bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Submucosal nerve hypertrophy in congenital laryngomalacia
Authors: Munson Patrick D. , Saad Ali G. , El‐Jamal Siraj M. , Dai Yuemeng , Bower Charles M. , Richter Gresham T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To determine the neuropathologic findings in tissue obtained from children with laryngomalacia at a tertiary‐care pediatric hospital.Study Design:Retrospective review of consecutive cohort compared with a control group.Methods:We reviewed supra‐arytenoid pathology specimens from 43 children with severe laryngomalacia and 13 age‐matched pediatric autopsy controls. Histopathologic comparison was made of nerve hypertrophy (including nerve perimeter and surface area) among experimental and control pathologic specimens.Results:There exists a statistically significant increase in nerve perimeter (P = .001) and nerve surface area (P = .02) in supra‐arytenoid specimens in patients with severe laryngomalacia compared with age‐matched autopsy supra‐arytenoid tissue.Conclusions:The pathologic finding of nerve hypertrophy in children with laryngomalacia provides new evidence to support neurologic dysfunction as the etiologic theory of laryngomalacia. Laryngoscope, 2011
Diagnosis and treatment of 32 cases with aortoesophageal fistula due to esophageal foreign body
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Jiajia , Li Jingjia , Hu Jianguo , Yu Fenglei , Li Shunnong , Yang Xinming 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Aortoesophageal fistula is a rare but life‐threatening complication of foreign body ingestion. In spite of several strategies for treatment, there is little consensus regarding the optimal management of the entity. In this article, we present our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with aortoesophageal fistula.Study Design:Retrospective study.Methods:A total of 3,209 admissions due to esophageal foreign body impaction were recorded in Second Xiangya Hospital between 1963 and 2010. Of these, 32 cases were complicated with aortoesophageal fistula. In these 32 patients, 19 were treated by open surgery and 13 were managed with nonsurgical measures. We compared different treatments of the patients and their clinical outcomes.Results:Foreign body and aortoesophageal fistula were found in all of these 32 cases in imaging examination and/or surgery. Three patients were completely cured and 16 patients died of fatal hemorrhage from the group of patients with surgical management. All 13 nonsurgically treated cases died.Conclusions:Early diagnosis and an aggressive surgical treatment without delay is the only form of effective therapy for the condition of aortoesophageal fistula. Imaging examination is helpful in diagnosis. In particular, three‐dimensional computerized tomography is a safe, simple, and noninvasive examination method that has high sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of aortoesophageal fistula.
Corrosion of stainless steels in simulated diesel exhaust environment with urea
Authors: Nockert J. , Nyborg L. , Norell M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLaboratory exposures have been performed simulating a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system with urea injection for NOx reduction in diesel exhaust after‐treatment. The corrosion behaviour of three ferritic and one austenitic stainless steel was examined using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Continuous exposure to condensate did not cause any corrosion. Results show that cyclic interaction between high temperature and condensation aggravates the corrosion compared to isothermal exposure at 450 °C. All ferritic alloys exhibited more or less the same behaviour, while the austenitic steel performed better. In fact, the presence of urea decreased the corrosion compared to the environment without urea. The cyclic samples exposed with urea displayed iron sulphate on the surface. The sulphate appeared to decrease the oxide thickness. A sulphur enrichment in the form of sulphide also occurred in the inner chromium‐rich oxides of all cyclically exposed samples, both with and without urea. Thus, sulphidation is presumed to be involved in the corrosion process.
