bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CREDIT RATING AGENCIES, THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE DEBACLE AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: THE EU STRIKES BACK
Authors: McVea Harry 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe global financial crisis has served to highlight serious weaknesses in global governance, revealing fault lines in the international financial architecture and its accompanying regulatory apparatus. Most glaringly, the spotlight has fallen on Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs)—key governance agencies in the pre-crisis domestic and international regulatory structures, and ones directly linked to the subprime mortgage debacle. The aim of this article is to provide a critical appraisal of CRAs as a mechanism of global governance in the light of their role in the subprime mortgage debacle and to evaluate the case for stricter regulation of CRAs. In this respect, special emphasis is placed on the recent EU attempt—by way of a new Regulation on Credit Rating Agencies—to bring rating agencies within the regulatory fold. It is argued that while the EU Regulation has serious implications for the operation of CRAs within the Community, the reform measure is potentially illustrative of a growing dissonance between EU and US responses to global governance issues more generally.‘[Securitisation led to the belief among many that] poor quality assets … assembled as a portfolio … could somehow by alchemy be converted into something stronger than they were’.1‘The crap had become cake.’2‘In January 2008, there were 12 triple A-rated companies in the world. At the same time, there were 64,000 structured finance instruments, like CDO tranches, rated triple A.’3
A variational approach to Boussinesq modelling of fully nonlinear water waves
Authors: KLOPMAN GERT , VAN GROESEN BRENNY , DINGEMANS MAARTEN W. 
Published: August 2010

In this paper we present a new method to derive Boussinesq-type equations from a variational principle. These equations are valid for nonlinear surface-water waves propagating over bathymetry. The vertical structure of the flow, required in the Hamiltonian, is approximated by a (series of) vertical shape functions associated with unknown parameter(s). It is not necessary to make approximations with respect to the nonlinearity of the waves. The resulting approximate Hamiltonian is positive definite, contributing to the good dynamical behaviour of the resulting equations. The resulting flow equations consist of temporal equations for the surface elevation and potential, as well as a (set of) elliptic equations for some auxiliary parameter(s). All equations only contain low-order spatial derivatives and no mixed time–space derivatives. Since one of the parameters, the surface potential, can be associated with a uniform shape function, the resulting equations are very well suited for wave–current interacting flows.The variational method is applied to two simple models, one with a parabolic vertical shape function and the other with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure. For both, as well as the general series model, the flow equations are derived. Linear dispersion and shoaling are studied using the average Lagrangian. The model with a parabolic vertical shape function has improved frequency dispersion, as compared to classical Boussinesq models. The model with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure can be made to have exact phase and group velocity, as well as shoaling, for a certain frequency.For the model with a parabolic vertical structure, numerical computations are done with a one-dimensional pseudo-spectral code. These show the nonlinear capabilities for periodic waves over a horizontal bed and an underwater bar. Further some long-distance computations for soliton wave groups over bathymetry are presented.
The marine limpetNotoacmea scaphaacts as a transmission sink for intertidal cercariae in Otago Harbour, New Zealand
Authors: Koppel E.M. , Leung T.L.F. , Poulin R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMarine limpets,Notoacmea scapha, were collected from an intertidal mud flat in Otago Harbour, New Zealand, and examined for infection with larval trematodes. Three separate species of trematode (opecoelid sp. A,Acanthoparyphiumsp. A andCurtuteria australis) were identified from the limpets, based on molecular evidence. This is the first report of these three trematodes in limpets, indicating that the latter are physiologically suitable second-intermediate hosts. However, based on ecological information on the diet of the parasites' definitive hosts, we conclude that the limpetN. scaphadoes not contribute to the transmission of any of the trematodes. Instead, it acts as a sink for cercariae that fail to locate appropriate second-intermediate hosts.
A contribution to the taxonomy of the genusRinodina(Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina) using combined ITS and mtSSU rDNA data
Authors: NADYEINA Olga , GRUBE Martin , MAYRHOFER Helmut 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo test the phylogenetic position of phenotypically peculiar species in thePhysciaceaewe generated 47 new sequences (26 of nrITS region and 21 of mtSSU rDNA) from 19 crustose taxa ofPhysciaceaemainly from the genusRinodina. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed theBuelliaandPhysciagroups. The analysis revealed a considerable variability of characters traditionally used for classification, especially in the delimitation of the generaBuelliaandRinodina. While ascus types agree well with the distinction of theBuelliaandPhysciagroups, none of the other traditional characters, including excipulum type and ascospore thickening, were consistent within subclades of thePhysciagroup. We suggest that both excipulum type and ascospore characters are rather dynamic in the evolution ofRinodinaspecies and only appear consistent in morphologically more complex foliose and fruticose groups, which are characterized by thallus characters not present in the crustose groups. Two recent taxonomic changes are supported by molecular characters:Endohyalina insularis(syn.‘Rinodina’ insularis) andRinodina lindingeri(syn.‘Buellia’ lindingeri). In additionRinodina parvula(syn.‘Buellia’ parvula) is reinstated. New records forEndohyalina brandii,E.diederichii, E. insularisandRinodina albanaare presented.
