bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inland waters of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Waterston A. R. , Holden A. V. , Campbell R. N. , Maitland P. S. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe Outer Hebrides comprise approximately 1·3% of the land area but 15·8% of the area of standing waters of Great Britain. Streams there are generally small and only three are as large as fifth order. The majority of the lochs occur below 200 m altitude and are less than 25 ha in area. A total of 1375 stream systems enter the sea, and drain the land mass through 9240 stream segments. There are just over 6000 lochs, of which less than half are connected to these networks. Most of the water systems are on geologically base-poor rock or soil, and less than 3%, situated on machair, are base-rich and eutrophic. The islands, due to their situation, receive precipitation in the form of very dilute sea water (with some non-marine sulphate probably derived from fossil fuel combustion) and this leads to unusual concentrations of chloride in the inland waters. Metamorphic rocks are resistant to weathering, so there is usually little variation in the composition of fresh waters except in the machair areas, where calcareous sands affect calcium concentrations and alkalinities.The flora and fauna reflect the aqueous conditions and there are some unique successions of species from high to low salinities even in the same water body. The lochs provide a wide range of habitats for aquatic vegetation, ranging from the rich machair lochs to the oligotrophic peaty lochs (which show marked similarities with their counterparts on the mainland). Three broad categories can be delineated on the basis of their water quality and vegetation: brackish lochs with varying degrees of marine influence, calcareous machair lochs which may also be affected by sea connections, and the peaty lochans of low alkalinity. A few brackish water animals are sufficiently euryhaline to exist in the machair lochs, which are otherwise dominated by freshwater species. The occurrence of chloride in inland waters enables some crustaceans, e.g. Neomysis integer, Gammarus duebeni and Diaptomus wierzejskii to extend into what are poor freshwater habitats. The main constituents of the freshwater fauna are molluscs and arthropods, and a few species of euryhaline fishes, i.e. salmon, sea and brown trout, three-spined and ten-spined sticklebacks and eels. There are some populations of non-migratory charr. No amphibians are present.
Birds of the Hebrides: seabirds
Authors: Bourne W. R. P. , Harris M. P. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisCoastal water moving north up the coast of Europe mixes with oceanic water from the Atlantic off the north of Scotland, which leads to a high marine productivity. In summer the mixing tends to be concentrated along fronts which form between the stratified water out at sea and that mixed by coastal currents, and in the sounds between the land masses. Small fish, and the birds which feed on them, frequent these areas, and the birds breed nearby, so that the area is a major nursery for temperate North Atlantic seabirds. Most of the large breeding colonies of pelagic species are not found along the Outer Hebridean island chain, but along the mainland coast and on the outlying islands. There is also a substantial population of birds which feed along the coast scattered throughout the area. When the stratification of the water out at sea breaks down at the end of the summer, many moulting guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes move inshore with their young for a time. Some birds also tend to move north at this time, presumably following some change in the distribution of the available food. As the weather deteriorates in the winter, many of the seabirds disperse. Some auks move into the more sheltered North and Irish Seas, the shearwaters, small petrels, skuas and terns migrate to the southern hemisphere, and the puffins, kittiwakes and young fulmars scatter throughout the temperate North Atlantic. Variable proportions of many species, including cormorants, gulls, auks and the adult fulmars remain in the area, retiring to more sheltered waters during bad weather. There may have been some long-term changes in populations; thus the southern Manx shearwater declined and the northern puffin increased in the last century, and the process was reversed in this one, possibly as a result of changes in climate. Some species, notably the gulls and fulmar, are now increasing following their exploitation of human wastes for food, and all species are benefiting from the cessation of human exploitation and its replacement by protection over the last century.
The fish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Bailey R. S. , Hislop J. R. G. , Mason J. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe demersal fishery in Hebridean seas is based mainly on haddock, whiting and cod, mostly from local spawning grounds, with some recruitment from the North Sea. An important seasonal fishery for dogfish is based on a highly migratory stock. All these stocks are probably fully exploited.Herring spawning grounds occur west and north of Lewis, and larvae drift eastwards to nursery areas, mainly in the North Sea. Enhanced recruitment in the late 1960s and an increase in fishing effort produced a large increase in landings but these have subsequently declined. The west coast herring fishery is subject to quota regulations for conservation. There are also important exploitable stocks of mackerel and sprats. Since 1971 an industrial fishery for Norway pout has taken a few thousand tonnes per annum.Shellfishing by small boats goes with crofting. Since 1962 the number of larger boats has increased with full-time fishing, particularly for Norway lobsters and lobsters. Exploitation has been helped by processing and lobster-holding facilities. Scallops and periwinkles are also important commercially and there are good prospects for cultivating oysters and mussels.By far the largest underexploited fish stock is blue whiting, which migrates south to spawn in March-April on the continental slope in depths of over 400 m to the west of Scotland. The spawning stock in this area is estimated to be 5-15 million tonnes. Sandeels may also occur in commercial quantities in some areas.
Cereals and grass production in Lewis and the Uists
Authors: Grant J. W. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisCattle and sheep husbandry in the Outer Hebrides depends on hill grazing supplemented by small areas of improved or rotation grass and for winter fodder on cereals and on grass conserved as hay. The acreage of crop has decreased because of economic and social factors such as an ageing population, part-time crofting, difficulties in livestock marketing and in procurement of suitable machinery and seeds. These problems are likely to increase.In Lewis and Harris and in the acid soils of the Uists cropping may continue as at present. The potential for development and particularly for any improvement in sheep husbandry, on which crofting depends, must be in hill pasture improvement. In the Uists machair is more important. There is need for more investigation of machair and machair cultivation. There must be greater use of grass for grazing, for conservation and as a means of raising soil fertility. Cereals may still be grown but both cereals and grass may have to be conserved as silage.
The Promise of Service Learning in a Pediatric Audiology Course on Clinical Training With the Pediatric Population
Authors: Kaf Wafaa A. , Strong Elizabeth C. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
This study investigated the effectiveness of service learning (SL) and its impact on students’ clinical competency, interest in pediatric audiology as a career, and levels of community engagement, as well as its impact on the community.

