bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein microarrays: Reduced autofluorescence and improved LOD
Authors: Walter Johanna‐Gabriela , Stahl Frank , Reck Michael , Praulich Inka , Nataf Yakir , Hollas Markus , Pflanz Karl , Melzner Dieter , Shoham Yuval , Scheper Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn protein microarray performance, the choice of an appropriate surface is a crucial factor. Three‐dimensional substrates like nitrocellulose are known to have higher binding capacities than planar surfaces. Furthermore, they can enable the immobilization of proteins in a functional manner. One disadvantage of today's nitrocellulose‐based microarrays is the high background fluorescence, which can interfere with the detection of low‐abundance proteins. We have developed an innovative black nitrocellulose membrane‐based protein microarray that exhibits low autofluorescence in combination with increased sensitivity and improved LOD (limit of detection). The applicability of the novel material was demonstrated with main focus on reversed‐phase microarray experiments. In comparison to various commercially available microarrays, a higher sensitivity in regard to the spotted protein was achieved. In contrast to other porous nitrocellulose‐based microarrays, the black nitrocellulose provides a significant lower autofluorescence and background intensity.
Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic material flow analysis
Authors: Gottschalk Fadri , Sonderer Tobias , Scholz Roland W. , Nowack Bernd 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Information on environmental concentrations is needed to assess the risks that engineered nanomaterials (ENM) may pose to the environment. In this study, predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) were modeled for nano-TiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nano-Ag for Switzerland. Based on a life-cycle perspective, the model considered as input parameters the production volumes of the ENMs, the manufacturing and consumption quantities of products containing those materials, and the fate and pathways of ENMs in natural and technical environments. Faced with a distinct scarcity of data, we used a probabilistic material flow analysis model, treating all parameters as probability distributions. The modeling included Monte Carlo and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations as well as a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The PEC values of the ENMs in the different environmental compartments vary widely due to different ENM production volumes and different life cycles of the nanoproducts. The use of ENM in products with high water relevance leads to higher water and sediment concentrations for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag, compared to CNTs, where smaller amounts of ENM reach the aquatic compartments. This study also presents a sensitivity analysis and a comprehensive discussion of the uncertainties of the simulation results and the limitations of the used approach. To estimate potential risks, the PEC values were compared to the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNEC) derived from published data. The risk quotients (PEC/PNEC) for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag were larger than one for treated wastewater and much smaller for all other environmental compartments (e.g., water, sediments, soils). We conclude that probabilistic modeling is very useful for predicting environmental concentrations of ENMs given the current lack of substantiated data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1036–1048. © 2010 SETAC
Path forecast evaluation
Authors: Jordà Òscar , Marcellino Massimiliano 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA path forecast refers to the sequence of forecasts 1 to H periods into the future. A summary of the range of possible paths the predicted variable may follow for a given confidence level requires construction of simultaneous confidence regions that adjust for any covariance between the elements of the path forecast. This paper shows how to construct such regions with the joint predictive density and Scheffé's S‐method of 1953. In addition, the joint predictive density can be used to construct simple statistics to evaluate the local internal consistency of a forecasting exercise of a system of variables. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that these simultaneous confidence regions provide approximately correct coverage in situations where traditional error bands, based on the collection of marginal predictive densities for each horizon, are vastly off the mark. The paper showcases these methods with an application to the most recent monetary episode of interest rate hikes in the US macroeconomy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiapoptotic effects of anthocyanins on rotator cuff tenofibroblasts
