bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: Modulation of p53 /Akt / phosphatase and tensin homolog expression by esculetin potentiates the anticancer activity of cisplatin and prevents its nephrotoxicity
Authors: Tikoo Kulbhushan , Shinde Abhijit Babaji , Gupta Chanchal , Jena Gopabandhu 
Published: September 2011

This article has been retracted at the request of Editor‐in‐Chief and Authors, and is available online only.The following article from Cancer Science, ‘Modulation of p53/Akt/phosphatase and tensin homolog expression by esculetin potentiates the anticancer activity of cisplatin and prevents its nephrotoxicity’ (doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2011.02091.x), by Kulbhushan Tikoo, Abhijit Babaji Shinde, Chanchal Gupta and Gopabandhu Jena, published online on 18 October 2011 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Yusuke Nakamura, and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to inappropriate image utilization in relation to Figure 2.Yusuke Nakamura  Editor‐in‐Chief  Cancer Science
Six‐year prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Nodari Savina , Manerba Alessandra , Vaccari Alberto , Milesi Giuseppe , Carubelli Valentina , Lazzarini Valentina , Lombardi Carlo , Ettori Federica , Metra Marco , Dei Cas Alessandra 
Published: September 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (4): 376–383AbstractBackground  Diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of our study was to determine the prognostic factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention.Materials and methods  Four hundred and forty‐five consecutive T2DM patients with significant CAD (≥ 75% stenosis) were included in our analysis. All patients underwent standard clinical examination, laboratory tests and transthoracic echocardiography with measurement of the left ventricular ejection fraction. Severity of CAD at the coronary angiography was evaluated using the Gensini score. Clinical follow‐up was completed at 1, 3 and 6 years.Results  During a mean follow‐up of 73·3 ± 22·1 months, 109 patients died (24·5%). Significant determinants of an increased risk of death at multivariable analysis were age (p < 0·001), serum creatinine (p = 0·001), peripheral vascular disease (p = 0·002), serum glucose (p = 0·004), serum fibrinogen (p = 0·011) and history of heart failure (HF, p = 0·011). When all the variables were entered as categorical variables, with continuous variables split at their median value, only history of HF, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum glucose, serum fibrinogen (all p < 0·0001) and beta‐blocker therapy at discharge (p = 0·027) were selected.Conclusions  Our study shows a relatively good prognosis of patients with T2DM. Comorbidities, namely HF and renal impairment, are main determinants of survival.
The penalty for arriving late in emerging salmonid juveniles: differences between species correspond to their interspecific competitive ability
Authors: Skoglund Helge , Einum Sigurd , Forseth Torbjørn , Barlaup Bjørn Torgeir 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Timing of offspring arrival (i.e. hatching, birth or emergence from nests) is commonly shown to have strong effects on their performance through body size and prior residency effects, but less is known about how such effects differ among species. The strength of such effects tends to be related to competitive intensity (e.g. population density). Variation in timing effects among species may therefore be expected to be related to their competitive ability.2. Here, we test this hypothesis by conducting sympatric and allopatric competition experiments in two ecologically similar salmonid species, Atlantic salmon and brown trout, at the onset of exogenous feeding. We first test the competitive ability of the two species in sympatric conditions in the absence of timing effects. We then test the strength of timing effects by manipulating this for the two species in allopatric conditions, and evaluate whether any difference in response to timing between the two species corresponds to species‐specific competitive abilities.3. In sympatry, trout outperformed salmon emerging at the same time, despite salmon being 32% larger at the time of emergence. Thus, trout was the stronger competitor.4. In allopatric treatments, late emerging trout performed significantly poorer in terms of survival and growth than late emerging salmon. Further, dominant trout appeared better able to monopolise resources at higher competitive intensities than dominant salmon. There were also indications that population regulation was stronger in brown trout. Replicates with a high initial density of salmon ended up with twice the final density of low‐density replicates, whereas trout ended up with similar final densities across treatments.5. The results demonstrate that species‐level differences in interspecific competitive ability corresponded with a higher intraspecific asymmetric competition among timing phenotypes, resulting in a higher penalty of emerging late in the more aggressive, dominant trout. Further, it suggests that intrinsic competitive abilities may affect the intensity of selection on offspring arrival, and thus likely affect evolution of phenological traits such as breeding time.
Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability
Authors: Silén Marit , Svantesson Mia , Kjellström Sofia , Sidenvall Birgitta , Christensson Lennart 
Published: September 2011

Aims and objectives.  The aim was fivefold: to describe Swedish nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and determine whether there were differences in perceptions depending on demographic characteristics and to describe the usability of the Moral Distress Scale in a Swedish context. Further, the aim was to describe Swedish nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate and the relationship between moral distress and ethical climate.Background.  Moral distress has been studied for more than two decades and the Moral Distress Scale is the most widely used instrument for measuring it. Moral distress has mainly been studied in relation to nurses’ characteristics, but increasing attention has been paid to contextual aspects, such as ethical climate, that could be associated with moral distress.Design.  Descriptive, with a quantitative approach.Methods.  The study used two questionnaires: the Moral Distress Scale and the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. The study was carried out at two hospitals in Sweden and included 249 nurses.Results.  Both level and frequency of moral distress were low, however level of moral distress was high in situations when the patient was not given safe and proper care. Generally, the frequency of moral distress was lower than the level. Of the situations on the Moral Distress Scale, 13 of the 32 were considered irrelevant by 10–50% of the participants. The more positive the ethical climate was perceived to be, the less frequently morally distressing situations were reported.Conclusions.  Since a positive ethical climate was associated with less frequent occurrences of moral distress, it should be investigated what contributes to a positive ethical climate. To be used in a Swedish context, the Moral Distress Scale needs further revision.Relevance to clinical practice.  Open dialogues at wards are encouraged regarding what practices contribute to a positive ethical climate.
Primary caregivers’ satisfaction with clinicians’ response to them as informal carers of young people with first‐episode psychosis: a qualitative study
Authors: McCann Terence V , Lubman Dan I , Clark Eileen 
Published: September 2011

Aim.  To explore first‐time primary caregivers’ experience of the way mental health nurses and other mental health clinicians respond to them as carers of young people with first‐episode psychosis.Background.  Caregivers have a key role in supporting family members/relatives with mental illness, but their contribution is undervalued frequently by mental health nurses and other mental health clinicians.Design.  Qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis.Method.  A qualitative interpretative design was undertaken, using semi‐structured, audio‐recorded interviews. Twenty primary caregivers were recruited through Orygen Youth Health, a first‐episode psychosis centre in Melbourne. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify themes in the data.Results.  Two competing themes were identified in the data, highlighting caregivers’ contrasting experience with mental health nurses and other mental health clinicians. First, most clinical staff were approachable and supportive. Second, several carers felt their contribution was undervalued by some clinical staff. This was as a consequence of being excluded from clinical deliberations because of clinical staffs’ concerns and young people’s requests about maintaining confidentiality regarding treatment, as well as carers feeling their role was not taken seriously by clinical staff.Conclusion.  First‐time primary carers have positive and negative experiences with first‐episode psychosis mental health nurses and other clinicians, and these competing events are interrelated. Experiences are affected directly by the manner they are treated by clinical staff and this may, in turn, affect carers’ commitment to caring, the way they engage with clinical staff on subsequent occasions and towards the first‐episode psychosis service generally.Relevance to clinical practice.  Greater appreciation is needed of the contribution, experience and difficulties caregivers encounter in their role and in engaging with mental health nurses and other clinicians. Additional training is required for clinical staff in family interventions and to familiarise them with legislation and mental health policies relating to carers.
Approaches for dealing with missing data in health care studies
Authors: Penny Kay I , Atkinson Ian 
Published: September 2011

Aim.  The aims of this study were to highlight the problems associated with missing data in healthcare research and to demonstrate the use of several techniques for dealing with missing values, through the use of an illustrative example.Background.  In healthcare research studies, it is almost impossible to avoid at least some missing values during data collection, which in turn can threaten the validity of the study conclusions. A range of methods for reducing the impact of missing data on the validity of study findings have been developed, depending on the nature and patterns which the missing values may take.Design.  A discursive study.Methods.  Several techniques designed to deal with missing data are described and applied to an illustrative example. These methods include complete‐case analysis, available‐case analysis, as well as single and multiple imputation.Conclusions.  If research data contain missing values that are not randomly distributed, then the study results are likely to be biased unless an effective approach to dealing with the missing values is implemented.Relevance to clinical practice.  If nursing and healthcare practice is to be informed by research findings, then these findings must be reliable and valid. Researchers should report the details of missing data, and appropriate methods for dealing with missing values should be incorporated into the data analysis.
