bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatic muscle specification during embryonic and post‐embryonic development in the nematode C. elegans
Authors: Krause Michael , Liu Jun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMyogenesis has proved to be a powerful paradigm for understanding cell fate specification and differentiation in many model organisms. Studies of somatic bodywall muscle (BWM) development in Caenorhabditis elegans allow us to define, with single cell resolution, the distinct hierarchies of transcriptional regulators needed for myogenesis throughout development. Although all 95 BWM cells appear uniform after differentiation, there are several different regulatory cascades employed embryonically and post‐embryonically. These, in turn, are integrated into multiple extrinsic cell signaling events. The convergence of these different pathways on the key nodal point, that is the activation of the core muscle module, commits individual cells to myogenesis. Comparisons of myogenesis between C. elegans and other model systems provide insights into the evolution of contractile cell types, demonstrating the conservation of regulatory schemes for muscles throughout the animal kingdom. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:203–214. doi: 10.1002/wdev.15This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Invertebrate Organogenesis > Worms
Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
Nanowired drug delivery for neuroprotection in central nervous system injuries: modulation by environmental temperature, intoxication of nanoparticles, and comorbidity factors
Authors: Sharma Hari Shanker , Sharma Aruna 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRecent developments in nanomedicine resulted in targeted drug delivery of active compounds into the central nervous system (CNS) either through encapsulated material or attached to nanowires. Nanodrug delivery by any means is supposed to enhance neuroprotection due to rapid accumulation of drugs within the target area and a slow metabolism of the compound. These two factors enhance neuroprotection than the conventions drug delivery. However, this is still uncertain whether nanodrug delivery could alter the pharmacokinetics of compounds making it more effective or just longer exposure of the compound for extended period of time is primarily responsible for enhanced effects of the drugs. Our laboratory is engaged in understanding of the nanodrug delivery using TiO2 nanowires in CNS injuries models, for example, spinal cord injury (SCI), hyperthermia and/or intoxication of nanoparticles with or without other comorbidity factors, that is, diabetes or hypertension in rat models. Our observations suggest that nanowired drug delivery is effective under normal situation of SCI and hyperthermia as evidenced by significant reduction in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, brain edema formation, cognitive disturbances, neuronal damages, and brain pathologies. However, when the pathophysiology of these CNS injuries is aggravated by nanoparticles intoxication or comorbidity factors, adjustment in dosage of nanodrug delivery is needed. This indicates that further research in nanomedicine is needed to explore suitable strategies in achieving greater neuroprotection in CNS injury in combination with nanoparticles intoxication or other comorbidity factors for better clinical practices. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:184–203. doi: 10.1002/wnan.172This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Dust ion-acoustic solitary structures in non-thermal dusty plasma
Authors: DAS ANIMESH , BANDYOPADHYAY ANUP , DAS K. P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDust ion-acoustic solitary structures have been investigated in an unmagnetized non-thermal plasma consisting of negatively charged dust grains, adiabatic positive ions, and non-thermal electrons. Whenever the non-thermal parameter exceeds a critical value, the present system supports negative potential double layer solution. However, this double layer solution is unable to restrict the occurrence of negative potential solitary waves of the present system. As a result, the occurrence of one type of negative potential solitary wave is restricted by Mc < M < MD, whereas the second type of solitary wave exists for all M > MD, where Mc is the lower bound of the Mach number M and MD (> Mc) is the Mach number corresponding to a negative potential double layer. A finite jump between the amplitudes of negative potential solitary waves at M = MD − ϵ1 and M = MD + ϵ2 has been observed, where 0 < ϵ1 < MD − Mc and ϵ2 > 0. Depending on the analytical theory presented in this paper, a numerical scheme has been provided to find the value of the Mach number at which double layer solution exists, and also the amplitude of that double layer. Although the occurrence of coexistence of solitary structures of both polarities is restricted by Mc < M ≤ Mmax, only negative potential solitary wave still exists for all M > Mmax, where Mmax is the upper bound of M for the existence of positive potential solitary waves only. Qualitatively different compositional parameter spaces showing the nature of existing solitary structures of the energy integral have been found. These solution spaces are capable of producing new results and physical ideas for the formation of solitary structures whenever one can move the solution spaces through the family of curves parallel to the curve M = Mc.
