bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The enigmatic Arunachal macaque: its biogeography, biology and taxonomy in Northeastern India
Authors: Biswas Jihosuo , Borah Dhiraj K. , Das Abhijit , Das Jayanta , Bhattacharjee P. C. , Mohnot S. M. , Horwich Robert H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the taxonomic status of an unidentified enigmatic macaque seen by scientists since the late 1990s in Arunachal Pradesh, India. We surveyed 49 troops of enigmatic macaques in four districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The population studied is from the macaque sinica‐group as defined by the reproductive organs. The main species‐separating trait in the sinica‐group is tail length to head and body length ratio that decreases with latitude and elevation. We gathered data on morphology, pelage descriptions, tail to head and body ratios and tail to hind foot ratios from photos and live animals (43 individuals from 36 areas) within the range of and between the two subspecies of the Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis). We compared the data to six western Assamese macaques and studies of Assamese macaques and related species. We found great variability in tail length, pelage color, facial skin color, and facial and hair patterns. The tail/head–body and tail/foot ratios, although varied, supported the hypothesis that these enigmatic forms were part of a population of Assamese macaques found in the gap between the two subspecies ranges and were not a new species as described earlier. Instead, we found evidence that darker pelage, larger body size, and shorter tails occur at higher elevations and latitudes similar to the general trend in the sinica‐group's adaptations to colder climates. Thus, the population may be important for its variation, throwing light on the speciation process and how the northern species of Tibetan macaques evolved from an ancestor similar to the Assamese macaques as adaptations to a colder climate. Am. J. Primatol. 73:458–473, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photochemische Reaktionen als Schlüsselschritte in der Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Bach Thorsten , Hehn Jörg P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPhotochemische Reaktionen bereichern in signifikanter Weise das Repertoire zur Knüpfung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen und machen ungewöhnliche, auf herkömmlichem Weg nicht erhältliche Molekülgerüste zugänglich. In diesem Aufsatz werden die wichtigsten Umsetzungen der Photochemie vorgestellt, die auf breiter Front Einzug in die Naturstoffsynthese gehalten haben. Beispielhaft werden einzelne Totalsynthesen diskutiert, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf den photochemischen Schlüsselschritt sowie dessen Stereoselektivität gerichtet ist. Dabei wird das photochemisch erzeugte Molekül in Relation zur Struktur des Naturstoffs gebracht, und Folgereaktionen werden, wo notwendig, illustriert und klassifiziert.
Demonstration of the IDEAL recommendations for evaluating and reporting surgical innovation in minimally invasive oesophagectomy
Authors: Blazeby J M , Blencowe N S , Titcomb D R , Metcalfe C , Hollowood A D , Barham C P 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
The Idea, Development, Evaluation, Assessment and Long term study (IDEAL) framework makes recommendations for evaluating and reporting surgical innovation and adoption, but remains untested.

Methods
A prospective database was created for the introduction of minimally invasive techniques for oesophagectomy. IDEAL stages of development and evaluation were examined retrospectively in a series of patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted oesophagectomy (LAO), two- or three-phase minimally invasive oesophagectomy (MIO) and open oesophagectomy.

Results
A total of 192 patients were involved. In IDEAL stages 1 and 2a, LAO in 16 patients was uneventful, but two-phase MIO in six patients was abandoned following consecutive technical complications. Two-phase MIO was modified to a three-phase MIO procedure, and the results of LAO (67 patients), three-phase MIO (35) and open techniques (68) were studied in IDEAL stage 2b. Major complications (Clavien–Dindo grades III and IV) occurred in 12 (18 per cent), nine (26 per cent) and 14 (21 per cent) LAO, three-phase MIO and open procedures respectively. There were four in-hospital deaths (2 LAO and 2 open).

Conclusion
The IDEAL framework is a feasible method for documenting the development and implementation of a procedure. MIO should now be compared with open surgery in a randomized controlled trial (IDEAL stage 3).
