bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic significance of Bcl‐2 and Bax protein expression in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Mingbin , Zhang Ping , Zhang Chenping , Sun Jian , Wang Lizhen , Li Jiang , Tian Zhen , Chen Wantao 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the apoptosis‐inhibitory Bcl‐2 protein and the apoptosis‐promoting Bax protein and to identify their association with the clinical parameters and prognosis of the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods:  The expression of Bcl‐2 and Bax proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in specimens from 110 patients with OSCC. Every section was scored according to both the percentage of positive staining tumor cells and the staining intensity. The Kaplan‐Meier test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were performed to assess the correlation between the protein levels and the long survival rate of patients. The association between Bax, Bcl‐2 immunoexpression and clinicopathologic variables was analyzed with the chi‐square test and non‐parametric analysis. The Bcl‐2 and Bax immunoexpression in 20 oral mucosa samples were also investigated as normal control.Results:  The results showed that the 5‐year survival rate was significantly higher in the patients with the ratio of Bcl‐2/Bax ≤ 1 than in those with Bcl‐2/Bax > 1 (76.79 ± 6.69% vs. 59.26 ± 6.69%, P = 0.0489). Bax immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with histological grading and lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis indicated that the ratio of Bcl‐2/Bax and lymph node metastasis were two independent factors related to the prognosis.Conclusion:  The ratio of Bcl‐2/Bax could be used as an effective biomarker to predict the prognosis of OSCC.
Variant haplotypes atXRCC1and risk of oral leukoplakia in HPV non‐infected samples
Authors: Majumder Mousumi , Indra Dipanjana , Roy Puspita Das , Datta Sayantan , Ray Jay Gopal , Panda Chinmay K. , Roy Bidyut 
Published: August 2010

Background: One of the mechanisms in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related carcinogenesis is inhibition of DNA repair by HPV oncoprotein. In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms atXRCC1, one of the DNA repair loci, could modulate the risk of tobacco‐related leukoplakia and cancer in HPV‐infected individuals.Methods: Tissue DNA from 83 oral cancer, 91 leukoplakia and 100 healthy controls were screened for HPV 16/18 infection and polymorphisms atXRCC1by PCR–RFLP to estimate the risk of diseases independently and jointly.Results: Human papillomavirus infection was significantly associated with increased risk of leukoplakia and cancer (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.2–6.5 and OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 1.6–19, respectively). Independently, genotypes at three polymorphic sites onXRCC1did not modulate the risk of diseases but pooled variant haplotypes increased the risk of leukoplakia in overall and HPV non‐infected (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.8; OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2–4.0, respectively) samples but not that of cancer.Conclusion: The association between variant haplotypes atXRCC1and risk of leukoplakia is pronounced in non‐infected individuals since HPV oncoprotein could inhibit directly the DNA repair activity of XRCC1. But more samples of leukoplakia and cancer are essential to validate these results.
Expression of β2‐adrenergic receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shang Zheng Jun , Liu Ke , Liang De Feng 
Published: August 2010

Background:  It has been speculated that chemokines and neurotransmitters might be involved in the organ‐specific development of metastases because cancer metastasis is similar to the regulation of migratory activity in leukocytes. Here, we aimed to examine the expression of β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to investigate its correlation with tumor development and metastasis.Methods:  Expression of β2‐AR was examined in 65 cases of OSCC specimens, 10 cases of normal oral mucosa, and two cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT‐PCR. The differences in β2‐AR expression between various groups were evaluated using SPSS 13.0 Statistical Software. Cell proliferation assays were assayed by β‐adrenergic receptors agonists (norepinephrine) and antagonists (propranolol). Norepinephrine‐mediated cell migration was assayed in Matrigel‐coated chemotaxis chamber.Results:  β2‐AR was highly expressed on OSCC compared to normal controls. In OSCC, positive β2‐AR expression was significantly correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), age (P = 0.003), tumor size (P = 0.001) and clinical stage (P = 0.001), but not with gender. RT‐PCR and Western blot also confirmed positive β2‐AR expression in OSCC and TCa8113 cell line, and negative β2‐AR expression in normal oral mucosa and ACC cell line. β‐adrenoreceptor agonist (norepinephrine) was a potent mitogen for TCa8113 and ACC cell lines, and completely inhibited by the selective antagonist of β‐adrenergic receptors (propranolol). Norepinephrine induced migratory activity of OSCC cells in a dose‐dependent manner.Conclusion: Increased expression of β2‐AR may play an important role in the formation and metastasis of OSCC.
