bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting wounding aggression in a colony of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Nash Leanne T. , Scarry Clara JoAnn , Videan Elaine N. , Fritz Jo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) display higher levels of aggression in captivity than in the wild. One of the challenges of captive management, therefore, is to balance the chimpanzees' need for social interaction with managements' desire to minimize wounding and aggression. Various captive studies have examined the effects of individual and social variables on the frequency of wounding aggression, but none have examined these variables simultaneously. We collected retrospective wounding data for severe wounds from 83 captive chimpanzees (36 males, 47 females) from January 1993 to December 2003. The context of the wounding event, including individual age and sex, group age and sex composition, group duration, and portion of the week (weekday vs. weekend) were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables had a significant effect on the probability of a severe wounding event. The sex and age composition of the group, group duration, and portion of the week had a statistically significant association with wounding. All‐male groups (Odds Ratio (OR)=6.738) had the highest risk of wounding aggression, with uni‐male groups (OR=3.311) having the next largest. Compared to individuals in all sub‐adult groups, individuals in either all‐adult (OR=4.516) or mixed‐age (OR=3.587) groups had a higher risk of wounding. There was an inverse association between group duration and wounding (OR=0.821). Finally, there was an increased risk of wounding during the work week (OR=1.653). These results suggest that captive management should pay close attention to group composition, as well as levels of human activity, when devising strategies to reduce captive chimpanzee aggression. Zoo Biol 29:351–364, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase in the Serum Bile Acid Level Predicts the Effective Hypertrophy of the Nonembolized Hepatic Lobe After Right Portal Vein Embolization
Authors: Hayashi Hiromitsu , Beppu Toru , Sugita Hiroki , Horino Kei , Komori Hiroyuki , Masuda Toshiro , Okabe Hirohisa , Takamori Hiroshi , Baba Hideo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical association between serum bile acid level changes and liver hypertrophy in portal vein embolization (PVE).MethodsIn 31 patients, the serum total bile acid level was prospectively measured before and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after right PVE. Computed tomographic volumetry was performed before and 25.0 ± 3.6 days after PVE.ResultsPortal vein embolization induced the liver hypertrophy with a median increase in the left lobe volume (ILV) of 165 cm3 and a median percentage ILV (%ILV) of 29%. Compared with the pretreatment level, the serum bile acid levels significantly increased on day 3 and day 14 after PVE (p = 0.017 and p = 0.003, respectively). In patients with greater hypertrophy after PVE (ILV > 165 cm3 and %ILV > 30%), the increases in the bile acid level on day 3 were larger than that in those with lesser hypertrophy (p = 0.008 and p = 0.002, respectively). The increase on day 3 positively correlated with the ILV and %ILV (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively). The serum bile acid levels on day 3, 5, and 7 after PVE increased in patients with %ILV > 30% but not in those with %ILV ≤ 30%.ConclusionsPortal vein embolization increases the serum bile acid level in patients with effective liver hypertrophy in the nonembolized lobe. The increase on day 3 is a useful predictor of effective hypertrophy of the nonembolized lobe. Thus, bile acid signaling may be important for liver regeneration post‐PVE.
A new case of ALG8 deficiency (CDG Ih)
Authors: Vesela K. , Honzik T. , Hansikova H. , Haeuptle M. A. , Semberova J. , Stranak Z. , Hennet T. , Zeman J. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryCongenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) represent an expanding group of inherited diseases. One of them, ALG8 deficiency (CDG Ih), leads to protein N‐glycosylation defects caused by malfunction of glucosyltransferase 2 (Dol‐P‐Glc:Glc1‐Man9‐GlcNAc2‐P‐P‐Dol glucosyltransferase) resulting in inefficient addition of the second glucose residue onto lipid‐linked oligosaccharides. So far, only five patients have been described with ALG8 deficiency. We present a new patient with neonatal onset. The girl was born at the 29th week of gestation complicated by oligohydramnios. Although the early postnatal adaptation was uneventful (Apgar score 8 and 9 at 5 and 10 min), generalized oedema, multifocal myoclonic seizures, and bleeding due to combined coagulopathy were present from the first day. Diarrhoea progressing to protein‐losing enteropathy with ascites and pericardial effusion developed in the third week of life. Pharmacoresistant seizures and cortical, cerebellar and optic nerve atrophy indicated neurological involvement. No symptoms of liver disease except coagulopathy were observed; however, steatofibrosis with cholestasis was found at autopsy. The girl died at the age of 2 months owing to the progressive general oedema, bleeding and cardio‐respiratory insufficiency. Molecular analysis revealed two heterozygous mutations in the ALG8 gene: c.139A>C (p.T47P) and the novel mutation c.1090C>T (p.R364X). Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with ALG8 deficiency is unfavourable. The majority of affected children have early onset of the disease with heterogeneous symptoms including multiple organ dysfunction, coagulopathy and protein‐losing enteropathy. Neurological impairment is not a general clinical symptom, but it has to be taken into consideration when thinking about ALG8 deficiency.
