bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation Testing of Drift Reduction Technology Testing Protocol
Authors: Khan Faruque A. , Ellenberger Jay S. , Birchfield Norman B. , Kosusko Michael , Rothman Gabriel S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A number of pesticide application technologies offer the potential to reduce spray drift from pesticide applications. However, limited information exists on the effectiveness of these technologies in reducing spray drift. Working with a stakeholder technical panel under EPA’s Environmental Technology Council, the Office of Pesticide Programs in EPA has developed and is in the process of validating a testing protocol to verify the effectiveness of drift reduction technologies (DRTs). The DRT testing protocol was adapted from standard test methods and regulatory methods used in other countries and describes the testing approach that will be used to generate high-quality, peer-reviewed data for DRTs, including test design and quality assurance aspects. Both low-speed and high-speed wind tunnel tests were completed using a reference nozzle and two test nozzles to evaluate the performance of the generic DRT testing protocol. By Summer 2010, EPA anticipates to finalize this testing protocol based on the test results performed by EPA and other stakeholders. As a next step, EPA intends to encourage equipment manufacturers to voluntarily use the protocol for testing their equipment. Tested technologies that are proven to significantly reduce spray drift may be considered for addition to pesticide product labels by pesticide registrants and by EPA in its risk assessment and management decisions for the registration of new pesticide and uses and registration review (reevaluation) of currently registered pesticides. Pesticide product labels citing the use of DRTs could have reduced restrictions for applications, provide applicators with greater flexibility, and result in less off-target pesticide deposition. This paper will provide an update of EPA’s efforts to validate the DRT testing protocol and discuss future plans for using a validated protocol in evaluating DRTs in an effort to reduce load from unintended spray drift of pesticides in the environment.
Empirical Modeling of the Time-Dependent Structural Build-up of Lead-Free Solder Pastes Used in the Electronics Assembly Applications
Authors: Mallik S. , Ekere N. N. , Bhatti R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Solder paste is the primary bonding material used in the assembly of surface mount devices in electronics industries. It generally has a flocculated structure, which may break-down on shearing and slowly rebuild at rest. The proper characterization of the time-dependent rheological behaviors of solder pastes is crucial for establishing the relationships between the pastes’ structure and flow behavior and for correlating the physical parameters with paste printing performance. In this paper, we present a novel method that has been developed for characterizing the time-dependent and non-Newtonian rheological behavior of solder pastes and flux mediums as a function of shear rates. The objective of the study reported in this paper was to investigate the thixotropic build-up behavior of solder paste and flux mediums. The stretched exponential model has been used to model the structural changes during the build-up process and to correlate model parameters with the paste printing process. As expected, for solder paste samples, the rate of structural recovery was found dependent on the applied shear rate. The model parameters, such as equilibrium viscosity and characteristic time, have been correlated with the shear-thinning and slumping behaviors of solder paste during the stencil printing process.
Prediction of Genetic Values of Quantitative Traits in Plant Breeding Using Pedigree and Molecular Markers
Authors: Crossa José , Campos Gustavo de los , Pérez Paulino , Gianola Daniel , Burgueño Juan , Araus José Luis , Makumbi Dan , Singh Ravi P , Dreisigacker Susanne , Yan Jianbing , Arief Vivi , Banziger Marianne , Braun Hans-Joachim 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe availability of dense molecular markers has made possible the use of genomic selection (GS) for plant breeding. However, the evaluation of models for GS in real plant populations is very limited. This article evaluates the performance of parametric and semiparametric models for GS using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays) data in which different traits were measured in several environmental conditions. The findings, based on extensive cross-validations, indicate that models including marker information had higher predictive ability than pedigree-based models. In the wheat data set, and relative to a pedigree model, gains in predictive ability due to inclusion of markers ranged from 7.7 to 35.7%. Correlation between observed and predictive values in the maize data set achieved values up to 0.79. Estimates of marker effects were different across environmental conditions, indicating that genotype × environment interaction is an important component of genetic variability. These results indicate that GS in plant breeding can be an effective strategy for selecting among lines whose phenotypes have yet to be observed.
