bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everyday expectations of the state during Pakistan's early years: Letters to the Editor, Dawn (Karachi), 1950–1953
Authors: ANSARI SARAH 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAccessing the day-to-day, albeit pressing, concerns of Pakistanis in the early 1950s can be difficult as a result of the relative paucity of relevant primary material. One set of sources, however, are the letters written to the editors of contemporary newspapers during this period, in which correspondents outlined their expectations of, made demands on, and aired their frustrations with, the everyday state in the years following independence and Pakistan's creation. This paper draws on a sample of this correspondence on the letter pages of Dawn (Karachi) during 1950–1953 in order to explore the views of ordinary citizens as they grappled with problems of housing, transport, food rationing, water shortage, and corruption.
A Lower Bound for the Size of a Minkowski Sum of Dilates
Authors: HAMIDOUNE Y. O. , RUÉ J. 
Published: December 2010

Let A be a finite non-empty set of integers. An asymptotic estimate of the size of the sum of several dilates was obtained by Bukh. The unique known exact bound concerns the sum |A + k⋅A|, where k is a prime and |A| is large. In its full generality, this bound is due to Cilleruelo, Serra and the first author.Let k be an odd prime and assume that |A| > 8kk. A corollary to our main result states that |2⋅A + k⋅A|≥(k+2)|A|−k2−k+2. Notice that |2⋅P+k⋅P|=(k+2)|P|−2k, if P is an arithmetic progression.
DICKENS'S “JEWISH QUESTION”: PARIAH CAPITALISM AND THE WAY OUT
Authors: Nord Deborah Epstein 
Published: December 2010

The story – we might almost saylegend – of how Dickens came to make the character of Riah inOur Mutual Frienda benign figure and a deliberate revision of Fagin, underworld denizen ofOliver Twist, is well known. In 1860, an Anglo-Jewish couple, J. P. and Eliza Davis, bought Charles Dickens's London home, Tavistock House. Dickens remarked to his personal secretary, William Wills, that he could not recall any “money-making dealings . . . that have been so satisfactory, considerate, and trusting” (Johnson 487). This expression of relief and slight surprise that the sale of his property to a Jewish family was without complication followed on Dickens's suspicion, crudely expressed earlier in the negotiations, that the “Jew Money-Lender” (as he referred to J. P. Davis) would not come through on the deal (Stone 243). But, though the Davises proved surprisingly cooperative in this phase of the transaction as far as Dickens was concerned, Mrs. Davis did ultimately have a complaint to register with the great writer and delivered it politely in a letter three years later. It was not about the house or the terms of purchase but rather about the character of Fagin, created by Dickens in 1837, some twenty-six years earlier. English Jews, she told him, had taken offense at this portrayal of one of their people and believed Dickens had done them a “great wrong” by offering the greedy, thieving, child-corrupting, sausage-eating criminal as representative of their “scattered nation” (Lane 98). Still, she added, while the author lived he might conceivably “justify himself or atone” for this deed. Apparently contrite and unaware of feeling any of the prejudices his portrait of the London fence might convey, Dickens declared in a letter back to Mrs. Davis that he had only “friendly feelings” for the Jews. His contrition did not end there. For the novel he was then beginning to write, Dickens would create a beneficent Jewish character, Riah, friend to the river dredger's daughter, Lizzie Hexam, and her misshapen companion, the dolls’ dressmaker, Jenny Wren. As the late-nineteenth century Anglo-Jewish poet and novelist Amy Levy put it, Dickens “trie[d] to compensate for his having affixed the label ‘Jew’ to one of his bad fairies by creating the good fairy Riah” (Levy 176).
