bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol marketing and young people's drinking: what the evidence base suggests for policy
Authors: Gordon Ross , Hastings Gerard , Moodie Crawford 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

As the influence of alcohol marketing on young people remains a highly contested topic we review the recent literature to examine if the debate has moved on. The extant literature shows that while many econometric studies suggest alcohol marketing to have a minimal effect on youth alcohol consumption, more focussed consumer studies, particularly recent research employing sophisticated longitudinal designs, demonstrate clear links between alcohol advertising and drinking behaviour. Encouragingly, some of the more recent research studies assess marketing activity beyond advertising; sponsorship, new media, viral marketing, price promotions, new forms of distribution, product development and increased point of sale activity. The literature presents increasingly compelling evidence that alcohol marketing is directly impacting upon young people's drinking behaviour. The implications of this on the current policy debate surrounding alcohol marketing activities and regulation in the UK and beyond are discussed. Furthermore a research agenda for alcohol marketing for the future is offered.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of block copolymer as compatibilizer in polyimide/zeolite composite membranes
Authors: Patel Rajkumar , Park Jung Tae , Hong Hyun Pyo , Kim Jong Hak , Min Byoung Ryul 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work, we introduced a diblock copolymer (dBC), i.e., polystyrene‐b‐poly(hydroxyl ethyl acrylate) (PS‐b‐PHEA) as a compatibilizer to enhance interfacial adhesion between PI and zeolite in PI/Zeolite/dBC (1/0.1/0.05 wt%) membrane for gas separation. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed the formation of hydrogen bonding interactions of the carbonyl and the hydroxyl in dBC with both PI and zeolite. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) study showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PI increased upon the introduction of dBC, indicating specific interactions in the mixed matrix membranes. The gas permeabilities of H2, N2, O2, and CO2 through PI/zeolite 5A/dBC membranes were reduced but the permselectivity were increased compared to neat PI membrane. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypharmacy in primary care practices: an analysis using a large health insurance database
Authors: Grimmsmann Thomas , Himmel Wolfgang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo ascertain the rate and range of continuous polypharmacy in German general practices and compare practice characteristics and prescribing profiles in practices with a high rate of polypharmacy patients (HPP) and a low rate of polypharmacy patients (LPP), respectively.MethodsThis observational study used a database composed of prescription data from a large German statutory health insurance. We defined polypharmacy as the continuous prescription of five or more drugs and calculated the percentage of polypharmacy patients for each practice to identify HPP and LPP.ResultsA total of 136 521 patients in 730 general practices received continuous medication. About 10% of these patients (14 293/136 521) received five or more different drugs. HPP had, on average, 15.1% polypharmacy patients compared to 4.2% in LPP. The total number of patients attending either a HPP or LPP was comparable (437 vs. 416; p = 0.102), but HPP had a higher number of patients with prescriptions (76.9% vs. 70.8%; p < 0.0001). The patients' age distribution was similar (68.0 in LPP vs. 68.8 in HPP) and there were slightly more female patients in LPP. Doctors in HPP prescribed proton pump inhibitors and NSAIDs more frequently than doctors in LPP, but there was no difference in the prescription of me‐too drugs.ConclusionThe absolute differences in age and gender distribution between HPP and LPP were modest. Prescribing quality, as measured by the rate of me‐too drug prescriptions, was similar across all practices. Therefore, differences in the rate of polypharmacy in general practice cannot sufficiently be explained by these factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of organoclay on the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of organophilic montmorillonite nanoclay based thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites prepared by melt blending
Authors: Barick Aruna K. , Tripathy Deba K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites based on the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was prepared by melt intercalation technique using a laboratory internal batch mixer followed by compression molding. Varying amount of organically modified nanoclays (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%) was added to the TPU matrix to examine the influence of organoclay on nanophase morphology and structure–property relationships. The interaction between TPU matrix and nanofiller was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of nanocomposites was studied by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy that shows melt mixing by a batch mixer is an effective method for dispersing OMMT throughout the TPU matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that incorporation of organoclay enhances the thermal stability of the nanocomposites significantly. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to measure the melting point and glass transition temperature (Tg) of soft segments. The reinforcing effect of the organoclay was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis and physico–mechanical testing. The effects of nanoclay concentration and processing parameters on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposites were studied by a rubber process analyzer using frequency sweep. A significant increase in the viscosity and storage modulus of the nanocomposites was found with the increasing clay content. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
