bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical and anthropogenic factors predict distribution of the invasive weed Tradescantia fluminensis
Authors: BUTCHER ELLEN R. , KELLY DAVE 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe increasing need to manage plant invasions has generated international interest in predicting the dispersal of invasive weeds, including the role of humans due to the influence of anthropogenic factors on invasions. Tradescantia fluminensis, an invasive weed, is spread in New Zealand only by vegetative fragments, with long‐distance dispersal thought to be largely by human dumping of garden waste. Here we test whether the occurrence of T. fluminensis is predictable from physical (slope, altitude, temperature, vegetation type and cover and stream presence) and anthropogenic (road surface type, proximity to settlement and proxies for ease of dumping) variables, to measure the influence humans exert on its dispersal. Sampling of both physical and anthropogenic variables was carried out with presence/absence of T. fluminensis noted at 151 sites throughout the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. The best model included four anthropogenic and three physical variables, with the anthropogenic variables accounting for 70% of the deviance explained. K‐fold cross‐validation showed the model had a success rate of 78%, correctly predicting 118 out of 151 observations. This was significantly better than a null model based only on the overall fraction of sites with T. fluminensis. These results indicate that within the Marlborough Sounds region, anthropogenic factors play a strong role in the dispersal of T. fluminensis in ways that are amenable to predictive statistical modelling.
Crown condition assessment: An accurate, precise and efficient method with broad applicability to Eucalyptus
Authors: HORTON B. M. , CLOSE D. C. , WARDLAW T. J. , DAVIDSON N. J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAssessment of crown condition is a useful tool for monitoring forest health and is used widely to assess tree dieback and decline. Multiple methods used to assess eucalypt crown condition are difficult to compare across studies. Furthermore, the relative effectiveness of the available methods has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to find an accurate, precise and efficient method for the assessment of crown condition in eucalypts. Four widely used methods were used to assess the crown condition of 516 eucalypt trees from Tasmania and Western Australia. Two of the methods assessed individual crown condition parameters (single‐parameter methods) which could then be added to give an overall score for condition (additive parameter). The other two methods use a single score to encompass many crown parameters (combined‐parameter methods). A selection of trees was scored on multiple occasions and by multiple assessors to determine repeatability and reproducibility. Data were analysed by Spearman's correlations and principal components analysis. All scored parameters were positively correlated to varying degrees. All parameters were distributed along a single‐principal components analysis axis, with the parameters from the single‐parameter methods having the greatest weightings. In order to address the objective of this study five criteria were developed for consideration of parameters that assess crown condition: (i) capacity to assess dieback (high correlation with other crown parameters, and capacity to indicate the presence of dieback symptoms in the crown); (ii) observer bias (sensitivity to minor change and small difference between observers); (iii) repeatability (sensitivity to minor change and small difference between years); (iv) capacity to assess different species; and (v) efficiency to score. Methods that best met these criteria used additive parameters derived from the crown parameters of primary crown dieback, epicormic growth and either crown shrinkage or dead branches. The single most useful parameter for assessment of eucalypt crown condition was primary crown dieback. This parameter was found to be the most accurate and precise measure of crown condition and is efficient to score. Primary crown dieback is recommended as the standard method for assessment of crown condition of eucalypt trees.
Effects of sandy beach cusps on wrack accumulation, sediment characteristics and macrofaunal assemblages
Authors: DUONG H. L. STEPHANIE , FAIRWEATHER PETER G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBeach‐cast marine macroalgae and seagrasses, collectively termed wrack, provide shelter and habitat for beach fauna and can often provide a large input of energy and nutrients to sandy beaches. Wrack deposition on sandy beaches varies spatially and could be affected by morphological features on the beach face such as cusps. This study tested a series of hypotheses regarding the differences in wrack deposits, sediments and macrofaunal assemblages between cusp bays and horns on two beaches in South Australia. Bays had greater cover and larger pieces of wrack than horns. Sediment organic matter content was greater on horns than in bays but mean particle size did not differ consistently between bays and horns. Macrofaunal diversity was higher in bays and this pattern was probably driven by differences in the cover of wrack between bays and horns. Cusp morphology thus influences the distribution of wrack on the beach face, which in turn influences the distribution of macrofauna. Studies of sandy beaches with cusps should therefore be explicitly designed to sample cusp features and associated wrack deposits.
