bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cash Flows at Amazon.com
Authors: Price III Richard A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT:
This instructional case illustrates how Amazon.com's strategy has evolved over time and how these characteristics are reflected in the financial statements. A particular emphasis is placed on the cash flow statement. Students evaluate the cash flow statement and examine its articulation with the other financial statements. Students create a direct method cash flow statement in the year of Amazon.com's initial public offering using the information available in the financial statements.
Numerical study of QCD phase diagram at high temperature and density by a histogram method
Authors: Ejiri Shinji , Aoki Sinya , Hatsuda Tetsuo , Kanaya Kazuyuki , Nakagawa Yoshiyuki , Ohno Hiroshi , Saito Hana , Umeda Takashi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We study the QCD phase structure at high temperature and density adopting a histogram method. Because the quark determinant is complex at finite density, the Monte-Carlo method cannot be applied directly. We use a reweighting method and try to solve the problems which arise in the reweighting method, i.e. the sign problem and the overlap problem. We discuss the chemical potential dependence of the probability distribution function in the heavy quark mass region and examine the applicability of the approach in the light quark region.
Functional and Biomechanical Outcomes After Using Biofeedback for Retraining Symmetrical Movement Patterns After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: McClelland Jodie , Zeni Joseph , Haley Ross M. , Snyder-Mackler Lynn 
Published: April 2012

Study Design Case report. Background Rehabilitation that includes progressive quadriceps strengthening after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) leads to superior outcomes. Though patients with TKA show marked functional improvement after outpatient physical therapy, they continue to adopt movement asymmetries characterized by reduced knee excursion on the operated limb and excessive loading on the contralateral limb. The purpose of this case report was to describe the functional and biomechanical improvements in a patient who, after TKA, participated in a novel physical therapy protocol that included retraining of symmetrical movement patterns. Case Description A 57-year-old female with unilateral knee osteoarthritis was evaluated prior to TKA and at 3 and 10 weeks after surgery. Postoperative rehabilitation included progressive quadriceps strengthening and movement retraining that consisted of visual, verbal, and tactile feedback to promote symmetrical weight bearing during strengthening exercises and functional activities. Outcomes were compared to a historical cohort of patients with TKA. Outcomes Prior to TKA, the patient scored below average on all functional measures and walked with knee biomechanics that were abnormal and asymmetrical. After symmetry retraining, her knee motion and moments were restored to normal levels. The patient also walked with greater magnitude and more symmetrical knee excursion compared to a cohort of similar patients. Discussion This case report describes the use of a novel rehabilitation protocol intended to improve walking biomechanics and functional outcomes after TKA. Restoration of symmetrical movement patterns could improve long-term outcomes of TKA. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of similar rehabilitation strategies in a wide range of patients after TKA. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(2):135–144. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3773
Regulatory Disparity: The Constitutional Implications of Communications Regulations That Prevent Competitive Neutrality
Authors: Mullady Ryan K. 
Published: April 2012

In recent years, the communications industry has changed drastically as new technologies have created industry convergence. On its face, convergence is beneficial to the consumer because it provides more options when choosing services, which in turn should lead to decreased prices. However, convergence has also led to enormous problems in communications regulations. Traditionally, the FCC regulated the industry with regulations that focused on the type of service provider and the technology medium used to provide services. While this worked for many years, the recent onslaught of convergent technologies has led to an environment where companies selling essentially the same services to consumers face different regulations because they use different mediums of transmission. This leads to obvious competition problems because some companies have fewer restrictions and/or costs associated with their service offerings. At this point, the FCC has begun to update its regulations to conform with the newly converged industry, but it still has a long way to go. In the mean time, companies are using defective regulatory classifications to their benefit. This sort of a system is not only unfair, but it is unconstitutional. The United States has long adopted the idea that corporations are “persons” under the constitution, and for that reason, the constitution bestows equal protection guarantees upon them. Corporations have rarely challenged the FCC’s regulations on constitutional grounds because they would probably be valid if examined under rational basis review. Until now, the FCC could hide behind technological distinctions and antitrust concepts to protect its regulations from equal protection claims. However, with the convergence of markets, a valid argument could be made challenging the government’s interest in its regulations. If a corporation makes that claim, the courts will have to decide whether these regulatory distinctions further a legitimate government interest. If the courts take a closer look, they may realize that the distinctions are arbitrary and capricious and mandate regulatory parity on equal protection grounds.
