bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of amorphous transformers using the load curve pattern model for a pole transformer
Authors: Takagi Masaaki , Yamamoto Hiromi , Yamaji Kenji 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnergy loss in transformers is composed of no‐load loss and load loss. The no‐load loss of amorphous transformers, which have amorphous metal core, could be reduced by about 70% compared with traditional silicon steel transformers. If the electrical utilities adopted amorphous transformers as pole transformers, major energy savings and CO2 emissions reduction could be achieved. However, amorphous transformers have the disadvantages of high capital cost and high load loss parameters compared with traditional transformers. The economic efficiency of transformers is evaluated by the Total Ownership Cost (TOC). The TOC encompasses both the capital cost and the energy loss cost, which is calculated from the load curve. Therefore, we propose a load curve pattern model for pole transformers to evaluate the energy‐saving effect and the economic efficiency of amorphous transformers. Simulation results show that the no‐load loss accounts for a large share of the total loss; hence, reduction of the no‐load loss is more effective than reduction of load loss in achieving energy saving. As a result, amorphous pole transformers are the most suitable for pole transformers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(3): 1–9, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20924
Fetal BM‐derived mesenchymal stem cells promote the expansion of human Th17 cells, but inhibit the production of Th1 cells
Authors: Guo Zhenxing , Zheng Cuiling , Chen Zhenping , Gu Dongsheng , Du Weiting , Ge Jing , Han Zhongchao , Yang Renchi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTh type 17 (Th17) cells have been identified as a proinflammatory T‐cell subset. Here, we investigated the regulation of human Th17 cells by fetal BM‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (FBM‐MSC). We cocultured FBM‐MSC with human PBMC or CD4+ T cells from healthy donors. FBM‐MSC significantly suppressed the proliferation of CD4+ T cells stimulated by PHA and recombinant IL‐2. Significantly higher levels of IL‐17 were observed in FBM‐MSC cocultured with either PBMC or CD4+ T cells than that in PBMC cultured alone or CD4+ T cells cultured alone. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of Th17 cells in coculture of FBM‐MSC and CD4+ T cells was significantly higher than that in CD4+ T‐cell cultured alone. FBM‐MSC did not express IL‐17 protein. Consistent with the augmentation of Th17 cells, significantly higher levels of IL‐6 and IL‐1 were observed in coculture of FBM‐MSC and CD4+ T cells than that in CD4+ T‐cell culture, while the levels of IL‐23 were similar between FBM‐MSC + PBMC coculture and PBMC alone, or FBM‐MSC + CD4+ T‐cell and CD4+ T‐cell alone. The presence of FBM‐MSC decreased the percentage of Th1 cells, but minimally affected the expansion of CD4+CD25+ T cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that FBM‐MSC promote the expansion of Th17 cells and decrease IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 cells. These data suggest that IL‐6 and IL‐1, instead of IL‐23, may be partly involved in the expansion of Th17 cells.
Allogeneic induced human FOXP3+IFN‐γ+ T cells exhibit selective suppressive capacity
Authors: Stroopinsky Dina , Avivi Irit , Rowe Jacob M. , Avigan David , Katz Tamar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHuman induced CD4+CD25+ T cells have been shown to express FOXP3, similar to naturally occurring Treg cells (nTreg). However, the suppressive capacity of these cells is still under debate. The current study was designed to investigate functional characteristics of CD25+FOXP3+ derived from CD25− T cells. Stimulation of CD25− PBMC with allogeneic PBMC resulted in production of CD4+CD25high T cells. This process was more rapid and prominent when highly mature DC were used for stimulation. The resultant CD4+CD25high population concurrently exhibited regulatory markers FOXP3, CTLA‐4, GITR, and inflammatory cytokines IL‐2 and IFN‐γ. These human‐induced FOXP3+IFN‐γ+ T cells were shown, for the first time, to markedly inhibit alloreactive T‐cell expansion, similar to nTreg. However, in contrast to nTreg, the induced CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cells did not suppress proliferation against a third party donor stimulus or CMV. This suggested that the cell population possessed a more selective suppressive capacity targeted against the original stimulus only. The induced human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ subset derived from CD25− T cells, while expressing inflammatory cytokines, exhibits a suppressive cell contact‐dependent effect, restricted against T cells responding to the original stimulus. Such unique properties suggest that these cells are potentially ideal for the use as post‐transplant GVH disease prophylaxis.
