bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring years of inactivity, years in retirement, time to retirement, and age at retirement within the Markov model
Authors: Skoog Gary R. , Ciecka James E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Retirement-related concepts are treated as random variables within Markov process models that capture multiple labor force entries and exits. The expected number of years spent outside of the labor force, expected years in retirement, and expected age at retirement are computed—all of which are of immense policy interest but have been heretofore reported with less precisely measured proxies. Expected age at retirement varies directly with a person’s age; but even younger people can expect to retire at ages substantially older than those commonly associated with retirement, such as age 60, 62, or 65. Between 1970 and 2003, men allocated most of their increase in life expectancy to increased time in retirement, but women allocated most of their increased life expectancy to labor force activity. Although people can exit and reenter the labor force at older ages, most 65-year-old men who are active in the labor force will not reenter after they eventually exit. At age 65, the probability that those who are inactive will reenter the labor force at some future time is .38 for men and .27 for women. Life expectancy at exact ages is decomposed into the sum of the expected time spent active and inactive in the labor force, and also as the sum of the expected time to labor force separation and time in retirement.
Nontraditional families and childhood progress through school
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractI use U.S. census data to perform the first large-sample, nationally representative tests of outcomes for children raised by same-sex couples. The results show that children of same-sex couples are as likely to make normal progress through school as the children of most other family structures. Heterosexual married couples are the family type whose children have the lowest rates of grade retention, but the advantage of heterosexual married couples is mostly due to their higher socioeconomic status. Children of all family types (including children of same-sex couples) are far more likely to make normal progress through school than are children living in group quarters (such as orphanages and shelters).
Knox meets Cox: Adapting epidemiological space-time statistics to demographic studies
Authors: Schmertmann Carl P. , Assunção Renato M. , Potter Joseph E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany important questions and theories in demography focus on changes over time, and on how those changes differ over geographic and social space. Space-time analysis has always been important in studying fertility transitions, for example. However, demographers have seldom used formal statistical methods to describe and analyze time series of maps. One formal method, used widely in epidemiology, criminology, and public health, is Knox’s space-time interaction test. In this article, we discuss the potential of the Knox test in demographic research and note some possible pitfalls. We demonstrate how to use familiar proportional hazards models to adapt the Knox test for demographic applications. These adaptations allow for nonrepeatable events and for the incorporation of structural variables that change in space and time. We apply the modified test to data on the onset of fertility decline in Brazil over 1960–2000 and show how the modified method can produce maps indicating where and when diffusion effects seem strongest, net of covariate effects.
Shifting coresidence near the end of life: Comparing decedents and survivors of a follow-up study in China
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Korinek Kim 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhat we know about transitions in coresidence of elders in China is based on panel data involving survivors. This article examines the tendency to and determinants of shifts in coresidence with adult children among the very old, comparing survivors of an intersurvey period with those who died (decedents). Data come from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Baseline and follow-up surveys indicate shifts in coresidence, defined as change from not living with an adult child to living in the same household as an adult child, and the converse. Rates of shifting are adjusted for time to follow-up. Regressions examine predictors of shifts among four groups: baseline coresident and noncoresident survivors and decedents. Decedents and noncoresidents are more likely to shift than survivors and coresidents. Covariates related to physical and material need as well as marital status are the strongest predictors of shift. Thus, the needs of a very old person dominate coresidential shifts and stability, lending support to an altruistic notion of living arrangement decision making. In the end, we conclude that the period nearing the end of life is a time of flux in living situation and that coresidential shifts are underestimated when those who die during a follow-up study are ignored.
Immigrants and natives in U.S. science and engineering occupations, 1994–2006
Authors: Sana Mariano 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Between 1994 and 2006, the ratio of foreign-born scientists and engineers (FSE) to native scientists and engineers (NSE) doubled. I decompose this change into a migration effect (which accounts for migration in general), a proportional college effect (which accounts for the relative proportions of college graduates among migrant and native workers), and a proportional science and engineering (S&E) effect (which accounts for the relative proportions of S&Es among migrant and native college-educated workers). Results show that the migration effect explains about three-quarters of the increase in FSE/NSE during the entire period under study. The proportional S&E effect, which captures changes in the ratio as a result of immigration of S&Es in excess of what would be expected from general migration alone, was largest in 1995–1998, which were years of sustained economic growth. Conversely, a slower economy coincided with a declining proportional S&E effect after 2000. Increases in the annual cap on H-1B visas, an important avenue of entry for foreign-born S&Es, had little effect on the ratio. In short, during 1994–2006, the association between economic swings and the specific, more than proportional migration of S&Es was much stronger than the association between the latter and changes in the H-1B cap.
