bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models for Letter Cancellation Performance and Their Implications for Models of Reading
Authors: Smith Philip T. , Pattison Helen M. 
Published: September 2011

Models for letter cancellation are developed, i.e. for tasks where subjects read a coherent piece of prose at the same time as trying to cancel every target letter they encounter. These models have two components (i) a model of how information is represented by the reader, (ii) a model of how this information is scanned to enable the reader to detect particular target letters. Models of representation range from a photographic image of the printed page to a sophisticated multi-level representation, and models of scanning range from a series of independent saccadic movements (like eye movements) to scans which take into account morphemic and syntactic structure. Several predictions about the detailed pattern of letter cancellation data are developed on the basis of these models, and these are tested on a data base collected by Smith and Groat (1979). While some support for the simpler models is forthcoming, only the most elaborate models (multi-level representation, syntactically guided scan) can fully account for all the data. While instances can be found where the cancellation task is clearly disrupting the reading task, much of the data are consistent with the notion that the letter cancellation task is not excessively intrusive, and our analyses can thus give us significant information about normal reading.
Feedback Control of Hand-Movement and Fitts' Law
Authors: Crossman E. R. F. W. , Goodeve P. J. 
Published: September 2011

Fitt's empirical result is stated and its information theoretic interpretation briefly discussed. An alternate derivation from a model assuming continuous velocity control of hand position is shown to fit the motion time data equally well. Detailed studies of hand motion trajectories in Fitts' reciprocal tapping task have confirmed the exponential target approach predicted by this model but also revealed systematic fluctuations that it cannot explain. A further alternate model is therefore presented, based on intermittent feedback with target approach by a sequence of discrete positional corrective motion “impulses”. The second model also predicts motion times in accord with Fitts' Law. Detailed studies of target aimed translational hand and rotary wrist motions have shown that the intermittent corrective impulses are of approximately Gaussian integral form, with minimum s.d. on the order of 30 msec. for wrist rotation, and recurrence rate about 10/s. Mechanical and physiological interactions capable of explaining this corrective impulse trajectory are discussed, and a model based on balance of forces between agonist and antagonist muscles is briefly developed. The interaction between external (visual) and internal (proprioceptive or kinaesthetic) feedback channels determining impulse amplitude is discussed in the light of results obtained using force disturbance and with amplified, attenuated or delayed visual feedback. It seems that an internal “secondary positional reference” must be postulated to explain results obtained when S is deprived of visual feedback.
First Report of Guinea Grass Smut Caused by Conidiosporomyces ayresii in Japan
Authors: Tsukiboshi T. , Ebina M. , Okabe I. , Sugawara K. , Kouki K. 
Published: September 2011

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important C-4 perennial plant that grows in southern Japan. In March 2010, a smut disease was found in grass that is cultivated in the Ishigaki Islands, Okinawa, in southernmost Japan. Spikelets of susceptible cultivars were swollen and filled with gray spore masses and seed production was substantially reduced. Two single-spore isolates of a smut fungus were obtained from infected spikelets and deposited at the NIAS Genebank, Japan as MAFF511519 and 511520. The 28S rDNA sequences of the isolates were analyzed as described by Boekhout et al. (1). The 28S rDNA sequence (GenBank Accession No. AB647346) of isolate MAFF511519 matched that of Conidiosporomyces ayresii (GenBank Accession No. AY819017) isolated from P. maximum with 99.8% similarity. Spores were pale brown to brown, globose to subglobose, verrucose, and 14 to 16 × 15 to 18 μm in diameter with relatively thick walls of 2 to 3 μm. With scanning electron microscopy, warts appeared dense and short with pointed tips. Spores germinated under wet conditions and produced masses of basidiospores. Basidiospores were aseptate, long, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 20 to 37 × 2 to 3 μm, and often germinated into Y-shaped conidia. This description matches previous descriptions (3) of C. ayresii (Berk.) Vánky (Tilletia ayresii Berk.) of the smut pathogen of guinea grass (2). The smut fungus was identified as C. ayresii on the basis of morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. To produce inoculum, the isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. Two plants of cv. Ryukyu 5-gou with half-flowering heads were grown in a greenhouse for approximately 1 month and then inoculated by atomizing them with conidial suspensions of each isolate (106 conidia/ml). A plant sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the control. Inoculated heads were covered with plastic bags for 48 h at 25°C. After 30 days, all inoculated plants were symptomatic with swollen spikelets releasing gray spores. Controls remained asymptomatic. The smut fungus was reisolated from released gray spores, confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of smut caused by C. ayresii on guinea grass in Japan. References: (1) T. Boekhout et al. Stud. Mycol. 38:175, 1995. (2) J. M. Lenné and P. Trutmann. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1994. (3) K. Vánky and R. Bauer. Mycotaxon 43:427, 1992.
