bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nationwide Trends in Hospitalization and Surgical Treatment of Congenital and Infantile Cataract Among Italian Children 4 Years and Younger
Authors: Ricci Benedetto , Volpe Massimo , Coppola Giovanni , Ziccardi Lucia 
Published: July 2009

Purpose:
To determine the number of patients 4 years and younger who were hospitalized and operated on for congenital or infantile cataracts in Italy from 1999 through 2004.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed of the Ministry of Health database on hospital admissions in Italy from 1999 through 2004.

Results:
In patients younger than 1 year, the mean number of admissions for congenital or infantile cataract was 3.78 and the mean number of admissions involving cataract surgery per 10,000 live births was 2.61. During the study period, an intraocular lens was implanted during 8.6% of the cataract extraction procedures performed in patients younger than 1 year and during 25.4% of those performed in older children (1 to 4 years old). Primary intraocular lens implantations were performed in 43 infants younger than 1 year (6-year mean: 5.9%) and in 77 children 1 to 4 years old (6-year mean: 11.6%).

Conclusion:
The percentage of pediatric hospital admissions with discharge diagnoses of congenital or infantile cataract remained fairly stable from 1999 through 2004; rates were higher in children 1 to 4 years old than in children younger than 1 year. The percentage of hospitalizations for cataract that involved surgical extraction was higher in children 1 to 4 years old. It decreased over time in both age groups. Ophthalmologists in Italy use intraocular lens implantation in children who are at least 1 year old, although this procedure is not common.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:210–214.]
Balloon Catheter Dilation for Complex Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Older Children
Authors: Maheshwari Rajat 
Published: July 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the effectiveness of lacrimal balloon catheter dilation in the treatment of complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children.

Methods:
In a retrospective study, the case records of 65 eyes of 59 children 2 to 6 years (mean: 37 months) who underwent probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were evaluated. Complex obstruction was noted in 21 (32.3%) of the 65 children older than 2 years who underwent probing. Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was performed in 8 (38.09%) of these 21 lacrimal systems. Patient age ranged from 3 to 6 years (mean: 47 months). Balloon catheter dilation was performed according to a standard protocol. Clinical patency of the nasolacrimal system was the main outcome measure and was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms (crusting, discharge, and watering) on follow-up. The procedures were performed un der general anesthesia. All dilations were performed by the same lacrimal surgeon.

Results:
Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was successful in seven of the eight lacrimal systems (87.5%). Complex obstruction at the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct was noted in all children. All children were older than 3 years (mean: 37 months), and all underwent secondary procedures because previous probing was unsuccessful.

Conclusion:
Balloon catheter dilation is an effective procedure for complex nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. It can be an alternative to silicone intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy in children after unsuccessful probing.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:215–217.]
Radiological appearances of uterine fibroids
Authors: Wilde Sue , Scott-Barrett Sarah 
Published: August 2009

AbstractUterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the commonest uterine neoplasms. Although benign, they can be associated with significant morbidity and are the commonest indication for hysterectomy. They are often discovered incidentally when performing imaging for other reasons. Usually first identified with USG, they can be further characterized with MRI. They are usually easily recognizable, but degenerate fibroids can have unusual appearances. In this article, we describe the appearances of typical and atypical uterine fibroids, unusual fibroid variants and fibroid mimics on different imaging modalities. Knowledge of the different appearances of fibroids on imaging is important as it enables prompt diagnosis and thereby guides treatment.
Case report: Benign porta hepatic schwannoma
Authors: Kulkarni Naveen , Andrews Sajan J , Rao VRK , Rajagopal KV 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSchwannoma is a myelin sheath tumor that can occur almost anywhere in the body. The most common locations are the central nervous system, extremities, neck, mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Benign schwannomas in the porta hepatis are extremely rare and radiologically are diagnosed as either enlarged lymph nodes or bowel masses, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In this location they usually produce symptoms by compressing adjacent structures and often present with obstructive jaundice. The preoperative diagnosis can be extremely difficult.
Imaging of a retained laparotomy towel that migrated into the colon lumen
Authors: Ozyer Umut , Boyvat Fatih 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRetention of surgical instruments, most commonly small laparotomy sponges, is a known complication of surgery. Such retained instruments may remain silent or may cause a variety of complications. We report a case in which a retained laparotomy towel migrated into the colon. This is an infrequently reported complication. We were able to document the passage of the towel through the colon on plain radiographs. The USG and MRI findings are also described.
Aluminum
Authors: Frank William B. , Haupin Warren E. , Vogt Helmut , Bruno Marshall , Thonstad Jomar , Dawless Robert K. , Kvande Halvor , Taiwo Oyebode A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAluminum [7429‐90‐5] is a silver‐white metal of group 13 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant metallic element in the earth's crust, but is never found in nature in its elemental state. It occurs mainly as very stable oxides, hydroxides, and silicates. The first commercial aluminum was produced in 1854 by H. Saint‐ClaireDevilleby reaction of sodium metal with molten sodium aluminum chloride, but mass production of aluminum awaited the invention in 1886 of electrolytic reduction of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite, independently invented by C. M. Hallin the USA and P. Héroultin France. All industrial production of aluminum today is done in Hall–Héroult cells with prebaked carbon or self‐baking Söderberg anodes. Aluminum has many desirable physical properties. It is malleable and lightweight. Pure aluminum is relatively soft and weak, but it forms many strong alloys. It has high thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum's adherent surface oxide film makes it corrosion resistant. It resists attack by most acids, but alkaline solutions dissolve the oxide film and cause rapid corrosion.1.Introduction2.Properties of Pure Aluminum2.1.Mechanical Properties2.2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Oxidation of Aluminum3.2.Reactions with Aqueous Solutions3.3.Reactions at High Temperatures3.4.Corrosion3.5.Gases and Aluminum4.Production4.1.History of the Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina4.2.Raw Materials4.3.Electrolytic Cell for Aluminum Production4.3.1.Electrolyte4.3.2.Electrode Reactions4.3.3.Anode Effect4.3.4.Current Efficiency4.3.5.Cell Voltage4.3.6.Heat Balance4.3.7.Fluid Dynamics4.4.Thermodynamic Considerations4.5.Alternate Processes4.6.Inert Electrodes4.6.1.Inert Anodes4.6.2.Inert Cathodes4.6.3.Conclusions5.Producing High‐Purity Aluminum6.Environmental Protection6.1.Air Emission6.2.Wastewater Discharge6.3.Solid Waste6.4.Regulatory Requirements7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Biocatalysis, 2. Immobilized Biocatalysts
