bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age on cause-specific early and late infant mortality in rural Ghana: ObaapaVitA double-blind, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Edmond Karen , Hurt Lisa , Fenty Justin , Amenga-Etego Seeba , Zandoh Charles , Hurt Chris , Danso Samuel , Tawiah Charlotte , Hill Zelee , ten Asbroek Augustinus H A , Owusu-Agyei Seth , Campbell Oona , Kirkwood Betty R 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age in Ghana on cause- and age-specific infant mortality. In addition, because of recently published studies from Guinea Bissau, effects on infant mortality by sex and season were assessed.DesignDouble-blind, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Setting7 contiguous districts in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana.ParticipantsAll women of reproductive age (15–45 years) resident in the study area randomised by cluster of residence. All live born infants from 1 June 2003 to 30 September 2008 followed up through 4-weekly home visits.InterventionWeekly low-dose (25 000 IU) vitamin A.Main outcome measuresEarly infant mortality (1–5 months); late infant mortality (6–11 months); infection-specific infant mortality (0–11 months).Results1086 clusters, 62 662 live births, 52 574 infant-years and 3268 deaths yielded HRs (95% CIs) comparing weekly vitamin A with placebo: 1.04 (0.88 to 1.05) early infant mortality; 0.99 (0.84 to 1.18) late infant mortality; 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) infection-specific infant mortality. There was no evidence of modification of the effect of vitamin A supplementation on infant mortality by sex (Wald statistic =0.07, p=0.80) or season (Wald statistic =0.03, p=0.86).ConclusionsThis is the largest analysis of cause of infant deaths from Africa to date. Weekly vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age has no beneficial or deleterious effect on the causes of infant death to age 6 or 12 months in rural Ghana.Trial registration numberhttp://ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00211341.
Gonorrhoea or chlamydia in a US military HIV-positive cohort
Authors: Spaulding Alicen B , Lifson Alan R , Iverson Erik R , Ganesan Anuradha , Landrum Michael L , Weintrob Amy C , Agan Brian K , Bavaro Mary F , O'Connell Robert J , Macalino Grace E ,   the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of gonorrhoea (GC) or chlamydia (CT) coinfection in an HIV-positive US military cohort, focusing on the time after participants' knowledge of HIV diagnosis.MethodsThe authors analysed data from 4461 participants enrolled in the US Military Natural History Study cohort for GC or CT infection ≥6 months after their HIV-positive test.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 7.08 years, 482 (11%) participants acquired a GC or CT infection. Of these, 283 (6%) acquired a GC infection, 278 (6%) acquired a CT infection and 123 (3%) had multiple GC or CT infections during follow-up. Risk of GC or CT infection was significantly greater in those younger, male, African–American and with a history of GC or CT infection.ConclusionsFrequent GC and CT diagnoses observed among members of this HIV-positive cohort indicate substantial ongoing risk behaviours that raise concerns for HIV transmission and underscore the need for continued screening to help identify and treat these sexually transmitted infections in this population.
Advertisements promoting human papillomavirus vaccine for adolescent boys: does source matter?: Figure 1
Authors: Pepper Jessica K , Reiter Paul L , McRee Annie-Laurie , Brewer Noel T 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesMany parents recall hearing of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine through drug company advertisements. This study sought to examine whether parents accurately recall the source (ie, sponsor) of advertisements promoting HPV vaccine and the impact of drug company advertisements.MethodsA US national sample of 544 parents of adolescent boys aged 11–17 participated in an online between-subjects experiment. Parents viewed an advertisement encouraging HPV vaccination for boys with a logo from a randomly assigned source. Parents rated trust, likability and motivation for vaccination while viewing the advertisement and later indicated who they believed sponsored it.ResultsNearly half (43%) of parents who viewed a hypothetical advertisement containing a logo incorrectly identified the advertisement source. More parents correctly identified the source of drug company advertisements than advertisement from other sources (62% vs 25%, OR 4.93, 95% CI 3.26 to 7.46). The majority of parents who saw a logo-free advertisement believed a drug company created it (60%). Among parents who correctly identified the advertisement source, drug company advertisements decreased motivation to vaccinate their sons, an association mediated by reduced liking of and trust in the advertisements.ConclusionsParents were more accurate in identifying drug company advertisements, primarily because they tended to assume any advertisement was from a drug company. Public health organisations may need to take special measures to ensure their messages are not perceived as sponsored by drug companies.
Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis
Authors: Ding Yan S. , Chou Theodore , Abdul-Salaam Shadeed , Hearn Bryan , Watson Clifford H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Background: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most potent carcinogens generated in cigarette smoke. During smoking, cigarette filters trap a significant portion of mainstream smoke benzo[a]pyrene. This trapped portion is proportional to what exits the end of the filter and is drawn into the mouth of smokers.
Methods: We developed a new method to estimate mouth-level BaP intake using filter analysis. In this analysis, cigarettes are smoked by a smoking machine using a variety of conditions to yield a range of mainstream smoke deliveries, which approximate a range of human puffing characteristics. Mainstream smoke BaP collected on Cambridge filter pads and the corresponding 1-cm mouth-end cigarette filter butts is extracted, purified by solid-phase extraction, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. On the basis of the amount of BaP retained in cigarette butts and the amount collected on pads, we can relate them using a linear regression model.
Results: Using this model and subsequently analyzing cigarette filters collected from smokers, we are able to estimate their mouth-level intakes, which smokers received when they consumed cigarettes. We made a series of measurements using research cigarettes and select commercial cigarettes having a wide range of machine smoke “tar” and nicotine deliveries.
Conclusions: In all cases, results indicate a linear relation of BaP between cigarette filter butts and Cambridge filter pads, with R2 ranging from 0.93 to 0.98.
Impact: This technique provides a noninvasive means to examine intake on a per cigarette basis to examine both exposure and behavioral aspects of smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 39–44. ©2011 AACR.
Sex Hormones, Hormonal Interventions, and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Camargo M. Constanza , Goto Yasuyuki , Zabaleta Jovanny , Morgan Douglas R. , Correa Pelayo , Rabkin Charles S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEstrogens may influence gastric cancer risk, but published studies are inconclusive. We therefore carried out a meta-analysis addressing the associations of gastric cancer in women with menstrual and reproductive factors and with use of estrogen- and antiestrogen-related therapies. Searches of PubMed up to June, 2011 and review of citations yielded a total of 28 independent studies, including at least one exposure of interest. Random effects pooled estimates of relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated for eight exposures reported in at least five studies, including: age at menarche, age at menopause, years of fertility, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and tamoxifen treatment. Longer years of fertility (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.86) and HRT (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.92) were each associated with decreased gastric cancer risk. Conversely, tamoxifen treatment was associated with increased risk (RR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.39–2.38). The other five exposures were not significantly associated. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that longer exposure to estrogen effects of either ovarian or exogenous origin may decrease risk of gastric cancer. Additional studies are warranted to extend this finding and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 20–38. ©2011 AACR.
The Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Kato Kiyohito , Gong Jian , Iwama Hisakazu , Kitanaka Akira , Tani Joji , Miyoshi Hisaaki , Nomura Kei , Mimura Shima , Kobayashi Mitsuyoshi , Aritomo Yuuichi , Kobara Hideyuki , Mori Hirohito , Himoto Takashi , Okano Keiichi , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Murao Koji , Masaki Tsutomu 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Recent studies suggest that metformin, which is commonly used as an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent of the biguanide family, may reduce cancer risk and improve prognosis, but the mechanisms by which metformin affects various cancers, including gastric cancer, remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin on human gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and to study microRNAs (miRNA) associated with antitumor effect of metformin. We used MKN1, MKN45, and MKN74 human gastric cancer cell lines to study the effects of metformin on human gastric cancer cells. Athymic nude mice bearing xenograft tumors were treated with or without metformin. Tumor growth was recorded after 4 weeks, and the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins was determined. In addition, we used miRNA array tips to explore the differences among miRNAs in MKN74 cells bearing xenograft tumors treated with or without metformin in vitro and in vivo. Metformin inhibited the proliferation of MKN1, MKN45, and MKN74 in vitro. Metformin blocked the cell cycle in G0–G1in vitro and in vivo. This blockade was accompanied by a strong decrease of G1 cyclins, especially in cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4, Cdk6 and by a decrease in retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation. In addition, metformin reduced the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in vitro and in vivo. The miRNA expression was markedly altered with the treatment of metformin in vitro and in vivo. Various miRNAs altered by metformin also may contribute to tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(3); 549–60. ©2012 AACR.
Development and Validation of a Dispatcher Identification Algorithm for Stroke Emergencies
Authors: Krebes Sebastian , Ebinger Martin , Baumann André M. , Kellner Philipp A. , Rozanski Michal , Doepp Florian , Sobesky Jan , Gensecke Thomas , Leidel Bernd A. , Malzahn Uwe , Wellwood Ian , Heuschmann Peter U. , Audebert Heinrich J. 
