bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Weather Map Analysis
Authors: Bergthórsson Páll , Döös Bo R. 
Published: January 2012

A method to analyze upper air charts numerically is presented. The analysis is expressed by the height values of the pressure surface in gridpoints. The computed height in a gridpoint is obtained as a weighted mean of height values derived from the surrounding height and wind observations, the forecast height in the point and the corresponding normal height. Nine 500 mb maps are analyzed with the aid of the Swedish computor BESK, six of these consecutive. The size of the grid was 32 × 41 points.
The analyses have been compared with two independent conventional analyses. The mean values of the root mean square of the differences between the numerical and the conventional analyses were 26 m and 24 m respectively and 26 m between the two conventional ones.
The root mean square of the differences between the observed and analyzed heights was 22 m in the mean. This is roughly what should be expected judging from the existing knowledge about observation errors.
Three barotropic forecasts have been computed from the numerical analyses. They are compared with the corresponding numerical forecasts from conventionally analyzed maps.
It was not possible to find any significant difference between the goodness of the forecasts based on the numerical analyses and the conventional analyses.
A Frontal-Jet Stream Cross Section
Authors: Boville B. W. , Creswick W. S. , Gillis J. J. 
Published: January 2012

The validity of the thermal wind relationship for determining high level winds in the vicinity of jet streams is discussed.
A cross section wind field was constructed utilizing only the thermal field for levels above 700 mb. This wind field is compared to one obtained from rawin reports.
The results indicate that a reasonable picture of the high level jet winds is obtained when vertical extrapolation is based on the thermal field analysed with respect to three-dimensional fronts.
On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
Authors: Morgan G. W. 
Published: January 2012

Some aspects of existing theories of the wind-driven ocean circulation are examined with particular emphasis on the question of the need for the inclusion of lateral eddy viscosity to provide a mechanism for balancing the applied wind torque. A new model is proposed according to which the ocean is divided into a southern and a northern portion, attention being restricted to the former which is itself subdivided into an interior region and a boundary region adjacent to the western shore. The equations of motion in terms of spherical coordinates are formally integrated over depth for both a homogeneous and a two-layer ocean. Approximate equations analogous to those used in existing theories are proposed for the interior region. Conditions in the boundary region are considered in an effort to determine the relative importance of the various terms in the equations. Based on these considerations approximate equations are derived for the boundary region. These imply the predominance of the pressure terms, the nonlinear inertia terms and the terms arising from the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude.
The approximate equations are transformed to surface coordinates and are applied to the homogeneous ocean and a two-layer ocean subjected to a simple wind distribution, yielding reasonable results. It is shown that the variation of the Coriolis parameter plays a fundamental role in the formation of the stream on the western shore. Simple physical interpretations of the results are presented including an explanation of the facts that no similar stream can be formed on the eastern shore and that the variation of depth in a two-layer ocean, when the Coriolis parameter is assumed constant, cannot give rise to an intense stream. Appropriate curves illustrating the dependence of the solutions on certain dimensionless parameters are given. When applied to the North Atlantic the theory gives reasonable results for the Gulf Stream north to, say, Cape Hatteras.
La mesure de l’assombrissement du soleil pendant une eclipse
Authors: Schüepp W. 
Published: January 2012

Measurement of solar radiation in 7 monochromatic regions, and measurements of total, diffuse and direct radiation, during the partial eclipse of Feb. 25th 1952 at N'dele (8° 24′ 25″ N 20° 40″ 0″ E) lead to a determination of solar limb darkening, even for the region between 99 and 100% of the sun's radius. The values of Minnaert (1953) and Peyturaux (1952) and (1955) are confirmed, the formula of Houtgast (1952) is shown to be incorrect.
This confirms the idea of Plaskett 1936 that there must be a very strong temperature gradient near the surface of the photosphere. Using the new formula from Warzée 1955 the constants for total radiation are computed and compared with the radiative equilibrium and with the case of a mean wavelength of 548.5 mμ. The difference with respect to the case of 548,5 mμ is due to the fact that the center of sun disc is bluer and the border region is redder than this wavelenght.
The Magnetic Storm Effects and the Interplanetary Electromagnetic State
Authors: Venkatesan D. 
Published: January 2012

The electric field of the beam of rarified ionised gas ejected from the sun has been invoked by Alfvén in connection with geomagnetic storms and aurorae. An attempt is made to study the effects of this electric field on cosmic rays. From a study of the ionization chamber records published by Carnegie Institution for the years 1945 and 1946, it appears that the deceleration in the electric field seems to be the most important among the types of effects expected in cosmic rays.
