bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyampholyte‐Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Internalization by Embryonic Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Lee Yeonju , Geckeler Kurt E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has recently attracted considerable interest because of the issue of biosphere‐nanomaterial interactions. The biocompatibility of CNTs is determined by the metal impurities in the CNTs, the size of the CNTs and the CNT dispersion states; in particular, the type of surface modifications on the CNTs affects how they interact with cells and determines their cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. In this study, biocompatible single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wrapped with a water‐soluble copolymer, poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid] (PDM), were prepared. We report that these SWNTs have enhanced water dispersibility and cellular internalization but no significant cytotoxic activity against mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH‐3T3 cells.magnified image
Influence of process control agent (PCA) and atmosphere during high‐energy ball milling for the production of particle‐reinforced aluminium matrix composites
Authors: Nestler D. , Siebeck S. , Podlesak H. , Wielage B. , Wagner S. , Hockauf M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEin geeignetes Verfahren zur Herstellung partikelverstärkter Aluminiumwerkstoffe ist das Hochenergie‐Kugelmahlen (HEM) mit anschließender Kompaktierung. Bei dem Mahlverfahren haben neben anderen Parametern gegebenenfalls eingesetzte Trennmittel (PCA – process control agent) sowie die Atmosphäre entscheidenden Einfluss auf die sich ausbildende Verbundpulverstruktur. Nach zahlreichen Forschungsbeiträgen auf dem Gebiet der partikelverstärkten Aluminium‐Werkstoffe der Autoren beschäftigt sich der vorliegende Beitrag mit der Evaluation verschiedener PCAs und mit dem Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Mahlatmosphären (Luft, Argon, Stickstoff) auf das Hochenergiekugelmahlen bei der Herstellung eines Verbundpulvers einer Aluminiumlegierung der 2xxxer Serie mit SiC‐Partikeln. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Reaktion des Mahlgutes mit Luft die Mahleigenschaften des Aluminiumpulvers deutlich verändern. Die Verwendung eines PCAs ist dadurch, anders als bei inerten Atmosphären, nicht mehr nötig. Für das Mahlen mit PCA wird Menthol als Alternative zur Stearinsäure aufgezeigt.
Labor market policy: A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility
Authors: Kahn Lawrence M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractI review theories and evidence on wage‐setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English‐speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth, and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Characterization of wind turbulence by higher‐order statistics
Authors: Morales A. , Wächter M. , Peinke J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA general hierarchical statistical framework for the characterization of wind turbulence is proposed. This framework should ease the understanding of different existing statistical approaches and enable a clear path for refined methods of characterization. Low‐order statistical descriptions were extended by higher‐order statistics with respect to one‐point and two‐point statistics. In particular, we showed that proper analysis leads to a superstatistics approach for the probability of velocity fluctuations. To demonstrate the importance of our considerations, we analysed wind time series of the research platform FINO 1. On one side, we showed how different statistical aspects can be reproduced quite accurately, whereas on the other, the necessity of more profound approaches was worked out. The analysis of the measured data provides some deep insights into the nature of wind turbulence. Most interestingly, for conditioned data subsets, we found higher‐order statistical behavior well known for idealized turbulence. Finally, we give an outlook on how to achieve a general n‐point statistical description. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing experience in laparoscopic staging of early ovarian cancer
Authors: Schreuder Henk W. R. , Pattij Thyrza O. S. , Zweemer Ronald P. , van Baal Marchien W. , Verheijen René H. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe assessed the effect of increasing experience of a single surgeon (learning curve) in the laparoscopic staging procedure for women with early ovarian cancer and compared the results with the literature. We retrospectively analysed a total of 25 women with apparent early-stage ovarian cancer who underwent a laparoscopic staging procedure by the same surgeon. Three time periods, based on date of surgery, were compared with respect to operating time, amount of lymph nodes harvested and surgical outcome. There was no significant difference in operation time, estimated blood loss and hospital stay between the three periods. There was, however, a significant increase in the median number of pelvic and para-aortal lymph nodes harvested (group1 = 6.5, group 2 = 8.0 and group 3 = 21.0; P < 0.005). For the total period, median operation time was 235 min and median estimated blood loss was 100 ml. The median length of hospital stay was 4.0 days. Two intraoperative and two postoperative complications occurred. The upstaging rate was 32%. The mean interval between initial surgery and laparoscopic staging was 51.2 days. Mean duration of follow-up was 43 months, range (1–116 months). Five (20%) patients had recurrences, and two (8%) patients died of the disease. In conclusion, there is a significant learning curve for the laparoscopic full staging procedure in ovarian cancer. In our study this is mainly reflected in the amount of lymph nodes harvested and not in the total operating time.
