bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis before 3 weeks of age in infants and preterm babies
Authors: Huang I‐Fei , Tiao Mao‐Meng , Chiou Christine C. , Shih Hsiang‐Hung , Hu Hong‐Hsiang , Ruiz Javier Perez 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  Most infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) cases are diagnosed between 3 and 12 weeks after birth. Few data exist regarding Asian infants with IHPS who are younger than 3 weeks or are preterm. The goal of this study is to identify unusual clinical manifestations, clinical course, duration of hospital stay, and complications of Asian infants with IHPS who are preterm or younger than 3 weeks of age.Methbods:  From 1991 to 2004, all IHPS patients admitted to three tertiary centers in southern Taiwan were enrolled. The clinical manifestations, duration of hospital stay and complications were further compared between the IHPS patients diagnosed before and after 3 weeks; preterm and term infants.Results:  A total of 214 patients were enrolled into the study; the mean age of diagnosis was 40 days of age; the average duration of hospital stay was 6.27 days. Eighteen (8.41%) patients were diagnosed before 3 weeks of age. A significantly shorter timeframe of diagnosis, a higher rate of jaundice, a lower daily body weight gain and longer duration of hospital stay were noted in the IHPS group prior to 3 weeks compared with those in IHPS group after 3 weeks. Eighteen were preterm infants. A significantly older age of symptom onset, a lower body weight at admission, more cases diagnosed by barium meal study and higher postoperative complication rates were noted in the preterm group versus full‐term infants with IHPS.Conclusions:  The IHPS cases diagnosed before 3 weeks of age had longer duration of hospital stay. Preterm infants with IHPS had more postoperative complications.
Leaf trait variation onErythroxylum tortuosum(Erythroxylaceae) and its relationship with oviposition preference and stress by a host‐specific leaf miner
Authors: ISHINO MARCOS N. , DE SIBIO PAULA R. , ROSSI MARCELO N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt has been suggested that plant physical and chemical traits vary considerably in space and time. Hence, leaf‐mining insects may adjust their oviposition in response to leaf attributes representing high quality. Moreover, herbivorous insects can modify leaf morphology by acting as stressors, increasing, for example, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) levels. Here, we investigate oviposition preference inAgnippesp.2, a leaf‐mining moth ofErythroxylum tortuosum, in relation to differences in leaf nutritional quality (i.e. levels of water, nitrogen and tannin content), leaf area (i.e. quantity of resource hypothesis) and FA. We also verify whether temporal variation in plant nutritional quality emerges as an alternative hypothesis to explain oviposition distribution in time, and whether this leaf miner is a stress‐causing agent, increasing FA during larval development. Mined leaves and leaves with and without eggs were periodically collected from plants located in a Cerrado fragment in Brazil. In the laboratory, leaf traits were assessed (using image analysis software) and quantified (biochemical analysis) according to the aims previously determined. Oviposition probability did not change in relation to variations in nitrogen, tannins and FA of leaves. However, leaf‐miner females preferred to oviposit on leaves having large areas and low water contents. It was also verified that new leaves ofE. tortuosum, which carried most leaf‐miner eggs, presented significantly lower tannins and greater levels of nitrogen and water than old leaves. The oviposition choice exhibited by leaf miners was found to be non‐random because they appear to use resource quantity and water content as cues as where to lay their eggs. The temporal variation of plant nutritional quality is likely to influence the time of leaf‐miner oviposition; and leaf FA was not increased during larval feeding, suggesting that these herbivores do not cause variations in FA levels.
Coexistence theory in the Cape Floristic Region: revisiting an example of leaf niches in the Proteaceae
Authors: POTTS ALASTAIR J. , MIDGLEY JEREMY J. , CHILD MATTHEW F. , LARSEN CIARA , HEMPSON TESSA 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCompetition in plant communities is often a contentious issue because the mechanisms of competitive interactions are not obvious. We sought evidence that Proteaceae communities are competing along two leaf niche axes as observed in a previous study. Two functional characters, leaf size and leaf shape were measured on numerous individuals per species per plot of six communities from two different regions. Patterns of overdispersion along these leaf trait axes between species were observed, similar to the earlier study. The observed results were compared with the patterns expected under a null model using standard and novel indices to test the significance of trait dispersion between species within a plot. Competition and niche differentiation in the observed plots were not supported as the observed trait overlaps were not significantly different from the null expectation. Our results do not support the theory that Proteaceae communities compete along the two proposed functional leaf traits.