Experiences with high temperature corrosion at straw‐firing power plants in Denmark
Authors: Montgomery M. , Jensen S. A. , Borg U. , Biede O. , Vilhelmsen T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBy the end of 2009, there will be eight biomass and five biomass co‐firing plants in Denmark. Due to the steep increase of corrosion rate with respect to temperature in biomass plants, it is not viable to have similar steam data as fossil fuel plants. Thus for the newer plants, Maribo Sakskøbing, Avedøre 2 biomass boiler, Fyn 8 and Amager 1 (Fyn 8 and Amager 1 are under commissioning), the steam temperature of the final superheaters are approximately 540 °C and the steel type used is an 18–10 stainless steel, (TP347H). However there is still a need to monitor corrosion rates, and to collate data to enable better lifetime prediction of vulnerable components in straw‐firing plants since the corrosion rates are so much faster than in coal firing plants. Therefore, there are continued investigations in recently commissioned plants with test tubes installed into actual superheaters. In addition temperature is measured on the specific tube loops where there are test tube sections. Thus a corrosion rate can be coupled to a temperature histogram. This is important since although a superheater has a defined steam outlet temperature, there is variation in the tube bundle due to variations of heat flux from the flue gas. This paper will describe the corrosion investigations for tube sections removed from Maribo Sakskøbing and Avedøre 2 biomass boiler which have been exposed for up to 30 000 h. In addition to monitoring the corrosion rates of actual components, there is a need to measure corrosion rates at higher temperatures to assess if there is a possibility to increase the outlet temperature of the plant, thus making the plant more cost effective. For this purpose Avedøre 2 biomass boiler has a test superheater loop fabricated in TP347H FG (the same material as the final superheaters). Some results from this test superheater will also be described. Effects of flue gas temperature and flue gas direction on corrosion rates are also discussed.
Temperature and gas composition dependence of internal oxidation kinetics of an Fe10%Cr alloy in water vapour containing environments
Authors: Zurek J. , Meier G. H. , Wessel E. , Singheiser L. , Quadakkers W. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecently it was proposed, that the hampered formation of external protective chromia scales on FeCr‐alloys in water vapour containing, low‐pO2 gases is correlated with enhanced internal oxidation of chromium. In the present study the internal oxidation kinetics of Fe10Cr (in mass%) during isothermal oxidation in ArH2H2O mixtures at temperatures in the range 800–1050 °C has been investigated. It was found that the tendency for Cr to become internally oxidized decreased with decreasing temperature. At the higher test temperatures the internal oxide precipitates consisted of Fe/Cr‐spinel. With decreasing temperature the precipitates near the oxidation front gradually exhibited increasing amounts of chromia. At 900 °C the oxidation morphology in the ArH2 base gas mixture changed from exclusive internal oxidation of Cr at a water vapour content of 2% towards a combined internal Cr oxidation and external Fe‐oxide formation at higher water vapour partial pressures.
Oxidation of a novel CeO2‐dispersed chromium coating in wet air
Authors: Peng X. , Yan J. , Zheng L. , Wang F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn electrodeposited Ni–CeO2 composite was used as a “precursor film” for a novel CeO2‐dispersed chromium coating deposited using a traditional pack cementation method. The substrate was a carbon steel. For comparison, chromium coatings were also prepared on the untreated and pure Ni‐film‐treated carbon steel using the same pack cementation conditions. Oxidation in 5% O2 + 40% H2O + N2 at 900 °C showed that, compared to the CeO2‐free coating counterparts, the CeO2‐dispersed chromium coating exhibited greatly increased oxidation resistance, owing to the development of a denser and more slowly growing chromia scale. The slow growth of the scale was correlated with the CeO2 dispersion exerting the so‐called “reactive elemental effect (REE)” on oxidation. The oxidation mechanisms in wet air of the various types of coatings were compared to those in dry air and are fully discussed in this work.
