bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Physics of Spin Glasses and Information Processing
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spin glasses are magnetic materials with strong disorder. Statistical mechanics has been a powerful tool to theoretically analyse various unique properties of spin glasses. A number of new analytical techniques have been developed to establish a theory of spin glasses. Surprisingly, these techniques have offered new tools and viewpoints for the understanding of information processing problems, including neural networks, error-correcting codes, image restoration, and optimization problems. A vast, interdisciplinary field has consequently been developing between physics and information, or more specifically, between the statistical physics of spin glasses and several important aspects of information processing tasks. This book provides a broad overview of this new field. It also contains detailed descriptions of the theory of spin glasses.
Afterword
Authors: Jenkins Alice 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. This book describes a very particular moment in the history of British scientific culture. The interactions of literature and science in the 1820s, 30s, and 40s were made excitable, urgent, and energetic by the sense that control was being lost. By some time around 1860, even the attempt to cope had been given up. On the whole literature and science settled into considering one another as definitively different systems of knowledge, with no individual expected to master both. To follow the themes of this book into British literary and scientific culture beyond the mid-1850s would require a different method of reading and argument.
Rights, Democracy, and Law
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the main issues of debate which surround the question of whether or not it is desirable to seek to protect fundamental rights in constitutional documents. The potential juristic significance of this exercise, an exercise in what might be called the positivisation of natural rights, is examined. The chapter also assesses whether the institutional protection of designated rights can lead to more effective, enlightened, and responsive modes of governing. The democratic justification for the legal order is underpinned by the principle of popular sovereignty whereby a body of free and equal citizens comes together, generally through a representative assembly, to enact rules to promote the general welfare. This democratic form of accountability of governors to citizens ensures that the laws reflect the will of the people. This chapter also considers the reconciliation of rights and democracy, the foundations of rights claims and democracy claims, liberalism and republicanism, nature of the legal order, and architectonic principles and local politics.
Contested Constitutionalism:Human Rights and Deliberative Democracy in Northern Ireland
Authors: Harvey Colin J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Good Friday Agreement concluded in 1998 contains an impressive committment to the protection of human rights. It is often argued that better forms of legal protection would have reduced, but not necessarily eradicated, the problems of Northern Ireland. The debate which has emerged in Northern Ireland reflects many of the pressing issues in modern legal scholarship, in particular the relationship between processes of transition, human rights protection, and political democracy. This chapter explores the context of the rights debate in Northern Ireland and the new structures which have been created in the wake of the Agreement, and looks at the role of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. This chapter examines the structures which have been erected to make the right to participate meaningful in the constitutional context of Northern Ireland. The argument is that human rights discourse functions as an important tool in the struggle to achieve the goals of deliberative democracy.
The Rise of the To−Dative in Middle English
Authors: McFadden Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter keys the rise of to-datives to the loss of dative case and views it as a continuation of the older direct-indirect object order, where the indirect case was marked for a dative case. It adopts Harley's (1999) adaptation of Larson's VP-shell analysis and treats a wide range of data from the Penn–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English. It shows that the to-dative first emerged in early Middle English as the morphological case system collapsed in most dialects. The chapter offers a careful analysis of various movement operations, arguing for a single base order for to-datives. This permits the argument that what is constant is the fact the indirect objects at all stages received oblique case; what changed is that oblique was once realized by overt case-marking but came later to be realized as a PP.
The Constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization
Authors: Cass Deborah Z. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This is a book about the constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization, and the contemporary development of institutional forms and democratic ideas associated with constitutionalism within the world trading system. It is about constitutionalization enthusiasts who promote institutions, management techniques, rights discourse, and quasi-judicial power to construct a constitution for the WTO. It is about constitutional sceptics, who fear the effect the phenomenon of constitutionalization is having on the autonomy of states; the capacity of the WTO to consider non-economic and non-free-trade goals; and democratic processes at the WTO and within the nation-state. The aim of the study is to disentangle debates about the various meanings of the term ‘constitution’ when it is used to apply to the World Trade Organization, and to reflect upon the significance of those meanings for more general international law conceptions of constitutions. It argues that the WTO is not and should not be described as a constitution either by the standards of any received account of that term, or by the lights of any of the current WTO models. Under these definitions, serious issues of legitimacy, democracy, and community are at stake. The WTO would lack a proper political structure to balance the work of its judicial bodies; it may curtail the ability of states to decide matters of national economic interest; it lacks authorization by a coherent political community; and it risks an emphasis upon economic goals and pure free trade over other, equally important, social values. Instead, the book argues that what is needed is a constitutionalized WTO which considers the economic development needs of states and takes account of the skewed playing field of international trade and its effect on the economic prospects of developing countries. In short, trading democracy, legitimacy, and community, and not trading constitutionalization, are the biggest challenges facing the WTO.
