bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staff attributions towards men with intellectual disability who have a history of sexual offending and challenging behaviour
Authors: MacKinlay L. , Langdon P. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  Staff working within secure services for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to work with sexual offenders, but very little attention has been paid to how they think about this sexual offending behaviour.Method  Forty‐eight staff working within secure services for people with ID were recruited and completed the Attribution Style Questionnaire in relation to the sexual offending behaviour and challenging behaviour of men with mild ID. Attributions towards challenging behaviour and sexual offending were compared and relationships between level of ID and seriousness of the sexual offence were explored.Results  The results indicated that staff attributed sexual offending as more external to the staff group than they did for challenging behaviour. Sexual offending behaviour was also seen as more stable, and less controllable by people with ID than was challenging behaviour. Sexual offending was also attributed as more uncontrollable by the staff group than challenging behaviour. There was a significant negative correlation between general intellectual functioning and several attributional dimensions regarding sexual offending, but not challenging behaviour. Sexual offending that was coded as more serious was attributed as universal and uncontrollable by the staff group.Conclusions  The differences between staff attributions regarding challenging behaviour and sexual offending potentially relate to the decision‐making processes involved in deciding whether or not to involve criminal justice agencies when someone with ID commits a sexual offence. Further research within this area is warranted.
Overcoming the barriers experienced in conducting a medication trial in adults with aggressive challenging behaviour and intellectual disabilities
Authors: Oliver‐Africano P. , Dickens S. , Ahmed Z. , Bouras N. , Cooray S. , Deb S. , Knapp M. , Hare M. , Meade M. , Reece B. , Bhaumik S. , Harley D. , Piachaud J. , Regan A. , Ade Thomas D. , Karatela S. , Rao B. , Dzendrowskyj T. , Lenôtre L. , Watson J. , Tyrer P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  Aggressive challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability (ID) is frequently treated with antipsychotic drugs, despite a limited evidence base.Method  A multi‐centre randomised controlled trial was undertaken to investigate the efficacy, adverse effects and costs of two commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs (risperidone and haloperidol) and placebo.Results  The trial faced significant problems in recruitment. The intent was to recruit 120 patients over 2 years in three centres and to use a validated aggression scale (Modified Overt Aggression Scale) score as the primary outcome. Despite doubling the period of recruitment, only 86 patients were ultimately recruited.Conclusions  Variation in beliefs over the efficacy of drug treatment, difficulties within multidisciplinary teams and perceived ethical concerns over medication trials in this population all contributed to poor recruitment. Where appropriate to the research question cluster randomised trials represent an ethically and logistically feasible alternative to individually randomised trials.
Stator assembly and activation mechanism of the flagellar motor by the periplasmic region of MotB
Authors: Kojima Seiji , Imada Katsumi , Sakuma Mayuko , Sudo Yuki , Kojima Chojiro , Minamino Tohru , Homma Michio , Namba Keiichi 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTorque generation in the Salmonella flagellar motor is coupled to translocation of H+ ions through the proton‐conducting channel of the Mot protein stator complex. The Mot complex is believed to be anchored to the peptidoglycan (PG) layer by the putative peptidoglycan‐binding (PGB) domain of MotB. Proton translocation is activated only when the stator is installed into the motor. We report the crystal structure of a C‐terminal periplasmic fragment of MotB (MotBC) that contains the PGB domain and includes the entire periplasmic region essential for motility. Structural and functional analyses indicate that the PGB domains must dimerize in order to form the proton‐conducting channel. Drastic conformational changes in the N‐terminal portion of MotBC are required both for PG binding and the proton channel activation.
The Spitzenkörper: a signalling hub for the control of fungal development?
Authors: Harris Steven D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn Aspergillus nidulans, asexual development culminates in the formation of a multicellular conidiophore that bears spores known as conidia. Although several factors required for conidiophore formation have been characterized, the mechanisms underlying the transition from vegetative growth to development remain obscure. However, the recent characterization of two of these factors, FlbB and FlbE, provides important new insight. Notably, these studies suggest that the Spitzenkörper (i.e. apical body), which is known to regulate hyphal morphogenesis, might also serve as a signalling hub that co‐ordinates development transitions.
