bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teratogenic exposures
Authors: Običan Sarah , Scialli Anthony R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA consideration of teratogenic exposures includes not only an agent (chemical, radiation, biologic) but an exposure level and timing of exposure. There are criteria by which exposures are evaluated for a causal connection with an abnormal outcome. We here review some teratogenic exposures and discuss how they were initially described and confirmed. We have limited our discussion to some of the exposures for which a connection to structural malformations has been accepted in some quarters, and we indicate some exposures for which a causal association awaits confirmation. We recommend that counselors find a reliable and updatable source of information on exposures during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of dysmorphology in the identification of new human teratogens
Authors: Jones Kenneth Lyons , Carey John C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe vast majority of information regarding the teratogenicity of new drugs as well as others for which adequate information is not available comes from postmarketing studies. Evaluation by a dysmorphologist of babies prenatally exposed to a particular agent has played an incredibly important role in these studies. Most of the known human teratogens have been identified by the astute clinician approach which involves the observation, documentation, and delineation of individual cases who display a novel phenotype after a particularly rare prenatal exposure. Prospective cohort studies focused on the evaluation of prenatally exposed children who have been ascertained prospectively prior to the known outcome of pregnancy and evaluated by a dysmorphologist for patterns of minor and major malformations have been equally effective. Although most human teratogens have been identified using one of these two methods, both have limitations. The purpose of this study is to set forth the extent to which a careful physical examination performed by a dysmorphologist trained in the identification of minor structural defects in development has added to our knowledge of human teratology and has been instrumental in the identification of new human teratogens. Although dysmorphologists have had a profound impact on our understanding of human teratogens. It is important to recognize that the two approaches outlined in this study must be complemented by other methodologies, such as case–control studies, that more appropriately address risks for major malformations in order to gain the full picture necessary to effectively counsel women about safety of drugs during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory models and their role in assessing teratogenesis
Authors: Daston George P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLaboratory models have an important role in identifying exposures with teratogenic potential, determining mechanisms of abnormal development, and supporting or refuting the biological plausibility of associations identified in human studies. Laboratory animals are the most widely used models, but are rapidly being supplemented by in vitro tools. Testing paradigms that have been in place since the mid‐1960s for pharmaceuticals, and soon thereafter for industrial chemicals and pesticides, have been used to evaluate the potential developmental toxicity of thousands of agents. These models have served as the principal basis for regulatory decisions about acceptable exposure levels and restrictions on use of certain drugs during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Comparability of Hrdlička's Catalog of crania data based on measurement landmark definitions
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Euber Julie K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractArchival sources of data are critical anthropological resources that inform inferences about human biology and evolutionary history. Craniometric data are one of the most widely available sources of information on human population history because craniometrics were critical in early 20th century debates about race and biological variation. As such, extensive databases of raw craniometric data were published at the same time that the field was working to standardize measurement protocol. Hrdlička published between 10 and 16 raw craniometric variables for over 8,000 individuals in a series of seven catalogs throughout his career. With a New World emphasis, Hrdlička's data complement those of Howells (1973, 1989) and the two databases have been combined in the past. In this note we verify the consistency of Hrdlička's measurement protocol throughout the Catalog series and compare these definitions to those used by Howells. We conclude that 12 measurements are comparable throughout the Catalogs, with five of these equivalent to Howells' measurements: maximum cranial breadth (XCB), basion‐bregma height (BBH), maximum bizygomatic breadth (ZYB), nasal breadth (NLB), and breadth of the upper alveolar arch (MAB). Most of Hrdlička's measurements are not strictly comparable to those of Howells, thus limiting the utility of combined datasets for multivariate analysis. Four measurements are inconsistently defined by Hrdlička and we recommend not using these data: nasal height, orbit breadth, orbit height, and menton‐nasion height. This note promotes Hrdlička's tireless efforts at data collection and