bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presumptive nonthyroidal illness syndrome in critically ill foals
Authors: HIMLER M. , HURCOMBE S. D. A. , GRIFFIN A. , BARSNICK R. J. , RATHGEBER R. A. , MACGILLIVRAY K. C. , TORIBIO R. E. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryReasons for performing the study:Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis dysfunction is associated with morbidity and mortality in critically ill people. To date, investigations of HPT axis in critically ill foals are limited.Objectives:To document the occurrence of low thyroid hormone concentrations (presumptive nonthyroidal illness syndrome; NTIS) in critically ill newborn foals and investigate whether NTIS is associated with severity of disease and outcome.Hypothesis:NTIS occurs frequently in foals with sepsis and is associated with sepsis score and outcome. Reverse T3 (rT3) concentrations will be increased in septic foals and highest in nonsurvivors.Methods:Thyroid hormones (total and free thyroxine [TT4 and fT4], total and free tri‐iodothyronine [TT3 and fT3], reverse T3 [rT3]) were prospectively measured in healthy, sick nonseptic and septic foals. Clinical and laboratory information was retrieved from the medical records. Hormones were measured by validated radioimmunoassays.Results:Concentrations of all thyroid hormones except rT3 (P = 0.69) were decreased in septic and sick nonseptic foals (P<0.01). Reductions in hormone concentrations were associated with an increased sepsis score (P<0.01). Nonsurviving septic foals had lower TT4, fT4, TT3 and fT3 concentrations than surviving septic foals (P<0.01). rT3 concentrations were higher in nonsurviving septic premature foals than surviving septic premature foals (P<0.05).Conclusions:NTIS (euthyroid sick syndrome) is frequently observed in critically ill and premature foals, and associated with severity of disease and mortality.Potential relevance:More research is needed to better understand the mechanism of this finding and determine whether manipulation of the HPT axis or thyroid replacement therapy could be beneficial.
Necrosis of the femoral condyles in a four‐week‐old foal: Clinical, imaging and histopathological features
Authors: HAGGETT E. F. , FOOTE A. K. , HEAD M. J. , McGLADDERY A. J. , POWELL S. E. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryA 4‐week‐old Thoroughbred filly foal with a history of sepsis was evaluated for right hindlimb lameness. Bilateral femoropatellar and femorotibial joint effusions were detected. Ultrasonography and radiography of the right stifle revealed signs of joint collapse and periarticular swelling. Computed tomography revealed abnormalities in the bone density of the medial femoral condyle of the right hindlimb and lateral femoral condyle of the left hindlimb. Euthanasia was recommended based on the severity of the lesions. Gross and microscopic examinations revealed extensive separation of the articular‐epiphyseal cartilage complex from the subchondral bone of the femoral condyles. The histological features suggest an ischaemic aetiology; comparisons are made with lesions of osteochondrosis and avascular necrosis of bone.
A racing start in life? The hurdles of equine feto‐placental pathology
Authors: FOOTE A. K. , RICKETTS S. W. , WHITWELL K. E. 
Published: February 2012

SummarySignificant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not allin uteropathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that somein uteropathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth‐retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony‐Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growthin uteroin horses. Many other nonfatalin uteropathologies (e.g. umbilical cord‐related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short‐ and long‐term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes ofin uteropathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long‐term studies on this important subject.
Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis
Authors: VIU J. , MONREAL L. , JOSE‐CUNILLERAS E. , CESARINI C. , AÑOR S. , ARMENGOU L. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryReasons for performing the study: Bacterial meningoencephalitis is a severe complication in septic foals and there is scarce and often unclear information in the equine literature.Objectives: To report the most frequent clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, causative agents, treatments given and outcome of a group of foals with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis.Methods: Foals aged <6 months of age admitted to the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (2004–2009) with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis were retrospectively included in the study. Diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis was made by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, CSF analysis consistent with bacterial infection, observation of bacteria in CSF cytology or post mortem confirmation.Results: Nine neonates and one 5‐month‐old foal were included. The most frequently observed clinical signs were alterations in mental status (10/10), recumbency (8/10), weakness (8/10), abnormal pupillary light reflexes (6/10), decreased suckling‐reflex (6/9), seizures and/or nystagmus (4/10). Common clinicopathological alterations included hyperfibrinogenaemia (8/9), hyperlactataemia (7/7), and neutropenia (5/10) or neutrophilia (5/10). Most neonates (8/9) developed bacterial meningoencephalitis despite having a sepsis score near the cut‐off value (median = 12). On CSF analysis, pleocytosis (9/9), increased total protein concentration (5/6) and intracellular bacteria (6/9) were detected. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli. Once bacterial meningoencephalitis was diagnosed, antimicrobial therapy was switched to third and fourth generation cephalosporins.Conclusions: The diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis is established based on CSF analysis and culture. Clinical recognition of bacterial meningoencephalitis is difficult and can be easily overlooked. Moreover, severe sepsis is not necessary to develop bacterial meningoencephalitis.Potential relevance: CSF analysis should be considered more often in sick newborn foals with signs indicative of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and culture would help to confirm or rule out unnoticed bacterial meningoencephalitis, and to choose appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Role of Complement in Dengue Virus Infection: Protection or Pathogenesis?
