bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Use of Self-Assessment for the Provision of Community Equipment and Adaptations in English Local Authorities
Authors: Tucker Sue , Brand Christian , O'Shea Susan , Abendstern Michele , Clarkson Paul , Hughes Jane , Wenborn Jennifer , Challis David 
Published: March 2011

Introduction: The Government plans to transform adult social care in England. Future services will place more emphasis on prevention and enablement, and promoting personalisation and choice. Self-assessment is one possible facilitator of this agenda. However, little is known about its utility in social care. This evaluation examined how eight local authorities employed self-assessment in the provision of community equipment and adaptations, and explored the implications for service delivery. Method: A multiple case study was employed, using a mixed methods approach. This drew on internal documents, management interviews, and service user and administrative records. Findings: Self-assessment was primarily used to facilitate service access. Although the authorities differed in the way in which they operationalised self-assessment, professional staff were almost always involved. The differences between people receiving self and traditional assessments were modest, but the people undertaking self-assessments in preventative services formed a particularly healthy subgroup. There was little consensus about the items suitable for provision through self-assessment. Conclusion: The concept of self-assessment was variously interpreted and not all its possible uses were explored. Nevertheless, the evaluation suggested that self-assessment can facilitate access to community equipment and adaptations and has the potential to extend the population traditionally served by social care services, thereby addressing the preventative agenda.
Cancer Research: Nanomaterials: Applications in Cancer Imaging and Therapy (Adv. Mater. 12/2011)
Authors: Barreto José A. , O’Malley William , Kubeil Manja , Graham Bim , Stephan Holger , Spiccia Leone 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe application of nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects for the development of new non‐invasive strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief description of cancer pathology and the characteristics that are important for tumor‐targeted NM design, followed by an overview of the different types of NMs explored to date, covering synthetic aspects and approaches explored for their application in unimodal and multimodal imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Significant synthetic advances now allow for the preparation of NMs with highly controlled geometry, surface charge, physicochemical properties, and the decoration of their surfaces with polymers and bioactive molecules in order to improve biocompatibility and to achieve active targeting. This is stimulating the development of a diverse range of nanometer‐sized objects that can recognize cancer tissue, enabling visualization of tumors, delivery of anti‐cancer drugs and/or the destruction of tumors by different therapeutic techniques.
Social network analysis in the study of nonhuman primates: A historical perspective
Authors: Brent Lauren J.N. , Lehmann Julia , Ramos‐Fernández Gabriel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAdvances over the last 15 years have made social network analysis (SNA) a powerful tool for the study of nonhuman primate social behavior. Although many SNA‐based techniques have been only very recently adopted in primatological research, others have been commonly used by primatologists for decades. The roots of SNA also stem from some of the same conceptual frameworks as the majority of nonhuman primate behavioral research. The rapid development of SNA in recent years has led to questions within the primatological community of where and how SNA fits within this field. We aim to address these questions by providing an overview of the historical relationship between SNA and the study of nonhuman primates. We begin with a brief history of the development of SNA, followed by a detailed description of the network‐based visualization techniques, analytical methods and conceptual frameworks which have been employed by primatologists since as early as the 1960s. We also introduce some of the latest advances to SNA, thereby demonstrating that this approach contains novel tools for the study of nonhuman primate social behavior which may be used to shed light on questions that cannot be addressed fully using more conventional methods. Am. J. Primatol. 73:720–730, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative routes to the leader male role in a multi‐level society: follower vs. solitary male strategies and outcomes in hamadryas baboons
