bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural fractures in some US shales and their importance for gas production
Authors: Gale Julia F. W. , Holder Jon 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Shale gas reservoirs are commonly produced using hydraulic fracture treatments. Microseismic monitoring of hydraulically induced fracture growth shows that hydraulic fractures sometimes propagate away from the present-day maximum horizontal stress direction. One likely cause is that natural opening-mode fractures, which are present in most mudrocks, act as weak planes that reactivate during hydraulic fracturing. Knowledge of the geometry and intensity of the natural fracture system and the likelihood of reactivation is therefore necessary for effective hydraulic fracture treatment design. Changing effective stress and concomitant diagenetic evolution of the host-rock controls fracture initiation and key fracture attributes such as intensity, spatial distribution, openness and strength. Thus, a linked structural-diagenesis approach is needed to predict the fracture types likely to be present, their key attributes and an assessment of whether they will impact hydraulic fracture treatments significantly. Steep (>75°), narrow (<0.05 mm), calcite-sealed fractures are described in the Barnett Shale, north-central Texas, the Woodford Formation, west Texas and the New Albany Shale in the Illinois Basin. These fractures are weak because calcite cement grows mostly over non-carbonate grains and there is no crystal bond between cement and wall rock. In bending tests, samples containing natural fractures have half the tensile strength of those without and always break along the fracture plane. By contrast, samples with quartz-sealed fractures do not break along the fracture plane. The subcritical crack index of Barnett Shale is >100, indicating that the fractures are clustered. These fractures, especially where present in clusters, are likely to divert hydraulic fracture strands. Early, sealed, compacted fractures, fractures associated with deformation around concretions and sealed, bedding-parallel fractures also occur in many mudrocks but are unlikely to impact hydraulic fracture treatments significantly because they are not widely developed. There is no evidence of natural open microfractures in the samples studied.
Stromal Niche Cells Protect Early Leukemic FLT3-ITD+ Progenitor Cells against First-Generation FLT3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Parmar Amanda , Marz Stefanie , Rushton Sally , Holzwarth Christina , Lind Katarina , Kayser Sabine , Döhner Konstanze , Peschel Christian , Oostendorp Robert A.J. , Götze Katharina S. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Targeting constitutively activated FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 [(FLT3); FLT3-ITD] with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leads to clearance of blasts in the periphery but not in the bone marrow, suggesting a protective effect of the marrow niche on leukemic stem cells. In this study, we examined the effect of stromal niche cells on CD34+ progenitors from patients with FLT3-ITD+ or wild-type FLT3 (FLT3-WT) AML treated with the TKIs SU5614 or sorafenib. TKIs effectively and specifically inhibited FLT3 and increased the fraction of undivided progenitors in both FLT3-ITD+ and FLT3-WT samples. Treatment with SU5614 and sorafenib also reduced the number of mature leukemic progenitors, whereas contact with stroma protected against this cell loss. In contrast, primitive long-term progenitors from both FLT3-ITD+ and FLT3-WT AML were resistant to TKIs. Additional contact with niche cells significantly expanded long-term FLT3-ITD+ but not FLT3-WT progenitors in the presence of SU5614 but not that of sorafenib. Thus, TKIs with first-generation inhibitors fail to eradicate early leukemic stem/progenitor cells in FLT3-ITD+ AML. Further, we defined a specific interaction between FLT3-ITD+ progenitors and niche cells that enables the maintenance of leukemic progenitors in the presence of TKI. Collectively, our findings suggest that molecular therapy may have unpredicted effects on leukemic progenitors, underscoring the necessity of developing strategies to selectively eliminate the malignant stem cell clone. Cancer Res; 71(13); 4696–706. ©2011 AACR.
Cross-Cultural Preferences in Spatial Reasoning
Authors: Knauff Markus , Ragni Marco 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
How do people reason about spatial relations? Do people with different cultural backgrounds differ in how they reason about space? The aim of our cross-cultural study on spatial reasoning is to strengthen this link between spatial cognition and culture. We conducted two reasoning experiments, one in Germany and one in Mongolia. Topological relations, such as “A overlaps B” or “B lies within C”, were presented to the participants as premises and they had to find a conclusion that was consistent with the premises (“What is the relation between A and C?”). The problem description allowed multiple possible “conclusions”. Our results, however, indicate that the participants had strong preferences: They consistently preferred one of the possible conclusions and neglected other conclusions, although they were also logically consistent with the premises. The preferred and neglected conclusions were similar in Germany and Mongolia. We argue that the preferences are caused by universal cognitive principles that work the same way in the western culture and Mongolia.
