bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multitechnique study of archaeological bronzes: part II
Authors: Lozzi Luca , Picozzi Pietro , Zema Nicola , Grazioli Cesare , Crossley Alison , Northover Peter , La Rosa Salvatore , Paparazzo Ernesto 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study is a sequel to an earlier paper (shown as Ref. 6) recently offered by us, and is concerned with two tin bronzes (denoted as samples A and B) dating from the 9th century BC. We used XPS, synchrotron radiation‐induced total electron yield X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), synchrotron radiation‐induced photoelectron microscopy (PEM), electron‐probe microanalysis (EPMA), and optical microscopy metallographic techniques to explore the elemental and microchemical properties of the two bronzes.The combination of these analytical methods allows us to explore the surface layers and the bulk regions of the two samples, and major interest is to study their chemistry and microstructural properties. We find that the surface is the region in which the most noteworthy differences between the two bronzes occur. The oxidation extent of the copper is distinctly higher for sample B than for sample A, and XAS highlights such difference with a detail which is higher than that provided by XPS. EPMA reveals the enrichment of cobalt species and lead species in the bulk of sample B and sample A, respectively, as well as that the enrichment of the lead species is locally inhomogeneous. PEM analysis highlights the lateral inhomogeneity of lead species at the surface of sample A with a spatial resolution of ∼0.5 µm.We discuss the results emerged from our study in the light of the diagnostic potential of each technique in terms of elemental sensitivity, chemical‐state mapping, surface sensitivity and spatial resolution, and conclude that they can be useful to appreciate the archaeological importance of the two bronzes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of incident energy on molecular depth profiling of polymers with large Ar cluster ion beams
Authors: Ninomiya Satoshi , Ichiki Kazuya , Yamada Hideaki , Nakata Yoshihiko , Seki Toshio , Aoki Takaaki , Matsuo Jiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the damage caused by large Ar cluster ion irradiation on polymeric materials, and demonstrated a technique for molecular depth profiling of polymer films. The surface chemical states of the polymers were analyzed with XPS. The chemical states of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sample etched with Ar monomer ion beams differed significantly from those of the unirradiated sample, but were preserved for the sample etched with Ar cluster ion beams. SIMS depth profiling of the PMMA and polystyrene (PS) films were also carried out by using large Ar cluster ion beams at incident energies between 5.5 and 13 keV, and the effects of incident energy on damage accumulation and depth resolution were investigated. The ratios of the signal intensity at zero fluence to the signal intensity at steady state decreased with increasing incident energy, whereas the depth resolution was little affected by incident energy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The crossover of burnout and its relation to partner health
Authors: Bakker Arnold B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo studies among medical residents and teachers in the Netherlands and Greece tested the hypothesis that burnout may transfer from employees to their intimate partners at home and indirectly influence the partner's health. Study 1 included a general index of self‐rated health, whereas, Study 2 included a detailed measure of depression. Results show that burnout crosses over and that partner burnout is related to health (negative) and depression (positive). Moreover, both studies supported the mediating role of partner burnout in the relationship between employee burnout and partner health/depression. Additionally, results were similar when partner burnout was used as the predictor variable of medical residents' and teachers' health through their burnout. These findings are discussed in light of the recently proposed spillover–crossover model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does burnout predict changes in pain experiences among women living in Sweden? A longitudinal study
Authors: Grossi Giorgio , Thomtén Johanna , Fandiño‐Losada Andrés , Soares Joaquim J. F. , Sundin Örjan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study investigated the associations between burnout—conceptualized as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion/physical fatigue and cognitive weariness—and pain parameters (overall pain, pain sites, intensity and frequency, and perceived disability) among 2,300 women living in Stockholm County. The study was a longitudinal panel survey with two assessments by means of questionnaires, 1 year apart. After adjustment for socio‐demographic and work characteristics, smoking, psychological distress, physical health and basal pain parameters, T1 levels of burnout and/or their change scores were the most important predictors of overall pain, neck/shoulder pain, back pain and disability. Pain frequency was related to increases in tension and listlessness. The results indicated that burnout contributes to the onset and maintenance of pain and to the functional impairment that it causes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extent to which pain and burnout, may be mutually reinforcing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout predicts hospitalization for mental and cardiovascular disorders: 10‐year prospective results from industrial sector
Authors: Toppinen‐Tanner Salla , Ahola Kirsi , Koskinen Aki , Väänänen Ari 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the prospective effect of burnout as a chronic stress reaction, on cause‐specific hospital admissions over 10 years in the forest industry. The data on burnout Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey was collected using a questionnaire at baseline (1996) and the data on hospital admissions were taken from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register between March 1996 and December 2005. The participants consisted of forest industry employees (24 per cent women, 62 percent manual work), with no recent history of a disorder in the same disorder category according to the hospital admission register (January 1986–February 1996) or the registers of prescribed medication (January 1994–February 1996) ( N varied from 4543 to 7521). The results showed an increased risk of future hospitalization due to mental and cardiovascular disorders related to burnout syndrome. They also showed that of the separate burnout dimensions, exhaustion and cynicism were predictive of these hospital admissions. This longitudinal follow‐up study shows that burnout predicts future mental and cardiovascular ill health. The results illustrate the importance of preventing and alleviating burnout as a means to promote employee health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible Piezoelectric ZnO–Paper Nanocomposite Strain Sensor
Authors: Gullapalli Hemtej , Vemuru Venkata S. M. , Kumar Ashavani , Botello‐Mendez Andres , Vajtai Robert , Terrones Mauricio , Nagarajaiah Satish , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fabrication of a mechanically flexible, piezoelectric nanocomposite material for strain sensing applications is reported. Nanocomposite material consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures embedded in a stable matrix of paper (cellulose fibers) is prepared by a solvothermal method. The applicability of this material as a strain sensor is demonstrated by studying its real‐time current response under both static and dynamic mechanical loading. The material presented highlights a novel approach to introduce flexibility into strain sensors by embedding crystalline piezoelectric material in a flexible cellulose‐based secondary matrix.
