bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World War I: Afro‐Asian theaters
Authors: Hughes Matthew 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDuring World War I, fighting spread to Africa and Asia as Entente forces attacked the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire in the Middle East, and German colonies in Africa and the Far East (in China and the Pacific islands). The heaviest fighting was in the Middle East, where by 1918 British‐led forces had occupied all of what would become, after the war, the states of Palestine, Trans‐Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. What remained of the Turkish rump of the Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey in 1923. In Africa, the Belgians, British, and French invaded and occupied the German colonies of South‐West Africa (Namibia), Togoland, Cameroons, and German East Africa (Tanganyika/Tanzania) (Strachan 2001; Anderson 2004; Paice 2008). In 1916 Portugal joined the war but her forces in Africa did little beyond defending Portugal's African colonies. In the Far East, Japan took German territory in China at Kiaochow (Jiaozhou in Pinyin spelling) and Australian, Japanese, and New Zealand forces did the same in the Pacific islands of Micronesia (the Mariana, Marshall, and Caroline islands), northern Papua New Guinea, Nauru, the northern Solomon islands, and Samoa. Before, during, and after these conquests, the attacking powers—the British and French but also local powers such as Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and South Africa—made a series of arrangements, commitments, and promises, both among themselves and with local peoples, regarding the future status of captured enemy territory that shaped the post‐war world.
Zimbabwe's War of Independence (1965–1980)
Authors: Stapleton Timothy J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
During the 1890s the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes conquered the African people in what is now Zimbabwe yet did not discover anticipated vast gold deposits. With responsible government in 1923, the white settler minority gained internal political control over the colony of Southern Rhodesia and passed a series of laws that undercut African economic opportunities. As European commercial farmers took most of the best land, Africans became cheap labor as they were pushed into small infertile reserves or moved to cities. After World War II the white minority expected Britain to grant them dominion status, a form of autonomy, along the lines of Canada or Australia. This was to be facilitated by the 1953 Central African Federation, which brought together Southern Rhodesia with the mining economy of Northern Rhodesia and the labor reservoir of Nyasaland. Britain initially supported the federation as it was looking for a new regional ally after the election of the republican minded Afrikaner Nationalist Party in South Africa in 1948 and the introduction of apartheid. Since the tiny European population controlled the federal government, African nationalists in all three territories protested against the federation, which seemed counter to the emerging continental desire for independence and majority rule. In Southern Rhodesia a series of progressively more radical African nationalist groups was banned in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These were the Southern Rhodesian African National Congress (SRANC), National Democratic Party (NDP), and Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Increasingly violent street protest and state repression led to the breakup of the federation in 1963 and the British, now eager to decolonize Africa, granted independence to Northern Rhodesia as Zambia and Nyasaland as Malawi in 1964. The bulk of federal military resources, warplanes, helicopters, and armored cars supplied by Britain during the 1950s were taken to Southern Rhodesia, where the right‐wing Rhodesia Front of Ian Smith came to power to protect settler interests. Disagreement over strategy split the African nationalist movement as the established ZAPU under Joshua Nkomo wanted to mobilize international sanctions from exile and a splinter group called the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) under Ndabaningi Sithole was determined to confront the regime at home. Most of the top leadership of both organizations was arrested and spent the next decade in detention. An impasse developed between the Smith regime that demanded immediate dominion status and Britain that wanted Smith to acknowledge the eventuality of majority rule. In November 1965 Smith unilaterally declared independence from Britain and although bank assets were frozen and limited sanctions imposed, London did little to suppress the rebellion.
pGLO mutagenesis: A laboratory procedure in molecular biology for biology students
Authors: Bassiri Eby A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA five‐session laboratory project was designed to familiarize or increase the laboratory proficiency of biology students and others with techniques and instruments commonly used in molecular biology research laboratories and industries. In this project, the EZ‐Tn5 transposon is used to generate and screen a large number of cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO plasmid. EZ‐Tn5 carries the kanamycin resistance (KanR) gene, and the pGLO plasmid carries the β‐lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance (AmpR), the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the arabinose operon repressor (araC). Insertion of the Tn5 transposon into pGLO occurs randomly, and any gene into which it inserts is knocked out. By screening cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO with kanamycin, ampicillin, arabinose and/or for GFP expression in different combinations, pGLO plasmids with mutations in different genes are identified. The locations of these insertions are then mapped approximately by restriction fragment analysis and precisely by sequence analysis of the pGLO plasmid. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 432–439, 2011
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 3‐(Acetoxyamino)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones with Enolic β‐ Diketones: The N‐N Bond as a Chiral Axis in N‐(3,4‐Dihydro‐4‐ oxoquinazolin‐3‐yl)‐N‐acyl‐α‐aminoketones; Reductive and Base‐ Catalyzed Cleavage of the N‐N Bond in N‐Acetyl‐N‐(3,4‐dihydro‐4‐ oxoquinazolin‐3‐yl)‐α‐amino Acid Esters.
