bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lag screw fixation of sagittal navicular bone fractures in five horses
Authors: NÉMETH F. , DIK K. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA sagittal fracture of the navicular bone in five horses was treated by means of lag screw. Intra‐operative radiographic monitoring and a specially developed guide apparatus was necessary to implant the screw precisely along the transverse axis of the navicular bone. Internal fixation resulted in progressive radiographic narrowing of the fracture zone. In all five patients the fracture healed (bony union) without superfluous callus formation.
Review of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage and its possible relationship with mechanical stress
Authors: CLARKE A. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryExercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a condition of uncertain aetiology. This article reviews the evidence relating to its incidence, clinical findings, radiological observations, histopathology and certain aspects of respiratory physiology. It is proposed that EIPH is primarily caused by mechanical stress in the dorsocaudal region of the lung.
Do magnetic fields influence soft tissue wound healing?— A preliminary communication
Authors: LEAPER D. J. , FOSTER M. E. , BRENNAN S. S. , DAVIES P. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMagnetic fields have been considered for treating many ailments over man's history. There have been many anecdotal unsupported claims for successful treatment of soft tissue injury although reports have been more substantive in the orthopaedic field. The widespread clinical and veterinary use of a light self‐adhesive magnetic foil in Europe prompted this trial of experimental wound healing.One hundred and sixty Sprague‐Dawley rats had a linear 2.5 cm incision or a circular 1 cm skin defect made over the mid‐dorsal spine. Equal numbers were randomised to receive either a magnetic foil or a dummy (control) dressing. At three, seven, 10 or 14 days linear wounds were distracted using a tensiometer; open defects were measured, excised and assayed for collagen content; 14‐day wounds were examined histologically.Although wound tensile strengths increased and open wounds decreased in size with increase of hydroxyproline, there were no statistically significant differences between treated or control animals.Although easy to apply the alternate magnetic foil (giving 400 Gauss at 7 mm) conferred no statistically significant effect on soft tissue healing.
Observations on seven cases of mitral insufficiency in the horse
Authors: MILLER P. J. , HOLMES J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryObservations on seven cases of mitral insufficiency are described. Three of the horses had recent histories of cardiac failure and formed a separate group in which there were marked haemodynamic changes which varied in relation to heart rate but were associated with pulmonary hypertension, elevated right ventricular pressure and low peak left ventricular pressure. In the other four horses the heart appeared to be compensating at rest but to be unable to cope with severe exertion. On auscultation, a widespread pansystolic murmur and a prominent third heart sound were characteristic of the left ventricular volume overload.Microscopic changes were found in one left papillary muscle. The possibility that changes in the position of the papillary muscles consequent upon left ventricular dilatation may lead to or exaggerate mitral valve eversion is discussed.
Case of angiosarcoma of the nasal passage of the horse — Ultrastructure and differential diagnosis from progressive haematoma
Authors: CHAN C. W. , COLLINS E. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn angiosarcoma involving the right frontal and maxillary sinuses in a nine‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare was studied post mortem by light and electron microscopy. Important diagnostic features included malignant endothelial cells lining ill‐defined vascular spaces, supported by other vasoformative elements. Rhabdomyoblasts were also found. The tumour is apparently rarely seen in the nasal passages of the horse.
Bilateral laryngeal paralysis in the horse
Authors: DUNCAN I. D. , BROOK D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour two‐year‐old Thoroughbreds suffered an acute gastrointestinal illness shortly after dosing with mineral oil which was thought to have been contaminated with an organophosphate compound. Three weeks later all four were noted to be dyspnoeic and endoscopic examination showed that they had developed bilateral laryngeal paralysis. Two of the horses died during severe bouts of dyspnoea six and eight months later and the third was killed shortly thereafter. Examination of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves from these horses showed a severe loss of myelinated fibres distally, especially in the left nerve. A similar but less severe lesion was seen in other long peripheral nerves, including the phrenic and digital nerves of the third horse. The spinal cord in two horses showed evidence of mild axonal degeneration which was not related to a particular tract or location. The fourth horse had bilateral laryngeal paralysis two years later. The acute clinical signs and delayed neurological sequelae seen in these horses were strongly suggestive of accidental organophosphate toxicity.