Conventional Fuel Sources
Authors: Speight James G. 
Published: July 2011

A petroleum refinery is a group of manufacturing plants which are used to separate petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to yield marketable products, particularly fuels. The configuration of refineries may vary from refinery to refinery. Some refineries may be more oriented toward the production of gasoline (large reforming and/or catalytic cracking) whereas the configuration of other refineries may be more oriented towards the production of middle distillates such as jet fuel, and gas oil.
While petroleum and natural gas are conventional fuel sources, alternative fuel sources are any materials or substances, other than conventional fuels, which can be used as fuels,. Examples of non-conventional fuels include coal, tar sand bitumen, oil shale, and biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power but it can also acts as a source of non-conventional fuels such as alcohols and biodiesel.
This chapter presents an overview of petroleum refining in order for the reader to place each process in the correct context of the production of conventional fuels and to understand the process modifications that are often necessary to convert biomass to biofuels.
Can component‐based microarray replace fluorescent enzimoimmunoassay in the diagnosis of grass and cypress pollen allergy?
Authors: Cabrera‐Freitag P. , Goikoetxea M. J. , Beorlegui C. , Gamboa P. , Gastaminza G. , Fernández‐Benítez M. , Ferrer M. , Blanca M. , Sanz M. L. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
Background Few data on the diagnostic accuracy in pollinosis of the microarray ISAC of allergens are available.
Objective We aim to comparatively analyse ISAC CRD103 with the whole‐extract ImmunoCAP in grass and cypress pollen allergy, evaluating the suitability of the manufacturer's recommended cut‐off points for both techniques.
Methods We studied 120 atopic patients grouped into grass and cypress pollen‐allergic patients and controls based on clinical history and skin prick tests. Specific IgE against Phleum pratense and Cupressus arizonica by ImmunoCAP and ISAC CRD103 were performed on all subjects.
Results In the grass pollen group (43 allergic/26 controls), both microarray and CAP showed high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) values (ISAC: Se 97.7, Sp 92.3; CAP: Se 95.3, Sp 96.1) for recommended cut‐off points. Comparing the optimal (ISAC: 0.4 ISU; CAP: 0.33 kU/L) with the recommended cut‐off points within the same technique, diagnostic agreement was observed in both techniques. Thus, CAP and ISAC showed similar diagnostic performance in grass pollen allergy when using recommended cut‐off points. In cypress pollen group (12 allergic/92 controls), the microarray (Se: 91.7, Sp 91.3) showed similar Se but significantly higher Sp (P=0.034) than CAP (Se: 91.7, Sp: 80.4) using recommended cut‐off points. However, although diagnostic performance of the microarray did not change when comparing the optimal (0.82 ISU) with the recommended cut‐off point, CAP improved diagnosis of cypress pollen allergy, when applying the optimal (0.66 kU/L)(CAP Se: 91.7, Sp: 89.1) instead of the manufacturer's recommended cut‐off point. Thus, when the most suitable cut‐off point for both techniques (ISAC: 0.3 ISU; CAP: 0.66 kU/L) is selected, microarray and CAP provide equivalent diagnoses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Component‐based microarray ISAC CRD103 and whole‐allergen CAP showed high Se and Sp diagnosing equally grass and cypress pollen allergy. The cut‐off point for each allergen should be properly applied for both techniques.
Cite this as: P. Cabrera‐Freitag, M. J. Goikoetxea, C. Beorlegui, P. Gamboa, G. Gastaminza, M. Fernández‐Benítez, M. Ferrer, M. Blanca and M. L. Sanz, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1440–1446.
