bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution of Saturated Cement-Treated Soil by Wet-Mixing
Authors: Lewsley Gregory , Fannin R. Jonathan 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A new method is described for the reconstitution of cement-treated specimens of sand and silt for laboratory strength tests. Saturation of the slurry mix is attained through boiling the sand fraction at atmospheric pressure, boiling the silt fraction at a pressure that is reduced to a vacuum of 80 kPa, and mechanised blending of cement into the combined soil fractions in a rigid-walled former that is subjected to the same vacuum pressure. Reproducibility of the method is demonstrated from tests on four identical homogeneous specimens that yield a very narrow range in water content, bulk density, and unconfined compression strength. It is further evident in the trend of increasing strength with normalized cement content in those data.
Damage Build-Up in Zirconium Alloys During Mechanical Processing: Application to Cold Pilgering
Authors: Gaillac A. , Lemaignan C. , Barberis P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Cold pilgering of zirconium alloys containing high content of alloying elements may be a critical issue regarding surface defects or serious cracks. A better knowledge of damaging mechanisms during pilgering is a way for optimizing the cold forming routes of cladding tubes. Behavior of Zircaloy-4, M5™ (M5™ is a trademark of AREVA NP) and Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe alloys under damaging conditions were investigated for this purpose. Cold pilgering is a cyclic deformation process. Depending on its position inside the grooves of the rolls, material is strained alternately in compressive and tensile modes. Thus, materials were first tested under low cycle fatigue (LCF) deformation routes. LCF tests showed that the differences observed in the number of cycles to failure between alloys are mainly a function of the differences in fracture toughness. Fractography of the fatigue and toughness tests samples also showed that the final propagation of the crack is always ductile, meaning that toughness is the function of the ductile tearing damage mechanisms at the crack tip. Therefore, tensile tests of notched axisymmetric samples were used to study the ductile damage build-up mechanisms, by varying the stress triaxiality. A detailed analysis of the fractured samples was used to quantify a ductile damage accumulation parameter, function of the deformation and the stress triaxiality. Size and repartition of second phase particles, grain to grain misorientations, grain size, and texture were identified as the main metallurgical parameters having an effect in the ductile damage by nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids. These experimental results, combined with the material mechanical history, provided by numerical modeling of the cold pilgering process, are now used to improve the forming routes of cladding tubes, both by a mechanical way (cold pilgering stress state) and a metallurgical one (microstructure of alloys used for tubes rolling).
Effect of the Thermo-Mechanical Processing Characteristics on the Recrystallization of CuZn34 Brass
Authors: Lopes Wellington , Corrêa Elaine Carballo Siqueira , Campos Haroldo Béria , Aguilar Maria Teresa Paulino , Cetlin Paulo Roberto 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The effect of the temperature and the annealing time on the recrystallization characteristics of metals has been widely researched. However, the influence of the deformation history (involving changes in the strain path) on the recrystallization of metals is seldom studied. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of the mechanical loading sequence (monotonic and Bauschinger shearing tests), the amount of forward (effective strain of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) and reverse strain (effective strain of −0.35, −0.45, and −0.55), and the initial state (as-received and annealed) on the recrystallization kinetics of CuZn34 brass sheets. The softening caused by recrystallization is reduced as the forward and reverse strains applied during the Bauschinger shear tests are increased. For all investigated conditions, the data also revealed that the initial state and the amount of the reverse strain were the main variables on the recrystallization kinetics of CuZn34 brass.
Mechanical Test Methods for Assessing Porcine Carotid and Uterine Artery Burst Pressure Following Ex Vivo Ultrasonic Ligature Seal and Transection
Authors: Krane Carissa , Pinnell Margaret , Gardner Courtney , Thompson Mercedes , Coleman James , Wilkens Robert 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A test method was developed to identify those variables important for assessing the performance of ultrasonic surgical devices in ex vivo ligature sealing of porcine carotid and uterine arteries. Ruggedness testing using a small sample size in pilot experiments was conducted using a newly developed test method in an effort to assess the usefulness of this methodology and to identify test variables that might warrant further testing. The development of this test method included the use of a custom-designed prototypic tension device for load-controlled ex vivo vessel stretching during saline perfusion and subsequent seal and transection of porcine arteries with an advanced energy surgical device. The quality of the seal was evaluated as a burst pressure (mmHg). The experimental set-up allowed for either monitoring or controlling specific test conditions, including blood vessel tension during cutting and sealing, saline infusion rate, cutting time, pressure generated in the vessel during cutting, and burst pressure. Both muscular-type uterine and elastic-type carotid arteries were investigated, since energy based devices are most frequently used on muscular-type arteries but are developed and tested using elastic-type arteries. Although confounded with the age of the animal, in the ruggedness test pilot, it was observed that porcine carotid arteries yielded a comparatively lower burst strength seal as compared to porcine uterine arteries. The data generated during ruggedness testing suggests that the artery type and saline infusion rate during transection may be important variables in ex vivo vessel seal testing.
