bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo evaluation of alginate microspheres of carvedilol for nasal delivery
Authors: Patil Sanjay B. , Kaul Ankur , Babbar Anil , Mathur Rashi , Mishra Anil , Sawant Krutika K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMucoadhesive alginate microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal administration intended to avoid first pass metabolism and to improve bioavailability were prepared and evaluated. The microspheres were prepared by emulsification cross‐linking method. Radiolabeling of CRV and its microspheres was performed by direct labeling with reduced technetium‐99m (99mTc). In vivo studies were performed on New Zealand white rabbits by administering the microspheres intranasally using monodose nasal insufflator. The radioactivity was measured in a well‐type gamma scintillation counter. The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. The pattern of deposition and clearance of the microspheres were evaluated using a radioactive tracer and the noninvasive technique of gamma scintigraphy. The clearance of alginate microsphere was compared with that of control lactose. The microspheres were nonaggregated, free flowing powders with spherical shape, and smooth surface. Pharmacokinetics study displayed an increase in area under the curve and hence in relative bioavailability when compared with intravenous administration of drug. The nasal bioavailability was 67.87% which indicates that nasal administration results in improved absorption of CRV. The results of gamma scintigraphy showed that the alginate microspheres had significantly reduced rates of clearance from the rabbit nasal cavity when compared with the control lactose. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Very low pressures drive ventilatory flow in chimaeroid fishes
Authors: Dean Mason N. , Summers Adam P. , Ferry Lara A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChimaera (Holocephali) are cartilaginous fishes with flexible operculi rather than external gill slits, suggesting ventilation occurs in a manner different from other fishes. We examined holocephalan ventilation morphology, behavior, and performance by anatomical investigations, high‐speed video, and in vivo pressure measurements from the buccal and parabranchial cranial cavities in Hydrolagus colliei and Callorhinchus callorynchus. Ventilatory modes ranged from quiet resting breathing to rapid “active” breathing, yet external cranial movements—excepting the passive movement of the opercular flap—were always extremely subtle, and pressures generated were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of other fishes. To explain ventilation with such minimal pressure generation and cranial motion, we propose an “accordion” model, whereby rostrocaudal movement of the visceral arches drives pressure differentials, albeit with little lateral or ventral movement. Chimaeroids have comparatively large oropharyngeal cavities, which can move fluid with a smaller linear dimension change than the comparatively smaller cavities of other fishes. Orobranchial pressures are often less than parabranchial pressures, suggesting flow in the “wrong” direction; however, the long gill curtains of chimaeroids may passively restrict backflow. We suggest that constraints on holocephalan jaw and hyoid movements were compensated for evolutionarily by novel visceral arch mechanics and kinematics. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meaning made following deployment in Iraq or Afghanistan: Examining unique associations with posttraumatic stress and clinical outcomes
Authors: Currier Joseph M. , Holland Jason M. , Chisty Khaja , Allen David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCrises in personal meaning may be a critical aspect of psychological maladjustment following combat. Using the newly developed Integration of Stressful Life Events Scale (ISLES), this study examined the role of meaning made of a salient stressor following a combat deployment in Iraq or Afghanistan. In a sample of 169 returning service members, findings supported the distinctiveness of meaning made of a stressor (as assessed by the ISLES), factor analytically and as a correlate of several relevant clinical outcomes. In particular, when the model contained potential confounds and psychiatric symptoms, meaning made in the months and years following combat was uniquely associated with the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms, β = −.39, and referrals for mental health care, β = −.69, in the sample. The present findings highlight the importance of the subjective meaning made of traumatic life events and also suggest that posttraumatic stress and other psychiatric symptomatology may not account for the full clinical picture among many service men and women.
