bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determinants and Performance Effects of Managers' Performance Evaluation Biases
Authors: Bol Jasmijn C 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
This study examines the determinants and performance effects of centrality bias and leniency bias. The results show that managers respond to their own incentives and preferences when subjectively evaluating performance. Specifically, information-gathering costs and strong employee-manager relationships positively affect centrality bias and leniency bias. The findings also indicate that performance evaluation biases affect not only current performance ratings, but also future employee incentives. Inconsistent with predictions based on the agency perspective, the results show that managers' performance evaluation biases are not necessarily detrimental to compensation contracting. Although centrality bias negatively affects performance improvement, the evidence does not reveal a significant negative relation between leniency bias and performance. Rather, leniency bias is positively associated with future performance, which is consistent with the behavioral argument that bias can improve perceived fairness and, in turn, employee motivation.
Data Availability: Data used in this study cannot be made public due to a confidentiality agreement with the participating firm.
Cost Pool Classification and Judgment Performance
Authors: Mastilak M. Christian 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Managers must understand relations among costs in order to make decisions. Prior literature assumes managers' use of cost accounting system output is affected by the information coming from the system, but not by the design of the cost system itself. This study examines how the classification of costs into cost pools affects the accuracy of individuals' understanding of relations among costs. I hypothesize that individuals will estimate relations between costs in the same cost pool first and thus more accurately than relations across different pools, because cost pools provide strong cues that meaningful relations are likely to exist within, but not across, pools. I also hypothesize that cost location (within- versus across-pool) has a greater effect on individuals' judgment accuracy when relations among costs are negative than when they are positive. Experimental results are generally consistent with these hypotheses. This experiment shows that cost pool classification choices not only affect the information managers receive, but also their interpretation and use of that information.
Data Availability: Contact the author.
Quaternaire continental ancien et moyen sur les versants côtiers de la Tunisie nord-orientale
Authors: Oueslati Ameur 
Published: May 2011

Les versants côtiers de la Tunisie nord-orientale ont hérité de l'intervalle de temps qui a séparé le Pliocène supérieur (Astien) et l'Eutyrrhénien (Formation Rjiche) sept générations de dépôts et/ou de formes continentaux, réparties en deux ensembles principaux :
- le plus ancien, représentant le Quaternaire ancien, est marqué par l'importance des remblaiements. Deux unités y ont été distinguées, l'une renferme une faune villa franchienne, l'autre contient une industrie lithique caractéristique de la Pebble culture évoluée. De tels remblaiements, surtout les plus anciens d'entre eux, ont été mis en place dans un contexte de grande instabilité tectonique s'intégrant dans la phase orogénique fini-tertiaire - début Quaternaire ;
- au Quaternaire moyen, la tectonique a cessé de constituer le moteur de l'évolution des paysages. La prépondérance est donnée aux facteurs climatiques et parfois eustatiques. Ceci s'est traduit par la mise en place de plans réguliers (glacis, terrasses, cônes de déjections). Cinq générations ont été identifiées. Les deux plus récentes ont respectivement livré des artefacts d'un Acheuléen archaïque et d'un Acheuléen relativement évolué.
Contribution à l'étude des variations et de la variabilité des températures moyennes à Tunis : 1888-1987
Authors: Bousnina A. 
Published: May 2011

