bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of shaking tables–A historical note
Authors: Severn R. T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe earliest known shaking table, driven by hand‐power, was constructed in Japan at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century developments had moved to the Stanford University in the U.S. with the introduction of an electric motor to produce a more refined oscillatory motion in one direction, the response of the testpiece being recorded mechanically by pens on a rotating drum. Major earthquakes in the 1920s prompted renewed interest at Stanford resulting in a uni‐directional table moving on rails, activated either by a pendulum striking at one end—the other being resisted by springs—or by a wheel with an eccentric‐mass attached to the table. A valuable feature here was that the size of the eccentric mass could be varied as the harmonic motion continued, thereby providing a method of control. In the 1950s, a similar pendulum input was used on a table constructed at the University of California, but instead of rails, it was supported by a group of vertical bars flexible in one direction only, and the 1939–1945 war had resulted in the availability of electrical devices for measuring response. Also, in Italy at this time the use of pendulums was augmented by contra‐rotating mass input devices giving better frequency control; arrays of several electrodynamic exciters were also used. In Japan, motion was induced by the release of compressed springs.The idea of producing input by an oil‐filled piston was introduced at MIT after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake to a table suspended from above by wires. Two other innovations here were of the greatest significance. First was an analogue device for using an actual earthquake record as input, and the second was control of the motion by an error‐driven electrically controlled feedback loop. The development of these ideas into the shaking tables, which we use today, had to wait upon the general development of control engineering during the 1939–1945 war, followed by progressively greater speeds in digital computation. This history ends (c.1985) after the continuation of these advances made possible full 6‐DOF control using many oil‐filled actuators, but before they became able to give us real‐time control with the attendant abilities of multi‐support input and the experimental study of inelastic behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of floodplain sedimentation rates: a combination of methods to optimize estimates
Authors: Hobo Noortje , Makaske Bart , Middelkoop Hans , Wallinga Jakob 
Published: June 2010

AbstractReconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades gives insight into floodplain dynamics, and thereby provides a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods – optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, caesium‐137 (137Cs) dating, heavy metal analysis, and flood bed interpretation – applied at three embanked floodplain sites along lower Rhine River distributaries in the Netherlands.All methods indicate significant sedimentation rates on the floodplains, varying between 2–7 mm/a in the distal zones and 3–9 mm/a in the proximal zones. On a rapidly developing sand bar along a natural levee sedimentation rates of 9 to 25 mm/a were found. Except for some minor inconsistencies in 137Cs dating results, all methods show decreasing sedimentation rates with increasing distance from the river channel.Intercomparison of the results of the different dating methods revealed the potential errors associated with each method, particularly where disagreement among the results were found. Uncertainties may arise due to (1) grain‐size dependent downward migration of 137Cs, (2) smoothing of the vertical heavy metal and 137Cs profiles, (3) delayed sediment‐associated input of 137Cs in addition to direct atmospheric fall‐out, (4) overestimation of the burial age in OSL dating due to incomplete resetting of the OSL signal, or (5) non‐linear relationships between sediment deposition and flood magnitude in the count‐from‐the‐top correlation between sediment lamination and past observed flood records. Still, taking the uncertainties associated with each method into account, the results are generally in good agreement.Using the results we indicate the optimal spatial range of application of each method, depending on sediment texture and sedimentation rate. The optimal spatial and temporal ranges differ for each method, but show significant overlap. A combination of the methods will thus provide maximum information for accurate estimation of sedimentation rates on a decadal time scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of surface downwearing on shore platforms in eastern Canada
Authors: Porter Neil J. , Trenhaile Alan S. , Prestanski Kyle , Kanyaya Jacob I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDownwearing rates were measured on shore platforms at about 200 transverse micro‐erosion meter (TMEM) stations, over periods ranging from 2 to 6 years. There were seven study areas in eastern Canada. The platforms were surveyed and a Schmidt Rock Test Hammer was used to measure rock hardness. More than 1200 rock samples from three of the study areas were also subjected each day, over a 3 year period, to two tidal cycles of immersion and exposure, which simulated the central intertidal zone. A further 840 samples were subjected to longer periods of exposure and immersion, over a 1 year period, which represented different elevations within the upper and lower intertidal zone, respectively. These experiments suggested that tidally generated weathering and debris removal is an effective erosional mechanism, particularly at the elevation of the lowest high tides. In the field, mean rates of downwearing for each study area ranged from 0·24 mm yr−1to more than 1·5 mm yr−1. Rates tended to increase with elevation in the field, with maxima in the upper intertidal zone. This trend in the field cannot be attributed entirely to the tidally induced weathering processes that were simulated in the laboratory, and must reflect, in part, the effect of waves, frost, ice, and other mechanisms. It is concluded that there are no strong spatial downwearing patterns on shore platforms, and that downwearing rates in the intertidal zone are the result of a number of erosional mechanisms with different elevation‐efficacy characteristics. Furthermore, even if only one or two mechanisms were dominant in an area, any resulting relationship between downwearing rates and elevation would be obscured or eliminated by the effect of variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of the rocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase relations of siliceous marbles at ultrahigh pressure based on thermodynamic calculations: examples from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan and the Sulu terrane, China