Authors: Shresta Sujan 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENV) cause a spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from dengue fever (DF) to a severe, life-threatening syndrome called dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Despite the global morbidity and mortality associated with DENV infection, mechanisms of immune control and viral pathogenesis are poorly understood. In a recent article, Avirutnan et al. [mBio 2(6):e00276-11, 2011] demonstrated that DENV can be directly neutralized via the mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway of the complement system and that deficiency in MBL level or activity due to host polymorphisms in theMBL2gene correlates with reduced levels of DENV neutralization. These findings implicate a role for the MBL pathway in controlling DENV infections and modulating DHF/DSS manifestations.
A Critical Phenylalanine Residue in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Cytoplasmic Tail Mediates Assembly of Internal Viral Proteins into Viral Filaments and Particles
Authors: Shaikh Fyza Y. , Cox Reagan G. , Lifland Aaron W. , Hotard Anne L. , Williams John V. , Moore Martin L. , Santangelo Philip J. , Crowe James E. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus in the
Paramyxoviridae
family that assembles into filamentous structures at the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. These filaments contain viral genomic RNA and structural proteins, including the fusion (F) protein, matrix (M) protein, nucleoprotein (N), and phosphoprotein (P), while excluding F-actin. It is known that the F protein cytoplasmic tail (FCT) is necessary for filament formation, but the mechanism by which the FCT mediates assembly into filaments is not clear. We hypothesized that the FCT is necessary for interactions with other viral proteins in order to form filaments. In order to test this idea, we expressed the F protein with cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncations or specific point mutations and determined the abilities of these variant F proteins to form filaments independent of viral infection when coexpressed with M, N, and P. Deletion of the terminal three FCT residues (amino acids Phe-Ser-Asn) or mutation of the Phe residue resulted in a loss of filament formation but did not affect F-protein expression or trafficking to the cell surface. Filament formation could be restored by addition of residues Phe-Ser-Asn to an FCT deletion mutant and was unaffected by mutations to Ser or Asn residues. Second, deletion of residues Phe-Ser-Asn or mutation of the Phe residue resulted in a loss of M, N, and P incorporation into virus-like particles. These data suggest that a C-terminal Phe residue in the FCT mediates assembly through incorporation of internal virion proteins into virus filaments at the cell surface.

IMPORTANCE
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly worldwide. There is no licensed RSV vaccine and only limited therapeutics for use in infected patients. Many aspects of the RSV life cycle have been studied, but the mechanisms that drive RSV assembly at the cell surface are not well understood. This study provides evidence that a specific residue in the RSV fusion protein cytoplasmic tail coordinates assembly into viral filaments by mediating the incorporation of internal virion proteins. Understanding the mechanisms that drive RSV assembly could lead to targeted development of novel antiviral drugs. Moreover, since RSV exits infected cells in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport)-independent manner, these studies may contribute new knowledge about a general strategy by which ESCRT-independent viruses mediate outward bud formation using viral protein-mediated mechanisms during assembly and budding.
Host Cell Nucleolin Is Required To Maintain the Architecture of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication Compartments
Authors: Strang Blair L. , Boulant Steeve , Kirchhausen Tomas , Coen Donald M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
Drastic reorganization of the nucleus is a hallmark of herpesvirus replication. This reorganization includes the formation of viral replication compartments, the subnuclear structures in which the viral DNA genome is replicated. The architecture of replication compartments is poorly understood. However, recent work with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) showed that the viral DNA polymerase subunit UL44 concentrates and viral DNA synthesis occurs at the periphery of these compartments. Any cellular factors involved in replication compartment architecture are largely unknown. Previously, we found that nucleolin, a major protein component of nucleoli, associates with HCMV UL44 in infected cells and is required for efficient viral DNA synthesis. Here, we show that nucleolin binds to purified UL44. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated colocalization of nucleolin with UL44 at the periphery of replication compartments. Pharmacological inhibition of viral DNA synthesis prevented the formation of replication compartments but did not abrogate association of UL44 and nucleolin. Thus, association of UL44 and nucleolin is unlikely to be a nonspecific effect related to development of replication compartments. No detectable colocalization of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled viral DNA with nucleolin was observed, suggesting that nucleolin is not directly involved in viral DNA synthesis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of nucleolin caused improper localization of UL44 and a defect in EdU incorporation into viral DNA. We propose a model in which nucleolin anchors UL44 at the periphery of replication compartments to maintain their architecture and promote viral DNA synthesis.

