bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Framework for describing community integration for people with acquired brain injury
Authors: Parvaneh Shahriar , Cocks Errol 
Published: March 2012

Background/aimCommunity integration is the ultimate goal of rehabilitation of adults with acquired brain injury which has a high incidence in the Australian population. The literature shows a need for a more comprehensive framework for community integration. This study developed a descriptive community integration framework drawn from views of five stakeholder groups and was compared with four similar frameworks.MethodsThirty‐seven experts in acquired brain injury, including practitioners, researchers, policy makers, people with acquired brain injury and family members participated. Using a Delphi method, an iterative process of surveys, interviews, and focus groups sought their views on community integration. Responses were analysed in three stages systematically to reduce a large quantity of raw data into a core set of descriptive themes. A final member checking process rated participants’ agreement with the importance of each theme.ResultsSeven themes were identified and described: Relationships, Community Access, Acceptance, Occupation, Being at Home, Picking up Life Again, and Heightened Risks and Vulnerability. Themes were congruent with elements of the frameworks from the literature.ConclusionsRich data came from the diverse stakeholders in the participant groups. Two unique themes reflected the importance of re‐integration and recovering important aspects of previous lives, and identifying risks and vulnerabilities and providing safeguards. The framework reflected emphases that may be specific to acquired brain injury. It can be used as a basis for development of community integration programmes and outcome measures.
Pathophysiology of varicocele in male infertility in the era of assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Shiraishi Koji , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Takihara Hiroshi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractVaricocele is the most common and treatable cause of male infertility. Studies of a rat experimental left varicocele model and human testicular biopsy samples have shown the involvement of various factors in its pathophysiology. Among them, oxidative stress plays a major role in impairing spermatogenesis and sperm function. Therefore, in addition to palpation, scrotal ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasound, evaluation of testicular oxidative stress (e.g. scrotal temperature is a surrogate parameter) is recommended to enable diagnosis and suitable treatment of varicocele. Varicocelectomy increases the fertilization, pregnancy and live birth rates, indicating improved sperm function; it is therefore important even in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Routine sperm‐function tests are warranted to monitor the sperm quality after varicocelectomy and consequent improvement in the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, the indications of varicocelectomy in assisted reproductive technology should be widened.
Mental health nurses' views on therapeutic optimism
Authors: Cleary Michelle , Horsfall Jan , O'Hara‐Aarons Maureen , Hunt Glenn E. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTRegistered nurses (RN) coordinate acute mental health units on a 24‐hour basis and it behoves researchers to actually ask these nurses what they think contributes to their ability to work with patients in optimistic ways. In this study, 40 RN working in acute mental health settings were asked a series of questions to explore positive aspects of nursing work, which includes therapeutic optimism. Three themes were identified: (i) different ways nurses foster therapeutic optimism; (ii) perceptions of how an optimistic environment is fostered, and (iii) improvement of ward culture. Findings show the pivotal role mental health nurses have in improving teamwork, good communication, sharing, and collaboration, in addition to preceptoring and supervision. Furthermore, effective clinical management is essential to therapeutic optimism and, in this research, is considered to be the aspect of acute mental health nursing most relevant to improving the ward culture.
Pit morphology characterization and corrosion fatigue crack nucleation analysis based on energy principle
Authors: XIAO‐GUANG H. , JIN‐QUAN X. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTPit always changes its shape and size during corrosion fatigue. The actual morphology of pit is an outcome of the interaction between the variation in the elastic energy, surface energy and electrochemical energy stored in the cyclically stressed solid. In this paper, a two‐variable semi‐elliptical model is proposed to depict the pit's growing morphology. The critical condition for corrosion fatigue crack nucleation is deduced according to dislocation theory, and the influences of some important factors on critical pit size and crack nucleation life are discussed.
Thermoelastic crack analysis in functionally graded materials and structures by a BEM
Authors: EKHLAKOV A. , KHAY O. , ZHANG C. , SLADEK J. , SLADEK V. , GAO X. W. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, transient thermoelastic crack analysis in two‐dimensional, isotropic, continuously non‐homogeneous and linear elastic functionally graded materials subjected to a thermal shock is presented. The Laplace transform technique is used to eliminate the time dependence of the governing equations of the linear coupled thermoelasticity. Fundamental solutions for isotropic, homogeneous and linear elastic solids in the Laplace‐transformed domain are applied to derive boundary–domain integral equations for the mechanical and thermal fields. The radial integration method is employed to transform the domain integrals into the boundary integrals. A collocation‐based boundary element method is implemented for the spatial discretization of the boundary–domain integral equations. The time‐dependent numerical solutions are obtained by using Stehfest's inversion algorithm. Numerical results are presented and discussed to show the influences of the material gradation, the thermo‐mechanical coupling, the crack orientation and the thermal shock loading on the dynamic stress intensity factors.