Covariation between understorey light environments and soil resources in Bornean mixed dipterocarp rain forest
Authors: Russo Sabrina E. , Zhang Lin , Tan Sylvester 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Variation in understorey irradiance is both a cause and consequence of the structure and dynamics of closed-canopy forests, which are also influenced by soil nutrients and water availability. We tested the hypothesis that understorey light regimes differ among four mixed dipterocarp forest types that share the same rainfall, but grow on different soils along an edaphic gradient at one site in Borneo. Based on data from photosynthetically active radiation sensors deployed at 1-m height at 36 locations for 351 sensor-days, we found significant soil-related variation in irradiance. The more productive forest types on clay and fine loam had lower daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) than those on the more nutrient-depleted and better-drained sandy loam and loam. They also had fewer moderate to high-intensity sunflecks, and a greater proportion of their daily PPFD came from low-intensity light. Understorey irradiance did not, however, monotonically decline with increasing soil resources. Forests on intermediate soils had greater irradiance than those with more and less soil resources, due to steeper slopes. Plant communities arrayed on resource gradients are commonly used to test hypotheses of environmental factors driving their assembly. Our results indicate that consideration of multiple resource dimensions in such tests is critical.
Control of Carapa guianensis phenology and seed production at multiple scales: a five-year study exploring the influences of tree attributes, habitat heterogeneity and climate cues
Authors: Klimas Christie A. , Kainer Karen A. , Wadt Lúcia H. , Staudhammer Christina L. , Rigamonte-Azevedo Valéria , Correia Manoel Freire , da Silva Lima Lílian Maria 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:During 5 y, we monitored reproductive activity and seed production of Carapa guianensis in two forest types to test the hypothesis that seed production is influenced by multiple factors across scales (regional climatic cues, local habitat heterogeneity and individual tree attributes). Variability in seed production was moderate at the population (CVp = 1.25) and individual level (xCVi = 1.24). A mixed model with a Poisson regression revealed that seed production was explained by variables at all scales. Total seed production was significantly higher in occasionally inundated forests. Diameter at breast height, dbh2, crown cross-sectional area, liana load, density, dry-season rainfall and mean maximum temperature were also significant in explaining seed production variation. Seed production increased with dbh until 40–50 cm, then decreased. Liana load demonstrated a negative relationship with seed production, but only in terra firme forests. Climatic cues (rainfall and temperature parameters) were central to setting overall patterns in reproductive activity and seemed to best explain why years with high seed production were consistent across the two forest types (habitats) examined. Dry-season rainfall was positively correlated with seed production.
Althusser: How to be a Marxist in Philosophy
Authors: O'Hagan Timothy 
Published: December 2011

Althusser called a recent essay: ‘Is it simple to be a Marxist in
philosophy?’ My title, intentionally provocative, echoes that question.
Following Althusser, I shall answer it in the negative and, in so doing,
shall raise a series of further questions concerning the nature of and
connections between politics, science and philosophy. My lecture will keep
turning on these three points, just as Althusser's own work has turned on
them, ever since his first book, a monograph on Montesquieu, up to his most
recent critical interventions on the role and organization of the French
Communist Party in the 1970s. In an interview given in 1968,
characteristically entitled ‘Philosophy as a revolutionary weapon’,
Althusser linked the three points in an autobiographical comment:
In 1948, when I was thirty, I became a teacher of philosophy and joined
the French Communist Party. Philosophy was an interest; I was trying to make
it my profession. Politics was a passion; I was trying to become a communist
militant.
