bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association fibers connecting the Broca center and the lateral superior frontal gyrus: a microsurgical and tractographic anatomy
Authors: Kinoshita Masashi , Shinohara Harumichi , Hori Osamu , Ozaki Noriyuki , Ueda Fumiaki , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Hamada Jun-ichiro , Hayashi Yutaka 
Published: November 2011

Object
Recently, intraoperative mapping has disclosed that, in addition to the classic language centers (that is, the Broca and Wernicke centers), other cortical regions may also play an important role in language organization. In the prefrontal cortex, although the lateral superior frontal gyrus (LSFG) could have language-related functions, there are no detailed reports that demonstrate the anatomical connection between the LSFG and other well-known language cortices, such as the Broca center. To show the existence of the structural connection, white matter association fibers between the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the LSFG were examined using fiber dissection (FD) and diffusion tensor (DT) imaging–based tractography.

Methods
Eight cadaveric cerebral hemispheres were dissected to reveal the association fibers between the IFG and LSFG. The DT imaging–based tractography studies targeting the prefrontal cortex were obtained in 53 right-handed patients who had no organic cerebral lesions.

Results
The association fiber tract between Brodmann area 44/45 (the Broca center in the dominant hemisphere) and LSFG were detected in all specimens by FD. In the DT imaging–based tractography studies, the tract was identified in all patients bilaterally, except for the 4 in whom the tract was detected only in the left hemisphere. This tract was spread significantly wider in the left than in the right hemisphere, and left lateralization was evident in male patients.

Conclusions
Based on its character, this tract was named the Broca-LSFG pathway. These findings suggest a close relationship between this pathway and language organization. The structural anatomy of the Broca-LSFG pathway may explain speech disturbances induced by LSFG stimulation that are sometimes observed during intraoperative language mapping.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, Part 1: management of Spetzler-Martin Grade I and II arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Lunsford L. Dade , Flickinger John C. , Yang Huai-che , Flannery Thomas J. , Awan Nasir R. , Niranjan Ajay , Novotny Josef , Kondziolka Douglas 
Published: November 2011

Object
The aim of this paper was to define the outcomes and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for Spetzler-Martin Grade I and II arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs, including 217 patients with AVMs classified as Spetzler-Martin Grade I or II. The median maximum diameter and target volumes were 1.9 cm (range 0.5–3.8 cm) and 2.3 cm3 (range 0.1–14.1 cm3), respectively. The median margin dose was 22 Gy (range 15–27 Gy).

Results
Arteriovenous malformation obliteration was confirmed by MR imaging in 148 patients and by angiography in 100 patients with a median follow-up of 64 months (range 6–247 months). The actuarial rates of total obliteration determined by angiography or MR imaging after 1 SRS procedure were 58%, 87%, 90%, and 93% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The median time to complete MR imaging–determined obliteration was 30 months. Factors associated with higher AVM obliteration rates were smaller AVM target volume, smaller maximum diameter, and greater marginal dose. Thirteen patients (6%) suffered hemorrhages during the latency period, and 6 patients died. Cumulative rates of AVM hemorrhage 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years after SRS were 3.7%, 4.2%, 4.2%, 5.0%, and 6.1%, respectively. This corresponded to rates of annual bleeding risk of 3.7%, 0.3%, and 0.2% for Years 0–1, 1–5, and 5–10, respectively, after SRS. The presence of a coexisting aneurysm proximal to the AVM correlated with a significantly higher hemorrhage risk. Temporary symptomatic adverse radiation effects developed in 5 patients (2.3%) after SRS, and 2 patients (1%) developed delayed cysts.

Conclusions
Stereotactic radiosurgery is a gradually effective and relatively safe option for patients with smaller volume Spetzler-Martin Grade I or II AVMs who decline initial resection. Hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in this series. Patients remain at risk for a bleeding event during the latency interval until obliteration occurs. Patients with aneurysms and an AVM warrant more aggressive surgical or endovascular treatment to reduce the risk of a hemorrhage in the latency period after SRS.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, Part 3: outcome predictors and risks after repeat radiosurgery
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Flickinger John C. , Yang Huai-che , Flannery Thomas J. , Awan Nasir R. , Niranjan Ajay , Novotny Josef , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: November 2011

Object
The object of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and risks of repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for incompletely obliterated cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, Gamma Knife surgery was performed in 996 patients with AVMs. During this period, repeat SRS was performed in 105 patients who had incompletely obliterated AVMs at a median of 40.9 months after initial SRS (range 27.5–139 months). The median AVM target volume was 6.4 cm3 (range 0.2–26.3 cm3) at initial SRS but was reduced to 2.3 cm3 (range 0.1–18.2 cm3) at the time of the second procedure. The median margin dose at both initial SRS and repeat SRS was 18 Gy.

