bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paraquat Sorption as a Function of Particle Size in Natural Sediments
Authors: Karickhoff Samuel W. , Brown David S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of sorbed paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bypyiridinium ion) as a function of particle size (sand through clay) was determined on five natural sediments. Paraquat concentrations in individual size fractions varied as much as two orders of magnitude within a given sediment, showing a pronounced preference for the fine silt and clay fractions. Adsorption isotherms were measured for individual size separates on one sediment. Paraquat distributions in the whole sediment agreed well with those computed using the isotherm coefficients determined on individual size separates. Paraquat sorbs by ion exchange, and sorption partition coefficients showed a definite correlation with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of individual size fractions. However, exchange sites in different fractions differed in their effectiveness in sorbing paraquat, with the fine silt and clay exchange sites being more effective than those of the larger separates.In pure clay suspensions (hectorite and montmorillonite), sorbed paraquat did not distribute uniformly throughout the clay particle size range. The concentration peaked in the mid‐size range (0.065‐0.44 µm, equivalent Stokes radii) and decreased uniformly in the larger and smaller particle sizes. Peak concentrations were two to five times those of the less sorbing components. Because no corresponding trend was found in NH4+‐measured CEC's, exchange sites in the median clay particle size ranges seemed to be more “effective” in sorbing paraquat than the extreme size ranges.UV spectra of paraquat in a hectorite suspension revealed that, after 4 hours of centrifuging at 20,000 rpm, >50% of the paraquat remaining in the suspended (water) phase was sorbed on particulates not removed by centrifugation. Therefore, for highly sorbed compounds such as paraquat, conventional phase separation techniques for measuring sorption may not distinguish sorbed vs. “free” compounds.
Response of Coliform Populations in Poultry Waste Digesters to Three Insecticides
Authors: Ballington P. E. , Skipper H. D. , Hegg R. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was initiated to determine if three insecticides could be responsible for die‐offs of E. coli in poultry waste digesters. A pure culture and a digester effluent slurry system were used to test several concentrations of dimethoate, dichlorvos (organophosphates), and carbaryl (carbamate) against E. coli and other enteric coliforms. Dimethoate and dichlorvos were used individually at concentrations of 0, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 ppmv (ppm by vol), and combined at concentrations of 0+0, 50+50, 500+500, and 5,000+5,000 ppmv. Carbaryl (1‐naphthyl N‐methylcarbamate) was used at 0, 1, and 40 ppmv concentrations. Dimethoate [O,O‐dimethyl S‐(N‐methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] and dichlorvos (2,2‐dichlorvinyl dimethyl phosphate) at 1,000 ppmv caused a significant decrease in E. coli, and the highest concentrations resulted in a complete die‐off of E. coli in the pure culture system. Carbaryl had no effects on E. coli in the pure culture study and was not used in the effluent slurry study. In the effluent slurry, dimethoate and dichlorvos at 100 and 1,000 ppmv did not significantly reduce coliform populations. Dimethoate, dichlorvos, and the combined insecticides at 10,000 ppmv caused a >90% die‐off of the coliforms.
Effects of Trace Elements on Nitrification in Soils
Authors: Liang C. N. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies to evaluate the effects on nitrification of 19 trace elements showed that all these elements inhibited nitrification of NH4+‐N added to soils. Results showed that the relative effectiveness of the trace elements in inhibition of nitrification depends on the soils. When the trace elements were compared to using 5 µmoles/g of soil, Ag(I), Hg(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), As(III), Cr(III), B(III), Al(III), Se(IV), and Mo(VI) were the most effective inhibitors (average inhibition >50%), and Mn(II) and Pb(II) the least effective (average inhibition <25%) inhibitors. The average inhibition by the other elements studied [Co(II), Cu(II), Sn(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), V(IV), and W(VI)] ranged from 33% with W(VI) to 49% with Fe(III), Silver(I), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), As(III), B(III), Fe(III), As(V), Mo(VI), and W(VI) inhibited Nitrobacter, causing accumulation of NO2−‐N in one of the soils used.
Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Properties of Fluvial Unconsolidated Bottom Sediments in Northwestern Ohio
Authors: Wall G. J. , Wilding L. P. , Smeck N. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluvial unconsolidated bottom sediments that have the potential to become part of the suspended sediment load in the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, ranged in texture from sandy loams to clays. Particle size analysis by water dispersion and electrolyte dispersion procedures revealed that an average of 34% of the total clay fraction was aggregated into the silt and sand‐sized range, indicating that the coarser fraction of bottom sediments may be physically‐chemically active. The water‐dispersible clay was lower in mica but higher in expandable 14Å (smectite) and quartz constituents than the electrolyte‐dispersible clay. The mineralogy of clay‐sized bottom sediments (mica, 65 ± 5%; chlorite‐vermiculite, 12 ± 5%; quartz, 14 ± 5%; expandable 14Å (smectite) and kaolinite, 5 ± 5%) from upstream agricultural drainage ditches, major Basin tributaries, and from the Maumee River are essentially identical.The 2‐ to 50‐µm fraction was dominated by quartz with secondary amounts of mica, kaolinite, feldspars, and carbonates. Mean calcite, dolomite, and calcium carbonate equivalent values were 4.1, 3.4, and 7.8%, respectively. Calcite dissolution in transport is probable on the basis of observed calcite‐dolomite ratios.Organic matter content of the fluvial bottom sediments (3 to 7%) was analogous to Lake Erie bottom sediments and Maumee River suspended sediments. CEC values ranged from 39 to 55 meq/100 g for the total clay fraction collected by electrolyte and water dispersion procedures. Enrichment of heavy metals of bottom sediments over surficial soil materials occurred for Cu, Ni, Zn, Ca, and Pb by factors of 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 3.5, and 3.0, respectively. Traces of herbicides (atrazine, 2‐4‐D) and insecticides (DDT metabolites, endosulfan) were detected in the filtered stream water samples and bottom sediment materials.Downstream trends in selected physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties could not be related to increased urban influences or increased stream discharge.
Water Relations of Cadmium‐Treated Plants
Authors: Kirkham M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTurgor pressures, stomatal resistances, and transpiration rates were measured during a 50‐day period in leaves of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Indianapolis White’) plants grown in nutrient solution with 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd added as CdSO4. At harvest, dry weight and Cd concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves were determined. Leaf abscission occurred on Cd‐treated plants. Turgor pressures were highest in plants grown with 0.01 µg/ml Cd and lower in plants treated with 0, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd. Stomatal resistances were lowest in plants grown with 0.01 µg/ml Cd and progressively higher in plants treated with 0, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd. Results indicated that quantities of Cd permitted in irrigation water in the United States (0.05 µg/ml) might be detrimental to growth because of reduced turgor pressure and increased stomatal resistance.
Laboratory and Field Mineralization of Nitrogen from Fermentation Residues
Authors: Wright W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe proper disposal of organic wastes is one of our most pressing problems. Applications of these materials to agricultural land are becoming increasingly popular and information concerning nitrogen mineralization rates is necessary to ensure sufficient nitrogen for optimum plant growth and to prevent ground water contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine the nitrogen mineralization rate of an industrial fermentation waste and to relate rate of land application to potential leaching of mineralized nitrogen. Mineralization rates were determined by incubating soil‐waste mixtures at 35°C in leaching tubes and periodically extracting the mineralized nitrogen with 0.01M CaCl2. Fermentation wastes, obtained from the production of various antibiotics and organic acids, were also applied to field plots at rates of 0, 112, and 224 dry metric tons/ha. Soil samples were obtained periodically at predetermined depths and extracted with 2N KCl for the determination of mineral‐N. Under optimum conditions in the laboratory between 55 and 95% of the organic nitrogen added was mineralized in a 24‐week period. Approximately 50% of the mineralization occurred during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Available nitrogen concentrations in field plots exceeded 100 ppm at the 45‐cm depth for both the 112‐ and 224‐metric ton/ha rates during the late summer of the year of application. Levels of available nitrogen in treated plots were not appreciably different from the check during the second year.
