bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downregulation of TGF-β1 in fibro-adipogenic progenitors initiates muscle ectopic mineralization
Authors: Li La , Li Dai , Zhu Jingxian , Wang Yiqun , Zhao Feng , Cheng Jin , Tuan Rocky S , Hu Xiaoqing , Ao Yingfang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In previous studies, we have demonstrated that stress response-induced high glucocorticoid levels could be the underlying cause of traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO), and we have developed a glucocorticoid-induced ectopic mineralization (EM) mouse model by systemic administration of a high dose of dexamethasone (DEX) to animals with muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin injection. In this model, dystrophic calcification (DC) developed into HO in a cell autonomous manner. However, it is not clear how DC is formed after DEX treatment. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore how glucocorticoids initiate muscle EM at a cellular and molecular level. We showed that DEX treatment inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration into injured muscle but inflammatory cytokine production in the muscle was significantly increased, suggesting that other non-inflammatory muscle cell types may regulate the inflammatory response and the muscle repair process. Accompanying this phenotype, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression in fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) was greatly downregulated. Since TGF-β1 is a strong immune suppressor and FAP’s regulatory role has a large impact on muscle repair, we hypothesized that downregulation of TGF-β1 in FAPs after DEX treatment resulted in this hyperinflammatory state and subsequent failed muscle repair and EM formation. To test our hypothesis, we utilized a transgenic mouse model to specifically knockout Tgfb1 gene in PDGFRα-positive FAPs to investigate if the transgenic mice could recapitulate the phenotype that was induced by DEX treatment. Our results showed that the transgenic mice completely phenocopied this hyperinflammatory state and spontaneously developed EM following muscle injury. On the contrary, therapeutics that enhanced TGF-β1 signaling in FAPs inhibited the inflammatory response and attenuated muscle EM. In summary, these results indicate that FAPs-derived TGF-β1 is a key molecule in regulating muscle inflammatory response and subsequent EM, and that glucocorticoids exert their effect via downregulating TGF-β1 in FAPs.
Digitally mediated (dis)empowerment paradox in women-led group-buying during the Shanghai COVID lockdown
Authors: Cao Hao , Zhong Yujie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Extant scholarship increasingly attends to the mixed—and paradoxical—incorporation of information and communication technologies in social lives. Building on existing research, this study further explicates how digitally mediated (dis)empowerment paradoxes stem from the interactions among unevenly transformed structural affordances and constraints in the political, market, socio-cultural, and technological realms under digitalized contexts. Drawing on ethnographic data on women-led digital group-buying during the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown in Shanghai, China, this study illustrates that the pandemic-inaugurated digitalization paradoxically transformed existing technological constraints into digital resources and techno-skills for women to lead digital group-buying and empower them socio-technologically. Yet these empowerments paradoxically turned into new gender inequalities, as entrenched state and market inequalities compelled female organizers to meet added or dueling burdens. This study, therefore, contributes to understanding the re/configuration and varied interaction patterns of different facets of structural affordances and constraints that condition digitally mediated (dis)empowerment paradoxes under digitalized contexts.
Area-Level Model-Based Small Area Estimation of Divergence Indexes in the Spanish Labour Force Survey
Authors: Cabello Esteban , Morales Domingo , Pérez Agustín 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article develops model-based predictors for area-level proportions of employed men and women by occupation sectors and for entropies and divergence indexes (DIs) within and between sex groups. Since the direct estimators of the proportions add up to one in the occupational sections, they are compositions that can be imprecise if the sample sizes are small. We fit a multivariate Fay–Herriot model to logratio transformations of the direct estimators of the proportions. Small area estimators of the proportions, entropies, and DIs are derived from the fitted model and the corresponding mean squared errors are estimated by parametric bootstrap. Several simulation experiments designed to analyze the behavior of the introduced model-based predictors are carried out. We give an application to Spanish Labour Force Survey data from 2022. The target is to investigate the state of sex occupational entropies and divergences in Spanish provinces.
Circulating Libraries and Private Networks: Locating Sources for Mary Hays’s Female Biography, 1795–1803
Authors: Whelan Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Some of the 100 sources that Mary Hays used to compile the six volumes of her Female Biography (1803) may have been borrowed from friends and family members or purchased from local bookshops; but to accomplish her mission, Hays needed access to circulating and subscription libraries, as well as a few public libraries, as proliferated in London in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. An examination of the locations, holdings, and subscription lists of a select group of these libraries provides compelling evidence both to the availability of the sources Hays needed for Female Biography and their accessibility to Hays as a single woman. The results of this study reveal the strategic importance of her move to central London and the social, religious, and literary connections she developed as an independent professional writer between 1795 and 1803.
