bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug Metabolism and Interactions in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Yanni Souzan , Allegaert Karel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInfants and children are different from adults, also in the way they handle (pharmacokinetics, PK) and subsequently respond (pharmacodynamics) to drugs. Developmental PK focuses on developmental aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, subsequent potentially affecting drug pharmacological response, and safety.All drug metabolism‐mediated phase I and II reactions display isoenzyme specific age‐dependent activity, that is, ontogeny. Severalin vitroand clinical studies of probe drugs used in children revealed that ontogeny in drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters results in significant differences in PK, safety, and interactions of drugs between children and adults. Altered drug metabolism and/or transporters can lead to the development of adverse effects in infants or, reversely, may result in relative tolerance in this population compared to adulthood because of insufficient toxic metabolite formation.Age‐dependent changes in liver drug metabolism have been most extensively studied. In addition to the maturation of drug‐metabolizing enzyme activities, age‐dependent changes in (i) uptake and efflux drug transporters; (ii) extent of plasma protein binding; (iii) liver size relative to body weight (BW); (iv) liver blood flow; and (v) microgram microsomal protein per gram liver are the key factors that influence the changes in drug metabolism and its hepatic clearance in pediatric populations compared with adults.In this chapter, drug metabolism in pediatric patients and the factors that mediate the variability in relation to phase I and II enzymes is described. The impact of accurate evaluation of drug metabolism on drug clearance and dose determination in pediatric patients are briefly discussed; deficient in clinical studies and dose selection in relation to off‐label drug therapy in pediatric populations are also discussed. Furthermore, the information that described the metabolism‐mediated drug interaction or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is then reviewed. Finally, tools to study the drug metabolism in this populations and overseen limitation are summarized.
Power in Numbers: The Effect of Target Set Size on Prospective Person Memory in an Analog Missing Child Scenario
Authors: Lampinen James Michael , Peters Christopher S. , Gier Vicki S. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryEfforts to find missing or wanted individuals have been characterized as an example of event‐based prospective memory called prospective person memory. We examined prospective person memory in the context of missing children. Participants studied 4 or 12 mock missing child posters. In Experiment 1, we equated total time per poster and found no difference between conditions in prospective person memory accuracy. In Experiment 2, we equated total time for all posters and found evidence of a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy in the 12‐poster condition. In Experiment 3, we allowed free study and also found a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy. Across all three experiments, we also found evidence of a more liberal response bias in the 12‐poster condition. Results are discussed in terms of both practical and theoretical implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo biocompatibility and bioactivity of in situ synthesized hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone composite materials
Authors: Ma Rui , Weng Luqian , Bao Xujin , Song Shenhua , Zhang Yu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone (HA/PEEK) composite materials were prepared via an in situ synthesis process in order to achieve strong bonding between PEEK matrix and hydroxyapatite fillers, and ultimately to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. In the study, the biocompatibility of the synthesized HA/PEEK materials was investigated by acute toxicity test, hemolytic test, sensitization test, pyrogen test, intradermal test, and toxicity assay test on animal tissue and cells for the purpose of examining the possible adverse effects of the residue organic chemicals from the in situ synthesis process. In vivo bioactivity of both lab‐synthesized PEEK and HA/PEEK composites with various HA content was also studied. It is found that the in situ synthesized composite materials possess good biocompability without toxicity. Although the bioactivity of the material increases with HA content, the composite material with 5.6 vol % HA exhibits satisfactory bioactivity without compromising its excellent mechanical performance, which hints to a potential use as load‐bearing orthopedic material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
An ionic liquid‐based polymer with π‐stacked structure as all‐solid‐state electrolyte for efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wang Guiqiang , Zhuo Shuping , Lin Yuan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn ionic liquid based polymer, poly(1‐ethyl‐3‐(acryloyloxy)hexylimidazolium iodide) (PEAI), was synthesized and employed as electrolyte to fabricate all‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells. The photophysical properties of PEAI were studied by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. PEAI exhibited significant hypochromism and red shift in UV–vis absorption spectra and large Stokes shifts in photoluminescence spectra, indicating the formation of a novel π‐stacked structure in which the imidazolium rings in the side chain were stacked. Without iodine in its preparation, DSC with PEAI electrolyte achieved a conversion efficiency of 5.29% under AM 1.5 simulated solar light irradiation (100 mW cm−2). The side‐chain imidazolium π‐π stacking in PEAI played a key role in the holes transport from the photoanode to the counter electrode. Both the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density showed decreases with the increase in the content of iodine in PEAI electrolyte. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
In vitro evaluation of electrospun gelatin‐bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Gao Chunxia , Gao Qiang , Li Yadong , Rahaman Mohamed N. , Teramoto Akira , Abe Koji 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid materials, composed of phases that interact on a nanoscale and a microstructure that mimics the extracellular matrix, can potentially provide attractive scaffolds for bone regeneration. In the present study, hybrid scaffolds of gelatin and bioactive glass (BG) with a fibrous microstructure were prepared by a combined sol–gel and electrospinning technique and evaluated in vitro. Structural and chemical analyses showed that the fibers consisted of gelatin and BG that were covalently linked by 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to form a homogeneous phase. Immersion of the gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C resulted in the formation of a hydroxyapatite (HA)‐like material on the surface of the fibers within 12 h, showing the bioactivity of the scaffolds. After 5 days in SBF, the surface of the hybrid scaffolds was completely covered with an HA‐like layer. The gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds had a tensile strength of 4.3 ± 1.2 MPa and an elongation to failure of 168 ± 14%, compared to values of 0.5 ± 0.2 MPa and 63 ± 2% for gelatin scaffolds with a similar microstructure. The hybrid scaffolds supported the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization during in vitro culture, showing their biocompatibility. The results indicate that these gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds prepared by a combination of sol–gel processing and electrospinning have potential for application in bone regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Highly Efficient Redox Isomerisation of Allylic Alcohols Catalysed by Pyrazole‐Based Ruthenium(IV) Complexes in Water: Mechanisms of Bifunctional Catalysis in Water
Authors: Bellarosa Luca , Díez Josefina , Gimeno José , Lledós Agustí , Suárez Francisco J. , Ujaque Gregori , Vicent Cristian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe catalytic activity of ruthenium(IV) ([Ru(η3:η3‐C10H16)Cl2L]; C10H16=2,7‐dimethylocta‐2,6‐diene‐1,8‐diyl, L=pyrazole, 3‐methylpyrazole, 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole, 3‐methyl‐5‐phenylpyrazole, 2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)phenol or indazole) and ruthenium(II) complexes ([Ru(η6‐arene)Cl2(3,5‐dimethylpyrazole)]; arene=C6H6, p‐cymene or C6Me6) in the redox isomerisation of allylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds in water is reported. The former show much higher catalytic activity than ruthenium(II) complexes. In particular, a variety of allylic alcohols have been quantitatively isomerised by using [Ru(η3:η3‐C10H16)Cl2(pyrazole)] as a catalyst; the reactions proceeded faster in water than in THF, and in the absence of base. The isomerisations of monosubstituted alcohols take place rapidly (10–60 min, turn‐over frequency=750–3000 h−1) and, in some cases, at 35 °C in 60 min. The nature of the aqueous species formed in water by this complex has been analysed by ESI‐MS. To analyse how an aqueous medium can influence the mechanism of the bifunctional catalytic process, DFT calculations (B3LYP) including one or two explicit water molecules and using the polarisable continuum model have been carried out and provide a valuable insight into the role of water on the activity of the bifunctional catalyst. Several mechanisms have been considered and imply the formation of aqua complexes and their deprotonated species generated from [Ru(η3:η3‐C10H16)Cl2(pyrazole)]. Different competitive pathways based on outer‐sphere mechanisms, which imply hydrogen‐transfer processes, have been analysed. The overall isomerisation implies two hydrogen‐transfer steps from the substrate to the catalyst and subsequent transfer back to the substrate. In addition to the conventional Noyori outer‐sphere mechanism, which involves the pyrazolide ligand, a new mechanism with a hydroxopyrazole complex as the active species can be at work in water. The possibility of formation of an enol, which isomerises easily to the keto form in water, also contributes to the efficiency in water.
Graphene nanoribbon FETs for digital electronics: experiment and modeling
Authors: Tahy Kristof , Xing Huili , Jena Debdeep 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTOne‐dimensional nanostructures of graphene such as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) can prove attractive for digital electronics in the form of interband tunneling transistors, as they are capable of high drive currents. Here, we report on the transport properties of p‐n junctions formed in GNR field effect transistors (FETs). It is found that the current density in the devices is indeed high; in the 1–1.5 A/mm range have been measured, comparable to Si‐MOSFETs and III‐V Nitride HEMTs. The observed unique current–voltage characteristics of the double‐gated GNR FETs having a lateral p‐n junction as their channel is explained by a field‐effect model. Due to the lack of sufficiently large bandgap in the 30 nm wide GNR, the device still cannot be turned off completely, but rectification is achieved. The results suggest that the fabrication of tunneling FETs made out of graphene is possible and their characteristics may meet the expectations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunophenotypic characterization of enteric neural crest cells in the developing avian colorectum
Authors: Nagy Nandor , Burns Alan J. , Goldstein Allan M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA chick–chick intraspecies chimera was created by removing the neural tube adjacent to somites 2–6 from a normal chick embryo at E1.5 and replacing it with equivalent tissue from an age‐matched chick‐GFP transgenic embryo. At E10, the colorectum was removed, sectioned, and stained with HNK‐1 antibody (red) to detect neural crest‐derived cells, and with DAPI (blue) to label nuclei. Vagal neural crest‐derived cells are HNK‐1+/GFP+, while sacral neural crest derived‐cells, which comprise the nerve of Remak, are HNK‐1+/GFP−. From Nagy et al., Developmental Dynamics 241:842–851, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elaboration of Urease Adsorption on Silicalite for Biosensor Creation
Authors: Kucherenko I. S. , Soldatkin O. O. , Kasap B. O. , Öztürk S. , Akata B. , Soldatkin A. P. , Dzyadevych S. V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA possibility of efficient urease adsorption on silicalite for the purpose of biosensor creation was investigated. The procedure of urease adsorption on silicalite is notable for such advantages as simple and fast performance and non‐use of toxic or auxiliary compounds. Optimal conditions for modifying transducer surfaces with silicalite and subsequent urease adsorption on these surfaces were selected. The working parameters of the created biosensor were optimized. The developed biosensor with adsorbed urease was characterized by good intra‐reproducibility (RSD – 4.5 %), improved inter‐reproducibility (RSD of urea determination is 9 %) and operational stability (less than 10 % loss of activity after 10 days). Besides, the developed method for enzyme adsorption on silicalite was compared with the traditional methods of urease immobilization in biosensorics. Working conditions of the produced biosensor (pH and ionic strength) were shown to be close to those of the biosensor based on urease immobilized in GA vapor. For these reasons, it was concluded that the method of enzyme adsorption on silicalite is well‐suited for biosensor standardization aimed at its further manufacture.
Electrochemical Characterization of Stainless Steel as a New Electrode Material in a Medical Device for the Diagnosis of Sudomotor Dysfunction
Authors: Ayoub Hanna , LAIR Virginie , Griveau Sophie , Brunswick Philippe , Bedioui Fethi , Cassir Michel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor detects the risk of diabetes and prediabetes; low potentials are applied to nickel electrodes and electrical responses are measured. Although the contact of nickel with skin is short, the risk of allergical reactions cannot be discarded. SS 304L, with lower Ni content, was tested in carbonate buffer solutions containing chloride, lactate and urea to investigate its sensitivity to different parameters in sweat and compare it to nickel. The results show that SS 304L is a suitable material for the assessment of sudomotor dysfunction due to its high capacity to detect the deviation in Cl− concentration. Sensitivity of SS 304L to Cl− is much higher than for nickel.
Mesoporous Silica Sputter‐Coated onto ITO: Electrochemical Processes, Ion Permeability, and Gold Deposition Through NanoPores
Authors: Vuorema Anne , Sillanpää Mika , Edler Karen J. , Jaber Robben , Dale Sara E. C. , Bending Simon , Gu Yunfeng , Yunus Kamran , Fisher Adrian C. , Marken Frank 
Published: May 2012

Abstract“Simple” silica films of 50 nm and 100 nm thickness are sputter‐coated onto ITO substrates and shown to be structured with in‐planed features of ca. 15 nm and pores <5 nm (based on GISAXS). In electrochemical measurements membrane pore effects are observed. The oxidation current for Fe(CN)64− in aqueous KNO3 strongly depends on the electrolyte concentration. Poly‐cationic poly(diallyl‐dimethylammonium) (PDDA) cannot enter these pores, but is adsorbed onto the outer surface of the silica film. During gold electrodeposition, PDDA causes growth of “discs”. Gold deposits adhere well and a comparison of glucose electrooxidation activity reveals significant improvements.
Achillea roseoalba – a long ignored relict in Germany
Authors: Dunkel Franz G. , Gregor Thomas , Meierott Lenz 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAchillea roseoalba occurs in temporarily wet mea‐dows of the Schweinfurt area (Northern Bavaria, Germany), a well‐known relict area for continental thermophilous plants. The main population of A. roseoalba grows in a Cirsio tuberosi‐Molinietum arundinaceae. The Schweinfurt area is probably a relict area of a formerly more extended distribution area of A. roseoalba during the Boreal. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eine neue Art der Morphogattung Baieroxylon Greguss aus dem Keuper von Franken, Deutschland
Authors: Süss H. , Kelber K.‐P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAus dem Keuper (Obere Trias) von Franken (Süddeutschland) wird eine neue Art der Morphogattung Baieroxylon als B. schuessleri sp. nova beschrieben. Nach Informationen über die Fundumstände wird ein Überblick über die geologische Situation gegeben. Wegen des Vorkommens von gekammerten Tracheiden, eines für Gymnospermen ungewöhnlichen Merkmals, grenzt sich dieses Fossil von allen bisher beschriebenen Arten dieser Gattung ab. In den Schlussbemerkungen werden einige der möglichen Ursachen erörtert, die zur typischen ginkgoalen Holzstruktur führen. Außerdem wird über die Bedeutung einiger anderer, seltener und phylogenetisch wichtiger Holzarten aus dem Keuper von Franken und Südthüringen diskutiert. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Secondary head and neck cancer in patients with history of hematological malignancy
Authors: Chung Joseph Chun–Kit , Tsang Raymond King–Yin , To Victor Shing–Howe , Ho Ambrose Chung–Wai , Chan Jimmy Yu–Wai , Ho Wai–Kuen , Wei William Ignace 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck cancer is a common second cancer in patients with a history of hematological malignancies. The purpose of this study was present the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of this group of patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who had a history of hematological malignancy and developed head and neck cancer in a 10‐year period.ResultsThe cohort had 10 patients; median age was 45.8 years. Most patients were nonsmokers and nondrinkers. Seven patients had chronic graft‐versus‐host disease. The median interval between the completion of treatment of hematological malignancy and the development of head and neck cancers was 8.79 years (range, 2.33–26.83 years). Six patients were alive and disease‐free, 3 developed local recurrence, and 3 had metachronous head and neck cancers.ConclusionThe risk factors and etiology of head and neck cancers in patients with hematological malignancy may be different from the ordinary population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Khat use is associated with increased response conflict in humans
Authors: Colzato Lorenza S. , Ruiz Manuel J. , van den Wildenberg Wery P. M. , Hommel Bernhard 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveKhat consumption has become a worldwide phenomenon broadening from Eastern Africa and the south west of the Arabian Peninsula to ethnic communities in the rest of the world. Only few studies have systematically looked into cognitive impairments in khat users. We studied whether khat use is associated with changes in the emergence and resolution of response conflict, a central cognitive control function.MethodKhat users (n = 16) and khat‐free controls (n = 16) were matched in terms of sex, ethnicity, socio‐economical situation, age, alcohol and cannabis consumption, and IQ (Raven's Progressive Matrices). Groups were tested on response conflict, as measured by the Simon task.ResultsKhat users performed significantly slower than controls and were more strongly affected by stimulus‐induced response conflict.ConclusionsKhat use is associated with specific impairments in behavioral control: general slowing and less efficient resolution of response conflicts, which is likely to impair decision making in everyday life. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma levels of milnacipran and its effectiveness for the treatment of chronic pain in the orofacial region
Authors: Kimura Hiroyuki , Yoshida Keizo , Ito Mikiko , Tokura Tatsuya , Nagashima Wataru , Kurita Kenichi , Ozaki Norio 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesThis study was performed to assess the relationship between plasma levels of milnacipran and its analgesic/antidepressive effect in patients with chronic orofacial pain treated with this drug.MethodsA total of 44 patients took milnacipran for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed for their pain and depressive symptoms using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, respectively. The plasma milnacipran level was also assessed at week 12.ResultsForty patients completed study treatment and were included in the analysis. In these patients, the VAS score at week 12 significantly decreased from the baseline score (t = 5.15, p < 0.0001). The dose of milnacipran was positively correlated in a linear manner with the plasma level of the drug (Y = 44.86 + 0.33X, r = 0.54, R2 = 0.29, p = 0.0004). A quadratic regression curve was plotted between the percentage of decrease in the VAS score and plasma milnacipran level (Y = 27.39 + 0.76X − 0.008X2, p = 0.048, r = 0.40, R2 = 0.16). On the other hand, no significant relationship was noted between the percentage of decrease in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score and plasma milnacipran level.ConclusionThe analgesic effect of milnacipran was suppressed in the presence of the plasma level of the drug outside the therapeutic range, whereas its antidepressant effect was not affected by its plasma level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEDICAL EXPENDITURE RISK AND HOUSEHOLD PORTFOLIO CHOICE
Authors: Goldman Dana , Maestas Nicole 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYMedical expenses are an increasingly important contributor to household financial risk. We examine the effect of medical expenditure risk on the willingness of Medicare beneficiaries to hold risky assets. Using a discrete‐factor maximum likelihood method to address the endogeneity of insurance choices, we find that having a moderately protective Medigap or employer supplemental policy increases risky asset holding by 7.1 percentage points relative to those without supplemental coverage, while participation in a highly protective Medicare health maintenance organization increases risky asset holding by 13.0 percentage points. Our results highlight an important link between the availability of health insurance and financial behavior. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of thoracic kyphosis and sagittal plane alignment on vertebral compressive loading
Authors: Bruno Alexander G , Anderson Dennis E , D'Agostino John , Bouxsein Mary L 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
To better understand the biomechanical mechanisms underlying the association between hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine and risk of vertebral fracture and other degenerative spinal pathology, we used a previously validated musculoskeletal model of the spine to determine how thoracic kyphosis angle and spinal posture affect vertebral compressive loading. We simulated an age-related increase in thoracic kyphosis (T1–T12 Cobb angle 50–75 degrees) during two different activities (relaxed standing and standing with 5-kg weights in the hands) and three different posture conditions: (1) an increase in thoracic kyphosis with no postural adjustment (uncompensated posture); (2) an increase in thoracic kyphosis with a concomitant increase in pelvic tilt that maintains a stable center of mass and horizontal eye gaze (compensated posture); and (3) an increase in thoracic kyphosis with a concomitant increase in lumbar lordosis that also maintains a stable center of mass and horizontal eye gaze (congruent posture). For all posture conditions, compressive loading increased with increasing thoracic kyphosis, with loading increasing more in the thoracolumbar and lumbar regions than in the mid-thoracic region. Loading increased the most for the uncompensated posture, followed by the compensated posture, with the congruent posture almost completely mitigating any increases in loading with increased thoracic kyphosis. These findings indicate that both thoracic kyphosis and spinal posture influence vertebral loading during daily activities, implying that thoracic kyphosis measurements alone are not sufficient to characterize the impact of spinal curvature on vertebral loading. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.