bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ONE HUNDRED CONSECUTIVE CASES OF PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY WITH THE VITREOUS STRIPPER
Authors: SYRDALEN PER 
Published: May 2009

The results of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. Vitrectomy was performed on account of complications of diabetic retinopathy (37 eyes), complicated retinal detachment (28 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage of various causes (17 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage and complications secondary to injuries (13 eyes) and secondary cataract or vitreous in the anterior chamber creating corneal dystrophy (5 eyes).With an average follow‐up time of 14.2 months, vitrectomy resulted in visual improvement in 55 eyes, unchanged visual acuity in 24 eyes and reduced visual acuity in 21 eyes.The operative and postoperative complications were: secondary vitreous haemorrhage (11 eyes), retinal detachment (8 eyes), haemorrhagic glaucoma (7 eyes), retinal tears (5 eyes), lens injury (4 eyes), corneal dystrophy (2 eyes) and endophthalmitis (1 eye).
TIMOLOL
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG 
Published: May 2009

The hypotensive effect of Timolol eye drops (0.25 and 0.50%) in maintenance treatment of 64 patients with elevated intraocular pressure has been studied. The patients were treated for a period of mean 13 months. In 44 patients, mostly comprising ocular hypertensives, a significant reduction in IOP (32%) could be maintained with Timolol alone (P < 0.001).In 20 patients with a high starting baseline pressure or previous maladjustable glaucoma it was necessary to start combined treatment. Pilocarpine, epinephrine or acetazolamide appeared to have additive pressure‐lowering effect to Timolol.A significant correlation was present between pre‐treatment and Timolol treated intraocular pressures. Thus a pre‐treatment IOP above 25 mmHg may indicate a critically hypotensive effect below an IOP of 20 mmHg with Timolol alone.No significant interference with visual acuity, pupillary size, blood pressure, or pulse rate was noted. Existing visual field defects in three patients were slightly aggravated and in four patients, with a pathological optic disc, visual field loss developed. In seven patients transient sensations of dry eyes and rose‐bengal staining dots on the cornea developed.
NEW ASPECTS ON THE HEREDITY OF OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: JERNDAL TORD , LIND ANDERS 
Published: May 2009

Open angle glaucoma is known to be inherited, but detailed knowledge of the primary genetic factor and its mode of inheritance are lacking. By studying both the glaucomatous and non‐glaucomatous members in afflicted pedigrees, it has been established that premorbid goniodysgenesis, inherited in an autosomal dominant mode, plays a decisive role for the eventual development of glaucoma. Goniodysgenesis has been documented not only in infantile congenital glaucoma but also in late congenital glaucoma (often misinterpreted as glaucoma simplex) and in families with pigmentary glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma.In addition, there is evidence that goniodysgenesis is the morphologic prerequisite of the high elevation of the IOP on provocation with topical steroids. The article contains a short survey of the literature and presents three families with intrafamilial variations of open angle glaucoma based on a dominant genetic trait, viz. goniodysgenesis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIC DISC IN HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: ERKKILÄ H. , LAATIKAINEN L. 
Published: May 2009

The ophthalmoscopic features of the optic discs were studied in a series of 411 non‐selected school children representing four age groups from 7 to 15 years. The distribution of the cup disc diameter ratios (C/D) showed that in the majority of the eyes (58.8%) the ratio was 0.2‐0.3, independently of the age group. The highest ratio recorded, 0.7, was found in two eyes of the series. An asymmetry of 0.2 or more in the C/D ratios of the eyes was found in 5.2% of the children studied. The correlation between C/D ratio and the age or refraction was not statistically significant although C/D ratio of 0.4 or more was significantly commoner in myopia of ‐2.0 D. or more than in the other eyes. A preponderance of large C/D ratio was also found in children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less but the difference from the distribution in the total series was not significant.Cilioretinal arteries were detected in 17.7% of the eyes and in 27.3% of the subjects studied. In 8.1% of the children the condition was bilateral. In children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less cilioretinal arteries were found in more than half of the cases.
REFRACTION IN ADULT WEST GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H. 
Published: May 2009