Attitudes of pregnant women towards participation in perinatal epidemiological research
Authors: Nechuta Sarah , Mudd Lanay M. , Biery Lynette , Elliott Michael R. , Lepkowski James M. , Paneth Nigel ,   the Michigan Alliance for the National Children's Study
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe assessed attitudes of a multi‐ethnic sample of pregnant women in regard to participation in five data collection procedures planned for use in the National Children's Study. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in nine prenatal clinics in Kent County, Michigan between April and October 2006. Women were approached in clinic waiting rooms at the time of their first prenatal visit and 311 (91.0%) participated. Women were asked about their willingness to participate, and the smallest amount of compensation required for participation in a 45‐min in‐person interview, a 15‐min telephone interview, maternal and infant medical record abstraction, and an infant physical examination.Percentages for willingness to participate were highest for telephone interview (83%), followed by in‐person interview (60%), infant examination (57%), and maternal (56%) and infant medical records (54%). About 34–48% of women reported that no compensation would be required for participation by data procedure. Some women reported unwillingness to participate in telephone (9%) or personal (17%) interview, record abstraction (34%) or infant examination (26%), even with compensation. Education greater than high school was associated with increased odds of refusal for infant physical examination, adjusted odds ratio 2.44 [95% confidence interval 1.41, 4.23]. In conclusion, 9–34% of pregnant women, depending on procedure, stated they would not participate in non‐invasive research procedures such as medical record abstraction and infant examination, even with compensation. Resistance to these research procedures was especially noted among more highly educated women. Planning for the National Children's Study will have to address potential resistance to research among pregnant women.
Hormonal regulation of temperature‐induced growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Stavang Jon A. , Gallego‐Bartolomé Javier , Gómez María D. , Yoshida Shigeo , Asami Tadao , Olsen Jorunn E. , García‐Martínez José L. , Alabadí David , Blázquez Miguel A. 
Published: July 2009

SummarySuccessful plant survival depends upon the proper integration of information from the environment with endogenous cues to regulate growth and development. We have investigated the interplay between ambient temperature and hormone action during the regulation of hypocotyl elongation, and we have found that gibberellins (GAs) and auxin are quickly and independently recruited by temperature to modulate growth rate, whereas activity of brassinosteroids (BRs) seems to be required later on. Impairment of GA biosynthesis blocked the increased elongation caused at higher temperatures, but hypocotyls of pentuple DELLA knockout mutants still reduced their response to higher temperatures when BR synthesis or auxin polar transport were blocked. The expression of several key genes involved in the biosynthesis of GAs and auxin was regulated by temperature, which indirectly resulted in coherent variations in the levels of accumulation of nuclear GFP–RGA (repressor of GA1) and in the activity of the DR5 reporter. DNA microarray and genetic analyses allowed the identification of the transcription factor PIF4 (phytochrome‐interacting factor 4) as a major target in the promotion of growth at higher temperature. These results suggest that temperature regulates hypocotyl growth by individually impinging on several elements of a pre‐existing network of signaling pathways involving auxin, BRs, GAs, and PIF4.
