bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF INTESTINAL INVASION IN GERM‐FREE MICE CHALLENGED WITH ACID‐ADAPTED AND NONACID‐ADAPTED SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS SE86 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ST99
Authors: PEREZ KARLA J. , MARTINS FLAVIANO S. , CARA DENISE C.M. , NICOLI JACQUES R. , TONDO EDUARDO C. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to evaluate intestinal invasion in germ‐free mice by acid‐adapted and nonacid‐adapted Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis SE86 and S. Typhimurium ST99. The microorganisms were cultivated in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with glucose in order to promote a gradual pH decrease and acid adaptation during the stationary phase. Acid‐adapted and nonacid‐adapted S. Enteritidis SE86 and S. Typhimurium ST99 were administered orally to germ‐free mice, which were kept under aseptic conditions. Feces and intestinal portions were examined by microbiological and histopathological examinations, respectively, during a 12‐day period. A mortality curve was constructed during the same period. The results indicated a similar rapid multiplication of all microorganisms after inoculation; however, mice inoculated with acid‐adapted SE86 showed a higher mortality rate (fourth day) and more severe lesions than animals challenged with ST99. Histopathological analysis showed greater severity of infection caused by SE86 than ST99. The latter microorganism did not cause the death of animals, even 12 days after inoculation. Acid‐adapted SE86 demonstrated a greater virulence in the mice, and this capacity might be related to the survival of this microorganism through the stomach acid barrier.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, a specific strain of S. Enteritidis (SE86) has been identified as the main causative agent of more than 90% of the salmonellosis cases investigated by the Surveillance Service during the last decade. When compared with other Salmonella serovars, this strain has shown a higher acid adaptation capacity when exposed to sublethal acid levels. Since the stomach acid barrier is one of the most important defenses against foodborne pathogens, acid adaptation can be very important for virulence of such microorganisms. This study focused on investigating in vivo the influence of SE86 acid adaptation capability on its pathogenic characteristics to explain why this microorganism is predominantly involved in foodborne salmonellosis in southern Brazil.
PLANT EXTRACTS AS POTENT BIOPRESERVATIVES FOR SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM CONTROL AND QUALITY ENHANCEMENT IN GROUND BEEF
Authors: TAYEL AHMED A. , EL‐TRAS WAEL F. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTPlants are continually the generous source to supply man with valuable bioactive substances. Six plant extracts were evaluated as potential biopreservatives to solve the catastrophe of beef contamination with Salmonella Typhimurium and improve ground beef overall quality. Five of the examined plant extracts exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities, using different assays, against three S. Typhimurium strains. Supplementation of experimentally inoculated beef trimmings with pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and cinnamon bark extract (CBE) resulted in a sharp reduction in bacterial cell counts during storage period for 7 days. Blending of ground beef with the double minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) from PPE or with a combination from PPE and CBE, at their MIC values, completely inhibited S. Typhimurium growth within the first days of storage. All of the examined sensory characteristics, e.g., odor, color and overall quality, were greatly raised subsequent to the supplementation of ground beef with plant extracts.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn addition to their economical and health promoting benefits, the application of plant extracts, as natural and safe biopreservatives, could be highly recommended for the improvement of microbiological and sensory quality of ground beef. The supplementation of ground beef with plant extracts, i.e., PPE and CBE, resulted in the increasing of shelf life up to 7 days and complete inhibition of S. Typhimurium growth in the product. The proposed biopreservative agents and concentrations could be innovatively applied for the preservation of meat products.
ASSESSING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND FOOD HANDLER PRACTICES IN DELICATESSEN SECTIONS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Authors: HUMAN IZANNE SUSAN , LUES RYK 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe interactions between microbiota and food handler practices in the delicatessen sections of a major retail group in the Western Cape were investigated in order to establish possible relationships between food handler practices and microbial contamination. The microbiota analyzed included total viable counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus on hands and aprons of food handlers. Various groups of food handler practices were identified, using a questionnaire, and compared with microbial counts on hands and/or aprons by means of the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Variables were described by means, standard deviations, medians and percentiles. A statistically significant difference occurred with regard to Enterobacteriaceae counts on aprons (P = 0.01) between respondents who had received and those who never had received (1) training in personal hygiene as well as (2) training in general hygiene. In both instances, respondents who had received training proved to have higher Enterobacteriaceae counts on their aprons in particular, and the maximum values of the organism counts were also much higher. Several studies have indicated that although training might bring about an increased knowledge of food safety, this does not always result in a positive change. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of training needs to be addressed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSEnforcement of legislation in itself cannot ensure safe food – there should be commitment from all levels of staff, including management. Media‐based hygiene monitoring requires incubation time for results to be obtained. By the time remedial actions are implemented, customers could already be placed at risk and therefore a need exists for monitoring techniques that could provide results in time for remedial action to be effectively implemented, as well as target microbial values for hands of food handlers and for surfaces.As people from lower economic classes with low education levels are frequently employed as food handlers, a major challenge in the food industry is to motivate food handlers to apply what they have learned regarding food hygiene. Training, including refresher training, is fundamentally important as well as periodic assessments of the effectiveness of training. Routine supervision should be done in order to ensure that procedures are being carried out effectively.
