bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Into the Poem of the Universe: Exempla, Conversion, and Church in Augustine's Confessiones
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht den Begriff exemplum innerhalb der Confessiones Augustins. Der Autor vertritt die These, Augustin gestalte die berühmte Gartenszene in Confessiones VIII mit ihrem Kindersingsang (tolle, lege) parallel zur Reaktion des Ambrosius auf das erstmalige Hören des Evangeliums. Diese nachahmende Bezugnahme befindet sich im Zentrum einer Reihe weiterer Bekehrungsszenen bekannter Vorbilder (exempla), die ihrerseits Wirkung göttlicher Vorherbestimmung sind und maßgeblich zur Bekehrung Augustins beitragen. Die Untersuchung der augustinischen Verwendung von exemplum im Zusammenspiel mit Augustins sich entwickelnder Auffassung vom menschlichen Willen lässt den Autor zu der Auffassung gelangen, dass die durch exempla wirkende göttliche Vorhersehung dazu dient, die Christen in einen universellen Heilsplan einzubinden, der bereits in der Schöpfung angelegt ist. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Reflexion des experimentellen Charakters des augustinischen Gebrauchs von exemplum/exempla innerhalb der Confessiones im Rückgriff auf die heidnisch-antike Tradition.
Polemics reheated? The reception of ancient anti-Christian writings in the Enlightenment
Authors: Kinzig Wolfram 
Published: October 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der Artikel diskutiert die These von Forschern wie Henri Busson, Lucien Febvre, François Berriot oder Wolfgang Gericke, derzufolge antike Christentumskritiker wie der Philosoph Kelsos und der Kaiser Julian (der so genannte „Apostat“) der Philosophie der Aufklärung in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Christentum eine erhebliche, wenn nicht gar die entscheidende Argumentationshilfe geboten hätten. Ein Durchgang durch zentrale Schriften der aufklärerischen Religionskritik erbringt zwar tatsächlich Hinweise auf eine solche Rezeption im Bemühen, Widersprüche in der Bibel und der christlichen Lehre aufzuweisen. Ebenso konnten Kelsos und Julian als rationalistische „Rollenmodelle“ für die Kirchenkritik benutzt werden. Umgekehrt nutzten aber auch Apologeten des Christentums die Schriften der beiden antiken Philosophen, um die Wahrheit des Christentums nachzuweisen. Der Einfluss der antiken Christentumskritik scheint am stärksten am Hof Friedrichs des Großen gewesen zu sein. Insgesamt gesehen blieb er jedoch begrenzt, weil der Polytheismus eines Kelsos oder eines Julian dem entstehenden modernen Atheismus keine wirklichen Alternativen anbot.
Zwei Anmerkungen zum Johanneskommentar des Origenes
Authors: Thümmel Hans Georg 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The short article deals with the question how many books Origens Commentary on John comprehen ded which has come down to us only in pieces (aside from books I, II, VI, X, XIII, XIX, XX, XXVIII, XXXII only in fragments). The author states that there never existed just one single codex which contained all 32 books of the commentary together, but that every single book was written and published seperately and gradually – noticable e.g. in the dedication given at the beginning of every single book. Additionally the author gives two thoughts about the text of Commentary on John II 210.
Aus Wirtschaftskrisen lernen - aber wie? Krisenszenarien im Vergleich
Authors: Abelshauser Werner 
Published: October 2009

Vorspann
Die wirtschaftshistorische Forschung ist keine Garküche, die das Menu gegenwärtiger Krisenstrategien aus historisch bewährten Fertigrezepten liefern könnte. Sie bietet aber Stoff für das Denken in Szenarien und damit für die realen Möglichkeiten, die die Zukunft bringen kann. Dies ist in einer Zeit, in der Standard-Prognosen versagen müssen, viel wert. Gegenwärtig zählt weniger die Fähigkeit zur routinierten Berechnung von Risiken. Der Umgang mit Unsicherheit erfordert qualitative Lösungsansätze. Werner Abelshauser entwickelt dazu Szenarien von synthetischer Qualität, die sie unabhängig von ihrer ursprünglichen ereignisgeschichtlichen Einbettung übertragbar machen.
Reduced fetal movements
Authors: Unterscheider Julia , Horgan Richard , O'Donoghue Keelin , Greene Richard 
Published: October 2009