A locus conferring resistance to Colletotrichum higginsianum is shared by four geographically distinct Arabidopsis accessions
Authors: Birker Doris , Heidrich Katharina , Takahara Hiroyuki , Narusaka Mari , Deslandes Laurent , Narusaka Yoshihiro , Reymond Matthieu , Parker Jane E. , O’Connell Richard 
Published: July 2009

Summary Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease on Arabidopsis and other crucifer hosts. By exploiting natural variation in Arabidopsis we identified a resistance locus that is shared by four geographically distinct accessions (Ws‐0, Kondara, Gifu‐2 and Can‐0). A combination of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and Mendelian mapping positioned this locus within the major recognition gene complex MRC‐J on chromosome 5 containing the Toll‐interleukin‐1 receptor/nucleotide‐binding site/leucine‐rich repeat (TIR‐NB‐LRR) genes RPS4 and RRS1 that confer dual resistance to C. higginsianum in Ws‐0 (Narusaka et al., 2009). We find that the resistance shared by these diverse Arabidopsis accessions is expressed at an early stage of fungal invasion, at the level of appressorial penetration and establishment of intracellular biotrophic hyphae, and that this determines disease progression. Resistance is not associated with host hypersensitive cell death, an oxidative burst or callose deposition in epidermal cells but requires the defense regulator EDS1, highlighting new functions of TIR‐NB‐LRR genes and EDS1 in limiting early establishment of fungal biotrophy. While the Arabidopsis accession Ler‐0 is fully susceptible to C. higginsianum infection, Col‐0 displays intermediate resistance that also maps to MRC‐J. By analysis of null mutants of RPS4 and RRS1 in Col‐0 we show that these genes, individually, do not contribute strongly to C. higginsianum resistance but are both required for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria expressing the Type III effector, AvrRps4. We conclude that distinct allelic forms of RPS4 and RRS1 probably cooperate to confer resistance to different pathogens.
Mechanisms of Infertility Associated with Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis in High Producing Dairy Cattle
Authors: Sheldon IM , Price SB , Cronin J , Gilbert RO , Gadsby JE 
Published: July 2009

ContentsClinical and subclinical endometritis are common causes of infertility and subfertility in high producing dairy cattle, delaying the onset of ovarian cyclic activity after parturition, extending luteal phases and reducing conception rates.Escherichia coliandArcanobacterium pyogenescause endometrial damage and inflammation. Components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are detected by Toll‐like receptors on endometrial cells, leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Long luteal phases associated with endometritis are probably caused by a switch in endometrial prostaglandin production from prostaglandin F2a(PGF) to prostaglandin E2. In addition, LPS impairs the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary, and directly perturbs ovarian granulosa cells steroidogenesis, providing mechanisms to explain the association between uterine disease and anovulatory anoestrus. Cows with uterine disease that ovulate have lower peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that may further reduce the chance of conception associated with endometritis.
How to Evaluate and Quantify the Influence of Coincidence on Fertility and Herd Health Parameters? A Practical Overview of Frequently Used and Abused Statistical Techniques in Research and Practice
Authors: Dewulf J , Maes D , Van Soom A , De Kruif A 
Published: July 2009

ContentsIn this article, frequently encountered statistical questions and methods used both in research and in daily practice are described and explained. First, the concepts of variability and uncertainty are explained and illustrated. From this, it is explained how variation can be quantified and how the limits of what can be expected as a result of normal variation are determined both for continuous and binary data. Based on the basic concepts of probability theory, an introduction to risk assessment was given. Finally it is explained how to test whether individual observations lie outside the normal range or the test whether populations are different from each other. All these are carried out avoiding theory and formulas as much as possible and illustrated with real examples from reproduction and herd health.
Theory Building at the Intersection: Recipe for Impact or Road to Nowhere?
Authors: Markóczy Lívia , Deeds David L. 
Published: July 2009

abstract Zahra and Newey (2009) argue for the importance of creative theory building in management research and suggest that this is best to be done via interdisciplinary research. We argue that the more management research goes down the road of pursuing interdisciplinary research for generating novel theories, the more likely it will compromise another worthwhile goal, which is to establish the discipline of management as a legitimate academic discipline that is distinguishable from other academic disciplines in its subject matter and its theoretical and methodological approach. We also argue against the implicit premise that the focus of management discipline should be on developing new theories.
