bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal regeneration in a zebrafish model of adult brain injury
Authors: Kishimoto Norihito , Shimizu Kohei , Sawamoto Kazunobu 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYNeural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian forebrain are a potential source of neurons for neural tissue repair after brain insults such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent studies show that neurogenesis in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the adult zebrafish telencephalon has features in common with neurogenesis in the adult mammalian SVZ. Here, we established a zebrafish model to study injury-induced neurogenesis in the adult brain. We show that the adult zebrafish brain possesses a remarkable capacity for neuronal regeneration. Telencephalon injury prompted the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) in the VZ of the injured hemisphere, compared with in the contralateral hemisphere. The distribution of NPCs, viewed by BrdU labeling and ngn1-promoter-driven GFP, suggested that they migrated laterally and reached the injury site via the subpallium and pallium. The number of NPCs reaching the injury site significantly decreased when the fish were treated with an inhibitor of γ-secretase, a component of the Notch signaling pathway, suggesting that injury-induced neurogenesis mechanisms are at least partly conserved between fish and mammals. The injury-induced NPCs differentiated into mature neurons in the regions surrounding the injury site within a week after the injury. Most of these cells expressed T-box brain protein (Tbr1), suggesting they had adopted the normal neuronal fate in this region. These results suggest that the telencephalic VZ contributes to neural tissue recovery following telencephalic injury in the adult zebrafish, and that the adult zebrafish is a useful model for regenerative medicine.
Tracing notochord-derived cells using a Noto-cre mouse: implications for intervertebral disc development
Authors: McCann Matthew R. , Tamplin Owen J. , Rossant Janet , Séguin Cheryle A. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
Back pain related to intervertebral disc degeneration is the most common musculoskeletal problem, with a lifetime prevalence of 82%. The lack of effective treatment for this widespread problem is directly related to our limited understanding of disc development, maintenance and degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the developmental origins of nucleus pulposus cells within the intervertebral disc using a novel notochord-specific Cre mouse. To trace the fate of notochordal cells within the intervertebral disc, we derived a notochord-specific Cre mouse line by targeting the homeobox gene Noto. Expression of this gene is restricted to the node and the posterior notochord during gastrulation [embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5)-E12.5]. The Noto-cre mice were crossed with a conditional lacZ reporter for visualization of notochord fate in whole-mount embryos. We performed lineage-tracing experiments to examine the contribution of the notochord to spinal development from E12.5 through to skeletally mature mice (9 months). Fate mapping studies demonstrated that, following elongation and formation of the primitive axial skeleton, the notochord gives rise to the nucleus pulposus in fully formed intervertebral discs. Cellular localization of β-galactosidase (encoded by lacZ) and cytokeratin-8 demonstrated that both notochordal cells and chondrocyte-like nucleus pulposus cells are derived from the embryonic notochord. These studies establish conclusively that notochordal cells act as embryonic precursors to all cells found within the nucleus pulposus of the mature intervertebral disc. This suggests that notochordal cells might serve as tissue-specific progenitor cells within the disc and establishes the Noto-cre mouse as a unique tool to interrogate the contribution of notochordal cells to both intervertebral disc development and disc degeneration.
Migratory navigation in birds: new opportunities in an era of fast-developing tracking technology
Authors: Guilford Tim , Åkesson Susanne , Gagliardo Anna , Holland Richard A. , Mouritsen Henrik , Muheim Rachel , Wiltschko Roswitha , Wiltschko Wolfgang , Bingman Verner P. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBirds have remained the dominant model for studying the mechanisms of animal navigation for decades, with much of what has been discovered coming from laboratory studies or model systems. The miniaturisation of tracking technology in recent years now promises opportunities for studying navigation during migration itself (migratory navigation) on an unprecedented scale. Even if migration tracking studies are principally being designed for other purposes, we argue that attention to salient environmental variables during the design or analysis of a study may enable a host of navigational questions to be addressed, greatly enriching the field. We explore candidate variables in the form of a series of contrasts (e.g. land vs ocean or night vs day migration), which may vary naturally between migratory species, populations or even within the life span of a migrating individual. We discuss how these contrasts might help address questions of sensory mechanisms, spatiotemporal representational strategies and adaptive variation in navigational ability. We suggest that this comparative approach may help enrich our knowledge about the natural history of migratory navigation in birds.
