bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder and Migraine: Epidemiology, Sex Differences, and Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Peterlin B. Lee , Nijjar Satnam S. , Tietjen Gretchen E. 
Published: May 2011

(Headache 2011;51:860‐868)Migraine is a common, often disabling disorder associated with a significant personal and societal burden. The presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase this disability substantially. Migraine and PTSD are both up to 3 times more common in women than in men. The divergence in prevalence rates of migraine and PTSD that occurs between the sexes after puberty suggests that gonadal hormones play an important role. In addition, the preponderance of PTSD in women may be related to their higher rates of interpersonal trauma, the most common cause of PTSD. However, recent data suggest that although the odds of PTSD are increased in both women and men with episodic migraine, this association is stronger in men than women. In this paper, we examine the epidemiology of PTSD and migraine, with an emphasis on the known sex differences. We then discuss the neurobiological changes associated with PTSD, the current hypotheses for the mechanisms relating PTSD and migraine, and the treatment implications of these findings.
Condylar Paths during Protrusion in Edentulous Patients: Analysis with Electronic Axiography
Authors: Hüe Olivier 
Published: May 2011

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the condylar form, incline, and movement characteristics during protrusive movement in fully edentulous complete denture wearers. The study went on to analyze the occlusal consequences on the setup of artificial posterior teeth and the occlusal grinding phase. Materials and Methods: The study included 60 complete denture wearers (aged 58 to 74 years), who received a new set of complete dentures for this study. The patients did not present signs of muscular or articular pain. Protrusive movements were recorded by a SAM® electronic axiography system. Results: Condylar paths exhibited fairly specific characteristics in the completely edentulous patients, particularly path forms, which had highly specific patterns. Three condylar path forms were determined: the classic form following a convex curve (41% of cases), a sinusoidal form that flattened out in the first 2 mm before following a convex curve (51%), and a rectilinear path (9%). The mean condylar angles also exhibited specific patterns. The mean started in the first millimeter of protrusive movement, at 32.2°± 14.9°, and then increased in the second millimeter to 40.4°± 11.9°, reaching 44.5°± 9° at 5 mm. Conclusion: During protrusive movement in completely edentulous patients, the condylar path patterns were different than conventionally described patterns. In particular, the sinusoidal form was frequently found, and the incline of the condylar slope was low. These factors need to be taken into account during the final occlusal selective grinding for new sets of complete dentures.
A New Technique for Nasal Stent Fabrication for Atrophic Rhinitis: A Clinical Report
Authors: Sajjad Arbaz 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAtrophic rhinitis is a chronic nasal disease characterized by progressive atrophy of the nasal mucosa accompanied by the formation of foul‐smelling thick, dry crusts in the nasal cavities. Mild conditions of atrophic rhinitis can be treated by nasal irrigations and prescription of intravenous or topical aminoglycosides. In severe conditions, surgery can close the airways. The problem can also be managed by prosthodontic measures which include the fabrication of a poly methyl methacrylate acrylic resin nasal stents. This article describes a new procedure for fabricating a clear acrylic nasal stent with an alternative laboratory technique using small cylinders of soft putty as spacers for maintaining a 3‐mm restricted nasal airway during processing.
Risk management in optimal foragers: the effect of sightlines and predator type on patch use, time allocation, and vigilance in gerbils
Authors: Embar Keren , Kotler Burt P. , Mukherjee Shomen 
Published: May 2011

In the foraging game between gerbils and their predators, gerbils manage risk of predation using the tools of time allocation (where, when and for how long to forage) and vigilance. The optimal level of a forager's vigilance should be affected by its encounter rate with predators and the effectiveness of its vigilance in reducing mortality risk. The physical structure of the environment can alter the effectiveness of its vigilance and therefore alter its foraging behaviour. We tested this for gerbils at risk of predation from barn owls or foxes in a large vivarium. In particular, we reduced the effectiveness of vigilance by placing obstructions around feeding trays that blocked sight lines along either the vertical (vigilance directed against owls) or horizontal axis (vigilance directed against foxes), thereby changing the physical structure of the environment. In addition, we manipulated the presence of foxes and owls. In general, gerbils harvested fewer seeds, allocated less time to foraging in dangerous patches, and used more vigilance while foraging where and when risks were higher (i.e. in the presence of predators and in bright moonlight). Vertical and horizontal sightline treatments interacted synergistically to further raise perceived risk.These results imply that blocking sight lines reduces the effectiveness of vigilance, causing gerbils to use it less. Moreover, in the presence of a predator, the gerbils’ response to the blocked sightlines was more severe – harvesting less food and spending less time and vigilance – in the patches with the increased risk. This was especially so in the presence of the predator that was expected to most benefit from blocking that particular type of sight line: cover that blocked vertical sight lines was riskiest in the presence of owls, and cover that blocked horizontal sight lines was riskiest in the presence of foxes. These results strongly indicate the importance of sightlines and landscape features such as bushes in the risk management and forging decisions of gerbils, demonstrating that bush cover provides mixed blessing to gerbils by providing cover, but making vigilance ineffective.
The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): Erectile Dysfunction Among Arabic-Speaking Internet Users in the Middle East
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Shaeer Kamal 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Epidemiologic studies exploring sexuality across different cultures and geographic regions are scanty, particularly from the Middle East. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS) is an Internet-based survey investigating male and female sexual function. GOSS-Arabic-Males is the Arabic version targeting males in the Middle East, exploring prevalence rate of and factors affecting erectile dysfunction and its therapeutic trends, as well as premature ejaculation, attitudes toward genital size, and contraception.

