bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some properties of the wool from copper-starved Merino sheep
Authors: Palmer R. C. 
Published: March 2009

The mean fibre length, mean fibre diameter, mean fibre crimp ratio (i.e. ratio of length of the fibre under 2·5 mg. load to its length stretched), and a quantity approximately proportional to the ultimate tensile fibre strength, have been measured for twenty-five skirted Merino fleeces clipped from sheep that had been grazed at Robe (South Australia) on copperdeficient land and fed by mouth with amounts of copper varying from zero to 100 mg./day. Sulphur analyses and qualitative amino-acid analyses were carried out on some of the fleeces. The fleeces were processed one by one on the worsted system into yarn. The results show an increase in fibre diameter, an increase in ultimate tensile strength and an improvement in behaviour in processing with increasing dietary supplement of copper.A contribution to these experiments through special skill or knowledge has been made by almost everyone on the staff at Torridon, and especially by the late W. L. Semple, J. G. Martindale and H. Beevers. Thanks are due to Messrs Isaac Holden and Sons Ltd. for their generous co-operation in carrying out part of the work at their mill and to Mr A. Prescott, Mr F. Sharp and Mr G. W. Owen of the Wool Control, and Mr F. R. Emmett of Messrs Laycock, Son and Co. Ltd., for their assistance in judging tops. The author would like to thank Mr B. H. Wilsdon, the Director of Research, for suggestions and encouragement during this work, and the Council of the Wool Industries Research Association for permission to publish this paper.
Genetic studies in potatoes; sterility
Authors: Salaman R. N. , Lesley J. W. 
Published: March 2009

Male sterility in potatoes, that is the absence of pollen from the anthers, has been shown by one of us (Salaman(1)) to behave as a recessive to male fertility. The present paper is an account of some farther experiments in the genetics of this character, particularly of crosses between two varieties in which the reciprocals give different results.Both quantity and quality of pollen were estimated by methods similar to those used by Salaman(1) Four empirical grades of quantity were employed, viz. “abundant,” “midium,” “small” and “very few grains.” The quality of the pollen was determined by mounting a sample in water and examining microscopically. Under this treatment living and presumably healthy grains swell up, appear spherical and translucent, whilst the pores become prominent. Such grains are termed “good.” Bad grains are generally smaller, irregular in outline, and often appear quite empty.
The importance of the sense of smell to the grazing sheep
Authors: Tribe D. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. A series of experiments was carried out to assess the importance of the sense of smell to the grazing sheep.2. The results of the first two experiments described indicated that the sense of smell is of importance in the initial stimulation of appetite, but under the experimental conditions the selection of particular herbage species was not affected.3. Further experimentation showed that, because of its adaptation character, olfaction can only be of supplementary importance in influencing the food selection of the grazing sheep.
Placement of fertilizers for row crops
Authors: Cooke G. W. 
Published: March 2009

Fertilizer placed in contact with the seed damaged the germination of sugar beet, mangolds, swedes and peas in 1947; damage was also caused by fertilizer placed directly below the seed. In 1947 and 1948 some damage to the germination of sugar beet was caused by fertilizer in bands 3 in. below the soil surface and 1 in. to the side of the seed; in both years bands of fertilizer 3 in. to the side of the seed were safe. Where placement of medium or full fertilizer dressings is adopted for row crops, the bands should be placed not less than 2 in. from the seed to avoid the risk of injury to germination.All methods of placing gave consistently higher yields of peas than broadcasting fertilizer, the average advantage of placing being over 2 cwt. of peas per acre. In all the experiments on peas in 1948 early applications broadcast and worked deeply into the seed-bed were somewhat superior to late applications made at sowing time.
The effect of temperature, humidity and atmosphere on the viability of Chewing's Fescue grass seed in storage
Authors: Gane R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe loss of viability of seeds of Chewing's Fescue Grass has been a serious problem to both the producers in New Zealand and the trade in the United Kingdom. It has been shown by Foy (1934) that seeds with a high moisture content (20 %) held at 30° C. deteriorated rapidly after 10–14 days and even more quickly at 40° and 50° C. Seeds with a water content of 13 % deteriorated more slowly but it was not until the water content was reduced to and maintained at 5 % that seeds retained their viability at 30°, 40° or 50° C. for 42 days. Even at room temperature (16–20° C.) the loss of viability occurred after 4–5 months at 20 % water content and after 8–9 months at 13 % but at 5 % water content there was no loss. Foy discusses the effects of temperature and humidity that may occur during transport; Hyde (1935) has examined the effect of heating seeds to 50°, 60°, 70°, 80° and 90° C. with a view to working out the conditions for artificial drying of the seeds before transport, and Lewis (1934) has found that, in some seasons, there was a marked loss of viability in storing these seeds in the United Kingdom.
Digestion trials with swine: IV. Note on the utilisation of whole milk by swine
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest 
Published: March 2009

