bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease Forecasts and Livestock Health Disclosure: A Shepherd's Dilemma
Authors: Sheriff Glenn , Osgood Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe analyze how to induce sellers to disclose food safety. With repeated interactions and safety correlated over time, cash transfers alone do not ensure disclosure. Perfect, but costly, testing ensures disclosure with a complex lottery that may be difficult to implement in practice. In contrast, even a noisy quality forecast allows the buyer to induce perfect disclosure with a simple pricing scheme. Forecast introduction may benefit or harm sellers. After introduction, sellers may suffer from increases in forecast precision. As an illustration, we cast our model in the context of Rift Valley fever in an East African livestock market.
Impact of γ‐chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV‐1 infection: therapeutic implications
Authors: Gougeon M.‐L. , Chiodi F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract.  Gougeon M‐L, Chiodi F (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden) Impact of γ‐chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV‐1 infection: therapeutic implications (Symposium). J Intern Med 2010; 267: 502–514.CD4+ T cell lymphocytes are a major target for human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) infection. During this chronic infection, CD4+ T cell loss (induced through direct viral replication), generalized immune activation and increased susceptibility to apoptosis result in impaired T cell homeostasis with subsequent development of opportunistic infections and cancers. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a well‐defined, beneficial effect on HIV‐1‐related clinical outcome; however, it does not lead to normalization of immune dysregulation. In order to boost both CD4+ T cell restoration and HIV‐1 specific immunity, immunotherapy with γ‐chain cytokines has been used in HIV‐1‐infected patients during concomitant HAART. In this review, we summarize the role of γ‐chain cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐7, in influencing T cell homeostasis and proliferation, and discuss how immunotherapy with these cytokines may be beneficial to reconstitute the T cell compartment in the context of HIV‐1 infection. The intriguing results of two large trials evaluating the efficacy of IL‐2 in restoring immune function during HIV‐1 infection are also discussed. In addition, we consider the promises and caveats of the first phase I/II clinical trials with IL‐7 in HIV‐1‐infected patients and the knowledge that is still lacking in the field of T cell reconstitution through γ‐chain cytokines.
Temporal changes in UK birth order and the prevalence of atopy
Authors: Upchurch S. , Harris J. M. , Cullinan P. 
Published: February 2010

To cite this article: Upchurch S, Harris JM, Cullinan P. Temporal changes in UK birth order and the prevalence of atopy. Allergy 2010; 65: 1039–1041.AbstractBackground:  Many studies have reported an inverse association between birth order and the risk of respiratory allergic disease. In recent decades, the prevalence of atopy has increased alongside reductions in fertility rates.Aims of the study:  To quantitate how much of the increased prevalence of atopy, measured by skin prick test or specific IgE, can be attributed to temporal changes in family size in the United Kingdom.Methods:  Through a systematic literature review (MEDLINE, 1965–2009), five studies of UK populations were identified and their data were included in the calculation of a summary odds ratio for the risk of atopy for each birth order. Information on changes in UK family sizes between 1960 and 2001 was obtained from Eurostat. On this basis, expected increases in the prevalence of atopy were calculated by weighting the proportion in each birth order category for 1960 and 2001 by the summary odds ratio for that category and then calculating the relative risk of atopy in 2001 compared with 1960.Results:  The pooled summary odds ratios for atopy were 0.90, 0.69 and 0.69 for those born second, third and fourth (or higher), respectively. The expected relative increase in the prevalence of atopy resulting from a change in family size between 1960 and 2001 was 3%.Conclusions:  Despite the strong associations between birth order and atopy, reductions in family size in the last 40 years account for little of the increase in atopy.
Tranilast stabilizes the accumulation and degranulation of resident mast cells while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a swine model of coronary microembolisation
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Yong , Li Jing‐Bo , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Bo , Yin Lian‐Hua , Wei Meng 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. Coronary microembolisation (CME) is associated with progressive myocardial dysfunction, and mast cells (MC) might have an important role in myocardial apoptosis after CME. We investigated whether the MC stabilizer tranilast suppresses the accumulation and degranulation of MC while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis after CME.2. We induced CME in miniswine by selective infusion of 15 × 104 microspheres (diameter 45 μm) into the left anterior descending artery. Some CME‐induced miniswine were treated with the MC stabilizer tranilast (50 mg/kg, p.o., b.d.) beginning 2 weeks before CME, and thereafter throughout the experimental period; others received tranilast without CME; and sham‐operated animals without CME served as controls. After 30 days, we assessed cardiomyocyte apoptosis by TUNEL assay and by the total number of MC and the number of degranulating MC using histology and transmission electron microscopy. The wall motion score index and left ventricular ejection fraction were studied by dobutamine stress echocardiography.3. Coronary microembolisation was associated with increases in the total number of MC, the number of degranulating MC, and myocyte apoptosis. The number of total MC and degranulating MC and apoptotic cardiomyocytes over the anterior embolized myocardium after CME were significantly higher than those over the posterior control myocardium and anterior segments per animal without CME (P < 0.01). Tranilast administration to CME miniswine suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis while maintaining regional and global function, which was associated with reductions in the accumulation and degranulation of MC.4. These findings suggest that tranilast suppresses the accumulation and degranulation of MC while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis after CME.
Geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios in northeastern Japan
Authors: Horiguchi Keika , Ueki Sadato , Sano Yuji , Takahata Naoto , Hasegawa Akira , Igarashi George 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn order to study the precise geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios in northeastern Japan and compare it with geophysical data, we collected 43 gas and water samples from hot and mineral springs in the region where the ratio had never been reported, and measured the 3He/4He and 4He/20Ne ratios of these samples. It was found that the 3He/4He ratios show clear contrasts between the forearc and the back‐arc regions in the Tohoku district in northeastern Japan. In the forearc region, the ratios are smaller than 1 RA (1 RA = 1.4 × 10−6; RA means the 3He/4He ratio of the atmosphere). On the other hand, those along the volcanic front and in the back‐arc region are apparently higher. Moreover, we found a variation in the 3He/4He ratios along the volcanic front. In Miyagi Prefecture (38–39°N), the ratios range from 2 to 5 RA. On the other hand, the ratios are less than 1 RA in and around the southern border between Iwate and Akita Prefectures (39–39.5°N). Comparing the distribution of helium isotope ratios to results of recent geophysical studies, we found that the features in geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios are similar to those of seismic low‐velocity zone distributions and high Qp−1 distributions in the uppermost mantle. These observations strongly suggest that the helium isotope ratios reflect the distribution of melts in the uppermost mantle and are a useful tool for investigating the origin, behavior, and distribution of deep fluids and melts.
Conservation and possible reintroduction of an endangered plant based on an analysis of community ecology: a case study of Primulina tabacum Hance in China
Authors: REN HAI , ZHANG QIANMEI , WANG ZHENGFENG , GUO QINFENG , WANG JUNE , LIU NAN , LIANG KAIMING 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe distribution of the rare and endangered perennial herb Primulina tabacum Hance is restricted to eight karst caves in southern China. To conserve P. tabacum and to evaluate possible reintroduction, we studied its historical distribution and conducted field surveys of both its biotic and physical environment. We used detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to investigate the plant community structure and to identify the major environmental factors associated with its presence at eight sites and absence from three other sites where it formerly grew. The results revealed differences in community structure among sites and close correlations between species composition and environmental conditions. The data indicate that P. tabacum has special ecological requirements, including alkaline soil, low soil content of N, P, K and organic matter, low light, a high soil water content and high relative humidity, and a high atmospheric CO2 concentration. Soil K content, relative humidity and atmospheric CO2 concentration were the three variables most strongly associated with the vegetation composition and structure of the 11 sites. It appears that as a result of reductions in humidity, some of the historical localities of P. tabacum may no longer be suitable for reintroduction. Pilea notata, Pteris cretica var. nervosa and two moss species, Heteroscyphus coalitus and Gymnostomiella longinervis, were strongly associated with P. tabacum. The first two plants could be useful as indicators of suitable environments for P. tabacum, and the moss species could be useful as nurse plants for the reintroduction of P. tabacum into wild habitats.
Seed dispersal and germination behavior of three threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus
Authors: KADIS COSTAS , GEORGHIOU KYRIACOS 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe present study examined seed dispersal and germination in three of the most threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus: Origanum cordifolium, Phlomis brevibracteata and Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis. Some common traits in these taxa can be correlated with their overall survival strategy. Seeds mature in mid to late summer, but most seeds remain on the mother plants until the beginning of the rainy season. The opening of the calyces containing the seeds seems to be caused by absorption of moisture. Water is also the most important dispersal factor because the seeds are dispersed by rain. Seed germination occurs at relatively low temperatures that prevail in the field at the beginning of the rainy season. This behavior provides the plants with ecological advantages because their seeds are exposed on the soil at the most appropriate period (mid to late autumn) for germination and seedling survival. The present study contributes substantially to in situ and ex situ conservation of these threatened plants.
