bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Tremadoc Rocks in the neighbourhood of St. David's, South Wales, and their Fossil Contents
Authors: Hicks Henry 
Published: October 2009

The occurrence near St. David's, in South Wales, of rocks supposed to be of the age of the Tremadoc Slates of North Wales, was mentioned in a Report by the late Mr. Salter and myself to the British Association in 1866; and a list of the fossils which had up to that time been discovered in them was also given. Several new forms, however, have since been found in these rocks, and some of them very recently, during researches made at Ramsey Island by Messrs. Homfray, Lightbody, Hopkinson, and Kirshaw, in conjunction with myself. The Brachiopoda were figured by Mr. Davidson in his paper “On the Earliest British Brachiopoda,” in the Geological Magazine for July 1868; and a supposed land-plant was named by me
Eophyton explanatum
in the same publication for Dec. 1869; but with the exception of these, the whole of the fossils, comprising a rich and exceedingly interesting fauna, are as yet undescribed.

In the present paper I propose to describe all these new forms, and also to give some account of the lithological characters of the strata in which they occur, their relation to the other formations, and their geographical distribution in the neighbourhood of St. David's.
On the map (fig.1) it will be seen that there are three distinct patches of these rocks shown, viz.:—at Ramsey Island, on the eastern coast; at the north end of Whitesand Bay, and extending for some distance in a N.E. direction; and in a district about five miles east of
The Secondary Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

General Introduction
The Highlands of Scotland have long been recognized as an unrivalled field of study for the physical geologist; but to the stratigraphical geologist and the palæontologist, who seek for evidence to aid them in reconstructing the geographical features and determining the biological characteristics of successive geological periods, they have, till of late years, been regarded as comparatively barren of interest. An exception to this general statement must be made, however, in favour of the Old Red Sandstone of the district, which has yielded such admirable results to the studies of Murchison, Sedgwick, Malcolmson, Hugh Miller, Agassiz, and others.

Charles Peach's discovery in 1854 of Silurian fossils in Sutherland has already borne the most important fruit, and, in the hands of Murchison, Ramsay, Geikie, Harkness, and Jamieson, has afforded the necessary clue for determining the age of the great
Primary
masses of the Highlands.

Similarly the discovery by the Duke of Argyll of Miocene vegetation in beds intercalated with the basalts of Mull has been the starting-point in elucidating the history of the
Tertiary
period in the Highlands. Professor Geikie has already laid before this Society the first of a series of papers in which he proposes to treat this interesting subject.

The
Secondary
strata of the same area were, at so early a period as 1826, made the object of an admirable general survey by the late Sir Roderick Murchison; but the progress of geological science since that date appears to create a demand, and at the same
Synopsis of the Younger Formations of New Zealand
Authors: Hutton F. W. 
Published: October 2009

The following synopsis is based on an examination of the Tertiary and Upper Secondary marine fossils in the Colonial Museum at Wellington; but to make it more complete I have added the freshwater coal and lignite formations in the positions I believe them to occupy; this, however, is founded on stratigraphical, and not on palæontological evidence, as also are the remarks on the volcanic rocks.
A short account of the older formations of New Zealand will be found in my report on the Southland District (Geol. Survey of N.Z., Reports of Geological Explorations, 1871–72, p. 96).
Of Tertiary fossils I have been able to determine 375 species of Mollusca, 12 of Brachiopoda, and 18 of Echinodermata, the descriptions of which will, I hope, be published as soon as the plates are prepared. The numbers of the species determined for each formation refer to the Gasteropoda and Lamellibranchiata only.
It must not be inferred from the remarks made in this synopsis that the Tertiary fossils of New Zealand are more nearly related to those of South America than to those of Australia; for as no descriptions of Australian Tertiary fossils have as yet been published, I have not been able to compare them with the New-Zealand fossils.
I am aware that much may be said against employing the European terminology in classifying rocks so far distant as those of New Zealand; but I believe that much more may be said against introducing new names, which are only supposed even to have
Lakes of the North-eastern Alps, and their bearing on the Glacier-erosion theory
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

