bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Capsular Plication in the Treatment of Shoulder Pain in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Montgomery Scott R. , Chen Neal C. , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: January 2010

Shoulder pain is a common and difficult problem in competitive swimmers due to cumulative loads from repetitive overhead motion. Capsular laxity has been implicated as a potential etiology for shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. No study has examined the role of capsular plication in addressing recurrent shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively describe our series of competitive swimmers treated with arthroscopic capsular plication with a primary outcome of return to competitive swimming. Eighteen shoulders in 15 patients underwent arthroscopic capsular plication from 2003 to 2007. Patients were contacted at an average follow-up of 29 months (range, 8–42) and a swimming history, American Shoulder and Elbow (ASES) scores, and L'Insalata scores were obtained. At time of surgery, all patients demonstrated laxity under examination under anesthesia. All patients had a positive drive-through sign. Eighty percent (12/15) of patients returned to competitive swimming although only 20% (3/15) were able to return to their pre-injury training regimen volume. All patients subjectively reported improved pain after surgery. The average ASES score was 78 ± 16 (average, standard deviation). The average L'Insalata score was 82 ± 11. Although our results demonstrate that arthroscopic capsular plication has utility in the treatment of shoulder pain in swimmers who have failed non-operative treatment, the inability of some athletes to return to pre-injury training volume illustrates the difficult nature of shoulder pain in swimmers. Level of Evidence: Retrospective case series, Level IV
Multimodality imaging in Europe: a survey by the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)
Authors:   European Society of Radiology (ESR),   European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Purpose
Multimodality imaging represents an area of rapid growth with important professional implications for both radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians throughout Europe. As a preliminary step for future action aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of PET-SPECT/CT multimodality imaging practice in Europe, the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) performed a survey among the individual memberships of both societies to obtain information on the status of multimodality imaging in their facilities and their future visions on training for combined modalities.

Methods
A questionnaire was forwarded to all individual members of ESR and EANM. The main subject matter of the questionnaire related to: (1) study performance, current procedures and current equipment, including its supervisory personnel at respondents’ individual facilities, and (2) vision of future practice, performance and the potential for combined interdisciplinary viewing and training for future professionals.

Results
The reporting and the billing procedures of multimodality imaging studies are very heterogeneous in European countries. The majority of the members of both societies believe that the proportion of PET/CT conducted as a full diagnostic CT with contrast enhancement will increase over time. As expected, 18F-FDG is the most used PET tracer for clinical applications. The large majority of respondents were in favour of an interdisciplinary training programme, being developed on a European level together by ESR and EANM and the respective sections of the European Union of Medical Specialists.