Estradiol levels predict bone mineral density in male collegiate athletes: a pilot study
Authors: Ackerman Kathryn E. , Skrinar Gary S. , Medvedova Eva , Misra Madhusmita , Miller Karen K. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjective  Strenuous training commonly results in amenorrhoea, which contributes to bone loss in some female collegiate athletes. However, the impact of athletic training on endocrine function and bone mineral density (BMD) in male collegiate athletes is less well understood. The objective of the study was to investigate the specific endocrine determinants of BMD in male collegiate runners and wrestlers, including the potential impact of gonadal steroid levels.Design  Cross‐sectional study.Patients  Twenty‐six division I collegiate male athletes (wrestlers, runners and golfers).Measurements  Main outcome measures included (i) BMD endpoints measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA); (ii) endocrine end‐points: total and free oestradiol, total and free testosterone; (iii) body composition end‐points: lean and fat mass, measured by DXA; and (iv) exercise end‐points: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), number of miles run weekly and grip strength.Results  Free and total oestradiol levels were important positive determinants of BMD. In contrast, total and free testosterone levels were not significant predictors of BMD at any skeletal site (except for free testosterone at the radius). In addition, lean body mass, % ideal body weight, total body weight, body mass index (BMI) and hours per week of resistance training were positive predictors of BMD. VO2 max was a negative predictor of BMD. Mean BMD was higher at all skeletal sites in the wrestlers compared with the runners and a comparison group (golfers).Conclusions  Our data suggest that oestradiol levels, BMI, and resistance training are more important determinants of BMD in male collegiate athletes than testosterone.
PERIODIC SEQUENCES OF ARBITRAGE: A TALE OF FOUR CURRENCIES
Authors: Cross Rod , Kozyakin Victor , O'Callaghan Brian , Pokrovskii Alexei , Pokrovskiy Alexey 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates arbitrage chains involving four currencies and four foreign exchange trader‐arbitrageurs. In contrast with the three‐currency case, we find that arbitrage operations when four currencies are present may appear periodic in nature, and not involve smooth convergence to a ‘balanced’ ensemble of exchange rates in which the law of one price holds. The goal of this article is to understand some interesting features of sequences of arbitrage operations, features which might well be relevant in other contexts in finance and economics.
Effects of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomy
Authors: Sumita Yuka I. , Otomaru Takafumi , Taniguchi Hisashi 
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00538.x

Effects of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomyObjective:  The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a denture adhesive in edentulous patients after maxillectomy.Background:  Maxillectomy patients suffer from functional impairments. Denture adhesives (DAs) are the solution in such patients. However, little is known about DAs in maxillectomy patients.Materials and Methods:  Eight edentulous patients who had undergone maxillectomy were included and divided into three groups. Group 1 (half ≤ remaining residual maxilla), Group 2 (quarter < remaining residual maxilla < half) and Group 3 (remaining residual maxilla ≤ quarter). They were evaluated by a speech intelligibility test and a mixing ability test, respectively. A cream‐type DA called New Poligrip® (GlaxoSmithKline, Tokyo, Japan) was used.Results:  Applying the DA, speech intelligibility showed a higher score than the data without DA.Conclusion:  The effects of using a DA depend on the amount of the remaining residual maxilla. Our study showed that if the remaining residual maxilla is less than a quarter (Group 3), it is difficult to have confidence in the effectiveness of the DA to improve masticatory function. On the other hand, the use a DA showed improved speech intelligibility test values in all groups.
Medial PFC Damage Abolishes the Self-reference Effect
Authors: Philippi Carissa L. , Duff Melissa C. , Denburg Natalie L. , Tranel Daniel , Rudrauf David 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial PFC (mPFC) is a key component of a large-scale neural system supporting a variety of self-related processes. However, it remains unknown whether the mPFC is critical for such processes. In this study, we used a human lesion approach to examine this question. We administered a standard trait judgment paradigm [Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 785–794, 2002] to patients with focal brain damage to the mPFC. The self-reference effect (SRE), a memory advantage conferred by self-related processing, served as a measure of intact self-processing ability. We found that damage to the mPFC abolished the SRE. The results demonstrate that the mPFC is necessary for the SRE and suggest that this structure is important for self-referential processing and the neural representation of self.