L'auteur analyse les changements de température moyenne survenus au cours des cent dernières années à Tunis. Les séries de températures mensuelles, ont été, préalablement, contrôlées et complétées. La variabilité des températures moyennes, exprimée à partir de l'écart-type, s'avère élevée, notamment en automne (octobre) et semble caractériser surtout les températures maximales moyennes. La variabilité interannuelle des températures moyennes annuelles est plus influencée par l'hiver et le printemps, saisons dont les températures moyennes varient le moins. L'amplitude moyenne annuelle connaît également une grande irrégularité (trois fois supérieure à celle relative aux températures moyennes annuelles). Quant aux variations séculaires des températures, il a été possible de retenir une tendance générale au réchauffement. La tendance positive, observée pour les moyennes annuelles, apparaît mieux au cours des trois dernières décennies et semble directement liée à l'augmentation progressive des températures maximales moyennes. Ce réchauffement s'accompagne toutefois d'une baisse sensible du degré de la variabilité. Les températures moyennes de l'hiver et de l'été laissent apparaître aussi une tendance générale assez nette à l'augmentation. Le radoucissement de l'hiver, observé depuis 1907, semble s'arrêter en 1977. Depuis, on relève certains signes de rudesse, en dépit d'un relèvement progressif des températures de janvier, vraisemblablement dû à l'effet urbain.
Les tendances observées à différentes échelles demeurent en définitive assez faibles et statistiquement peu significatives.
Cartographie géomorphologique de la Basse-Provence rhodanienne
Authors: Clauzon Georges , Ambert Paul , Vaudour Jean 
Published: May 2011

Geomorphological cartography of the rhodanian lower Provence.
The area of study is dominated by folded (Alpilles range) or tabular (Istres hills) structural reliefs. However, it mainly corresponds to wide Plio-Pleistocene (Crau and Costières) or Holocene (Camargue) alluvial fans. From a geodynamic point of view, three major episodes mark out the morphogenesis of the reliefs units :
- a pre-messinian episode that records the different phases of the structural relief setting;
- the messinian erosional episode associated to the salinity crisis; this is expressed by the formation of two huge canyons, those of the Rhone and the Durance rivers that, at Early-Pliocene, are filled in ria;
- finally, starting from the infilling of those rias (since Middle Pliocene) the area develops in a plain of alluvial fan or in a strand plain according to the climatic fluctuations and their glacio-eustatic consequences.
La grotte Cosquer et les sites paléolithiques du littoral marseillais (entre Carry-le-Rouet et Cassis)
Authors: Collina-Girard Jacques 
Published: May 2011

Suite aux expertises d' authentification, la première étude scientifique de la grotte Cosquer (Cap Morgiou, Marseille, France) a eu lieu au printemps 1992 ; elle a été suivie d' une seconde mission à l'automne 1994 (les deux opérations ont bénéficié du soutien logistique du personnel du D.R.A.S.M et du navire l'Archéonaute). L'authenticité a été confirmée par des observations in situ et par de nombreuses datations absolues réalisées directement sur les peintures et aussi sur les charbons trouvés au sol (Clottes, Courtin et al., 1992b).
L' importance géologique du site est également considérable puisque qu'il prouve, sans l'ombre d'un doute, que pour la zone des Calanques, le niveau de la mer n'a jamais dépassé, lors de la déglaciation, le niveau qu'il atteint actuellement (compte tenu de possibles mouvements néotectoniques).
Nous dressons ici, après un bref aperçu sur l'art rupestre de la grotte Cosquer, (données 1992 et 1994), un inventaire des sites paléolithiques littoraux entre Carry- le-Rouet et Cassis, pour proposer une synthèse sur le peuplement paléolithique du littoral de la Basse Provence.
Intercommunalité entre littoral et arrière-pays : cohérence territoriale et logiques politiques. Le cas du SIVOM «pays des Maures-golfe de Saint-Tropez»
Authors: Daligaux Jacques 
Published: May 2011

In 1984, several communes of the Saint-Tropez area have tried to set up an intercommunal structure, associating touristic coastal communes and rural communes of the hinterland. Fourteen years after, even if the structure still exists, some people consider that this attempt has failed.
For political and financial reasons, the local elected representatives have refused to entrust real responsabilities to the SIVOM «Maures Mountains and Saint-Tropez gulf».
Location Based Services
Authors: Mitchell Kirk , Whitmore Mark 
Published: May 2011

