bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Rates of Reduction of a Series of Azo Compounds
Authors: Warwick G. P. 
Published: July 2010

The chemistry and the pharmacology of the nitrogen “mustards” are briefly summarised, and the importance of azo compounds in cancer research is indicated. The concept of “latent activity” is introduced, and special attention is devoted to thep‐phenylazo derivatives ofNN‐bischloroethylaniline as examples of such compounds used in the chemotherapy of cancer.The literature concerning the rates of reduction of azo compounds is briefly reviewed. The rates of reduction of some derivatives of 4–NN‐bis‐2″‐chloroethylamino‐azobenzene with stannous chloride, hydrazine, and the xanthine—xanthine oxidase system are discussed in relation to the electronic character of ring substituents; attention is drawn to certain anomalous “ortho” effects. The rates of reduction are discussed also in relation to the observed tumour‐growth‐inhibiting properties of the compounds.
The Mechanism of Dyeing with Procion Dyes I—The Mechanism of Alkali Adsorption by Cellulose*
Authors: Sumner H. H. 
Published: July 2010

A brief historical survey is given of previous work on the mechanism of adsorption of alkali by cellulose, in which three possibilities are considered: adsorption, because the hydroxyl ion has affinity for cellulose, compound formation between alkali and cellulose, and neutralisation of the alkali by the cellulose acting as a weak acid. Using the third mechanism, a theoretical treatment involving the normal concepts of dyeing thermodynamics has been set out; it successfully predicts the amount of sodium hydroxide that will be adsorbed from alkaline baths by both viscose rayon and cotton. A discussion is given of the way in which this treatment enables affinities to be calculated for adsorption of dye from aqueous alkaline dyebaths; and it is also shown how the concept of ionised cellulose hydroxyl groups, produced by neutralisation of alkali by the fibre, provides a mechanism for dyeing with reactive dyes.A brief historical survey is given of previous work on the mechanism of adsorption of alkali by cellulose, in which three possibilities are considered: adsorption, because the hydroxyl ion has affinity for cellulose, compound formation between alkali and cellulose, and neutralisation of the alkali by the cellulose acting as a weak acid. Using the third mechanism, a theoretical treatment involving the normal concepts of dyeing thermodynamics has been set out; it successfully predicts the amount of sodium hydroxide that will be adsorbed from alkaline baths by both viscose rayon and cotton. A discussion is given of the way in which this treatment enables affinities to be calculated for adsorption of dye from aqueous alkaline dyebaths; and it is also shown how the concept of ionised cellulose hydroxyl groups, produced by neutralisation of alkali by the fibre, provides a mechanism for dyeing with reactive dyes.
Reactive Dyes for Nylon*
Authors: SCOTT D. F. , VICKERSTAFF T. 
Published: July 2010

Conventional dyes for nylon have suffered, hitherto, from the disadvantage that those of good fastness properties do not readily cover the chemical and physical irregularities of the fibre, whilst those which are free from these defects have rolatively low fastness properties.A new range of reactive dyes for nylon has now been developed. They are disperse dyes and can be applied in an unreaetive form under acid conditions, when they possess the level–dyeing properties of disperse dyes. When the bath is made mildly alkaline, reaction occurs between dye and fibre, and a fast, level dyeing is obtained. It has been found that these dyes react both with the amine end–groups and with the amide groups in the fibre, so difficulties associated with saturation of amine end–groups are not encountered.Rates of dyeing and fixation of the dyes have been determined both separately and in mixtures and it is shown that the dyes are compatible for dyeing as mixtures. Rate–of–dyeing curves indicate that these dyes behave as medium–to–slow dyeing disperse dyes.As with Procion dyes when applied to cellulose, a side–reaction occurs in the dyebath, and in this case the deactivated dye remains on the fibre after the soaping treatment. Since, however, the unfixed dye has fastness properties at least equal to those of conventional disperse dyes, this small proportion can be tolorated without undue loss of fastnoss.For the first time a range of dyes is available for dyeing nylon to level, attractive colours with good wet fastness properties using a simple technique and conventional dyeing machinery.
An Investigation of the Carbonising of Wool*
Authors: Zahn H. 
Published: July 2010

