bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atlantic Winds and Ocean Currents in Portuguese Nautical Documents of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Mota A. Teixeira da 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe idea that only after 1490 the European sailors had ‘come for the first time in recorded history to struggle with the limitations placed on sailing ships by the winds and currents of the open ocean’ does not correspond to reality. There is enough proof to show that much earlier, in the fifteenth century, the North-East Trades’ regularity, the wind variability in the zone directly north of them, and the Canaries Current were already known. When the fifteenth century ended, the Portuguese had already verified the symmetry of wind patterns in the Atlantic on both sides of the equatorial calm zone, which led them to apply the significant name of ‘ventos gerais’ to the trade winds of both hemispheres.Accurate knowledge of the wind and current systems was essential to good navigation and the Portuguese ratters of the sixteenth century, chiefly ‘carreira da India’ rutters, include an increasing amount of information on that subject, referring especially to zones in the passage from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic. The report of a voyage (1503) proves that at that time the Portuguese already knew the Gulf of Guinea winds and currents sufficiently well. As a result of oceanic sailing, the traditional ratters, exclusively coastal, developed considerably, not only by adding data about latitudes and compass variations but also by the indication of winds and currents. There appeared also an even newer type of ratter, the ‘oceanic rutter‘, in which the safest and quickest routes, because of the changeability of winds and current patterns, are indicated.Information about elements concerning winds and currents which are included in the Portuguese ratters was revealed in printed matter after the end of the sixteenth century and this allowed some European scientists to study, because of the availability of better information, the causes of those physical phenomena, which had already been treated briefly in the sixteenth century by two nautical treatise writers, D. João de Castro and Father Fernando Oliveira.
Hydrostatic Pressure—Temperature effects on Deep-sea Colonisation
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , George Robert Y. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisA diverse benthic and bathypelagic fauna was first incontrovertably established by the deep-sea samples of H.M.S.Challenger, and demonstrated the ability of organisms to live and reproduce in the deep, dark and cold abyssal environment of enormous hydrostatic pressure as high as 1000 atm (14 000 psi) on trench floors at 10 000 metres. The investigations of Regnard (1891), Fontaine (1930) and Ebbecke (1935) established that various shallow animals have the capacity to withstand increased hydrostatic pressure. This paper deals with the response of whole organisms, mainly shallow-water metazoans, to hydrostatic pressure-temperature effects. The level of occurrence of pressure-induced increased activity (R1), onset of paralysis or tetany (T) and LD50are discussed for tropical and temperate marine species in relationship to temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The pressure sensitivity and resistance exhibited by different species are examined in relation to various hypotheses and theories such as (1) group effect, in which Schlieper (1968) claims that those shallow species that belong to the group which has successfully colonised the deep sea, such as Echinodermata, Mollusca, Isopoda, have a higher pressure resistance; (2) pressure resistance as a species or genetic property; (3) environmental impact, in which deeper species have a greater pressure resistance; and (4) finally a re-examination of temperature and pressure effects as these relate to deep-sea colonisation.
Some motoring hazards and their prevention
Authors: Murphy Edward 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisA number of factors increase the stress on both driver and vehicle when going on holiday or unaccustomed journeys. Greater distances than normal are attempted in short periods of time without rest and the economics of motoring often mean that small family cars are expected to carry heavy loads for long distances. Drivers become easily exhausted under these conditions and due care should be taken in preparation for long journeys to reduce the strain on both car and driver to a minimum.
Does it matter where I go?
Authors: Howe G. Melvyn 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisEnvironmental hazards present themselves in different parts of the world. Hurricanes plague the Caribbean, typhoons sweep the China Seas and cyclones rage in the Bay of Bengal. Volcanoes erupt and the earth quivers in a circumpacific belt, in northern India, Soviet Central Asia, Turkey, Italy, etc. Extremes of heat and cold promote adverse reactions in the skin. Diseases of insanitation (enteric fevers, dysentery, cholera, etc.) are prevalent in tropical countries with low standards of hygiene; insect-borne diseases (malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, etc.) are common in certain warm countries. Prior warning of these dangers and appropriate health safeguards (vaccination, inoculation) should be obligatory.
