bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light levels of anaesthesia after relaxation for tracheal intubation – comparison of succinylcholine and cis‐atracurium
Authors: LINSTEDT U. , HAECKER K. G. , PRENGEL A. W. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundUse of a single bolus of a hypnotic together with non‐depolarizing muscle relaxants for anaesthesia induction may cause inappropriate light levels of anaesthesia (ILLA). The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of ILLA during anaesthesia induction using either cis‐atracurium (CIS) or succinylcholine (SUC).MethodsPatients (n = 65) received fentanyl and propofol. Relaxants were randomly chosen and were either CIS 0.15 mg/kg, or SUC 1 mg/kg. After achieving relaxation, ILLA were assessed double‐blinded by the isolated forearm technique and electroencephalogram ‐derived values.ResultsTime from induction to complete relaxation was 335 ± 55 s with CIS and 141 ± 26 s with SUC. Nine patients in the CIS group (26%), but no patient in the SUC group responded to commands before endotracheal intubation (P < 0.01). During the entire induction up to 1 min after intubation in the CIS group, 24 of 35 patients (68%) showed 31 episodes of ILLA, as defined as responsiveness to commands and spontaneous movements. With SUC, 8 of 30 patients (27%) showed 11 episodes of ILLA (P < 0.01). In patients with ILLA, state entropy (SE) and spectral edge frequency (SEF) were 68 ± 10 (mean ± standard deviation) and 17 ± 4 Hz, respectively, and in patients without ILLA, SE and SEF were 40 ± 14 and 12 ± 3 Hz, respectively (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe onset time of a muscle relaxant has substantial impact on the incidence of ILLA during induction of anaesthesia. Entropy and SEF may indicate the presence of ILLA.
Artificial selection on allometry: change in elevation but not slope
Authors: EGSET C. K. , HANSEN T. F. , LE ROUZIC A. , BOLSTAD G. H. , ROSENQVIST G. , PÉLABON C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTo what extent within‐species (static) allometries constitute a constraint on evolution is the subject of a long‐standing debate in evolutionary biology. A prerequisite for the constraint hypothesis is that static allometries are hard to change. Several studies have attempted to test this hypothesis with artificial‐selection experiments, but their results remain inconclusive due to various methodological issues. Here, we present results from an experiment in which we selected independently on the slope and the elevation of the allometric relationship between caudal‐fin size and body size in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). After three episodes of selection, the allometric elevation (i.e. intercept at constant slope) had diverged markedly between the lines selected to increase or decrease it, and showed a realized heritability of 50%. In contrast, the allometric slope remained unaffected by selection. These results suggest that the allometric elevation is more evolvable than the allometric slope, this latter representing a potential constraint on adaptive trait evolution. To our knowledge, this study is the first artificial‐selection experiment that directly tests the evolvability of static allometric slopes.
Strategies for screening blood donors to source convalescent H1N1v plasma for intervention therapy
Authors: Parry R. P. , Tettmar K. I. , Hoschler K. , Brailsford S. R. , Samuel D. , Ashford M. , MacLennan S. , Williamson L. M. , Tedder R. S. 
Published: March 2012

Background and Objectives  During the 1918, pandemic blood components were successfully used to treat severe influenza pneumonia. A Proof of Principle trial investigating the clinical benefit of convalescent plasma was proposed in the 2009 H1N1v epidemic with the aim of screening donors for high titre antibody in order to stockpile plasma packs to be used for treatment for severe pneumonia.Materials and Methods  Serum samples were collected from donors. IgG antibody capture format enzyme‐linked immunoassays using recombinant proteins (GACELISAs) were compared with microneutralization (MN) and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI). The influence of age and history of influenza‐like illness (ILI) on the detection of high titre antibody was examined.Results  1598 unselected donor sera collected in October and December 2009 were tested by HAI. The HAI and demographic data defined a possible strategy for selective donor screening. One of the GACELISAs was highly specific for recent infection but showed lower sensitivity than HAI.Conclusions  During the 2009 pandemic screening 17‐ to 30‐year‐old donors by HAI delivered around 10% with high antibody levels. The ELISA using a short recombinant H1N1v HA detected fewer reactives but was more specific for high titre antibody (≥1:256). Screening strategies are proposed based on using HAI on serum or GACELISA on plasma.
