bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-12 Dose-dependent effects of supplemental benzoic acid on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs
Authors: Yoo Seung B , Song Yoon Soo , Seo Siyoung , Kim Beob Gyun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental benzoic acid (BA) at 0.5% to 2.5% in diets on nitrogen (N) utilization, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs. Fifteen barrows with an initial body weight of 56.2 kg (standard deviation = 2.6) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allocated to a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets, and 4 periods, resulting in 8 observations per dietary treatment. The basal diet mainly consisted of corn, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Benzoic acid was supplemented to the basal diet at 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.5% BA at the expense of corn starch. Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 24-h collection period for slurry followed by a 4-d collection period for feces and urine. On d 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 h, and the feces and urine were mixed in a ratio of fecal weight to urine weight at the end of the collection to obtain slurry samples. The apparent total tract digestibility of N tended to linearly increase (P = 0.071) and the daily digested N linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing BA supplementation. In contrast, the urinary N output and retained N were not affected by inclusion of BA. The urinary and slurry pH were quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing BA supplementation. In the fecal samples, the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and skatole linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) and isovalerate concentration tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.099) by supplemental BA. In the slurry samples, the concentrations of isovalerate and skatole decrease linearly (P &lt; 0.05), and butyrate concentration tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.054) by supplemental BA. In conclusion, supplemental benzoic acid has the potential to improve the N digestibility in a dose-dependent manner for pigs. In addition, increasing benzoic acid supplementation decreased urinary pH, slurry pH, and concentrations of some odorous compounds in pig feces and slurry.
PSII-18 Evaluating the effects of sodium diformate on finishing pig growth performance
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Menegat Mariana , Liebenstein Mary , Allerson Matt W , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 2,200 pigs (Duroc sire (PIC 800 or DNA 600) × PIC Camborough; initial body weight = 24.2 ± 0.30 kg) were used in a 117-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary sodium diformate on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs (25 pigs per pen) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 22 replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with the addition of none, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75% sodium diformate (Formi NDF; ADDCON Nordic AS, Porsgrunn, Norway). Diets were fed in 6 phases from 24 to 141 kg. From d 0 to 32, increasing sodium diformate tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.081; Table 1) average daily feed intake (ADFI) up to the 0.50% inclusion level and had a quadratic (P &lt; 0.001) effect on feed efficiency with the best gain to feed ratio (G:F) observed at 0.25% sodium diformate. From d 32 to 60, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in average daily gain (ADG) or ADFI; however, there was a tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.093) on G:F, with 0.25 and 0.50% inclusion of sodium diformate having the least G:F. From d 60 to 93, increasing sodium diformate increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) ADG and ADFI. Additionally, from d 93 to 117, increasing sodium diformate increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. For the overall period (d 0 to 117), pigs fed increasing sodium diformate had increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) ADG and a tendency for increased (linear, P = 0.075) ADFI; however, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in G:F. Treatment did not impact carcass characteristics (P &gt; 0.10). Overall mortality was 1.1% and was not influenced (P &gt; 0.10) by treatment. For economics, increasing sodium diformate increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) feed cost and feed cost per kg of gain in both low and high price scenarios. However, there was a tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.059) for revenue with pigs fed 0.25% sodium diformate generating the greatest revenue in both the low and high price scenarios. Due to the increased feed cost and quadratic response in revenue, pigs fed increasing sodium diformate resulted in a quadratic (P &lt; 0.05) response in IOFC with pigs fed no sodium diformate having the greatest IOFC. In conclusion, these data suggest that feeding increasing sodium diformate improved ADG and ADFI after d 60 (~82 kg) in the finishing period. However, it is currently not economical to feed sodium diformate throughout the entire finishing period.
