bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of poison ingestion cases at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa
Authors: Paulsen R , Swart D 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionInternationally, poisonings are a major public health challenge. While accurate figures for intentional poisonings are limited, it is estimated that 350 000 people died from unintentional poisonings globally in 2002 (WHO, 2004). The majority of these fatal injuries occurred in low- and middle-income countries. In 2006, the Paraffin Safety Association of Southern Africa developed an injury surveillance system monitoring household energy-related injuries in 14 healthcare institutions across South Africa.AimTo study the injury surveillance data collected at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital with regard to the ingestion of poisons.MethodsThe data were collected at the hospital between May 2006 and December 2009 by two volunteer community health workers interviewing patients and reviewing records.ResultsOf the total 1480 energy-related injuries; 351 injuries related to poisoning. The data revealed that 93% of patients seeking treatment for poisoning were children younger than 10 years old. Alarmingly, babies between 1 and 2 years accounted for 55% of the total of those treated for poisoning. Gender differences were slight (females 46%; males 54%). The most commonly ingested poison was paraffin/kerosene (58%). Nearly all ingestions occurred in the home (98%) while the patient was playing (61%). In most cases the outcome of the hospital visit concluded with the patient being treated and discharged.ConclusionThe majority of patients treated for poisoning were babies and young children. The implementation of targeted interventions including health education and use of safe paraffin packaging in the home is crucial for decreasing the incidence of these preventable injuries.
Are we using the right dual task tests to detect mobility problems? Perspectives from older people
Authors: Muhaidat J , Skelton D A , Kerr A , Ballinger C , Evans J J 
Published: March 2011

Background and AimsDual tasking is a risk factor for falls.1. The aim was to investigate if dual task (DT) laboratory tests use task combinations that community-dwelling older adults perceive as difficult and balance threatening.MethodTwo gender-specific focus groups were used. A convenience sample of six males (79.337.45 years) and nine females (74.893.33 years) took part. 80% fallen at least once. The participants were asked to generate DT examples, rank these in difficulty and then give examples of DT situations that might cause falls. These were then compared to the DT tests used in the literature.ResultsThere seemed to be a gap between what older people perceive as difficult and the DT tests used to assess performance. Both genders found stairs negotiation accompanied by a manual task (ie, carrying groceries) fall inducing. However, stairs have not been used in the literature to assess DT performance. The Stop Walking When Talking (SWWT) test can classify a person at risk of falling.2 The males mentioned that rather than stop walking they adapt and slow down. All participants perceived walking and avoiding moving obstacles (ie, crowds, dogs) as difficult supporting the growing use of functionally relevant DTs.3ConclusionDT tests should be more functionally relevant to older people's activities.FundingThe University of Jordan. Data collection-Fiona Cowan.
Integrating IPV and HIV prevention into hospital services in Thailand
Authors: Grisurapong S 
Published: March 2011

This project aimed to integrating program of intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV prevention into hospital services by first identification of the interrelation between IPV and HIV which focusing on sexual relationship power in terms of ability to negotiate for safe sex and condom use.Data had been collected from two women groups: victims of violence (86 cases) and HIV positive (205 cases) and two control groups: general women (314 cases) and pregnant women (300 cases) in a selected province in the East of Thailand.An interview had been conducted to obtain data on socioeconomic & demographic characteristics, physical and sexual violence experience, sexual relationship power & sexual risk behaviour and attitude towards gender role of respondents. The questionnaire of WHOs project on multi-country study of violence against women and Sexual Relationship Power Scale developed by Pulerwitz (2000) had been employed as a guideline for interviews.The results revealed that being victims of violence was significantly related to less asking partners to use condoms & being refusal by partners to use, having forced first sexual intercourse, extramarital sex and experience of sexually transmitted disease infection compared to control groups. Less sexual relationship power were the key factors to negotiate for sexual relationship and condom use.These findings had been used to develop an IPV screening program in the pilot hospital and a cross-training for hospital staffs dealing with IPV and HIV. This initiative can prevent women victims of violence from HIV infection and alleviate HIV positive women from IPV due to their HIV status.
