bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet‐white blood cell (WBC) interaction, WBC apoptosis, and procoagulant activity in stored red blood cells
Authors: Keating Friederike K. , Butenas Saulius , Fung Mark K. , Schneider David J. 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Nonleukoreduced units of red blood cells (RBCs) contain activated platelets (PLTs) that interact with white blood cells (WBCs) and may promote inflammation and thrombosis in the recipient. The aim of this study was to characterize PLT‐WBC interactions (PLT‐WBC aggregates [PLAs]), WBC apoptosis, WBC death, and the development of procoagulant activity in RBCs during storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs were prepared from volunteer donor blood and stored. Samples were analyzed with flow cytometry between Days 1 and 15 to measure PLT‐monocyte aggregate (PMA) and PLT‐neutrophil aggregate (PNA) formation, WBC apoptosis (annexin V binding), and cell death (binding of 7‐aminoactinomycin D). Procoagulant activity in the supernatant of four RBC preparations was assessed between Days 1 and 39 using a clotting assay with and without the addition of an inhibitory anti‐tissue factor (TF) antibody, αTF‐5.RESULTS: PLA formation was extensive and maximal on Day 3 of storage (PNA, 23 ± 13%; PMA, 93 ± 4%; n = 6). Apoptosis was progressive throughout storage, with 95 ± 4% of neutrophils and 73 ± 19% of monocytes binding annexin V on Day 15. Cell death became measurable after apoptosis. Procoagulant activity was observed in all RBCs but with varying temporal patterns. It was partially TF dependent and removed with high‐speed centrifugation, suggestive of an association with microparticles.CONCLUSION: The activation of PLTs during the storage of RBCs induces PLA formation that precedes WBC apoptosis and death. Procoagulant activity, likely associated with microparticles derived from apoptotic WBCs, may contribute to adverse effects of stored, nonleukoreduced RBCs.
Platelet transfusions from D+ donors to D− patients: a 10‐year follow‐up study of 1014 patients
Authors: Cid Joan , Carbassé Gloria , Pereira Arturo , Sanz Cristina , Mazzara Roberto , Escolar Ginés , Lozano Miguel 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend that platelets (PLTs) from D− donors should be given to D− patients. However, such evidence comes from studies with a limited number of included patients that reported an incidence of anti‐D alloimmunization to be up to 19%. We thus decided to extend these findings by examining anti‐D alloimmunization at our institution, where PLT transfusions from D+ donors are transfused to D− patients because of logistic constraints.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: From April 1999 to December 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical and transfusion records of all D− patients who received PLT transfusions from D+ donors at our hospital. PLT concentrates (PCs) were obtained from apheresis and from whole blood donations. RhIG was not administered after the transfusion of PCs from D+ donors. The antibody screen test to detect anti‐D was performed by low‐ionic‐strength solution indirect antiglobulin test using the gel test.RESULTS: Our series comprises 1014 D− patients who received 5128 PLT transfusions from D+ donors (89% were pooled PCs). We had 315 (31.1%) patients who had a blood sample to analyze the presence of anti‐D 4 or more weeks after the first D+ PLT transfusion with a median follow‐up of 29 weeks (range, 4‐718 weeks). Anti‐D developed in 12 (3.8%) of these 315 patients.CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of anti‐D alloimmunization of D− patients after receiving pooled PCs from D+ donors is low. The transfusion of D‐incompatible pooled PCs without immunoprophylaxis to D− men or D− women without childbearing potential seems a reasonable and safe alternative.
Sustainability as a Conceptual Focus for Public Administration
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J. 
