bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riociguat: an upcoming therapy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension?
Authors: Kim N. H. 
Published: March 2010

Although pulmonary endarterectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), not all patients will benefit from or receive this highly specialised surgery. Patients whose CTEPH is deemed inoperable by an experienced centre and patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension after surgery are candidates for trial of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) specific pharmacotherapies. However, the currently available PAH specific pharmacotherapies have not demonstrated a clear benefit in either of these patient groups. Accordingly, PAH therapies remain off-label for use in CTEPH.Riociguat (BAY 63-2521) is a stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase, and may represent a novel agent in the treatment of select patients with CTEPH. Pre-clinical and human phase II studies with riociguat have reported promising results, and a multinational, randomised, controlled, double-blinded phase III study is currently underway to investigate the effect of riociguat in patients with inoperable CTEPH and those with persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension following pulmonary endarterectomy.
Editorial: Lepromatous leprosy, lipids, and lessons in immunology: what we can learn by using modern methods to study an ancient disease
Authors: Fink Mitchell P 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lepromatous leprosy, a chronic disease caused by an obligate intracellular pathogen, is associated with increased formation of lipid droplets and these intracellular organelles might play an important role in modifying host responses to the pathogen.
Article 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the treatment of prisoners
Authors: Curtice Martin , Sandford John 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe humane treatment of prisoners has long been considered a mark of a civilised society. Early prison reformers such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard campaigned vigorously for the improvement of conditions for inmates and for institutions to be focused as much on reform and rehabilitation as on punishment. This progressive improvement in conditions for those imprisoned has been further advanced by the European Convention on Human Rights and its incorporation into UK law. The Human Rights Act 1998 is playing an ever-increasing role in determining the standards of treatment of those detained by the state. Article 3 of the Act – freedom from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment – is of particular importance for those detained in prisons, hospitals and other institutions. As Article 3 case law has evolved, so its interpretation has broadened to include a thorough scrutiny of prison conditions, prison healthcare and the treatment of prisoners in general.
Immigration policy: implications for mental health services
Authors: Bacon Lucy , Bourne Rebekah , Oakley Clare , Humphreys Martin 
Published: March 2010

