bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antidepressant Evaluation of Five Novel Heterocyclic Tryptophan‐Hybrid Derivatives
Authors: Elmegeed Gamal A. , Baiuomy Ayman R. , Abdelhalim Mervat M. , Hana Hanaa Y. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study aimed at evaluating the reactivity of L‐Tryptophan (TRP) 1 towards various chemical reagents to produce new bi‐ and tri‐heterocyclic systems providing basic pharmacological activities. Indol‐3‐yl hydroxyoxazol‐2‐yl acetonitrile derivatives 5 and 6, indol‐3‐yl‐hydroxyoxazol‐2‐yl‐1,2,4‐triazine derivatives 8 and 9, indol‐3‐yl‐hydroxyoxazol‐2‐yl‐aminopyrazole derivatives 11a, b, and indol‐3‐yl‐hydroxyoxazol‐2‐yl‐aminoisoxazole derivative 12 were synthesized via straightforward and efficient methods. The structures were characterized by spectral data (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MS) and the purity was ascertained by microanalysis. Also, this work was extended to study the potential role of the novel synthesized TRP derivatives 5, 6, 9, 11a, and 12 as antidepressant and sedative agents in comparison with TRP. All compounds showed significant antidepressant activity in the forced‐swimming test at two doses (50 or 100 mg/kg). Also, all tested compounds (at 50 or 100 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity of mice during a 30 min observation period. The most potent antidepressant and sedative effect was produced by the tri‐heterocyclic compounds 9 and 12, followed by 11a and TRP.
Platinum–DNA Interactions and Subsequent Cellular Processes Controlling Sensitivity to Anticancer Platinum Complexes
Authors: Ahmad Saeed 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPlatinum‐based compounds are widely used as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The anticancer activity of cisplatin and other platinum drugs is believed to arise from their interaction with DNA. Several cellular pathways are activated in response to this interaction, which include recognition by high‐mobility group and repair proteins, translesion synthesis by polymerases, and induction of apoptosis. The apoptotic process is regulated by activation of caspases, p53 gene, and several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Such cellular processing eventually leads to an inhibition of the replication or transcription machinery of the cell. Deactivation of platinum drugs by thiols, increased nucleotide excision repair of Pt–DNA adducts, decreased mismatch repair, and defective apoptosis result in resistance to platinum therapy. The differences in cytotoxicity of various platinum complexes are attributed to the differential recognition of their adducts by cellular proteins. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin both produce mainly 1,2‐GG intrastrand cross‐links as major adducts, but oxaliplatin is found to be more active particularly against cisplatin‐resistant tumor cells. Mismatch repair and replicative bypass appear to be the processes most likely involved in differentiating the molecular responses to these two agents. This review describes the formation of Pt–DNA adducts, their interaction with cellular components, and biological effects of this interaction.
Synthesis of New exo‐ and endo‐3,8‐Dihydro‐β‐santalols and Other Norbornyl‐Derived Alcohols
Authors: Muratore Agnès , Clinet Jean‐Claude , Duñach Elisabet 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeveral new and differently functionalized cis‐2,3‐dimethylnorbornane derivatives presenting diverse side‐chain lengths were prepared, the structures of which are related to the natural fragrance β‐santalol. In particular, exo‐ and endo‐3,8‐dihydro‐β‐santalols, with either (E) or (Z) CC‐bond configuration on the side chain, were synthesized in seven steps and 21–24% overall yields. Several other exo‐ and endo‐norbornyl alcohols with shorter side chains were also prepared in high yields. The olfactory evaluation indicated woody, sandalwood, as well as fruity notes for some of the derivatives.
