bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Novel Astrovirus (Astrovirus VA1) Associated with an Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Finkbeiner Stacy R. , Li Yan , Ruone Susan , Conrardy Christina , Gregoricus Nicole , Toney Denise , Virgin Herbert W. , Anderson Larry J. , Vinjé Jan , Wang David , Tong Suxiang 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
The etiology of a large proportion of gastrointestinal illness is unknown. In this study, random Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing approaches were used to analyze fecal specimens from a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in a child care center. Multiple sequences with limited identity to known astroviruses were identified. Assembly of the sequences and subsequent reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends generated a complete genome of 6,586 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus, named astrovirus VA1 (AstV-VA1), is highly divergent from all previously described astroviruses. Based on RT-PCR, specimens from multiple patients in this outbreak were unequivocally positive for Ast-VA1.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Induces a Reactive Oxygen Species-MSK1-Phospho-Ser-276 RelA Pathway Required for Cytokine Expression
Authors: Jamaluddin Mohammad , Tian Bing , Boldogh Istvan , Garofalo Roberto P. , Brasier Allan R. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a human pathogen that induces airway inflammation, at least in part, by modulating gene expression programs in airway epithelial cells. The presence of RSV replication is detected by the intracellular retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) RNA helicase that forms a productive signaling complex with the mitochondrion-anchored MAVS protein, resulting in nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Although nuclear translocation is a prerequisite for activation of the innate inflammatory response, recent studies show that separate pathways governing RelA activation are also required for target gene expression. In this study, we examine the mechanism of RelA phosphorylation and its requirement for RSV-induced gene expression. RSV infection produced a time-dependent RelA phosphorylation on serine (Ser) residues Ser-276 and Ser-536 in parallel with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. Inhibition of RSV-induced ROS inhibited formation of phospho-Ser-276 RelA without affecting phospho-Ser-536 RelA formation. RSV potently induced activation of cytoplasmic mitogen- and stress-related kinase 1 (MSK1) in an ROS-dependent manner. Inhibition of MSK1 using H89 and small interfering RNA knockdown both reduced RSV-induced phospho-Ser-276 RelA formation and expression of a subset of NF-κB-dependent genes. Direct examination of the role of phospho-Ser-276 in target gene expression by expression of a RelA Ser-276-to-Ala site mutation in RelA
−/−
mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that the mutation was unable to mediate RSV-induced NF-κB-dependent gene expression. We conclude that RSV induces RelA activation in the innate inflammatory response via a pathway separate from that controlling RelA cytoplasmic release, mediated by ROS signaling to cytoplasmic MSK1 activation and RelA Ser-276 phosphorylation.
Baculovirus DNA Replication-Specific Expression Factors Trigger Apoptosis and Shutoff of Host Protein Synthesis during Infection
Authors: Schultz Kimberly L. W. , Friesen Paul D. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Apoptosis is an important antivirus defense. To define the poorly understood pathways by which invertebrates respond to viruses by inducing apoptosis, we have identified replication events that trigger apoptosis in baculovirus-infected cells. We used RNA silencing to ablate factors required for multiplication of
Autographa californica
multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ac
M
NPV). Transfection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to the Ac
M
NPV late expression factors (
lef
s) that are designated as replicative
lef
s (
lef-1
,
lef-2
,
lef-3
,
lef-11
,
p143
,
dnapol
, and
ie-1
/
ie-0
) blocked virus DNA synthesis and late gene expression in permissive
Spodoptera frugiperda
cells. dsRNAs specific to designated nonreplicative
lef
s (
lef-8
,
lef-9
,
p47
, and
pp31
) blocked late gene expression without affecting virus DNA replication. Thus, both classes of
lef
s functioned during infection as defined. Silencing the replicative
lef
s prevented Ac
M
NPV-induced apoptosis of
Spodoptera
cells, whereas silencing the nonreplicative
lef
s did not. Thus, the activity of replicative
lef
s or virus DNA replication is sufficient to trigger apoptosis. Confirming this conclusion, Ac
M
NPV-induced apoptosis was suppressed by silencing the replicative
lef
s in cells from a divergent species,
Drosophila melanogaster
. Silencing replicative but not nonreplicative
lef
s also abrogated Ac
M
NPV-induced shutdown of host protein synthesis, suggesting that virus DNA replication triggers inhibition of host biosynthetic processes and that apoptosis and translational arrest are linked. Our findings suggest that baculovirus DNA replication triggers a host cell response similar to the DNA damage response in vertebrates, which causes translational arrest and apoptosis. Pathways for detecting virus invasion and triggering apoptosis may therefore be conserved between insects and mammals.
