bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphate response, base saturation and silica relationships in acid soils
Authors: Birch H. F. 
Published: March 2009

The inverse relationship described in an earlier publication between phosphate response and the degree of base saturation has been confirmed with three further groups of field experiments. As an alternative to the degree of base saturation soil pH may be employed.The discrepancies sometimes found with the more acid base-unsaturated soils, between actual phosphate responses and those expected from the degree of base saturation were found to be related to the control yields. In general, the higher the control yield on a distinctly acid soil the more the percentage response to phosphate fell short of that expected, and vice versa. By forming multiple regressions of percentage phosphate response on both control yield and the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. a more accurate assessment of phosphate response is possible than by using the simple regression of response on the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. A measurable soil characteristic that could be used in the multiple regressions instead of the control yield was not found.Very significant and inverse relationships were established between percentage phosphate response and the amount of water-soluble or citric acidsoluble silica. These silica contents were also found to be significantly and directly related to the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. It appears that measurements of pH, silica and base saturation function similarly in classifying the soils, distinguishing between the almost neutral soils retaining phosphate in an available form associated with exchangeable bases, acid soils with relatively unavailable phosphate associated with iron and aluminium compounds, and soils intermediate between these.
The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the ear temperatures of Ayrshire calves
Authors: Beakley W. R. , Findlay J. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The surface temperature of the right and left ears of 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves subjected to temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. at a low humidity of 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and to 30, 35 and 40° C. at a high humidity of 7 mg./l. saturation deficit, have been measured in a climatic room.2. From 20 to 40° C. at both humidities, but excluding 40° C. at high humidity, the ear-surface temperatures behaved exactly as did the mean surface temperature of the trunk as expressed in the relation
The late manuring of winter wheat: an observation on the nutritive value of the grain
Authors: Greer E. N. , Grindley G. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Wheats from manurial trials, whose nitrogen contents differed by reason of the fertilizer treatment applied, have been used as the sole source of protein in rat-feeding experiments.2. Pairs of rats given such diets have shown increased growth when fed wheat of higher nitrogen content.3. Measurement of the ratio of growth rate to nitrogen ingested, suggests that the difference obtained is due, not to increase in the acceptability of the diet, but to the greater nutritive value of the grain from the manurial plots.
Studies in selective weed control V. The control of weeds in linseed by chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids
Authors: Holly K. , Blackman G. E. 
Published: March 2009

Between 1946 and 1950 multifactorial field experiments were carried out to determine the potentialities and effectiveness of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids for the selective control of weeds in linseed (oil flax). The initial experiments of 1946 demonstrated that treatment with sodium 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetate led to considerable increases in the yield of seed through a reduction of the weed population and the consequent decrease in weed competition.The subsequent experiments were undertaken on relatively weed-free crops so that the direct effects on the crop of compound, formulation, and stage of growth at the time of application could be investigated along with differences in varietal response. Amongst the observations made were time of flowering, straw length, the yield of seed, capsule production, seeds per capsule and the weight, oil content, protein content and germination capacity of the seed.At similar dosages sodium methylchlorophenoxyacetate is less phytotoxic than sodium 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetate while the parent acid and particularly the ethyl ester of the dichloro - compound are much more injurious. With sodium methylchlorophenoxyacetate the tolerance is greatest between the post-cotyledon stage and a height of 20–25 cm.; within this range of plant development dosages up to 3·5 lb./acre have no adverse effects on the yield of seed. Treatment within 2–3 weeks of flowering delays flowering and reduces the seed weight. When dichloro-compounds are employed there are additional effects, such as the formation of abortive capsules or a reduction in the number of seeds per capsule. Under some conditions the oil content and the germination capacity of the seed is depressed but the protein content is increased.
Analysis of plant competition data from an incomplete mixture diallel experiment
Authors: Gleeson A. C. , McGilchrist C. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis of variance is developed for data from an incomplete mixture diallel experiment, where one subset w of the p genotypes are not grown together in mixtures. Estimation procedures and tests of hypotheses concerning relative yield totals and aggressivities are discussed, and an example is presented.
