bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding‐induced changes in defence enzymes and PR proteins and their implications in host resistance to Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Alagar M. , Suresh S. , Saravanakumar D. , Samiyappan R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSix rice genotypes showing susceptible and resistant reactions to brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were studied for feeding‐induced changes in defence enzymes and pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. The high resistant genotypes PTB 33, ADT 45 and ASD 7 and moderately resistant genotypes CO 43 and KAU 1661 recorded the greater expression of defence enzymes peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, total phenol and β‐1,3 glucanase in response to N. lugens feeding at 1 day after infestation (DAI) compared with susceptible genotype TN1. The greater activity of chitinase was observed in resistant cultivars at 3 DAI and the activity was sustained for more than 1 week compared with susceptible TN1. In conclusion, the current study revealed that these defence enzymes and PR proteins might attribute to the resistance mechanisms in rice plants against BPH infestation.
Orchidectomy enhances the effects of phenylephrine in rat isolated portal vein
Authors: De Souza Rossignoli Patrícia , Pereira Oduvaldo CM , Chies Agnaldo B 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. Orchidectomy results in long‐term testosterone deprivation similar to that observed in male clinical pathologies, such as hypogonadism and age‐related reductions in plasma testosterone concentrations. Although the vascular effects of these sorts of hormone deprivations are known in arteries, they have not been studied to the same extent in veins.2. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of orchidectomy, with or without subsequent testosterone replacement (started 23 days after orchidectomy; 10 mg/kg, i.m., testosterone propionate once every 5 days for 3 weeks), on responses of rat isolated portal veins and vena cavae to exogenous phenylephrine (PE). Isolated vessels were mounted in an organ bath and concentration–response curves constructed to PE (10−10–10−4 mol/L), endothelin (ET; 10−10–10−5 mol/L) and KCl (10−2–1.2 × 10−1 mol/L; as a control).3. Orchidectomy had no effect on contractile responses of either the portal vein or vena cava to KCl. However, orchidectomy enhanced the maximum response (Rmax) of the portal vein, but not the vena cava, to PE. Testosterone replacement had no effect on these responses. The effects of orchidectomy on the Rmaxto PE in portal veins were not altered by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitorNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (10−4 mol/L) alone or combined with 10−5 mol/L indomethacin (a non‐selective cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor), but they were abolished following treatment of isolated vessels with the ETAand ETBreceptor antagonists BQ‐123 and BQ‐788 (both at 10−6 mol/L). Orchidectomy did not alter portal vein responses to the application of exogenous ET.4. The results of the present study indicate that orchidectomy‐induced decreases in plasma testosterone can increase the venoconstrictor effects of PE on the portal vein and that this effect involves activation of both ETAand ETBreceptors by locally produced ET.
Inhibitory effect of fucoidan on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide‐activated primary microglia
Authors: Cui Yan‐Qiu , Zhang Li‐Juan , Zhang Ting , Luo Ding‐Zhen , Jia Yan‐Jun , Guo Zi‐Xuan , Zhang Quan‐Bin , Wang Xuan , Wang Xiao‐Min 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. Microglial activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by producing various pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Microglia‐derived nitric oxide (NO) is critical for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced selective loss of dopaminergic neurons.2. Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds. It has a variety of biological actions, including anticoagulant, antiviral and anti‐inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fucoidan on LPS‐induced cellular activation in microglia and to evaluate the inhibitory mechanisms involved.3. To investigate the effects of fucoidan on LPS‐induced cellular activation in microglia, primary microglial cells were preincubated with fucoidan (31.25, 62.5 and 125 μg/mL) for 10 min, followed by stimulation with LPS (0.01 μg/mL). Then, cell shape and NO production were determined 24 h after LPS stimulation, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression were determined at 6 and 18 h after LPS stimulation, respectively. To evaluate the inhibitory mechanisms involved, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was also evaluated.4. Lipopolysaccharide transformed cells into an amoeboid shape, whereas 62.5 μg/mL fucoidan inhibited this activation. Moreover, 125 μg/mL fucoidan significantly inhibited microglial NO production to 75% of that in LPS‐treated group and also significantly diminished the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein by nearly 50%. Fucoidan (125 μg/mL) also suppressed phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) by approximately 50%, but not that of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase.5. The results provide the first evidence that fucoidan has a potent inhibitory effect against LPS‐induced NO production by microglia. The results also suggest that this inhibitory action of fucoidan involves suppression of p38 and ERK phosphorylation.
