bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VI. The quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium‐phase relationships of the quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐KCl‐water have been determined at 30°. No double compounds or hydrates were identified. The total concentration of solute increased as conditions approached the quaternary point (Q.P.), but reached a maximum before actually reaching this point. This experience was independent of the direction of approach to the Q.P., although the actual point of highest solute concentration was for a solution in equilibrium with both fructose and KCl as solid phases. Results have been plotted by using a Jänecke type of projection on a triangular diagram with isohydrores defined quantitatively as solvent per 100 units of total dissolved solids.
Properties of sodium carbonate‐sodium bicarbonate solutions
Authors: Bedekar S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile investigating the absorption of carbon dioxide in sodium carbonate–bicarbonate solutions, apparently erratic variations of absorption coefficients were observed in earlier work. In an attempt to find an explanation for these variations, density, relative viscosity, pH and relative surface tension were determined for such solutions. The variations in surface tension have been found to be chiefly responsible for the variations in absorption coefficients. The absorption coefficient varied inversely with surface tension.
Thermodynamic functions of elements and compounds. II. Correlation of standard entropies of solid and gaseous inorganic compounds
Authors: Turkdogan E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe standard entropies of solid and gaseous inorganic compounds have been correlated. The following types of systems have been studied: chlorides‐bromides, chlorides‐iodides, chlorides‐fluorides, oxides‐sulphides. For systems where anions belong to different Periodic Groups, the equivalent‐entropy concept has been introduced and the following types of systems have been considered: chlorides‐oxides, oxides‐hydroxides and oxides‐silicates.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. IX. The quaternary system glucose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium‐phase relationships for the quaternary system glucose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated with a Jänecke type of projection. In this system the solution with the highest concentration of total solids (84%) was obtained at the quaternary point for the solution saturated with glucose, fructose and potassium chloride. Variations in the amount of glucose from zero to 35% were associated with very little change in total solids concentration for the saturated solution, and potassium chloride could vary from 3 to 20% with similarly small effect. Three zones were identified for solution compositions saturated with glucose. The largest zone was associated with glucose monohydrate as the solid phase in equilibrium with the saturated solution. A smaller zone was associated with anhydrous glucose as a stable solid phase in equilibrium with the saturated solution, and also a small zone separating these in which anhydrous glucose was observed in a state of metastable equilibrium with the saturated solution. No doublecompound formation was observed.
Gasometric determination of dissolved oxygen in pure and saline water as a check of titrimetric methods
Authors: Wheatland A. B. , Smith L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new gasometric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen is described. The sample of water is introduced into an evacuated apparatus and the dissolved gases are pumped out under vacuum and collected in a constant‐volume gas‐analysis unit, where the volume and composition of the extracted gas are measured.Determination of dissolved oxygen by this method and by the Winkler titration method for distilled water, and by the azide modification of the Winkler method for sea‐water, gave values which agreed within the limits of experimental error.
The effect of traces of pyrogallol as an inhibitor of peroxide formation in solvent ether B.P.
Authors: Roy A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStorage tests have been carried out on the effect of pyrogallol in very small concentration as an inhibitor of peroxide formation in solvent ether B.P.The inhibiting effect was adequate over a period of two years even in concentrations so small (0.0001 g./100 ml.) as to permit the normal use of ether as a solvent.
The poisoning of palladium catalyst for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
Authors: Sergeant G. A. , Bartlett A. F. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPalladium catalyst for the hydrogen‐oxygen reaction has been exposed under various conditions of temperature and concentration to a number of known or possible catalyst poisons (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, arsine, stibine, dilute sulphuric acid spray and kerosene) with a view to assessing their practical importance.
Adhesion of silicate‐settled phosphor screens
Authors: Smith Mervyn L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen a phosphor screen is laid by sedimentation in a solution of weak potassium silicate mixed with a salt additive, gelatinous silica is deposited at the powder‐glass interface and the adhesion depends on this rather than on the electrostatic forces. In order to measure this adhesive force and its increase with time before decanting off the supernatant liquid an underwater jet test has been devised. The method for calibration of the jet in absolute units is described and the influences of various mechanical factors are reviewed. With this test the course of setting in typical phosphor screens has been quantitatively followed, and it has been shown that the important solution factors are the ratio of the concentration of cation to the SiO2 content of the solution, and the cationic charge. More powerful jets have been used to study the kinetics with screens of greater adhesion.In an attempt to explain the anomalous adhesion experienced with phosphors of different particle size, a study has been made of the variation of the adhesion index with particle size by using specially prepared homodisperse fractions.A brief study has been made of the factors concerned with adhesion after drying in order to throw further light on the gelation reaction.Finally a critical discussion and review of the literature is given to compare the interfacial gelation reaction with the much studied bulk reaction. It is concluded that owing to the very high silica concentration in the interface the reaction is probably limited by a diffusion mechanism.
