bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scintigraphic detection of abdominal hernias associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Sissons G. R. J. , Jones S. M. Meecham , Evans C. , Richards A. R. 
Published: July 2009

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an increasingly popular method of renal replacement therapy. There are many recognized abdominal complications including the leakage of dialysate fluid into abnormal sites (Steiner & Halasz, 1990). This may occur internally into the hernial sacs, the abdominal wall or the pleural cavity, or externally around the Tenckhoff cannula, or even via the female genital tract (Khanna et al, 1981).
Whenever possible, pre-existing hernias are repaired before commencing CAPD, as the raised intraperitoneal pressures involved can precipitate incarceration (Rubin et al, 1982). In addition, approximately 18% of patients will develop hernias during treatment (Johnson et al, 1987). Indirect inguinal, incisional, umbilical, ventral and diaphragmatic hernias are all described (Francis et al, 1984).
A common clinical problem is that of patients presenting with generalized swelling of the anterior abdominal wall, scrotum or labia. Localization of the abnormal communication is often not possible clinically. This report concerns nine patients presenting over a 3 year period in whom peritoneal scintigraphy was employed to detect the site of the leak.
Nine patients on CAPD were referred for scintigraphic evaluation after developing soft tissue swelling of the anterior abdominal wall, scrotum or labia. No patient was known to have a pre-existing hernia and no hernias were apparent on clinical examination. A total of 10 examinations were performed.
A dose of 70 MBq of 99Tcm-DTPA was injected into a 1 dm3 bag of dialysate. This was run into the peritoneal cavity over 10 15 min via the indwelling Tenckhoff cannula.
Tumour and tumour-like conditions of the soft tissue: magnetic resonance imaging features differentiating benign from malignant masses
Authors: Hermann George , Abdelwahab Ibrahim Fikry , Miller Theodore T. , Klein Michael J. , Lewis Michael M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
49 primary soft-tissue masses were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an effort to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. There were 24 benign and 25 malignant tumours. Images were evaluated for the presence of low-signal septation, changes in pattern of homogeneity, signal intensity, and margin definition and shape. 20 of the 25 malignant tumours (80%) demonstrated low-signal septation, and two of the 24 benign tumours (8%) also demonstrated this feature. Malignant tumours tended to change pattern from being homogeneous on T 1-weighted images to being heterogeneous on T 2-weighted images (72%). Benign tumours maintained their pattern on both sequences (67%). Only three of the 24 benign tumours (12.5%) changed from being homogeneous to heterogeneous. Our findings suggest that tumours which change pattern, from homogeneous on T 1-weighted images to heterogeneous on T 2-weighted images, and tumours which have low-signal septations are likely to be malignant. Moreover benign lesions tend to have well defined margins, and some benign masses have characteristic appearances that aid in their differentiation from malignant processes.
Malignant paraganglioma of the mediastinum: a further diagnostic and therapeutic use of radiolabelled mIBG
Authors: Cornford E. J. , Wastie M. L. , Morgan D. A. L. 
Published: July 2009

The paraganglia are widely dispersed collections of specialized neural crest cells arising in association with the segmental or collateral autonomic ganglia (Enzinger & Weiss, 1988). The extra-adrenal paraganglia can be best classified by their anatomical site (Glenner & Grimley, 1974).
(1) Branchiomeric paraganglia arise in association with the arteries and cranial nerves of the head and neck. Carotid body and glomus jugulare tumours are neoplasms arising from these paraganglia.
(2) Intravagal paraganglia are located within the perineurium of the vagus nerve and a vagus body tumour is an example of this type.
(3) Aorticosympathetic paraganglia arise in association with the sympathetic nervous system. Aortic body tumours and retroperitoneal paragangliomas are examples of tumours from these paraganglia.