Regulation of cardiac angiotensin‐converting enzyme and angiotensin AT1receptor gene expression inNpr1gene‐disrupted mice
Authors: Pandey Kailash N , Vellaichamy Elangovan 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. Understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in the control of blood pressure and fluid volume is a key issue in cardiovascular medicine. Guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor‐A (GC‐A/NPRA) signalling antagonizes the physiological and pathophysiological effects mediated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis.2. The targeted‐disruption of theNpr1gene (coding for GC‐A/PRA) leads to activation of the cardiac RAAS involved in the hypertrophic remodelling process, which influences cardiac size, expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine genes and the behaviour of various hypertrophy marker genes. TheNpr1gene‐knockout (Npr1−/−) mice exhibit 35–40 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure and a significantly greater heart weight to bodyweight ratio than wild‐type (Npr1+/+) mice.3. The expression of both angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II AT1areceptors are significantly increased in hearts fromNpr1−/−mice compared with hearts fromNpr1+/+mice. In parallel, the expression of interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α is also markedly increased in hearts fromNpr1−/−mice.4. These findings indicate that disruption of NPRA/cGMP signalling leads to augmented expression of the cardiac RAAS in conjunction with pro‐inflammatory cytokines inNpr1‐null mutant mice, which promotes the development of cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling.
Renin secretion and total body sodium: Pathways of integrative control
Authors: Bie Peter , Damkjaer Mads 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. Herein, we review mechanisms of sodium balance operating at constant mean arterial blood pressure (MABP); that is, under conditions where MABP does not provide the primary signal to the kidney.2. Relative constancy of body fluids requires accurate regulation of total body sodium (TBS). Normally, plenty of sodium is ingested and balance is achieved by control of renal excretion driven by multiple central nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and renal tubular mechanisms. Subtle changes in sodium balance are associated with parallel changes in extracellular volume (due to fast and precise osmoregulation), but not necessarily in MABP. Therefore, signals other than MABP seem to be the primary link between TBS and kidney function.3. Renal functions involved in sodium homeostasis include: (i) the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR) determined by renal haemodynamics, including tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF); (ii) proximal tubular reabsorption involving glomerulotubular balance (GTB) and neurohumoral control; (iii) macula densa mechanisms influencing TGF and renin secretion; and (iv) distal tubular reabsorption dominated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS).4. The present review focuses on the interactive, homeostatic operation of TBS, MABP, GTB, TGF and the RAAS. Regulation of sodium balance involves neurohumoral control of tubular sodium reabsorption, including proximal reabsorption. Central nervous system‐mediated regulation of the latter modulates renin secretion. Homeostatically, the RAAS–TGF interaction seems analogous to a spring–shock absorber set‐up: non‐adaptive RAAS functions determine the new steady state position, whereas TGF controls the rate of change. Recruitment of renin‐secreting cells during sustained stimulation may be essential for chronic adaptation, although details of this afferent arteriolar cell plasticity are unclear at present.
Functional expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in mouse chondrocytes
Authors: Liang Haitao , Yang Lin , Ma Tonghui , Zhao Yong 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is well known for its role in the cystic fibrosis (CF). Recent studies have shown that CF patients and CFTR‐deficient mice exhibit a severe abnormal skeletal phenotype, indicating that CFTR may play a role in bone development and pathophysiological processes. However, it is not known whether CFTR has a direct or indirect effect on bone formation. The aim of the present study was to detect the expression and function of CFTR in mouse chondrocytes.2. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to characterize the expression of CFTR in primary isolated mouse chondrocytes. Expression of CFTR mRNA and protein was detectable in mouse chondrocytes. Importantly, whole‐cell patch‐clamp analysis demonstrated that CFTR in mouse chondrocytes is functional as a cAMP‐dependent Cl− channel that is inhibited by CFTRinh‐172.3. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that functional CFTR is expressed in mouse chondrocytes, which offers essential evidence for the potential direct role of CFTR in physiological and pathological processes of bone.
Utilization of 111In‐Capromab pendetide SPECT‐CT for detecting seminal vesicle invasion with recurrent prostate cancer after primary in situ therapy
Authors: Kimura Masaki , Tsivian Matvey , Mouraviev Vladimir , Mayes Janice M , Price Marva M , Bannister Michael C , Madden John F , Wong Terence Z , Polascik Thomas J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of a hybrid 111In‐capromab pendetide fused computed tomography (CT) scan in detecting seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) in the setting of recurrent prostate cancer following primary in situ therapy. The study population comprised 59 patients, who biochemically failed primary in situ treatment based on American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology criteria. The patients underwent an 111In‐capromab pendetide/CT scan at the time of biochemical failure with a prostate (12‐core) and seminal vesicle (SV) (8‐core) biopsy. The diagnostic properties of the scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting SVI compared to an SV biopsy were calculated. In total, eight (14%) patients had a positive SV biopsy after primary in situ prostate cancer treatment. Nine (15%) patients had positive uptake of the scan in the SV. When comparing the SV scan results to the SV biopsy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 37.5%, 88.2%, 33.3%, and 90.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.44–0.81), respectively. In contrast, the ability of MRI to detect SVI was 50.0%, 81.3%, 40.0%, and 86.7% (95% confidence interval: 0.46–0.85), respectively. Although the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the 111In‐capromab pendetide/CT scan are low, its specificity and negative predictive value are high. Based on these findings, the ability of the 111In‐capromab pendetide/CT scan to detect SVI seems to be comparable with MRI.
