bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A field comparison of the modes of action of aldrin and mirex for controlling colonies of the leaf-cutting ants Atta Cephcdotes (L.) and Acromyrmex Octospinosus (Reich) (Formicidae, Attini)
Authors: Peregrine D. J. , Cherrett J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo toxic baits, one containing aldrin and the other containing mirex, were compared for their effectiveness in killing field colonies of Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) in Trinidad, West Indies. The fate of these two toxicants within tie nests was followed by using radiolabelled bait. Of the two baits, mirex appeared to be more acceptable to both species of ant. With Acromyrmex, the ratio of living to dead fungus gardens was not affected by the bait used, whereas with Atta there was a significant difference, aldrin killing many more gardens than mirex. For both species the proportion of medium-sized workers radiolabelled was significantly greater than for the other castes, and mirex marked greater numbers of all castes than did aldrin. Greatly different proportions of Atta workers were radiolabelled in the different fungus gardens of a nest with both baits. More radioactivity was detected in the fungus gardens treated with mirex, the difference being significant for Atta but not for Acromyrmex. Mirex bait particles incorporated into the fungus gardens were significantly smaller than aldrin bait particles, indicating different degrees of comminution by the ants.
The economics of controlling froghopper (Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) (Hom., Cercopidae)) on sugar-cane in Trinidad
Authors: Norton G. A. , Evans D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe management of the sugar-cane crop in Trinidad involves widespread aerial spraying against the sugar-cane froghopper (Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.)). For control decisions to be made on an economic basis, information concerning the damage and control relationships associated with this pest is required. Assuming a linear damage function, a cost-effective analysis based on the relative cost of eliminating adult-days is made concerning the choice of insecticide and the decision—when to spray. It appears that a first-brood spraying strategy is more cost-effective than a strategy of later-brood spraying alone, provided that the density and duration of the first-brood can be accurately monitored.
Descriptions of the stages of Milionia Isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), a defoliator of hoop pine in papua New Guinea
Authors: Wylie F. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe egg, five larval instars and pupa of Milionia isodoxa Prout are described, and the adult is redescribed. Setal maps for the first and fifth larval instars are presented.
Feeding and associated behaviour of the adult cabbage root fly Erioischia brassicae (Bch.) (Dipt, Anthomyiidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Finch S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) reared in culture were inactive on the day of emergence but they fed on carbohydrate (sucrose) and protein (Yeastrel) on day 2. Without food, the egg follicles increased to approximately one-third of their maximum size and were then resorbed. When food was available, females ingested sucrose on days 2 and 3 to mature the first batch of eggs, without any stimulus from mating. Without either a mate or a suitable oviposition site, females retained most of their eggs. Females obtained sufficient food for egg maturation by day 4, when their egg follicles were 400 μm, approximately half the size of the mature eggs. Only females mating on day 4 laid eggs at the expected time 6±0·3 days after emergence. With a suitable oviposition site, these females laid 299±48 eggs, approximately twice as many as any other females, and ten times as many viable eggs. When males were not allowed to mate, peak ingestion was delayed from days 8–12 to days 14–18. Mated females provided with an oviposition site laid most eggs on days 5 and 6 and fed again on day 7. This second peak of feeding was delayed until day 9 when mated females were denied, or unmated females were given, an oviposition site. Similar volumes of sucrose were imbibed by females whether they laid or retained their eggs. Females denied both a mate and a suitable oviposition site laid less than 1% of the expected eggs.
Investigations on insecticidal seed dressings, soil treatments and foliar sprays for the control of Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) in Ceylon
Authors: Wickramasinghe Nallini , Fernando H. E. 
Published: July 2009

