bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour after cerebral lesions in children and adults (1962)
Authors: Bishop Dorothy 
Published: June 2009

It is generally believed that brain injuries vary in their effects according to the age at which they are sustained, but the nature and extent of these differences remain elusive. A full enquiry requires, ideally, the study of strictly comparable lesions in the young and the old, the opportunity for follow‐up examinations extending over decades in both groups and, lastly, the availability of behavioural tasks for which normal attainment is known, and which are equally applicable to the brain‐injured child and the brain‐injured adult.The investigations of behavioural changes after brain injury in children and adults, reported here, are far from fulfilling all these requirements. In particular, these studies are obviously deficient with regard to our first postulate, that of comparable lesions. Identical lesions in children and adults are so rare that one is often forced to turn to animal experiments as a supplementary source of information. Admittedly, animal experiments introduce phylogenetic differences in addition to the ontogenetic ones; yet available animal studies can help to indicate some of the directions in which the answers to the ontogenetic question may be sought. Accordingly, we begin this account with a brief consideration of animal experiments, before presenting some of the results obtained in our laboratory in students of brain‐injured about and children.
Position as a cause of deformity in children with cerebral palsy (1976)
Authors: Scrutton David 
Published: June 2009

Deformities in the child with cerebral palsy have been ascribed to muscle imbalance (Sharrard 1961) and increased tone (Pollock 1959) or to the type of cerebral palsy (Bobath and Bobath 1975). As far as we know, the position in which the child is nursed, especially during the first year of life, has not been considered as a cause of deformity.It is generally agreed that position in the postnatal period can be a cause of deformity in the normal baby. Paine (1961) suggested that plagiocephaly was caused by postnatal head posture, and Hay (1971) found that plagiocephaly was present in 10 percent of normal babies. Scott (1956) reported that infants commonly had lateral curvatures of the spine which could be seen on x‐rays but not on clinical examination, all of which had resolved by the age of two years. Other asymmetries associated with plagiocephaly are unilateral fisting, asymmetrical groin creases, apparent shortening of one lower limb and asymmetry of gait (Robson 1968). We accept the asymmetrical deformities of plagiocephaly, unilateral bat ear, facial and thoracic asymmetry, pelvic obliquity and apparent shortening of one leg ‐ some or all of which may be present in normal babies ‐ as forming the ‘squint’ baby syndrome. Because asymmetrical deformities also occur in children with cerebral palsy, we thought it worthwhile to compare the pattern of deformity in a group of ‘quint’ but otherwise normal babies with a group of cerebralpalsied children with asymmetrical deformities to see if there is any relationship.
Quantifying weight bearing while in passive standers and a comparison of standers
Authors: Kecskemethy Heidi H , Herman Daniel , May Ryan , Paul Kathleen , Bachrach Steven J , Henderson Richard C 
Published: June 2009

Mechanical loading plays an important role in skeletal health, and this is a major reason standing devices are widely used with non‐ambulatory persons. However, little is known about the true axial loading that occurs while in a stander, or the factors which may impact loading. The purpose of this study was to quantify weight borne while in a stander, and to directly compare different standers.Load measuring footplate adaptors were designed and fabricated specifically for this study. Weight bearing loads in 20 non‐ambulatory persons with quadriplegic cerebral palsy aged 6 to 21 years (median 14y) were continuously monitored during routine 30‐minute standing sessions. Fourteen participants were female, six were male; one was Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level IV, and 19 were GMFCS Level V. Each participant was monitored on four to six occasions over an 8‐week period, two to three times in each of two different standers (total 108 standing sessions). Weight bearing loads ranged widely from 37 to 101% of body weight. The difference between standers was as much as 29% body weight.There is wide variance in the actual weight borne while in passive standers. The type of stander utilized is one factor which can significantly affect the amount of weight borne.
Visual function in infants with brain lesions (1994)
Authors: Mercuri Eugenio 
Published: June 2009

