bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Flagellates of the Genera Trichomonas and Eutrichomastix
Authors: Das Gupta B. M. 
Published: June 2009

Three pure-line strains started from single individuals, 2 of Trichomonas and 1 of Eutrichomastix, all from snakes, were isolated from mixed cultures. These strains, and another of Eutrichomastix from a chamaeleon, were under observation for periods of from 3 to 10 weeks.The Eutrichomastix of snakes does not differ from that of the chamaeleon in any essential point, and neither developed an undulating membrane at any time during this prolonged period of observation.The Trichomonas of the grass-snake is morphologically distinct from that of the boa. Trichomonas of the boa has an ill-developed undulating membrane with only a few shallow waves, and may simulate a Eutrichomastix owing to the accidental detachment of the bordering flagellum.Trichomonas from snakes, as from most other hosts, readily feeds upon starch granules, whereas none of the Eutrichomastix were found to ingest unaltered starch.Eutrichomastix from snakes and the chamaeleon never develops an undulating membrane and does not assume a Trichomonas form.From these observations it can be definitely concluded that Trichomonas and Eutrichomastix are generically distinct.
Studies in Tick-borne Fever of Sheep
Authors: Macleod John 
Published: June 2009

(1) Female Ixodes ricinus ticks which feed on a sheep infected with tick-borne fever are not capable of transmitting the infective agent to their progeny. Only the nymphs and females, therefore, can be infective to sheep. In the case of an infective female, the infection may have been acquired, (a) in the immediately preceding stage, or (b) in the larval stage, the infective agent remaining in the tissues of the tick during the nymphal engorgement and subsequent moult. This appears to occur irrespective of whether the host on which the nymph feeds is a susceptible or an insusceptible. animal.(2) Ticks which have acquired infection are infective as soon after moulting to the next stage as they are able to attach to hosts. Unfed ticks were not found to be infective after a period of about 14 months.(3) Infection is transmitted to the sheep in the course of the 2nd day after attachment of infective nymphs.(4) The disease may be transmitted to sheep by inoculation of emulsions of infective ticks, if these have been allowed to commence engorgement. The use of saline for such emulsions appears to be inadvisable.
On the Enzymes of certain Dermatophytes, or Ringworm Fungi
Authors: Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

1. The enzymic activity was studied in the following Dermatophyte fungi: Sabouraudites radiolatus; S. lanosus; S. audouini; Trichophyton tonsurans; Grubyella schoenleinii. Both the normal and pleomorphic forms of S. radiolatus were studied comparatively.2. An active proteolytic enzyme is present in all the species. This enzyme is active in an alkaline medium and can hydrolyse intact proteins (casein) with the production of free amino-acids (tryptophane), and is very similar to trypsin in its behaviour.3. Pepsin is not present in any of these fungi.4. The amount of the proteolytic enzyme present varies in the different species, and it is particularly abundant in S. radiolatus.5. A keratolytic enzyme was not found in any of these fungi.6. A lipolytic enzyme, lipase, which readily splits tributyrin into fatty acids, is present in all the species. It is about equally strong in all of them.7. Urease is present in all, with the exception of T. tonsurans.8. None of them contains invertase, inulase, lactase or zymase.9. Maltase and diastase are present in all. They are strongest in S. lanosus and T. tonsurans and are weakest in S. radiolatus.10. The species with most proteolytic activity have least carbohydrases, and conversely.11. Amygdalase is present in all the species.12. The normal form of S. radiolatus has greater proteolytic activity than the pleomorphic form. The pleomorphic form has strong urease and amygdalase, both of which are very weak in the normal form. Otherwise the enzymic activity of the two forms is similar.
The Life-history of a Marine Trematode, Hamacreadium Mutabile Linton, 1910
Authors: McCoy Oliver R. 
Published: June 2009

A cotylocercous cercaria occurring in the marine snail, Astraea americana, at Tortugas, Florida, was found to encyst in small fish as second intermediate hosts.Fish experimentally infested with the cysts were fed to the gray snapper, Neomaenis griseus, and adult worms developed in the intestine and pyloric caeca which were identified as Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910, a member of the sub-family Allocreadiinae.A general relationship of the cotylocercous cercariae to the family Allocreadiidae is discussed.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L. III. Egg-shell formation
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. The egg shells of Fasciola are derived from globules or granules contained in the, vitelline cells. These globules contain an orthodihydroxyphenol and protein.2. The anatomy and histology of the Mehlis's gland region have been described, and the site of liberation of the above granules has been isolated.3. Mechanical forces, due to the churning action of the uterus, are believed to be responsible for freeing most of the granules. This liberation can be correlated with the presence of spermatozoa in the uterus. The spermatozoa can penetrate the vitelline cells, but this does not free the globules.4. Active spermatozoa, in alkaline solutions, tend to form aggregates, and incorporate into these aggregates any solid material in the vicinity. This is apparently responsible for the arrangement of cells within the egg, and for the formation of a shell round it from fused vitelline cell globules.5. The polyphenol of the newly formed egg shell is oxidized into a quinone in the anterior uterine coils. Polyphenol oxidases have not been conclusively demonstrated. The relative uterine coils are surrounded by an especial concentration of a generally distributed tissue haemoglobin.6. The final egg shell is composed of a quinone tanned protein, similar to the sclerotin of the cockroach ootheca.7. Suggestions are advanced as to the possible functions of Mehlis's gland and Laurer's canal.
A Fungus Disease in Fishes of the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Fish Frederic F. 
Published: June 2009

