bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RULE BOHEMIA: THE COSMOPOLITICS OF SUBCULTURE IN GEORGE DU MAURIER'STRILBY
Authors: Stern Kimberly J. 
Published: May 2010

In 1895, theCriticpublishedan anecdote about two young ladies discussing the popularity of George Du Maurier's novelTrilby(1894):“What is this ‘Trilby’ everybody is talking about?” asked one of these. “Oh,” replied the other, “it's a book – a novel.” “They say it is awfully bad,” said the first young person. “Yes, I've heard so; but it isn't so at all. I read it clear through, and there wasn't anything bad in it. I didn't like it either; there is too much French in it.” “French?” commented the first young woman; “well that's it, then – all the bad part is in French.” “I hadn't thought of that,” mused the other one, “I suppose that's just the way of it.”The dialogue provides an illuminating glimpse into the controversy surrounding the publication ofTrilby, a novel that brazenly celebrates a heroine who possesses “all the virtues but one” – chastity (35; pt. 1). AlthoughTrilbywas successful enough to inspire a spate of songs, literary parodies, and stage adaptations, its depiction of Paris's bohemian underground flouted mainstream Victorian values. TheConnecticut Magazinecharged Du Maurier with inspiring “comparative indifference” to sexual virtue, and readers everywhere worried that young people, like those depicted in the above vignette, would be unable to distinguish virtue from vice after reading the novel (“A Free Lance” 105).
Numbers as a cognitive and social technology: on the nature of conventional number sequences used in economic systems
Authors: HARPER DAVID A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract:This paper examines the fundamental nature of numbers as they are used in economic systems. In the framework proposed, number sequences are technological objects (‘tools’) that are constituted by both form and function. To do their job, number sequences have to have the necessaryinternalstructure – all elements (e.g. symbols) of the sequence must be distinct from one another, and the sequence must be a progression. In addition, numerical toolkits have to have the rightexternalstructure – they must be situated in a social network of economic agents that confers on them quantitative functions (e.g. identifying set sizes). Number sequences are the product of multilevel evolutionary processes, including psychological selection that screens sequences for their learnability by human users. Number tools are a kind of capital; they are material systems that are as real as other everyday objects. Just as changing physical tools alters the structure of productive activity, so too changing number sequences alters cognitive, behavioral, and social routines.
The genus Micromonospora is widespread in legume root nodules: the example of Lupinus angustifolius
Authors: Trujillo Martha E , Alonso-Vega Pablo , Rodríguez Raúl , Carro Lorena , Cerda Eugenia , Alonso Pilar , Martínez-Molina Eustoquio 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Our current knowledge of plant-microbe interactions indicate that populations inhabiting a host plant are not restricted to a single microbial species but comprise several genera and species. No one knows if communities inside plants interact, and it has been speculated that beneficial effects are the result of their combined activities. During an ecological study of nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities from Lupinus angustifolius collected in Spain, significant numbers of orange-pigmented actinomycete colonies were isolated from surface-sterilized root nodules. The isolates were analysed by BOX-PCR fingerprinting revealing an unexpectedly high genetic variation. Selected strains were chosen for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that all strains isolated belonged to the genus Micromonospora and that some of them may represent new species. To determine the possibility that the isolates fixed atmospheric nitrogen, chosen strains were grown in nitrogen-free media, obtaining in some cases, significant growth when compared with the controls. These strains were further screened for the presence of the nifH gene encoding dinitrogenase reductase, a key enzyme in nitrogen fixation. The partial nifH-like gene sequences obtained showed a 99% similarity with the sequence of the nifH gene from Frankia alni ACN14a, an actinobacterium that induces nodulation and fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with Alnus. In addition, in situ hybridization was performed to determine if these microorganisms inhabit the inside of the nodules. This study strongly suggests that Micromonospora populations are natural inhabitants of nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Microbial characterization of a subzero, hypersaline methane seep in the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Niederberger Thomas D , Perreault Nancy N , Tille Stephanie , Lollar Barbara Sherwood , Lacrampe-Couloume Georges , Andersen Dale , Greer Charles W , Pollard Wayne , Whyte Lyle G 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We report the first microbiological characterization of a terrestrial methane seep in a cryo-environment in the form of an Arctic hypersaline (∼24% salinity), subzero (−5 °C), perennial spring, arising through thick permafrost in an area with an average annual air temperature of −15 °C. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated a relatively low diversity of phylotypes within the spring sediment (Shannon index values of 1.65 and 1.39, respectively). Bacterial phylotypes were related to microorganisms such as Loktanella, Gillisia, Halomonas and Marinobacter spp. previously recovered from cold, saline habitats. A proportion of the bacterial phylotypes were cultured, including Marinobacter and Halomonas, with all isolates capable of growth at the in situ temperature (−5 °C). Archaeal phylotypes were related to signatures from hypersaline deep-sea methane-seep sediments and were dominated by the anaerobic methane group 1a (ANME-1a) clade of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea. CARD-FISH analyses indicated that cells within the spring sediment consisted of ∼84.0% bacterial and 3.8% archaeal cells with ANME-1 cells accounting for most of the archaeal cells. The major gas discharging from the spring was methane (∼50%) with the low CH4/C2+ ratio and hydrogen and carbon isotope signatures consistent with a thermogenic origin of the methane. Overall, this hypersaline, subzero environment supports a viable microbial community capable of activity at in situ temperature and where methane may behave as an energy and carbon source for sustaining anaerobic oxidation of methane-based microbial metabolism. This site also provides a model of how a methane seep can form in a cryo-environment as well as a mechanism for the hypothesized Martian methane plumes.
Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil
Authors: Rousk Johannes , Bååth Erland , Brookes Philip C , Lauber Christian L , Lozupone Catherine , Caporaso J Gregory , Knight Rob , Fierer Noah 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Soils collected across a long-term liming experiment (pH 4.0–8.3), in which variation in factors other than pH have been minimized, were used to investigate the direct influence of pH on the abundance and composition of the two major soil microbial taxa, fungi and bacteria. We hypothesized that bacterial communities would be more strongly influenced by pH than fungal communities. To determine the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR), and to analyze the composition and diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities, we used a bar-coded pyrosequencing technique. Both the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria were positively related to pH, the latter nearly doubling between pH 4 and 8. In contrast, the relative abundance of fungi was unaffected by pH and fungal diversity was only weakly related with pH. The composition of the bacterial communities was closely defined by soil pH; there was as much variability in bacterial community composition across the 180-m distance of this liming experiment as across soils collected from a wide range of biomes in North and South America, emphasizing the dominance of pH in structuring bacterial communities. The apparent direct influence of pH on bacterial community composition is probably due to the narrow pH ranges for optimal growth of bacteria. Fungal community composition was less strongly affected by pH, which is consistent with pure culture studies, demonstrating that fungi generally exhibit wider pH ranges for optimal growth.
Impact of elevated nitrate on sulfate-reducing bacteria: a comparative Study of Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Authors: He Qiang , He Zhili , Joyner Dominique C , Joachimiak Marcin , Price Morgan N , Yang Zamin K , Yen Huei-Che Bill , Hemme Christopher L , Chen Wenqiong , Fields Matthew M , Stahl David A , Keasling Jay D , Keller Martin , Arkin Adam P , Hazen Terry C , Wall Judy D , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria have been extensively studied for their potential in heavy-metal bioremediation. However, the occurrence of elevated nitrate in contaminated environments has been shown to inhibit sulfate reduction activity. Although the inhibition has been suggested to result from the competition with nitrate-reducing bacteria, the possibility of direct inhibition of sulfate reducers by elevated nitrate needs to be explored. Using Desulfovibrio vulgaris as a model sulfate-reducing bacterium, functional genomics analysis reveals that osmotic stress contributed to growth inhibition by nitrate as shown by the upregulation of the glycine/betaine transporter genes and the relief of nitrate inhibition by osmoprotectants. The observation that significant growth inhibition was effected by 70 mm NaNO3 but not by 70 mm NaCl suggests the presence of inhibitory mechanisms in addition to osmotic stress. The differential expression of genes characteristic of nitrite stress responses, such as the hybrid cluster protein gene, under nitrate stress condition further indicates that nitrate stress response by D. vulgaris was linked to components of both osmotic and nitrite stress responses. The involvement of the oxidative stress response pathway, however, might be the result of a more general stress response. Given the low similarities between the response profiles to nitrate and other stresses, less-defined stress response pathways could also be important in nitrate stress, which might involve the shift in energy metabolism. The involvement of nitrite stress response upon exposure to nitrate may provide detoxification mechanisms for nitrite, which is inhibitory to sulfate-reducing bacteria, produced by microbial nitrate reduction as a metabolic intermediate and may enhance the survival of sulfate-reducing bacteria in environments with elevated nitrate level.
Importance of carbon dioxide physiological forcing to future climate change
Authors: Cao Long , Bala Govindasamy , Caldeira Ken , Nemani Ramakrishna , Ban-Weiss George 
Published: May 2010

