bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation through Self-Enforcement
Authors: Tzanakopoulos Antonios 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines how the responsibility of the UN for wrongful Security Council sanctions can be implemented. The normal way of implementation of responsibility in a decentralized legal system is through countermeasures, i.e., through self-help. The chapter accepts that disobedience is the ultimum refugium of States when these are faced with what they consider wrongful Council sanctions. But it seeks to qualify legally this disobedience. It discusses whether it constitutes civil disobedience, whether it is allowed under Article 25 UN Charter, which — it is argued — obligates States to comply with valid, intra vires acts of the Council, or whether it constitutes an illegal acts that is justifiable as a countermeasure. It concludes that it is the latter, not less so because acts of the Council are always valid, even if they are illegal, for lack of an instance to determine their invalidity.
Further Considerations
Authors: Garner R. Scott 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWith previous chapters having provided several measures of the degree to which early Greek elegy was traditional and formulaic, Chapter 4 concludes the volume by discussing several ways in which future study of this poetry can be affected by these findings. For instance, there are obvious implications for textual criticism and emendation, as well as for investigations into the evolution of various Greek meters. Also, studies looking into poetic performance and cultural change must take into account the fact that the active employment of formulaic verse‐making techniques in elegy seems to have been abandoned very abruptly in the fifth century. But perhaps most important, studies into the actual interpretation of any given elegiac poem of the archaic period need to reconsider the communication strategies and the traditionally encoded meanings that would have been commonly referenced by poets and audiences thoroughly familiar with such formulaic verse‐making techniques.
A national survey of organizational transfer practices in chronic disease prevention in Canada
Authors: Hanusaik Nancy , O'Loughlin Jennifer L. , Paradis Gilles , Kishchuk Natalie 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Underuse of best practices in chronic disease prevention (CDP) represents missed opportunities to promote healthy living and prevent chronic disease. Better understanding of how CDP programs, practices and policies (PPPs) are transferred from ‘resource' organizations that develop them to ‘user' organizations that implement them is crucial. The objectives of this work were to develop psychometrically sound measures of transfer practices occurring within resource organizations; describe the use of these transfer practices and identify correlates of the transfer process. Cross-sectional data were collected in structured telephone interviews with the person most knowledgeable about PPP transfer in 77 Canadian organizations that develop PPPs. Independent correlates of transfer were identified using multiple linear regression. The transfer practices most commonly used included: identification of barriers to PPP adoption/implementation, tailoring transfer strategies and designing a transfer plan. Skill at planning/implementing transfer, external sources of funding specifically allocated for transfer, type of resource organization, attitude toward process of collaboration and user-centeredness were all positively associated with the transfer process. These factors represent possible targets for interventions to improve transfer of CDP PPPs.
Introduction
Authors: Burton‐Jones Alan , Spender J.‐C. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This handbook aims to show the importance of human capital (HC) for contemporary organizations: how it contributes to theories of the firm, how it affects organizational performance, and its role in the future economy. It identifies HC as the linchpin of social and other forms of capital. The article also shows how applying the notion of HC to organizations requires consideration of how human and other intangible intellectual forms of capital differ from more traditional forms, implying the need for a theory of the firm that accommodates a concept of dynamic, heterogeneous HC. It focuses on five aspects of HC: its conceptual underpinnings; its relevance to theories of the firm; its implications for organizational effectiveness; its interdependencies with other resources; and its role in the future economy.
A Social Perspective
Authors: Nahapiet Janine 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article begins by suggesting that one must define human capital (HC) from a social perspective, the value of which inevitably depends on a wide range of social factors and relationships. The focus here is on the relationship between human (individual) capital and social capital, and their impact on each other's development. The article examines the concept of capital, drawing initially on the economics literature. It concludes that even though HC fails to meet the criteria for capital evident in that literature, its heuristic value has made it popular nonetheless. It also notes that HC's failure to meet the conceptual conditions of capital theory can be interpreted as a critical insertion of human values into the discussion. Leveraging from the Austrian economists, the article urges the analysis from static concepts and to a more dynamic interactive frame.
Global Culture Capital and Cosmopolitan Human Capital
Authors: Ng Kok‐Yee , Tan Mei , Ang Soon 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article concentrates on the firm as the context of human capital (HC) development and application, though its focus is on global firms. Its analysis reaches back into the urban sociology of Gouldner and Merton and adopts their classic distinction between ‘locals’ and ‘cosmopolitans’, the latter having several languages and travel experience to add to their HC. The article argues that cosmopolitan HC is essential for firms competing in the globalized economy. Its intent is to understand how such HC is developed. In a neat move, the article appropriates much of the HC literature's thinking about the impact of parent attitudes, learning habits, and education on their children's educational development. It repositions the corporation as a form of intellectual parent, defined as the custodian or context of the relevant ‘global cultural capital’.
The Firm, Human Capital, and Knowledge Creation
Authors: Krogh Georg von , Wallin Martin W. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article looks at human capital (HC) in the context of the knowledge-based view of the firm. While personal notions of knowledge as HC are axiomatic, they also recognize collective or community processes. But their interplay is a problem, and the article argues that there has been little attention to the microfoundational aspects of aligning the interests of the various individuals involved. It proposes a relationship between the individual and the firm that takes divergent interests into account. The article reviews the history of HC theory and considers the relation between the individual knowledge-based HC and that of the firm. It concludes that three important results emerge from a democratic and cooperative approach to management: firm-level knowledge results only when individuals contribute beyond the terms specifiable in their employment contract, non-pecuniary rewards are essential, and the motivational aspects become those that define the firm.
Maximizing Value from Human Capital
Authors: Coff Russell 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article describes two dilemmas for organizations seeking to derive a competitive advantage from human capital (HC). First, the very qualities such as knowledge tacitness and causal ambiguity that make employees' HC valuable, inimitable, and a source of competitive advantage to firms, make it difficult for firms to acquire, organize, retain, and motivate those employees. Second, employees will inevitably seek to maximize their share of the rents accruing from organizational use of their capital through wages, expenses, and benefits, thus only a portion of the rents may flow to shareholders. Strategies to reduce dependency on employees' idiosyncratic HC through knowledge codification and routinization risk increasing imitability. Firms must therefore address these HC dilemmas directly. The article proceeds to analyse issues associated with gaining a competitive advantage from HC. It proposes several ‘coping’ strategies to address turnover and information dilemmas
Accounting for Human Capital and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Kramar Robin , Murthy Vijaya , Guthrie James 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article discusses how the shift to a knowledge-based economy has propelled firms' human capital (HC) and associated intellectual resources to center stage. It notes that while organizational researchers have highlighted the increasingly strategic role of HC, and despite a growing realization among firms that their human-knowledge resources are becoming more important, managerial awareness of the value of HC remains low. The article suggests that HC management, measurement, and reporting are increasingly vital capabilities that all organizations will need to acquire. It proceeds to analyse the nature of HC, trace the evolution of HC accounting, identify current accounting challenges, and describe contemporary frameworks that are seeking to address these challenges. The article defines HC within organizations as ‘employee capability, knowledge, innovation, adaptability, and experience’, noting that it is typically represented as one element in a tripartite framework of intellectual capital, the other two being relational capital and organizational capital.
Human Capital and the Organization–Accommodation Relationship
Authors: Vischer Jacqueline C. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article focuses on interdependencies between people and their physical work environment – the buildings they occupy and the spaces in which they work. It argues that an organization's physical environment affects its overall performance, through constraining or supporting achievement of its business objectives, the task environment, and intra-organizational relationships. The article suggests that organizations and their members develop organization–accommodation relationships with the land, buildings, workspaces, and information technology which they use that reflect their objectives and cultures. On the subject of relationships between organizations and individuals, the article argues that, along with the various HR elements in work contracts, there is a ‘socio-spatial' element involving promises regarding physical work conditions. It illuminates linkages between the physical and virtual worlds of organizations and suggests how a better understanding of their interdependencies can assist organizations in obtaining more value from their human capital.
Picturing knowledge in the early Royal Society: the examples of Richard Waller and Henry Hunt
Authors: Kusukawa Sachiko 
Published: May 2011

