bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic modeling of vertebrate spatial contrast sensitivity and acuity at low luminance
Authors: JARVIS JOHN R. , WATHES CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe validity of the Barten theoretical model for describing the vertebrate spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and acuity at scotopic light levels has been examined. Although this model (which has its basis in signal modulation transfer theory) can successfully describe vertebrate CSF, and its relation to underlying visual neurophysiology at photopic light levels, significant discrepancies between theory and experimental data have been found at scotopic levels. It is shown that in order to describe scotopic CSF, the theory must be modified to account for important mechanistic changes, which occur as cone vision switches to rod vision. These changes are divided into photon management factors [changes in optical performance (for a dilated pupil), quantum efficiency, receptor sampling] and neural factors (changes in spatial integration area, neural noise, and lateral inhibition in the retina). Predictions of both scotopic CSF and acuity obtained from the modified theory were found to be in good agreement with experimental values obtained from the human, macaque, cat, and owl monkey. The last two species have rod densities particularly suited for scotopic conditions.
Macros that Work Together
Authors: FLATT MATTHEW , CULPEPPER RYAN , DARAIS DAVID , FINDLER ROBERT BRUCE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRacket is a large language that is built mostly within itself. Unlike the usual approach taken by non-Lisp languages, the self-hosting of Racket is not a matter of bootstrapping one implementation through a previous implementation, but instead a matter of building a tower of languages and libraries via macros. The upper layers of the tower include a class system, a component system, pedagogic variants of Scheme, a statically typed dialect of Scheme, and more. The demands of this language-construction effort require a macro system that is substantially more expressive than previous macro systems. In particular, while conventional Scheme macro systems handle stand-alone syntactic forms adequately, they provide weak support for macros that share information or macros that use existing syntactic forms in new contexts. This paper describes and models features of the Racket macro system, including support for general compile-time bindings, sub-form expansion and analysis, and environment management. The presentation assumes a basic familiarity with Lisp-style macros, and it takes for granted the need for macros that respect lexical scope. The model, however, strips away the pattern and template system that is normally associated with Scheme macros, isolating a core that is simpler, can support pattern and template forms themselves as macros, and generalizes naturally to Racket's other extensions.
B-type natriuretic peptide: use and misuse in the older patient
Authors: Oxley K , Baxter J 
Published: May 2012

SummaryB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the inactive N-terminal fragment of the precursor (NT-proBNP) are hormones predominantly produced by the cardiac myocyte. It has been shown that very high levels of circulating natriuretic peptides correlate with a diagnosis of heart failure. In view of this, the current NICE, SIGN and European Society of Cardiology guidelines on heart failure recommend the measurement of natriuretic peptides as part of the diagnostic pathway for patients with suspected heart failure in primary care. Patients should be stratified according to results, with high-risk patients referred and reviewed by specialist services within 2 weeks. There has also been interest regarding the potential use of natriuretic peptides in disease surveillance, therapeutic monitoring and in-patient discharge planning. Consequently, it is a test that we will encounter with increasing frequency in clinical practice.Heart failure is common in older people, hence geriatricians need to have an understanding of the implications of natriuretic peptide levels. The test can be affected by both physiological and pharmacological factors and this should be taken into consideration when interpreting results.
Le débit lent des Suisses romands: mythe ou réalité?
Authors: SCHWAB SANDRA , RACINE ISABELLE 
Published: May 2012

RÉSUMÉCette recherche vise à examiner empiriquement l'idée commune que les Suisses romands parlent lentement. Nous avons comparé, en parole lue, diverses variables temporelles produites par des locuteurs provenant d'une variété régionale française (Brunoy en Ile-de-France) et de deux variétés régionales suisses romandes (Neuchâtel et Nyon), et ce, en tenant compte de l’âge et du sexe des locuteurs. Les résultats montrent, d'une part, que, parmi les diverses variables temporelles, seule la vitesse d'articulation permet de distinguer les locuteurs des trois variétés régionales. D'autre part, ils soulignent le rôle différent, selon la variété régionale, que jouent l’âge et le sexe des locuteurs dans la production de la vitesse d'articulation.