High‐accuracy identification and bioinformatic analysis of in vivo protein phosphorylation sites in yeast
Authors: Gnad Florian , de Godoy Lyris M. F. , Cox Jürgen , Neuhauser Nadin , Ren Shubin , Olsen Jesper V. , Mann Matthias 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProtein phosphorylation is a fundamental regulatory mechanism that affects many cell signaling processes. Using high‐accuracy MS and stable isotope labeling in cell culture‐labeling, we provide a global view of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoproteome, containing 3620 phosphorylation sites mapped to 1118 proteins, representatively covering the yeast kinome and a multitude of transcription factors. We show that a single false discovery rate for all peptide identifications significantly overestimates occurrence of rare modifications, such as tyrosine phosphorylation in yeast. The identified phosphorylation sites are predominantly located on irregularly structured and accessible protein regions. We found high evolutionary conservation of phosphorylated proteins and a large overlap of significantly over‐represented motifs with the human phosphoproteome. Nevertheless, phosphorylation events at the site level were not highly conserved between yeast and higher eukaryotes, which points to metazoan‐specific kinase and substrate families. We constructed a yeast‐specific phosphorylation sites predictor on the basis of a support vector machine, which – together with the yeast phosphorylation data – is integrated into the PHOSIDA database (www.phosida.com).
Strong activation of MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts by treatments with BCl3: Evidence and application of the “cluster” model of active sites
Authors: Ribour David , Monteil Vincent , Spitz Roger 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHeterogeneous Ziegler‐Natta precatalysts (with phthalate as internal donor) were modified by treatments with BCl3 (2 h in heptane; T = 20–90 °C; B/Ti = 0.1–5) before their use in the polymerization of propylene to modify the active sites distribution. If performed on previously “detitanated” precatalysts, the treatment leads to a strong increase of productivity (up to one order of magnitude) without drastic modifications of polypropylenes properties (tacticity, molecular weight distribution). In addition, these findings are in good agreement with the hypothesis of a “cluster” organization of active sites allowing to rationalize activation by BCl3 by formation of heteronuclear B‐Ti clusters. The activation method was also applied to unmodified precatalysts and gave a significant gain of productivity. The simple and versatile activation process can also be performed under mild conditions (low T and low [BCl3]). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5784–5791, 2009
Methacrylated dendrimers in thiol‐methacrylate networks and the effect of conversion on the thermoset properties
Authors: Nilsson Camilla , Malmström Eva , Johansson Mats , Trey Stacy M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA series of well‐defined methacrylate‐functionalized polyester dendrimers based on 2,2‐bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis‐MPA) has been synthesized divergently. The thermal properties and conversion of the methacrylate functional dendrimers are investigated along with the structure‐property relationship of networks composed of the methacrylate dendrimers and two commercially available trifunctional thiols, trimethylolpropane tri(3‐mercaptopropanoate) (TRIS) and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(3‐mercaptopropanoate) (ETTMP). The thiol‐methacrylate reactions were conducted at room temperature, under ambient conditions, and triggered by UV light in the presence of a photoinitiator. Crosslinked films were obtained and characterized with respect to conversion (FT‐Raman) and thermal (DSC and TGA) properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5815–5826, 2009
Degradable polymer networks and star polymers based on mixtures of two cleavable dimethacrylate crosslinkers: Synthesis, characterization, and degradation
Authors: Themistou Efrosyni , Patrickios Costas S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMixtures of two cleavable dimethacrylate crosslinkers, the hydrolyzable di(methacryloyloxy‐1‐ethoxy)methane (DMOEM) and the thermolyzable 1,1‐ethylenediol dimethacrylate (EDDMA), were used for the preparation of neat crosslinker polymer networks, randomly crosslinked polymer networks of methyl methacrylate (MMA), and star polymers of MMA, using group transfer polymerization in tetrahydrofuran (THF). All star polymers and randomly crosslinked polymer networks containing mixtures of the hydrolyzable DMOEM and the thermolyzable EDDMA crosslinkers gave THF‐soluble final products when subjected to sequential thermolysis and hydrolysis, in this order. When applying sequential hydrolysis and thermolysis, only the star polymers with an EDDMA crosslinker content equal to or higher than 50% gave THF‐soluble final products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5853–5870, 2009
