bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undue influence of weight and shape: is it distinct from body dissatisfaction and concern about weight and shape?
Authors: Wade T. D. , Zhu G. , Martin N. G. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundThree cognitive constructs are risk factors for eating disorders: undue influence of weight and shape, concern about weight and shape, and body dissatisfaction (BD). Undue influence, a diagnostic criterion for eating disorders, is postulated to be closely associated with self-esteem whereas BD is postulated to be closely associated with body mass index (BMI). We understand less about the relationships with concern about weight and shape. The aim of the current investigation was examine the degree of overlap across these five phenotypes in terms of latent genetic and environmental risk factors in order to draw some conclusions about the similarities and differences across the three cognitive variables.MethodA sample of female Australian twins (n=1056, including 348 complete pairs), mean age 35 years (s.d.=2.11, range 28–40), completed a semi-structured interview about eating pathology and self-report questionnaires. An independent pathways model was used to investigate the overlap of genetic and environmental risk factors for the five phenotypes.ResultsIn terms of variance that was not shared with other phenotypes, self-esteem emerged as being separate, with 100% of its variance unshared with the other phenotypes, followed by undue influence (51%) and then concern (34%), BD (28%) and BMI (32%).ConclusionsIn terms of shared genetic risk, undue influence and concern were more closely related than BD, whereas BMI and BD were found to share common sources of risk. With respect to environmental risk factors, concern, BMI and BD were more closely related to each other than to undue influence.
The entropy principle, and the influence of sociological pressures on SETI
Authors: Bozhilov V. , Forgan Duncan H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe begin with the premise that the law of entropy could prove to be fundamental for the evolution of intelligent life and the advent of technological civilization. Building on recent theoretical results, we combine a modern approach to evolutionary theory with Monte Carlo realization techniques. A numerical test for a proposed significance of the law of entropy within the evolution of intelligent species is performed and results are compared with a neutral test hypothesis. Some clarifying aspects on the emergence of intelligent species arise and are discussed in the framework of contemporary astrobiology.
Functions for pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in obesity and diabetes
Authors: Mountjoy Kathleen G. 
Published: May 2010

Melanocortin peptides, derived from POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) are produced in the ARH (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus) neurons and the neurons in the commissural NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract) of the brainstem, in anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, skin and a wide range of peripheral tissues, including reproductive organs. A hypothetical model for functional roles of melanocortin receptors in maintaining energy balance was proposed in 1997. Since this time, there has been an extraordinary amount of knowledge gained about POMC-derived peptides in relation to energy homoeostasis. Development of a Pomc-null mouse provided definitive proof that POMC-derived peptides are critical for the regulation of energy homoeostasis. The melanocortin system consists of endogenous agonists and antagonists, five melanocortin receptor subtypes and receptor accessory proteins. The melanocortin system, as is now known, is far more complex than most of us could have imagined in 1997, and, similarly, the importance of this system for regulating energy homoeostasis in the general human population is much greater than we would have predicted. Of the known factors that can cause human obesity, or protect against it, the melanocortin system is by far the most significant. The present review is a discussion of the current understanding of the roles and mechanism of action of POMC, melanocortin receptors and AgRP (agouti-related peptide) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes and how the central and/or peripheral melanocortin systems mediate nutrient, leptin, insulin, gut hormone and cytokine regulation of energy homoeostasis.
A UIMA wrapper for the NCBO annotator
Authors: Roeder Christophe , Jonquet Clement , Shah Nigam H. , Baumgartner William A. , Verspoor Karin , Hunter Lawrence 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Summary: The Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) framework and web services are emerging as useful tools for integrating biomedical text mining tools. This note describes our work, which wraps the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) Annotator—an ontology-based annotation service—to make it available as a component in UIMA workflows.
Availability: This wrapper is freely available on the web at http://bionlp-uima.sourceforge.net/ as part of the UIMA tools distribution from the Center for Computational Pharmacology (CCP) at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. It has been implemented in Java for support on Mac OS X, Linux and MS Windows.
Contact: chris.roeder@ucdenver.edu
On safari to Random Jungle: a fast implementation of Random Forests for high-dimensional data
Authors: Schwarz Daniel F. , König Inke R. , Ziegler Andreas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have proven to be a successful approach for helping unravel the genetic basis of complex genetic diseases. However, the identified associations are not well suited for disease prediction, and only a modest portion of the heritability can be explained for most diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes or Crohn's disease. This may partly be due to the low power of standard statistical approaches to detect gene–gene and gene–environment interactions when small marginal effects are present. A promising alternative is Random Forests, which have already been successfully applied in candidate gene analyses. Important single nucleotide polymorphisms are detected by permutation importance measures. To this day, the application to GWA data was highly cumbersome with existing implementations because of the high computational burden.
Results: Here, we present the new freely available software package Random Jungle (RJ), which facilitates the rapid analysis of GWA data. The program yields valid results and computes up to 159 times faster than the fastest alternative implementation, while still maintaining all options of other programs. Specifically, it offers the different permutation importance measures available. It includes new options such as the backward elimination method. We illustrate the application of RJ to a GWA of Crohn's disease. The most important single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) validate recent findings in the literature and reveal potential interactions.
Availability: The RJ software package is freely available at http://www.randomjungle.org
Contact: inke.koenig@imbs.uni-luebeck.de; ziegler@imbs.uni-luebeck.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Predicting post-translational lysine acetylation using support vector machines
Authors: Gnad Florian , Ren Shubin , Choudhary Chunaram , Cox Jürgen , Mann Matthias 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Lysine acetylation is a post-translational protein modification and a primary regulatory mechanism that controls many cell signaling processes. Lysine acetylation sites are recognized by acetyltransferases and deacetylases through sequence patterns (motifs). Recently, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify 3600 lysine acetylation sites on 1750 human proteins covering most of the previously annotated sites and providing the most comprehensive acetylome so far. This dataset should provide an excellent source to train support vector machines (SVMs) allowing the high accuracy in silico prediction of acetylated lysine residues.
Results: We developed a SVM to predict acetylated residues. The precision of our acetylation site predictor is 78% at 78% recall on input data containing equal numbers of modified and non-modified residues.
Availability: The online predictor is available at http://www.phosida.com
Contact: mmann@biochem.mpg.de
The early origins of chronic heart failure: impaired placental growth and initiation of insulin resistance in childhood
Authors: Barker David J.P. , Gelow Jill , Thornburg Kent , Osmond Clive , Kajantie Eero , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: May 2010

