bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding similar/diverse solutions in answer set programming
Authors: EITER THOMAS , ERDEM ESRA , ERDOGAN HALIT , FINK MICHAEL 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFor some computational problems (e.g., product configuration, planning, diagnosis, query answering, phylogeny reconstruction), computing a set of similar/diverse solutions may be desirable for better decision-making. With this motivation, we have studied several decision/optimization versions of this problem in the context of Answer set programming (ASP), analyzed their computational complexity, and introduced offline/online methods to compute similar/diverse solutions of such computational problems with respect to a given distance function. All these methods rely on the idea of computing solutions to a problem by means of finding the answer sets for an ASP program that describes the problem. The offline methods compute all solutions of a problem in advance using the ASP formulation of the problem with an existing ASP solver, like clasp, and then identify similar/diverse solutions using some clustering methods (possibly in ASP as well). The online methods compute similar/diverse solutions of a problem following one of the three approaches: by reformulating the ASP representation of the problem to compute similar/diverse solutions at once using an existing ASP solver; by computing similar/diverse solutions iteratively (one after the other) using an existing ASP solver; by modifying the search algorithm of an ASP solver to compute similar/diverse solutions incrementally. All these methods are sound; the offline method and the first online method are complete whereas the others are not. We have modified clasp to implement the last online method and called it clasp-nk. In the first two online methods, the given distance function is represented in ASP; in the last one, however, it is implemented in C++. We have shown the applicability and the effectiveness of these methods using clasp or clasp-nk on two sorts of problems with different distance measures: on a real-world problem in phylogenetics (i.e., reconstruction of similar/diverse phylogenies for Indo-European languages), and on several planning problems in a well-known domain (i.e., Blocks World). We have observed that in terms of computational efficiency (both time and space), the last online method outperforms the others; also, it allows us to compute similar/diverse solutions when the distance function cannot be represented in ASP (e.g., due to some mathematical functions not supported by the ASP solvers) but can be easily implemented in C++.
A Qualitative Study of Interference With Communicative Participation Across Communication Disorders in Adults
Authors: Baylor Carolyn , Burns Michael , Eadie Tanya , Britton Deanna , Yorkston Kathryn 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
To explore the similarities and differences in self-reported restrictions in communicative participation across different communication disorders in community-dwelling adults.

Method
Interviews were conducted with 44 adults representing 7 different medical conditions: spasmodic dysphonia, multiple sclerosis, stroke, stuttering, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and laryngectomy. This article represents a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected in cognitive interviews during development of the Communicative Participation Item Bank. The data were analyzed to identify themes in participants' experiences related to communicative participation.

Results

Participants described many situations in which they experienced interference in communicative participation. Two themes emerged from the data. The first theme was
Interference is both “functional” and “emotional,”
in which participants defined interference as limitations in accomplishing tasks and emotional consequences. The second theme was
“It depends”—sources of interference,
in which participants described many variables that contribute to interference in participation. Participants had limited control of some variables such as symptoms and environmental contexts, but personal decisions and priorities also influenced participation.

Conclusions
Despite different impairments and activity limitations, participants described similar communicative participation restrictions. These similarities may have theoretical and clinical implications in terms of how we assess, treat, and study the participation restrictions associated with communication disorders.
Language in the Cerebellum
Authors: Highnam Clifford L. , Bleile Ken M. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
To explore increasingly compelling evidence that the adult human cerebellum is involved in nonmotor affective and cognitive activity, including language—functions that have in the past been associated largely with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex.

Method
We review clinical studies of patients with cerebellar lesions, nonclinical neuroimaging studies of individuals engaged in completing selected tasks, and neuroanatomical as well as neuroimaging studies of brain interconnections. In the course of this review, we also report on a variety of hypotheses regarding the nature of the cerebellum’s work in affective processing and language/cognition.

Results
This review suggests that the cerebellum has considerable influence in language processing and other related higher level affective/cognitive activities.

Conclusion
We conclude with a preliminary list of important clinical implications of these results.
The Utility of Pitch Elevation in the Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Malandraki Georgia A. , Hind Jacqueline A. , Gangnon Ronald , Logemann Jeri A. , Robbins JoAnne 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
To evaluate the utility of a pitch elevation task in the assessment of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Method
This study was a pilot prospective cohort study including 40 consecutive patients (16 male and 24 female) who were referred by their physician for a swallowing evaluation. Patients were evaluated with a noninstrumental clinical examination and a videofluoroscopic swallow study, and participated in a pitch elevation task during videofluoroscopic image acquisition. Relationships between pitch elevation measurements (acoustic and perceptual) and swallow parameters (penetration/aspiration and residue) were investigated.

