bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
`Different strokes for different folks': geographically isolated strains ofLymnaea stagnalisonly respond to sympatric predators and have different memory forming capabilities
Authors: Orr Michael V. , Hittel Karla , Lukowiak Ken 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYGaining insight into how natural trait variation is manifest in populations shaped by differential environmental factors is crucial to understanding the evolution, ecology and sensory biology of natural populations. We have demonstrated that lab-reared Lymnaea detect and respond to the scent of a crayfish predator with specific, appropriate anti-predator behavioral responses, including enhanced long-term memory (LTM) formation, and that such predator detection significantly alters the electrophysiological activity of RPeD1, a neuron that is a necessary site for LTM formation. Here we ask: (1)do distinct populations of wild Lymnaea stagnalis respond only to sympatric predators and if so, can these traits be quantified at both the behavioral and neurophysiological levels, and (2) does the presence of a non-sympatric predator elicit anti-predator behaviors including augmentation of LTM? We tested three different populations of wild (i.e. not lab-reared)snails freshly collected from their natural habitat: (1) polders near Utrecht in The Netherlands, (2) six seasonally isolated ponds in the Belly River drainage in southern Alberta, Canada and (3) a 20-year-old human-made dugout pond in southern Alberta. We found strain-specific variations in the ability to form LTM and that only a sympatric predator evoked anti-predatory behaviors, including enhanced LTM formation and changes in RPeD1 activity.
Changes in student teachers' agency beliefs during a teacher education year, and relationships with observed classroom quality, and day‐to‐day experiences
Authors: Malmberg Lars‐Erik , Hagger Hazel 
Published: June 2009

Background Conceptualizations of teachers' agency beliefs converge around domains of support and instruction.Aim We investigated changes in student teachers' agency beliefs during a 1 year teacher education course, and related these to observed classroom quality and day‐to‐day experiences in partnership schools during the practicum.Samples Out of a sample of 66 student teachers who had responded to at least two out of four times to a questionnaire (18 men 48 women; mean age 26.4 years), 30 were observed during teaching, and 20 completed a 4‐day short form diary.Methods Confirmatory factor analysis validated two agency belief constructs. Multi‐level models for change investigated individual differences in change over time. Multi‐level path models related observation and diary responses to agency beliefs.Results Supportive agency belief was high and stable across time. Instructional agency belief increased over time, suggesting a beneficial effect of teacher education. This increase was predicted by observed classroom quality (emotional support and student engagement) and daily positive affect and agency beliefs.Conclusions Teacher education is successful in creating a context in which student teachers' supportive agency beliefs can be maintained and instructional agency beliefs can increase during the course.
The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and conditional goal setting in depressed patients
Authors: Crane Catherine , Barnhofer Thorsten , Hargus Emily , Amarasinghe Myanthi , Winder Rosie 
Published: June 2009

Objectives. This study explored the association between conditional goal setting (CGS; the tendency to view the achievement of high order goals for the self as conditional upon the achievement of lower order goals) and dispositional mindfulness.Design/methods. CGS and dispositional mindfulness were assessed in 31 depressed patients in a cross‐sectional design.Results. A significant association was identified between increased dispositional mindfulness and reduced CGS, which remained after controlling for severity of depressed mood.Conclusions. The results suggest that treatment interventions that increase levels of mindful awareness may have the capacity to reduce CGS in depressed patients.
Regulation of Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling by HIFs and VEGF
Authors: Schipani Ernestina , Maes Christa , Carmeliet Geert , Semenza Gregg L 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, but the function of angiogenesis in bone modeling and remodeling is still poorly defined, and the molecular mechanisms that regulate angiogenesis in bone are only partially elucidated. Genetic manipulations in mice have recently highlighted the critical role of the hypoxia-inducible-factor/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis. In this brief perspective, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this coupling. Elucidation of such mechanisms will expand our knowledge of bone development and homeostasis, and it may aid in the design of new therapies for accelerating bone regeneration and repair.
China's “Soft” Clash with South Korea: The History War and Beyond
Authors: Chung Jae Ho 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
South Korea's mode of responding to the rise of China is not fixed but continues to evolve. The recent clash over Koguryo historiography provides a sobering example of how easily the symbiotic relationship can be abruptly interrupted. It shows the need for careful management of the bilateral relationship by both Seoul and Beijing.
Economics, History, and the Origins of Vietnam's Post-War Economic Success
Authors: Fforde Adam 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
During the 1990s, skeptical aid donors confronted an example of development “success” in Vietnam. Understanding this requires reflection upon economic conditions in North Vietnam prior to 1975. These conditions created important prerequisites for a successful transition to a market economy, sufficiently guided by local reformists so as not to unduly threaten stability, and sufficiently reflective of realities that it could work.