Computed tomographic assessment of soft tissue abnormalities following calcaneal fractures
Authors: Bradley S. A. , Davies A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) examinations of 50 acute calcaneal fractures were compared with a further series of 77 fractures in which the date of injury preceded the CT by 6 months or more. 42 (84%) of the fractures in the acute group and 55 (71%) in the chronic group were classified as intra-articular and they form the basis of this study. The alteration in the position of the peroneal tendons in the two groups was similar, with a 5% or less difference in each category. In the acute group the peroneal tendons were normally located in 40.4% of the cases, entrapped by bone in 11.9%, subluxed in 33.3% and dislocated in 14.2%. Structural abnormalities of the peroneal tendons and surrounding soft tissues were identified in 52.4% of the acute group and in 61.1% of the chronic group. The incidence of partial rupture of the peroneal tendons in the chronic group was approximately one third that in the acute group, but the low incidence of complete tendon rupture remained unchanged. The inference from these observations is that, in the majority of cases, partial peroneal tendon rupture is reversible, whereas complete rupture is not. Seven fractures were common to both series and from this limited group the identification of haemorrhage around the peroneal tendons in the acute phase was shown not to be related to the subsequent development of chronic stenosing tenosynovitis. Various abnormalities of the medial tendons of the hindfoot were identified in 17% of the acute group and in 18% of the chronic group. Following calcaneal fracture, CT in both the immediate post-fracture period and in the late phase can be used to detect and classify the soft tissue changes. The limitations of comparing the two groups in this study are discussed.
Measurement of tibial torsion—a new technique applicable to ultrasound and computed tomography
Authors: Butler-Manuel P. A. , Guy R. L. , Heatley F. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new method for measuring tibial torsion is described which can be applied to both ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT). The method has been validated in dry tibiae by comparison with direct measurements and with Jend's established CT method. In clinical practice a good statistical level of agreement has been demonstrated between the values obtained from US and CT scans. Both compared well with values obtained using Jend's CT technique. The use of US avoids exposure to radiation and is therefore suited to studying young subjects and controls and making repeat measurements.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: pain during balloon inflation
Authors: Korogi Yukunori , Takahashi Mutsumasa , Bussaka Hiromasa , Hatanaka Yoshimi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The pain during the balloon dilatation of angioplasty was evaluated prospectively to assess its clinical significance. In 54 angioplasties, no pain was observed in 54%, mild pain in 20%, moderate pain in 11% and severe pain in 15%. Moderate or severe pain was observed in 39% of 28 iliac angioplasties and in 7% of 14 femoral angioplasties. There was a significant difference between the two groups. We did not find any significant correlation between the severity of pain and stenotic ratio before angioplasty. Severe pain may be a warning of severe dissection; in our study, all severe dissections were accompanied by severe pain without arterial rupture.
Re-irradiation of soft-tissue sarcoma
Authors: Graham J. D. , Robinson M. H. , Harmer C. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Re-irradiation for local recurrence of malignancy after radical radiotherapy is of proven benefit at head and neck sites but has seldom been used elsewhere. This paper reports a series of 10 patients re-irradiated with external-beam techniques for local recurrence of soft-tissue sarcoma of the limb and limb girdle following initial limb conserving management with surgery and radiotherapy (dose range 33–60 Gy). Median survival was 14 months following re-treatment. Two cases received treatment with high-energy electrons and the rest with megavoltage photons. Five patients re-treated with radical intent (dose range 40–60 Gy) had a median survival of 36 months and median recurrence-free survival of 16 months. All five patients treated palliatively (dose range 12–50 Gy) have died, although two demonstrated local control until death. Acute reactions were not severe. Radionecrosis was seen in one patient who was re-irradiated twice (total dose 145 Gy) and subsequently required amputation. One other case required amputation for persistent local disease, but in the remaining eight, limb conservation was achieved. Re-irradiation of soft-tissue offers good local control and may avoid amputation.
Magnetic resonance imaging of peritoneal leiomyosarcomatosis
Authors: Kerslake Robert W. , Worthington Brian S. 