Two additions to the lichen genusCliostomumFr. (Ramalinaceae) with broad ascospores
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras , FRYDAY Alan M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo species,Cliostomum coppinsiiFryday & Kantvilas sp. nov. from Scotland, andCliostomum praepallidum(Müll. Arg.) Kantvilas & Fryday comb. nov. from Tasmania and southern South America, are described, illustrated and discussed. Both occupy an unusual position within the genus on account of their atypically wide, ± polarilocular ascospores.Patellaria banksiaeMüll. Arg., based on a collection from Australia, is lectotypified and reduced to synonymy withCliostomum griffithii(Sm.) Coppins.
Comparison of gene expression patterns amongLeishmania braziliensisclinical isolates showing a differentin vitrosusceptibility to pentavalent antimony
Authors: ADAUI V. , SCHNORBUSCH K. , ZIMIC M. , GUTIÉRREZ A. , DECUYPERE S. , VANAERSCHOT M. , DE DONCKER S. , MAES I. , LLANOS-CUENTAS A. , CHAPPUIS F. , ARÉVALO J. , DUJARDIN J.-C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIntroduction. Evaluation ofLeishmaniadrug susceptibility depends onin vitroSbVsusceptibility assays, which are labour-intensive and may give a biased view of the true parasite resistance. Molecular markers are urgently needed to improve and simplify the monitoring of SbV-resistance. We analysed here the gene expression profile of 21L. braziliensisclinical isolatesin vitrodefined as SbV-resistant and -sensitive, in order to identify potential resistance markers.Methods. The differential expression of 13 genes involved in SbVmetabolism, oxidative stress or housekeeping functions was analysed duringin vitropromastigote growth.Results. Expression profiles were up-regulated for 5 genes only, each time affecting a different set of isolates (mosaic picture of gene expression). Two genes,ODC(ornithine decarboxylase) andTRYR(trypanothione reductase), showed a significantly higher expression rate in the group of SbV-resistant compared to the group of SbV-sensitive parasites (P<0·01). However, analysis of individual isolates showed both markers to explain only partially the drug resistance.Discussion. Our results might be explained by (i) the occurrence of a pleiotropic molecular mechanism leading to thein vitroSbVresistance and/or (ii) the existence of different epi-phenotypes not revealed by thein vitroSbVsusceptibility assays, but interfering with the gene expression patterns.
The Socioeconomic and environmental effects of free trade agreements: a dynamic CGE analysis for Chile
Authors: O'RYAN RAÚL , DE MIGUEL CARLOS J. , MILLER SEBASTIAN , PEREIRA MAURICIO 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper undertakes a quantitative analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of different trade agreements for Chile. A dynamic general equilibrium model is used to compare the consequences of unilateral liberalization and trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). The results show that economic gains under the trade agreements are only significant if foreign investment increases or value added taxes are modified. Winners and losers depend on the agreement; however, unskilled labor-intensive sectors always progress. Consequently, these agreements seem to be good for the poorest groups. Some natural resource intensive sectors significantly increase their production with the EU and the US agreements, also increasing the environmental pressures. CO2and PM-10 emissions are not very different under these agreements as compared to business as usual – under which environmental pressures increase significantly. The results show the importance of economy-wide analysis of trade agreements in developing contexts.
Exposing the co-adaptive potential of protein–protein interfaces through computational sequence design
Authors: Fromer Menachem , Linial Michal 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: In nature, protein–protein interactions are constantly evolving under various selective pressures. Nonetheless, it is expected that crucial interactions are maintained through compensatory mutations between interacting proteins. Thus, many studies have used evolutionary sequence data to extract such occurrences of correlated mutation. However, this research is confounded by other evolutionary pressures that contribute to sequence covariance, such as common ancestry.
Results: Here, we focus exclusively on the compensatory mutations deriving from physical protein interactions, by performing large-scale computational mutagenesis experiments for &gt;260 protein–protein interfaces. We investigate the potential for co-adaptability present in protein pairs that are always found together in nature (obligate) and those that are occasionally in complex (transient). By modeling each complex both in bound and unbound forms, we find that naturally transient complexes possess greater relative capacity for correlated mutation than obligate complexes, even when differences in interface size are taken into account.
