bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Import Tariffs in the Canada‐U.S. Fresh Tomato Market
Authors: Hammig Michael D. , Mittelhammer Ron C. 
Published: July 2010

A quarterly econometric simulation model of the Canada‐U.S. tomato market was constructed to evaluate the effects of tariff policies on producers, consumers, and international trade. The model consisted of seven behavioral equations and four identities. Mexican participation in the Canada‐U.S. market is explicitly included through an equation defining the supply of Mexican tomatoes available for export. The model was used to compare simulated market outcomes over time with all variables held at actual levels to outcomes resulting from simulations where U.S. and Canadian tariffs were changed from their historical levels. The effect of the U.S. tariff on the U.S. winter market was examined by first doubling U. S. tariff values and then by eliminating U. S. tariffs. The effect on the Canadian summer market was tested by similar changes in the Canadian tariff. Results indicate that due to the ad valorem nature of the Canadian tariff structure, Canadian producers have received considerably more protection in recent years than have U.S. producers. The tariff mechanism does provide an effective means to administratively manipulate international competition in the North American fresh tomato market.On a bati un modéle simulé d'économetrie trimestrielle du marché de tomates canadien‐américain pour évaluer les effels de la politique douaniére sur les producteurs, les consommateurs et le commerce international. Le modéle consistait en sept équations behavioristes et quatre identités. On a tenu compte explicitement de la participation du Mexique au sein du marché canadien‐américain gráce á une équation qui déftnit l'offre en tomates mexicaines destinées á l'exportation. On a utilisé le modéle pour comparer d'une part les résultats á long terme des marchés simulés dont toutes les variables étaient fixées aux niveaux réels et d'autre part, les résultats provenant de simulations oú les tarifs douaniers americains et canadiens furent modifiés par rapport à leurs niveaux historiques. On a examiné l'effet du tarif douanier américain sur le marchè d'hiver américain, d'abord en doublant les valeurs des tarifs douaniers américains, ensuite en éliminant ces mémes tarifs. Gráce á des changements similaires portant sur les tarifs douaniers canadiens, on a testé l'effet sur le marché d'été canadien. Les résultants indiquent que, á cause de la nature proportionnelle de la structure des tarifs douaniers canadiens les producteurs canadiens ont reçu beaucoup plus de protection ces derníeres années que leurs homologues américains. Le mécanisme douanier fournit bien un moyen efficace de manipuler administrativement la concurrence internationale dans la marché américain de la tomate fraìche.
Rod F. Ziemer**
Authors: White Fred C. , Ziemer Rod F. 
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the effect of disequilibrium prices on consumer and producer surplus in the U.S. fed beef market. An econometric model which allows for the possibility of prices that do not clear the market was used in the analysis. Results indicated that (I) the effect of disequilibrium prices in the U.S. fed beef market in the 1960s was relatively small compared to the 1970s and (2) recent price controls on beef caused price distortions that yielded surplus gains to consumers while producers suffered surplus losses.Cet article a pour but de déterminer ľeffet du déséquilibre des prix sur le surplus du consommateur et du producteur dans le marché des bovins ďalimentation, aux Etats‐ Unis. Dans cette analyse, nous avons utilisé un modele économétrique qui peut s'appliquer aux cas où les prix ne sonl pas à la situation ďéquilibre. Les résullats indiquent que: (1) ľeffet do déséquilibre des prix dans les années 60 aux Etats‐ Unit était relativement modeste compareéàľeffet enregistré dans les années 70; (2) les récents contrölles de prix imposés sur les bovins ont causé des distortions de prix. lesquelles distortions ont entrainé un accroissement du surplus du consommateur au détriment du surplus du producteur.
