bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil profile in the Eastern Gezira
Authors: Greene H. 
Published: March 2009

The distribution of salts in the soil is generally related to compactness of the soil profile as judged by the distribution of gypsum, of calcium carbonate aggregates and of soil colour. The relation already established between salt content and fertility is now expressed as a relation between compactness of profile and fertility. The data agree well with geological views as to the origin of this soil. Influences of which the soil profile is the product are also discussed.I am much indebted to Mr G. W. Grabham for practical instruction in field work and for information as to the origin of Gezira soil. I wish also to thank Dr A. F. Joseph for his interest in this work and for facilities placed at my disposal.
The chemical composition and nutritive value of the pea-canning by-products (green pea pods, pea-pod meal, pea-pod silage and molassed silage from pea haulms with pods)
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The present paper deals with the composition and nutritive value of the following by-products of the pea-canning industry: (1) green pea pods; (2.) pea-pod meal resulting from the artificial drying of pea pods; (3) pea-pod silage as made in a tower silo; (4) molassed silage made in a sisalkraft silo from pea haulms with pods.Pea pods give rise to an excellent silage provided they are tightly trampled and a means for draining off the effluent is supplied. The silage is pale yellowish green in colour and has a pleasant, vinegary smell with little or no suggestion of the presence of butyric acid. It is much relished by sheep and cattle. It is superior in digestibility to ‘green fruity’ oat and vetch silage and contains, per 100 lb., 27·5 lb. of dry matter, including 15·9 lb. of starch equivalent and 2·3 lb. of digestible crude protein. No molasses need be added during filling, since the sugar naturally present in the pods ensures a favourable fermentation.
Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of cotton: IV. Tanzania selections
Authors: Innes N. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYResults of genetical tests in the Sudan are consistent with those of Arnold (1963), who was unable in Tanzania to transfer the bacterial blight intensifier gene, B6, as a separate entity to local cotton. Confirmation was obtained of the presence of B2 in Mwanza Local. The high resistance of UKBR selections from Mwanza Local was found to result from the interaction of B2 with a gene, or complex of genes, occupying the same locus as B6, or closely linked to it. This B6-type gene was obtained by exerting steady selection pressure over a number of years and gradually increasing resistance; it therefore reveals that during the last 50 years blight resistance in African Uplands has evolved per se. Whether all of Knight's (1957) B genes have arisen in such a way, or by point mutation, is conjectural.
The estimation of the milk yield of a ewe from body weight data on the suckling lamb
Authors: Robinson J. J. , Foster W. H. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMilk yield data obtained by the lamb-suckling technique on twenty-four ewes over a period of 5 consecutive days in the second and third week of their lactation have been related to lamb body weights and lamb body-weight changes over the same period. The regression equation obtained wasThe equation was used to estimate the milk consumption of lambs over the range of lamb body weights and lamb body-weight changes studied. The standard errors of these estimates have been computed for comparison with those obtained directly from the lamb suckling technique.The role of the prediction equation in estimating daily milk consumption of lambs is discussed.
A comparison of methods of growing sugar-beet seed
Authors: Hull R. , Scott R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo experiments with sugar-beet seed crops at Dunholme Field Station Lincolnshire,1955–7, one at Broom's Barn, Suffolk, 1963–4, and two in Bedfordshire 1965–7, compared transplanting with various direct.drilling techniques. The early experiments were made with multigerm varieties and the 1965–7 experiments with genetic monogerm varieties.At Dunholme direct drilling under a barley cover crop controlled virus yellows and yielded more multigerm seed suitable for processing than did transplanting. In later experiments transplanting gave variable yields; pests damaged plots transplanted in autumn and those transplanted in spring were susceptible to drought. Many transplants lodged and ripened late and direct drillings produced seed that germinated better.Direct drilling during July with no cover crop consistently yielded better than undersowing or open drilling in August. To establish a regular, dense stand of plants, which is essential for large yields of seed of good germination was more difficult with than without cover crops. The time the cover crop was removed did not consistently affect yield. Crops sown in summer without cover yield most seed but are most susceptible to disease and are unsuitable for areas with a disease risk.
