bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The core-like nature of HST-1 in the M87 jet
Authors: Chen Y. J. , Zhao G.-Y. , Shen Z.-Q. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We investigate the total flux density, spectral, polarization and Faraday rotation variability of HST-1 in the M87 jet during the outburst from 2003 to 2007 through multi-epoch Very Large Array observations at 8, 15 and 22 GHz. Contrary to the general case for blazars, the flux densities of HST-1 rise earlier at lower frequencies from radio to X-ray, and the spectra are softening with the growth of outburst, indicating that the newly emerging subcomponents within HST-1 have relatively steep spectra. In particular, the intrinsic optical electric vector positional angle varies monotonically by ∼90° at the three wavebands during the period, and all but the stationary subcomponent in the eastern end of HST-1 move downstream superluminally deviating divergently from the overall jet direction, with the motion of the outmost subcomponent bending from one side of the jet axis to another. These strongly argue for the presence of helical magnetic fields around HST-1, which is also supported by the fact that the subcomponents might be accelerated in this region. The fractional polarization is relatively low in the rising stage, and in the decaying stage the polarization levels are almost comparable at the three wavebands. In view of the quite large rotation measure (RM) values, Faraday rotation is expected to occur dominantly external to HST-1 in the decaying stage, which is well supported by the presence of diffuse emission around HST-1, and consistent with the scenario that RM decrease gets slower with time.
Racial Resentment and Vote Choice in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: KNUCKEY JONATHAN 
Published: July 2011

The victory of Barack Obama over John McCain in the 2008 presidential election marked a historic and pivotal moment in American politics. Many observers interpreted the election as heralding a new “post racial” politics. However, others noted that even though short‐term forces were overwhelmingly pro‐Democratic in 2008, Obama's overall vote among white voters barely increased on the share received by John Kerry in 2004. This study uses data from the American National Election Study to examine the effect of the racial attitudes—specifically racial resentment—of whites on vote choice in the 2008 presidential election. Findings show that racial resentment exerted a large influence on vote choice, one that was only exceeded by party identification. Furthermore, the effect of racial resentment was greater than in any prior election for which data on racial resentment is available.La victoria de Barack Obama sobre John McCain en las elecciones presidenciales del2008 marcó un momento histórico y sustancial en la política americana. Muchos observadores interpretaron el resultado de la elección como el inicio de una nueva etapa “post‐racial” en la política. Sin embargo, hay quienes señalan que aunque hubo fuerzas a favor de los demócratas durante el 2008, la popularidad de Obama entre los votantes blancos aumentó ligeramente con respecto a la proporción recibida por John Kerry en el 2004. Este artículo usa datos tomados del American National Election Study para examinar los efectos de la actitud racial‐específicamente el resentimiento racial‐ de votantes blancos en la elección presidencial del 2008. Los resultados muestran que el resentimiento racial ejerció un efecto significativo en la elección electoral, siendo superado sólo por la afiliación partidaria. Además, el impacto del resentimiento racial fue mayor que cualquier otra elección para la cual se tiene información al respecto.
