bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐HY Responses in Pregnancy Disorders
Authors: Christiansen Ole Bjarne , Steffensen Rudi , Nielsen Henriette Svarre 
Published: July 2011

Citation Christiansen OB, Steffensen R, Nielsen HS. Anti‐HY‐Responses in Pregnancy Disorders. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 93–100ProblemCellular and humoral immune responses against male‐specific minor histocompatibility (HY) antigens are important in the pathogenesis of graft‐versus‐host reactions and can be detected in women who have previously given birth to a boy. However, the importance of these responses for pregnancy outcome is unclear.Method of studyReview of the current knowledge about the impact of anti‐HY immunity on pregnancy outcome in terms of risk of miscarriage, placental abruption and low birth weight.ResultsWomen with secondary recurrent miscarriage (RM) more often have given birth to a boy compared with a girl prior to a series of miscarriages (P < 0.0001) and a firstborn boy seems significantly to reduce the chance of a subsequent live in these patients (P = 0.0003). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles known to restrict CD4 T‐cell‐mediated anti‐HY responses were investigated among 358 patients with secondary RM and 203 of their children born prior to the miscarriages. The chance of a subsequent live birth in secondary RM patients with firstborn boys compared with firstborn girls was significantly lower in women with HY‐restricting HLA class II alleles [OR: 0.17 (0.1–0.4), P = 0.0001]. In patients without these alleles, the chance of live birth was similar in those with firstborn boys and girls, respectively. In early pregnancy, both antibodies against HLA and HY antigens were found with increased prevalence in secondary patients with RM and in particular in those with a firstborn boy compared with controls (P = 0.005). The presence of these antibodies was associated with a low subsequent live birth rate, and the presence of HY antibodies was associated with a low male/female ratio (12% boys versus 88% girls) in subsequent live births (P = 0.03). Register‐based population studies suggested that births of boys also are associated with subsequent adverse obstetric outcomes also in the background population.ConclusionFindings strongly indicate that aberrant maternal immune reactions against fetal HY antigens playing a role in secondary RM and other pregnancy complications. We propose pathogenetic pathways for these conditions that in our view best explain the findings.
Epigenetics – the Key to Understand Immune Responses in Health and Disease
Authors: Janson Peter C. , Winqvist Ola 
Published: July 2011

Citation Janson PC, Winqvist O. Epigenetics – the Key to Understand Immune Responses in Health and Disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 72–74Problem  Development of alternative CD4+ T cells provides flexibility to the immune system. This is crucial for the initiation of appropriate effector mechanisms to protect against various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, tumors, and parasites.Method of study  Review of research on the epigenetic regulation of T‐cell subsets.Results  Studies of the epigenetic modulation of T‐cell subset function/dysfunction during the past years have increased our understanding of how the alternative effector populations arise and how their identity is maintained during clonal expansion.Conclusions  The recent advances in epigenetic research within the field of immunology have also raised questions on how immunology is regulated during pregnancy and early life and how epigenetic regulation of the immune system during prenatal development is related to diseases later in life such as autoimmunity and allergy.
Regional, socioeconomic and urban‐rural disparities in child and adolescent obesity in China: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Chen Tian‐Jiao , Modin Bitte , Ji Cheng‐Ye , Hjern Anders 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim:  To study socio‐demographic patterns of obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.Methods:  Data came from the 2005 cycle of the Chinese National Survey on Student’s Constitution and Health. In all, 231 326 subjects aged 7–18 years, distributed across 622 schools and 30 provinces, were analysed. Multilevel modelling was used to estimate variations at individual, school area and province levels.Results:  The prevalence of obesity varied enormously across different areas. Young people living in high socioeconomic and urban areas had higher body mass index (BMI) and higher odds of overweight and obesity than those living in lower socioeconomic and rural areas. Subjects living in provinces with a higher standard of living, as indicated by less perinatal mortality, lower Engel coefficient, and higher personal expenditure on health had higher BMI and higher odds of overweight and obesity than those living in less affluent provinces. An interaction between gender and urbanicity revealed that boys in urban areas were especially prone to obesity.Conclusion:  In contrast to most present‐day high income countries, obesity among young people in China is associated with affluence and urban residence. Intervention and strategy for obesity prevention should be targeting high socioeconomic families in urban areas, perhaps with particular focus on boys.
