bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring the History of Interchromosomal Gene Transposition in Drosophila Using n-Dimensional Parsimony
Authors: Han Mira V , Hahn Matthew W 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Gene transposition puts a new gene copy in a novel genomic environment. Moreover, genes moving between the autosomes and the X chromosome experience change in several evolutionary parameters. Previous studies of gene transposition have not utilized the phylogenetic framework that becomes possible with the availability of whole genomes from multiple species. Here we used parsimonious reconstruction on the genomic distribution of gene families to analyze interchromosomal gene transposition in Drosophila. We identified 782 genes that have moved chromosomes within the phylogeny of 10 Drosophila species, including 87 gene families with multiple independent movements on different branches of the phylogeny. Using this large catalog of transposed genes, we detected accelerated sequence evolution in duplicated genes that transposed when compared to the parental copy at the original locus. We also observed a more refined picture of the biased movement of genes from the X chromosome to the autosomes. The bias of X-to-autosome movement was significantly stronger for RNA-based movements than for DNA-based movements, and among DNA-based movements there was an excess of genes moving onto the X chromosome as well. Genes involved in female-specific functions moved onto the X chromosome while genes with male-specific functions moved off the X. There was a significant overrepresentation of proteins involving chromosomal function among transposed genes, suggesting that genetic conflict between sexes and among chromosomes may be a driving force behind gene transposition in Drosophila.
Fixation Probability in a Two-Locus Model by the Ancestral Recombination–Selection Graph
Authors: Lessard Sabin , Kermany Amir R 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We use the ancestral influence graph (AIG) for a two-locus, two-allele selection model in the limit of a large population size to obtain an analytic approximation for the probability of ultimate fixation of a single mutant allele A. We assume that this new mutant is introduced at a given locus into a finite population in which a previous mutant allele B is already segregating with a wild type at another linked locus. We deduce that the fixation probability increases as the recombination rate increases if allele A is either in positive epistatic interaction with B and allele B is beneficial or in no epistatic interaction with B and then allele A itself is beneficial. This holds at least as long as the recombination fraction and the selection intensity are small enough and the population size is large enough. In particular this confirms the Hill–Robertson effect, which predicts that recombination renders more likely the ultimate fixation of beneficial mutants at different loci in a population in the presence of random genetic drift even in the absence of epistasis. More importantly, we show that this is true from weak negative epistasis to positive epistasis, at least under weak selection. In the case of deleterious mutants, the fixation probability decreases as the recombination rate increases. This supports Muller’s ratchet mechanism to explain the accumulation of deleterious mutants in a population lacking recombination.
MicroRNA Transgene Overexpression Complements Deficiency-Based Modifier Screens in Drosophila
Authors: Szuplewski Sébastien , Kugler Jan-Michael , Lim Sing Fee , Verma Pushpa , Chen Ya-Wen , Cohen Stephen M 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Dosage-sensitive modifier screening is a powerful tool for linking genes to biological processes. Use of chromosomal deletions permits sampling the effects of removing groups of genes related by position on the chromosome. Here, we explore the use of inducible microRNA transgenes as a complement to deficiency-based modifier screens. miRNAs are predicted to have hundreds of targets. miRNA overexpression provides an efficient means to reduces expression of large gene sets. A collection of transgenes was prepared to allow overexpression of 89 miRNAs or miRNA clusters. These transgenes and a set of genomic deficiencies were screened for their ability to modify the bristle phenotype of the cell-cycle regulator minus. Sixteen miRNAs were identified as dominant suppressors, while the deficiency screen uncovered four genomic regions that contain a dominant suppressor. Comparing the genes uncovered by the deletions with predicted miRNA targets uncovered a small set of candidate suppressors. Two candidates were identified as suppressors of the minus phenotype, Cullin-4 and CG5199/Cut8. Additionally, we show that Cullin-4 acts through its substrate receptor Cdt2 to suppress the minus phenotype. We suggest that inducible microRNA transgenes are a useful complement to deficiency-based modifier screens.
A Prospective Study of the Associations Between Treated Diabetes and Cancer Outcomes
Authors: Yeh Hsin-Chieh , Platz Elizabeth A. , Wang Nae-Yuh , Visvanathan Kala , Helzlsouer Kathy J. , Brancati Frederick L. 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
To quantify the association of treated diabetes with cancer incidence and cancer mortality as well as cancer case fatality and all-cause mortality in adults who subsequently develop cancer and to calculate attributable fractions due to diabetes on various cancer outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Prospective data on 599 diabetic and 17,681 nondiabetic adults from the CLUE II (Give Us a Clue to Cancer and Heart Disease) cohort in Washington County, Maryland, were analyzed. Diabetes was defined by self-reported use of diabetes medications at baseline. Cancer incidence was ascertained using county and state cancer registries. Mortality data were obtained from death certificates.

