bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Characteristics of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in a Large Community-Based Diabetic Population in the U.K.
Authors: Abbott Caroline A. , Malik Rayaz A. , van Ross Ernest R.E. , Kulkarni Jai , Boulton Andrew J.M. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess, in the general diabetic population, 1) the prevalence of painful neuropathic symptoms; 2) the relationship between symptoms and clinical severity of neuropathy; and 3) the role of diabetes type, sex, and ethnicity in painful neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Observational study of a large cohort of diabetic patients receiving community-based health care in northwest England (n = 15,692). Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) was assessed using neuropathy symptom score (NSS) and neuropathy disability score (NDS).

RESULTS
Prevalence of painful symptoms (NSS ≥5) and PDN (NSS ≥5 and NDS ≥3) was 34 and 21%, respectively. Painful symptoms occurred in 26% of patients without neuropathy (NDS ≤2) and 60% of patients with severe neuropathy (NDS &gt;8). Adjusted risk of painful neuropathic symptoms in type 2 diabetes was double that of type 1 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1 [95% CI 1.7–2.4], P &lt; 0.001) and not affected by severity of neuropathy, insulin use, foot deformities, smoking, or alcohol. Women had 50% increased adjusted risk of painful symptoms compared with men (OR = 1.5 [1.4–1.6], P &lt; 0.0001). Despite less neuropathy in South Asians (14%) than Europeans (22%) and African Caribbeans (21%) (P &lt; 0.0001), painful symptoms were greater in South Asians (38 vs. 34 vs. 32%, P &lt; 0.0001). South Asians without neuropathy maintained a 50% increased risk of painful neuropathy symptoms compared with other ethnic groups (P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
One-third of all community-based diabetic patients have painful neuropathy symptoms, regardless of their neuropathic deficit. PDN was more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, women, and people of South Asian origin. This highlights a significant morbidity due to painful neuropathy and identifies key groups who warrant screening for PDN.
Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth: Awareness and Use in Schools
Authors: Downs Shauna M. , Farmer Anna , Quintanilha Maira , Berry Tanya R. , Mager Diana R. , Willows Noreen D. , McCargar Linda J. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose: In June 2008, the Alberta government released the Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth. We evaluated the awareness of and intent to use the guidelines in Alberta schools, and sought to determine whether organizational characteristics were a factor in adoption of the guidelines. Methods: Randomly selected schools from across Alberta completed a 19-question telephone survey, which included open- and closed-ended questions about the schools’ characteristics, the priority given to healthy eating, awareness of the guidelines, and the schools’ intent to use the guidelines. Of the 554 schools contacted, 357 (64%) completed the survey. Results: Overall, 76.1% of schools were aware of the guidelines and 65% were in the process of adopting them. Fifty percent of schools identified healthy eating as a high priority and 65.9% reported making changes to improve the nutritional quality of foods offered in the past year. Schools that were larger, public, and urban, and had a school champion and healthy eating as a high priority were more likely to be adopting the guidelines. Conclusions: Most schools were aware of the nutrition guidelines and many had begun the adoption process. Identifying a school champion may be an important first step for schools in terms of adopting health promotion initiatives.
Efficacy of facial nerve–sparing approach in patients with vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Haque Raqeeb , Wojtasiewicz Teresa J. , Gigante Paul R. , Attiah Mark A. , Huang Brendan , Isaacson Steven R. , Sisti Michael B. 
Published: August 2011

Object
The goal of this article was to show that a combination of facial nerve–sparing microsurgical resection and Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for expansion of any residual tumor can preserve good facial nerve function in patients with recurrent vestibular schwannoma (VS).

Methods
Records of individuals treated by a single surgeon with a facial nerve–sparing technique for a VS between 1998 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed for tumor recurrence. Of the 383 patients treated for VS, 151 underwent microsurgical resection, and 20 (13.2%) of these patients required postoperative retreatment for a significant expansion of residual tumor after microsurgery. These 20 patients were re-treated with GKS.