Effect of Sewage Lagoon Effluent on the Concentration of Fluorescent and Denitrifying Bacteria in a High Plains River
Authors: Cranston G. N. , Adams J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFecal coliforms, fluorescent bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria were enumerated in a high plains river and in the effluent from sewage lagoons before and after entrance into the river for a period of 13 months from June 1973 through June 1974. All bacterial groups increased at least 100‐fold during the winter in the effluent from the lagoons. Thirty isolates of denitrifying bacteria obtained during the winter were determined to belong in the genus Pseudomonas. The vast majority of these isolates were psychrophilic.
Incorporation of Nonsegregated, Noncomposted Solid Waste and Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Webber L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Guelph, Ontario, to determine the effects of applying as much as 376 metric tons/ha of raw, nonsegregated, shredded solid waste plus 4.6 cm of anaerobically digested sewage sludge on soil physical properties, soil nitrogen and carbon, and the yield of corn grain (Zea mays L.).Shredded waste and sewage sludge were applied to plots in July 1971 and again in August 1973. Corn was grown in 1972, 1974, 1975, and 1976 with chemical fertilizer being applied the last 2 years. Physical determinations were made on soil samples collected prior to corn planting in 1976.Soil C and N and water‐stable aggregation increased, while bulk density decreased with increments of solid waste added. Soil moisture, expressed volumetrically (cm3/cm3) and retained at pressures of 0.04, 0.33, and 15 bars and available water, was not significantly affected by waste additions. No consistent relationship appeared to exist between kinds and amounts of wastes added and corn grain yields for four harvestings.
Growth and Trace Metal Content of European Sycamore Seedlings Grown in Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Lepp N. W. , Eardley G. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedlings of European sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) were grown under greenhouse conditions for 50 days in mixtures (by vol) of 100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 commercial soil‐based potting medium/metal contaminated sewage sludge. At harvest, measurements of stem height, leaf number, node number, total leaf area, stem girth, and plant dry weight were made, prior to the analysis of total plant metal burdens. The results showed that increasing proportions of metal‐rich sewage had no detrimental effect on plant growth; indeed, in most cases, the seedlings from the high sludge treatment (75%) performed significantly better than those grown in 100% sludge or unamended potting medium. Total plant metal burdens were not excessive; the highest accumulations were found in the roots. The relevance of these results to proposals for using metal‐contaminated sewage sludges in land reclamation schemes, or as nonagricultural soil amendments, is discussed.
Growth and Elemental Composition of Corn and Bean Seedlings as Influenced by Soil Application of Coal Ash
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Woodford T. A. , Ciravolo T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalyses of 0.1N HCl extracts of ash (slag + fly ash) samples from bituminous coal revealed high concentrations of K, Ca, and Fe and intermediate concentrations of P, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Of the elements analyzed, the extractable concentrations increased as particle size decreased from >1,000 µm to <105 µm. The slightly acidic ashes were mixed with Troup sandy loam (Grossarenic Paleudults) at rates of 5, 10, and 20% (“fine” ash) by weight and equilibrated in a glasshouse for 1 mo before planting. “Coarse” ash was used at only the 10% rate. Corn (Zea mays L.) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yields from ash‐amended soils were statistically equal to yields from a control treatment (no fertilizer or ash added) but significantly lower than fertilized (N‐P‐K) treatment. Corn exhibited P deficiency symptoms while symptoms characteristic of B toxicity occurred in beans. Analyses of tissues of both crops indicated that P concentrations were at deficiency levels while Cu, Mn, and Zn were deficient to marginal. Iron, however, appeared to be in the normal range. Salinity as indicated by EC of leachate of 3 mmhos/cm or greater, B excess as indicated by the toxicity symptoms in beans, and P deficiency as indicated by low P concentrations in plant tissues could limit crop growth in ash‐treated soils.
An Improved Soil‐Sampling Procedure for the Prediction of Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate Concentrations in Surface Runoff from Pasture
Authors: Sharpley A. N. , Syers J. K. , Tillman R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLinear relationships were obtained between the mean concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) in each of several surface‐runoff events and the amounts of inorganic P extracted by 0.1M NaCl from the top 1 cm of soil sampled prior to the event. These relationships were similar for both unfertilized and fertilized, undrained pasture. This contrasted with the data obtained in the previous year for the same surface‐runoff plots, receiving the same treatments, where markedly different linear relationships were obtained using a 0–5 cm soil‐sampling depth. The modified soil‐sampling procedure provides a more generally applicable method of predicting the concentration of DIP in surface runoff from pastures of widely differing P status.