Another in our series of commentaries on notable papers from the DMCN archives. The full paper is available at http://www.mackeith.co.ukPike MG, Holmstrom G, de Vries LS, Pennock JM, Drew KJ, Sonksen PM, Dubowitz LM. Patterns of visual impairment associated with lesions of the preterm infant brain. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994; 36: 849–62.
Cerebral palsy and newborn care: I, II, and III (1981)
Authors: Stanley Fiona 
Published: June 2009

Another in our series of commentaries on notable papers from the DMCN archives. The full papers are available at http://www.mackeith.co.ukKiely JL, Paneth N, Stein Z, Susser M. Cerebral palsy and newborn care. I: Secular trends in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981; 23: 533–38. Kiely JL, Paneth N, Stein Z, Susser M. Cerebral palsy and newborn care. II: Mortality and neurological impairment in low‐birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981; 23: 650–59. Kiely JL, Paneth N, Stein Z, Susser M. Cerebral palsy and newborn care. III: Estimated prevalence rates of cerebral palsy under differing rates of mortality and impairment of low‐birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981; 23: 801–07.
The stability of error‐related brain activity with increasing trials
Authors: Olvet Doreen M. , Hajcak Greg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe error‐related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) are increasingly being examined as neural correlates of response monitoring. The minimum number of error trials included in grand averages varies across studies; indeed, there has not been a systematic investigation on the number of trials required to obtain a stable ERN and Pe. In the current study, the ERN and Pe were quantified as two random trials were added to participants' (N=53) ERP averages. Adding trials increased the correlation with the grand average ERN and Pe; however, high correlations (rs>.80) were obtained with only 6 trials. Internal reliability of the ERN and Pe reached moderate levels after 6 and 2 trials and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the ERN and Pe did not change after 8 and 4 trials, respectively. Combined, these data suggest that the ERN and Pe can be quantified using a minimum of between 6 and 8 error trials.
Nurse strategies for optimising patient participation in nursing care
Authors: Sahlsten Monika J. M. , Larsson Inga E. , Sjöström Björn , Plos Kaety A. E. 
Published: June 2009

The study’s rationale:  Patient participation is an essential factor in nursing care and medical treatment and a legal right in many countries. Despite this, patients have experienced insufficient participation, inattention and neglect regarding their problems and may respond with dependence, passivity or taciturnity. Accordingly, nurses strategies for optimising patient participation in nursing care is an important question for the nursing profession.Aim and objective:  The aim was to explore Registered Nurses’ strategies to stimulate and optimise patient participation in nursing care. The objective was to identify ward nurses’ supporting practices.Methodological design and justification:  A qualitative research approach was applied. Three focus groups with experienced Registered Nurses providing inpatient somatic care (n = 16) were carried out. These nurses were recruited from three hospitals in West Sweden. The data were analysed using content analysis technique.Ethical issues and approval:  The ethics of scientific work was adhered to. According to national Swedish legislation, no formal permit from an ethics committee was required. The participants gave informed consent after verbal and written information.Results:  Nurse strategies for optimising patient participation in nursing care were identified as three categories: ‘Building close co‐operation’, ‘Getting to know the person’ and ‘Reinforcing self‐care capacity’ and their 10 subcategories.Conclusions:  The strategies point to a process of emancipation of the patient’s potential by finding his/her own inherent knowledge, values, motivation and goals and linking these to actions. Nurses need to strive for guiding the patient towards attaining meaningful experiences, discoveries, learning and development. The strategies are important and useful to balance the asymmetry in the nurse–patient relationship in daily nursing practice and also in quality assurance to evaluate and improve patient participation and in education. However, further verification of the findings is recommended by means of replication or other studies in different clinical settings.
Provider Monitoring and Pay‐for‐Performance When Multiple Providers Affect Outcomes: An Application to Renal Dialysis
Authors: Hirth Richard A. , Turenne Marc N. , Wheeler John R.C. , Pan Qing , Ma Yu , Messana Joseph M. 
Published: June 2009

