bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machining of Composites
Authors: Sadat Abdul B. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA description of various techniques used in machining composites is presented here. Traditional machining operations damage the surface and subsurface, leading to premature failure of mechanical components in service. The cause of the damages is attributed to the presence of reinforced agents used in strengthening the base material and the interaction between the tool cutting region and the workpiece. The severity of the damaged zone is affected by the volume fraction of the reinforced agents, machining parameters, and cutting tool geometry. Diamond cutting tools have proven to be effective and are recommended in conventional machining of composites. To overcome some of the difficulties associated with traditional machining, the use of nontraditional machining methods is on the rise and shows a promising future.
Material Selection: Polymeric Composites Matrix
Authors: Cicala Gianluca , Lo Faro Carmelo 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The present articles deals with polymeric matrixes for composite systems. Both thermoplastic and thermoset matrixes are discussed with reference to their structure‐property relationship, processing techniques, and application exploitation. The more recent modification strategies for tailoring of relevant matrix properties are presented in this article. Owing to the complexity of the subject preferentially commercially viable solutions were presented. The idea behind this choice is to give the readers useful references to what is readily available on the market to help them to address design choices or, for new comers in composite field, to give them a quick and practical update of the most used polymeric matrixes for composites. Nonetheless, for some specific topics such as, for example, nanocomposites and green composites, some recent results from fundamental research are given. The perspectives are also discussed with reference to state of the art.
Metal Matrix Composites: Aluminum
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Dhindaw Brij Kumar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMetal matrix composites in general consist of at least two chemically and physically dissimilar phases, which are distributed so as to provide properties not obtainable by either of the individual phases. In aluminum matrix composites, the matrix is mainly aluminum or aluminum alloy, in which some continuous fibrous materials such as Al2O3or particulates such as SiC are reinforced. Since aluminum alloys have low density, excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance, they have been considered extensively in the aerospace and automotive applications. The article details the classification, processing, salient properties, and applications of the aluminum matrix composites.
Metal Matrix Composites: Continuous Silicon‐Carbide Fibers/Titanium‐Alloy Matrix
Authors: Martin Eric , CarrÉre Nicolas 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are candidate materials for use in gas turbine engines to design highly loaded components. This article focuses on damage mechanisms in TMCs. Longitudinal and transverse loading are both considered. Constitutive laws based on micromechanics are described. It is shown that these approaches can be used to model real structures such as a compressor ring reinforced by a TMC.
Metal Matrix Composites: Design Methodology
Authors: Lo Conte Antonietta 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMetal matrix composites (MMCs) are materials that exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. This article provides an overview of techniques for analysis in the design of MMC materials. Starting with the micromechanics of the reinforcement and matrix, methods that account for damage initiation and evolution are considered. The inhomogeneous composite is represented by a homogeneous material, which is often anisotropic, with the effective properties of the composite. Properties of interest for evaluating stress and strain are as follows: elastic engineering properties, coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, yield strength, and hardening parameters. Thermomechanical loading is considered to be an integral aspect of stress analysis with MMCs. Approach to achieve higher levels of performance in critical industrial applications with copper matrix composites, high conductivity composites, nanoscale composites, are also discussed.
Molding: Compression
Authors: Isayev Avraam I. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA brief overview of various compression and injection‐compression molding technologies for manufacturing of composites is presented. Important aspects involved in molding are considered, including molding schemes and various stages of processes, various compounds and ingredients used for their preparation, and compounding methods utilized. A complex rheology of prepared compounds and kinetics of curing reactions occurring during manufacturing of products are considered. Some modeling aspects of compression molding processes are elucidated, including the mold filling and fiber orientation. Various products made by compression molding of sheet molding compounds, bulk molding compounds, glass‐mat‐reinforced thermoplastics, and long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics are presented. Finally, existing and future possibilities and challenges in a further advancement of technologies for industrial applications are discussed.
Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for Composites: Ultrasonic Measurements and Image Analysis Application on Testing in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Volkov‐Husović Tatjana , Martinović Sanja , Dimitrijević Marija , Dojcinovic Marina , Majstorović Jelena , Matović Branko 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article deals with nondestructive testing methods such are ultrasonic measurements and image analysis as applied to the thermal stability testing of materials. Image analysis is also used to determine damage to the surface during the cavitation resistance testing. Possibilities of the used nondestructive methods and results of their application are discussed on the basis of the obtained results for low cement, high alumina castables.
