bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mid‐Brunhes Event and West Antarctic ice sheet stability
Authors: Holden P. B. , Edwards N. R. , Wolff E. W. , Valdes P. J. , Singarayer J. S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe complex cyclical nature of Pleistocene climate, driven by the evolving orbital configuration of the Earth, is well known but not well understood. A major climatic transition took place at the Mid‐Brunhes Event (MBE), ca. 430 ka ago after which the amplitude of the ca.100 ka climate oscillations increased, with substantially warmer interglacials, including periods warmer than present. Recent modelling has indicated that while the timing of these warmer‐than‐present transient (WPT) events is consistent with southern warming due to a deglaciation‐forced slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the magnitude of warming requires a local amplification, for which a candidate is the feedback of significant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) retreat. We here extend this argument, based on the absence of WPTs in the early ice core record (450–800 ka ago), to hypothesize that the MBE could be a manifestation of decreased WAIS stability, triggered by ongoing subglacial erosion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Milestones in PD genetics
Authors: Gasser Thomas , Hardy John , Mizuno Yoshikuni 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOver the last 25 years, genetic findings have profoundly changed our views on the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Linkage studies and positional cloning strategies have identified mutations in a number of genes that cause several monogenic autosomal‐dominant or autosomal‐recessive forms of the disorder. Although most of these Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease are rare, whole‐genome association studies have more recently provided convincing evidence that low‐penetrance variants in at least some of these, but also in several other genes, play a direct role in the etiology of the common sporadic disease as well. In addition, rare variants with intermediate‐effect strengths in genes such as Gaucher's disease–associated glucocerebrosidase A have been discovered as important risk factors. “Next‐generation” sequencing technologies are expected by some to identify many more of these variants. Thus, an increasingly complex network of genes contributing in different ways to disease risk and progression is emerging. These findings may provide the “genetic entry points” to identify molecular targets and readouts necessary to design rational disease‐modifying treatments. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in neuroimaging
Authors: Stoessl A. Jon , Brooks David J. , Eidelberg David 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the last 25 years there have been enormous advances in brain imaging. In addition to utility in diagnosis, these have led to novel insights into the pathogenesis of basal ganglia disease and the role of dopamine and the basal ganglia in normal health. The authors review highlights of this work, with a focus on advances in Parkinson's disease, the dystonias, Huntington's disease, and the role of dopamine in cognition and reward signaling. Emerging areas for future development include studies of functional connectivity, the analysis of default mode networks, studies of novel neurochemical pathways, methods to study disease pathogenesis, and the application of imaging techniques to investigate animal models of disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in atypical and secondary Parkinsonisms
Authors: Wenning Gregor K. , Litvan Irene , Tolosa Eduardo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDuring the last decades, atypical parkinsonian disorders such as multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration along with secondary parkinsonian disorders have been increasingly recognized as important causes of parkinsonism. Although treatment options are largely limited to date, remarkable progress has occurred through advances in the fields of molecular biology and diagnostic neuroimaging, resulting in intense preclinical drug discovery programs. Early‐investigation‐assisted clinical diagnosis has become more crucial than ever because disease‐modifying therapies will hopefully become available within this decade. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in movement disorders clinical trials: Advances and landmark studies
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , Wunderle Kathryn B. , Kieburtz Karl 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOver the past 25 years clinical trials testing in movement disorders has evolved in order to more effectively and efficiently analyze the safety and efficacy of new interventions. Studies today regularly incorporate methods to decrease placebo and bias effects and to ensure more rigorous statistical analyses. Newer, standardized, and validated rating scales such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale are routinely employed in an effort to produce results that are comparable across different sites and studies. Several landmark studies in movement disorder research highlight these and other prominent procedural advances. The Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism trial pioneered the use of functional clinical end points, utilized a 2 × 2 factorial design to more efficiently analyze multiple interventions, and employed a washout design to assist in sorting putative neuroprotective from symptomatic effects. PRECEPT included neuroimaging as an outcome measure and highlighted the importance of futility studies in more efficiently directing resources. TEMPO and ADAGIO introduced the use of delayed‐start (or 2‐period) trials to try to identify disease‐modifying interventions. NET‐PD used futility studies to streamline the evaluation of potentially valuable treatments, followed by a large, long‐term simple study design to assess the clinical significance of a new intervention. There have also been advances in clinical trials testing new surgical interventions, with the introduction of blinded outcome assessments and sham‐surgery control groups. Collectively, methodological advances in clinical trials have permitted the safety and efficacy of new interventions to be tested more efficiently and economically and with a higher level of certainty that the potential benefits and adverse effects of interventions recommended for general use are well understood. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schapira Anthony H. , Jenner Peter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe past 25 years have seen a major expansion of knowledge concerning the cause of Parkinson's disease provided by an understanding of environmental and genetic factors that underlie the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Based on the actions of toxins, postmortem investigations, and gene defects responsible for familial Parkinson's disease, there is now a general consensus about the mechanisms of cell death that contribute to neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered protein handling, and inflammatory change are considered to lead to cell dysfunction and death by apoptosis or autophagy. Ageing is the single most important risk factor for Parkinson's disease, and the biochemical changes that are a consequence of aging amplify these abnormalities in Parkinson's disease brain. What remains to be determined is the combination and sequence of events leading to cell death and whether this is identical in all brain regions where pathology occurs and in all individuals with Parkinson's disease. Focusing on those events that characterize Parkinson's disease, namely, mitochondrial dysfunction and Lewy body formation, may be the key to further advancing the understanding of pathogenesis and to taking these mechanisms forward as a means of defining targets for neuroprotection. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Classification of movement disorders
Authors: Fahn Stanley 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe classification of movement disorders has evolved. Even the terminology has shifted, from an anatomical one of extrapyramidal disorders to a phenomenological one of movement disorders. The history of how this shift came about is described. The history of both the definitions and the classifications of the various neurologic conditions is then reviewed. First is a review of movement disorders as a group; then, the evolving classifications for 3 of them—parkinsonism, dystonia, and tremor—are covered in detail. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial sonography of movement disorders
Authors: Berg Daniela , Steinberger Jonathan D. , Warren Olanow C. , Naidich Thomas P. , Yousry Tarek A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwenty‐five years ago, when this journal was initiated, imaging of movement disorders was in its infancy. Since that time, magnetic resonance imaging has become a standard technique that is routinely performed in patients with movement disorders in order to exclude secondary causes and in some instances to provide specific information that aids in making the diagnosis of a neurodegenerative condition. Transcranial sonography is a more recent advance and is now widely employed to aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and possibly in detecting individuals in the premotor phases of the disease. Investigations are currently under way to evaluate the value of this technique in other movement disorders. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Physical Activity Coaching of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Everyday Practice: A Long‐term Follow‐up
Authors: Sjöquist Emma S. , Brodin Nina , Lampa Jon , Jensen Irene , Opava Christina H. ,   the PARA study group
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives. To investigate the long‐term effects on perceived general health, disease activity, pain, activity limitation and cognitive behavioural factors of a one‐year coaching programme performed in ordinary physical therapy practice to promote the adoption of health‐enhancing physical activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods. A total of 228 patients with early RA, from 10 rheumatology clinics in Sweden, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG; n = 94) or a control group (CG; n = 134). The IG was coached by physical therapists during the first year to adopt health‐enhancing levels of physical activity (30 minutes/day, moderately intensive, ≥4 days/week). No coaching was given during the subsequent year between post‐intervention and follow‐up. Follow‐up assessment consisted of a postal questionnaire on physical activity and of visual analogue scales for ratings of general health perception and pain. The Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ) and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS 28) were collected at regular medical check‐ups.Results. Sixty‐five (69%) participants in the IG and 92 (69%) in the CG completed the entire study period by filling in the follow‐up questionnaire on physical activity two years after baseline. The intervention seemed to lack any significant influence on long‐term outcome. However, different patterns of change in physical activity behaviour were observed in the two groups.Conclusions. No long‐term improvement in perceived general health or other outcomes were found in the follow‐up. This may partly be because the intervention lacked several important behavioural elements for physical activity maintenance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiazolidinediones and the risk of incident congestive heart failure among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Filion Kristian B. , Joseph Lawrence , Boivin Jean‐François , Suissa Samy , Brophy James M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundClinical trials suggest that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) may increase the risk of congestive heart failure (CHF). However, their effect on the risk of incident CHF in unselected populations has not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsUsing data from the UK's General Practice Research Database, we conducted a case–control study within a population‐based cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. Cases were identified by a clinical diagnosis of incident CHF and were then classified as possible or probable cases using prescription data. A 90‐day drug exposure window was used in the primary analysis, which compared patients prescribed TZDs with those with no prescriptions for anti‐diabetic medications.ResultsWe identified 3405 incident cases (2632 probable and 773 possible) of CHF and 32,042 corresponding controls. TZDs were prescribed in 6.4% of cases and 6.3% of controls. Prescription of TZDs was associated with an increased rate of possible or probable CHF (adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.54 and adjusted RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98, 1.58, respectively). Similar results were obtained when using a 180‐day exposure window (RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.72 and RR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.84, respectively).ConclusionsGiven the totality of the evidence from this and previous studies, the probability of an increased risk for CHF with these agents remains high. However, any increase in CHF risk associated with TZDs may be lower than previously reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translocation of biomolecules through solid‐state nanopores: Theory meets experiments