Objective. To characterize the influence of dialysis facilities and nephrologists on resource use and patient outcomes in the dialysis population and to illustrate how such information can be used to inform payment system design.Data Sources. Medicare claims for all hemodialysis patients for whom Medicare was the primary payer in 2004, combined with the Medicare Enrollment Database and the CMS Medical Evidence Form (CMS Form 2728), which is completed at onset of renal replacement therapy.Study Design. Resource use (mainly drugs and laboratory tests) per dialysis session and two clinical outcomes (achieving targets for anemia management and dose of dialysis) were modeled at the patient level with random effects for nephrologist and dialysis facility, controlling for patient characteristics.Results. For each measure, both the physician and the facility had significant effects. However, facilities were more influential than physicians, as measured by the standard deviation of the random effects.Conclusions. The success of tools such as P4P and provider profiling relies upon the identification of providers most able to enhance efficiency and quality. This paper demonstrates a method for determining the extent to which variation in health care costs and quality of care can be attributed to physicians and institutional providers. Because variation in quality and cost attributable to facilities is consistently larger than that attributable to physicians, if provider profiling or financial incentives are targeted to only one type of provider, the facility appears to be the appropriate locus.
Collecting Patient Race/Ethnicity and Primary Language Data in Ambulatory Care Settings: A Case Study in Methodology
Authors: Palaniappan Latha P. , Wong Eric C. , Shin Jessica J. , Moreno Maria R. , Otero‐Sabogal Regina 
Published: June 2009

