bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical psychology
Authors: Batchelder William H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMathematical psychology is a sub‐field of psychology that started in the 1950s and has continued to grow as an important contributor to formal psychological theory, especially in the cognitive areas of psychology such as learning, memory, classification, choice response time, decision making, attention, and problem solving. In addition, there are several scientific sub‐areas that were originated by mathematical psychologists such as the foundations of measurement, stochastic memory models, and psychologically motivated reformulations of expected utility theory. Mathematical psychology does not include all uses of mathematics and statistics in psychology, and indeed there is a long history of such uses especially in the areas of perception and psychometrics. What is most unique about mathematical psychology is its approach to theory construction. While accepting the behaviorist dictum that the data in psychology must be observable and replicable, mathematical models are specified in terms of unobservable formal constructs that can predict detailed aspects of data across multiple experimental and natural settings. By now almost all the substantive areas of cognitive and experimental psychology have formal mathematical models and theories, and many of these are due to researchers that identify with mathematical psychology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Theory and Methods
An atomic force microscopy analysis of yeast mutants defective in cell wall architecture
Authors: Dague Etienne , Bitar Rajaa , Ranchon Hubert , Durand Fabien , Yken Hélène Martin , François Jean M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYeast cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall, the composition and structure of which have been characterized by biochemical and genetic methods. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the cell surface topography and to determine cell wall nanomechanical properties of yeast mutants defective in cell wall architecture. While all mutants investigated showed some alteration in cell surface topography, this alteration was particularly salient in mutants defective in β‐glucan elongation (gas1), chitin synthesis (chs3) and cross‐linkages between chitin and β‐glucan (crh1crh2). In addition, these alterations in surface topology were accompanied by increased roughness of the cell. From force–indentation curves, the Young's modulus was determined, as it gives a measure of the elasticity of the cell wall. A value of ∼1.6 MPa was obtained for the cell walls of the wild‐type strain in exponential and stationary phases of growth. The same value was measured in a mnn9 mutant defective in protein mannosylation, and was two‐fold reduced in a mutant with reduced β‐glucan (fks1Δ and knr4Δ), only in the stationary phase of growth. In contrast, the elasticity was dramatically reduced in mutants defective in chitin synthesis (chs3Δ), β‐glucan elongation (gas1Δ) and, even more remarkably, in a crh1Δcrh2Δ mutant defective in the enzymes that catalyse cross‐linkages of chitin to β‐glucan. Taken together, these results provide direct physical evidence that the nanomechanical properties of the yeast cell wall are mainly dependent on cross‐links and cell wall remodelling, rather than on cell wall composition or thickness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect in dolichol‐dependent glycosylation increases sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards anti‐fungal drugs
Authors: Juchimiuk Mateusz , Pasikowska Monika , Zatorska Ewa , Laudy Agnieszka E. , Smoleńska‐Sym Gabriela , Palamarczyk Grazyna 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo temperature‐sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, sec59‐1 and dpm1‐6, impaired, respectively, in dolichol kinase (Sec59p) and dolichyl phosphate mannose (DolPMan) synthase (Dpm1p), have an aberrant cell wall structure and composition. We tested their sensitivity to four classes of antifungal drugs used in clinical practice: 5‐fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, caspofungin and itraconasole. The strains were resistant to itraconazole and sensitive to the other drugs used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caspofungin and amphotericin B was two‐fold lower for sec59‐1 and dpm1‐6 than for the respective wild‐type strains. The sensitivity of both mutants could be brought back to the wild‐type level by a multicopy suppressor of the thermosensitive phenotype, the RER2 gene, encoding cis‐prenyltransferase involved in dolichol biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis revealed slight changes of the cell wall composition, different in the mutants as compared to the wild‐type in response to the drugs. Our data strongly support a relationship between dolichol phosphate level, protein glycosylation and antifungal sensitivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetism of Three Metal–Dicyanamide Coordination Polymers with Isonicotinamide Co‐Ligand
