bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TS03 *THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PROPHYLACTIC VENA CAVA FILTERS AFTER MAJOR TRAUMA
Authors: Batty L. M. , Dowrick A. S. , Bailey M. , Lyon S. M. , Liew S. M. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:   Despite increasing use of vena cava filters (VCFs) for pulmonary embolism (PE) prophylaxis after trauma, there is continued debate regarding their safety and efficacy.Methods:   Prospectively collected data from The Alfred Hospital's trauma registry were used to identify all major trauma patients admitted between 1/7/2001 and 1/7/2008. These data were matched to data from the Department of Radiology's VCF Database.Results:   6,344 major trauma patients were treated during this period with 73.2% male, mean age of 44.2 ± 21.0 SD, 90.2% with a blunt mechanism of injury and mean ISS of 24.3 ± 12.0 SD. Of these patients, 511 (8.1%) received prophylactic VCFs (inserted in absence of PE) at the discretion of the treating clinician. There were 45 PE (0.71%), 2 of which were fatal. Three variables were independently associated with the occurrence of PE in a multivariate logistic regression model: presence of prophylactic VCF (OR 0.28; 95%CI 0.09–0.89); number of injuries to the AIS body region lower limb (OR 1.31; 95%CI 1.17–1.47) and central venous catheterization (OR 1.87; 95%CI 1.88–6.17). Data were available on the VCF database for 429 of the 511 patients with VCFs (84.0%). The mean time to prophylactic VCF insertion was 3.6 ± 0.2 SEM days after admission. The VCF major complication rate was 2.6% (n = 11), including 4 non‐fatal PE. The technical success rate for retrieval was 92.4% (279 retrievals from 302 attempts) and the overall retrieval rate was 65.0% (279 retrievals from 429 placements).Conclusion:   Prophylactic VCFs are associated with a reduced rate of PE when used in selected major trauma patients. In addition, prophylactic VCFs have a low major complication rate and high rate of technical success for retrieval.
TS08 *SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE PROGNOSTIC CRITERIA DAMAGE CONTROL PROCEDURES
Authors: Collete silva F. S. , Bardella R. , Garcia D. , Poggetti R. S. , Birolini D. , Rasslan S. 
Published: April 2009

To identify patients in whom damage control surgical procedures alone were not sufficient to achieve acceptable mortality rates.Methods:   Hospital charts of trauma patients from October, 2004 to March, 2007, analyzed by: trauma severity indices, hemoglobin level, pH, PaO2, and bicarbonate level. Kruskal Wallis test and multiple comparison tests based on Z value (p ≤ 0.05).Results:   37 patients were study. Mean age 34.7 ± 16.3 years (89% male). Blunt trauma was the most frequent (84%). They were divided into three groups according with death: Group I: mortality <24 h (n = 17), Group II: mortality >24 h (n = 5), and Group III: survivors (n = 15).Prognostic variable by groupRTS I: 4.22 ± 2.39, II 5.22 ± 2.46; III: 7.17 ± 0.85 p = 0.0005. ____ISS I: 35.71 ± 11.05; II: 25.80 ± 11.08; III: 24.87 ± 10.55 p = 0.0268. ____TRISS I: 46.98 ± 35.40 II: 71.20 ± 35.54; III: 90.05 ± 20.56 p = 0.0004____GCS: I: 6.71 ± 4.37; II: 7.60 ± 6.31; III: 12.73 ± 2.81; p = 0.0017____Hemoglobin I 7.44 ± 3.80; II: 9.25 ± 3.54; III: 9.02 ± 3.36 p = 0.7555____pH: I: 6.96 ± 0.09; II: 7.10 ± 0.10; III: 7.15 ± 0.14 p = 0.0425____PaO2: I: 159.33 ± 58.35; II: 140.75 ± 82.40; III: 244.39 ± 92.39 p = 0.0231____Bicarbonate: I: 9.55 ± 0.98; II: 16.70 ± 2.28; III: 15.70 ± 4.32 p = 0.0045Patients who died <24 h presented higher injury severity scores RTS, ISS, TRISS, Glasgow Coma Scale, and more severe metabolic disturbances than survivors. Among patients who survived at least 24 h, control of bleeding and of metabolic disturbances was effective in 95% of cases (only one death due to hemorrhage).Conclusion:   severity indices and metabolic changes seem to correlate with the outcome of severe trauma patients subjected to surgical damage control procedures.
