bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: FeIII‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldehydes.
Authors: Gowda Ravikumar R. , Chakraborty Debashis 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are directly converted into the corresponding primary amides by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 in water.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Procedure for the Preparation of o‐Nitrophenols by Nitro Urea or Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Silica Sulfuric Acid (SiO2—OSO3H).
Authors: Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Nikoorazm Mohsen , Guodarziafshar Hamid , Naserifar Zahra , Zamani Parisa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA mixture of ammonium nitrate or nitro urea and silica sulfuric acid is found to be efficient and environmentally friendly nitrating media for the preparation of o‐nitro phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct 5‐Arylation of Formyl‐ or Acetyl‐halothiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Beydoun Kassem , Doucet Henri 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDirect arylation of 4‐ (I) or 3‐chloro‐2‐acetylthiophene (IV) with aryl bromides is smoothly achieved in the presence of a simple Pd catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationships of 1,3‐Benzoxazole‐4‐carbonitriles as Novel Antifungal Agents with Potent in vivo Efficacy.
Authors: Kuroyanagi Jun‐ichi , Kanai Kazuo , Horiuchi Takao , Takeshita Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shozo , Achiwa Issei , Yoshida Kumi , Nakamura Koichi , Kawakami Katsuhiro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFollowing a known lead and using various synthetic approaches a series of 1,3‐benzoxazole‐4‐carbonitriles is synthesized and evaluated for antifungal potency.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Approach to High‐Yielding Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Alkyl‐4‐nitromethylchromans via Cascade Barbas—Michael and Acetalization Reactions.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Prasad M. Shiva , Madhavachary R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe asymmetric Barbas—Michael addition—acetalization cascade reaction of β‐nitro‐o‐hydroxystyrenes (I) with enolizable aldehydes is smoothly catalyzed by a prolinol‐derived silyl ether—benzoic acid system to give chromanols (III) in good yields and stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Construction of Highly Functionalized 3‐Benzazepine Skeletons Through Ring‐Opening Cycloamination Reactions Catalyzed by Gold.
Authors: Du Xiangwei , Yang Shuang , Yang Jingyu , Liu Yuanhong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe cyclization reaction proceeds through a regioselective 6‐endo‐dig cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Studies on an Endemic Philippine Plant: Sulfated Glucoside and seco‐A‐Ring Triterpenoids from Dillenia philippinensis.
Authors: Macahig Rene Angelo Sarmiento , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe leaves of the endemic Philippine plant Dillenia philippinensis yield 11 compounds including a new sulfated glucoside (I) and a new seco‐A‐ring oleane‐type triterpenoid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Electron Holography Studies of Single Crystalline Nanostructures of Clathrate‐II Phases KxGe136 and NaxSi136.
Authors: Simon Paul , Tang Zhongjia , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Chiong Katherine , Boehme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Lichte Hannes , Grin Yuri , Guloy Arnold M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCrystalline nanosized particles of the title compounds are prepared from dispersions of K4Ge9 or NaSi2.25, 18‐crown‐6, and a mixture of n‐dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and AlCl3 (120—180 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Progression of Absolute Configuration Determination in Natural Product Chemistry Using Optical Rotation (Dispersion), Matrix Determinant, and Electronic Circular Dichroism Methods
Authors: Zhao Sheng‐Ding , Shen Lan , Luo Du‐Qiang , Zhu Hua‐Jie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractReview: 160 refs.
