bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Word Grammar
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents the main salient features of Word Grammar. Word Grammar is a formal theory in the cognitive framework which eschews phrase structure, and which treats language as a network. The chapter begins with a chapter of reference in cognitive theories; moves on to an account of syntactic and semantic composition; explores default inheritance which is the formal aspect of Word Grammar; discusses argument linking, dependency types, and predicate types. The chapter ends with a discussion of some of the theoretical consequences of the Word Grammar position, and an account of what is forthcoming. The section on inheritance is the longest in the chapter, and it discusses some of the consequences of the WG treatment of inheritance for other topics that come up in the book such as polysemy and the question of whether syntax and semantics are discrete systems.
Perception Verbs and the Semantics of Content
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses listen‐class verbs and hear‐class verbs in terms of the claim that one of the building blocks of conceptual or cognitive semantics is the spatial organisation of meaning. It also explores these verbs in terms of force dynamics and theories of agency. Related to these two areas of concern, the chapter investigates the semantic and lexical relationships between the two classes of verb and also discusses their Aktionsarten. One of the claims is that the senses of agentive look and see instantiate the same concept.
Chapter 2 The European Commission: organizational capacities and staff resources
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 2 introduces the Commission organization and personnel. The Commission is pictured as a compound system of international bureaucracy, balancing departmental, epistemic, supranational, and intergovernmental dynamics in everyday decision‐making processes. The conditional mobilization of each of these dynamics is arguably conditioned by the Commission's organizational structure. The chapter also describes the Commission as balancing and integrating an autonomous civil service staffed mainly by permanent officials, however, supplemented by temporary short‐term contracted personnel from the member states.
Chapter 3 The autonomy of the European Commission reassessed
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 3 explores and reassesses the autonomy of the Commission. The ambition of this chapter is to reassess the behavioural autonomy of the Commission, as well as organizational conditions thereof. To accomplish this, Chapter 3 utilizes one under‐researched laboratory of the Commission: seconded national experts (SNEs). It is argued that SNEs may serve as a crucial test‐bed of Commission autonomy due to SNEs' ambiguous and short‐term affiliation towards the Commission. Whereas past studies claims that SNEs have a predominant intergovernmental behavioural pattern, this chapter demonstrates that the SNEs foremost blend departmental, epistemic, and supranational behavioural dynamics, thereby safeguarding their behavioural autonomy. This chapter also demonstrates that the autonomy of the Commission is organizationally contingent and not only subject to what Lipsky (1980: 19) calls actors' conspicuous desire for autonomy.
Chapter 5 Compound machinery of the Commission
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 5 benefits from an original and rich body of comparative surveys and interview data derived from current and former Commission seconded national experts (SNEs). This chapter demonstrates that the socializing power of the Commission is conditional and only partly sustained when SNEs exit the Commission. Any long‐lasting effect of socialization within European Union's executive machinery of government is largely absent. This chapter demonstrates that overall system loyalties towards the European Union as a whole seem to be rather sticky but that the socializing power of the Commission is conditional and only partially sustained when SNEs exit the Commission. The ‘temporal identity’ of SNEs as ‘EU civil servants’ is dependent on their primary organizational embedment within the Commission. This chapter thus demonstrates that the Commission's secondment system does not create enduring supranational loyalties towards an emergent European Executive Order.
Chapter 8 Bureaucratic autonomy and EU‐level agencies
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 8 contests that the alleged de jure autonomy of government bodies profoundly influence their de facto autonomy. The empirical test is a study of the factual autonomy of EU‐level agencies. This chapter presents organizational data from thirty‐five EU‐level agencies and survey and interview data from civil servants of seven EU‐level agencies. The data suggests that agency autonomy combines organizational and actor‐level characteristics. Firstly, organizational‐level autonomy consists of the accumulated organizational capacities of EU‐level agencies. Secondly, actor‐level autonomy contains a departmental decision‐making dynamic among the agency personnel. Essentially, Chapter 8 suggests that the de jure autonomy of EU‐level agencies is of minor relevance when assessing their de facto autonomy. Consequently, the bureaucratic autonomy of the emergent European Executive Order is less contingent on legal formulas than by everyday decision‐making processes among agency personnel.