National and Regional Household Demand for Meat, Poultry and Seafood: A Complete Systems Approach
Authors: Capps Oral , Havlicek Joseph 
Published: July 2010

Brown and Heien's S1‐branch system was employed to investigate national and regional demand patterns for meat, poultry, and seafood in the United States. Meal, poultry, and seafood purchases were very sensitive to own‐price changes, changes in total expenditure, and changes in household size, and were less sensitive to cross‐price changes, regional differences, and differences in degree of urbanization. The estimates of parameters and elasticities in the S1‐branch system were reasonable on a priori grounds, the goodness‐of‐fit was exceptional, and, using independent samples, the predictive performance of the demand system was particularly notable.Le système à branches de type S1 de Brown et Helen a été employe dans le but d'étudier les types de demandes au niveau national et regional en ce qui concerne la viande. la volaille et les fruits de mer aux Etats‐ Unis. Les achats de viande, de volaille et de fruits de mer etaieni tres sensibles à des changements de leurspropresprix, à des changements des dépenses totales ainsi qu 'à des variations de la taille des menages. Ils étaieni moins sensibles aux changements des prix croisés, aux differences regionales et aux differences du degré d'urbanisation. Les estimations des paramètres et des élasticités dans le système à branches du type S1étaieni a priori raisonnable, la qualitéétait exceptionnelle et en utilisant des échantillons indépendants, la performance prophétique du système de demande était particulièrement notable.
Agricultural Financial Analysis Expert Systems: Software Description
Authors: McGrann James M. , Karkosh Kedric , Osborne Clark 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe Agricultural Financial Analysis Expert Systems (AFAES) include software to prepare:agricultural financial statements;analysis summaries and graphic presentations of the analysis; andexpert systems that present a diagnostic analysis of the financial statement data.In addition, there is a lender data base management system (STANDARDS) to check borrower documentation, to compare borrower data to lender standards and to summarize data from the lender portfolio of borrowers.Using AFAES software helps organize financial data in a format following accounting procedures. The expert system provides a consistent diagnostic analysis of financial data useful to both producers and lender. AFAES is developed to interface with existing accounting and financial statement software or lender data bases.AFAES not only has been developed and verified in Texas but also its development has involved two national task forces, land‐grant university professionals, software vendors, accountants, lenders and representatives of regulatory agencies.Experience gained through development and verification efforts indicate that expert systems technology will be a valuable tool to enhance knowledge delivery by agricultural economists. Economics and finance are areas where expertise is often limited, leading to inadequate use of data and analysis tools by producers, lenders and educators. Expert systems offer a significant delivery technology.
An Analysis of Removal of Agricultural Trade Barriers between the United States and Canada with Emphasis on the Southeast
Authors: Ames Glenn C. W. , Yu Ming‐Fang 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA four‐region, 23‐commodity small world agricultural trade liberalization model within the SWOPSIM framework is used to measure the impact of tariff removal between the United States and Canada. The tariffs are simply defined as negative import subsidy equivalents in the model and are then removed from the trade prices. The model recalculates domestic supply and demand levels in all regions, rebalancing world trade, production, consumption and prices.In summary, the impacts of the Canada‐U.S. Trade Agreement on selected commodity groups are significant. Canadian imports of beef and veal, poultry meat, soybean oil and fresh strawberries increase. Furthermore, the results indicate larger trade flows for selected products and declines in producer and consumer prices in Canada, U.S. and Southeast regions.Since the U.S. share of Canadian agricultural imports averaged 60% in the 1980s, the impact of trade liberalization will be greater in Canada in selected commodities than in the U. S. or the southeastern region, and Canadian dependence on the U.S. market will be increasing in the future. The tariff phaseout, together with a reduction in nontariff barriers and harmonizing of domestic agricultural policies, will create more export opportunities in selected commodities for both the United States and Canada, and will create the world's largest free trade market.
Adoption of Captial Versus Management Intensive Technologies.
Authors: Zepeda Lydia 
Published: July 2010

This research examines the factors explaining the adoption of a capital‐intensive versus a management‐intensive technology in the dairy industry. This is done by estimating a multinomial logit model of technological choices on California dairy farms. Results indicate significant differences in the probabilities of adoption of each technology, but not in the marginal effects of the explanatory variables on these probabilities. Thus the level of explanatory variables, such as herd size or education, appears to be the determinant of the probability of having adopted each technology. Implications of the results are discussed.Cette analyse examine les facteurs qui expliquent l'adoption de deux technologies laitières, une intensive pour le capital, l'autre pour la gestion. Un modèle logit multivariée des choix technologiques sur les fermes laitières de la Californie est estimé. Les résultats indiquent que les différences entre les probabilités d'adoption de chacune technologie sont significantes, mais il n'y a pas des différences entre les effets des variables explicatives sur les probabilités marginales. Ainsi, c'est le niveau des variables explicatives qui détermine la probabilité de l'adoption de chaque technologie. Les implications des résultats sont discutées.