Overload effects on fatigue crack‐tip fields under plane stress conditions: surface and bulk analysis
Authors: LOPEZ‐CRESPO P. , WITHERS P. J. , YUSOF F. , DAI H. , STEUWER A. , KELLEHER J. F. , BUSLAPS T. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe surface crack opening displacements are characterised by digital image correlation for a (thin) plane stress 316 stainless steel compact tension sample subjected to an overload event. This supports a traditional plasticity‐induced closure interpretation showing a knee in the closure response prior to overload, an absence of closure in the accelerated growth regime followed by accentuated closure in the retardation regime. By contrast, measurement of the mid‐thickness elastic strain field behind and ahead of the crack made by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction shows no evidence of significant crack face contact stresses behind the crack tip on approaching minimum loading. Rather the changes during loading and overloading can mostly be explained by a simple elastic plastic analysis using a value of the yield stress intermediate between the initial yield stress and the UTS. This shows very significant compressive reverse plastic strains ahead of the crack that start to form early during unloading. At the moment it is not clear whether this difference is because of the increasing stress intensity applied as the crack grows, or for some other reason, such as prevention of the crack faces closing mid‐thickness due to the reverse plastic zone.
A comparative numerical study of combined cold expansion and local torsion on fastener holes
Authors: SHAMDANI A. H , KHODDAM S 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTCold expansion and local torsion processes provide controllable strengthening mechanisms for a fastener hole and therefore have engineering significance. They rely on the residual stress and the accumulated shearing strain, respectively, which are difficult to measure. Due to the complex closed form solutions for these mechanisms, their numerical study is of great importance. In this work, a combination of the cold expansion and the local torsion on a fastener hole has been investigated numerically to evaluate the amount and nature of the total accumulated residual stresses around a fastener hole. Different cases of the cold expansion and the local torsion processes were modelled and studied by finite element simulation to investigate the existence of a loading case which produces a beneficial compressive residual stress field in the vicinity of a hole. Sensitivity of the final residual stress with respect to a range of process parameters including adequate diametral interference and angle of rotation was investigated.
A single climate driver has direct and indirect effects on insect population dynamics
Authors: Boggs Carol L. , Inouye David W. 
Published: March 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 502–508AbstractWeather drives population dynamics directly, through effects on vital rates, or indirectly, through effects on the population’s competitors, predators or prey and thence on vital rates. Indirect effects may include non‐additive interactions with density dependence. Detection of climate drivers is critical to predicting climate change effects, but identification of potential drivers may depend on knowing the underlying mechanisms. For the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, one climate driver, snow melt date, has multiple effects on population growth. Snow melt date in year t has density‐dependent indirect effects. Through frost effects, early snow melt decreases floral resources, thence per‐capita nectar availability, which determines fecundity in the lab. Snow melt date in year t + 1 has density‐independent direct effects. These effects explain 84% of the variation in population growth rate. One climate parameter thus has multiple effects on the dynamics of a species with non‐overlapping generations, with one effect not detectable without understanding the underlying mechanism.
A simple strategy for screening for glucose intolerance, using glycated haemoglobin, in individuals admitted with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Gholap N. , Davies M. J. , Mostafa S. A. , Squire I. , Khunti K. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 838–843 (2012)AbstractGlucose intolerance is common but often remains undiagnosed and untreated in people with acute coronary syndrome. The best approach to screening for glucose intolerance post‐acute coronary syndrome remains debated. The World Health Organization has recently advocated the use of HbA1c in diagnosing Type 2 diabetes. A screening strategy using HbA1c as the preferred test would be pragmatic and improve early detection and management of glucose intolerance in acute coronary care practice. In this commentary, we discuss the relevant literature and guidelines in this area and propose a simple and pragmatic algorithm based on the use of HbA1c to screen for glucose intolerance during and after admission with acute coronary syndrome.
