bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PHOSPHATASES AND ESTERASES IN AUST RALORBIS GLABRATUS
Authors: MULLER RALPH 
Published: October 2009

The presence and distribution of two groups of enzymes has been determined histochemically on sections of the schistosome‐bearing snail Australorbis glabratus. By the use of specific inhibitors, attempts have been made to characterize further the enzymes occurring in the various organs and tissues.As a result of this study it has been found that alkaline and acid phosphatase are widely distributed but have identical localizations only in the kidney and albumen gland. Both enzymes react typically to the action of the usual inhibitors.Among the non‐specific esterases. an enzyme corresponding to the mammalian A‐type esterase (aromesterase) is present in the brain; while a B‐type esterase (aliesterase) is located in the digestive gland, intestine, and on the glandular region of the foot surface.A “true” lipase (an esterase acting on an undissolved substrate) is found principally in the albumen gland, with an indication of its presence in the digestive gland and in portions of the digestive tract.An enzyme with the properties of an acetylcholinesterase occurs in the radula sac, oesophagus, preputium, junction of carrefour and oviduct, and amoebocytes. A positive reaction for cholinesterase is also obtained with frozen sections of brain but, although this enzyme has been shown biochemically to hydrolyse acetylcholine and is inhibited by low concentrations of eserine. it is remarkably resistant to the action of organophosphorous compounds, and its true nature cannot he stated with certainty.
Thrombin‐stimulated proliferation is mediated by endothelin‐1 in cultured rat gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Ohuchi Nozomi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Iwamoto Keishi , Koike Katsuo , Kizawa Yasuo , Nukaga Michiyoshi , Kakegawa Tomohito , Murakami Hajime 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEndothelin‐1 (ET‐1) appears to be involved in drug‐induced proliferation of gingival fibroblasts. Thrombin induces proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts via protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1). In this study, using cultured rat gingival fibroblasts, we investigated whether thrombin‐induced proliferation of gingival fibroblasts is mediated by ET‐1. Thrombin‐induced proliferation (0.05–2.5 U/mL). Proliferation was also induced by a PAR1‐specific agonist (TFLLR‐NH2,0.1–30 μm), but not by a PAR2‐specific agonist (SLIGRL‐NH2). Thrombin (2.5 U/mL) induced an increase in immunoreactive ET‐1 expression, which was inhibited by cycloheximide (10 μg/mL), and an increase in preproET‐1 mRNA expression, as assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. TFLLR‐NH2increased ET‐1 release into the culture medium in both a concentration (0.01–10 μm)‐ and time (6–24 h)‐dependent manner, as assessed by solid phase sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The thrombin (2.5 U/mL)‐induced proliferation was inhibited by a PAR1‐selective inhibitor, SCH79797 (0.1 μm) and an ETAantagonist, BQ‐123 (1 μm), but not by an ETBantagonist, BQ‐788 (1 μm). These findings suggest that thrombin, acting via PAR1, induced proliferation of cultured rat gingival fibroblasts that was mediated by ET‐1 acting via ETA.
Outcome of suicidal patients with schizophrenia: results from a naturalistic study
Authors: Schennach‐Wolff R. , Jäger M. , Seemüller F. , Obermeier M. , Schmauss M. , Laux G. , Pfeiffer H. , Naber D. , Schmidt L. G. , Gaebel W. , Klosterkötter J. , Heuser I. , Maier W. , Lemke M. R. , Rüther E. , Klingberg S. , Gastpar M. , Möller H.‐J. , Riedel M. 
Published: October 2009

