bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil management practices can contribute to net carbon neutrality in California
Authors: Di Vittorio Alan V , Simmonds Maegen B , Jones Andrew , Silver Whendee L , Houlton Benjamin , Torn Margaret , Almaraz Maya , Nico Peter 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Stabilizing climate requires reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in land or ocean systems. Soil management practices can reduce GHG emissions or sequester atmospheric CO2 into inorganic and organic forms. However, whether soil carbon strategies represent a viable and impactful climate mitigation pathway is uncertain. A specific question concerns the role that land-management practices and soil amendments can play in realizing California’s ambition for carbon neutrality by 2045. Here we examine the carbon flux impacts of soil conservation (i.e., compost, reduced tillage, cover crop) and enhanced silicate rock weathering (EW) practices at different areal extents of implementation in cropland, grassland, and savanna in California under two climate change cases. We show that with implementation areas of 15% or 50% of private cultivated land, grassland, and savanna in California, soil conservation practices alone can contribute

1.4

0.7

2.1

% (

−

1.8

−
0.9

−
2.7

Mt CO2eq y−1) and

4.6

2.3

6.9

% (

−

6.0

−
3.0

−
8.9

Mt CO2eq y−1) of the additional emissions reduction needed (beyond previous targets) to meet the 2045 net neutrality goal (−129.3 Mt CO2eq y−1), respectively, on an average annual basis, including climate uncertainty. Including EW in these scenarios increases the total contributions of management practices to

4.1

2.5

5.6

% (

−

5.2

−
3.2

−
7.3

Mt CO2eq y−1) and

13.5

8.2

18.6

% (

−

17.5

−
10.7

−
24.2

Mt CO2eq y−1), respectively, of this reduction. This highlights that the extent of implementation area is a major factor in determining benefits and that EW has the potential to make a real contribution to net reduction targets. Results are similar across climate cases, indicating that contemporary field data can be used to make future projections. With EW there remains mechanistic uncertainties, however, such as rock dissolution rate and environmental controls on weathering products, which require additional field research to improve understanding of the technological efficacy of this approach for California’s 2045 carbon neutrality goal.
The impact of internal climate variability on OH trends between 2005 and 2014
Authors: Zhu Qindan , Fiore Arlene M , Correa Gus , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Worden Helen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) lies at the nexus of climate and air quality as the primary oxidant for both reactive greenhouse gases and many hazardous air pollutants. To better understand the role of climate variability on spatiotemporal patterns of OH, we utilize a 13-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 2-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (CESM2-WACCM6), a fully coupled chemistry-climate model, spanning the years 1950–2014. Ensemble members vary only in their initial conditions of the climate state in 1950. We focus on the final decade of the simulation, 2005–2014, when prior studies disagree on the signs of the global OH trends. The ensemble mean global airmass-weighted mean tropospheric column OH (

Ω

TOH

), which is an estimate of the forced signal, increases by 0.06%/year between 2005 and 2014 while regional

Ω

TOH

trends range from −0.56%/year over Southern Europe to +0.64%/year over South America. We show that ten-year

Ω

TOH

trends are strongly affected by internal climate variability, as the spread of

Ω

TOH

trends across the ensemble varies between 0.23%/year in Asia and 1.53%/year in South America. We train a fully connected neural network to emulate the

Ω

TOH

simulated by the CESM2-WACCM6 model and combine it with satellite observations to interpret the role of OH chemical proxies. While the OH chemical proxies are subject to internal variability, the impact of internal variability on

Ω

TOH

trends is primarily due to the meteorological parameters except for South America. Forced trends in global mean

Ω

TOH

do not unambiguously emerge from trends driven by internal variability over the 2005–2014 period. The observation-constrained

