bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of the src Epithelial Substrate Trask Is Tightly Regulated in Normal Epithelia but Widespread in Many Human Epithelial Cancers
Authors: Wong Ching Hang , Baehner Frederick L. , Spassov Danislav S. , Ahuja Deepika , Wang Donghui , Hann Byron , Blair Jimmy , Shokat Kevan , Welm Alana L. , Moasser Mark M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Purpose: The frequently elevated activities of the c-src and c-yes products in human epithelial tumors suggest that these activated tyrosine kinases have tumorigenic functions analogous to the v-src and v-yes oncogene products. Studies of v-src–transformed fibroblasts have identified many of the effectors of this potent oncogene; however, because c-src and c-yes lack the mutational and promiscuous activities of their retroviral oncogene homologues, their presumptive tumorigenic functions in human epithelial tumors are more subtle, less well-defined, and await identification of possible effectors more directly relevant to epithelial cells.
Experimental Design: We recently identified a transmembrane glycoprotein named Trask that is expressed in epithelial tissues but not fibroblasts and is phosphorylated by SRC kinases in mitotic epithelial cells. In this study, we have surveyed the expression and phosphorylation of Trask in many human epithelial cancer cell lines and surgical tissues and tumors.
Results: Trask is widely expressed in human epithelial tissues, but its phosphorylation is tightly regulated and restricted to detached mitotic cells or cells undergoing physiologic shedding. However, abberant Trask phosphorylation is seen in many epithelial tumors from all stages including preinvasive, invasive, and metastatic tumors. Trask phosphorylation requires SRC kinases, and is also aberrantly hyperphosphorylated in the SRC-activated PyMT mouse epithelial tumors and dephosphorylated by the SRC inhibitor treatment of these tumors.
Conclusions: The widespread phosphorylation of Trask in many human epithlelial cancers identifies a new potential effector of SRC kinases in human epithelial tumorigenesis.
CCL22 Recruits CD4-positive CD25-positive Regulatory T Cells into Malignant Pleural Effusion
Authors: Qin Xue-Jun , Shi Huan-Zhong , Deng Jing-Min , Liang Qiu-Li , Jiang Jing , Ye Zhi-Jian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to explore the presence of the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 in malignant pleural effusion, and the chemoattractant activity of these chemokines on CD4-positive CD25-positive Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells infiltrating into the pleural space.Experimental Design: The concentrations of CCL22 and CCL17 in both pleural effusions and sera from 33 patients with lung cancer were determined. Flow cytometry was done to determine T lymphocyte subsets in cell pellets of pleural effusion. Pleural cells were analyzed for the expression of CCL22 and CCL17. The chemoattractant activity of CCL22 for regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo was also observed.Results: The concentration of CCL22 in malignant pleural effusion was significantly higher than that in the corresponding serum. Pleural fluid from lung cancer patients was chemotactic for regulatory T cells, and this activity was partly blocked by an anti-CCL22, but not by an anti-CCL17 antibody. Intrapleural administration of CCL22 of patients produced a marked progressive influx of regulatory T cells into pleural space.Conclusions: Compared with serum, CCL22 seemed to be increased in malignant pleural effusion, and could directly induce regulatory T cell infiltration into the pleural space in patients with malignant effusion.
Association of MDM2 SNP309, Age of Onset, and Gender in Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Firoz Elnaz F. , Warycha Melanie , Zakrzewski Jan , Pollens Danuta , Wang Guimin , Shapiro Richard , Berman Russell , Pavlick Anna , Manga Prashiela , Ostrer Harry , Celebi Julide Tok , Kamino Hideko , Darvishian Farbod , Rolnitzky Linda , Goldberg Judith D. , Osman Iman , Polsky David 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Purpose: In certain cancers, MDM2 SNP309 has been associated with early tumor onset in women. In melanoma, incidence rates are higher in women than in men among individuals less than 40 years of age, but among those older than 50 years of age, melanoma is more frequent in men than in women. To investigate this difference, we examined the association among MDM2 SNP309, age at diagnosis, and gender among melanoma patients.
Experimental Design: Prospectively enrolled melanoma patients (N = 227) were evaluated for MDM2 SNP309 and the related polymorphism, p53 Arg72Pro. DNA was isolated from patient blood samples, and genotypes were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Associations among MDM2 SNP309, p53 Arg72Pro, age at diagnosis, and clinicopathologic features of melanoma were analyzed.
