bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: IL‐10 Modulates Placental Responses to TLR Ligands
Authors: Bayraktar Mehmet , Peltier Morgan , Vetrano Anna , Arita Yuko , Gurzenda Ellen , Joseph Ansamma , Kazzaz Jeffrey , Sharma Surendra , Hanna Nazeeh 
Published: October 2009

Problem  Intra‐uterine infections increase production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. It is unclear whether different infectious agents determine the relative expression of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines.Methods of study  We compared the placental inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin from Gram‐negative bacteria) with those induced by lipoteichoic acid (LTA, a cell wall component of Gram‐positive bacteria). Placental explants from term delivery were treated with either LPS or LTA, in the presence or absence of IL‐10, for 24 hrs. Cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression were quantified.Results  Both LTA and LPS significantly induced several cytokines with LPS eliciting more potent effects. IL‐6 and IL‐8 were induced to comparable levels in response to both LTA and LPS whereas monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) production was induced more by LTA, demonstrating a differential placental response to a specific toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligand. IL‐10 treatment significantly reduced most pro‐inflammatory cytokines as well as PGE2 induced by both LPS and LTA. Interestingly, IL‐10 down‐regulated LTA‐mediated MCP1 induction, but not that mediated by LPS. Moreover, IL‐10 was more effective in down‐regulating PGE2 after LPS‐ when compared with LTA stimulation.Conclusions  Our results demonstrate that placental exposure to LTA and LPS appear to trigger distinct cytokine responses that can be modulated by IL‐10.
The three‐dimension finite element analysis of stress in posterior tooth residual root restored with postcore crown
Authors: Fu Gang , Deng Feng , Wang Lu , Ren Aishu 
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  Teeth that have been endodontically treated and restored with postcore crown may experience fracture sometimes. Some researchers have analyzed the stress of the anterior teeth after postcore crown restoration, but the stress of the posterior teeth after such restoration has not been reported. We used three‐dimension finite element methods to analyze the stress magnitude and distribution of remaining dentin in posterior tooth residual root restored with postcore crown. The binding material, loading direction, number, length and material of posts were studied.Methods:  The models of residual root of maxillary first molar restored with postcore crown were created by CT scanning, mimics software and abaqus software. Different number, length and material of posts were used in the modeling. The posts were cemented with zinc‐phosphate cement or composited resin. A load of 240 N was applied to the occlusal surface in four directions and tensile, shear, and von Mises stresses were calculated.Result:  (i) The maximum stress on remaining dentin changed irregularly as the number and length of posts changed. (ii) The maximum stress on remaining dentin decreased slightly as elastic modulus of the material of posts increased. (iii) The maximum stress on bonding layer and remaining dentin was lower when bonded with resin luting agent than with zinc‐phosphate cement. (iv) The maximum stress on remaining dentin increased markedly as loading angle increased.Conclusion:  The number, length, material of posts, bonding material and loading angle all have influence on the magnitude and distribution of stress. The influence of loading angle is most apparent.
HLA‐G 3′‐UTR SNP and 14‐bp deletion polymorphisms in Portuguese and Guinea‐Bissau populations
Authors: Alvarez M. , Piedade J. , Balseiro S. , Ribas G. , Regateiro F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn the HLA‐G locus, the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) begins in the mid exon 6, and ends in exon 8. The occurrence of a 14‐bp deletion within exon 8, the only mutation known until now in the 3′‐UTR, has been considered a risk factor for disease and allograft rejection. To describe the polymorphism within this region, direct sequencing analysis was performed on 120 DNA samples from Portugal and Guinea‐Bissau. Results indicate that exon 8 is less conserved than the coding exons. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms and the previously described 14‐bp deletion were found within exon 8 of both populations. Molecular diversity was higher in the Guinean samples than in the Portuguese; however, little differentiation was found among the populations, suggesting that local selection on exon 8 sequence variation is absent. The screening for sequence motifs suggests that polymorphism on this region may be involved in HLA‐G post‐transcriptional regulation and, therefore, in phenotype variation.