Conclusion
The results of this survey show that there is wide heterogeneity in the current practice of multimodality imaging in Europe. This situation may limit the full potential and integration of multimodality imaging within the clinical arena. There is a strong desire within both specialties for the development of interdisciplinary training to address some of these issues.
Trophic guilds of generalist feeders in soil animal communities as indicated by stable isotope analysis (15N/14N)
Authors: Oelbermann K. , Scheu S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe investigated if the commonly used aggregation of organisms into trophic guilds, such as detritivores and predators, in fact represent distinct trophic levels. Soil arthropods of a forest-meadow transect were ascribeda priorito trophic guilds (herbivores, detritivores, predators and necrovores), which are often used as an equivalent to trophic levels. We analysed natural variations in15N/14N ratios of the animals in order to investigate the trophic similarity of organisms within (a prioridefined) trophic guilds. Using trophic guilds as an equivalent to trophic level, the assumed stepwise enrichment of15N by 3.4‰ per trophic level did not apply to detritivores; they were only enriched in15N by on average 1.5‰ compared to litter materials. Predators on average were enriched in15N by 3.5‰ compared to detritivores. Within detritvores and predators δ15N signatures varied markedly, indicating that these trophic guilds are dominated by generalist feeders which form a gradient of organisms feeding on different resources. The results indicate that commonly used trophic guilds, in particular detritivores and predators, do not represent trophic levels but consist of subguilds, i.e. subsets of organisms differing in resource utilization. In particular, in soil and litter food webs where trophic level omnivory is common, the use of distinct trophic levels may be inappropriate. Guilds of species delineated by natural variations of stable isotope ratios are assumed to more adequately represent the structure of litter and soil food webs allowing a more detailed understanding of their functioning.
ATROCITIES AT SEA AND THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR BY THE PARLIAMENTARY NAVY IN IRELAND, 1641–1649
Authors: MURPHY ELAINE 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1643, Robert Rich, the second earl of Warwick, the parliamentary lord high admiral, issued directions for naval officers in the Irish squadron to execute any soldiers seized whilst crossing from Ireland to join royalist armies in England and Wales. An ordinance was duly promulgated by parliament in October 1644 which authorized the killing of Irishmen captured at sea or in England. Thereafter, although a number of captains implemented this policy and put to death mariners, soldiers, and passengers detained on vessels going to and from confederate and royalist ports in Ireland, the killing of maritime captives never became the norm in the war at sea. This article provides a detailed analysis of the atrocities that occurred and the treatment of prisoners taken in the seas around Ireland during the war of the three kingdoms. In particular, this article examines the effect exerted by the threat of retaliatory executions of English seamen held in towns such as Wexford and Waterford on forcing parliament and its naval commanders to moderate their actions.
A CRITIQUE OF THE WTO JURISPRUDENCE ON ‘NECESSITY’
Authors: Kapterian Gisele 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper examines whether the evolving jurisprudence on necessity as developed by the WTO adjudicatory bodies reflects the same balance between trade liberalization and regulatory autonomy as that contained in the WTO treaty texts, particularly with regard to the GATT. It is argued that a divergence can be observed which raises questions of competence, legitimacy and transparency. Specific amendments to the prevailing test are also proposed in order to achieve what the author suggests is a textually consistent, and thus legitimate, necessity test of equal efficacy.
Three-dimensional cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in a dusty electronegative plasma
Authors: MOSLEM W. M. , ABDELSALAM U. M. , SABRY R. , EL-SHAMY E. F. , EL-LABANY S. K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe hydrodynamic equations of positive and negative ions, Boltzmann electron density distribution and Poisson equation with stationary dust particles are used along with the reductive perturbation method to derive a three-dimensional cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation. The generalized expansion method, used to obtain a new class of solutions, admits a train of well-separated bell-shaped periodic pulses. At certain condition, these periodic pulses degenerate to solitary wave solutions. The effects of the physical parameters on the solitary pulses are examined. Finally, the present results should elucidate the properties of ion-acoustic solitary pulses in multi-component plasmas, particularly in Earth's ionosphere.
Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination ofLeishmania donovaniisolates from Nepal
Authors: BHATTARAI N. R. , DUJARDIN J. C. , RIJAL S. , DE DONCKER S. , BOELAERT M. , VAN DER AUWERA G. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYIntroduction.Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, has been reported to be genetically homogeneous. In order to support ongoing initiatives to eliminate the disease, highly discriminative tools are required for documenting the parasite population and dynamics.Methods.Thirty-four clinical isolates ofL.donovanifrom Nepal were analysed on the basis of size and restriction endonuclease polymorphisms of PCR amplicons from kinetoplast minicircle DNA, 5 nuclear microsatellites, and nuclear loci encoding glycoprotein 63, cysteine proteinase B, and hydrophilic acylated surface protein B. We present and validate a procedure allowing standardized analysis of kDNA fingerprint patterns.Results.Our results show that parasites are best discriminated on the basis of kinetoplast minicircle DNA (14 genotypes) and 1 microsatellite defining 7 genotypes, while the remaining markers discriminated 2 groups or were monomorphic. Combination of all nuclear markers revealed 8 genotypes, while extension with kDNA data yielded 18 genotypes.Conclusion.We present tools that allow discrimination of closely relatedL.donovanistrains circulating in the Terai region of Nepal. These can be used to study the micro-epidemiology of parasite populations, determine the geographical origin of infections, distinguish relapses from re-infection, and monitor the spread of particular variants.
Merozoite proteins fromBabesiasp. BQ1 (Lintan) as potential antigens for serodiagnosis by ELISA
Authors: GUAN G. Q. , CHAUVIN A. , ROGNIAUX H. , LUO J. X. , YIN H. , MOREAU E. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYBabesiasp. BQ1 (Lintan) is aBabesiaisolated from sheep infested withHaemaphysalis qinghaiensisin China, and is closely related toB. motasibased on the 18S rRNA gene sequence. In the present study, an ELISA was developed with merozoite antigens ofBabesiasp. BQ1 (Lintan) (BQMA) purified fromin vitroculture. When the positive threshold was chosen as 30% of the antibodies rate, evaluated with 198 negative sera, the specificity was 95·5%. Except forBabesiasp. Tianzhu, there was no cross-reaction between BQMA and positive sera fromBabesiasp. BQ1 (Ningxian)-,Babesiasp. Hebei-,Babesiasp. Xinjiang-,Theileria luwenshuni-,T. uilenbergi-, orAnaplasma ovis-infected sheep, which are the dominant haemoparasites of small ruminants in China. Specific antibodies againstBabesiasp. BQ1 (Lintan) were produced 1 or 2 weeks post-infection and a high level of antibodies persisted for more than 8 months in experimentally infected sheep. This ELISA was tested on 974 sera collected from field-grazing sheep in 3 counties of Gansu province, northwestern China to evaluate the seroprevalence ofBabesiasp. BQ1 (Lintan) infection and the average positive rate was 66·84%. The feasibility of increasing the specificity of this BQMA-based ELISA, by using some BQMA antigens for serodiagnosis is discussed.
Mesocestoides cortiintracranial infection as a murine model for neurocysticercosis
Authors: ALVAREZ JORGE I. , MISHRA BIBHUTI B. , GUNDRA UMA MAHESH , MISHRA PRAMOD K. , TEALE JUDY M. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larval form of the tapewormTaenia solium. NCC has a long asymptomatic period with little or no inflammation, and the sequential progression to symptomatic NCC depends upon the intense inflammation associated with degeneration of larvae. The mechanisms involved in these progressive events are difficult to study in human patients. Thus it was necessary to develop an experimental model that replicated NCC. In this review, we describe studies of a murine model of NCC in terms of the release/secretion of parasite antigens, immune responses elicited within the CNS environment and subsequent pathogenesis. In particular, the kinetics of leukocyte subsets infiltrating into the brain are discussed in the context of disruption of the CNS barriers at distinct anatomical sites and the mechanisms contributing to these processes. In addition, production of various inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms involved in their induction by the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway are described. Overall, the knowledge gained from the mouse model of NCC has provided new insights for understanding the kinetics of events contributing to different stages of NCC and should aid in the formulation of more effective therapeutic approaches.
Factors associated with acute fatigue in primary care
Authors: Chalder T. , Neeleman J. , Reme S. E. , Power M. , Wessely S. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundTo examine the role of psychological distress, negative life events, social support and lack of fitness (using breathlessness on exertion as a proxy) in the development of new onset fatigue in a primary care population.MethodAdults between the ages of 18 and 45 years who were registered with five general practices in South East England were asked to complete a fatigue questionnaire and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Between 1 and 12 months later, subjects who visited the general practitioner (GP) with a suspected viral infection were recruited to the study and asked to complete measures of fatigue, psychological distress, life events, social support and allergies (stage 2). The next person to present to the GP with a complaint other than a viral illness was recruited as a control. Factors assessed at stage 2 that were associated with the development of fatigue were examined with stepwise logistic regression.ResultsAcute fatigue was not associated with a viral illness. Negative life events and breathlessness on exertion (interpreted as lack of fitness) were associated with incident cases of fatigue. However, when controlling for concurrent psychological distress, the independent association of negative life events disappeared.ConclusionsPsychological distress was strongly associated with new onset fatigue and hence emphasizes the significance of psychological distress as a concomitant complaint in fatigue. Further, the salient association between breathlessness and fatigue may indicate the need to recommend exercise as a therapeutic strategy to improve physical fitness in the primary care setting.
Do COMT, BDNF and NRG1 polymorphisms influence P50 sensory gating in psychosis?
Authors: Shaikh M. , Hall M.-H. , Schulze K. , Dutt A. , Walshe M. , Williams I. , Constante M. , Picchioni M. , Toulopoulou T. , Collier D. , Rijsdijk F. , Powell J. , Arranz M. , Murray R. M. , Bramon E. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundAuditory P50 sensory gating deficits correlate with genetic risk for schizophrenia and constitute a plausible endophenotype for the disease. The well-supported role of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes in neurodevelopment and cognition make a strong theoretical case for their influence on the P50 endophenotype.MethodThe possible role of NRG1, COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphisms on the P50 endophenotype was examined in a large sample consisting of psychotic patients, their unaffected relatives and unrelated healthy controls using linear regression analyses.ResultsAlthough P50 deficits were present in patients and their unaffected relatives, there was no evidence for an association between NRG1, COMT Val158Met or BDNF Val66Met genotypes and the P50 endophenotype.ConclusionsThe evidence from our large study suggests that any such association between P50 indices and NRG1, COMT Val158Met or BDNF Val66Met genotypes, if present, must be very subtle.
Emotional functioning in eating disorders: attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation
Authors: Harrison A. , Sullivan S. , Tchanturia K. , Treasure J. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundInterpersonal processes, anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties form a key part of conceptual models of eating disorders (EDs), such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but the experimental findings to support this are limited.MethodThe Reading the Mind in the Eyes task, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and a computerized pictorial (angry and neutral faces) Stroop task were administered to 190 women [50 with AN, 50 with BN and 90 healthy controls (HCs)].ResultsThose with an ED showed attentional biases to faces in general (medium effect), but specifically to angry faces over neutral faces (large effect) compared to HCs. The ED group also reported significantly higher emotion regulation difficulties (large effect) than HCs. There was a small difference between the ED and HC groups for the emotion recognition task (small-medium effect), particularly in the restricting AN (RAN) group. Depression and attentional bias to faces significantly predicted emotion regulation difficulties in a regression model.ConclusionsThe data provide support for conceptualizations of EDs that emphasize the role of emotional functioning in the development and maintenance of EDs. Further research will concentrate on exploring whether these findings are state or trait features of EDs.
XIV Congreso International de Derecho Penal (Viena, 1–7 de octubre de 1989)—Crímenes internacionales y derecho interno
Authors: D. P.  
Published: January 2010

