bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Holocene human remains from the Argentinean Pampas: Additional evidence for distinctive cranial morphology of early South Americans
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Perez S. Ivan , Politis Gustavo G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cranial morphology of Early Holocene American human samples is characterized by a long and narrow cranial vault, whereas more recent samples exhibit a shorter and wider cranial vault. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for the morphological differences between early and late‐American samples: (a) the migratory hypothesis that suggests that the morphological variation between early and late American samples was the result of a variable number of migratory waves; and (b) the local diversification hypothesis, that is, the morphological differences between early and late American samples were mainly generated by local, random (genetic drift), and nonrandom factors (selection and phenotypic plasticity). We present the first craniometric study of three early skulls from the Argentinean Pampas, dated ∼8,000 cal. years BP (Arroyo Seco 2, Chocorí, and La Tigra), and one associated with mega‐faunal remains (Fontezuelas skull). In addition, we studied several Late Holocene samples. We show that the skulls from the Argentinean Pampas are morphologically similar to other Early Holocene American skulls (i.e., Lagoa Santa from Brazil, Tequendama, Checua, and Aguazuque from Colombia, Lauricocha from Peru, and early Mexicans) that exhibit long and narrow cranial vaults. These samples differ from the Late Holocene American samples that exhibit a shorter and wider cranial vault. Our results underscore the important differences in cranial morphology between early and late‐American samples. However, we emphasize the need for further studies to discuss alternative hypotheses regarding such differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:298–305, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Identification of bone formation and resorption surfaces by reflected light microscopy
Authors: Martinez‐Maza Cayetana , Rosas Antonio , Nieto‐Diaz Manuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopmental and evolutionary changes in craniofacial morphology are a central issue in paleoanthropology, but the underlying bone growth processes have been scarcely studied. Relevant knowledge on bone growth dynamics can be obtained from the spatial distribution of bone formation and resorption activities. Determining these patterns from the valuable samples typically used in anthropology and palaeoanthropology necessarily implies nondestructive procedures. In this work, we present a methodology based on the analysis of high‐resolution replicas by reflected light microscopy, describing how microfeatures related to bone formation and resorption activities are recognized on both recent and fossil bone surfaces. The proposed method yields highly similar images to those obtained with scanning electron microscope and has proven its utility in an analysis of a large sample of extant and extinct hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:313–320, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of accounting for the area of the medullary cavity in cross‐sectional geometry: A test based on the femoral midshaft
Authors: Sparacello V.S. , Pearson O.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn cross‐sectional geometric (CSG) studies, both the subperiosteal and endosteal contours are considered important factors in determining bone bending rigidity. Recently, regression equations predicting CSG properties from a section's external dimensions were developed in a world‐wide sample of human long bones. The results showed high correlations between some subperiosteally derived and actual CSG parameters. We present a theoretical model that further explores the influence of endosteal dimensions on CSG properties. We compare two hypothetical femoral midshaft samples with the same total subperiosteal area but with percentages of cortical bone at the opposite ends of published human variation for population sample means. Even in this relatively uncommon scenario, the difference between the samples in the resultant means for predicted femoral polar second moment of area (J) appears to be modest: power analysis indicates that a minimum sample size of 61 is needed to detect the difference 90% of the time via a t‐test. Moreover, endosteal area can be predicted—although with substantial error—from periosteal area. Despite this error, including this relationship in subperiosteally derived estimates of J produces sample mean estimates close to true mean values. Power analyses reveal that when similar samples are used to develop prediction equations, a minimum sample of hundreds or more may be needed to distinguish a predicted mean J from the true mean J. These results further justify the use of regression equations estimating J from periosteal contours when analyzing behaviorally induced changes in bone rigidity in ancient populations, when it is not possible to measure endosteal dimensions. However, in other situations involving comparisons of individual values, growth trends, and senescence, where relative cortical thickness may vary greatly, inclusion of endosteal dimensions is still important. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Künstliche lichtgesteuerte Katalysatorsysteme
Authors: Stoll Ragnar S. , Hecht Stefan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKontrolle über einen Gegenstand oder einen gesamten Prozess auszuüben, ist zweifelsohne der ultimative Beweis für dessen Verständnis und ermöglicht erst die vollständige Nutzung seines Potenzials. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben Chemiker in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten für die meisten (relevanten) chemischen Reaktionen nicht nur eine Vielzahl von Katalysatoren entwickelt und optimiert, sondern vor kurzem auch damit begonnen, Steuerungselemente in das Katalysatordesign einzuführen. Diese integrierten Kontrolleinheiten werden durch Einwirkung geeigneter Stimuli reguliert, wobei Licht aus wissenschaftlicher und technologischer Sicht vermutlich am attraktivsten ist. Bestrahlung kann hierbei prinzipiell sowohl Aktivität als auch Selektivität in einem gegebenen katalytischen System mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Präzision steuern, die zu einer allgemeinen Lokalisierung und Verstärkung des optischen Signals und dessen Umwandlung in chemische Aktivität führt. Während in der Natur dieses Konzept bereits erfolgreich Anwendung findet, im Speziellen beim Sehprozess und bei der Photobewegung, eröffnen derartige künstliche lichtgesteuerte katalytische Systeme einzigartige Möglichkeiten und verfügen über ein hohes Potenzial für zukünftige Anwendungen. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die grundsätzliche Idee der lichtgesteuerten Katalyse basierend auf photoaktivierbaren und photoschaltbaren Systemen und diskutieren relevante Beispiele aus der älteren und neueren Literatur.