WRITING AS FEMALE NATIONAL AND IMPERIAL RESPONSIBILITY: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE'S SCHEME FOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REFORMS IN ENGLAND AND INDIA
Authors: Ichikawa Chieko 
Published: December 2010

Florence Nightingale, who becamea national heroine after the Crimean War, was the most popular subject in hagiographical collective biographies of women during the mid- and late-1850s. However, her life can be regarded as a resolute resistance to conformity with the ideal of womanhood in the Victorian era. She recognised the chasm between her popularity and reality:Good public! It knew nothing of what I was really doing in the Crimea.Good public! It has known nothing of what I wanted to do & have done since I came home. (Private note from 1857; Nightingale,Ever Yours177–78)This statement implies the resistance to the misrepresentation of her, which is indicative of her inner struggle to search for a means to express her vision.
BODIES OF SCHOLARSHIP: WITNESSING THE LIBRARY IN LATE-VICTORIAN FICTION
Authors: Cook Daniel 
Published: December 2010

In one of the fictive dialoguesfrom his 1872 bookThe Poet at the Breakfast-Table, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. dispensed advice to any scholar planning to start a private library:I have a kind of notion of the way in which a library ought to be put together – no, I don't mean that, I mean ought to grow. . . . A scholar must shape his own shell,secreteit one might almost say, for secretion is only separation, you know, of certain elements derived from the material world about us. And a scholar's study, with books lining its walls, is his shell. It isn't a mollusk's shell, either; it's a caddice-worm's shell. (211)Here, the scholar's library entails separation in several senses both physical and ideal. On the one hand, books form a literal carapace insulating the scholar from the outside world – and perhaps even from the distractions of home life. At the same time, the library operates by separation in the sense of discrimination. In accumulating his library, the scholar winnows a vast textual tradition into the manageable dimensions of a single room, and curriculum just enough for a singular human life. Most interesting, however, is the suggestion that the scholar “secretes” the library, as though the books are somehow synthesized from within as an expression of, and memorial to, the scholar's essential self. The caddice worm, as Holmes informs us, “has his special fancy as to what he will pick up and glue together, with a kind of natural cement he provides himself” (211). This may strike us as a crudely glandular way of envisioning the relationship between tradition and the individual talent. Nevertheless, the passage is in keeping with the late-Victorian obsession with the private library, as well as with period representations of the scholar, who is best encountered within a concealing womb of books, carrying on secret exchange with the dusty relics of his own intellectual pilgrimage.
Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland
Authors: Lehto Reetta , Ray Carola , Lahti-Koski Marjaana , Roos Eva 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn many studies it has been shown that breakfast is associated with normal weight in children and adolescents. Other meals, family meals and a regular meal pattern have been less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether a regular meal pattern, or breakfast, lunch or dinner as separate regular meals, is associated with the BMI of children.DesignA cross-sectional study conducted within the Helsinki region during 2006. Study participants were measured and weighed by research staff. Children filled in a study questionnaire on their health behaviour, including the frequency of consuming meals. A regular meal was defined as one usually eaten on every school day. A regular meal pattern was defined as one consisting of a usual consumption of breakfast, school lunch and dinner on every school day. Covariance analysis was used as the statistical analysis method.SettingCapital region, Finland, 2006.SubjectsA total of 604 schoolchildren (312 girls) aged 9–11 years.ResultsIrregular breakfast and an irregular meal pattern were associated with higher BMI. Regularity of school lunch, dinner or family dinner was not associated with BMI.ConclusionsA regular breakfast and meal pattern was associated with lower BMI in children, although breakfast was the only single meal associated with BMI. We conclude that, although the association between breakfast and weight status in children is fairly consistent, the role of other meals is less convincing.
