bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics at implants with a history of progressive bone loss
Authors: Fransson Christer , Wennström Jan , Berglundh Tord 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics at implants with a history of progressive bone loss.Material and methods: Eighty‐two out of 184 previously identified subjects with a history of progressive bone loss volunteered for the study. Clinical assessments of plaque, bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), suppuration following probing (Pus), presence of calculus on implants surfaces (Calc) and ‘recession’ i.e. the mucosal margin in level with or apical of the fixture/abutment junction were performed at the mesial, distal, buccal and lingual aspects of each implant and without removing the bridge constructions.Results: It was demonstrated that the frequencies of BoP, Pus, ‘recession’ and PPD≥6 mm were higher at implants with than without ‘progressive’ bone loss. In addition, smokers had larger numbers of affected implants than non‐smokers, and the proportion of affected implants that exhibited Pus and PPD≥6 mm was higher in smokers than in non‐smokers. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the findings of Pus, ‘recession’ and PPD≥6 mm at an implant in a smoking subject had a 69% accuracy in identifying the history of progressive bone loss.Conclusion: The results from this study demonstrate an association between clinical signs of pathology and bone loss at implants. It is recommended to include clinical assessments in the evaluation of implant therapy.
Cervical cytology in vulnerable pregnant women
Authors: Loomis Dianne M. , Pastore Patricia A. , Rejman Karol , Gutierrez Karen L. , Bethea Bridget 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To identify the prevalence of abnormal Papanicolau (Pap) smears in pregnancy in a vulnerable urban family practice, determine the percentage of abnormal Pap smears that persist into the postpartum period, and identify associated risk factors.Data sources: A retrospective chart review of all prenatal patients (N = 192) from a large urban family practice in upstate New York from 2000 to 2004. Descriptive statistic analysis was performed on demographic information, risk factors for abnormal Pap smears, and disposition of the patients.Conclusions: This study provides information on the risk factors associated with abnormal Pap smears in pregnancy in a population at high risk. A significant relationship was seen between a positive marijuana toxicology screen and an abnormal Pap smear. In addition, the younger the patient age, the higher the probability of having a positive toxicology result. As expected, human papillomavirus (HPV) was the only sexually transmitted infection associated with an abnormal Pap smear in those that had reflex testing with liquid based cytology. Patients with primary care providers were much more likely to return for cervical cancer screening within 1 year of previous testing.Implications for practice: There are many barriers to screening and prevention for cervical cancer in vulnerable populations. Newer technologies with HPV testing have helped to identify those women at highest risk for cervical cancer. Implementing strategies among healthcare providers to avoid missed opportunities for screening, assessment and education of risk factors, and offering vaccination against HPV are needed. Empowering women may begin to reduce disparities through the development of educational programs that reduce cultural and linguistic barriers to screening and awareness that socioeconomic factors may be impediments to care and adherence.
Examining the evidence for the use of vitamin C in the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold
Authors: Heimer Kathryn A. , Hart Ann Marie , Martin Linda Gore , Rubio‐Wallace Sherrie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To present a critical evaluation of the current evidence concerning the therapeutic value of vitamin C for the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold.Data sources: Cochrane, PubMed, Natural Standard, and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine databases were searched to identify and acquire primary research reports, literature reviews, and secondary analyses related to the clinical objective. Published clinical trials, literature reviews, meta‐analyses, and systematic reviews were evaluated for evidence‐based practice implications.Conclusions: Vitamin C is frequently used for the treatment and prophylaxis of the common cold; however, no published recommendations were found in a review of the nurse practitioner literature that specifically address the efficacy of vitamin C for the common cold. Our literature review revealed that vitamin C is not effective at preventing the common cold in the general adult population; however, it is effective at preventing colds when consumed regularly by athletes training in subarctic conditions. We also found that regular vitamin C consumption may reduce the duration of cold symptoms in both adults and children, but it does not decrease the severity of cold symptoms.Implications for practice: NPs should counsel their patients that regular vitamin C consumption may decrease the duration of cold symptoms, but does not affect symptom severity or act as a prophylaxis.