Maternal perception of reduced fetal movements affects up to 15% of pregnancies.
Reduced fetal movements cause concern and anxiety and can be associated with poor pregnancy outcome.
Up to 29% of women complaining of diminished movements carry a small‐for‐gestational‐age fetus.
Multiple pathologies contibute to reduce fetal movements but in many pregnancies a cause is not found.

Learning objectives:

To establish what is meant by ‘reduced fetal movements’.
To understand the assessment tools for women presenting with reduced fetal movements.
To identify the fetus at risk of stillbirth and poor perinatal outcome.
To learn which investigations are useful and which are not, in order to apply appropriate assessment and management strategies.

Ethical issues:

Lack of good data on the management of reduced fetal movements.
Failure to recognise pregnancy pathologies in women presenting with reduced fetal movements.
Variation in practice in addressing this condition, with the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.
Risk of producing iatrogenic problems through over‐investigation and unwarranted intervention in a healthy fetus.

Please cite this article as: Unterscheider J, Horgan R, O'Donoghue K, Greene R. Reduced fetal movements. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:245–251.
The postmenopausal vulva
Authors: Kingston Abigail 
Published: October 2009

Vulval symptoms are common among postmenopausal women.
A wide range of pathology underlies often similar presentations.
Vulval care with emollients is the first‐line treatment in most vulval conditions.
Vulval disease is a growing specialty across gynaecology, dermatology and genitourinary medicine.

Learning objectives:

To recognise the impact of vulval health on quality of life.
To use a systematic approach to clinical diagnosis in most cases.
To recognise cases requiring vulval biopsy.
To promote uniformity in nomenclature and treatment.

Ethical issues:

Should women with vulval disorders be seen by multidisciplinary teams or by vulval specialists?

Please cite this article as: Kingston A. The postmenopausal vulva. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:253–259.
Fused labia: a paediatric approach
Authors: Michala Lina , Creighton Sarah M 
Published: October 2009

Labial fusion is common among prepubertal girls.
In the majority of cases it is asymptomatic and should not be treated.
In symptomatic children, initial treatment with local estrogen is advised. Surgical treatment should be avoided if at all possible and considered only as a last resort.
Recurrence rates are high. The condition resolves with the onset of puberty.

Learning objectives:

To learn how to diagnose labial adhesions.
To be able to reassure parents that the condition is self‐limiting and benign.
To know the treatment modalities available for symptomatic children.

Ethical issues:

There is no evidence that child sexual abuse causes labial adhesions, however, if the presentation is atypical or there are other concerns, advice should be sought from the lead professional for child protection in the organisation or Trust.

Please cite this article as: Michala L, Creighton SM. Fused labia: a paediatric approach. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:261–264.
A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 1: principles of teaching and learning
Authors: Shehmar Manjeet , Khan Khalid S 
Published: October 2009

Clinical teaching needs to be contextual.
Everyday clinical situations provide teaching and learning opportunities.
Work‐based assessment tools can be used to teach and learn ‘on the go’.

Learning objectives:

Trainees and trainers should gain an introduction to the main medical educational theories on teaching and learning.
An Advanced Training Skills Module (ATSM) in Medical Education trainee should be able to show an understanding of the practical application of the main educational theories.
An ATSM in Medical Education trainer should be able to deliver a training module incorporating the educational theory behind effective teaching and learning.

Ethical issues:

A trainee has a responsibility to use all the available training opportunities that are offered.
Trainers and trainees are both responsible for ensuring that no patient identifying information is kept in the training portfolio.

