bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variations in blood composition in high and low potassium type Marwari sheep
Authors: Taneja G. C. , Ghosh P. K. , Abichandani R. K. , Goyal D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBlood samples were obtained at monthly intervals for 12 months from 8 HK and 8 LK wethers of the Marwari breed maintained at Jodhpur (26° 05′ N, 73° 01′ E). The samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), plasma inorganic phosphorus and plasma specific conductance.The HK animals, on average, had significantly higher PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC and plasma inorganic phosphorus values than the LK animals but the MCV was significantly higher in the LK group. There was no difference in the plasma specific conductance.PCV, RBC and Hb values differed considerably from animal to animal within each group. These individual variations could help the breed to survive in a desert environment.No particular tendency or pattern in the effect of season on the blood characters studied has been observed. This indicates that the animals of both groups responded in a similar way to the environmental changes.
Uptake of magnesium and other fertilizer elements by sugar beet grown on sandy soils
Authors: Durrant M. J. , Draycott A. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTen experiments (1967–9) on sandy soil in East Anglia measured the effect of magnesium fertilizer on yield and cations in sugar beet. Magnesium fertilizer increased sugar yield by up to 0·80 t/ha and on the three most responsive fields it consistently increased top and root dry·matter yields throughout the growing period.On average, without magnesium fertilizer, the concentration of magnesium in tops progressively decreased from 0·33% at singling to 0·15% at harvest, and in roots from 0·39% to 0·09%. The corresponding decreases with magnesium fertilizer were (tops) from 0·68% to 0·20% and (roots) from 0·48% to 0·10%. Yield was increased by magnesium fertilizers when tops contained less than 0·35% Mg during May, 0·30% during June, 0·22% during July and 0·17% during August. Deficiency symptoms were not visible until the concentration in tops averaged less than 0·2% – the percentage of plants with symptoms increased rapidly at smaller concentrations. Magnesium fertilizer decreased the concentration of calcium in tops and roots but did not affect the concentration of potassium or sodium.The maximum amount of magnesium, potassium, sodium and calcium in tops (August–September) was 11, 218, 75 and 62 kg/ha respectively; these decreased to 8, 168, 55 and 50 kg/ha at harvesting, showing that only about 75% of the largest amount in tops was present at harvest. The amounts removed in roots at harvest were 9 kg/ha Mg, 75 kg/ha K, 11 kg/ha Na and 26 kg/ha Ca. A dressing of 100 kg/ha magnesium increased the amount of magnesium in the crop at harvest by only 4·5 kg/ha.
Use of the marker 51Cr-EDTA in the ovine caecum
Authors: Hecker J. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were done on three sheep fed several diets to determine the usefulness of the marker 51Cr-EDTA in the caecum of the sheep to study changes in weight of digesta and its turnover time. The activity of the marker decreased exponentially with time, indicating that it had mixed with a pool of digesta. Variation in the results was attributed mainly to the slowness of mixing and to the periodic nature of filling with digesta from the ileum.Most estimates of weight of digesta were compatible with the digesta being contained in the caecum and the proximal colon but in one sheep some estimates obtained by one method of calculation were so large as to be unrealistic. Both the estimated weight and the rate of turnover of digesta varied with the weight of the sheep and the level of food intake.
Applying nitrogen fertilizers for spring barley
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Williams R. J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Fifteen experiments on spring barley (mainly Proctor), done from 1957 to 1959, compared alternative alternative methods of applying 0·3, 0·6 and 0·9 cwt. N/acre.2. Combine-drilling 0·3 or 0·6 cwt. N/acre as ammonium sulphate produced higher mean yields than broadcasting, but drilling 0·9 cwt. N/acre checked early growth and reduced mean yields in two of the three seasons.
Nitrogen studies in a coffee soil III. The comparative efficiency of ammonium sulphate and urea fertilizers in the presence and absence of an organic mulch measured in terms of crop yield
Authors: Robinson J. B. D. 
Published: March 2009

The work reported in two previous papers, Robinson (1960a, b) led to certain conclusions which required evaluation in terms of coffee yields (Coffee arabica Linn). The work describes changes in nitrate and ammonia-N in the Kikuyu red loam coffee topsoil, both natural and fertilizer derived, in the presence and absence of mulches.This paper presents early coffee yield results which have been obtained from field trials laid down on the Coffee Research Station, Ruiru, Kenya, to measure the effect of treatments based on the conclusions drawn from the soil studies.
Thein vitroproduction, by rumen micro-organisms, of volatile fatty acids from cellulose and hemicellulose labelled with14C
Authors: Bath I. H. , Head M. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. A new technique has been used to study the fermentation of hemicellulose and α-cellulosein vitro. This involved the use of14C-labelled carbohydrates fermented in the presence of normal herbage material in an artificial rumen.2. A method of growing grass in an atmosphere of14CO2, its fractionation into hemicellulose and α-cellulose and the analysis of the labelled V.F.A. end-products are described.