A Preliminary Study on Categorization Type (Rule-Based versus Family Resemblance Judgement) in a Group of Iranian Students
Authors: Mohsenifar Setareh , Arjmand Mohsen , Ghassemzadeh Habibollah , Salimi Shabnam 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe ability to categorize has been known as one of the most important cognitive abilities in human beings. When it comes to the topic of categorization type, it seems different people select differently. Some of them categorize on the basis of similarity judgment and some based on the uni-dimensional rule. The present study attempts to evaluate the tendency toward a specific type of categorization as can be observed in a voluntary group of medical students in Iran. Most of the studies in categorization have been conducted in Western world and some of Eastern-Asian people. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has been done in categorization in Iran. The results suggest that Iranians, like Eastern-Asian people, tend to categorize mostly based on similarity. There was not any relationship between the IQ scores of the participants and the type of categorization. We also examined the implications of the words “similarity” and “belonging to” as translated into Persian.
Five Clarifications about Cultural Evolution
Authors: Gabora Liane 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews and clarifies five misunderstandings about cultural evolution identified by Henrich et al. (2008). First, cultural representations are neither discrete nor continuous; they are distributed across neurons that respond to microfeatures. This enables associations to be made, and cultural change to be generated. Second, ‘replicator dynamics’ do not ensure natural selection. The replicator notion does not capture the distinction between actively interpreted self-assembly code and passively copied self-description, which leads to a fundamental principle of natural selection: inherited information is transmitted, whereas acquired information is not. Third, this principle is violated in culture by the ubiquity of acquired change. Moreover, biased transmission is less important to culture than the creative processes by which novelty is generated. Fourth, there is no objective basis for determining cultural fitness. Fifth, the necessity of randomness is discussed. It is concluded that natural selection inappropriate is an explanatory framework for culture.
Is Weaker Inhibition Associated with Supernatural Beliefs?
Authors: Lindeman Marjaana , Riekki Tapani , Hood Bruce M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Adults identified as believers and sceptics based on self-reports from a supernatural beliefs scale were assessed on two measures of inhibition; the Stroop Color‐Word Task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Both groups were of equal educational status and background. However, believers made significantly more errors than sceptics on all subscales of the WCST but were equivalent in performance on the Stroop measure. This finding is consistent with the idea that supernatural beliefs in adults are related to some types of inhibitory control.
La ville de Sinope, réflexions historiques et archéologiques
Authors: Barat Claire 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe City of Sinope: Historical and Archaeological ReflectionsThis contribution concentrates on the city of Sinope in antiquity, on the urban morphology of a city constantly under occupation from the time of its founding in the 7th century BC. It starts out by presenting the city of Sinope through literary and numismatic sources and then provides an account of the excavations undertaken during the 20th century (the German-Turkish expedition under L. Budde and E. Akurgal in 1951-1953 and urban prospecting work by British Byzantinists A. Bryer and D. Winfled in the years 1960-1970). The third part of the article brings readers an idea of the archaeology of the city drawing on studies of the walls of Sinope, the urban organization of the city in antiquity and the ancient monuments still visible, such as the “Temple of Serapis” and the “Balat Kilise”. In conclusion new themes for future reflection are suggested such as the identification of the “Temple of Serapis” as a herôon and the location of an aqueduct at Sinope, which had still been visible at the beginning of the 20th century.
Sinop in the Summer of 1215: The Beginning of Anatolian Seljuk Architecture
Authors: Redford Scott 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA detailed analysis of the Seljuk inscriptions from the citadel of the Black Sea port of Sinop serves as the basis for a discussion of Anatolian Seljuk history, epigraphy, citadel architecture, and military and administrative organization and patronage. Because all of these inscriptions date to a 6 month period in the year 1215, they offer a circumscribed but profound introduction to these issues at one time and in one place.
Terres cuites architecturales de Sinope de l’époque archaïque à l’époque hellénistique
Authors: Billot Marie-Françoise 
Published: May 2011

AbstractArchitectural Terracottas of the Archaic to the Hellenistic Period from SinopeDecorated architectural terracottas held in the Sinope Museum are re-examined here from several angles: techniques of manufacture, combinations of different series on one and the same building, importing of models, export of these exclusively local products to cities of the North Pontic region, style and chronology. Reconsidered so as to take into account all significant features, this form of production ‐ recorded from as early as the 6th century BC ‐ provides some continuation of the ‘Milesian’ tradition, which was widespread in the North of the Aegean and in the poleis of the Black Sea region. Yet, from the second quarter of the 4th century BC onwards, this production also manifests real originality of its own. Sinope would, however, probably not have developed its own style, if it had not received specific orders from Panticapaeum and the main cities of the Bosporan Kingdom. After gradually being deprived of this stimulus for production towards 300 BC, the workshop in Sinope quickly lost its impressive reputation, even though the volume of its tile production remained considerable. From all points of view, it would appear to have been subject to the political and economic vicissitudes experienced by its clients.
