bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giulio Natta: The man and the scientist
Authors: Allegra G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGiulio Natta was a man strongly involved from an emotional viewpoint in his research activity, and in that sort of reflections he was so absorbed as to give the impression that he was living in his own world. Nevertheless, in spite of the enormous amount of work he was carrying on virtually day and night through study, writing of his own papers and uninterrupted reflection, he was a man of a vast culture in Natural Sciences, especially Mineralogy and Botany. Besides, until allowed by his health, he loved to live in the open air and, especially, mountain excursions. He could manifest much sympathy and personal involvement to the people close to him, as I may witness myself for the thirteen years I was one of his coworkers. On the whole, in spite of his absorbed and somewhat shy appearance, he was a man who deeply loved life.
Polymer research directions to meet the needs of the 21st century
Authors: Meyer James M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe polymer industry in the world has grown from about 15 million pounds in 1923 to over 60 billion pounds in 1990 representing a compound annual growth rate of 15% for nearly 70 years. This dynamic behavior will continue in the 21st century. However, the growth will be faster in the developing nations than inthe developed nations. The basis for this projection of continued growth is provided by looking at the estimated per capita consumption of polymers for different regions of the world shown in Figure 1.
Evolution of the structure of mesophase polyfluoroalk‐oxyphosphazenes and liquid crystalline copolyesters
Authors: Plate' Nikolai A. , Antipov Evgenij M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractComparative analysis of the temperature evolution of the structure of linear organoelement polyfluoroalkoxyphosphazenes and wholly aromatic main‐chain copolyesters was carried out using X‐ray analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical testing within a wide temperature range. Experimental observations show that flexible‐chain polyfluoroalkoxyphosphazenes are inclined to formation of the columnar mesophase and condis crystalline structures, while rigid‐chain random copolyesters mainly exhibit peculiar smectic and nematic liquid crystalline states.
“intelligent” polymers in medicine and biotechnology
Authors: Hoffman Allan S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne can define “intelligent” polymers as those polymers which respond with large property changes to small physical or chemical stimuli. These polymers may be in various forms, such as in solution, on surfaces, or as solids. One may also combine “intelligent” aqueous polymer systems with biomolecules, to yield a large family of polymers which respond “intelligently” to physical, chemical or biological stimuli. This article overviews such interesting and versatile polymer systems.
Organic/inorganic polymer hybrids
Authors: Saegusa Takeo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of new materials, organic/inorganic polymer hybrids, are described, which are blends of molecular level dispersion between an organic polymer and a metal oxide such as silica. The new materials are transparent glassy solids, which are prepared by the sol‐gel reaction of a metal alkoxide in the presence of an organic polymer whose repeating unit contains carboxylic amide group. The structure of a molecular level dispersion has been disclosed by AFM, pore size distribution and surface measurements. The structure of interpenetrating network is realized by the hydrogen bonding between metal‐OH group (H‐donor) in the sol‐gel intermediate species and amide group (H‐acceptor) of polymer components. Preparative method, structural characteristics, scope and variations, and possible applications of these new materials are described.
On the scope and interpretation of the Tofts models for DCE‐MRI
Authors: Sourbron Steven P. , Buckley David L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Tofts model (TM) and extended Tofts model (ETM) have become a standard for the analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. In this study, a mathematical analysis is used to identify exactly in which tissue types the Tofts models may be applied. The results show that the TM is accurate if and only if the tissue is weakly vascularised (small blood volume). The ETM is additionally accurate in highly perfused tissues (high blood flow). In tissues that are highly vascularised, or where tracer exchange is very fast or very slow, TM and ETM accurately fit the data but lead to a misinterpretation of the parameters. In tissue types with intermediate vascularity, perfusion and tracer exchange, neither model offers a good fit to the tissue concentrations. A good fit can be obtained with a measured input function by reducing the temporal resolution, but this does not improve the accuracy of the parameters. In conclusion, the Tofts models only produce reliable parameter values if the tissue is weakly vascularized (TM or ETM) or highly perfused (ETM). Without prior knowledge that at least one of these constraints is fulfilled, the physiological interpretation of the values produced by the Tofts models is unclear. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor‐3 (FGFR3) defines a distinct morphological subtype of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat A , Iyer Gopa , Janakiraman Manickam , Lin Oscar , Heguy Adriana , Tickoo Satish K. , Fine Samson W. , Gopalan Anuradha , Chen Ying‐bei , Balar Arjun , Riches Jamie , Bochner Bernard , Dalbagni Guido , Bajorin Dean F. , Reuter Victor E. , Milowsky Matthew I. , Solit David B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFGFR3 mutations are common in low‐grade urothelial carcinoma and represent a potential therapeutic target in this disease. Their incidence and functional role in high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), which displays an increased propensity for recurrence and muscularis propria invasion, is less well defined. We developed a mass spectrometry‐based genotyping assay to define the incidence of FGFR3 mutations in a large clinically annotated set of urothelial carcinomas. FGFR3 mutations were found in 17% of HGUC versus 84% of low‐grade lesions. Retrospective pathological review of the class of FGFR3 mutant HGUC revealed unique histological features, characterized by a bulky, exophytic component with branching papillary architecture as well as irregular nuclei with a koilocytoid appearance. The predictive value of this histological appearance was confirmed using a prospective set of 49 additional HGUCs. Prospective histological review was able to correctly predict for the presence of an FGFR3 mutation in 13/24 HGUC specimens that exhibited the distinct morphology (54%). All 25 specimens lacking the defined histological features were FGFR3 wild‐type for a negative predictive value of 100%. Macrodissection of individual tumours confirmed the presence of the FGFR3 mutant allele in non‐invasive and invasive, low and high‐grade regions of individual tumours and in the lymph node metastases of patients whose tumours possessed the characteristic morphological signature, suggesting that FGFR3 mutations are not restricted to the more clinically indolent regions of HGUCs. These data suggest that histological screening of HGUCs followed by confirmatory genotyping can be used to enrich for the population of HGUCs most likely to harbour activating mutations in the FGFR‐3 receptor tyrosine kinase. Histological review could thus aid in the development of targeted inhibitors of FGFR‐3 by facilitating the identification of the subset of patients most likely to harbour activating mutations in the FGFR3 gene. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bereaved parental evaluation of the quality of a palliative care program in Lebanon
Authors: Saad Rima , Huijer Huda Abu‐Saad , Noureddine Samar , Muwakkit Samar , Saab Raya , Abboud Miguel R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundPalliative care (PC) is important in Pediatric Oncology as more than 20% of children with cancer still die despite modern treatment. As a significant number of children reside in countries with limited resources; more research in PC is needed there. This study aimed at evaluating the quality of care provided to children with cancer at the Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon (CCCL) during their last month of life as perceived by the bereaved parents.ProcedureBetween 2002 and 2007, 76 children with cancer treated at CCCL succumbed to their disease. Twenty‐nine of the bereaved parents were interviewed at home about the symptoms and suffering experienced by their children during the last month of life, communication with the healthcare team, quality of care delivered, and recommendations for improving care.ResultsFatigue, anorexia, and pain were the most prevalent symptoms and edema was the most distressing. The overall communication with the healthcare team and the overall quality of care delivered was rated as “very good” to “excellent” by 86.2% and 93.1% of the participants, respectively. Parents suggested improving the organization of care, the communication, and the availability of human and material resources.ConclusionsThis study is the first conducted in Lebanon to evaluate the quality of pediatric palliative care (PPC). The parents' experiences in our country were similar to those described in other countries, religions, and cultures. Significant strengths and weaknesses in the management of the dying children, from the parents' perspective, were uncovered and recommendations for improving practice were made. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 310–316. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation analysis of epoxy/amine resin cure, structure and chemorheological behavior in RTM processes
Authors: Ding Yanyu , Jia Yuxi , Yang Junying , He Haidong , Sun Sheng , Shi Tongfei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAt the reactive mould‐filling stage in resin transfer moulding (RTM) processes, the correlation analysis of epoxy/amine resin cure, structure and chemorheological behavior plays a key role in the optimum control of RTM processes. A new methodology used to simulate the reactive resin flow in RTM processes with edge effect is presented in this article. The recursive approach and the branching theory are used to describe the evolution of molecular structure and resin viscosity, respectively. And then the resin flow process is simulated by means of a semi‐implicit iterative calculation method and the finite volume method. The results reveal the proposed resin cure‐structure‐viscosity model provides excellent agreement with the experimental viscosity data during the RTM filling process. It is also observed that the curing reaction causes the inhomogeneous distribution of resin conversion and resin molecular weight in the mould cavity, which will result in the spatially structural and performance inhomogeneities in the finished products. With the injection temperature or the edge width increasing, the discrepancy of resin conversion and resin molecular weight in the mould cavity is more evident. This study is helpful for understanding the complicated relationship among the processing variables, resin structures, and properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization of fetal cardiac structure and function detected by echocardiography in women with normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ren Yunyun , Zhou