bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Medical Home Versus Temporary Housing: The Importance of a Stable Usual Source of Care
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Saultz John W. , Krois Lisa , Tillotson Carrie J. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about how the stability of a usual source of care (USC) affects access to care. We examined the prevalence of USC changes among low-income children and how these changes were associated with unmet health care need.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Oregon's food stamp program in 2005. We analyzed primary data from 2681 surveys and then weighted results to 84087 families, adjusting for oversampling and nonresponse. We then ascertained the percentage of children in the Oregon population who had ever changed a USC for insurance reasons, which characteristics were associated with USC change, and how USC change was associated with unmet need. We also conducted a posthoc analysis of data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to confirm similarities between the Oregon sample and a comparable national sample.
RESULTS: Children without a USC in the Oregon population had greater odds of reporting an unmet health care need than those with a USC. This pattern was similar in national estimates. Among the Oregon sample, 23% had changed their USC because of insurance reasons, and 10% had no current USC. Compared with children with a stable USC, children who had changed their USC had greater odds of reporting unmet medical need, unmet prescription need, delayed care, unmet dental need, and unmet counseling need.
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of ensuring stability with a USC. Moving low-income children into new medical homes could disturb existing USC relationships, thereby merely creating “temporary housing.”
Who Will Care for Me Next? Transitioning to Adulthood With Hydrocephalus
Authors: Simon Tamara D. , Lamb Sara , Murphy Nancy A. , Hom Bonnie , Walker Marion L. , Clark Edward B. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: Hydrocephalus is a prototypical chronic condition that follows children into adulthood. The objectives of this study were to (1) review how the health care needs of young adults with hydrocephalus are not being met, (2) estimate the numbers of adults with childhood-onset hydrocephalus, (3) describe a novel program to provide care for young adults with hydrocephalus and other chronic pediatric conditions, and (4) propose national strategies to promote successful hydrocephalus transition care.
RESULTS: Adults with hydrocephalus need continuous access to expert surgical and medical providers. Existing care models fail to meet this need. The number of young adults who have hydrocephalus, are aged 18 to 35 and need treatment in the United States is predicted to exceed 40000 annually within the next 2 decades. We are developing integrated teams of pediatric and adult medical and surgical specialists to provide continuous, coordinated, comprehensive care for individuals with hydrocephalus in a pediatric setting. This setting will train our future physician workforce on optimal transition care. Coordinated national efforts are also needed.
CONCLUSIONS: Providers need to implement appropriate management and transition care for individuals with hydrocephalus. We must work at local and national levels to transform the care model, improve the quality of health care delivery, and improve outcomes for young adults with hydrocephalus.
Multistate Outbreak ofSalmonellaInfections Associated With Small Turtle Exposure, 2007–2008
Authors: Harris Julie R. , Bergmire-Sweat David , Schlegel Julie H. , Winpisinger Kim A. , Klos Rachel F. , Perry Christopher , Tauxe Robert V. , Sotir Mark J. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: Turtle-associated salmonellosis was increasingly recognized in the United States during the 1960s, leading to a federal ban in 1975 on the sale of turtles &lt;4 inches in carapace length (small turtles). Although sporadic reports of turtle-associated Salmonella are frequent, outbreaks are rare. In September 2007, several patients with Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B var Java infections reported recent turtle exposure. We conducted an investigation to determine the source and extent of the infections.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with Salmonella Paratyphi B var Java infections with a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern (outbreak strain) and illness onset between May 2007 and January 2008, were compared with healthy controls. Reptile exposure and awareness of a Salmonella-reptile link were assessed. Turtle size and purchase information were collected.RESULTS: We identified 107 patients with outbreak-strain infections. The median patient age was 7 years; 33% were hospitalized. Forty-seven (60%) of 78 patients interviewed reported exposure to turtles during the week before illness; 41 (87%) were small turtles, and 16 (34%) were purchased in a retail pet store. In the case-control study, 72% of 25 patients reported turtle exposure during the week before illness compared with 4% of 45 controls (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 40.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.9–unbounded]). Seven (32%) of 22 patients versus 11 (28%) of 39 controls reported knowledge of a link between reptile exposure and Salmonella infection (mOR: 1.3 [95% CI: 0.4–4.6]).CONCLUSIONS: We observed a strong association between turtle exposure and Salmonella infections in this outbreak. Small turtles continue to be sold and pose a health risk, especially to children; many people remain unaware of the link between Salmonella infection and reptile contact.
