bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depth‐integrated, non‐hydrostatic model with grid nesting for tsunami generation, propagation, and run‐up
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Kowalik Zygmunt 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTsunamis generated by earthquakes involve physical processes of different temporal and spatial scales that extend across the ocean to the shore. This paper presents a shock‐capturing dispersive wave model in the spherical coordinate system for basin‐wide evolution and coastal run‐up of tsunamis and discusses the implementation of a two‐way grid‐nesting scheme to describe the wave dynamics at resolution compatible to the physical processes. The depth‐integrated model describes dispersive waves through the non‐hydrostatic pressure and vertical velocity, which also account for tsunami generation from dynamic seafloor deformation. The semi‐implicit, finite difference model captures flow discontinuities associated with bores or hydraulic jumps through the momentum‐conserved advection scheme with an upwind flux approximation. The two‐way grid‐nesting scheme utilizes the Dirichlet condition of the non‐hydrostatic pressure and both the horizontal velocity and surface elevation at the inter‐grid boundary to ensure propagation of dispersive waves and discontinuities across computational grids of different resolution. The inter‐grid boundary can adapt to bathymetric features to model nearshore wave transformation processes at optimal resolution and computational efficiency. A coordinate transformation enables application of the model to small geographic regions or laboratory experiments with a Cartesian grid. A depth‐dependent Gaussian function smoothes localized bottom features in relation to the water depth while retaining the bathymetry important for modeling of tsunami transformation and run‐up. Numerical experiments of solitary wave propagation and N‐wave run‐up verify the implementation of the grid‐nesting scheme. The 2009 Samoa Tsunami provides a case study to confirm the validity and effectiveness of the modeling approach for tsunami research and impact assessment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Numerical Study of Structural Change and Anisotropic Permeability in Compressed Carbon Cloth Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers
Authors: Rama P. , Liu Y. , Chen R. , Ostadi H. , Jiang K. , Gao Y. , Zhang X. , Brivio D. , Grassini P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effect of compression on the actual structure and transport properties of the carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are studied here. Structural features of GDL samples compressed in the 0.0–100.0 MPa range are encapsulated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and by employing X‐ray micro‐tomography to reconstruct direct digital 3D models. Pore size distribution (PSD) and porosity data are acquired directly from these models while permeability, degree of anisotropy and tortuosity are determined through lattice Boltzmann (LB) numerical modelling. The structural models reveal that structural change proceeds through a three‐step process, while PSD data suggests a characteristic peak in the pore diameter of 10–14 μm and a decrease in the mean pore diameter from 33 to 12 μm over the range of tested pressures. A mathematical relationship between compression pressure and permeability is determined based on the Kozeny–Carman equation, revealing a one order of magnitude reduction in through‐plane permeability for a two order of magnitude increase in pressure. The results also reveal that the degree of anisotropy peaks in the range of 0.3–10.0 MPa, suggesting that in‐plane permeability can be maximised relative to through‐plane permeability within a material‐specific range of compression pressures.
Organizational analysis of maternal mortality reduction programs in Madagascar
Authors: Harimanana Aina , Barennes Hubert , Reinharz Daniel 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYLittle is known about the organizational factors involved in policy creation and programs implementation aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Madagascar. A qualitative case study was performed to investigate organizational factors influencing the health system's capacity to elaborate and implement maternal mortality reduction programs. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 53 participants. A conceptual framework based on Gamson's coalition theory and Hinings and Greenwood's archetypes concept was used. Three major conclusions emerge: the Ministry of Health is a poor leader in the development of national strategies, due to its dependency on external financial resources and expertise, and because of poor transmission of key information from the field; at a meso level (regions and districts), the capacity to adapt programs is highly dependent on the collaboration with NGOs; at the micro level, there are few incentives provided to field workers to participate in a collective effort and little attempt to exploit complementarities between scare resources. The Madagascar health system should consider the need for improvement in data analysis capacity, and implementing behavior‐changing tools suitable for stimulating providers who work inside and outside the health care system, to participate to a coordinated collective effort. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xylitol inhibits carcinogenic acetaldehyde production by Candida species
Authors: Uittamo Johanna , Nieminen Mikko T. , Kaihovaara Pertti , Bowyer Paul , Salaspuro Mikko , Rautemaa Riina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAcetaldehyde is a highly toxic and mutagenic product of alcohol fermentation and metabolism which has been classified as a Class I carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation (WHO). Many Candida species representing oral microbiota have been shown to be capable of marked acetaldehyde production. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of various sugar alcohols and sugars on microbial acetaldehyde production. The study hypothesis was that xylitol could reduce the amount of acetaldehyde produced by Candida. Laboratory and clinical isolates of seven Candida species were selected for the study. The isolates were incubated in 12 mM ethanol and 110 mM glucose, fructose or xylitol at 37°C for 30 min and the formed acetaldehyde was measured by gas chromatography. Xylitol significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the amount of acetaldehyde produced from ethanol by 84%. In the absence of xylitol, the mean acetaldehyde production in ethanol incubation was 220.5 μM and in ethanol–xylitol incubation 32.8 μM. This was found to be mediated by inhibition of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Coincubation with glucose reduced the amount of produced acetaldehyde by 23% and coincubation with fructose by 29%. At concentrations that are representative of those found in the oral cavity during the intake of proprietary xylitol products, xylitol was found to reduce the production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde from ethanol by Candida below the mutagenic level of 40–100 μM.
