bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arguing Slavery's Narrative: Southern Regionalists, Ex-slave Autobiographers, and the Contested Literary Representations of the Peculiar Institution, 1824–1849
Authors: SCHERMERHORN CALVIN 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn the twenty-five years before 1850, southern writers of regional literature and ex-slave autobiographers constructed a narrative of United States slavery that was mutually contradictory and yet mutually influential. That process involved a dynamic hybridization of genres in which authors contested meanings of slavery, arriving at opposing conclusions. They nevertheless focussed on family and the South's distinctive culture. This article explores the dialectic of that argument and contends that white regionalists created a plantation-paternalist romance to which African American ex-slaves responded with depictions of slavery's cruelty and immorality. However, by the 1840s, ex-slaves had domesticated their narratives in part to sell their works in a literary marketplace in which their adversaries’ sentimental fiction sold well. Scholars have not examined white southern literature and ex-slave autobiography in comparative context, and this article shows how both labored to construct a peculiar institution in readers’ imagination. Southern regionalists supplied the elements of a pro-slavery argument and ex-slave autobiographers infused their narratives with abolitionist rhetoric at a time in which stories Americans told about themselves became increasingly important in the national political crisis over slavery extension and fugitive slaves. It was on that discursive ground that the debates of the 1850s were carried forth.
Convergence rate across the Nepal Himalaya and interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: Implications for seismic hazard
Authors: Ader Thomas , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Lyon‐Caen Hélène , Bollinger Laurent , Galetzka John , Genrich Jeff , Thomas Marion , Chanard Kristel , Sapkota Soma Nath , Rajaure Sudhir , Shrestha Prithvi , Ding Lin , Flouzat Mireille 
Published: March 2012

We document geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya using GPS times series from 30 stations in Nepal and southern Tibet, in addition to previously published campaign GPS points and leveling data and determine the pattern of interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust fault (MHT). The noise on the daily GPS positions is modeled as a combination of white and colored noise, in order to infer secular velocities at the stations with consistent uncertainties. We then locate the pole of rotation of the Indian plate in the ITRF 2005 reference frame at longitude = − 1.34° ± 3.31°, latitude = 51.4° ± 0.3° with an angular velocity of Ω = 0.5029 ± 0.0072°/Myr. The pattern of coupling on the MHT is computed on a fault dipping 10° to the north and whose strike roughly follows the arcuate shape of the Himalaya. The model indicates that the MHT is locked from the surface to a distance of approximately 100 km down dip, corresponding to a depth of 15 to 20 km. In map view, the transition zone between the locked portion of the MHT and the portion which is creeping at the long term slip rate seems to be at the most a few tens of kilometers wide and coincides with the belt of midcrustal microseismicity underneath the Himalaya. According to a previous study based on thermokinematic modeling of thermochronological and thermobarometric data, this transition seems to happen in a zone where the temperature reaches 350°C. The convergence between India and South Tibet proceeds at a rate of 17.8 ± 0.5 mm/yr in central and eastern Nepal and 20.5 ± 1 mm/yr in western Nepal. The moment deficit due to locking of the MHT in the interseismic period accrues at a rate of 6.6 ± 0.4 × 1019 Nm/yr on the MHT underneath Nepal. For comparison, the moment released by the seismicity over the past 500 years, including 14 MW ≥ 7 earthquakes with moment magnitudes up to 8.5, amounts to only 0.9 × 1019 Nm/yr, indicating a large deficit of seismic slip over that period or very infrequent large slow slip events. No large slow slip event has been observed however over the 20 years covered by geodetic measurements in the Nepal Himalaya. We discuss the magnitude and return period of M > 8 earthquakes required to balance the long term slip budget on the MHT.
Anomalous infrasound propagation in a hot stratosphere and the existence of extremely small shadow zones
Authors: Evers L. G. , van Geyt A. R. J. , Smets P. , Fricke J. T. 
Published: March 2012

Long‐range infrasound propagation strongly depends on the state of the stratosphere. Infrasound can be efficiently ducted between the Earth's surface and the stratopause under a favorable wind and temperature structure between 40 and 50 km altitude. Understanding infrasound propagation under variable stratospheric conditions is of importance for a successful verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test Ban Treaty, in which infrasound is used as a verification technique. Inversely, infrasound observations can be used in acoustic remote sensing of the upper atmosphere. In previous studies, attention has been paid to the strength and direction of the circumpolar vortex wind. In this study, an analysis is made of the temperature effect in the stratosphere on infrasound propagation. A case study is presented from an explosion during a sudden stratospheric warming. During such conditions, the size of the classical stratospheric shadow zone (∼200 km) appeared to be reduced by a factor of 2. The occurrence of such conditions is quantified by evaluating 10 years of atmospheric specifications. It unexpectedly appeared that the size of the shadow zone can become smaller than 100 km, which is confirmed by evaluating infrasound detections from mining blasts in southwestern Siberia, Russia. These results are valid over a latitudinal range of 20°N to 60°N, which is determined by the stratospheric surf zone.
