bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific rigour in psycho‐oncology trials: why and how to avoid common statistical errors
Authors: Bell Melanie L. , Olivier Jake , King Madeleine T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveIt is well documented that statistical and methodological flaws are common in much of the health research literature, including psycho‐oncology. These can have far‐reaching effects, including the publishing of misleading results; the wasting of time, effort, and financial resources; exposure of patients to the potential harms of research and decreased confidence in science and researchers by the public.MethodsSeveral of the most common statistical errors and methodological pitfalls that occur in the field of psycho‐oncology are discussed, including those that occur at the design, analysis, reporting and conclusion stages.ResultsFourteen topics are briefly discussed, explaining why there is a problem and how to avoid it. These include proper approaches to power, clustering, missing data, categorization of continuous variables, subgroup analyses, multiple comparisons, statistical interactions, confidence intervals and correct interpretation of p‐values. Extensive referencing points the reader to more in‐depth explanations.ConclusionsTo increase the scientific rigour in psycho‐oncology, researchers should involve a biostatistician from the beginning of the study and should commit to continuing education on best practices in the fields of statistics and reporting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consequence assessment of chlorine release
Authors: Soman Ambalathum para Raman , Sundararaj Gopalswamy , Devadasan Samuel Rajkumar 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis study deals with the consequence analysis of an accidental release of chlorine from a storage tank in a chlor‐alkali plant. Chlorine is a liquefied gas and is stored in tanks for various uses like the production of textiles, paper products, and so forth. Chlorine is highly toxic and if released accidentally has the potential to kill or injure people in the vicinity of the storage tank. Calculations are used to determine the discharge rate of chlorine in liquid phase, liquid–gas phase, and gas phase. Subsequently, dispersion calculations are used to determine the downwind concentrations in the vicinity of the tank. The probit equation is used to estimate fatalities for the various accident scenarios. These results are used to develop improvement needs and an emergency response plan. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Residual toxicity and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Han Wensu , Zhang Shufa , Shen Fuying , Liu Meng , Ren Chengcai , Gao Xiwu 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables in the world. Chlorantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide registered for the control of lepidopteran pests. The dose response, residual toxicity and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole applied for 48 h at LC10 (0.02 mg L−1) and LC25 (0.06 mg L−1) on P. xylostella were investigated.RESULTS: Leaf‐dip bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole had a high level of toxicity against larvae of P. xylostella, and the 48 h LC50 values were 0.23 and 0.25 mg L−1 for a susceptible and field strain respectively. Chlorantraniliprole also had a long‐lasting effect when the larvae were exposed to chlorantraniliprole field sprayed on radish seedlings. Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole were indicated by reduced pupation, pupal weight and adult emergence rates. There was also an increase in the duration of female preoviposition period, decreased fecundity and egg hatch and decreased survival rates of the offspring. The mean values of the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly lower in the treatment than in control groups.CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that chlorantraniliprole is effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole may reduce the population growth of P. xylostella by decreasing its survival and reproduction, and by delaying its development. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Colorimetry and efficiency of white LEDs: Spectral width dependence
Authors: Taylor Elaine , Edwards Paul R. , Martin Robert W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe potential colour rendering capability and efficiency of white LEDs constructed by a combination of individual red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs are analysed. The conventional measurement of colour rendering quality, the colour rendering index (CRI), is used as well as a recently proposed colour quality scale (CQS), designed to overcome some of the limitations of CRI when narrow‐band emitters are being studied. The colour rendering performance is maximised by variation of the peak emission wavelength and relative intensity of the component LEDs, with the constraint that the spectral widths follow those measured in actual devices. The highest CRI achieved is 89.5, corresponding to a CQS value of 79, colour temperature of 3800 K and a luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) of 365 lm/W. By allowing the spectral width of the green LED to vary the CRI can be raised to 90.9, giving values of 82.5 and 370 lm/W for the CQS and LER, respectively. The significance of these values are discussed in terms of optimising the possible performance of RGB LEDs.