Schennach‐Wolff R, Jäger M, Seemüller F, Obermeier M, Schmauss M, Laux G, Pfeiffer H, Naber D, Schmidt LG, Gaebel W, Klosterkötter J, Heuser I, Maier W, Lemke MR, Rüther E, Klingberg S, Gastpar M, Möller H‐J, Riedel M. Outcome of suicidal patients with schizophrenia: results from a naturalistic study.Objective:  Purpose was to assess suicidality before and at the time of admission in patients with schizophrenia and compare outcome differences.Method:  Biweekly PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), HAMD (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and UKU (Udvalg for Klinske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale) ratings were evaluated in 339 in‐patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Response was defined as an initial 20% PANSS total score reduction at discharge, remission was defined according to the proposed consensus criteria by the Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group.Results:  Suicidal patients (22%) scored significantly higher on the PANSS negative subscore, PANSS insight item and HAMD total score at admission and at discharge. They developed significantly more side effects. No differences were found concerning response and remission between the two patient subgroups.Conclusion:  Despite receiving significantly more antidepressants the suicidal patients suffered from significantly more depressive symptoms up to discharge, yet without differing regarding response and remission.
An algorithm for the pharmacological treatment of depression
Authors: Spijker J. , Nolen W. A. 
Published: October 2009

Spijker J, Nolen WA. An algorithm for the pharmacological treatment of depression.Objective: Non‐response to treatment with antidepressants (AD) is a clinical problem.Method: The algorithm for pharmacological treatment of the Dutch multidisciplinary guideline for depression is compared with four other algorithms.Results: The Dutch algorithm consists of five subsequent steps. Treatment is started with one out of many optional ADs (step 1); in case of non‐response after 4–10 weeks, best evidence is for switching to another AD (step 2); next step is augmentation with lithium as the best option (step 3); the next step is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (step 4); and finally electroconvulsive therapy (step 5). There are major differences with other algorithms regarding timing of augmentation step, best agents for augmentation and role of MAOI.Conclusion: Algorithms for AD treatment vary according to national and local preferences. Although the evidence for most of the treatment strategies is rather meagre, an AD algorithm appears to be an useful instrument in clinical practice.
Effects of serial anesthesia using ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine on hematology and serum biochemistry values in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lugo‐Roman L.A. , Rico P.J. , Sturdivant R. , Burks R. , Settle T.L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground  This study aimed at determining the cumulative effect of daily anesthesia, using two drug regimens, over hematological and biochemical parameters.Methods  Blood samples were obtained from rhesus monkeys 20 minutes after intramuscular administration of ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine combination for three consecutive days and results were evaluated to determine their effect on hematological and serum biochemistry values. Statistical significance of drug, day, and interaction of these two variables were evaluated.Results  Drug effect resulted in a dramatic increase of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values. Day effect resulted in decreases of RBC, HCT, Hgb, and alkaline phosphatase but an increase of other biochemical parameters evaluated. The drug/day interaction effect was found to be –significant for RBC, platelets, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase values.Conclusion  The results of our study suggest a cumulative effect of serial anesthesia and should be an important consideration when interpreting hematology and serum biochemistry in rhesus macaques.
Apheresis Induces Oxidative Stress in Blood Cells
Authors: Amer Johnny , Frankenburg Shoshana , Fibach Eitan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOxidative stress mediates damage to various cells and is thought to be involved in various pathologies, including hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias. It is induced by a multitude of physiological and environmental factors, including extracorporeal manipulation of blood. As a result, hemodialysis induces oxidative damage to red blood cells, thereby increasing their susceptibility to hemolysis and shortening their life span. We studied the effect of apheresis on the oxidative status of blood components. Using flow cytometric measurements, we showed that red blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells undergo oxidative stress induced by the procedure. Their reactive oxygen species and externalization of phosphatidylserine increased, while their levels of reduced glutathione decreased. This oxidative stress, which may be caused by a direct interaction with the membranous system, may lead to cellular abnormalities with clinical consequences such as hemolysis and platelet hyperactivation.
Azathioprine and prednisone combination treatment for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease
Authors: Bijlsma Ward R. , van den Bosch Willem A. , van Daele Paul L. A. , Paridaens Dion 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the authors’ experience with azathioprine and prednisone combination for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease.Methods:  We identified 13 adults with histology‐proven periocular or orbital xanthogranuloma in two tertiary referral orbital centres from 1984 to 2008. Patient records were reviewed and data collected on orbital localization, immune dysfunction, applied treatment and outcome.Results:  Five patients with periocular or orbital xanthogranulomatous disease were fully treated with prednisone and azathioprine combination, which resulted in stabilization in two and regression in three. Two other patients had to discontinue azathioprine because of side‐effects. Of the non‐fully treated prednisone/azathioprine patients, four out of eight progressed.Conclusion:  In adult periocular and orbital xanthogranuloma, combined treatment with prednisone and azathioprine yields adequate immunosuppression, often for a prolonged period of time.
"DATA TEMPERATURE" IN MINIMUM FREE ENERGIES FOR PARAMETER LEARNING OF BAYESIAN NETWORKS
Authors: ISOZAKI TAKASHI , KATO NORIJI , UENO MAOMI 
Published: October 2009