Qiongjie , Yan Yingliu , Chu Chen , Gui Yonghao , Li Xiaotian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo assess fetal cardiac structure and function in normal pregnancy and in the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using echocardiography measurements.Material and methodsWe studied fetal cardiac structure and function in 169 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and in 92 complicated by GDM. Maternal glycemic control was deemed adequate in 75 women and inadequate in 17. Fetal two‐dimensional ultrasound, pulsed wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were used to assess cardiac walls thickness and cardiac function, both systolic [with ejection fraction (EF)] and diastolic [using early diastolic peak flow velocity (E)/late peak of diastolic velocity (A) and early diastolic peak velocity at the annulus (Ea)/late diastolic peak velocity at the annulus (Aa) ratios].ResultsIn normal pregnancies, fetal ventricular walls and interventricular septum thickness increased progressively with advancing gestation and were significantly thicker in the presence of GDM (P < 0.001) independently of maternal glycemic control. Fetal cardiac systolic function indicated by EF did not change during normal pregnancy, but was significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the presence of GDM independently of maternal glycemic control. Both pulsed wave Doppler and TDI indicators of fetal diastolic cardiac function increased during normal pregnancy, reaching a maximum at 36 to 40 weeks of gestation (P < 0.001). The presence of GDM did not affect pulsed wave Doppler indicators of diastolic function [ratio of early/late diastolic peak flow velocity (E/A ratio)], whereas TDI indices [ratio of early/late diastolic peak velocity at the annulus (Ea/Aa ratio)] were significantly lower after adjustment for gestational age and estimated fetal weight (EFW); and such changes were independent of maternal diabetic control (P < 0.001).ConclusionsFetal cardiac wall thickness, cardiac systolic and diastolic functions are affected by GDM independently of glycemic control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular interactions between wheat and cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae): Analysis of changes to the wheat proteome
Authors: Ferry Natalie , Stavroulakis Stylianos , Guan Wenzhu , Davison Gillian M. , Bell Howard A. , Weaver Robert J. , Down Rachel E. , Gatehouse John A. , Gatehouse Angharad M. R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAphids are major insect pests of cereal crops, acting as virus vectors as well as causing direct damage. The responses of wheat to infestation by cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae) were investigated in a proteomic analysis. Approximately, 500 protein spots were reproducibly detected in the extracts from leaves of wheat seedlings after extraction and 2‐DE. Sixty‐seven spots differed significantly between control and infested plants following 24 h of aphid feeding, with 27 and 11 up‐regulated, and 8 and 21 down‐regulated, in local or systemic tissues, respectively. After 8 days, 80 protein spots differed significantly between control and aphid treatments with 13 and 18 up‐regulated and 27 and 22 down‐regulated in local or systemic tissues, respectively. As positive controls, plants were treated with salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate; 81 and 37 differentially expressed protein spots, respectively, were identified for these treatments. Approximately, 50% of differentially expressed protein spots were identified by PMF, revealing that the majority of proteins altered by aphid infestation were involved in metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Other proteins identified were involved in signal transduction, stress and defence, antioxidant activity, regulatory processes, and hormone responses. Responses to aphid attack at the proteome level were broadly similar to basal non‐specific defence and stress responses in wheat, with evidence of down‐regulation of insect‐specific defence mechanisms, in agreement with the observed lack of aphid resistance in commercial wheat lines.
Comparative proteomic profiles of the soybean (Glycine max) root apex and differentiated root zone
Authors: Mathesius Ulrike , Djordjevic Michael A. , Oakes Marie , Goffard Nicolas , Haerizadeh Farzad , Weiller Georg F. , Singh Mohan B. , Bhalla Prem L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe root apical meristem (RAM) is responsible for the growth of the plant root system. Because of the importance of root architecture in the performance of crop plants, we established a proteome reference map of the soybean root apex and compared this with the proteome of the differentiated root zone. The root apex samples contained the apical 1 mm of the root, comprising the RAM, quiescent center and root cap. We identified 342 protein spots from 550 excised proteins (∼62%) of root apex samples by MALDI‐TOF MS/MS analysis. All these proteins were also present in the differentiated root, but differed in abundance. Functional classification showed that the most numerous protein categories represented in the root were those of stress response, glycolysis, redox homeostasis and protein processing. Using DIGE, we identified 73 differentially accumulated proteins between root apex and differentiated root. Proteins overrepresented in the root apex belonged primarily to the pathways for protein synthesis and processing, cell redox homeostasis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Proteins underrepresented in the root apex were those of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid metabolism and stress response. Our results highlight the importance of stress and defense response, redox control and flavonoid metabolism in the root apex.
