bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesions induced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii biofilms
Authors: CHU CHUN HUNG , MEI LEI , SENEVIRATNE CHAMINDA JAYAMPATH , LO EDWARD CHIN MAN 
Published: June 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 22: 2–10Background.  Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been shown to be a successful treatment for arresting caries. However, the mechanism of SDF is to be elucidated.Aim.  To characterize the effects of SDF on dentine carious induced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii.Design.  Thirty‐two artificially demineralized human dentine blocks were inoculated: 16 with S. mutans and 16 with A. naeslundii. Either SDF or water was applied to eight blocks in each group. Biofilm morphology, microbial kinetics and viability were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, colony forming units, and confocal microscopy. The crosssection of the dentine carious lesions were assessed by microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results.  Biofilm counts were reduced in SDF group than control (P < 0.01). Surfaces of carious lesions were harder after SDF application than after water application (P < 0.05), in S. mutans group, Ca and P weight percentage after SDF application than after water application (P < 0.05). Lesions showed a significantly reduced level of matrix to phosphate after SDF treatment (P < 0.05).Conclusion.  Present study showed that SDF posses an anti‐microbial activity against cariogenic biofilm of S. mutans or A. naeslundii formed on dentine surfaces. SDF slowed down demineralization of dentine. This dual activity could be the reason behind clinical success of SDF.
Salivary flow rate and oral findings in Prader–Willi syndrome: a case‐control study
Authors: SAEVES RONNAUG , NORDGARDEN HILDE , STORHAUG KARI , SANDVIK LEIV , ESPELID IVAR 
Published: June 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 22: 27–36Background.  Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multisystemic genetic disorder.Aim.  The objective of this study was to provide a systematic assessment of whole saliva secretion and oral manifestations associated with PWS.Design.  Fifty individuals (5–40 years) with PWS and an age‐ and sex‐matched control group were included. Whole saliva was collected. All participants underwent an anamnestic interview. Radiological and dental clinical examinations were carried out to identify hypodontia, dental caries, enamel defects and gingival inflammation.Results.  Mean whole salivary flow rate was 0.12 ± 0.11 mL/min in the study group compared with 0.32 ± 0.20 mL/min in the control group (P < 0.001). Hypodontia was significantly more common in PWS (P < 0.001), and dental caries in the age group >19 years was significantly lower in PWS (P = 0.04) compared with the controls. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition or in the frequency of enamel defects in the permanent dentition between the two groups. Median Gingival Index was significantly higher in the Prader–Willi group compared with the controls (P = 0.02).Conclusions.  Low salivary flow is a consistent finding in PWS. Nevertheless, despite dry mouth and dietary challenges, dental caries is not increased in Norwegian individuals with PWS.
Exploring the antipathy of nursing staff who work within secure healthcare facilities across the United Kingdom to young people who self‐harm
Authors: Dickinson Tommy , Hurley Margaret 
Published: June 2011

dickinson t. & hurley m. (2012) Exploring the antipathy of nursing staff who work within secure healthcare facilities across the United Kingdom to young people who self‐harm. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(1), 147–158.AbstractAims.  This paper is a report of a study that compared relevant attitudinal dimensions of Registered Nurses and nursing aides working within a Young Offenders’ Institute and two young people’s forensic units in the United Kingdom towards young people in their care who self‐harm.Background.  Nurses caring for young people within secure environments may engage at some point with patients who harm themselves. These staff often experience strong negative emotional reactions which can lead to antipathy and alienation.Methods.  Forty seven Registered Nurses and 22 nursing aides completed the Self‐Harm Antipathy Scale, which consists of 30 attitudinal self‐report items. The data were collected between June 2008 and December 2008, and analysed using spss version 17.Results.  Results displayed that age per se, length of service with self‐harming clients, and whether the participant was a Registered Nurse or nursing aide, and number of self‐harming clients worked with did not influence the Self‐Harm Antipathy Scale score or any of its component sub‐scores. However, field of nursing the nurse was registered under, previous study of self‐harm, year first registered and gender showed significant effects.Conclusions.  Given that responses reflect a degree of both empathy and apathy it seems that there is a need to promote greater therapeutic alliances and communication; for example, the use of positive regard to help reduce the incidence of labelling and the negative effects this has upon relationships. There is a significant need for nursing staff working with young people who self‐harm to have access to relevant educational programmes. A focus on harm minimization could be key areas for further development.