Results: The median age at diagnosis was 13 years earlier among women with a SNP309 GG genotype (46 years) compared with women with TG+TT genotypes (59 years; P = 0.19). Analyses using age dichotomized at each decade indicated that women with a GG genotype had significantly higher risks of being diagnosed with melanoma at ages &lt;50 years compared with women ≥50 years, but not when the comparison was made between women &lt;60 and ≥60 years. At ages &lt;50 years, women with a GG genotype had a 3.89 times greater chance of being diagnosed compared with women with TG+TT genotypes (P = 0.01). Similar observations were not seen among men.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that MDM2 may play an important role in the development of melanoma in women. The MDM2 SNP309 genotype may help identify women at risk of developing melanoma at a young age.
Characterization of the Class I-Restricted gp100 Melanoma Peptide-stimulated Primary Immune Response in Tumor-Free Vaccine-draining Lymph Nodes and Peripheral Blood
Authors: Walker Edwin B. , Miller William , Haley Daniel , Floyd Kevin , Curti Brendan , Urba Walter J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize the primary gp100209-2M-specific T-cell response in vaccine-draining, metastases-free lymph nodes and peripheral blood of peptide-vaccinated stage I to III melanoma patients.
Experimental Design: After two or three gp100209-2M vaccinations, sentinel lymph nodes that drained both the primary tumor and adjacent vaccine sites were excised concomitant with wide excision of the tumor. Comparative 7-color flow cytometry phenotype analysis was done on gp100 tetramer-positive CD8+ T cells from sentinel lymph nodes, closely proximate time-related peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected 2 to 4 weeks after sentinel lymph node excision, and on PBMC collected 6 months later after 7 or 11 more immunizations. Lymph node and peripheral blood T cells were tested for proliferative response, functional avidity, and tumor cell–induced CD107 mobilization.
Results: The frequencies of gp100-specific CD8+ T cells from time-related PBMC and sentinel lymph nodes were comparable and were similar to those reported for virus-specific memory T cells. Their respective in vitro proliferation responses were also equivalent but statistically higher than proliferation responses of peripheral blood T cells collected after completion of the entire vaccine regimen. By contrast, functional avidity and CD107 responses were significantly higher in circulating T cells. Sentinel lymph node–derived, gp100-specific CD8+ T cells predominantly expressed central and effector memory phenotype signatures, whereas there were higher frequencies of effector T cells in the peripheral blood.
Conclusion: Priming immunization with gp100209-2M without coadministration of CD4+ helper T cell–restricted antigens induced the effective expansion of peptide-specific central and effector memory CD8+ T cells with high proliferation potential in vaccine-draining lymph nodes of stage I to III melanoma patients. Lymph node memory T cells gave rise to circulating gp100-specific effector T cells exhibiting increased functional maturation.
Task-dependent Activation of Face-sensitive Cortex: An fMRI Adaptation Study
Authors: Cohen Kadosh Kathrin , Henson Richard N. A. , Cohen Kadosh Roi , Johnson Mark H. , Dick Frederic 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Face processing in the human brain recruits a widespread cortical network based mainly in the ventral and lateral temporal and occipital lobes. However, the extent to which activity within this network is driven by different face properties versus being determined by the manner in which faces are processed (as determined by task requirements) remains unclear. We combined a functional magnetic resonance adaptation paradigm with three target detection tasks, where participants had to detect a specific identity, emotional expression, or direction of gaze, while the task-irrelevant face properties varied independently. Our analysis focused on differentiating the influence of task demands and the processing of stimulus changes within the neural network underlying face processing. Results indicated that the fusiform and inferior occipital gyrus do not respond as a function of stimulus change (such as identity), but rather their activity depends on the task demands. Specifically, we hypothesize that, whether the task encourages a configural- or a featural-processing strategy determines activation. Our results for the superior temporal sulcus were even more specific in that we only found greater responses to stimulus changes that may engage featural processing. These results contribute to our understanding of the functional anatomy of face processing and provide insights into possible compensatory mechanisms in face processing.
Transitive Inference: Distinct Contributions of Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Hippocampus
Authors: Wendelken Carter , Bunge Silvia A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe capacity to reason about complex information is a central characteristic of human cognition. An important component of many reasoning tasks is the need to integrate multiple mental relations. Several researchers have argued that rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) plays a key role in relational integration. If this hypothesis is correct, then RLPFC should play a key role in transitive inference, which requires the integration of multiple relations to reach a conclusion. Thus far, however, neuroscientific research on transitive inference has focused primarily on the hippocampus. In this fMRI study, we sought to compare the roles of RLPFC and the hippocampus on a novel transitive inference paradigm. Four relations between colored balls were presented on the screen together with a target relation. Participants were asked to decide whether the target relation was correct, given the other indicated relations between balls. RLPFC, but not the hippocampus, exhibited stronger activation on trials that required relational integration as compared with trials that involved relational encoding without integration. In contrast, the hippocampus exhibited a pattern consistent with a role in relational encoding, with stronger activation on trials requiring encoding of relational predicate–argument structure as compared with trials requiring encoding of item–item associations. Functional connectivity analyses give rise to the hypothesis that RLPFC draws on hippocampal representations of mental relations during the process of relational integration.
Processing of the Incentive for Social Approval in the Ventral Striatum during Charitable Donation
Authors: Izuma Keise , Saito Daisuke N. , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Human behaviors are motivated not only by materialistic rewards but also by abstract social rewards, such as the approval of others. When choosing an action in social situations, to evaluate each action, the brain must convert different types of reward (such as money or social approval) into a common scale. Here using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of such valuation computations while individuals freely decided whether to donate to real charities or to take the money for themselves in the presence or absence of observers. Behavioral evidence showed that the mere presence of observers increased donation rates, and neuroimaging results revealed that activation in the ventral striatum before the same choice (“donate” or “not donate”) was significantly modulated by the presence of observers. Particularly high striatal activations were observed when a high social reward was expected (donation in public) and when there was the potential for monetary gain without social cost (no donation in the absence of observers). These findings highlight the importance of this area in representing both social and monetary rewards as a “decision utility” and add to the understanding of how the brain makes a choice using a “common neural currency” in social situations.
Span, CRUNCH, and Beyond: Working Memory Capacity and the Aging Brain
Authors: Schneider-Garces Nils J. , Gordon Brian A. , Brumback-Peltz Carrie R. , Shin Eunsam , Lee Yukyung , Sutton Bradley P. , Maclin Edward L. , Gratton Gabriele , Fabiani Monica 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNeuroimaging data emphasize that older adults often show greater extent of brain activation than younger adults for similar objective levels of difficulty. A possible interpretation of this finding is that older adults need to recruit neuronal resources at lower loads than younger adults, leaving no resources for higher loads, and thus leading to performance decrements [Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis; e.g., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Cappell, K. A. Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 177–182, 2008]. The Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis leads to the prediction that activation differences between younger and older adults should disappear when task difficulty is made subjectively comparable. In a Sternberg memory search task, this can be achieved by assessing brain activity as a function of load relative to the individual's memory span, which declines with age. Specifically, we hypothesized a nonlinear relationship between load and both performance and brain activity and predicted that asymptotes in the brain activation function should correlate with performance asymptotes (corresponding to working memory span). The results suggest that age differences in brain activation can be largely attributed to individual variations in working memory span. Interestingly, the brain activation data show a sigmoid relationship with load. Results are discussed in terms of Cowan's [Cowan, N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–114, 2001] model of working memory and theories of impaired inhibitory processes in aging.
Neural Systems Underlying Decisions about Affective Odors
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. , Grabenhorst Fabian , Parris Benjamin A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Decision-making about affective value may occur after the reward value of a stimulus is represented and may involve different brain areas to those involved in decision-making about the physical properties of stimuli, such as intensity. In an fMRI study, we delivered two odors separated by a delay, with instructions on different trials to decide which odor was more pleasant or more intense or to rate the pleasantness and intensity of the second odor without making a decision. The fMRI signals in the medial prefrontal cortex area 10 (medial PFC) and in regions to which it projects, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula, were higher when decisions were being made compared with ratings, implicating these regions in decision-making. Decision-making about affective value was related to larger signals in the dorsal part of medial area 10 and the agranular insula, whereas decisions about intensity were related to larger activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral PFC), ventral premotor cortex, and anterior insula. For comparison, the mid orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) had activations related not to decision-making but to subjective pleasantness ratings, providing a continuous representation of affective value. In contrast, areas such as medial area 10 and the ACC are implicated in reaching a decision in which a binary outcome is produced.
Scots Pine (pinus sylvestris L.) on Shingle Fields: A Dendrochronologic Reconstruction of Early Summer Precipitation in Mideast Sweden
Authors: Jönsson Karin , Nilsson Christer 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing on shingle fields offer a unique possibility to reconstruct precipitation and study climate variability in the fairly humid eastern part of central Sweden. Tree-ring characteristics were compared with monthly (1890–2001) and daily (1961–2001) climate data from an adjacent meteorological station. Chronologies for latewood (LW), earlywood (EW), and tree-ring widths (RW) were constructed from 73 living and dead trees. Correlation analyses show that tree growth is most sensitive to early summer precipitation. EW shows the strongest correlation with precipitation in May and June while LW is best correlated with June and July precipitation. A reconstruction model for May–June precipitation was calculated using principal component analysis (PCA) regression (regular regression) including EW, LW, and RW for present and previous years. The model explained 46% of the variation in May–June precipitation and allowed a reconstruction back to 1560. Information about wet and dry years was collected from historical documents and was used to validate the result. Periods with precipitation above and below the mean show agreement with previous reconstructions of spring precipitation from tree rings in Finland and of spring floods from estuary sediments in the region. Analyses of correlations between meteorological stations and reconstructed precipitation show that the model is valid for the coastal part of central Sweden. The authors conclude that Scots pine trees on shingle fields are well suited for precipitation reconstruction, and the separate analyses of LW and EW improve the reconstruction.
Statistical Prediction of ENSO from Subsurface Sea Temperature Using a Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction
Authors: Lima Carlos H. R. , Lall Upmanu , Jebara Tony , Barnston Anthony G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNumerous statistical and dynamical models have been developed in recent years to forecast ENSO events. However, for most of these models predictability for lead times over 10 months is limited. It has been hypothesized that the tropical Pacific thermocline structure may have critical information to permit longer lead ENSO forecasts. Models that use subsurface sea temperature information have already been known to produce better long lead forecasts. Here, a two-stage statistical ENSO forecasting model is developed and demonstrated using the spatially distributed depth of the 20°C isotherm (D20) as a proxy for the thermocline. In the first stage, a nonlinear dimension reduction method [maximum variance unfolding (MVU)] is used to decompose the D20 data into canonical modes. The leading spatial patterns as well as lagged values of Niño-3 are then used as predictors in a set of linear regression models to predict the Niño-3 index at lead times of up to 24 months. Cross-validated forecasts using this methodology are shown to have higher skill than those that use a dimension reduction of the same thermocline data using principal component analysis (PCA). The first three modes of the D20 data as revealed by MVU account for 89% of the variance of the data, as compared to only 48% of the variance if PCA is used. The spatial patterns of the MVU modes partition the data field in a different way than the PC modes, even though some similarities exist as to the main regions that are active. These patterns and their temporal structure are discussed here, with a view to understanding the possible source of the longer-range predictability of ENSO using the MVU modes. The skill of the PCA- and the MVU-based forecasts of Niño-3 varies depending on the starting month of the forecast for short lead times (5–10 months). However, for the lead times longer than 1 yr, the MVU-based forecast skill is not seasonally variable, while the PCA-based models do not provide significant skill at these lead times irrespective of the starting month of the forecast. Similar conclusions are obtained for forecast models for the Niño-3.4 and Niño-1.2 indices. The differences between the MVU- and PCA-based models are most marked for the Niño-1.2 long lead forecasts.
Intercalibration of GOES-11 and GOES-12 Water Vapor Channels with MetOp IASI Hyperspectral Measurements
Authors: Wang Likun , Cao Changyong , Goldberg Mitch 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The calibrated radiances from geostationary water vapor channels play an important role for weather forecasting, data assimilation, and climate studies. Therefore, better understanding the data quality for radiance measurements and independently assessing their onboard calibrations become increasingly more important. In this study, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) hyperspectral measurements on the polar-orbiting Meteorological Operation-A (MetOp-A) satellite are used to assess the calibration accuracy of water vapor channels on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-11 (GOES-11) and GOES-12 imagers with one year of data. The near-simultaneous nadir observations with homogeneous scenes from IASI and GOES imagers are spatially collocated. The IASI spectra are convolved with the GOES imager spectral response functions (SRFs) to compare with GOES imager observations. Assuming that IASI is well calibrated and can be used as an on-orbit radiometric reference standard, then the GOES imager water vapor channels have an overall relative calibration bias to IASI of better than 0.3 K (with a standard deviation of ∼0.2 K) at the brightness temperature (BT) range of 240–260 K, which meets the design specification (1.0-K calibration accuracy for infrared channels). This study further demonstrates the technique of using hyperspectral radiance measurements in a polar-orbiting satellite to accurately assess broadband radiometer calibration of the GOES imager, which also provides an effective way for monitoring sensor performance over time. In addition, the potential of using the intercalibration results to integrate and merge data from different observing systems involving both IASI and different GOES imagers to create consistent, seamless global products is explored. The method presented here can potentially be applied to other instruments on both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites for generating long-term time series.