bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Q: a new retrotransposon from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Besansky N. J. , Bedell J. A. , Mukabayire O. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new family of retrotransposons (RTPs) without long terminal repeats (LTRs), designated Q, has been isolated from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The nucleotide sequence of a complete element G‐22, was determined and analysed. Approximately 4.5 kb long, 0–22 contains two long overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) that potentially encode proteins with nucleic acid binding and reverse transcriptase domains similar to those of non‐LTR RTPs previously described. The 3 end is characterized by variable numbers of the triplet repeat TAA, immediately following a polyadenylation signal. In situ hybridization of nurse cell polytene chromosomes revealed about twenty labelled sites distributed over all arms and diffuse hybridization to the chromocentre. Cross‐hybridizing sequences with the same internal structure occur in all members of the A. gambiae complex. Genomic Southerns of wild A. gambiae specimens probed with Q suggest that Q is or recently was capable of retrotransposition.
Identification and molecular characterization of a novel protein Saglin as a target of monoclonal antibodies affecting salivary gland infectivity of Plasmodium sporozoites
Authors: Okulate M. A. , Kalume D. E. , Reddy R. , Kristiansen T. , Bhattacharyya M. , Chaerkady R. , Pandey A. , Kumar N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMolecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between malarial sporozoites and putative receptor(s) on the salivary glands of Anopheles gambiae remain largely unknown. In previous studies, a salivary gland protein of ~100 kDa was identified as a putative target based on recognition of the protein by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2A3 that caused a ≥ 70% reduction in the average number of sporozoites per infected salivary gland when fed to mosquitoes. Using affinity purification we purified the target of this mAb from extracts of female A. gambiae salivary glands and it was found to be a novel protein by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the 100 kDa protein showed that this molecule, designated Saglin, exists as a disulphide‐bonded homodimer of 50 kDa subunits. The ability to form homodimers was retained even in the recombinant Saglin expressed in mammalian cells (HEK293). The amino acid sequence of Saglin contains a signal peptide suggesting that Saglin is a secreted protein. If Saglin is indeed involved in the process of invasion of A. gambiae salivary glands by sporozoites of Plasmodium, it could provide a novel target for future investigations aimed at interruption of malaria transmission.
Characterization of two novel cytochrome P450 genes in insecticide‐resistant house‐flies
Authors: Zhu F. , Feng J.‐N. , Zhang L. , Liu N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo novel P450 cDNAs, CYP6A36 and CYP6A37, were isolated from house‐flies. Putative protein sequences deduced from the cDNA sequences shared 58% identity. Predicted protein sequences of CYP6A36 and CYP6A37 from pyrethroid‐resistant ALHF house‐flies were identical to their corresponding orthologues in susceptible aabys flies. Expression of CYP6A36 was developmentally regulated with significant overexpression in ALHF compared with susceptible CS flies. Overexpression of CYP6A36 was detected in ALHF abdomen, where the primary detoxification organs of the midgut and fat body are located. CYP6A37, however, was expressed in all tested life stages, with no significant difference in expression between ALHF and CS. Genetic linkage analysis located CYP6A36 on autosome 5; overexpression of CYP6A36 was linked to the factors on autosomes 1 and 2, corresponding to the linkage of P450‐mediated resistance in ALHF. This evidence suggests the importance of CYP6A36 in detoxification of insecticides and evolution of insecticide resistance in ALHF.
Anatomical ontologies of mosquitoes and ticks, and their web browsers in VectorBase
Authors: Topalis P. , Tzavlaki C. , Vestaki K. , Dialynas E. , Sonenshine D. E. , Butler R. , Bruggner R. V. , Stinson E. O. , Collins F. H. , Louis C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVectorBase, an integrated, relational database that manages genomic and other genetic/biological data pertaining to arthropod vectors of disease, has recently embarked on the construction of ontologies and controlled vocabularies (CVs). It aims, thus, at providing all necessary tools for the complete annotation of vector genomes and, in particular, the annotation of functional genomic data. This task was initiated with the development of anatomical ontologies of mosquitoes and ticks, both of which were made compliant to CARO, the common anatomy reference ontology. The ontologies are complemented by the development of novel web‐based browsers that can show figures for anatomical terms, something that is especially helpful for fully illustrating the controlled vocabularies of anatomy.
