bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombin-induced shedding of tumour endothelial marker 5 and exposure of its RGD motif are regulated by cell-surface protein disulfide-isomerase
Authors: Vallon Mario , Aubele Philipp , Janssen Klaus-Peter , Essler Markus 
Published: October 2011

TEM5 (tumour endothelial marker 5; also known as GPR124) is an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor containing a cryptic RGD motif in its extracellular domain. TEM5 is expressed in endothelial cells and pericytes during angiogenesis. In the present paper, we report that thrombin mediates shedding of an N-terminal TEM5 fragment of 60 kDa (termed N60) containing the RGD motif in an open conformation. Thrombin directly cleaved rsTEM5 (recombinant soluble TEM5) 5 and 34 residues downstream of the RGD motif, resulting in formation of N60 and its C-terminal counterpart (termed C50). Interestingly, N60 derived from thrombin cleavage of rsTEM5 was covalently linked to C50 by disulfide bonds, whereas N60 shed from thrombin-treated cells was not associated with its membrane-bound C-terminal counterpart. Inhibition of the reducing function of cell-surface PDI (protein disulfide-isomerase) abrogated thrombin-induced N60 shedding. Conversely, addition of reduced PDI enhanced N60 shedding. Furthermore, thrombin cleavage of rsTEM5 was increased by reduced PDI and resulted in dissociation of the N60–C50 heterodimer. We conclude that PDI regulates thrombin-induced shedding of N60 and exposure of the TEM5 RGD motif by catalysing the reduction of crucial disulfide bonds of TEM5 on the cell surface. Binding of N60 to RGD-dependent integrins may modulate cellular functions such as adhesion and migration during angiogenesis.
VizPrimer: a web server for visualized PCR primer design based on known gene structure
Authors: Zhou Yang , Qu Wubin , Lu Yiming , Zhang Yanchun , Wang Xiaolei , Zhao Dongsheng , Yang Yi , Zhang Chenggang 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Summary: The visualization of gene structure plays an important role in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer design, especially for eukaryotic genes with a number of splice variants that users need to distinguish between via PCR. Here, we describe a visualized web server for primer design named VizPrimer. It utilizes the new information technology (IT) tools, HTML5 to display gene structure and JavaScript to interact with the users. In VizPrimer, the users can focus their attention on the gene structure and primer design strategy, without wasting time calculating the exon positions of splice variants or manually configuring complicated parameters. In addition, VizPrimer is also suitable for the design of PCR primers for amplifying open reading frames and detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Availability: VizPrimer is freely available at http://biocompute.bmi.ac.cn/CZlab/VizPrimer/. The web server supported browsers: Chrome (≥5.0), Firefox (≥3.0), Safari (≥4.0) and Opera (≥10.0).
Contact: zhangcg@bmi.ac.cn; yangyi528@vip.sina.com
Pharmacogenomic Strain Differences in Cardiovascular Sensitivity to Propofol
Authors: Stekiel Thomas A. , Contney Stephen J. , Roman Richard J. , Weber Craig A. , Stadnicka Anna , Bosnjak Zeljko J. , Greene Andrew S. , Moreno Carol 
Published: October 2011

Introduction
A pharmacogenomic approach was used to further localize the genetic region responsible for previously observed enhanced cardiovascular sensitivity to propofol in Dahl Salt Sensitive (SS) versus control Brown Norway (BN) rats.

Methods
Propofol infusion levels that decreased blood pressure by 50% were measured in BN.13(SS) rats (substitution of SS chromosome 13 into BN) and in five congenic (partial substitution) strains of SS.13(BN). The effect of superfused 2,6 diisopropylphenol on small mesenteric arterial vascular smooth muscle transmembrane potential was measured in congenic strains before and during superfusion with Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate and 2.5 μM (Rp)-8-(para-chlorophenylthio)guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, inhibitors of protein kinase A and G, respectively. The genetic locus and potential role of the renin gene in mediating vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to propofol were determined in three selected subcongenic SS.BN¹³ strains.

Results
A 30-32% smaller propofol infusion rate reduced blood pressure by 50% in BN.13(SS) compared with BN and the SS.13(BN) congenic containing an 80 BN gene substitution. Compared with the 80 BN gene-containing SS.13(BN) congenic, SS exhibited greater protein kinase A dependent vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization in response to propofol. Using subcongenics, the increased propofol-induced cardiovascular sensitivity and hyperpolarization was further localized to an eight-gene region (containing the BN renin gene). Blockade of angiotensin receptors with losartan in this subcongenic increased propofol-induced hyperpolarization by threefold to that observed in SS.