Published: December 2010

This article argues that sustainability should define the conceptual focus for the field of public administration in the coming decade. Sustainability involves three systems: environmental, economic, and political/social systems. The challenge of governance, and thus of public administration, is to sustain each of these systems on its own while maintaining an appropriate balance among them. The article defines the sustainability concept, and its environmental component in particular, in ways that are relevant to public administration; assesses the validity of the concept in terms of the interrelationships and interdependencies among the three systems; and suggests the implications for the field. By integrating knowledge and study of the environmental system with the traditional competence in the political/social and economic systems that is expected in the field, public administrators may achieve a more theoretically complete and empirically valid foundation for education, research, and practice.And just as many apparently insoluble problems have eluded solution until someone discovered the “right” way to view them, so it may be that our failure to cope adequately with certain large and complex problems of our time is a consequence of failure to see the unifying elements in the complexity.—Lynton K. Caldwell, 1963
Improved pre‐osteoblast response and mechanical compatibility of ultrafine‐grained Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy
Authors: Park Chan Hee , Lee Chong Soo , Kim Youn‐Jeong , Jang Je‐Hee , Suh Jo‐Young , Park Jin‐Woo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjective: Metallic implantation materials having high yield strength, low elastic modulus, and non‐cytotoxic alloying elements would be advantageous for the long‐term stability of implants. This study assessed the surface and mechanical properties, and also in vitro osteoconductivity of ultrafine‐grained (UFG) Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy produced by dynamic globularization without any severe deformation for future biomedical applications as an endosseous implant material.Material and methods: The surface characteristics and mechanical properties were investigated by orientation image microscopy, contact angle measurements, optical profilometry, and uniaxial tension tests. Mouse calvaria‐derived pre‐osteoblastic cell (MC3T3‐E1) attachment, spreading, viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and quantitative analysis of osteoblastic gene expression on UFG Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy were compared with coarse‐grained (CG) Ti–13Nb–13Zr and CG Ti–6Al–4V alloys.Results: Dynamic globularized Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy has an ultrafine grain size (0.3 μm) and an excellent combination of yield strength and elastic modulus compared with CG alloys, which displayed significantly lower water contact angles compared with CG alloys (P<0.05). The UFG and CG Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloys displayed significantly increased cellular attachment compared with CG Ti–6Al–4V alloy (P<0.05). The UFG Ti–13Nb–13Zr supported better cell spreading and more numerous focal adhesions. ALP activity (P<0.05) and mRNA expressions of the osteoblast transcription factor genes (osterix, Runx2) and marker gene for osteoblast differentiation (osteocalcin) were markedly increased in cells grown on the UFG substrate compared with CG substrates at early incubation timepoints.Conclusion: Enhanced pre‐osteoblast response to UFG Ti–13Nb–13Zr substrate is attributable to the non‐cytotoxic alloying elements and the submicron scale grain size contributes to the superior surface hydrophilicity and abundant grain boundaries favorable for cell behavior. These findings indicate that dynamic globularized UFG Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy is promising for load‐bearing endosseous implant material because of excellent mechanical and biological compatibilites. To cite this article:
Park CH, Lee CS, Kim Y‐J, Jang J‐H, Suh J‐Y, Park J‐W. Improved pre‐osteoblast response and mechanical compatibility of ultrafine‐grained Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 735–742 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02053.x
Barriers to translating evidence‐based breastfeeding information into practice
Authors: Brodribb Wendy 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere is strong evidence that using breastmilk substitutes disadvantages the infant, mother and community as a whole. There is also increasing evidence regarding the lactation process, breastfeeding inhibitors and enablers, and breastfeeding management options. However, there appears to be a gap between this evidence base and practice with breastfeeding rates being unacceptably low, especially following hospital discharge. This paper discusses barriers to the implementation of breastfeeding best practice using a framework of the research‐to‐practice pipeline: acceptance, applicable, available and able, acted upon, agreed to and adhered to. As blocks or restrictions to the flow of information or evidence may occur at any point along the pathway, researchers designing interventions to increase breastfeeding rates need to consider using multi‐strategy interventions and target collaborative care across professions.Conclusion:  Barriers to implementing evidence‐based breastfeeding practices are common and wide ranging. These barriers should be considered when developing new breastfeeding services and research programmes.