A phase 2 trial of bortezomib followed by the addition of doxorubicin at progression in patients with recurrent or metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Argiris Athanassios , Ghebremichael Musie , Burtness Barbara , Axelrod Rita S. , Deconti Ronald C. , Forastiere Arlene A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Bortezomib, an inhibitor of the 26S proteasome and NF‐κB, may have antitumor activity in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Preclinical studies have shown synergy between bortezomib and doxorubicin.METHODS:Eligibility criteria included incurable ACC, any number of prior therapies but without an anthracycline, unidimensionally measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0‐2, and ejection fraction within normal limits. Patients with stable disease for ≥9 months were excluded. Patients received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 by intravenous (IV) push on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11, every 21 days until progression. Doxorubicin 20 mg/m2 IV on Days 1 and 8 was added at the time of progression.RESULTS:Twenty‐five patients were enrolled, of whom 24 were eligible; the most common distant metastatic sites were the lung (n = 22) and the liver (n = 7). There was no objective response with single‐agent bortezomib; best response was stable disease in 15 (71%) of 21 evaluable patients. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 6.4 months and 21 months, respectively. Of 10 evaluable patients who received bortezomib plus doxorubicin, 1 had a partial response, and 6 had stable disease. The most frequent toxicity with bortezomib was grade 3 sensory neuropathy (16%). With bortezomib plus doxorubicin, serious toxicities seen more than once were grade 3‐4 neutropenia (n = 3) and grade 3 anorexia (n = 2).CONCLUSIONS:Bortezomib was well tolerated and resulted in disease stabilization in a high percentage of patients but no objective responses. The combination of bortezomib and doxorubicin was also well tolerated and may warrant further investigation in ACC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
CH⋅⋅⋅π Interaction‐Modulated Solid‐State Packing and Carrier Mobility in Thienyl and Thieno[3,2‐b]Thienyl End‐Capped Distyrylarylene Derivatives
Authors: Li Ye‐Xin , Liang Zuo‐Qin , Xi He , Ma Lu‐Lu , He Tao , Yuan Chun‐Xue , Tao Xu‐Tang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResearch on structure–property relationships in distyrylarylene derivatives is far behind their wide applications in optoelectronic devices due to the absence of crystal structure information. Herein, the single crystals of 4,4′‐bis(2‐thienylvinyl)biphenyl (1) and 4,4′‐bis(2‐thieno[3,2‐b]thienylvinyl)biphenyl (2) were successfully grown by the vapor transport method. Both molecules adopt the typical herringbone packing motif. However, the intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅π interaction in compound 2 is much stronger than that in compound 1. The correlations of interchain interaction with film morphology, optical and electronic properties were studied. Compound 2 formed higher crystalline films with (001) and (111) orientations. The organic field‐effect transistor properties of both materials were investigated. Compound 2 showed better performance with a hole mobility higher than 0.01 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off current ratio over 106. These results reveal that the intensity of CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions can exert dramatic influences on the optical and electronic properties of distyrylarylene‐based materials.
Growth and characterization of buried GaSb p‐n junctions for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Baldini M. , Ghezzi C. , Parisini A. , Tarricone L. , Vantaggio S. , Gombia E. , Motta A. , Gasparotto A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractStructures composed of a p++(Zn)GaAs layer deposited by MOVPE on a n(Te)‐doped GaSb substrate were fabricated, with the purpose of obtaining GaSb p‐n homo‐junctions, through the diffusion of Zn into the substrate, for photovoltaic applications. Different Zn doping levels and post‐growth annealing parameters were investigated. The junctions were characterized from the electrical point of view by I‐V measurements, while Zn diffusion profiles were studied by SIMS analysis. The effective achievement of a GaSb buried junction, whose profile is characterized by a limited Zn diffusion into the substrate, was evidenced. Efficiency measurements by a solar simulator on 5x5 mm2 samples were also performed in order to investigate the photovoltaic properties of the structure. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Quantitative Electron Tomography Study of Ruthenium Particles on the Interior and Exterior Surfaces of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Friedrich Heiner , Guo Shujing , de Jongh Petra E. , Pan Xiulian , Bao Xinhe , de Jong Krijn P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe efficiency of filling carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by ultrasound‐assisted wet impregnation is quantified by electron tomography (ET). For image analysis, a method that combines edge detection with single‐value thresholding is proposed and validated. A high proportion (80 wt %) of the ruthenium was deposited inside the tube at an average particle size of 2–4 nm. Particles located on the outer surface of the CNT had a size of 1–3 nm. The local ruthenium loading measured by ET (3.2 wt %) closely matched the value from elemental analysis (3.5 wt %). In addition, a few 1 nm‐sized ruthenium particles were detected inside the carbon wall, which contained pores/cracks. Direct imaging and quantification is a powerful tool to understand and possibly model the unique properties of CNT‐based catalysts.
