bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 in microglial activation and proinflammatory responses in ischemic brains
Authors: Shi Yejie , Chanana Vishal , Watters Jyoti J. , Ferrazzano Peter , Sun Dandan 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 124–135.AbstractOur recent study reveals that Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE‐1) mediates H+ extrusion during “respiratory bursting”, which is important for microglial activation. In the present study, we further investigated whether NHE‐1 plays a role in proinflammatory activation of microglia in vivo using a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Activated microglial cells were identified by their expression of two microglial marker proteins (CD11b and Iba1) as well as by their transformation from a “ramified” to an “amoeboid” morphology. An immediate increase in activated microglial numbers was detected in the ipsilateral ischemic core area of NHE‐1+/+ brains at 1 hour (h) I/1 h R, which gradually decreased during 6–24 h I/R. This was followed by a sharp rise in microglial activation in the peri‐infarct area and an increase in proinflammatory cytokine formation at 3 day after I/R. Interestingly, HOE 642 (a potent NHE‐1 inhibitor) ‐treated or NHE‐1 heterozygous (NHE‐1+/−) mice exhibited less microglia activation, less NADPH oxidase activation, or a reduced proinflammatory response at 3–7 day after I/R. Blocking NHE‐1 activity also significantly decreased microglial phagocytosis in vitro. In contrast, astrogliosis formation in the peri‐infarct area was not affected by NHE‐1 inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NHE‐1 protein was abundantly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. NHE‐1 inhibition reduced microglial proinflammatory activation following ischemia.
Association of membrane rafts and postsynaptic density: proteomics, biochemical, and ultrastructural analyses
Authors: Suzuki Tatsuo , Zhang Jingping , Miyazawa Shoko , Liu Qian , Farzan Michael R. , Yao Wei‐Dong 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 64–77.AbstractPostsynaptic membrane rafts are believed to play important roles in synaptic signaling, plasticity, and maintenance. However, their molecular identities remain elusive. Further, how they interact with the well‐established signaling specialization, the postsynaptic density (PSD), is poorly understood. We previously detected a number of conventional PSD proteins in detergent‐resistant membranes (DRMs). Here, we have performed liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analyses on postsynaptic membrane rafts and PSDs. Our comparative analysis identified an extensive overlap of protein components in the two structures. This overlapping could be explained, at least partly, by a physical association of the two structures. Meanwhile, a significant number of proteins displayed biased distributions to either rafts or PSDs, suggesting distinct roles for the two postsynaptic specializations. Using biochemical and electron microscopic methods, we directly detected membrane raft–PSD complexes. In vitro reconstitution experiments indicated that the formation of raft–PSD complexes was not because of the artificial reconstruction of once‐solubilized membrane components and PSD structures, supporting that these complexes occurred in vivo. Taking together, our results provide evidence that postsynaptic membrane rafts and PSDs may be physically associated. Such association could be important in postsynaptic signal integration, synaptic function, and maintenance.
Antioxidants as therapeutic agents for liver disease
Authors: Singal Ashwani K. , Jampana Sarat C. , Weinman Steven A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOxidative stress is commonly associated with a number of liver diseases and is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), haemochromatosis and Wilson's disease. Antioxidant therapy has thus been considered to have the possibility of beneficial effects in the management of these liver diseases. Despite this promise, antioxidants have produced mixed results in a number of clinical trials of efficacy. This review summarizes the results of clinical trials of antioxidants as sole or adjuvant therapy of chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Overall, the most promising results to date are for vitamin E therapy of NASH but some encouraging results have been obtained with antioxidant therapy of acute alcoholic hepatitis as well. Despite evidence for small reductions of serum alanine aminotransferase, there is as yet no convincing evidence that antioxidant therapy itself is beneficial to patients with chronic hepatitis C. Problems such as small sample size, short follow up duration, inadequate endpoints, failure to demonstrate tissue delivery and antioxidant efficacy, and heterogeneous nature of the ‘antioxidant’ compounds used have complicated interpretation of results of the clinical studies. These limitations and their implications for future trial design are discussed.