An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) concentration influences climate both directly through its radiative effect (i.e., trapping longwave radiation) and indirectly through its physiological effect (i.e., reducing transpiration of land plants). Here we compare the climate response to radiative and physiological effects of increased CO
2
using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) coupled Community Land and Community Atmosphere Model. In response to a doubling of CO
2
, the radiative effect of CO
2
causes mean surface air temperature over land to increase by 2.86 ± 0.02 K (± 1 standard error), whereas the physiological effects of CO
2
on land plants alone causes air temperature over land to increase by 0.42 ± 0.02 K. Combined, these two effects cause a land surface warming of 3.33 ± 0.03 K. The radiative effect of doubling CO
2
increases global runoff by 5.2 ± 0.6%, primarily by increasing precipitation over the continents. The physiological effect increases runoff by 8.4 ± 0.6%, primarily by diminishing evapotranspiration from the continents. Combined, these two effects cause a 14.9 ± 0.7% increase in runoff. Relative humidity remains roughly constant in response to CO
2
-radiative forcing, whereas relative humidity over land decreases in response to CO
2
-physiological forcing as a result of reduced plant transpiration. Our study points to an emerging consensus that the physiological effects of increasing atmospheric CO
2
on land plants will increase global warming beyond that caused by the radiative effects of CO
2
.
Cyclotomic 𝑞-Schur algebras associated to the Ariki-Koike algebra
Authors: Shoji Toshiaki , Wada Kentaro 
Published: May 2010

Let

H

n
,
r

\mathcal {H}_{n,r}

be the Ariki-Koike algebra associated to the complex reflection group

S

n

⋉
(

Z

/

r

Z

)
n

\mathfrak {S}_n\ltimes (\mathbb {Z}/r\mathbb {Z})^n

, and let

S

(
Λ
)

\mathcal {S}(\varLambda )

be the cyclotomic

q
q

-Schur algebra associated to

H

n
,
r

\mathcal {H}_{n,r}

, introduced by Dipper, James and Mathas. For each

p

=
(

r
1

,
…
,

r
g

)
∈

Z

>
0

g

\mathbf {p} = (r_1, \dots , r_g) \in \mathbb {Z}_{>0}^g

such that

r
1

+
⋯
+

r
g

=
r

r_1 +\cdots + r_g = r

, we define a subalgebra

S

p

\mathcal {S}^{\mathbf {p}}

of

S

(
Λ
)

\mathcal {S}(\varLambda )

and its quotient algebra

S

¯

p

\overline {\mathcal {S}}^{\mathbf {p}}

. It is shown that

S

p

\mathcal {S}^{\mathbf {p}}

is a standardly based algebra and

S

¯

p

\overline {\mathcal {S}}^{\mathbf {p}}

is a cellular algebra. By making use of these algebras, we prove a product formula for decomposition numbers of

S

(
Λ
)

\mathcal {S}(\varLambda )

