bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding of pharmacy-related terms among three ethnic groups in New Zealand
Authors: Norris Pauline , Simpson Tamika , Bird Kiri , Kirifi Jack 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate understanding of nine pharmacy-related terms among members of three ethnic groups in New Zealand (Pakeha, Maori and Tokelauan).MethodIn total, 244 people (approximately 80 from each ethnic group) were included. Potential participants were approached in the street, or at venues where the target ethnic groups were likely to be found. All respondents had visited a pharmacy for one or more prescriptions in the past 12 months. Demographic details were collected. The pharmacy-related terms included in the study and their definitions were obtained from a similar study in the US. Respondents were asked to define the terms in their own words. Responses were recorded on paper by the interviewers and coded as a group by the research team.SettingThe study was carried out in Wellington, New Zealand, by researchers from the three ethnic groups.Key findingsThere was a low overall level of understanding, and this varied significantly by ethnicity, gender, age and level of education. Only 37.1 per cent of answers were correct. The average number of correct answers (out of nine) was 5.30 for Pakeha, 3.06 for Maori, and 1.69 for Tokelauans. Overall, 23.2 per cent of words were defined incorrectly.ConclusionPharmacists and other health professionals cannot assume knowledge of medicine-related terms by consumers. Even when consumers themselves believe that they understand a term their understanding of it may differ from that of health professionals.
The role of community pharmacists and medicines counter assistants in health promotion: reflections from a folic acid campaign
Authors: ANDERSON CLAIRE , RAJYAGURU RASHMI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Context
In the UK in 1996, the National Pharmaceutical Association collaborated with the Health Education Authority to pilot a resource pack that would enable community pharmacists and their medicines counter assistants to contribute to the promotion of the use of folic acid in planned pregnancy.

Objective
To determine the views of pharmacists and medicines counter assistants about the use of the resource pack.

Method
Depth interviews were carried out to elicit views, underlying feelings, experiences and attitudes towards staging and managing the project. The data were analysed using the constant comparison as outlined in grounded theory. Themes were identified and quotes from interviewees used to illustrate the themes.

Setting
14 pharmacists and 14 medicines counter assistants in a West London health authority.

Key findings
Most pharmacists and medicines counter assistants reported feeling more comfortable when advising regular customers rather than unknown customers. Leaflets, posters and displays were thought to be better ways to target passing trade. The majority of the minority ethnic pharmacists and medicines counter assistants considered that they had an important role in communicating information about folic acid to customers from minority ethnic groups, provided they both spoke the same language.

Conclusions
Most pharmacists will only raise sensitive issues, such as the importance of taking folic acid to prevent neural tube defects, with customers with whom they already have a relationship. Stimulating inquiries from passing trade by targeting with leaflets, displays and other health education resources offers an additional benefit. Pharmacies are an important setting for disseminating health messages to people from minority ethnic groups in their own languages.
The use of serial point-prevalence studies to investigate hospital anti-infective prescribing
Authors: Dean Bryony , Lawson Wendy , Jacklin Ann , Rogers Tom , Azadian Berge , Holmes Alison 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To develop and test an efficient, reproducible method for the surveillance of hospital anti-infective use; to use this method to investigate patterns of anti-infective prescribing.

Method
A series of three standardised point-prevalence studies were carried out in which pharmacists recorded details of all inpatients prescribed systemic anti-infectives. Time taken to collect, enter and analyse these data was documented. Parameters examined included: percentage of patients prescribed anti-infectives, percentage of anti-infectives that were for “reserved” use, percentage of these with appropriate approval, percentage of anti-infectives administered intravenously, duration of therapy, and combinations of anti-infectives used.

Setting
All hospital inpatients in a large National Health Service (NHS) Trust comprising four sites.

Key findings
For each study, an estimated 35 additional hours of pharmacists' time was required for data collection, cleaning and analysis, and 15 hours for data entry. The method developed was easily reproducible and results from the three studies were very similar. Overall, 33 per cent of 2,656 inpatients were prescribed at least one anti-infective (mean 1.7 per patient); 48 per cent of anti-infectives were given intravenously (IV), of which 34 per cent could have been given orally. Of the anti-infectives used, 21 per cent were for “reserved” use. Of these, 65 per cent were used for an approved indication, and 11 per cent were not. The remaining 24 per cent had no indication documented in the medical notes.

