bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Involved in Extraterritorial Facial Pain following Cervical Spinal Nerve Injury in Rats
Authors: Kobayashi Azusa , Shinoda Masamichi , Sessle Barry J , Honda Kuniya , Imamura Yoshiki , Hitomi Suzuro , Tsuboi Yoshiyuki , Okada-Ogawa Akiko , Iwata Koichi 
Published: February 2011

Background: The aim of this study is to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying orofacial pain abnormalities after cervical spinal nerve injury. Nocifensive behavior, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) expression and astroglial cell activation in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal dorsal horn (C1-C2) neurons were analyzed in rats with upper cervical spinal nerve transection (CNX). Results: The head withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation of the lateral facial skin and head withdrawal latency to heating of the lateral facial skin were significantly lower and shorter respectively in CNX rats compared to Sham rats. These nocifensive effects were apparent within 1 day after CNX and lasted for more than 21 days. The numbers of pERK-like immunoreactive (LI) cells in superficial laminae of Vc and C1-C2 were significantly larger in CNX rats compared to Sham rats following noxious and non-noxious mechanical or thermal stimulation of the lateral facial skin at day 7 after CNX. Two peaks of pERK-LI cells were observed in Vc and C1-C2 following mechanical and heat stimulation of the lateral face. The number of pERK-LI cells in C1-C2 was intensity-dependent and increased when the mechanical and heat stimulations of the face were increased. The decrements of head withdrawal latency to heat and head withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation were reversed during intrathecal (i.t.) administration of MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitor PD98059. The area of activated astroglial cells was significantly higher in CNX rats (at day 7 after CNX). The heat and mechanical nocifensive behaviors were significantly depressed and the number of pERK-LI cells in Vc and C1-C2 following noxious and non-noxious mechanical stimulation of the face was also significantly decreased following i.t. administration of the astroglial inhibitor fluoroacetate. Conclusions: The present findings have demonstrated that mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia occur in the lateral facial skin after CNX and also suggest that ERK phosphorylation of Vc and C1-C2 neurons and astroglial cell activation are involved in orofacial extraterritorial pain following cervical nerve injury.
The ADP Receptor P2Y1 is Necessary for Normal Thermal Sensitivity in Cutaneous Polymodal Nociceptors
Authors: Molliver Derek C , Rau Kristofer K , McIlwrath Sabrina L , Jankowski Michael P , Koerber H Richard 
Published: February 2011

Background: P2Y1 is a member of the P2Y family of G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors expressed in peripheral sensory neurons. Using ratiometric calcium imaging of isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons, we found that the majority of neurons responding to adenosine diphosphate, the preferred endogenous ligand, bound the lectin IB4 and expressed the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3. These neurons represent the majority of epidermal afferents in hairy skin, and are predominantly C-fiber polymodal nociceptors (CPMs), responding to mechanical stimulation, heat and in some cases cold. Results: To characterize the function of P2Y1 in cutaneous afferents, intracellular recordings from sensory neuron somata were made using an ex vivo preparation in which the hindlimb skin, saphenous nerve, DRG and spinal cord were dissected in continuum, and cutaneous receptive fields characterized using digitally-controlled mechanical and thermal stimuli in male wild type mice. In P2Y1−/− mice, CPMs showed a striking increase in mean heat threshold and a decrease in mean peak firing rate during a thermal ramp from 31-52°C. A similar change in mean cold threshold was also observed. Interestingly, mechanical testing of CPMs revealed no significant differences between P2Y1,−/− and WT mice. Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that P2Y1 is required for normal thermal signaling in cutaneous sensory afferents. Furthermore, they suggest that nucleotides released from peripheral tissues play a critical role in the transduction of thermal stimuli in some fiber types.