IMPORTANCE
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen. HCMV infection causes considerable rearrangement of the structure of the nucleus, largely due to the formation of viral replication compartments within the nucleus. Within these compartments, the virus replicates its DNA genome. We previously demonstrated that nucleolin is required for efficient viral DNA synthesis and now find that the nucleolar protein nucleolin interacts with a subunit of the viral DNA polymerase, UL44, specifically at the periphery of replication compartments. Moreover, we find that nucleolin is required to properly localize UL44 at this region. Nucleolin is, therefore, involved in the organization of proteins within replication compartments. This, to our knowledge, is the first report identifying a cellular protein required for maintaining replication compartment architecture.
Improved radiological assessment of neonatal feeding tubes
Authors: Quandt Daniel , Brøns Egil , Schiffer Philipp Meyer , Schraner Thomas , Bucher Hans Ulrich , Mieth Romaine Arlettaz 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundIn about one-fifth of radiographs performed in neonates, no exact gastric feeding tube position can be defined.ObjectivesTo determine whether injection of air via feeding tube before taking radiographs improves radiological assessment of its position.MethodsIn the study group (n=153), air was injected via gastric feeding tube before taking a radiograph. The tube position on radiographs was compared with a blinded control group (n=381) with no injection of air.ResultsThe definition of exact gastric tube position was possible in 95% of the study group compared with 78% in the control group (p<0.001).ConclusionInjection of air before taking a radiograph significantly improves the definition of exact gastric feeding tube position in neonates.
Growth response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to catch-and-release angling: a 27-year mark–recapture study
Authors: Cline Timothy J. , Weidel Brian C. , Kitchell James F. , Hodgson James R. 
Published: February 2012

Catch-and-release angling is gaining popularity worldwide and plays an increasingly important role in both fisheries management and conservation. Mortality from catch-and-release angling is well documented across species, but the sublethal effects have not been evaluated in a natural setting. Laboratory studies have yielded mixed results regarding catch-and-release impacts on fish growth. These studies do not adequately capture the scales of stress and variability of a natural system. We used a 27-year mark–recapture study of 1050 individually tagged largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to determine the effects of catch-and-release angling on the growth in a natural setting. Individual bass were angled one to six times per season. Recapture intervals ranged from 1 to 98 days. Largemouth bass exhibited a post-release period (~6 days) of weight loss. Following this weight loss, we observed a subsequent period of compensatory growth facilitating recovery to normal weight. We found that catch-and-release angling had little impact on the overall seasonal growth patterns of largemouth bass and therefore should have limited adverse effects on growth-dependent ecological functions.
Iron plays a role in nitrate drawdown by phytoplankton in Lake Erie surface waters as observed in lake-wide assessments
Authors: Havens Sonya M. , Hassler Christel S. , North Rebecca L. , Guildford Stephanie J. , Silsbe Greg , Wilhelm Steven W. , Twiss Michael R. 
Published: February 2012

Phytoplankton interactions with iron (Fe) were examined in surface waters of Lake Erie during summer thermal stratification. Lake-wide sampling in June and September 2005 was conducted using a continuous surface water sampler (1 m sampling depth) and in July at 18 hydrographic stations (5 m sampling depth). In situ measurements of photosynthetic efficiency (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) and phytoplankton community composition were measured using fast repetition rate fluorometry and a phytoplankton pigment-specific fluorometer, respectively, during June and September. High ratios (73%–85%) of intracellular Fe to particulate Fe coincident with increases in chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the western and central basins in June and July imply that the majority of Fe in these regions was associated with intracellular pools. Correlations between intracellular Fe and Chl a were frequently observed when Heterokontophyta and Pyrrophyta dominated the phytoplankton community. Assimilation of Fe by the phytoplankton strongly influenced its partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phase. Dissolved iron (<0.45 µm) concentrations were proportional to Chl a concentrations and both dissolved iron and Chl a were inversely proportional to nitrate concentrations in July and September, suggesting that dissolved iron influenced both nitrate drawdown and Chl a concentrations in Lake Erie surface waters in summer.
Short-term effects of commercial fishing on the distribution and abundance of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
Authors: Walline Paul D. , Wilson Christopher D. , Hollowed Anne B. , Stienessen Sarah C. 