A comparison of diploid and tetraploid Lolium perenne L. sown alone and in mixtures with particular reference to the effect of treading
Authors: Charles A. H. , Valentine J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDiploid and tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were compared sown alone and in mixtures, with and without cattle treading for 4 years after the year of sowing. Data were also obtained on the survival of tetraploid ryegrass in mixtures under farm conditions.The overall effect of treading was not large but annual yield of dry matter was reduced by cattle treading every year (mean 9%). Sheep grazing and treading also reduced yield below that of cut plots. The reduction depended on the sampling date and varied from 40% to nil. In two instances treading increased yield.Interactions between cultivars/mixtures and treading occurred in 22% of the occasions when treading influenced yield. In the first harvest year the tetraploid Reveille was more resistant to treading than the diploid S. 24. In older swards (3rd and 4th harvest year) the situation was reversed. The occurrence of cultivar/mixtures × treading interactions and the effect of mixing diploid and tetraploid ryegrass on resistance to treading were unpredictable.The evidence from the main trial and the farm survey showed that tetraploid ryegrass could persist for at least 3 years after the seeding year when exposed to periods of high stock density. In addition, in mixtures there was no initial domination of the sward by either component when cut or when subjected to severe treading. In the third harvest year of the experiment the proportion of tetraploid ryegrass decreased considerably. Total yield of the mixtures was not significantly different from that of pure swards of the components though seasonal distribution of yield could be modified. The contribution of tetraploid ryegrass to swards up to 4 years old was in proportion to the percentage of tetraploid in the seeds mixture. Evidence from both the experiment and farm survey demonstrates that it is possible to exploit advantages claimed for tetraploids in mixtures for three harvest years without detrimental effect on sward performance.
The seminiferous epithelial cycle and spermatogenesis in goats (Capra hircus)
Authors: Bilaspuri G. S. , Guraya S. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe development of the acrosomic system and the spermatid nucleus were used to define 14 stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in goats; these stages provided a basis for the examination of the behaviour of different spermatogenic cells which gave an idea of the efficiency of spermatogenesis. Eighteen steps of acrosome development (spermiogenesis) were observed in testicular material stained with periodic acid-Schiff. The first 14 steps were used to classify SEC into 14 (I–XIV) stages which in turn were employed to study the pattern of differentiation of spermatogenic cells by counting them in each stage of the cycle. Three generations of type A (A1, A2, A3), one generation of type intermediate (In) and two generations of type B (B1, B2) spermatogonia could be distinguished. A1spermatogonia divided primarily in stages IX–X to produce A2spermatogonia which in turn divided in stages XII–XIII to produce A3spermatogonia and A, spermatogonia. A3spermatogonia divided in stage XIV to produce In spermatogonia whereas A1 spermatogonia did not divide till the next cycle but underwent 26·3 % degeneration. In spermatogonia divided to form B1spermatogonia in stages III–V which further divided to produce B2spermatogonia in stage VI. Types A3, In and B2spermatogonia showed 15·0, 25·0 and 25·8% degeneration respectively. B2spermatogonia divided in stages VII–VIII to produce double the number of primary spermatocytes which persisted without any degeneration till stage XIII of the following cycle and divided at the beginning of stage XIV to form double the number of secondary spermatocytes. These cells divided at the end of stage XIV to form less than double the number of young round spermatids, showing 10·4% degeneration. It is concluded that the development of the acrosomic system as well as the spermatid nucleus could be conveniently used to study the behaviour of spermatogenic cells and that the process of spermatogenesis was less efficient than thought previously.
The functional development of the calf I. Growth of the stomach of the calf
Authors: Godfrey N. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Fifty-four dairy type calves were grazed together on a perennial-type pasture. At regular intervals from birth to 17 weeks individuals were slaughtered and the weights of their reticulorumens, omasums and abomasums were immediately recorded.2. The recitulo-rumen had the fastest growth rate of the organs of the stomach and the abomasum had the slowest.3. During the first few weeks after birth, the four stomachs altered rapidly in proportion to the live weight of the calf. By 17 weeks of age, the reticulo-rumen apparently had not reached a constant weight relative to live weight.4. As a percentage of the total weight of the three organs, the reticulo-rumen reached a relatively constant proportion by about 8 weeks of age.
The effect of restricted access to food on the voluntary food intake of pigs
Authors: Wyllie D. , Owen J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects of restricted food access on the voluntary food intake of pigs given diets of varying energy content or palatability. Where pigs were offered access to food for a restricted time period each day, the voluntary food intake was reduced in relation to the length of access allowed. Compensation was slow, particularly where a low-energy diet was fed. Younger pigs (35–45 kg) compensated faster than heavier pigs (100–110 kg). The responses of the heavier pigs appeared to be similar to those reported for genetically obese rats in their strong reaction to diets of different energy content or palatability.