The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: II. Dry matter production
Authors: Hearn A. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYVariety, water and spacing were treatments in two experiments with cotton in 1963 and 1964 in which fruiting points, flowers and bolls were counted and the dry weights and leaf areas of plants were measured at intervals during the season.Until leaf-area index, L, started to decrease, the equation described how dry weight, W, changed. The equation gave smoothed estimates of crop growth rate, C, which were consistent with estimates of photosynthesis made with de Wit's (1965) model. The relationship between G and L conformed to , derived from Beer's Law, rather than C = aL — bL2 derived from the linear regression of E on L. When L > 3 the crop appeared to use most of the available light, so that C approached a maximum. Treatments initially affected dry-matter production through the numbers and types of branches and nodes, which in turn affected the sinks available and thus the proportion of dry matter reinvested in new leaf. This initial period, when growth was simple to describe in conventional terms, was denned as the vegetative phase of growth.The start of the reproductive phase of growth overlapped the vegetative phase. The change from one to the other was completed when the rate of dry weight increase of the bolls, CB, equalled C. This indicated that the sink formed by the bolls had increased sufficiently in size to use all the assimilates available for growth. Sink size increased as the crop flowered and was estimated from the product of the number of bolls and the growth rate of a single boll.When CB equalled C, bolls were shed which prevented the size of the sink to increase beyond the ability of the plant to supply it with assimilates. This agrees with Mason's nutritional theory of boll shedding. Because of the crop's morphology and because age decreased the photosynthesis of the crop, the size of the sink inevitably increased out of phase with the supply of assimilates. The extent to which this was so determined when CB equalled C. It is postulated that environment, genotype and agronomic practice affect yield according to whether they increase or decrease the extent to which the sink size and the supply of assimilates are out of phase.
The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: III. Crop performance
Authors: Hearn A. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe biological and economic performance of a cotton crop are examined. The effects of variety, water, sowing date and spacing on crop performance are considered in relation to their effects on crop growth, which had been studied previously, or noted in the literature. Suitable varieties and agronomic practices are discussed. An empirical relationship between available water, dry matter production and yield of seed cotton is evaluated physically and biologically on the basis of Penman's and de Wit's work, and practically in the light of commercial yields and rates of watering.
The assessment of herbage legume varieties: IV. The potential of 64-chromosome white clover
Authors: Davies W. Ellis 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYColchicine induced 64-chromosome white clover was compared at a number of centres with control material (2n = 32), as spaced plants and in broadcast plots with and without companion grasses.The chromosome-doubled material generally conformed to the well-known reaction of polyploids; the plants were later flowering, had thicker petioles and stolons, broader leaflets and spread less vigorously. Yield of green matter of spaced plants was much less, and in broadcast plots the gross yield (grass + clover) and that of the clover fraction was 7% less than in comparable S. 100 plots. The Finlay-Wilkinson analysis indicated that the chromosome-doubled form did not respond to improved conditions to the same extent as did the control varieties. The presence of grass in the mixture partly compensated for low clover yield, but was insufficient to increase total yields to that of S. 100 controls.
The moisture characteristics of some Rothamsted, Woburn and Saxmundham soils
Authors: Salter P. J. , Williams J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDeterminations were made of the available-water capacities and moisture release characteristics of six soils of different texture from Rothamsted, Woburn and Saxmundham. The amount of available water retained in the surface foot of soil ranged from 1·59 in in a sandy loam to 2·75 in in a silt loam under permanent grass. With one exception soils which had received additions of farmyard manure had significantly higher available-water capacities than unmanured soils.
Preliminary trials on the intercropping of maize with different tropical legumes in Western Nigeria
Authors: Agboola Akinola A. , Fayemi Adeboyejo A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA preliminary investigation on interplanting of maize with nine different tropical legumes in the rain-forest zone of the Western State of Nigeria at Ibadan indicated that Popondo (Phaseolus lunatus) and Mucuna (Mucuna utilis) lowered maize yield, while calopo (Calopogonium tnucunoides) Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) and greengram (Phaseolus aureus) had much less effect on maize and were themselves tolerant to maize shade. These three legumes were interplanted with maize continuously for four growing seasons, during which there was a significant response of maize to fertilizer treatment only in the control (no legume) treatment. Maize interplanted with the legumes gave no response to applications of 50 lb N per acre.High yields of maize were maintained during the four growing seasons in both the fertilized control plots and those interplanted with different legumes without fertilizer, whereas the yield of maize in plots with neither legume nor fertilizer was reduced to half of the yield of the first maize crop.Starting from the third cropping season, there was a significant interaction between the presence or absence of legume and fertilizer.The planting pattern of the maize and legumes (intercropping or growing maize after the legume harvest) did not affect the yield of maize.Legumes tended to compete with maize during the late cropping season. This did not affect the maize yield seriously during the investigation, but legume yield was significantly suppressed by maize shade.