Personality and Racial/Ethnic Relations: A Perspective From Cognitive–Affective Personality System (CAPS) Theory
Authors: Mendoza‐Denton Rodolfo , Goldman‐Flythe Michelle 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe five articles in this special section examine personality and racial/ethnic relations from the perspective of Mischel and Shoda's Cognitive–Affective Personality System (CAPS) Theory. In this introductory piece, we first provide a primer on CAPS theory. In particular, we try to highlight the role that context plays in the construction and manifestation of personality as well as the dynamic ways that people interpret and react to input from their environment. We then review research on race‐based rejection sensitivity as a programmatic illustration of the role expectancies play in racial/ethnic relations. Finally, we summarize and tie together the articles that comprise this section via a set of emergent themes that are common to the present contributions.
Spontaneous analog number representations in 3‐year‐old children
Authors: Cantlon Jessica F. , Safford Kelley E. , Brannon Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhen enumerating small sets of elements nonverbally, human infants often show a set‐size limitation whereby they are unable to represent sets larger than three elements. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that infants spontaneously represent small numbers with an object‐file system instead of an analog magnitude system (Feigenson, Dehaene & Spelke, 2004). In contrast, non‐human animals and adult humans have been shown to rely on analog magnitudes for representing both small and large numbers (Brannon & Terrace, 1998; Cantlon & Brannon, 2007; Cordes, Gelman, Gallistel & Whalen, 2001). Here we demonstrate that, like adults and non‐human animals, children as young as 3 years of age spontaneously employ analog magnitude representations to enumerate both small and large sets. Moreover, we show that children spontaneously attend to numerical value in lieu of cumulative surface area. These findings provide evidence of young children’s greater sensitivity to number relative to other quantities and demonstrate continuity in the process they spontaneously recruit to judge small and large values.
Touch attenuates infants’ physiological reactivity to stress
Authors: Feldman Ruth , Singer Magi , Zagoory Orna 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnimal studies demonstrate that maternal touch and contact regulate infant stress, and handling during periods of maternal deprivation attenuates the stress response. To measure the effects of touch on infant stress reactivity during simulated maternal deprivation, 53 dyads were tested in two paradigms: still‐face (SF) and still‐face with maternal touch (SF+T). Maternal and infant cortisol levels were sampled at baseline, reactivity, and recovery and mother’s and infant’s cardiac vagal tone were measured during the free play, still‐face, and reunion episodes of the procedure. Cortisol reactivity was higher among infants in the SF condition and while cortisol decreased at recovery for infants in the SF+T, it further increased for those in the SF. Vagal tone showed a greater suppression when SF was not accompanied by maternal touch. Touch synchrony during free play was associated with higher infant vagal tone, whereas touch myssynchrony – maternal tactile stimulation while the infant gaze averts – correlated with higher maternal and infant cortisol. In humans, as in mammals, the provision of touch during moments of maternal unavailability reduces infants’ physiological reactivity to stress.
BACKWARDNESS OF BORDER REGIONS
Authors: VAN GORP NICOLAI 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper tries to assess the impact of borders on cross‐regional spillovers and regional competitiveness by using a shift share analysis. Based on sector data on employment, it is examined to which extent border regions experience positive (or negative) spillovers from neighbouring regions. The analysis proves that Europe's internal borders still suffer from lower spillovers which gives them a structural disadvantage as compared to non‐border regions. The hypothesis that this is due to low levels of labour mobility has been supported by various studies. The analysis also shows, however, that border regions of weaker performing economies (Germany and Belgium) experience positive cross border spillovers from stronger neighbouring economies (the Netherlands). This finding indicates that other modes of economic integration (trade, capital and inter‐firm relations) are less inhibited by the presence of borders.
