bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA Interference Screen in Primary Human T Cells Reveals FLT3 as a Modulator of IL-10 Levels
Authors: Astier Anne L. , Beriou Gaëlle , Eisenhaure Thomas M. , Anderton Stephen M. , Hafler David A. , Hacohen Nir 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Functional studies of human primary immune cells have been hampered by the lack of tools to silence gene functions. In this study, we report the application of a lentiviral RNA interference library in primary human T cells. Using a subgenomic short hair RNA library targeting ∼1000 signaling genes, we identified novel genes that control the levels of IL-10 produced. IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted by several cell types, including T regulatory type 1 cells, a subset of T regulatory cells that exert their suppressive activity through IL-10 secretion. FLT3, a known hematopoeitic growth factor, was found to be a negative regulator of IL-10 levels in activated T cells. This was based on several observations. First, FLT3 and its ligand (FL) were both induced by T cell activation. Second, silencing of FLT3 led to increased IL-10 levels, whereas addition of FL suppressed IL-10 secretion and increased FLT3 surface levels. Third, engagement of CD46, a known inducer of T regulatory type 1 cells, upregulated surface FLT3, and secreted FL, which then inhibited IL-10 production by T cells. Hence, FL and FLT3 form a novel regulatory feedback loop that limits IL-10 production in T cells. Our results identified FLT3 as a new regulator of T cell function and offer a strategy to genetically dissect specific pathways in T cells.
PDCA Expression by B Lymphocytes Reveals Important Functional Attributes
Authors: Vinay Dass S. , Kim Chang H. , Chang Kyung H. , Kwon Byoung S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
We have demonstrated in this study the existence of a PDCA-expressing functional B cell population (PDCA+ B lymphocytes), which differentiates from activated conventional B (PDCA−IgM+) lymphocytes. Stimulation with anti-μ, LPS, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, HSV-1, or CTLA-4 Ig activates the PDCA+ B lymphocytes, leading to cell division and induction of type I IFNs and IDO. Notably, the PDCA+ B lymphocytes are capable of Ag-specific Ab production and Ig class switching, which is corroborated by transfer experiments in B- and PDCA+ B lymphocyte-deficient μMT mice. Importantly, in lupus-prone MRL-Faslpr mice, PDCA+ B lymphocytes remain the principal source of autoantibodies. The PDCA+ B lymphocytes have phenotypes with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but are a distinct cell population in that they develop from C-kit+B220+ pro-B precursors. Thus, our data suggest that not all PDCA+ cells are dendritic cell-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells and that a significant majority is the PDCA+ B lymphocyte population having distinct phenotype and function.
Hypochlorous Acid: A Natural Adjuvant That Facilitates Antigen Processing, Cross-Priming, and the Induction of Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Prokopowicz Zofia M. , Arce Frederick , Biedron Rafal , Chiang Cheryl L.-L. , Ciszek Marta , Katz David R. , Nowakowska Maria , Zapotoczny Szczepan , Marcinkiewicz Janusz , Chain Benjamin M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a characteristic of granulocyte activation, a hallmark of the early phase of innate immune responses. In this study, we show that, in addition to its well-established role as a microbicide, HOCl can act as a natural adjuvant of adaptive immunity. HOCl enhances the T cell responses to the model Ag OVA, facilitating the processing and presentation of this protein via the class II MHC pathway. HOCl modification also enhances cross-presentation of the tumor Ag tyrosinase-related protein 2 via class I MHC. The adjuvant effects of HOCl are independent of TLR signaling. The enhanced presentation of HOCl-modified OVA is mediated via modification of the N-linked carbohydrate side chain rather than formation of protein aldehydes or chloramines. HOCl-modified OVA is taken up more efficiently by APCs and is degraded more efficiently by proteinases. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that enhanced uptake is mediated via specific receptor binding, one candidate for which is the scavenger receptor lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor, which shows enhanced binding to chlorinated OVA. A function of HOCl is therefore to target glycoprotein Ags to scavenger receptors on the APC surface. This additional mechanism linking innate and adaptive immunity suggests novel strategies to enhance immunity to vaccines.