Nuclear astrophysics: nucleosynthesis in the Universe
Authors: Lépine-Szily Alinka , Descouvemont Pierre 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNuclear astrophysics is a relatively young science; it is about half a century old. It is a multidisciplinary subject, since it combines nuclear physics with astrophysics and observations in astronomy. It also addresses fundamental issues in astrobiology through the formation of elements, in particular those required for a carbon-based life. In this paper, a rapid overview of nucleosynthesis is given, mainly from the point of view of nuclear physics. A short historical introduction is followed by the definition of the relevant nuclear parameters, such as nuclear reaction cross sections, astrophysical S-factors, the energy range defined by the Gamow peak and reaction rates. The different astrophysical scenarios that are the sites of nucleosynthesis, and different processes, cycles and chains that are responsible for the building of complex nuclei from the elementary hydrogen nuclei are then briefly described.
Diasporic Dialogues in Mid-Century New York: Stefan Wolpe, George Russell, Hannah Arendt, and the Historiography of Displacement
Authors: COHEN BRIGID 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article explores mid-century New York intellectual scenes mediated by the avant-garde émigré composer Stefan Wolpe (1902–72), with special emphasis on Wolpe's interactions with jazz composer George Russell (1923–2009) and political philosopher Hannah Arendt (1906–75). Cross-disciplinary communities set the stage for these encounters: Wolpe and Russell met in the post-bop circles that clustered in Gil Evans's basement apartment, while Wolpe encountered Arendt at the Eighth Street Artists’ Club, the hotbed of Abstract Expressionism. Wolpe's exchanges with Arendt and Russell, long unacknowledged, may initially seem unrelated. Yet each figure shared a series of “cosmopolitan” commitments. They valued artistic communities as spaces for salutary acts of cultural boundary crossing, and they tended to see forms of self-representation in the arts as a way to respond to the dehumanizing political disasters of the century. Wolpe and Arendt focused on questions of human plurality in the wake of their forced displacements as German-Jewish émigrés, whereas Russell confronted dilemmas of difference as an African American migrant from southern Ohio in New York. Bringing together interpretive readings of music with interview- and archive-based research, this article works toward a historiography of aesthetic modernism that recognizes migration as formative rather than incidental to its community bonds, ethical aspirations, and creative projects.
Jazzing the Classics: Race, Modernism, and the Career of Arranger Chappie Willet
Authors: WRIGGLE JOHN 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe American popular music tradition of “jazzing the classics” has long stood at the intersection of discourses on high and low culture, commercialism, and jazz authenticity. Dance band arrangers during the 1930s and 1940s frequently evoked, parodied, or straddled these cultural debates through their manipulations of European classical repertoire. This article examines Swing Era arranging strategies in the context of prevailing racial essentialisms, conceptions of modernism, and notions of technical virtuosity. The legacy of African American freelance arranger Chappie Willet, and his arrangement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, op. 13 (“Pathétique”) for the black dance band of Jimmie Lunceford, suggests that an account of the biography and artistic voice of the arranger is critical to understanding the motivations behind these hybrid musical works.
Reminiscence, Reflections, and Resonance: The Just Intonation Resophonic Guitar and Lou Harrison'sScenes from Nek Chand
Authors: FIORE GIACOMO 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUpon accepting a commission for a solo guitar piece from the 2002 Open Minds Music Festival in San Francisco, Lou Harrison decided to writeScenes from Nek Chandfor a unique instrument: a resonator guitar refretted in just intonation. Harrison's last completed work draws inspiration from the sound of Hawaiian music that the composer remembered hearing in his youth, as well as from the artwork populating Nek Chand's Rock Garden of Chandigarh, India.Based on archival research, oral histories, and the author's insights as a performer of contemporary music, this article examines the piece's inception, outlining the organological evolution of resophonic guitars and their relationship to Hawaiian music. It addresses the practical and aesthetic implications of the composer's choice of tuning, and examines the work of additional artists, such as Terry Riley and Larry Polansky, who have contributed to the growing repertoire for the just intonation resophonic guitar.