Authors: ATKINSON R. S. , EDWARDS P. J. , THOMSON G. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Cyclization of Bromomethyldimethylsilyl Propargyl Ethers; Synthesis of a Carbocyclic Core of Steroid Skeleton by a Tandem Radical Cyclization.
Authors: WU S. , JOURNET M. , MALACRIA M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Pyranoid Glycals Derived from D‐Fructose.
Authors: HALE K. J. , MANAVIAZAR S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Korupensamines A‐D, Novel Antimalarial Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus korupensis.
Authors: HALLOCK Y. F. , MANFREDI K. P. , BLUNT J. W. , CARDELLINA J. H. II , SCHAEFFER M. , GULDEN K.‐P. , BRINGMANN G. , LEE A. Y. , CLARDY J. , FRANCOIS G. , BOYD M. R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Tethered Carborane‐Containing Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Potential Agents for DNA Incorporation.
Authors: RONG F.‐G. , SOLOWAY A. H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Removal of COD from Industrial Effluent Containing Indigo Dye Using Adsorption Method by Activated Carbon Cloth: Optimization, Kinetic, and Isotherm Studies
Authors: Aber Soheil , Sheydaei Mohsen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe pollution of underground and surface water streams is a tremendous environmental problem. Adsorption, in which activated carbon (AC) is used as an adsorbent, is one of efficient procedures to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewaters. Activated carbon fiber (ACF), a newly developed form of AC, has high adsorption rate and surface area and can be used for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. In this work, ACF was prepared by physicochemical activation method from kenaf and we studied its ability in the treatment of indigo‐containing wastewater produced from a dying factory. The filtered wastewater was treated via adsorption by ACF, and response surface experimental design method was used to study the effect of ACF dosage, contact time, temperature, and pH of the wastewater on the removal process. ACF dosage of 0.256 g, temperature of 12.5°C, pH 8.5, and contact time of 125 min were optimum treatment conditions. The adsorption process obeys pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models.
Substituents Destabilize the Molecule by Increasing Biradicaloid Character and Stabilize by Intramolecular Charge Transfer in the Derivatives of Benzobis(thiadiazole) and Thiadiazolothienopyrazine: A Computational Study
Authors: Thomas Anup , Krishna Chaitanya Gunturu , Bhanuprakash Kotamarthi , Krishna Prasad Komuri M. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractKeeping in view the possible applications of singlet open‐shell molecules as semiconductors, non‐classical derivatives of the heterocyclic rings benzobis(thiadiazole) (BBT) and its positional isomer thiadiazolothienopyrazine (TTP) are characterized using DFT methodologies. M06‐2X, B3LYP and BHandHLYP functionals were used to optimize the geometries and estimate the vertical transition energies. It is observed that unlike the BHandHLYP functional (50 % exchange), which gives rise to spin‐contaminated solutions for all molecules in the series, M06‐2X (54 % exchange) affords a wavefunction either with no instability or negligible instability for most of the molecules. The results are compared with the earlier reported experimental data and those obtained herein using the spin‐flip (SF)‐5050 method. It is found that B3LYP does not fare well while on the other hand the M06‐2X and SF‐50‐50 are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is seen that M06‐2X TD‐DFT for the molecules can be carried out without major spin contamination and also that the more time‐consuming CI can be avoided for the calculation of transition energies. The biradical nature of the molecules is estimated by the singlet–triplet gap. Intramolecular charge transfer is calculated. It is found that the ring substituents donate charge in the ground state, creating a zwitterionic structure. Thus the substituents play an interesting dual role, decreasing the stability of the molecule by increasing the biradical character (small HOMO–LUMO gap), and stabilization of this ground state by intramolecular charge transfer.
