bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wartime rationing and nutrition in pregnancy. First communication
Authors: Obermer E. 
Published: May 2009

1. An analysis is made of 238 total calorie, protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes during wartime. These represent the 24 hr. mean of 48 hr. investigations carried out at six-weekly intervals throughout pregnancy on 55 healthy working-class women on self-selected diets. These investigations were carried out from April 1943 to the end of 1946. Throughout this period, ‘wartime’ rationing conditions prevailed.2. The total calorie intake is analysed. 49·8% of the series in the ‘first half’ of pregnancy and 46·9 % in the ‘second half’ of pregnancy were found to be suboptimal according to recognized standards.3. The protein intake is analysed in terms of(a)total intake, and(b)g./kg. body-weight. The latter analysis showed that 33 % of the figures in the ‘first half’ of pregnancy and 46 % of the figures in the ‘second half’ of pregnancy were sub-optimal.4. The percentage of animal protein is contrasted with that of vegetable protein; a satisfactory animal protein percentage is found. The latter is derived partly from the extra pint of milk and partly from adequate quantities of meat, offal and fish. Over 40 % of the women ingested no cheese at all. The remainder consumed relatively small quantities.5. The total fat intake is analysed. Over 50 % showed a fat ingestion of more than 100 g./day.6. The total carbohydrate intake is analysed and the average ingestion found to be below 300 g. An analysis of the amounts of bread eaten per day showed a large proportion of intakes below ½ lb. (225 g.) per day—76 % in the ‘first half’ and 75 % in the ‘second half’ of pregnancy. The potato intake was relatively higher. The mean daily consumption was 191 g. with a maximum of 435 g. A list is also given of the amounts of the other common farinaceous foods consumed.7. An analysis is made of the percentage of total calories accounted for by protein, fat and carbohydrates respectively. When the figures are compared with the accepted standards of 15 % protein, 35 % fat and 50% carbohydrates, the findings are(a)a slight preponderance of low protein intakes, (b) a preponderance of high fat intakes, and (c) a preponderance of low carbohydrate intakes.8. The figures for all three constituents—protein, fat and carbohydrate—compare favourably with those given in prewar surveys of nutrition in pregnant working-class women.
Capsules and mucoid envelopes of bacteria
Authors: Klieneberger-Nobel Emmy 
Published: May 2009

Methods have been described by which capsules and mucoid envelopes of bacteria can be fixed and stained positively and differentially, proving they are of different natures. The capsule is of definite shape and outline, the slime is amorphous. Some bacteria may have capsules, some may produce slime, and in others the capsulated organisms may be embedded in amorphous slime, as, for example, in the Fried-lander bacillus and in thePneumococcus,type III. These properties are probably more or less characteristic for certain organisms or groups of organisms. Of course, loss of capsules, and loss of slime production do occur.All bacteria which have capsules seem to possess special antigens (cp. Kauffmann's A-antigen). This was particularly shown for members of thecoli-oerosrenes-Friedlander groups andStreptococcus para-faecalis(Skadhauge). Organisms with L-antigens possess generally no capsular or mucoid envelopes of the type described, with one exception, viz. strain Bi 316/42.By means of the capsule- and slime-staining methods here described, a densely staining edge was demonstrated in the bacteria examined, which—it is suggested—may comprise the cell wall and its adjoining cytoplasmic layer. Organisms supposed to have no cell walls (Myxococci) do not show this appearance.The so-called ‘swelling reaction’ is a reaction between antiserum and homologous bacteria, by which the capsule becomes easily demonstrable. It seems doubtful that actual swelling takes place.
The serological relationship between vaccinia and ectromelia viruses
Authors: Dickinson Lois 
Published: May 2009