The Limitations of “Information Privacy” in the Network Environment
Authors: Woo Jisuk , Lee Jae-Hyup 
Published: April 2012

The modern concept of privacy as a right to be let alone was developed in the context of print media. With the advent of digital technology, the focus of the privacy concept has changed to individuals’ right to control their information. In this essay, we explore why the individual right to control personal information is not enough to protect privacy in a meaningful way in a networked environment, given the interactive nature of the Internet and the voluntary nature of information activities of individual users. The greatest difficulty for individuals who become the object of surveillance in the current technological environment lies in the fact that as individual users' identities become more and more exposed, subjects of surveillance and their activities become less and less identifiable. Given the power disparity regarding identifiability that always has existed between individuals and institutions and among different individuals, we argue that privacy should not only be an individual's right but also a social good with concerns for the public interest.
Flying the Friendly Skies May Not be so Friendly in Outer Space: International and Domestic Law Leaves United States’ Citizen Space Tourists without a Remedy for Injury Caused by Government Space Debris
Authors: Stayduhar Marla 
Published: April 2012

“Ladies and Gentlemen, we would like to welcome you to the moon. Please keep your seat belt fastened until the pilot completely stops at the gate. If this is your final destination, please collect your bags at baggage claim D. If you are headed on to Mars, your bags will be checked through to your final destination.”These words may sound funny now, but the possibility of them becoming a reality is not as far-fetched as it might seem. On September 18, 2006, Anousheh Ansari, a United States citizen of Iranian origin, became the fourth space tourist and the first female civilian to enter outer space.1 She also became the first astronaut to keep a space blog of her experiences to which readers could post a response.2 Shortly before Ms. Ansari’s adventure, on October 1, 2005, Gregory Olsen, scientist and entrepreneur, was the third paying civilian space tourist, and took flight on a Russian shuttle.3 Although his trip cost $20 million,4 it is not unforeseeable that ordinary citizens will soon be able to take a short trip around the moon or visit a space resort. It has been estimated that space tourism has the potential to generate $10 billion to $20 billion in income in the next few decades.5 Counting on that projection, Virgin Galactic, founded by Richard Branson (the well-known billionaire adventurer6), recently reached an agreement with the State of New Mexico to build a space port on state land.7 Moreover, recent batches of space vehicle competitions and exhibits have piqued greater interest in space tourism for adventurers, scientists, travel agents and government officials alike.8
Sources of Law and Modes of Governance: Ethnography and Theory in Second Life
Authors: Aiken, IV Claude T. 
Published: April 2012

Belgian police began patrolling Second Life, the virtual world, in early 2007, responding to a claim of virtual rape.[1] Few crimes evoke as much social revulsion and emotional harm as the powerful forcing themselves on the weak. But does it make sense to talk about an avatar-on-avatar sexual misconduct in familiar terms (i.e., sexual assault and rape)? Is it punishable? Who should take care of the punishing? [1] Benjamin Duranske, Reader Roundtable: “Virtual Rape” Claim Brings Belgian Police to Second Life, Virtually Blind, Apr. 24, 2007, http://virtuallyblind.com/2007/04/24/open-roundtable-allegations-of-virtual-rape-bring-belgian-police-to-second-life/.
