bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cassava and tallow in diets for growing pigs
Authors: Walker N. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn two experiments 480 and 360 pigs were housed in groups of 10 and given diets containing different proportions of cassava between 35 and 87 kg live weight. The cassava contained 672, 34, 57 and 39 g/kg air dry matter of starch, crude fibre, total ash and insoluble ash respectively. The diets in the first experiment contained 0, 238, 475 or 713 kg cassava per t. In the second experiment the different levels of dietary cassava (0, 150, 300 or 450 kg cassava per t) were combined in a factorial design with different levels of tallow (0, 50 or 100 kg tallow per t). The pigs were given quantities of food calculated to give isoenergy intakes on the assumption that air-dry cassava contained 14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg. The feeding scale increased with time to give a maximum daily allowance of DE of 31·8 MJ per pig. Relative to each MJ of DE the calculated levels of lysine and of methionine plus cystine in the diets were 0·64 g and 0·39 g respectively.In both experiments, increasing levels of cassava resulted in significant reductions in growth rate but had no effect on the conversion of food to live weight or on carcass weight. In both experiments, the diets with the highest inclusions of cassava produced pigs with the thickest backfat. The effect was not significant in the second experiment but in the first experiment the differences were significant between diets with the highest and intermediate levels of cassava. There was a significant interaction between cassava and tallow on growth rate with the depression due to high levels of cassava being reduced when 100 kg tallow per t was included in the diet.The results of these growth experiments suggested that cassava of the type used here was of similar value to barley on an energy basis when used in diets based on barley and soya bean meals.
The feed intake of grazing cattle III. The influence of level of milk yield
Authors: Jones J. G. W. , Drake-Brockman R. M. , Holmes W. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. The feed intakes of 18 Ayrshire cows continuously grazing a timothy-meadow fescue-white clover sward were estimated by the chromic oxide-faecal nitrogen method for two 6-weekly periods, one in 1960 and one in 1961. The cows consisted of (1) 6 lactating cows, 6–7 months post partum (Low yield), (2) 6 lactating cows, 2 months post partum (High yield) and (3) 6 dry cows; their live-weights, milk yields and milk composition were recorded.2. The mean organic matter digestibility of the herbage consumed in the two experiments was 78·2 and 76·2%. The mean digestible organic matter intakes (DOMI) were 23·3, 24·7 and 17·6 Ib./day for low yield, high yield and dry cows respectively.3. The mean daily fat-corrected milk (FCM) yields of the low and high yield cows were 29·1 and 34·3 lb. in the first experiment, and 26·8 and 42·8 lb. in the second. The mean live-weights of the lactating groups were 1036 lb. and 1106 lb. in the two experiments and did not differ between yield levels.4. DOMI was partitioned between maintenance, live-weight gain and FCM yield by regression analysis. Significant partial regression coefficients of DOMI on FCM varying between 0·221 and 0·272 were obtained. It was concluded that milk production accounted for about 0·24 lb. DOMI per lb. FCM.5. The results are discussed with particular regard to other estimates of the effect of milk production on the DOMI of the grazing cow and to the estimation of the maintenance requirement for DOM by the grazing animal.
Quantitative estimates of lamb carcass composition 1. Sample joints
Authors: Timon V. M. , Bichard Maurice 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYInterrelationships between carcass composition and the composition of 7 different sample joints were studied in 83 purebred Clun Forest lambs slaughtered at approximately 80 lb. live-weight and ranging in carcass weight from 29 to 42 lb. Correlation coefficients between physically separated fat, muscle and bone in the loin and in the carcass were 0·96, 0·93 and 0·84 respectively (P < 0·01). Corresponding correlations for the best-neck (7–12 rib joint) were 0·94, 0·92 and 0·76 (P < 0·01). The leg and shoulder provided the best estimates of carcass bone. The usefulness of predictions of carcass composition is discussed in relation to the maximum probable errors associated with individual and group mean predictions of carcass composition based on sample joints and with reference to the accuracy of these indices under different treatment conditions. The 5% confidence limits on individual predictions based on loin composition were ± 2.22%, ± 2.44% and ± 1.62 % for fat muscle and bone respectively; indicating that this index cannot be relied on to reflect small differences in carcass composition between individual animals.
