bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Signals? Gender and the Media's Coverage of the 2008 Vice Presidential Candidates
Authors: BODE LETICIA , HENNINGS VALERIE M. 
Published: April 2012

The 2008 presidential election was one of the most watched campaigns in American history, and prominently featured the vice presidential candidates, Governor Sarah Palin and Senator Joseph Biden. This election contest presents an exciting opportunity to expand and test our current understandings of the relationship between gender and media coverage. We examine this relationship using computer‐assisted content analysis of major newspapers, television news broadcasts, and political blogs. These three media are analyzed in terms of both quantity and substance of coverage received by Palin and Biden. Using a multiple medium perspective in our investigation of the contest between Palin and Biden, this article finds differences in volume of coverage (Governor Palin receives more), substance of coverage (roughly reflecting gender‐based stereotypes), and medium (with differences in volume and substance of coverage across newspapers, television, and blogs). Implications for future contests and for American politics in general are discussed.Related Articles:“Women Candidates and the Media: 1992‐2000 Elections.” (2006)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00030.x/abstract“The Influence of Female Candidates' Campaign Issues on Political Proselytizing.” (2008)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00093.x/abstract“Incumbent Responsiveness to Female Challengers.” (2010)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00271.x/fullRelated Media:Blogs athttp://themoderatevoice.com/,http://committedtoromney.com/, andhttp://www.barackoblogger.com/La elección presidencial del 2008 fue una de las campañas más vistas en la historia de los Estados Unidos, dando un lugar destacado a los candidatos para la vicepresidencia, la gobernadora Sarah Palin y el Senador Joseph Biden. Esta contienda electoral presenta una gran oportunidad para ampliar y poner a prueba nuestra comprensión actual de la relación entre el género y la cobertura de los medios de comunicación. Este artículo examina esta relación usando un análisis de contenido de los principales periódicos, programas de televisión y blogs políticos. Estos tres medios son analizados en términos de cantidad y sustancia de la cobertura recibida por Palin y Biden. Usando una perspectiva de múltiples medios en nuestra investigación de la competencia entre Palin y Biden, este estudio encuentra diferencias en el volumen de cobertura (la gobernadora Palin recibió más), sustancia de la cobertura (más o menos reflejando estereotipos de género), y de medio (con diferencias de volumen y sustancia de cobertura entre periódicos, televisión, y blogs). Las implicaciones para futuras contiendas y la política estadounidense en general son discutidas.
Risk of Recurrent Stroke before Carotid Endarterectomy: The ANSYSCAP Study
Authors: Johansson E. P. , Arnerlöv C. , Wester P. 
Published: April 2012

Background Carotid endarterectomy yields greater risk reduction for ipsilateral ischemic stroke when performed within two-weeks of the last cerebrovascular symptom than when performed two-weeks or more after the last symptom. However, additional benefit might be gained if carotid endarterectomy is performed earlier than within two-weeks. Aims To investigate the 90-day risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke recurrence after amaurosis fugax, retinal artery occlusion, transient ischemic attack, or minor ischemic stroke in patients with 50–99% carotid stenosis before carotid endarterectomy, with emphasis on the first 14 days. Methods Prospective cohort study. 230 consecutive patients with symptomatic 50–99% carotid stenosis (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial grading method) who underwent evaluation before carotid endarterectomy. Of these, 183 underwent carotid endarterectomy; the median delay to carotid endarterectomy was 29 days. Blood pressure lowering medication was used by 93% and lipid-lowering medication by 90%. Results The risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke recurrence before carotid endarterectomy was 5·2% ( n = 12) within two-days, 7·9% ( n = 18) within seven-days, 11·2% ( n = 25) within 14 days, and 18·6% ( n = 33) within 90 days of the presenting event. The risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke recurrence was higher if the presenting event was a stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 12·4, P = 0·015) or transient ischemic attack (adjusted hazard ratio 10·2, P = 0·026) compared with an amaurosis fugax. Discussion The risk of recurrent ipsilateral ischemic stroke was high within the first days of the presenting event. Many recurrences would likely have been avoided if carotid endarterectomy had been performed within the first days of the presenting event.
