bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytogenetical damage in exfoliated oral mucosa cells in elderly people suffering denture stomatitis
Authors: Matsumoto Mariza A. , Castanho Juliane , Kawakami Roberto Y. , Ribeiro Daniel A. 
Published: June 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00315.x

Cytogenetical damage in exfoliated oral mucosa cells in elderly people suffering denture stomatitis Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells from chronic denture stomatitis patients and healthy controls.Background:  Over the course of ageing, individuals may develop many diseases such as denture stomatitis.Material and methods:  A total of 23 chronic denture stomatitis patients and 23 controls presenting good oral conditions were included in this study. Individuals had epithelial cells mechanically exfoliated, placed in fixative and placed on clean slides, which were checked for nuclear phenotypes.Results:  The results indicated no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) of micronucleated oral mucosa cells from chronic denture stomatitis patients when compared to healthy controls. Nevertheless, chronic denture stomatitis was able to increase other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity such as karyorrhexis, pyknosis and karyolysis as depicted by significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups. No interaction was observed between smoking and chronic denture stomatitis.Conclusion:  In summary, these data indicated that chronic denture stomatitis was able to induce cytotoxic effects as assessed by a micronucleus test.
Sequence‐based characterization of swine leucocyte antigen alleles in commercially available porcine cell lines
Authors: Ho C. S. , Franzo‐Romain M. H. , Lee Y. J. , Lee J. H. , Smith D. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA total of 53 alleles at five highly polymorphic swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) loci (SLA‐1, SLA‐3, SLA‐2, SLA‐DRB1, and SLA‐DQB1) were identified in eight commercially available porcine cell lines (ESK‐4, LLC‐PK1, MPK, PK13, PK15, PT‐K75, SK‐RST, and ST). This information is essential for the use of these cell lines to understand the role of SLA genes and proteins in swine models of transplantation, xenotransplantation, and in swine immune responses to infectious diseases and vaccines. The ready availability of these cell lines also makes them a good source of reference DNA for SLA allele typing.
The Earliest Normal Flower from Liaoning Province, China
Authors: Wang Xin , Zheng Shaolin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe early evolution of angiosperms has been a focus of intensive research for more than a century. The Yixian Formation in western Liaoning yields one of the earliest angiosperm macrofloras. Despite multitudes of angiosperm fossils uncovered, includingArchaefructusandSinocarpus, nobona fidenormal flower has been dated to 125 Ma (mega‐annum) or older. Here we reportCallianthus dilaegen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous) in western Liaoning, China as the earliest normal flower known to date. The flower demonstrates a typical floral organization, including tepals, androecium, and gynoecium. The tepals are spatulate with parallel veins. The stamens have a slender filament, a globular anther, bristles at the anther apex, andin situround‐triangular pollen grains. The gynoecium is composed of two stylate carpels enclosed in a fleshy envelope, and develops into a “hip” when mature. Since the well‐accepted history of angiosperms is not much longer than 125 Ma,Callianthustogether withChaoyangia, ArchaefructusandSinocarpusfrom the Yixian Formation demonstrate a surprisingly high diversity of angiosperms, implying a history of angiosperms much longer than currently accepted.
Frege's Judgement Stroke and the Conception of Logic as the Study of Inference not Consequence
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOne of the most striking differences between Frege's Begriffsschrift (logical system) and standard contemporary systems of logic is the inclusion in the former of the judgement stroke: a symbol which marks those propositions which are being asserted, that is, which are being used to express judgements. There has been considerable controversy regarding both the exact purpose of the judgement stroke, and whether a system of logic should include such a symbol. This paper explains the intended role of the judgement stroke in a way that renders it readily comprehensible why Frege insisted that this symbol was an essential part of his logical system. The key point here is that Frege viewed logic as the study of inference relations amongst acts of judgement, rather than – as in the typical contemporary view – of consequence relations amongst certain objects (propositions or well‐formed formulae). The paper also explains why Frege's use of the judgement stroke is not in conflict with his avowed anti‐psychologism, and why Wittgenstein's criticism of the judgement stroke as ‘logically quite meaningless’ is unfounded. The key point here is that while the judgement stroke has no content, its use in logic and mathematics is subject to a very stringent norm of assertion.
