bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic differences in diabetes prevalence, awareness, and treatment in rural southwest China
Authors: Le Cai , Jun Dong , Zhankun Shu , Yichun Lu , Jie Tao 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective  To examine how socioeconomic differences are related to the prevalence, awareness and treatment of diabetes in rural Yunnan province, a relatively undeveloped province in southwest China.Methods  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2008 to 2010; 10 007 consenting individuals aged ≥18 years were selected to participate in the study using a stratified, multistage sampling technique. Information about participants’ demographic characteristics, smoking habits, drinking habits, awareness and treatment of diabetes, and family history of diabetes were obtained using a standard questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood sugar level and blood pressure were also measured for each individual. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.Results  The age‐standardised presence of diabetes was 6.8% in the study population. In diabetic subjects, 28.7% were aware that they had diabetes, and 22.6% had received treatment. After controlling for age, sex, smoking behaviour, drinking behaviour, hypertension, being overweight, central obesity and family history of diabetes, individual educational level was negatively associated with the prevalence of diabetes and positively associated with the awareness and treatment of diabetes. The awareness and treatment of diabetes showed a negative relationship with ethnic minority status and a positive relationship with individual household income.Conclusions  There are low levels of awareness and treatment among individuals living with diabetes in rural southwest China. Strategies that can enhance public awareness of diabetes and increase access to affordable medications are urgently needed, especially for poor, less educated individuals who belong to ethnic minorities.
First description of demodicosis in 12 galagos (Galago senegalensis)
Authors: Kuznetsova Ekaterina , Vysokikh Anastasia , Bourdeau Patrick 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwelve Galago senegalensis from the Moscow Zoo were presented with papular to nodular (2–11 mm) lesions on the pinnae, containing a white, waxy material. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of mites consistent with the morphology of Demodex spp. mites. Nine animals were treated with ivermectin, 600 μg/kg/day topically, orally or subcutaneously for 3–10 months, while one remained untreated. All the treated animals achieved clinical remission. The control animal was still affected and died 11 months later due to pneumonia and possible eosinophilic leukaemia. No adverse effects were noted in any animals during the treatment. No animal relapsed in the 13–19 months follow‐up period. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of demodicosis in G. senegalensis. The use of ivermectin in G. senegalensis was safe, although its effectiveness in the treatment of demodicosis needs further investigation.
Viability of Taraxacum officinale seeds after anthesis
Authors: MARTINKOVA Z , HONEK A , LUKAS J 
Published: June 2011

Martinkova Z, Honek A & Lukas J (2011). Viability of Taraxacum officinale seeds after anthesis. Weed Research51, 508–515.SummaryThe management of Taraxacum officinale in lawns can be improved by understanding the timing of seed maturation. The development of T. officinale seed from flowering to dispersal was studied in 2008 and 2009. Percentage germination, time to 50% germination, seed mass and peduncle length increased with elapsed time since the end of flowering. Only seed collected more than 5 days after the end of flowering (DAF) germinated, and germination was not affected by cutting the capitulum from the peduncle. Seed mass increased up to 8 DAF and peduncle length up to 13 DAF. Seasonal variation in the length of time required for seed to mature in closed capitula was established at monthly intervals in 2009. This period decreased from 13 DAF in spring and autumn, to 8 DAF in summer, and time necessary to produce viable seed decreased from 6 to 3 DAF. Variation in the rate of seed maturation decreased when calendar time was converted to thermal time expressed as day degrees above a 0°C base temperature. Cutting inflorescences at 5–6‐day intervals beginning at the onset of flowering in summer or 9‐day intervals in spring and autumn may prevent T. officinale from reproducing by seed.
Effects of bovine cytochrome P450 single‐nucleotide polymorphism, forage type and body condition on production traits in cattle*
Authors: Sales M. A. , Larson M. J. , Reiter S. T. , Brown A. H. , Brown M. A. , Looper M. L. , Coffey K. P. , Rosenkrans Jr C. F. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryRelating single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to cows with acceptable productivity could benefit cattle breeders in areas where tall fescue is the predominant forage. This study aimed to (i) identify SNPs in bovine cytochrome P450 3A28 (CYP3A28) and (ii) determine the associations between SNP genotype, forage and cow body condition (BC). Genotype (CC, CG or GG) and forage [Kentucky‐31 wild‐type endophyte‐infected tall fescue (KY+) vs. bermudagrass] effects on milk volume and quality were determined in Herd 1 cows (123 cows); in Herd 2 (99 cows), genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on ovarian follicle size, calving date and calving per cent were determined; and in Herd 3 (114 cows), effects of genotype and fescue cultivar [KY+ vs. non‐toxic endophyte‐infected tall fescue (HiMag4)] were related to calving per cent, calving date and weaning weights of both cow and her calf. A cytosine (C) to guanine (G) transversion at base 994 (C994G) in CYP3A28 was identified. There was a genotype × forage type interaction (p < 0.05) on milk protein in Herd 1 cows; CC cows grazing bermudagrass had greater milk protein percentage in relation to other cows in the herd. In Herd 2, BC and genotype × BC tended (p < 0.10) to influence follicle size and Julian calving date respectively. Diameter of the largest follicle tended to be larger in moderate BC than in low‐BC cows; whereas, CC and CG cows in moderate BC and homozygous (CC and GG) cows in low BC tended to calve 14 days earlier in relation to CG cows in low BC. In Herd 3, there was a genotype × forage type interaction (p < 0.05) on calving per cent, Julian calving date and calf weaning weight. In this study, genetic alterations (G allele at C994G) coupled with nutritional factors (low BC and toxic tall fescue) resulted in overall lower productivity in cows.