Rainfall partitioning in a deciduous forest plot in leafed and leafless periods
Authors: Mużyło A. , Llorens P. , Domingo F. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn deciduous forests, it is particularly difficult to understand the factors controlling rainfall partitioning because of the seasonal changes of canopy cover. Moreover, under Mediterranean climate conditions, the marked seasonal variability of rainfall produces highly variable event‐based interception losses making comparison of throughfall, stemflow and interception loss in each season difficult. Rainfall partitioning in a downy oak forest plot located in the Eastern Pyrenees Mountains (NE Spain) was measured over 3 years to study the differences in throughfall, stemflow and interception loss between the leafed and leafless periods and to find out the role of canopy cover and rainfall type in rainfall partitioning. Results show small differences in rainfall partitioning between the leafed and leafless periods, although different rainfall patterns were observed in the two periods, and there were significant changes in canopy cover. Throughfall and stemflow were slightly higher during the leafless period (about 3.6% and 1.7% higher, respectively), and therefore, interception loss was lower (about 5.4% in this period). On an event basis, the leafless period was characterized by lower absolute and relative interception losses than the leafed period. Rainfall was classified in four types by intensity and duration to study the influence of rainfall type on rainfall partitioning in leafed and leafless seasons separately. Rainfall duration was apparently important for all rainfall partitioning components in the leafless period, when stemflow and throughfall were lower and interception loss was enhanced during short events, whereas in the leafed period, no single dominating factor could be found. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoluminescent Hemidisc‐Shaped Liquid Crystalline Nickel(II) Schiff‐Base Complexes
Authors: Bhattacharjee Chira R. , Das Gobinda , Mondal Paritosh 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA series of new photoluminescent hemidisc‐shaped NiII Schiff‐base complexes has been synthesized. The ligands and their complexes were characterized by FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FAB‐MS and elemental analysis. The mesomorphic behaviour of the ligands and their complexes was probed by polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The molecular organization in the mesophase was determined by X‐ray diffraction techniques. The ligands are nonmesogenic but their complexes exhibited thermally stable rectangular columnar (Colr) mesophases at about 227 °C. The complexes are blue‐light emitters in solution (ca. 434 nm, Φ = 19 %) and in the solid state (ca. 469 nm, Φ = 7 %) at λex = 350 nm. A DFT study was carried out using DMol3 at the BLYP/DNP level to obtain a stable, optimized structure, which revealed a distorted square‐planar geometry for the nickel complexes.
Transition‐Metal‐Mediated or ‐Catalyzed Syntheses of Steroids and Steroid‐Like Compounds
Authors: Kotora Martin , Hessler Filip , Eignerová Barbara 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis short review aims to summarize recent advances in the use of transition‐metal‐catalyzed and ‐mediated methodology for the synthesis of steroid and steroid‐like skeletons reported in the last decade. The methodologies used include transition‐metal‐catalyzed or ‐mediated [2+2+2] and other cycloadditions, the Pauson–Khand reaction, cross‐coupling and Heck reactions, processes based on the activation of single and multiple bonds, metathesis reactions, hydrovinylation, and other reactions. Several examples of total synthesesof steroid compounds [e.g., (+)‐ and (–)‐estrone, desogestrel] by these procedures are presented.
Does sleep restore the topology of functional brain networks?
Authors: Koenis Maria M.G. , Romeijn Nico , Piantoni Giovanni , Verweij Ilse , Van der Werf Ysbrand D. , Van Someren Eus J.W. , Stam Cornelis J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that healthy anatomical as well as functional brain networks have small‐world properties and become less optimal with brain disease. During sleep, the functional brain network becomes more small‐world‐like. Here we test the hypothesis that the functional brain network during wakefulness becomes less optimal after sleep deprivation (SD). Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded five times a day after a night of SD and after a night of normal sleep in eight young healthy subjects, both during eyes‐closed and eyes‐open resting state. Overall synchronization was determined with the synchronization likelihood (SL) and the phase lag index (PLI). From these coupling strength matrices the normalized clustering coefficient C (a measurement of local clustering) and path length L (a measurement of global integration) were computed. Both measures were normalized by dividing them by their corresponding C‐s and L‐s values of random control networks. SD reduced alpha band C/C‐s and L/L‐s and theta band C/C‐s during eyes‐closed resting state. In contrast, SD increased gamma‐band C/C‐s and L/L‐s during eyes‐open resting state. Functional relevance of these changes in network properties was suggested by their association with sleep deprivation‐induced performance deficits on a sustained attention simple reaction time task. The findings indicate that SD results in a more random network of alpha‐coupling and a more ordered network of gamma‐coupling. The present study shows that SD induces frequency‐specific changes in the functional network topology of the brain, supporting the idea that sleep plays a role in the maintenance of an optimal functional network. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser tissue welding analyzed using fluorescence, Stokes shift spectroscopy, and Huang‐Rhys parameter