Cutting Edge: Lymphatic Vessels, Not Blood Vessels, Primarily Mediate Immune Rejections After Transplantation
Authors: Dietrich Tina , Bock Felix , Yuen Don , Hos Deniz , Bachmann Björn O. , Zahn Grit , Wiegand Stanley , Chen Lu , Cursiefen Claus 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of blood vessels (hemangiogenesis) versus lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) in mediating immunological responses after transplantation. Using the murine model of corneal transplantation, graft survival was compared in differentially prevascularized and avascular recipient beds. Donor corneas (C57BL/6) were transplanted into uninflamed or inflamed avascular, prehemvascularized only or prehemvascularized and prelymphvascularized recipient murine eyes (BALB/C). Selective inhibition of lymphangiogenesis was achieved using antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 Abs and anti-integrin α5 small molecules. Grafts placed into only prehemvascularized recipient beds had a similarly good graft survival compared with grafts placed into completely avascular, normal recipients, whereas the pre-existence of lymphatic vessels significantly deteriorated corneal graft survival (p &lt; 0.05). Lymphatic vessels seem to contribute significantly to graft rejection after (corneal) transplantation. That may allow for selective, temporary, perioperative antilymphangiogenic treatment to promote graft survival without affecting blood vessels, even after solid organ transplantation.
An Organic Nanoparticle Transistor Behaving as a Biological Spiking Synapse
Authors: Alibart Fabien , Pleutin Stéphane , Guérin David , Novembre Christophe , Lenfant Stéphane , Lmimouni Kamal , Gamrat Christian , Vuillaume Dominique 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMolecule‐based devices are envisioned to complement silicon devices by providing new functions or by implementing existing functions at a simpler process level and lower cost, by virtue of their self‐organization capabilities. Moreover, they are not bound to von Neuman architecture and this feature may open the way to other architectural paradigms. Neuromorphic electronics is one of them. Here, a device made of molecules and nanoparticles—a nanoparticle organic memory field‐effect transistor (NOMFET)—that exhibits the main behavior of a biological spiking synapse is demonstrated. Facilitating and depressing synaptic behaviors can be reproduced by the NOMFET and can be programmed. The synaptic plasticity for real‐time computing is evidenced and described by a simple model. These results open the way to rate‐coding utilization of the NOMFET in dynamical neuromorphic computing circuits.
Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors Fabricated by the Sequential Gravure Printing of Polythiophene, Two Insulator Layers, and a Metal Ink Gate
Authors: Voigt Monika M. , Guite Alexander , Chung Dae‐Young , Khan Rizwan U. A. , Campbell Alasdair J. , Bradley Donal D. C. , Meng Fanshun , Steinke Joachim H. G. , Tierney Steve , McCulloch Iain , Penxten Huguette , Lutsen Laurence , Douheret Olivier , Manca Jean , Brokmann Ulrike , Sönnichsen Karin , Hülsenberg Dagmar , Bock Wolfgang , Barron Cecile , Blanckaert Nicolas , Springer Simon , Grupp Joachim , Mosley Alan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mass production technique of gravure contact printing is used to fabricate state‐of‐the art polymer field‐effect transistors (FETs). Using plastic substrates with prepatterned indium tin oxide source and drain contacts as required for display applications, four different layers are sequentially gravure‐printed: the semiconductor poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT), two insulator layers, and an Ag gate. A crosslinkable insulator and an Ag ink are developed which are both printable and highly robust. Printing in ambient and using this bottom‐contact/top‐gate geometry, an on/off ratio of >104 and a mobility of 0.04 cm2 V−1 s−1 are achieved. This rivals the best top‐gate polymer FETs fabricated with these materials. Printing using low concentration, low viscosity ink formulations, and different P3HT molecular weights is demonstrated. The printing speed of 40 m min−1 on a flexible polymer substrate demonstrates that very high‐volume, reel‐to‐reel production of organic electronic devices is possible.