Partial Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication by Type I Interferons: Impact of Cell-to-Cell Viral Transfer
Authors: Vendrame Daniela , Sourisseau Marion , Perrin Virginie , Schwartz Olivier , Mammano Fabrizio 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTType I interferons (IFN) inhibit several steps of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) replication cycle. Some HIV proteins, like Vif and Vpu, directly counteract IFN-induced restriction factors. Other mechanisms are expected to modulate the extent of IFN inhibition. Here, we studied the impact of IFN on various aspects of HIV replication in primary T lymphocytes. We confirm the potent effect of IFN on Gag p24 production in supernatants. Interestingly, IFN had a more limited effect on HIV spread, measured as the appearance of Gag-expressing cells. Primary isolates displayed similar differences in the inhibition of p24 release and virus spread. Virus emergence was the consequence of suboptimal inhibition of HIV replication and was not due to the selection of resistant variants. Cell-to-cell HIV transfer, a potent means of virus replication, was less sensitive to IFN than infection by cell-free virions. These results suggest that IFN are less active in cell cultures than initially thought. They help explain the incomplete protection by naturally secreted IFN during HIV infection and the unsatisfactory outcome of IFN treatment in HIV-infected patients.
Lentiviral Vector-Based Prime/Boost Vaccination against AIDS: Pilot Study Shows Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 Challenge in Macaques
Authors: Beignon Anne-Sophie , Mollier Karine , Liard Christelle , Coutant Frédéric , Munier Sandie , Rivière Julie , Souque Philippe , Charneau Pierre 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAIDS vaccination has a pressing need for more potent vaccination vectors capable of eliciting strong, diversified, and long-lasting cellular immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lentiviral vectors have demonstrated efficiency not only as gene delivery vehicles for gene therapy applications but also as vaccination tools. This is likely due to their ability to transduce nondividing cells, including dendritic cells, enabling sustained endogenous antigen presentation and thus the induction of high proportions of specific cytotoxic T cells and long-lasting memory T cells. We show in a first proof-of-concept pilot study that a prime/boost vaccination strategy using lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a glycoprotein G from two non-cross-reactive vesicular stomatitis virus serotypes elicited robust and broad cellular immune responses against the vector-encoded antigen, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) GAG, in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccination conferred strong protection against a massive intrarectal challenge with SIVmac251, as evidenced both by the reduction of viremia at the peak of acute infection (a mean of over 2 log10fold reduction) and by the full preservation of the CD28+CD95+memory CD4+T cells during the acute phase, a strong correlate of protection against pathogenesis. Although vaccinees continued to display lower viremia than control macaques during the early chronic phase, these differences were not statistically significant by day 50 postchallenge. A not-optimized SIV GAG antigen was chosen to show the strong potential of the lentiviral vector system for vaccination. Given that a stronger protection can be anticipated from a modern HIV-1 antigen design, gene transfer vectors derived from HIV-1 appear as promising candidates for vaccination against HIV-1 infection.