Disturbance of circadian rhythms and sleep
Authors: Nicholson A. N. , Stone Barbara M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisWorld-wide travel leads to disturbances of the sleep and circadian rhythmicity of man, and after transmeridian flights ability to carry out work may be impaired. The initial approach to the problem is to avoid overnight flights, arrive in the new country during the early evening and to rest for an appropriate period of time. However, this is often difficult to achieve, and in this context the use of hypnotics during the flight and the adaptation phase is discussed.
Population dynamics of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Scottish commercial forests
Authors: Ratcliffe Philip R. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisDocumented studies of the ecology of red deer in Scotland refer principally to populations which occupy treeless moorlands. Commercial forests have become a major part of the Scottish landscape and little is known of the dynamics of the red deer populations which inhabit them.Red deer which benefit from the enhanced shelter and nutrition of a woodland habitat often perform better than those occupying open-range. Birth rates of 60–70 calves 100 hinds are common, especially in forests in the south and west of Scotland. This potential may be reduced to a post-winter recruitment of 50 60 calves 100 hinds (cf. birth rates on open-range of 40 60 calves 100 hinds reducing to 30–35). A range of densities in forests of 5–15 deer km" is almost identical to the densities found on open-range.Simulation models suggest that many woodland populations can support a sustained yield of about 20% of adults each year and focus attention on the practical difficulties of achieving culls in commercial forests. Simulations of changes in forest structure are used to demonstrate the related changes occurring in the ability of the habitat to support changing densities of deer through time.In a study in Galloway, southern Scotland, evidence suggests that the red deer population has increased considerably during the expansion of commercial forestry between 1960–80.
A Survey of the Benthos of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Khayrallah N. , Jones A. M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe distributions of benthic macroflora and macrofauna in the Tay estuary were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively during the spring and summer months of 1973 and the results compared with the study by Alexander et al. (1935). Sublittoral areas were sampled using SCUBA diving techniques. The overall distribution of flora and fauna is determined primarily by salinity variation and substrate texture, a large part of the sublittoral area being found to have little or no infaunal component due to the instability of the coarse sediments found widely in this region. The most prominent sublittoral populations are those of Mytilus edulis found in the middle and outer estuary. The northern shore of the inner estuary is composed entirely of mud and sand flats bounded by large areas of Phragmites communis. The predominant organisms in this area are euryhaline annelid and crustacean species. The southern shore is comparatively narrow and is composed of a variety of substrates from bedrock to mud. The flora and fauna of this shore varies with substrate type but it is here that macroalgal species are found to penetrate the inner estuary. Some euryhaline organisms penetrate the estuary as far as Newburgh, the point where freshwater and estuarine populations overlap. No evidence of gross pollution was detectable in this study except in the immediate vicinity of sewage outfalls.
Production of Larval Tanypodinae (Insecta: Chironomidae) in the Mud at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Charles W. Nigel , East Kenneth , Murray Thomas D. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisLife histories and production of the five common species of Tanypodinae (Pentaneura monilis, Procladius simplicistilus, P. crassinervis, P. choreus and Psilotanypus rufovittatus) in the mud at Loch Leven were measured from March 1971 to March 1972. The methods used to identify each species of larva are described. All were univoltine except Pentaneura monilis which had two generations per year, but the seasonal patterns of the life cycles were different. The average density of third and fourth instar Tanypodinae was 3100/m2 and densities of individual species exceeded 2500/m2 for short periods in Procladius crassinervis and P. choreus. Net annual dry weight production by this subfamily was 2·6 g/m2(57 kJ/m2), with individual species ranging from 1·1 g/m2 (P. crassinervis) to 0·16 g/m2 (Pentaneura monilis). These results are discussed briefly and compared with production estimates for other zoobenthos.
