bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in Pap smear: A clinicopathological and demographic correlation
Authors: Banik Urmila , Bhattacharjee Pradip , Ahamad Shahab Uddin , Rahman Zillur 
Published: June 2011

Background:
In the low resource settings of a developing country, a conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) test is the mainstay screening system for cervical cancer. In order to counsel women and to organize a public health system for cervical cancer screening by Pap smear examination, it is imperative to know the pattern of premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of an abnormal Pap smear, in a tertiary hospital of a developing country, and to carry out a clinicopathological and demographical analysis for establishing the pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in a Pap smear.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a total of 1699 patients who underwent Pap smear examination. The prevalence of epithelial cell abnormality in the Pap smear was calculated in proportions / percentages. Specimen adequacy and reporting was assessed according to the revised Bethesda system.

Results:
Among the total of 1699 patients who had their Pap smear done, 139 (8.18%) revealed epithelial cell abnormality. Altogether 26 smears revealed high-grade lesions and malignancy, most of which were found to be in women belonging to the 30 – 39 and ≥ 45 age group. A total of 75 (53.96%) women were in the 20 – 44 age group and 64 (46.04%) were in the ≥ 45 age group. A bimodal age distribution was detected in the epithelial cell abnormality, with the bulk being diagnosed in patients aged 45 or above. Overall one-third of the patients with an abnormal Pap smear result showed healthy cervix in per vaginal examination.

Conclusions:
A raised prevalence of epithelial cell abnormality reflects the lack of awareness about cervical cancer screening. Women aged 45 or above harbor the bulk of premalignant and malignant lesions in the Pap smear, signifying that these women are among the under users of cytological screening.
A Note on the Diophantine Equation x2 + y6 = ze, e ≥ 4
Authors: Zelator Konstantine 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe consider the diophantine equation x2 + y6 = ze, e ≥ 4. We show that, when e is a multiple of 4 or 6, this equation has no solutions in positive integers with x and y relatively prime. As a corollary, we show that there exists no primitive Pythagorean triangle one of whose leglengths is a perfect cube, while the hypotenuse length is an integer square.
Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Low Alloy Steel in Water
Authors: Chu Wu-Yang , Liu Tian-Hua , Hsiao Chi-Mei , Li Shi-Qun 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
For four low alloy steels with a wide range of tensile strengths, the dynamical processes of the nucleation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in water with various polarization conditions and in a inhibitor solution were traced with an optical microscope. The results show that if the tensile strength of the steel is higher than a critical value, which is different in the different polarization conditions, and KI&gt;KISCC, the plastic zone in front of a loaded crack tip is enlarged with time, i.e., the delayed plastic deformation occurs in all the environments used. The nucleation and propagation of SCC will follow when this delayed plastic deformation develops to a critical condition. Neither anodic and cathodic polarization nor the inhibitor can change the feature of the delayed plasticity and the nucleation and propagation of SCC in water. In all the environments used, the KISCC is increased and da/dt is decreased with decreasing strength of the steel. Anodic polarization and the addition of the inhibitor make KISCC increase and da/dt decrease. But cathodic polarization is just opposite.
