bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene valley-floor deposition and incision in a small drainage basin in western Colorado, USA
Authors: Jones Lawrence S. , Rosenburg Margaret , Figueroa Maria del Mar , McKee Kathleen , Haravitch Ben , Hunter Jenna 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe valley floor of a 33.9 km2 watershed in western Colorado experienced gradual sedimentation from before ∼ 6765 to ∼ 500 cal yr BP followed by deep incision, renewed aggradation, and secondary incision. In contrast, at least four terraces and widespread cut-and-fill architecture in the valley floor downstream indicate multiple episodes of incision and deposition occurred during the same time interval. The upper valley fill history is atypical compared to other drainages in the Colorado Plateau.One possible reason for these differences is that a bedrock canyon between the upper and lower valley prevented headward erosion from reaching the upper valley fill. Another possibility is that widespread, sand-rich, clay-poor lithologies in the upper drainage limited surface runoff and generally favored alluviation, whereas more clay-rich lithologies in the lower drainage resulted in increased surface runoff and more frequent incision. Twenty-two dates from valley fill charcoal indicate an approximate forest fire recurrence interval of several hundred years, similar to that from other studies in juniper–piñon woodlands. Results show that closely spaced vertical sampling of alluvium in headwater valleys where linkages between hillslope processes and fluvial activity are relatively direct can provide insight about the role of fires in alluvial chronologies of semi-arid watersheds.
Algebraic Structures Associated to Orbifold Wreath Products
Authors: Farsi Carla , Seaton Christopher 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present structure theorems in terms of inertial decompositions for the wreath product ring of an orbifold presented as the quotient of a smooth, closed manifold by a compact, connected Lie group acting almost freely. In particular we show that this ring admits λ-ring and Hopf algebra structures both abstractly and directly. This generalizes results known for global quotient orbifolds by finite groups.
PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND MARITAL PROPERTY AGREEMENTS
Authors: Sanders Anne 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAfter the Court of Appeal decision in Radmacher v Granatino, the question whether English law should introduce enforceable pre-nuptial or marital property agreements came into focus again. Taking the decision as a starting point, the article argues in favour of introducing such agreements. Adopting a comparative approach, the article explains how such agreements are used in Germany and demonstrates that the idea of private autonomy, which has been regarded as the basis of pre-nuptial property agreements in Germany since the 19th century, can explain why couples should be allowed to make their own decisions with respect to the financial consequences of the breakdown of their relationship. Analysis of the different notions of contract in German and English law as well as comparing marriage with partnerships and other long-term contractual relationships illustrates not only the historical reasons why such agreements have not been allowed so far, but also helps to understand what safeguards the legislator and the judiciary could apply to ensure that parties do not abuse their freedom.
ELIMINATING TRADE REMEDIES FROM THE WTO: LESSONS FROM REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
Authors: Voon Tania 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAs the global financial crisis threatens to manifest in enhanced protectionism, the economic irrationality of dumping, countervailing, and global safeguard measures (so-called ‘trade remedies’) should be of increased concern to the Members of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’). Long tolerated under the WTO agreements and perhaps a necessary evil to facilitate multilateral trade liberalization, elimination of trade remedies is far from the agenda of WTO negotiators. However, a small number of regional trade agreements offer a model for reducing the use of trade remedies among WTO Members in the longer term, consistent with WTO rules and broader public international law.
Population genetics of lichen-forming fungi – a review
Authors: WERTH Silke 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPopulation genetics investigates the distribution of genetic variation in natural populations and the genetic differentiation among populations. Lichen-forming fungi are exciting subjects for population genetic studies due to their obligate symbiosis with a green-algal and/or cyanobacterial photobiont, and because their different reproductive strategies could influence fungal genetic structures in various ways. In this review, first, I briefly summarize the results from studies of chemotype variation in populations of lichen-forming fungi. Second, I compare and evaluate the DNA-based molecular tools available for population genetics of lichen-forming fungi. Third, I review the literature available on the genetic structure of lichen fungi to show general trends. I discuss some fascinating examples, and point out directions for future research.
Gloniella graphidoidea Rehm, another species of the Hysteriaceae associated with algae
Authors: MESSUTI María Inés , LORENZO Laura Emma 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHysterium graphideum Speg. is proposed as a synonym of Gloniella graphidoidea Rehm. During the study of the types of both names, the presence of algae associated with the fungal hyphae was found. The main morphological and anatomical characters, and the ecology of the species are presented.
