bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Derivation and Validation of a Wandering Typology
Authors: Algase Donna L. , Antonakos Cathy , Beattie Elizabeth R. A. , Beel‐Bates Cynthia A. , Yao Lan 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a wandering typology.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, correlational descriptive design.SETTING:: Twenty‐two nursing homes and six assisted living facilities.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty‐two residents with dementia who spoke English, met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for dementia, scored less than 24 on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), were ambulatory (with or without assistive device), and maintained a stable regime of psychotropic medications were studied.MEASUREMENTS: Data on wandering were collected using direct observations, plotted serially according to rate and duration to yield 21 parameters, and reduced through factor analysis to four components: high rate, high duration, low to moderate rate and duration, and time of day. Other measures included the MMSE, Minimum Data Set 2.0 mobility items, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale—Geriatric, and tympanic body temperature readings.RESULTS: Three groups of wanderers were identified through cluster analysis: classic, moderate, and subclinical. MMSE, mobility, and cardiac and upper and lower gastrointestinal problems differed between groups of wanderers and in comparison with nonwanderers.CONCLUSION: Results have implications for improving identification of wanderers and treatment of possible contributing factors.
Endurance Exercise Training in Older Patients with Heart Failure: Results from a Randomized, Controlled, Single‐Blind Trial
Authors: Brubaker Peter H. , Moore J. Brian , Stewart Kathryn P. , Wesley Debra J. , Kitzman Dalane W. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that exercise training (ET) improves exercise capacity and other clinical outcomes in older persons with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF).DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial.SETTING: Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program.PARTICIPANTS: Fifty‐nine patients aged 60 and older with HFrEF recruited from hospital records and referring physicians were randomly assigned to a 16‐week supervised ET program (n=30) or an attention‐control, nonexercise, usual care control group (n=29).INTERVENTION: Sixteen‐week supervised ET program of endurance exercise (walking and stationary cycling) three times per week for 30 to 40 minutes at moderate intensity regulated according to heart rate and perceived exertion.MEASUREMENTS: Individuals blinded to group assignment assessed four domains pivotal to HFrEF pathophysiology: exercise performance, left ventricular (LV) function, neuroendocrine activation, and health‐related quality of life (QOL).RESULTS: At follow‐up, the ET group had significantly greater exercise time and workload than the control group, but there were no significant differences between the groups for the primary outcomes: peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), 6‐minute walk distance, QOL, LV volumes, EF, or diastolic filling. Other than serum aldosterone, there were no significant differences after ET in other neuroendocrine measurements. Despite a lack of a group “training” effect, a subset (26%) of individuals increased VO2 peak by 10% or more and improved other clinical variables as well.CONCLUSION: In older patients with HFrEF, ET failed to produce consistent benefits in any of the four pivotal domains of HF that were examined, although the heterogeneous response of older patients with HFrEF to ET requires further investigation to better determine which patients with HFrEF will respond favorably to ET.
2. Cluster Headache
Authors: Van Kleef Maarten , Lataster Arno , Narouze Samer , Mekhail Nagy , Geurts José W. , Van Zundert Jan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCluster headache is a strictly unilateral headache that is associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms and usually has a circadian and circannual pattern. Prevalence is estimated at 0.5 to 1.0/1,000. The diagnosis of cluster headache is made based on the patient's case history. There are two main clinical patterns of cluster headache: the episodic and the chronic. Episodic is the most common pattern of cluster headache. It occurs in periods lasting 7 days to 1 year and is separated by at least a 1‐month pain‐free interval. The attacks in the chronic form occur for more than 1 year without remission periods or with remission periods lasting less than 1 month.Conservative therapy consists of abortive and preventative remedies. Ergotamines and sumatriptan injections, sublingual ergotamine tartrate administration, and oxygen inhalation are effective abortive therapies. Verapamil is an effective and the safest prophylactic remedy. When pharmacological and oxygen therapies fail, interventional pain treatment may be considered. The effectiveness of radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion pterygopalatinum and of occipital nerve stimulation is only evaluated in observational studies, resulting in a 2 C+ recommendation.In conclusion, the primary treatment is medication. Radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion pterygopalatinum should be considered in patients who are resistant to conservative pain therapy. In patients with cluster headache refractory to all other treatments, occipital nerve stimulation may be considered, preferably within the context of a clinical study.