Ω

TOH

presents opposite trends due to climate variability, resulting in varying conclusions on the attribution of OH to CH4 trends.
Reducing the true cost of food-based safety nets: evidence from India’s subsidized food program
Authors: Puri Raghav , Pingali Prabhu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Public procurement of food plays a pivotal role in determining the production and consumption of various food items. This is particularly true for staple grains in countries such as India, where the government procures over 40% of rice and wheat. This grain is redistributed to approximately 60% of India’s population through the public distribution system (PDS), the national food-based safety net. Although the PDS plays a critical role in ensuring food security for millions of beneficiaries, there is scope for reducing the hidden costs associated with the production of PDS food grain. As costs such as unsustainable use of groundwater and subsidies for power and fertilizers are not accounted for in the ‘financial’ cost of the program, we use true cost accounting to identify, quantify, and monetize these hidden costs associated with the PDS. In 2021–22, the Indian government and PDS beneficiaries spent US$16.5 billion and US$0.9 billion, respectively, on the PDS. However, accounting for hidden costs associated with the production of PDS food grain reveals that the true cost of the PDS is more than twice its financial cost. Using true cost estimates of distributing rice, wheat, and millets through the PDS, we find that replacing one kg of rice with one kg of millets for a quarter of PDS beneficiaries every month has the potential to reduce the true cost of the PDS by US$1.37 billion annually.
Single-layer Compton camera based on a 1 mm thick pixelated CDTE detectors
Authors: Lombigit L , Maneuski D , Bergmann B 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Compton camera is a novel γ-camera paradigm that relies upon the kinematics of Compton scattering for image reconstruction. A Conventional Compton camera uses two layers of sensors - the Absorber and the Scatterer. This work reports the proof of concept of a single-layer Compton camera (SLCC) where simultaneous Compton pairs events are registered in a single High-Z semiconductor sensor. The Hybrid pixel detector (HPD) is 1 mm thick, 256 x 256 square pixels with 55 μm pixel pitch CdTe sensor bonded to a Timepix3 readout ASIC. The superior spectroscopic imaging and fast timing capabilities of the Timepix3 readout ASIC coupled with a microscopic and highly pixelated CdTe enable simultaneous event detection of multi-energies occurring at multiple positions. The concept was exemplified by measuring the 122 KeV γ-ray emitted from a 57Co radioisotope source at two positions. Data were captured in the Timepix3 data-driven mode with the KATHERINE readout system via Gigabyte Ethernet data transfer. A bespoke Compton kinematics criterion algorithm implemented in Python 3 IDE was used for data analysis and Compton’s image reconstruction. Numerous events (5.2 million) were captured for 30-minute acquisitions. However, due to the thin nature of CdTe, fewer events (≈ 0.01 %) met the Compton event selection criteria. Nevertheless, the algorithm accurately pinpointed the radioisotope’s location, demonstrating proof of concept of the SLCC system.
Preliminary results of the autonomous radiation mapping in Malaysian Nuclear Agency
Authors: Ramli Nabilah , Aira Abd Rahman Nur , Izzuan Mohd Ghazali Muhammad , Muhd Sarowi Suzilawati , Zahidee Taat Muhamad , Hasnulhadi Ahmad , Che Soh Syirrazie , Lombigit Lojius , Arymaswati Abdullah Nor , Aziz Noor Farhana Husna A , Shafiq Sazali Mohd , Ahmad Azimawati , Salleh Mohamed Sahari Khairul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Autonomous radiation mapping refers to the use of autonomous robots to perform radiation mapping to measure and analyse the levels of radiation intensity of a target area. The primary purpose of the radiation mapping is to uncover the dose distribution across the target area and identify the presence of any hotspots. In this paper, the findings of the autonomous radiation mapping experiments at selected sites in Malaysian Nuclear Agency were presented. The experiments were conducted with a radiation mapping robot namely Autonomous Mobile Robot for Accurate Radiation Detection and Mapping (AMoRA) developed in the previous research. The results consisting of radiation maps of the target areas were presented and discussed.
