bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anode Interfacial Tuning via Electron‐Blocking/Hole‐Transport Layers and Indium Tin Oxide Surface Treatment in Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Hains Alexander W. , Liu Jun , Martinson Alex B. F. , Irwin Michael D. , Marks Tobin J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of anode/active layer interface modification in bulk‐heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is investigated using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and/or a hole‐transporting/electron‐blocking blend of 4,4′‐bis[(p‐trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)‐phenylamino]biphenyl (TPDSi2) and poly[9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐N‐[4‐(3‐methylpropyl)]‐diphenylamine] (TFB) as interfacial layers (IFLs). Current–voltage data in the dark and AM1.5G light show that the TPDSi2:TFB IFL yields MDMO‐PPV:PCBM OPVs with substantially increased open‐circuit voltage (Voc), power conversion efficiency, and thermal stability versus devices having no IFL or PEDOT:PSS. Using PEDOT:PSS and TPDSi2:TFB together in the same cell greatly reduces dark current and produces the highest Voc (0.91 V) by combining the electron‐blocking effects of both layers. ITO anode pre‐treatment was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand why oxygen plasma, UV ozone, and solvent cleaning markedly affect cell response in combination with each IFL. O2 plasma and UV ozone treatment most effectively clean the ITO surface and are found most effective in preparing the surface for PEDOT:PSS deposition; UV ozone produces optimum solar cells with the TPDSi2:TFB IFL. Solvent cleaning leaves significant residual carbon contamination on the ITO and is best followed by O2 plasma or UV ozone treatment.
Bioinspired Smart Gating of Nanochannels Toward Photoelectric‐Conversion Systems
Authors: Wen Liping , Hou Xu , Tian Ye , Nie Fu‐Qiang , Song Yanlin , Zhai Jin , Jiang Lei 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLearning from nature has inspired the creation of intelligent materials to better understand and imitate biology. Recent studies on bioinspired responsive surfaces that can switch between different states are shown, which open up new avenues for the development of smart materials in two dimensions. Based on this strategy, biomimetic nanochannel systems have been produced by introducing responsive molecules, which closely mimic the gating mechanism of biological nanochannels and show potential applications in many fields such as photoelectric‐conversion systems demonstrated in this paper.
Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Olefins Catalyzed by Chiral Jacobsen’s Catalyst Immobilized on Phenoxy‐Modified Zirconium Poly(syrene‐phenylvinylphos‐ phonate)phosphate
Authors: Zou Xiaochuan , Fu Xiangkai , Li Yuedong , Tu Xiaobo , Fu Shaodong , Luo Yunfei , Wu Xiaoju 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChiral Jacobsen’s catalyst was axially immobilized onto phenoxy‐modified zirconium poly(styrene‐phenylvinylphosphonate)phosphate (ZPS‐PVPA). The immobilized catalysts show comparable ee values for asymmetric epoxidation of styrene and much higher ee values for α‐methylstyrene (73.7% vs. 54.0%) and indene (99.9% vs. 65.0%) than the homogeneous Jacobsen’s catalyst. Moreover, the as‐synthesized catalysts are relatively stable and can be recycled at least five times without significant loss of activity and enantioselectivity. A point worth emphasizing is that the heterogeneous catalysts afforded remarkable increases of conversion and ee values in the absence of expensive O‐coordinating axial bases for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins, especially for the epoxidation of α‐methylstyrene (conversion: from 24.3% to 99.9%; ee: from 29.4% to 73.7%), which may overcome the last obstacle for the potential industry application of chiral Jacobsen’s catalyst.
ortho,ortho′‐Substituted KITPHOS Monophosphines: Highly Efficient Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed CC and CN Bond Formation
Authors: Doherty Simon , Knight Julian G. , McGrady John P. , Ferguson Alexandra M. , Ward Nicholas A. B. , Harrington Ross W. , Clegg William 
Published: December 2009

Abstractortho,ortho′‐Substitution of the phosphinoalkyne‐derived aryl ring in KITPHOS (11‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐12‐phenyl‐9,10‐ethenoanthracene) monophosphines enhances the performance of this class of ligand in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings and Buchwald–Hartwig aminations, compared with their unsubstituted and mono‐substituted counterparts. An alternative complementary synthesis of KITPHOS monophosphines has been developed and two new members of this family, 2,6‐Me2‐KITPHOS [11‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐12‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐9,10‐ethenoanthracene] and 2,6‐(MeO)2‐KITPHOS [11‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐12‐(2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐9,10‐ethenoanthracene], have been prepared; palladium complexes of both are highly efficient catalysts for CC and CN bond formation with a range of electron‐rich and electron‐poor aromatic chlorides as well as heteroaryl chlorides.
