bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Thigh Fat Assessment: A Comparison of Skinfold Calipers and Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Selkow Noelle M. , Pietrosimone Brian G. , Saliba Susan A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Skinfold calipers (SC) typically are used to determine subcutaneous fat thicknesses. Identifying the exact separation of muscle and fat can complicate measurements. Ultrasound imaging (USI) might provide a better technique for analyzing subcutaneous fat thicknesses.

Objective:
To compare measurements from SC and USI in assessing subcutaneous thigh fat thickness.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients and Other Participants:
Twenty healthy adults (13 men, 7 women; age  =  26.9 ± 5.4 years, height  =  173.9 ± 7.3 cm, mass  =  77.4 ± 16.1 kg) participated.

Intervention(s):
Participants were seated in 90° of knee flexion and 85° of trunk extension. A standardized template was used to identify measurement sites over the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), distal rectus femoris (dRF), proximal rectus femoris (pRF), and vastus lateralis (VL). Three measurements at each of the 4 sites were made in random order and were averaged for each measurement tool by the same investigator.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Fat thickness was measured in millimeters with SC and USI. Measurements at each site were compared using Pearson product moment correlations and Bland-Altman plots.

Results:
Strong correlations between measures were found at the VMO (r  =  .90, P &lt; .001), dRF (r  =  .93, P &lt; .001), pRF (r  =  .93, P &lt; .001), and VL (r  =  .91, P &lt; .001). Mean differences between measures ranged from 1.7 ± 2.4 mm (dRF) to 3.7 ± 2.6 mm (pRF), indicating that the SC resulted in larger thicknesses compared with USI. Limits of agreement, as illustrated by the Bland-Altman plots, were fairly wide at each site: from −3.38 mm to 7.74 mm at the VMO, from −3.04 mm to 6.52 mm at the dRF, from −1.53 mm to 8.87 mm at the pRF, and from −3.73 mm to 8.15 mm at the VL. All plots except for the VL demonstrated increasing overestimation via the SC as fat thicknesses increased.

Conclusions:
We found strong correlations between the SC and USI; however, the large limits of agreement and increasing mean differences with larger fat thicknesses were a concern in terms of using this tool. When measuring subcutaneous fat thickness of the thigh, SC tended to overestimate thickness in individuals with higher fat values.
Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Bevacizumab (Avastin) for External Beam-Related Radiation Retinopathy
Authors: Finger Paul T. , Mukkamala Sri Krishna 
Published: January 2011

Purpose TO report on intravitreal bevacizumab treatment for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)-related radiation maculopathy. Methods Three patients (4 eyes) with EBRT-related maculopathy were treated with periodic (4- to 8-week) intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (1.25 mg in 0.05 cc). Outcome measures included best-corrected Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity, retinal examination, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Results Patients were diagnosed with Stage 3 radiation maculopathy occurring 12, 19, and 48 months after irradiation. One received 50 Gy of 6-MV photon EBRT for a maxillary carcinoma, the second 30.6 Gy of 6-MV photon EBRT for intraocular lymphoma, and the third 72 Gy proton beam irradiation for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. With up to 33 months follow-up, visual acuities improved (8 and 11 letters) in 2 eyes, gained 5 letters in 1 eye and 1 decreased 5 letters from 20/16 to 20/20. All cases demonstrated clinical findings of decreased intraretinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and retinal edema. There were no significant ocular or systemic side effects. Conclusions Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy was associated with reductions of EBRT-related retinopathy. No ocular or systemic side effects were noted. Anti-VEGF therapy may be considered radiation maculopathy secondary to EBRT.