China's booming livestock industry: household income, specialization, and exit
Authors: Rae Allan N. , Zhang Xiaohui 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChina's production of livestock products has generally kept pace with her rapidly increasing demand. Over‐supply and market corrections for various livestock products took place over the latter part of the 1990s and large numbers of householders exited this type of production. Using household survey data, we estimate the relationship between a household's specialization in livestock production and household net income in 1995, and use a logit model to explore some predictors of household exit from livestock production over the following decade of market instability. We conclude that specialist livestock households with access to necessary skills, technologies, and markets increase their incomes from further livestock specialization in the base year, whereas those to whom livestock production is relatively unimportant can increase household incomes by diverting their resources away from animal husbandry. It was specialist rather than diversified livestock households that tended to bear the brunt of the adjustment to unfavorable price movements over the decade post‐1995. Policy concerns include the exit of larger‐scale specialized producers who tended to earn relatively high household incomes in 1995, barriers to the effective formation and operation of horizontal and vertical integration options to help mitigate market instability, the further development of insurance programs and markets for livestock producers, and development assistance to livestock households that for various reasons cannot increase scale and specialization.
Multinational supermarket chains in developing countries: does local agriculture benefit?
Authors: Stokke Hildegunn E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is no consensus in the empirical literature on how entry of multinational supermarket chains affects farmers in developing countries. Econometric analyses struggle with causality issues and are unclear about the channel of effects. We quantify the dynamic effects of supermarket expansion on agriculture within a structural framework that clarifies the adjustment mechanisms involved. The model specification allows for endogenous interaction between agricultural productivity and supermarkets’ choice of suppliers. Based on numerical simulations, two results emerge. First, we offer a possible interpretation of the conflicting evidence in the empirical literature. Whether farmers benefit from supermarkets or get stuck in a low productivity trap depends on the extent of local constraints related to production capacity and market access. Second, supply chain development initiated by supermarkets can help farmers escape the low productivity trap. While supermarkets face a short‐run cost to supplier upgrading, they gradually gain from more productive local suppliers.
C3d immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed tissue is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid of the skin
Authors: Pfaltz Katrin , Mertz Kirsten , Rose Christian , Scheidegger Paul , Pfaltz Madeleine , Kempf Werner 
Published: October 2009

Background: Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) testing is an important procedure in the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous dermatoses. We investigated the expression of C3d in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue of autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of C3d in bullous pemphigoid (BP) (n = 32), pemphigoid gestationis (PG) (n = 3), pemphigus (n = 14), dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring (DHD) (n = 10), linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) dermatosis (n = 4), mixed forms of BP and linear IgA dermatosis (n = 2), and 44 controls was analyzed on formalin‐fixed tissue. Results: Thirty‐one of 32 cases (97%) of BP and 3 out of 3 cases (100%) of PG showed a linear positivity of C3d along the basement membrane. Only 3 out of 14 (21%) cases of pemphigus showed an intraepidermal intercellular expression of C3d. The two mixed forms of linear IgA dermatosis and BP showed a linear positivity of C3d along the basement membrane. All cases of DHD, linear IgA dermatosis and all of the controls were negative for C3d. Conclusions: C3d immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of BP and PG of the skin with a sensitivity of at least 97%. Mixed forms of linear IgA dermatosis, and BP, DHD and linear IgA dermatosis can only be identified by DIF. A positive result may prompt serologic confirmation of BP without further need for DIF.Pfaltz K, Mertz K, Rose C, Scheidegger P, Pfaltz M, Kempf W. C3d immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed tissue is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid of the skin.
The origin of magnetism on the upper main sequence
Authors: Ferrario Lilia , Pringle J. E. , Tout Christopher A. , Wickramasinghe D. T. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We consider the incidence of magnetism in main-sequence stars with mainly radiative envelopes. We propose that the small fraction, which increases with mass, of stars which are magnetic can be explained if towards the end of the formation process, after the stars have developed a substantial radiative envelope, a correspondingly small fraction of stars merge. Such late mergers would produce a brief period of strong differential rotation and give rise to large-scale fields in the radiative envelopes. Such late mergers can also account for the lack of close binaries among these stars.
The origin of the Guitar pulsar
Authors: Tetzlaff N. , Neuhäuser R. , Hohle M. M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Among a sample of 140 OB associations and clusters, we want to identify probable parent associations for the Guitar pulsar (PSR B2224+65), which would then also constrain its age. For this purpose, we are using an Euler–Cauchy technique, treating the vertical component of the Galactic potential to calculate the trajectories of the pulsar and each association into the past. To include errors, we use Monte Carlo simulations varying the initial parameters within their error intervals. The whole range of possible pulsar radial velocities is taken into account during the simulations.
We find that the Guitar pulsar most probably originated from the Cygnus OB3 association ≈0.8Myr ago, inferring a current radial velocity of vr≈−30kms−1, consistent with the inclination of its bow shock.