Published: February 2012

Replicate acoustic surveys conducted near Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, during summers 2001, 2004, and 2006 showed that the short-term effect of commercial fishing activities on walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ) during this period was small, in most cases too small to detect. An area with commercial fishing and a nearby comparison area where commercial fishing was prohibited were surveyed before and during the fishery. Acoustic data were used to assess changes in the abundance, geographical and vertical distributions, and small-scale spatial patterns of walleye pollock, which may have occurred after the fishery commenced. A decrease in biomass after fishing began was detected only in 2004. No changes were detected in geographical or vertical distributions that could be attributed to the fishery in any year. Adults did not appear to aggregate or disperse in response to the fishery. Juvenile aggregations did differ between the prefishery and fishery surveys in 1 of the 2 years when juveniles were present. These data suggest that changes in walleye pollock abundance and distribution caused by the fishery are likely quite small compared with natural fluctuations.
Oncolytic Virus and Anti–4-1BB Combination Therapy Elicits Strong Antitumor Immunity against Established Cancer
Authors: John Liza B. , Howland Linda J. , Flynn Jacqueline K. , West Alison C. , Devaud Christel , Duong Connie P. , Stewart Trina J. , Westwood Jenny A. , Guo Z. Sheng , Bartlett David L. , Smyth Mark J. , Kershaw Michael H. , Darcy Phillip K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOncolytic virotherapy using vaccinia virus (Vv) has shown some encouraging antitumor responses in mouse models and patients, but the breadth of efficacy in clinical trials has been somewhat limited. Given that antitumor effects have correlated with increased host immune responses, we hypothesized that improved therapeutic outcomes may be achieved by using oncolytic virus (OV) in combination with a potent immune agonist reagent. In this study, we carried out a preclinical evaluation of a genetically engineered strain of oncolytic vaccinia virus (Vvdd) for its capacity to induce antitumor responses when combined with an agonist antibody (Ab) specific for the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137). In immune-competent syngeneic mouse models of cancer, this combination therapy significantly reduced the growth of established subcutaneous tumors relative to either treatment alone. Importantly, the development of pulmonary metastatic lesions was also reduced. Tumor growth inhibition was associated with increased numbers of CD11b+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells in the tumor draining lymph nodes, greater infiltration of CD8+ effector T and natural killer (NK) cells, and a more sustained presence of neutrophils at the tumor site. Depletion of T or NK cells or neutrophils reduced efficacy, confirming their contribution to an effective therapeutic response. We further extended this conclusion through results from IFNγ-deficient mice. In summary, our findings offered a proof-of-concept for a combinatorial approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of an OV, suggesting a strategy to improve their use as an immunotherapeutic treatment for cancer. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1651–60. ©2012 AACR.
Concomitant Tumor Resistance: The Role of Tyrosine Isomers in the Mechanisms of Metastases Control
Authors: Ruggiero Raúl A. , Bruzzo Juan , Chiarella Paula , Bustuoabad Oscar D. , Meiss Roberto P. , Pasqualini Christiane D. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Concomitant tumor resistance (CR) is a phenomenon in which a tumor-bearing host is resistant to the growth of secondary tumor implants and metastasis. Although previous studies indicated that T-cell–dependent processes mediate CR in hosts bearing immunogenic small tumors, manifestations of CR induced by immunogenic and nonimmunogenic large tumors have been associated with an elusive serum factor. In a recently published study, we identified this factor as meta-tyrosine and ortho-tyrosine, 2 isomers of tyrosine that would not be present in normal proteins. In 3 different murine models of cancer that generate CR, both meta- and ortho-tyrosine inhibited tumor growth. Additionally, we showed that both isoforms of tyrosine blocked metastasis in a fourth model that does not generate CR but is sensitive to CR induced by other tumors. Mechanistic studies showed that the antitumor effects of the tyrosine isomers were mediated in part by early inhibition of the MAP/ERK pathway and inactivation of STAT3, potentially driving tumor cells into a state of dormancy in G0-phase. Other mechanisms, putatively involving the activation of an intra–S-phase checkpoint, would also inhibit tumor proliferation by accumulating cells in S-phase. By revealing a molecular basis for the classical phenomenon of CR, our findings may stimulate new generalized approaches to limit the development of metastases that arise after resection of primary tumors or after other stressors that may promote the escape of metastases from dormancy, an issue that is of pivotal importance to oncologists and their patients. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1043–50. ©2012 AACR.
Consistency Test of the Cell Cycle: Roles for p53 and EGR1
Authors: Zwang Yaara , Oren Moshe , Yarden Yosef 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Mammalian cells are constantly exposed to multiple mitogens and, hence, have developed machineries that help them ignore fortuitous signals. In a recent report in Molecular Cell, we highlighted the molecular details of such a noise-reduction filter, including roles for EGR1, AKT, and p53. Brief exposure to a mitogen drives formation of inhibitory p53-chromatin complexes, which are disabled only if the growth factor is still present several hours later. We propose that this “consistency test” prevents repeated division cycles of normal cells but might become defective in most cancer cells. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1051–4. ©2012 AACR.