Corrosion of Carbon Steels in Mechanically Stirred Solutions 2.0M H2SO4
Authors: Przewlocka H. , Bala H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effects of stirring and carbon content on the corrosion of steel in deaerated 2.0M sulfuric acid have been studied. Both increases and decreases in the corrosion rate with the increasing stirring rate were observed: increased rates with higher carbon content and decreased rates with lower carbon content. Results are explained on the basis of the effect of stirring and carbon content on the cathodic evolution of hydrogen and the effect of the stirring rate on the anodic dissolution process.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulfurous Acid
Authors: Ahmad S. , Mehta M. L. , Saraf S. K. , Saraswat I. P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking investigations on U-bend samples of sensitized 304 austenitic stainless steel have been conducted in sulfurous acid solutions in the concentration range, 0.40 to 10% at ambient temperatures. Samples were found to fracture in solutions of more than 3% sulfurous acid. Chemical analysis of solutions after tests showed appreciable reduction in concentration of H2SO3, formation of H2SO4, and also the presence of Fe, Cr, and S ions. Some model experiments were carried out to ascertain the chemical species causing stress corrosion cracking and the role of oxygen and FeS in generating them. Bubbling of oxygen gas through (1) solution of H2SO3 with sample, (2) distilled water with FeS chips, and (3) solution of H2SO3 with FeS chips and sample, resulted in the formation of tetrathionic acid. Results indicate that the sulfurous acid does not directly cause cracking but it is the tetrathionic acid formed by either the interaction of sulfurous acid and austenitic stainless steel or the interaction of FeS and oxygen, that is responsible for cracking. Metallorgraphic examinations of the fracture confirmed intergranular cracking.
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Hot NaOH Solutions under Heat Transfer Conditions
Authors: Yasuda M. , Okada M. , Hine F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Corrosion of carbon steel immersed in boiling NaOH solutions under heat trasfer conditions was investigated electrochemically. The surfaces of these specimens after corrosion testing were also examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Carbon steel was fairly passive in NaOH solutions of 0.1, 1, and 5M in concentration under isothermal conditions, but it was corroded under heat transfer conditions. Localized corrosion, mostly pitting, took place when the caustic soda solutions became dilute. Localized high concentrations of caustic soda and nucleate boiling on the surface in the case of heat transfer, along with generation of mechanical stress in the oxide film are presumed to result in mechanical degradation of the oxide film and dissolution of both substrate and oxide.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel at Temperatures Below 100 C — A Review
Authors: Cragnolino G. , Macdonald D. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The environmental and metallurgical factors in the intergranular stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel at temperatures below 100 C has been examined. The behavior of annealed and sensitized microstructures in a variety of environments, including oxygen-containing pure water and aqueous solutions containing species such as chloride, fluoride, polythionates, and other sulfur species is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of sulfur oxyanions as aggressive species that can induce intergranular cracking at very low concentrations in industrial environments. Electrochemical and metallurgical aspects associated with the development of intergranular cracks in these environments are thoroughly discussed, and the mechanistic implications are addressed.
Effect of Water Chemistry on the Erosion-Corrosion of Aluminum in High Temperature High Velocity Water
Authors: Jones D. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate the erosion-corrosion of aluminum fuel cladding in water-cooled, plutonium producing, nuclear reactors. Water quality was demonstrated to be critical in causing erosion-corrosion attack on aluminum in high temperature pressurized water. Very little attack occurred in distilled water, whereas attack was progressively worse in river water and well water. The extreme attack in well water was simulated by dissolving 50 ppm CaCO3 and 10 ppm SiO2 in distilled water. A distinct corrosion enhancing synergism was apparent between dissolved bicarbonate and silicate ions. In situ recordings of electrochemical potential vs time were characteristic of the extent of erosion-corrosion which was occurring on a particular specimen. Polarization resistance measurements did not have the expected sensitivity to erosion-corrosion, probably because of the complex cell geometry imposed by the erosion-corrosion testing apparatus.
Effect of Oxide Films on the Corrosion Resistance of Titanium
Authors: Schutz R. W. , Covington L. C. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A comparison of the corrosion and hydrogen uptake resistance of pickled, anodized, and thermally oxidized titanium is made. In general, thermal oxidation appears to offer better protection than the anodized or the pickled condition, thus, offering improved performance in heat exchanger applications as compared to the anodized coating that is traditionally specified for marginal service.
Effect of Temperature on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Tempered Type 403 Martensitic Stainless Steel in Sodium Sulfate Solution
Authors: Bavarian B. , Szklarska-Smialowska Z. , Macdonald D. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Tempered martensitic Type 403 stainless steel has been found to suffer pitting corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking in 0.01 M Na2SO4 at temperatures of 75 and 100 C, but not at the lower temperatures of 25 and 50 C. Significant sulfur (sulfate) contamination of the passive film from solution was found, but the level of contamination could not be correlated with the susceptibility of the alloy to IGSCC. Nonmetallic inclusions (MnS) and carbide precipitates were found to act as nucleation sites for corrosion pits which in turn give rise to IGSCC.