Composite Processes in Aeronautics
Authors: Palmer Raymond J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMany production methods of fabrication processes are available to the Aeronautics Design Engineer and are presented in this review. Each process is described in some detail to identify a concept, function, and advantages. The objective is to balance between maximizing mechanical properties and minimizing the total manufacturing cost. Each team evaluates its own existing manufacturing equipment capabilities and strength database. The designer must work side by side with the Materials and Process Engineer and the Manufacturing Engineer to determine the best manufacturing process to use for each new product design.
Processing of Materials Using Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Ku Harry S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article explains the advantages of microwave processing over conventional heating of materials. This is followed by mentioning that loss tangent is the most important property in microwave processing. The most common generator of microwaves is 2.45‐GHz magnetron which is used in home microwave ovens. However, the drawback of microwave processing of materials, using fixed frequency irradiation, is localized heating which would eventually lead to thermal runaway. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing of materials was therefore mentioned together with its advantages. VFM offers rapid, uniform, and selective heating over a large volume and at a high energy coupling efficiency. This is accomplished using preselected bandwidth sweeping around a central frequency employing tunable sources such as traveling wave tubes as the microwave power amplifier. Several recent successful applications using fixed and VFMs are then described.
Protective Coatings for Space Applications
Authors: Zucconi Lanfranco , Molina Marco 
Published: July 2012

AbstractComposite materials used for applications in low earth orbit (LEO) encounter a unique operating environment that poses challenging problems of durability.This environment is characterized in terms of chemical species and their abundance and the effects on the materials. A selection of coatings, namely, silicones, metal oxides, metals, paints and the corresponding application techniques are discussed.This article completes with a survey of the available testing techniques for the coatings on ground, and a review of flight data relevant to samples flown to space, with a summary about known issues of coatings for space applications.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Authors: de Leo Manrico , Mucciolo Raffaele , Sapienza Vito 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Starting with its definition, the principles of quality assurance (QA) are described, along with its general characteristics in the field of composite materials. The QA program is not standard and depends on the frame where it has been developed. From the craftsman/artisan organization, essentially based on handworkers, to the formal complex organization, in which a strong staff is mandatory, the QA program changes considerably. International standards, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or AS/EN, and regulations help to develop the right program, indicating the content of documentation to be developed. Suggestions about the general characteristics of quality manual and procedures and consequent “system monitoring” are furnished, in order to also get international certifications. Guidelines to develop an exhaustive quality control (QC) program are furnished, highlighting the main characteristics, along with standards that may be taken as reference. The different phases of the product manufacturing are described, reporting how the QC program should be tailored for each of them. The analysis of basic raw materials for composites is performed, highlighting how the QC program should change, passing from solid to liquid raw materials or as a consequence of their different manufacturer. A similar analysis is performed for preimpregnated materials (prepregs). Finally, a description of the statistical process control methodology is reported, highlighting its advantages but also its limitations.
Radiation‐Assisted Synthesis of Composites, Materials, Compounds, and Nanostructures
Authors: Kharissova Oxana V. , Kharisov Boris I. , Mndez Ubaldo Ortiz 
Published: July 2012

AbstractModern techniques of radiation synthesis, applied for the synthesis of materials, are reviewed, including ionizing radiation (α‐particles, β‐particles/electron beam, γ‐ and X‐rays, neutron and proton irradiation, and ion beams), as well as nonionizing laser ablation and UV irradiation. Formation and/or modification processes of a series of materials, in particular, for nanostructural composites, on the basis of elemental metals, oxides, salts, and polymers are discussed. Radiation‐fabricated membranes are briefly described.
Spacecraft StructureContribution to Antenna Section prepared by Marco Ivagnes, Head of Composite Material Technology, Thales Alenia Space, L'Aquila, Italy.
Authors: Montabone Mauro 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In the frame of the space applications, the trend of looking for light weight and higher performance spacecraft structures is considered a design driver for the cost reduction and exploration applications.
In commercial applications, the saving of few kilograms per pounds enable the decreasing of the fuel mass as well as extends lifetime and use of small‐dimension launcher systems.
The use of composite materials addresses to the demand of lightness not only for specific strength and stiffness but also for corrosion, fatigue resistance, tailor able thermal conduction and expansion properties, as well as possibility of complex shapes design.
This paragraph shows some of the present innovative applications achieved using composites and their enabling technologies in antennas/reflectors, optical benches, solar arrays, satellites platforms, launch vehicle structures, and exploration infrastructures.