Authors: Park Hyung Bin , Hah Young‐Sool , Yang Jin‐Won , Nam Jung‐Been , Cho Se‐Hyun , Jeong Soon‐Taek 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDegeneration of the rotator cuff tendon, which involves apoptosis of the tenofibroblasts, is one of the most common shoulder problems that can lead eventually to a full‐thickness rotator cuff tendon tear. The current authors evaluated both the ability of anthocyanins, which are powerful antioxidants, to reduce apoptosis in oxidation‐stressed rotator cuff tenofibroblasts, and the molecular mechanism for this antiapoptotic action. Anthocyanins demonstrated a dose‐dependent ability to inhibit H2O2‐induced apoptosis in cultured tenofibroblasts, as assessed by MTT assay and FACS analysis. H2O2 increased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, treatment with anthocyanins decreased this activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, as confirmed by Western blot analysis, and reduced the production of ROS, as verified by fluorescent microscopic and FACS analyses. These findings suggest that anthocyanins, by suppressing JNK, ERK1/2, and intracellular ROS production, have a concentration‐dependent antiapoptotic effect on rotator cuff tenofibroblasts exposed to an oxidative stressor, and may have therapeutic potential. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1162–1169, 2010
Raman spectroscopic study of the mineral gerstleyite Na2(Sb,As)8S13·2H2O and comparison with some heavy‐metal sulfides
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Bahfenne Silmarilly , Keeffe Eloise C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe mineral gerstleyite is described as a sulfosalt as opposed to a sulfide. This study focuses on the Raman spectrum of gerstleyite Na2(Sb,As)8S13·2H2O and makes a comparison with the Raman spectra of other common sulfides including stibnite, cinnabar and realgar. The intense Raman bands of gerstleyite at 286 and 308 cm−1 are assigned to the SbS3E antisymmetric and A1 symmetric stretching modes of the SbS3 units. The band at 251 cm−1 is assigned to the bending mode of the SbS3 units. The mineral stibnite also has basic structural units of Sb2S3 and SbS3 pyramids with C3v symmetry. Raman bands of stibnite Sb2S3 at 250, 296, 372 and 448 cm−1 are assigned to SbS stretching vibrations and the bands at 145 and 188 cm−1 to SSbS bending modes. The Raman band for cinnabar HgS at 253 cm−1 fits well with the assignment of the band for gerstleyite at 251 cm−1 to the SSbS bending mode. Raman bands in similar positions are observed for realgar AsS and orpiment As2S3. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial electronic properties of AuGaAs interfaces studied by photomodulation Raman spectroscopy (pump–probe technique)
Authors: El‐Brolossy T. A. , Negm S. , Talaat H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhotomodulation Raman spectroscopy (PM‐RS) was employed to investigate the interfacial properties of Au: n‐type GaAs interfaces, using the forbidden longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering as a probe. In PM‐RS, the photomodulating pump beam (PB) is incident on the sample while the Raman measurements are in progress; hence, PM‐RS can be viewed as a pump–probe technique. The photogenerated carriers partly neutralize the surface charges, which decreases the interfacial field and consequently the intensity of forbidden LO scattering. Two molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) junctions of 80 Å Au on n‐type GaAs (001) substrate with two different doping densities were used. The total surface charge density and change in the band bending were obtained as a function of the PB intensity considering a constant depletion electric field for the lower doped sample. Furthermore, the interfacial minority carrier trap lifetime was determined through dynamical measurements of the PM‐RS intensity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical profiling of PortuguesePinus pineaL. nuts
Authors: Evaristo Isabel , Batista Dora , Correia Isabel , Correia Paula , Costa Rita 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The first detailed chemical characterisation of Portuguese pine nut(Pinus pinea L.)is reported concerning proximate composition, fatty acid, mineral and vitamin contents.RESULTS:Based on the analysis of 27 different populations, pine nuts were characterised by high contents of fat (47.7 g per 100 g dry matter (DM)), protein (33.8 g per 100 g DM) and phosphorus (1130 mg per 100 g DM) and low contents of moisture (5.9 g per 100 g DM) and starch (3.5 g per 100 g DM). They were also found to be a good source of zinc, iron and manganese.CONCLUSION:Mineral composition seemed to be most prone to variation, suggesting its potentially useful role in discriminating Mediterranean pine nuts. A significant variability was found in the nut composition of PortugueseP. pineapopulations. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Utilisation of corn (Zea mays) bran and corn fiber in the production of food components
