bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiations of the Faith
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The elaboration of the Christian faith as lay religion was played out within a social landscape that contained other additional resources and cultural demands. In southern France this social landscape was marked by a number of important features: a widespread ‘civic’ sensibility which extended well beyond the larger settlements; a notarial culture that provided relatively broad access to mechanisms of law and archiving that were authoritative but also somewhat flexible and responsive in their documentary forms; and a strong vein of mercantile practice, that operated through agreements, contracts, and often collective negotiations. These informed the ways in which the laity negotiated their experience of Christianity. In certain areas they pushed back against some of the demands of the Church, most often when these conflicted too strongly with other areas of material life; but in others, the nature of the negotiations and collective actions aimed to forge an enlarged space for lay engagement with Christian piety. These issues are explored through an analysis of various ‘contracts’ and agreements drawn up between local communities and their priests; through an examination of the evidence for religious confraternities in southern France from the twelfth century onward; and finally through a close examination of a body of wills made in Puigcerdà between 1294 and 1310.
Introduction: Responsibility and Health Care
Authors: Davies Ben , De Marco Gabriel , Levy Neil , Savulescu Julian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers an overview of the various ways that responsibility may be relevant to health care, in order to situate the chapters in this volume in their broader context. The chapter begins by outlining relevant concepts, and explaining why it is worth considering the role of responsibility in health care. The chapter then turns to various ways in which patients might be held responsible in a health care system, before considering objections to these practices. Finally, the chapter considers the role of responsibility in health care beyond holding patients responsible, by considering the responsibility of medical professionals, and of institutions.
Habitual Health-Related Behaviour and Responsibility
Authors: Brown Rebecca 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider how an analysis of responsibility for habitual behaviour can help us to make judgements about people’s responsibility for their health. Much of our behaviour is habitual, featuring high levels of automaticity and low levels of reflection. Further, habitual behaviour is particularly commonplace in many “everyday” health-affecting actions like diet and physical activity. It is unclear what role conscious awareness plays in habitual behaviour, but it is generally assumed that conscious control over habitual behaviour is limited, if not completely lacking, at least at the time that behaviour is performed. There has been relatively little written about responsibility for habitual behaviour. At least, few philosophical accounts of responsibility have explicitly discussed habitual behaviour or habits. A notable exception is Fischer and Ravizza’s influential Responsibility and Control, which makes reference to behaviour that is performed “instinctively” or out of “unreflective habit”. There is also a significant literature on responsibility for character, which could be considered of direct relevance to attempts to illuminate responsibility for habitual behaviour. This chapter will outline what work remains to be done in order to properly align discussions of responsibility with a psychologically informed analysis of habitual behaviour, and will indicate how this could support discussions of people’s responsibility for their health.
Colonial organisms and complex life cycles
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many animals live in colonies, groups of organisms of the same species, living together in a single location. In many cases, the colonies are permanent organizations of sessile animals. In other cases, they are temporary and functional, as in breeding colonies. In clonal colonies, all individuals or zooids are genetically identical descendants of a founder zooid. The zooids of a colony can be morphologically similar or can be specialized, with a greater or lesser level of division of labor among the zooids. Colonial animas often have complex life cycles, but this is not unique to them. Complex life cycles include a separation between juvenile stages and adult stages. In complex life cycles, the juvenile stage or larva is usually morphologically and ecologically different from the adult. In marine animals, the larva is often planktonic. The transition from larva to adult is usually accompanied by a dramatic change in form known as metamorphosis.
Segmental organization of the body
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Segmentation is a morphological phenomenon in which the body is composed of repeated structures along the anterior posterior axis. Repeated units are fairly common in animal body plans, but the term “segmentation” is usually reserved for cases where the repeated units are complex and include elements from different organ systems. There are several ongoing debates surrounding the question of segmentation. One regards the selective advantage of segmentation. While it is clear that being segmented increases evolvability and provides an excellent template for diversification through modular evolution, this does not explain why it first evolved. It may have provided an advantage in locomotion or it may be a side effect of elongation. A second debate regards the question of whether segmentation evolved once early in bilaterian evolution, or several times convergently. It is possible that some form of repeated body organization existed very early in bilaterian evolution, complex segmentation as defined here, almost surely evolved independently in a few different lineages.