Nitrogen requirement of sugar beet grown on mineral soils
Authors: Boyd D. A. , Tinker P. B. H. , Draycott A. P. , Last P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield of sugar beet was tested in 170 experiments done between 1957 and 1966; results of 88 experiments, some testing five and six amounts of N, have not previously been published.On most sites, nitrogen increased sugar yields sharply and almost linearly up to an optimum beyond which yield changed little or decreased only slightly up to 1·8 cwt N/acre, the largest amount tested. In the two series of experiments giving most information, the mean increase from sub-optimal amounts of N was 2·5 cwt sugar/0·1 cwt N/acre.Usually 0·4–0·8 cwt N/acre was enough for maximum yield; more was needed on a few sites and on about a fifth of them nitrogen fertilizer was not needed. In 7 of the 10 years, the average optimum was 0·6–0·8 cwt N/acre; less was needed in the other years, the driest three years of the decade.In most, though not all, years, site-to-site differences in response between 0·9 and 1·8 cwt N/acre were no greater than could be expected from experimental error alone; much of the apparent difference in response between seasons were also attributable to this source.After taking account of experimental error, there were substantial between-site differences in response to amounts of N up to 0·9 cwt/acre, but attempts to explain them in terms of weather, soil and husbandry factors had little success. There was slight evidence of diminished responses to N where sugar beet followed crops other than cereals, and of responses somewhat greater than average on Chalky Boulder Clay soils of the Hanslope and Stretham Series; no other relationships were large or consistent enough to be useful for prediction.As between-site differences in response are largely unpredictable, and because a grower risks much greater crop losses by applying too little N than by applying too much, the recommended dressing is 1·0 cwt N/acre, substantially more than is needed, on the average, to obtain maximum yield. More N should be given on soils of the Hanslope and Stretham Series and on light sands poor in organic matter; less need be applied where crop residues are likely to supply much nitrogen.
Total phosphorus contents of soils by perchloric acid digestion and sodium carbonate fusion
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe total P contents of soils, analysed after fusion with sodium carbonate, were consistently larger than after digestion with boiling perchloric acid. For 37 soils from southern England, values by fusion analysis (Pf) were related to values after digestion with perchloric acid (Pp) by the following equation:The recovery of P, applied to six soils as superphosphate, was the same by both methods of analysis.
An evaluation of Merino wool quality:II. An estimate of the incidence of coarse fibres in Australian Merino wool
Authors: Gallagher J. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEstimates of the incidence of coarse fibres and medullation were made from 1014 bales of Merino greasy wool, from the five major wool-selling centres in Australia. A full range of wool types was represented from the fault-free spinners types to the burry, dusty, inferior topmakers' types. The wool consisted of 36 processors' lots ranging from 1 to 120 bales.The mean diameter of the 36 lots was 20·7 ± 5·3 μ 2·4% of the fibre population exceeded 30 μ the incidence of medullation was 1·1%.Mean diameters of the individual lots ranged from 14·7 to 25·3 μ Twenty-one of the 36 lots had coefficients of variation of mean fibre diameter which exceeded 23%. The range of clean, oven-dried yield was 49·4–69·1%. The between-lot variation in fibre medullation was 0–3·1%.It is concluded that fibre coarseness as measured by diameter was not a problem in the wide range of wool sampled. However, the incidence of medullation is an increase on previous estimates and should be a cause of concern to breeders.
Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. II
Authors: Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.
The nutritive value of artificially dried grass and its effect on the quality of milk produced by cows of the main dairy breeds
Authors: Watson S. J. , Ferguson W. S. 
Published: March 2009

An experiment was carried out with two groups of ten cows each, made up of two Guernseys, two Ayrshires, two Friesians and four Shorthorns.The experiment was of the change-over type, the experimental period of 20 weeks being subdivided into four periods of 5 weeks, each cow alternating between the two treatments.In two of the periods a normal winter ration of roots, hay and concentrates was fed. In the other two periods artificially dried grass replaced a proportion of the concentrates, an average of 8 lb. being fed per head daily. The two types of ration provided equal amounts of starch equivalent and protein equivalent, but the carotene intake was greater in the “dried grass ration”.A statistical analysis of the difference in milk yields due to the contrast “Dried grass” v. “Control” revealed no signs of any effect, and if any actual effect does exist, it is quite negligible for the 5-week periods of this experiment.
Moisture, its accumulation and site of evaporation in the coats of sweating cattle
Authors: Allen T. E. , Bennettf J. W. , Donegan Susan M. , Hutchinson J. C. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMoisture content of the coats of cattle, expressed as the percentage of the dry weight of hair, has been measured in a wide variety of environmental conditions in summer, springand winter. Strips of coat were clipped from 25 Jersey, 15 Zebu x Jersey crossbred and 9 Hereford heifers in a shed, in a climate room under warm, hot dry and hot humid conditions and outdoors both in sun and shade. Moisture content, weight of coat per unit area, depth of coat, skin and rectal temperatures, sweating and respiratory rates, air temperatures and vapour pressures were measured.The mean moisture content of the coats varied in the different environments from 5·8 to 27·5 % and mean sweating rates from 28 to 438 g m-2 h-1. Moisturein summer coats out of doors in the sun averaged 11·2% and was about the same as that outof doors in the shade. In the shed, coat moisture was also low (average 11·8%) and amounted to less than half of the moisture content of clipped hair in equilibrium with a near saturated atmosphere. Herefords that had been fed a low plane ration from winter to summer, retained their long winter coats and these, in summer, had only half the moisture content of the short coats of normally fed Herefords. In the hot room, the moisture content of summer coats was usually higher than out of doors and varied around 18%.The inner part of the coat had more moisture than the outer part and estimates of moisture gradients were made. Calculation of the contribution of sweating to total moisture in indoor environments showed that, at rapid rates of sweating, it was about 8% and was higher in winter andspring coats than in summer coats (Fig. 3). It was estimated that sun and wind reduced the moisture content of summer coats by about 3% in outdoor summer environments. The effect of sun and wind on moisture content of winter coats in the same environment was estimated at nearly 9%.The results suggest that the site of evaporation was at the skin except in very hot humid indoor environments when some free moisture may have been present in the hair.
