bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Two Kinds of Knowledge
Authors: Williams Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn his Reflective Knowledge, Ernest Sosa offers a theory of knowledge, broadly virtue-theoretic in character, that is meant to transcend simple ways of contrasting "internalist" with "externalist" or "foundationalist" with "coherentist" approaches to knowledge and justification. Getting beyond such simplifications, Sosa thinks, is the key to finding an exit from "the Pyrrhonian Problematic": the ancient and profound skeptical problem concerning the apparent impossibility of validating the reliability of our basic epistemic faculties and procedures in a way that escapes vicious circularity. Central to Sosa's anti-skeptical strategy is the claim that there are two kinds of knowledge. His thought is that animal knowledge, which can be understood in purely reliabilist terms, can ground justified trust in the reliability of our basic cognitive faculties, thus elevating us (without vicious circularity) to the level of reflective knowledge. I offer a sketch of an alternative approach, linking knowledge and justification with epistemic accountability and responsible belief-management, which casts doubt on the idea that "animal" knowledge is knowledge properly so-called. However, it turns out that this approach is (perhaps surprisingly) close in spirit to Sosa's. I suggest that the differences between us may rest on a disagreement over the possibility of providing a direct answer to the Pyrrhonian challenge.
Fatigue and Voluntary Utilization of Automation in Simulated Driving
Authors: Neubauer Catherine , Matthews Gerald , Langheim Lisa , Saxby Dyani 
Published: December 2011

Objective: A driving simulator was used to assess the impact on fatigue, stress, and workload of full vehicle automation that was initiated by the driver. Background: Previous studies have shown that mandatory use of full automation induces a state of “passive fatigue” associated with loss of alertness. By contrast, voluntary use of automation may enhance the driver’s perceptions of control and ability to manage fatigue. Method: Participants were assigned to one of two experimental conditions, automation optional (AO) and nonautomation (NA), and then performed a 35-min, monotonous simulated drive. In the last 5 min, automation was unavailable and drivers were required to respond to an emergency event. Subjective state and workload were evaluated before and after the drive. Results: Making automation available to the driver failed to alleviate fatigue and stress states induced by driving in monotonous conditions. Drivers who were fatigued prior to the drive were more likely to choose to use automation, but automation use increased distress, especially in fatigue-prone drivers. Drivers in the AO condition were slower to initiate steering responses to the emergency event, suggesting optional automation may be distracting. Conclusion: Optional, driver-controlled automation appears to pose the same dangers to task engagement and alertness as externally initiated automation. Application: Drivers of automated vehicles may be vulnerable to fatigue that persists when normal vehicle control is restored. It is important to evaluate automated systems’ impact on driver fatigue, to seek design solutions to the issue of maintaining driver engagement, and to address the vulnerabilities of fatigue-prone drivers.
Higher complication risk of totally implantable venous access port systems in patients with advanced cancer – a single institution retrospective analysis
Authors: Chang Yi-Fang , Lo An-Chi , Tsai Chung-Hsin , Lee Pei-Yi , Sun Shen , Chang Te-Hsin , Chen Chien-Chuan , Chang Yuan-Shin , Chen Jen-Ruei 
Published: December 2011

