bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Conversion, Mixing Energy, and Neutral Surfaces with a Nonlinear Equation of State
Authors: Nycander Jonas 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A local neutral plane is defined so that a water parcel that is displaced adiabatically a small distance along the plane continues to have the same density as the surrounding water. Since such a displacement does not change the density field or the gravitational potential energy, it is generally assumed that it does not produce a restoring buoyancy force. However, it is here shown that because of the nonlinear character of the equation of state (in particular the thermobaric effect) such a neutral displacement is accompanied by a conversion between internal energy E and gravitational potential energy U, and an equal conversion between U and kinetic energy K. While there is thus no net change of U, K does change. This implies that a force is in fact required for the displacement.
It is further shown that displacements that are orthogonal to a vector P do not induce conversion between U and K, and therefore do not require a force. Analogously to neutral surfaces, which are defined to be approximately orthogonal to the dianeutral vector N, one may define “P surfaces” to be approximately orthogonal to P. These P surfaces are intermediate between neutral surfaces and surfaces of constant σ0 (potential density reference to the surface).
If the equation of state is linear, there exists a well-known expression for the mixing energy in terms of the diapycnal flow. This expression is here generalized for a general nonlinear equation of state. The generalized expression involves the velocity component along P. Since P is not orthogonal to neutral surfaces, this means that stationary flow along neutral surfaces in general requires mixing energy.
Radiometric Performance of the CERES Earth Radiation Budget Climate Record Sensors on the EOS Aqua and Terra Spacecraft through April 2007
Authors: Priestley Kory J. , Smith G. Louis , Thomas Susan , Cooper Denise , Lee Robert B. , Walikainen Dale , Hess Phillip , Szewczyk Z. Peter , Wilson Robert 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) flight models 1 through 4 instruments were launched aboard NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua spacecraft into 705-km sun-synchronous orbits with 10:30 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. local time equatorial crossing times. With these instruments CERES provides state-of-the-art observations and products related to the earth’s radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The archived CERES science data products consist of geolocated and calibrated instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiances through temporally and spatially averaged TOA, surface, and atmospheric fluxes. CERES-filtered radiance measurements cover three spectral bands: shortwave (0.3–5 μm), total (0.3&gt;100 μm), and an atmospheric window channel (8–12 μm).
CERES climate data products realize a factor of 2–4 improvement in calibration accuracy and stability over the previotus Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) products. To achieve this improvement there are three editions of data products. Edition 1 generates data products using gain coefficients derived from ground calibrations. After a minimum of four months, the calibration data are examined to remove drifts in the calibration. The data are then reprocessed to produce the edition 2 data products. These products are available for science investigations for which an accuracy of 2% is sufficient. Also, a validation protocol is applied to these products to find problems and develop solutions, after which edition 3 data products will be computed, for which the objectives are calibration stability of better than 0.2% and calibration traceability from ground to flight of 0.25%. This paper reports the status of the radiometric accuracy and stability of the CERES edition 2 instrument data products through April 2007.
Quality Controlling Surf Zone Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Observations to Estimate the Turbulent Dissipation Rate
Authors: Feddersen Falk 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
High-quality measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate ε are required to diagnose field surf-zone turbulence budgets. Quality control (QC) methods are presented for estimating surf zone ε with acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) data. Bad ADV velocity data points are diagnosed with both the ADV signal strength (SS) and correlation (CORR). The fraction of bad SS data points (δSS) depends inversely upon the wave-amplitude-normalized transducer distance below the mean sea surface. The fraction of bad CORR data points δCORR can be elevated when δSS is low. The δCORR depends inversely upon the wave-amplitude-normalized sensing volume distance below the mean sea surface, and also increases with increased wave breaking, consistent with turbulence- and bubble-induced Doppler noise. Velocity spectra derived from both “patched” and “interpolated” time series are used to estimate ε. Two QC tests, based upon the properties of a turbulent inertial subrange, are used to reject bad ε data runs. The first test checks that the vertical velocity spectrum’s power-law exponent is near . The second test checks that a ratio R of horizontal and vertical velocity spectra is near 1. Over all δCORR, 70% of the patched and interpolated data runs pass these tests. However, for larger δCORR &gt; 0.1 (locations higher in the water column), 50% more patched than interpolated data runs pass the QC tests. Previous QC methods designed for wave studies are not appropriate for ε QC. The results suggest that ε can be consistently estimated over the lower 60% of the water column and &gt;0.1 m above the bed within a saturated surf zone.