The evaluation of sires from progeny test data
Authors: Cunningham E. P. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe extraction of sire proofs from non-orthogonal field data of the type met with in cattle A.I. populations presents special problems.A weighted least squares procedure for the estimation of sire effects from data of this kind, cross-classified by sire and herd, is described. Expected Breeding Values computed from these estimates have certain optimum properties. The standard errors of the estimates of the Expected Breeding Values are derived. The method makes it possible to classify the sires into groups before the proofs are computed. This sub-division of the stud could be useful in young sire evaluation and in measuring genetic trends in the proven stud. The computations are readily programmed for a computer, and the assumptions involved in the use of the method are particularly well suited to A.I. progeny field data, especially where an annual draft of young sires is being tested. A worked example is given.
Effects of groundnut meal containing aflatoxin in cattle diets
Authors: Horrocks D. , Burt A. W. A. , Thomas D. C. , Lancaster M. C. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. The effects of including small quantities of groundnut meal heavily contaminated with aflatoxin in the diets of calves and fattening cattle were studied.2. Inclusion of 4% or 8% of the toxic meal in concentrate diets for early weaned calves significantly depressed live-weight gain and food intake prior to 3 months. The depression in live-weight gain was due to lowered food intake and to impaired food utilisation.3. Inclusion of 4% to 12% toxic meal in meal mixtures consumed at 12–13 lb. daily for 20 weeks had no effect on the performance of fattening cattle.4. Enlarged hepatic cell nuclei were found at slaughter in livers from calves which had received toxic meal and the incidence of these slight lesions varied with toxic meal intake. A very small incidence of similar lesions occurred in fat cattle fed on the highest level of toxic meal.5. Complete exclusion of groundnut meals containing appreciable amounts of aflatoxin from the diets of calves and dairy cows, and its very limited use in diets for store and fattening cattle is recommended.
A comparison of two methods for allocating concentrates to dairy cows according to yield
Authors: Griffiths T. W. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out with 123 pairs of cows located at 11 centres and extending over 3 years, to compare the performance of cows fed at a fixed rate of starch equivalent per gallon with similar cows fed according to an experimental scale, in which the rate of feeding per gallon increased with increasing milk yield.Records of milk yields and concentrate consumption were made. Feeding according to the experimental scale produced significantly more milk during the first 14 weeks of the lactation. The increase in milk yield for 52 pairs observed over 28 weeks was not significant in either the first 14 or first 28 weeks.The economic response (lb. milk for each addition lb. starch equivalent for all pairs over 14 weeks was 1·42 and was very near the predicted value. A slightly larger response of 1·64 was obtained from the highest yielding cows. The response over 28 weeks (for 52 pairs only) was 1·30. Considerable variation in this response was found between seasons and between centres.These results are discussed in terms of the practical application of the feeding scales used and the responses obtained.
Maternal and genetic influences on follicle and fleece development in Lincoln and Welsh Mountain sheep—a study involving egg transfer
Authors: Wiener G. , Slee J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYBy mean of egg transfer, lambs of a large breed of sheep (Lincoln) were born out of dams of a small breed (Welsh Mountain) and vice versa. One breed was approximately twice the weight of the other. The effects of this contrast in maternal environment upon the development of the wool follicles and upon subsequent wool production are described in this paper. These effects are compared with differences between singles and twins.Data were obtained from skin and wool samples taken at birth and at 84 days post-partum.Genetic differences were the largest single source of variation for most of the component characters of the skin and fleece.Strong maternal influences were in evidence. These were shown to have affected both Lincoln and Welsh lambs in a general (average) way and also to have had different, specific effects on each genotype as shown by genotype-environment interactions. Differences in maternal environment following egg transfer, clearly affected follicle density, primary/secondary follicle ratio, fibre medullation, fibre diameter and fibre length. Wool production was not affected, apparently because reduced follicle density was associated with increased fibre length.In the comparison between singles and twins the latter appeared to suffer a post-natal rather than a pre-natal restriction of secondary follicle development, and in the absence of extra fibre growth there was reduced wool production at 84 days.