PSII-16 Effect of iron injection levels and second iron injection on preweaning growth performance and hematological variables
Authors: Safaie Eva , Locke Savannah , Han Sarah , Torres Jannell , Khani Setareh , Jang Young Dal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of intramuscular iron-dextran injection to suckling pigs at either a high level or with two doses on preweaning growth performance and hematological variables. At d 1 of age, a total of 36 pigs (body weight = 1.56 ± 0.13 kg) from 6 sow litters with litter size greater than 10 pigs were selected, and six piglets per litter were assigned to 3 treatments based on body weight and sex. Treatments were: 1) NC: 200 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age, 2) PC: 400 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age, 3) NC+IRON: 200 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age and 200 mg iron injection at d 7 of age. The body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit concentrations were measured at d 1 (before initial iron injection for all treatments), 3, 7 (second dose for the NC+IRON treatment), 9, 12, and 19 (weaning) of age. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit results. There were no significant differences in body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit concentrations among iron injection treatments (P &gt; 0.89) and no interactions between iron injection treatment and day of age (P &gt; 0.64) from d 1 to 19 of age, although hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were numerically greater in the PC and NC+IRON treatments at d 19 of age (129.2, 133.4, and 133.82 g/dL hemoglobin for the NC, PC, and NC+IRON treatments, respectively). Hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations declined (P &lt; 0.01) from d 1 to 3 of age regardless of iron injection and then increased until weaning (d 19 of age; 86.9, 78.1, 87.6, 94.0, 105.7, and 132.1 g/dL hemoglobin for d 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 19 of age, respectively), where the hemoglobin concentrations were similar between d 1 and 7 of age (P &gt; 0.76) whereas the hematocrit concentrations were greater at d 7 of age compared with d 1 of age (P &lt; 0.05; 31.8% vs. 29.1%). Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly correlated with hematocrit concentrations (P &lt; 0.01), and the correlation coefficients were greatest at d 1 and 3 of age and weaning (d 19 of age; r &gt; 0.92). In conclusion, increased hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were observed in all treatments, resulting in no significant difference in the preweaning growth performance of piglets. Although the iron injection was performed at d 1 of age, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations decreased in the first few days of life and then increased. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values are positively correlated from birth to weaning.
PSII-15 Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Safaie Eva , Kwon Chan Ho , Locke Savannah , Torres Jannell , Khani Setareh , Han Sarah , Jang Young Dal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) supplementation on the growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 48 newly weaned piglets (5.27 ± 1.42 kg initial body weight; weaned at 18.7 ± 0.78 d of age) were allotted to 3 treatments in 4 replicates with 4 pigs per pen based on body weight, sex, breed, and littermates. Treatments were: 1) VD-2: basal diet with 2,000 IU/kg vitamin D3, 2) 25D-1: basal diet with 1,000 IU/kg 25-OHD3 supplementation, and 3) 25D-2: basal diet with 2,000 IU/kg 25-OHD3 supplementation. All pigs were housed in nursery pens with free access to water and feed in the environmentally controlled nursery facility. Corn-soybean meal-based diets that met or exceeded the NRC (2012) nutrient requirement estimates were fed to all piglets in two phases for d 0-14 (Phase 1) and d 14-28 (Phase 2) postweaning. In each phase, a basal diet without vitamin D was mixed first, and then each vitamin D source was added to the basal diet at the assigned level. Body weight and feed disappearance were measured weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). There was no significant difference in body weight throughout the entire nursery period, ADG, ADFI, and G:F in d 0-14 postweaning except for a slightly greater G:F in the 25D-2 treatment than the 25D-1 treatment in d 0-7 postweaning (P = 0.11; 0.368, 0.357, and 0.519 for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively). In d 21-28 postweaning, the 25D-1 and 25D-2 treatments tended to have greater ADG (P &lt; 0.08; 0.576, 0.632, and 0.634 kg/d for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05; 0.862, 0.932, and 0.932 kg/d for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively) than the VD-2 treatment, resulting in slightly greater ADG (P &lt; 0.08; 0.502, 0.536, and 0.534 kg/d for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively) and ADFI (P = 0.10; 0.782,0.818, and 0.820 kg/d for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively) in both 25OHD3 treatments than the VD-2 treatment in d 14-28 postweaning. In the overall period, the ADG tended to be greater in the 25D-2 treatment than the VD-2 treatment (P = 0.10; 0.353, 0.367, and 0.373 kg/d for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively), and the G:F was numerically greater in both 25OHD3 treatments compared with the VD-2 treatment (0.646, 0.660, and 0.670 for VD-2, 25D-1, and 25D-2, respectively). In conclusion, supplementing 25-OHD3 to the nursery pig diets could enhance feed intake and growth rate in the late nursery period compared with vitamin D3 supplementation.