The intercellular organization of the two muscular systems in the adult salmonid heart, the compact and the spongy myocardium
Authors: Pieperhoff Sebastian , Bennett William , Farrell Anthony Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ventricle of the salmonid heart consists of an outer compact layer of circumferentially arranged cardiomyocytes encasing a spongy myocardium that spans the lumen of the ventricle with a fine arrangement of muscular trabeculae. While many studies have detailed the anatomical structure of fish hearts, few have considered how these two cardiac muscle architectures are attached to form a functional working unit. The present study considers how the spindle‐like cardiomyocytes, unlike the more rectangular structure of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes, form perpendicular connections between the two muscle layers that withstand the mechanical forces generated during cardiac systole and permit a simultaneous, coordinated contraction of both ventricular components. Therefore, hearts of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and various light microscopic techniques. In contrast to earlier suggestions, we found no evidence for a distinct connective tissue layer between the two muscle architectures that might ‘glue’ together the compact and the spongy myocardium. Instead, the contact layer between the compact and the spongy myocardium was characterized by a significantly higher amount of desmosome‐like (D) and fascia adhaerens‐like (FA) adhering junctions compared with either region alone. In addition, we observed that the trabeculae form muscular sheets of fairly uniform thickness and variable width rather than thick cylinders of variable diameter. This sheet‐like trabecular anatomy would minimize diffusion distance while maximizing the area of contact between the trabecular muscle and the venous blood as well as the muscle tension generated by a single trabecular sheet.
The role played by the interaction between genetic factors and attachment in the stress response in infancy
Authors: Frigerio Alessandra , Ceppi Elisa , Rusconi Marianna , Giorda Roberto , Raggi Maria Elisabetta , Fearon Pasco 
Published: July 2009

Background:  The importance of understanding which environmental and biological factors are involved in determining individual differences in physiological response to stress is widely recognized, given the impact that stress has on physical and mental health.Methods:  The child–mother attachment relationship and some genetic polymorphisms (5‐HTTLPR, COMT and GABRA6) were tested as predictors of salivary cortisol and alpha amylase concentrations, two biomarkers of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system activity, during the Strange Situation (SS) procedure in a sample of more than 100 healthy infants, aged 12 to 18 months.Results:  Individual differences in alpha amylase response to separation were predicted by security of attachment in interaction with 5‐HTTLPR and GABRA6 genetic polymorphisms, whereas alpha amylase basal levels were predicted by COMT × attachment interaction. No significant effect of attachment, genetics and their interaction on cortisol activity emerged.Conclusions:  These results help to disentangle the role played by both genetic and environmental factors in determining individual differences in stress response in infancy. The results also shed light on the suggestion that HPA and SAM systems are likely to have different characteristic responses to stress.
Computational Design and In Vitro Characterization of an Integrated Maglev Pump‐Oxygenator
Authors: Zhang Juntao , Taskin M. Ertan , Koert Andrew , Zhang Tao , Gellman Barry , Dasse Kurt A. , Gilbert Richard J. , Griffith Bartley P. , Wu Zhongjun J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFor the need for respiratory support for patients with acute or chronic lung diseases to be addressed, a novel integrated maglev pump‐oxygenator (IMPO) is being developed as a respiratory assist device. IMPO was conceptualized to combine a magnetically levitated pump/rotor with uniquely configured hollow fiber membranes to create an assembly‐free, ultracompact system. IMPO is a self‐contained blood pump and oxygenator assembly to enable rapid deployment for patients requiring respiratory support or circulatory support. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computer‐aided design were conducted to design and optimize the hemodynamics, gas transfer, and hemocompatibility performances of this novel device. In parallel, in vitro experiments including hydrodynamic, gas transfer, and hemolysis measurements were conducted to evaluate the performance of IMPO. Computational results from CFD analysis were compared with experimental data collected from in vitro evaluation of the IMPO. The CFD simulation demonstrated a well‐behaved and streamlined flow field in the main components of this device. The results of hydrodynamic performance, oxygen transfer, and hemolysis predicted by computational simulation, along with the in vitro experimental data, indicate that this pump‐lung device can provide the total respiratory need of an adult with lung failure, with a low hemolysis rate at the targeted operating condition. These detailed CFD designs and analyses can provide valuable guidance for further optimization of this IMPO for long‐term use.