bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential role of phrenic nucleus glutamate receptor subunits in mediating spontaneous crossed phrenic activity in neonatal rat
Authors: Huang Yonglu , Goshgarian Harry G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCervical spinal cord hemisection rostral to the phrenic nucleus leads to paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm in adult rats. Respiratory function can be restored to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm by activating a latent respiratory motor pathway. The latent pathway is called the crossed phrenic pathway. In adult rats, the pathway can be activated by drug‐induced upregulation of NMDA receptor NR2A subunit and AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit in the phrenic nucleus following hemisection. In neonatal rats, this pathway is not latent as shown by the spontaneous expression of activity in the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm following hemisection. We hypothesized that the NR2A and GluR1 subunits may be highly expressed naturally on phrenic motoneurons of neonatal rats and may play a potential role in mediating the spontaneous expression of activity in the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm after hemisection. To test this hypothesis, the protein levels of NR2A and GluR1 in different age rats were assessed via Western blot analysis immediately following C2 hemisection and EMG recording of crossed phrenic activity. The protein levels of NR2A and GluR1 were transiently high in postnatal day 2 (P2) rats and then was significantly reduced in P7 and P35 animals. An immunofluorescence study qualitatively supported these findings. The present results indicate that the developmental downregulation of the phrenic nucleus glutamate receptor subunits correlates with the conversion of the crossed phrenic pathway in older postnatal animals from an active state to a latent state.
H-InvDB release 6, a comprehensive annotation resource for human genes and transcripts
Authors: Yamasaki Chisato , Murakami Katsuhiko , Takeda Jun-ichi , Sato Yoshiharu , Noda Akiko , Sakate Ryuichi , Habara Takuya , Nakaoka Hajime , Todokoro Fusano , Matsuya Akihiro , Imanishi Tadashi , Gojobori Takashi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractH-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; "http://www.h-invitational.jp/":http://www.h-invitational.jp/) is an integrated database of human genes and transcripts. By extensive analyses of all human transcripts, we provide curated annotations of human genes and transcripts that include gene structures, alternative splicing isoforms, non-coding functional RNAs, protein functions, functional domains, sub-cellular localizations, metabolic pathways, protein 3D structure, genetic polymorphisms, relation with diseases, gene expression profiling, molecular evolutionary features, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and gene families/groups. The latest release of H-InvDB (release 6.0) provide annotation for 219,765 human transcripts in 43,159 human gene clusters based on human FLcDNAs and mRNAs.H-InvDB consists of two main views, the Transcript view and the Locus view, and six auxiliary databases with web-based viewers; G-integra, H-ANGEL, DiseaseInfo Viewer, Evola, PPI view and Gene Family/Group view. We also provides several data mining tools such as “Navi search”: consists of 16 search contents each of which includes items for the search condition ("http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp":http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp), “PANDA”: Priority ANalysis for Disease Association (PANDA) system ("http://www.h-invitational.jp/panda/app":http://www.h-invitational.jp/panda/app), H-InvDB now provides web service APIs of SOAP and REST to use H-InvDB data in programs. ("http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/hws/doc/":http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/hws/doc/)
Risk for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss From Use of Portable Media Players: A Summary of Evidence Through 2008
Authors: Fligor Brian J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a small, but significant, percent of users of portable media players (PMP) are at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) from abusive use. This manuscript provides a brief review of damage-risk criteria and the methodological hurdles to accurately measuring sound exposure from earphones. The capacity of all generations of PMP exists to produce sound levels that would allow a user to exceed established damage-risk criteria. Whether or not a PMP user exceeds damage-risk criteria depends in part on the type of earphone used and the background noise that exists in the ambient listening environment. To date, estimates of noise dose from PMP use suggest that only a fraction of consumers are at risk for NIHL, but, given the extraordinary population of these devices, the absolute number affected may be quite large. Estimates of noise-induced permanent threshold shift from using PMP at high levels for 2 and 4 hours per day over a 10-year period are given, as well as an estimate of the number of people who may have NIHL from PMP use.
