bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Observations of Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Alloys
Authors: Scheil M. A. 
Published: September 2009

Austenitic stainless alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking which may occur under certain corrosion environments irrespective of their susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.
Test samples are described for investigating stress-corrosion susceptibility of alloys for industrial equipment.
A laboratory test using a solution of magnesium chloride boiling at 309 F. was found to produce transgranular cracks in several alloys investigated and in types 347 and 316 stainless steel tubing a residual stress of the order of 10,000 psi. was observed to initiate cracking.
The susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking as judged by the boiling magnesium chloride test indicates that alloys may be selected which will withstand a high stress in service.
Stressed specimens of stainless alloys included in a corrosion testing program will aid in determining the acceptibility of these fabricated alloys, when stressed, to the service conditions.
Field Loading Tests for the Evaluation of the Wheel-Load Capacities of Airport Pavements
Authors: Palmer L. A. 
Published: September 2009

The Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department jointly sponsored an extensive investigation of concrete and bituminous-surfaced airfield pavements at more than 40 Naval and Marine Corps Air stations. This involved making more than 3000 plate loading tests ranging up to 75,000 lb. maximum loads, also taking and testing an approximately equal number of samples of subgrades and pavement components.
The objectives of this investigation were: (a) to obtain directly the maximum safe wheel-load capacities of the pavements at the specific fields, (b) to obtain basic information of value in estimating the wheel-load capacities of pavements at other fields not included in the study, and (c) to obtain basic information of value in checking current design procedures and possibly developing new design procedures and methods of construction.
This paper is primarily concerned with one phase of the project, namely, field loading tests and factors which influence the loading test data.
The general procedure for evaluating the wheel-load bearing capacities of flexible types of pavements at Naval Air stations is described. The procedure includes plate loading tests, both on the pavement surface and on the subgrade, and in-place density and moisture tests of base course, sub-base and subgrade materials. Laboratory tests include triaxial tests on undisturbed subgrade samples and for both base course, sub-base and subgrade materials, density and moisture relations, Atterburg limits, and grain size. Asphalt stability and other tests are made with the surfacing materials. Comparisons are made between the in-place densities and moisture percentages of subgrade soils and the laboratory compacted maximum densities and optimum moistures of the same soils. The limitations and applicability of theory are being studied. Data indicate the relationship between bearing capacity and tire pressure and also the relationships between pavement thickness and subgrade properties on the bearing value of both the pavement and the subgrade.
Mechanical Polishing of Metallographic Specimens
Authors: Link Harold S 
Published: September 2009

The primary purpose of metallographic polishing is to produce an optically flat surface suitably free of polishing defects for subsequent microscopic examination. How this suitable surface is obtained is of secondary importance.
With such modern aids as automatic polishing machines and electropolishers, a technician with only a small amount of training can generally prepare satisfactory specimens in a relatively short time. However, this type of advanced equipment is not essential except in special cases. Examples are shown of the type of work that experienced metallographers can accomplish with polishing wheels that are much the same as those used since the earliest days of metallography.
Use of Diamond Abrasives in Metallographic Problems
Authors: Olden E C 
Published: September 2009

A polishing procedure incorporating the use of diamond abrasives was developed for assignments representing the three major problem areas in metallographic preparation of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, namely, loss of non-metallic inclusions, surface distortion, and insufficient flatness of field. Efforts were made to keep the metallographic technique simple and suitable for use even by relatively inexperienced personnel.
Results of the study indicated that the utilization of diamond abrasives minimized, to a large degree, polishing difficulties ordinarily experienced in the above mentioned problem areas. In addition, it was found that by using this polishing medium, one basic procedure could be used, thus avoiding the need of specialized techniques and experience often required when only conventional abrasives were employed.
Use of diamond abrasives was recommended in metallographic work wherein retention of nonmetallic inclusions, surface distortion, or flatness of field constitute a problem.
Present Methods of Metallographic Specimen Preparation for Retention and Identification of Inclusions in Steel
Authors: Brandenburg C F 
Published: September 2009

The procedures used by five bearing companies, three steel companies, and one aircraft engine builder were examined and studied for the establishment of the most useful metallographic specimen preparation for retention and identification of inclusions in steel.
An attempt was made to incorporate and correlate the various techniques into four basic methods, all referring to the procedure specified in ASTM Recommended Practice E 45.2 No attempt was made to determine the economics of one method as compared to another, but rather to point out the various techniques used to produce satisfactory metallographic specimens for determination and identification of inclusions in steel when compared to the readings specified on the Jernkontoret chart.
Each laboratory procedure was studied and categorized in accordance with the seven basic stages of specimen preparation. The metallographic examination and procedure for identification of nonmetallic inclusions is presented. From the suggestions and recommendations contained in this paper, laboratories may attempt to improve their present method and reach a more common over-all method in preparing metallographic specimens.
The Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Strength of Plain and Notched Stainless Steel Sheet in the Range From 10 to 107 Cycles
Authors: Bell W. J. , Benham P. P. 
Published: September 2009

