bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical management of hard palate malignancies
Authors: Truitt Theodore O. , Gleich Lyon L. , Huntress Gordon P. , Gluckman Jack L. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVEA variety of surgical procedures can be used to treat malignancies of the hard palate and inferior maxilla. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of alveolectomy, palatectomy, and infrastructure maxillectomy in the treatment of cancers in these areas.METHODS AND MATERIALA retrospective review of 50 patients who underwent alveolectomy, palatectomy, or infrastructure maxillectomy from 1971 to 1997 was performed. The pathology of these lesions included squamous cell carcinoma (25), adenoid cystic carcinoma (11), adenocarcinoma (6), and others (8).RESULTSThe 5‐year survival rate by Kaplan‐Meier analysis for all lesions was 85%. The 5‐year survival rate for squamous cell carcinoma was 76%, and that for adenoid cystic carcinoma was 90%. The 10‐year survival rate for adenoid cystic carcinoma was 75%. There was minimal morbidity associated with these procedures.DISCUSSIONAlveolectomy, palatectomy, and infrastructure maxillectomy are the procedures of choice for lesions in the region of the hard palate. The differences between these surgical techniques are presented, and indications, contraindications, and results for each technique are discussed.
The effect of enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture of non-human milk galacto-, fructo- and acidic oligosaccharides on intestinal permeability in preterm infants
Authors: Westerbeek Elisabeth A. M. , van den Berg Anemone , Lafeber Harrie N. , Fetter Willem P. F. , van Elburg Ruurd M. 
Published: September 2010

Preterm infants have an impaired gut barrier function. We aimed to determine the effects of enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture consisting of neutral oligosaccharides (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (SCGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (LCFOS)) and acidic oligosaccharides (AOS) on intestinal permeability of preterm infants as measured by the sugar absorption test in the first week of life. Furthermore, we determined host- and treatment-related factors associated with intestinal permeability. In a randomised controlled trial, preterm infants with a gestational age < 32 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) < 1500 g received enteral supplementation ofSCGOS/LCFOS/AOS or placebo (maltodextrin) between days 3 and 30 of life. Intestinal permeability, reflected by the urinary lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio after oral ingestion of lactulose and mannitol, was assessed at three time points: before the start of the study (t = 0), at day 4 (t = 1) and at day 7 (t = 2) of life. Data were analysed by generalised estimating equations. In total, 113 infants were included. Baseline patient and nutritional characteristics were not different between theSCGOS/LCFOS/AOS (n55) and the placebo groups (n58).SCGOS/LCFOS/AOS had no effect on the L/M ratio betweent = 0 andt = 2. In both the groups, the L/M ratio decreased fromt = 0 tot = 2 (P < 0·001). Low BW increased the L/M ratio (P = 0·002). Exclusive breast milk feeding and mixed breast milk/formula feeding during the first week of life decreased the L/M ratio (P < 0·001 andP < 0·05, respectively). In conclusion, enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture does not enhance the postnatal decrease in intestinal permeability in preterm infants in the first week of life.
Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in reducing the risk of infections in infancy
Authors: Taipale Teemu , Pienihäkkinen Kaisu , Isolauri Erika , Larsen Charlotte , Brockmann Elke , Alanen Pentti , Jokela Jorma , Söderling Eva 
Published: September 2010

The impact of controlled administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on the risk of acute infectious diseases was studied in healthy newborn infants. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 109 newborn 1-month-old infants were assigned randomly to a probiotic group receiving a BB-12-containing tablet (n 55) or to a control group receiving a control tablet (n 54). Test tablets were administered to the infants twice a day (daily dose of BB-12 10 billion colony-forming units) from the age of 1–2 months to 8 months with a novel slow-release pacifier or a spoon. Breastfeeding habits, pacifier use, dietary habits, medications and all signs and symptoms of acute infections were registered. At the age of 8 months, faecal samples were collected for BB-12 determination (quantitative PCR method). The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, as was the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. BB-12 was recovered (detection limit log 5) in the faeces of 62 % of the infants receiving the BB-12 tablet. The daily duration of pacifier sucking was not associated with the occurrence of acute otitis media. No significant differences between the groups were observed in reported gastrointestinal symptoms, otitis media or use of antibiotics. However, the infants receiving BB-12 were reported to have experienced fewer respiratory infections (65 v. 94 %; risk ratio 0·69; 95 % CI 0·53, 0·89; P = 0·014) than the control infants. Controlled administration of BB-12 in early childhood may reduce respiratory infections.