Sinopean, Heraklean and Chersonesan “Carrot” Amphorae
Authors: Opaiţ Andrei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to improve the typology of Pontic amphorae by presenting brief morphological and fabric descriptions of some amphora types that imitate a famous Sinopean example‐the “carrot” amphora. These wine amphorae were manufactured from the 4th and throughout most of the 5th century AD. Although discoveries of these imitations are not very abundant, limited quantities occur not only in the northern and western parts of the Black Sea but also in the eastern Mediterranean at Athens and Palestine.
L’importation des amphores sinopéennes dans les territoires de Thrace
Authors: Bozkova Anelia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe Importing of Sinopean Amphorae into Thracian TerritoryThis article is based on collections ‐ both published and unpublished ‐ of amphora stamps from Sinope stemming from settlements in the West Pontic region and from centres of consumption within Thrace. The conclusions presented bear upon the chronology of imports from Sinope, their development and their intensity. A commentary is provided on the data relating to the fluctuating presence of merchandise from Sinope transported in amphorae to territories in the South and North of the Haemus Mons and these are viewed in the context of the commercial activity of the settlements of the West Pontic region.
Sinopean Amphorae and Chernyakhov Culture
Authors: Magomedov Boris , Didenko Sergey 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe Chernyakhov culture existed in the Eastern Europe in the second third of the 3rd to the early 5th century AD. Its dominant population group was that of the Goths. Among the goods imported into the region were amphorae of “Delakeu” type, or type C Snp I according to the classification of D. Kassab Tezgör. A workshop which produced these amphorae has been discovered on the outskirts of Sinope. The amphorae from the region of the Chernyakhov culture belong largely to the variant C Snp I-1, module L and M, and, less frequently, to the variant C Snp I-2. Sometimes the clay of these amphorae does not have many added inclusions. This fact led to the mistaken conclusion that the amphorae of “Delakeu” type from the Chernyakhov territory might have been produced not in Sinope but somewhere else. Most of the types of the repertoire of Sinopean amphorae dating to the late Roman period occur across the whole Black Sea littoral. However, the variant C Snp I-1 is known mostly in the region of the Chernyakhov culture, and is not very common on the southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea. We assume that this distribution pattern can be explained by the specific purpose of these containers. In AD 332, Constantine I signed an agreement with the Goths, whereby they received subsidies in exchange for service. A part of this agreement could have been the provision of wine. Approximately in the middle of 4th century, Sinopean wine started to be delivered to the Chernyakhov territory. Presumably, amphorae with a larger than normal capacity (the type “Delakeu” / C Snp I-1) were produced in order to deliver the wine. These circumstances might explain the mass appearance of such amphorae on the Chernyakhov sites and also the absence of these amphorae from Greek towns.
"As Many Street Cops as Corners": Displacing 1905 in the Pinkertons
Authors: Dralyuk Boris 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRenewed popular interest in the Pinkertonovshchina – pre-Revolutionary, Western-styled detective fiction – invites a closer look at this fascinating phenomenon. An examination of the original serial's reception among young readers holds out clues to the psychological motivations of those who devour popular cultural genres in times of social flux. Memoirs and letters by Valentin Kataev (1897-1986), Leonid Borisov (1897-1972), and Sergei Esenin (1895-1925), who had all experienced the first Pinkerton craze as 10- and 12-year-olds, indicate that these colorful, readily accessible parables of Manichean justice in exotic locales allowed young readers to displace their own anxieties about an all-too-confusing domestic situation in the wake of the 1905 Revolution and the subsequent "Reaction". In this, the Russian Pinkertons of the 1900s and '10s functioned in much the same way as American comic books of the 1940s and '50s – another cheaply priced, fixed-format, violent, and markedly graphic (i.e., visual) genre which captivated young readers during a highly reactionary period in their nation's history.
Nikolai Vasilievich Bugaev: A Background
Authors: Langen Timothy 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article treats the philosophical writings of Nikolai Vasilievich Bugaev. Known best as a mathematician, father of Andrey Bely, and teacher of Pavel Florensky, Bugaev also wrote philosophical articles treating the arrangement of human knowledge and intellectual activity and the structure of being and consciousness. An examination of Bugaev's philosophical work sheds light not only on these questions, but also on the peculiar character of "background" figures and works in intellectual history.