Predicting adherence to health care recommendations using health promotion behaviours in kidney transplant recipients within 1–5 years post‐transplant
Authors: Lin Su‐Yueh , Fetzer Susan J , Lee Po‐Chang , Chen Ching‐Huey 
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  This study examined health promotion behaviours of kidney transplant recipients, 1–5 years after transplant and identified the risk factors predicting non‐adherence to post‐transplant recommendations.Background.  Non‐adherence to health care recommendations and health promotion behaviours is one of the top three reasons for graft loss following kidney transplantation.Design.  A cross‐sectional study.Methods.  Kidney transplant recipients (n = 101) in southern Taiwan completed a self reported survey, the Kidney Transplant Health Promotion Behavior and Healthcare Provider Support survey.Results.  Kidney transplant patients had better adherence with medication and least adherence with regular exercise health promotion behaviours. Age, post kidney transplant time, health care provider support and financial satisfaction accounted for 37·2% of the explained variance in monitoring and management for rejection and infection. Marital status, post kidney transplant time and gender accounted for 16·2% of the explained variance in infection prevention. Age was the sole predictor of exercise (odds ratio = 1·08, p = 0·025). Health promotion behaviours declined with time and perceived healthcare provider support decreased at the third (p = 0·04) post kidney transplant year.Conclusion.  In this study, young, single, males were identified as requiring specific strategies to improve post kidney transplant health promotion behaviours. The need for health promotion must be continually reinforce by healthcare providers throughout the lifespan of a kidney transplant recipient.Relevance to clinical practice.  Understanding the changes of health behaviours of post kidney transplant recipients and their risk factors, healthcare providers can be more aware of the needs of patients in maintaining health promotion behaviours.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin and its metabolite in swine administered with an intravenous bolus injection and a single gavage
Authors: WANG X. , TAO Y. F. , HUANG L. L. , CHEN D. M. , YIN S. Z. , IHSAN A. , ZHOU W. , SU S. J. , LIU Z. L. , PAN Y. H. , YUAN Z. H. 
Published: July 2011

Wang, X., Tao, Y. F., Huang, L. L., Chen, D. M., Yin, S. Z., Ihsan, A., Zhou, W., Su, S. J., Liu, Z. L., Pan, Y. H., Yuan, Z. H. Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin and its metabolite in swine administered with an intravenous bolus injection and a single gavage. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 282–289.Tulathromycin is a macrolide antimicrobial agent proposed for therapeutic use in treatment of porcine and bovine respiratory disease. In this study, the absolute bioavailability of tulathromycin solution was investigated in pigs. Eight pigs, with body weight of 20.5 ± 1.6 kg, were given a single dose of tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) in a crossover design. The plasma concentrations of tulathromycin and its metabolite were determined by LC–MS/MS method, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of tulathromycin were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. After p.o. administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.20 ± 0.05 μg/mL at 3.75 ± 0.71 h. The terminal half‐life (t1/2λz) in plasma was 78.7 ± 6.75 h, and plasma clearance (Cl/F) was 1.14 ± 0.28 L/h/kg. After i.v. injection, plasma clearance (Cl) was 0.580 ± 0.170 L/h/kg, the volume of distribution (Vz) was 64.3 ± 21.2 L/kg, and the t1/2λz was 76.5 ± 13.4 h. In conclusion, an analytical method for the quantification of tulathromycin and its metabolite in plasma in swine was developed and validated. Following p.o. administration to pigs at 2.5 mg/kg b.w., tulathromycin was rapidly absorbed and the systemic bioavailability was 51.1 ± 10.2.
Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the European fire‐bellied toadsBombina bombinaandBombina variegatasupports their independent histories
Authors: FIJARCZYK ANNA , NADACHOWSKA KRYSTYNA , HOFMAN SEBASTIAN , LITVINCHUK SPARTAK N. , BABIK WIESŁAW , STUGLIK MICHAŁ , GOLLMANN GÜNTER , CHOLEVA LUKÁŠ , COGĂLNICEANU DAN , VUKOV TANJA , DŽUKIĆ GEORGE , SZYMURA JACEK M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractExact location and number of glacial refugia still remain unclear for many European cold‐blooded terrestrial vertebrates. We performed a fine‐scaled multilocus phylogeographic analysis of twoBombinaspecies combining mitochondrial variation of 950 toads from 385 sites and nuclear genes (Rag‐1, Ncx‐1) from a subset of samples to reconstruct their colonization and contemporary variation patterns. We identified the lowlands northwest of the Black Sea and the Carpathians to be important refugial areas forB. bombinaandB. variegata,respectively. This result emphasizes the importance of Central European refugia for ectothermic terrestrial species, far north of the Mediterranean areas regarded as exclusive glacial refugia for the animals. Additional refugia forB. variegatahave been located in the southern Apennines and Balkans. In contrast, no evidence for the importance of other east European plains as refugial regions has been found. The distribution of mtDNA andNcx‐1variation suggests the presence of local refugia near the Black Sea forB. bombina; however, coalescent simulations did not allow to distinguish whether one or two refugia were present in the region. Strong genetic drift apparently accompanied postglacial expansions reducing diversity in the colonization areas. Extended sampling, coupled with the multilocus isolation with migration analysis, revealed a limited and geographically restricted gene flow from the Balkan to Carpathian populations ofB. variegata.However, despite proximity of inferredB. bombinaandB. variegatarefugia, gene exchange between them was not detected.
