bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bush dog Speothos venaticus and short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis in a fragmented landscape in southern Amazonia
Authors: Michalski Fernanda 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe bush dog Speothos venaticus and the short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis are categorized as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. I document the occurrence of these two little known canids in a fragmented landscape in southern Amazonia (around Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso state, Brazil) using interviews and two extensive camera-trapping surveys. From a total of 144 interviews conducted during 2001–2002 in forest fragments and continuous forest sites, bush and short-eared dogs were confirmed in only eight (5.6%) and 14 (9.7%) forest sites, respectively. Two camera-trapping surveys, conducted in 2003–2004 and 2007–2008, with a total of 6,721 camera-trap days, recorded two photographs of bush dogs and seven of short-eared dogs, in three continuous forest sites. On the basis of the large sampling effort it appears that these two elusive species occur at low densities in the study region. The continued presence of these species in an agricultural frontier with high deforestation rates makes this information of relevance for long-term conservation initiatives in this region and in other Neotropical agricultural frontiers.
Tigers, markets and palm oil: market potential for conservation
Authors: Bateman Ian J. , Fisher Brendan , Fitzherbert Emily , Glew David , Naidoo Robin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIncreasing demand for cooking oil and biofuels has made palm oil, > 80% of which is grown in South-east Asia, the dominant globally traded vegetable oil. However, this region is host to some of the world’s most biodiverse and threatened tropical forests. Strategic engagement with commercial operations is increasingly recognized to be an essential part of the solution for raising funds for conservation initiatives, raising consumer consciousness and potentially stemming environmental degradation. Linking market incentives towards conservation is also of critical importance because it is becoming widely recognized that conservation needs to begin to address the wider countryside (outside protected areas) where human–wildlife interactions are frequent and impacts are large. Using the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae as both a threatened species in its own right and emblematic for wider species diversity, we show that western consumers are willing to pay a significant premium for products using palm oil grown in a manner that reduces impacts on such species. Results suggest that the price premium associated with a ‘tiger-friendly’ accreditation may provide a useful additional tool to raise conservation funds and, within the right institutional context, serve as an inducement to address the problem of habitat and species loss.
Fine tuning and the varieties of naturalism
Authors: GANSSLE GREGORY E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNaturalism has been characterized both as a claim about what exists (claim naturalism) and as a commitment to a certain methodology (method naturalism). The fine-tuning argument for God's existence presents a significant challenge to each way of characterizing naturalism. The claim naturalist faces the fact that the best response to the fine-tuning argument (the many-world hypothesis) requires the existence of many universes that are not clearly naturalistic themselves. Method naturalism faces the challenge that it does not have the resources to ground the preference of the many-world hypothesis to the designer hypothesis.
Enhanced surveillance for measles in low-incidence territories of the Russian Federation: defining a rate for suspected case investigation
Authors: TIKHONOVA N. T. , BICHURINA M. A. , GERASIMOVA A. G. , ZVIRKUN O. V. , VLADIMEROVA N. P. , MAMAEVA T. , LIPSKAYA G. , ELSAADANY S. , SPIKA J. S. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThe rate of case investigation for measles-like illness (MLI) is an important indicator for the quality of measles surveillance in countries targeting measles elimination. However, a benchmark rate is still being discussed. We assessed different rates of investigation in 11 territories of the Russian Federation with low reported measles incidence during the previous 4–7 years. Each territory maintained their existing surveillance activities and also undertook additional surveillance activities for MLI over a 3-year period. The annual routine rate of investigation varied from 0·06 to 1·8/100 000 population; the overall rate of investigation, including enhanced surveillance, varied from 1·4 to 7·2/100 000. Forty-nine (30·8%) of 159 measles cases detected were identified through enhanced surveillance. Based on the results of this study, the Russian Federation concluded that a rate of routine investigation of 2/100 000 provided the best balance between available resources and sensitivity for detection of measles cases.
Subcutaneous hydration by hypodermoclysis
Authors: Lopez Jorge H. , Reyes-Ortiz Carlos A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySubcutaneous hydration, or hypodermoclysis (HDC), is a very simple technique that should be practised more often by doctors and nurses who care for older patients. It involves less discomfort, generates less cost and has fewer adverse effects than the intravenous route and may reduce the need for admission to the emergency department. The main indication is the management of mild to moderate dehydration, and prevention of dehydration in patients who are intolerant of oral intake. It should not be administered in situations of severe dehydration, in emergency situations, or in patients with fluid overload. Isotonic or hypotonic solutions must be used with appropriate electrolytes. Certain medicines can be given simultaneously by HDC and this may be especially valuable in palliative care settings. In most cases there is no need to add hyaluronidase.
Effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia
Authors: GREENBERG DANIEL L. , VERFAELLIE MIEKE 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study compared the effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia. Controls and amnesic participants were presented with a set of three-word phrases. Each was presented three times. In the varied-context condition, the verb changed with each presentation; in the fixed-context condition, it remained constant. At test, participants performed an associative-recognition task in which they were shown pairs of words from the study phase and asked to distinguish between intact and recombined pairs. For corrected recognition (hits – false alarms), controls performed better in the varied-context than in the fixed-context repetition condition, whereas amnesic participants’ performance did not differ between conditions. Similarly, controls had lower false-alarm rates in the varied-context condition, but there was no significant effect of condition for the amnesic participants. Thus, varied-context repetition does not improve amnesic participants’ performance on a recollection-dependent associative-recognition task, possibly because the amnesic participants were unable to take advantage of the additional cues that the varied-context encoding condition provided. (JINS, 2010,16, 596–602.)
Complex activities of daily living vary by mild cognitive impairment subtype
Authors: BANGEN KATHERINE J. , JAK AMY J. , SCHIEHSER DAWN M. , DELANO-WOOD LISA , TUMINELLO ELIZABETH , HAN S. DUKE , DELIS DEAN C. , BONDI MARK W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere is increasing consensus regarding the importance of operationally defining and measuring functional decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, few studies have directly examined functional abilities in MCI or its presumed subtypes and, to date, reported findings have been discrepant. Nondemented older adults (n = 120) were administered a comprehensive cognitive battery measuring multiple domains as well as a performance-based functional ability measure. Participants were characterized as either cognitively normal, amnestic MCI, or non-amnestic MCI. MCI individuals demonstrated decrements in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) relative to their cognitively normal counterparts. Specifically, participants with amnestic MCI demonstrated significant decrements in financial management, whereas those with non-amnestic MCI showed poorer performance in abilities related to health and safety. Moreover, decreased functional abilities were associated with decrements in global cognitive functioning but not memory or executive functions in the MCI participants. Finally, logistic regression demonstrated that functional abilities accurately predicted MCI subtype. Results support the need for better delineation of functional decline in MCI. Given the implications of functional status for MCI diagnosis and treatment, the direct assessment of functional abilities is recommended. Results further suggest performance-based IADL assessment may have utility in distinguishing MCI subtypes. (JINS, 2010, 16, 630–639.)
Electron Beam-Induced Radiation Damage: The Bubbling Response in Amorphous Dried Sodium Phosphate Buffer
