bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospice of the Red River Valley: A nonprofit's response to for‐profit competition
Authors: Froelich Karen A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractResearch of nonprofit versus for‐profit competition points to potential quality and access advantages of the nonprofit, tied to shared community values leading to enhanced social capital and legitimacy, whereas the for‐profit is known for cost and scale advantages. However, the prevailing mode of thinking in mixed‐form competitive contexts urges nonprofits to become “more businesslike” and imitate for‐profit attributes. This qualitative study of a nonprofit organization facing new for‐profit competition illustrates that while it is possible and advisable to learn from for‐profit competitors, it is not necessary or even desirable for the nonprofit to abandon its own unique advantages. Although nonprofits should be increasingly sensitive to cost and scale advantages, they do not have to imitate for‐profit attributes and play the low‐cost game. A competitive response to for‐profit challenges that is carefully crafted and executed based on the unique advantages of the nonprofit organization can truly win the day.
Multiple Calvarial Lytic Lesions: A Differential Diagnosis from Early Medieval France (5th to 7th c. AD)
Authors: Bauduer F. , Bessou M. , Guyomarc'h P. , Mercier C. , Castex D. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA skull from the early French Medieval period presenting multiple destructive lesions is investigated. The study of this presumably young female skull suggests a series of possible diagnoses using macroscopic features, standard radiography, CT, and 3D analysis.After a review of the paleopathological and medical literature, the debate focuses on several malignant disorders (cancerous metastases, multiple myeloma), Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and other benign conditions such as infection (especially tuberculosis) or sarcoidosis. Although the definite diagnosis of such paleopathological lesions is not straightforward, Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most probable diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterior brain in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation with complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis at 11–13 weeks: a pilot study
Authors: Lachmann Robert , Sinkovskaya Elena , Abuhamad Alfred 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study aimed to measure the changes in the posterior brain in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) with complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks of gestation.MethodsIn the midsagittal view, the brain stem (BS) diameter and the brain stem to occipital bone (BSOB) diameter were measured, and the BS/BSOB ratio was calculated in four fetuses with confirmed DWM and 40 normal fetuses. Delta values corrected for CRL were compared between both groups.ResultsIn contrast to the normal controls, in fetuses with DWM at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation, the border between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna was not visible. There were no significant differences in the BS diameter between the two groups (p < 0.3). In the DWM group, the mean diameter of the BSOB was found to be significantly higher than in the controls (p = 0.0011), and it was above the 95th centile in all four cases. In addition, the BS/BSOB ratio was significantly decreased in fetuses with DWM (p = 0.0011).ConclusionsAt 11–13 weeks, fetuses with DWM have measurable abnormalities in the posterior brain. An abnormal appearance of the fourth ventricle–cisterna magna complex was present in all four cases of DWM. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incremental optimization in donor polymers for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells exhibiting high performance
Authors: Mayukh Mayank , Jung In Hwan , He Feng , Yu Luping 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe power conversion efficiency of an organic solar cell has now exceeded the 10% mark, which is a significant improvement in the last decade. This has been made possible due to the development of low‐band‐gap polymers with tunable electron affinity, ionization potential, solubility, and miscibility with the fullerene acceptor, and the improved understanding of the factors affecting the critical device parameters such as the VOC and the JSC. This review examines the latest strategies, results, and trends that have evolved in the design of solar cells with better efficiency and durability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Effects of poly(ethylene oxide) and pH on the electrospinning of whey protein isolate
Authors: Vega‐Lugo Ana‐Cristina , Lim Loong‐Tak 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is known for facilitating the electrospinning of biopolymer solutions, which are otherwise not electrospinnable. The objective of this study was to improve the understanding of the positive effects of PEO on the electrospinning of whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions under different pH conditions. Alterations in protein secondary structure and polymer solution properties (viscosity, conductivity, and dynamic surface tension), as induced by pH changes, significantly affected the electrospinning behavior of WPI/PEO (10% w/w: 0.4% w/w PEO) solutions. Acidic solutions resulted in smooth fibers (707 ± 105 nm) while neutral solutions produced spheres (2.0 ± 1.0 μm) linked with ultrafine fibers (138 ± 32 nm). In comparison, alkaline solutions produced fibers (191 ± 36 nm) that were embedded with spindle‐like beads (1.0 ± 0.5 μm). 