Equine leucocyte antigens in sarcoid‐affected horses
Authors: LAZARY S. , GERBER H. , GLATT P. A. , STRAUB R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe distribution of equine leucocyte antigens (ELA) in horses affected by equine sarcoid tumours was determined and compared with unaffected controls. ELA‐haplotype W3,B1 occurred more frequently in affected riding horses of Irish, Swiss and French background. The combined data for the three breeds resulted in a χ2 value of 20.35 (P<0.0005 after correction). Simultaneously, ELA‐specificity W11 was more frequently found in horses of Irish background, while W5 was found in Swiss and French horses with sarcoids. The combined data for haplotype W3,B1 and/or W5 specificity demonstrated, in the genetically closely‐related Swiss and French horses, a highly significant difference in the occurrence of these haplotypes between affected horses and healthy controls (χ2= 28.69, P<0.00001 after correction). Thus, the results strongly suggest that the predisposition of horses to sarcoid is associated with or linked to the major histocompatibility complex.
Retrospective study of hindquarter asymmetry in Standardbred Trotters and its correlation with performance
Authors: DALIN G. , MAGNUSSON L.‐E. , THAFVELIN BEATA C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFive hundred four‐year‐old Standardbred Trotters in training were examined in a study on the correlation between conformation, soundness and racing performance. In 39 horses marked hindquarter asymmetries were observed when they were standing squarely on all four feet. The asymmetries were seen as obvious height differences between the left and right tubera sacrale. In 30 cases the left tuber sacrale was lower and in nine cases the right tuber sacrale was lower. The horses showing hindquarter asymmetry were of significantly larger body size than the 461 horses not showing the asymmetry. There was no sex difference in the incidence of hindquarter asymmetry. The asymmetric horses had significantly lower total earnings, a lower number of races per horse and less good racing records (min/km) than the remaining 461 horses. The trainers reported that the asymmetric horses often had difficulties in performing at speed. In most horses, the asymmetry had not been observed until the examination. Past clinical records of 11 of the 30 asymmetric horses were available. In only one of the 11 horses had the asymmetry been considered of clinical importance. It was concluded that the described hindquarter asymmetries are important signs indicating that there is an enhanced risk that the affected horses will not become successful Trotters.
Diagnosis of gastroduodenojejunitis and its surgical treatment by a temporary duodenocaecostomy
Authors: HUSKAMP B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGastroduodenojejunitis is a catarrhal inflammation of the stomach and proximal portion of the small intestine. Secondary overloading of the stomach occurs so that affected horses rapidly enter a state of hypovolaemic shock which is further complicated by the presence of toxins. The condition can occur in a mild or severe form. In mild cases, conservative treatment comprising intravenous electrolyte therapy and repeated gastric decompression is indicated and is usually successful. In severe cases surgical treatment creating duodenocaecal anastomosis has given good results. This should be carried out if conservative treatment has shown no signs of improvement 24 h after the onset of the condition.
Diagnostic value of contrast echocardiography in the horse
Authors: KVART C. , CARLSTEN J. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , NILSFORS L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryM‐mode echocardiography is a safe and practical means of using ultrasound to evaluate the dynamic movements of cardiac structures. The technique can be refined by using a simple contrast medium in the form of carbon dioxide mixed with heparinised blood to provide a strong echogenic result. This technique was employed in a series of 15 normal conscious standing horses and in three animals with specific cardiac defects. In the clinical cases it was possible to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between a congenital septal defect and mitral regurgitation. The method was found to be safe and relatively simple to perform using percutaneous insertion of catheters. The intracardiac catheterisation was trouble free and no clinical side effects to direct injection of the carbon dioxide contrast medium into the heart were demonstrated.
Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids
Authors: EDINGTON N. , BRIDGES C. G. , HUCKLE A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEight ponies were experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) (subtype 1). All animals showed clinical and serological evidence of infection and virus was isolated from nasal swabs and leucocytes. These ponies were kept in isolation for a further three months during which time complement fixing antibody decreased at least four‐fold. Following immunosuppression with dexamethasone and prednisolone subtype 1 virus was recovered from six of the eight animals within 14 days. Five of these six ponies were viraemic and three of them shed virus in nasal secretions; only four displayed significant rises in complement fixing antibody and only two in neutralising antibody. Clinical abnormalities were not detected during reactivation.