Influence of elevated temperature on metabolism during aestivation: implications for muscle disuse atrophy
Authors: Young Karen M. , Cramp Rebecca L. , White Craig R. , Franklin Craig E. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYReactive oxygen species (ROS), produced commensurate with aerobic metabolic rate, contribute to muscle disuse atrophy (MDA) in immobilised animals by damaging myoskeletal protein and lipids. Aestivating frogs appear to avoid MDA in part by substantially suppressing metabolic rate. However, as ectotherms, metabolic rate is sensitive to environmental temperature, and the high ambient temperatures that may be experienced by frogs during aestivation could in fact promote MDA. In this study, we investigated the effect of temperature on the metabolic rate of the aestivating frog Cyclorana alboguttata and its skeletal muscles in order to determine their likely susceptibility to MDA. Compared with non-aestivating frogs, a significant decrease in metabolic rate was recorded for aestivating frogs at 20, 24 and 30°C. At 30°C, however, the metabolic rate of aestivating frogs was significantly higher, approximately double that of frogs aestivating at 20 or 24°C, and the magnitude of the metabolic depression was significantly reduced at 30°C compared with that at 20°C. Temperature effects were also observed at the tissue level. At 24 and 30°C the metabolic rate of all muscles from aestivating frogs was significantly depressed compared with that of muscles from non-aestivating frogs. However, during aestivation at 30°C the metabolic rates of gastrocnemius, sartorius and cruralis were significantly elevated compared with those from frogs aestivating at 24°C. Our data show that the metabolism of C. alboguttata and its skeletal muscles is elevated at higher temperatures during aestivation and that the capacity of the whole animal to actively depress metabolism is impaired at 30°C.
Social synchronization of circadian locomotor activity rhythm in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lone Shahnaz Rahman , Sharma Vijay Kumar 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
Circadian clocks regulate the physiology and behaviour of organisms across a wide range of taxa. To keep track of local time, these clocks use a variety of time cues such as light–dark, temperature, food availability and social interaction cycles. This study assessed the role of social cues in modulating circadian clocks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using pair-wise interactions, we first estimated the percentage contribution of each interacting partner on the cumulative rhythmic behaviour of the pairs. Subsequently, we studied the effects of multi-individual (group-wise) interactions on the rhythmic behaviour of the group by estimating phase synchrony between individuals of different strains (having different circadian periods) maintained in both homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Although it is known that social interactions improve synchrony between interacting individuals, we asked whether such interactions are able to synchronize the circadian rhythms of highly phase-desynchronized flies. We found that, although interactions between fly strains possessing different circadian periods failed to produce synchrony, social interactions among phase-desynchronized flies did enhance the phase synchrony of the interacting individuals. Differently phased individuals living in social groups displayed significantly greater phase synchrony than those living solitarily. Social synchronization is olfaction mediated as group-wise interactions among phase-desynchronized flies possessing compromised olfactory ability (Or83b0) did not improve phase synchrony. These results suggest that social cues synchronize the circadian clocks of Drosophila provided that the interacting individuals have similar clock periods.