Rhabdomyolysis caused by tocolytic therapy with oral ritodrine hydrochloride in a pregnant woman with placenta previa
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Masaoka Naoki , Tsuduki Yoko , Honda Nobuhisa , Sakai Masato 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOral‐ritodrine‐hydrochloride‐induced rhabdomyolysis is rare. We report a case of oral‐ritodrine‐hydrochloride‐induced rhabdomyolysis in a pregnant woman with placenta previa without neuromuscular disorders. The patient was a 30‐year‐old, Japanese primigravida woman, who became pregnant spontaneously. At 23 gestational weeks, she was diagnosed as having placenta previa and prophylactic oral ritodrine hydrochloride (15 mg/day) was initiated. At 29 1/7 gestational weeks, she was referred to our hospital for perinatal management of placenta previa. Two days thereafter, vaginal bleeding accompanied by frequent uterine contractions occurred and she was admitted. On admission, laboratory tests revealed an abnormal increase of blood creatine kinase (CK) value of 7200 IU/L. CK‐MB isoenzyme was 208 IU/L. Aspartate transaminase (163 IU/L), alanine transaminase (74 IU/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (536 IU/L) levels were also increased. The patient started to complain of extreme muscle pain in her upper and lower limbs and general weakness. The next day, laboratory tests revealed a tremendous increase of blood CK level of 87 300 IU/L, a blood myoglobin level of 11 200 ng/mL, and a urinary myoglobin level of 615 ng/mL. An emergency cesarean section was carried out. After delivery, the laboratory data improved gradually with the CK levels at 107 IU/L. If patients complain of muscular symptoms following oral ritodrine hydrochloride use, physicians should consider rhabdomyolysis.
Stage I ovarian cancer cases during early, mid and late pregnancy periods: Three case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Hasegawa Toru , Ishii Yoko , Yonezawa Rika , Yoneda Noriko , Shima Tomoko , Nakashima Akitoshi , Hidaka Takao , Saito Shigeru 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSince ovarian cancer during pregnancy is rare, the decisions regarding pregnancy discontinuation or fertility preservation are often difficult. We report three ovarian cancer cases detected at early, mid and late pregnancy periods in which both babies and mothers were saved. In particular, case 2 is the first reported instance of a sertoliform endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary during pregnancy. In addition, we review the clinical characteristics of previously reported patients with stage I ovarian cancer diagnosed during pregnancy.Even with stage Ia ovarian cancer, restaging laparotomy at cesarean section or post‐delivery may be important to determine the treatment plan because staging during pregnancy is rarely complete.
Endoscopic rectal ultrasound and elastosonography are useful in flow chart for the diagnosis of deep pelvic endometriosis with rectal involvement
Authors: Mezzi Gianni , Ferrari Stefano , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio , Di Puppo Francesca , Candiani Massimo , Testoni Pier Alberto 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAim:  Endometriosis is defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. The disease causes pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia and urinary symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and elastosonography for detecting rectosigmoid endometriosis and to compare the findings, in selected and symptomatic patients, with surgical specimens in order to select the best surgical strategy.Material & Methods:  Sixty‐three consecutive patients (mean age 34.2; range 25–50 years) with diagnosis of endometriosis were referred for rectal endosonography to evaluate the rectal involvement. Patients complained of abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, constipation and dysmenorrhea. Sub‐stenosis of the rectosigmoid lumen was found endoscopically in one patient (1.5%), bulging in 21 (33.3%), mucosal hyperemia or edema in one (1.5%), and no lesions in 39 patients (61.9%); no abdominal masses or obstruction were reported. Each woman completed a self‐administered 100‐point questionnaire to evaluate endometriosis‐related pain (intensity of symptoms: 0 = absent, 100 = unbearable). After clinical imaging evaluation, 10 symptomatic patients (mean age 32.2; range 26–45 years) were evaluated for surgery.Results:  EUS detected endometriotic lesions in all patients as a hypoechoic mass, poorly vascularized with irregular, undefined margins. In cases where the rectosigmoid wall was involved, there was invasion of the fourth layer. All patients who were operated had histologic findings of endometriotic lesions involving the rectal wall, as indicated by EUS.Conclusion:  EUS and elastosonography offers a non‐invasive and sensitive technique to better define the endometriotic infiltration in the rectosigmoid wall.
