bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context‐dependent defence in terrestrial plants: the effects of light and nutrient availability on plant resistance against herbivory
Authors: Hendriks Rob J. J. , Luijten Leon , Van Groenendael Jan M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe context‐dependent defence (CDD) hypothesis predicts that defence levels of plant species against herbivory are not fixed but vary with environmental conditions, in a way that is specific for plant species that share evolutionary adaptations to resource conditions exemplified by similar maximum relative growth rates. More specifically, we expected plants from resource‐poor environments to display high defence levels but not when grown under resource‐rich conditions, whereas the reverse – plants from resource‐rich conditions displaying low defence levels but not when grown under resource‐poor conditions – is not necessarily the case. In this study, we used multiple‐choice bioassays in which leaf discs were fed to larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as an efficient and effective way of indicating plant defence levels. This generalist herbivore was capable of detecting both inter‐ and intraspecific differences in defence among plant species. The CDD was tested by exploring the effects of various experimental resource conditions (light, nutrients) upon the herbivore preferences and by comparing these preferences with the maximum relative growth rate of plant species. The experimental results provide general support for the CDD hypothesis with respect to nutrient‐level variation but the effects were not related to the origin of the plant species tested. Variation in light conditions did not result in consistent effects upon herbivore preferences. The CDD therefore can be formulated more precisely as: defence levels of plant species vary under different environmental conditions but in a way that is specific for plant species that share evolutionary adaptations to similar nutrient conditions. This more precise CDD hypothesis is a useful addition to existing optimal‐defence theory because of its focus on the possible plastic effects of resource conditions upon plant defence levels. This is relevant when designing experimental plant–herbivore studies.
Clinical and histological evaluation of an acellular dermal matrix allograft in combination with the coronally advanced flap in the treatment of miller class I recession defects: an experimental study in the mini‐pig
Authors: Núñez Javier , Caffesse Raul , Vignoletti Fabio , Guerra Fernando , San Roman Fidel , Sanz Mariano 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives: To study the wound healing of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) allografts when used together with coronally advanced flaps (CAF) in the treatment of localized gingival recessions in the mini‐pig experimental model.Material and Methods: Dehiscence defects 4 × 5 mm were surgically created in one buccal root surface in each quadrant of PI, II, or III in three mini‐pigs. They were then treated with CAF and the interposition of either a connective tissue graft (CTG) or ADM. As the primary outcome, the histological interface between the ADM and the root surface was studied and was compared with CTG. As secondary outcomes, we assessed the amount and quality of the keratinized tissue and clinical outcomes in terms of root coverage and recession reduction.Results: At 3 months, the CTG group attained a mean 76% root coverage, versus 62% in the ADM group. The histological interface with the root surface was similar in both groups. The apical migration of the epithelium was 1.79±0.46 mm for the CTG and 1.21±0.35 mm for ADM. Newly formed cementum was observed with both treatments. New bone and a newly formed periodontal ligament were shown in five specimens in the ADM group and in three in the CTG group.Conclusion: Both materials showed similar clinical and histological outcomes.
Metastatic tumours to the oral cavity: a survival study with a special focus on gingival metastases
Authors: Seoane Juan , Van der Waal Isaäc , Van der Waal Rutger I. F. , Cameselle‐Teijeiro José , Antón Iosu , Tardio Antoni , Alcázar‐Otero Juan J. , Varela‐Centelles Pablo , Diz Pedro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAims: To describe survival from oral metastases, particularly gingival metastases, and to identify clinical prognostic variables.Materials and Methods: A series of 39 patients were studied, analysing age, gender, primary tumour site, oral metastases site and histological type.Results: Mean age: 62.3±9.2 years, with similar prevalence by gender. The most frequent sites for primary tumours were the kidney (20.5%), lung (20.5%) and breast (20.5%). Gingival metastases represented 63.6% of all oral soft tissue metastases (7/11). The average time between primary tumour diagnosis and appearance of the gingival metastases was 9.7±13.4 months. The median survival time since gingival metastases appearance was 5.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI)=0–13.6]; no statistically significant difference with other oral locations was found by the Kaplan–Meier curves (log rank: 0.29; p>0.05). Oral metastases involving the gingiva were more frequently found in the maxilla (85.7%versus 14.3%), whereas intra‐osseous metastatic tumours were more frequent in the mandible (77.8%versus 22.2%; p<0.05; odds ratio=21; 95% CI=2.0–210.1). None of the variables considered had a prognostic value as indicated by the Kaplan–Meier test.Practical implications: The data in this paper show that 25% (and in other studies up to 37%) of oral metastases came from unknown primary tumours; thus a biopsy with histopathologic analysis is mandatory for every patient with a gingival mass.Conclusions: This study reinforces the significance of gingival metastases as a poor prognosis indicator. Dental practitioners should suspect that gingival masses mimicking benign or inflammatory lesions may represent a sign of underlying malignant tumours.
