bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reappraisal of classical archetype theory and its implications for theory and practice
Authors: Merchant John 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  This paper begins with an overview of contemporary approaches to archetype theory and notes the radical nature of certain deductions. Some argue that there is no ‘archetype‐as‐such’ as a pre‐existing entity at the core of a complex driving its formation whilst the findings of current neuroscience are calling into question one very thing on which the classical theory is built – innatism. Knox's argument for image schemas raises the question as to the extent to which archetypes can be conceived in any preformationist sense.The question is then posed – to what extent can Jung's classical theory of archetypes be read in light of these current models? The case examples Jung uses to evidence the existence of archetypes, his explications of synchronicity and his own Philemon experience are then reappraised.The conclusion is drawn that it is difficult to evidence the existence of autonomous archetypes unrelated to personal affective experience. Not only would this be expected by emergent/developmental models of archetype but it can explain many of Jung's disjunctive statements about archetype constellation; the difficulties in separating personal and collective psychic content and Jung's apparent Lamarckianism. The implications of these models for theory, clinical practice and analyst training are then offered for discussion.
Tradition and originality in the transference: a Coleridgean commentary
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Some of S.T. Coleridge's observations about ‘the mind's self‐experience of itself’ and the nature of faith and trust are discussed in relation to the implicit tensions between ‘tradition’ (formal structure, received wisdom) and ‘originality’ (creativity, individuation), especially in the transference. The existential doubts of some analysands may undermine their confidence that their integrity will be fostered by the analytic relationship: so instead the trappings of ‘tradition’ (e.g. in the case of a trainee the assumption of a professionally endorsed status) may be appropriated as a spurious substitute for ‘originality’.It is argued that an anticipatory ‘faith’, albeit initially rather cerebral, may be necessary to sustain the analytic endeavour until a more intimate, heartfelt ‘trust’ can release the potential for individuation. Further consideration is given to the ‘analytic attitude’ that might best facilitate this process, and to how sensitivity to these dynamics may inform one's reading of the transference.
Multivariate Association Test Using Haplotype Trend Regression
Authors: Pei Yu‐Fang , Zhang Lei , Liu Jianfeng , Deng Hong‐Wen 
Published: June 2009

SummaryGenetic association analyses with haplotypes may be more powerful than analyses with single markers, under certain conditions. Furthermore, simultaneously considering multiple correlated traits may make use of additional information that would not be considered when analyzing individual traits. In this study, we propose a haplotype based test of association for multivariate quantitative traits in unrelated samples. Specifically, we extend a population based haplotype trend regression (HTR) approach to multivariate scenarios. We mainly focused on bivariate HTR, and the simulation results showed that the proposed method had correct pre‐specified type‐I error rates. The power of the proposed method was largely influenced by the size and source of correlation between variables, being greatest when correlation of a specific gene was opposite in sign to the residual correlation.
Testing Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium using Family Data from Complex Surveys
Authors: She Dewei , Zhang Hong , Li Zhaohai 
Published: June 2009

SummaryGenetic data collected during the second phase of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) enable us to investigate the association of a wide variety of health factors with regard to genetic variation. The classic question when looking into the genetic variations in a population is whether the population is in the state of Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Our objective was to develop test procedures using family data from complex surveys such as NHANES III. We developed six Pearson χ2 based tests for a diallelic locus of autosomal genes. The finite sample properties of the proposed test procedures were evaluated via Monte Carlo simulation studies and the Rao‐Scott first order corrected test was recommended. Test procedures were applied to three loci from NHANES III genetic databases, i.e., ADRB2, TGFB1, and VDR. HWE was shown to hold at 0.05 level for all three loci when only families with genotypic information available for two parents and for one or more children were used in the analysis.
Moment arms of the knee extensor mechanism in children and adults
Authors: O’Brien Thomas D. , Reeves Neil D. , Baltzopoulos Vasilios , Jones David A. , Maganaris Constantinos N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study we investigated whether there are differences in the patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA)‐knee angle relationship between pre‐pubertal children and adults, and whether the PTMA length scales to relevant anthropometric measurements in the two groups. Anthropometric characteristics and the PTMA length‐joint angle relationships were determined in 20 adults and 20 pre‐pubertal children of both genders. The anthropometric characteristics measured were height, body mass, knee circumference, medio‐lateral knee breadth, anterior‐posterior knee depth, leg length, femur length and tibia length. The PTMA was quantified from magnetic resonance images using the geometric centre of the femoral condyle method, at every 5° between 55° and 90° of knee flexion (0° is full extension). Adults had a significantly greater PTMA length at all joint angles (4.2 ± 0.4 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 cm at 90°; P < 0.01), with the PTMA length decreasing from knee extension to knee flexion similarly in both adults and children. There were no significant and strong correlations between the PTMA and anthropometric measures in adults for any joint angle. In contrast, the PTMA correlated and scaled with anthropometric characteristics for the children (P < 0.05, r = 0.49–0.9) at all joint angles. The PTMA length in children was most accurately predicted at 85° of flexion from the equation PTMA = –0.25 + 0.083·tibia length + 0.02·leg length (R2 = 0.83). These findings indicate that the knee extensor mechanism in pre‐pubertal children should not be considered to be a ‘scaled‐down’ version of that in adults.
Functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C cells: new insights into their involvement in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis
Authors: Morillo‐Bernal Jesús , Fernández‐Santos José M. , Utrilla José C. , De Miguel Manuel , García‐Marín Rocío , Martín‐Lacave Inés 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThyroid C cells, or parafollicular cells, are mainly known for producing calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis with hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects. Classically, the main endocrine activity of this cell population has been believed to be restricted to its roles in serum calcium and bone metabolism. Nonetheless, in the last few years evidence has been accumulating in the literature with regard to local regulatory peptides secreted by C cells, such as somatostatin, ghrelin, thyrotropin releasing hormone or the recently described cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐related transcript, which could modify thyroid function. As thyrotropin is the main hormone controlling the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis and, accordingly, thyroid function, we have examined the functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C‐cell lines and in thyroid tissues. We have found that rat and human C‐cell lines express the thyrotropin receptor at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, incubation of C cells with thyrotropin resulted in a 10‐fold inhibition of thyrotropin‐receptor expression, and a concomitant decrease of the steady‐state mRNA levels for calcitonin and calcitonin gene‐related peptide determined by quantitative real‐time PCR was found. Finally, thyrotropin receptor expression by C cells was confirmed at protein level in both normal and pathological thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. These results confirm that C cells, under regulation by thyrotropin, are involved in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis and suggest a putative role in local fine‐tuning of follicular cell activity.
The intrinsic shape of the human lumbar spine in the supine, standing and sitting postures: characterization using an active shape model
Authors: Meakin Judith R. , Gregory Jennifer S. , Aspden Richard M. , Smith Francis W. , Gilbert Fiona J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe shape of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane varies between individuals and as a result of postural changes but it is not known how the shape in different postures is related. Sagittal images of the lumbar spines of 24 male volunteers were acquired using a positional magnetic resonance scanner. The subjects were imaged lying supine, standing and sitting. An active shape model was used to characterize shape in terms of independent modes of variation. Two modes were identified that described the total (mode 1) and distribution (mode 2) of the curvature. The spinal shape was found to be intercorrelated between the three postures for both modes, suggesting that the lumbar spine has an element of shape that is partially maintained despite postural alterations. Mode 1 values indicated that the spine was straightest when standing and curviest when sitting. Mode 2 values indicated that the distribution in the curvature was most even when sitting and least even when lying supine. Systematic differences in the behaviour of the spine, when changing posture, were found that suggest that the shape of the spine may affect its biomechanics.
Competitive interaction degrades target selection: An ERP study
Authors: Hilimire Matthew R. , Mounts Jeffrey R. W. , Parks Nathan A. , Corballis Paul M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLocalized attentional interference (LAI) occurs when attending to a visual object degrades processing of nearby objects. Competitive interaction accounts of LAI explain the phenomenon as the result of competition among objects for representation in extrastriate cortex. Here, we examined the N2pc component of the event‐related potential (ERP) as a likely neural correlate of LAI. In Experiment 1, participants responded to the orientation of a target while ignoring a nearby decoy. At small target–decoy separations, N2pc amplitude was attenuated whereas the amplitude of a later, positive component (Ptc) was potentiated. Experiment 2 ruled out sensory explanations of these effects. The N2pc results are consistent with the idea that spatially mediated competition for representation in extrastriate cortex degrades target selection. Moreover, the Ptc may reflect a bias signal needed to resolve the competition at smaller target–decoy separations.
Effect of central administration of ondansetron, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐3 receptor antagonist on gastric and duodenal ulcers
Authors: Ramesh Salvi Tushar , Asad Mohammed , Dhamanigi Sunil Samson , Prasad V. Satya 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of central administration of ondansetron, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐3 (5‐HT3) receptor antagonist on gastric secretion and gastric cytoprotection was evaluated using four different models of gastric ulcers and cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer. Ondansetron was administered at two different doses of 20 μg/kg, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and 40 μg/kg, i.c.v. Both doses of ondansetron showed significant increase in healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulcers and reduced the formation of ethanol‐induced and pylorus ligation‐induced gastric ulcers and cysteamine‐induced duodenal ulcer. High dose of ondansetron (40 μg/kg, i.c.v.) was more effective compared with the low dose (20 μg/kg, i.c.v.). However, both doses of ondansetron did not influence the development of cold restraint stress induced gastric ulcers. It was concluded that blocking of 5‐HT3receptors in brain decreases gastric acid secretion and increases gastric mucus secretion.