The lakes in many mountain-districts have been attributed to the excavating effect of ice in a period when glaciers extended far beyond their present limits; and this theory has been applied by its author, Professor Ramsay, to several of the best-known lakes of the Western and Central Alps in a very interesting and suggestive paper communicated to the Society, March 5, 1862. Notwithstanding the skill with which this theory has been advocated by its author, and the support which it has received from many competent judges at home and abroad, I have always felt, in common with not a few who have made Alpine physiography their special study, that it did not satisfactorily explain all the phenomena; and each visit that I have paid to the Alps has strengthened this opinion.
Professor Ramsay applied his theory chiefly to the lakes of the Western and Central Alps. The following paper attempts to examine those of the North-eastern Alps, especially of the Salzkammergut, the great lake-region of the Eastern district, in order to ascertain whether they also can be attributed to the excavating power of glaciers.
As the general circumstances of climate and orography are fairly similar throughout the great Alpine chain, it may reasonably be expected that any explanation suggested for the lake-basins of one district should apply also to another; and from this we may conclude that, if any explanation which seems possible for one district fail when tested in another, it cannot be the correct one for either. I
On the Permian Breccias and Boulder-beds of Armagh
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

The strata of Permian age hitherto recognized in the north of Ireland have been referred, doubtless correctly, by the authors who have described them, to the upper division of that formation, or the Magnesian-Limestone series (
Zechstein
). The localities where these beds occur are three in number, Cultra on the south side of Belfast Lough, Tullyconnell Hill near Artrea, and Templereagh in Co. Tyrone. The strata are for the most part dolomitic; and the fossils they contain are representative of the Magnesian Limestones of the north of England, or of Lancashire.

The beds which I have now to bring before the notice of the Society are considered to be referable, both on stratigraphical and physical grounds, to that Lower Permian series represented by the breccias of Worcestershire and Salop, and by the “brockram” of Cumberland, considered by Professor Ramsay to be an “old Boulder-clay” of Permian age. In this view I entirely concur, and I may add that the Permian beds of Armagh are not less truly a boulder-formation than those in the English localities above named.
The Permian breccias of Armagh must have been frequently seen by observers, as they are well displayed in quarries; but their true significance has been strangely overlooked. My attention was first called to them in March 1872, by F. Egan, the Officer of the Geological Survey on duty in that district; and I was immediately struck by their resemblance to my old friends in Worcestershire and Shropshire, especially the beds at Enville and Alberbury.
The Glaciation of the Northern part of the Lake-district
Authors: Ward J. Clifton 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The district to which the following paper relates, belongs to the northern half of the English Lake-country. The observations now laid before the Society, with the leave of the Director-General of the Geological Survey, have been collected during the past three years while engaged in the official examination of the geology of the district. The area (map), P1. XV.) is for the most part included within the one-inch Ordnance map 101 S.E. It contains four largo valleys immediately north of the main watershed of the country, three of which, the vales of Thirlmere, of Borrowdale, and of Buttermere and Lorton, drain northward; the fourth, the vale of Ennerdale, drains westwards. Another, the vale of Keswiek, drains westward also, including under this head the country between Moll Fell on the east, and Bassenthwaite Lake on the west. The western side of the Ullswater Valley, draining north-eastward, comes in at the south-east corner. All geologists admit the fact of the glaciation of the district in question; and many notices of the same have been published. It has been my privilege to collect details upon the subject, an
outline
of which I have now the honour of submitting to the Society *.

II.
Leading Questions Suggested

The fact of the glaciation being granted, several questions at once suggest themselves.

1.
1. Did the glaciating agent work from north to south ?

2.
2. Did it come from within or without the district ?

