bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling in the Smear Zone: Evaluation of Nondissolved Bias and Associated BTEX, MTBE, and TPH Concentrations in Ground Water Samples*
Authors: Zemo Dawn A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAt fuel release sites, source zone characterization and monitoring for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, methyl‐tert‐butyl‐ether, and total petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline (TPHg) typically involve interpreting ground water data from grab (screening) samples and/or monitoring wells within the “smear zone,” where the soil pores contain both separate‐phase petroleum and dissolved‐phase constituents. Because the samples are collected within the smear zone, the ground water concentrations can be biased high by contributions from entrained nondissolved petroleum. The nondissolved bias is often not recognized by data users and can lead to erroneous interpretations and inputs for fate and transport modeling, mass flux calculations, risk assessments, etc., which can result in increased requirements for remediation or increased claims for damages in litigation. Ground water sample concentrations can be evaluated for potential bias by nondissolved petroleum using a phased approach that begins with comparison of the data to effective solubility concentrations for ethylbenzene, xylenes, and TPH derived from laboratory partitioning studies using fresh fuels. To reflect the reduction in effective solubility that results from weathering of the source, the ground water sample concentrations can also be compared to concentrations for samples that were collected with entrained sheen. In this data set of 47 gasoline release sites, the frequency of nondissolved bias in the reported ground water monitoring data ranged from 0.4% to 86%, depending on which concentration criterion was used as an indicator. If exceedances of the average concentration values for the laboratory partitioning and the sheen data are used, the frequency ranged from 9% to 20%. Also, reproducibility for duplicates collected from monitoring wells in the smear zone was unacceptable more than half of the time. This evaluation shows that a significant percentage of ground water monitoring data collected from the smear zone is unreliable for characterizing dissolved concentrations of petroleum constituents.
Agricultural Biotechnology InnovationsversusIntellectual Property Rights
Authors: Boyd Shari L. , Kerr William A. , Perdikis Nicholas 
Published: August 2010

“U.S. creativity and ingenuity improves the lives of people all over the world. American innovators, like our scientists, artists and writers, rely on intellectual property protection to safeguard their inventions and creations. Strong ipr protection should also be a priority for other countries because it will help them attract investment and technology.”Robert B. Zoellick1
Burnley Sewage‐Treatment Works: Design and Operation of a High‐Rate Nitrifying Filter
Authors: HILL B. , TODDINGTON R. , CHALLENGER P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper deals with the planning, construction, operation and performance of the purpose‐built nitrifying filter from its commissioning in August 1986 to the present day. Burnley sewage‐treatment works consists of inlet screens, Dorr detritors, primary sedimentation tanks, surface‐aeration activated sludge units, and final settlement; sludge is digested and tankered to farmland.The filter was designed and built following the closure of several local works and subsequent diversion of flows to Burnley. It was realized that the increased volume from the extended Burnley works would reduce the dilution of the effluent by the River Calder. This would result in a deterioration in the quality of the river. As a consequence an ammonia standard of 14 mg/l was imposed on the works following the completion of the nitrifying filter.
Risk Control of Pension Fund Management in China
Authors: Qian Xiaoyan , Zhu Chunling 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBased on an analysis of China's current pension system, the present paper indicates that risk control of pension fund management is a serious policy challenge for the Chinese Government. Although some reform efforts have been made, there are still serious institutional and capital market risks that are difficult to overcome but are key in the success of China's pension reform. To ensure a smooth transition in pension reform, China not only needs to build a better institutional framework and facilitate capital market development, but also raise the risk awareness of individual pensioners.
Revealed Comparative Advantage, Intra‐industry Trade and the US Manufacturing Trade Deficit with China
Authors: Shen Guobing , Gu Anthony Yanxiang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper uses 4‐digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter‐industry, with only a small portion being vertical intra‐industry trades (IIT). Our results confirm that Sino‐US trade is complementary. We construct an imbalanced index of IIT, and identify the goods groups that aggravate and reduce the US trade deficit with China. We suggest an approach for calculating a dynamic IIT index that might mitigate the aggregation bias of the existing methodologies. Our improved index reveals that the dynamic imbalances of US‐Chinese IIT in manufactured goods are worse than their static IIT imbalances, which means that it would be difficult to correct the deficit of US trade with China in the following couple of years. Adjusting and improving the structures of industries and products is China's major task for sustainable trade growth.
