bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A scarcity of females may constrain population growth of threatened bird species: case notes from the Critically Endangered Raso Lark Alauda razae
Authors: BROOKE M. de L. , FLOWER T. P. , MAINWARING M. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDonald (2007) showed that the adult sex ratios of wild bird populations tended to be male-biased, and that this bias was stronger in threatened species than in those of least concern. Here we show that, in 2004, the world population of the Critically Endangered Raso Lark was 65 individuals, 70% of which were male (adult sex ratio 0.70). In 2008, the population numbered approximately 175 (including juveniles) and the adult sex ratio was 0.58. Both ratios were significantly different from parity. All adult females were observed to be both paired and holding a territory. The observations therefore support Donald’s (2007) suggestion that a shortage of females can be an important constraint on the growth of threatened bird populations, a constraint that needs attention in conservation planning.
The effect of coffee consumption on serum total cholesterol in the Sami and Norwegian populations
Authors: Nystad Tove , Melhus Marita , Brustad Magritt , Lund Eiliv 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess coffee consumption in the Sami and Norwegian populations and to investigate the impact of unfiltered boiled coffee consumption on serum cholesterol concentrations.DesignA cross-sectional study. Information was collected by self-administrated questionnaires and total serum cholesterol was analysed. Participants were divided into three ethnic groups: Sami I (Sami used as home language in the last three generations), Sami II (at least one Sami identity marker) and Norwegian.SettingIn an area with Sami, Kven/Finnish and Norwegian populations, the SAMINOR study, 2003–2004.SubjectsA total of 5647 men and 6347 women aged 36–79 years.ResultsMore than 90 % of the study populations were coffee drinkers. Only 22 % were unfiltered coffee consumers. Sami I had the highest proportion of participants who consumed nine or more cups of unfiltered coffee per day, although the number of participants was limited. Total coffee consumption was associated with increased total cholesterol for men (P < 0·01) and women (P < 0·0001). For those who drank only unfiltered coffee, a significant association was found only in Norwegian men, adjusted for physical activity in leisure time, BMI and smoking habits (P < 0·001). From the lowest (less than five cups) to the highest (nine or more cups) unfiltered coffee consumption category, the mean total cholesterol levels increased by 0·29 mmol/l in Norwegian men.ConclusionsUnfiltered coffee consumption was lower in the present study compared to previous reports. In general, total coffee consumption was positively associated with total cholesterol levels. However, for unfiltered coffee consumption, an association was found only in Norwegian men.
Survey of iodine deficiency and intestinal parasitic infections in school-going children: Bie Province, Angola
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Adams Vera , Chopra Mickey , Jooste Pieter , Strydom Emmerentia , Dhansay Ali 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo obtain baseline pre-intervention prevalence levels of iodine deficiency and parasitic and helminth infections in school-going children in Bie Province, Angola.DesignA cross-sectional study conducted in randomly selected schools. The target population was children aged 6–10 years.SettingBie Province, Angola.SubjectsA total of 1029 children sampled, with 791 stool samples and 826 urine samples collected from twenty-four schools.ResultsWidespread severe and moderate deficiencies in iodine. Children in five schools were severely iodine deficient. All sampled schoolchildren were iodine deficient to a greater or lesser extent. In all, 80 % of all children across the twenty-four schools were infected with one or a combination of intestinal helminths and intestinal protozoa.ConclusionsThese findings have serious implications for the cognitive development of Angolan children, as well as for Angola’s development in terms of productivity and economic potential. It is strongly recommended that the provincial and national Ministries of Health, in collaboration with international health agencies, immediately plan and implement a strategy to provide sufficient iodine through iodised oil capsules and iodised salt to the iodine-deficient population. National coalitions need to be strengthened among the government, partners and salt producers. It is also recommended that all the children in schools be de-wormed for multiple helminth species at least twice a year.
Does nutrition education in primary schools make a difference to children’s fruit and vegetable consumption?
