bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A valuable adjunct to FNA diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: In‐house PCR assay for BRAF T1799A (V600E)
Authors: Kucukodaci Zafer , Akar Eylem , Haholu Aptullah , Baloglu Huseyin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe diagnostic approach to thyroid nodules generally starts with FNA cytology. However, approximately one‐fifth of cytologic evaluations yield indeterminate cytological findings but only 20% of cases with indeterminate thyroid nodule cytology have a cancer diagnosis, emphasizing the need for an effective ancillary test based on FNA material to help prevent unnecessary surgery. Detection of BRAFV600E mutation, the genetic signature of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in FNA material provides an invaluable diagnostic adjunct to overcome the limitations of FNA cytology. There are many ways to detect V600E, such as direct DNA sequencing, allele‐specific PCR and hybridization‐based colorimetric methods. In this study, a newer simple PCR method is presented that removes requirements for sequencing special equipment and commercial kits. Two forward primers including the mutant sequence specific (F2), and one common reverse (R) primer were optimized to generate a 241 bp fragment (F1R), an internal PCR control, and a 141 bp fragment (F2R) denoting the presence of V600E. Sensitivity studies revealed that the assay is capable of detecting V600E even in 1 ng of DNA. Direct sequencing data of 241 bp F1R fragment proved the specificity of the assay. For validation studies of the sequence specific multiplex PCR assay, archival FNA slides were used in a group of thyroid lesions including PTC, follicular carcinoma, follicular adenoma, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and benign thyroid nodules. The newer PCR‐based method presented in this study is a practical, inexpensive one‐step assay to detect the BRAF T1796A mutation on FNA samples. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:424–427. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary peripheral pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma: Report of a case diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Chon Soon‐Ho , Park Yong Wook , Oh Young‐Ha , Shinn Sung Ho 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising from anatomic sites other than the salivary gland is rare and those occurring in the lung are extremely rare. When arising from the lung, the tumor generally arises from extrapulmonary bronchi, originating from bronchial glands. Primary ACC of the lung located peripherally within lung parenchyme is an even rarer event. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of primary peripheral pulmonary ACC preoperatively diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We report a case of primary peripheral ACC of the anterior segment of the right upper lobe in a 46‐year‐old woman diagnosed by FNAC and a brief review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:283–287. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Cytopathologic features of secondary peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Fujita Shuichi , Anami Masanobu , Satoh Noriko , Yamashita Hiromi , Asahina Izumi , Ikeda Tohru , Hayashi Tomayoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeripheral ameloblastic carcinoma is an extremely rare odontogenic tumor derived from the remnants of dental lamina and/or mucosal epithelium of the oral mucosa. We present a case of secondary peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma of the mandibular gingiva. The patient was a 71‐year‐old man with gingival swelling and persistent bleeding. Exfoliative cytology revealed cohesive clusters composed of basaloid cells with nuclear atypia and various forms of keratinized cells of dysplastic squamous appearance. Some cell groups had a peripheral palisade. Histology of the biopsy and surgically removed specimens revealed characteristic features resembling squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and benign follicles of ameloblastoma. These neoplastic structures, as well as proliferation and elongation of the mucosal epithelium, comprised an extensive network. The varied cytopathologic findings may be related to proliferation and transformation of basal cells of the mucosal epithelium toward ameloblastic carcinoma and variable squamous differentiation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:354–358. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidized high‐density lipoprotein enhances inflammatory activity in rat mesangial cells
Authors: Zhang Miao , Gao Xiang , Wu Jianxiang , Liu Dongmei , Cai Houan , Fu Lili , Mei Changlin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAimsInflammation is a mechanism of glomerular damage in chronic glomerulopathies, in which dyslipidaemia plays an important role. Unlike native high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), oxidized HDL is thought to be an adverse factor in chronic ischaemic disease and may increase the production of inflammatory cytokines in atheromatous plaques and plasma, but the effect of oxidized HDL on mesangial cells remains unclear.MethodsIntracellular reactive oxygen species level was measured. The inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of oxidized HDL were detected in rat mesangial cells by measuring levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α, regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, CXC chemokine ligand‐1 and early apoptosis. The expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38/MAPK, extracellular‐regulated kinase/MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/MAPK), nuclear factor‐κB activity and lipoprotein scavenger receptors (CD36, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 and scavenger receptor BI) were also detected.ResultsOxidized HDL enhanced reactive oxygen species production and upregulated expression of proinflammatory factors, including tumour necrosis factor‐α, regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and CXC chemokine ligand‐1 by rat mesangial cells dose in a dependent fashion. Incubation with oxidized HDL also increased rat mesangial cells apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These effects partly depended on scavenger receptors CD36 and low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1, but not scavenger receptor BI. In addition, co‐culture with oxidized HDL activated P38/MAPK, extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB).ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that oxidized HDL enhanced proinflammatory properties in mesangial cells partly via CD36 and low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1. MAPK and nuclear factor‐κB pathways were involved in the process. The ability of oxidized HDL to negatively influence mesangial cell biology may represent an important mechanism of chronic kidney disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of mice with a conditional null allele for Wntless