1. Elementary body suspensions of vaccinia and ectromelia were obtained from rabbit skin and chick embryo or mouse liver and chick embryo respectively and used to immunize rabbits.2. Judged by the complement fixation and haemagglutination tests, the viruses from different hósts were very similar antigenically. Ectromelia and vaccinia appeared closely related, the heterologous virus titres being usually lower than the homologous.3. Elementary body suspension agglutination tests did not reveal a similar relationship between the two viruses, but were not satisfactory on account of the low antibody content of the antiectromelia sera.4. Highly active ectromelia antisera were not obtained and there was no evidence of multiplication of this virus in rabbits.5. Only slight neutralizing activity was demonstrated in the antisera.6. Elementary body suspensions of ectromelia virus prepared from mouse livers, as well as the crude liver extracts, were soon inactivated. Egg membrane preparations were relatively stable.
The problem of diabetes mellitus in school medical administration
Authors: Sainsbury H. 
Published: May 2009

The recent inclusion of the diabetic child in the list of children for whom special provision is required to be made by Local Authorities confronts the School Medical Officer with the following questions:(1) To what extent does the disease exist in a school population?(2) Is it increasing, and if so, to what extent?(3) What is its significance in terms of morbidity?(4) What is its significance as a source of loss of child life?(5) To what extent is the disease subject to control?
Plague in South Africa: a study of the epizootic cycle in gerbils (Tatera brantsi) in the northern Orange Free State
Authors: Davis D. H. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The course of an epizootic of plague in thirty-four colonies of gerbils (Tatera brantsi) was observed by counting, at 4-weekly intervals, the number of burrows which, when they had been closed on one day, were found open on the next. One gerbil could open an average of eight burrows in one night.2. Regular censuses on the twenty-one colonies which survived until the last phase of the epizootic showed that the gerbil population fell from about 420 at the end of June 1940 to none at the end of January 1941. From May 1941 to August 1942, 3-monthly counts revealed some recolonization, but field officers reported that between 1942 and 1951 the gerbils sometimes died from plague, and the population never regained its former level.3. During 1940, two to four colonies died out every 4 weeks. The time of year seemed not to influence the course of the epizootic.4. Pasteurella pestis was detected in some gerbil colonies 4–6 months before they died out.5. Plague-infected gerbil fleas were found which had been immured in blocked deserted burrows for periods of up to 120 days.6. The passage of infection was traced from the reservoir in gerbils to other wild rodents (Otomys irroratus, Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis), to house rats (Rattus rattus) and to man.
The measurement of the duration of infection in paratyphoid fever
Authors: George T. C. R. , Harvey R. W. S. , Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

Cases of paratyphoid fever are often not diagnosed until the second, third or subsequent weeks of illness. When calculating clearance rates of a series of cases the calculations must be based only on the numbers known to be positive at the week under consideration. If based throughout on the total number of cases the rates of clearance in the early weeks are greatly reduced.Cases for which laboratory records are incomplete must not be entirely rejected when calculating clearance rates but must be retained in the population for as long as they were known to be positive.Analyses designed to show the duration of infection in paratyphoid fever can only be made with accuracy under the most favourable conditions.A large number of cases of paratyphoid fever were repeatedly examined bacteriologically to establish the duration of the infection as distinct from the clinical illness. After an initial lag the proportion of cases remaining infected fell logarithmically until the carriers revealed themselves.We are grateful to many medical officers for information about their cases, and to Dr Lewis Fanning and Dr Ian Sutherland for much helpful criticism.
The effect of storage on the coliform and Bacterium coli counts of water samples
Authors:   By the Public Health Laboratory Service Water Sub-Committee
Published: May 2009