Results
The rate of preservation of good facial nerve function (Grade I or II on the House-Brackmann scale) in patients treated with microsurgery for VS was 97%. Both subtotal and gross-total resection had excellent facial nerve preservation rates (97% vs 96%), although subtotal resection carried a higher risk that patients would require retreatment. In patients re-treated with GKS after microsurgery, the rate of facial nerve preservation was 95%.

Conclusions
In patients with tumors that cannot be managed with radiosurgery alone, a facial nerve–sparing resection followed by GKS for any significant regrowth provides excellent facial nerve preservation rates.
A meningioma and its consequences for American history and the rise of neurosurgery
Authors: Ansari Shaheryar F. , Gianaris Nicholas G. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: August 2011

The case of General Leonard Wood is notable both for its contribution to the field of neurosurgery and its historical significance. As one of Harvey Cushing's first successful brain tumor operations in 1910, Wood's surgery was part of the case series that culminated in Cushing's monograph Meningioma. This case was important to the rise of Cushing's career and his recognition as a member of the next generation of neurosurgeons who did not settle for mere bony decompression to taper intracranial tension but who dared to pursue intradural resections—operations that had been performed by surgeons for decades but were frowned upon because of the attendant risks.
Cushing's operation to remove a recurrent brain tumor ended Wood's life in 1927. The authors discuss the effects the tumor may have had on Wood's life and career, explore an alternate explanation for the cause of Wood's death, and provide a brief account of the life of General Wood, highlighting events in his military and administrative career juxtaposed against the progression of his illness. Furthermore, the case history of the General is reviewed, using information drawn from the original patient notes and recently discovered images from the Cushing Brain Tumor Registry that elucidate more details about General Wood's story, from the injury that caused his first tumor to his final surgery, leading to his demise.
Increase of sensitivity to mechanical stimulus after transplantation of murine induced pluripotent stem cell–derived astrocytes in a rat spinal cord injury model
Authors: Hayashi Koichi , Hashimoto Masayuki , Koda Masao , Naito Atsuhiko T. , Murata Atsushi , Okawa Akihiko , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Yamazaki Masashi 
Published: August 2011

Object
Clinical use of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could circumvent immune rejection and bioethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma with long-lasting disability, and current therapeutic approaches are not satisfactory. In the present study, the authors used the neural stem sphere (NSS) method to differentiate iPSCs into astrocytes, which were evaluated after their transplantation into injured rat spinal cords.

Methods
Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived astrocytes were differentiated using the NSS method and injected 3 and 7 days after spinal contusion–based SCI. Control rats were injected with DMEM in the same manner. Locomotor recovery was assessed for 8 weeks, and sensory and locomotion tests were evaluated at 8 weeks. Immunohistological parameters were then assessed.

Results
Transplant recipients lived for 8 weeks without tumor formation. Transplanted cells stretched their processes along the longitudinal axis, but they did not merge with the processes of host GFAP-positive astrocytes. Locomotion was assessed in 3 ways, but none of the tests detected statistically significant improvements compared with DMEM-treated control rats after 8 weeks. Rather, iPSC transplantation caused even greater sensitivity to mechanical stimulus than DMEM treatment.

Conclusions
Astrocytes can be generated by serum treatment of NSS-generated cells derived from iPSCs. However, transplantation of such cells is poorly suited for repairing SCI.
An L-2 burst fracture and cauda equina syndrome due to tetanus
Authors: Wilson Thomas J. , Orringer Daniel A. , Sullivan Stephen E. , Patil Parag G. 
Published: August 2011

Thoracic vertebral compression fractures are a known complication of generalized tetanus. The authors report the first known case of an L-2 burst fracture leading to cauda equina syndrome, as a result of generalized tetanus.
This 51-year-old man had generalized tetanus with a constellation of symptoms including compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomies, severe axial spasms and spasms of the extremities, autonomic dysreflexia, hypercarbic respiratory failure, and rhabdomyolysis. During the course of his illness, areflexic paraparesis developed in his lower extremities. He was found to have an L-2 burst fracture with retropulsion of a bone fragment resulting in cauda equina syndrome. Operative intervention was undertaken to decompress the cauda equina and stabilize the spine.
The natural progression of tetanus can be complex, with a mixed picture ranging from spasms plus increased tone and reflexes to reduced tone and reflexes as presynaptic nerve terminals become damaged. The authors suggest that all sudden changes in the neurological examination should prompt consideration of diagnostic imaging before attributing such changes to natural progression of the disease.
Congenital atlantoaxial dislocation: a dynamic process and role of facets in irreducibility
Authors: Salunke Pravin , Sharma Manish , Sodhi Harsimrat Bir Singh , Mukherjee Kanchan K. , Khandelwal Niranjan K. 
Published: August 2011