Mechanisms of stable lipid loss in a social insect
Authors: Ament Seth A. , Chan Queenie W. , Wheeler Marsha M. , Nixon Scott E. , Johnson S. Peir , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L. , Foster Leonard J. , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
Worker honey bees undergo a socially regulated, highly stable lipid loss as part of their behavioral maturation. We used large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic experiments, physiological experiments and RNA interference to explore the mechanistic basis for this lipid loss. Lipid loss was associated with thousands of gene expression changes in abdominal fat bodies. Many of these genes were also regulated in young bees by nutrition during an initial period of lipid gain. Surprisingly, in older bees, which is when maximum lipid loss occurs, diet played less of a role in regulating fat body gene expression for components of evolutionarily conserved nutrition-related endocrine systems involving insulin and juvenile hormone signaling. By contrast, fat body gene expression in older bees was regulated more strongly by evolutionarily novel regulatory factors, queen mandibular pheromone (a honey bee-specific social signal) and vitellogenin (a conserved yolk protein that has evolved novel, maturation-related functions in the bee), independent of nutrition. These results demonstrate that conserved molecular pathways can be manipulated to achieve stable lipid loss through evolutionarily novel regulatory processes.
Dopamine as an anorectic neuromodulator in the cockroachRhyparobia maderae
Authors: Allen Jaclyn M. , Van Kummer Brooke H. , Cohen Randy W. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYInsects, including cockroaches, self-select a balanced diet when faced with different nutrient choices. For self-selection to be carried out effectively, insects possess neuroregulatory systems to control their food intake. In the present study, we examined the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the feeding regulation of the Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae). When R. maderae nymphs were injected with 20 μl of 100 mmol l–1 DA, they showed an 83.3% reduction in sucrose intake and a 78.9% reduction in total intake compared with saline-injected controls. The DA agonist, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant reduction in sucrose feeding, reducing feeding by 47.3% compared with saline-injected controls. Protein feeding was also significantly reduced by 6,7-ADTN to 62%. Rhyparobia maderae nymphs injected with the DA antagonist chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl) did not differ significantly from control nymphs in their feeding behavior. Interestingly, R. maderae nymphs injected with 2 μl or 5 μl chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1) showed significantly increased mortality rates of 47.5% or 66.7%, respectively. The DA antagonist, spiperone (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant feeding response, showing an increase in feeding in both sucrose (310.6%) and total intake (236.3%). Casein feeding in R. maderae nymphs was also elevated (70.8%) but this was not statistically significant. The experiments with DA, the DA agonist 6,7-ADTN and the DA antagonist spiperone strongly suggest that the neurotransmitter DA is involved in regulating feeding in the cockroach R. maderae.
Sound production in the longnose butterflyfishes (genusForcipiger): cranial kinematics, muscle activity and honest signals
Authors: Boyle Kelly S. , Tricas Timothy C. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYMany teleost fishes produce sounds for social communication with mechanisms that do not involve swim bladder musculature. Such sounds may reflect physical attributes of the sound-production mechanism, be constrained by body size and therefore control signal reliability during agonistic behaviors. We examined kinematics of the cranium, median fins and caudal peduncle during sound production in two territorial chaetodontid butterflyfish sister species: forcepsfish (Forcipiger flavissimus) and longnose butterflyfish (F. longirostris). During intraspecific agonistic encounters, both species emit a single pulse sound that precedes rapid cranial rotation at velocities and accelerations that exceed those of prey strikes by many ram-and suction-feeding fishes. Electromyography showed that onsets of activity for anterior epaxialis, sternohyoideus, A1 and A2 adductor mandibulae muscles and sound emission are coincident but precede cranial elevation. Observations indicate that sound production is driven by epaxial muscle contraction whereas a ventral linkage between the head and pectoral girdle is maintained by simultaneous activity from the adductor mandibulae and sternohyoideus. Thus, the girdle, ribs and rostral swim bladder are pulled anteriorly before the head is released and rotated dorsally. Predictions of the hypothesis that acoustic signals are indicators of body size and kinematic performance were confirmed. Variation in forcepsfish sound duration and sound pressure level is explained partly by cranial elevation velocity and epaxial electromyogram duration. Body size, however, explains most variation in duration and sound pressure level. These observed associations indicate that forcepsfish sounds may be accurate indicators of size and condition that are related to resource holding potential during social encounters.