Conclusion
This is a practical method for studying hospital anti-infective use in the absence of computerised prescribing. The database produced provides a wealth of information and various targets for intervention have been identified; these can now be evaluated against the baseline data collected. The methods developed could be used in other hospitals to provide benchmarking data.
An assessment of the level of moral development of American and Canadian pharmacy students
Authors: Latif David A 
Published: February 2011

AbstractContextMoral reasoning assessment is an assessment of conceptual adequacy of moral thinking. It attempts to tap the basic conceptual frameworks that individuals use to analyse social-moral problems and to judge the proper course of action. It is a significant construct because of its pragmatic and positive relationship to clinical performance in health professionals. Thus, pharmacy students at higher levels of moral reasoning can be expected to perform at higher levels on clinical performance measurements.ObjectiveTo examine the moral reasoning of pharmacy students at schools of pharmacy in the United States and Canada.MethodRest's Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used as a surrogate measure of pharmacy students' moral reasoning and was completed by all first-year pharmacy students at one school of pharmacy in the US and one in Canada.ResultsThe results indicated that significant differences existed between the Canadian and American pharmacy students. The Canadian students scored significantly higher than their American counterparts. The mean moral reasoning score of both classes was lower than previous empirical research results from other first-year health professional students. The results are discussed along with potential educational interventions and suggestions for selecting pharmacy students to schools of pharmacy.ConclusionThis is the first study to have assessed moral reasoning in pharmacy students. The reasons for differences between US and Canadian students are unknown. The lower scores of pharmacy students compared with other student health professionals indicate that further research is needed.
Using discrete choice experiments to evaluate alternative electronic prescribing systems
Authors: Ubach Cristina , Bate Angela , Ryan Mandy , Porteous Terry , Bond Christine , Robertson Roma 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objective
To assess the relative importance to pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) of different characteristics of electronic prescribing systems.

Methods
A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was used to obtain preferences for the following attributes of an electronic prescribing scheme: “typical response time”, “frequency of slow responses”, “frequency of unscheduled downtime”, “length of unscheduled downtime”, “frequency of scheduled downtime”, and “frequency of lost/corrupted data”. Preferences of GPs and pharmacists were compared using the Likelihood ratio test and the Wald statistic. The rate at which respondents were willing to trade between attributes and benefit scores for different systems were estimated. Rationality of responses and theoretical validity of responses to the DCE were also assessed.

Subjects and setting
199 pharmacists and 197 GPs in Scotland.

Key findings
The usable response rate for the DCE was 42.4 per cent. Preferences of pharmacists and GPs were significantly different. Given the units of measurement, the most important attribute for pharmacists was “length of unscheduled downtime” whereas for GPs it was “typical response time”. Evidence was found of rationality of responses and theoretical validity.

Conclusions
All technical attributes of an electronic prescribing system assessed in this study were considered by the respondents to be important. Discrete choice experiments provide useful information on the relative importance and trade-offs between attributes as well as benefit scores for different systems. The preferences of pharmacists and GPs are significantly different. Future research should investigate the nature of the benefit function, the assumption of trading across attributes and the external validity of the technique.
USE OF THE VOLAR FIXED ANGLE PLATE FOR COMMINUTED DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES AND AUGMENTATION WITH A HYDROXYAPATITE BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTE
Authors: Goto Akira , Murase Tsuyoshi , Oka Kunihiro , Yoshikawa Hideki 
Published: February 2011

Treatment of distal radius fractures with a volar fixed angle plate achieves sufficient stabilisation and permits early physical exercise. However, secondary displacement after surgery sometimes occurs in elderly patients with a metaphyseal comminution and/or cases in which the subchondral support pegs were not placed immediately below the subchondral zone.We treated elderly patients suffering from distal radius fractures with metaphyseal comminution, using both volar fixed angle plate with or without augmentation with a hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute to investigate the benefit of augmentation for maintaining a fracture reduction. We evaluated the differences among radiographic parameters including palmar tilt, radial inclination, and ulnar variance on immediate postoperative and final follow-up radiographs to analyse the maintenance of the initial reduction.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of palmar tilt (P = 0.80) and radial inclination (P = 0.17); however, ulnar variance increased significantly in the group treated with a volar fixed angle plate without augmentation (P < 0.05).It might be useful to use a combination technique of a locking plate system and the hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute as augmentation to treat distal radius comminuted fractures in elderly patients.
RELIABILITY OF LICHTMAN'S CLASSIFICATION FOR KIENBÖCK'S DISEASE IN 99 SUBJECTS
Authors: Shin Masaki , Tatebe Masahiro , Hirata Hitoshi , Koh Shukuki , Shinohara Takaaki 
Published: February 2011