Decisionalizing the problem of reliance on expert and machine evidence
Authors: Biedermann Alex , Lau Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article analyzes and discusses the problem of reliance on expert and machine evidence, including Artificial Intelligence output, from a decision-analytic point of view. Machine evidence is broadly understood here as the result of computational approaches, with or without a human-in-the-loop, applied to the analysis and the assessment of the probative value of forensic traces such as fingermarks. We treat reliance as a personal decision for the factfinder; specifically, we define it as a function of the congruence between expert output in a given case and ground truth, combined with the decision-maker’s preferences among accurate and inaccurate decision outcomes. The originality of this analysis lies in its divergence from mainstream approaches that rely on standard, aggregate performance metrics for expert and AI systems, such as aggregate accuracy rates, as the defining criteria for reliance. Using fingermark analysis as an example, we show that our decision-theoretic criterion for the reliance on expert and machine output has a dual advantage. On the one hand, it focuses on what is really at stake in reliance on such output and, on the other hand, it has the ability to assist the decision-maker with the fundamentally personal problem of deciding to rely. In essence, our account represents a model- and coherence-based analysis of the practical questions and justificatory burden encountered by anyone required to deal with computational output in forensic science contexts. Our account provides a normative decision structure that is a reference point against which intuitive viewpoints regarding reliance can be compared, which complements standard and essentially data-centered assessment criteria. We argue that these considerations, although primarily a theoretical contribution, are fundamental to the discourses on how to use algorithmic output in areas such as fingerprint analysis.
Mediating disputes under the Mental Capacity Act 2005: relationships, participation, and best interests
Authors: Lindsey Jaime , Danbury Chris 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article analyses the use of mediation to resolve mental capacity law disputes, including those that arise in the healthcare context. It draws on original empirical data, including interviews with lawyers and mediators, and analysis of a mediation scheme, to argue that mediation has the potential to be an effective method of resolution in mental capacity law. It highlights the relationship benefits of mediation while acknowledging the challenges of securing P’s participation and best interests. The final section of the article considers how mediation can operate in one of the most challenging healthcare environments, the Intensive Care Unit. The article emphasizes that the challenges we see in mediation are not unique and exist across the spectrum of Court of Protection practice. Therefore, the article concludes that mediation may be used effectively but the jurisdiction would also benefit from a clearer regulatory framework in which it can operate.
Carbon monoxide cooling in radiative transfer modelling of supernovae
Authors: McLeod Collin , Hillier D John , Dessart Luc 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Carbon monoxide (CO) emission has been observed in a number of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) and is known to be an important coolant at late times. We have implemented a chemical reaction network in the radiative-transfer code cmfgen to investigate the formation of CO and its impact on SN ejecta. We calculate two 1D SN models with and without CO: a BSG explosion model at one nebular epoch and a full time-sequence (50–300 d) for a red supergiant explosion. In both models, CO forms at nebular times in the dense, inner regions at velocities &lt;2000 km s$^{-1}$ where line emission from CO can dominate the cooling and reduce the local temperature by as much as a factor of 2, weakening emission lines and causing the optical light curve to fade faster. That energy is instead emitted in CO bands, primarily the fundamental band at $\sim 4.5 \mathrm{\mu m}$, which accounts for up to 20 per cent of the total luminosity at late times. However, the non-monotonic nature of the CO cooling function can cause numerical difficulties and introduce multiple temperature solutions. This issue is compounded by the sensitivity of the CO abundance to a few reaction rates, many of which have large uncertainties or disparate values across literature sources. Our results also suggest that, in many SNe, CO-level populations are far from their local thermodynamic equilibrium values. Unfortunately, accurate collisional data, necessary to compute non-local thermodynamic equilibrium populations, are limited to a few transitions.