Authors: Fyta Maria , Melchionna Simone , Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe interest in polynucleotide translocation through nanopores has moved from purely biological to the need of realizing nanobiotechnological applications related to personalized genome sequencing. Polynucleotide translocation is a process in which biomolecules, like DNA or RNA, are electrophoretically driven through a narrow pore and their passage can be monitored by the change in the ionic current through the pore. Such a translocation process, which will be described here offers a very promising technology aiming at ultra‐fast low‐cost sequencing of DNA, though its realization is still confronted with challenges and drawbacks. In this review, we present the main aspects involved in the polynucleotide translocation through solid‐state nanopores by discussing the most relevant experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches and the way these can supplement each other. The discussion will expose the goals that have been reached so far, the open questions, and contains an outlook to the future of nanopore sequencing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 985–1011, 2011
The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, a proposed tool for distress screening in cancer patients: development and refinement
Authors: Watanabe Sharon M. , Nekolaichuk Cheryl L. , Beaumont Crystal 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) has been proposed as one element of a distress screening strategy in cancer patients. It consists of 11‐point numerical rating scales for self‐report of nine common symptoms of cancer, with a 10th scale for a patient‐specific symptom. The ESAS has undergone widespread adoption internationally for clinical, research and administrative purposes. Despite its rapid uptake, validity evidence has lagged behind, and concerns have been raised about feasibility and usefulness. The objective of this paper is to provide a synthesis of a program of research focusing on the psychometric properties of the ESAS.MethodsWe describe and discuss a series of three ESAS studies undertaken by our group: (i) a review of ESAS validation studies (1991–2006); (ii) a think‐aloud study conducted in 20 advanced cancer patients; and (iii) a prospective multicenter study conducted in 160 patients in different palliative care settings, comparing the ESAS with a revised version (ESAS‐r).ResultsThe review identified 13 articles focusing on gathering reliability and/or validity evidence; the need to standardize the ESAS and conduct further validation research was apparent. The think‐aloud study elucidated the complex cognitive processes by which patients arrive at symptom ratings and areas of potential difficulty in understanding and completing the ESAS. The multicenter study demonstrated that the ESAS‐r was significantly easier for patients to understand.ConclusionsOverall, our findings support consideration of the ESAS and its successor, the ESAS‐r, for use in distress screening in cancer patients. Areas for future research will be presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenetic distribution of fungal mycosporines within the Pucciniomycotina (Basidiomycota)
Authors: Libkind Diego , Moliné Martín , Sommaruga Ruben , Sampaio José Paulo , van Broock Maria 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of the UV Absorbing compounds named mycosporines (MYCs) has been detected in a few basidiomycetous yeast groups. Conspicuous accumulation of mycosporine‐glutaminol‐glucoside (MGG) in yeasts requires photo‐induction and its photoprotective function has been postulated. The distribution of the ability to produce MYCs appeared to be related to the yeast taxonomic affiliation. In view of the potential significance of MYCs in yeast taxonomy, we here studied the distribution of this trait among dimorphic basidiomycetes of the Pucciniomycotina. Of the 94 fungal species (377 strains and 33 genera) tested, almost half were MYC‐positive and MGG was the main compound produced. MGG synthesis was observed for representatives of five of seven Pucciniomycotina classes, indicating that this trait is widely distributed in this group. MGG detection proved useful for the differentiation of species of the polyphyletic genera, such as Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces, that are phylogenetically separated. MGG quantification and UV tolerance studies in Cystobasidiomycetes supported the idea that the habitat of origin of each strains is important in the level of MGG synthesis and that MYCs have a photoprotective function in yeasts. The taxonomic value of this trait in fungal systematics is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutional and clinical implications of the epigenetic regulation of protein glycosylation
Authors: Horvat Tomislav , Zoldoš Vlatka , Lauc Gordan 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Protein N glycosylation is an ancient posttranslational modification that enriches protein structure and function. The addition of one or more complex oligosaccharides (glycans) to the backbones of the majority of eukaryotic proteins makes the glycoproteome several orders of magnitude more complex than the proteome itself. Contrary to polypeptides, which are defined by a sequence of nucleotides in the corresponding genes, glycan parts of glycoproteins are synthesized by the activity of hundreds of factors forming a complex dynamic network. These are defined by both the DNA sequence and the modes of regulating gene expression levels of all the genes involved in N glycosylation. Due to the absence of a direct genetic template, glycans are particularly versatile and apparently a large part of human variation derives from differences in protein glycosylation. However, composition of the individual glycome is temporally very constant, indicating the existence of stable regulatory mechanisms. Studies of epigenetic mechanisms involved in protein glycosylation are still scarce, but the results suggest that they might not only be important for the maintenance of a particular glycophenotype through cell division and potentially across generations but also for the introduction of changes during the adaptive evolution.