Actein activates stress‐ and statin‐associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Einbond Linda Saxe , Soffritti Morando , Esposti Davide Degli , Park Taesik , Cruz Erica , Su Tao , Wu Hsan‐au , Wang Xiaomei , Zhang Yu‐Jing , Ham Justin , Goldberg Ira J. , Kronenberg Fredi , Vladimirova Antoaneta 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess in rats the pharmacological parameters and effects on gene expression in the liver of the triterpene glycoside actein. Actein, an active component from the herb black cohosh, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. To conduct our assessment, we determined the molecular effects of actein on livers from Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with actein at 35.7 mg/kg for 6 and 24 h. Chemogenomic analyses indicated that actein elicited stress and statin‐associated responses in the liver; actein altered expression of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic genes, p53 pathway genes, CCND1 and ID3. Real‐time RT‐PCR validated that actein induced three time‐dependent patterns of gene expression in the liver: (i) a decrease followed by a significant increase of HMGCS1, HMGCR, HSD17B7, NQO1, S100A9; (ii) a progressive increase of BZRP and CYP7A1 and (iii) a significant increase followed by a decrease of CCND1 and ID3. Consistent with actein’s statin‐ and stress‐associated responses, actein reduced free fatty acid and cholesterol content in the liver by 0.6‐fold at 24 h and inhibited the growth of human HepG2 liver cancer cells. To determine the bioavailability of actein, we collected serum samples for pharmacokinetic analysis at various times up to 24 h. The serum level of actein peaked at 2.4 μg/mL at 6 h. Actein’s ability to alter pathways involved in lipid disorders and carcinogenesis may make it a new agent for preventing and treating these major disorders.
Increased serum anandamide level at ruptured plaque site in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Maeda Naotaka , Osanai Tomohiro , Kushibiki Motoi , Fujiwara Takayuki , Tamura Yujin , Oowada Shingen , Higuma Takumi , Sasaki Shingo , Yokoyama Jin , Yoshimachi Fuminobu , Matsunaga Toshiro , Hanada Hiroyuki , Okumura Ken 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInflammation caused by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes may trigger plaque rapture in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Anandamide and 2‐arachidonylglycerol (2‐AG) are macrophage‐derived signal lipids and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACS, but no clinical relevant data have been reported. In 43 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients (66 ± 2 years), blood samples were obtained from the aortic root and the infarct‐related coronary artery (IRA) using a PercuSurge system during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In six patients with stable effort angina (SEA) (56 ± 6 years), blood samples were obtained from the site of stenosis during elective PCI. In 25 of the 43 AMI patients, anandamide was detected in the serum. Serum anandamide level was 35 ± 20 pmol/mL in the aorta and was significantly increased to 401 ± 134 pmol/mL in the IRA (P < 0.01). 2‐AG was undetectable in most of the patients. In patients with SEA, neither anandamide nor 2‐AG was detected in the serum at the plaque site. In AMI patients with anandamide detected, left ventricular ejection fraction at 2 weeks after PCI was increased by 3.7 ± 2.1% compared with that at the acute phase, while it was decreased by 3.0 ± 1.8% in those without anandamide detected (P < 0.05). The serum anandamide level at the culprit lesion was elevated compared with the systemic level in a significant number of AMI patients, indicating the synthesis of anandamide at the IRA. Anandamide was suggested to be derived from ruptured plaque and may exert beneficial effects in humans.
Emerging trends of nanomedicine – an overview
Authors: Sandhiya Selvarajan , Dkhar Steven Aibor , Surendiran A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNanotechnology is an emerging branch of science for designing tools and devices of size 1 to 100 nm with unique function at the cellular, atomic and molecular levels. The concept of using nanotechnology in medical research and clinical practice is known as nanomedicine. Nanoparticles possess some novel properties not seen with the macro molecules and they can be manipulated by attaching therapeutic components to help in diagnosis and treatment. They can also be used to probe cellular movements and molecular changes associated with pathological states. Nanodevices like carbon nanotubes to locate and deliver anticancer drugs at the specific tumour site are under research. Nanotechnology promises construction of artificial cells, enzymes and genes. This will help in the replacement therapy of many disorders which are due to deficiency of enzymes, mutation of genes or any repair in the synthesis of proteins. Currently nanodevices like respirocytes, microbivores and probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding have a greater application in treatment of anaemia and infections. Thus in the present scenario, nanotechnology is spreading its wings to address the key problems in the field of medicine. Hence this review discusses in detail the applications of nanotechnology in medicine with more emphasis on drug delivery and therapy.
