bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Seasonal Changes in Body Weight, Biochemical Composition, and Oxygen Uptake of two Common Boreo-Arctic Cirripedes,Balanus BalanoidesandB. Balanus
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret , Finlayson D. M. 
Published: May 2009

The seasonal changes in the body weight and composition of two common boreo-arctic species of cirripedes, Balanus balanoides and B. balanus have been followed.At a constant size (age under constant growth conditions) the body weight is closely related to the season. Increase in body weight takes place rapidly during the spring as reserves are laid down. These reserves are subsequently utilized for gonadal development.The changes in B. balanus are more gradual than in B. balanoides and probably reflect differences in the habitat conditions.The reserves, although contributing to the gonads, are not themselves adequate for their total tissue.
The Food of Young Clupeoids
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

Whilst investigating the food of young fishes in general (Lebour, 1918–1919–1920) some thousands of young Clupeoids were examined, with the result that by far the larger proportion of post-larvæ were found to be empty. Here and there, however, food was present, and by bringing these records of 1917 to 1919 together, with some from 1920 and 1921, we have a good idea of the food of our three common Clupeoids—Herring, Sprat and Pilchard—in their young stages.A probable reason for this apparent absence of food in the transparent stages is that the food must be very quickly digested on account of its being so conspicuous; thus it is probably taken only at long intervals and rapidly got rid of. It would follow that under these circumstances we should only occasionally catch the fish when food was inside it.The observations on the food of the young Herring are perhaps the most interesting of the three on account of the fact that it eats solid food some time before the yolk sac is absorbed, the mouth being open when the fish is hatched, whereas the Sprat and Pilchard, being much less advanced, are only able to feed on outside food much nearer the time when the yolk sac disappears. Unfortunately we have no records of Pilchard food in the very young stages (under 12 mm.), green food remains being found in those of the Sprat before the yolk sac has completely disappeared.
Seasonal and Environmental Effects on the Lipid Composition ofNeomysis Integer
Authors: Morris Robert J. 
Published: May 2009

During the last 3 years a survey of marine lipids has been in progress in this laboratory. Several classes of marine animals have been analysed for their fatty-acid composition. These results have shown a considerable species variation but no estimate could be made of the effect of season and environment. It was therefore decided to choose an inshore animal, which could be readily collected, and to examine its lipid composition with regard to seasonal and environmental changes.The brackish-water, partly planktonic mysid,Neomysis integer(Leach), was selected. This species has already been the subject of much biochemical study (Raymont, Austin & Linford, 1964, 1966, 1968; Linford, 1965), in which the three major fractions protein, lipid and carbohydrate were examined. The lipid weight was found to be low in comparison with the protein content. Also, significant decreases in the lipid were found in November, January and March. It was concluded thatN. integerstored little lipid as a metabolic energy reserve, and as the carbohydrate was low, protein may be catabolized. Only one sample analysis for fatty-acid composition was reported.The marine speciesNeomysis nakazaviaihas been investigated by Yamada (1961), but unfortunately an ether extract was taken from sun-dried material and so the results are not comparable with the present work onNeomysis integer.In the present study the saponifiable fraction of the lipid is examined in more detail in an attempt to establish the relative importance of the factors of season, temperature and salinity upon the fatty-acid composition.
The Distribution of the Major and Some Minor Elements in Marine Animals Part II. Molluscs
Authors: Segar D. A. , Collins J. D. , Riley J. P. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIt has been known for a long time that the soft tissues of molluscs contain relatively high concentrations of certain trace elements—mainly transition metals (see, for example, Vinogradov, 1953; Bowen, 1966). However, with the exception of the work by Brooks & Rumsby (1965) on the occurrence of 12 elements in 3 New Zealand bivalves, most of the investigations have concerned the distribution of only one or two elements. This has prevented a study being made of possible interelement correlations. The present work was carried out in an endeavour to determine the usual levels of several minor elements in a variety of molluscs from the Irish Sea and to seek evidence for such correlations.
On the Scabbard Fish Aphanopus Carbo
Authors: Bone Quentin 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe black scabbard fish, Aphanopus carbo Lowe, is an elongate mid-water trichiurid, which is caught commercially off Madeira, and has been recorded, though infrequently, from British waters (Tucker & Palmer, 1949; Tucker, 1956). Twelve specimens were caught during a recent cruise of R.V. ‘Sarsia’ in the Biscay area (Forster, 1970), and this note reports observations on their behaviour, histology and anatomy, which suggest that these fish are highly specialized for a particular method of catching prey.
A note on some physical conditions for cultivating Oxyrrhis marina
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