Grazing damage in the old forest lichenLobaria pulmonariaincreases with gastropod abundance in deciduous forests
Authors: VATNE Steinar , SOLHØY Torstein , ASPLUND Johan , GAUSLAA Yngvar 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGastropod abundance was quantified in forest litter around 33 trees harbouringLobaria pulmonariain southern Norway. In total, 1709 snails representing 28 species were found, and the number of snail species strongly increased with the total number of specimens found. Number of snail species, as well as snail abundance, was highest around trees on high pH soils. There was a positive relationship between number of snail specimens and cover of grazing traces onL. pulmonaria, presumably because calcareous soils facilitate both litter dwelling and climbing gastropods. The results suggest that gastropods may limit the distribution ofL. pulmonariain calcareous broad-leaved forests.
A retrobulbar meningioma as a cause of unilateral exophthalmos and blindness in a horse
Authors: Naylor R. J. , Dunkel B. , Dyson S. , Paz‐Penuelas M. P. , Dobson J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis report describes the unusual diagnosis of a retrobulbar syncytial meningioma in a 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding. The horse initially presented with unilateral left sided exophthalmos and apparent blindness characterised by unilaterally absent menace and pupillary light responses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a well‐defined soft tissue mass intimately associated with the optic nerve. Based on the characteristic MRI appearance, a meningioma was suspected. The eye was enucleated under general anaesthesia and partial excision of the mass was achieved. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis and the horse underwent a course of adjuvant radiotherapy. Twelve months following surgery the horse is back in work, no neurological abnormalities have been detected and follow‐up computed tomographic imaging of the skull has revealed mild bone sclerosis with no remnants of the mass identified.
The abuse of children in out of home care
Authors: NUNNO MICHAEL , RINDFLEISCH NOLAN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: One of the major paradoxes in child protective services in the United States is that children removed from their homes on protective orders and placed in foster and group care face continued abuse. These children are reported at two to three times the rates of children living with their families.Investigations are performed by the very system that marks placements. In the US, some recommend resolving these problems by withdrawing from the active protection of children in care. Others hold that because children are in the care and custody of the state, and demand a higher standard of care, specialised prevention, identification. reporting and investigation initiatives are necessary to ensure their safety. This has important implications for other countries, especially the United Kingdom with its recent spate of inquiries into abuse in residential care.
The maltase activity of bovine serum as an aid to the study of the Amylase I locus1
Authors: Griffiths M. W. , Banks W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA method has been described for the detection of maltase activity in starch gels. This method has been used to resolve the difficulties encountered when analysing animals with weak AmIB activity for Ami genotype. It was found that, with the herd of the Hannah Research Institute, the heterozygote excess observed could be explained largely on the basis of these weak AmIB bands.
Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Kimura Masao 
Published: August 2010

SummaryElectrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M. anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.
Biochemical polymorphisms in muscle and liver extracts and in the serum of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Diebig E. , Meyer J.‐N. , Glodek P. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe frequency of polymorphic phenotypes determined by starch gel electrophoresis from six enzyme systems was investigated on 664 rainbow trout (stock I) originating equally from six full‐sib families. The enzyme systems studied were CA, AKP, G‐6‐PD, SOD, AEP, and 6‐PGD.On material deriving from six parental matings totalling 212 offspring (stock II) the mode of inheritance of the first four enzymes (AEP and 6‐PGD were not polymorphic) and the additional systems IDH, PGM, Alb, and Psta, not analysed in stock I, were investigated.The G‐6‐PD system showed no polymorphism in the family material. The CA, PGM, Alb, and Psta systems were easily identifiable. Their mode of inheritance with two alleles each can be considered as proven. For SOD three alleles, in four out of six possible progeny types, were found, for which the postulated mode of inheritance was confirmed.For IDH the mode of inheritance found by Allendorff & Utter (1973) was confirmed. This pattern shows two disomic gene loci, one of which is monomorphic, while the other carries four different alleles.The number of alleles and their mode of inheritance for the AEP system, which was not clearly identifiable, could not be elucidated.