Enhanced immunogenicity of pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) in mice via fusion to recombinant human B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS)
Authors: Gor Dennis O , Ding Xuedong , Li Qing , Sultana Dilara , Mambula Salamatu S , Bram Richard J , Greenspan Neil S 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundB lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of ligands that mediates its action through three known receptors. BLyS has been shown to enhance the production of antibodies against heterologous antigens when present at elevated concentrations, supporting an immunostimulatory role for BLySin vivo.MethodsWe constructed a fusion protein consisting of human BLyS and Pneumococcal Surface Adhesin A (PsaA) and used this molecule to immunize mice. The immunostimulatory attributes mediated by BLySin vivowere evaluated by characterizing immune responses directed against PsaA.ResultsThe PsaA-BLyS fusion protein was able to act as a co-stimulant for murine spleen cell proliferation induced with F(ab')2fragments of anti-IgMin vitroin a fashion similar to recombinant BLyS, and immunization of mice with the PsaA-BLyS fusion protein resulted in dramatically elevated serum antibodies specific for PsaA. Mice immunized with PsaA admixed with recombinant BLyS exhibited only modest elevations in PsaA-specific responses following two immunizations, while mice immunized twice with PsaA alone exhibited undetectable PsaA-specific serum antibody responses. Sera obtained from PsaA-BLyS immunized mice exhibited high titers of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3, but no IgA, while mice immunized with PsaA admixed with BLyS exhibited only elevated titers of IgG1 following two immunizations. Splenocytes from PsaA-BLyS immunized mice exhibited elevated levels of secretion of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5, and a very modest but consistent elevation of IFN-γ followingin vitrostimulation with PsaA. In contrast, mice immunized with either PsaA admixed with BLyS or PsaA alone exhibited modestly elevated to absent PsaA-specific recall responses for the same cytokines. Mice deficient for one of the three receptors for BLyS designated Transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand [CAML] interactor (TACI) exhibited attenuated PsaA-specific serum antibody responses following immunization with PsaA-BLyS relative to wild-type littermates. TACI-deficient mice also exhibited decreased responsiveness to a standard pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.ConclusionThis study identifies covalent attachment of BLyS as a highly effective adjuvant strategy that may yield improved vaccines. In addition, this is the first report demonstrating an unexpected role for TACI in the elicitation of antibodies by the PsaA-BLyS fusion protein.ReviewersThis article was reviewed by Jonathan Yewdell, Rachel Gerstein, and Michael Cancro (nominated by Andy Caton).
Follicular Phase Endocrine Characteristics during Ovarian Stimulation and GnRH Antagonist Cotreatment for IVF: RCT Comparing recFSH Initiated on Cycle Day 2 or 5
Authors: Blockeel Christophe , Sterrenburg Monique D. , Broekmans Frank J. , Eijkemans Marinus J. C. , Smitz Johan , Devroey Paul , Fauser Bart C. J. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Context:
Strategies involving mild ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization (IVF) might lessen discomfort to the patient and substantially lower complication rates.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to compare the follicular-phase endocrine characteristics and follicular development in patients who started recombinant FSH (recFSH) on cycle day (CD) 2 or CD5 in IVF treatment, using GnRH antagonist as comedication.