SummaryImmigration is increasing and government policies are shifting. Clinicians need to be aware of the mental health needs of immigrants and the challenges of delivering appropriate care. In certain circumstances there are potential conflicts between doctors' clinical, ethical and legal responsibilities. Detention of refugees and asylum seekers may have a detrimental effect on mental health and can result in significant psychiatric morbidity. Ongoing management of foreign nationals following hospital treatment may be complicated by the threat of deportation and its implications for the patient's mental health.
Evaluating psychological treatments for children with autism-spectrum disorders
Authors: Howlin Patricia 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe internet abounds with promises of ‘miracle cures’ for autism and within the published research literature there are numerous claims and counter-claims for the effectiveness of specific therapies. Systematic evaluations, however, indicate that few treatment programmes have a sound evidence base, and even those interventions that do produce positive findings are not successful for all children. To date, the best researched programmes are those involving intensive, early, home-based intervention, and those with a focus on communication and parent–child interaction. This article assesses the evidence base for some of the better evaluated therapies. There is, as yet, no evidence that any one programme is superior to all others. Indeed, large individual differences in response to intervention suggest that the focus of research now needs to shift to the study of which components of therapy work best for which children and under which conditions.
Seeing the evidence: learning from images in neuroscience
Authors: Cookson John 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe cover of this issue heralds a series of articles in which a visual image derived from cell biology or neuroscience is used to promote understanding of the biological mechanisms fundamental to psychiatry. ‘Images in neuroscience’ are intended to demonstrate the structures and mechanisms of the basic building blocks of brain function, including ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, second messenger systems, specialised ion channels, transmitter pathways, transporters, neuroglial function, and the complex mechanisms within cells that are being revealed, as new genetic associations for mental illness are discovered.
Cognitive style, personality and vulnerability to postnatal
depression
Authors: Jones Lisa , Scott Jan , Cooper Caroline , Forty Liz , Smith Katherine Gordon , Sham Pak , Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Craddock Nick , Jones Ian 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundOnly some women with recurrent major depressive disorder experience
postnatal episodes. Personality and/or cognitive styles might increase
the likelihood of experiencing postnatal depression.AimsTo establish whether personality and cognitive style predicts
vulnerability to postnatal episodes over and above their known
relationship to depression in general.MethodWe compared personality and cognitive style in women with recurrent major
depressive disorder who had experienced one or more postnatal episodes
(postnatal depression (PND) group, n=143) with healthy
female controls (control group, n=173). We also examined
parous women with recurrent major depressive disorder who experienced no
perinatal episodes (non-postnatal depression (NPND) group,
n=131).ResultsThe PND group had higher levels of neuroticism and dysfunctional beliefs,
and lower self-esteem than the control group. However, there were no
significant differences between the PND and NPND groups.ConclusionsEstablished personality and cognitive vulnerabilities for depression were
reported by women with a history of postnatal depression, but there was
no evidence that any of these traits or styles confer a specific risk for
the postnatal onset of episodes.
Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Langley Kate , Fowler Tom , Ford Tamsin , Thapar Ajay K. , van den Bree Marianne , Harold Gordon , Owen Michael J. , O'Donovan Michael C. , Thapar Anita 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is recognised as a
common, disabling condition. Little information is available regarding
the long-term outcomes for individuals with ADHD in the UK.AimsTo examine the 5-year outcome for a UK cohort of children with diagnosed,
treated ADHD and identify whether maternal and social factors predict key
outcomes.MethodOne hundred and twenty-six school-aged children (mean age 9.4 years, s.d.
= 1.7) diagnosed with ADHD were reassessed 5 years later during
adolescence (mean age 14.5 years, s.d. = 1.7) for ADHD, conduct disorder
and other antisocial behaviours.ResultsMost adolescents (69.8%) continued to meet full criteria for ADHD, were
known to specialist services and exhibited high levels of antisocial
behaviour, criminal activity and substance use problems. Maternal
childhood conduct disorder predicted offspring ADHD continuity; maternal
childhood conduct disorder, lower child IQ and social class predicted
offspring conduct disorder symptoms.ConclusionsThe treatment and monitoring of ADHD need to be intensified as outcomes
are poor especially in offspring of mothers with childhood conduct
disorder symptoms.
Treating personality disorder in community mental health teams
Authors: Duggan Conor 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAlthough personality disorders are prevalent conditions and the cause of considerable morbidity, their management remains controversial. The rationale for using psychotropic medication in these conditions is poorly articulated and its evidence base is weak. Nonetheless, psychiatrists continue to prescribe medication for this group as the accompanying paper makes clear. What is less clear is their reason for doing so, as there are frequent co-occurring conditions that might justify the use of medication in their own right. If the field is to progress, there is no substitute for well-designed randomised controlled trials and these ought to be a priority in the setting of any research agenda.
Solvent Diversity in the Preparation of Alkanethiol-capped Gold Nanoparticles. An Approach with a Gold(I) Thiolate Complex
Authors: Sugie Atsushi , Yamanaka Takeshi , Kumazawa Kenta , Hatta Tomomi , Ueda Yasukiyo , Kanie Kiyoshi , Muramatsu Atsushi , Mori Atsunori 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The reaction of highly soluble gold(I) thiolate complex of tributylphosphine or 2-aminoethanol with a reducing agent gives gold nanoparticles. The complex is soluble in various solvents such as hexane, toluene, THF, Et2O, and water.
Two-photon Absorption Properties of Novel Conjugated Dyes Containing a Benzophenone Unit
Authors: Liu Jian , Gao Fang , Yang Long , Wang Chunfeng , Li Hongru , Zhang Shengtao 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A variety of new conjugated dyes bearing a benzophenone unit were synthesized, and the linear absorption and emission were determined. Two-photon absorption properties of the derivatives have been measured by a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser tuning from 720 to 880 nm at intervals of 20 nm. One- and two-photon optical properties of the derivatives were found to be significantly dependent on their chemical structures.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Material as New Matrices of Proton-conducting Membranes
Authors: Yamada Hirotoshi , Aono Shintaro , Moriguchi Isamu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Organic–inorganic composite proton-conducting membranes were prepared by using a hybrid organic–inorganic matrix Compoceran® E201 that consists of an epoxy prepolymer and a siloxane part. It was demonstrated that the compound disperses proton-conducting Cs-substituted phosphotungstic acid (Cs-PWA) particles uniformly in spite of the large difference in densities. Relatively high proton conductivity of 10−3 S cm−1 was obtained at 160 °C and at RH of 80% for the membrane with the weight ratio Cs-PWA/E201 = 1.6.
Spin-crossover Change from Gradual to Abrupt Types for an Iron(III) Complex
Authors: Hayami Shinya , Urakami Daisuke , Yamamoto Yuuki , Kato Kazuya , Kojima Yoshihiro , Nakashima Satoru , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Iron(III) spin-crossover compound with acpa ligand [Fe(acpa)2]ClO4 (1) was prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectra, and magnetic susceptibilities, where acpa is a tridentate ligand derived from acetylacetone and 2-aminomethylpyridine. The iron(III) compound 1 displayed a structural phase transition at 250 K, and the spin-crossover behavior for 1 changed from gradual to abrupt before and after the structural phase transition.
Synthesis of Hollow Zeolite Composite Spheres by Using β-Zeolite Crystal as Template
Authors: Zheng Jiajun , Zeng Qinghu , Ma Jinghong , Zhang Xiweng , Sun Wanfu , Li Ruifeng 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Core–shell microspheres with BEA and FAU zeolite structures (denoted as BEA–FAU) were prepared through a two-step hydrothermal crystallization process in which a β-zeolite was used as silicon source for the synthesis of Y zeolite as well as a template for the formation of hollow sphere. Scaning electron microscopy and intrusive mercury experiments displayed the as-synthesized sample had extra-large pores of 2–3 µm; a possible formation mechanism of BEA–FAU hollow spheres was proposed and discussed.
Resonance Raman Study of a High-valent Fe=O Porphyrin Complex as a Model for Peroxidase Compound II
Authors: Ishimaru Hirohito , Fujii Hiroshi , Ogura Takashi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy is applied to a FeIV oxo porphyrin with imidazolate as the axial ligand. The νFe=O mode is observed at 792 cm−1, which is 23 cm−1 lower than that of the analogous 1–methylimidazole complex and similar to that of horseradish peroxidase compound II (787 cm−1) at alkaline pH, for which presence of an anionic histidine was previously postulated. This study thus provides a useful model compound of horseradish peroxidase compound II.
Highly Soluble Penta[(alkyl)dimethylsilylmethyl][60]fullerenes and Their Ruthenium and Palladium Complexes
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Muramatsu Ayako , Lu Jiang , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Copper-mediated fivefold addition of RMe2SiCH2MgCl to [60]fullerene produces C60(CH2SiMe2R)5H (R = H, Et, n-Bu, and n-hexyl), which can be further converted into ruthenium and palladium complexes. These organofullerenes and metal–fullerene complexes, particularly when R = n-Hex, are highly soluble in various organic solvents, e.g., 107 mg mL−1 solubility in EtOAc and &gt;1000 mg mL−1 in hexane, where C60Me5H is essentially insoluble.
Adherence to therapeutic splint wear in adults with acute upper limb injuries: a systematic review
Authors: O'Brien Lisa 
Published: March 2010

