bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between blood and myocardium manganese levels during manganese‐enhanced MRI (MEMRI) with T1 mapping in rats
Authors: Hu Tom C.‐C. , Chuang Kai‐Hsiang , Yanasak Nathan , Koretsky Alan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese ions (Mn2+) enter viable myocardial cells via voltage‐gated calcium channels. Because of its shortening of T1 and its relatively long half‐life in cells, Mn2+ can serve as an intracellular molecular contrast agent to study indirect calcium influx into the myocardium. One major concern in using Mn2+ is its sensitivity over a limited range of concentrations employing T1‐weighted images for visualization, which limits its potential in quantitative techniques. Therefore, this study assessed the implementation of a T1 mapping method for cardiac manganese‐enhanced MRI to enable a quantitative estimate of the influx of Mn2+ over a wide range of concentrations in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. This MRI method was used to compare the relationship between T1 changes in the heart as a function of myocardium and blood Mn2+ levels. Results showed a biphasic relationship between ΔR1 and the total Mn2+ infusion dose. Nonlinear relationships were observed between the total Mn2+ infusion dose versus blood levels and left ventricular free wall ΔR1. At low blood levels of Mn2+, there was proportionally less cardiac enhancement seen than at higher levels of blood Mn2+. We hypothesize that Mn2+ blood levels increase as a result of rate‐limiting excretion by the liver and kidneys at these higher Mn2+ doses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier protein
Authors: Chan David I. , Vogel Hans J. 
Published: July 2010

FA (fatty acid) synthesis represents a central, conserved process by which acyl chains are produced for utilization in a number of end-products such as biological membranes. Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. FASs (FA synthases) can be divided into two classes, type I and II, which are primarily present in eukaryotes and bacteria/plants respectively. They are characterized by being composed of either large multifunctional polypeptides in the case of type I or consisting of discretely expressed mono-functional proteins in the type II system. Owing to this difference in architecture, the FAS system has been thought to be a good target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents, as exemplified by the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. There have been considerable advances in this field in recent years, including the first high-resolution structural insights into the type I mega-synthases and their dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the structural and dynamic properties of an increasing number of acyl-ACPs have been described, leading to an improved comprehension of this central carrier protein. In the present review we discuss the state of the understanding of FA synthesis with a focus on ACP. In particular, developments made over the past few years are highlighted.
Selective and Potent Raf Inhibitors Paradoxically Stimulate Normal Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth
Authors: Carnahan Josette , Beltran Pedro J. , Babij Carol , Le Quynh , Rose Mark J. , Vonderfecht Steven , Kim Joseph L. , Smith Adrian L. , Nagapudi Karthik , Broome Martin A. , Fernando Manory , Kha Hue , Belmontes Brian , Radinsky Robert , Kendall Richard , Burgess Teresa L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRaf inhibitors are under clinical investigation, specifically in patients with tumor types harboring frequent activating mutations in B-Raf. Here, we show that cell lines and tumors harboring mutant B-Raf were sensitive to a novel series of Raf inhibitors (e.g., V600EB-Raf A375, IC50 on cells = 2 nmol/L; ED50 on tumor xenografts = 1.3 mg/kg). However, in cells and tumors with wild-type B-Raf, exposure to Raf inhibitors resulted in a dose-dependent and sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In some of these cell lines, Raf inhibition led to entry into the cell cycle, enhanced proliferation, and significantly stimulated tumor growth in vivo. Inhibition with structurally distinct Raf inhibitors or isoform-specific small interfering RNA knockdown of Raf showed that these effects were mediated directly through Raf. Either A-Raf or C-Raf mediated the Raf inhibitor–induced mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation in an inhibitor-specific manner. These paradoxical effects of Raf inhibition were seen in malignant and normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Hyperplasia of normal epithelial cells in the esophagus and the stomach was evident in mice with all efficacious Raf inhibitors (n = 8) tested. An implication of these results is that Raf inhibitors may induce unexpected normal cell and tumor tissue proliferation in patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(8); 2399–410. ©2010 AACR.
