bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight disorders and associated morbidity among young adults in Israel 1990–2003
Authors: Levin Avi , Morad Yair , Grotto Itamar , Ravid Mordechai , Bar‐Dayan Yosefa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in prevalence of weight disorders and associated morbidity among young adults.Methods:  Records of 1 021 211 subjects aged 17, who underwent a medical examination, were included.Results:  Among female subjects the prevalence of underweight increased steadily from 13.2% to 15.6%. No statistically significant trend was found among male subjects. Among male subjects a twofold increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed, while among female subjects there was an increase of 57%. In obese versus normal‐weight male subjects the OR, adjusted for origin, education and year of recruitment, of having high blood pressure, diabetes type 2 and type 1 and hyperlipidemia were 4.1 (95%CI 3.89–4.34), 5.56 (5.09–6.07), 1.00 (0.30–3.27) and 16.07 (8.29–31.15), respectively. For obese female nominees the OR were 5.56 (95%CI 5.09–6.07), 4.42 (3.90–5.00), 3.59 (0.77–16.87) and 9.00 (4.36–18.60), respectively.Conclusion:  A significant increase in prevalence of obesity was observed with an increased risk of having diabetes type 2, hyperlipidemia and high blood pressure. An increase in the prevalence of being underweight was observed in female subjects. Policy makers have to plan appropriate effective interventions that will promote a healthy lifestyle in adolescents and reduce obesity on the one hand, and avoid the fashion for being underweight, with its possible development to anorexia, on the other.
Are laboratories useful fiction? A comparison of Norwegian and Australian undergraduate nursing skills laboratories
Authors: Wellard Sally J. , Heggen Kristin M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDrawing on the findings from studies in Australia and Norway that explored the use of laboratories in the preparation of nursing students for entry to practice, this article identifies the pedagogical challenges for the undergraduate education of nurses. The findings from both countries are compared and, in spite of distinct differences in the level of financial investment, there are striking similarities between the ways in which laboratories are used in the two countries. The laboratories were designed to predominately represent acute care hospital environments. The participants demonstrated a high level of commitment and strongly held beliefs in the laboratory as a safe place to facilitate self‐paced learning and as an environment where students can practice until they become competent and confident. However, at the same time, there was a striking lack of evidence to support these views. The participants in both countries reported a common approach to instruction: a process of teacher demonstration, followed by student repetition and practice. Variability in students' motivation also was reported and the participants especially expressed concern for those students with a low level of interest in the basic skills associated with personal care. The possibilities and limitations of using skill laboratories as part of the practical preparation for nursing are discussed, using the metaphor of laboratories as “fiction”.
Angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma: The role of tumor‐associated macrophages
Authors: Toge Hiroshi , Inagaki Takeshi , Kojimoto Yasuo , Shinka Toshiaki , Hara Isao 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  To explore vascularity and associated molecules in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to study their correlations to disease outcome.Methods:  Tissue samples from 51 Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were obtained between November 1997 and August 2000. Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of RCC and normal kidney tissue were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Microvessel density (MVD) was measured by immunohistochemistry using anti‐factor‐VIII‐related antigen and CD34. The number of infiltrating tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) was measured by immunohistochemistry using anti‐CD68 antibody.Results:  Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase and VEGF levels were significantly higher in RCC than in normal kidney tissue. The VEGF level was higher in more progressive (high grade, larger or symptomatic) RCC. Although MVD as determined by the factor VIII level was higher in larger tumors, MVD determined by CD34 was higher in low‐grade and low‐stage tumors. Patients with symptoms, large tumor or high stage showed higher numbers of TAM. VEGF level and TAM were significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those without recurrence. In univariate analysis, VEGF, TAM and CD34 tumor grade and stage were identified as prognostic factors. Moreover, TAM was the only independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. Among these parameters, only TAM and MVD as determined by factor VIII showed significant correlations.Conclusion:  TAM and VEGF are substantially involved in tumor progression of RCC. As the TAM count is well correlated to the MVD, the main mechanism of tumor progression by TAM might be angiogenesis.