Chronic exposure to violent video games is not associated with alterations of emotional memory
Authors: Bowen Holly J. , Spaniol Julia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAlthough acute effects of violent video game (VVG) exposure on affect and behaviour have been studied extensively, less is known about VVG effects on cognition. The present study examined whether chronic exposure to VVGs was associated with alterations in emotional long‐term memory. Participants completed an old‐new recognition task with 300 pictures of scenes ranging in emotion (negative, neutral and positive). We analysed accuracy and reaction time data using diffusion modelling to test a desensitization hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, VVG players would show reduced memory or a less liberal response bias for negative stimuli, compared with nonplayers. Contrary to the desensitization hypothesis, VVG exposure was not associated with differences in memory or response bias. This result suggests that, unlike other cognitive domains, long‐term memory may be robust to deleterious influences of chronic VVG exposure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro‐ and Nanomechanical Properties and Strain Rate Sensitivity of Accumulative Roll Bonded and Equal Channel Angular Pressed Ultrafine‐Grained Materials
Authors: Böhner Andreas , Maier Verena , Durst Karsten , Höppel Heinz Werner , Göken Mathias 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSeveral processes of severe plastic deformation are suitable for the production of materials with ultrafine‐grained microstructures which are known to exhibit high strength and often good ductility as well as strain rate sensitive behavior. The most promising ones are equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for bulk material and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) for the production of sheet material. In order to evaluate the influence of the process on these mechanical properties and the strain rate sensitivity, tensile tests, and nanoindentation tests were performed on material produced up to similar effective plastic strains of εARB = 6.4 and εECAP = 6.3. It could be shown that the macroscopic strength is slightly higher for ARB than for ECAP material and vice versa in nanoindentation. Independent of the testing method, the strain rate sensitivities and activation volumes are similar for both materials. Thus, both processes performed up to similar effective plastic strains lead to comparable improvements in the mechanical properties. Additionally it could be shown, that this comparison allows the identification of the dominant deformation mechanism which is responsible for the observed strain rate sensitivity.
On the multi‐orbital band structure and itinerant magnetism of iron‐based superconductors
Authors: Andersen O.K. , Boeri L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper explains the multi‐orbital band structures and itinerant magnetism of the iron‐pnictide and chalcogenide superconductors. We first describe the generic band structure of a single, isolated FeAs layer. Use of its Abelian glide‐mirror group allows us to reduce the primitive cell to one FeAs unit. For the lines and points of high symmetry in the corresponding large, square Brillouin zone, we specify how the one‐electron Hamiltonian factorizes. From density‐functional theory, and for the observed structure of LaOFeAs, we generate the set of eight Fe d and As p localized Wannier functions and their tight‐binding (TB) Hamiltonian, h (k) . For comparison, we generate the set of five Fe d Wannier orbitals. The topology of the bands, i. e. allowed and avoided crossings, specifically the origin of the d6 pseudogap, is discussed, and the role of the As p orbitals and the elongation of the FeAs4 tetrahedron emphasized. We then couple the layers, mainly via interlayer hopping between As pz orbitals, and give the formalism for simple tetragonal and body‐centered tetragonal (bct) stackings. This allows us to explain the material‐specific 3D band structures, in particular the complicated ones of bct BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 whose interlayer hoppings are large. Due to the high symmetry, several level inversions take place as functions of kz or pressure, and linear band dispersions (Dirac cones) are found at many places. The underlying symmetry elements are, however, easily broken by phonons or impurities, for instance, so that the Dirac points are not protected. Nor are they pinned to the Fermi level because the Fermi surface has several sheets. From the paramagnetic TB Hamiltonian, we form the band structures for spin spirals with wavevector q by coupling h (k) and h (k + q). The band structure for stripe order is studied in detail as a function of the exchange potential, Δ, or moment, m, using Stoner theory. Gapping of the Fermi surface (FS) for small Δ requires matching of FS dimensions (nesting) and d‐orbital characters. The interplay between pd hybridization and magnetism is discussed using simple 4 × 4 Hamiltonians. The origin of the propeller‐shaped Fermi surface is explained in detail. Finally, we express the magnetic energy as the sum over band‐structure energies and this enables us to understand to what extent the magnetic energies might be described by a Heisenberg Hamiltonian, and to address the much discussed interplay between the magnetic moment and the elongation of the FeAs4 tetrahedron.
