bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Measures for Aircraft Carrier Landings as a Function of Aircraft Dynamics
Authors: Connelly Edward M. 
Published: January 2012

A theory of performance measurement for operator controlled systems is presented. The theory permits synthesis of a system performance measure which scores performance on successive data samples based on the impact of the sampled performance on the overall summary of performance. Since performance is measured and evaluated on each sample, the dynamics of the controlled element, i.e., the aircraft, are effectively removed from the measurement eventhough the pilot (operator) continues to control the aircraft. While the theory directly applies to problems where the performance limiting factors are known, the method has been extended to apply to problems where the performance limiting factors are not known explicitly, but are known to be implicit in the performance data. This paper documents the development of measures for aircraft carrier landings for the glide path and angle of attack control channels. Flight data obtained from the Visual Technology Research Center, Naval Training Equipment Center, Orlando, Florida, was analyzed using the measures. The data on carrier landings were available on 9-track magnetic tape consisting of flights by four subjects each performing on 42 flights. Each flight was performed on a particular combination of glide path error display and day/night combination. Two types of glide path displays were used, resulting in four treatments (two displays and two light conditions). One display was the conventional glide path display and the other was a command display which incorporates error rate information with glide path error presentation. Each subject controlled the aircraft to a carrier landing three times with each treatment. The resulting performance scores were aggregated by subject, treatment, range to carrier deck, and error and error rate cells. The results suggest that the command display offers improved glide path control especially during day light conditions. Further, the measurement technique was shown to permit determination of the relationship between performance and factors that change during the flight - such as error and error rate magnitudes. The measurement technique bypasses the time delays due to aircraft dynamics - by accounting for them - permitting evaluation of performance on short (less than a second) intervals of flight. Consequently, observed differences in performance at different error and error rate magnitudes were detected suggesting that significant non-linear control techniques may have been exhibited by the pilots.
Human Factors Consulting Network (HFCN): Scope, Purpose, Ethics, and Goals
Authors: Jahns Dieter W. 
Published: January 2012

Five distinguished co-moderators, familiar with the issues and topics of concern to Human Factors consultants, will help get the discussion started and address issues of special interest to each. The co-moderators and issues are: Dr. Robert J. Cunitz President Consumer Usage Lab Rockville, MD Professional Ethics & Guidelines Mr. George A. Peters Attorney at Law Santa Monica, CA Professional Qualifications, HF Legal Aspects, Litigation Data Requirements Mr. John H. Holly Owner John Holly & Company Hawthorne, CA Practice Management, Marketing, Public Relations Dr. William D. Bliss President Human Factors, Inc. Oregon, WI HF Data Sources, R & A Techniques, Information Dissemination Professor Earl L. Wiener Prof. Mgmt. Science & Indus. Engineering Coral Gables, FL Consequences of HF Growth, “Forensic” vs. “Real” Consulting
The Borg Scale Validation for a Consumer Product - Automobile Polishes
Authors: Kreifeldt J. , Hill P. , Clarke M. M. , Draper J. 
Published: January 2012

The Borg scale which is purported to correlate subjectively perceived heart rate with objective physiological workload was tested for its predictive utility by subjects using 5 different car wax formulations. Subjects applied and removed the waxes from a high gloss painted panel. The amount of effort and time expended with each wax were determined using a force platform and timing device. Subjects also gave a Borg scale numerical rating as they used each wax. The reported high correlation between Borg scale ratings and exercises using a bicycle ergometer, weight lifting, etc. suggested that it might be a reliable predictor of workload effort or time in such common tasks as car waxing. Results indicate that the ability of the Borg values to predict either amount of time taken or effort expended was moderate (r =.58) on average, with a relatively high correlation between time and effort (r = .61). The rank orders of averages for Borg values and work effort, however, agreed well across the five waxes. Additionally, results clearly indicated superior performance (actual and perceived effort) of a newly formulated wax.
Motorcycle Helmet Design
Authors: Berger Randall K. , Adams S. Keith 
Published: January 2012