Conclusions
Enhanced cardiovascular sensitivity to propofol in SS (compared with BN) is caused by an altered renin gene. Through modified second messenger function, this differentially regulates vascular smooth muscle contractile state and reduces vascular tone, thereby exacerbating cardiovascular depression by propofol.
Silicon-Induced Changes in Antifungal Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, and Key Phenylpropanoid Pathway Genes during the Interaction between Miniature Roses and the Biotrophic Pathogen Podosphaera pannosa
Authors: Shetty Radhakrishna , Fretté Xavier , Jensen Birgit , Shetty Nandini Prasad , Jensen Jens Due , Jørgensen Hans Jørgen Lyngs , Newman Mari-Anne , Christensen Lars Porskjær 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Application of 3.6 mm silicon (Si+) to the rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivar Smart increased the concentration of antimicrobial phenolic acids and flavonoids in response to infection by rose powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa). Simultaneously, the expression of genes coding for key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and chalcone synthase) was up-regulated. The increase in phenolic compounds correlated with a 46% reduction in disease severity compared with inoculated leaves without Si application (Si−). Furthermore, Si application without pathogen inoculation induced gene expression and primed the accumulation of several phenolics compared with the uninoculated Si− control. Chlorogenic acid was the phenolic acid detected in the highest concentration, with an increase of more than 80% in Si+ inoculated compared with Si− uninoculated plants. Among the quantified flavonoids, rutin and quercitrin were detected in the highest concentrations, and the rutin concentration increased more than 20-fold in Si+ inoculated compared with Si− uninoculated plants. Both rutin and chlorogenic acid had antimicrobial effects on P. pannosa, evidenced by reduced conidial germination and appressorium formation of the pathogen, both after spray application and infiltration into leaves. The application of rutin and chlorogenic acid reduced powdery mildew severity by 40% to 50%, and observation of an effect after leaf infiltration indicated that these two phenolics can be transported to the epidermal surface. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Si plays an active role in disease reduction in rose by inducing the production of antifungal phenolic metabolites as a response to powdery mildew infection.
Porphyrin Biosynthesis Control under Water Stress: Sustained Porphyrin Status Correlates with Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Rice
Authors: Phung Thu-Ha , Jung Ha-il , Park Joon-Heum , Kim Jin-Gil , Back Kyoungwhan , Jung Sunyo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA controlled flow of porphyrin metabolites is critical for organisms, but little is known about the control of porphyrin biosynthesis under environmental stress. We monitored transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) for their response to drought stress. Transgenic plants showed significantly improved drought tolerance, as indicated by a higher shoot water potential, less oxidative damage, and a more favorable redox balance compared with wild-type plants. Both transgenic and wild-type plants responded to the onset of drought stress, even prior to changes in shoot water potential and oxidative metabolism, by drastically scavenging porphyrin intermediates in leaves, which was crucial for alleviating reactive oxygen species-induced stress. Protoporphyrin IX, protochlorophyllide, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX, and its methyl ester were absent or hardly detected with the intensification of water stress (–3.1 MPa) in the wild type, whereas transgenic plants retained these intermediates to some extent. Additionally, the expression and activity of most enzymes involved in porphyrin biosynthesis, particularly in the chlorophyll branch, were primarily down-regulated under dehydrating conditions, with stronger repression in the wild type than in transgenic plants. There was up-regulation of Glutamate 1-Semialdehyde Aminotransferase, PPO1, and Fe Chelatase2 transcripts in drought-stressed transgenic plants, enabling the transgenic plants to make larger pools of 5-aminolevulinic acid and protoporphyrin IX available for subsequent steps in the heme branch. Overexpression of PPO ultimately protected the transgenic plants from drought-induced cytotoxicity, demonstrating clearly that manipulation of porphyrin biosynthesis can produce drought-tolerant plants. Our results support a possible role for tetrapyrroles in signaling their metabolic state and in plant protection under drought stress conditions.
Systematics and evolution of syllids (Annelida, Syllidae)
Authors: Aguado M. Teresa , San Martín Guillermo , Siddall Mark E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA large, combined phylogenetic analysis (including morphological and molecular data from 18S rDNA, 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), with the highest number of species and genera of Syllidae studied to date (213 terminals), is examined. The data were explored with different parameters and optimality criteria (parsimony, likelihood, and bayesian inference). The monophyly of Syllidae and most of the traditional subfamilies is supported. The subfamily Eusyllinae is polyphyletic, as currently delineated, but it is herein reorganized and its diagnosis modified to be a valid group. Additional well supported clades arise. The phylogenetic relationships of the well known and established genera, as well as several enigmatic genera (e.g. Anguillosyllis, Paraopisthosyllis and Parahaplosyllis), the position of which in syllid taxonomy was uncertain or dubious to date, are clarified. The results corroborate previous hypotheses about the evolution of the reproductive and brooding modes. Within Syllinae, the nature of the stolon is phylogenetically informative. The classification of the whole family is revised and discussed on the basis of this phylogenetic hypothesis.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Ensuring successful admission to hospital for young people with learning difficulties, autism and challenging behaviour: a continuous quality improvement and change management programme
Authors: Pratt K. , Baird G. , Gringras P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Children and young people with autism spectrum conditions frequently have adverse experiences in accessing health care.Methods  An audit of experiences of families known to our tertiary service and hospital staff was conducted. A checklist asking about particular aspects of behaviour and communication was developed and incorporated into pre‐admission planning.Results  Awareness of the child/young person's communication needs and behaviours, plus good preplanning by all staff involved and a team member allocated to ensure that the care plan is carried through, has resulted in a vastly improved ‘patient experience’ from the perspective of family and staff.Conclusion  Children and young people with autism spectrum disorder, often with co‐existing learning difficulties, vary greatly in their reactions to hospital admission. Preplanning that involves the family with a dedicated informed staff member can dramatically reduce distress and improve the patient and staff experience.
Maximizing the accuracy of Inferior petrosal sinus sampling: validation of the use of Prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease
Authors: Grant Paul , Dworakowska Dorota , Carroll Paul 
Published: October 2011