This note concerns a series of experiments to determine the best conditions of salinity, temperature and pH for cultivating the euryhaline phagotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin.The strain of Oxyrrhis employed was isolated from a brackish pool at Tvarminne, Finland (Droop, 1953a, b). The culture medium for the experiments contained soil extract and an artificial sea water, SW 1 (NaCl, MgCl26H2O, KCl, and CaSO42H2O in the proportions by weight 15:2.5:0.4:0.5), and for food a small quantity of the yeast Saccharomyces exiguus was administered daily from an agar culture with a wire loop.
The Nitrite Content of Sea-Water.
Authors: Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The method of water sample preservation used by Gad-Andresen is not suitable for nitrite or nitrate estimation.2. Using Buch's method it has been shown that the variation in nitrite during the summer is from less than 0-001 mg. to about 0-01 mg. per litre and that the deeper water layers have more than the surface layers.
Notes on the Preservation of Fishing Nets by means of Copper Soaps.
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

The use of a mixture of copper soap, 5 or 10 per cent, with 1 per cent mineral oil, dissolved in petrol or benzol, increases the life of silk plankton nets by about four or five hundred per cent, and roughly doubles that of a hemp net for a single treatment. The beneficial effects last far longer than does the green colour. Re-treatment at suitable intervals is recommended.The use of 5 or 10 per cent of resin * with an equal percentage of the soap improves its adherence to the fabric, as does also the addition of tar or anti-fouling paint. For silk nets, to avoid clogging, only one-half per cent of resin should be used with 5 per cent of soap.A liquid soap mixture, which may be used with paraffin oil, can be obtained by adding one pound of resin to one pound of melted copper soap, and then dissolving in one and a half pounds of carbon tetrachloride. When wanted, this is used to make up a paraffin oil soap solution of the desired concentration, but adherence is less than with petrol.
Notes on Experiments on the Early Developmental Stages of the Portuguese, American and English Native Oysters, with Special Reference to the Effect of Varying Salinity.
Authors: Amemiya Ikusaku 
Published: May 2009

1. The period of time which the oyster larva requires to attain its respective developmental stages was measured and recorded in 0. virginica and 0. angulata.2. The development in various concentrations of salinity was studied in the three species, 0. virginica, 0. angulata, and 0. edulis.3. In optimum salinity, all the impregnated eggs undergo segmentation and further development; the rate of development is uniform and its progress speedy.
Medusæ as Hosts for Larval Trematodes
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

