bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KAL: kernel‐assisted non‐invasive memory leak tolerance with a general‐purpose memory allocator
Authors: Jeong Jinkyu , Seo Euiseong , Choi Jeonghwan , Kim Hwanju , Jo Heeseung , Lee Joonwon 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMemory leaks are a continuing problem in the software developed with programming languages, such as C and C++. A recent approach adopted by some researchers is to tolerate leaks in the software application and to reclaim the leaked memory by use of specially constructed memory allocation routines. However, such routines replace the usual general‐purpose memory allocator and tend to be less efficient in speed and in memory utilization. We propose a new scheme which coexists with the existing memory allocation routines and which reclaims memory leaks. Our scheme identifies and reclaims leaked memory at the kernel level. There are some major advantages to our approach: (1) the application software does not need to be modified; (2) the application does not need to be suspended while leaked memory is reclaimed; (3) a remote host can be used to identify the leaked memory, thus minimizing impact on the application program's performance; and (4) our scheme does not degrade the service availability of the application while detecting and reclaiming memory leaks. We have implemented a prototype that works with the GNU C library and with the Linux kernel. Our prototype has been tested and evaluated with various real‐world applications. Our results show that the computational overhead of our approach is around 2% of that incurred by the conventional memory allocator in terms of throughput and average response time. We also verified that the prototype successfully suppressed address space expansion caused by memory leaks when the applications are run on synthetic workloads. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating ‘learning laboratories’ for sustainable development in biospheres: A systems thinking approach
Authors: Nguyen Nam C. , Bosch Ockie J.H. , Maani Kambiz E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the application of systems thinking concepts and tools in establishing ‘Learning Laboratories’ for Sustainable Development. It first presents a brief description of the potential value of utilising biosphere reserves for implementing the learning laboratories concept, followed by how systemic processes have been developed to establish a Learning Laboratory through a comprehensive pilot project in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve (CBBR) in Vietnam. In this project Causal Loop Modelling were used to determine the components and interactions between the policy, social, environmental and economic dimensions of the CBBR. The resultant model has been used to identify key leverage points and where systemic interventions will be most effective (potential research projects). The model also serves as a platform for learning and research collaboration through alliances and cross‐sectoral teams to address the various domains, leverage points, and interventions identified. The role and importance of systems thinking methodology and applications to deal with ever‐increasing complexities of sustainable development are discussed. The modelling approach and various processes that were used in this pilot project could be extended to other biosphere reserves in Vietnam and globally, in that way creating a worldwide network of ‘Learning Laboratories for Sustainable Development’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium dynamics and signaling in vascular regulation: computational models
Authors: Tsoukias Nikolaos Michael 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCalcium is a universal signaling molecule with a central role in a number of vascular functions including in the regulation of tone and blood flow. Experimentation has provided insights into signaling pathways that lead to or affected by Ca2+ mobilization in the vasculature. Mathematical modeling offers a systematic approach to the analysis of these mechanisms and can serve as a tool for data interpretation and for guiding new experimental studies. Comprehensive models of calcium dynamics are well advanced for some systems such as the heart. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in modeling Ca2+ dynamics and signaling in vascular cells. Model simulations show how Ca2+ signaling emerges as a result of complex, nonlinear interactions that cannot be properly analyzed using only a reductionist's approach. A strategy of integrative modeling in the vasculature is outlined that will allow linking macroscale pathophysiological responses to the underlying cellular mechanisms. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 93–106 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.97This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Identification of the gene PaEMT1 for biosynthesis of mannosylerythritol lipids in the basidiomycetous yeast Pseudozyma antarctica
Authors: Morita Tomotake , Ito Emi , Kitamoto Hiroko K. , Takegawa Kaoru , Fukuoka Tokuma , Imura Tomohiro , Kitamoto Dai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe yeast Pseudozyma antarctica produces a large amount of glycolipid biosurfactants known as mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which show not only excellent surface‐active properties but also versatile biochemical actions. To investigate the biosynthesis of MELs in the yeast, we recently reported expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis and estimated genes expressing under MEL production conditions. Among the genes, a contiguous sequence of 938 bp, PA_004, showed high sequence identity to the gene emt1, encoding an erythritol/mannose transferase of Ustilago maydis, which is essential for MEL biosynthesis. The predicted translation product of the extended PA_004 containing the two introns and a stop codon was aligned with Emt1 of U. maydis. The predicted amino acid sequence shared high identity (72%) with Emt1 of U. maydis, although the amino‐terminal was incomplete. To identify the gene as PaEMT1 encoding an erythritol/mannose transferase of P. antarctica, the gene‐disrupted strain was developed by the method for targeted gene disruption, using hygromycin B resistance as the selection marker. The obtained ΔPaEMT1 strain failed to produce MELs, while its growth was the same as that of the parental strain. The additional mannosylerythritol into culture allowed ΔPaEMT1 strain to form MELs regardless of the carbon source supplied, indicating a defect of the erythritol/mannose transferase activity. Furthermore, we found that MEL formation is associated with the morphology and low‐temperature tolerance of the yeast. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Approaches to the Distal Radius
Authors: Ilyas Asif M. 
