bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental system for X‐ray microanalysis, digital electron‐beam control and image processing
Authors: Fuchs H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn energy‐dispersive microanalyser was extended for the acquisition and processing of electron microscopic images and digital beam control. Based on fast magnetic disk storages and hardware arithmetic units, the software implementation of most functions including raster‐scan and vector‐scan sequencing, and the continuous output monitoring of stored images has proven adequate. As a consequence, few hardware extensions had to be installed, essentially consisting of analog/digital circuitry. Data processing is performed by an interactive, menu‐driven Fortran software package.
A new comparator for SEM stereophotogrammetry
Authors: Ross Hamish F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe design of a new multi‐axis recording stereo‐comparator, originally conceived for the analysis of stereo‐pair SEM images is outlined. In the three‐axis instrument for SEM work, X, Y, and delta‐X (or parallax) co‐ordinates are output directly to a microcomputer.
The influence of surface topography on the x‐ray intensity in electron microprobe analysis (EDS/WDS)
Authors: Rönnhult T. , Brox B. , Fritze G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCopper surfaces were ground or polished to various surface roughnesses and analysed by WDS and EDS. Both K and L photons were analysed at the accelerating voltages 5, 15 and 45 kV. The influence of topography on the K‐peak intensity was negligible, while the L‐peak intensity was rather sensitive to the surface roughness. For low and medium accelerating voltages the L‐peak intensity was lower from a rough than from a smooth surface because of shadowing effects. For high accelerating voltages it was instead enhanced by the surface roughness because of an edge effect which outweighs the shadowing. If small areas are analysed (as always in WDS‐analyses) the variation of the local orientation will cause some scattering in the measured intensities of low energy photons. High energy photons are less affected by the surface roughness. Because of the larger escape length in the material these photons can reach also the detector from areas which are shadowed. Generally, if the surface roughness cannot be avoided, high energy photons should be preferred for the analysis or the peak to background ratio method should be used. The accelerating voltage should in all cases be kept as low as possible in order to minimise the influence of surface roughness.
A simple computer program to obtain digital pseudo‐colored high resolution electron microscopy images
Authors: Armigliato A. , Bianconi M. , Parisini A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractComputer programs which allow one to simulate high resolution electron microscopy images generally deliver the output on a line printer with the overprinting technique. Although this method suffers from poor resolution and limited contrast dynamics, it is still in widespread use. A more effective way is to represent the images in digital form on a color video display, and several solutions have been proposed recently, which often, however, make necessary use of rather expensive pictorial video terminals. In this work we describe a simple program which allows one to represent the output of a multislice program (projected potentials, lattice images, and diffraction patterns) on the display of an inexpensive color video terminal. Useful operations on the image, such as color selection over a wide range, image magnification, and filtering (to enhance specific details of interest) have been implemented. The displayed image can be either photographed from the screen or recorded on a good quality hard copier.
Images obtained in STEM of gold particles condensed on the top of thick single crystals of copper
Authors: Fourie J. T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is proposed that when a thin sample is mounted on the top surface of a thick single crystal foil, this foil may function as a collector aperture with regard to the radiation transmitted through the thin sample. The detailed aspects of how the crystal foil may perform as an aperture are discussed in terms of the electron equivalent of the Borrmann effect in crystals. Experiments are presented which demonstrate that the image of the thin sample is sensitive to the thickness of the single crystal foil and to its orientation with regard to the beam axis. It is concluded from the experimental results that the crystal foil does perform a collector aperture‐like function.
Size distribution analysis of cascade impactor and multistage cyclone emission samples by a SEM‐based imaging system
Authors: Dekeyser E. , Dams R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDust emission samples were obtained with an in‐stack cascade impactor and with a multistage series cyclone system. The collected particulate material on each stage was subjected to a sizing procedure by means of an SEM‐based imaging system. Often the mass‐size distributions resulting from SEM measurements did not agree with those calculated conventionally from effective cutoff diameters. Noticeable differences between impactor and cyclone mass‐size distributions were also observed. The measurements performed on the samples allowed causes for the observed deviations to be pinpointed and a distinction to be made between the effects induced by the sampler and temporary fluctuations of the actual size distribution.
Examination of occlusions in xylem vessels of cut rose flowers, using cryoscanning electron microscopy and cryoultramilling cross‐sectioning
Authors: van Doorn W. G. , Thiel F. , Boekestein A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe occlusions occurring in xylem vessels of cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L.) were examined using freeze fracturing and conventional SEM, or cryoultramilling cross‐sectioning followed by cryo‐SEM. The study provides an excellent example of the utility of the latter procedure. The stems contained bacteria surrounded by amorphous material. The amorphous material, which was likely bacterial slime, was more abundant in cryo‐SEM. The ultramilling method resulted in smooth cross‐sectioning of the xylem walls. The results show that bacteria do not degrade the xylem walls.
