bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mild colonic diverticulitis can be treated without antibiotics. a case–control study
Authors: de Korte N. , Kuyvenhoven J. Ph. , van der Peet D. L. , Felt‐Bersma R. J. , Cuesta M. A. , Stockmann H. B. A. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  Conservative treatment of mild colonic diverticulitis usually consists of observation, restriction of oral intake, intravenous fluids and antibiotics. The beneficiary effect of antibiotics remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the need for antibiotics in mild colonic diverticulitis.Method  A retrospective case–control study was performed in 272 patients with mild colonic diverticulitis admitted to two hospitals with distinctly different treatment regimes concerning antibiotic use.Results  A total of 191 patients were treated without antibiotics and 81 with antibiotics. Groups were comparable at baseline with respect to age, sex, comorbidity, and use of nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drugs, steroids and aspirin. All patients had imaging‐confirmed diverticulitis. C reactive protein and white blood count levels did not differ significantly. In the antibiotics group there were significantly more patients with a temperature of 38.5°C or higher on admission. (8 vs 19%; P = 0.014). Treatment failure did not differ between groups (4 vs 6%; P = 0.350). The risk of recurrence was higher in the antibiotics group on logistic regression analysis but did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio, 2.04; confidence interval, 0.88–4.75; P = 0.880). The only factor that increased the risk of recurrence was nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drug use (odds ratio, 7.25; confidence interval, 1.22–46.88; P = 0.037).Conclusion  Antibiotics can be omitted in selected patients with mild colonic diverticulitis and should be given on indication only.
Recurrence of colonic diverticular bleeding and associated risk factors
Authors: Niikura R. , Nagata N. , Yamada A. , Akiyama J. , Shimbo T. , Uemura N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  Colonic diverticular bleeding often recurs, but the risk factors remain unclear. Our aim was to identify risk factors for recurrence in patients with diverticular bleeding.Method  Seventy‐two hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with diverticular bleeding between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed. Rebleeding was considered as the main outcome measure, with the duration until recurrence identified from medical records. Potential risk factors for rebleeding, such as underlying pathologies, medication and smoking and drinking habits, were investigated from the medical records on initial admission.Results  Of the 72 patients, 19 had a diverticular disease on the right, 16 on the left side and 37 on both sides of the colon. Recurrence was identified in 27 (38%) patients at a median interval of 1535 days. The cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 6, 12 and 24 months was 15%, 20% and 33%. Multivariate analysis revealed nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (hazard ratio (HR), 2.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–7.46; P = 0.08), antiplatelet drugs (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.01–5.67; P = 0.05) and hypertension (HR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.22–14.2; P = 0.02) to be risk factors for rebleeding.Conclusion  Patients with colonic diverticular bleeding show high recurrence rates within a short period. Risk factors for recurrence have been identified as the use of NSAIDs or antiplatelet drugs and hypertension.
The relationship between management safety commitment and patient safety culture
Authors: Feng X.Q. , Acord L. , Cheng Y.J. , Zeng J.H. , Song J.P. 
Published: March 2011

FENG X.Q., ACORD L., CHENG Y.J., ZENG J.H. & SONG J.P. (2011) The relationship between management safety commitment and patient safety culture. International Nursing Review58, 249–254Aim:  The study aims to explore the relationship between management safety commitment and patient safety culture using data from a Chinese hospital.Background:  Developing a positive patient safety culture has been suggested as an important strategy to improve the quality of health services and patient safety. Management safety commitment has been identified as key to establishing a culture of safety. However, little empirical evidence could be found in the literature to substantiate the relationship between management safety commitment and patient safety culture. Even less is known about the relationship in a Chinese hospital setting.Methods:  The study used a correlational research methodology with a cross‐sectional survey design. A total of 248 registered nurses, including 20 nurse managers and 228 staff nurses, were surveyed using self‐administered questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explore the relationship between management safety commitment and patient safety culture.Findings:  The mean score of safety commitment was 8.38 on a 0–10 visual analogue scale. The mean score of patient safety culture was 148.66. Staff nurses scored patient safety culture significantly lower than those of nurse managers (F = 18.88, P < 0.01). In addition, management safety commitment was significantly related to patient safety culture (r = 0.46, P < 0.01) and was an important predictor of patient safety culture (F = 65.29, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  The findings provide significant empirical evidence that management safety commitment is associated with the culture of patient safety. Thus, to build a positive safety culture, managers need to visibly commit to patient safety and be a role model to ensure patient safety.
Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss?
Authors: Varady K. A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryDietary restriction is an effective strategy for weight loss in obese individuals. The most common form of dietary restriction implemented is daily calorie restriction (CR), which involves reducing energy by 15–60% of usual caloric intake every day. Another form of dietary restriction employed is intermittent CR, which involves 24 h of ad libitum food consumption alternated with 24 h of complete or partial food restriction. Although both diets are effective for weight loss, it remains unknown whether one of these interventions produces superior changes in body weight and body composition when compared to the other. Accordingly, this review examines the effects of daily CR versus intermittent CR on weight loss, fat mass loss and lean mass retention in overweight and obese adults. Results reveal similar weight loss and fat mass loss with 3 to 12 weeks' intermittent CR (4–8%, 11–16%, respectively) and daily CR (5–8%, 10–20%, respectively). In contrast, less fat free mass was lost in response to intermittent CR versus daily CR. These findings suggest that these diets are equally as effective in decreasing body weight and fat mass, although intermittent CR may be more effective for the retention of lean mass.
Historical Sociolinguistics in Nineteenth‐Century Schleswig‐Holstein1
Authors: Langer Nils 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTSchleswig‐Holstein has always been famous as a multilingual region where up to five different languages peacefully co‐exist in the same community. However, during the nineteenth century, language became a political means to suppress particular groups of people and promote others. In particular, intellectual struggle and military warfare were often followed by political reforms aimed at bringing about a change in the official and private use of language in Schleswig‐Holstein. This article provides evidence from school and church inspection reports in the nineteenth century which shows how the German‐speaking authorities were determined to permit only High German to be used in official domains. The use of other languages would not be allowed even though, as the inspection reports testify, both pupils and teachers frequently struggled with their competence in High German. This article thus provides a new and direct view of the multilingual situation at the lowest level of education and hence contributes to our understanding of the effectiveness of language planning measures from ‘above’.Schleswig‐Holstein war schon immer berühmt als eine mehrsprachige Region, in der sich in manchen Gemeinden bis zu fünf Sprachen friedlich trafen. Im neunzehnten Jahrhundert jedoch wurde Sprache zu einem politischen Mittel, mit dem man ungewünschte Sprechergruppen unterdrücken, genehme Gruppen aber fördern konnte. Insbesondere sehen wir im Schleswig‐Holstein des 19. Jahrhunderts, dass intellektuelle Auseinandersetzungen und militärische Kampagnen zu politischen Reformen führten, deren Ziel es war, den privaten und öffentlichen Sprach(en)gebrauch zu verändern. In diesem Aufsatz werden Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung von Schul‐ und Kirchenvisitationsberichten veröffentlicht, die zeigen, dass die deutschsprachigen Behörden in offiziellen Domänen nur das Hochdeutsche zuließen. Der Gebrauch anderer Sprachen war nicht zugestattet, auch wenn – wie die hier referierten Berichte zeigen – sowohl Schüler wie Lehrer zum Teil große Schwierigkeiten mit der Schriftsprache hatten. Dieser Aufsatz erlaubt uns somit einen neuen und direkten Zugang zu den Bildungsverhältnissen auf niedrigster Stufe und hilft uns hierdurch, die Effektivität von Sprachplanungsmaßnahmen von ‘oben’ zu messen.
