bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and case‐based insights into issues of gender and school‐based achievement: beyond simplistic explanations
Authors: Kutnick Peter 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis article reports findings from a large‐scale research study exploring female attainment and male underachievement in a representative sample of students and case‐ studies from the Caribbean island of Barbados. The article shows that simplistic gender‐based (matrilineal and male marginal) explanations are not adequate explanations for school attainment. The representative survey of 2255 primary and secondary school children used both simple and complex comparisons between children. Dependent on statistical approach, females can be shown to attain at higher levels than males or that ‘gendered’ explanations disguise more important factors including type of school attended, pre‐school attendance, with whom the student lives and occupation of mother and father. Two small case‐studies are included to further describe how cultures of top and bottom performing secondary schools may affect attainment, especially as the top performing school was co‐educational with no sex differences in curriculum attainment and the bottom performing school was female only. These attainment effects occur through school personnel, attitudes to students and the learning process, and student involvement.
Can we tell the difference and does it matter? Differences in achievement between girls and boys in Australian senior secondary education
Authors: Matters Gabrielle , Allen Reg , Gray Ken , Pitman John 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe nature and interpretation of differences between the achievements of females and males in senior secondary school studies in Australia, and the implications for policy and practice of these perceived differences, are showing signs of change. The ways in which these issues are discussed publicly across Australia are reviewed and then matched against indications that have emerged from data in one state (Queensland) and from other, published studies. This analysis suggests that there are important notions of gendered achievement that may not be receiving due consideration by those who formulate policy or analyse practice.
ICT in subject teaching: an opportunity for curriculum renewal?
Authors: Bonnett Michael , Mcfarlane Angela , Williams Jacquetta 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAt a time of unprecedented levels of investment in ICT in UK schools this article reflects on curriculum issues raised by a recent piece of research into the potential of multimedia authoring to enhance children's learning in the context of a drugs education programme with Year 6 children. It is argued that, given proper supporting structures, ICT of this highly interactive kind has the potential to develop qualities of evaluation, independence and responsibility in children's learning and understanding. Its use can also challenge the existing culture of the classroom and stimulate teachers to devise teaching strategies which celebrate a reassertion of liberal educational values which have implications for the role of the teacher in interpreting the curriculum, teacher‐pupil interaction and modes of assessment.
Community, culture and identity: geography, the National Curriculum and Wales
Authors: Daugherty Richard , Jones Sian 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe 1988 Education Reform Act legislated for a National Curriculum not for one nation but for two, Wales and England. This article reviews the way in which attempts to develop a distinctive curriculum in Wales for one subject, geography, were thwarted by the dominance among key policy‐makers in England of views about the study of place which were unsympathetic to the idea of the school curriculum being a vehicle for the development of a sense of community and national identity. Drawing on evidence from a survey of secondary school geography teachers in Wales, it considers the extent to which the teaching of geography is seen by teachers as a means of achieving such educational goals.
Using qualitative and quantitative stakeholder knowledge: examples from European deep-water fisheries
Authors: Lorance Pascal , Agnarsson Sveinn , Damalas Dimitrios , des Clers Sophie , Figueiredo Ivone , Gil Juan , Trenkel Verena M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Lorance, P., Agnarsson, S., Damalas, D., des Clers, S., Figueiredo, I., Gil, J., and Trenkel, V. M. 2011. Using qualitative and quantitative stakeholder knowledge: examples from European deep-water fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1815–1824. Stakeholder knowledge was collected through questionnaires and cognitive maps and used to summarize biological, environmental, technical, management, and socio-economic factors for several deep-water fisheries, identifying regional management issues and solutions. The questionnaires and cognitive maps revealed different technical, environmental, and management concerns in these fisheries. Dissatisfaction with management was more at an implementation than a conceptual level, because the existing management measures were mostly considered fit for purpose. Further, catch-and-effort data provided by the fishing industry were used to calculate standardized landings per unit effort. The results suggested different trends over time for three deep-water stocks exploited by the same fleet. The examples demonstrate how stakeholder involvement and use of qualitative knowledge and quantitative data might improve the management process and stock assessments when data are limited.
First Report of Canker on Pecan (Carya cathayensis) Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in China
Authors: Zhang C. Q. , Xu B. C. 