Recruitment bias and characteristics of participants with severe cerebral palsy in a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Parkes Jackie , Donnelly Collette , McDowell Brona , Duffy Catherine 
Published: June 2011

parkes j., donnelly c., mcdowell b. & duffy c. (2012) Recruitment bias and characteristics of participants with severe cerebral palsy in a cross‐sectional survey.Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 368–378.AbstractAim. This article is a report of recruitment bias in a sample of 5–25‐year‐old patients with severe cerebral palsy.Background. The way in which study participants are recruited into research can be a source of bias.Method. A cross‐sectional survey of 5–25‐year‐old patients with severe cerebral palsy using standardized questionnaires with parents/carers was undertaken in 2007/2008. A case register was used as the sampling frame, and 260 families were approached: 178/260 (68%) responded and 82/260 families never replied (non‐respondents). Among responders: 127/178 (71%) opted in to the study, but only 123/127 were assessed, and 82/178 were opted out (or refused). Multivariable logistic regression giving odds ratios was used to study the association between participant characteristics and study outcomes (responders vs. non‐responders; opting in vs. opting out; assessed vs. eligible, but not assessed).Results. Responders (compared with non‐responders) were significantly more likely to have a family member with cerebral palsy who was male and resident in more affluent areas. Families who opted in (compared with those opting out and refusing) were more likely to have a family member with cerebral palsy and intellectual impairment and to reside in certain geographical areas. Families who were actually assessed (compared with all eligible, but not assessed) were more likely to have a family member with cerebral palsy and intellectual impairment.Conclusion. Several sources of bias were identified during recruitment for this study. This has implications for the interpretation and conclusions of surveys of people with disabilities and complex needs.
Changes in quality of life among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Sue‐Yueh , Lai Yeur‐Hur , Chen Shu‐Ching , Shun Shiow‐Ching , Liao Yuan‐Mei , Tu Shih‐Hsin , Chen Ching‐Shyang , Hsiang Chao‐Ying , Chen Ching‐Min 
Published: June 2011

Aim.  To examine changes in quality of life among patients with breast cancer and factors related to it, during the first three months after diagnosis.Background.  Numerous studies have examined quality of life among cancer survivors or among patients with cancer after aggressive treatment; such research has demonstrated that quality of life in the third month after surgery can significantly predict quality of life in the long run. In contrast, changes in quality of life causes among patients during the acute treatment phase have not been well studied.Design.  Prospective longitudinal study.Methods.  Newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer were recruited during 2008–2009. Sixty‐one cases completed the four data collections on the day before operation and one, two and three months after surgery. Data were collected using the Functional Living Index‐Cancer, Symptom Distress Scale, the Self‐Efficacy Scale and a 0–10 Anxiety Numeric Rating Scale. Generalized Estimating Equations were applied for data analysis.Results.  There were significant changes in quality of life over the three months following surgery, and the worst quality of life was observed in the first month after surgery. Less advanced stages of cancer, lower anxiety, less symptom distress and higher perceived self‐efficacy in the preoperative interview could significantly predict which patients experienced more positive quality of life trends. Fatigue, limited shoulder function and perceived poor appearance were the most significant factors predicting changes of quality of life.Conclusion.  Preoperative physical and psychological factors, as well as sense of self‐efficacy for managing the cancer, are important factors for predicting changes in patients’ quality of life.Relevance to clinical practice.  Healthcare providers should be alert to factors contributing to changes of quality of life among patients receiving chemotherapy. Interventions based on these results should be developed and their effectiveness tested for their impact on breast cancer patients’ quality of life. Clinical interventions based on these results should be developed to improve breast cancer patients’ quality of life.