Wool of crossbred quality, in the form of cloth, was carbonised with sulphuric acid (5% by weight). Part of the baked cloth was rinsed with water at the mill, part was stored in the laboratory in a desiccator over silica gel, and a third part was stored for up to 29 weeks in the conditioning room at 65% R.H. After storage for five weeks and seven weeks respectively, part of the dry and part of the humidified cloth was neutralised. Subsequently the wool was examined for modification by the following methods—alkali solubility, pH of aqueous extract, pyridine extraction, total sulphate, Van Slyke amino nitrogen, and end‐group analysis using 1 ‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene.The findings led to the following conclusions—(1) The alkali solubility of carbonised wool, if tested soon after preparation and corrected for the sulphuric acid content, is not increased. (2) When wool which has been carbonised but not neutralised is stored under humid conditions a progressive increase in alkali solubility is observed. During dry storage the alkali solubility does not change significantly. (3) Carbonised wool contains about double the number of serine and threonine amino end‐groups, whereas the other end‐groups of wool are not affected. (4) Dry storage leads to further increase in the number of serine and threonine end‐groups and has some effect on the glycine and valine end‐groups. (5) Humid storage results in a much faster increase in end‐groups. (6) Neutralised wool contains fewer serine and threonine end‐groups, whereas the end‐groups of the other amino acids remain unchanged or increase slightly. The results are best explained by assuming a partly reversible N‐O‐peptidyl shift on the serine and threonine amino residues during carbonising and neutralisation. Storage of carbonised wool under humid conditions induces irreversible hydrolysis of peptide links involving aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, and valine. The practical implications are discussed.
Some Physico‐chemical Properties of Solochrome Violet R and its Metal Complexes
Authors: Coates E. , Rigg B. 
Published: July 2010

