bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of crown and canopy cover from airborne lidar data
Authors: Lang Mait 
Published: March 2011

Metsa katvuse ja liituse hindamine lennukilt laserskanneriga
Tests were carried out in mature Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver birch stands at Järvselja, Estonia, to estimate canopy cover (K) and crown cover (L) from airborne lidar data. Independent estimates Kc
and Lc
for K and L were calculated from the Cajanus tube readings made on the ground at 1.3 m height. Lidar data based cover estimates depended on the inclusion of different order returns significantly. In all the stands first order return based estimate K1
was biased positively (3-10%) at the reference height of 1.3 m compared to ground measurements. All lidar based estimates decreased with increasing the reference height. Single return (Ky
) and all return (Kk
) based canopy cover estimates depended more on the sand structure compared to K1
. The ratio of all return count to the first return count D behaved like crown cover estimate in all stands. However, in spruce stand D understimated Lc
significantly. In the Scots pine stand K1
(1.3) = 0.7431 was most similar canopy cover estimate relative to the ground estimate Kc
= 0,7362 whereas Ky
(1.3) and Kk
(1.3) gave significant underestimates (>15%) of K. Caused by the simple structure of Scots pine stand - only one layer pine trees, the Cajanus tube based canopy cover (Kc
), crown cover (Lc
) and lidar data based canopy density D(1.3) values were rather similar. In the Norway spruce stand and in the Silver birch stand second layer and regeneration trees were present. In the Silver birch stand Kk
(1.3) and Ky
(1.3) estimated Kc
rather well. In the Norway spruce stand Ky
(1.3) and K1
(1.3) were the best estimators of Kc
whereas Kk
(1.3) underestimated canopy cover. Lidar data were found to be usable for canopy cover and crown cover assessment but the selection of the estimator is not trivial and depends on the stand structure.
The growth and production of some fast growing deciduous tree species stands on abandoned agricultural land
Authors: Uri Veiko , Aosaar Jürgen , Varik Mats , Kund Merit 
Published: March 2011

Mõningate kiirekasvuliste lehtpuupuistute kasv ja produktsioonivõime endisel põllumaal
Several studies about stands growing on abandoned agricultural lands are induced by extensive afforestation of agricultural lands and more intensive use of biomass. Overview of above-ground biomass production of grey alder, hybrid alder and silver birch young stands growing on former agricultural areas are presented in current paper. The results of 16- and 6-year period of alders and silver birch stands, respectively, are reported. Above-ground biomass and biomass production of stands were estimated. The growing stock and current annual increment (CAI) of 16-years-old grey alder stand were 250 m3 ha-1 and 35.6 m3 ha-1, respectively. Due to fast growth and high biomass production capacity grey alder is promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Estonia. Hybrid alder is productive tree although not exceeding the productivity of grey alders. Stem volume and CAI of the 16-years-old hybrid alder stand were 155 m3 ha-1 and 21 m3 ha-1, respectively. Our results supported earlier data reported in literature: rotation period of hybrid alder is longer than for grey alder and CAI of hybrid alder stands culminate later. The productivity of young silver birch stands on abandoned agricultural land is varying in a broad range. One young silver birch stand growing on abandoned agricultural land was involved into study. Growing stock and CAI in 13-years old stand were 118 m3 ha-1 and 15 m3 ha-1, respectively. These values are exceeding respective values of several yield tables of silver birch and biomass production capability of silver birch stands in favourable conditions is high.
Use of biofuel ashes in forestry
Authors: Pärn Henn , Mandre Malle , Ots Katri , Klõšeiko Jaan , Lukjanova Aljona , Kuznetsova Tatjana 
Published: March 2011