Three methods of chemical control of Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean (Phaseolus) have been investigated, these comprising seed and soil treatments and spraying of the foliage.Organophosphorus and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have been tested, chiefly as seed soaks, in the control of the pest. Applied in this way, the former gave poor protection, whereas the chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and chlordane, gave adequate protection. Reduction of the period of soaking led to better germination of treated seed. When seed-borne diseases were present, soaking in water or insecticidal solution enhanced their incidence. Bean varieties varied in their response to soaking in water or the insecticidal fluids used, the germination of most varieties being adversely affected. Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.) used at a dilution of 1:250 as a soak for six hours or at a dilution of 1:125 for three hours or 1:50 for momentary dipping or up to an hour's soaking, gave good germination and protection from M. phaseoli with the climbing bean variety Kentucky Wonder but reduced very considerably the germination of several other varieties.Where soil was treated with various insecticides for control of M. phaseoli. pre-sowing treatment was more effective in protecting the bean plant from this seedling pest than treatment given after seedling emergence. Soil treatment with endrin did not induce phytotoxic symptoms in those varieties that were adversely affected when the seeds were soaked in emulsified solutions of endrin.Foliar spraying with DDT 18 per cent. E.C. at one fl. oz. per gal., endrin 20 per cent. E.C. at 0·5 fl. oz. per gal. or parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal. at weekly intervals up to the time of flowering was very effective in controlling M. phaseoli.The efficient control of the pest obtained with pre-sowing treatment of soil or seed suggests that the insecticides concerned may have been acting systemically. Laboratory studies on the life-cycle of the pest in plants derived from treated and untreated seed show that endrin (which was the only insecticide studied in detail in this way) has a larvicidal effect when used as a pre-sowing treatment.
Oviposition in DDT-resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (L.): time from blood-meal to oviposition
Authors: Wood R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Oviposition time (the time from blood-meal to egg deposition) has been investigated in five strains of Aedes aegypti (L.), two being DDT-resistant (from Trinidad and Haiti) and three susceptible (from West Africa (2) and Haiti). All the strains except the two DDT-resistant ones differed significantly from one another in mean oviposition time.There was a close correlation between mean oviposition time, oviposition period (the over-all period during which eggs are laid) and ‘oviposition light preference’, both the former being greater in the ‘dark-laying’ strains than in the ‘light-laying’ ones. There was a positive correlation amongst four of the strains between degree of DDT-resistance and both mean oviposition time and oviposition period; the fifth, which combined long oviposition time with susceptibility to DDT, was a recently colonised West African strain.In small mass crosses between two strains differing markedly in mean oviposition time, this character showed no dominance; it appears to be under poly genie control. Evidence is given which indicates that there is no close genetic connection between oviposition time and DDT-resistance. There is also no obvious genetic association between oviposition time and ‘oviposition light preference’.It is concluded that the observed differences in oviposition time may have come about as a result of DDT selection, but could equally well have been the result of a selective influence exercised by the laboratory environment.
The effects of temperature and humidity on the oviposition rate of Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Howe R. W. 
Published: July 2009

The rate of oviposition of isolated pairs of Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) on finely divided wheatfeed was measured over the entire adult life at 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. It was also measured over a period of seven weeks from the start of oviposition at 30 and 70 per cent. R.H. at 25, 30 and 35°C., respectively, at 70 per cent. R.H. only at 22·5, 27·5, 32·5 and 37·5°C. and at 2 per cent. R.H. at 30°C.At 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. each female laid, on the average, 360 eggs at the rate of 2·5 per day for about one hundred days and then at a decreasing rate for the next hundred days. When this experiment was repeated over a seven-week period, each female laid on average about 3 eggs per day. At 70 per cent. R.H., the optimum temperature for oviposition was about 32·5°C., at which about 11 eggs per day per female were laid over the seven-week period. These rates fell to just over 2 per day at 22·5°C. Only one egg was laid by 15 females at 20°C. At 37·5°C. the rate was about 10 eggs per day initially but it declined to about 3 per day by the end of seven weeks, whereas at lower temperatures the decline in laying was slight. Compared with 70 per cent. R.H., the oviposition rate at 30 per cent. R.H. was almost halved at 25°C., but was only slightly reduced at 35°C. At 30°C. and 2 per cent. R.H., females laid well, averaging over 4 eggs per female per day. The periodic provision of water for drinking at 25°C. and 30 per cent. R.H. depressed oviposition.The preoviposition period was 2 days at 37·5°C. and increased steadily at lower temperatures to 10 days at 22·5°C. It also varied more between females at low temperatures.The number of eggs recovered in this work was lower than the number obtained by Park & Frank (1948), who used considerably more food in their oviposition chambers. In this work, some eggs were eaten by the adult beetles. However, the innate capacity for increase of the species calculated on these data is extremely high, and could not be maintained for long because of the cannibalistic habits of this species.
The age-composition of biting mosquito populations according to time and level: a further study
Authors: Corbet Philip S. 
Published: July 2009

The age-composition of mosquitos biting at different times and levels was investigated in Zika Forest, Uganda. The four species studied wereMansonia aurites(Theo.) group (material mainly of actualM. aurites(Theo.) but probably including some examples ofM. microannulata(Theo.)),Aedes africanus(Theo.),A. ingramiEdw. andCulex annuliorisTheo. In each case the biting cycles of nulliparous and parous females were computed separately.The material examined came from eleven 24-hour catches made by Dr. A. J. Haddow. Samples were taken at seven levels, at 20-ft. intervals, from the ground to a height of 120 ft. The top of the canopy was at 70–80 ft.In each species the biting cycles of nullipars and pars were closely similar, both at the preferred level and at all levels combined. In only one case (that of the group ofM. aurites) was there a significant and consistent difference in the average age of females at different levels, there being a relative excess of older females above the canopy, as found previously inM. fuscopennata(Theo.). This difference persisted throughout the period of biting activity.These and other recent findings are briefly discussed. It is concluded that the hypothesis which relates the form of the mosquito biting cycle to the age-composition of the biting population and to the larval habitat of the species concerned cannot be accepted as a valid generalisation.
Studies on Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in Uganda, East Africa. II.—Notes on life-history and behaviour
Authors: Parr H. C. M. 
Published: July 2009