A Targeted UAS-RNAi Screen in Drosophila Larvae Identifies Wound Closure Genes Regulating Distinct Cellular Processes
Authors: Lesch Christine , Jo Juyeon , Wu Yujane , Fish Greg S , Galko Michael J 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Robust mechanisms for tissue repair are critical for survival of multicellular organisms. Efficient cutaneous wound repair requires the migration of cells at the wound edge and farther back within the epidermal sheet, but the genes that control and coordinate these migrations remain obscure. This is in part because a systematic screening approach for in vivo identification and classification of postembryonic wound closure genes has yet to be developed. Here, we performed a proof-of-principle reporter-based in vivo RNAi screen in the Drosophila melanogaster larval epidermis to identify genes required for normal wound closure. Among the candidate genes tested were kinases and transcriptional mediators of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway shown to be required for epithelial sheet migration during development. Also targeted were genes involved in actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Importantly, RNAi knockdown of both canonical and noncanonical members of the JNK pathway caused open wounds, as did several genes involved in actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Our analysis of JNK pathway components reveals redundancy among the upstream activating kinases and distinct roles for the downstream transcription factors DJun and DFos. Quantitative and qualitative morphological classification of the open wound phenotypes and evaluation of JNK activation suggest that multiple cellular processes are required in the migrating epidermal cells, including functions specific to cells at the wound edge and others specific to cells farther back within the epidermal sheet. Together, our results identify a new set of conserved wound closure genes, determine putative functional roles for these genes within the migrating epidermal sheet, and provide a template for a broader in vivo RNAi screen to discover the full complement of genes required for wound closure during larval epidermal wound healing.
Calculation of Dynamic Tire Forces from Aircraft Instrumentation Data
Authors: McKay Gary E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
When evaluating aircraft brake control system performance, it is difficult to overstate the importance of understanding dynamic tire forces—especially those related to tire friction behavior. As important as they are, however, these dynamic tire forces cannot be easily or reliably measured. To fill this need, an analytical approach has been developed to determine instantaneous tire forces during aircraft landing, braking and taxi operations. The approach involves using aircraft instrumentation data to determine forces (other than tire forces), moments, and accelerations acting on the aircraft. Inserting these values into the aircraft’s six degree-of-freedom equations-of-motion allows solution for the tire forces. While there are significant challenges associated with this approach, results to date have exceeded expectations in terms of fidelity, consistency, and data scatter. The results show excellent correlation to tests conducted in a tire test laboratory. And, while the results generally follow accepted tire friction theories, there are noteworthy differences.
Operator-valued Feynman integral via conditional Feynman integrals on a function space
Authors: Cho Dong 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Let C
0r [0; t] denote the analogue of the r-dimensional Wiener space, define X
t: C
r[0; t] → ℝ2r
by X
t (x) = (x(0); x(t)). In this paper, we introduce a simple formula for the conditional expectations with the conditioning function X
t. Using this formula, we evaluate the conditional analytic Feynman integral for the functional $$
\Gamma _t \left( x \right) = exp \left\{ {\int_0^t {\theta \left( {s,x\left( s \right)} \right)d\eta \left( s \right)} } \right\}\varphi \left( {x\left( t \right)} \right) x \in C^r \left[ {0,t} \right]
$$, where η is a complex Borel measure on [0, t], and θ(s, ·) and φ are the Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of the complex Borel measures on ℝr. We then introduce an integral transform as an analytic operator-valued Feynman integral over C
r [0, t], and evaluate the integral transform for the function Γt via the conditional analytic Feynman integral as a kernel.
Cranial ontogenetic variability, sex ratio and age structure of the Red fox
Authors: Hartová-Nentvichová Martina , Anděra Miloš , Hart Vlastimil 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Describing the sex ratio, age structure of the population and ontogenetic variability of Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Canidae, Carnivora) skull parameters, this study is based on 416 male and 289 female skulls collected in the Czech Republic. The skulls analysed came from feral individuals, that were shot by hunters. The male to female ratio was 1:0.69 regarding the whole population. Individuals younger than one year prevailed in the population (54% males, 48% females were in their first year of life). Four growth patterns of skull dimensions were described. The first group included mainly skull length dimensions (e.g. condylobasal length). They grew rapidly until the sixth month of life, becoming stabilised afterwards. The second group comprised parameters that were stable throughout the life (e.g. cheek tooth rows). Measurements representing the third growth pattern showed continual growth (mainly width dimensions, e.g. zygomatic breadth). Conversely, smaller dimensions of postorbital breadth were observed after the sixth month of life. Postorbital breadth represented the fourth growth pattern. It was concluded, that male and female Red foxes had similar ontogenetic skull development, even though there were some differences, e.g. in jugular breadth, which increased after the age of six months in males unlike in females.
The use of sulfated tin oxide as solid superacid catalyst for heterogeneous transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil
Authors: Kafuku Gerald , Lee Keat , Mbarawa Makame 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis work presents the use of sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2-SiO2) as a superacid solid catalyst to produce methyl esters from Jatropha curcas oil. The study was conducted using the design of experiment (DoE), specifically a response surface methodology based on a threevariable central composite design (CCD) with α = 2. The reaction parameters in the parametric study were: reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 h to 3 h), and methanol to oil mole ratio (1: 6 to 1: 24). Production of the esters was conducted using an autoclave nitrogen pressurized reactor equipped with a thermocouple and a magnetic stirrer. The maximum methyl esters yield of 97 mass % was obtained at the reaction conditions: temperature of 180°C, reaction period of 2 h, and methanol to oil mole ratio of 1: 15. The catalyst amount and agitation speed were fixed to 3 mass % and 350–360 min−1, respectively. Properties of the methyl esters obtained fell within the recommended biodiesel standards such as ASTM D6751 (ASTM, 2003).