Published: June 2010

Introduction Fractures of the distal radius are among the most common fractures seen. They encompass a myriad of presentations and fracture patterns that often benefit from various open reduction and internal fixation techniques—including volar plating, dorsal plating, radial plating, intramedullary nailing, and fragment-specific fixation. In order to obtain optimal reduction of these fractures, surgeons require a thorough understanding of the anatomy and various surgical exposures. Anatomy The distal radius is surrounded by a soft tissue envelope rich in vascularity and cutaneous innervation. The osseous surface consists of two articular surfaces and three cortical sides covered almost entirely by soft tissue. Surgical approaches Approaches to the distal radius can be broadly divided into volar, radial, and dorsal. Visualization of the articular surface can be accomplished best arthroscopically. Arthroscopy can be performed alone or in conjunction with other open approaches to the distal radius. Summary This article will review the pertinent anatomy and various surgical approaches in order to facilitate the surgeon's ability to safely expose a distal radius fracture.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A feasibility trial
Authors: Weber B. , Jermann F. , Gex-Fabry M. , Nallet A. , Bondolfi G. , Aubry J.-M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe present open study investigates the feasibility of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in groups solely composed of bipolar patients of various subtypes. MBCT has been mostly evaluated with remitted unipolar depressed patients and little is known about this treatment in bipolar disorder.MethodsBipolar outpatients (type I, II and NOS) were included and evaluated for depressive and hypomanic symptoms, as well as mindfulness skills before and after MBCT. Patients’ expectations before the program, perceived benefit after completion and frequency of mindfulness practice were also recorded.ResultsOf 23 included patients, 15 attended at least four MBCT sessions. Most participants reported having durably, moderately to very much benefited from the program, although mindfulness practice decreased over time. Whereas no significant increase of mindfulness skills was detected during the trial, change of mindfulness skills was significantly associated with change of depressive symptoms between pre- and post-MBCT assessments.ConclusionsMBCT is feasible and well perceived among bipolar patients. Larger and randomized controlled studies are required to further evaluate its efficacy, in particular regarding depressive and (hypo)manic relapse prevention. The mediating role of mindfulness on clinical outcome needs further examination and efforts should be provided to enhance the persistence of meditation practice with time.
Targeting breast cancer stem cells
Authors: McDermott Sean P. , Wicha Max S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that tumors are maintained by a self‐renewing CSC population that is also capable of differentiating into non‐self‐renewing cell populations that constitute the bulk of the tumor. Although, the CSC hypothesis does not directly address the cell of origin of cancer, it is postulated that tissue‐resident stem or progenitor cells are the most common targets of transformation. Clinically, CSCs are predicted to mediate tumor recurrence after chemo‐ and radiation‐therapy due to the relative inability of these modalities to effectively target CSCs. If this is the case, then CSC must be efficiently targeted to achieve a true cure. Similarities between normal and malignant stem cells, at the levels of cell‐surface proteins, molecular pathways, cell cycle quiescence, and microRNA signaling present challenges in developing CSC‐specific therapeutics. Approaches to targeting CSCs include the development of agents targeting known stem cell regulatory pathways as well as unbiased high‐throughput siRNA or small molecule screening. Based on studies of pathways present in normal stem cells, recent work has identified potential “Achilles heals” of CSC, whereas unbiased screening provides opportunities to identify new pathways utilized by CSC as well as develop potential therapeutic agents. Here, we review both approaches and their potential to effectively target breast CSC.