Challenges for efficient health service delivery: experiences of dietitians completing their compulsory community service year in South Africa
Authors: Parker Whadi-ah , Steyn Nelia P , Mchiza Zandile , Wentzel-Viljoen Edelweiss , Dannhauser Andre , Mbhenyane Xikombiso , Nthangeni Gladys , Moeng Lynn 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the successes and shortcomings of the community service programme implemented by the Department of Health (DOH) in South Africa by evaluating community service dietitians’ experiences and challenges during the 2009 community service year.DesignThe study employed both quantitative and qualitative research designs. A national survey was conducted using a questionnaire to illicit information on community service dietitians’ working environments and the challenges they experienced. Furthermore individual interviews were conducted with a purposively selected subsample of community service dietitians to further explore issues that arose in the survey.SettingData were collected from community service dietitians in the public health sector in South Africa.SubjectsDietitians completing their community service year in 2009.ResultsOf the 168 community service dietitians placed in 2009, 134 (80 %) participated in the survey, while five community service dietitians in each province (n 45) were interviewed. Overall the community service dietitians were positive about the community service year and reported that it improved their confidence, skills and competencies. However, they experienced challenges related to the orientation programme, supervision/mentoring, resources available, patient referrals and communication.ConclusionsDespite the overall success of the community service year there are still challenges which the DOH needs to address in order to provide the best nutrition service possible for its patients.
Why Study Law? The Relevance of Legal Information to the Law Student, Researcher and Practitioner
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: December 2011

AbstractProfessor Graham Virgo, in delivering the 3rd Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture, asks if it is possible to become a legal practitioner in England and Wales without having studied Law as an academic discipline. Is there any point in studying for a Law degree? Students study any academic subject to acquire knowledge and to develop key skills. This is just as true of students studying Law. But is the knowledge acquired by a Law student and the skills which they develop really of benefit to them in legal practice? Crucially, what can the managers of legal information do to support the particular needs of Law students and academic researchers?
Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA
Authors: Reberg-Horton S. Chris , Grossman Julie M. , Kornecki Ted S. , Meijer Alan D. , Price Andrew J. , Place George T. , Webster Theodore M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOrganic systems in the southeastern USA offer unique challenges and solutions to crop production due to regional soil and climate characterized by highly weathered soil types, high precipitation and the capacity to grow cover crops in the winter. Recently, the interest of producers and researchers in high-residue cover crops and conservation tillage systems has increased. Various designs of the roller–crimper to manage cover crops have been invented and demonstrated to growers in the southeastern region of the USA over the past 17 years. The impacts of high-residue cover crop mulches on the agronomic systems in the region are diverse. Legume cover crops assist with meeting N demand from cash crops though they decompose rapidly and are seldom sufficient for N demanding crops such as corn. Cereal cover crop mulches can have the opposite effect by immobilizing N and have a longer impact on soil moisture and weed dynamics. While undesirable for many crops, N immobilization is one possible mechanism for weed suppression in legume cash crops planted into cereal residues. Other cover crop weed suppression mechanisms include physical impedance, light availability, allelopathy and microclimate effects. Regardless of the cause, successful weed control by mulches is highly dependent on having substantial biomass. The southeastern region is capable of producing cover crop biomass in excess of 9000 kg ha−1, which is sufficient for weed control in many cash crops, although supplementary weed control is sometimes necessary. Long-term data are needed to predict when farmers should add supplementary weed control. More work is also needed on how much additional N is required for the cash crops and how best to deliver that N in a high-residue environment using organic sources.
Screening of different species of Bacillus against broad spectrum antibiotics
Authors: Bajpai Vivek , Singh Sisodia Yamini , Sharma Pallavi , Jain Pankaj 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSewage is waste suspended in water that is intended to flow away from a community. Sewage effluent contains a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms which may pose health hazards to the human population when they are discharged into the environment. This study is carried out to systematically examine the pathogenic microorganisms in sewage samples isolated from the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan. For this purpose a survey was carried out at the Sewage Treatment plant of the Mody Institute of Technology & Science, Laxmangarh, Sikar. In this survey we isolated 26 bacterial strains and identified them using biochemical and molecular methods. Different biochemical tests were performed during the study and in molecular identification by DNA isolation, PCR amplification using 16s rRNA primer and partial sequencing of purified product was done. The isolates were sequenced and out of 26, 10 sequences were submitted in NCBI which designated accession numbers. Out of these 10 isolates Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were taken for further studies. The growth pattern of these isolates was observed on different pH and Temperature. There is growing awareness of the need for development of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of human, animal and plant diseases. Keeping this fact in view, we have also examined the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates against various antibiotics (Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol etc.) by measuring zone of inhibition in Mueller Hinton agar plates by Kirby Bauer method. Results of the present studies indicates that the strains isolated from sewage water are resistant to most of the antibiotics available in market, showing the necessity of new antibiotics to be developed to check the increasing ratio of bacillus infections through contaminated water.
