bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems, 28th Volume: Global Trends and Regulatory Drivers in the Crop Protection Industry
Authors: Rohde Arlean M. , Martin Craig , Otis Gerald 
Published: October 2009

Description
Eleven peer-reviewed papers address many of the latest challenges to the agrochemical formulations industry regarding global trends and regulatory drivers.
Topics cover:
• Formulations
• Regulatory Initiatives
• Delivery Applications
• Research: Soil, Seed, Test Methods
X-Linked Variation in Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hill-Burns Erin M , Clark Andrew G 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This study quantifies the effects of naturally occurring X-linked variation on immune response in Drosophila melanogaster to assess associations between immunity genotypes and innate immune response. We constructed a set of 168 X-chromosomal extraction lines, incorporating X chromosomes from a natural population into co-isogenic autosomal backgrounds, and genotyped the lines at 88 SNPs in 20 X-linked immune genes. We find that genetic variation in many of the genes is associated with immune response phenotypes, including bacterial load and immune gene expression. Many of the associations act in a sex-specific or sexually antagonistic manner, supporting the theory that with the selective pressures facing genes on the X chromosome, sexually antagonistic variation may be more easily maintained.
Measuring and Detecting Molecular Adaptation in Codon Usage Against Nonsense Errors During Protein Translation
Authors: Gilchrist Michael A , Shah Premal , Zaretzki Russell 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCodon usage bias (CUB) has been documented across a wide range of taxa and is the subject of numerous studies. While most explanations of CUB invoke some type of natural selection, most measures of CUB adaptation are heuristically defined. In contrast, we present a novel and mechanistic method for defining and contextualizing CUB adaptation to reduce the cost of nonsense errors during protein translation. Using a model of protein translation, we develop a general approach for measuring the protein production cost in the face of nonsense errors of a given allele as well as the mean and variance of these costs across its coding synonyms. We then use these results to define the nonsense error adaptation index (NAI) of the allele or a contiguous subset thereof. Conceptually, the NAI value of an allele is a relative measure of its elevation on a specific and well-defined adaptive landscape. To illustrate its utility, we calculate NAI values for the entire coding sequence and across a set of nonoverlapping windows for each gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c genome. Our results provide clear evidence of adaptation to reduce the cost of nonsense errors and increasing adaptation with codon position and expression. The magnitude and nature of this adaptation are also largely consistent with simulation results in which nonsense errors are the only selective force driving CUB evolution. Because NAI is derived from mechanistic models, it is both easier to interpret and more amenable to future refinement than other commonly used measures of codon bias. Further, our approach can also be used as a starting point for developing other mechanistically derived measures of adaptation such as for translational accuracy.
A Problem With the Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Gene Expression Divergence
Authors: Pereira Vini , Waxman David , Eyre-Walker Adam 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The correlation coefficient is commonly used as a measure of the divergence of gene expression profiles between different species. Here we point out a potential problem with this statistic: if measurement error is large relative to the differences in expression, the correlation coefficient will tend to show high divergence for genes that have relatively uniform levels of expression across tissues or time points. We show that genes with a conserved uniform pattern of expression have significantly higher levels of expression divergence, when measured using the correlation coefficient, than other genes, in a data set from mouse, rat, and human. We also show that the Euclidean distance yields low estimates of expression divergence for genes with a conserved uniform pattern of expression.