Bioenergeetikas tekkivate jäätmete kasutamine metsanduses
Negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel combustion have increased the use of biomass for energy production. As a consequence of the increased use of biofuels, the production of ashes will increase greatly in the near future. Because of relatively high contents of plant nutrients, biofuel ashes can be recycled as mineral fertilisers to compensate for the loss of nutrients resulting from tree harvesting. The present review aims to summarise the available information on factors affecting the quality of the wood and peat ash and the implications arising from ash application as fertiliser in the forest ecosystems. The understanding of the wood ash as fertiliser originates from the traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. During combustion most elements in wood are retained in the ash. The quality and chemical composition of ashes depends on many factors. The major elements in the ashes are calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, iron, phosphorus and sulphur. Trace elements found in different ash include barium, boron, cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc. The most abundant elements in peat ash are silicon, iron and aluminium. Ashes are characterised by high alkalinity with pH in the range from 11 to 13. Ashes raise the pH and reduce the total acidity in the humus layer and in the top of the mineral soil. The addition of wood ash does not result in a significant growth increase on mineral soils but increases the tree growth on peat soils. The Cd in wood ash did not become bioavailable and harmful to forest biota. The application of wood ash did not change or even decreased the 137Cs activity within forest soil. Wood ash application increased the coverage of the ground vegetation in upland forests and on peatland. Increase in microbial activity and growth rate after ash treatment was observed.
Stimulating the growth of trees with ashes of various biofuels (wood, peat) on a cutaway peatland
Authors: Kikamägi Karin , Ots Katri 
Published: March 2011

Puittaimede kasvu stimuleerimine erinevate biokütuste (puit, turvas) tuha liikidega ammendatud freesturbaväljal
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fertilization on the growth of Silver birch Betula pendula Roth and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings on a cutaway peatland (Ulila, 58°22'N, 26°26'E). Five treatments were established: wood ash (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha), peat and wood ash mixture (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha) and control (unfertilized field). Results of analysis showed that the pH of peat in the cutaway peatland was before treatment 3.5 and it rose after fertilization by up to 0.7 units by the end of the first growing season. The treatment with 10 000 kg/ha of wood ash gave the best results: the annual height increment of Silver birches during the first growing season after fertilization was 4.5 times higher and that of Scots pines 1.1 times higher than control. In the second growing season after fertilization the increment was respectively 16.3 and 3.3 times higher than control. The root collar diameters of Silver birches were 4.4 time larger these of Scots pines 2.1 times larger than control. Scots pine needles were 2.2 times longer than control and the leaf area of the Silver birches was 6 times larger than control, which also shows a positive effect of fertilization. Peat ash treatment was also favourable, although its effect was much smaller than the effect of wood ash.
Quantitative fluorescence in intracranial tumor: implications for ALA-induced PpIX as an intraoperative biomarker
Authors: Valdés Pablo A. , Leblond Frederic , Kim Anthony , Harris Brent T. , Wilson Brian C. , Fan Xiaoyao , Tosteson Tor D. , Hartov Alex , Ji Songbai , Erkmen Kadir , Simmons Nathan E. , Paulsen Keith D. , Roberts David W. 
Published: March 2011

Object
Accurate discrimination between tumor and normal tissue is crucial for optimal tumor resection. Qualitative fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), synthesized endogenously following δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) administration, has been used for this purpose in high-grade glioma (HGG). The authors show that diagnostically significant but visually imperceptible concentrations of PpIX can be quantitatively measured in vivo and used to discriminate normal from neoplastic brain tissue across a range of tumor histologies.

Methods
The authors studied 14 patients with diagnoses of low-grade glioma (LGG), HGG, meningioma, and metastasis under an institutional review board–approved protocol for fluorescence-guided resection. The primary aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic capabilities of a highly sensitive, spectrally resolved quantitative fluorescence approach to conventional fluorescence imaging for detection of neoplastic tissue in vivo.

Results
A significant difference in the quantitative measurements of PpIX concentration occurred in all tumor groups compared with normal brain tissue. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of PpIX concentration as a diagnostic variable for detection of neoplastic tissue yielded a classification efficiency of 87% (AUC = 0.95, specificity = 92%, sensitivity = 84%) compared with 66% (AUC = 0.73, specificity = 100%, sensitivity = 47%) for conventional fluorescence imaging (p < 0.0001). More than 81% (57 of 70) of the quantitative fluorescence measurements that were below the threshold of the surgeon's visual perception were classified correctly in an analysis of all tumors.

