bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of the Color Forms of the Southern Twostriped Walkingstick (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorphini), With Notes on Its Range, Habitats, and Behaviors
Authors: Conle Oskar V , Hennemann Frank H , Dossey Aaron T 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNumerous color morphs of the southern twostriped walkingstick (or “devil rider”), Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813) (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorphini), predominantly from Florida, are described and illustrated. Three main color forms of A. buprestoides are recognized: white, orange and brown. Type specimens of A. buprestoides have been lost, but colored illustrations by its original describer are compared with the most similar color form described here. This is intended to support future selection of a neotype, which will become necessary for conducting any confirmed taxonomic studies. The common brown form is highly variable in size and coloration and exhibits a wide distribution, mainly throughout the more northern portions of the dispersal of A. buprestoides. The white and orange forms are restricted to rather small localities in central Florida and show affiliation with dryer habitats. The distribution of A. buprestoides, based on collecting records from various museum collections, extends as far south as Key West, FL, but the northern boundary of its range is unclear. The day-hiding, defensive, and oviposition behaviors are described and illustrated for the three recognized color forms and are shown to differ considerably with dependence on the respective habitat. A list of known host plants and alternative food plants used in captive breeding of A. buprestoides is provided, which proves this species to be rather polyphagous. Captive breeding on alternative food plants for three generations has shown the coloration to remain constant independent of food plant used. Our observations lead us to the conclusion that A. buprestoides is in every aspect capable of adaptation to ecological pressure.
Age-Specific Life Table Parameters and Survivorship of an Iranian Population of the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) at Different Constant Temperatures
Authors: Aghdam Hossein Ranjbar , Fathipour Yaghoub , Kontodimas Dimitris C , Radjabi Gholamreza , Rezapanah Mohammadreza 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAge-specific life table parameters and survivorship, adult longevity, reproduction periods, fertility, and sex ratio of the codling moth were studied at eight constant temperatures (10, 14, 20, 25, 27, 30, 33, and 35 ±0.5°C). Among the examined temperatures, the highest values of net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase were 18.28 (females/female), 0.08 (females/female/d), and 1.08 at 27°C, respectively. Similarly, the highest value of sex ratio was 0.56 [females/ (females + males)] at 27°C. The highest mean generation time and doubling time were 72.26 and 23.09 d, respectively, at 20°C. To present a suitable model for intrinsic rate of increase at different temperatures, a nonlinear Lactin model was fitted to our observations. The longest preoviposition period was 2.77 and 2.55 d at 20 and 30°C, respectively. Also, the longest oviposition period was 8.46 d at 20°C. Postoviposition period was not statistically different at examined temperatures. The Weibull frequency distribution was used to describe the age-specific survival of the female adults. Based on the Weibull distribution parameters, the survival curves were type I at all examined temperatures, which indicates that mortality mostly occurred in old individuals. These findings confirmed that temperature is a critical environmental factor affecting codling moth population growth.
Egg Morphology and Stages of Embryonic Development of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Al-Wahaibi Ali K , Morse Joseph G 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure of the egg and embryonic developmental stages of glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera Cicadellidae), an important vector of Xyhlla fastidiosa are described and illustrated. This sharpshooter has narrow, flattened elliptical eggs with the anterior end less broad and more pointed than the posterior end. The anterior portion of the egg contains a keel-shaped structure with a ridge that stretches backward for a short distance and then transforms into a groove stretching longitudinally along the ventral surface of the egg. The eggshell apparently has two layers: an outer shell layer that peels off easily when handling the egg, and an inner layer that appears intact, tightly surrounding the yolk and other liquid contents of the egg. There were six discernible stages of embryonic development (195 h at 25°C): an initial undifferentiated stage at 0–90 h, appearance of the head cap at 90–100 h, eye spot migration at 100–130 h, active physiological stage at 130–180 h, a head cap ballooning stage at 180–190 h, and emergence of the first-instar nymph at 185–195 h. It was found that the general structure of the egg and embryonic developmental stages are similar to that of other cicadellids. However, the present work breaks down the embryonic development of leafhopper] eggs into more stages than previously described. The timing of H. vitripennis embryonic developmental stages could be used to improve the design of host-age effect experiments aimed at developing more efficient rearing methods for egg parasitoids to be released for control of H. vitripennis.
Odonata Biogeography in the Grand Canyon Ecoregion, Southwestern USA