Irradiance Differences in the Violet (405 nm) and Blue (460 nm) Spectral Ranges among Dental Light‐Curing Units
Authors: PRICE RICHARD B.T. , LABRIE DANIEL , RUEGGEBERG FREDERICK A. , FELIX CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTProblem:  Previous studies identified nonuniformity in the irradiance at the tip end of a variety of dental light‐curing units (LCUs) and correlated those differences with potential clinical implications, but the spectral dependence of the irradiance uniformity has not yet been addressed.Purpose:  This study examined the irradiance uniformity across emitting tips of LCUs at two emission wavelengths, 405 and 460 nm. Two broadband emission light units (quartz‐tungsten‐halogen [QTH] and plasma arc [PAC]), and four commercial light‐emitting diode (LED)‐type LCUs were examined.Materials and Methods:  The spectral radiant power from six LCUs was measured using a laboratory grade spectroradiometer (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA). The spatial and spectral characteristics of irradiance across the emitting tips of these light units were recorded through 10‐nm wide bandpass filters (centered at 405 nm [violet] or 460 nm [blue]) using a laser beam analyzer (Ophir‐Spiricon, Logan, UT, USA). Irradiance distributions were reported using two‐dimensional contour and three‐dimensional isometric color‐coded images. Irradiance uniformity at the tip end was determined using the Top Hat Factor (THF) for each filtered wavelength.Results:  Irradiance distributions from the QTH and PAC units were uniformly distributed across the tip end of the light guide, and THF values, measured through the 405 and 460‐nm filters, were not significantly different. However, the three polywave LED units delivered non‐uniform irradiance distributions with THF values differing significantly between the 405 and 460‐nm emission wavelengths for each unit. Areas of nonuniformity were attributed to the locations of the various types of LED chips within the LCUs.Conclusion:  All three polywave LED units delivered a nonuniform irradiance distribution across their emitting tip ends at the two important emission wavelengths of 405 nm and 460 nm, whereas the broadband light sources (QTH and PAC) showed no evidence of spectral inhomogeneity at these wavelengths.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCESince the rate and extent of polymerization of photo activated restorative materials is highly dependent on delivering radiant energy at specific wavelengths, the nonuniform spectral distribution across the emitting tips of polywave light‐emitting diode curing lights may affect the resulting properties of some photocured resins and their potential for long‐term clinical success.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:363–378, 2010)
Influence of Bleaching Agents on Surface Roughness of Sound or Eroded Dental Enamel Specimens
Authors: AZRAK BIRGÜL , CALLAWAY ANGELIKA , KURTH PETRA , WILLERSHAUSEN BRITA 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTPurpose:  The aim of the present in vitro study was to assess the effect of bleaching agents on eroded and sound enamel specimens.Materials and Methods:  Enamel specimens prepared from human permanent anterior teeth were incubated with different bleaching agents containing active ingredients as 7.5 or 13.5% hydrogen peroxide or 35% carbamide peroxide, ranging in pH from 4.9 to 10.8. The effect of the tooth whitening agents on surface roughness was tested for sound enamel surfaces as well as for eroded enamel specimens. To provoke erosive damage, the enamel specimens were incubated for 10 hours with apple juice (pH = 3.4). Afterwards, pretreated and untreated dental slices were incubated with one of the bleaching agents for 10 hours. The surface roughness (Ra) of all enamel specimens (N = 80) was measured using an optical profilometric device. A descriptive statistical analysis of the Ra values was performed.Results:  The study demonstrated that exposure to an acidic bleaching agent (pH = 4.9) resulted in a higher surface roughness (p = 0.043) than treatment with a high peroxide concentration (pH = 6.15). If the enamel surface was previously exposed to erosive beverages, subsequent bleaching may enhance damage to the dental hard tissue.Conclusion:  Bleaching agents with a high concentration of peroxide or an acidic pH can influence the surface roughness of sound or eroded enamel.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEPatients with erosive defects who wish to receive a tooth bleaching treatment must be informed about possible complications and damage to the tooth surface. However, extrapolation of in vitro results to clinical situations is limited.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:391–401, 2010)
Identification of the primary mechanism of complement evasion by the periodontal pathogen, Treponema denticola
Authors: McDowell J.V. , Frederick J. , Miller D.P. , Goetting‐Minesky M.P. , Goodman H. , Fenno J.C. , Marconi R.T. 
