bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wheelmade or Wheel-Finished? Interpretation of ‘Wheelmarks’ on Pottery
Authors: Henrickson Robert C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAnalysis of patterns of breakage and xeroradiographs have shown that ‘wheelmarks’ provide an incomplete and potentially misleading diagnostic for forming methods. The location and distribution of such marks over the entire vessel is crucial. Patterns of breakage reveal the characteristic patterns of weakness in the vessel fabric left by each type of forming method. Examination of both the overall patterns and surfaces of breaks in relation to the vessel profile aids reconstruction of the original forming process. Selective xeroradiography aid this interpretation. Despite the ubiquity and extent of ‘wheelmarks’ on Godin III painted buff ware vessels (bowls and closed shapes), patterns of breakage and xeroradiography demonstrate limited but persistent use of true throwing of small vessels on a potter's wheel (western Iran, 2600-1400 B.C.). All others were built using combinations of hand-forming methods and finished on a tournette.
Methodological Trends in Investigations into Ancient Pottery From the Levant
Authors: Edwards Ian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Australian excavations at Pella in Jordan under the guidance of Professor Basil Hennessy (Sydney University, Australia) have over the past 13 years demonstrated the current range of methodologies used in pottery studies in the Levant. One feature of the Australian field team has been the continuing inclusion of this writer from the Archaeology Research Unit, Victoria College, Melbourne (ARU) as a ceramic technologist/potter.The ARU at Victoria College, which operates together with a practical pottery workshop and an Advanced Ceramic Mlaterials Development Unit, uses a multidisciplinary team approach to look at excavated ancient pottery not primarily as archaeological artefacts but as pottery.Within the ARU Dr Ralph Segnit handles the mineralogy, Dr John Hamilton the geology, while Robert Hughan, to whom I am indebted for the testing reported here, handles the ceramic chemistry and fracture mechanics aspects. My role as both a ceramic technologist involved in field archaeology and as a trained potter, is to participate in generating the questions which will form the focus of the team's investigations.
A Review of Mid-Second Millennium B.C. Egyptian Glass Technology at Tell El-Amarna
Authors: Vandiver Pamela , Swann Charles , Cranmer David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn 1891 and 1892 Sir Flinders Petrie excavated glass in various stages of processing from the palace dumps at the fourteenth century B.C. site of Tell el-Amarna, a city built by artisans practicing the highest quality possible in their crafts in order to adorn the new capitol of Tutankhaman and thereby legitimize his rule(1). In order to learn more about the making and working of this glass, we analyzed samples in several stages of processing for composition, processing temperature, viscosity, extent of crystal growth and microscopic evidence of forming methods. Our findings accord with microscopic evidence from complete vessels, an unpublished manuscript on glass finds by the excavator, Sir Flinders Petrie(2) and previous work of the British glass technologist, W.E.S. Turner(3).
An Historical Mullite Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composite: Characterization of the ‘Wootz’ Crucible Refractory
Authors: Lowe Thelma L. , Merk Nima , Thomas Gareth 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince at least the sixteenth century, the ‘wootz’ ultra-high carbon white cast-iron ingot was produced in India by melting or carburising iron in a crucible. This ingot was forged into sword blades of so-called ‘Damascus’ steel. The charged crucible was fired in a long (24 hour) single cycle at high temperature (1150-1250°C) in a strongly reducing atmosphere. Raw materials for the refractory vessel are clay and ‘coked’ rice husks. At high temperatures, two phases reinforce the glassy matrix - cristobalite relics of rice husks and a network of mullite crystals. This paper characterizes the microstructure and chemistry of the mullite network in the glassy matrix by means of a combination of techniques: optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM with EDS, and HREM.
Technical Analysis of Sculpture for Economic Studies of Past Societies
Authors: Reedy Chandra L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractArt historical research related to Himalayan copper-based sculpture has concentrated on its religious, historical, and cultural context; questions of style, regional provenance, and chronology have also been important issues. The relationship of art production to economic considerations, and the relative role of economics versus aesthetics in the choice of casting and decorating alternatives, have received little attention. Although these are indeed difficult problems to address, they are nevertheless interesting ones that deserve some attempts at analysis.
A Technical and Analytical Study of Two Silver Plates in the Collection of the J.Paul Getty Museum
Authors: Scott David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo silver plates in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum were studied by non-destructive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, xradiography, optical metallography, electron microprobe analysis and lead isotopic composition. One plate depicts a scene of philosophical discourse (the ‘Philosopher plate’) and the other an aged fisherman with his catch (the ‘Fisherman plate’). Both plates have designs on the fronts made not by repousse but by a combination of working and annealing followed by carving to shape. Technical and analytical results are described which support the attribution of a date in the early centuries AD. There are several differences between the two plates, such as the way in which the footring has been made and attached. Both, however, have thick corrosion crusts and have suffered intergranular corrosion. Determination of trace elements, such as zinc and gold, together with the method of manufacture suggests that both plates are ancient. Lead isotopic data for the two plates is different, with the Philosopher plate showing a close relationship to other Byzantine objects, even though a Renaissance date had been suggested.