Preference–performance relationship and influence of plant relatedness on host use by Pityogenes chalcographus L.
Authors: Bertheau Coralie , Salle Aurélien , Roux‐Morabito Géraldine , Garcia Jacques , Certain Grégoire , Lieutier François 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) causes damage in European coniferous forests, primarily on Picea abies L. Karst., but is also recorded on other native and exotic Pinaceae species. Estimating the adequacy between adult preference and larval performance of this beetle among its host‐range, as well as the influence of plant taxonomic relatedness on these parameters, would provide useful information on the beetle's ability to shift onto novel hosts.
Choice and no‐choice assays were conducted under laboratory conditions. Adult preference and larval performance parameters among two native (Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies) and three exotic north American [Pinus contorta Dougl., Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirbel (Franco)] conifer species were measured.
Pityogenes chalcographus exhibited a significant positive relationship between preference and performance. Picea abies was both the preferred and the most suitable host species for larval development. The closest relative, P. sitchensis, was the second best choice in terms of preference and performance. Pseudotsuga menziesii occupied an intermediate position for both beetle preference and performance, and Pinus spp. were the least suitable hosts for beetle development.
Adult preference and larval performance ranking among hosts provides little support to the plant taxonomic relatedness hypothesis. Taxonomic relatedness could play a role on the diet breadth, although only at a limited scale, within the genus Picea. At higher taxonomic levels, other factors such as bark thickness might be decisive.
Ecology and management of exotic and endemic Asian longhorned beetleAnoplophora glabripennis
Authors: Hu Jiafu , Angeli Sergio , Schuetz Stefan , Luo Youqing , Hajek Ann E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Asian longhorned beetle is native to China and Korea, and was found for the first time outside its native habitat in the U.S.A. in 1996, with subsequent detections being made in Canada and several European countries.We review the taxonomy, distribution, basic biology, behaviour, ecology and management of endemic and exoticAnoplophora glabripennis, including information that is available in the extensive Chinese literature.This species has caused massive mortality ofPopulusspecies in China and models have demonstrated that it could become established in many locations worldwide.Anoplophora glabripennisis polyphagous but prefersAcer,SalixandPopulus, sectionAigeiros.AlthoughA. glabripennisadults do not disperse far when surrounded by host trees, they have the potential to fly more than 2000 m in a season.Volatile organic compounds from preferred host trees are attractive toA. glabripennisand this attraction is heightened by drought stress. Males and females orientate to a volatile released by femaleA. glabripennisand males attempt to copulate after contacting a sex pheromone on the female cuticle.At present,A. glabripennisis being (or has been) eradicated from areas where it has been introduced. After detection, extensive surveys are conducted and, if breeding populations are detected, at the very least, infested trees are removed and destroyed. Close attention is paid to imported solid wood packaging material to prevent new introductions.Standard practice to controlA. glabripennisin China is to spray insecticides in tree canopies. In North America, largely as a preventative measure, systemic insecticides are injected into trees. Entomopathogenic fungi have been developed for the control ofA. glabripennis, and entomopathogenic nematodes, coleopteran and hymenopteran parasitoids and predatory woodpeckers have been investigated as biocontrol agents.Ecological control ofA. glabripennisin China involves planting mixtures of preferred and nonpreferred tree species, and this practice can successfully prevent outbreaks.
Temptations of weevil: feeding and ovipositional behaviour of Hylobius warreni Wood on host and nonhost bark in laboratory bioassays
Authors: Hopkins Gareth R. , Klingenberg Matthew D. , Aukema Brian H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a long‐lived, flightless insect native to coniferous forests across northern North America. Girdling by larval feeding causes significant mortality on young trees. The insect poses considerable challenges to reforestation.
Adult weevils feed on all life stages of a variety of coniferous hosts prior to oviposition. Their relative feeding preferences, however, have not been quantified. Moreover, it is not known whether host bark influences oviposition behaviour.
Feeding preferences of adult weevils were tested in both choice and no‐choice laboratory bioassays using small branches from three conifers (lodgepole pine Pinus contorta var. latifolia, interior hybrid spruce Picea glauca×engelmannii, and Douglas‐fir Pseudotsuga menziesii) and one deciduous tree (trembling aspen Populus tremuloides). Measurements included the surface area of bark consumed, rate of consumption, the number of days of feeding, and, in the no‐choice assay, the number of eggs oviposited.