Introduction Non-adherence with therapeutic splinting in acute hand injury can reduce treatment benefits, increase risk of disability and bias assessment of treatment efficacy. This systematic review aims to critically analyse the literature on splinting of acute upper limb injuries to identify key factors that could influence patient adherence with splint wear. Methods Trials were identified from searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL (to June 2009) and reference lists of articles and relevant reviews. Search terms used were patient compliance/adherence behaviour, splint/s, othosis/es and brace. Where possible, randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies were sought, and then cross-sectional and retrospective studies if the former were not available. Studies specifically addressing chronic conditions were excluded. All relevant trials were assessed for methodological quality by the author using explicit criteria. Data were extracted using a standardized form designed by the author. Results Six studies (one randomized controlled trial, two cross-sectional analytic surveys and three retrospective file reviews) involving 490 people were included. Owing to the heterogeneity of studies synthesis is narrative rather than quantitative. There was no consistent correlation between adherence and age or gender. One study found a correlation with patient perception of positive effect, and one found negative correlations with agitation and brain injury severity. Discussion Studies found were generally of varied quality and may be susceptible to bias. This is a field with little published scientific evidence, and future research should measure adherence relationships with socioeconomic, health-care system, therapy- and patient-related characteristics.
Polyethylene wear in Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement
Authors: Kendrick B. J. L. , Longino D. , Pandit H. , Svard U. , Gill H. S. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W. , Price A. J. 
Published: March 2010

