bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of zwitterionic organogels based on Schiff base chemistry
Authors: Tarannum Nazia , Singh Meenakshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(sulfobetaine)s and poly(carboxybetaine)s have been extensively studied for their zwitterionic and biocompatible nature. The specific features that make such zwitterionic structures technologically important are their chemical structure, a straight forward synthetic route, high ionic contents with interesting dilute solution, and solid state properties. The objective of this work is to synthesize novel zwitterionic polymers having gel characteristics. Here, p‐phenylene diamine/melamine react as nucleophiles with glutaraldehyde to produce poly(schiff base)s. In the subsequent step, the poly(sulfobetaine)s and poly(carboxybetaine)s were produced on treatment with 1,3‐propane sultone/γ‐butyrolactone. Hence, a catalyst free facile approach to novel zwitterionic polymers was obtained. The polymers were characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, XRD analyses, SEM, pH metric titrations, conductometric titrations, and thermal analyses (TGA/DTA). The polymeric samples carry the gel characteristics, showing lamellar structure with porous network. XRD pattern shows Bragg peaks indicative of superstructures. Thermal analysis indicates the Hoffman elimination of β hydrogen and subsequent release of sulfopropyl/carboxybutyl group. One of the gel polymers shows fluorescence also. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Nanofibers as carrier systems for antimicrobial microemulsions. II. Release characteristics and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Kriegel C. , Kit K. M. , McClements D. J. , Weiss J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAntimicrobial nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning microemulsions composed of the essential oil component eugenol solubilized in an aqueous nonionic micellar surfactant solution (Surfynol®465) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Nanofibers contained microemulsions composed of 0.75–1.5 wt% eugenol and 5–10 wt % Surfynol. Scanning electron microscopy revealed substantial difference in fiber morphology depending on microemulsion composition with fiber diameters increasing as the concentration of either surfactant or essential oil component in the fibers increased. Release studies suggested a burst release of the encapsulated eugenol, potentially due to the hydrophilicity of the polymeric carrier resulting in rapid dissolution of the carrier matrix and high‐fiber porosity. The eugenol release rate depended on the amount of eugenol and surfactant incorporated within the fibers. The antimicrobial activity of nanofibers carrying eugenol was evaluated against two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (2476 and 2576) and Listeria monocytogenes (Scott A and 101) using a macrobroth dilution assay. Presence of nanofibers in bacterial suspensions successfully suppressed growth of foodborne pathogens and in some cases decreased initial cell numbers. Generally, nanofibers were more efficient against Gram‒negative than Gram‒positive bacterial strains. Results suggest that addition of microemulsions carrying lipophilic components to polymer solutions subjected to electrospinning offers a novel means to further enhance the functionality of nanofibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Properties improvement of PMMA using nano TiO2
Authors: Chatterjee Amit 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTiO2 nanofillers (5 nm, 0–15% weight) have been introduced in the PMMA matrix using a twin screw extruder to increase the performance of PMMA. The twin screw extrusion process is optimized to disperse the particles into PMMA. Nanofiller infusion improves the thermal, mechanical, and UV absorption properties of PMMA. TiO2‐PMMA nanocomposites exhibit the increase in tensile modulus (˜90%), decomposition temperature (˜31%), dimension stability (∼ 60%) and UV absorption (∼ 410%). Properties of the nanoTiO2‐PMMA composites are depending on the dispersion of TiO2 in the PMMA matrix. It is interrelated with loading. Formation and disappearance of the peaks in FTIR confirm the chemical interaction of PMMA with TiO2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrochemical synthesis of poly(methylsilyne) and investigation of the effects of parameters on the synthesis
