bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4. Nemean 5: Peleus’ Wedding Song
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines Nemean 5, a wedding song and the first surviving ode written by Pindar for an Aiginetan, commissioned by a nobleman named Lampon for his son Pytheas. Lampon takes a close interest in the making of athletes and has hired one of the best teachers of the day, Menander of Athens, to supervise the training of his sons. Now, though not yet fifteen, Pytheas has crossed to Nemea and won in the pankration, a brutal mixture of boxing and wrestling in which almost any move was permitted. The boy has rescued his father's house from athletic obscurity, but his flair for victory comes from the maternal family. Other odes announce their purpose with an opening invocation, a wise generality, or an elaborated simile, but the chorus of Nemean 5 begins with a negative boast that defines its function and ends the Isthmian celebrations with inferential praise of the bride Thetis.
11. Nemean 8: Slander and Praise
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Pindar's ode, Nemean 8, was performed to honour an adolescent boy who had chosen his father's event, the double-stade race, and duplicated his father's mainland victory. The song identifies Aigina, not with a despised Ajax, but with an admired Aiakos sought out by all as a panhellenic leader. It calls itself a gift brought to this legendary hero-founder in behalf of the island-city that he loves, a city that enjoys a permanence of god-given bliss. These are the announced conditions in which the present performers greet a youth who is entering his first season of love, and its initial tone of rich promise stands in stark contradiction to all readings and chronologies based upon a mistreated Aigina-Ajax and a dishonourable Athens-Odysseus. Here, Pindar gives a moment of poetic life to a jealous slander that killed, then asks, in a responding passage, for the power to distribute praise and blame correctly, thus offering celestial life to splendid actions.
1 Macedonia 1870–1922
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Macedonia — its regional boundaries, economy, and population — and the ‘Macedonian Question’. It then considers the factors that made Macedonia a politically sensitive region. Among these were the imminent political and social disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of nationalism among the Balkan peoples, the irredentist claims of the newly established Balkan states on territories outside their borders (and particularly on Macedonian lands inhabited by their unredeemed brethren), and finally Great Power rivalries in the area.
5 Agricultural Resettlement and Land Distribution
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted groups’. It then discusses problems relating to the permanent distribution of lands and the demographic implications of agricultural resettlement, particularly the effect of distribution on marriages.
3 Xerxes’ Homer
Authors: Haubold Johannes 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the reception of epic in wartime and post-war Greece was affected by an extended dialogue between both cultures. The Persian leadership used Homeric epic, especially the Iliad, in order to justify imperial expansion to the Greeks in their own cultural terms, just as they appropriated Babylonian and Judaic visions of history in order to validate their expansion elsewhere. Drawing on the Herodotean evidence for the Persians' use of Greek oracle-mongers, and especially his account of Xerxes' visit to Troy, which presented the king as the champion of Troy, seeking revenge for its downfall, the chapter suggests that Xerxes' Iliad consisted of a set of wholly new glosses on familiar topics, pro-Persian interpretations, and selective enactments.
7 Images of the Persian Wars in Rome
Authors: Hardie Philip 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Augustan Rome's use of the Athenian image of the Persian barbarian, especially the Actium–Salamis equation, is an expanded and revised version of an article originally published in Classics Ireland. It shows how complex were the reasons why Augustus — and his poets Horace and Virgil — found in the Persian Wars material which helped in the creation of the new Roman sense of Self, a new identity that became a cultural requirement in the years following the end of the Republic. In particular, the chapter examines how the original Athenian fusion of the Amazonomachy and the Persian Wars narratives provided fresh poetic and ideological impetus in Virgil's treatment of the Camilla story.
Homeric Voices
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although there has been considerable interest over time in the composition of narrative sections of the Homeric epics, there have been very few studies of the composition of the speeches and exchanges of speech that Homer depicts in his songs. This book attempts to redress the balance. Drawing on research in sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and cognitive psychology, the book considers the speeches in Homer from two perspectives, as cognitive and as social phenomena. Part I explores the role of memory in the generation of Homer's speech forms; and the relationship between Homeric voices and the speech of the poet's everyday world. It is suggested that speech acts such as rebukes and the declining of invitations, and question forms and the pattern of hysteron-proteron so familiar to us in Homer, have their origins in pre-patterned forms of everyday speech; and that even the discourse strategies that underpin Homeric questions are recognizable to us from everyday talk. Part II formulates responses to the question of whether Homer reveals consistent differences in his representation of men's and women's talk. Men's and women's speech-habits are examined in order to detect whether there is a male preference for speech acts such as rebukes (a dominant mode) and a female preference for protests (a co-operative mode); and whether the use of information questions, directives, interruption, and even storytelling content and style can be identified with men's and women's different speaking styles. The absence of clearcut and consistent findings on this question does not diminish the value of the original question.