Artificial Light‐Gated Catalyst Systems
Authors: Stoll Ragnar S. , Hecht Stefan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHaving control over an entity or even an entire process is arguably the ultimate demonstration of its understanding and it will enable its potential to be fully exploited. With this in mind, chemists have not only been creating and optimizing a myriad of different catalysts for most (relevant) chemical reactions over the past decades, but have recently started to implement controlling elements into the catalyst design. These incorporated gates operate upon exposure to suitable control stimuli, and light represents perhaps the scientifically and technologically most attractive stimulus. In principle, irradiation can thereby induce activity and selectivity in a given catalyst system with high spatial and temporal control, leading to an overall localization and amplification of an optical signal and translation into chemical action. While nature has developed and utilized this concept, in particular in the processes of vision and photomovement, such artificial photocontrolled catalyst systems offer unique opportunities and have high potential for future applications. In this Review, we outline the general concept of light‐gated catalysis based on photocaged and also photoswitchable systems, and discuss relevant examples of the past and recent literature.
Inactivation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 prevents leukocyte infiltration and experimental fibrosis
Authors: Marquart Sieglinde , Zerr Pawel , Akhmetshina Alfiya , Palumbo Katrin , Reich Nicole , Tomcik Michal , Horn Angelika , Dees Clara , Engel Matthias , Zwerina Jochen , Distler Oliver , Schett Georg , Distler Jörg H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveCannabinoids are derivates of the marijuana component Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol that exert their effects on mesenchymal cells and immune cells via CB1 and CB2 receptors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of CB1 in systemic sclerosis.MethodsCB1‐deficient (CB1−/−) mice and wild‐type littermates (CB1+/+mice) were injected with bleomycin. CB1 signaling was activated in vivo with the selective agonistN‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z‐eicosatetraenamide (ACEA). Bone marrow transplantation experiments were performed to investigate whether the phenotype of CB1−/−mice was mediated by leukocytes or mesenchymal cells. The role of CB1 was also investigated in the TSK‐1 mouse model.ResultsCB1−/−mice were protected from bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis, with reduced dermal thickening, hydroxyproline content, and myofibroblast counts. Inactivation of CB1 decreased the number of infiltrating T cells and macrophages in lesional skin. In contrast, activation of CB1 with ACEA increased leukocyte infiltration and enhanced the fibrotic response to bleomycin. The phenotype of CB1−/−mice was mimicked by transplantation of CB1−/−mouse bone marrow into CB1+/+mice, demonstrating that CB1 exerts its profibrotic effects indirectly by regulating leukocyte infiltration. Consistently, knockdown of CB1 did not prevent fibrosis in the inflammation‐independent TSK‐1 mouse model.ConclusionWe demonstrate that the cannabinoid receptor CB1 is crucial for leukocyte infiltration and secondary fibroblast activation and that inactivation of CB1 exerts potent antifibrotic effects in inflammation‐driven models of fibrosis.
The response of human anulus fibrosus cells to cyclic tensile strain is frequency‐dependent and altered with disc degeneration
Authors: Gilbert Hamish T. J. , Hoyland Judith A. , Millward‐Sadler Sarah J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveMechanical loads are important for homeostasis of the intervertebral disc (IVD) cell matrix, with physiologic and nonphysiologic loads leading to matrix anabolism and catabolism, respectively. Previous investigations into the effects of load on disc cells have predominantly used animal models, with the limited number of human studies focusing primarily on nucleus pulposus cells. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) on human anulus fibrosus (AF) cells to ascertain whether the response was frequency‐dependent and to compare AF cells derived from nondegenerated and degenerated tissue samples.MethodsAF cells were isolated from nondegenerated and degenerated human IVDs, expanded in monolayer, and cyclically strained for 20 minutes, applying 10% strain at a frequency of 1.0 Hz or 0.33 Hz with the use of a Flexcell strain device. Total RNA was extracted from the cells at baseline (control) and at 1, 3, and 24 hours following application of CTS. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze gene expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan, type I collagen, and type II collagen) and enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] 3, 9, 13, and ADAMTS‐4).ResultsThe expression of catabolic genes (MMP‐3 and ADAMTS‐4) in AF cells derived from nondegenerated tissue decreased in response to 1.0 Hz of CTS, whereas changing the frequency to 0.33 Hz resulted in a shift toward matrix catabolism. Application of 1.0 Hz of CTS reduced anabolic gene expression (aggrecan and type I collagen) in AF cells derived from degenerated tissue, with 0.33 Hz of CTS resulting in increased catabolic gene expression.ConclusionThe response of human AF cells to CTS is frequency‐dependent and is altered by degeneration.