During the investigation in connection with maize digestibility recorded in the current issue of this journal (1), a period of feeding was carried out in which the two pigs received a ration consisting of unsoaked crushed maize and whole milk. Although it was found necessary to discontinue the main maize trial along these lines, the results of this isolated period are not without interest, since they enable conclusions to be drawn concerning the extent of the digestion and assimilation of the constituents of milk when fed to swine.The crushed maize used in this period was from the same stock as that fed in the mixed maize and middlings periods. The daily ration consisted of 2000 gm. crushed maize together with one quart of whole milk; it was given in two equal portions during the day, the milk and a little water being mixed with the dry maize in the trough at the time of feeding. The presence of the milk appeared to make the ration attractive to the animals, since ready and complete consumption was obtained.
The flocculation of soils. III
Authors: Comber Norman M. 
Published: March 2009

In support and extension of the conclusions drawn in the earlier papers the following facts and deductions are submitted:1. The only sparingly soluble substance, from a random collection examined, whose suspensions showed the same abnormal flocculation by calcium hydroxide that is shown by clay, were certain phosphates of iron aluminium and calcium. The abnormal flocculation of these phosphates is open to an explanation quite analogous to that already advanced for the flocculation of clay.2. Until the amount of calcium hydroxide added to a suspension of clay or phosphate reaches a certain amount its abnormal flocculating power is not manifested. The amount required to produce the abnormal flocculation is greater for a fat clay than for a lean one. This is in agreement with the view that the abnormal flocculation is caused by a coagulation of emulsoid matter, for obviously such coagulation will not become dominant until a sufficient amount of the precipitant has been added.3. The lime absorbed by a soil can be wholly and completely removed by a dilute acid treatment which cannot very appreciably decompose the unweathered minerals. It is therefore concluded that the absorption of lime by a soil is an absorption by the soil colloids and not by the unweathered minerals.4. The ignition of a soil for a few minutes over a bunsen flame increases the amounts of iron and aluminium dissolved by acid. Evidence is brought to show that this is due to a destruction of the colloids which bind the particles together, and a consequent exposure of a larger surface.5. The effect of a partial ignition on the base absorbing power of soils and subsoils is described and the results are claimed to be in agreement with the view that the particles in the aggregates are bound together by gelatinous colloidal matter.
The relation of protein content to variety types in American wheat
Authors: Roberts Herbert F. 
Published: March 2009

1. Protein in wheat is the most important constituent, and therefore the chief constituent to breed for. No wheat variety possesses at once combined the desired characteristics of high protein, high yield, maximum flour production, and maximum bushel weight.2. So far as climatic factors are concerned, a short, comparatively dry growing season, especially in the spring, in the case of winter wheat, favours the development of grain rich in gluten, and hence high in protein.3. The most important ground factor in determining the starchprotein ratio is the water supply. The protein content has been found to vary from 11·63 per cent, under 22–24 inches of rainfall to 14·93 per cent, under 12–13 inches (Minnesota); and from 12·63 per cent, under 25 inches of irrigation to 13·62 per cent, under no irrigation (Utah).
Some factors influencing lodging in cereals
Authors: Brady J. 
Published: March 2009

Three varieties, characterised by the possession of varying degrees of resistance to lodging, were grown in a Latin square with a view to determining if any character could be found which would serve as a stable criterion of resistance to lodging.Observations were made and analysed for all those morphological characters associated with strength of straw. The characters examined were: tillering, length of straw, lengths of internodes, diameter of fifth internode, thickness of culm wall, number of vascular bundles, width of lignified tissue in a cross-section, and thickness of sclerenchyma cell walls.
The Colorimetric Determination of Phosphoric Acid in Hydrochloric Acid and Citric Acid Extracts of Soils
Authors: Warren R. G. , Pugh A. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. The colorimetric determination of phosphoric acid in hydrochloric and citric acid extracts of soils by a method involving the evaporation of the extract, ignition and acid extraction of the residuewith either the Denigès and Fiske-Subbarow methods of colour development was satisfactory only with light soils. Clay soils gave low results owing to the presence of larger amounts of iron.2. A method is given in which the organic matter and iron are removed by treatment with sodium permanganate and potassium ferrocyanide. The results are in good agreement with the gravimetric method.
Digestibility trials with poultry. I. The digestibility of English wheats, with a note on the digestibility of fibre in Sussex ground oats
Authors: Halnan E. T 
Published: March 2009

