bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and In‐vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Secondary and Tertiary Amines Containing 2‐Chloro‐6‐methylquinoline Moiety
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Bawa Sandhya , Kaushik Darpan , Panda Bibhu P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA number of secondary and tertiary amines bearing 2‐chloro‐6‐methylquinoline were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 3‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐chloro‐6‐methylquinoline with substituted aromatic primary and secondary amines in presence of catalytic amount of triethylamine (TEA) and K2CO3. All the compounds were characterized by combined use of IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, mass spectral data, and microanalyses. The newly synthesized quinolinyl amines were screened in vitro for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger MTCC 281, Aspergillus flavus MTCC 277, Monascus purpureus MTCC 369, Penicillium citrinum NCIM 768 and for antibacterial activity strains viz. Escherichia coli NCTC 10418, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 65710, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662 by agar diffusion technique. Results of the preliminary screening revealed that some of the compounds mainly those with electron withdrawing groups in the phenyl ring showed promising antifungal activity.
Surgeons as medical school educators: An untapped resource
Authors: Haubert Lisa M. , Way David , DePhilip Robert , Tam Marty , Bishop Julie , Jones Kenneth , Moffatt‐Bruce Susan D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDespite extensive experience teaching residents, surgeons are an untapped resource for educating medical students. We hypothesized that by involving surgeons as teachers earlier in the medical school curriculum, medical students' interest in surgery will increase and their opinions of surgeons will improve. Five programs designed to involve surgeons as educators in the medical school curriculum were implemented. The first program, started in 2008, introduced surgical faculty into the first‐year medical student anatomy dissection laboratories. Other programs initiated in 2008 included: Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy, which involved faculty teaching through cadaver surgery; Clinical Pathologic Conferences in Anatomy, a surgeon‐led conference based on clinical cases; and a women's faculty‐student mentorship program. Table Rounds, a surgeon‐led anatomy review that used clinical scenarios to quiz students was begun in 2009. All five programs were successfully integrated into the medical school curriculum. While student opinion of surgeons as educators improved, there were no significant changes in student interest in surgery as a career nor change in performance on written examinations over the Anatomy content covered by the surgeons. Surgical faculty and trainees can be integrated into the medical school curriculum. Involving surgeons as educators earlier in the medical school curriculum may have longer term effects than could be observed in this study. At a minimum, the experience improved student opinion of surgeons as educators. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Medical students' perceptions of the body donor as a “First Patient” or “Teacher”: A pilot study
Authors: Bohl Michael , Bosch Peter , Hildebrandt Sabine 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUniversity of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) students attending a seminar on the history and ethics of anatomical dissection were fascinated by a report on the dissection room experience in Thailand that relates the body donor's status as a teacher. The students felt that they had naturally adopted the “body as teacher” approach in their dissection course, rather than the “body as first patient” approach that is encouraged by faculty. It was decided to explore the question whether other medical students shared these perceptions. A questionnaire was sent out to all UMMS students who had finished the anatomical dissection course. One hundred twenty‐eight responses from a population of 500 students were received. Results indicate that students believe the “body as teacher” approach is more effective in engendering respect and empathy towards the body and towards future patients, and in facilitating students' emotional development. Students also reported wanting a more personal relationship with their donors. Eighty four percent of students preferred the “body as teacher” approach to the currently taught “body as first patient” approach. The results support the hypothesis that students' desired closer personal relationship with donors might be better facilitated by the "body as teacher" approach, and that this closer relationship engenders empathy and respect towards the donor and future patients. A new model for anatomy programs could introduce the donor first as a teacher and later transition into viewing the donor as a patient. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Yield stress of pretreated corn stover suspensions using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lavenson David M. , Tozzi Emilio J. , McCarthy Michael J. , Powell Robert L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCellulose fibers in water form networks that give rise to an apparent yield stress, especially at high solids contents. Measuring the yield stress and correlating it with fiber concentration is important for the biomass and pulp industries. Understanding how the yield stress behaves at high solids concentrations is critical to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass in the production of biofuels. Rheological studies on pretreated corn stover and various pulp fibers have shown that yield stress values correlate with fiber mass concentration through a power‐law relationship. We use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an in‐line rheometer to measure velocity profiles during pipe flow. If coupled with pressure drop measurements, these allow yield stress values to be determined. We compare our results with literature values and discuss the accuracy and precision of the rheo‐MRI measurement, along with the effects of fiber characteristics on the power‐law coefficients. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2312–2319. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors for conversion and complications after unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Authors: Gaujoux S , Bonnet S , Leconte M , Zohar S , Bertherat J , Bertagna X , Dousset B 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the procedure of choice for surgical management of most benign adrenal tumours, with a reported overall complication rate around 10 per cent. The aim of this study was to determine predictive factors for postoperative complications and conversion to open surgery after unilateral LA.