The nutritive value of separated milk for pigs. I. A comparison of two diets containing separated milk with a standard all-meal diet
Authors: Chamberlain A. G. , Lucas I. A. M. 
Published: September 2010

One hundred and forty-four Large White weaner pigs were used in each of two experiments to investigate the nutritive value of liquid separated milk. Two experimental diets, one based on separated milk and barley meal, the other on separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal were compared with control meals of the type used in the Pig Industry Development Authority's progeny testing stations. The amounts of milk in the experimental diets were adjusted so that the lysine concentrations in the dietary dry matter were similar to those of the control meals. All diets were given according to a restricted scale relating daily dry matter allowance to live weight, to a scale relating digestible energy allowance to live weight and to ‘appetite’. In the first experiment, pigs were slaughtered at 200 lb live weight, in the second at 260 lb live weight.Pigs given the separated milk and barley meal diet performed similarly to those given the control meals; those given the separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal diet had better feed conversion efficiencies than control pigs, particularly over the range 200 to 260 lb live weight. Pigs given diets containing milk had higher killing-out percentages and shorter carcasses than those given the control meals. Diet had no statistically significant effect on the percentages of fat and lean in the sides.The effects of plane of nutrition were demonstrated by the faster rate of gain and poorer carcass quality of pigs fed to ‘appetite’.It was concluded that the nutritive value of separated milk is explained by its high energy and lysine content. There was no evidence of any unknown beneficial factor in it.
Further studies of the effect of dietary energy content on the voluntary intake of pigs
Authors: Owen J. B. , Ridgman W. J. 
Published: September 2010

1. Twenty-seven Large White pigs from three litters were involved in a 33 factorial experiment in which they were given three pelleted diets containing 0, 10% and 20% of dry sawdust during each third of an experimental period ranging from 29·5 to 118 kg live weight. The effects of these treatments on dry-matter intake and rate of growth in each sub-period and on the final carcass quality of the pig were studied.2. The results confirmed a previous finding that pigs developed a compensatory increase in intake in response to diets containing increasing amounts of sawdust, but that in small pigs this operates very poorly and leads to much retarded growth on the high sawdust diets.3. The compensatory intake mechanism took some time to develop after the pig had been put on to the sawdust diets, the delay being much longer in the smaller pig. Similarly, when the pigs were returned to high energy diets some time elapsed before intake returned to normal. During this time lag the pigs grew faster, as with compensatory growth, than when they had not previously been subjected to low energy diets.4. It is concluded that long-term observations must be made in order to investigate the nutrition of pigs fed ad libitum.5. Although energy intake can be restricted by giving low energy diets for a short period, this does not seem to improve carcass quality.
Haemoglobin and transferrin types of some West African cattle
Authors: Braend M. , Khanna N. D. 
Published: September 2010

Haemoglobin (Hb) and transferrin (Tf) types have been studied in the breeds Muturu, N'Dama, Gudali and Red Bororo of Nigeria, West Africa.The Hb gene frequencies were: Muturu,HbA= 0·72,HbD= 0·28; Gudali,HbA= 0·60,HbB= 0·32,HbC= 0·08; Red Bororo,HbA= 0·54,HbB= 0·44,HbC= 0·02.Transferrin studies showed six different Tf phenotypes in Muturu their distribution being in agreement with the occurrence of the allelesTfA,TfD1andTfD2. In N'Dama nine different Tf phenotypes were observed and were explained by the allelesTfA,TfD1,TfD2andTfE. In Gudali 15 different Tf phenotypes were found with a distribution in agreement with the occurrence of the allelesTfA,TfB,TfD1,TfD2,TfFandTfE. All alleles in this breed occurred at frequencies above 0.1. In a limited number of Red Bororo cattle nine Tf phenotypes were seen. Their distribution can be explained by the occurrence of the six genes:TfA,TfB,TfD1,TfD2,TfFandTfE.