Published: July 2011

In the late 1990s, sporadic occurrence of Botryosphaeria canker on Carya cathayensis was recorded in Zhejiang Province, China. From 2005 to 2009, nearly 90% of orchards in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces were seriously affected by this disease. Symptoms were similar to those of canker of C. illinoinensis (2); small, elliptical lesions that developed on the bark at points of infection and then enlarged to form large, sunken, elongated cankers. The cankers coalesced, forming large diffuse areas of blighted tissue, which turned black. Tissue samples from the margin of trunk lesions from 35 different diseased trees from five counties were surface sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 1 week. Gray-black mycelia and colorless, aseptate, thin-walled conidia, 17.3 ± 0.8 long and 4.5 ± 0.5 μm wide, were produced. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 from DNA extracted from mycelium produced on PDA and was recorded as GenBank Accession Nos. HQ731442 and HQ731443. The results of BLAST showed that it had more than 98% similarity to records for B. dothidea. Uninfected twigs and stems of C. cathayensis were wounded with a scalpel and then sprayed with a conidia suspension of 106 conidia per ml in distilled water as inoculum or distilled water only to provide an noninoculated control, wrapped in plastic bags to retain moisture, and incubated for 48 h. For each isolate, five twigs and stems per tree and a total of 10 trees were inoculated. After 2 weeks, 14 of 15 isolates caused lesions on inoculated stems and twigs, whereas no symptoms developed on the noninoculated controls. Cultures isolated from lesions and cultured on PDA exhibited morphological characteristics identical to those of B. dothidea, confirming completion of Koch's postulates. Currently, the distribution of Botryosphaeria canker of C. cathayensis is confined to Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. The identification of the pathogen now allows for appropriate forest management measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Botryosphaeria canker of pecan (C. cathayensis) in China. References: (1) S. Denman et al. Stud. Mycol. 45:129, 2000. (2) W. A. Sinclair and H. H. Lyon. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2005.
A Tomato Fruit Rot Caused by Trichothecium roseum in Brazil
Authors: Inácio C. A. , Pereira-Carvalho R. C. , Morgado F. G. A. , Fonseca M. E. N. , Boiteux L. S. 
Published: July 2011

Fruit rots caused by distinct fungal pathogens are commonly observed on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) throughout all major production areas in Brazil. Samples of fruits displaying white mycelial growth associated with a profuse salmon-color sporulation were collected in greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Brasília-DF in February 2011. The isolated fungus displayed pink-to-white colonies containing several conidiophores with conidia. Mycelia displayed hyaline hyphae as much as 4 μm in diameter; conidiophores were simple or branched, 112 to 300 (360) μm long, and 2 to 4 μm wide. Conidia were produced in basipetal chains (frequently clustered), were ellipsoidal to pyriform with oblique and prominent truncate basal scars, two-celled, hyaline, and (14-) 16 to 26 (-28) × (6-) 7 to 10 (-12) μm. These characteristics allocated the specimen to Trichothecium roseum (Pers.). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for one fungal isolate by either spraying 10 intact fruits or by placing a drop of a spore suspension (adjusted to 105 conidia/ml) into three to five wounds created on 10 mature fruits of each of two tomato cultivars (Santa Clara and Dominador) by puncturing each fruit with a sterile needle. Five fruits of each cultivar were treated with sterile water as the mock-inoculated control treatment. Identical symptoms to those of the original fruit were observed only in the T. roseum-inoculated samples 5 to 7 days after using both inoculation procedures. Total DNA was extracted from a pure colony of the fungus growing on potato dextrose agar medium and used as template in PCR assays with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS-5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) primer pair (2). A single amplicon of approximately 630 bp was observed and directly sequenced. Sequence analysis of the Brazilian isolate (GenBank No. JN081877) indicated identity levels of 99% with T. roseum isolates reported on Leucadendron xanthoconus in South Africa (GenBank No. EU552162) and isolates from strawberry fruits in South Korea (GenBank No. HM355750). However, phylogenetic analysis was unable to discriminate isolates of T. roseum from Passalora (GenBank No. EF432764) and Fusarium (GenBank No. GU183369) isolates, confirming the low genetic variability of the ITS region in Hypocreales (3). T. roseum has been reported to be infecting greenhouse tomatoes in the United States (4) and causing postharvest disease of tomatoes in Argentina (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. roseum infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Brazil. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) L. Lombard et al. Stud. Mycol. 66:31, 2010. (4) A. W. Welch, Jr. et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:255, 1975.