A Study of Community Band Participants: Implications for Music Education
Authors: Mantie Roger 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As viewed through the theoretical frameworks of Lave and Wenger’s situated learning, leisure theory, and quality-of-life theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics, attitudes and perceptions of adult community band musicians (N = 275) in nine randomly selected ensembles in order to glean insights into how music education might facilitate (a) more meaningful connections between school and community, and (b) greater lifespan engagement with participatory music making. The "typical" survey respondent was over 45, physically healthy, white, nonsmoker, nondrinker, churchgoer, well-educated, upper-middle class, married with children, active in the community, studied piano and sung in a choir at some point, learned their instrument in school, enjoyed classical music, and chose to play in the band for both musical and social reasons. Significant differences between those who learned to play their instrument in school and those who did not were minimal. Implications for music educators concerned about the "carryover" of school music to music making later in life are discussed.
The Effect of Lip Synching on Musicians’ Ability to Detect Errors in a Choral Score
Authors: Napoles Jessica 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lip synching (moving one’s mouth but not making audible noise) would affect musicians’ ability to detect errors in a choral score. University music education majors (N = 60) listened to eight excerpts of choral music that included purposefully inserted errors and were asked to (a) lip sync the text while listening to four of the excerpts, and (b) just to listen to the other four excerpts. They listed any errors they perceived in the score. Results indicated that lip synching had no effect on musicians’ ability to detect errors (p &gt; .05). Participants correctly identified significantly more errors in the soprano line than in the bass line (p &lt; .001). There was a significant three-way interaction between order, lip-sync condition, and voicing, indicating that participants performed better on the second task, irrespective of lip-sync condition, but only with soprano errors.
Partnering With the NIH: Now Part of the â€œValue Propositionâ€ for Start-ups
Authors: Ferguson Steve 
Published: April 2012

For many years the United States has led the world in government support for non-military research and development (R&D), especially support for work that directly relates to health and human development. Â A focal point for such federal investments to date in biomedical research has been the National Institutes of Health (NIH) along with other government laboratories and university-based research programs.Â Â Base funding provided by the NIH alone reached Â $31.2 billion (excluding economic stimulus funds) in fiscal year 2011 with approximately 10% of this funding spent on internal NIH R&D projects (intramural research) utilizing the work of aboutÂ 6,000 scientists.Â The balance was used to support the work of 325,000 non-government scientists (extramural research) at 3,000 various colleges, universities and research organizations such as Johns Hopkins University and others throughout the world. Each year this biomedical research leads to a large variety of novel basic and clinical research discoveries â€“ all of which generally require commercial partners in order to develop them into products for hospital, physician or patient use.Â Thus federal laboratories and universities need and actively seek corporate partners or licensees to commercialize their federally-funded research into products in order to help fulfill their fundamental missions in healthcare, medical education and training.
Opção pela técnica híbrida de Tagger para obturação de canais radiculares em clínica de pós-graduação em endodontia
Authors: Tavares Warley Luciano Fonseca , Lopes Renata Carvalho Portes , Borges Daliana Cristina Pereira Caixeta , Henriques Luiz Carlos Feitosa , Sobrinho Antônio Paulino Ribeiro 
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar a técnica de eleição para obturação de canais radiculares em clínica de pós-graduação em endodontia. Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes atendidos por estudantes docurso de especialização em endodontia do Instituto de Estudos da Saúde (IES) em Belo Horizonte, Brasil, entre agosto de 2009 a novembro de 2010. Resultados: Nesse período foram obturados 404 dentes. Desse total, em32 dentes (7,92%) foi utilizada a técnica da condensação lateral, em 4 (0,99%) a técnica de ondas contínuas, enquanto 368 dentes (91,08%) tiveram os canais radiculares obturados pela técnica híbrida de Tagger. Foiobservado um percentual significativo dos estudantes pelo uso da técnica híbrida de Tagger em associação à instrumentação rotatória (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os estudantes do curso de especialização em endodontiado IES tiveram uma predileção para o uso da técnica híbrida de Tagger na obturação do sistema de canais radiculares no período avaliado.Descritores: Obturação do canal radicular.