Modelling of the oxide scale formation on Fe‐Cr steel during exposure in liquid lead‐bismuth eutectic in the 450–600 °C temperature range
Authors: Martinelli L. , Balbaud‐Célérier F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrevious studies showed that the oxidation of T91 (Fe‐9Cr martensitic steel) in liquid Pb‐Bi eutectic leads to the formation of a duplex oxide layer containing an inner Fe2.3Cr0.7O4 spinel layer and an upper magnetite layer. The magnetite layer is easily removed by the Pb‐Bi flow when the oxygen concentration is low and the flow velocity is high. This phenomenon is not currently understood. The magnetite layer growth rate is limited by the iron diffusion in the oxide layer lattice. The Fe‐Cr spinel layer grows in the nanometric cavities formed at the Fe‐Cr spinel /T91 interface by the outwards diffusion of iron. Due to this mechanism the growth rate of the Fe‐Cr spinel layer is linked to that of magnetite. A modelling of this mechanism is presented. The modelling is in agreement with the experimental data in the case of a high oxygen concentration. However, the calculated oxide scale thicknesses are systematically lower than the experimental values in the case of a low oxygen concentration when the iron diffusion only occurs via interstitials in the oxide scale. Consequently, the estimation of the iron diffusion coefficient, when diffusion occurs via interstitials, is not reliable. To have a better estimation of this iron diffusion coefficient in the Fe‐Cr spinel, when diffusion occurs via interstitials, a fit is done using experimental data coming from the European DEMETRA project. Although this evaluation is only based on a fit on the experimental data, it permits to estimate the oxide layer growth kinetics in case of the formation of the described duplex oxide layer, for each oxygen concentration (leading to a vacancy and/or an interstitial diffusion), each temperature between 450 and 620 °C and each hydrodynamic flow. This model shows that the hydrodynamic flow affects the corrosion rate only by the removal of the upper magnetite layer leading to an increase of the oxygen concentration at the spinel/magnetite interface. The oxidation mechanism is thus neither changed by the Pb‐Bi flow nor by the oxygen concentration. However, the oxygen concentration modifies the iron diffusion process in the oxide lattice.
Corrosion performance and mechanical properties of joined automotive materials
Authors: LeBozec N. , LeGac A. , Thierry D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe automotive industry envisions that an optimized vehicle in terms of performance and cost can be achieved only by using different materials at different vehicle locations in order to utilize the functionality of the different materials to a full extent. Currently, steel and aluminum are the most important construction materials for the mass production of automotive structure. However, other materials such as magnesium alloys and stainless steel are also used. The use of dissymmetric assemblies of materials in the automotive industry has also led to the development of joining technologies other than spot welding and arc welding such as clinching, adhesive bonding, laser welding, and MIG brazing. However, and despite the development of these new joining technologies, there are still important gaps of knowledge with regards to the corrosion performance of different joint populations using dissymmetric and symmetric materials. Materials commonly used in the automotive industry including steel and aluminum‐based susbtrates were assembled with different combinations using various joining techniques in order to evaluate their corrosion performance as well their mechanical properties after cyclic accelerated corrosion tests. The results indicated a relationship between the corrosion inside the confined joint and the decrease of the mechanical properties of the assemblies.