Extensive research and operational data have shown that a motorcycle helmet is very effective in reducing injuries resulting from a motorcycle accident. However, less than 50 percent of all motorcycle riders wear a helmet. Therefore, to encourage helmet wear and, thus, decrease critical injuries, the helmet must be designed with the wearer in mind. A sample survey of 94 motorcycle riders was taken to rank various features of design. The data were compiled and statistically analyzed to determine the features that helmet wearers and non-wearers deem to be most critical. With these features in mind, several helmets from a local motorcycle shop were carefully examined. Ergonomic parameters (padding thickness, field of view, etc.) of each helmet were recorded. Utilizing the survey information and the measurements of current helmet design, an optimum helmet was developed.
New Perspectives in Job and Organization Design
Authors: Brown Ogden , Griffin Ricky W. , Keller Robert T. , Hendrick Hal W. , Laughery Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2012

Job and organization design are increasingly important variables when one takes into consideration the two key objectives sought by most organizations: organizational effectiveness (productivity) and member welfare (job satisfaction). Job design is most relevant at the microergonomic level where the focus is upon human-machine and work station factors. Organization design is, of course, more concerned with the macroergonomic aspects of systems and their structures. The panel will address both of these areas of interest, and will present different perspectives and new directions in both job and organization design. Dr. Griffin, in his presentation entitled “Individual, Work-Related, and Social System Factors in Job Design/Redesign”, will discuss how a considerable amount of research over the last several years has demonstrated the complexities involved in how individuals develop their perceptions of their jobs and how they subsequently respond to their jobs. One category of variables which affects perceptions and reactions is the individual. Elements such as experiences, aspirations, and abilities all come into play. The work-related factors which have received the most attention include the objective job itself and the physical setting in which it is performed. Finally, social system variables such as the immediate work group, organizational culture, and occupational status also affect how people perceive and respond to their jobs. This portion of the discussion will summarize each of these perspectives, suggest avenues for potential integration, and identify major implications for organizations. Dr. Hendrick will address the topic of systems design from the macroergonomic perspective. Dr. Keller will present design considerations from both micro- and macro-points of view. Dr. Laughery discuss design considerations as they relate to safety and accidents. Each participant will also address other design issues. A discussion of some theoretical foundations of job and organization design will also be presented and current applications will be discussed. A model of job design will be put forth which includes current knowledge and components of managerial approaches to job design/redesign. The redesign of core job characteristic dimensions approach will also be discussed, as will the importance of need strength in job design. And finally, application of a sociotechnical systems approach to organization design is advocated so that organizations are designed to operate in the most effective possible way to achieve increased organizational effectiveness and quality of work life through an integration and joint optimization of psychosocial, cultural, and technological factors with human-machine performance interface factors.
Human Factors Testing of Icons for PC JR'S Word Processor Application
Authors: Keller Arthur , Happ Alan J. 
Published: January 2012

Problem: This paper describes a study which was done during the development of the PCjr's HomeWord word processor. The objective was to determine the extent to which menu icons were intuitively obvious. Method: Study Phase 1: 24 IBM employees were tested. Half of the subjects with WP experience and half of those without WP experience were given 10–15 minutes of “training” (operational definitions). The test consisted of two blocks of trials separated by a 15 minute rest period during which a demographic questionnaire was given. Subjects observed the icons on the screen and then completed a matched-pair multiple choice test. Included in the choices was a false choice to minimize guessing. Subjects' confidence level and subjective responses were also obtained. A confusion matrix was developed to identify which choices were made for each icon. Those icons which fell below a 90% correct identification cut-off were analyzed further. The Fisher Exact Probability Test was used to determine whether the correct selection of an icon and its function was dependent upon WP experience or the abbreviated “training”. Comments of the subjects were categorized and tabulated. Study Phase 2: 31 dependents of IBM employees, aged 8–18, were tested with icons representing a subset of basic WP tasks. The test design was the same as that for adult testing except that (1) all subjects were trained and tested in the same way, (2) training was more extensive, (3) no false choice was in the test instrument, and (4) confidence level data was eliminated after the pilot test. The test data were analyzed as for the adult testing except that (1) no confidence level data was used, and (2) a regression line was fit to identify icons vs. age. Comparisons were also made between test data for adults vs. minors. Results: Major results indicated that displaying all icons in a menu enhanced learning; the original design of several critical icons, e.g., Save Document vs. Delete Document, were confusing; and effective learning of the icons began at about 10 years of age. Conclusion: The improved icon designs added significantly to the salability of the product by eliminating confusing menu icons. Acknowledgement: This is to acknowledge the support of Mr. J. Lewis in the analysis and reporting for Study Phase 1.
Effects of Several System Parameters on the 3-D Viewing of Static and Moving Stimuli
Authors: Horst Richard L. , LeCocq Andrew D. , Girard F. Pascal 
Published: January 2012