Efficacy of tissue autofluorescence imaging (velscope) in the visualization of oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Farah Camile S. , McIntosh Lidija , Georgiou Anastasia , McCullough Michael J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundTechnology that highlights potentially malignant oral lesions in a highly sensitive and specific manner will aid clinicians in early diagnosis of these conditions. This study assessed the efficacy of direct tissue autofluorescence imaging Visually Enhanced Lesion Scope (VELScope) in the detection of oral mucosal lesions.MethodsOne hundred twelve patients referred with a potentially malignant oral mucosal lesion were examined under routine incandescent light, and then with VELScope, noting loss of autofluorescence and presence of blanching. Incisional biopsies were performed to provide definitive histopathological diagnoses.ResultsVELScope enhanced the visibility of 41 lesions and helped uncover 5 clinically undetected lesions. VELScope examination alone showed a sensitivity of 30% and a specificity of 63%. Its accuracy at identifying dysplasia was 55%.ConclusionVELScope examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis regarding the presence of epithelial dysplasia. Loss of autofluorescence is not useful in diagnosing epithelial dysplasia in its own right without relevant clinical interpretation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Selective observation of Asp and Glu resonances in 13CO detected experiments
Authors: Pantoja‐Uceda David , Santoro Jorge 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe present a filter element to observe exclusively the resonances of Asp and Glu residues in several 13C detected experiments, CACO, CBCACO, and CCCO. As in these experiments the carboxylate resonances appear in the directly detected dimension, it is possible to measure their chemical shifts with a high precision. Therefore, the experiments can be of great utility in the accurate determination of the pKa's of these residues. Furthermore, the experiments can be applied in the study of deuterated proteins, where the usual experiments for pKa determination cannot be used. Finally, the good resolution with which the carboxylate spectrum is obtained allows observing the coupling between the carboxyl carbon and the backbone CO in Asp residues, what provides information on their side chain conformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical efficiency of organic pasture farming in Germany: The role of location economics and of specific knowledge
Authors: Lakner S. , von Cramon-Taubadel S. , Brümmer B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe analyze the efficiency of organic pasture farming in Germany using data from 1994/95 to 2005/06. Five inputs and one output are analyzed by means of a stochastic frontier production function, allowing for heteroscedasticity and technical effects. Five sets of possible determinants of technical efficiency are considered in the model. These include: (1) farm structure and resources; (2) human capital and management capacities; (3) institutional choice; and (4) subsidies. To these factors that are commonly included in technical effects models, we add (5) a set of variables that capture localization and urbanization economies such as the share of organic farms in a region and the regional share of votes for the Green Party in recent elections. These regional effects are found to have a significant impact on the technical efficiency of organic farms. The evolution of efficiency on farms that are converting from conventional to organic farming is also analyzed.
The heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gβ1 have lysophospholipase D activity
Authors: Aoyama Chieko , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Ando Hiromi , Yamashita Satoko , Horibata Yasuhiro , Sugimoto Sayaka , Satou Motoyasu 
Published: August 2011

In a previous study we purified a novel lysoPLD (lysophospholipase D) which converts LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) into a bioactive phospholipid, LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), from the rat brain. In the present study, we identified the purified 42 and 35 kDa proteins as the heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gβ1 respectively. When FLAG-tagged Gαq or Gβ1 was expressed in cells and purified, significant lysoPLD activity was observed in the microsomal fractions. Levels of the hydrolysed product choline increased over time, and the Mg2+ dependency and substrate specificity of Gαq were similar to those of lysoPLD purified from the rat brain. Mutation of Gαq at amino acids Lys52, Thr186 or Asp205, residues that are predicted to interact with nucleotide phosphates or catalytic Mg2+, dramatically reduced lysoPLD activity. GTP does not compete with LPC for the lysoPLD activity, indicating that these substrate-binding sites are not identical. Whereas the enzyme activity of highly purified FLAG-tagged Gαq overexpressed in COS-7 cells was ~4 nmol/min per mg, the activity from Neuro2A cells was 137.4 nmol/min per mg. The calculated Km and Vmax values for lysoPAF (1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) obtained from Neuro2A cells were 21 μM and 0.16 μmol/min per mg respectively, similar to the enzyme purified from the rat brain. These results reveal a new function for Gαq and Gβ1 as an enzyme with lysoPLD activity. Tag-purified Gα11 also exhibited a high lysoPLD activity, but Gαi and Gαs did not. The lysoPLD activity of the Gα subunit is strictly dependent on its subfamily and might be important for cellular responses. However, treatment of Hepa-1 cells with Gαq and Gα11 siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) did not change lysoPLD activity in the microsomal fraction. Clarification of the physiological relevance of lysoPLD activity of these proteins will need further studies.