BSACI guidelines for the management of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis
Authors: Scadding G. K. , Durham S. R. , Mirakian R. , Jones N. S. , Drake‐Lee A. B. , Ryan D. , Dixon T. A. , Huber P. A. J. , Nasser S. M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis guidance for the management of patients with rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis has been prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI). The recommendations are based on evidence and expert opinion and are evidence graded. These guidelines are for the benefit of both adult physicians and paediatricians treating allergic conditions. Rhinosinusitis implies inflammation of the nose and sinuses which may or may not have an infective component and includes nasal polyposis. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts up to 12 weeks and resolves completely. Chronic rhinosinusitis persists over 12 weeks and may involve acute exacerbations. Rhinosinusitis is common, affecting around 15% of the population and causes significant reduction in quality of life. The diagnosis is based largely on symptoms with confirmation by nasendoscopy. Computerized tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging are abnormal in approximately one third of the population so are not recommended for routine diagnosis but should be reserved for those with acute complications, diagnostic uncertainty or failed medical therapy. Underlying conditions such as immune deficiency, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg‐Strauss syndrome, aspirin hypersensitivity and allergic fungal sinusitis may present as rhinosinusitis. There are few good quality trials in this area but the available evidence suggests that treatment is primarily medical, involving douching, corticosteroids, antibiotics, anti‐leukotrienes, and anti‐histamines. Endoscopic sinus surgery should be considered for complications, anatomical variations causing local obstruction, allergic fungal disease or patients who remain very symptomatic despite medical treatment. Further well conducted trials in clearly defined patient groups are needed to improve management.
Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma: a review
Authors: Pijnenburg M. W. H. , De Jongste J. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAs an ‘inflammometer’, the fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FeNO) is increasingly used in the management of paediatric asthma. FeNO provides us with valuable, additional information regarding the nature of underlying airway inflammation, and complements lung function testing and measurement of airway hyper‐reactivity. This review focuses on clinical applications of FeNO in paediatric asthma. First, FeNO provides us with a practical tool to aid in the diagnosis of asthma and distinguish patients who will benefit from inhaled corticosteroids from those who will not. Second, FeNO is helpful in predicting exacerbations, and predicting successful steroid reduction or withdrawal. In atopic asthmatic children FeNO is beneficial in adjusting steroid doses, discerning those patients who require additional therapy from those whose medication dose could feasibly be reduced. In pre‐school children FeNO may be of help in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms, and may potentially allow for better targeting and monitoring of anti‐inflammatory treatment.
Increased cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in exhaled breath condensate of asthmatic children
Authors: Robroeks C. M. H. H. T. , Rijkers G. T. , Jöbsis Q. , Hendriks H. J. E. , Damoiseaux J. G. M. C. , Zimmermann L. J. I. , Van Schayck O. P. , Dompeling E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Airway inflammation in asthma is characterized by the production of cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules. The assessment of these inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is hampered by low detection rates. However, the use of a glass condenser system combined with a sensitive analytical technique may increase the possibility to assess these biomarkers in EBC in a reliable way.Objective
(1) To assess the detection rates of cytokines (IL‐1α, ‐1β, ‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐10, ‐12p70, ‐13, ‐18, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α), chemokines [MIP1α (CCL3), MIF, eotaxin (CCL11), RANTES (CCL5), IP10 (CXCL10), IL8 (CXCL8), MCP1] and soluble adhesion molecules [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM)] in EBC of children with asthma and healthy control children; (2) To study the differences in the biomarker concentration between children with asthma and controls.Methods
Sixty children were included: 31 asthmatics (71% atopic) and 29 controls. Exhaled breath condensate was collected using a glass condenser system. The inflammatory markers (IM) were analysed using multiplex immunoassay technology.Results
Detection percentages of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules ranged from 94% to 100%, except for eotaxin (CCL11) and RANTES (CCL5) (detection rates of 10% and 45% in healthy controls, respectively). The intra‐subject variability of biomarkers in EBC in the group as a whole ranged from 5.2% to 35.0%. In asthmatics, the levels of cytokines (IL‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐13, IFN‐γ), chemokines (MIP1α [CCL3], MIF, RANTES [CCL5], IP10 [CXCL10], IL8 [CXCL8], MCP1) and adhesion molecules (sICAM, sVCAM) were significantly increased in comparison with controls (P<0.05).Conclusion
If collected with a glass condenser and analysed by multiplex immunoassay technology, cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules can be reliably demonstrated in EBC of children. Most of these IM were elevated in EBC of asthmatics compared with controls. Cite this as: C. M. H. H. T. Robroeks, G. T. Rijkers, Q. Jöbsis, H. J. E. Hendriks, J. G. M. C. Damoiseaux, L. J. I. Zimmermann, O. P. van Schayck, E. Dompeling, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 77–84.
How do teenagers manage their food allergies?
