bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Más allá de códigos de conducta como el que rige para los proveedores de Nike
Authors: LOCKE Richard , KOCHAN Thomas , ROMIS Monica , QIN Fei 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.¿Qué pueden hacer los códigos empresariales de buena conducta en pro de la vigilancia del cumplimiento de las normas internacionales del trabajo y de la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo en las cadenas de aprovisionamiento mundiales? Para contestar a esta pregunta, lo primero que hacen los autores es resumir las averiguaciones de un estudio de las condiciones de trabajo en 800 fábricas de cincuenta y un países suministradoras de la empresa Nike Inc. y de dos monografías al respecto. Después analizan hasta qué punto encajan los códigos en el vasto mosaico de instituciones, políticas y prácticas destinadas a regular y mejorar las condiciones de trabajo, y abogan por un método gradual y complementario para realizar esta labor en las cadenas de aprovisionamiento mundiales. Esbozan las innovaciones que son necesarias en materia institucional y de investigación para poner a prueba estas ideas.
Disparidad salarial en los países de la OCDE
Authors: ATKINSON Anthony B. 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.Está muy extendida la opinión de que la desigualdad de ingresos ha aumentado en los países de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) desde 1980. Se piensa que ello se debe al cambio tecnológico favorable al trabajo especializado, al crecimiento relativo de la demanda de trabajadores cualificados y a la competencia internacional que genera la globalización en perjuicio de los trabajadores sin cualificar. Pero esta explicación resulta ya muy endeble por sí sola, dado que la desigualdad se propaga a ritmos muy distintos en los países y que la disparidad avanza mucho más en la cúspide de la pirámide de ingresos. El autor estudia con nuevos ojos las tendencias de los últimos decenios y aporta explicaciones complementarias a la teoría de la carrera entre la tecnología y la cualificación profesional.
Evolución del derecho laboral. Análisis comparado de algunos regímenes
Authors: DEAKIN Simon , LELE Priya , SIEMS Mathias 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.Los autores trazan la evolución del derecho del trabajo en Alemania, Francia, Estados Unidos, India y Reino Unido con un nuevo conjunto de datos que permite calibrar los cambios jurídicos acaecidos a lo largo de un período. Su investigación esclarece la tesis de que la tradición jurídica de un ordenamiento condiciona el régimen laboral del mismo. En el nivel agregado se confirman algunas differencias entre los países de la esfera del derecho consuetudinario inglés (common law) y los que siguen la tradición del derecho civil, mientras que el panorama es más complejo en los diversos ámbitos del derecho laboral. Los autores estudian las posibilidades que brinda este método relativamente nuevo de medición para comprender las fuerzas que guían la evolución del derecho del trabajo.
El monopsonismo, metáfora del nuevo mercado de trabajo postsindical
Authors: ERICKSON Christopher L. , MITCHELL Daniel J.B. 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.¿Cómo es posible que, en todas las partes del mundo, en plena globalización, los empleadores sufran problemas cada vez más graves de escasez de mano de obra?¿Por qué no suben los salarios en las economías en expansión? La tesis que se defiende en este artículo es que, debido a la pérdida de fuerza de los sindicatos, los empleadores han tomado la delantera y establecen los salarios y otras condiciones de trabajo conforme a las reglas de un mercado laboral monopsonista. Los autores refutan el modelo de competencia perfecta, con su equilibrio entre oferta y demanda, y sostienen que, lejos de ser una curiosidad pedagógica, el monopsonismo y su desequilibrio en cuanto a la capacidad de negociación son una realidad muy extendida. Es necesario devolver la palabra a los trabajadores para subsanar consecuencias tan indeseables de los éxitos macroeconómicos como la desigualdad de ingresos y la pérdida de derechos laborales.
