bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling geologic and geodetic model fault slip-rate discrepancies in Southern California: Consideration of nonsteady mantle flow and lower crustal fault creep
Authors: Chuang Ray Y. , Johnson Kaj M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn Southern California, slip rates derived from geodesy-constrained elastic models are lower than geologic rates along the Mojave and San Bernardino segments of the San Andreas fault and the Garlock fault. In contrast, the summed geodetic rate across the Mojave eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) is significantly higher than the summed geologic rate. We show that geodetic and geologic slip rates in Southern California can be reconciled using a viscoelastic earthquake cycle model that explicitly incorporates time-dependent deformation due to nonsteady interseismic fault creep in the lower crust and viscous flow in the upper mantle. To reconcile geologic and geodetic model rates, our model requires that the southern San Andreas fault and the Garlock fault are in the late stages of the earthquake cycle, resulting in lower current deformation rates than the cycle-averaged rate. Our model implies that the ECSZ and the San Jacinto faults are in the early stages of the earthquake cycle, resulting in high current deformation rates.
Crustal emplacement of exhuming (ultra)high-pressure rocks: Will that be pro- or retro-side?
Authors: Butler J.P. , Beaumont C. , Jamieson R.A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract(Ultra)high-pressure [(U)HP] rocks form and exhume from deep within subduction channels, but subsequent horizontal transport in the shallower orogenic crust makes it difficult to reconstruct their tectonic histories. We use a conceptual framework and numerical models to show that buoyant exhumation from within a subduction conduit formed during one-sided subduction may lead to emplacement of (U)HP rocks into either the lower plate (prowedge) or upper plate (retrowedge) of an orogen, depending on whether the upper plate crust deforms or acts as a backstop during exhumation. Both modes may operate at different positions or different times within an orogen, leading to emplacement of (U)HP rocks into both plates without changing subduction geometry. We propose that retrotransport during exhumation may explain some (U)HP rocks (e.g., Liverpool Land) situated in the upper plate of the Greenland-Norwegian Caledonides.
Associations between cigarette smoking, obesity, sociodemographic characteristics and remote-sensing-derived estimates of ambient PM2.5: results from a Canadian population-based survey
Authors: Villeneuve Paul J , Goldberg Mark S , Burnett Richard T , van Donkelaar Aaron , Chen Hong , Martin Randall V 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesLong-term exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) has been shown to increase mortality. Variables measured on the same spatial scales of air pollution may confound associations, and so the authors' objectives were to evaluate the associations between PM2.5and individual-level measures of smoking, obesity and sociodemographic status. The authors present an approach to evaluate the impact that uncontrolled confounding from smoking may have on associations between PM2.5and mortality.MethodsIndividual-level behavioural and sociodemographic data were obtained from a 2003 national survey of 122 548 Canadians. Estimates of ground-level PM2.5at a resolution of 10×10 km between 2001 and 2006 were derived from satellite remote sensing. Exposures were assigned to the residence of the participants at the time of the survey. Differences in the prevalence of smoking across concentrations of PM2.5and RRs drawn from the literature were used to model the bias on rate ratios.ResultsParticipants in areas with higher concentrations of PM2.5had a higher income and educational attainment, smoked less and were more likely immigrants. Smoking had a negative confounding effect on the associations between PM2.5and mortality. To compensate for this bias, for a 10 μg/m3increase in PM2.5, mortality from lung cancer and heart disease in the referent exposure group needed to be increased by 6.9% and 3.2%, respectively.ConclusionsAssociations were found between sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and PM2.5at a resolution of 10×10 km. The authors present a model to adjust for uncontrolled confounding of smoking that can be readily adapted to exposures measured at different spatial resolutions.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Promoter Methylation Associated with Gene Expression Profile in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Vincent Audrey , Omura Noriyuki , Hong Seung-Mo , Jaffe Andrew , Eshleman James , Goggins Michael 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Purpose: The goal of this study was to comprehensively identify CpG island methylation alterations between pancreatic cancers and normal pancreata and their associated gene expression alterations.
Experimental Design: We employed methylated CpG island amplification followed by CpG island microarray, a method previously validated for its accuracy and reproducibility, to analyze the methylation profile of 27,800 CpG islands covering 21 MB of the human genome in nine pairs of pancreatic cancer versus normal pancreatic epithelial tissues and in three matched pairs of pancreatic cancer versus lymphoid tissues from the same individual.