PSIII-15 Effect of dietary fatty acids composition on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma fatty acid profile of weaned pigs
Authors: Salamanca Alejandra Forero , Levesque Crystal L , Palencia Jorge Y Perez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dietary lipids are an important source of energy and fatty acids (FA), which have critical roles in mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, and overall intestinal development. Therefore, including fat in nursery pig diets can be used as a nutritional strategy to optimize pig growth performance and intestinal health after weaning. This study evaluated the effects of two different dietary fatty acid compositions derived from conventional soybean oil (CSO) and/or high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) supplementation on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma FA profile of weaned pigs. A total of 208 weaned pigs (body weights = 4.96 ± 0.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allotted to 16 pens of 13 pigs each. Experimental diets met NRC (2012) requirements and were provided in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0-d7), Phase 2 (d 8-d21), and Phase 3 (d 22-d42). Pens were assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of two dietary FA compositions derived from the supplementation of 3% of either CSO (20% Oleic acid; 50% Linoleic acid; 6% Linolenic acid) or HOSO (44% Oleic acid; 30% Linoleic acid; 3% Linolenic acid). Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 0, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assigned daily from d 0 to 21 and then 3 times per week until d 42. Blood samples were collected on d 21 (2 pigs/pen) for plasma FA profile analysis. Performance data were analyzed using T-TEST and fecal score using PROC FREQ procedures of SAS. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed CSO supplemented diets had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) body weight (8.6 vs. 7.4 kg) and daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.12 kg). In addition, daily feed intake and feed efficiency tended to be 23% and 16% greater in CSO-fed pigs, respectively. From d 21 to d 42, there were no differences between dietary treatments for growth performance. Overall nursery period, pigs fed CSO had greater (P ≤ 0.1) daily gain than HOSO pigs (0.34 vs. 0.30 kg). Pigs fed CSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic FA while pigs fed HOSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitoleic and oleic FA. There were no differences in fecal scores in wk 1 and 2. However, pigs fed CSO had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 &lt; 0.1) in wk 3 to 6. In conclusion, a greater dietary content of linoleic and linolenic FA promoted pig growth performance and reduced incidence of diarrhea after weaning compared with greater content of oleic FA.