Authors: Ransley Joan Kathleen , Taylor Elizabeth Faye , Radwan Yara , Kitchen Meaghan Sarah , Greenwood Darren Charles , Cade Janet Elizabeth 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo explore whether initiatives to promote fruit and vegetables in primary schools are associated with changes in children’s diet.DesignCross-sectional dietary survey. Main outcome measures were intakes of fruit, vegetables and key nutrients; and a score for initiatives promoting fruit and vegetables in school.SettingOne hundred and twenty-nine English primary schools.SubjectsYear 2 children (aged 6–7 years,n2530).ResultsIn schools running a gardening club, children ate more vegetables, 120 (95 % CI 111, 129) g/d, compared with those that did not, 99·3 (95 % CI 89·9, 109) g/d; and where parents were actively involved in school initiatives to promote fruit and vegetables, children’s intake of vegetables was higher, 117 (95 % CI 107, 128) g/d, compared with those where parents were not involved, 105 (95 % CI 96·2, 114) g/d. In schools that achieved a high total score (derived from five key types of initiatives to promote fruit and vegetables in school) children ate more vegetables, 123 (95 % CI 114, 132) g/d, compared with those that did not, 97·7 (95 % CI 88·7, 107) g/d.ConclusionsGardening, parental involvement and other activities promoting fruit and vegetables to children in school may be associated with increased intake of vegetables but not fruit. These effects were independent of deprivation status and ethnicity.
United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton Recourse to Article 21.5 by Brazil, WT/DS267/AB/RW (2 June 2008)
Authors: DAVEY WILLIAM J. , SAPIR ANDRÉ 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo of the four issues in this Appellate Body Report concerned the proper scope of Article 21.5 DSU compliance panel proceedings; the other two issues concerned the Appellate Body's review of the Panel's use of evidence. On the Article 21.5 issues, the Appellate Body essentially ruled that an Article 21.5 compliance proceeding could evaluate the WTO consistency of: (i) the entirety of an implementation measure (including parts of the measure that did not specifically implement DSB recommendations and rulings) and (ii) new subsidy grants made under a program in respect of which prior subsidy grants had been found to cause serious prejudice so as to determine whether the new grants also resulted in serious prejudice. On the evidentiary issues, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel's conclusions, although it modified certain of the Panel's reasoning. Probably the most interesting aspect of the case was the substantial deference showed by the Appellate Body to the Panel's consideration of causation and non-attribution issues. This deference was striking compared to the lack of deference that the Appellate Body has given to national authorities on those issues. We detect, however, a welcome interest on the part of the Appellate Body to require the use of analytical tools on the part of panels evaluating serious-prejudice cases.
Appellate Body Report,India – Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States(WT/DS360/AB/R, adopted on 17 November 2008)
Authors: CONCONI PAOLA , Wouters Jan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper critically reviews the main findings of the Appellate Body in the caseIndia – Additional and Extra-Additional Duties on Imports from the United States(India–Additional Import Duties). This ruling sheds light on the interplay between two core provisions of the GATT, namely Article II GATT (Schedules of Concessions) and III GATT (National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation). Linked to this demarcation, the question on the allocation of the burden of proof was a central point of contention in this dispute. The ruling also establishes the principle that WTO Members are allowed to use border tax adjustments, as long as the tax imposed on imports does not exceed the domestic tax. We argue that this principle can help to reconcile the objectives of the WTO with those of national governments.
Cortisol–ein geeigneter physiologischer Indikator für Belastungen am Arbeitsplatz?