Authors: Přenosil Jiří E. , Kut Ömer M. , Dunn Irving J. , Heinzle Elmar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Immobilization Techniques2.1.Introduction2.2.Methods of Enzyme Immobilization2.2.1.Carriers for Enzyme Immobilization2.2.2.Methods for Insoluble Enzymes2.2.2.1.Carrier Binding2.2.2.2.Cross‐Linking2.2.2.3.Enzyme Copolymerization2.2.2.4.Entrapment2.2.3.Methods for Soluble Enzymes2.3.Methods of Cell Immobilization2.3.1.Introduction2.3.2.Cell Supports2.3.3.Immobilization Techniques2.3.3.1.Cell Immobilization without a Support2.3.3.2.Binding of Cells to a Carrier2.3.3.3.Immobilization of Cells by Entrapment2.4.Methods of Organelle Immobilization2.5.Coimmobilization of Biocatalysts3.Activity and Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts3.1.Effects of Immobilization on Enzyme Activity3.2.Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts3.3.Assay of Immobilized Biocatalysts4.Mass Transfer in Immobilized Biocatalyst Systems4.1.External Mass Transfer4.2.Prediction and Correlation of External Mass‐Transfer Coefficients4.2.1.Catalyst Beds4.2.2.Particles in an Agitated Tank4.3.Internal Mass Transfer5.Design of Immobilized Biocatalyst Reactors5.1.Batch Stirred‐Tank Reactor5.2.Plug‐Flow Tubular Reactor5.3.Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor5.4.Packed‐ or Fixed‐Bed Reactors5.5.Fluidized‐Bed Reactors5.6.Membrane Reactor Systems5.7.Laboratory Reactors for Kinetic Measurements5.7.1.Batch and Continuous Tank Reactors5.7.2.Experimental Differential Recycle Reactor6.Immobilization Media6.1.Characteristics of Solid Supports6.2.Characteristics of Semipermeable Separators7.Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts7.1.Analysis7.2.Immobilized Enzymes in Therapeutic Medicine7.3.Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Cells7.4.Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biocatalysts7.4.1.Production of High‐Fructose Corn Syrup7.4.2.Amino Acid Production7.4.3.Environmental Applications8.Economic Aspects9.Safety, Environmental, and Legal Aspects9.1.Immobilized Enzymes9.2.Immobilized Cells
Inorganic Polymers
Authors: Carraher Charles E. , Pittman Charles U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Polysilanes, Polygermanes, and Polystannanes3.Poly(Carborane ‐ Siloxanes), Polycarbosilanes and Polysilazanes4.Polyphosphazenes5.Poly(Boron Nitride)6.Poly(Sulfur Nitride)7.Polysulfur8.Organometallic Polymers9.Sol ‐ Gel Inorganic Polymers10.Inorganic Fibers and Whiskers11.Biomedical and Antimicrobial Polymers12.Boron Polymers13.Aluminum Polymers14.Polymers with SiOMO Backbones15.Poly(CarbonDisulfide), Poly(Carbon Diselenide), and Polythiocyanogen16.Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers17.Traditional and Metal‐Matrix Composites
Air Classifying
Authors: Furchner Bodo , Zampini Stefano 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Air classification is a process for the dry separation of a disperse phase according to the particle size, particle shape, or density, or, more precisely, the settling velocity. The settling velocity results from the balance of forces between the mass force and the drag force for every single particle. In a vertical gravity classifier particles move to the fine fraction if their settling velocity is lower than the air velocity, and to the coarse fraction if their settling velocity is higher than the air velocity. Particles in a deflector wheel behave similarly. The settling velocity must be calculated with the centrifugal acceleration in this case. Coarse classification in the range of 0.2 – 10 mm particle size is performed by gravity classifiers. Fine classification is generally performed in classifiers with deflector wheels. The fineness is adjusted by means of the speed of the wheel; increasing speed increases the centrifugal force and settling velocity. Fineness values of deflector wheel classifiers range from 1 to 200 µm. A peripheral speed of up to 150 m/s is used for finest products. Air classification is widely used in many industries and for many applications from laboratory scale to large‐scale processing.