Morphological and genetic differentiation inIsodon umbrosusby altitudinal variation in bumblebee pollinator assemblages
Authors: DOHZONO IKUMI , SUZUKI KAZUO 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe corolla tube length of the bumblebee‐pollinated plantIsodon umbrosusshows conspicuous geographical variation, corresponding with the proboscis length of its bumblebee pollinators across its distributional range. We hypothesized that altitudinal variation in the pollinator assemblage is a principal factor mediating morphological and genetic differentiation amongI. umbrosuspopulations. We examined determinants of the morphological and genetic differentiation ofIsodon umbrosusby analyzing floral morphology and allozyme variation across the distributional range. A reanalysis of previous data confirmed that altitude was a good indicator of pollinator assemblages. Corolla tube length was highly variable among the 15 study populations, and genetic differentiation among the populations (GST = 0.360) was also highly significant. The differentiation in corolla tube length was explained by altitudinal difference, a proxy of the difference in pollinator assemblages. Genetic differentiation among populations also tended to be affected by the same factor, but statistical support was weak. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for morphological and genetic differentiation inI. umbrosus, we need to investigate altitudinally different populations over a narrower geographical scale.
Emergency laparoscopic splenectomy for haemoperitoneum because of ruptured primary splenic pregnancy: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Biolchini Federico , Giunta Alessandro , Bigi Luciano , Bertellini Celestino , Pedrazzoli Claudio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground:  Primary abdominal pregnancies are potentially life‐threatening, particularly without an accurate preoperative diagnosis.Case:  A 41‐year‐old woman presented to the emergency room with 2 days‐lasting left upper quadrant abdominal pain, irradiated to the left shoulder. An urine β‐human chorionic gonadotropin test was positive. Transvaginal sonography raised a suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. The patient was then submitted to abdominal laparoscopy that revealed no sign of active bleeding or ectopic pregnancy. Because of worsening of abdominal pain and progressive anaemia, the patient underwent abdominal ultrasound and multislice computerized tomography scan (TC) that showed the presence of a mass at the superior splenic pole with haemoperitoneum. The patient was taken to the operating room and submitted to a laparoscopic total splenectomy. The post‐operative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 8 days after intervention.Conclusion:  Abdominal pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in women of reproductive age. Abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography studies must be performed before operative treatment if an ectopic pregnancy is suspected and no intrauterine gestational sac could be showed on transvaginal sonography.
Moral Madness
Authors: Carr David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne clear reason why human agents often act badly is because they are insufficiently attentive to moral considerations and concerns, or tempted to ignore these in pursuit of more immediate satisfactions. In so far as madness, insanity or mental instability may be regarded as undermining moral agency, it might also be supposed that such madness attaches more to the non‐moral than the moral reasons or motives of agents. Still, the well‐known quote from Chesterton at the start of this paper may give pause to conventional thought on this matter. With reference to the ideas of Plato and Freud, as well as attention to literary and cinematic “case studies,” this paper argues that moral reasons and motives – of an apparently Chestertonian kind – may be a prime source of morally “insane” conduct.
Comprehensive standardized data definitions for acute coronary syndrome research in emergency departments in Australasia
Authors: Cullen Louise , Than Martin , Brown Anthony FT , Richards Mark , Parsonage William , Flaws Dylan , Hollander Judd E , Christenson Robert H , Kline Jeffrey A , Goodacre Steven , Jaffe Allan S 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPatients with chest discomfort or other symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome are one of the most common categories seen in many Emergency Departments (EDs). Although the recognition of patients at high risk of acute coronary syndrome has improved steadily, identifying the majority of chest pain presentations who fall into the low‐risk group remains a challenge. Research in this area needs to be transparent, robust, applicable to all hospitals from large tertiary centres to rural and remote sites, and to allow direct comparison between different studies with minimum patient spectrum bias. A standardized approach to the research framework using a common language for data definitions must be adopted to achieve this. The aim was to create a common framework for a standardized data definitions set that would allow maximum value when extrapolating research findings both within Australasian ED practice, and across similar populations worldwide. Therefore a comprehensive data definitions set for the investigation of non‐traumatic chest pain patients with possible acute coronary syndrome was developed, specifically for use in the ED setting. This standardized data definitions set will facilitate‘knowledge translation’ by allowing extrapolation of useful findings into the real‐life practice of emergency medicine.
