bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recalibration of the Large Scale Gap‐Test to a Stress Scale
Authors: Braithwaite Christopher H. , Pachman Jiri , Majzlik Jiri , Williamson David M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA series of gap‐test experiments were conducted in accordance with the EMTAP Test 22a guidelines to characterize the stress output from a donor charge of ROWANEX 3601. Forty eight successful gap‐tests were conducted at the University of Pardubice in addition to two supporting plate impact experiments performed at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. The experiments indicated that there are two principal release mechanisms, which produce the observed reduction in stress with increasing gap distance. The first is attenuation of the input wave, something which is expected during explosive loading due to the triangular nature of the loading pulse. The second is an interaction between the input wave and lateral release waves from the edges of the test sample at the measurement station. Attenuation of the input wave due to visco‐elastic loss in the PMMA “gap” used is likely to be less significant than these other two release mechanisms. The data generated by this investigation forms a robust dataset that gives an accurate calibration for ROWANEX 3601 for users of the EMTAP 22a test procedure. In addition the data represent an excellent “set problem” for those developing and wishing to validate, computational models of similar physical phenomena.
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SMALL‐SCALE HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ON DOWNSTREAM MOVING LAMPREYS
Authors: Bracken F. S. A. , Lucas M. C. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTSmall‐scale hydropower is developing rapidly in many countries in response to policies of encouraging renewable energy and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This rapid increase in the construction of hydroelectric turbines provides a substantial risk to migrating biota, especially fish. Some turbines, such as the Archimedes screw design, are regarded as relatively friendly to fish but have not yet been assessed for their potential impacts on threatened lamprey species. To assess the risk of impingement and the patterns of movement by emigrating river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis transformers and drifting larval ammocoetes at the site of an Archimedes screw turbine in north‐east England, drift nets were set over the periods of January to June 2009 and November 2009 to May 2010. Drifting Lampetra sp. larvae were recorded in all sampling months, November to June, while emigrating lampreys were recorded in all months but June (93% captured between December and April), reflecting a higher period of impingement risk than expected. Night‐time catches were 24‐ and 8‐fold higher for transformers and larvae, respectively, than daytime catches. Catch per unit water volume data in different channel areas suggest that lamprey larvae behaved as passive particles within the river flow but that transformers selected areas of higher flow. Damage rates of lampreys passed through the screw were low (1.5%), suggesting minor impacts on downstream‐moving larval and juvenile lampreys. However, the cumulative potential impacts of multiple hydropower sites on downstream fish passage, including lampreys, should be considered by regulatory agencies when planning hydropower development within catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A refined decompiler to generate C code with high readability
Authors: Chen Gengbiao , Qi Zhengwei , Huang Shiqiu , Ni Kangqi , Zheng Yudi , Binder Walter , Guan Haibing 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYAs a key part of reverse engineering, decompilation plays a very important role in software security and maintenance. A number of tools, such as Boomerang and IDA Hex_rays, have been developed to translate executable programs into source code in a relatively high‐level language. Unfortunately, most existing decompilation tools suffer from low accuracy in identifying variables, functions, and composite structures, resulting in poor readability. To address these limitations, we present a practical decompiler called C‐Decompiler for Windows C programs that (i) uses a shadow stack to perform refined data flow analysis, (ii) adopts inter‐basic‐block register propagation to reduce redundant variables, and (iii) recognizes library (i.e., Standard Template Library) functions by signatures. We evaluate and compare the decompilation quality of C‐Decompiler with two existing tools, Boomerang and IDA Hex_rays, considering four aspects: function analysis, variable expansion rate, total percentage reduction, and cyclomatic complexity. Our experimental results show that on average, C‐Decompiler has the highest total percentage reduction of 55.91%, lowest variable expansion rate of 55.79%, and the same cyclomatic complexity as the original source code for each considered application. Furthermore, in our experiments, C‐Decompiler is able to recognize functions with a lower false positive and false negative rate than the other decompilers. A case study and our evaluation results confirm that C‐Decompiler is a practical tool to produce highly readable C‐style code. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous versus exogenous nutrient affects C, N, and P dynamics in decomposing litters in mid‐subtropical forests of China
