bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somalia and Yemen: The Links between Terrorism and State Failure
Authors: Mantzikos Ioannis 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe scope of this study is to demonstrate that the failed state scheme of Somalia has not been and is not a safe haven for the al‐Qaeda, an issue that has been already displayed in Ken Menkhaus's excellent study (2004). Within this context, the article will consider the Somali Islamist political landscape in contrast and in relation to the current situation in Yemen, and thus, it aims to support the premise that weak states, such as Yemen, rather than “collapsed” states, can be incubators of international terrorism. In addition, while studying the interactions between Somalia and Yemen, we will attempt to answer some other important questions arising from this relationship: (1) does the emergence of al‐Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and al‐Shabaab have potential convergence; and (2) why is piracy a cross‐border phenomenon and how is it connected to radical Islamism?
The impact of the development of verbal recoding on children's early writing skills
Authors: Adams Anne‐Marie , Simmons Fiona R. , Willis Catherine S. , Porter Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Background.The spontaneous recoding of visual stimuli into a phonological code to aid short‐term retention has been associated with progress in learning to read (Palmer, 2000b).Aim.This study examined whether there was a comparable association with the development of writing skills.Sample.One hundred eight children (64 males) in the second year of the UK educational system (mean age 5:8 years, SD = 4 months) were recruited to the study.Methods.The children participated in tasks to assess their general cognitive abilities, reading skills, and their predominant short‐term memory (STM) strategy for retaining visually presented stimuli. On the basis of their memory profile, children were classified as either engaging in verbal recoding of the stimuli (N = 31) or not (N = 77). Writing performance was indexed as alphabet transcription, spelling, and early text production skills.Results.Children classified as verbal recoders demonstrated better spelling performance and produced more individual letters, words, and T‐units in their texts than did children who persisted with a visual memory strategy. In contrast, the alphabet transcription abilities of the groups did not differ. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that variance in text production skills was associated with STM capacity and that moreover, significant independent variance in the number of words and T‐units in the children's texts was predicted by individual differences in verbal recoding abilities.Conclusion.The results suggest that the development of verbal recoding skills in STM may play a role in children's early progress in writing, particularly their text generation skills.
Reconviction following a cognitive skills intervention: An alternative quasi‐experimental methodology
Authors: Travers Rosie , Wakeling Helen C. , Mann Ruth E. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose. Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) has been the most widely delivered cognitive skills programme in the prisons of England and Wales. Four quasi‐experimental outcome studies have produced mixed results, a qualitative survey of offenders’ and facilitators’ experience on the programme proved useful in programme refinement, and a study using random allocation provided evidence that ETS impacts significantly and positively on short‐term attitudinal change. This study aims to make a further contribution, using another methodology, to the accumulation of evidence.Methods. This was a real‐world evaluation, comparing the reconviction outcomes of the population of 17,047 ETS participants in custody from 2000 to 2005 with a national cohort of 19,792 prisoners released over the same period.Results. Overall, prisoners who had attended ETS were found to reoffend at a rate 6.4 percentage points less than the cohort (rising to 7.5 percentage points for programme completers) and 9.5 percentage points less than the predicted rate. In all but the very highest risk group and in every sentence length band, the reoffending outcomes for ETS participants were significantly better than for prisoners in the cohort.Conclusions. It is argued that this non‐experimental methodology makes a contribution to the ‘What Works’ evidence.