CHANGES OF LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATION DURING HEATING OF SOME PLANT‐ORIGIN OILS WITH POLYPHENOL ADDITION
Authors: KOWALSKI RADOSŁAW 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT The present study aimed at evaluating the influence of phenolic compounds (quercetin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid) on inhibition of linoleic acid concentration changes in heated plant‐origin fats: corn oil, grape seed oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil and soybean oil. When comparing the control samples without and those with phenol addition, a significantly positive influence of all applied compounds was observed. The highest values were recorded for peanut oil heated for 120 h with protocatechuic acid addition (0.02 and 0.04%): Ih18:2 = 23.6% and Ih18:2 = 23.4%, respectively. In the case of grape seed oil, linoleic acid concentration in initial sample (“0”) was about 50.0/100 g, and 40.3/100 g after 120 h of heating; that acid levels ranged from about 42.1/100 g (quercetin 0.04%), Ih18:2 = 4.5% to 46.6/100 g (caffeic acid 0.02%), Ih18:2 = 15.7% in samples with antioxidant addition after 120 h of heating.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults achieved in the present study confirm the possibility and efficiency of phenolic compound application (quercetin, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid) in protecting changes occurring in stored and heated fats. Furthermore, the study confirms the possibility to apply the comparative GC analysis for indirect characterization of efficiency of applied antioxidants in inhibiting unfavorable changes in triacylglycerol fraction of fatty acids in fats.
Identity Transformation, Hegemonic Masculinity and Research on Professionalization
Authors: Schleef Debra 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDespite more than two decades of antidiscrimination policies, diversity measures, and greater gender equality in graduate school admissions, recent studies reveal that hegemonic masculinity remains dominant in the socialization processes common to most professions. Hegemonic masculinity refers to the current dominant form of masculinity, which is a culturally idealized form of behavior that creates and reinforces institutions of male dominance over women and other men, including working class and men of color (Connell, Masculinities, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005). These socialization processes involve the transformation of cognitive skills, the inculcation of ethical values, and emotions. I address the masculine nature of professionalization and suggest that centering on the ‘female’ professions in future research would provoke important questions about alternatives to standard ‘male’ forms of professionalization. I conclude by identifying directions for future research, particularly using action research to examine resistance and the institutionalization of inequalities in the professions.
Equilibrated ordinary chondrites: Constraints for thermal history from iron‐magnesium ordering in orthopyroxene
Authors: FOLCO L. , MELLINI M. , PILLINGER C. T. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract— iron‐magnesium ordering was determined in orthopyroxenes from two suites of unshocked (shock stage S1, S2), equilibrated L‐ and LL‐chondrites (10 grains from 5 meteorites and 7 grains from 4 meteorites, respectively) by means of single crystal x‐ray diffraction (SCXRD). This study, together with a previous investigation of H‐chondrites (13 grains from 8 meteorites), produces an internally consistent data set about the thermal record in equilibrated ordinary chondrites (EOCs).The major feature outlined by cation ordering in EOC orthopyroxenes is that H‐, L‐ and LL‐chondrites share a common low‐temperature record, that is, a common range of similar cooling rates in the 340–480 °C interval for the petrographic types 4 to 6. As a consequence, the thermal evolution of EOCs consists of at least two subsolidus stages; the first stage occurred at temperatures >480 °C where petrographic types were established in distinct environments; the second stage occurred when EOCs, irrespective of chemical class and type, cooled through 340–480 °C in environments characterized by close temperature‐time conditions.Quantitative estimates of minimal cooling rates for EOCs range from a few °C/ka to ∼102°C/ka in the 340–480 °C interval. Possibly, final ordering was attained in environments where moderate radiative heat‐loss was possible and, thus indicating shallow burial depths in the parent body.
An experimental study of silver and palladium partitioning between solid and liquid metal, with applications to iron meteorites
Authors: CHABOT NANCY L. , DRAKE MICHAEL J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Solid metal/liquid metal partition coefficients for Ag and Pd were determined experimentally as a function of the S concentration of the metallic liquid. Silver is incompatible in solid metal and strongly sensitive to the S content of the metallic liquid; partition coefficients for Ag decrease more than an order of magnitude with increasing S content of the metallic liquid and can be expressed as:where k(Ag) is the molar solid metal/liquid metal partition coefficient and XS is the molar S content of the metallic liquid. The partition coefficient of Pd is less variable but changes from modestly incompatible to modestly compatible in solid metal with increasing S content of the metallic liquid:With these new partition coefficients for Pd and a fractional crystallization model, Pd abundance trends recorded in iron meteorite groups are modeled successfully. Measured Ag distribution between troilite‐rich nodules and adjacent metal in iron meteorites also agree well with experimental solid metal/liquid metal equilibrium values. However, observed Pd metal/nodule distributions do not agree with experimentally determined partition coefficients, which suggests a more complex history than simple solid metal/liquid metal equilibrium.