Substitution‐ and Elimination‐Free Phosphorylation of Functionalized Alcohols Catalyzed by Oxidomolybdenum Tetrachloride
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Yuan , Pawar Vijay D. , Kao Jun‐Qi , Chen Chien‐Tien 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAmong 14 oxidometallic species examined for catalytic phosphorylation of the tested alcohols, oxidomolybdenum tetrachloride (MoOCl4) was found to be the most efficient with a negligible background reaction mediated by triethylamine (Et3N). The new catalytic protocol can be applied to the chemoselective phosphorylations of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as well as the substitution‐free phosphorylations of allylic, propargylic, and benzylic alcohols. Functionalized alcohols bearing acetonide, tetrahydropyranyl ether, tert‐butyldimethylsilyl ether, or ester group are also amenable to the new catalytic protocol. The most difficult scenarios involve substitution‐free phosphorylations of 1‐phenylethanol and 1‐(2‐naphthyl)ethanol which can be effected in 95 and 90% yields, respectively. ESI‐MS, IR, 1H, and 31P NMR spectroscopic analyses of the reaction progress suggest the intermediacy of an alkoxyoxidomolybdenum trichloride‐triethylamine adduct such as [(RO)Mo(O)Cl3‐Et3N] to be responsible for the catalytic turnover.
Effect of concentrating and exposing the bioluminescent bacteria to the non‐luminescent allo‐bacterial extracellular products on their luminescence
Authors: Ravindran J. , Priya G. Geetha , Kannapiran E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBioluminescence is a biochemical process occurring in many organisms. Bacterial bioluminescence has been investigated extensively that lead to many applications of such knowledge. Quorum sensing in the bioluminescent bacteria is a chemical signal process to recognize the strength of its own population to start luminescence in harmony. There is a mechanism in these bacteria to also recognize inter‐species strength. When there is a higher number of these bacteria, the possibility and frequency of cell–cell physical contact will be high. In this study, the physical proximity was artificially enhanced between cells and the effect on luminescence in the concentrated cells in the normal culture medium and in the presence of other non‐bacterial cell‐free supernatants was investigated. The role of such physical contact in the quorum sensing in the bioluminescence is not known. Increase in the luminescence of V. fischeri when concentrated shows that the presence of physical proximity facilitates the quorum sensing for their bioluminescence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive determination of epinephrine in pharmaceutical preparation by flow injection coupled with chemiluminescence detection and mechanism study
Authors: Liu Yanming , Liu Zhuanli , Shi Yanmei 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA novel, rapid and sensitive method was described for the determination of epinephrine (EP) using flow injection analysis coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, which based on EP enhanced the weak CL emission of luminol–KIO4 system in NaOH solution. Parameters affecting the CL intensity and reproducibility were optimized systematically. Under the optimized experiment conditions, the net CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of EP in the range of 5.0 × 10−8 to 1.5 × 10−6 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.9 × 10−9 mol/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 0.7% for 13 replicate determinations of 3.0 × 10−7 mol/L EP. The applicability of the proposed method was illustrated in the determination of EP in pharmaceutical preparation. The recoveries of EP at different levels in EP hydrochloride injection were between 95.4 and 104.7%. One assay procedure takes only 27 s, and the sampling rate was calculated about to be 130 samples/h. The possible mechanism of the enhanced CL intensity was studied by examining CL spectra and UV–vis spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of substrate stiffness on the phenotype of heart cells
