bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stability of Water‐in‐Crude and Model Oil Emulsions
Authors: Sullivan Andrew P. , Zaki Nael N. , Sjöblom Johan , Kilpatrick Peter K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe critical electric field (cef) technique has been utilized to measure the stabilities of a variety of water‐in‐model oil and petroleum emulsions. The cef method allows for a fast, reproducible, and quantitative gauge of emulsion stability. Here, we have used cef to measure the stability of water‐in‐heptane‐toluene‐asphaltene emulsions and confirmed the importance of solvation of asphaltenes and the state of asphaltene aggregation to emulsion stability. Emulsion stability increased with the concentration of soluble asphaltenes near the point of precipitation. Droplet sizes were measured with optical microscopy in order to calculate interfacial areas and film thicknesses. It was found that film thickness increased with asphaltene concentration up to the solubility limit, above which increased concentration had little effect, and cef increased with interfacial film thickness up to a monolayer coverage of asphaltene aggregates, above which film thickness had a much smaller effect. These findings were applied to a cef investigation of water‐in‐ppetroleum emulsions to develop correlations of the stability of water‐in‐ccrude oil emulsions. A strong correlation (coefficient = 0.95) was found for cef with the product of asphaltene concentration and the difference in hydrogen to carbon atomic ratios of the asphaltenes and petroleum solvent. The development of a kinetic model and its fit to experimental data revealed the effects of asphaltene chemistry, solvency, and resin concentration on the adsorption and consolidation of emulsion stabilizing interfacial films.
Effects of Viscous Dissipation on Heat Transfer between an Array of Long Circular Cylinders and Power Law Fluids
Authors: Chhabra R. P. , Soares A. A. , Ferreira J. M. , Caramelo L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe free surface model has been combined with the equations of motion and of thermal energy to investigate the role of viscous dissipation on heat transfer between banks of long cylinders and power law (shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening) fluids. The equations of motion cast in the stream function/vorticity formulation have been solved numerically using a second‐order accurate finite difference method to obtain extensive information on the behaviour of local and surface‐averaged Nusselt numbers over a range of Reynolds numbers 1 – 500, for a wide range of power law indices (0.4 ≤ n ≤ 2.0), Brinkman numbers (0 ≤ Br ≤ 5) and Prandtl numbers (Pr = 1, 1000) at two representative solid volume fractions corresponding to the porosities of e = 0.4 and 0.9. Two different thermal boundary conditions are considered at the cylinder surface: constant temperature (CT) and constant heat flux (CHF). The results presented herein provide a fundamental knowledge about the influence of viscous dissipation on the heat transfer characteristics. The results reported herein further show that the effect of Brinkman number on heat transfer is strongly conditioned by the thermal boundary condition, Prandtl number and the power law index.
New Attraction Term for the Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong Equation of State
Authors: Chouaieb O. , Bellagi A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new 3‐parameter attraction term for the Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong equation of state, that ensures a correct physical behaviour, is proposed to improve its predictive capabilities, particularly in the supercritical region and in the gas phase. Vapour pressure and second virial coefficient data for a set of eight pure fluids with a low acentric factor ω (Ar, Ne, Kr, O2, N2, C‐H4, CO and C2‐H6) are used to determine the equation's adjustable parameters. When only vapour pressure data are considered the supercritical region is poorly described. An extension of the data base by including for instance the second virial coefficient data leads to a significant improvement in the description of the sub and supercritical regions of the considered fluids and particularly in the prediction of the Joule‐Thomson inversion curves. The new attraction term is shown to be suitable for other pratical fluids like hydrocarbons as well as their mixtures.
Effect of Reaction Solvent on the Hydrogenation of Isophthalonitrile for Meta‐Xylylendiamine Preparation
Authors: Row Sung Wook , Chae Tae Young , Yoo Kye Sang , Lee Sang Duek , Lee Do Weon , Shul Yonggun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study focused on the effects of reaction solvent on the hydrogenation of isophthalonitrile (IPN) to produce m‐Xylylenediamine (MXDA) over Ni‐based commercial catalyst. The hydrogenation was carried out using various reaction solvents such as 1‐methylimidazole, mesitylene, benzyl ether and isopropanol under various reaction conditions. It was observed that 1‐methylimiazole outperformed the other reaction solvent, exhibiting a high MXDA yield and producing a low concentration of undesirable products.