TLR8‐mediated activation of human monocytes inhibits TL1A expression
Authors: Saruta Masayuki , Michelsen Kathrin S. , Thomas Lisa S. , Yu Qi T. , Landers Carol J. , Targan Stephan R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTLR play important roles in inflammation and innate immune response to pathogens. TLR8 recognizes ssRNA and induces NF‐κB via MyD88 signaling. TL1A is a member of the TNF superfamily that markedly enhances IFN‐γ production by IL‐12/IL‐18‐stimulated peripheral and mucosal CD4+ T cells. TL1A expression is increased in the mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and is considered a key mediator of Crohn's disease (CD). We have previously shown that TL1A is strongly induced by immune complexes (IC) but not TLR ligands in antigen‐presenting cells. However, a potential interaction between these pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways has not been investigated. IC‐induced TL1A expression of monocytes was potently inhibited by a TLR8 or TLR7/8 ligand (R848) in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, when co‐cultured with CD4+ T cells, TLR8 ligands inhibited TL1A production, resulting in almost complete inhibition of IFN‐γ production by the CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IFN‐α is not required for this suppressive effect by TLR8 signaling. Our data demonstrate for the first time a direct interaction between TLR and TL1A signaling pathways. TLR8 activation may be an important, novel pathway for targeted treatment of Th1‐mediated diseases, such as CD.
Promoting MΦ transepithelial migration by stimulating the epithelial cell P2Y2 receptor
Authors: Langlois Christine , Gendron Fernand‐Pierre 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn intestine, neutrophils are recruited in response to bacterial infiltration and their anti‐cellular activities contribute to inflammatory bowel diseases. In contrast, little is known regarding the recruitment of MΦ to the intestinal epithelium. Extracellular adenosine and uridine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP and UTP) can function as leukocyte chemoattractants. We investigated the effects of these nucleotides on the ability of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to promote MΦ transepithelial migration and adhesion. ATP and UTP promoted the migration of neutrophil‐like PLB‐985 cells and MΦ across a Caco‐2 monolayer. The MΦ‐like U‐937 cells adhered to nucleotide‐stimulated IEC monolayers. In mice with intestinal inflammation, there were infiltrating CD68+ MΦ in the colonic epithelium and CD68+ MΦ present at the apical surface of colonocytes. We determined that ATP and UTP activated the P2Y2 receptor P (P2Y2R) to increase ICAM‐1 expression, which mediated the adhesion of MΦ to the apical surface of IEC. Intriguingly, stimulation of IEC with nucleotides did not increase the adhesion of neutrophils. However, in the presence of adherent MΦ, there was adhesion of neutrophils, suggesting that MΦ may serve as anchors for neutrophil adhesion. These studies provide insight into the inflammatory mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory bowel diseases and identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
Depletion of macrophages in mice results in higher dengue virus titers and highlights the role of macrophages for virus control
Authors: Fink Katja , Ng Cedrig , Nkenfou Celine , Vasudevan Subhash G. , van Rooijen Nico , Schul Wouter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonocytes and macrophages are target cells for dengue infection. Besides their potential role for virus replication, activated monocytes/macrophages produce cytokines that may be critical for dengue pathology. To study the in vivo role of monocytes and macrophages for virus replication, we depleted monocytes and macrophages in IFN‐αβγR knockout mice with clodronate liposomes before dengue infection. Although less virus was first recovered in the draining LN in the absence of macrophages, monocyte/macrophage depletion eventually resulted in a ten‐fold higher systemic viral titer. A massive infiltration of CD11b+CD11clowLy6Clow monocytes into infected organs was observed in parallel with increasing virus titers before viremia was controlled. Depletion of monocytes in the blood before or after local infection had no impact on virus titers, suggesting that monocytes are not required as “virus‐shuttles”. Our data provide evidence that systemic viremia is established independently of tissue macrophages present at the site of infection and blood monocytes. Instead, we demonstrate the importance of monocytes/macrophages for the control of dengue virus.
