bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AlGaN/GaInN/GaN heterostructure field‐effect transistor
Authors: Ikki Hiromichi , Isobe Yasuhiro , Iida Daisuke , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi , Bandoh Akira , Udagawa Takashi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe report on the electrical properties of AlGaN/GaInN heterostructures fabricated with various InN molar fractions from 0 to 0.60 in GaInN on a GaN template. The sheet carrier density of the AlGaN/GaInN heterostructure monotonically increased with increasing InN molar fraction in GaInN, reaching 5.0 × 1013 cm−2 at an InN molar fraction of 0.60. The Al0.30Ga0.70N/Ga0.40In0.60N heterostructure exhibited static field‐effect transistor (FET) characteristics.
Modeling of current–voltage characteristics of CdS/CdTe solar cells
Authors: Anjan M. S. , Kabir M. Z. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn analytical model is developed to study the current–voltage characteristics of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells by incorporating exponential photon absorption, carrier trapping, and carrier drift in the CdTe layer. An analytical expression for the external voltage dependent photocurrent is derived by solving the continuity equation for both electrons and holes. The overall load current is calculated considering the actual solar spectrum. It is found that the solar cell efficiency critically depends on the hole transport in the CdTe layer and the recombination current dominates over the ideal diode current. The theoretical model is fitted with the published experimental data and shows a very good agreement.
Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of porphyrin deposited inside photonic crystal fibre (PCF)
Authors: Veselov A. A. , Thür C. , Efimov A. , Guina M. , Lemmetyinen H. , Tkachenko N. V. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe report on the surface modification of the channels of hollow‐core photonic bandgap fibres after deposition of free‐base porphyrins by self‐assembling monolayer (SAM) technique. Emission spectra studies of the modified fibres showed features typical for free‐base porphyrins deposited on glass plates. Fluorescence lifetime microscope (FLM) images demonstrate that all the holes of studied fibres are covered with porphyrin and show homogeneous distribution of its emission intensity and lifetime along the channels. The modified photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) can be utilized in sensor applications. magnified image
Steganographic access control in data hiding using run‐length encoding and modulo‐operations
Authors: Lee Chin‐Feng , Weng Chi‐Yao , Sharma Aneesh 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe vast potential of information and communication technologies such as computer‐based communication networks and telecommunication systems is indeed blooming innovations. This paper is a novel attempt in the field of authorization and access control, which uses steganography that coverts the data into a form that cannot be interpreted by unauthorized persons. The proposed algorithm transfers compressed data and hides it into a cover medium by improvising existing run‐length technique in steganography. It deals with a compression technique that uses the redundancy feature of a bitstream and then uses this compressed stream to embed data in an image. The run‐length encoding technique is exploited to compress a bitstream being embedded in a cover image. However, run‐length encoding method has inefficient compression like the sharp bitstreams, such as the pattern “101010101”. This study developed a novel high‐capacity steganographic access control in data hiding to transform sharp bitstreams into smooth bitstreams before it is hidden into a cover image. Our scheme performs the logical Exclusive‐OR (XOR) operation to smoothen the secret bitstream and to embed the result into a cover medium. Additionally, the proposed scheme employs generalized difference expansion transform for image recovery after data extraction; consequently, the image fidelity can be preserved. The experimental results show that our scheme owns a higher embedding capacity than previous approaches while maintaining high image quality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of anomaly‐based IDS for mobile devices using machine learning classifiers
Authors: Damopoulos Dimitrios , Menesidou Sofia A. , Kambourakis Georgios , Papadaki Maria , Clarke Nathan , Gritzalis Stefanos 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTMobile devices have evolved and experienced an immense popularity over the last few years. This growth however has exposed mobile devices to an increasing number of security threats. Despite the variety of peripheral protection mechanisms described in the literature, authentication and access control cannot provide integral protection against intrusions. Thus, a need for more intelligent and sophisticated security controls such as intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is necessary. Whilst much work has been devoted to mobile device IDSs, research on anomaly‐based or behaviour‐based IDS for such devices has been limited leaving several problems unsolved. Motivated by this fact, in this paper, we focus on anomaly‐based IDS for modern mobile devices. A dataset consisting of iPhone users data logs has been created, and various classification and validation methods have been evaluated to assess their effectiveness in detecting misuses. Specifically, the experimental procedure includes and cross‐evaluates four machine learning algorithms (i.e. Bayesian networks, radial basis function, K‐nearest neighbours and random Forest), which classify the behaviour of the end‐user in terms of telephone calls, SMS and Web browsing history. In order to detect illegitimate use of service by a potential malware or a thief, the experimental procedure examines the aforementioned services independently as well as in combination in a multimodal fashion. The results are very promising showing the ability of at least one classifier to detect intrusions with a high true positive rate of 99.8%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountability using flow‐net: design, implementation, and performance evaluation
