bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Item Retrieval and Competition in Noun and Verb Generation: An fMRI Study
Authors: Crescentini Cristiano , Shallice Tim , Macaluso Emiliano 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Selection between competing responses and stimulus-response association strength is thought to affect performance during verb generation. However, the specific contribution of these two processes remains unclear. Here we used fMRI to investigate the role of selection and association within frontal and BG circuits that are known to be involved in verb production. Subjects were asked to generate verbs from nouns in conditions requiring either high or low selection, but with constant association strength, and in conditions of weak or strong association strength, now with constant selection demands. Furthermore, we examined the role of selection and association during noun generation from noun stimuli. We found that the midpart of the left inferior frontal gyrus was more active in conditions requiring high compared with low selection, with matched association strength. The same left inferior frontal region activated irrespective of verb or noun generation. Results of ROI analyses showed effects of association strength only for verb generation and specifically in the anterior/ventral part of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Moreover, the BG were more active when weakly associated verbs had to be produced relative to weakly associated nouns. These results highlight a functional segregation within the left inferior frontal gyrus for verb generation. More generally, the findings suggest that both factors of selection between competing responses and association strength are important during single-word production with the latter factor becoming particularly critical when task-irrelevant stimuli interfere with the current task (here nouns during verb production), triggering additional activation of the BG.
Single-trial EEG Power and Phase Dynamics Associated with Voluntary Response Inhibition
Authors: Yamanaka Kentaro , Yamamoto Yoshiharu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHuman voluntary response inhibition has frequently been investigated using go/no-go RT tasks. Recent studies have indicated that not only the traditional averaging waveforms of EEG activities (ERPs) but also the power and phase dynamics of single-trial EEG are important in studying the neural correlates of various human cognitive functions. Therefore, here, we aimed to undertake a detailed study of the time/frequency power and phase dynamics of single-trial EEG during go/no-go RT tasks, with focus particularly on the no-go-specific power and phase dynamics, which are presumed to involve the voluntary response inhibition processes. Thus, we demonstrated no-go-specific theta band EEG power increases and intertrial phase-locking in the midline-frontal areas, which are related to no-go-specific midline-frontal negative–positive ERP waveforms (no-go N2/no-go P3). In addition, we observed no-go-specific alpha band EEG intertrial phase-locking with an adjacent dephasing phenomenon, which is mainly associated with the early part of no-go N2. The estimated time point when the no-go-specific midline-frontal dephasing phenomenon occurred corresponded to the initial part of the voluntary response inhibition process (decision to withhold). Moreover, the no-go-specific phase dynamics in the midline-frontal areas just before and around the no-go N2 peak latency, unlike the power modulations, were affected by changes in the no-go stimulus probability, suggesting the dependence of only phase dynamics on no-go stimulus probability. From these results, we conclude that the complex power and phase dynamics of the theta and alpha band EEG in the midline-frontal areas are specific to no-go trials, being the underlying bases of the no-go-specific ERP waveforms, and suggest that the phase dynamics just before and around the no-go N2 peak latency may involve, at least, the initial part of the voluntary response inhibition process (decision to withhold).
Disruption of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Facilitates the Consolidation of Procedural Skills
Authors: Galea Joseph M. , Albert Neil B. , Ditye Thomas , Miall R. Chris 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In explicit sequence learning tasks, an improvement in performance (skill) typically occurs after sleep—leading to the recent literature on sleep-dependent motor consolidation. Consolidation can also be facilitated during wakefulness if declarative knowledge for the sequence is reduced through a secondary cognitive task. Accordingly, declarative and procedural consolidation processes appear to mutually interact. Here we used TMS to test the hypothesis that functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that support declarative memory formation indirectly reduce the formation of procedural representations. We hypothesize that disrupting the DLPFC immediately after sequence learning would degrade the retention or the consolidation of the sequence within the declarative memory system and thus facilitate consolidation within procedural memory systems, evident as wakeful off-line skill improvement. Inhibitory theta-burst TMS was applied to the left DLPFC (n = 10), to the right DLPFC (n = 10), or to an occipital cortical control site (n = 10) immediately after training on the serial reaction time task (SRTT). All groups were retested after eight daytime hours without sleep. TMS of either left or right DLPFC lead to skill improvements on the SRTT. Increase in skill was greater following right DLPFC stimulation than left DLPFC stimulation; there was no improvement in skill for the control group. Across all participants, free recall of the sequence was inversely related to the improvements in performance on the SRTT. These results support the hypothesis of interference between declarative and procedural consolidation processes and are discussed in the framework of the interactions between memory systems.
