bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardised terminology for the description and analysis of equine locomotion
Authors: LEACH D. H. , ORMROD K. , CLAYTON H. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTerminology for the analysis of equine locomotion is reviewed and the most appropriate terms selected for use by research workers in this field. Each cycle of limb movement comprises a stance phase, when the hoof is in contact with the ground, alternating with a swing phase. The stance phase is subdivided at the mid‐stance position into an initial decelerative phase followed by a propulsive phase. When the stance phases of different limbs occur concurrently, the term overlap refers to the duration of simultaneous ground contact. Single support is the term used to describe the phase when the limb is in its stance phase unaided by any other limb. A gait consists of a limb coordination pattern repeated at each stride. The start and finish of the stride must be designated as a prerequisite to the determination of stride length, stride duration and stride frequency. In asymmetrical gaits, such as the gallop, the stride as a whole will have a stride stance phase, when one or more limbs are in contact with the ground, and a suspension phase. In symmetrical gaits, such as the trot and pace, the stride consists of left and right stance phases and suspension phases. Advanced placement and advanced lift off measure the time between ground placement and lift off respectively of consecutive limbs. The line of motion indicates the progressive movement of the centre of gravity in the X‐Y plane. Measurements in the Y‐Z plane, such as line gait and overcrossing, describe the ground placement of the hooves relative to the line of motion. Diagonal width is the distance between diagonal limb pairs in this plane.
Equine cytogenetics: Role in equine veterinary practice
Authors: HALNAN C. R. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe prognostic use of karyotyping in equine breeding has been recommended since 1976. Specimens used and laboratory methods are described. The system of karyotype evaluation is explained together with a glossary of terms. The principal aberrations in horses are defined. The present state of knowledge in cytogenetics in horses is reviewed dealing with infertility in the mare, where sex chromosomes give clear indication of problems; the situation with respect fo anomalies found in stallions and hermaphroditism is explained coupled with recent concepts of chromosomal roles in reproduction. The future potential for the application of cytogenetics in equine practice is explained in regard to the advanced techniques and knowledge in the human parallel field. It is concluded that karyotyping is an essential tool in the evaluation of reproductive problems in practice and should be used more frequently in future.
Sequences of papillomavirus DNA in equine sarcoids
Authors: TRENFIELD KAREN , SPRADBROW P. B. , VANSELOW BARBARA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDNA was extracted from 14 equine sarcoids, electrophoresed and hybridised with a radioactively labelled probe of bovine papillomavirus type I (BPV 1) DNA under conditions of low stringency. Twelve sarcoids contained sequences of DNA that hybridised with the probe and that comigrated with BPV 2 DNA. The viral DNAs in four of these sarcoids differed from BPV 1 and BPV 2 DNA on restriction endonuclease analysis. One of four cell lines derived from sarcoids also contained BPV 1 related DNA. The results confirm the frequent presence in equine sarcoids of unintegrated papillomaviral DNA and suggest a role for papillomavirus infection in this disease.
Diurnal variation of dynamic compliance, resistance and viscous work of breathing in normal horses and horses with lung disorders
Authors: STADLER P. , DEEGEN E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDynamic compliance, airway resistance, viscous work and respiratory frequency were measured at intervals in horses over 12 h periods. Variation, daily averages and circadian patterns were recorded. Examinations were performed on 24 horses. They were divided into three groups: Normal horses, horses with chronic latent bronchitis and horses with manifest chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Significant differences were found between the daily averages and the fluctuations when the normal group and the COPD group were compared. In most cases differences between all three groups were significant. A significant circadian rhythm for airway resistance was detected in diseased horses. It was also established that single measurements give an incomplete picture of lung function. As has been established in humans, analysis of fluctuations in respiratory mechanics may be of diagnostic value. The above results should be taken into account particularly in trials with bronchodilators in horses with COPD.
Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the respiratory tract of horses
Authors: BURRELL M. H. , MACKINTOSH M. E. , TAYLOR C. E. D. 
