bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double blind investigation of the effects of oral supplementation of combined glucosamine hydrochloride (GHCL) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) on stride characteristics of veteran horses
Authors: FORSYTH R. K. , BRIGDEN C. V. , NORTHROP A. J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Oral chondroprotective supplements are commercially popular for veteran (and other athletic or arthritic) horses prone to joint degeneration, yet lack conclusive scientific support.Objectives:To quantify the effects of an oral joint supplement (combination glucosamine hydrochloride (GHCL), chondroitin sulphate (CS) and N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine)in vivoon stride parameters of veteran horses.Methods:Twenty veteran horses were randomly assigned to a treatment (n=15) or placebo group (n = 5). Pre‐treatment gait characteristics were recorded at trot using digital video footage (50 Hz). The range of joint motion, stride length, and swing and stance duration were assessed using 2‐dimensional motion analysis. Treatment (or placebo) was administered daily for 12 weeks at the manufacturer's recommended dosage. Gait was reassessed every 4 weeks using the pre‐treatment protocol. Double blind procedure was implemented throughout. Relationships between variables were analysed using General Linear Model.Results:Differences occurred in the treated horses by week 8. Range of joint motion increased significantly in the elbow (P<0.05), stifle and hind fetlock (P<0.01). Stride length increased significantly (P<0.05) with treatment. Swing duration was significantly increased at week 12 (P<0.05), whilst stance duration remained constant.Conclusion:The oral chondroprotective offered symptomatic relief to veteran horses, evidenced by improved stride characteristics.Potential relevance:Oral GHCL and CS supplementation may improve welfare by alleviating symptoms of degenerative joint disease.
Glucose dynamics during exercise: dietary energy sources affect minimal model parameters in trained Arabian geldings during endurance exercise
Authors: TREIBER K. H. , HESS T. M. , KRONFELD D. S. , BOSTON R. C. , GEOR R. J. , FRIERE M. , SILVA A. M. G. B. , HARRIS P. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Glucose regulation is critical for health and exercise performance.Objectives: To quantify the effects of exercise and diet on insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and disposition index (DI) in horses.Methods: This study applied the minimal model of glucose and insulin dynamics to exercise‐trained Arabian geldings during rest or constant moderate‐intensity exercise after 8 weeks adaptation to feeds high in sugar and starch (SS, n=6) or fat and fibre (FF, n = 6). Horses underwent 2 frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance tests (FSIGT). For both tests, a resting basal sample was collected, followed by an i.v. dose of 600 mg/kg bwt glucose defining 0 min of the test. Insulin (0.01 iu/kg bwt) was administered 20 min post glucose for each test. Resting horses were sampled for 240 min. The exercise FSIGT began after each horse had warmed‐up for 25 min on the treadmill at which point they had reached the speed representing 60% of their predetermined lactate breakpoint maintained for the rest of the FSIGT. Exercising horses were sampled identically to rest, but for only 150 min post glucose.Results: Exercise increased (P≤0.008) SI, Sg and DI and decreased AIRg in all horses. Overall, horses adapted to FF tended to have higher SI (P=0.070) and DI (P = 0.058). During exercise, FF horses tended to have higher (P≤0.085) SI and DI, than SS horses and these variables tended to be increased more (P≤0.075) by exercise in FF horses than SS horses.Conclusions: Insulin and glucose dynamics adjust during exercise, increasing plasma glucose uptake, presumably to meet demand by contracting skeletal muscle. Trained horses adapted to a high fat diet showed greater metabolic adjustment during exercise than trained horses adapted to a high starch and sugar diet, potentially allowing them to better meet energy demands.Potential relevance: Nutrition and exercise impact glucose and insulin dynamics, potentially influencing health and performance.
