bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with antenatal smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in two jurisdictions
Authors: PASSEY MEGAN E. , D'ESTE CATHERINE A. , STIRLING JANELLE M. , SANSON‐FISHER ROBERT W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Smoking rates are three times as high for pregnant Indigenous women relative to non‐Indigenous women, in Australia. This paper describes Indigenous women's self‐reported antenatal smoking behaviour and compares knowledge and attitudes of those who: (i) smoke and don't smoke during pregnancy; and (ii) quit or continued to smoke since the beginning of pregnancy.Design and Methods. Cross‐sectional surveys with 264 pregnant Indigenous women in two states collected data on smoking status, antenatal changes, risk knowledge, attitudes to smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed associations between knowledge and attitude variables and smoking status and antenatal changes in smoking status.Results. Forty‐six per cent of the women (n = 121) reported currently smoking. The majority (68%) who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy reported quitting (21%) or reducing (47%). Relative to smokers, non‐smokers had more schooling (P = 0.002), more post‐secondary education (P = 0.023), lower parity (P = 0.003), better understanding of smoking‐related risks (miscarriage P = 0.01; low birth weight P = 0.003; infant illness P < 0.001; childhood behavioural problems P = 0.007), and less frequently expressed attitudes indicating that quitting was very difficult given other problems they faced. Similar patterns were found for women who quit during pregnancy compared to those who continued smoking.Discussion and Conclusions. Increasing awareness of antenatal smoking risks and the benefits of quitting may motivate women to attempt to quit. However, knowledge alone is unlikely to be sufficient considering the life circumstances of many Indigenous women. Addressing the social environment and daily stressors, particularly those exacerbated by pregnancy, may be critical to supporting quit attempts.[Passey ME, D'Este CA, Stirling JM, Sanson‐Fisher RW. Factors associated with antenatal smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in two jurisdictions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:608–616]
The balancing act: Experts' opinions about the relative resourcing of tobacco control efforts for the general population versus disadvantaged populations
Authors: PAUL CHRISTINE LOUISE , BONEVSKI BILLIE , TURON HEIDI ERIN , BRYANT JAMIE 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Despite the persistent socioeconomic gradient associated with smoking, little is known about how to ‘close the gap’. There is a debate regarding the implications of directing resources away from general population efforts towards disadvantaged groups. The study explored views of those with expertise in tobacco control about the appropriate balance of tobacco control resourcing between the general population and disadvantaged groups.Design and Methods. A Web‐based survey of 192 respondents (response rate 65%) working in tobacco control in Australia and New Zealand was completed. Respondents were sampled from the Australian and New Zealand Tobacco Control Contact List and a literature search. Respondents were asked to allocate a hypothetical budget for: (a) anti‐tobacco mass media campaigns; and (b) tobacco control research.Results. The vast majority (93%) of respondents believed that some tobacco control resources should be specifically directed towards disadvantaged groups. Respondents believed up to half of mass media resources should be directed towards disadvantaged groups. In the case of tobacco control research, the median allocation to the general population was approximately one‐third of a hypothetical research budget.Discussion and Conclusions. It appears there is a desire among the Australian and New Zealand tobacco control community for substantial effort to be directed towards disadvantaged groups. It is important to develop an evidence base to ensure an efficient and equitable approach to balancing the potentially competing demands of general population versus disadvantaged group activities in relation to tobacco control.[Paul CL, Bonevski B, Turon HE, Bryant J. The balancing act: Experts' opinions about the relative resourcing of tobacco control efforts for the general population versus disadvantaged populations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:602–607]
RESPECTING AUTONOMY WITHOUT DISCLOSING INFORMATION
Authors: WALKER TOM 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThere is widespread agreement that it would be both morally and legally wrong to treat a competent patient, or to carry out research with a competent participant, without the voluntary consent of that patient or research participant. Furthermore, in medical ethics it is generally taken that that consent must be informed. The most widely given reason for this has been that informed consent is needed to respect the patient's or research participant's autonomy. In this article I set out to challenge this claim by considering in detail each of the three most prominent ways in which ‘autonomy’ has been conceptualized in the medical ethics literature. I will argue that whilst these accounts support the claim that consent is needed if the treatment of competent patients, or research on competent individuals, is to respect their autonomy, they do not support the claim that informed consent is needed for this purpose.