Results
The actuarial rate of total obliteration by angiography or MR imaging after repeat SRS was 35%, 68%, 77%, and 80% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The median time to complete angiographic or MR imaging obliteration after repeat SRS was 39 months. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration were smaller residual AVM target volume (p = 0.038) and a volume reduction of 50% or more after the initial procedure (p = 0.014). Seven patients (7%) had a hemorrhage in the interval between initial SRS and repeat SRS. Seventeen patients (16%) had hemorrhage after repeat SRS and 6 patients died. The cumulative actuarial rates of new AVM hemorrhage after repeat SRS were 1.9%, 8.1%, 10.1%, 10.1%, and 22.4% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively, which translate to annual hemorrhage rates of 4.05% and 1.79% of patients developing new post–repeat-SRS hemorrhages per year for Years 0–2 and 2–10 following repeat SRS. Factors associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage after repeat SRS were a greater number of prior hemorrhages (p = 0.008), larger AVM target volume at initial SRS (p = 0.010), larger target volume at repeat SRS (p = 0.002), initial AVM volume reduction less than 50% (p = 0.019), and a higher Pollock-Flickinger score (p = 0.010). Symptomatic adverse radiation effects developed in 5 patients (4.8%) after initial SRS and in 10 patients (9.5%) after repeat SRS. Prior embolization (p = 0.022) and a higher Spetzler-Martin grade (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with higher rates of adverse radiation effects after repeat SRS. Delayed cyst formation occurred in 5 patients (4.8%) at a median of 108 months after repeat SRS (range 47–184 months).

Conclusions
Repeat SRS for incompletely obliterated AVMs increases the eventual obliteration rate. Hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in this series. The best results for patients with incompletely obliterated AVMs were seen in patients with a smaller residual nidus volume and no prior hemorrhages.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, Part 4: management of basal ganglia and thalamus arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Flickinger John C. , Yang Huai-che , Flannery Thomas J. , Niranjan Ajay , Novotny Josef , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: November 2011

Object
The authors conducted a study to define the long-term outcomes and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the basal ganglia and thalamus.

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 56 patients had AVMs of the basal ganglia and 77 had AVMs of the thalamus. In this series, 113 (85%) of 133 patients had a prior hemorrhage. The median target volume was 2.7 cm3 (range 0.1–20.7 cm3) and the median margin dose was 20 Gy (range 15–25 Gy).

Results
Obliteration of the AVM eventually was documented on MR imaging in 78 patients and on angiography in 63 patients in a median follow-up period of 61 months (range 2–265 months). The actuarial rates documenting total obliteration after radiosurgery were 57%, 70%, 72%, and 72% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration included AVMs located in the basal ganglia, a smaller target volume, a smaller maximum diameter, and a higher margin dose. Fifteen (11%) of 133 patients suffered a hemorrhage during the latency period and 7 patients died. The rate of post-SRS AVM hemorrhage was 4.5%, 6.2%, 9.0%, 11.2%, and 15.4% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 4.7%. When 5 patients with 7 hemorrhages occurring earlier than 6 months after SRS were removed from this analysis, the annual hemorrhage rate decreased to 2.7%. Larger volume AVMs had a higher risk of hemorrhage after SRS. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects (AREs) developed in 6 patients (4.5%), and in 1 patient a delayed cyst developed 56 months after SRS. No patient died of AREs. Factors associated with a higher risk of symptomatic AREs were larger target volume, larger maximum diameter, lower margin dose, and a higher Pollock-Flickinger score.

Conclusions
Stereotactic radiosurgery is a gradually effective and relatively safe management option for deep-seated AVMs in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Although hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in the present series, patients remain at risk during the latency interval between SRS and obliteration. The best candidates for SRS are patients with smaller volume AVMs located in the basal ganglia.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, Part 5: management of brainstem arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Flickinger John C. , Yang Huai-che , Flannery Thomas J. , Niranjan Ajay , Novotny Josef , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: November 2011

Object
In this paper, the authors' goal was to define the long-term outcomes and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 67 patients had AVMs in the brainstem. In this series, 51 patients (76%) had a prior hemorrhage. The median target volume was 1.4 cm3 (range 0.1–13.4 cm3). The median margin dose was 20 Gy (range 14–25.6 Gy).