Cigarette smoke condensate affects the collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Zhang W. , Song F. , Windsor L. J. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective:  Cigarette smoke condensate, the particulate matter of cigarette smoke, is composed of thousands of chemicals, including nicotine. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease. This study investigated the influence of cigarette smoke condensate on the collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts and its mechanism.Material and Methods:  Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed for 72 h to various concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated using water‐soluble tetrazolium‐1 and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. The collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts was evaluated in collagen‐coated six‐well plates. Conditioned media and membrane extracts were collected for zymography and western blot analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).Results:  Cell proliferation decreased and cytotoxicity increased in human gingival fibroblasts with increasing concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation decreased by more than 50% (p < 0.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 200 μg/mL, and cytotoxicity increased to more than 30% (p < 0.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 400 μg/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts, especially at a concentration of 100 μg/mL (1.5‐fold increase, p < 0.05) compared with the control. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of proMMP‐1, proMMP‐2, MMP‐14 and TIMP‐1, and decreased the production of TIMP‐2, in conditioned media. Furthermore, compared with the control group, cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of MMP‐2, MMP‐14 and TIMP‐2 in membrane extracts, especially at concentrations of 50–100 μg/mL.Conclusion:  Cigarette smoke condensate affects human gingival fibroblast proliferation and is toxic at total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate concentrations of ≥ 400 μg/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate can increase the collagen‐degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts by altering the production and localization of MMPs and TIMPs.
Remediation of Heterogeneous Aquifers Subject to Uncertainty
Authors: Ricciardi K. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOptimal cost pump‐and‐treat ground water remediation designs for containment of a contaminated aquifer are often developed using deterministic ground water models to predict ground water flow. Uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity fields used in these models results in remediation designs that are unreliable. The degree to which uncertainty contributes to the reliability of remediation designs as measured by the characterization of the uncertainty is shown to differ depending upon the geologic environments of the models. This conclusion is drawn from the optimal design costs for multiple deterministic models generated to represent the uncertainty of four distinct models with different geologic environments. A multi scenario approach that includes uncertainty into the remediation design called the deterministic method for optimization subject to uncertainty (DMOU) is applied to these distinct models. It is found that the DMOU is a method for determining a remediation design subject to uncertainty that requires minimal postprocessing efforts. Preprocessing, however, is required for the application of the DMOU to unique problems. In the ground water remediation design problems, the orientation of geologic facies with respect to the orientation of flow patterns, pumping well locations, and constraint locations are shown to affect the preprocessing, the solutions to the DMOU problems, and the computational efficiency of the DMOU approach. The results of the DMOU are compared to the results of a statistical analysis of the effects of the uncertainty on remediation designs. This comparison validates the efficacy of the DMOU and illustrates the computational advantages to using the DMOU over statistical measures.
An Inexpensive Multilevel Array of Sensors for Direct Ground Water Velocity Measurement
Authors: Devlin J.F. , Tsoflias G. , McGlashan M. , Schillig P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe point velocity probe (PVP) is an instrument capable of measuring ground water velocity in situ at the centimeter scale. It is based on detecting an electrically conductive tracer transported by ground water around the perimeter of the cylindrical probe. PVPs are easily constructed from inexpensive materials and can be deployed as a single sensor or in multilevel arrays. A multilevel array of these instruments, consisting of four PVPs stacked vertically on each of five stands, was installed as a fence within a sheet‐pile alleyway at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in Ontario, Canada. The data from the fence revealed notable velocity variations both spatially and temporally. Ground water velocity data of these kinds are likely to be valuable for permeable reactive barrier design and assessment, regulatory compliance assessments, and a variety of research level investigations concerned with local flow phenomena.
