bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation Effects in Ultra-Fine-Grained Mg–RE Alloys
Authors: Čížek Jakub , Procházka Ivan , Smola Bohumil , Stulíková Ivana , Vlach Martin , Očenášek Vladivoj , Kulyasova Olya B. , Islamgaliev Rinat K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Mg-based alloys with rare-earth alloying elements are promising hardenable lightweight materials with good mechanical properties even at elevated temperatures. Ductility and strength of these alloys can be improved by grain refinement. Ultra fine grained Mg alloys with grain size around 100 nm were successfully prepared by high-pressure torsion. Ultra-fine-grained structure can enhance diffusivity of alloying elements due to the significant volume fraction of grain boundaries. As a consequence, precipitation effects in ultra-fine-grained alloys may occur faster than in corresponding coarse-grained materials. This phenomenon was examined in this work by comparison of the precipitation sequence in Mg – Tb – Nd and Mg – Gd alloys with ultra-fine-grained structure and corresponding coarse-grained alloys.
The optimization of ECAP conditions to achieve high strain-rate superplasticity in a Zr- and Sc-modified aa 7075 aluminum alloy
Authors: Turba Kryštof , Málek Přemysl , Rauch Edgar F. , Robaut Florence , Cieslar Miroslav 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An AA 7075 aluminum alloy with Zr and Sc additions was subjected to 6 – 8 passes of equal-channel angular pressing at 120, 170, and 220 °C in order to study the effect of the pressing conditions on the microstructural characteristics and the consequences for high-temperature mechanical properties. Using the method of electron backscatter diffraction, a decrease in pressing temperature was found to lead to a more pronounced refinement of the microstructure and a higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries, but at the same time compromised the ability of the Al3 (Zr, Sc) phase to stabilize the ultra-fine-grained microstructure at elevated temperatures. Optimum superplastic properties were therefore achieved after pressing at the intermediate temperature of 170 °C. The material exhibited high strain-rate superplasticity with a ductility of 650 % at an initial strain rate of 1 × 10 – 1 s – 1.
Multilayer composite al99.99/almg3 sheets prepared by accumulative roll bonding
Authors: Slámová† Margarita , Sláma Peter , Homola Petr , Uhlíř Jaromír , Cieslar Miroslav 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) allows producing ultrafine-grained sheets of high strength and has been successfully used to prepare such materials from aluminium alloys. However, due to intensive work hardening of bond-rolled AlMg3 sheets, significant edge cracking occurred. Cracking was reduced by cladding AlMg3 with aluminium. Lamellar composites were thus prepared. Their structure was studied by electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy; hardening was evaluated by microhardness measurements and tensile tests. Composite grain sizes are coarser than in the mono-material sheets. Accordingly, the evolution of strength with ARB-cycling in both materials differs. AlMg3 composite layers exhibit less work hardening than the mono-material; the composite strength is between that of the two mono-material ARB-sheets while the ductility does not differ substantially.
Low sliding-wear resistance of ultrafine-grained Al alloys and steel having undergone severe plastic deformation
Authors: Kim Yong-Suk , Seok Yu Hyun , Hyuk Shin Dong 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Dry sliding wear characteristics of ultrafine-grained Al alloys 1100, 5052, and low carbon ferrite-martensite dual phase steel (Fe-0.15C-0.25Si-1.11Mn-0.06V) were investigated. The Al alloys and the steel were processed by the accumulative roll bonding and the equal channel angular pressing, respectively, to produce the ultrafine-grained microstructure. Pin-on-disk wear tests were performed on the alloys at various applied loads at room temperature. Hardness and strength of the ultrafine-grained alloys increased with the increase in the accumulated total plastic strain. However, wear resistance of the ultrafine-grained alloys was not improved after the severe deformation. The low wear-resistance of the ultrafine-grained alloys was attributed to the lack of strain hardening due to unstable and non-equilibrium grain boundaries of the alloys and the cracking at the interface of the ferrite and martensite phases.
