bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of flexural plastic hinges under high seismic shear with consideration of concrete strength
Authors: Elmenshawi Abdelsamie , Brown Tom , Loov Robert 
Published: November 2009

A successful seismic design for a reinforced concrete element is one that can postpone the shear failure until the required ductility and deformation capacity are obtained. After flexural yielding, shear deformations are the main causes for strength and stiffness degradation. An experimental program was carried out to explore the shear behaviour of flexural plastic hinges of elements constructed with different concrete strengths (30–175 MPa) tested under load reversals. The specimen represented a beam–column assembly and was designed to have the inelastic deformation at the beam end only. The research investigated the effect of shear deformations on the hysteretic behaviour and stiffness deterioration, cyclic shear demands, shear resisting mechanisms, and the effect of concrete strength on the hinge shear strength. It was found that the effect of concrete strength on beam shear strength under cyclic loading differs from that under unidirectional loading.
Spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm and suspended growth biomass of the full- and partial-bed biological aerated filtersA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.
Authors: Fatihah S. , Donnelly T. 
Published: November 2009

The extent of comparable nitrogen removal in the full- and partial-bed biological aerated reactors needs further microbiological evidence, specifically the existence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The nitrogen removal process in such systems is typically initiated by chemoliautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria converting ammonia to nitrite and traces of oxidized nitrogen gases. The formation of a dense biofilm as a result of higher turbulence would account for the higher number of AOB cells enumerated in the biofilm samples from the partial-bed reactor (4.3 × 105 ± 1.9 × 105No. of AOB cells/mL sample) as compared with those from the full-bed reactor (1.5 × 105 ± 8.0 × 104No. of AOB cells/mL sample).
Characterization of a self-compacting sand concrete using the quarry waste
Authors: Abidelah A. , Bouchaïr A. , Kerdal D. , Ayed K. 
Published: November 2009

Self-compacting sand concrete (SCSC) can be made by using the quarry waste, thus helping to reduce the actual deficit in aggregates in Algeria and contribute to the solution of an acute environmental problem. The SCSC presented in this paper is made with aggregates whose maximum size is less than 5 mm. Several mixes were prepared by varying parameters, such as water volume, weight and nature of cement, weight of sand, nature of admixtures, and shape of aggregates. Each one of the SCSC mixes has been analyzed by considering its rheological behavior in the fresh state and its mechanical behavior in the hardened state. In the fresh state, the elaborated SCSC satisfies the recommendations of the Association Française de Génie Civil (AFGC) and in the hardened state, its mechanical performance is good.
Representing Data Quality in Sensor Data Streaming Environments
Authors: Klein A. , Lehner W. 
Published: November 2009

Sensors in smart-item environments capture data about product conditions and usage to support business decisions as well as production automation processes. A challenging issue in this application area is the restricted quality of sensor data due to limited sensor precision and sensor failures. Moreover, data stream processing to meet resource constraints in streaming environments introduces additional noise and decreases the data quality. In order to avoid wrong business decisions due to dirty data, quality characteristics have to be captured, processed, and provided to the respective business task. However, the issue of how to efficiently provide applications with information about data quality is still an open research problem.
In this article, we address this problem by presenting a flexible model for the propagation and processing of data quality. The comprehensive analysis of common data stream processing operators and their impact on data quality allows a fruitful data evaluation and diminishes incorrect business decisions. Further, we propose the data quality model control to adapt the data quality granularity to the data stream interestingness.
A hybrid nano/CMOS dynamically reconfigurable system—Part I
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jha Niraj K. , Shang Li 
Published: November 2009

