bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Temperature Technology
Authors: Seifert Helmut 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDie Hochtemperaturtechnik stellt sich als Querschnittsthema zwischen verschiedenen Fachgebieten dar. Dies spiegelt sich auch in den zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Industrien und Branchen, in denen Verfahren der Hochtemperaturtechnik eingesetzt werden. Bei der Strukturierung der Hochtemperaturtechnik wird ausgehend von den Hochtemperaturgrundprozessen der Energie‐ und Stoffumwandlung, wie z. B. Pyrolyse, Vergasung und Verbrennung, die Vielfalt möglicher Verfahrenskombinationen mit entsprechender apparativer Ausgestaltung an einigen Beispielen aufgezeigt. Schließlich werden die Aufgaben der seit über 60 Jahren als Fachausschuss existierenden ProcessNet‐Fachgruppe Hochtemperaturtechnik erläutert, durch die der verstärkte Einsatz innovativer, nachhaltiger Hochtemperaturverfahren in der industriellen Anwendung intensiviert werden soll. Zukünftige Themen wie die durch die Energiewende der Bundesregierung ausgelöste verstärkte nichtnukleare Stromerzeugung oder die nachhaltige Nutzung und das Recycling verknappender Rohstoffe spielen hierbei eine besondere Rolle.
Biowaste Treatment – Recycling Potential for Humus Reproduction
Authors: Soyez Konrad , Reinhold Jürgen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDer überwiegende Teil der jährlich 9 Mio. t biogenen Abfalls im Siedlungsabfall gelangt in die Verwertung, davon etwa 85 % in die aerobe Behandlung durch Kompostierung, der Rest in die Vergärung. Bei der Vergärung resultiert Energie aus Biogas und ein Gärrest mit kompostähnlichen Eigenschaften. Kompost ist ein hochwertiger organischer Dünger, der andere Wirtschaftsdünger ersetzen kann. Die Hauptbedeutung von Kompost und Gärresten liegt in der Bereitstellung von organischem Kohlenstoff für die Humusreproduktion zur Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Der Humusvorrat im Boden ist der standort‐ und nutzungstypische und nur in engen Grenzen zu beeinflussen. Wesentlich ist, Zu‐ und Abfuhr zu bilanzieren, z. B. mithilfe der VDLUFA‐Humusbilanzierungsmethode. Über einen Humus‐Energie‐Index kann ermittelt werden, welcher organische Reststoff sich bevorzugt für die Humus‐Reproduktion eignet und welche Mengen als erneuerbare Energie bereitgestellt werden können, ohne dass die Bodenfruchtbarkeit leidet.
Marital Status and Outcome of Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Observational Report
Authors: Hadi Khafaji Hadi A.R. , Al Habib Khalid , Asaad Nidal , Singh Rajvir , Hersi Ahmad , Falaeh Husam Al , Saif Shukri Al , Al‐Motarreb Ahmed , Almahmeed Wael , Sulaiman Kadhim , Amin Haitham , Al‐Lawati Jawad , Al‐Sagheer Norah Q. , Alsheikh‐Ali Alawi A. , Al Suwaidi Jassim 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground & hypothesis:Data on the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) according to their marital status is not clear.Methods:A total of 5334 patients presenting with ACS in 65 hospitals in 6 Middle East countries in the 2nd Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE‐2) were studied according to their marital status (5024 married, 100 single, and 210 widowed patients).Result:When compared to married patients, widowed patients were older and more likely to be female. Widowed patients were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, hypertension, history of heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease and were less likely to be tobacco users when compared to the other groups. Widowed patients were also more likely to present with atypical symptoms and have advanced Killip class. Widowed patients were more likely to present with non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) when compared to the other 2 groups. Widowed patients were more likely to have heart failure (P = 0.001), cardiogenic shock (P = 0.001), and major bleeding (P = 0.002) when compared to the other groups. No statistically significant difference was observed in regard to duration of hospital stay, door to needle time in STEMI patients, or cardiac arrhythmias between the various groups. Widowed patients had higher in‐hospital, 30‐day, and 1‐year mortality rates (P = 0.001). Marital status was an independent predictor for in‐hospital mortality.Conclusion:Widowed marital status was associated with worse cardiovascular risk profile, and worse in‐hospital and 1‐year outcome. Future work should be focused on whether the provision of psychosocial support will result in improved outcomes among this high‐risk group. Clin. Cardiol. 2011 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22034Gulf RACE is a Gulf Heart Association (GHA) project and was financially supported by the GHA, Sanofi Aventis, and the College of Medicine Research Center at King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast
Authors: Wloka Carsten , Bi Erfei 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCytokinesis is essential for cell proliferation in all domains of life. Because the core components and mechanisms of cytokinesis are conserved from fungi to humans, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an attractive model for studying this fundamental process. Cytokinesis in budding yeast is driven by two interdependent cellular events: actomyosin ring (AMR) constriction and the formation of a chitinous cell wall structure called the primary septum (PS), the functional equivalent of extracellular matrix remodeling during animal cytokinesis. AMR constriction is thought to drive efficient plasma membrane ingression as well as to guide PS formation, whereas PS formation is thought to stabilize the AMR during its constriction. Following the completion of the PS formation, two secondary septa (SS), consisting of glucans and mannoproteins, are synthesized at both sides of the PS. Degradation of the PS and a part of the SS by a chitinase and glucanases then enables cell separation. In this review, we discuss the mechanics of cytokinesis in budding yeast, highlighting its common and unique features as well as the emerging questions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase 2 study of everolimus monotherapy in patients with nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumors or pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas
Authors: Oh Do‐Youn , Kim Tae‐Won , Park Young Suk , Shin Sang Joon , Shin Seong Hoon , Song Eun‐Kee , Lee Hyo Jin , Lee Kewn‐wook , Bang Yung‐Jue 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of everolimus in the treatment of patients with nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas.METHODS:Patients with histologically confirmed nonfunctioning NETs or pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas and with documented disease progression before study enrollment were eligible for the current study. Everolimus was administered daily at a dose of 10 mg for 4 weeks. Response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST; version 1.0) every 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the 4‐month progression‐free survival rate (PFSR). The hypothesis of the current study was that the 4‐month PFSR would increase from 50% to 65%. Safety was evaluated using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0).RESULTS:A total of 34 patients were enrolled. Of these, 27 patients had nonfunctioning NETs, 5 had pheochromocytomas, and 2 had paragangliomas. The 4‐month PFSR was 78%. Partial response (PR) was observed in 3 patients. Twenty‐eight patients had stable disease (SD) and 2 patients developed progressive disease (PD). The response rate (RR) and overall disease control rate (DCR) were 9.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0%‐18.6%) and 93.9% (95% CI, 85.8%‐100%), respectively. The PFS was 15.3 months (95% CI, 4.6 months‐26.0 months). Of the patients with nonfunctioning NETs, 3 achieved a PR and 23 had SD (RR, 11.1%; DCR, 100%); the PFS was 17.1 months (95% CI, 11.1 months‐23.0 months) and the 4‐month PFSR was 90.0%. Twenty‐one patients (80.8%) demonstrated tumor shrinkage. In 7 patients with pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas, 5 achieved SD, and 2 developed PD. The PFS was 3.8 months (95% CI, 0.5 months‐7.0 months) and the 4‐month PFSR was 42.9%. Four patients demonstrated tumor shrinkage. The major grade 3/4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (14.7%), hyperglycemia (5.9%), stomatitis (5.9%), and anemia (5.9%).CONCLUSIONS:Everolimus was associated with high therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in patients with nonfunctioning NETs, and demonstrated modest efficacy in patients with pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Incorporating information regarding preimplantation genetic diagnosis into discussions concerning testing and risk management for BRCA1/2 mutations
