bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Rise of Talk Radio
Authors: Berry Jeffrey M. , Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe number of radio stations airing political talk shows—predominantly conservative talk radio—has surged in the past few years. This massive change in the radio industry says something about the demand for such shows, but attributing the rise of talk radio to a corresponding rise in conservative popular opinion is misleading. We argue that this remarkable growth is better explained by the collision of two changes that have transformed the radio business: deregulation and the mainstreaming of digital music technologies. Regulatory changes have shifted much of radio production and control from local to mass production (managed by industry giants such as Clear Channel Communications) and created a context ripe for nationally syndicated hosts such as Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck, and Mark Levin. Meanwhile, rapid technological changes have given consumers more control over the way they listen to music. Technologies such as MP3 players, Internet radio, smart phones, and Pandora Radio have made it more difficult for stations with a music format to be profitable. As music programming has become more problematic, many stations have developed a highly successful business model by converting to talk formats airing nationally syndicated shows.
Race and Religion in the Political Problematization of the American Muslim
Authors: Akhtar Iqbal 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article examines how the American civil response to September 11 profoundly transformed the core of American Muslim political identity for a generation. I outline the evolving contours of the American Muslim as citizens after September 11 through an analysis of the impact of race and religion on two relationships: state to citizen and citizen to citizen. The American political response to September 11 had both positive and negative impacts for domiciled Muslims. At the national level, this event has forced American Muslims into a period of institution building and active citizenship while the federal government's response has problematized the Muslim as a continuous potential security threat. One simmering question for the American citizenry in general concerns the loyalty of the American Muslim. In the future, the American Muslim political class will be engaged in a continued effort to write Muslims into the American narrative in the same way that previous immigrant groups have fought to reappropriate “Americanness.” The larger philosophical question in this process is how, in doing so, this group can prove its loyalty to the nation while maintaining a distinctive religious culture and heritage. What will be the future core of the maturing American Muslim as both a citizen of the republic and a servant of his or her god?
Beverage consumption and BMI of British schoolchildren aged 9–13 years
Authors: Coppinger Tara , Jeanes YM , Mitchell M , Reeves S 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveAdequate fluid intake has been well documented as important for health but whether it has adverse effects on overall energy and sugar intakes remains under debate. Many dietary studies continue to refrain from reporting on beverage consumption, which the present study aimed to address.DesignA cross-sectional survey investigated self-reported measures of dietary intake and anthropometric measurements.SettingPrimary and secondary schools in south-west London, UK.SubjectsBoys and girls (n 248) aged 9–13 years.ResultsBoys consumed 10 % and girls consumed 9 % of their daily energy intake from beverages and most children had total sugar intakes greater than recommended. Beverages contributed between a quarter and a third of all sugars consumed, with boys aged 11–13 years consuming 32 % of their total sugar from beverages. There was a strong relationship between consumption of beverages and energy intake; however, there was no relationship between beverage type and either BMI or BMI Z-score. Fruit juices and smoothies were consumed most frequently by all girls and 9–10-year-old boys; boys aged 11–13 years preferred soft drinks and consumed more of their daily energy from soft drinks. Milk and plain water as beverages were less popular.ConclusionsAlthough current health promotion campaigns in schools merit the attention being given to improving hydration and reducing soft drinks consumption, it may be also important to educate children on the energy and sugar contents of all beverages. These include soft drinks, as well as fruit juices and smoothies, which are both popular and consumed regularly.
Acquisition of epibiotic bacteria along the life cycle of the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata
Authors: Guri Mathieu , Durand Lucile , Cueff-Gauchard Valérie , Zbinden Magali , Crassous Philippe , Shillito Bruce , Cambon-Bonavita Marie-Anne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The caridean shrimp Rimicaris exoculata dominates the fauna at several Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites. This shrimp has an enlarged gill chamber, harboring a dense ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria associated with mineral oxide deposits. Until now, their acquisition is not fully understood. At three hydrothermal vent sites, we analyzed the epibionts diversity at different moult stages and also in the first stages of the shrimp life (eggs, hatched eggs (with larvae) and juveniles). Hatched eggs associated with young larvae were collected for the first time directly from gravid females at the Logachev vent site during the Serpentine cruise. An approach using 16S rRNA clone libraries, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescent in situ hybridization was used. Molecular results and microscope observations indicated a switch in the composition of the bacterial community between early R. exoculata life cycle stage (egg libraries dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria) and later stages (juvenile/adult libraries dominated by the Epsilonproteobacteria). We hypothesized that the epibiotic phylotype composition could vary according to the life stage of the shrimp. Our results confirmed the occurrence of a symbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, but more complex than previously assumed. We revealed the presence of active type-I methanotrophic bacteria colonizing the cephalothorax of shrimps from the Rainbow site. They were also present on the eggs from the Logachev site. This could be the first ‘epibiotic’ association between methanotrophic bacteria and hydrothermal vent crustacean. We discuss possible transmission pathways for epibionts linked to the shrimp life cycle.