Callianassidae (II) and Upogebiidae from the Gulf of Tonkin and the Red Sea, in the Zoological Museum of Moscow University (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)
Authors: Sakai Katsushi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this second report based on material collected by Prof. N. Zarenkov during the cruise of the R/V “Orlik” to the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam, in 1960, and on the cruise of the R/V “Akademik Kovalěvsky” to the Red Sea, both in 1960 and 1966, 11 species of the families Callianassidae and Upogebiidae are examined. It was found that the material includes two species, Cheramus malaccaensis (Sakai, 2002) and Trypaea tonkinae (Grebenjuk, 1975) from the Callianassidae, and Neogebicula alaini (Sakai, 1982), Paragebicula orlik sp. nov., P. vietnamensis sp. nov., Gebicula irawadyensis Sakai, 2006, Mantisgebia tuerkayi sp. nov., Upogebia acutispina De Saint Laurent & Ngoc-Ho, 1979, U. monoceros De Man, 1905, U. plantae Sakai, 1982, and U. variana sp. nov., i.e., a total of 9 species of which four are new, from the family Upogebiidae.
Does the Mesh Size of the Plankton Net Affect the Result of Statistical Analyses of the Relationship Between the Copepod Community and Water Masses?
Authors: Wu Chih-Jung , Shin Chun-Ming , Chiang Kuo-Ping 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe examined if the results of statistical analyses of the relationship between copepod communities and water masses would be affected by the mesh size of the plankton net, by comparing abundance and species composition of copepods in plankton samples collected by plankton nets of different mesh sizes. Our samples were collected during the summer of 2006 in the East China Sea (ECS) by plankton nets with mesh sizes of 100 and 330 μm. The abundance of copepods collected by the 100 μm-mesh plankton net was about two orders of magnitude higher than that collected by the 330 μm-mesh plankton net. The difference in abundance was mainly due to the loss of small-sized copepods in the samples collected by the plankton net with the larger mesh. Species richness was higher in samples collected by the 100 μm-mesh net and Piélou's evenness was generally higher in samples collected by the 330 μm-mesh net. Although species composition of copepods varied in samples collected by plankton nets with different mesh sizes, the statistical analysis of the relationship between the copepod community and the water masses in these samples appeared not to be affected.
The Papyrus Industry in the Early Islamic Era
Authors: Malczycki W. Matt 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe article challenges Karabacek’s and Grohmann’s classic thesis that the Abbāsid state maintained a monopoly over all Egyptian papyrus production. As demonstrated here, there is no evidence for state monopoly. Documents show that the Abbāsids maintained a contract with Egyptian papyrus producers which secured a high price for the producers in return for the best quality papyrus. There is neither evidence nor reason to believe that this contract was forced on the manufacturers by the government. Another free market provided lower quality papyrus at lower prices.
Human and Nonhuman Animals, Mutually at Risk: A Study of the Swiss Information Media
Authors: Losa Annik Dubied , Burton-Jeangros Claudine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNowadays, relationships between nonhuman animals and humans are debated, often in relation to issues associated with the risks they represent for each other. On the one hand, new diseases and accidents indicate that animals are not as innocuous as they were long thought; on the other hand, the now questioned human impact on the natural environment is considered a risk for animals. This research analyzed these contrasting images of animals in the Swiss information media. Of the five main animal figures identified over the last 30 years, this paper focuses on the Undesirable Animal and the Victim Animal. These two figures have existed throughout the observed period; in contrast to Victim Animals, however, who appear fairly infrequently, Undesirable Animals have become more and more common in the last decade, usually in relation to a specific issue (such as the avian flu). This suggests that the media more often convey the dominant anthropocentric relationship to animals, reflecting a preoccupation with the protection of humans against dangerous animals, whereas the protection of animals from humans is considered less important. Recent controversies demonstrate, however, that the frontier between “us” and “them” is regularly renegotiated.
Protecting Animals versus the Pursuit of Knowledge: The Evolution of the British Animal Research Policy Process
Authors: Lyons Dan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnimal research in the United Kingdom is regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, which requires a government minister to weigh the expected suffering of animals against the expected benefits of a proposed animal research project—the “cost-benefit assessment”—before licensing the project. Research into the implementation of this legislation has been severely constrained by statutory confidentiality. This paper overcomes this hindrance by describing a critical case study based on unprecedented primary data: pig-to-primate organ transplantation conducted between 1995 and 2000. It reveals that researchers and regulators significantly underestimated the adverse effects suffered by the animals involved, while overestimating the scientific and medical benefits likely to accrue. Applying dynamic policy network analysis to this case in the context of the evolution of animal research policy indicates that an elitist, policy community type network has persisted since shortly after the network’s formation in 1876. Animal research interests have repeatedly withstood pressure for change from animal protection groups because of their greater resources, structural advantages, and a culture of secrecy that facilitates an implementation gap in animal research regulation.