Elastic Deformation of Carbon‐Nanotube Nanorings
Authors: Zheng Meng , Ke Changhong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA combined experimental–theoretical study of the mechanical deformation of carbon‐nanotube (CNT) nanorings is presented. The CNT ring employed is formed by folding a long and thin single‐walled‐CNT bundle. The mechanical deformations of the CNT ring when it is pushed against and pulled away from a flat substrate are experimentally characterized in situ, inside a high‐resolution scanning electron microscope through nanomanipulation. The experimental measurements clearly reveal that the CNT ring displays a purely elastic behavior during multiple repeated large‐displacement deformation processes. A theoretical model based on nonlinear elastica theory is used to quantitatively study the mechanical behavior of the CNT ring and to interpret the experimental results. This work shows for the first time that van der Waals interactions between the CNT ring and the substrate have significant effects on the ring's elastic deformation, including a bifurcation in its force–displacement profile. The results suggest that CNT nanorings can be used as ultrasensitive force sensors and flexible and stretchable structural components in novel nanoscale mechanical and electromechanical systems.
Age‐dependent differences in dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function and their implications for methamphetamine neurotoxicity
Authors: Volz Trent J. , Farnsworth Sarah J. , Rowley Shane D. , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe abuse of methamphetamine (METH) is a serious public health problem because METH can cause persistent dopaminergic deficits in the brains of both animal models and humans. Surprisingly, adolescent postnatal day (PND)40 rats are resistant to these METH‐induced deficits, whereas young adult PND90 rats are not. Studies described in this report used rotating disk electrode voltammetry and western blotting techniques to investigate whether there are age‐dependent differences in monoamine transporter function in PND38–42 and PND88–92 rats that could contribute to this phenomenon. The initial velocities of dopamine (DA) transport into, METH‐induced DA efflux from, and DA transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in striatal suspensions are greater in PND38–42 rats than in PND88–92 rats. DA transport velocities into vesicles that cofractionate with synaptosomal membranes after osmotic lysis are also greater in PND38–42 rats. However, there is no difference in vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 (VMAT‐2) immunoreactivity between the two age groups in this fraction. This suggests that younger rats have a greater capacity to sequester cytoplasmic DA into membrane‐associated vesicles due to kinetically upregulated VMAT‐2 and also have increased levels of functionally active DAT. In the presence of METH, these may provide additional routes of cellular efflux for DA that is released from vesicles into the cytoplasm and thereby prevent cytoplasmic DA concentrations in younger rats from rising to neurotoxic levels after drug administration. These findings provide novel insight into the age‐dependent physiological regulation of neuronal DA sequestration and may advance the treatment of disorders involving abnormal DA disposition including substance abuse and Parkinson's disease. Synapse 63:147–151, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunocapture/scintillation proximity analysis of Gαq/11 activation by native serotonin (5‐HT)2Areceptors in rat cortex: Blockade by clozapine and mirtazapine
Authors: Mannoury La Cour C. , Chaput C. , Touzard M. , Millan M.J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThough transduction mechanisms recruited by heterologously expressed 5‐HT2Areceptors have been extensively studied, their interaction with specific subtypes of G‐protein remains to be directly evaluated in cerebral tissue. Herein, as shown by an immunocapture/scintillation proximity analysis, 5‐HT, the prototypical 5‐HT2Aagonist, DOI, and Ro60,0175 all enhanced [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαq/11 in rat cortex with pEC50values of 6.22, 7.24 and 6.35, respectively. No activation of Go or Gs/olf was seen at equivalent concentrations of DOI. Stimulation of Gαq/11 by 5‐HT (30 μM) and DOI (30 μM) was abolished by the selective 5‐HT2Avs. 5‐HT2C/5‐HT2Bantagonists, ketanserin (pKBvalues of 9.11 and 8.88, respectively) and MDL100,907 (9.82 and 9.68). By contrast, 5‐HT‐induced [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαq/11 was only weakly inhibited by the preferential 5‐HT2Creceptor antagonists, RS102,221 (6.94) and SB242,084 (7.39), and the preferential 5‐HT2Breceptor antagonist, LY266,097 (6.66). The antipsychotic, clozapine, which had marked affinity for 5‐HT2Areceptors, blocked the recruitment of Gαq/11 by 5‐HT and DOI with pKBvalues of 8.54 and 8.14, respectively. Its actions were mimicked by the “atypical” antidepressant and 5‐HT2Areceptor antagonist, mirtazapine, which likewise blocked 5‐HT and DOI‐induced Gαq/11 protein activation with pKBvalues of 7.90 and 7.76, respectively. In conclusion, by use of an immunocapture/scintillation proximity strategy, this study shows that native 5‐HT2Areceptors in rat frontal cortex specifically recruit Gαq/11 and that this action is blocked by clozapine and mirtazapine. Quantification of 5‐HT2Areceptor‐mediated Gαq/11 activation in frontal cortex should prove instructive in characterizing the actions of diverse classes of psychotropic agent. Synapse 63:95–105, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity‐induced large amplitude postsynaptic mPSPs at soma–soma synapses between Lymnaea neurons