Will They Stay or Will They Go? Simulating the Dynamics of Single‐Holder Farms in a Dualistic Farm Structure in Slovakia
Authors: Happe Kathrin , Schnicke Hauke , Sahrbacher Christoph , Kellermann Konrad 
Published: October 2009

This paper investigates the dynamic interplay between farm exit and entry of single‐holder farms (SF) in a dualistic farm structure in the Nitra region of the Slovak Republic. Our focus is on economic and noneconomic reasons for farm exit. The impact of varying both the likelihood of succession and the initial farm operator age distributions is studied. An agent‐based simulation model of structural change in agriculture is applied, which brings together farm‐internal and ‐external determinants and creates a set of endogenous adjustment reactions. We show that the stepwise introduction of direct payments of the Common Agricultural Policy in Slovakia has a strong impact on its structural development. In the short‐ to medium‐term, the dualistic farm structure together with a specific age structure of farms still persists as a response to the policy. The phasing‐in of payments persuades SF to stay and potential successors to enter. In the longer run, the initially heterogeneous farm structure becomes increasingly homogeneous toward larger SF. The prevalence of small SF in the medium‐ to long‐term is not necessarily a given. This may lead decision makers to reconsider the role of individual farms in rural development. Dans le présent article, nous avons étudié la relation entre l'entrée en agriculture de fermes à propriétaire unique et leur sortie dans un contexte d'agriculture dualiste dans la région de Nitra, en Slovaquie. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les raisons économiques et non économiques qui motivent la sortie. Nous avons étudié l'impact liéà la possibilité de relève et à la répartition par âge des agriculteurs. Pour évaluer le changement structurel en agriculture, nous avons utilisé un modèle de simulation multi‐agent qui réunit les facteurs internes et externes et crée un ensemble de réactions d'adaptation endogènes. Nous avons montré que l'introduction progressive des paiements directs accordés dans le cadre de la Politique agricole commune en Slovaquie a des répercussions considérables sur son développement structurel. À court et à moyen termes, l'agriculture dualiste, combinée à la structure de l'âge des exploitations agricoles, demeure une réaction à la politique en place. La mise en place progressive des paiements persuade les exploitations à propriétaire unique de demeurer dans le secteur et encourage les successeurs potentiels à y entrer. À plus long terme, la structure agricole qui était hétérogène au départ devient de plus en plus homogène et compte de plus grandes fermes à propriétaire unique. À court et à moyen termes, la prévalence de petites fermes à propriétaire unique ne va pas nécessairement de soi. Cette situation pourrait amener les décideurs à réexaminer le rôle des exploitations individuelles dans le développement rural.
People Use their Knowledge of Common Events to Understand Language, and Do So as Quickly as Possible
Authors: McRae Ken , Matsuki Kazunaga 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPeople possess a great deal of knowledge about how the world works, and it is undoubtedly true that adults use this knowledge when understanding and producing language. However, psycholinguistic theories differ regarding whether this extra‐linguistic pragmatic knowledge can be activated and used immediately, or only after a delay. The authors present research that investigates whether people immediately use their generalized knowledge of common events when understanding language. This research demonstrates that (i) individual isolated words immediately activate event‐based knowledge; (ii) combinations of words in sentences immediately constrain people’s event‐based expectations for concepts that are upcoming in language; (iii) syntax modulates people’s expectations for ensuing concepts; and (iv) event‐based knowledge can produce expectations for ensuing syntactic structures. It is concluded that theories of sentence comprehension must allow for the rapid dynamic interplay among these sources of information.
Obesity‐Related Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Nelson Ryan , Antonetti Illena , Bisognano John D. , Sloand James 
Published: October 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:59–63. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The term obesity cardiomyopathy has previously been used to describe a clinical syndrome in obese patients typically consisting of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction and is often associated with right ventricular dysfunction independent of the presence of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Although several publications have described the early stages of this syndrome, little is known about the end stages of the disease. The authors conducted a retrospective study of a subset of edematous obese patients with multiple common medical comorbidities who present with a clinical syndrome in the setting of physiologic stress or infection. Under severe physiologic stress these patients developed pulmonary hypertension, right‐sided volume overload, decreased effective arterial blood volume, and renal failure. Often, these findings were in the setting of obstructive sleep apnea. This retrospective study focuses on an obesity‐related cardiorenal syndrome but also serves to provide a foreground for acknowledging the broad spectrum of cardiovascular pathology, including pulmonary hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, and sleep apnea, seen in the obese.
WHAT HAS PSYCHOANALYSIS GOT TO DO WITH HAPPINESS? RECLAIMING THE POSITIVE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Music Graham 
Published: October 2009

abstractThis paper questions whether what is a strength of psychoanalysis – its focus on painful and difficult experiences and its ability to remain in touch with the negative aspects of the personality – might also be an Achilles heel. The paper discusses research from neuroscience, developmental and social psychology to argue that more attention needs to be given to how we work with more positive and hopeful aspects of the personality, and that otherwise psychoanalytic psychotherapists are not working with the whole person. Some clinical examples are used to illustrate how these ideas might be used.