Results
Obliteration of the AVMs was eventually documented in 35 patients at a median follow-up of 73 months (range 6–269 months). The actuarial rates of documentation of total obliteration were 41%, 70%, 70%, and 76% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Higher rates of AVM obliteration were associated only with a higher margin dose. Four patients (6%) suffered a hemorrhage during the latency period, and 2 patients died. The rate of AVM hemorrhage after SRS was 3.0%, 3.0%, and 5.8% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 1.9%. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects (AREs) developed in 7 patients (10%) after SRS, and a delayed cyst developed in 2 patients (3%). One patient died at an outside institution with symptoms of AREs and unrecognized hydrocephalus. Higher 12-Gy volumes and higher Spetzler-Martin grades were associated with a higher risk of symptomatic AREs. Ten of 22 patients who had ocular dysfunction before SRS had improvement, 9 were unchanged, and 3 were worse due to AREs. Eight of 14 patients who had hemiparesis before SRS improved, 5 were unchanged, and 1 was worse.

Conclusions
Although hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in this series, patients remained at risk during the latency interval until obliteration occurred. Thirty-eight percent of the patients who had neurological deficits due to prior hemorrhage improved. Higher dose delivery in association with conformal and highly selective SRS is required for safe and effective radiosurgery.
Contemporary Considerations for the Use of Digoxin for Heart Failure in Older Patients
Authors: Rojas-Fernandez Carlos H. , Viana Luis , Dadfar Farzan 
Published: November 2011

Background: Digoxin has been used in older people for over 200 years to treat heart failure. Research over the past 15 years has caused the place of digoxin in therapy to evolve. This review was conducted in order to describe the role of digoxin in the care of older patients with heart failure. Methods: This review was conducted by systematically searching the literature using MEDLINE via Ovid, Cochrane Library, Pub Med and EMBASE, with the search terms “heart failure” and “digoxin.” Studies published after publication of the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial (conducted from February 1997 to October 2010) were selected for possible inclusion in the review. Results: The majority of data regarding the use of digoxin for heart failure in older people originates from the DIG trial and the various post-hoc analyses of this dataset. When considered in unison with evidence for other heart failure therapies (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), the place of digoxin is clear, in that it should be used for patients in sinus rhythm who are symptomatic despite therapy with first-line agents or for those with concomitant atrial fibrillation whose heart rate is not well controlled by, or cannot tolerate, beta-adrenergic blockers. There are various safety and monitoring parameters that should be considered in older people when using this drug. Conclusions: Digoxin is a drug that still demonstrates value for heart failure in older patients when used appropriately, and after first-line agents have been maximized.
General Practitioner Advice on Physical Activity—Who Gets it?
Authors: Eakin Elizabeth , Brown Wendy , Schofield Grant , Mummery Kerry , Reeves Marina 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of patients who received physical activity counseling from a general practitioner. Methods. Data presented are from a cross-sectional survey of approximately 2000 Queensland (Australia) adults conducted as part of a multi-strategy, community-based, physical activity intervention (10,000 Steps Rockhampton). The survey included self-reported receipt of general practitioner advice on physical activity as well as demographic, medical, and physical activity questions. Results. Receipt of advice on physical activity was reported by 24.2% of respondents, with advice more likely to be given to males, overweight/obese people, those with chronic conditions, and those more frequently visiting their general practitioners. Discussion. Rates of physical activity advice and characteristics of patients receiving advice are similar to those reported overseas and suggest that while there is room for improvement, general practitioners are targeting their advice to patients most in need.
Process Evaluation in Occupational Stress Management Programs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Murta Sheila Giardini , Sanderson Kristy , Oldenburg Brian 
Published: November 2011