Purpose: The objective of this research was to investigate the reliability of Lichtman's classification for Kienböck's disease. Methods: Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were investigated by interpreting both anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of the wrist joint twice in 99 patients with Kienböck's disease using the modified Lichtman's classification system. Observers comprised three orthopaedic surgeons, and no information was exchanged between observers either before or during the study. Results: Intraobserver reliability was moderate (0.313–0.628), and interobserver reliability was fair (Siegel's kappa = 0.228). Conclusion: Low values were obtained regarding interobserver reliability for the modified Lichtman's classification of Kienböck's disease. This classification is thus inadequate for use in clinical settings. A new classification should be established.
Automatic tag recommendation algorithms for social recommender systems
Authors: Song Yang , Zhang Lu , Giles C. Lee 
Published: February 2011

The emergence of Web 2.0 and the consequent success of social network Web sites such as Del.icio.us and Flickr introduce us to a new concept called social bookmarking, or tagging. Tagging is the action of connecting a relevant user-defined keyword to a document, image, or video, which helps the user to better organize and share their collections of interesting stuff. With the rapid growth of Web 2.0, tagged data is becoming more and more abundant on the social network Web sites. An interesting problem is how to automate the process of making tag recommendations to users when a new resource becomes available.In this article, we address the issue of tag recommendation from a machine learning perspective. From our empirical observation of two large-scale datasets, we first argue that the user-centered approach for tag recommendation is not very effective in practice. Consequently, we propose two novel document-centered approaches that are capable of making effective and efficient tag recommendations in real scenarios. The first, graph-based, method represents the tagged data in two bipartite graphs, (document, tag) and (document, word), then finds document topics by leveraging graph partitioning algorithms. The second, prototype-based, method aims at finding the most representative documents within the data collections and advocates a sparse multiclass Gaussian process classifier for efficient document classification. For both methods, tags are ranked within each topic cluster/class by a novel ranking method. Recommendations are performed by first classifying a new document into one or more topic clusters/classes, and then selecting the most relevant tags from those clusters/classes as machine-recommended tags.Experiments on real-world data from Del.icio.us, CiteULike, and BibSonomy examine the quality of tag recommendation as well as the efficiency of our recommendation algorithms. The results suggest that our document-centered models can substantially improve the performance of tag recommendations when compared to the user-centered methods, as well as topic models LDA and SVM classifiers.
Estrogen-Related Receptor Gamma Promotes Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition and Suppresses Breast Tumor Growth
Authors: Tiraby Claire , Hazen Bethany C. , Gantner Marin L. , Kralli Anastasia 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERR), ERR alpha (ERRα) and ERR gamma (ERRγ), are orphan nuclear receptors implicated in breast cancer that function similarly in the regulation of oxidative metabolism genes. Paradoxically, in clinical studies, high levels of ERRα are associated with poor outcomes whereas high levels of ERRγ are associated with a favorable course. Recent studies suggest that ERRα may indeed promote breast tumor growth. The roles of ERRγ in breast cancer progression and how ERRα and ERRγ may differentially affect cancer growth are unclear. In mammary carcinoma cells that do not express endogenous ERRγ, we found that ectopic expression of ERRγ enhanced oxidative metabolism in vitro and inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. In contrast, ectopic expression of the ERRα coactivator PGC-1α enhanced oxidative metabolism but did not affect tumor growth. Notably, ERRγ activated expression of a genetic program characteristic of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). This program was apparent by changes in cellular morphology, upregulation of epithelial cell markers, downregulation of mesenchymal markers, and decreased cellular invasiveness. We determined that this program was also associated with upregulation of E-cadherin, which is activated directly by ERRγ. In contrast, PGC-1α activated only a subset of genes characteristic of the MET program and, unlike ERRγ, did not upregulate E-cadherin. In conclusion, these results show that ERRγ induces E-cadherin, promotes MET, and suppresses breast cancer growth. Our findings suggest that ERRγ agonists may have applications in the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2518–28. ©2011 AACR.
The Biphasic Role of NF-κB in Progression and Chemoresistance of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Yang Gong , Xiao Xue , Rosen Daniel G. , Cheng Xi , Wu Xiaohua , Chang Bin , Liu Guangzhi , Xue Fengxia , Mercado-Uribe Imelda , Chiao Paul , Du Xiang , Liu Jinsong 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Purpose: NF-κB is a transcription factor known to promote tumorigenesis. However, NF-κB is also known to be proapoptotic and may potentially function as a tumor suppressor, although such a functional role has not been extensively investigated in human cancer.
Experimental Design: A dominant-negative mutant of IκBα with mutations at S32A and S36A was used to inhibit the function of NF-κB in ovarian cancer cell lines. The transcription ability, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and drug sensitivity were examined in derivative cell lines in comparison with parental cells. We also analyzed the association of nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 with patient survival in an ovarian cancer tissue array.
Results: We show that NF-κB functions as a tumor suppressor in four ovarian cancer cell lines, but it functions as an oncogene in their aggressive chemoresistant isogenic variants. NF-κB can exert its proapoptotic or antiapoptotic effect by activating or repressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in parental or aggressive chemoresistant variant cell lines. We also show that the nuclear accumulation of p65 in epithelial cancer tissue is associated with a good response to chemotherapy and can predict longer overall survival for patients with ovarian cancer.
Conclusions: Our data provide strong evidence that NF-κB can function as a biphasic regulator, either suppressing or enhancing ovarian cancer growth through the regulation of MAPK and cellular apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2181–94. ©2011 AACR.
MicroRNA-100 Regulates Neovascularization by Suppression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Grundmann Sebastian , Hans Felix P. , Kinniry Sheena , Heinke Jennifer , Helbing Thomas , Bluhm Franziska , Sluijter Joost P.G. , Hoefer Imo , Pasterkamp Gerard , Bode Christoph , Moser Martin 
Published: February 2011