Objective  This study aimed to increase the accuracy of the inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) procedure and reduce the false‐negative rate through the addition of prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous outflow as well as validate this adjunct to the test process.Context  Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) for ACTH is the current gold standard test for the differentiation of pituitary Cushing’s disease from the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Although early studies with IPSS reported a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%, additional experience has revealed a false‐negative rate of 1–10%. This has been attributed to either technical problems with unsuccessful petrosal sinus catheterization or anomalous venous drainage of the pituitary. Previous studies have suggested that the measurement of other anterior pituitary hormones may be useful during IPSS as a guide to the effectiveness of cannulation and to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure.Design  We reviewed the data, in this retrospective cohort study, for all patients who had undergone IPSS for the investigation of ACTH‐dependent hypercortisolism.Patients  The study included 83 patients who underwent IPSS at St. Thomas’s hospital between 2005 and 2010.Measurements  Plasma ACTH and prolactin levels were measured both centrally and peripherally. The normalized ACTH/Prolactin inferior petrosal sinus/peripheral ratio was then calculated to assess the accuracy of the sampling procedure.Results  A total of 83 patients with confirmed ACTH‐dependent cortisol excess underwent investigation with IPSS during the study period. Sixty‐seven patients initially had a positive IPSS result (i.e. a basal central/peripheral ACTH ratio >2·0 and >3·0 post‐CRH). However, when the concurrent prolactin data were used, six patients were additionally found to have positive results suggestive of pituitary Cushing’s. The Prolactin normalized ACTH IPS/Peripheral ratios were all >0·8 in patients with proven Cushing’s disease, whereas they were all <0·6 in proven ectopic ACTH syndrome. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed histologically in 72 of the patients.Conclusions  Using Prolactin as a concurrent index of pituitary venous effluent helps us recognize whether pituitary venous blood has been accurately sampled. Normalizing the IPS/peripheral ratios with Prolactin helps to improve the accuracy of the result and reduces the false‐negative rate. With regards to the usefulness/validity of this test in clinical practice, it is relevant, reproducible and is easily adaptable from the existing diagnostic sequence.
Paleoreconstruction of estuarine sediments reveal human‐induced weakening of coastal carbon sinks
Authors: Macreadie Peter I. , Allen Katie , Kelaher Brendan P. , Ralph Peter J. , Skilbeck Charles G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHuman activities in coastal areas frequently cause loss of benthic macrophytes (e.g. seagrasses) and concomitant increases in microalgal production through eutrophication. Whether such changes translate into shifts in the composition of sediment detritus is largely unknown, yet such changes could impact the role these ecosystems play in sequestrating CO2. We reconstructed the sedimentary records of cores taken from two sites within Botany Bay, Sydney – the site of European settlement of Australia – to look for human‐induced changes in dominant sources of detritus in this estuary. Cores covered a period from the present day back to the middle Holocene (~6000 years) according to 210Pb profiles and radiocarbon (14C) dating. Depositional histories at both sites could not be characterized by a linear sedimentation rate; sedimentation rates in the last 30–50 years were considerably higher than during the rest of the Holocene. C : N ratios declined and began to exhibit a microalgal source signature from around the time of European settlement, which could be explained by increased nutrient flows into the Bay caused by anthropogenic activity. Analysis of stable isotopic ratios of 12C/13C showed that the relative contribution of seagrass and C3 terrestrial plants (mangroves, saltmarsh) to detritus declined around the time of rapid industrial expansion (~1950s), coinciding with an increase in the contribution of microalgal sources. We conclude that the relative contribution of microalgae to detritus has increased within Botany Bay, and that this shift is the sign of increased industrialization and concomitant eutrophication. Given the lower carbon burial efficiencies of microalgae (~0.1%) relative to seagrasses and C3 terrestrial plants (up to 10%), such changes represent a substantial weakening of the carbon sink potential of Botany Bay – this occurrence is likely to be common to human‐impacted estuaries, and has consequences for the role these systems play in helping to mitigate climate change.
Horizontal and elevational phylogeographic patterns of Himalayan and Southeast Asian forest passerines (Aves: Passeriformes)
Authors: Päckert Martin , Martens Jochen , Sun Yue‐Hua , Severinghaus Lucia Liu , Nazarenko Alexander A. , Ting Ji , Töpfer Till , Tietze Dieter Thomas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  Zoogeographic patterns in the Himalayas and their neighbouring Southeast Asian mountain ranges include elevational parapatry and ecological segregation, particularly among passerine bird species. We estimate timings of lineage splits among close relatives from the north Palaearctic, the Sino‐Himalayan mountain forests and from adjacent Southeast Asia. We also compare phylogeographic affinities and timing of radiation among members of avian communities from different elevational belts.Location  East Asia.Methods  We reconstructed molecular phylogenies based on a mitochondrial marker (cytochrome b) and multilocus data sets for seven passerine groups: Aegithalidae, Certhiidae (Certhia), Fringillidae (Pyrrhula), Paridae (Periparus), Phylloscopidae, Regulidae and Timaliidae (Garrulax sensu lato). Molecular dating was carried out using a Bayesian approach applying a relaxed clock in beast. Time estimates were inferred from three independent calibrations based on either a fixed mean substitution rate or fixed node ages. The biogeographic history of each group was reconstructed using a parsimony‐based approach.Results  Passerine radiation in Southeast Asia can be divided into roughly three major phases of separation events. We infer that an initial Miocene radiation within the Southeast Asian region included invasions of (sub)tropical faunal elements from the Indo‐Burmese region to the Himalayan foothills and further successive invasions to Central Asia and Taiwan towards the early Pliocene. During two further Pliocene/Pleistocene phases, the subalpine mountain belt of the Sino‐Himalayas was initially invaded by boreal species with clear phylogenetic affinities to the north Palaearctic taiga belt. Most terminal splits between boreal Himalayan/Chinese sister taxa were dated to the Pleistocene.Main conclusions  Extant patterns of elevational parapatry and faunal transition in the Sino‐Himalayas originated from successive invasions from different climatic regions. The initiation of Southeast Asian passerine diversification and colonization of the Himalayan foothills in the mid‐Miocene coincides with the postulated onset of Asian monsoon climate and the resulting floral and faunal turnovers. Patterns of elevational parapatry were established by southward invasions of boreal avifaunal elements to the subalpine Sino‐Himalayan forest belt that were strongly connected to climate cooling towards the end of the Pliocene. Current patterns of allopatry and parapatry in boreal species (groups) were shaped through Pleistocene forest fragmentation in East Asia.
Professional tears: developing emotional intelligence around death and dying in emergency work
Authors: Bailey Cara , Murphy Roger , Porock Davina 
Published: October 2011

