bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burn injury and the impact on global health
Authors: Ebel B E , Nelp T , Klein M B , Gibran N , Rivara F P 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundBurn injury is a serious and under-recognized global public health problem. Citizens of low and middle income countries (LMIC) bear the largest burden, accounting for 95% of fatal fire-related burns. Measuring the impact of burn injury may facilitate a rational approach to prevention and treatment.ObjectiveReview and summarise global literature on fatal and disabling burn injury in LMIC.MethodsWe conducted a literature review of Medline and EMBASE libraries for articles on burn or fire injury, published between 1980 and 2009. We limited reviewed articles to those with a defined study population. Using these criteria, 111 articles were identified and abstracted.ResultsCountries reporting burn data included representation from all WHO global regions. Twenty-three countries reported on burn incidence from regional or national population-based surveys. Burn injury rates ranged from 26 to 411 per 100 000 people. Among younger children, males had a higher burn incidence than females. However the burn prevalence among females rises with exposure to meal preparation, and in most countries females are more likely than males to sustain burn injuries into early/middle adulthood. Ninety countries reported data on burn fatalities or hospitalisation. Median TBSA for hospitalised patients was 20.1% (7% to 54%). Frequent causes were scald >flame >(electricity, chemical). Flame burns are the leading cause of death.ConclusionsBurn injury is an important cause of injury in LMIC. Women face particular risks, likely related to exposure while cooking.
Primary injury prevention and mortality from motor vehicle crashes among children and adolescents in the USA: from safety behaviours to healthy environments
Authors: Pinet-Peralta L M 
Published: March 2011

Every year, over 1800 children die and more than 200 000 are injured in motor-vehicle crashes in the USA, increasing the economic burden associated with medical care/rehabilitation andyears of potential life lost. The majority of deaths and injuries are preventable and involve improper use of restraint devices and alcohol, high speeds and built environments that promote vehicle performance. Studies evaluating the impact of environmental modifications on childhood fatal motor vehicle injuries have not been executed in the USA at the national level. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effects that primary prevention policies have had on reducing mortality from motor-vehicle crashes among children and adolescents in the USA.This is a retrospective study based on 1997–2005 data from the FARS, the IIHS, the US Census, US Presidential elections and US Labour Statistics using negative binomial regression with fixed-effects. I expect to find significant reductions in the proportion of deaths among states with primary enforcement of restraint laws, driver education programs and checkpoints compared with states with secondary/inexistent laws. I also expect to find mortality reductions among states with speed reduction and traffic calming measures compared with states without such measures.This study evaluates the effects of primary injury prevention policies on fatal injuries from motor vehicle crashes among children and adolescents at the national level using a longitudinal perspective. Results may be useful to policy-makers and public health practitioners involved in injury prevention and public health.
Pattern of burns at a paediatric hospital in Nairobi
Authors: Mutiso V M , Khainga S 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionBurns are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children and are largely preventable.ObjectiveTo determine the patterns of burns among admissions at a paediatric hospital in Nairobi.MethodologyThis was by retrospective survey.ResultsThe age range of the study population was from birth to above 20 years. Ages 1–4 comprised 52.5% and 5–9 years was 27.9% of all admissions respectively. Burns comprised 20.2% of all admissions (202 of 1001) and was the second commonest reason for admission after falls. It was also the second commonest diagnosis with the most common being fractures. The majority of children with burns had burns at multiple sites. The upper limbs were the commonest site with about 5% followed by chest, abdomen and thorax with 35.8%. The neck comprised 23.9%. As mentioned earlier, many were multiple burns and thus had burns in more than one region or site. The gluteal and genital area comprised 8.2% and the least burns was proplited fossa with 1.9%. The most common percentage burns was 5 9% with 33.3%. 10–14% comprised 23.3% while the third commonest percentage burns was below 5%. Only 0.2% received burns above 30% and above.DiscussionBurns are a common and significant cause of admission following injury in children.ConclusionUrgent action needs to be taken to prevent burns, threat to life and significantly impact on quality of life among survivors in terms of cosmetic deformities with attendant psychosocial impact and physical deformities that impact ability.