Authors: Monks H. , Gowland M. H. , MacKenzie H. , Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse M. , King R. , Lucas J. S. , Roberts G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
The peak incidence of deaths from anaphylaxis associated with nut allergy occurs in teenagers and young adults. During adolescence, the management of food allergy shifts from being the responsibility of parents to that of the young person. This is a group who therefore need special attention in the clinic.Objective
This study aimed to understand the practical challenges that teenagers with food allergy experience using a qualitative approach and generate potential interventions for tackling these.Methods
Teenagers aged 1118 years with food allergy completed a questionnaire about their food allergy and underwent a focused, semi‐structured interview with open questions guided by a priori topic areas. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach.Results
The study enrolled 18 teenagers with a median age of 15 years (10 females); the most common food allergens were peanuts and tree nuts. Three key themes emerged: avoidance of allergens, preparation for reactions and the treatment of reactions. The majority of teenagers reported eating foods labelled as ‘may contain’ an allergen as they perceive that they are actually very unlikely to contain an allergen. Many of the teenagers only carried their self‐injectable adrenaline when they thought they are particularly at risk of a reaction. Some do not know how to appropriately treat an allergic reaction. More than half believed that educating other students at school about the seriousness of food allergies would make it easier to live with their food allergy.Conclusions
A significant number of teenagers demonstrate risk‐taking behaviour in the management of their food allergies. Teenagers also felt it would be helpful for their peers to be educated about food allergy. This novel strategy might help them to avoid trigger foods and enable teenagers to access help more readily if they suffer a reaction. Cite this as: H. Monks, M. H. Gowland, H. MacKenzie, M. Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse, R. King, J. S. Lucas and G. Roberts, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1533–1540.
The versatility of HDL: a crucial anti‐inflammatory regulator
Authors: Säemann Marcus D. , Poglitsch Marko , Kopecky Chantal , Haidinger Michael , Hörl Walter H. , Weichhart Thomas 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1131–1143AbstractBackground  Low levels of plasma high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) represent a major cardiovascular risk factor and therefore raising HDL has been proposed to positively affect patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. However, the current evidence that raising HDL per se will reduce atherosclerosis and thereby cardiovascular events still remains controversial.Aims  In this review, we discuss the diverse anti‐atherogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties of HDL in the light of recent findings indicating that the quality rather than the mere quantity of HDL determines its beneficial effects against atherosclerosis. More specifically, we will focus on the conspicuous anti‐inflammatory properties of HDL as this might contribute to the overall beneficial effects of HDL in diseased patients such as modulation of costimulatory/adhesion molecule expression, cytokine production and inhibition of the prototypical proinflammatory transcription factor NF‐κB.Results  A range of clinical disorders share permanent inflammation as a characteristic hallmark including coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis and also display distinct qualitative changes in the HDL compartment. Loss of anti‐inflammatory functions of HDL is emerging as an important risk factor for disease progression and survival in these clinical entities.Conclusions  It will be important to define the anti‐inflammatory effects of HDL at the molecular level and to dissect the manifold functional implications to develop both novel functional assays that enable meaningful outcome studies and foster new therapeutic concepts in patients with altered HDL function.
Characterization of iron in alkaline EDTA and NH4OH extracts of podzols
Authors: McBRIDE M. B. , GOODMAN B. A. , RUSSELL J. D. , FRASER A. R. , FARMER V. C. , DICKSON D. P. E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryMössbauer and ESR spectroscopy have shown that the iron extracted from the Bh horizons of an iron humus podzol and an iron podzol by EDTA at pH 9.1 is predominantly in the form of complexes* of polymeric Fe(III) hydroxide and oxide with organic matter (O.M.). Small amounts of monomeric Fe(III)‐O.M. and Fe(III)‐EDTA complexes also occur. In contrast EDTA at pH 7 extracts iron from these podzols predominantly in the form of iron‐EDTA complexes. Some monomeric Fe(III)‐O.M. complex also occurs in a pH 9.1 NH4 OH extract of these horizons and in a pH 9.1 EDTA extract of the B3 horizon of a peaty podzol.Dialysis experiments show that the particle dimensions of the polymeric hydroxy Fe(III)‐O.M. complex, which accounts for about 66% of the Fe extracted from the iron humus podzol and about 36% of that from the iron podzol, are greater than 2.4 nm. The thermal behaviour of the Mössbauer peaks indicated that the size of the iron cores was of the order of 5 nm, thus suggesting that the complex probably consists of hydroxyiron cores surrounded by large organic molecules. Results from XRD and IR suggest that these hydroxyiron cores may have structural organizations similar to those of goethite and ferrihydrite.The relationship between these forms of iron in the extracts and those in the soil is briefly discussed.