Aim
To explore epidemiologic aspects of male sexuality through an online survey.

Main Outcome Measures
Prevalence rate of erectile dysfunction, its relationship to risk factors, and therapeutic trends.

Methods
The online survey was randomly offered to Web surfers in the Middle East.

Results
Eight hundred four subjects completed the survey. The overall prevalence of ED was 45.1%, strongly correlating with various risk factors studied, including age, diabetes, hypertension under treatment, depression, concerns over genital size, interpersonal distress, premature ejaculation, low libido, and subjective reports of penile deviation. Adjusted to the World Standard Population, the prevalence rate for ED was 47%. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors gave a poor response among those with low libido and interpersonal distress, emphasizing the need for proper diagnosis and psychological counseling parallel to medical treatment. Furthermore, PDE inhibitors were stigmatized with unrealistic concerns that decreased their utility to a great extent.

Conclusion
In the study population of Arab-speaking Internet users, prevalence of erectile dysfunction and effect of risk factors have proven similar to reports from different parts of the world, though not unanimously. Premature ejaculation, low desire, concerns over penile size, and penile curvature are factors to be considered in the evaluation of ED patients. PDE inhibitors are stigmatized with false beliefs that should be addressed through mass media and counseling if this population is to take full benefit from this therapeutic option.
Large-scale outflows in galaxies
Authors: King A. R. , Zubovas K. , Power C. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We discuss massive outflows in galaxy bulges, particularly the ones driven by accretion episodes where the central supermassive black hole reaches the Eddington limit. We show that the quasar radiation field Compton-cools the wind shock until this reaches distances ∼1 kpc from the black hole, but becomes too dilute to do this at larger radii. Radiative processes cannot cool the shocked gas within the flow time at any radius. Outflows are therefore momentum driven at small radii (as required to explain the M—σ relation). At large radii, they are energy driven, contrary to recent claims.
We solve analytically the motion of an energy-driven shell after the central source has turned off. This shows that the thermal energy in the shocked wind can drive further expansion for a time ∼10 times longer than the active time of the central source. Outflows observed at large radii with no active central source probably result from an earlier short (few Myr) active phase of this source.
Transfusion transmission of hepatitis B virus: still learning more about it
Authors: Candotti D. , El Chaar M. , Allain J.‐P. 
Published: May 2011