Published: January 2012

Background and Purpose—
Recent innovations such as CT installation in ambulances may lead to earlier start of stroke-specific treatments. However, such technically complex mobile facilities require effective methods of correctly identifying patients before deployment. We aimed to develop and validate a new dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies.

Methods—
Dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies was informed by systematic qualitative analysis of the content of emergency calls to ambulance dispatchers for patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (N=117) and other neurological (N=39) and nonneurological (N=51) diseases (Part A). After training of dispatchers, sensitivity and predictive values were determined prospectively in patients admitted to Charité hospitals by using the discharge diagnosis as reference standard (Part B).

Results—
Part A: Dysphasic/dysarthric symptoms (33%), unilateral symptoms (22%) and explicitly stated suspicion of stroke (47%) were typically identified in patients with stroke but infrequently in nonstroke cases (all <10%). Convulsive symptoms (41%) were frequent in other neurological diseases but not strokes (3%). Pain (26%) and breathlessness (31%) were often expressed in nonneurological emergencies (6% and 7% in strokes). Part B: Between October 15 and December 16, 2010, 5774 patients were admitted by ambulance with 246 coded with final stroke diagnoses. Sensitivity of dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies for detecting stroke was 53.3% and positive predictive value was 47.8% for stroke and 59.1% for stroke and transient ischemic attack. Of all 275 patients with stroke dispatcher codes, 215 (78.5%) were confirmed with neurological diagnosis.

Conclusions—
Using dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies, more than half of all patients with stroke admitted by ambulance were correctly identified by dispatchers. Most false-positive stroke codes had other neurological diagnoses.
The Differential Contributions of pFC and Temporo-parietal Cortex to Multimodal Semantic Control: Exploring Refractory Effects in Semantic Aphasia
Authors: Gardner Hannah E. , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. , Dodds Naomi , Jones Theresa , Ehsan Sheeba , Jefferies Elizabeth 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Aphasic patients with multimodal semantic impairment following pFC or temporo-parietal (TP) cortex damage (semantic aphasia [SA]) have deficits characterized by poor control of semantic activation/retrieval, as opposed to loss of semantic knowledge per se. In line with this, SA patients show “refractory effects”; that is, declining accuracy in cyclical word–picture matching tasks when semantically related sets are presented rapidly and repeatedly. This is argued to follow a build-up of competition between targets and distractors. However, the link between poor semantic control and refractory effects is still controversial for two reasons. (1) Some theories propose that refractory effects are specific to verbal or auditory tasks, yet SA patients show poor control over semantic processing in both word and picture semantic tasks. (2) SA can result from lesions to either the left pFC or TP cortex, yet previous work suggests that refractory effects are specifically linked to the left inferior frontal cortex. For the first time, verbal, visual, and nonverbal auditory refractory effects were explored in nine SA patients who had pFC (pFC+) or TP cortex (TP-only) lesions. In all modalities, patient accuracy declined significantly over repetitions. This refractory effect at the group level was driven by pFC+ patients and was not shown by individuals with TP-only lesions. These findings support the theory that SA patients have reduced control over multimodal semantic retrieval and, additionally, suggest there may be functional specialization within the posterior versus pFC elements of the semantic control network.
Sallust’s Imitation of Greek Models at Catiline 14.2-3
Authors: Muse Kevin 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Sallust’s description of Catiline’s profligate retinue at Catiline 14.2-3 contains a well-known textual problem. It is certain that the prodigals at the beginning of the sentence wasted their property by means of three body parts (manu ventre pene). Problematic, however, are the three types of wastrel that immediately precede the body parts, printed in most editions as inpudicus adulter ganeo. Because of the imprecise correspondence between these characters and the body parts, a number of remedies have been proposed, ranging from various emendations that create a more straightforward chiastic structure to complete deletion of inpudicus adulter ganeo as glosses. This paper proposes to shed light on the passage by examining the Greek models that Sallust imitated in constructing it: Theopompus’ description of Philip’s courtiers in Macedon and a passage of invective by the orator Lycurgus. It is concluded that emendation, rather than radical truncation, is the best remedy.
