bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coping Strategies for Social Readaptation of Combatants
Authors: Fastovtsov G. , Oskolkova S. 
Published: March 2009

According to research activities, those persons, who suffered military stress and developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), constitute a high-risk group of offending behavior in the time of peace.Research objective:Combatants were divided into 2 groups: those who committed (“persons under investigation” - N 1) and those who did not commit aggressive delicts and torts (“patients” - N 2).Results:Disadaptive (aggressive) forms of behavior occurred in “persons N 1” much more often in emotional sphere. The choice of strategies aimed on changing the situation prevailed in this group (cognitive sphere). The most distinct cognitive disorder noted in “persons N 1” was the decrease of their forecasting competency. In the groups studied, the choice of predominant strategies for overcoming social stress did differ for certain. Only 13% of “persons N 1” accepted impunitive way of reacting, while for “patients” this figure constituted 29.8%. Absense of confiding and trusting relationships, absense of usage of their efforts is more typical (p>0.05). Important factor helping to raise the level of social adaptation for “patients” include providing of affiliation (33.6%). In comparison to group of “persons N 1” they suppressed exhaustive emotions more seldom (9.7%) and were inclined to forecast real events more often. Thus, during organization of rehabilitation measures for combatants, it is necessary to consider coping strategies for overcoming social stress, as well as the level of transagression of structure of main motives and values, which may help to decrease the risk of criminal behavior for patients with PTSD.
Completed Audit of Physical Health Status of Patients with Severe Mental Illness in a Medium Secure Forensic Psychiatric Rehab Ward
Authors: George M. , Thakkar P. , Vasudev K. , Mitcheson N. 
Published: March 2009

Aim:An audit was conducted in September 2006 to determine whether the Physical health monitoring of patients on anti-psychotic medication was concurrent with the national guidelines.This audit done in Dec 07 aimed to ascertain to what extent the recommendations were implemented and followed, thereby completing the audit cycle.Methods:The Audit was conducted in a 15 bedded medium secure forensic rehab ward.As there was a lack of recording of the physical health status a monitoring sheet was introduced in the notes after the first audit. Age, Weight, Height, Smoking status, Blood Pressure, Diabetic Status, Blood Lipid Profile, ECG and the Medication regimen were noted for each of the patient.Results:Conclusion:100% physical health monitoring was achieved and improvements in weight, CV risk, Total/HDL cholesterol ratio was noted 4 cases of significant QT prolongation and another 3 cases of prolactin elevation were detected because of the introduction of monitoring.
Forensic Psychiatric and Legal Aspects of Infanticide and Neonaticide in Russia
Authors: Kachaeva M. , Dmitrieva T. , Satianova L. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:To find out clinical and social factors contributing to specific female crimes - infanticide and neonaticide.Method:Clinical, descriptive statistical.Results:The problem of the murder of children by their mothers remains a burning issue in Russia. The most complicated for forensic psychiatrists are the cases when children were killed by not mentally ill mothers, especially in the situations when women killed their children within 24 hours of birth. Neonaticide reflects mostly social than clinical factors. The research has revealed that these women were young, single or separated and often exposed to psychogenic situations with high level of stress (financial and housing problems, concealment of illegitimate pregnancy). In accordance with the Criminal Code of Russia enacted in 1997 the special law governs infanticide and neonaticide. This law takes into account that:1.at the time of child murder the mental state of mother was affected by childbirth;2.the psychogenic situation which caused the crime.In the cases of infanticide or neonaticide an offence punishable as if women had been guilty of manslaughter.Conclusion:Thus due to the new law these cases are dealt more leniently and it reflects more constructive and humane approach to such a complicated phenomenon as child murder.
Psihotic Disorders and Homicide in Family
Authors: Kovacevic R. , Kecman B. 
Published: March 2009

Background:The family is institution in which the life is born and rise. Homicide is cruel form of violence that is ruining and stopping the life. Those two, exclusive extremities, appear in one phenomenon- homicide in family.Materials and methods:This research is one part of comparative analytic prospective study, which last 10 years. In the Department of forensic psychiatry in Prison hospital in Belgrade we examined 266 perpetrators of homicide in family, 212 (79.70%) were male and 54 (20.30%) were female. Among those perpetrators we identified psychotic disorders in 77 mails (36.32 %) and 12 female (22.22 %). Thos groups committed 89 homicides in family with 99 victims.Results:We found statistically significant difference between males and females with regard to previous psychiatric treatment, alcohol abuses and intoxicated with alcohol at the time of the homicide. In male group with psychotic disorders, dominate schizophrenia (40, 26%) and paranoid psychosis (37, 66%), and in female dominate paranoid psychosis (50, 00%). Many perpetrators (41% male and 27% female) were not treated because of psychiatric disorder before, and psychiatric disorder diagnosed after the homicidal act.Conclusions:Among perpetrators of homicide in family there were two times more male than female with psychopathological symptoms. In both groups, psychoses are most usual diagnosis. The arm of future research should be recognizing factors that increased risk of violent behaviors and comparing those factors among person with and without mental disorders.
Treatment or Punishment for the Mentally Ill
Authors: Melamed Y. 
Published: March 2009