Authors: Rose Devin J , Inglett George E , Liu Sean X. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe milling of corn for the production of food constituents results in a number of low‐value co‐products. Two of the major co‐products produced by this operation are corn bran and corn fiber, which currently have low commercial value. This review focuses on current and prospective research surrounding the utilization of corn fiber and corn bran in the production of potentially higher‐value food components. Corn bran and corn fiber contain potentially useful components that may be harvested through physical, chemical or enzymatic means for the production of food ingredients or additives, including corn fiber oil, corn fiber gum, cellulosic fiber gels, xylo‐oligosaccharides and ferulic acid. Components of corn bran and corn fiber may also be converted to food chemicals such as vanillin and xylitol. Commercialization of processes for the isolation or production of food products from corn bran or corn fiber has been met with numerous technical challenges, therefore further research that improves the production of these components from corn bran or corn fiber is needed. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An FTIR study of the induction and release of kiwifruit buds from dormancy
Authors: Judd Murray J , Meyer Denny H , Meekings John S , Richardson Annette C , Walton Eric F 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Many deciduous, perennial fruit crops require winter chilling for adequate budbreak and flowering. Recent research has shown that changes in sugar and amino acid profiles are associated with the release of buds from dormancy. This paper uses FTIR spectrometry to provide an alternative mechanism for tracking metabolic changes in the meristems of kiwifruit buds during winter dormancy. The results suggest that the application of multivariate analysis to FTIR spectra has the potential to be a reliable and fast method for detecting structural and compositional changes in fruit crops.RESULTS: Ten wave numbers of the FTIR spectra are used to calculate a bud development function. This function has been validated using data from two seasons and four orchards, and by monitoring the effects of hydrogen cyanamide application, sugar concentrations and soil temperatures on this function. These wave numbers appear to be associated with carbohydrate, pectin and cellulose levels in the meristems.CONCLUSION: It is expected that this FTIR signature can be used to advance our understanding of the influence of the various environmental and physiological factors on the breaking of bud dormancy and shoot outgrowth, including the optimum timing and concentrations of applications of budbreak regulators, such as hydrogen cyanamide. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure of Adsorption Layers of Amphiphilic Copolymers on Inorganic or Organic Particle Surfaces
Authors: Bulychev Nikolay , Dervaux Bart , Dirnberger Klaus , Zubov Vitali , Prez Filip E. Du , Eisenbach Claus D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe structure of adsorption layers of amphiphilic block and block‐like copolymers of poly(isobornyl acrylate) and poly(acrylic acid) on the surface of hydrophilic titanium dioxide and hydrophobic copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) pigments in an aqueous dispersion has been studied by the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) method. The electroacoustic behaviour of the polyelectrolyte block copolymer‐coated particles could be described in the context of the polymer gel layer theory. The polymer layer around the particles was found to be much thinner for CuPc as compared to the TiO2 substrate. This is attributed to differences in the adsorption mechanism and the composition of the adsorption layer normal to the substrate surface. Adsorption models were established that consider effects of the copolymer structure.magnified image
Controlled Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers by RAFT Copolymerization of N‐Vinylphthalimide with N‐Isopropylacrylamide
Authors: Maki Yuya , Mori Hideharu , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA nonconjugated N‐vinyl monomer, N‐vinylphthalimide (NVPI), was copolymerized with various comonomers via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. Two different chain transfer agents (CTAs), O‐ethyl‐S‐(1‐ethoxycarbonyl) ethyldithiocarbonate (CTA 1) and benzyl 1‐pyrrolecarbodithioate (CTA 2), were compared for these copolymerizations with 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator. The effects of the nature of CTA, the comonomer structure, and solvent on the copolymerization were investigated in terms of the controlled character of the copolymerization and alternating structure. The copolymerization of NVPI and N‐isopropylacrylamide using CTA 2 in DMF or MeOH afforded well‐defined copolymers with predominantly alternating structure, controlled molecular weights, and low molecular mass distributions.magnified image