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Authors: Middaugh-Bonney T , Pike I , Brussoni M , Piedt S , Macpherson A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionBicycle use is common among Canadian children. Legislation to promote bicycle helmet use varies by province and previous publications examining the association between legislation and head injuries are now outdated due to changes in legislation status over time.PurposeTo determine bicycle-related injury rates (head and other injuries) in Canada over the past 10 years using hospitalisation data as well to compare those provinces with and without legislation.MethodsChildhood bicycle related injuries were extracted from the Canadian Institute for Health Information hospital admissions database. Injury rates were calculated for each province for children aged 5–19 using 2001 census data.ResultsDuring the 10 years there were 23 685 hospital admissions due to bicycle-related injuries among Canadian children age 5–19 (76% men and 24% women). A total of 22% of the children sustained a head injury while 78% had other injuries due to a bicycle incident. 22% of men and 21% of women incurred a head injury. The injury rate varied by age group and by provincial legislation status. In general the rate of head injuries is declining, but this is not consistent across the country, nor is it attributable to legislation as some provinces with legislation experienced a decline while others did not.ConclusionAlthough bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Translating research to practice: effective strategies to reduce motor vehicle injuries among American Indian tribes
Authors: Boyd R , Dellinger A M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAmerican Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest motor vehicle-related death rates of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Injury Center worked with four tribes to reduce the toll of motor vehicle injuries in their communities: the Tohono O'odham Nation (TO), the San Carlos Apache Tribe (SC), the White Mountain Apache Tribe (WM) and the Ho-Chunk Nation (HC).ObjectivesTo translate known effective strategies to reduce motor vehicle-related injuries among members of Tribal communities.MethodsEffective strategies were selected from The Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviews. Tribes tailored, implemented, and evaluated strategies to reduce alcohol-impaired driving, increase occupant restraint, and increase child safety seat use. Each Tribe included policy, media and awareness activities in their programs.ResultsThe Tribal programs have reduced alcohol-impaired driving, strengthened tribal laws, and increased occupant restraint use. As sovereign nations, the TO and the SC passed Primary enforcement seat belt laws and lowered the legal limit for alcohol to 0.08 BAC while driving. The TO has increased their seatbelt use by 73%. The SC has increased DUI arrests by 52%, and decreased crashes by 29%. The WM has increased driver seat belt use from 13% to 54%, and the HC has increased seat belt use 38% for drivers and 94% for passengers.ConclusionsThese multi-component programs have produced a model for use in other Tribes. Lessons learnt from these programs will allow for improved implementation as strategies are disseminated to other American Indian communities.
Epidemiology of traffic injuries and motor vehicles utilisation in Tehran: a population-based study
Authors: Saadat S , Soori H 
Published: March 2011

Iran has one of the greatest death rates from road traffic injuries (RTIs). There is no national injury surveillance in Iran and there is uncertainty on measures of RTIs.We studied the annual incidence of RTIs, the incidence of RTIs per 1000 vehicles and utilisation of vehicles in Tehran.MethodsIn this population-based study, 2488 households were randomly selected for interview using the registry of residential addresses. They were asked to report any RTIs in their household during the past year.Results9100 inhabitants were included. There were 119 RTI (38.7% pedestrians, 46.2% motorcycler and 15.1% car occupants) and three deaths in the survey sample. The annual incidence of all RTIs for 100 000 population was 1310 (1080–1560) and that of fatal traffic injuries was 32.97 (6.8–96.3).Motorcycles were involved in 41.3% of RTIs that occurred for pedestrians. 19.7% of the households had motorcycle; 2.4% belonged to women. Women were mostly rode as passengers rather than driving a motorcycle. The annual incidence of collision RTI for 1000 motorcycle was 95. Moreover, 32.5% of the motorcycle riders had experienced non-collision transport accident (ie, fall).58.5% of the households owned a car; 12.3% belonged to women.The annual incidence of car occupant RTI per 1000 car was 10.ConclusionAlthough the number of motorcycles is one third of cars, they are involved in a considerable proportion of RTIs; there is need for effective safety regulations to control this pattern.
Estimates of the gross domestic product loss due to violence in Uganda
Authors: Nakitto M , Wandera B , Cannoodt L , Kiwanuka N , Lett R 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThere is lack of information on economic cost of violent related injuries in Uganda. The study estimates both direct and indirect costs incurred as a result of interpersonal and self directed violent injuries.MethodsData were collected from four hospitals and two health centres (September 2008 to November 2009) using a standardised form while medico-legal data were collected from Government chemist and Police surgeon. Estimating cost parameters were derived from a WHO Manual. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 10.ResultsIntentional injuries accounted for 20.7% of all injuries. Self-inflicted accounted for 30.3%, while interpersonal 69.7%. Violent injuries were frequent in homes; with causes: stabbing (31.1%) and poisoning (8.5%). Proportion of intentional injuries in homes was significantly higher than of unintentional injuries, 46.9% versus 23.7% (p<0.001). Direct total costs for self-directed injuries were $16 971 while per self-directed injury was $132.6. Indirect total costs for self-directed injuries were $506 443, while per self-directed injury was $3957. Direct medical costs for interpersonal injuries were $44 469, while $155 per interpersonal injury. Indirect costs for interpersonal injuries were $1 519 329, while $5312 per interpersonal injury. Direct costs due to violent injuries accounted for 0.04% of GDP while indirect costs accounted for 5.14% of GDP.Discussion and ConclusionEconomic cost of violent injuries in Uganda is substantive and could be saved for more pressing priorities if a preventive strategy is implemented.