Methods
From 1994 to 2009, consecutive patients undergoing unilateral LA by the lateral transabdominal approach were analysed from a prospectively maintained database. A mass larger than 12 cm in diameter and suspected primary adrenal carcinoma were considered contraindications to LA. Predictive factors for postoperative complications and conversion to open surgery were analysed.

Results
Some 462 patients were analysed. There were no postoperative deaths. Postoperative complications occurred in 53 patients (11·5 per cent), medical complications in 28, and surgical complications in 33 patients. Six patients underwent reoperation for complications. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that conversion to open surgery (odds ratio (OR) 6·20, 95 per cent confidence interval 2·08 to 18·53; P = 0·001) and left-sided tumour (OR 1·89, 1·02 to 3·52; P = 0·044) were independent predictive factors for overall complications. Conversion to open surgery was the only independent predictive factor for medical complications (OR 12·88, 4·21 to 39·41; P = 0·001), and left-sided LA was the only predictive factor for surgical complications (OR 2·22, 1·01 to 4·89; P = 0·047). No factor was predictive of conversion to open surgery.

Conclusion
In this single-institution study, conversion to open surgery and left-sided tumours were independent predictive factors for overall complications, but none of the variables analysed was predictive of conversion.
Solvent and TMEDA Effects on the Configurational Stability of Chiral Lithiated Aryloxiranes
Authors: Perna Filippo Maria , Salomone Antonio , Dammacco Mariangela , Florio Saverio , Capriati Vito 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe employment of hexane/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) dramatically hinders the racemization of those lithiated styrene oxides (trifluoromethyl‐, chloro‐, and phenylthio‐substituted) that have been proven to be configurationally unstable in THF on the timescale of their reactions. The barriers to inversion and the activation parameters, calculated (Eyring equation) for reactions performed in THF, THF/TMEDA, and hexane/TMEDA, suggest the intervention of particular enantiomerization mechanisms for each case. The role of TMEDA in both coordinating and noncoordinating solvents has also been questioned and discussed in light of the kinetic data gathered and a model for deprotonation in hexane/TMEDA has also been proposed. The synthetic benefits of our results became apparent on establishing an asymmetric synthesis of an industrially important antifungal agent.
A 18F‐Labeled Fluorobutyl‐Substituted Spirocyclic Piperidine Derivative as a Selective Radioligand for PET Imaging of Sigma1 Receptors
Authors: Maisonial Aurélie , Große Maestrup Eva , Fischer Steffen , Hiller Achim , Scheunemann Matthias , Wiese Christian , Schepmann Dirk , Steinbach Jörg , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Wünsch Bernhard , Brust Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study, we synthesized and evaluated a new spirocyclic piperidine derivative 3, containing a 4‐fluorobutyl side chain, as a PET radioligand for neuroimaging of σ1 receptors. In vitro, compound 3 displayed high affinity for σ1 receptors (Ki=1.2 nM) as well as high selectivity. [18F]3 radiosynthesis was performed from the corresponding tosylate precursor, with high radiochemical yield (45–51 %), purity (>98 %), and specific activity (>201 GBq μmol−1). Metabolic stability of [18F]3 in the brain of CD‐1 mice was verified, and no penetration of peripheral radiometabolites into the cerebral tissue was observed. Results of ex vivo autoradiography revealed that the distribution of [18F]3 in the brain corresponded to regions with high σ1 receptor density. The highest region‐specific total‐to‐nonspecific ratio was determined in the facial nucleus (4.00). Biodistribution studies indicated rapid and high levels in brain uptake of [18F]3 (2.2 % ID per gram at 5 min p.i.). Pre‐administration of haloperidol significantly inhibited [18F]3 uptake into the brain and σ1 receptor‐expressing organs, further confirming in vivo target specificity.
