bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOIL SALINITY AND SODICITY APPRAISAL BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN SOILS IRRIGATED TO GROW COTTON
Authors: Ganjegunte G. K. , Sheng Z. , Clark J. A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the Far West Texas region in the USA, long‐term irrigation of fine‐textured valley soils with saline Rio Grande River water has led to soil salinity and sodicity problems. Soil salinity [measured by saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe)] and sodicity [measured by sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)] in the irrigated areas have resulted in poor growing conditions, reduced crop yields, and declining farm profitability. Understanding the spatial distribution of ECe and SAR within the affected areas is necessary for developing management practices. Conventional methods of assessing ECe and SAR distribution at a high spatial resolution are expensive and time consuming. This study evaluated the accuracy of electromagnetic induction (EMI), which measures apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), to delineate ECe and SAR distribution in two cotton fields located in the Hudspeth and El Paso Counties of Texas, USA. Calibration equations for converting ECa into ECe and SAR were derived using the multiple linear regression (MLR) model included in the ECe Sampling Assessment and Prediction program package developed by the US Salinity Laboratory. Correlations between ECa and soil variables (clay content, ECe, SAR) were highly significant (p ≤ 0·05). This was further confirmed by significant (p ≤ 0·05) MLRs used for estimating ECe and SAR. The ECe and SAR determined by ECa closely matched the measured ECe and SAR values of the study site soils, which ranged from 0·47 to 9·87 dS m−1 and 2·27 to 27·4 mmol1/2 L−1/2, respectively. High R2 values between estimated and measured soil ECe and SAR values validated the MLR model results. Results of this study indicated that the EMI method can be used for rapid and accurate delineation of salinity and sodicity distribution within the affected area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A class of non‐graded left‐symmetric algebraic structures on the Witt algebra
Authors: Tang Xiaomin , Bai Chengming 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe classify the compatible left‐symmetric algebraic structures on the Witt algebra satisfying certain non‐graded conditions. It is unexpected that they are Novikov algebras. Furthermore, as applications, we study the induced non‐graded modules of the Witt algebra and the induced Lie algebras by Novikov‐Poisson algebras’ approach and Balinskii‐Novikov's construction.
Large‐eddy simulation of the planetary boundary layer under baroclinic conditions during daytime and sunset turbulence
Authors: Rizza Umberto , Miglietta Mario M. , Acevedo Otávio C. , Anabor Vagner , Degrazia Gervasio A. , Goulart Antonio G. , Zimmerman Hans R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) technique in the diurnally varying atmospheric boundary layer in conditions of realistic environmental forcing. The initial settings of meteorological fields are obtained by ‘ingesting’ into the LES domain the vertical profiles of wind, temperature and specific humidity provided by the meteorological model WRF. The surface values of potential temperature and specific humidity from the WRF simulation are used as forcing parameters for the LES runs. These forcing parameters are updated during the runs every 1 h. A methodology is developed to derive the components of the geostrophic wind profile that is used in LES to model the large‐scale horizontal mean pressure gradient and treated as an external forcing. This methodology involves the meteorological model WRF. In this context, the WRF model has a dual task: (1) providing realistic atmospheric environmental forcings to LES and (2) providing a very large dataset to investigate possible improvements of the LES setting to make the numerical prediction more realistic.The principal results obtained by the present study is that the use of geostrophic wind shear profiles improves the prognostic capability of LES in reproducing the wind field pattern in the planetary boundary layer, this is an important parameter for the proper description of the decay of the turbulent kinetic energy at sunset. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