A mentally ill individual who commits a crime stands trial. According to Israeli law, patients who committed crimes as a direct result of their illness, are not tried but are sent for treatment. The decision to hospitalize the mentally ill offender reflects humane concern for the patient. However, public safety must also be protected. When the patient"s condition improves, s/he no longer requires hospitalization, and by law, can be discharged. Thus, a patient who committed a serious offense may be released to the community much to the displeasure of society. Seemingly the patient "evades" punishment, though others claim that offenders must be punished.There are three possible solutions:a.The patient should be hospitalized for as long as necessary, and thereafter, if s/he is still considered dangerous, should be sent to prison.b.The patient should be hospitalized for a period determined by the Court, and can not be discharged prior to the court determined discharge date.c."Treatment years" model: The court determines "mandatory treatment years" for a patient who was not sentenced due to lack of criminal responsibility.Thus, when necessary the patient is hospitalized, and when his/her situation improves, the psychiatric tribunal may transfer the patient to compulsory ambulatory care with the option for re-hospitalization when necessary. Non-adherence to ambulatory treatment, is treated as any other violation of court orders.The law should find the middle road between treating the patient and protecting society coincident with punishment and determent of crime, when necessary.
Substitution Treatment and HCV / HIV Infection in a Sample of 31 German Prisons for Sentenced Inmates
Authors: Reimer J. , Stöver H. , Schulte B. 
Published: March 2009

Injection drug use (IDU) and IDU-related infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are highly prevalent among prisoners worldwide. However, little is known about the prevalence of IDUs and HCV/HIV and the availability of respective treatment options in German prisons. Data, provided by prison physicians of 31 prisons, representing 14,187 inmates, were included in this analysis. The proportion of IDUs among all prisoners was 21.9%. Substitution treatment was available in three out of four prisons (74.2%). Overall, 1,137 substitution treatments were provided annually with a wide range of treatment aims. The prevalence rate was 14.3% for HCV and 1.2% for HIV. Around 5.5% of all HCV-infected prisoners were in antiviral treatment annually, 86.5% of all HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral HIV treatment.Generally, substitution treatment, HCV and HIV testing and treatment are available. However, due to abstinence-oriented treatment aims substitution treatment is rarely available as maintenance treatment, and HCV/HIV treatment is mainly provided for patients with an existing treatment before imprisonment. The inconsistent data quality necessitate changes in prison related policy are needed, to improve surveillance and to generate aggregated data in German prisons. The selection process in this analysis might lead to overestimating the provision substitution - and antiviral HCV-treatment.
The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy
Authors: Reniers R. , Corcoran R. , Drake R. , Shryane N. , Völlm B. 
Published: March 2009

Aims/objectives:A lack of empathy is associated with callous-unemotional behaviour, violence, aggression, criminality, and problems in social interaction. Empathy is, though, inconsistently defined and inadequately measured. We therefore set out to produce a new and rigorously developed empathy questionnaire that would have clinical and public-health relevance.Methods:Sixty-five questions, themed around cognitive empathy (the ability to construct a working model of the emotional states of others) and affective empathy (the ability to be sensitive to and vicariously experience the feelings of others), were administered to two independent samples of healthy volunteers (N1=640, N2=383), which were used to explore and validate the factor structure.Results:Principal components analysis revealed five factors from thirty-seven items. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure. The hypothesised two-factor structure (cognitive and affective empathy) was tested by adding two second order factors, indicated by the five first-order factors, and provided the best and most parsimonious fit to the data (CFI=0.961, RMSEA=0.048). Cognitive Empathy encompassed Perspective Taking and Online Simulation; Affective Empathy encompassed Emotional Responsivity, Peripheral Responsivity and Emotional Contagion. Females scored significantly higher than males on Affective Empathy but not on Cognitive Empathy. The factors correlated significantly with measures of empathic anger, impulsivity, aggression, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and empathy as measured by the Basic Empathy Scale.Conclusions:The QCAE measures the distinct and specific components that make up cognitive and affective empathy. The factor structure was confirmed in independent samples and represents a valid tool for assessing cognitive and affective empathy and its subcomponents.
Homicide and Schizophrenia: A Review of 14 Cases from 210 Forensic Examinations of Murderers [P02-151]
Authors: Richard-Devantoy S. , Bouyer-Richard A.-I. , Gigaux J. , Duflot J.-P. , Lhuillier J.-P. , Gohier B. , Garré J.-B. 
Published: March 2009