Self‐management, preventable conditions and assessment of care among young adults with myelomeningocele
Authors: Mahmood D. , Dicianno B. , Bellin M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  In this multicentre cross‐sectional study we aimed to identify whether self‐management ability and healthcare service delivery factors were related to preventable conditions [urinary tract infections (UTIs), pressure ulcers] and healthcare utilization [emergency room (ER) visits, hospitalizations] specifically in a sample of young adults with myelomeningocele.Background  Spina bifida is one of the most common congenital birth defects, affecting over 166 000 individuals living in the USA. Participants completed a questionnaire comprised of a self‐report measure of healthcare services (Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care), recent healthcare utilization and preventable medical conditions. A structured clinical interview [Adolescent Self‐Management and Independence Scale 2 (AMIS)] was administered to assess self‐management. Multiple linear regression models were run to explore individual and combined effects of the AMIS, Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care, condition severity variables (shunted hydrocephalus, lesion level) and demographic factors in explaining variability in ER visits, hospitalizations, UTIs and pressure ulcers.Results  Higher number of UTIs were associated with no history of shunting, lower educational levels, higher employment levels and lower AMIS scores (adjusted R2 = 0.774, P = 0.002). Higher number of ulcers was associated with higher motor level and higher educational level (adjusted R2 = 0.378, P = 0.017). Higher number of hospitalizations was associated with higher number of wounds and lower AMIS scores (adjusted R2 = 0.544, P = 0.012). A significant model for ER visits was not identified.Conclusions  Initiatives aimed at improving self‐management skills or providing support for skin and bladder care may be warranted for those with high levels of motor impairment or lower educational levels. Better detection of wounds may be seen in those with higher employment levels. Spina bifida is a complex condition, but one whose most prevalent concomitant secondary conditions may be preventable through simple measures that improve self‐management and through health educational initiatives targeted to specific patient groups.
T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength controls arthritis severity in proteoglycan-specific TCR transgenic mice
Authors: Olasz K , Boldizsar F , Kis-Toth K , Tarjanyi O , Hegyi A , van Eden W , Rauch T A , Mikecz K , Glant T T 
Published: October 2011

SummaryT cell receptor transgenic (TCR-Tg) mice specific for the arthritogenic 5/4E8 epitope in the G1 domain of cartilage proteoglycan were generated and back-crossed into arthritis-prone BALB/c background. Although more than 90% of CD4+ T cells of all TCR-Tg lines were 5/4E8-specific, one (TCR-TgA) was highly sensitive to G1-induced or spontaneous arthritis, while another (TCR-TgB) was less susceptible. Here we studied whether fine differences in TCR signalling controlled the onset and severity of arthritis. Mice from the two TCR-Tg lines were immunized side by side with purified recombinant human G1 (rhG1) domain for G1 domain of cartilage proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis (GIA). TCR-TgA mice developed severe and early-onset arthritis, whereas TCR-TgB mice developed weaker arthritis with delayed onset, although TCR-TgB CD4+ T cells expressed approximately twice more TCR-Vβ4 chain protein. The more severe arthritis in TCR-TgA mice was associated with higher amounts of anti-G1 domain-specific antibodies, larger numbers of B cells and activated T helper cells. Importantly, TCR-TgB CD4+ T cells were more sensitive to in vitro activation-induced apoptosis, correlating with their higher TCR and CD3 expression and with the increased TCR signal strength. These findings indicate that TCR signal strength determines the clinical outcome of arthritis induction: ‘optimal’ TCR signal strength leads to strong T cell activation and severe arthritis in TCR-TgA mice, whereas ‘supra-optimal’ TCR signal leads to enhanced elimination of self-reactive T cells, resulting in attenuated disease.
The connective tissue changes of Crohn’s disease
Authors: Shelley‐Fraser Golda , Borley Neil R , Warren Bryan F , Shepherd Neil A 
Published: October 2011

Shelley‐Fraser G, Borley N R, Warren B F & Shepherd N A  (2012) Histopathology 60, 1034–1044The connective tissue changes of Crohn’s diseaseAlthough the inflammatory pathology of Crohn’s disease is manifestly its most important attribute, the connective tissue changes are important in the genesis of the more chronic features of the disease, and yet these have received little attention from clinicians, pathologists, and scientists. Fat‐wrapping appears to be pathognomonic of Crohn’s disease, and is an important marker of disease for surgeons. There is evidence of a complex interplay between the effector inflammatory cells of Crohn’s disease and adipocytes, hyperplasia of which results in fat‐wrapping. Pathologically, this is exhibited in the close relationship between the transmural inflammation that is so characteristic of Crohn’s disease and fat‐wrapping. Fibrosis and muscularization are also important components of the chronic changes of intestinal Crohn’s disease. Neuronal and vascular changes make up the remaining connective tissue changes: these constitute a distinctive feature, and are even specific for Crohn’s disease. For pathologists, the combination of these connective changes will allow a diagnosis of chronic ‘burnt‐out’ Crohn’s disease, even in the absence of its highly characteristic inflammatory features. The connective tissue changes of Crohn’s disease form an important part of its long‐term pathology. They deserve more attention from clinicians, diagnostic pathologists and researchers alike.