Stainless steel sheet (18Cr-9Ni) was tested in fatigue under axial-load cycling in plain and notched conditions. Various stress ratios were used ranging from R = −1.0 to +0.91, and endurances (see Definitions) from 10 to 107 cycles were covered using testing frequencies of 5 to 15 cpm and 3000 cpm.
The effect of mean stress on notch fatigue strength could not be predicted empirically solely from unnotched material data; at least one notched fatigue curve would be required.
A fatigue strength reduction factor based on maximum stress for a particular mean stress and endurance provided the most reliable correlation between unnotched and notched data.
Low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue curves matched up only to a limited extent at the overlap, but there was generally strength reduction at low frequency. Under certain conditions of mean stress and stress ratio a cyclic creep or ratchetting mechanism leading to ductile rupture was obtained at low endurances.
Simple functions existed in the low-cycle region between stress range and plastic strain range and total energy and cycles to fracture, both of which were largely independent of stress ratio.
Low-Cycle Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V at −423 F
Authors: Hilsen R. R. , Yen C. S. , Whiteson B. V. 
Published: September 2009

To determine the effects of various factors on low-cycle fatigue phenomena in connection with space vehicle design, axial tension fatigue tests up to 2000 cycles were conducted on titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, at −423 F. The effects of changing the minimum-to-maximum load ratio and cycling speed for the range tested were slight. The fatigue strength of pressure-welded specimens was within 1 per cent of that of the base metal. Fatigue strengths at −423 F were 65 to 68 per cent higher than those at room temperature.
Two types of fractures were observed, depending on the fatigue life. A transition in the fracture appearance occurred between 700 and 2000 cycles in which the fracture changed from a cup-and-cone to a more typical surface-initiated fatigue fracture. Cycling below the ultimate tensile strength tended to raise the fatigue strength above the static tensile strength. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Statistical Evaluation of a Limited Number of Fatigue Test Specimens Including a Factor of Safety Approach
Authors: Albrecht C. O. 
Published: September 2009

Many full-scale component fatigue limits are developed on the basis of less than five tests. Use of statistical concepts on such a limited number of specimens would result in extremely low and unrealistic allowable stresses for any reasonable probability and confidence level.
Fatigue data from element tests and full-scale component tests, where many specimens have been tested, can be used to evaluate a coefficient of variation that is representative of the material and type of component being considered. By use of this information, and with the application of basic statistical techniques, a design S-N-P (probability) curve can be determined for components where only a limited number of tests are available, for any probability and confidence level desired. The methods employed for the evaluation of available data are discussed.
Typical values of coefficient of variation are tabulated for components of typical steel and aluminum alloys such as 4130 and 4340 alloy steel, 150,000 to 160,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, and 2024-T4, 2014-T6, and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys, which contain stress concentrations or areas of fretting corrosion or both.
Suitable probability and confidence levels are selected for components where a single noninspectable failure would result in a catastrophic loss.
Determination of a design fatigue limit can be obtained directly by using the method described in this paper or by applying a factor of safety to the average test fatigue limit that simplifies the determination of an appropriate design S-N-P curve for the designer and structures engineer. A table is presented showing the factor of safety required to ensure a minimum desired probability and confidence level when only a limited number of test specimens is available.
Estimation of Fatigue Performance of Aircraft Structures
Authors: Schijve J. 
Published: September 2009

The simulation of random service loads by cyclic loads is discussed. It is noted that their similarity can at present be shown on an empirical basis only. A few test programs are reviewed; a clear picture has not yet been obtained.
The results of program-fatigue tests on notched light alloy specimens and structures show that ∑N¯n values are on the average larger than 1; and macrocrack propagation in sheet material is slower than predicted by the Palmgren-Miner rule. In addition to the amount of microcracking, the second damage parameter of residual stress at the tip of the crack is of great importance. Both parameters allow a qualitative understanding of the deviations from the Palmgren-Miner rule.
The rule is a useful tool to make rough life estimates in the early design stage, but the major difficulty is to obtain relevant and accurate S-N data. The rule is found to be unreliable in judging whether a certain type of service loading would contribute substantially to the damage induced by other loads.
Full-scale testing is considered to be indispensable to establish the fatigue performance of a new aircraft design. With present-day experimental facilities, a simulation of the anticipated load-time history in service is advised for such a test. Since program-fatigue testing may be useful for design studies, recommendations are made for planning the load sequence in this type of test.
A Statistical Interpretation of the Effect of Understressing on Fatigue Strength
Authors: Epremian E. , Mehl R. F. 
Published: September 2009