Effects of variation in maternal carotenoid intake during gestation on offspring innate immune response in a matrotrophic viviparous reptile
Authors: Itonaga Keisuke , Jones Susan M. , Wapstra Erik 
Published: August 2011

Summary1. The evolution of matrotrophy may be related to high resource availability during gestation and consequently increased opportunity for reproductive investment via the placenta. Thus, matrotrophic species have smaller yolk volume than lecithotrophic species. Innate immune response of offspring at birth, which is important in protection against disease and parasites, may be influenced by the degree of reproductive investment of carotenoids, such as β‐carotene. However, to date, no study has investigated the effects of maternal carotenoid intake during reproduction on the innate immune responses of offspring in reptiles.2. Some matrotrophic viviparous (live‐bearing) reptiles provide significant support for embryogenesis through both yolk and placenta. These species are excellent models for research into the evolutionary transitions from lecithotrophic reproduction (i.e. supply of resources from the yolks, e.g. birds) to highly matrotrophic reproduction (i.e. direct supply of most resources from the mother, e.g. mammals).3. We used high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine carotenoid concentration in newly ovulated eggs of a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Most eggs did not contain any carotenoids, including β‐carotene.4. We then experimentally manipulated maternal β‐carotene availability (i.e. supplementation of β‐carotene in the diet or no supplementation) during gestation and investigated innate immune response of offspring (i.e. tissue swelling and proportion of monocytes in response to antigenic stimulation) at 2 days after birth. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of post‐natal β‐carotene intake on innate immune response of offspring using reciprocal transplant experiments in which we manipulated offspring β‐carotene availability for 2 weeks after birth. This experimental design also allowed us to assess the persistence of effects of maternal β‐carotene effects on innate immune response in offspring. We found that the immune response as measured by the proportion of monocytes was enhanced by high maternal β‐carotene intake during gestation, and this effect persisted for 2 weeks after birth. Furthermore, post‐natal β‐carotene intake enhanced innate immune response.5. The maternally transferred ß‐carotene via the placenta during embryogenesis may be an important physiological adaptation to counter the costs of a reduction in organic substances supplied in the yolk that occurs as matrotrophy evolves.
Predicting strong community impacts using experimental estimates of per capita interaction strength: benthic herbivores and giant kelp recruitment
Authors: Sala Enric , Dayton Paul K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe estimation of the strength of the interaction between species is key for understanding the organization of ecological communities. Although experimental and observational studies have estimated per capita interaction strength for individual consumers, no previous study has used such estimates for predicting the impact of a community of consumers on their prey in the field. Here we evaluate experimental estimates of per capita interaction strength and impact of consumers on prey by comparing our impact predictions with real‐time series of prey abundance. We conducted aquarium experiments to estimate the effects of seven herbivore species on survival of early life stages (microscopic sporophytes) of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. We also estimated the impact of a community of herbivores on a cohort of kelp sporophytes using time series (1983–2000) of herbivore abundance in the Point Loma, San Diego (California), kelp forest. The underlying assumption was that maximum herbivore impact on microscopic recruits is realized only after a disturbance removes the giant kelp plants and thus releases the recruits. Our model was successful in predicting the prevention of giant kelp recruitment, which occurred when the abundance of weak interactors increased above a threshold. These results indicate that experimental estimates of maximum per capita interaction strength can be used to predict strong consumer impacts.