Conclusions
These findings are clinically profound because they demonstrate that ALA-induced PpIX is a targeting biomarker for a variety of intracranial tumors beyond HGGs. This study is the first to measure quantitative ALA-induced PpIX concentrations in vivo, and the results have broad implications for guidance during resection of intracranial tumors.
Outcomes of 33 patients from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan undergoing bilateral or bicompartmental craniectomy
Authors: Ecker Robert D. , Mulligan Lisa P. , Dirks Michael , Bell Randy S. , Severson Meryl A. , Howard Robin S. , Armonda Rocco A. 
Published: March 2011

Object
There are no published long-term data for patients with penetrating head injury treated with bilateral supratentorial craniectomy, or supra- and infratentorial craniectomy. The authors report their experience with 33 patients treated with bilateral or bicompartmental craniectomy from the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Methods
An exploratory analysis of Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 6 months in 33 patients was performed. Follow-up lasting a median of more than 2 years was performed in 30 (91%) of these patients. The association of GOS score with categorical variables was explored using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used for ordinal/continuous data. To provide a clinically meaningful format to present GOS scores with categorical variables, patients with GOS scores of 1–3 were categorized as having a poor outcome and those with scores of 4 and 5 as having a good outcome. This analysis does not include the patients who died in theater or in Germany who underwent bilateral decompressive craniectomy because those figures have not been released due to security concerns.

Results
All patients were men with a median age of 24 years (range 19–46 years) and a median initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 5 (range 3–14). At 6 months, 9 characteristics were statistically significant: focus of the initial injury, systemic infection, initial GCS score, initial GCS score excluding patients with a GCS score of 3, GCS score on arrival to the US, GCS score on dismissal from the medical center, Injury Severity Score, and patients with cerebrovascular injury. Six factors were significant at long-term follow-up: focus of initial injury, systemic infection, initial GCS score excluding patients with a GCS score of 3, GCS score on arrival to the US, and GCS score on dismissal from the medical center. At long-term follow-up, 7 (23%) of 30 patients had died, 5 (17%) of 30 had a GOS score of 2 or 3, and 18 (60%) of 30 had a GOS score of 4 or 5.

Conclusions
In this selected group of patients who underwent bilateral or bicompartmental craniectomy, 60% are independent at long-term follow-up. Patients with bifrontal injury fared best. Systemic infection and cerebrovascular injury corresponded with a worse outcome.
Les origines d'Angers
Authors: Provost M. 
Published: March 2011

Au cours de la Préhistoire, les basses terrasses de la Maine sont indifféremment occupées par les chasseurs. Les découvertes d'outils du Néolithique et de l'âge du bronze ne prouvent nullement l'implantation d'une agglomération sur le site d'Angers. Les traces de la Tène I-II-III sont même mystérieusement absentes. Aucune population n'occupe le site au début de la Guerre des Gaules.
Par contre, peu après la fin de cette même guerre, les lieux semblent occupés par une population gauloise. Archéologiquement Juliomagus est « née » dans les vingt dernières années du Ier siècle avant J.-C. Dès cette époque, cette ville neuve, créée pour servir de capitale au peuple gaulois des Andécaves, atteint son extension maximale.
La réduction des prélèvements sur les entreprises
Authors: Ullmo Bernard 
Published: March 2011

The reduction of corporate tax and social security contributions,
by Bernard Ullmo.

Beyond the sharp controversies in terms of economic doctrine relative to the reduction of corporate taxes and social security contributions, this paper will seek to test the issue by resting its argumentation on the findings of macroeconometric models and of theoretical and empirical surveys.

We intended to test two current assumptions:
that, according to the fixed-prices temporary equilibrium theory, firms which operate under a "classical régime" tend to invest all of the transfer payments made to them, whereas firms under a Keynesian regime tend to employ such transfer payments in other ways;
that a large proportion of French firms find themselves currently operating under a "classical régime", owing to the low profit-rate that limits their growth.