Single-trial fMRI Shows Contralesional Activity Linked to Overt Naming Errors in Chronic Aphasic Patients
Authors: Postman-Caucheteux Whitney Anne , Birn Rasmus M. , Pursley Randall H. , Butman John A. , Solomon Jeffrey M. , Picchioni Dante , McArdle Joe , Braun Allen R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe used fMRI to investigate the roles played by perilesional and contralesional cortical regions during language production in stroke patients with chronic aphasia. We applied comprehensive psycholinguistic analyses based on well-established models of lexical access to overt picture-naming responses which were evaluated using a single trial design that permitted distinction between correct and incorrect responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Although both correct and incorrect naming responses were associated with left-sided perilesional activation, incorrect responses were selectively associated with robust right-sided contralesional activity. Most notably, incorrect responses elicited overactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus that was not observed in the contrasts for patients' correct responses or for responses of age-matched control subjects. Errors were produced at slightly later onsets than accurate responses and comprised predominantly semantic paraphasias and omissions. Both types of errors were induced by pictures with greater numbers of alternative names, and omissions were also induced by pictures with late acquired names. These two factors, number of alternative names per picture and age of acquisition, were positively correlated with activation in left and right inferior frontal gyri in patients as well as control subjects. These results support the hypothesis that some right frontal activation may normally be associated with increasing naming difficulty, but in patients with aphasia, right frontal overactivation may reflect ineffective effort when left hemisphere perilesional resources are insufficient. They also suggest that contralesional areas continue to play a role—dysfunctional rather than compensatory—in chronic aphasic patients who have experienced a significant degree of recovery.
Seeing is Believing: On the Relative Priority of Visual and Verbal Perception of the Divine
Authors: Savran George 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn comparing the modes of perception of the divine in the Bible, one finds a clear preference for hearing the word of God. The idea of seeing God in a variety of different manifestations is noticeably present, but is generally seen as less important than auditory perception. In theophany narratives this is often expressed in the order of events—a visual manifestation is followed by some spoken word of God. However, in a number of cases where seeing and hearing are both present, seeing is presented as the preferable mode. This dynamic is explored in three texts. In Exod. 24:1-11 seeing is contrasted with the reading of the Book of the Covenant to the people in order to bring out the superior nature of the experience of Moses, Aaron, Nadab, Abihu and the seventy elders. In Num. 22 Balaam first hears from God twice in night auditions, but seeing the angel of the Lord in a daytime manifestation brings home the message to him in a way that the spoken word did not. In a somewhat different fashion, Job's ideas about seeing God are contrasted with the attitude of the friends toward direct revelation. This distinction points to the significance of his statement in 42:5 about the superiority of seeing God to hearing. Job's statement here is not intended to describe a vision of God, but rather an appreciation of the perspective of the divine which Job did not possess prior to the whirlwind theophany.
