bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yields of Irrigated Grass and Legume Pasture Mixtures in the Northern Rocky Mountain Area1
Authors: Cooper Clee S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass‐legume mixtures are of major importance for irrigated pasture in the western United States and provide flexibility in managing other forage resources in an integrated system. I evaluated 20 grass‐legume mixtures for use in the northern Rocky Mountain area. Yield contribution of ‘Regar’ meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem and Schult), ‘Manchar’ smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermus L.), ‘Chinook’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and ‘Troy’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to grass‐legume mixtures was studied when each was seeded in mixtures with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) or with sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) added to each of the latter two. Mixtures were planted in the field into a Bozeman silt loam (Argic‐pachic cryoboroll) soil, grown with adequate irrigation water, and harvested to simulate a frequency similar to that occurring in an irrigated pasture system. Regar meadow bromegrass contributed significantly more to mixture yields than other grasses and alfalfa more than other legumes over the 4‐year period. The two bromegrasses contributed more to yield at the first harvest than orchardgrass or Kentucky bluegrass. Birdsfoot trefoil contributed less than other legumes to mixture yields but sainfoin seeded with birdsfoot trefoil mixtures increased yields to a level equal to that of Ladino clover mixtures. Sainfoin was rapidly lost from mixtures containing Ladino clover. Differences in yield contribution among grasses were least when they were grown with taller‐growing legumes and greatest when grown with shorter‐growing legumes.
Response of Coastal Bermudagrass to Tillage and Fertilizers on an Eroded Grayland Soil1
Authors: Kissel D. E. , Burnett Earl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils of the Wilson‐Crockett‐Burleson and the Burleson‐Heiden‐Crockett associations in the Blackland and Prairie have poor water relations and low fertility. The result is low crop production in many cases. The poor water relations are caused, in part, by a claypan that is often near the soil surface. The objective of this study was to impose various tillage and fertilizer treatments on a representative low‐producing area of these soils to determine the feasibility of renovation to improve forage production by Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). The soil at the experimental site was a Crockett sandy clay loam (Uderic Paleustalf, fine, montmorillonitic, thermic).The site was chiseled about 15 cm deep with chisels on 1 m centers the first year of the study only. Fertilizer treatments were imposed on the chiseled area and an adjacent area not chiseled. Forage yields were measured. Chiseling increased forage production throughout the study. When N application was 140 kg/ha and greater, forage production from the chiseled site was up to 3.3 times greater than from the area not chiseled. Breaking the claypan probably allowed greater infiltration of rainwater and applied fertilizer, thereby improving the environment for forage production.On an adjacent area, tilled to a depth of 1.5 m, forage production was the same on deep‐tilled and nontilled areas during the first year of the study. During the second year, forage production was increased by deep‐tillage and increased further when the deep‐tilled areas were treated with gypsum at 11 metric ton/ha.
Effect of Soil Water Potential of Two Soils on Soybean Emergence1
Authors: Heatherly L. G. , Russell W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRapid, uniform emergence of seedlings from the soil is an important factor in crop production. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of soil water potential on rate and percentage of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] emergence from two soil types. ‘Tracy’ soybeans were planted in Sharkey clay (Vertic Haplaquept, very fine, montmorillonitic, thermic) and Dubbs silt loam (typic Hapludalf, fine‐silty, mixed thermic) soils equilibrated to soil water potentials (SWP) of −0.1 to −0.7 bar in 0.1 bar increments. Emergence counts were made through 14 days after planting, and each emerging seedling was rated for morphological abnormalities.Plants emerged from the Sharkey clay at a faster rate and over a wide range of SWP's than from the silt loam soil. Total emergence from the clay soil after 14 days was not significantly different over the range of SWP's used, and exceeded 81% in all treatments. However, significantly fewer plants emerged from the −0.1 and −0.7 bar potentials of the silt loam soil than from the −0.4 to 0.6 bar levels. The range of emergence from the silt loam was 31.7 to 90.0%. The trends for percentage of normal plants that emerged at each SWP level within each soil were the same as those for total emergence.Based upon these results, rapid and uniform emergence of soybean seedlings can be expected if SWP of a fine‐textured soil such as Sharkey clay is between −0.1 and −0.7 bar and that of a medium‐textured soil, such as Dubbs silt loam is between −0.4 and −0.6 bar. The range is apparently more critical for the latter soil.