En otoño del año pasado, el CICR participó en un importante congreso científico. La Asociación International de Derecho Penal (AIDP), cuyos objetivos son «establecer el acercamiento y la colaboración entre los que, en diferentes países, se dedican al estudio del derecho penal o participan en su aplicación, estudiar la criminalidad y favorecer el desarrollo teórico y práctico de un derecho penal international», organizó en Viena, del 1 al 7 de octubre de 1989, el XIV Congreso International de Derecho Penal, celebrando asimismo su centenario.Unas 600 personas, profesores de universidades, investigadores, magistrados y funcionarios de Ministerios de Justicia asistieron a este Congreso.En el orden del día de la reunión figuraban los cuatro temas siguientes:I. los problemas jurídicos y prácticos que plantea la diferencia entre el derecho criminal y el derecho penal administrativo;II. derecho penal y técnicas biomédicas modernas;III. las relaciones entre la organización judicial y el procedimiento penal;IV. los crímenes internacionales y el derecho interno.Se añadió al programa del Congreso una Mesa Redonda sobre el crimen organizado.Cuatro secciones trataron respectivamente los temas y cada una preparó un proyecto de resolución aprobado en sesión plenaria al final del Congreso.De los cuatro temas del orden del día del Congreso, el titulado «los crímenes internacionales y el derecho interno» interesa directamente al CICR. A continuación se reseñan los trabajos de la sección IV y sus resultados.
Cruz Roja Sueca: La Escuela de Enfermería de la Cruz Roja
Authors: Sundelöf Els Marie Andrée , Sandin Ingrid 
Published: January 2010