Background  Despite continuous technical improvement in blood donation testing, hepatitis B infection remains a major risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infection. The residual risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission is related to the pre‐seroconversion window period (WP), infection with immunovariant viruses, and with occult carriage of HBV infection (OBI).Results and discussion  Reduction of HBV residual risk is achieved by developing more sensitive HBsAg test, by adopting anti‐HBc screening when appropriate, and recently by implementing HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT), either in minipools or more efficiently in individual donations. Compared with serological testing, HBV NAT combines the ability to significantly reduce the window period and to detect OBIs. Clinical observations suggest lower transmission rate of occult HBV than WP. Lower transmission rate might be related to the low viral load generally observed in OBI donors or to the presence of defective variants associated with occult carriage. In addition, there is evidence that OBI‐infected donors carrying neutralizing anti‐HBs (∼50%) are unlikely to be infectious, while those with anti‐HBc only may be more infectious especially in immunocompromised recipients. Immunodeficient elderly and patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments (organ transplantation or cancer chemotherapy) may be susceptible to infection with lower infectious dose even in the presence of anti‐HBs. There is no evidence that blood from anti‐HBc only positive/HBV DNA‐negative donors is infectious. Present evidence suggests that the association of HBsAg and sensitive NAT screening adequately covers risks of HBV transfusion–transmission, allowing to dispense or discontinue anti‐HBc screening, avoiding discarding non‐infectious and precious blood units, particularly in high prevalence areas. Identification of ‘post‐transfusion’ HBV infection relies essentially on clinical evidence of acute infection or on look‐back exercises following the identification of HBV DNA‐positive donations. To protect from HBV infection the increasing number of immunodeficient recipients, maximum sensitivity of HBV NAT is required. As these recipients are also at risk of viral reactivation when previously exposed, anti‐HBc testing and storage of a pre‐transfusion sample when anti‐HBc‐positive would prevent the difficulties of differentiating between transfusion–transmission and reactivation.
Comparison of three preoperative skin preparation techniques in ponies
Authors: Wilson D. G. , Hartmann F. , Carter V. R. , Klohnen A. , MacWilliams P. S. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 preoperative skin preparations (povidone‐iodine [PI] removed with 70% isopropanol, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] removed with either 70% isopropanol [CA] or sterile saline solution [CS]) in ponies. Eighteen ponies were randomly assigned to one of the 3 preoperative skin preparation groups. The skin of ponies was aseptically prepared with PI removed with alcohol, or 4% CG removed with either alcohol or sterile saline solution. The antimicrobial efficacy of each skin preparation technique was assessed quantitatively by culturing for surface bacteria with replicating organism detection and counting plates. The percentage of negative cultures, the percentage of cultures with >5 colony forming units (CFU) and the percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, the sterile scrub, and the surgical procedures were compared. There was a significant difference between CG and PI in percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, but no significant difference at any other time (sterile scrub, post operative skin sampling). In a comparison of the number of negative microbial cultures at each sampling point, there were no significant differences among the 3 skin preparation techniques. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups comparing the number of cultures with a high colony count (>5 CFU) after the cleansing scrub. Skin preparation with CS and PI resulted in significantly fewer cultures with >5 CFU after the sterile scrub than CA. Post operatively, CA had a higher number of samples with >5 CFU than CS and PI. PI removed with alcohol and 4% CS are equally effective in the reduction of skin bacteria after a sterile skin scrub in the operating room; however, CG was more effective in reducing bacterial numbers after the cleansing scrub. The number of cultures with high bacterial counts was greater post operatively, when alcohol was used as a rinse with chlorhexidine. In cases where a sterile scrub is not performed following a cleansing scrub, CG may be a better choice than PI. CA should not be used as a presurgical skin preparation method in ponies.
EXAMINATION AND INTELLIGENCE‐TEST FORECASTS OF SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: AMOS A. DONALD 
Published: May 2011

RésuméL'EXAMEN ET L'ÉPREUVE D'INTELLIGENCE COMME BASE DE LA PRÉDICTION DES APTITUDES SCOLAIRES.La position relative des enfants, admis aux écoles secondaires, pendant différentes années de leur vie scolaire est comparée avéc des prédictions basées sur (1) les résultats de l'examen d'admission en arithmétique et en anglais, (2) les résultats des épreuves d'intelligence par groupes, (3) une combinaison de (1) et (2). Il en ressort que (3) donne la prédiction la plus juste, tandis que (2) est légèrement supérieur à (1).L'examen et les épreuves cependant, mesurent des groupes fort divers des capacités essentielles au succès à l'école. La conclusion générale en est que les épreuves sont très utiles dans les examens d'admission mais qu'elles ne peuvent remplacer l'examen ordinaire.On considère la possibilité d'une variation dans les influences qui contribuent au succès dans les différentes années de la vie scolaire.ÜbersichtPRÜFUNGEN UND PROBEN DES VERSTANDES ALS VORAUSSAGEN VON ERFOLG IN DER SCHULE.Die relativen Stellungen, in verschiedenen Jahren des Schullebens, von Kindern, die auf höhere Schulen gegangen sind, werden mit den Voraussagen verglichen, die (1) aus der Zulassungsprüfung im Rechnen und in der englischen Sprache, (2) aus Proben des Verstandes für Gruppen und (3) aus einer Vereinigung von (1) und (2) zusammengestellt wurden. Man hat entdeckt, dass (3) die zuverlässigste Voraussage bietet, während (2) (1) etwas überlegen ist.Prüfungen und Proben aber messen verschiedene Gruppen der Fähigkeiten, die dem Erfolg in der Schule unentbehrlich sind. Im grossen ganzen schliesst man daraus, dass Proben des Verstandes in Zulassungsprüfungen sehr wertvoll sind, aber sie können die gewöhnliche Art des Examens nicht verdrängen.Die Moglichkeit von Veränderung der Faktoren des Erfolges in verschiedenen Jahren der Schulzeit wird angedeutet.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MINNESOTA TEACHER ATTITUDE INVENTORY
Authors: EVANS K. M. 
Published: May 2011

Summary.

109 students in a university training department were given four tests at the beginning of their year of post‐graduate teacher‐training. The tests were:

Moray House Adult Intelligence Test.
Raven's Progressive Matrices (1937).
Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory.
‘Teachers and Teaching’ a test of attitude towards teaching as a career.