Chapter 9 EU committee governance
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 9 explores the role of EU committees in the emergent European Executive Order. EU committees are important laboratories for studying transformational change that transcends the territorial dynamics of Westphalia because they have institutionalized the bringing together of domestic and Community officials. This chapter explores the following EU committees: The Commission Expert Committees (ECs) that prepare decisions for the Commission, the Council Working Parties (CWPs) that prepare decisions for the Council of Ministers, and the so‐called Comitology Committees (CCs) that assist the Council in controlling delegated powers to the Commission. Comparative survey data reveals that the intergovernmental dynamic is weaker within the ECs than within the CWPs and CCs. Hence, the picture of one unified EU committee system has to be sacrificed for the model of a compound committee system balancing multiple behavioural dynamics. The data seriously challenges sweeping generalizations of administrative fusion and bureaucratic engrenage. This chapter also demonstrates that deliberative dynamics are not omnipotent within the CCs as asserted by Joerges and Neyer (1997).
Chapter 11 Ambiguity and representation in an emergent European Executive Order
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 11 explores enduring ambiguities of representation within an emergent European Executive Order. Attention is directed towards how differences in domestic institutional constellations shape the representational roles of member‐state officials attending the Council Working Parties (CWPs). The primary argument is that role perceptions employed by national civil servants within the CWPs are considerably conditioned by actors' domestic institutional embedment. Comparing Belgian and Swedish officials attending working groups within the Council of Ministers substantiates this argument. This chapter shows that Belgian officials are more supranationally oriented than their Swedish counterparts and that this difference is related to varying levels of vertical and horizontal specialization, federalism, competition among veto‐players, the role of the Foreign Ministry, and the level of trust in domestic government compared to the level of trust in the European Union. Hence, supranational dynamics within the emergent European Executive Order is profoundly conditioned by the formal organization of domestic government systems.
Property Rights Created under Statute in Common Law Legal Systems
Authors: Barton Barry 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Common law jurisdictions do not appear to have a generally accepted body of law for ascertaining whether the attributes of property ownership attach to permits granted under statutes. This chapter inquires into the way that different courts — mainly those of Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand — have approached the matter, and into the way that we may expect the interaction between legislatures and courts in common law jurisdictions to proceed in the future. It is shown that the case law is not producing any consistent body of doctrine by which to determine whether a statutory resource permit has a proprietary character to it, or whether property law ideas can properly be used to construe it. The legislature often pays little attention to such matters; often its general pronouncements fail to deal with the diversity of disputes that parties bring to the courts. Given this legislative track record, it is interesting to discover that the courts are often reluctant to be entirely bound by the legislature's expressions of intention.
Models for State Ownership on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Hammer Ulf 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Since the early 1970s, state ownership has been an important element in the management of petroleum resources on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). In recent years however, important developments have taken place, both as regards the organization and the management of state ownership. This chapter analyses these developments. Section I makes a basic distinction between state ownership of subsea petroleum deposits and state ownership of licence interests. Section II discusses state ownership of the subsea petroleum deposits. Section III discusses how the state manages its ownership in the petroleum activities, i.e. exploration, production, transport, and eventually, abandonment. Section IV further analyses how the state manages its licence interests through the state company Petoro; Section V concludes.
The Scope and Limitations of the Principle of National Property of Hydrocarbons in Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez Jose Juan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the scope and limitations of the principle of national property over natural resources of the subsoil established by Art 27 of the Mexican Constitution. It discusses the difference between state and national property from a comparative perspective. In addition, it describes the evolution of the constitutional and legal framework regarding the role private investment has played in the public monopoly of oil exploration and exploitation. From this analysis, the chapter proposes the adoption of a new approach to make effective the principle of national sovereignty over oil resources without excluding the possibility of private investment participating in oil exploration and exploitation.
Who Owns the Economy? Property Rights, Privatization, and the Indonesian Constitution: The Electricity Law Case
Authors: Butt Simon , Lindsey Tim 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Indonesia's 1945 Constitution reflects a broad mix of Leftist, nationalist and anti-colonial ideals that were influential at the time it was first drafted. Article 33 granted the state control over natural resources and essential industries, with the expectation that the Indonesian people — particularly the poor — would benefit from them. Art 33 provides for significant government intervention in the economy and has, from 1997, been a rallying point for opposition to market-oriented policies ‘pushed’ by multilateral lenders and donors. This chapter focuses upon the Constitutional Court's interpretation of Art 33 and its implications for property ownership and privatization in Indonesia. It begins by setting out Art 33 and aspects of the debates in 2001 in the MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or People's Deliberative Assembly, entrusted with amending the Constitution) which resulted in the retention of that Article without amendment. It then discusses Indonesia's new Constitutional Court and its jurisdiction, before turning to the Court's treatment of Art 33, focusing on the Court's very first decision: the Electricity Law case.