Authors: Stevens Lawrence E , Bailowitz Richard A 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Odonata fauna of the Grand Canyon ecoregion (GCE) on the southern Colorado Plateau includes 89 species (35 genera, seven families), including 49 Anisoptera species (25 genera, four families) and 40 Zygoptera species (10 genera, three families), and with 58 Odonata species in Grand Canyon (GC; 24 genera, seven families). Three biogeographic hypotheses account for this relatively high regional species richness: faunal affinity (origin), elevation effects on range, and landform impacts across spatial scale. The GCE Odonata assemblage is the result of mixing of taxa from adjacent Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Allochthonous taxa include 34.8% tropical (Mexican, Caribbean, Neotropical, or Pantropical) and 21.3% boreal (Nearctic or Holarctic) species. Autochthonous species (43.8%) are range-centered in North American, neither clearly Nearctic nor Neotropical, with a strong Pacific Coast influence. Area-adjusted species richness is negatively linearly related to elevation. Tropical species have lower elevation ranges than do boreal species, whereas the elevation ranges of both allochthonous groups overlap those of autochthonous species. Odonata generally overcome landform-based range constraints at coarse spatial scales, but barrier/filter and corridor effects predominate over refuge and null biogeographic effects in GC. Anisoptera and Zygoptera biogeographic patterns are similar, except that 9-fold more Zygoptera species exist in refugia in GC compared with Anisoptera. Although no GCE Odonata previously have been considered rare or at risk, 15 (16.9%) species are restricted to three or fewer localities, four (4.5%) of species have been detected at only a single locality, and four high-elevation Nearctic species may be at risk of extirpation though climate change impacts on their habitats.
Wild Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of the Michigan Highbush Blueberry Agroecosystem
Authors: Tuell Julianna K , Ascher John S , Isaacs Rufus 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHighbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a native North American crop dependent upon pollen movement by bees for high fruit set and large berries. Commercial blueberry farms use honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to provide pollination services, but there is concern regarding their long-term sustainability as crop pollinators. We conducted a 3-yr study at 15 farms to identify the bee community associated with the blueberry agroecosystem in Michigan to improve our understanding of this community and to better target conservation practices. Pan trapping and direct observation were used to determine the relative abundance and diversity of wild bees before, during, and after bloom. We found at least 166 species, representing 30 genera and five families, 112 of which were active during bloom. Most bees captured were solitary, soil-nesting bees. Most species were from subfamily Halictinae (family Halictidae) and genus Andrena (family Andrenidae). Andrena Carolina Viereck, a specialist on Ericaceae, was the most abundant native bee species collected during blueberry bloom. Several native Osmia species that were present in low abundance during bloom are potential targets for management. Honey bees were more often captured in white than in yellow traps, regardless of trap position in the field. Wild bees were more often captured in field perimeters than interiors, but they did not respond differentially to trap color. We report seven new state records for Michigan, including significant range extensions, and three new floral record associations. Implications for the conservation of native bees in this agricultural system are discussed.
Antennal Sensilla of Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Castrejón-Gómez Víctor R , Rojas Julio C 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The antennal sensilla of Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Both sexes have the same form and number of antennal segments. The scape and the pedicel are covered entirely by microtrichia. In the distal part of both segments, a series of longitudinally striated hairs was observed, originating in a flexible socket and ending in a pointed tip. Six types of sensilla were observed in the funiculus: 1) thick-walled multiporous pitted sensilla subtype I and subtype II, 2) thin-walled multiporous pitted sensilla long subtype I and medium length subtype II, 3) basiconic sensilla, 4) multiporous grooved sensilla, 5) clavate sensilla, and 6) an olfactory pit with two small conical and striated sensilla inside. Furthermore, there is a large quantity of microtrichia surrounding the entire funiculus. In the proximal dorso-lateral region of the funiculus, there are trichoid aristae composed of two short segments and one large segment, which have fixed base bristles or tactile hairs without membranes.
An iterative scheme for determining glacier velocities and stresses
Authors: Maxwell David , Truffer Martin , Avdonin Sergei , Stuefer Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere are no direct methods to measure the boundary condition at the base of a glacier. Here, we propose a method that works by iteratively changing boundary conditions until a satisfactory fit to surface observations is obtained. The method is an accelerated version of one known as Kozlov–Maz’ya iteration. We apply it to the problem of ice flow through a transverse cross-section, and show it to be effective by solving the inverse problem for a sequence of synthetic data. We also apply the method to two real glaciers, Athabasca and Perito Moreno, one of which has a known basal velocity distribution.
Recent glacier mass changes in the Gulf of Alaska region from GRACE mascon solutions