Exploiting Conditioned Responses in Fish Farming
Authors: Landless P. J. 
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSISTwo behavioural responses were considered. In the first, rainbow trout were trained to press a trigger to obtain food, and in the second they were conditioned to respond to a sound signal in anticipation of food delivery. The trigger pressing, demand feeding, response was quickly learned and the pattern of feeding analysed. There was a dusk peak of feeding as well as appreciable nocturnal trigger pressing. Feeds were highly aggregated into bouts, more so in the case of groups of trout than with individuals. This suggests two behavioural mechanisms, one operating within individuals and a second social effect. The preferred time between trigger presses was 8–16 min. Total daily food intake could be controlled by adjusting the reward level per trigger press so that demand feeding was not necessarily ad lib feeding. Rainbow trout would respond to a sound signal of 100 Hz played for 30 seconds prior to a food delivery by showing a feeding type of behaviour in response to the sound only. Experiments are planned to try and use this sort of response to recall fish from a relatively free-swimming environment to a central point for feeding and eventual recapture.
Knowing the Enemy: Western Understanding of Islam at the Time of the Crusades
Authors: Hamilton Bernard 
Published: December 2011

In 1076, some twenty years before the First Crusade was launched, Pope Gregory VII wrote to al-Nāşir, Sultan of Bougie in what is now Algeria:For there is nothing which Almighty God, who wishes that all men should be saved and that no man should perish, more approves in our conduct, than that a man should first love God and then his fellow men … Most certainly you and we ought to love each other in this way more than other races of men, because we believe and confess one God, albeit in different ways, whom each day we praise and reverence as the creator of all ages and the governor of this world. For, as the Apostle says: “He is our peace, who hath made both one”.This enlightened view of Islam was not widely shared in Latin Christendom at that time, nor was it rooted in any very profound knowledge of the Muslim religion. B. Z. Kedar is, I think, correct in his view that a good deal of information about Islam was available in the West before the crusades, both in written and oral sources, but because there was a general lack of interest in the subject, no attempt had been made to coordinate this knowledge.
The Dorothy and Horace Quaritch Wales Bequest — A Note
Authors: Guy John 
Published: December 2011

The Royal Asiatic Society has recently been a beneficiary from the estate of Mrs Dorothy Wales, widow of H. G. Quaritch Wales, the erudite scholar of early Southeast Asian history who died in 1981. The occasion of this bequest, the contents of which are discussed in the Librarian's report herein (pp. 169–70), prompts this note on the contribution of Quaritch Wales to Southeast Asian studies.Quaritch Wales was born in 1900 and educated at Charterhouse and Queens' College, Cambridge. He immediately embarked on a career in Southeast Asia, from which he was never to be deflected. At the age of 23 he entered the service of the Siamese Government where he served from 1924 to 1928 as an adviser to the courts of King Rama VI and King Rama VII. The first-hand knowledge gained from this experience formed the basis of his pioneering study Siamese State Ceremonies (1931), which remains a work of unrivalled insight into the Brahmanical rituals and Buddhist accretions of Thai kingship. He followed this with another work based on his experiences of Thai court and state functions, Ancient Siamese Government and Administration (1934).
The AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS): all–sky Diffuse Map
Authors: Komugi Shinya , Doi Yasuo , Hattori Makoto , Kitamura Yoshimi , Otsubo Takafumi , Tanaka Masahiro , Ikeda Norio , Kato Daisuke , Nakagawa Takao 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe infrared astronomical satellite AKARI performed an all sky survey at six infrared bands. We report here on the calibration of the all-sky image data, observed in the four long wavelength bands with the FIS instrument (AKARI Far-infrared All Sky Survey : AFASS). The preliminary image attains a calibration uncertainty and sensitivity of better than ~ 30% and ~ 10 MJy str−1, respectively, for all four bands. The point spread function (PSF) is obtained via a stacking technique. The data are shown to be useful for exploring the internal structure and dust spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of nearby galaxies.