Total Daycare Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Iossifidis Anestis , Bismil Quamar , Lakkireddi Prabhat , Mekala Venkat , Nethirasigamani Dinesh , Menon Gita 
Published: June 2009

Background There is continued interest in day surgery. Arthroscopic shoulder surgery may be performed on a daycase basis. Historically, daycase shoulder surgery has been limited by peri-operative pain and anaesthetic issues; and to date there are no reports of daycase shoulder arthoplasty in the literature. Methods A prospective study of 112 patients having shoulder therapeutic arthroscopy or arthroplasty managed according to the total daycare pathway, which includes balanced anaesthesia and simple analgesia. Results One hundred and eight patients (96%) were discharged home by 17.00 hours without complications. However the remaining five cases required overnight admission for medical or anaesthetic reasons. Conclusion This study demonstrates that, with the correct infrastructure and a multidisciplinary approach: the full spectrum of shoulder surgery may be performed on a daycase basis using interscalene block and simple analgesia.
Kudo 5 Total Elbow Replacement in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Two Centre 2 Year to 11 Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Thomas Michael , Adeeb Murtaza , Mersich Istvan , Neumann Lars 
Published: June 2009

Background Very few longer term follow-up of unlinked elbow replacements have been published and most series are small. Methods Since 1994 87 Kudo 5 total elbow replacements in 70 patients were undertaken by two specialist elbow surgeons (LN and MT) for adult rheumatoid arthritis. These were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 79 months (29 months to 137 months) using the Mayo Clinic performance index. Post-operative radiographs were also reviewed for loosening using standard antero-posterior and lateral films. Results Eight patients were lost to follow-up and 16 patients had died leaving 62 total elbow replacements in 46 patients. Pre-operatively 6 had moderate pain and 56 had severe pain. Post-operatively the pain was rated as none by 58 and moderate by 4. The average Mayo elbow score improved from 37 pre-operatively to 86 post-operatively. The flexion extension arc improved from 60? to 99?, whilst pronation and supination improved by 18? and 20? respectively. The overall complication rate was 24% with ulnar neuropraxia being the commonest problem. Six cases were revised, four for aseptic loosening and two for sepsis. The ulnar component was the more commonly affected and appeared to be the cause of more problems. However with revision as the endpoint, the probability of survival of the Kudo 5 at 79 months using the Kaplan Meier method was 96% reducing to 86% at 100 months. Conclusion The results of the Kudo 5 total elbow replacement in patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis are acceptable and comparable with other reported series and to other unlinked implants with similar follow-up.
Suture Fixation of Displaced Two, Three and Four Part Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Parfitt Daniel , Gillespie Gordon , Lewis Mark , Roberts Paul , Kulkarni Rohit 
Published: June 2009

We present a case series study of 50 patients who sustained two, three and four part displaced proximal humerus fractures treated by open reduction and suture fixation. All patients presenting to our department with these fractures were included in the study except for those with undisplaced fractures, head splitting fractures, isolated greater tuberosity fractures and those aged over 60 years of age with a four part fracture. Patients were followed up for an average of 13 months from surgery. They were assessed clinically and radiologically. Clinical assessment consisted of Constant scoring, abduction measurement and patient satisfaction. The average Constant score at last follow-up was 80. Overall patient satisfaction was high. Radiological union was achieved on average in less than 3 months. We conclude that suture fixation for this group of fractures is a highly effective treatment option.