Weed control in irrigated groundnuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Ishag Hassan M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were conducted at Gezira Research Station during the 1964 and 1965 seasons to determine the effect of time and number of weedings on pod yield of Ashford groundnuts.Natural stands of annual weeds, mainlyIpomoea cordofanaandRhynchosia memnonia, reduced the pod yield by an average of 80%. Results showed that groundnuts must be weeded at least once after the first 30 days from sowing. Groundnut pod yield was increased from 986 kg/ha in the unweeded plots to 4690 kg/ha in the plots weeded 30 and 60 days after sowing. Three weedings, i. e. 15, 30 and 45 days from sowing, yielded less than 30 and 60 days from sowing because weeding stopped too soon. For practical purposes weeding at 30 and 60 days only was adequate.Number of pods per plant was the most important factor determining yield. Maximum pod yield was obtained from 15–20 pods per plant, and the earlier the 20 flowers produced, the higher was the pod yield.Weeds decreased number of branches per plant and consequently number of pods per plant. Weight of 1000 seeds, shelling percentage and harvest index was also affected by weeds.Ipomoea cordofanawas the most noxious weed because it emerged about the same time as the groundnut plants and also the seeds germinated throughout the growing season.
Factors influencing the role of clover in grass-clover leys fertilized with nitrogen at different rates I. The effects of the variety of companion grass on the yields of total herbage and of clover
Authors: Reid D. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study has been made of some of the factors influencing the role of clover in grass-clover swards fertilized with nitrogen at different rates.2. From 1955 to 1957 inclusive three nitrogen treatments, 0, 4 and 10 cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (15·5% N)/acre/season, were applied to twentyone grass-clover mixtures sown in the spring of 1954. The mixtures contained either S 184, S100 or Kersey white clover alone or in association with one of the following grasses, S 23 or S 24 perennial ryegrass, S143 or S37 cocksfoot, S48 timothy or S53 meadow fescue.
Factors influencing the role of clover in grass-clover leys fertilized with nitrogen at different rates II. The effects of the variety of white clover on the yields of total herbage and of clover
Authors: Reid D. 
Published: March 2009

1. A brief description is given of an experiment in which some of the factors influencing the role of clover in grass—clover swards fertilized with nitrogen at different rates were studied.2. Reference is made to a previous paper detailing the experimental methods and reporting the results pertaining to the effects of the grass varieties included in the seeds mixture on the yields of mixed herbage and of clover. The effects of the clover varieties on these yields are discussed in the present paper.
Studies on the adaptability of three breeds of sheep to a tropical environment modified by altitude V. The annual fluctuation in breeding ability of rams maintained on Rhodesian highveld
Authors: Symington R. B. 
Published: March 2009

Semen characteristics and libido were observed for 34 months in German Merino, Persian Blackhead and indigenous ‘Native’ rams maintained on Rhodesian highveld. Birth rate from controlled service was determined during 23 of these months.1. Breeding ability, as judged by semen production and libido, was continuous in all rams. A fluctuation in birth rate from controlled service was due more likely to seasonal variation in female fertility than in seminal fertilizing capacity.2. Monthly changes occurred in all seminal characteristics but only those in sperm concentration were consistent between years. In all breeds spermatogenic activity was high in spring and mid-summer, low in late summer and autumn.
The nutrition of zebu cattle Part IV. The intake of dry matter by cattle with some notes on the digestibility of Rhodes grass and Star grass hays
Authors: Marshall B. , Bredon R. M. , Juko C. D. 
Published: March 2009

The daily intake of dry matter by zebu steers between 400 and 600 lb. live weight when fed hay and hay-concentrate mixture was investigated and found to be 2·0–2·2% of body weight.Preliminary results of the nutritional values of Rhodes grass and Star grass hays are discussed and these suggest that the local zebu cattle require less starch equivalent for maintenance than do European cattle in temperate climates.
The tillering pattern in barley varieties: I. Production, survival and contribution to yield by component tillers
Authors: Cannell R. Q. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo field experiments have been conducted to investigate the pattern of tillering, ear emergence and survival of the component tillers of three barley varieties, representing old and new varieties. The varieties were grown under contrasting nitrogen fertilizer levels and plant spacings. The results reported are for the variety means and variety x nitrogen and variety x spacing interactions. After the main stem (M) the most frequently occurring tiller was the tiller appearing in the axil of the first true leaf (T2), followed by the coleoptile node tiller (T1) and the tiller in the axil of the second true leaf (T3). The T1 tiller occurred most frequently in the newest variety, Deba Abed, and least in the oldest one, Spratt Archer. Survival rates of the shoots were highest in M, followed by T2, T1 and T3. Higher-order tillers occurred relatively infrequently and had low survival rates. M contributed the largest percentage of the grain yield, followed by T2, T1 and T3. The 13% grain yield advantage of Deba Abed over Spratt Archer was mainly accounted for by the difference in production by the T1 tiller. The results are discussed in. relation to the only other known paper on component tillers in barley.