Authors: Hurley Karen , Rubin Lisa R. , Werner‐Lin Allison , Sagi Michal , Kemel Yelena , Stern Rikki , Phillips Aliza , Cholst Ina , Kauff Noah , Offit Kenneth 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Studies have shown that BRCA1/2 mutation carriers are interested in learning about reproductive options such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to prevent passing their risk onto their children. However, attitudes vary widely, and the procedure raises complex ethical and psychosocial issues. This complexity, plus the highly technical nature of PGD, makes it difficult to integrate PGD information into genetic counseling sessions that already cover probabilistic, emotionally charged risk information.METHODS:A total of 33 carriers of the BRCA1/2 mutation who were of reproductive age and had previously undergone genetic counseling viewed a tutorial regarding PGD and were interviewed concerning their attitudes toward PGD and preferences about how to include PGD information in genetic counseling.RESULTS:The majority of participants preferred to be briefly informed of the availability of PGD information, and to receive written materials regarding PGD, but with the option of deferring detailed discussion if they already believed themselves to be overloaded or perceived that PGD was not immediately relevant to their risk management and/or childbearing plans. For some individuals, the stress of testing temporarily interfered with information processing, producing states of cognitive avoidance (“in a fog,” or “tuning out”). Some preferred to discuss PGD with a physician with whom they had an ongoing relationship (eg, obstetrician/gynecologist, primary care provider, or oncologist).CONCLUSIONS:Providers offering cancer genetic testing may consider indicating the availability of PGD information to their patients, while attending to the patients' level of interest and ability to absorb information. Research is needed to link patient responses to information overload with psychosocial outcomes (eg, distress, and quality of decision‐making). Continuing medical education is needed to support providers in facilitating informed decisions regarding PGD. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic value of the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index score in marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: Heilgeist Andreas , McClanahan Fabienne , Ho Anthony D. , Witzens‐Harig Mathias 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:In marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), clinical and follow‐up data on large cohorts of patients are difficult to obtain. The objective of this single‐center, retrospective analysis of a large cohort of 144 patients with MZL was to elucidate the role of prognostic markers, treatments, and outcomes in this disease.METHODS:In total, 144 patients were identified who were diagnosed with MZL at the authors' institution between 2003 and 2010. Data on clinical parameters, treatments, response, and survival were analyzed. In addition, the validity of the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) prognostic scores were tested in patients with MZL.RESULTS:Among 144 patients with MZL, 96 patients (67%) had extralymph node (extranodal) MZL, 32 patients (22%) had lymph node (nodal) MZL, and 16 patients (11%) had splenic MZL. The 5‐year progression‐free survival rate was 82% in the nodal MZL group, 88% in the extranodal MZL group, and 74% in the splenic MZL group and did not different between the 3 groups (P = .60). The 5‐year overall survival rate was excellent in all 3 MZL groups (nodal MZL, 89%; extranodal MZL, 92%; splenic MZL, 82%; P = .46). In our cohort, the FLIPI score was a significant prognostic marker: The 5‐year progression‐free survival rate for patients who had FLIPI scores of 0 to 2 (low or intermediate risk) was excellent at 92%, whereas it was only 62% for patients who had FLIPI scores of 3 to 5 (poor risk; P = .003). Similarly, the 5‐year overall survival rate for patients who had FLIPI scores of 0 to 2 was 95%, whereas it was only 62% for patients who had FLIPI scores of 3 to 5 (P = .0009).CONCLUSIONS:The FLIPI score had strong prognostic value in patients with MZL. Patients who have low‐risk or intermediate‐risk FLIPI scores have an excellent prognosis, whereas patients with poor‐risk FLIPI scores are candidates for novel treatment approaches. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Meningeal‐like organization of neural tissues in calanoid copepods (Crustacea)
Authors: Mercier Frederic , Weatherby Tina M. , Hartline Daniel K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMeninges, the connective tissue of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), have not been recognized in invertebrates. We describe the ultrastructure of the adult brain, antennules, and cord in five marine copepods: Calanus finmarchicus, Gaussia princeps, Bestiolina similis, Labidocera madurae, and Euchaeta rimana. In all of these locations we identified cell types with characteristics of the typical cells of vertebrate meninges and of their peripheral nervous system (PNS) connective tissue counterpart: fibroblasts, having flattened twisting processes with labyrinthine cavities communicating with the extracellular space, and macrophages, containing prominent lysosomes, well‐developed endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and indented