bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Acid‐Base Fertilizers on Spring Wheat1
Authors: Varvel G. E. , Meredith H. L. , Severson R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was initiated to evaluate acid‐base fertilizers on highly calcareous soils in the Red River Valley area of Minnesota and North Dakota. These soils represent an environment where acid‐base materials might provide additional flexibility in soil fertility programs because of their proposed ability to produce an acid environment in the zone of application. Two field experiments were conducted during the 1981,1982, and 1983 growing seasons to make this evaluation. One experiment utilized seed placements (band) and the other broadcast placements (surface). All experiments were conducted with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as the test crop on a Hegne silty clay soil (fine, frigid Typic Calciaquoll). Urea phosphate (UP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), UP combined with urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN), and ammonium polyphosphate (AP) combined with UAN were utilized in the seed placement experiment, each at two rates (22 to 26 kg N ha−1 and 25 kg P ha−1 at the low rate and 44 to 52 kg N ha−1 and 50 kg P ha−1 at the high rate). A no fertilizer treatment (check) was also included. Cogranulated urea‐urea phosphate (UUP), urea‐ammonium polyphosphate (UAP), UP, and UP combined with UAN were utilized in the broadcast experiment at two rates (34 and 68 kg N ha−1). Triple superphosphate (0‐20‐0) was used to equalize applied P at 80 kg ha−1 in the broadcast experiment. A treatment with 80 kg P ha−1 applied (check) was also included. Evaluations of the treatments in each experiment were made utilizing plant population at emergence, nutrient concentrations in the plant at tillering and maturity, and final yields of aboveground dry matter and grain. These comparisons indicated all materials had little if any effect on plant population at emergence, were equally effective at supplying nutrients to the plant, and increased yields in both seed placement and broadcast experiments. Although acid‐base materials were not shown to be superior to current materials, they may provide additional alternatives in soil fertility programs in similar environments.
Effects of Pattern and Amount of Simulated Rainfall on Seedling Dynamics of Weeping Lovegrass and Kleingrass1
Authors: Wester David B. , Dahl Bill E. , Cotter Paul F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRange seeding is a common improvement practice for revegetating abandoned cultivated land or following mechanical brush control. However, seeding failure is frequent because of unfavorable moisture and temperature conditions. The objective of this research was to study weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) and Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum) seedling emergence and survival in response to 16 different patterns and amounts of irrigation at 38, 30 and 24°C soil surface temperatures in a dry sand in a growth room. Watering treatments consisted of different sequences of wet and dry days; each watering day provided 5 mm. Pattern and amount of water affected seedling emergence and survival. Both species required 2 days of water to emerge at 30 and 24°C; there was no emergence at 38°C. Seedlings which emerged soonest within a treatment tended to survive longer than seedlings which emerged later. When treatment moisture was not sufficient to stimulate high emergence, seeds remained viable and emerged later when additional adequate moisture was provided. Field trails were established in a second phase of this research; growth‐room results were confirmed under natural and simulated rainfall. These results suggest that rainfall in specific patterns and amounts is important in determining seeding success.