It has generally been accepted for many years that understressing has a beneficial effect on the fatigue properties of metals. Further, it has been thought that this improvement is the result of a mild cold-working effect produced by the cyclic stressing at or below the endurance limit of the material. This conclusion is based on the observation that previously under-stressed specimens will undergo a larger number of cycles to failure relative to the virgin life at some higher stress in the fracture range.
Unquestionably cold-work can have a beneficial effect on the fatigue properties; drawing and shot-peening produce marked improvements. Metallographic as well as other investigations have shown that deformation and cold-work are produced in the fatigue process. None of the previous studies on the understressing effect have, however, been made from the necessary statistical approach. It is now well established that both the fatigue life and endurance limit are statistical quantities. Lack of recognition of this fact can lead to misinterpretation of the data and erroneous conclusions.
The purpose of this investigation was to study the understressing effect from a statistical viewpoint. The experimental work was an extension of the research reported in a companion paper 4 and is being published separately to give it proper emphasis. It will be shown that the understressing effect can, in part if not wholly, be interpreted as a phenomenon based on selectivity and the statistical nature of the endurance limit; and that cold-work does not play a dominant role in this behavior.
Fatigue Properties of Large Specimens with Related Size and Statistical Effects
Authors: Horger Oscar J. , Neifert Harry R. 
Published: September 2009

This paper summarizes the results of rotating-bending fatigue tests on shafts 0.3- to 6-in. diameter from SAE plain carbon steels of 0.39 and 0.54 per cent carbon content in both the “as-forged” and normalized-and-tempered conditions. Shafts were tested with stress concentration, as represented by both fillets and press-fitted members, as well as plain specimens.
Shafts with stress concentration produced by fillets or press-fitted members from either untreated or normalized-and-tempered steels exhibited little or no size effect. An endurance limit ranging from 17,500 to 25,000 psi was found from tests on 101 plain specimens of 6-in. diameter untreated steel, while filleted shafts (r/d = 0.14 and 0.29) of the same material had endurance limit values within this range. A similar comparison exists on normalized-and-tempered steel, but here less extensive data are available.
Some effect of size was indicated on plain specimens 6 in. in diameter, which had a minimum endurance limit 35 per cent lower than that found for the conventional 0.3-in. diameter plain specimens from untreated steel. Data are reported on various groups of small specimens machined from large forgings and 22 in. bar stock.
Late-night and low-dose dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol in saliva and serum for the diagnosis of cortisol-secreting adrenal adenomas
Authors: Deutschbein Timo , Unger Nicole , Hinrichs Jakob , Walz Martin K , Mann Klaus , Petersenn Stephan 
Published: September 2009