Objective. To collect patient race/ethnicity and language (r/e/l) in an ambulatory care setting.Data Sources/Study Setting. The Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAMF), December 2006–May 2008.Study Design. Three pilot studies: (1) Comparing mail versus telephone versus clinic visit questionnaire distribution; (2) comparing the front desk method (FDM) versus exam room method (ERM) in the clinic visit; and (3) determining resource allocation necessary for data entry.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Studies were planned and executed by PAMF's Quality and Planning division.Principal Findings. Collecting r/e/l data during clinic visits elicited the highest response rate. The FDM yielded higher response rate than the ERM. One full‐time equivalent is initially necessary for data entry.Conclusions. Conducting sequential studies can help guide r/e/l collection in a short time frame.
Testing platelet mass versus platelet count to guide platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Gerday Erick , Baer Vickie L. , Lambert Diane K. , Paul David A. , Sola‐Visner Martha C. , Pysher Theodore J. , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Platelet (PLT) transfusions can bestow significant benefits but they also carry risks. This study sought a safe means of reducing PLT transfusions to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients with thrombocytopenia by comparing two transfusion guidelines, one based on PLT count and the other on PLT mass (PLT count times mean PLT volume).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a prospective, two‐centered, before versus after design, PLT transfusion usage and hemorrhagic events were contrasted during a period when PLT count–based transfusion guidelines were in use (Period 1) versus a period when PLT mass–based guidelines were in use (Period 2).RESULTS: No differences were observed between Periods 1 and 2 in NICU admissions, sex, race/ethnicity, percentage of inborn patients, or percentage of patients with a PLT count less than 50 × 109 or 51 × 109 to 99 × 109/L. In the first period 3.6% of NICU admissions received one or more PLT transfusions. This fell to 1.9% during the second period (p < 0.002). The number of PLT transfusions administered per transfused patient was the same in both periods: 2.0 (1‐23) (median [range]) in Period 1 and 2.0 (1‐17) in Period 2 (p > 0.40). Significantly fewer PLT transfusions were given in Period 2 for prophylaxis (patient not bleeding; p < 0.001 vs. Period 1). The number given for bleeding did not change between the two periods. In Period 2 no increases were seen in rate of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); Grade 3 or 4 IVH; or pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or cutaneous bleeding.CONCLUSIONS: The use of PLT mass–based NICU transfusion guidelines was associated with fewer PLT transfusions and no recognized increase in hemorrhagic problems.
Trehalose inhibited the phagocytosis of refrigerated platelets in vitro via preventing apoptosis
Authors: Liu Qi , Xu Lin , Jiao Shu‐xian , Wang Tong‐xian , Song Yi , Wen Zhen‐ke 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The sole reason that platelets (PLTs) are currently stored at room temperature is that refrigeration of PLTs results in their rapid clearance after transfusion. Recent data have suggested that trehalose was an effective cryoprotective reagent for human PLTs. This study evaluated the effect of trehalose on the phagocytosis of refrigerated PLTs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Phagocytosis of PLTs was evaluated with THP‐1 cells. Phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase‐3 activity in PLTs were measured with flow cytometry. PLT mitochondrial transmembrane potentials were studied by staining PLTs with JC‐1. Expression of Bcl‐XL and Bax was determined by Western blot. PLT aggregation was studied in vitro with a PLT aggregation profiler.RESULTS: It was demonstrated that trehalose significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of refrigerated PLTs by showing that the phagocytotic ratio of PLTs refrigerated with trehalose for 9 days was generally comparable with that of PLTs stored at room temperature for 5 days, which was significantly lower than that of PLTs refrigerated without trehalose. Further studies revealed that trehalose could prevent the apoptosis of refrigerated PLTs, which was determined by the phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase‐3 activities, mitochondrial transmembrane potentials, and expression of Bcl‐XL and Bax. Finally, it was shown that PLTs refrigerated with trehalose for 9 days also maintained their activity to aggregate when exposed to agonists in a standard aggregometry assay.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that trehalose could inhibit the phagocytosis of refrigerated PLTs in vitro through preventing apoptosis, implying that trehalose is a promising candidate to optimize the refrigeration of human PLTs.
Easy identification of antibodies to high‐prevalence Scianna antigens and detection of admixed alloantibodies using soluble recombinant Scianna protein
Authors: Seltsam Axel , Grueger Daniela , Blasczyk Rainer , Flegel Willy A. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Identification of antibodies against high‐prevalence Scianna (Sc; ERMAP) antigens, like Sc1 and Sc5, is difficult and may incur delays in blood procurement and costs. The detection of additional clinically significant alloantibodies is hampered in the presence of anti‐Scianna. Soluble recombinant Scianna protein is demonstrated to facilitate antibody diagnostics in both cases.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Soluble recombinant Scianna protein (Sc:1,‐2,3,‐4,5,6,7) was produced comprising the antigenic extracellular domain fused to a V5‐His tag. The protein was isolated from eukaryotic cell culture supernatants of stably transfected HEK293 cells. Seven serum samples with anti‐Sc1, anti‐Sc2, and anti‐Sc5 and 30 serum samples with antibodies to other blood group antigens were evaluated in hemagglutination inhibition assays. Antisera with mixed antibody specificities and autoantibodies were also tested.RESULTS: Soluble Scianna protein inhibited specifically antibodies to the high‐prevalence Scianna antigens Sc1 and Sc5. No antibodies were neutralized that were directed to the low‐prevalence Sc2 antigen or to a large representative set of antigens from other blood group systems. Clinically relevant antibodies could be identified despite being masked by anti‐Sc1 and anti‐Sc5. A mixture of Scianna and JMH proteins allowed detecting a common antibody despite the presence of antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens of the Scianna or JMH blood group systems.CONCLUSION: Antibody detection systems comprising soluble recombinant Scianna protein provide an easy single‐step method for detection and identification of antibodies to high‐prevalence Scianna antigens. Reagents with Scianna and other recombinant blood group proteins and mixtures of such proteins would be useful routine reagents in immunohematology.