Please cite this article as: Shehmar M, Khan KS. A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 1: principles of teaching and learning. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:271–276.
Haplotype mapping in human disease
Authors: Morgan Linda 
Published: October 2009

Many obstetric and gynaecological disorders result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
Mapping of the patterns of variation in the human genome by the International HapMap project has made it possible to screen for common genetic variants in the human genome rapidly and economically.
Susceptibility genes for complex disorders typically have small effects.
Many thousands of samples from well‐phenotyped cases are required to detect susceptibility genes with confidence.
National and international consortia provide a necessary research infrastructure for genetic studies of complex disorders.

Learning objectives:

To understand the principles and applications of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype tagging and genome‐wide association screening.
To be able to access the bioinformatic resources available to researchers studying the genetic basis of complex disorders.

Ethical issues:

Research investment in haplotype mapping is leading to the identification of susceptibility genes for complex disorders, largely related to populations of white, western European descent. It is important to ensure that these benefits extend to all populations, including those in developing countries.

Please cite this article as: Morgan L. Haplotype mapping in human disease. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:277–283.
Environmental basis of soil–site productivity relationships in ponderosa pine
Authors: Wilson Duncan S. , Maguire Douglas A. 
Published: October 2009

Understanding the environmental basis for soil–site quality relationships requires that we connect the environmental factors important to resource availability to the physiological processes influencing tree productivity. The nitrogen productivity concept provides this link by relating nitrogen uptake rate to plant growth, although the concept has been verified almost exclusively by laboratory experiments on tree seedlings. We tested the nitrogen productivity concept in a field setting by relating foliage production to nitrogen mineralization rate in 19 mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands across a moisture gradient in central Oregon, USA. Models developed following the nitrogen productivity concept predicted annual foliage production precisely and adequately represented the different influences of nitrogen and water stress. Current‐year foliage production was proportional to older foliage nitrogen content (R2= 0.82), and a model including a water stress index (stable carbon isotope ratio, δ13C) further explained 95% of the variability.A direct link between soil nitrogen availability and canopy nutrition was less clear. Annual foliage production was positively, but weakly, correlated with soil‐estimated N‐uptake (estimated in situ), likely because annual nitrogen uptake was small relative to nitrogen retained in the canopy. Foliage nitrogen was highly conserved with a mean retention time of 10.5 yr, which was 2.2 times longer than foliage retention. Annual nitrogen uptake amounted to 0–11% of total canopy N. Multiyear estimates of cumulative N fluxes are needed to adequately assess N availability. Soil nutrient pools were poorly correlated with nutrient uptake and were not useful for predicting stand productivity.
Allostatic Load Among Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and People of Mexican Origin: Effects of Ethnicity, Nativity, and Acculturation
Authors: Peek M. Kristen , Cutchin Malcolm P. , Salinas Jennifer J. , Sheffield Kristin M. , Eschbach Karl , Stowe Raymond P. , Goodwin James S. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We investigated ethnic differences in allostatic load in a population-based sample of adults living in Texas City, TX, and assessed the effects of nativity and acculturation status on allostatic load among people of Mexican origin. Methods. We used logistic regression models to examine ethnic variations in allostatic load scores among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and people of Mexican origin. We also examined associations between measures of acculturation and allostatic load scores among people of Mexican origin only. Results. Foreign-born Mexicans were the least likely group to score in the higher allostatic load categories. Among individuals of Mexican origin, US-born Mexican Americans had higher allostatic load scores than foreign-born Mexicans, and acculturation measures did not account for the difference. Conclusions. Our findings expand on recent research from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with respect to ethnicity and allostatic load. Our results are consistent with the healthy immigrant hypothesis (i.e., newer immigrants are healthier) and the acculturation hypothesis, according to which the longer Mexican immigrants reside in the United States, the greater their likelihood of potentially losing culture-related health-protective effects.
Pathways and Correlates Connecting Latinos' Mental Health With Exposure to the United States
Authors: Cook Benjamin , Alegría Margarita , Lin Julia Y. , Guo Jing 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We examined potential pathways by which time in the United States may relate to differences in the predicted probability of past-year psychiatric disorder among Latino immigrants as compared with US-born Latinos. Methods. We estimated predicted probabilities of psychiatric disorder for US-born and immigrant groups with varying time in the United States, adjusting for different combinations of covariates. We examined 6 pathways by which time in the United States could be associated with psychiatric disorders. Results. Increased time in the United States is associated with higher risk of psychiatric disorders among Latino immigrants. After adjustment for covariates, differences in psychiatric disorder rates between US-born and immigrant Latinos disappear. Discrimination and family cultural conflict appear to play a significant role in the association between time in the United States and the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders. Conclusions. Increased perceived discrimination and family cultural conflict are pathways by which acculturation might relate to deterioration of mental health for immigrants. Future studies assessing how these implicit pathways evolve as contact with US culture increases may help to identify strategies for ensuring maintenance of mental health for Latino immigrants.
Barriers to Adherence to Screening Mammography Among Women With Disabilities
Authors: Yankaskas Bonnie C. , Dickens Pamela , Bowling J. Michael , Jarman Molly P. , Luken Karen , Salisbury Kathryn , Halladay Jacqueline , Lorenz Carol E. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. Given the lack of screening mammography studies specific to women with disabilities, we compared reasons offered by women with and without disabilities for not scheduling routine screening visits. Methods. We surveyed women in the Carolina Mammography Registry aged 40 to 79 years (n = 2970), who had been screened from 2001 through 2003 and did not return for at least 3 years, to determine reasons for noncompliance. In addition to women without disabilities, women with visual, hearing, physical, and multiple (any combination of visual, hearing, and physical) limitations were included in our analyses. Results. The most common reasons cited by women both with and without disabilities for not returning for screening were lack of a breast problem, pain and expense associated with a mammogram, and lack of a physician recommendation. Women with disabilities were less likely to receive a physician recommendation. Conclusions. Women with disabilities are less likely than those without disabilities to receive a physician recommendation for screening mammography, and this is particularly the case among older women and those with multiple disabilities. There is a need for equitable preventive health care in this population.
Parenting and Violence Toward Self, Partners, and Others Among Inner-City Young Adults
Authors: O'Donnell Lydia , Stueve Ann , Myint-U Athi 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We examined relationships between parenting status and multiple forms of violence perpetration among young adults in high-poverty environments. Methods. We analyzed data obtained from a survey of 990 young adults in New York City. Respondents reported on violence they had perpetrated toward themselves, intimate partners, and others. Associations between parenting and violence were examined in logistic regressions, controlling for sociodemographics. Results. Fewer young men (33.0%) than young women (48.6%) reported that they were raising children. Among young men, parenting was associated with violence toward themselves (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 3.16) but not with violence toward partners or others. Among young women, violence perpetration did not differ by parenting status. Correlations among forms of violence were higher among young women than among young men, especially among mothers. Community violence was associated with violence toward others for both genders. For young men, community violence was associated with violence toward partners. Conclusions. Parenting did not reduce inner-city young adults' perpetration of violence. Among fathers, parenting may be, along with unemployment, a risk for violence toward self. Understanding patterns of violence can inform interventions that support young adults, including those who are parenting, in creating nonviolent homes and communities.
Public Perspectives on Informed Consent for Biobanking
Authors: Murphy Juli , Scott Joan , Kaufman David , Geller Gail , LeRoy Lisa , Hudson Kathy 
Published: October 2009

The National Institutes of Health and other federal health agencies are considering establishing a national biobank to study the roles of genes and environment in health. We assessed the public's attitudes toward the proposed biobank, including preferences for providing informed consent. Sixteen focus groups were conducted, and themes arising from the focus groups were tested in a large, representative survey (n = 4659) of the general population. Our research demonstrates that when considering participating in a genomic biobank, individuals want ongoing choices and control over access to their samples and information.
An Efficiency Perspective on the Gains from Mergers and Asset Purchases
Authors: Ray Sugata , Warusawitharana Missaka 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A rational, efficiency-based view of acquisitions implies that larger transactions generate greater gains for the acquirer and the seller. We test this prediction and find a positive relationship between acquirer abnormal returns and transaction size scaled by the acquirer size. This relationship holds for many classes of acquisitions, including asset purchases and mergers that target private firms. We find a similar relationship between total abnormal returns and relative transaction size. The results suggest that, in general, acquisitions help shift capital to more productive owners. Furthermore, we present evidence demonstrating that the average acquirer captures a significant portion of the total gains generated from an acquisition.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Resulting From Impaired β-Cell Compensation in the Absence of FoxM1, a Novel Downstream Effector of Placental Lactogen
Authors: Zhang Hongjie , Zhang Jia , Pope Christine F. , Crawford Laura A. , Vasavada Rupangi C. , Jagasia Shubhada M. , Gannon Maureen 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the study were to determine whether the cell cycle transcription factor, FoxM1, is required for glucose homeostasis and β-cell mass expansion in maternal islets during pregnancy and whether FoxM1 is essential for placental lactogen (PL)-induced β-cell proliferation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
β-Cell mass, β-cell proliferation, and glucose homeostasis were assessed in virgin, pregnant, and postpartum mice with a pancreas-wide Foxm1 deletion (FoxM1Δpanc). Wild-type islets were cultured with or without PL and examined for Foxm1 induction. Transgenic mice overexpressing PL in β-cells were bred with FoxM1Δpanc mice, and β-cell proliferation was examined.

RESULTS
Foxm1 was upregulated in maternal islets during pregnancy. In contrast to controls, β-cell proliferation did not increase in pregnant FoxM1Δpanc females. Mutant islets showed increased Menin and nuclear p27. FoxM1Δpanc females developed gestational diabetes mellitus as pregnancy progressed. After parturition, euglycemia was restored in FoxM1Δpanc females, but islet size was significantly reduced. Strikingly, β-cell mass was normal in postpartum FoxM1Δpanc pancreata due to a combination of increased β-cell size and islet neogenesis. Evidence for neogenesis included increased number of endocrine clusters, increased proportion of smaller islets, and increased neurogenin 3 or insulin expression in cells adjacent to ducts. PL induced Foxm1 expression in cultured islets, and FoxM1 was essential for PL-mediated increases in β-cell proliferation in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS
FoxM1 is essential for β-cell compensation during pregnancy. In the absence of increased β-cell proliferation, neogenesis is induced in postpartum FoxM1Δpanc pancreata. Our results suggest that FoxM1 functions downstream of PL to mediate its effects on β-cell proliferation.
High-Throughput Assay for Modulators of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Identifies a Novel Compound With Beneficial Effects on db/db Mice
Authors: Qiu Bei-Ying , Turner Nigel , Li Yuan-Yuan , Gu Min , Huang Meng-Wei , Wu Fang , Pang Tao , Nan Fa-Jun , Ye Ji-Ming , Li Jing-Ya , Li Jia 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Recently, several drugs have been shown to exert beneficial effects for metabolic syndrome through mild regulation of mitochondrial function. Hence, we explored a strategy of targeting mitochondrial function to improve glucose and lipid metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) is a marker of mitochondrial function; therefore, we set up a high-throughput screening assay of Δψm in L6 myotubes. The effects of a selected lead compound were investigated in vitro and in vivo in relation to metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS
A novel small-molecule compound, C1, was identified through this high-throughput screening. C1 depolarized Δψm in L6 myotubes without cytotoxicity and led to increased cellular AMP-to-ATP ratio, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and enhanced glucose uptake. It also stimulated the AMPK pathway in HepG2 cells, leading to decreased lipid content. Intriguingly, C1 inhibited respiration in L6 myotubes but did not affect respiration in isolated muscle mitochondria, suggesting that it may depolarize Δψm indirectly by affecting the supply of electron donors. Acute administration of C1 in C57BL/6J mice markedly increased fat oxidation and the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver. In diabetic db/db mice, chronic administration of C1 significantly reduced hyperglycemia, plasma fatty acids, glucose intolerance, and the mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate a novel small molecule that mildly depolarizes Δψm and is able to improve glucose and lipid metabolism to exert beneficial effects for metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that compounds regulating mitochondrial function may have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.