Eminent Domain and Regulatory Changes
Authors: Erize Luis 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The concept of eminent domain is defined more as an emanation of public powers than as an outright property right, referring thus to the authority of the Sovereign to legislate and to set forth rules applicable to the private parties. The two main issues that appear constantly in this sector are: (i) the Sovereign rights and authority over underground natural resources (eminent domain) versus the acquired rights (and thus, property rights) by holders of title to exploit such resources (with respect to reserves, as well as to the hydrocarbons produced); and (ii) the limits to regulatory powers, especially facing what is now being invoked as a state of necessity, whether as an exception to international law standards' enforcement or as a modification of the latter. The nature of the eminent domain is affirmed in Argentina's Hydrocarbons Law and in its Constitution, which refers to it as dominio originario in the new section 124. This chapter analyses the past, present and future of Argentine regulations in the light of the dialectic interplay between state intervention policies and private business initiative. It also describes the new scenarios resulting from these changes.
Restrictions on Foreign Investment in the Energy Sector for National Security Reasons: The Case of Japan
Authors: Nakatani Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Article 3 of the OECD Code of Liberalization of Capital Movements provides that a state can restrict foreign investment when it considers it necessary for the maintenance of public order or for the protection of its essential security interests. However, the concepts of public order and essential security interests are vague and the interpretation of these concepts is open to each state. States often impose restrictions on foreign investment in the energy sector and Japan is no exception. In May 2008, the government of Japan, in an unprecedented move, ordered The Children's Investment Master Fund (TCI), a British hedge fund, to drop a bid to raise its stake in J-Power, the biggest wholesale electric company in Japan. This chapter begins by surveying international rules and Japanese laws on foreign investment. It then considers the nature and content of the order by the government of Japan in the J-Power/TCI case.
Governing Common Resources: Environmental Markets and Property in Water
Authors: Godden Lee 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Environmental markets, in concert with the rise of property-based instruments to regulate natural resources, have gained ascendancy in many areas once the preserve of more traditional forms of legal regulation. Prominent among the trends has been the development of cap and trade regimes that utilize property rights as specific instruments to achieve ‘efficiencies’ in the regulation of common pool resources such as water, and increasingly in emerging ‘resources’ such as greenhouse gas emissions. Adoption of property rights is regarded as instituting a system that prevents the ‘tragedy of the commons’. This chapter critically explores this view by considering the emergence of new forms of property rights in common pool resources. It then examines a case study of the emergence of water property rights and market-based mechanisms in water law. It focuses upon Australia, although some comparisons are made with other jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter analyses experience with the use of property rights and trade in water to suggest some potential opportunities and challenges that property rights and cap and trade regimes may pose for the governance of common pool resources more widely.
The Significance of Property Rights in Biotic Sequestration of Carbon
Authors: Lucas Alastair 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of property rights in the design of appropriate legal structures for biotic carbon sequestration. The objective is a regime that permits creation of biotic sequestration rights which can be integrated into offset trading systems. Two main issues will be explored, building on earlier, broader-scale, preliminary research: (1) defining foundational legal rights to carbon sequestration potential and sequestered carbon; and (2) shaping a property rights regime for sequestered carbon. This will be done in a particular context — in effect a case study — namely, private and public or ‘Crown’ lands in the province of Alberta, Canada.
Community Based Property Rights and Resource Conservation in India's Forests
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the provenance, possibilities, and limits of the formal legal recognition of community based property rights, through a case study of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006. It traces the antecedents of this Act, and considers the implications of formal legal recognition of community based property rights for natural resource protection. Through the case study, the chapter also explores the notion of community based property rights, its conceptual moorings, and its recognition in international human rights doctrine.