PSIII-19 Impact of EnduraPig and EnduraSow supplementation on growth performance of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen T , Crowder Stacie , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) continues to be an economically devastating disease to the pork industry around the world. Apart from vaccination and biosecurity measures, nutritional strategies are needed to mitigate the negative effects of PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection on pork production. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of EnduraPig and EnduraSow (PMI Additives) on growth performance, viremia, and livability of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with PRRSV. A total of 660 newly-weaned pigs [DNA L600 x 241 genetics; average body weight (BW) = 7.3 ± 0.14 kg) were divided into 33 pens (11 pens per treatment, 20 pigs per pen). Each pen within a location block was randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments consisting of either a non-supplemented basal diet (NC), basal diet with EnduraPig (EP), or basal diet with EnduraSow (ES). Apart from growth [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed to gain ratio (F:G)] and livability metrics, serum sample was also collected from 1 sentinel pig per pen at 0, 21, 42, and 63 d postweaning to monitor recovery from PRRSV infection, based on the change in percentage of viremic pigs. Analysis of variance for growth and mortality was performed using Mixed Procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and a priori contrasts were used to detect treatment differences at P &lt; 0.05. Association between treatments and % viremic pigs at each time point was assessed using Fisher’s exact test and declared significant at P &lt; 0.05. Mortality and removals were greatest during the first 4 wk postweaning, but no treatment differences were detected in overall wean to finish mortality (23.6, 21.8, and 20.4% for NC, EP, and ES, respectively). At d 21, 89.9% of the pigs sampled were viremic compared with 56.8% on d 0. The average % viremic pigs went down to 57.5 and 18.5%, for d 42 and 63, respectively, with no treatment differences observed in both periods. Feeding EP, however, improved all growth performance metrics compared with NC (+11.8 kg in final body weight, P &lt; 0.01; +13% in ADG, P &lt; 0.01; +7% in ADFI, P &lt; 0.05; and -5.5% in F:G, P &lt; 0.05). Feeding ES also improved performance of wean to finish pigs over NC (+16.4 kg in final body weight, P &lt; 0.01; +18% in ADG, P &lt; 0.01; +12% in ADFI, P &lt; 0.01; and -5.2% in F:G, P &lt; 0.05). In summary, the results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of EnduraPig or EnduraSow improved growth performance of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with PRRSV, indicating that these nutritional technologies help boost the immune response against PRRSV.
PSIII-17 Comparative assessment of New Generation Phytase (HiPhorius vs. Ronozyme HiPhos in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , Tran Huyen T , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Bergstrom Jon R , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of HiPhorius (DSM-Firmenich), a new generation of phytase with improved temperature and pH stability, as a replacement of Ronozyme HiPhos (DSM-Firmenich) on performance of growing-finishing pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diet. A total of 1,200 growing pigs [PIC genetics, with average initial body weight (BW) = 26.8 ± 0.6 kg] were divided into 60 pens, with each pen consisting of 20 pigs and equal number of gilts and barrows. Each pen within a location block was randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments consisting of 2 sources of phytase (Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius) at a low or a high level of available Phosphorus release (AvP, 0.15 and 0.19% respectively). To achieve a low (0.15%) or high (0.19%) AvP, 1,000 or 2,000 FYT/kg of Ronozyme HiPhos was used respectively. To achieve the same levels of AvP, a decreased inclusion of HiPhorius was used (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg for the low and high AvP, respectively). A five-phase feeding program was utilized until pigs reached market weights. All performance data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as covariate. Least squares means were compared using Fisher’s LSD (P &lt; 0.05). Overall (d 0 to d 92), there were no differences observed in any of the performance parameters [final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F] regardless of the dietary treatments provided (P &gt; 0.20). There were also no differences in mortality and removals (P &gt; 0.20) and in final weight variation (P &gt; 0.20). In summary, using a reduced inclusion rate of HiPhorius (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg) resulted in similar overall growth performance as growing-finishing pigs fed Ronozyme HiPhos at 1,000 and 2,000 FYT/kg, respectively. The present study confirms the improved efficacy of the new generation phytase (HiPhorius) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos.