A randomised controlled clinical trial of repositioning, using the 30° tilt, for the prevention of pressure ulcers
Authors: Moore Zena , Cowman Seamus , Conroy Ronán M 
Published: June 2011

Background.  Pressure ulcers are common, costly and impact negatively on individuals. Pressure is the prime cause, and immobility is the factor that exposes individuals to pressure. International guidelines advocate repositioning; however, there is confusion surrounding the best method and frequency required.Design.  A pragmatic, multi‐centre, open label, prospective, cluster‐randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare the incidence of pressure ulcers among older persons nursed using two different repositioning regimens.Method.  Ethical approval was received. Study sites (n = 12) were allocated to study arm using cluster randomisation. The experimental group (n = 99) were repositioned three hourly at night, using the 30° tilt; the control group (n = 114) received routine prevention (six‐hourly repositioning, using 90° lateral rotation). Data analysis was by intention to treat; follow‐up was for four weeks.Results.  All participants (n = 213) were Irish and white, among them 77% were women and 65% aged 80 years or older. Three patients (3%) in the experimental group and 13 patients (11%) in the control group developed a pressure ulcer (p = 0·035; 95% CI 0·031–0·038; ICC = 0·001). All pressure ulcers were grade 1 (44%) or grade 2 (56%). Mobility and activity were the highest predictors of pressure ulcer development (β = −0·246, 95% CI = −0·319 to −0·066; p = 0·003); (β = 0·227, 95% CI = 0·041–0·246; p = 0·006).Conclusion.  Repositioning older persons at risk of pressure ulcers every three hours at night, using the 30° tilt, reduces the incidence of pressure ulcers compared with usual care. The study supports the recommendations of the 2009 international pressure ulcer prevention guidelines.Relevance to clinical practice.  An effective method of pressure ulcer prevention has been identified; in the light of the problem of pressures ulcers, current prevention strategies should be reviewed. It is important to implement appropriate prevention strategies, of which repositioning is one.
Lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial well‐being of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China: a cross‐sectional comparative survey
Authors: Lee Regina LT , Loke Alice Yuen 
Published: June 2011

Aims.  To describe and compare the lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial well‐being of Chinese adolescents aged 10–19 in the two cities of Hong Kong and Guangzhou and to identify the factors that most influence adolescents’ lifestyle patterns in these two cities.Background.  Health‐promoting lifestyle behaviours of adolescents are influenced by economic growth and societal changes.Design. A cross‐sectional comparative survey.Methods.  The Chinese version of the Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire was used to measure the adolescents’ lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial well‐being in the primary and secondary schools.Results.  A total of 2014 adolescents aged 10–19 responded to the survey in Hong Kong (n = 1008) and Guangzhou (n = 1006). Adolescents in Guangzhou practised healthier lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial well‐being than adolescents in Hong Kong, with statistically significant differences in all the seven dimensions. Adolescents in Guangzhou, when compared with those in Hong Kong, obtained higher mean scores in ‘physical participation’ (9·6 vs. 8·9, p < 0·001), ‘nutrition’ (20·2 vs. 17·6, p < 0·001), ‘social support’ (19·6 vs. 18·9, p = 0·001), ‘stress management’ (9·6 vs. 9·3, p = 0·022), ‘identity awareness’ (25·7 vs. 23·5, p < 0·001), ‘health practices awareness’ (9·2 vs. 8·3, p < 0·001) and ‘safety’ (21·6 vs. 20·6, p < 0·001). Demographic factors that contributed to adolescents’ lifestyle behaviours were living in Guangzhou (OR = 1·92, 95% CI 1·56, 2·44), being in the younger age group (10–14 years old) (OR = 2·44, 95% CI 2·00, 3·03) and living with both parents (OR = 1·92, 95% CI 1·12, 3·27).Conclusions.  Socio‐economic disparities, family composition and age group are the key factors associated with adolescents’ healthy lifestyle behaviours. Further research is needed to understand the complex causal pathways between ethnicity, social environment and health behaviours.Relevance to clinical practice.  Parental lifestyles inevitably influence the lifestyles of their young. Therefore, nurses should emphasise the health education of both parents and youth as future parents and support parents in modelling health‐promoting lifestyles.