Synthesis of high‐molecular‐weight aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters from poly(ethylene‐co‐1,6‐hexene terephthalate) and poly(L‐lactic acid) by chain extension
Authors: Li Wen‐Da , Zeng Jian‐Bing , Li Yi‐Dong , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA series of aliphatic–aromatic multiblock copolyesters consisting of poly(ethylene‐co‐1,6‐hexene terephthalate) (PEHT) and poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were synthesized successfully by chain‐extension reaction of dihydroxyl terminated PEHT‐OH prepolymer and dihydroxyl terminated PLLA‐OH prepolymer using toluene‐2,4‐diisoyanate as a chain extender. PEHT‐OH prepolymers were prepared by two step reactions using dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene glycol, and 1,6‐hexanediol as raw materials. PLLA‐OH prepolymers were prepared by direct polycondensation of L‐lactic acid in the presence of 1,4‐butanediol. The chemical structures, the molecular weights and the thermal properties of PEHT‐OH, PLLA‐OH prepolymers, and PEHT‐PLLA copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, TG, and DSC. This synthetic method has been proved to be very efficient for the synthesis of high‐molecular‐weight copolyesters (say, higher than Mw = 3 × 105 g/mol). Only one glass transition temperature was found in the DSC curves of PEHT‐PLLA copolymers, indicating that the PLLA and PEHT segments had good miscibility. TG curves showed that all the copolyesters had good thermal stabilities. The resulting novel aromatic–aliphatic copolyesters are expected to find a potential application in the area of biodegradable polymer materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5898–5907, 2009
From Cross‐linking to Plasticization – Characterization of Glycerin/HTPB Blends
Authors: Kohga Makoto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUsually, a plasticizer is a relatively low‐viscosity liquid ingredient that is added to improve the mechanical properties and the processing properties of a propellant, such as a lower viscosity for casting or a longer pot life of the mixed, but uncured propellant. The effects of many plasticizers on the performance of the composite propellant have been studied in detail. Glycerin is a triol, a low viscosity material, and inexpensive. It seems that the processing properties and the mechanical properties of the HTPB binder would be improved by the addition of glycerin. The curing behavior, the mechanical properties, and the thermal decomposition of a glycerin/HTPB blend have been investigated in this study. The viscosity of the glycerin/HTPB blend and the increasing ratio of the viscosity versus the elapsed time are lower than those of only HTPB. The mechanical properties are improved by the addition of glycerin, even for a low quantity of glycerin. The thermal decomposition behavior of the blend occurs at lower temperatures when compared to that of HTPB.
The structure and NO binding properties of the nitrophorin‐like heme‐binding protein from Arabidopsis thaliana gene locus At1g79260.1
Authors: Bianchetti Christopher M. , Blouin George C. , Bitto Eduard , Olson John S. , Phillips George N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe protein from Arabidopsis thaliana gene locus At1g79260.1 is comprised of 166‐residues and is of previously unknown function. Initial structural studies by the Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics (CESG) suggested that this protein might bind heme, and consequently, the crystal structures of apo and heme‐bound forms were solved to near atomic resolution of 1.32 Å and 1.36 Å, respectively. The rate of hemin loss from the protein was measured to be 3.6 × 10−5 s−1, demonstrating that it binds heme specifically and with high affinity. The protein forms a compact 10‐stranded β‐barrel that is structurally similar to the lipocalins and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). One group of lipocalins, the nitrophorins (NP), are heme proteins involved in nitric oxide (NO) transport and show both sequence and structural similarity to the protein from At1g79260.1 and two human homologues, all of which contain a proximal histidine capable of coordinating a heme iron. Rapid‐mixing and laser photolysis techniques were used to determine the rate constants for carbon monoxide (CO) binding to the ferrous form of the protein (k′CO = 0.23 μM−1 s−1, kCO = 0.050 s−1) and NO binding to the ferric form (k′NO = 1.2 μM–1 s–1, kNO = 73 s−1). Based on both structural and functional similarity to the nitrophorins, we have named the protein nitrobindin and hypothesized that it plays a role in NO transport. However, one of the two human homologs of nitrobindin contains a THAP domain, implying a possible role in apoptosis. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational exploration of the network of sequence flow between protein structures
