bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USE OF Spirulina IN SHRIMP (penaeus japonicus) DIET
Authors: Cuzon Gérard , Santos Rossana Dos , Hew Meng , Poullaouec Gilles 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSpirulina is a unicellular algae with good nutritional value. Its efficiency has been shown in Artemia salina and penaeid shrimp diets. To investigate the origin of this good nutritional value in shrimp, experiments were carried out on Penaeus japonicus juveniles. Pelleted diets containing various proportions of Spirulina from 0 to 8% were fed to shrimp. Good growth, survival and pigmentation were obtained with the diet containing 8% Spirulina.When replacing Spirulina completely by another single‐cell ingredient source, lactic yeast, shrimp pigmentation was markedly reduced. Otherwise, growth performances were nearly similar.To identify the active fraction of Spirulina powder, an extraction was performed to separate two fractions, the lipidic and the lipid‐free. Preliminary growth results of shrimp fed diets containing these extracted fractions showed that the active fraction of Spirulina was more likely found within the lipid‐free fraction, rather than the lipidic fraction.Even though Spirulina can contribute positively to formulation of shrimp diets, it is too expensive (within the French economic context) to be incorporated at high percentage. But a substitution of lactic yeast for Spirulina is feasible as far as shrimp growth and survival are concerned.
BUDGET ANALYSIS OF PENAEID SHRIMP HATCHERY FACILITIES
Authors: Johns Michael , Lawrence Addison , Fox Joe , Griffin Wade 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne of the critical factors in commercial penaeid shrimp culture production is the availability of postlarvae to stock grow‐out ponds. This study investigates the economic feasibility of rearing penaeid shrimp from nauplii to postlarvae (hatchery phase). The facility design used is based on the hatchery operated by Texas A&M university at Galveston, Texas. The Generalized Budget Simulation Model for Aquaculture developed at Texas A&M University was used for the analysis.A ten‐year planning horizon was used for the analysis. Six different systems ranging in size from 5 ten‐metric ton tanks to 60 ten‐metric ton tanks were examined. Annual cost and return budgets were developed for the six systems assuming they operated 6 and 12 months per year. Investment costs, break‐even prices and quantities, and net present value were estimated for each system.Results show that commercial hatcheries, using 10‐metric ton tanks, could be profitable above and including 20 tanks for those operating only six months annually and above and including 10 tanks for those operating 12 months annually.
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION OF Penaeus japonicus BATE AS A BASIS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF EGGS AND LARVAE1
Authors: Lumare Febo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPenaeus japonicus Bate is absent on the Italian coasts, but it is considered a very promising species for national aquaculture.To develop the shrimp‐culture on a commercial basis, a convenient method for producing eggs and larvae of Penaeus japonicus was studied. A stock of 156 females, age class 1+ and F3, underwent unilateral eyestalk ablation and they were stocked with males in three plastic tanks (bottom area 14 m2) at a density of 25 individuals/m2 and a sex ratio of 1:1. Conditions of environment and management consisted of: temperature 21±3°C; natural light and photoperiod; total exchange of sea water every day; feeding on mussels. A month after eyestalk ablation the females were inspected every 7–10 days; mature females were transferred to the spawning tanks. Females with well developed gonads averaged 25.0% of the population of females at every inspection; 51.3% of spawners were impregnated with spermatophores; others were inseminated artificially by the method of introducing spermatophores into the thelycum.In six inspections (carried out during a period of 89 days), 3,028,525 eggs were released; a female released 17,500 eggs on the average (maximum was 123,000 eggs, minimum 4,340). The mean rate of fertilized eggs was 52.7%—67.7% from naturally inseminated females and 7.5% from the artificially inseminated ones. The mean hatching rate was 30.9%—40.1% from natural insemination and 3.3% from artificial insemination. Total amount of viable nauplii was 820,550.
EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND MALE AND FEMALE EYESTALK ABLATION ON REPRODUCTION OF Penaeus stylirostris AND P. vannamei
Authors: Chamberlain George W. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis 97‐day study, conducted during midwinter using a recirculating water system, was designed to evaluate the effect of light intensity and male and female eyestalk ablation on reproduction of P. vannamei and P. stylirostris.Four light intensities were established using various levels of fluorescent lighting (bright, 14.7 μEm‐2s‐1; moderate, 4.4 μEm‐2s‐1; dim, 0.6 μEm‐2s‐1; and dark, 0.0 μEm‐2s‐1) and the fifth consisted of artificial lighting supplemented with natural light through a translucent skylight (skylight, 4.7–9.3 μEm‐2s‐1). Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed on all male P. vannamei in one of each pair of tanks within a treatment. In addition, half of the females in each tank were unilaterally ablated. Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate, and survival were monitored daily within each tank. Growth and gonad development were measured at termination.The optimum light intensity for P. stylirostris appeared to be lower than that for P. vannamei. P. stylirostris matured and spawned more frequently in the skylight and dim treatments than in the moderate, dark, and bright treatments. P. vannamei matured and spawned more frequently in the skylight, bright, and moderate treatments than in the dim and dark treatments. Natural light supplementation beneficially affected reproduction of both species.Male eyestalk ablation increased gonad size and doubled mating frequency of P. vannamei in comparison to unablated controls. This is the first documentation of increased penaeid shrimp reproduction by unilateral eyestalk ablation of males. Even more significant may be recognition that male gonadal development is a limiting factor in reproduction of shrimp in captivity.
CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR MOLTING IN Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Fieber Lynne A. , Lutz Peter L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCalcification of the new exoskeleton is the culmination of a successful molt in crustaceans. This study showed that in Macrobrachium rosenbergii calcium present in the intermolt exoskeleton is moved internally as the molt approaches. Cyclic variations in the calcium concentrations of hemolymph, hepatopancreas and exoskeleton occur between successive intermolt periods. During premolt, hemolymph calcium concentration increases from an intermolt level of 7.67 to 14.8 mmole Ca+2 liter‐1 while in the hepatopancreas the change is from 0.77 to 1.22 mmole Ca+2·g dry wt‐1. An increase in calcium concentration of the exoskeleton appears to occur over this period (from intermolt 2.92 to 6.68 mmole Ca+2· g dry wt‐1). Thus, there is a mobilization of calcium to internal storage sites during premolt. Both the hemolymph and the hepatopancreas store calcium during premolt. Hemolymph and hepatopancreas stores are exhausted b the mid‐postmolt phase, falling to a minimum of 4.61 mmole Ca+2 liter‐1 and 0.31 mmole Ca+2·g dry wt‐1, respectively, while total calcium increases, from 0.56 to 1.39 mmole ·g dry wt‐1. The molting process causes a total calcium deficit that must be repaid from internally compartmentalized stores or from some external calcium source. Although internal sources of calcium are important for postmolt calcification in M. rosenbergii, our study indicates that additional uptake of calcium from freshwater may be necessary for complete calcification of the exoskeleton.
MARKETING OF CULTURED PRAWNS, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, IN SOUTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Liao David S. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThree marketing approaches were investigated for small‐scale aquaculture of prawns: 1) seafood retail markets, 2) seafood restaurants, and 3) direct sales to consumers. A market test with locally produced pond‐reared prawns was conducted in four seafood retail stores and seven seafood restaurants in South Carolina. Prawns, sold as ungraded tails at prices ranging from $8.79‐11.01/kg, were highly saleable in the retail markets. All retailers indicated that they would add this aquafood to existing product lines and stated a preference for fresh prawns in the medium size category (78–110 tails/kg).Restaurants prepared the prawns as sauteed, steamed, broiled, stuffed, and microwave‐oven cooked. The prices charged for the prawn dinners ranged from $5.95 to $12.00 per serving. Five of the seven seafood restaurants who participated in the marketing trials indicated that they would purchase prawns for their restaurant operation if a suitable supply were available. Depending on the entree, prawns might be marketed as tails or as whole animals in the seafood restaurant trade.Some prawn producers who participated in cooperative rearing trials during 1981 sold their crop directly to consumers as ungraded prawn tails at prices of $10.90 and $13.20/kg. This marketing approach greatly reduces the producer's costs for processing, packaging, storage, and transportation. In addition, direct consumer sales have fewer restrictions in regard to: size of the product; volume of orders; and packaging, as compared to purchases by seafood restaurants and retail markets. For the predicted near term production of prawns in South Carolina, this marketing approach appears most attractive.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FEED INGESTION AND ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS BY THE MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)