On the 11 year solar cycle signature in global total ozone dynamics
Authors: Efstathiou Maria N. , Varotsos Costas A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe main aim of the present study is to investigate further the association between total ozone (TOZ) and the 11 year solar cycle (SC) during the period 1979–2010, by employing satellite observations of TOZ made by Nimbus‐7, Meteor‐3, Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instrumentation. A statistically significant correlation between the annual mean TOZ over both hemispheres and sunspot number (SN) is found. On the contrary, focusing on the January and February mean monthly TOZ fluctuations from the equator to the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, no association between TOZ and SN is derived. This is attributed to the existence of the quasi‐biennial‐oscillation (QBO) and the El Niño‐Southern oscillation (ENSO) in the TOZ time series. The latter oscillation is herewith expressed by the recently introduced Ozone ENSO Index (OEI). However, when considering the TOZ zonal means centred at 17.5 and 27.5°N during the east phase years of the QBO in the equatorial zonal wind at 50 hPa, a statistically significant correlation between TOZ and SN is revealed. It is an indication that the quasi‐periodic fluctuations (i.e. QBO, ENSO) strongly contaminate the relationship between TOZ and solar activity. Plausible mechanisms are discussed, exploring the momentum flux (MF) measurements between 45 and 75°N, in the periods of increased dynamical variability. The findings obtained point to the conclusion that the 11 year solar cycle response in TOZ is caused by dynamical changes which are caused by solar activity. These are of crucial importance because solar radiation is a major driving force of the climate system. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Free Energy Calculations by the Molecular Mechanics Poisson−Boltzmann Surface Area Method
Authors: Homeyer Nadine , Gohlke Holger 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDetailed knowledge of how molecules recognize interaction partners and of the conformational preferences of biomacromolecules is pivotal for understanding biochemical processes. Such knowledge also provides the foundation for the design of novel molecules, as undertaken in pharmaceutical research. Computer‐based free energy calculations enable a detailed investigation of the energetic factors that are responsible for molecular stability or binding affinity. The Molecular Mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM‐PBSA) approach is an efficient method for the calculation of free energies of diverse molecular systems. Here we describe the concepts of this approach and outline the practical proceeding. Furthermore we give an overview of the wide spectrum of problems that have been addressed with this method and of successful analyses carried out, thereby focussing on ambitious and recent studies. Limits of the approach in terms of accuracy and applicability are discussed. Despite these limitations MM‐PBSA is a method with great potential that allows comparative free energy analyses for various molecular systems at low computational cost.
Surface phonon polariton characteristics of wurtzite ZnO thin film grown on silicon substrate
Authors: Ng Sha Shiong , Ooi Poh Kok , Lee Sai Cheong , Abdullah Mat Johar , Hassan Zainuriah , Hassan Haslan Abu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work, p‐polarized far infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) with Otto configuration technique is employed to study the surface phonon polariton (SPP) characteristics of wurtzite ZnO thin film grown on Si(111) substrate. One prominent dip corresponding to the leaky SPP mode of the ZnO is detected at 532 cm−1. The obtained result is in good agreement with the calculated ATR spectrum simulated based on the transfer matrix formulation. The origin of the observed dip is verified with the surface polariton dispersion curves based on a three anisotropic layer model (air–ZnO–Si). The results also reveal that the real SPP and the interface phonon polariton modes for this studied structure are barely observable experimentally.