Results

Results of this pilot study revealed that both maximum fundamental frequency (F
0
) and perceptual evaluation of pitch elevation independently significantly predicted Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores for thin liquid swallows (
p
= .01 and .03, respectively). Vocal range (average pitch to falsetto) was not sensitive in predicting likelihood of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Conclusions
Findings indicate that reduced pitch elevation can be indicative of reduced airway protection and swallowing impairment in some dysphagia patients and may be a useful supplement to dysphagia screening and diagnosis. Further investigation is warranted to determine the optimal utility of this procedure for different diagnostic categories of patients.
High-resolution Spectroscopy and Spectropolarimetry of Some Late F- / Early G-type Sun-like Stars as Targets for Zeeman Doppler Imaging
Authors: Waite I. A. , Marsden S. C. , Carter B. D. , Alécian E. , Brown C. , Burton D. , Hart R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHigh-resolution spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry have been undertaken at the Anglo-Australian Telescope in order to identify suitable targets for magnetic studies of young Sun-like stars, for the proxy study of early solar evolution. This study involved the investigation of some variable late F- / early G-type Sun-like stars originally identified by the Hipparcos mission. Of the 38 stars observed for this study, HIP 31021, HIP 64732, HIP 73780 were found to be spectroscopic binary stars, while HIP 19072, HIP 67651 and HIP 75636 are also likely to be binaries and HIP 33111 could even be a triple system. Magnetic fields were detected on a number of the survey stars: HIP 21632, HIP 43720, HIP 48770, HIP 62517, HIP 71933, HIP 77144, HIP 89829, HIP 90899 and HIP 105388, making these stars good candidates for follow-up Zeeman Doppler imaging studies.
Study of mechanical characteristics of the knee extensor and flexor musculature of volleyball players
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ruiz David , Rodríguez‐Matoso Dario , Quiroga Miriam E. , Sarmiento Samuel , García‐Manso Juan Manuel , Da Silva‐Grigoletto Marzo E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyse differences in muscle response and mechanical characteristics of the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris in elite volleyball players of both sexes using tensiomyography. To this end, 47 players of nine nationalities playing for teams in the men's and women's Spanish Superleagues were assessed. The sample comprised 22 women (age 24.6±4.3 years; weight 72.14±10.06 kg; height 178.40±8.50 cm) and 25 men (age 25.0±4.3 years; weight 88.76±9.07 kg; height 194.71±7.84 cm). Tensiomyography was used to assess muscular response and muscular mechanical characteristics. For this purpose, the following variables were analysed: maximum radial displacement of muscle belly and normalized response speed. The findings show, both in men and women, a higher normalized response speed score in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis compared with the rectus femoris and biceps femoris. A marked lateral symmetry of maximum radial displacement of the muscle belly was also observed in the musculature of the lower limbs, with no statistically significant differences being detected in either men or women. There were, however, clear differences in terms of normalized response speed between male and female volleyball players: women displayed a more pronounced difference in the normalized response speed of the musculature responsible for extension (vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis) and flexion (biceps femoris) of the knee joint than men. Moreover, tensiomyography proved to be a highly sensitive tool for detecting such changes.
Water immersion as a recovery aid from intermittent shuttle running exercise
Authors: Corbett Jo , Barwood Martin J. , Lunt Heather C. , Milner Andrew , Tipton Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim: To investigate the effect of different water immersion (WI) treatments on recovery from intermittent shuttle running exercise in comparison to an ecologically relevant control.Methods: Forty males performed 90 minutes intermittent shuttle running, following which they were assigned to either: (1) 12‐min standing WI at 12°C; (2) 12‐min standing WI at 35°C; (3) 2‐min seated WI at 12°C; (4) an ecologically relevant control consisting of 12 minutes walking at 5 km h−1. Muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee flexors and extensors, hop distance, creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration were measured before exercise and in the 168 hours following the intervention. Between‐group differences, time effects and interaction effects were investigated by mixed‐model ANOVA.Results: The shuttle running exercise induced an increase in muscle soreness (1, 24, 48 and 72 hours post‐intervention) creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration (post‐exercise and 1, 24 and 48 hours post‐intervention), and reduced MVC of the knee extensors (11% reduction at 24 hours, remaining reduced at 48 and 72 hours), flexors (24% reduction at 24 hours, remaining reduced at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours), and hop distance (24 and 48 hours). However, no between‐group differences or interaction effects were evident for any of these parameters.Conclusion: The WI protocols investigated were not better than light exercise in facilitating recovery from shuttle running exercise. Future studies examining the efficacy of WI as a recovery intervention should include a representative control condition to increase their relevance to sporting populations.
Team selection after a short cricket series
