bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of rodenticide resistance and zoonotic pathogens in Norway rats in Lower Saxony and Hamburg, Germany
Authors: Runge Martin , von Keyserlingk Michael , Braune Silke , Becker Detlef , Plenge‐Bönig Anita , Freise Jona F , Pelz Hans‐Joachim , Esther Alexandra 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Genetically based resistance to anticoagulants has led to increasing difficulties in the control of rodents over recent decades. The possible impact of rodenticide‐resistant rats on the infection risk of humans and livestock by zoonotic pathogens is generally unknown. Hence, in a monitoring programme in the German federal states of Lower Saxony and Hamburg, more than 500 Norway rats were analysed for both Tyr139Cys polymorphisms within the VKORC1 gene and zoonotic agents.RESULTS: Evidence of resistance was almost completely restricted to the known resistance area in southern Lower Saxony. Homozygous mutations were only found in urban areas sampled owing to the occurrence of rat control problems and were missing in bycatches of rats by muskrat trappers in rural areas. In more than 25% of the rats, zoonotic bacteria (Leptospira, Salmonella, Yersinia and Coxiella) were detected. There was no obvious correlation between the occurrence of rats carrying zoonotic pathogens and anticoagulant resistance.CONCLUSION: Zoonotic agents and genetically based resistance conferred by the Tyr139Cys polymorphism are both unevenly distributed in Lower Saxony. The study provides the basis for further studies focusing on districts with high levels of pathogens and resistance to assess the potential health risk of their combined occurrence. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticide resistance profiles can be misleading in predicting the survival of Myzus persicae genotypes on potato crops following the application of different insecticide classes
Authors: van Toor Ron F , Malloch Gaynor L , Anderson Eric A , Dawson Greg , Fenton Brian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The accuracy of predicting the survival of insecticide‐resistant aphids following the application of commonly used insecticides from the carbamate, the pyrethroid, a mix of the two or the neonicotinoid chemical classes was evaluated in a potato field in Scotland. Equal proportions of five genotypes of the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with none, resistance to dimethyl‐carbamates, resistance to pyrethroids or combinations conferring resistance to both chemical classes were released into potato field plots. The insecticides were sprayed separately onto these plots, the aphid populations were analysed after 6–8 days and the process repeated.RESULTS: For each assessment after the three separate spray events, plots treated with the carbamate had 48, 147 and 28%, those treated with pyrethroid 53, 210 and 89%, those treated with carbamate/pyrethroid 28, 108 and 64% and those treated with neonicotinoid 43, 55 and 11% of the numbers of M. persicae by comparison with untreated controls. Only the proportions of surviving aphids from the genotype containing no insecticide resistance traits and the genotype containing elevated carboxylesterases matched ratios predicted from the selective advantage afforded by the resistance traits alone. Survival of aphids from the other three genotypes that carried 1–3 of the insecticide resistance traits differed from expectations in all cases, possibly owing to physiological differences, including their vulnerability to predators and hymenopterous parasitoids present at the site and/or their carrying unknown insecticide resistance mechanisms.CONCLUSION: Control strategies based on knowledge of the genetically determined insecticide resistance profile of an M. persicae population alone are insufficient. Hence, other important factors contributing to aphid survival under insecticide pressure need to be considered. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Green nanoemulsion‐laden glyphosate isopropylamine formulation in suppressing creeping foxglove (A. gangetica), slender button weed (D. ocimifolia) and buffalo grass (P. conjugatum)
Authors: Lim Chaw Jiang , Basri Mahiran , Omar Dzolkhifli , Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin , Salleh Abu Bakar , Raja Abdul Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pesticides are developed with carriers to improve their physicochemical properties and, accordingly, the bioefficacy of the applied formulation. For foliar‐applied herbicide, generally less than 0.1% of the active ingredient reaching the target site could reduce pesticide performance. Recently, a carrier of nanoemulsion consisting of oil, surfactant and water, with a particle size of less than 200 nm, has been shown to enhance drug permeability for skin penetration in pharmaceutical delivery systems. In the present work, the aim was to formulate a water‐soluble herbicide, glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA), using a green nanoemulsion system for a biological activity study against the weeds creeping foxglove, slender button weed and buffalo grass.RESULTS: The nanoemulsion formulations displayed a significantly lower spray deposition on creeping foxglove (2.9–3.5 ng cm−2), slender button weed (2.6–2.9 ng cm−2) and buffalo grass (1.8–2.4 ng cm−2) than Roundup® (3.7–5.1 ng cm−2). The visible injury rates of weeds treated with the nanoemulsion formulations were statistically equivalent to those relating to Roundup® at 14 days after treatment, with a control range of 86.67–96.67%.CONCLUSION: It was hypothesised that the significant difference in spray deposition with equal injury rates can be attributed to enhanced bioactivity of the nanoemulsion formulations. This initial discovery could be the platform for developing better penetration of agrochemical formulations in the future. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Thiamethoxam acts as a target‐site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: Guillén Juan , Bielza Pablo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that the resistance mechanism towards spinosad in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an altered target site. Like the neonicotinoids, the spinosyns act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in insects, but at a distinct site. The changes in nAChRs related to spinosad resistance in thrips might involve interaction with neonicotinoids. In this study, the efficacy of spinosad and neonicotinoids, alone and in combination, was evaluated in susceptible and spinosad‐resistant thrips strains.RESULTS: The neonicotinoids tested were imidacloprid, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin. No cross‐resistance was shown between spinosad and any of the neonicotinoids. However, an increased toxicity was observed when a mixture of spinosad with thiamethoxam or clothianidin was tested. No synergism was found in the susceptible strains. The more spinosad‐resistant the thrips strain, the stronger was the synergism.CONCLUSION: Data suggest that spinosad and thiamethoxam may interact at the nAChRs in spinosad‐resistant thrips, facilitating enhanced insecticidal action. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The benefits of herbicide‐resistant crops
Authors: Green Jerry M 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince 1996, genetically modified herbicide‐resistant crops, primarily glyphosate‐resistant soybean, corn, cotton and canola, have helped to revolutionize weed management and have become an important tool in crop production practices. Glyphosate‐resistant crops have enabled the implementation of weed management practices that have improved yield and profitability while better protecting the environment. Growers have recognized their benefits and have made glyphosate‐resistant crops the most rapidly adopted technology in the history of agriculture. Weed management systems with glyphosate‐resistant crops have often relied on glyphosate alone, have been easy to use and have been effective, economical and more environmentally friendly than the systems they have replaced. Glyphosate has worked extremely well in controlling weeds in glyphosate‐resistant crops for more than a decade, but some key weeds have evolved resistance, and using glyphosate alone has proved unsustainable. Now, growers need to renew their weed management practices and use glyphosate with other cultural, mechanical and herbicide options in integrated systems. New multiple‐herbicide‐resistant crops with resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides will expand the utility of existing herbicide technologies and will be an important component of future weed management systems that help to sustain the current benefits of high‐efficiency and high‐production agriculture. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
In‐plane dielectric and magnetoelectric studies of BiFeO3
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Scott J. F. , Martínez R. , Srinivasan G. , Katiyar R. S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn‐plane temperature dependent dielectric behavior of BiFeO3 (BFO) as‐grown thin films show diffuse but prominent phase transitions near 450 (±10) K and 550 K with dielectric loss temperature dependences that suggest skin layer effects. The 450 K anomalies are near the “transition” first reported by Polomska et al. [Phys. Status Solidi 23, 567 (1974)]. The 550 K anomalies coincide with the surface phase transition recently reported [Marti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 236101 (2011)]. In addition, anomalies are found at low temperatures: After several experimental cycles, the dielectric loss shows a clear relaxor‐like phase transition near what was previously suggested to be a spin reorientation transition (SRT) temperature (∼201 K) for frequencies 1 kHz < f < 1 MHz which follow a nonlinear Vogel–Fulcher (V–F) relation; an additional sharp anomaly is observed near ∼180 K at frequencies below 1 kHz. As emphasized recently by Cowley et al. [Adv. Phys. 60, 229 (2011)], skin effects are expected for all relaxor ferroelectrics. Using the interdigital electrodes, experimental data and a theoretical model for in‐plane longitudinal and transverse direct magnetoelectric (ME) coefficient are presented.