Background: Totally implantable port systems are generally recommended for prolonged central venous access in diverse settings, but their risk of complications remains unclear for patients with advanced cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of port system failure in patients with advanced cancer. Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a comprehensive cancer centre. Setting/participants: A detailed chart review was conducted among 566 patients with 573 ports inserted during January–June, 2009 (average 345.3 catheter-days). Cox regression analysis was applied to evaluate factors during insertion and early maintenance that could lead to premature removal of the port systems due to infection or occlusion. Results: Port system-related infection was significantly associated with receiving palliative care immediately after implantation (hazard ratio, HR = 7.3, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 1.2–46.0), after adjusting for probable confounders. Primary cancer site also impacted the occurrence of device-related infection. Receiving oncologic/palliative care (HR = 3.0, P = 0.064), advanced cancer stage (HR = 6.5, P = 0.077) and body surface area above 1.71 m2 (HR = 3.4, P = 0.029) increased the risk of port system occlusion. Conclusions: Our study indicates that totally implantable port systems yield a higher risk of complications in terminally ill patients. Further investigation should be carefully conducted to compare outcomes of various central venous access devices in patients with advanced cancer and to develop preventive strategies against catheter failure.
Nab2 regulates secondary CD8+ T-cell responses through control of TRAIL expression
Authors: Wolkers Monika C. , Gerlach Carmen , Arens Ramon , Janssen Edith M. , Fitzgerald Patrick , Schumacher Ton N. , Medema Jan Paul , Green Douglas R. , Schoenberger Stephen P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCD4+ Th cells are pivotal for the generation and maintenance of CD8+ T-cell responses. “Helped” CD8+ T cells receive signals during priming that prevent the induction of the proapoptotic molecule TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) during reactivation, thereby enabling robust secondary expansion. Conversely, “helpless” CD8+ T cells primed in the absence of Th induce TRAIL expression after restimulation and undergo activation-induced cell death. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis for the differential regulation of TRAIL in helped versus helpless CD8+ T cells by comparing their transcriptional profiles, and have identified a transcriptional corepressor, NGFI-A binding protein 2 (Nab2), that is selectively induced in helped CD8+ T cells. Enforced expression of Nab2 prevents TRAIL induction after restimulation of primary helpless CD8+ T cells, and expression of a dominant-negative form of Nab2 in helped CD8+ T cells impairs their secondary proliferative response that is reversible by TRAIL blockade. Finally, we observe that the CD8+ T-cell autocrine growth factor IL-2 coordinately increases Nab2 expression and decreases TRAIL expression. These findings identify Nab2 as a mediator of Th-dependent CD8+ T-cell memory responses through the regulation of TRAIL and the promotion of secondary expansion, and suggest a mechanism through which this operates.
Tazarotene-induced gene 1 inhibits prostaglandin E2-stimulated HCT116 colon cancer cell growth
Authors: Tsai Fu-Ming , Wu Chang-Chieh , Shyu Rong-Yaun , Wang Chun-Hua , Jiang Shun-Yuan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
The tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is a putative tumor suppressor gene. We have recently demonstrated both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms inhibited cell growth and induced the expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) in colon cancer cells. Because elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling plays a significant role in colorectal carcinogenesis, the objective of this study was to explore the effect of TIG1 on PGE2-induced cellular proliferation and signaling in colon cancer cells.

Methods
HCT116 cells as well as TIG1A and TIG1B stable cells established from HCT116 colon cancer cells using the GeneSwitch system were used. TIG1 isoform expression was induced by mifepristone treatment in stable cells. Cell growth was determined using the WST-1 cell proliferation assay. Activation of β-catenin/TCF and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/CREB signaling pathways were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Expression and subcellular distribution of β-catenin were analyzed using Western blot and confocal microscope. Levels of cAMP were measured using an enzyme immunoassay. RNA interference was used to examine the effects of TIG1- and GRK5-mediated changes.

Results
PGE2-stimulated cell growth was reduced in inducible TIG1A- and TIG1B-stable HCT116 cells. GRK5 expression was upregulated by both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms, and its expression suppressed PGE2-stimulated HCT116 cell growth. GRK5, TIG1A, and TIG1B expression significantly inhibited PGE2-stimulated β-catenin/TCF and cAMP signaling pathway reporters and cAMP. Also, PGE2-stimulated nuclear localization of β-catenin was inhibited by expression of TIG1A and TIG1B, which was ameliorated by both TIG1 and GRK5 siRNAs.

Conclusions
TIG1 suppressed PGE2-stimulated Wnt and cAMP signaling pathways in colon cancer cells through GRK5.
Characterization of Salvia Miltiorrhiza ethanol extract as an anti-osteoporotic agent
Authors: Cui Yan , Bhandary Bidur , Marahatta Anu , Lee Geum-Hwa , Li Bo , Kim Do-Sung , Chae Soo-Wan , Kim Hyung-Ryong , Chae Han-Jung 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background

Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has long been used as a traditional oriental medicine for cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence also indicates that SM has anti-osteoporotic effects. This study was conducted to examine the SM-induced anti-osteoporotic effect and its possible mechanisms with various doses of SM.

Methods
We studied Sprague-Dawley female rats aged 12 weeks, divided into six groups: sham-operated control (SHAM), OVX rats supplemented with SM (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) orally for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and biochemistry analysis was performed. Specimens from both tibia and liver were processed for light microscopic examination. DEXA and μ-CT analyses of the tibia were also performed.

Results
SM treatment significantly ameliorated the decrease in BMD and trabecular bone mass according to DEXA and trabecular bone architecture analysis of trabecular bone structural parameters by μ-CT scanning. In serum biochemical analysis, SM decreased the released TRAP-5b, an osteoclast activation marker and oxidative stress parameters including MDA and NO induced by OVX.