The purification and estimation of Solochrome Violet R (2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐sulphophenylazo‐2‐naphthol; C.I. 15870; C.I. Mordant Violet 5) have been investigated. Equilibria involving self‐association of the dye, the formation of metal‐dye complexes, and the acidic ionisation of several relevant species have been studied quantitatively. Potentiometric, conductimetric, polarographic, and spectrophotometric techniques are described.Analysis of mixtures of the dye, CrD and CrD2 has been achieved by a combination of polarographic and spectrophotometrio methods. Quantitative information on the aggregation of the dye in aqueous solutions has been obtained by the potentiometric method, which should be a satisfactory method for the study of other systems of this type. It has been shown that ionic strength effects should be considered in the determination of equilibrium constants, and formation constants are reported for the complexes of eight metals with this dye. The dye appears to behave as a tridentate ligand and in six‐co‐ordinate systems gives rise to 1:1 and 1:2 metal‐dye complexes. In the light of this evidence, previously postulated structures for some Cu(II) and Mg(II) complexes have been reconsidered.
Cold–pad Desizing and Bleaching for Dyeing and Printing
Authors: GARDNER H. S. , KALINOWSKI S. E. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the King's Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 26th November 1963, Mr J. Saunders in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Grosvenor Rooms, Belfast, on 14th January 1964, Mr N. Hindshaw in the chair; and of the Manchester Region (One–day Symposium), held at the College of Science and Technology, Manchester, on 6th March 1964, Mr F. V. Davis in the chairExisting cold–pad processes, and new methods developed to overcome their defects, are discussed in the light of laboratory experiments and full–scale works trials; the processes examined in detail are bromite desizing, peroxide bleaching, and chlorite bleaching; mention is made of a new cheap solvent–detergent for use with enzymes and scouring liquors.
Specific Problems in the Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibres in Circulating–liquor Machines
Authors: HORN P. J. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Region held in the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 11th February 1964, Mr I. Gailey in the chair; of the Huddersfield Region held in the Queen Hotel, Huddersfield, on 12th February 1964, Mr M. Nutton in the chair; and of the Leicester Junior Branch held in the College of Technology, Leicester, on 13th February 1964, Mr R. G. Charlesworth in the chairThe types of pump used in circulating–liquor dyeing machines are discussed, particularly in terms of the relation between pressure head and output. With the turbo pump there is a steady increase in flow rate as the pressure is reduced, but for the centrifugal pump the relation is more complex. The turbo pump has a much wider operating range than the centrifugal pump, but is less efficient. The rate of liquor flow through a dyeing system is determined by the capacity of the pump and the differential pressure, i. e. the difference in pressure immediately before and beyond the wound package. Factors affecting the differential pressure are discussed. Brief reference is made to the measurement of flow rates, and the effect of flow rates on the quality of dyeing is outlined. The advantages of the recently developed semi–axial pump are mentioned. Finally, practical aspects of the dyeing of wound packages (effect of package density and uniformity of winding) and of warp beams (means of reducing danger of bursting, application techniques for vat dyes) are discussed.
Relations between some Physicochemical Properties of Reactive Dyes and their Behaviour in Padding Processes
Authors: CAPPONI M. , SENN R. C. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 16th February 1965, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; and of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on 18th February 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chairExperimental results are presented which show that the members of any given range of reactive dyes have a diffusion coefficientDand an exhaustion valueEwhich are roughly in inverse proportion to each other. Metal–complex dyes (1: 1 and 1: 2) and phthalocyanine metal complexes, however, show characteristic deviations in behaviour. The significance ofDandEin the padding, intermediate drying, and fixation of reactive dyes is elucidated. The theory of the padding process is discussed and the relationships betweenDandEand the ending behaviour are demonstrated. A new test for assessing the tendency to ending is described.
Chemical and Mechanical Wear of Cotton Fabric in Laundering*
Authors: VAECK S. V. 
Published: July 2010

International organisations are studying the standardisation of unsoiled cotton test pieces and methods of using them for the determination of chemical damage and mechanical wear in laundering. Of particular importance is the relation between chemical attack, as measured by viscosity or fluidity changes, and the corresponding strength loss. Study of the literature reveals that the available experimental data are far from complete and that published curves differ. In order to clarify the position, loads of test pieces of two different plain–weave cotton fabrics were laundered up to 35 times, without and with hypochlorite bleach, under different conditions, and an attempt was made to find the breaking strength loss corresponding to a given fluidity increase under identical mechanical conditions.It is concluded that, up to a 20 % strength loss, the relation between strength loss and fluidity increase is a linear one, provided that the severity of the chemical attack remains constant; above this value a curve similar to that of Clibbens and Ridge is found. In practice, however, test pieces are examined after a constant number of launderings, usually 25; consequently, low fluidity values correspond to a slow chemical attack, and high values to a rapid chemical attack. Under these conditions a curve is found that is similar to the Delft curve now under consideration for international standardisation, up toa 20% strength loss; above this value it remains similar to the curve of Clibbens and R idge.
Disulphide Bond Breakdown in Wool during High–temperature Steam Treatments
Authors: ORWELL R. L. , DATYNER A. , NICHOLLS C. H. 
Published: July 2010