1.

Introduction

2.

General Principles

2.1.

Equilibrium of Forces at Individual Particles

2.1.1.

Classifying in the Gravitational Field

2.1.2.

Classifying in a Centrifugal Field

2.2.

Separation of Bulk Material

2.3.

Energy Requirement for Air Classifying

3.

Machines for Air Classification

3.1.

Gravity Classifiers

3.2.

Inertial Classifiers

3.3.

Internal Recirculation Air Classifiers

3.4.

Deflector‐Wheel Classifiers

3.5.

Classifier Mills

4.

Application Examples for Air Classification

4.1.

Cement

4.2.

Fillers

4.3.

Protein Shifting

4.4.

Toner
Biocatalysis, 1. General
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Lütz Stephan , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Würges Kerstin , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification of Biocatalysts3.History4.Characteristics of Enzyme Reactions Used in Biotransformations5.Types of Biocatalysts and Reaction Systems5.1.Biotransformation with Growing Cultures5.2.Biotransformation Conversion with Previously Grown Cells5.2.1.Vegetative or Washed Cells5.2.2.Permeabilized Cells5.2.3.Dried Cells5.3.Biotransformation with Spores5.4.Biotransformation with Immobilized Cells5.5.Biotransformation with Cell‐free Enzymes or Purified Enzymes5.6.Multistep Reactions Using Different Biocatalysts5.7.Multiphase Reaction Systems6.Process Design6.1.General Considerations6.1.1.Evaluating Enzyme Potential6.1.2.Finding Suitable Enzymes6.1.3.Substrates6.1.4.Media6.2.Selection of Biocatalysts6.2.1.Screening6.2.2.Enrichment6.2.3.Molecular Engineering7.Improvement of Conversion Processes8.Conclusion and Outlook
Biotechnology, 3. Cultivation of Microorganisms
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Ulber Roland , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Isolation of Microorganisms3.Requirements for Growth3.1.Chemical Composition of Bacterial Cells3.2.Carbon and Energy Sources3.3.Accessory Nutrients3.4.Sulfur and Nitrogen3.5.Oxygen3.6.Complex Media3.7.Solid Media3.8.Hydrogen Ion Concentration3.9.Carbon Dioxide3.10.Aeration3.11.Anaerobic Techniques3.12.Media Preparation4.Sterilization4.1.Moist Heat4.2.Dry Heat4.3.Filtration4.4.Irradiation4.5.Chemical Means5.Types of Bioprocesses5.1.Surface Culture5.2.Submerged Culture6.Process Layout6.1.Reactors6.2.Containments for Anaerobic Processes6.3.Reactors for Aerobic Processes6.4.Inoculation6.5.Operation Modes7.Process and Product Overview
Biotechnology, 4. Downstream Processing
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Ulber Roland , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Sample Disruption

3.

Solid–Liquid Separations

4.

Product Recovery

5.