1. A fungus disease of epidemic proportions was found in the common sea herring (Clupea harengus) throughout the Gulf of Maine.2. The fungus was also found to infect the common winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and the alewife (Pomobolus pseudoharengus).3. The causative agent was found to be a species of fungus belonging to the genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil (1905). The specific name is tentatively accepted as hoferi Plehn and Muslow (1911).4. The organism is believed to be a normal parasite to the herring and reaches epidemic proportions only when certain unknown factors are operative.5. The causative organism was found in herring preserved in 1926, and it is believed that the epidemic has been increasing in severity since that time.6. It is believed that such an epidermic, once initiated, increases in severity, reaches a peak, and subsides to a subpatent level. The peak is believed to have been reached in 1931.7. The life history and effects of the organism in the herring and flounder are described.8. The herring is believed to acquire the infection by the ingestion of parasites liberated from fish in the same school.9. The flounder is believed to acquire the infection by the consumption of infected herring.10. The alewife is beleived to acquire the infection by ingestion of the parasite during its infrequent association with the herring.11. Infection is believed to be established by way of the alimentary canal and, once established, to spread throughout the host by way of the blood stream or the lymphatics.12. Direct cross infection from the herring to the flounder establishes the theory that the parasites in these two hosts are one and the same organism.13. Direct cross infection experiments from the herring to the flounder eliminate the necessity of an intermediate host.14. There is no reason to believe that this parasite is capable of infecting warm-blooded animals.
Quinanil as a Bactericidal Agent in the Isolation of an Insect Flagellate
Authors: Boxhall G. N. , Happold F. C. , Lloyd Ll. 
Published: June 2009

A flagellate from Polietes lardaria, closely allied to Herpetomonas muscarum, has been repeatedly isolated in bacteria-free culture by the use of quinanil after numerous attempts to isolate it by other methods with one exception had failed. The flagellates were exposed to 1/10,000 or 1/100,000 quinanil for 2–4 or more hours and cultivated in Locke serum agar, the medium for the first subculture containing quinanil in concentrations of 1/10,000 or 1/50,000. The proofs of the purity of the cultures were exhaustive.We are greatly indebted to Dr St John-Brooks and the National Collection of Type Cultures for certain of the flagellates isolated by Noguchi and Tilden. One of us (F. C. H.) has also been in receipt of grants from the Medical Research Council, and he would like to take this opportunity of expressing his thanks to that body.
Further Studies on the Biology of the Pigeon Fly, Pseudolynchia maura Bigot (Diptera Hippoboscidae)
Authors: Prouty Margaret Jo , Coatney G. Robert 
Published: June 2009

1. Observations indicate that the female uses the third pair of legs during deposition as an aid in forcing the larva through the vaginal orifice.2. The young imago is able to free itself from the pupal case by dragging the case across a rough surface with the forelegs.3. The act of copulation has been observed and described, including mounting, position and duration.4. Evidence is presented to show that the insects are positively thermotropic and thigmotropic; negatively phototropic and hydrotropic.5. The flies react positively to the odours of oil of cloves, camphor and ox gall; negatively to oil of wintergreen and amyl alcohol, and are indifferent to blood, fresh pigeon skin, pigeon scales, feathers, ammonia, oil of thyme, oil origanum, xylol and bergamot.6. The length of life without food is found to be in direct proportion to the energy expended in motion, ranging from 77 to 109 hours.7. The flies refuse to take unwarmed food.8. The insect will not penetrate a perfectly smooth membrane, or one that is rancid.9. According to data presented. Pseudolynchia maura will not live longer than 117 hours when artificially fed.
The Intestinal Protozoa of a Muskrat, Fiber (= Ondatra) zibethica, with a Note upon Retortamonas sp. from the Guinea-pig
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

