bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Watson–Crick Base Pairs and Nucleic Acids Stability
Authors: Marky Luis A , Lee Hui‐Ting , Garcia Angel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Watson–Crick base pairs are crucial in the formation of double‐helical
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and in the storage of genetic information. They comprise two of the most common geometries involving the pairing of deoxyadenosine (dA) with deoxythymidine (dT) and deoxyguanosine (dG) with deoxycytidine (dC) through the formation of two and three hydrogen bonds, respectively. The complementarity of the antiparallel strands forming a double helix is crucial in DNA replication since the complementary strand is synthesised by adding the Watson–Crick complementary bases of the parent strand. The hybridisation of DNA or DNA–RNA (
ribonucleic acid
) strands is widely used in biotechnology and molecular biology for multiple purposes. The stability of a nucleic acid helix depends on its sequence, conformation, hydration and solution conditions, and it is measured by temperature‐dependent techniques, such as UV (ultraviolet) melting. Examples of oligonucleotide helices with chemical modifications are provided to indicate how these modifications affect the overall stability of a DNA molecule.

Key Concepts:

Base pairs are two nucleotide bases interacting via hydrogen bonding.

Bulge is a nonpaired nucleotide base in a double‐stranded nucleic acid.

Hybridisation is a process where two complementary strands interact via base pairing.

Nucleic acid conformation is the three‐dimensional structural arrangement of a double‐helical nucleic acid.

Nucleic acid modification is the incorporation, removal or substitution of a chemical group on the natural occurring nucleic acids.

Melting curves are the optical changes of a nucleic acid or protein‐like molecules as a function of temperature.

Stability of nucleic acids is the resistance of nucleic acid duplex to undergo unfolding, proportional to the magnitude of Δ
G
.

Thermal stability is the ability of a nucleic acid duplex to resist temperature denaturation.

Unfolding thermodynamic profile is the free energy (Δ
G
∘
), enthalpy (Δ
H
) and entropy (Δ
S
) parameters associated with the unfolding of a nucleic acid or protein molecule.

Cooperativity refers to the number of base pairs that are broken simultaneously in the unfolding of a nucleic acid or protein.
Evolution of Ecosystems: Terrestrial
Authors: Elias Scott A 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

As life has evolved on Earth, it has been organised into biological communities of increasing complexity. The earliest evidence of true terrestrial ecosystems comes from the Ordovician Period, about 460 million years ago. During the Paleozoic, terrestrial animal life progressed from the earliest arthropods and tetrapod vertebrates through many of the modern invertebrate orders, amphibians and reptiles. The extinction event at the end of the Permian allowed new groups of plants and animals to dominate, including gymnosperms and dinosaurs. The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous likewise allowed angiosperms and mammals to come to dominance in the Cenozoic. From an ecological perspective, perhaps the most significant evolutionary event during the Quaternary Period was the rise of our own species,

Homo sapiens

, as we have reshaped the biotic world during the time since the last glaciation. The fossil evidence clearly shows that biological communities are temporary associations of species that shift in response to environmental disturbances.

Key Concepts:

The history of life on Earth has been punctuated by a series of mass extinctions that have ended the prominence of more primitive groups and given new groups the opportunity to flourish.

Biological communities are temporary associations of species that shift in response to environmental disturbances.

The important time scales of ecological change are centuries and millennia: intervals too long to be observed by one generation of scientists.

Biodiversity adds to the stability of ecosystems.
Plant Nitrogen Nutrition and Transport
Authors: Miller Anthony J 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is a major plant nutrient and is available in soil chiefly as nitrate (NO
3
−
), ammonium and amino acids. N is acquired through roots and then transported around the plant or it can be combined with carbon to produce amino acids (assimilation) before being redistributed. Most plant cells can assimilate N and any not required for growth is stored as protein. Reserve N can be accumulated as the photosynthetic enzyme
Rubisco
and species‐specific storage proteins in vegetative tissue or seed endosperm. Cellular storage of NO
3
−
occurs in the vacuole, where it is important for driving osmotic expansion growth. The amount of these stored forms defines a plant's N status. Some structural materials like lignin contain a high proportion of N, but this is not stored and is not remobilised. Some plants form a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in specialised nodules to enable the direct assimilation of gaseous N.