Warranty Data Analysis: A Review
Authors: Wu Shaomin 
Published: January 2012

Warranty claims and supplementary data contain useful information about product quality and reliability. Analysing such data can therefore be of benefit to manufacturers in identifying early warnings of abnormalities in their products, providing useful information about failure modes to aid design modification, estimating product reliability for deciding on warranty policy and forecasting future warranty claims needed for preparing fiscal plans.In the last two decades, considerable research has been conducted in warranty data analysis (WDA) from several different perspectives. This article attempts to summarise and review the research and developments in WDA with emphasis on models, methods and applications. It concludes with a brief discussion on current practices and possible future trends in WDA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting conception date variation in white‐tailed deer
Authors: Dye Michael P. , Demarais Stephen , Strickland Bronson K. , Jones Phillip D. , Mcdonald Christopher G. , Prochaska Dale F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that influence timing of reproduction can be of value to wildlife managers. We used estimated breeding dates of captive individual white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas and Mississippi, USA, and wild deer populations in Mississippi, to document natural variation within individuals and populations, and to determine whether body condition, age, or moon phase explained conception date variation. Mean conception date of captive individual deer was 1 December with a median of 26 November, a standard deviation of 13.6 days, and a mean range of 33 days. Overall mean conception date for wild populations in Mississippi was 1 January with a standard deviation of 13.4 days and a mean range of 46 days. Annual population mean conception date had a standard deviation of 4 days and a range of 12 days. Moon phase did not predict accurately conception date for individuals or populations of deer. Body condition did not influence conception date at the population level. Individual females 2.5 years old bred earlier than females 1.5 and 3.5 years old; however, the difference was minimal and may have been influenced by the mean gestation used to determine conception date. When scheduling recreational hunting opportunities relative to population breeding dates, managers should rely on local reproductive data and should not rely on predictions based on moon schedules. Further assessment of the individual variation in conception date and potential environmental cues is warranted. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Possible ecological implications of floating microbial assemblages lifted from the lakebed on an Antarctic lake
Authors: Tanabe Yukiko , Kudoh Sakae 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMicrobial assemblages can be found drifting/floating in lake water and being washed ashore in continental Antarctica. Two field studies in early and late January 2008 measured the light utilization properties and photosynthetic responses of these assemblages, which were then compared with those of pelagic and benthic microbial communities to evaluate the ecological implications of this phenomenon. The nutrient concentrations were low in the lake water, indicating oligotrophic conditions. Based on microscopic and pigment analysis, both the floating and benthic communities were mainly composed of Oedogonium sp. (Chlorophyceae), followed by cyanobacteria, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Floating assemblages had a firmer and denser structure, and possessed more rich carotenoids than the benthic community. Measurements of photosynthesis conducted in early January indicated that the activities of the floating assemblages were considerably low. In late January almost all floating assemblages on the lakeshore turned white because of freezing and drying by the ambient temperature decrease, and had no photosynthetic signals. These results suggest that the floating assemblages could spontaneously lift off from the lakebed because of the bubbles created by photosynthesis and then repeatedly roll, flip, sink, or float depending on buoyancy. In addition, this phenomenon seemed to greatly change the cycling of matter by transporting the lake's photosynthetic products to the surrounding ecosystems, then give the benthic subsurface communities in dark regions a chance to reactivate such as gap regeneration in the case of climax forest, and also allow the floating assemblages to restart photosynthesis at the top of the lakebed by resinking.
Cardiovascular fitness is associated with altered cortical glucose metabolism during working memory in ε4 carriers
Authors: Deeny Sean P. , Winchester Jeanna , Nichol Kathryn , Roth Stephen M. , Wu Joseph C. , Dick Malcolm , Cotman Carl W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe possibility that ε4 may modulate the effects of fitness in the brain remains controversial. The present exploratory FDG‐PET study aimed to better understand the relationship among ε4, fitness, and cerebral metabolism in 18 healthy aged women (nine carriers, nine noncarriers) during working memory.MethodsParticipants were evaluated using maximal level of oxygen consumption, California Verbal Learning Test, and FDG‐PET, which were collected at rest and during completion of the Sternberg working memory task.ResultsResting FDG‐PET did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Significant effects of fitness on FDG‐PET during working memory were noted in the ε4 carriers only. High fit ε4 carriers had greater glucose uptake in the temporal lobe than the low fit ε4 carriers, but low fit ε4 carriers had greater glucose uptake in the frontal and parietal lobes.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that fitness differentially affects cerebral metabolism in ε4 carriers only, consistent with previous findings that the effects of fitness may be more pronounced in populations genetically at risk for cognitive decline.