Flagellates belonging to four genera, Trichomonas, Giardia, Chilomastix, and Retortamonas, have been found in the caecum and colic loops of the muskrat, Fiber (= Ondatra) zibethica.A Retortamonas is described from the caecum of two laboratory guinea-pigs.
Field studies on the behaviour of bird fleas
Authors: Bates John Keith , Rothschild Miriam 
Published: June 2009

1. Factors controlling the distribution of the bird fleas Ceratophyllus styx, the sand-martin flea, C. gallinae, the hen flea, and Dasypsylla gallinulae, the blackbird flea, were investigated in the field.2. Sand-martin fleas (C. styx) pass the winter as adults within cocoons in the old nests of their host. Observations indicate that the fleas are stimulated to emerge from the cocoons by the rise in temperature in the spring, and some of the adult fleas emigrate in the spring and invade new nest burrows. Observations and experiments showed that sand-martin fleas disperse from old burrows both laterally and vertically and that emigrating fleas could reach areas as far as 33·8 m. from the old nests. The detection of the new burrow entrances is not due to vision, or to the recognition of difference of humidity between the burrow and the cliff face, or to the reaction to air current differences between the burrow and the cliff face, but to recognition of the horizontal floor of the burrows and a tendency to congregate upon horizontal surfaces. How the fleas distinguish the horizontal burrow surface from the cliff top is still unknown. The colonization of new burrows by the fleas does not occur at night. It is suggested that, in addition to finding their hosts in the spring by invading new burrows, sand-martin fleas may jump on to the birds when they are hovering near the cliff face. Many adult fleas leave the burrows within 3 days of the fledging time of the young sand-martins but a small number remain within the nest. The fate of these specimens is not known.3. C. gallinae, the hen flea, and D. gallinulae, the blackbird flea, pass the winter principally as adults enclosed in the cocoons in the old nest material. In the spring they emerge from the cocoons, emigrate away from the old nest and are free-living on the ground. Probably the adult C. gallinae and D. gallinulae jump on to birds when they are feeding on the ground in the spring.* Therefore the absence of hen fleas in nests situated on the ground or in open nests built in low vegetation, is not due to lack of opportunity of contact between the adult flea and the birds which construct such nests.4. It is concluded that in host-seeking, adults of C. gallinae and D. gallinulae emigrate away from old nests in the spring and come in contact with the host birds on the ground in the birds' feeding area, whereas C. styx adults emigrate into the hosts' breeding area and come in contact with the birds in the new nesting burrows.
The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.
On the occurrence of the crab-louse (Phthirus pubis: Anoplura) in the hair of the head
Authors: Buxton P. A. 
Published: June 2009

Over 3000 samples of hair from the scalp have been examined from four places in Africa and three in Asia. In every sample (except one small one) infestations of crab-lice (Phthirus pubis) were found; in each place they were found in less than 1% of heads.The view is emphasized that the crab-louse has several ways of spreading through the human community.
Structure of Hemimerus deceptus Rehn. var. ovatus; an external parasite of Cricetomys gambiense
Authors: Deoras P. J. 
Published: June 2009

The present work, fills in some of the gaps in the morphological descriptions of Hemimerus, as given by Hansen (1894) and Jordan (1909), and deals with the details of the anatomical modifications associated with the semiparasitic mode of life.It seems that this semiparasitic mode of life is of mutual assistance or “symbiosis”.The modifications are seen in the mouthparts (especially the ligula and the superlingua), pleural sclerites and the thoracic limbs.
The life cycle ofAdelina cryptocercisp.nov., a coccidian parasite of the roachCryptocercus punctulatus
Authors: Yarwood Evangeline Alderman 
Published: June 2009