Solvent Extraction
Biotechnology, 5. Monitoring and Modeling of Bioprocesses
Authors: Becker Thomas , Breithaupt Dietmar , Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Characteristics of Bioprocesses2.1.System Definition2.2.System Description2.3.Dynamics of Biosystems and Real‐Time Considerations3.Biotechnological Measurement Systems3.1.Process Requirements Concerning Measuring Quantities3.2.Online Sensing Devices3.3.Further Aspects Concerning Measuring Systems4.Cognitive Computing4.1.Fuzzy Logic Systems4.2.Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)5.Modeling Aspects of Biological Systems5.1.Steps in Creating a Model5.2.Reasons for Making a Model5.3.Different Types and Basic Approaches for Building a Model
Fertilizers, 2. Types
Authors: Dittmar Heinrich , Drach Manfred , Vosskamp Ralf , Trenkel Martin E. , Gutser Reinhold , Steffens Günter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Standard Fertilizers1.1.Solid Fertilizers1.1.1.Straight Fertilizers1.1.2.Multinutrient Fertilizers1.1.3.Lime Fertilizers1.1.4.Magnesium Fertilizers1.2.Liquid Fertilizers1.2.1.Nitrogen Liquids1.2.2.Multinutrient Liquids1.2.2.1.NP Liquids1.2.2.2.NPK Liquids1.2.2.3.UAS Liquids1.2.3.Suspensions2.Special Fertilizers2.1.Water‐Soluble Nutrient Salts2.2.Foliar Fertilizers2.2.1.Production2.2.2.Application2.2.3.Combination with Agricultural Pesticides2.3.Micronutrients2.3.1.Micronutrient Forms2.3.2.Production2.3.3.Commercial Fertilizers2.3.4.Use2.4.Slow‐ and Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.1.Introduction2.4.2.Urea – Aldehyde Slow‐Release Fertilizers2.4.2.1.Urea – Formaldehyde Condensation Products2.4.2.2.Other Urea – Aldehyde Condensation Products2.4.2.3.Further Processing of Urea – Aldehyde Condensates2.4.3.Other Organic Chemicals2.4.4.Inorganic Compounds2.4.5.Coated and Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.1.Sulfur‐Coated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.2.Sulfur‐Coated, Polymer‐Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.3.Polymer‐Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.6.Anti‐Float Materials2.4.7.Controlled‐Release Fertilizers on Carriers2.4.8.Supergranules2.4.9.Legislation2.5.Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors2.5.1.Introduction2.5.2.Types of Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors2.5.3.Pyridines2.5.3.1.Nitrapyrin2.5.3.2.Other Pyridines2.5.4.Dicyandiamide2.5.5.Pyrazoles2.5.5.1.1‐Carbamoyl‐3‐methylpyrazole2.5.5.2.Outlook2.5.6.Neem/Neem‐Coated Urea2.5.7.Urease Inhibitors2.5.8.Environmental Aspects2.5.9.Legal Requirements2.6.Organic Fertilizers (Secondary Raw Material Fertilizers)2.6.1.Fertilizers Based on Peat or Materials of Similar Stability2.6.2.Fertilizers Based on Waste Materials of Animal Origin2.6.3.Fertilizers Based on Wastes of Plant Origin2.6.4.Fertilizers Based on Municipal Waste2.7.Manure2.7.1.Composition2.7.2.Manure Nutrient Efficiency2.7.3.Environmental Aspects
Fertilizers, 4. Granulation
Authors: Dittmar Heinrich 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Granulator Feedstocks3.Granulation Equipment3.1.Pug Mill3.2.Drum Granulator3.3.Pan Granulator3.4.The Granulator – Mixer3.5.Roll Presses4.Costs of Agglomeration5.Bulk Blending6.Quality Inspection7.Fertilizer Conditioning8.Environmental Aspects
Fertilizers, 5. Analysis, Transport, Application
Authors: Czikkely Vilmos , Niedermaier Titus , Ullrich Karl‐Heinz , Mühlfeld Hermann , Kuhlmann Friedrich , Steinhauser Hugo , Brändlein Walter , Kummer Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Analysis

1.1.

Sampling and Sample Preparation

1.2.

Determination of Nitrogen

1.3.

Determination of Phosphate

1.4.

Determination of Potassium

1.5.

Analysis of Calcium, Magnesium, and Trace Elements

2.

Storage, Transportation, and Application

2.1.

General Storage Requirements

2.2.

Application

3.

Economic Aspects

3.1.

Economics of Fertilization

3.1.1.

Input – Output Relationships: The Yield Function

3.1.2.

Factors Controlling the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level

3.1.3.

Factors Influencing the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level

3.1.4.

Environmental Aspects of Fertilization

3.2.

World Consumption, Production, and Trade

3.3.

Future Outlook

3.3.1.

Food Situation

3.3.2.