Expression of ADAM‐15 in rat myocardial infarction
Authors: Li Ji Ke , Du Wen Juan , Jiang Shu Lin , Tian Hai 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA disintegrin and metalloprotease‐15 (ADAM‐15) is a potential novel regulator of inflammatory response and tissue remodelling, which is thought to have the ability to attenuate the cardiac function resulting from myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the expression of ADAM‐15 in rat MI. Wistar rats were subjected to MI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Euthanasia was performed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days following MI. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ADAM‐15 were detected respectively by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot. The localization of ADAM‐15 protein was observed by immunohistochemistry. Compared with sham‐MI, the expression of ADAM‐15 in MI increased at day 1, reached to maximum at day 3, decreased at day 7 and day 14 gradually. In addition, we also found that the localization of ADAM‐15 was mainly at cardiac myocytes in the border area of MI and some macrophages in the border and infarcted areas. This study revealed a significant difference of ADAM‐15 expression in rat MI and indicated that ADAM‐15 maybe one of the important factors involved in inflammatory response and cardiac remodelling of rat MI.
Apoptosis and fibrosis are early features of heart failure in an animal model of metabolic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Gürtl Barbara , Kratky Dagmar , Guelly Christian , Zhang Lefeng , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Das Suman Kumar , Tamilarasan Kuppusamy Palaniappan , Hoefler Gerald 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIn previous experiments, we observed signs of cardiac failure in mice overexpressing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) under the control of a muscle specific promotor and in peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha (PPARα) knockout mice overexpressing LPL under the control of the same promotor. In our current investigations, we focussed on morphological consequences and changes in mRNA and protein expression in hearts from these animals. mRNA expression was analysed by differential display analysis and Northern blot as well as by cDNA microarray analysis followed by pathway analysis. Protein expression was examined using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Fibrosis was determined by chromotrope aniline blue staining for collagen. A distinct increase in the expression of α‐tubulin mRNA was noted in hearts of all mutant mouse strains compared with the control. This result was paralleled by increased α‐tubulin protein expression. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we detected an activation of apoptosis, in particular an increase of caspase‐3 expression in hearts of mice overexpressing LPL but not in PPARα knockout mice overexpressing LPL. This finding was confirmed immunohistochemically. In addition, we identified a distinct interstitial increase in collagen and an increase around blood vessels. In our mouse model, we detect mRNA and protein changes typical for cardiomyopathy even before overt clinical signs of heart failure. In addition, a small but distinct increase in the rate of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and fibrotic changes contributes to cardiac failure in mice overexpressing LPL, whereas additional deficiency in PPARα seems to protect hearts from these effects.
Wind‐assisted migration potential of the island sugarcane planthopperEumetopina flavipes(Hemiptera: Delphacidae): implications for managing incursions across an Australian quarantine frontline
Authors: Anderson Kylie L. , Deveson Ted E. , Sallam Nader , Congdon Bradley C. 
Published: September 2010

Summary1. The identification of dispersal mechanisms which facilitate particular biological invasions is paramount for the successful management of invasive species. If the dispersal mechanism promotes high propagule pressure, the probability of successful establishment and spread is enhanced.2. Invasive species may enter mainland Australia from Papua New Guinea via the Torres Strait islands, and their dispersal through the region may be assisted by wind. The island sugarcane planthopperEumetopina flavipesis of particular concern to Australian quarantine authorities. Long‐distance, wind‐assisted immigration from Papua New Guinea may be responsible for the continued presence ofE. flavipesin the Torres Strait islands and on the tip of mainland Australia. Simulation was used to predictE. flavipeswind‐assisted migration potential from Papua New Guinea into the Torres Strait islands and mainland Australia. Field studies were used to test the predictions.3. Wind‐assisted immigration from Papua New Guinea was predicted to occur widely throughout the Torres Strait islands and the tip of mainland Australia, especially in the presence of tropical depressions and cyclones. Simulation showed potential for a definite, seasonal immigration which reflected variation in the onset, length and cessation of the summer monsoon.4. In general, simulation predictions did not explainE. flavipesobserved infestations. The discrepancy suggests that post‐colonization processes such as the temporal and spatial availability of host may be equally or more important than possible wind‐assisted immigration in determining population establishment, persistence and viability.5. Despite the potential for wide‐spread, annual immigration throughout the Torres Strait islands and the tip of mainland Australia,E. flavipescontrol may be possible by managing the cultivation of host plants on an ongoing annual basis to avoid recolonization, especially prior to or during critical immigration periods.6. Synthesis and applications. Wind may promote significant incursions ofE. flavipesfrom Papua New Guinea into northern Australia. Management strategies should consider the relative importance of both pre‐ and post‐invasion processes in determining establishment success, so that response measures can be implemented at the appropriate stage of invasion. In this way, successful control may be enhanced, serving to reduce the overall cost of invasion.