Factors associated with the adoption of drinking and driving during a zero tolerance period: results from a 6-years study in the GAZEL cohort
Authors: Constant A , Encrenaz G , Lafont S , Chiron M , Lagarde E , Messiah A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWhile dropping Driving While Alcohol-Intoxicated (DWI) might be interpreted as a success of prevention initiatives, its adoption during a zero-tolerance period might jeopardise efforts to improve road safety. The study objectives were as follows: (1) to estimate frequencies of behaviour change regarding DWI between 2001 and 2007; and (2) to determine which factor changes that had occurred by 2001 were associated with consistent DWI adoption in the subsequent 2004–2007 period.MethodWe conducted a prospective study in a large cohort of French employees and retirees (the GAZEL cohort). A Driving Behaviour and Road Safety (DBRS) questionnaire was administered three times, in 2001, 2004 and 2007.ResultsThe population comprised 9309 participants. In 2001, 2171 participants reported DWI while 7138 reported sober driving. More than one drink-driver out of five quitted DWI between 2001 and 2007 (n=462), while 8.2% of safe drivers adopted this behaviour (n=511). When adjusted for potential confounders, the risk of adopting DWI was associated with: increased alcohol consumption, increased number of close friend, decreased number of relatives and decreased attitudes in favour of enforcement/regulations.DiscussionThe recent crackdown on road violations taken by French government in 2002 has deterred a substantial part of offenders to continue DWI, but this success was compromised by the occurrence of new drink drivers. Preventive strategies should aim at modifying factors that facilitate DWI adoption, in particular increased alcohol consumption and low acceptance of law enforcement.
Investigating risk compensation theory in cyclists: results from intelligent video analysis system
Authors: Constant A , Felonneau M L , Lagarde E , Messiah A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe efficacy of lawful mandatory helmet use is in dispute, because of possible negative side-effects that have not been adequately documented so far (eg, risk compensation). Our team launched a randomised comparative study that measured for the first time risky behaviours of cyclists during their daily journeys and determine whether or not they are affected by use of helmets or others safety devices.MethodParticipants are recruited in a borrow-a-bike municipal program. They complete a questionnaire on their attitudes toward road safety and helmet use. They are assigned to one of the four arms of randomisation: In the control arm, they receive a bike on loan following the same procedures as those provided at a regular bike loan; in experimental arm #1 they receive a standardised information on the benefits of bicycle helmets; in arm#2, they receive a helmet for free, and in arm#3, they receive both information and helmet. Risk behaviours of cyclists are directly documented with an intelligent video camera system, designed to unobtrusively and objectively capture behaviours in urban areas. Behavioural data are matched with randomisation arm and questionnaires through a coloured code on the rear mudguard in participants. Behaviours are investigated as a function of helmet use and randomisation groups to meet study objectives.ResultsResults of the 3-month inclusion period indicate that we can expect to include 2000 participants and record 5000 events (2.5 events/participant). Definitive results will be available for the Safety 2010 World Conference.
How socioeconomic status influences road traffic injuries and home injuries in Rome
Authors: Farchi S , Camilloni L , Chini F , Rossi P Giorgi , Di Lallo D , Guasticchi G 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between morbidity, hospitalisation, mortality from Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) and Home Injuries (HI) and socioeconomic status (SES) of the area of residence. Source: RTI and HI surveillance based on the integration between the Emergency Department (ED) Hospital and Mortality data of Lazio region. The SES index (five levels: 1 most privileged areas; 5 most deprived areas) was derived using census data. For each injured subject the SES index of its census tract of residence was obtained.PopulationResidents in Rome, 2005 Italy.AnalysesFor each level of SES, we computed rates for ED visits, hospitalisation and mortality, adjusted by sex and age. IRR and 95% CI have been estimated using Poisson Regression.ResultsOut of 127 129 ED visits, 9576 (7.5%) were followed by a hospitalisation and 594 (0.5%) died within 30 days. SES was estimated for 109 993 cases, 87% of the total. The rates of RTI and HI ED visits were higher among the most deprived level of SES (IRR 1.27 95% CI 1.24 to 1.30; IRR 1.33 95% CI 1.29 to 1.37, respectively) compared to the most privileged ones. A strong relation was found between RTI mortalities and poor level of SES. These findings were more marked for 0–4 year old HI and RTI injured and for males.ConclusionRTI and HI incidence were associated to sociodemographic factors. This finding has implications for targeting injury prevention interventions and resources.
