bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN EMPIRES
Authors: MOTADEL DAVID 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThis essay surveys literature on the engagement of different European empires, including the French, British, Dutch, Russian, and German, with Islam. While the history of Islam and empire has attracted the attention of scholars for decades, most of their studies have been written primarily as contributions to the historiography of a specific empire or a distinct geographic region and rarely refer to research on other imperial powers, even though the questions and themes raised are remarkably similar. The article brings together these studies, exploring the following topics: Islam and imperial rule and, in particular, the ways in which religious institutions were accommodated and controlled in the colonial state; Islam and anti-imperial resistance; and the relationship between Islam, information, and colonial knowledge. It assesses the dominant themes in the field and points to a number of questions that remain to be studied.
Sensitivity analysis identifies high influence sites for estimates of penguin krill consumption on the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Lynch Heather J. , Ratcliffe Norman , Passmore Jennifer , Foster Emma , Trathan Philip N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractKrill consumption by natural predators represents a critical link between surveys and models of standing krill biomass and the design of a sustainable krill fishery for the Scotia Sea. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a significant component of diet for penguins breeding in this region and, consequently, uncertainties regarding penguin population abundances contribute to uncertainties in krill predation estimates. We use a comprehensive database of Antarctic penguin abundances to identify 14 breeding colonies that contribute most significantly to uncertainty regarding the total number of pygoscelid penguins breeding in this region. We find that a high quality survey of Zavodovski Island alone would decrease uncertainty in total population by 24.8%, whereas high quality surveys of all 14 “high-influence” locations would decrease uncertainty by almost 72%. Updated population estimates at these sites should be considered top priority for future fieldwork in the region. Our results are based on a robust quantitative method for assessing data priorities in estimating krill consumption that is easily extended to other groups of krill predators.
On Sums of Generating Sets in ℤ2n
Authors: EVEN-ZOHAR CHAIM 
Published: August 2012

LetAandBbe two affinely generating sets of ℤ2n. As usual, we denote their Minkowski sum byA+B. How small canA+Bbe, given the cardinalities of A andB? We give a tight answer to this question. Our bound is attained when bothAandBare unions of cosets of a certain subgroup of ℤ2n. These cosets are arranged as Hamming balls, the smaller of which has radius 1.By similar methods, we re-prove the Freiman–Ruzsa theorem in ℤ2n, with an optimal upper bound. Denote byF(K)the maximal spanning constant |〈A〉|/|A| over all subsetsA⊆ ℤ2nwith doubling constant |A+A|/|A| ≤K. We explicitly calculateF(K), and in particular show that 4K/4K≤F(K)⋅(1+o(1)) ≤ 4K/2K. This improves the estimateF(K)= poly(K)4K, found recently by Green and Tao [17] and by Konyagin [23].
Functional comparison of Deinococcus radiodurans Dps proteins suggests distinct in vivo roles
Authors: Reon Brian J. , Nguyen Khoa H. , Bhattacharyya Gargi , Grove Anne 
Published: August 2012

Deinococcus radiodurans exhibits extreme resistance to DNA damage and is one of only few bacteria that encode two Dps (DNA protection during starvation) proteins. Dps-1 was shown previously to bind DNA with high affinity and to localize to the D. radiodurans nucleoid. A unique feature of Dps-2 is its predicted signal peptide. In the present paper, we report that Dps-2 assembly into a dodecamer requires the C-terminal extension and, whereas Dps-2 binds DNA with low affinity, it protects against degradation by reactive oxygen species. Consistent with a role for Dps-2 in oxidative stress responses, the Dps-2 promoter is up-regulated by oxidative stress, whereas the Dps-1 promoter is not. Although DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of Escherichia coli nucleoids shows that Dps-1 can compact genomic DNA, such nucleoid condensation is absent from cells expressing Dps-2. A fusion of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) to the Dps-2 signal peptide results in green fluorescence at the perimeter of D. radiodurans cells. The differential response of the Dps-1 and Dps-2 promoters to oxidative stress, the distinct cellular localization of the proteins and the differential ability of Dps-1 and Dps-2 to attenuate hydroxyl radical production suggest distinct functional roles; whereas Dps-1 may function in DNA metabolism, Dps-2 may protect against exogenously derived reactive oxygen species.
PROSPECTIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN VITREOMACULAR ADHESION CURED BY PHARMACOLOGIC VITREOLYSIS
Authors: Tozer Kevin R. , Fink Wolfgang , Sadun Alfredo A. , Sebag Jerry 
Published: August 2012

Purpose:
To prospectively characterize macular structure and function as assessed by combined three-dimensional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and 3D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid, respectively, in a patient undergoing pharmacologic vitreolysis for vitreomacular adhesion with tractional cysts.

