bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Gas Turbine Condition‐Monitoring System
Authors: Hardin James R. , Howell Ivan L. , Mirilovich J. Richard , Hartranft John J. , Schreder David L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper describes a program to develop a condition‐based maintenance system for the Navy's LM2500 main propulsion engine. The effort began with research and evaluation of the engine failure modes and effects. Using a well‐defined reliability‐centered maintenance (RCM) methodology, we identified the most appropriate maintenance approach for each subsystem and failure mode.Expert rules were developed for the equipment and failures that will benefit from a condition‐based maintenance approach. The expert system is based on the Navy's Integrated Condition Assessment System (ICAS). The proposed system applies new and innovative expert system logic and instrumentation using an upgraded capable ICAS to identify degradation in the marine gas turbine (MGT) engine and its subsystems.
A simplified dental examination for detection of cavitated carious lesions in school setting
Authors: Haleem Abdul , Khan Ayyaz Ali , Siddiqui Muhammad Irfanullah 
Published: March 2009

Abstract – Objective:  The objective of the study was to compare a simplified dental examination involving the use of a wooden spatula and a toothpick (TS examination) with the conventional dental mirror and probe examination (MP examination) for detection of cavitated carious lesions in schoolchildren.Methods:  The study involved three groups of caries‐positive schoolchildren aged 4–5, 9–10 and 13–14 years with 179, 188 and 202 children, respectively. All children were examined by a trained and calibrated examiner using a wooden spatula and a toothpick under natural light. After a week the same examiner examined the three groups of children by a dental mirror and a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. ‘Teeth’ were considered as units of measurement for data analysis. The WHO recommended criteria (2) for decayed, missing and filled teeth were followed for recording dental caries on a specially designed recording form. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false‐positive rate and false‐negative rate of TS examination were calculated using MP examination as the standard method.Results:  The specificity of TS examination was well above 95% in three types of dentition. Although the sensitivity of this type of examination in deciduous and mixed dentitions was almost comparable with that of MP examination, it was the lowest for permanent dentition but still within the acceptable limits.Conclusion:  The TS examination can provide an alternative to traditional MP examination to undertake regular check‐ups of schoolchildren for dental caries.
Burning mouth syndrome: the role of contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Marino R , Capaccio P , Pignataro L , Spadari F 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Burning mouth syndrome is a burning sensation or stinging disorder affecting the oral mucosa in the absence of any clinical signs or mucosal lesions. Some studies have suggested that burning mouth syndrome could be caused by the metals used in dental prostheses, as well as by acrylate monomers, additives and flavouring agents, although others have not found any aetiologic role for hypersensitivity to dental materials.Objective:  To evaluate the extent and severity of adverse reactions to dental materials in a group of patients with burning mouth syndrome, and investigate the possible role of contact allergy in its pathogenesis.Materials and methods:  We prospectively studied 124 consecutive patients with burning mouth syndrome (108 males; mean age 57 years, range 41–83), all of whom underwent allergen patch testing between 2004 and 2007.Results:  Sixteen patients (13%) showed positive patch test reactions and were classified as having burning mouth syndrome type 3 or secondary burning mouth syndrome (Lamey’s and Scala’s classifications).Conclusion:  Although we did not find any significant association between the patients and positive patch test reactions, it would be advisable to include hypersensitivity to dental components when evaluating patients experiencing intermittent oral burning without any clinical signs.