Stress-Strain Behavior and California Bearing Ratio of Artificially Cemented Sand
Authors: Usluogullari Omer F. , Vipulanandan C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this study, effects of cement content and curing time on the compressive stress-strain relationship and California bearing ratio (CBR) value of artificially cemented sand cured up to 7 days was investigated. The CBR study was focused on investigating the sensitivity of this non-destructive test to measure the changes in the compacted cemented sand properties during construction (limited curing time). The cement content in the cemented sand was varied up to 6 % by weight. The strength, modulus, and unit weight of the artificially cemented sand varied from, 60 to 1250 kPa, 14 to 290 MPa, and 15.98 to 18.33 kN/m3, respectively. The CBR values for cemented sand, compacted using the standard proctor method, varied from 8 to 230 %. Compressive stress-strain relationship of cemented sand was represented by a non-linear relationship. Relationship between compressive properties of cemented sand and the CBR was also investigated. The variation of compressive strength, modulus, and CBR values with curing time were represented using hyperbolic relationships. Finite element method (FEM) was used to model the CBR test, based on the data obtained from the unconfined compression tests for 1.5, 3, and 6 % cemented sand. In the FEM analyses the cemented sand was modeled using linear elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relationship with Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The ratio of predicted to measured CBR values varied from 0.67 to 1.31.
A Photogrammetric System Design to Determine the Load-Deflection Behaviors of Materials in Civil Engineering
Authors: Yılmaztürk F. , Kulur S. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper defines a photogrammetric system developed to automatically measure displacements at a large number of points on structural elements in static or quasi-static load experiments. The system consists of hardware and software. Basically, the hardware component includes online image acquisition system with three charge coupled device (CCD) cameras and the software comprises the photogrammetric processing of the obtained image data. The computational approach of the system involves initially determining the camera calibration parameters, then calculating three-dimensional (3D) object coordinates of signalized points on the test object during the load test. The measurements are performed in near real-time (&lt;1 s), continuously for previously defined time periods or for a single measurement session after every loading by user intervention. For testing purposes, the system was used in the unconfined compression tests on different cohesive soil samples and load tests on a steel beam. Sub-millimeter object point precision was obtained for the 3D object coordinates in all the measurement sessions of both experiments. The axial deformations of cohesive soil samples were measured with a dial gauge and the comparison of the results obtained from both measurement systems indicated that the proposed photogrammetric system is sufficiently reliable and accurate to monitor the deflection behavior of materials under loading conditions.
On the Evolution of Mutation in Changing Environments: Recombination and Phenotypic Switching
Authors: Liberman Uri , Van Cleve Jeremy , Feldman Marcus W 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Phenotypic switching has been observed in laboratory studies of yeast and bacteria, in which the rate of such switching appears to adjust to match the frequency of environmental changes. Among possible mechanisms of switching are epigenetic influences on gene expression and variation in levels of methylation; thus environmental and/or genetic factors may contribute to the rate of switching. Most previous analyses of the evolution of phenotypic switching have compared exponential growth rates of noninteracting populations, and recombination has been ignored. Our genetic model of the evolution of switching rates is framed in terms of a mutation-modifying gene, environments that cause periodic changes in fitness, and recombination between the mutation modifier and the gene under selection. Exact results are obtained for all recombination rates and symmetric fitnesses that strongly generalize earlier results obtained under complete linkage and strong constraints on the relation between fitness and period of switching. Our analytical and numerical results suggest a general principle that recombination reduces the stable rate of switching in symmetric and asymmetric fitness regimes and when the period of switching is random. As the recombination rate increases, it becomes less likely that there is a stable nonzero rate of switching.
Cost effective method of determining roots for NDT performance requirements
Authors: Tóth L. , Trampus P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Goal of in-service NDT carried out in engineering plants is to reduce operational risk via contribution to insurance of the components’ structural integrity. NDT in structural integrity assessment has two directions. One of the basic problems in reliability assessment of engineering components having crack like flaws is on how the crack sensitivity of the component can be defined in terms of characteristic numbers. If we would be able to define it than the hazard of different flaws could be compared by pure numbers. The definition and introduction of a Crack Propagation Sensitivity Index of a component has fundamental meaning because the experimental results of the NDT, the loading conditions and the crack propagation resistance are physically connected by applying fracture mechanics principles in the components reliability assessment.