Root Development in Dairy Manure‐Treated Soil
Authors: Lund Zane F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of dairy cattle manure on root growth of two forage crops were evaluated in a rhizotron study. The four treatments consisted of mineral fertilizer mixed into or applied to surface soils; manure incorporated into surface soils at two rates: 70 and 140 metric tons/ha; and manure layered at 25‐cm depth between the surface and subsoil at 140 metric tons/ha.Incorporation of manure promoted early root and top growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke vat. ‘Gahi‐1’). The increase in growth was attributed to increased soil temperature. The layered treatment acted as a barrier to gas movement and inhibited early root growth into the subsoil. Although lack of deep rooting reduced early top growth, millet eventually grew most rapidly on the layered treatment. Total dry matter yield on the layered treatment was equal to that from the 140 metric ton/ha incorporated treatment; lowest yield was on the mineral fertilizer treatment.Yield of fall‐planted rye (Secale cereale L.) was. nearly three times that of the mineral‐fertilized plots. Root growth of rye was reduced with the high rate of incorporated manure.
Extractability of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc by Double Acid Versus DTPA and Plant Content at Excessive Soil Levels
Authors: Korcak R. F. , Fanning D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc were applied as sulfate salts to samples of surface horizons of three Maryland soils in the greenhouse at rates of metals equivalent to those in 0 to 896 dry metric tons/ha of Washington, D.C., digested sewage sludge. The sludge was also applied at a rate of 224 dry metric tons/ha. Two pH regimes, approximately 5.5 and 6.5, were maintained. Metals were extracted by the DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid buffered at pH 7.3) double acid (0.05N HCl, 0.025N H2SO4) extractants. Correlations were determined between extractable soil metals and metal content of two crops of corn (Zea mays L.) each grown for 30 days, but at times of 1 or 13 mo after making the chemical amendments to the soils.Highly significant associations, r values ranging from 0.658 to 0.998, were obtained between the quantities of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn extracted by the two extractants. DTPA tended to extract smaller quantities of all metals and tended to be more indicative of reduced plant Zn and Cu uptake under limed conditions than double acid. Cadmium remained the most extractable after 14 mo by either extractant when expressed as a percent of the applied metal that was extractable. Overall metal extractability on this basis followed the order Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni, independent of soil type or extractant.Sludge‐applied metals were approximately half as extractable as sulfate salt‐applied metals at comparable rates of application, but followed the same order of relative extractability.Plant content ofCd, Cu, and Zn was significantly correlated, at the 1% level, with extractability of the respective metal for both extractants for metal salt‐amended soils. Correlations from the sludged soils were poor and generally not significant. Numerically higher and generally more significant correlations were obtained when the data were separated by lime level into two regression equations compared to a combined regression. The primary cause of this effect was the greater metal content of the plant tissue per unit of extractable metal on the low vs. the high pH soils, except for Cd, producing two distinct regression equations. This relationship was more pronounced with the first crop than with the second.
Effects of SO2 and NO2 on Nitrification in Soil
Authors: Labeda David P. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrification in Lima loam, pH 7.2, was not affected by continuous exposure of the soil to 0.5 ppm of SO2 or to brief exposures to higher SO2 levels. Such treatment did not increase the levels of soluble K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Al. Intermittent exposure of Hudson silty clay loam, pH 5.0, to SO2 reduced the rate of nitrate formation. Continuous fumigation of the acid soil with 10 ppm of SO2 decreased the rate of nitrification, and continuous fumigation with as little as 1.0 ppm increased the quantity of soluble Mn and Fe. Continuous fumigation of Lima loam with 5 ppm NO2 inhibited the rate of ammonium disappearance, led to greater rates of nitrate formation, and resulted in nitrite accumulation. Nitrite at a level of 30 µg N/g of soil also reduced the rate of ammonium disappearance. The results demonstrate that nitrification in certain soils could be inhibited in areas acutely polluted with SO2 and NO2.