Authors: Xiao Yang , Meng Ke , Takahashi Daisuke 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTAccountability is a very important topic for computer and networking systems. It helps to answer questions such as, “What happened?” and, “Who did it?” These two questions are also related to forensics; however, forensics normally tries to answer these questions by adding some human factors (such as a guess or an instinct due to missing evidence, as well as human involvements) under the available system. Accountability, on the other hand, can only be achieved by significantly improving the current system with the result that forensics becomes trivial in an accountable system. Furthermore, each entity in the system must be held responsible for its activities. In order to provide accountability, a better logging system is necessary so that not only their activities but also their relationships may be captured. To this end, our previous work proposed a novel logging mechanism, flow‐net methodology, for accountability. In this paper, we extend the flow‐net methodology and present its design and implementation in wireless networks. We also evaluate the performance of flow‐net and compare it with that of audit log files. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topography effects and monatomic ion sputtering of undulating surfaces, particles and large nanoparticles: Sputtering yields, effective sputter rates and topography evolution
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn analysis is provided of the change in topography and consequent apparent change in sputtering yields of surfaces as a result of ion sputtering using Yamamura et al.'s model for the angular dependence of the sputtering yield for monatomic primary ions. This is extended to provide a general scheme for any monatomic primary ion and any amorphous elemental solid target. Details are provided of the topographic changes for surfaces with an undulating cosine profile sputtered with primary ions normal to, and at 45° to, the average surface and also for spherical particles. Smoothing occurs at normal incidence and both smoothing and roughening can occur at 45°. Predictions show how the sputtering rate of the material varies with the depth sputtered as a result of the topographical changes, the rate either increasing or decreasing. The effect of roughening usually increases the sputtering rate with values increasing up to four times. The effect of sample rotation is a fast smoothing. Conditions are described for the optimal profiling of particles with a layered structure and calculated profiles are evaluated. The effect of rotation on particles is discussed in relation to different instrumental geometries. In this work, recoil mixing, redeposition, diffusion and the topographic effects at the size of the individual ion cascade are ignored. © Crown copyright 2011. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's printer for Scotland.
Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Do Stress and Coping Matter?
Authors: Shah Bijal M. , Gupchup Gireesh V. , Borrego Matthew E. , Raisch Dennis W. , Knapp Katherine K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines the relationship among diabetes‐related stress, appraisal, coping and depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the transactional model of stress and coping (TMSC) as the theoretical framework. In this cross‐sectional study, a convenience sample of 201 patients with T2DM was recruited from three outpatient clinics. Patients with depressive symptoms reported significantly more diabetes‐related stress than patients without depressive symptoms. The results of path analysis suggest that patients who experience greater diabetes‐related stress or greater depressive symptoms have a negative appraisal of their diabetes. Negative appraisal is, in turn, associated with greater use of avoidance, passive resignation and diabetes integration coping and lesser use of problem‐focused coping. Avoidance, passive resignation and diabetes integration coping are, in turn, related to greater depressive symptoms or greater diabetes‐related stress. Overall, the results of this study support the TMSC as a framework to elucidate the relationships among diabetes‐related stress, appraisal, coping and depressive symptoms in patients with T2DM. However, given the cross‐sectional nature of the study, we are unable to elucidate the directionality of the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings and the need for longitudinal studies to evaluate these relationships are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemically Functionalized Surface Patterning
Authors: Zhou Xiaozhu , Boey Freddy , Huo Fengwei , Huang Ling , Zhang Hua 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPatterning substrates with versatile chemical functionalities from micro‐ to nanometer scale is a long‐standing and interesting topic. This review provides an overview of a range of techniques commonly used for surface patterning. The first section briefly introduces conventional micropatterning tools, such as photolithography and microcontact printing. The second section focuses on the currently used nanolithographic techniques, for example, scanning probe lithography (SPL), and their applications in surface patterning. Their advantages and disadvantages are also demonstrated. In the last section, dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) is emphatically illustrated, with a particular stress on the patterning and applications of biomolecules.