Evaluation of reconstructed images with different voxel sizes of acquisition in the diagnosis of simulated external root resorption using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Neves F. S. , Vasconcelos T. V. , Vaz S. L. A. , Freitas D. Q. , Haiter‐Neto F. 
Published: October 2011

Neves FS, Vasconcelos TV, Vaz SLA, Freitas DQ, Haiter‐Neto F. Evaluation of reconstructed images with different voxel sizes of acquisition in the diagnosis of simulated external root resorption using cone beam computed tomography. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 234–239, 2012.AbstractAim  To evaluate the diagnosis of simulated external root resorption in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images acquired with different voxel sizes, then reconstructed with the same voxel size.Methodology  Buccal, mesial and distal root surfaces of twenty single‐rooted premolar teeth were evaluated for the presence or absence of simulated resorption defects. Images were obtained using a Classic i‐CAT CBCT unit with two different voxel sizes (0.25 and 0.30 mm). Then all images were reconstructed to 0.25 mm voxel size. The McNemar’s test was applied to evaluate the agreement between the two protocols (different voxel sizes/reconstruction parameters) with the gold standard (defects created in the root). Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each voxel and defect sizes.Results  Better sensitivity and accuracy were obtained with 0.25 (0.25 mm) voxel size. Specificity, positive and negative predictive values were highest with the 0.25 (0.30 mm) voxel size. McNemar’s test results revealed significant differences between the protocols with the gold standard (P < 0.0001). The results revealed that as the cavity size increased, sensitivity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values also increased. When correlating the voxel size and root third, better sensitivity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were obtained in the middle third.Conclusions  In the diagnosis of simulated external root resorption with the Classic i‐CAT CBCT unit, images acquired with 0.30 mm voxel size and reconstructed with 0.25 mm voxel size provided the best protocol with a lower radiation dose than the 0.25 mm voxel size.
Reproductive synchrony in a recovering bottlenecked sea turtle population
Authors: Plot Virginie , de Thoisy Benoît , Blanc Stéphane , Kelle Laurent , Lavergne Anne , Roger‐Bérubet Hélène , Tremblay Yann , Fossette Sabrina , Georges Jean‐Yves 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. The assessment of species extinction risk has been well established for some time now. Assessing the potential for recovery in endangered species is however much more challenging, because complementary approaches are required to detect reliable signals of positive trends.2. This study combines genetics, demography and behavioural data at three different time‐scales to assess historical and recent population changes and evidence of reproductive synchrony in a small population of olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea. Lepidochelys is considered as the most extraordinary example of reproductive synchrony in reptiles, yet to date, it has only been reported in large populations.3. Using Bayesian coalescent‐based models on microsatellite nuclear DNA variability, we demonstrate that effective population size in olive ridleys nesting in French Guiana has dramatically declined by 99% over the last 20 centuries. This low current population size is further illustrated by the absence of genetic mitochondrial DNA diversity in the present nesting population. Yet, monitoring of nesting sites in French Guiana suggests a possible recovery of the population over the last decade.4. Satellite telemetry shows that over the first 14 days of their 28‐days inter‐nesting interval, i.e. when eggs maturation is likely to occur, gravid females disperse over the continental shelf. They then gather together with a striking spatiotemporal consistency close to the nesting site, where they later emerge for their second nesting event.5. Our results therefore suggest that reproductive synchrony also occurs in small populations. Olive ridleys may ensure this synchrony by adjusting the duration of the second half of their inter‐nesting interval prior to landing, possibly through social mediation.6. Such reproductive synchrony may be related to the maintenance of some species‐specific strategy despite former collapse and may contribute to the present population recovery. The gregarious behaviour of reproductive individuals close to shore where human‐induced perturbations occur is however a cause for conservation concern for this still poorly known species.