Comparative Mitochondrial Genomics of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) With Doubly Uniparental Inheritance of mtDNA: Gender-Specific Open Reading Frames and Putative Origins of Replication
Authors: Breton Sophie , Beaupré Hélène Doucet , Stewart Donald T , Piontkivska Helen , Karmakar Moumita , Bogan Arthur E , Blier Pierre U , Hoeh Walter R 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDoubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondrial DNA in marine mussels (Mytiloida), freshwater mussels (Unionoida), and marine clams (Veneroida) is the only known exception to the general rule of strict maternal transmission of mtDNA in animals. DUI is characterized by the presence of gender-associated mitochondrial DNA lineages that are inherited through males (male-transmitted or M types) or females (female-transmitted or F types), respectively. This unusual system constitutes an excellent model for studying basic aspects of mitochondrial DNA inheritance and the evolution of mtDNA genomes in general. Here we compare published mitochondrial genomes of unionoid bivalve species with DUI, with an emphasis on characterizing unassigned regions, to identify regions of the F and M mtDNA genomes that could (i) play a role in replication or transcription of the mtDNA molecule and/or (ii) determine whether a genome will be transmitted via the female or the male gamete. Our results reveal the presence of one F-specific and one M-specific open reading frames (ORFs), and we hypothesize that they play a role in the transmission and/or gender-specific adaptive functions of the M and F mtDNA genomes in unionoid bivalves. Three major unassigned regions shared among all F and M unionoid genomes have also been identified, and our results indicate that (i) two of them are potential heavy-strand control regions (OH) for regulating replication and/or transcription and that (ii) multiple and potentially bidirectional light-strand origins of replication (OL) are present in unionoid F and M mitochondrial genomes. We propose that unassigned regions are the most promising candidate sequences in which to find regulatory and/or gender-specific sequences that could determine whether a mitochondrial genome will be maternally or paternally transmitted.
Infant Neurobehavioral Dysregulation: Behavior Problems in Children With Prenatal Substance Exposure
Authors: Lester Barry M. , Bagner Daniel M. , Liu Jing , LaGasse Linda L. , Seifer Ronald , Bauer Charles R. , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta , Higgins Rosemary D. , Das Abhik 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test a developmental model of neurobehavioral dysregulation relating prenatal substance exposure to behavior problems at age 7.
METHODS: The sample included 360 cocaine-exposed and 480 unexposed children from lower to lower middle class families of which 78% were black. Structural equation modeling was used to test models whereby prenatal exposure to cocaine and other substances would result in neurobehavioral dysregulation in infancy, which would predict externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in early childhood. Structural equation models were developed for individual and combined parent and teacher report for externalizing, internalizing, and total problem scores on the Child Behavior Checklist.
RESULTS: The goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that all of the models met criteria for adequate fit with 7 of the 9 models explaining 18% to 60% of the variance in behavior problems at age 7. The paths in the models indicate that there are direct effects of prenatal substance exposure on 7-year behavior problems as well as indirect effects, including neurobehavioral dysregulation.
CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal substance exposure affects behavior problems at age 7 through 2 mechanisms. The direct pathway is consistent with a teratogenic effect. Indirect pathways suggest cascading effects whereby prenatal substance exposure results in neurobehavioral dysregulation manifesting as deviations in later behavioral expression. Developmental models provide an understanding of pathways that describe how prenatal substance exposure affects child outcome and have significant implications for early identification and prevention.
Does Measuring the Changes in TcB Value Offer Better Prediction of Hyperbilirubinemia in Healthy Neonates?
Authors: Dalal Shamsher Singh , Mishra Satish , Agarwal Ramesh , Deorari Ashok Kumar , Paul Vinod 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the diagnostic value of changes in transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels for prediction of subsequent hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and late-preterm neonates.METHODS: Neonates at 35 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a prospective study. Two TcB determinations were performed for all enrolled neonates (N = 358). The first assessment (TcB1) was performed at 24 ± 6 hours of age, followed by a second (TcB2) ≥12 hours later. Changes in TcB levels were calculated. TcB values were plotted on an hour-specific serum bilirubin nomogram, and risk zones were recorded. Of the 358 neonates enrolled, 325 neonates (91%) were monitored for hyperbilirubinemia until 5 days of age.RESULTS: The mean ages of TcB1 and TcB2 estimations were 23 ± 4 hours and 42 ± 4 hours, respectively. A total of 14.9% of neonates (48 of 325 neonates) developed hyperbilirubinemia by 5 days of age. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for prediction of subsequent hyperbilirubinemia for TcB1 (zone &gt;2, &gt;75th percentile) were 80.4%, 58.0%, 1.9, and 0.34; those for TcB2 (zone &gt;2, &gt;75th percentile) were 82.6%, 79.0%, 4.0, and 0.22; and those for the change in TcB levels (&gt;0.18 mg/dL per hour, &gt;75th percentile) were 82.5%, 82.9%, 4.8, and 0.21, respectively. Gestational age, TcB risk zone, and change in TcB levels were found to be independent predictors of subsequent hyperbilirubinemia.CONCLUSIONS: Single TcB measurements at 30 to 48 hours predict hyperbilirubinemia with a reasonably high degree of accuracy. Changes in TcB levels do not offer any added clinical benefit.