Knee joint transplantation combined with surgical angiogenesis in rabbits—A new experimental model
Authors: Kremer Thomas , Giusti Guilherme , Friedrich Patricia F. , Willems Wouter , Bishop Allen T. , Giessler Goetz A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose: We have previously described a means to maintain bone allotransplant viability, without long‐term immune modulation, replacing allogenic bone vasculature with autogenous vessels. A rabbit model for whole knee joint transplantation was developed and tested using the same methodology, initially as an autotransplant. Materials/Methods: Knee joints of eight New Zealand White rabbits were elevated on a popliteal vessel pedicle to evaluate limb viability in a nonsurvival study. Ten additional joints were elevated and replaced orthotopically in a fashion identical to allotransplantation, obviating only microsurgical repairs and immunosuppression. A superficial inferior epigastric facial (SIEF) flap and a saphenous arteriovenous (AV) bundle were introduced into the femur and tibia respectively, generating a neoangiogenic bone circulation. In allogenic transplantation, this step maintains viability after cessation of immunosuppression. Sixteen weeks later, X‐rays, microangiography, histology, histomorphometry, and biomechanical analysis were performed. Results: Limb viability was preserved in the initial eight animals. Both soft tissue and bone healing occurred in 10 orthotopic transplants. Surgical angiogenesis from the SIEF flap and AV bundle was always present. Bone and joint viability was maintained, with demonstrable new bone formation. Bone strength was less than the opposite side. Arthrosis and joint contractures were frequent. Conclusion: We have developed a rabbit knee joint model and evaluation methods suitable for subsequent studies of whole joint allotransplantation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Tunneled superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) myocutaneous/vascularized femur chimeric flaps: A model to study the role of vascularized bone marrow in composite allografts
Authors: Mundinger Gerhard S. , Kelamis Joseph A. , Kim Soon H. , Magarakis Michael , Jones Luke S. , Ha Jinny S. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe role of vascularized bone marrow in promoting composite allograft survival can be assessed by intrinsically chimeric flaps. In this study, we introduce a significant modification to a previously described rat model of combined superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) myocutaneous/vascularized femur transplantation. We previously noted autocannibalization in orthotopic myocutaneous SIEA allotransplants, which complicated clinical and histologic evaluation of rejection. We therefore designed syngeneic experiments in eight Lewis (RTl1) rat pairs to explore the feasibility of tunneling the SIEA component of chimeric SIEA myocutaneous/vascularized femur flaps to the recipient dorsum. Vascularized SIEA myocutaneous/femur transplants survived in their entirety to POD 63 study endpoint with patent anastomoses in seven of eight (87.5%) transplants as confirmed clinically, histologically, and via near‐infrared fluorescent angiography. Tunneling of the SIEA component of SIEA myocutaneous/vascularized femur flaps to the recipient dorsum can be achieved with high success rate and acceptable operative times, and is a technically easy method to study the role of vascularized bone marrow in composite allografts. This modification facilitates SIEA component monitoring, removes it from constant contact with cage bedding, and places it in a location where autocannibalization is unlikely. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Prediction of time‐to‐exhaustion in the first dorsal interosseous muscle from early changes in surface electromyography parameters
Authors: Bouillard Killian , Frère Julien , Hug François , GuÉvel Arnaud 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntroduction: In this study we evaluated the precision of the time‐to‐exhaustion (Tlim) prediction from the early changes in surface electromyography (sEMG) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Methods: Thirty subjects performed an index finger isometric abduction at 35% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion. Ten participants performed the same exercise at 50% MVC 1 week later. Changes in sEMG parameters across time were modeled using the area‐ratio and the linear regression slope. Tlim was plotted as a function of each of these indices of change, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was determined. Results: Null to moderate R2 (0.22 and 0.56 at 35% and 50% MVC, respectively) values were calculated. The best Tlim estimation led to a high prediction error (21.6 ± 15.0% of Tlim for the 50% MVC task). Conclusions: Although the prediction of time‐to‐exhaustion is an appealing research topic, these results suggest that it cannot be done solely from sEMG. Muscle Nerve 45: 835–840, 2012
Optical and electrical characteristics of Mn‐doped InN grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Chai Jessica H. , Song Young‐Wook , Reeves Roger J. , Durbin Steven M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWith the material quality of undoped indium nitride significantly improved, attention has more recently turned towards achieving control of the electrical properties of this infrared bandgap semiconductor. Of the candidate acceptors, only Mg has been reported in detail, primarily as it is the acceptor of choice for GaN and GaInN. There are several other possibilities, however, which may be worth considering. In this paper, we describe the in situ doping of InN using Mn in a plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy process. Evidence of surfactant behaviour is observed in both in situ reflection high‐enegy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although electrical measurements are difficult to interpret due to the presence of an electron accumulation layer on the surface, photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal a number of low‐energy features previously unreported in this material, and may be correlated to Mn forming a deep acceptor.
Structural properties of AlN films deposited by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition at different growth temperatures
Authors: Alevli Mustafa , Ozgit Cagla , Donmez Inci , Biyikli Necmi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCrystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) films have been prepared by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) within the temperature range from 100 to 500 °C. A self‐limiting, constant growth rate per cycle temperature window (100–200 °C) was established which is the major characteristic of an ALD process. At higher temperatures (>225 °C), deposition rate increased with temperature. Chemical composition, crystallinity, surface morphology, mass density, and spectral refractive index were studied for AlN films. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated that besides main AlN bond, the films contained AlON, AlO complexes, and AlAl metallic aluminum bonds as well. Crystalline hexagonal AlN films were obtained at remarkably low growth temperatures. The mass density increased from 2.65 to 2.96 g/cm3 and refractive index of the films increased from 1.88 to 2.08 at 533 nm for film growth temperatures of 100 and 500 °C, respectively.