Authors: Zheng Ling‐Ling , Zhuang Xiao‐Mei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree metal–dicyanamide (dca) coordination polymers combined with isonicotinamide (4‐nic) terminal co‐ligand, namely, [Mn(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n (1), [Co(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n·2nCH3OH (2) and [Mn(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n (3) were synthesized at room temperature. X‐ray single crystal diffraction reveals that complexes 1 and 2 have similar one‐dimensional metal–dca coordination chains in which the octahedral metal atoms are connected by double μ1,5‐dca bridges. Whereas compound 3 is a two‐dimensional coordination layer in which the metal atoms are linked by single μ1,5‐dca bridge. The coordination chains of 1 and 2 are further cross‐linked by N–H···N hydrogen bonding interactions between the uncoordinated nitrogen atom of dca and a hydrogen atom from the CONH2 group to create a 2D supramolecular layer. For 2, the N–H···O, O–H···O hydrogen‐bonding interactions between CH3OH molecules and CONH2 groups extend the 2D layers into a three‐dimensional network. The 2D layers of 3 are further connected by N–H···O, C–H···O hydrogen bonds between CONH2 groups, N–H···N interactions from CONH2 groups and a nitrile nitrogen atom of dca to give a 3D supramolecular architecture. Magnetic studies reveal that weak antiferromagnetic exchanges exist between the metal atoms in 2 and 3 (J = –0.27 cm–1, g = 1.99). The thermal stability of 2 is also discussed.
Survival Benefit of Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy for Cholangiocarcinoma in Comparison to Hepatectomy or Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kaneoka Yuji , Yamaguchi Akihiro , Isogai Masatoshi , Kumada Takashi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundPerihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma remain difficult to treat, and long‐term survival is poor. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with cholangiocarcinoma to examine whether hepatopancreatoduodenectomy, in comparison to standard surgeries, provides a survival benefit.MethodsSubjects were 75 patients with perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma who, between April 1997 and May 2007, underwent hepatectomy with bile duct resection (Hx, n = 29), pancreatoduodenectomy (PD, n = 32), or hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD, n = 14) at our hospital. We compared surgical outcomes and survival between groups and identified factors negatively influencing survival.ResultsMorbidity and in‐hospital mortality did not differ significantly between groups (Hx group, 34% and 10%, respectively; PD group, 44% and 3%; and HPD, 57% and 0%). The overall median survival time was 39 months, and overall 5‐year survival (including in‐hospital mortality) was 42%. Respective group values were as follows: Hx, 24 months and 31%; PD, 51 months and 49%, and HPD, 63 months and 50%. Although the number of patients was small, survival in the HPD was not influenced by the type of invasion whether widespread intramural invasion (n = 8), superficial spread (n = 4), or hepatoduodenal ligament invasion (n = 2). Multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) showed only perineural invasion (p =. 007) and decreased curability (R1/2 resection) (p =. 017) to be independent risk factors influencing survival.ConclusionsIn cases of perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma, aggressive surgery must be aimed at overcoming perineural invasion. Our findings indicate that HPD improves survival of patients undergoing surgery for widespread cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to standard surgeries.
Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of dominant tree species in two old‐growth karst forests, SW China
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Hua , Hu Gang , Zhu Jie‐Dong , Luo Dong‐Hui , Ni Jian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpatial patterns and interspecific associations of plant species in forests are important for revealing how species interact with each other and with the environment, and hence have important implications for optimal forest management and restoration in degraded forest ecosystems. In this paper, the O‐ring statistics were used to characterize the spatial patterns and interspecific associations of eight dominant tree species in two 1‐ha old‐growth karst forest plots in Maolan National Natural Reserve, southwestern China. We found that most of the eight dominant tree species in two forests were continuously regenerating populations. Six species (Platycarya longipes, Acer wangchii, Clausena dunniana, Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa, Distylium myricoides, and Rhododendron latoucheae) exhibited significant aggregations at the majority of scales while others (Celtis biondii and Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia) showed a random distribution pattern at most scales. Negative association was a dominant pattern for most species pairs in the two plots, while positive associations were found at most scales for only two species pairs (Platycarya–Clausena and Castanopsis–Rhododendron). Results also indicated that the two main factors of habitat complexity and heterogeneity—the elevation and rock‐bareness rate—play important roles in determining spatial distribution patterns and interspecific associations of tree species in karst forests of Maolan. Thus, the observed spatial patterns among the eight tree species are influenced by habitat heterogeneity in the context of karst topographical variations. The partitioning of habitat niches contributes to the promoting species coexistence in species‐rich karst forests. The differences of species features in spatial patterns and associations should be paid more attention when planning forest management and developing restoration strategies.