Published: July 2009

Diffuse peritoneal and omental metastatic disease is a well recognized phenomenon and usually results from primary gastrointestinal tract or epithelial ovarian tumours. Leiomyosarcoma, an uncommon malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle origin that tends to arise in the genitourinary tract, retroperitoneum, alimentary tract or soft tissues, only infrequently gives rise to peritoneal or omental metastases. We report a patient with a primary high-grade leiomyosarcoma of the uterus, who subsequently developed diffuse peritoneal metastatic disease, demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed surgically. These unusual MRI appearances do not appear to have been reported previously.
A previously well 43-year-old woman presented with polymenorrhagia and was found clinically to have a uterus enlarged to 12–14 weeks' gestational size. She underwent a routine hysterectomy, and at laparotomy an enlarged fibroid uterus (15 cm × 9 cm × 7 cm) was removed and a right haemosalpinx resected. The ovaries were normal and were conserved. Histological examination of the resected uterus showed a highgrade (mitotic count of more than 10/10 high-power field) leiomyosarcoma in a partially necrotic pedunculated fibroid of 5 cm diameter situated within the upper uterine cavity. There were several foci of myometrial invasion, the deepest extending to 0.3 cm from the serosal surface. Some regions of hyalinization and necrosis were present. Islands of tumour abutted but were not invading thin-walled blood vessels. The histology of the right fallopian tube showed chronic salpingitis only.
CT evaluation of lymph node status at presentation of prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Spencer John , Golding Stephen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) studies performed within a general oncology service in 104 consecutive patients with prostatic carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively to assess the incidence and distribution of lymphadenopathy. All patients were staged with CT at initial presentation, had normal skeletal scintigrams and were candidates for radical radiotherapy. The likelihood of lymphadenopathy was associated with increasing T-stage. 57 of the 92 (62%) patients without lymph node enlargement had local disease confined to the prostate (T2 or less) compared with only two of the 12 (17%) patients with enlarged nodes. Lymph node enlargement was more likely with a primary tumour of poorly differentiated histology. 12 patients (11.5%) had lymphadenopathy by established CT criteria; six with pelvic nodal enlargement alone and six with enlargement of pelvic and retroperitoneal nodes. In all patients pelvic nodal enlargement predominated and no patient had isolated retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Our findings indicate that CT staging studies of prostatic cancer do not need to include the retroperitoneum if there is no lymphadenopathy at or below the aortic bifurcation.
Echo pattern of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer: an in vitro study
Authors: Rafaelsen S. R. , Kronborg O. , Fenger C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Surgical specimens from 75 patients with colorectal cancer were examined within 15 min of removal with a 7.5 MHz linear-array transducer. The echo pattern of 139 lymph nodes was analysed to evaluate previous criteria of malignancy and to establish other possible criteria, which could be tested in vivo. The pathologist examined each node without knowledge of the sonographic finding. Malignant nodes were larger than benign nodes. Of 21 nodes less than 5 mm in diameter, 20 were benign. Round nodes were malignant more often (45/78) than ovoid nodes (6/61). A homogeneous echo pattern was associated with malignancy in 39 of 82 nodes in contrast to 12 of 57 with a heterogeneous pattern. Thirty-one nodes were ovoid as well as heterogeneous and all of these were benign. A hyperechoic centre was found in 14 nodes of which two were malignant. The highest predictive value for malignancy (59%) was obtained by combining the discriminative properties of shape, homogeneity and echogenicity.Keywords: Colorectal carcinoma, Lymph nodes, Ultrasonography
Computed tomography in agenesis of the lung in infants
Authors: Argent A. C. , Cremin B. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the clinical and radiological findings in three infants with agenesis of a single lung. In the two cases of right lung agenesis, severe gastro-oesophageal reflux was present. In these two cases, contrast-medium-enhanced computed tomography (CT) excluded vascular compression of major airways in one patient but demonstrated mild compression in the other. Conventional CT in the case of left lung agenesis demonstrated posterior herniation of the contralateral right lung.
Neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy in inflammatory carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Bilbao J. I. , Rebollo J. , Longo J. M. , Mansilla F. , Muñoz-Galindo L. , Vieitez J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
From 1982 to 1989, 18 eligible patients (median age 50.5 years, range 30–72 years) with inflammatory breast carcinoma have been treated with neoadjuvant intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy. The treatment regimen includes IA cisplatin, adriamycin, mytomycin C and thiotepa on Day 1 and intravenous 5-fluorouracil on Days 1 and 2. An objective clinical response rate of 100% (eight complete and 10 partial) has been observed. The median disease-free and overall survivals are 27 months (range 5–85 + months) and 33 months (range 8–85 + months), respectively. With a median follow-up of 21.5 months, six (33.3%) patients remain alive and free of disease and 12 patients have died because of distant metastases. No local recurrences have been observed. Intra-arterial chemotherapy is an attractive technique for the treatment of locally advanced breast carcinoma with mild toxicity and high local control rate.
The potential of ytterbium 169 in brachytherapy: a brief physical and radiobiological assessment
Authors: Loft S. M. , Coles I. P. , Dale R. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ytterbium 169 (half-life 32 days; mean gamma emission 93 keV, after excluding photons of energy &lt; 10keV) is a radionuclide with interesting potential for brachytherapy applications. Although not yet commercially available, its possible application as a clinical radionuclide is currently being considered by Amersham International. This article presents an assessment of some properties of the nuclide that may be clinically relevant. Use is made of some new ideas that allow quantification of the likely dose homogeneity that can be obtained in a brachytherapy distribution, and in this context ytterbium 169 is shown to be superior to some currently available brachytherapy nuclides. The assessment also uses recent extensions to the linear-quadratic model to consider the likely radiobiological implications associated with the use of the nuclide. From this it is suggested that the main potential for ytterbium 169 would be as a source that may be re-used for a number of short-term applications, rather than as a permanently implantable nuclide.
Percutaneous sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts in children
Authors: Reiner I. , Donnell S. , Jones M. , Carty H. L. M. , Richwood A. M. K. 
Published: July 2009

Simple renal cysts are rare in children although numbers detected have increased of late owing to ultrasonography. Where the lesion is asymptomatic and the diagnosis is not in doubt, an expectant approach is appropriate, but other circumstances may call for active intervention. We describe their treatment by sclerotherapy.
Between the years 1986 and 1990, 2880 renal ultrasound scans were performed on children referred to the Department of Urology. Sixteen renal cysts were identified in 16 patients, an incidence of 0.55%. In two cases symptoms were considered to be related to the cysts and in two further cases ultrasonography could not exclude other lesions.
This female child presented at 4 years of age with episodic left hypochondrial pain. Intravenous urography (IVU) suggested a space-occupying lesion within the left upper renal pole, which ultrasonography confirmed as a simple, 4 cm × 4 cm cyst (Fig. 1a).
Pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Rypens F. , Gansbeke D. Van , Lambilliotte J. P. , Regemorter G. Van , Verhest A. , Struyven J. 
Published: July 2009

Pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma is exceptional, but may appear many years after initial diagnosis and radical nephrectomy of an apparently limited tumour. We report one case of an asymptomatic isolated pancreatic metastasis discovered fortuitously, 21 years after right radical nephrectomy for a low-grade renal cancer.
In 1969, a 47-year-old man underwent right nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma of “low-grade malignancy”. At this time, no metastases were evident and he remained well on follow-up.
