bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous regression of curve in immature idiopathic scoliosis - does spinal column play a role to balance? An observation with literature review
Authors: Modi Hitesh N , Suh Seung-Woo , Yang Jae-Hyuk , Hong Jae-Young , Venkatesh KP , Muzaffar Nasir 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundChild with mild scoliosis is always a subject of interest for most orthopaedic surgeons regarding progression. Literature described Hueter-Volkmann theory regarding disc and vertebral wedging, and muscular imbalance for the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. However, many authors reported spontaneous resolution of curves also without any reason for that and the rate of resolution reported is almost 25%. Purpose of this study was to question the role of paraspinal muscle tuning/balancing mechanism, especially in patients with idiopathic scoliosis with early mild curve, for spontaneous regression or progression as well as changing pattern of curves.MethodsAn observational study of serial radiograms in 169 idiopathic scoliosis children (with minimum follow-up one year) was carried. All children with Cobb angle < 25° and who were diagnosed for the first time were selected. As a sign of immaturity at the time of diagnosis, all children had Risser sign 0. No treatment was given to entire study group. Children were divided in three groups at final follow-up: Group A, B and C as children with regression, no change and progression of their curves, respectively. Additionally changes in the pattern of curve were also noted.ResultsAverage age was 9.2 years at first visit and 10.11 years at final follow-up with an average follow-up of 21 months. 32.5% (55/169), 41.4% (70/169) and 26% (44/169) children exhibited regression, no change and progression in their curves, respectively. 46.1% of children (78/169) showed changing pattern of their curves during the follow-up visits before it settled down to final curve. Comparing final fate of curve with side of curve and number of curves it did not show any relationship (p > 0.05) in our study population.ConclusionPossible reason for changing patterns could be better explained by the tuning/balancing mechanism of spinal column that makes an effort to balance the spine and result into spontaneous regression or prevent further progression of curve. If this which we called as "tuning/balancing mechanism" fails, curve will ultimately progress.
Workshop report: “Towards a Cure: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them”
Authors: Jefferys Richard J 
Published: November 2010

On 16 and 17 July 2010, immediately prior to the XVIII International AIDS Conference in Vienna, Austria, the International AIDS Society held a workshop on the important topic of moving beyond antiretroviral therapy and addressing HIV persistence. “Towards a Cure: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them” was chaired by Nobel laureate Françoise Barré‐Sinoussi and co‐sponsored by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, the National Institutes of Health, Sidaction and the Treatment Action Group. This article gives an overview of the findings presented at the workshop; complete abstracts are included in this supplement to the Journal of the International AIDS Society.16‐17 July 2010, International AIDS Society’s Workshop “Towards a Cure”: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them, Vienna, Austria
GM-CSF-induced, bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells can expand natural Tregs and induce adaptive Tregs by different mechanisms
Authors: Bhattacharya Palash , Gopisetty Anupama , Ganesh Balaji B , Sheng Jian Rong , Prabhakar Bellur S 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTIn our earlier work, we had shown that GM-CSF treatment of CBA/J mice can suppress ongoing thyroiditis by inducing tolerogenic CD8α− DCs, which helped expand and/or induce CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. To identify the primary cell type that was affected by the GM-CSF treatment and understand the mechanism by which Tregs were induced, we compared the effect of GM-CSF on matured spDCs and BMDC precursors in vitro. Matured spDCs exposed to GM-CSF ex vivo induced only a modest increase in the percentage of Foxp3-expressing T cells in cocultures. In contrast, BM cells, when cultured in the presence of GM-CSF, gave rise to a population of CD11c+CD11bHiCD8α− DCs (BMDCs), which were able to expand Foxp3+ Tregs upon coculture with CD4+ T cells. This contact-dependent expansion occurred in the absence of TCR stimulation and was abrogated by OX40L blockage. Additionally, the BMDCs secreted high levels of TGF-β, which was required and sufficient for adaptive differentiation of T cells to Foxp3+ Tregs, only upon TCR stimulation. These results strongly suggest that the BMDCs differentiated by GM-CSF can expand nTregs and induce adaptive Tregs through different mechanisms.