Population structure and genetic diversity analysis inGynaikothrips uzeli(Zimerman, 1909) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) by RAPD markers
Authors: Brito R.O. , Artoni R.F. , Vicari M.R. , Nogaroto V. , Silva J.C. , Matiello R.R. , Almeida M.C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThrips are small insects (0.5–3.0 mm) with distinct habits and life histories characterized by haplodiploid sex determination. In general, low levels of genetic diversity have been reported in haplodiploid insects, although most reports focus on the order Hymenoptera. Therefore, we used RAPD markers to evaluate the structure and both inter- and intra-population genetic variability ofGynaikothrips uzeli(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Six populations, three from Paraná state, southern Brazil, and three from Bahia, northeastern Brazil, were studied. Similarly to other haplodiploid insects, the genetic diversity ofG. uzeliwas reduced. This result is putatively related to the haplodiploid sex determination system, which yields little genetic variation, and to ecological traits of the studied species, such as the low dispersal abilities and life mode in leaf galls. All individuals were homogeneously clustered in their respective collection sites, forming two main groups in which populations from similar environments were more closely related. The analyzed populations were highly structured, and the genetic variation was higher among than within populations.
A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Stonesfield Slate (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire, England
Authors: BUFFETAUT ERIC , JEFFERY PAUL 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe anterior end of a lower jaw bearing long slender teeth, from the Bathonian Stonesfield Slate of Oxfordshire, was hitherto referred to the crocodilian Teleosaurus. It is reinterpreted as belonging to a ctenochasmatid pterosaur reminiscent of Gnathosaurus. It is the earliest known representative of the Ctenochasmatidae, and one of the earliest known pterodactyloids. The diversity of pterosaurs from the Stonesfield Slate is higher than previously recognized, comprising at least three taxa.
Between country and city: fluid spaces of provincial administrative towns in nineteenth-century Bengal
Authors: SENGUPTA TANIA 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:By looking at the spatial cultures of nineteenth-century provincial administrative towns in colonial Bengal, this article problematizes notions of city, town or country and their relationships. It looks at colonial provincial governance within a framework that extended far beyond ‘formal’ governmental administrative spaces and thus engages with the complex overlap between categories like work, home and leisure. It argues that provincial urbanism in colonial Bengal defied clear-cut categories and in effect created a ‘fluid’ spatial culture, which was distinct from, but also calibrated between, metropolitan centres on the one hand and a vast rural hinterland on the other.
The troubled passage from ‘village communities’ to planned new town developments in mid-twentieth-century South Asia
Authors: GLOVER WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:This article begins with an examination of how rural and urban society in India were conceptualized in relation to one another at different moments during the twentieth century, arguing that rapid urbanization during the middle decades forced important changes in those conceptualizations. If in an earlier period analysts saw the world of the village dweller as radically separate from that of the urban dweller, then rapid urbanization destabilized this idea and forced analysts to entertain the implications of there being a kind of ‘sliding scale’ between the two. This discursive shift helped produce a new object of concern in mid-century urban sociology – that of the ‘villager in the city’. While this sociological object formed the core of numerous mid-century (and later) studies of existing large cities, it played a more determinate role asa priorigrounds for planned new towns than it did for perhaps any other model of urban growth. The article argues that proponents of planned new towns favoured their conservative potential: namely, the new town promised to nurture ‘inherited tendencies and habits’ in first-generation urban migrants, rather than produce wholly new modes of urban subjectivity.
A fast and flexible architecture for very large word n-gram datasets
Authors: FLOR MICHAEL 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper presentsTrendStream, a versatile architecture for very large word n-gram datasets. Designed for speed, flexibility, and portability, TrendStream uses a novel trie-based architecture, features lossless compression, and provides optimization for both speed and memory use. In addition to literal queries, it also supports fast pattern matching searches (with wildcards or regular expressions), on the same data structure, without any additional indexing. Language models are updateable directly in the compiled binary format, allowing rapid encoding of existing tabulated collections, incremental generation of n-gram models from streaming text, and merging of encoded compiled files. This architecture offers flexible choices for loading and memory utilization: fast memory-mapping of a multi-gigabyte model, or on-demand partial data loading with very modest memory requirements. The implemented system runs successfully on several different platforms, under different operating systems, even when the n-gram model file is much larger than available memory. Experimental evaluation results are presented with the Google Web1T collection and the Gigaword corpus.
