bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Petrology of the Arnage District in Aberdeenshire: A Study of Assimilation
Authors: Read Herbert Harold 
Published: October 2009

In the Buchan, Formartine, and Strathbogie districts of Aberdeenshire, the plutonic rocks of lounger Granite age include half-a-dozen large gabbro-masses the approximate positions of which are shown in fig. 1 (p. 447). These gabbros are later than the regional folding, but antedate the local Middle Old Bed Sandstone. They possibly form one huge sill.
In 1914, Mr. W. R. Watt described the geology of the southern part of the Huntly Mass, and announced the discovery of gabbros modified by the incorporation of sedimentary material. These endomorphic gabbro-derivatives were shown to be similar in character and origin to rocks recorded from Le Pallet (France) by Prof. A. Lacroix and from Snowbank Lake (Minnesota) by Prof. A. N. Winchell. After the War it was my good fortune to revise for the Geological Survey the country around Huntly and Banff (Sheets 86 & 96 of the 1-inch Geological Survey Map of Scotland), and 1 was then able to investigate the distribution, nature, and origin (in the Huntly Mass) of the abnormal rock-types discovered by Mr. Watt. Later, similar rocks were found in the Insch Mass.
As their importance in the field increased, it was felt desirable to have some handy term for rocks resulting from the incorporation of sedimentary material in a magma, and, in 1921, the name contaminated rock was suggested. The term hybrid of Dr. A. Harker was considered to have a more specialized meaning, since it has come to denote rocks formed either 'by the mixture of two magmas, or
The Upper Ordovician Rocks of the South-Western Berwyn Hills
Authors: King William Bernard Robinson 
Published: October 2009

The area to be described is part of North-Western Montgomery- shire. All place-names mentioned will he found on the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Map, Sheet 136 (Bala). or on the accompanying sketch-maps (figs. 1, 2, & 3, pp. 488, 493, & 496).
Geologically, this area is the western part of the southern flank of the great Berwyn dome of Ordovician strata; hut a glance at the geological map shows that in this south-western portion the beds are pinched up so as to form a wedge-shaped south-westerly extension, one flank of which runs with remarkable straightness for several miles. The reason for this straightness of outcrop lies in the fact that in this belt of country the strata are vertical, or have acquired a slight reversal of dip from the south-eastward overfolding.
To this cause must also be attributed the parallel arrangement of hill and valley, each band of hard rock standing out as a straight ridge, and each soft bed forming a parallel depression. Thus the sandstones of the Caradocian and the grits and massive mudstones of the Salopian stand out as ridges, while the softer Ashgillian and the sliales of the uppermost Caradocian form the marked valley which is followed by the old pack-road connecting the Upper Vyrnwy valley with that of the Tanat. This strike-valley is drained by various streams. In its northeastern part to Pen-y-garnedd (Sheet 137 it is drained by a tributary of the Tanat, then for a short distance the headwaters of the Cain drain the
The Geology of the District around Corris and Aberllefenni (Merionethshire)
Authors: Pugh William John 
Published: October 2009

The area described in this paper lies south-east of the main mass of Cader Idris, about the villages of Corris and Aberllefenni. The north-western boundary is the great fault-valley of Tal-y-llyn, lying at the foot of Cader Idris, and along which runs the road from Towyn to Dolgelly, over the picturesque pass called Bwlchllyn-bach. The south-eastern boundary lies parallel, at a distance of some 3 or 4 miles. The area extends from the high ground about Taren y Gesail in the west to Mynydd Dolgoed and Waen Oer in the east, a distance of about 6 or 7 miles.
The district lies mainly within the county of Merioneth, but a part extends over the border into Montgomeryshire. It is included in the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Sheets 149 & 150, in the 6-inch maps of Merionethshire, Sheets XLII, N.E. & S.E., XLIII, N.W., XXXVII, S.E., XXXVIII, S.W., and in the Geological Survey Map, Old Series, 1-inch Sheet 59, N.E.
The area is drained almost entirely by tributaries of the River Dyfi. (Dovey), which lies some 4 or 5 miles south of Corris. The most important stream traversing the area is the River Dulas, which passes through the villages of Corris and Aberllefenni. It is along this valley that the main road from Machynlleth reaches Corris and Aberllefenni, and it is also followed by a light railway which affords alternative communication between the abovementioned localities. The regoin is one of some economic importance, and contains important slate- and slab-quarries, which have
The Miocene of Ceylon
Authors: Wayland Edward James , Davies Arthur Morley 
Published: October 2009