Association of water pipe smoking and traffic accidents
Authors: Saadat S , Davari M K 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionSmokers are at risk for the chronic diseases, and they experience increased risk of road traffic crash (RTC), compared to non-smokers.Waterpipe smoking is sort of tobacco use with an estimated 100 million daily smokers through the world including the USA, UK, Australia, Germany, Canada and Middle East.The purpose of this research was to examine whether waterpipe smokers experience increased risk of RTC.MethodsA telephone survey was arranged over a random sample of Iranian drivers.Using a Poisson regression analysis, the association of number of RTC during the last year and the drivers' characteristics (age, gender, diabetes, cigarette or waterpipe smoking, average daily drive time [DDT]) and vehicle characteristics (vehicle age, antilock braking systems) was evaluated.ResultsA total of 2070 drivers were included. 14.9% reported at least one RTC during the last year.There was significant association between number of RTCs and DDT, cigarette smoking and waterpipe smoking after adjustment for other variables. The association of RTC with waterpipe smoking was stronger than cigarette smoking.The prevalence of RTC in drivers who reported smoking cigarette and waterpipe was more than those who reported only waterpipe smoking which was itself more than those who smoked only cigarette.ConclusionOur study is among the first to show the association between waterpipe smoking and the risk of RTC, yet the mechanisms of actions need to be studied further. Public health initiatives to increase awareness on harms of waterpipe smoking among male youngsters can decrease the burden of RTC.
Survival and early functional outcomes at hospital discharge after severe adult traumatic brain injury: sex and race disparities
Authors: Sanchez-Ortiz A I , Krafty R T , Weiss H B , Rubiano A , Peitzman A B , Puyana J 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionRecent studies have suggested gender and racial disparities in outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We aimed to quantify the effect of sex and race on in-hospital survival and early functional outcomes at hospital discharge in severe adult TBI patients (SATBI) admitted to Pennsylvania trauma centres during 1998–2007.MethodsTrauma registry data was analyzed using 26 234 SATBI (Age>17 years and Head-neck Abbreviated Injury Scale ≤4). Survival was fitted into logistic regressions. Functional outcome scores of five domains: feeding, locomotion, expression, transfer mobility and social interaction, were fitted into multinomial regressions through proportional odds. Models were adjusted for age, co-morbidities, injury mechanisms, transport, vital signs at admission, injury severity scores, hospital stay, and trauma centre level.ResultsThe odds of survival in males was 0.72 times the odds in females (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.78). In survivors, males had higher probabilities of better functional outcomes in all domains (Feeding, OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18; Locomotion, OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.34; Expression, OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.02 to 1.20; Transfer mobility, OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.33 and Social interaction, OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.01 to 1.18). The odds of survival among African Americans was 0.81 times the odds in Whites (OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.94). In survivors, African Americans had statistically significant lower probabilities of better functional outcomes in all domains.ConclusionSex and race disparities independently predict survival and functional outcomes after SATBI. African Americans have worse outcomes when compared with equivalently whites. Although survival is lower in males than in females, they have better functional scores at discharge than females.
The impact of a peer-led participatory health and safety training program for Latino day labourers in construction
Authors: Williams Q , Ochsner M , Marshall E , Kimmel L , Martino C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundImmigrant Latino day labourers working in residential construction are at particularly high risk of fatal and non-fatal traumatic injury and benefit from targeted training.ObjectiveTo understand the impact of a participatory, peer-facilitated health and safety awareness training customised to the needs of Latino day labourers.MethodsBaseline surveys exploring exposures, PPE use, attitudes, work practices and work-related injuries were collected from more than 300 New Jersey Latino day labourers in construction prior to their participation in a 1 day (minimum of 6 h) Spanish language health and safety training class. The classes, led by trained worker trainers, engaged participants in a series of tasks requiring teamwork and active problem solving focused on applying safe practices to situations they encounter at their worksites. Follow-up surveys were collected from 70 of these day labourers (22% response rate) 2–6 months following training.ResultsChanges from baseline to follow-up revealed significant differences in the use of certain types of PPE (hard hats: alpha= 0.02; work boots with steel toes: alpha= 0.008; safety harnesses: alpha= 0.002 and visible safety vests: alpha= 0.04), and in the frequency of trying to self-educate about job hazards: alpha= 0.008). There was also a suggestive decrease in self-reported injuries (serious injuries the prevent completion of the work day: alpha= 0.07) post-training based on small numbers.ConclusionsParticipatory, peer led training tailored to the needs of construction day labourers can have a positive effect on Latino immigrant workers attitudes, work practices and self reported injury rates.