Oil in Venezuela: Triggering Conflicts or Ensuring Stability? A Historical Comparative Analysis
Authors: MÄHLER ANNEGRET 
Published: July 2011

Contrary to the presumption of the resource curse hypothesis, the oil exporter Venezuela has long been one of the most stable and conflict‐free countries in Latin America. The article analyzes this deviant case by employing a context‐sensitive approach which shows that the link between oil and internal conflicts or stability cannot be understood without considering crucial resource‐specific and non‐resource‐specific contextual conditions. The findings of this in‐depth case study suggest that the interplay of the relatively high oil abundance per capita, the geographical location of the oil reserves, multidimensional redistribution policies, specific political–institutional settings, and behavioral patterns of political elites best explains the generally low level of violent conflicts in Venezuela. These findings are further confirmed by a diachronic comparative analysis undertaken in the second part of this article. It is demonstrated that temporary increases in low‐level violence can be explained by historical shifts relating to several of the outlined conditions.Contrario a la hipótesis de una maldición de los recursos naturales, la Venezuela exportadora de petróleo ha sido por mucho tiempo uno de los países más estables y libre de conflictos en América Latina. El artículo analiza este caso empleando un enfoque sensible al contexto, haciendo evidente que la relación entre el petróleo y los conflictos internos o la estabilidad no puede ser comprendida sin considerar condiciones cruciales en contextos dependientes e independientes de los recursos. Los hallazgos de este estudio exhaustivo sugieren que la interacción de una abundancia de petróleo per cápita relativamente alta, la ubicación geográfica de las reservas petroleras, políticas de redistribución multidimensional, una configuración político‐institucional específica y patrones de comportamiento de la élite política explican de una mejor manera los bajos niveles de conflictos violentos en Venezuela. Estos hallazgos son a su vez confirmados por un análisis comparativo diacrónico, realizado en la segunda parte de este artículo. Es demostrado que aumentos temporales en bajos niveles de violencia pueden ser explicados por cambios históricos relacionados con las condiciones previamente mencionadas.
He‐Ne Laser‐Induced Improvement in Biochemical, Physiological, Growth and Yield Characteristics in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Perveen Rashida , Jamil Yasir , Ashraf Muhammad , Ali Qasim , Iqbal Munawar , Ahmad Muhammad Raza 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe water‐soaked seeds of sunflower were exposed to low power continuous wave He‐Ne laser irradiation of energies 0, 100, 300 and 500 mJ to evaluate the effect on various biochemical, physiological, growth and yield parameters of sunflower. The experiments which consisted of four replicates arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) were carried out under the greenhouse conditions. The physiological attributes like, photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), intrinsic CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll a and b contents, relative membrane permeability and leaf water (ψw), osmotic (ψs) and turgor (ψp) potentials, relative water contents and leaf area increased significantly as compared to control due to He‐Ne treatment of seeds. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalases and contents of total soluble proteins, malondialdehyde, proline and leaf total phenolic also increased due to laser treatment. Significant increase in growth parameters of sunflower like shoot fresh and dry masses, root fresh and dry masses, root and shoot lengths, number of leaves per plant and stem diameter has also been observed. The contents of K, Ca and Mg in shoot and root were also increased and an overall increase of up to 28.12%% was observed due to laser treatment.
Embryonic stem‐cell‐preconditioned microenvironment induces loss of cancer cell properties in human melanoma cells
Authors: Kim Myoung Ok , Kim Sung‐Hyun , Oi Naomi , Lee Mee Hyun , Yu Dong Hoon , Kim Dong Joon , Cho Eun Jin , Bode Ann M. , Cho Yong‐Yeon , Bowden Tim G. , Dong Zigang 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe cancer microenvironment affects cancer cell proliferation and growth. Embryonic stem (ES)‐preconditioned 3‐dimensional (3‐D) culture of cancer cells induces cancer cell reprogramming and results in a change in cancer cell properties such as differentiation and migration in skin melanoma. However, the mechanism has not yet been clarified. Using the ES‐preconditioned 3‐D microenvironment model, we provide evidence showing that the ES microenvironment inhibits proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth of SK‐MEL‐28 melanoma cells. We also found that the ES microenvironment suppresses telomerase activity and thereby induces senescence in SK‐MEL‐28 cells. Furthermore, we observed that gremlin, an antagonist of BMP4, is secreted from ES cells and plays an important role in cellular senescence. Knocking down gremlin in the ES microenvironment increases proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth of SK‐MEL‐28 melanoma cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that gremlin is a crucial factor responsible for abrogating melanoma properties in the ES‐preconditioned 3‐D microenvironment.