Design of a Modified linear quadratic regulator for vibration control of suspension systems of military and civiL vehicle
Authors: Şahin Y. , Husi G. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The army and the people use many types of vehicles for industrial applications and military applications. This paper is proposed a construction of a prototype active vehicle suspension system for a one-wheel car model by using a modified Linear Quadric Regulator (LQR). The experimental system is approximately described by non-linear system with two degrees of freedom subject to excitation from profile different road disturbance profile. The active control at the suspension location is designed by using feedback constant gain controller structure. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the active suspension system with LQR more improves the control performance than standard PID controller. On the other hand, the results improved that the modified LQR has superior performance for controlling suspension systems in real time.
The Role of HER-3 Expression in the Prediction of Clinical Outcome for Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients Receiving Irinotecan and Cetuximab
Authors: Scartozzi Mario , Mandolesi Alessandra , Giampieri Riccardo , Bittoni Alessandro , Pierantoni Chiara , Zaniboni Alberto , Galizia Eva , Giustini Lucio , Silva Rosa Rita , Bisonni Renato , Berardi Rossana , Biscotti Tommasina , Biagetti Simona , Bearzi Italo , Cascinu Stefano 
Published: January 2011

Learning Objectives:
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the relationship between HER-3 status and response to treatment with cetuximab and irinotecan in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and EGFR+ wild-type K-RAS mutation in this study.Evaluate data that support using HER-3 status as a predictive factor for anti-EGFR treatment response in patients with colorectal cancer.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Preclinical data suggested that, in the presence of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-3–altered activation, colorectal cancer cells may escape anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated cell death. HER-3 overexpression may then represent a key factor for resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer. The aim of our analysis was to investigate a possible correlation between HER-3 expression and clinical outcome in wild-type K-RAS advanced colorectal cancer patients receiving cetuximab and irinotecan.
We retrospectively analyzed immunoreactivity for HER-3 in wild-type K-RAS advanced colorectal cancer patients receiving irinotecan and cetuximab.
Eighty-four advanced wild-type K-RAS colorectal cancer patients were available for HER-3 analysis. Forty patients (48%) had a HER-3− colorectal tumor, whereas the remaining 44 cases (52%) were deemed HER-3+. In patients with HER-3− and HER-3+ tumors, we observed a partial response in 17 (42%) and eight (18%) patients respectively; progressive disease occurred in 11 (35%) and 26 (53%) patients with HER-3− and HER-3+ tumors, respectively (p = .003). The median progression-free survival time was 6.3 months in patients with HER-3− tumors and 2.8 months for those who had HER-3–overexpressing tumors (p &lt; .0001). The median overall survival time was 13.6 months in patients showing HER-3− tumors and 10.5 months for those who had HER-3–expressing tumors (p = .01).
HER-3 proved to be a predictive factor for clinical outcome in wild-type K-RAS colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab. Combined HER-3 and K-RAS analysis may represent an effective strategy for better selection of responding colorectal cancer patients.
Systematic Review of Medical Treatment in Melanoma: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Garbe Claus , Eigentler Thomas K. , Keilholz Ulrich , Hauschild Axel , Kirkwood John M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide, and the prognosis for patients with high-risk or advanced metastatic melanoma remains poor despite advances in the field. Standard treatment for patients with thick (≥2.0 mm) primary melanoma with or without regional metastases to lymph nodes is surgery followed by adjuvant therapy or clinical trial enrollment. Adjuvant therapy with interferon-α and cancer vaccines is discussed in detail. Patients who progress to stage IV metastatic melanoma have a median survival of ≤1 year. Standard treatment with chemotherapy yields low response rates, of which few are durable. Cytokine therapy with IL-2 achieves durable benefits in a greater fraction, but it is accompanied by severe toxicities that require the patient to be hospitalized for support during treatment. A systematic literature review of treatments for advanced, metastatic disease was conducted to present the success of current treatments and the promise of those still in clinical development that may yield incremental improvements in the treatment of advanced, metastatic melanoma.
