bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Alkaline Permanganate Oxidation of Danish Illuvial Organic Matter
Authors: Hansen E. H. , Schnitzer M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic matter extracted from the Bh horizon of a Danish Podzol was oxidized with alkaline permanganate. Steamdistillation of the oxidation product yielded 1.6% aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (on the basis of the original organic matter). The acids were identified by gas chromatography. Acetic acid represented 73% of these acids, while the remaining 27% consisted of n‐ and iso‐acids, containing up to 8C‐atoms. The oxidation product was extracted with organic solvents and the extracts methylated and then vacuum‐distilled. By means of gas chromatography all of the 12 possible benzene carboxylic acids except benzoic acid were identified, accounting for 1.4% of the original organic matter.The possible significance of the acids identified with regard to the chemical structure of the original organic matter preparation is discussed.
On the Mechanism of Phosphorus‐Zinc Interaction in Corn Nutrition
Authors: Stukenholtz D. D. , Olsen R. J. , Gogan Gerald , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were carried out in the greenhouse and field to elaborate the mechanism of P‐Zn interaction in the nutrition of corn (Zea mays L.). From this work depressive action of P on Zn uptake of corn appears to be largely physiological in nature, expressed at root surfaces and/or in root cells, and is not chemical inactivation of Zn by P in soil. Translocation of Zn from roots to tops is inhibited by elevated P concentration, with resulting sharp reduction in Zn concentration of nodal and internodal tissues. No clearly definable P/Zn ratio in tissue was found above which yield restriction could be predicted. Corn seems to tolerate high concentrations of P in its tissues provided some modest quantity of Zn is present.Other elements counteract somewhat the damaging effects of P. Concurrently placed N promotes Zn uptake at the same time that it benefits P utilization. Increased level of native or applied K reduces the depressive effects of P on Zn.
Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Zinc, as Affected by Placement and Nitrogen Source
Authors: Giordano P. M. , Mortvedt J. J. , Papendick R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry matter production and uptake of Zn, N, and P by corn grown in greenhouse pots were higher with (NH4)2SO4 than with anhydrous NH3 or CO(NH2)2, whether ZnSO4 was mixed, spotplaced, or not applied. These results are largely explained by the lower soil pH associated with application of (NH4)2SO4 and hence, the increased availability of indigenous and applied Zn. Yields were lower when Zn was mixed, but higher when Zn was omitted or spot‐placed 4 weeks prior, as compared to treatment just prior to planting. In general, Zn and N uptake varied directly with yield and inversely with P uptake, except where growth was extremely poor due to severe Zn deficiency.
Color and Growth of Douglas‐Fir Christmas Trees as Affected by Fertilizer Application
Authors: Turner Darrell O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEight fertilizer treatments of varying amounts of N, P, K, S, and Mg were applied to a chlorotic stand of 15‐year‐old Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Christmas trees grown upon glacial moraine soil in the Puget Sound basin. Color ratings, growth measurements, and foliar analyses data were collected during two growing seasons.Fertilizer N rates from 0.125 to 1.0 lb/tree improved color the first season without influencing growth. All rates of N improved color the second season, but only the 0.125 N level produced an acceptable rate of growth. Rates of N above 0.125 lb/tree overstimu'ated growth for Christmas tree production.Color was correlated to total‐N levels in the foliage; trees with dark green foliage had high total‐N contents.Treatment with P and K in the absence of N did not improve color or increase growth. Treatment with N, P, K, S, and Mg gave the darkest green color and highest total‐N level the first year, but color faded and total‐N content declined in the second season.Cones were formed only on trees which received the N‐P‐K and N‐P‐K‐S‐Mg treatments.
