bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atom probe tomography: from physical metallurgy towards microelectronics
Authors: Blavette Didier , Duguay Sébastien , Pareige Philippe 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) is the only approach able to map out the 3D distribution of chemical species in a material at the atomic-scale. It has been applied to a number of issues in physical metallurgy including precipitation, segregation of impurities to lattice defects, ordering, magnetic multilayers. The implementation of ultrafast laser pulses instead of high-voltage pulses to field evaporate surface atoms has been a major breakthrough as this opened APT to semi-conductors or oxides that are key materials in microelectronics. This article reviews some of the more recent salient findings in physical metallurgy and microelectronics materials using APT. Special attention is paid to the role played by APT in the elucidation of irradiation-induced segregation effects. The following section deals with the segregation of dopants to crystal defects in silicon, a phenomenon that has a considerable influence on properties and performance of latest generation nano-transistors and devices.
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by fine Ni particles in Ni3Al foam
Authors: Liu Yong , He Xiaoyu , Tang Huiping , Huang Baiyun 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The reaction of Ni and Al particles may induce the formation of nickel aluminide intermetallics. However, the imcomplete reaction can produce very fine Ni particles, which are dispersed in a porous Ni3Al skeleton. The composite foam structure can then be used in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high temperatures. In this work, the process for this new structure, and then for synthesizing CNTs was investigated. Firstly, fine Ni particles in an Ni3Al porous structure formed by incomplete reaction between Ni and Al powder were made. Then, the effect of the addition of foaming agent, NaCl, on the porosity of the porous structure was studied. This showed that the porosity increases sharply with the addition of NaCl, and a porosity as high as 90% was obtained. Multi-walled CNTs were found in the products of catalytic decomposition of methanol by fine Ni particles in the composite foam structure. Finally, the potential applications of this composite foam structure in the low-cost manufacturing of CNTs, micro-channeled reactors and in-situ CNT reinforced composites are discussed.
Order – disorder transformation in Ni – V alloys under electron irradiation
Authors: Mahadevan Sundararaman , Singh Jung Bahadur , Banerjee Srikumar , Mori Hirotaro 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The ordering transformations in nickel-rich Ni–V alloys were investigated in situ in a high voltage electron microscope in the temperature range from 300 K to 773 K. The progress of ordering/disordering was monitored from diffraction patterns taken after different periods of time. The {1 1/2 0} ordering instability was noticed during irradiation of ordered Ni3V alloy at 300 K. The increase/decrease in superlattice intensity corresponding to long range ordered phases (Ni3V and Ni2V) in Ni-29 at.% V alloy has been attributed to the net effect of the simultaneous operation of different competing processes such as radiation induced disordering, radiation induced ordering and thermal diffusion assisted ordering.
Paint/Polymer Interface Structure for ABS Injection Moldings
Authors: Aoki Y. , Aita M. , Mizuochi Y. , Kinumura T. , Sugimoto M. , Takimoto J. , Koyama K. , Kiritani H. , Oomori M. , Hirashima A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Structure of paint/polymer interface was investigated for the injection molded and compression molded ABS specimens. For the interface of the injection molded specimen, a peculiar “zigzag” structure formation of several tens μm in size was observed. In contrast, the interface structure was not observed for the compression molded specimen and injection molded specimen annealed above the glass transition temperature (Tg). These facts indicate that the interface structure is related to the residual stress and molecular orientation at the surface of the injection molding specimen, because both surface structures would be removed by annealing at temperatures above Tg. The interface structure was strongly dependent on the curing agent concentration. The depth of the structure decreased with increasing curing agent concentration because of decreasing in curing time. At painting temperature between 70°C and 130°C, the depth and pitch were constant. However, below 60°C and above 140°C, the depth and pitch were changed. These results strongly suggest that the interface structure is attributable to relaxation of the surface residual stress and molecular orientation by paint soaking.