Authors: Carpenter April C. , Rao Sujata , Wells James M. , Campbell Kenneth , Lang Richard A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Wnt‐signaling pathway is necessary in a variety of developmental processes and has been implicated in numerous pathologies. Wntless (Wls) binds to Wnt proteins and facilitates Wnt sorting and secretion. Conventional deletion of Wls results in early fetal lethality due to defects in body axis establishment. To gain insight into the function of Wls in later stages of development, we have generated a conditional null allele. Homozygous germline deletion of Wls confirmed prenatal lethality and failure of embryonic axis formation. Deletion of Wls using Wnt1‐cre phenocopied Wnt1 null abnormalities in the midbrain and hindbrain. In addition, conditional deletion of Wls in pancreatic precursor cells resulted in pancreatic hypoplasia similar to that previously observed after conditional β‐catenin deletion. This Wls conditional null allele will be valuable in detecting novel Wnt functions in development and disease. genesis 48:554–558, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field science, the environment and non‐governmental organisations
Authors: Walker Brian W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this wide ranging article, Brian Walker examines the role of the field scientist from a number of different perspectives and within the framework of the non‐governmental organisation. He suggests that both the field scientist and the NGO are important catalysts for change, arguing that independence from government is a vital characteristic of the NGO if their operations are to remain at their most effective.If we are to tackle effectively those questions which now sit at the top of the political and economic agenda ‐ soil erosion, global warming, ozone depletion, the degradation of the oceans, the loss of tropical forests and biodiversity generally ‐ then we must turn, and can only turn, to the cinderellas of science, the field scientists.Remote sensing satellite technology needs to be rigorously balanced by verification on the ground ‐ what the Americans call “ground truthing”. This requires field scientists and their supporting staff to labour on the ground within the discipline of their own skills, but more importantly as members of interdisciplinary teams, so as to correct misinformation from satellite photography and, indeed, to push knowledge beyond the reach of remote sensing imagery.This year 3,500 people will support the 133 Principal Investigators who will lead the Earthwatch science research teams across some 45 countries. The volunteer's cash contribution is calculated so that in the aggregate for that project the field scientist receives one hundred percent of his/her budget as well as a one hundred percent labour force.
Environmental policy in a rural area
Authors: Bailey Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnvironmental problems face all Local Authorities, however in this sphere environmental degradation is normally associated with urban areas. Rural areas are often perceived as safe and clean, green and pleasant places to live and work. However, protecting a relatively unspoilt environment is as important as improving a degraded one, while every locality contributes to environmental issues with a wider horizon. It is within this context that Peter Bailey sets out the stages of environmental policy formulation in a rural area.
Developments in environmental policy at the european level ‐ a government view
Authors: Trippier David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a speech offered at the First Annual European Environment Conference, David Trippier, the UK Minister for Environment and Countryside sets out the UK Government's view of environmental policy developments at the European level. He charts the evolving relationship between national and Community objectives, the extending array and influence of EC environmental policies, and the environmental challenge facing Central and Eastern Europe.
National environmental policies and the european community: The case of italy
Authors: Iiberatore Angela 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder the principle of subsidiarity, the agreed objectives of EC environmental policy are implemented at the national level. As the realm of EC environmental policy extends and efforts are made to improve its implementation, Angela Liberatore discusses the development of environmental policy in Italy, the effect of advances in EC environmental policy, and the relationship between local, national and EC tiers of administration.
Setting priorities for action in environmental audits
Authors: Papps Ivy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe environmental audit is becoming an established management tool for use within an environmental management system. Following on from Steve Cook's article on the theory and practice of environmental auditing in Volume 1 Part 1 of European Environment. Ivy Papps develops a formal framework for prioritising action after the environmental audit through an assessment of the benefits, costs and risks of environmental management.
Environmental poucy in Denmark: Strategies for the 1990's
Authors: Clement Keith 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnvironmental policy has a long tradition of international cooperation, although while some countries encourage progressive environmental policies and others do not, the fear of international environmental policies falling to the lowest common denominator is a reality. Keith Clement discusses the efforts of Denmark to further the progression of European environmental policy, and finds that the environment, as with the economy, is an issue high on the public and political agenda.