Online Human Health Risk Assessment & Management: An in-silico approach
Authors: Dwivedi Lavkush 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDreamed quality of life can be achieved by good health and further restored and maintained by the identification of health-related issues and their effective management. Human health risk assessment & management (HHRAM) approaches are applied for doing so. As internet is now increasingly being used by citizens as a major source of health information, the HHRAM approach was developed in the present study which could predict and manage online the health risks associated with any possible health hazard present in an Indian scenario. The approach is communicated to the entire population through the developed website www.healthrisk.co.in.The study was completed in three phases (1) Preparation of online health risk assessment questionnaire (HRAQ) containing variables of our interest related to personal history, occupational health status, environmental and socio-economical status (2) Design and development of the Database Management System (DBMS) to logically collect, retrieve and evaluate the collected data in a computerized format (3)Design and development of a website containing all the developed tools and other health related information for the online survey and HHRAM.Finally, health status inferences added with a few affordable management tips are configured as a risk report by DBMS and presented to every end user upon every assessment. MySQL, Microsoft office 2007, Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) application software and computer languages were used for development. Data for more than 2000 individuals has been collected and evaluated so far.
Frost and flowers: Predicting the effects of climate change on spring frost damage using a large pollen count dataset
Authors: Katz Daniel 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Climate change is resulting in warmer average temperatures in much of North America, leading to earlier flowering dates for most tree genera. However, earlier flowering dates can increase the chance of frost damage which may in turn reduce or eliminate seed and fruit production. This has important implications for both forest regeneration and the organisms which depend on these resources.Although specific examples, such as the “Easter frost” of 2007, show that frost damage can have extreme short term impacts on tree reproduction, we lack a general understanding of the frequency and importance of these events in non-agricultural contexts. Moreover, the magnitude by which climate change could increase these events is unknown.In this study we address the following questions: 1) How good of a predictor are environmental variables (such as temperature) for pollen release date and duration across multiple genera of North American trees? 2) How frequently and to what extent has frost damage affected pollen production over the last decade? 3) Based on temporal and spatial variation in environmental factors and tree pollen phenology, what can we predict for future decades?To investigate these questions we make use of a large pollen count dataset, derived from asthma related data collection efforts. This dataset consists of 55 urban sites across North America, and contains six years of data. Pollen was collected daily and identified to the genus level. We also make use of nearby municipal weather stations for detailed daily weather data.

Results/Conclusions
Certain genera, such as Acer, Alnus, Populus, and Quercus had relatively earlier pollen production times, putting them at higher risk of frost damage. Within each genus there was high variation in when the day of peak pollen counts occurred; for example Quercus peak days ranged from February 28th to June 7th. This variation was largely explained by environmental variables and site specific effects.We found many examples of days which had minimum temperatures sufficiently low to damage plant tissue but where pollen was still collected. For example, in the Quercus genus 223 out of 7417 pollen count observations fit these criteria, suggesting the importance of frost damage to this genus. Next, by comparing pollen count distributions between years, we show the extent to which frost damage has limited pollen production for multiple genera. Finally, we use hierarchical models to show how climate change may affect the impact of frost damage in the future.
Sustained Reduction in the Clinical Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization or Infection Associated with a Multifaceted Infection Control Intervention
Authors: Ellingson Katherine , Muder Robert R. , Jain Rajiv , Kleinbaum David , Feng Pei-Jean I. , Cunningham Candace , Squier Cheryl , Lloyd Jon , Edwards Jonathan , Gebski Val , Jernigan John 
Published: December 2010

Objective.To assess the impact and sustainability of a multifaceted intervention to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission implemented in 3 chronologically overlapping phases at 1 hospital.Design.Interrupted time-series analyses.Setting.A Veterans Affairs hospital in the northeastern United States.Patients and Participants.Individuals admitted to acute care units from October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2008. To calculate the monthly clinical incidence of MRSA colonization or infection, the number of MRSA-positive cultures obtained from a clinical site more than 48 hours after admission among patients with no MRSA-positive clinical cultures during the previous year was divided by patient-days at risk. Secondary outcomes included clinical incidence of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus colonization or infection and incidence of MRSA bloodstream infections.Interventions.The intervention—implemented in a surgical ward beginning October 2001, in a surgical intensive care unit beginning October 2003, and in all acute care units beginning July 2005—included systems and behavior change strategies to increase adherence to infection control precautions (eg, hand hygiene and active surveillance culturing for MRSA).Results.Hospital-wide, the clinical incidence of MRSA colonization or infection decreased after initiation of the intervention in 2001, compared with the period before intervention (P = .002), and decreased by 61% (P < .001) in the 7-year postintervention period. In the postintervention period, the hospital-wide incidence of MRSA bloodstream infection decreased by 50% (P = .02), and the proportion of S. aureus isolates that were methicillin resistant decreased by 30% (P < .001).Conclusions.Sustained decreases in hospital-wide clinical incidence of MRSA colonization or infection, incidence of MRSA bloodstream infection, and proportion of S. aureus isolates resistant to methicillin followed implementation of a multifaceted prevention program at one Veterans Affairs hospital. Findings suggest that interventions designed to prevent transmission can impact endemic antimicrobial resistance problems.