It has long been known that fossiliferous limestones occur in the Jaffna peninsula in the extreme north of Ceylon, but until recently they have received little attention, and nothing approaching a detailed account of them appears to have been published.
At various times between 1914 and 1916 (inclusive) in the capacity of Assistant Mineral Surveyor for Ceylon, I carried out geological investigations over a stretcli of more than 800 miles of the coast-line of the island. During the progress of this work sedimentary beds were frequently met with; and the best-developed group of these—the Miocene—is dealt with in this paper. It will be shown that the Jaffna limestones are of Miocene age, that similar limestones occur elsewhere in Ceylon, and that Miocene rocks of other fades also occur.
I am at a disadvantage in that all my field-notes, being the property of tlie Mineral Survey, remain in Ceylon ; but sufficient information is contained in private note-books to allow of a general description.
Prior to Dr. Davies's determination of the contained fossils the age of the Jaffna limestones was very uncertain; for, while I recognized them as Tertiary, and regarded them as probably Eocene, a previous author believed them to be of Cretaceous age. Sir Emerson Tennant regarded them as a recent coral-formation, and this view is still held by engineers and others who have occasion to deal with them; while Mr. J. S. Boake, in a very ingenious, if entirely imaginary, representation of Ceylon geology, depicted them as covering
The Late-Glacial Stage of the Lea Valley (Third Report)
Authors: Warren Samuel Hazzledine 
Published: October 2009

Shortly after the publication of the later of the previous papers on this subject, I discovered another exposure of the Late-Glacial deposits of the Lea Valley. It was found under rather unsatisfactory stratigraphical conditions, during some small secondary digging in a practically abandoned gravel-pit of large size. The sides of the pit are sloped down and overgrown, and in part built over, so that the stratigraphical relations of the deposit in question are obscure.
The site is on the higher margin of the 50-foot, or Taplow, Terrace, immediately below the 100-foot contour, east of the New River, and north of the road which runs through Barrowell Green, between Winchmore Hill and Palmers Green, Edmonton.
On the first visit, I noticed a bed of clav, about a foot thick, of which several yards could be seen. As it was clearly in place, and had been left as unprofitable during the digging, I took a sample home, and found it to yield seeds, but comparatively little vegetable debris apart from the seeds, so it was unusually easy to work for the purpose in hand.
A few days later I spent an afternoon in the pit, washing out as much of the clay as I could in the time, and forwarded the results to the late Mr. Clement Reid. He sent me a preliminary list and statement, which were not intended for publication until the identifications had been checked; this work Mrs. E. M. Eeid & Miss M. E. J. Chandler have now
The Fossil Flora of Clacton-on-Sea
Authors: Reid Eleanor Mary , Chandler Marjorie Elizabeth Jane 
Published: October 2009

The investigation of the fossil flora of Clacton was first begun by the late Clement Reid in 1916, from material collected by Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren. The work was never completed, and, at the further request of Mr. Warren, it was taken up again in the spring of 1922 by ourselves, when we re-examined the whole material. By far the greater number of Mr. Reid's 111 determinations remain unaltered; but, in the case of a few, we consider that he was mistaken, and further research has revealed a considerable number of unrecognized, or undetermined, species, bringing the total up to 135, a list of which is appended (facing p. 622).
Before making any comments of our own, the conclusions to which Mr. Reid's work had led him must be stated. These may be gathered from his letters to Mr. Warren as the work progressed, between February 4th and April 5th, 1916. A few extracts from these follow here.
‘March 2, 1916 … The flora is most interesting, and is well worth further work, as it ought to throw much light on climatic conditions. Have you been able to make out where the stream came from, and what were the deposits that lined its banks? The flora does not agree with that of a stream flowing through London Clay; it points either to a dry climate or to dry gravelly stream-banks: I cannot say which.’
‘March 16, 1916 … These 58 species point clearly to a small stream (not estuarine), bordered
Note on a Mandible of a very Young
Elephas antiquus
from Clacton-on-Sea
Authors: Andrews Charles William 
Published: October 2009

Some time ago Mr. Hazzledine Warren sent to me for examination the anterior portion of the lower jaw of a very young elephant, collected with numerous other Proboscidean remains from Clacton-on-Sea. Unfortunately, the teeth are missing; but, since all the other elephant-remains from the same horizon in this locality are referable to
Elephas antiquus
, it may be regarded as almost certain that this mandible is that of a fœtal or newly-born member of the same species.

Only the anterior portion of the jaw is preserved, the symphysial region being in an excellent condition: posteriorly the bone is broken away on both sides, a little behind the level of the anterior wall of the alveolus for the penultimate milk-molar. The symphysis is remarkable for its strongly developed beak, the upper surface of which seems to have made a very obtuse angle with the line of the alveolar border of the jaw: but, since this is much broken, the exact relations are not clear. Laterally, the sides of the beak are considerably pinched in; ventrally, it passes by a concave curve into the rounded and thickened posterior portion of the symphysis, the posterior face of which forms a broad, nearly vertical, spout-like channel.
The outer face of the mandibular ramus is strongly convex from above downwards; its upper alveolar border is so much broken that the anterior of the two mental foramina has come to lie at the upper edge of the jaw, and at first sight resembles an alveolus for a
Les Gisements de Mammifères Paléocènes de la Belgique
Authors: Dollo Louis , de Chardin P. Teilhard 
Published: October 2009

Nous avons, actuellement, quatre gisements de Mammifères paléocènes, en Belgique. Ce sont, en les énumérant dans l'ordre de leur découverte:

1.
Erquelinnes (Hainaut).

2.
Orsmael (Brabant).

3.
Leval (Hainaut).

4.
Vinalmont (Liége).

L'un de ces gisements (Orsmael) ayant fourni, dans ces derniers temps, d'abondants matériaux, le moment paraît opportun pour jeter un coup d'oeil sur ce qu'ont produit les quatre localités, en attendant l'apparition, dans les Mémoires du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Bruxelles, de la monographie que prépare l'un de nous (P. Teilhard) sur les Mammifères paléocènes de la Belgique.
En 1880 M. A. Gravis, aujourd'hui Professeur de Botanique à l'Université de Liége, découvrait, dans les sabliéres d'Erquelinnes, les premiers restes de Mammifères paléocènes du pays, et il s'empressa d'en faire don au Musée de Bruxelles.

L'année suivante (1881), M. A. Rutot, alors Conservateur au Musée, les signala à l'Académie sous le nom de
Pachynolophus Maldani
. Il donna, en outre, une coupe du terrain, qu'il rapportait au Landénien supérieur.

Longtemps après (1909), l'un de nous (L. Dollo) y ajouta le
Coryphodon eocænus
. Et, tout récemment, il fit entreprendre de nouvelles recherches dans le gisement, qui amenèrent la découverte, au même niveau, d'une faune de petits Mamimifères. L'étude de ces restes, qui consistaient essentiellement en dents isolées, étant très délicate, ne pouvait être entreprise utilement que par quelqu'un s'étant déjà beaucoup occupé de ces formes sur de meilleurs matériaux (P. Teilhard).

C'est ainsi qu'il y reconnut, notamment, les genres
On a New Form of Blattoid from the Coal Measures of the Forest of Dean
Authors: Bolton Herbert 
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to Dr. A. Morley Davies, F.G.S., for the opportunity of examining and describing a blattoid forewing or tegmen collected upon the spoil-heap of the Harrow Hill Mine, Drybrook (Forest of Dean), during the course of a visit to that place by a party of students from the Imperial College of Science & Technology in 1921.
The wing is a right forewing or tegmen, and lies upon a block of grey shale containing plant-remains.
The tegmen is somewhat large for a blattoid, having a length of 44 mm., and a greatest width (across the anal area) of 19 mm: it is thus a little over twice as long as wide. The surface is densely chitinous and lustrous, with sunken veins, while the wing presents structures not hitherto seen, so far as I know, in any other British or European blattoid.
The outer (costal) margin is moderately convex along the proximal two-thirds, and then curves more abruptly inwards over the distal third, so that the wing-apex is carried backward towards the inner margin, to which it is joined by a short curve. The inner margin is convex over the anal area, concave in the middle, and a little convex over the distal cubital area, where it passes by the short curve mentioned into the blunt apex.
The double curvature of the inner margin imparts to the wing a somewhat humped appearance.
The costal area is very wide basally, somewhat triangular, and terminates in an acute angle beyond the middle
The Structure of the Bowmore-Portaskaig District of Islay
Authors: Green John Frederick Norman 
Published: October 2009

The island of Islay occupies a peculiarly critical position in connexion with existing controversies regarding the Highland metamorphic rocks.
The history of the various opinions held on the North-West Highlands is given somewhat fully in the Geological Survey Memoir (2, pp. 11–32). In brief, it was generally believed for many years that the geology of the Highlands was comparatively simple. The apparent succession in the north-west was accepted as the true one, and, as Cambrian rocks there underlay the gneisses and schists which covered the greater part of the Highlands, these were supposed to be Palæozoic rocks, regionally altered by post-Silurian movement. Although Nicol had argued that the succession was deceptive, and in 1860 had in reality indicated the correct solution of the main structural problems, Murchison and his supporters long maintained their position. The chief point at issue was settled by the work of Lapworth, published in 1883, after which the ‘upward succession’ was abandoned.
But the unidentified gneisses and schists at the top of the apparent succession: that is, those above the Moine Thrust, covering most of the Highlands, were still regarded as largely altered Palæozoic rocks, although the original evidence for this view had disappeared. Lapworth held the ‘eastern schists’ to be, unlike the Lewisian Gneiss, of post-Silurian dynamical manufacture from Archæan and later rocks.
The Geological Survey, mapping down the west coast of Scotland along the great thrusts, accepted, generally speaking, the theories of Lapworth, the tendency being to treat the schists that spread over the
The Igneous Rocks of the Tortworth Inlier
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

In a paper published in 1901 by the present writer, in collaboration with Dr. C. Lloyd Morgan, an account is given of the igneous rocks of the Tortworth Inlier, the divergent views of previous writers as to the contemporaneous or intrusive character of the rocks are summarized, and the occurrence of fossiliferous calcareous tuffs is proved, leading to the conclusion that the associated ‘trap’-rocks are lava-flows of Silurian age. The exposures of ‘trap’ in the neighbourhood of Woodford and Middlemill are considered to belong to the lower of the two trap-bands.

A second paper by the present writer, in this case in collaboration with Dr. F. R. Cowper Reed, published in 1908, was concerned only with the fossiliferous Silurian rocks. The work, however, led to the conclusion that the trap of Woodford and Middlemill does not belong to the lower band, but is really part of the upper band shifted northwards by a fault (see fig. 3, Q. J. G. S. vol. lxiv, 1908, p. 518). Further information relative to the igneous rocks, obtained when working at the above paper, was published in 1908 in the report of a committee of the British Association, appointed to investigate the pre-Devonian rocks of the Mendips and Bristol area. In this report reason is given for doubting whether the lower trap-band may not, after all, be intrusive. The rocks are exposed:—

(1)
by the stream about 300 yards south-east of Charfield railway-station;

(2)
in two old quarries, one
The River-Gravels of the Oxford District
Authors: Sandford Kenneth Stuart 
Published: October 2009

The object of this paper is to investigate the contents and mutual relations of the Pleistocene fluviatile deposits associated with the headwater streams of the Thames, and to find what bearing they have on the history of the river and of Quaternary times.
The paper is rather of the nature of a first report, and contains much introductory matter, for the district to be considered has not received the amount of attention which has been paid to other parts of the same river.

The district in which the work has been carried out may be defined under two headings:—

(i)
Area of detailed work and close observations.

(ii)
A wider area which has come under observation, but which I have not been able to keep under careful scrutiny day by day.

(i) Roughly, the country lying within the bounds of the Oxford Special Sheet, Geological Survey Map, 1908.

(a)
The Thames from Newbridge to Culham.

(b)
The Evenlode from the upper end of its gorge near Chadlington by Charlbury, to its junction with the Thames at Cassington.

(c)
The Cherwell from Kirtlington to Oxford, where it joins the Thames. Ot Moor (Ray Valley).

(d)
The Thame as far up its course as Ickford.

(ii) The country enclosed by a line drawn on the map through the following places:—Banbury, Buckingham, Thame, Cholsey, Didcot, Marcham (near Abingdon), Newbridge (about 4 miles south
Mineralogical Notes [on River-Gravels of the Oxford District]
Authors: Spiller Reginald Charles 
Published: October 2009

All collected from the brick-works at Wolvercote.
The Warp is a yellowish-brown sand with a small amount of yellowish mud, which was easily removed by washing to leave a clean light-brown sand. The sand was concentrated by panning, and separated with bromoform, giving an abundant crop of heavy minerals. Very little mica was seen in the washings, or in the concentrate. Sifting showed the presence of a small percentage of grains too large to pass a 30-mesh sieve. These consisted of quartz, subangular and rounded, ferruginous concretions (limonite?), chert-like fragments and lydian-stone. The minerals present in the lighter portion of the concentrate were quartz, felspar (microcline and orthoclase), and muscovite (scarce). The heavy minerals observed were garnet and zircon (abundant), tourmaline, rutile, staurolite, cyanite, epidote, and andalusite. Magnetite, ilmenite, and leucoxene were abundant.
No effervescence was observed on treatment with hydrochloric acid.
The River-Silt is a sandy clay, the proportion of clay apparently increasing with the depth from winch the sample is taken. The clay is pale blue, with irregular yellow patches. On being washed and boiled, the clay breaks down into a yellow mud, leaving a light greyish sand which contains a good deal of mica. All the sand passed through a 30-mesh sieve. Concentration by panning and separation with bromoform gave an abundant crop of heavy minerals. The lighter portion contained subangular and rounded quartz, felspars (microcline and orthoclase), muscovite, and a few grains of chert. The heavy minerals observed were garnet and zircon (abundant), tourmaline, rutile, staurolite,
The Avonian of the Tytherington-Tortworth-Wickwar Ridge, Gloucestershire
Authors: Wallis Frederick Stretton 
Published: October 2009

The Author describes and maps, in terms of Vaughan's system of zonal classification, the northern portion of the horseshoe-shaped wooded ridge of Avonian rocks which partly surrounds the synclinal basin of the Bristol Coalfield lying north-east of Bristol.
The area described links together the researches of two former papers, and completes the Avonian zonal map of the horseshoe ridge.
The chief zonal characteristics may be summarized as follows:—

Cleistopora
Zone.—Lithologically the zone consists of shales. grits, and thinly-bedded muddy limestones, with the usual fossils. The Bryozoa Bed (α) has been recognized, and the zonal fossil is unusually abundant in the Tytherington-Grovesend railway section.

Zaphrentis
Zone.—Limestones of the ‘Petit Granit’ type, with intervening shales in Z
1
, form the major part of the sequence. At the base of Z
1
in the Tytherington-Grovesend railway section is an interesting band of oolite. No chert has been found. Zaphrentids are very abundant, and the ‘Z
2
Fish-Bed’ occurs in the northern part of the area. Horizon γ cannot be differentiated, owing to the absence of
Caninia
immediately above the
konincki
subzone.

Syringothyris
Zone.—The following sequence occurs in ascending order:—

(1)

Thickly-bedded, nearly unfossiliferous. blue-grey dolomites (
laminosa
dolomites), apparently formed by the dolomitization of crinoidal limestones.

(2)
A series of fossiliferous crinoidal limestones (Sub-Oolite Bed): non-oolitic in the lower, but oolitic in the upper portions.

(3)

A thick bed of current-bedded white oolite (
Caninia
Oolite). This was probably immediately followed by a short period of subaërial denudation.

(4)

Unfossiliferous thinly-bedded dolomites, with subordinate shales (
Caninia
Dolomites).

Series (2) and (4) a.re considerably thicker than their eqnivalents in the Avon Section.

Seminula
Zone.—The zone consists of massive limestones, including examples of ,
Seminula
Pisolite, china-stones, and
Seminula
Oolites merging into sandstones and conglomerates of a ‘Millstone Grit’ phase of deposition. A calcareous sandstone (Firestone) occurs near the base of S2 (formerly described from the top of Sl).

A calcareous development of the
Dibunophyllum
Zone is absent in the area described.

It is thus established, from the evidence of previous writers and that set forth in the present paI)er, that during Avonian times there was a progressive movement of the northern shore-line of Vaughan's ‘ South-Western Channel ’ in a southerly direction. This movement is registered by noting the level in tile Avonian sequence at which ‘ Millstone Grit’ conditions were established.
The maximum thickness of the calcareous Avonian beds is only 1280 feet, as compared with 2540 feet in the Avon section.
The Tytherington-Grovesend railway provides a complete section of the Avonian rocks of the area.