bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insights into Fatigue Crack Growth in Graphene‐Filled Natural Rubber Composites by Microfocus Hard‐X‐Ray Beamline Radiation
Authors: Yan Ning , Xia Hesheng , Zhan Yanhu , Fei Guoxia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) composites containing graphene (GE) are prepared by ultrasound‐assisted latex mixing and in situ reduction. The fatigue crack propagation of the composite is examined. It is observed that GE has an opposite effect on crack growth resistance of NR, i.e., at lower fatigue strains, the inclusion of GE accelerates the crack growth, whereas at higher strains, the crack growth is retarded. It is suggested that the reason for this behavior is a competition between strain‐induced crystallization and cavitation at crack tip. Through microfocus hard‐X‐ray diffraction beamline with high spatial resolution, fatigue crack resistance is correlated to strain‐induced crystallization and new insights into the mechanism of fatigue crack growth are obtained.magnified image
Association between Parkinson's disease and the HLA‐DRB1 locus
Authors: Ahmed Ismaïl , Tamouza Ryad , Delord Marc , Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal , Tzourio Christophe , Mulot Claire , Nacfer Magali , Lambert Jean‐Charles , Beaune Philippe , Laurent‐Puig Pierre , Loriot Marie‐Anne , Charron Dominique , Elbaz Alexis 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwo genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) recently highlighted the HLA‐DRA and HLA‐DRB5 genes as associated with Parkinson disease (PD). However, because HLA‐DRA displays a low level of polymorphisms and HLA‐DRB5 is only present in approximately 20% of the population, these findings are difficult to interpret. Our aims were: (1) to replicate and investigate in greater detail the association between PD and the HLA‐DR region; (2) to identify PD‐associated HLA alleles; and (3) to perform a meta‐analysis of our top finding. As part of 2 French population‐based case–control studies of PD including highly ethnically homogeneous participants, we investigated the association between PD and 51 Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA‐DR region. HLA‐DRB1 alleles were imputed using the HLA*IMP software. HLA typing was performed in a subsample of the participants. We performed a meta‐analysis of our top finding based on 4 GWAS data sets. Among 499 cases and 1123 controls, after correction for multiple testing, we found an association with rs660895 (OR/minor allele, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57–0.87) within the HLA‐DRB1 gene, which encodes the most polymorphic HLA‐DR chain (DRβ). A meta‐analysis (7996 cases, 36455 controls) confirmed this association (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82–0.91; P < .0001). SNP‐based imputation of HLA alleles showed an inverse association between PD and the HLA‐DRB1*04 allele. We replicated an association between PD and the HLA‐DR region and provided further insight into the loci and alleles involved. The highly polymorphic HLA‐DRB1 locus contains rs660895, which represents a more legitimate candidate than previous ones. Our finding is in agreement with the hypothesis of an immune component in PD pathophysiology. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Large‐Scale QSAR in Target Prediction and Phenotypic HTS Assessment
Authors: Jenkins Jeremy L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe advent of in silico compound target prediction offers a potential paradigm shift in how large compound collections are understood and used strategically in high‐throughput screens (HTS). Specifically, phenotypic HTS hits may be annotated both with known targets and predicted targets using large‐scale QSAR models, enabling a more sophisticated hit assessment. Efforts in massive bioactivity data integration and standardization is empowering such compound‐target annotations. These approaches differ fundamentally from the traditional role of QSAR in lead optimization and binding affinity predictions to global, probabilistic target predictions for thousands of human proteins.
Contributions of chemical and diffusive exchange to T1ρ dispersion
Authors: Cobb Jared Guthrie , Xie Jingping , Gore John C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVariations in local magnetic susceptibility may induce magnetic field gradients that affect the signals acquired for MR imaging. Under appropriate diffusion conditions, such fields produce effects similar to slow chemical exchange. These effects may also be found in combination with other chemical exchange processes at multiple time scales. We investigate these effects with simulations and measurements to determine their contributions to rotating frame (R1ρ) relaxation in model systems. Simulations of diffusive and chemical exchange effects on R1ρ dispersion were performed using the Bloch equations. Additionally, R1ρ dispersion was measured in suspensions of Sephadex and latex beads with varying spin locking fields at 9.4 T. A novel analysis method was used to iteratively fit for apparent chemical and diffusive exchange rates with a model by Chopra et al. Single‐ and double‐inflection points in R1ρ dispersion profiles were observed, respectively, in simulations of slow diffusive exchange alone and when combined with rapid chemical exchange. These simulations were consistent with measurements of R1ρ in latex bead suspensions and small‐diameter Sephadex beads that showed single‐ and double‐inflection points, respectively. These observations, along with measurements following changes in temperature and pH, are consistent with the combined effects of slow diffusion and rapid −OH exchange processes. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing normalized strength scores for neuromuscular research