Object
Patient age at presentation with congenital atlantoaxial dislocation (CAAD) is variable. In addition, the factors determining irreducibility or reducibility in these patients remain unclear. The facets appear to contribute to the stability of the joint, albeit to an unknown extent. The objective of this paper was to study the characteristics of C1–2 facets in these patients and their bearing on the clinicoradiological presentation and management.

Methods
Twenty-four patients with CAAD were studied. Fifteen patients had irreducible CAAD (IrAAD); 3 of these patients experienced incomplete reduction after traction, and 9 had reducible CAAD (RAAD). The images (CT scans of the craniovertebral junction in a neutral position) obtained in the parasagittal, axial, and coronal planes were studied with respect to the C1–2 facets and were compared with 32 control scans. The inferior sagittal and coronal C-1 facet angles were measured. The lordosis of the cervical spine (cervical spine angle calculated on radiographs of the cervical spine, neutral view) in these patients was compared with normal. The management of these patients is described.

Results
The inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle and at least one coronal angle in patients with IrAAD were significantly acute compared with those in patients with RAAD and the control population. A significant correlation was found between age and the acuteness of the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle (that is, the more acute the angle, the earlier the presentation). The lordosis of the cervical spine was exaggerated in patients with IrAAD. Three patients with IrAAD who had smaller acute angles experienced a partial reduction after traction and a complete reduction after intraoperative distraction of the facets, thereby avoiding a transoral procedure. An inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle of more than 150° in the sagittal plane predicted reducibility. Drilling a wedge off the facet in the sagittal plane to make the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle 150° can reduce the C1–2 joint intraoperatively by posterior approach alone.

Conclusions
The acuteness of the inferior C-1 sagittal facet angles possibly determines the age at presentation and reducibility. The coronal angles determine the telescoping of C-2 within C-1. Patients with IrAAD can be treated using a posterior approach alone with the exception of those with extremely acute angles or a retroflexed dens. The exaggerated lordosis of the cervical spine in these patients is a compensatory phenomenon.
Genetics, genomics, and cancer risk assessment
Authors: Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Blazer Kathleen R. , MacDonald Deborah J. , Culver Julie O. , Offit Kenneth 
Published: August 2011

AbstractScientific and technologic advances are revolutionizing our approach to genetic cancer risk assessment, cancer screening and prevention, and targeted therapy, fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine. In this monograph, we review the evolution of scientific discovery in cancer genetics and genomics, and describe current approaches, benefits, and barriers to the translation of this information to the practice of preventive medicine. Summaries of known hereditary cancer syndromes and highly penetrant genes are provided and contrasted with recently discovered genomic variants associated with modest increases in cancer risk. We describe the scope of knowledge, tools, and expertise required for the translation of complex genetic and genomic test information into clinical practice. The challenges of genomic counseling include the need for genetics and genomics professional education and multidisciplinary team training, the need for evidence‐based information regarding the clinical utility of testing for genomic variants, the potential dangers posed by premature marketing of first‐generation genomic profiles, and the need for new clinical models to improve access to and responsible communication of complex disease risk information. We conclude that given the experiences and lessons learned in the genetics era, the multidisciplinary model of genetic cancer risk assessment and management will serve as a solid foundation to support the integration of personalized genomic information into the practice of cancer medicine. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Emerging Mutations and Associated Factors in Patients Displaying Treatment Failure on An Etravirine-Containing Regimen
Authors: Marcelin Anne-Genevieve , Descamps Diane , Tamalet Catherine , Cottalorda Jacqueline , Izopet Jacques , Delaugerre Constance , Morand-Joubert Laurence , Trabaud Mary-Anne , Bettinger Dominique , Rogez Sylvie , Ruffault Annick , Henquell Cecile , Signori-Schmuck Anne , Bouvier-Alias Magali , Vallet Sophie , Masquelier Bernard , Flandre Philippe , Calvez Vincent ,   the ANRS AC11 Resistance Study group
Published: August 2011

