bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of interstitial pneumonia in studies evaluating iodine‐131‐labeled lipiodol for hepatocellular carcinoma using exact likelihood approach
Authors: Oger Emmanuel , Lavenu Audrey , Bellissant Eric , Garin Etienne , Polard Elisabeth 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeIodine‐131‐labeled lipiodol is currently licensed for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal thrombosis. It is thought to be well tolerated. Cases of interstitial pneumonia have been reported, but their frequency (≈2%) has not been well estimated. Quantifying adverse drug event frequency requires an appropriate statistical approach because standard methods are biased.MethodsTo estimate the frequency of interstitial pneumonia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving iodine‐131‐labeled lipiodol, we conducted a systematic review of English articles using MEDLINE and EMBASE. All types of articles were considered except case reports. Primary outcome measure was symptomatic interstitial pneumonia based on investigators' judgment. All pooled analyses were based on a random effects meta‐analysis model using an exact likelihood approach based on the binomial within‐study distribution.ResultsTen studies, including 142 patients, used low activity per dose, ranging from 0.3 to 1.1 GBq. No respiratory adverse event was noticed in these studies. Eighteen studies, including 542 patients, evaluated higher activity per dose, around 2.2 GBq; 24 cases of interstitial pneumonia were reported in these studies. Estimated frequency of interstitial pneumonia was 1.6% (95%CI, 0.4–6.4%) after one high dose and 4.1% (95%CI, 1.0–16.0%) after two or more high doses.ConclusionsThe frequency of interstitial pneumonia appears higher and more precise than previously estimated. The risk appears to be related to the number of injections and the dose level per injection. Generalized linear mixed models using the exact binomial within‐study distribution initially described to summarize data on diagnostic evaluation could be relevant for drug‐related adverse reaction frequency assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components of asthma control and treatment response of individual control criteria in children: Analysis of the PEACE study
Authors: Pedersen Søren , Maspero Jorge , Gul Nadeem , Sharma Raj 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of asthma management is to achieve and maintain clinical control. Control data for children is sparse.ObjectiveThis analysis evaluated factors associated with not achieving well‐controlled (WC) asthma using data from a study in 548 children with uncontrolled asthma.MethodsPost hoc analysis of factors affecting the probability of not achieving WC asthma in children receiving salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/100 µg bd (SFC) or montelukast 5 mg od (MON), included: reasons for patients failing the asthma control criteria; achievement of overall asthma control; time course of improvement in individual outcomes and composite score; factors associated with not achieving WC asthma.ResultsThe proportion of patients failing individual control criteria at baseline was: β2‐agonist rescue use: 96%, peak expiratory flow (PEF): 91%, symptoms: 78%, and night‐time awakenings: 66%. Most patients failed the composite control score for more than one reason with 482 (99%), 387 (80%), and 249 (52%) failing 2, 3, or 4 control criteria, respectively. Overall asthma control was achieved by 166 (59%) patients in the SFC group and 96 (36%) in the MON group (P < 0.001). Time course of control differed between individual control components with symptoms responding most rapidly and PEF most slowly. Factors significantly influencing the probability of not achieving WC asthma were treatment with MON, country, and night‐time awakenings at baseline, treatment being the most important.ConclusionDifferent outcomes improve at different rates. Assessment of one or a few outcomes over‐estimates the level of asthma control. An overall composite score in combination with the proportion of patients failing on three or more criteria seemed to most accurately reflect the level of control. Compared with SFC treatment, MON was three times less likely to result in good asthma control. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46: 1182–1188. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘Dry Season’ bias?