ADAM-17/Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Converting Enzyme Inhibits Neurogenesis and Promotes Gliogenesis from Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Romero-Grimaldi Carmen , Murillo-Carretero Maribel , López-Toledano Miguel Angel , Carrasco Manuel , Castro Carmen , Estrada Carmen 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are activated in central nervous system injury. However, despite being multipotential, their progeny differentiates into astrocytes rather than neurons in situ. We have investigated the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the generation of non-neurogenic conditions. Cultured mouse subventricular zone NPCs exposed to differentiating conditions for 4 days generated approximately 50% astrocytes and 30% neuroblasts. Inhibition of EGFR with 4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline significantly increased the number of neuroblasts and decreased that of astrocytes. The same effects were observed upon treatment with the metalloprotease inhibitor galardin, N-[(2R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-tryptophan methylamide (GM 6001), which prevented endogenous transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) release. These results suggested that metalloprotease-dependent EGFR-ligand shedding maintained EGFR activation and favored gliogenesis over neurogenesis. Using a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM-17) small interference RNAs transfection of NPCs, ADAM-17 was identified as the metalloprotease involved in cell differentiation in these cultures. In vivo experiments revealed a significant upregulation of ADAM-17 mRNA and de novo expression of ADAM-17 protein in areas of cortical injury in adult mice. Local NPCs, identified by nestin staining, expressed high levels of ADAM-17, as well as TGF-α and EGFR, the three molecules necessary to prevent neurogenesis and promote glial differentiation in vitro. Chronic local infusions of GM6001 resulted in a notable increase in the number of neuroblasts around the lesion. These results indicate that, in vivo, the activation of a metalloprotease, most probably ADAM-17, initiates EGFR-ligand shedding and EGFR activation in an autocrine manner, preventing the generation of new neurons from NPCs. Inhibition of ADAM-17, the limiting step in this sequence, may contribute to the generation of neurogenic niches in areas of brain damage.
Increased nuchal translucency and normal karyotype: perinatal and pediatric outcomes at 2 years of age
Authors: Mula R. , Goncé A. , Bennásar M. , Arigita M. , Meler E. , Nadal A. , Sánchez A. , Botet F. , Borrell A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the perinatal and pediatric outcomes up to 2 years of age in singleton karyotypically normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) above the 99th percentile.MethodsSingleton fetuses with NT above the 99th percentile and normal karyotype scanned in our center from 2002 to 2006 were included. Work‐up included first‐ and second‐trimester anomaly scan, first‐ and second‐trimester fetal echocardiography, and in selected cases infection screening and genetic testing. Among survivors, a pediatric follow‐up up to 2 years of age was undertaken.ResultsDuring this 4‐year period, 171 singleton fetuses with NT above the 99th percentile and normal karyotype were included in the study. There were seven spontaneous fetal losses, 38 terminations of pregnancy and two postnatal deaths. Among the 124 (72.5%) survivors, 12 (9.7%) were born with structural abnormalities. Neurodevelopmental follow‐up was completed in 108 (87.1%) of the 124 survivors and four (3.7%) showed moderate to severe impairment. Overall, a structural abnormality or genetic syndrome was diagnosed in 50 fetuses/newborns. Prenatal diagnosis was achieved for 83.8% (31/37) of the structural abnormalities and 69.2% (9/13) of the genetic syndromes. Interestingly, a single umbilical artery was found in six fetuses with no structural defects at birth, five of which had a long‐term favorable outcome (4.5%), and in one 22q11 microdeletion syndrome was diagnosed at 2 years of age.ConclusionSingleton fetuses with an increased NT above the 99th percentile and normal karyotype showed a 63% intact survival. Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcome among survivors did not appear to differ from that reported for the general population. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased nuchal translucency, normal karyotype and infant development
Authors: Miltoft C. B. , Ekelund C. K. , Hansen B. M. , Lando A. , Petersen O. B. , Skovbo P. , Jørgensen F. S. , Sperling L. , Zingenberg H. , Nikkilä A. , Shalmi A. C. , Stornes I. , Ersbak V. , Tabor A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether chromosomally normal fetuses with a nuchal translucency (NT) ≥ 99th percentile (3.5 mm) in the first trimester have an increased risk of delayed development at 2 years of age.MethodsThe study included children of women from 10 Danish hospitals who had fetal NT either ≥ 99th percentile (Group 1) or < 95th percentile (Group 2) in the first trimester. The groups were matched by gender, gestational age at birth and maternal age. There were twice as many children in Group 2 as in Group 1. Follow‐up was conducted at 2 years of age, infant development being assessed by the ‘Ages and Stages Questionnaire’. The cut‐off value for delayed development was defined as the 5th percentile from the first 100 questionnaires from Group 2.ResultsIn a 1‐year period 202 of 33 266 fetuses (0.6%) had NT ≥ 3.5 mm. Of these, 99 (49.0%) were liveborn with normal karyotype and normal ultrasound findings during pregnancy. The response rate to the ASQ was 83.3% in Group 1 and 71.4% in Group 2. A low ASQ score was found in 1.3% (1/80) and 4.4% (6/137) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.265), but no difference was found in the mean ASQ score between the two groups (P = 0.160).ConclusionFetuses with NT ≥ 99th percentile, normal karyotype and normal ultrasound findings during pregnancy had no increased risk of developmental delay at 2 years of age compared with fetuses with normal NT (< 95th percentile). Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the normal fetal heart and in congenital heart disease
