bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Audiovisual Distraction in Reducing Children’s Anxiety for Pain During Medical and Dental Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Patil Raju Umaji , Onkari Prajakta Somappa , Gurunathan Deepa 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Audiovisual distraction is a potentially good technique to reduce medical treatment procedure-related fear and anxiety among children. However, few studies have assessed its effectiveness.

Objective:
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for evaluating the effectiveness of audiovisual distraction in reducing pain anxiety in pediatrics.

Methods:
Randomized control trials and experimental studies that reported the use of audiovisual distraction during medical/dental treatments among children aged 3–8 years, used the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale to assess pain, and were published between 2005–2021 and in English were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A random-effects model was used for evidence analysis.

Results:
A total of four studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis: two were from South Asia and one each were from Africa and North America. Three of these studies were randomized control trials. The variability among the studies was high. Three of the four studies found that AV techniques were significantly effective in reducing pain during procedures compared with the control group (P < 0.00001), while one study found no difference; the cumulative evidence in the forest plot was similar.

Conclusion:
Cumulative evidence suggests that the use of audiovisual distraction is an effective strategy in reducing medical/dental procedures-related pain anxiety among children aged 3–8 years. However, evidence on this is currently limited, and thus further studies are required using various AD techniques and on different populations to substantiate these findings.

Funding:
None.

Registration:
PROSPERO (Ref no.: CRD42021245874).
Development and Validation of the Saudi Telehealth Acceptance Scale Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
Authors: Almojaibel Abdullah A. 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Telehealth is in early stages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Identifying barriers to using telehealth is an essential step prior to its implementation; however, no theoretically based scales exist for the same purpose.

Objective:
To design a theory-based scale capable of measuring telehealth users’ perceptions of benefits, barriers, and social influence in the KSA.

Methods:
The Saudi Telehealth Acceptance Scale (STAS) was constructed based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and its content validity was determined by eight experts using the modified Delphi process. Only items with a content validity index score of ≥0.83 were chosen. Finally, the face validity of the questionnaire for healthcare professionals, which was in English, was determined by eight healthcare professionals, and for the patient version, which was in Arabic, by six patients.

Results:
Initially, 37 items were identified; however, after Round 1, 29 items remained and after Round 2, 24 items were included in the STAS for both healthcare professionals and patients. In the healthcare professionals scale, there were 7 performance expectancy (PE) items, 6 effort expectancy (EE) items, 3 social influence (SI) items, 4 facilitating conditions (FC) items, and 4 behavioral intention (BI) items, while in the scale for patients, there were 9 PE items, 4 EE items, 3 SI items, 4 FC items, and 4 BI items.

Conclusions:
The two new scales showed evidence of content and face validity. The significance of the two scales is that they were both designed in the context of the healthcare system in the KSA and could provide standardized data collection tools to measure the acceptance of telehealth among HCPs and patients.
Correlation between Illness Perception and Medication Adherence among Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharbi Samaher , Alhofaian Aisha , Alaamri Marym M. 
Published: June 2024

Objectives:
This study aimed to assess the level of illness perception and medication adherence among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with a specific focus on understanding how these two factors may be related.

Materials and Methods:
This descriptive correlation study included all adult patients with T2DM attending the Jeddah Care Centre for Diabetes and Hypertension at King Abdulaziz Hospital between January and April 2022. Data were collected using a questionnaire that elicited sociodemographic and clinical information, and the Arabic versions of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used for data analysis.

Results:
A total of 365 patients were included (mean age: 50.9 ± 15.9 years), with the majority being female (53.4%). Overall, the level of medication adherence was moderate (mean score: 5.36 ± 1.73). Patients with lower medication adherence perceived the consequences of T2DM as more severe, had a stronger association with the illness identity, and experienced more intense emotional responses (for all, P < 0.001). Conversely, patients with higher adherence had a greater sense of personal control, a stronger belief in treatment effectiveness, and a better understanding of the illness (for all, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The study found a correlation between illness perception and medication adherence in patients with T2DM. Addressing patients’ perceptions may enhance their ability to manage the condition more effectively.
Myopic shift, refractive, and visual outcomes after 5 years of infantile cataract surgery: Our experience and review of literature
Authors: Gupta Shreya , Ramteke Sakshi , Chattannavar Goura , Kekunnaya Ramesh 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

PURPOSE:
After infantile cataract surgery, axial elongation, induces a myopic shift that cannot be fully compensated by corneal flattening and the rate is unpredictable owing to the non-linear growth of the eye. The current prospective study assesses the myopic shift and visual outcomes in children undergoing cataract surgery in infancy over a follow-up period of 5 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A prospective study conducted at a tertiary eye care center to evaluate the five-year myopic shift, refractive and visual outcomes in infants, who underwent surgery for congenital cataract in infancy. The visual acuity, myopic shift and biometric changes are compared between the aphakia and pseudophakia group.