Authors: Cao Baoqiang , Elber Ron 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe investigate small sequence adjustments (of one or a few amino acids) that induce large conformational transitions between distinct and stable folds of proteins. Such transitions are intriguing from evolutionary and protein‐design perspectives. They make it possible to search for ancient protein structures or to design protein switches that flip between folds and functions. A network of sequence flow between protein folds is computed for representative structures of the Protein Data Bank. The computed network is dense, on an average each structure is connected to tens of other folds. Proteins that attract sequences from a higher than expected number of neighboring folds are more likely to be enzymes and alpha/beta fold. The large number of connections between folds may reflect the need of enzymes to adjust their structures for alternative substrates. The network of the Cro family is discussed, and we speculate that capacity is an important factor (but not the only one) that determines protein evolution. The experimentally observed flip from all alpha to alpha + beta fold is examined by the network tools. A kinetic model for the transition of sequences between the folds (with only protein stability in mind) is proposed. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local state policy and ‘new‐build gentrification’ in Montréal: the role of the ‘population factor’ in a fragmented governance context
Authors: Rose Damaris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper contributes to the debate on the role of public policy in gentrification through a case study of three phases of proactive promotion of residential intensification, especially to increase homeownership in central neighbourhoods in the City of Montréal (Québec, Canada). This case is used to explore the following questions: Where municipalities seek to enact ‘urban revitalisation’ by using housing policy tools to manipulate the size and composition of the resident population, what are the influences of local/regional fiscal and jurisdictional contexts? How are these articulated with the city's economic development trajectory? How do neoliberal policy turns emanating from scales beyond municipal jurisdiction influence the balance worked out in the domain of local housing policy between, on the one hand, local states' preoccupation with ‘fiscal pragmatism’ and local investment climates, and on the other hand, the demands they face to use their powers to reduce social inequalities within their territory? In the urban geographical literature, municipal involvement in new‐build gentrification is seen as an expression of a broader turn to urban neoliberalism and the concomitant entrepreneurial turn by the local state. The paper shows that exploring the influence of discourses around the ‘population question’ can add depth, nuance and complexity to such analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relational mechanisms, formal contracts, and local knowledge acquisition by international subsidiaries
Authors: Li Julie Juan , Poppo Laura , Zhou Kevin Zheng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis research focuses on relational and contractual mechanisms and examines their impact on foreign subsidiaries' acquisition of tacit and explicit knowledge from local suppliers. Using survey data from 168 foreign subsidiaries operating in China, this study finds broad support for the proposed analytical framework. When the foreign subsidiary and supplier share common goals, the foreign subsidiary acquires greater levels of both explicit and tacit knowledge; trust between the two parties promotes the acquisition of greater levels of tacit than explicit knowledge. However, access to the local supplier network through the focal supplier enables the foreign subsidiary to acquire greater levels of explicit but not tacit knowledge. Formal contracts play a complementary role in knowledge acquisition: contracts enhance the acquisition of explicit knowledge and further strengthen the effects of relational mechanisms on tacit and explicit knowledge acquisition. Overall, these findings provide important implications for foreign subsidiaries regarding how to acquire local knowledge in host countries through both formal and informal mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the assessment process: usage of objective evidence in assessing process capability
Authors: Rout Terry 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Appraisal Assistant process assessment tool has been developed to support the assessment or appraisal of process capability and/or organizational maturity, following approaches consistent with the requirements of ISO/IEC 15504 and the Appraisal Requirements for Capability Maturity Model® Integration (CMMI®). In the course of an assessment a workload data file is captured containing information on the volume and usage of collected evidence in the assessment. This paper presents an analysis of evidence usage data from a total of 30 assessments employing a range of Process Assessment Models and Assessment Methods. Key differences between ISO/IEC 15504‐based and CMMI‐based assessments are identified, and some explanations of the differences are offered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropogenic snowfall events in the UK: examples of urban weather modification?
Authors: Wood Curtis R. , Harrison R. Giles 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSnow in the UK is generally associated with synoptic or mesoscale weather systems, thus snowfall during quiescent anticyclonic conditions is surprising and might not even be forecast. Consequently it could present a hazard. Snowfall during anticyclonic freezing fog conditions at Didcot and Hereford in December 2006 is investigated here. These two snowfalls seem to present circumstances in which anthropogenically‐produced aerosols could have provided ice nuclei within the freezing fog, and therefore might provide characteristic examples of Anthropogenic Snowfall Events (ASEs).