Riding the Third Wave Implications of Biotechnology for the Canadian Seed Crop Industry
Authors: Leask Bill , Anderson Robynne 
Published: July 2010

Biotechnology is causing dramatic changes in the seed industry on a national and global level. Further, the delivery of technology through seed is affecting all aspects of crop production. Coined the Third Wave of Development, it is a drive to meet specific end use traits through biotechnology. In light of this, the industry is seeing increased integration between all those involved in the chain of production. Adapting to this new environment creates significant challenges for the industry, including regulatory, international, handling, and structural.As the Canadian seed industry changes dramatically to meet the specific needs of end users, there has been an increase in strategic alliances between both handling and seed companies to accommodate identity preserved production. There has also been an increase in mergers and acquisitions, as R&D companies attempt to marry novel trait developments with good germplasm and seed production expertise.Yet, this is only the beginning as the integration of the seed industry with other aspects of the crop inputs sector applies even more pressure to integrate the agri‐food industry right from plant breeding through to end use.
Identifying Macroeconomic Linkages to U.S. Agricultural Trade Balance
Authors: Baek Jungho , Koo Won W. 
Published: July 2010

This study explores the short‐run and long‐run relationships between the U.S. agricultural trade balance and domestic macroeconomic aggregates and agricultural variables. We use cointegration analysis and a vector error‐correction model with quarterly data for 1981–2003. The results show that, in the long run, the exchange rate, agricultural price, and disposable income are weakly exogenous in the U.S. agricultural sector and have significant effects on the trade balance. The combined short‐run dynamic effects of the exchange rate, agricultural price and production, and the disposable income jointly explain changes in the trade balance. La présente étude porte sur les liens à court et à long terme entre la balance commerciale agricole des États‐Unis, les agrégats macroéconomiques et les variables agricoles. Nous avons utilisé une analyse de cointégration et un modèle vectoriel à correction d'erreur comprenant des données trimestrielles de 1981 à 2003. Les résultats ont montré que, à long terme, le taux de change, les prix agricoles et le revenu disponible sont faiblement exogènes dans le secteur agricole des États‐Unis et qu'ils ont des effets substantiels sur la balance commerciale. Les effets dynamiques à court terme combinés du taux de change, des prix et de la production agricoles ainsi que du revenu disponible expliquent les changements observés dans la balance commerciale.
Market Structure and the Value of Agricultural Contingent Claims
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , Stokes Jeffrey R. 
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we evaluate the proposition that market structure, including supply and demand elasticities, plays a significant role in influencing equilibrium price dynamics. We show that the more inelastic the demand and/or supply of a commodity is, the more price risk will be faced by producers of that commodity. In general one can expect greater volatility from commodities with both demand and supply being inelastic, and the least when they are both elastic. We illustrate how the elasticities of supply and demand can impact the prices of contingent claims on agricultural commodities including revenue insurance. Dans le présent article, nous évaluons la proposition selon laquelle la structure de marché, y compris l'élasticité de l'offre et de la demande, influence la dynamique du prix d'équilibre. Nous montrons que plus la demande et/ou l'offre d'un produit de base est inélastique, plus les producteurs de ce produit de base sont confrontés au risque de prix. En général, on peut s'attendre à une forte volatilité des produits de base pour lesquels l'offre et la demande sont à la fois inélastiques, et à une faible volatilité lorsqu'elles sont élastiques. Nous faisons ressortir de quelle façon l'inélasticité de l'offre et de la demande peut influencer les réclamations éventuelles concernant des produits agricoles de base, y compris l'assurance−revenu.