THE GENETIC VERSUS THE AXIOMATIC METHOD: RESPONDING TO FEFERMAN 1977
Authors: LANDRY ELAINE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFeferman (1977) argues that category theory cannot stand on its own as a structuralist foundation for mathematics: he claims that, because the notions of operation and collection are both epistemically and logically prior, we require a background theory of operations and collections. Recently [2011], I have argued that in rationally reconstructing Hilbert’s organizational use of the axiomatic method, we can construct an algebraic version of category-theoretic structuralism. That is, in reply to Shapiro (2005), we can be structuralists all the way down; we do not have to appeal to some background theory to guarantee the truth of our axioms. In this paper, I again turn to Hilbert; I borrow his (Hilbert, 1900a) distinction between the genetic method and the axiomatic method to argue that even if the genetic method requires the notions of operation and collection, the axiomatic method does not. Even if the genetic method is in some sense epistemically or logically prior, the axiomatic method stands alone. Thus, if the claim that category theory can act as a structuralist foundation for mathematics arises from the organizational use of the axiomatic method, then it does not depend on the prior notions of operation or collection, and so we can be structuralists all the way up.
Sportaktivität als Stresspuffer
Authors: Klaperski Sandra , Seelig Harald , Fuchs Reinhard 
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung: Die Rolle des Sports als Strategie der Stressregulation ist noch wenig systematisch erforscht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die sog. „Stresspuffer-Hypothese der Sportaktivität“ genauer geprüft. Sie besagt, dass Sportaktivität die negativen Auswirkungen von Stress auf die Gesundheit „abzupuffern“ vermag. Bis heute ist diese Hypothese noch nicht überzeugend empirisch belegt, vor allem mangelt es an längsschnittlicher und experimenteller Evidenz. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Stresspuffer-Hypothese sowohl quer- als auch längsschnittlich überprüft: N = 427 Angestellte machten an zwei Messzeitpunkten im Abstand von zehn Monaten Angaben zu ihrer seelischen Gesundheit, ihrem arbeitsbedingten Stresserleben und ihrer Sportaktivität. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen den Stresspuffereffekt auf der Ebene der Querschnittsanalysen – bei Betrachtung des aktuellen Stresserlebens und des aktuellen Sporttreibens – nur teilweise, auf der Ebene der Längsschnittanalysen – bei Betrachtung des chronischen Stresserlebens und des chronischen Sporttreibens – dagegen in vollem Umfang. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass das habituelle Sportverhalten insbesondere bei zeitlich andauernden Stressbedingungen seine gesundheitsprotektive Wirkung zu entfalten vermag.
South China Sea throughflow impact on the Indonesian throughflow
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Huber Bruce A. , Metzger E. Joseph , Susanto R. Dwi , Hurlburt Harley E. , Adi T. Rameyo 
Published: May 2012

In 2008–2009 the Makassar throughflow profile changed dramatically: the characteristic thermocline velocity maximum increased from 0.7 to 0.9 m/sec and shifted from 140 m to 70 m, amounting to a 47% increase in the transport of warmer water between 50 and 150 m during the boreal summer. HYCOM output indicates that ENSO induced change of the South China Sea (SCS) throughflow into the Indonesian seas is the likely cause. Increased SCS throughflow during El Niño with a commensurate increase in the southward flow of buoyant surface water through the Sulu Sea into the northern Makassar Strait, inhibits tropical Pacific surface water injection into Makassar Strait; during La Niña SCS throughflow is near zero allowing tropical Pacific inflow. The resulting warmer ITF reaches into the Indian Ocean, potentially affecting regional sea surface temperature and climate.