Key Concepts:

Nitrogen supply limits plant growth in almost all natural environments.

The soil available form of N depends on factors like soil type, weather and temperature with NO
3
−
dominating temperate climates.

Some plants form a specialised symbiosis with bacteria to fix atmospheric N.

Agriculture includes the addition of N fertiliser to optimise yield.

Regulation of plant carbon and N metabolism is carefully coordinated for normal growth and development.

Changes in plant N supply trigger alterations in a huge number of genes resulting in changes in morphology, growth rate and development.

A change in the phosphorylation status of some plasma membrane NO
3
−
and ammonium transporter proteins provides a receptor mechanism that links uptake to external availability.
Evolution of C2H2 Zinc‐finger Gene Families in Mammals
Authors: Dhwani Tadepally Hamsa , Aubry Muriel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

The C2H2 zinc‐finger encode the largest class of transcription factors and second largest gene family in the human genome. Based on the presence or absence of an
N
‐terminal effector domain, they are grouped into different subfamilies. The KRAB (Kruppel‐associated box) C2H2‐ZNF subfamily, found specifically in tetrapods, constitutes about half of these genes in human and mouse. Often found in clusters, the C2H2‐ZNF genes have evolved independently in various species at the level of genes, effector motifs and the zinc‐finger region. More specifically, in recent times there has been an unprecedented expansion of these genes in mammalian genomes. Cross‐species comparisons reveal a series of dynamic duplications and gene loss events that led to rapid and lineage‐specific evolution of these genes in different vertebrate genomes. Both lineage‐specific variation in the number, sequence and subfamilies of C2H2‐ZNF genes and differential expansion in genomes may be determinant for functions related to speciation.

Key Concepts:

C2H2‐ZNF genes are ubiquitously present in all organisms ranging from bacteria to human and are often arranged in a clustered organisation.

A massive expansion in the number of C2H2‐ZNF genes occurred from yeast to primates.

Besides gene duplication, loss and to a certain extent pseudogenisation are contributing factors in the evolution of the C2H2‐ZNF gene family.

C2H2‐ZNF genes follow the ‘Birth and Death’ model of evolution contributing to differential and independent evolution of the C2H2‐ZNF genes in different genomes.

C2H2‐ZNF genes encode DNA‐ and RNA‐binding proteins presumably involved in gene expression as transcription factors or possibly RNA regulators.

Members of the C2H2‐ZNF family are characterised by tandemly repeated zinc‐finger motifs involved in nucleic acid binding and are grouped into different subfamilies based on their
N
‐terminal regulatory domains which include SCAN, KRAB, BTB, HOMEO and SET domains.

Because of their tandemly repeated zinc‐finger motifs, members of the C2H2‐ZNF family are named multifingered C2H2‐ZNF genes. These motifs are prone to be duplicated, lost or to degenerate during evolution.

The KRAB and SCAN domains are solely confined to vertebrates. In all vertebrates, the KRAB domain is found within C2H2‐ZNF proteins.

The KRAB domain‐encoding C2H2‐ZNF genes define the largest and a rapidly evolving C2H2‐ZNF subfamily in vertebrates and particularly in mammals.

The study of the evolution of the C2H2‐ZNF genes in various genomes may help to elucidate their possible role in functions associated with speciation.
Drosophila
Innate Immunity
Authors: Moule Madeleine G , Schneider David S 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Drosophila melanogaster

is a useful model for studying innate immunity that has been used to identify and characterise the role of the Toll pathway and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) signalling in both insects and mammals. When flies encounter a pathogen, two pattern recognition pathways, Toll and imd, induce a humoral immune response consisting primarily of antimicrobial peptide production.

Drosophila

also has a cellular immune response in which phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign invaders; a melanisation response that generates reactive oxygen species; and an antiviral RNAi (
ribonucleic acid
interference) response. Application of

Drosophila

model has already taught us much about innate immunity. As we expand our research to take a more comprehensive look at how a host responds to infection and what determines the outcome of that infection we can continue to learn more about this complex system from the simple fruitfly.