The British Newspaper Industry Supply Chain in the Digital Age
Authors: Graham Gary , Hill John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Newspapers are operating in increasingly competitive and fragmented markets for audiences and advertising revenues, government media policy and changing audience requirements for news and the ways in which it is presented and delivered. A growing army of bloggers and amateur citizen journalists now delivers—but rarely edits—content for all media platforms, while new media technologies, combined with the changing structure of global news industries, are changing radically the ways in which newspapers and media business functions and struggles for profitability. Our research sought to answer the question of how the Internet is impacting on different value activities in the newspaper industry supply chain. To answer these questions, 15 semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted at three regional newspapers in the Manchester area. The findings showed that in spite of initial fear and rejection, the Internet is now firmly embedded in newspaper industry supply chain operations. Firms are now using the Internet as an operant resource and working proactively with consumers to develop various forms of relationship value. We highlight the role of consumers in the creation of news (editorial) content and consumer‐driven moves toward a merged media platform of distribution (including television, online, mobile and printed forms). Newspapers will probably survive if they supply an ‘elite’ service to a leadership news audience. This will be in the form of ‘hybrid’ content: analysis, interpretation and investigative reporting in a print product that appears less than daily combined with constant updating and reader interaction on the Web.
Material Transfer Agreements: A Review of Modes and Impacts
Authors: Rodriguez Victor 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Sharing or exchanging research material is typically formalised through material transfer agreements. The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on modes and impacts of these agreements vis‐à‐vis commonly accepted concerns formulated in a Mertonian fashion for the case of academic science, and from the perspective of the anticommons theory for the case of academic commercialisation. Empirically, scholars have used statistical evidence in surveys of perceptions and dedicated measures through bibliometrics to study these agreements. These statistical studies have thus helped make progress in the understanding of the mode and impact, but such implications need to integrate diverse results from anecdotal evidence that is currently considered separately.
Counselling marginalised young people: A qualitative analysis of young homeless people's views of counselling
Authors: Cormack Johanna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAims: This study explored young homeless people's views of counselling, with a view to considering how the counselling profession can better meet their needs. Method: A small scale qualitative research project was undertaken in two residential projects for young homeless people. Data was gathered through focus groups and then analysed using grounded theory. Findings: The study revealed a lack of trust in counsellors and counselling, as well as a dislike of the counselling process. Implications for practice: Some suggestions for how best to work with this particularly marginalised client group are discussed. These include ways of making counselling more engaging, raising the profile of the counsellor in the young person's environment and having an awareness of the needs specific to at‐risk young people.
Making Marriage Modern
Authors: Simmons Christina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
As a modern female style undermined a Victorian motherhood‐centered ideal, whites and African Americans debated conceptions of women's sexuality and marriage. In the 1910s social hygiene reformers anxious about venereal disease called for scientific sex education but still romanticized motherhood, while sex radicals demanded birth control, free love, or the right to interracial relationships or homosexuality. The book emphasizes more conventional reformers, who by the 1920s hoped to contain the potential for modern women's independence from men and marriage in “companionate marriage.” This incorporated birth control, easier divorce, and intensified sexual intimacy. The most popular version involved free‐spirited flappers who did not seriously challenge male authority or women's ultimate focus on motherhood. Some more equitable minority versions were African American partnership marriage, which included wives' employment, and feminist marriage, in which white and black women imagined a more thoroughgoing equality of work and sex. Sexual advice literature flooded onto the market in the 1930s, offering women conflicting messages about achieving sexual pleasure but also pleasing husbands. Despite the unsettling of an older femininity, deep and persistent structural inequalities between men and women limited efforts to create gender parity in sex and marriage. Yet these cultural battles subverted patriarchal culture and raised women's expectations of marriage in ways that grounded second‐wave feminist claims.
5 Sexual Advice for Modern Marriage
Authors: Simmons Christina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Freer from censorship by 1930, reformers from the birth control and marriage education movements, many of them physicians, published a large body of sexual advice literature. Through it, they sought to assist couples in finding satisfactory forms of sexual relations for the new marriage. In these writings, strains of feminist support for women's sexual pleasure contended with demands for more sexual activity in the context of ongoing male control. Advice writers separated sex from reproduction by promoting birth control and more frequent intercourse. Unlike psychoanalysts, they made the clitoris central to women's pleasure and underplayed the vaginal orgasm. Yet they also sustained male initiative and symbols of male dominance like the missionary position. The highly unequal partnership of marriage limited women's ability to act on the advice, but the books normalized a new female heterosexuality for American women.