TS09 TOWARDS A TRAUMA‐LESS TIMOR‐LESTE: AN EXPLORATION OF HOSPITAL‐BASED TRAUMA CARE IN TIMOR‐LESTE USING THE ‘WHO‐IATSC’ ESSENTIAL TRAUMA CARE GUIDELINES
Authors: Sullivan K. H. , Gillies R. , Zwi A. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:   To describe current management of hospital‐based trauma care in Timor‐Leste from both a national and clinical perspective and evaluate the use of the WHO Essential Trauma Care Guidelines (EsTCG).Methodology:   Nationwide mixed‐methods study consisting of 3 stages. Stage 1 consisted of 5 in‐depth interviews with Ministry of Health officials. Stage 2 involved quantitative audits of all 6 hospital facilities in Timor‐Leste, supplemented by 25 semi‐structured interviews with administrative and clinical staff involved in trauma care. During Stage 3, results from Stage 2 were presented to participants and findings discussed. Likert scale evaluation of the process was then completed by stage 2 participants to ascertain the value of the EsTCG in Timor‐Leste.Results:   Interviews revealed that while some elements of a trauma systems approach were present, there was no national coordination. At the hospital level, limited human resources and lack of organized approaches to trauma care severely impacted upon injury management. The audit suggested that while necessary equipment was often present, commonly it was not in working order, and specific weaknesses in capabilities for rehabilitation and blood transfusion were also noted. Participants generally felt that the EsTCG were effective in identifying these deficiencies and possible solutions.Conclusion:   The EsTCG were useful in identifying national and clinical weaknesses in trauma care and may provide a framework for trauma system development in the future. However, the local context must be considered before applying recommendations in standard guidelines such as the EsTCG to ensure a “one size fits all” approach does not ensue.
WS01 THE SWIM (SURGEONS AND WOMEN'S INITIATIVE TO MENTOR) PROGRAM
Authors: Nichevich A. , Ellis C. , Saunders C. M. 
Published: April 2009

Background:   There is a notable disparity between female representation in undergraduate medical courses and surgical faculty. The authors investigated the factors that influence female surgeons’ career choices and decisions to pursue academia. Role models and mentors strongly influenced respondent's surgical career choices and progression. Under‐exposure to same‐sex role models and a lack of available mentors in academic surgery were identified as barriers to pursuing academic careers (1).Aim:   To pilot SWIM as a formal, surgical mentorship program targeting young female surgical trainees in Western Australia from March through November, 2009, with a view to long‐term continuation.Objectives:   The goals of SWIM are to establish a professional network of female surgeons in WA; mentor and guide female surgical trainees; raise the profile of women in academic surgery; encourage female surgical trainees to participate in health and medical research; increase the number of female academic surgeons within the School of Surgery at the University of Western Australia.Methods:   Participants briefed and paired; regular, face‐to‐face meetings; relationship driven by the trainee; guest speaker evening; networking breakfast; e‐newsletter; annual research publication award.Expected Outcomes:   Participation will result in surgical trainees gaining support and career advice whilst building professional networks; mentors gaining personal satisfaction, identifying protégés for future collaboration and broadening their skill sets; the promotion of gender equity and diversity within the UWA School of Surgery.
Role of GABAAreceptors in the physiology and pharmacology of sleep
Authors: Winsky‐Sommerer Raphaëlle 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMost sedative‐hypnotics used in insomnia treatment target the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Areceptors. A vast repertoire of GABAAreceptor subtypes has been identified and displays specific electrophysiological and functional properties. GABAA‐mediated inhibition traditionally refers to ‘phasic’ inhibition, arising from synaptic GABAAreceptors which transiently inhibit neurons. However, there is growing evidence that peri‐ or extra‐synaptic GABAAreceptors are continuously activated by low GABA concentrations and mediate a ‘tonic’ conductance. This slower type of signaling appears to play a key role in controlling cell excitability. This review aims at summarizing recent knowledge on GABA transmission, including the emergence of tonic conductance, and highlighting the importance of GABAAreceptor heterogeneity. The mechanism of action of sedative‐hypnotic drugs and their effects on sleep and the electroencephalogram will be reported. Furthermore, studies using genetically engineered mice will be emphasized, providing insights into the role of GABAAreceptors in mechanisms underlying physiological and pharmacological sleep. Finally, we will address the potential of GABAAreceptor pharmacology for the treatment of insomnia.