Recovery of Fertilizer Nitrogen Under Field Conditions Using Nitrogen‐15
Authors: Carter J. N. , Bennett O. L. , Pearson R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment was conducted under field conditions to study the movement and recovery of N15‐enriched nitrogen fertilizer added to soil in the forms of NaNO3 and (NH4)2SO4. The plots consisted of the soil mass inside cylinders 30 or 60 cm in diameter, which were pressed into the soil to a depth of 45–60 cm. These plots were either seeded to sudangrass (sorghum sudanense) or left uncropped. The plant tops, roots, and the soil, by 15‐cm layers, were analyzed for total N and excess N15 content.Recovery of added N15 from the 32 plots ranged between 96.3 and 101.8%, and averaged 99.0%. There was no significant difference in recovery of the fertilizer N due to the percent of excess N15 in the fertilizer, size of plot, exposure to natural rainfall, cropping, N source, or the time of application of the fertilizer. Wide variation in recovery of excess N15 occurred with core sampling and it was found necessary to remove, weigh, mix and subsample the entire soil mass from within the rims. The small amounts of unrecovered N were probably due to procedural errors in the field and laboratory, and leaching and root growth beyond the sampling zone. There was no indication of any N loss in the gaseous form.The fate of applied fertilizer N was followed under field conditions using N15‐enriched nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil in situ enclosed by large steel cylinders. Total recovery of the fertilizer N from these experiments after 8 weeks ranged from 88 to 96%, but dropped as low as 77% after 10 months. Recovery of the fertilizer N was greater from an ammonium source than from nitrate. Retter recovery of fertilizer was obtained when the plots were cropped to sudangrass rather than left fallow. Doubling the rate of application of the fertilizer N from 336 to 672 kg/ha did not affect percent of total recovery. The 4 to 12% of fertilizer N unrecovered after 8 weeks appears to be due to a loss in the gaseous form, since special precautions were taken to restrict leaching and to eliminate errors in sampling and analysis.
The Ureolytic Microflora in a Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) Humus
Authors: Roberge M. R. , Knowles R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe total and the ureolytic microflora in black spruce humus from an untreated plot and from a plot fertilized with 450 kg urea‐N per ha (400 lb N per acre) 2 years before sampling was studied using incubation tests. Following the addition of 3,500 ppm of urea‐N in the laboratory the total numbers of bacteria and fungi increased on the average by 332 and 9.6%, respectively, and the numbers of ureolytic bacteria and fungi increased by 359 and 18.5%, respectively. The percentages of ureolytic bacteria and fungi both increased by only 5, indicating that the increase in population was not made up of specifically ureolytic organisms. No significant population changes occurred after 3 days of incubation, when urea hydrolysis was complete.The application of urea in the laboratory to humus from a plot treated with urea two years before sampling brought about population changes which roughly paralleled those found in humus from the untreated plot.In any particular humus layer, the population increase occurring in the field during the two years after urea application was observed to be in general greater than that occurring during the 42 days after the application of urea to the same humus layer in the laboratory.
Organic Phosphorus in Calcareous Colorado Soils
Authors: Greb B. W. , Olsen S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic P in calcareous soils was determined by a modified 4N HCl‐0.5N NaOH extraction procedure. Organic P averaged 23% of the total P in soils from 23 locations in Colorado, 26% for 3 irrigated rotation soils of 4 rotations each, and 27% in 4 virgin soils. Organic C, N, and P were highly correlated for all soil groups tested. Carbon‐to‐phosphorus ratios of 95:1, 72:1, and 128:1 were obtained for the Colorado, rotation, and virgin soils, respectively. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and manure in in rotations increased the level of organic C, N, and P, and also the C/P and N/P ratios when compared with continuous row cropping without organic residues. Alfalfa was more effective than manure in maintaining organic C, N, and P. Nonvirgin soil contained less organic P, much less organic C and N, and lower C/P and N/P ratios than virgin soil. Organic P mineralized at an average of 3.6 ppm P for 13 Colorado soils when incubated for 21 days at 35C.
Some Till‐Derived Chernozem Soils in Eastern North Dakota: II. Mineralogy, Micromorphology, and Development
Authors: Redmond C. E. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMineralogical and micromorphological studies of three soil profiles representative of the Forman, Barnes, and an Intermediate soil group (described in the first paper of this series) are presented. The mineralogy is used to evaluate the uniformity of the original materials of each soil. Calculations of the net changes in sand, silt, clay, CaCO3 equivalent, organic matter and volume of two of the profiles and the individual horizons in each are presented and their int rpretations are discussed. There is need for improved sampling techniques and better measures of the natural variability of the materials.
