bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newly Discovered Natural Hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in Costa Rica
Authors: Solórzano-Morales A. , Barboza N. , Hernández E. , Mora-Umaña F. , Ramírez P. , Hammond R. W. 
Published: January 2011

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is an emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus (2). In Costa Rica in 2007, ToCV was detected in field-grown and greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants causing symptoms of severe yellowing and foliar chlorosis (1). To identify alternative hosts that may serve as virus reservoirs, 78 samples were collected from multiple species of common weeds growing adjacent to tomato nurseries in the Cartago Province, where ToCV was previously identified, during the autumn of 2008 and summer of 2009. The weeds were collected on the basis of the presence of whiteflies and/or symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, but not all samples were symptomatic for infection by ToCV. Total RNA was extracted from leaf tissue with TRI Reagent (Molecular Research Inc., Cincinnati, OH). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR reactions were performed with the Qtaq One-Step qRT-PCR SYBR Kit (Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View, CA) and primers specific for the ToCV HSP70h gene (3). A 123-bp DNA fragment was amplified in five weeds, which were identified taxonomically as Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae), Phytolacca icosandra (Phytolacaceae), Plantago major (Plantaginaceae), a Brassica sp. (Brassicaceae) (two samples), and a single plant of Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae) growing next to those weeds. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced and BLAST analysis showed 100% nucleotide sequence identity with the HSP70h gene of the Florida ToCV isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY903448). To confirm the presence of ToCV in these six weed samples, conventional RT-PCR reactions were performed using primers specific for the ToCV CPm and p22 genes as described previously (1). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified DNA fragments verified their identity as ToCV, with 100% sequence identity to the CPm of the ToCV isolate of Florida (Accession No. AY903448) and the p22 gene of the Cartago, Costa Rican isolate (Accession No. FJ809714). Although the number of samples analyzed is not sufficient to allow a determination of the role of weed reservoirs in ToCV epidemics in Costa Rican tomato crops, this report on the wider natural host range of ToCV in Costa Rica may lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of this virus and be useful in the development of disease management strategies. To our knowledge this is the first report of these weeds as natural hosts of ToCV. References: (1) R. M. Castro et al. Plant Dis. 93:970, 2009. (2) M. I. Font et al. Plant Dis. 88:82, 2004. (3) W. M. Wintermantel et al. Phytopathology 98:1340, 2008.
Successful eradication of a non‐indigenous marine bivalve from a subtidal soft‐sediment environment
Authors: Hopkins Grant A. , Forrest Barrie M. , Jiang Weimin , Gardner Jonathan P. A. 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. Biofouling, the accumulation of biological growth on submerged surfaces such vessel hulls and artificial structures, is an important transport pathway that can facilitate the establishment of marine non‐indigenous species in new locations. Despite efforts to develop effective tools to eradicate newly established populations before they become widespread and beyond control, eradication successes are scarce in the marine environment. This paper describes a dredge‐based eradication of the brown musselPerna pernafrom a deep (c.44 m) soft‐sediment habitat in central New Zealand, following the discovery of this species amongst biofouling organisms physically removed (i.e. defouled) from a drilling rig.2. We evaluated the efficacy of dredging in removingP. pernaand other target species, and determined whether a density‐based eradication success criterion had been achieved. The catchability coefficient (q) of the defouled material was estimated using catch data, and the dredge efficiency (E) was determined. Initial and remaining mussel densities were then calculated using estimates ofE. The reliability of these estimates was tested by simulations.3. A total of 227 dredge tows coveringc.94% of a 12·6 ha target area were undertaken, and an estimated 35 tonnes of material defouled from the rig was dredged from the seabed and disposed of in a landfill.4. Estimates ofqandEwere 0·0054 and 0·30 (respectively) and mussel densities at the completion of the eradication programme were estimated to bec.0·5 m−2, well below the success criterion of 10 m−2. From our simulations, it was estimated that 71 dredge tows would be required to remove 50% of the initial population, whilst 232 dredge tows would be needed to achieve a 90% reduction in population size.5. Synthesis and applications.The eradication of non‐indigenous bivalves from a relatively deep (>40 m) soft‐sediment environment is unprecedented and highlights that, with appropriate tools and other resources, eradication is feasible even in challenging circumstances. Where complete elimination of a pest is not feasible, alternative density‐based success criteria can be developed that, if achieved, can effectively mitigate risks. This study highlights the need for further development of both vector treatment options and pest eradication tools, and improved policy surrounding in‐water defouling in the coastal environment.