Consideration of seismic demand in the design of braced frames
Authors: Málaga‐Chuquitaype Christian , Elghazouli Ahmed Y. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper addresses several salient issues associated with the design of typical configurations of concentrically braced (CB) frames, with particular emphasis on European seismic provisions. A brief assessment of the underlying design philosophy and strength demand considerations for capacity design checks incorporated within Eurocode 8 is presented first. It is shown that brace overstrength in conventional CB frames is largely dependent on the idealizations related to the treatment of brace buckling in compression, and that the level of such overstrength decreases as brace slenderness increases when tension‐only design approaches are adopted, as is the case with Eurocode 8. Results from extensive non‐linear response‐history analyses on a set of CB frames are presented, and are used to illustrate the main behavioural aspects related to ductility demands on CB buildings for moderately stiff, stiff and soft soil conditions. These results are also used to examine the applicability of the ‘equal displacement’ rule typically adopted in Eurocode 8 for steel structures. The findings indicate that this rule offers reasonable upper‐bound estimates of deformations in CB structures, but only for those with initial periods > 0.5 s built on moderately stiff to stiff soils and for moderate to relatively low slenderness values. The influence of column stiffness continuity and brace capacity‐to‐demand ratio on the distribution of plasticity in CB buildings is also demonstrated, and its implications on the interpretation of code provisions are highlighted. Finally, based on a parametric investigation of simplified frame models, the study shows that properly designed secondary systems such as gravity frames can play a significant role in mitigating the probabilities of dynamic instability in CB buildings.
Geminin Regulates Cortical Progenitor Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Spella Magda , Kyrousi Christina , Kritikou Eva , Stathopoulou Athanasia , Guillemot François , Kioussis Dimitris , Pachnis Vassilis , Lygerou Zoi , Taraviras Stavros 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
During cortical development, coordination of proliferation and differentiation ensures the timely generation of different neural progenitor lineages that will give rise to mature neurons and glia. Geminin is an inhibitor of DNA replication and it has been proposed to regulate cell proliferation and fate determination during neurogenesis via interactions with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. To investigate the in vivo role of Geminin in the maintenance and differentiation of cortical neural progenitors, we have generated mice that lack Geminin expression in the developing cortex. Our results show that loss of Geminin leads to the expansion of neural progenitor cells located at the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing cortex. Early cortical progenitors lacking Geminin exhibit a longer S-phase and a reduced ability to generate early born neurons, consistent with a preference on self-renewing divisions. Overexpression of Geminin in progenitor cells of the cortex reduces the number of neural progenitor cells, promotes cell cycle exit and subsequent neuronal differentiation. Our study suggests that Geminin has an important role during cortical development in regulating progenitor number and ultimately neuron generation.
Genetically Encoding Unnatural Amino Acids in Neural Stem Cells and Optically Reporting Voltage-Sensitive Domain Changes in Differentiated Neurons
Authors: Shen Bin , Xiang Zheng , Miller Barbara , Louie Gordon , Wang Wenyuan , Noel Joseph P. , Gage Fred H. , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Although unnatural amino acids (Uaas) have been genetically encoded in bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells using orthogonal transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs, applications of this method to a wider range of specialized cell types, such as stem cells, still face challenges. While relatively straightforward in stem cells, transient expression lacks sufficient temporal resolution to afford reasonable levels of Uaa incorporation and to allow for the study of the longer term differentiation process of stem cells. Moreover, Uaa incorporation may perturb differentiation. Here, we describe a lentiviral-based gene delivery method to stably incorporate Uaas into proteins expressed in neural stem cells, specifically HCN-A94 cells. The transduced cells differentiated into neural progenies in the same manner as the wild-type cells. By genetically incorporating a fluorescent Uaa into a voltage-dependent membrane lipid phosphatase, we show that this Uaa optically reports the conformational change of the voltage-sensitive domain in response to membrane depolarization. The method described here should be generally applicable to other stem cells and membrane proteins.
Diagnostic ability of MDCT to assess right hepatic artery invasion by perihilar cholangiocarcinoma with left‐sided predominance
Authors: Fukami Yasuyuki , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Takahashi Yu , Suzuki Kojiro , Nagino Masato 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground/purposeThere have been few reports on the diagnostic ability of multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) to assess invasion of the hepatic artery. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic ability of MDCT for right hepatic artery (RHA) invasion.MethodsFrom August 2006 to October 2010, 103 consecutive patients with left‐sided predominance perihilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent left‐sided hepatectomy; all patients received MDCT as a preoperative workup. Three‐dimensional volume‐rendered and multiplanar reformation (MPR) images were retrospectively examined for evidence of RHA invasion, and the agreement between intraoperative macroscopic and histologic findings was assessed.ResultsNo macroscopic evidence of RHA invasion was found in any of the 50 patients presenting visible low‐density planes on MPR images between the RHA and adjacent tumor. Of the remaining 53 patients without visible low‐density planes, 38 patients presented macroscopic evidence of RHA invasion and underwent combined RHA resection; the other 15 patients did not exhibit RHA invasion. The RHA contact length, as measured on MDCT images by curved planar reformations, was significantly longer in the former 38 patients than in the latter 15 patients (24.3 ± 16.9 vs. 8.6 ± 3.0 mm, respectively,p = 0.001). Histologic cancer infiltration of the resected RHA was found in 18 (47.4%) of the 38 patients who underwent RHA resection. Diagnosis of macroscopic RHA invasion based on the presence or absence of a low‐density plane had an accuracy of 85.4%.ConclusionsWe conclude that MDCT is useful for assessing RHA invasion by perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated jejunal loop in Morison’s pouch
Authors: Derr Charlotte , Fucarino Matthew 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A few authors have published articles on unusual cases of internal hernias; however, there are no reports in the literature of a hernia arising from a right-sided retroperitoneal defect resulting in the incarceration of small bowel in Morison’s pouch. This case illustrates how point-of-care ultrasound was used to diagnose a small bowel obstruction in an atypical location.