Speech Acts in Homer: The Rebuke as a Case Study
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By relating Homer's speech-formats to cognitive psychology's account of the storage of implicit knowledge, conclusions can be drawn about the mind-based resources on which the poet drew as he sang—and on which we draw as we speak. It is argued that the Homeric rebuke was a stylized version of everyday discourse, cued by the rebuke format that the poet had acquired, almost unconsciously, early in life and stored in memory. What the apprentice poet learned from a master-singer was not the rebuke itself, but the special formulation of the rebuke for the purposes of oral song.
Verbal Behaviour in its Social Context: Three Question Strategies in the Odyssey
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines a selection of questions from the Odyssey in terms of their functions as social acts that may reflect, reinforce, or revise the social relationship of the speakers. The three categories identified by Esther Goody are deference-questions, control-questions, and counter-questions. Each of these forms acknowledges the power-relations between any speaker and his or her addressee, and illustrates the important links between verbal and social interaction. Knowledge of the world and of social relationships in that world shapes both our talk and our interpretation of the talk of others, including the character-speech of the Odyssey.
Linguistic Choices in Homer: Rebukes and Protests
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Rebukes and protests are a useful test of asymmetry in Homeric society. Rebukes appear to reflect social hierarchies that are similar in many respects to hierarchies in our own world: men or gods of higher status address rebukes to men or gods of lower status; women of higher status to women of lower status; older people to their juniors; men to women; gods to mortals. The most vigorous speech form normally used by women is the protest, a reactive mode that makes no claim for power. But speech does not simply reflect status, it also realizes it, in the real world and the world of the imagination. The speech-preferences that Homer attributes to his various characters therefore both reflect and realize their status vis-à-vis others.
Family Law in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The law governing family relationships has changed dramatically in the past one hundred years. This book is a study of the pressures and processes which led to those changes. It examines the work of individuals and organisations campaigning for change, and the (often ignored) influence of officials in government and (in particular) the Parliamentary draftsmen. It gives particular attention to the pressures for compromise which have so often influenced the otherwise difficult to understand legislation. The book makes extensive use of archival material and of the results of empirical research, and tells the stories of the sometimes rather eccentric individuals who have had an impact on the law-making process. Although the book focuses on the twentieth century, it reaches back into earlier periods when relevant to later developments.
4 Other Legal Consequences of Marriage: Conjugal Rights and Remedies
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
English law started from the principle that husband and wife should live together. But did that mean that the court should issue orders requiring them to do so? If so, what was to happen if one of them refused to obey? And what did the law do if one spouse wanted the court to order a separation? Supposing that one man seduced another’s wife: should the husband be entitled to recover damages for the loss of the person who cared for him and his house? These were all live issues in the course of the twentieth century, and this chapter examines how law-makers dealt with them.
10 Marital Breakdown: The Financial Consequences
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The common law made a husband legally liable to maintain his wife and children. What should happen financially if a couple are divorced? This chapter traces the changing law, which has moved from giving the court only very restricted powers to make financial orders, to giving the court power to readjust virtually all the economically valuable assets of the two parties. The principles on which those powers should be exercised have also been controversial: should the court be influenced by findings about who was responsible for the breakdown? If not, what should those principles be?
15 Children’s Legal Status: Legitimate or Illegitimate?
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Legal systems traditionally distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate birth, with the illegitimate (‘bastard’) denied recognition. A number of techniques were developed to mitigate the hardship and injustice which this distinction caused — such as legitimation by subsequent marriage and treating a child’s parents as legally married in certain circumstances even when they were not. Perhaps more significant were the various measures taken to minimise the legal disadvantages of illegitimacy. Only towards the end of the century was the policy of ‘abolishing illegitimacy’ wholeheartedly adopted.