THE ODYSSEY: CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES
Authors: White Jean 
Published: October 2009

abstractAs this paper was originally given as a lecture, I have retained something of the spoken tone of the original. The paper explores some of the ways in which Odysseus is transformed from a stereotypical Greek warrior and hero into a wiser, humbler and more complex and sophisticated man through his various adventures on his return journey from Troy to Ithaca. These adventures symbolically describe and recapitulate some of the central tenets of psychoanalytic theories of psychic change and growth from the contemporary Independent, Lacanian and post‐Kleinian schools.
PSYCHIC AND MENTAL BISEXUALITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSE OF SELF AND MIND
Authors: Hurwood Judith 
Published: October 2009

abstractDrawing on the ideas of Birksted‐Breen (1996) and Houzel (2005), this paper discusses the concept of bisexuality, which has been viewed in various ways in the psychoanalytic literature. An argument is made for a clearer definition and conceptual distinction using the terms ‘psychic’ and ‘mental’ bisexuality. Houzel's ‘psychic bisexuality’ and Birksted‐Breen's ‘mental bisexuality’ are distinguished as two separate developmental phases which promote the establishment of psychic space and thought. Psychic bisexuality pertains to the structuring of the self and the development of internal space. Mental bisexuality pertains to the functioning of the mind, with the development of space between internal objects and between self and others. Central to these developments are the containing functions of being both close enough to, and distant enough from, the patient. Clinical material illustrates how interwoven problems at the stage of psychic and mental bisexuality can be and demonstrates that the development of internal space, and space between self and others, requires internalization of both the psychic and mental bisexuality of the therapist.
Communicating flood forecast uncertainty under operational circumstances
Authors: Cullmann J. , Krausse T. , Philipp A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRequired model input data are not always completely available and model structures are only a crude description of the underlying natural processes; therefore, model parameters need to be calibrated. Different model concepts (interflow, direct runoff), or rather the processes represented, such as infiltration, soil water movement, etc. are more or less dominating different sections of the runoff spectrum. Most models do not account for such transient characteristics inherent to the hydrograph. This falls together with uncertain input data (e.g. rainfall intensity on different scales and the rainfalls' spatial distribution, especially if rainfall is a predicted parameter). In this paper, we try to show a way towards a possible online evaluation of model uncertainty and the graphical means to communicate the uncertain forecast in a probabilistic but yet comprehensible way. This is based on the development of a flood forecasting system, which combines artificial neural networks with process models Monte‐Carlo evaluation of the forecast uncertainty. The Monte‐Carlo results are evaluated in an operationally applicable model and the uncertainty is colour coded in uncertainty plots of the forecast, which are updated at each time step. This provides operators in flood warning centres much more reliable and easy to interpret information about the probability of the forecast well in advance of the occurrence.
Multiplex 16S rRNA haplotype‐specific PCR, a rapid and convenient method for fish species identification: an application to West African Clupeiform larvae
Authors: DURAND J. D. , DIATTA M. A. , DIOP K. , TRAPE S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA multiplex haplotype‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MHS‐PCR) method was developed, which identified seven Clupeiform species living in the tropical Eastern Atlantic region: Sardinella aurita, Sardinella maderensis, Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicholus, Pellonula leonensis and Ilisha africana. 16S rRNA fragments were amplified using a species‐specific set of primers, yielding species‐specific size fragments, and then separated using agarose gel electrophoresis, enabling direct visual identification of targeted species. This method provides an accurate, easy and rapid tool for identifying species within large Clupeiform samples. It is suitable for investigations on early Clupeiform stages, species and identification in fishery management in the tropical Eastern Atlantic area.
Analysis of Single-Phase Cascade Flow in Power Plant Drain
Systems
Authors: Hout S. A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The performance of a typical drain system was checked through a pressure drop analysis and the determination of valve sizing coefficients. The operation checks that two-phase flow does not occur upstream of the control valve. Erosion checks are performed at any elbow installed downstream of the control valve where flashing may take place. The analysis does not cover the performance of the feedwater heater or moisture separator and reheater drain systems under transient conditions such as load rejection, i.e., turbine trip. It is believed that accurate valve sizing and appropriate drain cascade are vital to proper drainage.
Innate Immunity toAspergillusSpecies
Authors: Park Stacy J. , Mehrad Borna 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAll humans are continuously exposed to inhaledAspergillusconidia, yet healthy hosts clear the organism without developing disease and without the development of antibody- or cell-mediated acquired immunity to this organism. This suggests that for most healthy humans, innate immunity is sufficient to clear the organism. A failure of these defenses results in a uniquely diverse set of illnesses caused byAspergillusspecies, which includes diseases caused by the colonization of the respiratory tract, invasive infection, and hypersensitivity. A key concept in immune responses toAspergillusspecies is that the susceptibilities of the host determine the morphological form, antigenic structure, and physical location of the fungus. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the multiple layers of innate defenses againstAspergillusspecies that dictate the outcome of this host-microbe interaction.
Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction during Acute Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Toka Felix N. , Nfon Charles , Dawson Harry , Golde William T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNatural killer (NK) cells provide one of the initial barriers of cellular host defense against pathogens, in particular intracellular pathogens. The role of these cells in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is unknown. Previously, we characterized the phenotype and function of NK cells from swine (F. N. Toka et al., J. Interferon Cytokine Res.29:179-192, 2009). In the present study, we report the analysis of NK cells isolated from animals infected with FMDV and tested ex vivo and show that NK-dependent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells as targets was impaired. More relevantly to this infection, the killing of target cells infected with FMDV also was inhibited. Further, the proportion of NK cells capable of producing gamma interferon and storing perforin was reduced. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from infected animals are not productively infected, but virus exposure in vivo resulted in the significant induction of NKp30 and Toll-like receptor 3 expression and the moderate activation of SOCS3 and interleukin-15 receptor mRNA. However, there was little alteration of mRNA expression from a number of other receptor genes in these cells, including SH2D1B and NKG2A (inhibitory) as well as NKp80, NKp46, and NKG2D (activating). These data indicate that this virus infection influences the ability of NK cells to recognize and eliminate FMDV-infected cells. In addition, a reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity coincided with the increase in virus titers, indicating the virus blocking of NK cell-associated innate responses, albeit temporarily. These effects likely culminate in brief but effective viral immune evasion, allowing the virus to replicate and disseminate within the host.
Dual-Function Antibodies to
Yersinia pestis
LcrV Required for Pulmonary Clearance of Plague
Authors: Eisele Nicholas A. , Anderson Deborah M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Yersinia pestis
causes pneumonic plague, a necrotic pneumonia that rapidly progresses to death without early treatment. Antibodies to the protective antigen LcrV are thought to neutralize its essential function in the type III secretion system (TTSS) and by themselves are capable of inducing immunity to plague in mouse models. To develop multivalent LcrV antibodies as a therapeutic treatment option, we screened for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to LcrV that could prevent its function in the TTSS. Although we were able to identify single and combination MAbs that provided the high-level inhibition of the TTSS, these did not promote phagocytosis in vitro and were only weakly protective in a mouse pneumonic plague model. Only one MAb, BA5, was able to protect mice from pneumonic plague. In vitro, MAb BA5 blocked the TTSS with efficiency equal to or even less than that of other MAbs as single agents or as combinations, but its activity led to increased phagocytic uptake. Polyclonal anti-LcrV was superior to BA5 in promoting phagocytosis and also was more efficient in protecting mice from pneumonic plague. Taken together, the data support a hypothesis whereby the pulmonary clearance of
Y. pestis
by antibodies requires both the neutralization of the TTSS and the simultaneous stimulation of innate signaling pathways used by phagocytic cells to destroy pathogens.
Comparison of MRSA
Select
Agar, CHROMagar Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) Medium, and Xpert MRSA PCR for Detection of MRSA in Nares: Diagnostic Accuracy for Surveillance Samples with Various Bacterial Densities
Authors: Wolk D. M. , Marx J. L. , Dominguez L. , Driscoll D. , Schifman R. B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Rapid laboratory methods provide optimal support for active surveillance efforts to screen for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). Most laboratories struggle to determine the optimal use of resources, considering options to balance cost, speed, and diagnostic accuracy. To assess the performance of common methods, the first comparison of MRSA
Select
agar (MS) and CHROMagar MRSA (CA), with and without broth enrichment followed by a 24-h subculture to MS, was performed. Results were compared to those of the Xpert MRSA assay. For direct culture methods, the agreement between MS and CA was 98.8%. At 18 h, direct MS identified 93% of all positive samples from direct culture and 84% of those identified by the Xpert MRSA. For Trypticase soy broth-enriched MS culture, incubated overnight and then subcultured for an additional 24 h, the agreement with Xpert MRSA was 96%. The agreement between direct MS and Xpert MRSA was 100% when semiquantitative culture revealed a bacterial density of 2+ or greater; however, discrepancies between culture and Xpert MRSA arose for MRSA bacterial densities of 1+ or less, indicating low density as a common cause of false-negative culture results. Since 1+ or less was established as the most common MRSA carrier state, broth enrichment or PCR may be critical for the identification of all MRSA carriers who may be reservoirs for transmission. In this active-surveillance convenience sample, the use of broth enrichment followed by subculture to MS offered a low-cost but sensitive method for MRSA screening, with performance similar to that of Xpert MRSA PCR.