Modeling capping protein FRAP and CALI experiments reveals in vivo regulation of actin dynamics
Authors: Kapustina Maryna , Vitriol Eric , Elston Timothy C. , Loew Leslie M. , Jacobson Ken 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo gain insights on cellular mechanisms regulating actin polymerization, we used the Virtual Cell to model fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and chromophore‐assisted laser inactivation (CALI) experiments on EGFP‐capping protein (EGFP‐CP). Modeling the FRAP kinetics demonstrated that the in vivo rate for the dissociation of CP from actin filaments is much faster (∼0.1 s−1) than that measured in vitro (0.01–0.0004 s−1). The CALI simulation revealed that in order to induce sustainable changes in cell morphology after CP inactivation, the cells should exhibit anticapping ability. We included the VASP protein as the anticapping agent in the modeling scheme. The model predicts that VASP affinity for barbed ends has a cooperative dependence on the concentration of VASP‐barbed end complexes. This dependence produces a positive feedback that stabilizes the complexes and allows sustained growth at clustered filament tips. We analyzed the range of laser intensities that are sufficient to induce changes in cell morphology. This analysis demonstrates that FRAP experiments with EGFP‐CP can be performed safely without changes in cell morphology, because, the intensity of the photobleaching beam is not high enough to produce the critical concentration of free barbed ends that will induce filament growth before diffusional replacement of EGFP‐CP occurs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The formin FRL1 (FMNL1) is an essential component of macrophage podosomes
Authors: Mersich Akos T. , Miller Matthew R. , Chkourko Halina , Blystone Scott D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPodosomes are highly dynamic actin‐rich adhesion structures in cells of myeloid lineage and some transformed cells. Unlike transformed mesenchymal cell types, podosomes are the sole adhesion structure in macrophage and thus mediate all contact with adhesion substrate, including movement through complex tissues for immune surveillance. The existence of podosomes in inflammatory macrophages and transformed cell types suggest an important role in tissue invasion. The proteome, assembly, and maintenance of podosomes are emerging, but remain incompletely defined. Previously, we reported a formin homology sequence and actin assembly activity in association with macrophage β‐3 integrin. In this study we demonstrate by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting that the formin FRL1 is specifically upregulated during monocyte differentiation to macrophages. We show that the formin FRL1 localizes to the actin‐rich cores of primary macrophage podosomes. FRL1 co‐precipitates with beta‐3 integrin and both fixed and live cell fluorescence microscopy show that endogenous and overexpressed FRL1 selectively localize to macrophage podosomes. Targeted disruption of FRL1 by siRNA results in reduced cell adhesion and disruption of podosome dynamics. Our data suggest that FRL1 is responsible for modifying actin at the macrophage podosome and may be involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics during adhesion and migration within tissues. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A computational model to detect and quantify a primary blast lung injury using near‐infrared optical tomography
Authors: Kannan R. , Przekwas A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) tomography is an imaging technique, in which the optical properties of tissues are reconstructed from the measurements obtained from the sensors located on the boundary. In this paper, we describe a computational method for rapid non‐invasive detection/quantification of blast lung injury using the above. The Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique is simulated using computational models and thus in principle mimics an actual NIRS procedure which penetrates non‐invasively through the thoracic wall, pleural region and the lungs to detect (and subsequently reconstruct their properties) the presence of water, oxygenated and de‐oxygenated blood. These ‘pseudo’ measurements can then be used to predict the extent and severity of the lung injury. The paper also discusses ideas to obtain the location, radius and the severity of a localized injury. Simulations are performed as a proof of concept for NIRS being feasible for the above‐mentioned detection/quantification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traveling wave solutions of the Schrödinger map equation
Authors: Lin Fanghua , Wei Juncheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe first construct traveling wave solutions for the Schrödinger map in ℝ2

of the form m(x1, x2 − ϵ t), where m has exactly two vortices at approximately
$\font\open=msbm10 at 10pt\def\R{\hbox{\open R}}(\pm {{1}\over{2 \epsilon}}, 0) \in \R^2$
of degree ±1. We use a perturbative approach that gives a complete characterization of the asymptotic behavior of the solutions. With a few modifications, a similar construction yields traveling wave solutions of Schrödinger map equations in higher dimensions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Random matrix model with external source and a constrained vector equilibrium problem