Antagonism of the Stat3–Stat3 Protein Dimer with Salicylic Acid Based Small Molecules
Authors: Fletcher Steven , Page Brent D. G. , Zhang Xialoei , Yue Peibin , Li Zhi Hua , Sharmeen Sumaiya , Singh Jagdeep , Zhao Wei , Schimmer Aaron D. , Trudel Suzanne , Turkson James , Gunning Patrick T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMore than 50 new inhibitors of the oncogenic Stat3 protein were identified through a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study based on the previously identified inhibitor S3I‐201 (IC50=86 μM, Ki>300 μM). A key structural feature of these inhibitors is a salicylic acid moiety, which, by acting as a phosphotyrosine mimetic, is believed to facilitate binding to the Stat3 SH2 domain. Several of the analogues exhibit higher potency than the lead compound in inhibiting Stat3 DNA binding activity, with an in vitro IC50 range of 18.7–51.9 μM, and disruption of Stat3–pTyr peptide interactions with Ki values in the 15.5–41 μM range. One agent in particular exhibited potent inhibition of Stat3 phosphorylation in both breast and multiple myeloma tumor cells, suppressed the expression of Stat3 target genes, and induced antitumor effects in tumor cells harboring activated Stat3 protein.
A reassessment of whether cortical motor neurons die following spinal cord injury
Authors: Nielson Jessica L. , Strong Melissa K. , Steward Oswald 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOver the past century, the question of whether the cells of origin of the corticospinal tract (CST) die following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been debated. A recent study reported an approximately 20% loss of retrogradely labeled cortical motoneurons following damage to their axons resulting from SCI at T9 (Hains et al. [2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 462:328–341). In follow‐up studies, however, we failed to find any evidence of loss of CST axons in the medullary pyramid, which must occur if CST neurons die. Here, we seek to resolve the discrepancy by re‐evaluating possible loss of CST neurons using the same techniques as Hains et al. (quantitative analysis of retrograde labeling and staining for cell death markers including TUNEL and Hoechst labeling of the nuclei). Following either dorsal funiculus lesions at thoracic level 9 (T9) or lateral hemisection at cervical level 5 (C5), our results reveal no evidence for a loss of retrogradely labeled neurons and no evidence for TUNEL staining of axotomized cortical motoneurons. These results indicate that CST cell bodies do not undergo retrograde cell death following SCI, and therefore targeting such cell death is not a valid therapeutic target. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2852–2869, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and functional characterization of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord
Authors: Mesnage Bruce , Gaillard Stéphane , Godin Antoine G. , Rodeau Jean‐Luc , Hammer Matthieu , Von Engelhardt Jakob , Wiseman Paul W. , De Koninck Yves , Schlichter Rémy , Cordero‐Erausquin Matilde 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEndogenous acetylcholine is an important modulator of sensory processing, especially at the spinal level, where nociceptive (pain‐related) stimuli enter the central nervous system and are integrated before being relayed to the brain. To decipher the organization of the local cholinergic circuitry in the spinal dorsal horn, we used transgenic mice expressing enchanced green fluorescent protein specifically in cholinergic neurons (ChAT::EGFP) and characterized the morphology, neurochemistry, and firing properties of the sparse population of cholinergic interneurons in this area. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of lamina III ChAT::EGFP neurons based either on their intrinsic fluorescence or on intracellular labeling in live tissue demonstrated that these neurons have long and thin processes that grow preferentially in the dorsal direction. Their dendrites and axon are highly elongated in the rostrocaudal direction, beyond the limits of a single spinal segment. These unique morphological features suggest that dorsal horn cholinergic interneurons are the main contributors to the plexus of cholinergic processes located in lamina IIi, just dorsal to their cell bodies. In addition, immunostainings demonstrated that dorsal horn cholinergic interneurons in the mouse are γ‐aminobutyric acidergic and express nitric oxide synthase, as in rats. Finally, electrophysiological recordings from these neurons in spinal cord slices demonstrate that two‐thirds of them have a repetitive spiking pattern with frequent rebound spikes following hyperpolarization. Altogether our results indicate that, although they are rare, the morphological and functional features of cholinergic neurons enable them to collect segmental information in superficial layers of the dorsal horn and to modulate it over several segments. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3139–3158, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the terminal nerve and the olfactory system in two galeomorph sharks: An experimental study using a carbocyanine dye
