bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Elongated Magnetic Particles: Magnetization and Friction Coefficient Anisotropies
Authors: Vereda Fernando , de Vicente Juan , Hidalgo‐Álvarez Roque 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAnisotropy counts: A brief review of the main physical properties of elongated magnetic particles (EMPs) is presented. The most important characteristic of an EMP is the additional contribution of shape anisotropy to the total anisotropy energy of the particle, when compared to spherical magnetic particles. The electron micrograph shows Ni‐ferrite microrods fabricated by the authors.magnified imageWe present an overview of the main physical properties of elongated magnetic particles (EMPs), including some of their more relevant properties in suspension. When compared to a spherical magnetic particle, the most important characteristic of an EMP is an additional contribution of shape anisotropy to the total anisotropy energy of the particle. Increasing aspect ratios also lead to an increase in both the critical single‐domain size of a magnetic particle and its resistance to thermally activated spontaneous reversal of the magnetization. For single‐domain EMPs, magnetization reversal occurs primarily by one of two modes, coherent rotation or curling, the latter being facilitated by larger aspect ratios. When EMPs are used to prepare colloidal suspensions, other physical properties come into play, such as their anisotropic friction coefficient and the consequent enhanced torque they experience in a shear flow, their tendency to align in the direction of an external field, to form less dense sediments and to entangle into more intricate aggregates. From a more practical point of view, EMPs are discussed in connection with two interesting types of magnetic colloids: magnetorheological fluids and suspensions for magnetic hyperthermia. Advances reported in the literature regarding the use of EMPs in these two systems are included. In the final section, we present a summary of the most relevant methods documented in the literature for the fabrication of EMPs, together with a list of the most common ferromagnetic materials that have been synthesized in the form of EMPs.
Altered striatal response to reward in bulimia nervosa after recovery
Authors: Wagner Angela , Aizenstein Howard , Venkatraman Vijay K. , Bischoff‐Grethe Amanda , Fudge Julie , May J. Christopher , Frank Guido K. , Bailer Ursula F. , Fischer Lorie , Putnam Karen , Kaye Walter H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective:It is possible that disturbances of systems modulating reward may contribute to a vulnerability to develop an eating disorder.Method:This hypothesis was tested by assessing functional magnetic resonance brain imaging response to a monetary reward task known to activate the anterior ventral striatum (AVS), a region implicated in motivational aspects toward stimuli. To avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition, 10 women who had recovered from bulimia nervosa (BN) were compared with 10 healthy comparison women (CW).Results:For the AVS, CW distinguished positive and negative feedback, whereas recovered BN women had similar responses to both conditions. In addition, these groups had similar patterns of findings for the dorsal caudate.Discussion:We have previously shown that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN) also had altered striatal responses and difficulties in differentiating positive and negative feedback. Thus BN and AN individuals may share a difficulty in discriminating the emotional significance of a stimulus. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
13C NMR as a primary method for determining saturates, cis‐ and trans‐monounsaturates and polyunsaturates in fats and oils for nutritional labeling purposes
Authors: Gao Lei , Sedman Jaqueline , García‐González Diego L. , Ehsan Sadia , Sprules Tara , van de Voort Frederik R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe suitability of 13C NMR as a primary method for the analysis of lipids to obtain nutritional labeling compositional data (NLCD), i.e. the percentages of saturated, cis‐monounsaturated, trans‐monounsaturated, and cis‐polyunsaturated fat, was assessed. The 13C NMR methodology was developed by using mixtures of pure triglycerides as model lipids to optimize and standardize scan conditions and spectral pre‐processing procedures, establish fixed integration limits for measurement of the 13C resonances used in the determination of NLCD, and evaluate the quantitative accuracy of the 13C NMR analysis. The standardized 13C NMR methodology allowed the NLCD of the model triacylglycerol mixtures to be determined within ˜±1%. To further evaluate the methodology, two sets of validation samples, consisting of ten unhydrogenated oils from the American Oil Chemists' Society Laboratory Proficiency Program (AOCS‐LPP) and two trans‐containing AOCS‐LPP samples combined with three samples from a hydrogenation process, were analyzed. Good overall agreement between the NMR‐determined NLCD (in units of mol‐%) and the mol‐% NLCD calculated for these samples from fatty acid compositional data obtained by gas chromatography was found, including good tracking of the trans content in the second validation set. Given that the NLCD must be expressed on a wt‐% basis to be of practical utility, a means of mol‐% to wt‐% conversion was developed assuming all unsaturates to be C18 and obtaining the weight‐average molecular weight of the saturated fatty acid contributions from the NMR data. This conversion was shown to be especially effective for oil blends, where errors become significant if unit conversion is not done. This work indicates that 13C NMR can provide excellent primary NLCD data, even in wt‐% terms, which can be used for calibrating simpler and automatable instrumental methods such as FTIR spectrometers to determine or screen for NLCD for fats and oils or lipids extracted from food on a routine basis.
