bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting C-Peptide Levels and Death Resulting From All Causes and Breast Cancer: The Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , Duggan Catherine , Wang Ching-Yun , Smith Ashley Wilder , McTiernan Anne , Baumgartner Richard N. , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Bernstein Leslie , Ballard-Barbash Rachel 
Published: November 2010

Purpose To examine the association between serum C-peptide, a marker of insulin secretion, measured 3 years after a breast cancer diagnosis, and death resulting from all causes and breast cancer. Patients and Methods This was a prospective, observational study of 604 women enrolled onto the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) Study who were diagnosed with local or regional breast cancer between 1995 and 1998 and observed until death or December 31, 2006, whichever came first. The hazard ratio (HR) for all deaths and deaths owing to breast cancer and 95% CIs for the HR were estimated using multivariable stratified Cox regression analyses. Results Among women without type 2 diabetes, fasting C-peptide levels were associated with an increased risk of death resulting from all causes and from breast cancer. A 1-ng/mL increase in C-peptide was associated with a 31% increased risk of any death (HR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.63; P = .013) and a 35% increased risk of death as a result of breast cancer (HR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.87, P = .048). Associations between C-peptide levels and death as a result of breast cancer were stronger in certain subgroups, including women with type 2 diabetes, women with a body mass index less than 25 kg/m2, women diagnosed with a higher stage of disease, and women whose tumors were estrogen receptor positive. Conclusion Treatment strategies to reduce C-peptide levels in patients with breast cancer, including dietary-induced weight loss, physical activity, and/or use of insulin-lowering medications, should be explored.
Improving Relative Survival, But Large Remaining Differences in Survival for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Across Europe and the United States From 1990 to 2004
Authors: van de Schans Saskia A.M. , Gondos Adam , van Spronsen Dick Johan , Rachtan Jadwiga , Holleczek Bernd , Zanetti Roberto , Coebergh Jan Willem W. , Janssen-Heijnen Maryska L.G. , Brenner Hermann 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematologic malignant neoplasm in adults. Monitoring differential changes in population-based survival is across Europe and the United States (US) could point to progress attained and impact of application of novel treatments. Patients and Methods We examined trends in age-specific 5-year relative survival among patients with NHL age 15 years or older between 1990 and 1994 and 2000 and 2004, on the basis of follow-up data from 12 population-based cancer registries across Europe, using period analysis techniques and compared the results with similar trends of patients with NHL in the US, as recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Results By 2000 to 2004, overall 5-year relative survival of patients with NHL across Europe was between 37% and 62%, achieved by overall increases in 5-year relative survival ranging from 4% to 12% units between 1990 and 1994 and 2000 and 2004. Changes in age-specific survival ranged from −1% to 43% units during the same time interval. For patients with NHL older than age 55 years, relative survival in individual European registries for the whole period was between 8% and 36% units lower than in the US, theoretically representing a lag of 4 to 10 years of progress. Conclusion Our analyses disclosed a strong and ongoing increase in long-term survival for patients with NHL in European populations. The geographic differences potentially indicate that further improvements could be possible, especially for patients age 55 years or older. The presumptive delay in improvement in survival among elderly patients with NHL in Europe remains to be clarified.
Clinically Defined Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prognosis in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Erickson Kirsten , Patterson Ruth E. , Flatt Shirley W. , Natarajan Loki , Parker Barbara A. , Heath Dennis D. , Laughlin Gail A. , Saquib Nazmus , Rock Cheryl L. , Pierce John P. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Self-reported diabetes has been associated with poor breast cancer outcomes. Research is needed to investigate the relationship between biologically determined glycemic control and breast cancer prognosis. Methods Archived baseline blood samples from the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study were used to measure hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) among 3,003 survivors of early-stage breast cancer (age of diagnosis, 28 to 70 years) observed for a median of 7.3 years for additional breast cancer events and 10.3 years for all-cause mortality. HbA1C levels provide an accurate, precise measure of chronic glycemic levels. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess whether baseline HbA1C levels predicted disease-free and overall survival. Results Only 5.8% of women had chronic hyperglycemia (defined as HbA1C levels ≥ 6.5%). Those with HbA1C ≥ 6.5% were older and more likely to be less educated, have nonwhite ethnicity, be obese, and have more advanced breast cancer at diagnosis. HbA1C was significantly associated with overall survival (Ptrend < .001). After adjusting for confounders, risk of all-cause mortality was twice as high in women with HbA1C ≥ 7.0% compared with women with HbA1C less than 6.5% (hazard ratio [HR], 2.35; 95% CI, 1.56 to 3.54). For disease-free survival, there was a nonsignificant 30% increase in risk for HbA1C levels ≥ 7.0% (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.02). During study follow-up, previously diagnosed rather than undiagnosed diabetes seemed to account for the increased risk. Conclusion Chronic hyperglycemia is statistically significantly associated with reduced overall survival in survivors of early-stage breast cancer. Further study of diabetes and its relationship to breast cancer outcomes is warranted.
