bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐surgical embryo auto‐transfer in the mare
Authors: BOWEN M. JILL , SALSBURY J. M. , BOWEN J. M. , KRAEMER D. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe feasibility of collecting equine embryos non‐surgically and returning them non‐surgically to the same donor mare for the continuation of that pregnancy is described. Sixteen reproductively normal, cycling mares were the subject of 65 embryo collection attempts between May and October. The embryo was held outside the mare for three different time spans (0, 2 and 4 h) before replacing it into the uterus of the same animal. Two different methods of non‐surgical embryo collection were compared. From 23 collections that involved flushing only the ipsilateral uterine horn on Day 6 post ovulation, 12 embryos (52 per cent) were recovered. From 31 collections that involved flushing the whole uterus on Day 8, 25 embryos (81 per cent) were recovered. None of the non‐surgical auto‐transfers resulted in a full term pregnancy. In 11 mares in which single horn flushing on Day 6 had not produced an embryo, reflushing the whole uterus on Day 8 also failed to yield any embryos.There was no significant difference in the onset of the next oestrus in mares flushed on Day 6 as compared with Day 8, nor did the overall mean (± sd) oestrous cycle lengths of these flushed mares (21.5 ± 4.75 days) differ from those of normal, unflushed mares. Mares that had an embryo replaced in their uteri, either on Day 6 or Day 8, showed no prolongation of their oestrous cycles.
Physiological and commercial parameters for producing progeny from subfertile mares by embryo transfer
Authors: DOUGLAS R. H. , BURNS P. J. , HERSHMAN LIZBETH 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe cost effectiveness of using embryo transfer for producing progeny from subfertile donors is assessed. A total of 146 embryo recovery attempts performed on 34 subfertile donor mares yielded 41 transferable embryos (28 per cent recovery rate) from 27 of these mares. Non‐surgical transfer of these embryos achieved an overall pregnancy rate of 54 per cent. Therefore, the efficiency of producing a pregnancy from sub‐fertile donors was about 15 per cent per mated oestrous cycle. Financial calculations based on cost of materials and the maintenance of recipient mares indicates that a commercial embryo transfer unit would have to charge in excess of US8000 per pregnancy to realise a profit.
The head (Part 2)
Authors: WYN‐JONES G. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, emphasis is laid on the fallibility of radiology when used in isolation and its use to complement other investigative procedures, such as endoscopy, is encouraged.
A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus
Authors: BRAMLAGE L. R. , SCHNEIDER R. K. , GABEL A. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryClinical experience continues to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of pain and injury within the carpal joints. The anatomical and physiological capacity of the equine carpus to neutralise loading stress plays a significant role in the prevention of carpal injury. The ability of joint surfaces to dissipate axial force by transfer to the interosseous ligaments is the principal means by which carpal injury is avoided. In the medial aspect of the intercarpal joint and the dorsal aspect of the radial carpal joint, however, the effects of chronic maximal stress and isolated acute supraphysiological loads cannot be neutralised. Progressive osseous remodelling and stress induced changes within the bone, which outstrip its ability to accommodate increasing loads, lead to the loss of structural integrity and fracture in horses in training.
The effect of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthrosis on stromelysin (proteoglycanase) of equine synovial cell origin
Authors: MAY S. A. , HOOKE REBECCA E. , LEES R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThere is increasing evidence that the proteoglycan‐degrading neutral metalloproteinase, stromelysin, is a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Equine synovial lining cells were stimulatedin vitroto produce stromelysin, and phenylbutazone, flunixin, betamethasone, sodium hyaluronate and polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) were tested for their ability to inhibit the action of this enzyme on14C‐labelled casein substrate. Only PSGAG possessed inhibitory activity at concentrations likely to be achieved therapeutically in the equine fetlock joint.
Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses
Authors: SCHNEIDER R.K. , BRAMLAGE L.R. , GABEL A.A. , BARONE L.M. , KANTROWITZ B.M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe medical records and radiographs of all horses with a third carpal bone fracture admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1979 to 1987 were reviewed. Three hundred and seventy‐one fractures were found in 313 horses; 57 per cent were Standardbreds, 41 per cent were Thoroughbreds, and only 1.6 per cent were Quarterhorses. All were young racehorses (average age = 3.1 years). Third carpal fractures occurred more frequently in the right limb (60 per cent) than the left limb (40 per cent); Thoroughbreds had a greater right‐left disparity (67.5 per cent R, 27.1 per cent L).Fractures were classified according to their size and anatomical location within the third carpal bone: incomplete fractures of the radial facet (type 1, N = 39), large proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 2, N = 140), small proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 3, N = 18), medial corner fractures (type 4, N = 13), frontal plane slab fractures of the radial facet (type 5, N = 93), large frontal plane slab fractures involving both the radial and intermediate facets (type 6, N = 35), fractures of the intermediate facet (type 7 N = 13), and sagittal slab fractures (type 8, N = 20). The incidence of each fracture type was significantly different between Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Type 1 and 2 fractures were more common in Standardbreds; type 5 and 6 fractures were more common in Thoroughbreds. Differences between these two breeds are related to the different gaits at which they race. The classification more accurately describes the extent of injury and the variation in fractures observed in this study than the traditional division as chips or slabs. A high quality skyline projection is important in correctly identifying these fractures; over 10 per cent of the fractures were detected only on this view.
Some observations on lameness associated with pain in the proximal metacarpal region
Authors: DYSON SUE 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe carpus and metacarpus of 40 horses which were free from lameness and 40 horses with lameness associated with the metacarpophalangeal joint or more distal limb were examined radiographically (Group A). The opacity of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone was regular, with a uniform trabecular pattern. Osseous cyst‐like lesions (OCLLs) were identified in the radial carpal bone (1), the ulnar carpal bone (2), the second carpal bone (15) and the fourth carpal bone (1).Thirty‐one of 638 horses (4.8 per cent) with forelimb lameness had pain localised to the proximal metacarpal region using local anaesthesia (Group B). All these horses were examined radiographically and an ultrasonographic examination was performed in seven. No definitive diagnosis was reached in 16 horses, seven of which had an OCLL in one of the carpal bones or the second metacarpal bone. One horse had, in addition to a poorly defined lucent area in the second carpal bone, radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease of the carpometacarpal joint and an hypoechoic lesion in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One horse had an hypoechoic lesion in the proximal part of the suspensory ligament.Abnormalities of the trabecular structure of the third metacarpal bone were identified in 13 horses. In 11 of these there was a vertically orientated lucent line, usually surrounded by sclerotic bone. These lucent lines may represent fatigue fractures seen end on. In one horse an horizontal lucent line was seen. One of these 13 horses also had a lesion in the proximal part of the suspensory ligament.Ten of the 13 (77 per cent) horses with presumed fractures of the third metacarpal bone recovered completely, whereas only eight of the 16 (50 per cent) horses in which no definitive diagnosis was reached returned to their former function.
Clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic findings associated with enthesitis of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joint in Standardbred racehorses
Authors: BOERO M. J. , KNELLER S. K. , BAKER G. J. , METCALF M. R. , TWARDOCK A. R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryInjury of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joints was diagnosed in nine Standardbred pacers. The average age was 4.9 years. The severity of the lameness varied from severe to subtle and joint effusion was seen in eight of 10 tarsocrural joints. A positive hindlimb flexion test was seen in four of six cases in which results were recorded. The identificaiton of the site of involvement was based on a focal intense ‘hot spot’ seen on scintigraphy, and new bone formation seen radiographically at the anatomical sites of insertion of the long lateral collateral ligament of the tarsocrural joint in nine limbs and the short lateral collateral ligament in one limb. The authors believe this injury to be enthesitis caused by the cyclic trauma of training and racing speed. The primary therapy was rest. Of six cases which returned to training, three raced as well or better than before injury.