Perceptions of Anti-Terrorism among Students at China's Guangzhou University: Misinformation or Misinterpretation?
Authors: Shen Simon , Liu Peng 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study evaluates the perception of Chinese students on terrorism. Three questions are tackled: (1) how they know about terrorism; (2) how they evaluate terrorist organizations and the U.S., and (3) how they view the corresponding Chinese foreign policy.
Effects of Antiepileptic Drug Substitutions on Epileptic Events Requiring Acute Care
Authors: Rascati Karen L. , Richards Kristin M. , Johnsrud Michael T. , Mann Teresa A. 
Published: June 2009

Study Objectives. To determine the odds of antiepileptic drug substitution among patients who had an epileptic event requiring acute care—ambulance service, emergency department visit, or hospitalization—relative to patients who did not have an event, and to compare these results with those from a recent study involving a similar method but different patients.Design. Case‐control analysis.Data Source. United States health care claims from the PharMetrics database.Patients. A cohort of patients aged 12–64 years with a primary diagnosis of epilepsy between October 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006; 991 cases (patients who experienced an epileptic event requiring acute care) and 2973 controls (patients who did not have an event) were matched in a 1:3 ratio for sex, age, and type of epilepsy.Measurements and Main Results. Using discordant pairs analysis, we calculated the odds ratio of an epileptic event that required acute care occurring in patients whose antiepileptic drug underwent substitution to an A‐rated (therapeutically equivalent) alternative (switch from branded product to generic, generic to branded, or generic to generic) versus those whose drugs were not substituted. For matched data, 109 (11.0%) of 991 cases had an A‐rated antiepileptic drug substitution in the 6 months before the event, whereas only 186 (6.3%) of 2973 controls had a substitution (odds ratio 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.44‐2.36). Our results were similar to those of a previous study involving a different patient database, which showed substitution rates of 11.3% for cases versus 6.5% for controls (odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.25‐2.63). Our sensitivity analyses were robust, and we found a temporal relationship in that numerous substitutions occurred in the month before the acute event.Conclusion. Patients who had an epileptic event requiring acute care were about 80% more likely than matched controls without an acute event to have recently had an antiepileptic drug substitution. Our replication of a previously published case‐control analysis revealed a similar association between substitution involving A‐rated antiepileptic drugs and subsequent epileptic events requiring acute care, thereby lending credibility to the findings.
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Type A for the Prophylaxis of Episodic Migraine Headaches: A Meta‐analysis of Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Shuhendler Adam J. , Lee Soyoung , Siu Ms. Michelle , Ondovcik Ms. Stephanie , Lam Ms. Kyla , Alabdullatif Ms. Awatif , Zhang Ms. Xiaochu , Machado Márcio , Einarson Thomas R. 
Published: June 2009

Study Objective. To assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in lowering the frequency of migraine headaches in patients with episodic migraines.Design. Meta‐analysis of eight randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials.Patients. A total of 1601 patients with a history of episodic migraine headaches classified as those experiencing headaches fewer than 15 times/month over a 3‐month period.Measurements and Main Results. PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2007 in order to locate randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials that compared the efficacy of pericranial botulinum toxin A injections with placebo in the prevention of migraines in patients with a history of episodic migraine headaches. The primary outcome of interest was change from baseline to end point in migraine frequency (number of migraines/month). A random effects model was used to combine study results, and the standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) in migraine frequency between the placebo and botulinum toxin A groups was reported. Effect sizes (d) less than 0.2 were considered small. Quality assessment was performed by using the Downs and Black scale. Eight randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials (1601 patients) presented a quantitative assessment of the efficacy of botulinum toxin A versus placebo. The overall treatment effect size of botulinum toxin A over placebo for 30, 60, and 90 days after injection was d −0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.14‐0.03, z=1.33, p=0.18), d −0.05 (95% CI −0.14‐0.03, z=1.22, p=0.22), and d −0.05 (95% CI −0.13‐0.04, z=1.07, p=0.28), respectively. Even after controlling for a high placebo effect, and after dose stratification, no significant effect of botulinum toxin A in reducing migraine frequency/month was seen over placebo.Conclusion. Botulinum toxin A for the prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine headaches was not significantly different from placebo, both from a clinical and statistical perspective.