IMPACT OF PROTON: A FOOD HANDLER CERTIFICATION COURSE ON FOOD HANDLERS' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS
Authors: REBELLATO STEVEN , CHOLEWA SCOTT , CHOW JAIME , POON DONNA 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe conducted an evaluation of our food handler certification program, PROTON. Research examined changes in knowledge, attitude and behavior of participants as a result of completing the course. Participants completed a pre‐test assessing the three variables related to food safety at time of registration. One month following the completion of the program, participants completed an identical post‐test. A total of 1,042 pre‐tests and 320 post‐tests were completed. Scores in the pre‐test (6.3/10) and mean score for the post‐test (7.6/10) rendered a mean difference of 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.1 to 1.6; P < 0.0001) demonstrating an increase in knowledge by participants after taking the course. Significant increases for two attitudinal statements related to cross‐contamination and time‐temperature abuse scored high levels of participant agreement. PROTON is successful at positively impacting the knowledge, attitude and behavior of participants toward factors important to food safety, and recommendations for program enhancement are identified.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFrom a program planning perspective, there are a number of implications from this study. It would be useful to revise the program according to the findings so that further positive changes in knowledge, attitude and behavior can be reached. For example, to enhance positive changes, certain parts of the workshop should have greater emphasis on improving skill building opportunities so that food handlers have the practical skills required to complete various safe food handling tasks when in their place of employment. It would also be important to ensure that the program content includes a variety of learning strategies, based on adult‐learning principles, to ensure the content is relevant and acceptable to all participants. Overall, PROTON is an effective food handler education and certification program, and enhancement to the program could increase further positive changes.
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A POLYHEXAMETHYLENE BIGUANIDE‐COATED TEXTILE BY MONITORING BOTH BACTERIAL GROWTH (ISO 20743/2005 STANDARD) AND VIABILITY (LIVE/DEAD BACLIGHT KIT)
Authors: CHADEAU E. , BRUNON C. , DEGRAEVE P. , LEONARD D. , GROSSIORD C. , BESSUEILLE F. , COTTAZ A. , RENAUD F. , FERREIRA I. , DARROUX C. , SIMON F. , RIMBAULT F. , OULAHAL N. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial textiles (65% cotton – 35% polyester) were functionalized using a patented technology that combines an antimicrobial molecule – polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and a precipitating agent – sodium laurylsulphate. Surface characterization was performed by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and both techniques made clear signatures of PHMB at the top surface of treated textiles. Washing led to a strong decrease of PHMB concentration at the surface. Comparison of textile surface analysis and antimicrobial tests indicated that the amount of PHMB at its extreme surface of textiles after five or 10 industrial washings was sufficient to inhibitListeria innocuabut notPseudomonas aeruginosagrowth. The viability ofL. innocuacells after contact with PHMB‐treated textile after one industrial washing was estimated using the Live/Dead BacLight kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR): the combination of epifluorescence microscopy observations coupled with classic enumeration allowed detection of the presence of viable but nonculturable cells.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSProtective clothing is required in the food‐processing industry to protect products from being contaminated by microorganisms carried by workers' clothes or filtration systems. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in the use of antimicrobial functionalized textiles in the food industry to avoid that textiles could be vectors for pathogenic or food spoilage microorganisms. In the present study, the correlation between PHMB (the antimicrobial agent) at the surface of textiles (monitored by surface analysis characterization methods) and their antibacterial activity was assessed. After contact with antimicrobial textiles, the enumeration of bacteria was performed either by plate counting or by direct observation by epifluorescence microscopy in the presence of fluorescent viability markers in order to determine whether viable but nonculturable bacterial cells were present.
Modeling the Negotiation of Newsworthiness
Authors: FOGARTY BRIAN J. 