Authors: Yáñez Julián , Folgueira Mónica , Köhler Elisabeth , Martínez Cristina , Anadón Ramón 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn elasmobranchs the terminal nerve courses separately from the olfactory nerve. This characteristic makes elasmobranchs excellent models to study the anatomy and function of these two systems. Here we study the neural connections of the terminal nerve and olfactory system in two sharks by experimental tracing methods using carbocyanine dyes. The main projections from the terminal nerve system (consisting of three ganglia in Scyliorhinus canicula) course ipsilaterally to the medial septal nucleus and bilaterally to the ventromedial telencephalic pallial region. Minor terminal nerve projections were also traced ipsilaterally to diencephalic and mesencephalic levels. With regard to the olfactory connections, our results show that in sharks, unlike ray‐finned fishes, the primary olfactory projections are mainly restricted to the olfactory bulb. We also performed tracer application to the olfactory bulb in order to analyze the possible central neuroanatomical relationship between the projections of the terminal nerve and the olfactory bulb. In these experiments labeled neurons and fibers were observed from telencephalic to caudal mesencephalic regions. However, we observe almost no overlap between the two systems at central levels. The afferent and the putatively efferent connections of the dogfish olfactory bulb are compared with those previously reported in other elasmobranchs. The significance of the extratelencephalic secondary olfactory projections is also discussed in a comparative context. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3202–3217, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation of feedforward and feedback projections in mouse visual cortex
Authors: Berezovskii Vladimir K. , Nassi Jonathan J. , Born Richard T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHierarchical organization is a common feature of mammalian neocortex. Neurons that send their axons from lower to higher areas of the hierarchy are referred to as “feedforward” (FF) neurons, whereas those projecting in the opposite direction are called “feedback” (FB) neurons. Anatomical, functional, and theoretical studies suggest that these different classes of projections play fundamentally different roles in perception. In primates, laminar differences in projection patterns often distinguish the two projection streams. In rodents, however, these differences are less clear, despite an established hierarchy of visual areas. Thus the rodent provides a strong test of the hypothesis that FF and FB neurons form distinct populations. We tested this hypothesis by injecting retrograde tracers into two different hierarchical levels of mouse visual cortex (area 17 and anterolateral area [AL]) and then determining the relative proportions of double‐labeled FF and FB neurons in an area intermediate to them (lateromedial area [LM]). Despite finding singly labeled neurons densely intermingled with no laminar segregation, we found few double‐labeled neurons (≈5% of each singly labeled population). We also examined the development of FF and FB connections. FF connections were present at the earliest timepoint we examined (postnatal day 2, P2), while FB connections were not detectable until P11. Our findings indicate that, even in cortices without laminar segregation of FF and FB neurons, the two projection systems are largely distinct at the neuronal level and also differ with respect to the timing of their axonal outgrowth. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3672–3683, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Slow Photoelectron Spectroscopy of δ‐Valerolactam and Its Dimer
