bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleeping Well
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 27 describes the importance of sleep for brain health and memory. The chapter also describes sleep hygiene steps, which refers to healthy sleep habits you can develop that will benefit your sleep. When we sleep, our brain is at work making more permanent our memories of what we learned and did. Sleep also gives our body time to repair. The sleep cycle changes with age. We can also become more prone to developing sleep disorders, like sleep apnea (abnormal breathing during sleep). People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) show some small changes in their sleeping when compared to older adults without MCI, but they do not necessarily have more sleep disorders. Sleep is important for brain health; thus, taking steps to practice good sleep habits is especially important for people with MCI because it might prevent or delay further cognitive decline.
Benefits of Cognitive Engagement
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 42 explains how cognitive engagement is good for brain health. Some of the benefits include improving memory and other thinking skills, and lowering risk of dementia. These benefits are discussed in detail by relating them to different engagement activities, including leisure activities, volunteering, and formal learning activities. Research shows that it is never too late to get involved in engaging activities. There is evidence that cognitive engagement is good for people with normal cognition, those with mild cognitive impairment, and even those with dementia. Regardless of one’s current level of cognitive ability, there are benefits to be had by participating in activities that are challenging and engaging.
Building a More Sociable Lifestyle
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Building on the known benefits of social engagement, Chapter 45 provides tips for increasing one’s social engagement. Because there are no official guidelines for how much and how often we should socialize, the chapter reviews what is known about the “average” person’s social life. Comparing yourself to this can tell you whether you may want to increase your social engagement. Some studies show that the lowest risk of dementia is found in people who engage in more social activities or have larger social networks than the average person. Knowing this, a good goal might be to aim for average or a little bit higher. Specific guidance is provided for how to build a broad network of friends, increase social activities, and improve the quality of social relationships.
Remembering by Thinking About What Something Means
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A useful memory strategy involves making information meaningful. Research has shown that it is easiest to remember new information when we think about the semantics, or the meaning, of that information. Chapter 50 reviews some of the research behind this idea, and explains how the reader can use semantic memory strategies. Specific ideas are provided for how to use this strategy for remembering names, titles, and numbers. These include thinking about what something literally means, linking new information to something you already know, creating a mental picture, and finding patterns. There are a number of ways to make something meaningful, and there are no “right” or “wrong” ways to do it. If it is meaningful to you in any way, you are more likely to remember it.
Using Memory Strategies in Your Everyday Life
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 52 builds on previous chapters that introduced specific memory strategies. The reader is presented with a number of everyday scenarios where a person would like to learn or remember something and is asked to come up with memory strategies that could be used. Ideas are provided for how to approach each memory scenario. Just like any new skill, becoming good at using memory strategies takes some practice. Although memory strategies will not “cure” all your memory problems or lead to a perfect memory, with regular use, you should find that you are better at remembering the things that are most important to you. A worksheet is provided to help readers keep track of opportunities to use memory strategies in their day-to-day lives.
Mutual aid and the way forward
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There is a common argument that anarchism is utopian and hence not applicable to humanity, which will inevitably descend into chaos. Mutual aid—a hallmark of anarchist organizing—is connected to social work and group practice in light of counter narratives that demonstrate examples of communities in crisis behaving in ways that are positive and supporting of each other. This is like how social workers are taught to focus on strengths and promote healing in the social environment. It is a timely topic, given the current political climate. This chapter argues that the rise of right-wing populism and its associated racism, misogyny, and violence is rather the result of artificial constructions of nationhood, colonization, and imperialism personified in the state. Communities flourish and connect us to each other when these structures are absent. The argument is made that social work can play a role in this process.
Lotteries Divine and Human: The World of the Homeric Epics
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The full spectrum of the practices, vocabulary, and values implied in the drawing of lots is apparent already in Homer and Hesiod and was consistent and ubiquitous through the archaic and classical periods. Distributive, procedural, and selective lotteries are manifest both among the gods who draw lots for portions of the world and among humans, distributing booty and catch, selecting soldiers and heroes, dividing an inheritance, and establishing turns. Myths about drawing lots among the gods reflect a general outlook and a mindset. Neither gods nor humans employ the lot to “reveal the will of the gods.” The emphasis is on the community and the egalitarian guidelines of equality and fairness. Aside from a top-down authority, we observe “horizontal,” egalitarian features. Lotteries imply equality of status and merit (eligibility) while defining the exclusive contours of the circle of sharers and participants. The Endnotes discuss distributing booty in Homer and the vocabulary of distribution and getting by lot.