Association between lysyl oxidase polymorphisms and oral submucous fibrosis in older male areca chewers
Authors: Shieh Tzong‐Ming , Tu His‐Feng , Ku Ti‐Hsuan , Chang Shu‐Shin , Chang Kuo‐Wei , Liu Chung‐Ji 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Areca use is the major cause for oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) in South Asians. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper‐activated enzyme critical for collagen cross‐linking and organization of extracellular matrix. The presence of a G to A polymorphism at nucleotide 473 caused a non‐conservative Arg158Gln change in the LOX amino acid sequence. OSF is a precancerous lesions characterized by the accumulation of collagen in oral submocousa. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between LOX Arg158Gln polymorphism and the risk of OSF.Method:  PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms and direct sequencing was utilized to compare LOX polymorphic allelotype in male areca‐chewing controls (n = 216) and OSF (n = 83) patients.Results:  There was a borderline of statistically significant difference in Arg158Gln genotype lying between control and OSF patients. However, the G/A+A/A of LOX Arg158Gln in OSF patients older than 50 year was statistically significantly higher than controls older than 50 year (odd’s ratio: 4.48; 95% CI = 1.58–12.67).Conclusion:  The elder OSF patients were increased in LOX Arg158Gln. Our findings may suggest a potential application in risk population selection using LOX polymorphism for preventive intervention of OSF genesis in a subset of areca chewers.
Signaling pathways for induction of platelet aggregation by SAS tongue cancer cells – a mechanism of hematogenous metastasis
Authors: Chang Mei‐Chi , Chan Chiu‐Po , Ho Yuan‐Soon , Lee Jang‐Jaer , Lin Po‐Shuen , Lin Bor‐Ru , Huang Ya‐Ling , Hahn Liang‐Jiunn , Yeh Hung‐Wei , Wang Ying‐Jan , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Tongue cancer metastasis is mainly through blood stream and possibly associated with tumor cell‐induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA).Methods:  Platelet aggregation was induced by different amounts of SAS tongue cancer cells with/without inhibitors and the latent period for induction of platelet aggregation was recorded. Gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction.Results:  SAS cells (4 × 104 to 1 × 106 cells/ml) induced platelet aggregation in a cell density‐dependent manner. The latent period for induction of platelet aggregation reduced from 11.3 min (2 × 105 cells/ml) to 0.9 min (5 × 105 cells/ml). The extent of platelet aggregation increased from 39% to 76% by 2 × 105 and 5 × 105 SAS cells. Pre‐treatment of SAS cells with aspirin showed little effect on its induction of platelet aggregation. SAS cells expressed tissue factor (TF) mRNA and the SAS cells‐induced TCIPA was inhibited by TF neutralization antibody (5–20 μg/ml), heparin (5–10 U/ml), Hirudin fragment 54–65 (50 μg/ml) and D‐Phenylalanyl‐L‐prolyl‐L‐arginine chloromethyl ketone. But areca nut (AN, a betel quid component known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)) extract showed little effect on TF expression in SAS cells. Pre‐treatment with U73122 and 2‐aminoethoxydiphenylborate inhibited SAS‐induced TCIPA. Interestingly, catalase suppressed SAS cells‐induced TCIPA, whereas AN extract enhanced this event.Conclusions:  These results suggest that tongue cancer cells may induce TCIPA and enhance tumor metastasis. SAS‐induced TCIPA is related to TF secretion, thrombin generation and associated with Phospholipase C‐Inositol triphosphate signaling and ROS production. Betel quid chewing may potentially promote tongue cancer metastasis.