Polystoma vernonin. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the sharp nosed grass frogPtychadena oxyrhynchus(Smith, 1849) in South Africa
Authors: du Preez L.H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPolystoma vernoni(Polystomatidae) is a new species in the urinary bladder ofPtychadena oxyrhynchusin KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.Ptychadenais a true African species and the 49 currently known species in Africa harbour 11 polystome parasites.Ptychadena oxyrhynchushas an extensive distribution through Africa and harboursPolystoma prudhoeiin West Africa. This new parasite differs significantly fromP. prudhoei. The new species is distinguished by its long body relative to its haptor length, its unique shape and its ratio of marginal hooklets. In a sample of 13 frogs, 53.8% were infected with up to 18 parasites per host (mean intensity 4.86).
In vitro activity of Cameroonian and Ghanaian medicinal plants on parasitic (Onchocerca ochengi) and free-living (Caenorhabditis elegans) nematodes
Authors: Ndjonka D. , Agyare C. , Lüersen K. , Djafsia B. , Achukwi D. , Nukenine E.N. , Hensel A. , Liebau E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEthanolic and aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants from Cameroon and Ghana were assessed for their in vitro anthelmintic activity by using the bovine filarial parasite Onchocerca ochengi and the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites. Worms were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of extracts and inhibitory effects were monitored at different time points. Among the extracts used in this study, ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis, Euphorbia hirta and aqueous extracts from Annona senegalensis and Parquetina nigrescens affected the growth and survival of C. elegans and O. ochengi significantly. The mortality was concentration dependent with an LC50 ranging between 0.38 and 4.00 mg/ml for C. elegans (after 72 h) and between 0.08 and 0.55 mg/ml for O. ochengi after a 24 h incubation time. Preliminary phytochemical screenings on these extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins in the extracts. Accordingly, application of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis, E. hirta and A. senegalensis extracts could provide alternatives in the control of helminthic infections.
On nonlinear Alfvén-cyclotron waves in multi-species plasma
Authors: MARSCH ECKART , VERSCHAREN DANIEL 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLarge-amplitude Alfvén waves are ubiquitous in space plasmas and a main component of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the heliosphere. As pump waves, they are prone to parametric instability by which they can generate cyclotron and acoustic daughter waves. Here, we revisit a related process within the framework of the multi-fluid equations for a plasma consisting of many species. The nonlinear coupling of the Alfvén wave to acoustic waves is studied, and a set of compressive and coupled-wave equations for the transverse magnetic field and longitudinal electric field is derived for waves propagating along the mean-field direction. It turns out that slightly compressive Alfvén waves exert, through induced gyro-radius and kinetic-energy modulations, an electromotive force on the particles in association with a longitudinal electric field, which has a potential that is given by the gradient of the transverse kinetic energy of the particles gyrating about the mean field. This in turn drives electric fluctuations (sound and ion-acoustic waves) along the mean magnetic field, which can nonlinearly react back on the transverse magnetic field. Mutually coupled Alfvén-cyclotron--acoustic waves are thus excited, a nonlinear process that can drive a cascade of wave energy in the plasma, and may generate compressive microturbulence. These driven electric fluctuations might have consequences for the dissipation of an MHD turbulence and, thus, for the heating and acceleration of particles in the solar wind.
Mate guarding and social mating system in male common chameleons (Chamaeleo chamaeleon)
Authors: Cuadrado Mariano 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMale common chameleons Chamaeleo chamaeleon actively followed the female closely as a typical mate guarding behaviour during the mating season. Guarding behaviour and spatial organization were studied in 34 radio‐tagged males in a population in southern Spain during three summers. Timing and extent of guarding were highly variable among males. Overall, guarding started on 16 August (range 28 July–5 September, n=34) and ended on 4 September (range 21 August–15 September, n=24) lasting 13.4 days (range 0–46 days, n=30). Males showed a polygynous serial‐type mating system where males sequentially guarded (and mated) several females during the breeding season but only one at a time. The number of guarded females (mean 2.8, range 0–8, n=34) and number of mates per male (mean 0.7, range 0–3, n=34) were also highly variable among males. In general, guarding males abandoned the females soon after mating in association with clear signs that females were no longer receptive. Males showed a remarkably complex spatial organization in close association with the home range of guarded females. Guarding behaviour resulted in territorial behaviour, and ‘stable’ as well as ‘mobile’ territories were recorded. In ‘stable’ territories, males defended non‐overlapping areas where the home range of one female or more was included. Although monogamy was the predominant mating system recorded in this population, social polygyny occurred in all study years. Polygynous groups were only feasible because females aggregated in small‐sized areas without apparent symptoms of intrasexual competition. Breeding asynchrony of females seems to influence this complex mating system as more competitive (large) males mated with large (early reproducing) females and small (late reproducing) ones (cf. Cuadrado, 1999). Most aggressive interactions were male–male chasing of a solitary intruder by a guarding male. A removal experiment of guarding males revealed that newcomers were small‐sized males, suggesting that an important fraction of males were acting as floaters searching for mating opportunities. Male characteristics (especially size and body weight) were the main factors influencing the spatial organization and the reproductive success of males in this population.
