bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salinity reflux and dolomitization of southern Australian slope sediments: the importance of low carbonate saturation levels
Authors: RIVERS JOHN M. , KURT KYSER T. , JAMES NOEL P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAnomalously saline waters in Ocean Drilling Program Holes 1127, 1129, 1130, 1131 and 1132, which penetrate southern Australian slope sediments, and isotopic analyses of large benthic foraminifera from southern Australian continental shelf sediments, indicate that Pleistocene–Holocene meso‐haline salinity reflux is occurring along the southern Australian margin. Ongoing dolomite formation is observed in slope sediments associated with marine waters commonly exceeding 50‰ salinity. A well‐flushed zone at the top of all holes contains pore waters with normal marine trace element contents, alkalinities and pH values. Dolomite precipitation occurs directly below the well‐flushed zone in two phases. Phase 1 is a nucleation stage associated with waters of relatively low pH (ca 7) caused by oxidation of H2S diffusing upward from below. This dolomite precipitates in sediments < 80 m below the sea floor and has δ13C values consistent with having formed from normal sea water (− 1‰ to + 1‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite). The Sr content of Phase 1 dolomite indicates that precipitation can occur prior to substantial metastable carbonate dissolution (< 300 ppm in Holes 1129 and 1127). Dolomite nucleation is interpreted to occur because the system is undersaturated with respect to the less stable minerals aragonite and Mg‐calcite, which form more readily in normal ocean water. Phase 2 is a growth stage associated with the dissolution of metastable carbonate in the acidified sea water. Analysis of large dolomite rhombs demonstrates that at depths > 80 m below the sea floor, Phase 2 dolomite grows on dolomite cores precipitated during Phase 1. Phase 2 dolomite has δ13C values similar to those of the surrounding bulk carbonate and high Sr values relative to Phase 1 dolomite, consistent with having formed in waters affected by aragonite and calcite dissolution. The nucleation stage in this model (Phase 1) challenges the more commonly accepted paradigm that inhibition of dolomitization by sea water is overcome by effectively increasing the saturation state of dolomite in sea water.
Organic‐facies determination: a key for understanding facies distribution in the basal peat layer of the Holocene Rhine‐Meuse delta, The Netherlands
Authors: BOS INGWER J. , BUSSCHERS FREEK S. , HOEK WIM Z. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPeat and gyttja (organic lake sediment) are important indicators for past environmental conditions; they form in areas where the supply of clastic sediment is insufficient to fill the accommodation space. Previous studies of delta sediments, however, have focused mainly on clastic deposits, whereas organics have received only minimal attention. Identification of organic facies can be of value for understanding delta formation as it provides insight into, for example, palaeoenvironmental conditions and compaction susceptibility of these layers. Currently, however, field characteristics of organics are not well‐documented for the full range of facies present in delta plains. In this study, a field method – a classification key – for identifying organic facies in delta plains was developed based on concisely described organic facies in selected cores from the Rhine‐Meuse delta, The Netherlands. This method was tested on archived borehole descriptions of the diachronous basal peat layer in the distal Holocene Rhine‐Meuse delta; this was done by means of a semi‐automated procedure to select and classify samples from a database. The resulting data set was used for mapping organic facies in the basal peat layer by means of indicator kriging and inverse distance weighting. The resulting facies distribution map shows consistent and geologically meaningful patterns, which were interpreted in terms of hydrological regimes. The formation of the basal peat layer, which marks the onset of Holocene aggradation, has been controlled by marine‐dominated, fluvial‐dominated and seepage‐dominated environments. Before 9000 cal yr bp, marine processes influenced the initial stage of organic accumulation in the western part of The Netherlands. After 9000 cal yr bp, on the flanks of topographical higher regions, seepage‐dominated mesotrophic organic facies characterized the onset of accumulation. Simultaneously, nutrient‐rich organic facies could develop in the Rhine‐Meuse valley: gyttja formed in the sediment‐limited Meuse realm, whereas reed peat accumulated in the Rhine realm, indicating lower water depths and thus a higher elevated surface level. It is concluded that the classification key for identifying organic facies is a strong tool to better recognize peat and gyttja types on the basis of macroscopic field characteristics. Application of the key on archived boreholes also proved to be feasible. Identification of organic facies and determination of their spatial distribution at delta scale, as is shown in this study, contributes to understanding delta evolution.