Prevalence of falls and fractures in the elderly living in extreme poverty conditions
Authors: Manrique-Espinoza B , Salinas-Rodriguez A , Tillez-Rojo M M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of fractures and falls from elderly living under poverty conditions in Mexico, as well as to determine associated factors to fractures.Methods and MaterialsA three stages probabilistic survey, stratified by community type (rural or urban) and nationally representative was conducted. The objective population was formed by individuals with 70 years old and more, who are beneficiaries from Oportunidades program.ResultsMean age was 78.4 years, and 56.5% were women. From the total interviews, 61.2% of the elderly reported not to know how to write or read; being this more prevalent in women than in men (69.7% vs 50.3% respectively). 47.1% of women and 31.7% of men reported had fallen in the last 2 years before the interview. The prevalence of fractures any bone including hip-after 50 years of age was 20.6% for women and 14.2% for men. Having bone diseases (OR 1.41), having osteoporosis (OR 1.73), having at least one difficulty to do daily life basic activities (OR 1.34) and being a woman (OR 1.51) are factors related to fracture presence in elderly.ConclusionThe necessity of healthcare in elderly is shown due to the high prevalence of falls and fractures.
Next steps in child injury prevention inclusion as a part of child survival
Authors: Scott I , Ozanne-Smith J , Meddings D 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe World Report on Child Injury noted that over 90% of child injury deaths occur where data and health capacity are least and services and planning are swamped with excess demand. The first overarching recommendation was that child injury be integrated into a comprehensive approach to child health and development. A draft resolution on child injury will be considered by The WHO Executive Board in 2010 and will, hopefully, be adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2011. A central argument for the resolution is that child survival patterns have changed significantly and reductions in infectious disease in many places have unmasked child injury burden that was either there all along and is relatively stable (eg, drowning), or was there all along and is increasing (eg, road traffic injury). The question of how current child survival programmes, which are focused on infectious disease, can be reoriented to include injury prevention is fundamental to expanded action on child injury and the focus of this research and consultation.Method and DiscussionAn informal collaboration involving agencies such as UNICEF and WHO and committed individuals will use a quasi-Delphi consultation to identify key questions in establishing child injury prevention as part of efforts on child survival. Iterative electronic consultation will be used with key informants to establish links, collect information and develop ideas on planning and priorities. A special session of the satellite biennial meeting of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention (ISCAIP) will discuss and amplify the results of the internet exchange.ConclusionThis is intended to (a) foster discussion on the how and what of integrating child injury prevention; (b) engage agencies and individuals and foster discussion, information exchange and collaboration; (c) facilitate identification of productive areas of work and priorities; (d) foster practical action. The results of the consultation will be presented and discussed. After any subsequent amendment they will be made available to all agencies and participants.
Lack of adequate road furniture in Nigeria – consequences and solutions
Authors: Olawepo O 
Published: March 2011

Situation reliable reports conducted by the World Bank transport department on the state of roads in Sub Saharan Africa between 1998 and 2008 confirmed a gross inadequacy of road furniture for safety of road users. Specifically, in the West African region, previous credible studies showed that no country with the exception of Ghana took broad steps to install appropriate and near adequate road furniture in 20% of the existing roads. In the past 10 years, the worsening state of Nigerian roads and lack of adequate road furniture have been of concern for road users especially given its attendant threat to lives and safety of road users.ObjectiveTo investigate the inadequacy of road furniture on Nigeria roads and make recommendations.MethodInvestigation was conducted on three major highways in Abuja, the Federal Capital City of Nigeria, Lagos, the commercial centre and Ilorin, a state capital. Questionnaires were distributed to 10 Federal Road Safety Officials. The existence of road furniture was examined.ConclusionThe study revealed gross absence of road furniture, 50% of Federal Road Safety officials interviewed in this study suggest that the absence of road furniture in Nigeria is grossly contributing to the high incidence of road traffic crashes. The Federal Road Safety Commission and road development agencies should give this issue a priority and help reverse the trend of absence of road furniture in Nigeria.