Corn Response to S‐Coated and Non‐Coated Superphosphates and Residual Effects1
Authors: Nicholaides J. J. , Fiskell J. G. A. , Martin F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMaintaining sufficient available P to crops, including corn (Zea mays L.), has long been recognized as a limiting feature to maximum production in most soils. Providing the P in a pellet should permit soluble P to saturate the soil with P at the pellet while preserving a portion as reserve in the pellet. To test this hypothesis, pelletized ordinary superphosphate (OSP), concentrated superphosphate uncoated (CSP), or coated with S and sealant (SCSP) were compared in a Rhodic Paleudult (a Red Bay, fine, sandy loam), previously uncultivated. This soil was gibbsitic and gave a maximum P sorption of 2,670 kg/P ha and had, at preplant, 11 kg P/ha extractable by 0.03 N NH4F in 0.1 N HC1. The major experiment was a randomized block design with each main plot split for banded and broadcast P placement with the CSP and SCSP compared at 28, 56, 112, and 140 kg P/ha. A secondary experiment compared OSP and SCSP combinations, all broadcast at 84 kg P/ha. The first year, corn cultivar ‘Pioneer 3009B’ was grown. The second year, plots previously receiving broadcast P were refertilized at one‐half the prior P level of CSP and SCSP while plots with banded P received no further P. The third year, no further P was added. The latter 2 years, corn cultivar ‘Pioneer 3369A’ was planted.Greatest increase in corn grain yield was obtained for the first 28 kg P/ha and further response was linear at 200 kg/ha yield for each additional 28 kg/P applied. Yield response was not significantly different either for P sources or for placement. The second year, residual P from that applied the first year gave linear corn grain yield response which was similar to that found when an additional P fertilization was made. The third year, grain yields gave better response to two, rather than one, annual P fertilization. There was no grain yield advantage to blending OSP and SCSP pellets either in the first or third year. Soil test values and ear leaf P values showed linear responses to rates of applied P.
Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Inhibition Caused by Safflower Seed Extracts1
Authors: Kheradnam M. , Bassiri A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWild safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha Bieb.), a close relative of cultivated safflower (C. tinctorius L.), is an excellent source of germplasm for adaptability and resistance to diseases and drought. However, its seed germinates poorly even under the most favorable laboratory conditions. Several experiments were conducted to determine the cause of low germination of wild safflower (WS) seed. When seeds (achenes) of WS were rinsed once and immediately germinated, the germination percentage increased by 16% over that of the check. Soaking seeds for 1 day doubled the germination percentage over the controls, and raised it to the viability level of the seed. Aqueous extracts of WS and cultivated safflower (CS) seeds caused dramatic decreases in the germination and seedling growth of WS and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds. The WS seed extract, although producing marked decreases in WS seed germination, was ineffective on CS seeds. Toxicity of these extracts was attributed to the high content of ions, salts, or other material which caused high osmotic potentials in the extracts. The boiled extract, although less effective than the unboiled, still produced significant deleterious effects on germination and seedling growth of WS, CS, and lettuce. Extracts from the WS embryos had a more pronounced effect on germination than that of the hulls
Suitability of Sugarbeets for Limited Irrigation in a Semi‐arid Climate1
Authors: Winter S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditional heavy irrigation of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) on the Southern High Plains is being questioned because of declining pumping rates and increasing cost of energy for pumping irrigation water. The objective of this work was to determine the suitability of sugarbeets for limited irrigation in a semi‐arid climate. Sugarbeets were flood‐irrigated in level basins enclosed by dikes with water accurately measured onto each plot. Soil was Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls order Mollisols), a very slowly permeable soil representative of the majority of sugarbeet acreage in this region. Irrigation schedules and amounts were varied to produce a wide range of water stress severity, duration, and timing. Weather was typical of this region; erratic precipitation totaled about one‐fourth of pan evaporation, and hot, dry, windy conditions frequently prevailed. Sugarbeets made efficient use of limited rainfall and soil profile water even when subjected to periods of water stress as long as 5 months. Irrigation water was most efficiently used when water application was adequate to maintain a nearly full canopy with no periods of major water stress or excessive water. One irrigation applied prior to onset of major water stress in July promoted high water use efficiency. Sugarbeet response to limited irrigation compares favorably to that of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), the major summer crop presently grown on the Southern High Plains with limited irrigation. No unusual production problems have occurred with limited irrigation of sugarbeets. This work indicates that sugarbeets can be efficiently grown under a wide range of irrigation level. Sugarbeets readily adapt to limited irrigation because they utilize deep‐stored soil water and quickly recover growth following major water stress.
Design and Testing of a New Microlysimeter for Leaching Studies1
Authors: Drake R. J. , Pepper I. L. , Johnson G. V. , Kneebone W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new microlysimeter designed to facilitate leaching studies under perched water table situations was constructed of commonly available materials. Advantages of the microlysimeter include low cost, low mortality rate, reliability, small volume, and simple construction. Design of the microlysimeter is shown in this note. The microlysimeter was tested by conducting a leaching study of nitrate through a sand medium. Rates of 0, 35, 70, and 140 kg N/ha as KNO3 were applied to the sand, which subsequently was leached daily with water. Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for NO3‐‐N. Overall mean N recovery was 97.6% for all rates. Coefficient of variation between replicates was 8.5%. Correlation of leached versus expected N gave a correlation coefficient of 0.94. These data indicate that the microlysimeter is a useful and reliable aid for soil leaching studies with perched water tables.