Secondhand Smoke and Respiratory Symptoms Among Adolescent Current Smokers
Authors: Lai Hak-Kan , Ho Sai-Yin , Wang Man-Ping , Lam Tai-Hing 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: No study has ever reported the association between persistent respiratory symptoms and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in adolescent smokers. The impact of SHS exposure on child health could be largely underestimated by not taking into account such effects. We investigated the association between exposure to SHS and respiratory symptoms among adolescent current smokers.
METHODS: A total of 32506 students aged 11 to 20 years from 85 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong completed a self-administered questionnaire that included persistent respiratory symptoms (for 3 consecutive months in the past 12 months), number of days of SHS exposure per week at home and outside home, smoking status, amount of active smoking, and other basic demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status.
RESULTS: Adolescent current smokers who were exposed to SHS at home 1 to 4 and 5 to 7 days/wk were 50% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3%–121%) and 77% (95% CI: 5%–199%) more likely, respectively, to report respiratory symptoms compared with those who were unexposed (P = .01 for trend). The corresponding figures for exposure outside home were 41% (95% CI: 3%–94%) and 85% (95% CI: 31%–161%; P = .004 for trend). Such associations were also observed among never-smokers, but they were weaker than those among current smokers (P &lt; .01 for interaction).
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence that SHS exposure is associated with increased risks for persistent respiratory symptoms among adolescent current smokers. Health promotion programs should aim at SHS reduction as well as smoking cessation among adolescent smokers.
Tobacco Use: A Pediatric Disease
Authors:   Committee on Environmental Health, Committee on Substance Abuse, Committee on Adolescence, and Committee on Native American Child Health
Published: October 2009

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3109.
Tobacco use and secondhand tobacco-smoke (SHS) exposure are major national and international health concerns. Pediatricians and other clinicians who care for children are uniquely positioned to assist patients and families with tobacco-use prevention and treatment. Understanding the nature and extent of tobacco use and SHS exposure is an essential first step toward the goal of eliminating tobacco use and its consequences in the pediatric population. The next steps include counseling patients and family members to avoid SHS exposures or cease tobacco use; advocacy for policies that protect children from SHS exposure; and elimination of tobacco use in the media, public places, and homes. Three overarching principles of this policy can be identified: (1) there is no safe way to use tobacco; (2) there is no safe level or duration of exposure to SHS; and (3) the financial and political power of individuals, organizations, and government should be used to support tobacco control. Pediatricians are advised not to smoke or use tobacco; to make their homes, cars, and workplaces tobacco free; to consider tobacco control when making personal and professional decisions; to support and advocate for comprehensive tobacco control; and to advise parents and patients not to start using tobacco or to quit if they are already using tobacco. Prohibiting both tobacco advertising and the use of tobacco products in the media is recommended. Recommendations for eliminating SHS exposure and reducing tobacco use include attaining universal (1) smoke-free home, car, school, work, and play environments, both inside and outside, (2) treatment of tobacco use and dependence through employer, insurance, state, and federal supports, (3) implementation and enforcement of evidence-based tobacco-control measures in local, state, national, and international jurisdictions, and (4) financial and systems support for training in and research of effective ways to prevent and treat tobacco use and SHS exposure. Pediatricians, their staff and colleagues, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have key responsibilities in tobacco control to promote the health of children, adolescents, and young adults.
Solution Processed Silver Sulfide Filament Memories
Authors: Yin Shong , Volkman Steven K. , Subramanian Vivek 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIonic resistive switches are emerging as a potential successor for flash in non!volatile memory applications. In ionic switches, metal cations migrate through a solid electrolyte forming filaments on an inert cathode that results in an abrupt increase in conductivity. This process is reversible, and the switches may be reverted to a low!conductive state. These switches have low transition voltages and fast read speed. The low switching energy potentially makes them more scalable than many other resistive memories. Silver Sulfide Resistive switches have been fabricated by sulfidizing evaporated silver films in Sulfur solutions. XPS is used to quantify stoichiometry of resultant films. SEM and AFM indicate that surface roughness increases with sulfidation time as the bulk silver film is consumed in forming the silver sulfide. XRD has confirmed presence of the acanthite phase of silver sulfide in the films. The entire process is performed at temperatures below 200C, so the devices are potentially stackable over conventional CMOS substrates in a BEOL process, and are applicable to printable electronics on plastic substrates. Initial characteristics measured on these cells are very promising, exhibiting low energy switching and good programming margins. Write/Erase voltages for cells were about 400mV and !200mV respectively. Ron/Roff ratios range from 10 to as high as 10, 000 depending on process conditions. Impact of bath concentration, bath temperature and post!annealing on the silver sulfide film structure are studied. Ionic switching is demonstrated in the films.