Rationale and design of the multicentre randomized trial investigating the efficacy and safety of pulsed infusions of levosimendan in outpatients with advanced heart failure (LevoRep study)
Authors: Altenberger Johann , Parissis John T. , Ulmer Hanno , Poelzl Gerhard ,   on behalf of the LevoRep Investigators
Published: January 2010

AimsAdvanced chronic heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality that often requires inotropic support for the alleviation of symptoms and congestion. There are no definite evidence‐based data on the safety and efficacy of intermittent infusions of inotropic agents in this severe clinical condition. The purpose of the LevoRep study is to clarify whether pulsed infusions of the new inotropic agent levosimendan administered in an outpatient setting can safely improve exercise capacity, quality‐of–life (QoL), and outcome in advanced CHF patients.MethodsThe LevoRep study is a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐armed, parallel‐group, multicentre trial. The study is designed to investigate the effects of pulsed infusions of levosimendan (6 h administration at 0.2 µg/kg/min every 2 weeks) on the composite endpoint (primary endpoint) comprising changes in functional capacity and QoL (20% or greater improvement in the 6 min walk test and 15% or higher score on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) at the end of the 24 week study period. In addition, short‐term (8 weeks from randomization) and long‐term (24 weeks from randomization) event‐free survival (secondary endpoint) will be assessed. The LevoRep study aims to include 120 outpatients with advanced CHF.ConclusionLevoRep is the first prospective randomized trial to assess the effects of pulsed infusions of an inotrope on hard endpoints as well as on the safety in patients with advanced CHF on an outpatient basis. The results are expected to promote the development of evidence‐based recommendations for the ambulatory management of patients with end‐stage heart failure.
Rationale and design of the β‐blocker in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (β‐PRESERVE) study
Authors: Zhou Jingmin , Shi Haiming , Zhang Jian , Lu Yongxin , Fu Michael , Ge Junbo ,   for the β‐PRESERVE Study Investigators
Published: January 2010

AimsChronic heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (HFNEF) is not only common, but also carries a high risk of substantial morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have been conducted in this population and no proven treatment is available. Although β‐blockers are evidence‐based first‐line therapy in systolic heart failure, they have not been well studied in HFNEF.MethodsThis study is a multicentre, prospective, randomized, open‐label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial. A total of 1200 patients will be randomized to either β‐blocker (metoprolol succinate) or control (n = 600 per group). The primary endpoint is a composite of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death. The secondary endpoints include cardiovascular death, heart failure mortality or hospitalization, all‐cause mortality, change in New York Heart Association class, change in left ventricular ejection fraction, increase in NT‐proBNP (by ≥50% of the value at randomization), β‐blocker tolerance, and premature termination of β‐blocker therapy due to adverse events. The follow‐up period is a minimum of 2 years.ConclusionThis study will provide important evidence, for the first time to our knowledge, of the long‐term efficacy of β‐blocker therapy in the management of HFNEF.
Measurement of breathlessness in clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure: the need for a standardized approach: a systematic review
Authors: Johnson Miriam J. , Oxberry Stephen G. , Cleland John G.F. , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: January 2010

AimsChronic breathlessness is a major symptom for patients with compensated chronic heart failure (CHF) and its impact is different to the breathlessness resulting from pulmonary oedema. This systematic review aims to establish which tools have been used for research into the subjective severity of breathlessness in patients with compensated CHF and to discuss recommendations for the future.Methods and resultsMedline (1950–2008), Embase (1980–2008), Cinahl (1982–2008), and Cochrane databases were searched for clinical studies in patients with compensated CHF including a subjective measure of breathlessness severity as an outcome measure. A total of 322 studies were found of which 41 were retrieved and 26 studies met the review criteria. Few studies had severity of breathlessness as a primary endpoint. Nineteen used a uni‐dimensional tool including visual analogue, Borg or Likert scales, either alone, or as a subscale of a quality of life measure. Five used the CHF questionnaire. Two papers used the Baseline Dyspnoea Index‐Transitional Dyspnoea Index (BDI‐TDI).ConclusionDespite breathlessness being an important and limiting problem for patients with CHF, we found no consensus on which tool should be used for breathlessness severity, little methodological research to develop such a tool, and a lack of focus on breathlessness as a symptom. A consistent approach to studying breathlessness in patients with CHF is needed in order to make headway in managing this key patient priority.