Authors: Pines Mathew , Saunders Julian , Swedell Larissa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe nested one‐male units (OMUs) of the hamadryas baboon are part of a complex social system in which “leader” males achieve near exclusive mating access by forcibly herding females into permanent consortships. Within this multi‐level social system (troops, bands, clans and OMUs) are two types of prereproductive males—the follower and solitary male—whose different trajectories converge on the leader role. Here we compare OMU formation strategies of followers, who associate with a particular OMU and may have social access to females, with those of solitary males, who move freely within the band and do not associate regularly with OMUs. Data were derived from 42 OMU formations (16 by followers and 26 by solitary males) occurring over 8 years in a hamadryas baboon band at the Filoha site in Ethiopia. “Initial units” (IUs) with sexually immature females (IU strategy) were formed by 44% of followers and 46% of solitary males. The remaining followers took over mature females when their leader was deposed (challenge strategy) or disappeared (opportunistic strategy), or via a seemingly peaceful transfer (inheritance strategy). Solitary males took over mature females from other clans and bands, but mainly from old, injured or vanished leaders within their clan (via both the challenge and opportunistic strategies). Former followers of an OMU were more successful at taking over females from those OMUs than any other category of male. Despite this advantage enjoyed by ex‐follower leaders, ex‐solitary leaders were equally capable of increasing their OMU size at a comparable rate in their first 2 years as a leader. These results demonstrate the potential for males to employ both multiple roles (follower vs. solitary male) and multiple routes (IU, inheritance, challenge, opportunistic) to acquire females and become a leader male in a mating system characterized by female defense polygyny in a competitive arena. Am. J. Primatol. 73:679–691, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UV‐ and thermally triggered ring‐opening metathesis polymerization for the spatially resolved functionalization of polymeric monolithic devices
Authors: Ernst Claudia , Elsner Christian , Prager Andrea , Scheibitz Bettina , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPorous polymeric monolithic supports were prepared via electron beam‐triggered free radical polymerization using a mixture of ethyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate in 2‐propanol, 1‐dodecanol and toluene. Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl acrylate (1) was grafted onto these monolithic supports in a spatially resolved way with the aid of masks using both electron beam‐ (EB) and UV‐triggered free radical polymerization. The thus immobilized norborn‐2‐ene‐containing graft polymers were further treated with the 2nd‐generation Grubbs initiator, i.e., RuCl2(PCy3)(IMesH2)(CHPh) (4) (IMesH2 = 1,3‐dimesitylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), and then reacted with bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl pyrene‐1‐carboxylate (2). Alternatively, monoliths completely grafted with poly‐1 were surface grafted with 2 in a spatially resolved way in the presence of a latent, UV‐triggerable precatalyst, i.e., [Ru(IMesH2)(CF3COO)(t‐BuCN)4+ CF3COO−] (5). Finally, to demonstrate the utility of this chemistry, a 2nd‐generation Grubbs initiator‐based approach was used to prepare a trypsin‐functionalized monolith‐containing chip device that allowed for the online digestion of N‐α‐benzoyl‐L‐argininethylester hydrochloride. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation, thermo‐optic property and transmission loss of chiral azobenzene polyurethane
Authors: Liu Jinhua , Qiu Fengxian , Cao Guorong , Shen Qiang , Cao Zhijuan , Yang Dongya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel chiral azobenzene polyurethane (CAPU) was prepared from chromophore, chiral reagent L(−)‐tartaric acid and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The chemical structure and the thermal property were characterized by UV‐Vis spectrum, FT‐IR, 1H NMR, circular dichroism (CD) spectrum, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC and TGA experiments showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the decomposition temperature (Td) at 5% mass loss were 110°C and 199°C, respectively. The refractive index (n) and thermo‐optic coefficient (dn/dT) of the CAPU were measured at 650 nm wavelength and different temperature by attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. By using CCD digital imaging devices, transmission loss of CAPU was measured and the value is 0.565dB/cm. The results will provide the foundation for many potential applications such as digital thermo‐optic switch materials and other fields in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Polystyrene latex synthesized in presence of ultrasonic initiation
Authors: Bahattab Mohammed A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe low water solubility of styrene (St) monomer increase the need for a good initiator system to speed up the emulsion polymerization and remove unreacted monomers. Polymerization of styrene monomer in water was performed at 30, 50, and 70°C under ultrasonic irradiation using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant and ammonium persulfate as initiator. Ultrasonic energy was used as a tool to speed up the polymerization. Combining ultrasonic and ammonium persulfate led to a higher conversion and higher rate of polymerization. Ultrasonic energy has an effect on the particle size distribution. The particle size distribution increases with an increase in the monomer conversion of styrene for ultrasonic polymerization, whereas the particle size distribution did not change with an increase in the monomer conversion compared with the conventional thermal polymerization results. Higher molecular weights were obtained under ultrasonic irradiation. FE‐SEM and TEM pictures show different morphology with changing temperature polymerization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Developmental Changes in Lectin‐Binding Patterns of Three Nasal Sensory Epithelia in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Endo Daisuke , Yamamoto Yoshio , Nakamuta Nobuaki , Taniguchi Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe nasal cavity of