The Oxford Unicompartmental Knee replacement (UKR) was introduced as a design to reduce polyethylene wear. There has been one previous retrieval study involving this implant, which reported very low rates of wear in some specimens but abnormal patterns of wear in others. There has been no further investigation of these abnormal patterns. The bearings were retrieved from 47 patients who had received a medial Oxford UKR for anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee. None had been studied previously. The mean time to revision was 8.4 years (sd 4.1), with 20 having been implanted for over ten years. The macroscopic pattern of polyethylene wear and the linear penetration were recorded for each bearing. The mean rate of linear penetration was 0.07 mm/year. The patterns of wear fell into three categories, each with a different rate of linear penetration; 1) no abnormal macroscopic wear and a normal articular surface, n = 16 (linear penetration rate = 0.01 mm/year); 2) abnormal macroscopic wear and normal articular surfaces with extra-articular impingement, n = 16 (linear penetration rate = 0.05 mm/year); 3) abnormal macroscopic wear and abnormal articular surfaces with intra-articular impingement +/− signs of non-congruous articulation, n = 15 (linear penetration rate = 0.12 mm/year). The differences in linear penetration rate were statistically significant (p < 0.001). These results show that very low rates of polyethylene wear are possible if the device functions normally. However, if the bearing displays suboptimal function (extra-articular, intra-articular impingement or incongruous articulation) the rates of wear increase significantly.
Increased strain in the femoral neck following insertion of a resurfacing femoral prosthesis
Authors: Wik T. S. , Østbyhaug P. O. , Klaksvik J. , Aamodt A. 
Published: March 2010

The cortical strains on the femoral neck and proximal femur were measured before and after implantation of a resurfacing femoral component in 13 femurs from human cadavers. These were loaded into a hip simulator for single-leg stance and stair-climbing. After resurfacing, the mean tensile strain increased by 15% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6 to 24, p = 0.003) on the lateral femoral neck and the mean compressive strain increased by 11% (95% CI 5 to 17, p = 0.002) on the medial femoral neck during stimulation of single-leg stance. On the proximal femur the deformation pattern remained similar to that of the unoperated femurs. The small increase of strains in the neck area alone would probably not be sufficient to cause fracture of the neck However, with patient-related and surgical factors these strain changes may contribute to the risk of early periprosthetic fracture.
Bone-turnover markers in fracture healing
Authors: Cox G. , Einhorn T. A. , Tzioupis C. , Giannoudis P. V. 
Published: March 2010