Global patterns in the shape of species geographical ranges reveal range determinants
Authors: Baselga Andrés , Lobo Jorge M. , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Araújo Miguel B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  Do species range shapes follow general patterns? If so, what mechanisms underlie those patterns? We show for 11,582 species from a variety of taxa across the world that most species have similar latitudinal and longitudinal ranges. We then seek to disentangle the roles of climate, extrinsic dispersal limitation (e.g. barriers) and intrinsic dispersal limitation (reflecting a species’ ability to disperse) as constraints of species range shape. We also assess the relationship between range size and shape.Location  Global.Methods  Range shape patterns were measured as the slope of the regression of latitudinal species ranges against longitudinal ranges for each taxon and continent, and as the coefficient of determination measuring the degree of scattering of species ranges from the 1:1 line (i.e. latitudinal range = longitudinal range). Two major competing hypotheses explaining species distributions (i.e. dispersal or climatic determinism) were explored. To this end, we compared the observed slopes and coefficients of determination with those predicted by a climatic null model that estimates the potential range shapes in the absence of dispersal limitation. The predictions compared were that species distribution shapes are determined purely by (1) intrinsic dispersal limitation, (2) extrinsic dispersal limitations such as topographic barriers, and (3) climate.Results Using this methodology, we show for a wide variety of taxa across the globe that species generally have very similar latitudinal and longitudinal ranges. However, neither neutral models assuming random but spatially constrained dispersal, nor models assuming climatic control of species distributions describe range shapes adequately. The empirical relationship between the latitudinal and longitudinal ranges of species falls between the predictions of these competing models.Main conclusions  We propose that this pattern arises from the combined effect of macroclimate and intrinsic dispersal limitation, the latter being the major determinant among restricted‐range species. Hence, accurately projecting the impact of climate change onto species ranges will require a solid understanding of how climate and dispersal jointly control species ranges.
An ABA‐regulated and Golgi‐localized protein phosphatase controls water loss during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Kewei , Xia Xiuying , Zhang Yanyan , Gan Su‐Sheng 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIt is known that a senescing leaf loses water faster than a non‐senescing leaf and that ABA has an important role in promoting leaf senescence. However, questions such as why water loss is faster, how water loss is regulated, and how ABA functions in leaf senescence are not well understood. Here we report on the identification and functional analysis of a leaf senescence associated gene called SAG113. The RNA blot and GUS reporter analyses all show that SAG113 is expressed in senescing leaves and is induced by ABA in Arabidopsis. The SAG113 expression levels are significantly reduced in aba2 and abi4 mutants. A GFP fusion protein analysis revealed that SAG113 protein is localized in the Golgi apparatus. SAG113 encodes a protein phosphatase that belongs to the PP2C family and is able to functionally complement a yeast PP2C‐deficient mutant TM126 (ptc1Δ). Leaf senescence is delayed in the SAG113 knockout mutant compared with that in the wild type, stomatal movement in the senescing leaves of SAG113 knockouts is more sensitive to ABA than that of the wild type, and the rate of water loss in senescing leaves of SAG113 knockouts is significantly reduced. In contrast, inducible over‐expression of SAG113 results in a lower sensitivity of stomatal movement to ABA treatment, more rapid water loss, and precocious leaf senescence. No other aspects of growth and development, including seed germination, were observed. These findings suggest that SAG113, a negative regulator of ABA signal transduction, is specifically involved in the control of water loss during leaf senescence.
Phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C9 is involved in the thermotolerance of Arabidopsis
Authors: Zheng Shu‐Zhi , Liu Yu‐Liang , Li Bing , Shang Zhong‐ lin , Zhou Ren‐Gang , Sun Da‐Ye 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIntracellular calcium (Ca2+) increases rapidly after heat shock (HS) in the Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) HS signal transduction pathway: a hypothesis proposed based on our previous findings. However, evidence for the increase in Ca2+ after HS was obtained only through physiological and pharmacological experiments; thus, direct molecular genetic evidence is needed. The role of phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) is poorly understood in the plant response to HS. In this work, atplc9 mutant plants displayed a serious thermosensitive phenotype compared with wild‐type (WT) plants after HS. Complementation of atplc9 with AtPLC9 rescued both the basal and acquired thermotolerance phenotype of the WT plants. In addition, thermotolerance was even improved in overexpressed lines. The GUS staining of AtPLC9 promoter:GUS transgenic seedlings showed that AtPLC9 expression was ubiquitous. The fluorescence distribution of the fusion protein AtPLC9 promoter:AtPLC9:GFP revealed that the subcellular localization of AtPLC9 was restricted to the plasma membrane. The results of a PLC activity assay showed a reduction in the accumulation of inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) in atplc9 during HS and improved IP3 generation in the overexpressed lines. Furthermore, the heat‐induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ was decreased in atplc9. Accumulation of the small HS proteins HSP18.2 and HSP25.3 was downregulated in atplc9 and upregulated in the overexpressed lines after HS. Together, these results provide molecular genetic evidence showing that AtPLC9 plays a role in thermotolerance in Arabidopsis.