Multicomponent cubic oxide exsolution in synthetic basalts: Temperature dependence and implications for magnetic properties
Authors: Bowles Julie A. , Tatsumi‐Petrochilos Lisa , Hammer Julia E. , Brachfeld Stefanie A. 
Published: January 2012

Although the compositional unmixing of cubic‐structured iron oxides has profound effects on the magnetic properties of rocks that contain them, a basic understanding of the kinetics and thermodynamics of this process has not been achieved in experimental studies due to sluggish reaction rates in binary oxide phases. Exploiting the fact that many natural Fe‐oxides contain multiple additional cations, including Ti, Mg and Al, we perform novel “forward” laboratory experiments in which cubic‐cubic phase exsolution proceeds from initially homogeneous multicomponent oxides. A variety of Fe‐Ti‐Mg‐Al cubic iron oxides were nucleated and grown in synthetic, multicomponent basalt under different fO2 environments, and annealed at temperatures ranging from 590–790°C for up to 88 days. Fine‐scale lamellar intergrowths of Fe‐Ti‐Al‐Mg oxides, interpreted to represent cubic phase exsolution, were observed in seven samples, one that was synthesized and annealed at approximately constant fO2 (the quartz‐fayalite‐magnetite, or QFM, buffer) and six that were synthesized at very oxidizing conditions (∼QFM + 6 log units) and then annealed at moderately oxidizing (∼QFM) conditions. Results demonstrate that the consolute temperature of the multicomponent system is significantly higher than anneal temperatures and Curie temperatures, suggesting that samples that undergo this type of exsolution can carry a total thermal remanent magnetization. Exsolved samples are characterized by a dramatic increase in magnetization and coercivity, and a shift in Curie temperature(s), confirming predictions that this type of exsolution exerts strong control on the strength and stability of magnetization.
Lunar radiation environment and space weathering from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER)
Authors: Schwadron N. A. , Baker T. , Blake B. , Case A. W. , Cooper J. F. , Golightly M. , Jordan A. , Joyce C. , Kasper J. , Kozarev K. , Mislinski J. , Mazur J. , Posner A. , Rother O. , Smith S. , Spence H. E. , Townsend L. W. , Wilson J. , Zeitlin C. 
Published: January 2012

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) measures linear energy transfer by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission in a circular, polar lunar orbit. GCR fluxes remain at the highest levels ever observed during the space age. One of the largest SEP events observed by CRaTER during the LRO mission occurred on June 7, 2011. We compare model predictions by the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM) for both dose rates from GCRs and SEPs during this event with results from CRaTER. We find agreement between these models and the CRaTER dose rates, which together demonstrate the accuracy of EMMREM, and its suitability for a real‐time space weather system. We utilize CRaTER to test forecasts made by the Relativistic Electron Alert System for Exploration (REleASE), which successfully predicts the June 7th event. At the maximum CRaTER‐observed GCR dose rate (∼11.7 cGy/yr where Gy is a unit indicating energy deposition per unit mass, 1 Gy = 1 J/kg), GCRs deposit ∼88 eV/molecule in water over 4 billion years, causing significant change in molecular composition and physical structure (e.g., density, color, crystallinity) of water ice, loss of molecular hydrogen, and production of more complex molecules linking carbon and other elements in the irradiated ice. This shows that space weathering by GCRs may be extremely important for chemical evolution of ice on the Moon. Thus, we show comprehensive observations from the CRaTER instrument on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter that characterizes the radiation environment and space weathering on the Moon.