Key Concepts:

Drosophila
can be used as a model system to study the innate immune system.

The
Drosophila
immunity consists of humoral, cellular and melanisation responses.

The humoral immune response involves antimicrobial peptide production, which is induced by the recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by patter recognition receptors (PRRs).

Two NFκB signalling pathways, Toll and imd, regulate the AMP response to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.

The cellular immune response is enacted by phagocytic cells known as hemocytes.

The melanisation response encapsulates foreign invaders with melanin and produces reactive oxygen species to kill microbes.

The fly also has barrier epithelia, native intestinal flora and an RNAi antiviral response which contribute to innate immunity.

Physiological and environmental factors can affect the outcome of an infection, including sleep and additional immune challenges.

The susceptibility of a fruitfly to bacterial infection depends both on its ability to resist a pathogenic infection and prevent bacterial growth and also its ability to tolerate the bacteria and the consequences of its own immune response.
Mutation, Selection and Genetic Interactions in Bacteria
Authors: Gordo Isabel , Sousa Ana 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. The rate at which new mutations typically occur, their effects on fitness and the strength and type of genetic interactions between different mutations are key for understanding the evolution of any population. Estimates of these parameters in organisms such as bacteria will have a profound impact on our understanding of their biology, diversity, rate of speciation and in our health. Experimental evolution with bacteria presents us with the opportunity to directly measure these parameters and to test theoretical predictions about the genetic basis of adaptive evolution. Evidence has been increasing to support the view that bacterial adaptation can be extraordinary fast, that competition between different adaptive mutations may be pervasive in bacterial populations and that epistasis is very common and possibly biased towards antagonism in bacteria.Key Concepts:The distribution of the effects of beneficial mutations shows the relative abundance of large versus small effect mutations contributing to adaptation.Clonal interference leads to the loss of beneficial mutations with small effects.Interaction between different alleles implies that the fitness of a genotype is dependent on the genetic background where it arises, this is termed epistasis.Adaptation by compensatory evolution is particularly important in bacteria.
Molecular Genetics of Parkinsonism
Authors: Lesage Suzanne , Brice Alexis 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Over the past decade, genetic causes of parkinsonism have been elucidated, but in less than 10% of the cases. Since the discovery of the first gene responsible for Parkinson disease (PD),

SCNA

encoding
α‐synuclein
, linkage mapping and positional cloning have identified autosomal dominantly or recessively inherited PD‐causing mutations in the genes encoding
parkin
,
PTEN‐induced kinase 1
(

PINK1

),
DJ‐1
,
leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2
(

LRRK2

) and
ATP13A2
, indicating that PD has a highly heterogeneous aetiology. In addition, polymorphic variants in

SNCA

and

LRRK2

and heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding
β‐glucocerebrosidase
(

GBA

) appear to contribute to sporadic PD in several populations. These mutations have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of abnormal and misfolded proteins, impaired protein clearance and oxidative stress. Identification of other mendelian forms of PD will be the main challenge for the next decade.

Key concepts:

Deciphering the aetiology of monogenic forms of parkinsonism would help understanding of the common idiopathic forms of the disease.

Genetic dissection of familial parkinsonism provides clues in identifying pathways involved in neuronal death.

The knowledge of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease at a molecular level will have important implications for the development of individual therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression.

Linkage analysis and positional cloning are fundamental tools for identifying genes in inherited diseases.

Genome‐wide association studies provide a powerful tool to identify low penetrance at‐risk alleles.
The Genetics of Human Aggressive Behaviour
Authors: Craig Ian W , Halton Kelly E 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Both genes and environment contribute to individual differences in aggression. Surveys of the pathways implicated in the physiological and neuronal processes involved highlight the potential role of genes regulating sexual differentiation, anxiety, stress response and neurotransmission. To date, however, association studies have provided little evidence of a substantially significant role for any single candidate gene in such pathways. This may be because genes function against a background in which other genetic and environmental factors are crucial. A series of recent studies, particularly concentrating on
monoamine oxidase A
, has emphasised the necessity of examining gene by environmental interactions if the contributions of individual loci are to be understood. These findings have major significance for the interpretation of data, both from individual gene and whole genome association studies. Functional imaging studies of genetic variants affecting serotonin pathways have also provided valuable insights into potential links between genes, brain and aggressive behaviour.