Authors: Dunn T.W. , McCamphill P.K. , Syed N.I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpontaneous transmitter release has been observed at various synapses that permit analysis at a sufficient resolution as a miniature postsynaptic potential (mPSP). However, the precise mechanisms that regulate spontaneous transmitter release have not yet been fully defined. Activity and ligand‐mediated modulation of large amplitude, spontaneous events significantly enhances postsynaptic excitation in the absence of action potential activity suggesting a more complicated role for this mode of transmitter release, and thus warrants further analysis. Here, we used Lymnaea soma–soma synaptic connections to demonstrate that a transient increase in both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous events (mPSPs) occurs following a short burst of action potentials in the presynaptic cell. These events were of presynaptic origin and the increase in mPSP amplitude could also be achieved with a stimulatory concentration of ryanodine. Ryanodine also occluded the activity‐induced increase in mPSP amplitude implicating calcium release from these channels in the production of large amplitude spontaneous transmitter release events. This suggests that presynaptic activity triggers ryanodine receptor‐mediated large amplitude minis, indicating that although these events are action potential‐independent, they are nevertheless responsive to the prior activity of the synapse. Synapse 63:117–125, 2009. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Educational reform and educational crisis
Authors: Apple Michael W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEven though the sciences may deserve an important and enhanced place in the curriculum, it is crucial that educators situate reforms in science education in the larger social context in which educational reforms are taking place. How and by whom reform is defined and carried out will have a significant impact on who benefits from the process. I argue that education in general has increasingly become dominated by economic interests that can lead not to enhancing equality but to its opposite. There are important ideological shifts that are occurring not only in what education is for, but in the content and control of curriculum and teaching. This has also been accompanied by an attempt to not only increase the influence of economic needs on schools, but to make education itself an economic product like all others. This will have a major impact on science education in particular, because both science and technology are seen as high‐status in the transformation of education into solely an economic tool.
Rethinking science education: Beyond piagetian constructivism toward a sociocultural model of teaching and learning
Authors: O'loughlin Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the first part of the article I present an epistemological critique of forms of pedagogy founded on Piagetian constructivism. Despite the appeal of the notion that learners construct their understanding, I argue that constructivism is problematic because it ignores the subjectivity of the learner and the socially and historically situated nature of knowing; it denies the essentially collaborative and social nature of meaning making; and it privileges only one form of knowledge, namely, the technical rational. I then present a critique of active learning and student‐centered forms of pedagogy. I argue that in our models of teaching we rely on too many unexamined assumptions from developmental psychology and we take for granted the problematic notion that children learn by doing. My central thesis is that constructivism is flawed because of its inability to come to grips with the essential issues of culture, power, and discourse in the classroom. In the concluding section of the article I present a preliminary account of a sociocultural approach to teaching and learning that takes seriously the notion that learning is situated in contexts, that students bring their own subjectivities and cultural perspectives to bear in constructing understanding, that issues of power exist in the classroom that need to be addressed, and that education into scientific ways of knowing requires understanding modes of classroom discourse and enabling students to negotiate these modes effectively so that they may master and critique scientific ways of knowing without, in the process, sacrificing their own personally and culturally constructed ways of knowing.
