bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon pool and biomass dynamics associated with deforestation, land use, and agricultural abandonment in the neotropics
Authors: Kauffman J. Boone , Hughes R. Flint , Heider Chris 
Published: June 2009

Current rates of deforestation and the resulting C emissions in the tropics exceed those of secondary forest regrowth and C sequestration. Changing land‐use strategies that would maintain standing forests may be among the least expensive of climate change mitigation options. Further, secondary tropical forests have been suggested to have great value for their potential to sequester atmospheric C. These options require an understanding of and capability to quantify C dynamics at landscape scales. Because of the diversity of physical and biotic features of tropical forests as well as approaches and intensities of land uses within the neotropics, there are tremendous differences in the capacity of different landscapes to store and sequester C. Major gaps in our current knowledge include quantification of C pools, rates and patterns of biomass loss following land‐cover change, and quantification of the C storage potential of secondary forests following abandonment. In this paper we present a synthesis and further analyses from recent studies that describe C pools, patterns of C decline associated with land use, and rates of C accumulation following secondary‐forest establishment—all information necessary for climate‐change mitigation options.Ecosystem C pools of Neotropical primary forests minimally range from ∼141 to 571 Mg/ha, demonstrating tremendous differences in the capacity of different forests to store C. Most of the losses in C and nutrient pools associated with conversion occur when fires are set to remove the slashed forest to prepare sites for crop or pasture establishment. Fires burning slashed primary forests have been found to result in C losses of 62–80% of prefire aboveground pools in dry (deciduous) forest landscapes and 29–57% in wet (evergreen) forest landscapes. Carbon emissions equivalent to the aboveground primary‐forest pool arise from repeated fires occurring in the first 4 to 10 years following conversion. Feedbacks of climate change, land‐cover change, and increasing habitat fragmentation may result in increases of both the area burned and the total quantity of biomass consumed per unit area by fire. These effects may well limit the capacity for future tropical forests to sequester C and nutrients.
Predicting Argentine ant spread over the heterogeneous landscape using a spatially explicit stochastic model
Authors: Pitt Joel P. W. , Worner Sue P. , Suarez Andrew V. 
Published: June 2009

The characteristics of spread for an invasive species should influence how environmental authorities or government agencies respond to an initial incursion. High‐resolution predictions of how, where, and the speed at which a newly established invasive population will spread across the surrounding heterogeneous landscape can greatly assist appropriate and timely risk assessments and control decisions.The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a worldwide invasive species that was inadvertently introduced to New Zealand in 1990. In this study, a spatially explicit stochastic simulation model of species dispersal, integrated with a geographic information system, was used to recreate the historical spread ofL. humilein New Zealand. High‐resolution probabilistic maps simulating local and human‐assisted spread across large geographic regions were used to predict dispersal rates and pinpoint at‐risk areas. The spatially explicit simulation model was compared with a uniform radial spread model with respect to predicting the observed spread of the Argentine ant. The uniform spread model was more effective predicting the observed populations early in the invasion process, but the simulation model was more successful later in the simulation. Comparison between the models highlighted that different search strategies may be needed at different stages in an invasion to optimize detection and indicates the influence that landscape suitability can have on the long‐term spread of an invasive species.The modeling and predictive mapping methodology used can improve efforts to predict and evaluate species spread, not only in invasion biology, but also in conservation biology, diversity studies, and climate change studies.
What's your story? Practitioners' tacit knowledge and water demand management policies in southern Africa and Canada
Authors: Wolfe S. E. 
Published: June 2009