Embryogenesis
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Embryogenesis is the process in which a single cell develops into a multi-cellular organism. This process varies widely among different organisms, but some overarching features are conserved. The first stage is fertilization, where a male sperm meets a female ovum and the two cell fuse to form a zygote. The zygote then divides in a process known as cleavage. The ball of cells formed in the cleavage process, the blastula, transforms through the process of gastrulation, during which the embryonic axes are defined and the germ layers are determined. After gastrulation, there is a long and intricate process of organogenesis, during which the final structure of the body is assembled. The variability in the developmental process can have phylogenetic significance. A large super-phyletic clade of animals, Spiralia, is defined by the presence of spiral cleavage. The blastopore, the first opening through which gastrulation occurs, develops into the mouth in the clade known as Protostomia, and into the anus in the clade known as Deuterostomia.
Vertebrate diversity
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The best way to understand vertebrate diversity is to follow their evolutionary history from the Cambrian to the present. The first vertebrates are what we would call fish. They initially had no jaws and no fins, but these had evolved by the Silurian. Lobe-finned fish started a process of terrestrialization in the Devonian, and by the early Carboniferous there was a diversity of terrestrial amphibian vertebrates. Improved adaptation to the terrestrial environment involved evolving a water-resistant integument and the evolution of the amniotic egg, an egg with an internal cavity that provides a water-filled environment for the embryo to develop. The amniotes diversified throughout the mid-late Carboniferous, giving rise to several lineages, distinguished by openings in their skulls. One lineage, the diapsids, gave rise to dinosaurs, birds, and crocodiles through one branch, and to lizards and snakes through another branch. The second major lineage, the synapsids, gave rise to a succession of large-bodied animals throughout the Carboniferous and Permian. By the Mesozoic, the synapsids were outcompeted by the dinosaurs and became small and nocturnal. These were the ancestors of the mammals, which diversified following the extinction of most mammals at the end of the Cretaceous.
Reconciling EU Data Protection and International Trade Law
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out four propositions explaining the conclusions of this book with respect to the following research question: how should commitments on cross-border data flows in European Union (EU) trade agreements be reconciled with the protection of the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data? The overall conclusion of this book is that to reconcile EU rules on transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and of trade law rules regulating cross-border data flows in the EU’s future digital trade agreements, a reform of both of these sets of rules is necessary. This chapter summarizes the reasoning behind this conclusion and the reform proposals presented in this book.
Working-Class Americans Choose a Mate
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As late as 1880 more than 70 percent of Americans were still living in places with populations of fewer than twenty-five hundred people. These small communities had a special meaning for the working class. Until marriage was imminent, they often remained emotionally attached to a pool of eligible mates based on limited geographical and racial boundaries. What was tacitly assumed, and almost never mentioned, was the racial homogeneity expected in marriage. Most Black and white Americans saw courtship as racially constrained. Expectations of in-group marriage were the foundation of a distinctively nonromantic style of courtship commonly practiced by the working class. These courtship practices can be roughly divided into three stages, which are discussed in detail. Also highlighted are the working-class gender assumptions surrounding mobility and their effect on mate selection.
Logics of Faith
Authors: Burton Simon J. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the origins and development of German Ramism, its engagement with Melanchthonian thought, and the formation of a distinctive Philippo-Ramist synthesis. It focusses especially on Caspar Olevian, Johannes Piscator, and the influential Herborn Academy. It opens by considering the philosophical and theological motivations to combine Ramism and Philippism, evident in their shared Neo-Platonic heritage. It then considers Olevian’s engagement with Ramism and the way in which his logical and covenantal analysis combines into a new Ramist, federal theology. It also considers his key role in the formation of the Herborn Academy. It then turns to look at Piscator, his successor at Herborn, and his own articulation of Philippo-Ramism against the rival, purer, Ramisms of William Temple and Wilhelm Adolf Scribonius. It finally considers Piscator’s pioneering development of Ramism as a sophisticated exegetical and theological tool and the connection of this to a wider, Reformed, confessionalization of Ramism.