Effects of Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization Treatments on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of 304 Type Stainless Steels under Different Polarizing Conditions in MgCl2 Solution
Authors: Bilogan Kazimierz 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Increasing amounts of prior plastic deformation are beneficial in terms of stress corrosion cracking SCC resistance under freely corroding conditions, while subsequent conventional heat treatments remove such beneficial effects. Under conditions of cathodic charging with hydrogen, the higher amounts of prior plastic deformation introduce some extra degrees of SCC susceptibility, especially after dynamic recrystallization heat treatments. X-ray studies showed that the SCC front, under freely corroding conditions in MgCl2 solution, proceeds by localized microplastic deformation along {111} and {200} austenite slip planes, stimulating the anodic dissolution process and being sustained by the hydrogen reduction reaction.
The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and NO3− Anions on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 304 Stainless Steel in Water at 290 C
Authors: Hirano H. , Aoki N. , Kurosawa T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of dissolved oxygen and NO3− anions on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) of Type 304 stainless steel has been studied in water at 290 C by using the constant extension rate tests (CERT) method. A strain rate of 3.33×10−6 sec−1 was applied. TGSCC occurred in water containing less than 100 ppb dissolved oxygen, while IGSCC occurred at concentrations greater than 1 ppm dissolved oxygen. IGSCC was accelerated by the addition of small amounts of NO3− anions, but TGSCC was suppressed by the presence of this anion. The analyses of oxide films by the Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer (IMMA) and the construction of potential-pH diagrams for Cr-H2O, Ni-H2O, and Fe-H2O systems at 290 C were performed to consider the effect of dissolved oxygen and NO3− anions on IGSCC and TGSCC. The IMMA studies revealed that the compositions of the oxide films of Type 304 stainless steel and Fe-12Cr-9.3Ni steel (the presumed composition of grain boundaries in sensitized Type 304 stainless steel) were Cr-enriched at 200 ppb O2 level. At 1 ppm O2 level, the oxide film of Type 304 stainless steel was composed of Cr-enriched phase, but the Cr content in the oxide film of Fe-12Cr-9.3Ni steel was low. At 10 ppm O2 level, the oxide film of Type 304 stainless steel was composed of Fe and Cr, but the oxide film of Fe-12Cr-9.3Ni steel was mainly composed of Fe. The potential-pH diagram for the Cr-H2O system at 290 C indicated that the corrosion potential of Type 304 stainless steel lay in the stable potential region of Cr2O3 at low oxygen levels. On the other hand, at high oxygen levels, the corrosion potential of Type 304 stainless steel lies near the unstable potential region of Cr2O3. This unstable region corresponds to the potential at which Cr2O3 dissolves as dichromate ion (Cr2O7−−) or chromate ion (CrO4−−). The relationship between the characteristics of oxide films and the IGSCC and TGSCC of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel is discussed.
The Oxidation of Fe3O4 on Iron and Steel Surfaces
Authors: Keiser Joseph T. , Brown Chris W. , Heidersbach Robert H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the oxidation of Fe3O4 on surfaces of weathering steel, carbon steel, and pure iron. Two sets of samples were polished and coated with an Fe3O4 paste. One set was moistened daily with distilled water and allowed to freely dry in air. The second set was treated in a similar manner except that every other day, a 0.1M Na2SO4 solution was used in place of the distilled water solution. In the set of samples treated only with distilled water, Fe3O4 was oxidized to γ-FeOOH on both the weathering and carbon steel surface, but oxidation of Fe3O4 was not observed on the pure iron surface. On all of the samples treated with 0.1M Na2SO4, Fe3O4 was oxidized initially to γ-FeOOH which converted to α-FeOOH after several weeks. The initial oxidation of Fe3O4 is proposed to occur by a reaction with H2O2 produced from the reduction of O2.