Changes in Spring Wheat Tillering Patterns in Response to Delayed Irrigation1
Authors: Stark J. C. , Longley T. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil water availability can have a marked effect on the vegetative development of small cereal grains. However, few studies have examined the effects of soil water deficits on the appearance patterns of specific tillers. Field studies were conducted in 1983 and 1985 to evaluate the effects of early‐season irrigation timing on tillering patterns of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The studies were conducted on a Declo fine sandy loam and a Declo silt loam (coarseloamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Calciorthids) in 1983 and 1985, respectively. In both studies, the first irrigation was applied by sprinkler when either 3, 5, or 7 leaves were present on the main stem. Subsequent irrigations were applied to provide more than 50% of available soil water for the remainder of the growing season. Main stem development was linearly related to cumulative degree‐days and was not affected by irrigation timing. Tillers which developed under optimal soil moisture conditions exhibited uniform appearance patterns and reached maximum populations over relatively short degree‐day intervals. Soil water deficits decreased the rate of appearance of all main stem tillers and caused appearance to occur over longer intervals. Dry soil conditions also severely reduced development of tillers at the coleoptilar node. When stressed plants were finally irrigated, the appearance rate of affected tillers frequently increased. This increase usually occurred 40 to 70 degree‐days (base 0°C) after irrigation. In some cases, the stimulation of tillering was sufficient to compensate for earlier tiller losses. However, periods of stress extending into the latter part of the vegetative period often reduced maximum tiller populations. Grain yields for wheat irrigated at the 3‐, 5‐, or 7‐leaf stage were 7.28, 6.34, and 5.66 Mg ha−1 in 1983 and 4.95,4.46, and 3.92 Mg ha−1 in 1985, respectively. The results of this study illustrate the importance of adequate early‐season soil water availability in developing uniform tillering patterns and high yield potential for spring wheat.
Incorporating Herbicides on Sandy Soil for Dryland Cotton1
Authors: Wiese A. F. , Chenault E. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted for 2 yr in the field, comparing the effectiveness of a spring‐toothed harrow and a tandem disk for incorporating preplant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) herbicides under dryland cropping, on a Miles loamy fine sand soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic Udic Palvestalf) that is subject to wind erosion. Herbicides3 used were trifluralin [2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐(trifluoromenthyl)benzenamine], nitralin [4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropylbenzenamine], butralin [4‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐N‐(l‐methylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine], profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐ 2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], fluchloralin [N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] and dinitramine (N3, N3‐diethyl‐2,4‐dinitro‐6‐ (trifluoromethyl)‐1,3‐benzenediamine]. Weeds encountered were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofexus L.), green carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinulis (L.) Scop.], and field sandbur (Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis). No appreciable difference in weed control was noted either year between the disk and spring‐toothed harrow. The first year, cotton yields were not affected by incorporation methods. The second year, incorporating the herbicides with a spring‐toothed harrow resulted in higher yield than incorporating with a tandem disk. Because the spring‐toothed harrow leaves the soil cloddy and less subject to wind erosion and gives equivalent weed control along with equal or better cotton yields, it is a better implement than a tandem disk for incorporating preplant cotton herbicides on sandy soil in dry areas.
Herbicides and Seeding Rate Effects on Sprinkler‐Irrigated Rice1
Authors: Akkari K. H. , Talbert R. E. , Ferguson J. A. , Gilmour J. T. , Khodayari K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo herbicide programs and four seeding rates were tested in 1981 and 1982 at Keiser, AR, to determine the optimum seeding rate that would be effective in maximizing yields in sprinkler‐irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.). ‘Lebonnet’ rice was drill‐seeded into a Sharkey clay (Vertic Haplaquepts, 1.4% O.M.) at rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha 1. The herbicide programs used were propanil [N−(3,4− dichloropheny1)propanamide] at 3.4 kg ha 1 or a tank mixture of propanil at 3.4 kg ha 1 + oxadiazon [3−[2,4−dichloro−5−(1−methylethoxy) phenyl]−5−(1,l−dimethylethyl)−1,3,4−oxadiazol−2−(3H)‐one] at 1.1 kg ha−1, each applied at the 2‐leaf stage of weeds. Each treatment was followed by 2,4,5−T [(2,4,5−trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 1.1 kg ha 1 applied over‐the‐top at the onset of internode elongation of the rice stems. Both herbicide programs controlled barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauvois], broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla (Grisebach) Nash], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scopoli], common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.). Propanil + oxadiazon controlled pitted morningglory (Ipompoea lacunosa f. purpurata L.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), but propanil alone did not. A significant increase in rice plant population and panicle density with the increased seeding rates was offset by a corresponding decrease in number of seeds per panicle and rough rice yield, and an increase in tillering at the lower seeding rate. The results indicate that the present recommended seeding rate (140 kg ha 1) for sprinkler‐irrigated rice should be reduced to between 50 and 100 kg ha−1, but must be accompanied by timely and effective herbicide programs.