Gender scripts and age at marriage in India
Authors: Desai Sonalde , Andrist Lester 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch on marriage in developing countries has been somewhat narrow in scope because of both conceptual and data limitations. While the feminist literature recognizes marriage as a key institutional site for the production and reproduction of gender hierarchies, little is known about the processes through which this relationship operates. This article uses data from the newly collected India Human Development Survey 2005 for 27,365 ever-married women aged 25–49 to explore ways in which different dimensions of gender in Indian society shape the decisions regarding age at marriage. We explore the impact of three dimensions of gender: (1) economic factors, such as availability of wage employment, dowry expectations, and wedding expenses; (2) indicators of familial empowerment, such as women’s role in household decision making and access to and control over resources; and (3) markers of gender performance, such as observance of purdah and male-female separation in the household. Results from hierarchical linear models confirm the importance of markers of gender performance but fail to demonstrate a large role for economic factors and familial empowerment.
Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality
Authors: Rogers Richard G. , Everett Bethany G. , Onge Jarron M. Saint , Krueger Patrick M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFew studies have examined whether sex differences in mortality are associated with different distributions of risk factors or result from the unique relationships between risk factors and mortality for men and women. We extend previous research by systematically testing a variety of factors, including health behaviors, social ties, socioeconomic status, and biological indicators of health. We employ the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III Linked Mortality File and use Cox proportional hazards models to examine sex differences in adult mortality in the United States. Our findings document that social and behavioral characteristics are key factors related to the sex gap in mortality. Once we control for women’s lower levels of marriage, poverty, and exercise, the sex gap in mortality widens; and once we control for women’s greater propensity to visit with friends and relatives, attend religious services, and abstain from smoking, the sex gap in mortality narrows. Biological factors—including indicators of inflammation and cardiovascular risk—also inform sex differences in mortality. Nevertheless, persistent sex differences in mortality remain: compared with women, men have 30% to 83% higher risks of death over the follow-up period, depending on the covariates included in the model. Although the prevalence ofriskfactors differs by sex, the impact of those riskfactors on mortality is similar for men and women.
Early teen marriage and future poverty
Authors: Dahl Gordon B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBoth early teen marriage and dropping out of high school have historically been associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including higher poverty rates throughout life. Are these negative outcomes due to preexisting differences, or do they represent the causal effect of marriage and schooling choices? To better understand the true personal and societal consequences, in this article, I use an instrumental variables (IV) approach that takes advantage of variation in state laws regulating the age at which individuals are allowed to marry, drop out of school, and begin work. The baseline IV estimate indicates that a woman who marries young is 31 percentage points more likely to live in poverty when she is older. Similarly, a woman who drops out of school is 11 percentage points more likely to be poor. The results are robust to a variety of alternative specifications and estimation methods, including limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimation and a control function approach. While grouped ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates for the early teen marriage variable are also large, OLS estimates based on individual-level data are small, consistent with a large amount of measurement error.
Preliminary evidence regarding the hypothesis that the sex ratio at sexual maturity may affect longevity in men
Authors: Jin Lei , Elwert Felix , Freese Jeremy , Christakis Nicholas A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn human populations, variation in mate availability has been linked to various biological and social outcomes, but the possible effect of mate availability on health or survival has not been studied. Unbalanced sex ratios are a concern in many parts of the world, and their implications for the health and survival of the constituent individuals warrant careful investigation. We indexed mate availability with contextual sex ratios and investigated the hypothesis that the sex ratio at sexual maturity might be associated with long-term survival for men. Using two unique data sets of 7,683,462 and 4,183 men who were followed for more than 50 years, we found that men who reached their sexual maturity in an environment with higher sex ratios (i. e., higher proportions ofreproductively ready men) appeared to suffer higher long-term mortality risks than those in an environment with lower sex ratios. Mate availability at sexual maturity may be linked via several biological and social mechanisms to long-term survival in men.
Incarcerating death: Mortality in U.S. state correctional facilities, 1985–1998
Authors: Patterson Evelyn J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Using data from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics and Census Bureau, I estimate death rates of working-age prisoners and nonprisoners by sex and race. Incarceration was more detrimental to females in comparison to their male counterparts in the period covered by this study. White male prisoners had higher death rates than white males who were not in prison. Black male prisoners, however, consistently exhibited lower death rates than black male nonprisoners did. Additionally, the findings indicate that while the relative difference in mortality levels of white and black males was quite high outside of prison, it essentially disappeared in prison. Notably, removing deaths caused by firearms and motor vehicles in the nonprison population accounted for some of the mortality differential between black prisoners and nonprisoners. The death rates of the other groups analyzed suggest that prison is an unhealthy environment; yet, prison appears to be a healthier place than the typical environment of the nonincarcerated black male population. These findings suggest that firearms and motor vehicle accidents do not sufficiently explain the higher death rates of black males, and they indicate that a lack of basic healthcare may be implicated in the death rates of black males not incarcerated.