Yet, none of the experimental methods used in this research, have clearly demonstrated the existence of such a large proportion of firms following the pattern set by the classical regime. Furthermore, the overall efficiency of a policy of reduction of corporate taxes and social security contributions is not to be found in the circuits by which public transfer payments are turned into productive investments. But other efficient though indirect mechanisms should not be excluded, the policy appears to produce its most favourable results whenever the sharpest drops in domestic prices are obtained, and the repercussion on export prices and on the volume of imports and exports maximized. The model Metric, unlike Dms and Copain. substantiates the favourable pattern of behaviour.

In summary, there is some uncertainty as to the regimes, and by way of consequence, the investment behaviours, the wage-price cycles and the sub-model related to foreign-trade. Therefore, there could be no decisive evidence in support of the desirability of a reduction of corporate taxes and social security contributions.
La politique budgétaire britannique
Authors: Santini Jean-Jacques 
Published: March 2011

Fiscal Policy in United Kigdom,
by Jean-Jacques Santini.

Since the second World War British economic policy, largely based on Keynesian theory, has relied essentially on fiscal policy to regulate the economy.

Since the beginning of the 1970s many observers have cast a critical eye on this approach and on the almost uninterrupted increase of the weight of public sector in the economy, which presumably explains most of british economic problems.

The coming to office of the Conservative party in May 1979 strenghened the pervasive influence of this school of thought. Reducing public deficits and the role of the State in the economy have since become the top priorities in British economic policy.

The aims of the present study are to analyse the broad outlines of this strategy, taking due account of the specific institutional context of the United Kingdom and to caractenze the dynamics of the major budget outlays for almost twenty years.

Despite major reforms affecting a large number of British institutions (privatisation, local council autonomy...), the role and content of fiscal policy and the increase in taxation and expenditure have only been slightly curbed. However, the full impact of these reforms cannot be assessed yet. The share of the public sector in the economy should decline in the coming years under the infuence of various factors such as large-scale privatisation or reduced government intervention, with the resulting repercussions on budgetary dynamics.
Low levels of population genetic structure in Pinus contorta (Pinaceae) across a geographic mosaic of co‐evolution
Authors: Parchman Thomas L. , Benkman Craig W. , Jenkins Brittany , Buerkle C. Alex 
Published: March 2011

• Premise of the study: Population genetic analyses provide information on the population context in which evolutionary processes operate and are important for understanding the evolution of geographically variable traits. Earlier studies showed that cone structure of lodgepole pine in the Rocky Mountains diverged among populations because of geographic variation in coevolutionary interactions involving mammalian and avian seed predators. Analyses of population genetic variation are needed to determine whether this divergence has arisen despite extensive gene flow and whether populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains have evolved convergent phenotypes independently.• Methods: We investigated genetic structuring across 22 stands of lodgepole pine in the central Rocky Mountains and in isolated peripheral populations that experience different seed predators and exhibit parallel divergence in cone traits using a set of nine simple sequence repeats and 235 AFLP loci.• Key results: Our analyses reveal high levels of genetic diversity within and low genetic differentiation among populations. Nonetheless, geographic and genetic distances were correlated, and isolated populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains had higher levels of differentiation than did populations in the central part of the range.• Conclusions: These data indicate not only that adaptive divergence of cone traits across a geographic mosaic of coevolution has occurred despite minimal genetic differentiation, but also that isolated populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains have evolved distinctive cones independently and in parallel. The population structure quantified here will inform future research aimed at detecting genetic variants associated with divergent adaptive traits.
Résistance au changement de l’institution policière et criminalité évolutive : un paradoxe
Authors: Diaz Frédéric , Desbiens Daniel 
Published: March 2011