NUMBERS OF OBSERVATIONS NEAR ORDER STATISTICS
Authors: Pakes Anthony G. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryLimit theorems are obtained for the numbers of observations in a random sample that fall within a left‐hand or right‐hand neighbourhood of the kth order statistic. The index k can be fixed, or tend to infinity as the sample size increases unboundedly. In essence, the proofs are applications of the classical Poisson and De Moivre–Laplace theorems.
Small Cities? Towards a Research Agenda
Authors: BELL DAVID , JAYNE MARK 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article asserts the importance of studying small cities. We argue that small cities have been ignored by urban theorists who, in seeking to conceptualize broad urban agendas and depict generalizable models (for example relating to epochal urbanism, the structure and nature of the urban hierarchy, global cities and global city‐regions), have tended to obscure as much as they illuminate. Given that study of ‘the city’ has been vital to broader advances in the social sciences, this neglect of smaller urban centres has profound consequences for urban studies. We argue that this situation needs to be rectified. We review literature relating to small cities and signpost a future research agenda. In doing so, we highlight how conceptual and empirical research into small cities can contribute to broader arguments that have championed the necessity of developing sophisticated and nuanced comparative approaches to understanding the complexity of cities and urban life. This article challenges urbanists to think big about thinking small.RésuméL'étude des petites villes est importante. Celles‐ci ont été ignorées par les auteurs de théories urbaines qui ont eu tendance à obscurcir autant qu'àéclairer en cherchant à conceptualiser les grandes priorités urbaines et à décrire des modèles généralisables — par exemple en s'attachant à l'urbanisme daté, à la structure et la nature de la hiérarchie urbaine, aux villes planétaires et aux régions métropolitaines d'envergure mondiale. Étant donné que l'étude de ‘la ville’ a été essentielle à des avancées plus générales en sciences sociales, ce manque d'intérêt pour les centres urbains plus petits a de profondes conséquences sur la recherche urbaine. Il convient de rectifier cette situation. L'article passe en revue les publications sur les ‘petites villes’ et balise un programme de recherches potentiel. Ce faisant, il met en avant la manière dont des études conceptuelles et empiriques sur les petites villes peuvent nourrir des arguments plus généraux plaidant pour l'élaboration d'approches comparatives sophistiquées et nuancées afin de comprendre la complexité des villes et de la vie urbaine. Ce travail invite les urbanistes à voir grand en pensant à ce qui est petit.
Marginality, Again?!
Authors: CALDEIRA TERESA P.R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis essay critically engages with the book Urban Outcasts — A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality by Loïc Wacquant. In this book, studying poor neighborhoods in the United States and France in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wacquant argues that a new socio‐economic configuration marked by dualization and polarization of the city and of the class structure has been formed in these metropolises as a result of structural shifts resulting from the breakdown of the Fordist regime and the recoiling of the welfare state. He calls ‘advanced marginality’ the new regime marked by a new form of urban poverty that makes part of the working classes ‘redundant’. This essay highlights the similarities between Wacquant's arguments and those of the theory of marginality of the 1960s and 1970s, which has been criticized and abandoned in Latin America. It also interrogates Wacquant's argument that advanced marginality is what will represent the future of metropolises everywhere, by introducing the case of Brazilian peripheries and asking questions about the increase of violence in poor neighborhoods.Résumé Ce texte examine sous un angle critique l'ouvrage de Loïc Wacquant, Urban Outcasts – A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Parias urbains – Ghettos, banlieues, État). Dans son étude des quartiers pauvres aux États‐Unis et en France entre la fin des années 1980 et le début des années 1990, Wacquant affirme qu'une nouvelle configuration socio‐économique marquée par une dualisation et une polarisation de la ville et de la structure de classe s'est formée dans ces métropoles du fait de transformations structurelles issues de l'effondrement du système fordiste et du recul de l'État‐providence. Il désigne par ‘marginalité avancée’ le nouveau régime caractérisé par une forme nouvelle de pauvreté urbaine qui rend ‘inutile’ une partie de la classe ouvrière. Ce texte souligne les similarités entre les arguments de Wacquant et ceux de la théorie de la marginalité, développée dans les années 1960–1970 puis critiquée et abandonnée en Amérique latine. Il revient aussi sur l'argument de Wacquant selon lequel, partout, la marginalité avancée constituera l'avenir des métropoles, en présentant le cas de périphéries au Brésil et en posant la question de l'accroissement de la violence dans les quartiers pauvres.