Environmental monitoring: the scale and speed of implementation varies according to the degree of peoples involvement
Authors: Danielsen Finn , Burgess Neil D. , Jensen Per M. , Pirhofer‐Walzl Karin 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. Solutions to the global environmental crisis require scientific knowledge and responses spanning different spatial scales and levels of societal organization; yet understanding how to translate environmental knowledge into decision‐making and action remains limited. 2. We examined 104 published environmental monitoring schemes to assess whether participation in data collection and analysis influences the speed and scale of decision‐making and action. 3. Our results show that scientist‐executed monitoring informs decisions within regions, nations and international conventions. However, decisions typically take 3–9 years to be implemented. 4. We also show that scientist‐executed monitoring has little impact at the village scale, where many natural resource management decisions are made. 5. At the village scale, monitoring schemes that involve local people, and relate to resource utilization at the village level, are much more effective at influencing decisions; these decisions typically take 0–1 year to be implemented. 6. Synthesis and applications. Involving local stakeholders in monitoring enhances management responses at local spatial scales, and increases the speed of decision‐making to tackle environmental challenges at operational levels of resource management.
Naturally occurring bacteraemia in American lobsters, Homarus americanus Milne‐Edwards, in Long Island Sound
Authors: Bartlett S L , Wooster G A , Sokolowski M S , Dove A D M , Bowser P R 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe health status of the American lobster, Homarus americanus Milne‐Edwards, in Long Island Sound (LIS) has been in decline, with seasonal mortality events occurring since 1998. In order to assess the potential effects of environmental conditions on lobster health via haemolymph analysis, lobsters collected from various sites in LIS were examined and sampled while concurrent environmental data (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were recorded. The pH of the haemolymph of each lobster was tested, followed by a collection of haemolymph for serum biochemistry analysis and bacterial culture. This report focuses on the results of the bacterial sampling. The majority of bacteria cultured were opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the environment, including some that are associated with sewage and pollution. The prevalence of bacteraemia was correlated with the site of collection, the month in which the lobsters were sampled, and water temperature.
Genetic analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from Scotland
Authors: Bain N , Gregory A , Raynard R S 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInfectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious disease of young salmonid fish, and is one of the most serious economic diseases in aquaculture. In Scotland, an increase in IPN virus (IPNV) outbreaks in seawater Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, has been reported in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyse the VP2 gene from recent IPNV isolates from Scotland, to determine whether there are epidemiological links between IPNV isolates from farms (13), wild fish (17) and the environment (6) in order to investigate potential wild and farmed fish interactions. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 gene revealed that 34 of 36 isolates were 97.1–100% similar and the deduced amino acid sequences showed 97–100% identity. Two isolates from wild fish exhibited the most divergence at 85–87.3% similarity to the other isolates at the nucleotide level and 88.2–90.8% identity at the deduced amino acid level. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 34 of 36 of the isolates from Scotland were genetically closely related to the A2 (Sp) serotype of IPNV. The two wild isolates from seatrout, Salmo trutta, and flounder, Platichthys flesus, were most closely related to the European A5 (Te) serotype. This study represents a comprehensive IPNV phylogenetic study that indicates that there are closely related or identical isolates in circulation in the marine environment, which adds evidence that disease interactions between wild and farmed fish may occur. This type of analysis is a useful tool in the management and control of fish diseases because it can assist in the identification of epidemiological links and highlight potential risks to aquaculture.
An investigation into the prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and wild fish populations in selected river catchments in England and Wales between 1998 and 2000
Authors: Chambers E , Gardiner R , Peeler E J 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA cross‐sectional survey of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in farmed rainbow trout (RBT) and wild fish populations was carried out in 10 farms and six river catchments, respectively, in England and Wales. The majority of the wild fish were sampled in 1998 and the farmed fish in 2000. Grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, were the main wild species sampled. Two fish, one grayling and one salmon, Salmo salar, were R. salmoninarum culture‐positive, compared with 40 confirmed polymerase chain reaction‐positive wild fish. The highest prevalence of R. salmoninarum infection was found in grayling in rivers with RBT farms with a history of R. salmoninarum infection. One hundred and fifty fish were sampled from each RBT farm, but none of the fish was found to be R. salmoninarum‐positive. Evidence was found, for the first time, for the presence of R. salmoninarum in an eel, Anguilla anguilla.