Plasma glutamine concentrations in the horse following feeding and oral glutamine supplementation
Authors: HARRIS R. C. , HARRIS P. A. , ROUTLEDGE N. B. H. , NAYLOR J. R. J. , WILSON A. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Pharmacological benefits of glutamine supplementation have been shown in athletically and clinically stressed human subjects. In the horse, infection and intense exercise have also been shown to significantly decrease plasma glutamine concentrations, but little is known on how best to supplement.Objective:To evaluate whether ingestion of different foodstuffs, with or without L‐glutamine (G) or a peptide (Pep) containing 31.5% w/w G in a water‐stable form, could affect plasma glutamine concentrations (P‐GC).Materials and methods:Nine feeds (molassed sugar beet‐pulp (mSB); naked oats (nO); commercial mix (CM); mSB with 30 or 60 mg/kg bwt G or the G‐molar equivalent of Pep; and CM with 60 mg/kg bwt G or equivalent Pep) were offered to 6 healthy mature horses on different days following overnight food restriction. The changes in P‐GC were monitored for 8 h post feeding.Results:After 1.5 h mean ± s.d. ΔP‐GC were ‐0.9 ± 10.2% (mSB), +12.5 ± 7.1% (nO) and +44.7 ± 15.9% (CM; P<0.05). ΔP‐GC with mSB supplemented with G was +60.9 ± 30.0% (30 mg; P<0.05) and +156.8 ± 34.6% (60 mg; P<0.05) at 1 h; ΔP‐GC with Pep was 51.0 ± 31.0% (30 mg equivalent, P<0.05) and +91.1 ± 9.5% (60 mg equivalent, P<0.05) at 1 h. After 10 days of supplementation with 60 mg/kg bwt G, ΔP‐GC following a further 60 mg/kg bwt G challenge showed a similar increase at 1 h of +154.3 ± 37.9%; prevalues were unchanged. G and Pep added to CM, increased P‐GC by 246.3 ± 55.3 (+99.2%) and 252.3 ± 94.2 μmol/1 (96.7%) at 1.5 h with concentrations still above prevalues at 8 h (P<0.05). Apart from the CM (with or without supplement), pre P‐GC was always regained by 4 h. Plasma NH3and plasma protein concentrations were unaffected by supplementation with G or Pep.Conclusion:P‐GC may be modified by appropriate supplementation with no apparent adverse effects.Potential relevance:Increasing P‐GC through appropriate supplementation may be of benefit in the athletically or clinically stressed horse with lowered plasma glutamine concentrations.
Effects of different levels of calcium and phosphorus intake on calcium homeostasis in exercising horses
Authors: VERVUERT I. , STANIK K. , COENEN M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryHypothesis:Increasing levels of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) might have a negative impact on parathyroid hormone (PTH) response and result in a more pronounced hypocalcaemia during high‐speed exercise in horses.Material and methods:In successive order, five trained horses were fed 33 g Ca and 19 g P (˜100% NRC,adequateintake), 64 g Ca and 38 g P (moderately highintake) or 96 g Ca and 56 g P (highintake). Each horse was adapted to each diet over a 21 day period before undergoing a standardised exercise test (SET) on a treadmill. The SET comprised 5 steps (each step 4 min duration, 3% incline, first step 5 m/sec, followed by increments of 1 m/sec). Blood samples were taken at defined times.Results:Blood lactate, plasma intact PTH (PTHi) and plasma inorganic P (Pi) increased during exercise (P<0.05), blood pH and blood ionised Ca2+(Ca2+, adjusted to a pH of 7.4) declined during SETs (P<0.05) whereas total plasma Ca (CaT) and Mg (MgT) remained constant. The most exaggerated drop in Ca2+and lactate peaks were found for the adequate Ca and P intake at 7, 8, and 9 m/sec during SET (treatment P<0.05). At 120 min after exercise, Ca2+levels exceeded resting concentrations with higher Ca2+values for the higher Ca intake (Ca2+: adequate 1.58 ± 0.07 mmol/1, moderately high 1.63 ± 0.04 mmol/1, high 1.65 ± 0.02 mmol/1, P<0.05). Concomitantly, 120 min after exercise, PTHireturned to basal concentrations with higher PTH concentrations for the adequate Ca intake than the other two treatments (PTHi: adequate 45.6 ± 72.8 pg/ml, moderately high 11.6 ± 13.6 pg/ml, high 2.6 ± 2.3 pg/ml, P<0.05). During recovery (30 min, 120 min and 24 h after exercise) MgTconcentrations were depressed (P<0.05) for the high Ca intake (P<0.05).Conclusion:These results suggest that high dietary Ca and P intake did not impair PTH responses during exercise and recovery, but might depress Mg metabolism.Potential relevance:High Ca and P intake might have some potential to increase the availability of blood Ca2+and Piin the recovery phase after intensive exercise, but detrimental effects on Mg homeostasis might offset this potential benefit.