Corrosion of Painted Metals—A Review
Authors: Leidheiser Henry 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Seven types of corrosion and precorrosion of painted metals are reviewed: blistering, early rusting, flash rusting, anodic undermining, filiform corrosion, cathodic delamination, and wet adhesion. The importance of the nature of the interfacial region between the coating and the metal is emphasized. Ten unsolved problems are described.
The Influence of Structure on the Corrosion of Glassy Copper-Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Turn J. C. , Latanision R. M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Differences in structure between crystalline and glassy copper-zirconium alloys lead to subtle increases in the corrosion rate of crystalline compared to glassy material. Glassy alloys of Cu60Zr40 were melt spun and subsequently devitrified, yielding single phase polycrystalline material. Comparing the potentiodynamic polarization response of these structural types revealed no significant difference in ϕcorr. ba, bc, icorr. and io. Other alloys, Cu58Zr42 and Cu55Zr45, compared in glassy and crystal-line forms revealed that inhomogeneity, caused by precipitation of a second phase, did not alter the corrosion behavior from that of single phase Cu60Zr40. Corroded glassy surfaces were generally smooth except for scattered hemispherical features, while crystalline surfaces were densely populated with these features. Corrosion of copper-zirconium alloy occurs by the selective dissolution of zirconium in the vicinity of ϕcorr, whereas, at potentials noble to −0.1 VSCE, copper contributes to the anodic current. Above approximately 0.0 VSCE the alloys passivate. Results of potentiodynamic polarization studies suggest that for these alloys, unlike transition metal-metalloid glasses, devitrification does not significantly affect the corrosion kinetics of copper-zirconium alloys.
Corrosion of Medium Carbon Steel in Aqueous Solutions Containing Fluoride Ions at 300 C
Authors: Mayer P. , Manolescu A. V. , Rasile E. M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The accelerated internal corrosion in boiler evaporators results from an unfavorable coincidence of adverse thermohydraulic conditions, boiler water contamination, and fabrication defects. Boiler tube material (medium carbon steel, Type SA210) was exposed in static autoclaves to aqueous solutions of HF, FeF3, and NiF2 at 300 C, and the rate of attack and morphology of the resulting scales were established. For comparison, parallel tests were conducted in aqueous solutions containing chloride ions. This work establishes the role played by fluoride contamination of the boiler water.
Pitting Corrosion of Inconel 600 in High Temperature Chloride Solution under Controlled Hydrodynamic Conditions
Authors: Karaminezhaad-Ranjbar M. , Mankowski J. , Macdonald D. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Pitting corrosion of mill annealed Inconel 600 in buffered 0.1M NaCl solution was studied as a function of temperature (25 to 250 C) under well-defined hydrodynamic conditions (flow velocities from 0 to 158 cm/s) in an annular flow channel. Flow velocity had no significant effect on the breakdown potential over the entire temperature range studied, but some influence on the morphology of attack was noted. Temperature was found to be an important parameter, however, in determining the susceptibility of mill annealed Inconel 600 to localized attack in buffered 0.1M NaCl solution.
The Effect of Nitrogen on the Sensitization of AISI 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Mozhi T. A. , Clark W. A. T. , Nishimoto K. , Johnson W. B. , Macdonald D. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Thermodynamic calculations have been used to construct time temperature sensitization (TTS) diagrams for AISI 304 stainless steels (SS). The quantitative Stawstrom and Hillert model, which is based on chromium diffusion control of sensitization, was used to calculate the TTS diagrams. Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests were performed on these steels, with various nitrogen additions, to obtain the experimental TTS curves. The calculated and experimental TTS diagrams have been compared to better understand nitrogen addition effects on the sensitization kinetics of AISI 304 SS. These results indicate that nitrogen additions below 0.16 wt% retard the sensitization kinetics; one possible mechanism by which this is achieved is an increase in chromium concentration adjacent to the grain boundaries, which decreases the chromium concentration gradient between the austenite matrix and the grain boundaries and hence retards carbide growth.