Why do Amur tigers maintain exclusive home ranges? Relating ungulate seasonal movements to tiger spatial organization in the Russian Far East
Authors: Hojnowski C. E. , Miquelle D. G. , Myslenkov A. I. , Strindberg S. , Smirnov E. N. , Goodrich J. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWild, solitary felids demonstrate a variety of spacing patterns, with diversity in spatial organization largely attributed to variations in abundance and distribution of important resources, particularly prey. We examined the relationship between territoriality of female Amur tigers Panthera tigris altaica and seasonal movements of a key prey species, Manchurian red deer Cervus canadensis xanthopygus, in the Russian Far East. We predicted that despite considerable seasonal fluctuations in productivity, red deer density does not change seasonally within tigress home ranges. We analyzed radio‐telemetry data to identify directional movements of deer as an indicator of relative changes in seasonal red deer abundance and distribution, and we looked for seasonal shifts in home ranges of tigresses that could signify tracking of migratory prey. We failed to detect either seasonal shifts in tigress home ranges or significant differences in seasonal prey abundance. Most red deer were sedentary, while those that migrated demonstrated varying directionality of movements. Relatively low average snow depth likely reduced directional migratory tendencies in prey populations. Despite existing theory that might predict high overlap of Amur tiger home ranges, our results suggest that exclusive spacing patterns in this tiger subspecies are at least partly explained by the absence of major spatial and temporal changes in ungulate abundance and distribution. We submit that the assumption that home‐range overlap should increase with increasing home‐range size may require further evaluation in cases such as that of Amur tigers.
Feral cat (Felis catus) prey size and selectivity in north‐eastern Australia: implications for mammal conservation
Authors: Kutt A. S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe domestic cat Felis catus is distributed worldwide and has had a long historical relationship with humans. In some regions, such as Australia, it has become feral and a significant predator of native wildlife. A key component of quantifying and managing the conservation threat of introduced predators is an understanding of exactly what size and taxa of prey species are consumed, and whether there is a high degree of selectivity in the diet. A total of 169 cat stomachs were collected from north‐eastern Australia, and their contents examined in relation to prey size, the body size of cats and selectivity using Jacob's index. I found that F. catus contains a large amount of prey per cat (∼200 g), mammals are the dominant prey item by mass, and feral cats predation was selective of small mammals (<10 g, 50–100 g), and reptiles and birds in the 10–50 g and 50–100 g size ranges, respectively. Reptiles form a large component of the diet compared with other regions in the world. Many mammals in northern Australia that are declining are within the size range that is highly selected by feral cats; the relationship between smaller cat size in the tropics and smaller prey size has correspondence to the fact that the declining mammals in this region are smaller than those that went extinct in southern Australia. There is an urgent need to find a conservation solution to reducing feral cat predation on wildlife, and this should include landscape scale reduction in fire extent and frequency, and removal of cattle in key sites, in order to maintain ground cover, thus reducing the predation success of feral cats.
