bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid and Intermediate Intrusions and Associated Ash-Necks in the Neighbourhood of Melrose (Roxburghshire)
Authors: McRobert Rachel Workman 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The igneous rocks under consideration fall within an area about 7 miles square, included in Sheet 25 of the Geological Survey's 1-inch map of Scotland.
It is generally believed that they date from a late period in the history of the ‘Plateau Eruptions’ of Calciferous Sandstone times, and correspond with the trachytic lavas and intrusions of the Garleton Hill district (East Lothian), and with the similar intrusions in the Campsie and Renfrewshire hills. The only new evidence obtained, bearing upon this suggestion, weakens rather than supports it: a small neck, the Little Hill, including ash and plugged by basalts of two types, has been found within the Eildon complex of felsitic and trachytic rocks, and is almost certainly of subsequent origin. But it should be borne in mind that the admittedly-late felsitic and trachytic intrusions of the Campsie Fells are in certain cases cut by still later basalts. The restricted area over which acid rocks of this suite extend in the various districts of Scotland in which they occur is partly due to extreme denudation, and partly to the viscous character of their magma. Only in the Garleton Hills are extensive lavaflows preserved. It seems fairly certain to me that Dr. Peach is right in regarding none of the Melrose rocks as lavas, although the evidence does not altogether exclude the possibility of lavas entering into the Eildon complex.
The rocks may be grouped, according to their field-relations, as follows :—
Laccolites and sills.—White Hill; Black Hill; Bemerside;
The Ballachulish Fold near the Head of Loch Creran (Argyllshire)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby 
Published: October 2009

The main features of the tectonics of the Loch Creran district have already been delineated in a paper dealing with a more extended region, and published in 1910 by the Geological Society of London. The results of this earlier work, brought up to date, are epitomized in the map (p. 322), which will serve as an index of the relations of the district to neighbouring portions of Argyllshire and Inverness-shire.
The original mapping of lower Glen Creran was carried out by Mr. H. Kynaston and the late Mr. J. S. Grant Wilson. Before preparing the paper just cited, I visited the district on two or three occasions, once accompanying Mr. C. T. Clough, and at another time Mr. H. B. Maufe. Various alterations in the mapping were made as a result of these traverses, and it was found that the more essential structural features were readily determinable in the light of evidence furnished by the country to the north-east. At the same time, it was apparent from the first that anything like detailed knowledge could only be attained as a result of systematic re-examination, involving a considerable expenditure of time. A favourable opportunity for further work arose officially during the past season, when observations were made which seem worthy of record as an illustration of the complexity locally recognizable in the Highland Schists.
Two main difficulties are encountered in the field: there are many slides (fold-faults), so many, in fact, that the original stratigraphical sequence has to be accepted from
The Scandinavian Drift of the Durham Coast and the General Glaciology of South-East Durham
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The present paper deals with some matters of interest among the glacial phenomena in the area of South-East Durham, between Seaham Harbour and the mouth of the Tees and the sea-coast on the east, and a line drawn north and south from slightly west of Durham to about Darlington. The area is represented on the Geological Survey 1-inch (Drift) Sheet 103 N.E. (new series, Sheet 27) and Sheet 103 S.E. (new series, Sheet 33).
The most novel information in the present account is that concerning a basal drift and the fact that the ice which transported it was apparently the earliest on this part of the East Coast. This ice has left its record (among other phenomena) in a bed of shelly clay, the erratics of which seem to be solely Scandinavian in origin. The fauna of this clay bears Arctic affinities, and recalls that which occurs in the shelly basement-clays of Flamborough Head and Holderness. The appellation of Scandinavian Drift for this bed is therefore, I suggest, a thoroughly justifiable one.
A description of the somewhat problematical sand- and gravel-beds, containing in one instance a rather large proportion of schistose and other rocks (apparently of Scottish origin) underlying the main Cheviot Drift, follows.
A brief description of the main Glacial Drifts, more especially in connexion with the extent of the Cheviot glaciation and direction of its flow in the last stage, is also added.
The history of the discovery of the long-suspected occurrence of Scandinavian boulders on
The Rocks of the Lyd Valley, above Lydford (Dartmoor)
Authors: Mennell Frederic Philip 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Considering that Dartmoor is the largest of English granite-masses, and displays almost every possible type of contact-metamorphism along its margins, its extensive literature contains surprisingly little detailed information regarding the features presented by the rocks at different localities round the Moor. Indeed, it may be said that, for an area so rich in points of interest, it has been much neglected by petrologists. Local workers are very few, and before the issue of the Geological Survey Memoir on Dartmoor there was no reliable summary of the various rock-types that were to be found. The petrographical contribution by Dr. Flett & Mr. Dewey has now supplied the want of a general account of the granite and its modifications, and of the rocks which constitute the metamorphic aureole round about it. Over much of the area covered by the Dartmoor sheet of the map, further work would now be chiefly of local interest: it happens, however, that the whole of the northern margin of Dartmoor is outside the area mapped, and that it presents some special features of its own. Moreover, the examination of the contact-zone in this northern area serves to suggest that detailed petrographical work on the distribution of the various rock-types may help materially in solving many questions as to the subdivision and succession of the Carboniferous strata. These have hitherto proved insoluble, owing to the lithological similarities and the general absence of fossils, as well as the numerous dislocations, in other parts of Devon. This paper
On a New Eurypterid from the Belgian Coal Measures
Authors: Stainier Xavier 
Published: October 2009