Introduction
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces some key concepts, including prudence and justice and the relations between them, and gives an overview of the book. It also provides an account of the methodology employed. More precisely, it is shown that the types of arguments used are compatible with a wide variety of more particular epistemic and ontological views about ethics. Furthermore, the role of thought experiments, contrast arguments and arguments that rely on the notion that ‘betterness’ is a transitive relation are clarified.
Personal Identity
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAccording to the Identity View, in order for an individual to have a self‐interest in a future benefit, she must be identical to the beneficiary. Therefore, the exact implications of the Identity View depend on the particular theory of personal identity assumed. However, it is argued that identity is only seen as a plausible condition for self‐interests if we assume that identity is what matters in survival, that is, if we assume that identity is what gives each of us the basis for special concern for our (own) future. If we do not make this assumption, the Identity View will not have the prudential significance it usually is thought to have and which generates our concern with self‐interests in the first place. Parfit's argument for why identity is in fact not what matters in survival is then presented and defended against a number of objections, further implying that the Identity View should be rejected.
Metaphysics and Justice
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn Chapter 4, the Prudential View, according to which self‐interest is a function not just of welfare but also of Relation M was proposed. This view has implications for our account of justice. For example, according to the ‘Compensation Argument’, it is possible for an individual to be compensated for her low welfare at one time by her high welfare at another time. Therefore, what matters for distributive justice is her welfare over her life taken as a whole. However, if we accept the Prudential View, what the Compensation Argument suggests is not Whole Lives Prioritarianism, but ‘Prudential Prioritarianism’. According to Prudential Prioritarianism, roughly, the moral value of a benefit to an individual at one time depends on both the size of the benefit and on the individual's self‐interest, at that time, in the other benefits that accrue to her at this and other times.
Introduction
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the background of the United Kingdom's ‘East of Suez’ role and its defence presence in Malaysia and Singapore. It notes the importance of Britain's presence to its allies, in particular the United States in the context of the Cold War and the escalating conflict in Vietnam. It describes the creation of an independent Malaysia, the Confrontation with Indonesia, and how the benefits and costs of Britain's role in the region were reaching a delicate balance.
Beginning the Defence Review: October 1964–June 1965
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the Wilson Government's initial reassessment, within the Defence Review, of future overseas policy. On their arrival in office, senior ministers were keen to emphasise the importance of Britain's military commitments overseas, even though officials within the Foreign and Commonwealth Relations Offices were now beginning to entertain doubts about their long‐term value. At the same time, the weakness of Britain's economic situation prompted them to impose a ceiling of £2000 million on annual defence expenditure. The combination of these official doubts and the need for spending restraint encouraged senior ministers to endorse a medium‐term plan for the withdrawal of permanent British forces from Malaysia and Singapore to a northern Australian base, jointly funded and operated by Britain and the ANZUS allies.
The Perils of Alliance: June–September 1965
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the Wilson Government's attempts to introduce its allies to its thinking on withdrawing from Malaysia and Singapore to a northern Australian base, jointly funded with the ANZUS allies. These discussions were suddenly interrupted in August 1965 by the separation of Singapore from Malaysia. In the aftermath of the split, the British sought to accelerate their plans for withdrawal from Singapore, on the grounds that the island's position was no longer secure. These plans were sharply rejected by the ANZUS allies. The rejection was firmly bolstered by the Johnson Administration imposing an understanding that their support of the Pound was linked to a British willingness to maintain an acceptable defence policy. The basic dilemma for Britain's policymakers was now exposed: how to resolve the conflict between the need to cut defence expenditure, for the sake of the country's economic health, and the need to maintain an overseas role, for the sake of the country's major allies.
From Dissent to Revolt: October 1966–April 1967
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 5 follows the course of the Wilson Government's Defence Expenditure Studies. This policy review process was much more acrimonious than before, the sharpening conflict between Britain's economic and international political interests manifesting itself in arguments between the Treasury and the defence and overseas departments. This wrangling meant that the review had reached no useful conclusion when, in February 1967, the Parliamentary Labour Party revolted against what they perceived to be the conservatism of the Government's defence policy. The revolt appeared to energise all the Party and Cabinet critics to speak out. It provoked Defence Secretary, Denis Healey, to leapfrog the second defence review with a new plan for a staged withdrawal from Malaysia and Singapore, with the intention of forestalling any further revolt. His plan was passed by Cabinet, with difficulty, in April 1967.