Acoustic emission study of the deformation behaviour of magnesium sheets
Authors: Bohlen Jan , Dobroň Patrik , Hantzsche Kerstin , Letzig Dietmar , Chmelík Frantisek , Ulrich Kainer Karl 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In this study, acoustic emission (AE) measurements were performed during tensile testing of sheets of four magnesium alloys in different orientations with respect to the tensile axis in order to investigate the influence of microstructure and texture on the deformation behaviour. AE measurements could especially be used for analysing the activity of twinning. It was shown that the grain size has an important impact on the AE count rates which was directly related to the activity of deformation mechanisms. Small changes in the texture can significantly affect the activity of twins. It was further shown that a weak texture promotes ductility.
Acoustic emission study of the mechanical anisotropy of the extruded AZ31 alloy
Authors: Dobroň Patrik , Chmelík František , Bohlen Jan , Hantzsche Kerstin , Letzig Dietmar , Ulrich Kainer Karl 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The mechanical anisotropy behaviour of the extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated by in-situ measurements of acoustic emission.
Specimens taken in the extrusion direction were uniaxially loaded in tension and compression at room temperature. The acoustic emission count rates were correlated with stress – strain curves and their values show local maxima at the yield point, which is linked with cooperative dislocation processes and/or with the occurrence of deformation twins, especially in compression tests. During compression tests, another acoustic emission maximum occurs after the yield point which indicates the activation of further deformation mechanisms. In this paper the acoustic emission results are presented and discussed in terms of texture evolution during plastic deformation.
Mechanical properties of pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys with a new tailored nano/meso hybrid microstructure
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroshi , Sekiguchi Tatsuya , Ameyama Kei 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy powders are treated by a mechanical milling process, which is one of the severe plastic deformation processes. The mechanical milling enables to produce a nano-grain microstructure very easily and has been applied to many powder materials. The bimodal microstructure in those mechanically milled powders is composed of a nano-grain structure with a grain size of about 50 nm in the surface-near region and of a work-hardened microstructure in the core region of the powder. We applied the hot roll sintering process to pure titanium and to Ti-6Al-4V mechanically milled powders. These compacts have a hybrid microstructure that consists of nano-grain structure with grain sizes of 200 to 500 nm and a micron size meso-grain structure. The hybrid microstructure materials demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties compared to conventional materials.
In-situ SEM/EBSD observation of abnormal grain growth in electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel
Authors: Tsurekawa Sadahiro , Fukino Tatsuya , Matsuzaki Takashi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An in-situ SEM/EBSD technique has been applied to observe initial-stage and late-stage abnormal grain growth in electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel with the aim of obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of abnormal grain growth. We found that the late-stage abnormal grain growth occurred in an anisotropic manner such that the area of faceted {001} planes increased, and the faceted interface migrated by step motion. During abnormal grain growth, low-angle boundary and low- CSL boundaries such as 3 and 9 were found to migrate more slowly than random boundaries. As a result, small grains that possessed a CSL relation with the abnormally growing grain were often embedded into the abnormal grain. Initial-stage and late-stage abnormal grain growth both obeyed a parabolic growth law.
Strain release from pre-deformed Ni53.6Mn27.1Ga19.3 shape memory alloy during thermal cycling
Authors: Frost Miroslav , Rudajevová Alexandra 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A polycrystalline Ni53.6Mn27.1Ga19.3 shape memory alloy was deformed in compression in four steps up to a final deformation of 3.0 % at room temperature. After each deformation step the relative elongation was measured in two thermal cycles in the temperature range 300 K to 640 K, where a thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation occurs.
A one-way shape memory effect and a two-way shape memory effect were observed after deformation of the alloy and their relation to other mechanical characteristics of the alloy are discussed.
Simulation of the growth kinetics of FeB and Fe2B phases on the AISI M2 borided steel: Effect of the paste thickness
Authors: Keddam M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The influence of boron paste thickness on the simulated growth kinetics of Fe borides grown on the AISI M2 steel's substrate was investigated. The boron potential was varied using two boron paste thicknesses (3 and 4 mm) with time durations of 2 and 6 h, and treatment temperatures of 1223, 1253, and 1273 K. Assuming that the growth of the boride layers follows a parabolic law, a kinetic model was applied to evaluate the parabolic growth constant at each growing phase interface, the layer thicknesses of Fe borides, as well as the associated mass gain depending on the treatment parameters (process time, temperature, and boron paste thickness). The simulation results were in good agreement with experimental data taken from the literature.
Observations on Cryoglobulin Testing: I. The Association of Cryoglobulins Containing Rheumatoid Factors with Manifestation of Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Authors: DE ROSA FRANCESCO G. , AGNELLO VINCENT 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To investigate the results of mixed cryoglobulin tests performed on patients with and without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, to determine whether type II cryoglobulins containing rheumatoid factor (Type II-RF) were associated with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.Methods.The cryoglobulin test protocol differed from the routine protocol. In addition to determination of both cryoglobulin concentration and immunoglobulin composition, the presence or absence of RF concentrated in the cryoglobulins was determined.Results.A qualitative and quantitative association of Type II-RF cryoglobulins with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis was present among HCV-infected patients.Conclusion.Detection and quantification of Type II-RF may enhance clinical monitoring of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in HCV-infected patients.
Which Measure of Inflammation to Use? A Comparison of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein Measurements from Randomized Clinical Trials of Golimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: CROWSON CYNTHIA S. , RAHMAN MAHBOOB U. , MATTESON ERIC L. 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To assess clinical utility of measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) versus Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in evaluating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Data from 3 randomized clinical trials of golimumab involving 1247 patients with RA in which ESR and CRP were obtained at baseline and Week 24, along with standard measures of clinical disease activity [swollen and tender joint counts, global disease activity assessment, composite Disease Activity Scores (DAS) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI)], were utilized.Result.Both ESR and CRP were significant predictors of swollen joint count (p < 0.001 for each). Only 4.5% of patients with no swollen joints had elevated CRP and normal ESR, but 15.2% had elevated ESR and normal CRP. ESR and CRP correlated significantly (Pearson r = 0.59, p < 0.001) with each other. DAS-ESR and DAS-CRP were highly correlated (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) with each other, although DAS-ESR values were slightly lower than the DAS-CRP values at the upper end of the range (DAS > 8). Both ESR and CRP were significantly associated with CDAI (p < 0.001 for each).Conclusion.It is not necessary to obtain both ESR and CRP measures for clinical disease activity assessment in clinical trials of RA. Neither test adds significantly to clinical measures of disease activity including joint counts and global assessments. Where available, the CRP alone may be preferred for disease activity assessment as a simple, validated, reproducible, non age-dependent test.
Declines in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rates in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Over the Second Half of the 20th Century
Authors: ABELSON BENJAMIN , SOKKA TUULIKKI , PINCUS THEODORE 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To analyze baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) in cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which had been included in a review concerning longterm mortality, in reports published between 1973 and 2008, with baseline observations between 1954 and 2000.Methods.A computer search and complementary review of the literature had identified 84 unique cohorts with RA for which mortality over 5–40 years was reported. Baseline ESR data were available for 23 of the 84 cohorts. Mean and median ESR, age, disease duration, and rheumatoid factor (RF) status were compiled and analyzed in tertiles according to first year of patient recruitment.Results.Among 7 cohorts recruited initially between 1954 and 1980, median ESR at baseline was 47 mm/h (mean 50 mm/h, range 43–66), compared to median 38 mm/h (mean 41 mm/h, range 34–64) among 8 cohorts recruited between 1981 and 1984, and median 36 mm/h (mean 35 mm/h, range 28–42) among 8 cohorts recruited between 1985 and 1996. The lowest mean ESR among 7 cohorts with baseline in 1980 or earlier was 43 mm/h, and the highest reported mean ESR among 8 cohorts recruited after 1985 was 42 mm/h. In 3 cohorts recruited after 1985 from Sweden, Finland, and Spain, mean baseline ESR was < 30 mm/h.Conclusion.Mean ESR fell by 30% in cohorts of patients with RA recruited before 1981 compared to cohorts recruited after 1984. This decline may reflect changes in both the natural history and approaches to therapy of RA.