Influence of fluorinated segments of variable length on the thickening properties of a model HASE skeleton
Authors: Oddes Olivier , Amigoni Sonia , Taffin de Givenchy Elisabeth , Reeve Paul , Duccini Yves , Guittard Frédéric 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction of fluorocarbon segments in an associative thickener copolymer (ethyl acrylate (EA)/methacrylic acid/macromonomer) was achieved by the substitution of EA with either trifluoroethyl acrylate, 2‐perfluorobutylethyl acrylate, or 2‐perfluorooctylethyl acrylate. The thickening properties were evaluated by rheological flow experiments in aqueous medium as well as in 10 wt % of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aqueous solution. Whereas in the literature no particular attention is devoted to the impact of the ethylene moieties in hydrophobically modified alkali‐soluble emulsion (HASE) skeleton, our study reveals they contribute significantly to the performances when modified by an incompatible fluorocarbon segment. Moreover, the synthesis process has a huge influence by inducing a specific distribution of the fluorinated acrylates in the macromolecule. The amount of substitution is also important and even 20 mol % of EA substituted reveals a great impact on the rheological properties of the copolymer solutions. Whereas an SDS aqueous medium generally destroys almost all the hydrocarbon interactions from the macromonomer, the total replacement of ethyl groups by trifluoroethyl groups with a cosolvent process, leads to emulsions with an equivalent thickening effect than the reference hydrocarbon HASE used. This result is quite encouraging for research work on the synthesis of HASE with increased biocompatibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Dissection videos do not improve anatomy examination scores
Authors: Mahmud Waqas , Hyder Omar , Butt Jamaal , Aftab Arsalan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this quasi‐experimental study, we describe the effect of showing dissection videos on first‐year medical students' performance in terms of test scores during a gross anatomy course. We also surveyed students' perception regarding the showing of dissection videos. Two hundred eighty‐seven first‐year medical students at Rawalpindi Medical College in Pakistan, divided into two groups, dissected one limb in first term and switched over to the other limb in the second term. During the second term, instruction was supplemented by dissection videos. Second‐term anatomy examination marks were compared with first‐term scores and with results from first‐year medical students in previous years. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed, with term scores (continuous, 0–200) as the dependent variable. Students shown dissection videos scored 1.26 marks higher than those not shown. The relationship was not statistically significant (95% CI: −1.11, 3.70; P = 0.314). Ninety‐three percent of students favored regular inclusion of dissection videos in curriculum, and 50% termed it the best source for learning gross anatomy. Seventy‐six percent of students did not perform regular cadaver dissection. The most frequent reason cited for not performing regular dissection was high student‐cadaver ratio. Dissection videos did not improve performance on final examination scores; however, students favored their use. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen im Brandfall: Absicherung der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode durch Laborversuche
Authors: Cyllok Michael , Achenbach Marcus 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie nicht‐lineare Zonenmethode kann für die Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen im Brandfall verwendet werden. Sie bildet die wesentlichen mechanischen Auswirkungen einer Brandbeanspruchung ab und wurde durch einen Ergebnisvergleich nachgewiesen. Hierzu wurden Traglasten und Verformungskurven sowohl mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode als auch mit den Allgemeinen Rechenverfahren bestimmt und beurteilt.In Ergänzung dieses Nachweises wird im vorliegenden Beitrag statistisch untersucht, ob eine Nachrechnung von Laborversuchen mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode eine ausreichende Sicherheit nach DIN 4102‐2 erreicht.Die vorliegenden Laborversuche werden hierzu mit ihren Systemparametern dargestellt. Nicht genau bekannte Randbedingungen werden durch begründete Annahmen vervollständigt. Besonderheiten der Nachrechnung der Laborversuche mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode werden beleuchtet. Die statistische Auswertung dieser Nachrechnung zeigt die relevanten Kennzahlen, mit denen im Ergebnis eine ausreichende Sicherheit nach DIN 4102‐2 nachgewiesen werden kann.Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns exposed to Fire: Validation of Simplified Method (Zone Method) by TestsThe nonlinear zone method (simplified calculation method) can be used for design of reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire. The decisive action effects of a fire exposure on the structural behaviour are considered by this method and have been proofed by a comparison of ultimate loads and deformation curves computed by using nonlinear zone method as well as using advanced method.In addition, this article statistically evaluates how safe – according to DIN 4102‐2 – published full scale tests can be modelled by using nonlinear zone method.Information to mentioned tests is shown. Reasonable assumptions are given for not published boundary conditions. The application of nonlinear zone method is explained. The statistical evaluation leads to governing key data, which proof adequate safety according to DIN 4102‐2.