Substandard care in antepartum term stillbirths: prospective cohort study
Authors: EVERS ANNEMIEKE C.C. , NIKKELS PETER G.J. , BROUWERS HENS A.A. , BOON JANINE , van EGMOND‐LINDEN ANNEKE , HART CLAARTJE , SNUIF YVETTE S. , STERKEN‐HOOISMA SIETSKE , BRUINSE HEIN W. , KWEE ANNEKE 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective. To assess substandard care factors in antepartum stillbirths at term. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. A region in the middle of the Netherlands covering 13% of the Dutch population. Population. Antepartum stillbirths (≥37 weeks) without congenital malformations. Methods. During a two‐year period, all antepartum term stillbirths were prospectively collected and audited by an expert panel. Main outcome measures. Substandard care factors. Results. During the study period, 37 735 normally formed infants were delivered ≥37 weeks of gestation. There were 60 antepartum stillbirths (1.59 per 1 000, 95%CI 1.19–1.99). Most stillbirths occurred during apparently uncomplicated pregnancies. Twenty‐one infants (35%) were small‐for‐gestational age but growth restriction was only suspected in 10 (47.6%) of these cases. Substandard care factors were identified in 21 (35%) cases. A relation between these factors and fetal demise was possible in nine (15%) and probable in seven (12%) of these cases. Inadequate management and recognition of suspected growth restriction (n=9) or hypertension (n=6) were the most common substandard care factors. Ten (16.7%) women felt none or decreased fetal movements for 24 hours or more before they consulted a doctor or midwife. Conclusion. Twenty‐seven percent of all stillbirths were possibly or probably avoidable. Special attention to the recognition and adequate management of suspected growth restriction and hypertension as well as guidelines about patient information and management of decreased fetal movements might result in a reduction of stillbirths in the Netherlands.
Prenatal diagnosis of a huge facial tumor: Report of a rare case and literature review
Authors: Sahinoglu Zeki , Ertekin Arif Aktug , Celayir Aysenur Cerrah , Gucluer Berrin 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTNeonatal tumors are reported to occur in approximately 17–121 per million live births worldwide. They are often diagnosed by ultrasonography after mid‐pregnancy. Teratomas are the most frequent solid neoplasms, accounting for between one‐quarter and one‐third of cases. Here, we describe the prenatal diagnosis of a fetal face teratoma located on the right temporal side at 26 weeks of gestation. Besides 2D and 4D ultrasound imaging, fetal magnetic resonance imaging provides substantial support in perinatal management and promotes the perception of fetal malformations by the family. Extreme intrauterine growth of the tumor with remarkable pressure to the surrounding facial structures and good perinatal prognosis following complete tumoral resection are reviewed.
Temperature Correction of UV Spectral Solar Measurements for ICEPURE Project
Authors: Baczynska Katarzyna , O’Hagan John B. , Pearson Andy J. , Eriksen Paul 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUV solar spectra have been measured, using a double‐grating spectroradiometer, during population studies carried out across Europe for the EC Framework 7 funded ICEPURE project on the impact of climatic and environmental factors on personal UV radiation exposure and human health. Spectral field measurements have been conducted at ambient temperatures which varied between 11.5 and 33.5°C. This temperature variation might affect instrument performance. The effect of ambient temperature was quantified and verified, and a model for temperature correction of spectral data is presented.