Pathways to educational homogamy in marital and cohabiting unions
Authors: Schwartz Christine R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
There is considerable disagreement about whether cohabitors are more or less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I reconcile many of the disparate findings of previous research by conducting a “stock and flow” analysis of assortative cohabitation and marriage. I find that cohabitors are less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples overall, but these differences are not apparent when cohabiting and marital unions begin. Instead, the results suggest that differences in educational homogamy by union type are driven by selective exits from marriage and cohabitation rather than by differences in partner choice. Marriages that cross educational boundaries are particularly likely to end. The findings suggest that although cohabitors place greater emphasis on egalitarianism than married couples, this does not translate into greater educational homogamy. The findings are also consistent with a large body of research on cohabitation and divorce questioning the effectiveness of cohabitation as a trial marriage.
Early Weaning From Incubator and Early Discharge of Preterm Infants: Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Zecca Enrico , Corsello Mirta , Priolo Francesca , Tiberi Eloisa , Barone Giovanni , Romagnoli Costantino 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to assess the feasibility of earlier weaning from the incubator for preterm infants.

METHODS:
This was a prospective, randomized study with preterm infants with birth weights of &lt;1600 g who were admitted to a neonatal subintensive ward. Findings for 47 infants who were transferred from an incubator to an open crib at &gt;1600 g (early transition group) were compared with those for 47 infants who were transferred from an incubator to an open crib at &gt;1800 g (standard transition [ST] group). The primary outcome of the study was length of stay. Secondary outcomes were the number of infants returned to an incubator, the growth velocity in an open crib and during the first week at home, the proportions of breastfeeding at discharge and during the first week at home, and the hospital readmission rate.

RESULTS:
The length of stay was significantly shorter in the early transition group than in the standard transition group (23.5 vs 33 days; P = .0002). No infants required transfer back to the incubator. Only 1 infant in the standard transition group was readmitted to the hospital during the first week after discharge. Growth velocities and individual amounts of breastfeeding were similar between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION:
In this study, weaning of moderately preterm infants from incubators to open cribs at 1600 g was safe and resulted in earlier discharge.
Pediatric HIV Costs Across Three Treatment Eras From 1986 to 2007
Authors: Wilson Leslie S. , Basu Rituparna , Christenson Maria , Hensic Lori , Paoli Carly , Wara Diane , Moskowitz Judith T. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:
Life has changed dramatically for infants exposed perinatally to HIV to HIV primarily because of a successful translational research program that has also affected treatment costs. We compared treatment costs among HIV+ patients in an HIV/AIDS specialty clinic across 3 treatment eras: monotherapy (pre-1990), combination therapy (1990–1996), and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (1997–2007). We also estimated cumulative health care costs among pediatric HIV/AIDS patients born in each era.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Data on health care use were collected from medical records of 126 infants born to HIV+ mothers during a 21-year period (1986–2007) (728 person-years). The Drug Topics Red Book 1999 was used for drug costs, the Current Procedural Terminology Medicare Fee Schedule codes for outpatient costs, and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for inpatient costs. Generalized estimating equations and bootstrapped ordinary least-squares models were used to determine 2007 costs, cumulative costs, and cost savings.

RESULTS:
Lifetime cost savings with HAART were $6.7 to $23.3 million, depending on incidence. Average total costs per HIV+ person per month were $1306 ($318 for drugs, $896 for total medical) in the monotherapy era, $2289 ($891 for drugs, $1180 for total medical) in the combination-therapy era, and $1814 ($1241 for drugs, $320 for total medical) in the HAART era. Total costs during the HAART era were 25.2% lower than costs during the combination-therapy era, because the 34% higher HAART drug costs were compensated for by total medical costs (inpatient + outpatient) that were 57% lower, which was a significant change (P &lt; .001). The cumulative costs for treatment of an HIV+ patient were highest during the monotherapy era ($196 860) and lowest during the HAART era ($181 436).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results show that the cost burden for the treatment of HIV+ pediatric patients has decreased over time. This historical examination of treatment-era costs demonstrates the value of technologic advances in treatment.