Lettuce Yield‐Irrigation Water Quality and Quantity Relationships in a Gypsiferous Desert Soil1
Authors: Russo David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaluation of the possibility of utilizing marginal soils and saline waters for agricultural production is essential for the development of arid zones. The effect of irrigation water quality (salinity) and quantity on the yield of lettuce (Lactuca saliva var. ‘Iceberg’) was studied in a gypsiferous desert soil (Typic Torrifluvent). Irrigation water volume (Q) ranging from 0.37 to 1.3, 0.6 to 1.6, and 0.7 to 2.4 times the Class A pan evaporation (Eo) for the irrigation water salinities of Ciw = 1.7, 3.1, and 4.7 dS/m, respectively, were applied via trickle irrigation. Root zone soil water pressure potential and salinity were monitored and lettuce yield was measured. Seasonal average soil water content (θ̅) was affected by irrigation water volume but not by quality (salinity) whereas seasonal average soil water salinity (E̅C̅) and lettuce yield (Y) were affected by both quality and quantity of the irrigation water. For the different ranges of Q associated with the different irrigation waters, θ̅ was increased by 30, 44, and 94%, EC was decreased by 20, 21, and 18%, and Y was increased by 120, 71, and 55% for Ciw = 1.7, 3.1, and 4.7 dS/m, respectively. Curvelinear salt tolerance functions were found to be dependent on the volume of irrigation water, approaching a piecewise linear function when relatively large volumes of irrigation water (Q/Eo > 1) were applied. The increase in irrigation volume compensated only in part for the adverse effect of the irrigation water salinity. Maximum yields obtained using the more saline waters are 6.5 and 20.7% smaller for Ciw = 3.1 and 4.7 dS/m, respectively, relative to yield obtained using Ciw =1.7 dS/m.
Morphological and Anatomical Characterization of Leaf Burn in Corn Induced from Foliar‐Applied Nitrogen1
Authors: Gamble P. E. , Emino E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFoliar applied nutrients have been used to overcome nutrient deficiencies on a variety of crops; however, leaf burn is often a problem. Corn (Zea mays L.) Plants were treated with 120 g N L−1 from urea to study the leaf burn phenomenon. A 4‐µL drop applied to the adaxial leaf surface was observed at 2‐h intervals for 8 h. Leaf samples were studied with dissecting, compound, and scanning electron microscopes for changes resulting from the application of foliar applied fertilizer salts. Damage observed under the dissecting microscope after 2 h consisted of a darkening in the epidermal cells. After 8 h, the epidermis was desiccated, sunken, and discolored, forming a lesion on the leaf surface. Slides of leaf sections showed wrinkling and collapse of epidermal cells at 4, 6, and 8 h. Disorganization of mesophyll was observed after 8 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs revealed collapsed and wrinkled epidermal cells with sunken stomates after 2 h. Events associated with visual damage appear to be related to water loss since epidermal and mesophyll cells become desiccated.