Thalamic label patterns suggest primary and ventral auditory fields are distinct core regions
Authors: Storace Douglas A. , Higgins Nathan C. , Read Heather L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA hierarchical scheme proposed by Kaas and colleagues suggests that primate auditory cortex can be divided into core and belt regions based on anatomic connections with thalamus and distinctions among response properties. According to their model, core auditory cortex receives predominantly unimodal sensory input from the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body (MGBv); whereas belt cortex receives predominantly cross‐modal sensory input from nuclei outside the MGBv. We previously characterized distinct response properties in rat primary (A1) versus ventral auditory field (VAF) cortex; however, it has been unclear whether VAF should be categorized as a core or belt auditory cortex. The current study employed high‐resolution functional imaging to map intrinsic metabolic responses to tones and to guide retrograde tracer injections into A1 and VAF. The size and density of retrogradely labeled somas in the medial geniculate body (MGB) were examined as a function of their position along the caudal‐to‐rostral axis, subdivision of origin, and cortical projection target. A1 and VAF projecting neurons were found in the same subdivisions of the MGB but in rostral and caudal parts, respectively. Less than 3% of the cells projected to both regions. VAF projecting neurons were smaller than A1 projecting neurons located in dorsal (MGBd) and suprageniculate (SG) nuclei. Thus, soma size varied with both caudal‐rostral position and cortical target. Finally, the majority (>70%) of A1 and VAF projecting neurons were located in MGBv. These MGB connection profiles suggest that rat auditory cortex, like primate auditory cortex, is made up of multiple distinct core regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1630–1646, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental manipulations of winter snow and summer rain influence ecosystem carbon cycling in a mixed‐grass prairie, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Chimner R. A. , Welker J. M. , Morgan J. , LeCain D. , Reeder J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWater‐limited grasslands may be exceedingly vulnerable to changes in the timing or amount of precipitation which may result in shifts in the magnitudes and patterns of carbon cycling. Shifts in CO2 exchange may lead to alterations in carbon sequestration or net losses and could accentuate the rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere or ameliorate the increases. The objective of our project was to quantify how changes in winter, summer, and combined winter and summer precipitation may alter rates of ecosystem C cycling in the mixed‐grass prairie of the United States. Three replicated 50 m snow fences were installed to increase winter snow while summer precipitation was manipulated by either increasing (+50%) or decreasing (−50%) precipitation amounts. Measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP), and ecosystem respiration (ER) and plant biomass were conducted throughout the snow‐free period. Deeper snow in winter increased summer ER by an average of 27%, GEP by 45%, NEE by 90% and plant biomass by 50% compared to ambient snow conditions. Average plant biomass increased 44% with the addition of summer rain and decreased by 18% where rainfall was excluded under ambient snow conditions. Average NEE was also lower where rain was excluded. Our findings indicate that seasonality changes of precipitation may be important in regulating the future extent of C sequestration and C cycling in one of the most extensive, intact grasslands of North America. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemo‐enzymatic synthesis and evaluation of novel structured phenolic lipids as potential lipophilic antioxidants
Authors: Reddy Kunduru Konda , Shanker Kaki Shiva , Ravinder Thumu , Prasad Rachapudi Badari Narayana , Kanjilal Sanjit 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChemo‐enzymatic synthesis of structured triacylglycerol bearing ferulic acid as a phenolic acid at sn‐1/3 position is described in the present work. Four compounds of varying chain lengths, namely 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐acrylic acid‐2,3‐bis‐hexanoyloxy‐propyl ester, 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐acrylic acid‐2,3‐bis‐octanoyloxy‐propyl ester, 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐acrylic acid‐2,3‐bis‐dodecanoyloxy‐propyl ester, and 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐acrylic acid‐2,3‐bis‐9‐octadecenoyloxy‐propyl ester were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by IR, NMR, and MS. Antioxidant activity of the structured phenolic lipids were evaluated using three different in vitro antioxidant assays such as 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging, antioxidant potency in lipid matrix using rancimat, and by the rate of inhibition of autoxidation of linoleic acid in micelles. Ferulic acid and dodecylgallate were used as reference antioxidant compounds. DPPH• assay did not show any improvement in the antioxidant activity of ferulic acid with lipophilic modification. However, the antioxidant potency of the structured phenolic lipids measured by rancimat method as well as by the rate of inhibition of autoxidation of linoleic acid in micelle showed improvement in antioxidant activity compared to ferulic acid. This is probably due to better solubility of the synthesized phenolic lipids in a hydrophobic medium and appropriate anchorage in Tween 20 micelle. The observed activities of the structured phenolic lipids are comparable to dodecyl gallate in rancimat assay, but superior to dodecyl gallate in Tween 20 micellar system.