Conclusions
The preventive effect of SM was presumably due to its anti-oxidative stress partly via modulation of osteoclast maturation and number. In current study, SM appears to be a promising osteoporosis therapeutic natural product.
Associations of food group and nutrient intake, diet quality, and meal sizes between adults and children in the same household: a cross-sectional analysis of U.S. households
Authors: Zuercher Jennifer L , Wagstaff David A , Kranz Sibylle 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
One might assume that individuals living in the same household have similar dietary intakes of food groups and nutrients. However, the manner in which an adult's dietary intake affects children's food consumption, diet quality (defined as meeting intake recommendations), and meal sizes is understudied to date. The objective of this study was to estimate these relationships between minor children and the female or male head of household.

Methods
Dietary intakes of one randomly selected child of each age group (2-5, 6-11, or 12-18 years old (n = 2,380)) and that of the female/male head of household ((HH), proxy for mother and father) using multiple 24-hour recalls from the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996 was coded to reflect food group and nutrient density (servings/grams per 1,000 kcal). Linear or logistic regression models were used to determine the association between intakes, whether individuals' diets trended toward meeting her/his intake recommendations, and whether individuals were in the highest quintile for food group densities at four distinct eating occasions (breakfast, brunch/lunch, supper/dinner, or other) in each subject group. Stata's survey commands were used to fit linear or logistic regression models and obtain adjusted regression coefficients or odds ratios.

Results
Associations between food group/nutrient densities were significant but weak to moderate. Adults with diets that trended toward meeting their intake recommendations doubled the odds for children to have diets that trended toward meeting the recommendations; for many meals, adults consuming in the highest quintile for food group density predicted that children's intakes were also in the highest quintile.

Conclusions
Female and male adults living in the same household significantly affect children's food group and nutrient intakes, diet quality, and meal sizes. There is an urgent need for in-depth analysis to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, especially for studies involving both the female and male HH.
Functionalized halloysite nanotube-based carrier for intracellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Shi Yin-Feng , Tian Zhong , Zhang Yang , Shen He-Bai , Jia Neng-Qin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Halloysites are cheap, abundantly available, and natural with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility. In this paper, a novel halloysite nanotube [HNT]-based gene delivery system was explored for loading and intracellular delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides [ASODNs], in which functionalized HNTs [f-HNTs] were used as carriers and ASODNs as a therapeutic gene for targeting survivin. HNTs were firstly surface-modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in order to facilitate further biofunctionalization. The f-HNTs and the assembled f-HNT-ASODN complexes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy [TEM], dynamic light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The intracellular uptake and delivery efficiency of the complexes were effectively investigated by TEM, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of the complexes using MTT assay exhibited a significant enhancement in the cytotoxic capability. The results exhibited that f-HNT complexes could efficiently improve intracellular delivery and enhance antitumor activity of ASODNs by the nanotube carrier and could be used as novel promising vectors for gene therapy applications, which is attributed to their advantages over structures and features including a unique tubular structure, large aspect ratio, natural availability, rich functionality, good biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength.
Propensity score analysis in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 simulated data set on independent individuals
Authors: Lin Chen Min , Sathirapongsasuti Fah J , Kerner Berit 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 provided simulated phenotypes and exome sequence data for 697 independent individuals (209 case subjects and 488 control subjects). The disease liability in these data was influenced by multiple quantitative traits. We addressed the lack of statistical power in this small data set by limiting the genomic variants included in the study to those with potential disease-causing effect, thereby reducing the problem of multiple testing. After this adjustment, we could readily detect two common variants that were strongly associated with the quantitative trait Q1 (C13S523 and C13S522). However, we found no significant associations with the affected status or with any of the other quantitative traits, and the relationship between disease status and genomic variants remained obscure. To address the challenge of the multivariate phenotype, we used propensity scores to combine covariates with genetic risk factors into a single risk factor and created a new phenotype variable, the probability of being affected given the covariates. Using the propensity score as a quantitative trait in the case-control analysis, we again could identify the two common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (C13S523 and C13S522). In addition, this analysis captured the correlation between Q1 and the affected status and reduced the problem of multiple testing. Although the propensity score was useful for capturing and clarifying the genetic contributions of common variants to the disease phenotype and the mediating role of the quantitative trait Q1, the analysis did not increase power to detect rare variants.
A Google Earth-based surveillance system for schistosomiasis japonica implemented in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Sun Le-Ping , Liang You-Sheng , Wu Hong-Hui , Tian Zeng-Xi , Dai Jian-Rong , Yang Kun , Hong Qing-Biao , Zhou Xiao-Nong , Yang Guo-Jing 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Due to the success of the national schistosomiasis control programme in China, transmission has been sufficiently reduced in many areas to severely limit identification of areas at risk by conventional snail surveys only. In this study, we imported Google Earth technology and a Global Positioning System (GPS) into the monitoring system for schistosomiasis surveillance of the banks of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China.