Effect of Dilution on Calcium and Potassium Contents of Soil Solutions
Authors: Khasawneh F. E. , Adams Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of dilution on the composition of a soil solution of Magnolia sandy clay loam subsoil was investigated. Samples of a Ca‐ and K‐saturated soil as well as samples of a soil saturated with K and mixed with CaCl2 were equilibrated with water in various soil‐water ratios. Equilibrium solutions were separated and analyzed for Ca and K. Dilution increased the total amount of solution electrolytes with a concurrent change in the relative amount of each of the solution cations. The following equation was derived from Langmuir's isotherm to describe the desorption of neutral salts from soil surfaces: S = St V/(a + V) where S is the total meq of solution cations in volume V ml, and St and a are constants.The ratio‐law of Schofield was adequate to describe the change in the relative amount of each cation upon dilution of one soil system, but a correction term was added to the formulation of the ratio‐law in order to describe the data of the other soil system. This formulation of the ratio‐law is given as
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj196703615995003100020010x:equation:saj2sssaj196703615995003100020010x-math-0001 where m is the number of solution mmoles, V is the solution volume in ml, and k and h are constants. The two foregoing equations provide the means for predicting the composition of a soil solution upon dilution.
Characterization of Fixed Strontium in Sesquioxide Gel‐Kaolinite Clay Systems
Authors: Frere M. H. , Champion D. F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract“Fixed” Sr is defined by the amount of radioactive Sr remaining with the solid phase after three extractions with 1N Sr(NO3)2. The amount of Sr fixed in a soil‐water suspension increases with time in a manner characteristic of a slow diffusion process. Experiments with Fe or Al gel‐kaolinite clay suspensions showed a similar behavior. The amount of fixation in gel‐clay suspensions increased with pH to a level of about 6% of the adsorbed Sr at pH 8. The reaction was insensitive to the amount of gel and decreased with the aging of the gel‐clay suspension. The level of fixation in the gel‐clay suspensions was considerably less than observed in soils, particularly when acid pH's and aged systems are considered. Several exploratory experhaents indicate a silicate interface may be important in the fixation mechanism.
Some Effects of Moisture on Denitrification in Acid and Alkaline Soils
Authors: Mahendrappa M. K. , Smith R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of two acid and two alkaline soils were studied to observe the effect of various moisture levels in open or closed systems on denitrification of added nitrate. Under anaerobic conditions, each soil appeared to have specific moisture requirements for maximum denitrification rate. Under fully anaerobic conditions, an increase in moisture content to only 10% above field capacity markedly decreased the time required for complete denitrification as defined by N2 production but had little effect on the disappearance of the nitrate. Further increases in moisture content reversed the trend and increased the time needed for complete denitrification to take place.It is proposed that some of the moisture effects are attributable to the distribution of organisms and/or N compounds. Part of the effect, however, also may be due to a dilution effect on toxic products produced. Indirect evidence indicated that an intermediate compound or compounds may have been produced but not detected in the analysis scheme.
The Effect of Moisture on Fertilizer Nitrogen Immoblization in Grasslands
Authors: Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fate of 500 kg of fertilizer N per ha applied to Bromus inermis L. was followed for 2 years for various moisture levels and times of application. Analysis of the plots at the end of 2 years of irrigation (with no leaching) showed that about 40% of the fertilizer N was contained in grass tops and 25 to 35% in roots, while 5 to 10% was in the soil in mineral form and 20% was not accounted for. For dryland plots this distribution was 25%, 10 to 25%, 25 to 65% and 0 to 20%, respectively. The primary effect of increased water was to hasten plant absorption of fertilizer N. Fertilizer N losses were not affected by moisture supply, thus with proper fertilization it may be possible to maintain a constant pool of available N in grassland soils of semiarid regions without experiencing undue losses. Maximum growth could then be achieved whenever water is available by eliminating N as a growth‐limiting factor.Weekly applications of 17 kg of fertilizer N in fallow plots resulted in about 175% of the fertilizer N being accounted for, but when the fallow plots received all the fertilizer N in the spring only 50 to 60% was accounted for. These differences may have been caused by differences in rates of mineralization and denitrification. Soil NO3‐N levels on fertilized dryland often rose during periods of drought. Soil NO3‐N levels in fertilized irrigated plots declined with time. Unfertilized plots were conistently very low in soil NO3‐N, regardless of time or water supply.
