bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired Letter‐String Processing in Developmental Dyslexia: What Visual‐to‐Phonology Code Mapping Disorder?
Authors: Valdois Sylviane , Lassus‐Sangosse Delphine , Lobier Muriel 
Published: March 2012

Poor parallel letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia was taken as evidence of poor visual attention (VA) span, that is, a limitation of visual attentional resources that affects multi‐character processing. However, the use of letter stimuli in oral report tasks was challenged on its capacity to highlight a VA span disorder. In particular, report of poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved symbol‐string processing was viewed as evidence of poor visual‐to‐phonology code mapping, in line with the phonological theory of developmental dyslexia. We assessed here the visual‐to‐phonological‐code mapping disorder hypothesis. In Experiment 1, letter‐string, digit‐string and colour‐string processing was assessed to disentangle a phonological versus visual familiarity account of the letter/digit versus symbol dissociation. Against a visual‐to‐phonological‐code mapping disorder but in support of a familiarity account, results showed poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved colour‐string processing in dyslexic children. In Experiment 2, two tasks of letter‐string report were used, one of which was performed simultaneously to a high‐taxing phonological task. Results show that dyslexic children are similarly impaired in letter‐string report whether a concurrent phonological task is simultaneously performed or not. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence against a phonological account of poor letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key MessagesPoor letter/digit‐string processing in dyslexia can follow from either a phonological or a visual attention span disorder.The dissociation between letter/digit versus symbol‐string processing was viewed as supporting the phonological account.Using three nameable stimuli types, Experiment 1 shows poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved colour‐string processing in developmental dyslexia.Experiment 2 shows that the dyslexic's low performance in letter‐string processing is not affected by a concurrent phonological task.These findings speak against a phonological interpretation of the disorder. The observed dissociation may well reflect a visual familiarity effect.
The mixed pixels estimation for the remotely sensed images using a nonlinear model and a filter of neighborhood pixels
Authors: Ito Seiji , Oguro Yoshinari 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSeveral papers have reported that errors in land cover classification have been generated especially around the edges of categories. Mixed pixels that include multiple categories are one of the error factors. All remotely sensed images include mixed pixels, and in particular the influence of mixed pixels in middle‐ or low‐resolution images is more serious. In this paper a method using a nonlinear mixed pixel model and filtering of neighborhood pixels are proposed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, six simulations were performed. Two patterns without the proposed filter were used for the linear and nonlinear models, and four patterns with the proposed filter were used for the proposed nonlinear method. The results of the simulations were quantitatively evaluated by calculating the coefficients of correlation between the simulation results obtained from Landsat‐7/ETM+ images and the model answers made by QuickBird‐2 images. It was confirmed that the coefficients of correlation of the proposed nonlinear model and the proposed filter were superior to the other results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(4): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10422
Catalyst‐ and Base‐Controlled Site‐Selective sp2 and sp3 Direct Arylation of 5,7‐Dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Using Aryl Bromides
Authors: Bassoude Ibtissam , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Massip Stéphane , Leger Jean‐Michel , Jarry Christian , Essassi El Mokhtar , Guillaumet Gérald 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed direct C–H arylation of various heterocyclic is now recognized to be the most effective methodology for making aromatic compounds. In this paper, we present a new approach to control the site‐selective direct C–H arylation of both sp2 and sp3 sites in 5,7‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine by using aryl bromides. The desired compounds were obtained in satisfactory yields. The effects of each reaction parameter including catalyst, base, and solvent were investigated.