Fishing‐induced evolution of growth: concepts, mechanisms and the empirical evidence
Authors: Enberg Katja , Jørgensen Christian , Dunlop Erin S. , Varpe Øystein , Boukal David S. , Baulier Loïc , Eliassen Sigrunn , Heino Mikko 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe interest in fishing‐induced life‐history evolution has been growing in the last decade, in part because of the increasing number of studies suggesting evolutionary changes in life‐history traits, and the potential ecological and economic consequences these changes may have. Among the traits that could evolve in response to fishing, growth has lately received attention. However, critical reading of the literature on growth evolution in fish reveals conceptual confusion about the nature of ‘growth’ itself as an evolving trait, and about the different ways fishing can affect growth and size‐at‐age of fish, both on ecological and on evolutionary time‐scales. It is important to separate the advantages of being big and the costs of growing to a large size, particularly when studying life‐history evolution. In this review, we explore the selection pressures on growth and the resultant evolution of growth from a mechanistic viewpoint. We define important concepts and outline the processes that must be accounted for before observed phenotypic changes can be ascribed to growth evolution. When listing traits that could be traded‐off with growth rate, we group the mechanisms into those affecting resource acquisition and those governing resource allocation. We summarize potential effects of fishing on traits related to growth and discuss methods for detecting evolution of growth. We also challenge the prevailing expectation that fishing‐induced evolution should always lead to slower growth.
Caspofungin: when and how? The microbiologist’s view
Authors: Mayr Astrid , Aigner Maria , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe echinocandins are antifungal agents, which act by inhibiting the synthesis of β‐(1,3)‐d‐glucan, an integral component of fungal cell walls. Caspofungin, the first approved echinocandin, demonstrates good in vitro and in vivo activity against a range of Candida species and is an alternative therapy for Aspergillus infections. Caspofungin provides an excellent safety profile and is therefore favoured in patients with moderately severe to severe illness, recent azole exposure and in those who are at high risk of infections due to Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In vivo/in vitro resistance to caspofungin and breakthrough infections in patients receiving this agent have been reported for Candida and Aspergillus species. The types of pathogens and the frequency causing breakthrough mycoses are not well delineated. Caspofungin resistance resulting in clinical failure has been linked to mutations in the Fksp subunit of glucan synthase complex. European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute need to improve the in vitro susceptibility testing methods to detect fks hot spot mutants. Caspofungin represents a significant advance in the care of patients with serious fungal infections.
Genitogluteal porokeratosis: An unusual clinical presentation
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev Srinivas , Lee Stephen 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA 51‐year‐old man presented with a 12‐year history of an expanding, irritable rash on his buttocks, groin and scrotum. He gradually developed erythematous, annular plaques with ridged borders and depressed centres. He also had a verruciform eruption in his perianal area. A clinical diagnosis of porokeratosis confined to the genitogluteal area was confirmed histopathologically. Oral acitretin resulted in symptomatic and cosmetic improvement. He continues to be followed up to evaluate treatment outcomes.