Refractive error (RF) was determined, using subjective technique and Snellen chart, in a West Greenland Eskimo population, in the district of Umanaq. Both eyes of 483 and one eye of 25 persons were refracted, in age groups above 15 years. Spherical equivalents of any astigmatic errors were included in RF values.Emmetropic excess and myopic skewness of RF distributions were found. A significant trend towards hypermetropia with age was found in women, not in men. Myopia was no rarity: 6.3% of male eyes and 4.2% of female eyes showed myopia stronger than ‐2.0 diopters. Moderate myopia, ‐5 to ‐1 d, was found in 13.3% and higher myopia in 0.8% of the persons.RF and ocular dimensions showed strong correlation for axial and vitrous length (r = ‐0.45) only and weaker correlations for chamber depth and thickness of lens and cornea. No association was found between RF and height.Family variations of RF were compared with those of ocular dimensions. Judged by child‐parent relationships a much lower heritability was found in RF (h2 = 0.14) than in axial length, corneal curvature and chamber depth (h2 = 0.76, 0.64 and 0.56 respectively). However, sibs showed a higher RF similarity than child‐parent relationships, suggesting an influence of common familial environment upon RF, although theoretically genetic (dominance variance) factors may also be responsible.Recent epidemiologic and genetic studies strongly emphasize the importance of environmental factors to human refraction. The present family study supports such ideas. Refraction seems to be highly influenced by environment in spite of the mainly genetic determination of relevant ocular dimensions.
VISUAL SCREENING OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: LAATIKAINEN L. , ERKKILÄ H. 
Published: May 2009

A non‐selected group of 411 school children, 7 to 15 years of age, were screened by the school nurses. The screening program included (1) testing of visual acuity by the Snellen chart (with glasses if worn), (2) observing noticeable strabismus, and (3) recording subjective ocular symptoms related to reading. Later the whole series underwent a thorough eye examination performed by the authors including a hyperopia test and the Titmus stereo test.About 15% of the children failed to pass the screening in schools: 10.0% had visual acuity of less than 0.8 in one or both eyes with glasses, in another 1.0% obvious strabismus was observed, and 4.1% complained of ocular symptoms. The same screening procedure at the final examination revealed another 2% of children with decreased vision, most of them slightly myopic.By hyperopia test 37.0% of children with cycloplegic refraction of +2.0 D. or more were discovered; more than half of them failed also at the present screening. 2.2% of those with mild hyperopia (<+2.0 D.) showed positive hyperopia test. By the Titmus test all but one with manifest strabismus were discovered, whereas children with mild amblyopia passed. Defective stereopsis without other abnormalities was found in 11% of the children.
EFFECT OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHONOFORMATE AND IDOXURIDINE ON EXPERIMENTAL HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS IN IMMUNIZED AND NON‐IMMUNIZED RABBITS
Authors: ALENIUS STEFAN , LAURENT ULLA , ÖBERG BO 
Published: May 2009

The effect of trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA) has been compared to that of idoxuridine (IDU) when applied topically in both liquid and ointment preparations on herpetic keratitis in rabbits. Trisodium phosphonoformate had a therapeutic effect but was not as effective as idoxuridine in the vehicles tested. This was seen with both herpes‐immunized and non‐immunized rabbits.A herpesvirus mutant inducing a PFA resistant DNA polymerase was used to infect rabbit corneas. A comparison of the effect of PFA on the keratitis caused by this resistant mutant and the wild type herpesvirus indicates that the therapeutic effect of PFA on the herpes keratitis was due to an inhibition of herpesvirus DNA polymerase.
ANGIOTENSIN‐CONVERTING ENZYME IN UVEITIS AND SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: RØMER FRODE K. , SCHMIDT PETER , GEDAY HANNE 
Published: May 2009

Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (SACE) was studied in a group of 29 sarcoidosis patients (among whom five had uveitis) and in 22 patients with non‐sarcoid uveitis.SACE was normal in all non‐sarcoid patients and elevated in 62 per cent of the patients with sarcoidosis.Thus an elevated SACE is closely linked to sarcoidosis and may be a valuable tool in evaluating patients with uveitis in search of a sarcoid origin.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITIES IN DONOR AND RECIPIENT TISSUE AFTER KERATOPLASTY
Authors: RUUSUVAARA PEKKA 
Published: May 2009