Thermophysical and Thermal Expansion Properties
Authors: Boudenne Abderrahim , Tlili Radhouan , Candau Yves 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis review presents the major achievements on the thermophysical and thermal expansion properties of composite systems. The thermal behavior of composite materials depends on several factors: components, shape, concentration, dispersion of fillers, interactions between particles and matrix, manufacturing process, and so on. One of the challenges is the correct estimation of the thermal properties of composites on the basis of the only knowledge of the filler concentration and properties of each component. Different prediction models of thermophysical and thermal expansion properties are reviewed and discussed in this article in order to help the design of such composites to fulfill the performances requested by the users.
Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing Cost Analysis
Authors: Maffezzoli Alfonso , Gennaro Riccardo , Greco Antonio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractContinuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics (CFTs) present some key advantages over thermosetting matrix composites, being characterized by recyclability, indefinite shelf life, and a significant potential for high volume production, associated with low costs. Short and long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics obtained mainly using commodity polymer as matrices are already widely used in low technology applications. CFT applications are still limited, although in some cases notably for their technological value. This arises either from very high raw material costs or from not fully assessed processing routes. This review essentially focuses on the cost issues associated with the production of CFT parts in comparison with thermosetting matrix composites characterized by similar properties. Some cost models are reviewed, and the relationship between performances and costs is highlighted as a key feature for the choice of CFT. Their use in substitution of thermosetting matrix composites and metals is strictly related to raw materials cost, manufacturability at cost‐effective conditions, and availability of design data and test methodologies. CFT, characterized by shorter processing time than those required for thermosetting matrix composites, already offers promising solutions in many applications.
Tires, Automobile
Authors: Genta Giancarlo 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Pneumatic tires are complex structures made of a peculiar composite material, an elastomeric matrix reinforced with different types of fabric. The characteristics and performance of pneumatic tires are deeply affected by their geometric and material properties and above all by their compliance, which dominates their rolling resistance and their capability of exerting tangential forces on the ground and of absorbing road irregularities during the motion of the vehicle.
Weaving
Authors: Tomková Blanka , Šejnoha Michal , Zeman Jan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In this article, we review the essential technological aspects of weaving processes used to produce woven fabric reinforcements. The discussion incorporates selection of the appropriate types of fibers, essentials of weaving processes, and aspects of fabric design. This is complemented with a modeling strategy to incorporate technology‐induced imperfections into predictive models of textile composite materials.
Wood Plastic Composite: Present and Future
Authors: Faruk Omar , Bledzki Andrzej K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWood‐plastic composites (WPCs) may be one of the most dynamic sectors of the present day plastic industry. Although the technology is not new, there is growing interest in the new design possibilities that this marriage of materials offers. The formulation variations of WPCs that increase wood content offer expansion into other uses, and volume processors must produce faster, better, and cheaper materials. On the other hand, weatherability and life cycle costs are the major factors that restrict the expansion of the field of WPCs.This article gives an overview of the recent literature, covering all aspects of WPC materials and their performance as of today. It focuses on their compositions, that is, thermoplastics and thermosets, wood fiber types, and additives. Furthermore, it includes recent progress and improvements in the WPC production area. The processes (compounding, extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding) used for the manufacture of WPC products are described. The properties (mechanical, physical, and biological) of WPC are also covered. This paper proceeds to take the performance and properties of microcellular‐foamed WPC and nano‐WPC into account. Last, this paper concludes with applications, developments, and future trends of WPCs.
Damage Characterization of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Acoustic Emission and Thermography
Authors: Nies Daniel , Rehmer Birgit , Skrotzki Birgit , Vaßen Robert 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThermal barrier coatings allow increasing the operating temperature and efficiency of land‐, sea‐, or air‐based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of its lifetime is essential. To assess the lifetime, cyclic tests are conceived to combine thermal loading by heating the surface of the coating with laser irradiation and nondestructive methods for damage determination. Using laser irradiation allows a high reproducibility of the thermal load. The temperature of the sample surface during thermal loading is determined by an infrared‐camera which also enables the possibility to detect damage in the coating via thermography. Additionally, four acoustic sensors, attached to the experimental setup, are used to detect damage in the sample and determine the source of acoustic events. Results of acoustic emission correlate well with thermographic images that visualize the formation and evolution of damage through delaminations in the samples.