The Schwann cell: Morphology and development
Authors: KLEITMAN NAOMI , BUNGE RICHARD P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the sequential phenomena observed during the development of the peripheral nerve, with emphasis on the Schwann cell. It presents research elucidating the mechanisms by which these phenomena are controlled. The use of tissue culture models of nerve development is emphasized inasmuch as these have contributed greatly to the understanding of the role of each of the peripheral nerve cell types at each stage of differentiation. The chapter reviews how these studies have elucidated the interactions that create the fully functional nerve. Finally, it discusses ways in which understanding these cellular interactions may be exploited to maximize regeneration in the wake of injury.
Voltage-clamp studies in axons: Macroscopic and single-channel currents
Authors: VOGEL WERNER , SCHWARZ JÜRGEN R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes macroscopic membrane currents measured in amphibian and mammalian nodes of Ranvier with the voltage-clamp method. These results are compared with those of single-channel recordings, which provide important data on channel characteristics in myelinated axons. The results obtained from the calculation of the action potentials with voltage-clamp data obtained from frog, rat, and human nerve fibers are also reviewed. It is shown that the properties of the various new ionic channel types detected with the patch-clamp technique help explain previously unsolved problems concerning the ionic basis of accommodation, resting potential, and various pathophysiological phenomena.
Modulation of axonal excitability by neurotransmitter receptors
Authors: KOCSIS JEFFERY D. , SAKATANI KAORU 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes axonal regions in the mammalian nervous system that have well-defined neurotransmitter receptors and discusses their possible functional significance. It focuses on the axonal GABAa receptor, which may be the best studied neurotransmitter receptor on axons in mammals. The chapter reviews evidence for expression of GABAareceptors on certain axons and describes their electrophysiological properties and possible modulatory role on impulse conduction. Evidence is presented for the transient presence and release of astrocytically derived GABA and its functional GABAa receptors at a critical time during optic nerve development. A model is presented that could account for a trophic influence of axonal GABAA receptor activation on the development of optic nerve axons.
Pathophysiology of demyelinated axons
Authors: WAXMAN STEPHEN G. , KOCSIS JEFFERY D. , BLACK JOEL A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of demyelinated axons. It reviews available data concerning cellular and molecular substrates for abnormal conduction and mechanisms underlying recovery of conduction after demyelination. It shows that multiple mechanisms contribute to disturbed conduction, and to the restoration of function in demyelinated axons. Passive and active mechanisms interact to shape the conduction properties of demyelinated axons.
Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
Authors: STYS PETER K. , RANSOM BRUCE R. , BLACK JOEL A. , WAXMAN STEPHEN G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and maintain normal biochemical homeostasis for survival. Maintenance of adequate transmembrane ion gradients is the single most expensive task performed by nerve fibers. Axons are critically dependent on adequate supplies of oxygen and glucose for normal function and survival. Anoxia/ischemia—the pathological state wherein one of both substrates is limited—is a major mechanism of injury in many human diseases involving both central and peripheral axons. This chapter reviews cellular energy metabolism as it relates to axons.
Overview of clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis, including cognitive deficit
Authors: McDONALD W. IAN 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
One of the most striking characteristics of multiple sclerosis is how complete recovery usually is after quite devastating relapses early in the course of the disease. The lesions nevertheless persist and remain visible by magnetic resonance imaging. This creates a clinicopathological paradox: Extensive pathology often is evident, with but minor clinical deficit. This chapter aims to resolve the clinicopathological paradox by reviewing the present understanding of the pathological and physiological dynamics of multiple sclerosis and how they determine its symptomatology.
“Terribly Strange and Paradoxical”: Literary Evidence of Sacrificing Gods
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
There appears to be nothing in ancient Greek literature that sheds light on the possible religions meaning of gods pouring libations. Contemporaneous written interpretations of Olympian gods who pour out wine offerings from cultic bowls are lost, or never existed. This chapter considers known ancient literary evidence that may bear upon the question of divine libations in classical art. These comprise both descriptions of actual cult statues and a more nebulous category made up of classical passages in which gods take part in the performance of ritual—with or without editorializing on the part of the ancient author.