Authors: Newman Mark W. , Lutz Peter L. , Snedaker Samuel C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFeed ingestion and assimilation of dry matter, total lipid, total carbohydrate and inorganic material by adult, male Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) were measured at temperatures ranging from 22–34°C. Assimilation efficiency of dry matter was measured gravimetrically. Significantly less feed was ingested by prawns at water temperatures below 25°C than at higher temperatures. Water temperatures had little effect on the assimilation efficiency of dry matter, although there was a trend toward decreased dry matter assimilation at high temperature extremes. There was no effect of water temperature on assimilation efficiencies of lipid, carbohydrate or inorganic material. It is proposed that feed ingestion and metabolic rates are affected more by water temperature and are more responsible for differences in growth rates than is the efficiency of feed assimilation.Regurgitation was a consistent occurrence following feeding by prawns and accounted for a significant proportion of egested material. It is suggested that regurgitation results in energetic benefits to the prawn, owing to a decreased energy requirement because unassimilable material need not be transported through the entire digestive system. There may also be an increase in the rate of energy intake due to the clearance of ingested, but unassimilable, material from the proventriculus. The absorption of minerals from the diet and the phenomenon of regurgitation are taken into account in a critical discussion of assimilation determination methods used for aquatic invertebrates.
INCREASED LARVAL PRODUCTION OF Penaeus setiferus BY ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION DURING SOURCING CRUISES
Authors: Bray William A. , Chamberlain George W. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe inability of shrimp culturists to produce sufficient quantities of fertilized penaeid eggs in captivity has sustained the practice of collecting mature wild females offshore for immediate spawning. However, in the case of open thelycum penaeids, offshore collections are often unproductive because mature wild females are seldom found in the mated (spermatophore attached) condition. In this study, artificial insemination was investigated as a means of obtaining fertilized eggs from unmated mature female Penaeus setiferus collected offshore.A total of 59 artificial inseminations were performed in conjunction with 4 cruises in the western Gulf of Mexico. Sperm was removed from spermatophores of males found within the catch and attached between the third and fourth pairs of pereiopods of unmated, mature females which were then chilled to 20°C to inhibit spawning until return to the laboratory. Of 53 spawns produced by artificially inseminated females, at least 41 (77%) resulted in fertilized eggs and nauplii (range: 100 to 260,000 nauplii per spawn). Of the 41 fertile spawns, 29% produced 50,000 or more nauplii and 20% produced more than 100,000 nauplii per spawn. Approximately 2 million larvae were produced by artificial insemination, while only about one million were obtained from naturally mated females on the same cruises. Thus, the production of nauplii from the cruises was tripled by using artificial insemination in addition to spawning of naturally inseminated females.
THE USE OF AMYLASE SUPPLEMENTS IN SHRIMP DIETS
Authors: Maugle Paul D. , Deshimaru Osamu , Katayama Teruhisa , Simpson Kenneth L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to examine the effect of varying amounts of casein and starch relative to the amount of an α‐amylase supplement on shrimp growth and digestive processes. Amylase was supplemented to diets containing 9.5, 19.0 and 28.5% starch in a freeze‐dried nylon‐protein microcapsule form in order to circumvent potential inactivation.After a 30‐day feeding period, shrimp fed diets containing 19.0% and 28.5% starch, and supplemented with approximately 60 IU amylase/g‐dry‐diet were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than diets with no amylase or a live short‐necked clam control diet. Shrimp fed 9.0% starch attained a greater mean weight than those fed 28.5% starch. These findings, evaluated collectively, indicate that a 60 IU amylase/g‐dry‐diet supplement was adequate for complete utilization of dietary starch at the 19.0% level but not at the 28.5% level.In a second study which used chromic oxide to examine the effect of an amylase supplement on the digestibility ratio of dietary starch, almost complete digestion (95.7%) was found in the group fed the α‐amylase supplemented diet containing 19.0% starch, as compared to 89.5% digestibility in the group without the amylase supplement.These studies show that up to 30% of the casein in the diet could be substituted with starch on equal weight basis without a substantial reduction in weight gain or feed efficiency, with supplementation of α‐amylase. This may allow future development of more cost effective diets.