Authors: Rösler Ulrike , Gebele Niklas , Hoffmann Katja , Morling Katja , Müller Anett , Rau Renate , Stephan Ute 
Published: March 2010

Die vorliegende Studie prüft Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitsintensität, Tätigkeitsspielraum, sozialer Arbeitsumgebung (Kooperation/Kommunikation, soziale Unterstützung, soziale Stressoren) und Stresserleben am Arbeitsplatz mit der basalen Cortisolsekretion im Speichel (Tagesprofil, Aufwachreaktion und Variation über den Tag). Insgesamt 46 Erwerbstätige aus dem Bankwesen sammelten an zwei aufeinander folgenden Arbeitstagen je vier Speichelproben (beim Aufwachen, 30 min nach dem Aufwachen, 14 Uhr und unmittelbar vor dem Zubettgehen), aus denen die individuelle Cortisolkonzentration (Mittelwert aus den jeweils zugehörigen Proben) bestimmt wurde. Die Tätigkeitsmerkmale wurden sowohl mittels Fragebögen als auch objektiv, d. h. unabhängig vom Arbeitsplatzinhaber, erhoben. Alter, Geschlecht, Rauchen, Body-Mass-Index, gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen sowie eventuelle Abweichungen bei der Probensammlung wurden als mögliche Drittvariablen berücksichtigt. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass subjektiv erlebte, geringe soziale Unterstützung und hohe soziale Stressoren mit einer erhöhten Aufwachreaktion bzw. mit einer erhöhten Variation über den Tag assoziiert waren. Für die Arbeitsintensität, den Tätigkeitsspielraum sowie für die objektiv erhobene Kooperation/Kommunikation waren keine Effekte nachweisbar. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass sowohl die Belastungs- als auch deren Erhebungsart für den Nachweis von Effekten im Hinblick auf die Cortisolsekretion bei Erwerbstätigen von Bedeutung sind.
Investigating agreement between different data sources using Bayesian state-space models: an application to estimating NE Atlantic mackerel catch and stock abundance
Authors: Simmonds E. John , Portilla Enrique , Skagen Dankert , Beare Doug , Reid Dave G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Simmonds, E. J., Portilla, E., Skagen, D., Beare, D., and Reid, D. G. 2010. Investigating agreement between different data sources using Bayesian state-space models: an application to estimating NE Atlantic mackerel catch and stock abundance. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1138–1153. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are ideally suited to analyses of situations where there are a variety of data sources, particularly where the uncertainties differ markedly among the data and the estimated parameters can be correlated. The example of Northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel is used to evaluate the agreement between available data from egg surveys, tagging, and catch-at-age using multiple models within the Bayesian framework WINBUGS. The errors in each source of information are dealt with independently, and there is extensive exploration of potential sources of uncertainty in both the data and the model. Model options include variation by age and over time of both selectivity in the fishery and natural mortality, varying the precision and calculation method for spawning-stock biomass derived from an egg survey, and the extent of missing catches varying over time. The models are compared through deviance information criterion and Bayesian posterior predictive p-values. To reconcile mortality estimated from the different datasets the landings and discards reported would have to have been between 1.7 and 3.6 times higher than the recorded catches.
TheArabidopsisStem Cell Factor POLTERGEIST Is Membrane Localized and Phospholipid Stimulated
Authors: Gagne Jennifer M. , Clark Steven E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStem cell maintenance and differentiation are tightly regulated in multicellular organisms. In plants, proper control of the stem cell populations is critical for extensive postembryonic organogenesis. The Arabidopsis thaliana protein phosphatase type 2C proteins POLTERGEIST (POL) and PLL1 are essential for maintenance of both the root and shoot stem cells. Specifically, POL and PLL1 are required for proper specification of key asymmetric cell divisions during stem cell initiation and maintenance. POL and PLL1 are known to be integral components of the CLE/WOX signaling pathways, but the location and mechanisms by which POL and PLL1 are regulated within these pathways are unclear. Here, we show that POL and PLL1 are dual-acylated plasma membrane proteins whose membrane localization is required for proper function. Furthermore, this localization places POL and PLL1 in proximity of the upstream plasma membrane receptors that regulate their activity. Additionally, we find that POL and PLL1 directly bind to multiple lipids and that POL is catalytically activated by phosphatidylinositol (4) phosphate [PI(4)P] in vitro. Based on these results, we propose that the upstream receptors in the CLE/WOX signaling pathways may function to either limit PI(4)P availability or antagonize PI(4)P stimulation of POL/PLL1. Significantly, the findings presented here suggest that phospholipids play an important role in promoting stem cell specification.
Epidermal growth factor’s activation of Ras is inhibited by four cardiac hormones
Authors: Sun Ying , Eichelbaum Ehrentraud J. , Lenz Anne , Wang Hai , Vesely David L. 