heterochromatin. The vertebrate distinction between electron‐dense cells in the most external connective tissues (dura mater and epineurium) versus electron‐lucent cells in the more internal connective tissues (pia‐arachnoid and endoneurium‐perineurium) was also found in the copepod CNS and PNS. Similar to the vertebrate organization, electron‐dense cell networks penetrated from the outer layer (subcuticle) to surround inner substructures of the copepod nervous systems, and electron‐lucent networks penetrated deeply from the brain and nerve surfaces to form intertwined associations with neural cells. Moreover, the association of these cells with basement membranes, glycocalyx, and fibrils of collagen in copepods conforms to a meningeal organization. The primary deviation from the vertebrate ultrastructural organization was the often tight investment of axons by the meningeal‐like cells, with an intercalated basement membrane. Together, these data suggest that the tissues investing the copepod nervous system possess an organization that is analogous in many respects to that of vertebrate meninges. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:760–790, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Edge‐Localized Mode Control and Transport Generated by Externally Applied Magnetic Perturbations
Authors: Joseph I. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article reviews the subject of edge localized mode (ELM) control using externally applied magnetic perturbations and proposes theoretical mechanisms that may be responsible for the induced transport changes. The first question that must be addressed is: what is the structure of magnetic field within the plasma? Although initial hypotheses focused on the possibility of the creation of a region of stochastic field lines at the tokamak edge, drift magnetohydrodynamics theory predicts that magnetic reconnection is strongly suppressed over the region of the pedestal with steep gradients and fast perpendicular rotation. Reconnection can only occur near the location where the perpendicular electron velocity vanishes, and hence the electron impedance nearly vanishes, or near the foot of the pedestal, where the plasma is sufficiently cold and resistive. The next question that must be addressed is: which processes are responsible for the observed transport changes, nonlinearity, turbulence, or stochasticity? Over the pedestal region where ions and electrons rotate in opposite directions relative to the perturbation, the quasilinear Lorentz force decelerates the electron fluid and accelerates the ion fluid. The quasilinear magnetic flutter flux is proportional to the force and produces an outward convective transport that can be significant. Over the pedestal region where the E × B flow and the electrons rotate in opposite directions relative to the perturbation, magnetic islands with a width on the order of the ion gyroradius can directly radiate drift waves. In addition, the combination of quasilinear electron transport and ion viscous transport can lead to a large net particle flux. Since there are many transport mechanisms that may be active simultaneously, it is important to determine which physical mechanisms are responsible for ELM control and to predict the scaling to future devices (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
3D Blob Modelling with BOUT++
Authors: Angus J. R. , Umansky M. , Krasheninnikov S. I. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPlasma blobs found in the edge region of tokamaks are important to understand because they contribute to a large amount of the plasma particle transport in the SOL (scrape off layer). Most of the work to date is limited to 2D theory and simulations by ignoring the variation of blob parameters along the magnetic field line. 3D effects are examined in the electrostatic limit in this paper using the code BOUT++ by allowing for the variation of blob density and potential along the field line. It is demonstrated that the 3D variation of these parameters can lead to a Boltzmann potential relation that will cause the blob to spin and induce turbulent motion via unstable drift waves (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport of Neutrals in Scrape‐Off Layer Plasmas: Autoregressive Beta Process to Describe Plasma Density and Temperature Fluctuations