Published: December 2010

Summary Treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, binds the complement regulatory protein Factor H (FH). Factor H binding protein B (FhbB) is the sole FH binding protein produced by T. denticola. The interaction of FhbB with FH is unique in that FH is bound to the cell and then cleaved by the T. denticola protease, dentilisin. A ∼ 50‐kDa product generated by dentilisin cleavage is retained at the cell surface. Until this study, a direct role for the FhbB–FH interaction in complement evasion and serum sensitivity had not been demonstrated. Here we assess the serum resistance of T. denticola strain 35405 (Td35405wt) and isogenic mutants deficient in dentilisin (Td35405‐CCE) and FhbB production (Td35405ΔfhbB), respectively. Both dentilisin and FhbB have been postulated to be key virulence factors that mediate complement evasion. Consistent with conditions in the subgingival crevice, an environment with a significant concentration of complement, Td35405wt was resistant to serum concentrations as high as 25%. Deletion of fhbB (Td35405ΔfhbB), which resulted in the complete loss of FH binding ability, but not inactivation of dentilisin activity (Td35405‐CCE), rendered T. denticola highly sensitive to 25% human serum with 80% of the cells being disrupted after 4 h of incubation. Heat treatment of the serum to inactivate complement confirmed that killing was mediated by complement. These results indicate that the FH–FhbB interaction is required for serum resistance whereas dentilisin is not. This report provides new insight into the novel complement evasion mechanisms of T. denticola.
Usefulness of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit Locus PCR Amplification in Rapid Diagnosis of Beijing Lineage Strain Infection among Pediatric Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Liu Ruixi , Xing Linlin , Peng Ze , Zhang Yukun , Zhu Chaomin , Yang Zhenhua 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

We assessed the usefulness of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat loci 26, 31, ETR-A, Mtub30, and Mtub02 and a deletion-targeted multiplex PCR in identifying pediatric
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Beijing lineage strain infection. We found that the Beijing lineage isolates accounted for ∼62% (130/210) of the study isolates.
Use of Epidemiological Cutoff Values To Examine 9-Year Trends in Susceptibility of Aspergillus Species to the Triazoles
Authors: Pfaller M. , Boyken L. , Hollis R. , Kroeger J. , Messer S. , Tendolkar S. , Diekema D. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

In the absence of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) have been established to distinguish wild-type (WT) isolates of
Aspergillus
spp. from those that may harbor resistance mutations. Recently, the CLSI has developed ECVs for triazoles (itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole) and common
Aspergillus
species. We applied the triazole ECVs to 1,789
Aspergillus
isolates collected from 63 centers worldwide from 2001 to 2009 to determine the frequency of non-WT strains of each species. Temporal trends were evaluated for
Aspergillus fumigatus
and
Aspergillus flavus
over the 9-year period for each drug. The collection included 1,312 isolates of
A. fumigatus
, 235 of
A. flavus
, 162 of
Aspergillus niger
, 64 of
Aspergillus terreus
, and 15 of
Aspergillus versicolor
. Using the ECVs, the percentages of non-WT isolates for itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole, respectively, were as follows:
A. fumigatus
(2.0%, 3.5%, and 1.4%),
A. flavus
(0.8%, 5.1%, and 1.7%),
A. niger
(17.3%, 3.7%, and 0.6%),
A. terreus
(0.0%, 1.6%, and 3.2%), and
A. versicolor
(6.3%, 0.0%, and 0.0%). Among 49
Aspergillus
isolates for which itraconazole MICs were >2 μg/ml, the posaconazole and voriconazole MICs were greater than the ECVs for 14 and 12 isolates, respectively. The percentages of isolates for which MICs were greater than the ECVs ranged from 1.1 to 5.7% for posaconazole, 0.0 to 1.6% for voriconazole, and 0.7 to 4.0% for itraconazole. There was no consistent trend toward decreased susceptibility for any triazole and
A. fumigatus
or
A. flavus
over time. Decreased susceptibility among
Aspergillus
spp. was observed for each of the extended-spectrum triazoles and varied by species over the 9-year study period.