Adherence to a sodium‐restricted diet is associated with lower symptom burden and longer cardiac event‐free survival in patients with heart failure
Authors: Son Youn‐Jung , Lee Yongjik , Song Eun Kyeung 
Published: June 2011

Aim.  To determine whether adherence to a sodium‐restricted diet affects symptom burden and cardiac event‐free survival in patients with heart failure.Background.  The recommendation of an sodium‐restricted diet is a standard component of HF management. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether adherence to sodium‐restricted diet is actually associated with improvements in symptom burden and cardiac event‐free survival.Design.  A prospective cohort study.Methods.  A total of 232 patients [71% male, 65 ± 10 years, 63% New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV, ejection fraction (EF) 30 ± 9%] with HF received 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion (24‐hr UNa) assessments and were divided into two groups using a cut‐off value of 3 g 24‐hr UNa. Symptom burden, including the frequency and severity of heart failure symptoms, was assessed according to the modified Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale‐Heart Failure with a higher score indicating a greater symptom burden. Cardiac event‐free survival over a 12‐month period was determined by reviewing medical records.Results.  Patients with 24‐hr UNa ≥ 3 g exhibited greater symptom burdens (β = 0·23, p < 0·001) in hierarchical linear regression analyses and shorter cardiac event‐free survival [hazard ratio = 1·81, 95% confidence interval = 1·17–2·80) than patients with 24‐hr UNa < 3 g in hierarchical Cox hazards regressions, after controlling for age, gender, HF aetiology, body mass index, NYHA class, EF, and total comorbidity score.Conclusions.  If sodium intake is limited to less than 3 g/day, symptom burden and clinical health outcomes can be improved in HF patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  Health care providers need to help patients understand the rationale for an sodium‐restricted diet to prevent worsening heart failure symptoms and unnecessary cardiac events. Continuous monitoring for dietary sodium intake as well as worsening heart failure symptoms should be emphasised in patient education.
Psychosocial processes influencing weight management among persons newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications
Authors: XIAO S. , BAKER C. , OYEWUMI L. K. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
The purpose of the study was to generate a theory related to the psychosocial processes of weight management among persons newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications, to develop better early intervention weight management programmes.
Through 16 interviews with persons with first‐episode psychosis and schizophrenia, it was found that they faced a variety of barriers to weight management: inaccessibility of resources such as financial and geographical obstacles to healthier foods and exercise facilities, a lack of structure in their lifestyle, rapidity of weight gain following the initiation of the medication, insatiable hunger and a lack of supporting factors to increase their motivation.
Many participants initially responded to the effects of weight gain by discontinuing their medications, choosing lower‐calorie foods, using walking in their daily activities as exercise, accepting their weight gain and trying to manage their weight but giving up. The consequences of these actions were that participants either contemplated but did not implement weight management, or did not attempt weight management at all.
It is hypothesized that the theory developed through this study can assist with the understanding and management of weight gain among this population.
AbstractThe purpose was to generate a theory of the psychosocial processes influencing weight management among persons newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications. A grounded theory research design was used to guide the study. Semi‐structured interviews were the method of data collection, and analysis was performed using constant comparison. Using theoretical sampling, a sample of 11 participants with first‐episode psychosis prescribed atypical antipsychotics for at least 8 weeks, and five participants with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication for at least 3 years were recruited from an outpatient psychiatric programme. Contextual factors influencing weight management were: accessibility to resources, unstructured lifestyle, and others' perception of weight. Conditions influencing weight management were: rapid weight gain, insatiable hunger and lack of motivation boosters. Participants' early responses to weight gain included discontinuing medications, choosing lower‐calorie foods, using walking in daily activities as exercise, accepting weight gain and trying to manage weight but giving up. The consequences revealed from data analysis were contemplating weight management and not trying, as the barriers to weight management exceeded the facilitators. The theoretical framework developed in this study can assist with the understanding and management of weight gain among this unique population.