Evaluating scaling models in biology using hierarchical Bayesian approaches
Authors: Price Charles A. , Ogle Kiona , White Ethan P. , Weitz Joshua S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTheoretical models for allometric relationships between organismal form and function are typically tested by comparing a single predicted relationship with empirical data. Several prominent models, however, predict more than one allometric relationship, and comparisons among alternative models have not taken this into account. Here we evaluate several different scaling models of plant morphology within a hierarchical Bayesian framework that simultaneously fits multiple scaling relationships to three large allometric datasets. The scaling models include: inflexible universal models derived from biophysical assumptions (e.g. elastic similarity or fractal networks), a flexible variation of a fractal network model, and a highly flexible model constrained only by basic algebraic relationships. We demonstrate that variation in intraspecific allometric scaling exponents is inconsistent with the universal models, and that more flexible approaches that allow for biological variability at the species level outperform universal models, even when accounting for relative increases in model complexity.
Influence of plant silicon and sugarcane cultivar on mandibular wear in the stalk borer Eldana saccharina
Authors: Kvedaras Olivia L. , Byrne Marcus J. , Coombes Neil E. , Keeping Malcolm G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract1 Silicon can increase the resistance of plants to attack by herbivorous insects. The present study aimed to determine the effect of silicon and cultivar on mandibular wear in larvae of the sugarcane stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).2 Four sugarcane cultivars, resistant (N21, N33) and susceptible (N11, N26) to E. saccharina were grown in a pot trial in silicon deficient river sand, with (Si+) and without (Si−) calcium silicate. Individual third‐instar larvae were confined on the sugarcane stalk at three known feeding sites (leaf bud, root band and internode) and left to feed for 21 days.3 Eldana saccharina larval heads were mounted on stubs, with the mandibles oriented horizontally and photographed under a scanning electron microscope. Mandibular wear was measured from the digital images using a quantitative method.4 Although there was a trend for increased wear in larvae that developed on Si+ cane, no significant effect of silicon, cultivar or site on mandibular wear of E. saccharina was shown.5 This is the first study to accurately and quantitatively measure the mandibular wear of an insect fed on Si+ plants.
Distribution of the first metastatic lymph node in colon cancer and its clinical significance
Authors: Tan K. Y. , Kawamura Y. J. , Mizokami K. , Sasaki J. , Tsujinaka S. , Maeda T. , Nobuki M. , Konishi F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIntroduction  The pattern of distribution of lymph node metastasis in resected specimens of colon cancer has been rarely reported in the English literature. The aim of this study was to determine the location of the first metastatic lymph node, giving insight into the drainage pattern of colon cancer lymphatics.Method  All lymph nodes in the mesentery of the resected specimen were carefully harvested and their precise locations documented. Patients with a single metastatic node in the resected specimen were included in the study.Results  Ninety‐three patients with only one metastatic lymph node found on histology were studied. The mean number of lymph nodes per specimen was 22.3 (range: 8–72). The patients’ first metastatic node was not directly below the tumour in 48% of cases. The first metastatic node was found in the region either along the feeding vessels (skipping the pericolic nodes) or in the pericolic area outside 5 cm on either side of the tumour edge in 18% of cases. No factors were found to be predictive for lymph node metastasis occurring elsewhere other than in the pericolic region just below the tumour.Conclusion  Although there has been recent resurgence of interest in using sentinel node biopsy to limit surgical dissection to facilitate minimally access and natural orifice surgery, the present study is a warning that this may compromise oncological clearance. Radical surgery should remain standard practice for colorectal cancer.