Canada Deserves a National Health System
Authors: Noseworthy T.W. 
Published: July 2010

A defining — some would say peculiar — feature about Canada and Canadians is the strong position that we give social programs within our national identity. FORUM presents an essay by Dr. Thomas Noseworthy based on an address to the annual meeting of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges in April 1996. In it, Dr. Noseworthy calls for a national health system. He sees the federal government retaining an important role in preserving medicare and, in fact, strengthening its powers in maintaining national consistency and standards. Dr. Noseworthy's views are contrary to the governmental decentralization and devolution of powers occurring across the country. In a “point/counterpoint” exchange on this issue, we have invited commentaries from three experts. Raisa Deber leads off by noting that while a national health system may be desirable, constitutional provisions would be an obstacle. Governments, says Deber, have an inherent conflict of interest between their responsibility for maintaining the health care system and their desire to shift costs. Michael Rachlis reminds us that medicare fulfills important economic as well as social objectives. It helps to support Canada's business competitiveness among other nations. The problem, says Rachlis, is that public financing of health care does not ensure an efficient delivery system. Michael Walker offers some reality orientation. He observes that Canada's health care system is based upon ten public insurance schemes with widely different attributes. While he supports a minimum standard of health care across the country, citizens should be able to purchase private medical insurance and have access to a parallel private health care delivery system. Ultimately, this debate is about who should control social programs: the provinces or the federal government? We'll let you, the readers, decide. — RRS
Gene expression and nitrogen loss in senescing root systems of red clover (Trifolium pratense)
Authors: WEBB K. J. , JENSEN E. F. , HEYWOOD S. , MORRIS S. M. , LINTON P. E. , HOOKER J. E. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYRoot system senescence and nitrogen (N) release from red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) plants, grown under semi-sterile conditions and a controlled environment, were studied for 28 days following temporary or prolonged abiotic stress. Plants stressed temporarily, to simulate grazing, recovered with no additional N lost in leachate. In contrast, plants subjected to prolonged stress that simulated overwintering conditions and inhibited shoot re-growth survived stress lasting 7 days, but plant viability was reduced to 50% by 14 days and 0% at 21 days. There were no significant differences in root protein, catalase activity, root death index or total N loss in leachate over 21 days, but by 28 days total N loss in leachate increased to 214% above control levels, with a 433% increase in total oxidized N. This increase in N loss between 21 and 28 days indicated the start of cellular breakdown of the root system, coinciding with the failure of plants to recover.Key enzyme activities and protein concentrations in nodules decreased rapidly over 10 days' prolonged stress. cDNA–amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis identified contaminating bacterial and fungal genes, along with plant gene sequences with consistent or altered expression profiles. Four plant sequences, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Tp-gapdh1), nodule senescence reduced (Tp-nsr1), nodule senescence enhanced (Tp-nse1) and a cysteine protease gene (Tp-cp8) were differentially expressed throughout the plant:Tp-nsr1 andTp-nse1 have potential as molecular markers for nodule senescence.Root and nodule death in agricultural legumes, such as red clover, are implicated in N release into watercourses and the wider environment. Differences in the ability of these plants to survive prolonged stress lasting 14 days, and the delayed release of root N into leachate until 28 days after the stress, highlight the potential for the development of new red clover varieties with different rates of root system senescence.