Anticitrulline antibodies can be caused by homocitrulline‐containing proteins in rabbits
Authors: Turunen Sanna , Koivula Marja‐Kaisa , Risteli Leila , Risteli Juha 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the possible roles of protein‐bound homocitrulline in causing an antibody response to citrulline and as a confounding factor in citrulline detection assays.MethodsNative, carbamoylated, and citrullinated albumins were used for testing the specificity of commercial antibodies against modified citrulline by Western blot. Rabbits were immunized with human albumin and/or bone type I collagen, both of which were treated with cyanate to produce homocitrulline, or with citrullinated synthetic telopeptide of type I collagen. These antisera were tested for binding to cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (CCP‐2), mutated citrullinated vimentin, and type I or II collagen telopeptides containing either citrulline or homocitrulline.ResultsCommercial antibodies that had been considered to be specific for chemically modified citrulline were found to recognize both homocitrulline‐ and citrulline‐containing albumins. The rabbits immunized with proteins containing homocitrulline produced high‐affinity antibodies against CCP‐2 and, to a lesser extent, against mutated citrullinated vimentin. The antisera also bound homocitrulline‐containing collagen telopeptides and, less strongly, citrulline‐containing telopeptides.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that homocitrulline, which is a structural analog of citrulline (longer by 1 carbon, and readily formed in the body), can be involved in raising citrulline‐recognizing antibodies in experimental animals and can cause false‐positive reactions in assays for citrulline.
Identification of the oxidative stress–related gene MSRA as a rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility locus by genome‐wide pathway analysis
Authors: Martín Jose‐Ezequiel , Alizadeh Behrooz Z. , González‐Gay Miguel A. , Balsa Alejandro , Pascual‐Salcedo Dora , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Benjamín , Raya Enrique , Franke Lude , van't Slot Ruben , Coenen Marieke J. H. , van Riel Piet , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Martín Javier 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveGenome‐wide association studies carried out in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have led to the discovery of several genetic associations with this disease. Still, the current associated genetic variations can explain only part of the genetic risk involved in RA, and it is well recognized that these genome‐wide association studies are likely underpowered to detect all common disease variants. This study was undertaken to explore the genomic regions showing low‐significance associations in previous genome‐wide association studies of RA.MethodsTo reduce the false‐positive signal fraction, we exploited pathway analysis to prioritize regions containing genes most likely to be implicated in RA. We hypothesized that true disease genes would be in a similar pathway. Therefore, genes from similar pathways but located in different regions were prioritized for replication using Prioritizer software. A total of 384 genetic variants selected from previous RA genome‐wide association studies were tested in a Spanish case–control discovery cohort comprising 376 RA patients and 478 healthy controls for replication. Statistically significant associations were further validated in replication cohorts from Spain and The Netherlands. The study consisted of a total of 1,818 RA patients and 2,498 controls.ResultsWe detected a novel genetic association between RA and the MSRA gene (rs10903323) in the Spanish combined population (P = 2.91 × 10−5, odds ratio [OR] 1.51). This association was further tested in our independent Dutch replication cohort. Combined analysis showed an overall association of MSRA with RA (P = 3.19 × 10−4, OR 1.28).ConclusionOur findings indicate that a novel association in the MSRA gene is related to oxidative stress and support the notion of a major role for this process in RA.
