bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress of the Diphyllobothrium Epizootic at Poulaphouca Reservoir, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
Authors: Hickey M. D. , Harris J. R. 
Published: November 2009

The pathology of the infection in the trout of Poulaphouca Reservoir is described.An annual mortality was found to occur in the trout during the summer months. This was caused by peritonitis which is attributed to plerocercoids becoming active as a result of the increase in temperature.It is demonstrated that the infection in trout is probably of a secondary nature resulting from their feeding on sticklebacks primarily infected from the Copepod hosts.
Studies on the Helminth Parasites of Birds in Hyderabad State. Nematoda II
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan 
Published: November 2009

Acuaria anthuris, the type species of the genus Acuaria, is described in detail and A. scutata is considered to be synonymous with it.Acuaria skrjabini from Passer domesticus has been described and compared with the original description. It is a new record for India and Hyderabad.Acuaria kungi n.sp. from Saxicoloides fulicata is described and compared with related species.Acuaria sp. is recorded from Pastor roseus.A new species of Cheilospirura from Accipiter nisus is described and compared with related species.
Gastronodus strasseni Singh, 1934, and its affinities with Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) Chitwood, 1933
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan 
Published: November 2009

The writer in 1934 briefly described this nematode which was collected from the common musk-shrew at Hyderabad Deccan, creating for its reception the new genus and species Gastronodus strasseni. The following account deals with the anatomy of the worm and the close relationship which exists between the genera Gastronodus Singh and Spirocerca Railliet and Henry, 1911.This worm is of common oċcurrence in the musk-shrew, Crocidura caerulea, at Hyderabad and it forms largo nodules on the stomach walls of the host. In certain cases smaller nodules were also found in the mesentery. These are medium sized worms and when freshly extracted appear blood red in colour. The body is coiled and generally flexed at the extremities. In males and young adult females the body is of almost uniform diameter with blunt anterior and posterior ends, whereas in fully grown and gravid females the posterior 2/3 of the body is distinctly thicker than the anterior portion. The males are slender and smaller than the females. The cuticle is thick and bears fine transverse striations which are set quite close together. Irregular transverse wrinkles are also present on the body wall. The cervical papillae are located at the level of the nerve-ring and have the appearance of fine bristles.
A Review of the Trematode Genus Galactosomum
Authors: Prudhoe Stephen 
Published: November 2009

The genera Galactosomum, Microlistrum and Stictodora are compared, and, while the first two are undoubtedly synonymous, the last is considered to be distinct.The adult of the type-species of Galactosomum, G. lacteum, is fully described for the first time from European cormorants, and G. phalacrocoracis is regarded as a synonym.A new species, Galactosomum fregatae, is described from the frigate-bird Fregata magnificens rothschildi.The characters of all the species that have been assigned to Galactosomum are briefly defined, and a provisional differential key is given.
Studies of Litomosoides carinii by Phase-contrast microscopy: the Development of the Larvae
Authors: McFadzean James A. , Smiles J. 
Published: November 2009

The development of the microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii from the ova, has been studied by phase-contrast microscopy, and recorded with photomicrographs. All stages in the development were obtained by puncturing the uteri of adult female worms at intervals along their lengths, transferring the larvae which emerged onto agar coated slides and allowing the weight of a coverglass to flatten them sufficiently for detailed examination.The head and the tail end of the larva were differentiated at a fairly early stage and about the same time a hook-like structure appeared on the head. Subsequently a body cavity was formed within the larva which was associated with the appearance of highly refractile subcuticular cells. Later this cavity became filled with different types of cells.Throughout its development the larva was enclosed within a membrane which was later stretched by the movement of the larva to form the sheath of the microfilaria. All the microfilariae from the adult female worms, from the pleural fluid, and from the peripheral blood of the large number of infected cotton rats examined, were seen by phase-contrast microscopy to have sheaths.
Cithariniella citharini gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda): an Oxyurid from a Freshwater Fish, Citharinus citharus in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil Lotfi F. 
Published: November 2009

1. The males and females of a new nematode Cithariniella citharini gen. et sp. nov. are described from the rectum of the Nile fish Citharinus citharus in the Sudan.2. Cithariniella citharini is made the genotype of a new genus Cithariniella and differentiated from the nearest genus Laurotravassoxyuris Pérez Vigueras, 1938.
The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti
Authors: de Hollanda J. C. , Denham D. A. , Suswillo R. R. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBy transferring microfilariae of Brugia pahangi which had been born over a 24-hour period in the peritoneal cavities of jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) to the blood circulation of other jirds, infections of known age were tested for their ability to develop into third-stage larvae (L3) in mosquitoes Aedes aegypti. Microfilariae less than three days old were not able to develop to L3. Microfilariae which had been in circulation for three days to six months were capable of developing if ingested.
Antigen production by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Pritchard D. I. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe production of excretory-secretory antigens by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis has been investigated immuno-histochemically using an antiserum raised by infection in rabbits and purified both before and after conjugation by ion-exchange chromatography. The specificity of the antibody for excretory-secretory products was demonstrated by the pattern of staining of live worms in vitro and the failure of the labelled antibody to stain dead, non-metabolizing worms. Using this labelled antibody, and unlabelled antibody in the immunoperoxidase system, the presence of parasite antigen-bearing cells in close proximity to encysted muscle larvae has been demonstrated. This is believed to be the first demonstration of antigen production by encysted muscle larvae in vivo. The implications of this observation to current concepts of immunity to Trichinella spiralis are discussed.
A key for the identification of genera of the nematode family Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M. , Khalil L. F. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe nematode family Trichostrongylidae is divided into six subfamilies Trichostrongylinae, Libyostrongylinae, Haemonchinae, Cooperiinae, Ostertagiinae and Graphidiinae which are briefly reviewed. The key is based mainly on specimens examined by the authors and includes one genus in the Trichostrongylinae, three genera in the Libyostrongylinae, six in the Haemonchinae, seven in the Cooperiinae, 17 in the Ostertagiinae and two in the Graphidiinae. Pseudostertagia, Pararhabdonema, Parostertagia, Obeliscoides and Travassosius are briefly described, figured and considered as genera of uncertain affinities. Nine genera, namely, Moguranema, Neocooperia, Bergheia, Mazamastrongylus, Paramecistocirrus, Ostertagiana, Ostertamia, Graphidiella and Trichostrongyella, specimens of which have not been available to the authors for examination, are listed giving details of host, habitat and geographical location, together with a summary of the diagnostic characters as described by the original authors.
Macrophage-mediated damage to filarial worms (Dipetalonema setariosum) in vivo
Authors: Worms M. J. , McLaren Diane J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAn adult female Dipetalonema setariosum (Mönnig 1926) recovered from the pleural cavity of Meriones libycus and bearing an adherent cell mass was examined by means of electron microscopy. The host reaction consisted exclusively of macrophages and was associated with disruption of the cuticular membrane and invasion of the cuticle itself. There was no evidence of prior activity by other cell types. Initiation of damage appeared to be associated with the release of lysosomal enzymes by the macrophages. Within the reaction a localized breaching of the cuticle had occurred and cells had penetrated the internal tissues of the worm. It is suggested that macrophages may play a role in the elimination of effete worms from an established population.
The prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered cattle in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam A. W. M. Shamsul 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTOf 10,362 cattle examined in Bangladesh, 4,368 (42·15%) harboured hydatid cysts. One to three-year-old cattle had the lowest (11·34%) and those over nine years old the highest (93·21%) infections. Organ involvement was as follows: liver 35·18%, lungs 32·02%, spleen 0·80%, heart 0·41%, kidney 0·25%, omentum 0·11% and both liver and lungs 31·20%. Fertile cysts occurred in 8·11%, sterile in 74·91%, calcified in 9·43%, suppurative in 6·04% and undeveloped in 1·51% of animals.
Schistosoma mansoni: the survival and reproductive status of mature infections in mice treated with oxamniquine
Authors: Popiel Irene , Erasmus David A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of oxamniquine administered to mice with mature infections of Schistosoma mansoni gave rise to a hepatic shift and almost total elimination of the male worms. Regression of the reproductive system and a conspicuous reduction in size took place in the residual females which eventually resembled sexually immature adults. A second dose of oxamniquine had no apparent effect on these females within a period of 28 days following this treatment and it is suggested that this change in reproductive status is the result of discontinued male stimulation.
Description and population dynamics ofDactylogyrus legionensisn.sp. fromBarbus barbus bocageiSteind
Authors: Gonzalez-Lanza Ma. C. , Alvarez-Pellitero Ma. P. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTDactylogyrus legionensisn. sp., a monogenean parasite from the gills ofBarbus barbus bocageifrom the Esla river (León, NW Spain), is described and its population dynamics discussed. It differs from the closely related species,D. balistae, in the presence of vaginal armour and in the morphology of the copulatory organ.D. legionensiswas found on 30·40% of barbel, with a mean intensity of 13·71 and maximum infection levels in autumn-winter. The prevalence and intensity of infection rose significantly with the age and length of the barbel, and were higher in females than in males.D. legionensisshowed preference for the second and first gill arches, sector III and the internal zone of each hemibranch.
Morphology, histochemistry and the biological significance of the lymphatic system of the trematodeOrthocoeliumscoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Ratnu L. S. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe gross morphology and histological and cytological architecture of the lymph system ofOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumwere studied. Each main vessel, near the intestinal bifurcation forms a spindle-shaped sinus. Lymphocytes, similar to the primitive blood cells, have been seen to form aggregates in certain regions of the lymph system. In addition, detailed histochemical observations were made on the localization and distribution pattern of various phosphatases, esterases and dehydrogenases. It is suggested that the lymph system, in addition to the functions already known, may also selectively reabsorb certain important outgoing higher fatty acids from the excretory system. Furthermore, the lymphocytes may also be involved in the defence mechanism of the worm. The nature and function of fine granules in the lymph remain speculative.
Estimating unreported malaria cases in England: a capture–recapture study
Authors: CATHCART S. J. , LAWRENCE J. , GRANT A. , QUINN D. , WHITTY C. J. M. , JONES J. , CHIODINI P. L. , FRASER G. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYA capture–recapture study was undertaken to estimate the incidence and likely total burden of malaria cases in England. Cases diagnosed by the national Malaria Reference Laboratory (MRL) between July 2003 and December 2004 were matched with cases reported to Hospital Episode Statistics using demographic, geographical, parasitological, and temporal information. A total of 3861 cases were recorded in one or both datasets; the ‘unknown population’ was estimated as 746 cases (95% CI 677–822) giving a total of 4607 cases (95% CI 4446–4767) over 18 months. Eighty-four percent (95% CI 83–85) of cases were recorded in one or both datasets. Fifty-six percent (95% CI 54–58) of cases were captured by the MRL surveillance system; ascertainment for Plasmodium falciparum and London cases was higher at 66% and 62%, respectively. Improving case ascertainment will facilitate effective measures to reduce the burden of this preventable disease in the UK.
The Christian Right: Engaged Citizens or Theocratic Crusaders?
Authors: Klemp Nathaniel J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article offers a normative evaluation of the Christian Right's impact on American democracy. It argues that our response to the question of whether this movement enhances or diminishes democracy turns on our understanding of the ideal of democracy. When viewed as a participatory ideal, the Christian Right's mobilizing practices enhance democracy. When viewed as a deliberative ideal, the Christian Right's practices diminish the deliberative virtues of toleration and free and open debate. These conflicting assessments point to an important democratic paradox. They show that the very same practices that inspire the participatory virtues of active political engagement also incite the deliberative vices of intolerance and polarization. To address this paradox, I argue that we ought to strive for a balance between pure participation and pure deliberation. The primary problem with Christian Right organizations like Focus on the Family, I will argue, is that they tend to disrupt this balance. They inspire active participation at the expense of deliberation.
Apple (Malus pumila var. domestica) phenology is advancing due to rising air temperature in northern Japan
Authors: FUJISAWA MARIKO , KOBAYASHI KAZUHIKO 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecent studies show advancing onset of plant growing season in many regions for the last several decades. With the well‐established dependence of plant phenology on temperature, these trends are interpreted as an indication of global warming. For several decades, however, other determinants of plant phenology, e.g. varieties and trends in managed systems, may have changed and confounded the phenological trends. In this study, we tested if long‐term changes in phenology of apple (Malus pumila var. domestica) are attributable to long‐term changes in temperature by comparing the phenological response to long‐term trend in air temperature, which is of our interest, with that to year‐to‐year fluctuation in air temperature, which should represent the real effect of temperature on phenology. We collected records of air temperature and phenological events (budding and flowering) in apple from 1977 to 2004 at six locations in Japan. Linear trends in flowering showed advancing rate in the range from 0.21 to 0.35 day yr−1, statistically significant at three locations (P<0.05). We also found a warming trend in mean air temperature throughout March and April, with which flowering was closely correlated, in the range from 0.047 to 0.077 °C yr−1, statistically significant at five locations (P<0.05). We separated the temperature time‐series into two components: a long‐term trend and a year‐to‐year fluctuation, by fitting smoothing spline to the trend and taking the residuals as the anomaly. We then fit a multiple regression model of phenological response to air temperature with separate coefficients for long‐term trend and anomaly. Flowering date responded to the long‐term trend at −3.8 day  °C−1 and to the anomaly at −4.6 day  °C−1. The temperature coefficients were not statistically different from each other or among locations, suggesting that the advance of apple phenology has predominantly been caused by the temperature increase across the locations studied. The same result was also observed with budding.
A systematic review protocol on the use of teaching portfolios for educators in further and higher education
Authors: McColgan Karen , Blackwood Bronagh 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTitle.  A systematic review protocol on the use of teaching portfolios for educators in further and higher education. Aim.  This paper is a review protocol that will be used to identify, critically appraise and synthesize the best current evidence relating to the use of teaching portfolios for educators in further and higher education.Background.  While portfolio use as a means to assist students in further and higher education has undergone extensive research and review, their use as a tool to assist educators has yet to receive systematic attention. Reviews conducted on studies related to portfolio use and undergraduate students have suggested that a teaching portfolio may have a benefit for educators in higher education as a means to provide relevancy and focus to their teaching.Design.  The objectives of the review are to evaluate how a teaching portfolio assists educators in teaching and learning; to evaluate the effects of maintaining a teaching portfolio for educators in relation to personal development; to explore the type of portfolio used; to determine whether a teaching portfolio is perceived more beneficial for various grades and professional types; and to determine any motivating factors or workplace incentives behind its implementation and completion. A search of the following databases will be made: MEDLINE, CINAHL, BREI, ERIC and AUEI. The review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative research.Conclusion.  The review will offer clarity and direction on the use of teaching portfolios for educators, policymakers, supervisory managers and researchers involved in further and higher education.
Scope of practice of occupational therapists working in Victorian community health settings
Authors: Quick Lynne , Harman Suzanne , Morgan Sue , Stagnitti Karen 
Published: November 2009

Background/aim:  Current health policy places emphasis on community‐based health care and it is expected that there will be an increase in the number of people receiving care in community settings. This study aimed to examine the profile and scope of practice of occupational therapists working in Victorian community health settings and the amount and type of health promotion activity incorporated into their role. Method:  An anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to 205 community‐based Victorian occupational therapists. One hundred and one (49.3% response rate) questionnaires were returned, with 72 respondents (35.1%) meeting study inclusion criteria. A descriptive research design was used to address study aims. Results:  Results indicate that the majority of community health occupational therapists are experienced practitioners, have a varied scope of practice and report a high level of job satisfaction. Compared with previous studies, there is an increase in new graduate occupational therapists starting their career in community health settings, a greater number of part‐time workers and a diversification of clinical and non‐clinical roles. Barriers to practice that exist include high demand for service, limited funding and time spent on administrative tasks. Although health promotion was regarded as an important role of community health workers, a large number of therapists were not involved in this activity because of limited knowledge and clinical work taking priority. Conclusion:  Study findings have implications for occupational therapy training, and there is a clear need for input at policy level to address the significant resource allocation issues raised.
Attenuation of N‐nitrosodiethylamine‐induced liver fibrosis by high‐molecular‐weight fucoidan derived from Cladosiphon okamuranus
Authors: Nakazato Kyoumi , Takada Hisashi , Iha Masahiko , Nagamine Takeaki 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Liver fibrosis is closely associated with the progression of various chronic liver diseases. Fucoidan exhibits different biological properties such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant and anti‐fibrotic activities. The aim of this study was to determine whether oral fucoidan administration inhibits N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)‐induced liver fibrosis.Methods:  Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by injecting DEN (50 mg/kg). Rats were given 2% of crude fucoidan solution or 2% of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) fucoidan solution. They were divided into a crude fucoidan group, an HMW fucoidan group, a DEN alone group, a DEN + crude fucoidan group, a DEN + HMW fucoidan group and a control group.Results:  Liver fibrosis and hepatic hydroxyproline levels were significantly more decreased in the DEN + HMW fucoidan group than in the DEN‐alone group. Anti‐fibrogenesis was unremarkable in the DEN + crude fucoidan group. Hepatic messenger RNA levels and immunohistochemistry of transforming growth factor beta 1 were markedly increased by DEN. This increase was attenuated by HMW fucoidan. Hepatic chemokine ligand 12 expression was increased by DEN. This increase was suppressed by HMW fucoidan. HMW fucoidan significantly decreased the DEN‐induced malondialdehyde levels. Also, fucoidan markedly increased metallothionein expression in the liver. Fucoidan was clearly observed in the liver by immunohistochemical staining in HMW fucoidan‐treated rats, while it was faintly stained in the livers of crude fucoidan‐treated rats.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that the HMW fucoidan treatment causes anti‐fibrogenesis in DEN‐induced liver cirrhosis through the downregulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 and chemokine ligand 12 expressions, and that scavenging lipid peroxidation is well‐incorporated in the liver.
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer in Asia
Authors: Fock Kwong Ming , Ang Tiing Leong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn Asia, the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection varies markedly in different countries. Higher prevalence rates are found in developing Asian countries while lower rates have been reported in more industrialized and developed countries. Within a country, the seroprevalence rates may vary between distinct geographic regions. H. pylori infection is an important etiological factor for the occurrence of non‐cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. The incidence rate of gastric adenocarcinoma in Asia tends to mirror the seroprevalence rate of H. pylori infection; however, there are populations with high seroprevalence rates of H. pylori infection that paradoxically have low incidence rates of gastric adenocarcinoma. These diverse clinical outcomes are related to bacterial virulence factors, concomitant environmental factors, host susceptibility and immune response. This review summarizes the current epidemiology of H. pylori infection in Asia and analyzes these data in the context of gastric cancer epidemiology.