bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasitoid complex of the bird cherry ermine mothYponomeuta evonymellusin Korea
Authors: LEE Jang‐Hoon , PEMBERTON Robert W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe parasitoid complex ofYponomeuta evonymellusL. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), the bird cherry ermine moth (BCEM), was sought in South Korea with the goal of identifying its potential biological controls. Thirteen primary and two secondary parasitoids were found.Diadegma armillatum(Grav.),Herpestomus brunnicornisGrav. (Icheumonidae), andZenillia dolosa(Meigen) (Tachinidae) were the most important parasitoids causing 3.5%, 7.1%, and 7.7% of the combined parasitism of the host larvae and pupae, respectively. The composition of parasitoid species was more diverse in larvae than in pupae; 10 species were reared from larvae, compared to six from pupae. The parasitoid complex contributed to the relatively low mortality levels ofYponomeuta evonymelluswith the combined total rate of parasitism of 29.6% for the host larvae and pupae. This level is below that found in some European populations (50%) and is not greater than the larval rate of parasitism (31%) found in the congeneric apple ermine moth in Korea. This low rate of parasitism is partly attributed to the parasitism byAgeniaspis fuscicollis(1%) detected inYponomeuta evonymellus,which is similar to that detected inYponomeuta evonymellusin European reports. This is the first report of the parasitoid complex attacking the BCEM in Korea.
Taxonomy of the genus Phytomyza Fallén (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Korea
Authors: KWON Yong Jung , KIM Jinseo , SUH Sang Jae 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the present study, six Korean Phytomyza species are revised taxonomically. Of these, three species are newly recorded in the Korean fauna: P. angelicae kibunensis, P. arnaudi and P. sedicola. A key to the Korean species, host plants and distributional data for each species are given. The detailed redescriptions and illustrations with their diagnostic characters are also provided.
Sociolinguistics and Sociology: Current Directions, Future Partnerships
Authors: Mallinson Christine 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this article, I discuss the past, present, and future of interdisciplinary scholarship between sociolinguists and sociologists. After detailing some of the broader history of collaboration between sociolinguists and sociologists, I examine two sub‐areas of scholarship: the variationist tradition from sociolinguistics and the social stratification tradition from sociology. I contend that, given their complementary research questions and analytic traditions, these areas provide new potential for interdisciplinary research initiatives. I give suggestions for research partnerships between sociolinguists and sociologists, and close with a discussion of some practical ways in which sociolinguists and sociologists can build interdisciplinarity both pedagogically as well as professionally.
Geographies of Sustainability: Low Impact Developments and Radical Spaces of Innovation
Authors: Pickerill Jenny , Maxey Larch 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDrawing upon low impact development (LID), a radical approach to housing, livelihoods and everyday living, this article interrogates the notion of sustainability and argues for greater attention to be paid to its geographies. We wish to reconceptualise the geographies of sustainability to do five things: (i) pay close attention to ‘actually existing sustainabilities’; (ii) consider radical solutions; (iii) consider sustainability as holistic, integrating social, economic and environmental factors; (iv) be more assertively political; and (v) include a clearer consideration of scale. Drawing on a detailed case study of LID, we identify seven insights into how geographers, and others, can further shape debates about geographies of sustainability. LID emphasises flexibility, holism, engaging with questions of scale, transferability, mixed and modern approaches, and popular participation whilst acknowledging the difficulties of practising sustainability. All of this allows LID to offer valuable insights into how geographers could be considering questions of sustainability.