Urinary excretion of dietary contaminants in horses
Authors: RESPONDEK F. , LALLEMAND A. , JULLIAND V. , BONNAIRE Y. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Presence of drugs is completely prohibited in post racing urine samples by most of racing and competition authorities, even if environmental contamination might occur.Objectives:To assess the daily dose of several contaminants absorbed through the diet that would result in detectable concentrations in urine.Methods:Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, atropine, scopolamine, bufotenine, DMT or morphine were administered orally to 6 horses, in different dosages, for 3 days before their urine was sampled for regular anti‐doping tests.Results:Theobromine, theophylline, bufotenine and morphine daily intake >10 mg, 2 mg, 10 mg and 200 μg, respectively, by a performance horse, were found to result in detectable urinary concentrations. At the 2 tested doses, atropine (5 and 15 mg) and dimethyltryptamine (3 and 10 mg) were not detected in urine. For caffeine and scopolamine, even the lowest dosage tested (5 mg/horse/day and 2 mg/horse/day respectively) induced detectable concentrations of the molecule in urine.Conclusions:Horses fed dietary contaminants, even at level much below the effective dosage, may be positive to anti‐doping urine analysis. Further research is needed to gain more confident results on a daily safe intake for caffeine and scopolamine.Potential relevance:Selection of feed materials appears to be of great importance to prevent non voluntary positive result to anti‐doping tests.
Histological and histochemical characterisation of the equine soft palate muscles
Authors: HAWKES C. S. , HAHN C. N. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Dysfunction of the muscles is implicated in the pathogenesis of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in exercising horses. The histological features of normal equine soft palate muscles have not been previously described.Objective:To describe the histological and morphometric features of normal equine soft palate muscles.Methods:Thepalatinus, palatopharyngeus, levator veli palatiniandtensor veli palatinimuscles of 6 Thoroughbred type horses were examined histologically and histochemically to assess their general morphology, fibre‐type distribution and mean fibre diameter.Results:The muscles of all 6 specimens showed very similar characteristics, including a low proportion oftype 1muscle fibres in the 4 different muscles examined, with the 3 muscles innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus (i.e.palatopharyngeus, palatinusandlevator veli palatini) having significantly fewer (P<0.005)type 1muscle fibres compared to thetensor veli palatini.The mean fibre diameters were significantly (P<0.05) smallerin type 1thantype 2fibres in all muscles except thepalatinus. Considerable variability in mean fibre size diameter was evident in all muscles examined, withtype 1fibres in thelevator veli palatiniandrostral fasciculus of the palatopharyngeusand both fibre types in thecaudal fasciculus of the palatopharyngeushaving the most marked variation, with coefficients of variation >250 and the latter also having high levels of endomysial connective tissue. Thepalatinushad least variation in fibre size.Conclusion and clinical relevance:Morphological characterisation of the normal soft palate muscles may provide reference values for future comparative studies with samples obtained from horses with palatal dysfunction. Thepalatinusappears to be the best muscle to histologically examine for evidence of muscle abnormality.
A comparison of four systems for scoring recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses
Authors: VETTORATO E. , CHASE‐TOPPING M. E. , CLUTTON R. E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:The recovery quality scoring systems (RQSSs) in current use have not been critically reviewed for reliability.Objective:To examine reliability (reproducibility) of 4 RQSSs when applied to a ranked series.Methods:A DVD incorporating the recordings of 9 horses recovering from general anaesthesia was evaluated by final year students over 5 days. On Day 1, each evaluator ranked recoveries from 1–9 (1 = best). Over the following 4 days, each evaluator scored the same recoveries using 4 different RQSSs (3 of them in common usage and previously published) applied in random order. The scores from each RQSS were ranked and plotted against the Day 1 ranking of each evaluator to establish the extent of agreement using generalisability theory. The same 9 recoveries were also ranked by 12 experienced equine anaesthetists and the Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient calculated to determine the agreement between experienced and inexperienced evaluators.Results:The recoveries were evaluated by 117 students. All 4 RQSSs were equally reliable with low (<4%) interobserver variability. The main (80%) source of total variation arose from differences between horses. The overall ranking within each RQSS was strongly correlated with Day 1 ranking. There was strong correlation (r = 0.983) between the students' ranking and that established by experienced anaesthetists. Interobserver reliability was similar with all 4 RQSSs.Conclusion:All 4 RQSSs studied were similarly reliable.Potential relevance:The selection of a universally acceptable RQSS from amongst the 4 examined can be based on criteria other than reliability, e.g. ease of use. This will facilitate wider scale multi‐centre studies in recovery quality after anaesthesia in horses.
