bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid knowledge: the transnational co-production of the gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment in the 1960s
Authors: KRIGE JOHN 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe ‘how’ and the ‘why’ of knowledge circulation is explored in a study of the encounter between American and British nuclear scientists and engineers who together developed a gas centrifuge to enrich uranium in the 1960s. A fine-grained analysis of the transnational encounter reveals that the ‘how’ engages a wide variety of sometimes mundane modes of exchange in a series of face-to-face interactions over several years. The ‘why’ is driven by the reciprocal wish to improve the performance of the centrifuge, though this motive is embedded in the asymmetric field of the ‘special relationship’ in nuclear matters between the United Kingdom and the United States. The result of the encounter is co-produced, hybrid knowledge in which the national provenance of the contributions from each side of the Atlantic is at once diluted and a contested site for the affirmation of national power.
Three-way assessment of long-chain n-3 PUFA nutrition: by questionnaire and matched blood and skin samples
Authors: Wallingford Sarah C. , Pilkington Suzanne M. , Massey Karen A. , Al-Aasswad Naser M. I. , Ibiebele Torukiri I. , Celia Hughes Maria , Bennett Susan , Nicolaou Anna , Rhodes Lesley E. , Green Adèle C. 
Published: May 2012

The long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA, is believed to be important for skin health, including roles in the modulation of inflammation and protection from photodamage. FFQ and blood levels are used as non-invasive proxies for assessing skin PUFA levels, but studies examining how well these proxies reflect target organ content are lacking. In seventy-eight healthy women (mean age 42·8, range 21–60 years) residing in Greater Manchester, we performed a quantitative analysis of long-chain n-3 PUFA nutrition estimated from a self-reported FFQ (n 75) and correlated this with n-3 PUFA concentrations in erythrocytes (n 72) and dermis (n 39). Linear associations between the three n-3 PUFA measurements were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients and agreement between these measurements was estimated. Average total dietary content of the principal long-chain n-3 PUFA EPA and DHA was 171 (sd 168) and 236 (sd 248) mg/d, respectively. EPA showed significant correlations between FFQ assessments and both erythrocyte (r 0·57, P< 0·0001) and dermal (r 0·33, P= 0·05) levels, as well as between erythrocytes and dermis (r 0·45, P= 0·008). FFQ intake of DHA and the sum of n-3 PUFA also correlated well with erythrocyte concentrations (r 0·50, P< 0·0001; r 0·27, P= 0·03). Agreement between ranked thirds of dietary intake, blood and dermis approached 50 % for EPA and DHA, though gross misclassification was lower for EPA. Thus, FFQ estimates and circulating levels of the dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA, may be utilised as well-correlated measures of its dermal bioavailability.
Genetic-basis analysis of heterotic loci in Dongxiang common wild rice (Oryza rufipogonGriff.)
Authors: LUO XIAO-JIN , XIN XIAO-YUN , YANG JIN-SHUI 
Published: May 2012

SummaryHeterosis is widely used in genetic crop improvement; however, the genetic basis of heterosis is incompletely understood. The use of whole-genome segregating populations poses a problem for establishing the genetic basis of heterosis, in that interactions often mask the effects of individual loci. However, introgression line (IL) populations permit the partitioning of heterosis into defined genomic regions, eliminating a major part of the genome-wide epistasis. In our previous study, based on mid-parental heterosis (HMP) value with single-point analysis, 42 heterotic loci (HLs) associated with six yield-related traits were detected in wild and cultivated rice using a set of 265 ILs of Dongxiang common wild rice (Oryza rufipogonGriff.). In this study, the genetic effects of HLs were determined as the combined effects of both additive and dominant gene actions, estimated from the performance values of testcross F1s and the dominance effects estimated from theHMPvalues of testcross F1s. We characterized the gene action type at each HL. Thirty-eight of the 42 HLs were over-dominant, and in the absence of epistasis, four HLs were dominant. Therefore, we favour that over-dominance is a major genetic basis of ‘wild-cultivar’ crosses at the single functional Mendelian locus level.