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of a One‐Flask Synthesis of 3H‐1‐Benzazepines from 2‐Haloanilines and α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Ramig Keith , Greer Edyta M. , Szalda David J. , Razi Rabail , Mahir Fahima , Pokeza Nataliya , Wong Wei , Kaplan Benjamin , Lam Joanne , Mannan Ayesha , Missak Christopher , Mai Dat , Subramaniam Gopal , Berkowitz William F. , Prasad Prakash , Karimi Sasan , Lo Ngai Hin , Kudzma Linas V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract3H‐1‐Benzazepines are prepared in one step from the reaction of 2‐fluoro‐ or 2‐chloroaniline and several aryl vinyl ketones. Enones 9a–c gave benzazepines 11a–c as expected, showing that alkyl substitution at C4 and C5 in the benzazepines is possible. However, enone 9d underwent decomposition due to conjugate addition of the 2‐fluoroaniline, while enone 10 gave unsaturated imine 12 as the only product able to be isolated. The failure of unsaturated imine 12 to undergo cyclization may indicate that placement of an alkyl group at C3 of the benzazepines may not be possible. Isolation of by‐products buttressed by a computational study verifies a postulated multi‐step process for benzazepine formation: a [1,5] sigmatropic shift in fluoroimine 3, addition elimination to give carbocation 15, formation of the unstable 5H‐1‐benzazepine 7, and acid‐catalyzed isomerization to give the stable 3H‐1‐benzazepine 2. The calculations also indicate why unsaturated imine 12 fails to cyclize. NMR spectroscopic experiments show that the 3H‐benzazepines undergo fast conformational exchange on the NMR time scale at room temperature except when there is an alkyl substituent at C5.
Alarm substance recognition and predator avoidance by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) following exposure to an organophosphate pesticide
Authors: Palm Roger C. , Powell David B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The sense of smell in fish is thought to be important for behaviors associated with alarm scent recognition and predator avoidance. Olfactory function of juvenile chinook salmon was evaluated in two separate experiments following 2-h immersion exposures to 0, 1, 10, or 100 µg diazinon/L. In the first test system, groups of 10 salmon were transferred to the prechoice zone of a Y-maze fluviarium with parallel streams of water. A dilute alarm scent composed of either chinook skin extract or l-serine was pumped into the water supply of one arm. Fish were allowed to choose either upstream arm by raising a containment screen for 10 min, then their positions were photographed and the screen lowered. In the second test system the relationship of diazinon exposure to predation susceptibility was directly examined by transferring groups of 20 salmon (10 diazinon-exposed, 10 control) to troughs containing a protective cover. These salmon were given two olfactory warnings by delivering conspecific skin extract to both their transfer container and the predation tank they entered. After a 2-min prey acclimation period, larger predator rainbow trout were allowed access to the downstream section of the tank containing the test salmon. The combined fish were observed until approximately 50% of the prey fish had been consumed. Statistical comparisons indicated that although the salmon did avoid the water streams containing alarm scents, none of the diazinon exposure levels resulted in significantly different outcomes from the controls (α = 0.05) in either the two-choice maze study or the predation study. Possible environmental and population implications are discussed in light of related olfaction and diazinon studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1113–1122. © 2010 SETAC
Evaluation of reference carbon and inocula sources used in biodegradation test systems that measure oxygen consumption
Authors: Stainken Dennis M. , Stevenson Cathy A. , Blum James E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Numerous procedures are used to evaluate the biodegradation potential of organic chemicals. Optimal conditions for tests, efficiency of tests, effects of microbe sources and appropriate reference media often are not defined. This study determined the effect of three inocula [resh activated sludge, yeast (Saccharomyces sp.) and laboratory-maintained sludge culture] and four reference compounds (glucose, sodium acetate, linear alkylate sulfonate and diethylene glycol) in BOD5, BOD20 (biological oxygen demand) and manometric experiments. The effects of variable nitrogen sources [NH4Cl or (NH2)SO4] in the buffer were examined, and optimal inocula, reference compounds and buffer compositions were determined in each test system. In the BOD5 test using NH4Cl, yeast had the greatest activity, and glucose was the preferred carbon source of all three inocula. When (NH4)2SO4 replaced NH4Cl, fresh sludge had the greatest activity and lowest variability, with sodium acetate being the preferred carbon source. BOD20 tests indicated that fresh sludge and glucose were the optimal combination in buffer with NH4Cl. Manometric results indicated that fresh sludge, sodium acetate and buffer with NH4Cl were the optimal combination.
Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium selenate to Daphnia magna straus
Authors: Dunbar Anna M. , Lazorchak James M. , Waller William T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna Straus of selenium introduced as sodium selenate was examined, as was the acute toxicity of selenium introduced as sodium selenite. Acute toxicity was determined by standard, static 48-h tests. Chronic toxicity was determined by a 32-d static renewal test. Nominal, initially measured and finally measured total and dissolved selenium concentrations were determined during the chronic test. Analysis of the chronic toxicity data was based on days to first brood, number of young per brood and total number of young produced per adult. These analyses indicate that with one exception, no statistically significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed at &lt; 2.0 mg/L Se, giving rise to a maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of 1.73 mg/L Se. Dry-weight analyses of adults at the termination of the chronic test and for fifth-brood young indicate an MATC of 1.2 mg/L Se. The 48-h EC50 for selenate was 5.3 ± 0.6 mg/L Se. The 48-h EC50 for selenite was 1.1 ± 0.2 mg/L Se. However, a 7-d EC50 determined during chronic selenate exposure was 1.9 (1.78–2.01) mg/L Se. This lethal threshold concentration is not significantly different from the chronic MATC.
Effects of the synthetic pyrethroids AC 222,705, permethrin and fenvalerate on sheepshead minnows in early life stage toxicity tests
Authors: Hansen David J. , Goodman Larry R. , Moore James C. , Higdon Peggy K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to the synthethic pyrethroid insecticides AC 222,705, permethrin or fenvalerate for 28 d in early life stage toxicity tests. AC 222,705 was 370 times more toxic than permethrin and 30 times more toxic than fenvalerate, with survival and size of fish being the most sensitive measures of effect. AC 222,705 significantly reduced survival of hatched fish at 0.61 μg/L and their average weight at 0.06 μg/L; no effects were detected at 0.03 μg/L. Two of the AC 222,705 concentrations that diminished weights, 0.06 and 0.12 μg/L, were below our limit of chemical detection (0.15 μg/L). Permethrin reduced survival of hatched fish at 22 μg/L; no effects were detected at 10 μg/L. Fenvalerate significantly reduced survival of hatched fish at 3.9 μg/L and both weight and length at 2.2 μg/L; no effects were detected at 0.56 μg/L. The 96-h LC50 divided by the no-effect concentration was 0.8 for permethrin, 9 for fenvalerate and 37 for AC 222,705. The mean bioconcentration factors determined from concentrations measured in whole fish divided by average concentrations measured in exposure water were 480 for permethrin and 570 for fenvalerate; AC 222,705 was not detected in fish that survived the exposure.
Groundwater contamination by organic bases derived from coal-tar wastes
Authors: Pereira Wilfred E. , Rostad Colleen E. , Garbarino John R. , Hult Marc F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A fluid sample from a shallow aquifer contaminated by coal-tar wastes was analyzed for organic bases. The sample consisted of a mixture of aqueous and oily-tar phases. The phases were separated by centrifugation and filtration. Organic bases were isolated from each phase by pH adjustment and solvent extraction. Organic bases in the oily-tar phase were further purified by neutral-alumina, micro-column adsorption chromatography. Separation and identification of the organic bases in each phase were achieved by using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer (GC-MS-COM) and probe distillation-high resolution mass spectrometry (PD-HRMS) techniques. Organic bases present in the aqueous phase included primary aromatic amines (such as aniline, alkylated anilines, and naphthylamines) as well as azaarenes (such as alkylated pyridines, quinolines, acridine, and benzoquinolines). The oily-tar phase contained acridine, benzacridines, dibenzacridines, and numerous other azaarenes, the elemental compositions of which were determined by PD-HRMS. Azaarenes in the oily-tar phase, varying in size from 6 to 12 rings, are reported for the first time. The origin and environmental significance of these compounds are discussed.