Published: April 2010

Summary Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and tracheal washings taken from Thoroughbred horses in training at three of four separate stables that were sampled during investigations into respiratory disease. The growth of Strep pneumoniae in culture was enhanced by an environment enriched with carbon dioxide. In one stable, five of 15 horses that were sampled repeatedly were found to carry the organism for at least four months. There was an apparent association between lower respiratory tract inflammatory disease and heavy growths (106 to 108 colony forming units/ml) predominantly of Strep pneumoniae or of that organism together with large numbers of Strep zooepidemicus obtained from tracheal washings. Twelve strains of Strep pneumoniae isolated from three stables were all of capsule Type 3. Only one strain, which was of capsule Type 9, was isolated from nose and throat swabs taken from 32 staff working in one of the stables and suggested an absence of cross infection between horses and their handlers in this instance.
Epidemiological features of 5009 cases of equine cryptorchism
Authors: HAYES H. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryData from 16 North American veterinary university teaching facilities, 5009 cryptorchid horses, were analysed using relative risk methodology. In five breeds (Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Morgan, Tennessee Walking horse and Arabian), cryptorchism was diagnosed significantly (P<0.05) less frequently than expected by their representation in the hospital population. Three breeds, (Percheron, American Saddle horse and American Quarterhorse), plus ponies (as a group) and crossbred horses were significantly over‐represented within the series. The over‐representation of Quarter‐horses was evident at each veterinary teaching facility. Other developmental defects and testicular tumours diagnosed in cryptorchid horses were presented. Analysis of the frequency of diagnosis of second anomalies among cryptorchids showed testicular hypoplasia to occur significantly more often, and inguinal and umbilical hernias less often, than expected (P<0.05).
Metabolic and hormonal responses to neuroleptanalgesia (etorphine and acepromazine) in the horse
Authors: ROBERTSON SHEILAH A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAdministration of etorphine and acepromazine to horses was associated with an increase in haematocrit, blood glucose, blood lactate and plasma non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The rise in plasma NEFA was most striking following injection of the antagonist diprenorphine and could contribute to the production of cardiac arrhythmias. Plasma insulin was depressed at the end of surgery. These changes, plus profuse sweating, are indirect evidence of strong sympathetic stimulation. Plasma cortisol did not alter significantly due to wide individual variation. Venous blood pH fell, reflecting the rise in lactate and venous carbon dioxide tension.
Measurement of flunixin in equine inflammatory exudate and plasma by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: HIGGINS A. J. , LEES P. , SHARMA S. C. , TAYLOR J. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn accurate and reliable method for the separation of flunixin from, and measurement in, equine inflammatory exudate and plasma by high performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Flunixin can be detected in concentrations as low as 0.05 μg/ml using an ultraviolet spectrophotometric detector at 285 nm. Samples were acidified with 2M hydrochloric acid and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract was evaporated and reconstituted in acetonitrile. Iminodibenzyl was used as Internal standard. The mean recovery of flunixin from plasma was 97.6±3.9 per cent. Particular advantages of the method are the short analysis time and ease of sample preparation. Data were obtained on the distribution of flunixin between plasma and acute inflammatory exudate following administration of a single intravenous dose of 1.1 mg/kg body weight flunixin meglumine. The drug was cleared more slowly from exudate than from plasma.
Air hygiene in stables 1: Effects of stable design, ventilation and management on the concentration of respirable dust
Authors: WEBSTER A. J. F. , CLARKE A. F. , MADELIN THERESA M. , WATHES C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe concentration of fungal spores, the main constituents of respirable dust in stables, is determined by rates of release from fodder and bedding and rate of clearance, principally by ventilation. This paper outlines the principles that govern the application of natural ventilation to the control of air hygiene in barns and individual boxes for horses. When release rates are low, ventilation rates over four air changes per hour are satisfactory. Ventilation was satisfactory in individual boxes but usually unsatisfactory in barns and specific recommendations are made for improvement. Preliminary observations in stables with clean, well‐managed bedding revealed only small differences between straw, wood shavings and paper. In these circumstances hay tended to be the major source of respirable spores.