Characterisation of sealed radioactive source for nuclear forensic purposes
Authors: Laili Zalina , Husin Hishamudin , Hasnulhadi Che Kamaruddin Ahmad , Azfar Azman Muhamad , Sylvester Paulus Wilfred , Kamarudin Nadira 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A study characterized sealed radioactive sources (60Co, 137Cs, and 241Am) for nuclear forensic analysis, focusing on their physical, macroscopic, and radiological properties. Results revealed specific features, such as stamped or engraved information, that served as valuable signatures for nuclear forensic investigation. Corrosion observations provide valuable insights into the condition of the source and historical context. Gamma-ray spectra analysis revealed clear distinctions, including a scattering peak in cylindrical 60Co and 137Cs disk sources (200-500 keV), which was absent in the cup-style 241Am source. Unusual peaks in the gamma spectra of 60Co, 137Cs, and 241Am sources suggested potential impurities or background radiation. This was indicated by non-Gaussian shapes and significant counts per second at specific energy levels. X-ray radiography effectively highlights nuclear material characteristics, emphasizing density, uniformity, and internal structure. This analysis contributed to the development of a National Nuclear Forensic Library (NNFL) and enhanced Malaysia’s capability in nuclear forensic investigations related to radioactive sources found outside regulatory control.
Evaluation of elemental pollution in soil samples from Klang industrial area
Authors: Suhaimi Elias Md , Azfar Azman Muhammad , Andy Dominic Daung Jeremy , Hashim Azian , Aminah Siti , Ashifa Abdullah Salim Nazaratul , Shukor Shakirah , Laili Zalina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Rapid development in industries will contribute to the pollution of the soil. Studies of elemental pollution in the soil in the Klang industrial area were conducted to determine the concentration level in that area. Analysis of the content of elemental pollution in soil samples has used neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques. The average concentration of major elements (Fe, Mg, Ti), heavy metals (As, Sb, Cr, Zn), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) in the soil of the Klang industrial area exceeded the average concentration in granitic igneous rocks. In comparison, the average concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil samples in the study area is lower than the reference value of granitic igneous rocks. The elements of As, Zn and Cr showed a high concentration in the SL 11 area, where business activities, vehicle workshops and residential were located. The REEs show a high concentration in the SL 14 area compared to other sites. The geo-accumulation (Igeo) index was applied to identify the pollution status. The Igeo index for the elements of Mg and U can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted. As and Sb can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted, and as extremely polluted in the areas of SL 11 and SL 14. The element of Th can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately and strongly polluted. The Igeo index of REEs can be categorised as unpolluted in the soil of the Klang Industrial area.
High mobility graphene field effect transistors on flexible EVA/PET foils
Authors: Khan Munis , Ji Jie , Zhou Binbin , U Jepsen Peter , Boggild Peter , Yurgens August 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Monolayer graphene is a promising material for a wide range of applications, including sensors, optoelectronics, antennas, EMR shielding, flexible electronics, and conducting electrodes. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon atoms on a metal catalyst is the most scalable and cost-efficient method for synthesizing high-quality, large-area monolayer graphene. The usual method of transferring the CVD graphene from the catalyst to a target substrate involves a polymer carrier which is dissolved after the transfer process is completed. Due to often unavoidable damage to graphene, as well as contamination and residues, carrier mobilities are typically 1000–3000