Loss-to-follow up factors in emergency department-treated mild traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Hsu P , Kraus J , Afifi A A , Vaca F , Schaffer K 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe number of subjects in a prospective cohort study often decreases over time (sometimes substantially). This “loss-to-followup” can lead to bias or distortion of results, and in studies of less serious conditions or injuries such as mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI), may be especially problematic. This manuscript reports on the factors associated with the loss-to-followup that occurred in a cohort of emergency department-treated mild traumatic brain injuries, and on the use of attrition weights to adjust for the potential associated bias.MethodsThe “exposed” group consisted of patients with MTBI (n=689 at initial assessment) and the “unexposed” were patients with non-head injuries (n=1318). All were drawn from five emergency departments in Southern California. The loss occurred over a 3-month period, when a second telephone survey was administered.ResultsWhile the overall loss-to-followup rate was 37.8%, participant dropout occurred differentially (34.1% among MTBI patients vs 39.7% among the non-head-injured). A logistic regression model found several associated factors: age, education, race/ethnicity, employment and mode of injury, with assault having the highest odds of loss-to-followup (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.39). Comparisons between unweighted versus attrition-weighted values resulted in minimal differences.ConclusionAlthough it is preferable to minimize loss-to-followup through retention strategies and incentives (perhaps with additional focus on those factors identified in this study), employing attrition-weights may provide useful information.
Work-related suicide
Authors: Ozanne-Smith J , Routley V 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionWhile unintentional work-related injury is increasingly recognised as an important and preventable public health problem, population studies of the full range of work-related suicide reported to coroners have received less attention.ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology of work-related suicide in Victoria, Australia, July 2000–December 2006MethodThis study draws on a database of all work-related deaths reported to the Victorian Coroner, inclusive of broadly defined work-relatedness. Inclusion criteria for work-related suicide occurring between July 2000 and December 2006 were as follows:work stressors identified in police reports to the coroner or the coroner's finding; orsuicide method involved another person's work (eg, heavy vehicle); orsuicide location was a workplace; ormeans of suicide was work-related; ordeceased working for income at the time of death.Excluded were as follows:cases still open for investigation;commuting to work;DIY-related.ResultsThere were 613 work-related suicides over the study period, compared with 969 unintentional work-related injury fatalities. Of the suicides, 56% directly involved work stressors; 31% jumped or lay in front of a moving train or heavy vehicle; 4% involved work agents; and 9% other. Detailed analyses of work stressor cases identified business difficulties, unemployment/redundancy, recent or previous work injury, and, infrequently, workplace bullying. The complexity of multiple contributing factors will be addressed.Discussion and ConclusionsWork-related suicide is a substantial problem, for which few detailed population-wide studies are available. Further research is required to understand the contribution of work stressors and effective interventions.
Youth for road safety: young people mobilising to be part of the solution
Authors: Darroch M , Lieshout F 
Published: March 2011

Road traffic accidents take young lives indiscriminately. Every day, over 1000 young people are killed on the world's roads. This issue is a global health concern and is recognised by the WHO as the leading cause of death among 15- to 25-year olds. In many cases, young people are often the cause of the problem; by driving too fast, disregarding road safety measures or taking greater risks as road users. In the face of such problems, young people from around the world have mobilised to address global road safety and have pledged to become part of the solution.In doing this, youth representatives from around the world have united to form YOURS, first Youth NGO for Road Safety. YOURS represents ‘Youth for Road Safety’, its primary aims are to inspire young people to take change their road behaviour, to advocate for young people and to build real capacity to reduce the amount of young people killed and seriously injured on the roads.This session comprises discussion on youth engagement in road safety. In particular, it will draw upon official statistics and scientific research that presents the issue in context. The session aims to present concrete solutions to deal with the problem as well as focus on the issue of engaging young people in road safety action. It will be particularly useful for stakeholders in road safety, injury precention and services to young people.We also wish to propose a Youth Plenary session for this cause.
Epidemiology of rail suicide in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Routely V 
Published: March 2011

Rail suicides account for approximately 5.8% of suicides in Victoria and the rate per head of population (0.63 per 100 000) is higher than Australia overall (0.39). Victoria's rail network is largely unfenced and above ground.AimTo describe post year 2000 patterns of rail suicide in Victoria.Method(1) Transport, medical and psychological library databases were searched for “rail and/or train suicide” and located articles and reports reviewed. (2) Rail industry, Victorian Department of Transport, National Coroners Information System (NCIS), hospital admission and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) databases were interrogated for completed and attempted rail suicides. Variables extracted and analysed included: age, sex, location, time of incident and any previous suicide attempts, mental illness or mental health facility association. Walking distance between residence and suicide location was estimated using Google map and presence of fencing determined using Google map and Streetview. Hotspot areas were determined using a Suicide Priority Scoring System (SPS).ResultsDescriptive statistics will be presented on completed and attempted rail suicides by age, sex, location, difference between residence and suicide location, fencing, temporal and mental health factors. Reported results will also include hot spot areas identified and recommendations for prevention.ConclusionThe findings of this study support previous research that young males with mental illness, including schizophrenia, are common among rail suicides. Short, medium and long-term recommendations, including additional fencing, were made. There is a need for countermeasures to prevent suicides that occur on the open line and are not concentrated at specific locations.