The influence of training status on the aerobic and anaerobic responses to exercise in children: A review
Authors: McNarry Melitta , Jones Andy 
Published: March 2012

AbstractExercise training represents a potent stimulus to the development of aerobic and anaerobic fitness in adults; whether the same is true in young children is unclear. With the possible exception of peak , many parameters of aerobic and anaerobic fitness remain scarcely investigated in children, especially pubertal children. Despite this lack of empirical evidence, it has been suggested that children may lack trainability and that this may be related to the presence of a maturational threshold below which significant adaptations to training cannot occur. This suggestion requires investigation, not least because the findings of some studies which appear to support this contention may in reality be a reflection of the use of an inappropriate test modality or training programme for the investigation of training status influences. The purpose of this review is therefore to provide insight into the current consensuses and controversies regarding the influence of training in young people.
Effects of different precooling techniques on repeat sprint ability in team sport athletes
Authors: Brade Carly , Dawson Brian , Wallman Karen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the simultaneous use of internal and external precooling methods with singular methods and their effect on repeated sprint cycling in hot/humid conditions. Twelve male team sport players completed four experimental conditions, initially involving a 30‐min precooling period consisting of either a cooling jacket (J); ingestion of an ice slushy ice slushy; combination of cooling jacket and ice ingestion (J + ice slushy); or control (CONT). This was followed by 70 min of repeat sprint cycling (in~35°C, 60% relative humidity [RH]), consisting of 2×30‐min halves, separated by a 10‐min half‐time period where the same cooling method was again used. Each half comprised 30×4 s maximal sprints on 60 s, interspersed with sub‐maximal exercise at varying intensities. Total mean power and work performed were significantly higher (p = 0.02) in J + ice slushy (233.6±31.4 W) compared to ice slushy (211.8±34.5 kJ), while moderate effect sizes (ES: d = 0.67) suggested lower core temperatures (TC) in J + ice slushy (36.8±0.3°C) compared to J (37.0±0.3°C) and CONT (37.0±0.3°C) following precooling. A moderate ES (d = 0.57) also indicated lower TC in J + ice slushy (38.2±0.3) compared to ice slushy (38.4±0.4°C) after half‐time cooling. Change (Δ) in mean skin temperature over half‐time cooling was significantly greater (p = 0.036) for J (1.0±0.4°C) compared to ice slushy (0.5±0.5°C), and ES (d = 0.5–1.10) also suggested a greater Δ for J compared to the other conditions. Sweat loss was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in ice slushy and J + ice slushy compared to J and CONT. In conclusion, a combination of (external and internal) body cooling techniques may enhance repeated sprint performance in the heat compared to individual cooling methods.
Food Questionnaire for the Assessment of Gluten Intake by Children 1 to 4 Years Old
Authors: Hopman Erica G.D. , Pruijn Ricardo , Tabben Eric H. , le Cessie Saskia , Mearin M. Luisa 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:A food questionnaire (FQ) to assess gluten intake in infants 0 to 12 months old has been developed and validated (FQ‐gluten), but an instrument to assess gluten intake in children 1 to 4 years is not available. Development and validation of such an instrument (FQ‐gluten4) was the aim of the present study.Methods:The FQ‐gluten was adapted according to age‐related food consumption. The results of this FQ‐gluten4 were compared with the results of a 2‐day food record.Results:Seventy‐one parents filled in both instruments. The mean amount of gluten consumption calculated from the FQ‐gluten4 was comparable with that of the food record, but significant differences were found in the amount of gluten intake in 1‐ to 2‐year‐old children and in the percentage of gluten from porridge among the 1‐ to 3‐year‐olds. The Blant‐Altman limits of agreement with standard deviation of 2600 mg were −5118 to 5630 mg.Conclusions:The new, short, standardized, validated, and easy‐to‐use FQ‐gluten4 may be a useful instrument in the assessment of gluten intake in young children. Using this standardized method provides opportunity for better comparison of the results of gluten consumption in studies throughout the world. Furthermore, such an instrument can be used to quantify the gluten intake in individuals suspected to have celiac disease but in whom the diagnoses cannot be confirmed.