Debate on the authenticity of Pseudonovibos spiralis as a new species of wild bovid from Vietnam and Cambodia
Authors: Brandt John H. , Diolo Maurizio , Hassanin Alexandre , Melville Richard A. , Olson Link E. , Seveau Arnoult , Timm Robert M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the February 2001 issue of the Journal of Zoology a paper was published by Robert Timm and John Brandt (2001) that provided a new identification for two bovid frontlets held in the Kansas Natural History Museum. The frontlets had been collected in 1929 from Suoi Kiet, Binh Tuy Province in Vietnam and had been previously identified as kouprey Bos sauveli. Timm and Brandt re‐identified the two frontlets as adult male and female representatives of the recently described spiral‐horned ox Pseudonovibos spiralis Peter & Feiler, 1994.
Prey classification by Portia fimbriata, a salticid spider that specializes at preying on other salticids: species that elicit cryptic stalking
Authors: Harland Duane P. , Jackson Robert R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Portia fimbriata from Queensland, Australia, is an araneophagic jumping spider (Salticidae) that includes in its predatory strategy a tactic (cryptic stalking) enabling it to prey effectively on common sympatric salticids from other genera. Using standardized tests in which only optical cues were available (prey enclosed in small glass vial within large cage), the reactions of P. fimbriata to 114 salticid species were investigated. Except for Myrmarachne spp. (ant mimics), all salticids tested triggered cryptic stalking by P. fimbriata. This included not only sympatric, but also allopatric, salticids. The salticid on which P. fimbriata most commonly preys in nature is Jacksonoides queenslandicus, but cryptic stalking was triggered by salticid species with considerably different appearances, including beetle mimics, species with unusual body shapes and species with a wide variety of camouflaging markings. Portia fimbriata was also tested with lycosid, clubionid, theridiid and desid spiders and with flies and ants, but none of these arthropods triggered cryptic stalking. Optical cues used by P. fimbriata for discrimination between salticid and non‐salticid prey are discussed.
Eruption rates of the mandibular incisors of naked mole‐rats (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Berkovitz B. K. B. , Faulkes C. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNaked mole‐rats Heterocephalus glaber are highly social hystricomorph rodents endemic to the arid regions of East Africa. Living entirely underground, they excavate an extensive system of tunnels with their continuously growing extra‐buccal incisors. The majority of the burrow is composed of foraging tunnels, constructed in search of the underground roots and tubers that form their staple diet. Subterranean foraging imposes risks associated with not finding food, and a high energetic cost, and in addition could be limited by the rate of wear of the incisor teeth. The aim of this study was to determine eruption rates for mandibular incisors in naked mole‐rats to investigate whether they showed evidence of faster eruption as an adaptation to their subterranean niche and mode of digging. Impeded eruption rates (when the teeth were left in normal occlusion) were initially determined over a period of 1 week in a group of 12 naked mole‐rats kept in laboratory conditions. Unimpeded eruption rates were then monitored in the same animals by cutting one mandibular incisor free of occlusion thrice weekly, and measuring growth over a 2‐week period. Mean daily impeded eruption rates were c. 228.7±17.5 μm, while mean daily unimpeded rates were higher at c. 624.7±10.4 μm. While impeded eruption rates under laboratory conditions may be an underestimate of the rates occurring in the wild, unimpeded rates (usually about twice the impeded rate) indicate the maximum potential eruption rates of the teeth and are independent of functional activity. These data are not dissimilar from those determined for laboratory rodents and lagomorphs suggesting that the naked mole‐rat does not display unusual patterns of eruptive behaviour. Tooth wear resulting from their subterranean lifestyle may be offset as a limiting factor by the social behaviour of the naked mole‐rat, where digging activity is distributed among a large workforce during favourable burrowing conditions.
Host–parasite interactions in natural holes: marsh tits (Parus palustris) and blow flies (Protocalliphora falcozi)
Authors: Wesołowski Tomasz 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInfestation of marsh tit (Parus palustris, Paridae, Passeriformes) broods by bloodsucking larvae of Protocalliphora falcozi Séguy 1928 (Calliphoridae, Diptera) was studied over an 8‐year period in a population breeding in natural holes, in the primeval forest (Białowieża National Park, eastern Poland). Overall 54% of 222 marsh tit nests were parasitized. Prevalence (27–88%) significantly changed across years. This variation did not depend on the timing of the marsh tit breeding season, or winter/spring temperatures. Frequency of infestation did not depend on forest type or hole attributes. Infestation intensity was rather low (median 8, max. 75 flies/nest, 85% of nests with <3 flies/young). Intensity and prevalence were weakly, but positively, correlated. Larger broods contained significantly more blow flies, but per nestling load did not depend on brood size. No effect of infestation on nestlings was recorded – their mortality did not increase, nor was fledging delayed. In response to the presence of blow flies, parents apparently attempted to increase their feeding rate. There was a clear reproductive cost: 60–63% of female and 68–69% of male marsh tits that had none up to eight blow flies, survived to the next spring, but only 34% of females and 44% of males with more than eight flies/brood did so. It is suggested that the small clutch size of marsh tits could have evolved, inter alia, to reduce the fitness costs of ectoparasites.