Authors: Andres Patricia L. , English Robert , Mendoza Michelle , Florence Julaine , Malkus Elizabeth , Schierbecker Jeanine , Siener Catherine , Malspeis Susan , Schoenfeld David A. , Munsat Theodore L. , Cudkowicz Merit E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction: The Accurate Test of Limb Isometric Strength (ATLIS) device can reliably measure the strength of 12 muscle groups using a fixed load cell. The purpose of this study was to analyze ATLIS data from healthy adults to calculate an individual's predicted strength scores. Methods: ATLIS data were collected from 432 healthy adults. Linear regression models were developed to predict each muscle group's strength. The R‐squared statistic assessed variability accounted for by the models. Results: Simple main effects models stratified by gender were used to establish regression equations for each muscle using factors of age, weight, and height. Conclusions: Normalizing raw strength scores controls for biometric factors, thus enabling meaningful comparisons between subjects and allowing each muscle to contribute equally to a summary score. Normalized scores are easily interpreted for broad clinical uses, and derived summary scores establish individuals' disease progression rates using a common scale, allowing for more efficient clinical trials. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Nonconforming rotated Q1 tetrahedral element with explicit time stepping for elastodynamics
Authors: Hansbo Peter 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we apply a rotated bilinear tetrahedral element to elastodynamics in . This element performs superior to the constant strain element in bending and, unlike the conforming linear strain tetrahedron, allows for row‐sum lumping of the mass matrix. We study the effect of different choices of approximation (pointwise continuity versus edge average continuity) as well as lumping versus consistent mass in the setting of eigenvibrations. We also use the element in combination with the leapfrog method for time domain computations and make numerical comparisons with the constant strain and linear strain tetrahedra. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unconditionally stable operator splitting algorithms for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamics system discretized by a stabilized finite element formulation based on projections
Authors: Badia Santiago , Planas Ramon , Gutiérrez‐Santacreu Juan Vicente 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIn this article, we propose different splitting procedures for the transient incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system that are unconditionally stable. We consider two levels of splitting, on one side we perform the segregation of the fluid pressure and magnetic pseudo‐pressure from the vectorial fields computation. At the second level, the fluid velocity and induction fields are also decoupled. This way, we transform a fully coupled indefinite multi‐physics system into a set of smaller definite ones, clearly reducing the CPU cost. With regard to the finite element approximation, we stick to an unconditionally convergent stabilized finite element formulation because it introduces convection stabilization, allows to circumvent inf‐sup conditions (clearly simplifying implementation issues), and is able to capture non‐smooth solutions of the magnetic subproblem. However, residual‐based finite element formulations are not suitable for segregation, because they lose the skew‐symmetry of the off‐diagonal blocks. Therefore, in this work, we have proposed a novel term‐by‐term stabilization of the MHD system based on projections that is still unconditionally convergent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of surface conditioning on the thermionic electron emission from polycrystalline diamond films
Authors: Bar‐Hama O. Reinharz , Akhvlediani R. , Hoffman A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThermionic electron emission (TEE) properties of as deposited, bare surface, in situ hydrogen‐terminated and in situ oxygen‐terminated polycrystalline diamond (Poly‐Di) films surfaces are reported. Continuous Poly‐Di films of a thickness of ∼200 nm grown on B‐doped Si substrates by hot‐filament chemical vapor deposition (HF CVD) were used. The TEE measurements were carried out in the 500–650 °C temperature range by recording the energy spectra of the electrons emitted using a hemispherical energy analyzer under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions. As‐deposited Poly‐Di surfaces may exhibit variations in their TEE properties depending on history and surface conditioning, thus indicating the need to control the diamond surface chemistry to obtain reproduceable TEE properties. Annealing to 1000 °C results in significant decrease of the TEE intensities, related to thermal desorption of hydrogen and creation of a bare surface. in situ annealing to 1000 °C followed by in situ hydrogenation of the Poly‐Di film surface results in significant enhancement of the TEE. Several cycles of the last procedure show that the TEE of hydrogen‐terminated Poly‐Di surface can be restored, whereas minor decrease in TEE intensity can be associated with slow surface degradation of the Poly‐Di surface following this conditioning. It is suggested that the TEE from hydrogen‐terminated Poly‐Di film may involve two mechanisms. Oxygenation of the bare Poly‐Di film results in low TEE intensities, very similar to those obtained from the bare Poly‐Di film surface, indicating that the TEE process from Poly‐Di film is somehow insensitive to the difference in the surface potential induced by oxygenation and bare surface conditionings.
Cobalt out‐diffusion and carbon phase composition at the WC‐10%Co/diamond film interface investigated by XPS, SEM, Raman and SIMS
Authors: Hojman Elad , Akhvlediani Roza , Alagem Eli , Hoffman Alon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effect of cobalt out‐diffusion from the WC‐10%Co/diamond film interface towards the diamond film surface, in terms of carbon phase, chemical composition and dependence of pre‐treatment for enhancement of diamond formation was investigated. Diamond films of various thicknesses were deposited onto substrates pre‐treated by a dual step process consisting of carburization and subsequently diamond seeding or just diamond seeding. Our findings show that the dual step pre‐treatment promotes diamond formation at the initial stages of deposition, decreases the content of out‐diffusing cobalt and prevents self‐delamination after 360 min of diamond film deposition. Conversely, delamination occurs after this deposition time from substrates pre‐treated by seeding only. Under our deposition conditions aggregation of cobalt at the diamond film surface occurs and a nearly constant concentration was measured irrespective of deposition time, along with depletion of cobalt from the diamond film‐substrate near interface region. The composition at the delaminated interface includes a high content of sp2 bonded carbon and a low content of cobalt, which point out that poor adhesion of diamond films to WC‐10%Co is influenced by the out‐diffusion of cobalt and formation of a graphitic interlayer, mainly at the initial stages of diamond film formation.