Authors: Bhana Bashir , Iyer Rohin K. , Chen Wen Li Kelly , Zhao Ruogang , Sider Krista L. , Likhitpanichkul Morakot , Simmons Craig A. , Radisic Milica 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult cardiomyocytes (CM) retain little capacity to regenerate, which motivates efforts to engineer heart tissues that can emulate the functional and mechanical properties of native myocardium. Although the effects of matrix stiffness on individual CM have been explored, less attention was devoted to studies at the monolayer and the tissue level. The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of substrate mechanical stiffness on the heart cell phenotype and functional properties. Neonatal rat heart cells were seeded onto collagen‐coated polyacrylamide (PA) substrates with Young's moduli of 3, 22, 50, and 144 kPa. Collagen‐coated glass coverslips without PA represented surfaces with effectively “infinite” stiffness. The local elastic modulus of native neonatal rat heart tissue was measured to range from 4.0 to 11.4 kPa (mean value of 6.8 kPa) and for native adult rat heart tissue from 11.9 to 46.2 kPa (mean value of 25.6 kPa), motivating our choice of the above PA gel stiffness. Overall, by 120 h of cultivation, the lowest stiffness PA substrates (3 kPa) exhibited the lowest excitation threshold (ET; 3.5 ± 0.3 V/cm), increased troponin I staining (52% positively stained area) but reduced cell density, force of contraction (0.18 ± 0.1 mN/mm2), and cell elongation (aspect ratio = 1.3–1.4). Higher stiffness (144 kPa) PA substrates exhibited reduced troponin I staining (30% positively stained area), increased fibroblast density (70% positively stained area), and poor electrical excitability. Intermediate stiffness PA substrates of stiffness comparable to the native adult rat myocardium (22–50 kPa) were found to be optimal for heart cell morphology and function, with superior elongation (aspect ratio > 4.3), reasonable ET (ranging from 3.95 ± 0.8 to 4.4 ± 0.7 V/cm), high contractile force development (ranging from 0.52 ± 0.2 to 1.60 ± 0.6 mN/mm2), and well‐developed striations, all consistent with a differentiated phenotype. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 1148–1160. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of the deliberation process and jurors' prior legal knowledge on the sentence: the role of psychological expertise and crime scene photo
Authors: Finkelstein Rémi , Bastounis Marina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn experiment with simulated juries (N = 198) tested the impact of the deliberation process and two extra legal variables on the determination of sentence. Participants were either social science students without prior instruction in criminal law (prior legal knowledge: low‐level group) or future professional magistrates completing their final year of training (high‐level group). We manipulated the presence versus absence of (i) a non‐diagnostic observation of the defendant by a psychology expert and (ii) a realistic crime scene photograph. After controlling for participants' gender and age, our results show that the high‐level group was both less sensitive to the manipulated variables and more severe in their sentence than low‐level jurors. We observed a post‐deliberation increase in pre‐deliberation bias such that the non‐diagnostic psychological expertise had a stronger post‐deliberation impact on the sentence. Finally, an unexpected effect showed that aggressive responses during the psychological observation tended to operate as exculpatory rather than accusatory evidence. Our results are discussed on the basis of previous research and proposals for future research are made. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptoid–Peptide Hybrid Backbone Architectures
Authors: Olsen Christian A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPeptidomimetic oligomers and foldamers have received considerable attention for over a decade, with β‐peptides and the so‐called peptoids (N‐alkylglycine oligomers) representing prominent examples of such architectures. Lately, hybrid or mixed backbones consisting of both α‐ and β‐amino acids (α/β‐peptides) have been investigated in some detail as well. The present Minireview is a survey of the literature concerning hybrid structures of α‐amino acids and peptoids, including β‐peptoids (N‐alkyl‐β‐alanine oligomers), and is intended to give an overview of this area of research within the field of peptidomimetic science.
Product Design and Process Engineering using the Example of Flavors
Authors: Uhlemann J. , Reiß I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecently, formulation processes have become increasingly important in the product design of flavors. Traditionally, the focus of flavorists and the chemists that support them has mostly been on the chemical composition of the flavors, which are generally in liquid form, although product characteristics that can be influenced by process engineering, e.g., shelf life and controlled release, are currently been seen to be just as important. An exact knowledge of the physico‐chemical properties of the flavor and carrier materials is important if process engineering measures are to be used to influence product properties. This review article discusses recent progress in microencapsulation of flavors and presents a detailed discussion of the topic using the processes of spray drying, spray granulation, extrusion and multi‐material nozzles as examples.