Effects of Etiology on Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes in 65‐ to 74‐Year‐Old Patients With Incomplete Paraplegia From a Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kay Elizabeth , Deutsch Anne , Chen David , Manheim Larry , Rowles Diane 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo examine differences in rehabilitation outcomes for older patients with a nontraumatic spinal cord injury (NT‐SCI) for 5 etiologic diagnoses: degenerative spinal disease (DSD), malignant spinal tumor, benign spinal tumor, vascular ischemia, and spinal abscess.DesignRetrospective cohort study that used Medicare claims and assessment data.SettingA total of 479 inpatient rehabilitation hospitals and units.PatientsA total of 1780 Medicare beneficiaries (65‐74 years old) with incomplete paraplegia attributable to NT‐SCI who were discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities from 2002 through 2005.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresLength of stay, discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) instrument motor item and subscale scores, and discharge destination.ResultsDemographic characteristics varied by etiology group. Mean ± SD rehabilitation stays ranged from 13.3 ± 7.7 days for DSD to 26.4 ± 13.4 days for vascular ischemia. Adjusted data showed stays differed (P < .001) across etiology groups. Adjusted discharge mean self‐care and mobility subscores revealed that patients with DSD and benign tumor were more independent (P < .001) than patients with a malignant tumor or spinal abscess. Patients with vascular ischemia were more dependent (P < .01) in mobility than the DSD and benign tumor groups. Etiologic differences (P < .01) in independence in discharge FIM modifiers for walking (FIM ≥ 4), bladder (FIM ≥ 6) and bowel management (FIM ≥ 6) and bowel accidents/continence (FIM ≥ 6), but not bladder accidents (FIM ≥ 6), were present. The percent of patients discharged to a community residence ranged from 59.3% to 92.6%. Adjusted data showed that significantly larger percentages (P < .01) of patients in the DSD and malignant tumor groups than in the spinal abscess group were discharged to a community residence (versus nursing home).ConclusionThere are etiologic differences in demographics, rehabilitation length of stay, functional outcomes, and discharge destination in elderly patients with NT‐SCI.
Anxiety Levels, Fear‐avoidance Beliefs, and Disability Levels at Baseline and at 1 Year among Subjects with Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Newcomer Karen L. , Shelerud Randy A. , Vickers Douglas Kristin S. , Larson Dirk R. , Crawford Brianna J. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo compare anxiety levels, fear‐avoidance beliefs, and disability levels over 1 year for patients with acute (≤3 months) and chronic (>3 months) low back pain (LBP).DesignProspective study with questionnaire measurements.SettingTertiary care clinic.PatientsPatients with acute or chronic LBP who resided in a 3‐county local area and presented to our clinic for initial evaluation.MethodsAdministration of and results analysis from Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale, and Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory at baseline and 12 months. Trait anxiety was measured at baseline only.Main Outcome MeasurementsScores from questionnaires assessing fear‐avoidance beliefs and state and trait anxiety, as well as LBP disability levels.ResultsIn total, 138 patients with acute LBP and 107 with chronic LBP were enrolled. Of these patients, 111 with acute and 86 with chronic LBP completed the study. The 2 groups were statistically indistinguishable at baseline on all measures except trait anxiety scores, which were significantly higher in the group with chronic LBP than in the acute group (P = .01). At 1 year, the acute group had a statistically significant improvement in all outcome measures except state anxiety. The group with chronic LBP had significant improvement in all measures except fear‐avoidance beliefs and state anxiety. Overall, the group with acute LBP improved more in all measurement instruments than the chronic LBP group (a statistically significant difference) except state anxiety.ConclusionsThe group with chronic LBP exhibited a higher level of trait anxiety at baseline than those with acute LBP and, unlike the acute LBP group, did not have improved fear‐avoidance beliefs over 1 year. The relationship between anxiety and chronic LBP is novel. Because anxiety is potentially modifiable, future studies that evaluate the relationship between LBP and anxiety are warranted.
The types and genesis of ophicalcites in Lower Devonian olistostromes at cobalt-bearing massive sulfide deposits in the West Magnitogorsk paleoisland arc (South Urals)
Authors: Artemyev D.A. , Zaykov V.V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ophicalcites were earlier found in the Lower Devonian olistostromes overlapping cobalt-bearing massive sulfide deposits in the ultramafic rocks of the West Magnitogorsk paleoisland arc. They are composed of angular clastics of serpentinites and carbonates few millimeters to several centimeters in size, which are cemented with hematite-calcite and quartz-hematite-calcite matrix with aragonite, magnesite, and siderite admixtures. In chemical composition Cr-spinels from serpentinites of the ophicalcites are similar to those from the underlying serpentinites and are suprasubduction products of active continental margins. The 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of calcite from the breccia matrix are typical of hydrothermal deposits and are close to those of carbonate in sulfide ores and talc-carbonate metasomatites. Study of fluid inclusions from the calcite cement has shown that the ophicalcites formed from low- to moderate-temperature (100–280 °C) hydrothermal fluids as a result of postore hydrothermal emanations on ultramafic seafloor rocks similar to modern hydrothermal fields in MORs and island arcs. Hydrothermal and tectonosedimentation processes in the roof of ultramafic massifs at the vents of hydrothermal fluids led to erosion, redeposition, and cementation of ophicalcites of four types. The subsequent tectonic and gravitational processes resulted in their denudation and accumulation in olistostromes.
