bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verification of target position in the post‐prostatectomy cancer patient using cone beam CT
Authors: Haworth A , Paneghel A , Herschtal A , Duchesne G , Williams S , Tai KH , Kron T , Roxby P , Soteriou S , Laferlita M , Foroudi F 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe present the results of a pilot study designed to investigate methods that may be applied to develop a patient position correction protocol for the post‐prostatectomy patient receiving radiotherapy. Imaging was carried out with cone beam CT (CBCT) to investigate its suitability for detecting changes in rectal and bladder volumes and movements of these organs relative to the treatment planning CT. Eligible patients were imaged daily during the first week of treatment and weekly thereafter. Surrogate explanatory variables, including distance from the isocentre to the anterior rectum and bladder length, were tested for their potential to substitute for contouring entire organs and predict for changes in coverage of the planning treatment volume (PTV) by the 95% isodose (PTV95) and the maximum dose delivered to 50% of the rectal volume (RECTD50). The PTV defined on the CBCT images was larger than that defined on the planning CT and resulted in a decrease in the PTV95. Bladder length correlated with bladder volume and changes in bladder volume were associated with a decrease in PTV95. Rectal volumes changed randomly during treatment. There was a trend for the rectum to move anteriorly as treatment progressed. CBCT may be used to define the PTV, rectum and bladder though the reason for an apparent increase in PTV on CBCT requires further investigation. The bladder length and distance to the anterior rectal wall are potential surrogate explanatory variables. Further studies will be designed to test values of these surrogates that predict the need for a change in isocentre position.
Early detection of breast cancer: Overview of the evidence on computer‐aided detection in mammography screening*
Authors: Houssami N , Given‐Wilson R , Ciatto S 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe review the evidence on computer‐aided detection (CAD) as an adjunct to mammography interpretation, and discuss the complexity of its impact on decision‐making and potential medico‐legal aspects. CAD prompts the reader to review lesions on the mammogram and re‐evaluate the decision on whether to recall CAD‐prompted findings. Studies show that CAD can improve the sensitivity of a single reader, with an incremental cancer detection rate (from adding CAD to a single read) ranging between 1 and 19%. However, CAD will also substantially increase the recall rate (decrease the reader’s specificity) causing additional recall in approximately 6–35% of women. Evidence indicates that CAD does not perform as well as double (human) reading in the context of organized breast screening where double reading is the standard of care. Although CAD can identify and prompt readers to missed cancers, the high number of false‐positive prompts (1.5–4 false prompts per case) can have an adverse effect on clinical decision‐making, and detracts from CAD’s application in screening practice. Refinement in CAD algorithms, in combination with increasing implementation of digital mammography, may improve the potential use of CAD in mammography reading, but will require prospective evaluation.
Offline adaptive radiotherapy for bladder cancer using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Foroudi F , Wong J , Haworth A , Baille A , McAlpine J , Rolfo A , Kron T , Roxby P , Paneghel A , Williams S , Duchesne G , Tai KH 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe investigated if an adaptive radiotherapy approach based on cone beam CT (CBCT) acquired during radical treatment was feasible and resulted in improved dosimetric outcomes for bladder cancer patients compared to conventional planning and treatment protocol. A secondary aim was to compare a conventional plan with a theoretical online process where positioning is based on soft tissue position on a daily basis and treatment plan choice is based on bladder size. A conventional treatment plan was derived from a planning CT scan in the radical radiotherapy of five patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. In this offline adaptive protocol using CBCT, the patients had 10 CBCT: daily CBCT for the first five fractions and then CBCT scan on a weekly basis. The first five daily CBCT in each patient were used to create a single adaptive plan for treatment from fraction eight onwards. A different process using the planning CT and the first five daily CBCT was used to create small, average and large bladder volumes, giving rise to small, average and large adaptive bladder treatment plans, respectively. In a retrospective analysis using the CBCT scans, we compared the clinical target volume (CTV) coverage using three protocols: (i) conventional; (ii) offline adaptive; and (iii) online adaptive with choice of ‘plan of the day’. Daily CBCT prolonged treatment time by an average of 7 min. Two of the five patients demonstrated such variation in CTV that an offline adaptive plan was used for treatment after the first five CBCT. Comparing the offline adaptive plan with the conventional plan, the CTV coverage improved from a minimum of 60.1 to 94.7% in subsequent weekly CBCT. Using the CBCT data, modelling an online adaptive protocol showed that coverage of the CTV by the 95% prescribed dose line by small, medium and large adaptive plans were 34.9, 67.4 and 90.7% of occasions, respectively. More normal tissue was irradiated using a conventional CTV to planning target volume margin (1.5 cm) compared to an online adaptive process (0.5 cm). An offline adaptive strategy improves dose coverage in certain patients to the CTV and results in a higher conformity index compared to conventional planning. Further research in online adaptive radiation therapy for bladder cancer is indicated.
UEBER DIE BINASALE HEMIANOPSIE
Authors: Straub Wolfgang 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung.Der kurzen Besprechung der binasalen Hemianopsie, deren Ursache in bisher 56 Fällen durch die Operation oder Obduktion verifiziert werden konnte, folgt der Bericht über 4 hierher gehörende Krankheitsbilder (eine Frau, drei Männer). Bei drei Patienten war es möglich, das Grundleiden anatomisch zu klären.Hierbei handelte es sich 1. um ein parasagittales, von der Falx cerebri ausgehendes Meningiom, 2. um ein vom Nasen‐Rachenraum durch die Keilbeinhöhle wachsendes Carcinom und 3. um ein auf der Medulla oblongatà bis zum Eingang in den vierten Ventrikel liegendes Angiom. Weder Carcinome noch Angiome sind bisher als Ursache der binasalen Hemianopsie mit Sicherheit bekannt gewesen.Die Augensymptome haben in alien Fällen auf das Grundleiden aufmerksam gemacht. übereinstimmend klagten die Patienten anamnestisch über passagère Verdunkelungen. Die Gesichtsfeldbefunde und die übrige klinische Symptomatik werden dargestellt; sowohl im Hinblick auf die Ausdehnung als auch hinsichtlich der Begrenzung gegenüber dem noch intakten Gesichtsfeldabschnitt waren, von einer Ausnahme abgesehen, die Defekte asymmetrisch.In übereinstimmung mit bisherigen Berichten hat sich erneut gezeigt, dass die binasale Hemianopsie kein zuverlässiges Iokalisatorisches Herdsymptom darzustellen braucht.
L'EXPULSION DE LA CATARACTE
Authors: Orlowski Witold J. 
Published: May 2009