PLA nanoparticles loaded with an active lactone form of hydroxycamptothecin: Development, optimization, and in vitro–in vivo evaluation in mice bearing H22 solid tumor
Authors: Hou Zhenqing , Zhou Chunxiao , Luo Ying , Zhan Chuanming , Wang Yixiao , Xie Liya , Zhang Qiqing 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)‐loaded PLA nanoparticles were prepared by a one‐step method using the direct dialysis technique, and were examined for particle characteristics, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity, as well as antitumor efficiency. Three main influential factors based on the results of a single‐factor test, i.e., PLA concentration, ratio of HCPT to PLA (wt/wt), and dialysis bags with different molecule weight cutoffs, were evaluated using an orthogonal design, giving nanoparticles an average diameter of ∼226.8 nm with smooth surface, modest drug entrapment efficiency (65.15%), and fine drug‐loading content (5.16%, w/w). HCPT was in a crystalline state within the particles. In vitro drug release studies exhibited a slow and prolonged release profile over a period of 30 days. The cytotoxicity test on BEL‐7402 cells indicated that the HCPT‐PLA nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than commercially available HCPT injection. When the antitumor effect was examined by i.v. administration to mice bearing H22 solid tumor, HCPT‐PLA nanoparticles showed a significant suppression of tumor growth without loss of body weight. These results suggest that HCPT‐PLA nanoparticles prepared by the dialysis technique present desirable characteristics for sustained drug delivery and are potentially useful to enhance the antitumor efficacy of HCPT. Drug Dev Res 72: 337–345, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The eye as an organizer of craniofacial development
Authors: Kish Phillip E. , Bohnsack Brenda L. , Gallina Donika , Kasprick Daniel S. , Kahana Alon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe formation and invagination of the optic stalk coincides with the migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, and a growing body of data reveals that the optic stalk and CNC cells communicate to lay the foundations for periocular and craniofacial development. Following migration, the interaction between the developing eye and surrounding periocular mesenchyme (POM) continues, leading to induction of transcriptional regulatory cascades that regulate craniofacial morphogenesis. Studies in chick, mice, and zebrafish have revealed a remarkable level of genetic and mechanistic conservation, affirming the power of each animal model to shed light on the broader morphogenic process. This review will focus on the role of the developing eye in orchestrating craniofacial morphogenesis, utilizing morphogenic gradients, paracrine signaling, and transcriptional regulatory cascades to establish an evolutionarily‐conserved facial architecture. We propose that in addition to the forebrain, the eye functions during early craniofacial morphogenesis as a key organizer of facial development, independent of its role in vision. genesis 49:222–230, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox9 function in craniofacial development and disease
Authors: Lee Young‐Hoon , Saint‐Jeannet Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Sox family of transcriptional regulators has been implicated in the control of a broad array of developmental processes. One member of this family SOX9 was first identified as a candidate gene for campomelic dysplasia (CD), a human syndrome affecting skeletal, and testis development. In these patients most endochondral bones of the face fail to develop resulting in multiple defects such as micrognathia, cleft palate, and facial dysmorphia. In this review we describe Sox9 expression during embryonic development and summarize loss of function experiments in frog, fish, and mouse embryos highlighting the role of Sox9 in regulating morphogenesis of the face. We also discuss the mutations in and around SOX9 responsible for craniofacial defects in CD patients. genesis 49:200–208, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling of voltage hysteresis and relaxation of HEV NiMH battery