Relevance of Nitrospira for nitrite oxidation in a marine recirculation aquaculture system and physiological features of a Nitrospira marina‐like isolate
Authors: Keuter Sabine , Kruse Myriam , Lipski André , Spieck Eva 
Published: August 2011

SummaryIn biofilters of recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), nitrification by lithoautotrophic microorganisms is essential to prevent the cultivated organisms from intoxication with ammonium and nitrite. In moving‐bed biofilters nitrifying microorganisms are immobilized together with heterotrophic bacteria in dense biofilms on carrier elements like plastic beads. Analyses of fatty acid profiles of these biofilms from a marine biofilter revealed a high abundance of Nitrospira‐related lipid markers (8–12% of total fatty acids). Further results of a labeling experiment with 13C‐bicarbonate in mineral salts medium with 3 mM nitrite confirmed that Nitrospira is the major autotrophic nitrite oxidizer in the biofilter system. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses the nitrite‐oxidizing community in the biofilter consisted of at least two different representatives of Nitrospira, one of which could be successfully isolated. The marine isolate ‘Ecomares 2.1’ belongs to cluster IVa and showed 98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nitrospira marina, whereas the enrichment ‘M1 marine’ is only distantly related (94.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to N. marina). In laboratory experiments, the isolate exhibited remarkable tolerances against high substrate and product concentrations (30 mM nitrite and 80 mM nitrate) as well as ammonium (50 mM). During the isolation process a strong tendency of this strain to develop biofilms became apparent. Thus, Ecomares 2.1 seems to be well adapted to the attached lifestyle in biofilters and the nitrogenous load prevailing in the effluent waters of RAS. Both members of Nitrospira could be detected by PCR‐based methods in environmental samples of marine and brackish RAS biofilters and are therefore considered to be characteristic for these engineered ecosystems.
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROLYZED BY‐PRODUCTS FROM THE MEAT INDUSTRY
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA GABRIELI ALVES , ZANOELO ÉVERTON FERNANDO 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe method of mixtures, a pycnometric technique and a procedure based on an unsteady‐state condition of heat transfer were applied to obtain the specific heat, apparent density and thermal conductivity of processed by‐products from residuals of poultry slaughterhouses, respectively. Physical‐chemical analyses revealed that the investigated material presented 3.7% of water, 10.2% of ash, 8 to 25% of lipid and 37 to 60% of protein. The effect of moisture content and mass fraction of lipids on the aforementioned thermophysical properties was experimentally investigated at approximately 25C. Semiempirical models based on theoretical considerations and on the content of water, lipid and matter free of these components were suggested. A group of model parameters tuned on the experimental results revealed a specific heat, apparent density and thermal conductivity of dry processed by‐product without lipid close to 366 J/kg/C, 396 kg/m and 0.038 W/m/C, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA growing availability of residuals from poultry slaughterhouses is an important consequence of the large expansion of the poultry meat industry in Brazil. Excessive consumption of energy and large emission of non‐toxic odorous pollutants are the major current problems in the rendering industry. The determined thermophysical properties are essential for modeling and design calculations of cheaper and cleaner continuous industrial digesters that could replace the traditional technology of thermal hydrolysis of poultry by‐products.
GINGER–GARLIC PASTE IN RETORT POUCHES AND ITS QUALITY
Authors: TOPNO PRIYA NAMRATA , VINOTHINI  , JAYAPRAKASH SHILPA HABBANKUPPE , VARADAIAH VISHALAKSHI , SHESHAGIRI SATHISH HASAN , SRINIVAS PUSHPA MURTHY , NAIDU MADENENI MADHAVA 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPaste samples were prepared by mixing 1:1 (w/w) proportion of ginger and garlic along with sodium chloride (1%). The pH of the paste was adjusted to 4.0, 4.5 and 5.4 by the addition of citric acid. Xanthan gum (2 g/L) and sodium benzoate (0.2 g/L) were added to the paste and then filled in retort pouches. The filled pouches were subjected to thermal processing at 85C with a holding time of 2 and 5 min at 80C at the centre of the paste. The color values a, and b (green and yellow) decreased, whereas the L (lightness) values increased with decrease in pH. Paste behaved like a non‐Newtonian fluid, and exhibited shear‐thinning behavior. Physicochemical and microbial properties did not show significant changes during storage. This study showed that ginger–garlic paste prepared in retort pouches is convenient because of its lighter weight, faster heating leading to better quality in terms of taste, color, and also environmentally acceptable.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGinger and garlic have been considered as important traditional herbal medicines due to their disease prevention effects. Ginger–garlic paste is a viscous product retaining the strong aroma and flavor of the raw materials, namely, fresh ginger and garlic. Paste is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations for imparting a characteristic fresh ginger–garlic flavor. The product is generally creamy white in color and is microbiologically stable and free from pathogenic bacteria. It is a ready to use preparation that can be used in place of fresh ginger in homes, restaurants and institutional catering. Although, few studies have been conducted on the physicochemical characteristics of ginger and garlic pastes, no information is available on combination of ginger–garlic paste in retort pouches. The development of new packing (retort pouches) for ginger–garlic with good nutritional and functional properties (such as the one proposed in this study) may be of interest in order to diversify the market supply. Therefore, retort pouch because of its lighter weight, and faster heating leads to better quality in terms of uniform cooking, taste and color and also it is environmentally acceptable.