Bark consumption was greatest on pine and Douglas‐fir, followed by spruce. Little to no feeding occurred on aspen. Consumption did not vary between male versus female insects for any of the feeding metrics quantified.
The presence of aspen branches did not inhibit feeding on any of the other species in the choice bioassays.
The number of eggs laid by female insects did not differ significantly among tree species in the no‐choice assay. Eggs were laid indiscriminately in the presence of all four host types.
Results and opportunities for future research are discussed in the context of formulating new integrated pest management strategies for this insect, which is increasingly important in the period of reforestation subsequent to the mountain pine beetle epidemic in western Canada.
Mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of defence against insect pests in agricultural systems
Authors: Vannette Rachel L. , Hunter Mark D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Below‐ground organisms influence above‐ground interactions in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Among the most important below‐ground organisms are mycorrhizal fungi, comprising ubiquitous and ancient plant mutualists that have significant effects on plant growth and fitness mediated by resource exchange with plants. In the present study, we focus on the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on crop defence against insect pests.
AMF alter the availability of resources used by crop plants to manufacture defences against pests and to compensate for pest damage. However, AMF also provide plants with nutrients that are known to increase insect performance. Through potentially opposing effects on plant nutritional quality and defence, mycorrhizal fungi can positively or negatively affect pest performance.
Additionally, AMF may directly affect gene expression and plant defence signalling pathways involved in the construction and induction of plant defences, and these effects are apparently independent of those caused by nutrient availability. In this way, AMF may still influence plant defences in the fertilized and highly managed systems typical of agribusiness.
Because AMF can affect plant tolerance to pest damage, they may have a significant impact on the shape of damage–yield relationships in crops. Potential mechanisms for this effect are suggested.
We highlight the need for continuing research on the effects of AMF identity and the abundance on crop defences and tolerance to pest attack. Much work is needed on the potential effects of mycorrhizal colonization on plant signalling and the induction of direct and indirect defences that may protect against pest damage.
Dispersal of the emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis, in newly‐colonized sites
Authors: Mercader Rodrigo J. , Siegert Nathan W. , Liebhold Andrew M. , McCullough Deborah G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEmerald ash borerAgrilus planipennisFairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive forest insect pest threatening more than 8 billion ash (Fraxinusspp.) trees in North America. Development of effective survey methods and strategies to slow the spread ofA. planipennisrequires an understanding of dispersal, particularly in recently established satellite populations.We assessed the dispersal ofA. planipennisbeetles over a single generation at two sites by intensively sampling ash trees at known distances from infested ash logs, the point source of the infestations. Larval density was recorded from more than 100 trees at each site.Density ofA. planipennislarvae by distance for one site was fit to the Ricker function, inverse power function, and the negative exponential function using a maximum likelihood approach. The prediction of the best model, a negative exponential function, was compared with the results from both sites.The present study demonstrates that larval densities rapidly declined with distance, and that most larvae (88.9 and 90.3%) were on trees within 100 m of the emergence point of the adults at each site. The larval distribution pattern observed at both sites was adequately described by the negative exponential function.
Long‐term effects of imidacloprid on the abundance of surface‐ and soil‐active nontarget fauna in turf
Authors: Peck Daniel C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOutbreaks of root‐feeding scarab larvae in turfgrass are widely managed through preventive applications of imidacloprid. Long‐residual activity and application before feasible scouting probably lead to its overuse and overexposure.Recent investigations revealed a selective impact of imidacloprid (not trichlorfon or halofenozide) on certain nontarget turf arthropods, motivating the present study on the persistence of abundance effects over 6 years of annual applications.Arthropods were sampled monthly (July to October) in replicated plots using soil core heat extraction and pitfall traps to quantify soil‐ and surface‐active arthropods. Captures were identified to class, order or family. The most represented taxa were analysed to test for cumulative effects and their change over season and year.Imidacloprid had no impact on pitfall captures, although the abundance of Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera and Collembola was suppressed in soil core captures. Among beetles, impact was expressed in adults (not larvae), and in Carabidae and Staphylinidae (not Chrysomelidae or Curculionidae). Among springtails, impact was expressed in Entomobryomorpha (not Poduromorpha or Symphypleona). Impact did not diminish with year but there was variable recovery between applications.There may therefore be a diverging response of soil‐ and surface‐active fauna to the nontarget impacts of imidacloprid. The suppression of predaceous (not phytophagous) beetles indicates an indirect effect mediated through declines in prey populations.The magnitude of abundance effects confirms that the balance between target and nontarget impact should be explicitly examined. Implications are discussed with respect to functional relevance for nutrient cycling and the natural regulation of pests.