Increased pregnancy weight gain in women with latent toxoplasmosis and RhD-positivity protection against this effect
Authors: KAŇKOVÁ Š. , ŠULC J. , FLEGR J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYObjective. RhD-positive subjects are protected against toxoplasmosis-associated impairment of psychomotor performance. Here we searched for RhD-positivity-associated maternal protection against the effects of toxoplasmosis. Methods. In the present retrospective cohort study, we analysed data from 785 (139 RhD-negative) Toxoplasma-free and 194 (27 RhD-negative) Toxoplasma-infected pregnant women. We searched for effects of toxoplasmosis and Rhd-phenotype on maternal weight before pregnancy, pregnancy weight gain, fetal ultrasound data (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length) and on birth length and weight. Results. At pregnancy week 16, the RhD-negative mothers with toxoplasmosis gained more weight than others (P<0·001). The difference of about 1600 g remained approximately constant from pregnancy week 16 until the end of pregnancy. Neither toxoplasmosis nor RhD phenotype had any effect on fetal bioparameter data or birth length and weight. Conclusion. The most parsimonious explanation for the observed data is that the RhD-positive phenotype might protect infected subjects against a broad spectrum of detrimental effects of latent toxoplasmosis, including excessive gestational weight gain.
Motion and landscape: Otl Aicher, Günther Grzimek and the graphic and garden designs of the 1972 Munich Olympics
Authors: SCHILLER KAY , YOUNG CHRISTOPHER 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT:This article focuses on Otl Aicher's design and Günther Grzimek's garden architecture for the 1972 Munich Olympics. We argue that the functionalist aesthetics of the Munich Olympic site should be interpreted as a translation into graphic and landscape design of 1960s progressivism in West German society and democracy. In the process Aicher and Grzimek somewhat paradoxically drew on the tradition of the Olympic Gesamtkunstwerk inaugurated in Berlin in 1936.
Prevalence of obesity and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in Morocco
Authors: El Rhazi K , Nejjari C , Zidouh A , Bakkali R , Berraho M , Barberger Gateau P 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn Morocco, the association between obesity/overweight and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors is poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate this association in a representative sample of the Moroccan population aged 18 years and above.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire including demographic, socio-economic and physical activity items. Height and weight were measured and BMI was computed. The association between obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) or overweight (25·0 ≤ BMI < 29·9 kg/m2) and the other variables was analysed using multiple binomial logistic regression, separately in men and women.SettingThe whole Moroccan territory.SubjectsA total of 2891 subjects took part in the survey (1430 men and 1461 women).ResultsThe prevalence of obesity was 20·9 % in women and 6·0 % in men (P < 0·0001). The prevalence of overweight was 32·9 % in women v. 26·8 % in men (P < 0·0001). In women, the risk of obesity and overweight increased with age, with the highest risk being in individuals aged 45–54 years (OR = 3·02, 95 % CI 2·06, 4·44) compared to individuals <35 years old. Married women were more prone to obesity and overweight (OR = 2·42, 95 % CI 1·50, 3·91) than single women. In men, the risk of obesity and overweight increased with average family income (OR = 2·62, 95 % CI 1·40, 4·87 for family income ≥5000 MAD/month compared to <2000 MAD/month) and in married persons (OR = 3·75, 95 % CI 1·78, 7·81) compared to single individuals.ConclusionsThese results contribute to target groups in whom prevention programmes could be implemented.