Much of science today relies on visual information of one kind or other for its experiments, observations, simulations and publications. The historical study of how visual resources (such as drawings, prints or models) became integral to scientific knowledge is a developing field and an area to which the pictorial remains of the early Royal Society have much to contribute. This paper examines the examples of Richard Waller (d. 1714 or 1715; FRS 1681) and Henry Hunt (d. 1713), Operator of the Society, who both created images for the Society's publications and meetings. By focusing on their contribution to knowledge rather than on their accuracy, I discuss how images were used to express the Society's aspirations and values, and were integral to the weekly business of investigating nature in the early Royal Society.
Chaitin's halting probability and the compression of strings using oracles
Authors: Barmpalias George , Lewis Andrew E. M. 
Published: May 2011

If a computer is given access to an oracle—the characteristic function of a set whose membership relation may or may not be algorithmically calculable—this may dramatically affect its ability to compress information and to determine structure in strings, which might otherwise appear random. This leads to the basic question, ‘given an oracle
A
, how many oracles can compress information at most as well as
A
?’ This question can be formalized using Kolmogorov complexity. We say that
B
≤

LK

A
if there exists a constant
c
such that
K

A

(
σ
)<
K

B

(
σ
)+
c
for all strings
σ
, where
K

X

denotes the prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity relative to oracle
X
. The formal counterpart to the previous question now is, ‘what is the cardinality of the set of ≤

LK

-predecessors of
A
?’ We completely determine the number of oracles that compress at most as well as any given oracle
A
, by answering a question of Miller (
Notre Dame J. Formal Logic
, 2010,
50
, 381–391), which also appears in Nies (
Computability and randomness
. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Problem 8.1.13); the class of ≤