Pilot Study in the Identification of Stability Values for Determining Immediate and Early Loading of Implants
Authors: Shiigai Tatsuo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This pilot study assessed the impact of implant stability criteria on implant loading time. Insertion torque (IT) and baseline implant stability quotients (ISQ) from resonance frequency analysis were recorded for 41 tapered-screw implants placed in the mandibles of 20 patients. Immediate (IL), early (EL) (6 weeks postoperative), or delayed (DL) (12 weeks postoperative) prosthetic loading was performed based on results and study criteria. Postoperative ISQ values were also recorded at 6 time intervals for the IL and EL groups and after healing for the DL group. All implants were definitively restored after 6 weeks of provisionalization. There were no failures, complications, or stability differences based on loading time. At week 12 of follow-up, ISQ values were slightly higher for IL implants compared with EL implants. IL and EL implants showed significantly higher cumulative ISQ values compared with DL implants. High IT and baseline ISQ values in all groups corresponded to high implant survival. Postoperative ISQ values in the IL and EL groups were less certain indicators of implant survival because of fluctuations relative to baseline values. Small sample size and inequitable patient distribution across groups skewed results. More research is needed before definitive results can be drawn. IL and EL were safely performed within the IT and ISQ ranges in this study, but it is unknown whether EL criteria would have also sufficed for IL.
Dietary Protein Source and Level Affects Growth in Neon Tetras
Authors: Sealey Wendy M , Barrows Frederic T , Casten Mike , Hardy Ronald W 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Nutritional studies for aquarium fishes like the neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi are sparse in comparison with those for food fish. To determine the optimum dietary protein level and source for growth of neon tetras, diets were formulated to contain 25, 35, 45, and 55% dietary protein from either marine animal protein or plant protein sources in a 4 × 2 factorial treatment design. Neon tetras (initial weight, approximately 0.12 g) were reared in 5-L fiberglass tanks (25 fish/tank, 3 tanks/diet) in a freshwater recirculating system. Fish were hand-fed the experimental diets three times per day for 12 weeks. Average weight gain of neon tetras fed diets with marine protein sources was significantly higher than that for fish fed diets based on plant proteins. Fish fed diets containing 45% or 55% crude protein had significantly greater weight gain than did fish fed 25% crude protein from either protein source. Fish fed 25% crude protein from either source had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than did those fed 45% or 55% crude protein. Survival ranged from 71% to 84% and was not significantly altered by dietary protein source or level. No significant interactions between dietary protein source and level were found for any of the response variables. As the price of fish meal continues to increase, the formulations of feeds for food fish will probably contain lower amounts of fish meal and higher amounts of plant protein products. If a similar trend occurs for ornamental fish diets, further refinement of nutritional requirements and assessment of palatability of feed ingredients for neon tetras and other aquarium species will be required.