Key Concepts:

Aggression is an evolutionarily advantageous trait with input from one of the most primitive brain regions, the amygdala.

There is significant disparity between aggressive behaviour in males and females.

Genes and environment both influence aggressive behaviour and there is evidence that stressful life events can interact with specific genetic variants.

DBH
,
COMT
, adrenergic receptors,
NET1
and
SLC6A2
have been studied as possible candidate genes linking stress and aggression.

In the serotonin system, genetic polymorphisms in
MAOA
,
SLC6A4
,
TPH1/2
and the serotonin receptor genes have been linked with aggression.

Studies have shown a potential link between diet and its effects (e.g. on glucose levels) and aggression.

Brain imaging studies are beginning to assist an interpretation of the links between genetic variation and aggression.
Growth of Nd:GdVO4 Single Crystal and Its Laser Output at 1062 nm, 1342 nm.
Authors: Qin L. J. , Meng X. L. , Du C. L. , Shao Z. S. , Zhu L. , Xu B. C. , Zhang H. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Flux Growth of Vanadyl Pyrophosphate, (VO)2P2O7, and Spin Dimer Analysis of the Spin Exchange Interactions of (VO)2P2O7 and Vanadyl Hydrogen Phosphate, VO(HPO4)×0.5H2O.
Authors: Koo Hyun‐Joo , Wangbo Myung‐Hwan , VerNooy Paul D. , Torardi Charlie C. , Marshall William J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic Resolution of Oxime Esters with Lipases — Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Building Blocks with Quaternary Carbon Centers and Formal Total Synthesis of Perhydro Histrionicotoxin.
Authors: Diedrichs Nicole , Krelaus Ralf , Gedrath Ina , Westermann Bernhard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biomimetic Reactions in Organic Synthesis: Semi‐pinacol Rearrangements of Some Spirocyclic Epoxyalcohols Derived from Julia—Colonna Asymmetric Epoxidations.
Authors: Hauer Bernhard , Bickley Jamie F. , Massue Julien , Pena Paula C. A. , Roberts Stanley M. , Skidmore John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted Azines with the Participation of 4‐Bromo‐5‐nitrophthalonitrile.
Authors: Abramov Igor G. , Zhandarev Valerii V. , Smirnov Alexey V. , Kalandadze Levan S. , Goshin Mikhail E. , Plakhtinskii Vladimir V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Prop‐2‐yn‐1‐als and 1‐Phenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐one in the Chalcogen Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Medvedeva Alevtina S. , Demina Maria M. , Novopashin Peter S. , Sarapulova Galina I. , Afonin Andrei V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Oxidative Demasking of 1,3‐Dithiolanes and Dithianes to Carbonyl Compounds with TBHP.
Authors: Barhate Nivrutti B. , Shinde Popat D. , Mahajan Vishal A. , Wakharkar Radhika D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversion of Oximes, Phenylhydrazones, 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazones and Semicarbazones to Carbonyl Compounds with Benzyltriphenylphosphonium Chlorochromate (BTPPCC) in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride under Non‐aqueous Conditions.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Mallakpour Shadpour E. , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Backnejad Hossein 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of syn,syn‐2‐Methyl‐1,3‐diols Through One‐Pot Aldol—Reduction Sequence.
Authors: Galobardes Marta , Mena Marisa , Romea Pedro , Urpi Felix , Vilarrasa Jaume 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Eight‐ and Nine‐Membered Carbocycles Through a Ring‐Closing Metathesis/Ring Fragmentation Strategy: A Rapid and Versatile Approach to Bicyclo[6.4.0]‐ and Bicyclo[7.4.0]alkene Ring Systems.
Authors: Rodriguez J. Ramon , Castedo Luis , Mascarenas Jose L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions Mediated by Palladium/Imidazolium Salt Systems.
Authors: Grasa Gabriela A. , Viciu Mihai S. , Huang Jinkun , Zhang Chunming , Trudell Mark L. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 2‐Thioxohydantoin Ketene Dithioacetals: Versatile Intermediates for Synthesis of Methylsulfanylimidazo[4,5‐c]pyrazoles and Methylsulfanylpyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazoles.
Authors: Elgemeie Galal H. , Elghandour Ahmed H. , Ali Hosny A. , Hussein Ahmed M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Stereocontrolled [2 + 2] Cycloaddition versus Unprecedented Imino‐Ene Reactions of Imino‐Ketenimines.
Authors: Alajarin Mateo , Vidal Angel , Tovar Fulgencio , Sanchez‐Andrada Pilar 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Arylation of 5‐Aryltetrazoles by Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. , Davydov Dmitri V. , Gorovoy Matvey S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quinonimine Formation in the Reaction of 6‐Hydroxy‐2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline with 1‐Chloro‐2,3‐epoxypropane.
Authors: Shmyreva Zh. V. , Ponomareva L. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide‐Promoted Dehydrosulfonylation of 2‐Aryl‐3‐bromo‐1‐methanesulfonyl‐2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Mphahlele Malose J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A σ4,λ5‐Phosphinine Palladium Complex: A New Type of Phosphorus Ligand and Catalyst. Application to the Pd‐Catalyzed Formation of Arylboronic Esters.
Authors: Doux Marjolaine , Mezailles Nicolas , Melaimi Mohand , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Selective Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of the Carane‐Type α‐(N‐Acylamino)oximes: The X‐Ray Structure of (1S,5S)‐1‐Isopropyl‐3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐oxa‐4‐azabicyclo [3.3.1]non‐3‐en‐6‐one (E)‐Oxime.
Authors: Agafontsev Alexander M. , Rybalova Tatyana V. , Gatilov Yury V. , Tkachev Alexey V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Withanolide Derivatives from the Roots of Withania somnifera and Their Neurite Outgrowth Activities.
Authors: Zhao Jing , Nakamura Norio , Hattori Masao , Kuboyama Tomoharu , Tohda Chihiro , Komatsu Katsuko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones Catalyzed by Optically Active Cationic Cobalt(III) Complexes.
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Ohtsuki Natsuki , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐29‐Methylidyne‐2,3‐oxidosqualene Derivatives as Inhibitors of Liver and Yeast Oxidosqualene Cyclase.
Authors: Ceruti Maurizio , Viola Franca , Balliano Gianni , Milla Paola , Roma Giorgio , Grossi Giancarlo , Rocco Flavio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthesis of α‐Benzylaldehydes from 2‐(Dimethylphenylsilylmethylene)alkanals by Fluoride Promoted Phenyl Migration.
Authors: Aronica Laura Antonella , Morini Francesca , Caporusso Anna Maria , Salvadori Piero 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivities of Novel [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]arenes and [Hydroxy(phosphoryloxy)iodo]arenes for α‐Tosyloxylation and α‐Phosphoryloxylation of Ketones.
Authors: Nabana Takahiro , Togo Hideo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route for Generation of .alpha±lambda.3‐Iodanyl Ketones via Ester Exchange of (Z)‐(β‐Acetoxyvinyl)‐λ3‐iodanes: Their Nucleophilic Substitutions with Halides and Sulfur and Phosphorus Nucleophiles.
Authors: Ochiai Masahito , Nishitani Junichi , Nishi Yoshio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Substitution on 4‐Hydroxymethylanilines under “Neutral” Conditions via Aza Quinone Methide Intermediate.
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyasu , Kashiwa Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Construction of Functionalized (Z)‐Fluoroalkenes Directed to Depsipeptide Isosteres.
Authors: Okada Midori , Nakamura Yuko , Saito Akio , Sato Azusa , Horikawa Hiroaki , Taguchi Takeo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Cycloadditions of α‐Allyloxycarbonylnitrones: Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2(5H)furanones.
Authors: Chiacchio Ugo , Corsaro Antonio , Iannazzo Daniela , Piperno Anna , Procopio Antonio , Rescifina Antonio , Romeo Giovanni , Romeo Roberto 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.