Adaptive Algorithms for Enhancement of Speech Subject to a High-Level Noise
Authors: Latos Mariusz , Pawełczyk Marek 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere are many industrial environments which are exposed to a high-level noise, sometimes much higher than the level of speech. Verbal communication is then practically unfeasible. In order to increase the speech intelligibility, appropriate speech enhancement algorithms can be used. It is impossible to filter off the noise completely from the acquired signal by using a conventional filter, because of two reasons. First, the speech and the noise frequency contents are overlapping. Second, the noise properties are subject to change. The adaptive realisation of the Wiener-based approach can be, however, applied. Two structures are possible. One is the line enhancer, where the predictive realisation of the Wiener approach is used. The benefit of using this structure it that it does not require additional apparatus. The second structure takes advantage of the high level of noise. Under such condition, placing another microphone, even close to the primary one, can provide a reference signal well correlated with the noise disturbing the speech and lacking the information about the speech. Then, the classical Wiener filter can be used, to produce an estimate of the noise based on the reference signal. That noise estimate can be then subtracted from the disturbed speech. Both algorithms are verified, based on the data obtained from the real industrial environment. For laboratory experiments the G. R. A. S. artificial head and two microphones, one at back side of an earplug and another at the mouth are used.
Match–Mismatch Regulation for Bluegill and Yellow Perch Larvae and Their Prey in Sandhill Lakes
Authors: Jolley Jeffrey C. , Willis David W. , Holland Richard S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFood availability may regulate fish recruitment, both directly and indirectly. The availability of zooplankton, especially to newly hatched larvae, is thought to be crucial to their early growth and survival. We examined stomach contents of larval bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and yellow perch Perca flavescens in Pelican Lake and Cameron Lake, Nebraska, in 2004 and 2005. We also determined zooplankton availability and calculated prey selection using Chesson's α. In addition, we investigated potential match–mismatch regulation of recruitment from 2004 to 2008. Bluegill positively selected copepod nauplii and Bosmina spp., and yellow perch often selected copepods. Abundant zooplankton populations were available for consumption. Matches of both larval bluegill and yellow perch abundance to zooplankton abundance were detected in all years; exact matches were common. Mismatches in predator and prey production were not observed. Predation by age-0 yellow perch on age-0 bluegill was not observed, even though yellow perch hatched 2 mo prior to bluegill. Given that zooplankton were abundant and well-timed to larval fish relative abundance over the time span of this study, the match–mismatch hypothesis alone may not fully account for observed recruitment variability in these populations. Environmental conditions may also affect recruitment and warrant further investigation.
Just the facts or just for fun? Children's understanding of and sensitivity to retelling contexts
Authors: Kulkofsky Sarah , Principe Gabrielle F. , Debaran Francisco B. , Stouch Allison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdults appear to recognize that different memory sharing contexts, such as telling a story to a friend at a party versus providing eyewitness testimony, vary in their accuracy demands and adjust their retellings accordingly. There is less evidence that children are able to make the same distinctions. In the present two‐part experiment, we first tested 6–8‐year‐old children's beliefs about the accuracy requirements of different memory sharing contexts that varied on the listener's implicit expectation about accuracy. Children were then read a short story and were given retelling instructions that emphasized accuracy or entertainment. Results from the first task indicated that children evidence a significant truth bias, suggesting that they believe accurate retellings are preferred regardless of context. Despite this, children did appear to adjust their retellings as a function of context, with retellings in the high accuracy condition including more verbatim and less error statements. Finally, children who evidenced a stronger truth bias were less likely to employ the language of storytelling by producing lower‐quality narratives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: A Turkish family with loss of eyebrows and a U2HR mutation
Authors: Mansur Ayse Tulin , Elcioglu Nursel H. , Redler Silke , Serdar Zehra A. , Cetinel Sule , Betz Regina C. , Akarsu Nurten A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report a family with Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) from Turkey. MUHH is a distinct form of scalp and body hair loss characterized by the absence or scarcity of scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes at birth. Coarse wiry hair begins to grow during childhood. Around puberty, progressive hair loss occurs in the affected patients. Recently, mutations were identified in U2HR, an inhibitory upstream open reading frame in the 5′‐untranslated region of the human hairless gene (HR) as the underlying cause of MUHH. We are presenting hair loss of eyebrows in a Turkish family comprising eight affected and seven unaffected individuals. The pedigree is compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. Linkage and haplotype analyses confirmed linkage of this family to the MUHH locus at cytoband 8p21. By sequencing U2HR, we identified the mutation c.2T > C (M1T) in all affected family members. We concluded that there may be considerable clinical variations in MUHH, and that eyebrow loss is an important clue for accurate diagnosis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iron‐catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions
Authors: Zhang Ming , Zhang Aiqin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIron‐catalyzed hydrosilylation is one of the most popular reduction reactions owing to the high natural abundance, low cost and low toxicity of iron and silicon. This paper introduces an advance in iron‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of olefins, aldehydes, ketones and amides. Some reactions exhibit good functional group tolerance and chemoselectivities. These protocols provide economical, sustainable and practical tools for organic chemists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel physically crosslinked hydrogels of carboxymethyl chitosan and cellulose ethers: Structure and controlled drug release behavior
Authors: Yan Shifeng , Yin Jingbo , Tang Li , Chen Xuesi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNovel hydrogels, physically crosslinked by hydrogen bonding of component polymers, were obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS) with cellulose ethers including hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and methylcellulose (MC). The hydrogels were characterized by IR, XPS, WAXD, and SEM. The swelling and controlled drug release behaviors of hydrogels were also studied. The results indicate that intermacromolecular hydrogen bonding in CMCS/HEC is stronger than that in CMCS/MC. The swelling and drug release rate of hydrogels decrease as the interaction of component polymers increases. Both the swelling and drug release from hydrogels can be controlled by component polymer ratio. The hydrogels may be potential candidates for biomedical applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological characterization of the gel point in polymer‐modified asphalts
Authors: Vargas M. A. , Manero O. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this work, the rheological characterization of the gel point in polymer‐modified asphalts is carried out. The viscoelastic properties of polymer‐modified asphalts, in which the polymer is styrene–ethylene butylene–styrene (SEBS) with grafted maleic anhydride (MAH), were measured as a function of MAH concentration. The crosslinking reaction that leads to gelation is characterized by power‐law frequency‐dependent loss and storage modulus (G″ and G′). The relaxation exponent n (a viscoelastic parameter related to the cluster size of the gel) and gel strength S (related to the mobility on the crosslinked chain segments) were determined. The value of the power‐law exponents depends on the composition of polymer, ranging from 0.30 to 0.56, while the value of the rigidity modulus at the gelation point (S) increases with the amount of reactive groups of the modifier polymer. Both n and S are temperature‐dependent in the blends. The blends containing gels present a coarse morphology, which is related to the rheological properties of the matrix and dispersed phase. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Addition of α‐tocopherol on poly(lactic acid): Thermal, mechanical, and sorption properties
Authors: Gonçalves Carla M. B. , Tomé Liliana C. , Coutinho João A. P. , Marrucho Isabel M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of the addition of a well‐known antioxidant, α‐tocopherol in poly (lactic acid) flexural and barrier properties. For that purpose, films of poly(lactic acid) enriched with 0, 2.2, and 4.4% of α‐tocopherol were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize the changes in the mechanical and thermal properties. The sorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the prepared enriched films of poly(lactic acid) was measured at different temperatures between 283 and 313 K and pressures up to atmospheric pressure using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Although no significant changes were found in the mechanical and thermal properties, the addition of α‐tocopherol promotes an increasing in the oxygen sorption and the convex shape of the isotherms indicate a strong interaction gas‐polymer. Regarding the sorption of carbon dioxide, no pronounced effect was found. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Daunomycin interaction with DNA: Microcalorimetric studies of the thermodynamics and binding mechanism
Authors: Lin Po‐Hsun , Kao Yung‐Hsi , Chang Yung , Cheng Yu‐Che , Chien Chih‐Cheng , Chen Wen‐Yih 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNucleic acids are an important target for many therapeutics. Small molecules that bind to nucleic acids are important in many aspects of medicines, particularly in cancer chemotherapy. In recent years, many studies have utilized polynucleic acids with various sequences to demonstrate the binding mechanism of daunomycin, a potent anticancer drug. This study describes that isothermal titration calorimetry is a useful tool for studying the fundamental binding mechanism systemically. The results suggest that the binding free energy is more favorable when the temperature is increased. The binding entropy contributes to this effect. Furthermore, the amine group on daunomycin contributes electrostatic interaction that induces the binding process. In addition, enthalpy‐entropy compensation is also exhibited in the daunomycin‐DNA binding mechanism. This study used an easy, convenient method of performing a systemic study in a recognition system. The results from this study provide additional information about microscopic mechanisms for molecular design and molecular recognition.