bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GRADIENT ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS
Authors: Vestergaard Per 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
New techniques have been developed for the assay by gradient elution chromatography of individual 17-ketosteroids.
Inexpensive and easily constructed apparatus is used in the assay.
The techniques are particularly suited for serial assays and for laboratories interested in doing many assays per day, but can be set up also without special equipment in laboratories planning to do only a few assays at a time.
Data are given from a normal material and findings from some systematic studies of details of the method are reported.
HYDROLYSIS OF 17-KETOSTEROID CONJUGATES WITH A PROCEDURE BASED ON SIMULTANEOUS BENZENE EXTRACTION AND ACID HYDROLYSIS
Authors: Vestergaard Per , Claussen Borge 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A comparison of a hydrolytic method based on simultaneous benzene extraction and acid hydrolysis with methods using acid hydrolysis followed by extraction with an organic solvent has confirmed the superiority claimed for the simultaneous benzene extraction by other investigators. Less transformation, artefact formation and destruction was found with the simultaneous extraction method.
A fractionated hydrolytic procedure performed at different pH values is proposed for the simultaneous benzene extraction technique. This procedure gives best protection to the acid and heat labile 17-ketosteroids and highest yields of individual 17-ketosteroids.
The usefulness of this procedure in itself and in combination with β-glucuronidase hydrolysis has been explored.
It was found that a method employing simultaneous benzene extraction and acid hydrolysis after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis gave slightly higher yields overall and for some individual 17-ketosteroids than any other method examined.
It is suggested that the simple hydrolytic method based on simultaneous benzene extraction and acid hydrolysis alone may well be the preferred method for clinical assay at the present time. Its speed, simplicity and inexpensiveness together with its independence of enzyme inhibitors and other factors affecting the enzyme assay may for such an application outweigh the lower yield obtained for 11-oxy 17-ketosteroids.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF THYROID FUNCTION WITH ERCTHROCYTE UPTAKE OF 131I-LABELED-L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE
Authors: Yen Wang 
Published: October 2009

1. ABSTRACT
The basic technique developed by others for measuring the uptake of 131I-labeled-triiodothyronine (131I-T3) by erythrocytes has been investigated and evaluated, and a modified procedure had been adopted which increases the reliability, reproducibility, and simplicity of the test. Contrary to the reports of other workers, variations in original hematocrit were found to have no significant effect on erythrocyte uptake. However, the concentration of plasma proteins was found to be a significant factor influencing EU. The mechanism of EU was investigated. The uptake appears to be a measurement of the interaction between two specific protein fractions and thyroid hormones in the plasma. One tends to decrease erythrocyte uptake activity and the other to increase it. These two protein fractions would therefore be very important in influencing thyroid hormone metabolism. The increased EU values in the hyperthyroidism also could be partly due to the fact that the increased concentration of thyroxine in the serum displaces T3 from the thyroxine-binding-globulin, whereby the T3-uptake in the erythrocytes is increased.
COMPARISON OF FIVE METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHIN FROM URINE
Authors: Borth Rudi , Menzi Annette 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Thirty samples of pooled urine from hospitalized postmenopausal women, normally menstruating women and hospitalized men were extracted for gonadotrophin by the following five methods: I. The tannic acid method of Johnsen (1958); II. the kaolin-acetone method of Albert (1955) as modified by Borth et al. (1961); III. the kaolin-acetone method of Loraine & Brown (1959); IV. the ethanol precipitation-dialysis method of Klinefelter et al. (1943); and V. the benzoic acid-tungstic acid method of Butt (1958). The extracts were assayed for gonadotrophic activity by the mouse uterus test in terms of the International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin, using Pergonal® (Istituto Farmacologico Serono, Rome, Italy) as a standard.
The five types of extract were compared with regard to yield of gonadotrophin, purity, toxicity, and behaviour in bioassay, using statistical methods to assess the significance of results.
