bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of the ternary compound γ-Al3FeSi
Authors: Roger Jérome , Jeanneau Erwann , Viala J. C. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Ternary iron silicide aluminide γ-Al3FeSi crystals were grown from two Al—Fe—Si melts quenched in cold water. The crystal structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray data: trigonal symmetry, space group R-3 (n°148), unit cell parameters a = 10.2223(2) Å, c = 19.6791(4) Å (V = 1781 Å3) for the Si-poorer crystal and a = 10.1987(2) Å, c = 19.5320(3) Å (V = 1759 Å3) for the Si-richer one. The structure of γ-Al3FeSi may be described in terms of Al-cubes connected together by Al—Al pairs. The structure contains also Al cuboctaedra with one Fe—Al mixed atom in the center. The average chemical formula obtained from the refinements is Al3FeSi. This phase shows a partial disorder on the aluminium network because of the substitution of aluminum atoms by silicon. This substitution mechanism is at the origin of the large homogeneity range of this phase.
Adverse Drug Events Related to Ziprasidone: A Meta‐analysis of Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Harrington Catherine A. , English Clayton 
Published: August 2011

Study Objective. To assess the drug‐related risk of adverse events associated with ziprasidone.Design. Meta‐analysis of 19 randomized, placebo‐controlled trials.Patients. A total of 4132 adults taking oral ziprasidone who had adverse‐event data reported in the studies identified.Measurements and Main Results. A systematic review (January 1996‐October 2010) was conducted by using the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases to identify Cochrane reviews, controlled clinical trials, meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews; studies were limited to those published in English and those conducted in humans. The www.ClinicalTrials.gov Web site was also searched for ziprasidone studies. A total of 887 citations were reviewed; 31 articles met the criteria for inclusion, of which 19 were included in the final analysis. Data were combined for the meta‐analysis by using the Mantel‐Haenszel method, random‐effects model at 95% confidence. The overall rate of treatment‐emergent adverse events for ziprasidone was 73% compared with 60% for patients receiving placebo (p<0.0001). Adverse events with the greatest frequency included somnolence (21%), extrapyramidal symptoms (13%), headache (13%), insomnia (11%) and respiratory disorders (10%). Adverse events with highest risk, evaluated by using the risk difference (RD) summary statistic (adverse events due to the drug itself and not the placebo effect), were somnolence (RD 14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7–21), extrapyramidal symptoms (RD 6, 95% CI 1–10), asthenia (RD 5, 95% CI 1–8), weight gain (RD 4, 95% CI 2–7), dizziness (RD 4, 95% CI 2–6), and dyspepsia (RD 4, 95% CI 1–6). Adverse events reported but likely not caused by ziprasidone included headache (RD 0, 95% CI −–3), QTc interval greater than 480 msec (RD 0, 95% CI −1–1), diarrhea (RD 0, 95% CI −–2, and abdominal pain (RD 0, CI −–2).Conclusion. Ziprasidone use increased the risk of 18 specific adverse events when compared with placebo. Small reductions in risk for insomnia, pain, and agitation are likely among patients with schizophrenia but not those with bipolar disorder. The results of the study are limited by the concomitant use of other drugs allowed during the trials, underreporting of adverse events in the clinical trials, and the short length of the trials (most 3–6 wks).
Destructive Membranous Periodontal Disease (Ligneous Gingivitis): A Literature Review
Authors: Sivolella Stefano , De Biagi Marleen , Sartori Maria Teresa , Berengo Mario , Bressan Eriberto 
Published: August 2011

Background: Destructive membranous periodontal disease, or ligneous gingivitis, is a rare condition involving nodular gingival enlargement with ulceration and periodontal tissue destruction. This review gives a brief account of the cases reported in the literature. An effort is also made to define the periodontal disease caused by plasminogen deficiency with a view to its potential inclusion in the classification of periodontal diseases.Methods: A MEDLINE/PubMed and manual search was conducted to find papers describing ≥1 case of ligneous disease involving the oral mucosa.Results: We identified 23 articles reporting 35 cases. For each patient, we analyzed various characteristics, including age, sex, age of onset, oral symptoms, histologic features, plasminogen levels (functional activity, plasma antigen), genetic features, treatment, and results of treatment during the reported follow‐up.Conclusions: Ligneous gingivitis is a rare periodontal disorder closely associated with ligneous conjunctivitis and plasminogen deficiency. Its diagnosis may be supported by the finding of genetic mutations responsible for the condition. Research is focusing on the future development of an effective therapy capable of arresting the destructive evolution of the disease. Additional studies, investigating features such as probing depth and attachment loss, are needed for the appropriate classification of this periodontal disease.