Authors: Massover William H. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIrradiation of an amorphous layer of dried sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0) by transmission electron microscopy (100–120 kV) causes rapid formation of numerous small spherical bubbles [10–100 Å (= 1–10 nm)] containing an unknown gas. Bubbling is detected even with the first low-dose exposure. In a thin layer (ca. 100–150 Å), bubbling typically goes through nucleation, growth, possible fusion, and end-state, after which further changes are not apparent; co-irradiated adjacent areas having a slightly smaller thickness never develop bubbles. In moderately thicker regions (ca. over 200 Å), there is no end-state. Instead, a complex sequence of microstructural changes is elicited during continued intermittent high-dose irradiation: nucleation, growth, early simple fusions, a second round of extensive multiple fusions, general reduction of matrix thickness (producing flattening and expansion of larger bubbles, occasional bubble fission, and formation of very large irregularly-shaped bubbles by a third round of compound fusion events), and slow shrinkage of all bubbles. The ongoing lighter appearance of bubble lumens, maintenance of their rounded shape, and extensive changes in size and form indicate that gas content continues throughout their surprisingly long lifetime; the thin dense boundary layer surrounding all bubbles is proposed to be the main mechanism for their long lifetime.
Growth Rate Determination through Automated TEM Image Analysis: Crystallization Studies of Doped SbTe Phase-Change Thin Films
Authors: Oosthoek Jasper L.M. , Kooi Bart J. , De Hosson Jeff T.M. , Wolters Rob A.M. , Gravesteijn Dirk J. , Attenborough Karen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA computer-controlled procedure is outlined here that first determines the position of the amorphous-crystalline interface in an image. Subsequently, from a time series of these images, the velocity of the crystal growth front is quantified. The procedure presented here can be useful for a wide range of applications, and we apply the new approach to determine growth rates in a so-called fast-growth-type phase-change material. The growth rate (without nucleation) of this material is of interest for comparison with identical material used in phase-change random access memory cells. Crystal growth rates in the amorphous phase-change layers have been measured at various temperatures using in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope. Doped SbTe films (20 nm thick) were deposited on silicon nitride membranes, and samples with and without silicon oxide capping layer were studied. The activation energy for growth was found to be 3.0 eV. The samples without capping layer exhibit a nucleation rate that is an order of magnitude higher than the samples with a silicon oxide capping layer. This difference can be attributed to the partial oxidation of the phase-change layer in air. However, the growth rates of the samples with and without capping are quite comparable.
Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy “dwarf planets” (plutoids)
Authors: Tancredi Gonzalo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe geophysical and dynamical criteria introduced in the “Definition of a Planet in the Solar System” adopted by the International Astronomical Union are reviewed. The classification scheme approved by the IAU reflects dynamical and geophysical differences among planets, “dwarf planets” and “small Solar System bodies”. We present, in the form of a decision tree, the set of questions to be considered in order to classify an object as an icy “dwarf planet” (a plutoid). We find that there are 15 very probable plutoids; plus possibly 9 more, which require a reliable estimate of their sizes. Finally, the most relevant physical and dynamical characteristics of the set of icy “dwarf planets” have been reviewed; e.g. the albedo, the lightcurve amplitude, the location in the different dynamical populations, the size distributions, and the discovery rate.
The unusually frail asteroid 2008 TC3
Authors: Jenniskens Peter , Shaddad Muawia H. ,   The Almahata Sitta Consortium
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe first asteroid to be discovered in space and subsequently observed to impact Earth, asteroid 2008 TC3, exploded at a high 37 km altitude and stopped ablating at 32 km. This would classify the fireball as of Ceplecha's PE-criterion IIIb/a, meaning “cometary” in nature. In this case, the structural weakness may have come from pores found in some of the recovered meteorites, called “Almahata Sitta” (= Station 6 in Arabic). The explosion turned most of the asteroid mass to dust and vapor, only a tiny fraction shattered into macroscopic meteorites, the heaviest of which was 283 gram. Other similarly frail asteroids may be related to main belt comets.
Magnetite microspheric particles from bright bolide of EN171101, exploded above the Trans-Carpathians mountains on Nov. 17, 2001
Authors: Churyumov Klim I. , Belevtsev Rudolf Ya. , Sobotovich Emlen V. , Spivak Svitlana D. , Blazhko Volodymyr I. , Solonenko Volodymyr I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn 2007-2008 the authors found many magnetite microspheric particles in ground samples at the Trans-Carpathians mountains near the village of Tur'yi Remety. Their diameters are of 0.1 - 0.3 mm and they have Ni, Co and Cr as chemical composition. We think that these particles are part of the bright bolide of EN171101 which exploded above Trans-Carpathians mountains on Nov. 17, 2001.
The meteoroid above Mediterranean Sea on July, 6th 2002 was a fragment of a cometary nucleus?
Authors: Churyumov Klim I. , Kruchynenko Vitaly G. , Chubko Larissa S. , Churyumova Tatyana K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is shown, that the explosion of the bolide above the Mediterranean sea on July, 6th 2002 with a high probability was a fragment of an icy cometary nucleus which initial weight was equal approximately to 7 ⋅ 108 grams. This follows from the determined energy of the outburst equal to 26kT of TNT (Brown et al. 2002). We think that this energy refers to the height of the maximal braking of the body in the Earth's atmosphere. At the speed of 20.3 km/s accepted by authors, the weight of a body at this height is equal 5 ⋅ 108 gr, and at the entrance in the atmosphere it was approximately of 7 ⋅ 108 gr.
Recent polarimetric observations of comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Levasseur-Regourd Anny-Chantal , Hadamcik Edith , Sen Asoke K. , Gupta Ranjan , Lasue Jeremie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRemote observations of solar light scattered by dust in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko coma are of major importance to assess the properties of the dust and thus to prepare the rendezvous of the Rosetta spacecraft with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We present polarimetric data obtained from India in December 2008 and France in March 2009. Compared with previous observations of this comet and of other Jupiter family comets, they confirm that it is dust-poor, although it may exhibit outbursts leading to the ejection of dust particles from its subsurface, especially after its perihelion passage.
The Rosetta Mission: Comet and Asteroid Exploration
Authors: Schulz Rita 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn March 2004 the European Space Agency launched its Planetary Cornerstone Mission Rosetta to rendezvous with Jupiter-family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The Rosetta mission represents the next step into the improvement of our understanding of comet nuclei naturally following the four successful comet nucleus fly-by missions carried out in the past. It will however not perform a simple fly-by at its target comet, but combines an Orbiter and a Lander Mission. The Rosetta spacecraft will go in orbit around the comet nucleus when it is still far away from the Sun, and escort the comet for more than a year along its pre- and post-perihelion orbit while monitoring the evolution of the nucleus and the coma as a function of increasing and decreasing solar flux input. Different instrumentations will be used in parallel, from multi-wavelength spectrometry to in-situ measurements of coma and nucleus composition and physical properties. In addition the Rosetta Lander Philae will land on the nucleus surface, before the comet is too active to permit such a landing (i.e. at around r = 3 AU) and examine the surface and subsurface composition as well as its physical properties. Two fly-bys at main belt asteroids have been scheduled for the Rosetta spacecraft during its journey to the comet. The first fly-by at E-type asteroid (2867) Steins was already successfully executed in September 2008. The second and main fly-by at asteroid (21) Lutetia is scheduled for July 2010.
Deep Impact ejection from Comet 9P/Tempel 1 as a triggered outburst
Authors: Ipatov Sergei I. , A'Hearn Michael F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEjection of material after the Deep Impact collision with Comet Tempel 1 was studied based on analysis of the images made by the Deep Impact cameras during the first 13 minutes after impact. Analysis of the images shows that there was a local maximum of the rate of ejection at time of ejection ~10 s with typical velocities ~100 m/s. At the same time, a considerable excessive ejection in a few directions began, the direction to the brightest pixel changed by ~50°, and there was a local increase of brightness of the brightest pixel. The ejection can be considered as a superposition of the normal ejection and the longer triggered outburst.
Military intervention for humanitarian purposes: does the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advance the legality of the use of force for humanitarian ends?
Authors: Massingham Eve 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Responsibility to Protect is being touted as a new approach to protecting populations from mass atrocities. Certainly it would be encouraging to believe that an end to genocides, large scale ethnic cleansing and large scale loss of life were within humanity's reach. However, whilst the holistic approach of the doctrine is to be commended, the legality of the proposal requires further analysis. This paper specifically addresses the evolution of the legality of humanitarian intervention and looks at whether the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advances the legality of the use of force for humanitarian ends.
Protein structural dynamics in solution unveiled via 100-ps time-resolved x-ray scattering
Authors: Cho Hyun Sun , Dashdorj Naranbaatar , Schotte Friedrich , Graber Timothy , Henning Robert , Anfinrud Philip 
Published: April 2010