Published: December 2011

The news product we view each day is formed through negotiations and relationships between members of the press and elected and governmental officials. This negotiation of newsworthiness is inherently a bargaining process. Yet since the process is often hidden and sometimes implicit, it is near impossible for researchers to precisely observe and empirically model how the political news product is created. In this article, I propose a series of bargaining models to gain understanding of the negotiation of newsworthiness between the news media and the government. I establish that even though the government and politicians often have advantages in creating the news, informational control can be mitigated by increasing news outlets’ resources within a dense political news environment. The results provide a formal rationale for when we should and should not expect accountability reporting.Las noticias fabricadas que vemos cada día son producto de negociaciones y relaciones entre miembros de la prensa y oficiales electos y gubernamentales. Esta negociación por la relevancia de cada reportaje es intrínsecamente un proceso de negociación. Sin embargo, este es un proceso frecuentemente oculto y a veces implícito, es casi imposible para los investigadores observar de manera precisa y modelar empíricamente cómo los reportajes políticos fabricados son creados. En este artículo, propongo una serie de modelos de negociación para ganar un mejor entendimiento de la negociación por la relevancia entre la prensa y el gobierno. Establezco que aunque muchas veces la creación de estos reportajes supone una ventaja para el gobierno y los servidores públicos, el control de la información puede ser mitigado por los crecientes recursos de la prensa especializada en cobertura política. Los resultados proveen una base lógica formal para establecer cuando se debe o no esperar un reportaje responsable.
Treatment of HPV Infection‐Associated Cervical Condylomata Acuminata with 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy†
Authors: Wang Hong‐Wei , Zhang Ling‐Lin , Miao Fei , Lv Ting , Wang Xiu‐Li , Huang Zheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated cervical condylomata. A total of 56 patients with cervical and external condylomata lesions were recruited for this open‐label study. HPV genotyping of exfoliated cells collected from the cervix and external lesions was performed. Cervical lesions were treated with PDT by applying ALA gel (10%) to the surface of the cervix for 4 h followed by irradiating with a 635 nm laser at 100 J cm−2. PDT was repeated at 2‐week intervals if lesion and HPV infection remained. Patients were followed up for 6–24 months. Genotyping analysis revealed four HPV subtypes (HPV6, 11, 16 and 18). The overall complete remission rate of 1–4 sessions of treatments was 98.2% and the corresponding HPV clearance rate was 83.9%. Ten cases showed complete removal of cervical lesions and HPV infection after a single treatment. Recurrence rate was 3.6%. Adverse effects were minimal and no structural complications were reported. In conclusion, topical ALA PDT is safe and effective for eradicating cervical HPV infection and eliminating condylomata lesion. Its definitive role in treating cervical condylomata deserves further investigation.
Intra‐abdominal hypertension in horses
Authors: Canola P. A. , Johnson P. J. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryIntra‐abdominal hypertension (IAH) may lead to a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome associated with significant dysfunction of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems of human patients. A recent prospective multicentre epidemiological investigation in man concluded that IAH was associated with an increased risk of mortality in critically ill patients. In this review, we present current information pertaining to the potential clinical importance of IAH in the context of equine clinical practice. In conclusion, consideration of intra‐abdominal pressure should be a part of the clinical assessment of patient well‐being in critically ill equine patients.
The effect of intralesional injection of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow supernatant on collagen fibril size in a surgical model of equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis
Authors: CANIGLIA C. J. , SCHRAMME M. C. , SMITH R. K. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Collagen fibril size is decreased in repair tissue following tendon injury compared to normal tendon matrix in horses. Mesenchymal stem cells have been suggested to promote regeneration of tendon matrix rather than fibrotic repair following injury, although this concept remains unproven.Objectives: To explore the hypothesis that implantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow into a surgically created central core defect in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses would induce the formation of a matrix with greater ultrastructural similarities to tendon matrix than the fibrotic scar tissue formed in control defects.Methods: Tissue was collected 16 weeks after induction of injury and 12 weeks after treatment from normal and injured regions of control and treated limbs of 6 horses and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Collagen fibril diameters were measured manually with image analysis software and surface areas calculated. Three parameters assessed for normal and injured tissue were mass average diameter (MAD), collagen fibril index (CFI) and the area dependent diameter (ADD).Results: Normal regions from both treated and control limbs displayed higher MAD and CFI values, as well as a characteristic bimodal distribution in fibril size. Injured regions from both treated and control limbs displayed significantly lower MAD and CFI values, as well as a unimodal distribution in fibril size. There were no significant differences between treated and control limbs for any of the parameters assessed.Conclusions: Intralesional injection of autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells had no measurable effect on the fibril diameter of collagen in healing tissue in the SDFT of this experimental model 16 weeks after injury.Potential relevance: Favouring matrix regeneration over fibrotic repair may not be the mechanism by which autologous mesenchymal stem cells assist healing of tendon injury.