Development of Fertilizer Consumption
Polymers, Biodegradable
Authors: Breulmann Michael , Künkel Andreas , Philipp Sabine , Reimer Valentine , Siegenthaler Kai O. , Skupin Gabriel , Yamamoto Motonori 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Glossary and Abbreviations2.Introduction3.Biodegradability and Toxicology3.1.Mechanism of Biodegradation3.2.Toxicity of Biodegradable Polymers3.3.Standards for Biodegradable Polymers3.3.1.Controlled Composting Test3.3.2.Standard Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers4.Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Suppliers4.1.Raw Materials4.2.Starch4.3.Poly(lactic acid) (Polylactide, PLA)4.4.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)4.5.Synthetic Polyesters4.5.1.Aliphatic Polyesters4.5.2.Aliphatic/Aromatic Polyesters4.6.Other Synthetic Polymers4.7.Compounds4.7.1.Compounds of Starch and Biodegradable Polyesters4.7.2.Compounds of PLA and Biodegradable Polyesters4.8.Cellulose Derivatives5.Processing and Additives5.1.Introduction5.2.Extrusion5.3.Blown‐Film Extrusion5.4.Cast‐Film Extrusion5.5.Modification of Biodegradable Films5.6.Extrusion Coating5.7.Sheet Extrusion and Thermoforming5.8.Injection Molding5.9.Blow Molding6.Market Overview and Growth Drivers7.Value of Biodegradability—Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA)8.Applications8.1.Organic Waste Bags8.2.Shopping (Carrier) Bags8.3.Mulch Film8.4.Horticulture8.5.Packaging8.5.1.Food Packaging8.5.2.Nonfood Packaging9.Production Capacity10.Outlook11.References
Synthesis of Chiral 2‐Phospha[3]ferrocenophanes and their Behaviour as Organocatalysts in [3+2] Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Voituriez Arnaud , Panossian Armen , Fleury‐Brégeot Nicolas , Retailleau Pascal , Marinetti Angela 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPlanar chiral 2‐phospha[3]ferrocenophanes have been prepared via a stereoselective three‐step synthesis. The key step is the lithiation of the 1,1′‐disubstituted ferrocene 11 bearing (S)‐2‐(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidines as the chiral ortho‐directing groups. The diastereoselectivity of these reactions has been mastered by an appropriate choice of the metallating agent, so as to afford a suitable access to C2‐symmetrical, tetrasubstituted ferrocenes. These compounds have been converted into the enantiomerically pure 2‐phospha[3]‐ferrocenophanes 16, via the corresponding acetates and their reactions with primary phosphines. Phosphines 16 have been used as nucleophilic catalysts in model cyclization reactions. Unlike 2‐phospha[3]‐ferrocenophanes with stereogenic α‐carbons, the planar chiral derivatives 16 proved to be suitable catalysts for these processes. Thus, for instance, phosphine 16c successfully promotes the enantioselective [3+2] annulations of allenes and enones into functionalized cyclopentenes (ees up to 96%). Among others, spirocyclic derivatives have been obtained in good yields and ees in the range 77–85%. The robustness of this catalyst has been demonstrated by recycling experiments.
Imidazol(in)ium‐2‐carboxylates as N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors for the Synthesis of Second Generation Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Sauvage Xavier , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFive well‐known ruthenium‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts for olefin metathesis and related reactions, including the second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts, were prepared by phosphane exchange between first generation ruthenium‐benzylidene or indenylidene complexes and NHCs generated in situ upon thermolysis of imidazol(in)ium‐2‐carboxylates. Because N‐heterocyclic carbene carbon dioxide adducts (NHC⋅CO2) are stable zwitterionic compounds that can be stored and handled with no particular precautions, this procedure is particularly attractive from a practical point of view. Reaction courses were conveniently monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the experimental conditions were carefully adjusted to obtain high yields of pure products within short periods of time.
Effort–reward imbalance at work and self‐rated health of Las Vegas hotel room cleaners
Authors: Krause Niklas , Rugulies Reiner , Maslach Christina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates the relationship between effort‐reward‐imbalance (ERI) at work and self‐rated health (SF‐36) among 941 Las Vegas hotel room cleaners (99% female, 84% immigrant).MethodsLogistic regression models adjust for age, health behaviors, physical workload and other potential confounders.Results50% reported ERI and 60% poor or fair general health. Significant associations were found between ERI and all SF‐36 health measures. Workers in the upper quartile of the efforts/rewards ratio were 2–5 times more likely to experience poor or fair general health, low physical function, high levels of pain, fatigue, and role limitations due to physical and mental health problems.ConclusionsThe cross‐sectional design limits causal interpretation of these associations. However, the development of interventions to reduce ERI and to improve general health among room cleaners deserves high priority considering that both high ERI and low self‐rated health have predicted chronic diseases and mortality in prospective studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:372–386, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.