Development of a Δ
glnA
Balanced Lethal Plasmid System for Expression of Heterologous Antigens by Attenuated Vaccine Vector Strains of
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Ryan Edward T. , Crean Thomas I. , Kochi Sims K. , John Manohar , Luciano Angel A. , Killeen Kevin P. , Klose Karl E. , Calderwood Stephen B. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that more prominent immune responses are induced to antigens expressed from multicopy plasmids in live attenuated vaccine vector strains of
Vibrio cholerae
than to antigens expressed from single-copy genes on the
V. cholerae
chromosome. Here, we report the construction of a Δ
glnA
derivative of
V. cholerae
vaccine strain Peru2. This mutant strain, Peru2Δ
glnA
, is unable to grow on medium that does not contain glutamine; this growth deficiency is complemented by pKEK71-
Not
I, a plasmid containing a complete copy of the
Salmonella typhimurium glnA
gene, or by pTIC5, a derivative of pKEK71-
Not
I containing a 1.8-kbp fragment that directs expression of CtxB with a 12-amino-acid epitope of the serine-rich
Entamoeba histolytica
protein fused to the amino terminus. Strain Peru2Δ
glnA
(pTIC5) produced 10-fold more SREHP-12-CtxB in supernatants than did ETR3, a Peru2-derivative strain containing the same fragment inserted on the chromosome. To assess immune responses to antigens expressed by this balanced lethal system in vivo, we inoculated germfree mice on days 0, 14, 28, and 42 with Peru2Δ
glnA
, Peru2Δ
glnA
(pKEK71-
Not
I), Peru2(pTIC5), Peru2Δ
glnA
(pTIC5), or ETR3. All
V. cholerae
strains were recoverable from stool for 8 to 12 days after primary inoculation, including Peru2Δ
glnA
; strains containing plasmids continued to harbor pKEK71-
Not
I or pTIC5 for 8 to 10 days after primary inoculation. Animals were sacrificed on day 56, and serum, stool and biliary samples were analyzed for immune responses. Vibriocidal antibody responses, reflective of in vivo colonization, were equivalent in all groups of animals. However, specific anti-CtxB immune responses in serum (
P
≤ 0.05) and bile (
P
≤ 0.001) were significantly higher in animals that received Peru2Δ
glnA
(pTIC5) than in those that received ETR3, confirming the advantage of higher-level antigen expression in vivo. The development of this balanced lethal system thus permits construction and maintenance of vaccine and vector strains of
V. cholerae
that express high levels of immunogenic antigens from plasmid vectors without the need for antibiotic selection pressure.
Enhanced Production of Recombinant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antigens in
Escherichia coli
by Replacement of Low-Usage Codons
Authors: Lakey David L. , Voladri Rama K. R. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Hager Cynthia , Samten Buka , Wallis Robert S. , Barnes Peter F. , Kernodle Douglas S. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

A major obstacle to development of subunit vaccines and diagnostic reagents for tuberculosis is the inability to produce large quantities of these proteins. To test the hypothesis that poor expression of some mycobacterial genes in
Escherichia coli
is due, in part, to the presence of low-usage
E. coli
codons, we used site-directed mutagenesis to convert low-usage codons to high-usage codons for the same amino acid in the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genes for antigens 85A and 85B and superoxide dismutase. Replacement of five codons in the wild-type gene for antigen 85B increased recombinant protein production in
E. coli
54-fold. The recombinant antigen elicited proliferation and gamma interferon production by lymphocytes from healthy tuberculin reactors and was recognized by monoclonal antibodies to native antigen 85, indicating that the recombinant antigen contained T-cell and B-cell epitopes. Northern blotting demonstrated only a 1.7- to 2.5-fold increase in antigen 85B mRNA, suggesting that the enhanced protein production was due primarily to enhanced efficiency of translation. Codon replacement in the genes encoding antigen 85A and superoxide dismutase yielded four- to sixfold increases in recombinant protein production, suggesting that this strategy may be generally applicable to overexpression of mycobacterial genes in
E. coli
.