Risk factors of rectal cancer local recurrence: population‐based survey and validation of the Swedish rectal cancer registry
Authors: Jörgren F. , Johansson R. , Damber L. , Lindmark G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  Despite advances in rectal cancer treatment, local recurrence (LR) remains a significant problem. To select high‐risk patients for different treatment options aimed at reducing LR, it is essential to identify LR risk factors.Method  Local recurrence and survival rates of 4153 patients registered 1995–1997 in the Swedish Rectal Cancer Registry were analysed. LR risk factors were analysed by multivariate methods. For LR patients the registry was validated and additional data retrieved.Results  The 5‐year overall and cancer‐specific survival rates were 45% and 62% respectively. LR was registered in 326 (8%) patients. After R0‐resections for tumours in TNM stages I–III, LR developed in 10% of tumours at 0–5 cm, 8% at 6–10 cm and 6% at 11–15 cm above the anal verge. Preoperative radiotherapy (RT) reduced the LR rate irrespective of height [0–5 cm: OR 0.50 (0.30–0.83), 6–10 cm: OR 0.42 (0.25–0.71), and 11–15 cm: OR 0.29 (0.13–0.64)]. Patients without preoperative RT had significantly higher LR risk after rectal perforation [OR 2.50 (1.48–4.24)], and almost significantly decreased LR risk when rectal washout was performed [OR 0.65 (0.43–1.00)]. Preoperative RT prolonged time to LR but did not significantly influence the survival among LR patients. LR was an isolated tumour manifestation in 103 (39%) patients with validated LR.Conclusion  Preoperative RT should be considered for rectal cancer also in the upper third of the rectum. Intraoperative perforation should be avoided, and rectal washout is indicated as valuable. Follow‐up for the detection of isolated LR is important. Extended follow up should be considered for patients treated with RT.
Chronic disease trends due to excess body weight in Australia
Authors: Atlantis E. , Lange K. , Wittert G. A. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryTrends in chronic diseases provide insights into strategies required to improve population health. The authors determined prevalence and multiple‐adjusted population attributable risk (PAR) estimates of chronic diseases because of lifestyle factors among Australian adults between 1989–90 and 2004–5, accounting for demographic factors. Between 1989–90 and 2004–5, prevalence increased for diabetes (3.8–6.0%, P < 0.001) and high cholesterol (11.3–13.9%, P < 0.001), but decreased for high blood pressure (21.4–20.4%, P = 0.003) and cardiovascular disease (CVD, 6.2–5.4%, P < 0.001). Prevalence increased for body mass index (BMI) 25–29.9 (30.3–34.9%, P < 0.001), BMI 30–34.9 (7.4–13.5%, P < 0.001) and BMI 35+ (2.1–5.4%, P < 0.001), but decreased for metabolic equivalent‐hours per week (MET‐hr/week) 0 (36.8–33.1%, P < 0.001) and current smokers (27.6–24.4%, P < 0.001). Diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure burden increased mostly for 60+ years, lowest income quintiles and high BMI (30–34.9 and 35+). Diabetes and CVD burden increased mostly for MET‐hr/week 0. Many chronic disease cases would have been theoretically prevented if adults had no prior exposure to BMI 25–29.9 (PAR 9–17%), BMI 30+ (PAR 1–14%) and MET‐hr/week 0 (PAR 6–14%). Reducing exposure to lifestyle hazards across the lifespan is required for reversing the rising burden of chronic diseases. Decreases in CVD and high blood pressure prevalence were likely due to targeted improvements in health care, indicating that more can and should be done.
REFRAINING AND THE EXTERNAL
Authors: Johns Brandon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt is usually taken for granted that the necessary and sufficient conditions for refraining are with respect to mental or behavioral states of agents. Let us call such accounts internalist conceptions of refraining. In this paper, I argue that internalist conditions are insufficient for refraining; and so internalist conceptions of refraining are inadequate. I conclude that a proper account of refraining must contain an externalist condition – i.e., a condition that makes reference to an agent's environment.
THE NATURE OF HOPE
Authors: Meirav Ariel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBoth traditional accounts of hope and some of their recent critics analyze hope exclusively in terms of attitudes that a hoper bears towards a hoped‐for prospect, such as desire and probability assignment. I argue that all of these accounts misidentify cases of despair as cases of hope, and so misconstrue the nature of hope. I show that a more satisfactory view is arrived at by noticing that in addition to the aforementioned attitudes, hope involves a characteristic attitude towards an external factor, on whose operation the hoper takes the prospect's realization to depend causally.