Body composition by 2H dilution in Gambian infants: comparison with UK infants and evaluation of simple prediction methods
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K. , Hawton Kate , Darch Tegan , Lunn Peter G. 
Published: August 2009

Gambian infants show growth faltering, but the underlying body composition is unknown. The present study aimed to compare body composition in Gambian and UK infants using 2H dilution; and to evaluate accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and creatinine excretion for estimating lean mass (LM), using 2H as the reference. Body composition was measured in thirty Gambian infants, aged 3–18 months, using (1) anthropometry, (2) 2H, (3) BIA (equation of Fjeld et al.Pediatr Res (1990), 27, 98–102) and (4) 5 h urinary creatinine excretion. Compared with UK reference data, Gambian infants were light, short and had reduced BMI and skinfolds. The subscapular skinfold standard deviation score (SDS) was greater than the triceps SDS (P < 0·01), indicating central fat preservation. Both LM and fat mass were reduced in Gambian infants, with or without adjustment for length. However, whereas the Gambia–UK difference in LM increased with age, that in fat mass decreased. Average creatinine excretion was similar to that expected (95·5 (sd 23·2) % recovery), but LM estimates showed unacceptable error in individuals. BIA using Fjeld's equation overestimated total body water and LM (P < 0·001), hence a new equation was developed, with standard error of 0·47 kg LM. In conclusion, Gambian infants characterised by growth faltering had LM deficits that increased with age. However, adiposity increased with age, and showed indications of a more central distribution than in the reference infants. A new BIA equation for LM prediction is presented; however, creatinine excretion is not recommended for LM estimation in this population.
Nonlinear force driven plasma blocks igniting solid density hydrogen boron: Laser fusion energy without radioactivity
Authors: Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Azizi N. , Malekynia B. , Ghoranneviss M. , He X.T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEnergy production by laser driven fusion energy is highly matured by spherical compression and ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel. An alternative scheme is the fast ignition where petawatt (PW)-picosecond (ps) laser pulses are used. A significant anomaly was measured and theoretically analyzed with very clean PW-ps laser pulses for avoiding relativistic self focusing. This permits a come-back of the side-on ignition scheme of uncompressed solid DT, which is in essential contrast to the spherical compression scheme. The conditions of side-on ignition thresholds needed exorbitantly high energy flux densities E*. These conditions are now in reach by using PW-ps laser pulses to verify side-on ignition for DT. Generalizing this to side-on igniting solid state density proton-Boron-11 (HB11) arrives at the surprising result that this is one order of magnitude more difficult than the DT fusion. This is in contrast to the well known impossibility of igniting HB11 by spherical laser compression and may offer fusion energy production with exclusion of neutron generation and nuclear radiation effects with a minimum of heat pollution in power stations and application for long mission space propulsion.
Diabetes and obesity in older adults: a call to action
Authors: Edson Emily J. , Sierra-Johnson Justo , Curtis Bradley 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe world's older population is projected to rise to some two billion people in the next 50 years. The health of older adults deteriorates with increasing age and creates greater demand for healthcare resources. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in older adults is causing concern due to its interplay between type 2 diabetes, obesity and associated morbidity and mortality. This call to action discusses comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity in the older population and its impact on patients. We cover several topics to consider when designing prevention and treatment strategies for older adults and areas for improvement in our care of this special population are discussed. We know that dietary, exercise and weight-loss interventions are effective. However, these strategies require effort by both patient and physician. If all parties responsible in patient care take action, a change in lifestyle can lead to longer, healthier lives in older adults.