Authors: Eroglu Damla , Nur Yusuf , Bayram Goknur , Toppare Levent K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study aims to synthesize poly(methylsilyne) by electrochemical reduction of methyltrichlorosilane at a constant potential of −6 V, while investigating the effects of parameters such as the nature of the electrode, solvent and supporting electrolyte, the monomer/solvent ratio, and the reaction time on the properties of the products. The polymer was characterized by 1H‐NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV‐Visible Spectroscopy, and TGA (Thermogravimetry Analysis). Copper (Cu) electrodes were used as stainless steel introduced impurities into the system. In an electrolytic media consisting of acetonitrile (AN), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Cu electrodes, increasing the monomer/solvent ratio and the reaction time affected the system negatively based on the purity of poly(methylsilyne) in the final product. Reproducible results were only achieved in an electrolytic media containing 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). In this system, the purity of the products was less dependent on monomer/solvent ratio and reaction time. The color and the 1H‐NMR, FTIR, and UV‐Visible spectra proved that the product is poly(methylsilyne). In addition, the significantly high‐average decomposition temperature obtained from TGA results revealed that the polymer is a good candidate as an additive for improving thermal stability and flame retardancy in thermoplastics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Stress cracking and chemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in NaOH aqueous solutions
Authors: Teófilo E. T. , Silva S. M. L. , Rabello M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStress cracking is one of the most frequent causes of premature failure of polymers, affecting also engineering polymers like PET. In this work, the stress cracking behavior of injection moulded PET was investigated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solutions in various concentrations as active fluids. The application of mechanical load to the sample bars was done in a tensile testing machine, using the ordinary tensile test and also a relaxation procedure. The results showed that all NaOH solutions were aggressive stress cracking agents for PET, reducing mechanical properties and causing catastrophic failure with a significant surface damage. The occurrence of hydrolysis reactions was also observed when NaOH solutions were applied in combination with tensile loads, causing a reduction in molar mass of PET molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Using a Combination of Magnetic Anisotropic Effects for the Configurational Assignment of Amino Alcohols
Authors: Leiro Victoria , Seco José Manuel , Quiñoá Emilio , Riguera Ricardo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe combined magnetic anisotropic effects generated by two auxiliary moieties of 2‐methoxy‐2‐phenylacetic acid (MPA), introduced on two families of terminal 1,2‐amino alcohols (prim/sec and sec/prim), determine the signs of the ΔδRS parameters—the differences in chemical shifts between the bis‐(R)‐MPA and the bis‐(S)‐MPA esters—of the hydrogen atoms placed at both sides of the stereogenic carbon atoms, thereby allowing the determination of the absolute configuration of those heterobifunctional compounds. Theoretical (AM1, B3LYP) and experimental (CD, 3J, low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, isotopic labeling) studies, together with testing with a number of representative compounds, permit one to establish the foundations of this methodology.
Magnetic resonance imaging-detected lymph nodes close to the mesorectal fascia are rarely a cause of margin involvement after total mesorectal excision
Authors: Shihab O C , Quirke P , Heald R J , Moran B J , Brown G 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
In rectal cancer the management of suspicious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lymph nodes lying close to the mesorectal fascia poses an ongoing dilemma. Key decisions in treatment planning are commonly based on the prediction of margin status. However, it is unclear whether a lymph node that appears to contain tumour close to the mesorectal fascia will result in a positive margin.

Methods
Some 396 patients with rectal cancer were included. MRI assessment of mesorectal nodes, the pathologically involved circumferential resection margin (CRM) rate and causes of margin involvement were analysed to establish the clinical significance of MRI-detected suspicious lymph nodes at the resection margin.

Results
Fifty (12·6 per cent) of 396 patients had a positive CRM on histopathological analysis, five (10 per cent) solely due to an involved lymph node. Four of the five malignant nodes were not predicted on MRI. Thirty-one of the 396 MRI studies had suspicious nodes 1 mm or less from the CRM. None of these patients had a positive CRM owing to nodal involvement.

Conclusion
Involvement of the CRM by lymph node metastases alone is uncommon.