Design:
This was a prospective randomized controlled trial in two university centers in Belgium and The Netherlands.

Patients:
Seventy-six IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients were included in the study.

Interventions:
The control group (CD2) received a standard treatment with 150 IU recFSH from CD2, whereas in the study group (CD5), stimulation was started on d 5 of the cycle. The GnRH antagonist was administered daily from CD6 onward in both treatment arms.

Main Outcome Measure:
Endocrine follicular phase profile during ovarian stimulation was measured.

Results:
Follicular-phase patterns of gonadotropin and steroid concentrations were found to be comparable in both treatment groups, except for serum estradiol being significantly higher in the CD2 group on d 6 of the cycle (295.6 ± 202.5 ng/liter in the CD2 vs. 102.5 ± 47.9 ng/liter in the CD5 group; P &lt; 0.01) and LH being significantly higher in the CD5 group on d 6 of the cycle (1.7 ± 0.7 IU/liter in the CD2 vs. 5.0 ± 2.1 IU/liter in the CD5 group; P &lt; 0.01). With regard to follicular development, there was no difference in the numbers of small follicles (&lt;10 mm), intermediate follicles (10–12 and &gt; 12–14 mm) and large follicles (&gt;14 mm) in both groups.

Conclusions:
This study shows that the administration of recFSH starting on d 2 or d 5 of the cycle in a GnRH antagonist protocol for IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients yields a comparable endocrine profile and follicular development. Future studies should focus on the design of more patient-tailored ovarian stimulation protocols.
On finite T-groups and the Wielandt subgroup
Authors: Kaplan Gil 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Wielandt subgroup of a group G is the intersection of the normalizers of all the subnormal subgroups of G. A T-group is a group in which all the subnormal subgroups are normal, or, equivalently, a group coinciding with its Wielandt subgroup. We investigate the Wielandt subgroup of finite solvable groups and, in particular, find new properties and characterizations (see Theorems 1, 2 and Corollaries 4, 6) for this subgroup in the case that G is metanilpotent. Furthermore, we provide new characterizations for finite solvable T-groups in Theorem 7.
Imaging escape and avoidance behavior in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Colwill Ruth M. , Creton Robbert 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This review provides an overview of the assays that are used for measuring escape and avoidance behavior in zebrafish, with a specific focus on zebrafish larvae during the first week of development. Zebrafish larvae display a startle response when exposed to tactile, acoustic, or visual stimuli and will avoid dark areas, moving objects, conspecifics, and open spaces. Emotional states such as fear and anxiety might be induced when larvae are exposed to stimuli that they would normally escape from or avoid. Although these emotional states probably differ between species and change during development, much can be learned about human fear and anxiety using zebrafish as a model system. The molecular mechanisms of fear and anxiety are highly conserved in vertebrates and are present during early zebrafish development. Larvae during the first week of development display elevated cortisol levels in response to stress and are sensitive to the same anxiolytics that are used for the management of anxiety in humans. Zebrafish larvae are well suited for high-throughput analyses of behavior, and automated systems have been developed for imaging and analyzing the behavior of zebrafish larvae in multiwell plates. These high-throughput analyses will not only provide a wealth of information on the genes and environmental factors that influence escape and avoidance behaviors and the emotional states that might accompany them but will also facilitate the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals that could be used in the management of anxiety disorders in humans.
Multidimensional Upwinding for Multiphase Transport in Porous Media
Authors: Kozdon J.. , Mallison B.. , Gerritsen M.. , Chen W.. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
Multidimensional transport for reservoir simulation is typically solved by applying 1D numerical methods in each spatial-coordinate direction. This approach is simple, but the disadvantage is that numerical errors become highly correlated with the underlying computational grid. In many real-field applications, this can result in strong sensitivity to grid design not only for the computed saturation/composition fields but also for critical integrated data such as breakthrough times. Therefore, to increase robustness of simulators, especially for adverse-mobility-ratio flows that arise in a variety of enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) processes, it is of much interest to design truly multidimensional schemes for transport that remove, or at least strongly reduce, the sensitivity to grid design.
We present a new upstream-biased truly multidimensional family of schemes for multiphase transport capable of handling countercurrent flow arising from gravity. The proposed family of schemes has four attractive properties: applicability within a variety of simulation formulations with varying levels of implicitness, extensibility to general grid topologies, compatibility with any finite-volume flow discretization, and provable stability (monotonicity) for multiphase transport. The family is sufficiently expressive to include several previously developed multidimensional schemes, such as the narrow scheme, in a manner appropriate for general-purpose reservoir simulation.
A number of waterflooding problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous media demonstrate the robustness of the method as well as reduced transverse (cross-wind) diffusion and grid-orientation effects.
A Theoretical Study of Acid-Fracture Conductivity Under Closure Stress
Authors: Deng J.. , Hill A.D.. D. , Zhu D.. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
The conductivity of acid-etched fractures depends on spaces along the fracture created by uneven etching of the fracture walls remaining open after fracture closure. In this study, we have modeled the deformation of the irregular fracture surfaces created by acid etching and the resulting fracture conductivity as closure stress is applied to the fracture.
In our previous work, we modeled the dissolution of the fracture surfaces in a formation having small-scale heterogeneities in both permeability and mineralogy. This model yielded the geometry of the etched fracture at zero closure stress. Beginning with this profile of fracture width, we have modeled the deformation of the fracture surfaces as closure stress is applied to the fracture. At any cross section along the fracture, we approximate the fracture shape as being a series of elliptical openings. Assuming elastic behavior of the rock, we calculate how many elliptical gaps remain open and their sizes as a function of the applied stress. The sections of the fracture that are closed are assigned a conductivity because of small-scale roughness features using a correlation obtained from laboratory measurements of acid-fracture conductivity as a function of closure stress. The overall conductivity of the fracture is then obtained by numerically modeling the flow through this heterogeneous system.
Our previous work shows that high fracture conductivity can be created in acid fracturing if heterogeneity of the rock leads to the formation of channels along the fracture surfaces. In this study, we have determined how the channels in acid fracturing remain open as closure stress is applied. This model predicts the rock characteristics that are necessary for acid-fracture conductivity to be sustainable under high closure stress.
Modeling a Series of Nonaqueous Field-Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments in the Heidrun Field
Authors: Vazquez Oscar , Ommen Theo van , Chen Ping , Martin Olav Selle , Juliussen Bjørn , Kolstø Erlend Holand , Gustavsen Øyvind 
Published: February 2011

