bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Annelation on the Colour of 1, 4‐Disubstituted Benzoanthraquinone Disperse Dyes
Authors: MATSUOKA MASARU , KISHIMOTO MASAAKI , KITAO TEIJIRO 
Published: July 2010

The visible spectra of a series of 1,4‐disubstituted benzoanthraquinone dyes in benzene solution has been measured. The position of the absorption maxima of the dyes has been found to be well correlated with a mean ionization potential of the substituent groups.An annelation of anthraquinone dyes in the position of 2, 3 or 6, 7produced a small hypsochromic shift, while 5,6‐annelation produced a large bathochromic shift.The additive properties on the absorption maximum of dibenzoanthraquinone dyes were also observed.
Publication Sponsored by ETAD The Adsorption of Dyes on Activated Sludge
Authors: HITZ H. R. , HUBER W. , REED R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Effluents from textile dyeing and printing processes usually contain dissolved or suspended dyes in small quantities. One of the treatments which may be applied to such effluent is passage through a biological treatment plant in which colour removal proceeds via adsorption on activated sludge. An indication was sought as to the likely efficacy of such a plant in dealing with intermittent influxes of dyes at concentrations similar to those to be expected in practice.A simple test method is described which enables the tendency of a dye to be removed by adsorption on activated sludge to be categorized. Application of the test to six classes of dyes by some of the member firms of ETAD has indicated that the adsorption depends on the class of dye and to structural differences within the classes.
A New System of Continuous Flash Dyeing
Authors: DUCKWORTH C. , RIDYARD A. J. , WRENNALL L. M. 
Published: July 2010

This paper describes work carried out during the development of a new ‘Flash’ continuous‐dyeing system for cellulose‐based fabrics. The new system was aimed primarily at the successful application of vat dyes, which worldwide still account for very substantial yardages and form a high proportion of fabric which is continuously dyed.Earlier investigations had shown that novel methods held promise, but perhaps not sufficient to displace current techniques. The conventional pigment pad‐hot flue‐chemical pad‐steam sequence has long been preferred for high quality vat dyeing, but changes in recent years have made it clear that alternative systems could find favour. These changes include:

Much shorter runs per colour.
Blends with other fibres, especially with polyester.
Higher operating costs (labour, water, energy, dyes, etc.) which call for a reduction in downtime due to colour changes, and the need for more accurate recipe formulations without recourse to instrumental prediction techniques.

These changes in trading conditions, along with the high capital cost of the preferred conventional equipment, have made economic processing more difficult.The new process is a simple pad system with an ‘all‐in’ dye bath. Deep dyeings of normal fastness can be readily obtained. Recipe formulations for production can be predetermined in the laboratory. The time for a complete change of colour varies from I minute for pale‐medium dyeings to 5 minutes for deep dyeings. Dye yield is excellent. Space requirements are halved and energy (motive power and steam) demand is cut by two‐thirds.
Management and Technology
Authors: SMITH P. W. 
Published: July 2010

In the last hundred years in capitalist societies, the prime motivation for the introduction of new technologies Into any industry has been to reduce unit production costs, and hence to increase profits. The success of any particular piece of technological innovation has usually been directly measured by the wale of profit increase.Other considerations are now accepted as of comparable Importance ‐ and these new considerations derive mainly from the requirement to take better account of the needs of the workforce.When new technologies are proposed for use in any Industry, the workforce now loot. to the possible repercussions under three headings:

the likelihood that unit cost reduction may be largely effected by a reduction in the numbers of operatives required Luddism. etc.,
the requirement that individual work loads shall be reduced, and that any alteration shall make a positive contribution to working conditions.
that any financial gain from such Introduction shall be. in part enjoyed by the workforce.

Such considerations are general for all Industries, but their implications are examined in the context of the textile finishing Industry, which has a historical retard neither worse nor better than the average for most industriesFor the most part, present‐day management recognizes the legitimate nature of many of the workforce's expectations from technological innovation Additionally, the law now demands in many ways that these ambitions be recognized.The various individual aspects are each analysed in same detail ‐ management problems in meeting them identified; and the possibilities of previous imbalances in favour of capital and against labour being over‐compensatea are considered.The Pitfalls of over‐compensation'are discussed, and the possible nature of an eventual better balance assessed.The pressure is on management to cater for reasonable adjustments. The pressure is on the workforce to realist that the discovery during the last decade of their power, does not result in a management backlash It must be made clear to both that neither section can function without the sympathetic understanding of the role of the other.
The Efficient use of Resources in Textile Coloration
Authors: Dürig G. , Hausmann J. P. , O'Hare B. J. 
Published: July 2010