Daptomycin Therapy for Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia: A Retrospective Case Series of 30 Patients
Authors: Gallagher Jason C. , Perez Mirza E. , Marino Elizabeth A. , LoCastro Laura G. , Abrardo Lauren A. , MacDougall Conan 
Published: June 2009

Study Objective. To determine clinical and microbiologic outcomes of daptomycin for the treatment of bacteremia caused by vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE).Design. Retrospective medical record review.Setting. Academic tertiary care hospital.Patients. Thirty patients (median age 59 yrs, range 19–79 yrs, 50% male) who received daptomycin for the treatment of VRE bacteremia between January 2004 and July 2007.Measurements and Main Results. Patients were included if they received daptomycin and had a blood culture positive for VRE at the time daptomycin was started. The primary end point was microbiologic cure, defined as negative blood cultures for VRE at the end of therapy. Secondary outcomes were clinical outcomes, adverse events, and occurrence of elevated creatine kinase levels. Clinical outcomes were judged as positive, negative, or indeterminate. The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score was 17 (range 7–34), and 20 patients (67%) were in the intensive care unit. Patients received daptomycin for a median of 13 days (range 1–42 days), and the median dose administered was 6 mg/kg (range 3.7–8 mg/kg). Microbiologic cure was achieved in 24 patients (80%), and clinical success occurred in 17 patients (59% [one patient had an indeterminate clinical outcome and was excluded from this analysis]). All patients with a positive clinical outcome had microbiologic cure, six patients who died had microbiologic cure, and all patients with microbiologic failure died. On multivariable logistic regression, higher APACHE II score was associated with a lower chance of microbiologic success (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56‐0.95). Lower APACHE II score (AOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74‐1.0) and daptomycin dose of 6 mg/kg or more (AOR 7.29, 95% CI 1.02–52.0) were associated with clinical success. Adverse drug events possibly attributable to daptomycin were uncommon. Three patients had fever possibly related to daptomycin, and two patients had mild elevations of creatine kinase level.Conclusion. Our experience suggests that daptomycin may be an acceptable option for VRE bacteremia; however, larger studies should be performed before this antimicrobial is routinely used for this indication.
Statin‐Associated Adverse Cognitive Effects: Survey Results from 171 Patients
Authors: Evans Marcella A. , Golomb Beatrice A. 
Published: June 2009

Study Objective. To characterize the adverse cognitive effects of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). Design. Patient survey‐based analysis.Patients. One hundred seventy‐one patients (age range 34–86 yrs) who self‐reported memory or other cognitive problems associated with statin therapy while participating in a previous statin effects study.Measurements and Main Results. Patients completed a survey assessing statin‐associated, cognitive‐specific adverse drug reaction (ADR) characteristics, relation of the ADR to specific statin and dose (or potency), and time course of symptom onset and recovery. Visual analog scales were used to assess the effect of the cognitive ADRs on seven quality‐of‐life domains. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. To target cognitive ADRs with a probable or definite causal relationship to statins, the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale was used: 128 patients (75%) experienced cognitive ADRs determined to be probably or definitely related to statin therapy. Of 143 patients (84%) who reported stopping statin therapy, 128 (90%) reported improvement in cognitive problems, sometimes within days of statin discontinuation (median time to first‐noted recovery 2.5 wks). Of interest, in some patients, a diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease reportedly was reversed. Nineteen patients whose symptoms improved or resolved after they discontinued statin therapy and who underwent rechallenge with a statin exhibited cognitive problems again (multiple times in some). Within this vulnerable group, a powerful relationship was observed between potency of the statin and fraction of trials with that agent resulting in cognitive ADRs (p<0.00001). Quality of life was significantly adversely affected for each of the seven assessed domains (all p<0.00000001).Conclusion. Findings from the survey suggest that cognitive problems associated with statin therapy have variable onset and recovery courses, a clear relation to statin potency, and significant negative impact on quality‐of‐life. Administration of a patient‐targeted questionnaire is a feasible approach that provides a useful complement to other ADR surveillance approaches.
Size and Chemical Composition of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Spermatophores
Authors: Blanco Carlos A , Guadalupe Rojas M , Groot Astrid T , Morales-Ramos Juan , Abel Craig A 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyandrous species of economic importance on the American continent. This sexual behavior allows for the presence of multiple spermatophores inside a female and the possibility of different males fertilizing the female's offspring, which can make insecticide resistance management or sterile insect release programs particularly challenging. The presence of spermatophores in a female can greatly influence her behavior, physiology, and offspring production. The role that these reproductive structures have is directly influenced by their size and the amount and type of substances that they contain as they are passed into the female during copulation. In this study, we investigated the role that male feeding has on mating potential, including the basic chemical composition and coloration of three sequentially produced spermatophores by male moths that were fed nothing, water, sucrose solution, or nectar. Male moth feeding had a direct influence on spermatophore weight, which was used as an indicator of polyandrous behavior. Nectar-fed moths produced heavier spermatophores and copulated in greater proportion than moths exposed to the other treatments. The total sugar and protein content of spermatophores was not influenced by the type of male feeding. Red or pink spermatophores were more prevalent in the first-produced spermatophores, diminishing in proportion on the second, and increasing again on the third-produced spermatophore, but this coloration proportion was prevalent of males not fed or fed only water. There were no differences in the chemical composition of the different colored spermatophores. These results indicate that polygynous behavior on H. virescens can be influenced by the type of male feeding.