The constitution and structure of coal‐tar pitch
Authors: Wood L. J. , Phillips G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive commercial coal‐tar pitches, an air‐blown pitch and a straight‐run bitumen have been fractionated by solvent extraction and precipitation, and the molecular weights and elementary composition of the products have been determined. All five normal pitches are similar as regards the lower end of their molecular‐weight‐distribution curves, 50% by weight ranging from 150 to 350. The distributions of the upper 50% are also continuous, but the top molecular weight varies from 1400 in the low‐temperature carbonization pitch to about double that figure in the horizontal‐retort pitch. The molecular weights of bitumen and air‐blown pitch extend to above 5000.The coke‐oven pitch fractions all consist predominantly of condensed aromatic molecules, mainly hydrocarbon in nature, exhibiting only a limited degree of methyl substitution. The horizontal‐retort pitch is slightly less aromatic. The vertical‐retort pitch, though containing low‐molecular‐weight paraffins, increases in aromaticity with increasing molecular weight. The low‐temperature carbonization pitch fractions all have lower carbon/hydrogen ratios than those of the other pitches.Ultracentrifuging of tars and their solutions has failed to reveal any significant amount of disperse phase. Pitch is considered to be a supercooled liquid whose physical properties can be adequately explained without recourse to a colloid theory.
Equilibria in the reduction of barium sulphate by hydrogen
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA flow apparatus for the determination of equilibrium constants in the BaSO4/BaS/H2/H2O system has been described. Equilibrium constants in the temperature range 800°to 1100°are satisfactorily correlated by the equation log10KP = 5.447 + 697.5/T with a maximum uncertainty of ±5% in KP at 800°.
The bomb method for the determination of sulphur and chlorine in coal
Authors: Moszynski Z. K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe bomb‐combustion method for determining sulphur in coal, recently modified by Strambi,3 has been further improved in respect of both accuracy and time of determination. The technique evolved has been applied to the determination of chlorine and shown to provide a method which, in time and accuracy, compares favourably with the B.C.R.A. Rapid Eschka Method.
Analytical applications of sodium lauryl sulphate II.—The volumetric determination of sulphates
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe literature on the ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate method for determination of sulphate is reviewed and the limitations of the method are discussed. In the procedure now described, after precipitation of sulphate as barium sulphate, excess barium is precipitated with sodium lauryl sulphate and excess of the latter titrated with a suitable quaternary ammonium salt as described in Part I of this series.
The suppression of methane–air ignitions by fine powders
Authors: Dolan J. E. , Dempster P. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of the particle size of some inorganic materials on their efficiency as ignition suppressors has been studied. It has been found that there is a direct relationship between this efficiency and the surface area of the powder exposed to the advancing flame. Flame inhibitors have been placed in an order of efficiency on this basis. The alkali halides have been shown to have an efficiency which cannot be fully accounted for by the thermal characteristics of the powders, and an explanation is suggested.
Specific gravity‐temperature relationships of coal tar and its distillate fractions
Authors: Mapstone Geo. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe specific gravity‐temperature coefficients of a wide range of coal tars were correlated with the specific gravity (S.G.) by the formula

A similar relationship for coal tar distillates could not be derived, but it was found possible to correlate their coefficients with their mean (or 50%) boiling points as

The data for pure hydrocarbons are in agreement with this empirical relationship.
The combustion of fuel in the bomb calorimeter as indicated by changes in the pressure system. I
Authors: Patterson W. S. , Parr‐Burman H. B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pressure changes in a bomb calorimeter during the combustion of various fuels have been followed by means of a capacitance diaphragm gauge and an electronic recording system. Continuous records of the change in pressure have been obtained.The influence of heat release and the effect of the crucible wall upon the pressure system have been noted. Typical pressure curves for a range of coals and cokes have been obtained.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. IX. the preparation of some dialkyltin compounds with long‐chain alkyl groups
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation and properties are described of some di‐n‐hexyl‐, di‐n‐octyl‐, bis‐(2‐ethyl‐n‐hexyl)‐and bis‐(3 : 5 : 5‐trimethyl‐n‐hexyl)tin compounds, potentially interesting as non‐toxic stabilizers for vinyl plastics.An improved procedure is given for the determination of halogen in long‐chain alkyltin halides.