Objective. To conduct a systematic review of workplace stress management intervention studies that have incorporated process evaluation. Data Source. Electronic databases such as PsycINFO and MEDline were searched. Study Inclusion Criteria. The inclusion criteria included interventions published in the English language that were focused on either individual- or organizational-level stress management interventions at the workplace, with an outcome evaluation. Data Extraction. Each article was coded on key process-relevant variables, including context, recruitment, reach, dose delivered, dose received, fidelity, implementation, and participant's attitudes toward the intervention. Studies that reported on at least one of these process variables were also coded on the following study characteristics: Participants, setting, evaluation design, intervention content, intervention format, and study outcomes. Data Synthesis. Statistical Package for the Social Science was used to analyze the data with descriptive statistics. Results. Of the 84 studies identified that met the study inclusion criteria, 52 (61.9%) reported findings on at least one of the key relevant process-relevant variables. Variables most frequently included were recruitment (30%), intervention dose received (22%), participants' attitudes toward intervention (19%), and program reach (13%). Fewer than half of the studies presented any findings linking process evaluation and outcome evaluation. Conclusions. The incomplete reporting of information relevant to process evaluation makes it difficult to identify reliable determinants of effective intervention implementation or outcomes.
Health Belief Model Variables as Predictors of Progression in Stage of Mammography Adoption
Authors: Menon Usha , Champion Victoria , Monahan Patrick O. , Daggy Joanne , Hui Siu , Skinner Celette Sugg 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Identify predictors of change in mammography stage for nonadherent women so that appropriate stage-based interventions can be developed. Design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a randomized clinical trial to increase mammography screening. This report focuses on predictors of stages of change of mammography behavior; intervention results are reported elsewhere.1 Setting. Indigent clinic and health maintenance organization. Subjects. Women, 50 or older, with no breast cancer diagnosis and nonadherent with mammography screening. Intervention. The intervention and results are described elsewhere.1 Measures. Previously validated belief scales. Results. Results showed that precontemplators and contemplators differed significantly at baseline and follow-up on all breast cancer beliefs except fear. Changes in barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy scores significantly predicted forward stage movement for women entering the study in precontemplation or contemplation (p = .0009, p = .037, and p = .048, respectively). Conclusions. Changes in beliefs predict stage movement, and beliefs differ significantly among stages, leading the way for interventions tailored to both beliefs and stages of behavior adoption. In practical terms, we may be able to cut down on the “bulkiness” of our interventions and the number of tailoring variables, focusing more intensively on tailoring interventions to the beliefs whose changes have now been shown to predict stage advancement. These predictions are in addition to intervention effect which is reported elsewhere.1
The Role of Personal Values, Urban Form, and Auto Availability in the Analysis of Walking for Transportation
Authors: Coogan Matthew A. , Karash Karla H. , Adler Thomas , Sallis James 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the association of personal values, the built environment, and auto availability with walking for transportation. Setting. Participants were drawn from 11 U.S. metropolitan areas with good transit services. Subjects. 865 adults who had recently made or were contemplating making a residential move. Measures. Respondents reported if walking was their primary mode for nine trip purposes. “Personal values” reflected ratings of 15 variables assessing attitudes about urban and environmental attributes, with high reliability (α = 0.85). Neighborhood form was indicated by a three-item scale. Three binary variables were created to reflect (1) personal values, (2) neighborhood form, and (3) auto availability. Design. The association with walking was reported for each of the three variables, each combination of two variables, and the combination of three variables. An analysis of covariance was applied, and a hierarchic linear regression model was developed. Results. All three variables were associated with walking, and all three variables interacted. The standardized coefficients were 0.23 for neighborhood form, 0.21 for autos per person, and 0.18 for personal values. Conclusion. Positive attitudes about urban attributes, living in a supportive neighborhood, and low automobile availability significantly predicted more walking for transportation. A framework for further research is proposed in which a factor representing the role of the automobile is examined explicitly in addition to personal values and urban form.
Promoting Active Community Environments through Land Use and Transportation Planning
Authors: Aytur Semra A. , Rodriguez Daniel A. , Evenson Kelly R. , Catellier Diane J. , Rosamond Wayne D. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the role of land use and transportation plans as policy instruments for promoting active community environments. Design. Cross-sectional analysis using multilevel models to examine whether active community environment scores were associated with leisure and transportation-related physical activity (PA) and whether associations varied by household income. Setting. 67 North Carolina counties Subjects. Adults (n = 6694) from pooled 2000 and 2002 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys. Measures. Active community environment scores, derived from a 2003 survey of planning directors, representing the presence of nonmotorized transportation improvements, mixed land use classification, and comprehensiveness of implementation tools. Dependent variables were self-reported PA measures from the BRFSS. Sociodemographic variables were derived from the 2000 U.S. Census of Population. Results. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, more favorable active community environment scores were significantly associated with leisure PA (p = .001), transportation PA (p < .01), bicycling (p < .05), walking 150 minutes/week (p < .001), and meeting PA recommendations (p < .0001). In stratified analyses, lower-income individuals (<$25,000) living in high scoring counties were three times more likely to participate in transportation PA compared with those living in low scoring counties (95% confidence interval, 1.4, 7.3). Conclusions. This study identifies previously unexamined policy and institutional correlates of PA related to land use and transportation planning. Plans may provide a means to incorporate community support for active living into public policy.
Bullying
Authors: Rigby Ken 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Bullying has long been recognized as a form of interpersonal behavior practiced by many people, but it has not been regarded as a major social problem until relatively recently. In fact, at times, bullying has been viewed positively. For example, in Shakespeare's
Henry V
, a soldier, Pistol, approves of his king, saying, “I love the lovely bully. I kiss his dirty shoe.” Gradually, however, both the meaning attributed to the word and the behavior it represents have acquired strongly negative connotations. Today, bullying is conceived as an abuse of power and as such widely condemned.