re‐emphasizes observer error as a legitimate concern in craniometry as the field shifts to morphometric digital data acquisition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epileptic networks in focal cortical dysplasia revealed using electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Thornton Rachel , Vulliemoz Serge , Rodionov Roman , Carmichael David W. , Chaudhary Umair J. , Diehl Beate , Laufs Helmut , Vollmar Christian , McEvoy Andrew W. , Walker Matthew C. , Bartolomei Fabrice , Guye Maxime , Chauvel Patrick , Duncan John S. , Lemieux Louis 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:Surgical treatment of focal epilepsy in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is most successful if all epileptogenic tissue is resected. This may not be evident on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so intracranial electroencephalography (icEEG) is needed to delineate the seizure onset zone (SOZ). EEG‐functional MRI (fMRI) can reveal interictal discharge (IED)‐related hemodynamic changes in the irritative zone (IZ). We assessed the value of EEG‐fMRI in patients with FCD‐associated focal epilepsy by examining the relationship between IED‐related hemodynamic changes, icEEG findings, and postoperative outcome.Methods:Twenty‐three patients with FCD‐associated focal epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation including icEEG underwent simultaneous EEG‐fMRI at 3T. IED‐related hemodynamic changes were modeled, and results were overlaid on coregistered T1‐weighted MRI scans fused with computed tomography scans showing the intracranial electrodes. IED‐related hemodynamic changes were compared with the SOZ on icEEG and postoperative outcome at 1 year.Results:Twelve of 23 patients had IEDs during recording, and 11 of 12 had significant IED‐related hemodynamic changes. The fMRI results were concordant with the SOZ in 5 of 11 patients, all of whom had a solitary SOZ on icEEG. Four of 5 had >50% reduction in seizure frequency following resective surgery. The remaining 6 of 11 patients had widespread or discordant regions of IED‐related fMRI signal change. Five of 6 had either a poor surgical outcome (<50% reduction in seizure frequency) or widespread SOZ precluding surgery.Interpretation:Comparison of EEG‐fMRI with icEEG suggests that EEG‐fMRI may provide useful additional information about the SOZ in FCD. Widely distributed discordant regions of IED‐related hemodynamic change appear to be associated with a widespread SOZ and poor postsurgical outcome. ANN NEUROL 2011
Ranking of the subject areas of Scopus
Authors: García J. A. , Rodriguez‐Sánchez Rosa , Fdez‐Valdivia J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHere, we show a longitudinal analysis of the ranking of the subject areas of Elsevier's Scopus. To this aim, we present three summary measures based on the journal ranking scores for academic journals in each subject area. This longitudinal study allows us to analyze developmental trends over times in different subject areas with distinct citation and publication patterns. We evaluate the relative performance of each subject area by using the overall prestige for the most important journals with ranking score above a given threshold (e.g., in the first quartile) as well as the overall prestige gap for the less important journals with ranking score below a given threshold (e.g., below the top 10 journals). Thus, we propose that it should be possible to study different subject areas by means of appropriate summary measures of the journal ranking scores, which provide additional information beyond analyzing the inequality of the whole ranking‐score distribution for academic journals in each subject area. It allows us to investigate whether subject areas with high levels of overall prestige for the first quartile journals also tended to achieve low levels of overall prestige gap for the journals below the top 10.
Improving Farsi multiclass text classification using a thesaurus and two‐stage feature selection
Authors: Maghsoodi Nooshin , Homayounpour Mohammad Mehdi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe progressive increase of information content has recently made it necessary to create a system for automatic classification of documents. In this article, a system is presented for the categorization of multiclass Farsi documents that requires fewer training examples and can help to compensate the shortcoming of the standard training dataset. The new idea proposed in the present article is based on extending the feature vector by adding some words extracted from a thesaurus and then filtering the new feature vector by applying secondary feature selection to discard inappropriate features. In fact, a phase of secondary feature selection is applied to choose more appropriate features among the features added from a thesaurus to enhance the effect of using a thesaurus on the efficiency of the classifier. To evaluate the proposed system, a corpus is gathered from the Farsi Wikipedia website and some articles in the Hamshahri newspaper, the Roshd periodical, and the Soroush magazine. In addition to studying the role of a thesaurus and applying secondary feature selection, the effect of a various number of categories, size of the training dataset, and average number of words in the test data also are examined. As the results indicate, classification efficiency improves by applying this approach, especially when available data is not sufficient for some text categories.