Laboratory Dose Confirmation of Copper Sulfate for Treating Fungus on Channel Catfish Eggs
Authors: Straus David L , Mitchell Andrew J , Radomski Andrew A , Carter Ray R , Steeby James A 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Two dose confirmation studies are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to verify the effectiveness of a candidate before approval as a new animal drug is awarded; the two studies provide independent substantiation of the results. This laboratory study was designed to compare an untreated control and a 10-mg/L copper sulfate (CuSO4) treatment to control fungus (Saprolegnia spp.) on eggs of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at 23.5°C in a flow-through system. The eggs were treated once daily until the embryos reached the eyed stage (five treatments). When hatching was complete for all viable eggs (day 10), the fry were counted to determine the percent survival in each treatment. Infestation by a fungus identified morphologically and by polymerase chain reaction as Saprolegnia spp. was severe in the control fish, resulting in 8% survival. The mean percent survival of fry hatched from the CuSO4-treated eggs was significantly higher (mean, 55%; range, 27–71%).
A Vertical-Lift Incubator (the “Seesaw”) Designed for Channel Catfish Egg Masses
Authors: Torrans Les , Ott Brian , Jones Robert“Shorty” , Jones Robert , Baxter Jeff , McCollum Bill , Wargo Andrew , Donley Jimmy 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Egg masses of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are typically incubated in mesh baskets suspended in metal troughs with rotating paddles fitted between the baskets that move the water to agitate the eggs. This system is widely used, but stress caused by low dissolved oxygen resulting from poor water circulation through the egg masses at higher egg loading rates can cause reduced hatch. We designed and tested a vertical-lift incubator to improve hatch with higher egg loading rates. Angle-aluminum racks were placed inside standard hatchery troughs. Three baskets with hinged lids were placed in each rack and the egg masses were placed in the baskets. The racks in a pair of troughs were connected to overhead bars that oscillated at six cycles per minute, raising the rack in one while lowering the rack in the adjacent trough. Egg masses were incubated at a mean ± SE loading rate of 33.4 ± 4.7 lb per trough, which is nearly twice the recommended rate, with no supplemental oxygen. Survival from egg through the swim-up stage averaged 84.9%, higher than the reported industry average hatch rate. We produced 153,000 fry · gal−1 · min−1 at the highest egg loading rate tested (47.4 lb per trough). The vertical-lift incubator may allow hatcheries to hatch more eggs using fewer troughs and less water than with traditional paddle agitation.
Performance of Spring Chinook Salmon Reared in Standard Raceways and in Michigan Raceways with Oxygen Supplementation
Authors: Clarke Lance R , Cameron William A , Stonecypher R Wes , Hayes Michael C , Carmichael Richard W 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The decreasing availability of freshwater means that fish culturists must seek ways to increase production efficiency, that is, the number of fish produced from a given volume of water. This paper summarizes a comparison of the performance of yearling spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared in standard raceways and those reared at higher densities in Michigan-style raceways with oxygen supplementation (to conserve water). During rearing at the Umatilla Fish Hatchery in northeastern Oregon, water temperatures and pH were similar between the two raceway types, but dissolved oxygen was higher and un-ionized ammonia levels were lower in the Michigan raceways. No disease outbreaks requiring medicine occurred in either raceway type. Before transfer to acclimation facilities on the Umatilla River, the average fish size differed by more than 3% between raceway groups and average Fulton's condition factor never differed by more than 3%. After fish were released into the river, we monitored out-migration travel times and survival to John Day Dam on the Columbia River using implanted passive integrated transponder tags in a randomly subsampled group from each raceway. No significant difference in travel time was detected between the two raceway types; however, average survival probabilities to the dam favored the standard rearing strategy. We used recoveries of coded wire tags implanted into juvenile fish before river release to estimate smolt-to-adult survival rates, the numbers of adults produced annually, and adult production efficiency (adults produced · L−1 · h−1) between the two raceway types. Although survival rates were significantly higher for Chinook salmon reared in standard raceways, there was no significant difference in the average number of adults produced per raceway series, and production efficiency significantly favored the Michigan raceway group. These results indicate that limited water supplies can be used more efficiently by rearing spring Chinook salmon in Michigan raceways with oxygen supplementation rather than in standard raceways.