The growth of vining peas:II. The effect of density of planting
Authors: Meadley J. T. , Milbourn G. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYYield and growth analysis has been carried out on vining peas (variety Dark Skinned Perfection) sown at 43, 97 and 172 seeds/m2 at a rectangularity of 1:1. No difference wasobtained in the yield of green peas (at tenderometer reading 110) over this fourfolddifferencein sowing density.At a high seed rate (172/m2) a high peak leaf area (8·3) was attained 1 week afterthe start of flowering but declined rapidly. The peak number of flowers and pods reached 1002/m2 at this density, but there was a greater wastage (34 %) by abscission than inthe lower seed rates which resulted in a similar number of pods/unit area being present at the time of vining for all densities.In contrast, peas sown at low density (43/m2) resulted in a lower peak leaf area (4·3) but this occurred during the stage of pod fill; net-assimilation rate was somewhat higher also. Thus the yield of green peas may depend less on the ability of the plant stand to provide reproductive nodes than on its ability to produce photosynthate during the post-flowering period.
The circadian rhythm of rumination
Authors: Gordon J. G. , McAllister I. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments were carried out with adult sheep in order to estimate the effect of light and darkness in determining the incidence pattern of rumination.In the first experiment the jaw movements of four sheep were recorded when they were housed in cages in a single room. Continuous records were made before and after black-out was applied to the room in order to investigate the effects of times of lighting and of feeding. The results showed that under these conditions the pattern of ruminating behaviour changed with the lighting system used and that the different feeding times had no effect upon rumination.The first experiment was repeated with four sheep. Equal 12 h light or dark periods running from 10.00 and 22.00 h were applied and also days of continuous light or darkness. Food was given as equal meals at the beginning of each 12 h period. The results confirmed those of the first experiment and showed that rumination was greatest during the second half of each 12 h period of darkness. With permanent light or darkness rumination was least in the period from 10.00 to 16.00 h.An attempt was made in the third experiment to impose a 16 h cycle on four sheep. The results showed no adaptation to a 16 h ‘day’. Instead, behaviour was circadian and probably based on cues external to the experimental room.
The Prediction of the Nutritive Value of Animal Feeds from Chemical Analyses
Authors: Naga M. A. , El-Shazly K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA protein index for animal feeds is suggested as a basis for the criteria relating nutritive value to chemical composition. The feeds were classified into four main groups: legumes, non-legumes, straws and concentrates. The regression equations for predicting the nutritive value gave a reasonable level of accuracy (0·18–14·74% error). Higher levels of accuracy were attained employing regression equations formulated for more homogenous feed subgroups classified according to their protein and fibre contents. The percentage error resulting from the use of the specific equations was found to range between zero and 9·88.
Changes in growth rate and morphology of perennial ryegrass swards at high and low nitrogen levels
Authors: Davies Alison 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe nitrogen requirements for maximum production of perennial ryegrass swards in August/September were shown to be of the order of 4 kg N/ha/day. Further increases above this level had no appreciable effect on dry-matter production, leaf area or light intercepted, but maximum tiller numbers were considerably enhanced. Shortage of nitrogenous fertilizer had comparatively little effect on crop growth rate in the early stages of regrowth, but thereafter caused the rate to fall increasingly short of potential. At high fertilizer levels crop growth rate based on total above-ground parts was linearly related to percentage light intercepted in the first month after defoliation, but values subsequently became erratic and at times negative. This change in crop growth rate and the resulting halt in effective net dry-matter production could be associated with the overall pattern of leaf and tiller formation and death, maximum net yield being achieved at the point in time when three new leaves had been produced on each tiller since cutting. It is concluded that in August and September worth-while increases in harvestable net dry matter are unlikely to occur after this stage has been reached, and that managements based on the maintenance of a complete crop cover are not likely to be successful at this time of year.