3.
3. Was this agent floating ice, a system of
On
Caryophyllia Bredai
, Milne-Edwards & Jules Haime, from the Red Crag of Woodbridge
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

A specimen of a simple coral has recently been discovered by E. Charlesworth, Esq., F.G.S., in the Red Crag of the Woodbridge district of Suffolk. The form is interesting from its mineral constitution as well as from its adding another species to the coral-fauna of the Crag.

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described one of the
Caryophylliæ
of the Maestricht Upper Chalk in their ‘Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires,’ vol. ii. page 18, as follows:—The corallum is elongate and much curved; the wall is almost smooth, and is marked with some horizontal ridges; the columella is slightly developed, and sometimes is reduced to a solitary process. There are

four complete cycles of septa, in six systems. The septa of the last cycle are very small; the primaries are thick at their inner end, are larger than the secondaries; and the tertiaries are thin. All are covered with large and projecting granulations. The pali are situated before the secondary septa, and are narrow as well as flexuous.
The newly discovered form appears to be a variety of this Upper Cretaceous species. It differs from the type in being curved at the base and then subturbinate. Moreover the pali are irregularly placed, although the septal number is complete; they are in one row, and are to be seen before the tertiary and some of the secondary and primary septa.
The specimen is coloured light red; the outside is smooth; and the calice is admirably preserved.

It is probably a
remanié
fossil from the
On the Older Tertiary Formations of the West-Indian Islands
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

In 1867 I believed that I had concluded the examination of all the collections of fossil corals from the West-Indian Islands which were available, and I was not aware that any others were likely to be formed. Therefore in a communication to this Society, which was published in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 9, after having been read Dec. 4, 1867, I summarized the results of some years' labour on the subject.
In the winter of 1868–1869, Mr. P. T. Cleve, a Swedish mineralogist and geologist, undertook a geological investigation of the Northeastern West-Indian archipelago. He visited the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, Anguilla, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Kitts, and spent a short time in Puerto Rico. After making collections of minerals and fossils, he returned home, and communicated a paper on the geology of the North-eastern West-Indian Islands to the Royal Swedish Academy on November 23, 1870.
This communication consists of the descriptive geology and mineralogy of the islands, with a few notices of the fossil forms. The palæontology of the more important islands remained untouched; and early in the year 1873 Mr. Cleve asked me to help him in the matter.
Some weeks since I received a great number of fossil corals, which had been collected with care, and which belong to the University of Upsala and to the collector.
A cursory examination of the great collection was sufficient to prove its importance; for it contained abundant evidence of the former existence of
On the Bone-Caves in the Neighbourhood of Castleton, Derbyshire
Authors: Pennington Rooke 
Published: October 2009

H
aving
expended some leisure time since 1869 on the exploration of the prehistoric
tumuli in the northern part of the Peak of Derbyshire, I have lately turned my attention to a few
of the numerous caves and fissures existing in the Mountain-limestone district of that tract of
country.

The results, together with a notice of a Staffordshire fissure (really in the same range), are
contained in the following essay.

I. Prehistoric Caves.
Cave-Dale Cave
.—In the romantic glen of Cave
Dale, close to Castleton and just underneath the keep of the Peveril Castle, is a small cave
(fig. 1). When first I knew it, it presented the appearance of a low opening, about 1½ foot
in height and 6 feet in length, so that we had to lie down flat in order to wriggle into it, and
it extended about 11 feet inwards.