Tension Band Wiring of Olecranon Fractures
Authors: Davies Mark Bowen , Kam King Charles Kon , Stanley David 
Published: June 2009

Background Tension band wiring of olecranon fractures has been shown to be associated with a high rate of metalwork removal. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this remained true or whether there had been a reduction in metalwork removal following improvements in surgical technique. Methods The outcome of 44 olecranon fractures treated by tension band wire fixation were reviewed. Eighteen (41%) required a second operation to remove the metalwork. In order to determine what factors might pre-dispose to metalwork removal continuous (age) and categorical variables (sex, k-wire diameter, k-wire alignment, k-wire orientation, k-wire length distal to the fracture and the number of tightening loops on the cerclage wire) were evaluated. Results No statistical significance was identified when each variable was analysed individually or cumulatively using a multiple backward stepwise logistic regression (P<0.05). Using Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis removal of the tension band device was found to be most commonly performed within 6 months of the index procedure. Conclusion This study indicates that metalwork removal is more importantly related to anatomical site rather than the specific surgical technique.
The Results of Subacromial Decompression in Patients with and without Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Powell Eric S. , Auplish Sunil , Trail Ian A. , Haines John F. 
Published: June 2009

Background The decision to repair the rotator cuff in patients with impingement is controversial. This study aimed to determine whether there was a difference in outcome in patients both with and without rotator cuff tears undergoing subacromial decompression (SAD). Methods Ninety-eight patients underwent an arthroscopic SAD for impingement. No rotator cuff tear was repaired. The patients were assessed pre-operatively, at 6 months and 3 years using the ASES, Constant, DASH and the physical SF-36 scores. The rotator cuff was categorized as ‘tear/no tear’ depending on whether a cuff tear was present. Results Both the ‘tear’ and ‘no tear’ groups showed a significant improvement with all scores at 6 months and 3 years. There was no significant difference in these outcome measures between the ‘tear’ and ‘no tear’ groups at 6 months. At 3 years there was no significant difference between the groups using the ASES and DASH scores, but there was a significant improvement in the Constant and SF-36 scores in the ‘no tear’ group. Conclusion SAD significantly improves outcome even in patients whose cuff tear was left unrepaired. Comparison of the ‘tear’ and ‘non-tear’ patient groups suggest that cuff tears can be left unrepaired in selected patients.
Going to Scale with Community‐Led Total Sanitation: Reflections on Experience, Issues and Ways Forward
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPerhaps as many as 2 billion people living in rural areas are adversely affected by open defecation (OD). Those who suffer most from lack of toilets, privacy and hygiene are women, adolescent girls, children and infants. Sanitation and hygiene in rural areas have major potential for enhancing human wellbeing and contributing to the MDGs. Approaches through hardware subsidies to individual households have been ineffective. Community‐Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a revolutionary approach in which communities are facilitated to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of open defecation (OD) and take their own action to become ODF (open defecation‐free).In six of the countries where CLTS has been spread – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia and Kenya – approaches differ organisationally with contrasting combinations of NGOs, projects and governments.Practical elements in strategies for going to scale have included: training and facilitating; starting in favourable conditions; conducting campaigns and encouraging competition; recruiting and committing teams and full‐time facilitators and trainers; organising workshops and cross‐visits; supporting and sponsoring Natural Leaders and community consultants; inspiring and empowering children, youth and schools; making use of the market and promoting access to hardware; verifying and certifying ODF status; and finding and supporting champions at all levels.To spread CLTS well requires continuous learning, adaptation and innovation. It faces challenges. Paradigmatically, it requires major institutional, professional and personal shifts. Opposition at senior levels, pressures to disburse large budgets, demands to go to scale rapidly, and programmes to subsidise hardware for individual rural households, have been and remain threats and obstacles. Issues for review, reflection and research include: diversity, definition and principles; synergies with complementary approaches; scale, speed and quality; creative diversity; and physical, social and policy sustainability. In seeking constructive ways forward, four key themes or thrusts are: methodological development and action learning; creative innovation and critical awareness; learning and action alliances and networks, with fast learning across communities, districts and countries; and seeking to seed self‐spreading or light touch movements. A key to good spread is finding, supporting and multiplying champions, at all levels, and then their vision, commitment and courage.