Contact: michall@cc.huji.ac.il
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Family centres
Authors: HOLMAN BOB 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Family centres have multiplied in number of late but as yet analytical studies about them are few. In this paper the results are presented of interviews with the staff, users and ‘outsiders’ of three centres. From this it is possible to deduce three models of family centres. The models are then used to discuss how they serve differing kinds of consumers and how each best fits into the statutory and voluntary sectorsThis article is based on material contained in Boh Holman's hook Putting Families First: Prevention and Child Care, to be published by Macmillan Education in 1988. It appears here by permission of the publishers
How fair are child care procedures? Lessons from Cleveland and beyond
Authors: FREEMAN M.D.A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Even before the Cleveland ‘crisis’ there was concern that care proceedings and child care practices ignored ‘due process’. In particular they were seen as being balanced too heavily in favour of the local authorityIn this article, the author argues that events in Cleveland were only an extreme example of the short‐comings of current law and social work and judicial practice. He compares what happened in Cleveland with other, less dramatic, cases elsewhere in the country to show the need for major changes concerning place of safety orders, access arrangements and the ability of parents to challenge local authorities
The French puéricultrice
Authors: FOSTER MARIE‐CLAUDE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper looks at the French equivalent of the British health visitor—the puéricultrice. Through consideration of the role of the State in child surveillance and official social policy regarding children, it explores the hypothesis that the work of these two sets of workers (and hence their perspectives) is to a large extent socially constructed.The paper is based on an exploratory study conducted in 1987 and funded by the Institute of Education, London. Data on health visitors are drawn from a recent research project at Thomas Coram Research Unit, ‘Parents and Professionals—perspectives on child health care’, carried out by the author together with Berry Mayall. The Economic and Social Research Council funded the study from 1985–1988.
Children's rights: developments and prospects
Authors: FRANKLIN BOB 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe decade since International Year of the Child has witnessed a variety of suggestions and initiatives to promote the rights of children. Proposals for ombudswork with children, a Minister for Children, a Children's Congress, a Children's Rights Officer, a Youth Charter and Youth Councils are each critically assessed. It is argued that the forthcoming Convention on the Rights of the Child may prove less effective in winning rights for children than its advocates imagine. The author concludes that rights for children are less likely to be achieved by adopting any specific group of reforms, than by acknowledging and supporting the principle that, wherever possible, children should be encouraged to make decisions for themselves and act on their own behalf
Polymorphism of sorbitol dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in swine (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Hof J. Op't , Osterhoff D. R. , de Beer G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryMore than 300 kidneys from the local bacon factory were investigated and it was shown that the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14) exhibits a genetically determined polymorphism. While homozygous individuals yield only a single enzyme band after starch gel electrophoresis, heterozygotes show multiple bands.On the same material also 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and lactate dehydrogenase were investigated, the former showed also clear genetic variants while the latter appeared only in one form.Gene frequencies for different breeds and types of pigs are given and the results discussed.
The use of genetic relationships among cattle breeds in the formulation of rational breeding policies: an example with South Devon (South Africa) and Gelbvieh (Germany)*
Authors: Kidd K. K. , Osterhoff D. , Erhard L. , Stone W. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAt the instigation of the South Devon Cattle Breeders' Society of South Africa we studied the genetic relationships of South Devon cattle (South Africa) and Gelbvieh cattle (Germany) with eight other breeds including Red Angus and Black Angus (USA). On the basis of comparisons at ten immungenetic loci Gelbvieh and South Devon cattle are nearly as genetically similar as Red and Black Angus. The results indicate that Gelbvieh and South Devon had a common ancestry on the Continent and are distinct from other British breeds such as Hereford, Angus and Jersey. This study illustrates the application of studies of the genetic similarities of different breeds to the rational development of future breeding and preservation programs.
Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein and another post‐albumin protein in horse serum
Authors: Juneja R. Kumar , Gahne Bo , Sandberg Kaj 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHorizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, on 10% separation gel, of horse serum revealed polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) and another post‐albumin protein (Pa). Family data supported the hypothesis that Gc and Pa types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Gc and Pa proteins, the homozygous types showed a single fraction while the heterozygous type had two fractions. Pa types were found to be identical to the post‐albumin types reported earlier by starch gel electrophoresis. Two Gc alleles, Gc F and Gc S, and three Pa alleles, Pa D, Pa F and Pa S, were observed in samples from Swedish (four breeds), Lipizzaner and Arab horses. The frequency of the more common allele at the two loci, i.e. Gc F and Pa F, ranged from 0.72–0.93 and from 0.58–0.99, respectively, in the different breeds studied. Plasma samples showed an extra protein fraction near the Gc S fraction and thus were found unsuitable for Gc typing.