Apelin Decreases Lipolysis via Gq, Gi, and AMPK-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Yue Patrick , Jin Hong , Xu Shiming , Aillaud Marissa , Deng Alicia C. , Azuma Junya , Kundu Ramendra K. , Reaven Gerald M. , Quertermous Thomas , Tsao Philip S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from adipocytes (i.e. lipolysis) is increased in obesity and is a contributory factor to the development of insulin resistance. A recently identified adipokine, apelin, is up-regulated in states of obesity. Although apelin is secreted by adipocytes, its functions in them remain largely unknown. To determine whether apelin affects lipolysis, FFA, glycerol, and leptin levels, as well as abdominal adiposity, were measured at baseline and after reintroduction of exogenous apelin in apelin-null mice. To examine apelin’s effects in vitro, isoproterenol-induced FFA/glycerol release, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation were investigated in 3T3-L1 cells and isolated wild-type adipocytes. Serum FFA, glycerol, and leptin concentrations, as well as abdominal adiposity, were significantly increased in apelin-null vs. wild-type mice; these changes were ameliorated in response to exogenous apelin. Apelin also reduced isoproterenol-induced FFA release in adipocytes isolated from wild-type but not APJ-null mice. In 3T3-L1 cells and isolated adipocytes, apelin attenuated isoproterenol-induced FFA/glycerol release. Apelin’s inhibition was reversed by pertussis toxin, the Gq inhibitor glycoprotein antagonist 2A, and the AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitors compound C and dorsomorphin. Apelin increased HSL phosphorylation at Ser-565 and also abrogated isoproterenol-induced HSL phosphorylation at Ser-563. Notably, apelin increased acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, suggesting AMPK activation. In conclusion, apelin negatively regulates lipolysis. Its actions may be mediated by pathways involving Gq, Gi, and AMP-activated protein kinase.
FRPs — The Environmental Agenda
Authors: Halliwell Sue 
Published: November 2010

Fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly being used in construction due to their light weight, ease of installation, low maintenance, tailor made properties, and corrosion resistance. The UK FRP industry produces 240,000 tonnes of products a year with 11% of this being for the construction industry in a variety of structural and on-structural applications. Products made from FRP materials can offer significant environmental benefits, for example, FRPs used in bridges can reduce the overall weight of the structure and so offer reduced transport and installation impacts. However, although the in service environmental benefits of composites are known, there is far less understanding of the environmental and social implications associated with the manufacture of FRP materials and products. Current and impending waste management legislation will put more pressure on the industry to address the options available for dealing with FRP waste. Such waste legislation focuses on dealing with waste through the w aste hierarchy and will therefore put more pressure on solving FRP waste management through recycling and reuse. At present the most common disposal method for UK FRP waste is landfill. To assist in the transition from disposal in landfill to recycling, the FRP industry needs to consider designing materials and components for easier deconstruction, reuse and recycling at the end of the product life. This paper will highlight the key issues affecting the FRP industry, taking a cradle to grave approach and assessing the environmental impacts at each stage.
Statistical Analyses and Parametric Study for Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened in Flexure with FRPs
Authors: Baky H. Abdel , Ebead U.A. , Neale K.W. 
Published: November 2010

In this paper, statistical analyses and a parametric study are presented for reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure using FRP composites. Five variables are considered in this study; namely, the FRP axial stiffness, concrete strength, steel reinforcement ratio, beam depth, and beam span. We aim to develop statistics-based design equations to predict the debonding load, the flexural capacity of the beam cross-section, the maximum deflection at the debonding load, the ductility index, and the debonding strain level in the FRP laminate. Simplifying these statistical models is then carried out to develop robust design equations. These equations hold an advantage over those available in most code specifications because they account for the effect of interactions between various variables on the predicted quantities. The statistical analyses are primarily based on the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The proposed models are thus referred to as the RSM models. Proposed design equations are then developed by simplifying the RSM models using Monte Carlo simulations and nonlinear regression analysis. Of the five responses considered in the RSM analysis, only the debonding strain level in FRP laminates is considered in the design equations. The data required for the statistical analysis were obtained from finite element models for beams having different combinations of variables. The statistical analyses are followed by a parametric study to investigate the effect of the above five variables and their interactions on the debonding load and the corresponding debonding strain level in the FRP laminate. This involves comparisons in terms of the debonding strain between the predictions of the proposed equation and those of the ACI, fib, Chinese specifications, and Australian standards.
Polymers, Fibres, Composites and the Civil Engineering Environment: A Personal Experience
Authors: Hollaway L.C. 