Results: This analysis identified 1,658 known loci that were commonly differentially methylated in pancreatic cancer compared with normal pancreas. By integrating the pancreatic DNA methylation status with the gene expression profiles of the same samples before and after treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, we identified dozens of aberrantly methylated and differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancers including a more comprehensive list of hypermethylated and silenced genes that have not been previously described as targets for aberrant methylation in cancer.
Conclusion: We expected that the identification of aberrantly hypermethylated and silenced genes will have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. Clin Cancer Res; 17(13); 4341–54. ©2011 AACR.
Distinct Apoptotic Signaling Characteristics of the Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibody Dacetuzumab and Rituximab Produce Enhanced Antitumor Activity in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Lewis Timothy S. , McCormick Renee S. , Emmerton Kim , Lau Jeffrey T. , Yu Shang-Fan , McEarchern Julie A. , Grewal Iqbal S. , Law Che-Leung 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPurpose: Individually targeting B-cell antigens with monoclonal antibody therapeutics has improved the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We examined if the antitumor activity of rituximab, CD20-specific antibody, could be improved by simultaneously targeting CD40 with the humanized monoclonal antibody dacetuzumab (SGN-40).Experimental Design: Dacetuzumab was dosed with rituximab to determine the in vivo activity of this combination in a subcutaneous Ramos xenograft model of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The effect of dacetuzumab on rituximab antibody-dependent cell mediated–cytotoxicity (ADCC), antiproliferative, and apoptotic activities were evaluated in vitro using NHL cell lines. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to contrast the signaling pathways activated by dacetuzumab and rituximab in NHL cells.Results: The dacetuzumab-rituximab combination had significantly improved antitumor activity over the equivalent dose of rituximab in the Ramos xenograft model (P = 0.0021). Dacetuzumab did not augment rituximab-mediated ADCC activity; however, these antibodies were additive to synergistic in cell-proliferation assays and produced increased apoptosis in combination. Rituximab signaling downregulated BCL-6 oncoprotein in a cell line–specific manner, whereas dacetuzumab strongly downregulated BCL-6 in each cell line. Dacetuzumab induced expression of the proapoptotic proteins TAp63 and Fas, whereas rituximab did not affect basal expression of either protein. Finally, rituximab partially blocked dacetuzumab-mediated upregulation of the prosurvival protein BCL-xL.Conclusions: Targeting CD40 with dacetuzumab enhanced the antitumor activity of rituximab in cell line and xenograft NHL models. The distinct but complementary apoptotic signal transduction profiles of dacetuzumab and rituximab are an important mechanism behind the improved activity of this combination. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4672–81. ©2011 AACR.
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Vismodegib in Preclinical Models of Mutational and Ligand-Dependent Hedgehog Pathway Activation
Authors: Wong Harvey , Alicke Bruno , West Kristina A. , Pacheco Patricia , La Hank , Januario Tom , Yauch Robert L. , de Sauvage Frederic J. , Gould Stephen E. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Vismodegib (GDC-0449) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway that shows antitumor activity in preclinical models driven by mutational or ligand-dependent activation of the Hh pathway. We wished to characterize the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of vismodegib in both model systems to guide optimal dose and schedule for vismodegib in the clinic.
Experimental Design: Preclinical efficacy and PK/PD studies were carried out with vismodegib in a Ptch+/− allograft model of medulloblastoma exhibiting mutational activation of the Hh pathway and patient-derived colorectal cancer (CRC) xenograft models exhibiting ligand-dependent pathway activation. Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway was related to vismodegib levels in plasma and to antitumor efficacy using an integrated population-based PK/PD model.
Results: Oral dosing of vismodegib caused tumor regressions in the Ptch+/− allograft model of medulloblastoma at doses ≥25 mg/kg and tumor growth inhibition at doses up to 92 mg/kg dosed twice daily in two ligand-dependent CRC models, D5123, and 1040830. Analysis of Hh pathway activity and PK/PD modeling reveals that vismodegib inhibits Gli1 with a similar IC50 in both the medulloblastoma and D5123 models (0.165 μmol/L ±11.5% and 0.267 μmol/L ±4.83%, respectively). Pathway modulation was linked to efficacy using an integrated PK/PD model revealing a steep relationship where &gt; 50% of the activity of vismodegib is associated with &gt;80% repression of the Hh pathway.
Conclusions: These results suggest that even small reductions in vismodegib exposure can lead to large changes in antitumor activity and will help guide proper dose selection for vismodegib in the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4682–92. ©2011 AACR.
Fish Intake and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure
Authors: Belin Rashad J. , Greenland Philip , Martin Lisa , Oberman Albert , Tinker Lesley , Robinson Jennifer , Larson Joseph , Van Horn Linda , Lloyd-Jones Donald 
Published: May 2011

