bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Life History, Growth and Development from the Metacercarial Stage to Adulthood, of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A. 
Published: November 2009

The experimental infection of young cattle egrets with metacercarial cysts of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966 from Tilapia spp. is described.A table showing the duration of infection, the number of parasites recovered, the percentage of infection and the location of the parasites within the host is constructed and the results discussed.A graph of mean length and breadth of body, oral and ventral suckers, cirrus pouch, ovary and anterior testis, is plotted against the duration of infection in days. Most of these dimensions are found to attain a peak two days after infection. It is also found that while the ovary increases in size with age, the cirrus pouch remains constant, so that in mature adults, both are about equal in size,It is shown, by plotting length of organs against length of body and by expressing mean measurements of certain dimensions as percentages of body length, that apart from the testes, all the other organs in both the metacercariae and the adults maintain a constant relationship both with one another and with body length as they grow older.
In vivo efficacy and ultrastructural effects of mitomycin C against experimental alveolar hydatid disease
Authors: Marchiondo Alan A. , Andersen Ferron L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe in vivo efficacy and ultrastructural effects of mitomycin C were determined against alveolar hydatid disease in experimentally infected animals and compared to mebendazole treatment. Mitomycin C inhibited tne mean cyst mass of treated versus control animals by 84·1% which was statistically significant at the α=0·01 level. Mebendazole given daily inhibited the mean cyst mass by 80·1%, while mebendazole administration on the same treatment schedule as that used for mitomycin C inhibited the mean cyst mass by 74·4% Ultrastructurally, mitomycin C was not observed to affect the tegumental microtriches (microvilli) or ine microtubular system. However, an increase in the number and accumulation of round to oval electronaense vesicles was observed within the subtegument. These inclusion bodies became vacuolated, osequently degenerated, and formed myelin-like figures. Mitomycin C, like mebendazole, was only cystistatic in its effects on the cyst stage of Echinococcus multilocularis as evidenced by the growth of treated cyst material following inoculation into helminth-free animals.
Hunger als Ursache der Leberzirrhose
Authors: Kalk H. 
Published: November 2009

Von 19 Heimkehrern aus Gefangenschaft wurden, da ein Teil eine Leber- und Milzvergrößerung aufwies und die Leberfunktionsproben nicht eindeutig ausfielen, 13 einer Laparoskopie und Leberpunktion unterzogen.Viermal fand sich dabei eine Leberzirrhose. Die vier entsprechenden Krankheitsgeschichten und eine weitere Krankengeschichte eines früher beobachteten Heimkehrers mit Zirrhose werden gebracht. Die Ursache der Zirrhose wird in den schweren Hungerzuständen mit Ödemen gesehen, die vier von den fünf Heimkehrern durchgemacht hatten.Es wird angenommen, daß der schwere Hungerzustand zu einer Fettleber führt, die in Zirrhose übergeht, ähnlich wie das in Tierversuchen angelsächsischer Autoren beschrieben wurde.Tatsächlich fanden sich bei drei Heimkehrern mit lipophiler Dystrophie (von den restlichen neun Heimkehrern) Zeichen mehr oder weniger starker Leberverfettung.Von fünf der beschriebenen Zirrhosen bei Heimkehrern hatten drei eine Hämochromatose. Die Ursache dieser Hämochromatose bleibt vorläufig ungeklärt.Auf die Bedeutung der Laparoskopie und Leberpunktion für die Diagnose der Zirrhose und Hämochromatose wird hingewiesen. Heimkehrer, die schwere Hungerzustände durchgemacht haben, sollten eiweißreich und fettarm unter Zusatz von Methionin und Cholin ernährt werden.
Shrub expansion stimulates soil C and N storage along a coastal soil chronosequence
Authors: BRANTLEY STEVEN T. , YOUNG DONALD R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractExpansion of woody vegetation in grasslands is a worldwide phenomenon with implications for C and N cycling at local, regional and global scales. Although woody encroachment is often accompanied by increased annual net primary production (ANPP) and increased inputs of litter, mesic ecosystems may become sources for C after woody encroachment because stimulation of soil CO2 efflux releases stored soil carbon. Our objective was to determine if young, sandy soils on a barrier island became a sink for C after encroachment of the nitrogen‐fixing shrub Morella cerifera, or if associated stimulation of soil CO2 efflux mitigated increased litterfall. We monitored variations in litterfall in shrub thickets across a chronosequence of shrub expansion and compared those data to previous measurements of ANPP in adjacent grasslands. In the final year, we quantified standing litter C and N pools in shrub thickets and soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN) and soil CO2 efflux in shrub thickets and adjacent grasslands. Heavy litterfall resulted in a dense litter layer storing an average of 809 g C m−2 and 36 g N m−2. Although soil CO2 efflux was stimulated by shrub encroachment in younger soils, soil CO2 efflux did not vary between shrub thickets and grasslands in the oldest soils and increases in CO2 efflux in shrub thickets did not offset contributions of increased litterfall to SOC. SOC was 3.6–9.8 times higher beneath shrub thickets than in grassland soils and soil TN was 2.5–7.7 times higher under shrub thickets. Accumulation rates of soil and litter C were highest in the youngest thicket at 101 g m−2 yr−1 and declined with increasing thicket age. Expansion of shrubs on barrier islands, which have low levels of soil carbon and high potential for ANPP, has the potential to significantly increase ecosystem C sequestration.