Reading the Sotah Text (Numbers 5:11-31): Holiness and a Hermeneutic Fit for Suspicion
Authors: Briggs Richard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe sotah text of Num. 5:11-31 is a striking and ethically problematic passage concerned with a husband's jealousy and suspicion of his wife for adultery either real or imagined. It is argued that despite frequent labelling to the contrary, it is actually a passage about jealousy rather than adultery per se, and that historical-critical attempts to locate the described ritual in its ancient Near Eastern context are inconclusive with regard to substantial matters of interpretation. Various strategies for handling the ethical dimensions of the text are explored, including gender-specific and symbolic angles of approach. These are considered to be of limited value. The ethical issues presented by the text are then discussed with regard to its present canonical location in the book of Numbers. It is argued that owing to a unique combination of factors, an expected reading of the sotah text in its canonical context is one which is suspicious of the suspicion described in the passage. Some hermeneutical dimensions of this analysis are evaluated with a view to the wider question concerning theologically problematic passages in scripture.
Ideologies of Male Beauty and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Macwilliam Stuart 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt might be expected that expressions of male beauty in the Hebrew Bible symbolise power, prestige and divine favour, in contrast to those of female beauty, which operates as the object of male desire and often expresses vulnerability. In this queer theoretical study of the use of the word when applied to men, it is argued that, contrary to the assumptions of successive (male) readers and commentators, such a binary distinction is subverted within the text itself. Of the three main examples of applied to named men in the Hebrew Bible, Joseph's beauty denotes vulnerability as much as divine favour, David's undercuts a conventional notion that male beauty=muscle and Absalom's is used to underscore his rôle as a tragic figure, who pays the price of David's failings.
Natural history of the New Caledonian whiptailed skink Tropidoscincus variabilis (Bavay, 1869) (Squamata: Scincidae)
Authors: Shea Glenn , Jourdan Hervé , Sadlier Ross , Bauer Aaron 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Tropidoscincus variabilis is a medium-sized, long-limbed and long-tailed
skink from New Caledonia with strong ontogenetic change in coloration,
juveniles being very brightly coloured. It is primarily an inhabitant of
forested habitats, but also occurs in maquis heathlands. Mature females are
similar in size to mature males, but have proportionally longer bodies and
shorter heads and limbs, and a less brightly orange venter. Body length
(axilla-groin length) increases in positive allometry to snout-vent length
(SVL), while limb lengths and head length increase in negative allometry to
SVL (except in males, where limb length increases isometrically). Head width
and depth increase in positive allometry to head length, while tail length
increases in isometry with SVL. Reproduction is seasonal in both sexes, with
gonadal cycles peaking in late spring. Females lay 2-4 eggs in summer, and
young hatch in late summer. More than one year of growth is required to
attain maturity. Diet consists of a wide range of invertebrates,
particularly arthropods, and with large numbers of spiders and crickets.
Juveniles eat more spiders, bugs and isopods than adults. The long limbs and
ontogenetic change in coloration of this species are not explained by its
known biology.
Biogeography of Chilean herpetofauna: distributional patterns of species richness and endemism
Authors: Vidal Marcela A. , Soto Eduardo R. , Veloso Alberto 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We analyze the geographic distribution pattern of Chilean amphibian and
reptile species between 18°20′S (Arica) to 56°S (Magellanic Area) by the
identification of centers of higher richness and endemism and we infer the
biological processes that could have promoted these patterns from a
biogeographic point of view, comparing our results with the present location
of National Parks found in the National System of State Wildlife Protected
Areas. Our results provide evidence that richness and endemism shows clear
latitudinal trends along Chile, with highest values at mid-latitudes (31°S
to 44°S). Five areas of endemism for phenetic analysis and six for PAE
(Parsimony analysis of endemism) were found that agree with bioclimatic
boundaries. We suggest that the richness and endemism patterns registered
for Chilean herpetological taxa may be explained by an historical mechanism,
in accordance with previous biogeographical proposals. To improve the
conservation efforts for amphibians and reptiles we suggest inclusion of new
protected areas at the regional level for the Mediterranean region of
south-central Chile and for local northern and southern quadrats with high
species richness and endemism.