20 The State, Parent and Child: (3) Child Care Legislation at a Time of Transition, 1969–1989
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The case of Maria Colwell brought into question the application of the hitherto accepted principle that the mere fact that a child could be better cared for by others was not a justification for removal from the parents: the existing legal procedures were perceived as inadequate. The importance of effective management — rather than reliance on the flair of individual workers — came to the foreground. In 1975 the Children Act was enacted in an attempt to improve the law dealing with adoption, guardianship, and care of children, but it soon became apparent that there were genuine issues of principle involved, which that Act failed to resolve. Matters were made worse by the failure to bring many crucial provisions of the 1975 Act into force for more than a decade. Child law was becoming increasingly politicised. In 1985 a very thorough and detailed Civil Service review of Child Care Law was published containing over 200 recommendations; and at much the same time the Law Commission was carrying out a massive investigation of the law, which dealt with the responsibility for caring for children when there was a divorce or other breakdown in the traditional pattern of family care. Once again, the published reports of child abuse scandals — the Jasmine Beckford case, and the allegations of widespread child abuse in Cleveland — greatly increased public pressure for change. The 1989 Children Act was the legislative outcome.
Ethics and Poetics: Literary and Personal Memory in Representations of Cretan Women
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter serves both as an examination of the importance of remembrance in the myths and as an explicit experiment with the theories of allusion and intertextuality which underlie the entire study. An essential characteristic of Latin poetry is its consciousness of literary history and of the endless possibilities for subtlety in reminiscence of and engagement with earlier works. In this self-aware literary world, the Cretan women, and Ariadne in particular, come to play an important role as indicators of poets' attitudes to the anxiety and the inspiration of influence. By tracing the story of Ariadne from Apollonius to Catullus and Ovid, the chapter sets forth an account of some of the tricks of memory that the poets use. It also shows the way in which Ariadne remains an instantly recognizable individual, yet simultaneously becomes a composite figure, made up of layers of her own and others' previous poetic appearances. It is this tension between the necessity of retaining certain stock, essential features of a mythological character and the poet's desire to leave his own stamp upon the poetic clay that makes the investigation so fascinating.
Phaedra from Elegiac Lover to Stoic Anti-Exemplum? Heroides 4 and Seneca, Phaedra
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on depictions of Phaedra. In the Heroides Phaedra is a contradictory figure, a character who could be complete in herself, but who also seems to be full of other people's voices, often ostentatiously displaying the different elements of her composition. At times she seems to step straight from love elegy, at others she is more like a virgin bride or a Euripidean nurse. Both in control and heading full-tilt for destruction, she is a victim of her own passion and self-indulgence, yet also moulded by circumstance and inheritance.
Conclusion
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It begins with a review of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that while to a degree, the reaction among the Latin poets to the Cretan myths is a continuation of the Greek, there is nevertheless a palpable sense that these myths are now fully Roman. They are not borrowed, but absorbed and revived in a new place and time. It seems that the real, contemporary Crete made little impact on the poets.
A Human Fable and the Justice of Beasts in Archilochus
Authors: Cunha Corrêa Paula da 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers fragments (174 and 177 IEG) belonging to one of the most important and well-known epodes of Archilochus (172-81), in which ‘The Fable of the Fox and the Eagle’ is narrated. They are extracts from a larger study in which all fragments of Archilochus that contain fables and animal metaphors will be examined, with an emphasis on the particular ethos of each animal.
Pindaric Accompaniments
Authors: Henry W. B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The performance of Pindar's epinician odes has been much discussed of late, in particular the question whether the odes were composed for a vocal soloist or for a choir. But the instrumental accompaniments have received comparatively little attention. This chapter considers the evidence to be found in the texts of the odes themselves concerning the instruments used. It suggests that a metrical observation may enable us to make some progress.
Lucian and Archilochus, or: How to Make Use of the Ancient Iambographers in the Context of the Second Sophistic
Authors: Nesselrath Heinz-Günther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Lucian's pamphlet ‘The Mistaken Critic, or: On the nefarious day’ is one of the most vitriolic pieces of invective in ancient Greek literature. The enemy that Lucian demolishes in this pamphlet apparently made the mistake of taking Lucian to task on a topic where the versatile Greek satirist hailing from Syrian Samosata was most sensitive: he dared question Lucian's competence in the subtleties of Greek style and expression, contending that Lucian had used the word άποφράς (meaning ‘unlucky/ill-omened’) in an inappropriate and ‘barbarous’ way. Being called a ‘barbaros’ in matters of language was one of the things Lucian liked least, and in ‘The Mistaken Critic’ he pounced upon his adversary with savage delight, insulting every bit of his opponent's character and life and demonstrating his own mastery of Greek prose style at the same time. This chapter focuses on how Lucian starts his rhetorical demolition work, namely by invoking Archilochus.