Finescale Doppler Radar Observation of a Tornado and Low-Level Misocyclones within a Winter Storm in the Japan Sea Coastal Region
Authors: Inoue Hanako Y. , Kusunoki Kenichi , Kato Wataru , Suzuki Hiroto , Imai Toshiaki , Takemi Tetsuya , Bessho Kotaro , Nakazato Masahisa , Hoshino Shunsuke , Mashiko Wataru , Hayashi Syugo , Fukuhara Takaaki , Shibata Toru , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLife histories of low-level misocyclones, one of which corresponded to a tornado vortex within a winter storm in the Japan Sea coastal region on 1 December 2007, were observed from close range by X-band Doppler radar of the East Japan Railway Company. Continuous plan position indicator (PPI) observations at 30-s intervals at the low-elevation angle revealed at least four cyclonic misocyclones within the head of the comma-shaped echo of the vortical disturbance under winter monsoon conditions. The meso-β-scale vortical disturbance developed within the weak frontal zone at the leading edge of cold-air outbreaks.High-resolution observation of misocyclones revealed the detailed structures of these misocyclones and their temporal evolution. As the parent storm evolved, a low-level convergence line was observed at the edge of the easternmost misocyclone. This convergence line was considered to be important for the initiation and development of the misocyclones and the tornado through vortex stretching. The strongest misocyclone gradually intensified as its diameter contracted until landfall, and then began to dissipate soon after landfall. The temporal evolution of the misocyclones through landfall is discussed.Surface wind and pressure variations suggested a cyclonic vortex passage, which was consistent with the passage of the radar-derived misocyclone. The observed pressure drop was also consistent with that computed from the cyclostrophic equation for the modified Rankine vortex. The observed behavior of two adjacent misocyclones was primarily consistent with the rotational flow associated with the other misocyclone. The generation and development processes of the tornado and misocyclones are discussed.
Distant Effects of a Recurving Tropical Cyclone on Rainfall in a Midlatitude Convective System: A High-Impact Predecessor Rain Event*
Authors: Schumacher Russ S. , Galarneau Thomas J. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Recent research has identified predecessor rain events (PREs), which are mesoscale regions of heavy rainfall that occur ∼1000 km poleward and downshear of recurving tropical cyclones (TCs). PREs typically occur 24–36 h prior to the arrival of the main rain shield associated with the TC, and frequently result in damaging flooding. A distinguishing feature of a PRE is that it is enhanced by a broad region of deep tropical moisture directly associated with the TC that is transported well poleward ahead of the TC. This study will quantify the effects of the tropical moisture from one TC on a record-breaking rain and flood event over the northern Great Plains and southern Great Lakes region on 18–19 August 2007.
In this event, which occurred ahead of TC Erin, a southerly stream of deep tropical moisture (precipitable water values &gt;50 mm) moved poleward and intersected a northwest–southeast-oriented quasi-stationary baroclinic zone beneath the equatorward entrance region of an upper-level jet streak. A slow-moving mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed and produced widespread heavy rainfall, with local amounts exceeding 380 mm that resulted in historic flooding in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Observations and numerical simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) indicate that low-level frontogenesis was maximized during the overnight hours of 19 August 2007 and provided the forcing for vigorous ascent during the mature stage of the PRE. A control simulation, which included the poleward transport of TC Erin-related moisture, reproduced the extreme rainfall amounts, although the simulated rainfall was displaced from where it was observed. A sensitivity simulation in which the moisture associated with TC Erin was removed (referred to as “NOPLUME”) shows reduced convective available potential energy (CAPE) in the inflow region of the PRE and a less vigorous MCS. In all, there was an approximately 50% reduction in the maximum precipitation amount and a 25% reduction in the total precipitation from the control simulation to the NOPLUME run. Or, considered in the context of rainfall enhancement by the Erin-related moisture, there was a near doubling of the maximum amount and a 33% increase in the total rainfall. The extent of these differences underscores the importance of moisture originating from TC Erin in transforming a heavy rain event into a high-impact, record-breaking rain event.
Some Implications of Core Regime Wind Structures in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Yen-Chu Chen Delia , Cheung Kevin K. W. , Lee Cheng-Shang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this study, a tropical cyclone (TC) is considered to be compact if 1) the radius of maximum wind or the maximum tangential wind is smaller than what would be expected for an average tropical cyclone of the same intensity or the same radius of maximum wind, and 2) the decrease of tangential wind outside the radius of maximum wind is greater than that of an average TC. A structure parameter S is defined to provide a quantitative measure of the compactness of tropical cyclones. Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) oceanic winds are used to calculate S for 171 tropical cyclones during 2000–07. The S parameters are then used to classify all of the cases as either compact or incompact according to the 33% and 67% percentiles. It is found that the early intensification stage is favorable for the occurrence of compact tropical cyclones, which also have a higher percentage of rapid intensification than incompact cases. Composite infrared brightness temperature shows that compact tropical cyclones have highly axisymmetric convective structures with strong convection concentrated in a small region near the center. Low-level synoptic patterns are important environmental factors that determine the degree of compactness; however, it is believed that compact tropical cyclones maintain their structures mainly through internal dynamics.