Comparison of Entrepreneurship Environment for Executives between State‐owned and Private Enterprises in China
Authors: Zhu Min , Camp Robert C. , Ashamalla Maali , Garg Raj 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis research aims at exploring the differences in the effects of environment on entrepreneurship growth between state‐owned enterprises and private businesses. Through executive investigation, reasons are provided for better performance of private businesses. Environmental factors, including economic, legal, technological, cultural and social factors, which influence entrepreneurship growth, are examined to determine differences between state‐owned enterprise and private business executives. It is found that the methods of executive assignment to managerial posts determine executives’effort towards entrepreneurship.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF Macrobrachium americanum BATE FROM A POND ENVIRONMENT IN PANAMA3
Authors: Smitherman R. O. , Moss D. D. , Diaz Enrique L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTObservations on the biology of Macrobrachium americanum from a 0.61‐ha pond on the Pacific slope of central Panama were made from 1970 to 1973. Specimens were transported to Auburn University in 1970, and their growth rate and cold tolerance were observed in ponds. Fecundity and early life of larvae were studied in the laboratory.Spawning in the Panama pond occurred June to November, with a peak in September when 55% of all captured females had eggs. Methods for determining sex of immature prawns were devised. Length‐weight relationships for the population were determined.Feeding experiments in aquaria, and the wide variety of plant and animal materials used successfully as bait, indicated the omnivorous food habits of Macrobrachium americanum.Recaptures of identifiable specimens suggested territorality. The importance of space to individua adult shrimp was further indicated by the positive correlation of number of specimens captured with area of trap bottom.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF PINK SHRIMP (Penaeus duorarum BURKENROAD) IN A FEEDING EXPERIMENT IN PONDS1
Authors: Caillouet C. W. , Norris J. P. , Herald E. J. , Tabb D. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA feeding experiment was conducted with pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad) in ponds at Turkey Point in southeast Florida during May‐October 1972. Postlarval shrimp were stocked at two densities (75,000 and 150,000 per ha), and two foods (wheat bran and Central Soya Master Mix Catfish Developer 934) were tested. Two feeding levels (averaging 19 kg/ha/day and 12 kg/ha/day) were tested with wheat bran, but the catfish food was fed only at the higher level.Best shrimp growth was achieved at the lower stocking density with both foods. Shrimp stocked at 75,000 her ha and fed catfish food grew the fastest and attained an average weight (heads‐on) near 8 g in 92 days. Only these were allowed to grow for another 64 days and reached an average weight of 12.5 g with 50% survival (from stocking). Survival ranged from 75–94% in shrimp harvested 90–92 days after stocking. With wheat bran, the largest average size attained in 92 days was near 6 g.Best yields of shrimp (heads‐on) were obtained at the higher stocking density with both foods. The highest yield, 555 kg/ha, after 90 days was achieved with catfish food and at a stocking density of 150,000 per ha. Shrimp stocked at 75,000 per ha and grown on catfish food for 156 days yielded 472 kg/ha. The highest yield obtained in 91 days with wheat bran as food was 402 kg/ha.With wheat bran as food, better growth and better yield were obtained at the higher feeding level (averaging 19 kg/ha/day) than at the lower (averaging 12 kg/ha/day). Catfish food was fed only at the higher level.
AMINO‐ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF YOUNG GREEN SEA TURTLES (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Wood James R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe development of a completely defined amino acid test diet suitable for hatchling sea turtles is briefly discussed. The results of a series of experiments designed to determine the nutritionally essential amino acids required by the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, are presented. Of the 18 amino acids of nutritional significance, nine are shown to be clearly essential, eight are shown to be clearly non‐essential, and one amino acid is shown to be possibly semi‐essential. Possible relationships of the reported results to the protein and amino acid requirements of turtle age classes other than hatchlings are mentioned. Directions of future research and implications for the development of commercial turtle feeds are suggested.
Effects of Substrate Type and Other Factors on the Growth, Survival, and Cannibalism of Juvenile Homarus Americanus in Mass Rearing Systems1
Authors: Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMass rearing experiments were conducted as part of our effort to develop effective techniques for commercial culture of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the post‐larval stage to adult market size. A preliminary study on effects of food dose level in mass rearing systems is described. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of substrate or shelter type on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juveniles. Fourth‐stage larvae were stocked at densities of 210–317/m2in mass rearing tanks with four different substrate types. After 6 months, the mean density of survivors and the mean carapace length for lobsters held in each substrate were: PVC tubes, 22/m2, 14.4 mm; rock, 24/m2, 13.9 mm; oyster shell, 30/m2, 15.0 mm; sand, 6/m2, 17.3 mm. Mortalities in in these tanks were attributed primarily to cannibalism. Based on the survivorship data, oyster shell appears to be the best culture substrate of those considered for reducing cannibalism and assuring high carrying capacity. Growth rates and aggression, as measured by claw loss, were found to be similar in all substrates tested.
