bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosecution Policy
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Enforcement policy is that which inspectors understand as official guidance. Policy is an important part of the formal definition of an inspector's decision-making field. This chapter discusses why policy rarely reaches field staff in a form they find helpful in guiding enforcement decisions. It suggests a way of thinking about policy, its origins, and why it may not be transmitted through the regulatory organization and into action at the periphery in a pristine form. It covers enforcement policy as a formal conception (encompassing the principles of proportionality, consistency, and transparency), as a practical conception, the sources of enforcement policy, and analyses the structure of inspectorates. It argues that the attenuation of regulatory policy is the result of the vague or general formulation of policy, the vagaries of its transmission to the field, and the competing demands on inspectors' decision-making which arise from the practical character of their work.
Bilingualism in Cicero? The Evidence of Code-Switching
Authors: SWAIN SIMON 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the problem of Roman Latin-Creek bilingualism in the Late Republic. There is an abundance of evidence to show that Romans at this time knew classical Greek literature well enough. Some of them, like Cicero, knew key parts of it extremely well. Cicero himself was able to compose Greek prose and verse and to deliver set speeches in Greek before a Greek audience. No one would deny that he could speak Greek well. It is a commonly held view that Cicero’s peers were fluent in Greek and regularly used it in conversation with each other. There are, however, no grounds for the latter belief. This chapter places Cicero’s choices against the general background and function of bilingualism in Rome.
Interference or Translationese? Some Patterns in Lycian-Greek Bilingualism
Authors: RUTHERFORD IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The linguistic situation in Lycia was always complex, mirroring the complex history of the region. In the classical period, at least three languages are spoken: Lycian, Greek, and Aramaic. Lycian existed in at least two forms, Lycian and ‘Milyan’, the former attested in a large number of inscriptions from the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the latter (also sometimes known as ‘Lycian B’), attested in two inscriptions which are apparently poetic. Lycian syntax influenced Greek language in the context of translation, for example, with respect to the preposition hrppi, filiation formulae, and word order.
Assessing Latin–Gothic Interaction
Authors: BURTON PHILIP 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The 6th-century Codex Argenteus provides most of the current information on Gothic. George Washington Salisbury Friedrichsen, in his work of 1926, made two important claims: first, that all the Gothic Gospels, but especially that of Luke, had been heavily influenced by the Latin versions; and second, that a putative Latin-Gothic text that he called the ‘Palatinian Bilingual’ had mediated both the Latin Codex Palatinus e and the Gothic Codex Argenteus. This chapter examines Friedrichsen’s thesis and argues that Codex Palatinus does not represent a Gothicised tradition. It also does not agree that Codex Argenteus reflects a ‘Palatinian bilingual’ of the type posited by Friedrichsen. However, it recognises the possibility that Codex Argenteus represents a Latinised tradition.
Interpreting Medieval Agriculture
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter argues that medieval landlords and their officials, on whom our understanding of medieval agriculture primarily rests, are usually perceived as being economically artless. Yet manorial account rolls, which detail the agricultural exploitation of lords' demesne farms and which survive in abundance between the late 13th and early 15th centuries, have the potential to reveal much about economic mentalities. Investigating the actions of reeves — the unfree tenants who often made most of the day-to-day decisions about the running of these farms — provides an insight into the mindset of peasants as well as lords. More importantly, it has important implications for the way medieval agriculture is interpreted: by presuming an absence of economic rationality, historians have almost invariably highlighted exogenous factors in their explanations of change over time in agricultural productivity and economic fortunes.
The Bishop of Ely and his Manor of Wisbech
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Agricultural decision-making is, initially, most fruitfully explored in a local arena, and this chapter provides an introduction to the demesne farm of Wisbech Barton. The demesne was selected for the unusually high quality of its documentation: the series of accounts, two-thirds of which survive, extends from 1313 to 1429, and each contains an exceptionally high level of detail. Wisbech Barton lay on the estate of the bishop of Ely and was situated in the silt fens; consequently, much of the chapter surveys patterns of income and expenditure on the estate, and the economy of the medieval marshland. It then details the nature of the crops and livestock that were grown and raised on the farm, and trends in crop yields, fleece weights and lambing rates.
