bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freezing injuries in the embryos of Piaractus mesopotamicus
Authors: Fornari Darci Carlos , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira , Streit Danilo Pedro , Vargas Lauro , Barrero Nelson M. Lopera , de Moraes Gentil Vanini 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCryopreservation of mammal embryos has been technically feasible for many years, but morphological injuries still persist in fish embryos during cryopreservation. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe these freezing injuries in Piaractus mesopotamicus embryos. Two hundred and twenty-five embryos were collected at the post-gastrula stage and assigned into four treatments of sucrose at 8.5, 17.0, 25.0 or 34.0% plus 9.0% methanol. The control was prepared with distilled water only. The gradual decrease in the temperature was 0.5°C/min. After the seeding stage, the fish embryos were stored in liquid nitrogen at −33°C. Thereafter, they were thawed for evaluating per cent hatching, and the samples collected from every treatment were submitted to scanning electron microscopy for morphological analysis. The micrographic images showed that there was substantial alterations in embryo morphology under the highest concentrations of sucrose. These solutions did not prevent the formation of ice crystals, which lead to deformities and killed the embryos, but the observed reduced level of morphological structure in these embryos when treated with 17.0% sucrose plus 9.0% methanol is a compelling argument for additional studies.
Spatial organization of the transforming MHC class II compartment
Authors: van tot Pannerden Hezder E. Nispen , Geerts Willie J. , Kleijmeer Monique J. , Heijnen Harry F.G. 
Published: August 2010

Background information. DC (dendritic cells) continuously capture pathogens and process them into small peptides within the endolysosomal compartment, the MIIC (MHC class II‐containing compartment). In MIICs peptides are loaded on to MHC class II and rapidly redistributed to the cell surface. This redistribution is accompanied by profound changes of the MIICs into tubular structures. An emerging concept is that MIIC tubulation provides a means to transport MHC class II—peptide complexes to the cell surface, either directly or through vesicular intermediates. To obtain spatial information on the reorganization of the MIICs during DC maturation, we performed electron tomography on cryo‐immobilized and freeze‐substituted mouse DCs after stimulation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide).Results. In non‐stimulated DCs, MIICs are mostly spherical. After 3 h of LPS stimulation, individual MIICs transform into tubular structures. Three‐dimensional reconstruction showed that the MIICs frequently display fusion profiles and after 6 h of LPS stimulation, MIICs become more interconnected, thereby creating large MIIC reticula. Microtubules and microfilaments align these MIICs and reveal physical connections. In our tomograms we also identified a separate population of MIIC‐like intermediates, particularly at extended ends of MIIC tubules and in close proximity to the trans‐Golgi network. No fusion events were captured between reticular MIICs and the plasma membrane.Conclusions. Our results indicate that MIICs have the capacity to fuse together, whereby the cytoskeleton possibly provides a scaffold for the MIIC shape change and directionality. MIIC‐like intermediates may represent MHC class II carriers.
Masking of the Fc region in human IgG4 by constrained X-ray scattering modelling: implications for antibody function and therapy
Authors: Abe Yuki , Gor Jayesh , Bracewell Daniel G. , Perkins Stephen J. , Dalby Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