Authors: Mekkaoui A. , Marandet Y. , Rosato J. , Capes H. , Stamm R. , Koubiti M. , Reiter D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractImproving the description of the far scrape‐off layer (SOL) in current edge code suites such as SOLPS is the subject of current efforts, given the importance of main chamber plasma wall interactions (first wall recycling and sputtering) in the design and operation of tokamaks. One of the specific features of the far SOL is the large amplitude of turbulent fluctuations. Neutral particles (atom and molecules) are affected by these fluctuations through the rates of atomic physics processes. In accordance with experimentally measured PDF (probability density function) for both the plasma density and temperature fluctuations, ne and Te are modeled using a Beta PDF. Space and time correlations are accounted for by using an autogressive process. The effects of fluctuations on the neutral atoms penetration depth, as well as on the beryllium sputtering yield are discussed (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of Coupled IMPGYRO‐SOLPS Codes for Analyzing Tokamak Plasmas with Tungsten Impurities
Authors: Toma M. , Bonnin X. , Hoshino K. , Hatayama A. , Schneider R. , Coster D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor the purpose of a consistent treatment of tungsten impurity together with background plasma, coupling of the IMPGYRO and SOLPS codes has been undertaken. The fluid part of SOLPS transfers the background plasma data to the IMPGYRO kinetic impurity code, while IMPGYRO transfers the effect of tungsten impurities to SOLPS as particle, momentum and energy source/sink terms. An initial test calculation has been performed under a simple model for impurity generation. The impurity content in the system reaches a quasi‐steady state in the coupled calculation. The temporal history of the simulation shows that an initial impurity generation results in a relatively large radiation loss and plasma cooling. The cooler plasma suppresses further impurity generation, leading to a quasi‐steady state in the coupled calculation (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of the Bohm Criterion for Two‐Ion‐Species Plasmas Using PARASOL
Authors: Azuma S. , Fukuyama A. , Takizuka T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn SOL‐divertor plasmas, a condition on the plasma flow velocity, called the Bohm criterion, is required for the formation of a stable sheath in front of a divertor plate. While, for a single‐ion species, the usual analytical procedure gives the criterion as a unique solution for the incident ion flow velocity, for two‐ion‐species plasmas the procedure results in a relation between the ion flow velocities. We carried out full particle simulations with a one‐dimensional particle code PARASOL, and clarified in detail the dependence of the condition for two‐ion‐species plasmas on collisionality and ions mass (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Convection Near the Magnetic Null of a Snowflake Divertor During an ELM Event
Authors: Ryutov D.D. , Cohen R.H. , Rognlien T.D. , Umansky M.V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA snowflake magnetic configuration is created in a tokamak when the poloidal magnetic field and its first spatial derivatives become zero at a certain point. The separatrix then acquires a characteristic hexagonal shape reminiscent of a snowflake. We study new features of the plasma macroscopic equilibrium and stability in the vicinity of the snowflake null. We note that, compared to the standard X‐point divertor, the zone of weak poloidal magnetic field is much larger. The weak poloidal field leads to development of intense plasma convection over the expanded area around the null‐point during the ejection phase of an edge localized mode (ELM) event when the plasma pressure in the scrape‐off layer increases compared to its inter‐ELM value. Intense convection may lead to a roughly‐equal splitting of the heat flux between the 4 snowflake divertor legs and to a broadening of the plasma wetted area in each leg, thereby mitigating damage to divertor plates (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Divertor Design through Shape Optimization
Authors: Dekeyser W. , Reiter D. , Baelmans M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDue to the conflicting requirements, complex physical processes and large number of design variables, divertor design for next step fusion reactors is a challenging problem, often relying on large numbers of computationally expensive numerical simulations. In this paper, we attempt to partially automate the design process by solving an appropriate shape optimization problem. Design requirements are incorporated in a cost functional which measures the performance of a certain design. By means of changes in the divertor shape, which in turn lead to changes in the plasma state, this cost functional can be minimized. Using advanced adjoint methods, optimal solutions are computed very efficiently. The approach is illustrated by designing divertor targets for optimal power load spreading, using a simplified edge plasma model (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)