How nurses understand and care for older people with delirium in the acute hospital: a Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Schofield Irene , Tolson Debbie , Fleming Valerie 
Published: July 2011

SCHOFIELD I, TOLSON D and FLEMING V. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 165–176 [Epub ahead of print]How nurses understand and care for older people with delirium in the acute hospital: a Critical Discourse AnalysisDelirium is a common presentation of deteriorating health in older people. It is potentially deleterious in terms of patient experience and clinical outcomes. Much of what is known about delirium is through positivist research, which forms the evidence base for disease‐based classification systems and clinical guidelines. There is little systematic study of nurses’ day‐to‐day practice of nursing patients with delirium. The aim was to uncover the kinds of knowledge that informs nurses’ care and to explicate the basis of that knowledge. Critical Discourse Analysis is underpinned by the premise that powerful interests within society mediate how social practices are constructed. Links were made between the grammatical and lexical features of nurses’ language about care in interviews and naturalistic settings, and the healthcare context. Care focused on the continuous surveillance of patients with delirium by nurses themselves or vicariously through other patients, and containment. Nurses influenced by major discourses of risk reduction and safety, constructed patients with delirium as risk objects. The philosophy of person‐centred and dignified care advocated in nursing literature and government policy is an emerging discourse, though little evident in the data. The current dominant discourses on safety must give space to discourses of dignity and compassion.
Transperineal omentum flap for the anatomic reconstruction of the rectovaginal space in the therapy of rectovaginal fistulas
Authors: Schloericke E. , Hoffmann M. , Zimmermann M. , Kraus M. , Bouchard R. , Roblick U.‐J. , Hildebrand P. , Nolde J. , Bruch H.‐P. , Limmer S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim  Deep rectovaginal fistulas are a rare entity and pose a delicate challenge for the surgeon. The present study introduces different operative interventions involved in transperineal omental flap surgery.Method  A retrospective analysis of all patients treated with a low or mid rectovaginal or enterovaginal fistula at the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Luebeck, was performed. Treatment results were discussed with respect to aetiology, localization, morbidity and outcome.Results  Between the years 2000 and 2010, a total of nine patients with a low or mid rectovaginal fistula were treated at our clinic. After local fistulectomy, all patients were additionally treated by a laparoscopically assisted omental flap reconstruction of the rectovaginal and perineal space. Eight of the nine patients received a protective ileostomy or colostomy. Only the patient with a history of Crohn’s disease had no ileostomy raised. At a median follow‐up of 22 months, no patient experienced recurrence of a rectovaginal fistula. Perioperative mortality was zero and minor complications were observed in 22%. Major complications were an anastomotic insufficiency after low anterior resection that was treated without further interventions. Another complication was a persistent fistula within the sphincter that needed re‐operation and bovine plug repair combined with a mucosa flap.Conclusions  Complete omental reconstruction of the rectovaginal space appears decisive in the operative therapy of deep rectovaginal or enterovaginal fistulas. Comparative studies on standard therapies are necessary although direct comparison of case series is difficult.
Outcomes for case‐matched single‐port colectomy are comparable with conventional laparoscopic colectomy
Authors: Wolthuis A. M. , Penninckx F. , Fieuws S. , D’Hoore A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim  With the introduction of single‐port surgery, expected advantages are improved cosmesis, decrease of pain and shorter length of stay. The aim of this study was to compare early outcomes of single‐port colectomy with those of conventional laparoscopic colectomy.Method  All consecutive patients undergoing single‐port colectomy between January and June 2010 were identified from a prospective database. They were matched for age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiology score and type of resection with patients who had conventional laparoscopic colectomy. All perioperative data, analgesic requirement, pain scores and inflammatory response were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank and McNemar tests.Results  Fourteen patients [five men, nine women; median age (interquartile range) 56 (30–73) years, body mass index (interquartile range) 22 (20–24) kg/m2] underwent single‐port colectomy and were matched with patients who had conventional laparoscopic colectomy. Median operating times, estimated blood loss, pain scores, analgesic requirement, inflammatory response and length of hospital stay were similar. Median increase in incision length was significantly higher in the single‐port group (P = 0.004), but maximal incision length for specimen extraction was comparable. There were no anastomotic leaks, wound infections or 30‐day readmissions.Conclusion  In a case‐matched setting with a small sample size, single‐port laparoscopic colectomy has comparable outcomes to conventional laparoscopic colectomy.