Location based services (LBS) are considered by some to be the ‘golden child” of wireless data services and one of the few areas where users would be willing to pay a premium for usage. Mobile Operators however are yet to be convinced, and despite acknowledging location services as strategic, have not considered it a priority. Recent LBS deployments however focusing on a holistic view of user behaviour are showing positive signs of success. These deployments focus on providing services that integrate different content from multiple sources to provide users with a coherent and logically connected flow of application options. These applications are called “Find it, Route it, Share it & Buy it. Importantly this model maximises return on investment (ROI) by motivating user to undertake multiple transactions. The challenge for those within the LBS industry is to convince mobile operators that LBS is viable and can deliver a strong ROI. Indeed, the future success of LBS is as much dependant on locating the money as it is about locating the subscribers.
The Collaborative Critical Incident Tool
Authors: Carroll John M. , Neale Dennis C. , Isenhour Phillip L. 
Published: May 2011

We describe an evaluation tool used by teachers and researchers to study the impact of computer-mediated collaborative and communication technologies used in K-12 education. Standard usability engineering methods and tools focus on individual users at a single workstation. Networked collaborative systems, however, present the challenge of multiple users interacting at a variety of times and places. We developed a Web forum tool to capture and display user critical incident reports and threaded discussions of these reports by users, evaluators and system developers. Our Collaborative Critical Incident Tool (CCIT) is effective at evoking detailed usability evaluation information, as well as reflective analysis of usability issues from diverse points of view among stakeholders in the system.
Content-Based Video Indexing and Retrieval
Authors: Fan Jianping , Zhu Xingquan , Xiao Jing 
Published: May 2011

Recent advances in digital video compression and networks have made videos more accessible than ever. Several content-based video retrieval systems have been proposed in the past. In this chapter, we first review these existing content-based video retrieval systems and then propose a new framework, called ClassView, to make some advances towards more efficient content-based video retrieval. This framework includes: (a) an efficient video content analysis and representation scheme to support high-level visual concept characterization; (b) a hierarchical video classification technique to bridge the semantic gap between low-level visual features and high-level semantic visual concepts; and (c) a hierarchical video database indexing structure to enable video access over large-scale database. Integrating video access with efficient database indexing tree structures has provided a great opportunity for supporting more powerful video search engines.
Moving Beyond Objective Testing in Online Assessment
Authors: Ashton Helen S. , Beevers Cliff E. , Milligan Colin D. , Schofield David K. , Thomas Ruth C. , Youngson Martin A. 
Published: May 2011

Computer-aided assessment (CAA) is traditionally seen as an efficient approach to testing large numbers of students by utilizing objective questions with the emphasis firmly on measurement. This chapter describes the development of a system that also seeks to contribute to improving student learning by enhancing the quality, sophistication, and authenticity of the assessments delivered. The system supports students and tutors through the learning process by providing diagnostic and directed feedback to learners and a clear measurement of their true ability to the teacher. The chapter also looks at current work focused on developing assessment systems that can assess higher order skills and begin to blur the boundary between learning and assessment.
Classroom Critical Incidents
Authors: Carroll John M. , Neale Dennis C. , Isenhour Philip L. 
Published: May 2011

Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of user interaction in networked collaborative systems is difficult. There is more than one user, and often the users are not physically proximal. The “session” to be evaluated cannot be comprehensively observed or monitored at any single display, keyboard, or processor. It is typical that none of the human participants has an overall view of the interaction (a common source of problems for such interactions). The users are not easily accessible either to evaluators or to one another.
Bioinformatics Data Management and Data Mining
Authors: Galitsky Boris 
Published: May 2011

Bioinformatics is the science of storing, extracting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and utilizing information from biological sequences and molecules. The focus of bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to the management of biological information. Specifically, it is the science of developing computer databases and algorithms to facilitate and expedite biological research, particularly in genomics. It has been mainly stimulated by advances in DNA sequencing and genome mapping techniques (Adams, Fields & Venter, 1994). Genomics is the discipline that studies genes and their functions, including the functional study of genes, their resulting proteins, and the role played by the proteins in the biochemical processes, as well as the study of human genetics by comparisons with model organisms such as mice, fruit flies, and the bacterium E. coli
Team Effectiveness in Virtual Environments
Authors: Shachaf Pnina , Hara Noriko 
Published: May 2011

