bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examination of clinically healthy, conscious ferrets
Authors: Dudás‐Györki Z. , Szabó Z. , Manczur F. , Vörös K. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives: To assess the feasibility of performing electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography on conscious ferrets and to establish reference values for this species under these conditions.Methods: End‐systolic and end‐diastolic left ventricular (LV) diameters, LV and interventricular septal thicknesses were measured by M‐mode echocardiography, while left atrial, aortic and pulmonary trunk diameters were determined by two‐dimensional echocardiography in 46 ferrets. In some animals the maximum velocities of blood flow in the aorta and the pulmonary trunk were also measured by spectral Doppler. ECG examinations were performed by using limb leads both in right lateral recumbency and in the so‐called “hanging” position. In the course of the ECG examinations (n=43), the occurrences, directions, durations and amplitudes of the P, QRS and T waves and the duration of the PR‐ and QT intervals were recorded for all six leads.Results: ECG and echocardiography were successfully performed on non‐sedated ferrets in 90 and 96% of the cases, respectively. Males were significantly heavier and had larger cardiac dimensions compared to females.ClinicalSignificance: Performance of both echocardiography and ECG are feasible techniques in conscious ferrets, and reference values are now available for future comparisons.
Choledochotomy and primary repair of extrahepatic biliary duct rupture in seven dogs and two cats
Authors: Baker S. G. , Mayhew P. D. , Mehler S. J. 
Published: December 2010

Objective: To report clinical findings and outcome in dogs and cats undergoing choledochotomy or primary repair of extrahepatic biliary duct rupture.Methods: Retrospective study of dogs (n=7) and cats (n=2) that had choledochotomy or primary bile duct repair.Results: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction was confirmed at surgery in all cases. The underlying cause in four dogs and both cats was choledocholithiasis, two dogs had gall bladder mucocoeles with associated bile duct rupture, and one dog had inspissated bile obstructing the bile duct secondary to gall bladder carcinoid tumour. Three dogs and both cats had choledochotomies performed to relieve extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and four dogs with bile duct rupture underwent primary repair of the defect. One dog with a bile duct rupture was re‐explored four days postoperatively and had suffered dehiscence of the repair; this rupture was re‐repaired. All animals were discharged from the hospital, and did not have clinical recurrence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.ClinicalSignificance: Choledochotomy and primary repair of extrahepatic biliary duct rupture were associated with low perioperative morbidity and no mortality in this small cohort of cases. These techniques are reasonable options either alone or in conjunction with other procedures when bile duct patency cannot be re‐established by catheterisation or bile duct discontinuity exists.
An Experimental Population Study of Nucleotide Excision Repair as a Risk Factor for UVB‐induced Melanoma
Authors: Fernandez André A. , Garcia Rachel , Paniker Lakshmi , Trono David , Mitchell David L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary defense against the DNA damage implicit in skin cancer formation and is negatively affected by chronic exposure to UVB radiation. However, in situ and in vitro studies consistently yield equivocal results when addressing individual DNA repair capacity and melanoma susceptibility. The primary objective of this study was to determine if individual global NER capacity is a risk factor for melanoma formation in a prominent UVB‐inducible melanoma model, hybrid Xiphophorus fishes. After neonatal UVB irradiation, adult tumor‐bearing and tumor‐free fish were given a challenge UVB dose and (6–4) photoproduct repair was quantified in individual fish at 24 h using radioimmunoassay. Despite considerable inter‐individual variation in repair capacity, ranging from 13% to 91%, we found no difference in mean NER capacity between fish with and without melanomas, thus detaching global NER from melanomagenesis. Furthermore, despite epidemiological data indicating that sex and age are important risk factors underlying melanoma susceptibility, we found no difference in mean NER rates among the sexes or as a function of age. We conclude with a discussion of the apparent paradox of how inter‐individual variation in NER is not a risk factor given the clear evidence that DNA damage underlies melanoma susceptibility.