The C Proteins of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Limit Double-Stranded RNA Accumulation That Would Otherwise Trigger Activation of MDA5 and Protein Kinase R
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit Jim , Bartlett Emmalene , Schomacker Henrick , Surman Sonja , Akira Shizuo , Bae Yong-Soo , Collins Peter , Murphy Brian , Schmidt Alexander 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is an important respiratory pathogen in young children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. We found that infection with wild-type (WT) HPIV1 suppressed the innate immune response in human airway epithelial cells by preventing not only phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) but also degradation of IκBβ, thereby inhibiting IRF3 and NF-κB activation, respectively. Both of these effects were ablated by a F170S substitution in the HPIV1 C proteins (F170S) or by silencing the C open reading frame [P(C−)], resulting in a potent beta interferon (IFN-β) response. Using murine knockout cells, we found that IFN-β induction following infection with either mutant relied mainly on melanoma-associated differentiation gene 5 (MDA5) rather than retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Infection with either mutant, but not WT HPIV1, induced a significant accumulation of intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). These mutant viruses directed a marked increase in the accumulation of viral genome, antigenome, and mRNA that was coincident with the accumulation of dsRNA. In addition, the amount of viral proteins was reduced compared to that of WT HPIV1. Thus, the accumulation of dsRNA might be a result of an imbalance in the N protein/genomic RNA ratio leading to incomplete encapsidation. Protein kinase R (PKR) activation and IFN-β induction followed the kinetics of dsRNA accumulation. Interestingly, the C proteins did not appear to directly inhibit intracellular signaling involved in IFN-β induction; instead, their role in preventing IFN-β induction appeared to be in suppressing the formation of dsRNA. PKR activation contributed to IFN-β induction and also was associated with the reduction in the amount of viral proteins. Thus, the HPIV1 C proteins normally limit the accumulation of dsRNA and thereby limit activation of IRF3, NF-κB, and PKR. If C protein function is compromised, as in the case of F170S HPIV1, the resulting PKR activation and reduction in viral protein levels enable the host to further reduce C protein levels and to mount a potent antiviral type I IFN response.
Insertion of MicroRNA Targets into the Flavivirus Genome Alters Its Highly Neurovirulent Phenotype
Authors: Heiss Brian L. , Maximova Olga A. , Pletnev Alexander G. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Flaviviruses such as West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) viruses are important neurotropic human pathogens, causing a devastating and often fatal neuroinfection. Here, we demonstrate that incorporation into the viral genome of a target sequence for cellular microRNAs expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) enables alteration of the neurovirulence of the virus and control of the neuropathogenesis of flavivirus infection. As a model virus for this type of modification, we used a neurovirulent chimeric tick-borne encephalitis/dengue virus (TBEV/DEN4) that contained the structural protein genes of a highly pathogenic TBEV. The inclusion of just a single target copy for a brain tissue-expressed mir-9, mir-124a, mir-128a, mir-218, or let-7c microRNA into the TBEV/DEN4 genome was sufficient to prevent the development of otherwise lethal encephalitis in mice infected intracerebrally with a large dose of virus. Viruses bearing a complementary target for mir-9 or mir-124a were highly restricted in replication in primary neuronal cells, had limited access into the CNS of immunodeficient mice, and retained the ability to induce a strong humoral immune response in monkeys. This work suggests that microRNA targeting to control flavivirus tissue tropism and pathogenesis might represent a rational approach for virus attenuation and vaccine development.
Use of Single-Cycle Infectious Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus To Study Hemorrhagic Fever Arenaviruses
Authors: Rodrigo W. W. Shanaka I. , de la Torre Juan C. , Martínez-Sobrido Luis 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Several arenaviruses, chiefly Lassa virus (LASV) and Junin virus in West Africa and Argentina, respectively, cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans that is associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. The investigation of antiviral strategies to combat HF arenaviruses is hampered by the requirement of biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) facilities to work with these viruses. These biosafety hurdles could be overcome by the use of recombinant single-cycle infectious arenaviruses. To explore this concept, we have developed a recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (rLCMVΔGP/GFP) where we replaced the viral glycoprotein (GP) with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). We generated high titers of GP-pseudotyped rLCMVΔGP/GFP via genetic
trans
complementation using stable cell lines that constitutively express LCMV or LASV GPs. Replication of these GP-pseudotyped rLCMVΔGP/GFP viruses was restricted to GP-expressing cell lines. This system allowed us to rapidly and reliably characterize and quantify the neutralization activities of serum antibodies against LCMV and LASV within a BSL-2 facility. The sensitivity of the GFP-based microneutralization assay we developed was similar to that obtained with a conventionally used focus reduction neutralization (FRNT) assay. Using GP-pseudotyped rLCMVΔGP/GFP, we have also obtained evidence supporting the feasibility of this approach to identify and evaluate candidate antiviral drugs against HF arenaviruses without the need of BSL-4 laboratories.