Authors: Lemmer Hermanus Hofmeyr 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe selection of a cricket team cannot be fair unless the best available performance measures are used. The traditional batting average can be very unrealistic, especially in the case of a small number of scores with a high proportion of not out scores. In the present study the focus is on using the most suitable measures for the selection of a team after a small number of matches had been played. Provision is made for the fact that match conditions may influence the scoring rate of batsmen. These measures are used for illustration purposes to select a team from the players who played in the International Cricket Council (ICC) Champions Trophy 2009 One‐Day International (ODI) Series. It is shown how an integer programming method can be used for the selection process. The approach is that a well balanced cricket team should include different kinds of specialists, namely batsmen, bowlers, all‐rounders and a wicket‐keeper. A selection committee may be able to rank batsmen in order of batting ability and bowlers according to bowling ability, but when it comes to all‐rounders it is not so simple. The fact that an all‐rounder is, by definition, a good batsman and also a good bowler, makes it difficult to rank all‐rounders. Furthermore, how many of each specialist type should be selected? The purpose of this paper is to show how integer optimisation, an objective scientific method, can be used to aid in selecting a cricket team. Guidelines are also given for the selection of a team if career performance data have to be used.
Percentile values for flexibility tests in youths aged 6 to 17 years: Influence of weight status
Authors: Castro‐Piñero José , Girela‐Rejón María José , González‐Montesinos José Luis , Mora Jesús , Conde‐Caveda Julio , Sjöström Michael , Ruiz Jonatan R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the influence of weight status on flexibility performance in Spanish youths (1475 boys and 1237 girls) aged 6–17 years, and to provide percentile values for two flexibility tests. Flexibility was assessed by the sit‐and‐reach and shoulder stretch tests. Participants were categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Girls had significantly better scores than boys in all the studied tests, except in the right‐shoulder stretch test in the 6–7, 14–15 and 16–17‐year‐old groups, and in the left‐shoulder stretch test in the 6–7, 8–9 and 16–17‐year‐old groups. There was not a significant positive association between weight status and flexibility assessed by the sit‐and‐reach test. However, overweight and obese youths had significantly lower performance than their normal‐weight counterparts in the shoulder stretch test. Underweight and normal‐weight individuals had similar performances for both shoulder flexibility tests. In conclusion, percentiles values of the studied flexibility tests might be of interest to estimate the proportion of youths with high or low flexibility levels, as well as to evaluate the effects of alternative interventions.
No effect of upper body compression garments in elite flat‐water kayakers
Authors: Dascombe Ben , Laursen Paul , Nosaka Kazunori , Polglaze Ted 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhile the effect of lower body compression garments on performance and physiological responses are well documented, no studies have examined the effect of upper body compression garments (UBCG) on upper‐body dominant exercise. This study examined the effects of wearing UBCG on performance and physiological responses during simulated flat‐water kayaking. Five male (mean values±s: 21.8±2.8 years; 83.5±9.2 kg; 63.0±5.5 ml·kg−1·min−1) and two female (mean values±s: 25.0±4.2 years; 71.4±2.7 kg; 51.0±4.8 ml·kg‐1·min‐1) elite flat‐water kayakers completed a six‐step incremental test followed by a four‐minute maximal performance test (4minPT) in both UBCG and control (no shirt or sports training bra) conditions in a randomized counter‐balanced order. Heart rate and oxygen consumption (O2) as well as performance measures (power, distance covered, stroke rate) were recorded during the tests, and blood lactate was measured immediately after each incremental step and three minutes following the 4minPT. Near‐infrared spectroscopy‐derived measures of blood flow and oxygenation of the flexor carpi radialis were monitored continuously for all tests. No significant differences between the UBCG and control conditions were evident for any performance, cardiorespiratory or oxygenation measure across the incremental step test and 4minPT. It was concluded that wearing UBCG did not provide any significant physiological or performance benefits during simulated flat‐water kayaking.
Precision of the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method to determine total haemoglobin mass and blood volume
Authors: Durussel Jérôme , Ross Ramzy , Kodi Prithvi Raj , Daskalaki Evangelia , Takas Pantazis , Wilson John , Kayser Bengt , Pitsiladis Yannis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different apparatuses, procedures and calculations on the precision of the optimized carbon monoxide method. Total haemoglobin mass was determined twice on consecutive days in 11 subjects using both venous and capillary blood samples. To estimate loss of carbon monoxide due to exhalation, carbon monoxide concentration was measured by two portable carbon monoxide analysers (Fluke CO‐220, Fluke, Norwich, UK and Pac 7000 Carbon Monoxide, Draeger Safety, Northumberland, UK) and alveolar ventilation was specified using an automated metabolic gas analysis system (Cosmed Quark b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Blood volume was derived from total haemoglobin mass using haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit obtained in both the supine and the seated position. Two different formulae to calculate blood volume were also compared. Precision was good for both total haemoglobin mass and blood volume measurements performed on consecutive days (typical error < 2%). Using Fluke CO‐220 analyser, an estimated alveolar ventilation and capillary blood, total haemoglobin mass (917±136 g) was similar when compared to the Pac 7000 Draeger CO‐analyser (904±137 g; mean bias –13 g with 95% limits of agreement –26 to + 1 g, P=0.76), specified alveolar ventilation (911±132 g, mean bias –6 g with 95% limits of agreement –18 g to + 6 g, P =0.87) and venous blood (917±134 g, mean bias 0 g with 95% limits of agreement –38 to + 38 g, P=0.99), respectively. Blood volume determination was also not significantly affected by the supine vs. seated position (6.7±0.8 l vs. 6.6±0.8 l, P=0.56) but can deviate by ~0.6 l (P=0.01) depending on the formula applied. Thus, the good precision of the assessment of total haemoglobin mass and blood volume using the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method is not significantly influenced by the make of CO analyser, method of obtaining alveolar ventilation, blood sampling method and subject position, but should for longitudinal monitoring purposes use the same formula.
Influence of electrically assisted cycling on physiological parameters in untrained subjects
Authors: de Geus Bas , Kempenaers Farid , Lataire Philippe , Meeusen Romain 
Published: November 2011