Deletion of the signalling molecule synthase ScbA has pleiotropic effects on secondary metabolite biosynthesis, morphological differentiation and primary metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Authors: D'Alia Davide , Eggle Daniela , Nieselt Kay , Hu Wei‐Shou , Breitling Rainer , Takano Eriko 
Published: December 2010

SummaryStreptomycetes have high biotechnological relevance as producers of diverse metabolites widely used in medical and agricultural applications. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is controlled by signalling molecules, γ‐butyrolactones, that act as bacterial hormones. In Streptomyces coelicolor, a group of signalling molecules called SCBs (S. coelicolorbutanolides) regulates production of the pigmented antibiotics coelicolor polyketide (CPK), actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin. The γ‐butyrolactone synthase ScbA is responsible for the biosynthesis of SCBs. Here we show the results of a genome‐wide transcriptome analysis of a scbA deletion mutant prior to and during the transition to antibiotic production. We report a strong perturbation in the expression of three pigmented antibiotic clusters in the mutant throughout the growth curve, thus providing a molecular explanation for the antibiotic phenotype observed previously. Our study also revealed, for the first time, that the secondary metabolite cluster responsible for synthesis of the siderophore desferrioxamine is under the control of SCB signalling. Moreover, expression of the genes encoding enzymes for primary metabolism pathways, which supply antibiotic precursors and genes for morphological differentiation, was found shifted earlier in time in the mutant. In conclusion, our time series analysis demonstrates new details of the regulatory effects of the γ‐butyrolactone system in Streptomyces.
Forkhead‐associated proteins genetically linked to the serine/threonine kinase PknB regulate carbon flux towards antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Jones Greg , Del Sol Ricardo , Dudley Ed , Dyson Paul 
Published: December 2010

SummaryTo date, the function of only two of the 34 predicted serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) of Streptomyces coelicolor has been described. Here we report functional analysis of pknB and two linked genes, fhaAB, encoding forkhead‐associated (FHA) domain proteins that are part of a highly conserved gene locus in actinobacteria. In contrast to the homologous gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pknB in S. coelicolor is not essential and has no apparent role in defining cell shape. Phosphorylation of recombinant forms of both the full‐length protein and N‐terminal kinase domain suggest that PknB‐mediated signalling in S. coelicolor may be modulated by another factor(s). FhaAB are candidate interacting partners of PknB and loss of their function resulted in deregulation of central carbon metabolism, with carbon flux diverted to synthesis of the antibiotic actinorhodin. The substrate hyphae of the fhaAB mutant also exhibited an unusual cording morphology. The results indicate that inactivation of FHA ‘brake’ proteins can potentially amplify the function of STPKs and, in this case, provide a means to overproduce antibiotics.
Ginsenosides and Their CNS Targets
Authors: Radad Khaled , Moldzio Rudolf , Rausch Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYGinsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins attributed to medical effects of ginseng. Therefore, they have been research targets over the last three decades to explain ginseng actions and a wealth of literature has been presented reporting on ginsenosides’ effects on the human body. Recently, there is increasing evidence on beneficial effects of ginsenosides to the central nervous system (CNS). Using a wide range ofin vitroandin vivomodels, researchers have attributed these effects to specific pharmacological actions of ginsenosides on cerebral metabolism, oxidative stress and radical formation, neurotransmitter imbalance and membrane stabilizing effects, and even antiapoptotic effects. Modulating these particular mechanisms by ginsenosides has thus been reported to exert either general stimulatory effects on the brain functions or protecting the CNS against various disease conditions. In this review, we try to address the recently reported ginsenosides’ actions on different CNS targets particularly those supporting possible therapeutic efficacies in CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Power‐law Distribution of Normal Fault Displacement and Length and Estimation of Extensional Strain due to Normal Faults: A Case Study of the Sierra de San Miguelito, Mexico
Authors: Shunshan XU , NIETO‐SAMANIEGO A. F. , ALANIZ‐ÁLVAREZ S. A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The Sierra de San Miguelito is a relatively uplifted area and is constituted by a large amount of silicic volcanic rocks with ages from middle to late Cenozoic. The normal faults of the Sierra de San Miguelito are Domino‐style and nearly parallel. The cumulative length and displacement of the faults obey power‐law distribution. The fractal dimension of the fault traces is −1.49. Using the multi‐line one‐dimensional sampling, the calculated exponent of cumulative fault displacements is −0.66. A cumulative curve combining measurements of all four sections yielded a slope of −0.63. The displacement‐length plot shows a non‐linear relationship and large dispersion of data. The large dispersion in the plot is mainly due to the fault linkage during faulting. An estimation of extensional strain due to the normal faults is ca. 0.1830. The bed extension strain is always less than or equal to the horizontal extension strain. The deformation in the Sierra de San Miguelito occurred near the surface, producing pervasive faults and many faults are too small to appear in maps and sections at common scales. The stretching produced by small faults reach ca. 33% of the total horizontal elongation.