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke: A Source of Lead Exposure in US Children and Adolescents
Authors: Apostolou Andria , Garcia-Esquinas Esther , Fadrowski Jeffrey J. , McLain, RN Pat , Weaver Virginia M. , Navas-Acien Ana 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and blood lead levels in US children and adolescents. Methods. We analyzed data from 6830 participants aged 3–19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004) who were not active smokers and for whom SHS exposure information and blood lead measurements were available. Results. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest quartile of serum cotinine (≥ 0.44 μg/L) had 28% (95% confidence interval = 21%, 36%) higher blood lead levels than had those in the lowest quartile (< 0.03 μg/L). Similarly, blood lead levels were 14% and 24% higher in children who lived with 1 or with 2 or more smokers, respectively, than they were in children living with no smokers. Among participants for whom lead dust information was available, the associations between SHS and blood lead levels were similar before and after adjustment for lead dust concentrations. Conclusions. SHS may contribute to increased blood lead levels in US children. Lead dust does not appear to mediate this association, suggesting inhalation as a major pathway of exposure. Eliminating SHS exposure could reduce lead exposure in children.
Decline in the Cumulative Incidence of Severe Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kytö Janne P. , Harjutsalo Valma , Forsblom Carol , Hietala Kustaa , Summanen Paula A. , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the cumulative incidence of severe retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes has changed.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study looked at 3,781 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (1939–2005), median age at onset 13 (interquartile range [IQR] 9–21) years, and duration of diabetes 19 (IQR 13–27) years. The severe retinopathy was based on a history of laser treatment. Patients were divided into &lt;1975, 1975–1979, 1980–1984, and ≥1985 cohorts according to the diagnosis of diabetes.

RESULTS
The cumulative incidence of severe retinopathy has declined (P &lt; 0.0001). After 20 years of duration, the cumulative incidence was 23% (95% CI 21–25) and 33 (30–35) in the earliest cohorts, 18 (15–21) in the next cohort, and 6 (4–9) in the recent cohort. After 30 years, the cumulative incidence was 52 and 48% in the earliest cohorts, while it was 62% after 40 years in the earliest cohort.

CONCLUSIONS
The cumulative incidence of severe retinopathy has declined in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Household Income and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in U.S. Children and Young Adults
Authors: Ali Mohammed K. , Bullard Kai McKeever , Beckles Gloria L. , Stevens Mark R. , Barker Lawrence , Venkat Narayan K.M. , Imperatore Giuseppina 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the cardiovascular risk profile of youths across socioeconomic groups in the U.S.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Analysis of 1999–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) including 16,085 nonpregnant 6- to 24-year-olds to estimate race/ethnicity-adjusted prevalence of obesity, central obesity, sedentary behaviors, tobacco exposure, elevated systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, non-HDL cholesterol (non–HDL-C), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein according to age-group, sex, and poverty-income ratio (PIR) tertiles.

RESULTS
Among boys aged 6–11 years, 19.9% in the lowest PIR tertile were obese and 30.0% were centrally obese compared with 13.2 and 21.6%, respectively, in the highest-income tertile households (Pobesity &lt; 0.05 and Pcentral obesity &lt; 0.01). Boys aged 12–17 years in lowest-income households were more likely than their wealthiest family peers to be obese (20.6 vs. 15.6%, P &lt; 0.05), sedentary (14.8 vs. 9.3%, P &lt; 0.05), and exposed to tobacco (19.0 vs. 6.5%, P &lt; 0.01). Compared with girls aged 12–17 years in highest-income households, lowest-income household girls had higher prevalence of obesity (17.9 vs. 13.1%, P &lt; 0.05), central obesity (41.5 vs. 29.2%, P &lt; 0.01), sedentary behaviors (20.4 vs. 9.4%, P &lt; 0.01), and tobacco exposure (14.1 vs. 5.9%, P &lt; 0.01). Apart from higher prevalence of elevated non–HDL-C among low-income women aged 18–24 years (23.4 vs. 15.8%, P &lt; 0.05), no other cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence differences were observed between lowest- and highest-income background young adults.