Epileptic Encephalitis: The Role of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System
Authors: Bauer Jan , Vezzani Annamaria , Bien Christian G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSeizures are a prominent clinical feature of encephalitis. Recent data suggest the adaptive as well as innate immune system to be involved directly in the pathomechanism of epileptogenesis. Cytotoxic T‐cells and antibody‐mediated complement activation are major components of the adaptive immune system, which can induce neurodegeneration, thereby probably contributing to epileptic encephalitis. The innate immune system operates via interleukin‐1 and toll‐like receptor‐associated mechanisms and was shown to play a direct role in epileptogenesis. Here, we review neuropathology hallmarks of various encephalitis conditions such as Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) but also introduce the more recently discovered antibody‐associated voltage‐gated potassium channel complex (VGKC), N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 encephalitides. Neuropathological investigations are used to determine specific cellular components and molecular mechanisms used by the immune system to provoke neurodegeneration and to promote epileptogenesis. Based on recent findings, we propose concepts for the stratification of epileptic encephalitis. Knowledge of the role of the innate immunity has already translated into clinical treatment strategies and may help to discover novel drug targets for these epileptic disorders.
Long‐Term Epilepsy‐Associated Tumors
Authors: Thom Maria , Blümcke Ingmar , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe term long‐term epilepsy associated tumor (LEAT) encompasses lesions identified in patients investigated for long histories (often 2 years or more) of drug‐resistant epilepsy. They are generally slowly growing, low grade, cortically based tumors, more often arising in younger age groups and in many cases exhibit neuronal in addition to glial differentiation. Gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors predominate in this group. LEATs are further united by cyto‐architectural changes that may be present in the adjacent cortex which have some similarities to developmental focal cortical dysplasias (FCD); these are now grouped as FCD type IIIb in the updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. In the majority of cases, surgical treatments are beneficial from both perspectives of managing the seizures and the tumor. However, in a minority, seizures may recur, tumors may show regrowth or recurrence, and rarely undergo anaplastic progression. Predicting and identifying tumors likely to behave less favorably are key objectives of the neuropathologist. With immunohistochemistry and modern molecular pathology, it is becoming increasingly possible to refine diagnostic groups. Despite this, some LEATs remain difficult to classify, particularly tumors with “non‐specific” or diffuse growth patterns. Modification of LEAT classification is inevitable with the goal of unifying terminological criteria applied between centers for accurate clinico‐pathological‐molecular correlative data to emerge. Finally, establishing the epileptogenic components of LEAT, either within the lesion or perilesional cortex, will elucidate the cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis, which in turn will guide optimal surgical management of these lesions.
Effects of Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Essential Oils on the Aspergillus versicolor Growth and Sterigmatocystin Production
Authors: Kocić‐Tanackov Sunčica , Dimić Gordana , Lević Jelena , Tanackov Ilija , Tepić Aleksandra , Vujičić Biserka , Gvozdanović‐Varga Jelica 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  In the present study the effects of individual and combined essential oils (EOs) extracted from onion (Allium  cepa L.) bulb and garlic (Allium sativum L.) clove on the growth of Aspergillus versicolor and sterigmatocystin (STC) production were investigated. The EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty one compounds were identified in onion EO. The major components were: dimethyl‐trisulfide (16.64%), methyl‐propyl‐trisulfide (14.21%), dietil‐1,2,4‐tritiolan (3R,5S‐, 3S,5S‐ and 3R,5R‐ isomers) (13.71%), methyl‐(1‐propenyl)‐disulfide (13.14%), and methyl‐(1‐propenyl)‐trisulfide (13.02%). The major components of garlic EO were diallyl‐trisulfide (33.55%), and diallyl‐disulfide (28.05%). The mycelial growth and the STC production were recorded after 7, 14, and 21 d of the A. versicolor growth in Yeast extract sucrose (YES) broth containing different EOs concentrations. Compared to the garlic EO, the onion EO showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the A. versicolor mycelial growth and STC production. After a 21‐d incubation of fungi 0.05 and 0.11 μg/mL of onion EO and 0.11 μg/mL of garlic EO completely inhibited the A. versicolor mycelial growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis. The combination of EOs of onion (75%) and garlic (25%) had a synergistic effect on growth inhibition of A. versicolor and STC production.Practical Application:  A substitution of synthetic preservatives with natural antimicrobial compounds in food safety to control fungal contamination and mycotoxin production.