A specular microscope was used to photograph the cell densities of the central cornea of the graft and the peripheral recipient cornea in a total of 32 human eyes. The follow‐up period varied from 8 months to 13 years, with an average of 4.7 years.The mean endothelial cell count in the graft was 997 ± 356 cells/mm2 and 1410 ± 584 cells/mm2 in the recipient's peripheral cornea. The mean difference in cell counts between donor and recipient tissues was 413 ± 718 cells/mm2 (29%).There were great disparities between graft and recipient cell densities. One patient with keratoconus had a graft/recipient differential in cell density of 3 to 1. In four cases the cell density was higher in the graft than in the recipient. Of these grafts, two had been stored in M‐K medium and two had been cryopreserved. The great difference in cell density observed between the graft and recipient corneas strongly suggests that little, if any, cell migration occurs between graft and recipient. This suggests that the scar tissue forms a barrier to cell migration between graft and recipient.
VITAL STAINING OF EXTERNAL EYE OF RABBIT. by Fluorescein, Rose bengal, Tetrazolium, and Alcian Blue
Authors: NORN M.S. 
Published: May 2009

Fifty normal albino rabbits (Ssc: CPH) had 1% fluorescein and 1% rose bengal instilled into the right eye and 1% tetrazolium and 0.25% alcian blue into the left eye.The cornea was stained by fluorescein in no more than 2%, by rose bengal frequently (48%) and intensely, often over the area coverable by the nictitating membrane, and by tetrazolium correspondingly in 28%.Rosen bengal stained the nictitating membrane, and often follicles along the border.Marx' line was seen to be regular, festoon‐shaped. Unlike the human Marx' line, that of the rabbit does not continue through the punctum lacrimale found 3 mm behind the lid margin at the nictitating membrane. The passage of tears takes a few minutes.The alcian‐blue‐stained mucous thread resembled the human one.Percentage values and mean staining grades have been stated for the individual regions.
THE ALTERATION AND ASYMMETRY OF CUP AND DISC DIAMETERS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO 
Published: May 2009

Increases in cupping with time and differences in cup size between the two eyes of one person were studied in a material derived from a general ophthalmic population survey. Cup and disc diameters were measured on fundus photographs. The effect of refraction on the magnification of the eye‐camera system was compensated for by the use of a simple correcting factor.The disc diameter increased slowly but steadily with advancing years but the rim area remained unaffected and as a consequence the rim breadth diminished. The increase in disc diameter and the decrease in rim breadth combined to cause a marked increase in cup diameter with ageing.A multiple regression analysis showed cup diameters to be independent of refraction as well as of systemic blood pressure and only weakly associated with intraocular pressure.Side differences in cup diameter were strongly dependent on side differences in disc diameter.Some implications of these findings were briefly discussed.
STATIC PERIMETRIC AND AMSLER CHART CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY
Authors: NATSIKOS V. E. , HART J. C. DEAN 
Published: May 2009

Macular disturbances in patients with active idiopathic central serous retinopathy can be readily documented by performing Amsler charting or static perimetry, but, as uncertainty exists as to which examination technique is superior for detecting disturbances after a detachment has settled, a study was performed in which patients were investigated by the two methods during the acute, resolving and resolved stages of the disease.All of the patients assessed in the acute phase showed abnormal responses to both forms of examination, but after the oedema fluid absorbed 63% of cases retained abnormal static profiles whereas 81% recorded defects on Amsler charting. Disturbances of retinal function were most apparent on static perimetry testing if the meridian studied corresponded to that intersecting the site at which the focal breakdown of the choroidoretinal barrier had developed and the fovea. The incidence of retinal changes was found to be greater in patients where the oedema resolved slowly.
ON THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , NIELSEN CARSTEN BO , EHLERS NIELS 
Published: May 2009