The use of radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of tibial ‘stress' fractures in the horse: a review of five cases
Authors: PILSWORTH R.C. , WEBBON P. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryFive horses, all two year old Thoroughbreds, presented with acute onset hindlimb lameness following moderate to fast exercise. The use of a hand‐held scintillation detector after Tc99 MDP injection greatly aided the diagnosis of tibial stress fractures in these horses. Radiological findings were subtle, involving only periosteal new bone and callus at the fracture site. In two cases this took several weeks to develop but in three others was present at the onset of lameness, indicating insidious pre‐fracture bone pathology. The site of the most obvious radiological signs was constant in all five cases, being the proximal lateral tibia some 8 to 9 cm from the femoro‐tibial joint surface. The diagnosis of five cases of tibial fracture in one racing season suggests that this condition has been underdiagnosed in the past in this clinic, prior to the availability of bone scanning.
Non‐invasive measurement of bone: A review of clinical and research applications in the horse
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B. , BUCKINGHAM S. H. W. , McCARTHY R. N. , CLEELAND J. C. , SCOTTI E. , McCartney R. N. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe current methods for non‐invasive measurement of bone quality are reviewed. In the horse this has traditionally involved the use of radiography, but there are now two other modalities available for the critical evaluation of cortical bone quality and strength. These utilisesingle photon absorptiometryandultrasound velocity.Photon absorptiometry gives a direct measurement of bone mineral content, by using a monoenergetic radionuclide source, and transverse ultrasound velocity in bone gives a measure of bone stiffness or elasticity. They can both be used conveniently on the metacarpus of the conscious horse. Both ultrasound velocity and bone mineral content can be used as accurate indicators of skeletal maturity. In addition, the effects of disuse on bone and certain types of lameness can be monitored accurately. Preliminary data show an association with exercise in young and mature horses. There also appears to be considerable scope forin vivoresearch of bone changes in horses produced by immobilisation, weightlessness, exercise and nutrition.
Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness II: Distribution of ground reaction force patterns of the concurrently loaded limbs
Authors: MERKENS H.W. , SCHAMHARDT H.C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryForce plate and high‐speed film data from a group of six walking horses were used to study the distribution of the ground reaction forces (GRF) of the concurrently loaded limbs. Three different degrees of supporting lameness were induced in a forelimb or a hindlimb using modified horse shoes. In all experiments the alterations in the distribution in the transverse horizontal GRF (Fx) were small. During unilateral forelimb lameness, the decreased longitudinal horizontal GRF (Fy) was compensated by an increase of the Fy forces of the contralateral forelimb and the ipsilateral hindlimb. The decreased vertical GRF (Fz) of the lame limb was compensated by an increase of the Fz amplitudes of the contralateral forelimb during the swing phase of the lame limb and increased Fz forces of both the diagonal and the ipsilateral hindlimbs during the stance phase of the lame limb. During unilateral hindlimb lameness the decreases in the deceleration Fy forces of the lame hindlimb were mainly compensated by increased propulsion forces in the contralateral hindlimb and small increases of the Fy forces of both forelimbs. The decreased Fz forces of the lame hindlimb were mainly compensated by increased Fz forces of the diagonal forelimb and smaller increases in Fz forces in the ipsilateral forelimb during the stance phase. During the swing phase of the lame hindlimb small compensatory increases were found in the contralateral hindlimb. Decreased peak amplitudes and impulses in the lame limb, and compensatory increases in the two or three concurrently loaded limbs, resulted in significant decreases in left‐to‐right symmetry percentages between forelimbs as well as hindlimbs during the different degrees of one limb lameness.