El trabajo infantil intermitente, su medición y su importancia
Authors: LEVISON Deborah , HOEK Jasper , LAM David , DURYEA Suzanne 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.Valiéndose de datos longitudinales de las zonas urbanas del Brasil, los autores indagan en la experiencia laboral de miles de niños de entre 10 y 16 años de edad en cuatro meses consecutivos de los decenios de 1980 y de 1990. La proporción de niños que estaban trabajando en algún momento del cuatrimestre era sustancialmente mayor de la que aparecía si sólo se estudiaba uno de los meses. Las tasas de empleo resultantes eran muy distintas, lo que ha inducido a los autores a calcular unos ≪multiplicadores de intermitencia≫. En conclusión, el empleo discontinuo es muy común y característico del trabajo infantil, por lo que ha de tenerse bien presente para averiguar con precisión los niveles reales de éste e identificar a los niños trabajadores.
Los modelos de empleo europeos, agitados por vientos de cambio
Authors: BOSCH Gerhard , RUBERY Jill , LEHNDORFF Steffen 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.Los ≪modelos nacionales de empleo≫ comprenden toda la gama de instituciones que influyen en la oferta, el uso y la demanda de fuerza de trabajo. A partir de un estudio sobre las tipologías al respecto, los autores averiguan cómo funcionan estos modelos en varios países y su capacidad respectiva de perdurar frente a las fuerzas que impulsan el cambio. Comparan la eficacia de los modelos en la salvaguardia de las condiciones de trabajo decentes, que se ven alteradas por la desreglamentación de los mercados de productos, el envejecimiento de la población y el progreso de las tasas de empleo de la mujer. A los Estados‐nación europeos cada vez les resulta más difícil reformar desde dentro sus modelos de empleo, por lo que hará falta fomentar unas políticas dinámicas en el plano de la Unión Europea.
The baboon model (Papio hamadryas) of fetal loss: maternal weight, age, reproductive history and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch Natalia E. , Moore Charleen M. , Lopez‐Alvarenga Juan Carlos , Dunn Betty G. , Dudley Donald , Hubbard Gene B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Several risk factors are associated with the incidence of human stillbirths. The prevention of stillbirths in women is a pressing clinical problem.Methods  We reviewed 402 pathology records of fetal loss occurring in a large baboon (Papio spp.) colony during a 15‐year period. Clinical histories of 565 female baboons with one or more fetal losses during a 20‐year period were analyzed for weight, age, and reproductive history.Results  Fetal loss was most common at term (35.57%) and preterm (28.61%) and less common in the first half of gestation (11.20%) and post‐term (5.22%). Greater maternal weight, older age, history of stillbirth and higher parity were independent predictors for stillbirth. An exponential increase in the incidence of fetal loss was observed beginning at age 14 years in baboons.Conclusions  Fetal loss and maternal risk factors associated with stillbirths in baboons were similar to those documented in women.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α stimulates gingival epithelial cells to release high mobility‐group box 1
Authors: Morimoto Y. , Kawahara K‐I. , Tancharoen S. , Kikuchi K. , Matsuyama T. , Hashiguchi T. , Izumi Y. , Maruyama I. 
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective: High‐mobility‐group box 1 functions as a late‐phase inflammatory mediator. It can be released extracellularly by macrophages and necrotic cells through lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor‐α. The objective of this study was to clarify the source of high‐mobility‐group box 1 in chronic periodontitis tissues and tumor necrosis factor‐α‐stimulated gingival epithelial cells, and subsequently elucidate its inducible inflammatory pathway.Material and Methods: Chronic periodontitis and healthy gingival sections were stained for high‐mobility‐group box 1 by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The amounts of high‐mobility‐group box 1 released into the gingival crevicular fluid and supernatants from gingival epithelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor‐α were examined by western blot. The phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in gingival epithelial cells was also examined.Results: High‐mobility‐group box 1 was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of gingival epithelial cells with periodontitis. Western blotting revealed a significant increase in high‐mobility‐group box 1 expression in the gingival crevicular fluid from periodontitis patients. High‐mobility‐group box 1 production in gingival epithelial cells was increased following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor‐α. The molecular dialogue between tumor necrosis factor‐α and gingival epithelial cells involved modulation of the activities of p38MAPK, Jun N‐terminal kinase and p44/42. Interestingly, only phosphorylation of p38MAPK contributed to more than half of the signaling initiated by tumor necrosis factor‐α‐elicited high‐mobility‐group box 1 release.Conclusion: High‐mobility‐group box 1 is continuously released from the gingival epithelial cells modulated by tumor necrosis factor‐α. These findings imply that high‐mobility‐group box 1 expression and possibly p38MAPK constitute important features in periodontitis.