Seed dispersal interactions in the Mediterranean Region: contrasting patterns between islands and mainland
Authors: González‐Castro Aarón , Traveset Anna , Nogales Manuel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim We studied, for the first time, the effect of insularity on plant–seed disperser networks at both the community and species level. We focused on the Mediterranean shrubland, comparing different biogeographical scenarios (insular and continental) that share the same basic species composition.Location The study was conducted within one mainland (southern Spain) and four island localities: two in the Canary Islands (oceanic origin) and two in the Balearic Islands (continental origin).Methods We built qualitative (presence/absence of interaction) and quantitative seed dispersal networks (number of consumed fruits) and used different descriptor parameters, such as connectance, nestedness, interaction asymmetry and various interaction diversity indices that describe their topology. To assemble the interaction networks, we used data on the presence of different species of fruits in systematically collected droppings of the different seed dispersers; seeds in droppings were identified by means of a binocular lens whereas a microscope was used to identify pericarp tissue remains.Results Island networks were smaller and less complex (a lower number of observed links than expected for their size) than the mainland network. As expected, connectance was higher within islands than on the mainland. By contrast, nestedness was consistently high at all sites, although relative nestedness (which accounts for network size) was lower within islands, whether continental or oceanic. At both community and species level (especially for animals) interactions tended to be more specialized and symmetric within the islands.Main conclusions The lower species number and greater specialization in insular seed dispersal systems appears to lead to the prevalence of more symmetric interactions than those found on the mainland. This indicates that insular mutualistic interactions and interacting species are more vulnerable than mainland ones to disturbances, as previous work has suggested that asymmetrical interactions facilitate the maintenance of biodiversity and act as a resilience mechanism against species extinction.
Disability and kidney transplantation in the United States
Authors: McGee Jennifer , Jackson Nicole R. , Slakey Douglas P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTransplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end‐stage renal disease. Despite complete or partial restoration of renal function, many recipients after transplant continue to self‐identify as disabled. It is a designation required for federal healthcare assistance pre‐transplant, but in some cases, post‐transplantation, the designation is misapplied. When kidney recipients bear the label of disabled, regardless if the disability is real or perceived, they are less likely to participate in work and social activities. Although transplantation improves quality of life, for many recipients the designation of disability can extend an unintended, negative impact. It is well recognized that kidney recipients return to employment, education, and social activities after transplantation. However, there is a portion of the recipient population that can work but chooses not to engage. A large part of the phenomenon is related to disability status and the federal financing of kidney disease. This paper summarizes the history of the relationship between disability and kidney transplantation, the potential pitfalls associated with the relationship, and evidence‐based strategies designed to mitigate or lead to mitigation of the unfavorable effects associated with misappropriated, perceived disability after kidney transplantation.
Genetic variation for seed hull and fibre content in a collection of European winter oilseed rape material (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibrations
Authors: Dimov Zoran , Suprianto Edy , Hermann Frank , Möllers Christian 
Published: March 2012

With 2 figures and 6 tablesAbstractAfter oil extraction, the meal of oilseed rape provides an important protein‐rich animal feedstuff. However, compared with soybean meal, the crude fibre content of oilseed rape meal is too high. The objectives of the present study were to analyse the genetic variation for and the environmental influence on the seed hull, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content of 28 black‐seeded winter oilseed rape cultivars tested in field experiments in Germany and to develop near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopic calibrations (NIRS). Significant effects of the genotype and of the location on all traits were found. NIRS calibrations showed in independent validations low standard errors [SEP(C)] of about 1% for NDF, ADF and ADL contents in the defatted meal and coefficients of determination (R2V) ranging from 0.72 for NDF to 0.80 for ADF. Results indicate a large genetic variation for NDF, ADF and ADL contents among current black‐seeded winter oilseed rape cultivars, which can be used to develop new improved cultivars with reduced crude fibre content.
Introducing surprising events can stimulate deep learning in a serious game
Authors: van der Spek Erik D. , van Oostendorp Herre , Ch. Meyer John‐Jules 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSerious games show great potential, but many fail to live up to that potential. One way to improve serious game design could be to introduce surprising events linked to the instructional material. We modified our serious game for triage training, called Code Red Triage, to include three surprising events pertaining to decision‐making moments in the triage procedure. Forty‐one participants were divided into two groups: one group played a version of the game with the surprising events, and the other group played a control version of the game. A pre‐posttest design showed no significant difference in engagement and surface learning, but did show the participants in the surprising events condition obtained significantly superior knowledge structures, indicating that surprising events in a serious game foster deeper learning.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic
(Very little.)
That serious games often fail to reach their potential.
That a surprising event can lead to a better comprehension of text.
But that a narrative background in a virtual learning environment led to worse learning.
What this paper adds
A thorough, single‐blind, controlled empirical experiment on the effects of serious game design on different factors of learning and engagement.
That introducing small surprising events in a serious game leads to improved deep comprehension of the instructional material.
That this intervention has no ostensible effect on engagement.