Relational Construal in Negotiation: Propositions and Examples from Latin and Anglo Cultures1
Authors: Ramirez-Marin Jimena Y. , Brett Jeanne M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn certain cultures, relationships are the reason for negotiation. In this article, we offer a rationale regarding why relationships have more or less salience across cultures. We present psychological, economic and sociological factors that explain the reasons for negotiating relationally. Propositions are made as to how cultural construal about relationships influences offers, targets and limits, negotiation strategy and, ultimately, economic and relational outcomes. Our major explanatory construct is new: cultural consensus about relationships. This construct is grounded in well developed theory of self construal and new empirical research showing the utility of measures of consensus in explaining cultural differences in behavior. With this theoretical contribution, we join the group of scholars who are advocating that more attention should be paid to negotiators’ subjective evaluations of the social and emotional consequences of negotiation.
The Role of Stereo Vision in Visual–Vestibular Integration
Authors: Butler John S. , Campos Jennifer L. , Bülthoff Heinrich H. , Smith Stuart T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSelf-motion through an environment stimulates several sensory systems, including the visual system and the vestibular system. Recent work in heading estimation has demonstrated that visual and vestibular cues are typically integrated in a statistically optimal manner, consistent with Maximum Likelihood Estimation predictions. However, there has been some indication that cue integration may be affected by characteristics of the visual stimulus. Therefore, the current experiment evaluated whether presenting optic flow stimuli stereoscopically, or presenting both eyes with the same image (binocularly) affects combined visual–vestibular heading estimates.
Participants performed a two-interval forced-choice task in which they were asked which of two presented movements was more rightward. They were presented with either visual cues alone, vestibular cues alone or both cues combined. Measures of reliability were obtained for both binocular and stereoscopic conditions.
Group level analyses demonstrated that when stereoscopic information was available there was clear evidence of optimal integration, yet when only binocular information was available weaker evidence of cue integration was observed. Exploratory individual analyses demonstrated that for the stereoscopic condition 90% of participants exhibited optimal integration, whereas for the binocular condition only 60% of participants exhibited results consistent with optimal integration. Overall, these findings suggest that stereo vision may be important for self-motion perception, particularly under combined visual–vestibular conditions.
Mooring-Based Observations of Double-Diffusive Staircases over the Laptev Sea Slope*
Authors: Polyakov Igor V. , Pnyushkov Andrey V. , Rember Robert , Ivanov Vladimir V. , Lenn Y.-D. , Padman Laurie , Carmack Eddy C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA yearlong time series from mooring-based high-resolution profiles of water temperature and salinity from the Laptev Sea slope (2003–04; 2686-m depth; 78°26′N, 125°37′E) shows six remarkably persistent staircase layers in the depth range of ~140–350 m encompassing the upper Atlantic Water (AW) and lower halocline. Despite frequent displacement of isopycnal surfaces by internal waves and eddies and two strong AW warming pulses that passed through the mooring location in February and late August 2004, the layers preserved their properties. Using laboratory-derived flux laws for diffusive convection, the authors estimate the time-averaged diapycnal heat fluxes across the four shallower layers overlying the AW core to be ~8 W m−2. Temporal variability of these fluxes is strong, with standard deviations of ~3–7 W m−2. These fluxes provide a means for effective transfer of AW heat upward over more than a 100-m depth range toward the upper halocline. These findings suggest that double diffusion is an important mechanism influencing the oceanic heat fluxes that help determine the state of Arctic sea ice.
The Global Character of the Flux of Downward Longwave Radiation
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Wild Martin , Stackhouse Paul W. , L’Ecuyer Tristan , Kato Seiji , Henderson David S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Four different types of estimates of the surface downwelling longwave radiative flux (DLR) are reviewed. One group of estimates synthesizes global cloud, aerosol, and other information in a radiation model that is used to calculate fluxes. Because these synthesis fluxes have been assessed against observations, the global-mean values of these fluxes are deemed to be the most credible of the four different categories reviewed. The global, annual mean DLR lies between approximately 344 and 350 W m−2 with an error of approximately ±10 W m−2 that arises mostly from the uncertainty in atmospheric state that governs the estimation of the clear-sky emission. The authors conclude that the DLR derived from global climate models are biased low by approximately 10 W m−2 and even larger differences are found with respect to reanalysis climate data. The DLR inferred from a surface energy balance closure is also substantially smaller that the range found from synthesis products suggesting that current depictions of surface energy balance also require revision. The effect of clouds on the DLR, largely facilitated by the new cloud base information from the CloudSat radar, is estimated to lie in the range from 24 to 34 W m−2 for the global cloud radiative effect (all-sky minus clear-sky DLR). This effect is strongly modulated by the underlying water vapor that gives rise to a maximum sensitivity of the DLR to cloud occurring in the colder drier regions of the planet. The bottom of atmosphere (BOA) cloud effect directly contrast the effect of clouds on the top of atmosphere (TOA) fluxes that is maximum in regions of deepest and coldest clouds in the moist tropics.