Fluoride‐induced genotoxicity in mouse bone marrow cells: effect of buthionine sulfoximine andN‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine
Authors: Podder Santosh , Chattopadhyay Ansuman , Bhattacharya Shelley , Ray Manas Ranjan , Chakraborty Anindita 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTA significant level of reactive oxygen species generation was observed in sodium fluoride (NaF) treated mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs). Reduced glutathione (GSH) as a free radical scavenger could be an important determining factor in F‐induced genotoxicity. We therefore attempted to monitor GSH to understand the mechanism of NaF‐induced genotoxicity. NaF was injected intra‐peritoneally in normal, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) orN‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) treated mice (n= 5). After 13 h of NaF‐treatment BMCs were collected to harvest them at the same divisional cycle and processed for analysis of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). Level of GSH was also measured concomitantly. NaF induced significant CAs in all treatment groups except at 2.5 mg NaF kg−1body weight. BSO‐treatment alone induced significantly high frequency of CAs. BSO treatment prior to injection of 2.5–7.5 mg NaF kg−1b.w. was found to increase the frequency of CAs, significantly when compared with the positive control group, but the level was not significant in case of higher doses of NaF treatment (15 and 30 mg kg−1b.w.). NaF‐treated cells also showed a higher population of Annexin‐V positive cells. NAC pre‐treatment significantly reduced the extent of NaF‐induced CAs, which clearly indicates the involvement of GSH in the NaF response. However, further study is warranted to evaluate the low synergistic effect of BSO on higher doses of NaF‐induced CAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decontamination of collagen biomatrices with combined pulsed electric field and nisin treatment
Authors: Griffiths Sarah , Maclean Michelle , MacGregor Scott J. , Anderson John G. , Helen Grant M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPulsed electric field (PEF) treatment has been proposed as a decontamination method for labile matrices used in tissue engineering applications. Through the application of PEF, a non‐thermal treatment that causes bacterial inactivation through the irreversible rupture of microbial cell membranes, inactivation is achieved without loss of scaffold structure and function. However, some microorganisms are less susceptible to PEF treatment. This study shows that treatment with PEF and nisin, a food preservative bacteriocin, has a synergistic effect on the inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in collagen gels. Almost complete inactivation of a 103–104 CFU/mL S. epidermidis population was achieved when treated with a combination of PEF and 500 IU/mL nisin, with results demonstrating a 3.4 log10 reduction, compared with 0.66 log10 reduction with PEF alone. Nisin, at concentrations up to 3000 IU/mL, had no discernable toxicity to mammalian 3T3 cells when added to the culture medium or incorporated into the collagen gels. This combined decontamination method, involving PEF plus nisin, may provide a non‐destructive process for inactivation of PEF‐resistant bacteria in labile tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Comparison of antioxidant effectiveness of lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid
Authors: Zhao Feng , Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe abilities of dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) to scavenge peroxynitrite (ONOO−), galvinoxyl radical, 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) cation radical (ABTS+•), and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) were higher than those of lipoic acid (LA). The effectiveness of DHLA to protect methyl linoleate against 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)‐induced oxidation was about 2.2‐fold higher than that of LA, and DHLA can retard the autoxidation of linoleic acid (LH) in the β‐carotene‐bleaching test. DHLA can also trap ∼0.6 radicals in AAPH‐induced oxidation of LH. Moreover, DHLA can scavenge ∼2.0 radicals in AAPH‐induced oxidation of DNA and AAPH‐induced hemolysis of erythrocytes, whereas LA can scavenge ∼1.5 radicals at the same experimental conditions. DHLA can protect erythrocytes against hemin‐induced hemolysis, but accelerate the degradation of DNA in the presence of Cu2+. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity of –SH in DHLA is higher than S‐S in LA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:216–223, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20378
Effect of tin and lead chlorotriphenyl analogues on selected living cells
Authors: Boniewska‐Bernacka Ewa , Man Dariusz , Słota Rudolf , Broda Małgorzata A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree kinds of living cells, human embryonic kidney cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli, were tested for their sensitivity to chlorotriphenyltin and chlorotriphenyllead. The tin compound proved definitely more toxic than the lead derivative, particularly in the case of the human embryonic kidney cells devoid of any protective cell wall. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) comparative studies carried out by using a natural model liposome system (egg yolk lecithin) confirmed considerable changes within the lipid bilayer upon doping by the aforementioned additives, which may be crucial to the mechanism of the observed cell cleavage. The individual dopants revealed diverse impact upon the membrane's condition, chlorotriphenyltin distinctly fluidized the lipid system, whereas chlorotriphenyllead stiffened the medium within the membrane. A theoretical approach concerning such different behaviors of studied tin and lead analogues because of their high toxicity in living cells has been presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:231–237, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20380