Genome-wide association mapping including phenotypes from relatives without genotypes
Authors: WANG H. , MISZTAL I. , AGUILAR I. , LEGARRA A. , MUIR W. M. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryA common problem for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) is lack of power for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and precision for fine mapping. Here, we present a statistical method, termed single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP), which increases both power and precision without increasing genotyping costs by taking advantage of phenotypes from other related and unrelated subjects. The procedure achieves these goals by blending traditional pedigree relationships with those derived from genetic markers, and by conversion of estimated breeding values (EBVs) to marker effects and weights. Additionally, the application of mixed model approaches allow for both simple and complex analyses that involve multiple traits and confounding factors, such as environmental, epigenetic or maternal environmental effects. Efficiency of the method was examined using simulations with 15 800 subjects, of which 1500 were genotyped. Thirty QTLs were simulated across genome and assumed heritability was 0·5. Comparisons included ssGBLUP applied directly to phenotypes, BayesB and classical GWAS (CGWAS) with deregressed proofs. An average accuracy of prediction 0·89 was obtained by ssGBLUP after one iteration, which was 0·01 higher than by BayesB. Power and precision for GWAS applications were evaluated by the correlation between true QTL effects and the sum ofmadjacent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects. The highest correlations were 0·82 and 0·74 for ssGBLUP and CGWAS withm=8, and 0·83 for BayesB withm=16. Standard deviations of the correlations across replicates were several times higher in BayesB than in ssGBLUP. The ssGBLUP method with marker weights is faster, more accurate and easier to implement for GWAS applications without computing pseudo-data.
Phylogeography of Lyme borreliosis-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: MARGOS GABRIELE , CASTILLO-RAMÍREZ SANTIAGO , HOEN ANNE GATEWOOD 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYMultilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) have revolutionized understanding the global epidemiology of many medically relevant bacteria utilizing a number, mostly seven, of housekeeping genes. A more recent introduction, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), constitutes an even more powerful tool for bacterial typing, population genetic studies and phylogeography. The introduction of massive parallel sequencing has made genome re-sequencing and SNP discovery more economical for investigations of microbial organisms. In this paper we review phylogeographic studies on Lyme borreliosis (LB)-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Members of the LB-group spirochetes are tick-transmitted zoonotic bacteria that have many hosts and differ in their degree of host specialism, constituting a highly complex system. MRSA is a directly transmitted pathogen that may be acquired by contact with infected people, animals or MRSA-contaminated objects. For the LB-group spirochetes, MLSA has proved a powerful tool for species assignment and phylogeographic investigations while forS. aureus, genome-wide SNP data have been used to study the very short-term evolution of two important MRSA lineages, ST239 and ST225. These data are detailed in this review.
Cognitive ability in early adulthood is associated with later suicide and suicide attempt: the role of risk factors over the life course
Authors: Sörberg A. , Allebeck P. , Melin B. , Gunnell D. , Hemmingsson T. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundCognitive ability/intelligence quotient (IQ) in youth has previously been associated with subsequent completed and attempted suicide, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying the associations. This study aims to assess the roles of various risk factors over the life course in explaining the observed relationships.MethodThe present investigation is a cohort study based on data on IQ test performance and covariates, recorded on 49 321 Swedish men conscripted in 1969–1970, at ages 18–20 years. Information on suicides and hospital admissions for suicide attempt up to the age of 57 years, childhood and adult socio-economic position, and adult family formation, was obtained from linkage to national registers.ResultsLower IQ was associated with increased risks of both suicide and suicide attempt during the 36 years of follow-up. The associations followed a dose–response pattern. They were attenuated by approximately 45% in models controlling for social background, mental ill-health, aspects of personality and behavior, adult socio-economic position and family formation. Based on one-unit decreases in IQ test performance on a nine-point scale, the hazard ratios between ages 35 and 57 years were: for suicide 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.25], fully adjusted 1.10 (95% CI 1.04–1.18); and for suicide attempt 1.25 (95% CI 1.20–1.31), fully adjusted 1.14 (95% CI 1.09–1.20).ConclusionsCognitive ability was found to be associated with subsequent completed and attempted suicide. The associations were attenuated by 45% after controlling for risk factors measured over the life course. Psychiatric diagnosis, maladjustment and aspects of personality in young adulthood, and social circumstances in later adulthood, contributed in attenuating the associations.