The various factors which are stimulating the present interest in recycling of dyehouse effluents are discussed. These include economic considerations, such as the rising cost of water supply and effluent treatment, shortage of water created by increased demand, and tighter legal control.Dyehouse effluents contain a wide range of impurities which may be organic or inorganic, soluble, colloidal or suspended. These impurities will limit the suitability of the effluent for immediate recycling to varying degrees depending on their nature and concentration and the class of fibre and goods to be subsequently processed. Attention is drawn to the effect of some of the most commonly occurring of these impurities on subsequent processing operations.Reference is made to the physical obstacles to recycling associated with existing machines, drainage systems and factory layout.
Textile Waste Waters: Treatment and Environmental Effects
Authors: Gardiner Deirdre K. , Borne B. J. 
Published: July 2010

The paper considers the use of water and chemicals in the textile industry and the volume, nature and composition of process effluents, the effect they have on the environment and the limitations they pose on the reuse of water.An outline is given of the methods available for treatment of waste waters from the industry, on site or at a Water Authority's works and the effects that chemical constituents of the effluents have on the treatment processes and on disposal of water and sludge.The assessment and significance of biodegradability and the extent of present‐day knowledge on the biodegradability of the main classes of chemicals used in textile processing are discussed.The paper concludes with a section dealing with the removal of colour from waste waters.
Realistic Investment in the Dyeing Industry
Authors: Park James 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Lancaster Management Forum on the 6–7 April 1979, to the West Riding Region on 11 October 1979, to the West of England and South Wales Region at a half–day Symposium on 2 November 1979, to the Northern Ireland Region on 13 November 1979 and to the Huddersfield Region on 4 December 1979.Many companies are approaching a crossroad since much of their plant has reached the end of its useful life and may be technically obsolete and inefficient. The decision to invest in the equipping of a dyehouse is an extremely complex one and there are many factors both technical and commercial which must be considered. Investment can be undertaken at a number of levels from the addition of a few machines to an existing operation, to a total green–field site. Adequate market research must be carried out before a committment is made and there are a number of important management decisions. Various processing routes should be compared.The effect of investment programmes on cost and sales prices are discussed and case histories are used to illustrate the various factors involved in the execution of such a programme.
Evidence for the Participation of Singlet Oxygen in the Vat–dye Photosensitized Degradation of Cellulose
Authors: Garston Brian 
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the vat–dye photosensitized degradation of cellulose. Whilst the part played by the dyes in direct hydrogen abstraction from a cellulose substrate cannot be overlooked, it is apparent that the role played by singlet oxygen is important. The ability of a dye to produce singlet oxygen has been studied by measuring the amount of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone the dye can photo–oxidize.It would appear that the singlet oxygen is initially formed in its high energy g state by energy transfer from the triplet state of the dye to ground state molecular oxygen.Luminescence spectroscopy has been employed in order to gain information about the excited state energies of the dye molecules, and an electron spin resonance study of the dyes in rigid media has been carried out in order to obtain information about the triplet state.
Impressions of IT MA 1979 (Hanover)
Authors: Bent Christopher J. , Glover Brian , Lewis John F 
Published: July 2010

Little of intrinsic novelty for either the textile dyer or printer was on exhibition at Hanover, Refinements to existing machines were many, particularly geared at reducing energy requirements, conserving resources and/or increasing the versatility of substrates handled.The manufacturers of jet dyeing machines (both atmospheric and high–temperature) were noteworthy in this respect, and although there were several exhibits of mercerizing machines for knitgoods, there was no–one yet tackling the fully continuous coloration of them.Washing ranges was another sector where everyone was exhibiting improved machines, usually featuring dwell chambers, counter–current and very low water usage per treated kg of fabric. So/vent washing ranges were featured for preparation and for washing–off of printed synthetic fabrics.Printing machinery, with the exception of the Penta–screen (Stork), showed no novelty.Two suppliers offered indigo dyeing ranges and reported still buoyant interest. Radio frequency, with the exception of Pegg's Electrodry and Stray field's Fastran, received scant attention, whilst dyehouse control systems were more prominent. Finally, three machines (two based on foam techniques) were exhibited which have minimum liquor pick–up as alternatives to padding mangles. Whilst the two foam applicators (Gaston County and Kuster) are both currently being developed for resin finishing, their extension into dye application will be almost inevitable. The third machine, based on centrifugal sprays of droplets (Farmer Norton), looked more speculative with respect to its future adoption. It is not possible in this review to fully describe all the machines which were on display. Accordingly, we have concentrated on machines which were new or novel in some respect, particularly where we felt that these could have an impact on the trade.
Polynomial Approximations Describing Rate of Dyeing from a Finite Bath
Authors: Shibusawa Takao 
Published: July 2010