MR intensity measurements of nondenervated muscle in patients following severe forearm trauma
Authors: Viddeleer A.R. , Sijens P.E. , van Ooijen P.M.A. , Kuypers P.D.L. , Hovius S.E.R. , Oudkerk M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFluid increases resulting in higher MRI signal intensities in T2‐weighted and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences can be used to diagnose nerve injury. By comparing the signal intensities over time, MRI may become a new method for monitoring the healing process. Muscle edema is assessed by comparing the signal intensity of affected muscle with that of nonaffected muscle. However, in severe forearm trauma, the signal of nondenervated muscle may also be increased by wound edema, thus masking the effect of denervation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of wound edema on muscle signal intensity in 29 consecutive patients examined on a 1.5‐T MRI scanner at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after severe forearm trauma. The long‐term course of wound edema and the influence of wound distance were thus investigated using a standardized imaging, calibration and post‐processing protocol. The signal intensities of nondenervated intrinsic hand muscles were measured in the affected and contralateral sides. Muscle signal intensities were increased on the trauma side at 1 and 3 months (18% and 7.4%, respectively; p < 0.001) and normalized thereafter. In the contralateral hand, no significant signal changes were seen. No relationship was found between wound distance and the severity of wound edema. This study shows that wound edema influences muscle signal intensity comparisons in patients with forearm trauma. When comparing denervated muscle with nondenervated muscle, an additional scan of the contralateral side is indicated during the first 6 months after trauma to assess the extent of wound edema. After 6 months, the ipsilateral side can be used for muscle signal intensity comparisons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural inhomogeneities in polycrystalline silicon on glass solar cells and their effects on device characteristics
Authors: Wong J. , Huang J. L. , Varlamov S. , Green M. A. , Evans R. , Keevers M. , Egan R. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe effects of electrostatic fluctuations due to charged extended defects and strain‐induced bandgap fluctuations are examined in polycrystalline silicon on glass solar cells. The analysis is based on models previously applied to Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells, but with a new interpretation of the local ideality factor associated with electrostatic fluctuations. It is shown that electrostatic fluctuations become influential to the cell voltage properties as the absorber dopant concentration falls below a certain threshold (a few 1015 cm−3), and the degradations to the open circuit voltage and fill factor are expected to increase with further lowering of dopant density. It is equally plausible that the electrostatic fluctuations originate from charged dislocations or grain boundaries. Bandgap fluctuations on the other hand can be detrimental to the open circuit voltage of cells of any absorber dopant density. However, this voltage degrading effect is seen only in the cells deposited by electron‐beam evaporation, and not amongst those made by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Superhydrophobic Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Deposited Siloxane Coatings
Authors: Nwankire Charles E. , Favaro Gregory , Duong Quynh‐Huong , Dowling Denis P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSurfaces with water contact angles above 150° are regarded as superhydrophobic. In this study the use of atmospheric pressure plasma jet system called PlasmaStreamTM to deposit superhydrophobic coatings is investigated. The coatings were deposited from the following liquid precursors: hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (Tomcats) and a mixture of Tomcats and fluorosiloxane. The objective of the study is to investigate how precursor type and deposition conditions, influences the morphology and mechanical performance of the deposited superhydrophobic coatings. Optical profilometry, AFM, SEM, Ellipsometry, XPS, Water contact angle and FTIR techniques were used to evaluate the surface roughness, morphology, thickness and chemical functionality of the deposited coatings. The mechanical properties were evaluated using the Nano Tribometer, Nano Scratch, Ultra Nanoindentation and ultrasonic abrasion tests. Superhydrophobic coatings deposited from a precursor mixture of Tomcats and fluorosiloxane yielded a substantial enhancement in coating adhesion and mechanical durability compared to the superhydrophobic coatings obtained with either Tomcats or HMDSO precursors alone. magnified image
Chromosome 8q24 variants are associated with prostate cancer risk in a high risk population of African ancestry