Polymorphism of A, B and C loci of lactate dehydrogenase in European fish species of the Cyprinidae family
Authors: Valenta M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn 24 fish species of the Cyprinidae family, belonging to 21 genera, isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined, which could be classified in the majority of cases into 3 main groups. Isoenzyme patterns in natural hybrids of roach and rudd, roach and bream, roach and bleak were also analysed. In bitterling, polymorphism was observed in B locus of LDH. In white bream polymorphism exists in the A locus. In bream, rudd, silver carp and barbel polymorphism was found in C loci. Isoenzyme patterns indicate that in each case the polymorphism is genetically controlled by two alleles at a single locus. The populations investigated were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences were found in the activity of liver LDH in various polymorphic types of C loci of bream and rudd.
Breed differences in frequency of BoLA specificities*
Authors: Caldwell J. , Cumberland P. A. , Weseli D. F. , Williams J. D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA total of 675 cattle of five purebred and one crossbred group were tested for lymphocyte antigens. The purebred animals represented progeny of 107 sires. Lymphocytotoxicity sera obtained from parous cows were used to detect six antigens which are controlled by codominant alleles at the BoLA‐TxA locus. Gene frequencies for the six alleles varied within breeds and large differences were observed between breeds for a given allele.
An unusual transferrin variant in sheep
Authors: Glasnák V. , Stratil A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAn unusual variant, Tf Aw, has been found in sheep transferrins. Its position in starch gel electrophoresis is identical with the variant Tf A, but the intensity of corresponding bands is substantially lower. Family analyses prove that the variant Aw is genetically controlled and represents either the product of an unusual allele Tf Aw or the interaction between the allele Tf A and a hypothetical modifying locus.
Geographical variation of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Kimura Masao 
Published: August 2010

SummaryOne of the two loci controlling muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was shown to be polymorphic in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The result of the survey on four populations suggests that the differences in the LDH gene frequencies are correlated with the geographical distribution of the loach. A fourth phosphoglucomutase allele (PGMD) was found in one of the loach populations examined.
Highly conserved gene expression profiles in humans with allergic rhinitis altered by immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Z. , Yelverton R. W. , Kraft B. , Tanner S. B. , Olsen N. J. , Aune T. M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Atopic diseases, resulting from hypersensitivity to a wide variety of allergens, affect 10–20% of the population. Immunotherapy is an effective treatment for atopic diseases, but its mechanisms are not fully understood.Objective
We studied gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and examined whether the individuals with allergic rhinitis (AR) have a unique gene expression profile and how the immunotherapy affect the gene expression profiles.Methods
We used cDNA microarray and ‘expression analysis systemic explorer’ to examine the gene expression profiles in the PBMC of atopic subjects and other groups.Results
We identified a highly conserved gene expression profile in atopic subjects that permitted their accurate segregation from control or autoimmune subjects. A major feature of this profile was the under‐expression of a variety of genes that encode proteins required for apoptosis and over‐expression of genes that encode proteins critical for stress responses and signal transduction. We also identified 563 genes that can segregate individuals with AR based upon receipt of immunotherapy.Conclusion
There is a highly conserved gene expression profile in the PBMC of individuals with AR. This profile can be used to identify individuals with AR and to evaluate responses to immunotherapy. Quantitative endpoints, such as gene expression, may assist clinicians faced with clinical decisions in the diagnosis of patients and the evaluation of response to therapy. The knowledge of the possible genetic basis for immunotherapy efficacy may also lead to novel therapeutic approaches for atopic diseases.
The impact of aluminium in acid‐suppressing drugs on the immune response of BALB/c mice
Authors: Brunner R. , Wallmann J. , Szalai K. , Karagiannis P. , Kopp T. , Scheiner O. , Jensen‐Jarolim E. , Pali‐Schöll I. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Recently we have shown that anti‐acid drugs lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy. This may be due to hindered peptic digestion, caused by an elevation of the gastric pH. Additionally, it is known that aluminium‐linked antigens lead to an increased probability of sensitization.Objective
Our aim in this study was to show whether sucralfate promotes sensitization not only by preventing peptic digestion but also by acting as a T‐helper type 2 (Th2) adjuvant.Methods
To avoid the effect of sucralfate on the gastric pH and to show only the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized on the parenteral route with codfish extract plus sucralfate, and control groups with aluminium hydroxide (alum) (Th2 adjuvant) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) (Th1 adjuvant). Antigen‐specific antibodies and cytokine levels were determined. The in vivo effect was investigated by intradermal skin tests.Results
Codfish‐specific high IgG1 and IgE antibody levels as well as elevated IL‐4 and IL‐5 levels in alum‐ and MPL‐treated mice, but more importantly also in sucralfate‐treated mice, indicated a Th2 shift. Positive skin tests confirmed this Th2 response.Conclusions
Our data show that parenterally applied sucralfate is able to induce a Th2 response probably due to the aluminium content. This indicates that orally applied sucralfate may lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy not only by inhibiting peptic digestion but also by acting as a Th2 adjuvant.