Durante años la Escuela de Enfermería de la Cruz Roja Sueca ha procurado activamente internacionalizar los cursos de salud y asistencia médica que se imparten en el marco de su programa de formación en la materia.En 1987, Taylor y As trazaron un programa de propuestas titulado «La internacionalización de la formación». La finalidad de este material es presentar directrices e ideas al respecto; incluye, además, recomendaciones acerca de la bibliografía que puede utilizarse para la enseñanza teórica. Este material puede ser también de utilidad para la formación práctica.Actualmente se realiza un proyecto con objeto de recoger las opiniones de los estudiantes sobre la internacionalización de su formación.Desde hace varios años, a cierto número de alumnos de la Escuela se brinda la oportunidad de realizar trabajos prácticos en el extranjero como parte de su formación próctica. La experiencia asý acumulada estí también documentada en un proyecto en curso.Entre las actividades generates de la Escuela se cuentan también conferencias sobre temas internacionales para los estudiantes y el personal de la institución. Hay un grupo de accción internacional que recauda fondos para ciertos países y proporcióna información sobre las condiciones existentes en los mismos.
Guerra justa y guerra legítima en la doctrina española del siglo XVI
Authors: Haggenmacher Peter 
Published: January 2010

Los problemas éticos y jurídicos planteados por la guerra tienen especial importancia en el pensamiento de los teólogos y de los juristas del Siglo de Oro español. Sin embargo, reflexionando y expresándose acerca de tales problemas, no inventaban totalmente. Porque ya había, antes de ellos, un considerable bagaje doctrinal, esencialmente de la Edad Media. Así pues, una apreciación justa de su protagonismo en ese tema ha de comenzar con la evocación de lo que era la doctrina medieval de la guerra. Por lo tanto, examinaremos, en primer lugar, esa doctrina, antes de estudiar la acogida que le dispensaron los autores españoles del siglo XVI y las transformaciones a las cuales la sometieron.Se equipara corrientemente, la concepción medieval del derecho de la guerra con la doctrina llamada de la guerra justa. En realidad, esta denominación utilizada desde finales del siglo pasado no es del todo adecuada, en la medida en que sugiere la existencia de una teoría coherente y unitaria. Ahora bien, no es así ni mucho menos. El derecho de la guerra de la Edad Media comporta, de hecho, varias corrientes que, aunque imbricadas, son irreductibles a la mera idea de guerra justa, tal como comúnmente se la considera.Hay dos principales maneras de presentar el fenómeno de la guerra desde el punto de vista del derecho. Una de ellas nos lleva a la noción de guerra justa y la otra a la de guerra regular. Demos, brevemente, las características de esas dos concepciones jurídicas de la guerra.