Mid-Infrared Spectral Assessment of Early-type Galaxies with Star Formation
Authors: Leeuw Lerothodi L. , Bregman Jesse D. , Davidson Jacqueline , Temi Pasquale , Im Stephen S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMid-infrared (mid-IR) spectra from ~5 to 14 μm of five, nearby (< 70 Mpc) elliptical galaxies are presented that were observed with the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The sample galaxies have a main stellar component that is typical for normal, passively evolving ellipticals; however, they are rich in cold gas and dust and have morphological-merger signatures from which a time order of the galaxies since the merger or accretion events can be estimated. The presented results are significant because (1) emission due to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and associated species is detected for the first time in these galaxies and (2) the detected mid-IR spectra are independently exploited as a probe of current or recent star-formation that, in this case, is assumed to be triggered by the merger. As shown in exemplary spectra of the early-age merger NGC 3656, the strength of the PAH emission is more centrally peaked in the earlier-age mergers, suggesting that the PAH data are indeed probing star-formation that is correlated with the time since the mergers and systematically depletes the centrally located gas, becoming weaker and more flatly distributed as the merger evolves.
Local Group Galaxies in the Infrared
Authors: Menzies John 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA survey has been conducted of Local Group galaxies with the Japanese/South African Infrared Survey Facility at SAAO, Sutherland. A number of Mira variables have been discovered in four dwarf spheroidals, which provides an opportunity to test the usefulness of these stars as distance indicators in galaxies beyond the Magellanic Clouds. These Miras are found to follow the same period-luminosity relation as in the LMC, provided bolometric magnitudes are used.
Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Local Early–type Galaxies
Authors: Bureau M. , Davis T. A. , Alatalo K. , Crocker A. F. , Blitz L. , Young L. M. , Combes F. , Bois M. , Bournaud F. , Cappellari M. , Davies R. L. , de Zeeuw P. T. , Duc P.-A. , Emsellem E. , Khochfar S. , Krajnović D. , Kuntschner H. , Lablanche P.-Y. , McDermid R. M. , Morganti R. , Naab T. , Oosterloo T. , Sarzi M. , Scott N. , Serra P. , Weijmans A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe molecular gas content of local early-type galaxies is constrained and discussed in relation to their evolution. First, as part of the ATLAS3D survey, we present the first complete, large (260 objects), volume-limited single-dish survey of CO in normal local early-type galaxies. We find a surprisingly high detection rate of 22%, independent of luminosity and at best weakly dependent on environment. Second, the extent of the molecular gas is constrained with CO synthesis imaging, and a variety of morphologies is revealed. The kinematics of the molecular gas and stars are often misaligned, implying an external gas origin in over a third of the systems, although this behaviour is drastically diffferent between field and cluster environments. Third, many objects appear to be in the process of forming regular kpc-size decoupled disks, and a star formation sequence can be sketched by piecing together multi-wavelength information on the molecular gas, current star formation, and young stars. Last, early-type galaxies do not seem to systematically obey all our usual prejudices regarding star formation, following the standard Schmidt-Kennicutt law but not the far infrared-radio correlation. This may suggest a greater diversity in star formation processes than observed in disk galaxies. Using multiple molecular tracers, we are thus starting to probe the physical conditions of the cold gas in early-types.
Warps and Accretion
Authors: Józsa Gyula I. G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWarps are a basic feature of disk galaxies. Usually they occur at radii where the optical disk fades and become most pronounced in the outermost gaseous disks.As such, warps present a massive reservoir to replenish star forming material in the inner, star forming disks. Furthermore, some possible excitation mechanisms for warps connect their formation to the accretion of extragalctic material. Interactions or mergers with gas-rich companions or the direct accretion of the ambient intergalactic medium might lead to the formation of warps, at the same time supplementing fuel to maintain star formation in galactic disks.Employing a number of H i studies of warped galaxies, including ultra-deep observations of the prototype warped galaxies NGC 5907 and NGC 4013, I discuss whether the observed kinematics may show evidence for a connection of warps and accretion from the ambient medium.