Effect of Obesity on Prognosis After Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Ewertz Marianne , Jensen Maj-Britt , Gunnarsdóttir Katrín Á. , Højris Inger , Jakobsen Erik H. , Nielsen Dorte , Stenbygaard Lars E. , Tange Ulla B. , Cold Søren 
Published: November 2010

Purpose This study was performed to characterize the impact of obesity on the risk of breast cancer recurrence and death as a result of breast cancer or other causes in relation to adjuvant treatment. Patients and Methods Information on body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis was available for 18,967 (35%) of 53,816 women treated for early-stage breast cancer in Denmark between 1977 and 2006 with complete follow-up for first events (locoregional recurrences and distant metastases) up to 10 years and for death up to 30 years. Information was available on prognostic factors and adjuvant treatment for all patients. Univariate analyses were used to compare the associations of known prognostic factors and risks of recurrence or death according to BMI categories. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the influence of BMI after adjusting for other factors. Results Patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more were older and had more advanced disease at diagnosis compared with patients with a BMI below 25 kg/m2 (P < .001). When data were adjusted for disease characteristics, the risk of developing distant metastases after 10 years was significantly increased by 46%, and the risk of dying as a result of breast cancer after 30 years was significantly increased by 38% for patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more. BMI had no influence on the risk of locoregional recurrences. Both chemotherapy and endocrine therapy seemed to be less effective after 10 or more years for patients with BMIs greater than 30 kg/m2. Conclusion Obesity is an independent prognostic factor for developing distant metastases and for death as a result of breast cancer; the effects of adjuvant therapy seem to be lost more rapidly in patients with breast cancer and obesity.
Analysis of EPCAM Protein Expression in Diagnostics of Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Kloor Matthias , Voigt Anita Y. , Schackert Hans K. , Schirmacher Peter , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Bläker Hendrik 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Lynch syndrome is an inherited tumor predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mainly MLH1 and MSH2. Recently, germline deletions affecting the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene located upstream of MSH2 were identified as a novel mutational mechanism causing Lynch syndrome by epigenetic inactivation of the respective MSH2 allele. Immunohistochemical analysis of MMR protein expression is a hallmark of Lynch syndrome diagnostics, but it cannot distinguish between EPCAM deletion carriers and MSH2 mutation carriers. We hypothesized that EPCAM protein expression might be altered in tumors from patients with a germline EPCAM deletion. Patients and Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess EPCAM expression in Lynch syndrome–associated MSH2-negative tumors (n = 26). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed to detect germline deletions of the EPCAM and MSH2 gene loci. Results In four MSH2-negative tumors, a concomitant lack of EPCAM expression was detected. MLPA analysis revealed heterozygous EPCAM deletions in all patients with EPCAM-negative tumors. In contrast, EPCAM expression was positive in all cancers from patients with germline alterations affecting MSH2 but not EPCAM. Two EPCAM deletions were detected in patients with an EPCAM-positive tumor. Conclusion These results indicate that loss of EPCAM protein expression is frequent in tumors from patients with EPCAM germline deletions. EPCAM immunohistochemistry therefore represents a promising novel tool for the identification of Lynch syndrome patients with EPCAM germline deletions.
Hand therapy management of metacarpal fractures: an evidence-based patient pathway
Authors: Toemen Angela , Midgley Robyn 
Published: November 2010

Introduction Metacarpal fracture injuries are commonly referred to hand therapy departments, and may account for up to 40% of all hand fractures. These fractures are managed with either a surgical or non-surgical approach depending on their location and stability. Evidence for the effective therapy management of these fractures is sparse, varied and of poor quality and does not provide a ‘gold standard’ therapeutic treatment approach. Methods A literature review was performed to develop an evidence-based patient pathway that accounts for the location and stability of a fracture, minimizes the risks associated with metacarpal fractures and prevents secondary complications from developing. Results An evidence-based patient pathway for metacarpal fractures is presented that prevents unnecessary immobilization of unaffected joints and facilitates timely return to function. Conclusion The hand therapy management of metacarpal fracture pathway accounts for the location of the fracture, stability and surgical or non-surgical management based on best available evidence. It is recommended that the patient pathway be evaluated against functional outcome measures to ensure patients achieve optimal results.