The larval form (late cercaria stage) of Pharyngora bacillaris (Molin) has been recorded by Nicoll (1910) from Plymouth as occurring free in the coarse-meshed tow-nettings in August. The adult is a common parasite of the mackerel, and the above is the only record of its larval stage.Whilst examining tow-nettings at Plymouth in 1915 it was found that certain medusæ were at times abundantly infected with a trematode which proved to be the larval form of Pharyngora bacillaris. As it also occurred free, although almost certainly having originally come from the medusæ, it is obviously the form recorded by Nicoll, who expected the host to be a crustacean and unsuccessfully examined copepods in order to find it.The medusæ found to contain the trematode were Obelia sp., Cosmetira pilosella, and Turris pileata. Cosmetira pilosella was the commonest host in the early summer when Pharyngora was most abundant, but in the later summer Obelia was found to contain it frequently, Cosmetira not occurring at those times in the tow-nettings. Phialidium hemisphericum was also a host in the later summer and autumn. Even in December it still occurred, though very rarely. A ctenophore may also serve as host for this trematode, as it is occasionally found clinging to the inside of the stomach of Pleurobrachia pileus.The parasite is generally to be found clinging to the manubrium or stomach wall of its host, but sometimes it occurs underneath the umbrella wall, so that it looks as if it were on the top, the wall being so transparent; on further examination, however, it is seen to be underneath.
On the Amount of Phosphoric Acid in the Sea-Water off Plymouth Sound
Authors: Matthews Donald J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Phosphoric acid in sea-water may be determined with an accuracy of about 0-003 mg. per litre by concentration with iron and colorimetric examination.2. If the sea-water be previously oxidised by potassium permanganate the amount found is considerably increased.3. From September, 1915, to February, 1916, the average amount of phosphoric acid in water collected half a mile outside Plymouth Break-water was 0-044 ing. per litre ; this showed signs of an increase when the supply of land-water rose after rain. The figures are much lower than those found by Raben for the Baltic and North Sea.4. The amounts found by another method during the previous spring and summer are higher, but the figures cannot be considered quite trustworthy.
On the Vertical Mixing of Sea-Water and its Importance for the Algal Plankton
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Measurements of hydrogen ion concentration, of phosphate concentration, and of temperature all show at certain seasons a well-marked gradient from surface to bottom. The upper 10–20 metres is more alkaline, notably depleted of phosphates and warmer.2. Settled summer weather and deep water, free from irregularities of the bottom, favour the formation of such a gradient. Its breaking up is occasioned by wave action and the cooling of the surface water in autumn.3. Thermal stratification in the English Channel arises at each station, and is not due to the inflow of warm over colder water.
On Leptonereis glauca Clpde., and the Genus Leptonereis Kinberg
Authors: Ramsay L. N. G. 
Published: May 2009

In February of this year Mr. J. H. Orton collected a number of small nereids on the piles of a wharf at the Great Western Docks at Millbay, Plymouth. These he kindly handed over to me for identification, and, along with other material collected at Plymouth in March, they form the basis of this paper.These nereids proved to be none other than the little-known Leptonereis glauca of Claparède, of which the only specimen hitherto recorded from the shores of this country was found by Major E. V. Elwes at Oddicombe (8, p. 351) some years ago.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton IV. The Apparent Importance of Light Intensity as a Controlling Factor in the Behaviour of Certain Species in the Plymouth Area.
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

Results of collections with the ring-trawl to obtain evidence on the vertical distribution of plankton animals in daylight at different times of the year and at night are given.The vertical distribution of Calanus finmarchicus and Cosmelira pilosella is discussed in relation to the distribution of light intensity in the sea.Results show that light intensity is apparently the external factor of greatest importance in determining the vertical distribution of these plankton animals in this region.Many more observations at sea correlated with simultaneous records of light intensity at different depths are required, together with laboratory experiments on the effects of various factors on the behaviour of plankton animals kept under different conditions of light intensity.
The Phosphate Content of Sea Water in relation to the Growth of the Algal Plankton. Part III.
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

A comparison of the years 1923, 1924 and 1925 as regards the phosphate content of the water at Station El in the English Channel has shown that the vernal diminution was earliest in the year 1924, and latest in 1923, the extreme difference being approximately two months. These differences stand in direct relation to the spring sunshine, that of 1924 for the daily average of the 9th to 12th weeks inclusive being 2-3 hours in excess of the normal, 1923 being 0-1 hr. in deficit and 1925 being 0-6 hr. in excess. Since the phosphate diminution is proportional to the increase in phytoplankton the year 1924 must have been exceptionally early in this respect.The year 1925 was in general similar to the other two in having a summer phosphate minimum and a winter maximum; but it was noticeable for marked periods of regeneration of phosphate, followed by utilization, within the main cycle.The maximum value at El was 40 mg. per m3 of phosphate as P2O5, the minimum 5-1 mg. for thewhole water column, 0-70 metres.Much additional evidence has been found to show that the deep water of the ocean is a reservoir of phosphate, containing 50-80 mg. per m3, or more.The water of the North Sea was markedly richer in phosphate in the spring of 1925 than in that of 1924, as was also the water around the Faroe-Shetland Channel in July, 1925, as compared with the previous July. A causal connection may be sought.In tropical waters the intense light normally results in the utilization of all phosphate down to at least 50 metres, and the winter cooling never suffices to effect mixing with the deeper water. At about 38N. latitude the water may be expected to be isothermal in winter to a depth of 350-400 metres, and further north the isothermal column has its base deeper down; accordingly the seasonal phosphate cycle must become more pronounced.
Notes On Euphausiids
Authors: Hickling C. F. 
Published: May 2009