Using Flexible Taste Distributions to Value Collective Reputation for Environmentally Friendly Production Methods
Authors: Scarpa Riccardo , Thiene Mara , Marangon Francesco 
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we investigate consumer preferences for various environmentally friendly production systems for carrots. We use discrete choice multi‐attribute stated preference data to explore the effect of the collective reputation of growers from an Alpine valley with an established reputation for its environmentally friendly production: Val di Gresta ‘the valley of organic orchards.’ Data analysis of the panel of discrete responses identifies unobserved taste heterogeneity for organic, biodynamic, and place of origin along with extra variance associated with experimentally designed alternatives. The assumed parametric taste distributions are each tested using the semi‐nonparametric specification proposed by Fosgerau and Bierlaire, while the null of normality cannot be rejected for organic and biodynamic production methods, though it is for the place of origin. The latter is found to be bi‐modal, with modes at each side of zero. The use of a flexible taste distribution increases the plausibility of this form of heterogeneity and it appears promising for future applied studies. Dans le présent article, nous avons examiné les préférences des consommateurs quant à divers systèmes de production écologiques de carottes. Nous avons utilisé des données sur les préférences déclarées, la valeur attendue et les choix discrets pour examiner l'effet de la réputation collective de producteurs dans une vallée alpine réputée pour sa production écologique: Val di Gresta, dite la ≪vallée des vergers biologiques≫. L'analyse des données de panel discrètes a fait ressortir une hétérogénéité inobservable des goûts quant à la culture biologique, la culture biodynamique et le lieu d'origine ainsi qu’une variance supplémentaire liée à des options expérimentalement conçues. Les distributions paramétriques hypothétiques des goûts sont testées à l'aide de la spécification semi‐non‐paramétique proposée par Fosgerau and Bierlaire (2007), tandis que l'hypothèse nulle de normalité(null of normality) ne peut être rejetée pour les méthodes de production biologique et biodynamique, bien qu’elle le soit pour le lieu d'origine. Cette dernière serait bimodale, avec des modes de chaque côté de zéro. L'utilisation d'une distribution des goûts souple augmente la plausibilité de cette forme d'hétérogénéité et semble prometteuse pour les études appliquées futures.
INTERACTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS IN DUAL SPECIES BIOFILMS
Authors: ZAMEER FARHAN , KREFT JÜRGEN , GOPAL SHUBHA 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT The development of mixed biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was studied on two model surfaces. Growth tests at 30C for mono and mixed cultures of the two bacteria in defined Hsiang‐Ning Tsai Medium, in tryptic soy broth (TSB)+1% glucose, TSB + 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) and TSBYE + 1% glucose was performed. The optimal growth was seen in TSBYE + 1% glucose, and hence, biofilm formation in this medium was studied using a polystyrene microtiter plate assay. Mono and mixed cultures with different ratios of the two bacteria were assayed for (1) biofilm strength, expressed as the amount of cell‐bound crystal violet and (2) amount of matrix polysaccharide measured by ruthenium red staining. The mixture with a 40:60 ratio of L. monocytogenes to S. epidermidis yielded the highest values in both assays. The biofilm strength measured for this ratio indicated a synergistic interaction between the two bacterial species. Scanning electron microscopy of biofilms formed on cellulose membranes also revealed such an interaction.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWithin food processing environments, bacterial biofilms are of concern, in particular if they contain foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes which may (re‐)contaminate food products. Our study shows that the intrinsically weak biofilm former L. monocytogenes strain EGD‐e, can form more robust biofilms in association with bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis, which as such are harmless in food, but form strong biofilms. This suggests that also such synergistically acting bacteria should be monitored and controlled.