Experimental evidence for the attenuating effect of SOM protection on temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition
Authors: GILLABEL JEROEN , CEBRIAN‐LOPEZ BEATRIZ , SIX JOHAN , MERCKX ROEL 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe ability to predict C cycle responses to temperature changes depends on the accurate representation of temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in C models for different C pools and soil depths. Theoretically, Q10 of SOM decomposition is determined by SOM quality and availability (referred to here as SOM protection). Here, we focus on the role of SOM protection in attenuating the intrinsic, SOM quality dependent Q10. To assess the separate effects of SOM quality and protection, we incubated topsoil and subsoil samples characterized by differences in SOM protection under optimum moisture conditions at 25 °C and 35 °C. Although lower SOM quality in the subsoil should lead to a higher Q10 according to kinetic theory, we observed a much lower overall temperature response in subsoil compared with the topsoil. Q10 values determined for respired SOM fractions of decreasing lability within the topsoil increased from 1.9 for the most labile to 3.8 for the least labile respired SOM, whereas corresponding Q10 values for the subsoil did not show this trend (Q10 between 1.4 and 0.9). These results indicate the existence of a limiting factor that attenuates the intrinsic effect of SOM quality on Q10 in the subsoil. A parallel incubation experiment of 13C‐labeled plant material added to top‐ and subsoil showed that decomposition of an unprotected C substrate of equal quality responds similarly to temperature changes in top‐ and subsoil. This further confirms that the attenuating effect on Q10 in the subsoil originates from SOM protection rather than from microbial properties or other nutrient limitations. In conclusion, we found experimental evidence that SOM protection can attenuate the intrinsic Q10 of SOM decomposition.
The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end‐of‐life studies
Authors: Wu Hung‐Lan , Volker Deborah L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTitle.  The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end‐of‐life studies. Aim.  This paper is a report of an analysis of the use of theory in qualitative approaches to research as exemplified in qualitative end‐of‐life studies.Background.  Nurses researchers turn to theory to conceptualize research problems and guide investigations. However, researchers using qualitative approaches do not consistently articulate how theory has been applied, and no clear consensus exists regarding the appropriate application of theory in qualitative studies. A review of qualitative, end‐of‐life studies is used to illustrate application of theory to study design and findings.Data sources.  A review of theoretical literature was carried out, focusing on definitions and use of theory in qualitative end‐of‐life studies published in English between 1990 and 2008.Discussion.  The term ‘theory’ continues to be used in a variety of ways by theorists and researchers. Within the reviewed end‐of‐life studies, the use of theory included theory creation or provision of a comparative framework for data analysis and interpretation.Implications for nursing.  Nurses who conduct qualitative studies should examine the philosophical and theoretical bases of their selected methodological approach, articulate a theoretical framework that fits the phenomenon being studied, and adopt a critical, flexible and creative attitude when applying theory to a study.Conclusion.  Theory can be put to several uses in qualitative inquiry and should guide nurse researchers as they develop and implement their studies. Nurse educators who teach qualitative approaches to research should emphasize a variety of ways to incorporate theory in qualitative designs.
A host species‐informative internal control for molecular assessment of African swine fever virus infection rates in the African sylvatic cycle Ornithodoros vector
Authors: BASTOS A. D. S. , ARNOT L. F. , JACQUIER M. D. , MAREE S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in adult Ornithodoros porcinus (Murry 1877, sensuWalton 1979) ticks collected from warthog burrows in southern and East Africa was assessed using a duplex genomic amplification approach that is informative with respect to the invertebrate host species and infecting sylvatic cycle virus. DNA extracted from individual ticks was used as template for the simultaneous amplification of a C‐terminal 478‐bp ASFV p72 gene region and a ∼313‐bp fragment of the tick mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, under optimized reaction conditions. Within‐warthog burrow infection rates ranged from 0% to 43% using this approach, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S gene sequences revealed the presence of three geographically discrete O. porcinus lineages, but no support for subspecies recognition. False negatives are precluded by the inclusion of host species‐informative primers that ensure the DNA integrity of cytoplasmically located genome extracts. In addition, infection rate estimates are further improved as false positives arising from carry‐over contamination when performing a two‐step nested polymerase chain reaction are negated by the one‐step approach. Phylogenetic comparison of full‐length virus gene sequences with the partial C‐terminal p72 gene target confirmed the epidemiological utility of the latter in a sylvatic setting. The method is therefore of particular value in studies assessing the prevalence and diversity of ASFV in relation to the African sylvatic tick vector and holds potential for investigating the role of alternative tick species in virus maintenance and transmission.
