bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Recovery of Erectile Function after Unilateral Cavernous Nerve Graft Reconstruction at Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
Authors: Rabbani Farhang , Ramasamy Ranjith , Patel Manish I. , Cozzi Paul , Disa Joseph J. , Cordeiro Peter G. , Mehrara Babak J. , Eastham James A. , Scardino Peter T. , Mulhall John P. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Although studies have reported a benefit to bilateral cavernous nerve graft (NG) interposition, the role of unilateral NG interposition in recovery of erectile function (EF) after radical prostatectomy (RP) with unilateral neurovascular bundle (NVB) resection is more controversial.

Aim
To determine the probability and predictors of EF recovery after unilateral cavernous NG at RP with unilateral NVB resection.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of preoperatively potent men who underwent RP with unilateral NVB resection and ipsilateral NG without prior radiation or hormonal therapy from 1999 to 2007. Postoperative EF was defined in two ways: (i) physician interview-based assessment (level 3: erections sometimes sufficient for intercourse; level 2: erections routinely sufficient for intercourse; level 1: normal erections; all with or without oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use); and (ii) according to the sum Q3+Q4 on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
EF recovery based on physician interview-based scale and IIEF questionnaire.

Results
In all, 131 men underwent unilateral NG. Median follow-up was 37.3 months. The 5-year actuarial probability of EF recovery was 46, 30, and 12% for levels 3, 2, and 1, respectively, and 40, 34, and 22% for IIEF Q3+Q4 sum ≥6, ≥8, and = 10, respectively. On multivariate analysis, patient age, specimen weight, and plastic surgeon were predictive of EF recovery based on physician-interview whereas patient age, ethnicity, and plastic surgeon were predictive of EF recovery based on the IIEF questionnaire.

Conclusions
The impact of plastic surgeon on EF recovery with unilateral NG would suggest that technical factors play a role in EF recovery after unilateral NG. Meticulous surgical technique with proper identification of proximal and distal recipient nerve endings may improve the chance of EF recovery. The variation in recovery rate among plastic surgeons would imply that there is a benefit to unilateral NG in EF recovery.
Competitive feedback in galaxy formation
Authors: Nayakshin Sergei , Wilkinson Mark I. , King Andrew 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
It is now well established that many galaxies have nuclear star clusters (NCs) whose total masses correlate with the velocity dispersion σ of the galaxy spheroid in a very similar way to the well-known supermassive black hole (SMBH) M−σ relation. Previous theoretical work suggested that both correlations can be explained by a momentum feedback argument. Observations further show that most known NCs have masses ≲108 M⊙, while SMBHs frequently have measured masses ≳108 M⊙, which remained unexplained in earlier treatments. We suggest here that this changeover reflects a competition between the SMBH and nuclear clusters in the feedback they produce. When one of the massive objects reaches its limiting M−σ value, it drives the gas away and hence cuts off its own mass and also the mass of the ‘competitor’. The latter is then underweight with respect to the expected M−σ mass.