RESULTS
From 1989 to 2006, 116 diabetic and 2,365 nondiabetic adults developed cancer, corresponding to age-adjusted incidence of 13.25 and 10.58 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, hypertension treatment, and high cholesterol treatment using Cox proportional hazards regression, diabetes was associated with a higher risk of incident cancer (hazard ratio 1.22 [95% CI 0.98–1.53]) and cancer mortality (1.36 [1.02–1.81]). In individuals who developed cancer, adults with diabetes had a higher risk of cancer case fatality (1.34 [1.002–1.79]) and all-cause mortality (1.61 [1.29–2.01]). For colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers, the attributable fractions resulting from diabetes were larger for cancer fatality and mortality than cancer incidence.

CONCLUSIONS
In this prospective cohort, diabetes appears to exert a greater influence downstream on the risk of mortality in people with cancer than on upstream risk of incident cancer.
Overwhelmed Patients
Authors: Bohlen Krista , Scoville Elizabeth , Shippee Nathan D. , May Carl R. , Montori Victor M. 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
Patients with diabetes may experience high burden of treatment (BOT), including treatment-related effects and self-care demands. We examined whether patients with type 2 diabetes and their clinicians discuss BOT, the characteristics of their discussions, and their attempts to address BOT during visits.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two coders independently reviewed videos of 46 primary care visits obtained during a practice-based trial and identified utterances concerning BOT, classifying them by topic and by whether BOT was addressed (i.e., whether statements emerged aimed at alleviating BOT).

RESULTS
Of the 46 visits, 43 (93.5%) contained BOT discussions. Both coders identified 83 discussions: 12 involving monitoring, 28 treatment administration, 19 access, and 24 treatment effects. BOT was unambiguously addressed only 30% of the time.

CONCLUSIONS
BOT discussions usually arise during visits but rarely beget problem-solving efforts. These discussions represent missed opportunities for reducing treatment-related disruptions in the lives of patients with diabetes, which may affect adherence and well-being.
Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among French Women
Authors: Lajous Martin , Tondeur Laura , Fagherazzi Guy , de Lauzon-Guillain Blandine , Boutron-Ruaualt Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relation of processed and unprocessed red meat and incident type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective study among 66,118 disease-free French women with dietary information from a validated questionnaire. Between 1993 and 2007, we identified 1,369 cases of incident diabetes. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for age, education, region, smoking, BMI, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, physical activity, parental history of diabetes, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol, calories, n-3 fatty acids, carbohydrates, coffee, fiber, and fruits and vegetables.

RESULTS
Comparing the highest category of processed meat intake, ≥5 servings/week (median, 48 g/day), to the lowest, &lt;1 serving/week (median, 5 g/day), processed meat was significantly associated with incident diabetes (hazard ratio 1.30 [95% CI 1.07–1.59], P trend = 0.0007; for 1 serving/day, 1.29 [1.14–1.45]). Unprocessed red meat was not associated with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
In this large prospective cohort of French women, a direct association was observed only for processed red meat and type 2 diabetes.
Relative Reinforcing Value of Energy-dense Snack Foods: In Overweight and Obese Adults
Authors: Goldfield Gary S. , Lumb Andrew B. , Colapinto Cynthia K. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: Obese people find energy-dense food more reinforcing than do their non-obese peers, and reinforcement influences food intake. We examined how the degree of adiposity, measured by body mass index (BMI), is associated with the relative reinforcing value of energy-dense snack foods versus fruits and vegetables in overweight and obese people. Methods: Ninety-two overweight or obese students in introductory psychology courses completed questionnaires on age, sex, BMI, hunger, smoking status, dietary restraint, and hedonic (liking) ratings for energy-dense snack foods and fruits and vegetables. The questionnaire also was used to evaluate the relative reinforcing value of these snack foods in comparison with fruits and vegetables. Results: The BMI predicted the relative reinforcing value of energy-dense snack food. This positive relationship remained significant after we controlled for age, sex, dietary restraint, hunger, smoking status, and snack food hedonics. Conclusions: The greater the degree of overweight and obesity, the greater the motivation to obtain energy-dense snack foods. Because the rewarding value of food is a strong determinant of energy intake, a useful approach to preventing and treating obesity may be introducing pharmacological or behavioural nutrition intervention to reduce the rewarding value of energydense snack foods, or increasing the rewarding value of fruits and vegetables.
Antioxidant Health Messages: In Canadian Women's Magazines
Authors: Steinberg Alissa , Paisley Judy , Bandayrel Kristofer 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: Recently, antioxidants have taken centre stage in media and advertising messages. While 80% of Canadians think they are well-informed about nutrition, many are confused about the health effects of specific nutrients. Forty-six percent of Canadians seek information from newspapers and books, and 67% of women rely on magazines. We examined the content and accuracy of antioxidant health messages in Canadian women's magazines. Methods: The top three Canadian magazines targeted at women readers were selected. A screening tool was developed, pilot tested, and used to identify eligible articles. A coding scheme was created to define variables, which were coded and analyzed. Results: Seventy-seven percent of 36 magazine issues contained articles that mentioned antioxidants (n=56). Seventyone percent (n=40) of articles reported positive health effects related to antioxidant consumption, and 36% and 40% of those articles framed those effects as definite and potential, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions: The articles sampled conveyed messages about positive antioxidant health effects that are not supported by current evidence. Improved standards of health reporting are needed. Nutrition professionals may need to address this inaccuracy when they develop communications on antioxidants and health risk.
Accueil et répartition des candidats-réfugiés politiques en Belgique
Authors: Norro Peter 
Published: November 2011