Differences in slope of dose-response lines, standard deviation of response and precision of estimates were negligible.
Marked and strongly correlated differences were noted in purity and toxicity, the former decreasing, the latter increasing in the following order: Method I, II, V, IV, III.
Differences in yield were negligible for the extracts from high-titre urines, except for Method V which gave a lower yield. For the extracts from low-titre urines, the yields differed markedly, decreasing in the following order: Method I, III, IV, II, V. The most likely conclusion from the evidence available was to attribute the differences in yield to the presence of different amounts of otherwise inert substances which – depending on local conditions and experimental details – interfered with the response of test animals. Incomplete extraction was thought to be partly responsible only for the low yields obtained by Method V from both types of urine.
Based on the results of this study, Method I was adopted as a routine procedure.
Fiducial limits of slope were calculated both from the inter-assay and from the intra-assay variation. The two fiducial intervals were in excellent agreement, thus confirming part of the assumptions underlying the statistics of bioassay.
COMPARISON OF THE CLINICAL AND STEROID METABOLIC EFFECT OF HUMAN PITUITARY- AND URINARY GONADOTROPHINS IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Johannisson Elisabeth , Tillinger K.-G. , Bettendorf G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A human hypophysial gonadotrophin (HHG) and three human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) preparations were administered to 6 amenorrhoeic women for 8 to 10 days in 19 experiments. This was followed by daily injections of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) for 4 days. The clinical and steroid metabolic effects of the preparations were assessed by serial endometrial biopsies, daily vaginal smears and by the determination of urinary oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, oestriol, pregnane3α,20α-diol, 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in 48-hour samples.
There was a four-fold difference in the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activity of two commercial HMG preparations, although their »total gonadotrophin« activity was identical.
The clinical effectiveness of the various gonadotrophin preparations was found to be a function of the amount of FSH– rather than »total gonadotrophic« activity administered.
When a total dose of some 15 000 International Reference Preparation (I. R. P.) units of FSH activity of whatever origin was administered prior to HCG, there was invariably a marked clinical and steroid metabolic effect, suggesting very strongly that ovulation had indeed been induced. In such experiments the urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion always significantly exceeded the values found in non-pregnant women. Four patients attempted to conceive during the period when ovulation was presumed to occur. Two of them became pregnant; one delivered a normal child, the other aborted in the third month of gestation.
It is concluded that in addition to human hypophysial gonadotrophins, human menopausal gonadotrophin preparations in combination with HCG are also completely satisfactory for the induction of ovulation in amenorrhoeic women. A prerequisite for the successful clinical use of such preparations is, however, adequate information on their specific FSH (and perhaps also ICSH) activity.
THE OESTROGENIC AND ANTI-OESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF COMPOUNDS RELATED TO DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL
Authors: Emmens C. W. , Cox R. I. , Martin L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The activities of some dihydroxyphenylalkanes in mice have been compared with those of dihydroxyphenylalkenes already investigated. All are both pro-oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic, the latter when applied to the vagina in much less than the pro-oestrogenic dose. Peak anti-oestrogenic activity is seen in the dimethyl substituents of both series (dimethylstilboestrol and meso-butoestrol).
The other alkanes showed no detectable oestrogenic activity in subcutaneous doses of up to 5 mg in oil in vaginal smear tests, but some activity in intravaginal tetrazolium reduction tests in doses of less than 1 mg, although with very shallow dose-response lines. The same compounds were weakly anti-oestrogenic and did not interfere with early pregnancy in daily doses of 2 mg.
The high correlation between pro-oestrogenic, anti-oestrogenic and antifertility potencies in these compounds makes it hazardous to ascribe the latter action to either of the former without further evidence.