Desperate Straits and the Tragic Stage
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on tragedy in Greek poetry. Tragedy demands an intensity of suffering, emotion, atmosphere, and situation, exceeding that of ordinary existence. The poets can be seen to have a repertoire of devices to escape the humdrum daily round and to present life as more than just One Damn Thing After Another: to enliven and ennoble it with acute suffering, extreme situations, and agonizing decisions. All of that, of course, must be presented and experienced in the Grand Style. Those situations are intimately linked to events in real, recent, and contemporary life. The same scenes and the same pressures occur on the tragic stage and in the history of the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It cannot be doubted that influence flowed both ways. The tragedians echoed spectacular events of history; agents in that history behaved in ways influenced, perhaps dictated, by patterns familiar in poetry.
Sophocles’ Learning Curve
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Two of the most influential mid-20th-century discussions of Sophocles' style operated by trying to fit the surviving plays to the threefold scheme; the most recent, and very thorough, discussion of The Language of Sophocles (Budelmann (2000) ), cites it in the third sentence of the first page. If authentic, it would be a rare case where we can see a great practitioner reflecting on his own technique, no less illuminating — perhaps even more illuminating because less jokey — than Aristophanes' remarks in several parabaseis on the various stages of his early development. And, despite the scepticism that such literary anecdotes normally excite among sober scholars, there may be good reason why they suspect that this one is indeed authentic, or at least has its origin in an authentic comment even if it is not a verbatim quotation We can even see how an authentic remark could have survived in some form, for it is a guess, but a plausible one, that the remark could come from Sophocles' contemporary Ion of Chios. Ion was himself a tragic poet, enjoyed gossiping about his meetings with the great and what they had said, and we know that he wrote about Sophocles; we know too that Plutarch knew Ion's work well, and used it thoughtfully and tellingly. This chapter contends that if Ion is the intermediary, then Plutarch's version will be only that one step away from Sophocles' original remark, despite the five-hundred-year time lag. This, then, may be a fitting topic for a tribute to Martin West, who has written with such distinction on Ion as well as on Sophocles — and on so much more.
What’s in a Line? Papyrus Formats and Hephaestionic Formulae
Authors: Itsumi Kiichiro 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Alcaic stanza was written in four lines, and was conceived as a four-verse unit, from the Alexandrian period to the middle of the 20th century. Horace had been the paramount authority before the papyri were discovered, while Hephaestion gave theoretical support to this layout by providing metrical analysis. All the Alcaeus papyri, moreover, present the Alcaic stanza in four lines. They were believed to provide a definitive guarantee of its four-line division. However, the third verse can be in synaphea with the fourth. This chapter argues that whether Alexandrian scholarship correctly understood the metrical structure of the archaic lyrics or not, or in other words, whether the metrical structure was ignored on papyri deliberately or not, one thing is certain: Hephaestion, who found the four lines before him, had no doubts in accepting the four-line division and in analysing each of them as a metrically independent unit. That is, Hephaestion did not always correctly understand the metre.
Old Objections and New Approaches
Authors: CLAPHAM ANDREW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter covers the arguments for and against an extension of human rights law to admit obligations for non-state actors. Most of the arguments are political or philosophical. The chapter concludes with a call for us to look at human rights in new ways and evokes the idea that there may be simultaneous complementary regimes for protecting the victims of human rights violations. The existence of a regime focused on non-state actors need not undermine an existing regime for holding states accountable.
Honours and Prerogatives
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Honour was itself measurable by the honours that one had either inherited or had conferred by a superior. Ideally, honours should be commensurate with honour, so that ‘reputation is finally sanctified by the bestowal of honours’. Though competition for office was intense and the struggle for possession the cynosure of factional squabbling, disputes over royal office were not a priori causes of feuds. Honours were naturally sought for material reward, but to claim an office or prerogative was also to claim honour and to deny it to someone else, and thus the victor in the competition for office finds his reputation enhanced by the humiliation of the vanquished. This chapter discusses violence associated with honours and prerogatives in early modern France, hunting as a cornerstone of noble sociability, religious festivals, churches and their furnishings, liturgy as rights of lordship and rights of harmony, and death and burial.