Fiber Pathways of the Brain
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book studies the organization of the white matter pathways of the brain. The book analyzes and synthesizes the corticocortical and corticosubcortical connections of the major areas of the cerebral cortex in the rhesus monkey. The result is a detailed understanding of the constituents of the cerebral white matter and the organization of the fiber tracts. The findings from the thirty-six cases studied are presented on a single template brain, facilitating comparison of the locations of the different fiber pathways. The summary diagrams provide a comprehensive atlas of the cerebral white matter. The text is enriched by close attention to functional aspects of anatomical observations. The clinical relevance of the pathways is addressed throughout the text and a chapter is devoted to human white matter diseases. The introductory account gives a detailed historical background. Translations of seminal original observations by early investigators are presented, and when these are considered in the light of the authors' new observations, many longstanding conflicts and debates are resolved.
Architecture and Nomenclature of Rhesus Monkey Cerebral Hemisphere
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the photomicrographs of the medial, lateral, and basal surfaces of the rhesus monkey cerebral hemisphere that researchers used as the template brain, to show the various sulci. Diagrams representing the medial, lateral, and basal surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere show the various architectonic areas, and photomicrographs of coronal sections of the template brain taken at the levels depicted on the lateral surface of the hemisphere are also shown. The chapter outlines the trajectories in the coronal plane of the various fiber pathways in the experimental cases 1 through 36 and all the summary diagrams correspond to the images shown in these photomicrographs. The photomicrographs also designate the location of the sulci and demarcate the borders of the architectonic areas referred to throughout this book.
Superior Temporal Region
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the superior temporal region of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus involving area Tpt (Case 7), the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus in areas paAlt and Tpt (Case 8), the midportion of area TPO in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, the ventral superior temporal gyrus in area TAa and the caudal part of primary auditory area KA (Case 9), the rostral part of area TS3 (Case 10), and area Pro and area TS1 encroaching on area TS2 (Case 11).
Motor Cortex
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the isotope injections placed in the motor cortex of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the frontal operculum in the precentral aspects of areas 1 and 2 (Case 24), ventral area 4 in the face representation (Case 25), area 4 behind the arcuate spur in the hand representation (Case 26), the dorsal precentral gyrus in the trunk representation region of area 4 (Case 27), the dorsal part of area 4 in the foot representation (Case 28), and the medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, rostral area MII, involving the face representation (Case 29).
Extreme Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior temporal region with the caudal parts of the orbital cortex and the ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to carrying these long association fiber connections, the fibers destined for the claustrum from the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes also traverse the EmC.
Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF), also known as the occipitofrontal fasciculus, is one of the long association systems of the dorsal visual stream. The subcallosal fasciculus of Muratoff that links the cerebral cortex with the caudate nucleus was mistaken for the FOF, and this conceptual and terminological confusion continues to the present day. This chapter begins with historical accounts of the FOF and Muratoff bundles. It then presents the results of the investigation of the FOF of rhesus monkey brain. Observations confirm the existence of the FOF where Dejerine located it in the human, and provide compelling evidence that it is a true association fasciculus linking parieto-occipital regions with the dorsolateral premotor and prefrontal areas. The present study also adds detail to the understanding of its location and to the origin and termination of its fibers.
Muratoff Bundle (Subcallosal Fasciculus) and the External Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the Muratoff bundle in rhesus monkey brains. The MB is a semilunar, compact, fiber bundle located immediately above the head and body of the caudate nucleus, below and medial to the fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF). Both the MB and the FOF are situated beneath the corpus callosum and medial to the corona radiata. The MB contains densely packed, horizontally running fibers leading to the caudate nucleus. These fibers arise from the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal region, the supplementary motor area, cingulate gyrus, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, medial and dorsal superior parietal lobule, and the caudal inferior parietal lobule, caudal superior temporal gyrus, and the medial and dorsal preoccipital region. Thus, the MB may be conceived of principally as a corticostriatal system from association and limbic areas. It also conveys fibers to the body of the caudate nucleus from the dorsal part of the motor cortex corresponding to the foot and trunk representations.
Internal Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a historical account of the study of the internal capsule. It then discusses the results of the investigation of the internal capsule of rhesus monkey brains. Topics covered include the anterior limb of the internal capsule, genu of the internal capsule, posterior limb of the internal capsule, internal capsule fibers from the posterior parietal cortex, and internal capsule fibers from the superior temporal region.