By displaying slightly disparate video images of a scene separately to each eye, three-dimensional (3-D) viewing systems provide depth cues in addition to those that are available with 2-D viewing. Unfortunately, significant performance advantages with 3-D viewing have only sometimes been realized. There is evidence of a performance advantage with 3-D viewing in remote manipulation tasks, in which the cameras view the remote scene from a stable position. However, there is little information available on other tasks that involve the viewing of moving stimuli. Many teleoperation applications involve the viewing of scenes in which movement occurs, either because objects in the remote environment are dynamic or because the cameras move through space on a mobile robotic platform. The purpose of the present research is to experimentally examine the interactions between selected 3-D viewing system parameters and the ability to perceive depth with static and moving stimuli. The results will provide basic data on the extent to which static and moving stimuli require similar adjustments of a 3-D viewing system in order to produce optimal performance. Subjects viewed video-taped scenes in which two flat, rectangular targets appeared. One target was oriented vertically; the other was oriented horizontally. Subjects were asked to judge the extent to which the targets were aligned or offset in depth. The targets were presented at a range of actual offsets. In some conditions both targets were static, while in other conditions the horizontal target moved in a plane perpendicular to the cameras. Lighting, size and linear perspective cues to depth were controlled so that the depth judgements had to be made on the basis of retinal disparity. Subjects' accuracy of judging small differences in depth, at three different target-to-camera distances, was determined as two viewing system parameters were manipulated. Optical base (i.e., the separation of the cameras) and convergence of the cameras was varied independently. Of interest was both the levels of accuracy that can be attained with static versus moving stimuli and any differences in the combination of optical base and convergence that lead to optimal performance with static versus moving stimuli. The data collected here will prove useful in the development of a remote viewing system that, like human binocular vision, can dynamically change optical base and convergence as appropriate for the scene being viewed. Such a system should improve the operator's sense of telepresence in remote environments and thereby enhance the performance efficiency and operational safety of teleoperated systems.
A Human Engineering Guide for Tabletop Printer Design
Authors: Hand Mary-Ellen 
Published: January 2012

Designers frequently ask how they can make a tabletop printer simple to use by operators. Since some designers do not have easy access to human factors professionals for questions, a handy designer's guide was developed to answer those frequently asked human factors questions. This guide provides practical advice on how to incorporate usability into tabletop printer design. Ultimately, the printer design will meet human factors usability testing criteria during development of the printer and user satisfaction throughout the life of the printer. Each section of the designer's guide begins with a summary of main points within the section. Following the summary is a more detailed description of each point. Hopefully, tabletop printer designers will find this guide easy to use as well as helpful in obtaining user satisfaction with their product.
The Rapid Development of User Interfaces: Experience with the Wizard of OZ Method
Authors: Green Paul , Wei-Haas Lisa 
Published: January 2012

The Wizard of Oz technique is an efficient way to examine user interaction with computers and facilitate rapid iterative development of dialog wording and logic. The technique requires two machines linked together, one for the subject and one for the experimenter. In this implementation the experimenter (the “Wizard”), pretending to be a computer, types in complete replies to user queries or presses function keys to which common messages have been assigned (e.g., Fl=“Help is not available”). The software automatically records the dialog and its timing. This paper provides a detailed description of the first implementation of the Oz paradigm for the IBM Personal Computer. It also includes application guidelines, information which is currently missing from the literature.
Selected Technology Thrusts Supporting Emerging Training Systems: Computer-Based Authoring, Artificial Intelligence, and Embedded Training
Authors: Kincaid J. Peter 
Published: January 2012

This symposium is a follow-up to a sumposium held at last year's HFS meeting. “Training Technology in the 1990s: Development, Application and Research Issues.” Representatives from the three military services discussed how many facets of training technology would affect current and future design applications and research issues relevant to military training systems. Two topics from that session (artificial intelligence and embedded training) and one other topic (computer-based authoring of technical information) have beer selected for in-depth discussion. Each technology is computer-based and has been exploited to only a limited degree. The object of this symposium is to provide a focus for describing how the three technologies are important for emerging and future training systems. For example, nearly all technical information (TI) for maintaining and operating weapon systems in the field is currently paper-based but the Department of Defense is committed to transitioning to electronic delivery of TI within the next decade. Many R&D issues must be resolved in the interim. Similarly, the technologies of embedded training and artificial intelligence have considerable potential for future training systems once a number of R&D issues are successfully addressed. All three services have on-going research and development programs for the technologies covered in this sumposium. Each topic is presented by representatives from at least two military behavioral laboratories: for computer-based authoring, Naval Training Systems Center (NTSC), Naval Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC) and Army Research Institute (ARI); for artificial intelligence, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL) and NTSC; and for embedded training, NTSC and ARI. The goals of the symposium are: (1) to make clearer the most pressing R&D issues associated with these technologies, and (2) to discuss how future training systems might incorporate them.
Scenario Analysis of Petrochemical Worker Injuries
Authors: Schmidt John K. 
Published: January 2012