adult Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) is composed of a series of three compartments: principal, middle, and inferior chambers. The principal chamber is lined with olfactory epithelium (OE), middle chamber with middle chamber epithelium (MCE), and inferior chamber with vomeronasal epithelium (VNE). In the present study, we examined developmental changes of lectin‐binding patterns of the OE, MCE, and VNE by the use of four biotinylated lectins; DSL, DBA, PNA, and UEA‐I. From Stage 59, just after the beginning of metamorphosis, the stainings of the free border for DBA and UEA‐I were decreased in the OE and MCE, respectively, but the stainings of secretory granules (SGs) in the OE became intense. From Stage 63, sensory cells positive for DSL were increased in these three epithelia, and positive stainings for UEA‐I and DBA increased in the SGs and Jacobson's glands (JGs), respectively. In addition, from 3 months after the end of metamorphosis, the stainings of sensory cells for PNA, DBA, and DSL changed in the OE, MCE, and VNE, respectively, and those of the SGs, Bowman's glands, and JGs also changed for several lectins. The present results showed that glycoconjugates expressed in three epithelia and their associated glands changed during and after the end of metamorphosis. These findings may indicate that the functional maturation of each epithelium depends not only on the maturation of sensory cells, but also on the maturation of the SGs in supporting cells of the OE and their associated glands after the end of metamorphosis. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sp1 Upregulates Survivin Expression in Adenocarcinoma of Lung Cell Line A549
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Wang Xiaojing , Li Wei , Zhang Hailong , Zhao Chengling , Li Yan , Wang Zhenhuan , Chen Changjie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSurvivin has been implicated in tumor genesis, progression, and resistance to anticancer agents. However, the precise regulatory mechanism for survivin expression is not thoroughly defined. In this study, we showed that Sp1 was co‐overexpressed with survivin in adenocarcinoma of lung cells A549, but not in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells 4F0439 or small airway epithelial cells 3F1584. Subsequently, transfection experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of Sp1 signaling suppressed survivin expression in A549 cells, whereas Sp1 overexpression increased the level of survivin protein as well as its mRNA. We also found that Sp1 could decrease capase‐9 activity, which is shown to be suppressed by survivin during apoptosis inhibition. Finally, Luciferase activity and ChIP assays revealed that Sp1 activated survivin promoter by direct interaction with it. Taken together, our data suggest Sp1 plays a potent role in the upregulation of survivin expression in lung cancer cells at the transcriptional level. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron Density of Two Bioactive Oligocyclic Indole and Oxindole Derivatives Obtained from Low‐Order X‐Ray Data and Invariom Application
Authors: Weber Manuela , Grabowsky Simon , Hazra Abhijit , Naskar Subhendu , Banerjee Sukdeb , Mondal Nirup B. , Luger Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor two indole and oxindole bioactive molecules, low‐order room‐temperature X‐ray data were used to generate aspherical electron density (ED) distributions by application of the invariom formalism. An analysis of the ED using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) was carried out, which allowed for quantitatively examining bond orders and charge separations in various parts of the molecules. The inspection of electrostatic potentials (ESPs) and Hirshfeld surfaces provided additional information on the intermolecular interactions. Thus, reactive regions of the molecules could be identified, covalent and electrostatic contributions to interactions could be visualized, and the forces causing the crystal packing scheme could be rationalized. As the used invariom formalism needs no extra experimental effort compared to routine X‐ray analysis, its wide application is recommended because it delivers information far beyond the normally obtained steric properties. In this way, complementary contributions to drug design can be given as is demonstrated for indoles in this study, which are involved in the metabolism of plants and animals as well as in cancer therapy.
An Approach to 1,3,4‐Dioxaphospholane Complexes through an Acid‐Induced Ring Expansion of an Oxaphosphirane Complex: The Problem of Construction and Deconstruction of O,P‐Heterocycles
Authors: Pérez Janaina Marinas , Helten Holger , Schnakenburg Gregor , Streubel Rainer 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTreatment of oxaphosphirane complex 1, triflic acid (TfOH), and various aldehydes yielded 1,3,4‐dioxaphospholane complexes 5a,b–7a,b after deprotonation with NEt3. In addition to NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and MS data, the X‐ray structures of complexes 5a and 7a were determined. 31P NMR spectroscopic monitoring and DFT calculations provided insight into the reaction course and revealed the transient TfOH 1,3,4‐dioxaphospholanium association complex TfOH‐5a,b and/or TfOH‐5a,b′ as key reactive intermediates. Furthermore, it was observed that the five‐membered ring system was cleaved upon warming and yielded side‐on (E,Z)‐methylenephosphonium complexes 8a,b if deprotonation did not occur at low temperature. Overall, a novel temperature‐ and acid‐dependent construction and deconstruction process of the 1,3,4‐dioxaphospholane ring system is described.