RESULTS:
The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recorded in logMAR at 5 years for aphakia group was 0.92±0.44 and for pseudophakia group was 0.66±0.42. (pvalue: 0.002102). The myopic shift was noted to be -5.9+/-5.16 in the aphakia group whereas it was -9.01+/- 3.11 in the pseudophakia group (P value= 0.002101) at 5 years after surgery for infantile cataract.

CONCLUSION:
IOL implantation in eyes of infants undergoing cataract surgery is feasible in eyes that strictly satisfy the pre-operative inclusion criteria and the visual outcomes in these eyes are better compared to aphakia group at 5 years follow up. Eyes with primary IOL implantation had a higher myopic shift compared to ones without primary IOL implantation. Eyes undergoing primary IOL implantation, need higher under correction compared to the current available formulae.
The impact of light properties on ocular growth and myopia development
Authors: Chen Ying-Yi , Tsai Tzu-Hsun , Liu Yao-Lin , Lin Hui-Ju , Wang I-Jong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The objective of this article is to comprehensively review the effect of environmental lighting on ocular growth and refractive status in both animal and clinical studies, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. This review was performed by searching research articles and reviews utilizing the terms “myopia,” “light therapy,” “axial length,” “refractive error,” and “emmetropization” in PubMed datasets. The review was finalized in December 2023. In the animal studies, high lighting brightness, illumination periods aligning with circadian rhythm, and color contrast signals including multiple wavelengths all help regulate ocular growth against myopia. Long wavelengths have been found to induce myopia in chicks, mice, fish, and guinea pigs, whereas shorter wavelengths lead to hyperopia. In contrast, red light has been observed to have a protective effect against myopia in tree shrews and rhesus monkeys. Apart from wavelength, flicker status also showed inconsistent effects on ocular growth, which could be attributed to differences in ocular refractive status, evolutionary disparities in retinal cone cells across species, and the selection of myopia induction models in experiments. In the clinical studies, current evidence suggests a control effect with red light therapy. Although the lighting conditions diverge from those in animal experiments, further reports are needed to assess the long-term effects. In conclusion, this review encompasses research related to the impact of light exposure on myopia and further explores the retinoscleral signaling pathway in refractive development. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for optimizing environmental factors in lighting design to address the epidemic of childhood myopia.
Link between irritable bowel syndrome, depression, and colorectal cancer risk in young patients: Age-matched nationwide population-based study
Authors: Mellacheruvu Sai Priyanka , Lekkala Sai Prasanna , Chauhan Sukhjinder , Mohammed Adil Sarvar , Mundla Sravya R , Shenoy Ankita , Mohammed Bilal Khan , Bawa Jerrin , Nallapothula Shantha , Gurram Priyatham , Jain Akhil , Desai Rupak , Nayeem Mohammed Mustafa 
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND
There exists a link between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and depression. Similarly, chronic depression is known to increase the risk of cancer in general. In this population-based analysis, we investigated the prevalence and the odds of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young-depressed patients with IBS.
AIM
To investigate the relationship between IBS and CRC in young, depressed patients using a nationally representative United States inpatient sample.
METHODS
The 2019 National Inpatient Sample was used to identify young (18-44 years) patients admitted with comorbid depression in the presence vs absence of IBS using relevant International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Primary endpoint was the prevalence and odds of CRC in age matched (1:1) young-depressed cohort hospitalized with IBS (IBS+) vs without IBS (IBS-). Multivariable regression analysis was performed adjusting for potential confounders.
RESULTS
Age-matched (1:1) young-depressed IBS+ (83.9% females, median age 36 years) and IBS- (65.8% females, median age 36 years) cohorts consisted of 14370 patients in each group. IBS+ cohort had higher rates of hypertension, uncomplicated diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, prior stroke, prior venous thromboembolism, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder (P < 0.005) vs the IBS- cohort. However, prior myocardial infarction, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, dementia, smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse (P < 0.005) are high in IBS- cohort. The rate of CRC was comparable in both cohorts [IBS+ n = 25 (0.17%) vs IBS- n = 35 (0.24%)]. Compared to the IBS- cohort, the odds ratio (OR) of developing CRC was not significantly higher [OR 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23-2.25)] in IBS+ cohort. Also, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic and hospital characteristics and relevant comorbidities, the OR was found to be non-significant (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.21-3.83).
CONCLUSION
This nationwide propensity-matched analysis revealed comparable prevalence and risk of CRC in young-depressed patients with vs without IBS. Future large-scale prospective studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of depression and its treatment on CRC risk and outcomes in IBS patients.
Artificial Neural Network Algorithm in Nutritional Assessment: Implication for Machine Learning Prediction in Nutritional Assessments in Strict Veganism
Authors: Matthew Ugochukwu Okwudili , Fatai Lateef Olawale , Adekunle Temitope Samson , Waliu Ajibola Olaosebikan , Oladipupo Matthew Abiola , Ebong Godwin Nse 
Published: June 2024