Visualization of intracellular trafficking of Math1 protein in different cell types with a newly‐constructed nonviral gene delivery plasmid
Authors: Zhang Weikai , Zhang Ya , Sood Rohit , Ranjan Sanjeev , Surovtseva Elena , Ahmad Aqeel , Kinnunen Paavo K. J. , Pyykkö Ilmari , Zou Jing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, Math1 gene therapy was indicated to be the future therapy for deafness in combination with other growth factors. However, Math1 delivery using adenovirus‐mediated gene delivery or electroporation was impractical. The contribution of Math1 in the combined procedure was not clearly elucidated using the existing plasmids. Nonviral gene delivery vectors are expected to be extremely safe and convenient. The present study aimed to construct the pCDNA6.2/C‐EmGFP‐Math1 plasmid and evaluate its transfection efficiency and intracellular trafficking of Math1 protein corresponding to transcription regulation function.MethodsAfter constructing the pCDNA6.2/C‐EmGFP‐Math1 expression plasmid, the plasmid was transfected into different cell lines and primary cochlear cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Transfection efficiencies of the plasmid were evaluated. Transfection efficiencies using liposome nanoparticles containing Math1 plasmid were also assessed. Intracellular trafficking of Math1 was monitored using confocal microscopy.ResultsDifferent cell types can be transfected with high transfection efficiencies by the pcDNA6.2/C‐EmGFP‐Math1 plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000. Liposome nanoparticles containing the Math1 plasmid expressed the gene with variable efficiencies, depending on the particle size, surface charge and PEGylation status. Unique intracellular trafficking of Math1 was demonstrated in different cell types.ConclusionsThe newly‐constructed plasmid pcDNA6.2/C‐EmGFP‐Math1 was suitable for nonviral gene delivery of Math1. Unique intracellular trafficking of Math1 with dynamics from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was demonstrated. The modification of mesenchymal stem cells by Math1 gene delivery and by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor treatments can potentially be applied to cell replacement for the treatment of cochlear spiral ganglion cell loss in deafness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antioxidant activity of novel 15‐alkyl/aryl‐13, 17‐dihydro‐15λ5‐dibenzo [e, k] [1, 3, 7, 10, 2] dioxadiazaphosphacyclotridecin‐15‐selones/thiones/ones
Authors: Naidu K. Reddi Mohan , Kumar M. Anil , Dadapeer E. , Babu K. Ramesh , Raju C. Naga , Ghosh S. K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new class of phosphorus macrocycles were synthesized from 2‐[(E)‐2‐2 [(hydroxymethyl) phenyl] imino ethylidene) amino] phenyl methanol 1 with various phenylphosphorodichloridates, phenyldichlorophosphine, and ethyldichlorophosphite in the presence of triethylamine at 0–10°C under N2 atmosphere in THF. All the title compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral data (IR, 1H‐, 13C‐, 31P‐NMR, and mass). The title compounds exhibited promising anti‐oxidant activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
A novel route to 4‐oxy/thio substituted‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐ones via efficient cross‐Claisen condensation
Authors: Ragavan R. Venkat , Vijayakumar V. 
Published: December 2010

Abstractα‐Oxy/thio substituted β‐keto esters were synthesized through an efficient cross‐Claisen condensation of oxy/thio substituted acetic acid ethyl esters with acid chlorides, which in turn converted in situ into 4‐oxy/thio substituted‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐ones by the addition of hydrazine and its derivatives. This method has been found to be extremely fast, general, and useful toward the synthesis of inaccessible pyrazolones and synthetically demanding 4‐oxy/thio substituted pyrazolones. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Childhood traumatic stress and obesity in women: The intervening effects of PTSD and MDD
Authors: Dedert Eric A. , Becker Mary E. , Fuemmeler Bernard F. , Braxton Loretta E. , Calhoun Patrick S. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) were modeled as intervening variables in the relationship between childhood traumatic stress and weight outcomes in civilian women in the United States. Of the 148 participants, 72 had current PTSD, 64 had current MDD, and 32 had neither disorder. In separate single indirect effect models, there were significant indirect effects of both PTSD and depressive symptoms on body mass index and waist–hip ratio. When models included both PTSD and depressive symptoms, an indirect effect of PTSD symptoms was evident in the relationship between childhood traumatic stress and waist–hip ratio. Posttraumatic stress disorder may play a particularly important role in the development of central adiposity.
