bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wegener's South America–Africa Assembly, Fit or Misfit?
Authors: Carey S. Warren 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA statement by Jeffreys that the Wegener fit of South America and Africa is a misfit of 15° has been widely quoted and accepted. However, careful check by any rigorous method will show that these continents do in fact fit together as precisely as their forms can be defined. Whether continental drift be true or false, this argument against it must be abandoned.
The Spread of the Continents
Authors: Hills G. F. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the continents contain more radio-activity than the Pacific floor. The two continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland, would therefore expand the rocks below, relative to that floor. The plastic substratum under the continents would be forced higher in their centres than at their centres than at their Pacific margins. It would creep towards those margins and would carry part of the overlying granite to them, piling it high at their margins and thinning it at their centres. The plastic substratum would continually carry its heat to the cold Pacific substratum and render it plastic into which the continents would be impelled.
The Origin of the Girvan-Ballantrae Beerbachites
Authors: Bloxam T. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe mode of occurrence and petrography of a group of pyroxene- hornblende-granulites (beerbachites), found only in association with serpentinized peridotite, are described. The beerbachites are regarded as contact altered lavas and basic intrusions which formed the lower levels of a thick series of Ordovician volcanics. Peridotite, intruded into the base of the volcanic pile, disrupted and thermally metamosphosed the lavas and intrusions which appear as inclusions in the serpentinized peridotite. The present contacts between serpentinite and adjacent unmetamorphosed rocks are secondary in origin.
A Clinopyroxene from the Granophyre of Meall Dearg, Skye
Authors: Anwar Y. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChemical and optical data are presented for a ferrohedenbergite separated from the Tertiary Meall Dearg granophyre of Skye. Comparison is made with similar pyroxenes crystallizing in the later stages of the Skaergaard intrusion.
“Flattening” in Dalradian Quartz-Schist north of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire
Authors: Phemister T. C. , Williamson D. H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the schistose grits of the Dalradian Series north of Stonehaven there is clear evidence of the deformation of the rock by shearing of the original quartz grains along planes roughly diagonal to the “flattening”, which here coincides generally with the schistosity of the quartz-schist, the final product of the metamorphism. As this corresponds essentially to the case studied by Schmidt and others, an examination of the rock fabric is made having in mind the mechanism suggested by Schmidt, and more fully elaborated by Anderson, to connect up crystal orientation with deformation. The results of the study do not indicate that the simple model of equal spheres, each with its set of glide planes, and all in cubical packing, is in any way adequate to explain the petrography of this quartz-schist and it is suggested that any theory that makes a purely mechanical reaction of the quartz grains to the deforming forces the dominant factor in the production of a new texture is at variance with the facts since there is clear evidence of the continued solution and crystallization of quartz throughout the whole of the metamorphic period.
The Clinopyroxene-hornblende Equilibrium in Thermal Metamorphism: Some Data from Carlingford, Eire
Authors: Harry W. T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn a Tertiary ring complex at Carlingford, Eire, a large mass of eucrite is cut by porphyritic cone-sheets. A major granophyre intrusion later than the cone-sheets alters the clinopyroxene of the sheets to hornblende whilst the clinopyroxene of the adjacent eucrite remains unaltered. By elimination of several possibilities it is shown that the different behaviour of the two pyroxenes reflects their thermal stabilities.It is argued that the two pyroxenes represent a pyroxene trend of crystallization and that thermal metamorphism attacked them in the reverse order of their magmatic crystallization. Importance is attached to extensive replacement of Ca′ by Fe′ in the cone-sheet pyroxene as a factor of instability.
The Geometry of the Ben Lui Fold (S.W. Highlands)
Authors: Gilmour Paul C. , Mcintyre Donald B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt has been claimed that the hinge of one of the two major recumbent folds of the S.W. Highlands is exposed near Ben Lui. In this paper it is claimed that the form of the outcrops permits the existence of this recumbent fold only if the fold-axis plunges towards the south-west. Evidence is given that the plunge is in fact towards the west, and on this basis a profile has been constructed to illustrate the observed geometrical relationships of the rocks.