Visceral Fat Area as a New Independent Predictive Factor of Survival in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Antiangiogenic Agents
Authors: Ladoire Sylvain , Bonnetain Franck , Gauthier Mélanie , Zanetta Sylvie , Petit Jean Michel , Guiu Séverine , Kermarrec Isabelle , Mourey Eric , Michel Frederic , Krause Denis , Hillon Patrick , Cormier Luc , Ghiringhelli François , Guiu Boris 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Purpose.
A better identification of patients who are more likely to benefit from vascular endothelial growth factor–targeted therapy is warranted in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). As adipose tissue releases angiogenic factors, we determined whether parameters such as visceral fat area (VFA) were associated with outcome in these patients.

Experimental Design.
In 113 patients with mRCC who received antiangiogenic agents (bevacizumab, sunitinib, or sorafenib) (n = 64) or cytokines (n = 49) as first-line treatment, we used computed tomography to measure VFA and subcutaneous fat area (SFA). We evaluated associations linking body mass index (BMI), SFA, and VFA to time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS).

Results.
High SFA and VFA values were significantly associated with shorter TTP and OS. By multivariate analysis, high VFA was independently associated with shorter TTP and OS. These results were internally validated using bootstrap analysis. By contrast, VFA was not associated with survival in the cytokine group. In the whole population, interaction between VFA and treatment group was significant for TTP and OS, thereby confirming the results.

Conclusion.
Our study provides the first evidence that high VFA could be a predictive biomarker from shorter survival in patients given first-line antiangiogenic agents for mRCC.
Early Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is Systematic Calcitonin Screening Appropriate in Patients with Nodular Thyroid Disease?
Authors: Costante Giuseppe , Filetti Sebastiano 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare guideline recommendations regarding the use of routine calcitonin screening to diagnose medullary thyroid carcinoma patients with clinical risk factors.Select patients for whom calcitonin screening for medullary thyroid carcinoma may be an appropriate diagnostic approach.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Because of its poor prognosis and high mortality rate, early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a challenge. For almost two decades, routine serum calcitonin (CT) measurement has been used as a tool for early MTC diagnosis, with conflicting results. In 2006, the European Thyroid Association (ETA) recommended serum CT measurement in the initial workup of thyroid nodules, whereas the American Thyroid Association (ATA) declined to recommend for or against this approach.
In late 2009, the revised ATA guidelines were published, and in June 2010 the ETA released new guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules that had been drafted in collaboration with the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and with the Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and the picture became even more complex. The ATA still takes no stand for or against screening but acknowledges that, if testing is done, a CT value &gt;100 pg/ml should be considered suspicious and an indication for treatment. As for the ETA, it seems to have taken a step back from its 2006 position, and it now advocates CT screening only in the presence of clinical risk factors. These new positions are more cautious and less straightforward because prospective, randomized, large-scale, long-term trial data are lacking. Are such studies feasible? Can they solve the CT dilemma? In the absence of adequate evidence, selective aggressive case finding should be pursued to improve MTC prognosis.
Modeling Reservoir Temperature Transients and Reservoir-Parameter Estimation Constrained to the Model
Authors: Duru Obinna O. , Horne Roland N. 
Published: January 2011

Summary
Permanent downhole gauges (PDGs) provide a continuous source of downhole pressure, temperature, and sometimes flow-rate data. Until recently, the measured temperature data have been largely ignored, although a close observation of the temperature measurements reveals a response to changes in flow rate and pressure. This suggests that the temperature measurements may be a useful source of reservoir information.
In this study, reservoir temperature-transient models were developed for single- and multiphase-fluid flows, as functions of formation parameters, fluid properties, and changes in flow rate and pressure. The pressure fields in oil- and gas-bearing formations are usually transient, and this gives rise to pressure/temperature effects appearing as temperature change. The magnitudes of these effects depend on the properties of the formation, flow geometry, time, and other factors and result in a reservoir temperature distribution that is changing in both space and time. In this study, these thermometric effects were modeled as convective, conductive, and transient phenomena with consideration for time and space dependencies. This mechanistic model included the Joule-Thomson effects resulting from fluid compressibility and viscous dissipation in the reservoir during fluid flow.
Because of the nature of the models, the semianalytical solution technique known as operator splitting was used to solve them, and the solutions were compared to synthetic and real temperature data. In addition, by matching the models to different temperature-transient histories obtained from PDGs, reservoir parameters such as average porosity, near-well permeabilities, saturation, and some thermal properties of the fluid and formation could be estimated. A key target of this work was to show that temperature measurements, often ignored, can be used to estimate reservoir parameters, as a complement to other more-conventional techniques.