Association Between Toll-like Receptor 4 Gene Polymorphism and Biopsy-proven Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: PALOMINO-MORALES ROGELIO , TORRES ORLANDO , VAZQUEZ-RODRIGUEZ TOMAS R. , MORADO INMACULADA C. , CASTAÑEDA SANTOS , CALLEJAS-RUBIO JOSE L. , MIRANDA-FILLOY JOSE A. , FERNANDEZ-GUTIERREZ BENJAMIN , MARTIN JAVIER , GONZALEZ-GAY MIGUEL A. 
Published: June 2009

Objective.Dendritic cells localized at the adventitia-media border of the normal medium-sized arteries play a pivotal role in the initiation of giant cell arteritis (GCA). These cells express a singular surface receptor profile, including a series of Toll-like receptors (TLR). Ligands of TLR-4 promote activation and differentiation of adventitial dendritic cells and are directly implicated in the pathogenesis of GCA. We aimed to assess the potential implication of theTLR4-(+896 A/G)gene polymorphism in the susceptibility to GCA.Methods.A total of 210 patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven GCA and 678 matched controls were included in our study. DNA from patients and controls was obtained from peripheral blood. Samples were genotyped for theTLR4-(+896 A/G)(rs4986790) gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction, using a predesigned TaqMan allele discrimination assay.Results.TheTLR4 +896G allele was significantly increased in biopsy-proven GCA patients compared to controls [p = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–2.52]. The increase was due to a significantly increased frequency of heterozygosity for theTLR4−896 A/G genotype in the group of patients with biopsy-proven GCA compared to controls (TLR4−896 A/G heterozygous in patients with GCA 18.1% compared to 11.4% in controls: p = 0.01; OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.10–2.69). However, no significant differences were observed when patients with GCA were stratified according to the presence of specific clinical features of the disease.Conclusion.Our results show for the first time an association ofTLR4-(+896 A/G)gene polymorphism with susceptibility to biopsy-proven GCA.
Elevated Circulating TWEAK Levels in Systemic Sclerosis: Association with Lower Frequency of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: YANABA KOICHI , YOSHIZAKI AYUMI , MUROI EIJI , HARA TOSHIHIDE , OGAWA FUMIHIDE , USUI AYA , HASEGAWA MINORU , FUJIMOTO MANABU , TAKEHARA KAZUHIKO , SATO SHINICHI 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To determine serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its clinical associations in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).Methods.Serum TWEAK levels from 70 patients with SSc were examined by ELISA. In a retrospective longitudinal study, sera from 23 patients with SSc were analyzed (followup 0.8–7.2 yrs).Results.Serum TWEAK levels were elevated in patients with SSc (n = 70) compared with healthy controls (n = 31) and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 22). Among patients with SSc, there were no differences in serum TWEAK levels between limited cutaneous SSc and diffuse cutaneous SSc. Patients with SSc who had elevated TWEAK levels less often had pulmonary fibrosis and decreased vital capacity than those with normal TWEAK levels. In the longitudinal study, SSc patients with inactive pulmonary fibrosis or without pulmonary fibrosis consistently exhibited increased TWEAK levels, while those with active pulmonary fibrosis showed decreased TWEAK levels during the followup period.Conclusion.TWEAK levels were increased in patients with SSc, and associated with a lower frequency of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with SSc. TWEAK could be a protective factor against the development of pulmonary fibrosis in this disease and as such would be a possible therapeutic target.
Observations on Cryoglobulin Testing: II. The Association of Oligoclonal Mixed Cryoglobulinemia with Cirrhosis in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus: Table 1.
Authors: DE ROSA FRANCESCO G. , ÁBEL GYÖRGY , AGNELLO VINCENT 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To determine whether a mixed cryoglobulin type correlated with cirrhosis in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).Methods.We investigated the results of mixed cryoglobulin tests performed in the clinical laboratory on patients with and without HCV infection.Results.A higher prevalence of oligoclonal cryoglobulins designated Type IIa was present in HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis.Conclusion.An association of Type IIa cryoglobulins with cirrhosis in HCV-infected patients has not previously been reported.