Modeling transdermal permeation. Part I. Predicting skin permeability of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes
Authors: Chen Longjian , Lian Guoping , Han Lujia 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, we present a modeling study on the prediction of transdermal permeability of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes, using our recently reported mechanistic model of mass transfer in complex media, where the heterogeneous structure of the stratum corneum is represented by “bricks‐and‐mortar” model. The partition and diffusion properties of solutes in lipid matrix and corneocytes are calculated separately, without fitting to the modeled skin permeability data. Skin permeability has been predicted for a comprehensive experimental data set of chemicals compiled earlier. When the transcellular pathway is included, the agreement between predicted skin permeability and experimental data is much improved. The improvement is mainly due to better predicted results for hydrophilic solutes. The contribution of each pathway to the overall skin permeability has also been analyzed. The results showed that the transcellular pathway is important not only for highly hydrophilic solutes, but also for moderately hydrophobic solutes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Computational analysis of an instantaneous chemical reaction in a T‐microreactor
Authors: Bothe Dieter , Lojewski Alexander , Warnecke Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe extend and apply a method for the numerical computation of convective and diffusive mixing in liquid systems with very fast irreversible chemical reaction to the case of unequal diffusivities. This approach circumvents the solution of stiff differential equations and, hence, facilitates the direct numerical simulation of reactive flows with quasi‐instantaneous reactions. The method is validated by means of a neutralization reaction which is studied in a T‐shaped micromixer and compared with existing experimental LIF‐data. Because of their large are‐to‐volume ratio, microreactors are well suited for fast chemical reactions which are seriously affected by the slow diffusive transport in aqueous media. Numerical computations for different reactor dimensions reveal the fact that, in a dimensionless setting, the obtained conversion is independent of the reactor size, if the flow conditions are the same. This corresponds to an increase of space‐time‐yield proportional to the square of the inverse scale factor. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Oxidative Halogenierungen mit umweltschonenden Oxidationsmitteln: Sauerstoff und Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Podgoršek Ajda , Zupan Marko , Iskra Jernej 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEine organische Chemie ohne Organohalogenverbindungen und die zur Synthese benötigten molekularen Halogene ist schwer vorstellbar. Die Reaktivitäten der Halogene unterscheiden sich beträchtlich, und während Iod im Allgemeinen einer Aktivierung bedarf, sind die anderen Halogene äußerst reaktive und mithin auch gefährliche Chemikalien. Um den direkten Umgang mit Halogenen zu vermeiden, wurden diverse modifizierte Reagentien entwickelt (N‐Brom‐ und N‐Chlorsuccinimid, Selectfluor…︁), zu deren Herstellung aber wiederum Halogene verwendet werden und deren Anwendung stets mit einer schlechten Atomökonomie verbunden ist. Eine bessere Strategie, die auf der Grundlage biomimetischer Forschungen an natürlichen oxidativen Halogenierungen entworfen wurde, besteht darin, das Halogenierungsreagens in situ unter sauren Bedingungen aus Halogenidsalzen zu erzeugen. Das Ergebnis einer solchen Reaktion ist eine Halogenierung mit 100 % Halogenatomökonomie. Als Oxidationsmittel für die Oxidation des Halogenids bieten sich Wasserstoffperoxid und Sauerstoff an.
Oxidative Halogenation with “Green” Oxidants: Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Podgoršek Ajda , Zupan Marko , Iskra Jernej 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is difficult to imagine organic chemistry without organo‐halogen compounds and the molecular halogens needed for their preparation. The halogens have very different reactivity, with iodine usually requiring some form of activation, while others are reactive and hazardous chemicals. To avoid their use, various modified reagents have been discovered (N‐bromo‐ and N‐chlorosuccinimide, Selectfluor…︁), but halogens are used to prepare these reagents and when they are used the atom economy is poor. A better approach, which is based on biomimetric research on oxidative halogenation in nature, consists of generating the halogenating reagent in situ under acidic conditions from a halide salt. The result of such a reaction has been halogenation with 100 % halogen atom economy. Suitable oxidants for the oxidation of halides are hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.