Triangle Rule for Operating Windows and Scale-up Criteria for Volume Resistivity of PP/Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Authors: Polrut W. , Boonliang B. , Tanthapanichakoon W. , Damronglerd S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This study dealt with operating windows and scale-up rules of a compounding twin screw extruder for polypropylene (PP)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) composites with required conductivity. In this study we showed that the experimentally obtained boundary line separating either conductive or non-conductive region is essentially linear, and thus the operating windows, in which the PP/MWCNT composite is consistently conductive with statistically 95% reliability level, can be drawn as a triangle. The use of this triangle rule of the operating windows to achieve required volume resistivity was proposed. With similarity of the length and diameter ratio (L/D) and screw configuration between small (laboratory-scale) and large (production-scale)) extruders, our investigation revealed that the most effective scale-up factors for the volume resistivity are (Dlarge/Dsmall)3 for the throughput, and (Dsmall/Dlarge) for the screw speed as a new scale-up rule generally valid for any machine size.
Crystallization in Polymer Melts: Metamorphism of Flow Induced Nuclei
Authors: Janeschitz-Kriegl H. , Ratajski E. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
As is well-known, characteristic complementary colors are obtained, if a λ-plate is introduced in white polarized light. This fact is used for an unexpected characterization of nucleation occurring during short term shearing of supercooled melts of iPP. Blue specks show up some time after cessation of flow on a red background. The blue color indicates that these tiny nuclei are oriented in the direction of previous flow. With prolonged waiting these specks extend over a large volume. At their centers spherulites start growing.
Pharmacy Owner and Manager Perceptions of Pharmacy Adaptation Services in British Columbia
Authors: Grindrod Kelly A. , Lynd Larry D. , Joshi Pamela , Rosenthal Meagan , Isakovic Alana , Marra Carlo A. 
Published: September 2011

Introduction: As of January 2009, pharmacists in British Columbia (BC) have been able to adapt prescriptions to provide renewals; change the dosage, formulation or regimen; and substitute therapeutically equivalent therapies for reasons of cost or continuity of care. Objectives: To describe and characterize pharmacy manager and owner perceptions of pharmacy adaptation services in BC. Methods: Over a 1-month period, pharmacy owners, dispensary managers and regional managers from “high-adapter” pharmacies (>60 adaptations/month) and “low-adapter” pharmacies (<10 adaptations/month) were interviewed. During the semi-structured interviews, participants were asked to comment on uptake, cost, revenue and general perceptions of adaptation services. All data were assessed using content analysis. Results: Very few capital costs were incurred. Those costs included additional human resource costs (training and staff), updating computer software to produce physician notification forms, fax machine upgrades, additional physical storage and paper. The other emerging themes from the interviews included sustainability, patient and physician knowledge of the program, perceived benefits of the program, suggested changes to the program, high-adapting pharmacies as being champions of pharmacy adaptation services and potential barriers to adoption within a pharmacy. Discussion: In general, few changes were made as a result of the adaptation program and minimal capital costs were incurred. The documentation stage was the most labour-intensive aspect of adapting prescriptions. Perceived benefits related to providing the patient with continuity of care. Most of the suggested changes involved reducing restrictions on the program and providing greater opportunities for pharmacists to exercise their clinical judgment.