The study reveals that it is possible to attribute the same mechanism, namely, the beam, to explain both the 27 day variation as well as Forbush decreases. The maximum (or minimum) of cosmic ray intensity preceeds the maximum (or minimum) of Kp by about 4-6 days. The direction of the electric field of the beam is also discussed.
Grain yield and quality responses to nitrogen application rate and timing in dry direct broadcast seeded rice under different weather conditions
Authors: Tanaka Ryo , Nakano Hiroshi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, dry direct seeding is one of the most essential technologies to reduce labor input and to increase net income. Field experiments were conducted in southwestern Japan in 2019 and 2020 to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and timing on grain yield, lodging, grain appearance, and protein content in dry direct broadcast seeded rice under different weather conditions. In 2019, plants had larger source ability using the normal solar radiation at the tillering stage, regardless of N application timings. Plants with applied N at the reproductive stage produced the highest grain yield and the highest percentage of undamaged grains under high air temperature condition during the early ripening stage. In 2020, plants did not have larger source ability due to the lower solar radiation at the tillering stage. Plants with applied N at the reproductive stage produced the highest grain yield but produced the highest percentage of green immature grains. These results mean that solar radiation at the tillering stage may be important for increasing grain yield and quality in dry direct broadcast seeded rice. Therefore, since plants grown under normal solar radiation condition at the tillering stage may have large source ability, more N application at the reproductive stage may be recommended to increase grain yield. In contrast, since plants grown under low solar radiation condition at the tillering stage may have small source ability, less N application at the reproductive stage may be recommended to decrease the occurrence of green immature grains.
Rise and Fall of the Ferromagnetism in CrSBr Flakes by Non‐Magnetic Ion Irradiation
Authors: Long Fangchao , Li Yi , Cheng Yu , Mosina Kseniia , Kentsch Ulrich , Sofer Zdenek , Prucnal Slawomir , Helm Manfred , Zhou Shengqiang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe magnetic phase transition is explored in CrSBr flakes through non‐magnetic ion irradiation, revealing a novel method for magnetic control in two‐dimensional (2D) materials. The rise and fall of the ferromagnetic phase is observed in antiferromagnetic CrSBr with increasing the irradiation fluence. The irradiated CrSBr shows ferromagnetic critical temperature ranging from 110 to 84 K, well above liquid N2 temperature. Raman spectroscopy reveals phonon softening, suggesting the formation of defects. These findings not only highlight CrSBr's potential in spintronics, but also present ion irradiation as an effective tool for tuning magnetic properties in 2D materials, opening new avenues for the development of spintronic devices based on air‐stable van der Waals semiconductors.
Child and adolescent victims of sexual homicide in Chile between 1998 and 2021: A review of 27 cases and their autopsy reports
Authors: Acosta‐Fuentes Alejandra , González Sebastián , Álvarez‐Lister María Soledad , Pavez‐Carrillo Carolina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractRape followed by murder against children and adolescents is one of the most serious existing crimes. The autopsies of victims of violent crimes can provide fundamental findings for the investigative process and the pursuit of justice. This research conducts a descriptive analysis of the most important findings from the autopsies of 27 cases of children and adolescents who died in Chile between 1998 and 2021 as a result of rape followed by homicide (n = 27), as well as from the judiciary rulings of these cases to gather information related to the perpetrators. It was found that the victims of this crime are mostly girls with an average age of 10, while the perpetrators are primarily single men aged 29 on average, most of whom have not finished high school. A significant relationship was found between the location of the crime and the cause of death and signs of sexual contact, the marital status of the perpetrator and the cause of death, the age of the perpetrator and signs of sexual contact, and the relationship between victim and perpetrator and signs of sexual contact.
Phytochemical Analysis, and Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Chamaerops humilis L. Leaves; A Focus on Xanthine Oxidase
Authors: Ahmed Shimaa A. , Kamel Emadeldin M. , Mahmoud Ayman M. , Nasr Hamdi M. D. , Hassan Hossam M. , Alanazi Mohammed M. , Rateb Mostafa E. , Hozayen Walaa G. , Ahmed Sayed A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractChamaerops humilis L. is clumping palm of the family Arecaceae with promising health‐promoting effects. Parts of this species are utilized as food and employed in folk medicine to treat several disorders. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents of C. humilis leaves and their antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities in vitro and in vivo in acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The chemical structure of the isolated phytochemicals was determined using data obtained from UV, MS, IR, and 1H‐, 13C‐NMR spectroscopic tools as well as comparison with authentic markers. Eleven compounds, including tricin 7‐O‐β‐rutinoside, vicenin, tricin, astragalin, borassoside D, pregnane‐3,5,6,16‐tetrol, oleanolic acid, β‐sitosterol and campesterol were isolated from C. humilis ethanolic extract (CHEE). CHEE and the butanol, n‐hexane, and dichloromethane fractions exhibited in vitro radical scavenging and XO inhibitory efficacies. The computational findings revealed the tendency of the isolated compounds towards the active site of XO. In vivo, CHEE ameliorated liver function markers and prevented tissue injury induced by APAP in rats. CHEE suppressed hepatic XO, decreased serum uric acid and liver malondialdehyde (MDA), and enhanced reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in APAP‐treated rats. CHEE ameliorated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β in APAP‐treated rats. Thus, C. humilis is rich in beneficial phytochemicals that possess binding affinity towards XO. C. humilis exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities, and prevented APAP hepatotoxicity by attenuating tissue injury, oxidative stress and inflammation.