Water efficiency research has focused on consumption rates and the tools—for example, pricing—designed to modify consumers' demand. But municipal practitioners can also be a highly influential group and have been neglected in the conventional water demand management (WDM) research.
To understand better how to make WDM policy implementation more successful, practitioners “tacit knowledge” must be identified and examined. Tacit knowledge consists of deep beliefs and values about the way the world works and is important. Grounded in practical experience, tacit knowledge is informal, unspoken and often difficult to articulate. People may not even be consciously aware of their tacit knowledge; rather, their deepest beliefs and values operate as an implicit and unquestioned background understanding that shapes how they see the world and act within it. Tacit knowledge influences why practitioners are concerned about WDM, how they act on that concern and what they say about the issue when they talk to their colleagues.
Identifying and understanding the potential influence of tacit knowledge would be tremendously valuable for day-to-day practices in growing municipalities and for government agencies that are responsible for infrastructure and sustainable development. By understanding practitioners' learning processes, their rationale for action and the organizational cultures in which they operate, it will be possible to make more informed policy recommendations.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs: 34 cases (2000–2007)
Authors: Granick Jennifer L. , Armstrong P. Jane , Bender Jeff B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine demographic characteristics of dogs from the upper Midwest infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and identify clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities and response to treatment.
Design—Retrospective case series and owner telephone survey.
Animals—34 dogs with granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Procedures—Records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic and serologic findings, and treatment. Owners were contacted by telephone within 4 months after dogs were discharged.
Results—Median age was 8 years. Distribution of month of diagnosis was bimodal, with 15 dogs examined during May or June and 11 others examined during October or November. Camping and hiking were the most frequently reported tick exposure activities. Lethargy (25/34) and anorexia (21/34) were the most common initial complaints, fever was the most common clinical sign (27/32), and thrombocytopenia was the most common clinicopathologic abnormality (21/22). Fifteen of 20 dogs were seropositive for antibodies against A phagocytophilum. Doxycycline was prescribed for 31 dogs, and clinical signs and fever resolved within 3 to 5 days. Median time for platelet count to return to reference limits was 7 days. No owners reported clinical sequelae when contacted after dogs were discharged.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that granulocytic anaplasmosis should be suspected in dogs in endemic areas examined because of fever, lethargy, or thrombocytopenia, especially in dogs examined during the late spring or early fall. Treatment with doxycycline was successful in resolving clinical signs and thrombocytopenia.
Use of an endoscope in minimally invasive lesion biopsy and removal within the skull and cranial vault in two dogs and one cat
Authors: Klopp Lisa S. , Ridgway Marcella 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Case Description—2 dogs and 1 cat underwent endoscopic-assisted intracranial procedures for lesion biopsy (1 dog and 1 cat) and definitive lesion removal (1 dog).
Clinical Findings—1 cat was treated for an interhemispheric, pedunculated meningioma with an associated arachnoid cyst. Two dogs underwent endoscopic surgery procedures; 1 dog underwent removal of an intranasal dermoid cyst with extension to the olfactory bulb dura, and the other underwent lesion biopsy for histologic confirmation of suspected intracranial granular cell tumor.
Treatment and Outcome—Minimally invasive intracranial procedures were achieved by use of an endoscope to aid in lesion biopsy in a dog and a cat with neoplasia and complete lesion removal in 1 dog with a dermoid cyst. No obvious morbidity from the use of the endoscope was observed. Rapid recovery from surgery was seen in all 3 animals, and hospitalization times were a few days.
Clinical Relevance—In human and veterinary neurosurgery, minimally invasive surgical approaches for diagnosis and treatment are gaining in popularity. Minimally invasive techniques are used to achieve a decrease in surgical time, minimize brain exposure, and decrease postoperative recovery times. Keyhole and minimally invasive approaches require some degree of dexterity and knowledge of where the endoscope is in a 3-dimensional orientation and its relationship to the topography of an anatomic region. Anticipation of complications should allow for potential conversion to an open craniotomy. Use of the endoscope in minimally invasive procedures is associated with a steep learning curve to understand orientation, topography, and normal versus abnormal anatomy.
Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp among cattle admitted to a veterinary medical teaching hospital
Authors: Cummings Kevin J. , Divers Thomas J. , McDonough Patrick L. , Warnick Lorin D. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp among bovine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital, to identify risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms, and to characterize the serotypes.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Sample Population—5,398 hospitalized cattle.
Procedures—Data were collected for all cattle admitted during an 11-year period. Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp was determined by means of standard bacteriologic culture. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for shedding of Salmonella spp among patients.
Results—The prevalence of Salmonella shedding among clinical suspects was 6.5% (50/768), whereas that among nonsuspects tested through routine surveillance was 2.5% (50/2,020). Among clinical suspect calves, fecal shedding of Salmonella spp was more likely for those admitted in the fall (odds ratio [OR], 5.9), those with septicemia (OR, 3.3), or those with an umbilical hernia (OR, 8.6). Among clinical suspect adult cattle, those with enteritis (OR, 9.9) or metritis (OR, 5.2) were more likely to be shedding Salmonella spp. Among nonsuspect cattle, none of the variables were significant predictors of shedding status. Twenty-one serotypes were detected during the study period, with the most common being Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium (33%), Newport (23%), and Agona (12%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Seasonal and disease risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella spp were evident among clinical suspect cattle admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. In contrast, lack of significant associations among nonsuspect cattle would suggest that targeted screening within this population is not warranted.
Chronic microbial infections: Manipulation of host immunity as interventional approach
Authors: Akbar Sheikh Mohammad Fazle , Khan Md Sakirul Islam , Mishiro Shunji 
Published: June 2009