Casting Doubt: Economic and Technological Considerations Regarding Metal Casting in the Ancient World
Authors: Ogden Jack. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe lost wax casting technique is almost impossible to use if the finished object must be of a specified weight or must utilize all of a given batch of metal. This basic fact helps to explain why Old World ancient gold jewelry, particularly of Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine origin, is almost always-hand wrought rather than cast. Similar considerations relate to the manufacture of copper-alloy weights or other objects which appear to be of pre-determined weight.
Cation-Selective Reagents for Conservation Treatments
Authors: Chartier Duane R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCrown ethers, cryptands, polyphenols, and several other reagents are known to have high specificity for various cationic species. These reagents have great potential for application in general conservation problems of selective cleaning, desalination, stain removal and reversal of treatments in conservation. They are remarkably more effective in metal ion complexation than the more common chelates (usually only EDTA is used for conservation applications) which are used generally with little regard for selectivity.The advantages of a selective reagent are both its minimal effect on other species and its maximal cost-effectiveness. Most of the macrocyclic chelates are noutral specion that are lipophilic and solubilize metal ions (of the correct size) in non-aqueous media as well as water. Therefore, polar organic solvents may be used for water-sensitive treatments.Research has been designed to assess the use of cationselective materials both in the laboratory and in situ. The potential of these compounds to expand the range and the safe execution of existing and new conservation treatments is excellent.
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry of Gold-Silver-Copper Standards for Comparison with Historic Gold Objects
Authors: White S.M. , Koestler R.J. , Blair C. , Indictor N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeven ternary mixtures of gold(80-95%)-silver(4-15%)-copper(1-15%) were prepared as standards for the determination of elemental composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Two geometric forms (flat and oblate) of the standards were prepared for comparison to the analyses of historic gold objects. Surface analyses were performed. Polished sections of the standards were also analysed Comparison between two methods for collecting EDS data is reported. The analyses are discussed in terms of developing a generalized methodology for estimating elemental composition of museum artifacts.
Events in the Historical Development of Weights and Money
Authors: Wiedemann H.G. , Bayer G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe characteristic features and importance of weights and money in different cultures will be illustrated with examples from ancient Egypt, Babylon, Israel and China. In most of these cultures there was a gradual change of the names of weights to the names of money. The weight stones and figures were calibrated with seeds of barley or wheat in the Mediterranean and seeds of millet or rice in China.The weight of such seeds is rather constant and varies little under different climatic conditions as could be proved from our own investigations. Later these granular weight units were replaced by solid weight standards (e.g. stones or figures) which again were calibrated with counted seeds.Different materials were used such as basalt, agate, bronze, lead, silver and gold. The metallic weights gradually developed into coins and were used sometimes as weight and as money like the silver Shekel. Chemical analysis with EDAX and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried out on some of these ancient materials. The use of this combination of methods also allowed to distinguish between genuine, original materials and imitations.
The Interpretation of Textile Production and Use by High and Low Status Caddoan Groups
Authors: Kuttruff Jenna Tedrick 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the application of technical studies of the fragmented remains of archaeological textiles to the reconstruction of past textile technologies and to the interpretation of the cultural phenomenon of status differentiation. The analyses of archaeological textile remains recovered from Caddoan burial contexts (Mississippian period) in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri provided information for the interpretation of differential production and use of textiles by high and low status groups within that prehistoric society of the southeastern United States. The research is based upon the characterization of specific textile attributes and burial context. The data sets utilized in the textile analyses include fabric structure, fabric scale, edge treatment, patterning, design, coloration, yarn structure, and fibers. Production complexity for each textile is assessed and then ranked using a recently developed textile production complexity index. Those specific textile attributes that appear to be most highly associated with status differences are identified using two different statistical procedures. Technological differences as well as textile utilization patterns between high and low groups are explored.
The Effect of VikaneTm on the Stability of Cellulosic and Ligneous Materials -- Measurement of Deterioration by Chemical and Physical Methods
Authors: Burgess Helen D. , Binnie Nancy E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractVikaneTM (sulphuryl fluoride) is a commercial fumigant[1] which is used for the control of pests in museum collections. This paper summarizes the results obtained through an investigation of the effect of VikaneTM on twenty-five paper and textile samples. Samples chosen were representative of artifacts present in North American collections (cotton, linen, jute, and wood pulp fibres, from 1622 to present).The effect of the fumigation treatment has been evaluated by chemical and physical analyses: (1) Acidity -- surface pH, cold extracted pH, total acid (iodometric titration), (2) Oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation - viscometric average degree of polymerization, carbonyl content (hydrazone derivatization), (3) and Fumigant Residues (specific ion electrode). Analysis of unfumigated and fumigated samples was carried out before and after accelerated ageing (70°C and 50% relative humidity) in order to estimate the long term stability of fumigated samples.The data obtained show that commercial grade VikaneTM degrades cellulosic and ligneous fibres. A second set of experiments on two fibre types using a new experimental grade of VikaneTM gave significantly less degradation. The presentation of this work will concentrate upon a general scientific interpretation of results.It is anticipated that the conclusions will be applicable to a broad range of artifacts.
Corrosion and Past“Protective “Treatments of the Benin “Bronzes“ in the National Museum of African Art
Authors: Schrenk Janet L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Benin (Nigeria) “bronzes“1, like many museum objects have been subjected to a variety of coatings and other surface treatments by museums, dealers and private collectors since their removal from Africa during the British Punitive Expedition of 1897. Today these surfaces are discolored, corroded, saturated with “oils and waxes” and generally do not represent the original West African aesthetic. Corrosion often occurs below the “protective” surface coating, despite the apparent visual stability of the surfaces.Samples of coatings and corrosion from the Benin “bronzes” in the National Museum of African Art have been examined by XRD, SEM-EDZ FT-IR and CLC. Results include the frequent observation of fatty acid salts of copper and other alloy metals.
Use of FT-IR in the Conservation of Twentieth Century Objects
Authors: Shearer Cretchen L. , Doyal Sherry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT..IR) to the identification of early semi-synthetic and synthetic plastics is discussed. The sample technique is described. Three materials, natural rubber, cellulose nitrate (celluloid) and cellulose acetate are discussed and examples of identification of these materials are presented.
New High Temperature Multipurpose Applicator
Authors: Tinga W.R. , Tian B.Q. , Voss W.A.G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTUsing a new microwave small-sample quasi-TEM mode applicator, heating rates up to 700°C/s were obtained for various oxides and ceramic materials at 915 MHz. Design details are presented. A 60 W solid state power source is used to supply the microwave energy and control material temperature. Temperature is measured using either infrared or thermocouple techniques. The applicator is a TEM resonator with a TM mode gap field modified by a hollow variable radius center conductor acting as a waveguide below or near cutoff. This design creates a microwave materials analyzer equally suited for high or low temperature material studies, is scaleable to different frequencies and can be used to measure dielectric properties up to a temperature of at least 1500°C. Solid, granular, liquid, gas or plasma samples can be accommodated. By using microwave transparent refractory materials around the sample, temperatures greater than 15000 C can be maintained in some materials. Perturbation of the resonator by the inserted material causes a frequency shift which is nearly linear over a permittivity range of at least 1–70. This is an order of magnitude improvement over the conventional perturbation approach. For microwave joining or sintering of ceramic rods, the energy can be concentrated into a symmetrical hot zone as narrow as 1 mm.
Computer Modeling and Numerical Techniques for Quantifying Microwave Interactions with Materials
Authors: Iskander Magdy F. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTComputer modeling and numerical techniques provide an attractive, accurate, fast, and cost-effective means for calculating power deposition patterns and temperature distributions in materials during and after their processing using microwaves. Besides giving information on heating rates and patterns, numerical modeling and computational techniques may provide valuable information that may result in better control and optimization of theheating process. The optimum material/insulation combination for improved uniformity and efficiency of microwave sintering of ceramics and the development of procedures that may prevent problems such as temperature runaways are typical examples of attainable benefits from numerical modeling and computational techniques.
Temperature Profiles in a Finite Element Thermal Model of the Prostate Region Under Hyperthermia Treatment
Authors: Chatterjee Indira , Adams Roy E. , Saniei Namdar 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe detailed transient temperature distribution in an inhomogeneous model of a cross section through the prostate region of the human body undergoing hyperthermia treatment forcancer has been calculated. The finite element method has been used to solve the bioheattransfer equation. A commercially available finite element software package called ANSYS® has been adapted to the present problem.The model consists of 523 triangular elements and incorporates a tumor in the prostate.The hyperthermia device under test is an Annular Phased Array consisting of dipole antennas. The model is surrounded by a bolus of deionized water. The calculated electromagnetic energy distribution is input into the bioheat transfer equation and the resulting temperature distributions calculated.The increase in blood perfusion rates due to heating is incorporated into the model. Detailed transient temperature profiles in the finite element model are presented for various values of blood perfusion rates in the tumor and surrounding tissues. It is observed that the Annular Phased Array is effective in raising the temperature of the tumor to therapeutic values.
Diffusion-Controlled Processes in Microwave-Fired Oxide Ceramics
Authors: Janney Mark A. , Kimrey Hal D. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTProcessing oxide-based ceramics using microwave heating leads to a number of unexpected results, which can only be interpreted in terms of enhanced diffusion. Enhanced sintering has been observed in alumina and zirconia. Accelerated grain growth in dense, hot-pressed alumina has been demonstrated. Increased diffusion coefficients have been observed for diffusion of oxygen in sapphire. As yet, a satisfactory theory to account for these phenomena has not been developed. This paper reviews the experimental work conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory during the past four years on the processing of oxides in both 2.45 and 28 GHz microwave furnaces.
The Microwave Heating Behaviour of Metallic-Insulator Composite Systes
Authors: Lorenson Claude P. , Ball Mel D. , Herzig Ralph , Shaw Hamish 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe microwave heating behaviour of composite systems is of considerable interest for theprocessing of ceramics or the creation of materials with interesting dielectric properties. In this investigation, the heating response of different mixtures of metallic and insulating powders is described. The heating rate as a function of metal type, mass fraction and powder types will be presented for pressed pellet samples.From the results, three distinct heating regimes have been identified. At low temperatures. induced electric currents cause the metal particles to heat. As the temperature increases, exothermic oxidation of the metal powder particles increases the heating rate. Eventually, the insulating powder (alumina) begins to absorb microwave energy more efficiently and this dominates the high temperature behaviour. The relative importance of thesethree effects for different temperatures depends on the particular powders which are used.
Effect of Green Microstructure and Processing Variables on the Microwave Sintering of Alumina
Authors: Dé Arindam , Ahmad Iftikhar , Whitney E. Dow , Clark David E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe concept of 'hybrid heating with microwave (MW) energy at 2.45 GHZ.'for ultra rapid sintering of alumina is being introduced. This technique is a combination of MW - materual interaction as well as conventional radiant/conduction mechanisms, and facilitates the attainment of perhaps, the highest possible heating rates in a multimode MW cavity at 2.45 GJZz. (1500ºC in 120 sees.). Rapid sintering of pure.undoped alumina with this novel techniQue culminates in uniform, homogeneous microstructures and mechanical property enhancements vis-a-vis conventional fast firing.The role of green microstructure (particle size) on MW(hybrid) heating and processing variables (temperature, time) on the MW (hybrid) heating phenomena vs. conventional fast firing were investigated. Hybrid heated samples showed accelerated densification with comparable grain sizes when compared with the conventionally fast fired samples. The effectof particle size on the microwave (hybrid) heating phenomena was found to be analogous to conventional sintering.
Microwave Drying of Borosilicate Gels
Authors: Surapanani Srinivas , Mullins Michael E. , Cornilsen B.C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMicrowave processing was carried out on SiO2 -B2O3 solutions and gels prepared by sol-gel methods. Monolithic gels were prepared from alcoholic solutions of trimethylborate and tetraethylorthosilicate using a two-step hydrolysis process. A novel technique of Liquid State Processing (LSP) was employed for the first time, and it was found to be faster and more effective than the conventional processing techniques. The structural evolution of the dried products was followed using FTIR. The effect of processing was examined via surface area analysis (BET), electron microscopy, and FTIR. The microwave drying has been compared with conventional oven drying and vacuum drying techniques. Shorter processing times, improved microstructures, and unique properties have been obtained.
Microwave Polymerization of Embedding Resins for Biological/Biomedical Elecron Microscopy
Authors: Giammara B.L. , Birch D.J. , Harper D.O. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of microwave energies for polymerization of epoxy and other commercially available resins, used routinely in electron microscopy methodologies, shows promise for diagnostic pathology where rapid methods can be crucial. Many desirable embedment properties, such as specimen infiltration, color, hardness, rough trimming, and ability to stain, are necesssary. The properties necessary for cutting 1 micron semithin sections and 700 Angstrom ultrathin sections (that can withstand pentration by a 100 kV electron beam for image formation) must be maintained.In this study, six epoxy resins and one unsaturated polyester resin were used, the latter in a variety of recipes. Each formulation was subjected to microwave power levels from 400 to 700 W for 1 to 15 minutes. Selected specimen embedments tested well and significantly reduced traditional convection oven polymerization time from two days to a few minutes.