The Acid Rocks of Western Rhum
Authors: Black George P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the west of the Isle of Rhum (Inverness-shire), Tertiary acid rocks outcrop over an area of approximately 6 square miles. A core of spherulitic microgranite is surrounded by graphpphyre1 which, in turn, is bounded on the north by Torridonian Sandstone; although much of the boundary is marked by a low-angle reverse fault, part of the junction is undisturbed and a belt of transitional rocks, some 1,400 feet in width, intervenes between the graphophyre and the Torridonian Sandstone. The transitional rocks are divisible into five zones which are interpreted as marking successive stages in the conversion of sandstone into graphophyre. Evidence is presented indicating that the microgranite, into which the graphophyre grades inwards, represents a still more advanced stage of transformation.
Cross-Bedding and Grain Size in the Lower Cretaceous Sands of East Anglia
Authors: Schwarzacher Walther 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe cross-bedding of the Lower Cretaceous sands between Leighton Buzzard and Hunstanton has been studied. This paper describes new evidence which throws further light on the depositional environment and palaeogeography of these sediments.Both cross-bedding and grain size distribution were investigated in detail in the Woburn Sands (Aptian). These beds lie between Cambridge and Leighton Buzzard (Cameron, in Kirkaldy, 1939, p. 407), and are the youngest “;Lower Greensand” of East Anglia. Rather less attention has been paid to the pre-Barremian Sandringham Sands (Downham to Hunstanton). Unfortunately, the Carstone of Hunstanton shows no cross-bedding.
Notes on the Ultrabasic Body of Unst, Shetland Islands
Authors: Amin M. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWithin the main serpentine of Unst, a lower peridotite layer, a dunite layer, and an upper pyroxenite layer can be distinguished. These three zones have transitional contacts which are marked by a primary mineral banding. Analyses of specimens from each zone are given and it is suggested that the layering is due to differentiation in situ. The zones dip steeply eastward and the base of the intrusion is cut off on the west by a thrust which is slightly oblique to the banding and locally cuts out the peridotite zone. Interior planes of dislocation are parallel to, or perpendicular to, the primary banding.
The Quihita-Cunene Layered Gabbroic Intrusion of South-west Angola
Authors: Stone P. , Brown G. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe detailed examination of rocks recently collected from a traverse and from isolated points within this intrusion has led to the conclusion that it is a large, layered intrusion showing rhythmic and cryptic variation, and comparable in many respects with the Great Dyke of Southern Rhodesia.
The Petrology of the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the Southern Portion of Southampton Island
Authors: Daniels John L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe pre-Cambrian rocks of the Southern portion of Southampton Island are composed of acid gneisses of very variable character containing a few, commonly zoned, xenoliths. The petrography of both is described; eight new analyses are given, and the probable origin of several of these xenoliths is suggested.
On Heliolites caespitosa Salter
Authors: Colter V. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHeliolites caespitosa Salter (1873) is shown to be identical with Heliolites parvistella Roemer (1861) var. intricate Lindström (1899). The varietal name must, therefore, become caespitosa. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that the two varieties of this coral are the results of differing environments.
Conodont Horizons in the West and South-West of England
Authors: Dineley D. L. , Rhodes F. H. T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA large number of Devonian and Carboniferous limestones from the West and South-West of England have been sampled for conodont faunas. Only 15 yielded conodonts, but the faunas show striking similarities to those of America and Germany. The presence of “Ordovician” forms in these assemblages is noted and an explanation offered.
The Lower Carboniferous Outliers of the Colvend and Rerrick Shores, Kirkcudbrightshire
Authors: Craig G. Y. , Nairn A. E. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe rocks are coarse-grained deposits of Cementstone and Fell Sandstone age. The succession in the Rerrick outlier consists of the Wall Hill sandstones (900 ft.) unconformable on Silurian, followed by the Orroland Limestone Beds (80ft. +) yielding fossils indicative of Cambeck age. The succeeding coarse red Barlocco conglomerate (210 ft. +) is capped by the Rascarrel beds, some 1,200 ft. of felspathic sandstones and arkoses, with coarse conglomerates. The rocks of the three outliers to the east are of Barlocco-Rascarrel facies. All four outliers are downfaulted against Silurian and have a regional dip to the south-east.