Maximum likelihood method for estimating parameters of Bayesian networks (BNs) is efficient and accurate for large samples. However, the method suffers from overfitting when the sample size is small. Bayesian methods, which are effective to avoid overfitting, present difficulties for determining optimal hyperparameters of prior distributions with good balance between theoretical and practical points of view when no prior knowledge is available. As described in this paper, we propose an alternative estimation method of the parameters on BNs. The method uses a principle, rooted in thermodynamics, of minimizing free energy (MFE). We define internal energies, entropies, and temperature, which constitute free energies. Especially for temperature, we propose a "data temperature" assumption and some explicit models. This approach can treat the maximum likelihood principle and the maximum entropy principle in a unified manner of the MFE principle. For assessments of classification accuracy, our method shows higher accuracy than that obtained using the Bayesian method with normally recommended hyperparameters. Moreover, our method exhibits robustness for the choice of introduced hyperparameters.
Long-term myocardial adaptations after cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure: a randomized six-year evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Müller Lionel , Myers Jonathan , Kottman Wilhard , Lüchinger Roger , Dubach Paul 
Published: October 2009

Objective: To assess exercise capacity and left ventricular function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among patients with chronic heart failure randomized to a residential rehabilitation programme at baseline and six years after participation. Design: Randomized controlled study. Setting: Residential cardiac rehabilitation centre and community hospital. Intervention: One month of intensive exercise and risk reduction therapy including educational sessions, a low-fat diet, and 2 hours of individually prescribed exercise daily. Control subjects received usual care. Subjects were evaluated at baseline, after completing the one-month residential programme and six years later. Subjects: From an original study group of 50, 16 patients (8 exercise, 8 controls) with chronic heart failure were alive and available for evaluation after six years. Main measures: Cardiopulmonary exercise test responses and ventricular size and function using MRI. Results: Peak Vo2 was 20.0 and 12.4% higher after the rehabilitation programme and six years later, respectively, whereas minimal changes were observed among controls. Left ventricular mass and volumes tended to decrease among subjects in the exercise group, whereas left ventricular mass and volumes tended to increase among control subjects after six years. Ejection fraction increased approximately 20% in both groups. Conclusion: Six years after participation in a concentrated residential rehabilitation programme, exercise capacity was preserved and no significant changes were observed in ventricular size or function. These findings provide further support for exercise rehabilitation in chronic heart failure.
What is MRSA?
Authors: Pantosti A. , Venditti M. 
Published: October 2009