Rapid progress on nanodevices points to a promising direction for future circuit design. However, since nanofabrication techniques are not yet mature, implementation of nanocircuits, at least on a large scale, in the near future is infeasible. To ease fabrication and overcome the problem of high defect levels in nanotechnology, hybrid nano/CMOS reconfigurable architectures are attractive choices. Moreover, if the current photolithography fabrication process can be used to manufacture the hybrid chips, the benefits of nanotechnologies can be realized today.
Traditional reconfigurable architectures can only support partial or coarse-grain runtime reconfiguration due to their limited on-chip storage and long off-chip reconfiguration latency. Recent progress on nano Random Access Memories (RAMs), such as carbon nanotube-based RAM (NRAM), Phase-Change Memory (PCM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), etc., provides us with a chance to realize on-chip fine-grain runtime reconfiguration. These nano RAMs have good compatibility with the current fabrication process. By utilizing them in the hybrid design, we can take advantage of both CMOS and nanotechnology, and greatly improve the logic density, resource utilization, and performance of our design.
In this article, we propose a high-performance reconfigurable architecture, called NATURE, that utilizes CMOS logic and nano RAMs. An automatic design flow for NATURE is presented in Part II of the article. In NATURE, the highly dense nonvolatile nano RAMs are distributed throughout the chip to allow large embedded on-chip configuration storage, which enables fast reading and hence supports fine-grain runtime reconfiguration and temporal logic folding of a circuit before being mapped to the architecture. Temporal logic folding can significantly increase the logic density of NATURE (by over an order of magnitude for large circuits) while remaining competitive in performance and power consumption. For ease of exposition, we use NRAMs to illustrate various concepts in this article due to the excellent properties of NRAMs. However, other nano RAMs can also be used instead. Experimental results based on NRAMs establish the efficacy of NATURE.
Renal potassium transport: the pioneering studies of Gerhard Giebisch
Authors: Stanton Bruce A. 
Published: November 2009

This essay looks at the historical significance of six APS Classic Papers that are freely available on line: Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 206: 674–686, 1964 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/206/4/674 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in rat nephron. Am J Physiol 211: 529–547, 1966 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/211/3/529 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Microperfusion study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transfer in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 211: 548–559, 1966 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/211/3/548 ). Duarte CG, Chomety F, Giebisch G. Effect of amiloride, ouabain, and furosemide on distal tubular function in the rat. Am J Physiol 221: 632–640, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/2/632 ). Malnic G, De Mello Aires M, Giebisch G. Potassium transport across renal distal tubules during acid-base disturbances. Am J Physiol 221: 1192–1208, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/4/1192 ). Wright FS, Strieder N, Fowler NB, Giebisch G. Potassium secretion by distal tubule after potassium adaptation. Am J Physiol 221: 437–448, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/2/437 ).
Human Skeletal Muscle Drug Transporters Determine Local Exposure and Toxicity of Statins
Authors: Knauer Michael J. , Urquhart Bradley L. , Meyer zu Schwabedissen Henriette E. , Schwarz Ute I. , Lemke Christopher J. , Leake Brenda F. , Kim Richard B. , Tirona Rommel G. 
Published: November 2009

Rationale:The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, are important drugs used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Although statins are well tolerated, many patients develop myopathy manifesting as muscle aches and pain. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but severe toxicity of statins. Interindividual differences in the activities of hepatic membrane drug transporters and metabolic enzymes are known to influence statin plasma pharmacokinetics and risk for myopathy. Interestingly, little is known regarding the molecular determinants of statin distribution into skeletal muscle and its relevance to toxicity.Objective:We sought to identify statin transporters in human skeletal muscle and determine their impact on statin toxicity in vitro.Methods and Results:We demonstrate that the uptake transporter OATP2B1 (human organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1) and the efflux transporters, multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP)1, MRP4, and MRP5 are expressed on the sarcolemmal membrane of human skeletal muscle fibers and that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are substrates of these transporters when assessed using a heterologous expression system. In an in vitro model of differentiated, primary human skeletal muscle myoblast cells, we demonstrate basal membrane expression and drug efflux activity of MRP1, which contributes to reducing intracellular statin accumulation. Furthermore, we show that expression of human OATP2B1 in human skeletal muscle myoblast cells by adenoviral vectors increases intracellular accumulation and toxicity of statins and such effects were abrogated when cells overexpressed MRP1.Conclusions:These results identify key membrane transporters as modulators of skeletal muscle statin exposure and toxicity.
Cyclooxygenase-2–Dependent Prostacyclin Formation and Blood Pressure Homeostasis
Authors: Yu Ying , Stubbe Jane , Ibrahim Salam , Song Wen-liang , Symth Emer M. , Funk Colin D. , FitzGerald Garret A. 
Published: November 2009

