bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increase Student Viewership with Striking Titles
Authors: Buros Scott 
Published: August 2009

Few designers put much effort into creating a striking title for their e-learning projects. The title is usually a dull summary of the content or a cliché phrase. Rarely are we surprised by a creative presentation title.
If you make money on course access or increase the likelihood of viewership, you will want to incorporate some guidelines into your design practices right away. How can you create a striking title for your project? Here are a few tricks.
How Will Online Courses Weather the Economic Downturn?
Authors: Rowell Laurie 
Published: August 2009

In the minds of most e-learning professionals, the University of Phoenix is closely tied to the concept of online courses, at least in part because the for-profit institution's pop-up advertisements for them are so ubiquitous. In fact, the university's students racked up a hefty $2.8 billion in federal loans and grants in fiscal year 2008, according to the government site Top 100 Recipients of Federal Assistance.
How the economic downturn is going to affect general college enrollment in 2009 is not yet clear, but the emerging consensus is that community colleges will likely get a bump in enrollment while four-year institutions may struggle. Online enrollment, however, is expected to do well across most institutions.
The role of collective efficacy and collaborative learning behavior in learning computer science through CSCL
Authors: Wang Shu-Ling , Hwang Gwo-Haur , Chu Ju-Chun , Tsai Pei-Shan 
Published: August 2009

This study attempted to explore the role of group motivation (i.e. collective efficacy) and collaborative learning behavior (i.e. group cohesion; group cognitive involvement) in students' group performance in learning computer science in computer-supported collaborative learning environment.
96 Taiwanese college students (32 groups) enrolled in the course "Web Page Programming" participated in the study. The students discussed and processed their group projects using "Intelligent Collaborative Learning System".
The results indicated that collective efficacy predict group cohesion significantly in CSCL. In addition, collective efficacy also showed to predict group performance in programming significantly. Moreover, the results also indicated that both group cohesion and groups with higher cognitive involvement in their discussion leaded to better group performance. In summary, this study validated the social cognitive model in learning computer science in CSCL, that is, groups with higher collective efficacy had stronger group cohesion and better performance in learning Web Page programming. Groups with higher cognitive involvement and group cohesion also leaded to better group performance.
Extending parameterized problem-tracing questions for Java with personalized guidance
Authors: Hsiao I-Han , Sosnovsky Sergey , Brusilovsky Peter 
Published: August 2009

Problem-tracing questions are popular among teachers of various programming languages. In an assessment mode these questions allows to evaluate student knowledge of language semantics. In a self-assessment mode, they provide an excellent learning tool. A 2004 ITiCSE working group report [4] stressed the importance of this type of questions to build foundation of higher-level knowledge. Yet the use of problem-tracing questions is still limited due to a large authoring overhead. To resolve this bottleneck, we explored the idea of parameterized question generation [2]. We developed QuizPACK [1], a system which can generate parameterized problem-tracing questions for C programming language. We also developed QuizGuide [1], a personalized guidance system for QuizPACK, which models student knowledge and guides students individually to most appropriate questions to try. The results of our studies demonstrated that QuizPACK strongly benefits student knowledge and that QuizGuide personalized guidance technology increased student ability to answer questions correctly and encouraged them to use the system more extensively (which, in turn, positively impacted their knowledge) [1]. However, parameterized questions in area of C programming were not as diverse from the complexity point of view as parameterized questions explored in other areas such as physics [2]. As a result, it was left unclear whether personalized guidance technology can successfully guide students to a broader range of questions from relatively simple to very difficult.