(a) Vertical MigrationThe material for this paper was obtained in two voyages on the Milford steam trawler Macaw, and I owe all thanks to Capt: Rumble, and to the crew, not only for much practical help, but for a pleasant time. Capt. Rumble's knowledge of the area worked, based on 30 years' experience, can only be compared with a farmer's knowledge of his own acres, and he has been responsible for determining the position of each haul.
On the Culture of the Plankton Diatom Thalassiosira grauida Cleve, in Artificial Sea-water
Authors: Allen E. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Attempts to obtain good cultures of Thalassiosira gravida in a purely artificial medium, made by dissolving in doubly distilled water Kahlbaum's pure chemicals in the proportions in which the salts occur in sea-water, adding nitrates, phosphates and iron according to Miquel's method and sterilizing the medium, have not succeeded.If, however, a small percentage of natural sea-water (less than 1 per cent will produce a result) be added to the artificial medium and the whole sterilized excellent cultures are obtained, which are often better than any which have been got when natural sea-water forms the foundation of the culture medium.The result appears to be due to some specific substance present in minute quantity in the natural sea-water which is essential to the vigorous growth of the diatoms. The nature of this substance it has not been possible to determine, but some evidence seems to suggest that it is a somewhat stable organic compound.Provided the 1 per cent of natural sea-water is added, the various constituents of the artificial sea-water forming the basis of the culture medium can be varied in amount within wide limits. The salinity of the medium can also be considerably altered without serious detriment to the cultures.The experiments recorded are of interest as furnishing another instance of the importance in food substances of minute traces of particular chemical compounds. They may also eventually throw light upon the nature of the conditions in the sea which are specially favourable to the production of plant life and therefore also of the animal life which that plant life sustains.
A Study of the Restitution Masses formed by the Dissociated Cells of the Hydroids Antennularia Ramosa and A. Antennina
Authors: De Morgan W. , Drew late G. Harold 
Published: May 2009

The Hydroids experimented on were Antennularia ramosa, and A. antennina.These were cut in pieces and pressed through bolting silk, with the result that isolated cells and small cell aggregates were obtained, which soon aggregated together to form compact masses.These restitution masses secreted a perisarc within from 12 to 18 hours.Various changes in shape, and general retraction of the mass away from the perisarc occurred later, but even up to 60 days there was no sign of the regeneration of the hydranths.The restitution masses consisted of ectoderm and endoderm cells, and in addition such structures as nematocysts, ova, and brokendown cells, all of which were subsequently absorbed and played no part in the future development. The ectoderm cells were relatively little damaged, and were embedded in a plasmodial mass formed by the endoderm cells.A definite layer of ectoderm cells is formed on the surface, and thesecells secrete the perisarc.Gradual aggregation and segregation of the endoderm cells from the plasmodial mass takes place ; and they form very definite tubules similar in structure to the coenosarcal tubules continuous with the enteric cavities of the normal hydranths. These tubules are embedded in a mass of ectoderm cells, they are convoluted and ramify in all directions. Many granules develop in the cytoplasm of these cells, and after about a month many of them have degenerated.The ectodermal cells show no signs of degeneration, and the masses containing them have been kept alive for 60 days at the time of writing.In none of the experiments was there any sign of the occurrence ofcell division
The suspended matter in sea water and its seasonal changes as affecting the visual range of the Secchi disc
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. , Jenkins Pamela G. , Warren F. J. 
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Armstrong & Atkins, 1950), 201. samples from International Hydrographic Station England No. 1 (EI), about 10 miles south-west of the Eddystone in the English Channel, were filtered through collodion membranes of 1.09μ average pore diameter (A.P.D.).Between June 1948 and November 1949 the residue from these surface samples, when dried and ignited, amounted to 0.45–2.77 g/m3(or parts per million). These deposits consisted of 55–17 % silica, 28–3 % ferric oxide, 20 to under 1 % of alumina, and 70 (or, excluding one high value, 29) to 9 % calcium carbonate. A few determinations of insoluble organic matter gave to 1.15–1.77 p.p.m. when dried at 100° C. Pettersson (1934b), using the glass niters of Schott (Jena), found 1.4 p.p.m. for the total organic and inorganic matter similarly dried, from surface water in the Gullmar Fjord during the spring outburst.
The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain
Authors: Silva Paul C. 
Published: May 2009