1. The occurrence ofAdelina cryptocerciin the host,Cryptocercus punctulatus, and its probable means of natural transmission are discussed.2. Artificial infection experiments were carried out and furnished material for determination of succession of stages in the life cycle of the organism. The cycle is briefly as follows:(a) Mature cysts are ingested by the hosts with tissues of infected roaches. Sporozoites enter the host's tissues by passing through the midgut wall.(b) The first schizogony, in which merozoites are produced, ocurs in the fat-bodies between the sixteenth and twenty-fifth days after ingestion of cysts.(c) In the second schizogonial generation two types of schizogony produce merozoites and gametoblasts, respectively, between the twenty-fifth and twenty-ninth days following infection. There is evidence that both male and female gametoblasts are formed from a single schizont.(d) Male and female gametoblasts become associated during the growth period of the latter. When fully grown, they are surrounded by a membrane, the gametocyst. The male gametoblast undergoes 2 divisions, forming 4 microgametes, of which 1 fertilizes the macrogamete and the other 3 lie unused between the gametocyst and the first oocyst, which is formed shortly after fertilization. A second oocyst is formed before the first division of the synkaryon.(e) By repeated divisions of the synkaryon a multinucleate sporont is formed. This divides into uninucleate sporoblasts. Each sporoblast divides once, forming a sporocyst containing 2 sporozoites. Mature cysts occurred in experimentally infected roaches from 40 days onwards.3. The stages in the life cycle are described in detail.4. Evidence for zygotic meiosis inAdelina cryptocerciis presented.5. The effect of the parasite on the host is discussed.This investigation has been made at the suggestion of Dr Harold Kirby, Jr., and under his direction and that of Dr C. A. Kofoid. I wish to express here my grateful appreciation to both for their interest and many valuable suggestions and criticisms.
Ecological studies on the development of the pasture stages of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, Nematode parasites of sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Stevens A. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The availability of Nematodirus infection to sheep was followed by grazing successive pairs of worm-free lambs on a contaminated plot. It was shown that lambs did not become infected during the summer following pasture contamination in the spring, but became infected when they were grazed on the plot the following spring.2. The development and hatching of the eggs and larval stages of N. battus and N. filicollis were followed by the periodical examination of infected faeces set out during May-November. The results showed that development to the infective larval stage occurred during the summer, taking normally about 3 months, but that the larvae then remained dormant within the egg membranes until the following spring.3. Laboratory studies confirmed the hypothesis that the hatching of the infective larvae was a response to a rise in temperature in the spring, following sensitization by exposure to low temperature during the winter. A rise in temperature to 50° F. was necessary before a high percentage hatch occurred.4. The epidemiology of Nematodirus infection is discussed in relation to these observations.
A simple apparatus for the artificial feeding ofRhodnius prolixus(Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Harington J. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. A simple apparatus for feeding all stages ofRhodnius prolixusthrough a rubber membrane is described.2. Observations have been made on the behaviour ofRhodniusduring feeding, and on the effect of different diets on the insect.3.Rhodniushas been shown to feed and grow successfully on freshly drawn rat and horse blood, and on whipped ox blood. Horse serum was readily taken and showed no effect on the development of the bugs until after the third stage, when they either failed to moult or emerged deformed.Ringer's solution, aqueous solutions of ‘Marmite’ and cow's milk provided good feeds, though caused mortality after 24 hr. Stored oxalated blood killed bugs 21 days after feeding. No feeding took place when diets of water, glycine and ascorbic acid were offered.
Further observations on the in vitro development of the gametocytes of Plasmodium gallinaceum
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. Gametocytes of Plasmodium gallinaceum emerged from the erythrocytes and the male gametocytes exflagellated normally in vitro, in normal or inactivated horse serum, or in rabbit plasma.2. Gametocytes, washed and suspended in normal horse serum, completed their sexual development and produced oocysts in mosquitoes.3. Hyperimmune chick plasma, as compared with normal chick plasma, did not significantly affect the time of onset or the frequency of exflagellation.4. In a solution, isotonic to bird blood and adjusted to approximately pH 8, containing NaCl, KC1, CaCl2, Na2HPO4, MgSO4, NaHCO3 and Tris buffer, the in vitro development of the gametocytes was normal, and the numbers developing were comparable to those in horse serum, or in plasma or serum from the normal host. The development of the gametocytes was inhibited by the omission of Na or HCO3 ions, but the omission of Mg, K, Ca, SO4 or HPO4 ions had no effect.5. Further experiments showed that the gametocytes emerged from the corpuscles and the males exflagellated normally in a solution containing only Na, C1 and HCO3 ions. Other combinations of ions were tested, but although gametocytes emerged from the corpuscles in some of these solutions, exflagellation either did not take place or did so infrequently, and the gametes produced were feeble in their movements. Within the range of inorganic salts tested, Na, HCO3 and C1 ions constituted the minimal requirement for the normal in vitro development of the male gametocytes.
On a new haplosporidian (protozoa) Nephridiophaga xenoboli in the gut of a millipede Xenobolus carnifex
Authors: Ganapati P. N. , Narasimhamurti C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and life history of a new haplosporidian parasite, Nephri-diophaga xenoboli sp.nov. from the gut of a millipede, Xenobolus carnifex are described.2. The earliest stage hatched from the spore is a free uninucleate amoebula which penetrates the gut epithelium and grows into a multinucleate plasmodium.3. The uninucleate gametes are formed by a process of endogeneous budding in the centre of the plasmodium and the sporoblast is formed as a result of fusion of two such gametes.4. A characteristic cyst membrane enclosing about forty to fifty sporoblasts is formed immediately after fertilization is completed which is accompanied by a disintegration of the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm of the plasmodium.5. Each sporoblast develops into a bivalved simple spherical spore, 3·0μ in diameter.