bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid and gas fluxes from the Logatchev hydrothermal vent area
Authors: Schmale Oliver , Walter Maren , Schneider von Deimling Jens , Sültenfuß Jürgen , Walker Sharon , Rehder Gregor , Keir Robin 
Published: June 2012

The Logatchev hydrothermal field at 14°45′N on the MAR is characterized by gas plumes that are enriched in methane and helium compared to the oceanic background. We investigated CH4 concentration and δ13C together with δ3He in the water column of that region. These data and turbidity measurements indicate that apart from the known vent fields, another vent site exists northeast of the vent field Logatchev 1. The distribution of methane and 3He concentrations along two sections were used in combination with current measurements from lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP) to calculate the horizontal plume fluxes of these gases. According to these examinations 0.02 μmol s−1 of 3He and 0.21 mol s−1 of methane are transported in a plume that flows into a southward direction in the central part of the valley. Based on 3He measurements of vent fluid (22 ± 6 pM), we estimate a total vent flux in this region of about 900 L s−1 and a total flux of CH4 of 3.2 mol s−1.
Solar and thermal radiation profiles and radiative forcing measured through the atmosphere
Authors: Philipona Rolf , Kräuchi Andreas , Brocard Emmanuel 
Published: June 2012

Solar shortwave and thermal longwave radiation at the Earth's surface and at the top of the atmosphere is commonly measured at surface stations, from airplanes and from satellites. Here we show radiative flux profiles measured with radiosondes ascending from the Earth's surface to 35 km into the stratosphere. During two‐hour flights solar shortwave and thermal longwave radiation are measured both downward and upward with four individual sensors. Daytime solar and thermal radiation is compared to nighttime measurements and 24‐hour average radiation budget profiles are shown through the atmosphere. However, of even greater importance with regard to climate change are measured upward and downward longwave greenhouse radiation profiles. Their changes with temperature and water vapor enable direct measurement of radiative forcing through the atmosphere. Measurements during two cloud‐free nights with different temperature and different water vapor amount, show an almost equal but opposite net longwave radiation change, or water vapor greenhouse forcing, downwards to the surface and upward into space. Radiative flux profiles clearly illustrate the Earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect, and allow important investigations of clouds and other atmospheric constituents and their effects on shortwave reflection, as well as longwave emission towards the surface and into space.
Conversion from HST ACS and STIS auroral counts into brightness, precipitated power, and radiated power for H2 giant planets
Authors: Gustin J. , Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Gérard J.‐C. 
Published: June 2012

The STIS and ACS instruments onboard HST are widely used to study the giant planet's aurora. Several assumptions have to be made to convert the instrumental counts into meaningful physical values (type and bandwidth of the filters, definition of the physical units, etc…), but these may significantly differ from one author to another, which makes it difficult to compare the auroral characteristics published in different studies. We present a method to convert the counts obtained in representative ACS and STIS imaging modes/filters used by the auroral scientific community to brightness, precipitated power and radiated power in the ultraviolet (700–1800 Å). Since hydrocarbon absorption may considerably affect the observed auroral emission, the conversion factors are determined for several attenuation levels. Several properties of the auroral emission have been determined: the fraction of the H2 emission shortward and longward of the HLy‐α line is 50.3% and 49.7% respectively, the contribution of HLy‐α to the total unabsorbed auroral signal has been set to 9.1% and an input of 1 mW m−2 produces 10 kR of H2 in the Lyman and Werner bands. A first application sets the order of magnitude of Saturn's auroral characteristics in the total UV bandwidth to a brightness of 10 kR and an emitted power of ∼2.8 GW. A second application uses published brightnesses of Europa's footprint to determine the current density associated with the Europa auroral spot: 0.21 and 0.045 μA m−2 assuming no hydrocarbon absorption and a color ratio of 2, respectively. Factors to extend the brightnesses observed with Cassini‐UVIS to total H2 UV brightnesses are also provided.
Dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria populations and contributions to soil nitrification potentials
Authors: Taylor Anne E , Zeglin Lydia H , Wanzek Thomas A , Myrold David D , Bottomley Peter J 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
It is well known that the ratio of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) ranges widely in soils, but no data exist on what might influence this ratio, its dynamism, or how changes in relative abundance influences the potential contributions of AOA and AOB to soil nitrification. By sampling intensively from cropped-to-fallowed and fallowed-to-cropped phases of a 2-year wheat/fallow cycle, and adjacent uncultivated long-term fallowed land over a 15-month period in 2010 and 2011, evidence was obtained for seasonal and cropping phase effects on the soil nitrification potential (NP), and on the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to the NP that recovers after acetylene inactivation in the presence and absence of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors. AOB community composition changed significantly (P⩽0.0001) in response to cropping phase, and there were both seasonal and cropping phase effects on the amoA gene copy numbers of AOA and AOB. Our study showed that the AOA:AOB shifts were generated by a combination of different phenomena: an increase in AOA amoA abundance in unfertilized treatments, compared with their AOA counterparts in the N-fertilized treatment; a larger population of AOB under the N-fertilized treatment compared with the AOB community under unfertilized treatments; and better overall persistence of AOA than AOB in the unfertilized treatments. These data illustrate the complexity of the factors that likely influence the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to nitrification under the various combinations of soil conditions and NH4+-availability that exist in the field.
Bycatch of Shortnose Sturgeon in the Commercial American Shad Fishery of the Altamaha River, Georgia
Authors: Bahn Robert A. , Fleming Joel E. , Peterson Douglas L. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The objective of our study was to estimate total bycatch and mortality of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in the anchored-gill-net portion of the commercial fishery for American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Altamaha River, Georgia, from 2007 to 2009. We conducted on-the-water counts of commercial nets to estimate total fishing effort. Catch per unit effort was estimated from log books and direct observations of net retrievals by randomly selected commercial fishermen. During the 3 years of the study, the total estimated bycatch of shortnose sturgeon was 71, 53, and 498 fish, respectively. Recent studies have estimated the abundance of adult shortnose sturgeon in the Altamaha River to be approximately 1,800 individuals. Our study showed that catch per unit effort was highest during January and February of 2009 in upriver areas where previous research had identified several spawning locations. Our results also showed that the mortality of captured shortnose sturgeon was low in all 3 years (&lt;8%), although we did not assess postrelease survival. Although closure of critical habitats may or may not be an important component of protecting shortnose sturgeon spawning habitat, our results suggest that on the Altamaha River, delaying the opening of commercial American shad fishing in the upper river until after 1 March would almost completely eliminate bycatch of migrating shortnose sturgeon and result in a minor reduction in American shad landings.
Received February 16, 2011; accepted February 16, 2012
Critical role of AIM2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Saiga Hiroyuki , Kitada Shoko , Shimada Yosuke , Kamiyama Naganori , Okuyama Megumi , Makino Masahiko , Yamamoto Masahiro , Takeda Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a sensor of cytosolic DNA that is responsible for activation of the inflammasome and host immune responses to DNA viruses and intracellular bacteria. However, the role of AIM2 in host defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. Here, we show that AIM2-deficient mice were highly susceptible to intratracheal infection with M. tuberculosis and that this was associated with defective IL-1± and IL-18 production together with impaired Th1 responses. Macrophages from AIM2-deficient mice infected with M. tuberculosis showed severely impaired secretion of IL-1± and IL-18 as well as activation of the inflammasome, determined by caspase-1 cleavage. Genomic DNA extracted from M. tuberculosis (Mtb DNA) induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1±/IL-18 secretion in an AIM2-dependent manner. Mtb DNA, which was present in the cytosol, co-localized with AIM2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that AIM2 plays an important role in M. tuberculosis infection through the recognition of Mtb DNA.