LE RÉSUMÉL'auteur, ayant analysé les complications que donne la zonulolyse enzymatique, propose la réduction au minimum du nombre d'instruments introduits dans la chambre antérieure; il déconseille la culbute du cristallin; engage à ne plisser, ni casser, ni étirer la cornée et à sortir le cristallin par son équateur supérieur. Sur les 40 cas opérés avec cette technique chez les malades agés de 24 à 92 ans, on a reussi 36 fois l'expulsion intracapsulaire et dans 4 cas avec la capsule rompue. Dans un seul cas, d'ailleurs pathologique (syndrome de Fuchs chez une malade de 24 nas) il eut une complication du corps vitré, ainsi qu'un seul cas de kératite striée chez un malade de 92 ans.
VORTEILE DER LINSEN‐HAFTSCHALE FÜR DIE REGISTRIERUNG DES ELEKTRORETINOGRAMMS*
Authors: Echte K. , Papst W. 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGZur Registrierung des ERG wird eine Linsen‐Haftschale mit einer 100 dptr‐Linse, die direkt vor der gewöhnlichen Haftschale eingebaut ist, empfolen. Die indifferente Elektrode ist als breites Silberchlorid‐Band auf die Aussenseite indifferente Elektrode ist als breites Silberchlorid‐Band auf die Aussenseite der Haftschale eingelassen, so dass störende Muskelpotentiale der Lider, der Gesichtsmuskulatur sowie EEG‐Potentiale fortfallen. Durch Angaugen der Haftschale an den Bulbus werden Luftblasen und ein Verrutschen vermieden. Das hiermit abgeleitete ERG zeigt einen ruhigeren Kurvenverlauf sowie eine wesentlich höhere b‐Wellen‐Amplitude als bei Verwendung der gewöhnlichen Haftschalen‐Elektrode. So liegt der Schwellenwert um 2 Zehnerpotenzen über der mit der Karpe‐Elektrode gewonnenen Antwort. Die Pupillenweite hat keinen Einfluss auf die Höhe der b‐Wellen‐Amplitude. Diese Effekte werden als Folge der Änderung des optischen Systems angesehen. Durch die 100 dptr‐Linse wird der Strahlengang beim Durchdringen der optischen Medien des Auges so stark gebrochen, dass der Brennpunkt 0.4 mm hinter der hinteren Linsenfläche liegt und dadurch eine sehr grosse Area der Netzhaut belichtet wird.
EINFACHE HILFSMITTEL ZUR SCHÄTZUNG DER ANISEIKONIE BEI ANISOMETROPENKORREKTION
Authors: Berg Fredrik 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei Vollkorrektion einer Anisometropie entsteht gewohnlich eine Aniseikonie. Um diese in einfacher Weise zu schätzen, werden zwei Hilfsmittel empfohlen: ein Rechteck (Vereinfachung von Ogle's “tilting plane”) und ein Nomogramm. Die Einstellung des Rechtecks in eine scheinbare Frontalebene von seiten des Patienten gibt eine recht gute Auffassung von der subjektiven Aniseikonie. Das Nomogramm dient zur Berechnung des Grades der Aniseikonie, der bei ver‐schiedenen Glaskombinationen entsteht. Bei Astigmatismus ist besonders der Unterschied zwischen Zylindergläsern mit vertikaler und mit horizontaler Achse zu beachten. Für Naharbeit mit Forderungen an gutes Augenmass ist eine Kor‐rektion, die Aniseikonie hervorruft, besonders ungeeignet.
UEBER ANTIKOAGULANTIENBEHANDLUNG DER ZENTRALVENENVERSCHLÜSSE DER NETZHAUT
Authors: Vannas Salme , Raitta Christina 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGZusammenfassend wird geschlossen, das der Zentralvenenverschluss als eine Notfallssituation des Auges aufgefasst werden muss. Die Antikoagulantienbehandlung soll unmittelbar mit Heparin und gleichzeitiger Gabe von Prothrombininhibitoren angefangen werden. Auf ein therapeutisches Niveau des Trombotest ‐ Wertes muss geachtet werden, die Behandlungsdauer muss mindestens ein halbes Jahr betragen. Es ist die Auffassung der Verfasser, dass sich die Prognose nach Zentralvenenverschluss auf diese Weise verbessert.
BEITRANG ZUR ÄTIOLOGIE DES STILLING‐TÜRK‐DUANE‐SYNDROMS
Authors: KRÜGER K.‐E. 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNach einem geschichtlichen Oberblick wird auf die in der Literatur angeführten Deutungen des Stilling‐Türk‐Duane‐Syndrom eingegangen. Auf Grund der bisher mitgeteilten wichtigsten und bei18 eigenen Fällen erhobenen Befunde wird auf die zur Retraktion des Augapfels führenden Möglichkeiten, auf die Lokalisation der Schädigung und ursächliche Faktoren des Syndroms hingewiesen.Es kann nicht als bewiesen angesehen werden, dass die Retraktion des Augapfels durch die im E.M. G. manchmal nachweisbare «paradoxe Innervation» hervorgerufen wird und diese Innervationsanomalie einen supranuklearen Sitz haben muss. Vielmehr werden die Fakten hervorgehoben, die für eine periphere Lokalisation sprechen.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF REMOVING THE VITREOUS BODY
Authors: BAY MICHAEL 
Published: May 2009