EC civil liability proposals and the environmental responsiveness of industry
Authors: Simmons Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe EC is considering a proposal to adopt a policy of strict liability for damage to the environment. Such a policy would open the way for the costs of environmental damage being passed back to the party that causes the impact regardless of fault. Peter Simmons discusses the influence that the EC proposals could have on European industry, notably in relation to the spread of risk management techniques and the adoption of the precautionary principle.
Climate change and the insurance industry
Authors: Leggett Jeremy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile the debate continues regarding the effects of global warming, consensus has been reached that the causes of climate change are in place. As policy makers talk about possible responses, the insurance industry has been hit by a succession of significant catastrophes from storms and floods. Jeremy Leggett outlines current thought on global warming, and suggests that the insurance industry could create a framework to limit both global warming and the losses that it faces as a result of climate change.
Promoting sustainable development: Environmental incentives in Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Clement Keith 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough command and control environmental regulation continues to form the foundation of environmental policy, the status of market‐based mechanisms in promoting sustainable development is growing. Keith Clement reviews the growth of economic instruments in environmental policy throughout the EC, and focuses on the schemes applied in Denmark and the Netherlands, two of the leading advocates of economic instruments in environmental policy.
Plastics in municipal solid waste: The Italian system of recycling
Authors: Giordano Nicolò 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe issue of waste management and the recovery of packaging wastes from the waste stream is currently high on the policy agenda for the EC and for many of the governments of the member states. Nicoloò Giordano outlines Italian policy and experience in the collection, separation and recycling of packaging waste, focusing particularly on the industrial initiatives established to encourage the recycling of plastics.
Critical loads, the new sulphur protocol, and european energy policy
Authors: Sweet Jim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite the critical role that the acidification protocols have played in the development of international environmental agreements, they have recently been overshadowed by the desire to reach agreement on climate change emissions. Nevertheless, as Jim Sweet discusses, a Second Sulphur Protocol is currently under negotiation and will be agreed on the basis of critical deposition loads for European habitats.
Towards the low‐output economy: The future that the delors white paper tries not to face
Authors: Fleming David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractContrary to its intention, the European Commission's White Paper Growth, Competitiveness and Employment opens up a new debate on the possibility that Europe may have to learn to live with even higher and sustained levels of unemployment. It proposes a strategy for halving unemployment by creating 15 million new jobs by the year 2000, but the measures it suggests, particularly in the area of demand stimulation, are quite speculative and the plan may not succeed. One, but only one, of the potential constraints on growth could be the need to protect the environment, as the rise in output outstrips advances in eco‐efficiency. The precautionary principle would therefore suggest that Europe should make contingency plans for policy in the event of a continued rise in unemployment. These plans should be brought together in a new policy framework: the Low Output Economy. Two central principles of the Low Output Economy are discussed, which could be the starting point for a model of sustainable development without growth.
Addressing mobile sources of air pollution in Poland: Emerging trends and policy options
Authors: Anderson Glen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the brief transition to a market economy, Poland has experienced rapid growth in the number of private automobiles that has contributed to increasing mobile source emissions and urban congestion. Current projections indicate that the number of vehicles per capita will be comparable to many countries in Western Europe by 2010. Poland has recently adopted a number of measures to address simultaneously mobile source pollution and harmonise with the environmental directives of the European Union. Key measures adopted to date include reductions in the lead content of leaded fuels, incentives for greater use of unleaded fuel, reductions in sulphur content of fuels and requirements for catalytic converters to begin in 1995. Additional measures such as higher fuel and vehicle taxes and policies to limit vehicle access in city centres will be needed in the next decade.
Environmental tax reform: The Swedish experience
Authors: Sterner Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the 1980s the Swedish tax system was in severe trouble. With large segments of the population paying 80% marginal tax rates it became a priority issue for government to reduce tax levels on income but without incurring too large a budget deficit. In this context and as part of a general tax reform (the main focus of which was to reduce marginal taxes and broaden the tax base) environmental taxes had a special chance of gaining acceptance and taxes on energy and transport were increased heavily around 1991. The following year industry succeeded in repealing a number of the increased taxes on energy. This reform was however, financed by further increasing the energy taxes for the household and transport sectors. This increase was designed so as to safeguard the competitivity of Swedish industry without reducing energy tax revenues.Generally it appears that the energy tax and the carbon tax are successful as revenue raisers while their environmental effect will only be seen in the long run (and furthermore only if other countries follow suit since the environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect are truly global in character). On the other hand such taxes as on sulphur and the tax differentiation on leaded fuel, as well as the tax differentiation between different qualities of diesel and fuel oil, have been very successful in an environmental sense, but have ‐ for the same reason ‐ not given any substantial revenue contributions. The differentiation between industrial and other consumers has had at least one unfortunate side‐effect: that of creating a considerable disparity between industrial and other consumers' prices for some energy carriers. This type of price wedge always creates undesirable incentives for tax evasion.