Use of postmortem human subjects to describe injury responses and tolerances
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Stemper Brian D. , Pintar Frank A. , Maiman Dennis J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTraumatic injuries from blunt, penetrating, and blast events expose the human body to unintentional and intentional external mechanical loads. To mitigate trauma and develop safety‐engineered devices for clinical and bioengineering applications, it is critical to delineate the structural load‐bearing anatomy and biomechanics of the various components of the human body. This article presents advances made in the understanding of the injury responses and tolerances through experiments conducted using intact or segmented tissues from postmortem human subjects (PMHS), and a considerable majority of data for the presentation has been extracted from studies conducted at the Institutions of the authors. The role of the PMHS model for studying traumatic injuries to the head and face, vertebral column (cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines), thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities is discussed. Different impact loading scenarios, likely responsible for the initial trauma causation, are considered in the analysis and determination of the human response to injury. Clinical advances made using the PMHS model are discussed. This includes vertebral stabilization system evaluations secondary to traumatic injuries to the spinal column. The critical importance of using data from the PMHS model in developing validated computational models for advancing crashworthiness research, occupant safety in motor vehicle crashes, medical devices, and safety‐engineering applications is highlighted. Clin. Anat. 24:282–293, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of plastinated prosections for teaching anatomy—The view of medical students on the value of this learning resource
Authors: Fruhstorfer B.H. , Palmer J. , Brydges S. , Abrahams P.H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOver the past decade, the role of anatomical teaching in the undergraduate medical curriculum has changed considerably. At some medical schools, active dissection of cadaveric specimens is gradually being replaced by prosection‐based methods and other resources such as e‐learning. Warwick Medical School has recently obtained a large collection of plastinated prosections, which replace wet cadaveric specimens in undergraduate anatomy teaching. The aim of this study was to examine students' views on the use of plastinated prosections for their anatomical learning. A mixed method approach was employed using a questionnaire and focus group for data collection. The questionnaire was completed by 125 first‐year medical students (response rate 68%). The majority of students (94%) rated plastinated prosections as a valuable resource for their anatomical learning. Various features of the specimens were highlighted, such as the detailed view of relevant anatomy, appreciation of relations between structures, and visualization of anatomy in real life. However, learning on plastinated prosections was perceived to be compromised because of limitations in terms of tactile and emotional experience. We conclude that plastinated prosections are an adequate resource for the early stages of undergraduate training, but that the learning experience may be further enhanced by providing opportunity for the study of wet cadaveric material. Clin. Anat. 24:246–252, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ankle injury mechanisms: Lessons learned from cadaveric studies
Authors: Funk James R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe biomechanics of ankle injury have been studied extensively, primarily through mechanical testing of human cadavers. Cadaveric testing is an invaluable methodology in biomechanics, because the magnitude and direction of the loading can be measured precisely and correlated with the resulting injury pattern. Clinical and epidemiological studies provide useful descriptions of injury patterns that occur in the real world, but their retrospective nature precludes a definitive analysis of the forces that caused the injury. Understanding the mechanism of ankle injuries is essential for developing countermeasures to prevent injury and for reconstructing injurious events. Knowledge of an injury's mechanism can also suggest potential associated injuries, which is helpful in diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published research on ankle injury mechanisms with an emphasis on biomechanical experiments on human cadavers. Injury patterns are described based on the principal axis of force or torque producing the injury in conjunction with off‐axis forces and out‐of‐plane foot positions. A mechanistic description of ankle injuries is complicated by the fact that the same mechanism can sometimes produce different injuries and the same injury can sometimes be caused by multiple mechanisms. Nonetheless, a framework for relating injury mechanisms and injury patterns is a valuable tool in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of ankle injuries. Clin. Anat. 24:350–261, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decolorization of Textile Azo‐metal Complex Dyes by a Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Çamaltı Saltern in Turkey