Quality of Stockpiled Bigalta Limpograss Forage at Varying Fertility Levels1
Authors: Davis C. E. , Jolley V. D. , Mooso G. D. , Robison L. R. , Horrocks R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdequate quantity and quality of cool‐season forage are limiting factors in cattle (Bos taurus) producing areas of the subtropics. ‘Bigalta’ limpograss {Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf et C.E. Hubb.] has been proposed as a forage with potential to help overcome both problems. A 2‐yr study to determine the effect of increasing levels of fall‐applied fertilizer on the quality of stockpiled Bigalta limpograss was conducted in central Florida. Eight fertilizer treatments were applied on 10 October each year: (1) 0‐0‐0, (ii) 34‐4‐13, (iii) 68‐7‐26, (iv) 100‐11‐40, (v) 135‐15‐54, (vi) 168‐18‐67, (vii) 200‐22‐80, and (viii) 400‐45‐160 kg ha−1 of N‐P‐K. Forage quality variables were measured in whole plant samples at monthly intervals from 5 December through 5 April, inclusive, and were compared to established National Research Council (NRC) requirements for beef cattle. Yield increases entering into the stockpile period (December) of 285 to 610% (relative to the control) resulted from rates of 68‐7‐26 kg ha−1 of N‐P‐K and higher, and these yield increases were maintained through April. Addition of greater than 68‐7‐26 kg ha−1 of N‐P‐K consistently increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) crude protein (CP), P, K, and Mn, whereas Zn concentration was decreased by fertilizer application. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu were generally unaffected by fertilizer level. Crude protein, P, and K levels were raised into acceptable NRC ranges, while Zn dropped below the required range as a result of fertilization. Animals grazing stockpiled limpograss of this quality would require supplementation with Zn and Cu during the entire period, while supplementation with CP and P would be required only during February and April, respectively. Both Ca/P and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios were maintained at levels conducive to good beef cattle production throughout the stockpile period.
Quality Analysis of Summer‐Annual Forages. I. Sample Preparation Methods and Chemical Characterization of Forage Types and Cultivars1
Authors: Fisher D. S. , Burns J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of sample preparation on the chemical composition and the subsequent estimation of nutritive value of silage from different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars and millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) may alter experimental results and conclusions. The objectives of this study were to determine the differential effects of oven‐drying, freeze‐drying, and ensiling on the concentrations of the Van Soest fiber fractions, total N, and several carbohydrate fractions of summer‐annual forages with major interest in cultivar rank. One millet, one corn (Zea mays L.), and eight sorghum cultivars, including one sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf], one sorghum × sudangrass hybrid, two grain sorghums, two intermediate sorghums, and two forage sorghums, were ensiled. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications and grown at two locations in two different years. The soil type was a fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult (Norfolk loamy sand) at Location 1 and a clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult (Cecil clay loam) at Location 2. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and apparent cellulose showed significant cultivar × sample preparation method interactions from both locations. Cultivars partitioned total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) differently between sugars and starch, with significant cultivar × sample preparation interactions occurring for total sugar, starch, and TNC from both locations. The interaction of cultivar and sample preparation can affect the results of cultivar comparisons. Oven‐drying should not be used to prepare either fodder or silage samples for quality determinations.
Studies of Intact Shoot‐Root Systems of Field‐Grown Winter Wheat. II. Root and Shoot Developmental Patterns as Related to Nitrogen Fertilizer1
Authors: Belford R. K. , Klepper Betty , Rickman R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot development and growth for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) influence seasonal water and nutrient uptake. Root location and function with time in the field are needed to understand the role of roots in plant growth and tiller survival. Fertilizer timing was used to modify root and tiller growth in a field experiment. Objectives were to observe appearance and measure distribution with depth and time of identified roots during the growing season. Field plots on a Walla Walla silt loam (mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) were fertilized once with (NH4)2SO4 in October, February, or April or left unfertilized. Square metal tubes, forced into the soil after emergence, enclosed shoots and developing root systems of six to eight plants. Tubes were extracted at beginning and mid‐tillering, jointing, and anthesis. Roots were washed, separated, and identified. Length, condition, order of branching, and number and length of lateral roots was measured on each. Leaf development rates were the same in tubes and plots only for February‐applied fertilizer. Denitrification from transient waterlogging occurred in some tubes. Seminal roots remained intact and grew until anthesis. Crown roots explored the soil in order of their appearance with older axes branching more and penetrating deeper. Seminal root distribution with depth was more nearly linear than that of nodal and tiller roots, which were exponentially distributed. Magnitude of rooting at all depths was increased by N which increased branching. Leaf and root development were closely correlated, but root development or lack thereof on tillers did not appear to be the major factor controlling tiller survival.