Regioselective oxidation of phospho‐NSAIDs by human cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase isoforms: implications for their pharmacokinetic properties and safety
Authors: Xie Gang , Wong Chi C , Cheng Ka‐Wing , Huang Liqun , Constantinides Panayiotis P , Rigas Basil 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPhospho‐ibuprofen (MDC‐917) and phospho‐sulindac (OXT‐328) are highly effective in cancer and arthritis treatment in preclinical models. Here, we investigated their metabolism by major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and flavin monooxygenases (FMOs).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe CYP/FMO‐catalysed metabolism of phospho‐ibuprofen and phospho‐sulindac was studied by using in silico prediction modelling and a direct experimental approach.KEY RESULTSThe CYP isoforms catalyse the oxidation of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and phospho‐NSAIDs, with distinct activity and regioselectivity. CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 oxidize phospho‐ibuprofen, but not ibuprofen; whereas CYP2C9 oxidizes ibuprofen, but not phospho‐ibuprofen. All CYPs tested oxidize phospho‐sulindac, but not sulindac. Among the five CYPs evaluated, CYP3A4 and 2D6 are the most active in the oxidation of phospho‐ibuprofen and phospho‐sulindac respectively. FMOs oxidized phospho‐sulindac and sulindac, but not phospho‐ibuprofen or ibuprofen. FMOs were more active towards phospho‐sulindac than sulindac, indicating that phospho‐sulindac is a preferred substrate of FMOs. The susceptibility of phospho‐NSAIDs to CYP/FMO‐mediated metabolism was also reflected in their rapid oxidation by human and mouse liver microsomes, which contain a full complement of CYPs and FMOs. Compared with conventional NSAIDs, the higher activity of CYPs towards phospho‐ibuprofen and phospho‐sulindac may be due to their greater lipophilicity, a key parameter for CYP binding.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSCYPs and FMOs play an important role in the metabolism of phospho‐NSAIDs, resulting in differential pharmacokinetic profiles between phospho‐NSAIDs and NSAIDs in vivo. The consequently more rapid detoxification of phospho‐NSAIDs is likely to contribute to their greater safety.
How Gender Influences Roll Call Voting*
Authors: Jenkins Shannon 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveResearch has established that female legislators act differently than their male counterparts in state legislatures. But the effect of gender on roll call voting is less clear, due in part to the fact that research has not properly differentiated between the multiple ways gender can influence roll call voting.MethodsIn order to better understand the relationship between gender and roll call voting, structural equation modeling is used to examine roll call voting in numerous issue areas in five state legislatures.ResultsGender rarely exerts a direct influence on roll call voting. Instead, the influence of gender is manifested through ideology and party.ConclusionThe primary effect of gender on roll call voting is that it leads female legislators to make different choices in ideology and partisanship as compared to their male counterparts.
Plant community dynamics of a tropical semi‐arid system following experimental removals of an exotic grass
Authors: Rojas‐Sandoval Julissa , Meléndez‐Ackerman Elvia , Fernández Denny S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractQuestionDoes the presence of the exotic grass Megathyrsus maximus influence the abundance and richness of plant communities on Mona Island Reserve?LocationSemi‐arid shrubland, Mona Island Reserve in the Caribbean Region, Puerto Rico.MethodsWe used a large‐scale experiment and established plots with different management treatments of Megathyrsus (complete and partial grass removal) to evaluate the effects of grass removal on plant community composition, coupled with measurements of microclimatic characteristics at this site. To complement this experiment, we selected areas not invaded by this grass with similar geomorphological features. We performed vegetation surveys of plant species richness and abundance in all plots and compared temporal changes in vegetation among treatments during a period of 31 mo (from May 2007 to December 2009). We also analysed the associations between changes in species richness and plant abundance with changes in environmental conditions at the plot level and at the island level (precipitation and temperature).ResultsPlant abundance increased following grass removal but changes in abundance were not necessarily linear over time. Species richness was significantly higher in grass removal plots but differences resulted from a consistent decrease in richness in plots with Megathyrsus. Both abundance and richness were highly variable over time regardless of treatment. The evaluation of temporal community dynamics suggested that these may be driven by temporal changes in climate, and in the case of manipulated plots, by changes in microclimatic conditions. Even when new species arrived into plots following grass removal these failed to establish. An evaluation of successional trajectories showed that removing the invasive grass does not lead to communities that are more similar to non‐invaded sites, most likely due to changes in precipitation dynamics.ConclusionsGrass removal does not necessarily result in predictable successional changes in plant communities where natural regeneration is allowed to occur. Restoring grass‐invaded areas in this semi‐arid reserve to conditions that simulate current non‐invaded sites would likely require restoration strategies that combine grass management with activities that facilitate the establishment of native species. This may be a general occurrence in grass‐invaded areas in semi‐arid regions.