The Digestive System ofDiaphorina citriandBactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Cicero J M , Brown J K , Roberts P D , Stansly P A 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe psyllids Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) and Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) are vectors of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., bacterial agents of serious agricultural diseases. The rapidly expanding geographical distributions of these diseases dictate increasing urgency for their control. Therefore, it is important to gain a full understanding of the psyllid digestive system in which the vector—pathogen interactions begin. Their midgut is looped so that the foregut—midgut and midgut—hindgut transitional regions are grafted together to form a composite tube within a filter chamber sheath. Unwanted sap components could thus be extracted directly into the hindgut, bypassing digestion. The esophageal lumen enters the chamber axially to become the inner midgut lumen. The upper half of this midgut section is bulbous while the lower half is tubular. The tube lumen exits the chamber to become the external midgut lumen, which loops through the hemocoel and reenters the chamber, becoming the inner hindgut lumen. The inner hindgut tracks the adherent inner midgut in an antiparallel direction. The composite tube is helically wound and undergoes one hairpin turn. The inner hindgut straps diagonally across the bulb and then exits the chamber next to the esophagus as the outer hindgut to anus. The source of honeydew, whether filtrate, midgut waste, or both, is questioned. Paired, spherical, primary salivary glands each have a digitate accessory gland and a lateral duct that leads to the stylets. The accessory gland lumen is lined exclusively with intima, whereas the primary gland apical cell membranes are indicated to be more complex.
Phylogeography of Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Taiwan
Authors: Li Hou-Feng , Ye Weimin , Su Nan-Yao , Kanzaki Natsumi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), is primarily reported from subtropical and warm temperate regions, whereas Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) is reported from many areas of the tropics. Taiwan is one of a few areas where the distributions of the two species overlap. By analyzing partial mitochondrial sequences of COII, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA, we found that most Taiwanese C. formosanus populations were closely related to Japanese and some Chinese populations and that Taiwanese C. gestroi populations were most closely related to those from the Philippines and Hawaii rather than populations from Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. The intraspecific variation of C. formosanus was 0.7–0.8% for three genes among seven Taiwanese populations, whereas all Taiwanese C. gestroi populations had identical sequences. The results support that Taiwan may be a center of origin for C. formosanus, but a recent introduction site for C. gestroi.
The Initial Behavioral Sequences and Strategies of Various Ant Species During Individual Interactions with Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Rao Asha , Vinson S Bradleigh 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The flexibility in behavior and strategies used by ants is both individual and collective. Here, we studied the behavior of individual ants during one-on-one interactions to gain insight into how resident ant species behave when they encounter incipient red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies. The one-on-one interactions revealed that the red imported fire ant and Pheidole dentata (Mayr) were more “aggressive” compared with Solenopsis molesta (Say), Forelius pruinosus (Roger), Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander), Monomorium minimum (Buckley), and Monomorium pharonis (L.), which were more “defensive.” All of the species displayed “disturbed” behaviors such as excessive grooming, paralysis, and restlessness after being in contact with red imported fire ant. The apparent disparity in one-on-one interactions between a particular species and red imported fire ant illustrates how variation in these behavioral strategies can influence their success in defending themselves against red imported fire ant. The ant species tested also displayed a sequential behavior during the interaction, in which, certain subsequent behaviors were dependent on the preceding behaviors.
Ambidextrous Mandibles in the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Cassill Deby L , Singh Devon 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The elongation and sharp teeth of ant mandibles are considered important adaptations that have contributed to ants successful colonization of terrestrial habitats worldwide. In extant ant species, mandibles function as hunting and defense weapons, as well as multipurpose tools for excavating soil, cutting leaves, capturing and butchering prey, harvesting seeds, and transporting brood. This article reports that the mandibles in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, are functionally ambidextrous. Individuals opened and closed each mandible in synchrony or independently depending on the requirement of the task at hand. Upon completion of a task, individuals were without a preference in the orientation of mandible overlap—right overlap or left overlap. Orientation of mandible overlap before and after performing a task was also examined in nine other ant species. No overlap orientation preference was observed in any of these ant species, suggesting that ambidextrous mandibles are a universal trait in ants. These findings add an increment of knowledge to the diverse functions of ant mandibles.