Remains of
Eurypterus
are quite uncommon in the Coal Measures, and more especially in Belgium, where, until recently, none had been recorded. When studying, with R. P. G. Schmitz, the cores of one of the numerous trial-borings put down in the new Campine Coalfield of Northern Belgium, we found a beautiful specimen belonging, without any doubt, to this interesting genus of fossil Merostomata. We recorded this discovery some years ago (Schmitz & Stainier, 1910). Availing myself of the opportunity of examining the excellent material available in England, the classic country for fossil Crustacea, I now venture to publish a description of the new species.

The splitting of the cores has disclosed the crustacean lying amid scattered remains of undeterminable plants on a fine-grained, greyish-brown, micaceous shale. The animal has the same dark coloration as the surrounding plants. Owing to a blow of the hammer, the counterpart of the fossil is fractured and incomplete, and therefore of little use for palæontological purposes. But, fortunately, the impression of the dorsal aspect is in an excellent condition. It is to be regretted that the fossil has been partly destroyed by the diamond drill, the consequence being that some portion of its abdomen and the entire telson are altogether wanting.
Dimensions:—This new species is one of the smallest Carboniferous Eurypterids known, its maximum length being only 33 millimetres and its maximum breadth 12 mm.
Cephalic shield.—Length=8 mm. Breadth at the posterior border=11 mm.
The head is not the best-preserved part of the fossil, and
On a Fossiliferous Limestone from the North Sea
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen 
Published: October 2009

Through the good services of Mr. R. W. Thomson, of the Fishery Office, Aberdeen, the British Museum has been placed in possession of two blocks of limestone, one of considerable size, crowded with the remains of marine shells, which had been obtained from the bed of the North Sea by the steam-trawler, the ‘Procyon,’ commanded by Captain Wood, some 80 miles east of Orkney or 100 miles north-east 1/2 north of Buchan Ness.
In order to acquire further information as to this unique occurrence, I communicated with Dr. A. W. Gibb, the Curator of the Geological Museum of Marischal College, Aberdeen, who kindly sent me some interesting particulars on the subject. He was familiar with the rock, having had a sample forwarded to him by Dr. Bowman, the scientific investigator on the North Sea Fisheries' boat, the ‘Goldseeker,’ who from considerable experience had gained some knowledge of the physical characters of the floor of the North Sea. Dr. Bowman informed Dr. Gibb

‘that at the spot where it [the limestone] occurs, there is what seems to be a gorge or submerged channel of some kind, with much deeper water than in the adjoining sea, and he thinks that there is a considerable mass of the rock in all probability [
in situ
?], as trawlers report that they frequently break their gear upon it.’

Although found beneath the sea, this limestone nowhere displays any unusual abrasion, its aspect being entirely that of a rock which might have been
On some Insects from the British Coal Measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert 
Published: October 2009

The present paper consists of a critical study of some hitherto undescribed wings of fossil insects from the British Coal Measures, and of insect-wings previously noted by other authors. I am indebted to Mr. William Eltringham, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and to the authorities of the Geological Survey Museum, the National Museum of Wales, and the Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Museums for their courtesy in placing the specimens at my service for study.
This specimen was obtained by Major Chambers, and presented to the Derby & Mayer Museums, Liverpool, in 1858. It is contained in an ironstone nodule, much similar to those of Ravenhead (Lancashire). Its horizon is not known, but it is undoubtedly from the Middle Coal Measures. It was partly described and named, but not figured, by S. H. Scudder in 1885; and a figure of the wing appeared in the same year in Zittel's ‘Handbuch der Paläontologie.’ This figure was probably due to Scudder, who wrote the entomological section of the work for that edition of Zittel's manual.
The wing lies in a fine-grained ironstone nodule, one half showing a left wing, and the other half of the nodule containing the impression. Since the specimen came into my hands for examination, I have been able to uncover the apex of the wing and a small portion of the base. A little of the base of the wing is missing, and also the middle portion of the inner margin. The total length of the wing as now seen is 87
On the Origin of some River-Gorges in Cornwall and Devon
Authors: Dewey Henry 
Published: October 2009