Authors: Chen Fu‐Sheng , Feng Xue , Liang Chao 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effect of nutrient availability on litter decomposition has been a major focus of global change ecology. The relative impacts of endogenous (litter) and exogenous (soil) nutrient availability remain unclear. We studied the nutrient dynamics of decomposition in litter from two species with contrasting litter nutrient contents and stoichiometry: Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis sclerophylla. During a 540‐day field incubation, we manipulated exogenous nutrient levels by adding microbially available C (+C), N (+N), P (+P), and all three (+CNP) at 90‐day intervals. Relative to the no‐nutrient control (CK), nutrient additions decreased organic C retention in C. sclerophylla, with the greatest effect observed in +CNP. Nitrogen content in P. massoniana litter similarly increased with nutrient addition, particularly +P and +CNP. The P addition treatments also increased P content in the litter of both species. Nitrogen content in C. sclerophylla and organic C content in P. massoniana were unaffected by nutrient additions. The C/N and C/P ratios in decomposing C. sclerophylla litter were significantly lower in the CK treatment, while those of P. massoniana litter were influenced by the interaction of nutrient addition and decomposition time. Increased availability of C, N, and P individually and collectively alters nutrient release dynamics in decomposing foliar litter. Litter quality, as determined by source species, is a key determinant of the impact of exogenous nutrient inputs. A stronger effect of P addition than N addition indicates a relatively N‐rich and P‐poor ecosystem.
The age of camptonite dikes of the Agardag alkali-basalt complex (western Sangilen): results of Ar/Ar and U/Pb dating
Authors: Gibsher A.A. , Malkovets V.G. , Travin A.V. , Belousova E.A. , Sharygin V.V. , Konc Z. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A camptonite dike swarm (Agardag alkali-basalt complex) in the western part of the Sangilen Upland abounds in mantle xenoliths. Mineralogical, petrographic, and petrochemical studies show that the dikes are composed of lamprophyres of two groups, basic and ultrabasic. Ar/Ar dating of amphibole and phlogopite megacrysts gives an intrusion age for the dikes of 443.0 ± 1.3 Ma. 206Pb/238U dating of zircon from a glomeroporphyritic intergrowth in camptonite from one of the dikes yielded a core age of 489.0 ± 5.4 Ma. This corresponds to the time of formation of the Chzhargalanta granite–leucogranite complex (489.4 ± 2.6 Ma). The 206Pb/238U age of the zircon rim is 444.0 ± 7.5 Ma. The ages obtained by Ar/Ar dating of amphibole and biotite megacrysts and by U/Pb dating of the magmatic rim of zircon crystal from the camptonite coincide within the dating error, which indicates that the camptonite dikes formed in the Late Ordovician. These dikes are the oldest-known example of mantle-derived xenoliths in mafic volcanic rocks from an off-craton setting. These are samples of the Upper Ordovician lithospheric mantle.
Direct numerical simulation and biglobal stability investigations of the gaseous motion in solid rocket motors
Authors: Chedevergne F. , Casalis G. , Majdalani J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, a biglobal stability approach is used in conjunction with direct numerical simulation (DNS) to identify the instability mode coupling that may be responsible for triggering large thrust oscillations in segmented solid rocket motors (SRMs). These motors are idealized as long porous cylinders in which a Taylor–Culick type of motion may be engendered. In addition to the analytically available steady-state solution, a computed mean flow is obtained that is capable of securing all of the boundary conditions in this problem, most notably, the no-slip requirement at the chamber headwall. Two sets of unsteady simulations are performed, static and dynamic, in which the injection velocity at the chamber sidewall is either held fixed or permitted to vary with time. In these runs, both DNS and biglobal stability solutions converge in predicting the same modal dependence on the size of the domain. We find that increasing the chamber length gives rise to less stable eigenmodes. We also realize that introducing an eigenmode whose frequency is sufficiently spaced from the acoustic modes leads to a conventional linear evolution of disturbances that can be accurately predicted by the biglobal stability framework. While undergoing spatial amplification in the streamwise direction, these disturbances will tend to decay as time elapses so long as their temporal growth rate remains negative. By seeding the computations with the real part of a specific eigenfunction, the DNS outcome reproduces not only the imaginary part of the disturbance, but also the circular frequency and temporal growth rate associated with its eigenmode. For radial fluctuations in which the vorticoacoustic wave contribution is negligible in relation to the hydrodynamic stability part, excellent agreement between DNS and biglobal stability predictions is ubiquitously achieved. For axial fluctuations, however, the DNS velocity will match the corresponding stability eigenfunction only when properly augmented by the vorticoacoustic solution for axially travelling waves associated with the Taylor–Culick profile. This analytical approximation of the vorticoacoustic mode is found to be quite accurate, especially when modified using a viscous dissipation function that captures the decaying envelope of the inviscid acoustic wave amplitude. In contrast, pursuant to both static and dynamic test cases, we find that when the frequency of the introduced eigenmode falls close to (or crosses over) an acoustic mode, a nonlinear mechanism is triggered that leads to the emergence of a secondary eigenmode. Unlike the original eigenmode, the latter materializes naturally in the computed flow without being artificially seeded. This natural occurrence may be ascribed to a nonlinear modal interplay in the form of internal, eigenmode-to-eigenmode coupling instead of an external, eigenmode pairing with acoustic modes. As a result of these interactions, large amplitude oscillations are induced.
Don't Fence Me In: Barricade Sociality and Political Struggles in Mexico and Latvia