Rationale:Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostanoids (PGs) are involved in blood pressure homeostasis. Both traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 and NSAIDs designed to be selective for inhibition of COX-2 cause sodium retention and elevate blood pressure.Objective:To elucidate the role of COX-2 in blood pressure homeostasis using COX-1>COX-2 mice, in which the COX-1 expression is controlled by COX-2 regulatory elements.Methods and Results:COX-1>COX-2 mice developed systolic hypertension relative to wild types (WTs) on a high-salt diet (HSD); this was attenuated by a PGI2receptor agonist. HSD increased expression of COX-2 in WT mice and of COX-1 in COX-1>COX-2 mice in the inner renal medulla. The HSD augmented in all strains urinary prostanoid metabolite excretion, with the exception of the major PGI2metabolite that was suppressed on regular chow and unaltered by the HSD in both mutants. Furthermore, inner renal medullary expression of the receptor for PGI2, but not for other prostanoids, was depressed by HSD in WT and even more so in both mutant strains. Increasing osmolarity augmented expression of COX-2 in WT renal medullary interstitial cells and again the increase in formation of PGI2observed in WTs was suppressed in cells derived from both mutants. Intramedullary infusion of the PGI2receptor agonist increased urine volume and sodium excretion in mice.Conclusions:These studies suggest that dysregulated expression of the COX-2 dependent, PGI2biosynthesis/response pathway in the renal inner renal medulla undermines the homeostatic response to a HSD. Inhibition of this pathway may contribute directly to the hypertensive response to NSAIDs.
Effects of Ambient Turbulence on Interleaving at a Baroclinic Front
Authors: Smyth William D. , Ruddick Barry 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper the authors investigate the action of ambient turbulence on thermohaline interleaving using both theory and numerical calculations in combination with observations from Meddy Sharon and the Faroe Front. The highly simplified models of ambient turbulence used previously are improved upon by allowing turbulent diffusivities of momentum, heat, and salt to depend on background gradients and to evolve as the instability grows.
Previous studies have shown that ambient turbulence, at typical ocean levels, can quench the thermohaline interleaving instability on baroclinic fronts. These findings conflict with the observation that interleaving is common in baroclinic frontal zones despite ambient turbulence. Another challenge to the existing theory comes from numerical experiments showing that the Schmidt number for sheared salt fingers is much smaller than previously assumed. Use of the revised value in an interleaving calculation results in interleaving layers that are both weaker and thinner than those observed. This study aims to resolve those paradoxes.
The authors show that, when turbulence has a Prandtl number greater than unity, turbulent momentum fluxes can compensate for the reduced Schmidt number of salt fingering. Thus, ambient turbulence determines the vertical scale of interleaving. In typical oceanic interleaving structures, the observed property gradients are insufficient to predict interleaving growth at an observable level, even when improved turbulence models are used. The deficiency is small, though: gradients sharper by a few tens of percent are sufficient to support instability. The authors suggest that this is due to the efficiency of interleaving in erasing those property gradients.
A new class of mechanisms for interleaving, driven by flow-dependent fluctuations in turbulent diffusivities, is identified. The underlying mechanism is similar to the well-known Phillips layering instability; however, because of Coriolis effects, it has a well-defined vertical scale and also a tilt angle opposite to that of finger-driven interleaving.
NAM–SCA: A Nonhydrostatic Anelastic Model with Segmentally Constant Approximations
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Bénard Pierre , Couvreux Fleur , Lahellec Alain 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An atmospheric convective system may be modeled as an ensemble of discrete plume elements. A representation of decomposited plumes provides the basis for mass-flux convective parameterization. A dry version of such a prototype model is constructed in a two-dimensional horizontally periodic domain. Each discrete plume element is approximated by a horizontally homogeneous segment such that the whole system is given by segmentally constant approximations (SCA) in the horizontal direction for each vertical level in a nonhydrostatic anelastic model (NAM). The distribution of constant segments is highly inhomogeneous in space and evolves with time in a highly adaptive manner.
The basic modeling strategy from a physical point of view is to activate new segments vertically upward with time when a convective plume is growing and to deactivate segments when a plume event is over. The difference in physical values crossing segment interfaces is used as a criterion for numerically implementing this strategy. Whenever a large difference is found, the given interface is stretched vertically by subdividing an existing segment into two. In turn, when a segment interface difference is found below the threshold, the given interface is removed, thereby merging the two segments into one.
This nonhydrostatic anelastic model with segmentally constant approximations (NAM–SCA) is tested on an idealized atmospheric convective boundary layer. It successfully simulates the evolution of convective plumes with a relatively limited number of segments (i.e., high compression) and with a much scarcer distribution of segments over nonplume environments (i.e., extremely inhomogeneous distribution of segments). Overall, this method compresses the size of the model up to 5 times compared to a standard NAM with homogeneous grid distribution without substantially sacrificing numerical accuracy.
Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation in a 1D Numerical Model Used for Fog Forecasting
Authors: Rémy Samuel , Bergot Thierry 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Because poor visibility conditions have a considerable influence on airport traffic, a need exists for accurate and updated fog and low-cloud forecasts. Couche Brouillard Eau Liquide (COBEL)-Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA), a boundary layer 1D numerical model, has been developed for the very short-term forecast of fog and low clouds. This forecast system assimilates local observations to produce initial profiles of temperature and specific humidity. The initial conditions have a great impact on the skill of the forecast.
In this work, the authors first estimated the background error statistics; they varied greatly with time, and cross correlations between temperature and humidity in the background were significant. This led to the implementation of an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) within COBEL-ISBA. The new assimilation system was evaluated with temperature and specific humidity scores, as well as in terms of its impact on the quality of fog forecasts. Simulated observations were used and focused on the modeling of the atmosphere before fog formation and also on the simulation of the life cycle of fog and low clouds. For both situations, the EnKF brought a significant improvement in the initial conditions and the forecasts. The forecast of the onset and burn-off times of fogs was also improved. The EnKF was also tested with real observations and gave good results. The size of the ensemble did not have much impact when simulated observations were used, thanks to an adaptive covariance inflation algorithm, but the impact was greater when real observations were used.
The effect of Diprivan (propofol) on phosphorylcholine surfaces during cardiopulmonary bypass — an in vitro investigation
Authors: Myers Gerard J , Voorhees Cheri , Eke Bob , Johnstone RenRen 
Published: November 2009