Interplay between river discharge and topography of the basin floor in a hyperpycnal lacustrine delta
Authors: OLARIU CORNEL , BHATTACHARYA JANOK P. , LEYBOURNE MATTHEW I. , BOSS STEPHEN K. , STERN ROBERT J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBasin‐floor topography influences the flow path of hyperpycnal plumes and delta morphology during progradation of the Red River delta in Lake Texoma, USA. The Red River discharge is typically a hyperpycnal plume due to elevated total dissolved solids. Because the river plume is a bottom‐hugging hyperpycnal flow, lake bathymetry and topography strongly influence deposition and subsequent delta morphology. In addition to elevated total dissolved solid concentrations compared with Lake Texoma water, the density contrast of the Red River outflow is increased by high suspended‐sediment concentrations during high‐discharge events. Steep lateral slopes in the Lake Texoma basin deflect hyperpycnal river plumes and, subsequently, change the delta progradation direction before the delta reaches the opposite bank of the lake. Analysis of multi‐temporal aerial and satellite images indicates that the hyperpycnal delta follows the steepest lake‐bottom gradients, corresponding to the pre‐impoundment river thalweg (i.e. bypassing shallow parts of the lake). An analytical model for the hyperpycnal‐plume trajectory indicates plume deflection during low‐discharge or high‐discharge events, towards the deepest part of the basin. The magnitude of plume deflection is a function of river discharge and basin‐margin gradients. Plume deflection can vary between 10° and 80° from the channel axis towards the old river thalweg. The high deflection appears in the case of maximum basin side gradients of 12·8° and in conditions of low river discharge. During low‐discharge periods, the Red River delta builds a lobate shape with multiple terminal distributary channels whereas, during high‐discharge periods the Red River delta builds an elongate shape with a single large distributary channel. The elongate morphology of the delta is formed through the development of a single distributary channel and abandonment of the other distributaries. Therefore, the lobate shaped delta is expected to be preserved in the rock record.
Emergency obstetric care availability: a critical assessment of the current indicator
Authors: Gabrysch Sabine , Zanger Philipp , Campbell Oona M. R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMonitoring progress in reducing maternal and perinatal mortality requires suitable indicators. The density of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities has been proposed as a potentially useful indicator, but different UN documents make inconsistent recommendations, and its current formulation is not associated with maternal mortality. We compiled recently published indicator benchmarks and distinguished three sources of inconsistency: (i) use of different denominator metrics (per birth and per population), (ii) different assumptions on need for EmOC and for EmOC facilities and (iii) failure to specify facility capacity (birth load). The UN guidelines and handbook require fewer EmOC facilities than the World Health Report 2005 and do not specify capacity for deliveries or staffing levels. We recommend (i) always using births as the denominator for EmOC facility density, (ii) clearly stating assumptions on the proportion of deliveries needing basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care and the desired proportion of deliveries in EmOC facilities and (iii) specifying facility capacity and staffing and adapting benchmarks for settings with different population density to ensure geographical accessibility.
Adaptive immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm–associated chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Foreman A. , Holtappels G. , Psaltis A. J. , Jervis‐Bardy J. , Field J. , Wormald P. ‐J. , Bachert C. 
Published: August 2011

To cite this article: Foreman A., Holtappels G., Psaltis A.J., Jervis‐Bardy J., Field J., Wormald P.‐J., Bachert C. Adaptive immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm–associated chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2011; 66: 1449–1456.AbstractBackground:  The etiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is currently an area of intense debate. Recently, biofilms have been proposed as a potential environmental trigger in this disease. In particular, Staphylococcus aureus biofilms appear to be a predictor of severe disease recalcitrant to current treatment paradigms. However, direct causal links between biofilms and host immune activation are currently lacking. This study aimed to document both the adaptive immune responses that characterize S. aureus biofilm–associated CRS and the relative contributions of staphylococcal superantigens and S. aureus biofilms in the inflammatory make‐up of this disease.Methods:  A total of 53 disease subjects and 15 controls were recruited. Sinonasal mucosa was collected for the determination of S. aureus and Haemophilus influenzae biofilms and presence of total and superantigen‐specific IgE and for the measurement of cytokines that characterize the T‐helper pathways.Results:  Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and superantigens are significantly associated in CRS patients, suggesting the biofilm may be a nidus for superantigen‐eluting bacteria. The presence of S. aureus biofilms is associated with eosinophilic inflammation, across the spectrum of CRS, on the back of a T‐helper2 skewing of the host’s adaptive immune response (elevated Eosinophilic Cationic Protein and IL‐5). This can be distinguished from the superantigenic effect resulting in the induction of IgE.Conclusion:  This study provides novel evidence of a link between S. aureus biofilms and skewing of the T‐cell response toward the T‐helper2 pathway that is independent of superantigen activities. Further research is required to confirm the cause–effect relationship of this association.
Response to a selective COX‐2 inhibitor in patients with urticaria/angioedema induced by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Doña I. , Blanca‐López N. , Jagemann L. R. , Torres M. J. , Rondón C. , Campo P. , Gómez A. I. , Fernández J. , Laguna J. J. , Rosado A. , Blanca M. , Canto G. 