Authors: Luthcke Scott B. , Arendt Anthony A. , Rowlands David D. , McCarthy John J. , Larsen Christopher F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mass changes of the Gulf of Alaska (GoA) glaciers are computed from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) inter-satellite range-rate data for the period April 2003–September 2007. Through the application of unique processing techniques and a surface mass concentration (mascon) parameterization, the mass variations in the GoA glacier regions have been estimated at high temporal (10 day) and spatial (2 × 2 arc-degrees) resolution. The mascon solutions are directly estimated from a reduction of the GRACE K-band inter-satellite range-rate data and, unlike previous GRACE solutions for the GoA glaciers, do not exhibit contamination by leakage from mass change occurring outside the region of interest. The mascon solutions reveal considerable temporal and spatial variation within the GoA glacier region, with the largest negative mass balances observed in the St Elias Mountains including the Yakutat and Glacier Bay regions. The most rapid losses occurred during the 2004 melt season due to record temperatures in Alaska during that year. The total mass balance of the GoA glacier region was −84 ± 5 Gt a−1 contributing 0.23 ± 0.01 mm a−1 to global sea-level rise from April 2003 through March 2007. Highlighting the large seasonal and interannual variability of the GoA glaciers, the rate determined over the period April 2003–March 2006 is −102 ± 5 Gt a−1, which includes the anomalously high temperatures of 2004 and does not include the large 2007 winter balance-year snowfall. The mascon solutions agree well with regional patterns of glacier mass loss determined from aircraft altimetry and in situ measurements.
Dating annual layers of a shallow Antarctic ice core with an optical scanner
Authors: McGwire Kenneth C. , McConnell Joseph R. , Alley Richard B. , Banta John R. , Hargreaves Geoffrey M. , Taylor Kendrick C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study tests novel methods for automatically identifying annual layers in a shallow Antarctic ice core (WDC05Q) using images that were collected with an optical scanner at the US National Ice Core Laboratory. A new method of optimized variance maximization (OVM) modeled the density-related changes in annual layer thickness directly from image variance. This was done by using multi-objective complex (MOCOM) parameter optimization to drive a low-pass filtering scheme. The OVM-derived changes in annual layer thickness corresponded well with the results of an independent glaciochemical interpretation of the core. Individual annual cycles in image brightness were then identified by using OVM results to apply a depth-varying low-pass filter and fitting a second-order polynomial to a locally detrended neighborhood. The resulting map of annual cycles agreed to within 1% of the overall annual count of the glaciochemical interpretation. Agreement on the presence of specific annual layer features was 96%. It was also shown that the MOCOM parameter optimization could calibrate the image-based results to match directly the date of a specific volcanic marker.
A new algorithm to simulate the dynamics of a glacier: theory and applications
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Picasso Marco , Rappaz Jacques , Blatter Heinz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe propose a novel Eulerian algorithm to compute the changes of a glacier geometry for given mass balances. The surface of a glacier is obtained by solving a transport equation for the volume of fluid (VOF). The surface mass balance is taken into account by adding an interfacial term in the transport equation. An unstructured mesh with standard stabilized finite elements is used to solve the non-linear Stokes problem. The VOF function is computed on a structured grid with a high resolution. The algorithm is stable for Courant numbers larger than unity and conserves mass to a high accuracy. To demonstrate the potential of the algorithm, we apply it to reconstructed Late-glacial states of a small valley glacier, Vadret Muragl, in the Swiss Alps.
Brain Imaging: Observing Ongoing Neural Activity
Authors: DiGirolamo Gregory J , Patel Neha , Becker Brian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe neuroimaging techniques available to observe ongoing brain activity during human cognition include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), event‐related potentials (ERPs), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and event‐related optical signaling (EROS). Additionally, brain activity can be disrupted temporarily via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Using these neuroimaging methods, both spatial and temporal precision are attainable in describing the underlying neural substrates that comprise human cognition. Great progress has been made in understanding the physiological basis of human thought with many exciting new frontiers opening up including understanding the genetics of human cognition and the neural basis of consciousness.
Noroviruses
Authors: Bailey Dalan , Goodfellow Ian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Noroviruses are one of the primary causes of acute gastroenteritis in man in the developed world, yet may also cause acute and persistent infections in animals. The study of noroviruses has been largely hindered by the lack of an efficient cell culture system for the viruses which infect humans. However, new advances in molecular techniques and the identification of animal noroviruses have led to a recent increase in our understanding of the structure and function of the virus, as well as the proteins encoded by the positive‐stranded
ribonucleic acid
(RNA) genome. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of norovirus genome translation and replication lags behind that of many positive‐stranded RNA viruses but recent studies have highlighted some unique and interesting features of these economically important pathogens.