‘The Return of Ulysses’: Gladstone, Liberalism and Late Victorian Politics
Authors: WARREN ALLEN 
Published: July 2010

Gladstone, Whiggery and the Liberal Party, 1874–1886. By T. A.Jenkins. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988. vi, 328 pp. £32.50. The Gladstonian Turn of Mind: Essays Presented to J. B. Conacher. Edited by Bruce L. Kinzer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1985. xv, 294 pp. £35.00. Gladstone, Home Rule and the Ulster Question, 1882–93. By James Loughlin. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1986. 369 pp. No price given. Parliamentary Politics and the Home Rule Crisis: The British House of Commons in 1886. By W. C. Lubenow. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988. vii, 389 pp. £37.50. The Gladstone Diaries with Cabinet Minutes and Prime Ministerial Correspondence, Volume IX, January 1875‐December 1880. Edited by H. C. G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1986. xcvii, 714 pp. £55.00. Parnell and the First Home Rule Episode, 1884–87. By Alan O'Day. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1986. x, 314 pp. £25.00.
Een‐Gonyama Gonyama!: Zulu Origins of the Boy Scout Movement and the Africanisation of Imperial Britain
Authors: PARSONS TIMOTHY 
Published: July 2010

British imperialists in the late 19th century denigrated non‐western cultures in rationalising the partition of Africa, but they also had to assimilate African values and traditions to make the imperial system work. The partisans of empire also romanticised non‐western cultures to convince the British public to support the imperial enterprise. In doing so, they introduced significant African and Asian elements into British popular culture, thereby refuting the assumption that the empire had little influence on the historical development of metropolitan Britain.Robert Baden‐Powell conceived of the Boy Scout movement as a cure for the social instability and potential military weakness of Edwardian Britain. Influenced profoundly by his service as a colonial military officer, Africa loomed large in Baden‐Powell's imagination. He was particularly taken with the Zulu. King Cetshwayo's crushing defeat of the British army at Isandhlawana in 1879 fixed their reputation as a ‘martial tribe’ in the imagination of the British public. Baden‐Powell romanticised the Zulus' discipline, and courage, and adapted many of their cultural institutions to scouting.Baden‐Powell's appropriation and reinterpretation of African culture illustrates the influence of subject peoples of the empire on metropolitan British politics and society. Scouting's romanticised trappings of African culture captured the imagination of tens of thousands of Edwardian boys and helped make Baden‐Powell's organisation the premier uniformed youth movement in Britain. Although confident that they were superior to their African subjects, British politicians, educators, and social reformers agreed with Baden‐Powell that ‘tribal’ Africans preserved many of the manly virtues that had been wiped by the industrial age.
Transcriptional Regulation of Caspases in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
Authors: von Mering Matthias , Wellmer Andreas , Michel Uwe , Bunkowski Stephanie , Tłustochowska Anna , Brück Wolfgang , Kuhnt Ulrich , Nau Roland 
Published: July 2010

Apoptosis and necrosis in brain account for neurological sequelae in survivors of bacterial meningitis. In meningitis, several mechanisms may trigger death pathways leading to activation of transcription factors regulating caspases mRNA synthesis. Therefore, we used a multiprobe RNA protection assay (RPA) to examine the expression of 9 caspase‐mRNA in the course of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in mouse brain. Caspase‐6, ‐7 and ‐11 mRNA were elevated 6 hours after infection. 12 hours after infection caspases‐1, ‐2, ‐8 and ‐12 mRNA rose. Caspase‐14 mRNA was elevated 18 h and caspase‐3 mRNA 24 h after infection. In situ hybridization detected caspases‐3, ‐8, ‐11 and ‐12 mRNA in neurons of the hippocampal formation and neocortex. Development of sepsis was paralleled by increased transcription of caspases mRNA in the spleen.In TNFα‐deficient mice all caspases examined were less upregulated, in TNF‐receptor 1/2 knockout mice caspases‐1, ‐2, ‐7, ‐11 and ‐14 mRNA were increased compared to infected control animals. In caspase‐1 deficient mice, caspases‐11, and ‐12 mRNA levels did not rise in meningitis indicating the necessity of caspase‐1 activating these caspases. Hippocampal formations of newborn mice incubated with heat‐inactivated S. pneumoniae R6 showed upregulation of caspase‐1, ‐3, ‐11 and ‐12 mRNA.These observations suggest a tightly regulated caspases network at the transcriptional level in addition to the known cascade at the protein level.