We have developed a time-resolved x-ray scattering diffractometer capable of probing structural dynamics of proteins in solution with 100-ps time resolution. This diffractometer, developed on the ID14B BioCARS (Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources) beamline at the Advanced Photon Source, records x-ray scattering snapshots over a broad range of
q
spanning 0.02–2.5
Å
-1
, thereby providing simultaneous coverage of the small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) regions. To demonstrate its capabilities, we have tracked structural changes in myoglobin as it undergoes a photolysis-induced transition from its carbon monoxy form (MbCO) to its deoxy form (Mb). Though the differences between the MbCO and Mb crystal structures are small (rmsd < 0.2
Å
), time-resolved x-ray scattering differences recorded over 8 decades of time from 100 ps to 10 ms are rich in structure, illustrating the sensitivity of this technique. A strong, negative-going feature in the SAXS region appears promptly and corresponds to a sudden > 22
Å
3
volume expansion of the protein. The ensuing conformational relaxation causes the protein to contract to a volume ∼2
Å
3
larger than MbCO within ∼10 ns. On the timescale for CO escape from the primary docking site, another change in the SAXS/WAXS fingerprint appears, demonstrating sensitivity to the location of the dissociated CO. Global analysis of the SAXS/WAXS patterns recovered time-independent scattering fingerprints for four intermediate states of Mb. These SAXS/WAXS fingerprints provide stringent constraints for putative models of conformational states and structural transitions between them.
Depth zero Boolean algebras
Authors: Kach Asher 
Published: April 2010