Hybrid Templated Synthesis of Crack‐Free, Organized Mesoporous TiO2 Electrodes for High Efficiency Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Park Jung Tae , Chi Won Seok , Roh Dong Kyu , Ahn Sung Hoon , Kim Jong Hak 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOrganic/inorganic hybrid templates, i.e., aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles grafted with poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate, Al2O3‐POEM, are synthesized via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as confirmed by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Upon combining the Al2O3‐POEM with titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP), hydrophilic TTIP is selectively confined in the hydrophilic POEM chains through hydrogen bonding interactions. Following the calcination at 450 °C and the selective etching of Al2O3 with NaOH, the OM‐TiO2 films with high surface areas, good interconnectivity, and anatase phase are obtained. The solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) fabricated with OM‐TiO2 photoelectrodes and a polymerized ionic liquid (PIL) show a high energy conversion efficiency of 7.3% at 100 mW cm−2, which is one of the highest values for ssDSSCs. The high cell performance is due to the well‐organized structure, resulting in improved dye loading, excellent pore filling of electrolyte, enhanced light harvesting, and reduced charge recombination.
GSK3β reduces risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese
Authors: Zhao Dong‐Mei , Li Nan‐Nan , Zhang Jin‐Hong , Chang Xue‐Li , Mao Xue‐Ye , Liao Qiao , Tan Eng‐King , Peng Rong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGenetic variability of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) may be linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Its role in ethnic Chinese population is still unclear. We examined the association between GSK3β variation and PD in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. Using a case–control methodology, we genotyped the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GSK3β (rs334558) to investigate the association with risk of PD. A total of 1,280 ethnic Han Chinese study subjects comprising 761 sporadic PD patients and 519 controls were recruited. The T allele of a promoter SNP rs334558 was found to reduce the risk of PD (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.696–0.960, P = 0.014). Patients with CT + TT genotypes have a reduced risk of PD compared to those with CC genotype (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.477–0.776, P = 6.09E−5). In addition, we demonstrated that CT + TT subjects cannot be distinguished from CC subjects based on their clinical features. Our data suggest that rs334558 variant in GSK3β reduces the risk of PD in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. Further studies of large series of subjects are necessary to fully elucidate the true role of GSK3β in PD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetics of dementia: Update and guidelines for the clinician
Authors: Cohn‐Hokke Petra E. , Elting Mariet W. , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L. , van Swieten John C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWith increased frequency, clinical geneticists are asked for genetic advice on the heredity of dementia in families. Alzheimer's disease is in most cases a complex disease, but may be autosomal dominant inherited. Mutations in the PSEN1 gene are the most common genetic cause of early onset Alzheimer's disease, whereas APP and PSEN2 gene mutations are less frequent. Familial frontotemporal dementia may be associated with a mutation in the MAPT or GRN gene, or with a repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. All these genes show autosomal dominant inheritance with a high penetrance. Although Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia are clinically distinguishable entities, phenotypical overlap may occur. Rarely, dementia is caused by mutations in other autosomal dominant genes or by genetic defects with autosomal recessive, X‐linked dominant or mitochondrial inheritance. The inherited forms of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease show a large phenotypic variability also within families, resulting in many remaining uncertainties for mutation carriers. Therefore, genetic counseling before performing genetic testing is essential in both symptomatic individuals and healthy at risk relatives. This review provides an overview of the genetic causes of dementia and discusses all aspects relevant for genetic counseling and testing. Furthermore, based on current knowledge, we provide algorithms for genetic testing in patients with early onset Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Can a Hydrophobic MOF be Water‐Unstable? Insight into the Hydration Mechanism of IRMOFs
Authors: De Toni Marta , Jonchiere Romain , Pullumbi Pluton , Coudert François‐Xavier , Fuchs Alain H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report an ab initio molecular dynamics study of the hydration process in a model IRMOF material. At low water content (one molecule per unit cell), water physisorption is observed on the zinc cation but the free⇄bound equilibrium strongly favors the free state. This is consistent with the hydrophobic nature of the host matrix and its type‐V isotherm observed in a classical Monte Carlo simulation. At higher loading, a water cluster can be formed at the Zn4O site and this is shown to stabilize the water‐bound state. This structure rapidly transforms into a linker‐displaced state, where water has fully displaced one arm of a linker and which corresponds to the loss of the material’s fully ordered structure. Thus an overall hydrophobic MOF material can also become water unstable, a feature that has not been fully understood until now.