Authors: Votino C. , Jani J. , Damry N. , Dessy H. , Kang X. , Cos T. , Divano L. , Foulon W. , De Mey J. , Cannie M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate prospectively the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessment of the fetal heart for congenital heart disease (CHD).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study, including 66 fetuses with a normal heart and 40 with CHD. The fetal heart was examined on MRI using axial steady‐state free precession (SSFP) sequences. Regression analysis was used to investigate the effect on the ability to visualize cardiac anatomy of gestational age at examination, maternal body mass index, presence of fetal cardiac abnormality, fetal movements, fetal lie and twinning. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting cardiac defects were calculated.ResultsThe four‐chamber view was visualized in 98.1% of fetuses. The sensitivity of detecting a cardiac defect on the four‐chamber view was 88% and the specificity 96%. The ability to visualize the left and right outflow tracts was only influenced by the presence of fetal movements: for the left outflow tract 94.4 vs. 50.0% visualization and for the right outflow tract 92.6 vs. 53.8% visualization without and with fetal movements, respectively. The sensitivity of detecting a cardiac defect of the left outflow tract was 63% and the specificity 100%, while sensitivity and specificity were 59 and 97%, respectively, for the right outflow tract.ConclusionsDespite the use of SSFP sequences, MRI in the fetal heart remains of limited value. It can only be used as a second‐line approach for abnormalities of the four‐chamber view suspected at prenatal ultrasound. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐dimensional sonographic evaluation of avulsion of the levator ani according to delivery mode
Authors: Cassadó Garriga J. , Pessarrodona Isern A. , Espuña Pons M. , Duran Retamal M. , Felgueroso Fabrega A. , Rodriguez Carballeira M. , Jordà Santamaria I. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the frequency of avulsion of the levator ani muscle in primiparous women according to delivery mode, using introital four‐dimensional ultrasonography.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational study at a tertiary obstetric unit. One hundred and eighty primiparous women were included and divided into three groups: normal vaginal delivery without episiotomy, forceps delivery and Cesarean section groups. Between 40 and 120 days after delivery, four‐dimensional ultrasonography was performed in order to evaluate the integrity of the levator ani muscle. The operator was blinded to all clinical data and was not aware of delivery mode. The influence of other variables associated with delivery such as birth weight, body mass index, maternal age and use of epidural anesthesia was also studied.ResultsAvulsion of the puborectalis component of the levator ani muscle was detected on ultrasonography in 61.7% of women who had undergone a forceps delivery, compared with 13.3% of those who had had a normal vaginal delivery and 0% of those who had had a Cesarean section. Bilateral avulsion was observed in 12/60 (20.0%) of the forceps group and in 2/60 (3.3%) of the normal vaginal delivery group (P < 0.001). Other variables did not seem to influence prevalence.ConclusionsForceps delivery is associated with an increased rate of avulsion of the puborectalis component of the levator ani muscle. The effect of forceps use is independent of other delivery‐related variables. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starry sky pattern of fetal liver sonogram as first sign of twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Segev Y. , Goldberg Y. , Riskin‐Mashiah S. , Berdicef M. , Lavie O. , Auslender R. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract‘Starry sky’ liver is one of the most common sonographic patterns in diffuse liver disease. It is characterized by clearly identified portal venules due to diminished parenchymal echogenicity. In advanced cases of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), volume overload is considered the key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction of the recipient twin. When right‐sided failure occurs, the liver might show signs of edema and, as in acute hepatitis, the appearance of starry sky might develop. We present a case in which the sonographic appearance of starry sky liver, along with right‐sided cardiac failure (tricuspid regurgitation), were the first signs of TTTS in monochorionic twins at 20 weeks. A short time later, at 21 weeks, other signs of overload and signs of worsening heart failure were noted, as the typical triphasic waves in the inferior vena cava were replaced by a biphasic flow profile. Twin 2 at that time had relative oligohydramnios. A few days later, relative polyhydramnios and edema of the placental domain of the recipient twin were also noted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing this hepatic sonographic pattern as an early sonographic sign of TTTS. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does use of a sex‐specific model improve the accuracy of sonographic weight estimation?