Integrating Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Into Developmental Understanding of Adolescents
Authors: Williams Joanna Lee , Tolan Patrick H. , Durkee Myles I. , Francois, Amir G. , Anderson Riana E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article calls for a fuller integration of racial and ethnic identity (REI) as a fundamental topic of developmental research. Reviewing common, youth‐focused models of REI, it suggests the need for understanding the underlying assumptions of each when undertaking research in this domain. It then proposes that youth development research will be enhanced by further testing of the relation of REI to developmental progress in other dimensions of youth's identity and by developmentally conceptualized testing that incorporates social‐ecological perspectives. Relevant findings from studies of adolescents are used throughout to support these contentions. The article argues that new directions can promote the integration of REI research into the mainstream and inform the supports that bolster resilience for youth.
Melanoma‐derived conditioned media efficiently induce the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages that display a highly invasive gene signature
Authors: Wang Tao , Ge Yingbin , Xiao Min , Lopez‐Coral Alfonso , Azuma Rikka , Somasundaram Rajasekharan , Zhang Gao , Wei Zhi , Xu Xiaowei , Rauscher Frank J. , Herlyn Meenhard , Kaufman Russel E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe presence of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in melanomas is correlated with a poor clinical prognosis. However, there is limited information on the characteristics and biological activities of human TAMs in melanomas. In this study, we developed an in vitro method to differentiate human monocytes to macrophages using modified melanoma‐conditioned medium (MCM). We demonstrate that factors from MCM‐induced macrophages (MCMI‐Mφ) express both M1‐Mφ and M2‐Mφ markers and inhibit melanoma‐specific T‐cell proliferation. Furthermore, microarray analyses reveal that the majority of genes up‐regulated in MCMI‐Mφ are associated with tumor invasion. The most strikingly up‐regulated genes are CCL2 and MMP‐9. Consistent with this, blockade of both CCL‐2 and MMPs diminish MCMI‐Mφ‐induced melanoma invasion. Finally, we demonstrated that both MCMI‐Mφ and in vivo TAMs express the pro‐invasive, melanoma‐associated gene, glycoprotein non‐metastatic melanoma protein B. Our study provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms of cross‐talk between TAMs and melanoma cells within the tumor microenvironment.
Local airborne particulate concentration is associated with visible tracheal mucus in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: MILLERICK‐MAY M. L. , KARMAUS W. , DERKSEN F. J. , BERTHOLD B. , HOLCOMBE S. J. , ROBINSON N. E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryReason for performing study:Accumulations of tracheal mucus assessed by endoscopic examination are associated with poor performance in racehorses. The air quality in horses' stalls may contribute to this visible tracheal mucus.Objectives:To determine whether the concentration and number of airborne particulates in stalls are associated with visible accumulations of tracheal mucus and with the number of inflammatory cells in tracheal aspirates.Methods:We studied 107 racehorses from 3 stables, in 3 different months, and measured airborne particulate matter 3 times daily in each of the stalls. On each monthly visit, horse airways were examined endoscopically and assigned a mucus score, and tracheal lavage was performed. Bivariate procedures, general estimating equations and linear mixed models were applied to estimate the association between PM and the presence of accumulations of mucus and number of inflammatory cells.Results:Stable, stall, month and PM were all significantly associated with the presence of accumulations of tracheal mucus, which had an overall prevalence of 67%. The odds of horses having visible accumulation of mucus were increased when horses occupied enclosed stables or stalls with higher particulate concentrations, and when concentrations of larger particles (≤10 µm in diameter) were elevated. Sixty‐eight percent of tracheal wash samples contained more than 20% neutrophils. Increased numbers of neutrophils were associated with the concentration of smaller particles (≤2.5 µm in diameter).Potential relevance:Careful consideration of stable construction and management practices focused on maintaining the lowest possible dust concentrations throughout the day should reduce the prevalence of visible accumulations of tracheal mucus, potentially improving racing performance.