PSIII-18 Effects of HiPhorius and Ronozyme HiPhos on performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen T , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , Bergstrom Jon R , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the new phytase HiPhorius (encoded by a 6-phytase gene from Citrobacter braakii and expressed from Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos (a 6-phytase product produced with a genetically modified strain of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) on performance of nursery pigs. A total of 528 weaned pigs [PIC Camborough female × PIC 337 boar; 19 d of age, initial body weight (BW) = 6.5 kg] were blocked by initial BW and gender and allotted to 48 pens which were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 to 12 pigs/pen; 12 pens/treatment), including T1) Ronozyme HiPhos 3,000 FYT/kg, T2) HiPhorius 1,000 FYT/kg, T3) HiPhorius 1,500 FYT/kg, and T4) HiPhorius 2,000 FYT/kg. Pigs were fed a 3-phase feed-budget program, consisting of 1.4 kg/pig in Phase 1, 5.5 kg/pig in Phase 2, and Phase 3 diets fed to d 42 postweaning. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained 1.41, 1.34, and 1.27% SID Lys for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phytase levels were tested at the same dose in phase 1 and 2 diets, while in phase 3, phytase levels were tested at 2,000 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively, for the Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius treatments. During d 0-15 and d 0-22, pigs fed HiPhorius 1000 had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion than Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius 2000. No significant treatment effects were observed on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) during these periods. During d 22-42, pigs fed HiPhorius 2,000 had greater ADG (P = 0.08), final BW (P = 0.09), and ADFI (P = 0.03) than HiPhorius 1,000 and Ronozyme HiPhos; however, there were no treatment effects on feed conversion. Overall (d 0 - 42), feeding HiPhorius 2,000 improved ADG compared with feeding Ronozyme HiPhos, HiPhorius 1,000, and HiPhorius 1,500 (476 vs. 458, 449, and 458 g, respectively; P = 0.07); however, similar ADFI and feed conversion were observed among treatments. Data from this study suggest that feeding HiPhorius at 2,000 FYT/kg provided greater ADG compared with feeding HiPhorius at reduced amounts or Ronozyme HiPhos. While the two sources of phytase had similar responses on nursery ADFI and feed conversion overall, feeding HiPhorius at 1,000 FYT/kg resulted in decreased feed conversion during the first 3 wk post-weaning.
PSIII-16 Effects of dietary corn origin (U.S., Argentina, and Brazil) on pig growth performance
Authors: Halbur Joseph , Salamanca Alejandra Forero , Jansen Jordan K , Hong Jinsu , Palencia Jorge Y Perez , Levesque Crystal L , Mueller Shane , Thaler Robert C , Weaver Eric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Corn is an important global commodity. Understanding its nutritional value and practically utilizing different corn sources and varieties in swine diets is important to U.S. corn and swine production. Globally, the U.S. “dent” corn variety is presumed to be of lesser quality compared with “harder” flint-type corn (the preferred varieties in Argentina and Brazil) due to differences in whole kernel structure when shipped long distances. In fact, official work from the US Grains Council indicates that US corn produces more ethanol per bushel when compared with flint-type varieties of corn. This indicates a greater concentration of starch in US corn and increased starch content should mean a greater quantity of energy and nutrients. Therefore, swine producers globally benefit from understanding the feeding value of different varieties and origins of corn. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of pigs fed corn from three exporting countries: U.S., Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRZ). Two similar studies were conducted comparing the effect of 3 corn sources on late nursery pig growth performance. Study 1 used 96 nursery pigs [body weight (BW) = 8.8 ± 1.7 kg] split between 24 pens and study 2 used 114 nursery pigs (8.0 ± 1.3 kg) split between 24 pens. Three experimental diets were formulated with corn sources from: 1) U.S.; 2) ARG; and, 3) BRZ. The U.S. corn diet was considered the control diet and was balanced to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements for the pigs. The U.S. corn was replaced with ARG corn and BRZ corn on a kg for kg basis in the diets. Pigs were assigned in a randomized block design based on initial body weights (BW) and sex. Feed and water were offered ad libitum over a 28-d period, pig BW and feed disappearance were measured each week. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency [gain to feed ratio (G:F)] were determined after weeks 1, 2, and 4. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect and pen as experimental unit. There were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in BW, ADFI, ADG, and feed efficiency between the three corn sources throughout all weeks and the overall 28 d. Overall performance values for the three treatments were: US corn ADG (0.66 kg), ADFI (0.91 kg), and G:F (0.72): Argentina corn, ADG (0.65 kg), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.70); and Brazil corn, ADG (0.65), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.71). In conclusion, the value of US corn is similar in nutrient content and nutritional quality as demonstrated by equivalent performance in nursery pigs. The aesthetics of whole kernels are not indicative of feeding value to swine.