bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men
Authors: Pal Sebely , Ellis Vanessa 
Published: May 2010

Different dietary proteins vary in their ability to influence satiety and reduce food intake. The present study compared the effects of four protein meals, whey, tuna, turkey and egg albumin, on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations as well as on appetite measures and energy intake in twenty-two lean, healthy men. This was a randomised, cross-over design study where participants consumed four liquid test meals on separate occasions followed by the collection of regular blood samples (fasting, +30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min). They were then offered a buffet meal 4 h later. The blood glucose response after the consumption of the test meal, as an incremental area under the curve (AUC), was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the turkey (P < 0·023) and egg (P < 0·001) meals, but it was not lower than with the tuna meal (P < 0·34). The AUC blood insulin after the consumption of the test meal was significantly higher with the whey meal than with the tuna, turkey and egg meals (all P < 0·001). The AUC rating of hunger was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the tuna (P < 0·033), turkey (P < 0·001) and egg (P < 0·001) meals. Mean energy intake at the ad libitum meal was significantly lower (P < 0·001) with the whey meal than with the tuna, egg and turkey meals. There was a strong relationship between self-rated appetite, postprandial insulin response and energy intake at lunch. Whey protein meal produced a greater insulin response, reduced appetite and decreased ad libitum energy intake at a subsequent meal compared with the other protein meals, indicating a potential for appetite suppression and weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.
Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Unger Richard W. 
Published: May 2010

Herring exports to the Baltic from the Netherlands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were closely related to exports of the previous year rather than to aggregate levels of trade. Dutch domination of the European market for salted herring in the seventeenth century thus cannot be explained by some external factor but rather by the internal nature of the Dutch fishery: by technology, organization, and the institutions which administered it. Regulation was designed to maximize rents but, as other fishermen gained the skills of their Dutch competitors, that strategy'turned into one which at first limited sales and then returns to the Dutch industry.… O, wot een gulden Neeringhen voedsel brengt ons toe de Conincklijke Heringh;hoe menig duysend ziel bij dezen handel leeft enwinnende sijn brood God dank en eere gheeft.
Earl Godwine's ship
Authors: Keynes Simon , Love Rosalind 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Vita Ædwardi regis, written probably in the late 1060s, is a major source for our knowledge of the reign of King Edward the Confessor (1042–66). The discovery by Henry Summerson of the complete text of a hitherto incomplete poem in the Vita Ædwardi, describing a ship given to the king by Earl Godwine, on the occasion of the king's accession in 1042, contributes significantly to our understanding of the poem itself, and bears at the same time on the relationship between the Encomium Emmae reginae and Vita Ædwardi, and between the Vita Ædwardi and the later eleventh- or early-twelfth-century source common to John of Worcester's Chronicle and to William of Malmesbury's Gesta regum Anglorum. These matters are pursued further, in a preliminary exploration of the wider significance of Dr Summerson's discovery.
Climate change and the Antarctic marine ecosystem: an essay on management implications
Authors: Trathan P.N. , Agnew D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper we review evidence for, and anticipated consequences of, climate change in Antarctic marine communities, examining the potential impacts on invertebrates and vertebrates alike and exploring plausible outcomes for species, with examples principally from the Antarctic literature. We suggest that industries with the greatest potential to aggravate climate change impacts on marine communities are marine capture fisheries. In the Southern Ocean, harvesting is governed under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). CCAMLR espouses an ecological management framework and so has the capacity to mitigate harvesting impacts such that they do not worsen impacts from climate change. We discuss some of the implications of climate change and advocate that CCAMLR address certain key issues if it is to fulfil its international obligations. It will be essential for CCAMLR to determine relative risks (uncertainties), impacts and timescales, of various processes consequent on climate change. Such risk assessments should be feasible with current knowledge and should provide a focus for future work. We believe it will be important to prioritize issues that reduce impacts and uncertainties by the greatest degree, and propose that future plans should involve shared responsibility (e.g. with SCAR etc.) for each of the risks described.