Three polynomial approximations to Wilson's equation were derived by means of Hastings's method. One of them is an approximation to Crank's equation with 3–figure accuracy and it approximates to Wilson's epuation very closely for high values of fractional equilibrium exhaustion (E), E > 0. 95. Two other polynomials approximate to Wilson's equation very well in the ranges 0. 95 > EX). 76 and 0. 76 > E > 0. 30 respectively. The polynomials derived here only include up to second order terms, so that by using the equations which are obtained by solving the polynomials for diffusion coefficient (D), D can easily be calculated from experimental dye uptake data.By using the polynomial approximation, the changes in rate–of–dyeing of a non–ionic dye on a nylon 6 fibre by addition of a dispersing agent were calculated. Results of the experiment agreed well with the calculated.
Publication Sponsored by the Society's Scarce Resources Committee‐II
Authors: Collis P. W. 
Published: July 2010

The Scarce Resources Committee welcomes any comments readers of this paper wish to make. These should be addressed to Mr M. Roberts, The Technical and Education Officer, The Society of Dyers & Colourists, PO Box 244, Perkin House, 82 Grattan Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD1 2JB.The price of oil has risen by approximately 70% in 1979 giving greater need to conserve energy. This paper demonstrates that savings of 30% can easily be made in relation to stenters. The basic thinking behind the work could be applied to other processes.
The Colour Index: The Past, Present and Future of Colorant Classification
Authors: Burdett B. C. 
Published: July 2010

The evolution of the present Colour Index is discussed with reference to nineteenth and early twentieth century English, German and French classifications, as well as to previous editions of the Index. Details of the first, second and third editions are described and comments made on future developments.Based on lectures given at meetings of the Bradford Student Section, the West Riding Region jointly with the Leeds Student Section, the Manchester Student Section, and the Midlands Region of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
The Package Dyeing of Wool Yarn — Process Appraisal and Product Assessment
Authors: Graham J F , Holt R R D , Mason J S , Park J. 
Published: July 2010

Five basic types of commercially produced yarns designed for machine knitting, weaving or hand knitting have been bulk‐dyed in package form to demonstrate the technical possibility of producing commercially acceptable products. Various factors were examined including yarn type, package type, package presentation, type of dyeing machine and method of drying. The dyed yarns were evaluated by producing fabrics under commercial conditions. Finally, the cost effectiveness and productivity of the various systems were assessed.The principal results from this project have indicated that certain methods of preparing packages favour level dyeing and that these are the most economical due to advantageous payloads. It has been established that certain of the operations usually associated with package‐dyeing processes can be omitted with a significant reduction in cost.Package‐dyed yarns in a variety of qualities have produced commercially acceptable fabrics. In some instances, to imitate fabrics already available by alternative processing routes, a change in finishing routine may be necessary.
Liquid Brands of Azoic Coupling Components and Azoic Diazo Components
Authors: Frey Peter , Hertel Hasso 
Published: July 2010

Liquid brands of azoic coupling components are concentrated solutions of the monoalkaline salts of aromatic oxycarboxylic acid arylamides in alcohols. Solvents that are particularly suitable are ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.There are two different types of liquid brands of azoic diazo components: solutions and dispersions. Solutions consist of the Fast Base (an arylamine), the solvent and a surfactant. This form is especially suitable for low‐melting‐point amines. For those with a higher melting point the dispersion form is more suitable, with ethylene oxide adducts being used as dispersing agents, which also act as surfactants during dyeing.The particular value of these liquid grades is that, besides making metering easier, they considerably reduce the time taken for the preparation of the impregnation liquors and particularly for diazotisation.
The Structure and Properties of Disperse Dyes in Polyester Coloration
Authors: Dawson J F 
Published: July 2010

John Dawson was educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley, and the University of Leeds. He graduated from the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in 1961 before taking up an appointment as a research chemist with the then Yorkshire Dyeware & Chemical Co. Ltd, working primarily on the synthesis of new disperse and cationic dyes. He was appointed dye research manager in 1969 and elected to the board in 1976. He is now technical director of Yorkshire Chemicals plc, and also a member of the Society's Publications Committee.Presented to the Society's Leicester Student Section on the 29 October 1980, to a joint meeting of the Society's West Riding Region and Leeds Student Section on 25 February 1982 and to the Society's Scottish Region on 2 March 1982.
Low‐energy Preparation of Cotton and Cotton Blends
Authors: Burdett B C , Roberts J G 
Published: July 2010