Background The aim of this study was to characterize the mutations selected upon failure on etravirine (ETR)-containing regimen in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)-experienced HIV-infected patients and the associated factors. Methods Forty-two patients displaying virological failure after a 6 months ETR-containing regimen were studied. For each patient the reverse transcriptase (RT) sequence at failure was compared with all the RT sequences available before introduction of ETR. The effect of baseline and failure HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 subtype, baseline number of NNRTI resistance mutations, protease inhibitor and nucleoside RT inhibitor genotypic sensitivity scores, number of new drugs used in the treatment, and previous use of efavirenz or nevirapine on the selection of NNRTI resistance mutations were investigated. Results At failure, 12/42 (29%) patients showed development of at least 1 new NNRTI mutation (7 patients selected 1 mutation and 5 patients 2 mutations). NNRTI mutations selected were V179I (5 patients), V179L (1), V179F (2), L100I (1), K103N (2), Y181C (3), K101E (1), K101R (1) and H221Y (1). Univariate analysis showed that HIV-1 RNA level at failure ( P=0.033) and past exposure to efavirenz ( P<0.001) were associated with the occurrence of at least one NNRTI mutation. The multivariate model retained only past exposure to efavirenz. Among the 36 viruses classified as susceptible to ETR at baseline, 3 were classified as possibly resistant at failure. Conclusion In this study, 29% of viruses from patients experiencing ETR failure selected new NNRTI resistance mutations (at position V179 in 2/3 of cases) in a context of multiple NNRTI resistance mutations.
Genealogy and Irony
Authors: Guay Robert 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe thesis of this article is that Nietzsche's use of irony in On the Genealogy of Morals is so pervasive that it cannot be relied upon to report Nietzsche's views, even at the moment of writing, on a historical sequence of events or the causal sources of the phenomena that Nietzsche identifies. I argue, primarily on the basis of textual evidence, that Nietzsche's procedure is neither to reliably report his own views nor to assert the reality of what might be called the theoretical terms of the account. I offer as an explanatory hypothesis that Nietzsche adopted this procedure as a response to a problem of epistemic authority that he confronted in assessing morality. I also provide some historical context for Nietzsche's method and discuss some implications of my view for the interpretation of Nietzsche's project.
A high‐efficient rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor with macro light harvesting pyramid‐surface electrode
Authors: Li Kan , Yang Chen , Wang YaLin , Jia JinPing , Xu YunLan , He Yi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA series of pyramid‐surface TiO2/Ti electrodes were proposed, fabricated, and used in a rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor to treat rhodamine B (RB) solution. Compared with conventional planar electrode, pyramid‐surface electrode exhibited much lower light reflectivity, larger photocurrent, and better treatment efficiency. For samples containing 20 to 150 mg L−1 RB, 100– 98% color removal, and 87–30% COD removal were obtained in 150 min using 1/3 (h/w) pyramid‐surface electrode, much higher than 98–77% and 48–9% obtained by a conventional planer electrode. The excellent treatment performance attributed to two major reasons: (a) enhanced light harvest resulted from multiple reflections of irradiation light on the pyramid‐surface, and (b) enlarged electrode surface area enabling the electrode to carry more TiO2 catalyst and pollutants for treatment. Experimental results also showed that the pyramid‐surface electrode consumed less power and exhibited superior performance when treating high concentration wastewater. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2448–2455, 2012
Combustion reaction mechanism of four typical Chinese biomass by TG and DTG