Metal‐sulfide assisted rapid crystallization of highly (001)‐textured tungsten disulphide (WS2) films on metallic back contacts
Authors: Brunken Stephan , Mientus Rainald , Ellmer Klaus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHighly (001)‐textured, photoactive WS2 films, which could be deposited before only on insulating substrates, have been prepared on polycrystalline metal layers, which can be used as back contacts for electronic WS2 devices, for instance for thin film solar cells. The WS2 films were prepared by the amorphous‐solid‐liquid‐crystalline‐solid (aSLcS) crystallization process from a Ni–S eutectic. However, normal polycrystalline metallic films can not be used as back contact layers, caused by the diffusion of the thin metal promoter (Ni) into the back contact layer, before a nickel–sulfur eutectic can be formed. Preventing the diffusion of the metal promoter into the back contact allows using the well‐known metal‐promoter assisted crystallization to grow photoactive films on different back contacts, like TiN:O. Additionally, WS2 films on tungsten layers could be grown by Ni‐induced sulfidation of W films. Based on these experiments the model of the rapid nickel sulfide induced crystallization was modified: Ni assists the growth of WS2 crystallites already at temperatures between 500 and 600 °C leading to WS2 films with differently oriented crystallites. At temperatures above the Ni–S eutectic temperature (637 °C) liquid NiSx droplets induce, as reported earlier, a rapid recrystallization, which leads to WS2 films with strong (001) orientation.
Betulinic Acid has an Inhibitory Effect on Pancreatic Lipase and Induces Adipocyte Lipolysis
Authors: Kim Junghyun , Lee Young Seub , Kim Chan‐Sik , Kim Jin Sook 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTBetulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenic acid that exists naturally in many kinds of food and has many biological functions. The present study investigated the antiobesity properties of betulinic acid and possible mechanisms by which betulinic acid functions. To examine the antilipase function of betulinic acid, the ability of betulinic acid to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and to prevent the elevation of plasma triacylglycerol levels was tested after oral administration of a lipid emulsion in rats. In addition, the lipolytic effects of betulinic acid were assayed in rat adipose tissues. The activity of cAMP‐dependent phosphodiesterase was also measured in vitro. Betulinic acid inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in a dose‐dependent manner at concentrations of 1.5–100 µ m (IC50 value of 21.10 µ m) and prevented the elevation of plasma triacylglycerol levels 2 h after oral administration of the lipid emulsion at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In addition, betulinic acid had a strong lipolytic effect, which was mediated by cAMP‐dependent phosphodiesterase inhibition. In conclusion, betulinic acid may exert antiobesity effects by directly inhibiting pancreatic lipase, which would prevent the absorption of lipid from the small intestine. In addition, it was found that betulinic acid may further accelerate fat mobilization by enhancing the levels of lipolysis in adipose tissues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assimilation of GBVTD‐retrieved winds from single‐Doppler radar for short‐term forecasting of super typhoon Saomai (0608) at landfall
Authors: Zhao Kun , Xue Ming , Lee Wen‐Chau 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA single‐Doppler wind retrieval method called the Ground‐Based Velocity‐Track Display technique (GBVTD) has been developed in recent years to retrieve horizontal circulations of tropical cyclones. The technique is able to retrieve axisymmetric tangential and radial winds, asymmetric tangential winds for wave numbers 1–3, and along‐beam mean winds in tropical cyclones. It has been successfully applied to tropical cyclone monitoring and warning. This study explores, for the first time, the assimilation of GBVTD‐retrieved winds into a tropical cyclone prediction model, and examines its impact relative to that of directly assimilated radial velocity data. super typhoon Saomai (2006), the most intense landfalling typhoon ever recorded in China, is chosen as the test case, and data from the coastal operational radar at Wenzhou, China, are used. The ARPS 3DVAR system is used to assimilate either the radial velocity data directly or the GBVTD‐retrieved winds, at 30 min intervals for 2 hours.The assimilation of the GBVTD‐retrieved winds results in much improved structure and intensity analyses of Saomai compared to those in the Japan Meteorological Agency mesoscale reanalysis and compared to the analysis assimilating radial velocity (Vr) data directly. The ability of the GBVTD method in providing wind information covering the full circle of the inner‐core circulation is the primary reason for its superior performance over direct assimilation of Vr data; for the latter, the azimuthal data coverage is often incomplete. With the improved initial conditions, the subsequent forecasts of typhoon intensity, track and precipitation are also improved. The improvements to both track and intensity predictions persist over a 12‐hour forecast period, which is mostly after landfall. Subjective and quantitative evaluations of the precipitation and circulation patterns show consistent results. A further sensitivity experiment shows that the axisymmetric wind component in the GBVTD retrieval has the dominant impact on the prediction. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Surgeon radiation exposure in cone beam computed tomography‐based, image‐guided spinal surgery