Authors: Mahjoub Ahmed , Hochlaf Majdi , Poisson Lionel , Nieuwjaer Nicolas , Lecomte Frédéric , Schermann Jean‐Pierre , Grégoire Gilles , Manil Bruno , Garcia Gustavo A. , Nahon Laurent 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe studied the single‐photon ionization of gas‐phase δ‐valerolactam (piperidin‐2‐one) and of its dimer using vacuum‐ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation coupled to a velocity map imaging electron/ion coincidence spectrometer. The slow photoelectron spectrum (SPES) of the monomer is dominated by the vibrational transitions to the ${{\rm{\tilde X}}}$ state. Moreover, several weaker and complex bands are observed, corresponding to the population of the vibrational bands (pure or combination) of the electronically excited states of the cation arising from their mutual vibronic interactions. For the dimer, we measure a unique large band. These spectra are assigned with the help of theoretical calculations dealing with the equilibrium geometries, electronic‐state patterns and evolutions, harmonic and anharmonic wavenumbers of the monomer and dimer, either neutral or positively charged. The state energies of the [δ‐valerolactam]+ cation in the ${{\rm{\tilde X}}}$ ground, ${{\rm{\tilde A}}}$, ${{\rm{\tilde B}}}$ and ${{\rm{\tilde C}}}$ excited electronic states, and of the [δ‐valerolactam]2+ cation′s lowest states are determined. After its formation, [δ‐valerolactam]2+ is subject to intramolecular isomerization, H transfer and then unimolecular fragmentation processes. Close to the ionization thresholds, the photoionization of these molecules is found to be mainly dominated by a direct process whereas the indirect route (autoionization) contributes at higher energies.
A microflow cytometer exploited for the immunological differentiation of leukocytes
Authors: Frankowski Marcin , Bock Nicole , Kummrow Andreas , Schädel‐Ebner Sandra , Schmidt Martin , Tuchscheerer Andrej , Neukammer Jörg 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this article, we demonstrate the potential of a microfluidic chip for the differentiation of immunologically stained blood cells. To this end, white blood cells stained with antibodies typically applied for the determination of the immune status were measured in the micro‐device. Relative concentrations of lymphocytes and subpopulations of lymphocytes are compared to those obtained with a conventional flow cytometer. The stability of the hydrodynamic focusing and the optical setup was determined by measuring the variation of the signal pulse height of fluorescence calibration beads, being about 2% for the micro‐device. This value and the overall performance of the micro‐device are similar to conventional flow cytometers. It follows from our results that such microfluidic structures are well suited as modules in a compact, portable read‐out instrument. The production process of the microflow cytometers, which we exploited for immunological cell differentiation, is compatible with mass production technology like injection molding and, hence, low cost disposable chips could be available in the future. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping for the evaluation of bone marrow dysplasia
Authors: Della Porta Matteo Giovanni , Lanza Francesco , Del Vecchio Luigi ,   for the Italian Society of Cytometry (GIC)
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe pathological hallmark of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is marrow dysplasia, which represents the basis of the WHO classification of these disorders. This classification provides clinicians with a useful tool for defining the different subtypes of MDS and determining individual prognosis. The WHO proposal has raised some concern regarding minimal diagnostic criteria particularly in patients with normal karyotype without robust morphological markers of dysplasia (such as ring sideroblasts or excess of blasts). Therefore, there is clearly a need to refine the accuracy to detect marrow dysplasia. Flow cytometry (FCM) immunophenotyping has been proposed as a tool to improve the evaluation of marrow dysplasia. Rationale for the application of FCM in the diagnostic work up of MDS is that immunophenotyping is an accurate method for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of hematopoietic cells and that MDS have been found to have abnormal expression of several cellular antigens. To become clinically applicable, FCM analysis should be based on parameters with sufficient specificity and sensitivity, data should be reproducible between different operators and the results should be easily understood by clinicians. In this report, we reviewed the most relevant progresses in detection of marrow dysplasia by FCM in MDS as defined by WHO criteria. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society