Clinical Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Colonization or Infection as a Proxy Measure for MRSA Transmission in Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Feng Pei-Jean I. , Kallen Alexander J. , Ellingson Katherine , Muder Robert , Jain Rajiv , Jernigan John A. 
Published: December 2010

Background.The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization or infection has been used as a proxy measure for MRSA transmission, but incidence calculations vary depending on whether active surveillance culture (ASC) data are included.Objective.To evaluate the relationship between incidences of MRSA colonization or infection calculated with and without ASCs in intensive care units and non-intensive care units.Setting.A Veterans Affairs medical center.Methods.From microbiology records, incidences of MRSA colonization or infection were calculated with and without ASC data. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the 2 measures, and Poisson regression was used to model temporal trends. A Poisson interaction model was used to test for differences in incidence trends modeled with and without ASCs.Results.The incidence of MRSA colonization or infection calculated with ASCs was 4.9 times higher than that calculated without ASCs. Correlation coefficients for incidences with and without ASCs were 0.42 for intensive care units, 0.59 for non-intensive care units, and 0.48 hospital-wide. Trends over time for the hospital were similar with and without ASCs (incidence rate ratio with ASCs, 0.95 [95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.97]; incidence rate ratio without ASCs, 0.95 [95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.99]; P = .68). Without ASCs, 35% of prevalent cases were falsely classified as incident.Conclusions.At 1 Veterans Affairs medical center, the incidence of MRSA colonization or infection calculated solely on the basis of clinical culture results commonly misclassified incident cases and underestimated incidence, compared with measures that included ASCs; however, temporal changes were similar. These findings suggest that incidence measured without ASCs may not accurately reflect the magnitude of MRSA transmission but may be useful for monitoring transmission trends over time, a crucial element for evaluating the impact of prevention activities.
An HrpB‐dependent but type III‐independent extracellular aspartic protease is a virulence factor of Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: JEONG YEONHWA , CHEONG HOON , CHOI OKHEE , KIM JUNG KYU , KANG YONGSUNG , KIM JINWOO , LEE SEUNGDON , KOH SERRY , MOON JAE SUN , HWANG INGYU 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThe host specificity of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal organism of bacterial wilt on many solanaceous crops, is poorly understood. To identify a gene conferring host specificity of the bacterium, SL341 (virulent to hot pepper but avirulent to potato) and SL2029 (virulent to potato but avirulent to hot pepper) were chosen as representative strains. We identified a gene, rsa1, from SL2029 that confers avirulence to SL341 in hot pepper. The rsa1 gene encoding an 11.8‐kDa protein possessed the perfect consensus hrpII box motif upstream of the gene. Although the expression of rsa1 was activated by HrpB, a transcriptional activator for hrp gene expression, Rsa1 protein was secreted in an Hrp type III secretion‐independent manner. Rsa1 exhibited weak homology with an aspartic protease, cathepsin D, and possessed protease activity. Two specific aspartic protease inhibitors, pepstatin A and diazoacetyl‐d,l‐norleucine methyl ester, inhibited the protease activity of Rsa1. Substitution of two aspartic acid residues with alanine at positions 54 and 59 abolished protease activity. The SL2029 rsa1 mutant was much less virulent than the wild‐type strain, but did not induce disease symptoms in hot pepper. These data indicate that Rsa1 is an extracellular aspartic protease and plays an important role for the virulence of SL2029 in potato.