How to Efficiently Obtain Human Tissues to Support Specific Biomedical Research Projects
Authors: Bell Walter C. , Sexton Katherine C. , Grizzle William E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to facilitate access of biomedical researchers to human tissues by describing the types of tissue resources available to researchers, common problems with tissue requests that may limit tissue availability to specific investigators, and steps that can be taken to simplify requests to avoid these problems and enhance access to tissue. Types of human tissue resources available to investigators are described and reviewed, and the experience of the University of Alabama Tissue Collection and Banking Facility (TCBF) is described. Our experience indicates that typical problems with requests for tissue fall into the following categories: (1) size and number of specimens, (2) type (rarity and availability), (3) time constraints, (4) demand versus supply, (5) limitations and goals of the resource, and (6) time and resources that can be devoted to a specific request. Investigators should review their requests for human tissues to support their research if they are not receiving adequate quantities of tissue. This review is best accomplished by discussing their requests with the tissue resource and correcting specific limitations that block access to the tissues they need. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1676–9)
Effect of Coffee and Green Tea Consumption on the Risk of Liver Cancer: Cohort Analysis by Hepatitis Virus Infection Status
Authors: Inoue Manami , Kurahashi Norie , Iwasaki Motoki , Shimazu Taichi , Tanaka Yasuhito , Mizokami Masashi , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In spite of their anticarcinogenic potential, the effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer has not been clarified prospectively in consideration of hepatitis C (HCV) and B virus (HBV) infection. We examined whether coffee and green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer by hepatitis virus infection status in the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort II. A total of 18,815 subjects ages 40 to 69 years participating in a questionnaire and health checkup survey in 1993 to 1994 were followed for the incidence of liver cancer through 2006. A total of 110 cases of liver cancer were newly documented. Hazard ratios for coffee and green tea consumption categories were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with almost never drinkers, increased coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer in all subjects (hazard ratio for &lt;1, 1-2, and ≥3 cups/d; Ptrend = 0.67, 0.49, 0.54, and 0.025). A similar risk tendency was observed in those with either or both HCV and HBV infection. In contrast, no association was observed between green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in all subjects. Our results suggest that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of liver cancer regardless of HCV and HBV infection status, whereas green tea may not reduce this risk.(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1746–53)
Prediagnosis Reproductive Factors and All-Cause Mortality for Women with Breast Cancer in the Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Phillips Kelly-Anne , Milne Roger L. , West Dee W. , Goodwin Pamela J. , Giles Graham G. , Chang Ellen T. , Figueiredo Jane C. , Friedlander Michael L. , Keegan Theresa H.M. , Glendon Gord , Apicella Carmel , O'Malley Frances P. , Southey Melissa C. , Andrulis Irene L. , John Esther M. , Hopper John L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Studies have examined the prognostic relevance of reproductive factors before breast cancer diagnosis, but most have been small and their overall findings inconclusive. Associations between reproductive risk factors and all-cause mortality after breast cancer diagnosis were assessed with the use of a population-based cohort of 3,107 women of White European ancestry with invasive breast cancer (1,130 from Melbourne and Sydney, Australia; 1,441 from Ontario, Canada; and 536 from Northern California, United States). During follow-up with a median of 8.5 years, 567 deaths occurred. At recruitment, questionnaire data were collected on oral contraceptive use, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first full-term pregnancy, time from last full-term pregnancy to breast cancer diagnosis, breastfeeding, age at menarche, and menopause and menopausal status at breast cancer diagnosis. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were estimated with the use of Cox proportional hazards models with and without adjustment for age at diagnosis, study center, education, and body mass index. Compared with nulliparous women, those who had a child up to 2 years, or between 2 and 5 years, before their breast cancer diagnosis were more likely to die. The unadjusted hazard ratio estimates were 2.75 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.98-3.83; P &lt; 0.001] and 2.20 (95% CI, 1.65-2.94; P &lt; 0.001), respectively, and the adjusted estimates were 2.25 (95% CI, 1.59-3.18; P &lt; 0.001) and 1.82 (95% CI, 1.35-2.46; P &lt; 0.001), respectively. When evaluating the prognosis of women recently diagnosed with breast cancer, the time since last full-term pregnancy should be routinely considered along with other established host and tumor prognostic factors, but consideration of other reproductive factors may not be warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1792–7)
The Changing Incidence of In situ and Invasive Ductal and Lobular Breast Carcinomas: United States, 1999-2004
Authors: Eheman Christie R. , Shaw Kate M. , Ryerson Aliza Blythe , Miller Jacqueline W. , Ajani Umed A. , White Mary C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Background: National incidence rates for lobular and ductal breast cancers have not been available previously. Evidence suggests that the increased risk of breast cancer associated with combined hormone replacement therapy use is higher for invasive lobular cancers (ILC) than for invasive ductal cancers (IDC). This study provides U.S. incidence rates for these histologic types for both in situ and invasive cancers and assesses changes in the incidence of these cancers over time.