POND CULTURE OF Penaeus monodon IN THE PHILIPPINES: SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND YIELD USING COMMERCIALLY FORMULATED FEED
Authors: Liu Mao‐Sheng , Mancebo Victor J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPond culture of Penaeus monodon was undertaken in the Philippines using artificially formulated dry feed and hatchery‐produced post‐larval shrimp. The trial was conducted in two 0.25‐ha managed production ponds with earthen bottoms and concrete dikes. Water depth was 1.1 m; brackish water was used and the salinity ranged from 7 to 17 ppt.For the trial, from 22 June 1982 to 6 October 1982 (106 days), the ponds were stocked at 158,000 postlarvae/ha and produced, respectively, 4,008 kg/ha and 3,808 kg/ha of heads‐on shrimp averaging 31.5 g and 31.3 g in size. Survival in the respective ponds was 80% and 77% with food conversions of 1.69 and 1.78.Based on the costs for postlarvae, feed, labor and power, the shrimp were produced with a positive economic return. The production costs per kilo of whole shrimp produced in each pond were, respectively, US$4.40/kg and $4.63/kg. The entire crop of shrimp was sold heads‐on for an average price of $6.78/kg.
AN INEXPENSIVE AND SIMPLE RACEWAY DESIGN1
Authors: Kneale Douglas C. , Salman Shukri E. , Al‐Ahmed Abdul‐Kader A. , Farmer Anthony S. D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIntensive aquaculture systems tend to require a large capital investment and be relatively complicated to manufacture or construct with the result that a particular application may be unprofitable or difficult to implement. Raceways have been developed in Kuwait utilizing reinforced plastic liners supported by a wooden railing. Shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) were raised in these raceways in order to assess the system. The design allows for easy maintenance, observation and harvest. In addition, the simplicity of the concept assures low material, construction and manpower costs, requiring neither a building contractor nor special tools. A 3.0 m wide raceway of this design costs approximately US$ 17 m‐2 in Kuwait. This paper describes the raceway design and construction techniques, and compares the cost with other materials and systems in Kuwait. The results of shrimp rearing trials are discussed with regard to the durability, management and biological compatibility of the design.
ENCLOSED PRAWN NURSERY SYSTEMS AND EFFECTS OF STOCKING JUVENILE Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN PONDS1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Jenkins Wallace E. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn temperate areas the stocking of small juveniles may be required for pond culture of prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to be economically attractive. Twelve nursery trials were conducted focused primarily on a two‐phase nursery system. In phase I trials, prawns grew from 0.01 g to 0.2‐0.4 g at densities of 1,194‐6,276 prawns/m2 tank bottom during 67–105 days. Estimated survival rates at densities of 1,194‐1,663/m2 were comparable after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of culture and averaged 96, 93, and 90%, respectively. At high densities survival rates were substantially lower. in the phase II trials, prawn stocking size varied from 0.09‐0.70 g and density from 538–904/m2. Prawns attained a weight of 0.9‐2.1 g during 42–64 days of culture. Estimated survival averaged 91% after 4 weeks and 84% after 8 weeks. One monophasic or continuous phase trial was conducted at a density of 323/m2. During this 8‐week trial, prawns grew from 0.05 to 1.64 g and exhibited a survival rate of 92%.The biological and economic effect of stocking larger juveniles (1 and 2 g size) was estimated for seasonal pond production of prawns. when 1 and 2 g prawns were stocked in ponds at a density of 43,100/ha, final prawn size increased 13 and 25%, respectively, and total production increased 111 and 208 kg/ha. At stocking density 64,600/ha, harvest size of prawns increased 17 and 27%, respectively, and production increased 183 and 299 kg/ha. Estimated revenues were increased when the additional cost of producing or purchasing these large juveniles was ≤ $15/1,000 for 1 g animals or ≤ $30/1,000 for 2 g animals.
IMMUNIZATION OF SALMONIDS AGAINST THE FISH PATHOGEN, Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Cipriano Rocco C. , Morrison J. K. , Starliper C. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn avirulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida was shown to lack “A‐layer” protein exterior to the outer cell membrane, but was still immunogenic in fish. After bacteria were inactivated with chloroform, whole cells, soluble antigen and combined whole cell plus soluble antigen vaccines were prepared. Those brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that were vaccinated by a 60‐second immersion in the combined whole cell plus soluble antigen vaccine were protected against experimental challenges. Further immersion vaccinations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the combined vaccine indicated that protection conferred by immunization was highly significant, efficacious, and reproducible. In field situations, mortality in brown trout (S. trutta) immersion‐vaccinated in this preparation was 2.1% whereas that in control fish was 28.9% after natural challenge.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER TEMPERATUHE ON INFECTION AND ANTIBODY FORMATION INDUCED BY Vibrio anguillarum IN JUVENILE COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch)1
Authors: Groberg W. J. , Rohovec J. S. , Fryer J. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEffects of environmental temperature on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum were examined at 7 water temperatures from 3 to 21°C. The mean day to death and total mortality were each related to temperature. The shorter mean day to death and higher mortality were observed at the elevated water temperatures. Growth curves of V. anguillarum cultured in Brain Heart Infusion broth were determined at 6, 12 and 18°C. Growth rates were directly related to temperature. The effect of temperature on the production of V. anguillarum agglutinating antibodies following parenteral injection was determined in juvenile coho salmon held at 6, 12 and 18°C. Titers were first observed on days 10, 15, and 25 in fish held at 18, 12 and 6°C, respectively.
PATHOGENESIS OF Edwardsiella ictaluri IN CHANNEL CATFISH, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Areechon Nontawith , Plumb John A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTChannel catfish fingerlings were injected intraperitoneally with 2.0 times 104 viable Edwardsiella ictaluri cells. During the subsequent 4 days hematological and histopathological changes were determined, and bacterial counts were made in selected organs. There were significant reductions in erythrocytes and leucocytes. The mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration did not change significantly. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin changed significantly only at 72 hours. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma glucose and plasma protein were reduced significantly. There were no significant changes in differential white blood cell counts. The liver was edematous and necrotic while the pancreatic tissue was necrotic. The spleen and trunk kidney appeared necrotic and an increase of lymphoid cells was also observed. Edema and cloudy swelling were observed in gill lamellae. Intestine and stomach were normal. Bacteria were abundant in spleen, trunk kidney and liver. Bacteria reached the maximum population at 96 hours post injection and declined at 6 days in all three organs.
CRAWFISH CULTURE SYSTEMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Authors: Lawson Thomas B. , Wheaton Fredrick W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCrawfish are cultured in shallow, open ponds surrounded on all sides by levees. To insure high production it is essential that high quality water be maintained in the pond. Ponds should be constructed in such a fashion that aerated water is circulated through all areas of the pond in order to avoid areas of low oxygen. With good quality water and sound management practices up to 2,200 kg ha‐1 or more of crawfish may be produced annually.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MARICULTURE OF RED ALGAE
Authors: Hansen Judith E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAlgal mariculture research at Hopkins Marine Station (Stanford University) and Marine Bioassay Laboratories (Watsonville, Calif.) led to the development of a critical pathway approach: ecological studies, strain selection, physiological experimentation, and cultivation trials. Initial ecological studies focused on seasonal growth and life history patterns of Gelidium and Gracilaria. The results provided the clues for selection of experimental tolerance ranges for key physical and chemical parameters to be studies. Plant vigor and the algal products of interest were the primary criteria in the strain selection program. The metabolic response patterns for net photosynthesis of the species were then studied to characterize the presumptive environmental optima and tolerance ranges for these red algal cultures. The results from these shortterm physiological experiments are tested in algal cultivation trials. The results from this critical pathway approach were: 1) selected, vigorous strains; 2) basic requirements for cultivation of the species; 3) predictions of how the species will respond in culture; 4) production estimates for use in mariculture feasibility models; and 5) a definition of conditions which must be met by a specific culture technique. This research, which takes place primarily in the laboratory, provides the foundation for development of the capital‐intensive, pilot mariculture system for a specific red algal species.