Bufferized solvent extraction and HPLC fluorometric detection method for sarafloxacin in pig and chicken muscles
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Heui , Na Tae Woong , Rouf Mamun Md. Iqbal , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Shin Eun‐Ho , Park Jong‐Hyouk , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, a method for the detection of sarafloxacin in pig and chicken muscles was developed using HPLC‐FLD as a regulatory residue technique. Good extraction efficiency was achieved using a mixture of 1% orthophosphoric acid–0.2 m MgCl2 in water and acetonitrile as an extraction solvent, and n‐hexane partitioning and centrifugation for cleanup was used in the absence of dehydration. Specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, recovery, accuracy and precision were all validated, and all results were sufficient for the SARA regulatory residue method in pig and chicken muscles. The method developed and described herein was not only simple but also reliable, and was applied to market samples to determine their residue contents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions
Authors: Schaltegger Stefan , Wagner Marcus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to propose a framework to position sustainable entrepreneurship in relation to sustainability innovation. The framework builds on a typology of sustainable entrepreneurship, develops it by including social and institutional entrepreneurship, i.e. the application of the entrepreneurial approach towards meeting societal goals and towards changing market contexts, and relates it to sustainability innovation. The framework provides a reference for managers to introduce sustainability innovation and to pursue sustainable entrepreneurship. Methodologically, the paper develops an approach of qualitative measurement of sustainable entrepreneurship and how to assess the position of a company in a classification matrix. The degree of environmental or social responsibility orientation in the company is assessed on the basis of environmental and social goals and policies, the organization of environmental and social management in the company and the communication of environmental and social issues. The market impact of the company is measured on the basis of market share, sales growth and reactions of competitors. The paper finds conditions under which sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation emerge spontaneously. The research has implications for theory and practitioners in that it clarifies which firms are most likely under specific conditions to make moves towards sustainability innovation. The paper makes a contribution in showing that extant research needs to be expanded with regard to motivations for innovation and that earlier models of sustainable entrepreneurship need to be refined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Parenting plan evaluation standards and guidelines for psychologists: Setting the frame
Authors: Connell Mary 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article explores how various sources of authority interact to govern psychologists' parenting plan evaluations (child custody evaluations), and remedies that are available when an evaluation is poorly conducted. The law in some jurisdictions may establish specific elements to be included in such evaluations; the professional associations to which psychologists belong may set forth enforceable standards, aspirational guidelines, and white papers; and learned treatises may describe ideal practices. Psychologists may rely on these sources of authority to shape their evaluations, and, finally, may consult with colleagues for guidance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open source Ch Control System Toolkit and web‐based control system design for teaching automatic control of linear time‐invariant systems
Authors: Chen Bo , Chou Yu‐Cheng , Cheng Harry H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Ch Control System Toolkit (CCST) is a software package for the design and analysis of control systems. It is a C/C++ class with member functions for solving control problems in a user‐friendly C/C++ interpreter, Ch. Based on the CCST, a Web‐based Control System Design and Analysis System (WCSDAS), and a Web‐based Controller/Compensator Design Module (WCCDM), have been developed. In this article, using the CCST, WCSDAS, and WCCDM for teaching automatic control of linear time‐invariant systems is presented. With the CCST, students are able to solve control problems with only a few lines of C/C++ code. The CCST can also be used to develop various interactive utility programs that will assist students in learning control systems without any programming requirements. With the Web‐based WCSDAS and WCCDM tools, students can interactively design and analyze control systems via a Web browser. The CCST, WCSDAS, and WCCDM are open source software packages. These software tools have been used for teaching undergraduate control courses at the University of California, Davis and Michigan Technological University. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 95–112, 2013
How can we get benefits of computer‐based testing in engineering education?
Authors: Cagiltay Nergiz , Ozalp‐Yaman Seniz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing computers for assessment can provide several benefits for educators and test‐takers. However, in the literature, there is no consensus on the equivalence of paper‐and‐pencil (P&P) and computer‐based test (CBT) environments. Additionally, these studies fail to address the engineering domain. Our main assumption is that, if we could define the confounding factors to satisfy that these two versions of the tests provide equivalent results, then especially in the first year courses of the engineering education programs, we could get several benefits of the CBT environments. Accordingly, in this study, students' performance on different test modes was evaluated on 209 first year engineering students of a chemistry course. The results of this study showed that there is no significant performance difference between P&P and CBT. By comparing results with the previous studies, this study concludes that personal characteristics of test takers, the features of CBT systems, and the test content are all possible confounding factors when comparing test modes and need to be considered by the implementers. The results of this study show that once these factors are controlled, students' performance on CBTs and P&P tests in chemistry courses will not vary. This finding is encouraging the educators to get benefits of CBTs without any affect on students' performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 287–293, 2013
A hands‐on finite element modeling experience in a multidisciplinary project‐based freshman course