On our first visit we found inside, in the surface soil, a shilling of the time of Elizabeth.
On examination of the surface of the floor, several bones were turned up, and we accordingly
resolved to dig it out. This we did, with the following results.
Before we commenced work, the height from roof to floor varied from 1 foot to
4½ feet; when dug out the height from rock to rock varied from 2 feet
to 6½ feet; and the depth of the deposit varied from 1 foot to
4½ feet. The cave extended right and left from the entrance, its breadth (as contrasted with
its length
On the Relations of the Cambridge Gault and Greensand
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.— I cannot do better than preface the following observations with a few words from the pen of Mr. Davidson in the ‘ Geological Magazine ’ for 1869*. These are :—

“Some considerable difference of opinion has been expressed, not only at home, but also on the Continent, as to the real value or position of the well-known Cambridge Greensand or Phosphate-bed. Some consider it to constitute a portion of the Upper Greensand, while others would refer it to the upper portion of the Gault; and, abroad, some geologists constitute a distinct stage, for which the term,
Vraconnien
is proposed..... It is a point of great importance to determine the exact age of this Cambridge bed; and in making a palæontological comparison there are several points in the case which will call for especial caution; and, as suggested by Mr. Judd, we must in the first place determine whether there are any derived fossils in the bed (so often met with in beds of phosphate nodules).”

In accordance with the above
1. To determine the true position of the Cambridge bed in the Cretaceous series. 2. To trace the extent of country along which the formation may be followed. 3. To investigate the origin and age of its organic contents.
Before, however, the above-quoted paragraphs had come under my notice, the Cambridge nodule-bed had been for three or four years my especial study, which a residence in Cambridge gave me great opportunities of prosecuting. I wish therefore in the first
The Rocks of the Mining-districts of Cornwall, and their Relation to Metalliferous Deposits
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur 
Published: October 2009

T
he
more striking geological features of the mining districts of Cornwall are so generally known as scarcely to require description. The most commonly occurring rock is “killas,” or clay-slate, through which four large and several smaller protrusions of granite have taken place*.

The cleavage-planes of the slates almost invariably dip from the intruding masses of granite, but usually at a less angle than the line of contact of the two rocks. Near the point of junction the granite often becomes fine-grained, and not unfrequently sends off veins into the adjoining slates. Masses of granite are also sometimes found imbedded in slate; and fragments of slate enclosed in granite are occasionally met with. At Herland, in the Crowan district, at a considerable distance from any known body of granite, isolated masses of this rock have been found at a depth of 110 fathoms†; and somewhat similar disconnected granitic blocks are said to occur, 49 fathoms deep, at Huel Buller, near Redruth‡.
The granite constituting the larger areas is usually divided into floors resembling beds, which form sheets in the central portions of the several masses, while the edges bend beneath the surrounding sedimentary rocks, and approximate in conformation to the surface of junction between the two. The granites of Cornwall and of Dartmoor probably belong to the same geological age; and there is evidence that the great upheaval of the granite of the latter locality occurred in Post-Carboniferous times.
The slates in the vicinity of granite are usually of a green,
On
Stagonolepis Robertsoni
, and on the Evolution of the Crocodilia
Authors: Huxley Thomas H. 
Published: October 2009

N
early
seventeen years ago I had the honour of laying before the Geological Society* an account of such remains of a remarkable reptile (
Stagonolepis Robertsoni
) as, up to that time, had been found in the sandstones of the neighbourhood of Elgin, and the conclusion at which I had arrived, “that
Stagonolepis
is, in the main, a Crocodilian reptile.”

These remains, however, like all the other fossils from the same district which have come under my notice, were not in a condition very favourable to their interpretation. With the exception of a few dermal scutes, I do not think that a single entire bone, or cast of a bone, has come into my hands; and the most instructive specimens have not been the bones themselves, the osseous matter being always soft, friable, and injured, but their casts in the sandstone. The evidence afforded by the remains of vertebræ and scutes was sufficiently decisive to warrant my conclusion as to the general nature of the animal; but, in respect of the other parts of the skeleton, the surmises which I made in 1858 needed confirmation, or the reverse, by the study of additional materials.
Such materials have from time to time been obtained by the exertions of my friend the Rev. Dr. Gordon, of Birnie, near Elgin, who, aided by a grant from the Donation Fund of the Royal Society, has undertaken the exploration of the fossiliferous beds whenever the operations of the quarrymen laid them bare, and has from time to
Remarks upon Mr. Mallet’s Theory of Volcanic Energy
Authors: Fisher O. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
theory of Mr. Mallet, F.R.S., contained in his now celebrated paper which was read before the Royal Society in 1872, has already been much discussed; but there seems to be still room for the following remarks, which I hope I shall not be thought presumptuous in laying before you.