For decades methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has been considered the prototype of multi-resistant nosocomial pathogens, causing infections in high-risk patients. Changes in the healthcare system, coupled with the evolution of this versatile microorganism, have transformed MRSA into a cause of community-onset infections, in both patients who have contact with the healthcare system and patients without such a risk factor.New lineages of MRSA, defined as community acquired (CA)-MRSA, have emerged that have a propensity to cause infections in young individuals without risk factors. CA-MRSA primarily causes skin infections and, rarely, necrotising pneumonia. In the USA, these strains belong to a single widespread clone, designated USA300, while in Europe they belong to a variety of clones. Most strains carry genes for the Panton–Valentine leukocidin, whose role in diseases is under debate.In subjects living in the community who have contact with the healthcare system, MRSA strains of the nosocomial type are a frequent cause of infection and of pneumonia in particular. The detection of a large MRSA reservoir in pigs and the finding that professionally exposed individuals are colonised, has further shown that it is necessary to closely follow the epidemiology of MRSA if we want to combat it effectively.
Biosynthesis of the proteasome inhibitor syringolin A: the ureido group joining two amino acids originates from bicarbonate
Authors: Ramel Christina , Tobler Micha , Meyer Martin , Bigler Laurent , Ebert Marc-Olivier , Schellenberg Barbara , Dudler Robert 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Syringolin A, an important virulence factor in the interaction of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a with its host plant Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), was recently shown to irreversibly inhibit eukaryotic proteasomes by a novel mechanism. Syringolin A is synthesized by a mixed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthetase and consists of a tripeptide part including a twelve-membered ring with an N-terminal valine that is joined to a second valine via a very unusual ureido group. Analysis of sequence and architecture of the syringolin A synthetase gene cluster with the five open reading frames sylA-sylE allowed to formulate a biosynthesis model that explained all structural features of the tripeptide part of syringolin A but left the biosynthesis of the unusual ureido group unaccounted for.

Results
We have cloned a 22 kb genomic fragment containing the sylA-sylE gene cluster but no other complete gene into the broad host range cosmid pLAFR3. Transfer of the recombinant cosmid into Pseudomonas putida and P. syringae pv. syringae SM was sufficient to direct the biosynthesis of bona fide syringolin A in these heterologous organisms whose genomes do not contain homologous genes. NMR analysis of syringolin A isolated from cultures grown in the presence of NaH13CO3 revealed preferential 13C-labeling at the ureido carbonyl position.