Pupil Diameter Predicts Changes in the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off: Evidence for the Adaptive Gain Theory
Authors: Jepma Marieke , Nieuwenhuis Sander 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation and exploration is critical for the optimization of behavioral performance. Animal research and computational modeling have suggested that changes in exploitative versus exploratory control state in response to changes in task utility are mediated by the neuromodulatory locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC–NE) system. Recent studies have suggested that utility-driven changes in control state correlate with pupil diameter, and that pupil diameter can be used as an indirect marker of LC activity. We measured participants' pupil diameter while they performed a gambling task with a gradually changing payoff structure. Each choice in this task can be classified as exploitative or exploratory using a computational model of reinforcement learning. We examined the relationship between pupil diameter, task utility, and choice strategy (exploitation vs. exploration), and found that (i) exploratory choices were preceded by a larger baseline pupil diameter than exploitative choices; (ii) individual differences in baseline pupil diameter were predictive of an individual's tendency to explore; and (iii) changes in pupil diameter surrounding the transition between exploitative and exploratory choices correlated with changes in task utility. These findings provide novel evidence that pupil diameter correlates closely with control state, and are consistent with a role for the LC–NE system in the regulation of the exploration–exploitation trade-off in humans.
Influence of Interplanting of Corn and Ladino Clover on the Yields of Corn1
Authors: Stivers Russell K. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisLadino clover adjacent to corn reduced corn yields. There was also a trend toward reduced ear weights. Nitrogen leaf deficiency symptoms and response to fertilization of corn indicated competition for soil nitrogen. Clover grew an average < 6 inches toward cultivated corn rows after cultivation ceased.
Resistance of Seedlings to Frost Heaving Injury1
Authors: Kinbacher E. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisStem and leaf breakage were the major types of injury from frost heaving to 14‐day old seedlings of Hardinggrass, Perennial ryegrass, and 2 winter wheats. The lower the injury on the plant, the less the chance for survival. Ryegrass was more resistant than Hardinggrass at plant lifts less than 10 mm. Wheats were more resistant than the grasses. Depth of planting adversely affected grass seedlings at a greater degree than with wheat, but shallower planting caused greater root injury than deep planting in both grasses and wheats.
Influence of Fall Cutting in the Seeding Year on the Dry Matter and Nitrogen Yields of Legumes1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAt Madison, Wis., in 1951 and 1952, cutting top growth in September and October reduced the dry matter and nitrogen yields in the fall of the seeding year from alfalfa, red clover, and alsike clover. Reduction was especially marked in 1952 for alfalfa strains which were weakened by crown and root rot. Largest reductions from fall cutting were with the Arizona alfalfa.
Cytogenetics of Progenies of 35‐Chromosome Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)1
Authors: Carnahan H. L. , Hill Helen D. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisProgenies of natural pentaploid reed canarygrass possessed from 28 to 56 chromosomes. Non‐reduction was presumably a factor in the origin of octoploids. Hexaploids, though less regular meiotically than normal tetraploids, were more regular and fertile than octoploids. Chromosome number was not significantly correlated with leaf width but was correlated with date of anthesis (r = 0.62**). Leaves of euploids tended to be darker green than those of aneuploids. Seeds of hexaploids and octoploids were generally heavier than tetraploid seeds.
Factors Affecting Resistance to Pythium Seedling Blight of Maize Incited by Pythium ultimum1
Authors: Crane Paul L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisEvidence presented indicates that a portion of the resistance to Pythium ultimum in corn seedlings resides in the maternal pericarp tissues and a portion is within the germinating embryo. The two are distinct and genetically independent. No evidence of cytoplasmic influence on resistance was found. Ear to ear variation was found to be closely associated, inversely, with variations in reducing sugar content of the kernels.
Influence of Cultural Practices on Tuber Yields and Sapogenin Content of Discorea floribunda1
Authors: Kennard W. C. , Morris M. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisSignificantly higher yields of tropical yams and significantly higher sapogenin content were found in tubers growth with adequate vine support. Chicken wire trellis gave the best support to the vines. Both yield and sapogenin content were higher in the second year growth of plants than in the first year.
