bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective Local Preferentism about Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPreferentism is the view that the concept of happiness can be explicated by appeal to the concepts of desire and satisfaction. There are subjective as well as objective forms. According to a typical objective form of preferentism, a person's level of happiness is equal to the extent to which his desires are satisfied. In this chapter a form of subjective preferentism due to Wayne Davis is explained. Arguments are presented to show that this form of preferentism goes wrong in certain types of case. Happiness involves more than just the belief that things are going as you want them to be going. Preferentism confronts a near‐paradox. This involves a person who has one desire: the desire to be unhappy. Davis's theory seems to imply (given certain natural assumptions) that this person believes he is happy if and only if he believes he is unhappy.
2 Defining Soft Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces the issues and provides a fuller argument as to why soft innovation, conceptually, is important. Innovation that encompasses the artistic, formal (as in the contrast between form and function), intellectual or aesthetic, has largely been ignored in the mainstream literature on innovation. At the centre of the analysis here is a form of innovation labelled soft innovation, defined to encompass changes in goods and services that primarily impact upon these aspects rather than functional performance. Soft innovation mainly concerns product innovation and product differentiation. The emphasis upon product differentiation means that economic analysis designed for exploring (static) models in differentiated markets can be brought to bear upon dynamic questions relating to innovation. Innovation in terms of new product launches in such markets may reflect either movements towards equilibrium or changes in the equilibrium. Two main types of soft innovation are detailed: the first involving changes in products in the creative industries; the second involving changes in the aesthetic/intellectual dimensions of products in other industries.
6 IPR and Catch‐Up: The Case of Taiwan's IC Industry
Authors: Wu Hsueh‐Liang , Chiu Yi‐Chia , Lee Ting‐Lin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how the changing roles of intellectual property right regime affected the technological catch‐up of Taiwan, analyzing the case of three semiconductor‐related sectors: IC foundry, DRAM, and IC Design. The study shows that Taiwanese semiconductor firms operated within a framework of institutions, comprised of government agencies including research institutions, inter‐firm linkages, and institutional infrastructure including the IPR regime. Based on a case study of the semiconductor industry, it is argued that, when an industry is far from the technological frontier, weak IPR protection fosters technological development by inducing the path‐following catch‐up, whereas when the industry approaches or already has reached the technological frontier, technological development depends more on spillovers facilitated by global networks of firms rather than on coordination of investment. Consequently, the IPR regime needs to be strengthened and international harmonization becomes necessary.
7 Israel's High‐Tech Catch‐Up Process: The Role of IPR and Other Policies
Authors: Pugatch Meir , Teubal Morris , Zlotnick Odeda 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the experience of Israel. At the time of its independence in 1948, its people came from different parts of the world, providing them with international orientation from the beginning. As a result, many of the businesses targeted foreign markets, mainly USA and Europe, and were more concerned with the intellectual property regime in these foreign countries than Israel's own. Together with public support for innovation and military‐related expenditure, some startup firms, mainly in information technologies, grew and succeeded in IPO (initial public offering) or selling themselves. Another successful case is Teva, now the largest generic drug producer. It benefited from the patent law amendment in 1967, which allowed local firms to copy patented drugs if the patent owners did not market them in Israel. This provision was dropped after TRIPS; however, Teva had accumulated process technologies by then.
8 Innovation and IPR in a Catch‐Up‐Falling‐Behind Process: The Argentine Case
Authors: López Andrés 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter first points out that, for Argentina, the twentieth century was the period of falling behind. Although catch‐up occurred during 1860–1929, the economy at the time was mainly based on agriculture. By contrast, industrialization and technological capability building took place while the overall economy was falling behind following the government's import substitution policy and macro instability. The chapter examines technology transfer, learning, and innovation in the country's catch‐up and falling‐behind processes, and the role of intellectual property regime. It is argued that the IPR regime had little impact except for on agriculture and pharmaceuticals. These two industries are analyzed in detail to suggest that the domestic pharmaceutical firms failed to accumulate technological capabilities even in the absence of product patents and that genetically modified soybeans diffused widely because the American inventor, Monsanto, failed to secure a patent for it in Argentina.