Comparative behavioural responses of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) and European blackbirds (Turdus merula) to secondary metabolites in grapes
Authors: SAXTON VALERIE P. , MULDER IVO , CREASY GLEN L. , PATERSON ADRIAN M. , ROSS JAMES G. , TROUGHT MICHAEL C. T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSecondary metabolites in fruit are compounds that are not directly associated with plant growth; some are directly related to plant reproductive processes, specifically seed protection and dispersion. There is a complex and species‐specific interaction between these plant compounds and their avian seed dispersers. To determine whether two important secondary metabolites in wine grapes – tannins and colour pigments – might be important cues to two of the avian species that forage on wine grapes, and how species‐specific this interaction might be, comparative field experiments were run with Australasian silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) and European blackbirds (Turdus merula). Both species were offered a glucose/fructose artificial nectar with increasing concentrations of grape tannins. In a second experiment, they were offered both green and purple artificial grapes where only the colour differed. Both species showed aversion to tannins; silvereyes appeared to have greater tolerance than blackbirds of tannin concentrations above 5%. In summer no preference was shown between green and purple coloured artificial grapes, but in late autumn blackbirds took only purple grapes whereas silvereyes pecked mostly at green. Links between tannin for seed protection and colour signals to birds are discussed. Colour may cue the two species to different species‐specific aspects of fruit nutritive value.
Does the medial orbitofrontal cortex have a role in social valuation?
Authors: Noonan M. P. , Sallet J. , Rudebeck P. H. , Buckley M. J. , Rushworth M. F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt has been claimed that social behaviour changes after lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). However, lesions in humans are rarely restricted to a well defined cortical area. Although vmPFC lesions usually include medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), they typically also affect subgenual and/or perigenual anterior cingulate cortex. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the role of mOFC in social valuation and decision‐making. We tested four macaque monkeys prior to and after focal lesions of mOFC. Comparison of the animals’ pre‐ and postoperative performance revealed that, unlike lesions of anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg), lesions of mOFC did not induce alterations in social valuation. MOFC lesions did, however, induce mild impairments in a probabilistic two‐choice decision task, which were not seen after ACCg lesions. In summary, the double dissociation between the patterns of impairment suggest that vmPFC involvement in both decision‐making and social valuation may be mediated by distinct subregions centred on mOFC and ACCg respectively.
Environmental correlates of body size distributions of European springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola)
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Fiera Cristina 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim Species–body size distributions (SBDs) are plots of species richness across body size classes. They have been linked to energetic constraints, speciation–extinction dynamics and to evolutionary trends. However, little is known about the spatial variation of size distributions. Here we study SBDs of European springtails (Collembola) at a continental scale and test whether minimum, average and maximum body size and the shapes of size distributions change across latitudinal and longitudinal gradients and whether SBDs of islands and mainlands differ. We also test whether the island rule and the positive body size–range size relationship of vertebrates also holds for Collembola.Location Europe.Methods We use a unique data set on the spatial distributions of 2102 species of European springtails across 52 countries and larger islands together with associated data on body size, area, climate variables, longitude and latitude. Differences in the central moments of SBDs are inferred from simultaneous spatial autoregression models.Results The SBD of the European Collembola and its largest suborder Entomobryomorpha is unimodal and symmetrical. Average, minimum and maximum body weight and the skewness of the mainland/island SBDs peaked at intermediate latitudes. We could not find simple latitudinal gradients in minimum and maximum body weight. Average and maximum body size increased with country/island area in accordance with the island rule in vertebrates, while minimum body size did not significantly differ between islands and mainlands. Finally, we found a weak but statistically significant positive correlation of range size and body size.Main conclusions We provide evidence for differences in body size distributions between islands and mainlands that are in part in line with the island rule in invertebrates. We also find evidence for an interspecific body size–range size relationship similar to that of vertebrates although the vertebrate pattern is much stronger than the springtail pattern. Our results on latitudinal gradients of maximum and average body size imply the need to account for species richness and area effects in the study of latitudinal gradients in body size. We recommend implementing sample size and area effects in the study of body size distributions on islands and mainlands.