LIKELIHOOD RATIO TESTS OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES ASSOCIATED WITH PATTERNED COVARIANCE MATRICES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Mukherjee Bishwa Nath 
Published: August 2011

A number of statistical tests are proposed for testing whether an observed covariance matrix is consistent with an expected covariance matrix deduced from an assumed composition of the variates. This aspect of multivariate analysis has no univariate analogue and as yet has not received proper treatment in the statistical literature. The general method proposed has been called ‘structural analysis’ and its role in multivariate hypothesis‐testing is discussed.Two different types of patterned covariance matrices arising out of various linear models are considered. The ‘reducible pattern’, composed of covariance matrices which can be diagonalized by pre‐ and post‐multiplication by a known matrix, and covariance matrices which can be transformed to a tridiagonal form (such as the Guttman quasi‐simplex, and the ‘aristocratic’ matrices), are discussed and illustrated with empirical data. Likelihood ratio tests for both classes of patterns have been constructed, and in each case the estimation procedure has also been tackled.
Subcutaneous electronic identification in cattle: a field study
Authors: Løken T. , Vatn G. , Kummen E. 
Published: August 2011

The use of injectable transponders in cattle for identification purposes, for up to 30 months, was investigated. Passive electronic transponders, encapsulated in either polymer or glass, were injected subcutaneously into either the ear base or the earlobe of 652 calves in three populations. The animals were clinically examined weekly, and transponder signalling was checked immediately before and after injection, after two weeks and after about eight months. About 10 per cent of animals in one population were also checked after 20 and 30 months. No severe clinical or visible pathological changes were observed, and the calves' welfare was not apparently affected by the procedure. None of the transponders migrated from their injection sites. Eight months after injection, a signal was detected from 98.2 per cent of transponders injected in the ear base and from 90.5 per cent of those in the earlobe. At 20 and 30 months after injection, 10.4 per cent and 2.6 per cent of transponders, respectively, had ceased to signal. Thus, most transponders in the calves' ear base demonstrated functionality for up to 30 months.
A solid-state 35/37Cl NMR study of a chloride ion receptor and a GIPAW-DFT study of chlorine NMR interaction tensors in organic hydrochlorides
Authors: Chapman Rebecca P. , Hiscock Jennifer R. , Gale Philip A. , Bryce David L. 
Published: August 2011

The results of a 35/37Cl solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) study of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride complex of meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole (1) are reported. Line shapes obtained from magic-angle-spinning and stationary powder samples collected at 9.4 and 21.1 T are analyzed to provide the 35/37Cl quadrupolar tensor and chemical shift (CS) tensor and their relative orientation. The relatively high symmetry of the chloride ion coordination environment is manifested in the small value of the quadrupole coupling constant, CQ(35Cl) = 1.0 MHz. The isotropic chemical shift of 120 ppm (with respect to NaCl(s)) is at the upper edge of the typical range seen for organic hydrochlorides. Consideration of chemical shift anisotropy (span, Ω = 50 ppm) and non-coincidence of the quadrupolar and CS tensors were essential to properly simulate the experimental spectra. The utility of gauge-including projector-augmented wave density functional theory (GIPAW-DFT) calculations of chlorine quadrupolar and CS tensors in organic chlorides was explored by validation against available benchmark experimental data for solid amino acid hydrochlorides. The calculations are shown to systematically overestimate the value of the 35Cl quadrupole coupling constant. Additional calculations on various hydrated and solvated models of 1 are consistent with a structure in which solvent and water of hydration are absent.