Increased Expression of Periplasmic Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Enhances Survival of
Escherichia coli
Invasive Strains within Nonphagocytic Cells
Authors: Battistoni Andrea , Pacello Francesca , Folcarelli Silvia , Ajello Maria , Donnarumma Giovanna , Greco Rita , Grazia Ammendolia Maria , Touati Danièle , Rotilio Giuseppe , Valenti Piera 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

We have studied the influence of periplasmic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase on the intracellular survival of
Escherichia coli
strains able to invade epithelial cells by the expression of the
inv
gene from
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
but unable to multiply intracellularly. Intracellular viability assays, confirmed by electron microscopy observations, showed that invasive strains of
E. coli
engineered to increase Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase production are much more resistant to intracellular killing than strains containing only the chromosomal
sodC
copy. However, we have found only a slight difference in survival within HeLa cells between a
sodC
-null mutant and its isogenic wild-type strain. Such a small difference in survival correlates with the very low expression of this enzyme in the wild-type strain. We have also observed that acid- and oxidative stress-sensitive
E. coli
HB101(pRI203) is more rapidly killed in epithelial cells than
E. coli
GC4468(pRI203). The high mortality of
E. coli
HB101(pRI203), independent of the acidification of the endosome, is abolished by the overexpression of
sodC
. Our data suggest that oxyradicals are involved in the mechanisms of bacterial killing within epithelial cells and that high-level production of periplasmic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase provides bacteria with an effective protection against oxidative damage. We propose that Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase could offer an important selective advantage in survival within host cells to bacteria expressing high levels of this enzyme.
Identification and Cloning of Genes from
Porphyromonas gingivalis
after Mutagenesis with a Modified Tn
4400
Transposon from
Bacteroides fragilis
Authors: Chen Tsute , Dong Hong , Tang Yixin P. , Dallas Mary M. , Malamy Michael H. , Duncan Margaret J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Porphyromonas gingivalis
is a gram-negative, black-pigmented, oral anaerobe strongly associated with adult periodontitis. Previous transposon mutagenesis studies with this organism were based on the
Bacteroides
transposon Tn
4351
. Characterization of Tn
4351
-disrupted genes by cloning has not been an efficient way to analyze large numbers of mutants and is further complicated by the high rate of cointegration of the suicide delivery vector containing Tn
4351
. In this study, we mutagenized
P. gingivalis
with a modified version of the
Bacteroides fragilis
transposon Tn
4400
. Plasmid pYT646B carrying the transposon was mobilized from
Escherichia coli
to
P. gingivalis
ATCC 33277 by conjugation. Both normal and inverse transposition frequencies were similar (3 × 10
−8
). However, the inverse transposon (Tn
4400
′) contains a pBR322 replicon and a β-lactamase gene; thus, the cloning of disrupted genomic DNAs from inverse transposition mutants was easily accomplished after ligation of genomic fragments and transformation into
E. coli
. Thousands of transconjugants could be obtained in a single mating experiment, and inverse transposition was random as demonstrated by Southern hybridization. By this procedure the disrupted genes from
P. gingivalis
pleiotropic mutants were quickly cloned, sequenced, and identified.
Physiological evidence for binaural directional computations in the brainstem of the oyster toadfish,Opsanus tau(L.)
Authors: Edds-Walton Peggy L. , Fay Richard R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYComparisons of left and right auditory input are required for sound source localization in most terrestrial vertebrates. Previous physiological and neuroanatomical studies have indicated that binaural convergence is present in the ascending auditory system of the toadfish. In this study, we introduce a new technique, otolith tipping, to reversibly alter directional auditory input to the central nervous system of a fish. The normal directional response pattern (DRP) was recorded extracellularly for auditory cells in the first-order descending octaval nucleus (DON) or the midbrain torus semicircularis (TS) using particle motion stimuli in the horizontal and mid-sagittal planes. The same stimuli were used during tipping of the saccular otolith to evaluate changes in the DRPs. Post-tipping DRPs were generated and compared with the pre-tipping DRPs to ensure that the data had been collected consistently from the same unit. In the DON, ipsilateral or contralateral tipping most often eliminated spike activity, but changes in spike rate(±) and DRP shape were also documented. In the TS, tipping most often caused a change in spike rate (±) and altered the shape or best axis of the DRP. The data indicate that there are complex interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the DON and TS resulting from the convergence of binaural inputs. As in anurans, but unlike other terrestrial vertebrates,binaural processing associated with encoding the direction of a sound source begins in the first-order auditory nucleus of this teleost.