On the security of PPPoE network
Authors: Liu Fanbao , Xie Tao , Feng Yumeng , Feng Dengguo 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPoint‐to‐Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for encapsulating PPP frames inside Ethernet frames. It is widely used by commercial Internet service providers to provide Internet surfing for customers who pay bills. In this paper, we analyze the security of PPPoE network. We find that we can easily collect information about both the peers and the PPPoE authentication servers. We can use such information to recover the peer's authentication password by silently impersonating the server, which is undetectable in the network. We impersonate the server in the peers' LAN and get their passwords by hijacking the peers' PPPoE connections and negotiating for using the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP). We further propose an efficient password recovery attack against the Challenge‐Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP). We first recover the length of the used password through on‐line queries, based on the weakness of MD5 input pre‐processing. Then, we crack the known‐length password off‐line, using the probabilistic context‐free grammars. We point out that PPPoE cannot be used anymore until all of the weak authentication protocols including PAP, CHAP, and Microsoft CHAP are abolished right now and replaced with more secure Extensible Authentication Protocols. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidential information protection system for mobile devices
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Guun , Park Keun‐Young , Kim Juho 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTMobile devices such as tab devices (e.g. iPad, Galaxy Tab), smart phones, laptops, and ultra‐mobile personal computers (UMPCs) have become very popular as an access point of important information because of benefits such as small size and mobility. However, because of their high probability of loss or theft, it can turn into a point of information leakage. This is the reason why protection mechanism for confidential information stored in mobile devices have become a need. In this paper, a confidential information protection system for mobile devices is proposed, which is composed of a secure file system and a set of protocols. To show the security of our solution, we have performed an analysis of possible attacks. Additionally, we have developed client/server application prototypes using C# to demonstrate its implementation feasibility for a real environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of perisynaptic parameters in neurotransmitter homeostasis—Computational study of a general synapse
Authors: Pendyam Sandeep , Mohan Ashwin , Kalivas Peter W. , Nair Satish S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractExtracellular neurotransmitter concentrations vary over a wide range depending on the type of neurotransmitter and location in the brain. Neurotransmitter homeostasis near a synapse is achieved by a balance of several mechanisms including vesicular release from the presynapse, diffusion, uptake by transporters, nonsynaptic production, and regulation of release by autoreceptors. These mechanisms are also affected by the glia surrounding the synapse. However, the role of these mechanisms in achieving neurotransmitter homeostasis is not well understood. A biophysical modeling framework was proposed, based on a cortico‐accumbens synapse example case, to reverse engineer glial configurations and parameters related to homeostasis for synapses that support a range of neurotransmitter gradients. Model experiments reveal that synapses with extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations in the micromolar range require nonsynaptic neurotransmitter sources and tight synaptic isolation by extracellular glial formations. The model was used to identify the role of perisynaptic parameters on neurotransmitter homeostasis and to propose glial configurations that could support different levels of extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations. Ranking the parameters based on their effect on neurotransmitter homeostasis, nonsynaptic sources were found to be the most important followed by transporter concentration and diffusion coefficient. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(2, 0) supersymmetry and the light-cone description of M5-branes
Authors: Lambert N. , Richmond P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInarXiv:1007.2982a novel system of equations which propagate in one null and four space directions were obtained as the on-shell conditions for the six-dimensional (2, 0) superalgebra. In this paper we show how this system reduces to one-dimensional motion on instanton moduli space. Quantization leads to the previous light-cone proposal of the (2, 0) theory, generalized to include a potential that arises on the Coulomb branch as well as couplings to background gauge and self-dual two-form fields.
Some Paradoxical Results for the Quadratically Weighted Kappa
Authors: Warrens Matthijs J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe quadratically weighted kappa is the most commonly used weighted kappa statistic for summarizing interrater agreement on an ordinal scale. The paper presents several properties of the quadratically weighted kappa that are paradoxical. For agreement tables with an odd number of categories n it is shown that if one of the raters uses the same base rates for categories 1 and n, categories 2 and n−1, and so on, then the value of quadratically weighted kappa does not depend on the value of the center cell of the agreement table. Since the center cell reflects the exact agreement of the two raters on the middle category, this result questions the applicability of the quadratically weighted kappa to agreement studies. If one wants to report a single index of agreement for an ordinal scale, it is recommended that the linearly weighted kappa instead of the quadratically weighted kappa is used.