Static magnetic field sensitivity of endothelial cells
Authors: Martino Carlos F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this manuscript, data demonstrating the magnetic sensitivity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is presented. The effects of low level fields (LLF; 0.2–1 µT), 30 and 120 µT magnetic fields on the proliferation of endothelial cells were investigated. Primary HUVECs were cultured and exposed to the distinct magnetic conditions in the same incubator. Although cell numbers were slightly affected between 30 and 120 µT magnetic fields, reducing the magnetic field to low levels clearly inhibited proliferation. The rationale of introducing LLF is to elucidate a possible mechanism of interaction. Small differences of 30 µT reduce endothelial cell numbers significantly. The addition of free radical scavenger superoxide dismutase suppressed the enhanced proliferation caused by 120 µT static magnetic fields. It is proposed that the static magnetic field interacts with endothelial cells via a free radical mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 32:506–508, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studying the drift of in line pH measurements in cell culture
Authors: Saucedo V. , Wolk B. , Arroyo A. , Feng C. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAb) requires accurate measurement and control of pH. Unwanted pH drifts in cell culture can adversely affect process performance, product quality, and product yield. To measure and control pH throughout the length of a culture, most cell culture processes use traditional glass pH probes. Several variables can affect the design and performance of glass pH electrodes and lead to drift in the measurement. Understanding these variables and their effects on pH performance can lead to design improvements and potentially reduce the drift. In this study, a set of Rosemount Analytical glass pH probes was investigated in cell culture operations. Electrochemical properties of the probes were monitored throughout the experiments. Experimental results show that the glass membrane potential experiences the biggest change during cell culture operations. Changes in the reference electrode potential are small compared with the changes in glass membrane potential. The glass membranes are affected by the steam sterilization process and this is the main cause for drift in the probe sensing signal during cell culture operations. Steam sterilization can cause the potential of glass membranes to change by up to 15 mV (∼ 0.25 pH units). This change in membrane potential can be observed as an undesirable pH drift in bioreactors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Development and implementation of a perfusion‐based high cell density cell banking process
Authors: Tao Yiwen , Shih Jennifer , Sinacore Marty , Ryll Thomas , Yusuf‐Makagiansar Helena 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA perfusion‐based high cell density (HD) cell banking process has been developed that offers substantial advantages in time savings and simplification of upstream unit operations. HD cell banking provides the means to reduce the time required for culture inoculum expansion and scale‐up by eliminating the need for multiple small to intermediate scale shake flask‐based operations saving up to 9 days of operation during large‐scale inoculum expansion. HD perfusion cultures were developed and optimized in a disposable Wave bioreactor system. Through optimization of perfusion rate, rocking speed and aeration rate, the perfusion system supported peak cell densities of >20 × 106 cells/mL while maintaining high cell viability (≥ 90%). The cells were frozen at HD (90–100 × 106 viable cells/mL) in 5‐mL CryoTube vials. HD cell banks were demonstrated to enable direct inoculation of culture into a Wave bioreactor in the inoculum expansion train thus eliminating the need for intermediate shake flask expansion unit operations. The simplicity of the disposable perfusion system and high quality of the cell banks resulted in the successful implementation in a 2000 L scale manufacturing facility. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Skeletal myotube integration with planar microelectrode arrays in vitro for spatially selective recording and stimulation: A comparison of neuronal and myotube extracellular action potentials
Authors: Langhammer Christopher G. , Kutzing Melinda K. , Luo Vincent , Zahn Jeffrey D. , Firestein Bonnie L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMicroelectrode array (MEA) technology holds tremendous potential in the fields of biodetection, lab‐on‐a‐chip applications, and tissue engineering by facilitating noninvasive electrical interaction with cells in vitro. To date, significant efforts at integrating the cellular component with this detection technology have worked exclusively with neurons or cardiac myocytes. We investigate the feasibility of using MEAs to record from skeletal myotubes derived from primary myoblasts as a way of introducing a third electrogenic cell type and expanding the potential end applications for MEA‐based biosensors. We find that the extracellular action potentials (EAPs) produced by spontaneously contractile myotubes have similar amplitudes to neuronal EAPs. It is possible to classify myotube EAPs by biological signal source using a shape‐based spike sorting process similar to that used to analyze neural spike trains. Successful spike‐sorting is indicated by a low within‐unit variability of myotube EAPs. Additionally, myotube activity can cause simultaneous activation of multiple electrodes, in a similar fashion to the activation of electrodes by networks of neurons. The existence of multiple electrode activation patterns indicates the presence of several large, independent myotubes. The ability to identify these patterns suggests that MEAs may provide an electrophysiological basis for examining the process by which myotube independence is maintained despite rapid myoblast fusion during differentiation. Finally, it is possible to use the underlying electrodes to selectively stimulate individual myotubes without stimulating others nearby. Potential uses of skeletal myotubes grown on MEA substrates include lab‐on‐a‐chip applications, tissue engineering, co‐cultures with motor neurons, and neural interfaces. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011