The extent to which cystine residues react when wool is steamed at temperatures above 10077deg;C was found to be very dependent on the pH of the wool and the temperature of the treatment, but was less sensitive to variations in the time of treatment. Extending the wool by up to 20% had no significant effect on cystine reactivity.Lanthionine was detected in the steamed wool in amounts which corresponded, approximately mole for mole, with the cystine losses recorded for the same samples, thus indicating that, under these conditions, even when the wool is at pH 3 0, almost all the cystine undergoing modification is converted to lanthionine. Measurements of the urea–bisulphite solubility of steamed wool provided indirect evidence of lanthionine formation.A new method of estimating lanthionine in protein hydrolysates, based on one–dimensional thin–layer chromatography combined with measurements of spot areas, is described.
The Beam Dyeing of Cotton Yarns
Authors: CHARLESWORTH A. 
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chairPractical aspects of the beam dyeing of cotton yarn are described. Particular attention is given to methods and machines for preparing the dyer's beam, as well as to beam–dyeing plant and the different types of circulating pump. The application of vat dyes is discussed with special reference to high–temperature dyeing, and problems associated with azoic dyeings are outlined.
A New Concept in the Use of Perforated Beams in Textile Treatments
Authors: MARSHALL W. J. 
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chairThe full exploitation of the pad–batch process of dyeing cotton–with reactive dyes has hitherto been retarded by limitations in simple equipment for washing–off unfixed dye. This paper shows that, contrary to general belief, only small amounts of water and low flow rates are necessary, provided that sufficient time is allowed and interchange between liquor and fabric is high. A simple means for meeting these requirements is described. It consists of batching the padded material onto a perforated beam, on which it is stored for the required reaction time; unfixed dye is then washed–off by passing water slowly through the beam and running the eluant liquor to waste without recirculating. This procedure works well in practice: 5000–m batches are washed–off in 20–30 min, the water consumption being about 10 l. /kg of material, which is only about 20–50 % of the minimum wash–water requirement in conventional equipment. The significance of beam diameter in relation to batch size is discussed. The equipment is cheap in capital, labour, and running costs.
The Synthesis and Ultraviolet Spectra of Nitrodiphenylamine Disperse Dyes III—Ultraviolet Spectra of Some Substituted 2‐ and 4‐Nitrodiphenylamines
Authors: Day M. , Peters A. T. 
Published: July 2010

The ultraviolet and infrared spectral characteristics of a series of substituted 2‐ and 4‐nitrodiphenylamines are reported. Shifts in the long‐wavelength absorption band resulting from substitution into the nitrated ring of electron‐donor and electron‐acceptor groups are related to the Hammett σ values of the substituent. Substitution in the unnitrated ring has a less significant effect. The effect of solvent polarity on the spectra of both series indicates that the band is associated with a highly polar quinonoid charge‐transfer form.The NH‐stretching frequencies of the dyes are also recorded.
The Effect of Aftertreatments on the Fixation Ratio and Total Extent of Reaction of a Difluorochloropyrimidine Dye on Wool
Authors: FINNIMORE E. , MEYER U. , ZOLLINGER H. 
Published: July 2010

47th Communication on Investigations in Textile Chemistry. For 46th Communication see reference [9].The difference between fixation ratio and extent of reaction in reactive dyeing of wool is explained. Methods of aftertreatment of deep colours have been examined as a means of improving both these values. Increases in the extent of reaction are favoured by high levels of exhaustion as well as by prolonging the time at the dyeing pH. The fixation ratio is improved by desorbing the unfixed dye, and this has been done by raising the pH at the end of the dyeing. The pH at the temperature of the aftertreatment was found to have a critical effect on the efficiency of the process, the best results being obtained with buffer treatments, whereas with the usual ammonia aftertreatment, in which the pH was found to decrease with time, the results were much less effective. On Hercosett 57‐treated wool the effect was bigger than on untreated wool.
The Preparation of the Pure Cis–isomers of Four Fluorescent Whitening Agents of the Sulphonated Stilbene Type
Authors: WELLER W. T. 
Published: July 2010

Photoisomerization of four purified stilbene–derived fluorescent whitening agents in methanol solution, followed by removal of residual trans–isomer, has afforded the pure cis–isomers in good yield.Measurement of the u. v. absorption characteristics of the pure isomers has yielded data that now permit the determination, for any single FWA studied, of both the total concentration of FWA in solution and of the cis. trans isomer ratio.
Application of Chrome Dyes to Wool by the Afterchrome Process
Authors: MEIER GERHARD 
Published: July 2010