Quality of life and psychological adaptation of Korean adolescents with vitiligo
Authors: Choi S , Kim D‐Y , Whang S‐H , Lee J‐H , Hann S‐K , Shin Y‐J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of vitiligo on the quality of life and psychological adaptation in a Korean adolescent population.Methods  Fifty‐seven adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with vitiligo were evaluated using self‐report scales, namely the Skindex‐29, Piers‐Harris self‐concept, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), and Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS).Results  Mean Skindex‐29 subscales were as follow; 21.8 (global), 16.3 (symptom), 18.6 (function) and 29.5 (emotion). Several clinical variables, such as duration of vitiligo, facial involvement, history of previous treatment, and patient‐assessed severity, affected the Skindex‐29 subscales in various ways. However, differences in Skindex‐29 scores according to the type of vitiligo, extent of involvement, and family history were not observed. The Piers‐Harris self‐concept scores showed a negative correlation with Skindex‐29 scores, while other psychological measures (CES‐D and RCMAS) were positively correlated.Conclusion  The quality of life of adolescents with vitiligo is closely related to the patients’ apprehensions about their disease, psychosocial adjustment, and psychiatric morbidity, rather than the clinical severity of the condition itself. Clinicians should recognize and deal with psychological adaptation along with medical intervention when treating adolescent patients with vitiligo.
Learned and naïve natural enemy responses and the interpretation of volatile organic compounds as cues or signals
Authors: Allison Jeremy D. , Daniel Hare J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn response to arthropod herbivory, plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are attractive to natural enemies. Consequently, VOCs have been interpreted as co‐evolved plant–natural enemy signals. This review argues that, while these data are necessary, they are not sufficient to demonstrate a VOC plant–natural enemy signaling function. We propose that evidence that (1) plant fitness is increased as a consequence of natural enemy recruitment, and either (2A) natural enemies preferentially learn prey‐induced VOCs or (2B) natural enemies respond innately to the VOCs of the prey–host plant complex, is also required. Whereas there are too few studies to rigorously test hypotheses 1 and 2A, numerous studies are available to test hypothesis 2B. Of 293 tests of natural enemy responses to VOCs, we identified only 74 that were unambiguous tests of naïve natural enemies; in the remainder of the tests either natural enemies were experienced with their host in the presence of VOCs, or experience could not be ruled out. Of those 74 tests with naïve natural enemies, attraction was observed in 41 and not in 33. This review demonstrates that empirical support for the hypothesized VOC plant–natural enemy signaling function is not universal and presents alternative hypotheses for VOC production.ContentsSummary768I.Introduction and history769II.Literature770III.The database771IV.Recruitment of natural enemies773V.Learning and VOC evolution774VI.Additional VOC functions776VII.Conclusions778Acknowledgements778References778
Romanian psychiatric literature: analysis of accessibility and nature of Romanian psychiatric articles
Authors: Bucur Mihaela , Adams Clive 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:  Romania is a low‐income country of 22 million people and, currently, information regarding mental health research is limited. Romania is one of the last countries in eastern Europe not to have its own bibliographic biomedical database.Aim:  To assess the content and quality of Romanian psychiatric research activity over time.Method:  embase (1980 to April 2008), medline (1950 to April 2008) and PsycINFO (1806 to April 2008) were systematically searched for psychiatric articles originating from Romania. The sample from PsycINFO was described.Results:  PsycINFO was by far the best source of Romanian mental health literature with a considerable increase in the publication activity since 2000 (PsycINFO identified 3236 hits, medline 549, embase 139). Most papers are in English, but a sizeable minority are in Romanian (30%), French (4%) or Hungarian (4%). The main topics of interest are cognitive processes, creativity, schizophrenia and cognitive development and stress and are, according to PsycINFO’s indexing, ‘empirical studies’. Seventeen randomised trials were identified with all studies after 2000 being sponsored by industry.Conclusions:  Surprisingly, and not in keeping with other studies of the literature of neighbouring countries, PsycINFO is the major source of psychiatric bibliographic records of this region. There are signs of a resurgence of research activity in Romania and as the number of local mental health workers increases we can expect more output. Industry is now funding evaluative studies in Romania. As everywhere, but perhaps more acutely in situations of severely limited research support, there is a difficult balance to be struck between benefiting support and losing independence.
Psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Zanarini M. C. 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  Psychotherapy is considered the primary treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD). Currently, there are four comprehensive psychosocial treatments for BPD. Two of these treatments are considered psychodynamic in nature: mentalization‐based treatment and transference‐focused psychotherapy. The other two are considered to be cognitive‐behavioral in nature: dialectical behavioral therapy and schema‐focused therapy.Method:  A review of the relevant literature was conducted.Results:  Each of these lengthy and complex psychotherapies significantly reduces the severity of borderline psychopathology or at least some aspects of it, particularly physically self‐destructive acts.Conclusion:  Comprehensive, long‐term psychotherapy can be a useful form of treatment for those with BPD. However, less intensive and less costly forms of treatment need to be developed.
The association between hand eczema and nickel allergy has weakened among young women in the general population following the Danish nickel regulation: results from two cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Linneberg Allan , Menné Torkil , Nielsen Niels Henrik , Johansen Jeanne Duus 
Published: October 2009

Background: An association between nickel contact allergy and hand eczema has previously been demonstrated. In 1990, Denmark regulated the extent of nickel release in the ear‐piercing process as well as nickel release from consumer products. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Danish nickel regulation by comparing the prevalence of concomitant nickel allergy and hand eczema observed in two repeated cross‐sectional studies performed in the same general population in Copenhagen. Materials: In 1990 and 2006, 3881 18–69 year olds completed a postal questionnaire and were patch tested with nickel. Data were analysed by logistic regression analyses and associations were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The prevalence of concomitant nickel contact allergy and a history of hand eczema decreased among 18–35‐year‐old women from 9.0% in 1990 to 2.1% in 2006 (P < 0.01). The association between nickel contact allergy and a history of hand eczema decreased in this age group between 1990 (OR = 3.63; CI = 1.33–9.96) and 2006 (OR = 0.65; CI = 0.29–1.46). Among older women, no significant changes were observed in the association between nickel contact allergy and hand eczema. Conclusions: Regulatory control of nickel exposure may have reduced the effect of nickel on hand eczema in the young female population.
Migratory history of the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Bonin Islands of Japan
Authors: Chino N. , Arai T. 
Published: October 2009

Chino N, Arai T. Migratory history of the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Bonin Islands of Japan. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 19–25. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  In order to elucidate the migratory history and habitat use of the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata, in the Bonin Islands of Japan, strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths were examined by X‐ray electron microprobe analysis. The X‐ray intensity map and line analyses showed three fluctuation patterns: (i) freshwater residence, (ii) continuous residence in brackish water, and (iii) residence in freshwater after recruitment, while returning to brackish water. Based on these results and previous studies, the migratory behaviours of A. marmorata appear to differ in each habitat in response to inter‐ and intra‐specific competition. The results suggest that A. marmorata has a flexible pattern of migration, with an ability to adapt to various habitats and salinities.
Insights on endemism: comparison of the duration of the marine larval phase estimated by otolith microstructural analysis of three amphidromous Sicyopterus species (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia
Authors: Lord C. , Brun C. , Hautecœur M. , Keith P. 
Published: October 2009

Lord C, Brun C, Hautecœur M, Keith P. Insights on endemism: comparison of the duration of the marine larval phase estimated by otolith microstructural analysis of three amphidromous Sicyopterus species (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 26–38. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  The microstructure of otoliths of three amphidromous gobies (Sicydiinae) of the genus Sicyopterus has been analysed. One of these species, Sicyopterus lagocephalus has a widespread distribution whereas the other two are endemic (Sicyopterus aiensis, from Vanuatu and Sicyopterus sarasini, from New Caledonia). The microstructural analysis of the otoliths showed that the duration of the marine larval phase is significantly shorter for both endemic species than for the cosmopolitan species (131 ± 3.4 days for S. lagocephalus, 79.2 ± 4.6 days for S. aiensis and 76.5 ± 3.9 days for S. sarasini). These results led us to infer that it could be one of the factors explaining endemism. We have also improved our knowledge on the processes undergone during the marine phase by studying the growth of the otolith. This work allowed us to propose possible migration routes. These species’ reproduction period has also been studied by back‐calculating hatching dates. All these elements improve our understanding of the life‐history traits and dispersion strategies of these species, which is crucial to implementing conservation measures in order to protect them and their environment, both threatened by anthropogenic actions.
Imprinting Status of GαS, NESP55, and XLαs in Cell Cultures Derived from Human Embryonic Germ Cells: GNAS Imprinting in Human Embryonic Germ Cells
Authors: Crane Janet L. , Shamblott Michael J. , Axelman Joyce , Hsu Stephanie , Levine Michael A. , Germain‐Lee Emily L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract GNAS is a complex gene that through use of alternative first exons encodes signaling proteins Gαs and XLαs plus neurosecretory protein NESP55. Tissue‐specific expression of these proteins is regulated through reciprocal genomic imprinting in fully differentiated and developed tissue. Mutations in GNAS account for several human disorders, including McCune‐Albright syndrome and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, and further knowledge of GNAS imprinting may provide insights into variable phenotypes of these disorders. We therefore analyzed expression of Gαs, NESP55, and XLαs prior to tissue differentiation in cell cultures derived from human primordia germ cells. We found that the expression of Gαs was biallelic (maternal allele: 52.6%± 2.5%; paternal allele: 47.2%± 2.5%; p= 0.07), whereas NESP55 was expressed preferentially from the maternal allele (maternal allele: 81.9%± 10%; paternal allele: 18.1%± 10%; p= 0.002) and XLαs was preferentially expressed from the paternal allele (maternal allele: 2.7%± 0.3%; paternal allele: 97.3%± 0.3%; p= 0.007). These results demonstrate that imprinting of NESP55 occurs very early in development, although complete imprinting appears to take place later than 5–11 weeks postfertilization, and that imprinting of XLαs occurs very early postfertilization. By contrast, mprinting of Gαs most likely occurs after 11 weeks postfertilization and after tissue differentiation.
A Review of Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Sadeghi Farshid , Jalalahmadi Behrooz , Slack Trevor S. , Raje Nihar , Arakere Nagaraj K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Ball and rolling element bearings are perhaps the most widely used components in industrial machinery. They are used to support load and allow relative motion inherent in the mechanism to take place. Subsurface originated spalling has been recognized as one of the main modes of failure for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearings. In the past few decades a significant number of investigators have attempted to determine the physical mechanisms involved in rolling contact fatigue of bearings and proposed models to predict their fatigue lives. In this paper, some of the most widely used RCF models are reviewed and discussed, and their limitations are addressed. The paper also presents the modeling approaches recently proposed by the authors to develop life models and better understanding of the RCF.