Secondary Metabolites of Phomopsis sp. XZ‐26, an Endophytic Fungus from Camptothecaacuminate
Authors: Lin Ting , Lin Xiang , Lu Chunhua , Hu Zhiyu , Huang Wenyu , Huang Yaojian , Shen Yuemao 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEleven new metabolites, including nine lovastatin analogues [oblongolides N–V (1–2 and 5–11), which were defined as naphthalene‐type fungal polyketides], one linear furanopolyketide (13) and a monoterpene named dihydroxysabinane (14), together with four known compounds including oblongolides B (3) and C (4), one linear furanopolyketide (12) and the sesterterpene terpestacin (15), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Phomopsis sp. XZ‐26 of Camptotheca acuminate. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including HR‐ESI‐MS, 1H and 13C NMR, 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC, 1H‐1H COSY and NOESY), and X‐ray single‐crystal analysis. The antimicrobial activities of 1–5, 8, 10 and 13–15 were evaluated, but none showed a substantial effect. Additionally, a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for oblongolides was proposed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Solvent‐Free Addition Reaction of Allylzinc Bromide and Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Zhang Yumei , Jia Xuefeng , Wang Jin‐Xian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe reactivity of organozincs could be enhanced dramatically under solvent‐free conditions. Allylzinc bromide can react rapidly with aldehydes and ketones to give homoallylic alcohols in high yields in the absence of a catalyst under solvent‐free conditions in an open atmosphere at room temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of 3‐(Tosylalkyl)indazoles and their Desulfonylation Reactions – A New Entry to 3‐Substituted Indazoles by an Unprecedented Friedel–Crafts Process
Authors: Campetella Silvia , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReaction of indazoles with aldehydes in the presence of p‐toluenesulfinic acid affords the corresponding sulfonyl indazoles in satisfactory yields. The reported Friedel–Crafts process is rather unusual on indazoles because of the reduced electronic density of the heterocycle. The obtained sulfonyl indazoles can be desulfonylated under reductive conditions, finally leading to 3‐alkylated indazoles.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Third‐Generation Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Covalently Immobilized on Electrografted Organic Film on Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Radi Abd‐Elgawad , Muñoz‐Berbel Xavier , Cortina‐Puig Montserrat , Marty Jean‐Louis 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA new convenient strategy to fabricate a third‐generation hydrogen peroxide biosensor was described. The screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was first modified with a layer of 4‐nitrophenyl assembled from the 4‐nitroaniline diazonium salt synthesized in situ in acidic aqueous solution. Next, the nitro groups were converted to amines followed by crosslinking to the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by glutaraldehyde. The redox chemistry of the active center of the HRP was observed and the HRP‐modified electrode displayed electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) without any mediators. H2O2 was determined in a linear range from 5.0 μM to 50.0 μM, with a detection limit of 1.0 μM. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited fast amperometric response, good reproducibility and long‐term stability.
High‐fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization of modern transport wing using efficient hierarchical parameterization
Authors: Morris A. M. , Allen C. B. , Rendall T. C. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAerodynamic shape optimization technology is presented, using an efficient domain element parameterization approach. This provides a method that allows geometries to be parameterized at various levels, ranging from gross three‐dimensional planform alterations to detailed local surface changes. Design parameters control the domain element point locations and, through efficient global interpolation functions, deform both the surface geometry and corresponding computational fluid dynamics volume mesh, in a fast, high quality, and robust fashion. This results in total independence from the mesh type (structured or unstructured), and optimization independence from the flow‐solver is achieved by obtaining gradient information for an advanced gradient‐based optimizer by finite‐differences. Hence, the optimization tool can be used in conjunction with any flow‐solver and/or mesh generator. Results have been presented recently for two‐dimensional aerofoil cases, and shown impressive results; drag reductions of up to 45% were demonstrated using only 22 active design parameters. This paper presents the extension of these methods to three dimensions, with results for highly constrained optimization of a modern aircraft wing in transonic cruise. The optimization uses combined global and local parameters, giving 388 design variables, and produces a shock‐free geometry with an 18% reduction in drag, with the added advantage of significantly reduced root moments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissociable frontal controls during visible and memory‐guided eye‐tracking of moving targets