‘Sagt, wie soll man Stalin danken?’ Kurt Maetzig's Ehe im Schatten (1947), Roman einer Jungen Ehe (1952) and the Cultural Politics of Post‐War Germany
Authors: Allan Seán 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn Ehe im Schatten and Roman einer jungen Ehe Kurt Maetzig analyses the role of the artist and the changing conceptualisation of aesthetics at two contrasting moments of political crisis. Set during the Third Reich, Ehe im Schatten criticises any attempt to separate art and politics, and exposes the limitations of bourgeois classical drama as a form of political resistance. But despite its radical subject‐matter, the film's melodramatic format highlights the difficulties post‐war directors working for DEFA faced in breaking with the traditions of cinematography established by Ufa during the 1940s. Five years later, and in a very different political context, Maetzig revisits these issues in Roman einer jungen Ehe. Although the later film mobilises concepts of socialist realism in order to redefine aesthetic agendas in the early 1950s, it too relies on moments of exaggerated pathos to achieve its aims. While the film's idealisation of working‐class life in the GDR of the early 1950s was soon undermined by the political events of 1953 and 1956, its presentation of works by, among others, Lessing, Seghers, Zuckmayer, Simonov and Sartre offers a detailed and distinctive perspective on the changing dynamics of cultural politics during the immediate post‐war period.In Ehe im Schatten und Roman einer jungen Ehe analysiert Kurt Maetzig den sich wandelnden Ästhetikbegriff bzw. die Rolle des Künstlers in zwei kontrastierenden Momenten politischer Krise. Im Film Ehe im Schatten, der zur Zeit des Dritten Reiches spielt, wird der Versuch kritisiert, Kunst und Politik voneinander zu trennen, wobei gleichzeitig die Unzulänglichkeiten des klassischen bürgerlichen Dramas als Form politischen Widerstandes aufgezeigt werden. Trotz eines radikalen Themas verdeutlicht das melodramatische Format des Films die Schwierigkeiten für DEFA‐Regisseure der Nachkriegszeit, mit den Traditionen des Ufa‐Kinos der 40er Jahre zu brechen. Fünf Jahre später und in einem politisch völlig unterschiedlichen Klima widmet sich Maetzig erneut diesen Problemen in Roman einer jungen Ehe. Obwohl der Film auf Elemente des Sozialistischen Realismus zurückgreift, um ästhetische Prämissen der frühen 50er Jahre zu revidieren, findet sich auch hier ein übertriebener Pathos, was die erstrebte Wirkung des Films betrifft. Obwohl die Idealisierung des Daseins der DDR‐Arbeiterklasse in den frühen 50er Jahren bald durch die politischen Ereignisse von 1953 und 1956 unterminiert wurde, bietet der Film eine detaillierte und spezifische Perspektive in der sich verändernden Dynamik der Kulturpolitik der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit, indem er u. a. Referenzen zu Werken von Lessing, Seghers, Zuckmayer, Simonov und Sartre herstellt.
‘Das Mündel will Vormund sein’: The GDR State as Child1
Authors: Pinfold Debbie 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAt the time of the ‘Wende’, the dominant image of the SED state in political and cultural discourse was that of ‘Vater Staat’, the authoritarian state which had kept its population in an unduly protracted form of ‘Unmündigkeit’ or childhood. As the GDR recedes further into the past, this perception of the relationship between state and population has been maintained and indeed reinforced by the media's continued emphasis on images of the peaceful revolution. This article will trace developments in a quite different image of the GDR as it appeared in official iconography throughout the state's forty‐year existence, i.e. of the state itself as a child. It will draw on monuments (Treptower Park and Buchenwald) and posters commemorating state anniversaries to argue that official representations of the GDR as child were a means of acknowledging the state's debt to its Soviet liberator, while at the same time attempting to negotiate a separate identity for itself and encourage citizens’ loyalty to their state. The cultural artefacts are interpreted both on their own terms and from a present‐day perspective in order to present a more differentiated image of the relationship between GDR state and population.Das vorherrschende Bild des SED‐Staats im politischen und kulturellen Diskurs um die Wendezeit war das Bild vom ‘Vater Staat’, dem autoritären Staat, der seine Bevölkerung allzulange im Zustand der kindlichen Unmündigkeit gehalten hatte. Je ferner die ehemalige DDR in die Vergangenheit entrückt, desto eindeutiger und unverrückbarer wird dieses Bild der Beziehung zwischen Staat und Bevölkerung, vor allem aufgrund der ständigen Wiederholung von Medienbildern der friedlichen Revolution, die dazu neigen, diese Deutung zu bekräftigen. Dieser Aufsatz widmet sich einer komplementären Darstellung der DDR, die in der staatlichen Ikonographie immer wieder benutzt wurde, nämlich das Bild des Staates selbst als Kind, und wie sich dieses Bild im Laufe der vierzigjährigen Geschichte des Staates entwickelte, vor allem in Bezug auf Denkmäler (Treptower Park und Buchenwald) und Plakate, die aus Anlass von staatlichen Feierlichkeiten, besonders Jahrestagen, veröffentlicht wurden. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese offiziellen Darstellungen der DDR als Kind ein Mittel dazu waren, dem sowjetischen Befreier gebührende Dankbarkeit auszudrücken. Sie stellten aber auch eine Möglichkeit dar, eine eigene Identität als souveräner Staat zu entwickeln und Bürgertreue zu fördern. Die kulturellen Artefakte werden sowohl im DDR‐Kontext wie auch aus heutiger Perspektive interpretiert, um ein differenzierteres Bild der Beziehung zwischen DDR‐Staat und Bevölkerung darzustellen.