Pleistocene origin and population history of a neoendemic alpine butterfly
Authors: SCHOVILLE SEAN. D. , STUCKEY MATTHEW , RODERICK GEORGE K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAlpine environments underwent dramatic transformation during glacial–interglacial cycles, with the consequence that geographical, ecological and demographic changes of alpine populations provided the opportunity for formation of neoendemic species. Several biogeographical models have been proposed to account for the unique history of alpine populations, with different expectations of genetic divergence and speciation. The expanding alpine archipelago model proposes that alpine populations expand spatially and demographically during glacial events, dispersing between mountain ranges. Under this model, alpine populations are unlikely to diverge in isolation due to substantial interpopulation gene flow. In contrast, the alpine archipelago refuge model proposes that gene flow during glacial phases is limited and populations expand demographically during interglacial phases, increasing genetic isolation and the likelihood of speciation. We assess these models by reconstructing the evolutionary history ofColias behrii, a morphologically and ecologically distinct alpine butterfly restricted to the California Sierra Nevada.C. behriiexhibits very low genetic diversity at mitochondrial and nuclear loci, limited population structure and evidence of population expansion.C. behriiand Rocky MountainC. meadiishare identical mitochondrial haplotypes, while in contrast, nuclear data indicate common ancestry betweenC. behriiand Cascades RangeColias pelidne. The conflict in gene genealogies may be a result of recent expansion in North AmericanColias,but an isolation with migration analysis indicates that genetic patterns inC. behriimight result from differential introgression following hybridization. Based on the timing of population expansion and gene flow between mountain ranges, the expanding alpine archipelago model is supported inC. behrii.
Progesterone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Levels in Blood of Boer Goats During Puerperium Out‐of‐Season in a Mild Climate Region
Authors: Djuricic D , Filipovic N , Dobranic T , Lipar M , Prvanovic N , Turk R , Gracner D , Stanin D , Folnozic I , Samardzija M 
Published: January 2011

ContentsThe aims of this study were to compare insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and progesterone concentrations as indicators of cycle activity in the blood of Boer goats during puerperium out‐of‐season in mild climate conditions and to investigate the influence of parity and litter size on the concentration of IGF‐I and progesterone in serum during the study period. Twenty Boer (8 primiparous and 12 pluriparous) goats were examined in this study. Blood samples were taken every 4 days starting on the 3rd day and up to the 40th day of puerperium. IGF‐I and progesterone (P4) blood levels were determined using radio immune assay (RIA). Results indicated cyclic ovarian activity outside the breeding season in 18 of 20 Boer goats. IGF‐I levels in blood sera followed oestrus and cyclic ovarian activity. IGF‐I concentrations correlated significantly with P4 concentrations. The IGF‐I peak preceded the P4 peak by approximately 8 days in cycling goats. IGF‐I and P4 blood levels were not influenced by parity or litter size. Changes in blood serum P4 and IGF‐I concentrations levels during puerperal period can assist in the evaluation of reproductive status of goats.
Management of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The importance of psychosocial and medication treatments
Authors: Vance Alasdair , Winther Jo , Rennie Kelly 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessment and treatment in children and adolescents is complex. Key biological and psychosocial risk factors need to be identified and treated because of their potential mediating interaction that affect the onset, progression, and psychosocial and medication treatment response of core ADHD symptoms and common associated co‐morbid conditions. Both psychosocial and medication treatments, alone and in combination, have been shown to reduce the core ADHD symptoms and those of its key co‐morbid disorders. Yet, to date, the potential synergism between targeted and specific medication and psychosocial treatments remains poorly understood and under‐researched. Interestingly, recent positron emission tomography findings emphasise the importance of contextual salience and positive reinforcement strategies for stimulant medication, the primary medication treatment for ADHD, to have its effect. This is not surprising, given recent epigenetic models of gene–environment interaction that are revolutionising our understanding of developmental disorders like ADHD. This annotation briefly outlines the emerging evidence that supports the role of psychosocial treatment alongside medication treatment in the management of ADHD. Future significant clinical directions are noted.
Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour
Authors: Gray Peter H , Flenady Vicki J , Charles Bruce G , Steer Peter A ,   on behalf of the Caffeine Collaborative Study Group
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate for neonates born less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of development, temperament and behaviour.Methods:  A multi‐centre, randomised, controlled trial design was undertaken. A total of 287 infants with apnoea of prematurity or in the peri‐extubation period were randomised to receive one of two dosage regimens (20 vs. 5 mg/kg/day). The main outcome measure was cognitive development at 1 year of age on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Secondary outcome measures included neonatal morbidity, death and disability, temperament at 1 year and behaviour at 2 years of age.Results:  Data on the primary outcome were available for 190 survivors at 12 months corrected for prematurity. A significantly greater mean general quotient was found in the high‐dose group (mean (standard deviation), 98.0 (13.8) vs. 93.6 (16.5), P= 0.048). On omission of two infants for whom cognitive assessment was not possible because of disability while the mean general quotient remained higher for infants in the high‐dose group, this was no longer statistically significant (P= 0.075). There was a non‐significant trend for benefit in the high‐dose caffeine group for death or major disability, 15.4% versus 24.2%; relative risk 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.49–1.14). No differences in the mean values between the two groups were shown for temperament and behaviour.Conclusions:  Caffeine citrate with a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg/day did not result in adverse outcomes for development, temperament and behaviour. The borderline benefit in cognition with high‐dose caffeine needs further investigation.