Oral lichen planus: a condition with more persistence and extra‐oral involvement than suspected?
Authors: Bidarra Marta , Buchanan John A. G. , Scully Crispian , Moles David R. , Porter Stephen R. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Lichen planus is a relatively common and often studied chronic mucocutaneous condition. Reports detailing certain aspects relevant to patients affected have been lacking or inconsistent.Methods:  A questionnaire‐based survey was employed to assess the duration of oral lesions and the prevalence of self‐reported potential extra‐oral manifestations associated with oral lichen planus in 87 patients. All patients had recognized clinical features of oral lichen planus, and most had had histopathological confirmation following oral biopsy.Results:  We report the findings of a preliminary survey which assessed the duration of oral lesions and the prevalence of extra‐oral lesions consistent with lichen planus in patients presenting with oral lesions. The study confirmed the chronic nature of oral lichen planus and the rarity of spontaneous resolution. Most subjects had experienced symptoms for one to ten years (66 patients; 75.8%). Approximately 40% (36 patients) of the sample reported clinical features suggestive of extra‐oral manifestations of lichen planus by the time that their oral lesions were apparent. The most commonly reported extra‐oral manifestations involved the nails (27.6%, 24 patients). 25.3% (22 patients) reported a persistently sore throat suggestive of oesophageal or pharyngeal involvement. Skin (17.2%, 11 patients), and genital (10.3%, 9 patients) involvement was relatively infrequently reported. Most patients reported extra‐oral lesions at only one site.Conclusions:  The survey results suggest that in patients with oral lichen planus oral lesions persist for a prolonged period, and that extra‐oral lesions may be more common than suspected. However, further studies involving specialists to examine extra‐oral sites are required.
Expression of p16 in oral cancer and premalignant lesions
Authors: Buajeeb Waranun , Poomsawat Sopee , Punyasingh Jirapa , Sanguansin Sirima 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Expression of p16 has been proposed as a marker for malignant transformation. This study aimed to evaluate p16 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant lesions including oral leukoplakia (OL) with and without dysplasia.Methods:  Expression of p16 was investigated in 56 samples including OSCC, OL with and without dysplasia, and normal oral mucosa. Expression of p16 was identified by immunohistochemistry, using the CINtecTM p16INK4a Histology Kit. Both nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining of the keratinocytes were considered to be positive and the percentage of positive cells was calculated.Results:  Expression of p16 was detected in 3/16 (18.75%) cases of OSCC, in 4/15 (26.7%) cases of OL without dysplasia, and in none of OL with dysplasia and normal mucosa. No significant differences in p16 expression prevalence were found among OSCC, OL with and without dysplasia and normal mucosa. The percentages of positive cells in OSCC and OL without dysplasia were 0.89 and 0.17, respectively. No significant difference in the percentage of positive keratinocytes was found.Conclusion:  As a marker, p16 is not reliable for oral mucosal dysplasia and malignant transformation.
Immunohistochemical analyses of survivin and heat shock protein 90 expression in patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Chaiyarit Ponlatham , Jintakanon Darunee , Klanrit Poramaporn , Siritapetawee Mookhda , Thongprasom Kobkan 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that is involved in protein folding and maturation. Alterations in the expression of survivin and Hsp90 have been reported in several chronic inflammatory diseases. No study has evaluated the expression of survivin and Hsp90 in the same lesion of oral lichen planus (OLP). The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of survivin and Hsp90 in biopsy specimens of patients with OLP and controls.Method:  Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens from 29 patients with OLP and 29 healthy subjects were used in this study. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of survivin and Hsp90 in the oral epithelia of these two groups. The distributions of positively stained epithelial cells were evaluated with a semiquantitative method, using an immunostaining score system.Results:  Expression of survivin and Hsp90 in oral epithelia of patients with OLP was significantly different in comparison with that in controls (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively). These differences were in the direction towards reduction in the expression of survivin and Hsp90 in the oral epithelia of patients with OLP .Conclusion:  Our results provided additional evidence that alterations in the expression of survivin and Hsp90 in oral epithelia might be associated with pathological stress, such as chronic inflammation, in patients with OLP.