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopies showed that the increase in random coil and α‐helix secondary structures in WPI were the main contributors to the formation of bead‐less electrospun fibers. The electrospinning‐enabling properties of PEO on aqueous WPI solutions were attributed to physical chain entanglement between the two polymers, rather than specific polymer–polymer interactions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Effects of juvenile hormone analog formulations on development and reproduction in the bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Goodman Mark H , Potter Michael F , Haynes Kenneth F 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) have become a common insect pest in urban areas and are often difficult to manage. Eradication is made more problematic by widespread insecticide resistance, raising interest in alternative control products. Juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) such as methoprene and hydroprene are relatively harmless to non‐arthropods and have proved to be effective against other urban insect pests. Two JHA products (Gentrol® and Precor®, Central Life Sciences, Schaumburg, IL) were tested for efficacy against various bed bug stages as direct spray and as dry residue using three bed bug strains.RESULTS: At 1× and 2× the label rate, Precor® [active ingredient (S)‐methoprene] had no significant effect on the development or fecundity of bed bugs. At 2× the label rate, confinement to residues of Gentrol® [active ingredient (S)‐hydroprene] had no significant effect, but residues at 3× and 10× the label rate caused a reduction in fecundity and impaired development. Field strains were more susceptible to the reproductive effects of (S)‐hydroprene than a long‐maintained laboratory strain.CONCLUSIONS: While JHAs are attractive alternatives for pest management because of their inherent safety and distinct mode of action, these JHA formulations would have little impact on bed bug populations without relabeling to allow for higher application rates. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A Home to Plan the First Child? Fertility Intentions and Housing Conditions in Italy
Authors: Vignoli Daniele , Rinesi Francesca , Mussino Eleonora 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn Italy, the existing literature on the link between low fertility and people's socio‐economic status has been surprisingly silent about the potential role of housing. This study aimed at filling this gap. Are Italians who are better off in terms of housing security more likely to plan to have a first child in the short run? Our results suggest that there is a clear positive gradient between the fertility intentions of couples and the degree to which they feel secure about their housing situation. The positive gradient remained substantial after we controlled for the demographic and socio‐economic characteristics of the couple and after we adjusted the estimates for the presence of unobserved characteristics and we took into account the endogeneity between housing and fertility. This implies that, in Italy, the housing dimension should not be disregarded when studying fertility differentials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a general definition of the squared Brunt–Väisälä frequency associated with the specific moist entropy potential temperature
Authors: Marquet Pascal , Geleyn Jean‐François 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe squared Brunt–Väisälä frequency (BVF) is computed in terms of the moist entropy potential temperature recently defined by Marquet (2011.Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.137: 768–791). Both homogeneously saturated and non‐saturated versions ofN2(the squared BVF) are derived. The method employed for computing these special homogeneous cases relies on the expression of density written as a function of pressure, total water content and specific moist entropy only. The associated conservative variable diagrams are discussed and compared with existing ones. Despite being obtained without any simplification, the formulations forN2remain nicely compact and are clearly linked with the squared BVF expressed in terms of the adiabatic non‐saturated and saturated lapse rates. As in previous similar expressions, the extreme homogeneous solutions forN2are of course different, but they are not analytically discontinuous. This allows us to define a simple bridging expression for a single general shape ofN2, depending only on the basic mean atmospheric quantities and on a transition parameter, to be defined (or parametrized) in connection with the type of application sought. This integrated result remains a linear combination (with complex but purely local weights) of two terms only, namely the environmental gradient of the moist entropy potential temperature and the environmental gradient of the total water content. Simplified versions of the various equations are also proposed for the case in which the moist entropy potential temperature is approximated by a function of both so‐called moist conservative variables of Betts. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Contrasting aerosol characteristics and radiative forcing over Hyderabad, India due to seasonal mesoscale and synoptic‐scale processes
Authors: Sinha P. R. , Dumka U. C. , Manchanda R. K. , Kaskaoutis D. G. , Sreenivasan S. , Krishna Moorthy K. , Suresh Babu S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRegular measurements of spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at ten wavelengths, obtained from multi‐wavelength radiometer (MWR) under cloudless conditions in the outskirts of the tropical urban region of Hyderabad, India for the period January 2008 to December 2009, are examined. In general, high AOD with a coarse‐mode abundance is seen during the pre‐monsoon (March to May) and summer monsoon (June to September) with flat AOD spectra and low Ångström wavelength exponent (α), while in post‐monsoon (October–November) and winter (December–February) seasons, fine‐mode dominance and steep AOD spectra are the basic features. The aerosol columnar size distribution (CSD) retrieved from the spectral AOD using King's inversion showed bimodal size distributions for all the seasons, except for the monsoon, with an accumulation‐mode radius at 0.12–0.25 µm and a coarse‐mode one at 0.86–1.30 µm. On the other hand, the CSD during the monsoon follows the power