Chronic viral infections represent major challenges in contemporary medicine, virology and pharmacology. The virus-bearing hosts are commonly found in every parts of the world and it is extremely difficult to manage these patients. In addition, considerable numbers of these patients develop progressive diseases and severe complications. Finally, most of these patients act as permanent reservoirs of virus. Understandings of viral life cycle during the last decade of 20th century and the first decade of 21st century have allowed development of hundreds of antiviral agents for different diseases. But, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is not yet satisfactory. In addition, virologists have provided conclusive evidences suggesting that eradication of most chronic virus from infected hosts may an unachievable goal. In this context, it is essential to develop alternative, novel, and evidence-based therapeutic maneuver for these patients. Manipulation of host immune system may be one of these approaches. We would discuss about scopes, limitations, and strategies for manipulation for controlling of chronic viral infections. The primary function of the host's immune system is to mount responses that protect the individual from various microbial infections including viruses. Host's immune responses also control the spread and virulence of the viruses [1]. This is applicable to viruses that cause acute infection. After entering the hosts, these viruses are localized in host's tissues, proliferate and induce antiviral immunity. These cellular events may cause damage and destruction of tissues and the host exhibit features of acute inflammatory diseases. However, the viruses are either almost completely eliminated from the hosts or adequately controlled in situ by host's immune systems. However, chronic infection is established by many viruses because the hosts induce improper and uncoordinated immune responses against these viruses. Most viruses cause persistent infection by evading the host immune surveillance mechanism. Both virus-related factors and host-dependent factors are primarily responsible for viral persistency in subjects with chronic viral infections. doi: 10.3329/blj.v1i1.2620 Bangladesh Liver Journal Vol.1(1) 2009 p.13-19
Characterization of incidentally detected asymptomatic hepatitis B positive subjects in Egypt
Authors: Shiha G , Samir W , Zalata K , Seif S , Moanis A , Gabre M , Elfakhry A , Metwally M 
Published: June 2009

Background: Although chronic hepatitis B virus infection is relatively common in Egypt, the incidental discovery of asymptomatic forms have not been well studied. Aim: To characterize the clinical, serological and histological liver damage among incidentally detected asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive subjects (IDAHS) in Egypt. Methods:We prospectively studied 70 consecutive IDAHS patients. Tests for liver function, serological markers for HBV, HCV, HDV and schistosomiasis were performed for all patients. HBV DNA was determined by the branched DNA technique and PCR. Liver biopsy specimens from 44 patients were studied and scored for activity and fibrosis stage by modified Knodell score and the METAVIR score. HBsAg and HBcAg were immunohistochemically evaluated in the liver tissue. Results: Of the studied 70 patients, 57 (81.6%) were HBeAg-negative and 13 (18.4%) were HBeAg-positive. Hepatic transaminases in HBeAg-positive patients were significantly elevated when compared to HBeAg-negative patients. HBV DNA was detected in only 3% of patients by the b-DNA technique and in 97% by PCR. Pathological examination of liver tissue revealed mild activity in 21 (47.7%) patients. Additionally, 21 patients (47.7%) revealed mild to moderate expansion of portal areas by fibrosis while 7 patients (15.9%) of them showed bridging fibrosis. None of the patients were cirrhotic. Conclusion: The majority of IDAHS subjects are HBeAg negative without elevation of hepatic transaminases. However, they should be considered as patients since viremia is detected in almost all cases using PCR technique, and histopathological evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection is present in varying degrees. Key words: Asymptomatic hepatitis B, histopathology, Modified Knodell, METAVIR. doi: 10.3329/blj.v1i1.2621 Bangladesh Liver Journal Vol.1(1) 2009 p20-27
Seroprevalence of HBsAg among blood donarâs in Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barisal
Authors: Mahmood G , Debnath CR , Biswas B 
Published: June 2009

Hepatitis B virus infection is a global health problem. About 350 to 400 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B in the world. This is a retrospective study carried out in the department of transfusion medicine, Sher- E-Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal, during the period 1st January to 31st December 2007, among the blood donors who attended for blood donation. During this period 12,914 patients attended the department for transfusion. Among them 12,014 were male and 900 were female, age range was 18 to 60 years. Among them professional donors were 955, voluntary donors were 4494 and replacement donors were 7556 and HBsAg was positive in 0.42%, 0.87% and 1.11% respectively. Overall prevalence was 0.98%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBsAg among blood donors at Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barisal. Blood samples were collected from 12914 healthy donors. All donors were pre-screened by a questionnaire provided by the institution and passed the physical examination conducted by the medical officer in charge. Blood donors data and results of HBsAg were analyzed using the blood bank's records. There was an overall prevalence of 0.98% of HBsAg(+) among all the tested blood donors. There was statistically significant difference between sexes. These results stress the importance of screening programs that must be implemented. doi: 10.3329/blj.v1i1.2624 Bangladesh Liver Journal Vol.1(1) 2009 p.38-40
PME et réseaux d'entreprises en Italie au XXe siècle
Authors: Conti Giuseppe , Giannetti Renato 
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’article prend en considération une ample littérature d’études sur le développement des systèmes locaux de PME et sur les districts industriels depuis leur essor dans les années 1970 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. L’analyse part de l’évaluation de certaines évidences empiriques du développement local et de la perspective historique dans laquelle il faut le situer. Sur cette base on passe à l’examen les principales interprétations données qui ont souligné généralement un ensemble de facteurs sociaux et économiques qui renvoient à des racines historiques précises et circonscrites. Parmi ces facteurs on a discuté ceux relatifs à l’identification des districts, aux avantages compétitifs, notamment de marché du travail, des capitaux et des soi-disant « économies d’atmosphère ».
Le capitalisme familial dans les entreprises moyennes : un déclin réversible
Authors: Joly Hervé 
Published: June 2009