Authors: Wright Jim A. , Yang Hong , Walker Kate 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aims to assess whether Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and population censuses in developing countries are predominantly conducted during drier months and are therefore subject to seasonal bias. We examined field implementation dates of 176 DHS conducted in 64 countries and enumeration dates of the latest population censuses in 59 of those countries. We compared dry versus wet season implementation rates, distinguishing seasons using mean precipitation estimates and Koppen climate classes for each country. For countries with seasonal precipitation climates, 23% of 39 censuses were conducted in the wet season compared with an expected 47%. In the same countries, 43.3% of DHS fieldwork took place in the wet season compared with an expected 45.4%. There was thus a slight tendency for DHS and a greater, statistically significant tendency for censuses to be implemented in drier months. Thus, the recent censuses analysed exhibit greater ‘dry season’ bias than DHS when viewed internationally. Because past studies have identified seasonal patterns in diarrhoea incidence, water source, and malarial bednet use, care should be taken when comparing census and survey results for these variables internationally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global exponential stability analysis for a class of neural networks with time delays
Authors: Guo Yingxin , Liu Shu Tang 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYEmploying Brouwer's fixed point theorem, matrix theory, we made a further investigation of a class of neural networks with delays in this paper. A family of sufficient conditions were given for checking global exponential stability. These results have important leading significance in the design and applications of globally stable neural networks with delays. Our results extended and improved some earlier publications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFLOW‐CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW REGIME FOR A NORWEGIAN RIVER
Authors: Alfredsen K. , Harby A. , Linnansaari T. , Ugedal O. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTHydropower produces 99% of the electricity in Norway, and a large number of rivers are regulated. Currently, static minimum flow regimes are used as a mitigation measure for most of these developments, usually having fixed values for winter and summer flow. Improved knowledge on the importance of variability in flow regimes has led to research on alternative solutions to the static minimum flow regimes. This paper describes the development of an environmental flow regime that is designed to follow the variation in natural inflow. The flow regime is designed using an adaptation of the building block methodology and linked to high, normal and low natural flow conditions. The work is focused on the river Daleelva in western Norway where Atlantic salmon is the key species. The paper also describes how the variable environmental flow regime can be implemented in practice as it pertains to current Norwegian legislation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A business model‐based design of a damage control support system for naval ships
Authors: Kang Hee Jin , Shin Jong‐Gye , Lee Jong Kap 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWhen a ship is hit, cutting‐edge damage control systems are used to mitigate the problem, but most onboard recovery activities are carried out by the crew. Therefore, the key to damage control rests with the activity of the crew. To design a new damage control support system, a reasonable design process is required. Systems engineering has been applied in the development of many defense systems, and the effectiveness of its contribution has been proven. However, the success of a project also depends on other factors, such as “user involvement,” “concern of executive,” and “expectation”; contemporary systems engineering process do not consider these factors enough. This paper uses a systems engineering approach to guide the development of a new business model‐based design method. To guarantee success of the project in the design phase, a business model is used as the “system analysis and control” tool. A new system for damage control support is developed using the proposed design process. The proposed design process makes it possible to design a reasonable system for damage control support with a minimal number of physical components, at affordable cost. The method also makes it possible to validate a given system's effectiveness and technological feasibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Developing a methodology to support the evolution of System of Systems using risk analysis
Authors: Lock Russell 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe potential for uncontrolled evolution of member systems is one of the most significant challenges facing SoS (System of Systems) management. Lack of control in evolution makes organizations more inefficient, raises costs, and can affect their ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstance. SoS bring together individual systems to fulfill shared goals, but the systems are likely to have been developed independently, and to different development and operational standards. Member systems retain much of their autonomy, along with their motivations and goals. This increases the risk of decisions relating to evolution being taken unilaterally within member systems, potentially to the detriment of the stability, efficiency and dependability of the SoS. This paper proposes a methodology to support non specialist end users in the identification, organization and discussion of information required to manage SoS evolution, and uses a modified form of HAZOPS (Hazard and Operability Study) to analyze the associated risks of evolution. The paper evaluates the methodology using a case study based on a recent RAF (Royal Air Force) Nimrod air crash, the official investigation into which showed severe failings in the operation of the Nimrod SoS. The paper concludes that the methodology proposed would provide valuable support to SoS evolution processes, and discusses future directions for the research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Learning from failure in systems engineering: A panel discussion
Authors: Slegers Nathan J. , Kadish Ronald T. , Payton Gary E. , Thomas John , Griffin Michael D. , Dumbacher Dan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper summarizes the discussion of the Learning from Failure in Systems Engineering panel that was held in Huntsville, AL on November 8, 2010. The panel objective was to discuss how systems engineers respond to and learn from failure and identify future directions important to the community. The panel consisted of four representatives with experience in government, industry, and academia: (1) Ronald Kadish from Booz Allen Hamilton and former director of the Missile Defense Agency, (2) Gary Payton, retired Deputy Under Secretary of the Air Force for Space Programs, (3) John Thomas from Booz Allen Hamilton and President‐elect of INCOSE, and (4) Michael Griffin from the University of Alabama, Huntsville and former NASA Administrator. Each panelist was asked to (i) provide an opening statement and elaborate on their experience with failure, (ii) describe when failure is appropriate, (iii) describe how we learn and react to failure, and (iv) identify and discuss techniques to improve how systems engineers react to failure. Several common themes arose from the discussion including: failure is an option, the importance of failure to allow reassessment, and more process is not the solution. Each of these is discussed in turn along with future directions identified for reacting to and learning from failure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Guillain–Barré Syndrome Mimicking Nerve Injury after Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Heyworth Benton E. , Fabricant Peter D. , Pizzurro Mark M. , Beksac Burak , Salvati Eduardo A. 