This investigation has been concerned with the changes that occur in the coliform and faecal coli content of water samples on storage at room and refrigerator temperatures for 6 hr. as compared with those occurring after 24 hr. storage.The examination was conducted by a 70-tube method using twofold diminishing volumes.The percentages of samples showing a significant change corresponding to at least a doubling or halving of the coliform content on storage were: (a) at room temperature after 6 hr. 24.7%, and after 24 hr. 38.3%; (b) at refrigerator temperature after 6 hr. 25.0%, and after 24 hr. 33.9%. The percentages of samples showing a significant change in the faecal coli content on storage were: (a) at room temperature after 6 hr. 18.7%, and after 24 hr. 34.6%; (b) at refrigerator temperature after 6 hr. 10.4%, and after 24 hr. 25.0%. The changes were preponderantly decreases and most of the large changes occurred after 24 hr.The investigation has shown that fewer changes occur after 6 hr. storage than after 24 hr. storage, and that storage for 6 hr. at refrigerator temperature is preferable to storage for 6 hr. at room temperature. Even so, some samples show significant changes after 6 hr. storage at refrigerator temperature; the coliform content is significantly altered in 25% of samples and the faecal coli content in 10% of samples.Samples of water should, therefore, be examined as soon as possible after collection, certainly within 6 hr., and during the period of transport to the laboratory they should be kept cold, if possible by ice.
An investigation ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeby a red cell sensitization technique
Authors: Chanarin I. 
Published: May 2009

Two antigens, probably polysaccharide in nature, were extracted from smoothgonococci.One of these could be adsorbed on to red cells and sensitized these cells to the action of a gonococcal antiserum. The factors concerned in this adsorption were investigated. The antigen, which was shown by a mirror absorption technique to be of two distinct types, was lost with the S-R change.The second antigen was detected by its ability to fix complement in the presence of an immune serum.It is suggested that these two antigens form a complex which determines the nature of the surface of the smooth gonococcus.I wish to thank Dr J. C. Thomas, Provincial Pathologist, for the facilities for carrying out these investigations; Prof. M. van den Ende and Dr A. Kipps for helpful and constructive criticism; and Miss E. Bennett, Miss B. Jefferies, Mr L. Heitman, Mrs S. Maddison, and Mr G. C. Buckle for technical assistance.
Staphylococcus pyogenes: the antibiotic sensitivity of strains isolated from human carriers
Authors: Gould J. C. , McKillop Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2009

Strains ofStaphylococcus pyogenesable to grow in 0·1 unit/ml. of penicillin produced penicillinase and were regarded as resistant. The majority of the remaining strains had the same sensitivity as the standard sensitive staphylococcus.Five hundred and three strains were isolated from pre-clinical medical students from 1950 to 1953, and 24% were penicillin-resistant. Two per cent were streptomycin-resistant and none were resistant to chloromycetin, aureomycin or terra-mycin. Two hundred and forty-six of the strains were isolated from persistent and intermittent carriers, but only 14% were penicillin-resistant.Another 183 strains were isolated from persons unattached to hospital, and 14% were resistant to penicillin. Only one strain was streptomycin-resistant; one was chloromycetin-resistant and none were resistant to the other antibiotics.Among persistent and intermittent carriers, more than 7 times as many penicillin-resistant strains were isolated from those who had had previous penicillin therapy as from those who had not.It was concluded that the administration of antibiotic increases the number of resistant strains in the community.
A localized outbreak of dengue fever in Kuala Lumpur: serological aspects
Authors: Smith C. E. Gordon 
Published: May 2009

1. Sera from an outbreak of about forty cases of dengue fever due to dengue-1 virus have been studied using the neutralization, haemagglutinin-inhibition, and complement-fixation tests.2. The neutralization test was the most specific and the complement-fixation test the least so.3. The neutralization test is essential for clear identification of the causal virus by serological means, and serial serum specimens from each patient must be examined.4. The haemagglutinin-inhibition test can be used to screen patients in outbreaks where some cases have been fully identified by neutralization tests.5. Homologous neutralizing antibodies persist in high titre for at least 30 weeks after infection, while heterologous antibodies have disappeared by that time.6. Both haemagglutinin-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies to homologous and heterologous viruses usually persist for at least 30 weeks, although the homologous titres tend to be highest.7. The implications of these findings in serological surveys are discussed.8. Some evidence suggesting the occurrence of inapparent infections during the epidemic is presented.I am greatly indebted to my staff for help with this work: especially to my senior technician, Che Ali bin Mohamed Amin, and to Che Mohamed bin Omar who drew the figures.
Staphylococcus aureusin the infant upper respiratory tract: I. Observations on hospital-born babies
Authors: Hurst Valerie 
Published: May 2009