Adpositions
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis pioneering study is based on an analysis of over 200 languages, including African, Amerindian, Australian, Austronesian, Indo-European and Eurasian (Altaic, Caucasian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Dravidian, Uralic), Papuan, and Sino-Tibetan. Adpositions are an almost universal part of speech. English has prepositions; some languages, such as Japanese, have postpositions; others have both; and yet others, kinds that are not quite either. As grammatical tools they mark the relationship between two parts of a sentence: characteristically one element governs a noun or noun-like word or phrase while the other functions as a predicate. From the syntactic point of view, the complement of an adposition depends on a head: in this last sentence, for example, a head is the complement of on while on a head depends on depends, and on is the marker of this dependency. Adpositions lie at the core of the grammar of most languages, their usefulness making them recurrent in everyday speech and writing. The author examines their morphological features, syntactic functions, and semantic and cognitive properties. He does so for the subsets both of adpositions that express the relations of agent, patient, and beneficiary, and of those which mark space, time, accompaniment, or instrument. Adpositions often govern case and are sometimes gradually grammaticalized into case. The author considers the whole set of function markers, including case, which appear as adpositions and, in doing so, throws light on processes of morphological and syntactic change in different languages and language families.
Introduction
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a definition of adpositions (Adps) then reviews the current state of research on Adps. The book's scope and aims of the book, approach, argument, and intended readership are discussed. Adps do not always appear in the shortest types of sentences. Their knowledge and grammatical use are not acquired at an early stage of language-learning by children. However, Adps can be considered a fundamental part of speech because using lexemes only does not suffice to build a sentence, at least one which is recognized as complete and is not reduced to a one-word exclamation or interrogation. Certain tools are necessary to link lexemes to one another and to the whole sentence, thereby setting up dependency relationships.
Towards a comprehensive characterization of adpositions
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a precise and full characterization of adpositions (Adps), by showing what they are, what they are not, and what they do, synchronically and diachronically. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 first proposes a general definition of Adps. Section 2.1 studies the relationship between Adps and case affixes. Section 2.3 characterizes Adps with respect to the term they govern. Section 2.4 presents word-types that might be mistaken for Adps, while Section 2.5 presents Adps as sources of new units. Finally, the ‘adposition’ is justified in relation to the other available terms.
Causation and Relations Between Events: An Introduction to WG Semantics
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, there is a discussion of causation and ditransitive verbs, organized around the question of whether ditransitives lexicalize a causative structure or not, and concluding that they do not. This discussion serves two purposes: it shows the Word Grammar representation accounts for some key (and well understood) phenomena in lexical semantics; and it sets up a discussion of causation, small clauses, agency and ditransitivity which is central to some of the following analyses subsequently in the book. In addition to the specific analyses of individual verbs, there is a more general discussion of the nature of sublexical causation, and whether it should be understood in terms of relations between events, relations between participants and events, or relations between participants in events and other participants.
An Emergent European Executive Order
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book poses two pertinent questions: First, if a European Executive Order is emerging, how can we empirically see it? Second, if a European Executive Order is emerging, how can we explain everyday decision‐making processes within it? The goal of this book is twofold: First, it identifies key institutional components of an emergent European Executive Order. The nucleus of this Order is the European Commission. The Commission, however, is increasingly supplemented by a mushrooming parallel administration of EU‐level agencies and EU committees. This book provides fresh empirical survey and interview data on the everyday decision‐making behaviour, role perceptions, and identities among European civil servants who participate within these institutions. In addition, this book reveals how an emergent European Executive Order profoundly penetrates the domestic branch of executive government. Secondly, this book claims and empirically substantiates that an emergent European Executive Order is a compound executive order balancing a limited set of key decision‐making dynamics. One message of this book is that an emergent European Executive Order consists of a compound set of supranational, departmental, epistemic, and intergovernmental decision‐making dynamics. Arguably, a compound European Executive Order transforms the inherent Westphalian order to the extent that intergovernmentalism is transcended and supplemented by a multidimensional mix of supranational, departmental, and/or epistemic dynamics. This book also theoretically explores conditions under which these decision‐making dynamics gain prevalence. It is argued that the decision‐making dynamics evolving within an emergent European Executive Order is conditioned by the formal organization of its composite parts and by the social interaction patterns that emerge among the civil servants. Political processes and political systems can neither be adequately understood nor explained without including the organization dimension(s) of executive orders.