Instant centres of rotation of equine limb joints and their relationship to standard skin marker locations
Authors: LEACH D. H. , DYSON SUE 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe instant centres of rotation (ICRs) of each limb joint, other than the coxofemoral joint and those of the digits, were calculated for eight clinically sound horses from tracings of radiographs according to the method of Reuleaux (1963).The majority of ICR positions coincided with the attachment sites of the collateral ligaments. The ICR of the scapulohumeral joint, which does not have collateral ligaments, was caudodistal to the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus. The ICR for the femorotibial joint was located just caudal to the femoral attachment of the collateral ligament.The location of the ICRs calculated for the two joint carpal joint complex was displaced caudad during extreme flexion of the carpus and differed from those calculated separately for either the antebrachiocarpal joint or the intercarpal joint. Interpretation of these ICR positions was confounded by complex spatial motion changes which occur between the carpal bones.The sites used for skin marker positions in equine locomotion and conformation research generally agree with the ICR positions, particularly for the humeroradial, tarsocrural, and metacarpo‐ and metatarsophalangeal joints. Traditional marker sites used for the scapulohumeral and femorotibial joints would result in overestimation and underestimation respectively of the caudal joint angles.Inaccuracy of marker placement, together with movement of skin markers and non‐planar motion during joint angulation, limit accurate biokinematic measurement of limb joint angles during locomotion and conformation analysis.
Arthrodesis of the equine distal tarsal joints by perforated stainless steel cylinders
Authors: ARCHER R. M. , SCHNEIDER R. K. , LINDSAY W. A. , WILSON J. W. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryPerforated stainless steel cylinders filled with autogenous cancellous bone were implanted in the distal tarsal joints of four horses. Graft cell survival was poor two weeks after surgery in one horse. In two horses, at 10 months there was partial arthrodesis of the joints with incorporation of the implants into the osseous union. The implants were filled with vascularised woven bone. These two horses were sound nine months after surgery. One horse fractured its third tarsal bone and was still positive to a hock flexion test 12 months after surgery.
Detection of early pregnancy in mares by the Rosette Inhibition Test and measurement of serum progesterone
Authors: BRANCO M. D. L. , KUCHEMBUCK M. R. G. , PAPA F. O. , FILHO E. P. CAMPOS 
Published: June 2010

SummaryEarly pregnancy factor (EPF) appears to be a protein complex that depends on pregnancy. It has been detected in the serum of several animal species using the Rosette Inhibition Test. In the present study 30 adult, Mangalarga mares with normal reproductive activity were divided into two groups: an experimental group which were mated and/or inseminated, and an unmated control group. In the experimental group, blood samples were taken on the 7th, 14th and 21st days after ovulation. In the control group, blood samples were collected from seven mares in oestrus and eight in dioestrus. In the control group the Rosette Inhibition Titre (RIT) ranged from 3 to 8 × 103, whereas in the experimental group a RIT higher than 8 × 103 was considered an indication of the presence of EPF. Serum progesterone concentrations on Day 7 were equal to or greater than those measured in the mated mares on Day 14 or Day 21.
Allyl trenbolone and flunixin meglumine treatment of mares with repeated embryonic loss
Authors: DARENIUS KERSTIN , FREDRIKSSON G. , KINDAHL H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTwo mares being monitored in a project concerning early foetal death failed to maintain their pregnancies despite improved management. They repeatedly lost their conceptuses so one was treated with allyl trenbolone and the other with flunixin meglumine from Day 10 of gestation. Treatment with allyl trenbolone until Day 70 of gestation maintained pregnancy despite regression of the primary corpus luteum and the resulting low levels of endogenous progesterone in peripheral plasma during one month; secondary corpora lutea developed at the expected time. In the other mare with a history of premature release of prostaglandin F2α, treatment with flunixin meglumine until Day 60 of gestation inhibited prostaglandin F2α synthesis and luteal function was maintained.