The propagation of induced tendon lesions in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: An ex vivo study
Authors: BOSCH G. , LAMERIS M. C. , Van Den BELT A. J. M. , BARNEVELD A. , Van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Clinical tendon lesions usually enlarge during the first days to weeks after sustaining the injury due to enzymatic and biomechanical influences. Limiting this enlargement would positively influence prognosis related to lesion size.Objectives: To investigate the effect of cyclic loading on the propagation of enzymatically and physically induced tendon lesions and to assess the effect of immobilisation thereon in an ex vivo model.Methods: Equine cadaver limbs with either physically or collagenase‐induced SDFT lesions were placed in a pneumatic loading device. Groups consisted of unloaded limbs, cyclically loaded limbs and cyclically loaded limbs with fibreglass cast immobilisation. Lesion size was evaluated ultrasonographically and macroscopically and load at failure was determined for groups where lesions enlarged.Results: Physically induced lesions did not propagate after cyclical loading and were not further investigated. Collagenase‐induced lesions propagated significantly more after cyclical loading compared to unloaded limbs. This propagation could effectively be reduced by immobilisation through a lower limb cast. Immobilisation did not influence load at failure.Conclusions: The combination of enzymatic and mechanical stimulation caused the lesions to propagate most. Casting appeared effectively to reduce the enlargement of the original tendon lesions in this ex vivo model, while it did not affect ultimate tendon strength.Potential relevance: As prognosis of tendon injuries is related to lesion size, the outcome of this study warrants further investigations in vivo.
Use of Pristinamycin for Infections by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Clinical Experience at an Australian Hospital
Authors: Reid A. B. , Daffy J. R. , Stanley P. , Buising K. L. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Thirty-six patients were treated with pristinamycin for 46 different microbiological isolates between April 2007 and July 2009. Pathogens included 9 methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates, 13 methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci, and 9 vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Sites of infections included 12 osteomyelitis cases, 10 prosthetic joints, 4 other prostheses, and 1 epidural abscess. Five patients ceased treatment due to side effects. Ten patients were cured of their infections, and 21 patients had infections successfully suppressed.
Adaptive Resistance to the “Last Hope” Antibiotics Polymyxin B and Colistin in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Is Mediated by the Novel Two-Component Regulatory System ParR-ParS
Authors: Fernández Lucía , Gooderham W. James , Bains Manjeet , McPhee Joseph B. , Wiegand Irith , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

As multidrug resistance increases alarmingly, polymyxin B and colistin are increasingly being used in the clinic to treat serious
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infections. In this opportunistic pathogen, subinhibitory levels of polymyxins and certain antimicrobial peptides induce resistance toward higher, otherwise lethal, levels of these antimicrobial agents. It is known that the modification of lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key component of this adaptive peptide resistance, but to date, the regulatory mechanism underlying peptide regulation in
P. aeruginosa
has remained elusive. The PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB two-component systems, which control this modification under low-Mg
2+
conditions, do not appear to play a major role in peptide-mediated adaptive resistance, unlike in
Salmonella
where PhoQ is a peptide sensor. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a novel
P. aeruginosa
two-component regulator affecting

p

olymyxin-

a

daptive

r

esistance, ParR-ParS (PA1799-PA1798). This system was required for activation of the
arnBCADTEF
LPS modification operon in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxin, colistin, or the bovine peptide indolicidin, leading to increased resistance to various polycationic antibiotics, including aminoglycosides. This study highlights the complexity of the regulatory network controlling resistance to cationic antibiotics and host peptides in
P. aeruginosa
, which has major relevance in the development and deployment of cationic antimicrobials.
Amodiaquine Resistance in
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria in Afghanistan Is Associated with the
pfcrt
SVMNT Allele at Codons 72 to 76
Authors: Beshir Khalid , Sutherland Colin J. , Merinopoulos Ioannis , Durrani Naeem , Leslie Toby , Rowland Mark , Hallett Rachel L. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Mutations in the
Plasmodium falciparum
genes
pfcrt
and
pfmdr1
are selected by amodiaquine treatment in Africa. To examine the importance of these mutations in amodiaquine-treated Asian parasites, we determined pre- and posttreatment genotypes for amodiaquine treatment failures from a clinical trial in Afghanistan. The
pfcrt
codon 72 to 76 haplotype SVMNT was present in all samples tested, both before and after treatment. Amodiaquine did not clearly select for any
pfmdr1
genotype, but a novel mutation,
pfmdr1
N86F, was detected in four samples. We provide
in vivo
data to support the
in vitro
correlation between
pfcrt
SVMNT and increased resistance to the metabolite of amodiaquine.
Structure-Activity Analysis of Vinylogous Urea Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Encoded Ribonuclease H
Authors: Chung Suhman , Wendeler Michaela , Rausch Jason W. , Beilhartz Greg , Gotte Matthias , O'Keefe Barry R. , Bermingham Alun , Beutler John A. , Liu Shixin , Zhuang Xiaowei , Le Grice Stuart F. J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Vinylogous ureas 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4
H
-cyclohepta[
b
]thiophene-3-carboxamide and
N
-[3-(aminocarbonyl)-4,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl]-2-furancarboxamide (compounds 1 and 2, respectively) were recently identified to be modestly potent inhibitors of the RNase H activity of HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT). Both compounds shared a 3-CONH
2
-substituted thiophene ring but were otherwise structurally unrelated, which prevented a precise definition of the pharmacophore. We have therefore examined a larger series of vinylogous ureas carrying amide, amine, and cycloalkane modifications of the thiophene ring of compound 1. While cycloheptane- and cyclohexane-substituted derivatives retained potency, cyclopentane and cyclooctane substitutions eliminated activity. In the presence of a cycloheptane ring, modifying the 2-NH
2
or 3-CONH
2
functions decreased the potency. With respect to compound 2, vinylogous ureas whose dimethylthiophene ring contained modifications of the 2-NH
2
and 3-CONH
2
functions were investigated. 2-NH
2
-modified analogs displayed potency equivalent to or enhanced over that of compound 2, the most active of which, compound 16, reflected intramolecular cyclization of the 2-NH
2
and 3-CONH
2
groups. Molecular modeling was used to define an inhibitor binding site in the p51 thumb subdomain, suggesting that an interaction with the catalytically conserved His539 of the p66 RNase H domain could underlie inhibition of RNase H activity. Collectively, our data indicate that multiple functional groups of vinylogous ureas contribute to their potencies as RNase H inhibitors. Finally, single-molecule spectroscopy indicates that vinylogous ureas have the property of altering the reverse transcriptase orientation on a model RNA-DNA hybrid mimicking initiation plus-strand DNA synthesis.
Microarray and Molecular Analyses of the Azole Resistance Mechanism in
Candida glabrata
Oropharyngeal Isolates
Authors: Tsai Huei-Fung , Sammons Lindsay R. , Zhang Xiaozhen , Suffis Sara D. , Su Qin , Myers Timothy G. , Marr Kieren A. , Bennett John E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

DNA microarrays were used to analyze
Candida glabrata
oropharyngeal isolates from seven hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients whose isolates developed azole resistance while the recipients received fluconazole prophylaxis. Transcriptional profiling of the paired isolates revealed 19 genes upregulated in the majority of resistant isolates compared to their paired susceptible isolates. All seven resistant isolates had greater than 2-fold upregulation of
C. glabrata PDR1
(Cg
PDR1
), a master transcriptional regulator of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) network, and all seven resistant isolates showed upregulation of known Cg
PDR1
target genes. The altered transcriptome can be explained in part by the observation that all seven resistant isolates had acquired a single nonsynonymous mutation in their Cg
PDR1
open reading frame. Four mutations occurred in the regulatory domain (L280P, L344S, G348A, and S391L) and one in the activation domain (G943S), while two mutations (N764I and R772I) occurred in an undefined region. Association of azole resistance and the Cg
PDR1
mutations was investigated in the same genetic background by introducing the Cg
PDR1
sequences from one sensitive isolate and five resistant isolates into a laboratory azole-hypersusceptible strain (Cg
pdr1
strain) via integrative transformation. The Cg
pdr1
strain was restored to wild-type fluconazole susceptibility when transformed with Cg
PDR1
from the susceptible isolate but became resistant when transformed with Cg
PDR1
from the resistant isolates. However, despite the identical genetic backgrounds, upregulation of Cg
PDR1
and Cg
PDR1
target genes varied between the five transformants, independent of the domain locations in which the mutations occurred. In summary, gain-of-function mutations in Cg
PDR1
contributed to the clinical azole resistance, but different mutations had various degrees of impact on the Cg
PDR1
target genes.