A spatial analysis of a population of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Dutch coastal dune area
Authors: Dekker Jasja J. A. , Stein Alfred , Heitkönig Ignas M. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe red fox Vulpes vulpes is usually classified as being territorial, dispersing or transient. Past studies have focused almost exclusively on territorial or dispersing foxes, leaving transient foxes out of the analysis. In this paper, we present spatial‐statistical methods for the classification of free‐ranging foxes, using 95% fixed kernels and 100% minimum convex polygons. By means of these procedures we classify individual foxes on the basis of their spatial behaviour, using home‐range size and home range shift. Also, we make a methodological comparison between these classification procedures and interpret the composition of these classes ethologically. The procedures apply to a sample of 24 foxes, radio‐tracked in the dune area of the Netherlands from January 1997 to June 1999. We analysed size of home range and successive 3‐month overlap using a geographical information system (GIS). Classifying the sample using 95% fixed kernel home ranges resulted in two classes of foxes: a class of 20 territorial foxes with relatively small home ranges (<250 ha), and a class of four dispersing and transient foxes with relatively large home ranges (400–600 ha). This study shows that a fox population can be divided into different classes of individuals in a quantitative statistical way, honouring measured characteristics. This is a clear extension of more informal ways relying on expert judgement applied so far.
Feeding ecology of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Tomas J. , Aznar F. J. , Raga J. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe studied the feeding ecology of juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta in the western Mediterranean based on the contents of the digestive tract of 54 turtles (range of CCL: 34–69 cm) seized in Barcelona (Spain) in 1991. Turtles had been captured in fishing trawls, but specific information about dates and localities is not available. Despite this limitation, we obtained interesting evidences about the foraging strategies of loggerheads, with potentially important conservation implications. We report 33 new taxa in the diet. Results indicated that western Mediterranean loggerheads feed in an opportunistic way. Numerically, fish made up the most important prey group, followed by pelagic tunicates, crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates. The importance of fish as a food resource has been rarely reported, and several lines of evidence indicated that fish were possibly consumed as discarded by‐catch. This raises the question over whether or not western Mediterranean fisheries are an important food source for juvenile loggerheads. The number and diversity of prey increased with turtle size, this may reflect the lack of prey selectivity of juvenile loggerheads coupled with a higher retention of food remains in larger turtles. Discounting prey that could be consumed as discarded by‐catch, dietary data suggest that most, if not all, loggerheads of our sample were captured in neritic habitats. However, many turtles contained remains of both pelagic and benthic‐demersal prey. These observations support the existence of an intermediate neritic phase in loggerheads' developmental shift from pelagic–oceanic to benthic–neritic foraging habitats, as previously suggested. During this phase, loggerheads would feed upon both pelagic and benthic prey.
Seasonal and interspecific evaluation of predation by mammals and birds on the introduced red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea, Cambaridae) in a freshwater marsh (Portugal)
Authors: Correia Alexandra Marçal 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe crayfish Procambarus clarkii is an introduced species in Portugal, becoming a new available resource that has possibly changed local trophic relationships. The purpose of the present study was to understand better how a naïve assembly of predators reacted to a recent invader. Predation on P. clarkii by nine species of mammals (Order: Carnivora) and six species of birds (Order: Ciconiiformes) in a marsh area in Portugal, was surveyed through the collection of faeces and pellets over a 24‐month period. Seasonal variation in the consumption of this prey by different predators was evaluated, and estimation made of size and weight of P. clarkii consumed by them. Procambarus clarkii was readily preyed upon by four species of mammalian carnivores and five species of ciconiiform birds. The consumption of P. clarkii varied seasonally in both years with a trend between seasonal exploitation and its population structure and availability. Generally, the use of P. clarkii by all predators was more intense in spring, summer and autumn than in winter, and was directed towards larger and heavier individuals. These findings result from the population dynamics presented by P. clarkii in the marsh area studied here, since larger and heavier individuals were more available in spring, summer and autumn. Procambarus clarkii is an important food resource for mammals and birds and it seems to play a key role in the trophic interactions of the riparian and terrestrial communities of the marsh.