Published: November 2010

The paper discusses the experience gained by a civil engineer in the utilisation of advanced polymer composites in construction from the mid-1960s to the present time. It has considered the early use of composites in the form of load bearing and infill panels in conjunction with a basic RC beam and column skeletal structure, through to geometric shapes of all FRP building systems. The experience gained from this work encouraged the civil engineering industry to consider the building block technique to form structural members. The cost of the material was recognised as a disadvantage but its advantages in terms of mechanical and in-service properties were considerable. It was acknowledged that currently the most advantageous use of FRP composites in construction was in the form of hybrid structural systems made from them and the more conventional civil engineering materials such as concrete, steel and aluminium. The developments of composite structural systems for construction have been discussed. In the mid 1980s large reflectors for space were being investigated and designed by NASA and the Ministry of Defence, UK. This paper outlines the experience gained in developing FRP deployable skeletal structures, an energy loaded joint and a composite material that could resist the hostile environment of space. The paper has shown the successful use of advanced polymer composites in construction over a very short period of time and it has intimated that the continued success of the material is in the hands of many eminent civil engineers who, by their ingenuity and innovation will influence over future years the rapid and continued use of polymers and polymers composites.
A General Analytical Method for the Analysis of Interfacial Stresses in Plated Beams under Arbitrary Loading
Authors: Narayanamurthy V. , Chen J.F. , Cairns J. 
Published: November 2010

Recent developments in structural engineering have demonstrated effective enhancement in strength and performance of reinforced concrete (RC) and metallic beams bonded with a fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite or steel plate on their tension face. This technique is now popularly adopted for the retrofitting and strengthening of existing structures. Under applied loading after strengthening, interfacial shear and normal stresses are developed between the adherends in such plated beams due to the transfer of stresses between the bonded plate and the original beam. The combination of these stresses may be responsible for premature plate end debonding failure of the plate from the original beam in a brittle manner. Consequently, many analytical solutions have been developed to quantify these interfacial stresses. However, almost all of these solutions are applicable only to thin plates bonded to the beam and are specific to pre-defined simple loading arrangements, so each solution is commonly only applicable to a specific loading. This paper presents a new analytical solution for the interfacial stresses in a simply supported beam bonded with a thin or thick plate to the tension face. The solution is generic and applicable to beams and plates made of any structural materials within the linear elastic range, in common with almost all previous studies. The novelty of this work lies in the application of the superposition principle so that the simple solution is applicable to any arbitrary loading arrangement. Numerical comparison of the new solution with one of the existing solutions and finite element predictions for three loading cases illustrate the accuracy and applicability of the new analytical solution.
Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures
Authors: Gilbert Paul , McEwan Kirsten , Matos Marcela , Rivis Amanda 
Published: November 2010

Objectives. There is increasing evidence that helping people develop compassion for themselves and others has powerful impacts on negative affect and promotes positive affect. However, clinical observations suggest that some individuals, particularly those high in self‐criticism, can find self‐compassion and receiving compassion difficult and can be fearful of it. This study therefore developed measures of fear of: compassion for others, compassion from others, and compassion for self. We also explored the relationship of these fears with established compassion for self and compassion for others measures, self‐criticism, attachment styles, and depression, anxiety, and stress. Method. Students (N= 222) and therapists (N= 53) completed measures of fears of compassion, self‐compassion, compassion for others, self‐criticism, adult attachment, and psychopathology. Results. Fear of compassion for self was linked to fear of compassion from others, and both were associated with self‐coldness, self‐criticism, insecure attachment, and depression, anxiety, and stress. In a multiple regression, self‐criticism was the only significant predictor of depression. Conclusion. This study suggests the importance of exploring how and why some people may actively resist engaging in compassionate experiences or behaviours and be fearful of affiliative emotions in general. This has important implications for therapeutic interventions and the therapeutic relationship because affiliative emotions are major regulators of threat‐based emotions.
New Testament Book Epigrams. Some New Evidence from the Eleventh Century
Authors: Bentein Klaas , Bernard Floris , Demoen Kristoffel , de Groote Marc 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The article offers an edition, translation and commentary of eight so-called book epigrams. They all stem from eleventh-century manuscripts containing the New Testament or commentaries on it, more specifically the Paris. Coisl. 199, the Vindobon. Theol. Gr. 302, the Paris. Coisl. 26, and the Vatic. Gr. 363. While most of them are unedited, the second one is a conflation of known epigrams, and the third an unknown version of a previously edited epigram.
Although book epigrams are frequently encountered in Byzantine manuscripts, the genre has not received much attention. In the track of the recently increasing interest in manuscripts as cultural artifacts in their own right, our commentary focuses on the relationship between epigram and manuscript, and the process of copying. It also discusses textual problems, structure, content, function, vocabulary, and metrical features of the poems.