Effect of Soil Moisture Tension and Oxygen Concentration on the Growth of Corn Roots1
Authors: Gingrich J. R. , Russell M. B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIncreases in soil moisture tension from 1 through 12 atm. brought about progressively smaller increases in radicle elongation, fresh weight, dry weight, and degree of seedling hydration. Growth properties were most sensitive in the range between 1 and 3 atm. At low moisture stress, oxygen concentration of the root atmosphere needed to be above 10.5% for maximum growth.
Interaction of Cytoplasm and Genes in Male‐Sterile Corn Crosses Involving Two Inbred Lines1
Authors: Briggle L. W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAn hypothesis was formulated, whereby the incomplete male‐sterility of M1984 ✕ M14 was explained as the expression of a major gene in conjunction with a cytoplasmic factor. The gene is apparently pleiotropic in effect, one expression of which is the reduced growth of the anthers, and the second being the cessation of development of microspores bearing the dominant allele.
The Effect of Light and Other Factors on Breaking the Dormancy of Guayule Seed1
Authors: Emparan Phyllis R. , Tysdal H. M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisExposure to light for 3 to 4 days during germination, plus the oxidation brought about by using ¾% sodium hypochlorite, completely broke the dormancy of guayule seed so that freshly harvested achenes gave maximum germination equal to that after 84 days of storage. The effect of light and hypochlorite are additive. Age of the achene may decrease hypochlorite concentration requirement. Optimum temperatures were 30 to 20° C. Light and sodium hypochlorite did not counteract temperature variations. Light had no adverse effect on achenes which were past the dormancy stage.
Root Development of Winter Wheat as Influenced by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Kmoch H. G. , Ramig R. E. , Fox R. L. , Koehler F. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisRoot development of winter wheat was studied in central Nebraska. Depth of soil moisture and rate of nitrogen fertilization were variables. A dense network of roots developed in soil when soil moisture tension was above 15 atmospheres. When moisture conditions were favorable, roots were observed at a depth of 13 feet. There was evidence of moisture depletion to a depth of 8 feet. Nitrogen fertilization increased root weights and moisture utilization at all moisture levels.
Effectiveness of Successive Cycles of Phenotypic Recurrent Selection in Sweetclover1
Authors: Johnson I. J. , El Banna A. S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe effectiveness of phenotypic recurrent selection was measured in four successive cycles on first year growth of biennial yellow sweetclover. Results from this study show that changes per cycle, as measured in terms of variances and population means, were greater for a plant character with high heritability than for a character with a lower heritability. The progress made suggests that phenotypic recurrent selection may be an effective means for modifying an unselected population to improve uniformity in growth type and plant vigor.
Oil and Protein Relationships between Inbred Lines and their Single Cross Progeny1
Authors: Genter C. F. , Eheart J. F. , Linkous W. N. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisCorrelations between various inbred lines and their single cross progeny consistently indicated that very little dominance is expressed in the inheritance of either oil or protein percentage of the corn kernel. Slight dominance of both high‐oil and high‐protein percentage was indicated.
Sulfur Availability in Seven Southeastern Soils as Measured by Growth and Composition of White Clover1
Authors: Bardsley C. E. , Jordan Howard V. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisWhite clover, grown without added sulfur, was reduced in yield on 3 Southeastern soils at the third cutting and on all 7 soils at the fifth cutting. A seventh cutting produced extremely sulfur‐deficient clover which was lower in nitrogen content and had a wider S:N ratio than clover which received sulfur. Methionine and cystine were decreased in dry matter. The nutritive value of the protein in the sulfur‐deficient clover was maintained in terms of methionine but cystine was reduced.
Inheritance of Resistance to Certain Races of Leaf Rust of Wheat1
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J. , Caldwell Ralph M. , Nelson Oliver E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisResistances of soft red winter wheat, Purdue Sel. 3369‐61‐1‐1‐10, to races 9, 15, and 76 are controlled by single, dominant genes designated Lr4, Lr5, and Lr6, respectively. Lr4 is independent of Lr5 and Lr6; Lr5 and Lr6 are linked with a crossover percentage of 5.5. Resistance to race 5 is controlled by a single dominant gene. Resistance to race 65 is controlled by duplicate recessive genes designated as Lr7 and Lr8 that are inherited independently of each other and of the gene for resistance to race 5. Lr6 is inherited independently of Lrl in Malakof controlling resistance to race 76. Lr4 is nonallelic with a recessive gene in Wabash for resistance to race 9.