Crystallization Behavior of Diacylglycerol‐Rich Oils Produced from Rapeseed Oil
Authors: Saitou Katsuyoshi , Mitsui Yuki , Shimizu Masao , Kudo Naoto , Katsuragi Yoshihisa , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe examined the crystallization behavior of high‐melting fractions in liquid oil containing high concentrations of diacylglycerols (DAG >80%) (hereafter referred to as DAG‐rich oil). By differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy at moderate cooling rates, crystallization in the DAG‐rich oil was detected at around 6 °C. It was found that the crystallization extent increased with decreasing temperatures of crystallization below 0 °C. A gas chromatographic analysis was performed on the crystallized fractions, which were separated by filtration at different periods of isothermal crystallization at 3 °C. The results indicated that at earlier crystallization periods, the concentrations of 1,3‐disaturated DAG such as palmitic and stearic acid moieties (15 min) and 1,3‐saturated–unsaturated mixed‐acid DAG including oleic acid, palmitic, and stearic acid moieties (15 min–3 h) were predominant. However, the concentrations of 1,3‐diunsaturated DAG including oleic acid moiety increased after a crystallization period of 6 h. To clarify the sequential crystallization process of DAG, we examined the binary mixing behavior of principal DAG components occurring in the rapeseed‐based DAG‐rich oil. It was evident that 1,3‐disaturated DAG, 1,3‐saturated–unsaturated mixed‐acid DAG, and 1,3‐diunsaturated DAG exhibited immiscible behavior. From these data, basic information on the precipitation processes in DAG‐rich oils at chilled temperatures was obtained.
Myoblast Cell Interaction with Polydopamine Coated Liposomes
Authors: van der Westen Rebecca , Hosta-Rigau Leticia , Sutherland Duncan S. , Goldie Kenneth N. , Albericio Fernando , Postma Almar , Städler Brigitte 
Published: February 2012

Liposomes are widely used, from biosensing to drug delivery. Their coating with polymers for stability and functionalization purposes further broadens their set of relevant properties. Poly(dopamine) (PDA), a eumelanin-like material deposited via the “self”-oxidative polymerization of dopamine at mildly basic pH, has attracted considerable interest in the past few years due to its simplicity, flexibility yet fascinating properties. Herein, we characterize the coating of different types of liposomes with PDA depending on the presence of oleoyldopamine in the lipid bilayer and the dopamine hydrochloride concentration. Further, the interaction of these coated liposomes in comparison to their uncoated counterparts with myoblast cells is assessed. Their uptake/association efficiency with these cells is determined. Further, their dose-dependent cytotoxicity with and without entrapped hydrophobic cargo (thiocoraline) is characterized. Taken together, the reported results demonstrate the potential of PDA coated liposomes as a tool in biomedical applications.

Supplementary Material
13758_2011_8_MOESM1_ESM.doc (83KB)
Deciphering an Underlying Mechanism of Differential Cellular Effects of Nanoparticles: An Example of Bach-1 Dependent Induction of HO-1 Expression by Gold Nanorod
Authors: Fan Zhenlin , Yang Xiao , Li Yiye , Li Suping , Niu Shiwen , Wu Xiaochun , Wei Jingyan , Nie Guangjun 
Published: February 2012

Gold nanoparticles are extensively investigated for their potential biomedical applications. Therefore, it is pertinent to thoroughly evaluate their biological effects at different levels and their underlying molecular mechanism. Frequently, there are discrepancies about the biological effects of various gold nanoparticles among the reports dealing with different models. Most of the studies focused on the different biological effects of various nano-properties of the nanomaterials. We hypothesize that the biological models with different metabolic processes would be taken into account to explain the observed discrepancies of biological effects of nanomaterials. Herein, by using mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (MEF-1) and human embryonal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) as in vitro models, we studied the cellular effects of gold nanorods (AuNRs) coated with poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDAC), polyethylene glycol and polystyrene sulfonae (PSS). We found that all three AuNRs had no effects on cellular viability at the concentration of 1 nM; however, AuNRs that coated with PDDAC and PSS induced significant up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which was believed to be involved in cellular defense activities in MEF-1 but not in MRC-5 cells. Further study showed that the low fundamental expression of transcription factor Bach-1, the major regulator of HO-1 expression, in MEF-1 was responsible for the up-regulation of HO-1 induced by the AuNRs. Our results indicate that although AuNRs we used are non-cytotoxic, they cell-specifically induce change of gene expression, such as HO-1. Our current study provides a good example to explain the molecular mechanisms of differential biological effects of nanomaterials in different cellular models. This finding raises a concern on evaluation of cellular effects of nanoparticles where the cell models should be critically considered.