Evidences for Incipient Hydrothermal Event(s) in the Central Indian Basin: A Review
Authors: IYER Sridhar D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The Central Indian Basin (CIB, 10°–19°S) encompasses morphotectonic features such as seamounts, abyssal hills, faults, fracture zones and lineations and basic to silicic volcanics that were derived from different sources. Instances of incipient hydrothermal event (s) occurred as evident from: (1) spilites that probably formed due to low‐temperature hydrothermal action on the precursory basalts, (2) slabs and fragments of zeolitites which are the consequent products of palagonitization of the basaltic glasses, (3) chemical variations in the ferromanganese crusts, and (4) abundance of volcanogenic‐hydrothermal material (vhm) that includes ochrous sediments and magnetite spherules. The vhm suggests its origin by interaction of Fe‐rich hydrothermal solutions with surrounding sediments. The CIB spherules occur in sediments of ∼10 ka and ∼425 to 650 ka age and are orders of magnitude younger than the 50 to 60 Ma age of the basin. Incidentally, to the north of the basin at ODP Site 717–719 (1°S/81°E) hydrothermal precipitates of inorganic calcite and deposition of sulphide minerals (∼7.5 to 9 Ma and 0.5 Ma) occur as a result of the on‐going intraplate deformation. This paper reviews the above evidences that possibly indicate episodes of localized hydrothermal events in the CIB.
Biomineralization of Uranium: A Simulated Experiment and Its Significance
Authors: Maozhong MIN , XU Huifang , BARTON L. L. , Jinping WANG , Xinjian PENG , WIATROWSKI H. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract A simulated experimental reduction of UVI and the synthesis of uraninite by a sulfate‐reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642, are first reported. The simulated physicochemical experimental conditions were: 35°C, pH=7.0–7.4, corresponding to the environments of formation of the sandstone‐hosted interlayer oxidation‐zone type uranium deposits in Xinjiang, NW China. Uraninite was formed on the surface of the host bacteria after a one‐week's incubation. Therefore, sulfate‐reducing bacteria, which existed extensively in Jurassic sandstone‐producing environments, might have participated in the biomineralization of this uranium deposit. There is an important difference in the order‐disorder of the crystalline structure between the uraninite produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and naturally occurring uraninite. Long time and slow precipitation and growth of uraninite in the geological environment might have resulted in larger uraninite crystals, with uraninite nanocrystals arranged in order, whereas the experimentally produced uraninite is composed of unordered uraninite nanocrystals which, in contrast, result from the short time span of formation and rapid precipitation and growth of uraninite. The discovery has important implications for understanding genetic significance in mineralogy, and also indicates that in‐situ bioremediation of U‐contaminated environments and use of biotechnology in the treatment of radioactive liquid waste is being contemplated.