Yield and Quality of Spring Malting Barley Varieties Grown as Winter Annuals Under Irrigation1
Authors: Day A. D. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisOf twenty spring barley varieties grown as winter annuals under irrigation the Coast group was higher yielding, but lower in malting quality than the Manchuria group. In general, the Coast group was more resistant to lodging and shattering than the Manchuria group.
Moisture Relations in Soft Red Winter Wheats. II. Awned versus Awnless and Waxy versus Nonwaxy Glumes1
Authors: Pool Mart , Patterson Fred L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe presence of awns increased losses and gains of grain of ripe standing wheat. Selection for awns in a breeding program should be in efficient method of obtaining faster drying varieties for the humid soft wheat area. Waxy glumes slowed both moisture losses and gains of grain and were considered undesirable.
Vernalization of Immature Winter Wheat Embryos1
Authors: Weibel D. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisImmature embryos of developing seeds of Comanche wheat, an obligate winter variety, were vernalized. Spikes were detached from 8 to 12 days after anthesis and chilled at 32 to 40° F. for 40 to 50 days with the stems in water in a refrigerator. Plants grown from these seeds produced heads only when subjected to a long‐day photoperiod.
The Influence of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Flowering of Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)1
Authors: Knight W. E. , Hollowell E. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisPhotoperiodic response in crimson clover was greatly affected by temperature. Earliest flowering occurred when plants six weeks old were shifted from outside cold frames into a greenhouse with relatively high temperature. High night temperatures from germination to maturity inhibited flower production. Crimson clover flowered earlier as length of photoperiod increased. Under long daylengths the plants produced smaller seed heads, fewer leaves, less branching and greater height than under the shorter photoperiods.
Effect of Artificial Lodging on Grain and Malt Quality of Fall‐sown Irrigated Barley1
Authors: Day A. D. , Dickson A. D. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisArtificial 45° lodging of spring barley grown as a winter annual under flood irrigation had little effect on barley and malt quality. Lodging at 90° caused increases in barley nitrogen, malt nitrogen, wort nitrogen, diastatic power, and alpha‐amylase; decreases in barley and malt kernel weights, and malt extract percentage; but had very little effect on the ratio of wort nitrogen to malt nitrogen, or of beta‐amylase to alpha‐amylase.
Water‐Use Efficiency of Corn, Wheat, and Meadow Crops1
Authors: Dreibelbis F. R. , Harrold L. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisWater‐use efficiency for corn, wheat, and meadow crops varied considerably from year to year and was not coincident with either the highest or lowest amounts of rainfall for the growing season. Slightly higher efficiencies were obtained on the Muskingum silt loam than on Keene. Irrigation on corn in 1953 and on meadow in 1955 resulted in higher water‐use efficiency for these crops than occurred in any year when the crops were not irrigated.
The Relative Removal of Soil Moisture by Alfalfa and Orchardgrass1
Authors: Chamblee Douglas S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe relative soil moisture removal of alfalfa and orchardgrass was studied over a period of 2 years. During periods when these species produced equal amounts of growth, moisture in the 0‐ to 12‐inch soil layer was depleted at approximately the same rate by both species. On 36% of the days during the growing period in the dryer year the soil moisture level under alfalfa reached the wilting percentage to a depth of 30 inches.
Development of Spring Wheat: I. The Effect of Photoperiod1
Authors: Riddell J. A. , Gries George A. , Stearns Forest W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIncreasing the day length accelerated development, primarily during the pre‐initiation phase of growth. Dividing the normal 24‐hour day into several cycles in which the same light‐to‐darkness ratio was maintained also accelerated development. This promotion in development was due to the interruption of the dark rather than the light period.