Free Iron and Coloration in Certain Well‐Drained Coastal Plain Soils in Relation to Their Other Properties and Classification
Authors: Soileau J. M. , McCracken R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhysical, chemical, and mineralogical studies were conducted on several well‐drained, moderately fine‐textured North Carolina Coastal Plain soils (primarily Orangeburg and Norfolk series) belonging to the Typic Hapludult subgroup and ranging in B horizon coloration from yellow to yellowish red. Results indicated that geomorphic landscape position and associated relative soil age influence some properties more than does coloration of the B horizon. It appears that to much emphasis has been placed on the hue of the B horizon as a series differentiating criterion in these reddish‐ and yellowish‐hued coastal plain soils.Except for horizons containing plinthite or intense iron mottling, nearly all of the free iron oxide in the soils investigated occurred in the clay fraction, predominantly in the < 0.2 µ clay. Goethite was the only X‐ray identifiable crystalline iron oxide compound found in clays and other iron‐rich soil fractions. There was no consistent relationship between amounts of free iron oxide and yellow to red Munsell hue × value indices of soil and clay fractions. However, a general trend of increasing free iron oxide content with increasing Munsel chroma was noted in various size fractions of these soils. Free iron and specific surface data indicated that coloration in these soils is not due to the relative thickness of adsorbed iron coatings on the clay surfaces. Heating experiments and infrared studies suggested that the form of the iron oxide (its degree of hydration or neutralization) is the dominant factor in influencing hue of the subsoil in these Coastal Plain soils.
Dayton—A Depositional Planosol, Willamette Valley, Oregon
Authors: Parsons R. B. , Balster C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDayton soil has long been considered a Planosol (Albaqualf) with genetically related horizons developed from Willamette silts. However, a detailed study indicates that Dayton sola overlie six different materials including gravel, silt, and bedrock. The deposits which comprise the A2 and B2 horizons are not coextensive. Therefore, the boundaries between A2, B2, and C horizons represent depositional discontinuities. Soil formation across the discontinuities, under conditions of poor drainage, has produced so'a having morphologic and chemical properties of Planoso's
Gel‐Like Films that May Form at the Air‐Water Interfaces in Soils
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Lynn W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen dry soil material is moistened stepwise and then slowly submerged, a film appears on the water surface where it may remain floating for several days as a coherent patch. The film consists of a gel‐like matrix that contains particles ranging upward to sand size. The evidence to date indicates that the film matrix differs little from the < 0.2 µ cay. It is thought that material disaggregated from the surface of the soil material by the disruption of drying and subsequent wetting becomes caught at the air‐water interface and is there spread out by surface tension forces. The possible role of the films in translocation of solids and other aspects of soil development is discussed.
Ionic Exchange Behavior in a Loam Soil as Indicated by Movement of Radio‐Calcium
Authors: Arshad M. A. , Carson J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil columns were used to study the movement of 45Ca by leaching them with salt solutions of various concentrations and ionic combinations. The results showed that the distribution patterns of radio‐calcium within the soil columns varied with the anionic species as well as with the type of cations of the salt solutions. Exchange and movement of radio‐calcium was higher with sulfate than with chloride salt solutions. The difference is explained on the basis of the differential displacement of calcium from the exchange sites caused by the salts present in soil solution. The data obtained may have significance in understanding the development of solonetzic soils.