Development of Al-Alloy Coating for Advanced Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys
Authors: Kurata Yuji , Yokota Hitoshi , Suzuki Tetsuya 
Published: April 2012

Small and medium reactors using lead alloys as coolants are one of the promising reactor concepts with improved safety because of their thermal-physical and chemical properties. This paper focuses on the development of Al-alloy coating for nuclear systems using liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Since corrosion attack becomes severe against structural steels at high temperatures in liquid LBE, it is necessary to improve the corrosion resistance of steels. An Al-alloy coating method using Al, Ti, and Fe powders, and laser beam heating has been developed. The main defects formed in the Al-powder-alloy coating process are surface defects and cracks. The conditions required to avoid these defects are the employment of the laser beam scanning rate of 20 mm/min and the adjustment of the Al concentration in the coating layer. According to the results of the corrosion tests at 550ÃÂ °C in liquid LBE, the Al-alloy coating layers on 316SS prevent severe corrosion attack such as grain boundary corrosion and LBE penetration observed in the 316SS without coating. The good corrosion resistance of the Al-alloy coating is based on the thin Al-oxide film, which can be regenerated in liquid LBE. From the viewpoint of the soundness of the produced Al-powder-alloy coating layers and the preservation of their corrosion resistance, it is estimated that the range of adequate Al concentration in the coating layer is from 4 to 12 wt. %.
Peptide Microarray Analysis ofIn Silico-Predicted Epitopes for Serological Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans
Authors: Maksimov Pavlo , Zerweck Johannes , Maksimov Aline , Hotop Andrea , Groß Uwe , Pleyer Uwe , Spekker Katrin , Däubener Walter , Werdermann Sandra , Niederstrasser Olaf , Petri Eckhardt , Mertens Marc , Ulrich Rainer G. , Conraths Franz J. , Schares Gereon 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTToxoplasma gondiiinfections occur worldwide in humans and animals. In immunocompromised or prenatally infected humans,T. gondiican cause severe clinical symptoms. The identification of specific epitopes onT. gondiiantigens is essential for the improvement and standardization of the serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. We selected 20 peptides mimicking linear epitopes on GRA1, GRA2, GRA4, and MIC3 antigenicT. gondiiproteinsin silicousing the software ABCpred. A further 18 peptides representing previously published epitopes derived from GRA1, SAG1, NTPase1, and NTPase2 antigens were added to the panel. A peptide microarray assay was established to prove the diagnostic performance of the selected peptides with human serum samples. Seropositive human serum samples (n= 184) were collected from patients presenting with acute toxoplasmosis (n= 21), latentT. gondiiinfection (n= 53), and inactive ocular toxoplasmosis (n= 10) and from seropositive forest workers (n= 100). To adjust the cutoff values for each peptide, sera from seronegative forest workers (n= 75) and patients (n= 65) were used. Univariate logistic regression suggested the significant diagnostic potential of eight novel and two previously published peptides. A test based on these peptides had an overall diagnostic sensitivity of 69% (100% in ocular toxoplasmosis patients, 86% in acutely infected patients, 81% in latently infected patients, and 57% in seropositive forest workers). The analysis of seronegative sera performed with these peptides revealed a diagnostic specificity of 84%. The results of our study suggest that the use of a bioinformatic approach for epitope prediction in combination with peptide microarray testing is a powerful method for the selection ofT. gondiiepitopes as candidate antigens for serological diagnosis.