Authors: Demirci Armağan , Mutlu Mehmet Burçin , Güven Alaettin , Korcan Elif , Güven Kıymet 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe decolorization of some of azo‐metal complex dyes used in textile industry was investigated in this study. The halophilic prokaryotes isolated from a solar sea‐saltern (Çamaltı) in Turkey were screened for resistance to five commercial azo and mixture of azo‐metal complex dyes. Only one bacterium was found to be resistant against two of dyes, namely Lanaset Navy R and Lanaset Brown B. The bacterium was identified as Halobacillus sp. C‐22 according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Decolorization experiments were carried out at 120 mg/L concentration of both dyes, at room temperature, and with an acidic pH of 4.5. Lanaset Brown B was decolorized at a high adsorbance ratio (96.12%) at the 78th hour. However, Lanaset Navy R was rapidly decolorized in 10 min (46.67%) and showed the highest adsorbance ratio (60.66%) at the third hour. Freundlich and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm models were used to evaluate the adsorption of dyes and Freundlich isoterm was more suitable for biosorpsiyon of both azo dyes. The functional groups on Halobacillus sp. C‐22 for decolorization were characterized by FT‐IR. This is the first study to reveal potential of Halobacillus sp. for decolorization of textile azo‐metal complex dyes.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Cationic Surfactants Based on Their Effect on the Complexes of Chrome Azurol S with Be2+ and Al3+ Cations
Authors: Afkhami Abbas , Nematollahi Davood , Madrakian Tayyebeh , Hajihadi Mitra 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSimple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been proposed for the determination of cationic surfactants (CS) as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTAB), and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB). The methods are based on the effects of CSs on the complexes of Al3+ and Be2+ with Chrome Azurol S (CAS). The optimum reaction conditions such as CAS concentration, metal ion concentration, and pH have been studied and found to be 2.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 CAS, 0.5 mg L−1 Al3+ or 0.4 mg L−1 Be2+ and pH 5.4. The analytical characteristics of the methods such as limit of detections, limit of quantifications, and linear ranges have been obtained. CTAB, CPB, and DTAB could be determined by the Al–CAS complex in the ranges of 0.50–40.00, 0.20–10.00, and 0.40–10.00 µmol L−1, and for the Be–CAS complex in the ranges of 0.08–5.00, 0.08–3.00, and 0.20–6.00 µmol L−1, respectively. The limit of the detections of the method for the determination of CTAB, CPB, and DTAB for the Be–CAS complex has been found as 0.025, 0.024, and 0.061 µmol L−1, respectively. The interfering effect of some anions and cations was also tested. The method was applied to the determination of CS CTAB in conditioner shampoo and water samples.
High resolution three‐dimensional imaging: Evidence for cell cycle reentry in regenerating skeletal muscle
Authors: Calve Sarah , Simon Hans‐Georg 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNewts and other urodele amphibians can replace lost structures including limbs, providing a vertebrate model for the study of regeneration of complex tissues. The composite of different cell and tissue types in the limb, however, presents a challenge for their imaging in three‐dimensions (3D) at cellular level resolution. To observe myofibers in vivo without distortion, we developed a streamlined protocol whereby 80 μm thick cryosections are mounted on slides, processed for immunohistochemistry, imaged using confocal microscopy and z‐stacks rendered in 3D. This methodology enabled precise in situ rendering of regenerating muscle, demonstrating cell cycle reentry of nuclei within the myofiber syncytium. The high resolution imaging of muscle or comparable tissue types as intact 3D entities in the context of extracellular and intracellular molecules allows for the determination of signaling and cell response pathways, making this method useful for studies that attempt to characterize rare physiological events in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 240:1233–1239, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.