Lip cancer in Western Australia, 1982–2006: a 25‐year retrospective epidemiological study
Authors: Abreu L , Kruger E , Tennant M 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to report on the epidemiological trends in incidence and mortality rates of lip cancer in Western Australia from 1982–2006.Methods:  Incidence and mortality data were provided by the Western Australian Cancer Registry. Analysis of demographic distribution by gender, age, metro‐rural residence and Indigenous status and by sub‐site of lip cancer was undertaken. Percentages, crude, age‐specific and direct age‐standardized rates were computed with 95% confidence intervals.Results:  In Western Australia, lip cancer represents 49 per cent of all oral cancer cases. A total of 2152 new cases and 31 deaths due to lip cancer were reported. Eighty‐one per cent of new cases occurred on the lower lip. The incidence rate ratio of males to females was 2.5‐3:1, with non‐Indigenous people suffering 98 per cent of lip cancer. Rural dwellers have higher standardized incidence rates when compared to people living in metropolitan areas. An increasing trend with older age is consistent throughout the study period.Conclusions:  Over the 25 years, on average 90–100 people are diagnosed with lip cancer but only 1–2 people die each year. These mortality rates are very low indeed and are the reason for its good prognosis.
Evaluation of Oral Fluid Enzyme Immunoassay for Confirmation of a Positive Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Test Result
Authors: Wesolowski L. G. , Sanchez T. , MacKellar D. A. , Branson B. M. , Ethridge S. F. , Constantine N. , Ketema F. , Sullivan P. S. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
The CDC recommends that a reactive rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test be confirmed with an approved supplemental test; the performance of an intermediate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is optional. In support of this recommendation, it was found that of 1,431 reactive rapid HIV test results, 2 (0.1%) had false-negative oral fluid Western blot results and both had false-negative EIA results.
Diminished Treatment Response of Periodontally Diseased Patients Infected with the JP2 Clone ofAggregatibacter(Actinobacillus)actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Costa Fernando Oliveira , Kawai Toshihisa , Aquino Davi Romeiro , Nobre Franco Gilson Cesar , Ohara Kazuhisa , Roman-Torres Caio Vinícius Gonçalves , Cortelli José Roberto 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study evaluated the response to periodontal treatment by subjects infected with either JP2 (n= 25) or non-JP2 (n= 25)Aggregatibacter(Actinobacillus)actinomycetemcomitans. Participants were treated during the first 4 months by receiving (i) scaling and root planing, (ii) systemic antibiotic therapy, and (iii) periodontal surgery. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival and plaque indices (GI and PI, respectively) were monitored at baseline and at 12 months, along with DNA-PCR-based subgingival detection of JP2 or non-JP2A. actinomycetemcomitans. At baseline, PD, CAL, and GI scores were statistically higher in the JP2 strain-positive group than the non-JP2-strain-positive group. At 12 months, PD, CAL, and GI scores had decreased significantly for both groups, but the reduction rates of PD and CAL were higher in the non-JP2-strain-positive group. Among JP2-strain-positive patients in the baseline, patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months showed significantly higher GIs than did the patients who had lost the detectable JP2 clone. Patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months appeared to be more resistant to mechanical-chemical therapy than did those who were still non-JP2 strain positive, while the elimination of JP2A. actinomycetemcomitansremarkably diminished gingival inflammation. Early identification and elimination of the JP2 clone ofA. actinomycetemcomitanswill enable practitioners to effectively predict the outcome of treatments applied to periodontal patients.