Authors: Melamed N. , Yogev Y. , Ben‐Haroush A. , Meizner I. , Mashiach R. , Glezerman M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the use of a sex‐specific sonographic model improves the accuracy of fetal weight estimation.MethodsNew regression models (sex‐independent and sex‐specific) were developed, based on 1708 sonographic weight estimations performed within 3 days prior to delivery. The accuracy of these models was compared to that of several published models including two of the original Hadlock models (which incorporate the biometric indices abdominal circumference (AC), biparietal diameter (BPD), femur diaphysis length (FL) and head circumference (HC) as follows: AC‐FL‐BPD and AC‐FL‐HC, designated here as Hadlock I and Hadlock II, respectively), modified versions of the Hadlock I and II models for which coefficients were adjusted to our local cohort, sex‐specific versions of the Hadlock I and II models and Schild's model (a previously published sex‐specific model).ResultsThe unadjusted models of Hadlock and Schild were associated with the highest systematic error (1.6–4.9%; P < 0.001) which was significantly higher for females (2.3–4.9%) compared to males (1.6–2.0%; P < 0.001). Adjustment of model coefficients to the local population decreased the systematic error (−1.4% to 1.5%) and resulted in a systematic error that was of similar magnitude (P = 0.3) but opposite in direction for male and female fetuses. The sex‐specific models (adjusted or newly developed) were associated with the lowest systematic error (−0.4 to 0.5%) and were the only models for which the systematic error was similar for male and female fetuses. There were no differences in the systematic error between adjusted sex‐specific versions of the Hadlock I and II models and the newly developed sex‐specific models (0.0% to 0.4% vs. − 0.4% to 0.5%; P = 0.4). The random error was similar for all models and, for most of the models, was unrelated to fetal sex.ConclusionsThe use of sex‐specific models appears to improve the accuracy of fetal weight estimation, principally because the optimal set of model coefficients differs for male and female fetuses. The improved accuracy is mainly the result of a decrease in systematic error, as the random error was not affected by the use of such sex‐specific models. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of extended surgery for pancreatic cancer: critical review of the four major RCTs comparing standard and extended surgery
Authors: Yokoyama Yukihiro , Nagino Masato 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPancreatic ductal carcinoma is one of the most dismal malignancies in the gastrointestinal system. Despite the development of several adjuvant therapeutic options, surgical treatment is still the only procedure that can completely cure this disease. Since pancreatic cancer easily extends to the adjacent tissues or develops distant metastasis, there has been argument as to whether we should perform extended surgery in order to widely eradicate peripancreatic tissue. After the report from Japanese surgeons that showed a survival benefit of the extended surgery for the invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas in the late 1980s, many Japanese surgeons applied the extended surgery for pancreatic cancer. However, the major problems of these studies were the retrospective and non‐randomized nature of the study design. Thereafter, randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing a standard and extended resection for the pancreatic cancer have been conducted first in Europe, second and third in the USA, and, subsequently, fourth in Japan. Unexpectedly, the survival benefit of the aggressive surgery has been refuted in all of the four major RCTs. This fact implied to us that surgery alone is not enough and that another adjuvant therapeutic option is necessary in order to improve the patients’ survival of pancreatic cancer.
Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of c9,t11‐Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow's Milk as Related to Dietary Fatty Acids
Authors: Richter Eva Katharina , Spangenberg Jorge E. , Klevenhusen Fenja , Soliva Carla R. , Kreuzer Michael , Leiber Florian 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study explores the potential use of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of single fatty acids (FA) as tracers for the transformation of FA from diet to milk, with focus on the metabolic origin of c9,t11‐18:2. For this purpose, dairy cows were fed diets based exclusively on C3 and C4 plants. The FA in milk and feed were fractionated by silver‐ion thin‐layer chromatography and analyzed for their δ13C values. Mean δ13C values of FA from C3 milk were lower compared to those from C4 milk (−30.1‰ vs. −24.9‰, respectively). In both groups the most negative δ13C values of all FA analyzed were measured for c9,t11‐18:2 (C3 milk = −37.0 ± 2.7‰; C4 milk −31.4 ± 1.4‰). Compared to the dietary precursors 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3, no significant 13C‐depletion was measured in t11‐18:1. This suggests that the δ13C‐change in c9,t11‐18:2 did not originate from the microbial biohydrogenation in the rumen, but most probably from endogenous desaturation of t11‐18:1. It appears that the natural δ13C differences in some dietary FA are at least partly preserved in milk FA. Therefore, carbon isotope analyses of individual FA could be useful for studying metabolic transformation processes in ruminants.