bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved infrared temperature mapping of elastohydrodynamic contacts
Authors: Reddyhoff T , Spikes H A , Olver A V 
Published: June 2009

An effective means of studying lubricant rheology within elastohydrodynamic contacts is by detailed mapping of the temperature of the fluid and the bounding surfaces within the lubricated contact area. In the current work, the experimental approach initially developed by Sanborn and Winer and then by Spikes et al., has been advanced to include a high specification infrared (IR) camera and microscope. Besides the instantaneous capture of full field measurements, this has the advantage of increased sensitivity and higher spatial resolution than previous systems used. The increased sensitivity enables a much larger range of testable operating conditions: namely lower loads, speeds, and reduced sliding. In addition, the range of test lubricants can be extended beyond high shearing traction fluids. These new possibilities have been used to investigate and compare the rheological properties of a range of lubricants: namely a group I and group II mineral oil, a polyalphaolephin (group IV), the traction fluid Santotrac 50, and 5P4E, a five-ring polyphenyl-ether. As expected, contact temperatures increased with lubricant refinement, for the mineral base oils tested. Using moving heat source theory, the measured temperature distributions were converted into maps showing rate of heat input into each surface, from which shear stresses were calculated. The technique could therefore be validated by integrating these shear stress maps, and comparing them with traction values obtained by direct measurement. Generally there was good agreement between the two approaches, with the only significant differences occurring for 5P4E, where the traction that was deduced from the temperature over-predicted the traction by roughly 15 per cent. Of the lubricants tested, Santotrac 50 showed the highest average traction over the contact; however, 5P4E showed the highest maximum traction. This observation is only possible using the IR mapping technique, and is obscured when measuring the traction directly. Both techniques showed the effect of shear heating causing a reduction in traction.
Medication Safety: Effect of Medication Reconciliation with and Without Patient Counseling on the Number of Pharmaceutical Interventions Among Patients Discharged from the Hospital
Authors: Karapinar-ÇArkit Fatma , Borgsteede Sander D , Zoer Jan , Smit Henk J , Egberts Antoine Cg , Bemt Patricia Mla Van Den 
Published: June 2009