The fundamentals of and practical experience with a new method of applying chrome dyes to wool by the after–chrome process are discussed. The method is based on the stoichiometric relation between chromium and chrome dyes.By using special temperature control and an electrolyte, potassium dichromate is utilized more efficiently and effluent requirements can be met in most cases. The quality of the wool is improved compared to wool dyed by conventional afterchrome processes.
Studies of the Glass Transition Temperature of Polyester Fibre by a Dyeing Method
Authors: GULRAJANI M. L. , SAXENA R. K. 
Published: July 2010

The effect that the dye has on the determination of the glass transition temperature by a dyeing method is investigated. It is seen that the glass transition temperature is influenced by the structure of the dye, i. e. its size, shape and its interaction with thesubstrate.From the studies carried out on various systems, a correlation between glass transition temperature and dyeing transition temperature has been postulated.
Low‐temperature Dyeing of Wool in the Presence of Urea and Related Compounds
Authors: Burdett B C , Galek J A 
Published: July 2010

An investigation has been carried out into the effect of urea, thiourea and related compounds on the rate of dyeing of C. I. Acid Red 18 on wool. At the same time, the object was also to find a more efficient accelerant than urea.Of the 44 compounds originally used in a preliminary investigation, only eleven were retained for detailed study and of these only five were more effective than urea. Disaggregation and solvatochromism of C. I. Acid Red 18 occurred in the presence of the selected compounds and, although many of the latter were preferentially adsorbed by wool, negligible fibre damage occurred. Increasing the ionic strength of the solutions depressed the dyeing rate.Several mixtures of urea and related compounds gave similar effects to that produced by urea alone, both by an exhaust technique and a pad—batch technique, and it is proposed that they be used in the commercial cold pad‐batch process.
Commercial Exploitation of Package Dyeing
Authors: Park J 
Published: July 2010

Jim Park has been in the textile industry for 26 years, mainly in the dyeing and finishing sector. Although associated with most forms of dyeing, apart from a five‐year period he has always been connected with yarn dyeing and is deeply committed to package dyeing together with the use of automation and colour physics.Positions held have included chemist technical manager and company director. He is currently running his own consulting business.He is an active Society member (Chairman, Resources Committee and member of Publications Committee) and a Silver Medallist.The place of package dyeing in the manufacturing sequence is indicated together with the types of yarn usually package dyed. Various factors in favour of and against package dyeing are discussed and the costs of the process are compared with those of other dyeing methods. Several means of improving the financial competitiveness of package dyeing are discussed and areas for future expansion are identified. Finally, some thoughts regarding the package dyehouse of the future are given.
The Manufacture of Viscose Rayon Fibres
Authors: Aitken R 
Published: July 2010

Robert Aitken is a principal research scientist in Courtaulds Research Division. He studied chemistry at the University of St. Andrews and graduated in 1964, when he joined the Development Fibres and Viscose Laboratory at Coventry. He has taken part in the development of a variety of viscose fibre types, including crimped, polynosic and modal fibres. Other posts have included pilot‐plant manager, managing a cigarette factory for tobacco substitute, and leading the research and development for Courtaulds' elastomeric fibre plant. He is currently working on the development of new end uses for viscose including enhanced dyeing, flame‐resistant products and non‐wovens.Although it is one of the earliest of man‐made fibres, viscose rayon remains of great interest. This is because it is made from a renewable resource, and because the fibre‐making process is so adaptable. Novel types have been made, and continue to be made, to meet the changing demands of the textile market. Recent developments include the new class of high‐strength viscose fibres with tenacities of 25 to 28 cN/tex, the super‐inflated cellulosic SI fibre which has a very high absorbency without containing any additives, the hollow circular cross‐section fibre Viloft for blending with cotton or polyester, and a new generation of enhanced‐dyeing fibres.