bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special considerations for a first seizure in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Camfield Peter , Camfield Carol 
Published: July 2010

Summary Children with a first unprovoked seizure almost always present with a convulsive seizure. The differential diagnosis includes many paroxysmal events, especially convulsive syncope but even with a good history; there is often uncertainty that cannot be eliminated by investigations. In general, an EEG and MRI are indicated with other investigations determined on a case‐by‐case basis. Epilepsy syndrome identification may be very valuable. Current literature allows at least partial answers to parents' six most common questions: Will it happen again? How long do I have to wait for a recurrence? Could my child die during a recurrence? Could there be brain damage with a recurrence? If medication treatment is delayed will there be any long‐term change in the chance of a permanent remission? Now that my child has had a seizure, how should his/her activities be restricted?
Vaccination of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the inflammatory response, but fails to prevent experimental periodontitis*
Authors: Polak David , Wilensky Asaf , Shapira Lior , Weiss Ervin I. , Houri‐Haddad Yael 
Published: July 2010

Polak D, Wilensky A, Shapira L, Weiss EI, Houri‐Haddad Y. Vaccination of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the inflammatory response, but fails to prevent experimental periodontitis. J Clin Peridontol 2010; 37: 812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.001598.x. AbstractAim: To assess the potential of using vaccination with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum, in modulating local subcutaneous inflammatory response and alveolar bone loss following coinfection with both bacteria.Materials and Methods: Mice were immunized against either P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum. The cytokine response to mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was evaluated using the subcutaneous chamber model. The alveolar bone loss induced by oral mixed infection was evaluated by micro‐CT using the experimental periodontitis model. Serum levels of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA.Results: Vaccination with either bacterium produced a specific humoral response before infection. Animals immunized against either bacteria following a mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, showed decreased TNFα (but not IL‐1β) levels as compared with non‐immunized animals. However, the vaccination did not change the level of mixed infection‐induced alveolar bone loss when compared with non‐immunized animals. Six weeks following the oral mixed infection, specific antibody titres remained high. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the non‐immunized bacterium were present at high levels.Conclusions: While vaccination produced specific antibodies and suppressed the inflammatory response, it failed to prevent or reduce the progression of experimental periodontitis induced by mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum.
The Hormonal and Antifertility Activity of 2,6‐cis‐Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in the Female Rat*
Authors: Le Vier R. R. , Jankowiak M. E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: An organosilicon compound, 2,6‐cis‐diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, cyclic 2,6‐[(PhMeSiO)2(Me2SiO)2], was shown to be an orally active estrogen in the mature castrate rat; about 1.0 mg/kg is equivalent to 0.005 mg/kg estradiol benzoate used as a maximum stimulatory dose in a uterotropic assay. Cyclic 2,6‐cis‐[(PhMeSiO)2 (Me2SiO)2] is not an antiestrogen.Cyclic 2,6‐cis‐[(PhMeSiO)2 (Me2SiO)2] is an effective oral postcoital antifertility agent when administered at 0.33 mg/kg on days 1–5 of gestation and at 3.0 mg/kg given on day 1 of gestation. The primary effect appeared to be accelerated passage of ova to the uterus and induction of ovum destruction in the oviduct. At the doses used cyclic 2,6‐cis‐[(PhMeSiO)2 (Me2SiO)2] was similar to diethylstilbestrol in that tubal retention did not occur as shown for estradiol benzoate. Administration of cyclic 2,6‐cis‐[(PhMeSiO)2 (Me2SiO)2] at other times during gestation terminated pregnancy during primitive streak and neurula stages (days 8–11). Gestation was less sensitive to organosiloxane treatment during implantation. Pregnancy was not terminated after day 11. Thus, this purely organosilicon compound represents a new class of moderate estrogens and may be useful in the study of estrogen structure‐activity relationships.
Intraerythrocyte sodium content and transmembrane sodium flux in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics or β‐adrenoceptorblockers
Authors: Herlitz Hans , Jonsson Olof , Elmfeldt Dag , Nauclér Jacob , Berglund Göran 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Forty‐seven male patients with essential hypertension were randomized to treatment with either a ß‐adrenoceptorblocker (metoprolol), (n = 24), or a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide), (n = 23). If their diastolic blood pressure was not lowered below 95 mm Hg by the maximum dose of either drug, hydralazine (15 patients) and in a few cases (6 patients) spironolactone was given.After five years of treatment all the patients were examined with respect to intraerythrocyte sodium (IeNa) and potassium (leK). sodium influx and sodium efflux. Patients treated with the diuretic (D) tended to have a higher leNa (9.8±0.4 mmol/l red cells) and sodium influx (0.044±0.002 mmol Na/1 X min) compared with those taking the ß‐adrenoceptoblocker (B) (8.9±0.3 mmol/l and 0.041±0.002 mmol Na/l X min). but neither of these differences was statistically significant. Sodium efflux, however, was significantly increased in D (0.073+0.003 mmol Na/l X min vs 0.061 ± 0.003 mmol/l X min). No difference in leK was noted between the two groups. Six patients taking spironolactone had a low leNa (7.3±0.4 mmol/l), sodium influx (0.039±0.001 mmol Na/l X min) and sodium efflux (0.050±0.006 mmol Na/l X min).