Background Hospital admissions are a risk factor for the occurrence of unintended medication discrepancies between drugs used before admission and after discharge. To diminish such discrepancies and improve quality of care, medication reconciliation has been developed. The exact contribution of patient counseling to the medication reconciliation process is unknown, especially not when compared with community pharmacy medication records, which are considered reliable in the Netherlands. Objective To examine the effect of medication reconciliation with and without patient counseling among patients at the time of hospital discharge on the number and type of interventions aimed at preventing drug-related problems. Methods A prospective observational study in a general teaching hospital was performed. Patients discharged from the pulmonology department were included. A pharmacy team assessed the interventions with and without patient counseling on discharge medications for each patient. Results Two hundred sixty-two patients were included. Medication reconciliation without patient counseling was responsible for at least one intervention in 87% of patients (mean 2.7 interventions/patient). After patient counseling, at least one intervention (mean 5.3 interventions/patient) was performed in 97% of patients. After patient counseling, discharge prescriptions were frequently adjusted due to discrepancies in use or need of drug therapy. Most interventions led to the start of medication due to omission and dose changes due to incorrect dosages being prescribed. Patients also addressed their problems/concerns with use of the drug, which were discussed before discharge. Conclusions Significantly more interventions were identified after patient counseling. Therefore, patient information is essential in medication reconciliation.
Application of the end loaded split and single-leg bending tests to the mixed-mode fracture characterization of wood
Authors: Oliveira Jorge M.Q. , de Moura Marcelo F.S.F. , Morais José J.L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This work describes the application of end loaded split and single-leg bending tests to the mixed-mode fracture characterization of wood. Experimental tests and numerical validation analyses were performed. A new data reduction scheme based on the crack equivalent concept is proposed. The method overcomes the difficulties inherent to these tests, such as crack length monitoring during propagation and influence of clamping conditions. The single-leg bending test is simpler to execute and provided accurate results. The obtained mixed-mode fracture energy is associated with the pure mode values and the obtained trend point to a linear fracture criterion as a candidate to describe the fracture behavior of the Pinus pinaster Ait. wood.
A preliminary study of green production of fiberboard bonded with tannin and laccase in a wet process
Authors: Widsten Petri , Hummer Alfred , Heathcote Carol , Kandelbauer Andreas 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A gluing method for fiberboard based on laccase-activated tannin and wood fibers was investigated on a laboratory scale. Oxygen consumption measurements showed that hydrolyzable tannins (tannic acid and chestnut tannin) were more reactive toward laccase than condensed tannins from mimosa and quebracho. Wet-process hardboard prepared with laccase and the most reactive tannin, tannic acid, had superior mechanical strength compared to controls and boards made with laccase alone or laccase and other tannins. The other tannins did not improve mechanical properties more than laccase treatment alone. The addition of wax to the tannic acid-laccase formulation improved the dimensional stability of the boards enough for them to comply with industrial standards, although wax had a negative impact on the mechanical properties. The results cannot be directly applied to dry-process medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production; however, the positive effects of tannin and laccase on hardboard properties also warrant investigations on the green chemistry of MDF production.
Ozone pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: Improvement of enzymatic susceptibility of softwood
Authors: Sugimoto Tomoko , Magara Kengo , Hosoya Shuji , Oosawa Satoshi , Shimoda Takafumi , Nishibori Kozo 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In order to utilize lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for bioethanol, ozone pretreatment was conducted on Japanese cedar sawdust and three other lignocellulosic wastes. Successful lignin degradation was accomplished by ozone pretreatment of the Japanese cedar sawdust and over 90% of polysaccharides were converted to monomeric sugars by enzymatic saccharification. This ozone pretreatment was also effective with other lignocellulosics, such as Hinoki cypress sawdust, lumber and board wastes. Ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the ozone pretreated Japanese cedar sawdust was also successful. It was shown that ozone pretreatment increases enzymatic susceptibility and enables the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass.
Poisson's ratio of plywood measured by tension test
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In this research, Poisson's ratio of plywood as obtained by a tension test was examined by varying the width of the specimen. The tension tests were conducted on five-plywood of lauan (Shorea sp.) with various widths, and Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios of the specimens were measured. Finite element calculations were independently conducted. A comparison of the experimental results with those of finite element analysis revealed that Young's modulus could be obtained properly when the width of the plywood strip varied. In contrast, the width of the plywood strip should be large enough to determine Poisson's ratio properly.
Synchrotron X-ray microtomography and 3D image analysis of medium density fiberboard (MDF)
Authors: Walther Thomas , Thoemen Heiko 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The three-dimensional microstructure of a series of laboratory medium density fiberboard (MDF) samples with densities varying from 300 kg m-3 to 1000 kg m-3 was investigated by synchrotron microtomography (SRμCT). After reconstruction and filtering of the volume data, an adapted image analysis was used to extract the structural information about the fiber network at different densities. Information was established on the distribution of intra- and inter-fiber voids, cell-wall material, individual fibers, and fiber bundles. Calculations were performed concerning the surface area towards the ambient void spaces, the number of contacts, and the contact area between selected fibers. Furthermore, the resin distribution on the fibers was investigated and characterized by SRμCT and environmental scanning electron microscopy with stained adhesives. The results presented here allow a new approach to examine the complete wood fiber network of MDFs by automatic image analysis routines.
Vitamin D receptor genotype BB is associated with higher serum osteocalcin in first pregnancy
Authors: Feuz Jacqueline , Wisser Josef , Heufelder Armin , Joba Werner , Zimmermann Roland , von Mandach Ursula 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Aim: Serum osteocalcin was shown in a previous study on first trimester pregnant women to correlate with bone density and to distinguish between fast and slow bone losers. The objective of the present study is to examine whether serum osteocalcin is related to vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI polymorphism in pregnant women.

Study design: We determined osteocalcin serum levels and VDR BsmI genotype in 97 healthy first trimester pregnant women consecutively recruited during six months.

Results: BB (21%), Bb (38%) and bb (41%) genotypes showed similar osteocalcin serum levels. However, in primigravidas (n=38) the BB genotype was significantly associated with higher mean osteocalcin level (9.67 ng/mL) than the Bb (8.07 ng/mL) and the bb genotype (8.14 ng/mL), respectively (P<0.05). The VDR genotype was the only independent parameter to correlate with serum osteocalcin (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Only primigravidas show in the first trimester a relation between the bone formation parameter serum osteocalcin and the VDR genotype BB which indicates a higher risk of fractures. For further clinical applications serum osteocalcin and VDR genotype should be tested on a cohort of primigravidas including measurements of bone density.
Body mass index, Bishop score, and sonographic measurement of the cervical length as predictors of successful labor induction in twin gestations
Authors: Park Kyo-Hoon , Hong Joon-Seok , Kang Woong-Sun , Shin Dong-Myung , Kim Shi-Nae 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the predictive value of body mass index (BMI), Bishop score, and sonographic measurement of cervical length for predicting successful labor induction (defined as an ability to achieve the active phase of labor corresponding to a cervical dilatation of ≥4 cm within 12 h of initiating oxytocin) in near-term twin gestations.

Methods: This prospective, observational study enrolled 72 consecutive women with twin gestations at >36.0 weeks' gestation who were scheduled for induction of labor. Transvaginal ultrasound for measurement of the cervical length was performed and the Bishop score was determined by digital examination. The BMI was calculated based on the weight and height at the time of induction.