Drama and Empathy in Medical Education
Authors: Matharu Kabir S. , Howell Jessica , Fitzgerald Faith 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIncreasingly, undergraduate and graduate programs in medical humanities are exploring the ability of the arts to elucidate the human condition as it relates to patient care. At the University of California, Davis, students and faculty from both the Department of Medicine and English Literature have convened for informal readings of scenes from dramatic works. This paper discusses the use of excerpts from Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night and Berry Barta’s Journey into That Good Night in a medical education setting. Medical students participated in staged readings of these plays, which were filmed and then screened for a group of 30 medical students in order to elicit discussion. Topics included how individuals deal with illness differently and how prospective physicians could address similar clinical scenarios. Medical students contributed to a fluid, evolving project in which they oftentimes struggled to play a character but appreciated the opportunity to do so and to observe their peers in a similar fashion. Future plans for the project include further staged readings and presentations to larger groups of students with the intent of incorporating these activities into the medical school curriculum.
Through the Looking‐Glass: Joyce’s ‘Circe’, Flaubert’s Madame Bovary and the Poetics of Vision
Authors: Mimran Masha 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the last decades of the nineteenth century reading fiction to articulate a scientific diagnosis breeds a hybrid genre of scientific diagnosis that is both literary and medical. Just as medicine turns to fiction, thus blurring the boundaries between diagnosis and literary criticism, scientific discourses bring about artistic innovations in the novel which assimilates, mimics, and catalogs the discourses of the emerging sciences. In Madame Bovary, Flaubert’s attempt to move away from the romantic tradition is paralleled with his interest in integrating contemporary medical discourses into the narrative of Emma’s story such as hysteria. Like Flaubert, James Joyce does not remain indifferent to the emerging medical discourses. Indeed, in Joyce’s Ulysses, as one enters ‘Circe’s’ theatre of perversions, one leaves the hostile corps médical of ‘Oxen in the Sun’ only to familiarize oneself with yet another kind of linguistic laboratory that is not immune to the tyranny of the medical gaze. Looking at both Flaubert and Joyce, this article reassesses the possible conversations prompted by the dynamic exchange between the scientific and the literary discourses and explores ways in which the assimilation of the sciences of the Modern novel departs from yet remodels that of the realist narrative. Establishing a conversation between Flaubert, Joyce, and Krafft‐Ebing, I look at how the conversations between fiction and the sciences generate the ‘medicalization of fiction in the novel and the fictionalization of medical discourses.’ This cross‐fertilization between the two disciplines, I suggest, reshapes the ways in which the novel internalizes the concept of the medical gaze in the sciences.
All Talk: Robert Zemeckis’s Beowulf, Wealtheow, and Grendel’s Mother
Authors: Schipper Bill 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRobert Zemeckis’ film version of Beowulf changes the Old English epic poem in a number of significant ways. He collapses the action of the poem into a single narrative arc; he modifies the relationships among some of the chief characters, most notably in two ways: both Hrothgar and Beowulf are married to Wealtheow, the latter after Hrothgar commits suicide; and both men have affairs with Grendel’s mother, and father children with her, with the result that in Zemeckis’ version, Hrothgar is the father of Grendel, and Beowulf is the father of the dragon. The result is that the movie has as its central concerns marriage, infidelity, and family secrets, in which Wealtheow plays the role of the silent, angry wife, and Grendel’s mother the dangerous femme fatale who undermines domestic stability, rather than a fundamental conflict between good (represented by the heroic Beowulf) and evil (represented by Grendel, his mother, and the dragon).