Accuracy of Acuros XB and AAA dose calculation for small fields with reference to RapidArc® stereotactic treatments
Authors: Fogliata Antonella , Nicolini Giorgia , Clivio Alessandro , Vanetti Eugenio , Cozzi Luca 
Published: October 2011

Purpose: To assess the accuracy against measurements of two photon dose calculation algorithms (Acuros XB and the Anisotropic Analytical algorithm AAA) for small fields usable in stereotactic treatments with particular focus on RapidArc®.Methods: Acuros XB and AAA were configured for stereotactic use. Baseline accuracy was assessed on small jaw‐collimated open fields for different values for the spot sizes parameter in the beam data: 0.0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mm. Data were calculated with a grid of 1 × 1 mm2. Investigated fields were: 3 × 3, 2 × 2, 1 × 1, and 0.8 × 0.8 cm2 with a 6 MV photon beam generated from a Clinac2100iX (Varian, Palo Alto, CA). Profiles, PDD, and output factors were measured in water with a PTW diamond detector (detector size: 4 mm2, thickness 0.4 mm) and compared to calculations. Four RapidArc test plans were optimized, calculated and delivered with jaw settings J3 × 3, J2 × 2, and J1 × 1 cm2, the last was optimized twice to generate high (H) and low (L) modulation patterns. Each plan consisted of one partial arc (gantry 110° to 250°), and collimator 45°. Dose to isocenter was measured in a PTW Octavius phantom and compared to calculations. 2D measurements were performed by means of portal dosimetry with the GLAaS method developed at authors' institute. Analysis was performed with gamma pass–fail test with 3% dose difference and 2 mm distance to agreement thresholds.Results: Open square fields: penumbrae from open field profiles were in good agreement with diamond measurements for 1 mm spot size setting for Acuros XB, and between 0.5 and 1 mm for AAA. Maximum MU difference between calculations and measurements was 1.7% for Acuros XB (0.2% for fields greater than 1 × 1 cm2) with 0.5 or 1 mm spot size. Agreement for AAA was within 0.7% (2.8%) for 0.5 (1 mm) spot size. RapidArc plans: doses were evaluated in a 4 mm diameter structure at isocenter and computed values differed from measurements by 0.0, −0.2, 5.5, and −3.4% for Acuros XB calculations (1 mm spot size), and of −0.1, 0.3, 6.7, and −1.2% for AAA, respectively for J3 × 3, J2 × 2, J1 × 1H, J1 × 1L RapidArc plans. Gamma Agreement Index from 2D dose analysis was higher than 95% for J3 × 3 and J2 × 2 plans, being around 80% for J1 × 1 maps. Sensitivity with respect to the dosimetric leaf gap and transmission factor MLC parameters was evaluated in the four RapidArc plans, showing the need to properly set the dosimetric leaf gap for accurate calculations.Conclusions: Acuros XB and AAA showed acceptable characteristics for stereotactic small fields if adequate tuning of configuration parameters is performed. Dose calculated for RapidArc stereotactic plans showed an acceptable agreement against point and 2D measurements. Both algorithms can therefore be considered safely applicable to stereotactic treatments.
Functional Pentameric Formation via Coexpression of the Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit and Its Fusion Protein Subunit with a Neutralizing Epitope of ApxIIA Exotoxin Improves the Mucosal Immunogenicity and Protection against Challenge by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Kim Jung-Mi , Park Seung-Moon , Kim Jung-Ae , Park Jin-Ah , Yi Min-Hee , Kim Nan-Sun , Bae Jong-Lye , Park Sung Goo , Jang Yong-Suk , Yang Moon-Sik , Kim Dae-Hyuk 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

A coexpression strategy in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
using episomal and integrative vectors for the
Escherichia coli
heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) and a fusion protein of an ApxIIA toxin epitope produced by
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
coupled to LTB, respectively, was adapted for the hetero-oligomerization of LTB and the LTB fusion construct. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with GM1 ganglioside indicated that the LTB fusion construct, along with LTB, was oligomerized to make the functional heteropentameric form, which can bind to receptors on the mucosal epithelium. The antigen-specific antibody titer of mice orally administered antigen was increased when using recombinant yeast coexpressing the pentameric form instead of recombinant yeast expressing either the LTB fusion form or antigen alone. Better protection against challenge infection with
A. pleuropneumoniae
was also observed for coexpression in recombinant yeast compared with others. The present study clearly indicated that the coexpression strategy enabled the LTB fusion construct to participate in the pentameric formation, resulting in an improved induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses.
Breast Abscess in a Man Due to Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis
Authors: Brnčić Nada , Gorup Lari , Strčić Miroslav , Abram Maja , Mustač Elvira 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Nontyphoidal salmonellae can cause breast infection only exceptionally. A case of breast abscess in a 70-year-old man due to
Salmonella enterica
serotype Enteritidis (
Salmonella
Enteritidis) is reported. The infection was successfully treated with a combination of surgical and antibiotic treatment.
Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Israel: Dissemination of Global Clones and Unique Features
Authors: Adler A. , Chmelnitsky I. , Shitrit P. , Sprecher H. , Navon-Venezia S. , Embon A. , Khabra E. , Paitan Y. , Keren L. , Halperin E. , Carmeli Y. , Schwaber M. J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

From 2006 to 2009, 315 clinical methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolates were collected from 5 hospitals across Israel. Most isolates (64%) were related to the global clones
spa
types t001-SCC
mec
-I (SCC
mec
-I stands for staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
type I) (
n
= 99; 31%), t002-SCC
mec
-II (
n
= 82; 26%), and t008-SCC
mec
-IV (
n
= 21; 7%), five of which were identified as MRSA strain USA-300. Seventeen strains unique to Israel were identified. SCC
mec
types IV and V were common among hospital-acquired isolates.
Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited in Natural HIV-2 Infection
Authors: Kong Rui , Li Hui , Bibollet-Ruche Frederic , Decker Julie M. , Zheng Natalie N. , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. , Kiviat Nancy B. , Sow Papa Salif , Georgiev Ivelin , Hahn Beatrice H. , Kwong Peter D. , Robinson James E. , Shaw George M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), little is known about the susceptibility of HIV-2 to antibody neutralization. We characterized the potency and breadth of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in 64 subjects chronically infected with HIV-2 against three primary HIV-2 strains: HIV-2
7312A
, HIV-2
ST
, and HIV-2
UC1
. Surprisingly, we observed in a single-cycle JC53bl-13/TZM-bl virus entry assay median reciprocal 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) NAb titers of 1.7 × 10
5
, 2.8 × 10
4
, and 3.3 × 10
4
, respectively. A subset of 5 patient plasma samples tested against a larger panel of 17 HIV-2 strains where the extracellular gp160 domain was substituted into the HIV-2
7312A
proviral backbone showed potent neutralization of all but 4 viruses. The specificity of antibody neutralization was confirmed using IgG purified from patient plasma, HIV-2 Envs cloned by single-genome amplification, viruses grown in human CD4
+
T cells and tested for neutralization sensitivity on human CD4
+
T target cells, and, as negative controls,
env
-minus viruses pseudotyped with HIV-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, or murine leukemia virus Env glycoproteins. Human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for HIV-2 V3 (6.10F), V4 (1.7A), CD4 binding site (CD4bs; 6.10B), CD4 induced (CD4i; 1.4H), and membrane-proximal external region (MPER; 4E10) epitopes potently neutralized the majority of 32 HIV-2 strains bearing Envs from 13 subjects. Patient antibodies competed with V3, V4, and CD4bs MAbs for binding to monomeric HIV-2 gp120 at titers that correlated significantly with NAb titers. HIV-2 MPER antibodies did not contribute to neutralization breadth or potency. These findings indicate that HIV-2 Env is highly immunogenic in natural infection, that high-titer broadly neutralizing antibodies are commonly elicited, and that unlike HIV-1, native HIV-2 Env trimers expose multiple broadly cross-reactive epitopes readily accessible to NAbs.
A new chemosensor based on rhodamine 101 hydrazone for Cu (II) in the red region
Authors: Xie Puhui , Guo Fengqi , Li Changshan , Xiao Yue 
Published: October 2011

A new chemosensor based on the spirolactam form of rhodamine 101 hydrazone (III) is found to exhibit a reversible colorimetric response toward Cu2+ in aqueous solutions in a selective, sensitive and rapid manner because of a formation of a Cu(II)-III complex. The dominating absorption maximum at 584 nm is uniquely red-shifted among rhodamine chemosensors toward Cu2+. The fluorescence of III can be detected in a low concentration of Cu2+. The results revealed that III is a good colorimetric sensor to Cu2+ in the red region.
Screening Practices of Unaffected People at Familial Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ait Ouakrim Driss , Boussioutas Alex , Lockett Trevor , Winship Ingrid , Giles Graham G. , Flander Louisa B. , Keogh Louise , Hopper John L. , Jenkins Mark A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Our objective was to determine screening practices of unaffected people in the general population at moderately increased and potentially high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) because of their family history of the disease. A total of 1,627 participants in the Australasian Colorectal Cancer Family Registry study were classified into two CRC risk categories, according to the strength of their family history of the disease. We calculated the proportion of participants that adhered to national CRC screening guidelines by age group and for each familial risk category. We carried out a multinomial logistic regression analysis to evaluate the associations between screening and sociodemographic factors. Of the 1,236 participants at moderately increased risk of CRC, 70 (6%) reported having undergone guideline-defined “appropriate” screening, 251 (20%) reported some, but less than appropriate screening, and 915 (74%) reported never having had any CRC screening test. Of the 392 participants at potentially high risk of CRC, three (1%) reported appropriate screening, 140 (36%) reported some, but less than appropriate screening, and 249 (64%) reported never having had any CRC screening test. On average, those of middle age, higher education, and who had resided in Australia longer were more likely to have had screening for CRC. The uptake of recommended screening by unaffected people at the highest familial risk of developing CRC is extremely low. Guidelines for CRC screening are not being implemented in the population. More research is needed to identify the reasons so as to enable development of strategies to improve participation in screening. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 240–7. ©2011 AACR.