Aims and objectives.  This paper explores how emergency nurses manage the emotional impact of death and dying in emergency work and presents a model for developing expertise in end‐of‐life care delivery.Background.  Care of the dying, the deceased and the bereaved is largely conducted by nurses and nowhere is this more demanding than at the front door of the hospital, the Emergency Department. Whilst some nurses find end‐of‐life care a rewarding aspect of their role, others avoid opportunities to develop a relationship with the dying and bereaved because of the intense and exhausting nature of the associated emotional labour.Design.  Qualitative study using unstructured observations of practice and semistructured interviews.Methods.  Observation was conducted in a large Emergency Department over 12 months. We also conducted 28 in‐depth interviews with emergency staff, patients with terminal illnesses and their relatives.Results.  Emergency nurses develop expertise in end‐of‐life care giving by progressing through three stages of development: (1) investment of the self in the nurse–patient relationship, (2) management of emotional labour and (3) development of emotional intelligence. Barriers that prevent the transition to expertise contribute to occupational stress and can lead to burnout and withdrawal from practice.Conclusions.  Despite the emotional impact of emergency deaths, nurses who invest their therapeutic self into the nurse–patient relationship are able to manage the emotional labour of caring for the dying and their relatives through the development of emotional intelligence. They find reward in end‐of‐life care that ultimately creates a more positive experience for patients and their relatives.Relevance to clinical practice.  The emergency nurse caring for the dying patient is placed in a unique and privileged position to make a considerable impact on the care of the patient and the experience for their family. This model can build awareness in managing the emotive aspects involved in care delivery and develop fundamental skills of nursing patients near the end of life.