law for fine mode and the unimodal distribution for coarse mode. The fine‐mode aerosols during post‐monsoon and winter appear to be associated with air masses from continental India, while the coarse‐mode particles during pre‐monsoon and monsoon with air masses originating from west Asia and western India. The single‐scattering albedo (SSA) calculated using the OPAC model varied from 0.83 ± 0.05 in winter to 0.91 ± 0.01 during the monsoon, indicating significant absorption by aerosols due to larger black carbon mixing ratio in winter, whereas a significant contribution of sea‐salt in the monsoon season leads to higher SSAs. Aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) calculated using SBDART shows pronounced monthly variability at the surface, top of atmosphere (TOA) and within the atmosphere due to large variations in AOD and SSA. In general, larger negative ARF values at the surface (−65 to −80 W m−2) and TOA (∼−17 W m−2) are observed during the pre‐monsoon and early monsoon, while the atmospheric heating is higher (∼50–70 W m−2) during January‐April resulting in heating rates of ∼1.6–2.0 K day−1. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Perils of categorical thinking: “Oxic/anoxic” conceptual model in environmental remediation
Authors: Bradley Paul M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGiven ambient atmospheric oxygen concentrations of about 21 percent (by volume), the lower limit for reliable quantitation of dissolved oxygen concentrations in groundwater samples is in the range of 0.1–0.5 mg/L. Frameworks for assessing in situ redox condition are often applied using a simple two‐category (oxic/anoxic) model of oxygen condition. The “oxic” category defines the environmental range in which dissolved oxygen concentrations are clearly expected to impact contaminant biodegradation, either by supporting aerobic biodegradation of electron‐donor contaminants like petroleum hydrocarbons or by inhibiting anaerobic biodegradation of electron‐acceptor contaminants like chloroethenes. The tendency to label the second category “anoxic” leads to an invalid assumption that oxygen is insignificant when, in fact, the dissolved oxygen concentration is less than detection but otherwise unknown. Expressing dissolved oxygen concentrations as numbers of molecules per volume, dissolved oxygen concentrations that fall below the 0.1 mg/L field detection limit range from 1 to 1017 molecules/L. In light of recent demonstrations of substantial oxygen‐linked biodegradation of chloroethene contaminants at dissolved oxygen concentrations well below the 0.1–0.5 mg/L field detection limit, characterizing “less than detection” oxygen concentrations as “insignificant” is invalid. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainable wind‐driven bioventing at a petroleum hydrocarbon–impacted site
Authors: Dominguez Ryan C. , Leu Jim , Bettahar Mehdi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBioventing—the injection of air into the vadose zone to increase microbial activity—is a commonly used, proven technology for remediating volatile organic compounds present in the vadose zone. Passive systems driven by wind or solar power are both more cost‐effective and sustainable than conventional systems. Such a passive system is being applied successfully to remediate a site impacted with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in soil. Bioventing technology was approved by the regulatory agency as an interim remedial action to remove chemicals of concern (COCs) in the vadose zone. A bioventing pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of COC removal and collect parameters for full‐scale design and implementation. To evaluate the potential to use wind‐driven bioventing technology, two mobile weather stations were installed at the site and monitored for one month for a wind speed study. Based on the pilot‐test data and wind speed research, 12‐inch diameter funnel/vane 360‐degree wind collectors were designed as passive wind‐driven air‐injection devices and connected to existing monitoring wells. The measured air velocity ranged from 20 to 110 feet per minute during the start‐up and the first three months of operation and maintenance. Monitoring indicated a 20 percent oxygen delivery and greater than 90 percent reduction in COC concentrations, demonstrating a successful sustainable remediation with no power requirement and minimal operation and maintenance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Literature review: Electrodialytic remediation and potential environmental applications of oil fly ash
Authors: Kuzniewski Saleha 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOil fly ash (OFA) contains environmentally toxic heavy metal and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This review discusses the physical and chemical properties of OFA and presents information from other types of fly ash that can be used as concepts for the remediation and uses of OFA. Electrokinetic remediation is useful to remove some of the heavy metals for broader uses of the fly ash in agriculture, for making construction material, for contaminated wastewater treatment, and also for carbon dioxide sequestration. This review can be useful to develop approaches for the remediation and environmental management of OFA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How firms learn heuristics: Uncovering missing components of organizational learning
Authors: Bingham Christopher B. , Haleblian Jerayr (John) 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study explores how firms learn heuristics from negative outcomes. Prior literature has suggested that learning is strongly affected by whether attributions for negative outcomes are internal or external. Our data complement this view by revealing a new and different pattern. Specifically, they show that learning heuristics appears more dependent on whether attributions are convergent or divergent across hierarchical levels. Moreover, our data show that formal communication influences the convergence and divergence of those attributions. Besides setting forth an emergent framework for how firms learn heuristics and shedding light on the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities, a central contribution of this article is uncovering important missing components of organizational learning. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Queue‐based congestion detection and multistage rate control in event‐driven wireless sensor networks