This chapter attempts to address the need for more research on virtual team effectiveness and outlines an ecological theoretical framework that is applicable to virtual learning environments (VLE). Prior empirical studies on virtual team effectiveness used frameworks of traditional team effectiveness and mainly followed Hackman’s normative model (input-process-output). We propose an ecological approach for virtual team effectiveness that accounts for team boundaries management, technologyuse, and external environment in VLE, properties which were previously either nonexistent or contextual. The ecological framework suggests that three components — external environment, internal environment, and boundary management — reciprocally interact with effectiveness. The significance of the proposed framework is a holistic perspective that takes into account the complexity of the external and internal environment of the team. Furthermore, we address the needs for new pedagogical approaches in VLE.
ICT Considerations for a Municipality in South Africa
Authors: Averweg U. , Manyanga S. 
Published: May 2011

The availability of publicly accessible Internet networks and services are the first prerequisite in ensuring that all citizens and nations can benefit from information on the World Wide Web (UNESCO, 2003). Information and communication technologies (ICT) are playing an increasingly important role in the daily lives of citizens, revolutionising work and leisure and changing the rules of doing business. ICT encompass all technologies that facilitate the processing and transfer of information and communication services (United Nations, 2002). In the realm of government, ICT applications are promising to enhance the delivery of public goods and services to citizens not only by improving the process and management of government but also by redefining the traditional concepts of citizenship and democracy (Pascual, 2003). The spread of ICT brings hope that governments can transform (Pacific Council on International Policy, 2002). This article is organised as follows: • Background to the research is given • ICT adoption in the eThekwini Municipality in South Africa is described • The research goals, method, data gathering, and results are discussed • Management implications towards implementing a successful e-government strategy are given • Future trends are then suggested and a conclusion is given
The Virtual University
Authors: Stein David S. , Glazer Hilda R. , Wanstreet Constance E. 
Published: May 2011

By offering self-designed, guided independent study, for-profit virtual universities began as alternatives to traditional graduate education that emphasized full-time study and ignored the life demands of adult students. However, through the process of gaining accreditation, recognition by the academy, and acceptance in themarketplace, virtual universities now more closely resemble traditional institutions. Their challenge to traditional academic practices predominately rests with the use of electronic tools for learning and the access virtualuniversities provide thousands of part-time learnerspursuing doctoral degrees.
Why Choose an Online Course?
Authors: Tomei Lawrence A. , Kwiatkowski April , Brown Lorie , Pash Lori , Javery Christine , Ray Julie A. , Durocher Rae Ann 
Published: May 2011

OCICU is the Online Consortium of Independent Colleges and Universities and consists of five provider institutions which are located throughout the United States and Ireland. This consortium is the first of its kind to exist in distance education. The researchers wanted to understandwhy students choose to take courses through the consortium as well as why students opt for online learning instead of traditional face to face instruction. The research was limited courses that were completed in the Fall 2006, Spring 2007, and Fall 2007. The review of the literature revealed several factors of teaching online that affect whymember schools recommend an OCICU course to their students and why these students succeed or fail in anonline environment. The response rate of 25% diminishes the ability of this investigation to generalize to this population of 64 institutions.
Teaching Online
Authors: Kang P. Toyoko 
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides an argument endorsing blendedlearning and teaching for foreign language (FL)/second language (L2) courses, in lieu of total online learning andteaching or total face-to-face learning and teaching (FFLT). Two main arguments are posed, citing concrete examples. First, that in total online learning and teaching, one of the greatest challenges is to reduce the psychological and social distance between teacher and student that leads to a dysfunctional parser (a mental language processor) for FL/L2. And secondly, online learning and teachingencourage more input, hence clarify communication---by making not only currently incomprehensible input comprehensible but also hard-tobe-comprehended output easy-to-comprehend---- through “self-negotiation of form and meaning,” and the parser’s strategy of being “first (prosodic phrase) come, first interpreted/processed.” This chapter proceeds to strongly recommend that FL/L2 teachers make simple audio files to provide their students with spoken input to prevent students from employing the L1 strategy of “first come, last interpreted/ processed.” Furthermore, this chapter shows what kind of spoken input is to be recorded in audio files for students in Elementary Japanese II and Intermediate Japanese I.
Measuring Effectiveness in Online Instruction
Authors: Swartz Louis B. , Cole Michele T. , Shelley Daniel J. 
Published: May 2011