The effect of bovine colostrum on viral upper respiratory tract infections in children with immunoglobulin A deficiency
Authors: Patıroğlu Türkan , Kondolot Meda 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  Immunoglobulin A (IgA)‐deficient patients predominantly suffer from respiratory and gastrointestinal infections since secretory IgA has important functions to protect mucosal surfaces.Objective:  To evaluate the effect of bovine colostrum, rich in IgA, on the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract (URT) infections in IgA‐deficient children.Methods:  Thirty‐one IgA‐deficient children with viral URT infections were included in this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, and randomly oral bovine colostrum or placebo was given three times a day for 1 week. Samples of saliva IgA were collected before treatment, after the administration of the first dose, and after the last dose. Mothers of the children completed a daily questionnaire regarding the severity of the infection and any adverse effects.Results:  The bovine colostrum group had a lower infection severity score than the placebo group after 1 week (respectively 0.81 ± 0.83, 3.00 ± 1.85; P = 0.000), but there was no difference between the salivary IgA levels of the groups.Conclusion:  This is the first study to evaluate the effect of bovine colostrum in IgA‐deficient children, and no adverse effects were observed. However, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of bovine colostrum in IgA‐deficient patients.Please cite this paper as: Patıroğlu T and Kondolot M. The effect of bovine colostrum on viral upper respiratory tract infections in children with immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin Respir J 2013; 7: 21–26.
The effect of lateral decubitus position on intraocular pressure in healthy young subjects
Authors: Lee Jong Yeon , Yoo Chungkwon , Jung Jae Hoon , Hwang Young Hoon , Kim Yong Yeon 
Published: July 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the effect of change of body posture from supine to lateral decubitus position (LDP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy young subjects.Methods:  We evaluated 38 eyes of 19 healthy young Korean subjects. IOP was measured using Tonopen XL® in both eyes in the sitting and supine position, 5 and 30 min after right LDP and 5 min after returning to the supine position. A week later, IOP was measured in the same sequence except that the subjects assumed the left LDP. The eye on the lower side in the LDP was termed as a dependent eye.Results:  The mean IOP of the dependent eyes increased significantly at 5 min after changing from supine to right (16.26 ± 2.73 mmHg versus 18.54 ± 2.95 mmHg, p < 0.01) or left LDP (15.53 ± 2.41 mmHg versus 17.53 ± 3.37 mmHg, p < 0.01); this IOP increase in the dependent eyes persisted at 30 min after changing to right (18.47 ± 2.97 mmHg, p < 0.01) or left LDP (17.79 ± 2.20 mmHg, p < 0.01). Upon returning to the supine position, IOP of the dependent eyes decreased significantly (16.83 ± 2.67 mmHg, p < 0.01 for right LDP and 16.47 ± 2.32 mmHg, p < 0.01 for left). However, this effect of the positional change was not found in the non‐dependent eyes (all, p > 0.05). Mean IOP in the dependent eye was significantly higher than that in the non‐dependent eye at 30 min after changing to the right (+0.89 ± 1.52 mmHg) or left LDP (+1.84 ± 2.03 mmHg).Conclusion:  The postural change from supine to LDP significantly increased IOP of the dependent eyes.
Retinal blood flow in response to an intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Micieli Jonathan A. , Tsui Edmund , Lam Wai‐Ching , Brent Michael H. , Devenyi Robert G. , Hudson Chris 
Published: July 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess the hemodynamic response of retinal arterioles and venules following a single intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (NV‐AMD) patients and to assess the influence of the number of prior injections on this response.Methods:  Fifteen NV‐AMD patients were prospectively recruited and grouped according to the dosage of ranibizumab previously received. Group 1 NV‐AMD patients (n = 7) had previously received 1.50 mg or less, and group 2 patients (n = 8) had received more than 1.50 mg in the study eye. A group of 12 non‐NV AMD patients were also recruited for control comparison. Vessel diameter, centreline blood velocity and blood flow were assessed with the Canon Laser Blood Flowmeter immediately prior to an injection and at a mean follow‐up of 37.7 and 36.7 days for group 1 and group 2 patients, respectively.Results:  The NV‐AMD patients as a whole and the group 1 cohort had a significantly greater arteriolar diameter at baseline than the non‐NV AMD patients. There was a significant reduction in arteriolar diameter, velocity and blood flow in group 1 but not in group 2 NV‐AMD patients at follow‐up. There was only an insignificant decrease in measured parameters of the retinal venules. At follow‐up, there was no difference in the diameter, velocity or flow between AMD patients.Conclusion:  Intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for NV‐AMD induces a reduction in arteriolar diameter, velocity, and blood flow in patients who have received <1.50 mg of ranibizumab.