More specifically, we find that the bulge dynamical time-scale is a steeply rising function of velocity dispersion, and that the NC–SMBH changeover occurs where the dynamical time is about equal to the Salpeter time. We propose that SMBHs, growing on the Salpeter time-scale, are unable to reach their M−σ mass quickly enough in small bulges. The central regions of these bulges are swamped with gas which fragments into stars, creating the nuclear clusters. The latter then limit their own growth by the feedback they produce, settling on their (offset) M−σ relation. The SMBH in such bulges should be underweight as their growth is curtailed before they reach the M−σ mass. In large bulges, on the other hand, the SMBH catches up quickly enough to settle on its M−σ relation. Nuclear star clusters may also exist in such bulges but they should be underweight with respect to their M−σ sequence.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EUROPEAN BAKERY MARGARINES WITH AND WITHOUT TRANS FATTY ACIDS
Authors: CAVILLOT V. , PIERART C. , DE MEERENDRÉ M. KERVYN , VINCENT M. , PAQUOT M. , WOUTERS J. , DEROANNE C. , DANTHINE S. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Physicochemical properties of commercially available European bakery margarines (cream margarines, cake margarines [CM] and puff pastry margarines [PPM]) containing and devoid of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were investigated. Studied physical properties were the solid fat content (SFC), dropping points (DPs), polymorphism, texture (hardness), plasticity and the melting profile by differential scanning calorimetry. Experimental results confirm that physical properties of the margarines corresponded with their application area. For example, SFC and DPs of PPM were higher than cream margarines and CM; they were also harder at 15C. Moreover, all the investigated physical properties were affected by the suppression of TFA in bakery margarines.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study has shown that margarines present different physical properties with respect to their purposed application but also highlight changes that appear due to the absence of trans‐fatty acids in the formulations. These changes can really affect the bakery abilities and will, finally, influence the quality of the bakery products.
ALPHA‐LINOLENIC ACID AND LINOLEIC ACID IN SERUM AND TISSUES AFTER FLAXSEED (Linum usitatissimum) OIL IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION
Authors: AVALLONE ROSSELLA , RUSTICHELLI CECILIA , CAMPIOLI ENRICO , NOTARANGELO FRANCESCA MARIA PIA , BRAGHIROLI DANIELA , BARALDI MARIO 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Essential fatty acids can be helpful in the prevention of several pathologies. The bioavailability of acute supplementation of different doses of flaxseed oil was studied by analyzing the level of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) in serum and tissues (adipose, liver) of rats tested at 2, 4, 8 and 16 h after the administration. The amount of flaxseed oil administered at increasing doses corresponded to 1, 2.5 and 5 g ALA/kg of body weight. The corresponding fatty acid methyl esters obtained via direct methylation were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Serum ALA level increased after 1 or 2.5 g/kg. ALA was increased in both adipose and liver tissue 4 h after the administration of 1 g/kg of flaxseed oil. There was no further increase by using a higher oil dosage. LA did not change in serum at the doses used. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe bioavailability of acute supplementation of increasing doses of flaxseed oil was examined by analyzing the level of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) (ω3) and linoleic acid (ω6) in serum and tissues (adipose, liver).These data suggest that there is a limiting step in the absorption of these fatty acids and that there is no advantage to take more than 1 g/kg of ALA supplementation. The daily use of flaxseed oil could be a good alternative in some cases to fish oil in the prevention of several pathologies.
EFFECT OF n‐3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF FISH OIL
Authors: MONTEIRO VÂNIA C.B. , CARVALHO ANA CAROLINA LIMA , BUENO ARTHUR SOARES , ROGERO MARCELO M. , CASTRO INAR A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT The diet and plasma lipid patterns associated with lipid oxidation susceptibility in rats fed different doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) from fish oil were evaluated. Wistar rats were assigned into three groups and received diets containing 8% soybean oil (SOY), 4% soybean oil + 4% fish oil (SOY‐FISH) and 8% fish oil (FISH) for 21 days. Linoleic, oleic and α‐linolenic acids in SOY diets were substituted by myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in SOY‐FISH and FISH diets reducing the n‐6/n‐3 ratio and increasing the peroxidability index (PI). Increased dietary EPA and DHA were observed in SOY‐FISH and FISH plasma at the expense of linoleic and arachidonic acid levels. Saturated fatty acids, which were significantly different between the three diets (P < 0.01), were found at the same concentration in the plasma (P = 0.23). No changes were observed in oxidative stress as measured by the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) expressed in brain homogenates. However, TBARS concentration in the plasma of the SOY‐FISH group was higher than the other two groups (P = 0.02). The major differences between these three groups were the n‐3 PUFA content (0.4, 1.8 and 3.2 g/100 g diet) and the saturates/polyunsaturates ratio (0.3, 0.5 and 0.8) for SOY, SOY‐FISH, and FISH groups, respectively. Thus, n‐3 PUFA intake from fish oil only when followed by a decrease in saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio increased oxidative susceptibility in rats measured by plasma TBARS concentration.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBecause fish oil intake is associated with risk reduction for cardiovascular disease, individuals are taking supplements containing a high dose of fish oil. However, there is no scientific consensus if the intake of a high dose of fish oil could increase the oxidative stress. Thus, more studies are necessary to assure the safety of this kind of supplementation.