The optical measurement of corneal thickness based on oblique viewing of the optical section of the cornea is complicated by the finite width of the incident slit beam. In this report the theoretical and practical aspects of the effect of the slit width on the thickness reading are analysed. In practice, it was not possible to make slit‐width independent thickness readings which were reproducible from one observer to another. In addition, the observed slit‐width error was found to vary from one patient to another. The lack of a reproducible estimate of the corneal thickness is attributed to difficulties associated with an exact definition of the edges of the visible bands of the optical section, which are determined by biological properties of the cornea as well as perceptive properties of the observer.Although inter‐observer errors up to 0.02 mm were found, the intra‐observer error amounted to only 0.005–0.006 mm (sd) between consecutive readings. Presumably this high intra‐observer reproducibility is the result of the auxiliary pin‐lights used. Changes in corneal thickness, measured by the same observer, can therefore be determined with great accuracy.
COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY IN FOLLOW‐UP STUDIES
Authors: BYNKE H. , HOLMIN CATHARINA , KRAKAU C. E. T. 
Published: May 2009

The automatic computerized perimeter ‘Competer’ has been used in several clinical studies for detection and follow‐up in glaucomatous cases and also for the control of field defects in neuro‐ophthalmological cases. The procedure is static and the central visual field is tested at 64 fixed test points.By replacing the assistant by a computer the test conditions are kept under strict control. Time factors such as stimulus exposure time and maximal reaction time are fixed. The test result is given as the threshold sensitivity at each test point.The numerical presentation makes the results suitable for statistical analysis. By adding all 64 threshold sensitivity values the information of a test session is condensed into a single number: the performance value (P).The development of the performance value in a series of 5 consecutive perimetry sessions during more than one year (13—17 months) has been studied in a group of 55 eyes with glaucomatous field defects. The interval between 2 test sessions was 3—5 months. In 45 cases there was a tendency towards decay. The negative trend in the whole group was significantly more pronounced than that to be expected in normals where a slight tendency towards decay with increasing age is also found (Fig. 1). The tendency towards decay was similar in 2 subgroups separated with respect to the intraocular pressure (mean levels of < 22 and ≥ 22 mmHg, respectively).Similar measures have turned out to be of value in the follow‐up of field defects in neuro‐ophthalmological cases. The difference between the left and right half of the field defines the value (D) which is well suited for detection of slight hemianopias.
Some problems involved in employing the ERG c‐wave in pharmacological experiments: conditioning in pigmented rabbits
Authors: Nao‐i Nobuhisa , Kim Si‐Yeol , Honda Yoshihito 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The large inter‐ and intra‐individual variations in ERG c‐waves have prevented the application of the component in pharmacological experiments on the retinal pigment epithelial function. We examined some of the problems involved in employing the c‐wave in pharmacological experiments using rabbit retinas.

Under our experimental conditions, the c‐wave amplitudes in some rabbits reached equilibrium under intermittent stimuli, while in others they increased with time and did not reach a constant level in 3 h.
The c‐wave amplitudes of the right and left eyes were similar, indicating that the contralateral eye can be used as a control during local administration of drugs.
The c‐wave amplitude under 50 lux light had smaller inter‐individual variations than that in the dark. This may be a useful indicator of the retinal pigment epithelium function when drugs are administered systemically.
The concentration of lactoferrin in tears of normals and of diabetics
Authors: Jensen O. L. , Gluud B. S. , Birgens H. S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract The tear lactoferrin content and the tear secretion rate was determined in 105 normal subjects (age range: 15–93 years) and 21 diabetic patients (age 2 1–78 years). Tear sampling was performed using glass capillaries and the lactoferrin concentration in tears was tested employing an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Tear secretion rate was measured using standardized Halberg filter paper placed in the inferior fornix for 5 min. The lactoferrin level of normal tears showed a significant inverse correlation with age, the mean value of the 8th decade (0.81 mg/ml) constituting only about half the value of the lactoferrin level found in the 3rd decade (1.48 mg/ml). The tear secretion rate also displayed a significant decrease with age, but no correlation could be demonstrated between the tear secretion rate and lactoferrin concentration. No difference was found in lactoferrin level between men and women.We were not able to demonstrate any correlation between lactoferrin content of tears and the duration of diabetes in the 21 diabetic subjects, and there was no difference between the level of lactoferrin in normal tears compared to the concentration in diabetic tears. No difference was found between the tear secretion rate in normals and in diabetics.
Adverse reactions to fluorescein angiography
Authors: Karhunen Ulla , Raitta Christina , Kala Risto 
Published: May 2009