Developing User-Friendly Habitat Suitability Tools from Regional Stream Fish Survey Data
Authors: Zorn Troy G. , Seelbach Paul W. , Wiley Michael J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We developed user-friendly fish habitat suitability tools (plots) for fishery managers in Michigan; these tools are based on driving habitat variables and fish population estimates for several hundred stream sites throughout the state. We generated contour plots to show patterns in fish biomass for over 60 common species (and for 120 species grouped at the family level) in relation to axes of catchment area and low-flow yield (90% exceedance flow divided by catchment area) and also in relation to axes of mean and weekly range of July temperatures. The plots showed distinct patterns in fish habitat suitability at each level of biological organization studied and were useful for quantitatively comparing river sites. We demonstrate how these plots can be used to support stream management, and we provide examples pertaining to resource assessment, trout stocking, angling regulations, chemical reclamation of marginal trout streams, indicator species, instream flow protection, and habitat restoration. These straightforward and effective tools are electronically available so that managers can easily access and incorporate them into decision protocols and presentations.
Received April 9, 2010; accepted November 8, 2010
Genetic Monitoring Reveals Genetic Stability within and among Threatened Chinook Salmon Populations in the Salmon River, Idaho
Authors: Van Doornik Donald M. , Waples Robin S. , Baird Melissa C. , Moran Paul , Berntson Ewann A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Identifying and understanding temporal genetic changes within fish populations is important for the management of these populations, especially those of conservation concern. Such changes are often the result of genetic drift, which can be exacerbated when the size of a population decreases. Using molecular-genetics techniques, we monitored nine populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Salmon River, Idaho, to determine how the genetic characteristics within and among these populations have changed over time. We found no evidence of change in the level of heterozygosity or allelic richness over three to four generations in eight of the populations. This is probably due to the fact that the populations all maintained a sufficiently large effective size, even though a few of the populations did show a decline in effective size. Also, the genetic structure among the populations did not change appreciably over time. Populations that had been supplemented with hatchery-reared fish showed genetic similarity to the within-basin hatchery source population, presumably because of the extensive use of native fish for hatchery brood stocks and minimal out-of-basin stock transfers. The lack of a detectable decline in these populations’ levels of genetic diversity is encouraging, given the species’ threatened status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Received September 22, 2010; accepted December 8, 2010
Predation on Juvenile Pacific Salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in Downstream Migrant Traps in Prairie Creek, California
Authors: Duffy Walter G. , Bjorkstedt Eric P. , Ellings Christopher S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Downstream migrant traps are a widely applied fishery management tool for sampling anadromous Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss smolts along the West Coast of North America and elsewhere, yet predation on juvenile salmonids in traps has not been studied quantitatively. We assessed the frequency of occurrence and abundance of juvenile salmonids in the stomachs of coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii, coho salmon O. kisutch, steelhead, and prickly sculpin Cottus asper (&gt;70 mm fork length) captured in traps and in nearby stream habitats. All four predator species took juvenile salmonids with much greater frequency in traps than in stream habitats. Among free-swimming predators, only coastal cutthroat trout were observed with salmonid fry in their stomachs, but they took fewer salmonid prey and appeared to rely more heavily on insect prey than did coastal cutthroat trout captured in traps. Predators consumed up to 25% of the available prey over a broad range of prey abundances. Over the course of the study, predators consumed 2.5% of all salmonid fry captured in traps, but this fraction ranged from less than 1% to more than 10% in any given year. The number of prey taken in traps increased with predator length and with prey abundance in traps, and predation in traps peaked during the period of most intense downstream migration by salmon fry. In contrast, live-box design and trap location had little or no effect on the total number of prey taken by individual predators. We estimated that the predation mortality of juvenile salmon increased by 0.5–1.0% due to in-trap predation (i.e., a 9–10% relative increase over natural predation rates). We found no evidence that predators selected for prey on the basis of species. These results should motivate additional research on methods that reduce or eliminate predation in trap live-boxes and protocols for efficiently measuring predation associated with the trapping of downstream migrants.
Received May 11, 2010; accepted November 29, 2010