Retina ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma: an opportunity missed? A review
Authors: Morgan James E 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRetinal ganglion cell degeneration has been reported in a range of experimental models of glaucoma. Manifest as pruning of retinal ganglion cell dendrites, it is likely to influence both the function and viability of affected cells. Electrophysiological studies in primate glaucoma have shown that affected cells retain some function and could therefore form a neural substrate for the recovery of visual function in glaucoma. Clinical studies in which the intraocular pressure is reduced have suggested that some improvement in retinal function may be possible in hypotensive eyes. These experimental studies highlight the importance of establishing the extent to which retinal ganglion cell degeneration occurs in human glaucoma. If substantial numbers of degenerating retinal ganglion cells are present in glaucoma, they could present an ideal target for the recovery of vision.
Impacts of climate change and urban development on the spotted marsh frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis)
Authors: WILSON JOAB N. , BEKESSY SARAH , PARRIS KIRSTEN M. , GORDON ASCELIN , HEARD GEOFFREY W. , WINTLE BRENDAN A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractClimate change and urbanization are among the most serious threats to amphibians, although little is known about their combined effects. We used a predictive spatial habitat suitability model to explore the potential impacts of climate change and urban development on the spotted marsh frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis) on the urban‐fringe of Melbourne, Australia. The CSIRO climate‐change predictions for the region indicate likely temperature increases of 3°C, and annual rainfall reductions of around 200 mm by the year 2070. Much of the study area overlaps a region that has been identified as one of the city's growth corridors. We used Bayesian logistic regression modelling to estimate current and future habitat suitability of pond sites in the Merri Creek catchment, exploring a range of best‐ to worst‐case scenarios through the use of hydrological and urbanization models. Our predictions for 2070, even under a moderate climate‐change scenario, suggest that the majority of ponds in the study area will be dry throughout much of the year. This has obvious implications for L. tasmaniensis, which is an aquatic breeding species. However, in the short term, urbanization is likely to have a more significant effect on the distribution of L. tasmaniensis in the Merri Creek catchment, particularly if development moves beyond the current urban growth boundary. The combined effects of climate change and urbanization could have a profound impact on the species, potentially causing it to disappear from within the study area. We provide recommendations for including such predictive models in urban planning and restoration activities to prepare for future conservation challenges.
Rodent handling of Araucaria araucana seeds
Authors: SHEPHERD JOHN D. , DITGEN REBECCA S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn an intermast year of very low seed production, we studied seed handling in an Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae) forest in Neuquén Province, Argentina. Rodents identified in 844 photographs from automatic cameras removed 589 seeds marked with small embedded magnets. Within 12 days of removal, 460 were recovered using a magnetic field locator; 79% of recoveries were from burrows and caches in litter or soil. Rodents exhibited a diversity of seed‐handling strategies and differed in their potential as dispersal agents. Seed removal was most likely between 15.00 hours and 21.00 hours, but diurnal and nocturnal visits were recorded for all species. Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Cricetidae) was a seed predator that took 8% of marked seeds and left none whole. Chelemys macronyx (Cricetidae) and Rattus norvegicus (Muridae) removed 25% and 19% of marked seeds respectively. These two species deposited the majority of seeds in groups of 10 or more in burrow larders that were unfavourable seedling establishment sites far from daylight. Abrothrix longipilis (Cricetidae) removed 43% of seeds, scatter‐hoarded the largest percentage of whole seeds (37%), moved some seeds farther than 40 m, and left them in favourable seedling establishment sites near daylight. For all species, the number and proportion of seeds cached whole increased as more seeds were removed. Rodents, especially A. longipilis, may play an important role in regeneration of A. araucana. Seed‐handling strategies and potentially effective dispersal are discussed in terms of masting seed production.
Integrated metagenomic and metaproteomic analyses of an ANME‐1‐dominated community in marine cold seep sediments
Authors: Stokke Runar , Roalkvam Irene , Lanzen Anders , Haflidason Haflidi , Steen Ida H. 
Published: March 2012

SummarySulfate‐reducing methanotrophy by anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) is a major biological sink of methane in anoxic methane‐enriched marine sediments. The physiology of a microbial community dominated by free‐living ANME‐1 at 14–16 cm below the seafloor in the G11 pockmark at Nyegga was investigated by integrated metagenomic and metaproteomic approaches. Total DNA was subjected to 454‐pyrosequencing (829 527 reads), and 16.6 Mbp of sequence information was assembled into 27352 contigs. Taxonomic analysis supported a high abundance of Euryarchaea (70%) with 66% of the assembled metagenome belonging to ANME‐1. Extracted sediment proteins were separated in two dimensions and subjected to mass spectrometry (LTQ‐Orbitrap XL). Of 356 identified proteins, 245 were expressed by ANME‐1. These included proteins for cold‐adaptation and production of gas vesicles, reflecting both the adaptation of the ANME‐1 community to a permanently cold environment and its potential for positioning in specific sediment depths respectively. In addition, key metabolic enzymes including the enzymes in the reverse methanogenesis pathway (except N5,N10‐methylene‐tetrahydromethanopterin reductase), heterodisulfide reductases and the F420H2:quinone oxidoreductase (Fqo) complex were identified. A complete dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway was expressed by sulfate‐reducing Deltaproteobacteria. Interestingly, an APS‐reductase comprising Gram‐positive SRB and related sequences were identified in the proteome. Overall, the results demonstrated that our approach was effective in assessing in situ metabolic processes in cold seep sediments.
Under‐grading of <4 cm renal masses on renal biopsy
Authors: Harris Catherine R. , Whitson Jared M. , Meng Maxwell V. 
Published: March 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?It is well documented that biopsy of small renal masses is inaccurate and tends to under‐estimate tumour grade compared with surgical specimens. To our knowledge there has not been a study showing grading discrepancy between biopsy and surgical excision in a large population‐based cohort.OBJECTIVE
To determine whether differences exist in tumour grade between patients who undergo partial nephrectomy (PN) and those who undergo ablation for renal tumours.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data was obtained using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Patients with solitary renal tumours of <4 cm treated with ablation or PN and with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histopathology were identified.
Tissue diagnosis in the ablation specimens was obtained from biopsy reports, whereas tissue from PN specimens was determined from surgical pathology.
Variables analysed included: year of diagnosis, age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, population density, education, poverty level, and tumour size.
Stacked bar graphs were created to compare the distributions of grade and histology between the groups. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with grade.
RESULTS
In all, 7704 (87.4%) patients underwent PN and 1114 (12.6%) underwent either radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation.
The PN patients were younger at diagnosis (59 vs 68 years, P < 0.001), more likely to be married (70% vs 64%, P < 0.001), and had smaller tumours (2.4 vs 2.6 cm, P < 0.001).
There were no differences in the distribution of histology between the PN and ablation groups.
Tumour grade was significantly lower in tumours treated with ablation.
Compared with grade 1 disease, those undergoing ablation were 30% less likely to have grade 2 (P < 0.001), 30% less likely to have grade 3 (P < 0.001), and 92% less likely to have grade 4 disease (P < 0.01) than those having PN.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a strong association between grade and treatment type in patients with small renal masses after controlling for baseline characteristics.
As grade is determined by different methods, we think that this shows systematic under‐grading in biopsy of small renal masses.
