bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizontal flows concurrent with an X2.2 flare in the active region NOAA 11158
Authors: Beauregard L. , Verma M. , Denker C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHorizontal proper motions were measured with local correlation tracking (LCT) techniques in active region NOAA 11158 on 2011 February 15 at a time when a major (X2.2) solar flare occurred. The measurements are based on continuum images and magnetograms of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The observed shear flows along the polarity inversion line were rather weak (a few 100 m s–1). The counter‐streaming region shifted toward the north after the flare. A small circular area with flow speeds of up to 1.2 km s–1 appeared after the flare near a region of rapid penumbral decay. The LCT signal in this region was provided by small‐scale photospheric brigthenings, which were associated with fast traveling moving magnetic features. Umbral strengthening and rapid penumbral decay was observed after the flare. Both phenomena were closely tied to kernels of white‐light flare emission. The white‐light flare only lasted for about 15 min and peaked 4 min earlier than the X‐ray flux. In comparison to other major flares, the X2.2 flare in active region NOAA 11158 only produced diminutive photospheric signatures (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of the negative effective magnetic pressure instability
Authors: Kemel K. , Brandenburg A. , Kleeorin N. , Rogachevskii I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs was demonstrated in earlier studies, turbulence can result in a negative contribution to the effective mean magnetic pressure, which, in turn, can cause a large‐scale instability. In this study, hydromagnetic mean‐field modelling is performed for an isothermally stratified layer in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. The negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI) is comprehensively investigated. It is shown that, if the effect of turbulence on the mean magnetic tension force vanishes, which is consistent with results from direct numerical simulations of forced turbulence, the fastest growing eigenmodes of NEMPI are two‐dimensional. The growth rate is found to depend on a parameter β* characterizing the turbulent contribution of the effective mean magnetic pressure for moderately strong mean magnetic fields. A fit formula is proposed that gives the growth rate as a function of turbulent kinematic viscosity, turbulent magnetic diffusivity, the density scale height, and the parameter β*. The strength of the imposed magnetic field does not explicitly enter provided the location of the vertical boundaries are chosen such that the maximum of the eigenmode of NEMPI fits into the domain. The formation of sunspots and solar active regions is discussed as possible applications of NEMPI (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Hα observations of the California Nebula (NGC 1499) with DEFPOS
Authors: Şahan M. , Aksaker N. , Yeǧingil İ. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA dual étalon Fabry‐Pérot spectrometer called DEFPOS has been used for observing physical properties of HII regions and planetary nebulae since May 2007 (Aksaker et al. 2009, 2011; Şahan et al. 2009; Şahan 2011). In this study, the Hα measurements of the HII region NGC 1499 (California Nebula) have been investigated with a 4′ circular field of view over a 200 km s–1 (4.4 Å) spectral window. These measurements provide information about the densities, line widths, and radial velocities of the surrounding NGC 1499 nebula. The intensities, the radial velocities and the line widths of the Hα emission line vary from 397.75 R to 1044.14 R, –4.88 km s–1 to –1.02 km s–1, and 36.72 km s–1 to 42.81 km s–1, respectively (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spot activity on HD 89546 (FG UMa) from long‐term photometry
Authors: Özdarcan O. , Evren S. , Henry G.W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe present the analysis of 20 years of time‐series BV photometry of the SB1 RS CVn binary HD 89546. The system's yearly mean V brightness, the B – V color index, the photometric period, and the light curve amplitude all show clear cyclic variability with an ≈9‐year time scale. We also find some evidence for brightness variability on a time scale longer than the 20‐year time span of our observations, perhaps indicating a longer cycle analogous to the solar Gleissberg cycle. We estimate the unspotted V magnitude of HD 89546 to be 7.m154, which is ≈0.m2 brighter than the observed maximum brightness. Spot modelling of the system shows that spot temperature variations affect the observed B – V color as well as the V brightness. Two active longitudes are observed, centered around 180° and 360° longitude on the G9 III primary, each covering a longitude range of 120°. Furthermore, two inactive longitude zones are seen spanning only 60° between the two active longitudes. The longitudinal distribution of the spots exhibits no strong cyclic variability but does show rapid jumps of 120° that look like the flip‐flop phenomenon. We estimate the differential rotation coefficient of the star as k = 0.086 by considering the range of observed photometric period variations and assumed latitudinal spot variations over 45° (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Human teratogens update 2011: Can we ensure safety during pregnancy?