The treatise is of such considerable dimensions that the simplest plan will be to take the sections of it in order as they occur, passing over those which approve themselves, and discussing only those which appear to be open to question.
There is nothing contained in the first eleven sections but what entirely commends itself to my judgment. Indeed some of the remarks of the distinguished author were anticipated in a paper of mine read at Cambridge in 1868, of which Mr. Mallet had no knowledge at the time when his theory was given to the world.
In § 12 the opinion that the crust of the earth rests on a liquid nucleus is mentioned, but not with favour. Whatever its condition may be at a very great depth, the view which at present seems probable to me is, that there is, at any rate, a substratum in a state of igneous fusion beneath the crust.
In § 15 Mr. Hopkins’s investigation upon precession, according to which he believed himself to have shown that the crust of the earth is at present from 800 to 1000 miles thick, is referred to, but not with approval.
General Barnard, of the United-States
On some Fossil Alcyonaria from the Tertiary Deposits of New Zealand
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

M
r
. F. W. H
utton
, F.G.S., the Curator of the Otago Museum in New Zealand, has forwarded me some specimens from the Awawoa railway-cutting, Oawaru. They are from the upper part of the Oawaru formation, or what Mr. Hutton calls the Trelissic group. He considers the strata to be of that ill-defined age which some geologists term Oligocene, and others Upper Eocene.

The specimens are hadly preserved, and consist of fragments of Isidinæ belonging to the genus
Isis
, and of Corallinæ belonging to the genus
Corallium
. There are no true Corals or Sclerodermic Madreporaria in the collection.

The calcareous bodies and some of the bases or roots of the Isidinæ are amongst the collection; and there are many fragments of a slightly branching species of
Corallium
.

I
sidinæ

Genus
Isis
. Plate XXXVIII.
b
. figs. 1—4.

1
The calcareous bodies are longer than broad, circular in outline, slightly constricted; and the ridges and furrows are distinct. They greatly resemble the specimens described from No. 3 bed, Cape Otway, Victoria, of group 1. (See the last communication.)

2
The calcareous body (fig. 2) is longer than broad, slightly bent; and the ridges are represented by straight series of long low granules; the furrows do not exist. This is quite a new form.

3
A long tapering basal piece (fig. 3), with a base of incrustation. The ridges and furrows are waved and very distinct.

C
orallinæ
.

Genus
Corallium
.

The specimens are fragmentary.
Some are with frequently branching furrows and ridges of the surface exceedingly developed and irregular
On some Tin-deposits of the Malayan Peninsula
Authors: Doyle Patrick 
Published: October 2009

There is a striking resemblance in the mineral characteristics of all parts of the Malayan Peninsula, especially in regard to the mode of occurrence of the deposits of tin-ore (cassiterite).
The Malayan tin-field, including the islands of Banca and Billeton, extends over 17 degrees of latitude and 10 of longitude; but the observations of Messrs. logan, Horsfield, and others, in different parts of this area, correspond with those which have been noted in Larnt. The peninsula consists of granitic rock overlain generally by sandstone, and frequently also by laterite or cellular clay-ironstone, and, to the north, by limestone. A granitic mountain-range extends along the whole length of the peninsula, on both sides of which, but especially on the western or Sumatran one, are extensive alluvial plains, but little above the level of the sea. Iron, tin, and gold are the principal metals. Ores of the first are found everywhere; and tin has hitherto been found in all parts where search has been made.
Perak is the second Malay State on the west side of the peninsula, counting from the north; and Larnt, its chief province, is an irregular strip of land about 70 miles long and varying from 10 to 25 miles broad, bordering the coast.