Two methods for removal of the vitreous body are described. The efficacy of the methods is discussed and evaluated by an investigation of ten rabbits with 14C labelled mannitol infused intravenously through an ear‐vein catheter.The results show that removal of the vitreous body by means of perscleral puncture is more inaccurate compared to removal by means of enucleation, freezing with liquid nitrogen and dissection. The explanation of the lower applicability of the perscleral puncture method is probably the different distribution of mannitol in the vitreous body after 90 minutes constant plasma concentration. The perscleral puncture is thus only applicable when we are sure that a diffusion balance of the examined compounds is present between the central and the peripheral parts of the vitreous body.
TRANSLUCENCY OF THE SCLERA
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Gross examination with a pencil torch of 319 non‐selected patients disclosed in 117 cases a greyish translucent streak in the sclera along the tendon attachment of one or more of the horizontal eye muscles.The phenomenon was found to rise in frequency with increasing age, having been noticed in only 4 per cent of the patients aged under 60, against in 30 per cent of those aged 60–69, 43 per cent aged 70–79, and 54 per cent aged ≥ 80.Such streaks were most often seen over the areas of the medial muscles. The phenomenon bears no relation to the occurrence of pinguecula, white girdle, or development of inverse astigmatism.The phenomenon is presumably a precursor of scleral plaques.
PEROXIDASE DIFFUSION IN THE RABBIT CILIARY BODY IN EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND 
Published: May 2009