Killing two birds with one stone: the potential effect of cataract surgery on the incidence of primary angle‐closure glaucoma in a high‐risk population
Authors: Chan WengOnn , García José A , Newland Henry S , Muecke James , McGovern Stephen , Selva Dinesh , Aung Tin , Casson Robert J 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To estimate the proportion of cataract surgery performed at various visual acuity and lens opacity thresholds that would coincidentally treat early angle‐closure disease, and to estimate the effect of this surgery on the incidence of primary angle‐closure glaucoma.Design:  Cross‐sectional, population‐based survey in Meiktila, Myanmar.Participants:  Total of 2076 inhabitants, 40 years of age and over were included.Methods:  Eyes with cataract‐induced visual impairment, and primary angle‐closure disease were identified. Analyses were stratified by various pinhole‐corrected visual acuity and Lens Opacity Classification System III scores thresholds.Main Outcome Measures:  The dual role of cataract surgery in primary cataract treatment and primary angle‐closure glaucoma prevention was estimated.Results:  Of 4153 eyes available for analysis, 261 eyes were either primary angle‐closure suspect or primary angle closure; 975 eyes had a visual acuity of <6/18 and Lens Opacity Classification System III score ≥3 on the nuclear or cortical scales. Of these, 86 eyes had either primary angle‐closure suspect or primary angle closure. If cataract surgery were performed on all 975 eyes, this would potentially prevent up to 86 cases of primary angle‐closure glaucoma in this population; 8.82% (95% confidence interval 7.12–10.78%) of the cataract surgery would address the cataract and prevent primary angle‐closure glaucoma. This would achieve a 38.46% (95% confidence interval 20.23–59.43%) relative reduction in the incidence of primary angle‐closure glaucoma in the adult population.Conclusion:  In populations with a high prevalence of both visually significant cataract and angle‐closure disease, quality cataract extraction can serve a dual role of visual restoration and reducing the incidence of angle‐closure disease in the population: killing two birds with one stone.
Retinal venular calibre dilatation after intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Wickremasinghe Sanjeewa S , Guymer Robyn H , Wong Tien Y , Kawasaki Ryo , Wong Wanling , Qureshi Salmaan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To describe the changes in retinal vascular calibre in response to intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration.Design:  Prospective interventional case series.Participants:  Treatment naïve patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration were recruited over a 1‐year period.Methods:  Each patient received three monthly intravitreal injections according to a ‘loading dose’. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibre was measured from digital fundus photographs and summarized as central retinal artery equivalent and central retinal vein equivalent at baseline and 3 months.Main Outcome Measure:  Central retinal artery equivalent and central retinal vein equivalent changes from baseline to 3 months.Results:  Seventy‐four eyes of 71 patients had good quality images for grading vessel calibre at baseline and at 3 months in treated (study) eyes and 51 eyes of 51 patients had good quality images in fellow (control) eyes. Over 3 months, in study eyes treated with ranibizumab, there was a significant increase in central retinal vein equivalent over baseline (+6.20 µm, P = 0.005), but no significant change in central retinal artery equivalent (+0.86 µm, P = 0.55). In control eyes, there was no change in central retinal vein equivalent (−0.82 µm, P = 0.70) or central retinal artery equivalent (0.34 µm, P = 0.75).Conclusion:  Intravitreal ranibizumab has a significant vasodilational effect on retinal venular calibre in eyes treated for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. The reason for this change is unclear, but may relate to changes in blood flow or inflammatory changes within the retina.
Comparison of the effects of cylindrical correction with and without iris recognition technology in wavefront laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis
Authors: Wang Tsung‐Jen , Lin Yu‐Huang , Chang David C‐K , Chou Hsiu‐Chu , Wang I‐Jong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To analyse the magnitude of cylindrical corrections over which cyclotorsion compensation with iris recognition (IR) technology is beneficial during wavefront laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis.Design:  A retrospectively comparative case series.Participants or Samples:  Fifty‐four eyes that underwent wavefront laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis without IR (non‐IR group) and 53 eyes that underwent wavefront laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis with IR (IR group) were recruited.Methods:  Subgroup analysis based on baseline astigmatism were: a low degree of astigmatism (≥1.00 D to <2.00 D), a moderate degree of astigmatism (≥2.00 D to <3.00 D) and a high degree of astigmatism (≥3.00 D).Main Outcome Measures:  Vector and non‐vector analyses were used for comparison.Results:  The mean cylinder was −1.89 ± 0.76 D in the non‐IR group and −2.00 ± 0.77 D in the IR group. Postoperatively, 38 eyes (74.50%) in the IR group and 31 eyes (57.50%) in the non‐IR group were within ± 0.50 D of the target induced astigmatism vector (P = 0.063). The difference vector was 0.49 ± 0.28 in the IR group and 0.63 ± 0.40 in the non‐IR group (P = 0.031). In the analysis of subgroups, the magnitude of error was significantly lower in the moderate IR subgroup than that of the moderate non‐IR subgroup (P = 0.034). Furthermore, the moderate IR subgroup had a lower mean difference vector (P = 0.0078) and a greater surgically induced astigmatism (P = 0.036) than those of the moderate non‐IR group.Conclusions:  Wavefront laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis for the treatment of astigmatism using IR technology was effective and accurate for the treatment of myopic astigmatism.