Authors: Ota Yutaka , Hashimoto Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSOC (State of Charge) estimation‐based battery management is essential for HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) applications. The SOC can be estimated by the relationship between the OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) and SOC, which is based on the Nernst equation, in combination with Coulomb counting. However, voltage hysteresis and relaxation make measurement of the OCV difficult. The OCV measured after charge (discharge) is higher (lower) than the OCV estimated by the Nernst equation, and relaxes slowly with a time constant from a few minutes to a few hours. In this paper, to express voltage hysteresis and relaxation, a three‐layer model for nickel active materials is proposed. A voltage gap between the surface and inside of the nickel active material is introduced, and voltage hysteresis is modeled with the surface partial battery governing the OCV of the whole battery. Voltage relaxation is also expressed as equalization between the surface layer and the relaxation layer with a higher internal resistance. The static and dynamic behavior of the proposed model is confirmed through experiments with a 7.2‐V 6.5‐Ah NiMH battery module. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 1–7, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21102
Cortical representation of the human hand assessed by two levels of high‐resolution EEG recordings
Authors: Houzé Bérengère , Perchet Caroline , Magnin Michel , Garcia‐Larrea Luis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIncreasing interest in cortical plasticity has prompted the growing use of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to estimate changes in the cortical representation of body regions. Here, we tested the effect of different sites of hand stimulation and of the density of spatial sampling in the quality of estimation of somatosensory sources. Sources of two SEP components from the primary somatosensory cortex (N20/P20 and P45) were estimated using two levels of spatial sampling (64‐ vs. 128‐channel) and stimulation of four distal sites in the upper limbs, including single digits (first vs. fifth) and distal nerves with comparable cortical projection (superficial branch of the radial nerve and distal ulnar nerve). The most robust separation of somatosensory sources was achieved by comparing the cortical representations of the first digit and the distal ulnar nerve territories on the N20/P20 component of SEPs. Although both the 64‐ and the 128‐electrode montages correctly discriminated these two areas, only the 128‐electrode montage was able to significantly separate sources in the other cases, notably when using first versus fifth digit stimulation. Trustworthy distinction of cortical representations was not obtainable when using the P45 component, probably because of greater activation volume, radial orientation of sources in areas 1–2 and increased variability with attention and vigilance. Assessment of tangential SEP components to stimulation of first digit versus ulnar nerve appears the best option to assess plastic somatosensory changes, especially when using relatively low‐electrode sampling. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of mage‐A4 and mage‐C1 tumor‐associated antigen in benign and malignant thyroid diseases
Authors: Melo Daniel Hardy , Mamede Rui Celso Martins , Neder Luciano , Saggioro Fabiano Pinto , Figueiredo David Livingstone Alves , Araújo da Silva Wilson , Jungbluth Achim A. , Zago Marco Antônio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundA subset of thyroid tumors characterized by a follicular growth pattern can represent a serious diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology for genetic profiling have been used in an attempt to resolve some of these issues.MethodsTumor tissue samples of thyroid were obtained from 70 patients who underwent surgical therapy. They were divided into 4 groups: 20 adenomatous goiters, 10 follicular adenomas, 24 papillary carcinomas, and 16 follicular carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out using antibodies for MAGE‐A4 (melanoma antigen‐encoding gene A4) and MAGE‐C1 (melanoma antigen‐encoding gene C1).ResultsStandard histologic analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis of MAGE‐A4 and MAGE‐C1 expression were performed in all patients. The antigens examined were not expressed in any of the tissues.ConclusionsThe malignant degeneration of normal tissues is a multifactorial process, varying considerably both among tumor types and among individual patients. The present study showed that there was no immunolabeling of the MAGE‐A4 and MAGE‐C1 antigens. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Sentinel lymph node biopsy using real‐time fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green in cutaneous head and neck/lip mucosa melanomas
Authors: Hayashi Toshihiko , Furukawa Hiroshi , Oyama Akihiko , Funayama Emi , Saito Akira , Yamao Takeshi , Yamamoto Yuhei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe triple technique (lymphoscintigraphy, patent‐blue staining, and a gamma probe) constitutes a reliable method for the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. However, in head and neck melanomas, a shine‐through phenomenon, which occurs because these SLNs are close to the primary focus, is irreversibly problematic. To get around the shine‐through phenomenon, this study uses the fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green (ICG) as well as the triple technique.MethodsICG is a green dye and can be used as a marker with infrared fluorescence. ICG solution is intradermally injected around the tumor. By using Photodynamic Eye (PDE) intraoperatively, it is possible to observe the injected ICG as SLNs in the fluorescence images.ResultsBy use of the fluorescence imaging with ICG, clear identification of the SLN of the case became possible.ConclusionsWe think the fluorescence navigation with ICG will be a useful option for the SLN biopsy in head and neck melanomas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Identification of a sequence in the matricellular protein SPARC that interacts with the scavenger receptor stabilin‐1
Authors: Workman Gail , Sage E. Helene 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSPARC (osteonectin/BM‐40), a secreted matricellular protein that promotes cellular deadhesion and motility in wound healing, carcinogenesis, and inflammation, binds to the scavenger receptor stabilin‐1 in alternatively activated macrophages and undergoes endocytosis and clearance from the extracellular space. Both SPARC and stabilin‐1 are expressed by endothelial cells during inflammation, but their interaction in this context is unknown. We have identified a binding site on SPARC for stabilin‐1 by a solid‐state peptide array coupled with a modified enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes the identified binding site was also characterized that could be an inhibitor for the SPARC‐stabilin‐1 interaction in macrophages or endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1003–1008, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The presence of extracellular matrix alters the chondrocyte response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Nugent Ashleigh E. , McBurney Denise L. , Horton Walter E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that extracellular matrix (ECM) would alter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response of chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were isolated from calf knees and maintained in monolayer culture or suspended in collagen I to form spot cultures (SCs). Our laboratory has shown that bovine chondrocytes form cartilage with properties similar to native cartilage after 2–4 weeks in SCs. Monolayer cultures treated with ER stressors glucose withdrawal (–Glu), tunicamycin (TN), or thapsigargin (TG) up‐regulated Grp78 and Gadd153, demonstrating a complete ER stress response. SCs were grown at specific times from 1 day to 6 weeks before treatment with ER stressors. Additionally, SCs grown for 1, 2, or 6 weeks were treated with increasing concentrations of TN or TG. Western blotting of SCs for Grp78 indicated that increased ECM accumulation results in delayed expression; however, Grp78 mRNA is up‐regulated in response to ER stressors even after 6 weeks in culture. SCs treated with ER stressors did not up‐regulate Gadd153, suggesting that the cells experienced ER stress but would not undergo apoptosis. In fact, SCs undergo apoptosis upon ER stress treatment after 0–1 day of growth; however, after 4 days and to 6 weeks, apoptosis in treated samples was not different than controls. Pro‐survival molecules Bcl‐2 and Bag‐1 were up‐regulated upon ER stress in SCs. These results suggest that presence of ECM confers protection from ER stressors. Future studies involving chondrocyte physiology should focus on responses in conditions more closely mimicking the in vivo cartilage environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1118–1129, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WHAT CAUSES INTENTIONAL HOMICIDE?
Authors: Loureiro Paulo Roberto Amorim , Silva Emilson C. D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLatin American and Caribbean countries are world leaders in intentional homicide rates. Our estimates suggest that the intentional homicide rate in the Latin America and Caribbean region is 40 per cent higher than the average for the rest of the world. The intentional homicide rate for a group of violent countries (Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Jamaica) is nearly 58 per cent higher than the world's average. Utilising an international panel data set to study the determinants of intentional homicide, we demonstrate that intentional homicide is highly inert, counter‐cyclical, declines with development and rises with violence and income inequality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.