Coffee
Authors: Wasserman Gerald S. , Bradbury Allan , Cruz Theodore , Penson Simon 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCoffee was originally consumed as a food in ancient Abyssinia and was presumably cultivated by Arabians in ∼ 575 AD. In 1725 the first coffee plant was planted in the Western Hemisphere, in Martinique and its cultivation expanded rapidly. Most coffees from different areas possess characteristic flavors. Commercial roasters obtain preferred flavors by blending or mixing the varieties before or after roasting. For example. Colombian coffees are considered mild and aromatic; Brazilian coffees are considered heavy body and slightly aromatic. Green coffee processing is discussed. Organic coffee cultivation has become a niche market since sustainable farming and fair trade are of current interest. Instant coffee is the dried water extract of ground, roasted coffee. Methods of decaffeinating of coffee are discussed. Biotechnology techniques are implemented through tissue culture and genetic modification to improve crops and flavor. Coffee consumption of 3‐5 cups per day show no negative effects. Chicory is a coffee substitute.
Self‐Assembling Nanotubes Consisting of Rigid Cyclic γ‐Peptides
Authors: Li Liangchun , Zhan Hongmei , Duan Pengfei , Liao Jian , Quan Junming , Hu Yu , Chen Zhongzhu , Zhu Jin , Liu Minghua , Wu Yun‐Dong , Deng Jingen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSelf‐assembling cyclic peptide nanotubes (SPNs) have been extensively studied due to their potential applications in biology and material sciences. Cyclic γ‐peptides, which have a larger conformational space, have received less attention than the cyclic α‐ and β‐peptides. The self‐assembly of cyclic homo‐γ‐tetrapeptide based on cis‐3‐aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (γ‐Ach) residues, which can be easily synthesized by a one‐pot process is investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR analysis along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the cyclic homo‐γ‐tetrapeptide, with a non‐planar conformation, can self‐assemble into nanotubes through hydrogen‐bond‐mediated parallel stacking. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments reveal the formation of bundles of nanotubes in CH2Cl2/hexane, but individual nanotubes and bundles of only two nanotubes are obtained in water. The integration of TEG (triethylene glycol) monomethyl ether chains and cyclopeptide backbones may allow the control of width of single nanotubes.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Etherification and Ring‐Closing Metathesis Reaction for Enantioselective Synthesis of Chromene and 2,5‐Dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine Derivatives
Authors: He Hu , Ye Ke‐Yin , Wu Qing‐Feng , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIridium‐catalyzed asymmetric etherifications of allylic carbonates with 2‐vinylphenols and 2‐allylphenols were realized. With a catalyst generated from 2 mol% of [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (cod=cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) and 4 mol% of the phosphoramidite ligand L2, the etherification products were obtained in excellent ees and then subjected to the ring‐closing metathesis reaction providing an efficient synthesis of enantioenriched 2H‐chromene and 2,5‐dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine derivatives.