Biology of the codling Moth Cydia (Carpocapsa = Laspeyresia) Pomonella L. (Olethreutidae, Lepidoptera) and effect of fruit age on its diapause induction
Authors: El-Gamil F. M. , Gaaboub I. A. , El-Sawaf S. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe number of generations and the durations of the developmental stages of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) that fed on fresh pear fruits were studied during a whole year, 1973, under laboratory conditions. In the next year, diapause of larvae was investigated in relation to the larval food.Results showed that this insect reproduced four generations on pear fruits under laboratory conditions and diapaused during the whole period of the autumn. Broods of these generations occurred during April, June, July and September, respectively.There was a suggestion that the larval food affected the induction of diapause in this insect. About 83% of larvae which fed on ‘ripe native Volos apples’ diapaused as early as the second half of June although the majority of larvae (93%) which fed on ‘immature pears’ continued development to adults and only 7% began to diapause under the same conditions. Up to 98% of larvae which fed on ‘fully mature ripe pears’ did not develop beyond the cocooning stage until the following spring, but 88% of larvae fed on immature pears stored at 4 °C for about 3 months reproduced a new generation about the end of October. These variable results should be attributed to the nourishment on different host-fruits in different maturity stages.
Potassium-releasing power of soils from the Agdell rotation experiment assessed by glasshouse cropping
Authors: Arnold P. W. , Close B. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. On cropping Agdell Experiment topsoils to exhaustion with perennial rye-grass in the glasshouse the total K uptakes were directly proportional to the initial exchangeable K contents of the soils.2. The ability of the Agdell topsoils to release non-exchangeable K under glasshouse conditions decreased in the order: PK-rotation with fallow < NPK rotation with fallow < PK-rotation with clover < NPK-rotation with clover < no-fertilizerrotation with fallow = no-fertilizer rotation with clover.3. Releases of non-exchangeable K were at least 2·5 times larger than the falls in the exchangeable K for all the Agdell soils.4. In a ‘take-down’ experiment in the glasshouse on a soil receiving K fertilizer each year in the Saxmundham Rotation I Experiment, loosely held non-exchangeable K was released at a near-linear rate. At least a part of the loosely held non-exchangeable K in the Agdell soils was also released at a near-linear rate.
Studies on copper deficiency and toxicity symptoms in some common crops of Gujarat (India)
Authors: Neelakantan V. , Mehta B. V. 
Published: March 2009

1. Symptoms of copper deficiency and toxicity were studied in guar, bottle gourd, eggplant and blue panic grass using sand culture technique.2. The visual deficiency symptoms are: curling of the young leaves along the margins, chlorosis of the leaflets, necrotic spots on the leaves and drying of very young leaves in guar; loss of turgidity and drooping of lower leaves followed by chlorosis and drying of leaves in bottle gourd; faint green colour of the leaves, chlorosis of the outer rim of the older leaves, white necrotic spots and leaf scorch in eggplant; yellowish green colour of leaves, brownish white spots and depressed growth in blue panic grass.3. The toxicity symptoms are: stunted growth, drying of the lower leaves and formation of few seedless pods in guar; chlorosis of the lower leaves and marked stunted growth in bottle gourd; dull green colour and chlorosis of the leaves in eggplant; stunted growth, leaf chlorosis and burning appearance of the plant in blue panic grass.4. There is an increase in copper uptake with increase in the rates of application of copper.5. There is a decrease in. the molybdenum content with increase in copper applications indicating the inverse copper-molybdenum relationship.
Graded levels of herringmeal to bacon pigs, effect on growth rate, feed efficiency and bacon quality
Authors: Laksesvela B. 
Published: March 2009

1. The relationship between the level of feeding herringmeal and its effect on growth rate, feed efficiency and bacon quality has been examined in nine experiments, each consisting of three groups of seven (in one series six pigs). All experiments concerned herringmeal with about 7% petrol ether extracted fat, fed in combination with ground cereal grains and concentrates (Table 2).2. Seven levels of feeding were tried. In the live weight period 20–30 kg they amounted to 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12%, herringmeal respectively. Later the percentages were successively reduced as follows: in the period 30–50 kg live weight 3/4, in the period 50–65 kg 1/2 and in the period 65–80 1/4 of the original amounts. No herringmeal was fed from 80 to 90 kg when the pigs were slaughtered (Table 1).3. Increased levels of herringmeal produced increased growth rate and also brought about an increased feed efficiency. Most of the response was obtained with moderate levels, i.e. additions starting with 6–8%. Higher levels exerted more total effect, but these further accelerations progressively lessened. For initial additions of 6% herringmeal the growth rate improved on an average estimated at 8% and the feed efficiency by 5% compared with the performances of the pigs on an all-vegetable control diet, whereas corresponding figures for initial additions of 12% were about 13 and 7, respectively. Lower levels proved of little benefit (Tables 3 and 4 and Figs. 1 and 2). Growth-promoting effect of levels of 6% or more proved significant.
Studies on calcium and magnesium in the alimentary tract of sheep II. The effect of reducing the acidity of abomasal digestain vitroon the distribution of calcium and magnesium
Authors: Storry J. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. Increasing the pH of abomasal contents of the sheepin vitroreduced the concentrations of ultrafilterable calcium and magnesium due to the binding of these ions to suspended material in the digesta. In the presence of this material such binding prevented the precipitation of calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate which would otherwise have occurred about pH 6·0. Calcium and magnesium soap formation was eliminated as a possible factor contributing to the reduced concentrations of ultrafilterable calcium and magnesium.2. At saturation the binding capacity of the material was greater for calcium than magnesium. Although some of the binding sites were common to both ions calcium was more strongly bound. The bound and ultrafilterable forms of both elements were in equilibrium.3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The protein-saving action of synthetic lysine and methionine
Authors: Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

When synthetic amino acids are added to an allvegetable diet the amount of nitrogen eliminated in the urine is reduced and the nitrogen retained as tissue protein is correspondingly increased.The requirements of the weanling pig for essential amino acids have been critically examined, the work involving both growth trials and nitrogenbalance determinations in the metabolism crates.The addition of synthetic lysine and methionine to a low-protein vegetable diet had a striking effect on the thriftiness of the pigs. It is possible to secure almost as good growth and economy of food conversion on a cereal diet supplemented with as little as 6 % ex. soya-bean meal, when the amino acids are added in appropriate amounts, as is obtained on a similar diet containing sufficient white-fish meal to support maximum growth
The effect of certain dietary regimes on growth pattern and performance of young Friesian bulls fattened for beef
Authors: Boaz T. G. , Kirk G. , Johnson C. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-four Friesian bull calves purchased at 10 weeks old were reared in three groups to slaughter at 420 kg live weight. One group (BB) was fed on a barley-concentrate diet to grow rapidly at 1·41 kg/day, a second (GG) was fed on dried grass cubes to grow slowly at 0·97 kg/day and the other (BG) was fed to grow rapidly to a live weight of 250 kg and thereafter at a slow rate, overall 1–20 kg/day.Efficiency of food conversion, energetic efficiency and efficiency of dissectible muscle production were best for BB animals, followed by BG and then GG. Changes in carcass composition mainly resulted from differential fat deposition, and bone/ muscle development was allometric in relation to fat-free empty body mass. The development of certain characteristics, the head, depth of forequarter, pelvic length and tibia length followed a time scale and may have reflected the priority for nutrients of some entire male characteristics irrespective of body size.In addition to being most efficient, the fastest growing bulls yielded carcasses with sufficient fat deposition to meet grading requirements, whereas both the slower growing groups of bulls were penalized in this respect.
The accumulation of lead in soils and herbage at Rothamsted Experimental Station
Authors: Williams Carolyn 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTo measure the accumulation of Pb in an area 42 km from London and within 2 km of the A5, A6 and M1 trunk roads, the Pb contents of topsoils collected from sites at Rothamsted Experimental Station since 1881 have been determined. From 1883 to 1972 the increases ranged from 17 to 46% but because of the variable Pb contents within fields, the absolute rate of accumulation is difficult to determine. The Pb content of herbage harvested twice yearly since 1920 has not increased noticeably.
The estimation of the metabolizable energy of forage from its cell-wall content and digestible cell wall
Authors: Moir K. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPublished data are used in support of a hypothesis that equal amounts of digestible cell walls and digestible non-cell walls do not contribute equally to the energy value of forages. The relationship between the concentration in the organic matter of metabolizable energy (kcal/g organic matter) determined at the maintenance level of feeding, and the percentages of cell wall and digestible cell wall in the forage organic matter is defined by:This equation derived from published data on 12 grasses appears to be applicable to both grasses and legumes.
Emergence of nine varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in salinized soil cultures
Authors: Karami E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNine high-oil varieties of sunflower were evaluated for their reactions to salinity during emergence in salinized soil culture ranging from 0 to 12·80 mmhos/cm under controlled temperature of 27±1 °C. The varieties were Louck, Vniimk-8931, Chernianka-66, Record, Armarisky, Peredovik, Orizont, Mhjak and Zarea.Soil salinity decreased the percentage of emergence in all varieties of sunflower. The rate of decrease in emergence of some varieties was greater than others. Among varieties tested Vniimk-8931 (a tall variety) and Chernianka-66 (a dwarf variety) showed the highest and the lowest tolerance to salinity at 7·60 mmhos/cm, respectively. For electric conductivities above 7·60 mmhos/cm, the nine varieties of sunflower could be classified in three categories. Vniimk-8931, Record, Louck, Peredovik and Armarisky as high salt tolerant, Mhjak and Orizont as medium salt tolerant and Chernianka-66 as low salt tolerant varieties.