Method
Forty-eight students enrolled in an SL pediatric audiology course providing hearing and middle ear testing to 292 children, ages 6 months to 5 years. Another 10 non-SL students served as a control group. SL surveys were administered to students before and after the SL experience and post hoc to the non-SL group to assess their perceived readiness for evaluating children and their interest in pediatric audiology. Parents and community partner staff members completed another survey to provide feedback about their experience with the SL activity.

Results
The students’ ratings were higher post-SL than pre-SL, and their learning gain was positively ranked post-SL compared with the non-SL group. Also, 71% of the SL students expressed positive interest in pediatric audiology post-SL compared with 37% of the non-SL group. Responses from community partners were also positive.

Conclusions
Embedding SL into a pediatric audiology course increased student interest in pediatric audiology as a career and enhanced readiness to evaluate young children.
Ear Asymmetries and Asymmetric Directional Microphone Hearing Aid Fittings
Authors: Cord Mary T. , Surr Rauna K. , Walden Brian E. , Dittberner Andrew B. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
To determine whether an asymmetry between ears for speech understanding in noise was related to performance with, or preference for, 1 of 2 asymmetric microphone fittings in which omnidirectional processing was provided to 1 ear and directional processing to the other.

Method
Twenty-eight adults with symmetric sensorineural hearing impairment were recruited from the clinic population. Sixteen individuals had symmetric hearing-in-noise ability between their right and left ears, and 12 participants had an asymmetry for speech understanding in noise between ears. A repeated measures design was used. Interactions between various microphone fittings and speech signal locations in noise were assessed in the laboratory. In addition, the listeners with asymmetry between ears for hearing in noise completed a field trial comparing the 2 fittings in everyday listening situations.

Results
Laboratory testing resulted in different patterns of performance for the 2 groups. Field trial results revealed that participants generally noticed little difference between the 2 fittings in everyday life and did not express a strong preference for 1 fitting over the other.

Conclusion
An asymmetry between ears for speech understanding in noise did not result in preference for 1 asymmetric fitting over the other in everyday listening situations.
Cortical High-Gamma Responses in Auditory Processing
Authors: Cervenka Mackenzie C. , Nagle Stephanie , Boatman-Reich Dana 
Published: December 2011

PurposeThis tutorial provides an introduction to cortical auditory spectral responses, focusing on event-related activity in the high-gamma frequencies (60–150 Hz), their recent emergence in neuroscience research, and potential clinical applications.MethodAuditory high-gamma responses are described and compared with traditional cortical evoked responses, including the auditory evoked N1 response. Methods for acquiring and analyzing spectral responses, including time-frequency analyses, are discussed and contrasted with more familiar time-domain averaging approaches. Four cases are presented illustrating high-gamma response patterns associated with normal and impaired auditory processing.ConclusionsCortical auditory high-gamma responses may provide a useful clinical measure of auditory processing.
Addressing Qualified Personnel Shortages for Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing With an Interdisciplinary Service Learning Program
Authors: Pakulski Lori A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
To describe the student training benefits for speech-language pathology graduate students involved in an interdisciplinary, community-based intervention program at a Midwestern university for families of preschool children who were deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) and auditory-based spoken language users.