Authors: Ding Jinhong , Powell David , Jiang Yang 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhen tracking visible or occluded moving targets, several frontal regions including the frontal eye fields (FEF), dorsal‐lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are involved in smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM). To investigate how these areas play different roles in predicting future locations of moving targets, 12 healthy college students participated in a smooth pursuit task of visual and occluded targets. Their eye movements and brain responses measured by event‐related functional MRI were simultaneously recorded. Our results show that different visual cues resulted in time discrepancies between physical and estimated pursuit time only when the moving dot was occluded. Visible phase velocity gain was higher that that of occlusion phase. We found bilateral FEF association with eye‐movement whether moving targets are visible or occluded. However, the DLPFC and ACC showed increased activity when tracking and predicting locations of occluded moving targets, and were suppressed during smooth pursuit of visible targets. When visual cues were increasingly available, less activation in the DLPFC and the ACC was observed. In addition, there was a significant hemisphere effect in DLPFC, where right DLPFC showed significantly increased responses over left when pursuing occluded moving targets. Correlation results revealed that DLPFC, the right DLPFC in particular, communicates more with FEF during tracking of occluded moving targets (from memory). The ACC modulates FEF more during tracking of visible targets (likely related to visual attention). Our results suggest that DLPFC and ACC modulate FEF and cortical networks differentially during visible and memory‐guided eye tracking of moving targets. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health expenditure estimation and functional form: applications of the generalized gamma and extended estimating equations models
Authors: Hill Steven C. , Miller G. Edward 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHealth‐care expenditure regressions are used in a wide variety of economic analyses including risk adjustment and program and treatment evaluations. Recent articles demonstrated that generalized gamma models (GGMs) and extended estimating equations (EEE) models provide flexible approaches to deal with a variety of data problems encountered in expenditure estimation. To date there have been few empirical applications of these models to expenditures. We use data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to compare the bias, predictive accuracy, and marginal effects of GGM and EEE models with other commonly used regression models in a cross‐validation study design. Health‐care expenditure distributions vary in the degree of heteroskedasticity, skewness, and kurtosis by type of service and population. To examine the ability of estimators to address a range of data problems, we estimate models of total health expenditures and prescription drug expenditures for two populations, the elderly and privately insured adults. Our findings illustrate the need for researchers to examine their assumptions about link functions: the appropriate link function varies across our four distributions. The EEE model, which has a flexible link function, is a robust estimator that performs as well, or better, than the other models in each distribution. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large liver cell change in hepatitis B virus–related liver cirrhosis #
Authors: Kim Haeryoung , Oh Bong-Kyeong , Roncalli Massimo , Park Chanil , Yoon So-Mi , Yoo Jeong Eun , Park Young Nyun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Large liver cell change (LLCC) refers to microscopic lesions often found in various chronic liver diseases; however, its nature is still controversial. Thirty-four formalin-fixed and 19 fresh frozen hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis samples were examined for the presence of LLCC, small liver cell change (SLCC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The cell cycle checkpoint status (p21, p27, p16, Tp53), cell dynamics (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling, M30), DNA damage (γ-H2AX [H2A histone family, member X]), telomere lengths, chromosomal instability (micronuclei index), and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity were evaluated using an in situ approach and compared to those in normal liver (n = 5) and liver with chronic cholestasis (34 cases of hepatolithiasis and three cases of primary biliary cirrhosis). In HBV-related cirrhosis, the p21, p27, and p16 cell cycle checkpoint markers were activated in normal-looking cirrhotic hepatocytes (NLCH), but diminished gradually from LLCC, SLCC, to HCC, with an increase in Tp53 expression. There was a general decrease in telomere length from NLCH, LLCC, SLCC, to HCC. Micronuclei, γ-H2AX foci, and net cellular gain were significantly increased from normal hepatocytes, NLCH, LLCC, SLCC, to HCC. The SA-β-Gal activity was weaker in LLCC compared to NLCH and absent in SLCC and HCC. In contrast, cholestatic LLCC showed retained expression of cell cycle checkpoint markers and decreased net cellular gain compared to adjacent normal-looking hepatocytes. HBV-related LLCC showed significantly higher Tp53 labeling index, γ-H2AX labeling index, and micronuclei index; shorter telomere length; decreased SA-β-Gal activity; and increased net cellular gain compared to cholestatic LLCC. Conclusion: The nature of LLCC is rather heterogeneous depending on the biological setting. The characteristics of HBV-related LLCC are more consistent with dysplastic rather than merely reactive hepatocytes, whereas cholestatic LLCC more likely represents reactive change with more stringent cell cycle checkpoint control. (Hepatology 2009.)