Authors: Liang Lulu , Gao Deyun , Leung Victor C.M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTProtocols for sensor networks have traditionally been designed using the best effort delivery model. However, there are many specific applications that need reliable transmissions. In event‐driven wireless sensor networks, the occurrence of an event may generate a large amount of data in a very short time. Among them, some critical urgent information needs to be transmitted reliably in a timely manner. In this scenario, congestion is inevitable because of the constraints in available resources. How to control the congestion is very important for the reliable transmission of urgent information. To address this problem, we propose a queue‐based congestion detection and a multistage rate control mechanism. In our proposed mechanism, not only the current queue length but also the queue fluctuation are adopted as indications of congestion. Each sensor node evaluates its congestion level locally and determines its congestion state with a state machine. We design a multistage rate adjustment mechanism for nodes to adjust their rates depending on their congestion states. We also distinguish high‐priority critical traffic from low‐priority non‐critical traffic. Extensive simulation results confirm the superior performance of our proposed protocol with respect to throughput, loss probability, and delay.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐insensitive identification of neighbors using unslotted and slotted protocols
Authors: Shafiul Azam Howlader Md. , Frater Michael R. , Ryan Michael J. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTFor many applications, it is desirable for a node to be able to identify the neighbor nodes currently within range. However, the identification procedures for terrestrial communication networks (TCNs) are inefficient when implemented in long‐delay networks (LDNs) such as underwater acoustic networks or satellite networks, where the propagation time of a packet cannot be neglected. Here, we propose a time‐efficient and power‐efficient procedure, which is insensitive to propagation delay, for identifying neighbors in an LDN by optimizing the network offered load using either unslotted or slotted protocols. The procedure is adapted to the scenario when node cardinality and distribution are either known or unknown in advance. We achieve improvements as high as 80% in time and 45% in power consumption for our proposed approach compared with approaches developed previously for TCN. Furthermore, we analyze our proposed approach with the inclusion of the capture effect and packet receive time variations. We also provide a closed form formula for finding the optimum guard time and a procedure to estimate the packet receive time variations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of network coding to improve TCP performance over wireless mesh networks: a survey
Authors: Arianpoo Nasim , Jokar Paria , Leung Victor C.M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThere is growing interest in the use of wireless mesh network (WMN) as a last‐mile option for Internet access. Despite the many benefits of WMNs, the performance of Internet access may not be ideal. One of the main issues is the interaction of transmission control protocol (TCP) with the underlying network. The poor performance of TCP over multi‐hop networks is well‐documented, and extensive research exists, which addresses TCPs foible and enhance TCP performance for multi‐hop environments. This paper provides a thorough survey of TCP performance issues over WMNs and the available solutions to address these issues. Among the existing methods, we focused on network coding (NC) and the ways that TCP interacts with network coded systems. NC is a technique that encodes the received packets in each node before forwarding them towards the destination. The use of NC in the transport layer to address performance issues raised by wireless access is a recent research topic. This paper presents a detailed study of TCP interaction with NC. Some open research areas in this field are suggested. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid‐based liquid biofuels from autotrophic microalgae: energetic and environmental performance
Authors: Reijnders Lucas 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCommercial cultivation of autotrophic microalgae for food production dates back to the 1950s. Autotrophic microalgae have also been proposed as a source for lipid‐based liquid biofuels. As yet, there is no commercial production of such biofuels and estimated near‐term prices are far in excess of fossil fuel prices and prices of biofuels based on terrestrial food oil crops. Future costs of autotrophic microalgal lipid‐based biofuels are very uncertain. The energetic return of energy investment in liquid autotrophic microalgal biofuels is below a factor 5, even if optimistic assumptions are made about future technologies. Available studies do not allow for firm estimates of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of autotrophic microalgal lipid‐based biofuels. Apart from greenhouse gases, life cycle pollutant emissions of autotrophic microalgal biodiesel may well be more of an environmental burden than the life cycle pollutant emissions linked to fossil diesel or biofuels based on canola or switchgrass. Whether the prospects for, and performance of, lipid‐based biofuels from autotrophic microalgae in the more distant future will much improve appears to be largely dependent on breakthroughs in production technology which may, or may not, occur.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials