bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative fungal efficacy results from the soil block test with a long incubation period of three commercial copper wood preservatives
Authors: Schultz Tor P. , Nicholas Darrel D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDevelopment of new wood preservative systems is a lengthy and expensive endeavor. This study examined soil block experiments with a longer incubation time than typical to make the test harsher, using commercial particulate copper azole (PCA), soluble copper azole (CA-C), and soluble alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ-D) systems. Both the CA-C and PCA systems performed poorly compared to ACQ-D with two copper tolerant fungi, even at retentions well above the specified ground-contact residential level, i.e., Use Category 4A (UC4A). With the one copper sensitive fungus examined, PCA and ACQ-D prevented decay at about half the UC4A retention. To compare these laboratory efficacy results, data from an outdoor accelerated post test with a copper tolerant fungus gave efficacies of ACQ > CA-C >> PCA, with PCA having significantly more decay than the two soluble copper systems. Further confirmation was obtained from recently published E7 stake data conducted at a site with extensive copper tolerant fungi, which suggested that ACQ performed better than PCA and CA-B after about 3 years of exposure in agreement with the harsh soil block results with the two copper-tolerant fungi. Conversely, results from four other sites without a history of extensive copper tolerant fungi are interpreted that all three systems generally performed adequately, which is compatible with the soil block test with the one copper sensitive fungus examined.
Development of DNA-based methods to identify CITES-protected timber species: a case study in the Meliaceae family
Authors: Michael Höltken Aki , Schröder Hilke , Wischnewski Niko , Degen Bernd , Magel Elisabeth , Fladung Matthias 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Violation of CITES regulations in tropical timber trade necessitates the development of accurate species identification systems. The application of available methods, mostly based on visual illustrations and descriptions of wood anatomical characteristics, proved to be difficult or even impossible, particularly on lower taxonomic levels. Further, because most of the chain-of-custody documents are externally applied marks which can easily be manipulated, control methods should be based on wood features which are inherent in the wood itself. In a case study on five closely-related genera of the Meliaceae (mahogany) family, including Swietenia sp. (listed on CITES appendix II), Khaya, Entandrophragma, and Carapa sp. (legal trade timbers), this study demonstrates the process of developing DNA markers for identification purposes. A detailed sequence analysis of several non-coding cpDNA regions resulted in an assay of seven genus-specific SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. Tools have been designed that could be applied with low-cost equipment on the basis of PCR-RFLPs without the need for sequencing or capillary electrophoresis techniques. In addition, the application of the method to wood material with degraded DNA of low overall quantity is highlighted.
The Incidence of Anterior Knee Pain and Crepitation After Total Knee Replacement: A Matched Pair Analysis between Rotating Platform and Fixed Bearing Posterior Stabilized Designs
Authors: Ranawat Amar S. , Meftah Morteza , Rodriguez-Elizalde Sebastian , Ranawat Chitranjan S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Persistent pain, especially anterior knee pain, with or without crepitation, has been a persistent complaint after total knee arthroplasty in both rotating platform posterior stabilized (RP-PS) and fixed bearing posterior stabilized (FB-PS) designs. Because PFC Sigma RP-PS and FB-PS designs have identical femoral components, we hypothesized that the incidence of post-operative pain, anterior knee pain, asymptomatic crepitation, painful crepitation, and painful crepitation requiring scar excision is similar in both designs. Between March 2000 and May 2004, 81 near-consecutive RP-PS Total Knee Replacements (TKRs) were matched to 81 FB-PS knees based on gender, age, and body mass index. Radiographic analysis included alignment, fixation, and patellar tilt. Clinical assessments were performed at the time of follow-up using the Knee Society Scores. The incidence of anterior knee pain and crepitation was investigated using a detailed patient administered questionnaire. The incidence of post-operative pain, anterior knee pain, asymptomatic crepitation, and painful crepitation was similar in both groups (20.9 %, 19.7 %, 1.2 %, and 8.6 % in the RP-PS; and 20.9 %, 18.5 %, 0 %, and 6.1 % in the FB-PS, respectively). The severity of painful crepitation was also similar in both groups. None was excruciating. The incidence of painful crepitation requiring scar excision was slightly higher in the RP-PS group (6.1 % versus 2.4 %) but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, there is a trend of increased incidence of painful crepitation requiring scar excision in the RP-PS TKR, although it was not statistically significant in this study.
Assessment of Scar Quality after Cleft Lip Closure
Authors: Frans Franceline A. , van Zuijlen Paul P.M. , Griot J.P.W. Don , van Der Horst Chantai M.A.M. 
Published: August 2011

Objective To assess scar quality after cleft lip repair. Design The linear scars of patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate were evaluated in a prospective study using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Linear regression was performed to identify which scar characteristics were important according to patients and observer. Setting Regular outpatient follow-up visit with the cleft palate teams of two tertiary centers. Patients All consecutive patients were asked to participate in this study after informed consent, minimally 1 year postsurgery. Main Outcome Measure Scar characteristics influencing patient and observer opinion after cleft lip repair. Results A total of 86 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate were included, resulting in evaluation of 99 scars. Two scar characteristics, itching and pain, were seldom a concern for the patients. Linear regression showed that scars assessed longer after surgery had a better outcome. Conclusion Scar itching and pain did not seem to have an effect on patient opinion of the quality of the scar, and the majority of the patients were more satisfied with the outcome of their scar than the observer was.
Does Blood Glucose Monitoring Increase Prior to Clinic Visits in Children With Type 1 Diabetes?
Authors: Driscoll Kimberly A. , Johnson Suzanne Bennett , Tang Yuanyuan , Yang Fang , Deeb Larry C. , Silverstein Janet H. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the occurrence of white coat adherence in families with children who have type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Blood glucose data were downloaded from meters of 72 children, aged 2–11 years, with type 1 diabetes at four consecutive clinic visits. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze patterns of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) during the 28 days before each clinic visit.

RESULTS
More frequent BGM was associated with better glycemic control. Evidence of a white coat adherence effect, with BGM frequency increasing before a clinic visit, was found only among children with low A1C levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Highly motivated families who frequently monitor their child’s blood glucose increased the frequency of BGM before the child’s clinic visit. The additional monitoring may benefit the child by providing the physician with a wealth of blood glucose information to guide recommendations.
Obesity in Adults Is Associated With Reduced Lung Function in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Yeh Fawn , Dixon Anne E. , Marion Susan , Schaefer Carl , Zhang Ying , Best Lyle G. , Calhoun Darren , Rhoades Everett R. , Lee Elisa T. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
The purposes of this study were to investigate whether reduced lung function is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes (DM) in American Indians (AIs) and to determine whether lower pulmonary function presents before the development of DM or MS.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Strong Heart Study (SHS) is a multicenter, prospective study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors among AI adults. The present analysis used lung function assessment by standard spirometry at the SHS second examination (1993–1995) in 2,396 adults free of overt lung disease or CVD, with or without DM or MS. Among MS-free/DM-free participants, the development of MS/DM at the SHS third examination (1996–1999) was investigated.

RESULTS
Significantly lower pulmonary function was observed for AIs with MS or DM. Impaired pulmonary function was associated with MS and DM after adjustment for age, sex, abdominal obesity, current smoking status, physical activity index, hypertension, and SHS field center. Both forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were negatively associated with insulin resistance or DM severity and with serum markers of inflammation (P &lt; 0.05). FVC and FEV1-to-FVC ratio both predicted DM in unadjusted analyses but not when adjusted for covariates, including waist circumference. In the adjusted model, abdominal obesity predicted both MS and DM.

CONCLUSIONS
Reduced lung function is independently associated with MS and with DM, and impaired lung function presents before the development of MS or DM; these associations may result from the effects of obesity and inflammation.
The stability of an additive functional equation in menger probabilistic φ-normed spaces
Authors: Miheţ D. , Saadati R. , Vaezpour S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We establish a stability result concerning the functional equation: $\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {f\left( {mx_i + \sum\limits_{j = 1,j \ne i}^m {x_j } } \right) + f\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {x_i } } \right) = 2f\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {mx_i } } \right)} $ in a large class of complete probabilistic normed spaces, via fixed point theory.
Physical Activity Benefits of Learning to Ride a Two-Wheel Bicycle for Children With Down Syndrome: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Ulrich Dale A. , Burghardt Amy R. , Lloyd Meghann , Tiernan Chad , Hornyak Joseph E. 
Published: August 2011

Background
People with Down syndrome (DS) display consistent patterns of physical inactivity. If these sedentary behaviors continue over extended periods of time, there will be negative health consequences.

Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the physical activity and health-related outcomes of teaching children with DS to ride a 2-wheel bicycle.

Design
This study was a randomized intervention in which the control group waited 1 year to receive the intervention.

Setting
This intervention study was conducted in a community setting.

Participants
The participants were children who were 8 to 15 years of age and who had been diagnosed with DS.

Intervention
The participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (bicycle intervention) or a control group (no intervention).

Measurements
Measurements were obtained in the month before the intervention (preintervention), at 7 weeks after the intervention, and at 12 months after the preintervention measurement for all participants.

Results
The results indicated no group differences at the preintervention session. Fifty-six percent of the participants in the experimental group successfully learned to ride a 2-wheel bicycle during the 5-day intervention. Analysis showed that participants who learned to ride spent significantly less time in sedentary activity at 12 months after the preintervention measurement and more time in moderate to vigorous physical activity than participants in the control group. Body fat appeared to be positively influenced over time in participants who learned to ride.

Limitations
It is unknown how frequently the children in the experimental group rode their bicycles after the intervention.

Conclusions
Most children who are 8 to 15 years of age and who have been diagnosed with DS can learn to ride a 2-wheel bicycle. Learning to ride can reduce time spent in sedentary activity and increase time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity, which may influence the health and functioning of these children.
Characteristics of Suicide Attempts in Young People Undergoing Treatment for First Episode Psychosis
Authors: Fedyszyn Izabela E. , Harris Meredith G. , Robinson Jo , Edwards Jane , Paxton Susan J. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives: Understanding the characteristics of suicide attempts in people undergoing treatment for first episode psychosis (FEP) may have implications for risk management at a service level and local suicide prevention strategies. Although studies have focused on identifying individual-level risk factors for suicide attempts in this patient group, none have yet conducted an in-depth profile of suicide attempts. The aim of the present study was to examine the characteristics of suicide attempts in young people during the initial 18 months of treatment for FEP. Method: A retrospective medical record audit study of a cohort of patients accepted for treatment at a specialist FEP service between 1/12/2002 and 30/11/2005. Results: Of 607 patients, 73 (12%) attempted suicide during treatment. Of these 73, most (72.6%) attempted suicide on one occasion. The majority of attempts (85.3%) occurred when patients were treated as outpatients and were in regular contact with the service. Suicide attempts tended to be impulsive (77.6%), triggered by interpersonal conflict or distress due to psychotic symptoms. Two thirds involved self-poisoning, usually by overdose of prescribed medications. All inpatient suicide attempts were by hanging or strangulation. Individuals infrequently sought help immediately before or after the attempt; if help-seeking occurred, informal sources of support were contacted. Conclusions: To reduce the number of suicide attempts among individuals treated for FEP, psychiatric services could consider: restricting the amount of medication prescribed per purchase; individualised suicide risk management plans for all newly admitted patients, including those who do not appear to be at risk; stringent reviews of inpatient psychiatric units for potential ligature points; providing information and psycho-education for significant others in recognition and response to suicide risk; fostering patients' problem solving and conflict resolution skills; and regular risk assessment and close monitoring of patients, particularly during the high risk period of 3 months after a suicide attempt.
Recruitment by SDF-1α of CD34-positive cells involved in sciatic nerve regeneration
Authors: Sheu Meei-Ling , Cheng Fu-Chou , Su Hong-Lin , Chen Ying-Ju , Chen Chun-Jung , Chiang Chih-Ming , Chiu Wen-Ta , Sheehan Jason , Pan Hung-Chuan 
Published: August 2011

Object
Increased integration of CD34+ cells in injured nerve significantly promotes nerve regeneration, but this effect can be counteracted by limited migration and short survival of CD34+ cells. SDF-1α and its receptor mediate the recruitment of CD34+ cells involved in the repair mechanism of several neurological diseases. In this study, the authors investigate the potentiation of CD34+ cell recruitment triggered by SDF-1α and the involvement of CD34+ cells in peripheral nerve regeneration.

Methods
Peripheral nerve injury was induced in 147 Sprague-Dawley rats by crushing the left sciatic nerve with a vessel clamp. The animals were allocated to 3 groups: Group 1, crush injury (controls); Group 2, crush injury and local application of SDF-1α recombinant proteins; and Group 3, crush injury and local application of SDF-1α antibody. Electrophysiological studies and assessment of regeneration markers were conducted at 4 weeks after injury; neurobehavioral studies were conducted at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after injury. The expression of SDF-1α, accumulation of CD34+ cells, immune cells, and angiogenesis factors in injured nerves were evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury.

Results
Application of SDF-1α increased the migration of CD34+ cells in vitro, and this effect was dose dependent. Crush injury induced the expression of SDF-1α, with a peak of 10–14 days postinjury, and this increased expression of SDF-1α paralleled the deposition of CD34+ cells, expression of VEGF, and expression of neurofilament. These effects were further enhanced by the administration of SDF-1α recombinant protein and abolished by administration of SDF-1α antibody. Furthermore, these effects were consistent with improvement in measures of neurological function such as sciatic function index, electrophysiological parameters, muscle weight, and myelination of regenerative nerve.

Conclusions
Expression of SDF-1α facilitates recruitment of CD34+ cells in peripheral nerve injury. The increased deposition of CD34+ cells paralleled significant expression of angiogenesis factors and was consistent with improvement of neurological function. Utilization of SDF-1α for enhancing the recruitment of CD34+ cells involved in peripheral nerve regeneration may be considered as an alternative treatment strategy in peripheral nerve disorders.
C5–8 brachial plexus root injury: the “T-1 hand”
Authors: Bertelli Jayme Augusto , Ghizoni Marcos Flávio 
Published: August 2011

Object
Classically, C5–7 root injuries of the brachial plexus have been associated with palsies of shoulder abduction/external rotation, elbow flexion/extension, and wrist, thumb, and finger extension. However, current myotome maps generally indicate that C-8 participates in the innervation of thumb and finger extensors. Therefore, the authors have hypothesized that, for palsies of the thumb and finger extensors, the injury should affect the C-5 through C-8 roots.

Methods
The authors tested their hypothesis in 30 patients with upper-type palsies of the brachial plexus. They traced a correlation between clinical findings and root injury, as documented by CT myelography, direct visualization during surgery, and electrophysiological studies.

Results
In C5–8 root injuries, shoulder abduction and external rotation were paralyzed, and in all patients, wrist extensors were paralyzed. However, in 22 of the 30 patients, wrist extension was possible, because of contraction of the extensor digitorum communis and extensor pollicis longus. Wrist flexion and pronation also were preserved. The T-1 root contributed significantly to innervation of the thumb and finger flexors, ensuring 34% grasping and 40% pinch strength relative to the normal side. Hand sensation was largely preserved.

Conclusions
Based on the authors' observations, they suspect that the clinical scenario previously attributed to a C5–7 root injury is, in fact, a C5–8 root injury. The authors propose referring to this partial palsy of the brachial plexus as a “T-1 hand.”
Patterns of Acoustical Activity of Bats Prior to and Following White-Nose Syndrome Occurrence
Authors: Ford W. Mark , Britzke Eric R. , Dobony Christopher A. , Rodrigue Jane L. , Johnson Joshua B. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a wildlife health concern that has decimated cave-hibernating bat populations in eastern North America since 2006, began affecting source-caves for summer bat populations at Fort Drum, a U.S. Army installation in New York in the winter of 2007–2008. As regional die-offs of bats became evident, and Fort Drum's known populations began showing declines, we examined whether WNS-induced change in abundance patterns and seasonal timing of bat activity could be quantified using acoustical surveys, 2003–2010, at structurally uncluttered riparian–water habitats (i.e., streams, ponds, and wet meadows). As predicted, we observed significant declines in overall summer activity between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus, northern bats M. septentrionalis, and Indiana bats M. sodalis. We did not observe any significant change in activity patterns between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus, eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis, or the small number of tri-colored bats Perimyotis subflavus. Activity of silver-haired bats Lasionycteris noctivagans increased from pre-WNS to post-WNS years. Activity levels of hoary bats Lasiurus cinereus significantly declined between pre- and post-WNS years. As a nonhibernating, migratory species, hoary bat declines might be correlated with wind-energy development impacts occurring in the same time frame rather than WNS. Intraseason activity patterns also were affected by WNS, though the results were highly variable among species. Little brown bats showed an overall increase in activity from early to late summer pre-WNS, presumably due to detections of newly volant young added to the local population. However, the opposite occurred post-WNS, indicating that reproduction among surviving little brown bats may be declining. Our data suggest that acoustical monitoring during the summer season can provide insights into species' relative abundance on the landscape as affected by the occurrence of WNS.
CD4+FOXP3+ T Regulatory Cells in Human Autoimmunity: More Than a Numbers Game
Authors: Long S. Alice , Buckner Jane H. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a dominant role in suppression of autoimmune pathology, as rescue of Treg number and/or function in model systems can both prevent and reverse disease. These findings have generated a series of studies addressing the role of defects in Treg number and function in human autoimmunity. However, demonstrating global defects in Treg of individuals diagnosed with autoimmune diseases has been challenging. These challenges are founded, in part, in the complexity of human autoimmune diseases in which various genetic factors and environmental triggers contribute to disease susceptibility. Moreover, contribution of failed Treg-mediated suppression to pathogenesis can extend to multiple mechanisms. In this article, we discuss what is known with respect to the number and function of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg in human autoimmunity, focusing on representative autoimmunediseases in which there are diverse Treg-mediated defects. We also highlight the need to better understand Treg plasticity and function in the context of autoimmunity.
Nietzsche's Value Conflict: Culture, Individual, Synthesis
Authors: Ward Joe 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
This article poses the question of what it is that Nietzsche values, arguing that we need a generic answer that makes sense of Nietzsche's admiration for both exceptional individuals and types of culture: what Nietzsche values are certain kinds of syntheses of the will to power, holding at diverse levels. These are syntheses endowed with a distinctive, “aristocratic” structure with a pathos of distance maintaining a separation between ruling and subjugated elements. But Nietzsche's valuing is also oriented by extrinsic criteria such as “agonistic” relations, subjugation of other syntheses, and the “exceptional” status of individuals; the determining of value must combine intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Conflict occurs within Nietzsche's values because the conditions that produce the most exceptional individuals are at odds with the conditions needed for flourishing cultures. I contend that the tenor of Nietzsche's late thinking suggests a way of resolving this tension through a willingness to give up on the exceptional status of individuals in favor of the advancement of flourishing cultures.