IL‐12 and type I IFN response of neonatal myeloid DC to human CMV infection
Authors: Renneson Joelle , Dutta Binita , Goriely Stanislas , Danis Bénédicte , Lecomte Sandra , Laes Jean‐François , Tabi Zsuzsanna , Goldman Michel , Marchant Arnaud 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing congenital human CMV (HCMV) infection, 15–20% of infected newborns develop severe health problems whereas infection in immunocompetent adults rarely causes illness. The immaturity of neonatal antigen presenting cells could play a pivotal role in this susceptibility. Neonatal myeloid DC were shown to be deficient in IFN‐β and IL‐12 synthesis in response to TLR triggering. We studied the response of cord and adult blood‐derived myeloid DC to HCMV infection. Neonatal and adult DC were equally susceptible to in vitro HCMV infection. Among immunomodulatory cytokines, IL‐12, IFN‐β and IFN‐λ1 were produced at lower levels by neonatal as compared with adult DC. In contrast, neonatal and adult DC produced similar levels of IFN‐α and IFN‐inducible genes. Microarray analysis indicated that among the more than thousand genes up‐ or down‐regulated by HCMV infection of myeloid DC, 88 were differently regulated between adult and neonatal DC. We conclude that neonatal and adult DC trigger a partly different response to HCMV infection. The deficient IL‐12 and mature IFN‐α production by neonatal DC exposed to HCMV are likely to influence the quality of the T lymphocyte response to HCMV infection in early life.
Natural killer cells remember: An evolutionary bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?
Authors: Sun Joseph C. , Lanier Lewis L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSince their discovery three decades ago, NK cells have been classified as cells of the innate immune system. NK cells were shown to respond rapidly and non‐specifically to infection, and were thought to act as a functional “bridge” to sustain the early innate immune response until the later adaptive immune responses could be mounted. In light of new findings showing how NK cells possess nearly all of the features of adaptive immunity including memory, we propose the placement of NK cells as an “evolutionary bridge” between innate and adaptive immunity.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cell activation by combined LPS and IFN‐γ treatment impairs DC development
Authors: Greifenberg Verena , Ribechini Eliana , Rößner Susanne , Lutz Manfred B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMyeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and DC are major controllers of immune responses against tumors or infections. However, it remains unclear how DC development and MDSC suppressor activity both generated from myeloid precursor cells are regulated. Here, we show that the combined treatment of BM‐derived MDSC with LPS plus IFN‐γ inhibited the DC development but enhanced MDSC functions, such as NO release and T‐cell suppression. This was not observed by the single treatments in vitro. In the spleens of healthy mice, we identified two Gr‐1lowCD11bhighLy‐6ChighSSClowMo‐MDSC and Gr‐1highCD11blowPMN‐MDSC populations with suppressive potential, whereas Gr‐1highCD11bhigh neutrophils and Gr‐1lowCD11bhighSSClow eosinophils were not suppressive. Injections of LPS plus IFN‐γ expanded these populations within the spleen but not LN leading to the block of the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. At the same time, their capacity to develop into DC was impaired. Together, our data suggest that spleens of healthy mice contain two subsets of MDSC with suppressive potential. A two‐signal‐program through combined LPS and IFN‐γ treatment expands and fully activates MDSC in vitro and in vivo.
Organization and maintenance of immunological memory by stroma niches
Authors: Tokoyoda Koji , Zehentmeier Sandra , Chang Hyun‐Dong , Radbruch Andreas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractImmunological memory is still one of the enigmas of modern immunology. We poorly understand the generation of memory cells from their precursors, the lifestyle of memory cells or their maintenance, reactivation and termination. Here, we discuss the recent evidence suggesting that memory plasma cells, as defined in this review, and memory Th cells are maintained in the bone marrow, resting (in terms of proliferation) in survival niches organized by dedicated stroma cells, which control the homeostasis of immunological memory.
Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Schmidt Silvia K. , Müller Anika , Heseler Kathrin , Woite Claudia , Spekker Katrin , MacKenzie Colin R. , Däubener Walter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn mammals, the regulation of local tryptophan concentrations by the IFN‐γ‐i inducible enzyme IDO is a prominent antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector mechanism. Here, we show for the first time that another tryptophan‐degrading enzyme, the liver‐specific tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO), is also capable of mediating antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects. Using a tetracycline inducible eukaryotic system, we were able to express recombinant TDO protein, which exhibits functional properties of native TDO. We found that HeLa cells expressing recombinant TDO were capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), parasites (Toxoplasma gondii) and viruses (herpes simplex virus). These TDO‐mediated antimicrobial effects could be blocked by the addition of tryptophan. In addition, we observed that, similar to IDO‐positive cells, TDO‐positive cells were capable of inhibiting anti CD3‐driven T‐cell proliferation and IFN‐γ production. Furthermore, TDO‐positive cells also restricted alloantigen‐induced T‐cell activation. Here, we describe for the first time that TDO mediates antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects and suggest that TDO‐dependent inhibition of T‐cell growth might be involved in the immunotolerance observed in vivo during allogeneic liver transplantation.
Pathways of memory CD8+ T‐cell development
Authors: Bannard Oliver , Kraman Matthew , Fearon Douglas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCD8+ T‐cell responses must have at least two components, a replicative cell type that proliferates in the secondary lymphoid tissue and that is responsible for clonal expansion, and cytotoxic cells with effector functions that mediate the resolution of the infection in the peripheral tissues. To confer memory, the response must also generate replication‐competent T cells that persist in the absence of antigen after the primary infection is cleared. The current models of memory differentiation differ in regards to whether or not memory CD8+ T cells acquire effector functions during their development. In this review we discuss the existing models for memory development and the consequences that the recent finding that memory CD8+ T cells may express granzyme B during their development has for them. We propose that memory CD8+ T cells represent a self‐renewing population of T cells that may acquire effector functions but that do not lose the naïve‐like attributes of lymphoid homing, antigen‐independent persistence or the capacity for self‐renewal.
Inhomogeneous Magnet NaMnIII[BP2O7(OH)3]: Ferromagnetic Clusters Inserted in a Metamagnetic Matrix
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhang Yan , Lin Jianhua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNaMnIII[BP2O7(OH)3] (1) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The manganese(III) cations are coordinated in a tetragonal‐elongated octahedral environment, indicating the possible large magnetic anisotropy. The MnO6 octahedra are interconnected by BO4/PO4 groups, forming a 3D triclinic net of MnIII backbone. Detailed dc and ac magnetic measurements have been conducted, and a preliminary H–T phase diagram is deduced accordingly. Compound 1 adopts an unusual magnetic inhomogeneous model, consisting of ferromagnetic clusters and a metamagnetic background: At the paramagnetic temperature region, the Curie–Weiss fit shows that the manganese atoms are all in the high spin state (S = 2), and the predominant interaction is ferromagnetic. An antiferromagnetic ground state forms at approximately 10 K, the isothermal magnetizations between 6.5 and 10 K show the typical metamagnetism. At approximately 6.5 K, a short‐range ordering of the ferromagnetic cluster occurs. Below 3.5 K, the ferromagnetic clusters tend to be frozen at low external field, and the inhomogeneous magnetism can be clearly indicated by the isothermal magnetizations below 3 K. This unusual magnetism cannot be understood by the popular mechanism in doped manganese perovskites, which are well known to be magnetically inhomogeneous because of the mixed valence of manganese. In compound 1, one of the possible reasons for this unusual behaviour is the competition between magnetic superexchange interactions and the large magnetic anisotropy of MnIII.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Phosphorescence Color Alteration by Changing Counter Anions on Tetrahedral Gold(I) Complexes; Intra‐ and Interligand π–π Interactions