LK

-predecessors of a set
A
is countable if and only if Chaitin's halting probability
Ω
is Martin-Löf random relative to
A
.
Effectiveness of a stepped primary care smoking cessation intervention: cluster randomized clinical trial (ISTAPS study)
Authors: Cabezas Carmen , Advani Mamta , Puente Diana , Rodriguez‐Blanco Teresa , Martin Carlos ,   ISTAPS Study Group
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To evaluate the effectiveness in primary care of a stepped smoking cessation intervention based on the transtheoretical model of change.Design  Cluster randomized trial; unit of randomization: basic care unit (family physician and nurse who care for the same group of patients); and intention‐to‐treat analysis.Setting  All interested basic care units (n = 176) that worked in 82 primary care centres belonging to the Spanish Preventive Services and Health Promotion Research Network in 13 regions of Spain.Participants  A total of 2827 smokers (aged 14–85 years) who consulted a primary care centre for any reason, provided written informed consent and had valid interviews.Measurements  The outcome variable was the 1‐year continuous abstinence rate at the 2‐year follow‐up. The main variable was the study group (intervention/control). Intervention involved 6‐month implementation of recommendations from a Clinical Practice Guideline which included brief motivational interviews for smokers at the precontemplation–contemplation stage, brief intervention for smokers in preparation–action who do not want help, intensive intervention with pharmacotherapy for smokers in preparation–action who want help and reinforcing intervention in the maintenance stage. Control group involved usual care. Among others, characteristics of tobacco use and motivation to quit variables were also collected.Findings  The 1‐year continuous abstinence rate at the 2‐year follow‐up was 8.1% in the intervention group and 5.8% in the control group (P = 0.014). In the multivariate logistic regression, the odds of quitting of the intervention versus control group was 1.50 (95% confidence interval = 1.05–2.14).Conclusions  A stepped smoking cessation intervention based on the transtheoretical model significantly increased smoking abstinence at a 2‐year follow‐up among smokers visiting primary care centres.
Examining gender differences in emerging tobacco use using the adolescents' need for smoking scale
Authors: Richardson Chris G. , Memetovic Jasmina , Ratner Pamela A. , Johnson Joy L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the influence of gender on emerging tobacco use by testing for gender‐based measurement invariance of the Adolescents' Need for Smoking Scale (ANSS) and examining gender differences on each dimension across increasing levels of amount smoked.Design  Cross‐sectional survey.Setting  Thirteen secondary schools located in British Columbia, Canada.Participants  Data from 1425 youth who reported smoking at least once in the past month.Measurements  Survey questions about demographic characteristics, tobacco smoking history and need for smoking.Findings  The multi‐dimensional structure of the ANSS is equivalent in boys and girls and the ANSS questions are not gender‐biased. There were no significant gender differences in the levels of physical dependence across increasing levels of amount smoked. Girls scored higher than boys on levels of emotional dependence across increasing levels of life‐time cigarette exposure. Girls also had higher scores on the social dimension of the ANSS compared to boys among those who smoked 100 or more cigarettes.Conclusions  Canadian girls score higher than boys on measures of emotional dependence and social attitudes associated with tobacco smoking.
Antigen cross-presentation: extending recent laboratory findings to therapeutic intervention
Authors: Flinsenberg T W H , Compeer E B , Boelens J J , Boes M 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe initiation of adaptive immune responses requires antigen presentation to lymphocytes. In particular, dendritic cells (DCs) are equipped with specialized machinery that promote effective display of peptide/major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), rendering them the most potent stimulators of naive T lymphocytes. Antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells is an important mechanism for the development of specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumours and viruses that do not infect antigen-presenting cells. Here, we review recent findings concerning antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes. Specific subtypes of DCs in the mouse have been defined as being especially endowed for antigen cross-presentation, and a human homologue of these DCs has recently been described. DC vaccination strategies for the prevention and treatment of human diseases have been under investigation in recent years, but have not generally reached satisfying results. We here provide an overview of new findings in antigen cross-presentation research and how they can be used for development of the next generation of human DC vaccines.
Fertility disorder associated with celiac disease in males and females: fact or fiction?
