bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strange bedfellows: Appropriations of a tainted urban dialect1
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

Teenagers often appropriate dialect features they find attractive. This paper argues that unattractive dialect features can also become a target for teenage constructions of linguistic style. Based on an ethnographic case study at a multi‐ethnic school in Antwerp, Belgium, it is shown that Antwerp dialect for non‐white students conjured up angry white and/or racist voices, and that it was frequently stylised as a way of speaking associated with others. At the same time, however, these students produced stylisations that were in synchrony with their own voice and self‐presentation when they recruited Antwerp dialect features to underline assertiveness and to distance themselves from recent, linguistically incompetent, arrivals. It is argued that Antwerp dialect's tainted connotations were outweighed by its value as a tool for shaping a working‐class, non‐immigrant identity.Tieners eigenen zich vaak dialectkenmerken toe die ze aantrekkelijk vinden. Dit artikel toont aan hoe ook onaantrekkelijke dialectkenmerken het doelwit kunnen vormen voor tieners wanneer ze hun talige stijl construeren. Gebaseerd op etnografisch veldwerk op een multi‐etnische secundaire school in Antwerpen, België, zal aangetoond worden dat voor niet‐blanke studenten het Antwerps dialect de stem opriep van boze blanken en/of racisten, en dat het regelmatig gestileerd werd als een manier van spreken die met anderen werd geassocieerd. Tegelijkertijd produceerden deze studenten echter stileringen die veeleer in harmonie waren met hun eigen stem en zelfpresentatie wanneer ze Antwerpse dialectkenmerken rekruteerden om assertiviteit te onderstrepen en zich te distantiëren van talig incompetente nieuwkomers. Er zal worden betoogd dat de gekleurde connotaties van het Antwerps dialect werden tenietgedaan vanwege z’n grote bruikbaarheid in de constructie van een uit Antwerpen afkomstige arbeidersidentiteit. [Dutch]
Inverting the Lives of ‘Others’: Retelling the Nazi Past in Ehe im Schatten and Das Leben der Anderen
Authors: Wölfel Ute 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe article compares Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's film Das Leben der Anderen (2006) with Kurt Maetzig's early post‐war film Ehe im Schatten (1947). The comparison is based on significant narrative and thematic elements which the films share: They both have a ‘theatre couple’, representatives of the ‘Bildungsbürgertum’, at the centre of the story; in both cases the couple faces a crisis caused by the first and second German dictatorship respectively and then both try to solve the crisis by relying on the classical ‘bürgerliches Erbe’, particularly the ‘bürgerliches Trauerspiel’. The extensive use of the ‘bürgerliches Erbe’ in the films activates the function this heritage had for the definition of the German nation in the nineteenth century. However, while Maetzig's film shows how the ‘heritage’ and its representatives fail in the face of National Socialism, von Donnersmarck's film claims the effectiveness of this ‘heritage’ in the fight against the East German dictatorship. Von Donnersmarck thus inverts a critical film tradition of which Ehe im Schatten is an example; furthermore, as this tradition emerged from dealing with the Third Reich, von Donnersmarck's film, it will be argued, is more interested in the redemption of the Nazi past than the East German past.Der Aufsatz vergleicht Florian Henckel von Donnersmarcks Film Das Leben der Anderen (2006) mit Kurt Maetzigs frühem Nachkriegsfilm Ehe im Schatten (1947). Der Vergleich basiert auf narrativen und thematischen Elementen, die beiden Filmen gemeinsam sind: Beide haben ein ‘Theater‐Paar’ im Mittelpunkt der Geschichte, das zudem als Repräsentant des Bildungsbürgertums fungiert; in beiden Filmen versucht das Paar eine schwere Krise, ausgelöst durch die erste bzw. zweite deutsche Diktatur, durch einen Rückbezug zum klassischen ‘bürgerlichen Erbe’ zu lösen. Der umfangreiche Bezug aufs ‘bürgerliche Erbe’ in beiden Filmen aktiviert jene Bedeutung, die dieses Erbe einst für die Definition der deutschen Nation im 19. Jahrhundert hatte. Während Maetzigs Film das Versagen des ‘Erbes’ und seiner Repräsentanten in der Konfrontation mit dem Nationalsozialismus zeigt, behauptet von Donnersmarcks Film dessen Wirksamkeit im Kampf gegen die ostdeutsche Diktatur. Von Donnersmarck kehrt so eine kritische Filmtradition um, für die Ehe im Schatten ein Beispiel war. Zudem kann argumentiert werden, dass von Donnersmarcks Film, gerade weil er eine Tradition bearbeitet, die im Zuge der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Dritten Reich entstand, mehr an der Versöhnung mit dem Nationalsozialismus als mit der ostdeutschen Vergangenheit interessiert ist.Gleichgültig welcher Dreck in der Welt ist:Die wahre Kunst, das wirklich Künstlerischebleibt immer rein und wahr. Nein?(Hendrik Höfgen in István Szabó's Mephisto)