Background—
The adaptive growth of blood vessels is an important protective mechanism in cardiovascular disease. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of this process are only partly understood. Recently, small endogenous RNAs (microRNAs [miRNAs]) were found to play an important role in embryonic and postnatal vascular development. Here, we used miRNA transcriptome analysis after induction of hind-limb ischemia in mice to screen for miRNAs involved in adaptive blood vessel growth following arterial occlusion.

Methods and Results—
Using miRNA arrays, we explored the miRNA expression profile during adaptive neovascularization. We describe specific changes in miRNA expression patterns and show that miRNA-100 is significantly downregulated after induction of hind-limb ischemia in mice. Our data demonstrate that miR-100 modulates proliferation, tube formation, and sprouting activity of endothelial cells and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and functions as an endogenous repressor of the serine/threonine protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Whereas miR-100 inhibition increased mTOR levels in endothelial cells, overexpression of miR-100 reduced mTOR expression and consequently attenuated cellular proliferation. Supporting this notion, overexpression of an mTOR construct lacking the miRNA binding site rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-100 on cell proliferation. Accordingly, miR-100 inhibition by specific antagomirs in vivo stimulated angiogenesis and resulted in functional improvement of perfusion after femoral artery occlusion in mice. In contrast, treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin had the opposite effect.

Conclusions—
Our data demonstrate that miR-100 has an antiangiogenic function and represses mTOR signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Inhibition of miR-100 could be a novel approach for the modulation of blood vessel growth and other mTOR-dependent processes.
Endogenous Circadian Rhythm in Vasovagal Response to Head-Up Tilt
Authors: Hu Kun , Scheer Frank A.J.L. , Laker Michael , Smales Carolina , Shea Steven A. 
Published: February 2011

Background—
The incidence of syncope exhibits a daily pattern with more occurrences in the morning, possibly as a result of influences from the endogenous circadian system and/or the daily pattern of behavioral/emotional stimuli. This study tested the hypothesis that the circadian system modulates cardiovascular responses to postural stress, leading to increased susceptibility to syncope at specific times of day.

Methods and Results—

Twelve subjects underwent a 13-day in-laboratory protocol in which subjects' sleep-wake cycles were adjusted to 20 hours for 12 cycles. A 15-minute tilt-table test (60° head-up) was performed ≈4.5 hours after scheduled awakening in each cycle so that 12 tests in each subject were distributed evenly across the circadian cycle. Of 144 tests, signs/symptoms of presyncope were observed in 21 tests in 6 subjects. These presyncope events displayed a clear circadian rhythm (
P
=0.028) with almost all cases (17/21) occurring in the half of the circadian cycle corresponding to the biological night (10:30
pm
to 10:30
am
). Significant circadian rhythms were also observed in hemodynamic and autonomic function markers (blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and indices of cardiac vagal tone) that may underlie the circadian rhythm of presyncope susceptibility.

Conclusions—
The circadian system affects cardiovascular responses to postural stress, resulting in greater susceptibility to presyncope during the night. This finding suggests that night-shift workers and people with disrupted sleep at night may have greater risk of syncope as a result of their exposure to postural stress during the biological night.