bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standing to Blame
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For blame to be appropriate, the target of that blame must be blameworthy: that is, they must have done something wrong, they must be responsible for their actions and have no excuses. It is widely thought that another factor is important too. One is permitted to blame the blameworthy only if one has the ‘standing’ to blame. It is a matter of controversy what conditions contribute to lacking standing, why these conditions make blame inappropriate or impossible, and whether blame has standing conditions at all. This chapter distinguishes different kinds of blame and suggests that ‘juridical’ blame requires a kind of moral authority along several dimensions; if one lacks this authority, then one will lack standing to blame juridically, but one might be permitted to blame in another way, as a kind of moral criticism.
The Reasonable and the Justified
Authors: Dindjer Hasan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter isolates an often overlooked standard for assessing action: the standard of reasonableness. Reasonableness, in the ‘threshold’ sense described, is not a requirement of justification. Instead, it demands only that action be supported by sufficiently strong reasons, which may include defeated reasons. It is best understood as a requirement of ‘relativized justification’: to be reasonable is to be justified relative to some eligible view of the balance of reasons. The chapter explores which criteria might determine the eligibility of views of the balance of reasons, and how this can depend on the relations that hold between those assessing action and those whose actions are being assessed.
Varieties of Reasonableness
Authors: Scanlon T. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An examination of Hasan Dindjer’s account in Chapter 13 of the threshold notion of the reasonableness of a decision in terms of the reasons an assessor has for countermanding such a decision in some way or letting it stand. After examining the diverse senses of reasonableness in the work of John Rawls’s and T. M. Scanlon’s contractualism, which Dindjer also discusses, the chapter considers Dindjer’s account of a ‘threshold’ sense of reasonableness and his explanation of why the reasonableness of a decision can be enough to make it one that should not be overruled by a higher-level reviewer, even if it is not entirely correct.
Distributive Egalitarianism as Aspirational Justice
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A standard framing of the debate over the value of equality casts distributive egalitarians against relational egalitarians in disagreement about what kind of equality matters non-instrumentally: Distributive egalitarians think egalitarian justice non-instrumentally favors an equal distribution of some good(s) among individuals; relational egalitarians think it non-instrumentally favors some kind of egalitarian social relationships. This chapter sketches a systematic pluralist account on which both kinds of equality matter non-instrumentally, and begins the work of defending this pluralistic picture by demonstrating its practical and theoretical usefulness. In particular, this chapter defends the picture by showing that it enables distributive egalitarians to give powerful defenses against persistent objections to the view that distributive equality matters in its own right. It is concluded that relational egalitarians therefore can accept the pluralist picture—and distributive egalitarianism contextualized within it—notwithstanding their battery of objections to distributive egalitarianism generally.
Relational Equality and Pluralism about Justice
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The idea of equality as a value that applies to human relationships should be distinguished from ‘relational egalitarianism’, considered as a master theory of justice or of political justification. This chapter seeks to clarify the motivation for, and the implications of, the idea of relational equality. To insist on the importance of equality as a social or relational ideal is not to deny the importance of economic equality. Nor is it to endorse a ‘sufficiency’ view of distribution. And although relational equality as a value is neither normatively autonomous nor distributively self-sufficient, it is thoroughly aspirational and normative; it is not a compromise between justice or equality and feasibility or stability. Against this background, the chapter concludes with some observations about Gina Schouten’s complex anatomy of political normativity, expressing a degree of skepticism about her distinction between aspirational and verdictive justice.
On Domination
Authors: Watson Lori 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the republican accounts of domination are underinclusive—even in the limited domain of citizenship—despite the fact that they do capture one important form of domination, namely the power to impose one’s will on another. Feminist accounts of domination serve as a contrasted here to show the constructive power of domination. The republican view is narrower and more circumspect, feminist views are more expansive. Beyond establishing the limits of republican analysis of domination, this chapter aims to develop a preliminary statement of what features an account of domination must capture in order to center the constructive power of dominators to assign, reinforce, and benefit from the inferior status of subordinates.