CONCLUSIONS
Independent of race/ethnicity, 6- to 17-year-olds from low-income families have higher prevalence of obesity, central obesity, sedentary behavior, and tobacco exposure. Multifaceted cardiovascular health promotion policies are needed to reduce health disparities between income groups.
Xylem function and climate adaptation in Pinus
Authors: Creese Chris , Benscoter Allison M. , Maherali Hafiz 
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the Study: The distribution of species is determined in part by their functional traits. One important function is the ability of xylem to supply water to leaves and withstand water‐stress‐induced cavitation. These hydraulic traits are hypothesized to have evolved in response to selection by precipitation and temperature.• Methods: We grew 26 species in the genus Pinus in a common environment and used phylogenetic comparative methods to examine whether the evolution of seedling hydraulic and wood density traits were associated with the climate of the extant geographic range of the species. We also examined whether these traits were correlated with each other, with integrated water‐use efficiency (WUE), and with plant growth.• Key Results: Contrary to predictions from a hydraulic model, we found no association between stem hydraulic conductivity (KS) and precipitation, even though there was substantial variation for KS in the genus. Nevertheless, KS was positively correlated with temperature, plant biomass, and WUE. Wood density was infrequently associated with climate or correlated with other traits except for plant biomass.• Conclusions: Reduced KS in cold climates, if associated with reduced conduit diameter, likely evolved to increase resistance to freezing‐induced xylem cavitation. The absence of a KS–precipitation relationship among Pinus seedlings suggests that associations between hydraulic traits and precipitation found in adult trees arise through plastic responses to moisture availability and/or develop over ontogeny. The weak association among wood density, climate, and other traits suggest that this trait does not contribute to climate adaptation in Pinus.
A set of microsatellite primers for Zostera japonica (Zosteraceae)
Authors: Jiang Kai , Gao Hui , Xu Na‐Na , Tsang Eric Po Keung , Chen Xiao‐Yong 
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite primers were developed in the seagrass Zostera japonica to investigate genetic variation and to identify clonal structure.• Methods and Results: Thirteen polymorphic loci and 23 monomorphic loci were developed in Z. japonica. Two to 13 alleles per locus were observed at the polymorphic loci across 57 individuals of two Z. japonica populations. The observed and expected heterozygosities within populations ranged from 0.0000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0000 to 0.8542, respectively.• Conclusions: Our study showed high‐level polymorphism at the polymorphic loci in Z. japonica. These primers would be a powerful tool to study genetic variation, clonal structure, and mating systems.
La parole et l'étreinte
Authors: Assoun Paul-Laurent 
Published: August 2011

Comment la sexualité se parle-t-elle dans le couple qu’elle unit de façon si impérieuse et précaire à la fois ? Le paradoxe est que, d’une part, l’union des corps rend la parole superflue et que, d’autre part, l’amour tient au signifiant chez les êtres parlants. Parler de sa sexualité pour un couple ne se décrète pas. Dans l’après-acte se rétablit, au-delà du réel de l’étreinte, la séparation des êtres parlants. La sexualité n’est donc pas qu’un registre relationnel ou communicationnel. Ainsi se dessine un savoir de l’inconscient qui ne ferait pas fi de l’impossible du rapport sexuel, sauf à parler de « lit de plein emploi » – entre-deux du « parlêtre » et du corps. Il s’agit ici d’en suivre la dialectique, des effets divisants de la parole à la réconciliation sur l’oreiller , de la sujétion sexuelle à l’éloignement, les figures de la crise imposant traumatiquement une parole d’éveil.