The chronic oral administration of arginine aspartate decreases secretion of IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 in healthy volunteers
Authors: Blazejewski Sylvie , Georges Agnès , Forest Karelle , Corcuff Jean‐Benoît , Abouelfath Abdelilah , Girodet Pierre‐Olivier , Kamagate Mamadou , Jacquet Alain , Pillet Odile , Bordenave Laurence , Moore Nicholas 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo investigate the effect of chronic oral arginine aspartate on the growth hormone (GH), GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and IGF‐binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) secretions in healthy volunteers. Twenty‐three healthy non‐athlete volunteer males were administered arginine aspartate (30 g) orally once daily at 21:00 h for 21 consecutive days. Subjects were hospitalized on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 of treatment. At each hospitalization, concentrations of GHRH, GH, IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 were measured over 4 h after arginine aspartate intake. GH, IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 concentrations were also determined over 12 h at days 0, 1 and 21. Compared with day 1, 4 h GH levels dropped at day 5 and subsequently rose to levels not significantly different from initial ones. The latter was substantiated by 12 h GH levels that did not significantly change from days 1 to 21. GHRH levels were not statistically different, although there was a trend in median values that seemed to inversely mirror those of GH. This dynamic over the course of the study for GH and GHRH was accompanied by a general decrease in IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3. In healthy volunteers, a chronic oral treatment with 30 g/day arginine aspartate is followed by a decrease in IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 secretions.
Beneficial effects of spraying low mineral content thermal spring water after fractional photothermolysis in patients with dermal melasma
Authors: Barolet D , Lussier I , Mery S , Merial‐Kieny C 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIntroduction  Melasma is a common dermatological skin disease that can now be treated by fractional photothermolysis (fractional resurfacing). Past studies have shown that thermal spring water (TSW) spray can reduce local inflammatory symptoms after dermatological surgery, laser surgery or chemical peelings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of spraying TSW post‐fractional resurfacing treatment in patients with dermal melasma.Methods  Twenty patients with bilateral dermal melasma were included in this split‐face comparative study. Patients were treated by fractional resurfacing laser and then TSW was sprayed generously unilaterally. For the next 48 h, patients were instructed to spray thermal water at least six times a day on one side. Patient’s self‐assessment conducted 10 min and 2 days after TSW spraying (stinging, pain, skin dryness, swelling, and redness) and investigator’s 48‐h post‐treatment evaluation (purpura, skin dryness, erythema, swelling, scars, hyper‐ or hypopigmentation) were recorded for the treated and control sides using visual analogue scales.Results  Pain, dryness, and redness were significantly lower 10 min after spraying on the TSW‐treated side in comparison with the untreated side, as assessed by the patients (P < 0.05). Two days after fractional resurfacing, dryness and redness were still improved on the TSW‐treated side. The investigator’s evaluation revealed that erythema, the only perceivable sign following irradiation, was significantly reduced by TSW spraying (P < 0.01).Conclusion  This split‐face comparative study conducted in patients with dermal melasma showed that spraying TSW after fractional laser resurfacing significantly reduced short‐term adverse effects associated with the procedure.
Safe botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with history of eyelid ptosis
Authors: Ghalamkarpour Fariba , Aghazadeh Yassaman , Odabaei Golaun 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  Ptosis is an important side effect of frown correction by botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A). The most likely reason of eyelid ptosis is the diffusion of the toxin to levator palpebrae superioris muscle through orbital septum while the toxin is injected into the corrugator muscle.Objectives  In this pilot study, to prevent ptosis, we evaluated the efficacy of BTX‐A injection at superior middle aspect of the corrugator muscle instead of the common injection site located above the medial eyebrow head.Methods  Fifteen patients were selected from those referred to our clinic with history of eyelid ptosis due to previous BTX‐A (dysport; Ipsen) injection. They received three injections of BTX‐A; 10 U into the procerus muscle and 20 U into the superior middle aspect of each corrugator muscle, instead of injecting into the belly of the corrugator muscles.Results  We observed excellent, good and moderate responses in 66.66%, 13.33% and 20% of our patients 2 weeks post‐injection respectively. The outcomes were improved to excellent in the latter two groups by injecting 5 U of BTX‐A (dysport; Ipsen) into the contractible corrugator in patients with good and 5 U in each corrugator (total of 10 U) in patients with moderate responses.Conclusion  Employing this method a very satisfactory outcome was obtained while no ptosis was observed. Therefore, we recommend this safe technique for treating patients with a history of eyelid ptosis.