Arthroscopic anatomy of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of the horse
Authors: MARTIN G. S. , McILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArthroscopic anatomy of the equine intercarpal and radiocarpal joints was documented in six cadaver limbs and on observations made during surgical treatment of horses with carpal osteochondral fractures. Instrument positions and arthroscopic visualisation were recorded. The cadaver limbs were dissected and iatrogenic lesions recorded. A single arthroscopic portal examination was adequate in both joints; however, a second arthroscopic portal improved visualisation. The intercarpal joint was more easily examined than the radiocarpal joint because of anatomical differences. Iatrogenic lesions were associated with failure of joint capsule distention during penetration.
Effects of level of dietary protein and exercise on growth rates of horses
Authors: ORTON R. K. , HUME I. D. , LENG R. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRates of growth were measured in two‐year‐old (Experiment 1) and nine‐month‐old (Experiment 2) horses fed high (12 or 14 per cent) or low (6 or 8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). In the non‐exercised horses feed intakes and growth rates were greater on the high than on the low protein diets. Exercise increased feed intakes and growth rates of horses on the low but not the high protein diets, so that in the exercised groups there were no significant differences in feed intakes or growth rates between the horses on the two dietary protein levels. Exercise increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and crude protein. There were no differences in skeletal characteristics caused by either dietary protein level or exercise. These results suggest that the growing horse, if exercised regularly, may be given a diet of lower protein concentration than currently recommended without significant reduction in growth rate.
Effects of exercise and level of dietary protein on digestive function in horses
Authors: ORTON R. K. , HUME I. D. , LENG R. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRates of passage of fluid and particulate digesta markers and apparent digestibility estimated by three methods were compared in yearling horses fed high (14 per cent) or low (8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). Mean retention times (MRT) of the fluid marker (51Cr‐EDTA) were shorter than those of the particulate marker (ruthenium‐phenanthroline). There were no significant effects of dietary protein level on passage of either marker or on apparent digestibility of dry matter. Exercise increased voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility and reduced the MRT of the particulate marker but increased the MRT of the fluid marker. Estimates of apparent digestibility based on acid‐insoluble ash were similar to those calculated from total faecal collection but those based on chromic oxide were significantly lower.
Equine whole saliva: Variability of some major constituents
Authors: ECKERSALL P. D. , AITCHISON T. , COLQUHOUN K. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWhole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
Total intravenous anaesthesia in the horse with propofol
Authors: NOLAN A. M. , HALL L. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe use of propofol, solubilised in a non‐ionic emulsifying agent, for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in experimental ponies was assessed. Pilot studies revealed that premedication with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) intravenously (iv) followed by propofol (2.0 mg/kg bwt) iv provided a satisfactory smooth induction. Two infusion rates (0.15 mg/kg bwt/min and 0.2 mg/kg bwt/min) were compared for maintenance of anaesthesia. An infusion rate of 0.2 mg/kg/min produced adequate anaesthesia in these ponies. Cardiovascular changes included a decrease in arterial pressure and cardiac output during maintenance. Respiratory depression was manifested by a decrease in rate and an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Recovery after 1 h anaesthesia was rapid and smooth. In conclusion, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol in premedicated ponies proved a satisfactory technique.
Interpreting radiographs 6: Radiology of the equine head (Part 2)
Authors: WYN‐JONES G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, emphasis is laid on the fallibility of radiology when used in isolation and its use to complement other investigative procedures, such as endoscopy, is encouraged.
Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse
Authors: MAIR T. S. , LANE J. G. , LUCKE V. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical and post mortem features of 11 cases of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity are reviewed. The clinical findings included inappetence, weight loss, pectoral oedema, dyspnoea, pleural effusion and distension of the jugular veins. Dysphagia was present in three cases. At post mortem examination lesions were found in the abdomen as well as the chest in eight cases; clinical signs of abdominal disease were present in two cases. The features of nine other similar cases recorded in the literature are reviewed.