, which asserts that certain decomposition numbers are expressed as a product of decomposition numbers for various cyclotomic

q
q

-Schur algebras associated to Ariki-Koike algebras

H

n
i

,

r
i

\mathcal {H}_{n_i,r_i}

of smaller rank. This is a generalization of the result of N. Sawada. We also define a modified Ariki-Koike algebra

H

¯

p

\overline {\mathcal {H}}^{\mathbf {p}}

of type

p

\mathbf {p}

, and prove the Schur-Weyl duality between

H

¯

p

\overline {\mathcal {H}}^{\mathbf {p}}

and

S

¯

p

\overline {\mathcal {S}}^{\mathbf {p}}

.
Welfare Effects of Food Labels and Bans with Alternative Willingness to Pay Measures
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Marette Stéphan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper integrates several areas of the literature by more fully developing the linkage between demand estimates and the welfare effects of food labels and bans for three common survey/experimental approaches used to elicit consumer preferences. We present empirical applications related to beef cloning and methylmercury in fish where, for the same data sets, we compare each value elicitation approach in terms of the consumer surplus changes that result from two regulations. Welfare measures vary significantly across the three methodologies, but the sign of the welfare change is invariant across method.
Taxpayer Beliefs about Farm Income and Preferences for Farm Policy
Authors: Ellison Brenna D. , Lusk Jayson L. , Briggeman Brian C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne voice that is commonly overlooked in debates about farm policy and payment limitations is that of the average tax payer. Surprisingly little research has been done on what taxpayers believe about farms and what they prefer regarding farm policy. Our sample of taxpayers believes that farmers are doing well financially, and most people actually overestimate farmers' incomes. In addition, we found strong preferences for subsidizing small family farms over very large family farms, even though most of the people in our sample believe small family farms earn a higher level of income than their own household. A large majority of our sample supports government subsidies for farmers, primarily because people believe it ensures a secure food supply.
Health outcomes associated with methamphetamine use among young people: a systematic review
Authors: Marshall Brandon D. L. , Werb Daniel 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives Methamphetamine (MA) use among young people is of significant social, economic and public health concern to affected communities and policy makers. While responses have focused upon various perceived severe harms of MA use, effective public health interventions require a strong scientific evidence base.Methods We conducted a systematic review to identify scientific studies investigating health outcomes associated with MA use among young people aged 10–24 years. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) was used to categorize outcomes and determine the level of evidence for each series of harms.Results We identified 47 eligible studies for review. Consistent associations were observed between MA use and several mental health outcomes, including depression, suicidal ideation and psychosis. Suicide and overdose appear to be significant sources of morbidity and mortality among young MA users. Evidence for a strong association between MA use and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections is equivocal. Finally, we identified only weak evidence of an association between MA use and dental diseases among young people.Conclusions Available evidence indicates a consistent relationship between MA use and mental health outcomes (e.g. depression, psychosis) and an increased risk of mortality due to suicide and overdose. We found insufficient evidence of an association between MA use and other previously cited harms, including infectious diseases and dental outcomes. As such, future research of higher methodological quality is required to further investigate possible associations. Current interventions should focus attention upon MA‐related health outcomes for which sound scientific evidence is available.
‘To prove this is the industry's best hope’: big tobacco's support of research on the genetics of nicotine addiction
Authors: Gundle Kenneth R. , Dingel Molly J. , Koenig Barbara A. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTBackgroundNew molecular techniques focus a genetic lens upon nicotine addiction. Given the medical and economic costs associated with smoking, innovative approaches to smoking cessation and prevention must be pursued; but can sound research be manipulated by the tobacco industry?MethodologyThe chronological narrative of this paper was created using iterative reviews of primary sources (the Legacy Tobacco Documents), supplemented with secondary literature to provide a broader context. The empirical data inform an ethics and policy analysis of tobacco industry‐funded research.FindingsThe search for a genetic basis for smoking is consistent with industry's decades‐long plan to deflect responsibility away from the tobacco companies and onto individuals' genetic constitutions. Internal documents reveal long‐standing support for genetic research as a strategy to relieve the tobacco industry of its legal responsibility for tobacco‐related disease.ConclusionsIndustry may turn the findings of genetics to its own ends, changing strategy from creating a ‘safe’ cigarette to defining a ‘safe’ smoker.
Porcine NAMPT gene: search for polymorphism, mapping and association studies
Authors: Čepica S. , Bartenschlager H. , Óvilo C. , Zrůstová J. , Masopust M. , Fernández A. , López A. , Knoll A. , Rohrer G. A. , Snelling W. M. , Geldermann H. 
Published: May 2010