Authors: Rasmussen Sonja A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAnniversaries of the identification of three human teratogens (i.e., rubella virus in 1941, thalidomide in 1961, and diethylstilbestrol in 1971) occurred in 2011. These experiences highlight the critical role that scientists with an interest in teratology play in the identification of teratogenic exposures as the basis for developing strategies for prevention of those exposures and the adverse outcomes associated with them. However, an equally important responsibility for teratologists is to evaluate whether medications and vaccines are safe for use during pregnancy so informed decisions about disease treatment and prevention during pregnancy can be made. Several recent studies have examined the safety of medications during pregnancy, including antiviral medications used to treat herpes simplex and zoster, proton pump inhibitors used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, and newer‐generation antiepileptic medications used to treat seizures and other conditions. Despite the large numbers of pregnant women included in these studies and the relatively reassuring results, the question of whether these medications are teratogens remains. In addition, certain vaccines are recommended during pregnancy to prevent infections in mothers and infants, but clinical trials to test these vaccines typically exclude pregnant women; thus, evaluation of their safety depends on observational studies. For pregnant women to receive optimal care, we need to define the data needed to determine whether a medication or vaccine is “safe” for use during pregnancy. In the absence of adequate, well‐controlled data, it will often be necessary to weigh the benefits of medications or vaccines with potential risks to the embryo or fetus. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure system to study hypotheses of ELF and RF electromagnetic field interactions of mobile phones with the central nervous system
Authors: Murbach Manuel , Christopoulou Maria , Crespo‐Valero Pedro , Achermann Peter , Kuster Niels 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA novel exposure system for double‐blind human electromagnetic provocation studies has been developed that satisfies the precision, control of fields and potential artifacts, and provides the flexibility to investigate the response of hypotheses‐driven electromagnetic field exposure schemes on brain function, ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) to radio frequency (RF) fields. The system can provide the same exposure of the lateral cerebral cortex at two different RF frequencies (900 and 2140 MHz) but with different exposure levels at subcortical structures, and also allows uniform ELF magnetic field exposure of the brain. The RF modulation and ELF signal are obtained by a freely programmable arbitrary signal generator allowing a wide range of worst‐case exposure scenarios to be simulated, including those caused by wireless devices. The maximum achievable RF exposure is larger than 60 W/kg peak spatial specific absorption rate averaged over 10 g of tissue. The maximum ELF magnetic field exposure of the brain is 800 A/m at 50 Hz with a deviation from uniformity of 8% (SD). Bioelectromagnetics 33:527–533, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved phosphate removal by selective sludge discharge in aerobic granular sludge reactors
Authors: Bassin J.P. , Winkler M.‐K.H. , Kleerebezem R. , Dezotti M. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwo lab‐scale aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors were operated at 20 and 30°C and compared for phosphorus (P) removal efficiency and microbial community composition. P‐removal efficiency was higher at 20°C (>90%) than at 30°C (60%) when the sludge retention time (SRT) was controlled at 30 days by removing excess sludge equally throughout the sludge bed. Samples analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated a segregation of biomass over the sludge bed: in the upper part, Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis (glycogen‐accumulating organisms—GAOs) were dominant while in the bottom, Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms—PAOs) dominated. In order to favour PAOs over GAOs and hence improve P‐removal at 30°C, the SRT was controlled by discharging biomass mainly from the top of the sludge bed (80% of the excess sludge), while bottom granules were removed in minor proportions (20% of the excess sludge). With the selective sludge removal proposed, 100% P‐removal efficiency was obtained in the reactor operated at 30°C. In the meantime, the biomass in the 30°C reactor changed in color from brownish‐black to white. Big white granules appeared in this system and were completely dominated by PAOs (more than 90% of the microbial population), showing relatively high ash content compared to other granules. In the reactor operated at 20°C, P‐removal efficiency remained stable above 90% regardless of the sludge removal procedure for SRT control. The results obtained in this study stress the importance of sludge discharge mainly from the top as well as in minor proportions from the bottom of the sludge bed to control the SRT in order to prevent significant growth of GAOs and remove enough accumulated P from the system, particularly at high temperatures (e.g., 30°C). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1919–1928. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of tirapazamine on experimental colorectal liver metastases after radiofrequency ablation1
Authors: Govaert K M , Nijkamp M W , Emmink B L , Steller E J A , Minchinton A I , Kranenburg O , Borel Rinkes I H M 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a common procedure for the management of colorectal liver metastases. RFA-generated lesions are surrounded by a rim of hypoxia that is associated with aggressive outgrowth of intrahepatic micrometastases. Hypoxia-activated prodrugs such as tirapazamine are designed selectively to induce apoptosis in tumour cells under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, it was hypothesized that tirapazamine may have therapeutic value in limiting hypoxia-associated tumour outgrowth following RFA.

Methods
Murine C26 and MC38 colorectal cancer cells were grown under hypoxia and normal oxygenation in vitro, and treated with different concentrations of tirapazamine. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were assessed by western blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Proliferative capacity was tested by means of colony-formation assays. Mice harbouring microscopic colorectal liver metastases were treated with RFA, followed by a single injection of tirapazamine (60 mg/kg) or saline. Tumour load was assessed morphometrically 7 days later.