Aim:To establish the social, clinical and forensic differences between murderers with schizophrenia and murderers without any psychiatric disorder and to compare their respective relationship with their victim.Method:We identified the socio-demographic, clinical and criminological profiles of 14 murderers with schizophrenia from 210 forensic examinations of murderers, and compared their profiles with those of murderers without any mental disorder (n=73).Results:Murderers with schizophrenia are characterized by a specific socio-professional status (single, living alone and jobless). Previous psychiatric history was significantly more common in the schizophrenia group than in the group of persons without mental disorder, as it was the case as regards previous contact with the police.Schizophrenic murderers generally commit, alone, a non-premeditated murder. They usually strangle their victim in a sudden attack, whereas murderers without any pathology usually premeditate their crime. 86% of perpetrators with schizophrenia have been in a delirium at the time they committed murder, among four main themes: persecution, thought insertion, mysticism and megalomania.Victims of murderers with schizophrenia were family members in 21% of cases, acquaintances in 57% and a stranger in 14%. The victim was known to the perpetrator significantly more often in the schizophrenia group than in the no mental disorder group (86% versus 77%, p=0,002).Conclusion:The main difference between murderers with schizophrenia and murderers without any mental disorder is the psychopathology of the morbid process which underlies the homicide. The most schizophrenics’ homicide was more likely to be against intimates than strangers.
Acute Inpatients Units’ Old New Challenges: Compulsory Versus Voluntary Treatment
Authors: Rodrigues T. , Castro L.C. , Pereira J. , Pereira H. 
Published: March 2009

Background:Besides preventive, maintenance and rehabilitative measures, it is very important that Psychiatry Services develop acute care interventions that include hospitalization treatments. Compulsory treatment is mandatory when patients have a severe mental illness that deprives them from their judgement abilities in such a way that they deny their illness, refuse necessary treatment, and may endanger themselves and/or others.Aims:To compare socio-demographic and clinical features of patients treated in compulsory and voluntary regimen. To make a reflection on the most suitable model for the acute inpatient services.Methods:Retrospective study of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted in an acute inpatients’ unit of a Psychiatric Hospital - Hospital de Magalhães Lemos - in 2006 and 2007. We compared data of compulsory (CA) and voluntary admissions (VA), and discuss their respective main problems.Results:Among the total 577 inpatients admitted, 13% were compulsory and 87% were voluntary. Schizophrenia was the most prevalent diagnosis in both groups (51% CA vs 26% VA). By discharge, prescription of depot antipsychotics was higher in CA, and treatment with antidepressants was higher in VA. In CA, 8 (11%) patients had discharge against medical advice (escape) vs 12 (2%) in VA.Conclusion:Results might suggest that the current facilities and/or procedures are not sufficient to offer the levels of protection needed to provide the best environment for patients’ recovery.In the context of the recent efforts towards the reorganization of mental health services, specific measures should be considered, including acute inpatients units exclusively designed for CA.
Utility of EEG as Diagnostic and Tarapeutic Approach in Examiners in Forensic Population-prevention of Criminal Recidiv
Authors: Talevska V. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:To define the importance for the difference between the EEG in patients with criminal behavior and in control group. To examine the relationship between the EEG of the patients with criminal behavior and diagnosis as well as the prompt registration of EEG changes.Material and methods:158 EEG investigations examined at the Psychiatric Hospital in Demir Hisar for 24 months with aggressive and criminal behavior.Results and discussion:In men normal EEG (69.44%) prevails. The means age of patients in examiner group with abnormal EEG is significant higher from the means age in patient's with normal EEG. There was the significant difference between normal and abnormal EEG and the diagnoses. There is not significant difference between the patient's behavior and EEG, and there was significant difference between EEG and its criminal factor. There was not relation between EEG and the patient's sex in control group. The difference between the means age (37.73 god.) in control group with abnormal EEG and the mean age of patients with normal EEG is significant. There was not significant relation between EEG and patient's diagnosis of control group. There was not connection between patient's behavior and EEG in control group. There was significant difference between EEG in examiner group and in control group.Conclusion:There was significant difference between EEG in control and in examiner group.Suggested measures:Easily diagnosis providing of psychiatric disorders with aggressive and criminal behavior with EEG -help and safety measures at examiners with criminal behavior.
Completed Audit Cycle on Lithium Monitoring on Older Adults in Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
Authors: Nodiyal A. Ghosh , Ramsay G. , Wilson S. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:The aim of this study was to audit the practise of Lithium monitoring on all patients over the age of 65 years, over a one-year period in North Tyneside General Hospital, against the recommended standards, and re-auditing the following year.Methods:During the audit; data was collected from the medical notes of all patients prescribed Lithium, over 65 years in North Tyneside General Hospital. This was from January 2004 - January 2005. The standards used were the recommendations of The British National Formulary. The monitoring of urea, electrolytes, TSH and Lithium were recorded. The presence of an ECG, documentation of side effects, information leaflets’ distribution and patients lost to follow up were noted. Following the audit, recommendations were made and prescribing Consultants were informed. A re-audit was conducted on all patients on Lithium the next year from January 2006 - June 2006, using the same designed tool.Results:22 patient's notes were audited and 29 notes re-audited. 41% were males and 59% females in the audit, with similar distribution in the re-audit. 54% were between 65-75 years and 45% over the age of 75years in the audit. 41% and 59% respectively in the re-audit. Blood monitoring followed the standards in 86% in the audit and 95% in the re-audit. 32% had documentation of side effects in the audit, increasing to 72% in the re-audit. While 23% patients were lost to follow up in the audit, all were followed up in the re-audit.Conclusions:The re-audit encouragingly showed significant improvement in practise.
Behavioral Changes Induced by Angiotensin AT1 Receptors Blockade in the Rat Brain
Authors: Hritcu L. , Bild W. , Ciobica A. , Artenie V. , Haulica I. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:The brain renin-angiotensin system is involved in learning and memory, but the actual role of angiotensin II and its metabolites in this process has been difficult to comprehend. In the present study we assessed the role of the angiotensin AT1 receptors in certain behavioral effects of angiotensin II using their selective antagonist losartan and PD123319, intracerebroventricularly (icv) administrated.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1. sham-operated; 2. Losartan; 3. PD123319. All drugs were stereotaxically icv injected. Learning and memory tests began 2 weeks after the operation, and the ability of the rats to acquire the operant task was studied by means of Y-maze task and passive avoidance task, respectively. The anxiety state was measured in elevated plus maze.Results:Losartan and PD123319 significantly impaired spatial memory in Y-maze task, suggesting significant effects on short-term memory. In passive avoidance task, both angiotensin II antagonist, significantly decreased step-through-latency, suggesting significant effects on long-term memory. In elevated plus maze measuring anxiety, both drugs diminished anxiety state.Conclusions:Our results suggest the considerable involvement of the brain ATi angiotensin receptors in the cognition improving effects of angiotensin.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: A Common Yet Elusive Diagnosis
Authors: Madeira N. , Santos T. , Pio-Abreu J.L. 
Published: March 2009