Authors: Osawa Masahisa , Kawata Isao , Igawa Satoshi , Tsuboyama Akira , Hashizume Daisuke , Hoshino Mikio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTetrahedral gold(I) complexes containing the diphosphaneligand [dppb = 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)benzene], [Au(dppb)2]X {X = Cl (1), BF4 (2) and PF6 (3)}, were prepared and characterized by X‐ray structural analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 have almost the same structure with two dppb ligands, which are symmetrically coordinated to the Au atom in the crystal. However, the two dppb ligands of 3 are asymmetrically bound to the gold(I) stom in the crystal. Both colorless complexes 1 and 2 exhibit intense blue phosphorescence with peak maxima at 481 nm (Φp = 0.86) for 1 and 490 nm (Φp = 0.90) for 2, respectively. The pale yellow complex 3 shows weak yellow‐orange phosphorescence with a peak maximum at 596 nm (Φp = 0.04). A small conformational change in the crystal, which is caused by changing the counter anion, dramatically alters the optical properties of the tetrahedral gold(I) complexes in the solid state. The difference in the absorption and phosphorescence spectra between 1 and 3 has been interpreted on the basis of molecular arrangement including packing structures of the complexes and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Polycationic States of Oligoanilines Based on Wurster's Blue
Authors: Ito Akihiro , Sakamaki Daisuke , Ino Haruhiro , Taniguchi Aya , Hirao Yasukazu , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Kanemoto Katsuichi , Kato Tatsuhisa 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolycations of two oligoanilines based on Wurster's blue,N,N′,N″‐tris[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]‐N,N′,N″‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐benzenetriamine (2) and N,N′‐bis(3‐{N‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]‐N‐methylamino}phenyl)‐N,N′‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (3), have been generated efficiently by a stepwise oxidation procedure. Their redox behavior was characterized in terms of the embedded p‐phenylenediamine (PD) units and their intramolecular connectivity. EPR analysis of the oxidized 2 and 3 species revealed the existence of high‐spin species in solution. It was found that spin multiplicities of the dominant polycationic species of 2 and 3 formed by 3 equiv. of oxidant can be assigned to quartet and doublet states, respectively on the basis of pulsed EPR spectroscopy. These results demonstrate that the intramolecular connectivity between the spin‐containing units decisively influences the spin preference of the multispin systems based on oligoanilines.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Enol Nitrosation Revisited: Determining Reactivity of Ambident Nucleophiles
Authors: García‐Río Luis , Mejuto Juan C. , Parajó Mercedes , Pérez‐Lorenzo Moisés 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnols are one of the most important types of ambident nucleophiles being widely used as reagents in organic chemistry. The relevance of enols has led to considerable interest in developing methods to determine the reactivity of their nucleophilic centers. In this sense, the mainstream literature works on this topic make use of a combination of overall rate constants together with the analysis of the reaction products. By knowing the product ratio it is possible to determine the ratio between the reaction rates on each site. Thus, the reactivity for each nucleophilic position can be obtained. This is a reliable approach as long as the isolation or in situ characterization of the reaction products can be carried out. In the case of unstable and/or interconvertible products where the use of identification techniques is not possible, an alternative methodology must be found. For that reason, our research group has developed a model that allows us to study and quantify separately the reaction rates of enol nucleophilic centers even if only one final reaction product is obtained. This model is based on the fact that nitrosation of enols shows well‐differentiated behavior depending on whether the reaction proceeds through the carbon or the oxygen atom. The present study provides insights into the ambident nature of enols as well as a methodology for determining the chemical reactivity of their nucleophilic centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
An Efficient Synthesis of an Orthogonally Protected Aromatic Diamine as Scaffold for Tweezer Receptors with Two Different Arms
Authors: Kuchelmeister Hannes Y. , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of a new versatile template, 3‐(N‐Boc‐aminomethyl)‐5‐(N‐Fmoc‐aminomethyl)benzoic acid (1), was developed and is hereby reported. The key feature of the synthetic strategy is the selective mono reduction of a symmetric diazide using a biphasic reaction mixture. The mono reduction allows the sequential introduction of two orthogonal protecting groups – e.g., Fmoc and Boc. This building block can be used as a scaffold for the solid‐phase synthesis of dipodal or cyclic peptidic receptors. It allows the preparation of tweezer receptors with unsymmetrically substituted side arms and therefore for the implementation of an enhanced structural and functional diversity in comparison to symmetric tweezers.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)