Transgene effects on rhizodeposition: Evidence from molecular-chemical screening by Pyrolysis-Field Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS)
Authors: Schlichting Andre , Baum Christel , Zimmer Dana , Leinweber Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRhizodeposition plays an important role in the C and N cycle of ecosystems, since it essentially reflects the interaction between plant, soil and soil microorganisms. The molecular-chemical characterisation of rhizodeposition is often limited to selected compound classes (e.g., carbohydrates and amino acids). A more comprehensive analytical approach is based on the molecular-chemical “fingerprint” revealed by Pyrolysis-Field Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS).The presented results give evidence of specific effects in conjunction with soil type, crop, variety, transgenes and mycorrhizal colonisation on the molecular-chemical composition of rhizodeposition. The experiments included various crops (maize, potato, vetch, willow and poplar), which were grown in leaching vessels under controlled environmental conditions on different soil types. The experimental design covered different varieties for maize, trangenes (vetch and potato) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (poplar). All rhizodeposits were leached at defined growth stages and analysed by Py-FIMS.The Py-FIMS data evaluation by multivariate statistics enabled a clear discrimination by all factors. Among these factors soil type and the crop had the largest effect on the molecular-chemical composition. By contrast, variety and transgene effects were subordinated.The results of the multivariate statistics for crops, grown on the same soil (maize, potato, vetch), revealed 23 mass signals with highest discriminating power (P<0.001, multiple F-test). About 90 % of those signals can be assigned to known substances, based on our mass spectrometric in-house library and/or the literature. Further investigation will be focused on structural elucidation of the previously unassigned mass signals.
Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 Å
Authors: Gruswitz Franz , Chaudhary Sarika , Ho Joseph D. , Schlessinger Avner , Pezeshki Bobak , Ho Chi-Min , Sali Andrej , Westhoff Connie M. , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: May 2010

In humans, NH
3
transport across cell membranes is facilitated by the Rh (rhesus) family of proteins. Human Rh C glycoprotein (RhCG) forms a trimeric complex that plays an essential role in ammonia excretion and renal pH regulation. The X-ray crystallographic structure of human RhCG, determined at 2.1 Å resolution, reveals the mechanism of ammonia transport. Each monomer contains 12 transmembrane helices, one more than in the bacterial homologs. Reconstituted into proteoliposomes, RhCG conducts NH
3
to raise internal pH. Models of the erythrocyte Rh complex based on our RhCG structure suggest that the erythrocytic Rh complex is composed of stochastically assembled heterotrimers of RhAG, RhD, and RhCE.
Positive regulation by small RNAs and the role of Hfq
Authors: Soper Toby , Mandin Pierre , Majdalani Nadim , Gottesman Susan , Woodson Sarah A. 
Published: May 2010

Bacterial small noncoding RNAs carry out both positive and negative regulation of gene expression by pairing with mRNAs; in
Escherichia coli
, this regulation often requires the RNA chaperone Hfq. Three small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), DsrA, RprA, and ArcZ, positively regulate translation of the sigma factor RpoS, each pairing with the 5′ leader to open up an inhibitory hairpin. In vitro,
rpoS
interaction with sRNAs depends upon an (AAN)
4
Hfq-binding site upstream of the pairing region. Here we show that both Hfq and this Hfq binding site are required for RprA or ArcZ to act in vivo and to form a stable complex with
rpoS
mRNA in vitro; both were partially dispensable for DsrA at 37 °C. ArcZ sRNA is processed from 121 nt to a stable 56 nt species that contains the pairing region; only the 56 nt ArcZ makes a strong Hfq-dependent complex with
rpoS
. For each of these sRNAs, the stability of the sRNA•mRNA complexes, rather than their rate of formation, best predicted in vivo activity. These studies demonstrate that binding of Hfq to the
rpoS
mRNA is critical for sRNA regulation under normal conditions, but if the stability of the sRNA•mRNA complex is sufficiently high, the requirement for Hfq can be bypassed.
Introduction
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces the basic network concepts and then outlines some of the major research fronts and principles under study in the network analysis field. Major research advances include the small world phenomenon, scale-free networks, influence versus selection, diffusion of innovations and behavior change, determining efficient network forms, agent based modeling and simulation, and algorithm development. Although the research topics are diverse and have been applied to a diverse set of phenomenon, they have all been fundamentally interested in connectedness and how the set of social relations can be studied. These various research topics shed some light on how these diverse areas of investigation have implications for studying human behavior, how people gain access to resources and jobs; and how social networks influence individual and system behavior.
History
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter two provides a brief introduction to the history of social network analysis research and notes that network research development was delayed in part by an over-emphasis on inferential statistics within the social science community. The chapter then reviews how major behavioral science theories have used social network concepts. The chapter closes with a brief literature review section on the public health and medical applications of network analysis. Studies of HIV/STD, substance use, family planning and contraceptive use, social support, and inter-organizational relations have all figured prominently in the past few decades.