In 1897, Murawieff proposed that a common cause was responsible for the two syndromes previously described by Carl Wernicke and Sergei Korsakoff. More than 100 years afterwards, the neuropsychiatric nosological entity known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome remains one of the most significant, yet under-recognized, consequences of long-term alcohol abuse.Prompt recognition and treatment of Wernicke's encephalopathy with parenteral thiamine can prevent permanent cognitive impairment, involving severe short-term memory loss - Korsakoff's amnesic syndrome. Such condition has devastating consequences for patients, not infrequently demanding long-term institutionalization.Based on two clinical vignettes, the authors review some epidemiological, clinical and neuropathological features of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, besides issues concerning differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
The Portuguese who Could no Longer Speak French: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) in a Bilingual Man
Authors: Simões S. , Rodrigues M. , Soares-Fernandes J. , Machado Á. 
Published: March 2009

Introduction:PPA is characterized by progressive language dissolution, with remarkable spare of other cognitive domains for at least two years, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dementia.Clinical case:A 56-year-old previously healthy man was seen for speech difficulties. He studied Portuguese for 4 years, and then went to live in France, where he learned French for 3 years. He returned definitely to Portugal when he was 42. Since early adolescence he was fluent on speaking, reading and writing in both languages. In the last 12 years he spoke French mainly when visiting his family. Three years ago he started showing disintegration of his second language preceding that of his native one. Upon examination he had laborious, effortful, nonfluent and agrammatic speech, with severe anomia and some repetition and complex-command comprehension difficulties. He could not name, understand or write any French word. The remaining neurological examination was near-normal to age and education level (MMSE - 25/30). Brain MRI showed left-side predominant frontotemporal cortical atrophy. PET scan revealed hypometabolism in the same area and the temporal lobe, anterior cynguli and dorsolateral frontal cortex.Conclusion:Our patient has nonfluent variant of PPA. Cases like this can give further insight into the neural network subserving language acquisition and dissolution. In proficient bilinguals, the main point on language dissolution in PPA seems to be the recency of use. The best way to confirm this would be to systematically characterize PPA patients on secondary language usage, attained proficiency and disintegration sequence.