Winter Hardiness in New Digitaria Germplasm1
Authors: Oakes A. J. , Langford W. R. , Schank S. C. , Roush R. D. , Hodges E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPortions of the USDA Digitaria collection have been assessed for winter hardiness in previous studies. The objective of this study was to identify additional winter hardy Digitaria germplasm for the purpose of extending its production range as permanent pasture in the southeastern United States. This objective was accomplished by assessing plant survival for winter hardiness of 14 species and two subspecies comprising 230 accessions grown in field trials for 3 years at four locations in Florida and Georgia. Significant differential winter hardiness was exhibited among Digitaria species and among clones within species. Winter hardiness of seven species and two subspecies was significantly superior to that of the remaining seven species. The species of greatest economic value, D. decumbens Stent comprising three cultivars, is among the most winter hardy germplasm. The cultivars ‘Pangola,’ ‘Slenderstem,’ and ‘Transvala’ are among 13 clones which exhibited maximum winter hardiness. The average performance of species masked the superior winter hardiness of individual clones in some instances. These findings substantiate those reported previously and emphasize the consideration that should be given individual clones in the search for, and utilization of winter hardy Digitaria germplasm. The effect of minimum temperature on winter survival was determined. This winter hardy germplasm is being utilized in plant improvement programs, particularly in Florida. These results demonstrate the need for additional field research in an assessment of the elite winter hardy germplasm for adaptation and production capacity.
Effect of Soil Micro‐Relief of a Louisiana Bank System of Field Drainage After Conversion from the Cambered Bed System on Sugar Cane
Authors: Simpson L. A. , Gumbs F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Caribbean, sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields are being converted from Cambered Beds to Louisiana Banks to facilitate mechanization. After conversion the fields often subside particularly in the areas where former drains were located. This subsidence influences field drainage, soil water relations, and sugar yields. The effect of soil micro‐relief on sugar cane growing in the field on Louisiana Banks after conversion from Cambered Beds was studied during the wet season in Trinidad. Three types of topographies: depression, elevated, and sloping areas occurring within a field of the soil type aquic eutropepts, were selected for study.Areas of soil depression caused mainly by soil subsidence after conversion were found to have significantly higher soil moisture than areas of elevations and were also observed to have ponding water for continual periods during the course of the experiment. The nutrient and moisture levels of the top visible dewlap leaf of 21‐week‐old sugar cane, stalk growth, juice quality, and final yields of sugar cane and sugar measured on plots on the three topographies were used as indices of sugar cane performance. These parameters were found to be significantly affected by areas of soil depressions in the field. Only juice quality was favorably affected during the wet season by the areas of soil depression, as flooding caused premature ripening of canes. This better juice quality was not maintained as the soil dried out and there was no significant difference in juice quality at harvest. Losses in sugar cane and sugar yields from areas of soil depression compared with elevated and sloping areas varied between 41 and 47%. It is therefore recommended that allowances be made for soil subsidence and that more precise grading and land smoothing operations be carried out when fields are converted from Cambered Beds to Louisiana Banks.
Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Meadowfoam With Planting Dates and Rates1
Authors: Johnson J. W. , Devine M. B. , White G. A. , Kleiman R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation concerning the cultural practices of meadowfoam Limnanthes alba Benth.), a potential seed oil source of long chain fatty acids, is limited. The effects of date and rate of planting on seed yield and weight, oil production, date of flowering, winter survival, seed shattering, and plant erectness in meadowfoam were studied in the field in 1974 and 1975. Three plant introductions were sown in Queenstown, Maryland on four dates between 21 September and 6 November and at four planting rates (11, 17, 23, and 29 kg/ha).Maximum seed yields resulted following early to mid October planting and from a planting rate of at least 23 kg/ha. In 1974, a year of below‐average winter temperatures, seed yields ranged from 507 to 739 kg/ha at the planting rates of 11 and 29 kg/ha, respectively. The winter survival of the plots also increased as the planting rate was increased. In 1975, a year of above‐average winter temperatures, no differences between the planting rates for yield or winter survival were detected. Planting rates did not affect oil content or seed weight. However, planting dates caused considerable amount of variation for these characteristics. Planting rates had no effect on date of flowering, plant erectness, or seed shattering.P.I. 374790 averaged 22 and 12% more seed yield than P.I. 283701 and P.I. 374791, respectively, but produced 5%, lighter seed than the other entires. The heaviest seed was produced by P.I. 283701 which also had the highest oil content (27%). The correlation between oil content and seed weight was 0.67 (P=0.01) in 1975. Under Maryland conditions, meadowfoam should be planted in early to mid‐October at a rate of 23 kg/ha to obtain maximum yield and to avoid winter injury.