Simulated Hail Research in Sunflower: Defoliation1
Authors: Schneiter A. , Jones J. M. , Hammond J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccurate loss procedure and compensation due to hail losses are a major concern to both the producer and the insurance company. Field experiments simulating leaf loss such as that which would occur as a result of a hail storm were conducted on hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Carrington and Fargo, ND. The objective of this study was to investigate the agronomic response of sunflower to various levels of defoliation applied at different stages of plant development. Defoliation treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the leaves randomly removed with a knife) were applied at nine stages of plant development from V4 through R7. Fifty, 75, and 100% defoliation averaged across all developmental stages decreased seed yield significantly compared to the check. Seventy‐five and 100% defoliation decreased seed yield significantly compared to the check when treatments were applied at the R1 through R6 stages. Plant death often resulted when treatments of 100% defoliation were applied at stages R3 and R4. Oil percentage decreased significantly with 100% defoliation at the R4 through R7 stages. One‐hundred‐percent defoliation averaged over all stages of plant development decreased oil percentage an average of 11.9%. One‐hundred‐percent defoliation averaged across all stages of plant development decreased head diameter, plant height, percent stem breakage; days to R5.5, and achene weight. Complete removal of leaves at the reproductive (R) stages of plant development affected the variables measured to the greatest degree. As defoliation percentage decreased, values of variables measured were affected to a lesser degree.
Modeling Long‐Term Crop Response to Fertilizer Phosphorus. II. Comparison with Field Results1
Authors: Janssen B. H. , Lathwell D. J. , Wolf J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults obtained using a simple model for computing the residual effect of applied fertilizer P were compared with results of long‐term field trials with maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and rice (Oryza sativa L.), carried out in Brazil, Australia, and Madagascar, respectively. The calculated and experimentally found residual effects of fertilizer P were in close agreement, provided the applications rates were not too high and seasonal effects not too strong. At all locations the same values for the time constants of P transfer between the labile and stable pools could be used, irrespective of the method of application and the type of fertilizer. As a consequence, the residual effect of fertilizer P is directly related to the first‐year recovery fraction. For given recovery fractions, the residual effects are calculated for different types of P fertilizers.
Tillage and Residue Management Effects on Properties of an Ultisol and Double‐Cropped Soybean Production1
Authors: NeSmith D. S. , Hargrove W. L. , Radcliffe D. E. , Tollner E. W. , Arioglu H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDoublecropping soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become widespread in the southeastern United States. This has encouraged use of reduced and no‐tillage systems, but burning of the wheat straw prior to planting soybean has also become common. A 2‐yr field study was initiated on a Greenville sandy clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) in Georgia to evaluate effects of tillage and residue management practices on selected soil properties and plant growth parameters. Main experimental blocks were split into burned and nonburned wheat straw, and tillage treatments were randomly applied in strips. Tillage treatments were notillage, disk tillage (disk), and moldboard plow (plow). Soil temperature, water content, and bulk density, as well as plant population, height, dry weight, root mass, and seed yield were determined. Notillage with residue resulted in soil surface temperatures 5 to 8°C lower than temperatures measured on bare soil. Also, water content of the upper 0.10 m of soil in the no‐tillage nonburned treatment was as much as 30 to 40% higher than other treatments. Bulk densities in excess of 1.7 Mg/m3 occurred under disk and no‐tillage at a depth of 0.15 to 0.25 m. This compaction reduced water extraction and plant growth in those treatments as compared to the plowed soil. These results indicate that, for sandy Ultisols with poorly developed structure, tillage pan amelioration may be necessary in the fall to ensure better soil conditions for no‐tillage in the spring, as no‐tillage tends to preserve the initial soil physical condition. Burning residues did not significantly influence crop growth but did influence soil properties adversely. It is apparent that burning residues is a matter of convenience for ease of planting but is of no agronomic benefit.