The nameCodium tomentosum(or its nomenclatural synonymC. dichotomum) has been applied to dichotomous representatives of the genus in the British Isles ever since the genus was established by Stackhouse in 1797. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to show that three distinct species are involved; and to clarify the nomenclature.I am grateful to the directors and curators of the following herbaria for the loan of specimens: British Museum (BM); Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (E); Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University (FH); University of Glasgow (GL); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K); Rijksherbarium, Leiden (L); Linnean Society of London (LINN); University of Michigan (MICH); New York Botanical Garden (NY); University of Oxford (OXF); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Paris (PC); Marine Bio-logical Association, Plymouth (PL); Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (S); Trinity College, Dublin (TCD); University of California, Berkeley (UC); United States National Museum (US). Liquid-preserved and dried material, which has been placed in the Herbarium of the University of California, was kindly provided by Dr Sheila Lodge, Dr Betty Moss, Dr Mary Parke, Dr Mairfn de Valera, and Dr M. A. Wilson. Special thanks are due to Dr Mary Parke for her sustained interest, encouragement, and help in this study
The Early Stages of Nephrops norvegicus, from the Northumberland Plankton, together with a note on the post-larval development of Homarus vulgaris
Authors: Jorgensen Olga M. 
Published: May 2009

Although adult Norway lobsters are extremely common on the southern part of the Northumberland coast, there were no records of the taking of larvæ of the species in this part of the North Sea until the Plankton Investigation now being carried out at Cullercoats (1) was commenced.During the period 1921–23 a few specimens were taken from time to time in the ordinary plankton hauls, but the best catches of Nephrops larvæ were obtained from the young fish trawl used at a number of stations in 1922 arid 1923. It is, therefore, chiefly on the material from the last two years' samples that the following observations are based.All three of the larval stages have been obtained, together with a single post-larva, but the majority of our specimens are second and third stage larvæ.
A New Type of Luminescence in Fishes
Authors: Hickling C. F. 
Published: May 2009

A luminous organ of a hitherto undescribed type has been found in a Macrurid fish. This organ is described in the present paper. It consists essentially of an epithelium for the secretion of luminous substance, which has been thrown into long folds and wholly invaginated to form a gland. This gland is bound in connective tissue and has a compact appearance, and is furnished with supporting tissue internally. The duct is a flat and wide passage, continuous with the gland, which opens to the exterior about the anus in such a way as to surround the lower part of the rectum. The gland lies in the thickness of the body-wall forward of the rectum and between and behind the pelvic fins.The nature of the secretion is discussed and some experiments described. The luminescence appears to be due not to bacteria living as guests within the tissues of the fish, as has been shown for other species, but is essentially due to the well-known reaction wherein a substance luciferin is burnt to oxyluciferin in presence of the ferment luciferase, with emission of cold light.