Authors: Ural Ani 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComputational methods are being widely used in engineering analysis, design, and research. In order to prepare the students for engineering practice or graduate school, the undergraduate engineering curriculum needs to provide sufficient exposure to computational methods during the 4‐year undergraduate education. This paper summarizes the introduction of freshman students to finite element modeling as a part of a hands‐on multidisciplinary project‐based course. The project focuses on improving students' understanding of structural behavior through experimental and computational methods. The goals of implementing finite element modeling in this project are to enhance the mechanics understanding of students, to increase the students' interest in engineering, and to introduce computational methods to undergraduate students at an early stage during their undergraduate education. The incorporation of finite element modeling in the project provides a powerful tool to visualize the theoretical concepts that are new to the freshman level students such as stress and strain and help to improve their understanding of the experimental observations made in the laboratory setting. The student evaluations show that the finite element modeling part of the project is intellectually stimulating and leads to development of new knowledge and skills. The exposure of freshman students to finite element modeling through a project‐based course is expected to help their development as engineers and increase their preparedness for engineering practice or graduate school after graduation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 294–299, 2013
Health care workers' knowledge of current child protection legislation and child discipline practices
Authors: Rae Helen , McKenzie Karen , Murray George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reasonable chastisement of children remains legal despite intensive lobbying by various groups to rule out smacking and despite the physical abuse of children being problematic. All professionals working with children have a duty to safeguard and promote children's welfare. This includes knowledge about child protection legislation and child discipline practices. This study assessed the knowledge of 55 health care professionals working in children's services in one NHS trust in relation to child protection legislation and child discipline practices. The study aimed to establish if workers from more specialist child services (e.g. tiers three and four) demonstrated greater knowledge in these two areas than workers from less specialist services (e.g. tiers one and two) and if experience was positively correlated with knowledge. The results suggest that workers in more specialist children's services demonstrated greater knowledge about child protection legislation. There was no difference found between the two groups of health workers in relation to knowledge about child discipline practices. The number of years' experience was not significantly related to knowledge in either area considered. The results are discussed. Inconsistencies and gaps shown in knowledge across both groups of participants are outlined and the clinical implications are highlighted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation building: beyond our control? Inferences in consumers' ethical perception formation
Authors: Brunk Katja H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A company or brand's reputation is inherently linked to how ethically/unethically it is perceived to conduct its business. While it is generally assumed that consumers' ethical perceptions are either built on first‐hand experiences or other concrete information, this research demonstrates that reputation can be influenced by processes outside the company's direct control. The article is based on interviews with general consumers and presents the finding that, in the absence of concrete information or personal experience, consumers may infer ethical beliefs. Four distinct types of cues may instigate ethical inferences and act as surrogate indicators: product‐, company‐, category‐ and origin‐related cues. A framework that illustrates the hierarchical structure of the various cues depending on their level of specificity is presented. The results suggest that controlling corporate reputation becomes increasingly challenging. Implications for marketing practitioners and general managers are discussed and further research opportunities highlighted.
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prison staff and women prisoner's views on self‐harm; their implications for service delivery and development: A qualitative study
Authors: Kenning Cassandra , Cooper Jayne , Short Vicky , Shaw Jenny , Abel Kathryn , Chew‐Graham Carolyn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground Rates of self‐harm are high among women in prison in the UK. This is the first study to compare the views and attitudes of prison staff and women prisoners and to look at the effects of these attitudes on prisoner/staff relationships.Aims To explore understanding of self‐harm among women prisoners, prison officers and health‐care staff and how their perceptions might influence service provision and development.Method Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with women prisoners who self‐harm and with staff at a women's prison. Data were analysed thematically.Results Prison officers often attributed motives to self‐harm such as ‘manipulation’ and ‘attention‐seeking’, whereas descriptions by women prisoners, prison governors and health‐care staff suggested explanations in affect regulation or self‐punishment.Conclusions Differences between prison officers and other staff working in the prison in their understanding of self‐harm by women prisoners may lie in training differences, but there may be other explanations such as self‐protection/coping strategies. More training and support for officers may result in improved staff–prisoner relationships and thus, safer service provision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in homicide offenders' criminal career, substance abuse and mental health care. A nationwide register‐based study of Finnish homicide offenders 1995–2004
Authors: Putkonen Hanna , Weizmann‐Henelius Ghitta , Lindberg Nina , Rovamo Tuija , Häkkänen‐nyholm Helinä 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground It is generally considered that women who kill are more likely to have a psychiatric disorder than their male counterparts, but as a relatively small group, women are much less often studied than men in this context.Aim To explore gender differences in the psychosocial history of homicide offenders.Method In this nationwide register‐based study, data were extracted from the forensic psychiatric examination and crime reports of all 91 women prosecuted for homicide in Finland between 1995 and 2004 and from those of the next adjacent man convicted of a separate homicide (n = 91).Results Both female and male homicide offenders had a troubled childhood, but more women had witnessed or experienced family violence; more women had failed to complete their primary education. Men, however, were more likely to have had an offending history. Although there were no differences between the men and women in the frequencies of psychiatric diagnoses or of substance abuse, the women had more often received prior mental health treatment. The women were also more likely to have had a history of suicidal behaviour.Conclusions Both female and male homicide offenders are a troubled group of people, with slightly different criminal careers. Many use mental health services and therefore prevention could be improved. The suggestion of a special sub‐group of women characterised by early educational and behavioural difficulties needs replication, as it may have implications for service development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.