Prospective Universal Application of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Genotyping To CharacterizeMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates for Fast Identification of Clustered and Orphan Cases
Authors: Alonso-Rodriguez Noelia , Martínez-Lirola Miguel , Sánchez M. Luisa , Herranz Marta , Peñafiel Teresa , Bonillo Magdalena del Carmen , Gonzalez-Rivera Milagros , Martínez Juan , Cabezas Teresa , Diez-García Luis Felipe , Bouza Emilio , García de Viedma Darío 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe use of molecular tools for genotypingMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates in epidemiological surveys in order to identify clustered and orphan strains requires faster response times than those offered by the reference method, IS6110restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping. A method based on PCR, the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping technique, is an option for fast fingerprinting ofM. tuberculosis, although precise evaluations of correlation between MIRU-VNTR and RFLP findings in population-based studies in different contexts are required before the methods are switched. In this study, we evaluated MIRU-VNTR genotyping (with a set of 15 loci [MIRU-15]) in parallel to RFLP genotyping in a 39-month universal population-based study in a challenging setting with a high proportion of immigrants. For 81.9% (281/343) of theM. tuberculosisisolates, both RFLP and MIRU-VNTR types were obtained. The percentages of clustered cases were 39.9% (112/281) and 43.1% (121/281) for RFLP and MIRU-15 analyses, and the numbers of clusters identified were 42 and 45, respectively. For 85.4% of the cases, the RFLP and MIRU-15 results were concordant, identifying the same cases as clustered and orphan (kappa, 0.7). However, for the remaining 14.6% of the cases, discrepancies were observed: 16 of the cases clustered by RFLP analysis were identified as orphan by MIRU-15 analysis, and 25 cases identified as orphan by RFLP analysis were clustered by MIRU-15 analysis. When discrepant cases showing subtle genotypic differences were tolerated, the discrepancies fell from 14.6% to 8.6%. Epidemiological links were found for 83.8% of the cases clustered by both RFLP and MIRU-15 analyses, whereas for the cases clustered by RFLP or MIRU-VNTR analysis alone, links were identified for only 30.8% or 38.9% of the cases, respectively. The latter group of cases mainly comprised isolates that could also have been clustered, if subtle genotypic differences had been tolerated. MIRU-15 genotyping seems to be a good alternative to RFLP genotyping for real-time interventional schemes. The correlation between MIRU-15 andIS6110RFLP findings was reasonable, although some uncertainties as to the assignation of clusters by MIRU-15 analysis were identified.
Regulation of the ORF61 Promoter and ORF61 Functions in Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication and Pathogenesis
Authors: Wang Li , Sommer Marvin , Rajamani Jaya , Arvin Ann M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 61 (ORF61) encodes a protein that transactivates viral and cellular promoters in transient-transfection assays and is the ortholog of herpes simplex virus ICP0. In this report, we mapped the ORF61 promoter and investigated its regulation by viral and cellular proteins in transient-expression experiments and by mutagenesis of the VZV genome (parent Oka strain). The 5′ boundary of the minimal ORF61 promoter required for IE62 transactivation was mapped to position −95 relative to the mRNA start site, and three noncanonical GT-rich Sp1-binding sites were documented to occur within the region comprising positions −95 to −45. Contributions of the three Sp1-binding-site motifs, designated Sp1a, Sp1b, and Sp1c, to ORF61 expression and viral replication were varied despite their similar sequences. Two sites, Sp1a and Sp1c, functioned synergistically. When both sites were mutated in the pOka genome to produce pOka-61proΔSp1ac, the mutant virus expressed significantly less ORF61 protein. Using this mutant to investigate ORF61 functions resulted in reductions in the expression levels of IE proteins, viral kinases ORF47 and ORF66, and the major glycoprotein gE, with the most impact on gE. Virion morphogenesis appeared to be intact despite minimal ORF61 expression. Pretreating melanoma cells with sodium butyrate enhanced titers of pOka-61proΔSp1ac but not pOka, suggesting that ORF61 has a role in histone deacetylase inhibition. Growth of pOka-61proΔSp1ac was impaired in SCIDhu skin xenografts, indicating that the regulation of the ORF61 promoter by Sp1 family proteins is important for ORF61 expression in vivo and that ORF61 contributes to VZV virulence at skin sites of replication.