Anxiety and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia are related to poor perception of health but not to pain sensitivity or cerebral processing of pain
Authors: Jensen Karin B. , Petzke Frank , Carville Serena , Fransson Peter , Marcus Hanke , Williams Steven C. R. , Choy Ernest , Mainguy Yves , Gracely Richard , Ingvar Martin , Kosek Eva 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveMood disturbance is common among patients with fibromyalgia (FM), but the influence of psychological symptoms on pain processing in this disorder is unknown. We undertook the present study to investigate the differential effect of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and catastrophizing on 1) pain symptoms and subjective ratings of general health status and 2) sensitivity to pain and cerebral processing of pressure pain.MethodsEighty‐three women (mean ± SD age 43.8 ± 8.1 years) who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of FM participated in the study. Patients rated pain intensity (100‐mm visual analog scale [VAS]), severity of FM (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), general health status (Short Form 36), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory), and catastrophizing (Coping Strategies Questionnaire). Experimental pain in the thumb was induced using a computer‐controlled pressure stimulator. Event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed during administration of painful stimuli representing 50 mm on a pain VAS, as well as nonpainful pressures.ResultsA correlation analysis including all self‐ratings showed that depressive symptoms, anxiety, and catastrophizing scores were correlated with one another (P < 0.001), but did not correlate with ratings of clinical pain or with sensitivity to pressure pain. However, the subjective rating of general health was correlated with depressive symptoms and anxiety (P < 0.001). Analyses of imaging results using self‐rated psychological measures as covariates showed that brain activity during experimental pain was not modulated by depressive symptoms, anxiety, or catastrophizing.ConclusionNegative mood in FM patients can lead to a poor perception of one's physical health (and vice versa) but does not influence performance on assessments of clinical and experimental pain. Our data provide evidence that 2 partially segregated mechanisms are involved in the neural processing of experimental pain and negative affect.
Pathogenic role of CXCR7 in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Watanabe Kaori , Penfold Mark E. T. , Matsuda Akio , Ohyanagi Naho , Kaneko Kayoko , Miyabe Yoshishige , Matsumoto Kenji , Schall Thomas J. , Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Nanki Toshihiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe interaction between CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is important for local inflammatory cell recruitment, angiogenesis, and cytokine production. CXCR7 was recently identified as an alternative receptor for CXCL12. We undertook this study to analyze the expression of CXCR7 in RA synovium and the pathogenic role of the CXCL12/CXCR7 pathway in RA.MethodsCXCR7 expression in RA synovial tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, while expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was examined using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and CXCR7 expression was also analyzed by flow cytometry. Tube formation and rat aortic ring angiogenesis assays were used to assess the effects of CCX733 (a CXCR7 antagonist) and AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist) on CXCL12‐induced angiogenesis. The effect of anti‐CXCR4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was also analyzed using a tube formation assay. The effects of CCX733 in a murine model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) were also evaluated.ResultsCXCR7 was expressed on endothelial cells in RA synovium and also on unstimulated HUVECs. The expression of CXCR7 on HUVECs was markedly up‐regulated by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) stimulation, and this overexpression was further enhanced by CXCL12 treatment. Incubation with CXCL12 also promoted angiogenic activity, with addition of IL‐1β again augmenting the effect. CXCL12‐induced angiogenesis was inhibited by both CXCR4 and CXCR7 antagonists and by anti‐CXCR4 mAb. Furthermore, treatment with CCX733 significantly reduced the clinical arthritis scores and the numbers of vessels in the inflamed synovial tissue in mice with CIA.ConclusionCXCR7 and CXCR4 are both important for angiogenesis in RA synovium, making CXCR7 another potential target molecule for novel RA angiogenesis‐blocking therapies.
Students' illustrations of the human nervous system as a formative assessment tool
Authors: Ranaweera Sisika Priyani Nelum , Montplaisir Lisa Marie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore students' knowledge and learning of the human nervous system (HNS) in an introductory undergraduate Human Anatomy and Physiology course. Classroom observations, demographic data, a preinstructional unit test with drawings, and a postinstructional unit test with drawings were used to identify students' overall knowledge and learning during the unit of study. Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicate that students have an initially poor understanding of the nervous system with many prevailing alternative conceptions. These alternative conceptions include both structural and functional components and often incorporate colloquial use of language. Findings reveal students include the heart as a major component of the HNS, a reflex arc illustrated by the action rather than structure, and types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar) differentiated by charge or number of cell bodies rather than structural arrangement. Classroom instruction coupled with concurrent laboratory participation provided experiences for students to overcome some of their alternative conceptions. The finding of this research suggest that instructors should be aware of the students' prevailing alternative conceptions prior to instruction and that use of drawings as a formative assessment tool is an excellent way to collect such information. Anat Sci Educ 3:227–233, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
The record‐breaking cold temperatures during the winter of 2009/2010 in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wang Chunzai , Liu Hailong , Lee Sang‐Ki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, we show that the record‐breaking cold temperatures from North America to Europe and Asia during the period of 28 December 2009 to 13 January 2010 are associated with extremely negative values of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, which produce northerly surface wind anomalies and cause the southward advection of the cold Arctic air. Corresponded to longer‐term variations of Pacific and Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), the downward trend of the NAO has occurred since the early 1990s. It is speculated that if the downward trend of the NAO continues, more frequent cold outbreaks and heavy snow are likely in the coming years. Published 2010 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.