Vitamin D, innate immunity and outcomes in community acquired pneumonia
Authors: LEOW LEONG , SIMPSON TALIA , CURSONS RAY , KARALUS NOEL , HANCOX ROBERT J. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Vitamin D regulates the production of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and beta‐defensin‐2, which play an important role in the innate immune response to infection. We hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency would be associated with lower levels of these peptides and worse outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia.Methods:  Associations between mortality and serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, cathelicidin and beta‐defensin‐2 were investigated in a prospective cohort of 112 patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia during winter.Results:  Severe 25‐hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) was common in this population (15%) and was associated with a higher 30‐day mortality compared with patients with sufficient 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (>50 nmol/L) (odds ratio 12.7, 95% confidence interval: 2.2–73.3, P = 0.004). These associations were not explained by differences in age, comorbidities, or the severity of the acute illness. Neither cathelicidin nor beta‐defensin‐2 levels predicted mortality, although there was a trend towards increased mortality with lower cathelicidin (P = 0.053). Neither cathelicidin nor beta‐defensin‐2 levels correlated with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.Conclusions:  25‐hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia during winter. Contrary to our hypothesis, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with levels of cathelicidin or beta‐defensin‐2.
The origin of frequency dependence of respiratory resistance: An airflow simulation study using a 4D pulmonary lobule model
Authors: KITAOKA HIROKO 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The origin of frequency dependence of respiratory resistance has been explained by ventilation inhomogeneity; however, it is unclear which components in the respiratory system generate the frequency dependence. The author constructed a 4D pulmonary lobule model and analysed relationships between airflow rate, pressure and airway resistance by the use of computational fluid dynamics.Methods:  The lobule model contained bifurcated bronchioles with two adjacent acini in which deformable inter‐acinar septa and alveolar duct walls were designed. Constrictive conditions of respective bronchioles were designed, too. 4D finite element models for computational fluid dynamics were generated and airflow simulations were performed under moving boundary conditions of the arbitrary Lagrangean‐Eulerean method. From the simulation results, airway resistances for various conditions were calculated.Results:  Tissue resistance emerged under the condition of different acinar pressures caused by unequal airway resistances. If the inter‐acinar septum was shifted so as to cancel the pressure difference, the acinar pressures were equal in spite of unequal airway resistances, and hence, tissue resistances did not emerge. Therefore, the tissue resistance in the former case is thought to be an index of alveolar pressure inequality (which could be cancelled by mechanical interaction of lung parenchyma), rather than a material property of the tissue itself.Conclusions:  Inequality of alveolar pressure decreases as the input oscillatory frequency increases. Therefore, frequency dependence of the respiratory resistance should be regarded as a conditional index of the alveolar pressure inequality caused by heterogeneous changes in the intra‐pulmonary airway and/or the lung parenchyma.
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: six degrees of haemostasis
Authors: Louie Michael K. , Deane Leslie A. , Kaplan Adam G. , Lee Hak J. , Box Geoffrey N. , Abraham Jose Benito A. , Borin James F. , Khan Farhan , McDougall Elspeth M. , Clayman Ralph V. 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a technically challenging procedure that many urologists do not perform due to the possibility of excess bleeding, increased warm ischemia of the kidney, and difficulty with laparoscopic suturing. This study analyzes one method of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy that allows a surgeon increased confidence of haemostasis and urinary tract closure while maintaining a short warm ischemia time.OBJECTIVE• To describe six steps for haemostasis and collecting system closure (‘six degrees of haemostasis’) that are reproducible and that minimize the two most concerning complications of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: haemorrhage and urine leakage.METHODS• A retrospective study of 23 consecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomy cases performed by a single surgeon between 2005 and 2008 using the ‘six degrees of haemostasis’ was carried out.RESULTS• There were no cases of intraoperative, postoperative or delayed bleeding.• There were no cases of urine leakage.CONCLUSION• The ‘six degrees of haemostasis’ technique for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy described in the present study provides a reliable and reproducible method to reassure the surgeon of haemostasis and provide a decreased risk of urine leakage.