In-plane Orientation of Fluorescent Molecules in Friction-transferred Films
Authors: Koshiba Yasuko , Misaki Masahiro , Kanda Kotomi , Miyaji Hiroaki , Ishida Kenji , Ueda Yasukiyo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Thin films of fluorescent molecules were prepared by friction-transfer and investigated by UV–vis absorption and PL measurements and TEM observation. Molecules with a long skeleton were aligned nearly horizontally and parallel to the friction direction in the film. Such in-plane orientation is advantageous in fabricating OLEDs with respect to light-outcoupling efficiency.
Emission and Quenching of the Pyrenesulfonate Excimer on a Dodecyltrimethylammonium Micellar Surface
Authors: Takezaki Makoto , Tominaga Toshihiro 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The excimer formation and decay dynamics of pyrenesulfonate on a cationic micellar surface have been studied by measuring the decay of monomer fluorescence as well as the rise and decay of the excimer emission. The excimer formation rate constant, lifetime, and quenching rate constant by the monomer were found to be 2.1 × 107 s−1, 46.2 ns, and 2.6 × 106 s−1, respectively.
pH and Sugar Responsive Host Polymer Hydrogels Designed Based on Sugar and Boronic Acid Interaction
Authors: Tamesue Shingo , Numata Munenori , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By mixing boronic acid-modified poly(acrylic acid) (pAA-BA) and β-1,3-glucan Schizophyllan (SPG) in water at pH 9.9, hydrogel was readily formed with the aid of the sugar and boronic acid interaction. This hydrogel showed the reversible transformation between sol and gel depending on the medium pH. Moreover, this hydrogel stability was sensitive to fructose concentration. As one potential output, we prepared the hydrogel including single-walled carbon nanotubes, utilizing the nanotube-wrapping property inherent to SPG.
Quantitative Analysis of Trace Heavy Elements in Geological Samples Utilizing High-energy (116 keV) Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Forensic Investigation
Authors: Bong Willy Shun Kai , Nakai Izumi , Furuya Shunsuke , Suzuki Hiroko , Abe Yoshinari , Osaka Keiichi , Matsumoto Takuya , Itou Masayoshi , Imai Noboru , Ninomiya Toshio 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
High-energy (116 keV) synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis has for the first time been applied to the quantitative analysis of trace heavy elements of geological samples. Calibration curves for the determination of trace heavy elements were obtained by measuring 7 reference rock samples and showed good linearity because of the high penetrating power of the high-energy X-rays. It is found that this method is suitable for rapid and nondestructive quantitative characterization of trace heavy elements in trace amount of soil samples for forensic investigation.
Rational Design of a New IMP Aptamer Based on a TPP Riboswitch and a Hypoxanthine Aptamer
Authors: Tokui Misato , Yamauchi Takahiro , Miyoshi Daisuke , Kamiya Hisaya , Nishimura Akira , Sugimoto Naoki 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We rationally designed a new inosine monophosphate (IMP) aptamer based on structural information from the natural thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitch and an in vitro-selected hypoxanthine aptamer. The value of the binding affinity (Ka) for the newly designed IMP aptamer for IMP was (2.6 ± 3.2) × 107 M−1, which was 10-times larger than that for TPP. These results demonstrated that structure-based design of aptamers can be a useful scheme to develop artificial aptamers.
Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Pictogram Augmentation of HIV Medication Information
Authors: Wilby Kyle , Marra Carlo A , da Silva Jack H , Grubisic Maja , Harvard Stephanie , Lynd Larry D 
Published: October 2011

Background:: Antiretroviral therapy for the management of HIV typically requires the chronic use of 3 or more medications. As such, patients with HIV are required to manage complex dosing schedules and are at risk of multiple potential adverse effects. The use of pictograms on medication vials as a means of improving patients' understanding of medication information has been shown to positively influence understanding and adherence compared to those using text atone. Objective: To determine whether pictograms (Pharmaglyph) increase patient recall of targeted information associated with HIV medications and whether patients can interpret the intended meaning of pictograms that they had not seen previously. Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in HIV-positive patients aged 19 years or older who were receiving a new prescription for an antiretroviral medication from the ambulatory pharmacy at St. Paul's Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Participants were randomized to receive either pictogram-enhanced medication information or standard counseling. At the first follow-up visit, each patient's recall of the medication information was evaluated, and differences between groups were compared. Results: Eighty-two subjects were randomized, 40 to the intervention group and 42 to the control arm. The mean (SD) number of HIV medications was nearly equal between the intervention and control groups: 3.0 (1.5) and 3.1 (1.4), respectively. After a mean of 34 days, 33 patients in the intervention arm and 39 in the control arm completed the study. The majority (88%) of the targeted pieces of information in the intervention group were correctly identified at follow-up, compared to only 2% in the control group (Fisher exact test; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Pictograms improve the recall of targeted medication information among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV management; however, this appears to be dependent on the fact that these patients received a verbal explanation of each pictogram prior to use.