Methods:
Combined 3D optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy measured macular volume and 3D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid quantified central visual field function by determining the absolute percent magnitude lost (cumulative value of total visual field loss over all tested levels) before and for a period of 6 months after pharmacologic vitreolysis for vitreomacular adhesion with a single intravitreal injection of microplasmin (125 μg; ThromboGenics).

Results:
Ocriplasmin pharmacologic vitreolysis released vitreomacular adhesion by 2 weeks and decreased macular volume from 0.32 μL to 0.15 μL by 1 year after injection. There was a concomitant 4-fold improvement in visual function as measured by 3D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid (percent of central visual field lost) and Snellen visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/40.

Conclusion:
For assessing macular function improvement in conjunction with structural reintegration after pharmacologic vitreolysis for vitreomacular adhesion, 3D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid is a useful tool. Both 3D measurements quantitatively characterized the resolution of this patient's vitreomacular adhesion, suggesting that this is a useful approach to quantifying macular structure and function as indices of the severity of disease and the response to therapy.
Functional Assessment of the Medicago truncatula NIP/LATD Protein Demonstrates That It Is a High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter
Authors: Bagchi Rammyani , Salehin Mohammad , Adeyemo O. Sarah , Salazar Carolina , Shulaev Vladimir , Sherrier D. Janine , Dickstein Rebecca 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The Medicago truncatula NIP/LATD (for Numerous Infections and Polyphenolics/Lateral root-organ Defective) gene encodes a protein found in a clade of nitrate transporters within the large NRT1(PTR) family that also encodes transporters of dipeptides and tripeptides, dicarboxylates, auxin, and abscisic acid. Of the NRT1(PTR) members known to transport nitrate, most are low-affinity transporters. Here, we show that M. truncatula nip/latd mutants are more defective in their lateral root responses to nitrate provided at low (250 μm) concentrations than at higher (5 mm) concentrations; however, nitrate uptake experiments showed no discernible differences in uptake in the mutants. Heterologous expression experiments showed that MtNIP/LATD encodes a nitrate transporter: expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes conferred upon the oocytes the ability to take up nitrate from the medium with high affinity, and expression of MtNIP/LATD in an Arabidopsis chl1(nrt1.1) mutant rescued the chlorate susceptibility phenotype. X. laevis oocytes expressing mutant Mtnip-1 and Mtlatd were unable to take up nitrate from the medium, but oocytes expressing the less severe Mtnip-3 allele were proficient in nitrate transport. M. truncatula nip/latd mutants have pleiotropic defects in nodulation and root architecture. Expression of the Arabidopsis NRT1.1 gene in mutant Mtnip-1 roots partially rescued Mtnip-1 for root architecture defects but not for nodulation defects. This suggests that the spectrum of activities inherent in AtNRT1.1 is different from that possessed by MtNIP/LATD, but it could also reflect stability differences of each protein in M. truncatula. Collectively, the data show that MtNIP/LATD is a high-affinity nitrate transporter and suggest that it could have another function.
Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar , Astrin Jonas J. , Huber Bernhard A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe analysed seven genetic markers sampled from 165 pholcids and 34 outgroups in order to test and improve the recently revised classification of the family. Our results are based on the largest and most comprehensive set of molecular data so far to study pholcid relationships. The data were analysed using parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. We show that in several previously problematic cases molecular and morphological data are converging towards a single hypothesis. This is also the first study that explicitly