The work reported in this poster expands our work on parameterized questions to a more sophisticated domain of object-oriented Java programming, which allowed us to introduce questions of much broader. Capitalizing on our experience with QuizPACK, we developed QuizJET (Java Evaluation Toolkit), which supports authoring, delivery, and evaluation of parameterized questions for Java [3]. We also implemented JavaGuide system (Figure 1), which provides personalized guidance for QuizJET questions. We assessed the impact of adaptive navigation support to student work with questions of different complexity as well as the impact of this technology on weaker and stronger students. The results of two classroom studies indicate that personalized guidance encouraged students to use parameterized questions more extensively and also helped them to access right questions at the right time. Students were 2.5 times more likely to answer a quiz correctly with personalized guidance than without such it. In addition, we found that personalized guidance especially benefited weak students to achieve scores comparable with the scores of strong students on each complexity level of questions.
Mental models of recursive computations vs. recursive analysis in the problem domain
Authors: Mirolo Claudio 
Published: August 2009

The work outlined here was inspired by [1, 3], where the authors analyze the mental models of recursion by looking at how students trace simple recursive computations. Besides trying to understand if their results generalize to a different context, I was interested to see the correlations between the mental models of the computation process and the ability to establish recursive relationships in the problem domain.
My investigation essentially lends further support to the findings of [3]. However, a consistent mental model of recursive computations, although implied by the ability to use recursion in problem-solving, does not seem to be sufficient for the achievement of this higher-level skill.
Neural Basis of Visual Distraction
Authors: Kim So-Yeon , Hopfinger Joseph B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe ability to maintain focus and avoid distraction by goal-irrelevant stimuli is critical for performing many tasks and may be a key deficit in attention-related problems. Recent studies have demonstrated that irrelevant stimuli that are consciously perceived may be filtered out on a neural level and not cause the distraction triggered by subliminal stimuli. However, in everyday situations, suprathreshold stimuli often do capture attention, but the neural mechanisms by which some stimuli rapidly and automatically trigger distraction remain unknown. Here, we investigated the neural basis of distraction by utilizing a particularly strong form of distractor: the abrupt appearance of a new object. Our results revealed a competitive relation between brain regions coding the locations of the target and the distractor, with distractor processing increasing and target processing decreasing, but only when the distractor was a new object; an equivalent luminance change to an existing object neither generated distraction nor affected target processing. Results also revealed changes in neural activity in intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) that were unique to the new object distractor condition. The strongest relations between behavioral distraction and neural activity were observed in these parietal regions. Furthermore, participants who were less susceptible to distraction showed a more consistent, albeit more moderate, level of activity in IPS and TPJ. The present results thus provide new evidence regarding the neural mechanisms underlying distraction and resistance to it.
Is There Pain in Champagne? Semantic Involvement of Words within Words during Sense-making
Authors: van Alphen Petra M. , van Berkum Jos J. A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In an ERP experiment, we examined whether listeners, when making sense of spoken utterances, take into account the meaning of spurious words that are embedded in longer words, either at their onsets (e.g., pie in pirate) or at their offsets (e.g., pain in champagne). In the experiment, Dutch listeners heard Dutch words with initial or final embeddings presented in a sentence context that did or did not support the meaning of the embedded word, while equally supporting the longer carrier word. The N400 at the carrier words was modulated by the semantic fit of the embedded words, indicating that listeners briefly relate the meaning of initial- and final-embedded words to the sentential context, even though these words were not intended by the speaker. These findings help us understand the dynamics of initial sense-making and its link to lexical activation. In addition, they shed new light on the role of lexical competition and the debate concerning the lexical activation of final-embedded words.