Low pH-Triggered Beta-Propeller Switch of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Assists Rhinovirus Infection
Authors: Konecsni Tuende , Berka Ursula , Pickl-Herk Angela , Bilek Gerhard , Khan Abdul Ghafoor , Gajdzig Leszek , Fuchs Renate , Blaas Dieter 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Minor group human rhinoviruses (HRVs) bind three members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family: LDLR proper, very-LDLR (VLDLR) and LDLR-related protein (LRP). Whereas ICAM-1, the receptor of major group HRVs actively contributes to viral uncoating, LDLRs are rather considered passive vehicles for cargo delivery to the low-pH environment of endosomes. Since the Tyr-Trp-Thr-Asp β-propeller domain of LDLR has been shown to be involved in the dissociation of bound LDL via intramolecular competition at low pH, we studied whether it also plays a role in HRV infection. Human cell lines deficient in LDLR family proteins are not available. Therefore, we used CHO
-ldla7
cells that lack endogenous LDLR. These were stably transfected to express either wild-type (wt) human LDLR or a mutant with a deletion of the β-propeller. When HRV2 was attached to the propeller-negative LDLR, a lower pH was required for conversion to subviral particles than when attached to wt LDLR. This indicates that high-avidity receptor binding maintains the virus in its native conformation. HRV2 internalization directed the mutant LDLR but not wt LDLR to lysosomes, resulting in reduced plasma membrane expression of propeller-negative LDLR. Infection assays using a CHO-adapted HRV2 variant showed a delay in intracellular viral conversion and de novo viral synthesis in cells expressing the truncated LDLR. Our data indicate that the β-propeller attenuates the virus-stabilizing effect of LDLR binding and thereby facilitates RNA release from endosomes, resulting in the enhancement of infection. This is a nice example of a virus exploiting high-avidity multimodule receptor binding with an intrinsic release mechanism.
Novel Avian Bornavirus in a Nonpsittacine Species (Canary;
Serinus canaria
) with Enteric Ganglioneuritis and Encephalitis
Authors: Weissenböck Herbert , Sekulin Karin , Bakonyi Tamás , Högler Sandra , Nowotny Norbert 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

A canary bird (
Serinus canaria
) died with nonsuppurative ganglioneuritis of the proventriculus and gizzard and encephalitis, lesions comparable to proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) of psittacine birds. Recently, several genotypes of a novel avian bornavirus have been linked to PDD. In the canary, bornaviral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in both neural and extraneural tissues. The widespread viral dissemination was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a unique genotype of avian bornavirus. This observation suggests that bornaviruses are natural pathogens of several avian species and that the family
Bornaviridae
comprises more viral genotypes (or viral species) than previously assumed.
Relationship of ventricular and atrial dilatation to valvular function in endurance athletes
Authors: Prakken N H , Velthuis B K , Bosker A C , Mosterd A , Teske A J , Mali W P , Cramer M J 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveTo establish cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reference values for atrial adaptation to training in endurance athletes in comparison with matched non-athletes. In addition, to study the relationship of atrial size to ventricular and annular size and valvular function.DesignCross-sectional study.Participants180 healthy individuals aged 18–39 years (41% women): 60 elite endurance athletes (exercising > 18 h/week), 60 regular endurance athletes (9–18 h/ week), and 60 age and gender matched non-athletes (exercising ≤3 h/week) underwent cardiac MRI. Quantitative atrial dimensions and volumes, indexed for body surface area (BSA), were compared with ventricular and annular dimensions. Regurgitant fractions of all four valves and peak velocities of mitral and tricuspid valves were also assessed.ResultsBSA-corrected right and left atrial volumes and diameters were significantly larger for athletes compared with non-athletes (p<0.05–p<0.0005). Ventricular, annular and atrial ratios remained constant for all groups, suggesting balanced adaptation to exercise training. E/A ratios remained statistically unchanged in all groups. Regurgitant fractions of the four cardiac valves were all mild (≤15%) and not significantly different in athletes compared with non-athletes.ConclusionsAtrial remodelling in endurance athletes may be regarded as a balanced physiological adaptation to exercise training with preservation of valvular function.