The equine intestinal microbiome
Authors: Costa Marcio C. , Weese J. Scott 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe equine intestinal tract contains a complex microbial population (microbiota) that plays an important role in health and disease. Despite the undeniable importance of a ‘normal’ microbiota, understanding of the composition and function of this population is currently limited. As methods to characterize the microbiota and its genetic makeup (the microbiome) have evolved, the composition and complexity of this population are starting to be revealed. As is befitting a hindgut fermenter, members of the Firmicutes phylum appear to predominate, yet there are significant populations of numerous other phyla. The microbiome appears to be profoundly altered in certain disease states, and better understanding of these alterations may offer hope for novel preventive and therapeutic measures. The development and increasing availability of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics methods offer a revolution in microbiome evaluation and it is likely that significant advances will be made in the near future. Yet, proper use of these methods requires further study of basic aspects such as optimal testing protocols, the relationship of the fecal microbiome to more proximal locations where disease occurs, normal intra- and inter-horse variation, seasonal variation, and similar factors.
Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. By Monika Nalepa
Authors: Gibson James L. 
Published: May 2012

Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. By Monika Nalepa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 328p. $88.00 cloth, $27.00 paper.In the not-too-distant past, systematic transitional justice research was a rarity. Normative treatises on various aspects of the justice of transitions have long been a staple of the human rights literature, but empirical and analytical inquiries into the causes and consequences of efforts to deal with the past have not.
The value of high‐frequency, high‐precision methane isotopologue measurements for source and sink estimation
Authors: Rigby M. , Manning A. J. , Prinn R. G. 
Published: May 2012

We present an observing system simulation experiment examining the potential benefits of new methane isotopologues measurements for global‐ and national‐scale source and sink inversions. New measurements are expected in the coming years, using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy with sample preconcentration, that will allow observations ofδ13C ‐ CH4 and δD ‐ CH4at approximately hourly intervals and higher precision than previously possible. Using model‐generated ‘pseudo‐data’, we predict the variability that these new systems should encounter in the atmosphere, and estimate the additional uncertainty reduction that should result from their use in source and sink inversions. We find that much of theδ‐value variability from seasonal to daily timescales should be resolvable at the target precision of the new observations. For global source estimation, we find additional uncertainty reductions of between 3–9 Tg/year for four major source categories (microbial, biomass burning, landfill and fossil fuel), compared to mole fraction‐only inversions, if the higher end of the anticipated isotopologue‐measurement precisions can be achieved. On national scales, we obtain average uncertainty reductions of ∼10% of the source strength for countries close to high‐frequency monitoring sites, although the degree of uncertainty reduction on such small scales varies significantly (from close to 0% to almost 50%) for different sources and countries.
Continuous measurements of net CO2 exchange by vegetation and soils in a suburban landscape
Authors: Peters Emily B. , McFadden Joseph P. 
Published: May 2012

In a suburban neighborhood of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, we simultaneously measured net CO2 exchange of trees using sap flow and leaf gas exchange measurements, net CO2exchange of a turfgrass lawn using eddy covariance from a portable tower, and total surface‐atmosphere CO2 fluxes (FC) using an eddy covariance system on a tall tower. Two years of continuous measurements showed that net CO2exchange varied among vegetation types, with the largest growing‐season (Apr–Nov) net CO2 uptake on a per cover area basis from evergreen needleleaf trees (−603 g C m−2), followed by deciduous broadleaf trees (−216 g C m−2), irrigated turfgrass (−211 g C m−2), and non‐irrigated turfgrass (−115 g C m−2). Vegetation types showed seasonal patterns of CO2exchange similar to those observed in natural ecosystems. Scaled‐up net CO2 exchange from vegetation and soils (FC(VegSoil)) agreed closely with landscape FC measurements from the tall tower at times when fossil fuel emissions were at a minimum. Although FC(VegSoil) did not offset fossil fuel emissions on an annual basis, the temporal pattern of FC(VegSoil) did significantly alter the seasonality of FC. Total growing season FC(VegSoil)in recreational land‐use areas averaged −165 g C m−2 and was dominated by turfgrass CO2 exchange (representing 77% of the total), whereas FC(VegSoil) in residential areas averaged −124 g C m−2 and was dominated by trees (representing 78% of the total). Our results suggest urban vegetation types can capture much of the variability required to predict seasonal patterns and differences in FC(VegSoil) that could result from changes in land use or vegetation composition in temperate cities.