Mutations in Multiple XXT Genes of Arabidopsis Reveal the Complexity of Xyloglucan Biosynthesis
Authors: Zabotina Olga A. , Avci Utku , Cavalier David , Pattathil Sivakumar , Chou Yi-Hsiang , Eberhard Stefan , Danhof Linda , Keegstra Kenneth , Hahn Michael G. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Xyloglucan is an important hemicellulosic polysaccharide in dicot primary cell walls. Most of the enzymes involved in xyloglucan synthesis have been identified. However, many important details of its synthesis in vivo remain unknown. The roles of three genes encoding xylosyltransferases participating in xyloglucan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were further investigated using reverse genetic, biochemical, and immunological approaches. New double mutants (xxt1 xxt5 and xxt2 xxt5) and a triple mutant (xxt1 xxt2 xxt5) were generated, characterized, and compared with three single mutants and the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant that had been isolated previously. Antibody-based glycome profiling was applied in combination with chemical and immunohistochemical analyses for these characterizations. From the combined data, we conclude that XXT1 and XXT2 are responsible for the bulk of the xylosylation of the glucan backbone, and at least one of these proteins must be present and active for xyloglucan to be made. XXT5 plays a significant but as yet uncharacterized role in this process. The glycome profiling data demonstrate that the lack of detectable xyloglucan does not cause significant compensatory changes in other polysaccharides, although changes in nonxyloglucan polysaccharide amounts cannot be ruled out. Structural rearrangements of the polysaccharide network appear responsible for maintaining wall integrity in the absence of xyloglucan, thereby allowing nearly normal plant growth in plants lacking xyloglucan. Finally, results from immunohistochemical studies, combined with known information about expression patterns of the three genes, suggest that different combinations of xylosyltransferases contribute differently to xyloglucan biosynthesis in the various cell types found in stems, roots, and hypocotyls.
Elacytarabine has single‐agent activity in patients  with advanced acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: O'Brien Susan , Rizzieri David A. , Vey Norbert , Ravandi Farhad , Krug Utz O. , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Dennis Mike , Venditti Adriano , Berry Donald A. , Jacobsen Tove Flem , Staudacher Karin , Bergeland Trygve , Giles Francis J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryElacytarabine is a novel cytotoxic nucleoside analogue, independent of nucleoside transporters (e.g. human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 [hENT1]) for cell uptake, and mechanisms of action similar to those of cytarabine. This Phase II study assessed the efficacy and safety of elacytarabine in patients with advanced stage acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Patients received 2000 mg/m2 per d continuously i.v. during days 1–5 every 3 weeks. Patients were matched by six risk factors with historical controls; remission rate (assessed after 1 or 2 cycles) and 6‐month survival were compared. Sixty‐one patients, median age 58 years, were enrolled; 52% had five or six risk factors. The remission rate was 18% (95% confidence interval: 9–30%) vs. 4% in controls (P < 0·0001), 6‐month survival rate was 43%, median overall survival was 5·3 months (vs. 1·5 months); 10 patients (16%) were referred for stem cell transplantation after treatment. Side effects were predictable and manageable. The most common grade 3/4 non‐haematological adverse events were febrile neutropenia, hypokalemia, fatigue, hyponatraemia, dyspnoea and pyrexia. Thirty‐day all‐cause mortality, after start of treatment, was 13% vs. 25% in controls. Elacytarabine has monotherapy activity in patients with advanced AML. This study provides proof‐of‐concept that lipid esterification of nucleoside analogues is clinically relevant.
Age‐specific TSH reference ranges have minimal impact on the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction
Authors: Kahapola‐Arachchige Kalani M. , Hadlow Narelle , Wardrop Robert , Lim Ee M. , Walsh John P. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryObjectiveThe use of age‐specific reference ranges for TSH is advocated, but the impact of this on laboratory diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction is unclear. Our aims were to determine age‐specific TSH reference ranges and to examine interassay differences in performance.DesignWe analysed TSH results from 223 045 consecutive samples assayed over 1 year by a single pathology provider using the Siemens Centaur assay. We excluded patients with evidence of thyroid disease to derive a reference population of 148 938 individuals and analysed results in the 5‐year age bands. We reassayed 120 samples using three other methods (Architect, Roche and Immulite) to assess precision and bias.ResultsThe 2·5th percentile for TSH was consistent across age groups (approximately 0·5 mU/l), whereas the 97·5th percentile increased from age 40 upwards, with the reference range upper limit being 3·75 mU/l at age 40 and 5·0 mU/l at age 90. In most age bands, the use of age‐specific upper limits reclassified only 0·1–1·9% of participants as normal or abnormal compared with a common cut‐off of 4·0 mU/l; in participants aged 85 years or more, reclassification rates were higher (2·1–4·7%). The four TSH assays showed good agreement at low‐normal TSH concentrations (<2 mU/l), but at concentrations of 4·0 mU/l, there were intermethod differences of approximately 1 mU/l.ConclusionThe use of age‐specific reference ranges for TSH has only minor effects on thyroid status, except in the very old. At high‐normal TSH concentrations, between‐method differences in performance have a comparable impact to that of age and may affect clinical decision‐making.