EFFECT OF IMMATURE AND OFF‐COLORED SEEDS ON THE LIPID QUALITY OF MILLED FLAXSEED
Authors: MANTHEY FRANK A. , SCHORNO ANTON L. , HALL III CLIFFORD A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of visibly inferior flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on the lipid quality of milled flaxseed was investigated. Flaxseed was aspirated and separated into low‐, medium‐ and high‐density fractions. All density fractions contained≤0.1% broken seed,≤0.4% contrasting seed and≤0.25% extraneous material. The low‐density fraction contained the most immature (2.8%) and off‐colored seed (4.1%). Immature seed had a lipid content of 40.8%, a peroxide value (PV) of 2.69 meq/kg and a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.06%. The off‐colored seed had a lipid content of 38.1%, a PV of 5.79 meq/kg, and a FFA content of 1.89%. Hand‐cleaned seed (averaged across fraction density) had a lipid content of 41.4%, a PV of 0.41 meq/kg and FFA content of 0.37%. The removal of seed defects improved flaxseed quality and improved lipid quality in the low‐density fraction.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLipid oxidation is a major concern when using milled flaxseed as a food ingredient. These results indicate the importance of removing off‐colored and immature flaxseed. Seed lots that contain immature and off‐colored seed likely will have poor lipid quality and, when milled, be more susceptible to lipid oxidation during storage than will seed lots free of immature and off‐colored seed.
Developing a Synthetic Index of Land Vulnerability to Drought and Desertification
Authors: SALVATI LUCA , ZITTI MARCO , CECCARELLI TOMASO , PERINI LUIGI 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper develops an index of the vulnerability of land to drought and desertification (LVI) for Italy. The index takes into account changes in climate, land use, vegetation cover, soil properties, and population during the period 1990–2000. The LVI was built up through a multivariate approach aimed at assessing the importance of the various indicators included in the synthetic index. Increasing land vulnerability was observed during this time, especially in dry areas of the southern regions. This is interpreted as a consequence of land management practices, agricultural intensification, population pressure, and bio‐physical degradation. The LVI can be used in an integrated, decision‐support system to evaluate the impact of mitigation policies in rural environments.
Secular Regime Shifts, Global Warming and Sydney's Water Supply
Authors: WARNER ROBIN 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSydney's water crisis has been attributed to long‐term drought, a population growing at >50 000 a year, the early impacts of global warming and the demands of a 4.2 million population leading a water‐thirsty lifestyle. In this paper the drought is linked with a return to a drought‐dominated flow regime in eastern New South Wales. This began in 1991 and is associated with a shift from flood to drought domination that occurs every 20 to 50 years. Its impacts will be further exaggerated by global warming. The reduction of runoff into Sydney's reservoirs is due primarily to regime shift, resulting in the diminution of inflows to about 25% of their levels in the 42 years before 1991. Possible ways of managing these dwindling water resources include building more reservoirs, exploiting largely unknown sources of groundwater, constructing a desalination plant, harvesting rainwater in the city, recycling used urban water and reducing individual water use. Despite arguments against the first three of these options, a desalination plant is currently under construction and investigations of deep groundwater proceed (shelved 18th June, 2008). Given that sources of water are distant and located in areas where rainfall reductions have been significant, greater efforts should be made to use water already in the city (rainfall and recycled water). Water restrictions and better domestic management of water are also areas where great savings can be and have been made.