Hydrogen sulfide inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest via an elevated p21Cip1 level in Ca9‐22 cells
Authors: Takeuchi H. , Setoguchi T. , Machigashira M. , Kanbara K. , Izumi Y. 
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective:  Volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) are the main causes of oral malodor. However, the physiological functions of H2S have not been investigated in oral tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of H2S on cell proliferation and the cell cycle in oral epithelial‐like cells.Material and Methods:  Ca9‐22 cells were used in this study. Cells were cultured in 5% CO2/95% air with (5 or 10 ng/mL) or without H2S. DNA synthesis was measured using a 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The cell cycle was analyzed using a flow cytometer. The expressions of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 were evaluated by western blotting.Results:  Exposure to 5 and 10 ng/mL of H2S significantly decreased DNA synthesis (p < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis also showed that exposure to both concentrations of H2S significantly increased the proportion of cells in G1 phase (p < 0.001) and significantly decreased the proportion of cells in S phase (p < 0.01). Western blotting showed that Rb phosphorylation was reduced and p21Cip1 was enhanced by exposure to H2S.Conclusion:  The results indicated that H2S inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest via the expression of p21Cip1 in Ca9‐22 cells.
PLUNC protein expression in major salivary glands of HIV‐infected patients
Authors: da Silva AA , Bingle L , Speight PM , Bingle CD , Mauad T , da Silva LFF , Vargas PA 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 258–264Objective:  To analyse and compare the expression of Palate, Lung, and Nasal Epithelium Clone (PLUNC) proteins in salivary glands from patients with and without AIDS (control group) using autopsy material.Methods:  We analysed the expression of PLUNCs using immunohistochemistry in parotid (n = 45), submandibular (n = 47) and sublingual gland (n = 37) samples of AIDS patients [30 with normal histology, 21 with mycobacteriosis, 14 with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 30 with chronic non‐specific sialadenitis, and 30 HIV‐negative controls. In situ hybridization (ISH) for SPLUNC 2 in the HIV‐negative group was performed.Results:  SPLUNC 1 expression was detected in the mucous acini of submandibular and sublingual glands, and SPLUNC 2 were seen in the serous cells. LPLUNC 1 expression was only positive in the salivary ducts. There was a higher expression of SPLUNC 2 in AIDS patients with CMV infection and mycobacteriosis when compared with all other groups. The intensity of staining for SPLUNC 2 was greater around the lesions than the peripheral ones. ISH for SPLUNC 2 showed perinuclear positivity in the serous cells in all HIV‐negative cases.Conclusions:  SPLUNC 1 and LPLUNC 1 proteins were similarly expressed in the salivary glands of AIDS patients and non‐HIV patients. CMV infection and mycobacteriosis increase SPLUNC 2 expression in serous cells in the salivary gland of AIDS patients.