The non-protein nitrogen composition of grass silages: I. The estimation of the basic amino acids and non-volatile amines by chromatography on a weak cation exchange resin
Authors: Hughes A. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYInvestigations into the non-protein nitrogen composition of grass silages using the 50 cm strong cation-exchange column of Spackman, Stein & Moore (1958) to determine the basic amino acids led to difficulties in the determination of ethanolamine in the presence of high concentrations of ammonia, and of histidine in the presence of δ amino-n-valeric acid. An alternative technique for the ion exchange chromatography and estimation of histidine, lysine, ornithine, ethanolamine, arginine and ammonia on a weak cation-exchange resin has been developed. This method enables small amounts of ethanolamine to be determined in the presence of large amounts of ammonia and values for the ethanolamine content of a number of silage samples are presented. When used in conjunction with the technique of Spackmanet al.(1958) the δ-amino-n-valeric acid content of grass silages could also be determined in the presence of histidine.The estimation of amines produced by the microbial decomposition of herbage proteins during ensiling has previously involved their initial separation from the amino acids followed by quantitative partition chromatography. An alternative method for the estimation of these amines by ion-exchange chromatography on a weak cation-exchange resin is described. This method permits the colorimetric determination of β-phenylethylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine and histamine without interference from the amino acids. The efficiency of this technique has been investigated using standard solutions of the naturally occurring amines and samples of good quality and of high pH spoilt silages.
The growth and development of some barley varieties in response to irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Kirby E. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an experiment to investigate growth in relation to nitrogen concentration and nitrogen uptake, Proctor was compared with four other varieties of barley at two levels of irrigation and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer by means of weekly samples throughout the growing season. The varieties were Deba Abed, a new variety recommended for high fertility conditions where feeding quality grain is required, and three exotic varieties, chosen for their high concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Irrigation stimulated tillering, although certain varieties responded more strongly than others; irrigation also led to a higher specific growth rate. Certain of the exotic varieties had high growth rates early in the season but growth fell off earlier due to earlier ear emergence. Maximum leaf area index was greater in the irrigated treatment at the high nitrogen fertilizer level. The adapted varieties had higher maximum leaf area indices than the exotic varieties, although some of the exotics had higher rates of leaf area growth early in the season; there were also differences in the way in which the varieties responded to irrigation. Irrigation and variety both affected the rate at which the percentage nitrogen in the shoot fell with time.Analysis of these data indicates that nitrogen uptake early in the season was an important factor determining the total amount of nitrogen taken up by the plant. It was also shown that the relative rate of decline of the specific growth rate and the specific rate of nitrogen uptake differed between varieties. Analysis of the specific growth rate indicated that differences in leaf growth, rather than net assimilation rate, led to the varietal differences. The differential response to irrigation is discussed with reference to drought resistance.
The efficiency of utilization of proteins contained in roughages, soya bean oil meal or mixtures of both, by sheep
Authors: Dror Y. , Tagari H. , Bondi A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn two feeding experiments the effects of different sources of protein on nitrogen utilization were studied. Three protein sources were examined in both experiments; (a) soya-bean oil meal; (b) lucerne hay or vetch oat hay, and (c) a mixture of soyabean oil meal and hay. The first experiment was carried out with nine adult rams and the second with twelve growing rams.The results of N balance experiments showed clearly the superiority of the hay ration over the soya-bean meal ration. N retention when the mixed ration was given was greater than on hay alone. No parallel trend was found between the protein digestibility of any of the diets and its efficiency for N retention.With adult sheep a negative correlation between the extent of N retention and blood urea concentration was found; this agreed with our earlier findings. No such negative correlation was found with growing animals.The highest concentrations of the various forms of soluble N compounds such as soluble a-amino N, diffusible N and diffusible peptide N were found in the rumen liquor taken from the sheep kept on the hay diet. The lowest amounts were observed when the soya-bean oil meal diet was given and intermediate amounts with the mixed diet. These trend sappeared to be related to the NPN (non-protein nitrogen) content of the diet, but the amounts of soluble N compounds present in rumen liquor were not directly correlated with the extent of N retention.Concentrations of VFA present in rumen liquor depended primarily on the carbohydrate composition in the diet. The type of protein ingested exerted some influence, particularly on the concentrations of caproic and iso-caproic acid. The ratios of concentrations of the individual fatty acids in blood to the concentrations of the same acids in rumen liquor were found to increase with lengthening of the fatty acid chain.