Vemurafenib (PLX4032): An Orally Available Inhibitor of Mutated BRAF for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Heakal Yasser , Kester Mark , Savage Scott 
Published: October 2011

Objective: To summarize the preclinical and clinical data on vemurafenib, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on August 17, 2011, and discuss the drug's clinical advantages and limitations. Data Sources: An English-language literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed (1966-August 2011), using the terms PLX4032, RG7204, R05185426, vemurafenib, and metastatic melanoma, was conducted. In addition, information and data were obtained from meeting abstracts, clinical trial registries, and news releases from the FDA. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant published articles and abstracts on vemurafenib were included. Clinical trial registries and meeting abstracts were used to obtain information regarding ongoing trials. All peer-reviewed articles containing information regarding the clinical safety and efficacy of vemurafenib were evaluated for inclusion. Data Synthesis: Before the recent approval (March 2011) of ipilimumab, there was no first-line standard-of-care therapy, with proven overall survival benefit, for the treatment of malignant metastatic melanoma. Unlike ipilimumab, which acts through immune-modulation, vemurafenib is a novel, molecularly targeted therapeutic with preferential efficacy toward a specific mutated oncogenic BRAF-signaling mediator. In recently published results of a Phase 3 clinical trial comparing dacarbazine with vemurafenib, vemurafenib prolonged progression-free and overall survival, with confirmed objective response rate of 48% (95% CI 42 to 55) versus 5% (95% CI 3 to 9) for patients who received dacarbazine (p < 0,001) Conclusions: Vemurafenib offers a novel, first-line, personalized therapy for patients who have mutated BRAF, Clinical trials of vemurafenib in combination with ipilimumab or other targeted or cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents may provide more effective regimens with long-term clinical benefit.
Elea/Velia. Il quadro istituzionale dalle origini al I sec. d. C.
Authors: Cappelletti Loredana 
Published: October 2011

Riassunto
Ho riesaminato tutta la documentazione disponibile (letteraria, epigrafica, numismatica e archeologica) relativa alla legislazione eleate di età arcaica ed alle istituzioni cittadine in età preromana e romana. Per comprendere l′assetto costituzionale di Elea nel periodo V–III sec. a. C. ho ritenuto opportuno istituire un confronto con la documentazione relativa a Focea, Massalia e Napoli. Infine la documentazione epigrafica greca e latina di I sec. a. C.–I sec. d. C. dimostra che anche ad Elea (e non solo a Taranto, Napoli e Reggio come afferma Strab. VI 1, 2 C 253), sopravvissero in età romana istituti greci, come la ginnasiarchia e la misteriosa folarchia.
Alexander der Große – Welterkundung als Welteroberung
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim 
Published: October 2011

Zusammenfassung
In dem Artikel soll (erstens) gezeigt werden, daß Alexanders Weltsicht von den Konzepten der griechischen philosophischen (wissenschaftlichen) Geographie geprägt war. Diese theoretisch fundierten Ideen wurden (zweitens) während seiner Feldzüge gegen das Persische Reich und darüber hinaus kontrolliert und modifiziert. Diese wurden so auch zu einer geographischen Expedition.