The water‐holding capacity of ctab‐naphthol foams
Authors: Nash T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe foaming ability of dilute aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium salts is retained in the presence of equimolar amounts of naphthol, while the rate of drainage of the foam under gravity is greatly reduced. A quantitative description is given of the phenomenon, which is explained by the gel‐like nature of the solutions. The foam density is greater in tap water than in distilled water attributable to the sulphate content of the former. Increase in NaCl concentration in the water up to 200 p.p.m. increases the foam density.
The combustion of gas mixtures containing hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Cohen L. , Simpson P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe combustion of mixtures of hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and air has been investigated under various conditions of temperature, mixture composition and residence time, using both packed and unpacked furnaces. Under the appropriate conditions, unreacted hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides and thiocyanate were present, either singly or together. In no case was the combustion found to be complete. Some possible reaction schemes are suggested.
The determination of naphthalene in town gas by the picrate method. I. The dissociation of naphthalene picrate
Authors: Mott R. A. , Moulson I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction constant, and its temperature‐dependence, of the reaction naphthalene + picric acid ⇌ naphthalene picrate has been determined and shown to account for the losses of naphthalene in tests in which air containing naphthalene in known concentrations was bubbled through picric acid. This enables a correction to be applied when carrying out the determination a t 10–18°, the wash‐bottles being immersed in a thermostatically controlled bath. Dissociation of the recovered picrates, when washing after filtering, can be minimized by the use of 0·02N picric acid solution as the washing medium.
The determination of naphthalene in town gas by the picrate method. III. Miscellaneous observations
Authors: Mott R. A. , Moulson I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe performance of a naphthalene washer is dependent on the ambient temperature and thus can vary considerably between day and night and between successive days. It follows that the duration of a naphthalene test should be 24 h. No difficulty arises in collecting ‘sufficient naphthalene’ in this period, even for gas of the lowest naphthalene concentration at present specified, if the rate of gas flow is increased to 12 cu. ft./h. and an efficient absorption system is employed. In the recommended method, the wash‐bottles are immersed in a thermostatically controlled bath and a correction applied for the loss of naphthalene due to dissociation of naphthalene picrate. For the filtration of the recovered picrates, a No. 3 porosity sintered‐glass disc is recommended. The error in the recommended method due to saturated hydrocarbons which do not cause blockage of fine gas services (such as 1‐methylnaphthalene) is likely to be small, as the test is carried out at a temperature above the conventional 0°.
The effect of contaminants on the rate of aeration of water
Authors: Downing A. L. , Melbourne K. V. , Bruce A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments have been made to determine the effects of several contaminants and mixtures of contaminants on the exchange coefficient for oxygen in water agitated in various ways in laboratory absorption vessels and in a wave tank. Mixed household detergents reduced the exchange coefficient in clean water by amounts which depended on their concentration, on the initial exchange coefficient in the water, and on the way the water was agitated. The effects of sewage effluents and settled sewage containing anionic surface‐active agents were similar to those of mixed household detergents. When anionic surface‐active agents were absent, the effects of sewage effluent were much lower, and the effect of settled sewage generally somewhat lower, than when these materials were present. These effects are in qualitative agreement with results of similar experiments in flowing water.
The influence of solvents on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of organic acids
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of acetone and other ketonic solvents on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of certain organic acids, using B. aerogenes, has been studied. The order of the bacteriostatic powers of the dibasic acids in nutrient broth was: maleic = malonic > malic > succinic; in the presence of acetone (7%) their action was greatly increased and became equal at an inhibitory dilution of 1 in 2500. Somewhat stronger solutions of the acids were required for disinfection in nutrient broth than for inhibition, and disinfection occurred at a lower pH. The germicidal power of the acids (15‐min. test at 20° in absence of organic matter) was considerably increased by acetone (20%) or by ethyl methyl ketone (7%), but triacetone‐dialcohol and ethylene glycol (30%) had less action.The dissociation of the acids at bacteriostatic and germicidal dilutions in aq. acetone (5–20%) was not affected by the acetone present, but adsorption of the acids by activated carbon was diminished.