Does size always matter? Mate choice and sperm allocation in Panulirus guttatus, a highly sedentary, habitat-specialist spiny lobster
Authors: Magallón-Gayón Erika , Briones-Fourzán Patricia , Lozano-Álvarez Enrique 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Spotted spiny lobsters, Panulirus guttatus, are small,
obligate reef-dwellers that exhibit a highly sedentary lifestyle and a low
tendency to aggregate with conspecifics, and that reproduce asynchronously
year-round. Individual females can produce multiple clutches per year but
have a short receptivity per clutch. As in most spiny lobsters, females of
P. guttatus mate only once per clutch and resist
further mating attempts, features that may favour development of female mate
choice but limit the potential for sperm competition. We separately examined
mate choice by large and small mature females through laboratory experiments
that controlled for effects of male–male competition, quality of shelter,
and mere social attraction. Only large females expressed preference for
larger males relative to their own size, suggesting that only large females
that mate with small males risk sperm limitation on fecundity success. In
couples that mated, males deposited rather small, thinly spread
spermatophores on the sterna of females. Spermatophore area (considered as a
proxy measure of sperm content) increased with male size and showed no
relationship with female size, suggesting that males of P.
guttatus have a short sperm-recovery period or do not exhibit
strategic sperm allocation in a non-competitive context. A comparison of
average sperm allocation between P. guttatus and its
sympatric species, P. argus (a much larger, highly mobile,
and highly social species with more seasonal reproductive periods and a
longer receptivity of females per clutch), suggests that males of P.
guttatus allocate proportionally less sperm to females, on
average, than males of P. argus do. According to
predictions of across-species risk models, this result suggests that males
of P. guttatus perceive lower average levels of sperm
competition risk than males of P. argus do, implying that
different Panulirus species may exhibit different mating
strategies in accordance with their particular life-history and
sociobiological traits.
Feathers in the spotless starling nests: a sexually selected trait?
Authors: Veiga José P. , Polo Vicente 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe carrying of feathers to adorn the nest has been recently described as a female behaviour that indicates quality in a passerine bird — the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) —, but the consequences that the variability of this trait may have on breeding success are still unknown. The feather-carrying behaviour is a sexual behaviour that is performed in response to a male display: the carrying of green plants. In this paper we explore whether foreign feathers affect male investment on chick rearing or reinforce the pair mating bonds. The experimental addition of feathers to nests caused an increase in clutch size and a reduction of nestling mortality, although it did not affect feeding rates or the removal of faecal sacs by males or females. Nest feathers did not increase the frequency with which females laid a second clutch in the same nest and with the same male. Thus, our results do not support the sexual selection hypothesis for the evolution of the carrying feathers behaviour. An alternative hypothesis that deserves to be addressed in specifically designed studies is that foreign feathers may be taken to nests as a sort of chemical warfare against nest parasites. The sexual selection and the chemical defence hypotheses are, however, not mutually exclusive and future research should evaluate whether the pre-existence of a behavioural trait arising by natural selection may drive the evolution of a signalling trait.
Age and relatedness have an interactive effect on the feeding behaviour of helpers in cooperatively breeding sociable weavers
Authors: Doutrelant Claire , Dalecky Ambroise , Covas Rita 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In cooperative species, helpers often assist close relatives and kin
selection is thought to be a major selective force underlying the evolution
and maintenance of helping. However, in some cases helpers may be unrelated
individuals, which require other types of explanation. Here, we used genetic
analyses and observations of feeding behaviour to investigate the
relationships between helping at the nest and relatedness in a species where
helpers vary in their relatedness to the breeders, the sociable weaver,
Philetairus socius. We also investigated the effect of
age and breeding group size on feeding behaviour. We found no overall
increase of feeding rate with relatedness. Instead, the relationship between
helpers' feeding rate and relatedness changed with age. Yearling helpers,
which were typically the offspring of one or both parents, did not feed
significantly more often when more related to the nestlings or the breeding
male or female but did bring larger prey when more related to the nestlings
or breeding female. For adult helpers, contrary to the expectations of the
kin selection hypothesis, the feeding rate and the size of the prey brought
was negatively linked to their relatedness to the nestlings and the breeding
female. These results suggest that the reasons for helping in this
population change with age. Indirect benefits seem important for yearling
helpers while direct benefits may influence the evolution and maintenance of
helping behaviour in adult helpers.