Authors: Okobia Michael N. , Zmuda Joseph M. , Ferrell Robert E. , Patrick Alan L. , Bunker Clareann H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDEarlier studies on the role of germline variations in the disproportionate higher burden of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry have been largely unrewarding. However, the successful replication of recent genome‐wide association findings implicating some regions of chromosome 8q24 in the disparate prostate cancer susceptibility in men of European and African ancestry have been encouraging. This case–control study was designed to evaluate the association between germline variations in chromosome 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in Afro‐Caribbean Tobago men, a population of predominantly West African ancestry.METHODSHigh molecular weight genomic DNA was isolated from blood clots using Qiagen kits. Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA using a pre‐designed TaqMan SNP assay according to the manufacture's protocol on a 7900HT Fast Real‐Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).RESULTSSNP rs16901979 in region 2 was associated with significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.95, P = 0.04) with the risk stronger in men with early‐onset prostate cancer (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.40–3.99, P = 0.001). There was a tendency towards significantly increased risk for SNPs rs1447295 and rs6983267 in men with early‐onset prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSThe replication of the association of chromosome 8q24 variants with increased prostate cancer risk in Tobago men and the higher frequency of the risk alleles in controls in populations of African ancestry further strengthens the possible role of this genomic region in the disproportionate higher burden of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry. Prostate 71:1054–1063, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced glycosylation of α‐dystroglycans on carcinoma cells contributes to formation of highly infiltrative histological patterns in prostate cancer
Authors: Shimojo Hisashi , Kobayashi Motohiro , Kamigaito Takayuki , Shimojo Yasuyo , Fukuda Minoru , Nakayama Jun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDα‐Dystroglycan (DG) carries glycan chains that bind to laminin and thus function in homeostasis of not only skeletal muscle but also of various epithelial cells. Loss of glycosylation has been suggested to play important roles in tumor development, particularly in detachment and migration of carcinoma cells. We previously reported that glycosylation of α‐DG, but not levels of α‐DG core protein itself, is reduced in prostate carcinoma. In this study, we investigate the association between reduction of laminin‐binding glycans on α‐DG and the degree of tumor cell differentiation and/or infiltrative properties, as assessed by the Gleason grading system.METHODSImmunohistochemical analysis of 146 biopsy specimens of prostate adenocarcinoma with various Gleason scores was carried out employing IIH6 and 6C1 antibodies, which recognize laminin‐binding glycans on α‐DG and α‐DG core proteins, respectively. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate colocalization of α‐DG and laminin, and to determine which types of epithelial cells express laminin‐binding glycans on α‐DG.RESULTSReduction of α‐DG glycosylation, rather than loss of α‐DG core protein, was correlated with higher Gleason patterns. Reduction was most conspicuous at the interface between carcinoma cells and the basement membrane. In addition, in non‐neoplastic prostate glands, laminin‐binding glycans were expressed predominantly on the basolateral surface of basal cells.CONCLUSIONSReduced expression of laminin‐binding glycans on α‐DG may contribute to formation of highly infiltrative behavior of prostate carcinoma cells. Substantial reduction of laminin‐binding glycans in carcinoma tissue could be partly ascribed to disappearance of pre‐existing basal cells. Prostate 71:1151–1157, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivation of embryonic nodal signaling is associated with tumor progression and promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lawrence Mitchell G. , Margaryan Naira V. , Loessner Daniela , Collins Angus , Kerr Kris M. , Turner Megan , Seftor Elisabeth A. , Stephens Carson R. , Lai John ,   APC BioResource, Postovit Lynne‐Marie , Clements Judith A. , Hendrix Mary J.C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDNodal is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily that directs embryonic patterning and promotes the plasticity and tumorigenicity of tumor cells, but its role in the prostate is unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the expression and function of Nodal in prostate cancer and determine whether, like other TGFβ ligands, it modulates androgen receptor (AR) activity.METHODSNodal expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays and Western blots of prostate cell lines. The functional role of Nodal was examined using Matrigel and soft agar growth assays. Cross‐talk between Nodal and AR signaling was assessed with luciferase reporter assays and expression of endogenous androgen regulated genes.RESULTSSignificantly increased Nodal expression was observed in cancer compared with benign prostate specimens. Nodal was only expressed by DU145 and PC3 cells. All cell lines expressed Nodal's co‐receptor, Cripto‐1, but lacked Lefty, a critical negative regulator of Nodal signaling. Recombinant human Nodal triggered downstream Smad2 phosphorylation in DU145 and LNCaP cells, and stable transfection of pre‐pro‐Nodal enhanced the growth of LNCaP cells in Matrigel and soft agar. Finally, Nodal attenuated AR signaling, reducing the activity of a PSA promoter construct in luciferase assays and down‐regulating the endogenous expression of androgen regulated genes.CONCLUSIONSAn aberrant Nodal signaling pathway is re‐expressed and functionally active in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 71:1198–1209, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.