From Agrarian Crisis to the Black Death
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the demesne farm of Wisbech Barton during the early 14th century, a period often viewed as the demographic and economic turning point of the Middle Ages. It reveals that reeves responded to the challenges of this time, including the agrarian crisis of 1315-22 and the price deflation of the 1330s and 1340s, with remarkable flexibility and proficiency. Annual changes to the acreage sown with cash crops were determined by actual and relative prices and this sensitivity to market forces helped keep farm income buoyant. Most importantly, the intensity with which land was farmed was deliberately reduced as economic conditions deteriorated, with the effect that crop yields were reduced. Soils at Wisbech may well have been less fertile on the eve of the Black Death, but the responsibility for this lay not with the overuse of land or a lack of technological knowledge, but rather with rational decision-making.
Against Collective Rights
Authors: TAMIR YAEL (YULI) 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Collective rights, it is argued, are necessary to protect and promote the interests of members of minority groups. This latter claim is supported by theoretical and political arguments. The former suggest that unless bestowed upon a collective, the existence of some rights cannot be justified, while the latter assert that unless granted to a collective, some rights cannot be protected. This chapter argues that one can, and should, justify all rights in terms of individual rights. This does not imply that all the rights referred to as ‘collective rights’ can be reduced to individual rights. It is important to distinguish between rights and the political arrangements that ought to be put in place in order to defend and promote rights; the former ought to reflect the nature of moral and political agents, whereas the latter must take into account contingent limitations embedded in particular social and political circumstances. This chapter also discusses communal survival and violations of individual rights, collectives and associations, whether collectives can be rights-holders, and whether collective rights are indispensable.
Meanings of ‘Recognition’
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The confusion which characterizes the subject of recognition of governments is due not so much to the unsettled state of the principles involved as to the nebulous nature of the term ‘recognition’. This chapter looks at two meanings of recognition: indication of willingness on the part of the recognizing government to enter into official relations with the government in question, and manifestation of the recognizing government's opinion on the legal status of the government in question. Non-recognition of a government need not necessarily mean that it does not exist in the sense of international law. It may mean only that the recognizing government is unwilling to enter into normal diplomatic relations with it. Some examples of non-recognition illustrating this proposition are presented, including cases involving Costa Rica, Russia, and Angola.
Recognition and its Variants
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Like ‘recognition’, the terms ‘de facto recognition’, ‘diplomatic recognition’, and ‘de jure recognition’ can be given meaning by establishing the intention of the authority using them within the factual and legal context of each individual case. The meaning of de facto and de jure recognition as well as of the other variants is therefore to be determined by an analysis of the cases in which these terms have actually been employed by states. This chapter examines the variants of the term ‘recognition’ and their meanings, early usage of the terms as exemplified by the recognition of the new states in America, and modern usage of de facto and de jure recognition. Areas of use of de facto and de jure recognition are discussed, including secession, decolonization, or partition of states; annexation of states, rival governments of the same state, and effective governments of states.
International Representation
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
While both recognized governments in exile and authorities in exile not recognized as governments have made treaties and have entered into contracts, only the former, in their character as organs of state, have been regarded as competent to do so on behalf of the state which they purported to represent. This chapter discusses the legal transactions that recognized governments in exile can conduct as states in the international arena, including treaties (treaty-making competence, limitations upon treaty-making competence, and rights and duties under existing treaties) and unilateral acts. The foreign relations (bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations) involving the right of legation of a government in exile are discussed, along with its representation in both national and international judicial proceedings, access to state property abroad, protection of nationals, and exercise of jurisdiction.
Hierocles of Alexandria
Authors: Schibli Hermann S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book surveys the 5th-century Neoplatonic philosopher Hierocles of Alexandria. It contains a survey of his life, writings, and pagan and Christian surroundings, and examines the major tenets of his thought under the rubrics of contemplative philosophy, practical philosophy (civil and telestic), and providence. The book situates Hierocles in the mainstream of Neoplatonism from Plotinus to Damascius. Particularly helpful is the inclusion of a modern English translation of Hierocles’ Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans and of the remnants of his treatise On Providence. The translations are fully annotated throughout.