Evaluation of effects of nitroglycerin therapy by echocardiography
Authors: Lindvall Kaj 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Echocardiography (Echo) is a convenient method in diagnozing and in quantification of cardiac abnormalities, although dependent on registration quality. M‐mode and two‐dimensional Echo give adequate information regarding heart dimensions and cavity volume but only indirect information of pressures. M‐mode Echo gives an ideal opportunity to study left ventricular wall motion as an expression of systolic and diastolic function. Both inter and intra patient comparisons will be possible to perform.Improved wall function after intake of nitroglycerine and other nitrate preparations, has been reported in Echo studies both in resting state and in induced acute myocardial ischemia during exercise in man or in acute coronary occlusion in dogs.
Improvement of developmental outcome between 24 and 36 months corrected age in very preterm infants
Authors: Houtzager Bregje A , Gorter‐Overdiek Bianca , Van Sonderen Loekie , Tamminga Pieter , Van Wassenaer Aleid G 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  To study early developmental course in preschool‐aged very preterm infants and its association with perinatal risk factors and test‐taking behaviour.Methods:  Children born <30 weeks gestation and/or <1000 g in the Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam were assessed at 24 and 36 months corrected age with the Dutch Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II (BSID‐II‐NL) and neurological examination. Linear regression analyses for developmental change were performed with perinatal risk factors.Results:  One hundred and forty‐six children, mean GA 28 weeks and mean birth weight 1043 g, participated. Mental and psychomotor scores improved significantly with 6 and 7 points, respectively, from 24 to 36 months (p < 0.01). Mild to severe problems on at least one domain occurred less often at 36 (32%) compared to 24 months (63%) (p < 0.01), using corrected scores. Mental improvement was associated with being born very small for gestational age or <28 weeks; psychomotor improvement was associated with not being treated with indomethacin. Difficult test behaviour occurred mostly at 24 months and was associated with non‐optimal development at 36 months.Conclusion:  Improved developmental outcome and test behaviour were found at 36 compared to 24 months in a cohort of very preterm children. Long‐term outcome studies and retesting of behaviourally difficult children are recommended.
Enhanced Bactericidal Activity of Modified Titania in Sunlight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Water‐Borne Pathogen
Authors: Swetha S. , Santhosh S. M. , Geetha Balakrishna R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotocatalyst‐mediated inactivations generate reactive oxygen species and OH radicals, which induce oxidative destruction of membrane integrity, causing damage to membrane phospholipids of gram negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanosized TiO2 was synthesized by gel to crystalline conversion and Zr‐doped TiO2 was synthesized by pulverization using appropriate precursor. The doped nanocrystals retained the anatase phase with a marginal increase in crystallite size, averaging at 25 nm. SEM–EDX analysis of the doped sample depicts the substantial growth of grain size with 1.33 atomic weight % of zirconium. The created electron states in the doped sample act as charge carrier traps suppressing recombination which later detraps the same to the surface of the catalyst causing enhanced interfacial charge transfer. Zr‐doped TiO2 at the molecular scale exhibits better photocatalytic activity with lower bandgap energy that can respond to visible light. The redshift caused by the dopants in absorption spectra of TiO2 facilitated the nonintrinsic sample to exhibit nearly 2‐fold enhancement of photoinactivation in sunlight. Extent of photoinactivation of P. aeruginosa was observed to be complete (100%) within 150 min of sunlight exposure in the presence of modified TiO2.