The thorough QT/QTc study 4 years after the implementation of the ICH E14 guidance
Authors: Darpo B 
Published: November 2009

The ICH E14 guidance on how to clinically assess a new drug's liability to prolong the QT interval was adopted in May 2005. A centre‐piece of the guidance was the establishment of one single trial, the ‘thorough QT/QTcstudy’, intended to confidently identify drugs that may cause QT prolongation. Initially perceived as a great challenge, this study has rapidly become a standard component of all clinical development programs for new molecular entities. The study is normally conducted in healthy volunteers, includes both a positive and a negative (placebo) control and is stringently powered to exclude an effect on the QTc interval exceeding 10 ms. The E14 guidance was intentionally not very prescriptive and allowed sponsors and service providers to explore new methodologies. This has allowed for a rapid development of new methods during the first years after the guidance's implementation, such as computer‐assisted algorithms for QT measurements. Regulators have worked in close collaboration with pharmaceutical industry to set standards for the design and conduct of the ‘thorough QT/QTc study’, which therefore has evolved as a key component of cardiac safety assessment of new drugs. This paper summarizes the requirements on the ‘thorough QT/QTc study’ with emphasis on the standard that has evolved based on interactions between regulators and sponsors and the experience from a large number of completed studies.This article is part of a themed section on QT safety. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2010
A Novel Synergistic Combination of Cyclophosphamide and Gene Transfer of Interleukin-12 Eradicates Colorectal Carcinoma in Mice
Authors: Malvicini Mariana , Rizzo Miguel , Alaniz Laura , Piñero Federico , García Mariana , Atorrasagasti Catalina , Aquino Jorge B. , Rozados Viviana , Scharovsky O. Graciela , Matar Pablo , Mazzolini Guillermo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an immunostimulatory cytokine with potent antitumor effects in several animal models. However, serious toxicity has been associated with its systemic application in humans. Gene transfer has emerged as a tool to specifically express therapeutic genes into the tumor/peritumoral milieu, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. The aim of this study was to analyze whether subtherapeutic doses of an adenovirus encoding IL-12 (AdIL-12) might synergize with low immunopotentiating doses of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
Experimental Design: The antitumor effect of combining a single low dose of cyclophosphamide with an intratumoral injection of AdIL-12 was evaluated in an in vivo murine colorectal carcinoma model. The immune responses achieved with different treatments were monitored, comparing the effect of combining both therapies with individual treatments.
Results: The combined therapy induced a complete tumor regression in &gt;50% of mice in a synergistic fashion, and it significantly prolonged their survival. This strategy was superior to each single treatment in reducing both peripheral and splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, increasing the number of activated dendritic cells, and inducing IFN-γ-secreting CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Importantly, the combined treatment generated a powerful tumor-specific CTL response. Consistently, a significant reduction in IL-10 levels was found. Our data suggest that the combination of nontoxic doses of cyclophosphamide with AdIL-12 allows the generation of good antitumoral responses, thus avoiding undesired side effects of both agents.
Conclusions: Our data strongly support the use of a combination of cyclophosphamide and AdIL-12 as a novel therapeutic strategy against colorectal carcinoma. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7256–65)
Cricothyroid Activity and Control of Voicing in Hindi Stops and Affricates
Authors: Dixit Prakash , MacNeilage Peter F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Simultaneous recordings of voice and cricothyroid activity during speech gestures by one speaker of Hindi were made. The experimental utterances consisted of monosyllabic and bisyllabic meaningful and nonsense words containing in prestressed initial and medial and poststressed final positions the voiced and unvoiced stops and affricates from both the aspirated and unaspirated categories. All of the words were embedded in the carrier sentence ‘baba – ap boliye’. The results show markedly higher levels of cricothyroid activity for the unvoiced stops and affricates than for their voiced cognates. This cricothyroid activity appears to facilitate voicelessness through increased fold tension during unvoiced stops and affricates and thus contributes to the execution of voicing distinction in voiced and unvoiced stops and affricates. Fundamental frequency data obtained on precisely the utterances reported in this paper also seem to fit the hypothesis that unvoiced stops and affricates have higher fold tension than voiced stops and affricates.