Product Selectivity Control in the Heteroannulation of o‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzamides
Authors: Bianchi Gabriele , Chiarini Marco , Marinelli Fabio , Rossi Leucio , Arcadi Antonio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe selective synthesis of (Z)‐ or (E)‐3‐aryl/vinyl/alkylidene‐isoindolones, and 2‐benzopyran derivatives from o‐(1‐alkynyl)benzamides by means of a suitable choice of bases or silver catalysis is described.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral β‐Aryloxy Alcohols by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Ketone Hydrogenation via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR)
Authors: Bai Wen‐Ju , Xie Jian‐Hua , Li Ya‐Li , Liu Sheng , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of chiral β‐aryloxy alcohols by the {RuCl2[(S)‐SDP][(R,R)‐DPEN]} [(Sa,R,R)‐1a; SDP=7,7′‐bis(diarylphosphino)‐1,1′‐spirobiindane; DPEN=trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine] complex‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐aryloxydialkyl ketones via dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) has been developed. Enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee with good to high cis/anti‐selectivities (up to>99:1) were achieved.
Highly Efficient and Selective Synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones by Crossed Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Air‐Stable Cationic Organobismuth Perfluorooctanesulfonate
Authors: Qiu Renhua , Qiu Yimiao , Yin Shuangfeng , Xu Xinhua , Luo Shenglian , Au Chak‐Tong , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Shimada Shigeru 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn air‐stable cationic organobismuth perfluorooctanesulfonate possessing both acidic and basic characters was synthesized, and showed high catalytic activity, diastereoselectivity, stability, and reusability in the one‐pot synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones through highly selective crossed condensation of ketones and aldehydes in water.
Silver‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Cyclization Reaction of Electron‐ Deficient Alkynes and 2‐Yn‐1‐ols: An Efficient Domino Process to Polysubstituted Furans
Authors: Cao Hua , Jiang Huanfeng , Mai Ronghuan , Zhu Shifa , Qi Chaorong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTransition metal‐catalyzed domino reactions have been used as powerful tools for the preparation of polysubstituted furans in a one‐pot manner. In this paper, an efficient synthetic method was developed for the construction of tri‐ or tetrasubstituted furans from electron‐deficient alkynes and 2‐yn‐1‐ols by a silver‐catalyzed domino reaction. It is especially noteworthy that a 2,3,5‐trisubstituted 4‐ynyl‐furan was formally obtained in an extremely direct manner without tedious stepwise synthesis. In addition, regio‐isomeric furans were observed when substituted aryl alkynyl ketones were employed. This methodology represents a highly efficient synthetic route to electron‐deficient furans for which catalytic approaches are scarce. The reaction proceeds efficiently under mild conditions with commercially available catalysts and materials.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐ Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Winkelmann Ole H. , Navarro Oscar 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe microwave‐assisted synthesis of two different types of N‐heterocyclic carbene‐palladium(II) complexes, (NHC)Pd(acac)Cl (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene; acac=acetylacetonate) and (NHC)PdCl2(3‐chloropyridine), has been carried out. A drastic reduction in reaction times (20 to 88 times faster, depending on the complex) was observed when compared to the previously described, conventionally‐heated synthesis of these complexes. The protocol also allowed for the synthesis of (IPr)Pd(acac)Cl [IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] on a 5‐mmol scale in 30 min, with the reactants loaded in air.
Cationic polymerization in rotating packed bed reactor: Experimental and modeling
Authors: Chen Jian‐Feng , Gao Hua , Zou Hai‐Kui , Chu Guang‐Wen , Zhang Lei , Shao Lei , Xiang Yang , Wu Yi‐Xian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOn the basis of analysis of key engineering factors predominating in cationic polymerization, butyl rubber (IIR) as an example was synthesized by cationic polymerization in the high‐gravity environment generated by a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor. The influence of the rotating speed, packing thickness, and polymerization temperature on the number average molecular weight (Mn) of IIR was studied. The optimum experimental conditions were determined as rotating speed of 1200 r min−1, packing thickness of 40 mm and polymerization temperature of 173 K, where IIR with Mn of 289,000 and unimodal molecular weight distribution of 1.99 was obtained. According to the experimental results and elementary reactions, a model for the prediction of Mn was developed, and the validity of the model was confirmed by the fact that most of the predicted Mns agreed well with the experimental data with a deviation within 10%. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Estimation of mass transfer velocity based on measured turbulence parameters
Authors: Janzen Johannes G. , Herlina H. , Jirka Gerhard H. , Schulz Harry E. , Gulliver John S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to quantify the mass transfer velocity using turbulence parameters from simultaneous measurements of oxygen concentration fields and velocity fields. The surface divergence model was considered in more detail, using data obtained for the lower range of β (surface divergence). It is shown that the existing models that use the divergence concept furnish good predictions for the transfer velocity also for low values of β, in the range of this study. Additionally, traditional conceptual models, such as the film model, the penetration‐renewal model, and the large eddy model, were tested using the simultaneous information of concentration and velocity fields. It is shown that the film and the surface divergence models predicted the mass transfer velocity for all the range of the equipment Reynolds number used here. The velocity measurements showed viscosity effects close to the surface, which indicates that the surface was contaminated with some surfactant. Considering the results, this contamination can be considered slight for the mass transfer predictions. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