Abstract Adverse reactions to ophthalmic patients during 9909 fluorescein angiographies during 9 years were registered. Nausea (4.6%) and vomiting (1.3%) were the most common untoward reactions. Allergic skin manifestations occurred in 48 patients, and 5 patients complained of shortness of breath. 56 patients (0.6%) felt dizzy during or immediately after the investigation. Nine patients complained of chest pain, three of whom developed myocardial infarction.Sixteen patients collapsed during the procedure. One healthy male, 42‐year‐old, collapsed after the injection of fluorescein during angiography, and electrocardiogram showed an asystole of 24 seconds. Otherwise, the electrocardiograms registered on 100 consecutive patients did not reveal any systematic changes in heart rate or rhythm during fluorescein angiography.
Acute cataract in the rat after exposure to radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region A study of the macro‐, micro‐ and ultrastructure
Authors: Söderberg P. G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExperimental and epidemiological data indicate a correlation between exposure to UV radiation and cataract morbidity. UV radiation induced cataract is thought to be evoked by photochemical mechanisms. The present investigation resolves the macroscopical events in the rat lens after a one dose exposure to spectrally and radiometrically well defined UV radiation, as revealed in light‐ and dark‐field illumination. The macroscopic sequence of events is related to the morphology as revealed by light‐ and electron microscopy. The radiation was found to alter the chromatin pattern and to induce morphological changes indicating a disturbance of the cellular water balance. The latter is assumed to cause the acute UV radiation induced opacification of the lens. It is suggested that future investigations of the toxic effects of UV radiation in the lens should focus on how UV radiation affects the chromatin and the cellular water balance.
Isotypic characterization of anti‐Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 18 cases of congenital toxoplasmic chorioretinitis
Authors: Poirriez J. , Toubas D. , Marx‐Chemla C. , Leroux B. , Dupouy D. , Talmud M. , Pinon J. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A serological study was carried out by ELIFA (Enzyme Linked Immuno‐Filtration Assay) for 50 children with congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed by several parasitological and serological methods showing that the fetus had been infected by the parasite and had developed it's own specific immune response.At birth, anti‐Toxoplasma gondii IgE antibodies were detected in the sera of 66% of the 18 children who had retinochoroiditis and in 32% of the 32 children without this complication.During the 4 months before or at the time of diagnosis of retinochoroiditis, specific IgE antibodies were detected in 70% of the 20 cases (2 children with 2 successive lesions); but during the 4 months following the discovery of ocular lesions, anti‐Toxoplasma IgE antibodies were only detected in 30% of the 20 cases. Among all the 50 children, the prolonged detection of specific IgM + IgE association (for at least 4 months) was followed in 46% of cases by the appearance of chorioretinitis (predictive value).
Immunogenicity and Safety of Recombinant Rabies Viruses Used for Oral Vaccination of Stray Dogs and Wildlife
Authors: Faber M. , Dietzschold B. , Li J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryRabies is a zoonotic disease and stray dogs, wild carnivores and bats are the natural reservoirs of rabies. Oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free ranging terrestrial animals. We have developed the double glycoprotein (G) rabies virus (RV) variant SPBNGAS‐GAS that has great promise to be used as a live‐attenuated vaccine. Oral immunization of rodents and several target animal species with this double G RV variant resulted in the induction of protective immunity, superior to that induced by a single RV G variant (SPBNGAS). The high oral efficacy of SPBNGAS‐GAS is likely because of its increased ability to infect monocytes or immature dendritic cells (DCs), thereby inducing their conversion into mature DCs. Furthermore, infection of DCs with the double G variant resulted in a strong up‐regulation of the expression of genes related to the NFκB signalling pathway including IFN‐α and IFN‐β, which might underlie the protection conferred by this live RV vaccine. A potential problem associated with the use of live RVs for oral vaccination could rest in the possibility of reversion to the pathogenic phenotype because of the high mutation rate characteristic for all RNA viruses. In this respect, the presence of a second non‐pathogenic G gene decreases considerably the risk of reversion to the pathogenic phenotype because a non‐pathogenic G is dominant over a pathogenic G in determining the pathogenicity of the double G RV variant. Because of its excellent efficacy and safety, the SPBNGAS‐GAS vaccine may provide a distinct advantage over other live RV vaccine in its ability to vaccinate a broad range of mammalian species.