A Generalisation of the Mean‐Variance Analysis
Authors: Zakamouline Valeri , Koekebakker Steen 
Published: April 2009

Abstract In this paper we consider a decision maker whose utility function has a kink at the reference point with different functions below and above this reference point. We also suppose that the decision maker generally distorts the objective probabilities. First we show that the expected utility function of this decision maker can be approximated by a function of mean and partial moments of distribution. This ‘mean‐partial moments’ utility generalises not only mean‐variance utility of Tobin and Markowitz, but also mean‐semivariance utility of Markowitz. Then, in the spirit of Arrow and Pratt, we derive an expression for a risk premium when risk is small. Our analysis shows that a decision maker in this framework exhibits three types of aversions: aversion to loss, aversion to uncertainty in gains, and aversion to uncertainty in losses. Finally we present a solution to the optimal capital allocation problem and derive an expression for a portfolio performance measure which generalises the Sharpe and Sortino ratios. We demonstrate that in this framework the decision maker's skewness preferences have first‐order impact on risk measurement even when the risk is small.
Does It Pay to Have the Euro? Italy's Troubled Politics and Financial Markets under the Lira and the Euro*
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel , Stracca Livio 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere is a broad consensus that the quality of the political system and its institutions are fundamental for a country's prosperity. This paper focuses on Italy's troubled politics over the past 35 years and asks whether the adoption of the euro in 1999 has helped insulate Italy's financial markets from the adverse consequences of its traditionally unstable political system. We find that important political events have exerted a statistically and economically significant effect on Italy's financial markets throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The introduction of the euro appears to have indeed played a major role in insulating financial markets from such adverse shocks. The findings of the paper therefore suggest another important economic dimension and channel through which Italy may have been affected by EMU. Our analysis could also be potentially interesting for other countries with weak institutions considering adopting a currency based on stronger institutions.
The extent of marketability and consumer preferences for traditional leafy vegetables – a case study at selected markets in Ghana
Authors: Quaye Wilhemina , Gyasi Osman , Larweh Patience , Johnson Paa‐Nii T. , Obeng‐Aseidu Patrick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper reports on a survey conducted at two major marketing centres in Ghana; Tamale in the dry savannah zone and Kumasi in the forest zone. One hundred traders were interviewed using a semi‐structured questionnaire and focus groups discussions held on traders’ perceptions and consumer preferences, relative importance and indigenous nutritional knowledge of traditional leafy vegetables (TLVs). The survey established that, with the exception of Xanthosoma mafafa (cocoyam leaves), inter‐market distribution of TLVs is limited because of their perishable nature, narrow utilization base and lack of storage techniques. Socio‐culturally related factors limiting the distribution of TLVs include regional diversity and ethnic differences in the dietary patterns of the Ghanaian populace, inadequate knowledge about the methods of preparations as well as nutritional and medicinal values of TLVs. The most preferred TLVs as reflected in the consumers’ buying behaviour and traders’ perceptions are Xanthosoma mafafa (cocoyam leaves), Corchorus spp.(Ayoyo), Amaranthus spp (Alefu) and Hibicus sabdariffa (Bra). The order of preference in the forest zone is Xanthosoma mafafa (cocoyam leaves) > Corchorus spp.(Ayoyo) > Amaranthus spp (Alefu) > Hibicus sabdariffa (Bra), while the reverse order pertains in the savannah zone.
Which little piggy goes to market? Characteristics of US farmers' market shoppers
Authors: Zepeda Lydia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe growth in farmers' markets in the US has raised questions about whether they are a niche market or appeal to a broader population. Using a simple, random sample of US food shoppers, this study uses a test of means to examine whether there are differences in characteristics between those who shop at farmers' markets and those who do not. A key finding was that there was no significant difference in the level of food expenditures between shoppers and non‐shoppers. In addition, a probit model was used to examine the marginal effects of attitudinal, behavioural and demographic variables on the probability of shopping at a farmers' market. The probability was significantly increased by the following: enjoyment and frequency of cooking, being female and the presence of another adult in the household. Income did not significantly influence the probability of shopping at a farmers' market. However, the probability of shopping at a farmers' market was significantly reduced if respondents perceived that cost was the most important characteristic of food. These characteristics imply limited appeal of farmers' markets currently to convenience‐oriented, single‐person, and single‐parent households.