We study the class of depth zero Boolean algebras, both from a classical viewpoint and an effective viewpoint. In particular, we provide an algebraic characterization, constructing an explicit measure for each depth zero Boolean algebra and demonstrating there are no others, and an effective characterization, providing a necessary and sufficient condition for a depth zero Boolean algebra of rank at most

ω
\omega

to have a computable presentation.
The resolvent kernel for PCF self-similar fractals
Authors: Ionescu Marius , Pearse Erin , Rogers Luke , Ruan Huo-Jun , Strichartz Robert 
Published: April 2010

For the Laplacian

Δ
\Delta

defined on a p.c.f. self-similar fractal, we give an explicit formula for the resolvent kernel of the Laplacian with Dirichlet boundary conditions and also with Neumann boundary conditions. That is, we construct a symmetric function

G

(
λ
)

G^{(\lambda )}

which solves

(
λ

I

−
Δ

)

−
1

f
(
x
)
=
∫

G

(
λ
)

(
x
,
y
)
f
(
y
)

d
μ
(
y
)

(\lambda \mathbb {I} - \Delta )^{-1} f(x) = \int G^{(\lambda )}(x,y) f(y) \, d\mu (y)

. The method is similar to Kigami’s construction of the Green kernel and

G

(
λ
)

G^{(\lambda )}

is expressed as a sum of scaled and “translated” copies of a certain function

ψ

(
λ
)

\psi ^{(\lambda )}

which may be considered as a fundamental solution of the resolvent equation. Examples of the explicit resolvent kernel formula are given for the unit interval, standard Sierpinski gasket, and the level-3 Sierpinski gasket

S

G
3

SG_3

.