Summary NAMPT encodes an enzyme catalysing the rate‐limiting step in NAD biosynthesis. The extracellular form of the enzyme is known as adipokine visfatin. We detected SNP AM999341:g.669T>C (referred to as 669T>C) in intron 9 and SNP FN392209:g.358A>G (referred to as 358A>G) in the promoter of the gene. RH mapping linked the gene to microsatellite SW944. Linkage analysis placed the gene on the current USDA – USMARC linkage map at position 92 cM on SSC9. Association analyses were performed in a wild boar × Meishan F2 family (W × M), with 45 traits recorded (growth and fattening, fat deposition, muscling, meat quality, stress resistance and other traits), and in a commercial Landrace × Chinese‐European (LCE) synthetic population with records for 15 traits (growth, fat deposition, muscling, intramuscular fat, meat colour and backfat fatty acid content). In the W × M, SNP 669T>C was associated with muscling, fat deposition, growth and fattening, meat quality and other traits and in the LCE with muscling, meat quality and backfat fatty acid composition. In the W × M, SNP 358A>G was associated with muscling, fat deposition, growth and other traits. After correction for multiple testing, the NAMPT haplotypes were associated in the W × M with, in descending order, muscling (q = 0.0056), growth (q = 0.0056), fat deposition (q = 0.0109), fat‐to‐meat ratio (q = 0.0135), cooling losses (q = 0.0568) and longissimus pHU (q = 0.0695). The SNPs are hypothesized to be in linkage disequilibrium with a causative mutation affecting energy metabolism as a whole rather than fat metabolism alone.
General practitioners' views and experiences of over‐the‐counter simvastatin in Scotland
Authors: Stewart Derek , Cunningham I. T. Scott , Hansford Denise , John Dai , McCaig Dorothy , McLay James 
Published: May 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Statins are widely used for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary events in high risk populations.• In 2004 simvastatin was reclassified in the UK from prescription only to being available over‐the‐counter (OTC). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The majority of GPs do not support the supply of OTC simvastatin by the community pharmacist.• GPs were particularly concerned by the lack of cholesterol and blood pressure data in the CHD risk assessment prior to sale.AIMSThe aims of this study were to determine the views and experiences of Scottish GPs towards CVD risk assessment by community pharmacists and the supply and sale of simvastatin.METHODSA cross sectional postal questionnaire survey of all primary care general practices in Scotland was carried out. The main outcome measure was GPs' awareness of and opinions regarding OTC simvastatin use, experience of OTC simvastatin and opinions regarding community pharmacist involvement in CHD risk assessment.RESULTSA response rate of 45.7% was obtained. The majority (92.6%, 428) were aware that community pharmacists could sell simvastatin to reduce the risk of a first coronary event in individuals at moderate risk of CHD. However, over half (55.6%, 257) believed that the OTC sale of simvastatin was inappropriate. Just over half were unaware that the pharmacist's CHD risk assessment for the sale of simvastatin did not include lipid (54.8%, n= 253) or blood pressure measurement (53.7%, n= 248) and 56.7% (262) and 57.8% (267) of respondents, respectively, thought these omissions inappropriate. Almost half of the respondents (48.1%, 222) supported community pharmacists supplying simvastatin as supplementary prescribers while fewer (26.6%, 132) were in favour of supply via an independent prescribing arrangement.CONCLUSIONThis study confirms that the majority of GPs do not support the supply of OTC simvastatin by the community pharmacist, being particularly concerned by the lack of cholesterol and blood pressure data in the CHD risk assessment prior to sale. Other methods of pharmacy based simvastatin supply including supplementary prescribing merit further evaluation.