Results
Tirapazamine induced apoptosis of colorectal tumour cells under hypoxia in vitro. Under normal oxygenation, tirapazamine caused a G2 cell cycle arrest from which cells recovered partly. This reduced, but did not abolish, colony-forming capacity. A single dose of tirapazamine largely prevented accelerated outgrowth of hypoxic micrometastases following RFA. Tirapazamine administration was associated with minimal toxicity.

Conclusion
Tirapazamine induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells in a hypoxia-dependent manner and potently suppressed hypoxia-associated outgrowth of liver metastases with limited toxicity. This warrants further study to assess the potential value of tirapazamine, or other hypoxia-activated prodrugs, as adjuvant therapeutics following RFA treatment of colorectal liver metastases.
Analytical solutions of N‐person games
Authors: Szilagyi Miklos N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe possibility of analytical solutions of N‐person games is presented. A simple formula provides valuable information about the outcomes of such games with linear payoff functions and Pavlovian agents. Experiments performed with our simulation tool for the multiagent stag hunt dilemma game are presented. For the case of Pavlovian agents the game has nontrivial but remarkably regular solutions. If both payoff functions are linear and the real solutions of Eq. (2) are both positive, then the analytical solutions are remarkably accurate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
Characterization of large‐sized Nd:YAG single crystals grown by horizontal directional solidification
Authors: Han Jiecai , Guo Huaixin , Zhang Mingfu , Song Ningning , Xu Chenghai 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNd3+‐doped Y3Al5O12 single crystals have been grown by the horizontal directional solidification (HDS) method in different thermal zone. The Grashof (Gr), Prandtl (Pr), Marangoni (Ma) and Rayleigh (Ra) numbers of melt in HDS system have been discussed for our experimental system to understand the mechanism of melt flow patterns and concentration gradient of dopant. The concentration gradient of Nd3+ ions was explained with melt flow processes during crystal growth in different thermal zone, and results indicated that high growth temperature will be helpful for uniformity of dopant in HDS‐grown single crystal. The main microscopic growth defects such as bubbles and irregular inclusions in HDS‐grown Nd:YAG crystals were observed, and the causes were discussed as well. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and characterization of amorphous, I and II forms of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate
Authors: Lu Jie , Wang Jing , Rohani S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this work the amorphous, I and II forms of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CHS) were prepared and characterized by use of powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The labile precipitate and oiling out during reactive crystallization were also firstly reported. Based on the solubility and thermochemical data, the amorphous form and I form is found to be monotropically related, while the I form and II form are enantiotropically related. In addition, both transformations from anhydrous form to I form and from I form to II form are greatly temperature‐dependent, which gives us a window to prepare each pure form. These results will contribute a better understanding about the polymorphic nature and crystallization mechanism of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Picky eating in adults: Results of a web‐based survey.
Authors: Wildes Jennifer E. , Zucker Nancy L. , Marcus Marsha D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:To gather information about picky eating and its correlates in adults and to determine whether picky eating is distinct from other eating disorder symptoms.Method:Nearly 6,895 adults completed a web‐based survey of picky eating behaviors, eating disorder symptoms, and putative associated features. Latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on picky eating and eating disorder symptoms, and groups were compared on salient demographic and clinical characteristics.Results:The latent class analysis identified four distinct groups that differed in severity of clinical correlates and levels of impairment. Morbidity was highest in the comorbid picky eating/eating disorder group, followed by the eating disorder, picky eating, and low pathology groups, respectively.Discussion:Future research is needed to document the continuity of picky eating from childhood, establish the epidemiology of picky eating in adults, clarify thresholds of clinical significance, and elucidate clinical features that will inform nosology. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Sleep problems are associated with binge eating in women
Authors: Trace Sara E. , Thornton Laura M. , Runfola Cristin D. , Lichtenstein Paul , Pedersen Nancy L. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:We examined the association among current self‐reported sleep problems, lifetime binge eating (BE), and current obesity in women from the Swedish Twin study of Adults: Genes and Environment.Method:Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate these associations in 3,790 women aged 20–47 years.Results:BE was reported by 244 (6.4%) women and was positively associated with not getting enough sleep (p < .015), sleeping poorly (p < .001), problems falling asleep (p < .001), feeling sleepy during work or free time (p < .001), and disturbed sleep (p < .001). These same sleep variables, as well as napping and being a night person, were also significantly associated with obesity. The associations between BE and sleep remained after accounting for obesity.Discussion:This investigation offers empirical support for an independent association between sleep problems and BE, which is likely due to complex psychological, biological, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of multiple methods of compensatory behaviors as an indicator of eating disorder severity in treatment‐seeking youth