Kinetic Monte Carlo approach for triangular‐shaped Pt islands on Pt(111) surfaces
Authors: Deák Robert , Néda Zoltán 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFormation of triangular‐shaped Pt adatom islands on a Pt(111) surface is investigated using a kinetic Monte Carlo approach. The energy barriers are calculated with the generalized embedded atom method and the nudged elastic band approach. The numerical results reveal that the preferential orientation of the triangles cannot be explained solely by the differences in the diffusion coefficients of the atoms along the topologically non‐equivalent edges of the islands. For a self‐consistent explanation of the triangle orientations, one has to examine the topological and energetic details of the diffusion paths for all the edge diffusion processes, kink‐formation or kink‐breaking events, and corner to edge jumps.
Phosphosulindac (OXT-328) Selectively Targets Breast Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro and in Human Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Zhu Caihua , Cheng Ka-Wing , Ouyang Nengtai , Huang Liqun , Sun Yu , Constantinides Panayiotis , Rigas Basil 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Pharmacological targeting of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) is highly promising for the treatment of breast cancer, as the small population of CSCs appears responsible for tumor initiation and progression and also for resistance to conventional treatment. Here we report that the novel phosphosulindac (OXT-328, PS) selectively and effectively eliminates breast CSCs both in vitro and in vivo. PS reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in various breast CSCs. Breast CSCs are resistant to conventional cancer drugs but are sensitive to PS. Long-term treatment of mixtures of cultured breast CSCs and breast cancer cells with PS preferentially eliminated the CSCs. PS impaired the ability of CSCs to form mammospheres and markedly suppressed the expression of CSC-related genes. More importantly, PS prevented by half (p =.06) the formation of tumors initiated by CSCs in immunodeficient mice, and inhibited by 83% (p &lt;.05) the growth of already formed breast cancer xenografts, reducing the proportion of CSCs in them. PS suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by stimulating the degradation of β-catenin and its relocalization to the cell membrane and also blocked the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the generation of breast CSCs. These results indicate that PS has a strong inhibitory effect against breast cancer, acting, at least in part, by targeting CSCs through a signaling mechanism involving Wnt signaling.
Phosphane Ligands with Enaminoketone Scaffold and their Palladium Complexes
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Heck Jürgen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe reaction of (Z)‐4‐aminopent‐3‐en‐2‐one with different chlorodiorganylphosphanes established three new ligands composed of a hard and soft coordination site. The soft phosphane site is easily coordinated to palladium(II) as a first step in the potential formation of heterodinuclear complexes. Surprisingly, the formed square‐planar dichloridopalladium(II) complexes exhibit exclusively trans configuration. A cis configurated palladium(II) complex can be formed, when the linker between the phosphane and the enaminoketone unit is enlarged and allows more flexibility. The reaction between (Z)‐4‐(2′‐hydroxyethylamino)pent‐3‐en‐2‐one and chlorodiorganylphosphanes revealed two new ligands that coordinate to palladium(II). With phenyl substituents at the phosphorus atom a cis palladium complex was obtained, whereas for isopropyl substituents a trans complex was formed. Molecular structures of all complexes were analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Reaktionen von Bis(trimethylsilyl)aminochlorsilanen mit Lithium – N, Si‐Trimethylsilylgruppenwanderung oder Selbstkondensation von Bis(trimethylsilyl)aminosilyllithiumverbindungen
Authors: Popowski Eckhard , Rietz Ildiko , Fischer Christian , Erben Siegfried , Harloff Jörg , Reinke Helmut 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe chlorosilanes [(Me3Si)2N]HMeSiCl (1), [(Me3Si)2N]2MeSiCl (2) and [(Me3Si)2N]RPhSiCl (3: R = Me, 4: R = Ph, 5: R = (Me3Si)2N, 6: R = H) were allowed to react with lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or in a mixture of THF/Et2O/n‐pentane in the volume ratio 4:1:1 (Trapp mixture). 1 and 2 did not react with lithium in THF at room temperature. A mixture of 1 and Me3SiCl in molar ratio 1:1 reacted with lithium to give [(Me3Si)2N]HMeSi–SiMeH[N(SiMe3)2] (7) and [(Me3Si)2N]HMeSi–SiMe3 (8). The analogous reaction of 2, Me3SiCl and lithium afforded [(Me3Si)2N]2MeSi–SiMe3 (10) only. [(Me3Si)2N]MePhSiLi (11) and [(Me3Si)2N]Ph2SiLi (16) prepared by reaction of 3 and 4 with lithium in THF underwent a partial rearrangement to form the lithium amides [(Li)(Me3Si)N]MePhSi–SiMe3 (12) and [(Li)(Me3Si)N]Ph2Si–SiMe3 (17), respectively, when the temperature raised from –78 °C to room temperature. In the reaction of 5 with lithium in THF at –78 °C, the amide [(Li)(Me3Si)N][(Me3Si)2N]PhSi–SiMe3 (21) was formed. [(Me3Si)2N]2PhSiLi (20) was obtained by reaction of 5 with lithium in the Trapp mixture at –110 °C. The silyllithiums 11, 16, 20 and the lithium amides 12, 17, 21 were trapped with HMe2SiCl resulting in the following products: [(Me3Si)2N]MePhSi–SiMe2H (13), [(Me3Si)2N]Ph2Si–SiMe2H (18), [(Me3Si)2N]2PhSi–SiMe2H (24), [(HMe2Si)(Me3Si)N]MePhSi–SiMe3 (14), [(HMe2Si)(Me3Si)N]Ph2Si–SiMe3 (19), and [(HMe2Si)(Me3Si)N][(Me3Si)2N]PhSi–SiMe3 (22). The silyllithiums 11, 16, and 20 were formed directly by reaction of the corresponding aminochlorosilanes with lithium at –78 °C (11 and 16) and at –110 °C (20), respectively. In the reaction of the aminochlorosilane 6 with lithium in THF at –78 °C a mixture of [(Me3Si)2N]HPhSiLi (25) and [(Me3Si)2N]HPhSi–SiHPhLi (26) was obtained. Compounds 25 and 26 were trapped with HMe2SiCl to give [(Me3Si)2N]HPhSi–SiMe2H (27) and [(Me3Si)2N]HPhSi–SiHPh–SiMe2H (28). The molecular structures of 19, 22 and 24 were determined.
Copper Bismuth Chalcogenide Halogenides with Extensively Disordered and Mobile Copper(I) Cations
Authors: Heerwig Andreas , Müller Ulrike , Nitsche Fabian , Ruck Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA new family of quaternary phases with the general sum formula Cu3+δBi5–δSe8–2δX2+2δ (X = Cl, Br) was discovered by slow cooling of high temperature melts. Cu3.58(1)Bi4.42(1)Se6.84(2)Cl3.16(2) (δ = 0.58) and Cu4.52(1)Bi3.48(1)Se4.96(2)Br5.04(2) (δ = 1.52) crystallize isostructural in the orthorhombic space group type Pnnm with a = 1332.3(1)/1340.2(3) pm, b = 1683.7(2)/1717.2(1) pm, and c = 406.2(1)/407.1(2) pm. The new structure type resembles in some aspects the hollandite as well as the pavonite type. A framework of face‐ and edge‐sharing anion polyhedra around Bi3+ cations hosts Cu+ cations. The characteristic motif is an infinite band of polyhedra that has the width of five polyhedra, with three octahedra being enclosed by capped trigonal prisms. The octahedrally coordinated Bi3+ cations are partially substituted by Cu+ (in octahedra faces), while Se2– anions are replaced by X–. The sulfide iodide Cu3.33(2)Bi2S3.33(2)I2.67(2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 2803.6(9) pm, b = 409.9(1) pm, c = 1058.0(3) pm, and β = 110.68(2)°. Double strands of face‐sharing [BiS1/1S2/2I4/4] as well as [BiS3/3I2/2(S0.33/I0.67)2/2] polyhedra run along [010]. In between them, the Cu+ cations are spread over numerous closely spaced sites. They define a ladder‐shaped continuous path for ion conduction along [010].
Nerds and Barbarians: Race and Class Encounters through Affirmative Action in a Brazilian University
Authors: CICALO ANDRÉ 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis ethnographic article discusses how race emerges between discourses of class and space at the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Following a legal decision, this academic institution was required to implement racial quotas to combat social exclusion and raise the number of ‘black’ students in public higher education. A crucial question is whether such racially based policies help redress social inequalities, or whether they actually increase discrimination by reifying ‘racial’ differences in Brazil. I argue that the social diversity promoted by quotas at the university stresses certain urban tensions and unequal dynamics that come to be reflected within the university. However, it also reveals novel and positive paths by which policies can negotiate these contrasts.
‘Fifty Years in Five’ and What's in It for Us? Development Promotion, Populism, Industrial Workers andCarestiain 1950s Brazil
Authors: IORIS RAFAEL R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn the mid-twentieth century, the Brazilian federal government embarked upon an ambitious plan of fast-paced industrialisation aimed at responding to the growing needs of the country's ever more urbanised population. While the plan achieved rapid economic growth, rising levels of discontent defined much of the political behaviour of urban labour in the period. By critically examining some of the main events affecting industrial unions during the so-called ‘developmental decade’ of the 1950s, this article argues that amidst pervasive top-down economic transformations Brazilian workers consistently advanced an alternative position on national development. By investigating how metalworkers in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro understood and responded to the main developmental trends and difficulties of the period, the paper reveals some of the creative strategies articulated by urban workers to promote a more socially inclusive path for the country. By becoming actively involved in ever more assertive cross-professional mobilisations, particularly those aimed at curbing the rising cost of living (a problem known ascarestia), industrial workers not only protected their own economic interests but also significantly challenged the very bases of the populist political arrangements that defined post-war Brazilian society.
Athletics, army recruitment and heroisation: L. Sep. Fl. Flavillianus of Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N.P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article presents an inscribed statue base discovered at Oinoanda by Professor Martin Ferguson Smith in 2002. The new inscription is placed in its historical context, and the commentary traces the implications for our understanding of Roman army recruitment, the role of the civic élite in responding to the demands of the imperial government and the practice of heroisation in the competition for honour among the notables who were also the city's victorious athletes.
Seasonal variation in the incidence rate of tuberculous meningitis is associated with sunshine hours
Authors: VISSER D. H. , SCHOEMAN J. F. , VAN FURTH A. M. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYTuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe complication of tuberculosis and occurs mainly during early childhood. The incidence rate of TBM varies with season, and serum vitamin D levels, which are dependent on sunlight, might play a role. We studied the association between TBM incidence rate and hours of sunshine in Cape Town, South Africa and found a significant association between the incidence rate of TBM and hours of sunshine 3 months earlier (incidence rate ratio per 100 sunshine hours 0·69, 95% confidence interval 0·54–0·88, P = 0·002). The association supports the hypothesis that vitamin D might play a role in the pathophysiology of TBM. Further prospective studies in which vitamin D status is measured are necessary to determine causality.
Analysis of coronary flow haemodynamics in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic adolescents with aortic supravalvular stenosis
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yang Ya , LI Zhi'an , Zhang Xiaoshan , Lin Jie , Wang Lvya 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo study coronary artery haemodynamics in adolescents with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and aortic supravalvular stenosis.MethodsPatients diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolaemia who were younger than 16 years and who had undergone transthoracic echocardiography from 2007 to 2010 were included in this study. We included patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and aortic supravalvular stenosis and those with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. All patients underwent stress echocardiography, and left anterior descending coronary artery flow was successfully detected. Coronary flow velocity reserve was calculated as the ratio of hyperaemic mean diastolic flow velocity after injection of adenosine to basal mean diastolic flow velocity. Changes in coronary haemodynamics and the relationship between lipid concentrations were determined.ResultsA total of 11 patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were enrolled in this study. Lipid concentrations were measured, and the mean coronary flow velocity reserve was 1.97 plus or minus 0.51. Seven children were included in the group of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. In these children, the mean coronary flow velocity reserve was 3.08 plus or minus 0.84.ConclusionThe coronary flow velocity reserve of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic patients is lower than that of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic patients, and it is associated with a high concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Aortic stenosis and plaques compromised the ostia of the coronary artery and caused increased basal mean diastolic coronary velocity with blunted increase in peak velocity, which decreased the coronary flow velocity reserve.