Impaired Replication of Hepatitis C Virus Containing Mutations in a Conserved NS5B Retinoblastoma Protein-Binding Motif
Authors: McGivern David R. , Villanueva Rodrigo A. , Chinnaswamy Sreedhar , Kao C. Cheng , Lemon Stanley M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) downregulates the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb), a central cell cycle regulator which is also targeted by oncoproteins expressed by DNA tumor viruses. HCV genome replication is also enhanced in proliferating cells. Thus, it is possible that HCV interactions with host cell cycle regulators, such as Rb, have evolved to modify the intracellular environment to promote viral replication. To test this hypothesis and to determine the impact of viral regulation of Rb on HCV replication, we constructed infectious viral genomes containing mutations in the Rb-binding motif of NS5B which ablate the ability of HCV to regulate Rb. These genomes underwent replication in transfected cells but produced variably reduced virus yields. One mutant, L314A, was severely compromised for replication and rapidly mutated to L314V, thereby restoring both Rb regulation and replication competence. Another mutant, C316A, also failed to downregulate Rb abundance and produced virus yields that were about one-third that of virus with the wild-type (wt) NS5B sequence. Despite this loss of replication competence, purified NS5B-C316A protein was two- to threefold more active than wt NS5B in cell-free polymerase and replicase assays. Although small interfering RNA knockdown of Rb did not rescue the replication fitness of these mutants, we conclude that the defect in replication fitness is not due to defective polymerase or replicase function and is more likely to result from the inability of the mutated NS5B to optimally regulate Rb abundance and thereby modulate host gene expression.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure of Adenovirus Type 2 Temperature-Sensitive Mutant 1 Reveals Insight into the Cell Entry Defect
Authors: Silvestry Mariena , Lindert Steffen , Smith Jason G. , Maier Oana , Wiethoff Christopher M. , Nemerow Glen R. , Stewart Phoebe L. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

The structure of the adenovirus type 2 temperature-sensitive mutant 1 (Ad2
ts
1) was determined to a resolution of 10 Å by cryo-electron microscopy single-particle reconstruction. Ad2
ts
1 was prepared at a nonpermissive temperature and contains the precursor forms of the capsid proteins IIIa, VI, and VIII; the core proteins VII, X (mu), and terminal protein (TP); and the L1-52K protein. Cell entry studies have shown that although Ad2
ts
1 can bind the coxsackievirus and Ad receptor and undergo internalization via αv integrins, this mutant does not escape from the early endosome and is targeted for degradation. Comparison of the Ad2
ts
1 structure to that of mature Ad indicates that Ad2
ts
1 has a different core architecture. The Ad2
ts
1 core is closely associated with the icosahedral capsid, a connection which may be mediated by preproteins IIIa and VI. Density within hexon cavities is assigned to preprotein VI, and membrane disruption assays show that hexon shields the lytic activity of both the mature and precursor forms of protein VI. The internal surface of the penton base in Ad2
ts
1 appears to be anchored to the core by interactions with preprotein IIIa. Our structural analyses suggest that these connections to the core inhibit the release of the vertex proteins and lead to the cell entry defect of Ad2
ts
1.
Modulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Autoprocessing by Charge Properties of Surface Residue 69
Authors: Huang Liangqun , Sayer Jane M. , Swinford Marie , Louis John M. , Chen Chaoping 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Mature, fully active human immunodeficiency virus protease (PR) is liberated from the Gag-Pol precursor via regulated autoprocessing. A chimeric protease precursor, glutathione
S
-transferase-transframe region (TFR)-PR-FLAG, also undergoes N-terminal autocatalytic maturation when it is expressed in
Escherichia coli
. Mutation of the surface residue H69 to glutamic acid, but not to several neutral or basic amino acids, impedes protease autoprocessing in bacteria and mammalian cells. Only a fraction of mature PR with an H69E mutation (PR
H69E
) folds into active enzymes, and it does so with an apparent

K
d

(dissociation constant) significantly higher than that of the wild-type protease, corroborating the marked retardation of the in vitro N-terminal autocatalytic processing of TFR-PR
H69E
and suggesting a folding defect in the precursor.