Macrolide Resistance Determination and Molecular Typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Respiratory Specimens Collected between 1997 and 2008 in The Netherlands
Authors: Spuesens Emiel B. M. , Meijer Adam , Bierschenk Damien , Hoogenboezem Theo , Donker Gé A. , Hartwig Nico G. , Koopmans Marion P. G. , Vink Cornelis , van Rossum Annemarie M. C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

An important role in the treatment regimens for
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
infections is played by macrolide (ML) antibiotics. In the past few years, however, a steady increase has been detected in the worldwide prevalence of ML-resistant (ML
r
)
M. pneumoniae
strains. It is obvious that this increase necessitates a continuous monitoring of ML
r
and, when detected, modification of antibiotic treatment modalities. Previously, we developed a pyrosequencing-based assay system for the genetic determination of ML
r
as well as molecular typing of
M. pneumoniae
. In this study, the sensitivity of this system was improved by the inclusion of a nested-PCR protocol. The modified system was applied to 114
M. pneumoniae
-positive specimens that were obtained from a collection of 4,390 samples from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. These samples were collected between 1997 and 2008 in The Netherlands. The pyrosequencing system produced reliable data in 86% of the specimens that contained >500
M. pneumoniae
genome copies/ml of patient sample. Each of these samples contained DNA of the ML-sensitive genotype. While 43% of the samples were found to harbor the
M. pneumoniae
subtype 1 genotype, 57% contained the subtype 2 genotype. We conclude that the pyrosequencing-based assay system is a useful tool for ML
r
determination and molecular typing of
M. pneumoniae
in patient samples. ML
r
-associated
M. pneumoniae
genotypes, however, were not found in the current study population.
Fatal Case of Brucellosis Misdiagnosed in Early Stages of Brucella suis Infection in a 46-Year-Old Patient with Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Carrington M. , Choe U. , Ubillos S. , Stanek D. , Campbell M. , Wansbrough L. , Lee P. , Churchwell G. , Rosas K. , Zaki S. R. , Drew C. , Paddock C. D. , DeLeon-Carnes M. , Guerra M. , Hoffmaster A. R. , Tiller R. V. , De B. K. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

We report a fatal case of
Brucella suis
endocarditis initially misdiagnosed by automated identification systems as
Ochrobactrum anthropi
infection in a patient with a history of Marfan syndrome and recreational feral swine hunting. This report emphasizes the need to consider brucellosis as a part of the differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness, particularly in patients with known risk of exposure.
Genetic Diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Doxycycline Resistance in Kennelled Dogs
Authors: Chalker Victoria J. , Waller Andrew , Webb Katy , Spearing Emma , Crosse Patricia , Brownlie Joe , Erles Kerstin 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of 38Streptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicusisolates were determined from a kennelled canine population during two outbreaks of hemorrhagic pneumonia (1999 to 2002 and 2007 to 2010). Analysis of theszpgene hypervariable region and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) indicated a predominanttetO-positive, doxycycline-resistant ST-10 strain during 1999 to 2002 and a predominanttetM-positive doxycycline-resistant ST-62 strain during 2007 to 2010.
Structural Basis for RNA Binding and Homo-Oligomer Formation by Influenza B Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Ng Andy Ka-Leung , Lam Mandy Ka-Han , Zhang Hongmin , Liu Jinhuan , Au Shannon Wing-Ngor , Chan Paul Kay-Sheung , Wang Jiahuai , Shaw Pang-Chui 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is the major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, which is crucial for the transcription and replication of the viral genome. We have determined the crystal structure of influenza B virus NP to a resolution of 3.2 Å. Influenza B NP contains a head, a body domain, and a tail loop. The electropositive groove between the head and body domains of influenza B NP is crucial for RNA binding. This groove also contains an extended flexible charged loop (amino acids [aa] 125 to 149), and two lysine clusters at the first half of this loop were shown to be crucial for binding RNA. Influenza B virus NP forms a crystallographic homotetramer by inserting the tail loop into the body domain of the neighboring NP molecule. A deeply buried salt bridge between R472 and E395 and a hydrophobic cluster at F468 are the major driving forces for the insertion. The analysis of the influenza B virus NP structure and function and comparisons with influenza A virus NP provide insights into the mechanisms of action and underpin efforts to design inhibitors for this class of proteins.