RNCEP: global weather and climate data at your fingertips
Authors: Kemp Michael U. , Emiel van Loon E. , Shamoun‐Baranes Judy , Bouten Willem 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Atmospheric conditions strongly influence ecological systems, and tools that simplify the access and processing of atmospheric data can greatly facilitate ecological research.2. We have developed RNCEP, a package of functions in the open‐source R language, to access, organise and visualise freely available atmospheric data from two long‐term high‐quality data sets with global coverage.3. These functions retrieve data, via the Internet, for either a desired spatiotemporal extent or interpolated to a point in space and time. The package also contains functions to temporally aggregate data, producing user‐defined variables, and to visualise these data on a map.4. By making access to atmospheric data and integration with biological data easier and more flexible, we hope to facilitate and encourage the exploration of relationships between biological systems and atmospheric conditions.
Gastrointestinal hyperammonaemia in a 35‐day‐old Warmblood‐cross filly
Authors: Unt V. E. , McSloy A. , Kerbyson N. , Ivens P. A. S. , Johns I. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryHyperammonaemia of gastrointestinal origin has been an infrequently reported phenomenon in mature horses with abdominal disease. A large case study has previously been published describing the condition for the first time in both mature horses and foals. The case report below provides a detailed description of the treatment, clinical course and outcome of one of the foals in that report.
Strongyle egg counts in Standardbred trotters: Are they associated with race performance?
Authors: FOG P. , VIGRE H. , NIELSEN M. K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Strongyle worm burdens are assumed to subclinically affect equine performance. This assumption appears to be particularly pronounced in the equine racing industry.Hypothesis: Race results of Standardbred trotters are negatively affected by high strongyle faecal egg count levels.Methods: Faecal samples were obtained from 213 racing Standardbred trotters, aged ≥2 years, and stabled at training facilities of 21 professional trainers with license at racecourses in Denmark. Strongyle egg counts were generated using a McMaster technique. Race results were recorded as the finishing position of the horse (position 1–3 vs. finishing lower) and winning purse. The effect of strongyle egg counts on performance was assessed using regression analyses.Results: Strongyle egg counts ranged from 0–3500 with a mean of 319 and a median of 150 eggs/g. Finishing in positions 1–3 was significantly associated with higher egg counts.Conclusions: Race performance of the population of professionally trained Danish Standardbred trotters was not negatively affected by higher strongyle faecal egg count levels.Potential relevance: The traditional frequent anthelmintic treatments of racehorses may be inordinate.
The effect of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on the equine intestine
Authors: MARSHALL J. F. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the management of pain and endotoxaemia associated with colic in the horse. While NSAIDs effectively treat the symptoms of colic, there is evidence to suggest that their administration is associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects including right dorsal colitis and inhibition of mucosal barrier healing. Several studies have examined the pathophysiology of NSAID associated effects on the large and small intestine in an effort to avoid these complications and identify effective alternative medications. Differences in the response of the large and small intestines to injury and NSAID treatment have been identified. Flunixin meglumine has been shown in the small intestine to inhibit barrier function recovery and increase permeability to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A range of NSAIDs has been examined in the small intestine and experimental evidence suggests that those NSAIDs with cyclooxygenase independent anti‐inflammatory effects or a COX‐2 selective mode of action may offer significant advantages over traditional NSAIDs.