Significance of the Width of Keratinized Mucosa on the Health Status of the Supporting Tissue Around Implants Supporting Overdentures
Authors: Adibrad Mehdi , Shahabuei Mohammad , Sahabi Mahasti 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the association between keratinized mucosa width and the health status of the supporting tissue around implants supporting overdentures. Sixty-six functioning dental implants were examined. Periodontal parameters measured included gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, mucosal recession, periodontal attachment level, radiographic bone level, and width of keratinized mucosa. A negative correlation was found between keratinized mucosa width and mucosal recession and periodontal attachment level. When data were dichotomized by keratinized mucosa width, the mean gingival index score, plaque index score, and bleeding on probing were significantly higher for those implants with a narrow zone (&lt;2 mm) of keratinized mucosa. A wider mucosal band (≥2 mm) was associated with less mucosal recession and periodontal attachment loss compared with a narrow (&lt;2 mm) band. The absence of adequate keratinized mucosa around implants supporting overdentures was associated with higher plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, and mucosal recession.
Classification of Geotechnical Processes
Authors: Glossop Rudolph 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis A number of processes are known which will alter the properties of weak rocks and soils in situ, for the purposes of civil engineering: mechanical strength may be increased, and permeability decreased. The successful use of such processes is possible only if the physical properties of the soils to be treated have been studied, and recent progress in soil mechanics bas thus contributed to this branch of engineering. In this Article, all the processes now in use are presented in tabular form, and it is shown that they are based on four fundamental principles—drainage, compaction, artificial cementing, and bass exchange. Différents procédés sont connus pour changer les attributs des rochers et sols faibles sur place, pour le génie civil: on peut augmenter la résistancs mécanique et réduire laperméabilité L'emploi réussi dk tels procédés n'esf rendu possible que par l'étude antérieure des attributs physiques des sols à traiter. et les progrès récents dans la mécanique de sol ont ainsi contribué.à cette branche du génie. Dans cet artick, on présente sous forme de tableau tous les procédés employés actuellement, et on démontre qu'ils sont basés sur quatre principes fondamentaux-le drainage, le tasssment. la cimentation artificielle, et l'échange de la base.
Vane Tests in a Norwegian Quick-Clay
Authors: Hansen J. Brinch 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In the harbour of Horten, in Norway, various geotechnical investigations have been carried out in a stratum of post-glacial silty clay about 30 metres thick. The clay has average liquid and plastic limits of 32 per cent. and 16 per cent. respectively, whereas the natural water content is somewhat greater than the liquid limit. This means that the clay is a so-called “quick-clay,” which becomes practically liquid on remoulding; it has a sensitivity of the order of 100. The relationship between shear strength and depth has been investigated by means of cone tests and quick shear tests on samples, and by vane tests in situ. The vane tests show that the shear strength remains essentially constant to a depth of about 7 metres and then increases in direct proportion to the depth, the ratio c/p being 0·18, where c denotes shear strength and p denotes effective overburden pressure. The cone tests and the quick shear tests both indicate shear strengths which agree reasonably well with the results of the vane tests above a depth of 15 metres, whereas, below this depth, they are substantially lower than the vane strengths. A Norwegian theory concerning the formation and properties of quick-clays is described briefly. The explanation given is based on the effect of electrolytes on the quantity of water adsorbed by the clay grains. Dans le port de Horten, en Norvège, on a procédé à des études géotechniques diverses sur une conche d'argile limoneuse post-glaciaire, d'environ 30 mètres d'épaisseur. Cette argile a des limites de liquidite et de plasticite moyennes de 32 pour cent et 16 pour cent, respectivement, tandis que la teneur en eau naturelle est sensiblement plus grande que la limite de liquidité Ceci signifie que cette argile est une “argile bouillante” qui devient pratiquement liquide lors d'un remaniement; elle a une sensibilité de l'ordre de 100. Le rapport entre la résistance au cisaillement et la profondeur a été étudié au moyen d'ssais au cône. d'essais rapides de cisaillement sur des Bchantillons, et d'essais au moulinet sur place. Les essais au moulinet montrent que la résistance au cisaillement reste pratiquement constante jusqu'à une profondeur dênviron 7 mètres, et ensuite augmente en proportion directe avec la profondeur, le rapport c/p étant 0·18, darts lequel c représente la résistance au cisaillement et p la pression réelle des terrains de recouvrement. Lesessais au cône et les essais rapides de cisaillement indiquent tous les deux des résistances au cisaillement qui suivent d'une façon raisonnable les résultats des essais au moulinet pour les profondeurs de moins de 15 mètres, tandis qu'à des plus grandes profondeurs, elles sont sensiblement plus basses que les résistances calculées au moulinet. Une théorie norvégienne relative à la formation et aux propriétés des “argiles bouillantes” est décrite brièvement. L'explication donnée est basée sur l'effet des electrolytes sur la quantité d'eau adsorbée par les grains d'argile.