Results: Labor induction was successful in 63% (45/72) of women. The mean BMI was significantly lower in women who had successfully induced labor, but no significant differences existed with respect to the mean cervical length, median Bishop score, proportion of parous and nulliparous women, and the mean total birth weight of the twin pairs between the two patient groups. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that only BMI provided a significant contribution in predicting successful labor induction.

Conclusions: BMI independently predicted the success of labor induction in twin gestations but the sonographic measurement of the cervical length and Bishop score had poor predictive values for successful induction.
Context-Dependent Modulation of Functional Connectivity: Secondary Somatosensory Cortex to Prefrontal Cortex Connections in Two-Stimulus-Interval Discrimination Tasks
Authors: Chow Stephanie S. , Romo Ranulfo , Brody Carlos D. 
Published: June 2009

In a complex world, a sensory cue may prompt different actions in different contexts. A laboratory example of context-dependent sensory processing is the two-stimulus-interval discrimination task. In each trial, a first stimulus (f1) must be stored in short-term memory and later compared with a second stimulus (f2), for the animal to come to a binary decision. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons need to interpret the f1 information in one way (perhaps with a positive weight) and the f2 information in an opposite way (perhaps with a negative weight), although they come from the very same secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) neurons; therefore, a functional sign inversion is required. This task thus provides a clear example of context-dependent processing.Here we develop a biologically plausible model of a context-dependent signal transformation of the stimulus encoding from S2 to PFC. To ground our model in experimental neurophysiology, we use neurophysiological data recorded by R. Romo's laboratory from both cortical area S2 and PFC in monkeys performing the task. Our main goal is to use experimentally observed context-dependent modulations of firing rates in cortical area S2 as the basis for a model that achieves a context-dependent inversion of the sign of S2 to PFC connections. This is done without requiring any changes in connectivity (Salinas, 2004b). We (1) characterize the experimentally observed context-dependent firing rate modulation in area S2, (2) construct a model that results in the sign transformation, and (3) characterize the robustness and consequent biological plausibility of the model.
Rat Prefrontal Cortical Neurons Selectively Code Strategy Switches
Authors: Rich Erin L. , Shapiro Matthew 
Published: June 2009

Multiple memory systems are distinguished by different sets of neuronal circuits and operating principles optimized to solve different problems across mammalian species (Tulving and Schacter, 1994). When a rat selects an arm in a plus maze, for example, the choice can be guided by distinct neural systems (White and Wise, 1999) that encode different relationships among perceived stimuli, actions, and reward. Thus, egocentric or stimulus–response associations require striatal circuits, whereas spatial or episodic learning requires hippocampal circuits (Packard et al., 1989). Although these memory systems function in parallel (Packard and McGaugh, 1996), they can also interact competitively or synergistically (Kim and Ragozzino, 2005). The neuronal mechanisms that coordinate these multiple memory systems are not fully known, but converging evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is central.The PFC is crucial for abstract, rule-guided behavior in primates and for switching rapidly between memory strategies in rats. We now report that rat medial PFC neuronal activity predicts switching between hippocampus- and caudate-dependent memory strategies. Prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) neuronal activity changed as rats switched memory strategies even as the rats performed identical behaviors but did not change when rats learned new contingencies using the same strategy. PL dynamics anticipated learning performance whereas IL lagged, suggesting that the two regions help initiate and establish new strategies, respectively. These neuronal dynamics suggest that the PFC contributes to the coordination of memory strategies by integrating the predictive relationships among stimuli, actions, and reward.
Kontinuierliche Selbstkalibrierung von StereokamerasContinuous Self-Calibration of Stereo Cameras
Authors: Dang Thao , Stiller Christoph 
Published: June 2009

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel beschreibt ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Selbstkalibrierung von Stereokameras und gibt in [1] gewonnene Ergebnisse in verkürzter Form wieder. Die Bedeutung der einzelnen Kameraparameter für die Tiefenrekonstruktion wird untersucht und eine theoretisch fundierte Beschreibung der gesamten Verarbeitungskette einer stereoskopischen Selbstkalibrierung geliefert. Unterschiedliche geometrische Bedingungsgleichungen – die Epipolarbedingung zwischen korrespondierenden Punkten in zwei Bildern, die trilinearen Bedingungen zwischen Bildtripeln und der Bündelausgleich bei längeren Bildverbänden – werden einheitlich in einem Gauß–Helmert-Modell formuliert, welches eine Kalibrierung mit hoher Genauigkeit erlaubt. Die Bestimmung der Kameraparameter erfolgt mit einem robusten, rekursiven Schätzverfahren für Gauß–Helmert-Modelle, basierend auf einem Iterativen Erweiterten Kalman-Filter. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Kombination verschiedener Bedingungsgleichungen die Zuverlässigkeit der Parameterschätzung erhöht. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der kontinuierlichen Selbstkalibrierung wird anhand realer Bilddaten eines aktiven Stereosystems demonstriert.
Einsatz neuartiger Doppler-Signalverarbeitungstechniken zur Untersuchung von turbulenten ScherschichtströmungenApplication of Novel Doppler-Signal Evaluation Techniques for the Investigation of Turbulent Shear Flows
Authors: Neumann Mathias , Shirai Katsuaki , Czarske Jürgen 
Published: June 2009