Intentional Legislation
Authors: Flanagan Brian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The story of why legislators’ attitudes should result in the enactment of one particular text over another has obvious significance. But it is not a story that can be read off any constitution, and is told in different ways, featuring different protagonists. For some, it is individual member legislators who call the shots, cooperating on the selection of a decision procedure; for others, it is the collective legislature, as directed either by a mind all of its own or, alternatively, by the application of majority rule to members’ voting intentions. This chapter describes the challenge of reconciling these existing accounts with both (1) the actual content of the statute book, and, (2) legislators’ assumed rationality. Drawing on Robert Dahl’s model of a ‘procedural’ democracy, an alternative version of the story is proposed that overcomes this twin difficulty by identifying legislators’ procedural preferences as the true subject of majoritarian attitude aggregation.
Arguing a Contrario
Authors: d’Almeida Luís Duarte 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a new account of arguments a contrario. It is divided into six sections. Section 1 presents the argument a contrario as it is commonly seen by legal practitioners and theorists. Practitioners and theorists diverge in how they see it: while the former think of the argument as a ‘product of logic and common sense,’ the latter view it with suspicion. Section 2 explains why: according to the standard theoretical account, the argument a contrario boils down to a logical fallacy. But there are reasons, Section 3 suggests, to resist the standard account. Section 4 shows where the standard account goes wrong. Sections 5 and 6 give a new account of arguments a contrario.
A Contrario Argument and Default Reasoning
Authors: Horty John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 29, Duarte d'Almeida criticizes a standard account of a contrario argument and develops an alternative account that relies on higher-order reasoning. In this chapter, I sketch yet another alternative account, according to which a contrario argument, and legal reasoning in general, is to be understood against a background of default rules. This account and that of Duarte d'Almeida differ in important ways, but also have much in common. A careful comparison would be useful.
Consensus, Contract, and Diversity
Authors: Thrasher John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Contractualist theories of political order put agreement at the heart of the justificatory enterprise. A social consensus on fundamental principles of justice is the goal of political contractualist theories. Diversity and disagreement, though, jeopardize such consensus, especially in modern, pluralistic societies. This chapter argues that the problem of diversity threatens all major social contract theories from Hobbes to Rawls, and even more contemporary theories that are explicitly built to solve this problem. The problem has been misdiagnosed mainly as a problem of stability rather than a problem of identifying the correct target of justification. Focusing on generating a consensus on high-level principles of justice creates the problem. The chapter argues that this problem can be solved by changing the target of contractual justification to institutions and principles at a lower level. Doing so generates a novel form of political contractualism that is neither justice-first nor consensus-based.
Partisan Politics and Constrained Institutions
Authors: Cormier Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a partisan theory of sovereign external debt accumulation in EMs. The causal mechanism is a novel model of the points at which politics inserts itself into borrowing decisions through the annual fiscal policymaking process. The chapter illustrates how borrowing decisions are a function of—and thus cannot be analyzed independent of—fiscal policymaking. It then details the importance of class politics in EMs and identifies how these politics inevitably affect annual external borrowing decisions through the fiscal policymaking process. This provides observable implications for the book’s partisan theory of EM external borrowing, tested using multiple methods in subsequent chapters. More broadly, the model has implications for wider political economy and public policy literature on the relationship between bureaucracies, politics, and macroeconomic policy outcomes.
Conclusion
Authors: Cormier Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes by outlining some of the book’s implications for research and policy, including: (1) reframing and setting limits to disciplinary models of borrower partisan politics in EM sovereign debt markets; (2) showing borrower autonomy, so the political economy of demand-side use of markets and official creditors, is central to understanding market flows to EM governments, official credit flows to EM governments, and the composition of EM sovereign debt; (3) suggesting the importance of the demand side to the cyclicality of EM financial flows; (4) highlighting the importance of distinguishing between price and volume in sovereign debt, and ways to make clearer linkages between theory and measurement of flows in the IPE of sovereign debt; (5) advancing questions about politically feasible DMO effects on public debt structure and sustainability; (6) noting a limited literature on domestic bond market depth; (7) identifying how and why the role and effect of ministerial institutions like DMOs varies not only across different aspects of public debt structure, but across different areas of the economy.