Authors: Massonne Hans‐Joachim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPseudosections were calculated for an ultrahigh pressure (UHP) siliceous calcite‐dolomite marble from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan and a dolomite marble from the UHP unit of the Sulu terrane, China, in the system SiO2‐Al2O3‐MgO‐FeO‐CaO‐Na2O‐K2O‐H2O‐CO2 for the pressure (P)–temperature (T) range 1–7 GPa and 500–1300°C. These P–T pseudosections show that lawsonite‐clinopyroxene (T < 750°C) and garnet‐clinopyroxene (T > 700°C) are typical assemblages of UHP siliceous marbles. Talc and zoisite can join these assemblages at P ≤ 3.5 GPa (T < 900°C). If phengite is additionally present its Si content can contribute to determine P–T conditions for such marbles. The same is true concerning Ca contents in garnet. XCO2 of the mixed H2O‐CO2 fluid phase, coexisting with UHP siliceous marbles, increases with rising T and is very low at UHP and T < 800°C. Densities of the studied marbles at UHP are around 3.1 g/cm3 and, thus, significantly lower than those of ordinary upper crustal rocks at identical P–T conditions. The previously estimated exhumation paths of the two studied rocks (Sulu terrane: 3.5–1.0 GPa around 600°C; Kokchetav Massif: 7 GPa—1100°C to 0.65 GPa—700°C) are compatible with the newly calculated results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
21st century Wisconsin snow projections based on an operational snow model driven by statistically downscaled climate data
Authors: Notaro Michael , Lorenz David J. , Vimont Daniel , Vavrus Stephen , Kucharik Christopher , Franz Kristie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOutput from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models are statistically downscaled across Wisconsin, using a method that restores the observed mean, variance, and extremes of daily temperature and precipitation. The downscaled climate data for the late 20th century, mid‐21st century, and late 21st‐century is used to drive the National Weather Service operational snow model, SNOW‐17, to produce high‐resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) projections of daily snowfall, snow depth, and snow cover for Wisconsin. These snow projections will guide wildlife scientists in climate change impact studies and the development of adaptation strategies for the state, in addition to being of value to hydrologists, agricultural scientists, and other experts. SNOW‐17 simulations suggest a dramatic shortening of the Wisconsin snow season, with the greatest snowfall and snow depth reductions in spring, particularly over northern Wisconsin. Snowfall is substantially reduced in response to projected warming and only slightly offset by a projected increase in cold‐season precipitation. Percent reductions in snow depth are likely to be even more impressive than in snowfall, given not only a reduced frequency that falling precipitation will be in frozen form but also an enhanced snowmelt due to rising temperatures. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths
Authors: Boddy Clive R. P. , Ladyshewsky Richard , Galvin Peter 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

This paper introduces the concept of Corporate Psychopaths as ruthless employees who can successfully gain entry to organizations and can then get promoted within those organizations to reach senior managerial and leadership positions. What little empirical research currently exists supports the view that Corporate Psychopaths are more commonly found at senior levels of organizations. This paper presents further empirical evidence that supports this view. It discusses how, in a quantitative sample of 346 white‐collar workers, in 2008, research using a psychopathy scale identified greater levels of psychopathy at more senior levels of corporations than at more junior levels. The paper goes on to propose that this is a universal issue that can pose various ethical problems for corporations because of the ruthless, selfish and conscience‐free approach to life that Corporate Psychopaths have. Other ethical issues are to do with their moral accountability and with the problems associated with the possibility of screening employees for psychopathy. The paper reviews the literature on psychopathy and concludes that while psychopaths appear to be universal in occurrence, they may well be environmentally limited in their possible actions in more collectivist societies. However, the global spread of western, individualistically oriented corporations may pose a threat to any collectivist societies in which they operate.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chinese folk wisdom: Implications for guarding against unethical practices by Chinese managers