Conclusion
The results show that no additional syringolin A-specific genes were needed for the biosynthesis of the enigmatic ureido group joining two amino acids. They reveal the source of the ureido carbonyl group to be bicarbonate/carbon dioxide, which we hypothesize is incorporated by carbamylation of valine mediated by the sylC gene product(s). A similar mechanism may also play a role in the biosynthesis of other ureido-group-containing NRPS products known largely from cyanobacteria.
ArrayMining: a modular web-application for microarray analysis combining ensemble and consensus methods with cross-study normalization
Authors: Glaab Enrico , Garibaldi Jonathan M , Krasnogor Natalio 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundStatistical analysis of DNA microarray data provides a valuable diagnostic tool for the investigation of genetic components of diseases. To take advantage of the multitude of available data sets and analysis methods, it is desirable to combine both different algorithms and data from different studies. Applying ensemble learning, consensus clustering and cross-study normalization methods for this purpose in an almost fully automated process and linking different analysis modules together under a single interface would simplify many microarray analysis tasks.ResultsWe present ArrayMining.net, a web-application for microarray analysis that provides easy access to a wide choice of feature selection, clustering, prediction, gene set analysis and cross-study normalization methods. In contrast to other microarray-related web-tools, multiple algorithms and data sets for an analysis task can be combined using ensemble feature selection, ensemble prediction, consensus clustering and cross-platform data integration. By interlinking different analysis tools in a modular fashion, new exploratory routes become available, e.g. ensemble sample classification using features obtained from a gene set analysis and data from multiple studies. The analysis is further simplified by automatic parameter selection mechanisms and linkage to web tools and databases for functional annotation and literature mining.ConclusionArrayMining.net is a free web-application for microarray analysis combining a broad choice of algorithms based on ensemble and consensus methods, using automatic parameter selection and integration with annotation databases.
Inferring within-patient HIV-1 evolutionary dynamics under anti-HIV therapy using serial virus samples with vSPA
Authors: Hasegawa Naoki , Sugiura Wataru , Shibata Junko , Matsuda Masakazu , Ren Fengrong , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundAnalysis of within-patient HIV evolution under anti-HIV therapy is crucial to a better understanding the possible mechanisms of HIV drug-resistance acquisition. The high evolutionary rate of HIV allows us to trace its evolutionary process in real time by analyzing virus samples serially collected from the same patient. However, such studies are still uncommon due to the lack of powerful computational methods designed for serial virus samples. In this study, we develop a computational method, vSPA (viral Sequential Pathway Analysis), which groups viral sequences from the same sampling time into clusters and traces the evolution between clusters over sampling times. The method makes use of information of different sampling times and traces the evolution of important amino acid mutations. Second, a permutation test at the codon level is conducted to determine the threshold of the correlation coefficient for clustering viral quasispecies. We applied vSPA to four large data sets of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genes serially collected from two AIDS patients undergoing anti-HIV therapy over several years.ResultsThe results show that vSPA can trace within-patient HIV evolution by detecting many amino acid changes, including important drug-resistant mutations, and by classifying different viral quasispecies coexisting during different periods of the therapy.ConclusionGiven that many new anti-HIV drugs will be available in the near future, vSPA may be useful for quickly providing information on the acquisition of HIV drug-resistant mutations by monitoring the within-patient HIV evolution under anti-HIV therapy as a computational approach.
Wnt4 is not sufficient to induce lobuloalveolar mammary development
Authors: Kim Young Chul , Clark Rod J , Pelegri Francisco , Alexander Caroline M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundBrisken et al (2000) showed that Wnt4 null mammary glands were deficient in early lobuloalveolar mammary outgrowth during pregnancy, and implicated Wnt4 as an effector for the progesterone-induced mammary growth program. Though ectopic Wnt1 signaling is known to be mitogenic and oncogenic, no endogenously expressed Wnt ligands have ever been directly implicated in mammary growth and morphogenesis. Therefore, we generated conditional transgenic mice to test whether Wnt4 can stimulate mammary epithelial cell growth.ResultsWe found that despite pregnancy-associated expression levels of Wnt4, mammary glands did not display the side-branching typical of early pregnancy. Control experiments designed to test the Wnt4 construct in zebrafish reproduced other studies that demonstrated Wnt4-specific phenotypes distinct from Wnt1-induced phenotypes. Indeed, using qPCR-based array analyses, we found that a specific transcriptional target of Wnt4, namely Wnt16, was induced in Wnt4-expressing transgenic glands, to levels equivalent to that of early pregnant glands.ConclusionTaken together, we propose that Wnt4 is necessary, but not sufficient, to induce side-branch development.
Steps toward broad-spectrum therapeutics: discovering virulence-associated genes present in diverse human pathogens
Authors: Stubben Chris J , Duffield Melanie L , Cooper Ian A , Ford Donna C , Gans Jason D , Karlyshev Andrey V , Lingard Bryan , Oyston Petra CF , de Rochefort Anna , Song Jian , Wren Brendan W , Titball Rick W , Wolinsky Murray 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
New and improved antimicrobial countermeasures are urgently needed to counteract increased resistance to existing antimicrobial treatments and to combat currently untreatable or new emerging infectious diseases. We demonstrate that computational comparative genomics, together with experimental screening, can identify potential generic (i.e., conserved across multiple pathogen species) and novel virulence-associated genes that may serve as targets for broad-spectrum countermeasures.

Results
Using phylogenetic profiles of protein clusters from completed microbial genome sequences, we identified seventeen protein candidates that are common to diverse human pathogens and absent or uncommon in non-pathogens. Mutants of 13 of these candidates were successfully generated in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and the potential role of the proteins in virulence was assayed in an animal model. Six candidate proteins are suggested to be involved in the virulence of Y. pseudotuberculosis, none of which have previously been implicated in the virulence of Y. pseudotuberculosis and three have no record of involvement in the virulence of any bacteria.

Conclusion
This work demonstrates a strategy for the identification of potential virulence factors that are conserved across a number of human pathogenic bacterial species, confirming the usefulness of this tool.