The Major Rock Groups of the Northern Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Authors: Ruxton B. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Basement Complex rocks of the Northern Red Sea Hills, Sudan, are believed to be pre-Cambrian in age. They can be divided into three major sedimentary and volcanic divisions, with four main periods of igneous intrusion. The succession proposed by the author is as follows:—Red granite.Injection granite.Awat series.(Unconformity with folding, thrusting, and cleavage.)Basic intrusive phase.Nafirdeib series.(Unconformity with folding, and regional metamorphism.)Primitive system {Acid Gneiss (intrusive). Schists and Gneiss.
The Terrace Sequence at Dale-I-Sunnfjord
Authors: Coleman Alice 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA series of terraces in the Dale Valley south of Dalsfjord has been mapped, and heights have been established. The results have been analysed into a sequence of stages, and compared with general conclusions advanced by J. Rekstad and F. Nansen, on the isostatic displacement of postglacial terraces in Norway.
The Granitization Process and its Limitations as Exemplified in Certain Parts of New South Wales
Authors: Joplin Germaine A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to dissect the granitization process in an area of regional metamorphism, it is suggested that granite is forcibly injected during strong compression, that the compressional wave passes upwards and outwards in advance of the magma, and that several changes take place before its arrival. Six stages in this process are recognized in the Cooma and Albury districts of N.S.W.: (1) Regional Metamorphism, (2) Superimposed Thermal Metamorphism, (3) Permeation without Magmatic Addition, (4) Addition from an Attenuated Magma, (5) Formation of a Potassic Wave-Front, and (6) Injection of the Magma as Concordant Intrusions. The conditions favouring granitization are discussed and the question of basic fronts is considered.
Metamorphic Differentiation of Talc-Magnesite-Chlorite Rocks in Shetland
Authors: Amin M. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPractically monomineralic masses of talc, of magnesite, and of chlorite are formed in talc-magnesite-chlorite-rocks as a result of localized shearing and associated hydrothermal activity within deformation-belts.
The Age Relationship of the Granophyre and Basalt of Orval, Isle of Rhum
Authors: Black George P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOn Orval, in the Isle of Rhum, Tertiary plateau lavas directly overlie the granophyre of the ring-complex. Judd considered that the Orval basalts rest unconformably upon an old land surface cut in the granophyre; but on the supposed existence of veining and metamorphism later workers, in particular Geikie and Harker, concluded that the granophyre had intruded the volcanic pile. The author's re-examination of the Orval rocks supports Judd's early interpretation.
Notes on the Structure of some Minor Outlying Occurrences of Littoral Trias in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Authors: Thomas Trevor M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTActive or recently-active, large-scale quarrying operations within the Carboniferous Limestone Series of this area, and ranging in location from the near-junction areas to points about half a mile removed from the southern boundary of the main littoral Trias outcrops, have afforded excellent sections displaying remnants of a former Triassic cover. It is considered unlikely that the latter outliers, of limited dimensions, occur in areas further removed than about one-third of a mile south of the existing limits of the main Triassic outcrops.
The Cove Marine Bands in East Lothian and their Relation to the Ironstone Shale and Limestone of Redesdale, Northumberland
Authors: Wilson H. Hugh 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudy of the fauna from a newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop of the Cove Lower Marine Band in Thornton Burn, East Lothian, has led to the correlation of this horizon with the Redesdale Ironstone in Northumberland and has thereby demonstrated the first palaeontological link between the Upper Calciferous Sandstone in S.E. Scotland and the Lower Limestone Group in N.E. England. The collection of D1 fauna made from the Thornton Burn outcrop includes goniatites, brachiopods, lamellibranchs, and crinoids. The discovery of Beyrichoceratoides redesdalensis (Hind) gives the first definite indication of the presence of B zone in the Scottish Carboniferous. Faunal lists and descriptions of some of the more interesting species are included in this paper as well as descriptions of the crinoids collected which are given in the succeeding paper by James Wright.