Chapter 7 Agency governance in an emergent European Executive Order
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 7 argues that diagnosis of an emergent European Executive Order should incorporate the diverse dynamics of EU‐level agencies. Recent years have witnessed comprehensive reform efforts in the Commission aimed partly at increasing institutional effectiveness and efficiency. One constituent ingredient thereof has been the creation of EU‐level agencies with regulatory and non‐regulatory discretionary competences beneath the Community institutions. This chapter conceptualizes theoretically and explores empirically three complementary images of agency governance in the European Union. Based on a rich body of survey and interview data among regulatory and non‐regulatory EU‐level agencies, this chapter demonstrates that EU‐level agencies are compound institutions that combine the roles as autonomous administrative spaces, multilevel epistemic networks, and Community institutions.
Chapter 10 How supranational are intergovernmental institutions? The transformative power of Council Working Groups
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 10 studies mechanisms of socialization and re‐socialization among domestic government officials attending EU committees. It is argued that domestic government officials participating in EU committees supplement pre‐existing role perceptions with supranational roles under certain conditions. EU committees are seen as transformative institutions that accompany a partial re‐socialization of the committee participants. The data demonstrates that domestic civil servants become re‐socialized due to their intensity of participation on EU committees. Contrary to neo‐functionalist assumptions, however, the length of participation on EU committees does not significantly impact on the re‐socialization of committee participants. The data also demonstrates that supranational roles are indeed secondary to pre‐existing intergovernmental and departmental roles. Consistent with the idea of compound executive orders, the emergence of supranational roles among EU committee participants does not replace pre‐established roles within intergovernmental institutions such as the Council of Ministers.
Chapter 12 An emergent European Executive Order and the domestic branch of executive government
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 12 argues that the differentiated organizational constellation of the European Executive Order contributes to a differentiated penetration of the domestic branch of executive government. It is argued that the Commission mainly activates the lower echelons of domestic government hierarchies, notably professional experts within sector ministries and subordinate agencies. Furthermore, the Commission tends to weaken the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. By contrast, the Council of Ministers tends to strengthen the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the decision‐making processes within the central administrations of Norway and Sweden. Based on a rich body of survey and interview data, this chapter reveals that multilevel interaction of executive orders—notably the Commission and the Norwegian and Swedish central administrations—occur largely outside the control of the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Prime Ministers Office, and the Foreign Office. In Sweden, this tendency is to some extent counterbalanced by the interlocking effect of the Council of Ministers. In sum, executive orders at different levels of government are semi‐open and interpenetrated, but the effects of EU institutions on the domestic branch of executive government are differentiated.
Different Views of the Cathedral: The Literature on Property Law Theory
Authors: Hamilton Jonnette Watson , Bankes Nigel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews property law theory and its literature that aims to show how developments in general property theory may be relevant for energy and natural resources. It focuses on liberal Western understandings of property, and primarily those within the common law tradition. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I takes a broad look at the literature addressing the question of ‘what is property?’ and the issues raised by that question. It discusses a number of conceptualist and instrumentalist approaches to the matter of definition, looks briefly at the issue of commodification, and examines the literature on the categories of property. It concludes with a consideration of the numerous clauses principle. Section II addresses the problem of justifying property, or at least private property. It outlines the various explanations, dividing them into four types: the labour, desert, first possession (or occupation), and economic theories; personhood theories; liberty-based theories; and pluralist theories. It then looks at explanations for the movement of property from one category to another. The section concludes with a study of the justifications for (private) property as applied to the issue of expropriation.
Property Rights in Oil and Gas under Domanial Regimes
Authors: Omorogbe Yinka , Oniemola Peter 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the property rights over petroleum in situ between the federal, state, and local governments in a federation. It also discusses the legal character of the various property rights given to companies for exploration and development under the various petroleum licences and leases, production-sharing contracts, pure service contracts, joint ventures, and other petroleum arrangements, as well as the rights of communities where petroleum exploration and production activities are carried out. The chapter focuses particularly on developing countries, although, where necessary and relevant, comparisons are made with more developed economies.
