bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical logging system will help detect marine pollution
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

A new tool to help detect and control marine pollution has been developed by Texas A&M Sea Grant oceanographers. An electrical logging system that provides relatively quick and inexpensive measurements of upper soft sea‐bottom sediments has been successfully tested. Further development and adaptation to computer techniques is planned, with continued support by the National Sea Grant Program, a part of NOAA.A key feature of the system is an in‐place gravity probe incorporating electrodes in the nose, which is dropped into the soft bottom sediments. In its present configuration, it measures the electrical resistances of the sediments as it is withdrawn.
Modeling techniques in water resources systems
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

An International Symposium on Modeling Techniques in Water Resources Systems will be held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 9–12, 1972. The symposium will bring together international experts from all disciplines involved with the development and application of mathematical modeling techniques to the planning, operation, and management of water resources systems.Approximately 70% of the papers will be invited; the rest will be unsolicited. Participation in the symposium will be by invitation only.
National Fall Meeting 1970
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The meeting was held at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, December 7–10, 1970. AGU's third western exhibition was held concurrently. The exhibits included: TRW Systems; Schonstedt Instrument Company; NASA; U.S. Geological Survey; and the California Division of Mines.Over 1000 registrants participated in this very successful meeting.
Ocean Sediment Coring Program
Authors: Peterson M. N. A. 
Published: April 2012

The Ocean Sediment Coring Program is providing samples of sediments and a small amount of crystalline volcanic or igneous rock from far beneath the floor of the deep ocean basins. Drilling uses largely proven and conventional rotary drilling technology.The program fulfills a real need of the times. Two hundred years ago, based on suitable navigational instruments, the era of Captain Cook mapped the oceans. One hundred years ago, the H.M.S. Challenger measured the depths of the ocean basins and established the broad contours of the bottom of the oceans. Today, the Ocean Sediment Coring Program is adding the next dimension of time to our knowledge of the ocean basins.
Education and the environment
Authors: Fleagle Robert G. 
Published: April 2012

Far‐reaching changes are occurring in university education. Some of these changes are intimately related to subject areas within geophysics, but university geophysicists are for the most part playing a passive role in critical examination of curricula and in developing new programs responsive to student interest in environmental problems.It seems to be that this situation is cause for concern. The following items suggest the issues which call for our thought and attention.
Annoying data aids air pollution study
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Information collected by astronomers training their telescopes on the stars will be put to work in the study of earth's air pollution. The project will be made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation.An innovative pooling of astronomical and space techniques by a University of Washington team will probe the earth's atmosphere by means not previously tried on a project of such large scale, nor with air pollution primarily in mind.
Rock Mechanics Short Course
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

St. John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, will host the Fifth Annual Rock Mechanics Short Course August 23–28, 1971. It will be presented by the Department of Civil Engineering and Mineral Engineering and conducted by the Department of Conferences and Institutes, General Extension Division, University of Minnesota.The emphasis of the short course will be on the application of rock mechanics to design problems. Principles of rock mechanics, their practical significance, and use in design will be developed through lectures, discussions, and laboratory exercises, arranged in order to meet a variety of individual backgrounds and needs.
Cloud Physics Conference
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The International Conference on Cloud Physics will be held in the rooms of the Royal Society, London, England, during the week of August 21, 1972. The conference is sponsored by the International Commission on Cloud Physics, IAMAP.Topics to be discussed at the conference are: instrumental techniques; aerosols (including freezing nuclei); microphysical aspects of the growth of hydrometeors; models of precipitation mechanisms; cloud dynamics; and cloud modification. Survey papers on these topics will be presented by invited speakers. Supporting papers which will be selected from submitted papers, will constitute a large part of the program. Besides the paper sessions, at least two evening discussions concerning major problems will be scheduled. At least one halfday session might be assigned to papers by graduate students.
OWRR announces fiscal year 1972 Title II Water Resources Research Program
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Fifty‐four research projects have been selected by the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year 1972 water research program authorized under Title II of the Water Resources Research Act of 1964.The Title II program, administered by the Office of Water Resources Research, provides for research grants, contracts, or other arrangements with educational institutions, private foundations or other institutions, and with private firms and individuals for the conduct of research that seeks solutions to urgent water problems throughout the nation.
Hydrogen in the upper atmosphere
Authors: Tinsley Brian A. 
Published: April 2012