cm
2

(
V
s

)

−
1

, unless complex and elaborate measures are taken. Here, we report on a simple scalable fabrication method for flexible graphene field-effect transistors that eliminates the polymer interim carrier, by laminating the graphene directly onto office lamination foils, removing the catalyst, and depositing Parylene N as a gate dielectric and encapsulation layer. The fabricated transistors show field- and Hall-effect mobilities of 7000–10 000

cm

2

(

V
s

)

−
1

with a residual charge-carrier density of

2
×

10

11

1 cm−2 at room temperature. We further validate the material quality by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and observation of the quantum Hall effect at low temperatures in a moderate magnetic field of

∼

5

T. The Parylene encapsulation provides long-term stability and protection against additional lithography steps, enabling vertical device integration in multilayer electronics on a flexible platform.
Micrometric patterning of a borogermanate glass containing terbium by thermal poling to manage luminescence and second order optical properties
Authors: Orives Juliane Resges , Marcondes Lia Mara , Karam Lara , Adamietz Frédéric , Cardinal Thierry , Dussauze Marc , Nalin Marcelo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Borogermanate glasses containing terbium ions are interesting materials due to their luminescent and magnetic properties. Terbium can present two different oxidation states and the thermal poling technique can be a pertinent way to modulate spatially the oxidation state of these ions. In this work, we demonstrate using a thermo-electrical imprinting process the transfer of micro scaled motifs on the surface of a borogermanate glass containing Tb3+ resulting in a micrometric structuring of the oxidation state of Tb3+/Tb4+ ions. A large change in absorption and luminescence optical properties is observed, arising from the distinct properties of trivalent and tetravalent terbium ions. Correlative micro luminescence, Raman and second harmonic generation measurements were carried out on the patterned poled glass surface. This has demonstrated an accurate concomitant modification of the glass structure accompanying large luminescence changes and the appearance of a second order optical response which could be attributed to a localized space charge implantation. These original results demonstrate how a simple electrical process allows managing multi optical properties but also paves the way to induce static electrical functionalities in a magnetic optical glassy system.
In-plane magnetization orientation driven topological phase transition in OsCl3 monolayer
Authors: Das Ritwik , Bandyopadhyay Subhadeep , Dasgupta Indra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The quantum anomalous Hall effect resulting from the in-plane magnetization in the OsCl3 monolayer is shown to exhibit different electronic topological phases determined by the crystal symmetries and magnetism. In this Chern insulator, the Os-atoms form a two dimensional planar honeycomb structure with an easy-plane ferromagnetic configuration and the required non-adiabatic paths to tune the topology of electronic structure exist for specific magnetic orientations based on mirror symmetries of the system. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, these tunable phases are identified by changing the orientation of the magnetic moments. We argue that in contrast to the buckled system, here the Cl-ligands bring non-trivial topology into the system by breaking the in-plane mirror symmetry. The interplay between the magnetic anisotropy and electronic band-topology changes the Chern number and hence the topological phases. Our DFT study is corroborated with comprehensive analysis of relevant symmetries as well as a detailed explanation of topological phase transitions using a generic tight binding model.
The utility of the dilute prothrombin time in the interpretation of antiphospholipid syndrome testing
Authors: Mehr Noah A , Storozuk Tanner E , Mikrut Krzysztof L , Wool Geoffrey D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the utility of the dilute prothrombin time (DPT) in diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), alone and when paired with the dilute Russell viper venom time (DRVVT).

Methods
Dilute prothrombin time and DRVVT testing was performed on plasma samples spiked with apixaban or rivaroxaban, or depleted of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors. A retrospective analysis of all functional APS testing results over a 44-month period at the University of Chicago Medical Center was performed.

Results
In spiking studies, the screening clotting time in the DPT (DPTS) is more sensitive to deficiency of vitamin K–dependent factors than is the screening clotting time in the DRVVT (DRVVTS). The converse is true for factor Xa direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)–spiked plasma. In a 44-month retrospective analysis, only 2.6% of clinical APS panels showed isolated positivity in the DPT-based system. Comparing the DPT-based system with the DRVVT-based system showed utility in identifying false-positive DRVVT results due to anticoagulation. A DRVVTS/DPTS ratio of 0.785 or lower predicted an international normalized ratio of 1.5 or higher (sensitivity, 86.3%; specificity, 60.4%; likelihood ratio, 2.18). Conversely, a DRVVTS/DPTS ratio of 1.165 or higher was the optimal cutoff for predicting the identification of factor Xa DOAC (sensitivity, 61.8%; specificity, 77.8%; likelihood ratio, 2.78). Within the data set that had full DRVVT and DPT results, parameters were identified that could further improve identification of samples with anticoagulation interference.

Conclusions
Dilute prothrombin time lupus anticoagulant assay is rarely the sole laboratory functional evidence for APS, but when combined with the DRVVT, the DPT can serve as an effective screen for common anticoagulant interference.
Pyridostigmine to Reduce the duration of postoperative Ileus after Colorectal surgery (PyRICo-RCT): randomized clinical trial
Authors: Traeger Luke , Bedrikovetski Sergei , Fitzsimmons Tracy , Nguyen Thuy-My , Moore James W , Lewis Mark , Sammour Tarik 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Postoperative ileus, driven by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, is the most common complication in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, pyridostigmine can potentially modulate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and accelerate gastrointestinal recovery. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of pyridostigmine in improving gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery.