Medical therapy for calculus disease
Authors: Singh Shrawan K. , Agarwal Mayank Mohan , Sharma Sumit 
Published: January 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Current knowledge on the subject of “medical stone management” is available in fractionated form. This study is a comprehensive and critical review of the literature and provides up‐to‐date information on the subject in concise and precise manner. The study highlights the role of medical therapy in various aspects of stone management, i.e. clearance of existing calculi by medical dissolution and facilitating expulsion, and prevention of recurrence.Urolithiasis is a common problem with a high recurrence rate. Medical therapy directed to relieve agonizing pain, expulsion of stone, dissolution of uric acid and cystine stone and prevention of recurrence. NSAIDs are superior to opioids for renoureteral colic because their use doesn’t induce vomiting and there is lesser requirement of rescue analgesia. In randomized trials, anticholinergics were not found to be beneficial. Alpha blockers, particularly tamsulosin, reduce pain and facilitate expulsion of stone and fragments of stone following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy. Potassium citrate helps in chemodissolution of uric acid and cystine stones and is useful in prevention of stone recurrence in general and in those who have undergone SWL or percutaneious nephrolithotomy. Other measures for prevention of stone recurrence include fluid and dietary therapy, counteracting underlying metabolic abnormalities using suitable medications, phytotheurapeutic agents and probiotics. Once the role of nanobacteria is established in genesis of urinary stones, anti‐nanobacteria therapy holds the promise of opening new horizons for prevention of urinary stones.
Market Size and Firm Location in a Service Industry
Authors: Kurata Hiroshi , Ohkawa Takao , Okamura Makoto 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates the welfare effects of firm location in a service industry. We consider the situation where firms determine their locations in either of two regions with a difference in market size. From the viewpoint of the consumers' welfare, there are too few firms in the large market and too many in the small market. However, from the viewpoint of the producers' and social welfare, the opposite is true. Further, an increase in the difference in market size is unambiguously unfavorable for the producers. On the other hand, such an increase is favorable for the consumers and the economy as a whole.
The Structure of the American Economy
Authors: Fisher Eric O'N. , Marshall Kathryn G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe explore the relationship between input–output accounts and the national revenue function. The generalized inverse of an economy's technology matrix carries information relating changes in endowments with changes in outputs; its transpose relates output prices and factor prices. Our primary theoretical contribution is to derive an economy's revenue function for an arbitrary Leontief technology. Our main empirical contribution is to compute the national revenue function for the American economy in 2003 and to describe its properties. We implement our ideas using two different models: one where all factors are mobile and another with sector‐specific capital.
Growth and Crisis in Transition: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Coricelli Fabrizio , Maurel Mathilde 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe paper provides an empirical analysis of the growth performance of transition countries in a comparative perspective, separating episodes of crises from those of growth. Performance is measured by the output response following recessions, by the capacity to rebound, as well as the depth and length of the crisis rather than average rates of growth that aggregate periods of recessions and periods of growth. Results highlight that the post‐recession performance in Central and Eastern Europe resembles that of emerging and developing countries in the aftermath of banking and financial crises, often following significant liberalizations. In contrast, the post‐crisis performance of CIS countries resembles the output response observed during episodes of civil wars, and remains significantly different from the normal response of an average market country. Moreover, performance depends on economic reforms and especially on the complementarities among different reforms.
Fractional Integration of Nominal Exchange Rates: Evidence from CEECs in the Light of EMU Enlargement
Authors: Barros Carlos P. , Gil‐Alana Luis , Matousek Roman 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper uses fractional integration models to describe the long‐run dependence of nominal exchange rates in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). The analysis is validated using nonparametric, semiparametric and parametric techniques. From comparing the results across the three approaches, it was clear that mean reversion takes places only for the euro exchange rates in Bulgaria, Estonia, and Slovenia. Other exchange rates based on the euro also display mean reversion with the parametric methods. For the US dollar rates, the unit‐root null hypothesis cannot be rejected in any single country, indicating that shocks affecting the exchange rates against the US dollar are of a permanent nature, while those directed against the euro are less persistent, and tend sometimes to disappear in the long run. Policy implications are derived.
‘What I Want and What You Want’: Children's Thinking about Competing Personal Preferences
Authors: Komolova Masha , Wainryb Cecilia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study examined how children reason about competing personal preferences. Seventy‐two participants (mean ages 5 years 5 months, 10 years 4 months, and 17 years 7 months) considered three hypothetical scenarios in which a protagonist's personal preference was in conflict with her or his friend's personal preference. Scenarios varied in the relative weightiness of each character's desires. Whereas 5‐ and 10‐year‐olds prioritized the friend's preference across scenarios, 17‐year‐olds affirmed the character's prerogative to act according to her or his own preference except when the friend's preference was weightier. Nevertheless, regardless of age, participants generally reasoned about these situations in terms of autonomy and friendship rather than as moral obligations. The findings contribute to our understanding of how children of different ages work out the boundaries of the personal.