A technique for assessing hoof function in the horse
Authors: COLLES C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the application of foil strain gauges to the hoof wall, and the use of measuring equipment to monitor weightbearing and changes in hoof shape in shod and unshod horses. It concludes that the systems can detect hoof movement and that results are reproducible. It is also concluded that the use of a conventional nailed on iron shoe restricts flexion and spreading of the hoof wall at the ground surface, but has little effect on the degree of expansion of the heels of the foot.
Cervical spinal kinematics: a comparison between foals and adult horses
Authors: CLAYTON HILARY M. , TOWNSEND H. G. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA photographic method was used to measure axial rotation, dorsoventral flexion and extension and lateral bending at each intervertebral joint complex from the occiput to the first thoracic vertebra in spinal segments from 19 foals under 12 months of age and 14 horses over three years of age. Comparisons between the two groups showed that there was a general reduction in cervical spinal mobility with age. For the three types of movement at the eight joints tested, adults' mobility exceeded that of foals in only three cases (axial rotation and lateral bending at the A‐O joint, and lateral bending at C7‐T1). These differences were not significant (P>0.05). In the remaining 21 cases the amplitude of movement was greater in the foals, the differences being significant (P<0.05) in 16 cases. With regard to overall mobility of the cervical spine the foals exceeded the adults by 17.3 per cent for axial rotation, 22.0 per cent for dorsoventral flexion and extension and 18.7 per cent for lateral bending.
Glycosaminoglycans in horses with osteoarthritis
Authors: ALWAN W. H. , CARTER S. D. , BENNETT D. , EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHorse articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured in synovial fluids from 48 joints affected with osteoarthritis (OA), 22 normal joints, four joints with osteochondritis, three joints with traumatic arthritis and seven joints infected with bacteria. Serum and urine from individual horses were also examined for the presence of GAGs. High levels of GAGs were found in synovial fluids (SF) from horses with OA. In each case, the level was higher in the synovial fluid than in the serum or urine from the same horse. Horses with OA showed high GAG levels in SF, serum and urine compared to horses with normal and infected joints. High levels were also found in horses with osteochondritis and traumatic arthritis. Levels of synovial fluid GAG reflect cartilage destruction in arthritis and may be useful for monitoring disease progression in the equine species.
Osteochondrosis in the horse — searching for the key to pathogenesis
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper reviews current developments in equine osteochondrosis complex and the clinical syndromes associated with it. Although the primary lesion has been defined as a failure of endochondral ossification, its definitive cause is unknown and appears to involve heredity, growth rate, nutrition, mineral imbalance, endocrinological dysfunction and biomechanical trauma. Despite the international importance of osteochondrosis in horses, surprisingly few controlled investigations have been performed on its pathogenesis. The studies that have been conducted suggest that local effects on differentiating growth cartilage are the key to a more complete understanding of the problem. Gaps in the current knowledge include in‐depth understanding of the life cycle of chondrocytes in growth cartilage, the process of mineralisation and the use of a standard experimental model for the induction of osteochondrosis. The ultimate goal of osteochondrosis research must be to prevent or reduce the incidence of the condition in horses.
The relationship between meteorological features and equine grass sickness (dysautonomia)
Authors: DOXEY D. L. , GILMOUR J. S. , MILNE E. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLocal weather patterns associated with 15 outbreaks of equine grass sickness in eastern Scotland were studied. The majority showed a trend toward cooler drier weather associated with irregular ground frosts. This would not preclude the hypothesis that fungi might be connected with the aetiology of grass sickness.