Full conserving dielectric function for plasmas at any degeneracy
Authors: Barriga-Carrasco Manuel D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDielectric functions of an electron plasma are calculated for an electron gas in which number, momentum, and energy are conserved during electron-electron collisions. They are compared with others in the literature, revealing that, in general, that imposition of the conservation laws tends to make the full conserving dielectric response more similar to the random phase approximation dielectric response than without it. This is due to the fact that in the random phase approximation model all the conservation laws are also enforced. Our model is checked for other plasma degeneracies; concretely we consider partially degenerate plasmas and classical plasmas. The behaviour of the dielectric functions of these plasmas is similar to the degenerate one. Differences among dielectric functions are more significant than for the degenerate case, but it is mainly due to low relaxation time values. The most relevant issue for these plasmas is the fact that the consideration of energy conservation in the dielectric function is more important in these cases, because plasma temperature is significant.
Resonant third harmonic generation of an infrared laser in a semiconductor wave guide
Authors: Garg Vijay , Tripathi V.K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn infrared laser propagating through a semiconductor waveguide, embedded with a density ripple of wave number q, resonantly excites third harmonic radiation. The phase matching is achieved when q equals difference between third harmonic wave number and three times the wave number of the laser. The excited third harmonic is in higher order radial Eigen mode than the pump laser. The third harmonic efficiency increases with electron concentration and decreases with the frequency of the laser.
Optimization for deuterium ion acceleration in foam targets by ultra-intense lasers
Authors: Bari M.A. , Sheng Z.M. , Wang W.M. , Li Y.T. , Salahuddin M. , Nasim M.H. , Naz G. Shabbir , Gondal M.A. , Zhang J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the effects of foam target composition and laser parameters on deuterium ion energy spectra with particle-in-cell simulations. We find that localized electrostatic fields with multi peaks around the surfaces of lamellar layers inside foam target are induced. These fields accelerate deuterium ions from thin foam layers by restricting the flow of hot electrons. This mechanism of ion acceleration called as bulk ion acceleration generates large number of high energy deuterium ions. Deuterons inside foam target are accelerated up to 126 MeV in case of oblique optimal angle of 30° where it is much greater than the normal laser incidence energy of 88 MeV.
Is Chinese Education Underfunded?
Authors: Kipnis Andrew , Li Shanfeng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractScholarship on education in China has correctly emphasized the massive inequalities in reform era educational funding. In describing these inequalities, however, scholars have made dubious claims about the supposedly low level of funding for education in China in relation to other countries. In this article, we examine the statistics on which this claim is based and detail the ways in which education is funded in China that do not get counted in the statistics. We conclude that though funding for education in China is unequal, the total level of such funding may not be low. Moreover, the official statistics are not a reliable guide to comparative discussions of educational funding.
Affirmative Action, Economic Reforms, and Han–Uyghur Variation in Job Attainment in the State Sector in Urumchi
Authors: Zang Xiaowei 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHave workers of minority status suffered labour market discrimination in China? Do all actors in the state sector discriminate against minority workers? What are the rationales for discrimination? To address these questions, I compare two ethnic groups (Han Chinese and Uyghur) with regard to job attainment in the state sector. Data are from a 2005 survey (N = 2,947) conducted in Ürümchi, China. Data analysis shows that controlling background characteristics does not remove the Uyghur–Han difference in job attainment in state firms. However, there is no ethnic variation in employment in redistributive agencies. This contrast is explained with reference to post-1978 market transition and the resulting differentiation in the institutional tasks between state firms and government agencies.
OPTIMAL FILTERING IN DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS WITH TIME DELAYS AND MARKOVIAN JUMP PARAMETERS
Authors: HAN CHUNYAN , ZHANG HUANSHUI 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the linear minimum mean-square error estimation for discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems with delayed measurements. The key technique applied for treating the measurement delay is reorganization innovation analysis, by which the state estimation with delayed measurements is transformed into a standard linear mean-square filter of an associated delay-free system. The optimal filter is derived based on the innovation analysis method together with geometric arguments in an appropriate Hilbert space. The solution is given in terms of two Riccati difference equations. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
The endogenous origins of experience, routines, and organizational capabilities: the poverty of stimulus
Authors: FELIN TEPPO , FOSS NICOLAI J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:In this paper we discuss the origins and emergence of organizational routines and capabilities. We first argue that there are theoretical and endogeneity-related concerns associated with the key antecedents and mechanisms specified by the extant routines and capabilities literature. Specifically, we explicate the behaviorist and empiricist foundations of the organizational routines and capabilities literature and the extant emphasis placed on experience, repetition, and observation as the key antecedents and mechanisms of routines and capabilities. Based on this discussion we highlight several, endogeneity-related concerns, namely: (1) the problem of origins and causation, (2) the problem of extremes, (3) the problem of intentionality, (4) the problem of new knowledge, and (5) the problem of the environment. We introduce the ‘poverty of stimulus’ argument and discuss how an internalist or rationalist, choice-based approach can provide a more fruitful (though preliminary) foundation for understanding organizational behavior and capabilities.