“Swelling Chlorite”
Authors: Stephen I. , MacEwan D. M. C. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis On examination, two samples of clay from Keuper marls have been found to contain a chloritic mineral showing a limited c-axis expansion on glycerol treatment. One of these samples gives the same (001) spacing as montmorillonoids when treated with glycerol, and a heating test is necemary to make the distinction. Après examen de deux èchantillons d'argile des marues Keuper on a trouvè qu'ils contiennent un minèral chloritique qui montre une dilatation limitèe de l'axe c après traitement par le glycèrol. Un de ces èhantillons donne le mème espacement (001) que les montmorillonoides après traitement par le glycèro1, et un essai par le chauffage est nècessaire pour faire la distinction.
The Cell-Test
Authors: De Beer Ir E. E. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The cell apparatus is usually employed in Belgium and Holland for the determination of shear strength. The results obtained from such tests depend upon the possibility of eliminating free pore water, upon the phenomena which occur in the films of adsorbed water, and upon the structure of the solid pase of the sample. The object of this Paper is to show the influence of these three factors. Pour la détermination de la résistance au cisaillement on utilise en Hollande et en Belgique généralement les appareils cellulaires. Les résultats obtenus par de tels essais dépendent de la possibilité d'évacuation de l'eau interstitielle libre, des phénomènes qui se produisent dans les films d'eau adsorbée, et de la structure de la phase solide de l'échantillon. Cette étude a pour but de mattre en relief l'influence de ces trois facteurs.
Testing The Shear Strength of Clay in Sweden
Authors: Kjellman W. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In this Paper an account is given of some apparatuses for testing shear strength which have previously been described only in Swedish. The routine methods used in Sweden for testing shear strength are also outlined, and their dependability is discussed. Finally, the reliability of the triaxial test is considered. Dans cette étude on rend compte de quelques appareils pour essayer la résistance au cisaillement qui n'ont été décrits préalablement qu'en suédois. On indique aussi les méthodes de routine útilisées en Suéde pour essayer la résistance au cisaillement, et la croyabilité de ces méthodes est soumise à discussion. Enfin, on examine la véracité de l'essai triaxial.
Computation of Load Stresses in a Three-Layer Elastic System
Authors: Acum W. E. A , Fox L. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In a recent Paper two methods were used to determine the stresses in a two-layer road system, caused by the application of uniform load over a circular area on the top surface. By the first method, due to Burmister, formulae were obtained, and evaluated by numerical quadrature, for the stresses on the axis of the applied load, while the relaxation method of Southwell was used to compute the off-axial stresses. Here Burmister's method is applied to the three-layer case, and results are given for a wide range of the parameters involved. The variables are the radius of the loaded area, the thicknesses of the two top layers, and the elasticities of the three layers, equivalent to four independent parameters. Formulae are given for the horizontal and vertical stress components, and the results are presented in tabular form. No use is made of relaxation, since the labour of producing results of the required accuracy is prohibitive. Dans une récente étude on avait employé deux méthodes pour déterminer les contraintes dans un revêtement de route à deux couches, introduites parl'application d'une charge uniformément répartie sur une zone circulaire de la surface supérieure du système. A l'aide de la premiere methode, due ‘à Burmister, des formules étaient obtenues et évaluées par quadrature numérique, ces formules représentant les contraintes sur I' axe de la charge appliquée, tandis que la méthode de relaxation de Southwell était employée pour computer les contraintes désaxées. Ici la méthode de Burmister est appliquée au cas d'un rev^etement à trois couches, et des résultam sont présentées pour une large diversite de paramètres impliqués. Les variables sont:—le rayon de la zone chargée, les épaisseurs des deux couches supérieures, et les élasticités des trois couches; elles sont équivalentes à quatre paramétres indépendants. Des formules sont indiquées exprimant les composantes horizontales et verticales des contraintes, et les résultats sont présentés sous forme de tableau. II n'a pas utilisé la méthode de relaxation en raison du travail prohibitif qu'il faudrait fournir pour obtenir des rétkultats offrant la précision voulue.