Overview of Advanced 3D Charge-trapping Flash Memory Devices
Authors: Lue Hang-Ting , Hsieh Kuang-Yeu , Lu Chih-Yuan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough conventional floating gate (FG) Flash memory has already gone into the sub-30 nm node, the technology challenges are formidable beyond 20nm. The fundamental challenges include FG interference, few-electron storage caused statistical fluctuation, poor short-channel effect, WL-WL breakdown, poor reliability, and edge effect sensitivity. Although charge-trapping (CT) devices have been proposed very early and studied for many years, these devices have not prevailed over FG Flash in the > 30nm node. However, beyond 20nm the advantage of CT devices may become more significant. Especially, due to the simpler structure and no need for charge storage isolation, CT is much more desirable than FG in 3D stackable Flash memory. Optimistically, 3D CT Flash memory may allow the Moore's law to continue for at least another decade. In this paper, we review the operation principles of CT devices and several variations such as MANOS and BE-SONOS. We will then discuss 3D memory architectures including the bit-cost scalable approach. Technology challenges and the poly-silicon thin film transistor (TFT) issues will be addressed in detail.
Synthesis and Sensing Properties of N-doped ZnO Nanorod Arrays on Quartz
Authors: Yang Boqian , Peng Xiaoyan , Zhang Hongxin , Feng Peterxian , Achermann Marc 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUsing different pressures of nitrogen, N-doped ZnO nanorod arrays of various densities have been synthesized on quartz substrates by pulsed laser deposition techniques. The nanorods grow preferentially perpendicular to the quartz surface. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed some degradation of the crystal structure at elevated nitrogen pressures. High concentrations of nitrogen doping in ZnO nanorods were estimated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Raman scattering spectra confirmed the wurtzite structure of N-doped ZnO nanorods. A prototype sensor based on the N-doped ZnO nanorod arrays demonstrates a linear dependence of the conductivity with operating temperature and pressure of a test gas pollutant.
Multiplicatively and non-symmetric multiplicatively norm-preserving maps
Authors: Hosseini Maliheh , Sady Fereshteh 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Let A and B be Banach function algebras on compact Hausdorff spaces X and Y and let ‖.‖X and ‖.‖Y denote the supremum norms on X and Y, respectively. We first establish a result concerning a surjective map T between particular subsets of the uniform closures of A and B, preserving multiplicatively the norm, i.e. ‖Tf Tg‖Y = ‖fg‖X, for certain elements f and g in the domain. Then we show that if α ∈ ℂ {0} and T: A → B is a surjective, not necessarily linear, map satisfying ‖fg + α‖X = ‖Tf Tg + α‖Y, f,g ∈ A, then T is injective and there exist a homeomorphism φ: c(B) → c(A) between the Choquet boundaries of B and A, an invertible element η ∈ B with η(Y) ⊆ {1, −1} and a clopen subset K of c(B) such that for each f ∈ A, $$
Tf\left( y \right) = \left\{ \begin{gathered}
\eta \left( y \right)f\left( {\phi \left( y \right)} \right) y \in K, \hfill \\
- \frac{\alpha }
{{\left| \alpha \right|}}\eta \left( y \right)\overline {f\left( {\phi \left( y \right)} \right)} y \in c\left( B \right)\backslash K \hfill \\
\end{gathered} \right.
$$. In particular, if T satisfies the stronger condition R
π(fg + α) = R
π(Tf Tg + α), where R
π(.) denotes the peripheral range of algebra elements, then Tf(y) = T1(y)f(φ(y)), y ∈ c(B), for some homeomorphism φ: c(B) → c(A). At the end of the paper, we consider the case where X and Y are locally compact Hausdorff spaces and show that if A and B are Banach function algebras on X and Y, respectively, then every surjective map T: A → B satisfying ‖Tf Tg‖Y = ‖fg‖, f, g ∈ A, induces a homeomorphism between quotient spaces of particular subsets of X and Y by some equivalence relations.
Generalized Solution of the Photon Transport Problem
Authors: Chang Yu-Hsien , Hong Cheng-Hong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show the existence of a generalized solution of the photon transport problem. By means of the theory of equicontinuous C0-semigroup on a sequentially complete locally convex topological vector space we show that the perturbed abstract Cauchy problem has a unique solution when the perturbation operator and the forcing term function satisfy certain conditions. A consequence of the abstract result is that it can be directly applied to obtain a generalized solution of the photon transport problem.
Hardy Inequalities on the Real Line
Authors: Sababheh Mohammad 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe prove that some inequalities, which are considered to be generalizations of Hardy's inequality on the circle, can be modified and proved to be true for functions integrable on the real line. In fact we would like to show that some constructions that were used to prove the Littlewood conjecture can be used similarly to produce real Hardy-type inequalities. This discussion will lead to many questions concerning the relationship between Hardy-type inequalities on the circle and those on the real line.