addresses the age of pholcid diversification and intends to shed light on the factors that have shaped species diversity and distributions. Results from relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock analyses suggest that the family is much older than revealed by the fossil record alone. The first pholcids appeared and diversified in the early Mesozoic about 207 Ma ago (185–228 Ma) before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Vicariance events coupled with niche conservatism seem to have played an important role in setting distributional patterns of pholcids. Finally, our data provide further support for multiple convergent shifts in microhabitat preferences in several pholcid lineages. Our findings suggest that both adaptive and non‐adaptive speciation may have played an important role in the diversification of pholcid lineages.
Initiation with menthol cigarettes and youth smoking uptake
Authors: Nonnemaker James , Hersey James , Homsi Ghada , Busey Andrew , Allen Jane , Vallone Donna 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsWe aimed to assess whether young people who first tried menthol cigarettes were at greater risk of becoming established smokers and dependent on nicotine than young people who started smoking non‐menthol cigarettes.DesignCohort study using data from the American Legacy Longitudinal Tobacco Use Reduction Study (ALLTURS), a three‐wave longitudinal school‐based survey of middle school and high school students. Regression methods were used to assess the association between initiation with menthol cigarettes on risk of transitioning to established smoking or quitting from a non‐smoking state at baseline and on nicotine dependence score at wave 3.SettingThe study was conducted in 83 schools in seven communities and five states in the United States.ParticipantsAnalyses were restricted to youth who participated in all three waves of ALLTURS, were younger than age 17 at baseline, and had initiated smoking during waves 1 or 2 of the study.MeasurementsOutcomes were indicators of a transition to established smoking or non‐smoking from non‐established smoking and a nicotine dependence score. The key explanatory variables were an indicator of initiation with menthol cigarettes and indicators for pattern of menthol use over time.FindingsInitiating smoking with menthol cigarettes was associated with progression to established smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, confidence interval (CI): 1.02–3.16] and higher levels of nicotine dependence (β = 1.25, CI: 0.1–2.4).ConclusionYoung people in the United States who start smoking menthol cigarettes are at greater risk of progression to regular smoking and nicotine dependence than are young people who start smoking non‐menthol cigarettes.
Usability testing of a prototype Phone Oximeter with healthcare providers in high‐ and low‐medical resource environments*
Authors: Hudson J. , Nguku S. M. , Sleiman J. , Karlen W. , Dumont G. A. , Petersen C. L. , Warriner C. B. , Ansermino J. M. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryTo increase the use of pulse oximetry by capitalise on the wide availability of mobile phones, we have designed, developed and evaluated a prototype pulse oximeter interfaced to a mobile phone. Usability of this Phone Oximeter was tested as part of a rapid prototyping process. Phase 1 of the study (20 subjects) was performed in Canada. Users performed 23 tasks, while thinking aloud. Time for completion of tasks and analysis of user response to a mobile phone usability questionnaire were used to evaluate usability. Five interface improvements were made to the prototype before evaluation in Phase 2 (15 subjects) in Uganda. The lack of previous pulse oximetry experience and mobile phone use increased median (IQR [range]) time taken to perform tasks from 219 (160–247 [118–274]) s in Phase 1 to 228 (151–501 [111–2661]) s in Phase 2. User feedback was positive and overall usability high (Phase 1 – 82%, Phase 2 – 78%).
Effects of the TRPV1 antagonist ABT‐102 on body temperature in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of three phase 1 trials
Authors: Othman Ahmed A. , Nothaft Wolfram , Awni Walid M. , Dutta Sandeep 
Published: August 2012

AimTo characterize quantitatively the relationship between ABT‐102, a potent and selective TRPV1 antagonist, exposure and its effects on body temperature in humans using a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling approach.MethodsSerial pharmacokinetic and body temperature (oral or core) measurements from three double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled studies [single dose (2, 6, 18, 30 and 40 mg, solution formulation), multiple dose (2, 4 and 8 mg twice daily for 7 days, solution formulation) and multiple‐dose (1, 2 and 4 mg twice daily for 7 days, solid dispersion formulation)] were analyzed. nonmem was used for model development and the model building steps were guided by pre‐specified diagnostic and statistical criteria. The final model was qualified using non‐parametric bootstrap and visual predictive check.ResultsThe developed body temperature model included additive components of baseline, circadian rhythm (cosine function of time) and ABT‐102 effect (Emax function of plasma concentration) with tolerance development (decrease in ABT‐102 Emax over time). Type of body temperature measurement (oral vs. core) was included as a fixed effect on baseline, amplitude of circadian rhythm and residual error. The model estimates (95% bootstrap confidence interval) were: baseline oral body temperature, 36.3 (36.3, 36.4)°C; baseline core body temperature, 37.0 (37.0, 37.1)°C; oral circadian amplitude, 0.25 (0.22, 0.28)°C; core circadian amplitude, 0.31 (0.28, 0.34)°C; circadian phase shift, 7.6 (7.3, 7.9) h; ABT‐102 Emax, 2.2 (1.9, 2.7)°C; ABT‐102 EC50, 20 (15, 28) ng ml−1; tolerance T50, 28 (20, 43) h.ConclusionsAt exposures predicted to exert analgesic activity in humans, the effect of ABT‐102 on body temperature is estimated to be 0.6 to 0.8°C. This effect attenuates within 2 to 3 days of dosing.
Depletion of mboa‐7, an enzyme that incorporates polyunsaturated fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol (PI), impairs PI 3‐phosphate signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lee Hyeon‐Cheol , Kubo Takuya , Kono Nozomu , Kage‐Nakadai Eriko , Gengyo‐Ando Keiko , Mitani Shohei , Inoue Takao , Arai Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2012

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a constituent of biomembranes and a precursor of all phosphoinositides (PIPs). A prominent characteristic of PI is that its sn‐2 position is highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the biological significance of PUFA‐containing PI remains unknown. We previously identified Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) mboa‐7 as an acyltransferase that incorporates PUFAs into the sn‐2 position of PI. In this study, we performed an RNAi enhancer screen against PI kinases and phosphatases using mboa‐7 mutants that have a reduced PUFA content in PI. Among the genes tested, knockdown of vps‐34, a catalytic subunit of class III PI 3‐kinase that produces PI 3‐phosphate (PI3P) from PI, caused severe growth defects in mboa‐7 mutants. In both vps‐34 RNAi‐treated wild‐type worms and mboa‐7 mutants, the size of PI3P‐positive early endosomes was significantly decreased. We also performed an RNAi enhancer screen against PI3P‐related genes and found that, like knockdown of vps‐34, knockdown of autophagy‐related genes caused severe growth defects in mboa‐7 mutants. Finally, we showed that autophagic clearance of protein aggregates is impaired in mboa‐7 mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that the PUFA chain in PI has a role in some PI3P signaling.
A method to correct the wide discrepancy between Brunauer, Emmett and Teller water and N2 surface areas of adsorbents
Authors: Caurie Matthew 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method for estimating specific surface areas of adsorbents that is widely applied in food science and engineering operations has been shown to be expressed in wrong dimensional units and this explains the wide discrepancy, of several orders of magnitude, often observed between specific water and N2 surface areas of adsorbents when using the BET method. A method based on Caurie's unimolecular adsorption theory predicts the specific water and N2 surface areas in the same units and in their correct order of magnitude which for cornstarch equals, respectively, 258.88 and 169.86 m2 g−1 compared to BET estimates of 283.60 m2 g−1 for water and only 0.73 m2 g−1 for N2.
Effect of processing and storage on the fatty acid composition of n‐3 or n‐6 fatty acid‐enriched eggs
Authors: Botsoglou Evropi , Govaris Alexander , Pexara Andreana , Fletouris Dimitrios 
Published: August 2012

SummaryFresh eggs from hens fed diets supplemented with 4% linseed oil (LO) or sunflower oil (SO) were either directly submitted to pasteurisation, hard‐boiling or scrambling processing, or first submitted to refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 60 day and then to processing. Fresh LO eggs showed higher (P ≤ 0.05) proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but lower (P ≤ 0.05) proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), PUFAs and n‐6 PUFAs than the SO eggs. Storage decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the proportion of PUFAs and increased (P ≤ 0.05) that of MUFAs in egg yolks from both treatments. The pasteurisation process had no effect on the fatty acid composition of fresh eggs from both treatments, but increased (P ≤ 0.05) n‐6 PUFAs and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) n‐3 PUFAs in stored LO eggs. Hard‐boiling and scrambling modified the fatty acid composition of fresh and stored eggs from both treatments by decreasing (P ≤ 0.05) the proportion of PUFAs, particularly of the very long‐chain n‐3 eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic PUFAs. LO eggs showed a higher susceptibility to fatty acid modification upon processing as compared to the SO eggs.
Phenological mismatch strongly affects individual fitness but not population demography in a woodland passerine
Authors: Reed Thomas E. , Jenouvrier Stephanie , Visser Marcel E. 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Populations are shifting their phenology in response to climate change, but these shifts are often asynchronous among interacting species. Resulting phenological mismatches can drive simultaneous changes in natural selection and population demography, but the links between these interacting processes are poorly understood.
Here we analyse 37 years of data from an individual‐based study of great tits (Parus major) in the Netherlands and use mixed‐effects models to separate the within‐ and across‐year effects of phenological mismatch between great tits and caterpillars (a key food source for developing nestlings) on components of fitness at the individual and population levels.
Several components of individual fitness were affected by individual mismatch (i.e. late breeding relative to the caterpillar food peak date), including the probability of double‐brooding, fledgling success, offspring recruitment probability and the number of recruits. Together these effects contributed to an overall negative relationship between relative fitness and laying dates, that is, selection for earlier laying on average.
Directional selection for earlier laying was stronger in years where birds bred on average later than the food peak, but was weak or absent in years where the phenology of birds and caterpillars matched (i.e. no population mismatch).
The mean number of fledglings per female was lower in years when population mismatch was high, in part because fewer second broods were produced. Population mismatch had a weak effect on the mean number of recruits per female, and no effect on mean adult survival, after controlling for the effects of breeding density and the quality of the autumnal beech (Fagus sylvatica) crop.
These findings illustrate how climate change‐induced mismatch can have strong effects on the relative fitness of phenotypes within years, but weak effects on mean demographic rates across years. We discuss various general mechanisms that influence the extent of coupling between breeding phenology, selection and population dynamics in open populations subject to strong density regulation and stochasticity.
Predicting the likelihood of suicide attempts for rural outpatients with schizophrenia
Authors: Lee Jwo‐Leun , Ma Wei‐Fen , Yen Wen‐Jiuan , Huang Xuan‐Yi , Chiang Li‐Chi 
Published: August 2012

Aims and objectives.  To explore suicide predictors in rural outpatients with schizophrenia.Background.  Suicide is a major cause of mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Evidence indicates that patients in rural areas are at high risk for inadequate health care services. However, information is limited on suicide risk in outpatients with schizophrenia in rural areas.Design.  Cross‐sectional survey.Methods.  Data were collected on individuals enrolled in the 2007 Taiwan National Health Insurance program as diagnosed with schizophrenia, ≥18 years, and living in a rural county. Eligible individuals (n = 1655) were assessed by 12 community‐based nurses at 12 public health centres. Participants’ personal information was retrieved from National Health Insurance records using a personal data sheet, and treatment experiences were obtained by interviewing patients with a 10‐item risk‐assessment inventory. Data were collected over 18 months (2007–2008) and analysed by descriptive statistics and regression analyses.Results.  Risk of suicide attempt in the previous year had four significant predictors: number of self‐harm incidents during the previous year, violent incidents towards others during the previous year, number of follow‐ups by mental health clinics and number of involuntary hospitalisations during the previous year (R2 = 0·337, adjusted R2 = 0·334, F = 133·19, p = 0·000).Conclusion.  Health care providers should assess rural outpatients with schizophrenia for suicidal thoughts by asking simple questions to evaluate for a history of self‐harm and violence and by comparing this information with health system data on follow‐ups by mental health clinics and involuntary hospitalisations.Relevance to clinical practice.  Community‐based health providers may use these results to prioritise assessments when they have a high case load of patients with schizophrenia. Community‐based nurses need to be trained to recognise these four predictors to increase their sensitivity to suicidality among patients with schizophrenia.