Shirley Institute Didsbury Manchester M20 8RXPresented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.Surveys of current practice show that energy requirements for fabric preparation range between Wand 30 GJ for each tonne of fabric processed. The procedure recommended in this paper consumes as little as 3.4 GJ/tonne. The process depends upon steam purging loom‐state fabric prior to the fabric entering the preparation liquor, and combining the three separate stages of desizing, scouring and bleaching into a single‐stage process. Acceptable preparation of cotton fabrics can be obtained by batching such impregnated fabric at room temperature, followed by washing‐off and drying.
Colour Measurement in the Hungarian Textile Industry — Research and Application
Authors: Hirschler R , Goreczky L , Csimcsa‐Füredi M , Pataki P 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.The Colour Measurement and Recipe Formulation Centre was opened some years ago to help dyehouses in the Hungarian textile industry. The work of the Centre and research conducted at various other institutions are discussed in this article. The main topics of research include linear approximations in colour calculations, statistical treatment of colour measurement data, the repeatability of textile dyeing, comparison of different methods for expressing the dyeing strength of dyestuffs, application of instrumental measurement in fastness evaluation, comparison of colour‐difference formulae in establishing tolerances and in colour sorting, and the effect of mercerisation on the colour of dyed cotton.
Dye‐Fibre Bond Stabilities of Some Reactive Dyes on Silk
Authors: Meyer Ulrich , Wang Jian‐ziong , Xia Yushu , Yang Jin‐zong , Zollinger Heinrich 
Published: July 2010

57th Communication on Investigations in Textile Chemistry, for 56th Communication see ref. J.Silk was dyed with twelve reactive dyes containing various reactive groups. The dyeings were thoroughly extracted so that all non‐covalently bonded dye was removed. The extracted dyeings were treated with buffer solutions in the pH range 1.89 to 10.65 at 70°C for 24 h. The exhaustion, fixation ratio and extent of reaction of the dyeings and the rate of hydrolysis of all dyed samples in six buffers were measured. The dye‐fibre bond was found to be sufficiently resistant to hydrolysis for ail dyeings. The fixation ratio and wet fastness were particularly good for dyeings with α‐bromoacrylamide groups and with difluorochloropyrimidine groups.
Economic Aspects of the Dyeing of Cotton Knitgoods with Reactive Dyes in Winches and Jet Machines
Authors: Park James , Shore John 
Published: July 2010

The choice between alternative dye recipes to match the same colour using reactive dyes on cotton does not reduce simply to comparing the costs of the individual dyes and their proportions in the recipes. Often the conditions of application of the recipes are significantly different and it is not sufficiently accurate to represent process cost by a constant factor independent of applied depth or dyeing‐cycle profile. For example, depending on the dyeing cycle and machine selected, a pale depth costing perhaps 5 pl kg for the dyes required would demand a further 10–25 p/kg in process costs, even if no shading problems arose. The processing ‘surcharge’ on a 50 p/kg full‐depth recipe would amount to 15–40 p/kg dyed faultlessly.The cost‐effectiveness of the process is adversely affected if shading and reprocessing become necessary. Shading corrections to a pastel dyeing may be almost negligible in terms of dye cost but an extra 10–15% in processing cost is registered each time. A substantial addition to a full‐depth dyeing from a fresh bath is a severe penalty, however, amounting to a major proportion of the cost of the original dyeing. The contribution of the fixed‐cost component to the total costs of dyeing can become a heavy burden if the productive capacity is not being effectively used. It makes no economic sense to replace an unsophisticated but still viable winch by a costly jet machine unless the available workload and technological control systems can justify this decision by ensuring that the new machine is kept full and effectively occupied throughout its productive life. The relationships between these factors are illustrated by means of typical examples, based as far as possible on realistic recipe costs and process details.
Glia as a source of cytokines: Implications for neuronal excitability and survival
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria , Ravizza Teresa , Balosso Silvia , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn the last decade, preclinical studies have provided a better characterization of the homeostatic and maladaptive mechanisms occurring either during the process of epileptogenesis or after the permanent epileptic state has emerged. Experimental evidence supported by clinical observations highlighted the possibility that brain inflammation is a common factor contributing, or predisposing, to the occurrence of seizures and cell death, in various forms of epilepsy of different etiologies. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as a hallmark of brain inflammation, has been demonstrated in glia in various experimental models of seizures and in human epilepsies. Experimental studies in rodents with perturbed cytokine systems indicate that these inflammatory mediators can alter neuronal excitability and affect cell survival by activating transcriptional and posttranslational intracellular pathways. This paper will provide an overview on the current knowledge in this field to discuss mechanistic hypotheses into the study of pathogenesis of epilepsy and recognize new potential therapeutic options.
WILLEELLA ORDINATA BOERGESEN, 1930 (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CLADOPHORALES): FIRST RECORD FOR AMERICA1
Authors: van den Hoek C. , de Rios N. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe tropical chlorophycea Willeella ordinata, known so far from 2 localities on the coasts of northwest and southern India, and, 2 localities on the coast of South Africa, is recorded for the first time from the Caribbean coast, of Venezuela. The material from Venezuela is described and pictured, and it is compared, with the holotype.