In vivo effects of zoledronic acid on oral mucosal epithelial cells
Authors: Allam E , Allen MR , Chu T‐M , Ghoneima A , Jack Windsor L 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 291–297Objective:  Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a serious complication of bisphosphonate treatment for which the pathophysiology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether in vivo zoledronic acid (ZA) induces alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in oral mucosal epithelial cells.Methods:  One‐year‐old dogs were either untreated (control group) or given high doses of intravenous ZA (ZA group) for 3 months. The doses of ZA were equivalent to those given to cancer patients, yet were administered two times more frequently (every 2 weeks). Mucosal tissues were assessed immunohistochemically for cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and apoptosis (caspase 3 and TUNEL).Results:  There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to PCNA, MMP‐2, MMP‐14, and TUNEL positive cells. However, the expression of MMP‐9 was significantly higher in the control group than in the ZA group (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of caspase 3 was significantly lower in the control group than in the ZA group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  These results suggest that high doses of ZA resulted in higher levels of apoptosis and lower levels of MMP‐9 in the oral epithelial cells supporting the idea of bisphosphonate treatment affects the oral mucosa.
Clinical features of microinvasive stage I oral carcinoma
Authors: Pentenero M , Navone R , Motta F , Marino R , Gassino L , Broccoletti R , Gandolfo S 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 298–303Background:  This study aimed to analyse a case series of microinvasive (tumour thickness <4 mm) stage I oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with an emphasis on the clinical features of the tumours.Methods:  In total, 32 microinvasive and 67 non‐microinvasive stage I lesions, which had been surgically treated, were retrospectively studied and compared. The data analysed included gender, age, risk habits, clinical appearance, lesion site, symptoms, nodal involvement and outcome.Results:  The clinical features of microinvasive lesions meant that, more often than not, they resembled premalignant lesions (P = 0.008), and diagnosis was mainly based on accurate clinical examination rather than the presence of symptoms (P = 0.029). During a median follow‐up of 4.5 years, one nodal involvement and one cancer‐related death were observed in patients with microinvasive lesions. A significantly higher (P = 0.044) level of nodal involvement was observed in the non‐microinvasive lesion group.Conclusions:  Stage I OSCC has a favourable prognosis overall, but nodal recurrence is more common in non‐microinvasive cancers. As microinvasive lesions tend to present clinically as premalignant lesions, accurate clinical examination is essential if misdiagnosis of early lesions is to be avoided.
Temporary loss of plasma membrane integrity in orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Orellana‐Lezcano MF , Major PW , McNeil PL , Borke JL 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAuthors –  Orellana‐Lezcano MF, Major PW, McNeil PL, Borke JLIn these studies, a rat model of orthodontic tooth movement was used to support the premise that periodontal ligament (PDL) cells experience plasma membrane disruption and resealing events upon application of mechanical stress. Immunoelectron microscopy, showed albumin in the cytoplasm of PDL and bone lining cells in the tension side of moved molars. The intracellular localization of this large molecule (60 KDa) suggests that these cells have undergone plasma membrane disruption and resealing. To further assess these and previous findings, fluorescent dyes (FITC‐dextran and rhodamine‐dextran) were delivered into the vascular system followed by application of 50 g of static load. These large dextran molecules (10 KDa) were preferentially taken up by PDL cells of the buccal (tension side) of moved molars. These cells were determined to be viable since dead cells do not retain these diffusible tracers. These studies provide evidence of a novel cellular mechanism for uptake and release of molecules and suggest a potential role for plasma membrane disruption in the mechanotransduction of orthodontic tooth movement.
Tolerance of deviations in eye and mouth position
Authors: Evans CA , Viana G , Anderson NK , Giddon DB 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Evans CA, Viana G, Anderson NK, Giddon DBObjective –  To develop and refine a technique for measuring the tolerance for deviations in facial appearance.Design –  A psychophysical method was administered using photocopies of altered facial photographs to measure tolerances for deviations in eye position and mouth angulation and judges’ reaction time.Methods –  Stimulus photos were displayed as Kodachrome slides to 76 individuals grouped by their familiarity with craniofacial anomalies, i.e. dental professionals, orthodontic and craniofacial patients, also a group of normal patients.Results –  (1) Tolerance for deviation of facial appearance varies inversely with the magnitude of the physical deviations from normal; (2) tolerance varies directly as a function of assumed familiarity with deviation; (3) response and reaction time varied inversely with the tolerance for facial deviation.Conclusion –  Significant differences in tolerance and reaction time were found among the groups and depended on whether an isolated feature was judged or if the feature was judged in the context of the whole face.