Measurement of pAg in natural water samples
Authors: Chudd James M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A method has been developed for the determination of pAg in natural water samples using a direct potentiometric measurement technique. Calibration standards have been prepared, and linearity of the technique has been demonstrated for the pAg range of 2 to 11, with Nernstian response. The method has been applied to samples of several natural waters in the United States and the results are tabulated. The measured pAg values of natural waters were within the range of 8.8 to 12.0, corresponding to silver ion activities of 0.0001 to 0.2 μg/L.
Hexachlorobenzene-induced effects on the lymphocyte blastogenic response to concanavalin a in the mink and European ferret
Authors: Bleavins Michael R. , Aulerich Richard J. , Ringer Robert K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was found to depress the lymphocyte blastogenic response of mink (Mustela vison) and European ferrets (Mustek putorius furo) to the plant lectin Concanavalin A (Con-A). A significant reduction in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine was seen in the lymphocytes from adult animals consuming 25 ppm dietary HCB for 8 months. This effect was observed in animals showing no physical signs of distress or toxicity.
The in utero and early postnatal exposure of young mink to HCB also resulted in a significant depression of lymphocyte responsiveness. Exposure levels as low as 1 ppm in the dam's diet caused an impaired T-cell response. In the young ferrets exposed to HCB in utero and during nursing, no change in the stimulation index was seen.
The monitoring of immunocompetence in animals exposed to toxicants, either through the diet or indirectly via their dam, provides a sensitive indicator of toxicity. Effects were seen in activation of lymphocytes from the mink and ferrets used in this study without grossly observable clinical signs being present.
Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms
Authors: Leblanc Gerald A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute sensitivities of several species of aquatic organisms to chemicals categorized as nonpesticide organics, pesticides and metals were correlated using polynomial regression analyses. All species analyzed—fresh- and saltwater fish, invertebrates and algae—responded similarly to the toxicity of nonpesticide organics. Different groups of organisms responded differently to the pesticides. Different species of fish of the same family responded almost identically to the toxicity of pesticides, whereas fishes of different families responded similarly, but to a lesser degree. No relationship existed between the acute sensitivities of a fish and an invertebrate. A significant correlation was determined in acute sensitivities to metals between bluegill and fathead minnows, and between bluegill and Daphnia magna. The mode of toxicity of metals seems to be the same among species, although the degree of toxicity may differ.
Some adjuvant effects on the fate of fenitrothion and aminocarb
Authors: Weinberger Pearl , Greenhalgh R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ecotoxicity of six widely-used adjuvants—namely, Aerotex 3470, Atlox, Cyclosol 63, Dowanol, Nonylphenol and 585 fuel oil—were extensively investigated with respect to an algal and forest seed model system. The adjuvants differentially affected the chemical and biological fate of the pesticides. All but Dowanol (&gt; 1000 μg/mL) had the potential to perturb the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtil Dang, and the tree seeds of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and Paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh). Aerotex, Cyclosol and Nonylphenol (&gt; 5 μg/mL) were the most active adjuncts tested.
Impact of dispersed and undispersed oil entering a gulf coast salt marsh
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Delaune Ronald D. , Patrick William H. , Fleeger J. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of dispersed and undispersed South Louisiana crude oil on the growth of Spartina alterniflora and associated meiofaunal communities was investigated in a replicated experiment conducted in a uniform Louisiana salt marsh. The oil and the oil plus dispersant were applied to open water adjacent to the marsh and forced onto the marsh, using a pump to create a “head” of water that simulated tidal conditions. Neither crude oil nor oil plus dispersant had any inhibitory or stimulatory effect on the growth of S. alterniflora or the meiofaunal communities, including the meiobenthos.
Desorption kinetics of picloram as affected by residence time in the soil
Authors: McCall Philip J. , Agin Gary L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Desorption kinetics of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was studied as a function of incubation time in seven soils incubated for up to 300 d in the presence of picloram. The amount of picloram readily released from the soil decreased significantly with incubation time. A two-step sorption-desorption mechanism was used to model the observed behavior that can be described in terms of external and internal sorption sites. Desorption from external sites is relatively fast, taking place in less than 5 h, whereas desorption from internal sites can take up to 300 h to reach equilibrium. The amount of picloram sorbed to internal sites increases with residence time in the soil. Implications of this study for the transport of picloram under field conditions and for models describing transport are discussed.