AimsLow birth weight and low placental weight predict later coronary heart disease and hypertension. This has led to the hypothesis that these diseases are initiated by foetal programming, the process by which foetal malnutrition leads to permanent changes in the body in ways that lead to chronic disease in later life. Here we examine the association between body and placental size at birth and later chronic heart failure.Methods and resultsWe identified 187 patients taking medications for chronic heart failure in a birth cohort of 13 345 people born in Helsinki, Finland during 1934–44. Chronic heart failure was associated with a small placental surface area. In people born with a placental area less than 225 cm2, the odds ratio for chronic heart failure was 1.7 (1.1–2.5), compared with people born with a placental area greater than 295 cm2. The risk of heart failure was further increased by rapid gain in body mass index after the age of 2 years, a path of growth known to be linked to insulin resistance in later life. In a simultaneous regression, low body mass index at 2 years and high body mass index at 11 years were each associated with chronic heart failure (P = 0.008 and 0.001, respectively).ConclusionChronic heart failure in adult life may be initiated by impaired placental growth which adversely affects cardiac development. People born with a vulnerable heart are more likely to develop chronic heart failure if they become insulin resistant.
Selectivity and escapement behaviour of five commercial fishery species in standard square- and diamond-mesh codends
Authors: Frandsen Rikke P. , Madsen Niels , Krag Ludvig A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Frandsen, R. P., Madsen, N., and Krag, L. A. 2010. Selectivity and escapement behaviour of five commercial fishery species in standard square- and diamond-mesh codends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1721–1731. The Danish fishery for Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) is often conducted in a mixed-species setting, characterized by high rates of discards of several target species, including Nephrops and cod (Gadus morhua). Experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the selective properties of a standard 70 mm square-mesh codend (standard SMC) and a standard 90 mm diamond-mesh codend (standard DMC). Selectivity estimates for five commercial species are provided for both codends. The standard SMC yielded higher estimates of length at 50% retention/mesh size (hereafter SF) for Nephrops and roundfish than did the standard DMC, but no effect of codend type on SF was found for plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Moreover, a novel codend cover design allowed assessment of the preferred direction of escapement in the codend. Whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Nephrops showed pronounced, but opposite, vertical preference in the direction of escapement, with whiting escaping upwards and Nephrops downwards. A significant (p < 0.05) difference in the direction of escapement between the two codends was found for haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting. Owing to the relatively small catches, the outcome is probably most applicable to Nephrops-directed fisheries under similar conditions, and caution should be taken not to extrapolate the results to other fisheries.
Demosthenes
Authors: Gagarin Michael 
Published: May 2010