Nutrient Runoff from Fertilized and Unfertilized Fields in Western Canada
Authors: Nicholaichuk W. , Read D. W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutrient transport in surface runoff from snow was measured from fertilized and unfertilized cropped and summerfallowed Wood Mountain loam fields in semiarid southwest Saskatchewan. The amount of nitrogen lost from unfertilized fields during spring runoff exceeded the limits purported to result in algal growth; however, the loss was agronomically insignificant.It was concluded that since the N and P concentrations in runoff from unfertilized fertile agricultural soils exceed Saskatchewan Water Quality criteria, these guidelines may be regarded as unattainable under our present system of cereal cropping in western Canada.
Effects of Different Sewage Sludges on Some Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil
Authors: Mitchell M. J. , Hartenstein R. , Swift B. L. , Neuhauser E. F. , Abrams B. I. , Mulligan R. M. , Brown B. A. , Craig D. , Kaplan D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical and biological characteristics of an aerobically digested and three anaerobically digested sewage sludges from metropolitan Syracuse, N.Y. were analyzed. The aerobic digest had a higher organic fraction (ash 39%, carbohydrate 14%), more nitrogen (total N 4.2%), and more phosphorus (total P 1.71%) than the three anaerobic digests (ash 61–80%, carbohydrate 4–6%, total N 0.6–1.3%, and total P 0.75–1.71%). Potassium concentrations were low, and heavy metals varied among sludges.In the two sludges taken directly from centrifuges, nematode density was low which contrasted to the high density of nematodes in sludge from drying beds. Enchytraeidae were found only in the aerobically digested sludge.These sludges were applied separately onto pulverized soil (Teel silt loam) in randomized plots within a glasshouse. Samples were taken at intervals for 260 days and analyzed for chemical and biological components. Rates of change in ash, carbohydrate, total N, and total P were proportional to the original magnitude of these parameters, highest rates being exhibited by samples from plots amended with the aerobic digest; the aerobic digest lost 48% of its organic content in 162 days. Few significant changes over time were noted in available P, CEC, Cu, Zn, and K for a given plot type.The earthworm Eisenia foetida was placed in the plots after 90 days since earlier experiments had shown that two of the fresh anaerobic sludges killed the worms. Earthworms were thriving 170 days after introduction.There were no significant differences between plot types for catalase, peroxidase, or tyrosinase because of high intraplot variation. Total and viable bacterial populations were higher in the sludge amended plots than in arable soils, and declined with time. Mite and collembola populations were low in the sludge‐amended soil but similar to populations in arable soils. Those plots, which were amended with sludges originally deficient in nematodes, showed a rapid increase in these worms, which were bacterial feeders and predominantly Rhabditidae. Enchytraeids increased in all sludge‐amended plots at a slower rate than the nematodes.The plots converged over time with respect to biological and chemical characteristics.
The Effect of Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge on Organic Fractions of Blount Silt Loam
Authors: Hohla G. N. , Jones R. L. , Hinesly T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLysimeters containing Blount silt loam (Aerie ochraqualf) were furrow irrigated with 298 metric tons/ha (as solids) of anaerobically digested sludge over the 6‐year period from May 1969 through April 1975. Soil organic carbon in the top 15 cm increased from 0.95 to 2.29% over this period. The greatest proportionate change among fractions of organic carbon was observed in the oil and grease fraction, which increased from 1.67 to 11.9% of the total soil organic carbon. No significant differences were observed between control and treated plots below the 30 cm level for any of the fractions except water‐extractable carbon. All organic fractions significantly increased with respect to control plots in leachate water sampled in 1975. Increases in total organic carbon due to sludge application were two‐ to threefold, from a minimum of 12.5 mg/liter in control plots to a maximum of 32.0 mg/liter in sludge‐treated plots. Carbohydrate carbon showed the greatest change among leachate‐water fractions, increasing from a high of 2.9 mg/liter for control plots to a high of 12.4 mg/liter for treated plots.