The Frontline Care Workforce
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the size and occupational composition of the frontline health and social care workforce in the UK. It details the size of the workforce in health and social care industry which supports the frontline workforce. It reports the long-run growth in the frontline health and social care workforce in the UK and details the growth in the number of nurses, doctors, care workers, and Allied Health Professions since the start of the twentieth century and in particular since the founding of the NHS. It reports how the growth in the frontline workforce compares to employment growth in general and how the UK compares to other countries. It details the occupational composition of the frontline workforce in each of the four nations of the UK and in hospitals and general practice. It reports the gender composition and the ethnic diversity of the frontline workforce, the dependency of frontline care on workers trained abroad, and it reveals the importance of women and ethnic minorities in the delivery of health and social care in the UK.
Labour Supply to Frontline Care
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the reasons people want to work in frontline care jobs in the UK. It uses economic theory to analyse labour supply decisions in the short and long run, and constructs labour supply schedules to illustrate key relationships. It analyses the role of altruism and the importance of pay in labour supply to frontline jobs. It explains the economics of human capital investment and the incentives for individuals and government to invest in human capital. It details the scale of government investment in health care human capital in the UK, the number of people investing in health and social care human capital, and how this has changed in recent years. It further reports how the numbers training to become doctors and nurses in the UK compare to those in other major European countries.
The Demand for Frontline Care Workers
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the demand for frontline health and social care workers in the UK. It reports how this demand is driven by what the UK spends on health and social care and compares this to what other countries spend. It details how this spending is distributed between health and social care and what part goes to the NHS and hospitals. The chapter explains the economic theory of the production function and the derivation of the labour demand schedule. It shows how this schedule reveals the optimum level of employment at each rate of pay. It contrasts the drivers of labour demand in the commercial sector of the economy with those in the NHS. It details the methods by which the NHS could construct labour demand schedules that would enable it to identify the optimal levels of employment and output in each area of activity. Finally, the chapter reviews the methods of workforce planning used to forecast the future demand for labour by health and social care organizations.
The Labour Market for Frontline Care Workers in the UK
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter brings the supply and the demand sides of the health and social care labour market together. It explains that the market is an aggregate of several different occupational and spatial labour markets and employs the tools of economics to analyse and discuss the most important differences between these labour markets. The concept of equilibrium in the labour market is explained, and the role of competition, local and international, in establishing equilibrium explored. The concepts of the natural rate of vacancies and the natural rate of employment are explained. The consequences of the dominance of the NHS in the UK health care labour market are explored. The productivity of health care workers in recent years is reported.
The Theory of Pay Setting and Its Application to Frontline Care Workers
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the economic theory of net advantages, which is central to setting the pay of frontline health and social care workers. It details the basic economic principles which should underpin how health and social care workers are paid. It explains how job characteristics affect pay and identifies the very distinctive characteristics of the jobs that frontline workers do which will affect what they are paid. It explains why frontline workers’ pay should be related to the time they spend at work, not what they produce, and why pay should increase incrementally during early years of work. It further explains why frontline workers’ pay should vary according to the area of the country in which they work. It discusses measures of labour shortage, details vacancy rates, and documents the extent of shortage in key occupations.
Anti-colonial intervention and the Bandung Spirit
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
If dictatorial intervention was an attempt to narrow state-based non-interventionism to banning the threat or use of force, an anti-colonial redescription of intervention provided for a broad non-interventionism that was also a solidarist internationalism. An anti-colonial reordering of the intervention problem successfully reconciled the international responsibility to promote human rights with the international responsibility of non-intervention in domestic matters. The historical institutionalization of particular international rights and duties, by which certain matters were transferred outside of and so no longer belonged essentially to the domestic jurisdiction of states, legitimated the emergence of a ‘Bandung UN’. This chapter provides a broad sweep of Third World organizing in the early Cold War period to draw out and evaluate different logics of anti-colonial intervention. It focuses on extra-UN diplomacy and on encounters in cross-regional forums both of states and of representatives of colonized and neocolonized nations and peoples.