FACTORS DETERMINING CESSATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION; THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: de Jongh S. E. , Wolthuis O. L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The role of oestrogen and progesterone utilization by the uterus was investigated with regard to the mechanism of cessation of corpus luteum function. After the administration of oestradiol benzoate with or without progesterone in various combinations to spayed, spayed-hysterectomized, or spayed traumatized rats it was found that:
there were no percentage differences in the oestrogenic effects in the vaginal smears of spayed or spayed-hysterectomized rats after the administration of oestradiol benzoate alone. After treatment with combinations of oestradiol and progesterone, the oestrogenic effects were inhibited in spayed-hysterectomized animals as compared with similarly treated spayed controls. A still more marked inhibition was obtained after traumatizing the uterine endometrium. Increasing doses of progesterone in combination with a fixed dose of oestradiol benzoate progressively delayed vaginal opening.
It is concluded that the uterus does not utilize any measurable amounts of oestrogen, but that, on the other hand, it does utilize considerable quantities of progesterone. Traumatization of the uterus may have a similar progesterone-sparing effect. The findings are discussed against the background of factors which determine cessation of corpus luteum function, while it is suggested that progesterone may be an important factor accounting for the effects of hysterectomy.
DIFFERENT MODES OF ACTION OF TWO ANTIOVULATORY COMPOUNDS
Authors: Overbeek G. A. , de Visser J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Lynestrenol and 6α-methyllynestrenol were studied in rats for their respective ability to:
prevent spontaneous ovulation. prevent ovulation induced by a single injection of luteinizing hormone (human chorionic gonadotrophin). to prevent ovarian hypertrophy in parabiotic (♀[unk]) rats
The results warrant the following conclusions about the site of action of both substances:
Lynestrenol prevents ovulation by inhibiting FSH release from the pituitary gland, so that there are no ripening follicles ready to respond to LH.
6α-Methyllynestrenol inhibits ovulation by abolishing LH-release thus preventing the final maturation and rupture of normally developing follicles.
EFFECTS OF OESTROUS CYCLE VARIATIONS AND EXOGENOUS STEROID HORMONES ON THE PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF CORTICOSTERONE BY THE RAT ADRENAL
Authors: Pincus Gregory , Hirai Masanao 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Results with the adrenal gland:
A significant difference (P < 0.01) was found between the elevated production of corticosterone in intact rats during dioestrus and the production at oestrus. At both 10 and 20 days after ovariectomy, the production of corticosterone was decreased as compared with the dioestrous rate. Production of corticosterone in adrenals was increased significantly (P < 0.01) by progesterone injection (500 μg/day for 5 days) and was decreased by oestradiol-17β injections 5 μg/day for 5 days). Corticosterone injection (10 μg/day for 5 days) also significantly (P < 0.01) increased the production of corticosterone in adrenals.

Results with adrenal vein blood:
Secretion of corticosterone of the intact rat at dioestrus was higher than at oestrus, but the difference was not statistically significant. At 10 and 20 days after ovariectomy, the secretion of corticosterone had decreased from the dioestrous level, but statistical significance was found only at 20 days after ovariectomy. Oestradiol-17β treatment (5 μg/day for 5 days) significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the secretion of corticosterone from the adrenal vein. Progesterone treatment (500 μg/day for 5 days) did not significantly affect the secretion of corticosterone into adrenal vein blood. Also, treatment with corticosterone (10 μg/day for 5 days) did not yield statistically significant changes in the secretion of this compound.

Additional results:
Nembutal anaesthesia in intact male rats significantly decreased the amount of corticosterone in the adrenal gland (P < 0.05). Ether anaesthesia led to a greater variation in adrenal corticosterone than in nonanaesthetized rats.
Ovary weights decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the progesteroneinjected group (500 μg/day for 5 days); on the other hand, the oestradiol-17β-injected group (5 μg/day for 10 days) exhibited a significant increase of adrenal weight (P < 0.05), and pituitary weight (P < 0.01) and a decrease of ovary weight (P < 0.05).