Preliminary studies on long distance, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in equine peripheral nerves
Authors: FUBINI S. L. , CUMMINGS J. F. , TODHUNTER R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAs a prelude to studies on retrograde axonal transport of neurotoxin (ie, so‐called suicide transport) as a means to prevent post neurectomy neuroma formation, preliminary studies were conducted with an innocuous enzymatic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The proximal stumps of resected medial and lateral palmar digital nerves in six ponies were injected via a tuberculin syringe and needle with 50 μl of a 30 per cent solution of HRP in order to assess long distance retrograde axonal transport. The dorsal root ganglion of the cervical spinal enlargement (ie, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2) were removed at post injection intervals of two, four, six, eight, 10 and 12 days. These were sectioned serially and reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine method to demonstrate transported enzyme in the ganglionic cell bodies which give rise to sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves. Enzyme, retrogradely transported over axon lengths of 115 cm, was first demonstrated in spinal ganglia four days after injections of the palmar digital nerves. The calculated transport velocity of 287 mm/day, although almost certainly an underestimate, greatly exceeded rates of 72 to 120 mm/day recorded previously with HRP in the peripheral nerves of small laboratory animals. The intensity of the HRP reaction product in ganglionic neurons was strong at four days and it remained unabated in ganglia examined at six, eight, 10 and 12 days post injection. The major sources of the sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves appeared to be the ganglia of the C8and T1spinal segments which contained more than 90 per cent of all labelled neurons. Somatotopic localisation of the labelled cells could not be discerned. The total numbers of ganglionic neurons labelled after unilateral injections of the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves varied from several hundred to nearly 5000. Although the results supported the feasibility of undertaking studies on retrograde suicide transport, the wide range in the total numbers of labelled ganglionic neurons suggested that the simple injection procedure will have to be modified to ensure wide intraneural diffusion and maximal uptake of injected toxic substances.
Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion
Authors: RONÉUS B. O. , HAKKARAINEN R. V. J. , LINDHOLM C. A. , TYÖPPÖNEN J. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses were evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion. All the horses used in the study were given the same basal feed low in vitamin E during the eight months of the experiment. After an initial depletion period of two‐and‐a‐half months the horses were divided into groups according to the amounts of DL α‐tocopheryl acetate given (0 mg, control; 200, 600, 1800 and 5400 mg, respectively) as a daily oral supplement. The supplement study was followed by a second depletion period. Total vitamin E content and individual natural tocopherol isomers and tocotrienol isomers were measured both in the feed (hay and oats) and in tissues (serum, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Tissue vitamin E response to different dietary vitamin E levels were studied. The serum total lipid content remained unchanged during the experiment; serum vitamin E levels were expressed per gram serum lipid. The total vitamin E levels in serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fat reflected the supplement levels. The highest vitamin E levels were seen in fat tissue, followed by the liver and by skeletal muscle. In spite of the wide occurrence of the different vitamin E isomers in the feed, α‐tocopherol was almost the only isomer detected in the tissues. To ensure nutritional adequacy, 600 and 1800 mg of dl α‐tocopheryl acetate was suggested as an optimal oral daily supplement of vitamin E to adult Standardbred horses given feed low in vitamin E; this corresponds to 1.5 to 4.4 mg/kg bodyweight. In addition, it appeared preferable to give the supplement daily to maintain a constant level of vitamin E in the serum, liver and skeletal muscle, rather than occasionally to give higher doses.
Radiographic anatomy of tendon sheaths and bursae in the horse
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , VAUGHAN L. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryContrast radiography was used to determine the position, shape, relationship and capacity of a number of tendon sheaths and bursae which have clinical significance in the horse. It was possible to establish the normal range of radiographic anatomy for these structures. Some variation in the extent and form of tendon sheaths were found between individual horses and between foals and adults.
Relationship between spinal biomechanics and pathological changes in the equine thoracolumbar spine
Authors: TOWNSEND H. G. G. , LEACH D. H. , DOIGE C.E. , KIRKALDY‐WILLIS W. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe relationship between spinal biomechanics and pathological changes occurring in functionally normal equine thoracolumbar spines was studied in 23 horses. Ventrolateral vertebral body osteophytes occurred in 36 per cent of the spines. The majority occurred between the 10th and 17th thoracic vertebrae with the largest being found between the 11th and 13th thoracic vertebrae, the region of the thoracic spine where the greatest amount of lateral bending and axial rotation occurs. Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes was detected in 86 per cent of the spines with most lesions occurring between the 13th and 18th thoracic vertebrae. The severity of occurrence of impingement did not appear to be related to regional spinal mobility. Degeneration of intervertebral discs was observed in three of four specimens that were sectioned sagittally. It occurred in the first thoracic and the lumbosacral intervertebral discs and appeared to be related to the increased dorsoventral mobility and the increased disc thickness of these joints. The characteristic distribution of fractures of the thoracolumbar spine is discussed with respect to the biomechanics of the spine.