Capability building in educational technology for teachers in China
Authors: Han Jun , Wang Zhuzhu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper gives a brief introduction to the project called Education Technology Capacity Building Plan for All Primary and Secondary Teachers now being implemented in China. Because information and communication technology skills training cannot match the demand of teachers' professional development, the Chinese Ministry of Education established the education technology standard for teachers and launched the project. This paper introduced the features of standard training and testing, and discusses the output and influence of the project.
Research on distance education development in China
Authors: Ding Xin , Niu Jian , Han Yanhui 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDistance education is among the significant fields for the application of educational technology. Distance education in China has gone through three phases, namely: correspondence‐based education, radio and TV‐based education and online education. This paper was based on educational technology application, and the historical, dialectic and developmental perspectives. It analyses the social and technical background, the history of development, pilot practice of e‐learning (task, policy, administration, funding, scale, structure, resource construction, teaching modes and services, etc.) and the current impact of scientific research on distance education in China. Finally, it discusses the achievements, issues and trends of distance education through literature analysis, comparative study, deduction and induction.
A Smoke Visualization Model for Capturing Surface‐Like Features
Authors: Park Jinho , Seol Yeongho , Cordier Frederic , Noh Junyong 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Incense, candle smoke and cigarette smoke often exhibit smoke flows with a surface‐like appearance. Although delving into well‐known computational fluid dynamics may provide a solution to create such an appearance, we propose a much efficient alternative that combines a low‐resolution fluid simulation with explicit geometry provided by NURBS surfaces. Among a wide spectrum of fluid simulation, our algorithm specifically tailors to reproduce the semi‐transparent surface look and motion of the smoke. The main idea is that we follow the traces called streaklines created by the advected particles from a simulation and reconstruct NURBS surfaces passing through them. Then, we render the surfaces by applying an opacity map to each surface, where the opacity map is created by utilizing the smoke density and the characteristics of the surface contour. Augmenting the results from low‐resolution simulations such a way requires a low computational cost and memory usage by design.
Patient choice and equity in the British National Health Service: towards developing an alternative framework
Authors: Fotaki Marianna 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChoice and competition have been phased into many public health systems with the aim of achieving various and potentially exclusive goals such as improving efficiency, quality and responsiveness to users’ needs. Yet their use to promote equity of access as evidenced recently in the British National Health Service (the NHS) is unprecedented. Giving users the power of exit over unresponsive providers is meant to address the failures of previous policies. This paper shows that there is a potential conflict between choice and equity, in terms of both the values and the outcomes each policy is likely to produce. Using a multidisciplinary and multidimensional framework, drawn from Bourdieusian sociology, feminist theory and economics, the study highlights the implications of the simplistic and one‐sided conception of individual patient choice in relation to equity. It also uses the existing evidence on the impact of market competition and choice, in the UK and elsewhere, to emphasise the importance of socio‐economic and psycho‐social factors, which are left out of current policy considerations.
Mock crime application of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) P300‐based concealed information test
Authors: Winograd Michael R. , Rosenfeld J. Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Complex Trial Protocol (CTP), was shown to be an improvement over the previous “three stimulus” P300‐based concealed information tests (CITs). Not only was it highly accurate with autobiographical information but was also resistant to the use of countermeasures (CMs). The current study applied the CTP to the detection of incidentally acquired information in a mock crime scenario. In previous “three stimulus” mock crime studies utilizing P300‐based CITs, participants memorized a guilty knowledge item(s). Special care was taken in the current study to ensure that participants' knowledge of the guilty item in the mock crime was obtained only during the commission of the act in order to bolster ecological validity. Overall, 92% of all participants in guilty, innocent, and countermeasure conditions were correctly classified. CM use was again indexed by reaction times (RTs).
An event‐related source localization study of response monitoring and social impairments in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Santesso Diane L. , Drmic Irene E. , Jetha Michelle K. , Bryson Susan E. , Goldberg Joel O. , Hall Geoffrey B. , Mathewson Karen J. , Segalowitz Sidney J. , Schmidt Louis A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA number of studies suggest anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which might underlie response monitoring and social impairments exhibited by children and adolescents with ASD. The goal of the present study was to extend this work by examining error and correct response monitoring using event‐related potentials (ERN, Pe, CRN) and LORETA source localization in high functioning adults with ASD and controls. Adults with ASD showed reduced ERN and Pe amplitudes and reduced rostral ACC activation compared with controls. Adults with ASD also showed less differentiation between error and correct ERP components. Social impairments and higher overall autism symptoms were related to reduced rostral ACC activity at the time of the ERN, particularly in adults with ASD. These findings suggest that reduced ACC activity may reflect a putative brain mechanism involved in the origins and maintenance of social impairments and raise the possibility of the presence of stable brain‐behavior relation impairment across development in some individuals with ASD.
Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial Cyt c release in astrocytes following oxygen and glucose deprivation
Authors: Liu Yan , Kintner Douglas B. , Begum Gulnaz , Algharabli Jehad , Cengiz Pelin , Shull Gary E. , Liu Xiang‐Jun , Sun Dandan 
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1436–1446.AbstractIn the present study, we investigated changes of cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]cyt), endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+([Ca2+]ER) and mitochondrial Ca2+(Ca2+m) in astrocytes following oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/REOX). Two hours OGD did not cause changes in [Ca2+]cyt, but led to a significant increase in [Ca2+]ER. The elevation in [Ca2+]ER continued and reached a peak level (130 ± 2 μM) by 90 min REOX. An abrupt release of Ca2+ER occurred during 1.5–2.5 h REOX, which was accompanied with a delayed and sustained rise in [Ca2+]cyt. Moreover, Ca2+m content was increased significantly within 15 min REOX followed by a secondary rise (∼4.5‐fold) and a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c). Astrocytes exhibited translocation of Cyt c from mitochondria to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and up regulation of ER stress protein p‐eIF2α. Blocking Na+‐K+‐Cl− cotransporter isoform 1 activity, either by its potent inhibitor bumetanide or genetic ablation, abolished release of ER Ca2+, delayed rise in [Ca2+]cyt and Ca2+m. Inhibition of the reverse mode operation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger significantly attenuated OGD/REOX‐mediated Cyt c release. In summary, this study illustrates that OGD/REOX triggers a time‐dependent loss of Ca2+ homeostasis in cytosol and organelles (ER and mitochondria) in astrocytes. Collective stimulation of Na+‐K+‐Cl− cotransporter isoform 1 and reverse mode function of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger contributes to these changes.
What Do People Live On? Living Wages in India
Authors: Channa Subhadra Mitra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe question of what people are expected to live on raises many issues, foregrounding the rather metaphysical question of how people are viewed as people. To argue for the implementation of a really viable living wage one would have to argue against the dehumanization of bodies, of construction of personhoods that demean humans, and to visualize a change in worldview and perceptual categories. Living wage discussions on India must go beyond economies to address the cultural/cosmological factors that mark power relations and shape social categories, and this must be done against the backdrop of overpopulation and abject poverty.
Living Wage Considerations in the Right‐to‐Work State of South Carolina
Authors: Kingsolver Ann 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn a time of economic crisis, when unemployment and food insecurity have increased dramatically in South Carolina, is a living wage movement more or less likely? This article does not investigate this question ethnographically, but discusses the conditions for a living wage movement in this southern U.S. state, including the right‐to‐work legislation and logics that frame understandings and policies regarding employment and economic well‐being in the state. Interpretive and political economic anthropological perspectives are employed in this analysis.
A One‐to‐One Bias and Fast Mapping Support Preschoolers’ Learning About Faces and Voices
Authors: Moher Mariko , Feigenson Lisa , Halberda Justin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA multimodal person representation contains information about what a person looks like and what a person sounds like. However, little is known about how children form these face‐voice mappings. Here, we explored the possibility that two cognitive tools that guide word learning, a one‐to‐one mapping bias and fast mapping, also guide children’s learning about faces and voices. We taught 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds mappings between three individual faces and voices, then presented them with new faces and voices. In Experiment 1, we found that children rapidly learned face‐voice mappings from just a few exposures, and furthermore spontaneously mapped novel faces to novel voices using a one‐to‐one mapping bias (that each face can produce only one voice). In Experiment 2, we found that children’s face‐voice representations are abstract, generalizing to novel tokens of a person. In Experiment 3, we found that children retained in memory the face‐voice mappings that they had generated via inference (i.e., they showed evidence of fast mapping), and used these newly formed representations to generate further mappings between new faces and voices. These findings suggest that preschoolers’ rapid learning about faces and voices may be aided by biases that are similar to those that support word learning.