Authors: Szeto Ricky W. F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Recent research showed that the driving forces behind the contemporary development of business ethics in China were Confucianism, Maoism and foreign business ethics. Economic reforms in China had brought in the Western concept of capitalism which undermined traditional Confucian values in business dealings. Conducting a survey on practicing business managers in China, we examined the impact of Chinese folk wisdom on ethical practices and behaviour. In particular, we analysed the implication of such wisdom in guarding against unethical practices by Chinese managers. Analysis of the survey data indicates that Chinese folk wisdom remains an effective carrier of the Chinese traditional ethical values and acts as an effective ‘firewall’ guarding against possible unethical practices by Chinese managers. However, ‘Li’ (profits) is found to have received more attention than ‘Yi’ (ethics) in the contemporary development of business ethics in China. At this stage, we cannot conclude that ‘Yi’ or ethics is a means or an end to conducting business in China. Possibly it is both a means and an end! The study has also provided evidence on the influences of Chinese folk wisdom on corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of solifluction landforms and process rates in the Abisko Mountains, northern Sweden
Authors: Ridefelt Hanna , Etzelmüller Bernd , Boelhouwers Jan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe occurrence of turf‐banked solifluction landforms in the Abisko region was analysed using a grid‐based approach and statistical modelling through logistic regression. Significant parameters in the model were the vegetation index NDVI, annual incoming potential radiation, wetness index, slope gradient and elevation. The model had an acceptable discrimination capacity and rather low model‐fit values, but clearly showed the importance of vegetation patterns for the occurrence of solifluction at a regional scale. Solifluction movement rates measured at eight sites were combined with model parameters and the annual duration of sun hours to regionalise solifluction movement rates through an unsupervised terrain classification. For comparison, the linear relationship between the probability of solifluction occurrence and variations in movement rates was also used to regionalise movement rates. Potential geomorphic work was calculated for six different areas within the region, with the greatest being for Kärkevagge, the area with the highest precipitation. The combination of a logistic regression model of mapped landforms and field measurements of solifluction rates represents a promising methodology to assess the occurrence and activity of the process at a regional scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ethics of evidence implementation in health care
Authors: Kumar Saravana , Grimmer‐Somers Karen , Hughes Bernard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEvidence based practice is increasingly mandated by all stakeholders as an integral process of ensuring safe and quality health care. It is recognised that evidence based practice can contribute to minimising misuse, overuse and underuse of health care. Operationalising evidence based practice requires physiotherapists to access relevant evidence, appraise the evidence for its methodological quality, extract information relevant to their practice, and implement it as part of health care service delivery. The final step in this process is to evaluate evidence implementation and reflect what, if any, changes to health care processes and outcomes was achieved. From a theoretical perspective, these steps seem logical and readily achievable. However, practical application in clinical practice settings has encountered numerous barriers. One such barrier, which is commonly encountered and is a contentious area, is the issue of ethics in evidence implementation. Using two hypothetical case studies, we aim to highlight common frustrations encountered by physiotherapists when implementing evidence into practice, ethical ambiguity underpinning evidence implementation and discuss implications in terms of clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Rake receiver based on the nonlinear ACM technique
Authors: Xie Ning , Wang Hui , Lin Xiaohui 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUltra‐wideband (UWB) system is one of the possible solutions to future short‐range indoor data communications with large frequency bandwidth. However, it must coexist with other narrowband wireless systems that may cause interference to each other, and furthermore a large bandwidth will inevitably result in multi‐path fading. The Rake receiver is applicable to combat multi‐path fading but its performance degrades greatly when the narrowband interference (NBI) is present. Although some optimized Rake receivers were proposed to suppress the NBI, such as the minimum mean square error (MMSE) one, their computational complexities are usually too high to be practically implemented. In this paper, we present a new adaptive Rake receiver which can effectively suppress the NBI, based on the nonlinear Masreliez‐type approximate conditional mean (ACM) technique. Simulation results show that it outperforms the previous schemes and even it achieves almost the same performance as that of a MMSE Rake receiver but with much lower complexity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consultation and Participation with Children in Healthy Schools: Choice, Conflict and Context
Authors: Duckett Paul , Kagan Carolyn , Sixsmith Judith 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper we report on our use of a participatory research methodology to consult with children in the UK on how to improve pupil well‐being in secondary schools, framed within the wider social policy context of healthy schools. We worked with children on the selection of our research methods and sought to voice the views of children to a local education authority to improve the design of school environments. The consultation process ultimately failed not because the children were unforthcoming with their views on either methods or on well‐being in schools, but because of difficulties in how their views were received by adults. We show how the socio‐economic, cultural and political context in which those difficulties were set might have led to the eventual break down of the consultation process, and we draw out a number of possible implications for consultative and participatory work with children in school settings.