Changes of dorsalis pedis artery flow pattern after caudal block in children: observational study using a duplex sonography
Authors: Hong Jeong‐Yeon , Ahn Seohui , Kil Hae K. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryObjective:  To evaluate the changes of the flow velocity, the volume flow, and the diameter of dorsalis pedis artery using a duplex ultrasonography after caudal block with sevoflurane anesthesia in children.Aim:  To know the acute change in peripheral arterial flow patterns of sympathetically blocked lower limbs in anesthetized children.Background:  Caudal analgesia in combination with general anesthesia may affect the circulatory hemodynamics due to sympatholytic vasodilating effects.Methods:  After approval by the Ethics Committee, we evaluated the changes of peripheral hemodynamics using a duplex ultrasonography before and after a caudal block in sevoflurane‐anesthetized children.Results:  A caudal block using 0.15% ropivacaine 1.5 ml·kg−1 significantly altered the arterial flow patterns; increased peak velocity (24%) and volume flow (76%), and the diameter of the dorsalis pedis artery (20%) in children. However, blood pressures and heart rates were not affected significantly by caudal block.Conclusions:  Duplex sonographic measurements indicate that a caudal block changes the flow patterns of the dorsalis pedis artery significantly in the anesthetized children.
Segmental distribution of high‐volume caudal anesthesia in neonates, infants, and toddlers as assessed by ultrasonography
Authors: Lundblad Märit , Lönnqvist Per‐Arne , Eksborg Staffan , Marhofer Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this prospective, age‐stratified, observational study was to determine the cranial extent of spread of a large volume (1.5 ml·kg−1, ropivacaine 0.2%), single‐shot caudal epidural injection using real‐time ultrasonography.Methods:  Fifty ASA I‐III children were included in the study, stratified in three age groups; neonates, infants (1–12 months), and toddlers (1–4 years). The caudal blocks were performed during ultrasonographic observation of the spread of local anesthetic (LA) in the epidural space.Results:  A significant inverse relationship was found between age, weight, and height, and the maximal cranial level reached by 1.5 ml·kg−1 of LA. In neonates, 93% of the blocks reached a cranial level of ≥Th12 vs 73% and 25% in infants and toddlers, respectively. Based on our data, a predictive equation of segmental spread was generated: Dose (ml/spinal segment) = 0.1539·(BW in kg)–0.0937.Conclusions:  This study found an inverse relationship between age, weight, and height and the number of segments covered by a caudal injection of 1.5 ml·kg−1 of ropivacaine 0.2% in children 0–4 years of age. However, the cranial spread of local anesthetics within the spinal canal as assessed by immediate ultrasound visualization was found to be in poor agreement with previously published predictive equations that are based on actual cutaneous dermatomal testing.
A comparative ontogenetic study of the tetraodontiform caudal complex
Authors: Konstantinidis Peter , Johnson G. David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractKonstantinidis P. and Johnson, G. D. 2012. A comparative ontogenetic study of the tetraodontiform caudal complex. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 98–114.Interpretation of the caudal complex of adult Tetraodontiformes has proven problematic because of the consolidation of the component elements. Here, we show that an ontogenetic approach offers considerable elucidation of the homology of the caudal complex, resulting in a new understanding of the grundplan of these fishes. The reductions of structures of the caudal complex are interpreted in a phylogenetic context. The caudal skeleton of larval triacanthodids resembles that of many adult percomorphs; however, during subsequent development epural 3 disappears, while epural 2 is reduced so that it can hardly be distinguished from the uroneural remnants. Juvenile triacanthids have an epural 2 that is lost in ontogeny, and the cartilaginous parhypural becomes integrated into the large hypural plate. In ostraciids and diodontids, the parhypural is absent throughout development. The hypural plates of adult balistids, monacanthids and tetraodontids have a conspicuous diastema between the dorsal and ventral portions. However, in early stages of the former two, the dorsal and ventral portions are continuous in cartilage proximally and remain fused in the adults. In tetraodontids, the two hypurals are separate from their initial appearance in cartilage and never fuse, raising the question of homology of the individual hypurals among the different families.
Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry
Authors: Chein Jason , Albert Dustin , O’Brien Lia , Uckert Kaitlyn , Steinberg Laurence 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe presence of peers increases risk taking among adolescents but not adults. We posited that the presence of peers may promote adolescent risk taking by sensitizing brain regions associated with the anticipation of potential rewards. Using fMRI, we measured brain activity in adolescents, young adults, and adults as they made decisions in a simulated driving task. Participants completed one task block while alone, and one block while their performance was observed by peers in an adjacent room. During peer observation blocks, adolescents selectively demonstrated greater activation in reward‐related brain regions, including the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, and activity in these regions predicted subsequent risk taking. Brain areas associated with cognitive control were less strongly recruited by adolescents than adults, but activity in the cognitive control system did not vary with social context. Results suggest that the presence of peers increases adolescent risk taking by heightening sensitivity to the potential reward value of risky decisions.
The Status of our Ordinary Three Dimensions in a Quantum Universe1
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere are now several, realist versions of quantum mechanics on offer. On their most straightforward, ontological interpretation, these theories require the existence of an object, the wavefunction, which inhabits an extremely high‐dimensional space known as configuration space. This raises the question of how the ordinary three‐dimensional space of our acquaintance fits into the ontology of quantum mechanics. Recently, two strategies to address this question have emerged. First, Tim Maudlin, Valia Allori, and her collaborators argue that what I have just called the ‘most straightforward’ interpretation of quantum mechanics is not the correct one. Rather, the correct interpretation of realist quantum mechanics has it describing the world as containing objects that inhabit the ordinary three‐dimensional space of our manifest image. By contrast, David Albert and Barry Loewer maintain the straightforward, wavefunction ontology of quantum mechanics, but attempt to show how ordinary, three‐dimensional space may in a sense be contained within the high‐dimensional configuration space the wavefunction inhabits. This paper critically examines these attempts to locate the ordinary, three‐dimensional space of our manifest image “within” the ontology of quantum mechanics. I argue that we can recover most of our manifest image, even if we cannot recover our familiar three‐dimensional space.
Realism and the Common Security and Defence Policy
Authors: RYNNING STEN 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe European Union has ventured into the business of power politics with its common security and defence policy (CSDP). Realism can explain both why the EU is being pulled into this business and why it is failing to be powerful. Although realism has much to offer, it is not the dominant approach to the study of the EU and its foreign affairs because the EU is commonly perceived as capable of transcending power politics as we used to know it. The first purpose of this article is therefore to question the stereotyping of realism as a framework that only applies to great power confrontations. The second is to introduce the complexity of realist thought because realism is a house divided. The analysis first examines structural realism, then the classical realist tradition. The third and final purpose of the article is to evaluate the contributions these approaches can make to the study of the CSDP. The most powerful realist interpretation of the CSDP is found to be the classical one, according to which the CSDP is partly a response to international power trends but notably also the institutionalization of the weakness of European nation‐states. The article defines this perspective in relation to contending realist and constructivist perspectives. It highlights classical realism as a dynamic framework of interpretation that does not provide an image of a CSDP end‐state, but rather a framework for understanding an evolving reality and for speaking truth to power.