Long-term Results of Surgical Decompression of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in Motocross Racers
Authors: Winkes Michiel B. , Luiten Ernest J.T. , van Zoest Wart J.F. , Sala Harm A. , Hoogeveen Adwin R. , Scheltinga Marc R. 
Published: October 2011

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is occasionally observed in the forearm flexor muscles of motocross racers. Long-term results of fasciectomy and fasciotomy for this syndrome are scarce. Purpose: To study the long-term effects of 2 surgical techniques for forearm flexor CECS. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A database of patients with forearm CECS who underwent surgery was analyzed. Long-term pain reduction (visual analog scale [VAS], 0-100) and efficacy were evaluated using a questionnaire. Results: Data of 24 motocross racers were available for analysis. Intracompartmental pressures during rest, during provocation, and after 1 and 5 minutes of provocation were 15 ± 4, 78 ± 24, 29 ± 10, and 25 ± 7 mm Hg, respectively. Painful sensations in the forearm were reduced from 53 to 7 (median VAS; P < .001). Both fasciectomy (n = 14) and fasciotomy (n = 10) were equally effective. More than 95% (23/24) of the patients were satisfied with the postoperative result after 5 ± 2 years’ follow-up. Conclusion: Surgical fasciotomy and fasciectomy of the forearm flexor compartment are equally successful in motocross racers suffering from forearm CECS.
Megawite, CaSnO3: a new perovskite-group mineral from skarns of the Upper Chegem caldera, Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus, Russia
Authors: Galuskin E. V. , Galuskina I. O. , Gazeev V. M. , Dzierżanowski P. , Prusik K. , Pertsev N. N. , Zadov A. E. , Bailau R. , Gurbanov A. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMegawite is a perovskite-group mineral with an ideal formula CaSnO3 that was discovered in altered silicate-carbonate xenoliths in the Upper Chegem caldera, Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus. Russia. Megawite occurs in ignimbrite, where it forms by contact metamorphism at a temperature >800°C and low pressure. The name megawite honours the British crystallographer Helen Dick Megaw (1907—2002) who did pioneering research on perovskite-group minerals. Megawite is associated with spurrite, reinhardbraunsite, rondorfite, wadalite, srebrodolskite, lakargiite, perovskite, kerimasite. elbrusite-(Zr), periclase, hydroxylellestadite, hydrogrossular, ettringite-group minerals, afwillite. hydrocalumite and brucite. Megawite forms pale yellow or colourless crystals up to 15 urn on edge with pseudo-cubic and pseudo-cuboctahedral habits. The calculated density and average refractive index are 5.06 g cm–3 and 1.89, respectively. Megawite is Zr-rich and usually crystallizes on lakargiite. CaZrO3. The main bands in the Raman spectrum of megawite are at: 159, 183, 262, 283, 355, 443. 474, 557 and 705 cm–1. The unit-cell parameters and space group of megawite, derived from electron back scattered diffraction, are: a = 5.555(3), b = 5.708(2), c = 7.939(5) Å, V = 251.8(1) Å3, Pbnm, Z = 4; they are based on an orthorhombic structural model for the synthetic perovskite CaSn0.6Zr0.4O3.