Background—
Whether fish or the fatty acids they contain are independently associated with risk for incident heart failure (HF) among postmenopausal women is unclear.

Methods and Results—
The baseline Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort consisted of 93 676 women ages 50 to 79 years of diverse ethnicity and background, of which 84 493 were eligible for analyses. Intakes of baked/broiled fish, fried fish, and omega-3 fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid), and trans-fatty acid were determined from the Women's Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire. Baked/broiled fish consumption was divided into 5 frequency categories: <1/mo (referent), 1 to 3/mo, 1 to 2/wk, 3 to 4/wk, ≥5/wk. Fried fish intake was grouped into 3 frequency categories: <1/mo (referent), 1–3/mo, and ≥1/wk. Associations between fish or fatty acid intake and incident HF were determined using Cox models adjusting for HF risk factors and dietary factors. Baked/broiled fish consumption (≥5 servings/wk at baseline) was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.95) for incident HF. In contrast, fried fish consumption (≥1 serving/wk at baseline) was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.84) for incident HF. No significant associations were found between eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, or trans-fatty acid intake and incident HF.

Conclusions—
Increased baked/broiled fish intake may lower HF risk, whereas increased fried fish intake may increase HF risk in postmenopausal women.
Difference of Tissue Characteristics Between Early and Very Late Restenosis Lesions After Bare-Metal Stent Implantation
Authors: Habara Maoto , Terashima Mitsuyasu , Nasu Kenya , Kaneda Hideaki , Inoue Katsumi , Ito Tsuyoshi , Kamikawa Shigeru , Kurita Tairo , Tanaka Nobuyoshi , Kimura Masashi , Kinoshita Yoshihisa , Tsuchikane Etsuo , Matsuo Hitoshi , Ueno Katsumi , Katoh Osamu , Suzuki Takahiko 
Published: May 2011

Background—
Although in-stent restenosis (ISR) after bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation peaks in the early phase, very late (VL) ISR occasionally is observed beyond a few years after BMS implantation. To date, this mechanism has not been fully clarified.

Methods and Results—

We compared the morphological characteristics of VL-ISR (>5 years, without restenosis within the first year) (n=43) to those of early (E) ISR (within the first year) (n=39) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Qualitative restenotic tissue analysis included assessment of tissue structure (homogeneous or heterogeneous), presence of microvessels, disrupted intima with cavity, and intraluminal material and was performed at every 1-mm slice of the entire stent. The proportions of cross-sections with heterogeneous intima in the entire stent was significantly higher in the VL-ISR group compared to the E-ISR group (60.5±28.5% versus 5.8±11.5%,
P
<0.0001), with heterogeneous intima being more frequently observed at the minimum lumen area site in the VL-ISR group (90.7% versus 17.9%,
P
<0.0001). Disrupted intima with cavity and intraluminal material also were observed more frequently in the VL-ISR group for the entire stent (18.6% versus 0%, 20.9% versus 2.6%,
P
<0.03) as well as at the minimum lumen area site (13.9% versus 0%,16.2% versus 0%,
P
<0.03).