Obesity, battle of the bulge-policy behind change: Whose responsibility is it and who pays?
Authors: Mercer Adrienne 
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Examination of the prevalence of obesity and overweight over the past two decades and the health implications that encompass increased risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. Focus on legislative policies and individual responsibility. Method: Literature review of local and national data on obesity, health implications, government response and determinants of health. Results: Unhealthy eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle are determinants of obesity. In the U.S. it can be said that we live in a “toxic environment.” Environmental factors impeding healthy eating include socioeconomic status (SES), limited access to healthy food choices in low-income communities, poor neighborhood characteristics preventing the ability or desire for physical activity and advertising that bombards youth with unhealthy choices. Conclusion: When addressing responsibility for obese and overweight, all variables must be addressed: the individual, government, community and the food industry must lay claim to the impact of unhealthy choices and lack of access in the nation. The cost of obesity is astronomical. Billions of dollars are spent on health issues that are related to obesity. There are a few championing the cause of decreasing obesity and overweight in schools and communities throughout the States. Policy and legislative interventions have proven to be effective in regulating industry practices as it pertains to advertisement. There are those however that feel it is an individual’s responsibility to monitor their behavior as it pertains to their well-being. Obesity and overweight are more than an individual problem. It is a public health concern, requiring a collective and concerted effort of moving people towards healthy living choices.
Experimental determination of ballistic performance of newly developed multiaxis non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester and 3D woven carbon/epoxy composites with soft backing aramid fabric structures
Authors: Bilisik Kadir 
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study is to understand the energy absorption mechanism and identified failure modes of the developed multiaxis non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester and 3D woven carbon/epoxy composite plates with soft backing para-aramid fabric structures. Two structures, multiaxis non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester composite plate and soft back layered para-aramid fabric, and 3D woven carbon/epoxy composite plate and multiaxis non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester composite plate with soft back layered para-aramid fabric, absorbed considerable impact energy when a high speed projectile’s metal jacketed section was stopped. The damage zones of both structures were investigated after impact. 3D woven carbon/epoxy plate showed a small damaged area compared to that of the non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester plate. This was because the Z-fiber suppressed the impact load, but the local area was severely damaged in the form of fiber and matrix breakages. There was no intra and inter fiber damage around the impacted area in the 3D carbon/epoxy composite plate, whereas there was intra and inter fiber damage around the impacted area in the non-interlaced/non-Z E-glass/polyester plate. It was thought that the impact load in the E-glass/polyester structure was redistributed around the local impacted area. Fiber damage in the soft back layered fabric extended from the decomposition of the fiber ends, partial and total fiber breakages to yarn pull-out and crimp recovery. Fiber decomposition results in friction between the fabric and the projectile which generates thermal load in the soft structure.
Conditions causing gemcitabine crystallization
Authors: Manners Susan , Galettis Peter , Souza Paul de 
Published: September 2010

Introduction. Intravesical delivery of chemotherapy agents is used very commonly for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. We recently completed a phase II study of intravesical gemcitabine in which an alkaline adjusted gemcitabine preparation was used initially, based on very early phase I studies. However, crystallization was noted in some of the pre-prepared syringes, which prompted us to investigate the conditions under which gemcitabine crystallized. Methods. Gemcitabine was prepared in syringes in triplicate and conditions were varied with respect to pH, temperature, and duration. Samples were observed for up to 48 h for the development of crystallization. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of gemcitabine concentrations was undertaken for all samples. Results. Crystallization of gemcitabine was favored under conditions of bicarbonate treatment and lowering of temperature. However, the process was reversible, as demonstrated by recovery of gemcitabine concentrations in samples brought back to room temperature. Crystallization resulted in reduction of gemcitabine concentrations in the pre-prepared syringes. Conclusions. Gemcitabine solutions may be associated with crystallization if the native pH is increased with the addition of sodium bicarbonate, and samples are stored in a cold environment.