A comparative review of the potential role of adenovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: McCaighy Stuart 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe unsatisfactory outcome of patients who receive intensive multimodality treatment for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) has motivated investigators to seek novel treatments to improve survival. Advances in molecular biology has led to the development of cancer gene therapy (CGT) and revived interest in viral vectors as a mechanism. SCCHN is an ideal model for CGT as disease remains locoregional and is amenable to injection of viruses. Adenovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV) are the most studied Oncolytic Viruses (OVs). Both viruses have been shown to select and replicate in tumour cells and demonstrate anti-tumour effect in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Toxicity from OVs is minor and manageable. Different adenoviral mutants have been investigated with mixed responses. One vector, H101, has now been licensed after showing significant tumour regression in conjunction with chemotherapy. HSV has a larger capacity to carry genetic material and with the addition of the granulocyte–macrophage colony–stimulating factor, has the potential to stimulate an immune response systemically and at the site of disease. OVs are limited by the distribution of virus beyond injection site and by pre-existing or rapidly established immune response. Phase III studies are required.
External beam radiotherapy in the treatment of extensive vascular malformation of the lower extremity refractory to surgery and interventional embolisation therapy
Authors: Trombetta Mark , Potts Jonathan , Valakh Vladimir , Werts E. Day , Nahum Elmer , Parda David 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis patient case-study represents the introduction of radiotherapy in the management of extra-cranial vascular malformations, a topic with virtually no supported literature before our case study. In those patients refractory to established therapies and facing the inevitability of mutilating amputation, radiotherapy may be a viable option to preserve the limb.
Ecologists and the development of sustainability curricula for majors vs. non-majors
Authors: Cid Carmen 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
*Background/Question/Methods*
Ecologists usually study interactions among living and non-living things at a particular spatial scale. Ecological curricula often have a biological focus except in ecosystem or applied ecology courses. At the undergraduate level, the impact of human activity on ecology class discussions is often relegated to urban ecology classes. The discussion of sustainability is a side line in introductory or upper level ecology courses, except in applied research courses, and more intensely addressed in non-science general education courses. To develop a global sustainable society will require that different disciplines understand the many factors that affect "sustainability" and work with a common definition of that term. To start the discussion among disciplines that is necessary to solve global environmental problems ecologists need to outline a clear connection between efficient natural resource management practices and global biodiversity goals. Faculty need to network across disciplines in curriculum development, and consider answers from the point of view of coursework in biology, earth science and physical science majors vs. in the general education or liberal arts core curriculum. The sustainability curriculum outcomes of such interdisciplinary discussions are considered for various undergraduate programs throughout the United States focusing on the process of integration of ecological knowledge.

*Results/Conclusions*
Nationally, science major programs develop courses that consider the human impact on the variability and management of natural resources, relative to biodiversity and landscape physical components. Courses are grouped into minors and/or configured as a major’s track. Many of these courses incorporate service-learning and utilize the campus and surrounding university community as a field lab for exploring sustainability, conservation and resource management issues. For non-majors, sustainability may be the theme of first-year seminars taught by faculty from different disciplines, to engage students in critical thinking exercises in solving global environmental problems. Often sociologists, political scientists, historians and geographers are more involved in teaching these general education courses than ecologists. A sustainable studies interdisciplinary major may result after establishing appropriate content courses for minors, the liberal arts curriculum and tracks within majors. The interdisciplinary major can also have several concentrations, as in International Studies major programs, or it can be a self-designed interdisciplinary major, differing in the relative amount of study of each discipline’s impact on sustainability and resource management trends. Ecologists’ participation in general education program development can lead to a better infusion of ecological knowledge into campus sustainability plans, with more opportunities for sustainability service-learning projects and internships.