Minimizing hydrodynamic stress in mammalian cell culture through the lobed Taylor‐Couette bioreactor
Authors: Sorg Robin , Tanzeglock Timm , Soos Miroslav , Morbidelli Massimo , Périlleux Arnaud , Solacroup Thomas , Broly Hervé 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic stress heterogeneity on metabolism and productivity of an industrial mammalian cell line. For this purpose, a novel Lobed Taylor‐Couette (LTC) mixing unit combining a narrow distribution of hydrodynamic stresses and a membrane aeration system to prevent cell damage by bubble bursting was developed. A hydrodynamic analysis of the LTC was developed to reproduce, in a uniform hydrodynamic environment, the same hydrodynamic stress encountered locally by cells in a stirred tank, particularly at the large scale, e.g., close and far from the impeller. The developed LTC was used to simulate the stress values near the impeller of a laboratory stirred tank bioreactor, equal to about 0.4 Pa, which is however below the threshold value leading to cell death. It was found that the cells actively change their metabolism by increasing lactate production and decreasing titer while the consumption of the main nutrients remains substantially unchanged. When considering average stress values ranging from 1 to 10 Pa found by other researchers to cause physiological response of cells to the hydrodynamic stress in heterogeneous stirred vessels, our results are close to the lower boundary of this interval.
In situ microscopic cytometry enables noninvasive viability assessment of animal cells by measuring entropy states
Authors: Wiedemann Philipp , Guez Jean S. , Wiegemann Hans B. , Egner Florian , Quintana Juan C. , Asanza‐Maldonado Diego , Filipaki Marcos , Wilkesman Jeff , Schwiebert Christian , Cassar Jean P. , Dhulster Pascal , Suhr Hajo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCurrent state of the art to determine the viability of animal cell suspension cultures is based on sampling and subsequent counting using specific staining assays. We demonstrate for the first time a noninvasive in situ imaging cytometry capable of determining the statistics of a morphologic transition during cell death in suspension cultures. To this end, we measure morphometric inhomogeneity—defined as information entropy—in cell in situ micrographs. We found that the cells are partitioned into two discrete entropy states broadened by phenotypical variability. During the normal course of a culture or by inducing cell death, we observe the transition of cells between these states. As shown by comparison with ex situ diagnostics, the entropy transition happens before or while the cytoplasmatic membrane is loosing its ability to exclude charged dyes. Therefore, measurement of morphometric inhomogeneity constitutes a noninvasive assessment of viability in real time. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2884–2893. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival and disease recurrence after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tiong L , Maddern G J 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
Despite being one of the commonest causes of cancer-related death around the world, only 20 per cent of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are amenable to curative treatment (surgical resection or liver transplantation). Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a popular therapy for unresectable HCC. There is evidence that the disparity in survival after curative RFA and surgery for HCC, especially tumours smaller than 3 cm in diameter, is narrowing. This review examined the survival and disease recurrence rates after RFA for HCC over the past decade.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects from January 2000 until November 2010. Papers reporting on patients with HCC who were treated with RFA, either in comparison or in combination with other interventions, such as surgery or percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), were eligible for inclusion. Outcome data collected were overall survival, disease-free survival and disease recurrence rates. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and non-randomized comparative studies with more than 12 months' follow-up were included.

Results
Forty-three articles, including 12 RCTs, were included in the review. The majority of the articles reported the use of RFA for unresectable HCC, often in combination with other treatments such as PEI, transarterial chemoembolization and/or surgery. Overall and disease-free survival rates continue to improve, despite an increase in the size and numbers of tumours treated. More recently some clinicians have used RFA to treat selected patients with resectable HCC, with good outcomes.

Conclusion
RFA provides a valuable treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC. It improves survival in those previously considered to have advanced disease. As progress continues to be made, RFA is gradually being used to treat resectable HCC.