Environmental Influences on Fighting Versus Nonviolent Behavior in Peer Situations: A Qualitative Study with Urban African American Adolescents
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Mays Sally , Bettencourt Amie , Erwin Elizabeth H. , Vulin-Reynolds Monique , Allison Kevin W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis qualitative study explored environmental factors that influence adolescents’ responses to problem situations involving peers. Interviews were conducted with 106 middle school students (97% African American) from an urban school system. Participants were asked to describe factors that would make it easier and those that would make it more difficult for adolescents to make specific responses to problem situations. Two types of responses were presented: nonviolent responses identified as effective in a previous study, and fighting responses. Qualitative analysis identified 24 themes representing family, peer, school, and neighborhood and broader social factors that were related to both nonviolent behavior and fighting. The identification of environmental influences on fighting and nonviolent responses has important implications for efforts to reduce aggression and promote effective nonviolent responses to problem situations encountered by adolescents.
Differences in Nurse and Surgeon Perceptions of Teamwork: Implications for Use of a Briefing Checklist in the OR
Authors: Carney Brian T. , West Priscilla , Neily Julia , Mills Peter D. , Bagian James P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe quality of teamwork among health care professionals is known to affect patient outcomes. In the OR, surgeons report more favorable perceptions of communication during procedures and of teamwork effectiveness than do nurses. We undertook a quality improvement project in the Veterans Health Administration to confirm reported teamwork differences between perioperative nurses and surgeons and to examine the implications of these differences for improving practice patterns in the OR. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, which measures safety culture, including the quality of communication and collaboration among health care providers who routinely work together, was administered in 34 hospitals. Perioperative nurses who participated in the survey rated teamwork higher with other nurses than with surgeons, but surgeons rated teamwork high with each other and with nurses. On five of six communication and collaboration items, surgeons had a significantly more favorable perception than did perioperative nurses. To increase the likelihood of success when implementing the use of checklist‐based crew resource management tools, such as the World Health Organization's Surgical Safety Checklist, project leaders should anticipate differences in perception between members of the different professions that must be overcome if teamwork is to be improved.
Reducing Medical Waste
Authors: Conrardy Julie , Hillanbrand Mary , Myers Sandra , Nussbaum George F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMedical waste is a necessary by‐product of any hospital environment; however, the majority of regulated medical waste is produced in the OR from the use of disposable surgical supplies (eg, drapes, gowns, basins, gloves, sponges). We conducted a concept comparison project in the ORs of two large medical centers in Bethesda, Maryland, and Washington, DC, to evaluate the effects of using reusable surgical basins, gowns, and table and Mayo stand covers in place of disposable products. Survey results indicated that surgeons and surgical technologists found the reusable products to be preferable to the disposable products currently in use. In addition, using reusable products provided a means to decrease regulated medical waste generated in the OR by an average of 65% as well as reduce the cost of waste disposal. AORN recommends evaluating the environmental effects of using reusable, reposable, and disposable products; our findings provide evidence that may be useful to surgical facilities that seek to adopt a “green” approach.
Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nissotakis Christos , Zouros Efstratios , Revelos Kyriakos , Sakorafas George H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEndometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue that can respond to ovarian hormonal stimulation. Although it is uncommon, extrapelvic endometriosis can form a discrete mass known as an abdominal wall endometrioma. Endometriomas are thought to be caused by transfer of endometrial cells into a surgical wound, most often after a cesarean delivery. Endometriomas are diagnosed via ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration. Treatment options can be medical, but surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Perioperative nursing care includes patient teaching, taking steps to prevent surgical site infection and inadvertent hypothermia, ensuring availability of supplies (eg, the graft for abdominal wall repair if needed), and postoperative pain management.