Of the four human IgG antibody subclasses IgG1–IgG4, IgG4 is of interest in that it does not activate complement and exhibits atypical self-association, including the formation of bispecific antibodies. The solution structures of antibodies are critical to understand function and therapeutic applications. Thus IgG4 was studied by synchrotron X-ray scattering. The Guinier X-ray radius of gyration RG increased from 5.0 nm to 5.1 nm with an increase of concentration. The distance distribution function P(r) revealed a single peak at 0.3 mg/ml, which resolved into two peaks that shifted to smaller r values at 1.3 mg/ml, even though the maximum dimension of IgG4 was unchanged at 17 nm. This indicated a small concentration dependence of the IgG4 solution structure. By analytical ultracentrifugation, no concentration dependence in the sedimentation coefficient of 6.4 S was observed. Constrained scattering modelling resulted in solution structural determinations that showed that IgG4 has an asymmetric solution structure in which one Fab–Fc pair is closer together than the other pair, and the accessibility of one side of the Fc region is masked by the Fab regions. The averaged distances between the two Fab–Fc pairs change by 1–2 nm with the change in IgG4 concentration. The averaged conformation of the Fab regions appear able to hinder complement C1q binding to the Fc region and the self-association of IgG4 through the Fc region. The present results clarify IgG4 function and provide a starting point to investigate antibody stability.
Activation of RASSF2A by p300 induces late apoptosis through histone hyperacetylation
Authors: Liu Chungang , Pan Yunhui , Wang Xiuli , Lu Jun , Huang Baiqu , Li Xiaoxue 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBoth RASSF2A (Ras‐associated family 2A) and p300 are implicated in apoptosis. However, little is known about the interrelationship between these two proteins in induction of apoptosis. Here we show that p300 was able to induce late apoptosis through up‐regulation of RASSF2A in human gastric cancer cells SGC‐7901 (p53‐mutant). Our data demonstrated that p300 stimulated RASSF2A expression in 293T cells in cooperation with the transcription factor Sp1. Results of ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays revealed that p300 induced histones H3 and H4 hyperacetylation at RASSF2A promoter. Moreover, p300 and Sp1 reciprocally facilitated their binding to RASSF2A promoter. Overall, data arising from this study indicate that Sp1‐mediated RASSF2A gene transcription is activated by p300 through histone acetylation, and this activation plays an important role in inducing late apoptosis.
Targeting P2X7 receptor inhibits the metastasis of murine P388D1 lymphoid neoplasm cells to lymph nodes
Authors: Ren Shuangyi , Zhang Yi , Wang Yujing , Lui Yuejian , Wei Wei , Huang Xiaohua , Mao Wenjuan , Zuo Yunfei 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe P2X7R (P2X7 receptor) is an ATP‐gated cation channel expressed in normal cells that participates in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we have confirmed P2X7R expression on murine P388D1 lymphoid neoplasm cells. In addition, ATP‐stimulated P2X7R expression was found to trigger increased intracellular calcium flux. Furthermore, silencing with short hairpin RNA and blocking with P2X7R antibody significantly reduced the metastasis of P388D1 cells to lymph nodes. These results indicate that inhibition of the expression and function of P2X7R attenuates the metastatic ability of murine lymphoid neoplasm cell line P388D1, which represents a new potential target for anti‐metastatic therapy.
Sub-Bergman spaces in the unit ball of ℂⁿ
Authors: Symesak Frédéric 
Published: August 2010

Let

Φ
(
z
)
=
(

φ
1

(
z
)
,
⋯
,

φ
l

(
z
)
)

\Phi (z)=( \varphi _1(z),\cdots ,\varphi _l(z))

be holomorphic from the unit ball of

C

n

\mathbb C^n

into the unit ball of

C

l

\mathbb C^l

. We denote by

B

α

(
z
,
w
)

B_{\alpha }(z,w)

the weighted Bergman kernel. We give a condition for the kernel

(
1
−
Φ
(
z
)

Φ
(
w
)

¯

)

B

α

(
z
,
w
)

(1-\Phi (z){\overline {\Phi (w)}}\,)B_{\alpha }(z,w)

to be a reproducing kernel and we study the related Hilbert space.
A probabilistic approach to the Liouville property for Schrödinger operators with an application to infinite configurations of balls
Authors: Hess-Green Rachel , Pinsky Ross 
Published: August 2010

Consider the equation

(*)

1
2

Δ
u
−
V
u
=
0

in

R
d

,

\begin{equation}\frac 12\Delta u-Vu=0\ \text {in}\ R^d,\tag {*} \end{equation}

for

d
≥
3

d\ge 3

, where

V
⪈
0

V\gneq 0

. One says that the Liouville property holds if the only bounded solution to (*) is 0. Under a certain growth condition on

V
V

, we give a necessary and sufficient analytic condition for the Liouville property to hold. We then apply this to the case that

V
V

is the indicator function of an infinite collection of small balls.
Divisibility theory of semi-hereditary rings
Authors: Ánh P. , Siddoway M. 
Published: August 2010

The semigroup of finitely generated ideals partially ordered by inverse inclusion, i.e., the divisibility theory of semi-hereditary rings, is precisely described by semi-hereditary Bezout semigroups. A Bezout semigroup is a commutative monoid

S
S

with 0 such that the divisibility relation

a
|
b
⟺
b
∈
a
S

a\vert b \Longleftrightarrow b\in aS

is a partial order inducing a distributive lattice on

S
S

with multiplication distributive on both meets and joins, and for any

a
,

b
,

d
=
a
∧
b
∈
S
,

a
=
d

a
1

a,\, b,\, d=a\wedge b\in S,\, a=da_1

there is

b
1

∈
S

b_1\in S

with

a
1

∧

b
1

=
1
,

b
=
d

b
1

a_1\wedge b_1=1,\, b=db_1

.