Combining Living Anionic Polymerization with Branching Reactions in an Iterative Fashion to Design Branched Polymers
Authors: Higashihara Tomoya , Sugiyama Kenji , Yoo Hee‐Soo , Hayashi Mayumi , Hirao Akira 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews the precise synthesis of many‐armed and multi‐compositional star‐branched polymers, exact graft (co)polymers, and structurally well‐defined dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers, which are synthetically difficult, by a commonly‐featured iterative methodology combining living anionic polymerization with branched reactions to design branched polymers. The methodology basically involves only two synthetic steps; (a) preparation of a polymeric building block corresponding to each branched polymer and (b) connection of the resulting building unit to another unit. The synthetic steps were repeated in a stepwise fashion several times to successively synthesize a series of well‐defined target branched polymers.magnified image
Formation and Degradation of Biodegradable Triple‐Layered Microparticles
Authors: Lee Wei Li , Hong Meiju , Widjaja Effendi , Loo Say Chye Joachim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, we report how biodegradable triple‐layered microparticles can be fabricated through a simple, reliable, and economical one‐step solvent evaporation technique. Characterization of triple‐layered PLGA (shell)/PLLA (middle layer)/EVA (core) microparticles was conducted and their formation mechanism was described. Subsequently, in vitro hydrolytic degradation of these microparticles was investigated. It was found that the PLGA shell degraded rapidly leaving behind double‐walled microparticles of PLLA/EVA after 40 days. The middle PLLA layer degraded more rapidly than expected because of the migration of PLGA oligomers that created a hydrophilic and acidic microenvironment in the PLLA layer. These degradation results therefore provide important insights into how triple‐layered microparticles degrade, and how their degradation characteristics affect the drug releasing properties of these novel microparticles.magnified image
Self‐Aligned Micropatterns of Bifunctional Polymer Surfaces with Independent Chemical and Topographical Contrast
Authors: Baxamusa Salmaan H. , Montero Laura , Borrós Salvador , Gleason Karen K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBifunctional surfaces are micropatterned using a self‐aligned, dual‐purpose lithographic mask and pairs of conformally deposited iCVD polymers. A first layer is deposited, then physically masked and etched in oxygen plasma. A second layer is deposited with the mask still in place. Lift‐off reveals the micropatterned surface. The thicknesses of the two layers are independently controlled so that the resultant surface displays both chemical and topographical contrast. The patterning scheme is independent of the polymers used and order of deposition. We use this scheme to create surfaces that spatially confine microcondensation, as well as chemical functionality. We also demonstrate microwells whose depth can be altered in response to a water stimulus.magnified image
The Effect of Hofmeister Salts on the LCST Transition of Poly(2‐oxazoline)s with Varying Hydrophilicity
Authors: Bloksma Meta M. , Bakker Daniël J. , Weber Christine , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe influence of Hofmeister salts was investigated on the cloud point of three poly(2‐oxazoline)s, namely poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) [PEtOx], poly(2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline) [PnPropOx], and poly(2‐isopropyl‐2‐oxazoline) [PiPropOx]. In addition, a comb polymer based on oligo‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline side chains and a methacrylate backbone (POEtOxMA) was included in this investigation. It was found that the ionic response of the poly(2‐oxazoline)s strongly depends on their hydrophilicity. The comb polymer POEtOxMA revealed a strikingly similar response to the salts as linear PEtOx even though the cloud points of the polymers in water differ. This indicates that the architecture does not significantly influence the effect of the Hofmeister ions, even though there is a difference in the absolute cloud point.magnified image
Synthesis of Composite Polystyrene/Silica Nanoparticles via Precipitation and Emulsion Polymerization Methods