Statistical evidence for the natural variation of the central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Kim Jin‐Soo , Kim Kwang‐Yul , Yeh Sang‐Wook 
Published: May 2012

Extensive studies claimed that the central equatorial Pacific (CP) El Niño has occurred more frequently and strongly than the eastern equatorial Pacific El Niño in recent years. To explain this phenomenon, spatial patterns and principal component time series from several sea surface temperature (SST) data sets in the tropical Pacific are analyzed for the period of 1951–2010. Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis separates two modes of SST variability, which explain about 50% and 10% of the total SST variability, respectively. Their spatial and temporal patterns are similar among the different SST data sets. The first mode captures the typical El Niño pattern, while the second mode is a dipole pattern in the tropical Pacific. The two modes are, by definition, uncorrelated over the analysis period but are in phase since the late 1990s; superposition of the two modes results in a significant warming in the CP region, which is a potential explanation for a more frequent occurrence of the CP El Niño in the recent decades. Similar analysis is conducted based on the 500 year data from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 under the preindustrial condition. The result is generally consistent with the observations yielding occasional in‐phase relationship between the two modes. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that a more frequent occurrence of the CP El Niño in recent years is a natural feature of the equatorial climate system.
Inhibition of XO or NOX attenuates diethylstilbestrol-induced endothelial nitric oxide deficiency without affecting its effects on LNCaP cell invasion and apoptosis
Authors: Youn Ji-Youn , Nguyen Andrew , Cai Hua 
Published: May 2012

Oestrogen protects cardiovascular health partially via an up-regulation of NO• (NO radical) production. Its synthetic analogue DES (diethylstilbestrol), used as a potent androgen deprivation therapy for patients with prostate cancer, is however associated with high incidence of thromboembolic events. Exposure of BAECs (bovine aortic endothelial cells) to pharmacologically relevant dosage (12.5 μmol/l, 24 h) of DES resulted in a marked reduction in endothelial NO• bioavailability determined by ESR (electron spin resonance), while 17β-oestradiol instead increased NO• production as expected. Intriguingly, endothelial O2•− (superoxide anion) production was up-regulated by DES in vitro and in vivo, which was, however, attenuated by the ER (oestrogen receptor) antagonist ICI 182780, the XO (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor oxypurinol or the NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitor NSC23766. These agents also restored NO• production. DES alone in a cell-free system did not produce any ESR-sound O2•− signal. Of note, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) mRNA and protein remained unchanged in response to DES. These results suggest that receptor-dependent activation of XO or NOX, and subsequent production of O2•−, mediate DES-induced NO• deficiency. This could represent a previously unrecognized mechanism that is responsible for cardiovascular complications of DES administration. Importantly, DES-induced suppression of LNCaP cell invasion and apoptosis were not affected by XO or NOX inhibitor. Therefore combinatorial therapy of DES and XO/NOX inhibitor may prove to be an innovative and useful therapeutic option in eliminating cardiovascular complications of DES, while preserving its anti-cancer effects, benefiting patients with advanced cancer who do not respond well to any other treatments but DES.
Red wine extract protects against oxidative-stress-induced endothelial senescence
Authors: Botden Ilse P. G. , Oeseburg Hisko , Durik Matej , Leijten Frank P. J. , Van Vark-Van Der Zee Leonie C. , Musterd-Bhaggoe Usha M. , Garrelds Ingrid M. , Seynhaeve Ann L. B. , Langendonk Janneke G. , Sijbrands Eric J. G. , Danser A. H. Jan , Roks Anton J. M. 
Published: May 2012

Red wine polyphenols may preserve endothelial function during aging. Endothelial cell senescence enhances age-related endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether RWE (red wine extract) prevents oxidative-stress-induced senescence in HUVECs (human umbilical-vein endothelial cells). Senescence was induced by exposing HUVECs to tBHP (t-butylhydroperoxide), and quantified by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. RWE (0–50 μg/ml) concentration dependently decreased senescence by maximally 33±7.1%. RWE prevented the senescence-associated increase in p21 protein expression, inhibited tBHP-induced DNA damage of endothelial cells and induced relaxation of PCAs (porcine coronary arteries). Inhibition of SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) by sirtinol partially reversed the effect of RWE on tBHP-induced senescence, whereas both the NOS (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor L-NMMA (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine) and the COX (cyclo-oxygenase) inhibitor indomethacin fully inhibited it. Furthermore, incubation of HUVECs with RWE increased eNOS (endothelial NOS) and COX-2 mRNA levels as well as phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177. RWE protects endothelial cells from tBHP-induced senescence. NO and COX-2, in addition to activation of SIRT1, play a critical role in the inhibition of senescence induction in human endothelial cells by RWE.