Zusammenfassung
Turbulenz ist eines der letzten Rätsel der klassischen Physik, das noch nicht vollständig geklärt ist. In diesem Beitrag wird eine neue Messtechnik vorgestellt, die zeitlich und örtlich hochaufgelöste Untersuchungen von Geschwindigkeiten turbulenter Scherströmungen ermöglicht.
Skewed attacks, stability, and host suppression
Authors: Singh Abhyudai , Murdoch William W. , Nisbet Roger M. 
Published: June 2009

It is well known that the model equilibrium in the Nicholson‐Bailey framework for parasitoid–host interactions can be stabilized if there is variation in the risk of parasitism among individual hosts. We show that the shape of the distribution of risk among hosts is crucial in determining stability. Stability for all values of the reproduction rate R of the host requires the distribution to be skewed, with a modal risk of zero. As a consequence, a distribution of risk with nonzero mode but otherwise sufficiently high variability will not stabilize the host–parasitoid equilibrium for certain values of R.We also develop a new, simple, and general criterion for stability, according to which the host–parasitoid equilibrium is stable if and only if the adult host equilibrium density increases as host reproductive rate R increases. This reinforces previous results that skewed risk of the type needed for stability reduces parasitoid efficiency and hence the parasitoid's ability to suppress the host. Finally, we identify appropriate measures that can be made in the field to relate skew in risk of parasitism to stability.
Long‐term monitoring and experimental manipulation of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem near Portal, Arizona, USA
Authors: Ernest S. K. Morgan , Valone Thomas J. , Brown James H. 
Published: June 2009

Desert ecosystems have long served as model systems in the study of ecological concepts (e.g., competition, resource pulses, top‐down/bottom‐up dynamics). However, the inherent variability of resource availability in deserts, and hence consumer dynamics, can also make them challenging ecosystems to understand. Study of a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem near Portal, Arizona, USA, began in 1977. At this site, 24 experimental plots were established in 1977 and divided among controls and experimental manipulations. Experimental manipulations over the years include removal of all or some rodent species, all or some ants, seed additions, and various alterations of the annual plant community. While some of these manipulations were discontinued early on, others (i.e., ant and rodent manipulations) have been maintained throughout the study. Monitoring of the composition and abundances of ants, plants, and rodents has occurred continuously on all 24 plots. From 1977 to 2002, individual‐level data on rodents (i.e., species, sex, size, reproductive condition) were collected monthly for each plot. From 1983 to 2002, the species‐level abundances of plants were sampled on permanent quadrats. From 1977 to 2002, the species‐level abundance of ant colonies was recorded for each plot, and from 1988 to 2002 additional information on ant abundances were recorded. Finally, from 1980 to 2002 we recorded precipitation at the study site.These data have been used in a variety of publications documenting the effects of the experimental manipulations as well as the response of populations and communities to long‐term changes in climate and habitat. Sampling is ongoing and this database will be periodically updated.The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Energy forest irrigated with wastewater: a comparative microbial risk assessment
Authors: Carlander A. , Schönning C. , Stenström T. A. 
Published: June 2009

In this study, risks for human infection associated with irrigation of municipal wastewater on short rotation willow coppice (Salix) were evaluated in three countries. The aim was also to determine the reduction of indicator organisms and pathogens in the treatment plants. Two of the field sites were chosen for further evaluation by QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) applied to three scenarios: accidental ingestions of wastewater, exposure to aerosols and ingestion of groundwater. The risks of infection for bacteria (Salmonella), virus (rotavirus) and protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium) were characterised as probability of infections per exposure and number of infections per year.
The highest risk for infection was associated with exposure to rotavirus in Culmore (Northern Ireland), by either accidental ingestion of wastewater or ingestion of groundwater (Pinf 8 × 10−1). For Kvidinge (Sweden) the risk for virus infection by ingestion of wastewater were in the same range (Pinf 7 × 10−1). The risk for Giardia infection differed between the two sites due to differences in concentration of this pathogen in the wastewater. The groundwater was found to have suffered faecal contamination due to the wastewater irrigation. Use of partially treated wastewater for irrigation of energy crops could be a sustainable option if site-specific recommendations are developed.