Blood salvage use in gynecologic oncology
Authors: Nagarsheth Nimesh P. , Sharma Tarun , Shander Aryeh , Awan Ahsan 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Blood salvage allows for collection and processing of surgical blood loss with the eventual reinfusion of washed red blood cells (RBCs) back to the patient. The use of blood salvage in patients undergoing surgery for malignancy is off‐label. Controversy exists as to the risk of potential cancer dissemination resulting from the reinfusion of the processed blood, but no data are available to confirm this risk. Recent studies have demonstrated that filtering the salvaged blood using a leukoreduction filter (LRF) significantly decreases the number of cancer cells in the recovered RBC aliquot in a variety of cancer types.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients on the gynecologic oncology service as part of the bloodless surgery program at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center from April 1998 to April 2007 were identified. Three patients that had reinfusion of cell salvage blood (all reinfusions were performed after filtration with a LRF) were studied further with emphasis placed on long‐term outcomes.RESULTS: Two of the three patients did not show any evidence of metastases after surgery. The only patient that developed evidence of hematogenous progression had known liver metastases at the time of her initial diagnosis and therefore had hematogenous dissemination before her index surgery.CONCLUSION: In this series of patients undergoing surgery for malignancies on the gynecologic oncology service, blood salvage with LRF was not definitively associated with hematogenous dissemination. Further large controlled studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical safety of the use of blood salvage in this setting.
Minority and foreign‐born representation among US blood donors: demographics and donation frequency for 2006
Authors: Murphy Edward L. , Shaz Beth , Hillyer Christopher D. , Carey Patricia , Custer Brian S. , Hirschler Nora , Fang Junyong , Schreiber George B. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Historically, minority populations have represented only a small proportion of US blood donors, but recent trends in immigration and potential blood shortages emphasize the need for recruitment strategies to increase minority donations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donation data from a network of six US blood centers for 2006 were analyzed. Race/ethnicity, country of birth, and educational attainment data were collected specifically for the study and assessed for their influence on donation behavior. Logistic regression was used to determine independent associations with repeat donors status and annual donation frequency.RESULTS: A total of 1,288,998 donations from 729,068 donors were studied; most donors had data on race/ethnicity (97.1%) and country of birth (93.1%). The proportion of minority donors differed by blood center, with African American donors (16%) most common at the Southeastern blood center and Asian (12%), Hispanic (13%), and foreign‐born donors (13%) most common at the Northern California blood center. Minority donors and those born in Mexico or Latin America were younger than white donors. Minority and non–US‐born donors were less likely than white and US‐born donors to be repeat donors (odds ratio [OR], 0.60‐0.78), and most were less likely to give two or more annual donations (OR, 0.82‐1.11).CONCLUSION: Minority and Mexico/Latin America–born donors represent a younger and often first‐time donor population compared to white and US‐born donors, but their annual donation frequency was only slightly lower than white and US‐born donors. Increasing the retention and donation frequency of minorities will be important for supplementing the blood supply.
Chemical and Structural Microanalysis of Aluminosilicate Geopolymers Synthesized by Sodium Silicate Activation of Metakaolinite
Authors: Rowles Matthew R. , O'Connor Brian H. 
Published: June 2009

An earlier study by the authors on the chemical optimization of compressive strength in aluminosilicate inorganic polymers (geopolymers), produced by sodium silicate activation of metakaolinite (MK), has been extended to provide chemical analysis of the principal microstructural features using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) measurements. SEM imaging reveals the presence of a two‐phase microstructure; the matrix phase being the fully formed inorganic polymer, while the grain phase is reminiscent of, but chemically dissimilar to, the MK precursor. The current study has provided the following insights into microchemical optimization of compressive strength: (1) The overall chemical composition of the starting materials does not accurately predict the chemical composition of the geopolymer matrix due to incomplete dissolution of the starting material. (2) The ideal Na:Al molar ratio of 1.0 required for charge balance in the bonding network has been observed for the matrix. (3) As the nominal Si:Al molar ratio for the final material increases, the grain Si:Al ratio increases steadily from the MK value, without resulting in the full dissolution of the grain. These results underline the importance of using SEM/EDS microchemical analysis for designing chemical processing conditions for strength‐optimum geopolymers, rather than relying on imaging or bulk chemistry in isolation, which may provide misleading results.