Resistance to Genocide in the Postmodern Beowulf
Authors: Norris Robin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Anglo‐Saxon poem Beowulf concludes with the extinction of both the heroes and the monsters of the text. The poet even problematizes individual survival, which leads to exile, revenge, and further violence. Although the four recent film adaptations of Beowulf refer to the poem as the ultimate monument to their hero, they also self‐consciously postmodernize the text by blurring the boundary between monster and human. Yet because the films both fetishize individual survival and refuse to exterminate either the humans or the monsters, they do not accurately reflect the violence of the poem.
Bedrails and vulnerable older adults: how should nurses make ‘safe and sound’ decisions surrounding their use?
Authors: Shanahan Denise J. 
Published: July 2011

Aim and objectives.  This paper examines the available evidence and uses ethical principles to answer how nurses should make safe and sound decisions surrounding the use of bedrails.Background.  Bedrails are frequently observed in practice. They are designed as safety devices but there is evidence of indiscriminate and misuse with vulnerable adults.Methods.  The OVID MEDLINE, BNI and CINAHL databases were searched using key words dignity or autonomy and old[er] or elder[s/ly]), people, adult[s], patient[s], client[s] or user[s], and bed rails, bed guards, cot sides or side rails (and associated variations). Additionally United Kingdom legislation, professional codes of practice and national patient safety agency resources were also searched.Results.  Bedrail use needs careful consideration. The published evidence can be confusing and contradictory. Nurses have a duty to provide care which promotes respect for patient’s autonomy, integrity and dignity for which individualised assessment is essential. Additionally overt consideration of beneficence, non‐maleficence and justice supports decision making.Conclusions.  Protection and promotion of respect for autonomy, integrity and dignity especially with older adults must be evidenced in practice. The use of an ethical framework can enable nurses to make transparent and defensible decisions about the appropriate use of bedrails, thereby fulfilling professional, moral, and legal requirements.Implications for practice.  Bedrail use has implications beyond falls prevention. Protection and promotion of respect for autonomy, integrity and dignity with older adults must be considered in decision‐making. Physical safety must be assessed as part of a holistic assessment. Nurses may need support and training to ensure ‘safe and sound’ surrogate decision‐making in practice.
Neo‐Traditional Salafi Qur’an‐Sunna Hermeneutics1 and Its Interpretational Implications
Authors: Duderija Adis 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to outline the delineating features of a Qur’an‐Sunnah hermeneutic of one of the contemporary Muslim schools of thought, here named Neo‐traditional Salafism (NTS).The first section of the article provides a brief discussion of the main representatives of NTS. In the second part NTS is positioned in relation to the broader Islamic tradition. This is done so with respect to the relative status and authenticity of various sources of legal authority in the Islamic tradition and with a special attention given to the concept of Sunna. In the third part of the article NTS’ Sunna hermeneutic is examined more closely and its interpretational implications are noted. The fourth section describes the NTS approach to Qur’anic hermeneutics and its interpretational implications. The author argues that in terms of their methodology of interpretation of the Qur’an‐Sunnah NTS is closely related to that of the pre‐modern ahl‐hadith school of thought as both NTS and ahl‐hadith hermeneutic are characterized by a philologically centred interpretational orientation; textual ‘intentionalism’, i.e. the subscription to a voluntaristic view of law, ethics, morality and ontology; the belief in the fixed, stable nature of the meaning of the Qur’anic text residing in totality in the mind of its Originator, the interpretational marginalization of Qur’anic revelationary background; a ‘voluntarist–traditionalist’ view of the relationship between reason and revelation; textual segmentalist approach to the Qur’anic content and the illegitimacy of a hermeneutically priviledged aims (maqasid) and social benefit (maslaha) based approach to Qur’anic interpretation.
You Wore Me Down: Self‐Control Strength and Social Influence
Authors: Burkley Edward , Anderson Darshon , Curtis Jessica 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe ability to effectively regulate one’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior is at the heart of human agency. Numerous insights in self‐regulation have recently been gained utilizing the strength, or limited‐resource, model of self‐control. Much of this work has focused on the intrapersonal impact of self‐control; however, an emerging body of work has begun to shift attention toward the interpersonal realm with similar success. In this article, we review the role that regulatory strength has in social influence. Work from persuasion, compliance, and conformity demonstrate that (1) resisting social influences consumes regulatory resources and (2) when these resources are depleted, people become more susceptible to social influences. We conclude by highlighting important implications that remain unanswered and suggest potential areas of future development.