Mitochondrial uniformity in populations of the treefrog Hyla molleri across the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Pablo González de la Vega Juan , Donaire David , Galán Pedro , Barth Adriane , Vences Miguel , Pabijan Maciej 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBased on DNA sequences of fragments of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes we provide a first assessment of genetic variability of Iberian treefrog populations that have been historically allocated to Hyla arborea, partly as subspecies H. a. molleri. Our data from 147 specimens and 33 populations confirm strong divergence between these frogs and Central European H. arborea but relatively low differentiation across their range, supporting their status as a separate species, H. molleri. Preliminary phylogeographic data indicate a possible weak genetic differentiation of populations from the northern coast of the region of Galicia. We suggest inclusion of nuclear markers and an extension of the sampling into the coastal regions of Asturias and Cantabria, as well as the identification of the contact zone between H. molleri and H. arborea in either the Spanish Basque country or in France, as priorities for future research on this species.
Body condition and head size in snakes
Authors: Madsen Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOn several occasions during my many years of working with various snake species, I observed a significant positive relationship between body condition and head size (the former calculated from residual scores from a general linear regression of ln-transformed mass on ln-transformed snout-vent length). Based on results from my long-term study of water pythons (Liasis fuscus) this relationship is, however, most likely caused by a condition-dependent bias when recording snake snout-vent length (SVL). Water pythons in good condition were recorded as being "shorter" and hence having relatively larger head size, whereas snakes in poor condition were recorded as being "longer" with concomitant smaller head relative head size. Such a systematic bias may lead to spurious conclusions concerning the adaptive significance of the relationship between snake body condition and head size.
The Johannine Son of Man and the Historical Jesus: Shall Ever the Twain Meet? John 9.35 as a Test Case
Authors: Reynolds Benjamin E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractScholarship has largely rejected the relevance of the Johannine Son of Man sayings as a source for solving the Son of Man debate. The suspicion of Jesus' words in John is the obvious reason for this rejection. Jn 9.35 presents an interesting test case for rethinking the authenticity of the Son of Man sayings in John. An examination of this saying reveals that it is discontinuous with early Christianity, Second Temple Judaism, and confessions of faith in John's Gospel. The combination of these factors suggests the possibility that the saying may have come from the lips of the historical Jesus.
Study on student health literacy gained through health education in elementary and middle schools in China
Authors: Yu Xiaoming , Yang Tubao , Wang Shumei , Zhang Xin 
Published: January 2012

Background: Health education in primary and middle schools in China has been implemented for more than two decades since 1990s. This study aims to assess the students’ health literacy gained through school health education, and provide scientific base to the concerned government agencies for updating the relevant national policy for school-based health education. Methods: The study was conducted through cross-sectional multi-stage cluster-stratified sampling survey in 77 elementary and 76 middle schools in 24 project provinces and two municipal cities in China. A self-administered questionnaire was developed. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient. A descriptive analysis was used to summarize the outcome. Results: The survey covered 8,008 subjects (4,011 from elementary and 3,997 from middle schools). The correct answer given on the majority of health knowledge was higher than 60% among the surveyed subjects. However, it was found that there were differences on student knowledge and practices from regions and economic levels; and the healthy personal behaviours between elementary and middle school students varied. Positive correlations between knowledge and practices, knowledge and attitudes were observed among subjects. Conclusions: Health literacy of the primary and middle school children in China was found to be limited and unbalanced. Thus school-based health education should be enhanced and the national guidelines for school health education and curriculum framework should be updated.
The inclusion of parents or carers in the consultation process of developing health-promotion activities in the Australian context
Authors: Bennett Paul , Gladman Justin 
Published: January 2012

Objective: Patterns of health behaviour and lifestyle established in childhood carry on into adulthood. Parents and carers have strong influences on the establishment of these patterns. Despite such influences, parents and carers are often omitted from the planning process in health-promotion and early intervention activities. This paper examines the literature to quantify the amount of consultation that occurs. Method: A systemic review of the available literature was conducted of papers published in English between 1998 and 2008 using OVID, Medline, CIAP, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, INFORMET and PubMed databases. The search was not limited to age; however, some papers indicted that their research were restricted to children over the age of five. Results: Three hundred and thirty one articles were retrieved of which 32 met the inclusion criteria. It was found that parents and carers are reliable and accurate reporters of the objective components of their child’s health, such as physical functioning, but unreliable when it comes to subjective components including pain and emotional psychosocial functioning of their children. However, parents and carers are often omitted or at best superficially included in the development of health-promotion and early intervention programmes in Australia. Conclusions: The lack of consultation with parents and carers in health-promotion and early interventions programmes by policy makers, programme developers and health advocates results in decreased consumer ownership, dissatisfaction with service delivery and creates barriers to engagement. Without adequate and appropriate engagement of parents and carers, early interventions and health-promotion programmes will result in superficial and short-term health outcomes.