Detection of moisture content of edamame based on the fusion of reflectance and transmittance spectra of hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Li Bin , Su Cheng‐tao , Yin Hai , Zou Ji‐ping , Liu Yan‐de 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEdamame is a nutritious and economically valuable soybean. The moisture content is an important indicator of the quality of the edamame. The traditional methods in the detection of moisture content of edamame have the disadvantage of large detection errors. In this research, the fusion of transmittance and reflectance spectra of hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics was proposed to predict the moisture content of edamame. Also, the effect of different preprocessing of the spectra on the predictive performance was analyzed. Single spectra, primary fusion spectra, and intermediate fusion spectra were established as the prediction models for partial least squares regression (PLSR) and partial least squares support vector regression (LSSVR), respectively. The results of the prediction models showed that the spectral transform absorption (STA) combined with PLSR has the best prediction performance for a single spectrum with predictive correlation (RP) of 0.7749 and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 1.7. Standard normal variate (SNV) combined with LSSVR has the best prediction performance for primary fusion spectra with RP of 0.8821 and RPD of 1.9. SNV combined with LSSVR has the best prediction performance for intermediate fusion spectra with RP of 0.9149 and RPD of 2.4. The Rp and RPD of prediction models of the moisture content of edamame based on fusion spectra were significantly improved compared with single spectra. Compared with primary fusion, intermediate fusion is a more suitable fusion strategy. This research provides experimental basis for the prediction of moisture content of edamame using spectral fusion combined with chemometrics.
Cost‐of‐care discussions for individuals with advanced non–small cell lung cancer and melanoma: Findings from a large, population‐based pilot study
Authors: Yabroff K. Robin , Mittu Karen , Halpern Michael T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundCosts of cancer care can result in patient financial hardship; many professional organizations recommend provider discussions about treatment costs as part of high‐quality care. In this pilot study, the authors examined patient–provider cost discussions documented in the medical records of individuals who were diagnosed with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma—cancers with recently approved, high‐cost treatment options.MethodsIndividuals who were newly diagnosed in 2017–2018 with stage III/IV NSCLC (n = 1767) and in 2018 with stage III/IV melanoma (n = 689) from 12 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results regions were randomly selected for the National Cancer Institute Patterns of Care Study. Documentation of cost discussions was abstracted from the medical record. The authors examined patient, treatment, and hospital factors associated with cost discussions in multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsCost discussions were documented in the medical records of 20.3% of patients with NSCLC and in 24.0% of those with melanoma. In adjusted analyses, privately insured (vs. publicly insured) patients were less likely to have documented cost discussions (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–0.80). Patients who did not receive systemic therapy or did not receive any cancer‐directed treatment were less likely to have documented cost discussions than those who did receive systemic therapy (OR, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.19–0.81] and 0.46 [95% CI, 0.30–0.70], respectively), as were patients who were treated at hospitals without residency programs (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42–0.98).ConclusionsCost discussions were infrequently documented in the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with advanced NSCLC and melanoma, which may hinder identifying patient needs and tracking outcomes of associated referrals. Efforts to increase cost‐of‐care discussions and relevant referrals, as well as their documentation, are warranted.
A comprehensive review of time skew background calibration and mitigation techniques in high‐speed time‐interleaved analog‐to‐digital converters
Authors: Navidi Seyedeh Masoumeh , Navidi Mir Mohammad 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA significant challenge in designing high‐speed time‐interleaved ADCs (TI‐ADCs) is the presence of time skew mismatch, resulting from uneven sampling across different channels and constituting a significant source of error. This error can be mitigated either by employing samplers unaffected by time skew or by employing foreground/background time skew calibration methods. Considering that the complexity of time skew calibration can complicate analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) design, simpler techniques are essential, particularly with the development of higher‐speed ADCs using smaller technology nodes. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of various techniques applied in TI‐ADCs to address time skew‐related issues. We will explore skew‐tolerant sampling techniques to alleviate time skew errors, followed by an exploration of background time skew calibration methods. The primary focus of this paper centers on background time skew calibration techniques, which have become integral to improving the dynamic performance of high‐speed TI‐ADCs. The main background time skew calibration techniques to be reviewed include error injection techniques, reference ADC‐based techniques, input slope estimation, autocorrelation‐based techniques, and variance‐based techniques.
