bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productivity of Field‐Grown Soybeans Exposed to Acid Rain and Sulfur Dioxide Alone and in Combination
Authors: Irving P. M. , Miller J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur dioxide (SO2)‐fumigated and unfumigated field plots of soybeans (Glycine max cv. Wells) were exposed to acid (pH 3.1) or control (pH ∼ 5.3) precipitation simulants to determine effects on growth and productivity. The precipitation simulants were applied at approximately 5‐day intervals in July and August with a total of 3.4 cm applied in 1977 and 4.5 cm in 1978. Sulfur dioxide fumigations of ∼ 4‐hour durations were performed 24 times in 1977 and 17 times in 1978, resulting in an average fumigation concentration of 0.79 ppm (89.6 ppm · hour dose) SO2 the 1st year and 0.19 ppm (13.$ ppm · hour) the 2nd. The acid precipitation simulant produced no statistically significant effect on seed yield in either year and a 4% increase in seed size in 1978. The simulated acid rain may have contributed to the nutritional requirements of soybeans by providing S and N during the critical pod‐filling stage. Sulfur dioxide exposure decreased seed yields in both 1977 and 1978 by > 35 and 12%, respectively. Aceelerated senescence, as suggested by increased leaf fall, may be responsible for the decreased yield in the SO2‐exposed plants.The SO2 exposure appeared to negate the positive acid rain effect on seed size observed in 1978, when the two treatments were combined. Acid precipitation apparently increased the reduction in seed weight resulting from SO2 exposure in 1977. Although visible injury was induced by acid rain exposure in a chamber study, only a small percentage (< 1%) of tissue was affected and there was no apparent effect on plant growth. The results of these studies suggest that the possibility for harmful effects on soybean yield from acid precipitation of a magnitude used in this study are minimal; however, soybean yields may be decreased by SO2 exposures > 13.5 ppm · hour occurring during the growing season.
Proportions of Several Elements Found in Sewage Effluent and Sludge from Several Municipalities in West Virginia
Authors: Horvath D. J. , Koshut R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSewage sludge and effluent from 11 municipal waste‐water treatment plants were analyzed for 14 elements. Using estimated discharge rates of the treatment plants and the analytical values for the samples, the weight of each element discharged in sludge and in effluent was calculated. These weights were then compared and significant differences among both municipalities and elements were noted. Attention is focused on evidence that sludge is enriched in Zn whereas effluent is enriched in Cd, indicating differential handling of these two elements in waste‐water treatment. In contrast, ratios of Zn to Cu remain virtually constant throughout the waste‐water treatment process.
Transport and Fate of Selected Organic Pollutants in a Sandy Soil
Authors: Wilson J. T. , Enfield C. G. , Dunlap W. J. , Cosby R. L. , Foster D. A. , Baskin L. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGround waters are increasingly vulnerable to pollution by organic chemicals that migrate through the soil mantle. To assess the minimal protection that soil can be expected to provide ground water, the transport and fates of 13 organic pollutants were studied in a sandy soil with low organic matter content (0.087% organic C). Glass columns were packed with soil to a depth of 140 cm in a manner that preserved to the maximum extent possible the characteristics of the original soil profile. In separate experiments, the columns received 14 cm/day of water containing a mixture of approximately 1.0 or 0.2 mg/liter of each of the organic compounds. Quantities of compounds that volatilize from the soil surface were measured, as well as concentrations in the column effluent.Chloroform (trichloromethane), 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane, dichlorobromomethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane, and trichloroethene were not degraded in this soil. These compounds percolated rapidly through the soil; their retardation factors (velocity of tritiated water through soil divided by apparent velocity of pollutant through soil) were 2.5 or less. Between 19 and 65% of the material applied to the surface percolated to a depth of 140 cm, and the remainder volatilized.Chlorobenzene, 1,4‐dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene also percolated through the soil; retardation factors were 1.7, 3.4, and 9.4, respectively. Between 26 and 49% of the material applied reached 140 cm.Toluene and nitrobenzene degraded in some of the columns but not in others. In the absence of degradation, 60 and 80% of nitrobenzene and 13% of toluene applied to the soil surface reached 140 cm. The retardation factors were 2.3 or less.Bis(2‐chloroethyl)ether did not degrade; 86% of the material applied reached 140 cm, and the compound's retardation factor was <1.5.A simple mathematical model based on water solubility of the compound and the organic C content of the soil predicted the retardation factors of the pollutants within a factor of three.
Effects of Scheduling Municipal Waste‐Water Effluent Irrigation of Reed Canarygrass on Nitrogen Renovation and Grass Production
Authors: Linden D. R. , Clapp C. E. , Gilley J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year field experiment was conducted to test the performance of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and the removal of nitrogen from municipal waste‐water effluent under varying irrigation schedules. The effluent was obtained from an activated sludge treatment facility that served a domestic suburban population. The 1st‐year total application to the 12‐ by 12‐m plots was about 170 cm of effluent containing 320 kg/ha N, primarily in the ammonia form. The 2nd‐year application consisted of about 290 cm of effluent containing $30 kg/ha N. Treatments during both years were comprised of 1, 2, or 5 irrigations per week. Results indicated that there was no effect of varying the irrigation schedule on the reed canarygrass yields, which averaged 10.2 and 15.0 metric tons/ha during the 1st and 2nd year, respectively. There also was no effect on soil water N concentrations, which averaged 1.0 and 2.4 mg/liter during the 1st and 2nd year, respectively.
Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline Effects on Plant Growth and Development in Liquid Cultures
Authors: Batchelder A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCattle manure often contains relatively large amounts of antibiotics used as cattle feed supplements. Spreading that manure over cropland might cause plant growth problems. Two greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of two antibiotics, chlortetracycline (7‐chloro‐4‐dimethylamino‐1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,6,10,12,12a‐pentahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) and oxytetracycline (4‐[dimethylamino]‐1,4,4α,5,5α,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,5,6,10,12,12a‐hexahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) on pinto bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris var. University of Idaho 114) grown in aerated nutrient media. Root growth and development were markedly decreased by both antibiotics as their concentrations were increased from 0 to 160 ppm in solution. Top dry weights were reduced 71–87% by the antibiotic concentrations, and root dry weights were decreased 66–94%. Plant mortality increased as the antibiotic concentrations were increased and all plants died at the 160‐ppm treatment level. Chlortetracycline degraded faster in nutrient solution than oxytetracycline did, but the effects on pinto bean plants were more detrimental even at lower concentrations. The results showed that relatively low antibiotic concentrations can markedly affect pinto bean plant growth and development in nutrient solution.
Heavy Metals in Tissues of Small Mammals Inhabiting Waste‐Water‐Irrigated Habitats
Authors: Anthony Robert G. , Kozlowski Rosemarie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of heavy metals in liver and kidney of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and white‐footed mice (Permyscus leucopus) from waste‐water‐irrigated and control areas were analyzed. Heavy metals were not accumulating in meadow voles inhabiting a reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) field irrigated with sewage effluent. In contrast, Pb and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in tissues of white‐footed mice inhabiting an irrigated forested site as compared with a control forested site. However, concentrations of Pb and Cd were not high enough to be considered toxic. Cadmium/zinc ratios for kidneys of small mammals were higher than those for soils and vegetation on irrigated areas, demonstrating the potentially hazardous uptake of Cd. Heavy metals were not accumulating to hazardous levels in herbivorous small mammals inhabiting areas irrigated with sewage effluent at application rates ranging from 5.0 to 7.5 cm/week for 14 years.
A System for Measuring Methane Fluxes from Inland and Coastal Wetland Environments
Authors: Sebacher D. I. , Harriss R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique for field measurements of methane fluxes at a water‐atmosphere interface as a function of air velocity has been developed and tested. The method uses a partitioned chamber placed over the water surface where the air velocity along the surface can be controlled. CH4 fluxes as low as 2 × 10−3 (± 0.05) g m−2 day−1 were measured in this way, and additional CH4‐flux data were determined as functions of air velocity from 0.9 (± 0.1) m sec−1 to 4.4 (± 0.37) m sec−1. Emission rates of gas across an air‐water interface is controlled by shear stress of winds in the overlying gas. Our objective was to develop a relatively simple field system which had the capability of quantitatively controlling air velocity over the water surface within the chamber sampling area. This technique has the important advantage of including a continuous monitoring system so that data can be observed on site. Measurements obtained in a coastal wetland creek demonstrate that the CH4 flux passing through a water‐atmosphere interface can be quantified as a function of air velocity over the water surface.
Soil Warming as an Alternative to Conventional Waste‐Heat Dissipation
Authors: Cook David R. , Norman John M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissipation of waste heat via soil warming has been suggested as an alternative to conventional electric generating plant cooling methods. A small field prototype was constructed to determine the potential of this alternative. The efficiency of a previously determined economic‐optimum‐size buried‐pipe network (1,821 ha) has been estimated from the application of the prototype data to an empirical advection model. The model produces dissipation estimates that are 30% lower than the prototype results. Adjusting these estimates for the greater flow rate of water through the optimum system, that system could be expected to dissipate approximately 66% of the waste heat from a 1,500 MW electric generating plant (4,366 MW thermal at 34.4% efficiency) in winter, 26% in summer, and 46% on an annual average.Seasonal and climatic considerations clearly affect the dissipation ability of the system. Nevertheless, soil warming appears valuable as a supplementary system to conventional cooling methods.
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation in Open‐Top Field Chambers on Soil Acidification and Exchangeable Aluminum
Authors: Lee Edward H. , Heggestad Howard E. , Bennett Jesse H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2) fumigation in open‐top field chambers on soil pH and exchangeable Al were evaluated. Soil samples were taken from the surface 0–8 cm in plots where tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L. ‘Jet Star’) plants were grown. Treatments were: 0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, and 0.48 ppm SO2 in non‐filtered (NF) air, and 0, 0.12, and 0.48 ppm SO2 in C‐filtered (CF) air. The variation in soil pH after 13 weeks of exposure (5 hours/day, 5 days/week) to 0.12 ppm or less SO2 was not statistically significant. However, the highest SO2 dose (0.48 ppm SO2 for 275 hours total exposure) significantly decreased soil pH from 5.84 to 5.05 and from 5.75 to 4.89 in NF and CF chambers, respectively. A high linear correlation was found between SO2 exposure concentration and soil SO4‐S levels at the end of the fumigation period (r = 0.95). Exchangeable Al was markedly increased at pH values below 5.5. The highest SO2 exposure dose caused exchangeable Al in the surface soil to be increased more than tenfold from 0.64 to 6.53% of the total cation exchange capacity. Long‐term SO2 exposure appears to possess the potential to induce Al phytotoxicity only when the soil pH is reduced to below pH 5.0.
Sweet Corn Growth on Incinerated Sewage Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Mellbye M. E. , Hemphill D. D. , Volk V. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncinerated sewage sludge was applied to Willamette silt loam in a 2‐year field study to determine the effect of the waste on the yield and elemental composition of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). The ash had a CaCO3 equivalence of 13–34%, contained 4.1–5.8% P, and trace metal contents exceeded the average concentrations reported for sewage sludges. Treatments included ash applications at rates from 0 to 106 metric tons/ha with a banded P fertilizer variable.The pH, extractable P, exchangeable Ca, and DTPA‐extractable Zn, Cu, and Pb content of the surface soil (0–15 cm) increased with ash application while exchangeable K and Mg, and extractable Cd were unaffected and extractable Mn decreased. The Zn concentration in the leaves tended to increase with ash application while the Mn concentration decreased. The Cu, Cd, Cr, Mo, Mg, Ca, and Pb concentrations in the corn leaves and kernels were largely unaffected. Yield of mature corn ears and leaf P content increased with ash application the second year suggesting a response to either P or lime in the ash. Banding P fertilizer also increased mature ear yield. Land application of incinerated sewage sludge may provide a feasible waste management option and ash could serve as a source of lime, P, Ca, Zn, and perhaps other micronutrients when used as a soil amendment.
The Effect of Mount St. Helens' Ash on Soil Microbial Respiration and Numbers
Authors: Elliott L. F. , Tittemore D. , Papendick R. I. , Cochran V. L. , Bezdicek D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncubation studies were conducted to determine the effect of different levels of Mount St. Helens' ash on soil microbial activity. Ritzville silt loam was mixed with 1% wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) and amended with 0, 10, or 20% ash or 10 or 20% sand. Oxygen uptake by the soil‐sand mixes was significantly greater than by the other treatments, and there was a trend for greater CO2 evolution by the sand‐amended treatments. These differences likely resulted from an aeration effect and/or differences in the systems caused by the mixtures, and not from salinity or release of toxic elements from the ash. Total bacterial, fungal, and pseudomonad counts in the soil were unaffected by either ash or sand additions with or without a wheat straw amendment during a 20‐day incubation period. These results show that the ash additions to the soil from the volcanic eruption should not adversely affect crop residue decomposition or the microbial flora of the soil as measured by soil microbial activity and numbers.
The Effect of Some Oil Shale Process Waters Upon the Viability of Indicator Bacteria
Authors: Adams J. C. , Farrier D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis research was undertaken to determine if a spill of oil shale process waters could have a detrimental effect upon the numbers of indicator bacteria in receiving waters. The first objective was to determine the effect of four process waters upon pure cultures of members of total and fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The second objective was to determine the effect of the process waters on these organisms in freshly collected water samples. The pure‐culture studies were done by inoculating the organisms into various dilutions of the process waters and plating with time on selective and nonselective media. Secondly, water samples diluted with various amounts of process waters and allowed to stand for 5 hours at 4°C were processed by standard membrane‐filtration procedures. The effect of the process waters upon the viability of the test bacteria depended upon the concentration and type of process water. Death and injury occurred in some cases. Process waters diluted 1:100 had no adverse effect upon the bacteria studied.
Movement of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge‐Treated Soils
Authors: Emmerich W. E. , Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Chang A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA controlled column study was conducted to evaluate the potential for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn movement through three reconstructed soil profiles from surface applied sewage sludge. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge was mixed into the top 15 cm in either liquid or air‐dried form three times for a total rate of 476 metric tons/ha. The soil columns were leached with 5 m of Colorado River water over a 25‐month period. After leaching, columns were sectioned and analyzed for metal movement by a complete metal mass balance. Analysis of the soils below the sludge‐soil layers indicated that essentially no metals moved below the depth of incorporation. The mass balance calculation for the metals in the sludge‐soil layers confirmed that movement had not occurred, in that close to 100% of the added metals were recovered in the sludge‐soil layers. Although no metal movement was observed, a situation conducive to metal movement was noted. Greatly lowered pH of the soil profiles beneath the sludge‐soil layers was attributed to the mineralization and nitrification of the added organic N. A subsequent pH reduction in the sludge‐soil layer could increase the solubilization of the metals and induce movement in the soil profiles, but this was not observed within the time frame of this study.
Sweet Corn Response to Application of Three Sewage Sludges
Authors: Hemphill D. D. , Jackson T. L. , Martin L. W. , Kiemnec G. L. , Hanson D. , Volk V. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested sewage sludges from Portland, Salem, and Rock Creek, Oreg., and (NH4)2SO4 were applied to Willamette silt loam soil for 3 consecutive years to determine their effects on yield and elemental composition of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) leaves and kernels. In the first and second year, sweet corn ear yields increased nearly proportionally to the sludge NH4‐N content at the low rate of sludge application, but were not further increased at the high rate of sludge application. In the first 2 years ear yields of plants grown on sludge‐amended soils were less than yields obtained with the optimal rate of (NH4)2SO4. However, in the third year yields on sludge‐amended soils equaled or exceeded those with optimal (NH4)2SO4. Banding concentrated superphosphate at planting tended to increase yields, particularly of fully mature ears. Response to banded P was more pronounced with (NH4)2SO4 than with sewage sludge as the N source.Leaf‐tissue Zn and Cd content increased with sludge or commerical N application, with the highest Zn and Cd content occurring in plants grown on soils amended with the sludge that contained the highest concentration of trace metals. Kernel metal content varied less with N rate or source than did leaf metal content. Liming had little effect on yield or the metal content of kernels. Metal content of kernels did not increase with second and third sludge applications.
Potassium and Magnesium Availability in Mudstone Coal Overburdens in West Virginia
Authors: Gensheimer G. J. , Stout W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMudstones are rapidly weathering sedimentary rocks with a hardness of <2.5 (gypsum = 2.0, calcite = 3.0) and are dominated by silt‐and/or clay‐sized particles. They may contain abundant amounts of Ca, Mg, and K, and may have a high neutralizing potential. Mixing mudstones containing high amounts of K and Mg with infertile top‐soils when reclaiming surface mined lands may increase the fertility of the resulting mine soil. The objective of this experiment was to determine which soil testing procedure(s) would best predict the availability of K and Mg to plants from nine mudstone samples associated with seven coal seams in northern West Virginia.The soil testing procedures used to extract K and Mg from the mudstones were double acid (0.05N HCl and 0.025N H2SO4), boiling 1N HNO3 (nitric acid), neutral 1N NH4OAC (ammonium acetate), water, and Baker's small exchange method. The biological extraction of K and Mg by oat seedlings (Avena sativa L.) was determined with a modified Stanford‐DeMent procedure.Except in mudstones where toxic elements are present, such as the Clarksburg samples, it appears that mudstones are a possible source of plant‐available K in newly constructed mine soils. The HNO3, NH4OAC, and Baker tests predicted the relative availability of K in the mudstones. The HNO3 test was best able to predict the total amount of K available to the oat seedlings.Although there was a large amount of HNO3‐extractable Mg in the high‐pH mudstones, it was not available to the oat seedlings. If, as postulated, the Mg in these mudstones was in the carbonate form, it may become available over time in the humid regions where the mudstones occur.
Water Regime and Nitrogen Fertilization for Rhodes Grass Irrigated with Municipal Waste Water on Sand Dune Soil
Authors: Vaisman I. , Shalhevet J. , Kipnis T. , Feigin A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of municipal waste water for crop irrigation has advantages in increasing water supply and reducing the need for fertilization application. The objective of this research was to develop management for using secondary effluent for crop irrigation while reducing pollution hazards.A field experiment was conducted on a sand dune soil during 1978 and 1979 to determine the water requirement and fertilizer needs of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). There were four irrigation treatments, each at two levels of N fertilizer. The grass was irrigated with municipal effluent that received secondary treatment in settling ponds. The N concentration in the waste water used was about 18 mg/liter, which did not fully supply the needs of the crop. When 250 kg N/ha was added as (NH4)2SO4, an optimum dry matter yield of 12.0 metric tons/ha was obtained when irrigation was applied on the basis of 0.8 pan factor. Higher rates of fertilization and water application resulted in N seepage below the root zone. Any additional water resulted in increased drainage.Rhodes grass proved to be an efficient remover of N from effluent, and also prevented deep seepage and ground‐water pollution.