Effects of Mixing Granular Iron with Sand on the Kinetics of Trichloroethylene Reduction
Authors: Bi Erping , Devlin J. F. , Huang Bei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA substantial cost of granular iron permeable reactive barriers is that of the granular iron itself. Cutting the iron with sand can reduce costs, but several performance issues arise. In particular, reaction rates are expected to decline as the percentage of iron in the blend is diminished. This might occur simply as a function of iron content, or mass transfer effects may play a role in a much less predictable fashion. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the performance consequences of mixing Connelly granular iron with sand using the reduction kinetics of trichloroethylene (TCE) to quantify the changes. Five mixing ratios (i.e., 100%, 85%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of iron by weight) were studied. The experimental data showed that there is a noticeable decrease in the reaction rate when the content of sand is 25% by weight (iron mass to pore volume ratio, Fe/Vp = 3548 g/L) or greater. An analysis of the reaction kinetics, using the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood rate equation, indicated that mass transfer became an apparent cause of rate loss when the iron content fell below 50% by weight (Fe/Vp = 2223 g/L). Paradoxically, there were tentative indications that TCE removal rates were higher in a 15% sand + 85% iron mixture (Fe/Vp = 4416 g/L) than they were in 100% iron (Fe/Vp = 4577 g/L). This subtle improvement in performance might be due to an increase of iron surface available for contact with TCE, due to grain packing in the sand‐iron mixture.
Genomic analysis of acute leukemia
Authors: MULLIGHAN C. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAcute leukemia is the commonest childhood cancer and a major cause of morbidity from hematologic malignancies in adults. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is commonest in children, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is more frequent in adults. Apart from childhood ALL, the prognosis of acute leukemia is suboptimal, with many patients experiencing relapse, which carries a poor prognosis, or toxicities from nonspecific therapies. Recent years have witnessed great interest in the application of high‐resolution, genome wide approaches to the study of acute leukemia. These studies have identified multiple novel genetic alterations targeting critical cellular pathways that contribute to leukemogenesis, including alterations of genes regulting lymphoid development, tumor suppressors, apoptosis regulators, and oncogenes. These studies have also delineated novel genetic alterations that are associated with prognosis, and have demonstrated substantial evolution in patterns of genetic alterations from diagnosis to relapse, indicating that specific genetic changes determine resistance to therapy in ALL. Overall, fewer recurring alterations have been identified in AML. These studies have demonstrated the power of genome‐wide approaches to identify new lesions in acute leukemia, and suggest that ongoing genomic analyses, including deep resequencing and epigenetic analysis, will continue to yield novel, clinically relevant insights into the pathogenesis of this disease.
In vitro and In vivo Anticancer Activity of Novel Synthetic Makaluvamine Analogues
Authors: Wang Wei , Rayburn Elizabeth R. , Velu Sadanandan E. , Nadkarni Dwayaja H. , Murugesan Srinivasan , Zhang Ruiwen 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Purpose: The present study was designed to determine biological structure-activity relationships for four newly synthesized analogues of natural compounds (makaluvamines). The compounds, 7-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (FBA-TPQ); 7-(phenethylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (PEA-TPQ); 7-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (MPA-TPQ); and 7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (DPA-TPQ), were synthesized and purified, and their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical constants and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
Experimental Design: The structure-activity relationship of the compounds was initially evaluated by comparing their in vitro cytotoxicity against 14 human cell lines. Detailed in vitro and in vivo studies were then done in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines.
Results: The in vitro cytotoxicity was compound, dose, and cell line dependent. Whereas all of the compounds exerted some activity, FBA-TPQ was the most potent inducer of apoptosis and the most effective inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values for most cell lines in the range of 0.097 to 2.297 μmol/L. In MCF-7 cells, FBA-TPQ exposure led to an increase in p53/p-p53, Bax, ATM/p-ATM, p-chk1 and p-chk2, and p-H2AX; and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. It also decreased the levels of MDM2, E2F1, Bcl-2, chk1/2, and proteins associated with cell proliferation [cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2, Cdk4, Cdk6, cyclin D1, etc.]. Moreover, FBA-TPQ inhibited the growth of breast cancer xenograft tumors in nude mice in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis ofthe xenograft tumors indicated that similar changes in protein expression also occur in vivo.
Conclusion: Our preclinical data indicate that FBA-TPQ is a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer, providing a basis for the development of the compound as a novel anticancer agent.
Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell (FBW) Reaction of 1-Halovinyllithium Carbenoids: A Computational Study
Authors: Pratt Lawrence M , Nguyen Ngan Van , Kwon Ohyun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
1-Halovinyllithium carbenoids can undergo the Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell (FBW) rearrangement to form alkynes. This reaction is quite facile when a hydrogen atom is present on carbon 2. The gas-phase reaction mechanism may consist of a single-step or several steps, depending on the aggregation state of the carbenoid. We examined the FBW reaction of 1-fluoro, chloro-, and bromovinyllithium in the monomer and two isomeric dimers. The migratory aptitude of the hydrogen atoms is dependent on the halogen and the aggregation state.