Characterization of R132H Mutation‐specific IDH1 Antibody Binding in Brain Tumors
Authors: Capper David , Weißert Susanne , Balss Jörg , Habel Antje , Meyer Jochen , Jäger Diana , Ackermann Ulrike , Tessmer Claudia , Korshunov Andrey , Zentgraf Hanswalter , Hartmann Christian , Von Deimling Andreas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHeterozygous point mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 codon 132 are frequent in grade II and III gliomas. Recently, we reported an antibody specific for the IDH1R132H mutation. Here we investigate the capability of this antibody to differentiate wild type and mutated IDH1 protein in central nervous system (CNS) tumors by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results of protein analysis are correlated to sequencing data. In Western blot, anti‐IDH1R132H mouse monoclonal antibody mIDH1R132H detected a specific band only in mutated tumors. Immunohistochemistry of 345 primary brain tumors demonstrated a strong cytoplasmic and weaker nuclear staining in 122 cases. Correlation with direct sequencing of 186 cases resulted in consensus of 177 cases. Genetic retesting of cases with conflicting findings resulted in a match of 186/186 cases, with all discrepancies resolving in favor of immunohistochemistry. Intriguing is the ability of mIDH1R132H to detect single infiltrating tumor cells. The very high frequency and the distribution of this mutation among specific brain tumor entities allow the highly sensitive and specific discrimination of various tumors by immunohistochemistry, such as anaplastic astrocytoma from primary glioblastoma or diffuse astrocytoma World Health Organization (WHO) grade II from pilocytic astrocytoma or ependymoma. Noteworthy is the discrimination of the infiltrating edge of tumors with IDH1 mutation from reactive gliosis.
Alterations in anterior chamber depth in primary open‐angle glaucoma patients during latanoprost therapy
Authors: Cankaya Ali Bulent , Teberik Pinar , Acaroglu Golge 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the anterior chamber depth (ACD) in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) patients during latanoprost therapy.Methods:  We carried out a prospective study in which we enrolled 66 newly diagnosed POAG patients treated with latanoprost 0.005% (group 1) and 50 ocular hypertensive and/or glaucoma suspect cases who were given no therapy (group 2 [control]). Measurements of the ACD were performed by A‐scan ultrasonography before and after cycloplegia at baseline and at 3 months of latanoprost therapy. Differences in ACD and their correlations with the ocular hypotensive effect of the agent as well as the clinical significance of changes in ACD were analysed using Student’s t‐test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results:  Mean baseline ACD was 3.13 ± 0.35 mm (range 2.45–3.84 mm) in group 1 and 3.14 ± 0.36 mm (range 2.54–3.80 mm) in group 2 (p = 0.89). At 1 hour after instillation of cyclopentolate 1%, mean ACD in groups 1 and 2 was 3.18 ± 0.38 mm (range 2.45–3.92 mm) and 3.19 ± 0.37 mm (range 2.56–3.91 mm), respectively (p = 0.91). After 3 months of treatment, mean ACD in group 1 both without (3.05 ± 0.36 mm, range 2.14–3.76 mm) and with (3.09 ± 0.4 mm, range 2.20–3.96 mm) cycloplegia was significantly reduced compared with baseline values (p < 0.001 for both). However, there was no significant difference between mean ACD at baseline and that at month 3 in group 2. No correlation was demonstrated between the changes in ACD and the ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost (p = 0.96, r = − 0.006). There were no changes in refractive status or visual acuity.Conclusions:  The overall results seem to suggest that latanoprost decreases mean ACD in patients with POAG. The clinical significance of this effect is uncertain.
Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Different Stages of Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Tidholm A. , Ljungvall I. , Höglund K. , Westling A.B. , Häggström J. 
Published: October 2009

Background:Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) including strain and strain rate (SR) assess systolic and diastolic myocardial function.Hypothesis:TDI, strain, and SR variables of the left ventricle (LV) and the interventricular septum (IVS) differ significantly between dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) with and without congestive heart failure (CHF).Animals:Sixty‐one dogs with MMVD with and without CHF. Ten healthy control dogs.Methods:Prospective observational study.Results:Radial motion: None of the systolic variables were altered and 3 of the diastolic velocities were significantly increased in dogs with CHF compared with dogs without CHF and control dogs.Longitudinal motion: 2 systolic velocities and 3 diastolic velocities were significantly increased in dogs with CHF compared with dogs without CHF and control dogs. Difference in systolic velocity time‐to‐peak between LV and IVS was significantly increased in dogs with MMVD with and without CHF compared with control dogs. In total, 11 (23%) of 48 TDI and strain variables differed significantly between groups. Left atrial to aortic ratio was positively correlated to early diastolic velocities, percentage increase in left ventricular internal diameter in systole was positively correlated to systolic and diastolic velocities, and mitral E wave to peak early diastolic velocity in the LV basal segment (E/Em) was positively correlated to radial strain and SR.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Few TDI and strain variables were changed in dogs with MMVD with and without CHF. Intraventricular dyssynchrony may be an early sign of MMVD or may be an age‐related finding.