A 300‐year Vietnam hydroclimate and ENSO variability record reconstructed from tree ringδ18O
Authors: Sano Masaki , Xu Chenxi , Nakatsuka Takeshi 
Published: May 2012

A tree ring δ18O chronology is developed for the past 300 years (1705–2004) using 6 cypress trees from northern Vietnam to reconstruct long‐term hydroclimatic variations in the summer monsoon season. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well‐replicated tree ringδ18O chronology from Southeast Asia, as well as the longest yet produced. Response analyses reveal that tree ring δ18O is significantly correlated with temperature, precipitation, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) during the period May–October, with highest correlation to the PDSI. Our δ18O chronology accounts for 44% of the PDSI variance, and is in good agreement with a 52‐year tree ringδ18O chronology from northern Laos (r = 0.77), indicating that regional hydroclimatic signals are well recorded in the δ18O data. Spatial correlation analyses with global sea surface temperatures suggest that the tropical Pacific plays an important role in modulating hydroclimate over the study region. Further, the δ18O chronology correlates significantly with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related indices, and is therefore used to reconstruct the annual Multivariate ENSO Index. Because previously published ENSO reconstructions are based mainly on proxy records originating from North America and/or the tropical Pacific, the future development of a tree ringδ18O network from mainland Southeast Asia could lead to an independent and more robust reconstruction of ENSO variability.
An early Lutetian carbon‐cycle perturbation: Insights from the Gorrondatxe section (western Pyrenees, Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Payros Aitor , Ortiz Silvia , Alegret Laia , Orue‐Etxebarria Xabier , Apellaniz Estibaliz , Molina Eustoquio 
Published: May 2012

A distinctive low‐carbonate interval interrupts the continuous limestone‐marl alternation of the deep‐marine Gorrondatxe section at the early Lutetian (middle Eocene) C21r/C21n Chron transition. The interval is characterized by increased abundance of turbidites and kaolinite, a 3‰ decline in the bulk δ13C record, a >1‰ decline in benthic foraminiferal δ13C followed by a gradual recovery, a distinct deterioration in foraminiferal preservation, high proportions of warm‐water planktic foraminifera and opportunistic benthic foraminifera, and reduced trace fossil and benthic foraminiferal diversity, thus recording a significant environmental perturbation. The onset of the perturbation correlates with the C21r‐H6 event recently defined in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which caused a 2°C warming of the seafloor and increased carbonate dissolution. The perturbation was likely caused by the input of 13C‐depleted carbon into the ocean‐atmosphere system, thus presenting many of the hallmarks of Paleogene hyperthermal deposits. However, from the available data it is not possible to conclusively state that the event was associated with extreme global warming. Based on our analysis, the perturbation lasted 226 kyr, from 47.44 to 47.214 Ma, and although this duration suggests that the triggering mechanism may have been similar to that of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the magnitude of the carbon input and the subsequent environmental perturbation during the early Lutetian event were not as severe as in the PETM.