Authors: Nottmeier Eric W. , Bowman Cammi , Nelson Kevin L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundRadiation exposure to the surgeon is a concern in spinal surgery, especially with the increasing popularity of minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques. Three‐dimensional (3D) image guidance used in conjunction with cone beam computed tomography (cbCT) has a theoretical advantage of decreased radiation exposure to the surgeon and operating room (OR) staff. Radiation scatter to the environment immediately surrounding a CT scanner during acquisition of a CT scan is a known entity. This in vivo study measures the radiation exposure to the surgeon when using cbCT registration in 3D image‐guided spinal surgery.MethodsTwo badge dosimeters were worn by the surgeon (EWN), one on the right waistband of the surgeon's scrubs and the other located over the thyroid area during 25 consecutive spinal surgery cases in which cbCT was used in conjunction with 3D image guidance. No lead protection was worn by the surgeon. The cbCT device was used for registration of the anatomy and to confirm adequate instrumentation placement. The surgeon stood behind a clear lead shield in the same location during every spin of the cbCT device. After the 25th case, the badge dosimeters were sent to the radiology department for analysis.ResultsOverall, 63 cbCT spins were accomplished in 25 patients. A total of 228 screws were placed into spinal levels spanning from C2 to the ileum. No complications resulted from instrumentation placement or the use of image guidance.Analysis of both badge dosimeters revealed 0 millirem (mRem) exposure.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that no radiation exposure to the surgeon occurs in cbCT‐based, 3D image‐guided spinal surgery procedures. Additionally, radiation scatter does not result in surgeon radiation exposure during patient registration if the surgeon stands behind a lead shield 10 feet from the cbCT device and not in direct line with the opening of the cbCT tube. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltammetry of the liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in organic solvents
Authors: Webster Richard D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA review summarizing the voltammetric literature of the liposoluble vitamins A, D, E and K in organic solvents containing supporting electrolyte is presented. Electrochemical studies that were performed by attaching the vitamins to electrode surfaces and performing voltammetric scans in aqueous solutions are also summarized. Vitamins A (retinol and retinal) and D (cholecaliferol and ergocalciferol) undergo chemically irreversible voltammetric oxidation processes in organic solvents to form complicated or unknown compounds that cannot be electrochemically converted back to the starting materials. In contrast to vitamins A and D, vitamins E and K undergo chemically reversible electron‐transfer processes that are often coupled to proton‐transfer reactions. Vitamin E (a phenol) is voltammetrically oxidized in aprotic organic solvents in a −2e‐/−H+process to form a diamagnetic cation, which is unusually long‐lived compared to the analogous cations produced during the oxidation of other phenols. In an aqueous environment, vitamin E is electrochemically oxidized to the hydroquinone in a chemically irreversible −2e‐process. In low moisture content aprotic solvents, vitamin K (a quinone) is reduced in two one‐electron chemically reversible steps to form first a radical anion (semiquinone, atE1) and then at more negative potentials a dianion is formed (atE2). The dianion is especially prone to strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions with trace water present in the organic solvents, resulting in a shift in the formal reduction potential ofE2to more positive potentials as more water is added to the solvent.DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100005
Transition‐metal‐catalyzed aminations and aziridinations of CH and CC bonds with iminoiodinanes
Authors: Chang Joyce Wei Wei , Ton Thi My Uyen , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCatalytic insertion or addition of a metal‐imido/nitrene species, generated from reaction of a transition‐metal catalyst with iminoiodanes, to CH and CC bonds offers a convenient and atom economical method for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing compounds. Following this groundbreaking discovery during the second half of the last century, the field has received an immense amount of attention with a myriad of impressive metal‐mediated methods for the synthesis of amines and aziridines having been developed. This review will cover the significant progress made in improving the efficiency, versatility and stereocontrol of this important reaction. This will include the various iminoiodanes, their in situ formation, and metal catalysts that could be employed and new ligands, both chiral and non‐chiral, which have been designed, as well as the application of this functional group transformation to natural product synthesis and the preparation of bioactive compounds of current therapeutic interest. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100018
Rice in Thailand: The Archaeobotanical Contribution
Authors: Castillo Cristina 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere are few archaeological projects incorporating archaeobotanical sampling and even fewer published archaeobotanical studies in Thailand. Available data show that rice was the ubiquitous cereal in prehistory and particularly during the Metal/Iron Age. This either signifies the importance of rice as a crop or signals a preservation bias; both topics are considered in this paper. The site Khao Sam Kaeo in Peninsular Thailand (ca. 400–100 BCE) is strategically located between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea providing evidence of Indian, Han Chinese and locally produced cultural material. The archaeobotanical assemblage attests to South Asian and East Asian influence as well: the mungbean and horsegram of Indian origin and the northern Chinese cereal foxtail millet. But the site has also yielded the greatest amount of rice from Thai archaeology and provides information on the domestication of rice and the cultivation practices during this Late Prehistoric period.