Methylation of P16, P21, P27, RB1 and P53 genes in odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Moreira Paula Rocha , Guimarães Mariana Moreira , Guimarães André Luiz Sena , Diniz Marina Gonçalves , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri , Brito João Artur Ricieri , Gomez Ricardo Santiago 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a benign neoplasm with an aggressive clinical behavior and a high recurrence rate. Although epigenetic alterations have been reported in different tumors, these events were not investigated in OKC yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methylation in P16, P21, P27, P53 and RB1 genes in OKC tumors.Methods:  Methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to evaluate the presence of methylation in 10 samples of OKCs, 10 samples of dental follicles and six samples of normal mucosa.Results:  The methylation status of the P16 gene was similar among the three groups. In P21 gene, 30% of OKCs were methylated while no methylation could be detected in the other groups. High frequency of P27 methylation (90%) was observed in dental follicles, however, some OKC lesions (10%) and normal mucosa samples (33%) were also methylated. Concerning the RB1 gene, positive results were detected only in dental follicles (40%). No positive result was observed considering P53 gene.Conclusions:  Our data show methylation of the promoter of P21 gene in OKCs. In addition, methylation of the P27 and RB1 genes are commonly found in dental follicles. Further studies are necessary to determine the functional relevance of these alterations.
Nitric oxide metabolism in cancerous and non‐cancerous oral gingivomucosal tissues: possible implications of nitric oxide in cancer process
Authors: Avci A. , Tüzüner‐Öncül A. M. , Gökcan M. K. , Namuslu M. , Öztürk A. , Durak İ. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule that plays various roles in the body tissues. NO plays important roles in vasodilatation, platelet aggregation, cytokine stimulation, neurotransmission, immune function, etc. NO also exerts dual functions as an oxidant and antioxidant substance depending on its concentrations and environmental conditions. In this study, we aimed to examine possible correlation between NO levels and NO synthase (NOS) activity in the patients with oral cancer.Materials and methods:  The study included 19 tissues from human subjects (11 malign and eight benign lesions).Results:  NO level and NOS activity were found decreased in the malign lesions compared with those of the benign ones.Conclusions:  In conclusion, two suggestions can be made; first, decreased NO synthesis may be an attempt to suppress angiogenesis, which is known to provide more essential nutrients to malign lesions and/or second, malign lesions may suppress NO production to be capable of creating more rapid proliferation as it has been known that NO is also a powerful free radical inducing apoptosis.
Granular cell tumor of the oral cavity: updated immunohistochemical profile
Authors: Vered Marilena , Carpenter William M. , Buchner Amos 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a benign lesion that occurs at different body sites with preponderance to the oral cavity. It is generally believed to be of schwann cell/neural cell origin. We used a large panel of both traditional and recently developed antibodies in an attempt to trace the origin of GCTs on the basis of their immunoprofile.Methods:  The patients’ demographic data and the cytological and architectural features of the lesions were analyzed in a large series of oral GCTs (n = 68). Forty‐two lesions were also submitted to a panel of immunohistochemical stains with antibodies against S‐100, CD‐68 (KP‐1 and PG‐M1), vimentin, calretinin, NKI/C3, PGP9.5, p75/NGFR and inhibin‐α.Results:  The tongue was the most common location of oral GCTs (81%). The granular cells demonstrated a wide array of cytological features in terms of cell shape and position of the nucleus. In addition, the lesions showed different architectural patterns, including ‘infiltration’ with satellite nodules. Interestingly, no recurrences were reported, even in lesions that were not completely excised. Granular cells were usually found to be strongly and diffusely positive for p75, vimentin, calretinin and NKI/C3, inhibin‐α, PGP9.5, and S‐100.Conclusions:  Immunoreactivity of the granular cells to a broad panel of antibodies that characterize different tissues does not confirm any particular cell type for the histogenetic origin of GCTs. Furthermore, GCTs could be regarded as lesions that reflect a local metabolic or reactive change rather than a true neoplasm.