Distribution of Total and 0.1 Normal Hydrochloric Acid‐Extractable Zinc in Hawaiian Soil Profiles
Authors: Kanehiro Yoshinori , Sherman G. Donald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn most Hawaiian soil profiles, the highest concentrations of 0.1N HCl‐extractable Zn were found in the surface horizons. There was a general decrease in extractable Zn with soil depth. Extractable Zn was found to range from 0.1 to 17.9 ppm.The concentration of total Zn appeared to be less dependent on depth than was acid‐extractable Zn. In some profiles, where the extractable Zn followed the general pattern of decreasing with soil depth, the total Zn content remained the same or even slightly ncreased with depth. Total Zn was found to range from 51 to 288 ppm.There was a highly significant correlation between total and extractable Zn. This correlation was especially evident in the relatively youthful and unweathered soils but not in all oxisols and ultisols. There was no correlation between soil pH and extractable Zn.The occurrence of Zn‐deficient plants was better correlated with acid‐extractable soil Zn values than with total soil Zn values. Most soils on which Zn deficiency is found are oxisols or ultiscls that have undergone intensive weathering or have had their subsoils exposed. In a greenhouse experiment, corn (Zea Mays L. plants grown in an ultisol sampled from an eroded site showed more pronounced Zn‐deficiency symptoms and lower vegetative yields than those grown in an adjacent surface‐intact soil.
Yield Response of Spring Wheat and Barley to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Relation to Soil and Climatic Factors
Authors: Young R. A. , Ozbun J. L. , Bauer A. , Vasey E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between yield response of spring wheat (Triticum (aestivum L.)sp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to fertilizer N and various soil and climatic factors was determined in a total of 66 field experiments over a 3‐year period using simple and multiple correlation and regression.Measured variables included precipitation and air temperature from seeding to harvest; available soil moisture and NH4‐N plus NO3‐N at seeding to a depth of 152 cm; N extracted with alkaline permanganate and total N to 61 cm; organic matter to 30.5 cm; and NH4‐N plus NO3‐N accumulated during 2 weeks incubation at 35C from samples retained field moist, frozen, and air‐dried before incubation, to 61 cm.The factors that showed significant relationships with yield response to nitrogen fertilizer were (i) stored available soil moisture at seeding to 122 cm or a dry zone, (ii) stored NO3‐N to 61 cm at seeding, (iii) precipitation from seeding to 5 days before harvest and (iv) degree days above 21C from 5 to 60 days before harvest.Using stored NO3‐N, stored available moisture, average growing‐season precipitation and temperature, and a calculated value of 8.40 kg of fertilizer N/ha to produce a yield response of 1 quintal, predicted N fertilizer rates were within 11.2 kg/ha of actual amounts required in over 50% and within 22.4 kg in 89% of the experiments.
Chemical Availability of Native and Applied Phosphorus in Soils and their Textural Fractions
Authors: Halstead R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a study of several Canadian soils, the Al‐P fraction (Chang and Jackson, 4) was correlated with the percent yield [(yield without P × 100)/yield with P] of oats grown in the greenhouse and with estimates of available P (NaHCO3‐soluble). Although Fe‐P was related to NaHCO3‐soluble P and Ca‐P to acid‐soluble P (Troug, 20), neither the Fe‐ or Ca‐P fraction was related to yield. NH4Cl‐soluble P, however, was correlated with both percent yield and percent P uptake. The four P fractions (NH4Cl‐soluble, Al, Fe, and Ca) comprised a major part (62 to 92%) of the total inorganic P in the soils. Ca‐P was the main form in all but the Podzols, in which Fe‐P predominated.Organic P, Al‐P, Fe‐P, and NaHCO3‐soluble P increased with decreasing particle size, whereas Ca‐P, total inorganic P, and acid‐soluble P (Truog) increased with decreasing particle size in the Podzols but not in the other soils. When the P in the total amount of a given particle‐size fraction present in the soil (F value) was considered, it was found that the coarser fractions contributed a relatively large proportion of the P in some of the soils. In five out of seven comparisons a major part (>50%) of the total inorganic P, Ca‐P, and Al‐P was associated with the coarser silt and sand, whereas Fe‐P and organic P were associated with the fine silt and clay. The significant relation of F values for Al‐P of the clay to percent yield and percent P uptake provided further evidence of the importance of Al‐P as a source of P for plants. Other relationships between yield parameters and F values for NH4Cl‐soluble P and Ca‐P of the clay indicate that the clay may be a primary source of plant P.In incubation studies with soils and textural fractions, a major part of the added P was recovered in the Al‐ and Fe‐P forms. Al‐P was the primary form of recovery except in the fine silt and clay fractions of the Podzol soils where Fe‐P predominated.