The physics and modes of star cluster formation: simulations
Authors: Clarke Cathie 
Published: January 2010

We review progress in numerical simulations of star cluster formation. These simulations involve the bottom-up assembly of clusters through hierarchical mergers, which produces a fractal stellar distribution at young (approx. 0.5 Myr) ages. The resulting clusters are predicted to be mildly aspherical and highly mass-segregated, except in the immediate aftermath of mergers. The upper initial mass function within individual clusters is generally somewhat flatter than for the aggregate population. Recent work has begun to clarify the factors that control the mean stellar mass in a star-forming cloud and also the efficiency of star formation. The former is sensitive to the thermal properties of the gas while the latter depends both on the magnetic field and the initial degree of gravitational boundedness of the natal cloud. Unmagnetized clouds that are initially bound undergo rapid collapse, which is difficult to reverse by ionization feedback or stellar winds.
The physics and modes of star cluster formation: observations
Authors: Lada Charles J. 
Published: January 2010

Stellar clusters are born in cold and dusty molecular clouds and the youngest clusters are embedded to various degrees in a dusty dark molecular material. Such embedded clusters can be considered protocluster systems. The most deeply buried examples are so heavily obscured by dust that they are only visible at infrared wavelengths. These embedded protoclusters constitute the nearest laboratories for a direct astronomical investigation of the physical processes of cluster formation and early evolution. I review the present state of empirical knowledge concerning embedded-cluster systems and discuss the implications for understanding their formation and subsequent evolution to produce bound stellar clusters.
The RAD23 Family Provides an Essential Connection between the 26S Proteasome and Ubiquitylated Proteins inArabidopsis
Authors: Farmer Lisa M. , Book Adam J. , Lee Kwang-Hee , Lin Ya-Ling , Fu Hongyong , Vierstra Richard D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe ubiquitin (Ub)/26S proteasome system (UPS) directs the turnover of numerous regulatory proteins, thereby exerting control over many aspects of plant growth, development, and survival. The UPS is directed in part by a group of Ub-like/Ub-associated (UBL/UBA) proteins that help shuttle ubiquitylated proteins to the 26S proteasome for breakdown. Here, we describe the collection of UBL/UBA proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, including four isoforms that comprise the RADIATION SENSITIVE23 (RAD23) family. The nuclear-enriched RAD23 proteins bind Ub conjugates, especially those linked internally through Lys-48, via their UBA domains, and associate with the 26S proteasome Ub receptor RPN10 via their N-terminal UBL domains. Whereas homozygous mutants individually affecting the four RAD23 genes are without phenotypic consequences (rad23a, rad23c, and rad23d) or induce mild phyllotaxy and sterility defects (rad23b), higher-order mutant combinations generate severely dwarfed plants, with the quadruple mutant displaying reproductive lethality. Both the synergistic effects of a rad23b-1 rpn10-1 combination and the response of rad23b plants to mitomycin C suggest that RAD23b regulates cell division. Taken together, RAD23 proteins appear to play an essential role in the cell cycle, morphology, and fertility of plants through their delivery of UPS substrates to the 26S proteasome.
Foxo3a expression and acetylation regulate cancer cell growth and sensitivity to cisplatin
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Yokomizo Akira , Kashiwagi Eiji , Tada Yasuhiro , Inokuchi Junichi , Tatsugami Katsunori , Kuroiwa Kentaro , Uchiumi Takeshi , Seki Narihito , Naito Seiji 
Published: January 2010

Many advanced cancers receive cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. However, cisplatin resistance is a major obstacle for cancer chemotherapy. Foxo3a is a member of the Foxo transcription factor family, which modulates the expression of genes involved in DNA damage repair, apoptosis, and other cellular processes. In this study, we found that cisplatin‐resistant cells were more sensitive to the anticancer agent mithramycin than their parental cells, and had a decreased level of Foxo3a expression. Foxo3a knockdown increased cell proliferation and resistance to cisplatin. On the other hand, mithramycin stimulated Foxo3a expression through reactive oxygen species production and sensitized cells to cisplatin, which was abolished by Foxo3a knockdown, while the acetylation status of Foxo3a was decreased in response to cisplatin treatment and was lower in cisplatin‐resistant cells. Knockdown of Foxo3a‐associated acetyltransferase p300 promoted cancer‐cell growth and cisplatin resistance. In addition, non‐acetylation‐mimicking Foxo3a overexpression decreased cancer cell growth and sensitized cells to cisplatin less than wild‐type Foxo3a overexpression. The current work may contribute to the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of inducing the Foxo3a pathway and acetylating the Foxo3a transcription factor, and lead to the reevaluation of cancer treatments based on mithramycin.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1177–1185)
Review article: the modern management of autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: YEOMAN A. D. , LONGHI M. S. , HENEGHAN M. A. 