Éducation à la vie affective et sexuelle à l'école
Authors: Lebas Isabelle 
Published: August 2011

EDUCATION ON AFFECTIVE AND SEXUAL LIFE AT SCHOOL The French education system circular 2003 recomends three yearly sessions of education on affective and sex life in schools. While such sessions are increasingly being organised in response to a media buzz, now is perhaps the time to look back at their original justification and see how nowadays they can have meaning for young people. The author, who is a marital and family guidance counsellor responsible for this type of intervention, shows, with a few supporting examples, the significance of the background, the time devoted and the ability to listen for dialogue and joint thinking on this issue to be initiated.
La brèche
Authors: Bancel Nicolas 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Jusqu’au début des années 2000, l’héritage des dispositions juridiques et morales qui avaient suivi la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale – telle la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’Homme en 1948 - explique une certaine retenue quant à la stigmatisation des populations minoritaires présentes en France, certaines d’entre elles ayant été décimées par le nazisme. Aujourd’hui, la mise en cause explicite de « groupe cibles » par le discours public peut être considérée comme une brèche.
Littérature et postcolonialismes
Authors: Moura Jean-Marc 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Boudée un temps par l’enseignement universitaire hexagonal, la perspective postcoloniale renouvelle la compréhension du champ littéraire contemporain. Elle vise autant l’étude des œuvres qui sont le produit d’une situation coloniale que celles qui, en palliant les béances de l’histoire, tentent de transmettre une mémoire qui excède les récits officiels. Face à une multiplicité de contextes historiques et linguistiques, l’approche postcoloniale est avant tout comparatiste et réflexive : elle dit toujours le lieu depuis lequel elle parle.
Traces littéraires des minorités postcoloniales en France
Authors: Hargreaves Alec G. 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Les écrivains français nés de parents immigrés des (ex)colonies souffrent d’un manque chronique de visibilité. Délaissés par les institutions universitaires et la critique littéraire françaises, ils sont victimes des maux qu’ils dénoncent et qui rongent la société française : assignation identitaire, inégalités de traitement. De la génération « beur » dans les années 1980 à celle des « banlieues » aujourd’hui, leur soif d’insertion s’est heurtée à la réalité des discriminations. Dans leurs œuvres, la désillusion côtoie une analyse lucide des préjugés postcoloniaux.
Noirs et Blancs en couleurs
Authors: Eades Caroline 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Le cinéma français s’intéresse de manière régulière à la période coloniale depuis la fin de l’Empire français. Dès les années 1950, la référence à la colonisation dans un film est apparue comme un motif lourd de sens et de jeux de pouvoirs. La réactivation des traces de ce passé n’est jamais anodine. Cette mémoire reconstruite en images indique toujours sa nature : parcellaire, tronquée. Mais son rôle est ambigu. Elle peut renvoyer selon les cas à une volonté de perpétuer des stéréotypes ou au désir de témoigner d’une revanche sur l’histoire.
À la recherche d'une révolte postcoloniale
Authors: Sauvadet Thomas 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Novembre 2005, à l’instar de nombreux quartiers populaires de l’hexagone, une cité du Sud de Paris est agitée par les émeutes urbaines. Pour la plupart entre 15 et 20 ans, les émeutiers font partie de cette jeunesse « de rue » qui grandit à l’ombre des barres d’immeubles. Volonté de contester un ordre social qui les discrimine, désir de vengeance à l’encontre de certains voisins qui ne cachent pas leur racisme, les motivations de ces enfants de la cité sont diverses.