The Arabidopsis thaliana 2‐D gel mitochondrial proteome: Refining the value of reference maps for assessing protein abundance, contaminants and post‐translational modifications
Authors: Taylor Nicolas L. , Heazlewood Joshua L. , Millar A. Harvey 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMitochondria undertake the process of oxidative phosphorylation yielding ATP for plant cell maintenance and growth. The principles of isolation and fractionation of plant mitochondrial proteins have been improved over decades, and surveys of the mitochondrial proteome in a number of plants species have been performed. Over time, many quantitative analyses of changes in the plant mitochondrial proteome have been performed by 2‐D gel analyses revealing the induction, degradation and modification of mitochondrial proteins in responses to mutation, stress and development. Here, we present a saturating MS analysis of 2‐D gel separable protein spots from a typical purification of Arabidopsis mitochondria identifying 264 proteins, alongside an LC‐MS/MS survey by non‐gel methods identifying 220 proteins. This allowed us to characterise the major mitochondrial proteins that are not observed on 2‐D gels, the common contaminants and the abundance of the protein machinery of key mitochondrial biochemical pathways, and consider the impact of N‐terminal pre‐sequence cleavage and phosphorylation as explanations of multiple protein spots and the co‐ordinates of proteins on 2‐D gels.
Microarray‐based kinetic colorimetric detection for quantitative multiplex protein phosphorylation analysis
Authors: Holenya Pavlo , Kitanovic Igor , Heigwer Florian , Wölfl Stefan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCommonly used colorimetric detection applied to protein microarrays with enzymatic signal amplification leads to non‐linear signal production upon increase in analyte concentration, thereby considerably limiting the range and accuracy of quantitative readout interpretation. To extend the detection range, we developed a kinetic colorimetric detection protocol for the analysis of ELISA microarrays designed to measure multiple phosphorylated proteins using the platforms ArrayTube™ and ArrayStrip™. With our novel quantification approach, microarrays were calibrated over a broad concentration range spanning four orders of magnitude of analyte concentration with picomolar threshold. We used this design for the simultaneous quantitative measurement of 15 phosphorylated proteins on a single chip.
Quantitative proteomic analysis of cold‐responsive proteins in rice
Authors: Neilson Karlie A. , Mariani Michael , Haynes Paul A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRice is susceptible to cold stress and with a future of climatic instability we will be unable to produce enough rice to satisfy increasing demand. A thorough understanding of the molecular responses to thermal stress is imperative for engineering cultivars, which have greater resistance to low temperature stress. In this study we investigated the proteomic response of rice seedlings to 48, 72 and 96 h of cold stress at 12–14°C. The use of both label‐free and iTRAQ approaches in the analysis of global protein expression enabled us to assess the complementarity of the two techniques for use in plant proteomics. The approaches yielded a similar biological response to cold stress despite a disparity in proteins identified. The label‐free approach identified 236 cold‐responsive proteins compared to 85 in iTRAQ results, with only 24 proteins in common. Functional analysis revealed differential expression of proteins involved in transport, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites and energy; and, more specifically, histones and vitamin B biosynthetic proteins were observed to be affected by cold stress.
MALDI‐imaging mass spectrometry – An emerging technique in plant biology
Authors: Kaspar Stephanie , Peukert Manuela , Svatos Ales , Matros Andrea , Mock Hans‐Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecent advances in instrumentation and sample preparation have facilitated the mass spectrometric (MS) imaging of a large variety of biological molecules from small metabolites to large proteins. The technique can be applied at both the tissue and the single‐cell level, and provides information regarding the spatial distribution of specific molecules. Nevertheless, the use of MS imaging in plant science remains far from routine, and there is still a need to adapt protocols to suit specific tissues. We present an overview of MALDI‐imaging MS (MSI) technology and its use for the analysis of plant tissue. Recent methodological developments have been summarized, and the major challenges involved in using MALDI‐MSI, including sample preparation, the analysis of metabolites and peptides, and strategies for data evaluation are all discussed. Some attention is given to the identification of differentially distributed compounds. To date, the use of MALDI‐MSI in plant research has been limited. Examples include leaf surface metabolite maps, the characterization of soluble metabolite translocation in planta, and the profiling of protein/metabolite patterns in cereal grain cross‐sections. Improvements to both sample preparation strategies and analytical platforms (aimed at both spectrum acquisition and post‐acquisition analysis) will enhance the relevance of MALDI‐MSI technology in plant research.