It is well known that extracorporeal surfaces have the ability to bind such drugs as fentanyl, nitroglycerine and propofol. Adsorption of the injectable anesthetic agent Diprivan® (propofol) onto uncoated and heparin-coated extracorporeal surfaces during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been previously investigated; however, propofol adsorption onto synthetic-coated extracorporeal surfaces has not been published previously. The focus of this investigation was on the interaction of propofol and the synthetic biomimetic coating from the Sorin Group called Mimesys® (phosphorylcholine (PC)). A randomized series of six in vitro experiments were done with propofol using both PC-coated circuits without arterial filters and those with arterial filters. The circuits were identical in all experiments and priming remained the same, with 750 mls of normal saline and 1250 mls of fresh bovine blood (hematocrit 41.0 ± 1.0%). After circulation and collection of baseline samples, the first (low) dose of 4 mg (4000 mcg) of Diprivan 1% was added to the perfusate, followed by the second (high) dose of 40 mg (40,000 mcg) and the final challenge (extreme dose) of 356 mg (356,000 mcg) of Diprivan. Drug assay was done by an independent laboratory, using the standardized method of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Measurements of total propofol were done at baseline, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes after each injection. Oxygenator performance was also measured prior to the addition of propofol and repeated after exposure to 4 mg, 40mg and 356 mg propofol for 60 min, 120 min and 180 minutes of circulation. Results indicate that phosphorylcholine coating does not prevent the adsorption of propofol during extracorporeal circulation and the oxygenator’s gas exchange ability is not affected by prolonged exposure to an extreme dose of the medication during high flow extracorporeal circulation.
Collagen-Platelet Composite Enhances Biomechanical and Histologic Healing of the Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Joshi Shilpa M. , Mastrangelo Ashley N. , Magarian Elise M. , Fleming Braden C. , Murray Martha M. 
Published: November 2009

Background The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fails to heal after traumatic rupture. Furthermore, large-animal models have recently shown that 1-month functional ACL healing is augmented after suture repair when a bioactive scaffold is placed in the tear site. Hypothesis At the time of suture repair, placement of a bioactive scaffold in the ACL wound site would improve the structural properties of the tissue. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty-seven knees in immature pigs underwent ACL transection and suture repair. A collagen-platelet composite (CPC) was used to supplement the repair in 14 knees. Knees were harvested at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months. Mechanical testing and histologic analysis were performed. Results The addition of a CPC to a suture repair resulted in improvements in yield load and linear stiffness of the repair tissue at 3 months, as well as a significant increase in cell density. A reduction in yield load and stiffness occurred at the 6-week time point in both groups, a phase when revascularization was noted. Conclusion The addition of a CPC to a suture repair enhanced the structural properties of the ACL, and the improvement was associated with increased cellularity within the healing ligament. Clinical Relevance The addition of a bioactive scaffold to the wound site improved the functional healing of the ACL after suture repair. The decreased repair strength during revascularization may indicate a need to protect the repair site through this period.