Authors: Sriramoju Vidyasagar , Alfano Robert R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNear infrared (NIR) continuous wave laser radiation at the 1,450 nm wavelength was used to weld porcine aorta and skin samples via the absorption of combitional vibrational modes of native water in the tissues. The fluorescence spectra were measured from the key native molecules of welded and non‐welded tissues at specific excitation and emission wavelengths from collagen, elastin, and tryptophan. The changes in the fluorescence intensities and differences in Stokes shift (Δνss) of key native fluorophores were measured to differentiate the Huang‐Rhys parameter values (S) of the chromophores. The strength of coupling depends on the local electron‐vibration intra‐tissue molecular environment and the amount of polar solvent water surrounding the net charges on collagen, elastin, and tryptophan. The S values for both non‐welded and welded tissues were almost the same and less than 3, suggesting minimal changes in the local molecular environment as a result of welding. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Geofold: Topology‐based protein unfolding pathways capture the effects of engineered disulfides on kinetic stability
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vibin , Srinivasan Sai Praveen , Salem Saeed M. , Matthews Suzanne J. , Colón Wilfredo , Zaki Mohammed , Christopher Bystroff  
Published: November 2011

AbstractProtein unfolding is modeled as an ensemble of pathways, where each step in each pathway is the addition of one topologically possible conformational degree of freedom. Starting with a known protein structure, GeoFold hierarchically partitions (cuts) the native structure into substructures using revolute joints and translations. The energy of each cut and its activation barrier are calculated using buried solvent accessible surface area, side chain entropy, hydrogen bonding, buried cavities, and backbone degrees of freedom. A directed acyclic graph is constructed from the cuts, representing a network of simultaneous equilibria. Finite difference simulations on this graph simulate native unfolding pathways. Experimentally observed changes in the unfolding rates for disulfide mutants of barnase, T4 lysozyme, dihydrofolate reductase, and factor for inversion stimulation were qualitatively reproduced in these simulations. Detailed unfolding pathways for each case explain the effects of changes in the chain topology on the folding energy landscape. GeoFold is a useful tool for the inference of the effects of disulfide engineering on the energy landscape of protein unfolding. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving open‐circuit voltage in DSSCs using Cu‐doped TiO2 as a semiconductor
Authors: Navas J. , Fernández‐Lorenzo C. , Aguilar T. , Alcántara R. , Martín‐Calleja J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTiO2 doping has been widely used in photocatalysis and photovoltaic cells to improve the performance of this semiconductor. This paper studies the use of copper as a dopant in TiO2 in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC), analysing the effect on the photovoltaic properties of the cells of different concentrations of copper incorporated into the semiconductor. The copper‐doped TiO2 semiconductor was characterized with several instrumental techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy in order to know its structure, composition and band gap energies with different concentrations of the dopant. An analysis was also performed of the variations in open‐circuit voltage depending on the concentration of copper. This showed that the presence of copper in DSSCs made with a standard configuration – using a ruthenium complex (N3) as a dye and the redox pair ${\rm I}^{- } {\rm /I}_{{\rm 3}}^{- } $ as the electrolyte with 3‐methoxypropionitrile as a solvent – leads to improvements of up to 10% in the open‐circuit voltage of DSSCs.
Polypropylene/(waste tire dust)/(short glass fiber composites): Effects of silane coupling agent and dynamic vulcanization
Authors: Zainal Zuriati , Ismail Hanafi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) and waste tire dust (WTD) were internally mixed with various amounts of short glass fiber (SGF) to form a series of PP/WTD/SGF composites, with and without addition of a silane coupling agent, γ‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ‐APS), and dynamic vulcanization (DV). The effects of γ‐APS, and DV on the properties of the composites were investigated. The PP/WTD/SGF composites were prepared by using WTD of 250–500 μm dimensions at different SGF loadings (5, 10, 15, and 20 parts per hundred parts of polymer). The results revealed that the addition of γ‐APS and DV increased the equilibrium torque, tensile properties except elongation at break, and swelling resistance of the composites. Because of the incorporation of γ‐APS and DV, the thermal stability was enhanced, and scanning electron micrographs showed improved adhesion between the PP/WTD matrix and SGF. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared was performed on the composites with and without addition of γ‐APS and DV in order to study the interactions among the PP, WTD, SGF, and the amino functional group of the silane. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers.