bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 China, India, Brazil, and South Africa in the World Economy: Engines of Growth?
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter attempts to analyse the economic implications of the rise of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (CIBS) for developing countries, situated in the wider context of the world economy. It examines the possible impact of their rapid growth on industrialized countries and developing countries, which could be complementary or competitive and, on balance, positive or negative. In doing so, it considers the main channels of transmission, to focus on international trade, investment, finance, and migration. The essential question is whether, in times to come, these four countries could be the new engines of growth for the world economy. The answer is that rapid growth in China already supports growth elsewhere—so far, primarily, as a market for exports, while India and Brazil have the potential to provide similar support, but South Africa does not yet exhibit such potential. In future, these countries could also provide resources for investment and technologies for productivity. The transformation and catch-up could span half a century or longer. Even so, rapid growth in these large emerging economies is already beginning to change the balance of economic power in the world.
3 Southern Engines of Global Growth: Very Long Cycles or Short Spurts?
Authors: Desai Meghnad 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter views the four economies of the South in a long‐run historical perspective from 1500 to 2000. It contrasts the history and the initial endowments of the two Northern hemisphere economies China and India, which are land scarce and labour abundant, with the two Southern hemisphere economies Brazil and South Africa, which are land abundant and labour scarce. It argues for different strategies for future growth and discusses impediments that might affect the paths of these four economies in the near future.
5 Global Growth and Distribution: Are China and India Reshaping the World?
Authors: Bussolo Maurizio , De Hoyos Rafael E. , Medvedev Denis , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOver the past twenty years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little, even if significant structural changes have been observed. The high growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's global general equilibrium model LINKAGE and the newly developed global income distribution dynamics (GIDD) tool, this chapter assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class—a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in a widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analysing global disparities by taking into account—as the GIDD does—income dynamics between and within countries.
10 National Policies to Attract Foreign Direct Investment in Research and Development: An Assessment of Brazil and Selected Countries
Authors: Zanatta Mariana , Strachman Eduardo , Carvalho Flávia , Varrichio Pollyana C. , Camillo Edilaine , Barra Mariana 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the main policies employed to attract multinational corporation (MNC) technological activities in China, India, Ireland, Israel, Singapore, and Taiwan in order to analyse the case of Brazil. Foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction policies are part of industrial and development policies and should not be assessed or used in isolation. The methodology applied in this work consists of elaborating country reports which comprised: (i) economic and technological data; (ii) science, technology, and industry (S&T&I) policies; (iii) the development of key technological activities by MNCs; and (iv) the main MNC R&D activities developed in the country. For most countries the selectivity, continuity, and coordination of national policies are the key factors in creating a favourable environment for foreign R&D activities. In Brazil, despite some recent actions to foster innovation and R&D investments—such as the Innovation Law—it is patent that there is a lack of a strong government policy and an absence of a specific governmental structure targeted to the attraction of such investments.
3 Towards the Enhanced Effectiveness of Foreign Aid
Authors: Ranis Gustav 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAt the very time that professional scepticism concerning the effectiveness of foreign aid has reached new heights, donors seem to be ready to substantially increase the volume of aid they are willing to make available. This paper attempts to address this paradox by first examining the record of aid in the past, distinguishing between cross-country regressions and select country experience. It subsequently proceeds to propose the establishment of a new modus operandi for foreign aid, based on a much more passive, banker-like posture by donors, leaving the initiative for defining what reforms are feasible, plus the establishment of self-conditionality, to third world recipients before they approach the international community of donors.
6 Conflict Prevention as a Policy Objective of Development Aid
Authors: Fukuda‐Parr Sakiko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe current consensus objective of development aid in the international community is to reduce poverty in general and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in particular. In addition, the dominant view identifies economic growth as the principal means to this end. But the policy objective of aid can be defined in many ways, and has in fact varied over time with shifting priorities within the international community about the ultimate ends of development and the means for advancing those ends. This chapter argues that more attention should be given to conflict prevention as a policy objective of development aid and explores the implications of doing so for aid programme priorities and the international aid architecture in general. The chapter shows that violent conflict is a major obstacle to achieving the MDGs; it identifies 64 worst performing countries and finds that the majority have experienced violent internal conflict, and/or are vulnerable because of the socioeconomic correlates of internal war. The chapter then argues that development policy priorities and their support with aid can be deployed to reduce these risks. Conflict prevention is thus an important policy objective as a means to achieving MDGs as well as an end itself since security from violence is an essential aspect of human wellbeing and human security. Integrating this policy objective would imply adjustments that would need to be made in aid architecture.
8 Foreign Aid and Economic Development in Post‐war Lebanon
Authors: Dibeh Ghassan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows that foreign aid in post-war Lebanon passed through two phases with distinct features that have had far reaching implications for post-war development. In the first phase lasting from 1992-97, foreign aid was mainly channelled towards providing resources for post-war reconstruction projects. The second phase from 1997 to the present witnessed a qualitative shift in foreign aid utilization from reconstruction needs towards financial stability and balance-of-payments equilibrium needs. This shift allowed the government to intervene in the foreign exchange market, maintained balance of payments surpluses during this period, reduced interest rates on public debt instruments and finally provided the necessary liquidity and ‘confidence’ for the government to continue borrowing funds from local commercial banks and foreign investors. More importantly this shift in foreign aid allowed the government to avoid financial and currency crises in 2002. However, the cost of such a qualitative shift was large in terms of fiscal management, diversion of funds from reconstruction, and the increased dependency of the Lebanese economy on foreign aid for stabilization purposes.
13 ‘Big Push’ versus Absorptive Capacity: How to Reconcile the Two Approaches
Authors: Guillaumont Patrick , Guillaumont Jeanneney Sylviane 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter we examine whether absorptive capacity can constitute sufficient justification for rejecting the proposal of a large aid increase to support the ‘big push’. We argue that the probability of a poverty trap exists for many countries, in particular the least developed countries (LDCs) and that an increase in aid is relevant for them. Moreover we show that the decrease in marginal aid returns is slower in vulnerable countries, which supports the rationale to include vulnerability as one of the aid allocation criteria. We examine the main obstacles to absorptive capacity, such as disbursement constraints and short-term bottlenecks, macroeconomic problems, including loss in competitiveness and macroeconomic volatility, as well as the weakening of institutions. The general conclusion that we draw for reconciling the two approaches is that absorptive capacity strongly influenced by aid itself or by its modalities. The big push and absorptive capacity approaches cannot be reconciled without aid reform supported by an aid increase. First, what is needed is to balance the utilization of aid between activities that are directly productive and those that are social in nature in order to avoid transitory loss of competitiveness. Second, schemes that facilitate the use of aid as insurance against exogenous shocks are to be enhanced because they lower the risk of Dutch disease, and contribute to faster and more equitable growth over the long term. Finally a performance-based conditionality should replace the traditional policy-based one in order to cope with several absorptive capacity limitations, particularly the sociopolitical one. An aid-supported big push will not be effective without new ownership of policy by the recipient countries.
14 Aid and Rent‐driven Growth: Mauritania, Kenya, and Mozambique Compared
Authors: Auty Richard M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter conceptualises foreign aid as a geopolitical form of rent in order to help distinguish the conditions under which aid is detrimental to sustained economic recovery from those where it is beneficial. Foreign aid shares with natural resource rent and contrived (i.e., government monopoly) rent the property of being a large revenue stream that is detached from the economic activity that generates it, and elicits political contests for its capture. Rent-driven models suggest such contests have two adverse effects: (i) they deflect government incentives into rent-channelling at the expense of promoting wealth creation; and (ii) the resulting political allocation of the rent distorts the economy and precipitates a growth collapse, which is protracted. In this context, the three principal causes of aid failure identified in the literature (corruption, a poor policy environment and Dutch disease effects) are all symptoms of the destabilizing impact of rent streams on immature political economies. Consequently, the deployment of foreign aid to revive collapsed economies runs the risk of perpetuating rent-seeking and thereby postponing essential economic restructuring. This chapter compares the varied impacts of aid on the development trajectories of Mauritania, Kenya, and Mozambique. It argues that successful aid deployment requires: recognition that aid modalities differentiate aid's effectiveness; stronger public accountability; and the construction of a cohesive pro-reform political constituency. The paper proposes a dual track strategy as a politically practical means of deploying geopolitical rent to restructure distorted economies.
7 Language Interpretation and Individual Representationalism: Quine and Davidson
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn important tradition of second-family Individual Representationalism centres on language. The chief representatives of this tradition are W. V. Quine and Donald Davidson. This chapter discusses the tradition of linguistic interpretation articulated by Quine and Davidson. Quine claims that the notions of meaning, reference, and representation lack objective status. He argues that attributions of representational content are indeterminate. He views psychology and semantics as less factual than natural science. Davidson's work inherits the Individual Representationalism of Quine and Strawson. He shares their basic assumption that to engage in objective reference, or representation of the physical environment, an individual must be able to think general criteria for applying representations. That is, the individual must be able to represent some basic conditions that make objectivity possible. In the subject's own representational capacities there must be a mirroring of some constitutive preconditions of objective representation, if objective representation is to occur.
8 Biological and Methodological Backgrounds
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter sets the stage for distinguishing the distinctively psychological kind representation from broader kinds (often also called ‘representation’) shared by psychology with biology. It argues for a use for the (or a) notion representation that is distinctive to psychology. By focusing on actual explanation in science, it roughs out one border of a psychological kind, representation. It argues that certain psychological explanations are not special cases of biological explanations. Psychological explanations have a distinct explanatory paradigm. Psychology depends on there being systematic, functional pre-representational causal relations with the environment. But it discovers its own kinds. One of them is the kind representation. The chapter also develops a specific conception of perception that indicates a significant, explanatorily relevant kind. It concludes with examples of explanation in perceptual psychology that are distinctive of psychology and that invoke the kinds representation and perception.
What is Constitutionalisation?
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Constitutionalisation involves the attempt to subject all governmental action within a designated field to the structures, processes, principles, and values of a ‘constitution’. Although this phenomenon is having an impact across government, its prominence today is mainly attributable to the realisation that the activity of governing is increasingly being exercised through transnational or international arrangements that are not easily susceptible to the controls of national constitutions. Constitutionalisation is the term used for the attempt to subject the exercise of all types of public power, whatever the medium of its exercise, to the discipline of constitutional procedures and norms. This chapter aims to specify the character of this phenomenon, offer an account of its dynamic, and raise some questions about the processes it engenders. It argues that constitutionalisation is best understood by reference to the related concepts of constitution and constitutionalism. It begin by considering the 18th-century movements that gave rise to the modern idea of a constitution and its associated political theory, that of constitutionalism. By situating constitutionalisation in this context, the chapter offers a perspective that will help us to reach a judgment on the question of whether this emerging phenomenon of constitutionalisation signals the global triumph of constitutionalism, its demise, or its transmutation.
Constitutionalism and Representation
Authors: Riekmann Sonja Puntscher 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter first challenges the nexus between constitutionalism and nationhood, arguing that like the nation states, which are also the outcome of integration processes merging regions into states, the EU must accommodate difference and that until now she does so by veiling constitutionalism. It then argues that the current problems of the Union resulting from the rejection of treaty revisions stem from the citizens' lack of trust in organs of supranational and national representation, and that this wont is fuelled by the colliding systems of representation simultaneously based on supranationalism and on intergovernmentalism. It discusses the citizens' ambivalences regarding their trust in European institutions as they surface in public opinion polls, and interprets them as a misfit of expectations and results of European politics. Finally, it discusses the democratic potential offered by the Treaty of Lisbon to bridge the gap between representatives and represented through a combination of enhanced parliamentarism and citizens' involvement. Despite all the shortcomings and paradoxes created by the IGC, the ‘Treaty of Parliaments’, it is argued that it would indeed mark a significant turn in European constitutionalism.
The Best of Times and the Worst of Times
Authors: Kumm Mattias 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The idea of a ‘postnational constellation’ conjures up a world in which globalisation, privatisation, and individualisation have changed the basic configuration of the legal and political world. The state has become disaggregated as regulatory authority has shifted towards transnational governance structures and devolved to subnational public authorities or private actors. There are a number of questions one might ask about these changes. Have they strengthened human rights and have they furthered peace, justice, and prosperity within and across societies? Or have they created new inequities and new dangers? The literature on these questions, either generally, or addressing specific policy issues, is endless. This chapter focuses on the more limited question of how these changes can best be described and assessed in constitutional terms. Specifically the question is: How are these changes affecting the tradition of modern constitutionalism? It provides a deeper understanding of the nature of the dispute between triumphalists and nostalgists.
Global Administrative Law and the Constitutional Ambition
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter weighs the pros and cons of applying the insights of constitutionalism to issues of global law. After sketching the challenge both global constitutionalism and global administrative law face in the precarious legitimacy of transnational and global governance, it examines more closely the scope and aims of both projects. It is in their respective ambitions that the key difference between the two lies: constitutionalist visions set out to describe and develop a fully justified global order, while global administrative law approaches are more limited in scope, focusing on particular elements of global governance and confining themselves to the analysis and realisation of narrower political ideals, especially accountability. Such a limited approach does, however, raise serious problems, both on the practical and the normative level. The chapter focuses on only on two sets of issues: the difficulty in separating ‘administrative’ from ‘constitutional’ issues, and the risk of legitimising illegitimate institutions, in part by elevating them to the level of law. Although the resulting challenge for global administrative law is serious and will condition the further trajectory of the project, it should not distract from the significant advantages its more limited ambition entails.
Beyond the Holistic Constitution?
Authors: Walker Neil 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with the constitutional consequences of the erosion of statehood. It does so by considering whether — and, if so, on what terms — constitutionalism can remain a viable concept in the old state setting. It asks whether — and, if so, on what terms — constitutionalism could possibly be adapted to new settings. It argues that the use of the term constitutionalism should be retained, and it should be used to serve as a placeholder for exactly those concerns with respect to which others reject the use of the constitutional language when speaking about the transnationalisation of law. Constitutionalism serves a crucial longstop function of providing a medium for dealing with the abiding concerns we still have, and ought to have, about our ideas of the common interest.
The Sequential Principle of Relative Culpability
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes a modest step towards providing a theory of culpability by examining an important constraint that any such theory might be thought to satisfy. This constraint is referred to as the ‘sequential principle of relative culpability’: Ceteris paribus, it is worse to perform the same criminal act purposely than knowingly, or knowingly than recklessly, or recklessly than negligently. The chapter critically discusses this sequential principle and questions why no existing statutory schemes in penal codes conform to it.
Rapes Without Rapists: Consent and Reasonable Mistake
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Since a mistaken belief about consent should be a defence to rape when it is reasonable, it is important to identify the kind of evidence that is helpful in distinguishing reasonable from unreasonable mistakes about consent to sex. This chapter argues that an adequate theory of whether a mistake about consent is reasonable depends on empirical evidence about how consent to sexual relations is expressed even when no mistake is made. It examines this evidence and contends (contrary to many rape law reformers) that the author's views about the conditions under which mistakes about consent to sex are reasonable are not unfair to women in general or to rape victims in particular.
Why Punish the Deserving?
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that a comprehensive justification for punishing criminals must address why those persons who deserve to be punished should actually be punished by the state, all things considered. Plausible answers to this question reveal deficiencies in pure retributive theories: those that deem consequences to be wholly irrelevant to the justification of punishment. Consequences are material when we explain why the state should punish those who are deserving of punishment.
The Making of Legal Authority
Authors: Jansen Nils 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Accounts of the nature of legal authority typically focus on the authority of officially sanctioned rules issued by legally recognised bodies — legislatures, courts, and regulators — that fit comfortably within traditional state-centred concepts of law. Such accounts neglect the more complex processes involved in acquiring legal authority. Throughout the history of modern legal systems, texts have come to acquire authority for legal officials without being issued by a legislature or a court. From Justinian's Institutes and Blackstone's Commentaries, to modern examples such as the American Law Institute's Restatements and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, academic codifications have come to be seen as legally authoritative, and their norms applied as such in courts and other contexts. How have such texts acquired legal authority? Does their authority undermine the orthodox accounts of the nature of legal systems? Drawing on examples from Roman law to the present day, this book offers a comparative analysis of non-legislative codifications. It offers a contribution to the debates surrounding the harmonisation of European private law, and the growth of international law.