Islam in the West: Perceptions and Self‐Perceptions of Muslims in Navid Kermani's Kurzmitteilung1
Authors: Matthes Frauke 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis essay analyses Navid Kermani's literary engagement with the interaction between Islam and the West in his novel Kurzmitteilung (2007). Kermani (b. 1967 in Germany of Iranian parents) is a scholar of Islamic Studies as well as a writer; he critically examines how Islam often serves as an object of Western counter‐identification. The essay explores how the novel, which is set after the London suicide bomb attacks on 7 July 2005, treats the perceptions and self‐perceptions of Muslims at the beginning of the twenty‐first century, focusing on its German‐Iranian narrator, the event manager Dariusch. My analysis considers Dariusch's ambiguity: he claims a residual cultural identity as an Iranian Muslim, which he contrasts with the identity of Arabs who plant bombs in the West, yet he is not a practising Muslim; he criticises the Western commercialisation of Islam, thereby making his own reverse division between the hypocritical West and misconstrued Islam, but is complicit with this commercialisation in his professional life. Finally, Dariusch dismisses Islam altogether (he turns to Scientology). More broadly, this essay also critically explores the position of Islam in the West and its contribution to Western cultural and religious identification after ‘9/11’ and ‘7/7’.Dieser Aufsatz untersucht Navid Kermanis literarische Auseinandersetzung mit der Wechselbeziehung zwischen dem Islam und dem Westen in seinem Roman Kurzmitteilung (2007). Kermani (1967 als Sohn iranischer Einwanderer in Deutschland geboren) ist sowohl habilitierter Islamwissenschaftler als auch Schriftsteller; er stellt sich kritisch die Frage, wie sich der Westen häufig im Gegensatz zum Islam identifiziert. Der Aufsatz untersucht, wie sich der Roman, der nach den Londoner Bombenanschlägen des 7. Juli 2005 spielt, mit der Wahrnehmung und Selbstwahrnehmung von Muslimen zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts auseinandersetzt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem deutsch‐iranischen Erzähler, dem Eventmanager Dariusch. Meine Analyse beschäftigt sich mit Dariuschs Ambiguität: Er beansprucht eine in Resten vorhandene kulturelle Identität als iranischer Muslim, die er der Identität von Arabern, die Bomben legen, entgegensetzt, aber er ist kein gläubiger Muslim; er kritisiert die westliche Kommerzialisierung des Islam, wobei er seine eigene umgekehrte Trennung zwischen dem heuchlerischen Westen und dem missdeuteten Islam vornimmt, aber er ist an dieser Kommerzialisierung in seinem Beruf beteiligt. Letztendlich lehnt Dariusch den Islam völlig ab (er wendet sich Scientology zu). Dieser Aufsatz setzt sich im weiteren Sinne ebenfalls kritisch mit der Position des Islam im Westen und seinem Beitrag zur westlichen kulturellen und religiösen Identifizierung nach ‘9/11’ und ‘7/7’ auseinander.