Methods
A total of 45 sites were selected and the risk was assessed monthly by water exposure of sentinel mice at these sites from May to September in 2009 and 2010. The results were assembled and broadcast via the Google Earth platform.

Results
The intensity of schistosomiasis transmission showed peaks of risk in June and September of 2009, while there was only one small peak in June in 2010 as the number of detected positive transmission sites dropped dramatically that year thanks to improved mollusciciding. River ports were found to be areas of particular risk, but ferry terminals and other centres of river-related activities were also problematic.

Conclusions
The results confirm that the surveillance system can be rapidly updated and easily maintained, which proves the Google Earth approach to be a user-friendly, inexpensive warning system for schistosomiasis risk.
Use of [18F]FDOPA-PET for in vivo evaluation of dopaminergic dysfunction in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats
Authors: Kyono Kiyoshi , Takashima Tadayuki , Katayama Yumiko , Kawasaki Toshiyuki , Zochi Riyo , Gouda Maki , Kuwahara Yasuhiro , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Wada Yasuhiro , Onoe Hirotaka , Watanabe Yasuyoshi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the utility of L-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-phenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) as a method for assessing the severity of dopaminergic dysfunction in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats by comparing it with quantitative biochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral measurements.

Methods
Different doses of 6-OHDA (0, 7, 14, and 28 μg) were unilaterally injected into the right striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dopaminergic functional activity in the striatum was assessed by [18F]FDOPA-PET, measurement of striatal dopamine (DA) and DA metabolite levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, and methamphetamine-induced rotational testing.

Results
Accumulation of [18F]FDOPA in the bilateral striatum was observed in rats pretreated with both aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors. Unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA produced a significant site-specific reduction in [18F]FDOPA accumulation. The topological distribution pattern of [18F]FDOPA accumulation in the ipsilateral striatum agreed well with the pattern in TH-stained corresponding sections. A significant positive relationship was found between Patlak plot K
i values and striatal levels of DA and its metabolites (r = 0.958). A significant negative correlation was found between both K
i values (r = -0.639) and levels of DA and its metabolites (r = -0.719) and the number of methamphetamine-induced rotations.

Conclusions

K
i values determined using [18F]FDOPA-PET correlated significantly with the severity of dopaminergic dysfunction. [18F]FDOPA-PET makes it possible to perform longitudinal evaluation of dopaminergic function in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, which is useful in the development of new drugs and therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD).
Will There Always Be An Institution? I: The Impact of Epidemiological Trends
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this two-part series of articles, it is predicted that institutions will be phased out because of five trends: development of nonresidential community services; new conceptualizations of and attitudes toward residential services; increased usage of individual rather than group residential placements; provision of small, specialized group residences; and a decline in the incidence and prevalence of severe and profound retardation due to reduction in the birthrate of high risk groups, improvement of health services for the population generally and for high risk groups specifically, increased practice of abortion, general environmental betterment, and early childhood education. In this (first) part, the impact of the predicted epidemiological trends upon residential services is discussed.
Relationships Among Moral Reasoning, Empathy, and Distorted Cognitions in Men With Intellectual Disabilities and a History of Criminal Offending
Authors: Langdon Peter E , Murphy Glynis H , Clare Isabel C. H , Steverson Tom , Palmer Emma J 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEighty men, spread equally across 4 groups, were recruited, including men with and without intellectual disabilities. The men were either criminal offenders or nonoffenders. Participants completed measures of moral reasoning, empathy, and distorted cognitions. The results indicated that the moral reasoning abilities of offenders with intellectual disabilities were developmentally delayed but were still more mature than those of nonoffenders with intellectual disabilities. Offenders without intellectual disabilities had less mature moral reasoning abilities than nonoffenders without intellectual disabilities. The differences may be partially accounted for by intellectual ability. The results also indicated that the relationship between empathy and distorted cognitions was mediated by moral reasoning. The findings have implications for the use of psychological interventions with offenders with intellectual disabilities.
Bullying: a stepping stone to dating aggression?
Authors: Josephson Wendy L. , Pepler Debra 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Bullying is the use of power and aggression to control and distress another. In this paper, we review research to explore whether the lessons learned in bullying provide a stepping stone to aggressive behavior in dating relationships. We start by considering definitions and a relationship framework with which to understand both bullying and dating aggression. We consider bullying from a developmental-contextual perspective and consider risk factors associated with the typical developmental patterns for bullying and dating aggression, including developmental and sociodemographic, individual attributes, and family, peer group, community, and societal relationship contexts that might lead some children and youths to follow developmental pathways that lead to bullying and dating aggression. We conclude by discussing implications for intervention with a review of evidence-based interventions.