Reception and dispersal of political refugees in Belgium

Since the beginning of the eighties, Western Europe is facing an enormous increase of the number of asylum-seekers originating from Third World countries. Many of them are actually economic migrants, trying to get access to one or other European country by applying for the status of political refugee. Most of the European nations have since adopted stricter rules to put the brake on this continuing influx. Belgium had not taken any specific measures until 1986, when it was literally overrun by asylum-seekers refused elsewhere. Two kinds of actions have been taken. On the one hand, like in the other countries, conditions of admission and attribution of political asylum have been rendered more severe.
Moreover, a dispersal plan has been worked out, with the aim of relieving the big cities, which had attracted until then almost the totality of asylum-seekers. In order to solve the lack of housing there and to come to a fair burden-sharing, an appeal was made to the solidarity of every Belgian commune to absorb a certain number of refugees.
Regional inequalities in infant mortality within North Carolina, Usa
Authors: Pyle Gerald F. 
Published: November 2011

eu des taux de mortalité infantile moins élevés que les Etats-Unis. Alors que ces taux tendent généralement à baisser dans la plupart des pays développés, ceux des Etats- Unis restent élevés. Certains chercheurs ont séparé deux groupes au sein de la population : les Noirs et les Blancs, afin de démontrer le degré de ressemblance entre les taux de mortalité infantile chez les Blancs et les taux européens.
La Caroline du Nord présente des taux de mortalité infantile au-dessus de la moyenne, aussi bien chez les populations blanches que noires, pour une grande partie des années 80. La régionalisation de la mortalité infantile (enfants âgés de moins d'un an) en Caroline du Nord révèle quatre répartitions distinctes quand on utilise les données des comtés sur deux périodes moyennes, de 1976 à 1980 et de 1983 à 1987. Généralement, une courbe en forme de « U » avec une mortalité infantile élevée dans les villes, des taux plus bas dans les petites villes décentralisées et les banlieues, suivis par des taux plus élevés encore une fois dans des régions à la fois pauvres, noires et rurales, explique le mieux les aspects régionaux de ce problème social en Caroline du Nord.
Are regional mortality patterns in the Netherlands culturally determined?
Authors: Kunst Anton E. , Looman Caspar W. N. , Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: November 2011

Geographical mortality variation within the Netherlands is dominated by a contiguous area of high mortality in the southeast. This pattern originated from the 19th century. In this analysis, it was examined whether this pattern is related to cultural and/or to socio-economic factors. In a multiple regression analysis, percentage of Roman-catholics, income level and degree of urbanization were related to geographical mortality differences in 1950-1954 and 1980-1984 respectively. For 1980-1984, the strongest relationships were found with the most " cultural" variable, the percentage of the population of Roman-catholic affiliation. Over the period 1950-1954 to 1980-1984, this association has however become less strong.
In contrast, a negative relationship with income level has emerged in the same period, among others for ischémie heart disease. These associations can probably in part be attributed to differences in smoking.
Les disparités géographiques de la mortalité en Italie 1951-1981
Authors: Papa Onofrio 
Published: November 2011

Geographical Disparities of Mortality in Italy 1951-1981.

This paper analyses the evolution of mortality in the Italian regions from 1951 to 1981.
The mortality risk has always been higher in the regions of Northern Italy in comparison with the Southern and insular regions. This would be in particular due to a higher level of industrialization and socio-economic development which lead to an increase in degenerative mortality causes bound to pollution, a bad food intake, stress, etc. and generally to negative consequences of habits and conditions of modern life.
As for female mortality, if the influence of infant mortality is not taken into account, it is observed that from 1950-1952, there have been no significant differences between the mortality rates of the Northern and Southern regions. Besides the regional variability exerts no significant influence on mortality. This lack of geographical differentiation of mortality has been confirmed in process of time and territorial differences between life expectancy figures tend to diminish yet.
Tendances et différenciation spatiale de la mortalité en Pologne
Authors: Potrykowska Alina 
Published: November 2011

Recent Trends and Spatial Patterns of Mortality in Poland.