To remain competitive, expand access to education, and meet the needs of students, institutions of higher education are offering larger numbers of online courses. Asonline instruction increases, educational institutions, students and society need to make sure that onlinecourses and programs are as effective as traditional classroom courses and educational programs. To address this need, this paper focuses on the question, “Are onlinecourses and programs as effective as those taught in the classroom?” Numerous authors have addressed the question of the effectiveness of online classes (Keegan, D., 1996; Russell, T., 1999; Schulman, A.H. and Sims, R.L., 1999; Harasim, L. 2000; Ryan, R.C. 2000; Rivera, J.C. and Rice, M.L., 2002; Bernard, R.M., et al, 2004; Frantz, P.L. and Wilson, A.H., 2004; Suanpang, P., Petocz, P. and Kalceff, W., 2004; Fjermestad, Hiltz, S. and Zhang, Y. 2005; Weaver-Kaulis, A. and Crutsinger, C., 2006). Most studies center on student satisfaction and/or student learning. The studies have produced mixed results. This paper provides a summary of a number of important studies on theeffectiveness of online courses and educational programs. It synthesizes the results from the studies and presents possible reasons for the differences in findings. It concludes with a discussion of future trends and suggestions for areas of further study.
A Practical Guide to Evaluate Quality of Online Courses
Authors: Hao Yungwei , Borich Gary 
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces a graphic approach to define quality inonline courses. The Decomposition Model (Borich & Jemelka, 1982) is used to illustrate course structure and the salient characteristics of an effective online course. The constraints that influence the success of online courses are discussed. Salient transactions (activities) that occur in online coursesare described. And the means-end continuum in the process of online learning is illustrated graphically. The chapter is expected to provide readers with a whole picture of a qualityonline course through an architectural framework.
Preparing Online Instructors
Authors: Johnson Evelyn S. , Pitcock Jane 
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses methods for supporting theinstructor in the development of strong learner-learner interactions. In this chapter, we present a brief overview ofthe importance of social learning theories and existing research that support learner-learner interaction as an important aspect of learning. Next, we discuss the multiple factors, and their complex interaction on the instructor’s ability to support learner-learner interaction. Additionally, we report and discuss findings from a qualitative study examining the use of an ecological assessment tool to evaluate an online course’s ability to support learner-learner interaction. The chapter concludes with suggestions for improved approaches to faculty development to support learner-learner interaction.
Designing Dynamic Learning Environment for Web 2.0 Application
Authors: Zheng Robert Z. 
Published: May 2011

The growth of online resources and the advancement ofWeb 2.0 technology are changing the instructional landscape and have significantly impacted the practices in education. With its ill-structured learning and rapid incrementation of information in a non-linear fashion, Web2.0 learning poses enormous challenges to online instructional designers and teachers. The traditional ID models are deemed less fit for Web 2.0 learning due to their linear, well-structured design approach. This chapter proposes a new ID model that specifically addresses the cognitive demands involved in Web 2.0 learning, promoteslearning that focuses on metacognitive thinking and self-regulation, facilitates knowledge integration and construction of schemas-of-the-moment for ill-structuredlearning, and delivers an environment by connecting activities with behavior to form a dynamic learningenvironment in Web 2.0 application.