Over the last 4 years researchers in the United States have made important contributions to the noticeable improvement of our knowledge of hydrogen in the upper atmosphere.In addition to new data being obtained in rocket, satellite, and ground‐based measurements, improved interpretation of the data and understanding of background effects have lead to more reliable results on hydrogen abundances and diurnal and other variations. Theoretical and observational progress has been made in the understanding of the vertical profiles, the diurnal variations, and the nature of sources and sinks for hydrogen in the upper atmosphere. The effect of hydrogen escape on the evolution of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere has been reinterpreted.
[Comment to “Geodynamics Project: Development of a U.S. Program” by the U.S. Geodynamics Committee] The Geodynamics Project: An alternate approach
Authors: Tatsch J. H. 
Published: April 2012

The May issue of EOS discusses the Geodynamics Project, including a discussion of approximately 16 question areas left unanswered by present concepts (page 404). Space does not permit summarizing these unanswered question areas here.I should like to point out that harbingers of answers to these and other questions left unanswered by the plate‐tectonics concept appeared in previous issues of your fine journal when you printed 14 abstracts of my papers regarding the geophysical implications of applying a dual primeval planet hypothesis to the earth, which papers were presented at AGU meetings during the past 8 years (EOS, Transactions, 44, 877, 887, 892, 1963; 45, 39, 74, 124, 1964; 47, 56, 123, 464, 477, 486, 490, 1966; 48, 59, 1967; 50, 672, 1969).
[Comment to “The environmental context” by Thomas F. Malone] Human actions and the environment
Authors: Ellsaesser Hugh W. 
Published: April 2012

I find it distressing that a man of the stature of Thomas F. Malone (The Environmental Context, July EOS) cites, without qualification, the following to be a result of conscious human actions: ‘The increasing particulate load in the atmosphere which has an effect on the climate that would appear to be opposite to the one produced by an increase in the carbon dioxide content.’He is doing a disservice to himself, to humanity, and to science to blithely lend his reputation to the validity of a condition of such serious consequences and so poorly substantiated by the available data.
Colorado Seismic Network established
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