Published: July 2011

Background Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, acute, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with a presentation of progressive ascending motor weakness of the extremities, which may extend to the respiratory muscles and require mechanical support. Case Description This case describes a healthy male who developed GBS 1 week following otherwise an uncomplicated bilateral total hip arthroplasty surgery. The diagnosis was made based on physical exam significant for bilateral lower extremity weakness and diffuse arreflexia, and confirmed by nerve conduction studies. There were no effects on respiratory function, and the patient underwent a gradual recovery, with near complete return of motor function by 10 weeks following surgery and no functional deficits at 1 year following surgery. Functional activity levels are maintained 4 years postoperatively. Literature Review A literature review is presented. While GBS has been described in the literature following several different forms of surgery and anesthesia, cases after orthopedic surgery are exceedingly rare. Purposes and Clinical Relevance This case demonstrates that GBS may occur following orthopedic, including total joint arthroplasty, surgery. The presentation of GBS can be variable, but the hallmarks are areflexia and diffuse ascending weakness, with or without sensory symptoms. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are critical for preventing disability and life-threatening sequelae.
Biology, immature and adult morphology, and molecular characterization of a new species of the genusEntedon(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with the invasive pestSpecularius impressithorax(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) onErythrinaplants
Authors: Gumovsky A.V. , Ramadan M.M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEntedon erythrinaesp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious egg-larval endoparasitoid of the Erythrina bruchineSpecularius impressithorax, an invasive pest of the coral tree seeds (Erythrinaspp.), is described from the Hawaiian Islands and Africa (South Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique). The biology and morphology of preimaginal stages of this new species are described in details.It is remarkable that the early embryo of the parasitoid represents a mass of undifferentiated cells surrounded by a peculiar membrane formed by the peripheral enlarged polygonal cells. The young larva developing inside this membrane corresponds morphologically to the second instar of congeneric species. Various peculiarities of the parasitoid-host relationships in gregarious and solitaryEntedonparasitoids are discussed. The DNA sequences of 28S D2 (nuclear), Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI, mitochondrial) and Cytochrome B (CytB, mitochondrial) genes are provided for this new species and compared with the sequences of some other Afrotropical and Palearctic species of the genus.
Intranasal delivery of drugs to eustachian tube orifice
Authors: Karagama Y G , Rashid M , Lancaster J L , Karkanevatos A , William R S 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:Intranasal medication administration which aims to deliver to the eustachian tube orifice has been adopted for the management of a number of otological conditions, acting via a reduction in tubal oedema and improved ventilation. Evidence for the optimal head position for such drug administration is limited. We compared four different positions and also assessed spray versus drop formulation, to determine optimal delivery conditions.Methods:Prospective, five-period, cross-over study using methylene blue dyed saline in a drops or spray container. Five healthy volunteers tested the Mygind, Ragan, Mecca and ‘head back’ head positions. Nasal spray drug delivery in the most effective head position was then compared with drops drug delivery (administered in the head back position). Intranasal delivery was assessed photographically using a 30° rigid naso-endoscope.Results:Maximal nasal drops delivery was achieved with the Mygind and Ragan positions. Drops were more successful than spray in reaching the eustachian tube orifice.Conclusion:The Mygind and Ragan positions are best for eustachian tube orifice drug delivery, and drops preparations are better than spray preparations.
Diversification of Antarctic tourism: the case of a scuba diving expedition
Authors: Lamers Machiel , Gelter Hans 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTTourism in Antarctica has grown substantially over recent decades and has diversified into different activities and modes of transport. This paper presents a first attempt to explore the implications of this diversification trend for Antarctic tourist experiences, wildlife and onsite management. Evidence from a passenger survey, participatory observations and expert interviews using video elicitation has been collected during, and in the context of, a diving expedition cruise. The data suggests that significant differences can be detected in the way divers and non-divers experience aspects of the trip, most notably regarding guides. The results also indicate that diverse activities generate a broader variance in attitudes and behaviours, which may have repercussions for wildlife, site use and onsite management. Given the diversification trend it is timely and necessary to revisit and consistently enforce site guidelines and visitor guidelines with an eye on multi-activity trips. In addition, further studies on the implications of this trend are needed by means of case studies, surveys looking at a wider range of tourist trips, and monitoring programmes assessing wildlife behaviour and impacts.
Is p53 controlling spermatogenesis in male mice with the deletion on the Y chromosome?