A comparative analysis of the impact of culture on university foodservice satisfaction: a pilot study
Authors: Ruetzler Tanya , Hertzman Jean , Taylor Jim 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to expand the research in university foodservices and cross‐cultural service quality perceptions initiated by Ruetzler by investigating whether differences existed between students at a southeastern and a southwestern university. Using factor analysis and multivariate analysis of variance tests, significant differences were revealed based on culture in three factors among the southeastern students; however, no differences existed among the southwestern students. When the two universities were compared with each other, significant differences were discovered in two factors. This study confirmed that the six factors resulting from Ruetzler's research were transferable to a larger university in a different geographical location. However, broad assumptions that specific cultural preferences at one university would remain the same at another university should not be made. As international student populations continue to grow, administrators and foodservice providers should consider this segment when operating, evaluating and making decisions regarding campus foodservice outlets.
Prison foodservice in Australia – systems, menus and inmate attitudes
Authors: Williams Peter , Walton Karen , Hannan‐Jones Mary 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper presents results from three studies in 25 custodial facilities in three Australian states, including nutrient analyses of menus and focus groups exploring inmate attitudes. Both cook‐fresh and cook‐chill production systems are used. Non‐selective cycle menus of 4–6 weeks are common but inmates can supplement meals by purchase of additional food items (‘buy‐ups’). Menus included adequate variety and met most nutritional standards, with the possible exception of fruit. The sodium content of menus is above recommended levels. Protein, fibre, vitamins A and C, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, iron and zinc were more than adequate, and the percentage energy from fat is close to or meets national recommendations. Focus groups identified 16 themes, including meal quality, food available at ‘buy‐ups’, cooking facilities and concerns about possible food safety risks associated with inmates storing food in cells. Many complaints were about factors not under the control of the foodservice manager.
Comparison of cerebral cranium volumes between cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari‐like malformation, small breed dogs and Labradors
Authors: Cross H. R. , Cappello R. , Rusbridge C. 
Published: August 2009

Objectives: To ascertain whether cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCSs) have a proportionately smaller caudal fossa compared with other small dogs and with Labradors. To evaluate if cerebellar herniation in CKCS correlates with caudal fossa volume.Methods: In this retrospective study, three‐dimensional images were created from magnetic resonance imaging brain series of 117 dogs (split into three groups: CKCS, Labradors and small breeds) from which the volumes of the fossae and brain parenchyma were calculated. These volumes were transformed into percentages of total cranial cavity and parenchyma volumes, respectively. The percentages were statistically compared among the groups. The percentage of herniated cerebellum in the CKCS was compared using linear regression with the caudal fossa and parenchyma percentages.Results: Cavalier King Charles spaniels had a proportionately smaller caudal fossa compared with Labradors (P=0·002) but not to small breeds (P=0·103). Their caudal fossa parenchyma was proportionately the same volume as Labradors (P=0·976) but greater than small breeds (P=0·005). No relationship was found for the per cent of cerebellum herniated.Clinical Significance: The results support mesoderm insufficiency or craniosynostosis as the pathogenesis of Chiari‐like malformation (CM) in CKCS. It presents evidence for overcrowding of the caudal fossa due to a mismatch of brain parenchyma and fossa volumes as to why CKCS and not other small dogs are affected.
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Thoracic Imaging
Authors: Maddox Thomas W. 