Cross-cultural adaptation process and pilot testing of the Arabic version of the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH-Arabic)
Authors: Alotaibi Naser Mohammed 
Published: November 2010

Background The Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) is a self-administered upper extremity outcome measure questionnaire that has been demonstrated to have sound psychometric properties and wide popularity. It has been cross-culturally adapted and translated into numerous other languages. Objectives This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the DASH into Arabic and pilot test the Arabic version. Method The cross-culturally adapted DASH translated into Arabic was self-administered by 40 Arabic clients with a range of upper extremity conditions. Each client was interviewed face-to-face to assess the relevance of instructions/items to the Arabic language and culture. Face and content validity as well as internal consistency were assessed. Pilot testing of the DASH-Arabic was then performed with 20 Arabic clients with different upper extremity conditions. Results Clarity and understanding of the written language, language barriers, cultural considerations and construction of items were successfully addressed. The cross-culturally adapted DASH showed adequate face and content validity as well as a high internal consistency reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96). Pilot testing of the DASH-Arabic showed that items were easily understood without any difficulty in wordings reported. Conclusion Further assessments of psychometric properties of the DASH-Arabic are recommended. Implications for hand therapy practice and research were presented.
Characterisation of Norway spruce hemicelluloses extracted by pressurised hot-water extraction (ASE) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate
Authors: Song Tao , Pranovich Andrey , Holmbom Bjarne 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGround spruce sapwood was extracted with pressurised hot water with addition of different amounts of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to find optimal pH conditions for extraction of hemicelluloses, especially of galactoglucomannans (GGMs). The extractions were carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) at 170°C. When extraction was carried out with 2.5 mM NaHCO3during 60–100 min extraction time (end-pH 3.9), more than 60% of the total extracted substances were hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates. Under these conditions, approximately 80% of the extracted carbohydrates were from GGMs (13% b.o. wood). At higher concentrations of NaHCO3, the yield of carbohydrates, especially those derived from GGMs, decreased. Hydrolytic depolymerisation of hemicelluloses occurring during extraction with plain water was largely inhibited in the presence of 2.5–5 mM NaHCO3. The hydrolytic deacetylation of GGM was diminished at low NaHCO3concentrations but increased dramatically at higher NaHCO3concentrations. It can be concluded that 2.5–5 mM NaHCO3giving an end-pH value of 4 is better for GGM isolation than plain water.
Evidence for what? Evidentiality and scope
Authors: Boye Kasper 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper deals with the scope properties of evidential meanings. It rejects the idea that different types of evidential meanings have different scope properties. More basically, it rejects the idea that evidential meanings apply to ‘speech acts’ or to ‘states of affairs’. The paper argues that evidential meanings share scope properties in the sense that they are all conceptually dependent on a ‘proposition’ – i.e. a meaning unit which can be said to have a truth value. Subsequently, it outlines how the scope properties can be employed in criteria of membership of the category of evidentiality.
Syntactic change and shifts in evidential meanings: four Russian units
Authors: Letuchiy Alexander 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyze relations between the type of use of modal/evidential markers and their syntactic properties (part of speech and linear position). The analysis is based on the uses of the Russian polysemous markers vrode ‘similar’, kak budto (by) ‘as if’, budto (by) ‘as though’, kažetsja ‘(it) seems’ and poxože ‘similar’. All of them have non-evidential (mainly modal and comparative) and evidential uses. I draw the conclusion that the reportive meaning is more contextually restricted than the inferential one, and that the syntactic position of the marker depends on the degree of contextual dependence of the given reading. Besides that, I conclude that we must postulate two different units of the Database for budto (by), kak budto (by), kažetsja and poxože, but only one unit for vrode.
Drosophila as a Model for Epilepsy:bssIs a Gain-of-Function Mutation in the Para Sodium Channel Gene That Leads to Seizures
Authors: Parker Louise , Padilla Miguel , Du Yuzhe , Dong Ke , Tanouye Mark A 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe report the identification of bang senseless (bss), a Drosophila melanogaster mutant exhibiting seizure-like behaviors, as an allele of the paralytic (para) voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channel gene. Mutants are more prone to seizure episodes than normal flies because of a lowered seizure threshold. The bss phenotypes are due to a missense mutation in a segment previously implicated in inactivation, termed the “paddle motif” of the NaV fourth homology domain. Heterologous expression of cDNAs containing the bss1 lesion, followed by electrophysiology, shows that mutant channels display altered voltage dependence of inactivation compared to wild type. The phenotypes of bss are the most severe of the bang-sensitive mutants in Drosophila and can be ameliorated, but not suppressed, by treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. As such, bss-associated seizures resemble those of pharmacologically resistant epilepsies caused by mutation of the human NaV SCN1A, such as severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants or intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Prescribing of Controlled Medications to Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Fortuna Robert J. , Robbins Brett W. , Caiola Enrico , Joynt Michael , Halterman Jill S. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE:The nonmedical use of prescription drugs by adolescents and young adults has surpassed all illicit drugs except marijuana, yet little is known about prescribing patterns. We examined the prescribing of controlled medications to adolescents aged 15 to 19 and young adults aged 20 to 29.METHODS:We used cross-sectional data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (N = 4304 physicians) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (N = 2805 clinics; N = 1051 emergency departments) between 2005 and 2007. We also used consecutive data from 1994 to describe trends.RESULTS:A controlled medication was prescribed at 2.3 million visits by adolescents and 7.8 million visits by young adults in 2007. Between 1994 and 2007, controlled medications were prescribed at an increasing proportion of visits from adolescents (6.4%–11.2%) and young adults (8.3%–16.1%) (P &lt; .001 for trend). This increase was seen among males and females, in ambulatory offices and emergency departments, and for injury-related and non–injury-related visits (all P &lt; .001). A controlled medication was prescribed during 9.6% of all adolescent visits and 13.8% of young-adult visits for non–injury-related indications and at 14.5% of adolescent visits and 27.0% of young-adult visits for injury-related reasons. Controlled medications were prescribed at a substantial proportion of visits for common conditions, such as back pain, to both adolescents (23.4%) and young adults (36.9%).CONCLUSIONS:Controlled medications are prescribed at a considerable proportion of visits from adolescents and young adults, and prescribing rates have nearly doubled since 1994. This trend and its relationship to misuse of medications warrants further study.