A Review on the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian‐Triassic Boundary
Authors: Hongfu YIN , Jinnan TONG , Kexin ZHANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract This paper provides a synthetic review of researches on Meishan Section D, the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian‐Triassic Boundary (PTB). The history of research, geographic and geological setting of the section are briefly introduced. Changhsingian to “Griesbachian” conodont and ammonoid zonations, the most perfect Permo‐Triassic zonations over the world, are presented, with a short discussion on the age of Otoceras. The Changhsingian to “Griesbachian” strata are subdivided into three 3rd order sequences, and the sedimentary structure of each sequence is indicated. The paper presents a correlation of the Changhsingian to “Griesbachian” magnetostratigraphy of the Meishan section with the general scale, and informed the negation of a short magnetic reversal at the PTB suggested by Zhu and Liu (1999). Recent developments of chemostratigraphy of δ13C and δ34S are introduced, especially the discovery of more than one negative δ13C excursions across the PTB. Two important molecular researches reveal the profound changes at the base of eco‐system, the microbial catastrophy, and the euxinic conditions in the photic zone during the Permian‐Triassic superanoxic event. The paper reports the changes in dating the age of PTB since 2001. According to recent achievements, the age of volcanogenic claybed 25, 14 cm below the PTB, is now set at 252.4±0.3 Ma. A discussion on the eventostratigraphy concludes that, although there is a major event episode at beds 25–26, the events across the PTB at Meishan are multi‐episodic and commenced prior to the Event Beds 25–26, thus the possibility that the mass extinction was mainly induced by an exterrestrial impact is largely excluded.
Character, Age and Ecology of the Hezheng Biota from Northwestern China
Authors: Tao DENG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The Hezheng area of Gansu Province produces the most abundant mammal fossils in China as well as the whole Eurasia, and it also produces other Cenozoic fossils of different animals and plants. Therefore, all of them are named the Hezheng Biota. Mammals are very sensitive to environmental changes, and thus the evolution of mammalian faunas in the Hezheng area reflects the strong uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Cenozoic, which dramatically affects environmental changes. In the Hezheng area, micromammals are not very rich, but some of them still are important. It is relatively uncommon that three primates are found from the Middle Miocene and the Early Pleistocene deposits. Since the Middle Miocene, carnivores have become important components in the ecosystem of the Hezheng area, and dominated in the Early Pleistocene. The Middle Miocene is a time of high diversity for Proboscidea, characterized by shovel‐tusked elephants. Perissodactyls in the Hezheng area are very abundant, especially Late Oligocene and Late Miocene rhinoceroses as well as the Late Miocene and Early Pleistocene horses. From the Middle Miocene, artiodactyls became important components of the mammalian faunas, especially bovids.
Yangtzedonta is Undoubtedly a Junior Synonym of Xianfengella
Authors: Yi QIAN 
Published: December 2010

Abstract With the verification of the type specimen by six experts from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, the specimen of Xianfengella prima He and Yang, 1982 described by Qian (Qian, 2001, flge2: la‐c) is confirmed to be the holotype specimen (NIGP. 84430) of Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu, 1985, and consequently, Yu Wen's view that they are not the same specimen is impractical. This fact demonstrates that Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu, 1985 is undoubtedly a junior synonym of Xianftngella prima He and Yang, 1982, and is invalid. Qian's conclusion (Qian, 2001) that no bivalve appeared in the early Meishucunian Stage of the Early Cambrian is rational.