A new earthquake recording network now being installed in Colorado by federal and university scientists is expected to detect more than 200 local shocks during its first year of operation.According to James Taggart, research seismologist at the Earth Sciences Laboratories of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Boulder, Colorado, the network records earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or more on the Richter scale and explosions in Colorado and nearby states. It also records large earthquakes at greater distances.
NSF supports experimental re‐education program for aerospace scientists and technologists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The National Science Foundation has awarded a $51,000 grant to Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, to develop and evaluate an experimental program to reorient former defense‐aerospace scientists and technologists into research on societal problems.The project will involve studies of research needs in public service areas such as waste disposal, health care, transportation, and water pollution. Seven task forces, formed from a total of twenty‐one unemployed technical personnel under the leadership of Emory University faculty members, will conduct the studies and design research projects aimed at the solution of problems in the target areas.
U.S./IHD Contributions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Kareliotis, S.J., and V.T. Chow, 1971, Computer solution of hydrodynamic watershed model. (IHW model II). Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 128 pp.Chow, V.T., 1971, Role of WES in the development of hydrodynamic watershed model. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Mathematical Models in Hydrology, sponsored by IASH, Unesco, and WMO, Warsaw, Poland, 14 pp.
Sea Grants awarded
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has awarded sea grants to the following institutions:The University of Rhode Island will receive $1,125,000 for coastal zone and fisheries research.The University of North Carolina has been awarded $410,000 for research in marine law, ocean engineering, aquaculture, and a wide range of estuarine studies of particular interest to North Carolina and the southeast coast of the U.S.
Applications of depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Brillson L J 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS) has developed over the past few decades into a powerful technique for characterizing electronic properties of advanced materials structures and devices on a nanoscale. The lateral and depth-resolved capabilities of DRCLS enable researchers to probe native defects, impurities, chemical changes and local band structure inside state-of-the-art device structures on an unprecedented scale. A key strength of DRCLS is its ability to distinguish electronic features at buried interfaces within multilayer device structures, interfaces whose microscopic physical features can determine macroscopic electronic properties. This review provides a general overview of DRCLS and illustrates the wide array of applications now available using this technique.
Simulation studies of RF excited micro-cavity discharges for micro-propulsion applications
Authors: Sitaraman H , Raja L L 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A detailed computational modelling study of the micro-cavity discharge (MCD) thruster is presented. The MCD thruster concept incorporates a microdischarge with dielectric covered electrodes operated using alternating current (ac) excitation. The thruster geometry comprises a constant area pipe section followed by a divergent micro-nozzle. Two ring electrodes are embedded in the wall of the pipe section with the downstream electrode close to the pipe-micronozzle intersection. A microdischarge plasma is generated in argon propellant gas flowing through the thruster. A detailed plasma dynamics model coupled with the compressible Navier–Stokes equations is used to study the flow and plasma phenomenon in the thruster. Results show a highly pulsed microdischarge with plasma densities of ∼1019 m−3 and current densities ∼700 mA cm−2 for an ac excitation in the radio frequency (RF) regime of 10 and 20 MHz. The dominant gas heating mechanism in these discharges is through ion Joule heating. Higher electron densities and spatially dominant thermal source terms are observed for the 20 MHz excitation compared with 10 MHz excitation. The addition of 20% nitrogen to the flow resulted in much better performance compared with the pure argon cases. A peak gas temperature rise ∼200 K is seen for a cycle-averaged power deposition of 76 mW. For the conditions explored in this study, the overall specific impulse of the thruster operating with the microdischarge plasma is found to be about 25% higher than a corresponding cold gas case.
A de novo metagenomic assembly program for shotgun DNA reads
Authors: Lai Binbin , Ding Ruogu , Li Yang , Duan Liping , Zhu Huaiqiu 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: A high-quality assembly of reads generated from shotgun sequencing is a substantial step in metagenome projects. Although traditional assemblers have been employed in initial analysis of metagenomes, they cannot surmount the challenges created by the features of metagenomic data.
Result: We present a de novo assembly approach and its implementation named MAP (metagenomic assembly program). Based on an improved overlap/layout/consensus (OLC) strategy incorporated with several special algorithms, MAP uses the mate pair information, resulting in being more applicable to shotgun DNA reads (recommended as &gt;200 bp) currently widely used in metagenome projects. Results of extensive tests on simulated data show that MAP can be superior to both Celera and Phrap for typical longer reads by Sanger sequencing, as well as has an evident advantage over Celera, Newbler and the newest Genovo, for typical shorter reads by 454 sequencing.
Availability and implementation: The source code of MAP is distributed as open source under the GNU GPL license, the MAP program and all simulated datasets can be freely available at http://bioinfo.ctb.pku.edu.cn/MAP/
Contact: hqzhu@pku.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
IDBA-UD: a de novo assembler for single-cell and metagenomic sequencing data with highly uneven depth
Authors: Peng Yu , Leung Henry C. M. , Yiu S. M. , Chin Francis Y. L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Next-generation sequencing allows us to sequence reads from a microbial environment using single-cell sequencing or metagenomic sequencing technologies. However, both technologies suffer from the problem that sequencing depth of different regions of a genome or genomes from different species are highly uneven. Most existing genome assemblers usually have an assumption that sequencing depths are even. These assemblers fail to construct correct long contigs.