Authors: Kotti Katerina , Kiparissides Costas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPolystyrene/silica composite nanoparticles were synthesized via precipitation and emulsion polymerization methods, in the presence of a basic co‐monomer (e.g., 4‐VP and 1‐VID), and a colloidal aqueous silica solution. The effects of key process parameters, that is, solvent type, monomer/co‐monomer volume ratio and total monomers concentration for precipitation polymerization, and reaction temperature, pH value, initial silica‐sol concentration and initial monomer/co‐monomer molar ratio for emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization on the particle morphology, silica content, and particle size distribution of the composite nanoparticles were experimentally investigated. Stable, spherical, and uniform in size composite nanoparticles were synthesized by both techniques. The average particle diameter varied from 108 to 182 nm for the emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization and from 400 to 800 nm for the precipitation polymerization, while the silica content was as high as 38.3 wt.‐% for the former method and up to 15.5 wt.‐% for the later. The synthesized composite polymer/silica particles were then electrolytically co‐deposited with zinc on steel plates to improve the corrosion resistance of the metal's surface.magnified image
Reducing Copper Concentration in Polymers Prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Mueller Laura , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree different initiation systems for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): normal ATRP, activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP, and initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP were used to synthesize polystyrene with a number‐average molecular weight ≈20 000 g · mol−1. Each polymerization mixture was divided and subjected to one or more purification methods including passing through a column filled with neutral alumina, stirring with an ion exchange resin (ATRP Pure), or precipitation into hexanes or methanol. Inductively coupled mass spectrometry was used to analyze the concentration of copper in each sample. For the polystyrene prepared by normal ATRP, purification by a neutral alumina column was the most effective at removing copper (down to ≈2 parts per million by mass). For the ARGET and ICAR ATRP, purification by a neutral alumina column and stirring with 10 wt.‐% ATRP Pure gave comparable results (each ≈1 part per million by mass).magnified image
Analytische Chemie 2008/2009
Authors: Nießner Reinhard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract Echte analytische Verfahrensentwicklungen laufen fast nur noch im kleinskaligen Bereich ab, etwa bei der Entwicklung von Nanomaterialien, neuen Reagenzien oder von Trennverfahren sowie bei Anwendung und Validierung. Das Wissen zur Entwicklung komplexer Spektrometer oder autonom arbeitender Analysenplattformen ist zwar nach wie vor die Schlüssel zur Technologieführerschaft, aber kaum noch bei den universitären Analytik‐Arbeitsgruppen vorzufinden. In der Anwendung schieben sich Lebensmittelanalytik und klinische Diagnostik weiter nach vorn. Prozessanalytik löst die Umweltüberwachung ab.
Anorganische Chemie 2009
Authors: Baumgartner Thomas , Pietschnig Rudolf , Schatzschneider Ulrich , Rau Sven 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMolekülchemie der Hauptgruppenelemente: Trends wie die Donorstabilisierung niedervalenter Zentren oder allgemein Donor‐Akzeptor‐Synergien wurden weiter entwickelt. Bioanorganik: Neben den Forschungsfeldern der Metalloenzyme und des Metalloprotein‐Engineerings war die medizinische anorganische Chemie sehr dynamisch. Koordinationschemie: Artifizielle Systeme, die Methan in Methanol umwandeln, stehen möglicherweise am Beginn einer rasanten Entwicklung.
Biochemie 2009
Authors: Skerra Arne , Gebauer Michaela , Wagenknecht Achim , Sieber Volker , Kettling Ulrich 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDurch Scaffold‐Engineering lassen sich neuartige Bindungsproteine konstruieren. Die sich kontinuierlich verbessernden Methoden des Enzymengineerings erzeugen neuartige Enzyme für effiziente biotechnische Prozesse in der Industrie. Neue Methoden zur Modifizierung mit reaktiven Gruppen oder Sonden ermöglichen die synthetische Funktionalisierung von Nukleinsäuren.
Dual adaptive finite element refinement for multiple local quantities in linear elastostatics
Authors: Almeida Pereira O. J. B. , Moitinho de Almeida J. P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we summarize how dual analysis techniques can be used to determine upper bounds of the discretization error, both in terms of global and local outputs. We present formulas for the bounds of the error in local outputs, based on the approach proposed by Greenberg in 1948 and we show that the resulting intervals are the same as those previously presented, based on the approach proposed by Washizu in 1953. We then explain how the elemental contributions to these bounds can be used to define an adaptive strategy that considers multiple quantities and we present its application to a simple plane stress problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.