Revisiting Key Assumptions of the Reading Level Framework
Authors: Halladay Juliet L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSince Emmett Betts first devised a framework of independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels in the 1940s, these levels have played a large role in classroom assessment and instruction. It is important for teachers to have a deep understanding of the research that supports the reading level framework. This article identifies four key assumptions upon which the reading levels are based: (1) decoding accuracy and reading comprehension are closely linked; (2) independent reading requires nearly perfect oral reading accuracy; (3) oral reading performance is a reasonable proxy for silent reading behaviors; and (4) certain levels of decoding and comprehension difficulty cause frustration. For each of these assumptions, the relevant research base are summarized and implications for classroom practice are discussed.
Acceptance of transvaginal sonography by postmenopausal women participating in the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening
Authors: Gentry‐Maharaj A. , Sharma A. , Burnell M. , Ryan A. , Amso N. N. , Seif M. W. , Turner G. , Brunell C. , Fletcher G. , Rangar R. , Fallowfield L. , Campbell S. , Jacobs I. , Menon U. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess pain and overall experience of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in asymptomatic postmenopausal women.MethodsIn the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS), 50 639 postmenopausal women were randomized to undergo annual TVS at 13 trial centers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Together with the appointment letter for their annual scan, a random sample of 150 women per center was sent a detailed 48‐item postal questionnaire regarding the screening experience. It included a specific question about pain using a score of 0–5, where 5 was severe pain and 3 was discomfort. To assess factors that might affect a woman's reported pain experience, the pain score was regressed on age, hormone replacement therapy use, body mass index, a history of hysterectomy, prolonged scanning time, ovarian visualization, scan result, sonographer's visualization rates and opinion of the women regarding the sonographer who performed the scan.ResultsBetween 7 July and 9 September 2009, 1950 randomly chosen women (150 per regional center) were sent the questionnaire. Of the 800 (41.0%) who returned the questionnaire, 651 could be linked to their TVS appointment. One‐hundred and fifty‐two (23.3%) women reported pain/discomfort (score 3–5) during TVS and 473 (72.7%) reported no discomfort (score 0–2). Only 23 (3.5%) women reported experiencing moderate/severe pain. Increasing discomfort/pain was independently associated with a history of hysterectomy and participant's reporting of prolonged scan time. Women who experienced pain on TVS were less compliant (odds ratio = 0.87) with the following year's scan compared with those who did not experience pain.ConclusionsThe majority of postmenopausal women found TVS acceptable. Pain influenced compliance and correlated with women's perception of increased scanning time and previous hysterectomy.Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic Counseling and Testing for FMR1 Gene Mutations: Practice Guidelines of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Finucane Brenda , Abrams Liane , Cronister Amy , Archibald Alison D. , Bennett Robin L. , McConkie‐Rosell Allyn 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of several clinical disorders associated with mutations in the X‐linked Fragile X Mental Retardation‐1 (FMR1) gene. With evolving knowledge about the phenotypic consequences of FMR1 transcription and translation, sharp clinical distinctions between pre‐ and full mutations have become more fluid. The complexity of the issues surrounding genetic testing and management of FMR1‐associated disorders has increased; and several aspects of genetic counseling for FMR1 mutations remain challenging, including risk assessment for intermediate alleles and the widely variable clinical prognosis for females with full mutations. FMR1 mutation testing is increasingly being offered to women without known risk factors, and newborn screening for FXS is underway in research‐based pilot studies. Each diagnosis of an FMR1 mutation has far‐reaching clinical and reproductive implications for the extended family. The interest in large‐scale population screening is likely to increase due to patient demand and awareness, and as targeted pharmaceutical treatments for FXS become available over the next decade. Given these developments and the likelihood of more widespread screening, genetic counselors across a variety of healthcare settings will increasingly be called upon to address complex diagnostic, psychosocial, and management issues related to FMR1 gene mutations. The following guidelines are intended to assist genetic counselors in providing accurate risk assessment and appropriate educational and supportive counseling for individuals with positive test results and families affected by FMR1‐associated disorders.
Interventions to Improve Care Related to Colorectal Cancer Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Naylor Keith , Ward James , Polite Blase N. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
To systematically review the literature to identify interventions that improve minority health related to colorectal cancer care.