An Efficient Ionic Liquid Additive for Proline-catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions between Cyclic Ketones and Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: Qian Yunbo , Zheng Xin , Wang Xu , Xiao Shiyong , Wang Yongmei 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An ionic liquid [EMIm][CF3COO] proved to be an efficient additive for proline-catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reactions between cyclic ketones and aromatic aldehydes in [BMIm]BF4 at room temperature. Corresponding aldol products in low to good yields (trace–93%) and excellent enantiomeric excesses (up to 98%) were afforded. Recycling of the catalyst and additive together with the solvent ([BMIm]BF4) was possible up to 5 runs with only slight reduction in activity.
Efficient and Rapid Stereoselective Synthesis of trans-4,5-Diaminocyclopent-2-enones by Acidic Ionic Liquid under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Ramesh D , Reddy T Srikanth , Narasimhulu M , Rajaram S , Suryakiran N , Mahesh K Chinni , Venkateswarlu Y 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Acidic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [HMim]+[BF4]−, was successfully employed as a reusable catalyst for the reaction of furfural and secondary amines to yield 4,5-diaminocyclopent-2-enones exclusively as trans diastereomer in the absence of solvent. The inherent Brønsted acidity and high polarity of ionic liquid resulted in the significant enhancement in the reaction rate.
Disorder, structured diffuse scattering and the transmissionelectron microscope
Authors: Withers Ray L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A review of the application of electron microscopy to disordered materials exhibiting sharp, highly structured diffuse intensity distributions is given from a modulation wave approach perspective. Structurally useful diffraction phenomena such as polarization, overall diffuse distribution shape and pseudo-extinction conditions are highlighted. The dangers of multiple scattering are emphasized before two particular such systems, substitutionally disordered solid solutions and inherently flexible framework structures are considered in more detail.
Diffuse X-ray scattering from tiny sample volumes
Authors: Ice Gene E. , Barabash Rozaliya I. , Liu Wenjun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The emergence of intense synchrotron X-ray sources, efficient focusing optics and high-performance X-ray sensitive area detectors allows for measurements of diffuse scattering from cubic micron-scale sample vol umes. Here we present an experiment that illustrates methods for studying the local structure and defect content of tiny sample volumes. In the experiment, an X-ray microbeam illuminating about ∼5 μm3 of a Ni-based superalloy single crystal, is used to collect Laue patterns and reciprocal space volume maps around fundamental and a superstructure reflections. This measurement illustrates how diffuse reciprocal-space distributions can be collected with good spatial and momentum-transfer resolution from a tiny real-space sample volume. This example demonstrates that emerging diffuse scattering techniques can provide fundamentally new information about crystallographic organization and defect content over many length scales.
Magnetic short-range order in disordered and ordered binary alloys
Authors: Ohshima Ken-ichi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A review is given on the recent developments in the study of magnetic short-range order in disordered and ordered binary alloys. We describe the study of the correlation between atomic and magnetic short-range order, in which full use was made of the technique of simultaneous measurement of X-ray and neutron diffuse scattering from single crystals. The study of the effect of atomic order on magnetic fluctuation using the same technique is also described. These two studies cast new light in the understanding of the magnetic properties of the disordered and ordered alloys containing 3d-metals.
Cooperative Evolution — a new algorithm for the investigation of disordered structures via Monte Carlo modelling
Authors: Weber Thomas 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new evolutionary algorithm for Monte Carlo modelling of disordered structures, called Cooperative Evolution (CE), is proposed. The functionality of this method is demonstrated by means of two series of refinements of different complexity. In both cases the CE method was capable of reproducing the known disordered structure to a reasonable degree. In order to test the perform ance of the CE method in comparison with other techniques, the refinements were repeated using Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling and the Monte Carlo/Differential Evolution (MC/DE) method. The tests have shown that the CE method leads to more reliable results than RMC modelling and that it is faster than the MC/DE technique in particular in case of complex problems.
Grazing incidence diffraction of cadmium arachidate multilayers at the solid-liquid interface
Authors: Miller Chad E. , Majewski Jaroslaw , Gog Thomas , Kuhl Tonya L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Using complementary X-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), we report structural studies of supported thin-organic layers in contact with water and air. Using a monochromatic synchrotron beam to penetrate 10 mm of liquid, we have characterized buried films composed of 12.5 repeating bilayers of arachidic acid (C20H40O2) complexed with cadmium ions (cadmium arachidate, CdAr2). We found that the layered structure of the CdAr2 multilayers do not exhibit rearrangement after exposure to water with negligible water penetration into the inner layers when compared to their dry state. These findings are consistent with the formation of extremely robust CdAr2 multilayers that can withstand multiple rinses in strong organic solvents, acid, and mechanical wear. The second goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of similar experiments to study much thinner single bilayer bio-membranes. These studies are the first successful GIXD experiments of ultra thin-organic film composed of a few layers at the solid-liquid interface.