Low complexity greedy, genetic and hybrid user scheduling algorithms for multiuser MIMO systems with successive zero‐forcing
Authors: Elliott Robert C. , Sigdel Shreeram , Krzymień Witold A. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we consider low complexity user scheduling algorithms for multiuser multiple‐input multiple‐output systems employing successive zero‐forcing precoding. Optimal scheduling involves an exhaustive search (ES), which is prohibitively complex. Greedy algorithms (GrAs) with heuristic scheduling metrics achieve performance close to that of the ES. Meanwhile, genetic algorithms (GAs) are a rapid suboptimal option of optimising utility (e.g. scheduling) metrics. Herein, we evaluate the performance and complexity of greedy and genetic scheduling algorithms for successive zero‐forcing. We also propose and evaluate two hybrid algorithms combining the traits of the GrA and GA. The algorithms' performance is assessed through a series of computer simulations. We demonstrate both the GrA and GA achieve a near‐optimal sum rate with low complexity, whereas the hybrid algorithms further enhance the GrA and GA performance without an increase in the order of complexity.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDENTIFYING CONTAGION RISK IN THE INTERNATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM: AN EXTREME VALUE THEORY APPROACH
Authors: Chan‐Lau Jorge Antonio , Mitra Srobona , Ong Li Lian 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn this article, we use the extreme value theory framework to analyse contagion risk across the international banking system. We test for the likelihood that an extreme shock affecting a major, systemic global bank would also affect another large local or foreign counterpart, and vice versa. Our results reveal several key trends among major global banks: contagion risk among banks exhibits ‘home bias’, individual banks are affected differently by idiosyncratic shocks to their major counterparts and banks are affected differently by common shocks to the real economy or financial markets. In general, bank soundness seems more susceptible to common (macro and market) shocks when the global environment is turbulent; this may have important implications for global financial stability especially during stressful periods. Not surprisingly, our findings also suggest that bank contagion risk has risen over time, which emphasizes the need for continuing collaboration on cross‐border supervision and crisis management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicinal Chemistry Based Approaches and Nanotechnology‐Based Systems to Improve CNS Drug Targeting and Delivery
Authors: Vlieghe Patrick , Khrestchatisky Michel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) is protected by various barriers, which regulate nervous tissue homeostasis and control the selective and specific uptake, efflux, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Among these barriers is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a physical and physiological barrier that filters very efficiently and selectively the entry of compounds from the blood to the brain and protects nervous tissue from harmful substances and infectious agents present in the bloodstream. The BBB also prevents the entry of potential drugs. As a result, various drug targeting and delivery strategies are currently being developed to enhance the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Following a general introduction, we briefly overview in this review article the fundamental physiological properties of the BBB. Then, we describe current strategies to bypass the BBB (i.e., invasive methods, alternative approaches, and temporary opening) and to cross it (i.e., noninvasive approaches). This section is followed by a chapter addressing the chemical and technological solutions developed to cross the BBB. A special emphasis is given to prodrug‐targeting approaches and targeted nanotechnology‐based systems, two promising strategies for BBB targeting and delivery of drugs to the brain.
The efficacy of color duplex sonography in preoperative assessment of anterolateral thigh flap
Authors: Ensat Florian , Babl Maria , Conz Christian , Rueth Markus‐Johannes , Greindl Markus , Fichtl Bernhard , Herzog Gerhard , Ussmueller Juergen , Spies Marcus 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become a workhorse in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck region and the extremities. However, its inconsistent vascular anatomy and frequent intramuscular course of perforators often cause difficulties during the dissection of this versatile flap. Hence, reliable preoperative perforator mapping and identification of vascular anomalies may render the raising of the flap easier and safer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Color Duplex sonography and whether it allows the distinction between septocutaneous and musculocutaneous perforators. For this purpose, the thighs of 13 patients undergoing reconstruction with ALT flaps were examined preoperatively, and results were compared to intraoperative findings. A total of 30 perforators could be detected preoperatively, of which 29 were confirmed during flap dissection. Preoperative Color Duplex sonography correctly predicted the course of all perforators as either running through the vastus lateralis muscle or the intermuscular septum. In our investigations, Color Doppler sonography had a 96.7% positive predictive value and a 96.7% true positive rate in detecting perforators. Color Duplex sonography is a highly reliable tool in the preoperative assessment of ALT flaps. Localization and course of perforators can be determined accurately and vascular anomalies can be identified. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
An approach for failure recognition in IP‐based industrial control networks and systems