An Economically Optimum Aquaculture Facility1
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , Schuur A. M. , Shleser Robert , Rauch H. E.s 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA method for determination of optima 1 values of control variables in an aquaculture facility has been presented previously (Botsford et al., 1974a). This paper describes major improvements in the optimization approach and use of the approach in design and evaluation of culture systems. Added features of the optimization approach include determination of optimum market size, discrete rather than continuous space allotment, and a new waste treatment model. In addition, recent experimental results and proposed physical system designs have been incorporated in the model enabling more accurate optimization and more realistic predictions. The influence of geographic location, changes in cost of various components, and effects of experimental uncertainty of biological parameters on optimal values of control variables and final costs are described. The numerical results presented are for the American lobster (Homarus americanus); however, the techniques of analysis used may be applied to culture of other species.
Fingerling Production Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis), Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion Nebulosus), And Red Drum (Sciaenops Ocellatus), In Saltwater Ponds1
Authors: Colura Robert L. , Hysmith Bruce T. , Stevens Robert E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStriped bass (Morone saxatilis) production in two ponds (0.5 ha) at the Marine Fisheries Research Station, Palacios, Texas, during 1975 totalled 55, 645 fingerlings (11, 290/ha) averaging 41 mm in TL. Overall survival was 55.6%. Thirty thousand 7‐day‐old fry stocked in 0.1 ha pond produced 5,245 fingerlings (52, 450/ha) in 40 days or 0.75 kg/ha/day. Survival was 17%. Seventy thousand 6‐day‐old fry stocked in a 0.4 ha pond produced 50, 400 fingerlings (126, 000/ha) in 45 days or 1.68 kg/ha/day. Survival was 72%.Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) production in nine ponds (1.23 ha) during 1975 totalled 6, 230 fingerlings (5, 065/ha) averaging 48.7 mm TL. Production ranged from 0.00 to 0.89 kg/ha/day. Overall survival was 3% ranging from 0. to 18.6%. Copepods comprised 55.6% of the diet of spotted seatrout less than 25 mm TL. Spotted seatrout 25 mm TL or greater fed primarily on polycheates (40.5%) and secondarily on palemonid shrimp (34.2%).Red drum (Sciaenops ocellata) production in 10 ponds (4.8 ha) during 1975 totalled 295, 119 fingerlings (61, 483/ha) averaging 39.6 mm TL. Production ranged from 0.13 to 2.17 kg/ha/day. Overall survival was 20% ranging from 1.9 to 65.0%. Red drum less than 25 mm TL fed almost exclusively on copepods (97.3%). Copepods (50%) and aquatic insects (45.4%) were the primary and secondary food items of red drum 25 mm TL or greater.
Culturing Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) Under Controlled Environmental Conditions For The Upper Midwest Market1
Authors: Calbert H. E. , Huh H. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTYellow perch (Perca flavescens) are in great demand in the upper midwest around the Great Lakes area. The supply of this species from natural waters is declining rapidly while the demand is increasing. To supplement the natural supply a system of culture for this species under controlled environmental conditions has been developed at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison. The fish are raised from fingerling to market size (150 g) in 9 to 11 months on a pelleted feed at water temperatures of 21 C and photoperiods of 16 hr. The water used in the system is cycled through biological filters so that it can be used approximately 20 times. Feed conversion is approximately 1.5. The fish have an excellent flavor and yield approximately 5% more fillets than fish from natural waters.
A Food Supplement From Biomass Growth In Terminal Sewage Lagoons1
Authors: Schurr Karl 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTProperly constructed sewage lagoons offer an inexpensive alternative to activated sludge and trickling filter treatment. Lagoons are more efficient, and convert sewage nutrients to plants and invertebrates. Dietary salt and water softeners produce mixomesohaline conditions in lagoon mariculture.Laboratory evaluation of lagoon biomass has shown a potential for animal food. We have determined the amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate and ash content in the product. In addition, the levels of vitamins (biotin, cobalamin, naicin, pantothenic acid, total B6, riboflavin and thiamine) have been found in the biomass. Our evidence on the fate of enteric pathogens compliments well‐documented studies at other laboratories which indicate that the material is safe for consumption.Integration of sewage lagoons, with other types of sewage treatment is possible in order to provide the lowest cost of sewage treatment, with the potential for production of a nutritionally valuable food supplement.
Effect Of Salinity On Growth And Survival Of Penaeid Shrimp In Ponds1
Authors: Hysmith Bruce T. , Colura Robert L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBrown shrimp did not survive an initial 32 days of pond culture at 7 ppt. At 15 ppt salinity, survival was 6.7% and production was 78.4 kg/ha. Both survival and production were best at 21 ppt amounting to 20.8% and 185.3 kg/ha, respectively. At harvest, brown shrimp had a heads‐on count of 86 and 108/kg at 15 and 21 ppt, respectively.White shrimp survival increased with increasing salinity averaging 12.7, 43.8 and 60%, respectively, for the three levels of salinity. Production, amounted to 121.5 kg/ha at 7 ppt, 452.5 kg/ha at 15 ppt and 416.6 kg/ha at 21 ppt. At harvest, white shrimp had a heads‐on count of 101, 95 and 141/kg at 7, 15 and 21 ppt, respectively.Growth of both species seemed to vary inversely with survival. Coefficient of condition (K) averaged 8.5 for brown shrimp and 7.2 for white shrimp.
A Survey Of The Diseases Of Striped Bass, Morone saxatilisAnd Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus Cultured In Earthen Ponds1
Authors: Hawke John P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRoutine examinations of pond culture pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) for diseases were conducted at the Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama and on striped bass cultured in fresh water ponds at the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station from June, 1974 through October, 1975. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from striped bass and pompano. Protozoan parasites were found infesting pompano in brackish water and striped bass in fresh and brackish water. The identify, level of infection and response to treatment of each disease organism is discussed.
The Susceptibility Of Cultured American Lobsters To A Chitinolytic Bacterium1
Authors: Fisher W.S. , Rosemark T.R. , Nilson E.H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJuvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus) cultured at the Bodega Marine Laboratory were found to be susceptible to a chitinolytic bacterium under certain stress conditions. Under optimal conditions the animals were uneffected by the organisms. The greatest susceptibility was found on animals fed a long‐term synthetic diet and on animals that were treated with malachite green and fed on a short‐term synthetic diet. Excised appendages, carapace abrasion and heavy bacterial inoculation did not increase susceptibility.
Survival And Growth Of Juveniles Of The Giant Malaysian Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Fed Natural Plant Diets
Authors: Stern Henrietta L. , Armstrong David A. , Knight Allen W. , Chippendale Deborah J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral aquatic plants (Azolla filiculoides, Cladophora sp., Elodea sp., and Lemna sp.) were fed singly to groups of 30 juvenile Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) for 28 days, and comparisons were made with control prawns fed Ralston Purina Ration #20. The comparisons made were survival, weight change, and molting frequency.The animals ingested all diets during the experiment, though none on a plant diet fared as well as the controls in weight gains and survival by day 28. The controls increased 65% in dry weight, whereas the others lost weight. The control group had significantly higher survival by day 28, although on day 16 survival was better only than that of the Cladophora‐fed group. Most deaths of plantfed prawns were in the last week of the experiment, whereas the control group had no deaths after day 9. In general, molting peaks occurred in 8–10 day cycles, and all groups molted less in the latter half of the experiment. Group percents for molting during various periods were consistently highest for controls. Molt/day, averaged over 28 days, was 7.3, 2.5, 4.0, 3.8, and 5.0% for the control, Azolla, Cladophora, Elodea, and Lemna groups, respectively.A single‐species plant diet apparently did not satisfy the nutritional requirements of the prawn as indicated by increased mortality and decreased weight.
THE PURPLE‐HINGE ROCK SCALLOP: A NEW CANDIDATE FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Leighton D. L. , Phleger C. F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStudies on spawning and larval culture in the purple‐hinge rock scallop (Hinnites multirugosus) are described together with information on growth of juveniles and adults. Gravid individuals were collected from field populations throughout most of the year. These produced viable eggs when induced to spawn in the laboratory.Larval development appeared normal over the range 8–18°C (optimal for culture, 14–18°C). Acceptable growth and survival were achieved on a mixed diet of Isochrysis, Monochrysis, Tetraselmis and Skeletonema. Metamorphosis began in larvae 200 μm in shell diameter (age, 3 weeks). Most rapidly growing post‐larvae reached 1.8 mm at two months (15–18°C).Pre‐cementing juveniles held in cages in Mission Bay, San Diego, averaged approximately 8 mm/mo during summer (18–22°C) and half that rate throughout the rest of the year (13–18°C). Individuals 1.5 to 3.0 cm in October, 1975, reached shell diameters of 5.0 to 7.5 cm one year later.
AN ANALYSIS OF GRAVEL, PENS, CRAB TRAPS AND CURRENT BAFFLES AS PROTECTION FOR JUVENILE HARD CLAMS (Mercenaria mercenaria)1
Authors: Kraeuter John N. , Castagna Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe major hindrances to field grow‐out of juvenile hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) are wash by currents and predation. Previous data suggested that the effects of wind‐driven and tidal currents could be ameliorated by baffles and to some extent by pens and gravel. In our experiments predation protection was provided by gravel, pens and crab traps. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on quantitative samples of juvenile hard clams (2 mm seed) taken quarterly from field plots established in October 1975. All possible combinations of gravel, current baffles, pens and crab traps were examined. The results are interpreted as showing the varying seasonal effects of current action (storms) and predation on these newly planted and growing seed. The protection afforded by the combination of gravel and baffles was statistically superior to any of the individual or combined effects of the four variables for the first 11 months.The method has the advantages of being simple and promises to be adaptable to infaunal species in wide variety of habitats with a minimum of modification.