A considerable number of published research has indicated that evaluating the success of weightloss therapy involves proper dietary examination. On the other hand, the bulk of dietary evaluation methods currently in use have favored manual memory recall. In the current study, we used an artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning algorithm to construct an artificial intelligencebased nutritional assessment system. The algorithm used information from a user's regular meals as well as their preexisting health indicators to formulate a machine based nutritional assessment requirement. ANN-based nutritional evaluation approaches will make it possible to assess eating habits, recommend daily meals, and improve general health. In particular, we develop a machine learning technique to identify multiple food items by classifying them using an ANN machine algorithm and identifying suitable nutritional assessments using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary (ABCD) data. Using an ANN machine learning model, the artificial intelligence system initially creates a number of proposals from the input. Next, using information from the unique ABCD nutritional evaluation, it creates feature maps for each proposal and used the ANN machine learning algorithm to classify diet interval and its composition. Lastly, using the UK-based Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) ranges as a basis, we examined the user's nutritional evaluation obtained from the system. The results of the experiment shown that our system can reliably identify food items and quickly provide nutritional assessment reports, which will give users a clear understanding of practical and healthy eating recommendations in a strictly vegan diet.
The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production
Authors: Rabiu Sani , Isah Kamilu 
Published: June 2024

Microorganisms play a vital role in production of foods and food additives such as edible mushroom which serve as an excellent source of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and low-fat content. However, mushroom’s protein contains essential amino acids required by humans. Seaweeds (edible algae) have high protein contents and also rich in vitamin B12, iron, and a trace amount of Mg, Zn, Cu, Ca, K, and folic acid. Microorganisms produce single cell protein (SCP) which acts as a protein supplement for animals and human feed. Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megatarium, Aspergillus species among others, is utilized to produce SCP. Many bacterial and fungal genera, which include Aspergillus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Candida, Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus, Gluconobacter, and so on, produce enzymes and organic acids used to ferment various foods and dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, wine, bread, beer and others. They are also used as additivesin foods, preservatives, and flavoring agents. This includes genera like Saccharomyces, Bacillus, Aspergillus, and many others. Microorganisms play a significant role in enhancing food production which improves the life of humans and other animals and promotes health and well-being.
EVALUASI LAJUR SEPEDA PADA JALAN PANDANARAN KOTA
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto , Jepriadi Kornelius , Rizal Fahris Miftakul 
Published: June 2024

Ruas jalan Pandanaran Kota Semarang merupakan jalan vital dan daerah pusat kegiatan pertokoan, perkantoran, perhotelan, serta ruang publik. Ruas jalan tersebut juga terkoneksi dengan rute sepeda Kota Semarang. Panjang lajur sepeda pada Jalan Pandanaran sepanjang 1,5 km sementara lebar lajur sepeda sebesar 2,0 meter. Meski sudah memiliki lajur khusus sepeda yang tergabung dengan badan jalan, lajur tersebut sering dialihfungsikan untuk parkir kendaraan roda empat dan kondisi marka pembatas sudah memudar. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis kondisi eksisting, evaluasi dan memberikan rekomendasi perbaikan lajur khusus sepeda. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan pada Jalan Pandanaran, Kecamatan Semarang Selatan, Kota Semarang. Jalan Pandanaran merupakan jalan perkotaan yang memiliki tipe jalan 4/2 D, dengan kawasan sekitar jalan merupakan daerah Central Business District. Metode yang digunakan adalah mix methods antara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis BLOS (Bicycle Level Of Service). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian dari analisis BLOS bahwa pada hari kerja mendapat nilai “E” dan pada hari libur mendapat nilai “D” dan “E” yang berarti lingkungan tidak baik untuk pesepeda. Sementara hasil wawancara terhadap 30 narasumber, 60% dari total 30 narasumber menyatakan bahwa lajur sepeda Jalan Pandanaran tidak layak. Untuk meningkatkan tingkat pelayanan lajur sepeda maka diperlukan upaya pembatasan kecepatan kendaraan, perbaikan kondisi perkerasan, dan penertiban parkir kendaraan.
Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Moral-Rational Review and Need for a Functional Explanatory Framework in Understanding of African Armed Conflicts
Authors: Lomami Francis 
Published: June 2024