‘Troubled Assets’: The Financial Emergency and Racialized Risk
Authors: ASHTON PHILIP 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines the repositioning of racialized credit risk produced by new regulatory practices that have emerged in the neoliberal era. As increasingly volatile financial markets have periodically threatened the ability of the banking sector to supply credit, US regulators have adopted more aggressive roles to isolate ‘troubled assets’ and restore the norms of risk management. Revisiting the emergence of the US subprime mortgage market in the early 1990s, I use this framework to assess a critical question for urban political economy: how could decades of racial exclusion from US credit markets have been transformed so quickly and decisively into the exploitation of minority borrowers within the subprime market? The article identifies a series of regulatory practices associated with the management of the late‐1980s banking crisis, arguing their distinctive orientation towards the circulation of risk created a new legal and market space for high‐risk loans. I then examine the migration of those emergency risk practices into the institutional venues that shaped the subprime market and that differentially exposed minority borrowers to heightened rent‐seeking. The results suggest new avenues for urban political economy emerging from a broader conceptualization of state relationships to financial risk.RésuméDans la mouvance néolibérale, de nouvelles pratiques réglementaires ont entraîné le repositionnement du risque de crédit ‘racialisé’. Aux États‐Unis, la volatilité accrue des marchés financiers a régulièrement menacé la capacité du secteur bancaire à fournir du crédit. Les auteurs des réglementations se sont donc montrés plus agressifs, afin d'isoler les ‘actifs toxiques’ et de rétablir les normes de gestion des risques. Revenant sur la création du marché américain des prêts hypothécaires à haut risque (subprimes) au début des années 1990, cet article étudie une question essentielle pour l'économie politique urbaine: comment des décennies d'exclusion raciale des marchés du crédit aux États‐Unis sont‐elles passées si vite et si radicalement à une exploitation des membres des minorités empruntant sur le marché des subprimes? Ce travail identifie un ensemble de pratiques régulatrices liées à la gestion de la crise bancaire de la fin des années 1980, et soutient que leur orientation spécifique vers la circulation du risque a crééà la fois un nouvel espace juridique et un nouvel espace de marché pour les prêts à haut risque. Il analyse ensuite la migration de ces pratiques à risque exceptionnelles vers les sites institutionnels qui ont configuré le marché des subprimes et ont exposé les emprunteurs issus des minorités à un parasitisme plus intense. On peut en déduire de nouvelles possibilités pour l'économie politique urbaine à partir d'une conceptualisation élargie des rapports entre l'État et le risque financier.
Cryptic hybridization and introgression between invasive Cyprinid species Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus in Australia: implications for invasive species management
Authors: Haynes G. D. , Gongora J. , Gilligan D. M. , Grewe P. , Moran C. , Nicholas F. W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInterspecies hybridization is of concern for the management of invasive species, as it can allow the exchange of advantageous alleles between introduced species and undermine control efforts. In this study, hybridization between populations of introduced common carp and goldfish in Australia is investigated. Common carp and goldfish were sampled extensively from the Murray‐Darling Basin, the largest river basin in Australia. Fish identified in the field as hybrids, on the basis of having truncated or missing pairs of barbels around their mouths, were also sampled. All fish were genotyped for five microsatellite loci that could be amplified through polymerase chain reaction in both species, and the mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced in the field‐identified hybrids and a subset of the goldfish and common carp. Bayesian clustering analyses, factorial correspondence analysis and direct inspection of the microsatellite profiles confirmed that all fish identified as hybrids in the field had ancestry from both species. A number of cryptic hybrids were also identified. While most hybrids were inferred to be F1‐generation, some F2‐generation and backcrossed individuals were detected, indicating that gene flow is ongoing between carp and goldfish in Australia. Gene flow was biased in favor of male carp mating with female goldfish, as 19 of the 20 F1‐generation hybrids had goldfish maternal ancestry. This ongoing gene flow could allow advantageous alleles (e.g. resistance to koi herpes virus) to move between species. This study illustrates that invasive species control programs should not only target the species considered most destructive, but should also consider the risks posed by introgression with related species.
Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in India
Authors: Chatterjee A , Paily VP 
Published: September 2011

Please cite this paper as: Chatterjee A, Paily VP. Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in India. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 2):47–59.This review relates to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially MDGs 4 and 5, by India by the year 2015. India contributes the maximum number of maternal deaths (68 000) to the global estimate of 358 000 maternal deaths annually. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is also high at 50 per 1000 (2009). Low budgetary spending on health, poverty, lower literacy, poor nutritional status, rural–urban divide and lack of trained workers in the health sector are cited as reasons for a high maternal mortality ratio and IMR. Increased spending by the Government of India on the health sector has started to show encouraging results. Recent assessments by world bodies like the World Health Organisation have given hope that MDGs 4 and 5 are achievable.
Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmud G , Zaman F , Jafarey S , Khan RL , Sohail R , Fatima S 
Published: September 2011

Please cite this paper as: Mahmud G, Zaman F, Jafarey S, Khan RL, Sohail R, Fatima S. Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Pakistan. BJOG 2011;118 (Supp. 2):69–77.Pakistan is a signatory of many international development strategies including the Millennium Development Goals, and the government is committed to achieving a reduction in infant mortality rate from 72 to <55 per 1000 live births, the newborn mortality rate from 55 to <40 per 1000 live births and the maternal mortality rate from 276 per 100 000 to 140 per 100 000 live births by 2015. Maternal, newborn and child health play a key role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. Improvement in maternal and child health is a priority agenda of the Government of Pakistan.
From home to hospital, a continuum of care: making progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Edwards C , Saha S 
Published: September 2011

Please cite this paper as: Edwards C, Saha S. From home to hospital, a continuum of care: making progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in rural Bangladesh. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 2):88–92.The Lutheran Aid to Medicine in Bangladesh (LAMB) health and development project in rural Bangladesh has developed an integrated maternal and child healthcare system providing appropriate, accessible and affordable health services for the poor, through a home‐to‐hospital, continuum‐of‐care approach. LAMB is thus an example of how high‐quality maternity health services accessible to women of all socio‐economic classes in a rural context can be provided, making progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5.
Effect of IL‐1β and TNF‐αvs IL‐13 on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, β2‐adrenergic responses and cellularity of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Horiba M. , Qutna N. , Gendapodi P. , Agrawal S. , Sapkota K. , Abel P. , Townley R. G. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1 Levels of IL‐13, IL‐1β and TNF‐α are increased in bronchial lavage fluid of asthmatics and induce certain significant features of bronchial asthma including airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR). In this study, we have investigated the effect of these cytokines in naïve mice and those sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) on bronchoconstrictions to methacholine (MCh) and the functional antagonism induced by β2‐adrenoceptor agonism.2 Naïve or OVA‐sensitized mice were treated for 3 days with IL‐1β (250 U), TNF‐α (150 ng), IL‐13 (5 μg) or combinations of IL‐1β with TNF‐α or IL‐1β with IL‐13. MCh‐induced bronchoconstriction and its sensitivity to albuterol, a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, was assessed 24 h after the last cytokine administration.3 In naïve mice, responsiveness to MCh was significantly increased by the combination of IL‐1β and TNF‐α, IL‐13 alone or in combination with IL‐1β, but not by treatment with IL‐1β or TNF‐α alone. Similar results were obtained in OVA‐sensitized mice except that treatment with IL‐13 alone did not increase sensitivity to MCh.4 In naïve mice, albuterol sensitivity was only significantly attenuated by treatment with IL‐1β and TNF‐α in combination. In mice sensitized to OVA, albuterol sensitivity was significantly attenuated by treatment with TNF‐α, IL‐13 or IL‐13 in combination with IL‐1β.5 Inflammatory cell influx was increased by all cytokines and combinations except IL‐13 in OVA‐sensitized mice.6 Our data do not support a link between inflammatory cell influx and AHR. In addition, the mechanism of IL‐13‐induced AHR might involve decreased β2‐adrenoceptor responsiveness.