(1) A review of the literature on the digestibility of wheat by poultry revealed the fact that, whereas there appeared to be but little variation in the digestibility coefficients for organic matter and N-free extract, considerable variation existed in the digestibility coefficients for crude protein, fibre and ether extract. It was considered desirable, therefore, to carry out digestibility determinations of known varieties of English wheats in order to ascertain how far such variations could be attributed to different varieties of wheat having been used in these experiments.(2) Experiments carried out with Little Joss wheat and Yeoman II wheat gave closely concordant results for all nutrients other than ether extract.(3) The results obtained in these experiments support the view that the digestibility of crude fibre by poultry is negligible.(4) Except in the case of crude fibre and ether extract, poultry appear to be able to digest wheat as efficiently as other farm animals. Poultry are, however, distinctly inferior to other farm animals in their capacity to digest crude fibre and ether extract.(5) The results of the present experiment show general agreement with previous work, except in the case of protein, where the digestibility coefficients are distinctly higher than those hitherto recorded. The explanation of this result may possibly be sought for in the improved methods used in the estimation of uric acid and ammonia
On the fertility of stallions
Authors: Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

Two sets of records, for Light and Heavy Horses respectively, have been analysed statistically, with the object of studying some of the factors which affect the percentage of foals left by a stallion in a service season.It has been found that the stallion himself is one factor, in that each individual’s percentage returns, in successive seasons, tend towards a constant figure; although there is every gradation, and even considerable variation from year to year, there are definitely good and bad “getters” of foals.A stallion's fertility varies according to the district of the country in which he stands or travels, being higher in the north and west of England and Wales than in the south and east, and very low in Scotland.In moderation, frequent use does not impair a stallion's fertility; there is, in fact, some (insignificant) evidence that the more mares he serves, the greater the proportion of foals he leaves.There is a slight tendency for a stallion's fertility to rise from the time he is 3 years old till he is 13 years old—this result may, though, easily be due to chance; on the other hand it is quite clear that fertility declines after the age of 16 years, and this occurs over the whole range, and is not caused by a certain number becoming absolutely sterile.
Certain acid soils and growth of sugar beet
Authors: Newlands George 
Published: March 2009

1. Variations in growth of sugar beet on certain soils from north-east Scotland were investigated by examination of the soils with regard to field conditions, mechanical composition, pH value, lime requirement, readily extractable calcium and humified organic matter.2. Field conditions and mechanical composition did not account for the variations in growth of the beet.3. A certain degree of correlation was found between pH value, readily extractable calcium and growth of beet. In general when the pH was below 5·3 and extractable calcium below 0·12 per cent., growth was poor or failed. Above these figures it was good, but only relatively so, since all the soils were below 6·2 in pH value.
An assessment of the variation in milk yield of ewes determined by the lamb-suckling technique
Authors: Robinson J. J. , Foster W. H. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEwo milk yield data obtained by the lamb suckling technique from nutritional experiments were analysed statistically to obtain estimates of the several components of variation. Diurnal variation was studied. The fitting of a sinusoidal curve removed a significant amount of variation.There was a highly significant correlation between successive milk yields obtained at 4 h intervals. Number of lambs suckled and body weight of ewe at parturition had a significant effect on total daily milk yield.The variation within ewes after the removal of diurnal variation and between ewes after the removal of the effects of number of lambs suckled and body weight at parturition were computed. These sources of variation were combined in a general equation which enabled the prediction of the standard errors associated with daily milk production for a given sampling technique. The practical application of the predicted standard errors is discussed.
The influence of feeding on the composition of milk. Mangels versus dried sugar beet pulp
Authors: Cranfield Harold T. 
Published: March 2009

Experiments were carried out at two centres in Leicestershire during the spring of 1928, with the object of comparing the values of mangels and dried sugar beet pulp in the winter ration of dairy cows.Two groups of cows were selected at each centre, and the usual method of feeding for a period on one ration and then reversing, was adopted. Composite samples of the milk from each group of cows were taken at six consecutive milkings per week, during the period of the experiment. Determinations of fat and solids not fat were made, and the yield of milk at each milking recorded.Although there are indications that the change of ration caused a slight temporary variation in the quality of the milk, the secretion of milk solids followed, in a general way, the variation in yield: This is confirmed by the average composition figures representing the whole of the milk from each particular ration.Thanks are due to Mr Thos. Hacking for placing every facility for obtaining these data at the disposal of the author.
Normal day to day variability of yield of milk and fat of individual cows
Authors: Bartlett Stephen 
Published: March 2009

1. The day to day variability in the yield of milk and fat of cows is affected by many factors, two of which are stage of lactation and season of the year. Variability is high during the first month of lactation (particularly during the first few days after the calf is weaned), but after this a fairly constant variability may be expected. Under the conditions of management in the herd under discussion and probably in most herds in Southern England variability is highest during the month of May and also tends to be higher during the summer than the winter months.2. A method is presented of calculating the variability in the yield of mixed milk from a herd of cows and the error to be expected when milk records and fat percentages of individual cows are calculated from a few samples.3. When cows are milked twice daily at unequal intervals the yield of milk obtained in 24 hours is slightly less variable if a morning milk yield is added to the subsequent evening yield, than if an evening yield is added to the subsequent morning yield.
Some effects of live weight and body condition on the milk production of Blackface ewes
Authors: Peart J. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYApproximately 15 weeks before parturition, forty-eight pregnant Blackface ewes were divided into three similar groups. During the 15–6 weeks prepartum period the ewes were fed to increase the live weights and body condition scores of ewes in each of groups A and B and to decrease those of ewes in group C. At 6 weeks prepartum mean differences of approximately 11 kg live weight and two grades of body condition had been created. Food was rationed to the ewes in all groups per kg live weight based on their weights 6 weeks prepartum, to provide the theoretical requirements of Blackface ewes bearing twin lambs. All groups of ewes made similar live-weight gains in late pregnancy and the mean birth weights of the lambs were also similar. Blood plasma F.F.A. values confirmed that the ewes were similarly nourished in late pregnancy regardless of live weight or body condition. During lactation the ewes were fed 9·2 g D.O.M./kg based on their immediate post-partum live weights, plus an allowance for a predicted level of milk production. Ewes in groups A and C were fed 0·5 and ewes in group B, 0·25 g D.O.M. per g of predicted milk production. The ration was increased after the 1st and 2nd weeks of lactation, then maintained at a constant level for the remainder of lactation. Milk production of the ewes was measured using a lamb suckling technique during a 10-week lactation. The mean daily milk production of ewes in groups A and C were similar and the yield of each of these groups was substantially greater than that of group B ewes. The mean total milk production of ewes suckling twin lambs in groups A, B and C was 127, 108 and 142 kg respectively, and of ewes suckling single lambs 104, 81 and 91 kg respectively. The mean live-weight changes of ewes in groups A and C were similar during lactation. Except for group A ewes suckling single lambs, which maintained their mean live weight, all ewes lost weight in early lactation and consistent gains were not made until late lactation. Greatest live-weight loss occurred in group B ewes and extended further into lactation. Changes in body condition followed a similar course to live weight changes. The mean daily live-weight gain of twin lambs in groups A, B and C was 279, 275 and 284 g respectively, and of single lambs, 318, 300 and 319 g respectively. The evidence indicates that ewes in lean body condition have a higher efficiency of food conversion to milk and that in situations of continuous undernourishment a high state of body condition is undesirable during lactation.
Growth cabinet studies into cold-tolerance of Festuca arundinacea populations: II. Responses to pretreatment conditioning and to number and duration of low temperature periods
Authors: Thomas W. D. , Lazenby Alec 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFollowing three differing pre-stress temperature treatments, potted plants of three populations of Festuca arundinacea, syn. 1 and syn. 2 (North African) and S. 170 (British) were subjected to a cold stress of 20 h at – 8 °C in a growth cabinet.In all populations, survival was greatest when the cold stress followed continuous low temperatures for 2 weeks, was intermediate after part-day low temperatures for the same period, and poorest after continuous warmth. The hardening response, especially after the fluctuating regime, was greater in S. 170 than in either syn. 1 or syn. 2, between which little difference was detectable.There was no overall difference in survival between spring-sown and autumn-sown material, nor any apparent relationship between survival and relative growth rate.In a further trial, the same three populations were subjected to differing periods of cold stress at — 9 °C-single exposure for 12 or 18 h periods, or one, two or three 6 h periods.The synthetics were progressively weakened by repeated stresses, and were almost completely killed out by 12 or 18 h exposure. Differences in mortality following short and longer periods of exposure were associated with differences in soil temperatures.
Rapid semi-micro volumetric estimation of potash in leaf ash
Authors: Chapman G. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. A method of moderate accuracy suitable for the routine determination of potash on a large scale is described.2. Certain minor alterations in the method of precipitation by Lewis & Marmoy are suggested.3. Di-sodium monohydrogen phosphate is suggested as a solvent for the cobaltinitrite precipitate before the permanganate titration, thereby simplifying previous volumetric procedures.The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to the Director of Malacca Rubber Plantations for permission to publish this work. Acknowledgement is also made of the routine work so loyally carried out by his Asiatic staff in the development of the method, especially Messrs Warrior and Thamboo, who were chiefly responsible.