The Life of Hierocles
Authors: Schibli Hermann S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For the life of Hierocles, there are only two chronological points of reference. Both derive from his treatise On Providence, which has been preserved in short summaries and extracts by Photius, the 9th-century Byzantine scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople, in his monumental compendium of learning, the Bibliotheca. According to Photius, Hierocles dedicated On Providence to the historian Olympiodorus of Thebes (in Egypt), whose work is in turn dedicated to the Emperor Theodosius II and covers the years AD 407 to 425. In 412, Olympiodorus led a successful embassy to the Huns, and he generally enjoyed such renown among the barbarians that in around AD 418 he was invited to visit the Blemmyes (a nomadic Egyptian tribe). These events appear to be incorporated in the praise given him by Hierocles. On Providence should therefore be dated to some time after AD 418. The second date comes from the seventh and last book of On Providence, in which Hierocles covers the school of Ammonius.
Providence, Fate, and Free Will
Authors: Schibli Hermann S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The remnants of Hierocles’ On Providence are naturally a main source for his thoughts on providence, fate, and free will. In addition, chapter XI of the Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans deals with these topics, while chapter XXIV touches on free will. These provide a fairly coherent account of how Hierocles understood the operations of providence in the universe. The threefold arrangement of rational beings is part of the providential order (‘the laws of providence’) established by the demiurge. In On Providence, Hierocles, solidifying Plato’s ‘probable account’ of creation and providence, unambiguously identifies providence with God, the father and creator. Given that the demiurge represents the second hypostasis of intellect, Hierocles, like Plotinus, interprets providence as the order bestowed upon the universe by intellect.
4 Religiosity in Daily Life
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways that Antioqueño beliefs and religious attitudes provided integration and cohesion among the social classes. It discusses that the structure of society was far from egalitarian, but religion worked to shorten social distances rather than to accentuate them. It also examines several ways of public expressions of faith. It explains that the religiosity of the people in Antioquia is confirmed by testimonies of a varied nature: from all sorts of people in the said region as well as from other Colombians and foreigners; from Liberals and Conservatives alike; from official sources, and from more personal and disinterested accounts, such as diaries, memoirs, and autobiographies, as well as travel journals, family correspondence, and costumbrista literature.
Transcription of Dutch Intonation
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes a system for the transcription of Dutch intonation, based on the autosegmental description by Gussenhoven. It describes intonational Phrase (IP) boundaries, Utterance boundaries, IP-final, and IP_initial tones, plus pitch accents, following the Pierrehumbert model. It uses three initial boundary tones, %L, %H, and %HL; three final boundary conditions, L%, H%, and % (no tone); five pitch accents H*, L*, H*L, L*H, and H*!H; plus two modifications, Delay (L*-prefix) and downstep (!H). The system has a larger coverage than the IPO grammar, is more transparent than the earlier autosegmental description, while also including the distinction between low rise (L*H H%) and high rise (H*H%), absent from the earlier description.
Property and Justice
Authors: Harris J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When philosophers put forward claims for or against ‘property’, it is often unclear whether they are talking about the same thing that lawyers mean by ‘property’. Likewise, when lawyers appeal to ‘justice’ in interpreting or criticizing legal rules we do not know if they have in mind something that philosophers would recognize as ‘justice’. Bridging the gulf between juristic writing on property and speculations about it appearing in the tradition of western political philosophy, the author has built from entirely new foundations an analytical framework for understanding the nature of property and its connection with justice. This book ranges over natural property rights; property as a prerequisite of freedom; incentives and markets; demands for equality of resources; property as domination; property and basic needs; and the question of whether property should be extended to information and human bodily parts. It maintains that property institutions deal both with the use of things and the allocation of wealth, and that everyone has a ‘right’ that society should provide such an institution.
Minimal Structure
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers some lessons learned as imaginary societies shift from non-property societies to property institutions. These concern scarcity, trespassory rules, and the dual functions of property institutions (privileged use and wealth allocation). It then discusses half property, mere property, full-blooded ownership, property-independent prohibitions, property-limitation rules, property-duty rules and property-privilege rules, expropriation rules, and appropriation rules.
1 Making Sense of France
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter lays out the key puzzle of the book: how did France manage a massive reorganization of its supply-side during the second half of the 1980s and 1990s, with quite beneficial economic performance as a result? Existing theories, market-based, state-based, and cultural, help us to understand part of the problem, but run up against problems. The chapter then goes on to present the key argument of the book — referring to the role of large firms in economic adjustment and industrial reorganization — and presents the structure of the book.