Effect of Various Meadow Crops, Soybeans, and Grain on the Crops Which Follow1
Authors: Schmid A. R. , Caldwell A. C. , Briggs R. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisNitrogen was the most important single factor influencing yields of corn and wheat following meadows, grain, and soybeans. A large contribution of nitrogen by one‐ and two‐year legume meadows was obtained. Corn yields following soybeans were greater than those following oats. Pure grass meadow had a slight stimulating effect on corn yields as compared to oats but a depressing effect on wheat yields as compared to wheat at another location.
Comparative Toxic Effects of 3‐Nitropropionic Acid, Sodium Nitrite and Indigofera Endecaphylla on Chicks1
Authors: Britten E. J. , Matsumoto H. , Palafox A. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCreeping indigo and 3‐nitropropionic acid produced identical symptoms but nitrite caused no toxicity. It is concluded that 3‐nitropropionic acid is the toxic constituent of creeping indigo.
Effects of Manurial Treatments and Times of Planting on Rice Production in Different Soil Types in West Bengal1
Authors: Basak M. N. , Klemme A. W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThirty pounds of N per acre caused a significant increase in yield. Responses to bulky organic manure and ammonium sulphate, alone or in combination, were practically identical. Lateritic soils showed a higher grain‐producing capability than low‐land Gangetic alluvium soils of higher fertility status. Yields of grain decreased progressively with delay of planting from mid‐July to mid‐September. Time of application of ammonium sulphate had no influence on rice yield. Split applications were moderately superior to composite applications.
Interaction of Moisture and Temperature on Viability of Forage Seeds Stored in Hermetically Sealed Cans1
Authors: Ching T. M. , Parker M. C. , Hill D. D. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCrimson clover containing 6% moisture remained highly viable after 3 years under all temperature conditions, while ryegrass showed some decline in germination at 38° C. Seed with 8% moisture preserved well except at 38° C., whereas seed with 12 and 16% moisture remained viable only at 3° C. Seed with 16 and 20% moisture at 22° and 38° C. deteriorated within 3 months. Decline of viability could be retarded by improved storage conditions.
The Influence of Cutting Interval on Alfalfa Production in the High Andes1
Authors: Crowder Loy V. , Vanegas Jaime , Silva Jose 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisPercentage of flowering was not a reliable guide for alfalfa harvests since plants remain vegetative throughout the year and appearance of flowers is sporadic and erratic. Clipping alfalfa when new shoots were 2 inches high resulted in high quality forage and hay yields equal to those from other cutting frequencies. Many plants had not reached apparent physiological maturity when clipped every 5 or 7 weeks, but many leaves were lost when cutting was delayed longer.
Relative Yields of First (Apical) and Second Ears of Semi‐Prolific Southern Corn Hybrids1
Authors: Bauman Loyal F. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisMost of the yield variations resulted from differences in second‐ear yield when a significant number of second ears were produced. First‐ear yield was relatively unaffected by environment unless the crop was so poor that few second ears developed. Variations in second‐ear yields resulted primarily from differences in number rather than size. The plants tended to develop a fullsized first ear, and any additional yield came largely from second ears.
Lodging Resistance Studies in Oats. III. Optimum Number of Plots and Samples for cLr and Snap Scores1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Murphy H. C. , Petr F. , Norden A. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisFor a specific degree of precision the cost of testing lodging resistance by the cLr method was three times as great as by the snap method. Where a progeny row could be grown the snap method was the most satisfactory.
A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Low Concentrations of Phenoxy‐type Growth Regulators on Early Physiological Shedding in Deltaphine, TPSA, Cotton: II. Influence on Flower Initiation1
Authors: Johnson S. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCottonseeds were soaked in dilute solutions of 4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid in order to determine the effect of these chemicals on floral initiation. No effect was noted.
Chemical Composition of Irrigation Waters in the South Carolina Coastal Plain and Effects of Chlorides in Irrigation Water on the Quality of Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Peele T. C. , Webb H. J. , Bullock J. F. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe chloride content of these waters ranged from 4 to 55 ppm. The average increase in percent chlorine in the cured leaf was 0.009 for each pound of chlorine added by the irrigation water. The smoking quality of the tobacco was lowered when the irrigation water contained 225 ppm chloride ions but the commercial grade was not affected significantly by chloride in the water.