Relative risk of acute pancreatitis in initiators of exenatide twice daily compared with other anti‐diabetic medication: a follow‐up study
Authors: Wenten M. , Gaebler J. A. , Hussein M. , Pelletier E. M. , Smith D. B. , Girase P. , Noel R. A. , Braun D. K. , Bloomgren G. L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAims  Previously, a retrospective cohort study found no increased risk of acute pancreatitis with current or recent use of exenatide twice daily compared with use of other anti‐diabetic drugs. This follow‐up study investigated incident acute pancreatitis, with the use of a different data source and analytic method, in patients exposed to exenatide twice daily compared with patients exposed to other anti‐diabetic medications.Methods  A large US health insurance claims database was used. Eligible patients had ≥ 9 months continuous enrollment without a claim for pancreatitis and a claim for a new anti‐diabetic medication on or after 1 June 2005 to 31 March 2009. Cases of acute pancreatitis were defined as hospitalized patients with an Internation Classification of Disease 9 code of 577.0 in the primary position. A discrete time survival model was used to evaluate the relationship between exenatide twice daily and acute pancreatitis.Results  Of 482 034 eligible patients, 24 237 initiated exenatide twice daily and 457 797 initiated another anti‐diabetic medication. Initiators of exenatide twice daily had more severe diabetes compared with initiators of other anti‐diabetic medications. After adjustments for propensity score, insulin and use of medication potentially associated with acute pancreatitis, the odds ratio with exenatide twice daily exposure was 0.95 (95% CI 0.65–1.38). A secondary analysis that examined current, recent and past medication exposure found no increased risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide twice daily, regardless of exposure category.Conclusion  This study indicates that exposure to exenatide twice daily was not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis compared with exposure to other anti‐diabetic medications. These results should be interpreted in light of potential residual confounding and unknown biases.
Lifestyle intervention for preventing weight gain in young adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of RCTs
Authors: Hebden L. , Chey T. , Allman‐Farinelli M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryYounger generations of Australians are gaining weight faster than their parents. Associated health consequences are likely to ensue unless weight gains are prevented; however, it is unclear how to effectively intervene in this population. Electronic databases for health sciences were searched from April to the end of August 2011. Nine studies were included in the review, eight in the meta‐analysis, from 771 abstracts reviewed for eligibility criteria: randomized controlled trials of lifestyle interventions, published in English (1980 onward), aimed at preventing weight gain among healthy subjects 18–35 years. Mean body weight change was the primary outcome. The combined weighted mean change in intervention participants was −0.87 kg (95% CI −1.56, −0.18) and in control participants 0.86 kg (95% CI 0.14, 1.57). Post hoc meta‐regression analyses revealed evidence‐based interventions of 4 months or longer duration were significantly associated with greater weight loss (−1.62 [95% CI −3.21, −0.04], P = 0.045). The small number, short duration and large heterogeneity of trials means the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention for preventing young adult weight gain remains unclear. Future trials conducted over longer periods with larger samples are urgently required to develop effective programmes that will protect against weight gains in future generations.
Against ‘DummyDo’: The ‘LowDoAUX’ Hypothesis1
Authors: González Escribano José Luis 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper challenges the prevailing view that ‘dummydo’ is an empty object inserted near Tense or added in Morphology/PF to make the ‘stranded’ tense pronounceable. It argues, instead, that it is the overt exponent of an existential quantifier required to bind the ‘e’ variable of events and a default auxiliary in a ‘low Aux’ position. ‘Low Aux’ is alternatively occupied bybePRED, a complementary quantifier over states. The fact that the ‘e/s’ variable of IP is unique forces the quantifier–variable relation to be local. As a consequence, other auxiliaries cannot intervene betweendoAUX/bePREDand the lowest IP and never follow either at PF.DoAUXis covert unless it can raise into Force, so is apparently never preceded by other auxiliaries. Main verbs cannot raise in English only because covertdoAUXblocks their ascent. In V‐raising languages, there is nodoAUX‐like auxiliary and V itself must raise into ‘low Aux’ and, if higher auxiliaries do not prevent it, further up. The present solution removes a flagrant semantics–syntax mismatch, explains the apparent incompatibility betweendoAUXand other auxiliaries, accounts for the Vin situconstraint of current English, and avoids many generally overlooked conceptual flaws of the ‘dummy do’ account.
Grammar Writing and Provincial Grammar Printing in the Eighteenth‐Century British Isles1
Authors: Yáñez‐Bouza Nuria 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper presents an account of the chronological and geographical distribution of grammars of the English language printed in the eighteenth century in the British Isles. The analysis, which views linguistic historiography in the light of the history of the book, is based on a new electronic database of eighteenth‐century grammars and grammar writers (ECEG). The focus of this study lies in the dissemination of printing in the provinces – by country, county and town/city. Printers and their networks with grammar writers are explored, as are printing activities involving grammars written for schools. Furthermore, the cross‐examination of the grammar writers’ place of birth and the grammars’ place of printing brings to light interesting patterns of geographical mobility, e.g. between Wales and the West Midlands. As grammars played a pivotal role in the codification of the English language, the findings of this paper offer new insights into market forces and the role of printers in the context of the eighteenth‐century normative grammatical tradition. This study thus takes a unique perspective which it is hoped will open the path for future interdisciplinary investigations into the production of books in general, and of English grammars in particular.