Contributions of Direct and Indirect Alloresponses to Chronic Rejection of Kidney Allografts in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Nadazdin Ognjenka , Boskovic Svjetlan , Wee Siew-Lin , Sogawa Hiroshi , Koyama Ichiro , Colvin Robert B. , Smith R. Neal , Tocco Georges , O’Connor David H. , Karl Julie A. , Madsen Joren C. , Sachs David H. , Kawai Tatsuo , Cosimi A. Benedict , Benichou Gilles 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The relative contribution of direct and indirect allorecognition pathways to chronic rejection of allogeneic organ transplants in primates remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated T and B cell alloresponses in cynomolgus monkeys that had received combined kidney/bone marrow allografts and myeloablative immunosuppressive treatments. We measured donor-specific direct and indirect T cell responses and alloantibody production in monkeys (n = 5) that did not reject their transplant acutely but developed chronic humoral rejection (CHR) and in tolerant recipients (n = 4) that never displayed signs of CHR. All CHR recipients exhibited high levels of anti-donor Abs and mounted potent direct T cell alloresponses in vitro. Such direct alloreactivity could be detected for more than 1 y after transplantation. In contrast, only two of five monkeys with CHR had a detectable indirect alloresponse. No indirect alloresponse by T cells and no alloantibody responses were found in any of the tolerant monkeys. Only one of four tolerant monkeys displayed a direct T cell alloresponse. These observations indicate that direct T cell alloresponses can be sustained for prolonged periods posttransplantation and result in alloantibody production and chronic rejection of kidney transplants, even in the absence of detectable indirect alloreactivity.
Critical Roles of RasGRP1 for Invariant NKT Cell Development
Authors: Shen Shudan , Chen Yong , Gorentla Balachandra K. , Lu Jianxin , Stone James C. , Zhong Xiao-Ping 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The invariant NKT (iNKT) cell lineage contains CD4+ and CD4− subsets. The mechanisms that control such subset differentiation and iNKT cell maturation in general have not been fully understood. RasGRP1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for TCR-induced activation of the Ras–ERK1/2 pathway, is critical for conventional αβ T cell development but dispensable for generating regulatory T cells. Its role in iNKT cells has been unknown. In this study, we report severe decreases of iNKT cells in RasGRP1−/− mice through cell intrinsic mechanisms. In the remaining iNKT cells in RasGRP1−/− mice, there is a selective absence of the CD4+ subset. Furthermore, RasGRP1−/− iNKT cells are defective in TCR-induced proliferation in vitro. These observations establish that RasGRP1 is not only important for early iNKT cell development but also for the generation/maintenance of the CD4+ iNKT cells. Our data provide genetic evidence that the CD4+ and CD4− iNKT cells are distinct sublineages with differential signaling requirements for their development.
Prmt2 Regulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Responses in Lungs and Macrophages
Authors: Dalloneau Emilie , Lopes Pereira Patricia , Brault Véronique , Nabel Elizabeth G. , Hérault Yann 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Precise control of the LPS stimulation in the lung modulates inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness involving the well-known TLR4/NF-κB pathway. As a consequence, the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is tightly regulated with the recruitment of neutrophils. Changes in the LPS-induced responses have been observed in the Prmt2-Col6a1 monosomic model, suggesting the presence of dosage-sensitive genes controlling LPS pathway in the mouse. In this article, we report that the Prmt2 regulates the LPS-induced lung responses in lungs and macrophages. We demonstrate that Prmt2 gene dosage influences the lung airway hyperresponsiveness, the recruitment of neutrophils, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, Prmt2 loss of function also altered the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB in stimulated macrophages. Prmt2 should be considered as a new member of the NF-κB pathway controlling LPS-induced inflammatory and lung responses in a dosage-dependent manner, certainly through regulating nuclear accumulation of NF-κB as shown already in fibroblasts.
Intracellular HMGB1 Negatively Regulates Efferocytosis
Authors: Banerjee Sami , de Freitas Andressa , Friggeri Arnaud , Zmijewski Jaroslaw W. , Liu Gang , Abraham Edward 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved protein with multiple intracellular and extracellular functions, including transcriptional regulation, as well as modulation of inflammation, cell migration, and ingestion of apoptotic cells. In these experiments, we examined a potential role for intracellular HMGB1 in modulating phagocytosis. We found that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells resulted in translocation of HMGB1 into the cytoplasm and extracellular space. Transient or stable inhibition of HMGB1 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages or fibroblasts resulted in increased phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes and apoptotic neutrophils. Knockdown of HMGB1 was associated with enhanced activation of Rac-1 and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Intracellular events involved in phagocytosis and upstream of Rac-1 activation, such as phosphorylation of ERK and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), were increased after knockdown of HMGB1. Inhibition of Src kinase activity prevented the increase in phosphorylation of FAK and ERK present during phagocytosis in HMGB1 knockdown cells, and also abrogated the enhancement in phagocytosis associated with HMGB1 knockdown. Interaction between Src and FAK in the cytoplasm of HMGB1 knockdown fibroblasts was enhanced compared with that present in control fibroblasts. Under in vitro conditions, the presence of HMGB1 diminished interactions between purified FAK and Src. These studies demonstrate a novel role for HMGB1 in the regulation of phagocytosis. In particular, these experiments show that intracellular HMGB1, through associating with Src kinase and inhibiting interactions between Src and FAK, diminishes the phagocytic ability of macrophages and other cell populations.