Published: August 2011

To cite this article: Doña I, Blanca‐López N, Jagemann LR, Torres MJ, Rondón C, Campo P, Gómez AI, Fernández J, Laguna JJ, Rosado A, Blanca M, Canto G. Response to a selective COX‐2 inhibitor in patients with urticaria/angioedema induced by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Allergy 2011; 66: 1428–1433.AbstractBackground:  In subjects with hypersensitivity reactions with cross‐intolerance to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tolerance to selective COX‐2 inhibitors has not been evaluated in large series of well‐phenotyped cases.Methods:  We evaluated 252 patients with urticaria and/or angioedema caused by hypersensitivity owing to cross‐intolerance to NSAIDs. In addition to the clinical history, diagnosis was confirmed by provocation to an alternative NSAID. Two groups were considered: (A) patients with cross‐intolerance to NSAIDs and intolerance to paracetamol and (B) patients with cross‐intolerance to NSAIDs and good tolerance to paracetamol. Etoricoxib was administered to Group A patients and to a representative sample of Group B patients. In the event of a positive response, serum tryptase levels were determined and skin biopsy was performed in five patients in each group.Results:  Ibuprofen was the most commonly implicated drug, followed by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Urticaria was the most common manifestation, followed by angioedema. Most of the patients developed symptoms within 1 h. Twenty‐five percent in Group A (n = 47) and 6% in Group B (n = 50) were intolerant to etoricoxib. Skin biopsy showed mast cell activation with the release of tryptase to the extracellular space but without the increase in serum tryptase levels.Conclusion:  Selective COX‐2 inhibitors may be unsafe in subjects with urticaria and/or angioedema caused by hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs with cross‐intolerance if they are intolerant to paracetamol. A quarter of patients who were intolerant to this drug were also intolerant to etoricoxib. In subjects with hypersensitivity to NSAIDs and intolerance to paracetamol, selective COX‐2 inhibitors should be administered as a controlled, incremental dose provocation test to assess tolerance.
The Phenomenon of Blood Stem Cell Mobilisation
Authors: Simmons P.J. , Levesque J‐P. , Takamatsu Y. , To L.B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe use of mobilised blood to effect haematological rescue now exceeds that of bone marrow. Despite the now broad application of blood stem cells (BSC) in a variety of clinical settings little is known of the precise mechanisms responsible for their release into the peripheral circulation. Under steady state conditions, primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) are restricted to the bone marrow and circulate at low to undetectable levels. Although the basis for this specific retention of HPC within the BM remains to be defined, adhesive interactions between HPC and their surrounding stromal cell and ECM environment are hypothesised to play a major role.Mobilisation occurs in response to a variety of perturbations including physical exercise, following myelosupressive chemotherapy and following administration of a number of different cytokines. The kinetics of release may vary from as little as a few minutes to several weeks. Such observations suggest that a single unifying mechanism is therefore unlikely to be responsible for mobilisation in all cases and in all likelihood the predominant mechanism(s) will vary according to the mobilising agent employed. Nevertheless, mobilising agents are proposed to act to a greater or lesser extent by perturbing the function of the various cell adhesion molecules (CAM) or ligands which restrict HPC to the BM. In accord with this notion, studies by other have shown that antibody induced perturbation of VLA‐4 function results in mobilisation of HPC in primates.How therefore do cytokines, the most commonly mobilising agents, result in HPC release? The most frequently employed agent to induce HPC release is granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). We have previously demonstrated that in vitro exposure of human CD34+ cells (HPC) to G‐CSF, in common with several cytokines including IL‐3, GM‐CSF and SCF, results in transient increases in the affinity of the β1 integrins VLA‐4 and VLA‐5 for their ligands fibronectin (FN) and VCAM‐1. Thus in addition to the well documented mitogenic effects of cytokines these molecules also regulate the adhesive properties of HPC. Data will therefore be presented which examine the regulation of integrin function on human HPC and its relevance to the phenomenon of mobilisation. In addition we will also review recent observations in man and in a murine model which suggest an unanticipated link between bone turnover and BSC release. Collectively these studies provide some novel insights into the phenomenon of mobilisation but also suggest that the actual mechanisms involved are more complex than is currently appreciated.