Pernasal and throat swabs taken on 106 newborn babies showed that 99% harboured coagulase-positiveStaph. aureusby the time they left the hospital nursery. When the strains isolated from thirty-four of them were phage typed and tested for penicillin sensitivity, it was found that thirty-three (97%) carried at least one penicillin-resistant strain. Phage typing of their subsequent cultures, taken as they became older, demonstrated that they retained these strains for very long periods. Of the twenty-one still under observation at 6 months of age, eleven (53%) were carrying one or more of their original hospital strains, and an additional three (14%) still were consistently yielding an untypable strain believed to be identical to that acquired in hospital. Similarly, of those remaining under observation for the last 6 months of their first year, at least 50% continued to carry their hospital strains.These babies frequently retained the hospital strains in their throats longer than in their noses. Although their nasal cultures often became negative after the first few months of life, the original hospital strains continued to be recovered from the throats. This would indicate that the throat culture is more accurate than the nasal culture in determining staphylococcal carriers among this age group. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in the infant throat may have considerable epidemiological significance, since babies tend to widely distribute their saliva.The observations suggest that the staphylococci acquired at birth become a normal component of the upper respiratory flora, and may thus prevent new strains of staphylococci from becoming established later. This may explain why newborn babies retain the antibiotic-resistant staphylococci of the hospital much longer than do adult patients. Antibiotic-resistant strains among the general non-hospital population will be increased steadily by babies born in hospitals.
Resistance to reinfection in experimental mouse typhoid
Authors: Hobson Derek 
Published: May 2009

Mice surviving infection with a strain ofSalm. typhimuriumof reduced virulence developed a progressive resistance to reinfection with virulent strains.The degree of resistance was greater than that of vaccinated mice, although the primary infection had not caused any significant degree of natural selection or higher serum titres of O antibody.The previously infected animals responded to reinfection with a virulent strain ofSalm. typhimuriumby gradually restraining bacterial growth. Many of the survivors eradicated the reinfecting strain.The possible reasons for the difference between vaccinated mice and survivors of previous infection have been discussed.I am indebted to the Medical Research Council for the provision of a grant towards the expenses of this investigation and to Mr T. Norris and Miss Italia S. Alderton for technical assistance.
Experiments with the soluble antigen of rabies in suckling mouse brains
Authors: van den Ende M. , Polson A. , Turner G. S. 
Published: May 2009

A study has been made of the properties of soluble antigen in the brains of infant mice infected intracerebrally with the Flury strain of rabies virus.Soluble antigen is produced at the same time as infective virus, and reaches a high concentration in a period of 2–3 days.It can be partially purified by precipitation at pH 4·3. It is partially resistant to the action of trypsin, RNAse and DNAse. It is relatively stable at pH 6–10.Experimental results suggest that the soluble antigen remains antigenically active after heating at 56° C. and treatment with 0·5% phenol or 0·35% formal-dehyde, but that such heating markedly reduces the ability to stimulate formation of neutralizing antibody.Rabbits and mice appear to differ in the production of neutralizing antibody following immunization against soluble antigen in which residual live virus was inactivated by heat, phenol or formaldehyde.It is suggested that this difference may depend on the different susceptibility to traces of incompletely inactivated virus remaining in the immunizing antigens.The authors are grateful to Miss T. Madsen for her assistance in some aspects of this work. Dr N. Sapeika kindly made available facilities for the in vitro anaphylaxis experiments.Financial assistance was received from the Nkana-Kitwe and Chingola Poliomyelitis Research Funds.
Observations pointing to the conjunctiva as the portal of entry in salmonella infection of guinea-pigs
Authors: Moore B. 
Published: May 2009