Authors: Colleen Stiles‐Shields E. , Labuschagne Zandrè , Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Doyle Angela Celio , Grange Daniel Le 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:This study investigated the use and frequency of multiple methods of compensatory behaviors and how they relate to eating‐related and general psychopathology for youth with eating disorders (ED).Method:Participants were 398 referrals to a pediatric ED treatment program (91.2% female; M age = 14.9 ± 2.2). ANOVA and chi‐square tests compared participants reporting multiple methods of compensatory behaviors, single method of compensatory behaviors, and no compensatory behaviors on measures of ED and general psychopathology. Partial correlations examined associations between compensatory behavior, frequency and severity of ED and general psychopathology.Results:Participants reporting multiple methods of compensatory behaviors had significantly greater ED and general psychopathology than the other groups (ps < .001). Frequency of compensatory behaviors was associated with ED psychopathology (partial r = .14; p = .007) but not with general psychopathology.Discussion:Engaging in multiple methods of compensatory behaviors is related to greater ED and general psychopathology, whereas frequency is only related to greater ED symptom severity. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropsychological weaknesses in anorexia nervosa: Set‐shifting, central coherence, and decision making in currently ill and recovered women
Authors: Danner Unna N. , Sanders Nicole , Smeets Paul A.M. , van Meer Floor , Adan Roger A.H. , Hoek Hans W. , van Elburg Annemarie A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study is to examine set‐shifting, central coherence, and decision making in women currently ill with anorexia nervosa (AN), women recovered from AN, and healthy control women. We aim to test whether these neuropsychological weaknesses persist after recovery, and explore relations between the impairmentsResults:Compared to control women, ill and recovered women showed poor set‐shifting and decision making. There were strong correlations between set‐shifting and central coherence in the ill and recovered women. Decision making did not correlate with the other measures.Discussion:The present findings suggest that impaired set‐shifting and decision making are stable traits in women with AN. Because individual differences within these groups were large, a rigid thinking style is only present in a (sub)population of ill and recovered women. Decision‐making performance is not related to a rigid thinking style, but further research in this area is warranted. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Toxicity of New Ring‐Fused Imidazo[5,4‐f]benzimidazolequinones and Mechanism Using Amine N‐Oxide Cyclizations
Authors: Fagan Vincent , Bonham Sarah , McArdle Patrick , Carty Michael P. , Aldabbagh Fawaz 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA new synthetic route to ring‐fused imidazo[5,4‐f]benzimidazoles is reported that can be used to access symmetrical and unsymmetrical quinone anticancer agents. Oxone in formic acid allows cyclisation of o‐tert‐aminoacetanilides to give ring‐fused benzimidazoles and imidazobenzimidazoles in superior yields. A mechanism for these oxidative cyclisations is proposed that proceeds through a hydrogen‐bonded amine N‐oxide intermediate. The amine N‐oxide is shown to act as an oxidant in the aromatisation to the imidazole ring. X‐ray crystal structures of the dimorpholine N‐oxide intermediate and bis[1,4]oxazinoimidazo[5,4‐f]benzimidazolequinone bis(trifluoroacetate) adduct are included. Two unsymmetrical quinones are shown to have greater cytotoxicity than the previously reported imidazobenzimidazolequinones.
Cyclocondensation Reactions between 2‐Acyl‐3‐indoleacetic Acid Derivatives and Phenylglycinol: Enantioselective Synthesis of 1‐Substituted Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline Alkaloids
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Subrizi Fabiana , Elias Viviane , Llor Núria , Molins Elies , Bosch Joan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCyclocondensation reactions between a variety of 2‐acyl‐3‐indoleacetic acid derivatives and (R)‐phenylglycinol were studied. Successful results were obtained from N‐alkyl keto acid derivatives. The resulting tetracyclic lactams provide straightforward access to enantiopure 1‐substituted tetrahydro‐β‐carboline alkaloids.
Verdazyl Radicals as Substrates for Organic Synthesis: The Synthesis and Characterization of [12]‐, [13]‐, and [21]‐Paraheteraphanes
Authors: Cumaraswamy Abbarna A. , Hamer Gordon K. , Georges Michael K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA tandem intermolecular–intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition sequence with the bis‐azomethine imine derived from a para‐aryl‐substituted bis‐verdazyl radical has been used to form a series of [n]‐paraheteraphanes, which form exclusively by a [1+1] double cycloaddition reaction, with no evidence for the formation of the [2+2] quadruple cycloadduct products. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies show that rotation of the phenyl ring of these compounds is affected by the size and structure of the [n]‐paraheteraphane cavity.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Ureas and Carbamates from Amides by Iodosylbenzene‐Induced Hofmann Rearrangement
Authors: Liu Peng , Wang Zhiming , Hu Xianming 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3‐disubstituted ureas and carbamates from amides by using iodosylbenzene as the oxidant is described. Symmetric and asymmetric ureas and carbamates can be prepared by this procedure in up to 98 % yield. Ureidopeptides can also be prepared in good yield by this method.