Hydrogen Sulfide Upregulates Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E Metabolite in Sepsis-Evoked Acute Lung Injury via Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Channel Activation
Authors: Ang Seah-Fang , Sio Selena W. S. , Moochhala Shabbir M. , MacAry Paul A. , Bhatia Madhav 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to promote transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)-mediated neurogenic inflammation in sepsis and its associated multiple organ failure, including acute lung injury (ALI). Accumulating evidence suggests that the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/PGE2 pathway plays an important role in augmenting inflammatory immune response in sepsis and respiratory diseases. However, the interactions among H2S, COX-2, and PGE2 in inciting sepsis-evoked ALI remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether H2S would upregulate COX-2 and work in conjunction with it to instigate ALI in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in male Swiss mice. dl-propargylglycine, an inhibitor of H2S formation, was administrated 1 h before or 1 h after CLP, whereas sodium hydrosulfide, an H2S donor, was given during CLP. Mice were treated with TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine 30 min before CLP, followed by assessment of lung COX-2 and PGE2 metabolite (PGEM) levels. Additionally, septic mice were administrated with parecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, 20 min post-CLP and subjected to ALI and survival analysis. H2S augmented COX-2 and PGEM production in sepsis-evoked ALI by a TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanism. COX-2 inhibition with parecoxib attenuated H2S-augmented lung PGEM production, neutrophil infiltration, edema, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules levels, restored lung histoarchitecture, and protected against CLP-induced lethality. The strong anti-inflammatory and antiseptic actions of selective COX-2 inhibitor may provide a potential therapeutic approach for the management of sepsis and sepsis-associated ALI.
Title: Using Alignment and 2D Network Simulations to Study Charge Transport Through Doped ZnO Nanowire Thin Film Electrodes
Authors: Phadke Sujay , Lee Jung‐Yong , West Jack , Peumans Peter , Salleo Alberto 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFactors affecting charge transport through ZnO nanowire mat films were studied by aligning ZnO nanowires on substrates and coupling experimental measurements with 2D nanowire network simulations. Gallium doped ZnO nanowires were aligned on thermally oxidized silicon wafer by shearing a nanowire dispersion in ethanol. Sheet resistances of nanowire thin films that had current flowing parallel to nanowire alignment direction were compared to thin films that had current flowing perpendicular to nanowire alignment direction. Perpendicular devices showed ∼5 fold greater sheet resistance than parallel devices supporting the hypothesis that aligning nanowires would increase conductivity of ZnO nanowire electrodes. 2‐D nanowire network simulations of thin films showed that the device sheet resistance was dominated by inter‐wire contact resistance. For a given resistivity of ZnO nanowires, the thin film electrodes would have the lowest possible sheet resistance if the inter‐wire contact resistance was one order of magnitude lower than the single nanowire resistance. Simulations suggest that the conductivity of such thin film devices could be further enhanced by using longer nanowires.