Crinoids from Thornton Burn, East Lothian
Authors: Wright James 
Published: May 2009

The crinoids collected by Mr. Hugh Wilson from the shales and ironstones of the Calciferous Sandstone Series in the Thornton Burn section in East Lothian are of special interest and are described herein. The list of species is as follows:—Talanterocrinus redesdalensis sp. nov.Blothrocrinus thorntonensis sp. nov.Anemetocrinus wilsoni sp. nov.Phanocrinus ardrossensis (Wright).Ureocrinus bockschii (Geinitz).Ureocrinus doliolus (Wright).
An Appinitic Intrusion-Breccia at Kilkenny, Maas, Co. Donegal
Authors: Pitcher W. S. , Read H. H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn intrusion-breccia filling a pipe is made of two parts, one of facetted quartzite fragments in a granophyric matrix, the other of calc-silicate-rock fragments in an appinitic matrix. The quartzite fragments are derived from a horizon at least 1,000 ft. below the breccia level, the calc-silicate-rock fragments are local. The mechanism of emplacement of the breccia is considered to be similar to that proposed by H. Cloos for the Swabian tuff-pipes. Neither the granophyre nor the appinite of the Kilkenny pipe is regarded as of magmatic origin.
Fossil Lineages and Environmental Change
Authors: Joysey Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn attempt is made to correlate the concept of the fossil lineage with our knowledge of polytypic species. The influence of changing environmental conditions in the geological succession and the relationship between geographical and chronological sub-species is analysed on a theoretical basis. The fossil lineage is considered to be the resultant of combined evolutionary and environmental change. Phenotypic modifications in response to environmental conditions are discussed in relation to the study of variation in fossil communities.
So-called Amygdaloidal Gabbro, Skye
Authors: Bailey E. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCertain amygdaloidal rocks in Skye have formerly been interpreted as lavas in which the matrix of the amygdales has been replaced by, or alternatively metamorphosed into, material such as one expects in intrusions. It is now claimed that the amygdales formed in intrusions in normal fashion
So-called Amygdaloidal Gabbro, Skye: Comments on a paper by E. B. Bailey
Authors: Reynolds Doris L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe suggestion that the Skye amygdaloidal gabbro represents amygdaloidal basaltic lava in which the grain-size has been coarsened by recrystallization does not imply “an unusual type of metamorphism” as Bailey supposes. Whereas recent lava-flows are fine-grained, older flows, particularly pre-historic examples, commonly have a doleritic or gabbroic grain-Size. Bore-hole investigations in Yellowstone Park indicate that such increase in grain-size is a consequence of the long-continued through-passage of gases and water escaping to the surface. Bailey's own observation that amygdales within the Skye amygdaloidal gabbro “interrupt the form of the bigger feldspars” provides evidence that the bigger feldspars are younger than the amygdales, and that the rocks containing them have therefore recrystallized
On the Origins of the Kumaon Lakes in the Himalayas
Authors: Thomas A. N. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNumerous small lakes in the Naini Tal region of Kumaon have long attracted attention but no satisfactory explanation of their origins has been presented. The various lakes did not all originate in the same way in spite of their proximity, but there must be common underlying conditions to explain the abundance of lakes in this small area. These conditions appear to be the very recent and very local irregular uplift of a mass of diverse lithological units riding over an irregular sub-thrust surface.
Some Effects of Artificial Heating on Fluorite-Bearing Albite-Granite from St. Austell, Cornwall
Authors: Weymouth J. H. , Williamson W. O. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe granite consisted chiefly of albite, quartz, muscovite, microperthite, fluorite, and topaz; zircon was very rare. The low to high quartz transition enhanced thermal expansion and porosity. Heating was continued step-wise to 1,300°C. and caused an irreversible increase in porosity at all temperatures investigated. The changes undergone by the various minerals, separately or through interaction, were noted. Fluorite began to melt against muscovite or alkali-feldspar between 800° and 900°C. Muscovite developed brownish pleochroism at the lower, and was replaced by mullite at the higher, temperatures. The gradual melting of feldspar, the development of cleavages and cracks in quartz, and the invasion of these cracks by feldspathic glass resembled phenomena in certain xenoliths.The conditions that produced glass when powdered granite was heated unconfined or in a bomb are described.