Investigation of the Effects of the Level of Glycemic Control on Erectile Function and Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Cho Sung Yong , Chai Ji Sun , Lee Sun Hee , Park Kwanjin , Paick Jae-Seung , Kim Soo Woong 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Poor glycemic control is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED); however, differences in ED according to the level of glycemic control have been poorly investigated.

Aim
The aim of this paper is to investigate the change in erectile function according to the level of glycemic control and to clarify the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetes-associated ED.

Methods
Streptozotocin was injected into 55 male Sprague-Dawley rats classified into four groups: control (group 1), diabetes with multiple insulin injections (group 2), diabetes with a single injection (group 3), and untreated diabetes (group 4). Daily insulin injections in groups 2 and 3 were administered for 4 weeks after 10 weeks of diabetic induction.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures are the anova or Kruskal–Wallis tests to evaluate glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), testosterone levels, the ratios of intracavernosal pressure to mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP), area under the ICP curve to MAP (AUC/MAP), and changes in cavernous tissue and protein expression related to Rho kinase and nitric oxide pathways.

Results
HbA1c levels were different between pairs of groups. Group 4 showed the lowest erectile parameters and group 2 showed near normal level. No differences in erectile parameters were found between groups 1 and 2 or between groups 3 and 4, except the ratio of AUC to MAP for group 1 was significantly higher than that of group 2 (20 Hz stimulation). Decrease in erectile function of group 2 was related to decreased expression of nitrergic nitric oxide synthase or decreased testosterone level compared with group 1. Groups 2 and 3 showed significant differences in erectile parameters, which were associated with difference in apoptotic index. Groups 3 and 4 showed no differences in erectile parameters, although these groups had significant differences in apoptotic index, smooth muscle component, and protein expression ratios of phosphorylated to total myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and Akt.

Conclusions
Improvement in glycemic control assists recovery from diabetes-associated ED; however, only tight glycemic control can provide recovery from ED to a near normal status.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐DRB1*16:16 allele in a Taiwanese unrelated bone marrow stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing method and the probable haplotype associated with DRB1*16:16
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Kao R. H. , Lin C. L. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryWe report here a de novo HLA‐DRB1 allele, DRB1*16:16, discovered in a Taiwanese unrelated volunteer bone marrow stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing (SBT) method. In exon 2, the DNA sequence of DRB1*16:16 is identical to the sequence of DRB1*16:02:01 except the nucleotides at positions 258 (C→T), 260 (C→A) and 261 (T→G). The nucleotide substitution produced an amino acid replacement at residue 58 (A→E). The formation of DRB1*16:16 was probably generated by a DNA sequence recombination event involving DRB1*11:01:01 and DRB1*16:02:01. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 haplotype in association with DRB1*16:16 may be deduced as A*02‐B*38‐DRB1*16:16.
An important role for autoimmunity in the immunopathogenesis of chronic allograft rejection
Authors: Tiriveedhi V. , Sarma N. , Mohanakumar T. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryOrgan transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end‐stage organ dysfunction. In spite of advances in understanding of donor and recipient physiology, organ preservation, operative techniques and immunosuppression, long‐term graft survival still remains a major problem primarily due to chronic rejection. Alloimmune responses to mismatched major histocompatibility antigens have been implicated as an important factor leading to rejection. However, there is increasing evidence pointing towards cross‐talk between the alloimmune and autoimmune responses creating a local inflammatory milieu, which eventually leads to fibrosis and occlusion of the lumen in the transplanted organ i.e. chronic rejection. In this review, we will discuss recent studies and emerging concepts for the interdependence of alloimmune and autoimmune responses in the immunopathogenesis of chronic allograft rejection. The role of autoimmunity in the development of chronic rejection is an intriguing and exciting area of research in the field of solid‐organ transplantation with a significant potential to develop novel therapeutic strategies towards preventing chronic allograft rejection.