Method
The Auditory and Language Enriched Program was developed to provide graduate students with a clinically relevant service learning opportunity that also met some unique community needs of families in the community. Specifically, students learned to provide families with imaginative ways to expose their children who were DHH to language and literacy and nurture their natural curiosity and zest for learning.

Results
Statistically significant improvement was noted between pre- and postintervention questionnaires of knowledge and skill related to intervention for this population by a single group of students.

Conclusions
An interdisciplinary service learning approach to intervention might provide opportunities for university graduate programs to address the immediate and long-term needs of families who have chosen a spoken language outcome for their young children who are DHH while simultaneously providing invaluable experience with low-incidence populations for their preservice graduate students.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer dimensional stability investigations for use on the laser interferometer space antenna mission telescope
Authors: Sanjuán J. , Preston A. , Korytov D. , Spector A. , Freise A. , Dixon G. , Livas J. , Mueller G. 
Published: December 2011

The laser interferometer space antenna (LISA) is a mission designed to detect low frequency gravitational waves. In order for LISA to succeed in its goal of direct measurement of gravitational waves, many subsystems must work together to measure the distance between proof masses on adjacent spacecraft. One such subsystem, the telescope, plays a critical role as it is the laser transmission and reception link between spacecraft. Not only must the material that makes up the telescope support structure be strong, stiff, and light, but it must have a dimensional stability of better than 1 pm Hz−1/2 at 3 mHz and the distance between the primary and the secondary mirrors must change by less than 2.5 μm over the mission lifetime. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer is the current baseline material; however, it has not been tested to the pico meter level as required by the LISA mission. In this paper, we present dimensional stability results, outgassing effects occurring in the cavity and discuss its feasibility for use as the telescope spacer for the LISA spacecraft.
Satellite observations make it possible to estimate Poyang Lake’s water budget
Authors: Feng Lian , Hu Chuanmin , Chen Xiaoling , Li Rongfang 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery with hydrologic and meteorological data, we developed a box model to estimate the water exchange between Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater lake of China) and the Changjiang (Yangtze) River from 2000 to 2009. Significant intra- and inter-annual variability of the water budget was found, with an annual mean outflow of Poyang Lake of 120.2 ± 31.2 billion m3 during 2000–2009 and a declining trend of 5.7 billion m3 yr−1 (p = 0.09). The impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on the Changjiang River in June 2003 led to a rapid lake–river outflow of 760.6 million m3 day−1, resulting in a loss of 7864.5 million m3 of water from the lake in a short period. Shortly thereafter, a statistically significant decrease in the drainage basin’s runoff coefficient was discovered. These findings provide large-scale evidence on how local precipitation and the TGD control the lake’s water budget, where continuous monitoring using the established approach and satellite data may provide critical information to help make water management decisions.
Patterns of change: whose fingerprint is seen in global warming?
Authors: Hegerl Gabriele , Zwiers Francis , Tebaldi Claudia 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Attributing observed climate change to causes is challenging. This letter communicates the physical arguments used in attribution, and the statistical methods applied to explore to what extent different possible causes can be used to explain the recent climate records. The methods use fingerprints of climate change that are identified on the basis of the physics governing our climate system, and through the use of climate model experiments. These fingerprints characterize the geographical and vertical pattern of the expected changes caused by external influences, for example, greenhouse gas increases and changes in solar radiation, taking also into account how these forcings and their effects vary over time. These time–space fingerprints can be used to discriminate between observed climate changes caused by different external factors. Attribution assessments necessarily take the natural variability of the climate system into account as well, evaluating whether an observed change can be explained in terms of this internal variability alone, and estimating the contribution of this source of variability to the observed change. Hence the assessment that a large part of the observed recent warming is anthropogenic is based on a rigorous quantitative analysis of these joint drivers and their effects, and proceeds through a much more comprehensive and layered analysis than a comparison at face value of model simulations with observations.
Optimized application of penalized regression methods to diverse genomic data