An information aid for newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients improves disease knowledge and satisfaction with care
Authors: Solari A. , Martinelli V , Trojano M , Lugaresi A , Granella F , Giordano A , Messmer Uccelli M , D'Alessandro R , Pucci E , Confalonieri P , Borreani C ,   SIMS-Trial group
Published: September 2010

Background: Patients report information deficits in the period surrounding diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We assessed the effectiveness of an add-on information aid for newly diagnosed MS patients. Methods: We randomly assigned 120 newly diagnosed MS patients from five Italian centres to diagnosis disclosure (current practice at the centre) or current practice plus information aid (ISRCTN81072971). The information aid consisted of a personal interview with a physician using a navigable compact disc and a take-home booklet. The primary composite endpoint was score in the highest tertile of MS knowledge and satisfaction with care questionnaires. Other endpoints were safety; treatment adherence; extra contacts/consultations; switching of care centre; and changes in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Control Preference Scale scores. Results: At 1 month, 30/60 intervention and 8/60 control patients achieved the primary endpoint (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, 95% CI 2.6—16.0; p < 0.001; number needed to treat [NNT] 3). Figures at 6 months were 26/60 intervention and 11/60 control patients (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5—7.8; p = 0.04; NNT 4). There were no adverse events. No significant treatment effects were seen on secondary outcomes. Conclusion: The information aid was safe and significantly associated with attainment of the primary outcome at 1 and 6 months.
Individual budgets and adult safeguarding: Parallel or converging tracks? Further findings from the evaluation of the Individual Budget pilots
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Stevens Martin , Rapaport Joan , Challis David , Jacobs Sally , Netten Ann , Jones Karen , Knapp Martin , Wilberforce Mark , Glendinning Caroline 
Published: September 2010

• Summary: The transformation of adult social care in England is underway, with the aim of promoting greater control and choice among people eligible for publicly funded social care services. A key part of personalization is the policy move to promote personal budgets. This article aims to investigate the inter-relation of personal budgets with another policy goal, adult safeguarding. A pilot programme of the predecessors of personal budgets, individual budgets, took place 2005–2008 and was evaluated by an independent research team. This article presents findings from the team’s second round of interviews with adult safeguarding coordinators (ASCs) in the 13 pilot sites held early 2008 which are discussed in the context of proposed adult safeguarding reforms in England. • Findings: This second round of interviews with ASCs revealed greater engagement with social care transformation than previously. However, their detailed expertise in adult safeguarding and their local intelligence and experiences were not regularly accessed. This may constitute a missed opportunity to address some of the tensions of personalization in practice. • Application: The interviews reveal that the personalization of social care is often interpreted as relating to greater use of Direct Payments and has yet to consider other facets of this policy transformation that are central to social work practice, including safeguarding.
Ambulatory actigraphy correlates with apathy in mild Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: David Renaud , Rivet Alice , Robert Philippe H. , Mailland Veronique , Friedman Leah , Zeitzer Jamie M. , Yesavage Jerome 
Published: September 2010

Aim: Apathy is one of the most common behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between apathy and locomotor activity in mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: Thirty AD subjects and fifteen healthy controls were recruited from the Nice Memory Center. Apathy was assessed with the Apathy Inventory (AI). Patients with a score greater than three on the AI caregiver version are considered in this report as having apathy. Locomotor activity was assessed using a wrist-worn actigraph for 75 minutes, during which a neuropsychological and behavioral examination were performed (60 minutes) followed by 15 minutes of free activity. Results: AD patients shown lower motor activity than healthy subjects. AD patients with apathy had lower motor activity than AD patients without apathy. Apathy total score correlated negatively with mean motor activity. Most of the total score correlation was accounted for by correlations between the apathy dimensions lack of initiative and lack of interest, with mean motor activity. Conclusion: Ambulatory actigraphy could be a simple technique to assess apathy objectively as part of routine assessment of AD patients.
Membrane-type MMPs are indispensable for placental labyrinth formation and development
Authors: Szabova Ludmila , Son Mee-Young , Shi Joanne , Sramko Marek , Yamada Susan S. , Swaim William D. , Zerfas Patricia , Kahan Stacie , Holmbeck Kenn 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are essential for pericellular matrix remodeling in late stages of development, as well as in growth and tissue homeostasis in postnatal life. Although early morphogenesis is perceived to involve substantial tissue remodeling, the roles of MT-MMPs in these processes are only partially characterized. Here we explore the functions of 2 prominently expressed MT-MMPs, MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP, and describe their roles in the process of placental morphogenesis. The fetal portion of the placenta, in particular the labyrinth (LA), displays strong overlapping expression of MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP, which is critical for syncytiotrophoblast formation and in turn for fetal vessels. Disruption of trophoblast syncytium formation consequently leads to developmental arrest with only a few poorly branched fetal vessels entering the LA causing embryonic death at embryonic day 11.5. Through knockdown of MMP expression, we demonstrate that either MT1-MMP or MT2-MMP is crucial specifically during development of the LA. In contrast, knockdown of MT-MMP activity after LA formation is compatible with development to term and postnatal life. Taken together these data identify essential but interchangeable roles for MT1-MMP or MT2-MMP in placental vasculogenesis and provide the first example of selective temporal and spatial MMP activity required for development of the mouse embryo.