugated polymers electrochemically in aqueous media, offering a cheaper and greener method of processing. Oxidative conversion in aqueous and organic media each produced equivalent electrochromics. The precursor method enhances the yield of the electrochromic polymer obtained over that of electrodeposition, and it relies on a less corruptible electrolyte bath. However, electrochemical conversion of the precursor polymers often relies on organic salts and solvents. The ability to achieve oxidative conversion in brine offers a less costly and a more environmentally friendly processing step. It is also beneficial for biological applications. The electrochromics obtained herein were evaluated for electronic, spectral, and morphological properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2024–2031, 2010