Authors: Waldron Levi , Pintilie Melania , Tsao Ming-Sound , Shepherd Frances A. , Huttenhower Curtis , Jurisica Igor 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMotivation: Penalized regression methods have been adopted widely for high-dimensional feature selection and prediction in many bioinformatic and biostatistical contexts. While their theoretical properties are well-understood, specific methodology for their optimal application to genomic data has not been determined.Results: Through simulation of contrasting scenarios of correlated high-dimensional survival data, we compared the LASSO, Ridge and Elastic Net penalties for prediction and variable selection. We found that a 2D tuning of the Elastic Net penalties was necessary to avoid mimicking the performance of LASSO or Ridge regression. Furthermore, we found that in a simulated scenario favoring the LASSO penalty, a univariate pre-filter made the Elastic Net behave more like Ridge regression, which was detrimental to prediction performance. We demonstrate the real-life application of these methods to predicting the survival of cancer patients from microarray data, and to classification of obese and lean individuals from metagenomic data. Based on these results, we provide an optimized set of guidelines for the application of penalized regression for reproducible class comparison and prediction with genomic data.Availability and Implementation: A parallelized implementation of the methods presented for regression and for simulation of synthetic data is provided as the pensim R package, available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pensim/index.html.Contact: chuttenh@hsph.harvard.edu; juris@ai.utoronto.caSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Short-term choice behaviour in a mixed fishery: investigating métier selection in the Danish gillnet fishery
Authors: Andersen Bo Sølgaard , Ulrich Clara , Eigaard Ole Ritzau , Christensen Anne-Sofie 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Andersen, B. S., Ulrich, C., Eigaard, O. R., and Christensen, A-S. 2012. Short-term choice behaviour in a mixed fishery: investigating métier selection in the Danish gillnet fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 131–143. The study presents a short-term effort allocation modelling approach based on a discrete choice random utility model combined with a survey questionnaire to examine the selection of métiers (a combination of fishing area and target species) in the Danish North Sea gillnet fishery. Key decision variables were identified from the survey questionnaire, and relevant proxies for the decision function were identified based on available landings and effort information. Additional variables from the survey questionnaire were further used to validate and verify the outcome of the choice model. Commercial fishers in a mixed fishery make use of a number of decision variables used previously in the literature, but also a number of decision parameters rarely explicitly accounted for, such as price, weather, and management regulation. The seasonal availability of individual target species and within-year changes in monthly catch ration were the main explanatory drivers, but gillnetters were also responsive to information on the whole fishery, fish prices, and distance travelled to fishing grounds. Heterogeneous responses were evident from geographic differences in home harbour, which underpins the need to understand alternative fishing strategies among individual gillnetters better.
Modelling non-stationary natural mortality in catch-at-age models
Authors: Jiao Yan , Smith Eric P. , O'Reilly Rob , Orth Donald J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractJiao, Y., Smith, E. P., O'Reilly, R., and Orth, D. J. 2012. Modelling non-stationary natural mortality in catch-at-age models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 105–118. Non-stationarity in the natural mortality of many species has been discussed among research scientists, but no generally applicable models/methods have been developed where a statistical catch-at-age (SCA) model framework is used. Using the Atlantic weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) fishery as an example, several SCA models are developed to assess the population dynamics, then compared. Models used included (i) an SCA with constant natural mortality, (ii) an SCA with unknown natural mortality, but with a hierarchical prior distribution from a mixture of distributions based on life-history information, (iii) an SCA with age-specific unknown natural mortality, (iv) an SCA with time-varying natural mortality, following a random-walk process, and (v) an SCA with age-specific time-varying natural mortality. The last two models imply that the population dynamics are not stationary. A Bayesian approach was used to estimate parameters, and performance of the models was compared through goodness-of-fit and the retrospective patterns of the models. A simulation study was then conducted to test the uncertainty resulting from model selection, the efficiency of using the best model selected based on deviance information criterion, and whether changes in natural mortality could be detected. An SCA with time-varying natural mortality, following a random-walk process, is proposed for the example fishery here. The estimated non-stationary temporal patterns in natural mortality were linked further to climate–ocean oscillation indices, to diagnose possible mechanisms/linkages to these temporal variations in natural mortality.
Genus Enhydrobacter Staley et   al. 1987 should be recognized as a member of the family Rhodospirillaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria
Authors: Kawamura Yoshiaki , Fujiwara Nagatoshi , Naka Takashi , Mitani Asako , Kubota Hiromi , Tomida Junko , Morita Yuji , Hitomi Jun 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe genus Enhydrobacter, first reported as a member of the family Vibrionaceae, has been placed in the family Moraxellaceae, but as a genus incertae sedis in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd edition. During our taxonomic investigation of Enhydrobacter‐like organisms, we observed that the 16S rRNA sequences of E.   aerosaccus‐type strain versions NCIMB 12535T, ATCC 27094 T and CCUG 58314T were very different from the accessible data (accession no. AJ550856). Phylogenetic analysis of our 16S rRNA sequence data revealed that these organisms were located within the family Rhodospirillaceae. The genera Inquilinus, Oceanibaculum, Skermanella and Nisaea were closely related (sequence similarities were 88.3∼87.0%), but Enhydrobacter could be distinguished from these genera by growth characteristics, fatty acid profiles (C19:0 cyclo ω8c; 38.4% C18:1ω7c; 32.2%, and C16:0; 8.9% were major components), in being non‐flagellated, and differing in enzymatic activities, including trypsin and β‐glucosidase. From these data, we conclude that the genus Enhydrobacter should be recognized as an independent genus of the family Rhodospirillaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria.