bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential limb loading in miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus): a test of chondral modeling theory
Authors: Congdon Kimberly A. , Hammond Ashley S. , Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYVariation in mechanical loading is known to influence chondrogenesis during joint formation. However, the interaction among chondrocyte behavior and variation in activity patterns is incompletely understood, hindering our knowledge of limb ontogeny and function. Here, the role of endurance exercise in the development of articular and physeal cartilage in the humeral head was examined in 14 miniature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus). One group was subjected to graded treadmill running over a period of 17 weeks. A matched sedentary group was confined to individual pens. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for histomorphometry of cartilage zone thickness, chondrocyte count and cell area, with these parameters compared multivariately between exercised and sedentary groups. Comparisons were also made with femora from the same sample, focusing on humerus–femur differences between exercised and sedentary groups, within-cohort comparisons of humerus–femur responses and correlated changes within and across joints. This study shows conflicting support for the chondral modeling theory. The humeral articular cartilage of exercised pigs was thinner than that of sedentary pigs, but their physeal cartilage was thicker. While articular and physeal cartilage demonstrated between-cohort differences, humeral physeal cartilage exhibited load-induced responses of greater magnitude than humeral articular cartilage. Controlling for cohort, the humerus showed increased chondrocyte mitosis and cell area, presumably due to relatively greater loading than the femur. This represents the first known effort to evaluate chondral modeling across multiple joints from the same individuals. Our findings suggest the chondral response to elevated loading is complex, varying within and among joints. This has important implications for understanding joint biomechanics and development.
Extending food deprivation reverses the short-term lipolytic response to fasting: role of the triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycle
Authors: Weber Jean-Michel , Reidy Shannon P. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe effects of short-term food deprivation on lipid metabolism are well documented, but little is known about prolonged fasting. This study monitored the kinetics of glycerol (rate of appearance, Ra glycerol) and non-esterified fatty acids (Ra NEFA) in fasting rabbits. Our goals were to determine whether lipolysis is stimulated beyond values seen for short-term fasting, and to characterize the roles of primary (intracellular) and secondary (with transit through the circulation) triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycling (TAG/FA cycling) in regulating fatty acid allocation to oxidation or re-esterification. Ra glycerol (9.62±0.72 to 15.29±0.96 μmol kg–1 min–1) and Ra NEFA (18.05±2.55 to 31.25±1.93 μmol kg–1 min–1) were stimulated during the first 2 days of fasting, but returned to baseline after 4 days. An initial increase in TAG/FA cycling was followed by a reduction below baseline after 6 days without food, with primary and secondary cycling contributing to these responses. We conclude that the classic activation of lipolysis caused by short-term fasting is abolished when food deprivation is prolonged. High rates of re-esterification may become impossible to sustain, and TAG/FA cycling could decrease to reduce its cost to 3% of total energy expenditure. Throughout prolonged fasting, fatty acid metabolism gradually shifts towards increased oxidation and reduced re-esterification. Survival is achieved by pressing fuel selection towards the fatty acid dominance of energy metabolism and by slowing substrate cycles to assist metabolic suppression. However, TAG/FA cycling remains active even after prolonged fasting, suggesting that re-esterification is a crucial mechanism that cannot be stopped without harmful consequences.
Divalent metal (Ca, Cd, Mn, Zn) uptake and interactions in the aquatic insectHydropsyche sparna
Authors: Poteat Monica D. , Díaz-Jaramillo Mauricio , Buchwalter David B. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYDespite their ecological importance and prevalent use as ecological indicators, the trace element physiology of aquatic insects remains poorly studied. Understanding divalent metal transport processes at the water–insect interface is important because these metals may be essential (e.g. Ca), essential and potentially toxic (e.g. Zn) or non-essential and toxic (e.g. Cd). We measured accumulation kinetics of Zn and Cd across dissolved concentrations ranging 4 orders of magnitude and examined interactions with Ca and Mn in the caddisfly Hydropsyche sparna. Here, we provide evidence for at least two transport systems for both Zn and Cd, the first of which operates at concentrations below 0.8 μmol l–1 (and is fully saturable for Zn). We observed no signs of saturation of a second lower affinity transport system at concentrations up to 8.9 μmol l–1 Cd and 15.3 μmol l–1 Zn. In competition studies at 0.6 μmol l–1 Zn and Cd, the presence of Cd slowed Zn accumulation by 35% while Cd was unaffected by Zn. At extreme concentrations (listed above), Cd accumulation was unaffected by the presence of Zn whereas Zn accumulation rates were reduced by 58%. Increasing Ca from 31.1 μmol l–1 to 1.35 mmol l–1 resulted in only modest decreases in Cd and Zn uptake. Mn decreased adsorption of Cd and Zn to the integument but not internalization. The L-type Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine and the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor carboxyeosin had no influence on Ca, Cd or Zn accumulation rates, while Ruthenium Red, a Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, significantly decreased the accumulation of all three in a concentration-dependent manner.
Statistical parametric mapping of the regional distribution and ontogenetic scaling of foot pressures during walking in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Olga , Pataky Todd C. , Hill Zoe , Hutchinson John R. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYFoot pressure distributions during locomotion have causal links with the anatomical and structural configurations of the foot tissues and the mechanics of locomotion. Elephant feet have five toes bound in a flexible pad of fibrous tissue (digital cushion). Does this specialized foot design control peak foot pressures in such giant animals? And how does body size, such as during ontogenetic growth, influence foot pressures? We addressed these questions by studying foot pressure distributions in elephant feet and their correlation with body mass and centre of pressure trajectories, using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a neuro-imaging technology. Our results show a positive correlation between body mass and peak pressures, with the highest pressures dominated by the distal ends of the lateral toes (digits 3, 4 and 5). We also demonstrate that pressure reduction in the elephant digital cushion is a complex interaction of its viscoelastic tissue structure and its centre of pressure trajectories, because there is a tendency to avoid rear ‘heel’ contact as an elephant grows. Using SPM, we present a complete map of pressure distributions in elephant feet during ontogeny by performing statistical analysis at the pixel level across the entire plantar/palmar surface. We hope that our study will build confidence in the potential clinical and scaling applications of mammalian foot pressures, given our findings in support of a link between regional peak pressures and pathogenesis in elephant feet.
Olfactory coding in five moth species from two families
Authors: Bisch-Knaden Sonja , Carlsson Mikael A. , Sugimoto Yuki , Schubert Marco , Mißbach Christine , Sachse Silke , Hansson Bill S. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe aim of the present study was to determine what impact phylogeny and life history might have on the coding of odours in the brain. Using three species of hawk moths (Sphingidae) and two species of owlet moths (Noctuidae), we visualized neural activity patterns in the antennal lobe, the first olfactory neuropil in insects, evoked by a set of ecologically relevant plant volatiles. Our results suggest that even between the two phylogenetically distant moth families, basic olfactory coding features are similar. But we also found different coding strategies in the moths’ antennal lobe; namely, more specific patterns for chemically similar odorants in the two noctuid species than in the three sphingid species tested. This difference demonstrates the impact of the phylogenetic distance between species from different families despite some parallel life history traits found in both families. Furthermore, pronounced differences in larval and adult diet among the sphingids did not translate into differences in the olfactory code; instead, the three species had almost identical coding patterns.
Experimental evaluation of the anti-attachment effect of microalgal mats on grazing activity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus in oscillating flows
Authors: Kawamata Shigeru 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARY
Algal mats can hinder the adhesion of the tube feet of sea urchins. This leads to the hypothesis that the restriction of sea urchin feeding activity by wave action can potentially be enhanced by the presence of algal mats, which will facilitate the survival of kelp recruits at sites with wave action in urchin barrens. To evaluate the potential anti-attachment effect of algal mats on sea urchins, a laboratory tank experiment was performed on the movement of Strongylocentrotus nudus sea urchins and their grazing on juvenile kelp plants at the center of 30×30 cm flat test substrates with or without a thin-layer microalgal mat at four levels of oscillatory flow (maximum orbital velocity: 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm s–1). The grazing loss of kelp slightly increased with increasing velocity up to 30 cm s–1 in the absence of microalgal mats, while in contrast the loss substantially decreased at 30 cm s–1 in their presence. Sea urchins were dislodged more frequently at 20 cm s–1 or higher velocities in the presence of microalgal mats. Mats were frequently abraded by scraping by the adoral spines during urchin movement at high velocities (30 and 40 cm s–1) but were subject to no or only slight urchin grazing in most cases. The results indicate that the overall decrease in grazing loss of kelp within the microalgal mats was attributable to the anti-attachment effect on urchins during incursions rather than due to urchins grazing on the mats.
Control of d-octopine formation in scallop adductor muscle as revealed through thermodynamic studies of octopine dehydrogenase
Authors: van Os Nadine , Smits Sander H. J. , Schmitt Lutz , Grieshaber Manfred K. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARY
Octopine dehydrogenase (OcDH) from the adductor muscle of the great scallop, Pecten maximus (Linné, 1758), catalyses the NADH-dependent condensation of l-arginine and pyruvate to d-octopine, NAD+ and water during escape swimming and subsequent recovery. During exercise, ATP is mainly provided by the transphosphorylation of phospho-l-arginine and to some extent by anaerobic glycolysis. NADH resulting from the glycolytic oxidation of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reoxidized during d-octopine formation. In some scallops d-octopine starts to accumulate during prolonged, strong muscular work, whereas in other species d-octopine formation commences towards the end of swimming and continues to rise during subsequent recovery. The activity of OcDH is regulated by a mandatory, consecutive mode of substrate binding in the order NADH, l-arginine and pyruvate, as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The first regulatory step in the forward reaction comprises the binding of NADH to OcDH with a dissociation constant Kd of 0.014±0.006 mmol l–1, which reflects a high affinity and tight association of the apoenzyme with the co-substrate. In the reverse direction, NAD+ binds first with a Kd of 0.20±0.004 mmol l–1 followed by d-octopine. The binary OcDH–NADH complex associates with l-arginine with a Kd of 5.5±0.05 mmol l–1. Only this ternary complex combines with pyruvate, with an estimated Kd of approximately 0.8 mmol l–1 as deduced from pyruvate concentrations determined in the muscle of exhausted scallops. At tissue concentrations of pyruvate between 0.5 and 1.2 mmol l–1 in the valve adductor muscle of fatigued P. maximus, binding of pyruvate to OcDH plays the most decisive role in initiating OcDH activity and, therefore, in controlling the onset of d-octopine formation.
The Pharmacy Practitioner's Guide to Publishing
Authors: Larochelle Joseph M. , King Allison R. , Tanas Majid , Day Kimberly , Marshall Helen M. , Patel Sony A , Tyler Ashley M. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose The purpose of this article is to encourage the pharmacy practitioner to submit scholarly work for publication by providing a guide to the process. As practitioners, pharmacists understand the importance of research and the dissemination of information. Although pharmacists are encouraged to do research, many are overwhelmed by the task. This article highlights the steps in the publication process and provides tips to encourage pharmacists to conduct research and publish their findings. Summary The first step in authoring is deciding on a subject matter that is worthy of publication. Many practitioners believe that placebo-controlled trials are the only worthy endeavors; however, other forms such as case reports and editorials are also essential. Inclusion of researchers with different professional backgrounds will provide a diverse team with vast perspectives. Once the project is identified and team assembled, institutional review board approval should be sought if the project includes human subjects. The target audience should be identified prior to the composition of the publication to allow for identification of the appropriate publication form. Manuscript preparation should be complete, concise, and informative. Special attention should be paid to the editing process. After submission to the particular venue, the peer-review process begins. After final publication, authors must decide the timeframe for updating the work. Conclusion Professional writing is a time-consuming and challenging activity, but it is essential to the advancement of science, the profession, and patient care. This guide hopes to encourage pharmacists to conduct research projects and publish the information regardless of whether it is a case report, a review article, a poster, or a placebo-controlled trial.
Analgosedation: A Paradigm Shift in Intensive Care Unit Sedation Practice
Authors: Devabhakthuni Sandeep , Armahizer Michael J , Dasta Joseph F , Kane-Gill Sandra L 
Published: April 2012

Objective: To critically evaluate the use of analgosedation in the management of agitation in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1948-November 2011) and Cochrane Library (2011, issue 1) using the terms analgosedation, analgosedation, or analgesia-based sedation alone or in combination with intensive care unit or critically ill. Reference lists of related publications were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles published in English were evaluated. Randomized controlled trials examining critically ill mechanically ventilated patients older than 18 years were included. Data Synthesis: Limitations of current sedation practices include serious adverse drug events, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Studies have demonstrated that analgosedation, a strategy that manages patient pain and discomfort first, before providing sedative therapy, results in improved patient outcomes compared to standard sedative-hypnotic regimens. Nine randomized controlled trials comparing remifentanil-based analgosedation to other commonly used agents (fentanyl, midazolam, morphine, and propofol) for ICU sedation and 1 trial comparing morphine to daily sedation interruption with propofol or midazolam were reviewed. Remifentanil is an ideal agent for analgosedation due to its easy titratability and organ-in dependent metabolism. When compared to sedative-hypnotic regimens, remifentanil-based regimens were associated with shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, more rapid weaning from the ventilator, and shorter ICU length of stay. Compared to fentanyl-based regimens, remifentanil had similar efficacy with the exception of increased pain requirements upon remifentanil discontinuation. Analgosedation was well tolerated, with no significant differences in hemodynamic stability compared to sedative-hypnotic regimens. Conclusions: Analgosedation is an efficacious and well-tolerated approach to management of ICU sedation with improved patient outcomes compared to sedative-hypnotic approaches. Additional well-designed trials are warranted to clarify the role of analgosedation in the management of ICU sedation, including trials with nonopioid analgesics.
The State of Research on Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in The Receipt of Health Care
Authors: Shavers Vickie L. , Fagan Pebbles , Jones Dionne , Klein William M. P. , Boyington Josephine , Moten Carmen , Rorie Edward 
Published: April 2012

Objectives. We conducted a review to examine current literature on the effects of interpersonal and institutional racism and discrimination occurring within health care settings on the health care received by racial/ethnic minority patients.Methods. We searched the PsychNet, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on US populations published between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2011. We used various combinations of the following search terms: discrimination, perceived discrimination, race, ethnicity, racism, institutional racism, stereotype, prejudice or bias, and health or health care. Fifty-eight articles were reviewed.Results. Patient perception of discriminatory treatment and implicit provider biases were the most frequently examined topics in health care settings. Few studies examined the overall prevalence of racial/ethnic discrimination and none examined temporal trends. In general, measures used were insufficient for examining the impact of interpersonal discrimination or institutional racism within health care settings on racial/ethnic disparities in health care.Conclusions. Better instrumentation, innovative methodology, and strategies are needed for identifying and tracking racial/ethnic discrimination in health care settings.
Dialysis at a Crossroads—Part II
Authors: Parker Thomas F. , Straube Barry M. , Nissenson Allen , Hakim Raymond M. , Steinman Theodore I. , Glassock Richard J. 
Published: April 2012

Summary
A previous commentary pointed out that the renal community has led American healthcare in the development and continuous improvement of quality outcomes. However, survival, hospitalization, and quality of life for US dialysis patients is still not optimal. This follow-up commentary examines the obstacles, gaps, and metrics that characterize this unfortunate state of affairs. It posits that current paradigms are essential contributors to quality outcomes but are no longer sufficient to improve quality. New strategies are needed that arise from a preponderance of evidence, in addition to beyond a reasonable doubt standard. This work offers an action plan that consists of new pathways of care that will lead to improved survival, fewer hospitalizations and rehospitalizations, and better quality of life for patients undergoing dialysis therapy. Nephrologists in collaboration with large and small dialysis organizations and other stakeholders, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, can implement these proposed new pathways of care and closely monitor their effectiveness. We suggest that our patients deserve nothing less and must receive even more.
De l'épilepsie et du diabète comme modalités de traitement des pulsions
Authors: Antoine Sylvie 
Published: April 2012

Résumé	Lacan a proposé la figure du noeud borroméen pour penser la structure psychique. Le nouage du réel, de l’imaginaire et du symbolique doit s’effectuer lors de la traversée de l’Œdipe. Cette fameuse figure du nœud borroméen possède la particularité qu’une coupure d’un des trois ronds libère les deux autres.	Lorsque la fonction paternelle n’est pas opérante (forclusion du Nom-du-Père), le nouage ne se fait pas ou se fait mal. La séparation avec l’objet premier de la jouissance (l’Autre maternel) n’a pas lieu. De plus, le Nom-du-Père ne vient pas donner sens par ses effets à ce qui, originairement, n’en a pas.	Certains symptômes auraient une fonction de prothèse, ils constitueraient un quatrième rond dans la figure borroméenne, permettant aux trois autres de tenir ensemble et contrer, par exemple, les effets du retour mortifère d’une jouissance non canalisée.	Chez Monsieur R., l’épilepsie, le diabète, la masturbation compulsive mais aussi le recours à la culture et l’écriture peuvent ainsi être perçus comme autant de tentatives de nouage, autant de solutions pour faire tenir sa réalité psychique et contrer ses angoisses psychotiques.
The Physiology of Puberty and its Disorders
Authors: Loomba-Albrecht Lindsey A. , Styne Dennis M. 
Published: April 2012

Puberty is a complex process of developmental change regulated by multiple genetic and endocrine controls. Abnormal pubertal development (both precocious and delayed puberty) can cause significant distress to the patient and may in some instances be a sign of life-threatening pathology. Delayed puberty is often due to constitutional delay of growth and puberty, but will also occur in cases of primary gonadal failure and in patients with disorders leading to diminished gonadotropin levels (ie, central nervous system [CNS] tumors).
Precocious puberty may occur due to CNS disorders, certain genetic disorders, ectopic gonadotropin secretion or autonomous sex steroid secretion. Treatment is directed toward the underlying pathology, and may include agents to either stimulate or block pubertal development. Health care providers require knowledge of the normal onset of timing and rate of progression of puberty, and must be able to identify patients with abnormal pubertal development, as well as initiate the appropriate laboratory workup.
Complications in Total Knee Arthroplasty After High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Farfalli Luis A. , Farfalli Germán L. , Aponte-Tinao Luis A. 
Published: April 2012

The outcome of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after high tibial osteotomy remains uncertain. Compared with primary TKA, the results in some studies are not significantly different. Others report adverse effects on the outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the middle- and long-term survival of TKA performed after high tibial osteotomy, (2) their clinical and radiographic results, and (3) what complications could be expected in this group of patients.
The study group comprised 31 patients (34 knees) undergoing cemented TKA after high tibial osteotomy. Average follow-up was 8 years (range, 6–213 months). Survival of the TKA was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Outcomes were documented using the Hospital for the Special Surgery score. The results showed that the Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 82% at 5 years and 76% at 10 years. Excellent and good clinical results were obtained in 67% of patients. Complications occurred in 12 (35%) knees: stiffness in 4, aseptic loosening in 2, patellofemoral subluxation in 1, instability in 1, inexplicable pain in 1, and deep infection in 3.
Great care with technical details is necessary when high tibial osteotomy is indicated because a future conversion to TKA may occur.