AbstractElectrically assisted bicycles (EAB) as a form of transport not only offer the potential to reduce energy use and environmental impact but could also be an effective way of encouraging active living. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of physical active commuting to work using an EAB, on physiological parameters in 20 untrained men and women. Tests were performed at three different time points over a 10‐week period, including four weeks of passive (control period) and six weeks of active commuting (intervention period). ANOVA for repeated measures was used to test differences between the testing series for the most important physiological parameters: Pmax·kg−1, V˙O2peak·kg−1, fixed blood lactate concentration (2, 4 mmol·l−1). The subjects performed over a 6‐week period a mean total cycling distance of 405.1±156.0 km with a weekly frequency of 4.1±1.7 days·week−1 for men and 246.0±116.3 km with a frequency of 2.9±1.0 days·week−1 for women. Pmax·kg−1 significantly increased in men and women after 6 weeks of active commuting. Power output at 2 mmol·l−1 significantly increased in women (P=0.001) but not in men (P=0.0604). Power output at 4 mmol·l−1 significantly increased for men and women. V˙O2peak·kg−1 did not differ. With respect to the study limitations, it is concluded that cycling to work on an EAB was effective in increasing the maximal power output and power output at 4 mmol·l−1 in these untrained subjects. Cycling on an EAB seems to be a promising tool as a health enhancing physical activity, for those who will benefit the most in terms of health related fitness, namely the physically inactive, unfit and older people.
Ranking benchmarks of top 100 players in men's professional tennis
Authors: Reid Machar , Morris Craig 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn men's professional tennis, players aspire to hold the top ranking position. On the way to the top spot, reaching the top 100 can be seen as a significant career milestone. National Federations undertake extensive efforts to assist their players to reach the top 100. However, objective data considering reasonable ranking yardsticks for top 100 success in men's professional tennis are lacking. Therefore, it is difficult for National Federations and those involved in player development to give empirical programming advice to young players. By taking a closer look at the ranking history of professional male tennis players, this article tries to provide those involved in player development a more objective basis for decision‐making. The 100 names, countries, birthdates and ranking histories of the top 100 players listed in the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) at 31 December 2009 were recorded from websites in the public domain. Descriptive statistics were reported for the ranking milestones of interest. Results confirmed the merits of the International Tennis Federation's junior tour with 91% of the top 100 professionals earning a junior ranking, the mean peak of which was 94.1, s=148.9. On average, top 100 professionals achieved their best junior rankings and earned their first ATP point at similar ages, suggesting that players compete on both the junior and professional tours during their transition. Once professionally ranked, players took an average 4.5, s=2.1 years to reach the ATP top 100 at the mean age of 21.5, s=2.6 years, which contrasts with the mean current age of the top 100 of 26.8, s=3.2. The best professional rankings of players born in 1982 or earlier were positively related to the ages at which players earned their first ATP point and then entered the top 100, suggesting that the ages associated with these ranking milestones may have some forecasting potential. Future work should focus on the change in top 100 demographics over time as well as the evaluation of the interaction between rankings and tournament play.