Polyethylenimine-Based Amphiphilic Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Study of Gene Delivery and Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Siu Yuen Shan , Li Lijun , Leung Man Fai , Lee Kam Len Daniel , Li Pei 
Published: February 2012

Amphiphilic core–shell nanoparticle, which is composed of a hydrophobic core and a branched polyethylenimine (PEI) shell, has been designed and synthesized as a novel gene delivery nanocarrier. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the core–shell nanoparticle was not only able to efficiently complex with plasmid DNA (pDNA) and protect it against enzymatic degradation, but also three times less cytotoxic, and threefold more efficient in gene transfection than branched 25 kDa PEI. This paper reports our further studies in the following three aspects: (1) the ability of the PEI-based nanoparticles to deliver gene in various mammalian cell lines; (2) intracellular distributions of the nanoparticles and their pDNA complexes in HeLa cells; and (3) incorporation of nuclear targeting agent into the nanoparticle/pDNA complexes to enhance the nuclear targeting ability. The PEI-based nanoparticles were able to transfect both human and non-human cell lines and their transfection efficiencies were cell-dependent. Within our four tested cell lines (MCF-7, BEL 7404, C6 and CHO-K1), gene transfer using PEI-based core–shell nanoparticles displayed gene expression levels comparable to, or even better than, the commercial Lipofectamine™ 2000. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the nanoparticles and their pDNA complexes were effectively internalized into the HeLa cells. The in vitro time series experiments illustrated that both the nanoparticle/pDNA complexes and PEI-based nanoparticles were distributed in the cytoplasmic region after transfection for 10 and 60 min, respectively. Nuclear localization was also observed in both samples after transfection for 20 and 60 min, respectively. Incorporation of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein for nuclear targeting has also been demonstrated with a simple approach: electrostatic complexation between the PEI-based nanoparticles and HMGB1. In the in vitro transfection study in MCF-7 cells, the expression level of the firefly luciferase gene encoded by the pDNA increased remarkably by up to eightfold when the HMGB1 protein was incorporated into the nanoparticle/pDNA complexes. Our results demonstrate that the PEI-based core–shell nanoparticles are promising nanocarriers for gene delivery.
The genusMenegazzia(Lecanorales:Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genusMenegazzia. Seven of these are new to science:M. absconditaKantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, andM. athrotaxidisKantvilas,M. hypogymnioidesKantvilas,M. petraeaKantvilas,M. ramulicolaKantvilas,M. subtestaceaKantvilas andM. tarkineaKantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records ofMenegazziaspecies pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include:Menegazzia prototypicaP. James andParmelia pertusavar.coskinodesF. Wilson [synonyms ofM. myriotrema(Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.],M. fertilisP. James [a synonym ofM. platytrema(Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] andParmelia pertusavar.montanaF. Wilson (a synonym ofM. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census includeM. castaneaP. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) andM. testaceaP. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species,M. sanguinascens(Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern AustralianM. norsticticaP. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.
The development of Psychodiella sergenti (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) in Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: LANTOVA LUCIE , VOLF PETR 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPsychodiella sergenti is a recently described specific pathogen of the sand fly Phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of Leishmania tropica. The aim of this study was to examine the life cycle of Ps. sergenti in various developmental stages of the sand fly host. The microscopical methods used include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy of native preparations and histological sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Psychodiella sergenti oocysts were observed on the chorion of sand fly eggs. In 1st instar larvae, sporozoites were located in the ectoperitrophic space of the intestine. No intracellular stages were found. In 4th instar larvae, Ps. sergenti was mostly located in the ectoperitrophic space of the intestine of the larvae before defecation and in the intestinal lumen of the larvae after defecation. In adults, the parasite was recorded in the body cavity, where the sexual development was triggered by a bloodmeal intake. Psychodiella sergenti has several unique features. It develops sexually exclusively in sand fly females that took a bloodmeal, and its sporozoites bear a distinctive conoid (about 700 nm long), which is more than 4 times longer than conoids of the mosquito gregarines.
Schistosomiasis in infants and pre-school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: implication for control
Authors: EKPO UWEM F. , OLUWOLE AKINOLA S. , ABE ENIOLA M. , ETTA HANNAH E. , OLAMIJU FRANCISCA , MAFIANA CHIEDU F. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYUntil recently, the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa have focused primarily on infections in school-aged children and to a lesser extent on adults. Now there is growing evidence and reports of infection in infants and pre-school-aged children (⩽6 years old) in Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Uganda, with reported prevalence from 14% to 86%. In this review, we provide available information on the epidemiology, transmission and control of schistosomiasis in this age group, generally not considered or included in national schistosomiasis control programmes that are being implemented in several sub-Saharan African countries. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show that schistosomiasis infection starts from early childhood in many endemic communities and factors associated with exposure of infants and pre-school-aged children to infection are yet to be determined. The development of morbidity early in childhood may contribute to long-term clinical impact and severity of schistosomiasis before they receive treatment. Consistently, these issues are overlooked in most schistosomiasis control programmes. It is, therefore, necessary to review current policy of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa to consider the treatment of infant and pre-school-aged children and the health education to mothers.