Authors: Bleher P. , Delvaux S. , Kuijlaars A. B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider the random matrix model with external source in the case where the potential V(x) is an even polynomial and the external source has two eigenvalues ±a of equal multiplicity. We show that the limiting mean eigenvalue distribution of this model can be characterized as the first component of a pair of measures (μ1, μ2) that solve a constrained vector equilibrium problem. The proof is based on the steepest‐descent analysis of the associated Riemann‐Hilbert problem for multiple orthogonal polynomials.We illustrate our results in detail for the case of a quartic double‐well potential
$V(x) = {1 \over 4} x^4 - {t \over 2} x^2$. We are able to determine the precise location of the phase transitions in the ta‐plane, where either the constraint becomes active or the two intervals in the support come together (or both). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sedimentary and faunal events revealed by a revised correlation of post‐glacial Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) strata in the Welsh Basin, UK
Authors: Davies Jeremy R. , Waters Richard A. , Williams Mark , Wilson David , Schofield David I. , Zalasiewicz Jan A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe discovery of a previously unrecognized unconformity and of new faunas in the type Llandovery area underpins a revised correlation of Hirnantian strata in mid Wales. This has revealed the sedimentary and faunal events which affected the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin during the global rise in sea level that followed the end‐Ordovician glacial maximum and has allowed their interpretation in the context of local and global influences.In peri‐basinal shelfal settings the onset of post‐glacial deepening is recorded by an unfossiliferous, transgressive shoreface sequence (Cwm Clyd Sandstone and Garth House formations) which rests unconformably on Rawtheyan rocks, deformed during an episode of pre‐Hirnantian tectonism. In the deep water facies of the basin centre, this same sequence boundary is now recognized as the contact between fine‐grained, re‐sedimented mudstones and an underlying regressive sequence of turbidite sandstones and conglomerates; it is at a level lower than previously cited and calls into question the established lithostratigraphy.In younger Hirnantian strata, graptolites associated with the newly recognized Ystradwalter Member (Chwefri Formation) demonstrate that this distal shelf unit correlates with the persculptus graptolite‐bearing Mottled Mudstone Member of the basinal succession. Together these members record an important macrofaunal recolonization of the Welsh Basin and mark a key event in the post‐glacial transgression. Further deepening saw the establishment of a stratified water column and the imposition of anoxic bottom water conditions across the basin floor.These post‐glacial Hirnantian events are consistent with the re‐establishment of connections between a silled Welsh Basin and the open Iapetus Ocean. However, a comparison with other areas suggests that each event records a separate deepening episode within a pulsed glacio‐eustatic transgression, while also reflecting changes in post‐glacial climate and patterns of oceanic circulation and associated biotic flux. British Geological Survey © NERC 2009. All rights reserved.
Intraformational conglomerates and scoured surfaces in the lower old red sandstone of the Anglo‐Welsh cuvette
Authors: Allen J. R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScoured surfaces occur in the upper part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo‐Welsh cuvette between cyclothems consisting of intraformational conglomerate→sandstone→siltstone. The conglomerates are formed chiefly of rocks which can be matched in the deposits of the cuvette, and contain little or no gravel from more distant sources. The scoured surfaces persist laterally and are preserved typically as casts. They discordantly cut earlier beds, and show a variety of discordantly‐filled minor structures (sole marks) due to current scour: flute‐like and lobate forms, current crescents, sack‐like bulges, terraces and small flat‐bottomed channels. Large channels are also known. Scoured surfaces occur also in the Lower Old Red Sandstone amongst sandstones, within which they may delineate major groups of sedimentation units as well as individual units in trough cross‐stratified compilations.The basal features of the cyclothems (scoured surfaces, intraformational conglomerates) record periods when sediments of the cuvette were reworked. This probably took place as the rivers instrumental in deposition of the Lower Old Red Sandstone underwent major changes in their courses, perhaps as the result of crevassing directly onto their floodplains. By reference to modern river sands, the trough cross‐stratified sandstones appear to have accumulated on sandbanks in the stream channels of the cuvette through the action of megaripples.