Contemporary Challenges in Unitization and Equity Redetermination of Petroleum Accumulations
Authors: Worthington Paul F. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The unitization of oil and gas fields that straddle license or international boundaries traditionally has been effected with the aim of maximizing return on investment for all unit owners. The rationale is that the costs of unitization and any subsequent redeterminations of equity will be subordinate to the enhanced production and thence revenue that unitization might bring compared to a partitioned development. This outcome is more likely to be achieved in the traditional case of a sizable field with laterally consistent, discernible reservoir properties and fairly uniform hydrocarbon that is unitized before production startup with a perception of predictable commodity prices. This rationale is impacted by departures from the classical situation. These departures include field marginality, market volatility, reservoir complexity, hidden pay, the presence of multiphase hydrocarbons, cross-license trends in reservoir-rock or substance properties, and post-production unitization. Each of the major departures is analyzed from the standpoint of the challenges it presents to a value-adding unitization exercise. Part of this analysis calls for a consideration of alternatives to unitization where another avenue might prove more beneficial to the owners of straddled licenses. This evaluation is undertaken by reference to case histories, through which procedural recommendations are formulated for future guidance. Notwithstanding this collation of options, it is of paramount importance that each case be examined thoroughly so that the optimum development strategy can be identified for any straddling petroleum accumulation.
Advances in the Analysis of Pressure Interference Tests
Authors: Martinez N.R. , Samaniego F.V. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper presents an extension for linear and spherical flow conditions of the El-Khatib method for the analysis of pressure interference tests through the use of the pressure derivative. For linear flow a graph shows a straight line with slope and intercept, which can be used to estimate the formation permeability and porosity; similarly, for spherical flow a graph shows a straight line with slope and intercept, which can be used to estimate the same previously discussed parameters. A friendly computer code for the automated analysis of pressure interference tests is also discussed. Two field cases are presented to show the use of this program. The first deals with the interference tests conducted in the naturally fractured Klamath Falls geothermal field, and the second is a test carried out in a river-formed bed, dominated by linear flow conditions.
Frictional Pressure Loss Estimation of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Realistic Annulus With Pipe Rotation
Authors: Ozbayoglu Evren Mehmet , Sorgun Mehmet 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The annular frictional performance of non-Newtonian fluids is among the major considerations during development of hydraulic programs for drilling operations. Proper estimation of the frictional pressure losses become more critical when determining hydraulic horsepower requirements and selecting proper mud pump systems to foresee any serious problems that might occur with hydraulics during drilling operations. Because the rheological behaviour of the non-Newtonian fluids is known to be challenging, it becomes even more complicated during pipe rotation, especially in eccentric wellbores. In many cases, significant differences are observed when theoretical calculations and measurements for pressure losses are compared. This study aims to develop correction factors for determining the frictional pressure losses accurately in eccentric horizontal annulus for non-Newtonian fluid, including the effect of pipe rotation. Extensive experimental work has been conducted on METU-PETE Flow Loop for numerous non-Newtonian drilling fluids, including KCl-polymer muds and PAC systems for different flow rates and pipe rotation speeds, and frictional pressure losses are recorded during each test. Rheological characteristics of the drilling fluids are determined using a rotational viscometer. Observations showed that pipe rotation has a significant influence on frictional pressure loss, especially at lower flow rates. Up to a point, as the pipe rotation increases, the frictional pressure losses also increase. As the flow rates are increased, the effect of pipe rotation on frictional pressure losses diminishes. Also, after a certain pipe rotation speed, no additional contribution of pipe rotation on frictional pressure loss is observed. When the developed friction factors are used, there is a good agreement between the calculated and observed frictional pressure losses for any pipe rotation speed.