Environmental and Business Communities of Practice: Graduate Students Comparing Community‐Relevant Language
Authors: Perron Geneviève Mireille , Duffy John F. (Jack) 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe theory of communities of practice has found much acceptance in the organizational and social sciences literature. Although applied frequently to assess or explain phenomena, it has seen little research to identify the presence of barriers between communities of practice, or even just differences between such entities. Using members of the environmental and business communities, the following study identifies different communities of practice based on their linguistic repertoire. It also shows that members of one community can identify the linguistic content of another community's linguistic repertoire, with attention to business and environmental management. The research not only offers credence to the theory of communities of practice based on their linguistic repertoire, but it also offers avenues for further research in the use of language as a means of identity and segregation in various forms of institutional contexts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement With the Edwards SAPIEN valve
Authors: Kenny Damien , Hijazi Ziyad M. , Walsh Kevin P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe describe a case of percutaneous tricuspid valve implantation in a 20‐year‐old man with previous tricuspid valve replacement in the setting of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. He developed symptomatic endocarditis‐induced tricuspid regurgitation of the tricuspid bioprosthesis. Tricuspid valvar competence was restored with implantation of a 26‐mm Edwards SAPIEN valve. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Covered stents for coronary perforations
Authors: Romaguera Rafael , Waksman Ron 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCovered stents have shown discouraging results when tested on saphenous vein grafts and when attempting to prevent restenosis on native coronary arteries. However, covered stents seem to be a unique tool when a coronary artery perforation complicates percutaneous coronary intervention. Because a randomized clinical trial is not likely to be conducted in this bail‐out scenario, the data supporting its use come from case reports and small‐size retrospective studies. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of covered stents to treat coronary perforations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and Bonding in Stannadiphospholes and their Dianions SnC2P2R2m (R=H, tBu m=0, −2): A Comparative Study with C5H5+ and C5H5− Analogues
Authors: Reddy K. Harikrishna , Usharani Dandamudi , Nixon John F. , Jemmis Eluvathingal D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC2P2R2 (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6‐311+G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2‐diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2‐DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by X‐ray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3‐DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol−1 higher in energy than the 1,2‐DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3‐DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp2tBu2C2P2. In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6π‐electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.1, 4, 19 The existence of large numbers of cluster‐type isomers in neutral and 6π‐planar structures in the dianions SnC2P2R22− (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D π aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C5H5+ analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P+ than to BH or CH+. The variation in global minima in these C5H5+ analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker pπ–pπ bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C5H5− analogues have 6π‐planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the π orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals.
Developing a Hetero‐Alkali‐Metal Chemistry of 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide (TMP): Stoichiometric and Structural Diversity within a Series of Lithium/Sodium, Lithium/Potassium and Sodium/Potassium TMP Compounds
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Robertson Stuart D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStudied extensively in solution and in the solid state, Li(TMP) (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide) is an important utility reagent popular as a strongly basic, weakly nucleophilic tool for CH metallation. Recently, there has been a surge in interest in mixed metal derivatives containing the bulky TMP anion. Herein, we start to develop hetero (alkali metal) TMP chemistry by reporting the N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA)‐hemisolvated sodium–lithium cycloheterodimer [(tmeda)Na(μ‐tmp)2Li], and its TMEDA‐free variant [{Na(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)}∞], which provides a rare example of a crystallographically authenticated polymeric alkali metal amide. Experimental observations suggest that the former is a kinetic intermediate en route to the latter thermodynamic product. Furthermore, a third modification, the mixed potassium–lithium‐rich cycloheterotrimer [(tmeda)K(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)], has also been synthesised and crystallographically characterised. On moving to the bulkier tridentate donor N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenediamine (PMDETA), the additional ligation forces the sodium–lithium and potassium–dilithium ring species to open giving the acyclic arc‐shaped complexes [(pmdeta)Na(μ‐tmp)Li(tmp)] and [(pmdeta)K(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)Li(tmp)], respectively. Completing the series, the potassium–lithium and potassium–sodium derivatives [(pmdeta)K(μ‐tmp)2M] (M=Li, Na) have also been isolated as closed structures with a distinctly asymmetric central MN2K ring. Collectively, these seven new bimetallic compounds display five distinct structural motifs, four of which have never hitherto been witnessed in TMP chemistry and three of which are unprecedented in the vast structural library of alkali metal amide chemistry.