ASH Position Paper: Hypertension in Pregnancy
Authors: Lindheimer Marshall D. , Taler Sandra J. , Cunningham F. Gary 
Published: March 2009

The American Society of Hypertension is publishing a series of Position Papers in their official journals throughout the 2008 ‐ 2009 years. The following Position Paper originally appeared: JASH. 2008;2(6):484–494.Hypertension complicates 5% to 7% of all pregnancies. A subset of preeclampsia, characterized by new‐onset hypertension, proteinuria, and multisystem involvement, is responsible for substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and is a marker for future cardiac and metabolic disease. This American Society of Hypertension, Inc (ASH) position paper summarizes the clinical spectrum of hypertension in pregnancy, focusing on preeclampsia. Recent research breakthroughs relating to etiology are briefly reviewed. Topics include classification of the different forms of hypertension during pregnancy, status of the tests available to predict preeclampsia, and strategies to prevent preeclampsia and to manage this serious disease. The use of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy, and the prevention and treatment of the convulsive phase of preeclampsia, eclampsia, with intravenous magnesium sulfate is also highlighted. Of special note, this guideline article, specifically requested, reviewed, and accepted by ASH, includes solicited review advice from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Comparison of Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
DSM 8341 Cells Grown on Fluoroacetate
Authors: Heffernan Barry , Murphy Cormac D. , Casey Eoin 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Comparisons between the physiological properties of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
biofilm cells grown in a tubular biofilm reactor and planktonic cells grown in a chemostat were performed. Fluoroacetate was the sole carbon source for all experiments. The performance of cells was assessed using cell cycle kinetics and by determining specific fluoroacetate utilization rates. Cell cycle kinetics were studied by flow cytometry in conjunction with the fluorescent stain propidium iodide. Determination of the DNA content of planktonic and biofilm cultures showed little difference between the two modes of growth. Cultures with comparable specific glycolate utilization rates had similar percentages of cells in the B phase of the cell cycle, indicating similar growth rates. Specific fluoroacetate utilization rates showed the performance of planktonic cells to be superior to that of biofilm cells, with more fluoroacetate utilized per cell at similar specific fluoroacetate loading rates. A consequence of this decreased biofilm performance was the accumulation of glycolate in the effluent of biofilm cultures. This accumulation of glycolate was not observed in the effluent of planktonic cultures. Spatial stratification of oxygen within the biofilm was identified as a possible explanation for the overflow metabolism of glycolate and the decreased performance of the biofilm cells.
Osmoadaptation among
Vibrio
Species and Unique Genomic Features and Physiological Responses of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Naughton Lynn M. , Blumerman Seth L. , Carlberg Megan , Boyd E. Fidelma 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is a moderately halophilic bacterium found in estuarine and marine coastal ecosystems worldwide. Although the ability of
V. parahaemolyticus
to grow and proliferate in fluctuating saline environments is well known, the underlying molecular mechanisms of osmoadaptation are unknown. We performed an in silico analysis of
V. parahaemolyticus
strain RIMD2210633 for genes homologous to osmotic stress response genes in other bacteria. We uncovered two putative compatible solute synthesis systems (encoded by
ectABC
and
betABI
) and six putative compatible solute transporters (encoded by four
bcct
loci and two
proVWX
loci). An ectoine synthesis system clustered with a betaine/carnitine/choline transporter and a ProU transporter (encoded by homologues of
proVWX
from
Escherichia coli
), and a betaine synthesis system clustered with a ProU transporter (encoded by homologues of
proVXW
from
Pseudomonas syringae
). This is at least double the number present in
V. cholerae
,
V. fischeri
, or
V. vulnificus
. Six additional
Vibrio
species contain both
ectABC
and
betABI
, i.e.,
V. alginolyticus
12G01,
V. angustum
,
V. harveyi
BAA-1116,
V. splendidus
LGP32,
Vibrio
sp. strain MED222, and
Vibrio
sp. strain Ex25.
V. harveyi
HY01 and
V. splendidus
12B01 only encoded the betaine system. In addition,
V. alginolyticus
had a compendium of systems identical to that found in
V. parahaemolyticus
. Comparative physiological analysis of RIMD2210633 with
V. vulnificus
YJ016,
V. cholerae
N16961, and
V. fischeri
ES114 grown at different salinities and temperatures demonstrated that
V. parahaemolyticus
had a growth advantage under all of the conditions examined. We demonstrate, by one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, that
V. parahaemolyticus
is capable of de novo synthesis of ectoine at high salinity whereas a Δ
ectB
knockout strain is not. We constructed a single-knockout mutation in
proU1
, but no growth defect was noted, indicating transporter system redundancy. We complemented
E. coli
MKH13, a compatible solute transporter-negative strain, with
bcct2
and demonstrated uptake of betaine at high salt concentrations.
Global Distribution and Evolution of a Toxinogenic
Burkholderia-Rhizopus
Symbiosis
Authors: Lackner Gerald , Möbius Nadine , Scherlach Kirstin , Partida-Martinez Laila P. , Winkler Robert , Schmitt Imke , Hertweck Christian 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Toxinogenic endobacteria were isolated from a collection of
Rhizopus
spp. representing highly diverse geographic origins and ecological niches. All endosymbionts belonged to the
Burkholderia rhizoxinica
complex according to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight biotyping and multilocus sequence typing, suggesting a common ancestor. Comparison of host and symbiont phylogenies provides insights into possible cospeciation and horizontal-transmission events.
Antibody Recognition Force Microscopy Shows that Outer Membrane Cytochromes OmcA and MtrC Are Expressed on the Exterior Surface of
Shewanella oneidensis
MR-1
Authors: Lower Brian H. , Yongsunthon Ruchirej , Shi Liang , Wildling Linda , Gruber Hermann J. , Wigginton Nicholas S. , Reardon Catherine L. , Pinchuk Grigoriy E. , Droubay Timothy C. , Boily Jean-François , Lower Steven K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Antibody recognition force microscopy showed that OmcA and MtrC are expressed on the exterior surface of living
Shewanella oneidensis
MR-1 cells when Fe(III), including solid-phase hematite (Fe
2
O
3
), was the terminal electron acceptor. OmcA was localized to the interface between the cell and mineral. MtrC displayed a more uniform distribution across the cell surface. Both cytochromes were associated with an extracellular polymeric substance.
Infection ofMelanoplus sanguinipesGrasshoppers following Ingestion of Rangeland Plant Species Harboring Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Drolet Barbara S. , Stuart Melissa A. , Derner Justin D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the many mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission is critical for understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic disease outbreaks in the western United States. Migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes(Fabricius)] have been implicated as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of VSV. The grasshopper-cattle-grasshopper transmission cycle is based on the assumptions that (i) virus shed from clinically infected animals would contaminate pasture plants and remain infectious on plant surfaces and (ii) grasshoppers would become infected by eating the virus-contaminated plants. Our objectives were to determine the stability of VSV on common plant species of U.S. Northern Plains rangelands and to assess the potential of these plant species as a source of virus for grasshoppers. Fourteen plant species were exposed to VSV and assayed for infectious virus over time (0 to 24 h). The frequency of viable virus recovery at 24 h postexposure was as high as 73%. The two most common plant species in Northern Plains rangelands (western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii] and needle and thread [Hesperostipa comata]) were fed to groups of grasshoppers. At 3 weeks postfeeding, the grasshopper infection rate was 44 to 50%. Exposure of VSV to a commonly used grasshopper pesticide resulted in complete viral inactivation. This is the first report demonstrating the stability of VSV on rangeland plant surfaces, and it suggests that a significant window of opportunity exists for grasshoppers to ingest VSV from contaminated plants. The use of grasshopper pesticides on pastures would decrease the incidence of a virus-amplifying mechanical vector and might also decontaminate pastures, thereby decreasing the inter- and intraherd spread of VSV.
Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of
Campylobacter
spp. Isolated from Wild Bird Populations in Northern England
Authors: Hughes Laura A. , Bennett Malcolm , Coffey Peter , Elliott John , Jones Trevor R. , Jones Richard C. , Lahuerta-Marin Angela , Leatherbarrow A. Howard , McNiffe Kenny , Norman David , Williams Nicola J. , Chantrey Julian 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter
infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of
Campylobacter
spp. Consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. To address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird populations in northern England were carried out over a 2-year period. Fecal samples were collected from 2,084 wild bird individuals and screened for the presence of
Campylobacter
spp. A total of 56 isolates were recovered from 29 birds sampled at 15 of 167 diverse locales.
Campylobacter jejuni
,
Campylobacter lari
, and
Campylobacter coli
were detected by PCR, and the prevalences of different
Campylobacter
spp. in different avian families ranged from 0% to 33%. Characterization of 36
C. jejuni
isolates by multilocus sequence typing revealed that wild birds carry both livestock-associated and unique strains of
C. jejuni
. However, the apparent absence of unique wild bird strains of
C. jejuni
in livestock suggests that the direction of infection is predominantly from livestock to wild birds.
C. lari
was detected mainly in wild birds sampled in an estuarine or coastal habitat. Fifteen
C. lari
isolates were analyzed by macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which revealed genetically diverse populations of
C. lari
in Eurasian oystercatchers (
Haematopus ostralegus
) and clonal populations in magpies (
Pica pica
).
Mixed-Species Genomic Microarray Analysis of Fecal Samples Reveals Differential Transcriptional Responses of Bifidobacteria in Breast- and Formula-Fed Infants
Authors: Klaassens Eline S. , Boesten Rolf J. , Haarman Monique , Knol Jan , Schuren Frank H. , Vaughan Elaine E. , de Vos Willem M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough their exact function remains enigmatic, bifidobacteria are among the first colonizers of the newborn infant gut and further develop into abundant communities, notably in response to diet. Therefore, the transcriptional responses of bifidobacteria in rapidly processed fecal samples from young infants that were fed either breast milk or a formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides were studied. The presence and diversity of the bifidobacterial fecal communities were determined using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR for specific species. Changes in the total number of bifidobacteria as well as in species diversity were observed, indicating the metabolic activities of the bifidobacteria within the infant gut. In addition, total RNAs isolated from infant feces were labeled and hybridized to a bifidobacterium-specific microarray comprising approximately 6,000 clones of the major bifidobacterial species of the human gut. Approximately 270 clones that showed the most prominent hybridization with the samples were sequenced. Fewer than 10% of the hybridizing clones contained rRNA genes, whereas the vast majority of the inserts showed matches with protein-encoding genes predicted to originate from bifidobacteria. Although a wide range of functional groups was covered by the obtained sequences, the largest fraction (14%) of the transcribed genes assigned to a functional category were predicted to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, while some were also implicated in exopolysaccharide production or folate production. A total of three of the above-described protein-encoding genes were selected for quantitative PCR and sequence analyses, which confirmed the expression of the corresponding genes and the expected nucleotide sequences. In conclusion, the results of this study show the feasibility of obtaining insight into the transcriptional responses of intestinal bifidobacteria by analyzing fecal RNA and highlight the in vivo expression of bifidobacterial genes implicated in host-related functions.
High Rate of N
2
Fixation by East Siberian Cryophilic Soil Bacteria as Determined by Measuring Acetylene Reduction in Nitrogen-Poor Medium Solidified with Gellan Gum
Authors: Hara Shintaro , Hashidoko Yasuyuki , Desyatkin Roman V. , Hatano Ryusuke , Tahara Satoshi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

For evaluating N
2
fixation of diazotrophic bacteria, nitrogen-poor liquid media supplemented with at least 0.5% sugar and 0.2% agar are widely used for acetylene reduction assays. In such a soft gel medium, however, many N
2
-fixing soil bacteria generally show only trace acetylene reduction activity. Here, we report that use of a N
2
fixation medium solidified with gellan gum instead of agar promoted growth of some gellan-preferring soil bacteria. In a soft gel medium solidified with 0.3% gellan gum under appropriate culture conditions, bacterial microbiota from boreal forest bed soils and some free-living N
2
-fixing soil bacteria isolated from the microbiota exhibited 10- to 200-fold-higher acetylene reduction than those cultured in 0.2% agar medium. To determine the N
2
fixation-activating mechanism of gellan gum medium, qualitative differences in the colony-forming bacterial components from tested soil microbiota were investigated in plate cultures solidified with either agar or gellan gum for use with modified Winogradsky's medium. On 1.5% agar plates, apparently cryophilic bacterial microbiota showed strictly distinguishable microbiota according to the depth of soil in samples from an eastern Siberian Taiga forest bed. Some pure cultures of proteobacteria, such as
Pseudomonas fluorescens
and
Burkholderia xenovorans
, showed remarkable acetylene reduction. On plates solidified with 1.0% gellan gum, some soil bacteria, including
Luteibacter
sp.,
Janthinobacterium
sp.,
Paenibacillus
sp., and
Arthrobacter
sp., uniquely grew that had not grown in the presence of the same inoculants on agar plates. In contrast,
Pseudomonas
spp. and
Burkholderia
spp. were apparent only as minor colonies on the gellan gum plates. Moreover, only gellan gum plates allowed some bacteria, particularly those isolated from the shallow organic soil layer, to actively swarm. In consequence, gellan gum is a useful gel matrix to bring out growth potential capabilities of many soil diazotrophs and their consortia in communities of soil bacteria.
De Novo Biosynthesis of Vanillin in Fission Yeast (
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
) and Baker's Yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
)
Authors: Hansen Esben H. , Møller Birger Lindberg , Kock Gertrud R. , Bünner Camilla M. , Kristensen Charlotte , Jensen Ole R. , Okkels Finn T. , Olsen Carl E. , Motawia Mohammed S. , Hansen Jørgen 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Vanillin is one of the world's most important flavor compounds, with a global market of 180 million dollars. Natural vanillin is derived from the cured seed pods of the vanilla orchid (
Vanilla planifolia
), but most of the world's vanillin is synthesized from petrochemicals or wood pulp lignins. We have established a true de novo biosynthetic pathway for vanillin production from glucose in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
, also known as fission yeast or African beer yeast, as well as in baker's yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Productivities were 65 and 45 mg/liter, after introduction of three and four heterologous genes, respectively. The engineered pathways involve incorporation of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase from the dung mold
Podospora pauciseta
, an aromatic carboxylic acid reductase (ACAR) from a bacterium of the
Nocardia
genus, and an
O
-methyltransferase from
Homo sapiens
. In
S. cerevisiae
, the ACAR enzyme required activation by phosphopantetheinylation, and this was achieved by coexpression of a
Corynebacterium glutamicum
phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Prevention of reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol was achieved by knockout of the host alcohol dehydrogenase
ADH6
. In
S. pombe
, the biosynthesis was further improved by introduction of an
Arabidopsis thaliana
family 1 UDP-glycosyltransferase, converting vanillin into vanillin β-
d
-glucoside, which is not toxic to the yeast cells and thus may be accumulated in larger amounts. These de novo pathways represent the first examples of one-cell microbial generation of these valuable compounds from glucose.
S. pombe
yeast has not previously been metabolically engineered to produce any valuable, industrially scalable, white biotech commodity.
Fungal Functional Genomics: Tunable Knockout-Knock-in Expression and Tagging Strategies
Authors: Larrondo Luis F. , Colot Hildur V. , Baker Christopher L. , Loros Jennifer J. , Dunlap Jay C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTStrategies for promoting high-efficiency homologous gene replacement have been developed and adopted for many filamentous fungal species. The next generation of analysis requires the ability to manipulate gene expression and to tag genes expressed from their endogenous loci. Here we present a suite of molecular tools that provide versatile solutions for fungal high-throughput functional genomics studies based on locus-specific modification of any target gene. Additionally, case studies illustrate caveats to presumed overexpression constructs. A tunable expression system and different tagging strategies can provide valuable phenotypic information for uncharacterized genes and facilitate the analysis of essential loci, an emerging problem in systematic deletion studies of haploid organisms.