Authors: Won Youngjoon , Choi Mi‐Jung , Park Byungchul , Hong James Won‐Ki 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYIndustrial control networks (ICNs) and systems support robust communications of devices in process control or manufacturing environments. ICN proprietary protocols are being migrated to Ethernet/IP networks in order to merge various different types of networks into a single common network. ICNs are deployed in mission‐critical operations, which require a maximum level of network stability. Network stability is often described using several categories of network performance quality‐of‐service metrics, such as throughput, delay, and loss measurements. The question arises as to whether these network performance metrics are sufficient to run valuable diagnostics of ICN components and their communications. Any abnormal decision with respect to typical IP traffic behavior does not necessarily coincide with ICN fault cases. A precise and specific diagnostic technique for ICNs is required to remove the uncertainty in detecting problems. However, existing Ethernet/IP diagnosis tools have not been able to fully handle fault symptoms and mainly focus on network diagnostics rather than process or device diagnostics. This paper demonstrates that the absence of advanced fault diagnosis techniques leads to the development of new methodologies that are suitazble for ICN. We describe unique traffic characteristics and categorize the faults of ICN. We also propose a fault diagnosis, prediction, and adaptive decision methodologies, and verify them with real‐world ICN data from the steel‐making company POSCO. Our experience in developing the fault diagnosis system provides a firm guideline to understand the fault management mechanisms in large ICNs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hot melt mixing and foaming of soluplus® and indomethacin
Authors: Terife Graciela , Wang Peng , Faridi Niloufar , Gogos Costas G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe hot melt mixing (HMM) process was used to dissolve 30 wt% of a model drug, indomethacin (INM), in Soluplus® a water soluble polymer excipient. Comprehensive characterization of the HMM‐prepared samples, using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy, strongly suggests that INM was in amorphous state, forming a solid solution with the polymer. Furthermore, to understand the impact of foaming on INM's release profile, the HMM product was foamed in a batch process using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Dissolution tests of HMM and reference samples were conducted in aqueous solutions with pH 7.4 and 1.2. In all cases INM's release showed strong pH‐dependency; faster release and a greater amount of INM was released at pH 7.4 than at pH 1.2. For pure INM and the physical mixture, the drug's ionizable character results in the observed pH‐dependency. While for the HMM samples it is also a consequence of theformation of hydrogen bonds between Soluplus® and INM which hinder polymer dissolution at pH 1.2. It was observed that the release rate of INM from different sample types at pH 7.4 decreased in the following sequence: foamed HMM > unfoamed HMM > crystalline INM > physical mixture. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of synthesis temperature on thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethane prepared by torque rheometer
Authors: Fiorio R. , Pistor V. , Zattera A.J. , Petzhold C.L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this study, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were obtained in a torque rheometer (an instrumented batch mixer) at 70, 80, and 90°C, and the thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rubber phase is not affected by the synthesis temperature. The increase in synthesis temperature promoted side reactions, which modified the crystallization process and reduced nucleation and growth rate (k′) during the first stage of crystallization. From TGA analysis, it was observed that the TPU prepared at 70°C showed the highest activation energy (Ea) of decomposition, whereas the TPU synthesized at 80°C showed the lowest Ea values. The rigid‐phase decomposition mechanisms were mainly phase boundary controlled reaction (Rn) and random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle (F1). These results show that side reactions (other than formation of urethane groups) could occur during the synthesis of polyurethane at temperatures lower than 100°C, and even a small amount of these side reactions influence the thermal properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Surface texture effect on scratch behavior of injection molded plastics
Authors: Chivatanasoontorn Vadee , Tsukise Shun , Kotaki Masaya 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe influence of surface texture pattern, i.e. distance between spherical bumps on the scratch behavior of injection molded polypropylene and polycarbonate has been investigated using a progressive load scratch test according to ISO 19252. The results show that the scratch properties can be enhanced when the distance between spherical bumps decreased. To understand the influence of distance between spherical bumps, polarizing optical microscope was used to observe the subsurface deformation. It was found that the size and depth of the deformation zone become smaller and shallower when the distance between spherical bumps decreased. This is the evidence that less stress concentration was generated under a scratch tip when the distance became shorter. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:1862–1867, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework
Authors: Shipway B. J. , Hill A. A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper introduces the Kinematic Driver Model (KiD) and its application. KiD is a 1D modelling framework developed at the UK Met Office to facilitate a consistent intercomparison of the microphysics parametrizations employed in a number of cloud‐resolving models and numerical weather prediction models. The development of the KiD model was born out of GCSS intercomparison results, which show a wide range of microphysical behaviour and a need to explain the behaviour of different microphysics schemes without the complication of dynamic or radiative feedbacks. This paper describes the KiD model and one of the standard test cases for warm microphysics. Results from a comparison of warm microphysics schemes are presented. The schemes tested produce very different surface precipitation rates and onset timings, as well as different accumulated precipitation. In general, single‐moment bulk schemes produce the most rapid onset of precipitation and the widest range in accumulated surface precipitation. Sensitivity tests within the KiD show that including a diagnostic intercept parameter for the rain size distribution reduced variation between the single‐moment schemes. However, the early onset of precipitation is a persistent feature of single‐moment schemes. Double‐moment bulk schemes exhibit improved timing for the precipitation onset relative to an explicit bin model and comparison of accumulated precipitation shows much better agreement. However, double‐moment schemes tend to produce relatively large peak precipitation rates, particularly with the deeper cloud. Further sensitivity tests within the KiD demonstrate that using a three‐moment scheme, with variable shape parameter, significantly improves the simulation peak precipitation rate relative to an explicit bin model. The tests and results presented in this paper are described to act as a reference for other users to compare with their microphysics schemes and aid microphysics parametrization development. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Stability calculations for Eu@C74 isomers
Authors: Uhlík Filip , Slanina Zdeněk , Lee Shyi‐Long , Adamowicz Ludwik , Nagase Shigeru 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations are reported for Eu@C74, where the considered C74 cage is either the IPR (isolated pentagon rule) species or two cages with a pentagon–pentagon junction. Their relative thermodynamic production yields are evaluated using the DFT calculated terms and it is shown that the IPR‐based Eu@C74 endohedral prevails at relevant temperatures in agreement with observation, however, isolation of a minor isomer should be possible.
Symmetry and invariants of kinematic chains and parallel manipulators
Authors: Simoni Roberto , Doria Celso Melchiades , Martins Daniel 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents applications of group theory tools to simplify the analysis of kinematic chains associated with mechanisms and parallel manipulators. For the purpose of this analysis, a kinematic chain is described by its properties, i.e. degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy matrices. In number synthesis, kinematic chains are represented by graphs, and thus the symmetry of a kinematic chain is the same as the symmetry of its graph. We present a formal definition of symmetry in kinematic chains based on the automorphism group of its associated graph. The symmetry group of the graph is associated with the graph symmetry. By using the group structure induced by the symmetry of the kinematic chain, we prove that degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy are invariants by the action of the automorphism group of the graph. Consequently, it is shown that it is possible to reduce the size of these matrices and thus reduce the complexity of the kinematic analysis of mechanisms and parallel manipulators in early stages of mechanisms design.
Source altitudes of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes produced by lightning leaders
Authors: Xu Wei , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P. 
Published: March 2012

Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are energetic photon bursts observed from satellites and associated with lightning activity. Comparison between calculations based on the model of relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREA) in large‐scale weak electric field in thunderstorms and satellite measurements usually shows that the photon spectrum is consistent with source altitudes around 15 km. However, recent observations have located intra‐cloud lightning (IC) discharges responsible for TGFs much deeper in the atmosphere (at altitudes ∼10 km). In the present work, we show that the TGF spectrum as produced by acceleration of electrons in the strong electric field of stepping IC leaders is consistent with the lower altitudes recently discovered. This study reconciles observations and measurements by setting new altitudes for the TGF sources based on mechanism of direct acceleration of electrons in the lightning leader field. Moreover, the photon source beaming geometry is consistently determined from the geometry of electric field lines produced by the lightning leader.
The Search for Supernova-Produced Radionuclides in Terrestrial Deep-Sea Archives
Authors: Feige J. , Wallner A. , Winkler S. R. , Merchel S. , Fifield L. K. , Korschinek G. , Rugel G. , Breitschwerdt D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn enhanced concentration of 60Fe was found in a deep ocean crust in 2004 in a layer corresponding to an age of ∼2 Myr. The confirmation of this signal in terrestrial archives as supernova-induced and the detection of other supernova-produced radionuclides is of great interest. We have identified two suitable marine sediment cores from the South Australian Basin and estimated the intensity of a possible signal of the supernova-produced radionuclides 26Al, 53Mn, 60Fe, and the pure r-process element 244Pu in these cores. The finding of these radionuclides in a sediment core might allow us to improve the time resolution of the signal and thus to link the signal to a supernova event in the solar vicinity ∼2 Myr ago. Furthermore, it gives us an insight into nucleosynthesis scenarios in massive stars, condensation into dust grains and transport mechanisms from the supernova shell into the solar system.