The effect of cell size distribution during the cooling stage of cryopreservation without CPA
Authors: Fadda S. , Cincotti A. , Cao G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA novel model capable of quantitatively describing and predicting intracellular ice formation (IIF) as a function of temperature in a cell population characterized by a size distribution is proposed. The model overcomes the classical approach which takes into account a population of identically sized cells. The size distribution dynamics of a cell population in response to water osmosis and IIF occurrence during the cooling stage of a standard cryopreservation protocol without using cryoprotective agent (CPA) is simulated by means of a suitable population balance approach. Specifically, the model couples the classical water transport equation developed by Mazur1 to the quantitative description of nucleation and diffusion‐limited growth of ice crystals in the framework of a 1‐D population balance equation (PBE). It is found that IIF temperature depends on the cell size, i.e., it is higher for larger cells. Correspondingly, the probability of IIF (PIIF) results to be dependent on the initial size distribution of the cell population. Model's parameters related to the osmotic behavior of the cell population and to IIF kinetics are obtained by comparison between theoretical results and suitable experimental data of isolated rat hepatocytes available in the literature. Model reliability is successfully verified by predicting the experimental data of PIIF at different, constant cooling rates with better accuracy as compared to the theoretical approaches available in the literature. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Process control and monitoring of reactive crystallization of L‐glutamic acid
Authors: Alatalo Hannu , Hatakka Henry , Kohonen Jarno , Reinikainen Satu‐pia , Louhi‐kultanen Marjatta 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate feedback control of a reactive crystallization process. The present study built up a control structure needed to control the driving force of reactive crystallization using the feed rate of added acid. The concentration of the crystallizing compound and pH was used to compute feedback in the closed‐loop control of semi‐batch precipitation. The concentration of L‐glutamic acid was determined from measured MID‐IR ATR‐FTIR spectra based on a multivariate model. Dynamic change of set value was based on the mass of added sulfuric acid and pH. The studied properties of the product crystals were polymorphism and crystal size. The polymorphic composition was analyzed with a Raman spectrometer and was expressed by mass fraction of the α‐polymorph. The obtained results showed that the developed feedback process control system allows effective control of forming of polymorphs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Associations between sleep quality with cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI among adolescent girls
Authors: Mota Jorge , Vale Susana 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe main goal of this study was to examine the association between sleeping quality with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and obesity status (BMI) This was a cross‐sectional study of 1,726 adolescent girls, aged 10 to 18 years. CRF was predicted by maximal multistage 20 m shuttle‐run test according to procedures described from FITNESSGRAM. Children's BMI was classified according to International Obesity Task Force and sleeping quality was assessed by questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.2% and 5.7%, respectively. Sleeping quality was significantly associated with CRF (Rho = 0.17; P < 0.05), but not with BMI. Girls who were classified as fit were more likely (OR: 2.25; P < 0.05) to report better sleep quality compared to their unfit peers. Poor sleep quality was associated with lower CRF although no associations have been shown with BMI. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical transparency, thermal resistance, intermolecular interaction, and mechanical properties of poly(styrene‐butadiene‐styrene) copolymer‐based thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Tsai Yuhsin , Wu Jyh‐Horng , Li Chia‐Hao , Wu Yao‐Tsu , Leu Ming‐Tsong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe optical transparency, thermal resistance, intermolecular interaction, and mechanical properties of poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene) (SBS), which were modified by blending with crystalline polypropylene (PP) or amorphous polystyrene (PS), were analyzed. The dynamic mechanical test indicated that the PP exhibited an intermolecular interaction with SBS and PS was compatible with SBS. The optical properties indicated that the direction of the light was changed due to the difference between the refractive indices of SBS and the added modifiers. Additionally, refraction and reflection occurred at the interface, reducing the transparency of SBS. The thermal resistance of SBS clearly improved upon modification by the addition of crystalline PP polymer. The thermal treatment increased the tensile strength and the elongation at breakage of modified SBS by reducing the internal stress, which was generated during the blending process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphological and Morphometric Changes of Pituitary Lactotrophs of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) in Relation to Reproductive Cycle, Age, and Sex