Enzyme replacement therapy improves joint motion and outcome of the 12‐min walk test in a mucopolysaccharidosis type VI patient previously treated with bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Sohn Young Bae , Park Sung Won , Kim Se‐Hwa , Cho Sung‐Yoon , Ji Sun‐Tae , Kwon Eun Kyung , Han Sun Ju , Oh Se Jung , Park Yong Jae , Ko Ah‐Ra , Paik Kyung‐Hoon , Lee Jeehun , Lee Dong Hwan , Jin Dong‐Kyu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI; Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome, OMIM #253200) is a rare disorder involving multiple organs and manifested particularly by severe skeletal abnormalities. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) improves cardiopulmonary function and facial features, but has limited success in ameliorating skeletal abnormalities and short stature. Here, we report the outcome of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human arylsulfatase‐B (ASB, Naglazyme®, BioMarin, Novato, CA) in an MPS VI patient who received BMT 10 years prior to ERT induction. Administration of weekly Naglazyme® for 18 months was effective in improving range of motion in several joints [shoulders (improvement of flexion (Right/Left): 40°/55°; improvement of extension 30°/40°; improvement of abduction 10°/10°), elbows (improvement of flexion 25°/25°; improvement of extension 10°/15°), hips (improvement of flexion 25°/10°), and knees (improvement of flexion 45°/40°; improvement of extension 50°/60°)]. Improvement in the outcome of the 12‐min walk test (70% increase) and 3‐min stair‐climbing test (29% increase) was also noted after ERT. Because ERT improved clinical features in an MPS VI patient who had undergone prior BMT, the role of ERT post successful BMT in MPS VI needs further investigation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and molecular characterization of a second case of 7p22.1 microduplication
Authors: Preiksaitiene Egle , Kasnauskiene Jurate , Ciuladaite Zivile , Tumiene Birute , Patsalis Philippos C. , Kučinskas Vaidutis 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe use of high‐resolution microarray technology for investigation of patients with intellectual disability and/or congenital anomalies provided the unique possibility to identify new microdeletion/microduplication syndromes and discover the dosage sensitive genes, which are implicated in the manifestation of various genetic conditions. Microduplication of the 7p22.1 region, 1.7 Mb in size, has very recently been reported, representing the smallest interstitional 7p duplication, associated with specific facial features and speech delay. We report on a patient with an even smaller 7p22.1 de novo microduplication, 1 Mb in size, detected in a 14.5‐year‐old patient with mild intellectual disability and similar facial dysmorphism, including macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, low‐set ears, and other features. There are 15 RefSeq genes included in this duplication. ACTB gene is a strong candidate gene for the alteration of craniofacial development. Further cases with similar duplications will contribute to the delineation of a potential new microduplication syndrome of 7p22.1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation n + 1: Projected numbers of babies born to women with PKU compared to babies with PKU in the United States in 2009
Authors: Resta Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNewborn PKU screening has been available since the mid‐1960s, and the first group of screened babies is now a complete reproductive cohort (age 15–44). Untreated maternal PKU (MPKU) often results in significant developmental and physical disabilities in exposed fetuses, and could potentially offset some or all of the benefits produced by newborn PKU screening and dietary treatment. Based on the age distribution of the United States population in 2009, and using different estimates of PKU frequency (1/10,000; 1/15,000; 1/20,000), the projected number of babies born to women with PKU was compared to the projected number of babies born with PKU. In 2009, there were about 62,000,000 women age 15–44, with a fertility rate of 66.7 births/1,000 women. Of these women, depending on the incidence of PKU, 3,097–6,195 were estimated to have PKU, and they would have delivered 207–413 babies. In that same year, the number of births was 4,118,055, which would have resulted in 206–412 babies with PKU. Thus, in the United States, at all estimates of PKU frequency, the number of babies exposed to MPKU is equal to the number of babies born with PKU. This ratio varies with the fertility rate but is not dependent on the incidence of PKU. The benefits of newborn PKU screening and treatment could be significantly curtailed if adequate resources, education, and funding are not available to follow and monitor women with MPKU and their babies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nosology and epidemiology in autism: Classification counts
Authors: Fisch Gene S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSince its initial description by Kanner in 1943, the criteria by which a diagnosis of autism or autism‐like disorders was made—and their alleged etiologies portrayed—have undergone manifold changes, from a psychiatric disorder engendered by “refridgerator” parents to a neurodevelopmental disability produced in the main by genetic abnormalities. In addition, the behavioral characterization of autism has also entered the public consciousness and professional domains increasingly in the past 30 years, the effects of which we are continually coming to terms. A diagnosis of autism that once seemed quite unusual is now considered almost epidemic. Increasing numbers of individuals diagnosed with autism and related pervasive developmental disabilities will, in turn, affect the calculated prevalence of the disorder. In this essay, I attempt to account for the increasing prevalence of autism and autism‐related disorders by examining its changing criteria, the individuals and instruments used to make the diagnosis, the reliability and validity of same, and the sample sizes and other aspects of the methodology needed to make an accurate estimate of its prevalence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.