The genetic basis of equine allergic diseases 1. Chronic hypersensitivity bronchitis
Authors: MARTI ELIANE , GERBER H. , ESSICH G. , OULEHLA J. , LAZARY S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe genetic influence on chronic hypersensitivity bronchitis (CB) was investigated in families at two studs and among half‐siblings of three affected and three non‐affected sires at several farms. The family members at the two studs were born and raised under the same conditions, whereas the half‐siblings were kept individually under very different conditions and were exposed to various environmental factors. The diagnosis was based on long‐term observations and multiple clinical examinations at each of the two studs. In the half‐sibling group, the diagnosis was based on the individual history and on a thorough clinical examination. The history of all horses suggested the disease was caused by allergies (symptoms provoked by hay). Statistical analysis of the data in the first study showed that a greater percentage of off‐spring of two affected parents developed CB (9 of 13) than those with only one affected parent (23 of 48) and those with two healthy parents (5 of 29). The distributions of the affected offspring in these three categories (none, one or both parents affected) differed significantly (P<0.005) from what would have been expected without a genetic effect. The tendency to develop the disease was inherited equally from dams or sires. In the second stud fewer animals (n=42) were included in the study, but the results were similar. Parents without a history of CB produced off‐spring with a low incidence of disease (1 of 16) compared with a higher incidence among descendants of one or two affected parents (10 of 26; P=0.02). Half‐siblings descending from healthy sires had a lower incidence of disease than horses sired by affected stallions (P=0.02). In this group the quality of stabling also showed an effect on the condition of the horse (P<0.05). These results suggest that hypersensitivity CB in horses is a multifactorial disease with a rather strong genetic basis. There was no association with the major histocompatibility complex.
A comparison between the nutritive value of short‐cutting cycle, high temperature‐dried alfalfa and timothy hay for horses
Authors: CUDDEFORD D. , WOODHEAD AMANDA , MUIRHEAD RHONA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe objective was to evaluate the nutritive value of short‐cutting cycle, high temperature‐dried (SCCHTD) alfalfa compared to timothy hay. This was achieved by carrying out 4 times 4 Latin Square digestibility trial using 4 Thoroughbred (one three‐quarter Thoroughbred) horses (mean liveweight, 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were 0AA (timothy hay only), 33AA (0.33 alfalfa: 0.67 timothy hay), 67AA (0.67 alfalfa: 0.33 timothy hay) and 100AA (alfalfa only). Digestibility data were obtained by using acid‐insoluble ash to estimate apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Kate of passage of the feedstuff was determined using chromium‐mordanted hay. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were estimated. The digestibilities of organic matter (0.63), energy (0.57) and crude protein (0.74) of the alfalfa were significantly (P<0.001) higher than those for the hay (0.45, 0.43 and 0.36 respectively). The fibre components of alfalfa and hay were digested to the same extent but the ether extract of alfalfa was less well digested. Alfalfa saponins had no consistently significant effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values but may contribute to the negative digestibility of alfalfa ether extract. We conclude that SCCHTD alfalfa is of much higher nutritive value than timothy hay when fed to Thoroughbred horses.
A tracheal tube‐in‐tube technique for functional separation of the lungs in the horse
Authors: MOENS Y. , GOOTJES P. , LAGERWEIJ E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe tube‐in‐tube technique for the functional separation of the lungs in intact anaesthetised adult horses is based on fibre‐optic‐guided left‐sided endobronchial intubation avoiding tracheostomy. It facilitates a valid separation of the two lungs despite variability in bronchial and carinal anatomy. No clinical complications that could be related to its use have been seen.
The response of equine cortical bone to loading at strain rates experienced in vivo by the galloping horse
Authors: EVANS G. P. , BEHIRI J. C. , VAUGHAN L. C. , BONFIELD W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe behaviour of cortical bone under load is strain rate‐dependent, i.e. it is dependent on the rate at which the load is applied. This is particularly relevant in the galloping horse since the strain rates experienced by the bone are far in excess of those recorded for any other species. In this study the effect of strain rates between 0.0001 and 1 sec‐1 on the mechanical properties of equine cortical bone were assessed. Initially, increasing strain rates resulted in increased mechanical properties. Beyond a critical value, however, further increases in strain rate resulted in lower strain to failure and energy absorbing capacity. This critical rate occurred around 0.1 sec−1 which is within the in vivo range for a galloping racehorse. Analysis of the stress‐strain curves revealed a transition in the type of deformation at this point from pseudo‐ductile to brittle. Bones undergoing brittle deformation are more likely to fail under load, leading to catastrophic fracture and destruction of the animal.