An update on central nervous system tumors in germline replication-repair deficiency syndromes
Authors: Das Anirban , Ercan Ayse Bahar , Tabori Uri 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
DNA replication-repair deficiency (RRD) arises from pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair and/or polymerase-proofreading genes. Multiple germline cancer predisposition syndromes in children and young adults, including constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD), Lynch, polymerase-proofreading deficiency, and rare digenic syndromes can lead to RRD cancers. The most frequent brain tumors in these children are high-grade gliomas. Embryonal tumors like medulloblastoma have also been described. Lower-grade tumors are reported from cancer surveillance initiatives. The latter has an extremely high rate of malignant transformation. Novel functional assays quantifying the genomic microsatellite indel load have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of RRD cancers and children with germline CMMRD. Importantly, RRD brain tumors uniformly harbor high mutation and microsatellite burden. High T-cell infiltration makes these aggressive cancers amenable to immune checkpoint inhibition, irrespective of their germline genetic background. Synergistic combinations are reported to be successful in patients failing checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy. Future directions include the development of innovative approaches to improve immune surveillance for RRD brain cancers. Additionally, the use of novel tools including circulating tumor DNA and quantifying microsatellite indel load over time can be useful to monitor disease burden and treatment responses in patients.
The Vacuum in Practice
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter introduces readers to the subject matter and conceptual apparatus explored in the succeeding chapters. It introduces the concepts of vacuum in quantum theory and relativity, and physicists’ difficult, paradoxical expressions of the meaning of empty space. This chapter situates the book in the history of science literature and explains the methodology of studying scientific practice. In order to give a sense of the scope and framing of this book, the introduction discusses key concepts. It describes “theoretical physics” and “objects of theory,” a term for the entities which appear in physicists’ theories. This chapter continues with a narrative overview of the structure of the book and a brief discussion of paths not taken. To set the stage for the text to come, this chapter includes a brief prologue on the history of the aether—the material substance of light waves which pervaded all of space.
Weisskopf, Schwinger, Feynman: Vacuum Loops and Fluctations
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After World War II, the vacuum state was given a central role in the “paper tools” and the ontology of relativistic quantum theory. In dialogue with Niels Bohr, Victor Weisskopf developed a view of “zero-point fluctuations” as primary, and developed the use of perturbation methods to connect field theory to measurements. Julian Schwinger made “vacuum expectation values” the center of the new “renormalized” Quantum Electrodynamics—the vacuum state became the reference point for comparisons of theory to observation. Vacuum fluctuations were a major impediment to Richard Feynman’s diagrammatic approach to QED; he wished they could be eliminated from the theory. But between Weisskopf’s interpretations and Schwinger’s methods, they were a challenged Feynman had to meet. Feynman’s elegant trees and stick diagrams grew to include loops and bubbles of vacuum phenomena. Though there was no unified interpretation of vacuum phenomena, they became indispensable to the practice of relativistic quantum theory.
Epilogue
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The epilogue connects the history of the vacuum in the twentieth century preceding chapters to twenty-first century vacuum physics. It considers topics including the following: the new gravitational wave astronomy; the Casimir effect and quantum optics; the experimental measurement of the Higgs boson; inflationary cosmology; string theory; and the multiverse. Today, the vacuum remains at the center of theoretical physics
The Void
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter collects several threads from the preceding chapters to answer the question: how did the vacuum become a central object for theoretical physics? The overarching answer is that it was because of theoretical physicists’ practices. The moment-by-moment descriptions of physicists’ practices makes the vacuum appear as a wavering, unstable, entity. Why then did physicists so often appear confident in the vacuum’s existence? Following Hans-Jörg Rheinberger’s analysis of the experimental life sciences, this chapter argues that the vacuum’s unbounded character may in fact be an explanation for physicists’ realism. This leaves open the question of what attitude to take toward the reality of the vacuum from a historians’ retrospective view. This chapter addresses itself to those with realist leanings, and concludes by arguing that the history of objects of theory like the vacuum places new limits on realist commitments, but is consistent with realism.
The Focus Theory of Hope
Authors: Chignell Andrew 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Most philosophers now agree that hope for a specific outcome involves more than just desire plus the presupposition that the outcome is possible. This chapter argues that the additional element of hope is a disposition to focus on the desired outcome in a specific sort of way. The chapter surveys the debate about the nature of hope in the recent literature, offers objections to some important competing accounts, and describes and defends the view that hope involves a kind of focus. It concludes by considering some key advantages to this account of hope, including that it makes sense of the intuitive thought that there are moral and pragmatic norms on hope that go beyond the norms on desires and beliefs.