The river-gorges here described are situated for the greater part in North Cornwall, between Boscastle and Tregardock, though a few occur in other parts of Cornwall and in Devon. Some of the characteristics of the coastal gorges of Devon have already been described by Dr. E. A. N. Arber, but there appear to be additional features in those of North Cornwall, which are possibly due to their mode of origin.
These gorge-like valleys are more or less restricted to areas of peculiar topography, and their origin is connected with the history of that topography; while they form a sharp contrast with the valley-systems where such a topography does not exist. Thus, the valley-systems of Cornwall are divisible into two groups, each being marked by features peculiar to it; although in some cases the river-valley exemplifies the two types of scenery in different parts of itself.
The difference is in part due to their respective stages of development, but mainly marks a renewal or rejuvenescence of the rivers' activity. The fall of these rivers near Tintagel averages 1 foot in every 13 feet.
The Upland Plain.
The gorges are incised in an upland plain, which truncates all hills at a uniform height of about 430 feet above the level of the sea, while the other series of valleys lies in an area diversified by many irregular hills and buried and submerged estuaries.
This feature has become well-known in Cornwall through Clement Reid's descriptions. It is everywhere bounded landwards by a prominent
The Pseudotachylyte of Parijs (Orange Free State), and its Relation to ‘Trap-Shotten Gneiss’ and ‘Flinty Crush-Rock’
Authors: Shand S. James 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In the year 1913 I received from a former student of mine, Mr. P. H. S. De Wet, a consignment of rock-specimens from the neighbourhood of Parijs (O.F.S.). Among these were many pieces of a dense black rock, which, I was informed, occurs very abundantly in veins and networks in the granite. The characters of this rock seemed so remarkable that I took an early opportunity of visiting Parijs myself, in order to study the phenomena in the field. As a result of my observations, I formed the opinion that the black veins were intrusions of basic magma which had entered the granite by a process of stoping, accompanied by corrosion and solution; and a paper embodying this conclusion was communicated to the Geological Society in November 1914, an abstract of it appearing in the Proceedings of the Society for that month (No. 964). After the manuscript had left my hands, I became aware for the first time of the work of Sir Thomas Holland and his colleagues of the Geological Survey of India on the ‘trap-shotten gneiss’ of Salem, Madras, and I could not fail to be struck by the resemblance between some of the phenomena there described and those observed by me. My attention was next turned to the ‘flinty crush-rocks’ of the Cheviot Hills and other parts of Scotland, which were also at one time held to be of igneous origin. By the kindness of Dr. Flett, the late Dr. Clough, and Mr. E. B.
The Microscopic Material of the Bunter Pebble-Beds of Nottinghamshire, and its Probable Source of Origin
Authors: Burton Thomas Harris 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Samples of sand were carefully collected from all the principal exposures on the outcrop of the Pebble-Beds in Nottinghamshire. It was cleaned in hydrochloric acid, sifted, and then separated by means of Thoulet's Solution having a specific gravity of 2⋅77. Enough of each sample (namely, 2 ounces) was taken to give a heavy residue sufficient to weigh and to mount as permanent objects for the microscope.
II. Physical Characteristics of the Sand.
The sand in the exposures is more or less coherent, in many cases taking on the appearance of hard rock. It may, however, when dislodged (the cement being mainly ferric oxide) be easily crumbled, often between the fingers.
At depths of 102, 211, and 307 feet, cores at the Farnsfield borehole, near the Midland Railway Station, showed the rock to be compact, hard, and very calcareous Microscopic examination proved this to be the only real difference when compared with samples taken from the exposures.
The sand varies in texture and colour, coarse-grained material largely predominating; but the following distinct types may be recognized:—
1. A coarse sand, whitish yellow to buff and brown in colour, found in most exposures.
2. A reddish sand of medium coarseness, found in all the principal exposures.

3. A dark brownish-red sand of fine texture, used for moulding purposes, found especially at Whisker Hill Quarry near Retford, and at Bestwood Warren.
1

Samples
2
were all taken from No. ‘2.’ Ordinary bedding may be observed, but false bedding is
On the Geology of the Old Radnor District, with special reference to an Algal Development in the Woolhope Limestone
Authors: Garwood Edmund Johnston , Goodyear Edith 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The district which forms the subject of this communication has received but scanty attention in geological literature since the time of Murchison. Only one edition of the 1-inch Geological Survey map has been issued, namely, that published in 1840, and no explanatory memoir has yet appeared. Two of the horizontal sections published by the Geological Survey, however pass through the district, and these throw some light on the views adopted by the officers of the Survey regarding its general structure at the time when the district was mapped. They regarded the rocks of Old Radnor Hill as altered May Hill Sandstone, and the surrounding limestone, together with that which occurs at Nash Scar 3 miles away to the north-east, as altered Woolhope Limestone.
Murchison, as shown by his description in ‘Siluria,’ considered the district to be one of especial interest. He draws attention to the differences exhibited by the limestone at Nash Scar and Old Radnor, when compared with the normal Woolhope Limestone and Shale at Corton and Haxwell, and remarks, ‘between these two …. lies the large and loftier rock of Nash Scar, in which the same limestones, whether thick-bedded or nodular, have been run together into one amorphous mass, in which the stratified character has been destroyed, and the shale driven off. …. In tracing the strata southwards along this axis, other masses of limestone, more or less amorphous, are seen near Old Radnor, which, in proportion as they approach the eruptive masses of Stanner and
The Geology and Genesis of the Trefriw Perites Deposit
Authors: Sherlock Robert Lionel 
Published: October 2009