Legal Models of Petroleum and Natural Gas Ownership in Brazilian Law
Authors: de Alencar Xavier Yanko Marcius 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The exploration and production of oil and gas in Brazil have been government monopolies for a considerable time. Under this model, these mineral resources belong to the government, and are to be used in accordance with the national interest. The state-run company, Petrobras (Petr óleo Brasileiro SA), maintained exclusive control of all oil industry activities in Brazil for four decades following its establishment in 1953. In 1995, Amendment No 9 to the 1988 Federal Constitution changed the legal structure of the state monopoly, and established a new regulatory framework for the Brazilian oil industry. Although government monopoly has been retained, the amended Constitution and the Oil and Natural Gas Act (Federal Law No 9478/1997) allowed private companies to exercise ownership over oil and gas through concession contracts and the payment of fees and surtaxes to the government. The opening of the petroleum market has permitted a very large influx of money from national and international companies, which has been sufficient to increase the number of proven oil reserves and enhance energy security. However, the global energy crisis, the gradual rise of oil and gas prices, and the recent discoveries of new reserves in Brazilian deep waters (the so-called ‘pre-salt’ fields) have led to renewed political debate about the legal structure of oil industry activities, with arguments being made for it to be changed back in the direction of greater governmental participation. Over the course of the past century, the balance of public and private involvement in the Brazilian petroleum industry has in fact undergone a number of changes, as this chapter will discuss.
Ownership Unbundling and Property Rights in the EU Energy Sector
Authors: del Guayo Iñigo , Kühne Gunther , Roggenkamp Martha 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
On 19 September 2007, the European Commission (EC) proposed a number of amendments to the existing EU energy legislation, including a further step in the gradual introduction of unbundling of energy activities, the so-called ownership unbundling: electricity and gas companies involved in both network (transport and/or distribution) and commercial (supply and/or production) activities, legally would no longer be allowed to be engaged in those two types of energy activities, and consequently such organizations would be asked to divest ownership in one or both activities. On 22 April 2009, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the common position of the Council, whereby a new unbundling option was given to member states, together with the two options originally envisaged by the EC's proposal. Two months later, on 25 June 2009, the European Council adopted the new rules on the Internal Energy Market (IEM). The new Electricity and Gas Directives were published in the Official Journal of the EU on 14 August 2009 and entered into force 20 days after their publication. Member states are required to implement these directives in national law within 18 months after entry into force, with the exception of the rules on unbundling. This chapter assesses how the provision of ownership unbundling when (and if) adopted by any of the member states, will affect the property rights of gas and electricity network owners.
A Dubious Compromise: October 1965–February 1966
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the period up to the publication of the Defence White Paper in February 1966. During this time, the Wilson Government continued to develop its plans to withdraw from Singapore to Australia, hiding this work from the ANZUS allies. These allies were adamant that they would not accept a voluntary British withdrawal from a central strategic node of Southeast Asia. With no agreement in sight, the Wilson Government hastily revised its plans at the last moment, rephrasing its intentions to state that it would stay in Singapore ‘as long as conditions allowed’. While publishing this intent in the Defence White Paper, to the satisfaction of the allies, the Government secretly expected and hoped that conditions in Singapore would soon come to force it to withdraw.
1 Introduction: Southern Engines of Global Growth
Authors: Santos‐Paulino Amelia U. , Wan Guanghua 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCapital, largely originated from developed countries, has increased rapidly across the world in recent years, outgrowing other capital flows to developing countries. Academic and policy studies recognize the positive externalities that foreign direct investment (FDI) can generate for the host country. Alongside active policies for promoting and attracting FDI, the degree of openness to international trade is an important factor, particularly in outward‐oriented developing countries. The interface between private domestic and foreign investment is a key issue in studying FDI's externalities in the recipient economy, as FDI tends to crowd out private investment in a number of developing economies. Both FDI and domestic investment are essential for economic growth. But the challenge for developing countries is to devise an FDI strategy that can foster both economic growth and domestic investment by contributing to the development of new skills, technology, or products to the host country. Southern economic giants, remarkably China, India, Brazil, and increasingly South Africa (CIBS), are contributing to these developments. CIBS and other fast growing developing countries are important sources of investments. South—South capital flows are progressively critical for international development, but international trade remains the strongest and most direct channel through which southern leading economies impact on other countries—mostly their developing partners.