Experimental uveitis has been produced in albino rabbits by injection of human serum albumin into the vitreous body. To study the blood‐aqueous barrier in the ciliary body in experimental uveitis, horseradish peroxidase has been used as a cytochemical tracer by light microscopy.After intravenous injection of peroxidase, it gained ready access to the posterior chamber in the uveitis eyes. The diffusion barrier to peroxidase in the ciliary epithelium was broken in localized areas. At these sites, heavy infiltration of leukocytes was found, and a continuous epithelial lining was apparently lacking. Outside these areas the diffusion barrier to peroxidase was found intact.
SCLERAL PLAQUES I. Incidence and Morphology
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

A scleral plaque is a transparent, superficial, well‐defined scleral area covering a normal, white, scleral layer. The subjacent uvea and the superjacent conjunctiva are normal. The plaque is situated in front of an eye muscle attachment.An investigation comprising 1,086 subjects showed a scleral plaque to be a very frequent phenomenon in elderly persons (3% aged 60, 10% aged 70 and 25% aged 80 or more).Plaques are vertically oval (65%) or circular (27%). Other shapes are rare. They average 2.72 times 1.47 mm in size (the largest one found measured 12.0 times 6.0 mm). Mean distance from the limbus corneae, 3.26 mm. The plaque increases in size and the distance consequently decreases with increasing age. Plaques are usually situated mesially (68%) and less frequently laterally (19%) or in front of any of the four horizontal muscular attachments (13%). In the series under review no plaques were found on the vertical muscles.A possible relationship between plaques and arcus senilis, cataract, corneal thickness, sex incidence and symptomatology is discussed.
PREVENTION OF »BLINDNESS« Potentialities of a Systems Analysis Approach
Authors: NIŽETIĆ B. 
Published: May 2009

A multitude of activities are carried out under the label of “prevention of blindness”. A definition of this term and of related concepts is discussed with the aim of rationalizing and bringing more precision into the planning and evaluation of programmes in this field.Emphasis is placed on the importance of an appropriate eye‐health information system, of a systems‐analysis methodology for the rational planning of eye‐health services and of the necessary manpower in the field of public health ophthalmology. A definition of this field is presented and illustrated by a conceptual systems model.
THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN CONGENITAL CATARACT
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM B. 
Published: May 2009

A total of 114 eyes affected with congenital cataract were examined by electroretinography prior to surgery. The preoperative electroretinogram (ERG) of 91 eyes was normal, of 17 eyes subnormal and in six eyes it was unrecordable.There was a clear‐cut relationship between a subnormal preoperative ERG and a poor postoperative visual acuity: of the 17 eyes of which the preoperative ERG was subnormal, the postoperative visual acuity of 12 eyes was < 0.1 and of the remaining eyes 0.1–0.2. In the cases in which the preoperative ERG is unrecordable, the chance of restoring a good postoperative visual acuity by surgery is very small. The visual acuity of the six eyes in this series from which the preoperative ERG was unrecordable, was < 0.1.The therapeutic possibilities of surgery cannot invariably be conclusively assessed from the normal preoperative ERG because the latter does not reflect possibly coexisting macular lesions or lesions proximal to the retina. Nevertheless, in cases in which the preoperative ERG is normal, the chance of achieving good therapeutic results with surgery is greater; out of 91 eyes in this series from which a normal preoperative ERG was recorded, the postoperative visual acuity of 10 eyes was < 0.1, of 36 eyes, 0.1–0.2 and of 45 eyes, 0.3 or more.
LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR 
Published: May 2009

Monochromatic light at 13 selected points of the spectrum was presented to the eyes of three normal subjects. Spectral sensitivity curves for the slow (a‐ and b‐waves) as well as the rapid (oscillatory) potentials were determined in response to light stimuli delivered in conditions of comparatively (1) strong light adaptation induced by light stimuli (at an interval of 15 sec) and (2) by weak light adaptation induced by light stimuli (at an interval of 2 min).From comparisons of the sensitivity functions obtained it was concluded that while there was a change of retinal sensitivity from predominantly photopic to scotopic type, no variation of the spectral sensitivity of the oscillations was recorded.In photopic as well as scotopic conditions studied, the oscillations revealed two peaks of sensitivity at 472 nm and 551 nm of the spectrum. Thus, the results seem to support earlier suggestions of the oscillatory potentials being related to an interaction by rod and cone activities and the origin of the oscillations being quite separate from that of the a‐ and b‐wave.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH IN GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H. 
Published: May 2009