Distinct kinetics and dynamics of cross-presentation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells compared to dendritic cells #
Authors: Schurich Anna , Böttcher Jan P. , Burgdorf Sven , Penzler Patrick , Hegenbarth Silke , Kern Michaela , Dolf Andreas , Endl Elmar , Schultze Joachim , Wiertz Emmanuel , Stabenow Dirk , Kurts Christian , Knolle Percy 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Cross-presentation is an important function of immune competent cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and an organ-resident liver cell population, i.e., liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Here, we characterize in direct comparison to DCs the distinct dynamics and kinetics of cross-presentation employed by LSECs, which promote tolerance induction in CD8 T cells. We found that LSECs were as competent in cross-presenting circulating soluble antigen ex vivo as DCs at a per-cell basis. However, antigen uptake in vivo was 100-fold more pronounced in LSECs, indicating distinct mechanisms of cross-presentation. In contrast to mannose-receptor–mediated antigen uptake and routing into stable endosomes dedicated to cross-presentation in DCs, we observed distinct antigen-uptake and endosomal routing with high antigen turnover in LSECs that resulted in short-lived cross-presentation. Receptor-mediated endocytosis did not always lead to cross-presentation, because immune-complexed antigen taken up by the Fc-receptor was not cross-presented by LSECs, indicating that induction of CD8 T cell tolerance by LSECs is impaired in the presence of preexisting immunity. Conclusion: These results provide a mechanistic explanation how organ-resident LSECs accommodate continuous scavenger function with the capacity to cross-present circulating antigens using distinct kinetics and dynamics of antigen-uptake, routing and cross-presentation compared to DCs. (Hepatology 2009.)
Porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells contribute significantly to intrahepatic ammonia metabolism #
Authors: Nedredal Geir I. , Elvevold Kjetil , Ytrebφ Lars M. , Fuskevåg Ole-Martin , Pettersen Ingvild , McCourt Peter A. G. , Bertheussen Kjell , Smedsrφd Bård , Revhaug Arthur 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Ammonia metabolism in the liver has been largely credited to hepatocytes (HCs). We have shown that liver nonparenchymal cells that include liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) produce ammonia. To address the limited knowledge regarding a role for LSECs in ammonia metabolism, we investigated the ammonia metabolism of isolated LSECs and HCs under three different conditions: (1) bioreactors containing LSECs (LSEC-bioreactors), (2) bioreactors containing HCs (HC-bioreactors), and (3) separate bioreactors containing LSECs and HCs connected in sequence (Seq-bioreactors). Our results showed that LSEC-bioreactors released six-fold more ammonia (22.2 nM/hour/106 cells) into the growth media than HC-bioreactors (3.3 nM/hour/106 cells) and Seq-bioreactors (3.8 nM/hour/106 cells). The glutamate released by LSEC-bioreactors (32.0 nM/hour/106 cells) was over four-fold larger than that released by HC-bioreactors and Seq-bioreactors (<7 nM/hour/106 cells). LSEC-bioreactors and HC-bioreactors consumed large amounts of glutamine (>25 nM/hour/106 cells). Glutaminase is known for catalyzing glutamine into glutamate and ammonia. To determine if this mechanism may be responsible for the large levels of glutamate and ammonia found in LSEC-bioreactors, immunolabeling of glutaminase and messenger RNA expression were tested. Our results demonstrated that glutaminase was present with colocalization of an LSEC-specific functional probe in lysosomes of LSECs. Furthermore, using a nucleotide sequence specific for kidney-type glutaminase, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that this isoform of glutaminase was expressed in porcine LSECs. Conclusion: LSECs released large amounts of ammonia, perhaps due to the presence of glutaminase in lysosomes. The ammonia and glutamate released by LSECs in Seq-bioreactors were used by hepatocytes, suggesting an intrahepatic collaboration between these two cell types. (Hepatology 2009.)
Rectal cancer survival in the Nordic countries and Scotland
Authors: Folkesson Joakim , Engholm Gerda , Ehrnrooth Eva , Kejs Anne‐Mette , Påhlman Lars , Harling Henrik , Wibe Arne , Gaard Maria , Þorvaldur Jónsson , Tryggvadottir Laufey , Brewster David H. , Hakulinen Timo , Storm Hans H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to present detailed population‐based survival estimates for patients with a rectal adenocarcinoma, using cancer register data supplemented with clinical data. Based on cancer register data, differences in rectal cancer survival have been reported between countries in Europe. Variation in the distribution of stage at diagnosis, initial therapy including surgical technique, and comorbidity are possible explanatory factors. Adenocarcinomas in the rectum, diagnosed in 1997 and identified in the national cancer registries in the Nordic countries and Scotland were included. Age standardized 5‐year relative survival and multiplicative regression models for the relative excess mortality were calculated. 3888 patients were included in the survival study. Men in Denmark, Finland and Iceland had lower 5‐year relative survival and poorer stage distribution compared to Norway, Sweden and Scotland. Danish men had the highest rate of excess deaths in the first six months after diagnosis. Stage adjusted, the elevated relative excess mortality decreased and after six months the excess mortality rates were the same in all countries. The poor 5‐year relative survival in Danish men was mainly due to a high excess rate of death during the first six months after diagnosis. The low survival in Finland and Iceland was not in accordance with other periods. For both countries this may be explained by random variation due to small numbers. The study emphasizes the need for high quality and detailed data in order to understand international survival differences, and cautions comparisons between large national samples and those of smaller areas. © 2009 UICC