Acute intermittent hypoxia induces phrenic long‐term facilitation which is modulated by 5‐HT1A receptor in the caudal raphe region of the rat
Authors: PAVLINAC DODIG IVANA , PECOTIC RENATA , VALIC MAJA , DOGAS ZORAN 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by periods of upper airway collapse accompanied by repeated episodes of hypoxia. In experimental animals repeated bouts of hypoxia may evoke sustained augmentation of phrenic nerve activity, known as phrenic long‐term facilitation (pLTF). This form of physiological compensation might contribute to stable breathing, minimizing the occurrence of apnoeas and/or hypopnoeas during sleep in patients with OSA. Serotonin (5‐HT) has been shown to modulate respiratory neuronal activity, possibly via projections originating in the raphe nuclei. Our model focuses on the effects of 5‐HT1A receptors blockade by selective antagonist WAY‐100635 into the caudal raphe region on phrenic long‐term facilitation after exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) episodes. Adult, male, urethane‐anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to AIH protocol. Experimental group received microinjection of WAY‐100635 into the caudal raphe nucleus, whereas the control group received saline into the same site. Peak phrenic nerve activity and respiratory rhythm parameters were analysed during five hypoxic episodes, as well as at 15, 30 and 60 min after the end of hypoxias. In the control group, 1 h post‐hypoxia pLTF was developed. Microinjections of selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY‐100635 into the raphe nuclei prior to the AIH protocol prevented induction of pLTF. These results suggest that 5‐HT1A receptor activation at supraspinal level is important for induction of pLTF, which is suggested to be an important respiratory neuroplasticity model in animal studies that possibly correlates with OSA in humans.
The evolution of a superbug: how Staphylococcus aureus overcomes its unique susceptibility to polyamines
Authors: Anzaldi Laura L. , Skaar Eric P. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryPolyamines are ubiquitous compounds thought to be synthesized by and required for all life. The manuscript published in this issue by Joshi and colleagues upsets this dogma by identifying several bacterial species that do not make polyamines, and in some cases do not require polyamines for growth. One such species is the significant human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, which is shown to be uniquely sensitive to polyamines. By unravelling the mechanisms of staphylococcal polyamine toxicity and tolerance, Joshi et al. (2011) provide insights into how the most virulent strains of S. aureus have evolved to be more fit during infection.
Equatorial carbonates: an earth systems approach
Authors: WILSON MOYRA E.J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe hypothesis here is that an earth systems ‘processes to products’ approach can be used to better develop predictive models for the recognition and assessment of under‐evaluated equatorial carbonate systems. Warm temperatures, together with common clastic, fresh water and nutrient influx, as well as basinal settings in the equatorial tropics, all have a major impact on carbonate deposition and diagenesis. Specific features of equatorial carbonate systems resulting from the combination of processes acting in the region include: common occurrence of photoautotrophs and heterotrophs, aragonitic and/or calcitic dominant mineralogies, lack of coated grains or aggregates, common associations with clastics, lack of associations with evaporites, and diversity of platform types, including oligophotic ones. Additional diagenetic characteristics include: common micritization and bioerosion, paucity of marine cements, extensive vadose dissolution and concomitant phreatic cementation. There is also significant replacement of aragonite by calcite in regions of meteoric groundwater flow, common burial compaction and leaching, as well as localized massive dolomitization via sea water or continental derived groundwater flow. Although equatorial carbonates fall into the warm‐water Photozoan Association, many of the features described above are at odds with models derived from their warm‐water, arid‐zone counterparts. Instead, a range of the equatorial carbonate features show some similarities with those formed in cool waters, and there have been difficulties separating carbonates from these two very different climatic regimes. Recommendations for the recognition of Phanerozoic regional equatorial carbonate development are: (i) a diversity of calcitic and/or aragonitic photoautotrophs; plus (ii) common elements of the Heterozoan Association; plus (iii) independent (for example, isotopic) evidence for warm temperatures (>22°C). Additional indicators towards a humid equatorial setting are: (iv) situation in appropriate palaeolatitudes; (v) lack of association with sedimentary evaporites, coated grain or aggregates; and (vi) geochemical evidence for reduced marine salinity and/or nutrient upwelling. The aim is that this work will lead to greater awareness and understanding of equatorial carbonate systems, and contribute to the development of globally predictive models to better understand past and likely future environmental change.