La police aux prises à des résistances aux changements au sein de son institution est-elle en capacité de faire face à l’évolution de la criminalité ? À travers les réformes les plus récentes de la police et notamment la police communautaire, les auteurs tracent le portrait d’une institution qui doit faire face à deux situations opposées et paradoxales. D’un côté des tentatives de réformes pour répondre aux exigences de sécurité des citoyens ; de l’autre, un corps professionnel rétif aux changements qui doit lutter contre une criminalité adaptative. Dans cet article il s’agira de ressortir un modèle conceptuel pour intégrer le changement et la résistance au changement de l’institution policière. Ainsi, la police n’a d’autres choix que de changer la culture organisationnelle et surmonter les résistances par la formation, les critères d’embauche, l’évaluation du rendement et la promotion. Mais au final, les auteurs tendent à montrer que ce qui doit changer, au fond, ce n’est pas tant les discours que les actions et les mentalités.
Representing Multipliers of the Fourier Algebra on Non-Commutative Lp Spaces
Authors: Daws Matthew 
Published: March 2011

Abstract We show that the multiplier algebra of the Fourier algebra on a locally compact group G can be isometrically represented on a direct sum on non-commutative Lp spaces associated with the right von Neumann algebra of G. The resulting image is the idealiser of the image of the Fourier algebra. If these spaces are given their canonical operator space structure, then we get a completely isometric representation of the completely bounded multiplier algebra. We make a careful study of the noncommutative Lp spaces we construct and show that they are completely isometric to those considered recently by Forrest, Lee, and Samei. We improve a result of theirs about module homomorphisms. We suggest a definition of a Figa-Talamanca–Herz algebra built out of these non-commutative Lp spaces, say . It is shown that is isometric to L1(G), generalising the abelian situation.
Involutions Fixing Fn ∪ ﹛Indecomposable﹜
Authors: Pergher Pedro L. Q. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLet Mm be an m-dimensional, closed and smooth manifold, equipped with a smooth involution T : Mm → Mm whose fixed point set has the form Fn ∪ Fj, where Fn and Fj are submanifolds with dimensions n and j, Fj is indecomposable and n > j. Write n – j = 2pq, where q ≥ 1 is odd and p ≥ 0, and set m(n– j) = 2n + p–q +1 if p ≤ q +1 and m(n– j) = 2n +2p–q if p ≥ q. In this paper we show that m ≤ m(n – j) + 2j + 1. Further, we show that this bound is almost best possible, by exhibiting examples (Mm(n–j)+2j, T) where the fixed point set of T has the form Fn ∪ Fj described above, for every 2 ≤ j < n and j not of the form 2t – 1 (for j = 0 and 2, it has been previously shown that m(n – j) + 2 j is the best possible bound). The existence of these bounds is guaranteed by the famous 5/2-theorem of J. Boardman, which establishes that under the above hypotheses .
A Note on the Vanishing of Certain Local Cohomology Modules
Authors: Hellus M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor a finite module M over a local, equicharacteristic ring (R, m), we show that the well-known formula cd(m,M) = dim M becomes trivial if ones uses Matlis duals of local cohomology modules together with spectral sequences. We also prove a new ring-theoretic vanishing criterion for local cohomology modules.
Results and Complications after Implantation of a Black Iris-Lens Diaphragm in Patients with Traumatically Induced Aphakia and Aniridia
Authors: Petousis Vasileios , Krause Lothar , Willerding Gregor , Foerster Michael H. , Bechrakis Nikolaos E. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose. The black iris-lens diaphragm (ILD) can be used in the treatment of traumatic aniridia and aphakia. The aim of our study was to show postoperative functional and anatomic results and complications in a small case series. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the files of 16 patients managed with a black ILD or a sole iris diaphragm in the period 1994–2007. Four of them were female and 12 were male. The mean age of the group was 50±17 years. At the time of the implantation, all of the eyes had already undergone primary surgical repair. Results. The preoperative best-corrected visual acuity in half of the patients was ≥0.1 and remained stable after the first postoperative year. During the follow-up years, one eye developed a subluxation of the implant and one eye an anterior chamber hemorrhage. At the same time, out of 8 eyes carrying a silicone tamponade in the vitreous cavity, silicone oil entered the anterior chamber in 3 cases. In one case, enucleation was undertaken due to phthisis. Conclusions. In the case of severely traumatized eyes with aniridia and aphakia, the implantation of a black ILD can have a positive effect on functional and anatomic stabilization.