Transition Metal Ions or Acid‐induced Suppression of Photoinduced Proton Transfer and Electron Transfer Reaction in 5‐(4‐Fluorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxypyridine: A Molecule of Dual Mode Fluorosensitivity
Authors: Samanta Anuva , Paul Bijan Kumar , Jana Sankar , Guchhait Nikhil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe photophysical properties of 5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxypyridine (FP2HP) at different pH and its fluorescence response toward different transition metal ions have been studied by steady‐state absorption and emission spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. Although keto‐enol tautomerization is observed in the excited state, the molecule is weakly fluorescent due to the presence of electron‐rich nitrogen atom and relatively electron‐deficient fluorine atom, which may lead to photoinduced electron transfer process. In the presence of the transition metal ions, such as Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, etc., the studied molecule exhibits changes in its absorption and emission properties. The present system shows fluorescence enhancement instead of usual quenching in presence of the transition metal ions, such as Fe2+ and Cu2+. Spectral observation leads to the interpretation that this structurally simple molecule can be effectively utilized as a chelation‐enhanced fluorescence‐based chemosensor for the detection of transition metal ions. The experimental findings corroborate well with theoretical calculations at Hartree–Fock level using 6‐31G** and lanl2dz basis sets.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Typing of Global
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi Isolates by Use of a Hairpin Primer Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: Octavia Sophie , Lan Ruiting 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi is highly homogeneous. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be valuable markers for molecular typing of
S. enterica
serovar Typhi. Here, we used a hairpin primer real-time PCR assay for SNP typing of
S. enterica
serovar Typhi isolates. Forty-two SNPs were selected from a comparison of 19 published
S. enterica
serovar Typhi genomes and sequences from other studies. The SNPs were used to type 71 global
S. enterica
serovar Typhi isolates and differentiated these
S. enterica
serovar Typhi isolates and the 19 genome sequenced strains into 25 SNP profiles. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these SNP profiles were grouped into six major clusters. These clusters can be identified by using five SNPs, while the full differentiation of the 25 SNP profiles requires a minimum of 24 SNPs. This real-time PCR-based SNP typing method will be useful for global epidemiological analysis.
Use of Nucleotide Composition Analysis To Infer Hosts for Three Novel Picorna-Like Viruses
Authors: Kapoor A. , Simmonds P. , Lipkin W. I. , Zaidi S. , Delwart E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
Nearly complete genome sequences of three novel RNA viruses were acquired from the stool of an Afghan child. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses belong to the picorna-like virus superfamily. Because of their unique genomic organization and deep phylogenetic roots, we propose these viruses, provisionally named calhevirus, tetnovirus-1, and tetnovirus-2, as prototypes of new viral families. A newly developed nucleotide composition analysis (NCA) method was used to compare mononucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies for RNA viruses infecting mammals, plants, or insects. Using a large training data set of 284 representative picornavirus-like genomic sequences with defined host origins, NCA correctly identified the kingdom or phylum of the viral host for >95% of picorna-like viruses. NCA predicted an insect host origin for the 3 novel picorna-like viruses. Their presence in human stool therefore likely reflects ingestion of insect-contaminated food. As metagenomic analyses of different environments and organisms continue to yield highly divergent viral genomes NCA provides a rapid and robust method to identify their likely cellular hosts.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Sites of Recombination in Human Rhinovirus Species C
Authors: McIntyre Chloe L. , McWilliam Leitch E. Carol , Savolainen-Kopra Carita , Hovi Tapani , Simmonds Peter 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a highly prevalent and diverse group of respiratory viruses. Although HRV-A and HRV-B are traditionally detected by virus isolation, a series of unculturable HRV variants have recently been described and assigned as a new species (HRV-C) within the picornavirus
Enterovirus
genus. To investigate their genetic diversity and occurrence of recombination, we have performed comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR), VP4/VP2, VP1, and 3Dpol regions amplified from 89 HRV-C-positive respiratory samples and available published sequences. Branching orders of VP4/VP2, VP1, and 3Dpol trees were identical, consistent with the absence of intraspecies recombination in the coding regions. However, numerous tree topology changes were apparent in the 5′ UTR, where >60% of analyzed HRV-C variants showed recombination with species A sequences. Two recombination hot spots in stem-loop 5 and the polypyrimidine tract in the 5′ UTR were mapped using the program GroupingScan. Available HRV-C sequences showed evidence for additional interspecies recombination with HRV-A in the 2A gene, with breakpoints mapping precisely to the boundaries of the C-terminal domain of the encoded proteinase. Pairwise distances between HRV-C variants in VP1 and VP4/VP2 regions fell into two separate distributions, resembling inter- and intraserotype distances of species A and B. These observations suggest that, without serological cross-neutralization data, HRV-C genetic groups may be equivalently classified into types using divergence thresholds derived from distance distributions. The extensive sequence data from multiple genome regions of HRV-C and analyses of recombination in the current study will assist future formulation of consensus criteria for HRV-C type assignment and identification.
How do tobacco retail displays affect cessation attempts? Findings from a qualitative study: Table 1
Authors: Hoek J , Gifford H , Pirikahu G , Thomson G , Edwards R 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundTobacco retail displays promote smoking experimentation among youth; however, little is known about their effect on smokers making a quit attempt. Calls to ban tobacco retail displays would be strengthened if this measure would deter initiation and support cessation.MethodsSemistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 individuals, from two New Zealand provincial cities, who had attempted to quit smoking in the last 6 months.ResultsTobacco products had high visibility, and elicited emotional and physical reactions that created on-going temptation, complicated cessation attempts and stimulated impulse purchases. Participants strongly supported banning tobacco retail displays primarily because they thought this would reduce youth initiation, promote greater consistency with smoke-free promotions and assist those attempting to quit.ConclusionsThe effects of tobacco retail displays on smokers making a cessation attempt are explored. The findings are consistent with experimental and survey research, and expand a growing evidence base that supports government-mandated bans on tobacco retail displays.