Prospective assessment of pain and functional status after vertebroplasty for treatment of vertebral compression fractures
Authors: Evans A J , Kip K E , Boutin S M 
Published: August 2009

Background and purposeThere has been no prospective evaluation of vertebroplasty using a validated instrument. We describe the pain and functional status of 72 patients before and after vertebroplasty, as prospectively evaluated by the Vertebral Compression Fracture Pain and Functional Disability Questionnaire.MethodsOf 161 consecutive patients, 72 consented to participate in the study and self-completed the questionnaire prior to undergoing vertebroplasty. Differences in pain and distress before and after vertebroplasty, and between the first and second follow-up intervals, were evaluated. Mean scores for each of 24 activities of daily living (ADLs) were plotted at the baseline and first and second follow-up intervals.ResultsThe mean (SD) patient age was 74 (10) years; 80% were female. On the 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as it could be) visual analog pain scale, patients reported significantly more pain, on average, before undergoing percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) than at the first follow-up interval (mean 5.8 vs 3.5, p<0.001). The reduction in reported pain following vertebroplasty persisted at the second follow-up on both the visual analog and adjectival pain scales. Among the 24 ADLs, between 25% and 69% of patients reported a mean improvement of at least 1 level on the 5-point ADL scale, and between 14% and 55% reported a mean improvement of at least two levels. The majority of the improvement in reported functional status following vertebroplasty was sustained at the second follow-up interval.ConclusionPV resulted in substantial, lasting reduction in pain and improvement in ability to perform ADLs.
Predicting acute ischemic stroke by measuring the degree of ocular gaze deviation (Prévost's sign) on CT: Figure 1
Authors: Lesley W S , Rangaswamy R , Smith K H , Watkins D M 
Published: August 2009

Background and aimOcular gaze deviation (OGD) is a well known clinical observation (Prevost's sign) in patients with acute cerebral ischemic stroke. Although OGD has been observed on CT in acute stroke, no investigation has quantified the degree of OGD in acute stroke.Material and methodsA blinded prospective comparison was performed of two groups of adult patients who underwent CT of the brain. Group 1 comprised patients with acute hemiplegia or hemiparesis due to middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. Group 2 included ambulatory outpatients with a history of headache but no clinical neurologic signs or cerebral pathology on CT. The CT images were cropped to only show the orbital contents. A neuroradiologist, who was blinded to the clinical data, then measured the OGD for both groups. The OGD was quantified using the axial planes of the lenses relative to the nasal midline structures, and the bilateral OGD average was calculated. Both groups were also evaluated for conjugate or disconjugate gaze. Results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.Results10 of 70 patients in group 1 and 15 of 46 patients in group 2 were eligible for analysis. The frequency of conjugate and disconjugate gaze was similar in the two groups (p = 0.596). An averaged OGD of >14° and an OGD >18° in either globe was predictive of the presence of acute stroke (p = 0.0166).ConclusionMeasurement of OGD is useful in predicting the presence of acute ischemic stroke.
Results of cutting balloon angioplasty for carotid artery in-stent restenosis in six patients: description of the technique, long-term outcomes, and review of the literature
Authors: Heck D 
Published: August 2009

Background/purposeThe optimal management of carotid artery in-stent restenosis is not well described. Reported here is experience with cutting balloon angioplasty in six patients with long-term follow-up.MethodsA single-operator, prospective, elective, carotid artery stent registry (n = 296) was reviewed for patients who underwent retreatment for early (within 6 months) in-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Six patients were identified. All were treated with cutting balloons. Procedural outcome and long-term follow-up was collected from the registry and hospital records.ResultsCutting balloon angioplasty was technically successful and uncomplicated in all six treated patients. The procedure was durable in 5/6 (range of follow-up 3–36 months, median = 24 months).ConclusionsCutting balloon angioplasty is an effective initial treatment for severe carotid in-stent restenosis.
Shift work is a risk factor for increased total cholesterol level: a 14-year prospective cohort study in 6886 male workers
Authors: Dochi M , Suwazono Y , Sakata K , Okubo Y , Oishi M , Tanaka K , Kobayashi E , Nogawa K 
Published: August 2009

Objectives:The widespread adoption of 24 h continuous operations in a number of industries has resulted in an increase in shift work, which may influence lipid metabolism because of disturbed circadian rhythms, broken sleep and lifestyle problems. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of shift work on serum total cholesterol as an index of lipid metabolism.Methods:A 14-year prospective cohort study was conducted in day workers (n = 4079) and alternating shift workers (n = 2807) who received annual health check-ups between 1991 and 2005 in a Japanese steel company. The end-points were either a 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% increase in serum total cholesterol during the period of observation, compared with serum total cholesterol at entry to the study. The association between the job schedule type and increase in serum total cholesterol was investigated using multivariate pooled logistic regression analyses. The odds ratios for the effect of shift work were obtained after adjustment for a number of potential confounders.Results:The significant odds ratios of alternating shift work (and 95% confidence intervals) were: ⩾20%, 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26); ⩾25%, 1.16 (1.05 to 1.28); ⩾35%, 1.23 (1.05 to 1.43); ⩾40%, 1.30 (1.07 to 1.58); and ⩾45%, 1.28 (1.01 to 1.63) for serum total cholesterol.Conclusion:Generally the odds ratios of alternating shift work tended to be higher for stricter cut-points of relative increase in serum total cholesterol level. Our study in male Japanese workers revealed that alternating shift work adversely affected lipid metabolism.