Authors: Khoshbaten Manouchehr , Rostami Nejad Mohammad , Farzady Laya , Sharifi Nasrin , Hashemi Sayyed Hassan , Rostami Kamran 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim:  The association between celiac disease and infertility is controversial in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of celiac disease among the couples with unexplained infertility.Material & Methods:  Serum samples from 100 Iranian couples with unexplained infertility were evaluated for celiac disease by tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTGA). Two hundred couples not reporting reproductive problems and having delivered at least one uncomplicated birth served as controls. Total immunoglobulin A (IgA) was also obtained to investigate IgA deficiency. Those with IgA deficiency were tested with IgG tTG. Those cases with positive tTGA or tTGG (IgA deficients) underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.Results:  Positive results of tTGA were detected in 13 infertile subjects (6.5%, 6 males and 7 females) and 11 controls (2.8%, 4 males and 7 females) (P = 0.027). The odds ratio of celiac disease in unexplained infertile couples was 2.39 (95% CI: 1.15–5.01) compared with fertile couples. IgA deficiency was identified in 14 infertile cases and 11 controls. Only 5/24 tTGA‐positive and 4/24 IgA‐deficient infertile subjects and controls accepted to undergo duodenal mucosal biopsy. Celiac disease was confirmed by biopsy in three (1.5%) of the unexplained infertile patients.Conclusion:  The results of this study show that there is a higher seroprevalence of celiac disease in those with infertility in comparison to those with normal fertility.
Potential source and sink locations for climate‐driven species range shifts in Europe since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Ohlemüller Ralf , Huntley Brian , Normand Signe , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To identify potential source and sink locations for climate‐driven species range shifts in Europe since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).Location  Europe.Methods  We developed a new approach combining past‐climate simulations with the concept of analogous climate space. Our index gives a continuous measure of the potential of a location to have acted as a source or a sink for species that have shifted their ranges since the LGM. High glacial source potential is indicated by LGM climatic conditions that are widespread now; high post‐glacial sink potential is indicated by current climatic conditions that were widespread at the LGM. The degree of isolation of source and sink areas was calculated as the median distance to areas with analogous climate conditions.Results  We identified areas of high glacial source potential in the previously recognized refugial areas in the southern European peninsulas, but also in large areas in central‐western Europe. The most climatically isolated source areas were located in northern Spain, in north‐western Europe and in eastern Turkey. From here species would have had to cover substantial distances to find current climate conditions analogous to LGM conditions of these areas. Areas with high post‐glacial sink potential were mainly located in Fennoscandia and in central and south‐eastern Europe. Some of the most isolated sink areas were located in the Spanish highlands and around the Baltic Sea.Main conclusions  Our species‐independent approach successfully identified previously recognized glacial refugial areas with high source potential for species range shifts in southern Europe and in addition highlighted other potential source areas in central Europe. This study offers new insights into how the distribution of past and current climatic conditions may have influenced past species range shifts and current large‐scale biodiversity patterns.
Recruitment, Retention and Exit from Union Membership. An Analysis of Member Flows in Swiss Union Locals
Authors: Oesch Daniel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article enquires into the causes of union growth and decline by analysing flows in and out of membership at the level of 70 Swiss union locals over 2006–2008. Gross flows in union membership are much larger than the resulting net changes: annual membership turnover of 10 per cent is a surprisingly constant feature across unions. Net changes in membership are primarily determined by inflows: successful and languishing union locals differ in their entry rates, whereas exit rates are similar. Variance in union locals' entry rates is not usefully explained by the labour market context, but by differences in union strategy.
HRM Practices and the Within‐Firm Gender Wage Gap
Authors: Datta Gupta Nabanita , Eriksson Tor 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe effect of HRM practices on the within‐firm gender gap in wages in manufacturing is investigated merging a 1999 survey on work practices among Danish firms to matched employer–employee panel data. Self‐managed teams, project organization and job rotation schemes are the most widely introduced practices. Accounting for non‐randomness in adoption, the pay gap is reduced among hourly paid workers but increases among salaried workers. Considering practices individually, wage gains from adoption accrue to males except for salaried workers in firms that adopt project organization and for hourly paid workers in firms that introduce quality control circles.