The Evolution of Family Complexity from the Perspective of Nonmarital Children
Authors: Cancian Maria , Meyer Daniel R. , Cook Steven T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We document the incidence and evolution of family complexity from the perspective of children. Following a cohort of firstborn children whose mothers were not married at the time of their birth, we consider family structure changes over the first 10 years of the child’s life—considering both full and half-siblings who are coresidential or who live in another household. We rely on detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin that include information on the timing of subsequent births to the mother and father, and detailed information on earnings, child support, and welfare. We find that 60% of firstborn children of unmarried mothers have at least one half-sibling by age 10. Our results highlight the importance of having fertility information for both fathers and mothers: estimates of the proportion of children with half-siblings would be qualitatively lower if we had fertility information on only one parent. Complex family structures are more likely for children of parents who are younger or who have low earnings and for those in larger urban areas. Children who have half-siblings on their mother’s side are also more likely to have half-siblings on their father’s side, and vice versa, contributing to very complex family structures—and potential child support arrangements—for some children.
Torsional magnetic reconnection: The effects of localizing the non-ideal (ηJ) term
Authors: WYPER PETER F. , JAIN REKHA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMagnetic reconnection in three dimensions (3D) is a natural extension from X-point reconnection in two dimensions. Of central importance in the 3D process is a localized non-ideal region within which the plasma and magnetic field decouple allowing for field line connectivity change. In practice, localized current structures provide this localization; however, mathematically a similar effect can be achieved with the localization of plasma resistivity instead. Physically though, such approaches are unrealistic, as anomalous resistivity requires very localized currents. Therefore, we wish to know how much information is lost in localizing η instead of current? In this work we develop kinematic models for torsional spine and fan reconnection using both localized η and localized current and compare the non-ideal flows predicted by each. We find that the flow characteristics are dictated almost exclusively by the form taken for the current profile with η acting only to scale the flow. We do, however, note that the reconnection mechanism is the same in each case. Therefore, from an understanding point of view, localized η models are still important first steps into exploring the role of non-ideal effects.
Variations in type, width, volume and carbon content of anchoveta Engraulis ringens food items during the early larval stages
Authors: Yañez-Rubio A. , Llanos-Rivera A. , Castro L.R. , Claramunt G. , Herrera L. 
Published: June 2011

In order to determine the changes in the relative importance of different kinds of preys as larval anchoveta Engralis ringens grows, the present study reports information about feeding incidence, type, size, and carbon content estimates of preys, at the beginning of the main spawning season in mid-winter off central Chile. Our results show a mixed diet initially dominated by phytoplankton and later switching to zooplankton in older larvae. While larval anchoveta grows, they feed on preys whose widths do not vary much compared to their body length and volume. These preys might be different taxa or a single species whose body widths vary little among life stages (i.e. nauplii and copepodites). Differences in estimated carbon content were observed among food items and a marked increase in carbon consumption was observed in the larger larval sizes (>9 mm standard length). These ontogenetic changes in feeding are coincident with the increased proportion of larger preys and also with the number of preys consumed by larger larvae.