Evaluation of Nature‐Like and Technical Fishways for the Passage of Alewives at Two Coastal Streams in New England
Authors: Franklin Abigail E. , Haro Alex , Castro‐Santos Theodore , Noreika John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNature‐like fishways have been designed with the intent to reconnect river corridors and provide passage for all species occurring in a system. The approach is gaining popularity both in Europe and North America, but performance of these designs has not been quantitatively evaluated in a field setting for any North American species. Two nature‐like fishways and three technical fishways in New England were evaluated for passage of anadromous adult alewivesAlosa pseudoharengusby using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry. A perturbation boulder rock ramp (32 m long; 4.2% slope) constructed in Town Brook (Plymouth, Massachusetts) passed 94% of the fish that made passage attempts, with most fish ascending the ramp in less than 22 min. In the East River (Guilford, Connecticut), a step‐pool bypass design (48 m long; 7.1% slope) passed only 40% of attempting fish, with a median transit time of 75 min. In Town Brook, a technical pool‐and‐weir fishway (14 m long; 14.3% slope) exhibited poor entry and poor passage for the fish. In contrast, in the East River, two technical steeppass fishways (3 m long; 29.6% and 9.6% slopes) passed the majority of available fish, although one of these steeppass fishways may have lacked sufficient flow to attract fish to the entrance. In both Town Brook and the East River, tagged fish passed rapidly downstream through all fishways after spawning. In the East River, the amount of time fish spent in the spawning habitat before migrating downstream ranged from 1 to 41 d. These studies demonstrate that some nature‐like and technical fishway designs can effectively facilitate passage of alewives, but a fishway's location in relation to a spillway is important, and further evaluations are required to more precisely identify the influence of the vertical drop per pool and the specific local hydraulics on alewife behaviors and passage performance.
Anomalous optical properties of GaMnAs/AlAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Rodrigues D H , Brasil M J S P , Gobato Y Galvão , Holgado D P A , Marques G E , Henini M 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We have investigated the optical properties of GaMnAs/AlAs quantum wells (QWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy under relatively high substrate temperatures (400 and 450 °C) and low Mn concentrations (⩽0.1%). We have studied the time- and polarized-resolved photoluminescence emission as a function of the laser power and an applied magnetic field. Several anomalous results have been observed including long decay times, enhancement of the diamagnetic shift and reduction in the polarization degree with increasing Mn concentration.
Effects of temperature, loading rate and nanowire length on torsional deformation and mechanical properties of aluminium nanowires investigated using molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Sung Po-Hsien , Wu Cheng-Da , Fang Te-Hua 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Single-crystal aluminium nanowires under torsion are studied using molecular dynamics simulations based on the many-body tight-binding potential. The effects of temperature, loading rate and nanowire length are evaluated in terms of atomic trajectories, potential energy, von Mises stress, a centrosymmetry parameter, torque, shear modulus and radial distribution function. Simulation results clearly show that torsional deformation begins at the surface, extends close to the two ends and finally diffuses to the middle part. The critical torsional angle which represents the beginning of plastic deformation varies with different conditions. Before the critical torsional angle is reached, the potential energy and the torque required for the deformation of a nanowire significantly increase with the torsional angle. The critical torsional angle increases with increasing nanowire length and loading rate and decreasing temperature. The torque required for the deformation decreases and the shear modulus increases with increasing nanowire length. For higher temperatures and higher loading rates, torsional buckling more easily occurs at the two ends of a nanowire, whereas it occurs towards the middle part at or below room temperature with lower loading rates. Geometry instability occurs before material instability (buckling) for a long nanowire.