Published: March 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (5): 408–413AbstractBackground  Four cardiac hormones synthesized by the same gene, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide and long‐acting natriuretic peptide, have anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Epidermal growth factor’s mechanism of cancer formation involves the activation of Ras.Materials and methods  These four cardiac hormones were evaluated for their ability to inhibit mitogen (epidermal growth factor) activation of Ras.Results  Epidermal growth factor increased the activation of Ras by 68%, 85% and 90% at its 1, 2 and 5 ng mL−1 concentrations. Vessel dilator, long‐acting natriuretic peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide and kaliuretic peptide inhibited 5 ng mL−1 epidermal growth factor’s stimulation of Ras by 73%, 79%, 33% and 45%, respectively, at their 1 μM concentrations. Their effects on epidermal growth factor’s activation of Ras were specific with addition of the cardiac hormones’ respective antibodies (5 μM) blocking 95%, 93%, 100% and 100% (P < 0·001 for each) of their ability to inhibit epidermal growth factor’s stimulation of Ras.Conclusions  Four cardiac hormones specifically inhibit epidermal growth factor’s activation of Ras. This investigation would suggest that these cardiac hormones’ anticancer effects involve the inhibition of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor’s ability to activate Ras as well as inhibiting unstimulated basal activity of Ras.
The effect of desalivation on the malignant transformation of the tongue epithelium and associated stromal myofibroblasts in a rat 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide‐induced carcinogenesis model
Authors: Vered Marilena , Grinstein‐Koren Osnat , Reiter Shoshana , Allon Irit , Dayan Dan 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe aim of our study was to analyse desalivated rat tongue epithelium for histopathological changes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and epithelium‐associated stromal myofibroblasts [SMF; α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA)] following 0.001% 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO) administration in drinking water. Results were compared with those of identically treated but salivated specimens. 4NQO was administered for 7, 14, 22 and 28 weeks. Tongue length was divided into anterior, middle and posterior ‘thirds’. The histopathological changes per ‘third’ were scored as normal epithelium, hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma‐in‐situ, and superficial and invasive carcinoma. The PCNA and αSMA stains were assessed by a point‐counting method. At all time points, the histopathological changes in the anterior and middle thirds were higher in the desalivated than in the salivated group (P < 0.05) but almost identical in the posterior third (P > 0.05). PCNA scores were significantly lower in the desalivated vs. the salivated group at almost all time points and tongue thirds (P < 0.05). SMF were usually scarce in both groups, but there was a significant surge in the posterior third at 28 weeks: the score in the desalivated group was only about one‐half that of the salivated group (P < 0.05). The absence of saliva seems to promote malignant transformation of the tongue epithelium in the early stages. PCNA cannot be regarded as a marker of proliferation and probably contributes to this process by other mechanisms. Emergence of SMF seems to be highly dependent on growth factors from saliva in addition to factors from cancerous cells.
Tissue changes in senescent gerbil prostate after hormone deprivation leads to acquisition of androgen insensitivity
Authors: Campos Silvana G. P. , Gonçalves Bianca F. , Scarano Wellerson R. , Corradi Lara S. , Santos Fernanda C. A. , Custodio Ana M. G. , Vilamaior Patricia S. L. , Góes Rejane M. , Taboga Sebastião R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe present study examined the response of the prostate epithelium of senescent gerbils submitted to orchiectomy and with or without steroidal blockade. Animals were divided into five groups, all surgically castrated except the control group composed of intact animals. In the experimental groups, doses of flutamide and/or tamoxifen were applied for 1, 3, 7 and 30 days postcastration. The structural methods applied reveal that castration, whether associated or not with anti‐steroidal drugs, promoted short‐ and long‐term decrease in wet and relative weights of the prostate. The quantitative decline of epithelial compartment proportion observed at the end of treatment was due to the sum of slight changes in the epithelium and lumen. The apoptotic index had risen significantly at 1 day and declined at 7 days postcastration. Androgen receptor (AR) expression decreased after 3 days of hormonal ablation, coinciding with the highest levels of apoptosis and cell proliferation observed in all treated groups. The majority of cells remained differentiated in all groups due to CK 8/18 expression. Some animals remained with injuries such as carcinomas and adenocarcinomas after hormonal ablation. In the latter a mixture of AR‐positive and AR‐negative cells was identified. Microinvasive carcinomas found in the group treated for 30 days consisted of PCNA‐positive, inflammatory and non‐proliferating cells. Low apoptosis incidence and bcl‐2 positive cells were observed in these lesions. The treatments promoted a reduction of lesions in older gerbils, but treatment‐resistant tumours will improve understanding of the events that lead to hormone resistance.