Conclusions—
The morphological characteristics of restenotic tissue in VL-ISR were different from those in E-ISR and similar to atherosclerotic plaque. In BMS, progression of the atherosclerotic process within neointima after stent implantation may be associated with VL-ISR.
Changes in the Amplitude of the Temperature Annual Cycle in China and Their Implication for Climate Change Research
Authors: Qian Cheng , Fu Congbin , Wu Zhaohua 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Climate change is not only reflected in the changes in annual means of climate variables but also in the changes in their annual cycles (seasonality), especially in the regions outside the tropics. In this study, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is applied to investigate the nonlinear trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle (which contributes 96% of the total variance) of China’s daily mean surface air temperature for the period 1961–2007. The results show that the variation and change in the amplitude are significant, with a peak-to-peak annual amplitude variation of 13% (1.8°C) of its mean amplitude and a significant linear decrease in amplitude by 4.6% (0.63°C) for this period. Also identified is a multidecadal change in amplitude from significant decreasing (−1.7% decade−1 or −0.23°C decade−1) to significant increasing (2.2% decade−1 or 0.29°C decade−1) occurring around 1993 that overlaps the systematic linear trend. This multidecadal change can be mainly attributed to the change in surface solar radiation, from dimming to brightening, rather than to a warming trend or an enhanced greenhouse effect. The study further proposes that the combined effect of the global dimming–brightening transition and a gradual increase in greenhouse warming has led to a perceived warming trend that is much larger in winter than in summer and to a perceived accelerated warming in the annual mean since the early 1990s in China. It also notes that the deseasonalization method (considering either the conventional repetitive climatological annual cycle or the time-varying annual cycle) can also affect trend estimation.
Mapping Bragg Scatter with a Polarimetric WSR-88D
Authors: Melnikov Valery M. , Doviak Richard J. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Stensrud David. J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Using a polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar to distinguish Bragg scatterers from insects and birds in an optically clear atmosphere has the potential to provide information on convective boundary layer depth. Measured median differential reflectivities ZDR of Bragg scatterers lie between −0.08 and 0.06 dB, which supports the hypothesis that the intrinsic ZDR of Bragg scatters is 0 dB. Thus, the intrinsic 0 dB of Bragg scatter can be used for verifying of ZDR radar calibration. Measured copolar correlation coefficients ρhv have distributions peaked at about 0.998–1.0. If insects and birds are spatially separated from Bragg scatterers, the dual-polarization capability of the WSR-88D allows distinguishing echoes from these two types of scatterers since ZDR from biota is significantly larger than 0 dB. In mixtures of Bragg and biota scatter, polarimetric spectral analysis shows differences in portions of the H and V spectra where birds and insects could be contaminating echoes from Bragg scatterers.
The values of ZDR ≈ 0 and ρhv ≈ 1 that characterize Bragg scatterers allow coherent summation of signals from the H and V receiver channels and restoration of measurement capability lost as a result of splitting power into H and V channels. Further enhancements to data collection and signal processing allow power measurement, with a standard deviation of about 1 dB, of weak echoes from Bragg scatterers having equivalent reflectivity factors of about −28 dBZ at distance of 10 km from the radar. This level of reflectivity corresponds to a refractive index structure parameter of about 4 × 10−15 m−2/3, a typical magnitude found in maritime air.
Simplified Active Array L-Band Radar for Atmospheric Wind Profiling: Initial Results
Authors: Srinivasulu P. , Yasodha P. , Jayaraman A. , Reddy S. N. , Satyanarayana S. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A simple approach is presented to implement an active aperture radar with a constrained beam-forming network that is adequate enough to generate multiple beams for atmospheric wind profiling. In this approach, elements of the antenna array are fed directly by dedicated transceiver modules, which are realized with commercially available communication components, making them low cost. A passive 2D beam-forming network distributes the exciter output signal and feeds the transceivers with appropriate phase distribution to generate different beams. This configuration, which is a simplified active array, eliminates the feed loss and achieves the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), thereby increases range coverage. Consequently, this scheme allows for a smaller antenna size when compared to a conventional passive array system, for the given range performance, and makes the wind profiler compact and transportable. A 1280-MHz, 64-element simplified active array radar has been developed, successfully validated, and is being operated at Gadanki, a tropical station in south India. Measured winds are in good agreement with those obtained with a collocated GPS sonde technique. This paper presents the configuration and sample results of the system.
The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan
Authors: Sorketti Ehab Ali , Zainal Nor Zuraida , Habil Mohamad Hussain 
Published: May 2011