The effects of a novel anti‐inflammatory compound (AHI‐805) on cyclooxygenase enzymes and the recovery of ischaemia injured equine jejunumex vivo
Authors: MARSHALL J. F. , BHATNAGAR A. S. , BOWMAN S. G. , MORRIS N. N. , SKORICH D. A. , REDDING C. D. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Flunixin meglumine is used for treatment of equine colic despite evidence of inhibited recovery of mucosal barrier function following small intestinal ischaemic injury. This study aimed to characterise an alternative treatment (AHI‐805) for abdominal pain in the horse.Objective:To determine the effect of AHI‐805, an aza‐thia‐benzoazulene derivative, on the cyclooxygenase enzymes and the recovery of mucosal barrier function following ischaemic injury.Methods:Effect of AHI‐805 onin vitroCOX‐1 and COX‐2 activity was determined by measuring coagulation‐induced thromboxane B2(TXB2) and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated prostaglandin E2concentrations in equine whole blood. Horses (n = 6) were anaesthetised and jejunum subjected to ischaemia for 2 h. Control and ischaemia injured mucosa was placed in Ussing chambers and treated with Ringer's solution containing control treatment (DMSO), flunixin meglumine (27 µmol/l), or AHI‐805 (27 µmol/l). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), mucosal‐to‐serosal flux of3H‐mannitol, and bathing solution TXB2and prostaglandin E metabolites (PGEM) were measured over a 4 h recovery period.Results:Treatment with AHI‐805 had no significant effect on TXB2production but significantly inhibited production of PGE2at a concentration of 1 µmol/l or greater. TER of flunixin or AHI‐805 treated ischaemia‐injured jejunum was significantly lower than control treated injured tissue over the recovery period. Mannitol flux and grade of histological damage were significantly increased by ischaemic injury only. There was a significant increase in PGEM and TXB2in control tissues over the 240 min recovery period, but not in flunixin or AHI‐805 treated tissues.Conclusions:Flunixin meglumine and AHI‐805 inhibit recovery of barrier function in ischaemic‐injured equine jejunumin vitrothrough inhibition of the COX enzymes.Potential relevance:The novel compound AHI‐805 may not be suitable for the treatment of equine colic associated with ischaemic injury.
Mucosal injury and inflammatory cells in response to brief ischaemia and reperfusion in the equine large colon
Authors: GROSCHE A. , MORTON A. J. , GRAHAM A. S. , VALENTINE J. F. , ABBOTT J. R. , POLYAK M. M. R. , FREEMAN D. E. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReason for performing study:Intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) can activate inflammatory cells in the equine colon, although effects on different types of inflammatory cells have received little attention.Objectives:To assess early mucosal injury, the reaction of mucosal neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages, and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and ‐2 expression in response to I/R in the equine large colon.Methods:Large colon ischaemia was induced for 1 h (1hI) followed by 4 h of reperfusion in 6 horses, and mucosal biopsies were sampled before and after ischaemia, and after 1, 2 and 4 h of reperfusion. Semithin sections (500 nm) of epon‐embedded biopsies were stained with toluidine blue for histomorphometric evaluation. The number and distribution of mucosal macrophages (CD163), neutrophils (calprotectin), eosinophils (LUNA) and mast cells (toluidine blue) were determined, and mucosal COX‐1 and ‐2 expression was identified.Results:Ischaemia caused epithelial cell and nuclear swelling (mean ± s.e. nuclear width; control: 2.7 ± 0.2 µm vs. 1hI: 4.2 ± 0.2 µm; P<0.01), subepithelial oedema (control: 0.2 ± 0.1 µm vs. 1hI: 3.2 ± 0.2 µm; P<0.01) and increased epithelial apoptosis (control: 14.3 ± 4.1 apoptotic cells/mm mucosa vs. 1hI: 60.4 ± 14.0 apoptotic cells/mm mucosa; P<0.01). COX‐2 expression (P<0.01) was evident after ischaemia. Reperfusion caused paracellular fluid accumulation (control: 0.9 ± 0.1 µm vs. 1hI: 0.6 ± 0.6 µm vs. 1hI + 4hR: 1.6 ± 0.2 µm; P<0.05). Epithelial repair started at 1 h of reperfusion (P<0.001), followed by migration of neutrophils into the mucosa after 2 h (control: 72.3 ± 18.4 cells/mm2mucosa vs. 1hI + 2hR: 1149.9 ± 220.6 cells/mm2mucosa; P<0.01). Mucosal eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages did not increase in numbers but were activated.Conclusions:Epithelial injury and COX‐2 expression caused by short‐term hypoxia were followed by intense inflammation associated with epithelial repair during reperfusion.Potential relevance:Equine colonic mucosa subjected to a brief period of ischaemia can repair during reperfusion, despite increased mucosal inflammation.
Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: An internet study
Authors: Rusch Silke , Westermann Stefan , Lincoln Tania M. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. There is evidence for an association between social anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties. This study investigates that emotion regulation difficulties are specific to two domains of social anxiety.Design and Method. An explorative study was conducted to examine the associations between emotion regulation facets and social anxiety in the normal population. N= 149 healthy volunteers participated in an internet‐based survey.Measures. Emotion regulation deficits were measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale which consists of six subscales. Social anxiety was measured by the Social Phobia Scale and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.Results. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that anxiety of interactive social situations is associated with non‐acceptance of negative emotions, impulse control difficulties, and lack of functional emotion regulation strategies over and above the impact of age and general psychopathology. In contrast, anxiety of being observed by others was not specifically associated with emotion regulation strategies.Conclusion. The results support the hypothesis that specific emotion regulation deficits are relevant to specific aspects of social anxiety. Implications for further research and therapy are discussed.
F33:A−:B− and F2:A−:B− Plasmids Mediate Dissemination of
rmtB-bla
CTX-M-9
Group Genes and
rmtB-qepA
in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Pets in China
Authors: Deng Yuting , He Liangying , Chen Sheng , Zheng Hongqing , Zeng Zhenling , Liu Yahong , Sun Yan , Ma Junying , Chen Zhangliu , Liu Jian-Hua 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes in 267
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates collected from pets. The
rmtB
gene was detected in 69 isolates, most of which were clonally unrelated. The coexistence of the
rmtB
gene with the
bla
CTX-M-9
group genes and/or
qepA
within the same IncFII replicons was commonly detected. The two dominant types of IncF plasmids, F2:A−:B−, carrying
rmtB-qepA
, and F33:A−:B−, carrying the
rmtB-bla
CTX-M-9
group genes (and especially
bla
CTX-M-65
), shared restriction patterns within each incompatibility group.
Efficacy of Oral E1210, a New Broad-Spectrum Antifungal with a Novel Mechanism of Action, in Murine Models of Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, and Fusariosis
Authors: Hata Katsura , Horii Takaaki , Miyazaki Mamiko , Watanabe Nao-aki , Okubo Miyuki , Sonoda Jiro , Nakamoto Kazutaka , Tanaka Keigo , Shirotori Syuji , Murai Norio , Inoue Satoshi , Matsukura Masayuki , Abe Shinya , Yoshimatsu Kentaro , Asada Makoto 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

E1210 is a first-in-class, broad-spectrum antifungal with a novel mechanism of action—inhibition of fungal glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. In this study, the efficacies of E1210 and reference antifungals were evaluated in murine models of oropharyngeal and disseminated candidiasis, pulmonary aspergillosis, and disseminated fusariosis. Oral E1210 demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy in infections caused by
Candida
species,
Aspergillus
spp., and
Fusarium solani
. In the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, E1210 and fluconazole each caused a significantly greater reduction in the number of oral CFU than the control treatment (
P
< 0.05). In the disseminated candidiasis model, mice treated with E1210, fluconazole, caspofungin, or liposomal amphotericin B showed significantly higher survival rates than the control mice (
P
< 0.05). E1210 was also highly effective in treating disseminated candidiasis caused by azole-resistant
Candida albicans
or
Candida tropicalis
. A 24-h delay in treatment onset minimally affected the efficacy outcome of E1210 in the treatment of disseminated candidiasis. In the
Aspergillus flavus
pulmonary aspergillosis model, mice treated with E1210, voriconazole, or caspofungin showed significantly higher survival rates than the control mice (
P
< 0.05). E1210 was also effective in the treatment of
Aspergillus fumigatus
pulmonary aspergillosis. In contrast to many antifungals, E1210 was also effective against disseminated fusariosis caused by
F. solani
. In conclusion, E1210 demonstrated consistent efficacy in murine models of oropharyngeal and disseminated candidiasis, pulmonary aspergillosis, and disseminated fusariosis. These data suggest that further studies to determine E1210's potential for the treatment of disseminated fungal infections are indicated.