Conceptual Priming and Familiarity: Different Expressions of Memory during Recognition Testing with Distinct Neurophysiological Correlates
Authors: Voss Joel L. , Lucas Heather D. , Paller Ken A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Familiarity and recollection are qualitatively different explicit-memory phenomena evident during recognition testing. Investigations of the neurocognitive substrates of familiarity and recollection, however, have typically disregarded implicit-memory processes likely to be engaged during recognition tests. We reasoned that differential neural responses to old and new items in a recognition test may reflect either explicit or implicit memory. Putative neural correlates of familiarity in prior experiments, for example, may actually reflect contamination by implicit memory. In two experiments, we used obscure words that subjects could not formally define to tease apart electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and one form of implicit memory, conceptual priming. In Experiment 1, conceptual priming was observed for words only if they elicited meaningful associations. In Experiment 2, two distinct neural signals were observed in conjunction with familiarity-based recognition: late posterior potentials for words that both did and did not elicit meaningful associations and FN400 potentials only for the former. Given that symbolic meaning is a prerequisite for conceptual priming, the combined results specifically link late posterior potentials and FN400 potentials with familiarity and conceptual priming, respectively. These findings contradict previous interpretations of FN400 potentials as generic signals of familiarity and show that repeated stimuli in recognition tests can engender facilitated processing of conceptual information in addition to retrieval processing that leads to the awareness of memory retrieval. The different characteristics of the electrical markers of these two types of process further underscore the biological validity of the distinction between implicit memory and explicit memory.
ITS-RFLP analysis, an efficient tool for differentiation of Bursaphelenchus species
Authors: Burgermeister Wolfgang , Braasch Helen , Metge Kai , Gu Jianfeng , Schröder Thomas , Woldt Elvira 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Restriction analysis of amplified ribosomal ITS sequences has provided
species-specific fragment patterns for nematodes of several genera,
including Bursaphelenchus. We used restriction enzymes RsaI, HaeIII, MspI,
HinfI and AluI to produce ITS-RFLP reference profiles of 44 Bursaphelenchus
species, including two intraspecific types in each of B. mucronatus and B.
leoni. In addition, reference profiles of Aphelenchoides stammeri and
Ruehmaphelenchus asiaticus were produced. Reference profiles of six species
are shown here for the first time. Identical ITS-RFLP patterns were usually
obtained from different isolates and from individual specimens of the same
species. However, in the case of B. 'corneolus', B. lini, B. singaporensis
and B. sexdentati, additional bands in the patterns of certain isolates or
individual nematodes were observed which may be explained by ITS sequence
microheterogeneity, i.e., the presence of ITS sequence variants within the
number of rDNA tandem repeats. Since these 'extra' bands appeared only with
one out of the five restriction enzymes employed, they did not seriously
impair identification of species based on the overall reference patterns.
ITS-RFLP analysis has proved valuable for differentiation of the pathogenic
pine wood nematode, B. xylophilus, from related species. In many recent
descriptions of new Bursaphelenchus species, ITS-RFLP profiles have been
used as additional species identification criteria. Comparison of profiles
from isolates of many different origins has provided new information on
intraspecific types or genetically distinct provenances of several
Bursaphelenchus species.
Antioxidant enzymes in (a)virulent populations of root-knot nematodes
Authors: Molinari Sergio 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAssays of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), have been carried out on extracts of females and second-stage juveniles (J2) of a pair of Meloidogyne incognita isolates, one virulent and one avirulent, selected on tomato, and an avirulent field population of M. incognita. Catalase and SOD activity were found to be higher in extracts of the virulent isolate SM1 when compared with the avirulent counterparts. Peroxidase activity, assayed with o-dianisidine as the substrate, was enhanced in SM1 J2 compared with the avirulent avr1 J2. Catalase isozymes were separated by isoelectrofocusing into a very acidic and a basic isoform; this latter isoform was found to be responsible for the enhancement of catalase activity in virulent populations. SOD isozyme electrophoresis patterns (IEP) of root-knot nematodes, obtained by native PAGE, showed the presence of slow- and fast-migrating bands. SOD IEP of virulent females contained a slow-migrating band with a relative mobility (Rm) on the gels slightly higher (0.52) than the corresponding band from avirulent populations (0.50). This change was confirmed with native PAGE gels loaded with extracts from J2. To check how widespread this change is in field populations of RKN, a survey of SOD IEP from 12 RKN field (a)virulent populations was carried out. The specificity of the 0.52 Rm band for virulent populations was confirmed. Separation by native PAGE of peroxidases, stained either by o-dianisidine or diamino-benzidine, showed two isoforms with no apparent differences between the populations tested.