On the Significance of Metamorphosed Calcareous Concretions in Lower Birrimian Schists of the Gold Goast
Authors: Conybeare C. E. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNodules of “pseudodiorite”, i.e. metamorphosed calcareous concretions, occur in the Lower Birrimian (Pre-Cambrian) quartz-biotite schists which are interpreted as having been calcareous muds and silts. The probable metamorphic history of these nodules is traced.
Quantitative Measurement of Available Relief and of Depth of Dissection
Authors: Dury G. H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSimple arithmetical techniques are set out whereby planimetric data, of the kind used in constructing area-height diagrams, can be made to yield additional quantitative information useful in description and comparison of relief. The most useful is an expression for mean available relief, which takes account of the form as well as of the height of interfluves. It is also shown how the depth of dissection of a datum surface can be mapped and measured.
Some Holothurian Spicules from the Upper Bathonian of the Dorset Coast
Authors: Hampton John S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSix species (one new) of holothurian sclerites, representing the genera Achistrum, Rhabdotites, and Etheridgella, from the Upper Bathonian of the Dorset coast are figured and described, and are the first of such organisms to be recorded from the Great Oolite of England.
On Granitization and Associated Processes
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm , Wilson Gilbert 
Published: May 2009

A review of the literature, and our own observations have led us to the conclusion that granitization, widely defined as the process by which solid rocks are converted to rocks of granitic character, has been an important process in the evolution of many subjacent masses of granite and allied rocks, such as granodiorite and diorite, in erogenic regions.Granitization of pre-existing rocks seems to involve two processes: (a) Metasomatism under the influence of permeating highly energized fluids—emanations—ahead of advancing magma; and (b) Mechanical penetration by magma. During the first process metasomatic exchanges take place between the minerals of the country-rock and its pore fluid: the reactions tend towards the achievement of equilibrium under the existing physico-chemical conditions. This metasomatism is selective, and promotes the convergence, in bulk and mineral composition, of rocks which were originally different, towards a common end-product. During the early stages conditions are essentially those of thermal metamorphism, but with rising energy level and increasing magmatic contributions the final conditions are dominantly “igneous”.The mechanical penetration of the altered rocks and their mixing with magma may follow the first process without a break. Alternatively, intrusion may occur before metasomatism is completed, or has even had appreciable effect. The mixing or intrusion stage is accompanied by reactions, which tend towards the attainment of equilibrium, under magmatic conditions, between the magma and the foreign material. In terms of bulk composition the products will be intermediate between that of the magma and that of the incorporated material.The metasomatism trends of the various examples that we have discussed are plotted together in Text-fig. 8. The diagram brings out the convergence of the curves from the normal sedimentary field to the rhyolite-diorite line, which is itself the locus of mixtures between metasomatized products and acid parental magmas.Granitic rocks may originate as the result of either or both these processes. That which predominates in any particular case depends on the supply of emanations and the local physico-chemical conditions. In the deeper parts of the granitic layer complete or selective fusion is to be expected, and the magmas so formed may rise and granitize the overlying rocks: firstly, by metasomatism, and at higher levels chiefly by mechanical penetration. At still higher levels, owing to loss of energy, rising magma is unable to cause extensive modification of the pre-existing rocks, and forms true intrusions.
The Geomorphology of British Guiana
Authors: Bracewell S. 
Published: May 2009

(1) There is no evidence of the alignment of the Essequibo with the edge of a deep ocean basin.(2) The Essequibo River is not a well-defined dividing line between two geological provinces.(3) The Essequibo River does not mark the former locality of a coast line; it is not parallel to a tectonic depression.(4) The “fault-line coast” criteria described are not restricted to the area west of the Essequibo, and even if they were, this would not necessarily be evidence of a tectonic break along die Essequibo.There are a number of other controversial statements in the paper. I have attempted to deal only with the chief points raised in the four arguments referred to.