ObjectiveIn patients with adrenal incidentalomas, hormonally active masses need to be considered, particularly cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA), aldosterone-producing adenomas, and pheochromocytomas. The screening for hypercortisolism relies on confirming excess cortisol secretion and insufficient suppression after dexamethasone. Because of its high correlation with free cortisol and its stress-free collection, salivary cortisol (SaC) may offer advantages over serum cortisol (SeC). We evaluated the value of SaC and SeC for the diagnosis of CPA.DesignComparative study between 2001 and 2006.MethodsThirty-eight patients with confirmed CPA were compared with 18 healthy subjects as well as 48 control patients suffering from aldosterone-producing adenomas (n=13), pheochromocytomas (n=16), or nonfunctioning adenomas (n=19). Sampling of saliva and serum was performed at 2300 and at 0800 h following low-dose dexamethasone suppression. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to calculate thresholds with at least 95% sensitivity for CPA.ResultsRegarding the cutoffs for late-night cortisol, SaC (4.8 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 69%) was slightly more specific than SeC (115 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 63%). In contrast, the cutoff for dexamethasone-suppressed SaC (3.7 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 83%) was slightly less specific than SeC (94 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 88%). However, the latter cutoffs demonstrated greater specificity when compared with the cutoffs for late-night cortisol.ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of SaC is as good as SeC. Owing to its higher specificity, dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol is preferable to late-night cortisol when screening for Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas.
Vaccines for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Renewed Anticancer Strategy
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Rossi Antonio , Maione Paolo , Ferrara Marianna Luciana , Castaldo Vincenzo , Sacco Paola Claudia 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Carcinoma of the lung is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constituting about 85% of all new diagnoses. Standard approaches for each NSCLC stage have reached a plateau in effectiveness. A variety of novel approaches are now being investigated to improve the outcome of this disease. Despite decades of research, no specific active cancer vaccine has, to date, been approved for NSCLC therapy; nevertheless, vaccine therapy has recently re-emerged as a potential therapeutic approach. In particular, several new paradigms have stemmed from recent clinical findings both in the use of combination therapy approaches with more sophisticated specific vaccines and in clinical trial design and endpoint analyses. Several vaccine therapies have been investigated in NSCLC, including in the early and advanced disease stages. The best results appear to be in the adjuvant settings and in locally advanced NSCLC. In fact, in these two settings, phase III randomized trials are ongoing evaluating the melanoma-associated antigen A3 vaccine and the liposomal BLP25 vaccine. This paper reviews the main clinical trials involving several different cancer vaccines employed in the treatment of early and advanced stage NSCLC, focusing on those in advanced stages of development.
Prognostic Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation and Mutation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hama Takanori , Yuza Yuki , Saito Yoshimichi , O-uchi Jin , Kondo Shu , Okabe Masataka , Yamada Hisashi , Kato Takakuni , Moriyama Hiroshi , Kurihara Satoshi , Urashima Mitsuyoshi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The molecular status of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has not been as well studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as in lung cancer. We examined the frequencies of EGFR mutations as well as the expression/phosphorylation status of the EGFR protein in HNSCC patients. Moreover, we tried to elucidate associations between EGFR molecular status and patient characteristics and disease-free survival. In this prospective cohort study, clinical data and samples were obtained from 82 consecutive patients who had not been treated with EGFR molecular targeting therapy. Full-length EGFR was sequenced, and expression and phosphorylation of the EGFR protein were measured by Western blotting. Four novel mutations (E709K, V765G, Ins770G, and G1022S) and one mutation well-known in lung cancer (L858R) were identified in six HNSCC samples (7%), but we could not find any mutations in the extracellular domain of EGFR, such as EGFRvIII, in this study. E709K and Ins770G as well as L858R appear to be functional mutations based on the use of Ba/F3 cells. In terms of patient characteristics, the number of metastatic lymph nodes and node stage were associated with phosphorylation of EGFR. No patients with EGFR mutations relapsed during the study period. Excluding mutated cases, patients whose tumor samples showed phosphorylated EGFR relapsed significantly earlier than those without phosphorylated EGFR. This finding was still significant after adjusting for mutation and overexpression of EGFR protein using the Cox proportional hazard model. In conclusion, phosphorylated EGFR without mutations may be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Bevacizumab-Containing Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The BRiTE Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Kozloff Mark , Yood Marianne Ulcickas , Berlin Jordan , Flynn Patrick J. , Kabbinavar Fairooz F. , Purdie David M. , Ashby Mark A. , Dong Wei , Sugrue Mary M. , Grothey Axel ,   for the investigators of the BRiTE study
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background.
The Bevacizumab Regimens’ Investigation of Treatment Effects (BRiTE) study is a prospective, observational cohort study designed to elucidate safety and effectiveness outcomes associated with bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy as used in clinical practice for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

Patients and Methods.
Baseline characteristics, prespecified bevacizumab-related adverse events, and effectiveness data were collected from 1,953 mCRC patients who were receiving first-line treatment including bevacizumab at 248 U.S. sites.

Results.
At database lock, the median follow-up was 20.1 months. At baseline, 46% of patients were aged ≥65 years and 49% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score ≥1. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin was the most common first-line chemotherapy regimen (56%). Overall rates of bevacizumab-related adverse events in the BRiTE study, such as gastrointestinal perforation (1.9%), arterial thromboembolic events (2%), grade 3–4 bleeding (2.2%), and de novo hypertension requiring medication (22%), were consistent with those reported in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of bevacizumab in first-line mCRC treatment. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) times were 9.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.5–10.3) months and 22.9 (95% CI, 21.9–24.4) months, respectively.

Conclusion.
The median PFS and OS durations and safety profile of bevacizumab in the BRiTE study were similar to those in RCTs of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in first-line mCRC patients. The observations from the BRiTE study complement and expand upon RCT data, providing clinical information in a large cohort of bevacizumab-treated patients and subgroups such as the elderly.