2 The Société Bloquée Revisited: The Failure of Economic Reforms in France
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents the dominant view on France and the French economy in particular: the société bloquée or ‘blocked society’. Its central tenets are low-trust, low organizational capacity of socio-economic actors, and excessive reliance on the state. The chapter develops the different components of this view on France in detail, and then raises the problem of the adjustment detailed in the first chapter as a puzzle to be handled.
4 Cars are Cars: Industrial Restructuring in Renault
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This first case study of corporate reform examines the car maker Renault. Once a paradigm case of the French model — state-owned, progressive labour relations, mass-production — the company went through a severe crisis in the early 1980s, out of which it re-emerged by the late 1980s with a different corporate governance model, labour relations, work organization and product line-up. The chapter examines reforms in four key areas: ownership, labour relations, work and supplier organization, and product market strategies.
Introduction
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Using an evangelical Christian approach, this book explores why, when, and how religious individuals and groups that ‘do not play the game’ encounter difficulty in the liberal state. It contrasts liberal and Christian perspectives on religion and religious liberty; examines key legal and constitutional issues concerning the protection of, and limits to, the right of religious freedom; and traverses certain areas of contemporary controversy over the ambit of freedom of religion. Special attention is given to the legal position in the United Kingdom (more specifically, England and Wales), drawing material from other Western jurisdictions and from international bodies.
Models of Religion–State Relations
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter surveys the various types of interaction between religion and government by considering which model or models best advance religious freedom in a liberal state. The goal is to determine whether some models are simply incompatible with freedom of religion. Two important preliminary points require mention: one’s view of the appropriate relationship between religion and state cannot be ‘neutral’; criticism or defence of a particular model will reflect one’s largely unarticulated premises concerning the purpose of the Church (or other organised religious community), the role of the state, and so on. The following models are examined from a non-neutral vantage point: theocracy, Erastianism, pluralism, neutrality, separationism, and competitive market model.
Why Did Herodotus not Mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn 1883, early in the days of deciphering cuneiform inscriptions, Archibald Sayce published a commentary on Herodotus' History Books 1-3, entitled The Ancient Empires of the East. He quoted authorities of his own time who questioned the reliability of Herodotus. Ctesias was reckoned a more trustworthy informant who ‘had good reason for accusing Herodotus of errors in his Assyrian history’. After all, Ctesias lived at the Persian court, and so he was supposed to have drunk from more direct sources of knowledge about the ancient Near East than Herodotus could have done. One hundred and twenty years after Sayce published his work, Assyriologists are in a better position to comment on Babylonian and Assyrian matters, thanks to the perseverance and brilliance of several generations of scholars. This chapter does not attempt to verify Herodotus on every point; rather it looks at certain items of information in the light of recent solid progress in ancient Near Eastern studies. It aims to try and find out why certain details appear to be incorrect, and to show how over-eager corrections, made from a poor base of evidence, are occasionally wrong.
Democracy without Theory
Authors: Davies John K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter on the emergence of democracy in Greek antiquity distinguishes five scholarly approaches to the topic: via factuality, mentalities, ideologies, history of philosophy, or its applicability to the present day. It argues that the system called ‘democracy’, far from being formulated as a desirable goal, emerged within societies already well furnished with institutions, doing so as an unplanned assemblage of responses to political crises. Responses were mostly directed towards preventing the recurrence of various system failures (e.g., tyranny and other usurpations of power, regionalism, embezzlement, bribery, and patronage) in ways which lacked any theoretical substrate but were embedded in long-standing social and legal habitus.
Final Conclusions
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter concludes by presenting a number of arguments supporting to tilt the balance in favour of environmental concerns. It explains that the directing principles have a common denominator which is the battle against environmental risks. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of protection: a curvative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. This chapter also clarifies that directing principles represent the interface between modern and post-modern law. It discusses that at the EC level, the directing principles specify that ‘Community policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection’. It argues that while concentric circles are taking shape around environmental interests, each of those interests still provides evidence of a certain fragility. Yet they must be strengthened for the environmental directing principles to succeed and come to maturity.