Methods: Data for this study included incident ductal and lobular breast cancer cases diagnosed from 1999 through 2004 in central cancer registries in 44 states and the District of Columbia from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. We estimated incidence per 100,000 women by 10-year age groups, race, and ethnicity. We also assessed the percent change in invasive and in situ cancer incidence over time.
Results: We observed distinct differences in the change of incidence over time between in situ and invasive lobular and ductal breast cancers. The age-adjusted rates of ILC and IDC declined an average of 4.6% and 3.3% per year, respectively. Overall, ILC decreased 20.5% from 1999 to 2004. The patterns of ductal and lobular in situ cancer incidence were not consistent over time, and the total change was negligible.
Conclusion: The declines in ILC observed in our study are consistent with a decrease in cancer incidence related to a reduced use of combined hormone replacement therapy. However, other factors could also be responsible for these changes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1763–9)
Dairy Consumption and Female Height Growth: Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Berkey Catherine S. , Colditz Graham A. , Rockett Helaine R.H. , Frazier A. Lindsay , Willett Walter C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Background: Because of its nutrients and anabolic hormones, cow's milk may promote height growth, which in turn has been related to breast cancer risk. We prospectively investigated associations between dairy intakes and height growth.
Methods: A cohort of 5,101 girls from throughout the United States completed annual surveys (1996-2001, 2003), providing height, weight, and past-year diet. At baseline, all were premenarchal, ages 9 years and above, with no serious medical conditions. We studied three outcomes: annual height growth, peak growth velocity, and adult height. Multivariate models estimated the effects of milk, cheese, yogurt, and energy on subsequent growth, adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, prior height, and body mass index. Other models studied fats and proteins.
Results: Premenarchal girls who drank &gt;3 servings per day of milk grew 0.11 in. (P = 0.02) more the following year than girls consuming &lt;1 serving per day. Yogurt (+0.13 in./cup; P = 0.02), but not cheese or total calories, predicted height growth. In a separate model, dairy protein (+0.034 in./10 g; P &lt; 0.001) predicted height growth. Larger peak velocities were seen among girls reporting, at baseline, more milk (&gt;3 glasses per day versus &lt;1; +0.14 in., P = 0.01), more yogurt (+0.17 in./cup, P = 0.02), and, in a separate model, more dairy protein (+0.039 in./10 g; P = 0.003). Baseline milk and dairy protein predicted taller adults. Dairy protein was more important than dairy fat, for all outcomes. Nondairy animal protein and vegetable protein were never significant, nor were nondairy animal fat and vegetable fat.
Conclusion: Of the foods/nutrients studied, dairy protein had the strongest association with height growth. These findings suggest that a factor in the nonlipid phase of milk, but not protein itself, has growth-promoting action in girls. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1881–7)