S
S

is semi-hereditary if for each

a
∈
S

a\in S

there is

e
2

=
e
∈
S

e^2=e\in S

with

e
S
=

a

⊥

=
{
x
∈
S

|

a
x
=
0
}

eS=a^{\perp }=\{x\in S\,\vert \, ax=0\}

. The dictionary is therefore complete: abelian lattice-ordered groups and semi-hereditary Bezout semigroups describe divisibility of Prüfer (i.e., semi-hereditary) domains and semi-hereditary rings, respectively. The construction of a semi-hereditary Bezout ring with a pre-described semi-hereditary Bezout semigroup is inspired by Stone’s representation of Boolean algebras as rings of continuous functions and by Gelfand’s and Naimark’s analogous representation of commutative

C
∗

C^*

-algebras.
Rings of coinvariants and 𝑝-subgroups
Authors: Lin Tzu-Chun 
Published: August 2010

Let

ϱ
:
G
↪
G
L
(
n
,

F

)

\varrho :G\hookrightarrow GL(n, \mathbb {F})

be a faithful representation of a finite group

G
G

over the field

F

\mathbb {F}

and let

V
≅

F

n

V \cong \mathbb {F}^n

be an

F

(
G
)

\mathbb {F}(G)

-module. It has been shown by L. Smith that if

n
=
3

n=3

and the order of

G
G

is divisible by the positive characteristic

p
p

of

F

\mathbb {F}

, then

F

[
V

]
G

\mathbb {F} [V]^G

is Cohen-Macaulay. Under the condition

n
=
3

n=3

we prove the following conjecture through this remarkable result: If

F

[
V

]
G

\mathbb {F} [V]_G

is a Poincaré duality algebra, then

F

[
V

]

Syl

p

⁡
(
G
)

\mathbb {F} [V]_{\operatorname {Syl}_{p}(G)}

is a complete intersection, where

Syl

p

⁡
(
G
)

\operatorname {Syl}_{p}(G)

is a Sylow

p
p

-subgroup of

G
G

.
Geometric properties of points on modular hyperbolas
Authors: Ford Kevin , Khan Mizan , Shparlinski Igor 
Published: August 2010

Given an integer

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

, let

H

n

\mathcal {H}_n

be the set
\[

H

n

=
{
(
a
,
b
)

:

a
b
≡
1

(
mod

n
)
,

1
≤
a
,
b
≤
n
−
1
}

\mathcal {H}_n= \{(a,b) \ : \ ab \equiv 1 \pmod n,\ 1\le a,b \le n-1\}

\]
and let

M
(
n
)

M(n)

be the maximal difference of

b
−
a

b-a

for

(
a
,
b
)
∈

H

n

(a,b) \in \mathcal {H}_n

. We prove that for almost all

n
n

,

n
−
M
(
n
)
=
O

(

n

1

/

2
+
o
(
1
)

)

.

n-M(n)=O\left (n^{1/2+o(1)}\right ).

We also improve some previously known upper and lower bounds on the number of vertices of the convex closure of

H

n

\mathcal {H}_n

.
Physicochemical Evaluation and Optimization of Enriched Expanded Pellets with Milk Protein Concentrate
Authors: Limón‐Valenzuela V. , Martínez‐Bustos F. , Aguilar‐Palazuelos E. , Caro‐Corrales J. J. , Zazueta‐Morales J. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this work was to study the effect of addition of milk protein concentrate (MPC, 0–10%) and feed moisture (FM, 20–30%) in a blend of corn starch (CS, 80%) and quality protein maize (QPM, 20%) on different physicochemical characteristics of third‐generation (3G) snack foods using extrusion technology. A laboratory single‐extruder with a 3:1 compression ratio, a rectangular die, and a central composite nonroutable model with two variables were used. The physicochemical characteristics evaluated were expansion index (EI), bulk density (BD), penetration force (PF), and color parameters L*a*b*. EI decreased with the increase of MPC and FM, whereas BD and color parameters (a* and b*) increased; PF showed a minimum point (MPC = 5% and FM = 25%). EI, BD, and PF were selected for the optimization process in an area of superposition of 1.5–4.1% of MPC and 20.0–24.1% of FM. A validation of the optimal area was performed on samples with average values of 4.64 (±0.28) for EI, 141.02 (±7.29) kg m–3 for BD, and 0.0033 (±0.00065) for N m PF. It is feasible to obtain a functional 3G snack food with good expansion characteristics using a microwave oven, and this snack has health benefits due to the addition of MPC and QPM.
Detection of endogenous magnetic nanoparticles with a tunnelling magneto resistance sensor
Authors: Ionescu A. , Darton N. J. , Vyas K. , Llandro J. 
Published: August 2010