Tobacco expenditure, smoking‐induced deprivation and financial stress: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four‐Country Survey
Authors: SIAHPUSH MOHAMMAD , BORLAND RON , YONG HUA‐HIE , CUMMINGS K. MICHAEL , FONG GEOFFREY T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. While higher tobacco prices lead to a reduction in smoking prevalence, there is a concern that paying more for cigarettes can lead to excess financial burden. Our primary aim was to examine the association of daily cigarette expenditure with smoking‐induced deprivation (SID) and financial stress (FS).Design and Methods. We used data from wave 7 (2008–2009) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four‐Country Survey which is a survey of smokers in Canada, the USA, the UK and Australia (n = 5887). Logistic regressions were used to assess the association of daily cigarette expenditure with SID and FS.Results. In multivariate analyses, a one standard deviation increase in daily cigarette expenditure was associated with an increase of 24% (P = 0.004) in the probability of experiencing SID. While we found no association between daily cigarette expenditure and FS, we found that SID is a strong predictor of FS (odds ratio 6.25; P < 0.001). This suggests that cigarette expenditure indirectly affects FS through SID. Results showed no evidence of an interaction between cigarette expenditure and income or education in their effect on SID or FS.Conclusions. Our results imply that spending more on tobacco may result in SID but surprisingly has no direct effect on FS. While most smokers may be adjusting their incomes and consumption to minimise FS, some fail to do so occasionally as indexed by the SID measure. Future studies need to prospectively examine the effect of increased tobacco expenditure on financial burden of smokers.[Siahpush M, Borland R, Yong H‐H, Cummings KM, Fong GT. Tobacco expenditure, smoking‐induced deprivation and financial stress: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four‐Country Survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:664–671]
Questioning the use value of qualitative research findings
Authors: Lipscomb Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this paper the use value of qualitative research findings to nurses in practice is questioned. More precisely it is argued that, insofar as action follows belief then, in all but the rarest of cases, the beliefs that nurses in practice can justifiably derive from or form on the basis of qualitative research findings do not sanction action in the world and the assumption, apparently widely held, that qualitative research can as evidence productively inform practice collapses. If qualitative research does not have a substantive action guiding potential then, in consequence, three conclusions are permitted. First, regarding the requirement that nurses ground actions on evidence, regulators should redraft methodologically neutral or permissive guidelines to specify the sorts of research evidence that can serve this function. Second, qualitative methodologies should receive less prominence in nurse education programmes. Third, qualitative researchers should make it clear that their work cannot inform practice. Alternatively, if this claim is advanced the process by which this is to be achieved should be explicitly stated.
The Annunciation and Nativity: Undoing the Sinful Act of Eve
Authors: WEINANDY THOMAS 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEmploying the writings of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) and Bonaventure (1217–1274), I will first examine the theology of the Annunciation. I will examine the Annunciation through the specific hermeneutical lens employed by Bernard and Bonaventure themselves, that is, the mystery of the Annunciation can only be clearly perceived and properly understood when it is viewed as the undoing of the sinful work of Eve. Moreover, I want to argue that, since the Annunciation is the foundational Marian mystery, all other mysteries pertaining to Mary must equally be viewed through this same hermeneutical lens, that is, as the undoing of Eve's sinful act. With this principle in mind, I will conclude by attempting to advance the thought of Bernard and Bonaventure, in a manner that they did not, with regards to the Nativity, that is, that the Nativity must also be seen as the undoing of the sinful action of Eve.
Endothelin‐1 enhances the proliferation of normal human melanocytes in a paradoxical manner from the TNF‐α‐inhibited condition, but tacrolimus promotes exclusively the cellular migration without proliferation: a proposed action mechanism for combination therapy of phototherapy and topical tacrolimus in vitiligo treatment
Authors: Lee K.Y. , Jeon S.Y. , Hong J.W. , Choi K.W. , Lee C.Y. , Choi S.J. , Kim J.H. , Song K.H. , Kim K.H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder caused by the destruction of melanocytes. Two of the major theories regarding the pathogenesis of vitiligo are the autoimmune theory and autocytotoxicity theory, but, the precise pathogenetic mechanism is still not clarified.Objectives  We investigated the effects of ET‐1, tacrolimus and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) on proliferation and migration of cultured normal human melanocytes (NHMs). We also sought to clarify the theoretical rationale underlying the topical tacrolimus monotherapy or tacrolimus‐UV combination therapy as tools for vitiligo treatment.Methods  The effects of ET‐1, tacrolimus and TNF‐α on proliferation/migration of cultured NHMs were investigated by MTT assay/Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. We also examined roles of CXC‐chemokine receptor II (CXCR II) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in such conditions.Results  ET‐1 exerted a stimulatory effect on melanocyte proliferation and migration, but, tacrolimus exerted a stimulatory effect only on melanocyte migration higher than ET‐1. TNF‐α inhibited melanocyte proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. Paradoxically, TNF‐α‐pretreated NHMs exhibited an enhanced proliferative efficiency after being switched to ET‐1. We found CXCRII was highly expressed in TNF‐α‐incubated melanocytes than the agents‐free control, and ET‐1 treatment after TNF‐α preincubation showed the higher levels of CXCRII expression than the condition incubated with TNF‐α alone. Moreover, the greater activities of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 induced by tacrolimus than ET‐1, reflected tacrolimus would enhance migration stimulatory effect in cultured NHMs.Conclusions  Topical tacrolimus can be used an effective agent for vitiligo treatment as monotherapy, maybe due to its migration stimulatory action or TNF‐α inhibitory property, and also as a component in combination therapy with UV treatment, considering the more upregulated MMPs activities are induced and the more effective migrations are feasible by itself than ET‐1.
Annual Research Review: Functional somatic symptoms and associated anxiety and depression – developmental psychopathology in pediatric practice
Authors: Campo John V. 
Published: March 2012

Background:  Medically unexplained physical symptoms, commonly referred to as functional somatic symptoms (FSS), are common in pediatric medical settings and associated with suffering, impairment, and medical help seeking. The association of pediatric FSS with anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders across the life span is reviewed.Method:  Review and critique of controlled studies examining cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of FSS with anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders in community‐based and clinical samples of children and adolescents.Results:  FSS are consistently associated cross‐sectionally with anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders in childhood and adolescence, and the likelihood of associated anxiety and depression increases with the number of reported FSS. The presence of one or more FSS early in life is associated with an increased likelihood of multiple FSS and anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders later in life, and anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders in childhood are associated with subsequent multiple FSS.Conclusion:  Strong associations between FSS, anxiety, and depression across the life span suggest the need to reconsider existing nosology and reconceptualize symptomatic relationships. Large, population‐based longitudinal studies of FSS, anxiety, and depressive symptoms and disorders are needed to establish temporal relationships between the various symptoms and conditions.
Acquisition and generalization of fear conditioning are not modulated by the BDNF‐val66met polymorphism in humans
Authors: Torrents‐Rodas David , Fullana Miquel A. , Arias Bárbara , Bonillo Albert , Caseras Xavier , Andión Oscar , Mitjans Marina , Fañanás Lourdes , Torrubia Rafael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFew studies have investigated the role of the BDNF‐val66met polymorphism in fear conditioning in humans, and previous results have been inconsistent. In the present study, we examined whether the BDNF‐val66met was associated with differences in the acquisition and generalization of fear during a differential conditioning paradigm in a large sample of participants (N = 141). Using three different indexes of fear learning (fear‐potentiated startle, skin conductance response, and online risk ratings) no effects of the BDNF‐val66met were found either on the acquisition or the generalization of conditioned fear. Taken together with previous data, our study suggests that the BDNF‐val66met polymorphism has no effect on the acquisition or generalization of fear.
Transnational mobilities for care: rethinking the dynamics of care in Asia
Authors: HUANG SHIRLENA , THANG LENG LENG , TOYOTA MIKA 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis special issue on ‘Transnational mobilities for care: rethinking the dynamics of care in Asia’ examines the intersections between transnational mobilities for care and the practices of care through the lens of transnational migration for work and marriage. In this editorial introduction, we highlight three key themes explored by the articles that make up the collection – the transposability of care; the reciprocity of care; and the continued feminization of carework In discussing these themes, we consider how we can contribute to a rethinking of ‘care’ and the notion of the global care chain from a perspective beyond that of the Global North.