Science education reform: Building on the research base
Authors: Linn Marcia C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThose concerned with science education are united in calling for reform, yet divided in specifying the nature of this reform. Several recent conferences (Gardner et al., 1990; Linn, 1987b; Shymansky & Kyle, 1992) have focused on reform as a joint collaborative process involving experts in cognition, science education, precollege teaching, the subject matter disciplines, teacher preparation, and curriculum design. This article (a) contrasts several perspectives on science education reform by examining recommendations for introductory science courses, (b) identifies research findings that can guide reform, (c) discusses the impact of research on national precollege curriculum reform, and (d) offers a set of recommendations to guide research and practice concerned with science education reform.
Viewpoint: What we did not learn from the 60s about science curriculum reform
Authors: Yager Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn analysis of our efforts with curriculum reform in science during the 60s is offered. Failure to state the problems and to engage all those interested, involved, and affected is noted. Instead of proceeding with the same tactics and using the same rationale for new reforms, a rationale for focusing upon instructional goals and enlarging the research and development team is presented. Basically, a call for treating science curriculum reform as a science rather than an art is advocated.
Teaching evolution and natural selection: a look at textbooks and teachers
Authors: Aleixandre Maria Pilar Jiménez 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a part of a larger study on the learning of natural selection by secondary school students in Spain, data were gathered about how textbooks deal with this topic, and about the ability of teachers to explore pupils' ideas related to it. These data were contrasted with an approach seeking to develop the pupils' capacity to explain biological change using the model of natural selection. Textbooks were analyzed with respect to the following characteristics: the way key ideas in the model were handled, the attention paid to pupils' ideas, and the type of activities used in the instruction. The study involved evaluating the above factors in a sample of 17 books used in Spain, as well as the approaches that teachers used. Results show that in most cases the approach is characterized by superficial handling of key ideas, lack of attention paid to alternative ideas, and little variety in activities. Relation between this approach and the difficulties that pupils show in the use of the model are discussed herein.Mark what Jacob did When Laban and himself were compromis'd, That all the eanlings which were streak' d and pied, Should fall as Jacob's hire, the ewes, being rank, In end of autumn turned to the rams: and when the work of generation was Between these woolly breeders in the act. The skillful shepherd peel'd me certain wands, and, in the doing of the deed of kind, He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes, Who, then conceiving, did in earning time Fall party‐colour''d lambs, and those were Jacob's.
Conceptualizing a teaching experience on the development of the idea of evolution: An epistemological approach to the education of science teachers
Authors: Zuzovsky Ruth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article describes and discusses an epistemological approach to the education of science teachers that emphasizes similarities in knowledge and modes of acquiring it among children, scientists in their historical contexts, and student teachers. Advanced courses in science‐teacher education aim to go beyond the attainment of scientific knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge toward the building of a guiding theory of action for teaching. This theory needs to be rooted in a broad understanding of what science is about, what is regarded as scientific knowledge, and how it is generated and evolves. These questions are of an epistemological nature. At the same time, theories of action for teaching science are also connected with questions on individual ways of learning and of acquiring meaning. Such questions are often answered by both cognitive and developmental psychologists. Even here epistemological consideration are essential. Constructivist epistemology, which describes the process of constructing knowledge both in individuals and among scientists, can serve as a basis for generating such a guiding pedagogical theory of teaching. Educating science teachers in the light of radical versions of constructivism can enhance this process. This article describes in detail a course entitled “The Growth of Thinking on Evolution,” which was taught to third‐year student teachers and which illustrates the approach and discusses the rationale behind it.
Characterization of different promoters for designing a new expression vector in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Partow Siavash , Siewers Verena , Bjørn Sara , Nielsen Jens , Maury Jérôme 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe widely used pESC vector series (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) with the bidirectional GAL1/GAL10 promoter provides the possibility of simultaneously expressing two different genes from a single vector in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This system can be induced by galactose and is repressed by glucose. Since S. cerevisiae prefers glucose as a carbon source, and since its growth rate is higher in glucose than in galactose‐containing media, we compared and evaluated seven different promoters expressed during growth on glucose (pTEF1, pADH1, pTPI1, pHXT7, pTDH3, pPGK1 and pPYK1) with two strong galactose‐induced promoters (pGAL1 and pGAL10), using lacZ as a reporter gene and measuring LacZ activity in batch and continuous cultivation. TEF1 and PGK1 promoters showed the most constant activity pattern at different glucose concentrations. Based on these results, we designed and constructed two new expression vectors which contain the two constitutive promoters, TEF1 and PGK1, in opposite orientation to each other. These new vectors retain all the features from the pESC–URA plasmid except that gene expression is mediated by constitutive promoters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.