A population study of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) was performed in 1,575 Greenland Eskimos, using optical pachymetry (Haag Streit 900). From six separate districts 1,072 Eskimos over the age of forty were examined. The participation rate ranged from 82–98%;. The geographical variation was found to be relatively small. No difference between the unmixed east‐coast Eskimos and the mixed west‐coast Eskimos could be demonstrated.From one of the towns, 503 Eskimos aged 7–39 years were examined. For ethnic comparison, 87 adult Danes, living in Greenland, were measured as controls. Their ACD level was found to be much higher than in Eskimos, closely agreeing with other Caucasian samples.The pronounced shallowness thus observed in Eskimos from all parts of Greenland has also been found recently in Canadian and Alaskan Eskimos. A shallow anterior chamber seems to be an important characteristic of Eskimos.
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS 
Published: May 2009

The methods used for obtaining bacterial cultures from the normal conjunctiva were reviewed.A comparison was made between four methods: a) platinum loop, b) calcium alginate swab c) dry, and d) wet cotton wool swab, using agar (all methods) and serum‐bouillon (methods b, c, d) as culture media. The comparisons were based on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria.At the same time, four topical anaesthetics (benoxinate, tetracaine, proparacaine, cocaine) and one vital stain (tetrazolium ‐ alcian blue mixture) instilled into the conjunctiva immediately before taking samples, were studied for their effects on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria.For isolating Staphylococcus albus, method d was found to be superior to the others when the methods were used in the above mentioned order, and when agar was the only culture medium used. On the other hand, after instillation of the above mentioned eyedrops, causing the so‐called “washing‐out” effect (Fahmy et al. 1974), method a was found better than the others, providing the methods were used in the a‐b‐c‐d order and when agar only was used. When considering the growth of Staphylococcus albus in serum boullion as well, methods b, c, and d were found equal in effect, but somewhat superior to a. Corynebacteria showed nearly the same isolation rate with all the methods before as well as after the instillation of eye drops.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON PEROXIDASE MOVEMENT IN THE EPITHELIUM OF PROSTAGLANDIN‐TREATED RABBIT CILIARY BODIES
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND , TØNJUM ASBJØRN M. 
Published: May 2009

The movement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the epithelium of isolated rabbit iris/ciliary body preparations, has been studied with the electron microscope. HRP was applied at the stromal side of the epithelium, and was left for 60 and 120 min. The distribution pattern of HRP found in the epithelium of the iridial and ciliary processes is consistent with in vivo studies, i.e. the progression of HRP is blocked at the site of the zonula occludens of the superficial epithelium. The HRP distribution pattern found in the iris epithelium indicates that also the superficial epithelial cells of this epithelium are girdled by zonulae occludentes.Specimens treated with prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2a, showed no change in the epithelial distribution pattern of HRP, and the occluding zonules were found to be intact.
GLUCOSE, PYRUVATE, L‐LACTATE, AND CITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF FASTING RABBITS IN RELATION TO AGE
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , LORENTZEN S. E. 
Published: May 2009

Results are reported of determinations of glucose, pyruvate, 1‐lactate and citrate concentrations in aqueous humour from 42 fasting albino rabbits aged from 8 months to 9 years.The glucose concentrations decreased significantly with increasing age. The pyruvate and 1‐lactate concentrations, as well as the ratios of l‐lactate/pyruvate did not change significantly with age. However, the pyruvate concentrations were higher and the l‐lactate/pyruvate ratios were lower in the 2‐year‐old rabbits than in the others. The citrate concentrations were found to rise with increasing age.Because of wide ranges of variation between individuals of the same age groups, the parameters in question have limited value in the evaluation of the energy metabolism of the anterior eye segment.
CORNEAL DIAMETER IN GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H. 
Published: May 2009

In a population survey the corneal diameter (CD) was measured in 1,211 adult Greenland Eskimos from six districts. Using a Wessely keratometer, transversal and vertical readings were performed, and the CD value taken as the average. The unimodal distributions obtained were found to differ from normality.The results suggested a small decrease of CD with age whereas the sex difference (0.2 mm) was highly significant. Geographical variation was found, a West Greenland group (Umanaq) being below the others, while the purest Eskimos (from Angmagssalik) showed higher mean values. A Danish control sample had significantly larger corneae, about 0.5 mm above the Eskimos, and agreed with other reports on Europeans.The CD values and the anterior chamber depth (ACD) were positively correlated. The Eskimo primary angle‐closure glaucoma patients showed a slight deviation towards the lower CD classes. The familial CD distributions suggested a mainly genetic determination of corneal size.