Implications for practice and/or policy
Surprising events should be introduced in a serious game to improve learning.
Serious game designers should therefore carefully consider how to embed instruction in the game narrative.
Research in serious game design is worthwhile (and highly needed) because it can lead to better serious games.
Modelling human emotions for tactical decision‐making games
Authors: Visschedijk Gillian C. , Lazonder Ard W. , van der Hulst Anja , Vink Nathalie , Leemkuil Henny 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe training of tactical decision making increasingly occurs through serious computer games. A challenging aspect of designing such games is the modelling of human emotions. Two studies were performed to investigate the relation between fidelity and human emotion recognition in virtual human characters. Study 1 compared five versions of a virtual character that expressed emotions through different combinations of posture, facial expression, and tone of voice. Results showed that emotion recognition was best when all three behavioural cues were present; posture + face and posture + tone of voice were joint second best. In study 2, these three versions were supplemented with contextual information. Cross‐variant comparisons yielded marginal differences in emotion recognition and no differences in tactical decision making. Together, these findings suggest that the combination of posture with either facial expression or tone of voice is sufficient to ensure recognition of human emotions in tactical decision‐making games.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic
Tactical decision making often involves the recognition of human emotions.
Humans exhibit their emotions through facial expressions, body movement and posture and tone of voice.
Some of these behavioural cues are more predominant than others.
Environmental cues convey important additional information to help recognise or infer emotional states.
What this paper adds
Not all three behavioural cues need to be present to recognise human emotions in a known context.
The combination of posture with either facial expression or tone of voice is sufficient to recognise human emotions.
Both cue combinations lead to equally high recognition rates and qualitatively comparable tactical decisions.
Implications for practice and/or policy
Designers of tactical decision‐making games can lower the quality of the game characters' facial expressions or omit their vocalisations.
As high‐end graphics involve high development costs, the former option seems the most cost‐effective.
Sustainability and Business in a Complex World
Authors: PORTER TERRY , DERRY ROBBIN 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTSustainability is a topic of growing importance today in all aspects of organizational life. Businesses and managers are increasingly considering ways to incorporate a balance among economic, ecological, social, and cultural value creation into their business models. At the same time, the world is becoming exponentially more complex. Indeed, complexity theory and thinking are now apparent in academic and practice accounts of sustainability in business, as scholars and practitioners recognize the limitations of traditional reductionist approaches to systemic problems. To date, however, a more theoretical framing of sustainability lags behind accumulating practical evidence. The purpose of this article is to address this gap by developing a complexity‐based framework for understanding and managing sustainability in complex adaptive systems. We aim for simplicity, wholeness, and practicality in our approach, taking a qualitative rather than quantitative perspective on complex systems. Using several contemporary case examples, the article describes the important qualities of complex systems and develops them into a working framework that integrates principles and parameters of sustainability. In doing so, we create an approach to sustainability issues and dilemmas called “sustainability thinking.” The article concludes with more generalized sustainability action strategies for managers and recommendations for future researchers.
Food Standards and Welfare: General Equilibrium Effects
Authors: Xiang Tao , Huang Jikun , Kancs d’Artis , Rozelle Scott , Swinnen Jo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe analyse the general equilibrium effects of the growth of high standard food chains on household welfare. To measure structural production changes and welfare effects on rural and urban households, our model has two types of agents, five kinds of products and four types of factors. We calibrate the model using a Chinese dataset. The simulation results show that the effects on poor rural households depend on a variety of factors, including the nature of the shocks leading to the expansion of high standard sector, production technologies, trade effects, spillover effects on low standard markets, factor market constraints and labour market effects.
Yield Effects of Tissue Culture Bananas in Kenya: Accounting for Selection Bias and the Role of Complementary Inputs
Authors: Kabunga Nassul S. , Dubois Thomas , Qaim Matin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe analyse yield effects of tissue culture (TC) banana technology in the Kenyan small farm sector, using recent survey data and an endogenous switching regression approach. TC banana plantlets, which are free from pests and diseases, have been introduced in East Africa since the late 1990s. Although field experiments show significant yield advantages over traditional banana suckers, a rigorous assessment of impacts in farmers’ fields is still outstanding. A comparison of mean yield levels between TC adopters and non‐adopters in our sample shows no significant difference. However, we find evidence of negative selection bias, indicating that farmers with lower than average yields are more likely to adopt TC. Controlling for this bias results in a positive and significant TC net yield gain of 7%. We also find that TC technology is more knowledge intensive and more responsive to irrigation than traditional bananas. Simulations show that improving access to irrigation could lift TC productivity gains to above 20%. The analytical approach developed and applied here and the finding of negative selection bias may also be relevant for the evaluation of other agricultural technologies.