Non‐Oxido Mixed‐Valence MnII6MnIII4 Cluster with Benzoate, Triethanolamine and Phosphonate Bridging Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2010)
Authors: Dendrinou‐Samara Catherine , Muryn Christopher A. , Tuna Floriana , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cover picture shows a mixed‐valence {Mn10} cage, which can be regarded as an analogue of 24‐metallacrown‐10. The cage is a host for three potassium ions and crystallises as a cation; benzoate anions link the cages into a 1D polymer within the crystal. Details are discussed in the article by C. Dendrinou‐Samara, R. E. P. Winpenny et al. on p. 3097 ff. The authors thank Mrs. A. Samara for the artwork of the cover picture.
Thione Esters as Substrates for the Stereoselective Alkylation of Model Compounds of Nonactic Acids
Authors: Loiseau François , Kholod Inga , Neier Reinhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe naturally occurring macrotetrolide antibiotic nonactin is used in ammonium ion selective electrodes. To increase the lifetime of nonactin in the semipermeable membrane of these sensors we have developed methods for the introduction of hydrophobic side‐chains. Simple model compounds for nonactic acid such as 5 and 7 were synthesised. Maintaining the cis arrangement of the substituents in the 2,5‐disubstituted tetrahydrofurans proved to be difficult. Three different routes were studied. The enolates obtained by treatment with NaHMDS or KHMDS could be alkylated with benzyl or allyl iodide as electrophiles. Under these conditions a cis/trans isomerisation of the substituents on the tetrahydrofuran ring occurred. A multistep methodology was developed as a synthetic alternative. The sequence consisted of a selective retro‐Michael reaction, a 5‐exo‐tet iodocyclisation and a radical substitution. The products obtained by the two methodologies could be correlated, and thereby a tentative assignment of the relative configurations could be achieved. In the third route the thione ester 18 was deprotonated with tBuOK. At temperatures below –78 °C, the enolate maintained the cis configuration of the substituents at the tetrahydrofuran ring. The alkylated product 12 could be isolated with a satisfactory cis/trans ratio of 85:15. The model compound 12 could be successfully transformed into more hydrophobic derivatives by using either the Heck coupling or the cross‐coupling metathesis transformation.
Application of Primary Allylamines from Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts: Cyanogen Azide Mediated Synthesis of Substituted 5‐Aminotetrazoles and Their Attempted Transformation into Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidinones
Authors: Nag Somnath , Bhowmik Subhendu , Gauniyal Harsh M. , Batra Sanjay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA general protocol for the synthesis of substituted 5‐aminotetrazoles by treating cyanogen azide with primary allylamines afforded either by SN2 or SN2′ reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetates of acrylate has been developed. The base‐promoted intramolecular cyclizations of these tetrazoles afford highly substituted 2‐azidopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones instead of the expected tetrazolopyrimidinone due to azide–tetrazole tautomerism. Nevertheless it has been discovered that substituted tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐ones could be isolated in pure form from a methanolic solution of the respective 2‐azidopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones through crystallization. The structure of tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐one was unambiguously assigned by X‐ray crystallography. The existence of azide–tetrazole tautomerism in this class of compounds has been supported through NMR spectroscopic studies.
Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkynes with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Lin Che‐Hung , Wang Yu‐Jen , Lee Chin‐Fa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of alkynes with aryl iodides is described. The system tolerates a broad range of functional groups and enables the use of sterically demanding substrates with only 1.0–2.5 mol‐% of Cu2O and 1.0–2.5 mol‐% of xantphos as the catalyst.
When compensation guides inferences: Indirect and implicit measures of the compensation effect
Authors: Kervyn Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Judd Charles M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch has found the dimensions of warmth and competence to be subject to a negative relation when two targets are compared, a phenomenon which has been called the compensation effect. However, all the available empirical evidence rests on direct traits ratings. The aim of the present work is to test whether compensation is merely a response strategy or whether it has larger implications. In two experiments, we show that the compensation effect is also obtained on indirect measures that rely on attribution theory (Experiment 1) and on implicit measures derived from the Linguistic Category Model (Experiment 2). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of the compensation effect and its consequences on the interpretation of newly acquired information about social targets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.