Methods
This double-blinded RCT enrolled adult patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery at two hospitals in South Australia. Patients were randomized to 60 mg oral pyridostigmine or placebo twice daily starting 6 h after surgery until the first passage of stool. The primary outcome was GI-2, a validated composite measure of time to first stool and tolerance of oral diet. Secondary outcomes included incidence of postoperative ileus (defined as GI-2 greater than 4 days), duration of hospital stay, and 30-day complications, evaluated by intention-to-treat univariate analysis.

Results
Of 130 patients recruited (mean(s.d.) age 58.4(16.4) years; 73 men, 56%), 65 were allocated to each arm. The median GI-2 was 1 day shorter with pyridostigmine compared with placebo (2 (i.q.r. 1–3) versus 3 (2–4) days; P = 0.015). However, there were no significant differences in postoperative ileus (17.2 versus 21.5%; P = 0.532) or duration of hospital stay (median 5 (i.q.r. 4–8.75) versus 5 (4–7.5) days; P = 0.921). Similarly, there were no significant differences in overall complications, anastomotic leak, cardiac complications, or patient-reported side effects.

Conclusion
Pyridostigmine resulted in a quicker return of GI-2 and was well tolerated. Larger multicentre studies are required to determine the optimal dosing and evaluate the impact of pyridostigmine in different surgical settings. Registration number: ACTRN12621000530820 (https://anzctr.org.au).
PMP22 duplication dysregulates lipid homeostasis and plasma membrane organization in developing human Schwann cells
Authors: Prior Robert , Silva Alessio , Vangansewinkel Tim , Idkowiak Jakub , Tharkeshwar Arun Kumar , Hellings Tom P , Michailidou Iliana , Vreijling Jeroen , Loos Maarten , Koopmans Bastijn , Vlek Nina , Agaser Cedrick , Kuipers Thomas B , Michiels Christine , Rossaert Elisabeth , Verschoren Stijn , Vermeire Wendy , de Laat Vincent , Dehairs Jonas , Eggermont Kristel , van den Biggelaar Diede , Bademosi Adekunle T , Meunier Frederic A , vandeVen Martin , Van Damme Philip , Mei Hailiang , Swinnen Johannes V , Lambrichts Ivo , Baas Frank , Fluiter Kees , Wolfs Esther , Van Den Bosch Ludo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by a 1.5 Mb tandem duplication of chromosome 17 harbouring the PMP22 gene. This dose-dependent overexpression of PMP22 results in disrupted Schwann cell myelination of peripheral nerves. To obtain better insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in CMT1A, we investigated the role of PMP22 duplication in cellular homeostasis in CMT1A mouse models and in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into Schwann cell precursors (iPSC-SCPs).
We performed lipidomic profiling and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on sciatic nerves of two developing CMT1A mouse models and on CMT1A patient-derived iPSC-SCPs. For the sciatic nerves of the CMT1A mice, cholesterol and lipid metabolism was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner throughout development. For the CMT1A iPSC-SCPs, transcriptional analysis unveiled a strong suppression of genes related to autophagy and lipid metabolism. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified disturbances in pathways related to plasma membrane components and cell receptor signalling. Lipidomic analysis confirmed the severe dysregulation in plasma membrane lipids, particularly sphingolipids, in CMT1A iPSC-SCPs. Furthermore, we identified reduced lipid raft dynamics, disturbed plasma membrane fluidity and impaired cholesterol incorporation and storage, all of which could result from altered lipid storage homeostasis in the patient-derived CMT1A iPSC-SCPs. Importantly, this phenotype could be rescued by stimulating autophagy and lipolysis.
We conclude that PMP22 duplication disturbs intracellular lipid storage and leads to a more disordered plasma membrane owing to an alteration in the lipid composition, which might ultimately lead to impaired axo-glial interactions. Moreover, targeting lipid handling and metabolism could hold promise for the treatment of patients with CMT1A.