Low-Dose Antigen Promotes Induction of FOXP3 in Human CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Long S. Alice , Rieck Mary , Tatum Megan , Bollyky Paul L. , Wu Rebecca P. , Muller Isabelle , Ho Jhon-Chun , Shilling Heather G. , Buckner Jane H. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Low Ag dose promotes induction and persistence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice, yet few studies have addressed the role of Ag dose in the induction of adaptive CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs in humans. To this end, we examined the level of FOXP3 expression in human CD4+CD25− T cells upon activation with autologous APCs and varying doses of peptide. Ag-specific T cells expressing FOXP3 were identified by flow cytometry using MHC class II tetramer (Tmr). We found an inverse relationship between Ag dose and the frequency of FOXP3+ cells for both foreign Ag-specific and self Ag-specific T cells. Through studies of FOXP3 locus demethylation and helios expression, we determined that variation in the frequency of Tmr+FOXP3+ T cells was not due to expansion of natural Tregs, but instead, we found that induction, proliferation, and persistence of FOXP3+ cells was similar in high- and low-dose cultures, whereas proliferation of FOXP3− T cells was favored in high Ag dose cultures. The frequency of FOXP3+ cells positively correlated with suppressive function, indicative of adaptive Treg generation. The frequency of FOXP3+ cells was maintained with IL-2, but not upon restimulation with Ag. Together, these data suggest that low Ag dose favors the transient generation of human Ag-specific adaptive Tregs over the proliferation of Ag-specific FOXP3− effector T cells. These adaptive Tregs could function to reduce ongoing inflammatory responses and promote low-dose tolerance in humans, especially when Ag exposure and tolerance is transient.
The Role of Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Protease-3 in Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway
Authors: Iwaki Daisuke , Kanno Kazuko , Takahashi Minoru , Endo Yuichi , Matsushita Misao , Fujita Teizo 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are responsible for activation of the lectin complement pathway. Three types of MASPs (MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3) are complexed with MBL and ficolins in serum. Although MASP-1 and MASP-2 are known to contribute to complement activation, the function of MASP-3 remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of MASP-3 activation and its substrate using the recombinant mouse MASP-3 (rMASP-3) and several different types of MASP-deficient mice. A proenzyme rMASP-3 was obtained that was not autoactivated during preparation. The recombinant enzyme was activated by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of MBL-A, but not MBL-C. In vivo studies revealed the phagocytic activities of MASP-1/3–deficient mice and all MASPs (MASP-1/2/3)–deficient mice against S. aureus and bacterial clearance in these mice were lower than those in wild-type and MASP-2–deficient mice. Sera from all MASPs-deficient mice showed significantly lower C3 deposition activity on the bacteria compared with that of wild-type serum, and addition of rMASP-3 to the deficient serum restored C3 deposition. The low C3 deposition in sera from all MASPs-deficient mice was probably caused by the low level factor B activation that was ameliorated by the addition of rMASP-3. Furthermore, rMASP-3 directly activated factors B and D in vitro. These results suggested that MASP-3 complexed with MBL is converted to an active form by incubation with bacterial targets, and that activated MASP-3 triggered the initial activation step of the alternative complement pathway.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiling and Mutagenesis Studies Reveal that Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness Appears To Be Absolutely Dependent on TLR4 and MD-2 Expression and Is Dependent upon Intermolecular Ionic Interactions
Authors: Meng Jianmin , Gong Mei , Björkbacka Harry , Golenbock Douglas T. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Lipid A (a hexaacylated 1,4′ bisphosphate) is a potent immune stimulant for TLR4/MD-2. Upon lipid A ligation, the TLR4/MD-2 complex dimerizes and initiates signal transduction. Historically, studies also suggested the existence of TLR4/MD-2–independent LPS signaling. In this article, we define the role of TLR4 and MD-2 in LPS signaling by using genome-wide expression profiling in TLR4- and MD-2–deficient macrophages after stimulation with peptidoglycan-free LPS and synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A. Of the 1396 genes significantly induced or repressed by any one of the treatments in the wild-type macrophages, none was present in the TLR4- or MD-2–deficient macrophages, confirming that the TLR4/MD-2 complex is the only receptor for endotoxin and that both are required for responses to LPS. Using a molecular genetics approach, we investigated the mechanism of TLR4/MD-2 activation by combining the known crystal structure of TLR4/MD-2 with computer modeling. According to our murine TLR4/MD-2–activation model, the two phosphates on lipid A were predicted to interact extensively with the two positively charged patches on mouse TLR4. When either positive patch was abolished by mutagenesis into Ala, the responses to LPS and lipid A were nearly abrogated. However, the MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways were impaired to the same extent, indicating that the adjuvant activity of monophosphorylated lipid A most likely arises from its decreased potential to induce an active receptor complex and not more downstream signaling events. Hence, we concluded that ionic interactions between lipid A and TLR4 are essential for optimal LPS receptor activation.