On the Mechanism of Cathodic Protection
Authors: Dexter S. C. , Moettus L. N. , Lucas K. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Changes in the distribution of anodic sites on steel and aluminum surfaces have been monitored by applying a pH-indicating dye and observing how the color pattern on the surface changes as cathodic protection is applied. In addition, cathodic polarization curves for steel in seawater have been correlated with 120-day weight loss measurements and surface morphological observations for specimens receiving various levels of cathodic protection. The results are discussed in terms of the Mears and Brown, Hoar, and LaQue theories of cathodic protection and their implications as to the criteria for cathodic protection and the consequences of underprotection.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of 300M Steel under Different Heat Treated Conditions
Authors: Padmanabhan R. , Wood W. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The resistance of 300M steel to stress corrosion cracking in a 3.5% NaCl solution was studied as a function of heat treatment. Threshold stress intensity was affected by microstructural features, including prior austenite grain size, amounts of retained austenite, and twins, in addition to grain boundary segregation and fracture toughness of the steel. Crack growth rate was also dependent on microstructure and segregation, but the number of constraint points exerted the maximum influence. The effect of a modified heat treatment, which has been shown to improve all investigated mechanical properties to a significant extent, upon stress corrosion cracking (SCC) properties, was also studied. This heat treatment resulted in significantly higher threshold stress intensity and lower crack growth rate. The results are discussed in terms of microstructure and fractography.
The Effect of Ammonium Chloride and Fluid Velocity on the Corrosion Behavior of Copper in Sodium Bicarbonate Solutions
Authors: Akkaya M. , Ambrose J. R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of ammonium chloride additions on the corrosion behavior of copper in 1 N sodium bicarbonate solutions has been characterized using a rotating ring-ring linear cyclic voltammetry technique. The experimentation and solution compositions used were selected to account for an unusually high incidence of pitting found to occur on interior surfaces of copper cold-water plumbing fixtures in the vicinity of neutral soldering flux residues. Although concentrations of ammonium chloride above 0.05 N were found to result in an increase of corrosion rate often attributed to the stabilization of a cuprous ion complex metal dissolution reaction product, under freely corroding conditions in an air-saturated solution, corrosion of copper metal would occur by an anodic process in which current was distributed between both soluble metal ions (cuprous and cupric ions) and insoluble corrosion product deposits. Although increases in applied potential or relative fluid velocity produced increases in the total corrosion rate, there was also a change in current distribution between the various components of the overall anodic process.
Results from this study suggest that soluble and insoluble corrosion products (cathodically or anodically generated during a single linear polarization cycle) affect corrosion behavior during either successive cycles or extended exposure periods to such an extent that sole reliance on single-cycle anodic polarization behavior for the prediction of long-term corrosion resistance for copper and its alloys should be avoided.
Surface Composition of Stainless Steel during Propagation of Crevice Corrosion
Authors: Zakipour S. , Leygraf C. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The surface composition of AISI 304 and 316 stainless steels has been investigated by means of focusing, scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) on locally corroded areas formed upon exposure in chloride media with different acidity and under potentiostatic control. Within 1 minute of dissolution in the active state, there is formed a surface layer, which is markedly enriched in Cr. The existence of this layer is a consequence of the selective dissolution of Fe during initial active dissolution and of alloy components entering the solution in proportions equal to those in the bulk alloy during later stages of active dissolution. In addition, direct evidence is given of the precipitation onto the Cr rich surface region of a few monolayers of Cu2S at higher pH (4 to 8) in the solution and of metallic Cu nodules at lower pH (1 to 2). The localization of these layers within the local attack as well as the localization of a thin Mo containing sulfide layer can be directly related to the chemical dissolution of sulfide inclusions during initiation of crevice corrosion.