Authors: Lech Tomasz , Golas Aniela , Styrna Jozefa 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the chromosome Y structure and Trp53 genotype on semen quality parameters. Mice with partial deletion of the Y chromosome (B10.BR-Ydel) have severely altered sperm head morphology when compared with males that possess the complete Y chromosome (B10.BR). Control males from B10.BR and B10.BR-Ydel mice, and mutant males from B10.BR-p53−/− and B10.BR-Ydel-p53−/− experimental groups were used. We assessed testis weight, sperm head abnormalities, viability of spermatozoa (eosin test), percentage of motile and immature sperm, and performed a hypo-osmotic test to detect abnormal tail membrane integrity. Sperm morphology and maturation were controlled by the genes within the deleted region of the Y chromosome. Testis weight was higher in the mutants than in the control males, possibly due to cell accumulation in Trp53-deficient males as the concentration of sperm was significantly increased in the mutants. An elevated percentage of abnormal sperm was noted in B10.BR-p53−/− and B10.BR-Ydel-p53−/− male mice. We suggest that, in Trp53-deficient mice, the sperm cells that escape apoptosis are the ones that have abnormal morphology. The only sperm quality parameter affected by the interplay between Trp53 and chromosome Y genes was sperm motility, which was elevated in B10.BR-p53−/− males, but remained unchanged in B10.BR-Ydel-p53−/− males.
In vitro development of nuclear transfer embryos derived from porcine embryonic germ cells and their descendent neural precursor cells
Authors: Shin Susa , Ahn Kwang Sung , Choi Seong-Jun , Heo Soon Young , Shim Hosup 
Published: July 2011

SummaryUndifferentiated stem cells may support a greater development of cloned embryos compared with differentiated cell types due to their ease of reprogramming during the nuclear transfer (NT) process. Hence, stem cells may be more suitable as nuclear donor cells for NT procedures than are somatic cells. Embryonic germ (EG) cells are undifferentiated stem cells that are isolated from cultured primordial germ cells (PGC) and can differentiate into several cell types. In this study, the in vitro development of NT embryos using porcine EG cells and their derivative neural precursor (NP) cells was investigated, thus eliminating any variation in genetic differences. The rates of fusion did not differ between NT embryos from EG and NP cells; however, the rate of cleavage in NT embryos derived from EG cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that from NP cells (141/247 [57.1%] vs. 105/228 [46.1%]). Similarly, the rate of blastocyst development was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in NT using EG cells than the rate using NP cells (43/247 [17.4%] vs. 18/228 [7.9%]). The results obtained from the present study in pigs demonstrate a reduced capability for nuclear donor cells to be reprogrammed following the differentiation of porcine EG cells. Undifferentiated EG cells may be more amenable to reprogramming after reconstruction compared with differentiated somatic cells.
Active OB Stars - an introduction
Authors: Baade Dietrich , Rivinius Thomas , Štefl Stanislas , Martayan Christophe 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIdentifying seven activities and activity-carrying properties and nine classes of Active OB Stars, the OB Star Activity Matrix is constructed to map the parameter space. On its basis, the occurrence and appearance of the main activities are described as a function of stellar class. Attention is also paid to selected combinations of activities with classes of Active OB Stars. Current issues are identified and suggestions are developed for future work and strategies.
Rapid rotation and mixing in active OB stars – Physical processes
Authors: Zahn Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the standard description of stellar interiors, O and B stars possess a thoroughly mixed convective core surrounded by a stable radiative envelope in which no mixing occurs. But as is well known, this model disagrees strongly with the spectroscopic diagnostic of these stars, which reveals the presence at their surface of chemical elements that have been synthesized in the core. Hence the radiation zone must be the seat of some mild mixing mechanisms. The most likely to operate there are linked with the rotation: these are the shear instabilites triggered by the differential rotation, and the meridional circulation caused by the changes in the rotation profile accompanying the non-homologous evolution of the star. In addition to these hydrodynamical processes, magnetic stresses may play an important role in active stars, which host a magnetic field. These physical processes will be critically examined, together with some others that have been suggested.
3D MHD simulations of subsurface convection in OB stars
Authors: Cantiello Matteo , Braithwaite Jonathan , Brandenburg Axel , Del Sordo Fabio , Käpylä Petri , Langer Norbert 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDuring their main sequence evolution, massive stars can develop convective regions very close to their surface. These regions are caused by an opacity peak associated with iron ionization. Cantiello et al. (2009) found a possible connection between the presence of sub-photospheric convective motions and small scale stochastic velocities in the photosphere of early-type stars. This supports a physical mechanism where microturbulence is caused by waves that are triggered by subsurface convection zones. They further suggest that clumping in the inner parts of the winds of OB stars could be related to subsurface convection, and that the convective layers may also be responsible for stochastic excitation of non-radial pulsations. Furthermore, magnetic fields produced in the iron convection zone could appear at the surface of such massive stars. Therefore subsurface convection could be responsible for the occurrence of observable phenomena such as line profile variability and discrete absorption components. These phenomena have been observed for decades, but still evade a clear theoretical explanation. Here we present preliminary results from 3D MHD simulations of such subsurface convection.