Little cost of injury to growth and development of damselflies
Authors: Sesterhenn Timothy , Crowley Philip 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
*Background:*
Damaged or missing appendages are a common problem in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate taxa and can negatively affect many aspects of life: mobility, foraging, predator avoidance, growth, and development have all been shown to suffer. Many animals use autotomy to survive a predation attempt but suffer diminished performance until the missing appendage heals or regenerates. Animals that regenerate face an extra problem, as they must re-allocate resources away from growth and development in order to regrow their missing parts. We examined the effect of appendage loss on the growth and development of the damselfly Ischnura posita. Damselfly larvae have three caudal lamellae, external gills that can be autotomized and eventually regenerated and that are frequently missing from animals in natural populations (30-40% missing at least one in our collections). We collected animals from the field and raised them individually in the lab, removing lamellae at different times through ontogeny and predicting that growth rate and development rate would be most affected by earlier injuries. As larvae neared emergence to adulthood, we expected them to devote less resources to regeneration and therefore experience less of a decline in growth and development.

*Results & Conclusions:*
We found that injuries did not strongly affect larval growth rates or sizes, regardless of timing. Developmental rates, measured as time per instar, were not strongly affected by injury. Most larvae attempted to emerge, and injured individuals were non-significantly more likely to emerge successfully. In sum, injured damselflies fared as well or better than their uninjured counterparts in terms of growth and development. We hypothesize that the relative unimportance of injury in this species may be due to their “slow” life history, behavioral or physiological compensation, or lack of stressors in this experiment.
Comparative Litter Quality and Recalcitrance Among Native Grasses and the Invasive, Non-indigenous KR Bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum)
Authors: Benbow Amanda , Lyons Kelly 
Published: August 2009

AbstractKR Bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) is a non-indigenous, invasive, C4 grass that was introduced throughout the Midwestern and Southwestern U.S. short- to midgrass prairies with the aim of improving degraded rangelands. The aggressive nature of KR bluestem has led to dramatic alterations of natural and managed ecosystems. Comparative studies of decomposition often show that non-indigenous, invasive plant species have higher rates of nutrient cycling than indigenous species; however, KR bluestem appears to deviate from this trend. Large amounts of litter are observed in KR-dominated grasslands as compared to intact native grasslands, suggesting that the species has a relatively lower decomposition rate and may slow nutrient cycling in these systems. Indeed, as a result of lower decomposition, KR-dominated sites generally have higher fuel loads. We employed a two-way factorial design to assess differences in decomposition between KR Bluestem and three native, perennial grasses in two habitat types, KR-dominated grasslands or intact native grassland. Dried above ground litter for each species was divided into leaves and culms. For each species, replicate fiberglass mesh bags were filled with one gram of leaves plus one gram of culms. The bags measured 10.16 cm x 15.24 cm. Bags were placed in the field in one of three replicate sites of either KR-dominated or intact, native grassland and collected approximately every three months. Litter was analyzed for dry weight biomass, nitrogen, carbon, and lignin. Analysis by ANCOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences in litter quality among the four species, suggesting that KR Bluestem litter is more recalcitrant to decomposition. We found no significant differences in rates of decomposition between the two habitats. Trends in the data suggest that nutrient cycling is slower in KR Bluestem due to higher lignin and C:N and low total nitrogen content.
Can global models reproduce the current increase in Western United States Wildfires and project a reliable future trend?
Authors: Bachelet Dominique , Conklin Dave , Rogers Brendan , McGlinchy Maureen , Lenihan Jim , Neilson Ron , Drapek Ray 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods:
Wildfires in the western U.S. are generally thought to have increased since the 1980s. Many factors have contributed to this increase such as fire suppression, livestock grazing, and urban sprawl. Fires have also been associated with variations in sea surface temperatures and described by indices such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Recent analyses have also shown that we may have entered a new fire regime starting with a climate shift in 1998 and are currently entering years of combined long-term warm AMO phase with cool ENSO and PDO phases usually associated with increased drought-induced fires in the interior West. Moreover, while the increase in atmospheric CO2 is likely increasing water use efficiency and thus reducing drought stress in western ecosystems, it may also have enhanced fuel build-up as warm temperatures enhance growth and thus contribute to larger fires during extreme drought conditions.

Results/Conclusions:
We have run our dynamic vegetation model MC1 in the conterminous United States at various spatial resolutions (grain) and documented the relative importance of climate and CO2 on historical fires (1895-2006) using continental (2500km2 pixels), regional (100km2 pixels), and local (0.64km2) climate and soil datasets. We will present some of our results at those various scales, compare them to observations, and discuss scaling issues.