Dosimetric characterization of round HDR AccuBoost applicators for breast brachytherapy
Authors: Rivard Mark J. , Melhus Christopher S. , Wazer David E. , Bricault Raymond J. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:The AccuBoost brachytherapy system applies HDR beams peripherally to the breast using collimating applicators. The purpose of this study was to benchmark Monte Carlo simulations of the HDR source, to dosimetrically characterize the round applicators using established Monte Carlo simulation and radiation measurement techniques and to gather data for clinical use.Methods: Dosimetric measurements were performed in a polystyrene phantom, while simulations estimated dose in air, liquid water, polystyrene and ICRU 44 breast tissue. Dose distribution characterization of the 4–8 cm diameter collimators was performed using radiochromic EBT film and air ionization chambers.Results:The central axis dose falloff was steeper for the 4 cm diameter applicator in comparison to the 8 cm diameter applicator, with surface to 3 cm depth‐dose ratios of 3.65 and 2.44, respectively. These ratios did not considerably change when varying the phantom composition from breast tissue to polystyrene, phantom thickness from 4 to 8 cm, or phantom radius from 8 to 15 cm. Dose distributions on the central axis were fitted to sixth‐order polynomials for clinical use in a hand calculation spreadsheet (i.e., nomogram). Dose uniformity within the useful applicator apertures decreased as depth‐dose increased.Conclusions:Monte Carlo benchmarking simulations of the HDR source using the MCNP5 radiation transport code indicated agreement within 1% of the published results over the radial/angular region of interest. Changes in phantom size and radius did not cause noteworthy changes in the central axis depth‐dose. Polynomial fit depth‐dose curves provide a simple and accurate basis for a nomogram.
Neurotransmission SPECT and MR registration combining mutual and gradient information
Authors: Bullich S. , Ros D. , Pavía J. , Cot A. , López N. , Catafau A. M. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:Image registration is important in functional image analysis. In neurotransmission single photon emission tomography (nSPECT), specific uptake sites can be accurately localized by superimposing the SPECT study onto a high‐resolution structural image such as a magnetic resonance (MR) of the subject. Mutual‐information (MI)‐based algorithms are usually employed for this purpose. Nevertheless, nSPECT/MR registration using MI is often limited by the low count rates present in nSPECT. Several works have proposed extensions of the MI measures to include gradient information (GI) from the images but their performance has not been evaluated in SPECT studies.Methods:In this work, the accuracy of the MI including gradient information (MIG) was compared with the standard MI using data from healthy volunteers and data simulating a specific uptake reduction using three different radioligands:, , .Results:The results showed that MIG‐based registration yielded better accuracy than MI. The MIG‐based similarity measures were less sensitive to sparse sampling and diminished computational time without a substantial decrease in registration accuracy.Conclusions:Accuracy of nSPECT/MR registration is improved when gradient information is included in the MI‐based algorithm, which makes MIG‐based registration potentially useful for clinical applications.
Enhanced imaging of microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis through improved image‐reconstruction algorithms
Authors: Sidky Emil Y. , Pan Xiaochuan , Reiser Ingrid S. , Nishikawa Robert M. , Moore Richard H. , Kopans Daniel B. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:The authors develop a practical, iterative algorithm for image‐reconstruction in undersampled tomographic systems, such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT).Methods:The algorithm controls image regularity by minimizing the image total variation (TpV), a function that reduces to the total variation when or the image roughness when . Constraints on the image, such as image positivity and estimated projection‐data tolerance, are enforced by projection onto convex sets. The fact that the tomographic system is undersampled translates to the mathematical property that many widely varied resultant volumes may correspond to a given data tolerance. Thus the application of image regularity serves two purposes: (1) Reduction in the number of resultant volumes out of those allowed by fixing the data tolerance, finding the minimum image TpV for fixed data tolerance, and (2) traditional regularization, sacrificing data fidelity for higher image regularity. The present algorithm allows for this dual role of image regularity in undersampled tomography.Results:The proposed image‐reconstruction algorithm is applied to three clinical DBT data sets. The DBT cases include one with microcalcifications and two with masses.Conclusions:Results indicate that there may be a substantial advantage in using the present image‐reconstruction algorithm for microcalcification imaging.