ED50 of desflurane for laryngeal mask airway removal in anaesthetised adults
Authors: Makkar J. K. , Arora S. , Jain K. , Wig J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryPrevious estimates for the end‐tidal concentration of desflurane that allows removal of the laryngeal mask airway in 50% of anaesthetised adults (ED50) have ranged from 2.1% to 5.3%. To assess which value is correct, we studied 32 female patients (aged 30–50 years) undergoing intracavity caesium implants for cervical carcinoma under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2–3 mg.kg−1 and maintained with desflurane in a 50% nitrous oxide‐oxygen mixture. At the end of surgery, a predetermined target end‐tidal desflurane concentration (starting at 4%) was maintained for 10 min using Dixon’s up‐down method and the laryngeal mask airway was removed. The target end‐tidal concentration in the next patient was increased or decreased by 0.5% depending upon the response of the previous patient. Removal of the laryngeal mask airway without coughing, clenching, biting, movement or any adverse airway event during or within 1 min after removal was considered to be successful. We found that the laryngeal mask airway can be successfully removed in 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of the anaesthetised adults at end‐tidal desflurane concentrations of 2.4% (95% CI 1.3–2.9) and 3.8% (3.1–9.6), respectively.
The effects of sex and seasonality on the metal levels of different muscle tissues of mature Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in Mersin Bay, north‐eastern mediterranean
Authors: Ayas Deniz , Ozogul Yesim 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the seasonal and sexual effects on metal levels of lump crabmeat (LCM) and chela crabmeat (CCM) of mature Atlantic blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, caught in the Mersin Bay, the north‐eastern Mediterranean. The findings indicated that the annual ranges of metal levels in the LCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.44–0.61 μg Cd g−1, 0.30–0.60 μg Cr g−1, 0.24–0.52 μg Pb g−1, 9.72–43.70 μg Cu g−1, 39.52–97.26 μg Zn g−1, 11.97–32.48 μg Fe g−1. The annual range of metal levels in the CCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.52–1.07 μg Cd g−1, 0.24–0.61 μg Cr g−1, 0.28–0.56 μg Pb g−1, 22.17–68.09 μg Cu g−1, 93.92–175.21 μg Zn g−1, 8.81–19.47 μg Fe g−1. Cd, Cu, Zn levels in CCM of Atlantic blue crabs were higher than in LCM, whereas Fe levels were found lower (P < 0.05). Fe metal specifically accumulated in LCM, and Cd, Cu and Zn metals accumulated in CCM. Metals such as Cu, Zn and Fe showed seasonal variations. It was found out that Cu, Zn and Fe levels of muscle tissues of the Atlantic blue crab in spring and summer seasons were higher than in autumn and winter seasons.
Are the negative effects of roads on breeding birds caused by traffic noise?
Authors: Summers Patricia D. , Cunnington Glenn M. , Fahrig Lenore 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. The effects of roads on wildlife populations are widespread and well documented. Many studies have shown that bird abundance, occurrence and species richness are reduced near roads, with the largest reductions where traffic levels are high. Negative correlations have been reported between bird richness/abundance and traffic noise but the possible causes of road effects are inter‐correlated. It is important to disentangle the different effects so that appropriate mitigation measures can be implemented.2. We tested the hypothesis that traffic noise is a key negative effect by testing three predictions: (i) bird richness/abundance should reach a maximum at the same distance from roads that traffic noise reaches a minimum; (ii) the effect of traffic noise on bird richness/abundance should be stronger than the effect of distance from the road on bird richness/abundance; and (iii) sites with more traffic noise at a given distance from the road should show lower bird richness/abundance than sites with less traffic noise at the same distance.3. We collected breeding bird occurrence and traffic noise data along twenty 600‐m transects perpendicular to roads at 10 high‐traffic road sites.4. Traffic noise decreased and bird species richness increased with increasing distance from the roads. However, none of the predictions derived from the traffic noise hypothesis was supported.5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that traffic noise is not the main cause of the negative relationship between bird species richness/abundance and proximity to roads. Instead, traffic mortality may be the main mechanism causing this relationship. We suggest that mitigation of road impacts on birds should focus mainly on reducing mortality rather than reducing traffic noise. In particular, engineering road surfaces, tyres and vehicle engines to reduce noise would not mitigate road effects; instead, structures to keep birds away from roads or force them to fly above the traffic would be more effective.
Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time‐to‐event approach
Authors: Whittington Jesse , Hebblewhite Mark , DeCesare Nicholas J. , Neufeld Lalenia , Bradley Mark , Wilmshurst John , Musiani Marco 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Caribou and reindeer Rangifer tarandus are declining across North America and Scandinavia in part from wolf Canis lupus‐mediated apparent competition with more abundant ungulate prey species. While caribou generally persist in areas with low wolf density, wolf packs that overlap caribou ranges could trigger caribou declines. Moreover, anthropogenic linear features such as roads, trails and seismic lines are hypothesized to increase predation risk for caribou, yet few studies have examined the mechanistic effects of linear features or spatial overlap on wolf–caribou encounter rates and predation risk.2. We used (a) time‐to‐event models of wolf–caribou encounters estimated from concurrent global positioning system (GPS) radio‐collar data from wolves and caribou and (b) wolf resource selection models of travel locations, to determine the potential influence of wolf–caribou spatial overlap, linear features, elevation and season on encounter rates. Analyses were based on data from 35 adult female caribou and 37 male and female wolves from 11 wolf packs from Banff and Jasper National Parks, Canada, from 2002 until 2010.3. Wolf–caribou encounter rates increased with high wolf–caribou overlap, proximity to linear features and lower elevations. Wolves strongly selected low elevations, especially during winter and spring. Selection for linear features as travel routes increased with elevation.4. Caribou risk of encounter was highest during the summer and autumn when wolves spent the most time at high elevations. Most wolf‐caused mortalities (n = 12) occurred during spring and summer.5. Synthesis and applications. The presence of anthropogenic linear features and the amount of time wolves spend in caribou range could be equally as important as wolf density when prioritizing caribou recovery actions such as wolf or primary prey reductions or re‐introductions. The use of GPS locations and time‐to‐event modelling offers a powerful tool for evaluating factors affecting predation risk of threatened and endangered species.
Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal
Authors: Phillips Reese Brand , Winchell Clark S. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Live‐trapping is a fundamental tool in the study of wildlife species and populations. Capture of nontarget species is an inherent side‐effect of trapping animals that is inefficient and potentially detrimental to individuals and populations. Reducing recapture of nontarget species will increase the efficiency of long‐term studies and projects, and minimize unwanted impacts.2. During the initial stages of a 3‐year feral cat Felis catus control programme on San Clemente Island, California, USA, we experienced high recapture rates of nontarget endangered San Clemente Island foxes Urocyon littoralis clementae, impacting project efficiency and potentially foxes.3. We investigated whether we could modify our baiting strategy to reduce fox recaptures using behavioural modification techniques, while simultaneously maintaining the ability to capture feral cats. We tested two strategies, aversive conditioning and reward removal, to reduce fox recapture rates.4. Using lithium chloride (LC) as an aversive agent, we reduced fox recapture rates more than 10 times compared with rates using control bait. Using the reward removal technique, we reduced fox recapture rates almost 20 times compared with control baits. Neither behavioural modification technique deterred cats from entering traps, and our results suggest that by reducing fox recaptures, we improved our ability to capture cats.5. Synthesis and applications. These novel baiting strategies have wide applicability in wildlife research and management. The efficiency of long‐term monitoring or control programmes may be enhanced by discouraging recapture of ‘trap happy’ animals. Potential impacts to threatened species confined in traps could be minimized by reducing recaptures. Sampling of rare species in biodiversity studies could be improved by reducing recapture of competitively superior or numerically dominant species.
Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Behavior Scale: a preliminary study
Authors: Wang Ruey‐Hsia , Jian Shu‐Yuan , Yang Yung‐Mei 
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  To test the psychometric characteristics of a five‐item Chinese Contraceptive Behavior Scale (CBS) among female adolescents in Taiwan.Background.  Improving contraceptive practice is important for reducing adolescent pregnancy. A scale for measuring contraceptive behaviour of sexually active female adolescents will help nurses promote contraceptive practices to sexually active female adolescents.Design.  A cross‐sectional design.Methods.  Based on literature review and interview with female adolescents, a five‐item CBS was developed. Using convenience sampling, 525 sexually active female adolescents were invited to complete the (anonymous) CBS. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), contrasting group validity and concurrent validity were tested to examine the validity of CBS. A multiple‐group analysis was used to test the cross‐validation of the structure of CBS in two groups. Cronbach’s α and test–retest reliability were used to examine the reliability of CBS.Results.  One factor was produced by exploratory factor analysis. Each item significantly loaded on the CBS by CFA. A multiple‐group analysis indicated that the structure of CBS was reliable across two different samples. The overall chi‐square and model fit indices were χ2 = 13·554, df = 8, p = 0·094, normed fit index = 0·992, comparative fit index = 0·994 and root mean square error of approximation = 0·036 (90% CI = 0·001, 0·069). The scores of CBS significantly correlated with subscales of perceptions of benefits to contraception (r = 0·47, p < 0·001) and subscales of perceptions of barriers to contraception (r = −0·29, p < 0·001). CBS mean scores significantly differed between the participants who used and did not use contraceptives at first sexual intercourse (t = 10·00, p < 0·001). Cronbach’s α for the CBS was 0·81. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0·94.Conclusions.  The CBS had satisfactory validity and reliability.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses can use CBS to initiate discussions with sexually active female adolescents about their contraceptive practices and provide them with useful strategies to improve their contraceptive practices.