A polymorphism at –1607 2G in the matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) increased risk of sudden deafness in korean population but not at –519A/G in MMP‐1
Authors: Nam Sung‐Il , Yu Gyeong‐Im , Kim Hak‐Jae , Park Kyoung‐Ok , Chung Joo‐Ho , Ha Eunyoung , Shin Dong‐Hoon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) is associated with a risk of inflammatory disease and cancer invasion. Two common etiologies for sudden deafness (SD) are circulatory disturbance and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether MMP‐1 polymorphisms are associated with SD.Study Design:Case‐control study. Ninety‐nine Korean SD patients and 530 normal patients (controls) were used in this study.Methods:Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of MMP‐1 (at –1607G/2G and –519A/G) was analyzed using the pyrosequencing method.Results:At MMP‐1 –1607G/2G, the distributions of 2G/2G, G/2G, and G/G genotypes in controls were 36.8%, 44.3%, and 18.9%, respectively, and in SD patients were 46.5%, 48.5%, and 5.1%, respectively. The 2G/2G genotype was found to increase the risk of SD compared with the G/G genotype (codominant model: P = .0029; recessive model: P = .0003). The 2G allele was found to increase the risk of SD compared with the G allele (P = .002). At MMP1 –519A/G, there was no statistically significant increase in the risk of SD. Among haplotypes of MMP‐1 polymorphisms –1607G/2G and –519A/G, 2GA and GA were found to be associated with SD (P < .05).Conclusions:These results suggest that the 2G/2G genotype is associated with an increased risk of SD compared with the G/2G and G/G genotypes. Furthermore, the 2G allele may be a risk factor for SD. Laryngoscope, 2011
Heat‐induced Supramolecular Crosslinking of Dumbbell‐shaped PEG with β‐CD Dimer Based on Reversible Loose‐fit Rotaxanation
Authors: Katoono Ryo , Kobayashi Yuichiro , Yamaguchi Masayuki , Yui Nobuhiko 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSupramolecular crosslinking was studied in reversible loose‐fit rotaxanation between a size‐mismatched ring and a dumbbell‐shaped chain attached to bulky terminals through slipping of the crosslinked rings onto the chain using a combination of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in water. The mixing led to a drastic increase in viscosity only at an elevated temperature, while a PEG chain without any terminals or with bulkier terminals produced no change in the mixed solution under the same conditions. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the mixed solution of the proper dumbbell‐shaped PEG chain and β‐CD dimer in water were also investigated to indicate network formation through heat‐induced supramolecular crosslinking. magnified image
Quality index scheme for quantitative uncertainty characterization of radar‐based precipitation
Authors: Szturc Jan , Ośródka Katarzyna , Jurczyk Anna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA quality index scheme is proposed which is designed to evaluate the quality of different radar‐derived rainfall products including processed radar data and precipitation accumulations. The idea of the quality index scheme is based on selection of quality factors, determination of their quality indices and computation of one final quality index. The factors were selected depending on the particular kind of precipitation field. In the proposed scheme the quality index for each quality factor is determined using regression relationships between quality factors and data errors calculated from rain gauge—radar observation differences. Finally, all the individual quality indices are summarized to a final quality index applying appropriate weights. The quality index is computed for each pixel of radar‐derived precipitation field independently. The quality information field obtained in this way is attached to the radar‐based precipitation product and can be used to generate the precipitation field as percentiles of probability density functions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Performance evaluation of evapotranspiration estimations in a model of soil water balance
Authors: Gassmann María , Gardiol Jesús , Serio Leonardo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSoil water content models have huge applications from an agronomic point of view and they are usually used as a sub‐model for weather and climate modelling. They are also useful tools for efficient water management irrigation practices. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the performance of two different parameterizations of evapotranspiration when applied to a soil water balance model. Experimental data of a maize crop is used to evaluate model accuracy. The first methodology proposes a parallel resistance arrangement to represent the latent heat fluxes of the soil surface and the leaves in the canopy layer considering the leaf area index (LAI). The second methodology uses the parameterization proposed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), based on the crop coefficient (Kc) and the potential evapotranspiration obtained from the Penman–Monteith equation. The crop was divided into five plots with different irrigation systems according to their phenological stages. The model suitably predicts daily soil water content in five different irrigation systems. Predictions of soil water content using the LAI or Kc methodology tend to overestimate observations. In addition, the model has better predictions using the LAI methodology than the Kc methodology. The root mean square error and the determination coefficient were 0.059 and 0.92, respectively, with the LAI methodology and 0.063 and 0.87, respectively, using the Kc methodology. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society