The Ironic Triumph of Old Bolshevism: The Debates of April 1917 in Context
Authors: Lih Lars 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the debates in Bolshevik party circles after Lenin's return to Russia in early April 1917, one central issue was the status of "Old Bolshevism." According to Lenin, Old Bolshevism was outmoded, whereas other Bolsheviks such as Lev Kamenev and Mikhail Kalinin defended its relevance. The central tenet of prewar Old Bolshevism was "democratic revolution to the end," a slogan that implied a vast social transformation of Russia under the aegis of a revolutionary government based directly on the narod. Far from being rendered irrelevant by the overthrow of the tsar, Old Bolshevism mandated a political course aimed at overthrow of the "bourgeois" Provisional Government. Lenin's innovative vision of "steps toward socialism" in Russia, prior to and independent of European socialist revolution was not a radical break with Old Bolshevism and it was not the central issue during the debates of April 1917. The actual Bolshevik message of 1917 (as documented by pamphlets issued by the Moscow Bolsheviks) was closer in most respects to the outlook of Lenin's opponents, as he came close to explicitly admitting. The usual characterization of the April debates as Lenin's successful attempt to imbue the Bolsheviks with a radically new vision of socialist revolution must therefore be rejected.
The Three-Dimensional Distribution of Clouds over the Southern Hemisphere High Latitudes
Authors: Verlinden Kathryn L. , Thompson David W. J. , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The authors exploit three years of data from the CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites to document for the first time the seasonally varying vertical structure of cloudiness throughout Antarctica and the high-latitude Southern Ocean. The results provide a baseline reference of Southern Hemisphere high-latitude cloudiness for future observational and modeling studies, and they highlight several previously undocumented aspects and key features of Antarctic cloudiness.
The key features of high-latitude Southern Hemisphere cloudiness documented here include 1) a pronounced seasonal cycle in cloudiness over the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere, with higher cloud incidences generally found during the winter season over both the Southern Ocean and Antarctica; 2) two distinct maxima in vertical profiles of cloud incidence over the Southern Ocean, one centered near the surface and another centered in the upper troposphere; 3) a nearly discontinuous drop-off in cloudiness near 8 km over much of the continent that peaks during autumn, winter, and spring; 4) large east–west gradients in upper-level cloudiness in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula that peak during the austral spring season; and 5) evidence that cloudiness in the polar stratosphere is marked not by a secondary maximum at stratospheric levels but by a nearly monotonic decrease with height from the tropopause.
Key results are interpreted in the context of the seasonally varying profiles of vertical motion and static stability and compared with results of previous studies.
Estimation of Multivariate Observation-Error Statistics for AMSU-A Data
Authors: Gorin Vadim E. , Tsyrulnikov Mikhail D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) observation-error covariances are objectively estimated by comparing satellite radiances with radiosonde data. Channels 6–8 are examined as being weakly dependent on the surface and on the stratosphere above the radiosonde top level. Significant horizontal, interchannel, temporal, and intersatellite correlations are found. Besides, cross correlations between satellite and forecast (background) errors (largely disregarded in practical data assimilation) proved to be far from zero. The directional isotropy hypothesis is found to be valid for satellite error correlations. Dependencies on the scan position, the season, and the satellite are also checked. Bootstrap simulations demonstrate that the estimated covariances are statistically significant. The estimated correlations are shown to be caused by the satellite errors in question and not by other (nonsatellite) factors.
Analyses of Nocturnal Temperature Cooling-Rate Response to Historical Local-Scale Urban Land-Use/Land Cover Change
Authors: Chow Winston T. L. , Svoma Bohumil M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUrbanization affects near-surface climates by increasing city temperatures relative to rural temperatures [i.e., the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. This effect is usually measured as the relative temperature difference between urban areas and a rural location. Use of this measure is potentially problematic, however, mainly because of unclear “rural” definitions across different cities. An alternative metric is proposed—surface temperature cooling/warming rates—that directly measures how variations in land-use and land cover (LULC) affect temperatures for a specific urban area. In this study, the impact of local-scale (<1 km2), historical LULC change was examined on near-surface nocturnal meteorological station temperatures sited within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, for 1) urban versus rural areas, 2) areas that underwent rural-to-urban transition over a 20-yr period, and 3) different seasons. Temperature data were analyzed during ideal synoptic conditions of clear and calm weather that do not inhibit surface cooling and that also qualified with respect to measured near-surface wind impacts. Results indicated that 1) urban areas generally observed lower cooling-rate magnitudes than did rural areas, 2) urbanization significantly reduced cooling rates over time, and 3) mean cooling-rate magnitudes were typically larger in summer than in winter. Significant variations in mean nocturnal urban wind speeds were also observed over time, suggesting a possible UHI-induced circulation system that may have influenced local-scale station cooling rates.