Strong Ability of Nef-Specific CD4+Cytotoxic T Cells To Suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Replication in HIV-1-Infected CD4+T Cells and Macrophages
Authors: Zheng Nan , Fujiwara Mamoru , Ueno Takamasa , Oka Shinichi , Takiguchi Masafumi 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTA restricted number of studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic CD4+T cells are present in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, the roles of this type of CD4+T cell in the immune responses against an HIV-1 infection remain unclear. In this study, we identified novel Nef epitope-specific HLA-DRB1*0803-restricted cytotoxic CD4+T cells. The CD4+T-cell clones specific for Nef187-203 showed strong gamma interferon production after having been stimulated with autologous B-lymphoblastoid cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing Nef or pulsed with heat-inactivated virus particles, indicating the presentation of the epitope antigen through both exogenous and endogenous major histocompatibility complex class II processing pathways. Nef187-203-specific CD4+T-cell clones exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against both HIV-1-infected macrophages and CD4+T cells from an HLA-DRB1*0803+donor. In addition, these Nef-specific cytotoxic CD4+T-cell clones exhibited strong ability to suppress HIV-1 replication in both macrophages and CD4+T cells in vitro. Nef187-203-specific cytotoxic CD4+T cells were detected in cultures of peptide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in ex vivo PBMCs from 40% and 20% of DRB1*0803+donors, respectively. These results suggest that HIV-1-specific CD4+T cells may directly control HIV-1 infection in vivo by suppressing virus replication in HIV-1 natural host cells.
Ocular Infection of Mice with Influenza A (H7) Viruses: a Site of Primary Replication and Spread to the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Belser Jessica A. , Wadford Debra A. , Xu Jianguo , Katz Jacqueline M. , Tumpey Terrence M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAvian H7 influenza viruses have been responsible for poultry outbreaks worldwide and have resulted in numerous cases of human infection in recent years. The high rate of conjunctivitis associated with avian H7 subtype virus infections may represent a portal of entry for avian influenza viruses and highlights the need to better understand the apparent ocular tropism observed in humans. To study this, mice were inoculated by the ocular route with viruses of multiple subtypes and degrees of virulence. We found that in contrast to human (H3N2 and H1N1) viruses, H7N7 viruses isolated from The Netherlands in 2003 and H7N3 viruses isolated from British Columbia, Canada, in 2004, two subtypes that were highly virulent for poultry, replicated to a significant titer in the mouse eye. Remarkably, an H7N7 virus, as well as some avian H5N1 viruses, spread systemically following ocular inoculation, including to the brain, resulting in morbidity and mortality of mice. This correlated with efficient replication of highly pathogenic H7 and H5 subtypes in murine corneal epithelial sheets (ex vivo) and primary human corneal epithelial cells (in vitro). Influenza viruses were labeled to identify the virus attachment site in the mouse cornea. Although we found abundant H7 virus attachment to corneal epithelial tissue, this did not account for the differences in virus replication as multiple subtypes were able to attach to these cells. These findings demonstrate that avian influenza viruses within H7 and H5 subtypes are capable of using the eye as a portal of entry.
Is the Gut the Major Source of Virus in Early Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection?
Authors: Lay Matthew D. H. , Petravic Janka , Gordon Shari N. , Engram Jessica , Silvestri Guido , Davenport Miles P. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

The acute phases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection are characterized by rapid and profound depletion of CD4
+
T cells from the guts of infected individuals. The large number of CD4
+
T cells in the gut (a large fraction of which are activated and express the HIV/SIV coreceptor CCR5), the high level of infection of these cells, and the temporal coincidence of this CD4
+
T-cell depletion with the peak of virus in plasma in acute infection suggest that the intestinal mucosa may be the major source of virus driving the peak viral load. Here, we used data on CD4
+
T-cell proportions in the lamina propria of the rectums of SIV-infected rhesus macaques (which progress to AIDS) and sooty mangabeys (which do not progress) to show that in both species, the depletion of CD4
+
T cells from this mucosal site and its maximum loss rate are often observed several days before the peak in viral load, with few CD4
+
T cells remaining in the rectum by the time of peak viral load. In contrast, the maximum loss rate of CD4
+
T cells from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and lymph nodes coincides with the peak in virus. Analysis of the kinetics of depletion suggests that, in both rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys, CD4
+
T cells in the intestinal mucosa are a highly susceptible population for infection but not a major source of plasma virus in acute SIV infection.