Demosthenes (b. 384–d. 322 bce) was one of the leading public figures in Athens in the third quarter of the 4th century—a statesman who led the Athenians in their ultimately unsuccessful struggle against Philip of Macedon, as well as the greatest of ancient Greek orators. Judgments of his public career have ranged from declaring him the heroic defender of Greek freedom to a failed strategist and manipulator of the people. Much less controversial is the judgment, common since Antiquity, of his preeminence as an orator. All these subjects and more are treated in Gunther Martin’s extremely useful 2019 book, The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes.
Homer
Authors: Rutherford R.B. 
Published: May 2010

“Homer” is the name given to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the greatest and probably earliest surviving Greek epic poems. Nothing whatsoever is known about his life and career: even his date is uncertain. Currently the general consensus is that he composed at some time in the period 750–650 bce. Even in ancient times wide disagreement existed as to his place and date. The question whether the Iliad and the Odyssey were by the same poet was also already aired in Antiquity; in general, modern scholars have answered in the negative. Many other poems were sometimes ascribed to Homer in ancient literature, but these are now considered later and inferior; many of them do not survive. The question of authorship cannot be separated from the debate as to the nature of the poems’ composition and the processes of transmission, and much of the evidence derives from detailed study of the language, especially the so-called formulae (repeated phrases and lines that are usually taken as indications of oral composition). Several features of the poems are noteworthy in stylistic terms, especially the speeches and the similes.
George Berkeley
Authors: Flage Daniel , Pearce Kenneth 
Published: May 2010

George Berkeley (b. 1685–d. 1753) was an Irish philosopher best known for his defense of immaterialism, the thesis that perceived objects are only ideas and do not exist outside the minds that perceive them (in Berkeley’s famous phrase, their esse is percipi, i.e., their being is to be perceived). This thesis was defended in Berkeley’s two most famous works, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (PHK) and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (DHP). While Berkeley scholars have traditionally focused on the arguments in metaphysics and epistemology contained in these two books written in Berkeley’s youth, more recent scholarship has given more attention to other texts and topics, including Berkeley’s later works and his contributions to philosophy of language; philosophy of religion; philosophy of science; and social, political, and economic philosophy.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Philosophy of History
Authors: Duquette David 
Published: May 2010

Hegel’s philosophy of history emphasizes the development of freedom and the consciousness of freedom over the course of world history. For G. W. F. Hegel (b. 1770–d. 1831), this development is marked by conflict and struggle, rather than smooth uninterrupted progress, and is manifested for the most part in political developments construed broadly, including world-historical events such as the French Revolution, in the significant actions of world-historical “heroes” such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte, and in the achievements of peoples and nations. According to Hegel, the end or goal of history is the actualization of freedom in the life of the modern nation-state. He claimed that history was a rational process of development and that it could be understood and made intelligible for anyone willing to look at it rationally, which means looking at it holistically and as an endeavor of the World Spirit with a discernible purpose. Moreover, he attempted to show that history exhibited real progress toward the ultimate goal of freedom and that the modern period, the time in which he lived up until his death in 1831, brought this development to fruition and, in a way, a culmination. This theory of history has been both highly influential and controversial—it is essential to any overall study of the philosophy of history.
Petrarch
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: May 2010

Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca, b. 1304–d. 1374) occupies a unique position in Renaissance studies. While modern scholarship has shown that others laid the foundation for him, Petrarch was the first to insist forcefully and polemically that the culture of his day needed reorientation toward the past. In a peculiarly modern act of self-presentation, he put himself forward as the one to effect this reorientation, something for which he received credit, in his day and in ours. The scope of his intellectual activity was enormous, ranging from the scholarly study of classical Antiquity to the production of many creative works, the ones in Latin known principally in the early 21st century to specialists, but one of which, the Canzoniere, set the standard for lyric poetry for generations to follow.
Paris
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: May 2010

With a population of two hundred to three hundred thousand people, Paris was the largest city in northern Europe during the 16th century. Its greatest growth came during the prosperous first half of the century, especially after King Francis I (r. 1515–1547) announced his intention to spend more time in Paris, instead of the Loire Valley castles favored by his predecessors. Although the court remained peripatetic, the shift in focus to the Île-de-France encouraged considerable building and also the spread of Renaissance arts and culture. The outbreak of religious war in 1562 hampered but did not extinguish the cultivation of a new taste for learning and a distinctive French Renaissance style of art and architecture that married classical motifs favored by the Italian Renaissance to indigenous traditions and style.
Johannes Kepler
Authors: Rabin Sheila J. 
Published: May 2010

The mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (b. 1571–d. 1630) was a leading figure in what is commonly regarded as the scientific revolution. He is best known for his three laws of planetary motion (the planets move round the sun in an ellipse, and the sun is one of the foci; as they revolve, a radius vector drawn from the sun shows that the planets sweep out equal areas in equal times; the squares of the periodic times of any two planets is proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun), which are still valid today, but at the time they were formulated they battled the prevailing belief in uniform circular planetary motion. At the same time he developed the idea of a celestial physics: that is, he maintained that the celestial bodies are physical, such as the earth, and moved by physical forces. His studies in optics were also pathbreaking: he showed that the eye was an optical instrument and worked according to natural laws, and he intuited the workings of the retina and the brain. He was also able to describe how lenses worked. He realized light propagated in spheres and formulated his intensity law—that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. Like most astronomers of his day, Kepler was an astrologer, but he tried to reform the way astrology was done and maintained it had limited validity. Kepler had originally studied for the ministry and wrote a number of theological works. His scientific writing is suffused with his piety. Because of his writings on astrology and the religious tenor of his nontheological writings scholars debate whether Kepler was a number mystic and whether mysticism influenced his scientific discoveries. This is perhaps a factor in the lack of studies about Kepler in English relative to other major players in the scientific revolution until the last several decades.
Relationship between Anesthetic Depth and Venous Oxygen Saturation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Stein Erica J. , Glick David B. , Minhaj Mohammed M. , Drum Melinda , Tung Avery 
Published: May 2010

Background
During cardiopulmonary bypass, mixed venous oxygen saturation (Svo2) is frequently measured to assess circulatory adequacy. Fluctuations in Svo2 not related to patient movement or inadequate oxygen delivery have been attributed clinically to increased cerebral oxygen consumption due to "light" anesthesia. To evaluate the relationship between anesthetic depth and Svo2, we prospectively measured bispectral index (BIS) and Svo2 values in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods
Adults scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were recruited for this prospective observational study. During bypass, BIS and Svo2 values were recorded every 5 min. To control for confounding effects of changes in other variables known to affect Svo2, temperature, hematocrit, bypass pump flow, muscle relaxant use, and intravenous and inhaled anesthetic doses were also recorded. Only periods with limited variation in other variables affecting Svo2 were analyzed. The relationship between BIS and Svo2 was evaluated using mixed linear regression.

Results
One thousand thirty-four data points were obtained in 41 patients. No overall association between BIS and Svo2 was observed, either in unadjusted analysis or adjusted for covariates. In data points with temperatures less than the median (T < 34.1 degrees C), a significant association between BIS and Svo2 was observed both in unadjusted (beta = -0.32, P = 0.01) and adjusted (beta = -0.27, P = 0.04) analyses.

Conclusions
In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, we found no overall association between BIS and Svo2. A weak but statistically significant association between BIS and Svo2 was observed in patients with temperatures less than 34.1 degrees C. These data suggest that low Svo2 values on bypass are unlikely to be due to light or inadequate anesthesia. The relationship among temperature, BIS and Svo2 deserves further study.
Association between Epidural Analgesia and Cancer Recurrence after Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Gottschalk Antje , Ford Justin G. , Regelin Cedric C. , You Jing , Mascha Edward J. , Sessler Daniel I. , Durieux Marcel E. , Nemergut Edward C. 
Published: May 2010

Introduction
Animal studies suggest that regional anesthesia and optimal postoperative analgesia independently reduce cancer metastasis. Retrospective clinical studies suggest reductions in recurrence of several cancer types in patients receiving perioperative neuraxial analgesia. Thus, the authors determined the association between perioperative epidural analgesia and cancer recurrence in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods
After obtaining approval of institutional review board, the authors reviewed the records of 669 patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery between January 2000 and March 2007. Follow-up ended in November 2008. The authors' primary outcome was time to cancer recurrence. Cox proportional hazards models were used.

Results
Two hundred fifty-six patients who received epidural analgesia and 253 who did not were analyzed in a multivariable model to assess the association between epidural use and cancer recurrence. Overall, no association between epidural use and recurrence was found (P = 0.43), with an adjusted estimated hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% CI 0.49-1.35). In post hoc analyses, epidural use was associated with a lower cancer recurrence in older patients (age older than 64 yr), but not in younger (interaction P = 0.01). A sensitivity analysis using propensity score analysis found similar results.

Conclusion
In contrast to previous retrospective studies in the colon, breast, and prostate cancer surgery, the authors found that the use of epidural analgesia for perioperative pain control during colorectal cancer surgery was not associated with a decreased cancer recurrence; however, a potential benefit was observed in older patients. The benefit of regional anesthesia on cancer recurrence may thus depend on the specific tumor type.