Results: We introduce the IDBA-UD algorithm that is based on the de Bruijn graph approach for assembling reads from single-cell sequencing or metagenomic sequencing technologies with uneven sequencing depths. Several non-trivial techniques have been employed to tackle the problems. Instead of using a simple threshold, we use multiple depthrelative thresholds to remove erroneous k-mers in both low-depth and high-depth regions. The technique of local assembly with paired-end information is used to solve the branch problem of low-depth short repeat regions. To speed up the process, an error correction step is conducted to correct reads of high-depth regions that can be aligned to highconfident contigs. Comparison of the performances of IDBA-UD and existing assemblers (Velvet, Velvet-SC, SOAPdenovo and Meta-IDBA) for different datasets, shows that IDBA-UD can reconstruct longer contigs with higher accuracy.
Availability: The IDBA-UD toolkit is available at our website http://www.cs.hku.hk/~alse/idba_ud
Contact: chin@cs.hku.hk
CheShift-2: graphic validation of protein structures
Authors: Martin Osvaldo A. , Vila Jorge A. , Scheraga Harold A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Summary: The differences between observed and predicted 13Cα chemical shifts can be used as a sensitive probe with which to detect possible local flaws in protein structures. For this reason, we previously introduced CheShift, a Web server for protein structure validation. Now, we present CheShift-2 in which a graphical user interface is implemented to render such local flaws easily visible. A series of applications to 15 ensembles of conformations illustrate the ability of CheShift-2 to locate the main structural flaws rapidly and accurately on a per-residue basis. Since accuracy plays a central role in CheShift predictions, the treatment of histidine (His) is investigated here by exploring which form of His should be used in CheShift-2.
Availability: CheShift-2 is free of charge for academic use and can be accessed from www.cheshift.com
Contact: has5@cornell.edu; jv84@cornell.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at the Bioinformatics online.
Ranking viruses: measures of positional importance within networks define core viruses for rational polyvalent vaccine development
Authors: Anderson Tavis K. , Laegreid William W. , Cerutti Francesco , Osorio Fernando A. , Nelson Eric A. , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Goldberg Tony L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMotivation: The extraordinary genetic and antigenic variability of RNA viruses is arguably the greatest challenge to the development of broadly effective vaccines. No single viral variant can induce sufficiently broad immunity, and incorporating all known naturally circulating variants into one multivalent vaccine is not feasible. Furthermore, no objective strategies currently exist to select actual viral variants that should be included or excluded in polyvalent vaccines.Results: To address this problem, we demonstrate a method based on graph theory that quantifies the relative importance of viral variants. We demonstrate our method through application to the envelope glycoprotein gene of a particularly diverse RNA virus of pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Using distance matrices derived from sequence nucleotide difference, amino acid difference and evolutionary distance, we constructed viral networks and used common network statistics to assign each sequence an objective ranking of relative ‘importance’. To validate our approach, we use an independent published algorithm to score our top-ranked wild-type variants for coverage of putative T-cell epitopes across the 9383 sequences in our dataset. Top-ranked viruses achieve significantly higher coverage than low-ranked viruses, and top-ranked viruses achieve nearly equal coverage as a synthetic mosaic protein constructed in silico from the same set of 9383 sequences.Conclusion: Our approach relies on the network structure of PRRSV but applies to any diverse RNA virus because it identifies subsets of viral variants that are most important to overall viral diversity. We suggest that this method, through the objective quantification of variant importance, provides criteria for choosing viral variants for further characterization, diagnostics, surveillance and ultimately polyvalent vaccine development.Contact: tgoldberg@vetmed.wisc.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
RFMapp: ribosome flow model application
Authors: Zur Hadas , Tuller Tamir 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Summary: The RFMapp is a graphical user interface application based on the RFM (ribosome flow model), enabling the estimation of the translation elongation rates of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) and the profile of ribosomal densities along the mRNAs, in a computationally efficient way. The RFMapp is based on the approach previously described by Reuveni et al., and unlike other traditional approaches in the field, which are mainly related to the genes' mean codon translation efficiency, the RFM additionally considers the codon order, the ribosomes' size and their order. Thus, it has been shown that RFM outperforms traditional predictors when analyzing both heterologous and endogenous genes.
Availability and implementation: Distributable cross-platform application and guideline are available for download at: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~tamirtul/RFM_Installers/install.htm
Contact: tamirtul@post.tau.ac.il
Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of early life traits in a cooperative mammal
Authors: NIELSEN JOHANNA F. , ENGLISH SINEAD , GOODALL‐COPESTAKE WILL P. , WANG JINLIANG , WALLING CRAIG A. , BATEMAN ANDREW W. , FLOWER TOM P. , SUTCLIFFE ROBERT L. , SAMSON JAMIE , THAVARAJAH NATHAN K. , KRUUK LOESKE E. B. , CLUTTON‐BROCK TIM H. , PEMBERTON JOSEPHINE M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMating between relatives often results in negative fitness consequences or inbreeding depression. However, the expression of inbreeding in populations of wild cooperative mammals and the effects of environmental, maternal and social factors on inbreeding depression in these systems are currently not well understood. This study uses pedigree‐based inbreeding coefficients from a long‐term study of meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in South Africa to reveal that 44% of the population have detectably non‐zero (F > 0) inbreeding coefficients. 15% of these inbred individuals were the result of moderate inbreeding (F ≥ 0.125), although such inbreeding events almost solely occurred when mating individuals had no prior experience of each other. Inbreeding depression was evident for a range of traits: pup mass at emergence from the natal burrow, hind‐foot length, growth until independence and juvenile survival. However, we found no evidence of significant inbreeding depression for skull and forearm length or for pup survival. This research provides a rare investigation into inbreeding in a cooperative mammal, revealing high levels of inbreeding, considerable negative consequences and complex interactions with the social environment.