The analysis is enriched by parallels from other, mostly contemporary, book epigrams, which were collected during an ongoing database project at Ghent University. The comparison shows, among other things, that the material belonging to this genre is ‘recyclable’: it is constantly re-used, sometimes with slight but meaningful modifications.
Byzantine Responses to the Battlefield Tactics of the Armies of the Turkoman Principalities: The Battle of Pelekanos (1329)
Authors: Kyriakidis Savvas 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This article examines the Byzantine responses to the battlefield tactics followed by the armies of the Turkoman chiefdoms during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The most characteristic example reflecting the difficulties faced by the Byzantine army when confronted by the Turkomans is the battle of Pelekanos, in the gulf of Nikomedia. It was fought in 1329 between the Byzantines under the command of the emperor Andronikos III (1328–1341), and the Ottomans whose leader was Orhan (1326–1362). The outcome of this battle typifies the inability of the late Byzantine armies to deal effectively with the Turkoman cavalry archers, despite the instructions given by the military treatises which were compiled in the earlier periods of Byzantine history, despite the experience of fighting against enemies of similar nature in the past, and despite the fact that generals such as Kantakouzenos possessed a good knowledge of the fighting methods of the Turkomans. This article argues that the inability of the Byzantines to adjust to the demands of the battlefield tactics of the Turkoman warriors was a combination of many factors. The loss of Asia Minor deprived Byzantium of its main source of competent archers. The Byzantines relied on heavy cavalry which, although it proved ineffective against the Turkomans, was the symbol of exalted status of members of the aristocracy. Moreover, stereotyped views about the Turkomans affected the performance of the Byzantines on the battlefield. It seems that Byzantine generals, even if they knew the fighting methods of the Turkomans, very often could not fully understand the strength of their armies. This article concludes that the failure to react successfully to the battlefield tactics of the Turkomans could be partly described as a failure of cultural adaptation, reinforced by stereotypes about ‘barbarians.’
Byzantine Lead Seals and Other Minor Objects from Mystras: New Historical Evidence for the Region of Byzantine Lakedaimon
Authors: Stavrakos Christos 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This article presents the unpublished Byzantine lead seals from the archaeological collection of Mystras which now are stored in the depots of the Museum of Mystras.
The first seal names a Michael Barys (late eleventh to early twelfth century). Probably he was bishop of Helos, known from another seal with metrical inscription which has not been fully read until now. – The second is a seal of an imperial protospatharios and tourmarches Spartaron Ioannes (mid-to-late tenth century). This military unit is attested by this seal and other three parallel pieces from the collection of Dumbarton Oaks. The name Spartaron and the fact that this seal was found in Sparta can be taken as evidence for the existence of a military unit which recalls the capabilities and fighting prowess of the Ancient Spartans. – The third lead seal mentions a vestarches and judge of the Velum, of Peloponnesos and Hellas (mid-to-late eleventh century) Petros Serblias. It describes an unknown stadium of the career of Petros Serblias, a person already known from other sources.
At the end four metallic plates are presented, found near to the Upper Gate of the castle of Mystras, which are caps for bottles of theriaca, a well known antiseptic medicine from the apothecary of Due Mori in Venice (18th–19th century).
Two of the seals were found in a recently unearthed Byzantine olive-press in a quarter of Byzantine Sparta where the city was expanded in the time between the tenth and twelfth century.
Sirmian Martyrs in Exile Pannonian Case-Studies Anda Re-Evaluation of The St. Demetrius Problem
Authors: Tóth Peter 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The question of the origins of the cult of the fourth century martyr, Demetrius of Thessalonica has been the focal point of hagiographical research since the first publication of his passions by the Bollandists in 1780. Since then there were the most divergent hypotheses put forward to explain the obscure beginnings of his Thessalonican basilica and his alleged connection to Sirmium and its martyred deacon, Demetrius. Different ideas and assumptions were proposed based on various arthistorical, archaeological and literary observations, or sometimes relying only on national ideologies or even pure fantasy. However, there were no attempts made to put the whole problem into the wider context of the Illyrian hagiographic tradition and to make a detailed comparison between St Demetrius' cult and the afterlife of other Pannonian and Illyrian martyrs. In the present paper, then, after a critical analysis of the problem and its proposed solutions, a number of comparative case-studies will be carried out aiming to map the basic tendences of the afterlife of the martyrs of Late Antique Illyricum which presumably will help us to have a better view of the whole problem of the migration of the Illyrian martyrs and to provide a fresh solution for the origin and development of St Demetrius' cult.