Routine radiographer screening for fetal abnormalities by ultrasound in an unselected low risk population
Authors: Shirley Isabel M. , Bottomley Fiona , Robinson Victor P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A screening programme for fetal abnormalities began at The Hillingdon Hospital in July 1986. Second trimester ultrasound scans are performed by radiographers. A combined prospective and retrospective study of the ultrasound findings and outcome in all pregnancies delivered in 1989–1990 was undertaken. 6412 babies were born during this period, of whom 6183 (96%) were examined by ultrasound in the second trimester; 29 pregnancies were terminated for fetal abnormality. Of the 89 fetuses who were abnormal at birth or at induced termination of the pregnancy (1.4%), 84 were scanned in the second trimester. In 51 cases the abnormality was detected before 22 weeks gestation (sensitivity, 60.7%). 56 of these 84 abnormal fetuses scanned had potentially lethal or major handicapping abnormalities of which 41 were detected by ultrasound before 22 weeks gestation (sensitivity, 73%). There was one false positive diagnosis of abnormality which did not affect outcome. 6352 babies were normal at delivery or on discharge from hospital (specificity, 99.98%).
A role for ultrasound in limb lengthening
Authors: Derbyshire N. D. J. , Simpson A. H. R. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The distraction gap at eight sites in six patients undergoing limb lengthening was monitored by both standard radiographs and ultrasound. Using the measurements obtained we were able to assess the rate and quality of callus formation at the distraction site, something that radiographs alone do not enable one to do. We suggest that ultrasound has a valuable role to play in gauging the optimum rate of lengthening for a particular patient and commend it as a technique to complement radiographs in the follow-up of the increasing numbers of patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis.
The radiology and terminology of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
Authors: Haddock J. A. A. , Hansell D. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The clinical features, radiographic and computed tomographic findings of nine patients with histological proof of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia were analysed. Patients present with cough, dyspnoea and malaise and commonly have bilateral multifocal consolidation on chest radiography, which may show resolution or relapse with or without steroid treatment. A good response to steroids is the rule, usually with complete radiological resolution or minimal residual scarring. The relative merits of the terms cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, both currently used to describe this entity, are discussed.
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Sule-Suso J. , Brunt A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Primary small cell carcinoma of the prostate gland is a rare disease entity with a poor prognosis. Even more unusual than primary disease is a metastasis from a lung primary (Johnson et al, 1974; Hodge & Carson, 1985). We confine ourselves in this paper to primary disease, which has to be differentiated clinically from a pulmonary metastasis.
Primary small cell carcinoma of the prostate has been described as occurring after a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate (Schron et al, 1984), as a combination of the two histologies at the time of initial diagnosis (Tetu et al, 1987) or on its own (Sarma & Weilbaecher, 1989).Though it has been suggested that small cell carcinoma of the prostate reflects a terminal aggressive phase of adenocarcinomatous disease (Schron et al, 1984), the occurrence of “pure” small cell carcinoma presents an argument against this in at least a proportion of cases (Tetu et al, 1987; Sarma & Weilbaecher, 1989).
The origin of small cell carcinoma of the prostate is not clear. It has been suggested that this malignancy derives from the argyrophil and argentaffin cells found in the normal prostatic epithelium (Wenk et al, 1977).
However, Schron et al (1984) noted that the small cell carcinoma in their three patients developed in association with, and during the course of progression of, “normal” prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa: radiographic observations
Authors: Gupta S. K. , Sharma O. P. , Sharma S. V. , Sood B. , Gupta Sanjay 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
23 cases of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) are reported showing a wide spectrum of radiographic findings. Typical findings were hypertrophy of all the mesodermal tissues of the affected digits with dramatic overgrowth of fat. Phalanges were enlarged both in length and transverse diameter, but the trabecular pattern was maintained. In one patient, the phalanges and metatarsals were elongated but thinned. In another case, all the phalanges and metatarsals of the great toe were small. The little toe was also involved in two cases. Articular surfaces were slanting. There was a high incidence of palmar and plantar involvement. In a few cases the forearm and leg were also involved. Other uncommon features observed were early maturation of epiphyseal centres of ossification of phalanges and metatarsals, syndactyly, polydactyly, brachydactyly and symphalangism. Angiography was uncharacteristic.