Authors: Dzenovska Dace , Arenas Iván 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn 1991, barricades in the streets of Rīga, Latvia, shielded important landmarks from Soviet military units looking to prevent the dissolution of the USSR; in 2006, barricades in the streets of Oaxaca, Mexico, defended members of the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca from paramilitary incursions. We employ these two cases to compare the historically specific public socialities and politics formed through spatial and material practices in moments of crisis and in their aftermath. We show how the barricades continue to animate social and political formations and imaginaries, providing a sense of both past solidarity and future possibilities against which the present, including the state of the polity and the life of the people, are assessed. We trace the convergences and differences of political imaginaries of barricade sociality that formed in the barricades’ aftermath and consider what their transformative potential might be. Attentive to the specificity of particular practices and social relations that produce a collective subject, we consider how our case studies might inform broader questions about social collectives like the nation and publics. Though they point in different directions, we argue that the barricades provide an enabling position from which to imagine and organize collective life otherwise. In a moment when much mainstream political activism remains spellbound by the allure of discourses of democracy that promise power to the people, the Mexico and Latvia cases provide examples of social life that exceeded both state-based notions of collectives and what Michael Warner has called “state-based thinking,” even as they were also entangled with state-based frames.
Before Hegemony: Adam Smith, American Independence, and the Origins of the First Era of Globalization
Authors: Morrison James Ashley 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhile extensive scholarship has shown that it is possible to maintain global economic openness after hegemony, economic liberalization is still thought to be unlikely prior to hegemonic ascent. This assumption is based on the conventional narrative that Great Britain began lowering its trade barriers in the 1820s as it began its hegemonic ascent. This article shows that Britain began pursuing an open trading structure in the 1780s—in precisely the multipolar world that hegemonic stability theorists claimed would be least likely to initiate the shift. This change in commercial strategy depended crucially on the intellectual conversion of a key policymaker—the Earl of Shelburne—from mercantilist foreign economic policy to Adam Smith's revolutionary laissez-faire liberalism. Using the case of “the world's most important trading state” in the nineteenth century, this article highlights the importance of intellectuals—as well as their ideas—in shaping states' foreign policy strategies. It also provides further evidence of key individuals' significance and their decisions at “critical junctures.”
Tularaemia seroprevalence of captured and wild animals in Germany: the fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a biological indicator
Authors: KUEHN A. , SCHULZE C. , KUTZER P. , PROBST C. , HLINAK A. , OCHS A. , GRUNOW R. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYA total of 2475 animals from Germany, both captive and wild, were tested for antibodies againstFrancisella tularensisto obtain more knowledge about the presence of this pathogen in Germany. An indirect and a competitive ELISA served as screening methods, positive and inconclusive samples were confirmed by Western blot. Of the zoo animals sampled between 1992 and 2007 (n = 1122), three (0·3%) were seropositive. The seroconversion of a hippopotamus in Berlin Zoo was documented. From 1353 serum samples of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and wild boars (Sus scrofa), collected between 2005 and 2009 in the federal state of Brandenburg (surrounding Berlin), a total of 101 (7·5%) tested positive for antibodies toF. tularensislipopolysaccharide. Our results indicate a higher seroprevalence ofF.tularensisin wildlife in eastern Germany than commonly assumed. Furthermore, we found foxes and raccoon dogs to be biological indicators for tularaemia.
Comparison of Gill Nets and Fixed‐Frame Trawls for Sampling Threadfin Shad in Tropical Reservoirs
Authors: Prchalová Marie , Neal J. Wesley , Muñoz‐Hincapié Milton , Jůza Tomáš , Říha Milan , Peterka Jiří , Kubečka Jan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThreadfin shad Dorosoma petenense populations were sampled quarterly from 2010 to 2011 to determine appropriate sampling techniques for this species in tropical reservoirs of Puerto Rico. Offshore gill netting and night trawling were compared in terms of catch per unit of effort, size distribution, sampling precision, and bycatch. In total, 90 gill net–trawl pairs of catches were compared, which collected more than 80,000 threadfin shad. Gill‐net and trawl catches were not correlated in either number or biomass. Coefficients of variation were greater in gill‐net sampling (0.761 for numbers, 0.747 for biomass) than in trawl sampling (0.433 and 0.465, respectively) and were not dependent on reservoir, sampling season, reservoir section, or any combination of these factors for any gear. There was no correspondence in size distributions between gill‐net and trawl catches. Gill nets collected threadfin shad in the range of 23–169 mm total length (TL) and displayed strong mesh size selectivity, causing distinct unrealistic peaks in size distribution. Gill nets underestimated threadfin shad smaller than 35 mm TL and overestimated shad bigger than 90 mm TL. The size range of threadfin shad collected via trawl was 10–108 mm TL, and trawls did not appear to be as size selective for fish up to 80 mm TL. Trawling was found to be the superior sampling technique for shad populations in pelagic habitats of Puerto Rican reservoirs, which consisted mainly of fish up to 80 mm TL. Trawling provided a more realistic picture of size distributions, collected far less bycatch, was less affected by the schooling of shad, and was less laborious and more cost‐effective than gill nets.
Biomechanics of Cervical “Skip” Corpectomy Versus Standard Multilevel Corpectomy
Authors: Yilmaz Murat , Yüksel Kasim Zafer , Baek Seungwon , Newcomb Anna G.U.S. , Dalbayrak Sedat , Sonntag Volker K.H. , Crawford Neil R. 
Published: July 2012

Study Design:
In vitro biomechanical study of flexibility with finite-element simulation to estimate screw stresses.

Objective:
To compare cervical spinal stability after a standard plated 3-level corpectomy with stability after a plated 3-level “skip” corpectomy where the middle vertebra is left intact (ie, two 1-level corpectomies), and to quantify pullout forces acting on the screws during various loading modes.

Summary of Background Data:
Clinically, 3-level cervical plated corpectomy has a high rate of failure, partially because only 4 contact points affix the plate to the upper and lower intact vertebrae. Leaving the intermediate vertebral body intact for additional fixation points may overcome this problem while still allowing dural sac decompression.

Methods:
Quasistatic nonconstraining torque (maximum 1 N m) induced flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while angular motion was recorded stereophotogrammetrically. Specimens were tested intact and after corpectomy with standard plated and strut-grafted 3-level corpectomy (7 specimens) or “skip” corpectomy (7 specimens). Screw stresses were quantified using a validated finite-element model of C3–C7 mimicking experimentally tested groups. Skip corpectomy with C5 screws omitted was also simulated.

Results:
Plated skip corpectomy tended to be more stable than plated standard corpectomy, but the difference was not significant. Compared with standard plated corpectomy, plated skip corpectomy reduced peak screw pullout force during axial rotation (mode of loading of highest peak force) by 15% (4-screw attachment) and 19% (6-screw attachment).

Conclusions:
Skip corpectomy is a good alternative to standard 3-level corpectomy to improve stability, especially during lateral bending. Under pure moment loading, the screws of a cervical multilevel plate experience the highest pullout forces during axial rotation. Thus, limiting this movement in patients undergoing plated multilevel corpectomy may be reasonable, especially until solid fusion is achieved.
THE USE OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITOR FOR CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION COMPLICATING POSTERIOR UVEITIS IN EYES WITH FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE IMPLANTS
Authors: Lee Shelly T. , Gupta Seema R. , Richards Amanda B. , Suhler Eric B. , Smith Justine R. , Flaxel Christina J. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose:
To present a series of eyes with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MFC) treated with fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants. All eyes developed recurrent choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review. Data collected included demographics, details of previous immunosuppressive therapy, preinjection Snellen visual acuity, and central macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography, total injections administered, and postinjection central macular thickness and visual acuity. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 25 months from the first fluocinolone acetonide implant. Duration from implantation to first injection and complications, including development of cataracts, glaucoma, and recurrent inflammation, were followed.

Patients:
Three patients treated for MFC at the Casey Eye Institute, a tertiary care referral center at Oregon Health & Science University, from 2005–2008 were studied. All three received fluocinolone acetonide implants and later underwent intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for CNV.

Results:
Preinjection visual acuity in 3 patients was 1.2, 0.54, and 0.48 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (mean 0.74). Postinjection visual acuity in 3 patients was 1.0, 0.40, and 0.0 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (mean 0.47). Preinjection central macular thicknesses were 855 μm, 215 μm, and 276 μm (mean 449 μm). Postinjection central macular thicknesses were 220 μm, 190 μm, and 223 μm (mean 211 μm). Anti-VEGF injections did not reactivate inflammation. Advancing cataracts contributed to worsening visual acuity postinjection. The total number of anti-VEGF injections until resolution of intraretinal and subretinal fluid associated with CNV was 6 injections for case 1, 1 for case 2, and 8 for case 3 (mean 5, range 1–8).

Conclusion:
Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy was successful in treating recurrent CNV in MFC patients with well-controlled inflammation after insertion of fluocinolone acetonide implants. Anti-VEGF therapy should be considered in treating active CNV in eyes with MFC and quiescent inflammatory disease.