bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetoresponsive On‐Demand Release of Hybrid Liposomes Formed from Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Thermosensitive Block Copolymers
Authors: Katagiri Kiyofumi , Imai Yuji , Koumoto Kunihito , Kaiden Tomohiro , Kono Kenji , Aoshima Sadahito 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new approach to control the release of encapsulated materials from liposomes by using thermosensitive block copolymers and magnetic nanoparticles is reported. Hydrophobized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized via the hydrothermal process, and can be incorporated into liposomal membranes by hydrophobic interactions. Thermosensitive block copolymers of (2‐ethoxy)ethoxyethyl vinyl ether (EOEOVE) and octadecyl vinyl ether (ODVE) are synthesized by living cationic polymerization. The poly(EOEOVE) block acts as a temperature‐sensitive moiety, and the poly(ODVE) block acts as an anchor unit. Hybrid liposomes encapsulating pyranine, a water‐soluble fluorescent dye, are prepared from mixtures of phospholipids, the hydrophobized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the copolymer. While the hybrid liposomes released negligible amounts of pyranine under static conditions, the release of pyranine is drastically enhanced by alternating magnetic field irradiation. The magnetically induced release is attributed to the transition of the thermosensitive segment of the copolymer, which is caused by the release of localized heat from the Fe3O4 nanoparticles under magnetic stimuli, rather than the rupture of the capsules. The release rate of the hybrid capsules is controlled by varying the amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded into the liposomes.
Trace Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Using a Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Chemical Sensor
Authors: Lu Yijiang , Meyyappan M. , Li Jing 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide in the vapor phase is achieved using a nanochemical sensor consisting of single‐walled carbon nanotubes as the sensing material. The interdigitated electrode‐based sensor is constructed using a simple and standard microfabrication approach. The test results indicate a sensing capability of 25 ppm and response and recovery times in seconds. The sensor array consisting of 32 sensor elements with variations in sensing materials is capable of discriminating hydrogen peroxide from water and methanol.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance in Oxidation of Styrene and α‐Methyl Styrene of a Nickel(II) Complex Derived from a Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Heshmatpour Felora , Rayati Saeed , Afghan Hajiabbas Mona , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA tetrahedrally‐distorted square‐planar nickel(II) complex of tetradentate Schiff base ligand derived from 2‐hydroxypropiophenone and 2,2′‐dimethylpropandiamine [bis(2‐hydroxypropiophenone)2,2′‐dimethylpropylenediimine] (H2L) was prepared and used as catalyst for oxidation of styrene and α‐methyl styrene with tert‐butylhydroperoxide (TBHP). Oxidation of styrene with TBHP gave benzaldehyde and styrene oxide, but in the case of α‐methylstyrene a mixture of α‐methylstyrene oxide and acetophenone was obtained. The structure of nickel(II) complex (NiL) was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Crystal data for NiL at –173 °C: orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 907.7(1), b = 1289.4(1), c = 1752.4(1) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0454.
α‐Defensin Expression of Inflammatory Response in Open and Laparoscopic Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tsimogiannis Konstantinos E. , Telis Konstantinos , Tselepis Alexandros , Pappas‐Gogos George K. , Tsimoyiannis Evangelos C. , Basdanis George 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundSurgical procedures are related to the activation of the inflammatory reaction. This is called surgical stress. It is believed that diminished surgical trauma reduces surgical stress. The laparoscopic approach reduces trauma, but the systemic immune responses are still invariably activated. Cytokines and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are the main markers in the study of inflammatory or stress response. α‐Defensins play an important role in host defense, acting early in phagocytosis. α‐Defensins, as early markers—earlier than cytokines—of the inflammatory response, have been used, together with high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), to determine the inflammatory response in laparoscopic and open colectomy for cancer.Materials and methodsA total of 40 patients with colorectal cancer were randomized to two groups: group A (n = 20), open colectomy; group B (n = 20), laparoscopic colectomy. One hour preoperatively an epidural catheter was placed in all patients and rupivacaine was administered perioperatively and again 48 h postoperatively. Blood samples were taken for calculating α‐defensins, IL‐6, and hs‐CRP levels preoperatively, 5 min after division of the colon (group A), or 5 min after deflation of pneumoperitoneum (group B), 6 h and 24 h postoperatively.ResultsThe mean operative time was 115 min for group A and 142 min for group B (p < 0.05). The mean blood loss was 240 ml and 105 ml, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean hospital stay was 8 days and 5 days, respectively (p < 0.05). α‐Defensin levels were statistically significantly lower in group B than in group A, 5 min and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.002 and p < 0.007, respectively). The IL‐6 levels were statistically significantly lower in group B than in group A, 6 h and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.0001 at both time intervals), whereas the levels of hs‐CRP were significantly lower in group B than in group A 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe present study confirms the results of previous studies, that the inflammatory immune response and surgical stress are significantly less after laparoscopic colectomy versus open colectomy for colorectal cancer. More investigation is needed to study if surgical stress has any influence on survival of these patients.
Direct evidence of tidally oriented behavior of the copepod Eurytemora affinis in the Seine estuary
Authors: Schmitt François G. , Devreker David , Dur Gaël , Souissi Sami 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis dominates the zooplankton communities in most northern hemisphere estuaries. A recurrent behavior noticed in several estuaries suggests that this species maintains its horizontal position through vertical migration. In order to investigate this behavioral strategy in detail, we sampled E. affinis nauplii, copepodids and adults at high frequency at a fixed point in the low salinity zone of the Seine estuary. We took water samples in sub‐surface and near bottom during a 12‐ and 50‐h tide cycle, in May 2002 and May 2004, respectively. Since nauplii have weak swimming capabilities compared to copepodid and adult stages, we proposed here to consider them as passive particles. The variation of the relative abundances of nauplii to older stages regarding the vertical position was therefore viewed as direct evidence of the behavior of later stages. We showed that copepodids and adults tried to stay close to the bottom during the ebb, were re‐suspended in the water column 1 h after the low tide during the maximum current velocity, and then vertically migrated back to the bottom layer when current velocity decreased. We also showed that copepodids behaved as adults, with only a lower velocity, taking more time to go near the bottom.
Is the Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Zoobenthic Invertebrates Controlled by Phylogenetic or Trophic Factors?
Authors: Makhutova Olesia N. , Sushchik Nadezhda N. , Gladyshev Michail I. , Ageev Alexander V. , Pryanichnikova Ekaterina G. , Kalachova Galina S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe studied the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of ten zoobenthic species of several taxonomic groups from different freshwater bodies. Special attention was paid to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6); and the n‐3/n‐6 and DHA/ARA ratios, which are important for consumers of higher trophic levels, i.e., fish. The content and ratios of these FA varied significantly in the studied zoobenthic species, consequently, the invertebrates were of different nutritional quality for fish. Eulimnogammarus viridis (Crustacea) and Dendrocoelopsis sp. (Turbellaria) had the highest nutrition value for fish concerning the content of EPA and DHA and n‐3/n‐6 and DHA/ARA ratios. Using canonical correspondence analysis we compared the FA profiles of species of the studied taxa taking into account their feeding strategies and habitats. We gained evidence that feeding strategy is of importance to determine fatty acid profiles of zoobenthic species. However, the phylogenetic position of the zoobenthic species is also responsible and may result in a similar fatty acid composition even if species or populations inhabit different water bodies or have different feeding strategies.
The effects of guided discontinuation of antipsychotics on neurocognition in first onset psychosis
Authors: Faber G. , Smid H.G.O.M. , Van Gool A.R. , Wiersma D. , Van Den Bosch R.J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of second generation antipsychotics on neurocognitive function in patients with stable remission of first episode psychosis.MethodsFifty-three patients with first onset psychosis in the schizophrenia spectrum entered a randomised controlled trial of guided discontinuation (GD) versus maintenance treatment (MT) with second generation antipsychotics. A comprehensive neurocognitive test battery was administered at the time of remission and shortly after dose reduction or discontinuation (GD-group) or at the same time in the MT-group.ResultsWith the exception of negative symptoms, PANSS scores decreased over time and neurocognition improved significantly on most tests in both groups. The GD-group, however, improved significantly more than the MT-group on three neurocognitive measures in the domain of speed of processing.ConclusionThese data suggest that, in first episode patients, dose reduction or discontinuation of second generation antipsychotics after stable remission is achieved, might improve neurocognitive function more than continuing second generation antipsychotics, suggesting a negative role for second generation antipsychotics, specifically in the domain of speed of processing.
Interventions to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia–A review of the past decade
Authors: Barkhof E. , Meijer C.J. , de Sonneville L.M.J. , Linszen D.H. , de Haan L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveNonadherence to antipsychotic medication is highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and has a deleterious impact on the course of the illness. This review seeks to determine the interventions that were examined in the past decade to improve adherence rates.MethodThe literature between 2000 and 2009 was searched for randomized controlled trials which compared a psychosocial intervention with another intervention or with treatment as usual in patients with schizophrenia.ResultsFifteen studies were identified, with a large heterogeneity in design, adherence measures and outcome variables. Interventions that offered more sessions during a longer period of time, and especially those with a continuous focus on adherence, seem most likely to be successful, as well as pragmatic interventions that focus on attention and memory problems. The positive effects of adapted forms of Motivational Interviewing found in earlier studies, such as compliance therapy, have not been confirmed.ConclusionNonadherence remains a challenging problem in schizophrenia. The heterogeneity of factors related to nonadherence calls for individually tailored approaches to promote adherence. More evidence is required to determine the effects of specific interventions.
Splint therapy for disc displacement with reduction of the temporomandibular joint. Part I: Modified mandibular splint therapy
Authors: Huang I‐Yueh , Wu Ju‐Hui , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Chen Chao‐Ming , Chen Chun‐Ming , Yang Yi‐Hsin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aims of this preliminary study were to present a modified mandibular splint together with a treatment regimen and to evaluate their effects on the treatment of reciprocal joint sounds of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The study participants were recruited from 312 consecutive patients in the temporomandibular disorder clinic of a medical center in Taiwan from January 2003 to December 2003. From among these, 59 cases with typical reciprocal clicking were selected for this study. All participants were treated with a modified mandibular splint and then followed up for 6 months. Successful treatment was defined as leading to the disappearance of the joint sounds of TMJ, as described by patients. Based on clinical evaluation, the overall success rate was 71.2% (42/59) with minimal temporary complications. Patients with clicking at less than 3.5 cm of interincisal opening had a success rate of 92.5%, which was higher than the success rate of patients with clicking at a mouth opening of 3.5 cm or more. This study showed that a modified mandibular splint can be used to treat reciprocal clicking of the TMJ effectively and encouraged us to conduct further study on the efficacy of this splint to treat disc displacement with reduction of TMJ using magnetic resonance imaging examination.
Nutrient intake variability and number of days needed to assess intake in preschool children
Authors: Erkkola Maijaliisa , Kyttälä Pipsa , Takkinen Hanna-Mari , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Nevalainen Jaakko , Simell Olli , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M. 
Published: May 2011

The duration of the period of time during which diet should be recorded for sufficiently accurate results on the usual intake of an individual is an especially challenging issue in prospective studies among children. We set out to describe nutrient intake variability in preschoolers and to determine the number of record days required (D) to estimate intake of energy and thirty-two nutrients. The diet and the use of dietary supplements were assessed with three consecutive daily food records including one weekend day in 1639 children participating in the population-based birth cohort of the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Project (DIPP) in Finland. Variance ratios andDstratified by sex and age groups were calculated for 455 (1-year-old), 471 (3-year-old) and 713 (6-year-old) children (born between 1998 and 2003). Within:between variance ratios andDincrease with increasing age, and are slightly higher for girls. Vitamin A, cholesterol,n-3 andn-6 fatty acids, β-carotene and folate intakes require the most replicates. Including supplemental intake has an impact on the variance estimates according to the proportion of supplement users. In the DIPP Nutrition Study with 3 d food records, the correlation coefficients between observed and true intakes of energy and thirty-two nutrients averaged 0·91 in 1-year-old children, 0·79 in 3-year-old children and 0·74 in 6-year-old children. For providing accurate nutrient intake estimates, three replicates of food records are reasonable in 1-year-old children but must be questioned for several nutrients in 3- and 6-year-old children. The accuracy of ranking boys is greater than that for girls.
INTERNATIONAL LAW, PEACE AGREEMENTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION: THE CASE OF THE SUDAN
Authors: Sheeran Scott P 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article considers whether the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement for the Sudan (the CPA) gives rise to binding obligations for the parties under international law. The legitimacy and effectiveness of the CPA, and the avoidance of a return to bloody civil war, depends significantly on the Agreement giving rise to legal obligations. While it has been held in arbitration that the CPA is not a treaty, this article suggests that it is a binding international agreement and further that there are obligations concerning the outstanding referendum for the people of the Abyei region. The legal issues of the CPA are more complex than they at first appear and they engage deeper and broader questions of the role of international law. The article will suggest among other things that the Sudan situation demonstrates it is difficult to draw immutable general rules in abstraction about the international law relating to peace agreements and to self-determination.
II. THE PROMOTION OF INVESTMENTS IN NEW MARKETS IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFTER COMMISSION V GERMANY
Authors: Szydło Marek 
Published: May 2011

The judgment of 3 December 2009 in Commission v Germany touches upon the issue of improper implementation by a Member State (Germany) of the EU regulatory framework in the electronic communications sector.1 In this sense, the judgment in question belongs to the relatively large group of rulings in which the European Court of Justice (ECJ) categorizes the legislative actions (or inactions) of Member States in the field of electronic communications as infringing the Union secondary legislation.2 Undoubtedly, however, Commission v Germany constitutes a judgment that is of paramount importance within the above-mentioned group of rulings and deserves a particularly close attention. Being confronted here with the German rules that generally exempted the so-called new (emerging) markets in the sector concerned from ex ante regulation, the Court had an opportunity to express its views on such key regulatory issues as:
1)the position of encouraging efficient investment in infrastructure, and promoting innovation within the hierarchy of objectives that the EU regulation in electronic communications sector aims to achieve;2)the scope of discretionary powers of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) in defining the markets susceptible to ex ante regulation, and in regulating those markets, including the markets having a new or emerging character;3)the role of national legislators in regulating electronic communications markets, and particularly the relationships between national legislators and NRAs in the field of regulation of the markets in question.It must be noted at once that this latter issue has its far-reaching implications at the constitutional level of the Member States, because the relations between legislative and executive (administrative) authorities are usually determined constitutionally. As a result, the annotated judgment concerns not only such teleological, procedural and institutional issues that are crucial for the Union's concept of regulation in the electronic communications sector, but also issues that are seminal from the constitutional perspective of the Member States. Moreover, the judgment in question is also of great relevance to other network-bound sectors subject to regulation at the EU and national levels, especially as far as the status of NRAs and their position vis-à-vis national legislators are concerned.
INBREEDING AND POPULATION SUBDIVISION IN CÓRDOBA PROVINCE, ARGENTINA, AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: KÜFFER CLAUDIO F. , COLANTONIO SONIA E. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryMarital isonymy is frequently used to estimate inbreeding and the repeated pairs method is useful to investigate whether the population under examination has subdivisions. These methods can also be applied to registers, such as population censuses, where both spouses' surnames are noted. In this paper, the 1795 census for Córdoba province is analysed. Numerically speaking, Spanish and mixed-race people are the major ethno-social groups in the register. In order to estimate inbreeding, the isonymic method was applied to both groups, at provincial and at parish level. To appreciate to what extent the parishes were genetically isolated, Wright's Fst was also calculated. The repeated pairs method was also used for both groups to assess if population subdivision existed in the units under study. Finally, to evaluate whether the subdivision based on surnames reflected the ethno-social stratification, the same method was used considering the two groups together. At the provincial scale, both groups displayed low inbreeding and micro-differentiation, although the former was higher for the Spanish and the latter for mixed-race groups, which could indicate a more marked conjugal selectivity in the Spanish. At the parish scale, preferences for isonymic spouses were not pronounced either in Spanish or in mixed-race groups; in the Spanish group population subdivision prevailed, with the opposite occurring in the mixed-race group. The estimations from repeated pairs, taking the two groups together, indicated that for the studied populations the surnames do not allow the two groups to be differentiated into isolated reproductive units.
Meeting the income needs of older people in East Asia: using housing equity
Authors: DOLING JOHN , RONALD RICHARD 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn the welfare systems of East Asian countries, the income, care and other needs of older people have traditionally been met less by state social protection measures and more by the family, supported by what might be termed the first homeownership strategy: widening access to home ownership as a physical, emotional and financial basis of family wellbeing. Recent political, economic and demographic developments, however, have undermined this model. Examining policy responses in the three most advanced East Asian economies, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, but also with reference to Taiwan, the paper identifies common tendencies in the ways in which the ability to use home ownership has been strengthened. As a second strategy, home ownership has been used to reduce geographical constraints on family support, while, as a third strategy, governments have introduced mechanisms through which older people are able to realise some or all of the equity they have built up through the housing market. These mechanisms include, moving down market or even converting to a rental solution, as well as forms of reverse-mortgage products, some available through private financial institutions and some involving state-organised and state-operated devices.
The end of history and the last liberal peacebuilder: a reply to Roland Paris
Authors: COOPER NEIL , TURNER MANDY , PUGH MICHAEL 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn the April 2010Review of International Studies, Roland Paris argued that liberal peacebuilding is the only viable solution for rebuilding war-torn societies, and supported this by assailing critics of the liberal peace. In this article we challenge four key claims made by Paris: imposed and consensual peacebuilding are different experiences; there are no echoes of imperialism in modern peacebuilding; there is no alternative to the capitalist free market; and critics of the liberal peace are ‘closet liberals’. We argue that Paris ignores the extent to which all peacebuilding strategies have had a core of common prescriptions: neoliberal policies of open markets, privatisation and fiscal restraint, and governance policies focused on enhancing instruments of state coercion and ‘capacity building’ – policies that have proved remarkably resilient even while the democracy and human rights components of the liberal peace have been substantially downgraded. There is little space to (formally) dissent from these policy prescriptions – whether international peacebuilders were originally invited in or not. Furthermore, the deterministic assumption by Paris that ‘there is no alternative’ is unjustifiable. Rather than trying to imagine competing meta-alternatives to liberalism, it is more constructive to acknowledge and investigate the variety of political economies in post-conflict societies rather than measuring them against a liberal norm.