Data sources
MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases, from 1950 to 2010.

Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions
Interventions in US populations eligible for colorectal cancer screening, and composed of ≥50 % racial/ethnic minorities (or that included a specific sub-analysis by race/ethnicity). All included studies were linked to an identifiable healthcare source. The three authors independently reviewed the abstracts of all the articles and a final list was determined by consensus. All papers were independently reviewed and quality scores were calculated and assigned using the Downs and Black checklist.

Results
Thirty-three studies were included in our final analysis. Patient education involving phone or in-person contact combined with navigation can lead to modest improvements, on the order of 15 percentage points, in colorectal cancer screening rates in minority populations. Provider-directed multi-modal interventions composed of education sessions and reminders, as well as pure educational interventions were found to be effective in raising colorectal cancer screening rates, also on the order of 10 to 15 percentage points. No relevant interventions focusing on post-screening follow up, treatment adherence and survivorship were identified.

Limitations
This review excluded any intervention studies that were not tied to an identifiable healthcare source. The minority populations in most studies reviewed were predominantly Hispanic and African American, limiting generalizability to other ethnic and minority populations.

Conclusions and implications of key findings
Tailored patient education combined with patient navigation services, and physician training in communicating with patients of low health literacy, can modestly improve adherence to CRC screening. The onus is now on researchers to continue to evaluate and refine these interventions and begin to expand them to the entire colon cancer care continuum.
Interventions to Improve Decision Making and Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Management of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sajid Saleha , Kotwal Ashwin A. , Dale William 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES
Ethnic minorities are disproportionately impacted by prostate cancer (PCa) and are at risk for not receiving informed decision making (IDM). We conducted a systematic literature review on interventions to improve: (1) IDM about PCa in screening-eligible minority men, and (2) quality of life (QOL) in minority PCa survivors.

DATA SOURCES
MeSH headings for PCa, ethnic minorities, and interventions were searched in MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and PsycINFO.

SUBJECT ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
We identified U.S.-based, English-language articles (1985 – 2010) on interventions to improve PCa IDM and QOL that included 50 % or more minority patients or analyses stratified by race/ethnicity.

STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS
Articles ( = 19) were evaluated and scored for quality using a Downs and Black (DB) system. Interventions were organized by those enhancing 1) IDM about PCa screening and 2) improving QOL and symptom among PCa survivors. Outcomes were reported by intervention type (educational seminar, printed material, telephone-based, video and web-based).

RESULTS
Fourteen studies evaluated interventions for enhancing IDM about PCa screening and five evaluated programs to improve outcomes for PCa survivors. Knowledge scores were statistically significantly increased in 12 of 13 screening studies that measured knowledge, with ranges of effect varying across intervention types: educational programs (13 % – 48 % increase), print (11 % – 18 %), videotape/DVD (16 %), and web-based (7 % – 20 %). In the final screening study, an intervention to improve decision-making about screening increased decisional self-efficacy by 9 %. Five cognitive-behavioral interventions improved QOL among minority men being treated for localized PCa through enhancing problem solving and coping skills.

LIMITATIONS
Weak study designs, small sample sizes, selection biases, and variation in follow-up intervals across studies.

CONCLUSIONS
Educational programs were the most effective intervention for improving knowledge among screening-eligible minority men. Cognitive behavioral strategies improved QOL for minority men treated for localized PCa.