Children and Religion
Authors: Ridgely Susan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis essay demonstrates how the perspectives of children can both inform and expand our understanding of religious traditions. It examines the current scholarship on the topic, which primarily centers on adult efforts to socialize children into a tradition, but is beginning to examine the ability of children to negotiate a religiously diverse world. Children sort through the networks of support and influence in their lives to find meaningful ways to express their religious beliefs and develop practices that synthesize adult teachings with their own interpretations and needs. If scholars hope to achieve some understanding of how young people do this sorting and sifting, much more work needs to be done in all areas of study with religion and children, from how parents and congregations teach children about their faith to how children respond to and reinterpret these efforts. By exploring the available resources on children and investigating the themes that arise in this research with respect to young people and their faith, I hope to encourage and continue the upward trend of including children in religious studies research and suggest areas for further study.
Extensive p‐Tau Pathology and SDS‐Stable p‐Tau Oligomers in Alzheimer's Cortical Synapses
Authors: Henkins Kristen M. , Sokolow Sophie , Miller Carol A. , Vinters Harry V. , Poon Wayne W. , Cornwell Lindsey B. , Saing Tommy , Gylys Karen Hoppens 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLike amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers, tau aggregates are increasingly recognized as potential key toxic intermediates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and as therapeutic targets. P‐tau co‐localizes with Aβ in cortical AD synapses and may contribute to synapse dysfunction and loss. Flow cytometry analysis of synaptosomes from AD compared with aged cognitively normal cortex demonstrates increased immunolabeling for three p‐tau antibodies (AT8, PHF‐1 and pS422), indicating phosphorylation at multiple tau epitopes. Sequential extraction experiments show increased soluble p‐tau in AD synapses, but a sizable pool of p‐tau requires detergent solubilization, suggesting endosomal/lysosomal localization. P‐tau is co‐localized with Aβ in individual synaptosomes in dual labeling experiments, and flow cytometry sorting of Aβ‐positive synaptosomes from an AD case reveals a marked enrichment of p‐tau aggregates. The p‐tau enrichment, a 76‐fold increase over the initial homogenate, is consistent with sequestration of p‐tau in internal synaptic compartments. Western analysis of a series of AD and normal cases shows SDS‐stable tau oligomers in the dimer/trimer size range in AD samples. These results indicate that widespread synaptic p‐tau pathology accompanies Aβ accumulations in surviving synaptic terminals, particularly in late‐stage AD.
Islamic Mediation in Turkey: The Role of Ulema
Authors: Köse Talha , Beriker Nimet 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this study, Islamic dispute resolution methods and processes in contemporary Turkey are examined. The findings indicate that the dispute coming to ulema (Islamic scholars who are experts in Islamic legal jurisprudence) forms three cluster types: marital, financial, and those related to fights and accidents. The ulema’s legitimacy is faith and knowledge based, and does not depend solely on professional expertise, procedures, or settings. Transformational, facilitative, and muscle mediation approaches do not directly correspond to the ulema’s third‐party approaches. Family elder/counselor, peace‐broker, and facilitator/arbitrator are indigenous third‐party roles. Their techniques include elements of the mediation procedures employed in western contexts, as well as those originating in Islamic law, such as fatwa, kısas‐diya, and providing explanations according to sharia. Ulema do not get additional help from other third parties and do not socialize with disputants. Adelet (“justice”), mahremiyet (“privacy”), kardeşlik (“brotherhood”), and bağışlamak (“forgiveness”) are concepts and metaphors to which reference is frequently made in explaining the logic and fundamental values of the ulema’s intervention.