Families Across Borders: The Emotional Impacts of Migration on Origin Families*
Authors: Silver Alexis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMigration is experienced not only by individuals who migrate, but also by their family members that remain at home. While previous research on origin communities has focused primarily on the economic impacts of remittances, this study emphasizes the emotional repercussions of family member migration. I use the Mexican Family Life Survey, a nationally representative data set, to empirically assess the effects of migration on the emotional well‐being of migrants’ family members in Mexican communities of origin. Results indicate that migration of close family members to the United States, especially spouses and children, significantly increases depressive symptoms and feelings of loneliness reported by family members remaining in Mexico. Women, particularly mothers and wives, are more adversely affected by family member migration than men. On a practical level, findings from this study illustrate a need for support programmes in origin communities to help families cope with the migration of their family members. The results of the study also highlight the adverse and unintended consequences of border restriction policy that severely restrains migrants from visiting their families and origin communities. From a research perspective, the results indicate the importance of non‐economic measures in analyses of migration. There are significant psychological and emotional repercussions of family member migration and these should not be downplayed or overlooked in migration research.
The Impact of Communal Organizational Density on the Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Couton Philippe 
Published: March 2011

AbstractResearchers have long posited that immigrant social structures play an important role in the settlement and adaptation of immigrants in most host countries, including Canada. Recent studies report that immigrant organizations can have divergent effects on the economic outcomes of the communities they serve. However the topic has yet to be addressed adequately for lack of systematic information on immigrant organizations. This article proposes to partially fill this gap by measuring the impact of several new variables drawn from infrequently used, but readily available administrative data collected by the Canadian government on three census labour market variables: income, unemployment, and self‐employment. This addresses a specific part of the labour market impact of immigrant social structures: the role of officially recognized charitable organizations serving specific ethno‐immigrant communities in fostering their labour market integration. The results of descriptive analysis and regression models show that organizational density is positively associated with self‐employment and negatively associated with income and unemployment.
Cultural Responses to Changing Gender Patterns of Migration in Georgia
Authors: Hofmann Erin Trouth , Buckley Cynthia J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we explore how individual women cope with the tensions between economic forces encouraging temporary labour migration and cultural norms tying “proper” women to their homes and families. Combining in‐depth interviews with returned migrant women in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi with secondary migration data for the region, we illustrate the recent increases in Georgian women’s participation in international labour migration. Deteriorating economic conditions in Georgia leave women with few local opportunities to financially support their families, while institutional changes have altered the accessibility and attractiveness of international destinations, leading to increasing motivations and opportunities for women’s migration. Focusing on the contradictions between growing female migration and persistent adherence to cultural norms stigmatizing migration in Georgia, we explore the cognitive strategies migrant women employ in an attempt to balance internalized perceptions of acceptable gendered behaviour with their migration choices. Two key pathways of adaptation emerge: framing migration as a necessity rather than a choice and stressing the unique and individually exceptional nature of their own migration experience. We posit that these strategies may serve to limit the norm‐challenging nature of women’s migration in Georgia. Although migration is often described as an empowering experience for women, if women migrants work to present their migration in a way that fits within the bounds of traditional gender norms, these norms may be strengthened rather than challenged.
Allometry of the cellular structure of intra‐orbital adipose tissue in eutherian mammals
Authors: Pond Caroline M. , Mattacks Christine A. 
Published: March 2011

1. The mean volumes of structural adipocytes in two intra‐orbital adipose depots, the total fatness and the average volume of adipocytes in the superficial, intermuscular and intraabdominal sites were measured from 60 randomly‐obtained wild, captive and laboratory mammals ranging in body mass from 0.01–650 kg.2. In all 30 species studied, the adipocytes immediately behind the eyeball (the ‘orbital’ depot) are smaller than those in the periphery of the eyesocket (‘peripheral’ depot) of the same specimen. The mean volumes of adipocytes in both intra‐orbital depots are approximately proportional to (Body Mass)0.31.3. Disregarding the effects of interspecific differences in the shape of the eyeball and orbit, the number of intra‐orbital adipocytes is calculated to be proportional to (Body Mass)0.69.4. The scaling of adipocyte volume and adipose tissue cellularity to body mass cannot be attributed directly to adipose tissue metabolism, because structural, metabolically‐inert adipocytes are similarly affected. The scaling of adipocyte volume to body mass may represent some more fundamental relationship between cell size and organism size.