Meal or mate: Exploring the evidence of sexual cannibalism among amphibians
Authors: Gould John , Beranek Chad T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractActive forms of cannibalism that involve predation of live conspecifics occur widely among amphibians, most notably by tadpoles that feed on each other and adults that feed on juveniles. In contrast, cannibalism among amphibian adults (adult–adult cannibalism) is less often reported and there have been no investigations on the occurrence of sexual cannibalism in this group to date. In this study, we present an observation of potential sexual cannibalism involving an adult female green and golden bell frog, Litoria aurea, preying on a conspecific adult male during the species' breeding season. By comparing our observation to the available literature, we show that adult–adult cannibalism among amphibians is rare but tends to be committed by females against their male counterparts. We thus suggest that the occurrence of sexual cannibalism should be extended to include this group, where sexual size dimorphism occurs widely among adults that congregate spatially during breeding periods, both predictors of intra‐specific predation. We hypothesise that amphibian females may be able to exploit male advertisement calls to differentiate suitable partners from potential prey and that male individuals are vulnerable to sexual cannibalism as they must risk attracting and physically exposing themselves to females in order to reproduce. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics that exist within adult amphibian populations, suggesting that females may have a choice when deciding how to interact with and utilise their male counterparts. As our findings are preliminary, based on a small sample size of records, including several from captive individuals, we encourage authors to publish their observations of cannibalism in the field, including unsuccessful attempts, to confirm the presence of sexual cannibalism in this group.
Different facets of alpha and beta diversity of benthic diatoms along stream watercourse in a large near‐natural catchment
Authors: Wu Naicheng , Liu Guohao , Qi Xinxin , Lin Zongwei , Wang Yixia , Wang Yaochun , Li Yuying , Oduro Collins , Khan Sangar , Zhou Shuchan , Chu Tianjiang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the processes and mechanisms that shape the distribution patterns and variations of biodiversity along spatial gradients continues to be a priority for ecological research. We focused on the biodiversity of benthic diatom communities within a large near‐natural watershed. The objectives are: (1) to explore the overall spatial patterns of benthic diatom biodiversity; (2) to investigate the effects associated with watercourse position and environmental variables, as well as both common and rare species on two facets (i.e., taxonomic and functional) of alpha and beta diversity; and (3) to unveil the mechanisms underlying their spatial variations. Alpha diversity indices along the stream watercourse showed a clear increasing trend from upstream to downstream sites. Results of random forest regression identified conductivity as the primary factor influencing functional alpha diversity, while elevation emerged as the predominant factor for taxonomic alpha diversity. Beta diversity partitioning revealed that taxonomic beta diversity generally exceeded functional beta diversity. These diversity measures exhibited different patterns along the watercourse position: taxonomic beta diversity remained relatively consistent along the watercourse, whereas functional total beta diversity and its two components of middle stream sites were lower than those of upstream and downstream sites. Functional beta diversity was sustained by dominant and common species, while rare species made significant contributions to taxonomic beta diversity. Both taxonomic and functional beta diversity and its components displayed a stronger influence from spatial factors than from local environmental, geo‐climatic, and nutrient variables. Collectively, taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity demonstrated distinct responses to the main environmental gradients and spatial factors within our catchment, highlighting their different insights into diatom diversity. Furthermore, research is required to assess the generalizability of our findings to similar ecosystems. In addition, this study presents opportunities for expansion to include other taxa (e.g., macroinvertebrates and fish) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the driving mechanisms behind stream biodiversity.
Large language models debunk fake and sensational wildlife news
Authors: Santangeli Andrea , Mammola Stefano , Nanni Veronica , Lambertucci Sergio A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn the current era of rapid online information growth, distinguishing facts from sensationalized or fake content is a major challenge. Here, we explore the potential of large language models as a tool to fact‐check fake news and sensationalized content about animals. We queried the most popular large language models (ChatGPT 3.5 and 4, and Microsoft Bing), asking them to quantify the likelihood of 14 wildlife groups, often portrayed as dangerous or sensationalized, killing humans or livestock. We then compared these scores with the “real” risk obtained from relevant literature and/or expert opinion. We found a positive relationship between the likelihood risk score obtained from large language models and the “real” risk. This indicates the promising potential of large language models in fact‐checking information about commonly misrepresented and widely feared animals, including jellyfish, wasps, spiders, vultures, and various large carnivores. Our analysis underscores the crucial role of large language models in dispelling wildlife myths, helping to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts, shaping a more just and harmonious coexistence, and ultimately aiding biological conservation.