The mean does not mean as much anymore: finding sub-groups for tailored therapeutics
Authors: Ruberg Stephen J , Lei Chen  , Yanping Wang  
Published: July 2010

Background The genomics revolution is still in its infancy, and there is much to learn about how to transform biological knowledge into useful medicines to further public health. At the bedside, we are asking how and why individual patients respond to different drug treatments in different ways. In addition to genetic mechanisms, there are many clinical markers (e.g. medical history, disease severity) as well as social/environmental factors (e.g. smoking habits) that can be used to identify who may or may not respond to treatment. Purpose This issue has some considerable statistical complexity, and different approaches to the analysis of clinical trials may yield more interesting insights into the problem. Novel applications of statistical methods will be discussed, and examples will be used to demonstrate sub-group identification. Methods In order to evaluate many potential predictors of response, we use recursive partitioning methods to identify predictor variables and their cut-off values to define sub-groups of patients with differential treatment response. Validation of this variable/model selection approach was done using independent data from other clinical trials. Results In one example, a classification tree was developed using baseline measures to define important sub-groups of patients that responded much better than the overall mean response in the study. In a second example, a classification tree was built based on measures of response early in treatment to predict longer-term responders and nonresponders. Limitation Classification algorithms can be prone to over-fitting, and validation of results is an important consideration. Obviously, analyses are limited by the available predictor variables. Conclusions Using classification trees proved to be very useful in evaluating large numbers of potential predictors to find sub-groups of patients with exceptional response. The method is easy to use, and clinicians can easily interpret and implement results. This approach can be helpful in tailoring treatments to individual patients. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 574—583. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Expression pattern of the thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl) in the murine central nervous system
Authors: Ivanova Anna , Wuerfel Jens , Zhang Juan , Hoffmann Olaf , Ballmaier Matthias , Dame Christof 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Thrombopoietin (Thpo) and its receptor (Mpl), which regulate megakaryopoiesis, are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where Thpo is thought to exert pro-apoptotic effects on newly generated neurons. Mpl expression has been analysed in brain tissue on transcript level and in cultured primary rat neurons and astrocytes on protein level. Herein, we analysed Mpl expression in the developing and adult murine CNS by immunohistochemistry and investigated the brain of mice with homozygous Mpl deficiency (Mpl
-/-) by MRI.

Results
Mpl was not detectable at developmental stages E12 to E15 in any resident cells of the CNS. From E18 onwards, robust Mpl expression was found in various brain areas, including cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla, pons, and the grey matter of spinal cord. However, major developmental changes became obvious: In the subventricular zone of the cerebral cortex Mpl expression occurred only during late gestation, while in the hippocampus Mpl expression was detectable for first time at stage P4. In the white matter of the cerebellum Mpl expression was restricted to the perinatal period. In the adult cerebellum, Mpl expression switched to Purkinje cell. The majority of other Mpl-positive cells were NeuN-positive neurons. None of the cells could be double-labelled with astrocyte marker GFAP. Mpl
-/- mice showed no gross abnormalities of the brain.

Conclusions
Our data locate Mpl expression to neurons at different subdivisions of the spinal cord, rhombencephalon, midbrain and prosencephalon. Besides neuronal cells Mpl protein is also expressed in Purkinje cells of the adult cerebellum.
The extracellular matrix microtopography drives critical changes in cellular motility and Rho A activity in colon cancer cells
Authors: Rapier Rebecca , Huq Jameela , Vishnubhotla Ramana , Bulic Marinka , Perrault Cecile M , Metlushko Vitali , Cho Michael , Tay Roger Tran Son , Glover Sarah C 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We have shown that the microtopography (mT) underlying colon cancer changes as a tumor de-differentiates. We distinguish the well-differentiated mT based on the increasing number of "pits" and poorly differentiated mT on the basis of increasing number of "posts." We investigated Rho A as a mechanosensing protein using mT features derived from those observed in the ECM of colon cancer. We evaluated Rho A activity in less-tumorogenic (Caco-2 E) and more tumorigenic (SW620) colon cancer cell-lines on microfabricated pits and posts at 2.5 μm diameter and 200 nm depth/height. In Caco-2 E cells, we observed a decrease in Rho A activity as well as in the ratio of G/F actin on surfaces with either pits or posts but despite this low activity, knockdown of Rho A led to a significant decrease in confined motility suggesting that while Rho A activity is reduced on these surfaces it still plays an important role in controlling cellular response to barriers. In SW620 cells, we observed that Rho A activity was greatest in cells plated on a post microtopography which led to increased cell motility, and an increase in actin cytoskeletal turnover.