Features of the development of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) are described, based on observations in Uganda on stocks maintained in laboratory culture at 80°F. and 80 per cent, relative humidity. Eggs hatch within 24 hours of deposition, and the mean viability of 10 random batches was 76·5 per cent. The larvae are about 1 mm. long when newly hatched, reach maximum length (about 11 mm.) in the third (final) instar on the seventh day, and pupate one day later, the puparium being barrel-shaped and about 5 mm. long and 11 mg. in weight. The pupal period is two days. Females mate when six days old and oviposit 1–2 days later. The mean values, for five newly emerged, once-mated females, of total eggs laid, number of batches and duration of egg-laying (in days) were, respectively, 376, 10·6 and 12·2.To be suitable for breeding of Stomoxys in the field in East Africa, sites require the presence of rotted cattle dung, rotted straw or foliage, and shade. In the dry season, such conditions occur only within cattle enclosures and particularly in the small, grass-thatched structures, provided with straw bedding, that are used for housing calves. In the wet season, suitable breeding conditions occur in open park-land and banana plantations, wherever rotted cattle manure and vegetation occur together.
A rapid method for screening and evaluating mosquito repellents
Authors: Bar-Zeev Micha 
Published: July 2009

A method is described by which candidate repellents can be rapidly screened and evaluated by comparing them with a standard repellent or with each other. Mosquitos are confined in a petri dish, of which the top is covered with mosquito gauze and the bottom lined with two semicircular filter papers, one of which is treated with a standard repellent, the other with candidate repellent. The dish is placed in an apparatus through which passes a slow stream of air of standard temperature and humidity. Counts of mosquitos are taken every half minute on and above the two halves of the petri dish, which is jarred after every second count to change the position of the mosquitos. A total of 40 counts is taken, the dish being rotated through 180° after the 20th count. The index of reaction is determined as the mean excess of position records for the candidate repellent over those for the standard one.The initial effectiveness and the persistence of various repellents have been compared. In tests against Aedes aegypti (L.), the repellency of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide and of O-chloro-N, N-diethyl benzamide did not differ, but each significantly exceeded that of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The loss of repellency of DMP with time was approximately linear.Attention is drawn to various aspects and applications of the method, and to its advantages, particularly for rapid screening of repellents.
A diurnal and seasonal study of the feeding activity ofGlossina pallidipesAust.
Authors: Pilson R. D. , Leggate B. M. 
Published: July 2009

In a continuation of studies of diurnal and seasonal feeding activity ofGlossina pallidipesAust. in thick riverine vegetation at Rekomitjie, in the Zambezi Valley, Southern Rhodesia, flies attracted to a stationary black ox were allowed to become engorged, then caught, marked and released. More flies fed per day in the late dry season (November), and fewer during the rainy season (February), than at other times of the year. The proportions of females amongst flies feeding, and of marked flies recaptured, were greatest in May (77·6 and 20·0 per cent., respectively) and least in November (59·2 and 7·7 per cent., respectively). The diurnal pattern of feeding activity was similar in all seasons, there being a well-marked peak of activity at or shortly before sunset.The trypanosome infection rate was obtained by dissecting flies caught near the experimental site and was combined with figures for the number of flies attacking the ox to give an estimate of the seasonal trypanosome risk (mean number of infected flies that fed on the ox per day); this was greatest in November and smallest in February.From comparison of catches off a moving and a stationary ox, two stationary oxen standing together, and two standing out of sight of one another, in each case one being red and the other black, it appears that colour of the bait-animal is not of great importance as an attractant toG. pallidipesunless a definite choice is presented, when flies show preference for feeding on a dark surface.
The toxicity of some insecticidal sprays to adult locusts
Authors: MacCuaig R. D. 
Published: July 2009

The toxicities of sprays of some insecticides used against locusts have been determined. The LD50's of γ BHC, diazinon, and dieldrin to both flying and settled adults of Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) were between 0·9 and 1·5 times those of the same formulations when applied as a single drop to the abdomen. The toxicity of these insecticides was not affected by the size of the spray droplets when these ranged from about 60 to 250 µ in diameter. The toxicity of DNC, however, was always less by spray application than when applied by micro-drop syringe and was affected by the droplet diameter (droplets of 100 µ being 1·5 times as toxic as those of 200–230 µ) and by whether the locusts were sprayed in flight or when tethered on a card (those in flight being about 1·6 times as susceptible to 100 µ droplets as those at rest). A tentative explanation of this effect is given.The speed of action of the insecticides was compared and the effects of flight activity on susceptibility to the insecticides when sprayed over the flying insects was examined, but none could be detected by the technique used.
Laboratory studies of insecticides against the coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera Meyricki Ghesq. (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae)
Authors: Wheatley P. E. 
Published: July 2009