Experimental Study on the Electrical Conductivity of Orthopyroxene at High Temperature and High Pressure under Different Oxygen Fugacities
Authors: Lidong DAI , Heping LI , Congqiang LIU , Shuangming SHAN , Tongdi CUI , Genli SU 
Published: December 2010

Abstract At presure 1.0–4.0 GPa and temperature 1073–1423 K and under oxygen partial pressure conditions, a YJ‐3000t multi‐anvil solid high‐pressure apparatus and Sarltron‐1260 Impedance/Gain‐Phase analyzer were employed to conduct an in‐situ measurement of the electrical conductivity of orthopyroxene. The buffering reagents consist of Ni+NiO, Fe+Fe3O4, Fe+FeO and Mo+MoO2 in order to control the environmental oxygen fugacity. Experimental results made clear that: (1) within the measuring frequency range from 10−1 to 106 Hz, the complex impedance (R) is of intensive dependence on the frequency; (2) The electrical conductivity (σ) tends to increase along to the rise of temperature (T), and Log σ vs. 1/T fit the Arrenhius linear relations; (3) Under the control of oxygen buffer Fe+Fe3O4> with the rise of pressure, the activation enthalpy tends to increase whereas the electrical conductivity tends to decrease. The activation energy and activation volume of the main current carriers of orthopyroxene have been obtained, which are (1.715±0.035) eV and (0.03±0.01) cm3/mol, respectively; (4) Under given pressure and temperature, the electrical conductivity tends to increase with increasing oxygen fugacity, while under given pressure the activation enthalpy tends to decrease with increasing oxygen fugacity; and (5) The sample's small polarons mechanism has provided a reasonable explanations to the conduction behavior at high temperature and high pressure.
Metallogenesis related to Mesozoic Granitoids in the Nanling Range, South China and Their Geodynamic Settings
Authors: Renmin HUA , Peirong CHEN , Wenlan ZHANG , Junming YAO , Jinfu LIN , Zhanshi ZHANG , Shengyan GU , Xiaodong LIU , Huawen QI 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Affected by the compressive stress from the South‐Central (Indo‐China) Peninsula, the Indosinian orogenesis, characterized by collision, thrust and uplifting, took place inside the South China Plate during 250–230 Ma. The ages of the Indosinian granitoids in the Nanling Range and vicinity areas are mostly 240–205 Ma, indicating that they were emplaced in both late collision and post‐collision geodynamic environments. No important granite‐related metallogenesis occurred in this duration. A post‐orogenic setting started at the beginning of the Yanshanian Period, which controlled large‐scale granitic magmatism and related metallogenesis. This paper makes the first attempt to divide the Yanshanian Period into three sub‐periods, i.e. the early, middle and late Yanshanian Periods, based mainly on the features of magmatism, especially granitoids and related metallogenesis and their geodynamic environments. The magmatic association of the Early Yanshanian (about 185–170 Ma) comprises four categories of magmatism, i.e. basalt, bimodal volcanics, A‐type granite and intraplate high‐K calc‐alkaline (HKCA) magmatism, which indicates an extension‐thinning of lithosphere and upwelling of mantle material to a relative small and local extent. Pb‐Zn, Cu and Au mineralizations associated with HKCA magmatism represents the first high tide of Mesozoic metallogenesis in the Nanling Range area. During the middle Yanshanian, the lithosphere was subjected to more extensive and intensive extending and thinning, and hence mantle upwelling and basaltic magma underplating caused a great amount of crust remelting granitoids. This period can be further divided into two stages. The first stage (170–150 Ma) is represented by large‐scale emplacement of crust remelting granites with local tungsten mineralization at its end. The second stage (150–140 Ma) is the most important time of large‐scale mineralizations of non‐ferrous and rare metals, e.g. W, Sn, Nb‐Ta, Bi, Mo, Be, in the Nanling Range area. The late Yanshanian (140–65 Ma) was generally characterized by full extension and breakup of the lithosphere of South China. However, owing to the influence of the Pacific Plate movement, the eastern part of South China was predominated by subduction‐related compression, which resulted in magmatism of calc‐alkaline and shoshonite series and related metallogeneses of Au, Ag, Pb‐Zn, Cu and (Mo, Sn), followed by extension in its late stage. In the Nanling Range area, the late Yanshanian magmatism was represented by granitic volcanic‐intrusive complexes and mafic dikes, which are genetically related to volcanic‐type uranium and porphyry tin deposits, and the mobilization‐mineralization of uranium from pre‐existing Indosinian granites.