Evaluation of Commercial Soybean Inoculants from South Carolina and Georgia1
Authors: Skipper H. D. , Palmer J. H. , Giddens J. E. , Woodruff J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince poor quality inoculants could be one of the factors responsible for nodulation failures in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], 93 planter‐box inocultants from commercial retail sources in South Carolina and Georgia were evaluated for numbers of viable Rhizobium japonicum on yeast extract mannitol agar. Spread plates were counted after incubation for 7 days at 28 C Two sub‐samples from each commercial inocultant were evaluated. Viable rhizobial counts ranged from 6.9 × 109 to ≤ 1.0 × 103/g of inoculant. Statistical differences were detected among brands. Inoculants which contained a fungicide and/or Mo were consistently and significantly lower in viable rhizobia than other brands. The low viable rhizobial counts were also reflected in poor nodulation of soybean roots under greenhouse conditions. A highly significant correlation was obtained between the log of viable rhizobia and the number of nodules per plant for 27 inoculants. Plate counts provided a relatively rapid and inexpensive method to assess the quality of commercial inoculants.
Residual Activity of Herbicide Treatments on Bermudagrass Greens Overseeded with Ryegrass1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGoosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] control is a major problem weed in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] putting greens and it is usually necessary to apply postemergence herbicide treatments throughout summer and early fall for effective control. Since bermudagrass greens are overseeded with cool‐season grasses in early fall, a study was conducted on a Cecil (Typic Hapludult) sandy loam at Experiment, Ga. to determine the interval needed between Herbicide treatments and time of overseeding without injuring the newly planted turf.A ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass putting green was treated with MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), methazole [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐l,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione], metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐ 5(4H)‐one] and combinations of MSMA with either methazole or methribuzin at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks before overseeding with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Medalist IV’ and ‘Medalist V’). Methazole applied alone was the only herbicide that required at least 1 week between treatment and overseeding without affecting the stand of newly planted turf. Metribuzin applied on day of overseeding significantly reduced seedling vigor but not turf stand. Combinations of MSMA with either methazole or metribuzin did not affect growth of ryegrass when applied anytime up to the day of overseeding.
Effect of Fertilizer Reaction and Placement on Availability of Manganese1
Authors: Voth R. D. , Christenson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiencies are a serious problem in crop production on some high pH soils of the lake bed regions of Michigan and Ohio. It has been observed that some fertilizers banded near the seed increase Mn availability. Several factors have been suggested to be responsible for this increased availability. A series of laboratory incubation, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted to evaluate fertilizer reaction and Mn sources on availability of Mn to sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.) and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).The incubation study showed that fertilizer sources which produce an acidic reaction initially increase the level of DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta‐acetic acid) and 0.1 N H3PO4 extractable Mn in the soil contiguous to the fertilizer band. After seven weeks of incubation, H3PO4 extractable Mn levels were not significantly different for the various fertilizer treatments. The level of Mn extracted with DTPA after seven weeks for the fertilizer sources was: DAP‐Urea‐KCl > control = MAP‐Urea‐KCl > NH4NO3‐MCP‐KCl = (NH4)2SO4‐MCP‐KCl, where DAP = diammonium phosphate, MAP = monoammonium phosphate and MCP = monocalcium phosphate.The greenhouse study was conducted on a Tappan loam (Typic Haplaquepts) and consisted of a 24 factorial set of treatments with N sources of urea and (NH4)2SO4; N and P (MCP) placements of mixed and banded; and Mn levels of banded Mn and no Mn. Banded MCP proved to be as effective as banded Mn in increasing Mn availability (extractable and plant uptake). Banded Mn along with banded MCP proved to be much superior to either factor alone. Nitrogen source and placement had small and variable affects on Mn availability and were largely masked by the Mn and P placement treatments.Field studies were conducted on seven soil types to test the effect of fertilizer and Mn sources and showed the following order of tissue Mn: MnSO4 = MnO (100 mesh) > oxysulfate (partially acidulated MnO) = Mn‐EDTA = control. Tissue samples taken within five weeks of planting had higher Mn concentration for a NH4NO3‐MCP‐KCl (acidic) fertilizer than for the urea‐DAP‐KCl (basic) fertilizer. However, when oxidation of the NH4‐N in the basic fertilizer was more complete, the difference diminished. The results suggest that when Mn deficiencies occur early in the growing season, use of an acidic fertilizer in combination with MnSO4 or finely divided MnO would be helpful in elimination of the problem.