African Eyes on the Sky: The Southern African Large Telescope
Authors: Väisänen Petri , Buckley David A. H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA 10-metre class telescope project on African soil is ending its commissioning period and is transitioning to science mode. We present the current status of the Southern African Large Telescope and its instruments. We will also briefly discuss the SALT capabilities for extragalactic astronomy in particular.
Interactive Visualization of 3D Redshift Surveys with SDvision
Authors: Pomarède Daniel , Pierre Marguerite 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe three-dimensional visualization of redshift surveys is a key player in the comprehension of the structuration of the cosmic web. The SDvision software package, intended primarily for the visualization of massive cosmological simulations, has been extended to provide an interactive visual representation of different classes of redshift surveys, with the objective to enable direct comparisons between the rare highest-density peaks traced by the clusters of galaxies found in the XMM-LSS Survey and the densely populated catalogues of galaxy photometric redshifts. We present the various possibilities offered by this tool in terms of filtering of the data, reconstruction of density fields, interactivity and visual rendering, including various techniques such as ray-casting, isosurfaces, slicing and texturing. This is illustrated using the C1 and C2 samples of the XMM-LSS Survey, and the publicly released COSMOS and CFHTLS photometric redshift Catalogs. Comparisons with published results are presented and discussed.
Tracing the Origin of Bars and Bulges through the Study of their Stellar and Ionised Gas Properties
Authors: Pérez Isabel , Sánchez-Blázquez Patricia , Zurita Almudena , Florido Estrella 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have carried out a detailed analysis of stellar properties of bars and bulges of a sample of early-type galaxies. We have also compared the results of the bulge properties with the bulges of a similar sample of unbarred galaxies, deriving the SSP equivalent stellar parameters in the same way as for our sample. We are currently characterising the nebular gas in the bulges of the sample galaxies. We have found differences in the bulge stellar population properties between barred and unbarred galaxies. The bulges of barred galaxies seem to be more metal rich, at a given velocity dispersion (σ), than the bulges of unbarred galaxies, as measured by some metallicity sensitive indices. There are indications that the ratio of relative abundance of alpha-elements with respect to iron, [E/Fe], derived for the bulges of barred galaxies tend to lie above the values of the unbarred galaxies at a given σ. We also find three different types of bars according to their metallicity and age distribution along the radius: 1) Bars with negative metallicity gradients. They show mean young/intermediate population (<2 Gyr), and have amongst the lowest stellar maximum central velocity dispersion of the sample. 2) Bars with null metallicity gradients. These galaxies that do not show any gradient in their metallicity distribution along the bar and have negative age gradients (i.e younger populations at the bar end). 3) Bars with positive metallicity gradients, i.e. more metal rich at the bar ends. These galaxies are predominantly those with higher velocity dispersion and older mean population. We find no significant correlation between the age and metallicity distribution, and bar/galaxy parameters such as the AGN presence, size or the bar strength. From the kinematics, we find that all the galaxies show a disk–like central component. Regarding the ionised gas properties, we find that the nebular metallicity gradients are shallower than the stellar ones, indicating an efficient mixing of the material currently forming. The nebular central metallicities do not show a correlation with the central σ, and, furthermore, in some cases the nebular metallicities are clearly lower than the stellar ones, indicating an external origin for the gas fueling the current star formation. All these results point to a scenario, at least for early-type galaxies, where bars are long-lived and where the formation of the bulge and the bar are closely linked. Later accretion of gas can then be funneled towards the center forming nuclear discs and rings, producing substructures with low level of star formation, but that would not contain enough stars to produce a change in the SSP-equivalent metallicities and [E/Fe].