Evaluation of changes in cardiac biomarker concentrations and enzyme activities in serum after short- and long-duration transcutaneous cardiac pacing in dogs
Authors: Lee Seungkeun , Pak Son-Il , Hyun Changbaig 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate serum cardiac biomarker concentrations and selected enzyme activities in dogs with experimentally induced bradyarrhythmias after short- (1-hour) and long- (3-hour) duration transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP).
Animals—10 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—In each dog, anesthesia was induced with propofol (5 mg/kg, IV) and maintained via inhalation of isoflurane in oxygen. To induce bradyarrhythmia, diltiazem was administered IV (20 to 50 mg/dog). Transcutaneous cardiac pacing was performed for 1 hour (5 dogs) or 3 hours (5 dogs) by use of an automated external cardiac pulse generator and a transdermal electrode. Serum concentrations of creatine kinase-MB fraction and cardiac troponin I and activities of aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated the day before (baseline) and at intervals until 7 days after TCP.
Results—Increases (from baseline) in serum cardiac biomarker concentrations and enzyme activities were detected in the long-duration TCP group; changes in the short-duration TCP group were more minor and largely not significant. Although severity of myocardial and skeletal muscular injuries was apparently greater with greater duration of TCP, the injuries were not persistent; most variables were within reference range within 3 days after TCP.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that application of TCP for > 1 hour in dogs may cause myocardial and skeletal muscular injuries. Serum concentrations of creatine kinase-MB fraction and cardiac troponin I and activities of aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase should be more carefully monitored after TCP of > 1 hour's duration to evaluate potential myocardial damages.
Kinetics of inhibition of purified bovine neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase 9 by low–molecular-weight inhibitors
Authors: Bannikov Gregory A. , Lakritz Jeffrey , Premanandan Christopher , Mattoon John S. , Abrahamsen Eric J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To measure the effects of lowmolecular-weight inhibitors on the activity of bovine neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).
Sample Population—Bovine MMP-9 purified from bovine neutrophilconditioned medium.
Procedures—Neutrophils were degranulated by stimulation with phorbol ester. Enzyme purification was performed by use of gelatin affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. Activated enzyme was incubated with inhibitors prior to addition of substrate (gelatin fluorescein conjugate or fluorogenic peptide). Rates of enzymatic cleavage were determined by monitoring fluorescence as the reactions progressed. Values of IC50 (molar concentration of compound that inhibits specific activity by 50%) and KI (in vitro inhibition constant) were determined.
Results—Rates of enzymatic activity of monomeric and dimeric bovine MMP-9 measured by use of gelatin and peptide substrates were linear with respect to time and concentrations of enzyme and substrate. The MMP-9 was potently inhibited by hydroxamic acids (IC50 for gelatin, 29.2 to 55.7nM; IC50 for peptide, 4.8 to 24.6nM; KI, 0.2 to 0.5nM), whereas tetracyclines (IC50 for gelatin, 30.1 to 112.7MM; IC50 for peptide, 48.0 to 123.8MM; KI, 25.2 to 61.4µM) and chlorhexidine (IC50 for gelatin, 139.1MM; IC50 for peptide, 672.5MM to 1.7mM; KI, 495.0 to 663.0MM) had limited inhibition. Gelatinase-specific inhibitor SB-3CT had intermediate potency (IC50 for peptide, 185.0 to 290.0nM; KI, 66.5 to 86.0nM).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine MMP-9 was potently inhibited by hydroxamic acids and gelatinase inhibitor. These compounds may be useful as modulators of neutrophil-mediated protease activity in cattle.
Microsatellite loci in urine supernatant and stored samples from racehorses
Authors: Chen Jin-Wen , Uboh Cornelius E. , Soma Lawrence R. , Li Xiaoqing , Guan Fuyu , You Youwen 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether urine supernatant contains amplifiable DNA and to determine factors that influence genotyping of samples from racehorses after storage and transportation.