Herpesvirus that caused epizootic mortality in 1995 and 1998 in pilchard, Sardinops sagax neopilchardus (Steindachner), in Australia is now endemic
Authors: Whittington R J , Crockford M , Jordan D , Jones B 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPropagating epizootics due to Pilchard herpesvirus (PHV) occurred in the Australian population of pilchard, Sardinops sagax neopilchardus (Steindachner) (Clupeidae), in 1995 and 1998–99, with up to 60% losses. No mortality events have been evident in the ensuing 7 years, one reason for which could be that PHV is now endemic. During 2004, a survey was conducted to establish if PHV was present in pilchards in Australia. The pilchard is a highly active, pelagic schooling fish which is found in subpopulations, creating difficulties for the conduct of surveys. It occurs in Australian coastal waters and embayments below about 25 °S latitude, feeds on plankton and is predated by birds, mammals and larger fish. It reaches sexual maturity at 2 years of age, spawns at sea, enters embayments when about 5 months old and returns to sea when about 1 year old. It may live for 6–9 years, reaching a maximum length of 200 mm. It forms schools and may travel up to 30 km per day. Pilchards aggregate in mobile shoals of fish containing large highly mobile schools, which interact randomly and exchange individuals. Four subpopulations were defined for the purposes of this survey based on differences in biological characteristics: south‐eastern Queensland/northern New South Wales (NSW), Victoria/South Australia (SA), south coast Western Australia (SWA) and west coast Western Australia (WWA). Specimens were obtained from the catch of commercial fishermen using random sampling where possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of PHV was performed after appraising the suitability of all available tests according to their impact on sample size requirements, total survey costs and logistical constraints. In the analysis, estimates of true prevalence (TP) of infection and 95% confidence limits were adjusted from the apparent prevalence estimates provided by PCR results. Percentage TP of PHV and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the four subpopulations: NSW, SA, SWA and WWA were thus estimated as 0 (0–1.5), 31 (22–43), 42 (31–55) and 29 (20–41), respectively. PHV is now endemic in Australian populations of pilchard. Implications of the findings for fisheries management are discussed.
Molecular markers of cancer in cartilaginous fish: immunocytochemical study of PCNA, p‐53, myc and ras expression in neoplastic and hyperplastic tissues from free ranging blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.)
Authors: Borucinska J D , Schmidt B , Tolisano J , Woodward D 
Published: September 2010

AbstractArchival formalin‐fixed tissues from wild‐caught adult blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), were used for immunocytochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), two oncoproteins from the oncogenes c‐myc and pan‐ras, and a protein product from the tumour suppressor gene p‐53. All sharks were caught during summer months between 2000 and 2006 by recreational fishermen off the USA coast in the northwestern Atlantic. The sharks were necropsied on landing and selected organ samples were collected into elasmobranch formalin and processed for paraffin embedding and light microscopy. Paraffin‐embedded sections from collected tissue were both stained with haematoxylin and eosin and processed by immunocytochemical techniques using antibodies raised against the PCNA, p‐ras, c‐myc and p‐53 proteins. The lesions examined in this study included two well differentiated adenomatous gastric polyps, a testicular capsular mesothelioma, a gingival fibropapilloma with elements of ameloblastoma, three liver tumours, two pericardial fibropapillomas and six cases of proliferative serositis (pericarditis and peritonitis). Normal and hyperplastic tissues from blue sharks, and human neoplastic tissues served as negative and positive controls, respectively. We detected upregulation of PCNA in many neoplastic, one dysplastic and in some hyperplastic lesions, and positive p‐ras and c‐myc signals in some of the neoplastic lesions. None of the examined tissues showed positive p‐53 signalling. This is the first literature report on immunocytochemical detection of molecular markers of cancer in sharks and in fish of the class Chondrichthyes.
The involvement of Aeromonas salmonicida virulence factors in bacterial translocation across the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), intestine
Authors: Jutfelt F , Sundh H , Glette J , Mellander L , Thrandur Björnsson B , Sundell K 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a lethal disease in salmonids. The mode of lateral transmission has not been conclusively defined, but A. salmonicida is able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium of salmonids, making the intestinal route a probable candidate. This study investigated some of the virulence mechanisms used by the bacteria to promote translocation. Intestinal segments were placed in modified Ussing chambers to investigate epithelial functions during exposure to bacterial factors. The factors were: extracellular products (ECP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or live or heat‐inactivated A. salmonicida. Fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)‐labelling enabled detection of translocated bacteria by fluorometry. Live A. salmonicida translocated to a greater degree than heat‐inactivated bacteria, suggesting that the bacteria utilize a heat sensitive surface‐bound virulence factor which promotes translocation. The epithelium was negatively affected by ECP, manifested as decreased net ion transport, indicating a disturbance in ion channels or cell metabolism. LPS did not affect the epithelium in vitro when administered on the luminal side of the intestinal segment, but significantly increased epithelial translocation of fluorescent bacterial‐sized microspheres when administered on the serosal side. This is suggested to be caused by increased transcellular transport, as the paracellular permeability was unaffected indicating maintained epithelial integrity.