Aims: To determine the general characteristics of people with mental disorders in traditional healers centres in Sudan in terms of sociodemographic profile, common clinical presentations and diagnostic features, and to look at the treatment methods and intervention procedures used in these centres for treating people with mental illness. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. All inpatients with mental illness (405) from 10 selected traditional healers centres in Sudan who gave consent were interviewed, using a specially designed questionnaire and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results: Most of the visitors to the centres were from central Sudan with a mean age of 31 years, illiterate or with only a primary basic education, male and jobless. The average mean duration of stay in the traditional healer centre was five months and the mean duration of untreated illness before coming to the centre was 13 months. Only 17% reported a history of alcohol abuse and only 11% of drug abuse. The most common prevalent diagnosis was psychotic disorder. Conclusion: This study improves the understanding about what types of people with mental illness are treated at these traditional healer centres and gives recommendations that can help in improving the quality of services in these centres. It can probably be used in building bridges of collaboration between these centres and the available mental health and psychiatric services in Sudan, especially at primary healthcare level.
Viscose material functionalized by chitosan as a potential treatment in gynecology
Authors: Fras Zemljic Lidija , Sauperl Olivera , But Igor , Zabret Andrej , Lusicky Marija 
Published: May 2011

This paper presents the functionalization of viscose cellulose material with chitosan for potential application in cellulose tampons for everyday use that would not display negative side effects, such as irritation of the vaginal wall, toxic shock syndrome, etc. The technological parameters of tampons, amount of amino groups due to chitosan adsorption, and the antimicrobial activity of the tampons were analyzed. Aqueous chitosan solutions buffered with lactic or acetic acid were sprayed on viscose fibers, from which tampons were prepared and dried at 40°C in an air chamber or at room temperature. Adsorption of chitosan was determined by conductometric titration. The absorptivity and antimicrobial activity of the tampons were determined by standard methods. It is concluded that tampons prepared in this way possess the following new properties: maintenance of the physiological pH of the vagina together with its moisturizing effect, good technical properties, and antimycotic, as well as antibacterial, activity.
Effects of combined balanced colloid and crystalloid on rotational thromboelastometry in vitro
Authors: Lindroos A-C , Schramko AA , Niiya T , Suojaranta-Ylinen RT , Niemi TT 
Published: May 2011

Our objective was to investigate the in vitro effects of a totally balanced fluid concept on whole blood coagulation. Venous blood from 12 healthy volunteers was diluted by 20% and 40% with a combination of an equal amount of colloid (balanced or unbalanced 6% HES 130/0.4, or 4% gelatin) and crystalloid (balanced or unbalanced Ringer’s acetate). Blood samples were analyzed with rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®). The initiation of coagulation was delayed in all dilutions except for the 20 vol% gelatin-dilution. In the extrinsic activation test, maximum clot firmness was decreased and clot formation time prolonged after 40 vol% hemodilution with a balanced Ringer’s/unbalanced HES combination, more than in the corresponding gelatin hemodilution. In the fibrin-based test, after both 20- and 40 vol% hemodilution with unbalanced Ringer’s/gelatin solution, maximum clot firmness was significantly stronger than in the Ringer’s/HES-combinations. The combination of balanced colloid and crystalloid has similar coagulation effects in vitro as their respective combination of unbalanced solutions.