Voluntary consumption of forage by sheep and its relation to the size and shape of particles in the digestive tract
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Campbell J. B. 
Published: September 2010

Two alfalfa varieties and four grass species were harvested for hay at several stages of maturity. Each hay was given to sheep to provide measures of voluntary consumption and digestibility. Digesta samples were obtained from the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum by killing the sheep at the end of the feeding periods.Sieving analyses of the digesta revealed that the fraction retained by a 0·25-mm sieve provided greater differentiation between experimental treatments than those retained by 0·5-, 1·0- or 2·0-mm sieves. The weight percentage of this fraction was used as a measure of the relative particle size despite its profound dependence on size, shape, density and distribution of individual particles.The variation in relative particle size of digesta from different sheep fed on the same diet was illustrated by coefficients of variation ranging from 4 to 11%. Four replicates, however, were sufficient to detect numerous differences (P<0·05) between experimental treatments.Omasal digesta from alfalfa hay had a greater relative particle size than those from the grass hays at comparablematuritystages. This may be attributable to an apparently more compact particle shape observed in the alfalfa digesta, assuming that in a simple physical sieving process the most compact particle passing a given opening will have the greatest mass. It was proposed that digesta particle shape may have greater specific importance than relative particle size for the rate of passage and voluntary intake of coarse roughage.A direct relationship was observed between voluntary feed consumption and the relative particle size of omasal digesta from different grass hays at similar maturity stages. This was the reverse of that observed between different maturity stages within hay species. It was hypothesized that the former relationship was due mainly to changing mass of the individual particles passing the reticulo-omasal opening, whereas the latter relationship was caused mainly by the particle size distribution.The relationship between the relative particle size of digesta from the reticulo-rumen and that of digesta from the omasum supports the theory that the reticulo-omasal opening is the site of major obstruction for the passage of coarse roughage through the digestive system of ruminants.
Observations on neonatal changes of body temperature in Blackface lambs
Authors: Griffiths J. G. 
Published: September 2010

Studies of rectal temperature changes in Blackface lambs from birth to 24 hr indicated a very limited effect within an ambient temperature range of 28 to 66°F. The rectal temperature of twins at birth was lower than that of singles, but the difference disappeared by 3 hr after birth. Body weight was correlated with rectal temperature at birth only in twins. In both twins and singles there was an elevated level of rectal temperature after birth which was presumably associated with a postnatal rise in metabolic rate similar to that which occurs in other species. It is concluded from the results that heat regulation is completely developed within a short interval of birth.Changes in body weight at intervals up to 48 hr were small, and body weight was significantly different from that at birth only at 48 hr in single lambs.
A comparative trial of crossbred ewes by Finnish Landrace and other sires
Authors: Donald H. P. , Read J. L. , Russell W. S. 
Published: September 2010

1. A comparison lasting 3 years has been made of 5 types of crossbred ewes produced by mating Border Leicester, Clun Forest, Dorset Horn, Finnish Landrace and Tasmanian Merino rams to Scottish Blackface ewes. Data from a total of 576 ewe years became available.2. In body weight at mating time when they were 7, 19 or 31 months old, the Border Leicester and Dorset Horn crossbred ewes were heaviest, followed by Cluns. Finnish and Merino crossbreds were about 15–20% lighter than the Border Leicester crossbreds.3. In fleece weight, Finnish crossbreds were lower by about 1·0—1·5 lb relative to Border Leicester crossbreds.4. In fertility, Finnish crossbreds were highest with 1·5, 2·0 and 2·3 lambs born per ewe lambing at ages 1, 2 and 3 years respectively. The corresponding averages for the combined Border Leicester, Clun and Dorset Horn crossbreds were 1·1, 1·6 and 1·6 and for Merino crossbreds 1·0, 1·1 and 1·2. Numbers weaned were similarly ranked.5. Lambs out of crossbred ewes showed a sequence of group differences in weight at birth and at weaning corresponding to those shown by their mothers at mating time. The heaviest lambs were produced by Dorset Horn and Border Leicester crossbreds, and the lightest by Merino crossbreds. As a percentage of ewe weight at mating, lamb weight at weaning was highest for the Finnish group.6. In terms of litter weight at weaning, fitted values for the Merino group were the lowest while those for the Finnish group were the highest. The
other three groups gave similar and intermediate values.