Associations of long- and short-term air pollution exposure with markers of inflammation and coagulation in a population sample
Authors: Panasevich S , Leander K , Rosenlund M , Ljungman P , Bellander T , de Faire U , Pershagen G , Nyberg F 
Published: August 2009

Background:Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants can lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. Potential mechanisms include systemic inflammation and perturbation of the coagulation balance.Objectives:To investigate long- and short-term effects of air pollution exposure on serum levels of inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α and CRP) and coagulation (fibrinogen and PAI-1) markers relevant for cardiovascular pathology.Methods:The study group consisted of a population sample of 1028 men and 508 women aged 45–70 years from Stockholm. Long-term air pollution exposure was assessed using spatial modelling of traffic-related NO2and heating-related SO2emissions at each subject’s residential addresses over retrospective periods of 1, 5 and 30 years. Short-term exposure was assessed as averages of rooftop measurements over 12–120 h before blood sampling.Results:Long-term exposures to both traffic-NO2and heating-SO2emissions showed consistent associations with IL-6 levels. 30-year average traffic-NO2exposure was associated with a 64.5% (95% CI 6.7% to 153.8%) increase in serum IL-6 per 28.8 μg/m3(corresponding to the difference between the 5th and 95th percentile exposure value), and 30-year exposure to heating-SO2with a 67.6% (95% CI 7.1% to 162.2%) increase per 39.4 μg/m3(5th–95th percentile value difference). The association appeared stronger in non-smokers, physically active people and hypertensive subjects. We observed positive non-significant associations of inflammatory markers with NO2and PM10during 24 h before blood sampling. Short-term exposure to O3was associated with increased, and SO2with decreased, fibrinogen levels.Conclusions:Our results suggest that exposure to moderate levels of air pollution may influence serum levels of inflammatory markers.
Femoral Tunnel Placement During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Abebe Ermias S. , Moorman C. T. , Dziedzic T. Scott , Spritzer Charles E. , Cothran R. Lee , Taylor Dean C. , Garrett William E. , DeFrate Louis E. 
Published: August 2009

Background Recent studies have questioned the ability of the transtibial technique to place the anterior cruciate ligament graft within the footprint of the anterior cruciate ligament on the femur. There are limited data directly comparing the abilities of transtibial and tibial tunnel—independent techniques to place the graft anatomically at the femoral attachment site of the anterior cruciate ligament in patients. Hypothesis Because placement with the tibial tunnel–independent technique is unconstrained by the tibial tunnel, it would allow for more anatomic tunnel placement compared with the transtibial technique. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods High-resolution, multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging and advanced 3-dimensional modeling techniques were used to measure in vivo femoral tunnel placement in 8 patients with the transtibial technique and 8 patients with a tibial tunnel–independent technique. Femoral tunnel placement in 3 dimensions was measured relative to the center of the native anterior cruciate ligament attachment on the intact contralateral knee. Results The tibial tunnel–independent technique placed the graft closer to the center of the native anterior cruciate ligament attachment compared with the transtibial technique. The transtibial technique placed the tunnel center an average of 9 mm from the center of the anterior cruciate ligament attachment, compared with 3 mm for the tibial tunnel–independent technique. The transtibial technique resulted in a more anterior and superior placement of the tunnel compared with the tibial tunnel– independent technique. Conclusion The tibial tunnel–independent technique allowed for more anatomic femoral tunnel placement compared with the transtibial technique.