Correlation of the upper purbeck beds of england with the German Wealden
Authors: Anderson F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCertain ostracod species in the Upper Purbeck of England show a succession of morphological changes which correspond to those described by Wolburg from the Wealden of North‐West Germany. Thus stage by stage correlation is possible between the deposits in the two countries, and it is shown that the Upper Purbeck Beds in England correspond to most of the German Wealden W3 together with all of W4.
Palaeontological and physical evidence of the palaeoecology of some early species of non‐marine lamellibranchs
Authors: Bennison G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing techniques applied by Eagar and by Broadhurst to investigate sedimentary environments of Westphalian non‐marine shell beds, an attempt is made to assess the palaeoecology of the earliest recorded Carboniferous non‐marine lamellibranchs. The latter pose a special problem of ecology by virtue of their antiquity and presumed closeness in time to a marine ancestry. Since the species under discussion occur with few other fossils the usual recourse to a study of faunal relationships provides only limited evidence of ecology.
Chomatichnus, a new Ichnogenus, and other trace‐fossils of Wegber quarry
Authors: Donaldson Douglas , Simpson Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA group of alternating shale and limestone beds in the Dibunophyllum Zone of the Carboniferous Limestone at a quarry near Carnforth, Lancashire, shows an interesting variety of well‐preserved trace‐fossils. These include exceptionally large tracks of Helminthopsis type, burrows of a tubular character which give rise to the characteristic “Stick Bed” structures, “cauda‐galli” markings and piles of worm castings. The new ichnogenus Chomatichnus is proposed for the last of these.
The glaciology of the coniston basin
Authors: Gresswell R. Kay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch of the lower hill‐country of the Lake District had a continuous ice‐cover during the Main Irish Sea glaciation, as probably also in the earlier glaciations, and there are many indications of ice‐action at considerable altitudes. The later phases of the Newer glaciation, however, made a great contribution to the present topography, in respect both of valley erosion and lowland deposition. The main Coniston glacier bifurcated south of Coniston town, and the eastern portion itself divided into three at Blawith and Lowick Green. A further triple sub‐division also occurred north of Ulverston. The drumlin display formed by the piedmont glaciers is correlated with the Scottish re‐advance, and with an end moraine at Kirkham, Lancashire. They are very similar to drumlins forming an extensive field of the same age between the Antrim and Kells moraines in Ireland. A substantial terminal moraine was formed at Haverthwaite and a multiple one at Nibthwaite. These are correlated with terminal moraines at Newby Bridge and Church Town, and with the Highland re‐advance and the Antrim coast glaciation. The sculpturing of the cirques to the form seen today belongs to the last, post‐Alleröd phase, the Cirque glaciation.
On the torridonian sediments of colonsay and their relationship to the main outcrop in north‐west Scotland
Authors: Stewart A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractColonsay is a small island in the Inner Hebrides, about 100 km. south of Skye. The main part of the succession, which is about 2 km. thick, consists of phyllites, fine dark sandstones and flags, occasionally graded, with major intercalations of coarse current‐bedded arkose and, near the top, dolomitic limestone horizons. This series rests with a sharp contact (probably a slight unconformity) on a sequence of graded greywackes and mudstones, not less than 2 km. thick, most of which outcrops to the south in Oronsay, and in Islay, where it rests unconformably on the Lewisian basement. The greywackes and arkoses indicate that currents moved mainly northeastwards.A comparison of the Torridonian rocks to the north with those in Colonsay suggests the equivalence of the beds above the greywackes with at least part of the Diabaig in Skye. Three major fades are distinguished in the Torridonian; the greywacke, Diabaig and arkose fades, and it is tentatively suggested that they mark stages in the infilling of a major sedimentary basin or trough of which the present Torridonian outcrop forms only the western margin.