Missing X and Y: a review of participant ages in population‐based eye studies
Authors: Forward Hannah , Hewitt Alex W , Mackey David A 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOphthalmic population‐based studies have been used to establish the frequency of eye disease and the associated environmental and genetic factors that cause vision impairment and blindness. Most of these studies have concentrated on the diseases of ageing: cataract, age‐related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Other studies have identified eye diseases in children but few studies of young adult eye disease exist. We conducted a systematic review of the ophthalmic literature to identify potential population‐based eye studies and then note the age of participants in the studies. We then summarized the disease specific to young adults to show there is a need for further research to identify eye disease in this important and often‐neglected group in the community. Eighty‐four large population‐based studies have been conducted worldwide: 9 in North America, 2 in South America, 17 in Africa, 35 in Asia, 11 in Australia and the Pacific, 6 in Europe, 4 in the Middle East and 1 that covered 3 continents. No studies specifically examined young adults. Twenty‐six per cent of studies included young adults as part of all ages examined but none of these examined a large number of young adults.
Exsanguination by intent: controlled phlebotomy during resection of a giant vascular malformation in a 22‐month‐old child
Authors: Choi Ellen , Landrigan‐Ossar Mary , Fishman Steven J. , Seefelder Christian 
Published: June 2011

SummaryResection of large vascular malformations may require transection across the lesion, resulting in uncontrollable bleeding with the risk of exsanguination or massive transfusion‐related complications such as hyperkalemic cardiac arrest. We present the anesthetic management of a 22‐month‐old child with a giant vascular malformation who required surgical intervention because of increasing pain and bleeding from the lesion. As a standard resection carried a high risk of mortality for the patient, a novel surgical approach was performed, consisting of gradual compression of the lesion, reducing its base to allow transection across the smallest possible area. This compression resulted in acute massive autotransfusion managed by therapeutic phlebotomy of more than twice the circulating blood volume of the patient, guided by CVP and blood pressure. Although subsequent resection was still associated with large blood loss, the hemodynamic course of the patient was stable, and both bleeding and massive transfusion occurred in a controlled fashion allowing safe and successful resection of the malformation.
Endothelium‐independent dilation in children and adolescents
Authors: Marlatt Kara L. , McCue Meghan C. , Kelly Aaron S. , Metzig Andrea M. , Steinberger Julia , Dengel Donald R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPeak brachial artery dilation post‐nitroglycerin (NTG) administration occurs between 3 and 5 min in adults. The purpose of this study was to identify the time to peak dilation response to sublingual NTG (0·3 mg) in youth. Endothelium‐independent dilation (EID) was measured in 198 healthy (113 males, 85 females) youth (6–18 years) via ultrasound imaging of the brachial artery following NTG administration. Time to peak EID was 268 s following NTG administration, with no significant (P = 0·6) difference between males and females. There was a significant (P<0·001) difference between EID post‐NTG at the 3 versus 4 min, 4 versus 5‐min, and 3 versus 5 min time points. Peak EID (males: 24·8 ± 0·5 versus females: 25·3 ± 0·6%, P = 0·6) was not significantly different after accounting for baseline diameter. Peak response to NTG administration occurs between 4 and 5 min. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring EID up to 5‐min post‐NTG administration in youth.
A Bookstore for Bailey: A Novel Approach to Teaching a Small‐Business Management Course
Authors: Bergquist Timothy M. , Maggs Anne 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis article presents the development of an online, student‐centered, introductory small‐business management course that uses an educational business novel, hypertext graphic‐design features, an interactive workbook, and a student‐authored final chapter. Student learning was assessed through the use of a pre‐ and posttest survey. Student reflection was incorporated to make students consider the impact of learning. Results showed that student learning and understanding increased in two separate courses.
Women's premonitions prior to the death of their baby in utero and how they deal with the feeling that their baby may be unwell
Authors: ERLANDSSON KERSTIN , LINDGREN HELENA , DAVIDSSON‐BREMBORG ANNA , RÅDESTAD INGELA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective. To identify whether mothers of stillborn babies had had a premonition that their unborn child might not be well and how they dealt with that premonition. Design. A mixed method approach. Setting. One thousand and thirty‐four women answered a web questionnaire. Sample. Six hundred and fourteen women fulfilled the inclusion criteria of having a stillbirth after the 22nd gestational week and answered questions about premonition. Methods. Qualitative content analysis was used for the open questions and descriptive statistics for questions with fixed alternatives. Main Outcome Measure. The premonition of an unwell unborn baby. Results. In all, 392 of 614 (64%) of the women had had a premonition that their unborn baby might be unwell; 274 of 614 (70%) contacted their clinic and were invited to come in for a check‐up, but by then it was too late because the baby was already dead. A further 88 of 614 (22%) decided to wait until their next routine check‐up, believing that the symptoms were part of the normal cycle of pregnancy, and that the fetus would move less towards the end of pregnancy. Thirty women (8%) contacted their clinic, but were told that everything appeared normal without an examination of the baby. Conclusions. Women need to know that a decrease in fetal movements is an important indicator of their unborn baby's health. Healthcare professionals should not delay an examination if a mother‐to‐be is worried about her unborn baby's wellbeing.