Our Refugee Crisis
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter, “Our Refugee Crisis: Trauma, Integration, and Resettlement,” illustrates the sheer velocity and vastness of our global refugee crisis, the precursors like conflicts and climate-related disasters driving it, and the struggles of the forcibly displaced. Pushbacks, protection gaps, and deportations of asylum-seekers are on the rise, precipitating their exclusion from equitable economic, social, cultural, political, and reproductive rights and amplifying their complex trauma. Yet, host nations do not always associate refugees’ psychological well-being with their future self-sufficiency, and humanitarian organizations seldom inquire into the policy levers that will lead resettled refugees to improved mental health outcomes. This book relates firsthand accounts and draws upon quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and scientific research in its study of their psychological trauma, systemic treatment of, and care for refugees. In addressing refugee mental health through multisectoral partnerships, the book provides a systems-informed roadmap for multicultural nations to enhance their capacity for inclusive societies and encourage prosperity for all.
The causes of the opioid crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the causes of the opioid crisis, including the overprescribing of opioid painkillers. Both pharmaceutical companies pushing their “non-addictive” opioids and pill mills distributing millions of prescribed opioids have become notorious for their role. Other causes of the opioid crisis possibly include drug cartels and social despair caused by a poor economy. The chapter introduces the reader to two tools of analysis, the Framework of Addiction and the social determinants of health. A policy case study of the homeless population in Seattle includes both a problem description and problem solutions (policy ideas). Navigation teams, which include police officers and outreach workers, are one example of a policy idea that has sparked controversy.
Child welfare and the opioid crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One of the most tragic aspects of the opioid crisis is its impact on children, as described in Chapter 5. Social workers need a solid understanding of the child welfare system such as foster care. Policy decisions on permanency planning are controversial since it is difficult to determine when an addicted parent should be given more chances to recover while a child is still in limbo. At what point should a child be returned home or be considered for adoption? The challenges faced by grandparents and other kinship care providers are also discussed. Adverse childhood experience (ACE) is another child welfare topic that deserves attention.
Wartime in Chicago
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Oldham immediately tried to enlist during WWII but there was no interest from the Canadian or British governments for a female pharmacologist. But the University of Chicago’s research facilities moved into high gear, studying poison gases and building the first nuclear reactor. Oldham felt increasingly estranged in pre-Pearl Harbor Chicago where there was isolationism and a sizeable German university presence. Oldham studied antimalarial drugs on rabbits and chickens, and then did clinical trials at Joliet’s Statesville Prison. These trials were raised during debates over patient consent. A Joliet participant was infamous murderer Nathan Leopold, who later applied to the FDA to do a research study. Oldham found that rabbit embryos could not break down enzymes as efficiently as adults, a finding she recalled when reviewing the thalidomide application. Wartime research was opposed by Chicago anti-vivisectionists; as a result, university president Robert Hutchins established an animal care committee, on which Oldham served.
Adventures in South Dakota
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1952, the Kelsey family moved to Vermillion, where Ellis became pharmacology chair at the University of South Dakota. Frances was unemployed for six months, then interned and did locum tremens (fill-in medicine) around the state. The family enjoyed small-town living, and the two working parents juggled childcare with the help of babysitters. Frances received a Lederle Fellowship, which paid for her teaching and research position, and trained in nuclear medicine. She investigated local thyroid issues, and researched the pituitary of the beaver. In 1956, she became a naturalized American citizen, and both Kelseys explored alternative employment, as senior administrators rendered the department atmosphere toxic.
Preparing for the Field
Authors: Lebovits Hannah 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Some kinds of research questions lend themselves to a data collection and analysis experience that is immersive and requires access to a confined space that operates according to its own norms. These questions lead the researcher to “the field.” This chapter defines the field, describes several different types of fields, explains why navigating them can be difficult, and provides a checklist for scholars preparing to engage in fieldwork. Though the chapter at times draws on a particular research project for illustration, it presents a flexible approach for any early scholar to navigate their own field journey and plan a successful field experience.
A Plan for Managing and Storing Your Data
Authors: Bentancur Verónica Pérez 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of data management plans (DMPs) in qualitative research. In DMPs, scholars thoroughly record the main decisions involved in the data cycle of a research project, before the fieldwork stage. This record ranges from the data-gathering procedures to the criteria that will be used for its storage and sharing. This chapter focuses on the features of qualitative data by describing the main characteristics a qualitative DMP should have and by providing concrete steps to aid in its development. A well-designed DMP helps scholars manage the large and diverse volume of information qualitative research projects typically yield and, simultaneously, helps make the information more accessible to other researchers. Therefore, DMPs not only improve the efficacy of fieldwork, by enabling scholars to produce research reports more efficiently, but also help advance transparency in qualitative inquiry.