Key Concepts:

The causative agent of norovirus disease is a small RNA virus.

The virus replicates in the gastrointestinal tract of its host.

Noroviruses infect a wide range of mammals, including humans where they represent a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis.

Noroviruses are highly transmissible and capable of causing serious epidemics.

Norovirus virions have icosahedral symmetry.

The norovirus genome is positive sense, meaning it is directly translated into proteins.

Norovirus genome replication is thought to occur through an antigenome intermediate.

The replication process takes place in the cytoplasm of infected cells.

Reverse genetics systems are available for some noroviruses allowing detailed investigation of their replication strategies and the molecular determinants of their pathogenicity.
Complement Receptors
Authors: Leslie Robert Graham Quinton , Hansen Søren 
Published: March 2009

AbstractComplement receptors are membrane proteins, expressed on cells involved in the immune response, which bind a wide range of the protein fragments generated in the course of complement activation. Through these cellular interactions, the complement system plays a crucial role combating infection. Thus, complement is instrumental in the recruitment of blood leucocytes to a site of inflammation, in promoting phagocytosis and/or extracellular killing of the microorganisms by these cells and in clearance of particulate and soluble immune complexes (ICs) generated at the infected site or released in the circulation. Furthermore, complement is intimately involved in the development of an acquired immune response towards invading pathogens both through the induction of primary B‐cell responses and through shaping of T‐cell responses towards the antigen. This article presents a systematic account of the complement receptors in terms of their structure, cellular distribution and biological and signalling functions.Key concepts:Structural diversity of receptors reflecting the diversity of the complement fragments engaged.Functional diversity, depending on the type of complement fragment involved and/or the type of cells expressing the appropriate receptor.
Lymph Nodes
Authors: Weiss Lawrence M 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The lymph nodes are numerous encapsulated structures occurring in mammalians along the lymphatics. They contain lymphoid cells with a precise microanatomy organized to react to a variety of antigens via humoral and cellular immune responses. Lymph nodes consist of a cortex (B‐cell zone) with primary and secondary follicles, a paracortical region (T‐cell zone), sinuses and medullary cords. High endothelial venules represent a specialized vasculature with specific receptors for immune cells, which facilitate the migration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The main function of the lymph node is to generate an efficient immune response to antigens that have penetrated the organism in the areas drained by that node. Dendritic cells present antigen to naïve B cells, with the formation of germinal centres, as well as naïve T cells in the cortex. Malignant lymphoma represents the overwhelming majority of primary lymph node neoplasms, including both Hodgkin lymphoma and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma.

Key concepts

Lymph nodes are encapsulated structures present in mammalians and distributed at specific sites throughout the body, which represent an important component of the secondary immune system.

Lymph nodes have a specific microarchitecture, comprising a cortex, paracortical region, medullary cords and sinuses.

The cortex is the B‐cell compartment and includes primary and secondary germinal centres, whereas the paracortical zone is the T‐cell compartment.

Mature lymphocytes constantly recirculate between the lymph nodes and the peripheral blood, entering the lymph nodes passively via afferent lymphatics and actively via the high‐endothelial venules of the lymph node via specific surface receptors.

The B‐cell compartment contain a range of B‐cell maturation, from naïve primary follicle and mantle zone B‐cells, to the centrocytes and then centroblasts of the germinal centre.

The paracortical zone represents the site of T‐cell activation and induction of specific T‐cell migration to the follicles of the cortical region.

The germinal centre represents a factory for the ultimate production of B‐lineage effector cells (plasma cells and memory B cells).

Most reactive diseases of the lymph node represent a form of exaggeration of the normal response.

Lymphoma represents the overwhelming majority of primary lymph node neoplasms, and may be B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin lymphoma, the latter representing a distinctive neoplasm of Reed–Sternberg cells, unique cells derived from B cells.
Potyviridae
Authors: López‐Moya Juan José , Valli Adrián , García Juan Antonio 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The
Potyviridae
family comprises several genera of plant‐infecting single‐stranded positive‐sense
ribonucleic acid
(RNA) viruses, with flexible and filamentous virion particles. In addition to the large genus

Potyvirus

which includes near 200 aphid‐transmitted viruses, at least 5 more genera,

Bymovirus

,

Ipomovirus

,

Macluravirus

,

Rymovirus

and

Tritimovirus

, have been differentiated in terms of genome composition and structure (two RNA molecules for bymoviruses, one for the rest of genera), sequence similarity and vector organisms responsible of their dissemination. Globally very important as pathogens, they also have drawn the attention of the research community for years and been used to study many aspects including taxonomy, evolution, structure, functional characterization of viral proteins, diagnosis, control and interaction with hosts and vectors. Even biotechnological applications of potyviruses are being explored. The most recent advances in our knowledge about viruses within the family are being presented.