Springer theory via the Hitchin fibration
Authors: Nadler David 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe develop the Springer theory of Weyl group representations in the language of symplectic topology. Given a semisimple complex group G, we describe a Lagrangian brane in the cotangent bundle of the adjoint quotient 𝔤/G that produces the perverse sheaves of Springer theory. The main technical tool is an analysis of the Fourier transform for constructible sheaves from the perspective of the Fukaya category. Our results can be viewed as a toy model of the quantization of Hitchin fibers in the geometric Langlands program.
Comparison of sinogram‐ and image‐domain penalized‐likelihood image reconstruction estimators
Authors: Vargas Phillip A. , La Rivière Patrick J. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:In recent years, the authors and others have been exploring the use of penalized‐likelihood sinogram‐domain smoothing and restoration approaches for emission and transmission tomography. The motivation for this strategy was initially pragmatic: to provide a more computationally feasible alternative to fully iterative penalized‐likelihood image reconstruction involving expensive backprojections and reprojections, while still obtaining some of the benefits of the statistical modeling employed in penalized‐likelihood approaches. In this work, the authors seek to compare the two approaches in greater detail.Methods:The sinogram‐domain strategy entails estimating the “ideal” line integrals needed for reconstruction of an activity or attenuation distribution from the set of noisy, potentially degraded tomographic measurements by maximizing a penalized‐likelihood objective function. The objective function models the data statistics as well as any degradation that can be represented in the sinogram domain. The estimated line integrals can then be input to analytic reconstruction algorithms such as filtered backprojection (FBP). The authors compare this to fully iterative approaches maximizing similar objective functions.Results:The authors present mathematical analyses based on so‐called equivalent optimization problems that establish that the approaches can be made precisely equivalent under certain restrictive conditions. More significantly, by use of resolution‐variance tradeoff studies, the authors show that they can yield very similar performance under more relaxed, realistic conditions.Conclusions:The sinogram‐ and image‐domain approaches are equivalent under certain restrictive conditions and can perform very similarly under more relaxed conditions. The match is particularly good for fully sampled, high‐resolution CT geometries. One limitation of the sinogram‐domain approach relative to the image‐domain approach is the difficulty of imposing additional constraints, such as image non‐negativity.
Precision grid and hand motion for accurate needle insertion in brachytherapy
Authors: McGill Carl S. , Schwartz Jonathon A. , Moore Jason Z. , McLaughlin Patrick W. , Shih Albert J. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:In prostate brachytherapy, a grid is used to guide a needle tip toward a preplanned location within the tissue. During insertion, the needle deflects en route resulting in target misplacement. In this paper, 18‐gauge needle insertion experiments into phantom were performed to test effects of three parameters, which include the clearance between the grid hole and needle, the thickness of the grid, and the needle insertion speed. Measurement apparatus that consisted of two datum surfaces and digital depth gauge was developed to quantify needle deflections.Methods:The gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) test was performed on the measurement apparatus, and it proved to be capable of measuring a 2 mm tolerance from the target. Replicated experiments were performed on a 23 factorial design (three parameters at two levels) and analysis included averages and standard deviation along with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find significant single and two‐way interaction factors.Results:Results showed that grid with tight clearance hole and slow needle speed increased precision and accuracy of needle insertion. The tight grid was vital to enhance precision and accuracy of needle insertion for both slow and fast insertion speed; additionally, at slow speed the tight, thick grid improved needle precision and accuracy.Conclusions:In summary, the tight grid is important, regardless of speed. The grid design, which shows the capability to reduce the needle deflection in brachytherapy procedures, can potentially be implemented in the brachytherapy procedure.