An integrated view on the luteal phase: diagnosis and treatment in subfertility
Authors: Sonntag Barbara , Ludwig Michael 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe term ‘luteal phase deficiency’ was first coined more than 60 years ago, and, since then, it has been suggested as a clinical entity per se and an aetiological factor for subfertility, implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. Despite the existing recommendations for rational work‐up in subfertility, luteal phase evaluation and progesterone therapy alone is still common in daily practice. This review comprises results from a Pubmed literature search with the terms ‘luteal phase’ and ‘subfertility’, focussing on clinical situations not primarily related to assisted reproduction techniques. Additional data from the experimental studies published in the past 10 years on follicular maturation, oocyte developmental competence and the ovulatory cascade are integrated into the clinical continuum of dysfunctional ovulation, menstrual cycle irregularity and impaired corpus luteum function. As reliable diagnostic tools for adequate luteal function are missing, the presence of clinical symptoms such as cycle irregularity or premenstrual spotting is indicative and should initiate early follicular phase diagnostic work‐up. New evidence on the interdependence of oocyte and follicular maturation and resulting developmental competence of the embryo further support the use of ovarian stimulation as the first‐line therapeutic option in different subsets of patients with subfertility including luteal phase deficiency.
Effects of different cooking methods on the mineral contents of wild and farmed sea bream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Mnari B. Amira , Zaghbib Sonia F. , Dhibi Madiha , Harzallah Hanene J. , Dabbou Samia , El Cafsi Mohamed , Hammami Mohamed , Chaouch Abdelhamid 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe effects of different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, oven cooking, grilling, frying in olive oil, frying in soybean oil, frying in corn oil and frying in sunflower oil) on mineral contents (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) of wild and farmed sea bream (Sparus aurata) were determined. The moisture rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after boiling, grilling, oven cooking and frying but remains stable after steaming. The fat content increased with different frying treatments. The Ca, Mg, Na, K and Zn contents of wild and farmed sea bream cooked by almost all methods significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The Cu content in grilled wild and farmed sea bream increased significantly (P < 0.05). Losses of mineral content in fried sea bream were higher than those of fish cooked by other methods. On comparing the raw and cooked fish, the results indicated that cooking had considerable effect on the mineral contents.
The impact of applying natural clinoptilolite (zeolite) on the chemical, sensory and microbiological changes of vacuum packed sardine fillets
Authors: Kuley Esmeray , Ozogul Fatih , Durmus Mustafa , Gokdogan Saadet , Kacar Cigdem , Ozogul Yesim , Ucar Yilmaz 
Published: June 2012

SummaryDifferent doses (1% and 5%) of natural zeolite were applied to determine quality changes in vacuum packaged sardine fillets during 19 days at 4 ± 1 °C. Zeolite had an effect to improve sensory quality of sardine especially for removing off‐odour. The acceptable shelf life of vacuum packaged sardine was 8 days for control and 12 days for groups treated with 1% and 5% zeolite. The zeolite application resulted in significant reduction in total volatile basic nitrogen values, except for group treated with 5% zeolite at 15 days. Although the effect of zeolite depended on dose and specific storage days, application of zeolite had no effect on free fatty acid analysis. The use of zeolite significantly reduced ammonia and biogenic amine accumulation, especially for histamine and tyramine. The result of the study showed that the efficacy of zeolite as natural antimicrobials was high and lower dose of zeolite has to be applied to get maximum preservation effect.