LACK OF EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE IN VIVO DISAPPEARANCE OF SULFHYDRYL-INHIBITED AND ANTIBODY-COATED ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Agarwal Kailash N. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Red cells were incubated in vitro with sulfhydryl inhibitors and Rhantibody with and without prior incubation with prednisolone-hemisuccinate. These erythrocytes were labelled with Cr51 and P32 and their disappearance in vivo after autotransfusion was measured. Prior incubation with prednisolone-hemisuccinate had no effect on the rate of red cell disappearance. The disappearance of the cells was shown to take place without appreciable intravascular destruction.
UPTAKE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, RELATED STEROIDS AND THEIR WATER SOLUBLE ESTERS BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Agarwal K. N. , Carstensen H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The influence of different factors upon the affinity of human erythrocytes for corticosteroids was studied in vitro in a phosphate buffer. Properties connected with the erythrocytes per se were found to be of importance for the binding of the steroids. Methods were developed for extraction, separation and estimation of water soluble esters of corticosteroids.
CALCIUM AND CITRATE IN THE THYROIDS OF MALE CFN RATS
Authors: Kaellis Eugene , Goldsmith Eli D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A high calcium and citrate concentration is found in rat thyroids. Significant regression equations are developed for the increase in thyroidal citrate concentration with body weight and for the decline of serumal citrate level with body weight.
Treatment with thiourea is found to cause a marked decrease in thyroidal citrate concentration and a decline in thyroidal calcium concentration. The treatment with desiccated thyroid causes an increase in thyroidal citrate concentration but leaves the calcium level unaffected. The serumal citrate level is lowered after two weeks of thiourea treatment but returns to normal at two months. Treatment with desiccated thyroid for one month causes a rise in serumal citrate. Thiourea treatment for two months fails to change the serumal calcium level, but desiccated thyroid treatment for one month causes a decline in this parameter A low iodine diet causes a marked decline in thyroidal citrate concentration, which decline is still greater when calcium carbonate is added to the diet. The thyroidal calcium level remains unaffected by the low iodine diet and rises very sharply with calcium supplementation. The blood citrate and calcium levels are not affected by the low iodine diet, but the addition of calcium causes an increase in the blood calcium level. Inanition for five days causes a decline in serumal calcium and citrate but a rise in thyroidal calcium and citrate.
DEFINITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF MICROQUANTITIES OF RADIOACTIVE STEROIDS BY RECRYSTALLIZATION TO CONSTANT SPECIFIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Axelrod Leonard R. , Matthijssen Charles , Goldzieher Joseph W. , Pulliam Jean E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Studies of steroid metabolism using isotopically-labeled compounds at physiological levels present unique problems in the identification of the metabolites and in the demonstration of their radiochemical purity. The submicrogram quantities of material available preclude the use of classical identification techniques. The character of the evidence obtained, the advantages and disadvantages of chromatographic and countercurrent distribution methods are discussed. Crystallization to constant specific activity is a recognized method for demonstrating that a substance is not radiochemically impure. Its parameters have never been accurately defined. Its true power is achieved only when it is preceded by extensive purification of the material to be characterized. In this way, the unknown material is first categorized by its migration rate in various solvent systems, and then by its crystalline identity with the carrier compound. The likelihood of two dissimilar steroids being both isopolar and isomorphic is held to be remote. Liquid scintillation spectrometry and gravimetry are the techniques used for the determination of constant specific activity. This method for measurement of radioactivity is extremely flexible, sensitive, and lends itself to dual-isotope experiments. Gravimetry under standardized conditions is suitably precise and much more generally applicable than spectroscopic quantitation. The parameters of the technique of rapid, forced microcrystallization are analyzed. In particular, the problem of contamination of crystals is analyzed in detail, and it is pointed out that classical concepts of purification by crystallization, developed chiefly in connection with ionic inorganic materials, must be modified when applied to nonionic steroid compounds. A mathematical analysis of the errors inherent in this technique indicates that 3 successive crystallizations of a pure radioactive compound should yield values for the specific activity which are within ± 5 % of the average of the 3 values.