The mass of iron pyrites worked at Cae Côch, Trefriw (Carnarvonshire) appears to be unique in some ways, so far as Great Britain is concerned, consequently its geological characters are of some interest.
In August, 1917, Mr. T. C. Cantrill and myself visited Cae Côch, and as a result of what we saw I spent seven days in the following month in mapping geologically the area around the mine. In this work I received all possible assistance from Mr. E. J. Morris, F.G.S., the Manager of the mine, to whose energy the successful development of the deposit is due. To him I wish to return my thanks, and also to Dr. H. H. Thomas for petrological notes and to Mr. John Pringle for naming the fossils.

The Geological Survey Map (Old Series 78 S.E.) published in 1852, shows a fault, or thrust, at the position of the ore-body, separating Bala Beds above from Contemporaneous Felspathic Trap (engraved F) below. The presence of pyrites is not recorded, nor is it mentioned in the accompanying memoir, probably because it is not seen at the outcrop owing to weathering. At the 4th milestone from Llanrwst the map shows a boundary-line, apparently a fault or thrust, bringing in the same ashes on the north, against Bala Beds on the south. In the memoir by A. C. Ramsay,
1
we read that north of the 4th milestone from Llanrwst volcanic ashes form all the high ground for about a mile in width, as far as Llanbedr.
The Shap Minor Intrusions
Authors: Morrison James 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
An investigation on the minor igneous intrusions of the south-eastern part of the Lake District was commenced by the writer in 1913, the Shap area being first selected for study. The results of the work in that neighbourhood were such as to indicate the desirability of extending the investigation into the adjoining areas on the east and north. The work has not yet been completed, prevalent conditions having considerably interfered with its progress. It is perhaps advisable, therefore, to place on record the results so far obtained, leaving the remainder to be dealt with on some future occasion.

The Shap granite has long been of interest to geologists, its marked porphyritic character and conspicuous basic segregations having quite early attracted attention. Little, however, of any moment concerning it was published before 1868, when H. A. Nicholson's paper ‘On the Granite of Shap in Westmorland’ appeared.
1
This was followed in 1875 by a series of papers by J. Clifton Ward on the granitic rocks of the Lake District, in one of which their origin was discussed, the work of Sorby being taken as a basis.

It was not, however, until 1891 that the results of a detailed investigation by Dr. Harker & Prof. Marr on the granite and its associated rocks appeared in the Quarterly Journal of this Society—a comprehensive study, both of the granite itself and of the effect produced on the surrounding rocks by its intrusion.
While the plutonic mass has thus received the attention that it
The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the Crewkerne District (Somerset)
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In this paper I propose to give a detailed description of the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the Crewkerne district. The extent of this district, for the purpose of the present communication, will be observed from the map (fig. 1, p. 146).
(i) Geographical extent of the Inferior Oolite.—Reference to the Geological Survey Map, Sheet XVIII (Old Series) will show (1) that the most extensive tract where the Inferior-Oolite limestones occur, free from overlying rocks, is in the immediate neighbourhood of Crewkerne; (2) that there are numerous masses well separated from the principal tract; and (3) that the beds are affected by numerous faults.

(ii) Previous literature.—Comparatively little information has been published concerning the Inferior Oolite and immediate sub- and superjacent deposits of this district, with the exception of Ham Hill. This locality, famous for its warm-coloured building-stone, attracted considerable attention on the part of Charles Moore,
1
James Buckman,
2
and H. B. Woodward.
3

The second author was correct in his local correlations of the Ham-Hill Stone—a conclusion also arrived at by H. B. Woodward —but was incorrect in his correlation with the Cotteswolds; although his recognition of the Cephalopoda-Bed below the Sands at Midford (near Bath) and around Yeovil, but above the Sands of the Cotteswolds, came nearer to the truth than was imagined. The actual solution arrived at by Mr. S. S. Buckman—published with a descriptive section in 1889
4
—that the Ham-Hill Building-Stone and its subjacent sands were a thick development of only a small middle portion