Chemical Thermodynamics of Ultrasound Speed in Solutions and Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Reis João Carlos R. , Santos Ângela F. S. , Lampreia Isabel M. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA comprehensive formalism is developed to treat thermodynamically speed of ultrasound data for solutions and liquid mixtures. For solutions, the apparent speed of ultrasound of a solute is introduced and proposed to take the place of empirically defined quantities. The partial speed of ultrasound of a solute is defined and related to the partial molar volume and partial molar isentropic compression. For liquid mixtures, the concept of speed of sound before mixing pure liquids is presented and used to define the change in speed of ultrasound upon ideal mixing, which is predicted to be generally a negative quantity. A new thermodynamic equation is derived linking the values for excess speed of ultrasound, excess molar volume and excess molar isentropic compression of a mixture, and its applications are discussed. Ideal and excess apparent speeds of ultrasound, as well as ideal and excess partial speeds of ultrasound, are defined for substances making up a liquid mixture. Accurate speeds of ultrasound in 31 mixtures of water with the amphiphile 2‐(ethylamino)ethanol at 293.15 K are reported. These data are used to demonstrate the ability of the apparent speed of ultrasound to describe the impact of solutes on sonic properties of solutions and the advantages of analysing thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures in terms of the dependence on composition of Balankina’s ratios between excess and ideal values. It is concluded that the new thermodynamic functions defined for speeds of ultrasound in solutions and liquid mixtures give, at the least, equivalent information on molecular aspects to the usual functions related to the isentropic compressibility, without needing density data for this purpose.
Thioredoxin suppresses airway inflammation independently of systemic Th1/Th2 immune modulation
Authors: Torii Mie , Wang Linan , Ma Ning , Saito Kanako , Hori Tomohide , Sato‐Ueshima Maremi , Koyama Yoshikazu , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi , Katayama Naoyuki , Mizoguchi Akira , Shiku Hiroshi , Yodoi Junji , Kuribayashi Kagemasa , Kato Takuma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma via the upregulation of local inflammatory mediators and/or promoting Th2‐skewing during Ag sensitization. Thioredoxin (TRX), a 12 kDa redox‐active protein with antioxidative property, has been recently shown to play a protective role in various inflammatory diseases. Using a mouse model of asthma, we show here that IL‐13 and eotaxin production are decreased in TRX‐Tg mice leading to reduced eosinophils recruitment and mucus metaplasia. The reduction in airway inflammation occurs without the attenuation of systemic Th2 immunity in that comparable levels of Th2‐type cytokines and Ig were detected in LN and serum, respectively, from TRX‐Tg and WT mice. Likewise, CD4+ T cells from both strains of mice developed similar Th1 and Th2 responses in vitro. Asthmatic lungs of TRX‐Tg and WT mice contained similar amounts of GATA‐3+ and Foxp3+ T cells. Finally, production of MIF, an upstream modulator of airway inflammation, was significantly reduced in the lungs of TRX‐Tg mice. Our data suggest that TRX suppresses airway inflammation by inhibiting MIF production thereby limiting the downstream recruitment of eosinophils to the lung independently of modulating systemic Th1/Th2 immunity.
GITR contributes to the systemic adjuvanticity of the Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin
Authors: Tamayo Esther , Postigo Jorge , González Jovanna , Fernández‐Rey Maigualida , Iglesias Marcos , Santiuste Inés , Riccardi Carlo , Rappuoli Rino , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Merino Ramón , Merino Jesús 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) possesses a powerful mucosal and systemic adjuvant effect. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular basis of the immunostimulatory activity of LT at the mucosal level, and even less information is available on the mechanisms underlying its systemic adjuvant activity. In this study, we show that distinct mechanisms are responsible for the parenteral and mucosal adjuvanticity of LT. Indeed, the systemic administration of LT upregulates the expression of glucocorticoid‐induced TNFR‐related protein (GITR), but not other activation markers, in naive T cells. Using WT and GITR‐deficient mice and LT and its enzymatically inactive mutant LTK63 as adjuvants, we show that the induction of GITR expression in T cells accounts for the systemic immunostimulatory capacity of LT, which requires an intact enzymatic activity. In contrast, the mucosal administration of LT does not induce GITR expression on Peyer's patche T cells and accordingly no differences are observed in the mucosal adjuvanticity of LT between WT and GITR‐deficient mice. Altogether, our results demonstrate the distinct effect of LT after parenteral administration when compared with the mucosal delivery, and describe a new mechanism of LT adjuvanticity related to its ability to induce the expression of GITR in CD4+ T cells.