Methods
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provided an introduction to social network data collection and management methods. The chapter covers five types of network data collection techniques, survey, egocentric, sequenced, census, and two-mode, indicating their uses and advantages and disadvantages. The chapter introduced the idea that network data provide measures at both the individual and network level. Individual measures indicate a person's position in the network relative to others in the network. Individual measures also indicate network effects in terms of the properties of others a person is connected to, for example, whether his/her friends are smokers. Network level measures describe overall properties of the network such as its density or centralization. The network paradigm is thus made up of these four components: (1) network data collection and management, (2) network data characteristics, (3) the distinct levels of analysis, and (4) network variables derived from the data
Diffusion of Innovations
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews diffusion of innovations theory which has been the theory that has used network principles and perspectives most extensively. An introduction to the theory and a review of its principles is provided. The chapter then reviewed the 4 major classes of diffusion models (1) integration/opinion leadership, (2) structural models, (3) critical levels, and (4) dynamic models. All four models explicitly account for network diffusion dynamics, but vary in their mathematical rigor and complexity. The chapter also introduced the calculation of infectiousness and susceptibility which dynamically account for adoption behavior and in-degree and out-degree, respectively. Empirical data illustrating network exposure effects are presented as well as the calculation and interpretation of network thresholds. The chapter closes with a brief critique of the theory.
1 What Should We Do about Torture?
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter attempts to clarify the claim that there should be an absolute prohibition against torture. To clarify the claim, it is important to have a clear understanding of what we mean by torture. Treatment that destroys rational agency, and thereby undermines human dignity, defines the heart of human torture. George W. Bush's administration, in defining torture as prolonged physical or mental damage, offered a misleading and dangerous definition of torture. Given our acceptance of killing in self‐defense and of so‐called ticking‐bomb scenarios, we cannot in theory accept an absolute prohibition of torture. However, we still might believe it right to ban torture in practice. The limits of our motivation and of our understanding — our near‐invincible ignorance — might lead us to think it best to block, if we could, any policy that would allow torture. In this regard, it is important to see the weaknesses of Alan Dershowitz's and of Richard Posner's proposals for allowing a limited use of torture. Still, we cannot rule out that there could be exceptions that would allow for torture. But to act on these exceptions, we would need to know how to weigh the considerations for and against torture in particular exceptional situations. It is far from clear, however, that we know how to weigh the relevant considerations or even how to identify the exceptional situations. Given these limitations, it is perhaps best to enforce an absolute prohibition against torture, while hoping that anyone who, contrary to the ban, resorts to torture has correctly identified an exception. Much of moral importance is at stake; but we find ourselves in murky waters.
2 The Consequences of War
Authors: Hurka Thomas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Several conditions in the traditional theory of the just war — the just cause, hope of success, last resort, and proportionality conditions — assess war morally in light of its consequences, but do so differently than the consequentialist view Jonathan Glover has shown sympathy for. Unlike consequentialism, just war theory does not count all a war's good effects as morally relevant, sometimes discounts good or bad effects because of how they came about, and instead of weighing good and bad effects equally against each other sometimes gives more weight to the one and sometimes more to the other. This chapter examines these complexities in the just war assessment of consequences and shows how the resulting theory is sometimes more permissive about the resort to war than consequentialism and sometimes less permissive.
8 Transhumanity: A Moral Vision of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Harris John 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes seriously the idea that in the future there will be no more human beings but that this is not one of the things that should concern us unless the creatures that replace us are worse than humans. I emphasize the continuity in evolution which shows us that not only are present‐day humans interspecies creatures, but also that objections to human–animal combinations, “humanimals” as I call them, are misconceived on any grounds other than those of safety. If the creatures that replace us are no longer human, then so long as they are better the loss of humanity will be well worth paying. One consequence will be that we should take the “human” out of human rights and possibly also the “dignity” out of human dignity. If we do this we will be true to Jonathan Glover's insight that what matters is that in the future there will be people and not at all what sort of people they will be so long as they are an improvement on what has gone before.
10 Bystanders to Poverty
Authors: Singer Peter 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In Causing Death and Saving Lives, Jonathan Glover denies the importance of the moral distinction between acts and omissions. Yet in Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century, he overlooks the enormous loss of life caused by the failure of the affluent to give sufficient aid to prevent millions of poverty‐related deaths each year. Glover does condemn those who did nothing to prevent genocide or come to the aid of its victims, when they could have done so at no risk to themselves. Could it be that stopping genocide is a higher moral priority than stopping poverty‐related deaths? I argue that we should not accept this view and conclude that Glover's own work offers good reasons for taking very seriously our failure to reduce poverty‐related deaths.