The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of mendeleevite-(Ce), (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)30(Si70O175)(H2O,OH,F,☐)35, a potential microporous material
Authors: Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C. , Pautov L. A. , Agakhanov A. A. , Karpenko V. YU. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe crystal structure of mendeleevite-(Ce), (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)6(Si70O175) (H2O,OH,F,D)35, a new mineral from the moraine of the Darai-Pioz glacier, the Alai mountain ridge. Tien-Shan mountains, northern Tajikistan, was solved by direct methods and refined to Ri = 4.15% based on 2274 observed [Fo > 4σ|F|] unique reflections measured with Mo-Kα. radiation on a Bruker PA diffractorneter equipped with a CCD detector. Mendeleevite-(Ce) is cubic, space group Pm3̄, a 21.9148(4) Å, V 10525(1) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 3.066 g/cm3. The empirical formula (electron microprobe) is CS5.94K2.22[(Ce11.35La5.86Nd3.23Pr1.54Sm0.32Gd0.20)Σ22.50(Ca4.68Sr1.00)Σ5.68]Σ28.18 Si70.12O203.17H45.67F6.83, Z = 2, calculated on the basis of 210 (O + F) a.p.f.u., with H2O and OH calculated from structure refinement (OH + F = 17 p.f.u.; H2O = 17.75 p.f.u.).The structural formula is (Cs4.65☐1.35)Σ6(☐4.71Cs1.29)Σ6(☐3.78K2.22)Σ6﹛[(Ce11.35La5.86Nd3.23 Pr1.54Sm0.32Gd0.20)Σ22.50(Ca4.68Sr1.00)Σ5.68]Σ28.18☐1.82﹜Σ30(Si70O175)[(OH)10.17F6.83]Σ17(H2O)17.75. Simplified and endmember formulae are as follows: (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)30(Si70O175) (H2O,OH,F,☐)35 and Cs6(REE22Ca6)(Si70O175)(OH,F)14(H20)21. The crystal structure of mendeleevite-(Ce) is an intercalation of two independent Si—O radicals and an M framework of (REE,Ca) polyhedra. The Si—O radicals are an (Si140O260)104– framework and an (Si36O90)36– cluster which do not link directly. The M framework is located between the Si—O framework and the Si—O clusters. Interstitial cations occupy two types of cages and channels. Cages I and II are 78 and 22% occupied by Cs. Channels along [100↻] contain K atoms and H2O groups. Mendeleevite-(Ce) has no natural or synthetic structural analogues. Mendeleevite-(Ce) is a framework mineral with large cavities and it has the potential to be used as a model for the synthesis of microporous materials of industrial interest.
Solid-phase speciation of Zn in road dust sediment
Authors: Barrett J. E. S. , Taylor K. G. , Hudson-Edwards K. A. , Charnock J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractX-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) have been used to study the solid-phase speciation of Zn in urban road dust sediments (RDS) in Manchester, UK. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis using linear combination modelling suggest that the soluble species Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and ZnCl2represent 70—83%, and Zn-sorbed goethite 17—30%, of the Zn species present. The presence of goethite is not corroborated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) modelled first shell scattering Zn—O distances of 2.01—2.03 Å, but this may be due to distortion of the Zn octahedra on the goethite surface, or the existence of Zn-sorbed species with other metal hydrous oxides, as inferred by the EXAFS-modelled second shell Fe and Al scatterers. Analysis by EXAFS also suggests that metallic Zn-Cu-Sn-Pb and Zn-silicate phases are present in the RDS, and this is corroborated by SEM and XRD. Other phases suggested by EXAFS include ZnO, franklinite, Zn-sorbed birnessite and zinc formate. Differences between the XANES and other results suggest that model compounds such as Zn-bearing phyllosilicates and metallic Zn phases may have been missing from the XANES fitting. Long-term low-level exposure to the RDS Zn phases identified may lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases.
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) influences platelet calcium signaling and function by regulation of Orai1 expression in megakaryocytes
Authors: Borst Oliver , Schmidt Eva-Maria , Münzer Patrick , Schönberger Tanja , Towhid Syeda T. , Elvers Margitta , Leibrock Christina , Schmid Evi , Eylenstein Anja , Kuhl Dietmar , May Andreas E. , Gawaz Meinrad , Lang Florian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPlatelets are activated on increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), accomplished by store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) involving the pore-forming ion channel subunit Orai1. Here, we show, for the first time, that the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes. SOCE and agonist-induced [Ca2+]i increase are significantly blunted in platelets from SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1−/−). Similarly, Ca2+-dependent degranulation, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, aggregation, and in vitro thrombus formation were significantly impaired in sgk1−/− platelets, whereas tail bleeding time was not significantly enhanced. Platelet and megakaryocyte Orai1 transcript levels and membrane protein abundance were significantly reduced in sgk1−/− mice. In human megakaryoblastic cells (MEG-01), transfection with constitutively active S422DSGK1 but not with inactive K127NSGK1 significantly enhanced Orai1 expression and SOCE, while effects reversed by the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 (1μM). Transfection of MEG-01 cells with S422DSGK1 significantly increased phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β and IκBα resulting in nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65. Treatment of S422DSGK1-transfected MEG-01 cells with the IκB kinase inhibitor BMS-345541 (10μM) abolished SGK1-induced increase of Orai1 expression and SOCE. The present observations unravel SGK1 as novel regulator of platelet function, effective at least in part by NF-κB–dependent transcriptional up-regulation of Orai1 in megakaryocytes and increasing platelet SOCE.