Flow Mixing of Double Two-Inlet Y-Type Micro Channel with Optimal Layout of Obstacles
Authors: Wang C.-T. , Chen Y.-M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study a double two-inlet Y-type microchannel with two up-down symmetrical obstacles was applied. This was done because the positions of the obstacles in the flow channel, arranged in an up- down symmetrical fashion, could provide a higher mixing efficiency. As for the optimal layout of obstacles inthe microchannel, the positions of the two up-down symmetrical obstacles were set as the location of obstacle A/D = 0.198, the length of obstacle K/D = 0.453, the horizontal spacing between the two obstacles T/D = 0, and the flow channel width between the two obstacles Y/D = 0.080, This was because it could generate theflow mixing efficiency with 0.984 and at a lower Reynolds number, Re 4.7. These observations willcontribute to the improvement of a Y-type micromixer design.
Compound Path Integral Solution of Response Exceedance Probabilities of an Offshore Structure
Authors: Wang Y. G. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn this technical note, a compound path integral solution (CPIS) method is utilized to calculate the response exceedance probabilities of a nonlinear compliant offshore structure subjected to slow drift wave force excitations. The structure's slow drift response exceedance probabilities have also been calculated by using the original PIS method for comparison purpose. It is found that the efficiency of the CPIS method for predicting the structure's slow drift response exceedance probabilities is higher than that of the original PIS method.
Hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy for treatment of Graves’ disease: implications for patient management and cost-effectiveness
Authors: Hughes O R , Scott-Coombes D M 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:No consensus exists on optimal treatment for Graves’ disease once anti-thyroid medication fails to induce remission. Total thyroidectomy is a more cost-effective treatment than radioactive iodine or life-long anti-thyroid medication, but hypocalcaemia is an important complication, leading to longer hospital admissions and increased prescription costs. This study aimed to compare the relative risk of hypocalcaemia requiring medical treatment for patients with Graves’ disease.Methods:Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease and for multinodular goitre, calculating serum calcium levels 24-hours post-operatively and prescription rates.Results:Mean corrected calcium concentrations 24 hours post-operatively were 2.05 mmol/l for Graves’ disease patients and 2.14 mmol/l for multinodular goitre patients (p = 0.003). Biochemical hypocalcaemia developed in 92 per cent (n = 34) of Graves’ disease patients and 71 per cent (n = 43) of multinodular goitre patients (p = 0.012). Graves’ disease patients were more likely to be prescribed calcium supplementation pre-discharge (p = 0.037).Conclusion:Total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease carries an increased risk of hypocalcaemia at 24 hours, and of calcium supplementation pre-discharge. Graves’ disease patients should be informed of the increased risk of hypocalcaemia associated with total thyroidectomy, and this risk must be factored into future cost-effectiveness analysis.
Strongyloides ratti:transplantation of adults recovered from the small intestine at different days after infection into the colon of naive and infection-primed Wistar rats, and the effect of antioxidant treatment on large intestinal parasitism
Authors: SHINTOKU Y. , TAKAGI H. , KADOSAKA T. , NAGAOKA F. , KONDO S. , ITOH M. , HONDA S. , KIMURA E. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYStrongyloides ratti(Nagoya strain) is unique in that a portion of adults parasitizing the small intestine withstands ‘worm expulsion’, which starts at around day 8 post-infection (p.i.) by host immunity, and establishes in the large intestine after day 19 p.i. To investigate the mechanism, adults obtained from the small intestine at day 7 or 19 p.i. were transplanted into the colon of infection-primed immune rats. Adults obtained at day 7 p.i. were rejected quickly, whereas those obtained at day 19 p.i. could establish infection. Moreover, the body length and the number of intrauterine eggs increased in the large intestine. In a separate experiment, large intestinal parasitism was abolished by the treatment of host rats with an anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole. These results indicate that small intestinal adults between days 7 and 19 p.i. acquired the ability to parasitize the large intestine of immune rats, and that free radicals produced by the host may have played a significant role in the process.