Boko Haram and the Chibok kidnapping
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the robust marketplace of ideas about Islam in Northern Nigeria and the evolution of dissidence to contextualize the rise of Boko Haram and the kidnapping of the Chibok girls. It problematizes Boko Haram’s ideology, grievances, objectives, and recruitment. The chapter also examines the implications of the division within Boko Haram and the rationale behind the kidnapping of the Chibok girls. The chapter demonstrates that the dissidence embodied by Boko Haram is one of several forms of manifestation of Islamism in Northern Nigeria. The interplay of factors that led to the kidnapping of the Chibok girls is explored. Overall, the Chibok kidnapping is articulated as a prism for understanding terrorism and the landscape of human rights advocacy in Africa.
Conclusion
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book focuses on the challenges encountered by contemporary women-led movements and human rights advocacy in Africa. The #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement was founded through an elite middle-class coalition in Nigeria to advocate for the rescue of the Chibok schoolgirls who were kidnapped by Boko Haram. The analysis demonstrates that the Chibok girls were caught in a complex web of multilayered toxic presidential politics and movement dynamics in an environment where some lives do not matter. As demonstrated throughout the book, the #BBOG experience has broad implications for human rights advocacy in postcolonial spaces, peace and security in Africa, the war against terrorism in the Sahel and the Lake Chad Basin and persistence of social problems in developing countries. This chapter presents a review of the findings and contributions of the book. It also offers suggestions for future research.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on? Employment
Authors: Chen Martha Alter , Vanek Joann 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comparative summary of recent national statistics from five Latin American countries—Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, and Peru—on employment losses and recovery during the peak COVID-19 years compared to pre-pandemic levels. These findings complement findings from other regions on the employment impact of COVID-19 which are featured in other chapters in this volume. This chapter also summarizes findings from a panel study carried out by the Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) network in mid-2020 and mid-2021 in 11 cities around the world, using both a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews. These micro-findings supplement the national data with information on the dynamics of employment losses and gains for workers in specific groups of urban informal workers. The chapter concludes with reflections on the use of mixed data sources and research methods and on policy responses to the informal economy going forwards.
Impact of COVID-19 on Employment and Earnings in Ghana
Authors: Danquah Michael , Osei Robert Darko , Schotte Simone , Sen Kunal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The first two cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ghana on 12 March 2020. As a first response, all public gatherings exceeding 25 people were banned until further notice. Following that, the country’s borders were closed. In the interest of public safety, a partial lockdown was introduced, which included the Greater Accra and Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Areas and contiguous districts. The decision to lift the partial lockdown was largely influenced by mounting concerns regarding the severe economic burden that the pandemic restrictions posed. Workers in the informal sector were particularly vulnerable to the crisis as they generally rely on daily sales for their earnings, have limited or no access to health care or social safety nets, lack mechanisms for collective bargaining, and tend to be in activities that are contact-intensive and, thus, particularly affected by the pandemic response measures.
South Africa’s Informal Economy and COVID-19
Authors: Rogan Michael , Skinner Caroline 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to identify the differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on specific groups of informal workers. The analysis draws on official, nationally representative labour force surveys collected quarterly by Statistics South Africa. The chapter aims to identify the labour market impacts of the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and of one of the world’s strictest lockdowns. The research focuses on the different impacts by gender, sector, and status in employment. The findings show that job losses have been greater in the informal economy. The data suggest uneven impacts within the informal economy, with women being particularly hard hit. The pandemic period has thus widened pre-existing inequalities and fault lines. In policy terms, this suggests that the informal economy should be a priority in economic recovery efforts but also that support requires differentiated approaches and a range of measures.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Intra-household Bargaining
Authors: Chakravarty Deepita , Nayak Nandini 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated that poor women have been the worst sufferers in terms of pay cuts and job losses and have been the hardest hit also at the household level. They have had to bear the brunt of constrained household budgets and domestic violence during pandemic-induced lockdowns and restrictions. This chapter on the gender impact of the pandemic in Delhi, India, seeks to explore whether women who have achieved some agency from their work gain a stronger capacity for intra-household bargaining and are less likely to face household-level discrimination. We also try to understand whether the extent, severity, and nature of discrimination within the household may change if women have better chances than men to retain or get back their jobs. Empirically, we rely on 31 interviews with women domestic workers, conducted inperson in Delhi.