Fungal pathogenicity genes in the age of ‘omics’
Authors: VAN DE WOUW ANGELA P. , HOWLETT BARBARA J. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThe identification of the fungal genes essential for disease underpins the development of disease control strategies. Improved technologies for gene identification and functional analyses, as well as a plethora of sequenced fungal genomes, have led to the characterization of hundreds of genes, denoted as pathogenicity genes, which are required by fungi to cause disease. We describe recent technologies applied to characterize the fungal genes involved in disease and focus on some genes that are likely to attract continuing research activity.
The wxacO gene of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri encodes a protein with a role in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, biofilm formation, stress tolerance and virulence
Authors: LI JINYUN , WANG NIAN 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARY Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc) causes citrus canker, one of the most economically damaging diseases affecting citrus worldwide. Biofilm formation is important for the pathogen to survive epiphytically in planta prior to the induction of canker symptoms. In this study, two EZ‐Tn5 transposon mutants of Xcc strain 306, affected in biofilm formation, were isolated; subsequent analyses led to the identification of a novel gene locus XAC3596 (designated as wxacO), encoding a putative transmembrane protein, and the rfbC gene, encoding a truncated O‐antigen biosynthesis protein. Sodium dodecylsulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis was affected in both wxacO and rfbC mutants. The wxacO mutant was impaired in the formation of a structured biofilm on glass or host plant leaves, as shown in confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of strains containing a plasmid expressing the green fluorescent protein. Both wxacO and rfbC mutants were more sensitive than the wild‐type strain to different environmental stresses, and more susceptible to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. The two mutants were attenuated in swimming motility, but not in flagellar formation. The mutants also showed reduced virulence and decreased growth on host leaves when spray inoculated. The affected phenotypes of the wxacO and rfbC mutants were complemented to wild‐type levels by the intact wxacO and rfbC genes, respectively. This report identifies a new gene influencing LPS production by Xcc. In addition, our results suggest that a structurally intact LPS is critical for survival in the phyllosphere and for the virulence of Xcc.
Hospitalized incidence and case fatality for upper gastrointestinal bleeding from 1999 to 2007: a record linkage study
Authors: Button L. A. , Roberts S. E. , Evans P. A. , Goldacre M. J. , Akbari A. , Dsilva R. , Macey S. , Williams J. G. 
Published: December 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 64–76SummaryBackground  Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is the most common emergency managed by gastroenterologists.Aim  To establish the hospitalized incidence and case fatality for upper GI bleeding, and to determine how they are associated with factors including day of admission, hospital size, social deprivation and distance from hospital.Methods  Systematic record linkage of hospital in‐patient and mortality data for 24 421 admissions for upper GI bleeding among 22 299 people in Wales from 1999 to 2007.Results  The hospitalized incidence of upper GI bleeding was 134 per 100 000. Case fatality was 10.0%. Incidence was stable from 1999 to 2007; case fatality fell from 11.4% in 1999–2000 to 8.6% in 2006–7. Incidence was associated significantly with social deprivation. Compared with weekday admissions, case fatality was 13% higher for weekend admissions and 41% higher for admissions on public holidays. There was little variation in case fatality according to social deprivation, hospital size or distance from hospital.Conclusions  Incidence, but not case fatality, was associated significantly with social deprivation. The higher mortality for weekend and public holiday admissions could not be explained by measures of case mix and may indicate a possible impact of reduced staffing levels and delays to endoscopy at weekends in some hospitals.