Soluble gp130 promotes intestinal epithelial hyperplasia during reovirus infection
Authors: Montufar‐Solis Dina , Garza Tomas , Vigneswaran Nadarajah , Klein John R. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySoluble gp130 (sgp130) has been shown to suppress the inflammatory response of autoimmune pathologies; however, its effects on virus infection are not known. Here, we report that intraperitoneal treatment of mice with sgp130‐Fc fusion protein at the time of oral reovirus serotype 3 infection resulted in altered morphopathological changes that were evident by less shortening of intestinal villi length and crypt depth after infection. That the effect mediated by sgp130 treatment was due to an increase in intestinal crypt cell proliferation was demonstrated by an increase in the number of crypt mitotic figures. This was further confirmed by increased immunoreactivity to the Cdc47 proliferation‐associated antigen in crypts of sgp130‐treated virus‐infected mice compared to infected non‐treated mice. These findings suggest that sgp130 may have a beneficial effect during intestinal virus infection by disrupting interleukin‐6 trans‐signalling, thereby reducing the local inflammatory response.
Proteomic analysis of osteogenic sarcoma: association of tumour necrosis factor with poor prognosis
Authors: Cates Justin M. M. , Friedman David B. , Seeley Erin H. , Dupont William D. , Schwartz Herbert S. , Holt Ginger E. , Caprioli Richard M. , Young Pampee P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA significant proportion of patients with osteogenic sarcoma die from lung metastasis within 5 years of diagnosis. Molecular signatures that predict pulmonary metastasis from primary osteogenic sarcoma and identify those patients at risk would be clinically useful as prognostic markers. Protein expression profiles of two clonally related murine osteogenic sarcoma cell lines with low (K12) and high (K7M2) metastatic potential were compared using two different proteomic technologies, two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and cell profiling by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Interrogation of a molecular pathways network database suggested several additional candidate molecules that potentially predict metastatic potential of primary osteogenic sarcoma. Two such proteins, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were selected for further validation studies. Western blots confirmed increased expression of both cytokines in K7M2 cells compared to K12 cells. Levels of migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were semi‐quantitatively measured in human osteogenic sarcoma samples by immunohistochemistry and were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and patient outcomes. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that tumour necrosis factor expression in chemotherapy naïve osteogenic sarcoma is an independent prognostic factor for overall and metastasis‐free survival. No significant differences in adverse outcomes were observed based on macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.
An early commitment to expression of a particular TCRVβ chain on CD8+ T cells responding to attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites is maintained following challenge with infectious sporozoites
Authors: LUMSDEN J. M. , CRANMER M. A. , KRZYCH U. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryProtection induced by irradiated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites (Pbγ‐spz) in mice is linked to CD8+ T cells specific for exo‐erythrocytic‐stage Ags, and intrahepatic memory CD8+ T cells are associated with protracted protection. However, the Ag specificity of the protective CD8+ T cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the TCR Vβ usage by intrahepatic CD8+ T cells during γ‐spz immunization and after the challenge with infectious Pb sporozoites. The repertoire of naïve (TN) and central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cells was diverse and conserved between individual mice, and did not change with immunization. In contrast, preferential usage of one or more TCR Vβ subset was observed in effector memory (TEM) CD8+ T cells after immunization. The expanded TCR Vβ varied between individual mice but Vβ4, 6, 7, 8.3, 9 and 11 were the most frequently expressed. In addition, there was a correlation in the TCR Vβ usage by γ‐spz‐induced CD8+ TEM in the liver and blood of individual mice. The expansion pattern of blood CD8+ TEM did not change with challenge and remained the same for 8 weeks thereafter. These results demonstrate that immunization with γ‐spz skews the TCR Vβ repertoire of CD8+ TEM, and commitment to a particular TCR Vβ expression is maintained long‐term.