More traditional approaches to accident reporting and analysis have received much critisism in recent years. The dispute apparently lies in their inability to facilitate intervention development due to a primary non-ergonomic orientation as well as limited suitability as an information management system. Laughery, Petree, Schmidt, Schwartz, Walsh and Imig (1983) in an effort to address these issues adopted the human factors based scenario and analytic technique developed by Drury and Brill (1983) and devised a accident coding and analysis system. In an study of 1,694 operator cases taken over a three year period at a petrochemical facility in the Houston, TX area, five separate accident patterns accounting for 80% of all the reported cases were found. The scenarios are as follows: 1) muscular/skeletal strain in system operation. 2) chemical release due to system breakdown. 3) obstruction in the workspace. 4) unsolicited interface movement during system operation. 5) poor footing in the workspace. A closer analysis of each scenario revealed apparent design flaws and managerial policy problems, that if corrected would reduce incident numbers significantly.
Special Session: Intelligent Tutoring and Help Systems
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Soloway Elliot , Carroll John 
Published: January 2012

In recent years, considerable effort has been focused on the development of computational models of expert human performance. One class of expertise that has been studied is that of human tutors. The resultant intelligent tutoring systems are intended to provide the user with the “instructional advantage that a sophisticated human tutor can provide,” (Anderson, Boyle and Reiser, 1985). This line of research is of interest to the human factors community for two reasons: 1. Intelligent tutoring systems offer potential tools for use in training and educational programs, a long-standing area of interest to human factors researchers and practitioners; 2. There are many human factors and human performance issues that should be addressed in the design of such tutoring systems. The speakers in this special session will provide an overview of research issues in the design of intelligent tutoring systems. Relevant conceptual issues and approaches will be highlighted in the context of a variety of application areas. Included will be a discussion of the “use of intelligent system monitors that allow users to integrate the time and effort spent on learning with actual use of a system”, (Carroll and McKendree, 1987).
Habitability in Long-Term Space Missions
Authors: Mount Frances E. 
Published: January 2012

Given its objective of being permanent and manned, the United States Space Station should be planned, designed and built to maximize the crew's contribution to space station effectiveness. This paper presents an overview of some of the activities, both in progress and completed, covering the concerns of crew habitability and crew productivity for the proposed United States Space Station. Various methods and tasks have been incorporated to increase the data base of man/systems information. This information will enhance habitability and crew performance during our Space Missions. A synopsis of some of the activities, designed to add data for the enhancement of the man/systems component of the proposed space station, is given. The Man-Systems Division of NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, has been the center-point for all the activities listed.
A Computer Aided Method for Assessing Accessibility of Information in Technical Documentation
Authors: Rowland Larry , Williams Evelyn , Williams Hewlett-Packard 
Published: January 2012

A methodology and a computer based program for testing documentation organization and location aids (tab-dividers, indices, tables of content and headings) was developed and used to aid the design and evaluation of documentation. The methodology and program allow computer analogs of documents to be tested before they were actually produced (based on detailed outlines). The documentation testing program presents the test subject a series of goal oriented user tasks. The subject then selects from a set of books and uses the existing location aids or paging to locate the heading that contains the information required to accomplish the task. The program automatically records use of the table of contents, tab-dividers, and index as well as the heading under which the subject believes the information will be found. The subject is allowed to make changes and additions to the tables of content, the index, and main body headings as the test progresses. The program runs in two modes. One mode provides feedback to the test subject on whether the final location is correct and tests how rapidly information can be found. Another model provides no feedback on the correctness of the locations and is used for developing models for the documentation based on user search paths and information content assumed to be under headings. The program has been used to evaluate documentation for a large computer operating system (HP-UX, a variant of UNIX*) and the results show promise.