The food value of beef from steers and heifers, and its relation to dressing-out percentage
Authors: Callow E. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. An investigation has been carried out on the food value of beef from steers and heifers. A very varied group was used, selected as being representative of the beef animals slaughtered in England in war time. The animals were from five breeds; ages varied from 1 to over 4 years, live weights from 6½ to 14 cwt. and dressing-out percentages from 50 to 62.2. The chemical composition of the beef varied widely. The fat from the edible meat, expressed as a percentage of the live weight, varied from 4·6 to 21·6 %, the protein from 6·1 to 7·4%, and the water from 22·8 to 27·4%. The ratio of fat to protein in the edible meat varied from 0·7: 1 to 3·4: 1.
Studies in the absorption and excretion of certain minerals by poultry. II. Changes in the composition of food material as it moves along the alimentary tract of the hen
Authors: Tyler Cyril 
Published: March 2009

1. One laying and one non-laying bird were fed a normal calcium ration, and one laying and one non-laying bird were fed a low calcium ration. Four hours after feeding the birds were killed, and the contents of the various portions of the alimentary tract were analysed and compared with the composition of the original food.2. ThepH of the crop contents is influenced by thepH of the food. The lowestpH value is given by the gizzard contents, but after that there is a gradual rise, until, by the time the 4th segment of the small intestine is reached, thepH. is almost constant at about 6·8 for all birds.
Chick rearing. IX. Studies on the storage of vitamin A and carotenoid pigments by chicks from birth to six weeks, using cyclized vitamin A, vitamin-A alcohol, vitamin-A ester (cod-liver oil) and the pigments of green food and maize as criteria
Authors: Barton Mann T. 
Published: March 2009

Studies on the feeding of cyclized vitamin A, vitamin-A alcohol, and vitamin-A ester (as cod-liver oil) to chicks receiving a diet ofc. 13% protein content, show that chicks do not assimilate cyclized vitamin A and only begin to assimilate vitamin-A alcohol and vitamin-A ester between the 35th and 42nd day, when the results of analytical methods employed to evaluate carcass and liver stores of these substances are used as criteria, or when growth is used as criterion.Studies on the feeding of green food and yellow maize, as sources of provitamin A, and vitamin-A alcohol, to chicks receiving a diet ofc. 17% protein content, show that chicks do not utilize these substances until between the 35th and 42nd day, when the results of analytical methods are employed as criteria of assessment of vitamin A storage in carcass and liver, or when growth is used as criterion.
The response of skin and wool growth to local subdermal temperature changes in a sheep
Authors: Jolly M. , Lyne A. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHeat-exchange chambers, one for heating and one for cooling, were surgically embedded beneath the skin of a sheep. The intensity of heating and cooling was progressively increased, producing average subdermal temperatures up to 50·3 °C over one chamber and down to 21·0 °C over the other. The normal subdermal temperature was 37·7 °C.Moderate heating produced a small increase in the length growth rate of wool over the hot chamber. Higher temperatures caused a marked reduction and with still further heating there was almost complete cessation of wool growth.In contrast to heating, cooling always caused a suppression of wool growth which became more pronounced as the degree of cooling was intensified. The length growth rate decreased to half of normal at one stage but it never ceased.There was evidence of a slight but progressive decrease in fibre diameter with increasing subdermal temperatures up to 45 °C but at a temperature of 48 °C many of the fibres exhibited a marked thickening. Cooling the skin had little effect on fibre diameter. Pigmentation of the fibres was unchanged throughout the whole range of temperatures used and there was no evidence of change in crimping of the fibres.Heating in the range 45–50 °C produced an increase in epidermal thickness. Sweat and sebaceous glands, and erector muscles appeared unchanged after heating or cooling but innervation of the skin appeared to be reduced by extreme heating.The skin and wool growth over a dummy chamber were normal and similar in all respects to that in other control areas.
The effect of soil pH on potassium intensity and release of non-exchangeable potassium to ryegrass
Authors: Islam A. , Bolton J. 
Published: March 2009

Ryegrass was used to remove potassium from two acid soils limed to different pH values. Most non-exchangeable potassium was removed from the unlimed soils (pH 4·5) but differences in removal between pH 5·5 and 7·0 were small. Air-drying the soils after cropping released further potassium into the exchangeable form in amounts independent of soil pH.Equilibrium potassium activity ratios (ARK) after each out declined to small constant values characteristic of the soils. A sandy soil (Woburn) initially contained less exchangeable potassium than a soil with more clay (Sawyers), but after a few crops, ARK, % K in the grass and K uptakes per cut were larger from Woburn soil, showing that non-exchangeable potassium was being released faster than in the other soil.