Drawing Lots on the Athenian Stage
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The language of the lottery is pervasive in classical tragedy. numbering in the tens of thousands, fifth-century Athenian audiences shared the mindset and understood the broad spectrum of lottery-related procedures and overlapping evocations and resonances. The discrete themes of the first chapters converge in classical Athenian drama, notably in Aeschylus’s Seven against Thebes. Athenian playwrights used the lot as a narrative device, an idiom, and a poetic metaphor while relying on a mental frame of reference that recognized lotteries as ubiquitous in the experiences of life and death. Two sisters get by lot, respectively, Hellas and barbarian lands; guard shifts are set by lot with dramatic consequences; Iphigenia refuses a drawing of lots to choose a sister for sacrifice; women captives are distributed by lot; and the plot of Seven revolves around the abuse of the results of drawing lots for the sake of partible inheritance.
Founding Cities and Sharing in the Polis: Equality, Allotment, and Civic Mixture
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Greek colonists drew by lot equal First Lots (protoi kleroi) that constituted a minimum holding and a discrete category (inalienable and kept whole). No ancient source reports or even imagines an alternative, illustrating a ubiquitous mindset and conventions spreading through Small-World dynamics. Egalitarianism and equality are not synonyms: material differentiation became apparent quickly, expressing the tension between elite and egalitarian vectors. A new land was supposedly “empty” (eremos chora), ready for a superimposed egalitarian parcellation. Inscribed foundation decrees (always prescriptive) express such conventions. Aside from the nucleus, "whoever wished" (provided they were Greeks) could join, thus contributing to the spread of conventions. Distributive lotteries imply a self-aware, defined, exclusive community. The chapter discusses parallelism and interdependence between inheritance and colonization. It further discusses nomima and the integrative role of lotteries in absorbing new citizens or resolving a civil conflict. The second part discusses ancient literary sources, “First Lots” (protoi kleroi), equality, and egalitarianism. Three endnotes provide detailed discussions: (1) The cui bono argument and the ancient sources; (2) isomoiria; (3) women and the kleros.
The Fairness Problem
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter combines the theoretical discussion with the empirical findings to define the fairness problem. It argues that the problem of remaining fair becomes more important than collective action problems to sustained cooperation. It then explains how sustained cooperation hinges on the ability of communities to solve the fairness problem. It first traces how cooperators are grappling with the perpetual problem of figuring out what fairness means and then what rules will avoid unfairness. To explore some of the key factors outside of the group, it traces how these systems adapted to the decade-long Maoist conflict in Nepal. It then explains that local communities may not be able to solve complex fairness problems on their own, even when they have solved collective action problems. Consequently, this variability opens up a wider range of roles for state institutions in shared resource governance than dominant understandings permit. It ends with a discussion of how governments and local communities might address fairness problems.
Introduction
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction situates the central questions of the book. Every year, people sacrifice large resources for the sake of others as donors and volunteers. But, unfortunately, most of these resources aren’t allocated effectively, meaning they do much less good than they could. Why is that? And what can we do to change it? These are the two questions addressed in Part I and Part II of the book, respectively. In recent years, the effective altruism movement has sought to maximize its positive impact on the world, and its principles are used as a guiding framework. The Introduction ends with an outline of the book.
The Norms of Giving
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1, “The Norms of Giving,” shows that do-gooding is viewed as a subjective domain, where one uses one’s feelings and tastes, rather than an objective domain, where one uses intersubjective metrics. It’s seen as more akin to restaurant choice than to investment decisions. One doesn’t have an obligation to support the most effective causes but is free to pick causes one feels strongly for. This directly reduces the effectiveness of people’s help. However, it also reduces effectiveness in another way: It means that people don’t do the extensive research that’s needed to find the most effective ways of helping. Consequently, most people don’t know, for example, what the most effective charities are. Thus, the view that do-gooding is a subjective domain reduces the effectiveness of people’s help in multiple ways.
Neglecting the Stakes
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2, “Neglecting the Stakes,” shows that most people underestimate the differences in effectiveness between different ways of doing good. Laypeople think that the most effective charities supporting the global poor are at most twice as effective as the average such charity, but experts estimate them to be 100 times more effective. This underestimation of effectiveness differences leads people to underestimate the importance of finding the most effective ways of doing good. However, teaching them that the effectiveness differences are vast doesn’t change their behavior as much as one might have expected. People are insensitive to the scale or scope of opportunities to help others (scope neglect). Thus, while misconceptions about differences in effectiveness likely reduce the effectiveness of people’s help, the effect of correcting those misconceptions may be somewhat muted.
Information, Nudges, and Incentives
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Information, Nudges, and Incentives,” discusses a series of evidence-backed techniques for overcoming the obstacles from Part I. They include simply providing people with information about what the most effective charities are, as well as more elaborate nudging and incentivization strategies. A salient example is Giving Multiplier: a donation website where people are encouraged, via nudging and matching techniques, to allocate at least some funds to highly effective charities. The limitations of these techniques are also discussed. Though the techniques are tractable and useful, they likely won’t lead to a deep societal change regarding the effectiveness of altruistic efforts.
Privately Controlled Party Organizations
Authors: Fagan E.J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Partisan think tanks work very closely with political parties, closer than most other interest groups in the party coalition. In most democracies, political parties have a similar relationship with think tanks, but they are formal party organizations with public financing. In the United States, partisan think tanks are independent nonprofit organizations with independent leadership and private funding. This chapter explores the implications of this difference. Private controlled think tanks could cause parties to sacrifice electoral gains to achieve ideological goals. They also allow parties to take more extreme positions by short-circuiting the problem-solving instincts of elected officials.
Violence, State-Building, and the Shia-Sunni Cleavage
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the genesis, evolution, and capabilities of Shia and Sunni organizations. The chapter covers the origins and power of the major actors, especially the two main Shia forces—the Sadrists, and the Badr Organization. The organization of Shia groups is compared and contrasted with that of the Sunnis. Émigré groups are also covered. By the end of the chapter, the reader should have some understanding of the origins and political orientations of Dawa, the Sadrists, the Badr Organization, and Iraqi political forces living abroad before the invasion. The reader should be prepared to understand the difference in capacities for mobilization between Shia and Sunni. Furthermore, the readers should understand how the Iraq’s repressive history, powerful religious institutions, and sectarian differences can work to affect the mechanisms and roles at the heart of our analytical framework.
The Battle of Sadr City, 2008
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by surveying changes in the balance of power among internal Iraqi political actors in the wake of Shia victory in the “Battle of Baghdad.” The chapter also concentrates on a shift in US tactics and strategy from clear, hold, build to a combination of war-fighting and decapitation as US forces took on Sadr and the Jaysh al-Mahdi militia in their stronghold. Although the Sadrists were decimated in the 2008 Battle of Sadr City, they retained their advantages in social organization, demography, control of state ministries, and communications. While defeated in this battle, the Sadrists remained resilient.
How Minorities Make Their Way
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter expands on the issue of how actors operate in Iraq’s fragmented state and security environment. While the book concentrates on Iraq’s master cleavages, like most states, Iraq contains significant minority groups. The chapter explains how and why sections of a minority group moved from relative pacifism to the creation of militias. The chapter recounts how one significant minority, the Christians in Mosul and the Nineveh Plains, have dealt not only with Iraq’s weak state, but also with the existential threat from ISIS. The chapter is co-written with Matt Cancian, who has done extensive fieldwork experience in the region.
The Kurdistan Regional Government Revisited
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the story from Chapter 14 of the Kurdish region of Iraq. Chapter 19 centers on the disastrous independence referendum of 2017. It will again illustrate the persistent influence of master cleavage politics both between Kurds and Arabs and between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The chapter will again explore how the parallel security systems of the KDP and PUK underlie and perpetuate a weak Kurdish quasi-state.
Findings and Lessons
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins the final section of the book with a review of findings gleaned from the empirical sections. It conducts this review by examining the answers to two fundamental questions pursued since the first pages of the book: (1) In the contests between counterinsurgent and insurgent, what explains who wins? (2)What explains the persistent weakness of the Iraqi state? After addressing these two questions, the chapter concludes with a list of “lessons.” This set of lessons is not specific to the case of Iraq. It is meant to be applied to intervention and insurgency in general. This set of general lessons forms the starting point for the remaining two chapters.
Prologue
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The prologue introduces Reverend Thomas William “T. W.” Linton and the story of the struggle for civil rights in Tuscaloosa. It explains that this book’s origins can be traced back to a haircut at Reverend Linton’s barbershop, during which the author first learned about Bloody Tuesday. The barbershop, called Howard & Linton, had a long history as a site of civil rights resistance prior to Bloody Tuesday. The prologue recounts Reverend Linton and the author’s work to document Bloody Tuesday, teach a new class in Black history in Tuscaloosa City Schools which was the first Black history course taught daily for an entire year in an Alabama public school, and create a civil rights trail in Tuscaloosa. In addition to Reverend Linton, the stories and memories of several others are also introduced and recounted.
“It Was Like Slavery in Another Era”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction offers a portrait of Black history in Tuscaloosa, including a record of anti-Black violence, lynchings, and attempted lynchings. The city’s place as a site of civil rights protest is also examined. It documents the city’s long struggle with racial violence and development as a stronghold of Southern segregation, embodied by Robert Shelton, the Imperial Wizard of the United Klans of America, by far the largest and most powerful branch of the Ku Klux Klan, who called Tuscaloosa home. It also surveys the literature of civil rights and Black organizing, both in Tuscaloosa and across the South. This context helps to situate and underscore the events of Bloody Tuesday.
“The White Folks Are Going to Kill Him”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the development of Reverend T. Y. Rogers into one of Reverend Martin Luther King’s disciples. It recounts Rogers’s childhood in Coatopa, Alabama, his education at Alabama State College, his decision to become a Baptist minister, and his relationship with Reverend King. It follows his career as an assistant minister to Reverend King at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, his studies at Crozer Seminary, his first church leadership placement in Roxborough, Pennsylvania, and work with the 400 Ministers and finally his arrival at First African Baptist Church in Tuscaloosa. It also outlines the growth of First African Baptist Church and the two local civil rights organizations: the Ministerial Alliance, and Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee.
A Short History of Security at Sea
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What is the history of maritime security and how did it evolve? In Chapter 2, the authors reconstruct the history of security at sea by exploring four struggles that set the context for the maritime security agenda. A first struggle revolves around competing grand ocean visions, a second over military dominance, a third over the limits of capitalist expansion, and a fourth over legalization and representation. Many of these struggles achieved a moment of settlement in the 1990s, from which maritime security thinking then evolved as new challenges came to the fore. The authors argue that this evolution has been characterized by five waves of thinking, which together have consolidated the maritime security agenda as a distinct body of thought, policy domain, and area of operations.
Blue Crime: Pirates, Smugglers, and Ecocriminals
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Blue crime is one of the three dimensions of maritime security. Chapter 5 starts by explaining the concept of blue crime, outlining the kinds of activities it comprises, and considering the interlinkages between different types of crime. The authors then move on to examine specific blue crimes in more detail. Contemporary maritime piracy is discussed with a focus on the three hot spots of Southeast Asia, the Western Indian Ocean and the gulf of Guinea. Patterns of illicit trade are investigated highlighting the smuggling of narcotics and people. The discussion of environmental crimes focuses on the problem of illicit fishing. The chapter provides further analysis on each crime and discusses how they manifest in key regions.
Exploitation, Marginalization, and Disposability
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter’s critique of sweatshop labour claims that sweatshop labour relations are relations of exploitation involving advantage-taking of the structural vulnerability of workers. The chapter begins by explaining the structural nature of sweatshop labour relations, then develops an understanding of how sweatshop workers are structurally vulnerable in virtue of their position as gendered, racialized, and migrant workers. The key concern with sweatshop labour exploitation is that the structurally embedded vulnerability of the workers is turned into a condition for profit in a way that reveals normative concerns with domination and oppression. This exploitation constitutes a particularly severe form of wage-labour exploitation and is non-accidentally linked to two further normative concerns, the marginalization of sweatshop workers and their treatment as disposable. These normative concerns become visible through theorizing the systematic relation between class, gender, race, and migrant status in sweatshop labour relations.