Territorial differentiation of mortality in Poland is very clear. Areas with high death rates are mainly located in Southwestern and central parts of the country. Low mortality is observed in the Eastern part of Poland, along the belt stretching from North to South. Such a spatial variation of death rates is a confirmation for strong territorial differentiation of the main threat factors and life conditions of Polish society in country-wide scale.
The present paper reports on testing of hypotheses as to the influence of socio- economic variables on the death rate levels in the regional setting with the rural/urban breakdown.
The outer suburbs and metropolitan social change: a case study of London
Authors: Congdon Peter 
Published: November 2011

This study uses a range of contemporary (non-census) and 1981 Census indicators to delineate a social, demographic and economic structure of London's outer suburbs, and highlight the main dimensions of social change in the 1970s and 1980s.
Comparisons are drawn with socio- economic restructuring in the inner city.
The evidence suggests that for a mature metropolis, with restricted opportunities for peripheral growth through planning and other constraints, social and demographic restructuring in the last two decades have been more pronounced in the inner than outer city. However, it is also clear that the outer city has considerable diversity in its social, ethnic and demographic structure and there is no clear split between an uniformly deprived inner city and an uniformly affluent periphery.
Bouleversements territoriaux et migrations forcées au XXe siècle en Pologne
Authors: Kostrubiec Benjamin , Zyszkowska Wieslawa 
Published: November 2011

Irreconcilable cultural and economic differences caused the Partition of Ireland in 1921. The complex intermingling of Catholic Nationalist and Protestant Unionist on the ground meant that the International Boundary created unredeemed minorities and a deep sense of injustice. This legacy helps to explain the contemporary conflict in Ireland. The Boundary, through its influence upon migration and demographic change, has been an important factor in creating distinctive democratic regimes in the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland. The impact of the Boundary is seen most clearly in the destructive and selective economic, social and para-military activities of the boundary adjacent zones.
Today the boundary zones contain the spatial distillation of contradictory cultural and political aspirations. National perceptions continue to dominate group behaviour despite the growth of supranational integration and the decline of state boundaries elsewhere in the European Community.
Changing patterns of interregional migration and population redistribution in the United States : a cohort perspective
Authors: Rogers Andrei , Hemez-Descryve Cecile 
Published: November 2011

Évolution des migrations interrégionales et de la redistribution de la population aux États-Unis : une approche longitudinale.

Au cours des dernières décennies, les démographes se sont intéressés à l'effet de la taille relative des générations sur la fécondité. Cet article examine l'effet de la taille relative des générations sur le niveau, la structure spatiale et la composition par âge des migrations interrégionales des jeunes adultes aux États-Unis. Le but de cet article est de tester certaines des hypothèses avancées par Plane et Rogerson dans un article récent sur ce sujet. Trois générations sont étudiées sur trois intervalles de temps : 1935-1940, 1955-1960, 1975-1980. S'ap- puyant sur le fait bien documenté maintenant selon lequel le lieu de naissance exerce une influence sur le comportement migratoire, les migrations de retour vers le lieu de naissance sont distinguées de l'ensemble des migrations.
La taille relative des générations s'avère avoir un effet sur le niveau et la composition par âge des migrations. Par contre, l'effet sur la structure spatiale n'est pas clair puisque différents indices de concentration spatiale présentent différentes évolutions au cours des trois périodes de temps examinées.
P2Y6 Receptor Signaling Pathway Mediates Inflammatory Responses Induced by Monosodium Urate Crystals
Authors: Uratsuji Hideya , Tada Yayoi , Kawashima Tomohiko , Kamata Masahiro , Hau Carren Sy , Asano Yoshihide , Sugaya Makoto , Kadono Takafumi , Asahina Akihiko , Sato Shinichi , Tamaki Kunihiko 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Gout occurs in individuals with hyperuricemia when monosodium urate (MSU) crystals precipitate in tissues and induce acute inflammation via phagocytic cells such as monocytes. MSU crystals have been demonstrated in skin diseases such as tophaceous gout or psoriasis; however, the importance of MSU crystals in the skin is totally unknown. In this study, we found that MSU crystals, through P2Y6 receptors, stimulated normal human keratinocytes (NHK) to produce IL-1α, IL-8/CXCL8, and IL-6. P2Y6 receptor expression increased in MSU-stimulated NHK. Both P2Y6-specific antagonist and P2Y6 antisense oligonucleotides significantly inhibited the production of IL-1α, IL-8/CXCL8, and IL-6 by NHK. Similarly, the P2Y6-specific antagonist completely inhibited the MSU-induced production of IL-1β by THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Remarkably, the P2Y6-specific antagonist significantly reduced neutrophil influx in both mouse air pouch and peritonitis models. Thus, these results indicate that the P2Y6 receptor signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for MSU-associated inflammatory diseases, such as tophaceous gout.