Comparative phylogeography of African savannah ungulates1
Authors: LORENZEN E. D. , HELLER R. , SIEGISMUND H. R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe savannah biome of sub‐Saharan Africa harbours the highest diversity of ungulates (hoofed mammals) on Earth. In this review, we compile population genetic data from 19 codistributed ungulate taxa of the savannah biome and find striking concordance in the phylogeographic structuring of species. Data from across taxa reveal distinct regional lineages, which reflect the survival and divergence of populations in isolated savannah refugia during the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. Data from taxa across trophic levels suggest distinct savannah refugia were present in West, East, Southern and South‐West Africa. Furthermore, differing Pleistocene evolutionary biogeographic scenarios are proposed for East and Southern Africa, supported by palaeoclimatic data and the fossil record. Environmental instability in East Africa facilitated several spatial and temporal refugia and is reflected in the high inter‐ and intraspecific diversity of the region. In contrast, phylogeographic data suggest a stable, long‐standing savannah refuge in the south.
Timing of photoperiodic competency causes phenological mismatch in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.)
Authors: SOOLANAYAKANAHALLY RAJU Y. , GUY ROBERT D. , SILIM SALIM N. , SONG MINGHUA 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTPlant phenology is expected to be sensitive to climate warming. In boreal trees, spring flush is primarily temperature driven, whereas height growth cessation and autumn leaf senescence are predominantly controlled by photoperiod. Cuttings of 525 genotypes from the full range of balsam poplar were planted into two common gardens (Vancouver and Indian Head, Canada) at similar latitudes, but with differing winter temperatures and growing seasons. There was clinal variation in spring and, particularly, summer and fall phenology. Bud flush and, despite milder climate, bud set and leaf drop were earlier at Vancouver than at Indian Head by 44, 28 and 7 d, respectively. Although newly flushed growth is insensitive to photoperiod, many genotypes at both sites became competent before the summer solstice. At Vancouver, high‐latitude genotypes set dormant terminal buds in mid‐spring. Most other genotypes grew until midsummer or set bud temporarily and then experienced a second flush. In both gardens and in a growth chamber experiment, earlier bud set was associated with reduced height growth and higher root/shoot ratios. Shoots attained competency ∼5 weeks after flushing, which would normally prevent dormancy induction before the solstice, but may be insufficient if spring advances by more than a few weeks.
Education is associated with reduction in racial disparities in kidney transplant outcome
Authors: Goldfarb‐Rumyantzev Alexander S. , Sandhu Gurprataap S. , Barenbaum Anna , Baird Bradley C. , Patibandla Bhanu K. , Narra Akshita , Koford James K. , Barenbaum Lev 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study, we hypothesized that higher level of education might be associated with reduced racial disparities in renal transplantation outcomes.We used data from the United States Renal Data System (September 1, 1990–September 1, 2007) (n = 79 223) and analyzed two outcomes, graft loss and recipient mortality, using Cox models.Compared with whites, African Americans had increased risk of graft failure (HR, 1.48; p < 0.001) and recipient mortality (HR, 1.06; p = 0.004). Compared with recipients who graduated from college, all other education groups had inferior graft survival. Specifically, compared with college‐graduated individuals, African Americans who never finished high school had the highest risk of graft failure (HR, 1.45; p < 0.001), followed by high school graduates (HR, 1.27; p < 0.001) and those with some college education (HR, 1.18; p < 0.001). A similar trend was observed in whites. In African Americans (compared with whites), the highest risk of graft failure was associated with individuals who did not complete high school (HR, 1.96; p < 0.001) followed by high school graduates (HR, 1.47; p < 0.001), individuals with some college education (HR, 1.45; p < 0.001), and college graduates (HR, 1.39; p < 0.001). A similar trend was observed with recipient mortality. In sum, higher education was associated with reduced racial disparities in graft and recipient survival.