Qualitative Research as a Minoritized Scholar
Authors: Turner Robin L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Minoritized scholars confront distinct challenges, opportunities, and pitfalls in undertaking qualitative research: minoritization affects all aspects of the research process, from question development through research design, data generation and analysis, to reception of one’s scholarship. This chapter defines minoritization, discusses the traits of scholars most likely to experience minoritization, describes how minoritization influences the research process, and offers strategies to address the particular opportunities and pitfalls minoritized scholars confront at each stage of the research process. The chapter focuses on those strategies available to minoritized individuals because those are most within the scholar’s control, not because addressing it is their responsibility. Rather, minoritization is a structural disciplinary problem impeding scholarship and knowledge production.
Digital Fieldwork
Authors: Kapiszewski Diana , MacLean Lauren , Smith Lahra 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Technological advancements, increased access to and engagement with technology by individuals and organizations globally, and the digitization of information sources all over the world encourage and facilitate the conduct of digital fieldwork. This chapter identifies some core practices that scholars can adopt to prepare for and carry out digital fieldwork. It then examines some of the personal, operational, and ethical opportunities offered and challenges posed by digital fieldwork, discussing the intellectual implications and offering ideas for how to maximize the benefits. The chapter’s conclusion considers some broader implications of conducting digital fieldwork and highlights literature that addresses these long-standing and evolving practices.
Welfarenomics
Authors: Suh Sang-Mok 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a paradigm that integrates social welfare policy and economic development, pointing the way toward a future model for the Korean welfare state. The model of “welfarenomics” seeks to advance a social investment perspective by (1) building a foundation for “workfare” through developing customized job programs for welfare beneficiaries, (2) utilizing various welfare programs as means for social innovation, and (3) the application of management concepts to improve the operation of welfare programs. This paradigm is based on the view that economy and welfare are the opposite sides of the same coin. Welfarenomics aims at modifying the existing neoliberal market economy model to develop an inclusive capitalistic system that boost “welfare economy” through “win-win capitalism” on the one hand and realizes “economic welfare” by enhancing the sustainability of the existing Western welfare state model on the other.
National Health Insurance in Korea
Authors: Jeong Hyoung-Sun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Korea introduced mandatory health insurance in 1977 and incrementally extended population coverage. Several pilot programs were implemented for the self-employed. In 1988, all rural self-employed were covered by national health insurance (NHI), and, a year later, universal coverage (UHC) was achieved when the self-employed in urban areas joined the NHI. In 2000, the merger of more than 300 health insurance funds into a single-payer system fundamentally changed the structure of the NHI and contributed to the efficiency and equity of the Korean health system. In July 2008, Korea introduced public long-term care insurance (LTCI) in response to rapid population aging and low income security for older people. Increased demand for long-term care resulted not only from demographic changes but also from the change in family structures and attitudes toward care for older people. Korea’s path from the introduction of NHI, achievement of UHC, and a major reform to a single-payer system showcases the political economy of UHC, ranging from authoritarian policymaking, democratic and competitive politics, the role of economic crisis, and open policy community with active participation by civic groups. Korea’s health system faces challenges, such as limited financial protection and high direct payments at the point of healthcare utilization, rapidly increasing health expenditures and the financial sustainability of NHI, a predominance of private profit-seeking providers who are strong vested interest groups in health policymaking, and the ineffective coordination between health insurance and LTCI.
Introduction: Unfinished Business
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis is a brief introduction to the book, the circumstances of its production, and its motivation. It explains that the book is built on a number of themes that weave in and out of the chapters. These include musical performativity; how music both affords the construction of relationship and sonifies it; the over-emphasis on asocial individualism built into longstanding ways of thinking about music; a model of encounter (including, but not just, cross-cultural encounter) based on openness to the other; the idea of music being governed by impersonal forces; modernisation as an underlying principle of music history; and the role of notation in musical modernity. In a nutshell the aim is to find principled ways of putting people back into thinking about music.