Published: August 2009

BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Thoracic ImagingEdited by Tobias Schwarz and Victoria JohnsonPublished by the British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2008, 1st edition, paperback, 396 pages. Price £80, ISBN‐13: 978‐0905214979
Poverty, Relationship Conflict, and the Regulation of Cortisol in Small and Large Group Contexts at Child Care
Authors: Rappolt‐Schlichtmann Gabrielle , Willett John B. , Ayoub Catherine C. , Lindsley Robert , Hulette Annmarie C. , Fischer Kurt W. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to explore the dynamics of cortisol regulation in the context of center‐based child care by examining the impact of social context (large classroom vs. small group) and relationship quality with caregivers (conflict with mothers and teachers). We extend the research on children's physiologic stress system functioning in center‐based child care by focusing on morning cortisol levels among young children living in poverty. While in high‐quality center‐based child care, children's cortisol levels decreased over the course of the morning—a result that contrasts with findings in previous research with middle‐class children, for whom cortisol typically increased over the course of the day while attending center‐based child care. Cortisol levels were further reduced when children were moved from a large classroom environment to a small group context. Relationship conflict with mothers and teachers moderated these effects. Children who had high conflict with their mother exhibited cortisol levels that remained higher (decreased less) over the course of the morning, and children who had high conflict with their teacher exhibited cortisol levels that remained higher (decreased less) in response to the small group context. These results indicate that high‐quality child care has the potential to support reduced stress among children living in poverty, at least as indicated by adrenocortical activity.
The Logarithmic‐To‐Linear Shift: One Learning Sequence, Many Tasks, Many Time Scales
Authors: Siegler Robert S. , Thompson Clarissa A. , Opfer John E. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe relation between short‐term and long‐term change (also known as learning and development) has been of great interest throughout the history of developmental psychology. Werner and Vygotsky believed that the two involved basically similar progressions of qualitatively distinct knowledge states; behaviorists such as Kendler and Kendler believed that the two involved similar patterns of continuous growth; Piaget believed that the two were basically dissimilar, with only development involving qualitative reorganization of existing knowledge and acquisition of new cognitive structures. This article examines the viability of these three accounts in accounting for the development of numerical representations. A review of this literature indicated that Werner's and Vygotsky's position (and that of modern dynamic systems and information processing theorists) provided the most accurate account of the data. In particular, both changes over periods of years and changes within a single experimental session indicated that children progress from logarithmic to linear representations of numerical magnitudes, at times showing abrupt changes across a large range of numbers. The pattern occurs with representations of whole number magnitudes at different ages for different numerical ranges; thus, children progress from logarithmic to linear representations of the 0–100 range between kindergarten and second grade, whereas they make the same transition in the 0–1,000 range between second and fourth grade. Similar changes are seen on tasks involving fractions; these changes yield the paradoxical finding that young children at times estimate fractional magnitudes more accurately than adults do. Several different educational interventions based on this analysis of changes in numerical representations have yielded promising results.
Capturing the Complexity of Moral Development and Education
Authors: Nucci Larry , Turiel Elliot 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article discusses challenges educators face when attempting to sequence moral education. Two factors are identified as primary sources hindering efforts to engage in effective moral education: (a) the premature application of research findings from developmental psychology to classroom practices and (b) the underestimation of the complexity of interactions between development in students' social and moral understandings and their applications in social contexts. Research is reviewed demonstrating that morality develops alongside concepts about societal conventions and zones of personal discretion and privacy. Results of an ongoing study are presented pointing toward a U‐shaped pattern in moral development in which frequency of moral choices is higher among younger children and older adolescents than among early adolescents. Research examining contextual moral decision making is discussed in relation to efforts to sequence moral education.
On Grandmother Neurons and Grandfather Clocks
Authors: Perkins David 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWhat does contemporary neuroscience offer educational practice? The promise seems immense, as we come to understand better how the brain learns. However, critics caution that only a few concrete implications for practice have emerged, nowhere near a rewrite of the craft of teaching and learning. How then can we understand better the relationship between neuroscience and educational practice? It is argued here that to speak to the classroom neuroscience has to shout across two gaps. The first and most familiar are different levels of explanation. The second concerns the epistemological contrast between explanation theories and action theories, roughly the contrast between basic science on the one hand and engineering science and craft on the other. Just as we do not expect Newton's laws in their fundamental generality to deliver specific designs for pocket watches and grandfather clocks, neither should we expect fundamental neuroscience to radically redesign particular practices of teaching and learning grounded in educational research and experience.