Bayesian conjugate analysis using a generalized inverted Wishart distribution accounts for differential uncertainty among the genetic parameters – an application to the maternal animal model
Authors: Munilla S. , Cantet R.J.C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryConsider the estimation of genetic (co)variance components from a maternal animal model (MAM) using a conjugated Bayesian approach. Usually, more uncertainty is expected a priori on the value of the maternal additive variance than on the value of the direct additive variance. However, it is not possible to model such differential uncertainty when assuming an inverted Wishart (IW) distribution for the genetic covariance matrix. Instead, consider the use of a generalized inverted Wishart (GIW) distribution. The GIW is essentially an extension of the IW distribution with a larger set of distinct parameters. In this study, the GIW distribution in its full generality is introduced and theoretical results regarding its use as the prior distribution for the genetic covariance matrix of the MAM are derived. In particular, we prove that the conditional conjugacy property holds so that parameter estimation can be accomplished via the Gibbs sampler. A sampling algorithm is also sketched. Furthermore, we describe how to specify the hyperparameters to account for differential prior opinion on the (co)variance components. A recursive strategy to elicit these parameters is then presented and tested using field records and simulated data. The procedure returned accurate estimates and reduced standard errors when compared with non‐informative prior settings while improving the convergence rates. In general, faster convergence was always observed when a stronger weight was placed on the prior distributions. However, analyses based on the IW distribution have also produced biased estimates when the prior means were set to over‐dispersed values.
Resistance of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Microdochium nivale Depends on Soluble Carbohydrate Content but not on Abscisic Acid Level
Authors: PŁażek A. , Dubert F. , Pociecha E. , Janowiak F. , Kolasińska I. , Maciejewski M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWinter rye plants of three Polish inbred lines and cv. Stach differing in Microdochium nivale resistance were studied relating to their frost and pink snow mould tolerance. The plants were prehardened at 12°C for 2 weeks and hardened at 2°C for 3 weeks. Control plants were grown in the greenhouse at 20°C. Frost resistance expressed as LT50 was determined for leaves and crowns of the hardened and control plants. Cold‐hardened were inoculated with mycelium of M. nivale and incubated for 35 days at 2°C in the dark. After this time, their pink snow mould resistance was evaluated and expressed as an average regrowth index (ARI). During 13 days of pathogenesis, changes in the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) and ketose content were analysed. Moreover, changes in abscisic acid (ABA) and water content (WC) during 9 days of pathogenesis were determined. All analyses were carried out in leaves and crowns of inoculated and non‐inoculated (control) plants. Cold acclimation increased frost resistance of the leaves and crowns; however, the crowns were less frost tolerant than the leaves. In the studied lines, there was a negative correlation between frost tolerance of leaves and pink snow mould resistance of plants. Plants of lines more resistant to M. nivale exhibited higher TSC and ketose concentrations in the leaves and crowns as well as lower ABA levels in comparison with the less resistant plants. The role of ABA in the defence response of rye to pink snow mould is still unclear. It seems that ABA concentration does not determine rye resistance to M. nivale, although a higher level of this hormone could decrease it.
Recovery after chronic stress within spatial reference and working memory domains: correspondence with hippocampal morphology
Authors: Hoffman A. N. , Krigbaum A. , Ortiz J. B. , Mika A. , Hutchinson K. M. , Bimonte‐Nelson H. A. , Conrad C. D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractChronic stress results in reversible spatial learning impairments in the Morris water maze that correspond with hippocampal CA3 dendritic retraction in male rats. Whether chronic stress impacts different types of memory domains, and whether these can similarly recover, is unknown. This study assessed the effects of chronic stress with and without a post‐stress delay to evaluate learning and memory deficits within two memory domains, reference and working memory, in the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Three groups of 5‐month‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were either not stressed [control (CON)], or restrained (6 h/day for 21 days) and then tested on the RAWM either on the next day [stress immediate (STR‐IMM)] or following a 21‐day delay [stress delay (STR‐DEL)]. Although the groups learned the RAWM task similarly, groups differed in their 24‐h retention trial assessment. Specifically, the STR‐IMM group made more errors within both the spatial reference and working memory domains, and these deficits corresponded with a reduction in apical branch points and length of hippocampal CA3 dendrites. In contrast, the STR‐DEL group showed significantly fewer errors in both the reference and working memory domains than the STR‐IMM group. Moreover, the STR‐DEL group showed better RAWM performance in the reference memory domain than did the CON group, and this corresponded with restored CA3 dendritic complexity, revealing long‐term enhancing actions of chronic stress. These results indicate that chronic stress‐induced spatial working and reference memory impairments, and CA3 dendritic retraction, are reversible, with chronic stress having lasting effects that can benefit spatial reference memory, but with these lasting beneficial effects being independent of CA3 dendritic complexity.