Description of two new species from Venezuela in the highly diverse dipsadine genus Atractus (Serpentes: Colubridae)
Authors: Passos Paulo , Fuenmayor Gilson Rivas , Barrio-Amorós Cesar 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two new species of Atractus are described from Venezuela uplands and
highlands on two northern Andean cordilleras. Atractus acheronius, known
only from Sierra de Perijá, can be distinguished from congeners by having 17
dorsal scale rows, presence of preocular scales, seven upper and lower
labials, seven maxillary teeth, 166 ventrals in the single female, 23
subcaudals, dorsum brown with small dark brown dots, large body size, huge
body diameter, and small tail size. Atractus multidentatus, known only from
north versant of the Cordillera de Mérida, can be distinguished from
congeners by having 17 dorsal scale rows, eight upper and lower labials, 18
maxillary teeth, 153 ventrals in the single female, nine subcaudals, dorsum
reddish brown with five longitudinal dark brown stripes, small body size,
small body diameter, and small tail size. Additionally, a discussion
concerning the species description of Atractus based on unique specimens is
provided.
Biogeographical patterns derived from remote sensing variables: the amphibians and reptiles of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Sillero  , Brito  , Skidmore  , Toxopeus  
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The biogeographic patterns in species density of herptiles were analysed in
the Iberian Peninsula. Geoclimatic regions were identified using a PCA.
Individual habitat suitability (HS) models for 23 amphibians and 35 reptiles
at 10 × 10 km scale were calculated with ENFA, using 12 environmental
factors established with Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The species
presence proportion in each geoclimatic region was calculated through a
cross-tabulation between each potential occurrence model and the geoclimatic
regions. Species chorotypes were determined through Hierarchical Cluster
Analysis using Jaccard's index as association measure and by the analysis of
marginality and tolerance factors from individual HS models. Predicted
species density maps were calculated for each geoclimatic region. Probable
under-sampled areas were estimated through differences between the predicted
species density maps and observed (Gap analysis). The selected PCA
components divided the Iberian Peninsula in two major geoclimatic regions
largely corresponding to the Atlantic and Mediterranean climates. The
Jaccard's index clustered herptiles in two main taxonomic groups, with
distribution similar to the Atlantic and Mediterranean geoclimatic regions
(7 amphibian + 13 reptile species in three Atlantic subgroups and 16
amphibian + 22 reptile species in four Mediterranean subgroups). Marginality
and tolerance factor scores identified species groups of herptile
specialists and generalists. The highest observed and predicted species
density areas were broadly located in identical regions. Predicted gaps are
located in north-western, north-east and central Iberia. RS is a useful tool
for biogeographical studies, as it provides consistent environmental data
from large areas with high accuracy.
Post-Mortem Existence and Resurrection of the Body in Paul
Authors: Sumney Jerry 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhen read in both their broader historical and epistolary contexts 1 Corinthians 15, 2 Corinthians 4-5, 1 Thessalonians 4, and Philippians 1 suggest that Paul thinks most people (including believers) cease to exist at death. Martyrs and others of exceptional faithfulness (including apostles who die for the faith) may be exceptions to this general rule and thus possess a limited existence with God before the parousia. Paul does not seem to envision any sort of conscious or even unconscious intermediate state for most people who have died. They simply await the parousia to receive life with the resurrection body that is patterned after the body of the resurrected Christ. This is the form of existence that God intends for humans and that is appropriate for human fulfillment. Embodiment is an essential aspect of this full existence for Paul.
The Specter of Exile in the Story of Jonah
Authors: Downs David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFocusing particularly on elements of spatial setting in the narrative, this essay explores the ways in which memories of exile haunt the story of Jonah. While Jonah is not a book about exile, the traumatic experience of expatriation and captivity casts a spectral shadow across Jonah's narrative. At the same time, intimations of God's openness towards Israel's enemies—even those ultimately responsible for the violent deportation from the land—reflect a strand of Jewish discourse with a markedly positive view of the nations. Violent nationalism, either that of Israel or that of its oppressors, is not allowed the final word in Jonah, in spite of the frightening reality of exile that serves as the subtext for both Jonah and much of the biblical literature.
Where Has Yahweh Gone? Reclaiming Unsavory Images of God in New Testament Studies
Authors: Metzger James 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is argued that recent publications in New Testament Studies, including those deploying its most progressive reading strategies, betray a strong predilection for an omnibenevolent, just, compassionate deity who does not offend our sensibilities. Given the rich, variegated profusion of alternative representations of the deity in the Hebrew Bible, a primary intertext for scholars constructing God in the New Testament writings, it is surprising that so few of these portraits are ever invoked or seriously engaged, which suggests a proclivity to religionism in the discipline. After delineating several benefits of the Bible's unsavory portrayals of God and disadvantages to today's fashionable deity of love, mercy, and justice, it is proposed that a broadening of our intertextual repertoire to include unflattering representations of the divine might open up new avenues in our hermeneutical explorations.
Quasi-Stationary, Extreme-Rain-Producing Convective Systems Associated with Midlevel Cyclonic Circulations
Authors: Schumacher Russ S. , Johnson Richard H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This study identifies and examines the common characteristics of several nocturnal midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed near mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) or cutoff lows. All of these MCSs were organized into convective clusters or lines that exhibited back-building behavior, remained nearly stationary for 6–12 h, and produced locally excessive rainfall (greater than 200 mm in 12 h) that led to substantial flash flooding. Examination of individual events and composite analysis reveals that the MCSs formed in thermodynamic environments characterized by very high relative humidity at low levels, moderate convective available potential energy (CAPE), and very little convective inhibition (CIN). In each case, the presence of a strong low-level jet (LLJ) and weak midlevel winds led to a pronounced reversal of the wind shear vector with height. Most of the MCSs formed without any front or preexisting surface boundary in the vicinity, though weak boundaries were apparent in two of the cases. Lifting and destabilization associated with the interaction between the LLJ and the midlevel circulation assisted in initiating and maintaining the slow-moving MCSs. Based on the cases analyzed in this study and past events described in the literature, a conceptual model of the important processes that lead to extreme rainfall near midlevel circulations is presented.
Reproductive Abnormalities in Trout from Western U.S. National Parks
Authors: Schwindt Adam R. , Kent Michael L. , Ackerman Luke K. , Simonich Staci L. Massey , Landers Dixon H. , Blett Tamara , Schreck Carl B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReproductive disruption is well documented in polluted areas, such as below sewage treatment plants, but not in ecologically protected environments, such as national parks. In a majority of subalpine lakes sampled in Rocky Mountain and Glacier National parks, we observed intersex male cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at frequencies of 9‐33%. Intersexuality, one form of reproductive disruption, is the presence of both male and female reproductive structures in the same animal. Male cutthroat trout, rainbow trout O. mykiss, and brook trout from these parks also produced elevated levels of the estrogen‐responsive protein vitellogenin, another indicator of reproductive disruption. We did not find reproductive abnormalities in national parks of the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Olympics, Brooks, or Alaska ranges. To determine whether gonad abnormalities were evident in mountain ecosystems before the production of organic pollutants, we sampled various species of the family Salmonidae collected from the preorganic pollutant era (pre‐1930s). In these museum collections, we observed intersex male greenback cutthroat trout O. clarkii stomias collected in the late 1800s from Twin Lakes, Colorado, in the Rocky Mountains. Our current results suggest that reproductive disruption is occurring in some national parks. The abnormalities were observed in remote, high‐elevation locations, suggesting that they might have resulted from airborne contaminants. Our observation of intersex greenback cutthroat trout from the late 1800s suggests that organic pollutants are not the only factors inducing reproductive disruption. The causes and population‐level consequences of reproductive disruption in these lakes remain to be determined.