A Black Existential Reflection on Hope
Authors: Gordon Lewis R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores some existential paradoxes of hope as a virtue contextualized through several challenges raised from Black existentialism, a philosophy of existence and freedom attuned to the challenges to thought and action posed by Euromodern colonialism and its concomitant antiblack racism. These challenges include theodicean rationalizations of dehumanization, enslavement, exploitation, and hope as a naïve virtue. Arguing that optimism and pessimism are two sides of the same coin, the chapter examines the idea of existential commitment, which transcends optimism and pessimism, through a discussion of infinite resignation, potentiated double consciousness, and radical love in which there may be hope, ironically, for hope in a hopeless world.
Created and Fallen Hope
Authors: Swenson-Lengyel Willa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The task of this chapter is to give an answer to the question “Is hope a virtue?” that takes a protestant account of faith seriously and does not ultimately elide hope and faith. To do so, the argument turns away from eschatological reflection to theological anthropology. The chapter argues that hope should be understood as a created capacity of humans as limited and desirous creatures, a capacity which helps people make sense of their own lives amid a world always beyond them. Simultaneously, this capacity is, in reality, fallen and warped, making hope fundamentally ambivalent in human life. Given this analysis, hope can be virtuous, but is always incompletely so and requires explicit defense against the tendencies of fallen hope. Christian hope should be understood as a distinctly this-worldly and non-assured activity, geared toward projects and commitments to goods in this world.
Adapting Environmental Hope
Authors: Thompson Allen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
How is hope possible in the face of unfolding, impending, and irreversible anthropogenic global environmental change? Saving historic nature (the ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate conditions characteristic of the Holocene) cannot be the object of the virtuous person’s environmental hopes. Nonetheless, a disposition to hope well is a virtue, and hopes about life on Earth under new and unstable environmental conditions should not be abandoned. A virtue of environmental hope for the Anthropocene is possible but requires that the objects and even the concept of hope itself be adapted. We should embrace but pass through despair to grieve the loss of significant parts of historic nature, yet we must act as though we can save it. Then we should develop a radical hope akin to courage that human capacities for adaptation and flourishing are up to challenges presented by very difficult conditions of a new ecological world order.
“In My World, No One’s Got a Job with an Australian Company”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines participants’ experiences with finding work. Against the background of migrant disadvantage in the labor market, the chapter critically examines the widespread assumption of migrants’ human resource deficits, including limited English-language proficiency, inferior qualifications, and lack of local experience. Findings turn these deficit assumptions on their head and show that the supposed deficit is “made in Australia.” When migrants are excluded from the labor market based on their English-language proficiency, English is treated as a global construct that is independent of a particular context and the requirements of a particular role. Migrants’ supposed English-language deficit becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy that may be used to gatekeep any kind of job, regardless of actual communication requirements. For professional migrants, the linguistic deficit that is attributed to them in the destination country is further exacerbated through the skills-recognition process, which devalues their existing credentials and professional experience.
“Our Life Is Becoming Colorful Again”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores participants’ experiences with naturalistic language learning through everyday interactions. Learning a new language in interaction with native speakers is widely imagined as an ideal form of language learning. However, this is not how participants experienced it. Establishing new networks and finding opportunities for sustained interactions constituted a major barrier. These difficulties were compounded by a lack of common topics. Interactions early in participants’ settlement were particularly problematic and often involved misunderstandings, which sometimes destroyed participants’ confidence in their English and in themselves. The chapter examines how participants dealt with the associated negative emotions of anxiety and shame resulting from problematic interactions. The chapter also illuminates how participants regained confidence in their language and in themselves over time. For many, finding legitimacy involved a turning point interaction, which provided supportive practice opportunities and validated them as speakers.
Clean Risks
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the automobile insurance market in the postwar period and the growing interest of the federal government in the insurance industry. Insurers initially opposed the call for compulsory insurance, arguing it amounted to a private tax on the right to drive. Auto insurance became a policy issue that attracted the attention of Congress, resulting in a series of hearings and investigations covering insolvencies, underwriting practices, and the liability system. A newly activist consumer movement helped to amplify the criticism of insurance industry practices. Congressional attention also focused on the adequacy of state regulation and the McCarran-Ferguson Act. State regulators sought to oppose federal involvement and looked to the industry for support. The insurance industry itself was divided, with some companies supporting federal no-fault reform efforts while others opposed them. Ultimately federal efforts to reform auto insurance failed, but federal scrutiny of the insurance industry would persist.