Developing NICE public health guidance to strengthen strategies and structures to prevent unintentional injuries among children aged 0–14 years
Authors: Ward H , Millward L , Chatterton H , Jagroo J , Crombie H , Shearn P , Ellis S 
Published: March 2011

Unintentional injury is a leading cause of death among children and young people. While death rates are falling, in 2008/09 around 97 000 children and young people in England were admitted to hospital due to injuries. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has been asked by the Department of Health to produce a suite of five pieces of public health guidance on the prevention of unintentional injuries to children and young people aged under 15. One focuses on strategic and structural issues around injury prevention and the other four provide guidance on effective and cost-effective interventions on the following:▶the provision of safety equipment and home risk assessments,▶road design and modification,▶outdoor play and leisure, and education, and▶protective equipment to prevent unintentional injuries on the road.The NICE public health programme guidance in this area covers strategies, legislation, regulation, enforcement, surveillance and workforce development. It draws on the best available evidence, both national and international, of effectiveness and cost effectiveness and is systematic and transparent in the processes and methods used to access and distil the evidence. A group of external technical and lay experts met regularly over a period of nearly 2 years to assess the quality, strength and applicability of the evidence to the English situation and develop recommendations directed at national and local policy makers, strategic planners, commissioners, managers and practitioners with a direct or indirect role in preventing unintentional injuries. Publication of the guidance towards the end of 2010 will give new direction and impetus to all those working in partnership to prevent unintentional injury among children and young people.
Experience of intimate partner violence among rural and urban women in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Balogun M O , Owoaje E T , Fawole O I 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence is an important public health problem in Nigeria. Previous studies on IPV have focused mainly on physical violence providing little information on the prevalence of the other forms of IPV.MethodologyThis study assessed prevalence of all forms of IPV among women of reproductive age in selected rural and urban communities in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and factors associated with occurrence of IPV.ResultThree hundred women each in rural and urban areas were interviewed. Mean age was 29.7–8.5 years. Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 67%, controlling behaviour 49.8%, psychological violence 34.7%, physical violence 20.8% and sexual violence 11.6%. Predictors of lifetime experience of any form of IPV were duration of relationship greater than 2 years and quarrelling often with partner. Urban residence, partner's younger age and involvement in physical fights with another man, were predictors of experiencing controlling behaviour. Being ever married and in relationship for over 2 years were predictors of psychological violence. Alcohol consumption by partner, being in relationship for over 2 years, ever been married and rural residence were predictors of physical violence. Predictors of sexual violence were being single and partner's involvement in physical fight with another man.ConclusionIPV occurs commonly among women in these communities. Multidisciplinary strategies should be designed and implemented for the prevention and control of different forms of IPV identified.
Working together to make a difference in child injury prevention in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen A 
Published: March 2011

Every day in Viet Nam, injuries takes away the lives of more than 20 children and adolescents (aged 0–19) and mortality represents only the tip of the iceberg in terms of the real burden of injury. It is estimated that for every child injury related death, 12 children are admitted to hospital or permanently disabled and 34 children require medical care or miss school because of injury. UNICEF has been working with the Government of Viet Nam to combat child injuries since 2001 through public awareness raising, policy advocacy and model demonstration. Important achievements have been obtained in this field, contributing to raising awareness of national public, and to advocating policy makers on child injury prevention. Today, child injury is no longer an invisible issue in Viet Nam. However, work in this area is just getting started. Child injury prevention remains a huge challenge in Viet Nam that will require continued commitment of a wide range of partners, sectors and communities under a strong governmental leadership. In the coming years, UNICEF Vietnam will continue to support Vietnamese Government in the following areas:▶Develop a comprehensive plan of action on child injury prevention, which includes legislative, enforcement and environmental changes to support existing education and public awareness campaigns;▶Enhance inter-sectoral coordination of child injury prevention and▶Improve the quality and quantity of data for child injury prevention.