GONADOTROPIN-INDUCED TWINNING AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. , Jainudeen M. R. , Lindsay D. R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Estrus, ovulatory responses, conception and related phenomena were investigated in Hereford beef cattle treated with exogenous gonadotropins to induce multiple pregnancy. The ovulatory response was judged by the number of corpora lutea estimated by palpation per rectum.
Patterns of behavioral estrus, cervical mucus, metcstrous bleeding and mounting were recorded in untreated cattle. Mounting other cows during diestrus was as frequent as mounting bulls. Thirty-two per cent of the cycles were accompanied by metestrous bleeding; and in 3 per cent of the cycles, bleeding was not at metestrus. In PMS-treated cattle, the frequency of split estrus was inversely related to the time interval between PMS injection and subsequent estrus; ovulatory response was highest when the interval was 4 days. PMS caused no increase in the frequency of weak estrus or of quiet ovulation. HCG
THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN TESTICULAR DEGENERATION IN MAN
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The study presents a correlation between the regulatory mechanisms of the human testis and a number of factors involved in the degenerative processes in idiopathic hypospermatogenesis. As a working hypothesis, it is assumed that temporary damage cannot result in permanent hypospermatogenesis unless this is maintained by a special mechanism, and the object of the study is to find such a mechanism.
It is shown 1) that in man the full spermatogenetic cycle can take place in the absence of Leydig cells; 2) that decreased spermatogenesis leads to increased release of gonadotrophins and further to Leydig cell hyperplasia; 3) that spermatogenetic lesions do not per se induce deposition of hyaline material in the tubular wall, but that hyalinization damages the epithelium; 4) that a special feature of the structure of the testis in Klinefelter's syndrome strongly suggests that the hyalinization process is not a direct gonadotrophin effect but is related to Leydig cell function. The nature of Leydig cell function has been shown to depend upon the qualitative nature of gonadotrophin stimulation, and findings indicating a qualitative change in the secretion of hyperplastic Leydig cells in hypospermatogenesis are presented.
From these relationships a theory of the pathogenesis of "idiopathic" hypospermatogenesis is advanced. Temporary damage to the germinal epithelium induces increased gonadotrophin release and changes in the FSH/LH ratio. These result in Leydig cell hyperplasia and in qualitative changes in Leydig cell function. This may start a hyalinization process which damages the epithelium, this damage in turn maintains the gonadotrophin rise, etc., etc., The existence of a pathogenetic vicious circle in the human testis affords an explanation for the frequent occurrence of testicular degeneration and permanent cryptogenetic, hypospermatogenesis in man.
The aim of this presentation is to correlate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of testicular function in man with the processes of non-specific testicular degeneration. By a total consideration of a large number of factors an attempt will be made to arrive at an explanation of the frequent occurrence of testicular degeneration in man. Although testicular degeneration has frequently been dealt with in the literature (cf. below), no such attempt has apparently been published.
ATYPICAL ADRENAL HYPERFUNCTION: IN VIVO STUDIES AND INCUBATIONS OF ADRENAL TISSUE WITH 4-14C PROGESTERONE
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Axelrod Leonard R. , Weissbein Arthur S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Six women with atypical forms of adrenal cortical hyperfunction were studied by means of urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticoids and their response to ACTH stimulation and corticosteroid suppression. Unusual responses were observed, particularly with respect to the independence of 17-KS and 17-OHCS excretion. The adrenals of 3 patients were anatomically normal whereas the others showed hyperplasia. Minced adrenal tissue was incubated with 4-14C progesterone and the metabolites isolated and definitively identified. The pattern of biosynthesized corticosteroids showed great variation, and in some instances clarified certain clinical features. The pattern of certain C19-metabolites could not be studied adequately because of the use of a Δ4 rather than a Δ5 substrate.