The lower esophageal sphincter
Authors: Hershcovici T. , Mashimo H. , Fass R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe lower esophageal sphincters (LES) together with the crural diaphragm are the major antireflux barriers protecting the esophagus from reflux of gastric content. However, reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus is a normal phenomenon in healthy individuals occurring primarily during episodes of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR), defined as LES relaxation in the absence of a swallow. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is also the dominant mechanism of pathologic reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) patients. Frequency of TLESR does not differ significantly between healthy individuals and those with GERD, but TLESRs are more likely to be associated with acid reflux in GERD patients. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for elicitation of a TLESR, using recently introduced novel technology is an area of intense interest. Pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic manipulation of receptors involved in the control of TLESR has recently emerged as a potential target for GERD therapy.
High‐resolution spatial analysis of slow wave initiation and conduction in porcine gastric dysrhythmia
Authors: O’Grady G. , Egbuji J. U. , Du P. , Lammers W. J. E. P. , Cheng L. K. , Windsor J. A. , Pullan A. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  The significance of gastric dysrhythmias remains uncertain. Progress requires a better understanding of dysrhythmic behaviors, including the slow wave patterns that accompany or promote them. The aim of this study was to use high‐resolution spatiotemporal mapping to characterize and quantify the initiation and conduction of porcine gastric dysrhythmias.Methods  High‐resolution mapping was performed on healthy fasted weaner pigs under general anesthesia. Recordings were made from the gastric serosa using flexible arrays (160–192 electrodes; 7.6 mm spacing). Dysrhythmias were observed to occur in 14 of 97 individual recordings (from 8 of 16 pigs), and these events were characterized, quantified and classified using isochronal mapping and animation.Key Results  All observed dysrhythmias originated in the corpus and fundus. The range of dysrhythmias included incomplete conduction block (n = 3 pigs; 3.9 ± 0.5 cpm; normal range: 3.2 ± 0.2 cpm) complete conduction block (n = 3; 3.7 ± 0.4 cpm), escape rhythm (n = 5; 2.0 ± 0.3 cpm), competing ectopic pacemakers (n = 5, 3.7 ± 0.1 cpm) and functional re‐entry (n = 3, 4.1 ± 0.4 cpm). Incomplete conduction block was observed to self‐perpetuate due to retrograde propagation of wave fragments. Functional re‐entry occurred in the corpus around a line of unidirectional block. ‘Double potentials’ were observed in electrograms at sites of re‐entry and at wave collisions.Conclusions & Inferences  Intraoperative multi‐electrode mapping of fasted weaner healthy pigs detected dysrhythmias in 15% of recordings (from 50% of animals), including patterns not previously reported. The techniques and findings described here offer new opportunities to understand the nature of human gastric dysrhythmias.
Functional genomics approaches in parasitic helminths
Authors: HAGEN J. , LEE E. F. , FAIRLIE W. D. , KALINNA B. H. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAs research on parasitic helminths is moving into the post‐genomic era, an enormous effort is directed towards deciphering gene function and to achieve gene annotation. The sequences that are available in public databases undoubtedly hold information that can be utilized for new interventions and control but the exploitation of these resources has until recently remained difficult. Only now, with the emergence of methods to genetically manipulate and transform parasitic worms will it be possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in nutrition, metabolism, developmental switches/maturation and interaction with the host immune system. This review focuses on functional genomics approaches in parasitic helminths that are currently used, to highlight potential applications of these technologies in the areas of cell biology, systems biology and immunobiology of parasitic helminths.