Free healthy breakfasts in primary schools: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a policy intervention in Wales, UK
Authors: Murphy Simon , Moore GF , Tapper K , Lynch R , Clarke R , Raisanen L , Desousa C , Moore L 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe present study evaluated the impact of a national school programme of universal free healthy breakfast provision in Wales, UK.DesignA cluster randomised controlled trial with repeated cross-sectional design and a 12-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were breakfast skipping, breakfast diet and episodic memory. Secondary outcomes were frequency of eating breakfast at home and at school, breakfast attitudes, rest-of-day diet and class behaviour.SettingPrimary schools in nine local education authority areas.SubjectsA total of 4350 students (aged 9–11 years) at baseline and 4472 at follow-up in 111 schools.ResultsStudents in intervention schools reported significantly higher numbers of healthy food items consumed at breakfast and more positive attitudes towards breakfast eating at 12 months. Parents in intervention schools reported significantly higher rates of consumption of breakfast at school and correspondingly lower rates of breakfast consumption at home. No other significant differences were found.ConclusionsThe intervention did not reduce breakfast skipping; rather, pupils substituted breakfast at home for breakfast at school. However, there were improvements in children’s nutritional intake at breakfast time, if not the rest of the day, and more positive attitudes to breakfast, which may have implications for life-course dietary behaviours. There was no impact on episodic memory or classroom behaviour, which may require targeting breakfast skippers.
Is Canada odd? A comparison of European and Canadian approaches to choice and regulation of the public/private divide in health care
Authors: Flood Colleen M. , Haugan Amanda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChoice is often touted as a means for change within health care systems. Yet ‘choice’, in this context, takes at least three distinct forms: choice between providers within a publicly funded health care system; choice between competing insurers within a universal plan; and, lastly, choice as between privately financed health care and universal public coverage. In Canada, it is this last form of choice that is under active debate; particularly in light of the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision inChaoulli, which found a regulation banning private health insurance for medically necessary care was unconstitutional. The argument is frequently made that Canada is an outlier from other countries in having regulation that effectively precludes this kind of choice. This issue is likely to become of concern again in upcoming constitutional challenges where applicants are looking to overturn through judicial challenges Canada’s medicare system. This article tests that argument of whether Canada truly is ‘odd’ from a comparative policy perspective by exploring regulation of choice of privately financed health care in several European countries – the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, England and France. We highlight commonalities as well as differences, showing the extent to which these countries employ regulation to fetter growth of a large privately financed sector. The article’s thesis is that Canada, in employing more intrusive forms of regulation, is not an outlierper sebut at one point in a regulatory spectrum.
Noachian and more recent phyllosilicates in impact craters on Mars
Authors: Fairén Alberto G. , Chevrier Vincent , Abramov Oleg , Marzo Giuseppe A. , Gavin Patricia , Davila Alfonso F. , Tornabene Livio L. , Bishop Janice L. , Roush Ted L. , Gross Christoph , Kneissl Thomas , Uceda Esther R. , Dohm James M. , Schulze-Makuch Dirk , Rodríguez J. Alexis P. , Amils Ricardo , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: July 2010

Hundreds of impact craters on Mars contain diverse phyllosilicates, interpreted as excavation products of preexisting subsurface deposits following impact and crater formation. This has been used to argue that the conditions conducive to phyllosilicate synthesis, which require the presence of abundant and long-lasting liquid water, were only met early in the history of the planet, during the Noachian period (> 3.6 Gy ago), and that aqueous environments were widespread then. Here we test this hypothesis by examining the excavation process of hydrated minerals by impact events on Mars and analyzing the stability of phyllosilicates against the impact-induced thermal shock. To do so, we first compare the infrared spectra of thermally altered phyllosilicates with those of hydrated minerals known to occur in craters on Mars and then analyze the postshock temperatures reached during impact crater excavation. Our results show that phyllosilicates can resist the postshock temperatures almost everywhere in the crater, except under particular conditions in a central area in and near the point of impact. We conclude that most phyllosilicates detected inside impact craters on Mars are consistent with excavated preexisting sediments, supporting the hypothesis of a primeval and long-lasting global aqueous environment. When our analyses are applied to specific impact craters on Mars, we are able to identify both pre- and postimpact phyllosilicates, therefore extending the time of local phyllosilicate synthesis to post-Noachian times.