Ecology of Arboviruses in Sri Lanka: A Summary of Studies from 1984-1990
Authors: Peiris JSM , Arunagiri CK , Perera LP 
Published: June 2009

Studies on arboviruses carried out between 1984 -1990 at the University of Peradeniya are summarized here. The isolation of Nairobi sheep disease virus, Getah, Batai and Arkonam and serological evidence of the circulation of California encephalitis serogroup and Chandipura viruses have been reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The ecology of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in areas with epidemic disease and sylvatic infection has been compared. A synchronous pattern of seroconversion in pigs and seroprevalence in cattle are more predictive of epidemic JE risk than overall porcine seroprevalence which is a good indicator of the presence of sylvatic JE rather than of human epidemic risk. Relatively modest changes in vector abundance associated with rainfall or agricultural practices have dramatic changes on the emergence of epidemic JE. Chandipura virus which is known to cause major outbreaks of encephalitis in India is endemic in Sri Lanka as are viruses belonging to the California encephalitis serogroup. Both these viruses are potential causes of human encephalitis and should be sought in patients with undiagnosed encephalitis. Nairobi sheep disease virus is endemic in animals (especially goats) and infects humans working closely with such livestock. Arboviruses remain an under-recognised cause of human and animal disease and an inter-sectoral multidisciplinary approach is needed to confront such emerging infectious disease threat. Keywords: Japanese encephalitis, California serogroup, Alphavirus, mosquito, Chandipura virus doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i1.492 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (1): 7-14, 2008
Rediscription of Ponyfishes ( Teleostei: Leiognathidae) of Sri Lanka and the Status of <i>Aurigequula</i> Fowler 1918
Authors: Chakrabarty Prosanta , Amarasinghe Thasun , Sparks John S 
Published: June 2009

The ponyfishes of Sri Lanka are redescribed from recent collections. Comparisons are made among species in a Principal Components Analysis. Sri Lanka's proximity to the type localities of many inadequately described ponyfish species makes it ideal for the rediscovery and redescription of populations consistent in features with those from the original descriptions. Many ponyfish species were described over a hundred years ago (sometimes over 200 years ago) without designation of type material and using vague and non-apomorphic features. The descriptions made here will allow for comparison with those earlier descriptions and leiognathid specimens from localities throughout their range. These comparisons may lead to the discovery of new species and to a better understanding of the relationships within the group. In addition, Aurigequula Fowler, 1918 is resurrected from synonymy with Leiognathus Lacepède, 1802 to replace a previously established invalid name. Aurigequula comprises, A. fasciata and A. longispinis. Key words: Leiognathids, ponyfish, Sri Lanka, taxonomy doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i2.502 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (2): 143-161, 2008
Reproductive development and parental investment during pregnancy: Moderating influence of mother's early environment
Authors: Coall David A. , Chisholm James S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe association between a woman's age at menarche and the birth weight of her children is highly variable across human populations. Life history theory proposes that a woman's early environment may moderate this association and thus account for some of the variation between populations. According to one life history theory model, for individuals who develop in a childhood environment of high local mortality rates (experienced subjectively as psychosocial stress), it can be adaptive to mature earlier, have more offspring during their reproductive lifetime, and reduce investment in each offspring. In an environment of low psychosocial stress, however, it may be adaptive to mature later, have fewer offspring, and invest more in each. In this study, birth weight and proportionate birth weight (neonate's birth weight as a percentage of its mother's prepregnancy weight) were used as measures of parental investment during pregnancy. In a sample of 580 first‐time mothers, we tested the hypothesis that the psychosocial stress experienced as a child would moderate the association between age at menarche and investment during pregnancy. We found that earlier menarche in those women who experienced stressful life events before 15 years of age was associated with a lower birth weight and proportionate birth weight. Conversely, in those who reported no childhood stressors, earlier menarche was associated with increased birth weight and proportionate birth weight. Our data suggest that the moderating influence of the childhood psychosocial environment on the association between age at menarche and parental investment throughout gestation operates in a dose‐dependent manner. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.