Missionary Medicine and Akan Therapeutics: Illness, Health and Healing in Southern Ghana's Basel Mission, 1828-1918
Authors: Mohr Adam 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Basel missionaries in southern Ghana came from a strong religious healing tradition in southwest Germany that, within some circles, had reservations about the morality and efficacy of biomedicine in the nineteenth century. Along with Akan Christians, these missionaries in Ghana followed local Akan healing practices before the colonial period was formalized, contrary to a pervasive discourse condemning local religion and healing as un-Christian. Around 1885, however, a radical shift in healing practices occurred within the mission and in Germany that corresponded to both the Bacteriological Revolution and the formal colonial period. In 1885 the first medical missionary from Basel arrived in Ghana, while at the same time missionaries began supporting biomedicine exclusively. This posed a great problem for Akan Christians, who began to seek Akan healers covertly. Akan Christians argued with their European coreligionists that Akan healing was a form of culturally relative therapy, not a rival theology.
The Inter-relationship between International and National Minority-Rights Law in Selected Western Balkan States
Authors: Harzl Benedikt , Engl Alice 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe violent conflicts that erupted after the breakup of communist regimes (especially in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) have gradually changed the standing of minority rights and minority protection: first, the differential treatment of minority groups has become a legitimate—if not necessary—instrument to guarantee equality and stability, and, second, minority-rights legislation and minority protection are increasingly regarded as a responsibility shared among national and international actors. This inter-relationship between international instruments and national legal provisions can be usefully observed particularly in the states that emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia. Due to the necessity of ensuring peace and stability, the constitutions of these emerging states have been increasingly influenced by international norms and standards for minority protection—a process that can be characterized as the 'internationalization of constitutional law'. This article assesses these developments, at both the national and international levels, in order to shed light on the particular inter-relationship among these different layers, by looking at the example of selected Western Balkan states.
Fuzzy Statehood: An International Legal Perspective on Kosovo's Declaration of Independence
Authors: Knoll Bernhard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis contribution subjects Kosovo's declaration of independence of 2008 to a comprehensive and detailed analysis from the perspective of international law. It begins with a reflection on Kosovo's status process as it unfolded in 2006 and discusses some of the challenges that Serbia faced when it proposed that Kosovo be vested with “more than autonomy, less than independence”. The main body of the article speculates on some of the implications that Kosovo's independence may have in public international law, especially with a view to the forthcoming International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on the matter. It concludes that the resolution of Kosovo's status has to be seen in the context of a decreasing reliance on the international norm that has hitherto protected the territorial integrity of states.
Representing the “Sea Woman”
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Oosten Jarich 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the dynamics of the representation of the “sea woman,” sometimes known as Sedna, among the Inuit of Northeastern Canada in myths, shamanic experiences, and modern artistic representations. The varying representations of the sea women are connected to shamanic practice. The sea woman does not have a clearly defined iconography; this lack of definition gave shamans some flexibility in giving versions of encounters with the sea women, and enables Inuit artists to utilize that lack of iconographic specificity in creating their sculptures today.
Complications of LASIK Flaps Made by the IntraLase 15- and 30-kHz Femtosecond Lasers
Authors: Haft Payman , Yoo Sonia H. , Kymionis George D. , Ide Takeshi , O'Brien Terrence P. , Culbertson William W. 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To describe complications associated with femtosecond laser-assisted flap creation in LASIK surgery. The management and visual outcomes of femtosecond laser complications related to flap creation in LASIK patients are also described.

Methods:
All eyes that underwent LASIK with the IntraLase femtosecond laser from September 2003 to June 2006 at a university-based refractive center were included in this retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series and IntraLase-related LASIK complications are described. All flaps were made with the 15- and 30-kHz IntraLase femtosecond laser.

Results:
Included in the study were 4772 eyes, of which 44 (0.92%) eyes had direct or indirect complications due to flap creation. Thirty-two eyes had indirect complications (diffuse lamellar keratitis [DLK] and transient light sensitivity)—20 (0.42%) eyes developed DLK (stage 1 to 2) and 12 (0.25%) eyes had transient light sensitivity syndrome. Twelve (0.25%) eyes had direct femtosecond laser flap-related complications—8 (0.17%) eyes had premature breakthrough of gas through the epithelium within the flap margins, 3 (0.06%) eyes had incomplete flaps due to suction loss, and 1 (0.02%) eye had irregular flap due to previous corneal scar.

Conclusions:
Less than 1% of eyes had direct or indirect complications due to femtosecond laser flap creation. Laser in situ keratomileusis complications specifically related to the IntraLase femtosecond laser did not cause loss of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity in any eyes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:979–984.]