The magnetotactic bacterium
Magnetospirillum
sp. has been cultured and the properties of its endogenous magnetic nanoparticles characterized. Electron-microscopic analyses indicate that the endogenous magnetite nanoparticles in
Magnetospirillum
sp. are coated with a 3–4 nm thick transparent shell, forming a magnetosome. These magnetite nanoparticles had diameters of 50.9±13.3 nm, in good agreement with the diameter of 40.6±1.2 nm extracted from magnetometry. Each
Magnetospirillum
sp. bacterium contained chains of 5–25 magnetosomes. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry results indicate that the extrinsic superparamagnetic response of the bacterial solution at room temperature can be attributed to the reversal of the magnetization by physical rotation of the nanoparticles. The intrinsic blocking temperature of a sample of freeze-dried bacteria was estimated to be 282±13 K. A tunnelling magneto resistance sensor was used to detect the stray fields of endogenous magnetic nanoparticles in static and quasi-dynamic modes. Based on the tunnelling magneto resistance sensor results, the magnetic moment per bacterium was estimated to be approximately 2.6×10
−13
emu. The feasibility of this detection method either as a mass-coverage device or as part of an integrated microfluidic circuit for detection and sorting of magnetosome-containing cells was demonstrated.
On the Anatomical Differences in the three Species of Rhea.
Authors: Gadow Hans 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe chief differences between the three species are the following:—This tabular arrangement shows that Darwin's Rhea differs considerably from the other two species, whilst the latter offer apparently few important characters for separation. However, no matter if the number of the neck‐vertebræ of Rh. macrorhyncha (the best name for which would be that of the long‐necked or slender‐headed Rhea) be a constant character or not, the differences in the proportions of the skulls afford an anatomical character just as good as those which induce us to consider Rh. darwini a so‐called good species. If we thus consider the three forms of Rhea as three equivalent species, their present geographical distribution becomes less puzzling; otherwise we should expect à priori that the eastern form would differ more from the two others than these do from each other. Moreover, since it rarely happens that two large species of a certain order or family of creatures inhabit the same tracts of country unless they do so through immigration, it is probable that the original home of Rh. americana was Central South America, and that it spread from there into regions occupied by Rh. darwini.
On the Structure and Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Parsley‐Frog (Pelodytes punctatus).
Authors: Eidewood W. G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe almost complete closure of the hyoglossal sinus of Pelodytes (Jgs., fig. 9) is due to the extensive development and inward slope of the processus anteriores (pa., fig. 9).The lateral foramina of Pelodytes (fl., fig. 9) are not primary fenestrations of the basal plate, but are formed by the enclosure of the foremost lateral sinus by the confluence of the expanded end of the processus antero‐lateralis with the cartilage of the hyoidean cornu.Although in Pelodytes the hyoidean cornu (h, h‘, h“, fig. 9) is broken, the portion missing is comparatively insignificant.The spicula (sp., fig. 1) are larVal structures of no morphological significance. They are processes of cartilage developed from the proximal ends of the ceratohranchials to support the horizontal pharyngeal velum.The processus postero‐lateralis (ppl., fig. 9) ia the persistent proximal portion of the first ceratobranchial.The processus antero‐lateralis (pal., figs. 8& 9) is a secondary outgrowth of the basal plate or body of the hyoid having no relation whatever to the larval branchial bars.The thyrohyal (t., fig. 9) is the part of the hypobranchial plate of the larva which forms the inner boundary of the thyroid foramen (tf., fig. 4). Its posterior end becomes free on the absorption of the ceratohranchials and the consequent conversion of the foramen into a sinus.
On the Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife‐Toad (Alytes obstetricans).
Authors: Ridewood W. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn the hyobranchial skeleton of the early larva of Alytes there is an anterior copula which subsequently disappears and forms no part of the adult hyoid.The posterior copula extends backward to the laryngeal sinus, and thus completely separates the two hypobranchial plates. It persists as the central part of the body of the hyoid.The postero‐lateral process of the adult hyoid cannot be identified with the base of the first ceratobranchial as it can in Pelodytes, but both the antero‐lateral and postero‐lateral processes are new formations, as in Rana.The branchial bars or ceratobranchials of the larva form no part of the adult hyoid, but are entirely resorbed.The thyrohyal is developed from that part of the hypobranchial cartilage of the larva which constitutes the inner boundary of the thyroid foramen.
The Growth of the Shell of Patella vulgata L
Authors: Russell E. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The breeding‐season extends from July to January.
Sexual maturity is reached at a length of 20–25 mni.
An merage size for a limpet of the last season's brood in Janiinry or February is 10 mm. A t the end of the first year it mag be 29 mm. long. Probable sizes at the end of the second and subsequent years are 38 mm., 44 mni., 48 mm., 53 mm. Shells over 50 mm. may be considerably more than five years old.
Sexual maturity is reached in the first year, and when the linipet is only half‐grown.
The rate of growth decreases with age and maturity. It is slower during the colder months of the year.
Considerable changes take place in the ratios of the shelldimensions during growth.
These changes are probably in large part the expression of laws of growth, and not due to natural selection,
30. Observations on the Life‐History, Biology, and Genetics of the Lady‐bird Beetle, Adalia bipunctata (Mulsant)
Authors: Hawkes Onèra A. Merritt 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Adalia bipunctata has so many varieties that it is highly suitable for the needed study of inheritance of normally occurring variations.
Adalia can be mated in captivity with ease, but their cannibalistic habit makes it very difficult to rear them satisfactorily in large numbers.
The time passed in the various stages is variable, depending not only on the food, hut also on the temperature, to which all stages, but especially the pupal, make a rapid response.
Little is known of either hibernation or migration, but apparently both septempunctata and bipunctata tend to collect in numbers in the spring and autumn, and may at times be found hibernating, piled upon one another, similar to the “masses” of Hippodamia found in the western U.S.A.
There is no evidence of dominance in crosses between the two main forms–the Red “type” and the Black (var. 4‐maculata and var. 6‐pustulata).
Eleven ma tings of Red produced only the Red type.
Black and Red forms also occur in G. variabilis, and, as in bipunctata, neither is dominant.
The pronotum of the Black form is darker than that of the Red, but there is no progressive blackening of the pronotum of the Red coincidentally with the increase in the size of the black spots of the elytra.
Although it is possible to make a series from pure red elytra on the one hand through various patterns to pure black on the other, this cannot be regarded as proof that the variations are merely fluctuating. The percentages of the variations is, as far as is known, approximately stable, and certain types are far more common than others. These facts, combined with the observation that the children tend to show the variations of the parents, strongly suggest that there are probably certain points of genetic stability, and that only analysis is needed to show that there is some regular method of inheritance.
27. The Chondrocranium of the Teleostean Fish Sebastes marinus.
Authors: Mackintosh N. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