Drooling
Authors: Scully Crispian , Limeres Jacobo , Gleeson Michael , Tomás Inmaculada , Diz Pedro 
Published: August 2010

Introduction:  Drooling is the overflowing of saliva from the mouth. It is mainly due to neurological disturbance and less frequently to hypersalivation. Drooling can lead to functional and clinical consequences for patients, families, and caregivers. The aim of this review is to emphasize the clinical aspects of the assessing and management of drooling.Methods:  All papers and clinical reviews of drooling in the electronic data bases (Medline, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library) for the past 40 years in any languages have been evaluated.Results:  The severity of drooling and the effects on the quality of life of the patient and family, help to establish a prognosis and to decide the therapeutic regimen. Treatment options range from conservative therapy to medication, radiation, or surgery, and often a combination is needed.Conclusions:  Chronic drooling remains a problem that can be difficult to manage. Despite the acceptable results obtained with most of the treatments, none is free of undesirable effects.
Prognostic factors for keratocystic odontogenic tumor (odontogenic keratocyst): analysis of clinico‐pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in cysts treated by enucleation
Authors: Kuroyanagi Norio , Sakuma Hidenori , Miyabe Satoru , Machida Junichiro , Kaetsu Atsuo , Yokoi Motoo , Maeda Hatsuhiko , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Nagao Toru , Shimozato Kazuo 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The purpose of this study was to determine prognostic factors for the recurrence of keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) following simple enucleation by examining clinico‐pathologic and immunohistochemical findings.Methods:  Following enucleation, the frequency of recurrence among 32 subjects diagnosed with KCOT was analyzed for tumor site, radiographic and histologic features, and immunopositivity for Ki‐67 and p53.Results:  Keratocystic odontogenic tumors in four out of 32 subjects (12.5%) recurred during the follow‐up period (median: 33 months, range: 7–114 months). Three out of four subjects (75.0%) among recurrent group showed high expression of Ki‐67 (LI >10%) in basal layer and four (4/28; 14.3%) among non‐recurrence group (P = 0.025). Expression of p53 among non‐recurrent group was observed in 11 subjects (11/28; 39.3%), and in three subjects (3/4; 75.0%) among the recurrent group (P = 0.295). Hazard risk for the recurrence of KCOT was 4.02 (95% CI 1.42–18.14) for high Ki‐67 expression in the basal layer by the Cox proportional hazard model (P = 0.009). In our study, none of the other clinico‐pathologic variables were associated with the recurrence of KCOT.Conclusion:  The results suggested that the evaluation of Ki‐67 expression in KCOT at the time of pathological diagnosis might be helpful for consideration of appropriate adjunctive surgical procedures to avoid a recurrence and may serve as a prognostic marker.
Systemic treatment of anti‐CD4+CD25+ T cell monoclonal antibody exacerbates sialoadenitis in submandibular glands during the early life in lupus‐prone female NZB × NZWF1 mice
Authors: Hayashi Toshiharu , Adachi Chie , Hasegawa Keiko 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The maintenance mechanisms of peripheral tolerance by CD4+CD25+ T cells before the development of sialoadenitis in secondary Sjögren’s syndrome (sSS) are not well understood. The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of reduction of CD4+CD25+ T cells on the development of sialoadenitis during the early life in female NZB × NZWF1 (B/WF1) mice, a model for human sSS.Methods:  Female B/WF1 mice at 3 days after birth were treated with either anti‐mouse CD4+CD25+ T cells rat IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or Rat IgG1(control). At 25 weeks of age, autoantibodies against nucleus and cytoplasm of ductal epithelial and myoepithelial cells, and histpathology of submandibular glands were examined in the mAb‐treated and control groups. Also the development of anti‐Ro/SS‐A antibodies was examined until 25 weeks of age in both groups.Results:  The mAb‐treated group showed severe lesions with the development of autoantibodies compared to the control group.Conclusions:  The present results suggest that peripheral CD4+CD25+ T cells may, at least in part, contribute to down‐regulate the development of sialoadenitis in submandibular glands of lupus‐prone female B/WF1 mice during their early life.