Notes on a temporary section in the ordovician at Conway, north Wales
Authors: Wood D. S. , Harper J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlack graptolitic shales of approximately D. clingani age were seen resting on flaggy beds with an Upper Longvillian fauna, which are taken to belong to the Upper Ash Group of Elles. This section conflicts with the details published concerning the nearby Conway railway cutting and an attempt is made to correlate the two sections. The work shows that volcanism at Conway ended within the same stage of the Caradoc as in Snowdonia, not earlier as formerly supposed.
The borrowdale volcanic rocks of the Seathwaite Fells, Lancashire
Authors: Mttchell G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Borrowdale Volcanic Rocks of the Seathwaite Fells, northwest of Coniston, Lancashire, consist of up to 13550 ft of lavas and tuffs, mainly andesitic in composition, but including some rhyolitic rocks among which are welded tuffs. They occupy a position in the lower part of the Borrowdale Volcanic succession and dip steeply to the southeast with little folding. A number of northerly trending faults and others with a trend between east‐northeast and east‐southeast traverse the area. Volcanic vents filled with agglomerate have been found at two places.
Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites
Authors: Bathurst R. G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preservation of molluscan shells as calcite casts is commonly a result of their centripetal replacement, while on the sea floor, by a stable micrite envelope. This grows in three stages: (1) algae bore into the shell wall, (2) the algal filaments die and decay, (3) micritic aragonite fills the tubes. Later, if the skeletal sand is exposed to fresh water as a result of uplift or a fall in sea level, or to a suitable brine deep under the sea floor, the residual molluscan shell is dissolved but the envelope remains intact. It forms an empty mould that is subsequently filled with drusy calcite. Complete replacement of skeletal grains by micritic aragonite yields cryptocrystalline grains like Ming's “grains of aragonite matrix” and the grains in Beales's “bahamite”. Through a study of compaction fabrics it may be possible to decide whether an envelope‐bearing limestone was cemented above sea level or below the sea floor.
The magnetic fabric of some Irish Granites
Authors: King R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnetic anisotropy measurements have been made on fifty‐four oriented samples from the Carna and Screeb areas of the Galway Granite, and from the Ardara pluton and the Main Granite (including the Trawenagh Bay Granite) in Donegal. The origin of magnetic anisotropy in plutonic magnetic rocks is discussed, and it is concluded that it is probably due to grain alignment of inequant magnetite, which may occur either as free grains or as secondary inclusions in ferromagnesian minerals. The grain alignment may occur either whilst the magma is essentially fluid, giving a magnetic lineation transverse to the flow, or at a much later stage of consolidation during plastic deformation, in which case the magnetic lineation parallels the direction of greatest elongation.The results of the measurements are consistent with macroscopic foliations and lineations where these have been observed, but also indicate the existence of fabrics too weak to observe by conventional methods. This is because the magnetic method assesses the alignment of a very large number of grains, and is therefore much more sensitive than conventional fabric analysis. The weak fabrics can be qualitatively explained in terms consistent with other evidence relating to the emplacement of the granites, and experimental work now in progress may make possible a more quantitative interpretation.
A study of the relation between jointing and structural evolution
Authors: Roberts J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper records the results of a regional jointing survey in the country adjacent to a part of the Neath disturbance, South Wales, in an area of Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Strata. A well developed joint system exists which is comprised of up to six sets of joints striking at 350°, 330°, 290°, 270°, 240° and 210°. The joint patterns undergo stratigraphical and areal variation, which can be correlated with lithology and tectonic setting. A comparison of the joint trends with the faults and folds shows that a genetic relationship exists between the structures. It is suggested that the joint sets formed early in the tectonic evolution of the area, and that these and the faults can be attributed to a general N‐S compressive force, and its related first and second order shear regimes.