There is a precocious development of the visceral skeleton.
In at least the earlier stages there is no sign of a fenestra hypophyseos.
The cranial flexure is retained for a considerable period after hatching.
In the 5·5 mm. stage the hyomandibular, symplectic, and quadrate are represented by a simple temporal cartilage. This appears also to be a single piece of cartilage in the earlier stages.
The upper jaw does not appear until a comparatively late stage, and there is evidence that it arises independently and grows back to meet the quadrate.
The anterior part of the trabeculæ gives rise to an interorbital septum of rather limited area.
There is a free rostral cartilage situated above the nasal septum.
The lower jaw is long and exhibits prominent coronoid and retro‐articular processes.
The hyomandibular is club‐shaped and very long. Its length is correlated with the special depth of the head.
Some Notes on the African Squirrels of the Genus Heliosciurus
Authors: Ingoldby C. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.H. gembianus Of the only species of this genus as at present restricted, inhabits the whole of Equatorial Africa. Its Iiuinerous forms are climatic phases.It would follow from this t h a t while some forms iniglit be restricted to a de6nite single area, others would be found patchily in various and often widelyseparate areas. 'Phis proves to be the case, and the same form has been described by various names according to the particular area in which i t was discovered. So that within a relatively small area which happens to include a variety of environmental conditions, “high‐rain forest,”“clearings,”“orchard bush” and other types of Savannah forest and grassland, such as Nigeria, or that area usually known as “Congo‐Poko‐Uele,” several races of this species occur in close proxiniity, euch of wliich races may crop of again and againin other siinilar but perhaps distant and quite unconnected localities.The importance of this from the point of view of systematic zoology needs no emphasis. It is perhaps not too much to hope that work on soinetliiiig like these lines will eventually throw light on the physiological basis of reaction to climatic conditions, and so on the whole question of the formation of new species.