Thrombin generation reveals high procoagulant potential in the plasma of sickle cell disease children
Authors: Noubouossie Denis F. , Lê Phu Quoc , Corazza Francis , Debaugnies France , Rozen Laurence , Ferster Alina , Demulder Anne 
Published: September 2011

AbstractChanges in several components of the clotting system are well documented in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. However, whether the global hemostatic potential of these patients is altered is still unclear. Calibrated automated thrombogram® method of thrombin generation (TG) was used to characterize the hemostatic potential of 83 SCD children (75 SS, 6 SC, and 2 Sβ thal) at steady‐state as compared with 50 controls of the same range of age. TG was triggered using 1 pM tissue factor and 4 μM phospholipids with and without thrombomodulin. Thirteen SCD children were also evaluated during vaso‐occlusive crisis. Protein C activity, free protein S and D‐dimers levels were measured in parallel. SCD patients showed higher rates of thrombin formation, higher thrombin peak height (with and without thrombomodulin), and higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) than controls in the presence of thrombomodulin. Reduction of ETP (RETP) in the presence of thrombomodulin was lower in SCD group compared with controls and correlated both with protein C and protein S levels. ETP, RETP, peak height, and velocity index of TG correlated with D‐dimers. Compound heterozygous patients showed an intermediate hemostatic phenotype at steady‐state. No significant difference was observed when comparing TG parameters during vaso‐occlusive crisis to those obtained at steady‐state in the same patients. The global hemostatic potential is increased and reflects the hypercoagulable state of SCD patients even at steady‐state. The relevance of this finding with respect to the risk of thrombotic complications of the disease needs further investigation. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restriction mapping of βS locus among tunisian sickle‐cell patients
Authors: Imen Moumni , Ikbel Ben Mansour Mosbehi , Leila Chaouch , Fethi Mellouli , Amine Zorai , Mohamed Bejaoui , Salem Abbes 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives: The polymorphism of the β‐globin gene haplotypes and frameworks is useful in the determination of the unicentric and multicentric origin of a mutational event. In our study, the haplotypes linked to the Tunisian βS mutation are determined to improve our knowledge of the chromosomal background of the β‐globin gene in sickle‐cell anemia in Tunisia.Methods: The authors have investigated 242 unrelated individuals. Haplotype analysis was carried out by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism‐based methods. Seven polymorphic sites in the β‐globin gene cluster were examined. The correlation of these various haplotypes with Hb F expression was studied.Results: The Benin haplotype (Ben) was largely predominant (60.54%) followed by the Atypical haplotype A (8.43%) and Bantu (Ban) (2.71%) haplotypes. A total of 94 chromosomes had atypical haplotypes, 78 (23.49%) had A1 [−−−−−++], 11 (3.31%) had A2 [−−−−−−−], and five (1.5%) had B1 [−−+−−++]. The Benin haplotype is associated with a fairly low HbF levels.Conclusion: The very high frequency of the Benin haplotype in our study suggests that the βS mutation present in Tunisia may have originated from the Benin region and was brought to Tunisia along the slave trade routes. However, another atypical haplotype observed a new emergence in our population and could be considered as specific to Tunisian chromosome βS. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome: Two new families with a mutation in the C2orf37 gene
Authors: Ben‐Omran Tawfeg , Ali Rehab , Almureikhi Mariam , Alameer Seham , Al‐Saffar Muna , Walsh Christopher A. , Felie Jillian M. , Teebi Ahmad 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHypogonadism, alopecia, diabetes mellitus, mental retardation, and extrapyramidal syndrome [also known as Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome (WSS)] is a rare autosomal recessive neuroendocrine and ectodermal disorder. The syndrome was first described by Woodhouse and Sakati in 1983, and 47 patients from 23 families have been reported so far. We report on an additional seven patients (four males and three females) from two highly consanguineous Arab families from Qatar, presenting with a milder phenotype of WSS. These patients show the spectrum of clinical features previously found in WSS, but lack evidence of diabetes mellitus and extrapyramidal symptoms. These two new families further illustrate the natural course and the interfamilial phenotypic variability of WSS that may lead to challenges in making the diagnosis. In addition, our study suggests that WSS may not be as infrequent in the Arab world as previously thought. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.