Morphological Causatives in Old English: the Quest for a Vanishing Formation1
Authors: García García Luisa 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA few present‐day English verb pairs, such as lie/lay or fall/fell, are remnants of a Germanic word‐formation type which was productive in the derivation of causative from primary verbs by means of the suffix *‐(i)ja‐. In Old English texts a substantial number of these verb pairs are attested, although often diachronic change has rendered them difficult to recognise. The aims of this paper are to make a new assessment of deverbal jan‐pairs in Old English with the help of an updated theoretical approach and newly available sources; to establish the semantic and syntactic relationship between the members of each pair; to reveal some tendencies in the evolution of these verbs from Germanic to Old English; and to connect these to wider issues of morpho‐syntactic change in English. The paper attempts a rigorous philological description sustained by relevant contemporary typological and linguistic findings.
Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Islam FM , Wu J , Jansson J , Wilson DP 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to estimate the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared with the HIV‐uninfected population.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies from the peer‐reviewed literature. We searched the Medline database for relevant journal articles published before August 2010. Eligible studies were observational and randomized controlled trials, reporting CVD, defined as myocardial infarction (MI), ischaemic heart disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events or coronary heart disease among HIV‐positive adults. Pooled relative risks were calculated for various groupings, including different classes of antiretroviral therapy (ART).ResultsThe relative risk of CVD was 1.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43–1.81] among PLHIV without ART compared with HIV‐uninfected people. The relative risk of CVD was 2.00 (95% CI 1.70–2.37) among PLHIV on ART compared with HIV‐uninfected people and 1.52 (95% CI 1.35–1.70) compared with treatment‐naïve PLHIV. We estimate the relative risk of CVD associated with protease inhibitor (PI)‐, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐ and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐based ART to be 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.17), 1.05 (95% CI 1.01–1.10) and 1.04 (95% CI 0.99–1.09) per year of exposure, respectively. Not all ART was associated with increased risk; specifically, lopinavir/ritonavir and abacavir were associated with the greater risk and the relative risk of MI for PI‐based versus non‐PI‐based ART was 1.41 (95% CI 1.20–1.65).ConclusionPLHIV are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although effective in prolonging survival, ART (in particular PI‐based regimens) is related to further increased risk of CVD events among people at highest initial absolute risk of cardiovascular disease.
Long‐term beneficial effect of protease inhibitors on the intrinsic apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Jung N , Lehmann C , Knispel M , Meuer EK , Fischer J , Fätkenheuer G , Hartmann P , Taubert D 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundViral suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART) inhibits HIV‐induced apoptosis and CD4 T‐cell loss. It has been suggested that protease inhibitors (PIs) have nonviral antiapoptotic effects by maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Long‐term clinical effects of PI‐based ART on mitochondrial toxicity and lymphocyte apoptosis beyond viral suppression have not been exploited to date.MethodsWe conducted a 7‐year study on HIV‐1‐infected patients from the Cologne HIV cohort with sufficient viral suppression under either a PI‐based or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based regimen. Eight patients on PI and eight on NNRTI were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The primary outcome measure was defined as a change in the mitochondrial‐to‐nuclear DNA ratio in PBMCs. Further key molecules involved in extrinsic [tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 8], intrinsic [B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax), caspase 9 and lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio] and overall apoptosis [Annexin+/7‐aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD)– and caspase 3/7] and viral activity [negative regulatory factor (Nef), interferon‐α (IFN‐α) and myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)] were measured.ResultsDemographic and baseline clinical parameters were similar in the two groups, except that patients in the PI group had a higher mean age. After 7 years of treatment, CD4 T‐cell count increased and the expression of genes encoding the proapoptotic viral protein Nef and HIV‐induced cytokine IFN‐α and its downstream effector MxA decreased in both groups. Focusing on the different pathways of apoptosis, only in the PI group intrinsic apoptosis decreased significant and in the inter‐group comparison the decrease was significantly higher than in the NNRTI group.ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that long‐term therapy with a PI‐based regimen may be superior to that with a NNRTI‐based regimen with regard to its intrinsic antiapoptotic effect.