Patterns of growth and regression of ovarian follicles during the oestrous cycle and after hemiovariectomy in mares
Authors: SIROIS J. , BALL B. A. , FORTUNE J. E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTo increase our understanding of the regulation of ovarian follicular development during the oestrous cycle, 13 mares were used in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the pattern of growth and regression of individual follicles, 15 mm or more in size, was monitored daily during 17 oestrous cycles by real‐time ultrasonography. Each examination was recorded on videotape to ensure accurate monitoring of individual follicles. Results indicated that the development of such follicles occurs in waves, with the most common pattern being one follicular wave per oestrous cycle (12 of 17 cycles). An alternative pattern of two follicular waves per cycle was observed in mares with (n=3) and without (n=2) dioestrous ovulations. The ovulatory follicle appeared earlier in the cycle in mares with one wave than in mares with two waves (Day 6.3 ± 0.9 vs Day 11.0 ± 1.2, respectively; p<0.01). Also, the ovulatory follicle was the largest follicle for a longer period of time in mares with one wave than in mares with two waves per cycle (9.5 ± 0.6 vs 5.8 ± 0.3 days, respectively; p<0.01). Mares with one follicular wave had shorter cycles than those with two waves per cycle (18.2 ± 0.6 vs 21.6 ± 0.5 days, p<0.001). In both cases, the interval between the appearance of the ovulatory follicle and its ovulation was, on average, 10 to 12 days. Overall, a negative correlation was found between the relative size of the ovulatory follicle at the beginning of the follicular phase and the length of the follicular phase (r=‐0.91, p<0.001). To study the control of follicular recruitment, patterns of follicular growth were monitored in nine mares following removal of the ovary bearing the presumptive ovulatory follicle (Experiment 2). Hemiovariectomies were performed between Day 14 of dioestrus and the fourth day of oestrus. Follicular dynamics were characterised by the development of one follicular wave that produced one to three ovulatory follicles in seven of nine mares. The ovulatory follicle reached 15 mm or more 6.3 ± 1.5 days following surgery and the interval from hemiovariectomy to ovulation was 13.7 ± 1.3 days. Two of nine mares hemiovariectomised on Day 14 failed to undergo complete luteolysis after the ovary bearing the ovulatory follicle, but not the corpus luteum, was excised. These mares had not ovulated by 30 days after surgery, although follicular waves producing ovulatory size follicles were observed. This study indicated that the development of ovarian follicles 15 mm or larger in the mare occurs in waves, with a more common pattern of one wave and an alternative pattern of two waves per oestrous cycle.
Differences in protein content of uterine fluid related to duration of progesterone treatment in ovariectomised mares used as embryo recipients
Authors: HINRICHS KATRIN , KENNEY R. M. , SHARP D. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOvariectomised, progesterone‐treated mares were used to test the effect of two different durations of progesterone treatment on pregnancy rate after embryo transfer, and to examine the effect of duration of progesterone treatment on the secretion of uterine proteins. Ovariectomised mares were assigned to one of two groups: ‘synchronous’ mares, given progesterone from two days after the date of ovulation of a potential donor mare; or ‘asynchronous’ mares administered progesterone from five to seven days before the predicted date of ovulation of a potential donor mare. The day of ovulation of a given donor mare was designated Day 0. Four procedures were performed using both synchronous and asynchronous mares: no transfer; sham transfer at Day 7; embryo transfer at Day 7 resulting in pregnancy on Day 14; and embryo transfer at Day 7 resulting in no pregnancy at Day 14. Uterine fluid was collected from the recipient mares either at Day 7, or seven days after embryo, or sham, transfer (Day 14). This schedule resulted in uterine fluid being recovered after the mares had been treated with progesterone for three different durations: five days (synchronous recipients flushed at Day 7); 12 to 15 days (synchronous recipients flushed at Day 14 or asynchronous recipients flushed at Day 7); and 19 to 21 days (asynchronous recipients flushed at Day 14). Total concentration of protein in uterine fluid tended (P= 0.08) to increase with the duration of progesterone treatment, and the main effect of procedure also tended (P = 0.06) to affect protein content. Acid phosphatase content of uterine flushings was significantly (p<0.05) affected by duration of progesterone treatment, being ten‐fold higher after 19 to 21 days of treatment than after five days of treatment. Characterisation of proteins in uterine fluid by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not reveal striking qualitative differences in protein patterns, except for a protein apparent in uterine fluid from the two mares treated with progesterone for five days only (synchronous, no‐transfer group). This protein was not observed at other stages.