Modeling non‐stationarity of kernel weights for k‐space reconstruction in partially parallel imaging
Authors: Miao Jun , Wong Wilbur C. K. , Narayan Sreenath , Huo Donglai , Wilson David L. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:In partially parallel imaging, most k‐space‐based reconstruction algorithms such as GRAPPA adopt a single finite‐size kernel to approximate the true relationship between sampled and nonsampled signals. However, the estimation of this kernel based on k‐space signals is imperfect, and the authors are investigating methods dealing with local variation of k‐space signals.Methods:To model nonstationarity of kernel weights, similar to performing a spatially adaptive regularization, the authors fit a set of linear functions using concepts from geographically weighted regression, a methodology used in geophysical analysis. Instead of a reconstruction with a single set of kernel weights, the authors use multiple sets. A missing signal is reconstructed with its kernel weights set determined by k‐space clustering. Simulated and acquired MR data with several different image content and acquisition schemes, including MR tagging, were tested. A perceptual difference model (Case‐PDM) was used to quantitatively evaluate the quality of over 1000 test images, and to optimize the parameters of our algorithm.Results:A MOdeling Non‐stationarity of KErnel wEightS (“MONKEES”) reconstruction with two sets of kernel weights gave reconstructions with significantly better image quality than the original GRAPPA in all test images. Using more sets produced improved image quality but with diminishing returns. As a rule of thumb, at least two sets of kernel weights, one from low‐ and the other from high frequency k‐space, should be used.Conclusions:The authors conclude that the MONKEES can significantly and robustly improve the image quality in parallel MR imaging, particularly, cardiac imaging.
Fast IMRT with narrow high energy scanned photon beams
Authors: Andreassen Björn , Strååt Sara Janek , Holmberg Rickard , Näfstadius Peder , Brahme Anders 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:Since the first publications on intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the early 1980s almost all efforts have been focused on fairly time consuming dynamic or segmental multileaf collimation. With narrow fast scanned photon beams, the flexibility and accuracy in beam shaping increases, not least in combination with fast penumbra trimming multileaf collimators. Previously, experiments have been performed with full range targets, generating a broad bremsstrahlung beam, in combination with multileaf collimators or material compensators. In the present publication, the first measurements with fast narrow high energy (50 MV) scanned photon beams are presented indicating an interesting performance increase even though some of the hardware used were suboptimal.Methods:Inverse therapy planning was used to calculate optimal scanning patterns to generate dose distributions with interesting properties for fast IMRT. To fully utilize the dose distributional advantages with scanned beams, it is necessary to use narrow high energy beams from a thin bremsstrahlung target and a powerful purging magnet capable of deflecting the transmitted electron beam away from the generated photons onto a dedicated electron collector. During the present measurements the scanning system, purging magnet, and electron collimator in the treatment head of the MM50 racetrack accelerator was used with 3–6 mm thick bremsstrahlung targets of beryllium. The dose distributions were measured with diodes in water and with EDR2 film in PMMA. Monte Carlo simulations withgeant4 were used to study the influence of the electrons transmitted through the target on the photon pencil beam kernel.Results:The full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of the scanned photon beam was 34 mm measured at isocenter, below 9.5 cm of water, 1 m from the 3 mm Be bremsstrahlung target. To generate a homogeneous dose distribution in a 10 × 10 cm2 field, the authors used a spot matrix of 100 equal intensity beam spots resulting in a uniformity of collimated 80%–20% penumbra of 9 mm at a primary electron energy of 50 MeV. For the more complex cardioid shaped dose distribution, they used 270 spots, which at a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz is completed every 1.36 s.Conclusions:The present measurements indicate that the use of narrow scanned photon beams is a flexible and fast method to deliver advanced intensity modulated beams. Fast scanned photon IMRT should, therefore, be a very interesting modality in the delivery of biologically optimized radiation therapy with the possibility forin vivo treatment verification with PET‐CT imaging.