Solidifying Constructivism: How Material and Ideational Factors Interact in European Defence
Authors: MEYER CHRISTOPH O. , STRICKMANN EVA 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConstructivist approaches have made a substantial contribution to our understanding of the European Union's security and defence policy, but their ability to explain and forecast change has suffered from neglecting the link between material structures and ideas. This article attempts to ‘solidify’ constructivism by drawing on realist thought to elaborate a theoretical argument about how material and ideational factors are interrelated and offers four propositions about how changes in material conditions affect the ideational dimension of defence co‐operation.
Parasitological efficacy of antimalarials in the treatment and prevention of falciparum malaria in pregnancy 1998 to 2009: a systematic review
Authors: McGready R , White NJ , Nosten F 
Published: December 2010

Please cite this paper as: McGready R, White N, Nosten F. Parasitological efficacy of antimalarials in the treatment and prevention of falciparum malaria in pregnancy 1998 to 2009: a systematic review. BJOG 2011;118:123–135.Background  Pregnant women are at increased risk from malaria. Resistance to all classes of antimalarials has affected the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy.Objectives  To review the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarials used for treatment and intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in pregnancy.Search strategy  We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library between January 1998 and December 2009 for publications using the medical subject headings: efficacy, antimalarials, malaria, pregnancy, pharmacokinetics, treatment, IPT and placenta positive. In May 2010 we searched the register of clinical trials (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) and of WHO (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/) using ‘malaria’, and ‘pregnancy’ and ‘treatment’.Selection criteria  We identified 233 abstracts, reviewed 83 full text articles and included 60 studies.Data collection and analysis  Two authors entered extracted data to an excel spreadsheet.Main results  Parasitological failure rates, placenta positivity rates (assessed by microscopy) or both were reported in 44% (21/48), 46% (22/48) and 10% (5/48) of articles, respectively. Most pharmacokinetic studies (9/12) suggested dose optimisation. In 23 treatment studies 17 different antimalarial drugs were delivered in 53 study arms; 43.4% (23/53) reported a failure rate of < 5%; 83.3% of sulphadoxine‐pyrimethamine (SP) arms and 9% of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) arms had failure rates ≥ 10%. Placenta‐positive rates (mostly reported in the context of IPT in pregnancy) were > 10% in 68% (23/34) of SP trial arms and > 15% in all seven chloroquine arms. The ACT provided lower parasitological failure and gametocyte carriage rates.Author’s conclusions  Drugs used in pregnancy should aim for 95% efficacy but many currently deployed regimens are associated with much lower cure rates.
Monitoring of Tumor Growth and Post‐Irradiation Recurrence in a Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Mouse Model
Authors: Caretti Viola , Zondervan Ilse , Meijer Dimphna H. , Idema Sander , Vos Wim , Hamans Bob , Bugiani Marianna , Hulleman Esther , Wesseling Pieter , Vandertop W. Peter , Noske David P. , Kaspers Gertjan , Molthoff Carla F.M. , Wurdinger Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDiffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal malignancy because of its diffuse infiltrative growth pattern. Translational research suffers from the lack of a representative DIPG animal model. Hence, human E98 glioma cells were stereotactically injected into the pons of nude mice. The E98 DIPG tumors presented a strikingly similar histhopathology to autopsy material of a DIPG patient, including diffuse and perivascular growth, brainstem‐ and supratentorial invasiveness and leptomeningeal growth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was effectively employed to image the E98 DIPG tumor. [18F] 3′‐deoxy‐3′‐[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was applied to assess the subcutaneous (s.c.) E98 tumor proliferation status but no orthotopic DIPG activity could be visualized. Next, E98 cells were cultured in vitro and engineered to express firefly luciferase and mCherry (E98‐Fluc‐mCherry). These cultured E98‐Fluc‐mCherry cells developed focal pontine glioma when injected into the pons directly. However, the diffuse E98 DIPG infiltrative phenotype was restored when cells were injected into the pons immediately after an intermediate s.c. passage. The diffuse E98‐Fluc‐mCherry model was subsequently used to test escalating doses of irradiation, applying the bioluminescent Fluc signal to monitor tumor recurrence over time. Altogether, we here describe an accurate DIPG mouse model that can be of clinical relevance for testing experimental therapeutics in vivo.