Authors: Filippa Verónica , Mohamed Fabian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLactotrophs in pituitary pars distalis (PD) of viscacha were studied by immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis in the following groups: 1) adult males throughout the reproductive cycle (reproductive, gonadal regression, and recovery periods), 2) melatonin‐treated adults, 3) castrated adults, 4) prepubertal, 5) non‐pregnant females, and 6) pregnant females (early, mid, and late pregnancy). Immunopositive percentage area (%IA), cell percentage in PD (% PDC), number of cells per reference area (no.cell/RA), major cellular and nuclear diameters were analyzed. Lactotrophs were mainly localized in the ventro–medial region and the caudal extreme of PD. In the male viscachas, they were isolated in small and big groups, close to blood vessels and near follicles. These cells were pleomorphic and with a heterogeneous cytoplasmic immunolabeling pattern. In the adult males of the gonadal regression period the morphometric parameters were the lowest. Most parameters of lactotrophs in the prepubertal were significantly lower than in the adult males in the reproductive period. In the melatonin‐treated animals and in castrated animals there was a decrease in %IA, %PDC, and no.cell/RA. In the females, the morphometric parameters increased at the end of pregnancy. Non‐pregnant females exhibited a higher immunopositive area and number, but a smaller size of cells than males. Our results showed that in the adult male viscacha, lactotrophs vary seasonally, probably due to the photoperiod effect through melatonin. Besides the changes observed after castration, in prepubertal animals, in adults of different sex, and during pregnancy suggest that the gonadal steroid hormones might modify the lactotrophs activity. Anat Rec, 293:150–161, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional autoantibodies against serpin E2 in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Maciejewska‐Rodrigues H. , Al‐Shamisi M. , Hemmatazad H. , Ospelt C. , Bouton M. C. , Jäger D. , Cope A. P. , Charles P. , Plant D. , Distler J. H. W. , Gay R. E. , Michel B. A. , Knuth A. , Neidhart M. , Gay S. , Jüngel A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo search for novel autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an effort to better understand the processes of joint destruction in this disease.MethodsUsing a modified SEREX technique and complementary DNA derived from RA synovium, serpin E2 was identified as a novel autoantigen and was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Levels of anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies in serum and synovial fluid from patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, and/or from healthy individuals were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Since serpin E2 is an inhibitor of serine proteases, we studied the inhibitory activity of serpin E2 toward its target, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), in vitro in the presence of isolated anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies and in vivo using the uPA activity assay.ResultsWe identified autoantibodies against serpin E2 by the SEREX technique. Serpin E2 was overexpressed in RA synovial tissues as compared with OA synovial tissues. Significantly higher levels of anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies were present in samples of synovial fluid (28%) and serum (22%) from RA patients as compared with OA patients (0 and 6%, respectively) or with healthy individuals (6% of sera). Most importantly, anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies isolated from RA sera reversed the inhibitory activity of serpin E2 by 70%. Furthermore, the levels of anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies correlated with the uPA activity in vivo.ConclusionThis study characterizes a functional property of a novel autoantibody in RA. Since anti–serpin E2 autoantibodies interfere with the inhibitory activity of serpin E2 toward serine proteases, they might facilitate the joint destruction in RA.
Identification of citrullinated vimentin peptides as T cell epitopes in HLA–DR4–positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Feitsma Anouk L. , van der Voort Ellen I. H. , Franken Kees L. M. C. , El Bannoudi Hanane , Elferink Berendina G. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , de Vries René R. P. , Toes René E. M. , Ioan‐Facsinay A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveAntibodies directed against citrullinated proteins (ACPAs) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The production of ACPAs is most likely dependent on the presence of T cells, since ACPAs undergo isotype switching and are associated with the shared epitope (SE)–containing HLA–DRB1 alleles. Vimentin is a likely candidate protein for T cell recognition, since >90% of patients positive for ACPAs that are reactive with (peptides derived from) citrullinated vimentin carry SE‐containing HLA–DRB1 alleles. The aim of this study was to identify citrullinated vimentin peptides that are presented to HLA–DRB1*0401–restricted T cells.MethodsHLA–DR4–transgenic mice were immunized with all possible citrulline‐containing peptides derived from vimentin, and T cell reactivity was analyzed. Peptides recognized in a citrulline‐specific manner by T cells were selected and analyzed for their ability to be processed from the entire vimentin protein. A first inventory of the selected epitopes recognized by T cells was performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ACPA+, HLA–DR4+ patients with RA.ResultsA citrulline‐specific response was observed for 2 of the peptides analyzed in DR4‐transgenic mice. These peptides were found to be naturally processed from the vimentin protein, since citrullinated vimentin was recognized by peptide‐specific T cells. T cell reactivity against these peptides was also observed in cultures of PBMCs from RA patients.ConclusionThis study identifies, for the first time, 2 naturally processed peptides from vimentin that are recognized by HLA–DRB1*0401–restricted T cells in a citrulline‐specific manner. These peptides can be recognized by T cells in ACPA+, HLA–DR4+ patients with RA, as shown in a first inventory.