Sample Population—580 urine, 279 whole blood, and 40 plasma samples obtained from 261 Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds.
Procedures—Genomic DNA was isolated from stored blood and urine samples collected from racehorses after competition. Quantified DNA was evaluated to determine whether 5 equine microsatellite loci (VHL20, HTG4, AHT4, HMS6, and HMS7) could be amplified by use of PCR techniques. Fragment size of each amplified locus was determined by use of capillary electrophoresis.
Results—High–molecular-weight and amplifiable DNA were recovered from refrigerated blood samples, but recovery from urine varied. Deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered from both urine supernatant and sediment. Freeze-thaw cycles of urine caused accumulation of amplifiable DNA in the supernatant and clearance of naked DNA. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles significantly decreased DNA yield and induced DNA degradation, which resulted in failure to detect microsatellite loci. Select drugs detected in test samples did not affect PCR amplification. Contaminants in DNA isolates inhibited PCR amplification and resulted in partial microsatellite profiles.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Properly stored urine and blood samples were successfully genotyped, but subjecting urine to freeze-thaw cycles was most detrimental to the integrity of DNA. Increasing the volume of urine used improved recovery of DNA.
Gastric histopathologic abnormalities in dogs: 67 cases (2002–2007)
Authors: Lidbury Jonathan A. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To test the hypothesis that intestinal pathologic changes are often concurrent with gastric pathologic changes in dogs and to characterize the historical, physical, clinicopathologic, imaging, and endoscopic findings in dogs with gastric histopathologic abnormalities.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—67 dogs with gastric histopathologic abnormalities.
Procedures—Medical records from dogs that had undergone gastrotomy, gastroduodenoscopy, or gastroscopy between September 2002 and September 2007 were identified. Dogs were included in the study when histopathologic abnormalities were detected during evaluation of gastric tissue sections. History, clinical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, diagnoses, treatments, and outcome were recorded for each dog.
Results—67 dogs with gastric histopathologic abnormalities were included in the study. The most frequent clinical sign recorded was vomiting (36/67 [53.7%] dogs). The most common biochemical abnormality recorded was panhypoproteinemia (27/64 [42.2%] dogs). Lymphoplasmacytic gastritis was the most frequent histopathologic finding recorded (34/67 [50.7%] dogs). For dogs in which both intestinal biopsy specimens and gastric biopsy specimens were collected, concurrent pathologic changes were recorded in 43 of 60 (71.7%) dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study suggested that intestinal pathologic changes are commonly concurrent in dogs with gastric pathologic changes. This supports the practice of collecting both gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens every time gastroduodenoscopy is performed. Lymphoplasmacytic gastritis was the most commonly recorded gastric histopathologic finding and was often of minimal or mild severity.
Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses
Authors: Morgan Dean D. , McClure Scott , Yaeger Michael J. , Schumacher Jim , Evans Richard B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of focused, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the healing of wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses.
Design—Randomized controlled trial.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—In each horse, a 4-cm-diameter full-thickness wound that included underlying periosteum was created on the dorsomedial aspect of each metacarpus and two 3-cm-diameter full-thickness wounds that included underlying periosteum were created on the dorsomedial aspect of each metatarsus. One randomly selected metacarpal wound and a randomly selected pair of metatarsal wounds were treated once weekly with ESWT at an energy flux density of 0.11 mJ/mm2. For metacarpal wounds, swab specimens were collected for bacterial culture on days 1, 2, and 3 and area of epithelialization and extent of wound contraction were measured at 3- to 4-day intervals. Metatarsal wounds were biopsied after 2 and 4 weeks, and immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and insulin-like growth factor-1 was performed.
Results—Results of bacterial culture, area of epithelialization, and percentage of wound contraction did not differ between treated and untreated wounds; however, healing time for treated wounds (mean, 76 days) was significantly shorter than healing time for untreated wounds (90 days). Staining intensity of growth factors did not differ significantly between treated and untreated wounds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that ESWT may stimulate healing of wounds of the distal portion of the limbs in horses, although the mechanism by which healing was stimulated could not be identified.