The results of these tests were correlated with the marks awarded to the students in Practical Teaching and in Theory of Education at the end of the year.

None of the tests gave significant correlations with the Practical Teaching marks, but all except the last gave correlations significant at the 5 per cent, level with Theory of Education marks. A combination of the results of two or three of these tests gave a slightly higher correlation with Theory of Education marks than any one of them taken alone.
The results of the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory did not correspond either to American or Canadian norms. Scores on the Inventory were significantly correlated with the results of the Progressive Matrices Test, but not with the Moray House Test.
The result of an experiment with a small group of students suggests that scores on the Inventory can be raised considerably by faking opinions where subjects wish to do this.
PRODUCT AND PROCESS IN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN DIFFERENT CULTURES
Authors: PHILP HUGH , KELLY M. 
Published: May 2011

Summary. In the search for factors affecting the ‘educability’ of children, tasks derived from the theoretical positions of Piaget and Bruner were administered to children of primary school age in three cultures. The sample, of total size 1,536, was drawn from New South Wales, Australia, Papua, New Guinea and children of non‐English speaking migrants in Sydney, Australia.Instruments were designed or adapted to minimise difficulties of cross‐cultural application. The tasks were divided into two groups—‘product’ (getting it right) and ‘process’ (how it was done). Behaviours, representative of development according to the theories of both Piaget and Bruner, were found in all three cultures. The order of difficulty of the product tasks, with some minor exceptions, was the same for all three, whether the children had been to school or not. The Bruner process tasks presented a different picture. There were material differences from culture to culture in the order of appearance of various identifiable processes. As difficulty of task increased, the process commonly used by the children of each culture changed. With the most difficult tasks the children from all cultures tended to use the same process. Some implications of the findings are discussed.
A TRANSMISSION‐INTERPRETATION SCALE
Authors: GARDNER P. L. , TAYLOR S. M. 
Published: May 2011

Summary. Barnes and Shemilt (1974) have conceptualised transmission‐interpretation (T‐I) as an important dimension of teachers' verbal behaviour. Transmissive teachers are held to differ from interpretative ones in their beliefs about the nature of knowledge, in their expectations of student performance and in their perceptions of their tasks as teachers. These differences in beliefs, expectations and perceptions might be expected to surface as observable differences in the way teachers use language in the classroom.The present paper describes an attempt to measure teacher T‐I by means of a 40‐item Likert scale completed by students. After correction for attenuation, the T‐I scale correlated 0–83 with the Student Perception of Teacher Style scale (Tuckman, 1970) which measures teacher directiveness. A shortened (20‐item) version of the T‐I scale yielded an estimated coefficient alpha of 0–93, suggesting that the construct can be measured with a high degree of internal consistency.
THE USE OF OPERANT TECHNIQUES TO RAISE SELF‐ESTEEM IN MALADJUSTED CHILDREN
Authors: GURNEY PETER W. 
Published: May 2011

Summary. This investigation was concerned to raise the level of self‐esteem in maladjusted children by the use of behaviour modification techniques. A small sample (N = 14) of maladjusted boys aged between 10 and 12 years was randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and experienced individual extraction procedures and rewards. Only the experimental group experienced procedures, including modelling, instruction and contingent reward, designed to enhance behavioural self‐esteem as reflected in positive self‐referent verbal statements (PSRVS) and in overt behaviours related to self‐esteem (Behaviour Rating Form—BRF). Data collected during the treatment phase showed a substantial and highly significant increase in PSRVS in the experimental group.Post‐test analysis showed a significant difference in overt self‐esteem (BRF) between the two groups but failed to detect significant differences in other dependent variables, including self‐report of global and specific self‐esteem. The discussion examines the substantial gain made by both groups in global self‐esteem, together with the implications for work with maladjusted children of individual extraction time and consistent recording of positive experiences.
THE INFLUENCE OF VERBAL ABILITY AND METAMEMORY ON FUTURE RECALL
Authors: SWANSON H. LEE 
Published: May 2011

Summary.This study determines whether items from a metamemorial questionnaire would better predict recall performance than standardised measures of general verbal ability. Thirty‐two children, separated into high and average verbal ability groups, were administered a metamemory test and, one week later, two prose and free‐recall tasks. The results indicated that ability group differences were limited to certain dependent measures (i.e., mental effort, knowledge about strategies, equivalence/non‐equivalence of strategy resources and strategy applicability). Most importantly, a stepwise regression analysis indicated that metamemory scores were more likely to predict the future recallability of material than measures of language ability (i.e., verbal IQ, reading and language achievement). Results are discussed in terms of children's “awareness” of the combined influences of memory variables and of the awareness of executive routines as a more important determinant of future recall than language ability.