Genetic aspects of growth and carcass quality in veal calves
Authors: Hinks C. J. M. , Andersen B. Bech 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYGenetic parameters of veal calves were estimated from data on 510 Danish Red male calves by 39 sires.Heritability estimates for the growth and carcass traits were low, those for body dimensions and dressing percentage high.Correlations between the growth and carcass traits indicated no genetic incompatibility in selection.The problem of achieving simultaneous improvement in the dairy, carcass and growth qualities is discussed. It is suggested that the adoption of performance testing for growth and carcass quality prior to the entry of bulls into AI service, followed by progeny testing for milk and fat yields, would provide the best method of genetic improvement.
Cold exposure of Southdown and Welsh Mountain sheep. 1. Effects of breed, plane of nutrition and acclimatization to cold upon resistance to body cooling
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Slee J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Twenty-four Southdown and 24 Welsh Mountain year-old female sheep, half on high plane and half on low plane nutrition, were closely shorn and given two short acute cold exposures (−20°C, 4 mph wind) in climate chambers. For two weeks before the first acute exposure half the sheep were kept at a moderately cold temperature (+8°C) and the remainder at a thermoneutral temperature (+30°C). During the next two weeks between acute exposures these temperatures were reversed for each group of sheep.2. Resistance to body cooling during acute cold exposure was significantly greater after exposure to + 8°C. This was attributed to acclimatization. No further acclimatization resulted from acute cold exposure in addition to chronic moderate cold exposure.3. Sheep which had been kept at +8°C cooled 33% more slowly than those which had been at + 30°C. High plane sheep cooled 34 % more slowly than low plane sheep. Southdowns cooled 32 % more slowly than Welsh sheep, but the Welsh sheep showed relatively greater acclimatization on low plane nutrition.4. Compared with Scottish Blackface sheep given similar temperature treatment in an earlier experiment, the Southdowns and Welsh showed less initial cold resistance and less capacity for acclimatization.
Cold Exposure of Southdown and Welsh Mountain Sheep. 3. Changes in plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium levels
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Field A. C. , Slee J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSouthdown and Welsh Mountain female sheep, equal numbers on high and low plane nutrition, were shorn and subjected to two acute cold exposures (−20°C, 4 mph wind) in climate chambers. Before the first exposure the sheep were kept in either a cool (+8°C) or a thermoneutral (+30°C) environment for two weeks. Between exposures these environmental temperatures were reversed within groups. Blood samples were withdrawn at the beginning and end of the two week exposures and on three occasions during acute cold exposure. Plasma analyses of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were carried out. Exposure to +8°C caused a 12% reduction in plasma Mg levels of all sheep, but had no effect on Ca, Na or K levels. There were breed × temperature interactions with respect to plasma P levels. Acute cold exposure caused reductions in plasma Mg and Ca levels and an increase in plasma P levels of all groups of sheep. Changes in plasma Na and K levels could have been caused by plasma concentration.Electrolyte levels initially displaced by exposure to +8°C showed no evidence of a return to normality two weeks later. Only for Ca was there evidence that prior exposure to +8°C modified the response to acute cold exposure.
A note on commercial crossing of Bulgarian finewool ewes with rams of English short-wool breeds
Authors: Tomov I. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDobruja Finewool ewes were mated to two rams of each of the Clun Forest, Hampshire, Suffolk and Oxford Down breeds as well as to rams of their own breed. The crossbred and purebred lambs were compared in terms of growth, food consumption and carcass attributes. The crossbred lambs of Hampshire, Suffolk and Oxford Down breeding were superior to the purebred control lambs on all counts while Clun Forest crossbred lambs were superior to controls only in carcass attributes and the time taken to reach slaughter weight but not in efficiency of conversion.