Securitizing America: Strategic Incapacitation and the Policing of Protest Since the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Gillham Patrick F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDuring the 1970s, the predominant strategy of protest policing shifted from ‘escalated force’ and repression of protesters to one of ‘negotiated management’ and mutual cooperation with protesters. Following the failures of negotiated management at the 1999 World Trade Organization demonstrations in Seattle, law enforcement quickly developed a new social control strategy, referred to here as ‘strategic incapacitation’. The US police response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks quickened the pace of police adoption of this new strategy, which emphasizes the goals of ‘securitizing society’ and isolating or neutralizing the sources of potential disruption. These goals are accomplished through (1) the use of surveillance and information sharing as a way to assess and monitor risks, (2) the use of pre‐emptive arrests and less‐lethal weapons to selectively disrupt or incapacitate protesters that engage in disruptive protest tactics or might do so, and (3) the extensive control of space in order to isolate and contain disruptive protesters actual or potential. In a comparative fashion, this paper examines the shifts in United States policing strategies over the last 50 years and uses illustrative cases from national conventions, the global justice movement and the anti‐war movement to show how strategic incapacitation has become a leading social control strategy used in the policing of protests since 9/11. It concludes by identifying promising questions for future research.
Adherence to medication for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does time frame matter?
Authors: Khoza Star , Oladapo Abiola O , Barner Jamie C 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication users frequently take ‘drug holidays’ during the summer months. The study objective was to compare ADHD medication adherence for the school year (SY, 270 days) and for the entire year (EY, 365 days) by medication type, medication class and duration of action.

Methods
Continuously enrolled Texas Medicaid children (≤18 years) who had two or more prescription claims for an ADHD medication served as the study population. SY (1 September–31 May) and EY (1 January–31 December) prescription claims were extracted from July 2002 to December 2008.

Key findings
Overall mean (±SD) adherence for SY (n = 50 842) and EY (n = 62 789) time frames was 62.2% (±26.2%) and 49.8% (±30.3%), respectively. The overall frequency of patients who were adherent (medication possession ratio, ≥80%) was higher during SY (28.3%) than during EY (22.1%). Regarding medication type, mean adherence for immediate-release stimulants (52.8 versus 37.2%), extended-release stimulants (63.7 versus 52.1%), pro-drug stimulants (63.5 versus 47.6%) and non-stimulants (62.9 versus 52.5%) was higher during SY than EY, respectively. Regarding medication class, mean adherence for stimulants (62.1 versus 49.4%) and non-stimulants (62.9 versus 52.5%) was higher during SY than EY. Similarly, regarding duration of action, mean adherence for short-acting agents (52.2 versus 37.2%) and long-acting agents (63.4 versus 52.2%) was higher during SY than EY, respectively.

Conclusions
Patients were more adherent during the SY compared to the EY. Due to unique patient medication-taking behaviors, ADHD medication adherence differs depending on the time frame used.