Biochemical markers of bone-turnover have long been used to complement the radiological assessment of patients with metabolic bone disease. Their implementation in daily clinical practice has been helpful in the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, the selection of the optimal dose and the understanding of the progression of the onset and resolution of treatment. Since they are derived from both cortical and trabecular bone, they reflect the metabolic activity of the entire skeleton rather than that of individual cells or the process of mineralisation. Quantitative changes in skeletal-turnover can be assessed easily and non-invasively by the measurement of bone-turnover markers. They are commonly subdivided into three categories; 1) bone-resorption markers, 2) osteoclast regulatory proteins and 3) bone-formation markers. Because of the rapidly accumulating new knowledge of bone matrix biochemistry, attempts have been made to use them in the interpretation and characterisation of various stages of the healing of fractures. Early knowledge of the individual progress of a fracture could help to avoid delayed or nonunion by enabling modification of the host’s biological response. The levels of bone-turnover markers vary throughout the course of fracture repair with their rates of change being dependent on the size of the fracture and the time that it will take to heal. However, their short-term biological variability, the relatively low bone specificity exerted, given that the production and destruction of collagen is not limited to bone, as well as the influence of the host’s metabolism on their concentration, produce considerable intra- and inter-individual variability in their interpretation. Despite this, the possible role of bone-turnover markers in the assessment of progression to union, the risks of delayed or nonunion and the impact of innovations to accelerate fracture healing must not be ignored.
The cerebral palsy hip classification is reliable
Authors: Murnaghan M. L. , Simpson P. , Robin J. G. , Shore B. J. , Selber P. , Graham H. K. 
Published: March 2010

We have tested the reliability of a recently reported classification system of hip morphology in adolescents with cerebral palsy in whom the triradiate cartilage was closed. The classification is a six-grade ordinal scale, based on the measurement of the migration percentage and an assessment of Shenton’s arch, deformity of the femoral head, acetabular deformity and pelvic obliquity. Four paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and four physiotherapists received training in the use of the classification which they applied to the assessment of 42 hip radiographs, read on two separate occasions. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and found to be excellent, with it ranging from 0.88 to 0.94. The classification in our study was shown to be valid (based on migration percentage), and reliable. As a result we believe that it can now be used in studies describing the natural history of hip displacement in cerebral palsy, in outcome studies and in communication between clinicians.
Role of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography in the management of bone and soft-tissue metastases
Authors: Yanagawa T. , Shinozaki T. , Iizuka Y. , Takagishi K. , Watanabe H. 
Published: March 2010

We retrospectively reviewed 71 histopathologically-confirmed bone and soft-tissue metastases of unknown origin at presentation. In order to identify the site of the primary tumour all 71 cases were examined with conventional procedures, including CT, serum tumour markers, a plain radiograph, ultrasound examination and endoscopic examinations, and 24 of the 71 cases underwent 2-deoxy-2-[F-18] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). This detected multiple bone metastases in nine patients and the primary site in 12 of the 24 cases; conventional studies revealed 16 primary tumours. There was no significant difference in sensitivity between FDG-PET and conventional studies. The mean maximal standardised uptake value of the metastatic tumours was significantly higher than that of the primary tumours, which is likely to explain why FDG-PET did not provide better results. It was not superior to conventional procedures in the search for the primary site of bone and soft-tissue metastases; however, it seemed to be useful in the staging of malignancy.
Is the so-called ‘French paradox’ a reality?
Authors: El Masri F. , Kerboull L. , Kerboull M. , Courpied J. P. , Hamadouche M. 
Published: March 2010

We have evaluated the in vivo migration patterns of 164 primary consecutive Charnley-Kerboull total hip replacements which were undertaken in 155 patients. The femoral preparation included removal of diaphyseal cancellous bone to obtain primary rotational stability of the stem before line-to-line cementing. We used the Ein Bild Roentgen Analyse femoral component method to assess the subsidence of the femoral component. At a mean of 17.3 years (15.1 to 18.3) 73 patients were still alive and had not been revised, eight had been revised, 66 had died and eight had been lost to follow-up. The mean subsidence of the entire series was 0.63 mm (0.0 to 1.94). When using a 1.5 mm threshold, only four stems were considered to have subsided. Our study showed that, in most cases, a highly polished double-tapered stem cemented line-to-line does not subside at least up to 18 years after implantation.