Videoendoscopic evaluation of the mare's uterus: II. Findings in subfertile mares
Authors: BRACHER VERENA , MATHIAS SUSANNA , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVideoendoscopy of the reproductive tract was performed in 87 Thoroughbred mares with histories of reduced fertility. During hysteroscopy samples for cytological, microbiological and histological examinations were obtained under visual control. Common findings in these broodmares included: (a) endometrial degeneration, as assessed by an uneven distribution or atrophy of endometrial folds and/or a scarred appearance of the endometrium (49 mares, 56%); (b) endometrial cysts of various sizes and locations within the uterus with the most common location being at the base of the uterine horns (48 mares, 55%); (c) fluid accumulation in the uterine lumen (28 mares, 32%). A few mares had transluminal adhesions (7 mares, 8%) and in 2 mares the adhesions appeared to obstruct one uterine horn completely. A solitary discrete lump was detected in the wall of the uterine body in one mare and the suspicion of it being a leiomyoma was confirmed histologically with the aid of a visually directed biopsy sample. Free intraluminal structures were present in the uterine lumen in 3 mares, including one inspissated blood clot and two suspected remnants of resorbing pregnancies.Flexible biopsy forceps and scissors passed through the working channel of the endoscope were used to sever small thin adhesions, but this method proved inadequate for multiple adhesions or cysts. Solitary endometrial cysts were removed by means of conventional rigid biopsy forceps passed alongside the endoscope, although bleeding from the operation site usually limited this type of intervention.
Evaluation of local endobronchial antigen challenges in the investigation of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: McGORUM B. C. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLocal transendoscopic endobronchial antigen challenge, which has proved to be a valuable clinical and research technique in the study of human pulmonary hypersensitivity, was evaluated in control and asymptomatic COPD ‐ affected horses.Transendoscopic endobronchial challenges with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), Micropolyspora faeni extract at 60 and 600 μg/ml and mouldy hay extract elicited neutrophilic airway inflammatory responses in control (N=5–7) and asymptomatic COPD‐affected (N=5–7) horses, as determined by cytological examinations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) harvested from the challenged lung segments.Endobronchial challenges with 600 μg M. faeni extract/ml induced a significant BALF neutrophilia only in horses with asymptomatic COPD, when compared with PBS challenges. However, as the BALF neutrophil ratios of COPD‐affected horses after this M. faeni challenge did not differ significantly from those of control horses, this finding has little clinical diagnostic value. The BALF neutrophilia induced in control and asymptomatic COPD‐affected horses by 60 μg M. faeni extract/ml and mouldy hay extract challenges was not significantly different from that induced by PBS challenge.Endoscopically visible bronchial changes were observed in some of the control and COPD‐affected horses within 5 mins and at 5 h after PBS, M. faeni and mouldy hay extract challenges.We conclude that this technique is of no value in the investigation of equine COPD.
An analysis of 75 cases of intestinal obstruction caused by pedunculated lipomas
Authors: EDWARDS G. B. , PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of 75 cases of pedunculated lipoma obstruction (PLO) of the intestine was conducted. Age, breed and sex distributions were compared to the non‐PLO colic population. Horses in the PLO group were significantly older than in the non‐PLO colic group (P<0.001). A significant increase in risk of PLO was associated with geldings (O.R. 2.32) and with ponies (O.R. 3.75). Of the 75 PLO cases analysed, 69 were strangulating, 70 involved small intestine and 5 involved small colon. Cases of strangulation obstruction tended to have lipomas originating distant to the mesenteric border of the intestine. The short‐term survival rate for PLO cases was 48%. Long‐term survival rate was 38%. Lipoma weight of some of the PLO group was compared with that from an asymptomatic pedunculated lipoma (APL) group. The two weight distributions were significantly different (P<0.001).