Characterizing Seasonal Habitat Use and Diel Vertical Activity of Lake Whitefish in Clear Lake, Maine, as Determined with Acoustic Telemetry
Authors: Gorsky Dimitry , Zydlewski Joseph , Basley David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSeasonal and daily vertical activity of lake whitefishCoregonus clupeaformiswas studied in Clear Lake, Maine (253 ha), using acoustic telemetry from November 2004 to June 2009. Twenty adult lake whitefish were tagged with acoustic tags that had either a depth sensor or both depth and temperature sensors to assess vertical habitat use at a seasonal and daily resolution. Vertical habitat selection varied seasonally and was strongly influenced by temperature. Between December and April, when the lake was covered with ice, surface temperature was below 2°C and tagged individuals occupied deep areas of the lake (∼15 m). After ice‐out, fish ascended into shallow waters (∼5 m), responding to increased water temperature and possibly to greater foraging opportunity. When surface water temperatures exceeded 20°C, fish descended below the developing thermocline (∼9 m), where they remained until surface temperatures fell below 20°C; fish then ascended into shallower depths, presumably for feeding and spawning. Through the winter, fish remained in thermal habitats that were warmer than the surface temperatures; in the summer, they selected depths with thermal habitats below 15°C. Though the amplitude varied greatly across seasons, lake whitefish displayed a strong diurnal pattern of activity as measured by vertical velocities. Fish were twofold more active during spring, summer, and fall than during winter. Lake whitefish exhibited diel vertical migrations, rising in the water column during nighttime and occupying deeper waters during the day. This pattern was more pronounced in the spring and fall and far less prominent during winter and summer. The strong linkage between temperature and habitat use may limit the current range of lake whitefish and may be directly impacted by climatic change.
Energy Density of Bloaters in the Upper Great Lakes
Authors: Pothoven Steven A. , Bunnell David B. , Madenjian Charles P. , Gorman Owen T. , Roseman Edward F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe evaluated the energy density of bloaters Coregonus hoyi as a function of fish size across Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior in 2008–2009 and assessed how differences in energy density are related to factors such as biomass density of bloaters and availability of prey. Additional objectives were to compare energy density between sexes and to compare energy densities of bloaters in Lake Michigan between two time periods (1998–2001 and 2008–2009). For the cross‐lake comparisons in 2008, energy density increased with fish total length (TL) only in Lake Michigan. Mean energy density adjusted for fish size was 8% higher in bloaters from Lake Superior than in bloaters from Lake Huron. Relative to fish in these two lakes, small (<125 mm TL) bloaters from Lake Michigan had lower energy density, whereas large (>175 mm TL) bloaters had higher energy density. In 2009, energy density increased with bloater size, and mean energy density adjusted for fish size was about 9% higher in Lake Michigan than in Lake Huron (Lake Superior was not sampled during 2009). Energy density of bloaters in Lake Huron was generally the lowest among lakes, reflecting the relatively low densities of opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana and the relatively high biomass of bloaters reported for that lake. Other factors, such as energy content of prey, growing season, or ontogenetic differences in energy use strategies, may also influence cross‐lake variation in energy density. Mean energy density adjusted for length was 7% higher for female bloaters than for male bloaters in Lakes Michigan and Huron. In Lake Superior, energy density did not differ between males and females. Finally, energy density of bloaters in Lake Michigan was similar between the periods 2008–2009 and 1998–2001, possibly due to a low population abundance of bloaters, which could offset food availability changes linked to the loss of prey such as the amphipods Diporeia spp.
A tunable hybrid metamaterial absorber based on vanadium oxide films
Authors: Wen Qi-Ye , Zhang Huai-Wu , Yang Qing-Hui , Chen Zhi , Long Yang , Jing Yu-Lan , Lin Yuan , Zhang Pei-Xin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A tunable hybrid metamaterial absorber (MA) in the microwave band was designed, fabricated and characterized. The hybrid MA was realized by incorporating a VO2 film into the conventional resonant MA. By thermally triggering the insulator–metal phase transition of the VO2 film, the impedance match condition was broken and a deep amplitude modulation of about 63.3% to the electromagnetic wave absorption was achieved. A moderate blue-shift of the resonance frequency was observed which is promising for practical applications. This VO2-based MA exhibits many advantages such as strong tunability, frequency agility, simple fabrication and ease of scaling to the terahertz band.