Published: January 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 771–787SummaryBackground  The management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) continues to be refined. However, several issues remain unresolved, primarily as a consequence of the low incidence of the disease. This factor has contributed both to a lack of understanding of and a paucity of large scale clinical trials involving therapeutic agents.Aim  To summarize the latest evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and long‐term management of AIH with a focus on clinical aspects of the disease.Method  We searched PUBMED for articles pertaining to AIH, its pathogenesis, treatment and clinical outcomes, combined with the authors’ own knowledge of the literature.Results  Standard therapy (corticosteroids and azathioprine) is effective in more than 80% of patients which renders study of novel agents difficult. Budesonide appears to show equivalence to prednisolone. Available, but limited, data suggest that mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and ciclosporin are all variably effective second line agents. Patients with AIH and cirrhosis are at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and require screening. Patients with end stage liver disease represent excellent candidates for liver transplantation.Conclusions  Despite ongoing limitations in the understanding of pathogenesis and difficulties in evaluating novel therapies, the management of AIH continues to evolve slowly. Multi‐centre collaboration is necessary to obtain sufficient patient numbers to undertake good quality therapeutic studies.
Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest – implementation in UK intensive care units*
Authors: Binks A. C. , Murphy R. E. , Prout R. E. , Bhayani S. , Griffiths C. A. , Mitchell T. , Padkin A. , Nolan J. P. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryA telephone survey was carried out to determine how many United Kingdom intensive care units were using therapeutic hypothermia as part of their management of unconscious patients admitted after cardiac arrest. All 247 intensive care units listed in the 2008 Directory of Critical Care Services were contacted to determine how many units were using hypothermia as part of their post‐cardiac arrest management and how it was implemented. We obtained information from 243 (98.4%) of the intensive care units. At the time of the study, 208 (85.6%) were using hypothermia as part of post‐cardiac arrest management. There has been a steady increase annually in the number of units performing therapeutic cooling from 2003 to date, with the majority of units starting in 2007 or 2008. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation guidelines, which recommend the use of therapeutic hypothermia for comatose patients following successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest, have taken at least 4–5 years to achieve widespread implementation in the United Kingdom.
Influence of streambed sediment clogging on microbial processes in the hyporheic zone
Authors: NOGARO GERALDINE , DATRY THIBAULT , MERMILLOD‐BLONDIN FLORIAN , DESCLOUX STEPHANE , MONTUELLE BERNARD 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. The hyporheic zone plays a key role in hydrological exchange and biogeochemical processes in streambed sediments. The clogging of sediments caused by the deposition of particles in the bed of streams and rivers can decrease sediment permeability and hence greatly affect hyporheic microbial processes.2. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of sediment clogging on hyporheic microbial processes in three French rivers (the Usses, Drôme and Isère). In each river, microbial abundance and activity were studied at three depths (10, 30 and 50 cm) in the sediment at one unclogged (high porosity) and one clogged site (low porosity).3. The results showed that the sediment clogging had inconsistent effects on microbial processes in the three rivers. Increases (Usses) or decreases (Drôme and Isère) in both aerobic and anaerobic processes were detected at the clogged sites compared to unclogged sites. These results suggest that microbial changes because of the sediment clogging are mainly mediated by the residence time of water within the hyporheic sediments.4. A single model predicting the effect of clogging on hyporheic microbial processes cannot be applied generally to all rivers because the degree of clogging creates heterogeneous effects on flow rates between surface and interstitial waters. As a consequence, the influence of heterogeneous clogging on surface water–hyporheic exchanges needs to be evaluated by water tracing and hydraulic modelling to determine the links between microbial processes and hydraulic heterogeneity induced by clogging in hyporheic sediments.
Identification of an E‐box DNA binding protein, activated protein 4, and its function in regulating the expression of the gene encoding diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis‐activating neuropeptide in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Hu C‐H. , Hong B. , Xu W‐H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractActivated protein 4 (AP‐4), an E‐box DNA‐binding protein, was cloned from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Har). The expression of Har‐AP‐4 mRNA and the protein that it encodes are significantly higher in nondiapause pupae than in diapause pupae. In vitro‐translated Har‐AP‐4 can bind specifically to the E‐box motif on the promoter of the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis‐activating neuropeptide (DH‐PBAN). Har‐AP‐4, fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized to the nucleus, and overexpression of Har‐AP‐4 can significantly activate the promoter of the DH‐PBAN gene that is involved in nondiapause pupal development in H. armigera. These results suggest that Har‐AP‐4, which binds to the promoter of DH‐PBAN, may play a role in regulating pupal development in H. armigera.