Summary
When a conventional aqueous squeeze treatment is not suitable for preventing scale formation, a nonaqueous treatment may be applied. Generally, these types of treatments include a nonaqueous phase and can be divided into different types on the basis of the delivery system. Despite the name, most nonaqueous treatments still contain some water because of the scale-inhibitor (SI) hydrophilic nature; it only truly dissolves in water.
The main purposes of this paper are (1) to model a series of polymer nonaqueous SI squeeze treatments deployed in the Heidrun field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, (2) to investigate alternatives to optimize the squeeze design by studying the effect of the overflush, and (3) to show the workflow to build the input-data model from the available field data. All the field-treatment designs under study included the injection of an amphiphilic-solvent phase as the SI carrier phase and injection of a diesel overflush.
The simulation and optimization calculations were conducted using a specialized near-wellbore model for scale treatments. The simulation study matched the well water cut for the time of the treatment, followed deriving a pseudoadsorption isotherm that was used to describe the SI retention in the formation. Heidrun coreflooding data and SI-returns data were used to build the input model. Finally, a sensitivity study on the effect of the overflush on the squeeze lifetime was carried out on the basis of the created input models.
Temperature-Induced Fracture Reconsolidation of Diatomaceous Rock During Forced Water Imbibition
Authors: Peng J.. , Kovscek A.R.. R. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
We conducted a series of forced water-imbibition experiments to study the role of solution pH, temperature, salinity, and various divalent metal ions on silica dissolution and fracture reconsolidation of outcrop diatomite core. The experimental results suggest that temperature and pH are two of the most important factors that have an impact on silica dissolution of diatomite, in agreement with the literature. The presence of steam hinders silica dissolution because less aqueous phase is available to carry ions. Fracture healing and rock reconsolidation were observed when fluid was injected at elevated temperature. Tests suggest that both silica dissolution and confining stress are necessary for fracture reconsolidation. Fractures that are not closed by the confining stress do not tend to heal. The proposed mechanism for this process has three steps: (i) aqueous silicate production by silica dissolution, (ii) silicate gelation within the pore space and fracture, and (iii) stress closure of fractures to ensure that deposited silica cements the fracture closed. Given sufficient heating and liquid, fracture reconsolidation occurs.
Effective Perforating and Gravel Placement: Key to Low-Skin, Sand-Free Production in Gravel Packs
Authors: Jain Samyak , Tibbles Raymond , Munro Jock , Suppiah Rajeswary , Safin Norhisham 
Published: February 2011

SummaryCased-hole gravel packing is commonly used to control sand production from oil and gas wells. The success of a cased-hole gravel-pack job depends on the ability to effectively pack perforation tunnels, which act as conduits between the reservoir and the wellbore for hydrocarbon production.This project presents a systematic approach for removal of perforation damage, effective gravel placement, and packing of the perforation tunnels. It was found that dynamic underbalanced perforating (DUP) greatly increased the ability to pack the perforation tunnels and improved the connectivity to the reservoir. Guidelines to DUP and executing the perforation-packing job are presented. This study also discusses the current practices commonly employed in cased-hole gravel packing to pack perforation tunnels and the potential limitations of these practices.Incomplete packing of perforation tunnels is mostly encountered in gravel-pack jobs completed with brine as the carrier fluid (water packs). The proposed technique involves DUP before the gravel-pack operation, followed by pumping the gravel slugs in a nondamaging carrier fluid in concentrations ranging from 1 to 3 lbm of proppant added per gallon of fluid (ppa). These slugs range from 5 to 7 bbl and are pumped intermittently between stages of the completion fluid to minimize cost. The carrier fluid, by virtue of its viscosity and mechanical suspension capability, ensures that the gravel enters the perforations.This technique was implemented successfully at the Abu Cluster field in west Malaysia. This reservoir had extremely high permeability (1.5 to 3 darcies), with sand production a major concern. Several jobs were completed with the previously mentioned technique, and perforation-packing factors improved from 8 to 38 lbm of gravel per foot of perforations. Discussion of the placement and production data is presented. Sand-free production has been achieved with reduced drawdown across the sandface. The results show a linear relationship between pack factor and normalized productivity index (PI), indicating that gravel-packed perforations improve well productivity.
A Method To Implement Permeability Anisotropy Associated With Fault Damage Zones in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Paul Pijush , Zoback Mark , Hennings Peter 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn this study, we present a method to incorporate the effects of fault damage zones (DZs) in a reservoir-simulation model. Permeability anisotropy associated with fault DZs depends on many factors, including the geometry of the faults in the reservoir and the associated dimension and density of fractures in the DZs. To model permeability anisotropy caused by fault DZs, we start by using geomechanically constrained discrete fracture models of DZs. Then, we use the orientation and size of the faults with reference to the grid axes to incorporate the effect of permeability anisotropy in the simulation grid. In this case study, in which faults are formed in an extensional regime, DZs show increased permeability along the strike of the fault and in the vertical direction, but there is no significant change in the permeability perpendicular to the faults. Inclusion of DZs in the simulation model shows significant improvement in the history matching in comparison to a base reservoir-simulation model with no DZs. Further, we analyze the uncertainty of the DZ modeling in the reservoir simulation by simulating multiple equiprobable models.