Authors: Li Pei‐Sheng , Wang Qin , Xu Qiao , Yu Wan , Yue Ya‐Nan , Liang Zhe , Dong Xing‐Chen , Hu Song 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe combustion reaction mechanisms of Rape stalk, Cotton stalk, Rice straw and Manyflower Silvergrass produced in China were investigated combining the methods of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) in this paper. Experiment was conducted in a TG‐DTA analyzer, volume fraction of reaction atmosphere was N2:O2 = 80:20 and heating rate was 30 °C min−1. The temperature ranges of two main reaction phases were identified by analyzing TG and DTG curves. Coats–Redfern method was employed to calculate kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre‐exponential factor and order of reaction). The activation energies of volatile combustion phase and fixed carbon combustion phase were in the range of 11–35.8 kJ mol−1 and 118.4–181 kJ mol−1, respectively. Results showed that the reaction of two phases could be described by zero order and two order functions. The activation energies obtained in the second reaction zone were relatively higher than those of the first reaction zone. The pre‐exponential factors ranged as high as 35.8125 min−1 in the first reaction zone and 2.8071 × 1013 min−1 in the second reaction zone. The reaction initial temperatures of four samples ranged from 430 to 460 K and reaction final temperatures ranged from 740 to 810 K. Temperature ranges and some reaction kinetic parameters were a little different of four samples, due to the different content of samples. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of Ruthenium–Allenylidene Complexes Tethering a Cyclopropyl Group
Authors: Chen Chien‐Chih , Cheng Pai‐Chieh , Huang Shou‐Ling , Lin Ying‐Chih , Liu Yi‐Hong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTwo cyclopropyl allenylidene complexes [Ru]=CCC(R)(C3H5) ([Ru]=[RuCp(PPh3)2], Cp=Cyclopentadienyl; R=thiophene (2a) and R=Ph (2b)) are prepared from the reactions of [Ru]Cl with the corresponding 1‐cyclopropyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol in the presence of KPF6. Thermal treatment, halide‐anion addition, and palladium‐catalyzed reactions of 2a and 2b all lead to a ring expansion of the cyclopropyl group, giving the vinylidene complexes 4a and 4b, respectively, each with a five‐membered ring. This ring expansion proceeds by CC bond formation between Cβ of the cumulative double bond and a methylene group of the cyclopropyl ring. In the reaction of 2a with pyrrole, consecutive formation of two CC bonds, one between C‐2 of pyrrole and Cγ of 2a and the other between C‐3 of pyrrole and Cα, results in the formation of 6a. The reaction proceeds by addition of pyrrole and 1,3‐proton shifts. The hydrogenation of 2a by NaBH4 is carried out in different solvents. The cumulative double bonds are reduced regioselectively to give a mixture of 7a and 8a. Interestingly, use of different solvents leads to different ratios of 7a and 8a. Presence of a protic solvent like methanol in dichloromethane or chloroform solution increases the yield of 8a, thus revealing that both the rates of hydroboration and deboronation increase. The structures of two new complexes 4a and 6a have been firmly established by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Altered development ofXenopusembryos in a hypogeomagnetic field
Authors: Mo Wei‐chuan , Liu Ying , Cooper Helen M. , He Rong‐qiao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe hypogeomagnetic field (HGMF; magnetic fields <200 nT) is one of the fundamental environmental factors of space. However, the effect of HGMF exposure on living systems remains unclear. In this article, we examine the biological effects of HGMF on the embryonic development ofXenopus laevis(African clawed frog). A decrease in horizontal third cleavage furrows and abnormal morphogenesis were observed inXenopusembryos growing in the HGMF. HGMF exposure at the two‐cell stage, but no later than the four‐cell stage, is enough to alter the third cleavage geometry pattern. Immunofluorescent staining for α‐tubulin showed reorientation of the spindle of four‐cell stage blastomeres. These results indicate that a brief (2‐h) exposure to HGMF is sufficient to interfere with the development ofXenopusembryos at cleavage stages. Also, the mitotic spindle could be an early sensor to the deprivation of the geomagnetic field, which provides a clue to the molecular mechanism underlying the morphological and other changes observed in the developing and/or developed embryos. Bioelectromagnetics 33:238–246, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.