The surveillance of cinematograph record film during storage
Authors: Hutchison G. L. , Ellis L. , Ashmore S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of cellulose nitrate‐base cinematograph films have been examined, many of which are twenty or thirty years old. Reactions between decomposition products of the base and gelatin had in some cases caused the emulsion layer to become sticky with loss of the contained silver image. Since films in this condition cannot be duplicated, it represents a total loss of record. This can now be avoided by subjecting the film to certain tests, the results of which give adequate warning of the onset of the critical stage, thereby enabling the film to be duplicated while still in good physical and optical condition. The application of these tests has been incorporated in a scheme of surveillance devised for use with stored film.
The irradiation of polycaprolactam with γ‐rays and electrons
Authors: Majury T. G. , Pinner S. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of unwashed polycaprolactam have been irradiated with γ‐rays and with high‐energy electrons, to ascertain whether the proportion of cyclic compounds to linear polymer changes and whether the polymer is cross‐linked or degraded by radiation. All these effects were observed to greater or lesser extents. The corresponding G‐values have been estimated. The rMw value for crosslinking has been estimated and shown to be of the same order as the values for other polymers which can be derived from published data.
Thermistor detectors in gas chromatography
Authors: Davis A. D. , Howard G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDetails are given of a simple and easily constructed instrument, employing a thermistor detector, for work on gas chromatography. Some necessary precautions and conditions for use of a thermistor detector are outlined, changes in signal strength and direction with variation of detector position are discussed and the over‐all sensitivity and response to differing materials is described.
The preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. I. Aluminium laurate
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the laboratory preparation of aluminium dilaurate using a continuous process. The effect, on the quality of the soap produced, of changing variables such as concentration and proportions of the reacting solutions, degree of agitation and time and temperature of reaction, has been found. It is shown that the product of the best quality, when judged by the consistency and storage stability of gels in hydrocarbons, is obtained when the reaction pH is kept within the range 3.5–4.0.The process was later successfully transferred to a pilot plant.
Errors in infra‐red absorption analysis due to solute‐solvent interactions
Authors: Ward W. R. , Philpotts A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe height and width of the infra‐red absorption bands of a solute have been shown to alter as the composition of the mixed solvent is changed. This effect must be taken into account in infra‐red absorption analysis or serious error may result.
Hydrogen evolution from duralumin exposed to acid salt solution
Authors: Marshall T. , Schafer G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolution of gas from duralumin corroding in an aqueous solution containing 10 g. of HCl + 30 g. of NaCl per litre of solution was studied. To obtain reproducible gas‐evolutions it was found necessary to control specimen surface pre‐treatment and the temperature and composition of the corrosion solution. Duralumin which corroded by pitting evolved gas at an approximately constant rate after an induction period of several hours. The same duralumin, heat‐treated so that it was susceptible to intergranular attack, evolved gas at a rate increasing linearly with time of immersion, after a short induction period.
A direct titration method for determining chlorine in organic compounds after carius combustion
Authors: Makineni S. , McCorkindale Wm. , Syme A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA direct titration method for the determination of chlorine in organic compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur is described. The method is applied after wet combustion, the ultimate product, silver chloride, being treated with an ion‐exchange resin, and the liberated hydrochloric acid titrated with standard mercuric nitrate using diphenylcarbazone. A conductimetric finish is also described.
Transformations of semi‐drying oils
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Garcia Domingo Martin , de Ruiter J. J. , Waterman H. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral processes are described for the separation of semi‐drying oils into a solid fraction with a low degree of unsaturation and a liquid fraction with increased drying properties.The results of directed inter‐esterification (Eckey's process) and elaidinization of soya‐bean oil, herring oil and menhaden oil are described and the properties of the solid and liquid fractions, obtained by subsequent low‐temperature crystallization of the reaction products, compared.It is demonstrated that the combination of the two processes, elaidinization and directed interesterification, results in production of an oil with improved drying properties.
The formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene
Authors: Robertson W. W. , Magee E. M. , Matsen F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe facts related to the formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene are re‐examined. The preponderance of evidence from many sources makes the presence of benzene in the products of decomposition almost certain. It is pointed out how the benzene spectrum may be overlooked in the ultra‐violet region unless care is taken to remove strongly absorbing materials that mask its presence.