Angiotensin II modifies the expression of α1‐adrenoceptors in aorta smooth muscle cells of α1D‐adrenoceptor knockout mice
Authors: Lázaro‐Suárez M. L. , Gómez‐Zamudio J. H. , Delgado‐Buenrostro N. L. , Tanoue A. , Tsujimoto G. , Villalobos‐Molina R. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1 The effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on α1A‐, α1B‐, and a1D‐adrenoceptors (α1‐AR) expression was analyzed in aorta smooth muscle cells obtained from wild‐type (WT) and knock out of α1D‐AR (α1D‐AR KO) mice.2 The relative abundance of mRNA for the three α1‐ARs was determined in WT and α1D‐AR KO aortic smooth muscle cells. There were no significant differences between WT and α1D‐AR KO cells.3 As early as 1 h Ang II increased α1B‐AR mRNA in WT cells ≈ 2 fold compared with control; in contrast, in α1D‐AR KO cells the α1B‐AR transcript was ≈ 50% of control.4 Western blot assays showed that Ang II incremented protein content for α1A‐AR, 86% and 107% in WT and α1D‐AR KO cells, respectively.5 Protein for α1B‐ and α1D‐ARs did not change significantly with Ang II in both WT and a1D‐AR KO cells.6 The effect of Ang II on α1B‐AR mRNA seems to be influenced by the absence of α1D‐AR in aortic smooth muscle cells, which might be important to understand the interactions among α1‐ARs.
Reliability of ultrasonographic measurement of the architecture of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis muscles in older adults
Authors: Raj Isaac S. , Bird Stephen R. , Shield Anthony J. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjective:  To determine the test‐retest reliability of measurements of thickness, fascicle length (Lf) and pennation angle (θ) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles in older adults.Participants:  Twenty‐one healthy older adults (11 men and ten women; average age 68·1 ± 5·2 years) participated in this study.Methods:  Ultrasound images (probe frequency 10 MHz) of the VL at two sites (VL site 1 and 2) were obtained with participants seated with knee at 90º flexion. For GM measures, participants lay prone with ankle fixed at 15º dorsiflexion. Measures were taken on two separate occasions, 7 days apart (T1 and T2).Results:  The ICCs (95% CI) were: VL site 1 thickness = 0·96(0·90–0·98); VL site 2 thickness = 0·96(0·90–0·98), VL θ = 0·87(0·68–0·95), VL Lf = 0·80(0·50–0·92), GM thickness = 0·97(0·92–0·99), GM θ = 0·85(0·62–0·94) and GM Lf =0·90(0·75–0·96). The 95% ratio limits of agreement (LOAs) for all measures, calculated by multiplying the standard deviation of the ratio of the results between T1 and T2 by 1·96, ranged from 10·59 to 38·01%.Conclusion:  The ability of these tests to determine a real change in VL and GM muscle architecture is good on a group level but problematic on an individual level as the relatively large 95% ratio LOAs in the current study may encompass the changes in architecture observed in other training studies. Therefore, the current findings suggest that B‐mode ultrasonography can be used with confidence by researchers when investigating changes in muscle architecture in groups of older adults, but its use is limited in showing changes in individuals over time.
Health Care Reform in the Former Soviet Union: Beyond the Transition
Authors: Balabanova Dina , Roberts Bayard , Richardson Erica , Haerpfer Christian , McKee Martin 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo assess accessibility and affordability of health care in eight countries of the former Soviet Union.Data Sources/Study SettingPrimary data collection conducted in 2010 in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.Study DesignCross‐sectional household survey using multistage stratified random sampling.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsData were collected using standardized questionnaires with subjects aged 18+ on demographic, socioeconomic, and health care access characteristics. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were used.Principal FindingsAlmost half of respondents who had a health problem in the previous month which they viewed as needing care had not sought care. Respondents significantly less likely to seek care included those living in Armenia, Georgia, or Ukraine, in rural areas, aged 35–49, with a poor household economic situation, and high alcohol consumption. Cost was most often cited as the reason for not seeking health care. Most respondents who did obtain care made out‐of‐pocket payments, with median amounts varying from $13 in Belarus to $100 in Azerbaijan.ConclusionsAccess to health care and within‐country inequalities appear to have improved over the past decade. However, considerable problems remain, including out‐of‐pocket payments and unaffordability despite efforts to improve financial protection.
Surgery Wait Times and Specialty Services for Insured and Uninsured Breast Cancer Patients: Does Hospital Safety Net Status Matter?
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Dahman Bassam , Shickle Lisa M. , Lee Woolton 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether safety net and non‐safety net hospitals influence inpatient breast cancer care in insured and uninsured women and in white and African American women.Data SourcesSix years of Virginia Cancer Registry and Virginia Health Information discharge data were linked and supplemented with American Hospital Association data.Study DesignHierarchical generalized linear models and linear probability regression models were used to estimate the relationship between hospital safety net status, the explanatory variables, and the days from diagnosis to mastectomy and the likelihood of breast reconstruction.Principal FindingsThe time between diagnosis and surgery was longer in safety net hospitals for all patients, regardless of insurance source. Medicaid insured and uninsured women were approximately 20 percent less likely to receive reconstruction than privately insured women. African American women were less likely to receive reconstruction than white women.ConclusionsFollowing the implementation of health reform, disparities may potentially worsen if safety net hospitals’ burden of care increases without commensurate increases in reimbursement and staffing levels. This study also suggests that Medicaid expansions may not improve outcomes in inpatient breast cancer care within the safety net system.
Eoandromedaand the origin ofCtenophora
Authors: Tang Feng , Bengtson Stefan , Wang Yue , Wang Xun‐lian , Yin Chong‐yu 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYTheEdiacaran fossilEoandromeda octobrachiatahad a high conical body with eight arms in helicospiral arrangement along the flanks. The arms carried transverse bands proposed to be homologous to ctenophore ctenes (comb plates).Eoandromedais interpreted as an early stem‐group ctenophore, characterized by the synapomorphies ctenes, comb rows, and octoradial symmetry but lacking crown‐group synapomorphies such as tentacles, statoliths, polar fields, and biradial symmetry. It probably had a pelagic mode of life. The early appearance in the fossil record of octoradial ctenophores is most consistent with thePlanulozoa hypothesis (Ctenophora is the sister group ofCnidaria +Bilateria) of metazoan phylogeny.
Comparison of Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES®) and Laparoscopy for Elective Bilateral Ovariectomy in Standing Mares
Authors: Pader Karine , Freeman Lynetta J. , Constable Peter D. , Wu Ching C. , Snyder Paul W. , Lescun Timothy B. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo compare surgical trauma, perioperative pain, surgical time, and complication rate in mares undergoing standing bilateral ovariectomy by natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) or laparoscopy.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsHealthy mares (n= 12).MethodsOvariectomy was performed with a vessel‐sealing device by transvaginalNOTES(n= 6) using a flexible endoscope and specialized instruments or by bilateral flank laparoscopy (n= 6). Preoperative and postoperative complete blood count (CBC), plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum amyloidAconcentration, peritoneal nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration were compared using repeated measuresANOVA. Surgical times were compared using an unpairedt‐test. Mares were monitored for 2 weeks postoperatively and necropsy was performed at 3 weeks (n= 6) or 3 months (n= 6) to assess short‐ and medium‐term effects of each procedure. Complication rate, necropsy, and bacteriology findings were compared using a Fishers exact test. Significance was set atP< .05.ResultsAll surgical procedures were performed successfully and all but one laparoscopy mare were bright, alert, and maintained a good appetite until euthanasia. Mean ±SDsurgical time was similar between groups (NOTES: 100 ± 40 minutes; laparoscopy: 107 ± 47 minutes). There were no significant temporal differences in vital parameters, CBC, plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum amyloidAconcentration, peritoneal nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration between groups.ConclusionsBilateral ovariectomy by transvaginalNOTESor laparoscopy resulted in minimal inflammation and surgical trauma.