Résumé Les grandes entreprises connaissent un éloignement plus ou moins rapide mais inéluctable entre la propriété du capital et la dévolution des fonctions dirigeantes. Les petites entreprises restent largement le domaine des entrepreneurs individuels. Qu’en est-il des entreprises moyennes ? À travers l’exemple d’un corpus d’entreprises de 100 à 500 salariés des secteurs phares de la seconde industrialisation (construction mécanique, construction électrique, chimie) de la région lyonnaise dans la première moitié du XX e siècle, la diversité de l’évolution des modes de contrôle économique est soulignée. Toutes les créations ne correspondent pas à des initiatives individuelles. Le contrôle personnel ou familial n’est pas nécessairement le fait du fondateur ou de ses descendants. L’ouverture du capital à l’extérieur n’exclut pas la survivance d’un contrôle familial.
Les premiers réseaux informatiques en France
Authors: Mounier-Kuhn Pierre-Éric 
Published: June 2009

Résumé Après un bref rappel sur le développement de l’histoire de l’informatique, cet article présente les projets, études et réalisations de réseaux informatiques français dans les années 1950 et 1960, qui sont la toile de fond des témoignages publiés dans ce numéro de la revue. Dès le milieu des années cinquante, la mise au point des premiers ordinateurs en France fut l’occasion d’une collaboration entre l’informatique et les télécom, et inspira des conceptions nouvelles en télécommunications. Dans la décennie 1954-1964, les initiatives proviennent essentiellement de la Défense, pour qui sont réalisés les premiers réseaux de données. La décennie suivante voit la diffusion de ces technologies dans le secteur civil : à la demande de grandes organisations qui se dotent de systèmes de transmission de données (EDF, SNCF, Air France, assurances...), plusieurs constructeurs investissent dans la « téléinformatique » (IBM, CGE, Thomson, CSF, etc.). Exigeant une meilleure vitesse de transmission, ces utilisateurs font pression en faveur de la modernisation du réseau téléphonique PTT. À partir de 1967, le Plan Calcul apporte des crédits et un soutien politique aux entreprises françaises d’informatique. Celles-ci, ainsi que les centres de recherche, développent des compétences en matière de réseaux, de systèmes interactifs et de bases de données. Mais, derrière une concentration industrielle de façade, les divergences d’intérêts entre télécommunications et informatique relèguent au second plan la stratégie d’innovation en informatique.
Informatique et télécommunications, une première confrontation
Authors: Atten Michel 
Published: June 2009

Résumé La récente et spectaculaire expansion d’Internet est trop exclusivement ramenée, quant à sa genèse, à la construction du réseau inter-ordinateurs américain Arpanet au début des années 1970. Notre propos est de resituer l’émergence des réseaux de transmission de données ou entre ordinateurs dans son contexte historique en nous appuyant sur l’exemple français. Après quelques rappels sur les États-Unis des années 1960, soulignant à travers l’exemple du système Bell et des travaux de son grand centre de recherche, les Bell Laboratories, l’actualité des réseaux de données et/ou inter-ordinateurs qui ne peut en rien se résumer aux États-Unis aux travaux de l’ARPA, nous suivrons la logique des recherches et expérimentations dans la France de la même décennie. Elle montre que pour les télécommunications françaises, l’introduction du numérique s’applique avant tout aux deux « métiers » – transmission et commutation – structurant ce monde et les travaux du Centre national d’études des télécommunications. Logique de recherche qui débouche sur une réalisation remarquable, une première mondiale, la mise en service à Lannion d’un autocommutateur téléphonique entièrement numérique. L’irruption au même moment du projet Arpanet provoque deux expérimentations de réseaux de données construites en France au début des années 1970, les projets de réseaux de paquets Cyclades et RCP-Transpac, présentés dans leur genèse, de l’expérimentation aux choix politiques de construction d’un réseau public, ce qui permet de situer les acteurs et certains centres de recherche dans le cadre des milieux de l’informatique et des télécommunications, d’en suivre la logique de développement et de souligner, à l’inverse d’une convergence télécommunications-informatique déjà inlassablement répétée, l’écart, voire l’opposition, entre ces deux mondes, un écart structurant et durable.