Steinernema australe n. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Isla Magdalena, Chile
Authors: Edgington Steve , Buddie Alan G. , Tymo Lukasz , Hunt David J. , Nguyen Khuong B. , France Andrés I. , Merino Loreto M. , Moore Dave 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema australe n. sp., was
isolated from a soil sample taken close to the beach on Isla Magdalena, an
island in the Pacific Ocean, 2 km from mainland Chile. Morphologically the
new species belongs to the glaseri-group and is characterised by
morphometrics of the infective juvenile which has a very long body of 1316
(1162-1484) μm, excretory pore located far posterior to the anterior
extremity (110 (95-125) μm), exceptionally long tail of 103 (92-114) μm, H%
= 51 (42-61), E% = 107 (94-122) and a ratio = 35 (31-38). The first
generation male has 72 (55-78) μm long spicules, a 45 (36-51) μm long
gubernaculum and SW% = 172 (118-196). The first generation female can be
recognised by well developed double epiptygmata, the lack of a prominent
postanal swelling, a mucron on the tail tip and (in 60% of individuals) one
to two subsidiary mucrons. Sequences of the ITS and D2D3 regions of the
ribosomal DNA confirm that S. australe n. sp. is a valid species.
Acrostichus rhynchophori n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae): a phoretic associate of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Fabricius and R. palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Americas
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Zeng Yongsan , Ye Weimin , Center Barbara J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Acrostichus dauer larvae (JIII) were recovered during dissections of the
palmetto weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus, from southern Florida, and the
palm weevil, R. palmarum, from Colombia, Costa Rica and Trinidad. Based upon
morphological and molecular studies, the four isolates are conspecific and
are described herein as A. rhynchophori n. sp. Acrostichus rhynchophori n.
sp. is characterised by narrow, flap-like dorsal tooth, female gonads not
reflexed to the level of the vulva, male spicule and gubernaculum
morphology, i.e., spicule with small and indistinct manubrium embedded in
lamina/calomus complex, strong expansion just posterior to manubrium and
smoothly curved and smoothly tapered lamina/calomus complex, and
gubernaculum with claw-like anterior end in lateral view and three distal
branches in ventral view. The new species is distinguished from A. superbus
by morphology of the spicule and gubernaculum. Type specimens of four other
Acrostichus species, originally described from bark beetles from North
America, i.e., A. concolor, A. gubernatus, A. ponderosus and A. taedus, were
re-examined and photo-documented.
Human rights, politics and intercountry adoption
Authors: Roby Jini L. , Ife Jim 
Published: August 2009

English Intercountry adoption, once viewed as a means of international charity, has recently been challenged by political and economic forces, leading to vio lation of human rights. The authors compare the experiences of two sending countries – Romania and the Marshall Islands – and suggest the utilization of a bottom-up human rights approach. French L’adoption internationale, autrefois vue comme un moyen d’oeuvre de bienfaisance internationale, a récemment été mise en cause par des forces politiques et économiques, comme concourant à la violation de droits de l’homme. Les auteurs comparent les expériences de deux pays d’origine – la Roumanie et les Iles Marshall – et suggèrent l’utilisation d’une approche intégrée des droits de l’homme, de la base au sommet. Spanish La adopción entre países, una vez que se ha visto como significado de caridad internacional, ha sido un reto reciente para las fuerzas políticas y económicas, principalmente en lo que se refiere a la violación de los derechos humanos. Los autores comparan las experiencias de dos países emisores – Rumanía y las Islas Marshall – y sugieren la utilización de un acercamiento al fondo de los derechos humanos.
Elliptical and Circular Cylindrical Sandwich Shells with Different Facings
Authors: Birman Victor , Simitses George J. 