Identification of C
4
-Dicarboxylate Transport Systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1
Authors: Valentini Martina , Storelli Nicola , Lapouge Karine 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
utilizes preferentially C
4
-dicarboxylates such as malate, fumarate, and succinate as carbon and energy sources. We have identified and characterized two C
4
-dicarboxylate transport (Dct) systems in
P. aeruginosa
PAO1. Inactivation of the
dctA
(PA1183) gene caused a growth defect of the strain in minimal media supplemented with succinate, fumarate or malate, indicating that DctA has a major role in Dct. However, residual growth of the
dctA
mutant in these media suggested the presence of additional C
4
-dicarboxylate transporter(s). Tn
5
insertion mutagenesis of the
ΔdctA
mutant led to the identification of a second Dct system, i.e., the DctPQM transporter belonging to the
tr
ipartite
A
TP-independent
p
eriplasmic (TRAP) family of carriers. The
ΔdctA ΔdctPQM
double mutant showed no growth on malate and fumarate and residual growth on succinate, suggesting that DctA and DctPQM are the only malate and fumarate transporters, whereas additional transporters for succinate are present. Using
lacZ
reporter fusions, we showed that the expression of the
dctA
gene and the
dctPQM
operon was enhanced in early exponential growth phase and induced by C
4
-dicarboxylates. Competition experiments demonstrated that the DctPQM carrier was more efficient than the DctA carrier for the utilization of succinate at micromolar concentrations, whereas DctA was the major transporter at millimolar concentrations. To conclude, this is the first time that the high- and low-affinity uptake systems for succinate DctA and DctPQM have been reported to function coordinately to transport C
4
-dicarboxylates and that the alternative sigma factor RpoN and a DctB/DctD two-component system regulates simultaneously the
dctA
gene and the
dctPQM
operon.
Myeloid Suppressor Cells Regulate the Lung Environment—Letter
Authors: Bosiljcic Momir , Hamilton Melisa J. , Banath Judit P. , LePard Nancy E. , McDougal Denise C. , Jia Jessica X. , Krystal Gerald , Bennewith Kevin L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells implanted in syngeneic Balb/c mice are increasingly being used in metastasis research, with some groups using this model to study tumor-induced accumulation of bone marrow–derived cells in metastatic target organs. Bone marrow–derived cells (including CD11b+Gr-1+ myelomonocytic cells) are thought to modify the local lung microenvironment to facilitate subsequent colonization by metastatic tumor cells. While quantification of metastatic 4T1 tumor cells in various tissues can be done using ex vivo colony-forming assays, detection of metastatic 4T1 cells is often facilitated by expressing fluorescent proteins in the tumor cells prior to implantation. We found that Balb/c mice mount a potent immune response against 4T1 cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) that includes the generation of anti-GFP antibodies in the circulation. Importantly, the number of bone marrow–derived CD11b+Gr-1+ cells and metastatic tumor cells that accumulate in the lungs is significantly decreased in mice implanted with 4T1 cells expressing GFP compared with mice bearing wild-type 4T1 tumors. Taken together, our data caution against the use of GFP-expressing tumor cells in the Balb/c mouse strain, particularly for studying the influence of immunomodulatory cells on tumor cell metastasis. Cancer Res; 71(14); 5050–1. ©2011 AACR.
IL-18 Induces PD-1–Dependent Immunosuppression in Cancer
Authors: Terme Magali , Ullrich Evelyn , Aymeric Laetitia , Meinhardt Kathrin , Desbois Mélanie , Delahaye Nicolas , Viaud Sophie , Ryffel Bernard , Yagita Hideo , Kaplanski Gilles , Prévost-Blondel Armelle , Kato Masashi , Schultze Joachim L. , Tartour Eric , Kroemer Guido , Chaput Nathalie , Zitvogel Laurence 
Published: July 2011

AbstractImmunosuppressive cytokines subvert innate and adaptive immune responses during cancer progression. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) is known to accumulate in cancer patients, but its pathophysiological role remains unclear. In this study, we show that low levels of circulating IL-18, either exogenous or tumor derived, act to suppress the NK cell arm of tumor immunosurveillance. IL-18 produced by tumor cells promotes the development of NK-controlled metastases in a PD-1–dependent manner. Accordingly, PD-1 is expressed by activated mature NK cells in lymphoid organs of tumor bearers and is upregulated by IL-18. RNAi-mediated knockdown of IL-18 in tumors, or its systemic depletion by IL-18–binding protein, are sufficient to stimulate NK cell-dependent immunosurveillance in various tumor models. Together, these results define IL-18 as an immunosuppressive cytokine in cancer. Our findings suggest novel clinical implementations of anti-PD-1 antibodies in human malignancies that produce IL-18. Cancer Res; 71(16); 5393–9. ©2011 AACR.