The Development of Self-Regulation: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Authors: Hrabok Marianne , Kerns Kimberly A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with discussion of some of the definitional and conceptual issues relevant to executive function (EF) from a neuropsychological perspective. This is followed by a discussion of functions of regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) believed to be important for self-regulation, based primarily on lesion studies in adults. Following this, a model of self-regulation as it relates to attentional networks in the brain developed by Posner and his colleagues (e.g., Posner and Rothbart, 1996, 2007) is described. EF as it relates to self-regulation, the development of self-regulation, neuroplasticity, and the role of learning is also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of limitations of neuropsychological research regarding self-regulation, discussion of potential enhancement of self-regulation in children, and areas important for future research.
Working Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood: What Develops?
Authors: Hoskyn Maureen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe influence of social communicative activities on the emergence of working memory capacity in infants and young children is not well understood. On one hand, working memory capacity is thought to be an attentional executive resource that resides within the psychology of the individual. However, the complexity of children's social worlds sets the attentional demands that, in turn, require children to draw on working memory resources. Therefore, the issue is not whether working memory develops, but how does it develop and what are the influences that mediate the course of this development? The chapter begins with a discussion of constructivist theories and information processing models of an executive working memory system. Findings from studies of brain activity in infants are then presented to affirm that working memory is available to children early in the lifespan. The remaining discussion describes how social communication potentially influences the course of working memory development.
Object-Based Set-Shifting in Preschoolers: Relations to Theory of Mind
Authors: Kloo Daniela , Perner Josef , Giritzer Thomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on children's ability to shift between different ways of thinking about an object, which is termed object-based set-shifting. First, we outline crucial developments in social cognition (theory of mind) and executive functions in the preschool years. At around age 4, children master the false belief task and the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task; the latter being a measure of object-based set-shifting. We describe studies showing that these developmental advances are related. And we present evidence suggesting that both executive abilities (inhibitory control) and conceptual abilities (re-description understanding) play a role in the development of object-based set-shifting. Finally, we discuss various theories aiming to explain the general developmental link between theory of mind and executive functions.
Clarifying the Relation between Executive Function and Children's Theories of Mind
Authors: Moses Louis J. , Tahiroglu Deniz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the relation between executive functioning (EF) and theory of mind (ToM), examining (a) what aspects of EF and what aspects of ToM are implicated, (b) whether the relation is merely a product of task-specific performance factors or whether it reflects more fundamental processes in conceptual development, and (c) whether the causal relation runs from EF to ToM or vice versa. We review data from experimental, training, correlational, and cross-cultural studies to clarify these issues. We conclude that the evidence best supports the view that EF is causally implicated in ToM development and that advances in EF are necessary (but not sufficient) for the emergence, as opposed to their expression, of ToM concepts.
The Developmental Relations between Perspective Taking and Prosocial Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Task-Specificity Hypothesis
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Knight George P. , McGinley Meredith , Goodvin Rebecca , Roesch Scott C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGiven the multidimensional nature of both perspective taking and prosocial behaviors, the authors advance an information processing position that attending to characteristics of tasks used to assess these constructs will clarify the nature of their associations. A meta-analysis is presented to address the task specificity hypothesis such that perspective taking and prosocial behavior are more strongly related with greater similarity in the task dimensions of emotionality, target protagonist, and context specificity. Results support this hypothesis; the magnitude of relations between perspective taking and prosocial behavior was independently predicted by each dimension, and higher task similarity on two dimensions substantially increased explained variance. Age differences in links between perspective taking and prosocial behavior were also found suggesting that effects are strongest in middle-childhood and adolescence. Implications are discussed for the study of social cognitions and moral behaviors.
A Bidirectional View of Executive Function and Social Interaction
Authors: Hala Suzanne , Pexman Penny , Climie Emma , Rostad Kristin , Glenwright Melanie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the idea that the relation between social interaction and executive functions might be best characterized as bi-directionaldirectional. That is, that while developing executive function abilities almost definitely have considerable impact on emerging social understanding in young children, social interactions may also provide significant impetus for executive development. Working from a broadly Piagetian framework we include two avenues of exploration to illustrate. The first is that social collaboration on a problem might facilitate executive processes. Here we use the example of a collaboration on a strategic deception task. The second is that exposure to the ambiguous nature of social interactions may force the child to exercise more executive control, resulting in advances in various aspects of executive function. For examples, we draw from two research literatures—children's understanding of sarcasm and children's ability to grapple with acquiring more than one language.