Published: August 2009

The Sanders-type theory of elliptical sandwich shells with different facings is formulated. The governing equations account for transverse shear strains and for rotations about the normal to the middle surface of the shell. The constitutive equations correspond to a sandwich shell where each facing is formed of an even number of regular symmetrically laminated layers. Accordingly, the matrix of extensional, coupling and bending stiffnesses is fully populated, except for the elements A16 and A26 that are equal to zero. In addition, a geometrically nonlinear formulation is presented for an elliptical facing resting on an elastic foundation, based on the Sanders nonlinear shell theory. In this formulation, the rotations about the normal to the middle surface as well as transverse shear strains are disregarded. Both the governing equations for the sandwich shell and the nonlinear solution for a facing are reduced to the corresponding results for a circular cylindrical shell if the radius of curvature of the shell is constant. Numerical examples are presented for the problem of buckling of a long cylindrical shell subjected to a lateral pressure. This solution, developed by using the energy method, illustrates the penalty involved in using different facings, which may nevertheless be necessary to improve the design by reinforcing the facing exposed to low-velocity impact and other loads.
Buckling and Nonlinear Response of Sandwich Curved Panels to Combined Mechanical Loads-Implications of Face-Sheet Elastic Tailoring
Authors: Librescu Liviu , Hause Terry , Johnson Theodore F. 
Published: August 2009

Results concerning the linear and nonlinear static response of curved sandwich panels to combined mechanical loads are addressed, and in this context, the implications of elastically tailored face-sheets upon the enhancement of their load carrying capacity are emphasized. The analysis is based on a geometrically nonlinear theory of shallow sandwich shells restricted to the case of small strains and moderately small rotations. In addition to the implications of ply-angle, ply-sequence and ply-thickness of composite face-sheets, those related with the panel curvature and aspect ratio on their buckling and nonlinear static response are analyzed, and pertinent conclusions are outlined.
A Study on the Coprecipitation of Arsenite and Arsenate into Calcite Coupled with the Determination of Oxidation States of Arsenic Both in Calcite and Water
Authors: Yokoyama Yuka , Mitsunobu Satoshi , Tanaka Kazuya , Itai Takaaki , Takahashi Yoshio 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
It was found that the amount of arsenite incorporated into calcite is much less than that of arsenate. The result suggests that the sequestration of arsenic by coprecipitation with calcite cannot be an important chemical process under reducing conditions such as in groundwater where arsenite is the dominant arsenic species.
Monitoring of Sulfur Sites Doped in/on Titanium Oxide to Enable Photocatalysis under Visible Light Using S K-edge XANES
Authors: Izumi Yasuo , Shibata Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The electronic state and site structure of doped S to enable photocatalysis of TiO2 under visible light were investigated using S K-edge XANES compared to theoretically generated spectra. S sites substituting on the O atoms of TiO2 were predominant and essential in photocatalysis based on S K absorption edge peak energy and post-edge pattern. Minor cationic/elemental S sites were detected as peaks due to the transition to vacant level of S3p, but most were lost during photocatalysis.
Influence of production progress on the heavy metal content in flax fibers
Authors: Szynkowska Małgorzata , Rybicki Edward , Leśniewska Ewa , Pawlaczyk Aleksandra , Paryjczak Tadeusz , Matyjas-Zgondek Edyta 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine the content of selected heavy metals in flax materials depending on the stage of fiber manufacturing. Non-treated natural fiber composition was compared with that of fibers processed. Changes in the composition of yarn before and after the following scutching, hackling, washing, and bleaching were also investigated. Analysis of heavy metals was performed applying inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Flax material was mineralized in closed Teflon vials with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid which were then placed in a microwave oven system. Analytical quality of the obtained results was checked by the determination of elements in the Certificate Reference Materials of IAEA-V-10. The acquired results proved that the content of metals in flax clearly varies depending on the treatment process applied (bleaching, washing, coloration). Significant differences were also connected with the dye used.