In the course of salmonella epizootics in guinea-pigs due to Salm. enteritidis and Salm. typhi-murium, respectively, salmonella conjunctivitis was widespread, and conjunctival swabbing was found to be a more effective procedure for detecting the spread of infection than the examination of rectal swabs. Eye-swabbing with segregation of eye-positive guinea-pigs and their cage-mates was apparently successful in controlling two Salm. enteritidis epizootics.Later experimental observations showed that the conjunctival route was a far more effective one for producing systemic salmonella infection in guinea-pigs than the oral route. The 50% spleen infecting dose by the conjunctival route was of the order of 100 organisms, while a dose of 100,000,000 organisms of the same strain of Salm. enteritidis was ineffective by mouth. Blood-borne invasion from the primary conjunctival lesion occurred by the lymphatic route. Gut infection of guinea-pigs infected experimentally throughout the eye was secondary to spleen infection and probably occurred by excretion of salmonellae through the gall-bladder.The importance of the conjunctival route in natural salmonella infections of guinea-pigs was confirmed by goggling experiments, which showed that, except in animals with complicating conditions such as pregnancy, effectively goggled guinea-pigs were highly resistant to infection in environments heavily contaminated with Salm. enteritidis which produced high infection rates in ungoggled control animals.I am very grateful to my technician, Mr G. Sandys, for his enthusiastic help, particularly with the goggling experiments.
Streptococcal infections among children in a residential home: I. Introduction and definitions: the incidence of infection
Authors: Holmes Margaret C. , Williams R. E. O. , Bloom C. V. , Hirch Ann , Lermit Ann , Woods Eileen 
Published: May 2009

1. In a children's home with an average population of about 460 children aged from 0 to 15 years, 473 attacks of acute sore throat, 354 attacks of otitis and 314attacks of other acute febrile respiratory tract illness were recorded in the 30 months from November 1950 to April 1953.2. The attack rate for all forms of illness and at all ages was higher among children in a reception group, who were mostly recently arrived in the home, than it was in the permanent residents.3. Of all ifinesses with the principal signs or symptoms referable to the throat, the proportion that yieldedStreptococcus pyogenesrose from about 34 % in the 1–2-year- old children to about 74% in the children aged 10 years or more. Streptococcal sore throats made up about 8% and about 38 % of all febrile respiratory tract illnesses in the same two age groups.4. The attack rate for streptococcal sore throat varied from month to month between 0 and 6 5 % of the children at risk; only one period of substantially increased prevalence was observed and there was no indication of any seasonal trend. Non-streptococcal sore throat varied between FO and 20 % per month. It was not possible to recognize any epidemics of streptococcal otitis; non-strepto coccal otitis had a definite winter prevalence associated with the rise in the total of non-streptococcal respiratory disease.5. There was a slight indication that tonsillectomized children had rather milder attacks of sore throat than non-tonsifiectomized under the routine sulphamezathine treatment adopted. About 86 % of all children stifi harboured the causative streptococcus in their throat on discharge from hospital. The tonsifiectomized children lost their throat, but not their nose, streptococci in convalescence more rapidly that the non-tonsillectomized. Among throat carriers, the tonsifiectomized children carried streptococci in their nose more often than the non-tonsilectomjzed at all stages in their illness and convalescence.6. Bacteriological examination of excised tonsils did not often reveal the presence of streptococci that had been undetected in throat swabs. Twenty-one of twenty- two children who had had a streptococcal respiratory tract ifiness treated with suiphamezathine within the 3 months preceding their tonsifiectomy were found to harbour the same streptococcus in their tonsifiar tissue; only four of eighteen children whose illness had been treated with penicillin still harboured the streptococcus.Streptococcal infections in children. I 61