Purpose: This paper grapples with the complex and multifaceted nature of the Congolese armed conflict from 1993 to 2003 through literature and theoretical debates. It poses the intriguing question of how analytical views and theoretical assumptions on this Congolese armed conflict inform one about the impact of moral and rational considerations and proceeds to highlight the moral and rational layers of the conflict. The paper reflects on immoral and irrational mechanisms, processes, behaviors, and decisions as factors that made this conflict a deeply harrowing experience, with a staggering number of non-liable civilian deaths and devastating consequences since World War II.
Methodology: This paper used content analysis to unravel the trajectory of the Congolese armed conflict through a comprehensive document review of its historical and theoretical analysis. It employed a unique approach of critical moral reasoning to dissect moral and rational questions of the conflict's various causes, dimensions, actors, networks, and involved interests, thereby providing a fresh perspective on the conflict.
Findings: This paper revealed moral lapses in the Congolese armed conflict's occurrence, development, and resolution from its origins in local identity-based disputes to its transformation into one of the most protracted, deadly, and destructive cycles of violence. The paper found that the conflict's moral and rational aspects were, in their right, essential aggravating features because they impacted its status determination and development from its onset to the peacebuilding process, and a framed functional moral and rational inquiry is needed for a more structured explanation of this causation.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: With its critical moral reasoning, this paper extended the analytical and theoretical understanding of the Congolese armed conflict and offered practical implications for future analysis of African armed conflicts. By shedding light on the moral and rational features of the Congolese armed conflict, it advocates for a functional moral and rational inquiry framework to elucidate the functionality of relationships between moral and rational actions during the conflict and its development. The aim is to enhance the comprehension of the conflict and help define actionable tools for decision-makers during wars and peace processes in Africa, thereby making a tangible impact on the field.
Trazado del templo prehispánico semienterrado en Cerro Baúl (Moquegua-Perú) y sus relaciones con el paisaje
Authors: Balcarce Villanueva Esteban 
Published: June 2024

El presente estudio sobre el denominado templo semienterrado del asentamiento prehispánico (600 d. C. y el 750 d. C.) ubicado en el distrito de Torata, zona rural en la meseta superior de Cerro Baúl (Moquegua-Perú), en el sector poniente, plantea la hipótesis que este conjunto de dos espacios se encuentra construido desde su enclave geográfico donde se está emplazado, desarrollando un modo de habitar el paisaje ceremonial prehispánico en el Cerro Baúl desde las relaciones con su entorno natural y los astros. Específicamente, el sol es culturizado y construido conceptualmente en este conjunto arquitectónico otorgándole un domicilio y sentido cultural, programático en el paisaje desértico del hoy sur peruano. La escala arquitectónica y territorial nos sirve para contener un marco técnico con un enfoque sobre el diseño y planificación del trazado, aplicando un método analítico reconstructivo y perceptual en el marco del paradigma interpretativo.
Time Management in an EFL Lesson Room: An Analysis of Challenges faced by Senior School Teachers at Bunia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Makuru Lotsove , Pato Malobi , Mashauri Mumbere Malonga 
Published: June 2024

Purpose: To identify reasons why teachers are unable to manage time correctly during the lesson of English. In addition, this study aims at showing how time mismanagement can negatively impact the flow of English language acquisition.
Methodology: This research used exploratory survey design as it required gathering information about a particular group or phenomenon for providing a detailed and accurate picture of the characteristics and behavior of a particular group or subject. The exploratory survey was conducted to have a better understanding of the existing research problem. A simple random sampling technique was adopted for this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was administered to a total number of 20 teachers. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software technique served for data analysis in order to get frequencies and percentages. In order to analyze the qualitative data obtained from the open-ended questions in the teacher questionnaire, the data were firstly coded under themes considering the research questions and the sections and/or questions in the questionnaires. Then, the coded data under thematic categories were converted into frequencies and percentages and displayed in separate tables.
Results: The analysis showed that 50% of teachers of English are unable to manage time in their EFL classrooms and thought that the time allocated to an English lesson is not sufficient. Also, pupils do not easily understand English, and need much time for explanation. Teachers, thus, take much time on pre-communicative activities because there are unexpected interruptions. Thus, teachers miss time to organize communicative tasks which is the last step of a lesson.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Every English lesson go through steps that include Preparation, Presentation (pre-communicative activities), Practice (communicative activities) and Produce/Perform. As each English class has an operational objective, the teacher will verify whether he/she achieved this objective through produce related activities that pupils perform. It will be very difficult for the teacher to have information about achieving the objective if the lesson did come to the perform step. Owing to the importance of time management in an EFL classroom which can contribute to the English language acquisition and to the pupils’ learning motivation, the researchers recommend that enough time be allocated to the teaching of English in an EFL classroom. In addition, Teachers MUST very well plan their classes by avoiding the procrastinate of tasks and reducing time pressure. Moreover, they should adopt good time management as they design teaching goals and learning activities.