The coffee leaf-miners Leucoptera meyricki Ghesq. and L. caffeina Wshbn. are serious pests of arabica coffee in Kenya. At the present time sprays containing parathion, methyl-parathion or diazinon are used extensively for their control.To facilitate preliminary investigations into various aspects of insecticidal control of the larval stages of these pests, a laboratory bioassay technique was developed. Larvae were reared on detached coffee leaves placed on moist filter paper in plastic boxes. When the larvae were in their third instar, the leaves were sprayed in a Potter tower and then kept in a moist air stream for three days before the mines were dissected to enable mortality counts to be made.Of 22 new insecticides screened, only Sumithion (O, O–dimethy1 O–(3–methy1–4–nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) and fenthion gave mortalities higher than those achieved with diazinon. Parathion gave somewhat higher mortalities than methyl-parathion, and emulsifiable formulations of these insecticides were more effective than wettable powders. The inclusion of additional wetting agents increased the efficiency of commercial formulations of these two insecticides. These results are subject to confirmation in field trials.The mode of action of parathion was investigated. Dosage/mortality lines were constructed for parathion, methyl-parathion and diazinon so that resistance to these insecticides by L. meyricki could be detected should it develop at some future date. L. caffeina was found to be apparently more susceptible to these insecticides than L. meyricki and this was believed to be due to its greater rate of feeding.
Penetration of diazoxon and acetyl choline into the thoracic ganglia in susceptible and resistant houseflies and the effects of fixatives
Authors: Lord K. A. , Molloy Frances M. , Potter C. 
Published: July 2009

The nerve sheath of the thoracic ganglion of the house-fly (Musca domestica L.) is readily permeable to diazoxon but is impermeable to acetyl choline and acetyl thiocholine. Acetone and other lipoidal solvents, but not formaldehyde, were found to destroy the barrier to entry of the substrates, acetyl choline and acetyl thiocholine, and it is inferred that the barrier is lipoidal. At − 16°C., acetone does not destroy the cholinesterase of the ganglion.Cholinesterase associated with the ganglion could be divided into three regions which showed different inhibition characteristics: (a) ‘ superficial ’ enzyme outside the nerve sheath, inhibited by 3·3 × 10−8M diazoxon; (b) ‘ peripheral ’ enzyme in the cellular region of the ganglion, inhibited by 3·3 × 10−8M and 3·3 × 10−9M diazoxon; (c) ‘ central ’ enzyme in the synaptic area, inhibited by not less than 3·3 × 10−7M diazoxon. Using inhibition of cholinesterase as an indicator of penetration, no difference in permeability was found between the ganglia of the susceptible and resistant strains. No difference was found in the inhibition of cholinesterase by diazoxon in the ganglia of susceptible and resistant strains.It is concluded from this and previous work that if inhibition of cholinesterase of the nervous system is the cause of death there are no differences between the ganglia of the susceptible and resistant strains which affect resistance; and, furthermore, that inhibition of cholinesterase in the thoracic ganglion is unlikely to be the cause of death.
Observations on the effect of DDT formulations on the yellow tea mite, Hemitarsonemus latus (Banks), in Uganda
Authors: Davies J. C. 
Published: July 2009

The effect of DDT applied to cotton plants four times at 10-day intervals at a rate of 1 lb. active ingredient per acre per application against Hemitarsonemus latus Banks was studied at Serere Eesearch Station, Uganda. DDT applied as a 10 per cent, dust, or in a spray from a 50 per cent, wettable powder increased the damage caused by the mite, while DDT applied in a spray from a 25 per cent. miscible liquid decreased it.Another trial using a DDT miscible-liquid spray applied at intervals of 10, 15 and 20 days at 1 lb. active ingredient per acre per application demonstrated partial control of the mite. However, when spraying ceased, tea-mite damage increased. At the final count all spray intervals showed significantly less damage than the control and there was an over-all significant difference between spray treatments and the control. In both trials the number of mite-infested plants increased in an exponential manner with time.It is not considered that the present recommended practice of applying DDT four times, at 15-day intervals, in a spray from 25 per cent, miscible liquid at 1 lb. active ingredient per acre will cause an increase of the mite on peasant-grown cotton in Uganda, although it will only partially control any infestation of it that is present.