Short hard palate in prenatal trisomy 21
Authors: Lauridsen H , Hansen BF , Reintoft I , Keeling JW , Skovgaard LT , Kjær I 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Lauridsen H, Hansen BF, Reintoft I, Keeling JW, Skovgaard LT, Kjær IObjective –  The aim of the present study was for the first time to examine on postmortal material the total midpalatal length of the hard palate and the length of its two components (the maxillary and palatine parts) in trisomy 21 fetuses, and to compare the results to normal standards.Design –  Material from 31 human fetuses with genetically verified trisomy 21 was studied. The fetuses were derived from legally induced or spontaneous abortions. Palates were, after sectioning, radiographed in lateral projection (Grenz Ray radiographic apparatus). Cephalometric measurements were performed with a digital caliper. Statistically, the length measurements for the two groups were compared, adjusting for crown rump length (CRL) through linear regression. At two specific ages (150 and 170 mm CRL), the length of the palatal components in trisomy 21 was compared to normal standards.Results –  For CRL 150 mm and CRL 170 mm it appears that all three palatal lengths, total length, maxillary length, and palatinal length are significantly shorter in fetuses with trisomy 21.Conclusion –  The main conclusion of our study is that the total palatal length in prenatal trisomy 21 is shorter than normal and that this is due both to a shortness of the maxillary and the palatine components of the hard palate.
Stem cells in craniofacial and dental tissue engineering
Authors: Risbud MV , Shapiro IM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAuthors –  Risbud MV, Shapiro IMMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified in a variety of adult tissues as a population of pluripotential self‐renewing cells. Based on their adherence and colony forming properties, a small number of MSC can be isolated from most mesenchymal tissues as well as bone marrow. In the presence of one or more growth factors, these cells commit to lineages that lead to the formation of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and adipose tissue; recent studies indicate that stem cells for cementum, dentine and the periodontal ligament also exist. All of these cells can be expanded in vitro, and, embedded in a scaffold, inserted into defects to promote healing and tissue replacement. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanism directing lineage specification and morphogenesis is providing a rational approach for the regeneration of craniofacial tissues and oral structures.
Comprehensive gene expression analysis in human periodontal ligaments of the mandibular third molars performing vertical movement and the maxillary second premolars with occlusal contact
Authors: Suda N 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthor –  Suda NObjectives –  The periodontal ligament (PDL) is thought to be an important tissue in vertical movement during tooth eruption, but the precise molecular mechanism is not known. Thereto, comprehensive gene expression was analyzed in human PDL of mandibular third molars performing vertical movement and maxillary second premolars with occlusal contact.Design –  The expression profile of 9,243 genes in the PDL of one subject was compared between vertically moving third molars and second premolars with occlusal contact by DNA microarray.Results –  The expression of 27 genes showed more than a 10‐fold difference between third molars and second premolars. The expression of CALB1 (encoding calbindin 1), CYP26A1 (encoding cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, polypeptide 1), SPOCK3 (encoding testican‐3), CCK (encoding cholecystokinin) and SCRG1 (encoding scrapie responsive protein 1) was more than 30‐fold higher in PDLs of the third molars than the second premolars. CALB1 is reported to increase at the pressure side of PDL during experimental orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Interestingly, in this study, CALB1 expression showed the largest difference. In contrast, CRCT1 (encoding cysteine‐rich C‐terminal 1), SPRP3 (encoding small proline‐rich protein 3), IL8 (encoding interleukin 8) and MMP12 (encoding matrix metalloproteinase 12) showed more than 100‐fold higher expression in PDLs of the second premolars than the third molars.Conclusion –  The present comprehensive gene expression in PDLs provides new insights into the molecular mechanism during the vertical tooth movement.