Risk Management in Blood Transfusion Services
Authors: Whyte G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRisk is usually simplistically defined as the probability of an adverse outcome, under‐recognising the importance of perception. The intuitive centre of the risk structure is 1 in a million (10−6), the background risk of death in developed countries. In Australia, current risks of transmission of HIV and HCV by blood transfusion are about 10−6, the risk is higher for HBV and lower for HTLV1, but the risk of death from the infections is much less, particularly for HTLV1. When blood service professionals take risk related actions, their judgement must be tempered by contemporary political and social realities and the public's real and disproportionate horror of catastrophe
Mechanisms of skin adherence and invasion by dermatophytes
Authors: Baldo A. , Monod M. , Mathy A. , Cambier L. , Bagut E. T. , Defaweux V. , Symoens F. , Antoine N. , Mignon B. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryDermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that can be pathogenic for humans and animals by infecting the stratum corneum, nails, claws or hair. The first infection step consists of adherence of arthroconidia to the stratum corneum. The mechanisms and the kinetics of adherence have been investigated using different in vitro and ex vivo experimental models, most notably showing the role of a secreted serine protease from Microsporum canis in fungal adherence to feline corneocytes. After germination of the arthroconidia, dermatophytes invade keratinised structures that have to be digested into short peptides and amino acids to be assimilated. Although many proteases, including keratinolytic ones, have been characterised, the understanding of dermatophyte invasion mechanisms remains speculative. To date, research on mechanisms of dermatophyte infection focused mainly on both secreted endoproteases and exoproteases, but their precise role in both fungal adherence and skin invasion should be further explored.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury in a neutropenic patient
Authors: Finlayson J. , Grey D. , Kavanagh L. , Witt C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a leading cause of transfusion related morbidity and mortality. Current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of this disorder imply a “two‐hit” model in which neutrophils are sequestered in the pulmonary capillary bed, and subsequently activated by substances in the transfused blood product. We report a case of TRALI in a patient with neutropenia and discuss the possible factors contributing to the respiratory symptoms in this patient. We also emphasise the importance of recognising mild cases of TRALI in order to investigate the implicated donor/s appropriately, and to minimise the risk for more severe episodes in other patients.
How we mobilize haemopoietic stem cells
Authors: Herbert K. E. , Levesque J.‐P. , Mills A. K. , Gottlieb D. J. , Cooney J. , Szer J. , Rasko J. , To L. B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMobilization and collection of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) is the cornerstone of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for a wide variety of haematological and some non‐haematological malignancies. Centres providing this service face the challenge of optimizing the likelihood of successful collection of transplantable doses of cells, while maximizing the efficiency of the apheresis unit and minimizing the risk of toxicity as well as mobilization failure. Recent developments in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mobilization have led to the emergence of novel strategies for HSPC mobilization, which may assist in meeting these imperatives. The task for clinicians is how to incorporate the use of these strategies into practice, in the light of emerging evidence for efficacy and safety of these agents. Herein, the literature is reviewed, and a proposed algorithm for HSPC mobilization is presented.
Cystatin C: influence of perfusion and myocardial injury on early (<24 h) renal function after pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Vassalos Antony , Young David , MacArthur Kenneth , Pollock James , Lyall Fiona , Danton Mark H.D. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryBackground:  Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)‐associated renal dysfunction following cardiac surgery is well recognized. In patients with renal disease, cystatin C has emerged as a new biomarker which in contrast to creatinine (Cr) is sensitive to minor changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Aim:  We utilized cystatin C to investigate the association of CPB perfusion parameters with acute renal injury after pediatric cardiac surgery.Methods:  Twenty children, aged 4–58 months (AVSD, n = 7; VSD, n = 9; and ASD, n = 4), were prospectively studied. Glomerular filtration rate was quantified postoperatively by creatinine clearance (first and second 12‐h periods; CrCl0–12 and CrCl12–24). Serum cystatin C and Cr were measured preoperatively and on days 0–3. Recorded CPB parameters included bypass duration (BP), perfusion pressure (PP), lowest pump flow (Qmin), lowest hematocrit, and corresponding lowest oxygen delivery (DO2 min). Myocardial injury was determined by troponin‐I.Results:  Postoperatively, GFR remained unchanged (CrCl0–12 63.6 ± 37.0 vs CrCl12–24 65.1 ± 27.5; P = 0.51) and only correlated with cystatin C (CrCl0–12 vs cystatin CDay0 [r = 0.58, P = 0.018] and CrDay0 [r = 0.09, P = 0.735]). Cr and cystatin C increased postoperatively to peak on days 2 and 3, respectively (CrPreOp 31 ± 6.9 vs CrDay2 36.9 ± 12.2, P = 0.03; cystatin CDay0 0.83 ± 0.27 vs cystatin CDay3 1.45 ± 0.53, P = 0.02). Increased cystatin C was significantly associated with BP (P = 0.001), mean PP (P = 0.029), Qmin (P = 0.005), troponin‐I (P < 0.001), and DO2min <300 ml·min−1·m−2 (P = 0.007). Receiver–operator cutoff >1.044 mg·l−1 for cystatin C exhibited 100% sensitivity and 67% specificity for detecting renal dysfunction, defined as GFR <55 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2.Conclusions:  Cystatin C is a sensitive marker of early renal dysfunction following pediatric heart surgery. Variations in bypass parameters, myocardial injury, and ultimately critical oxygen delivery are significantly associated with the degree of renal impairment.