bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of the electron microscope*
Authors: COSSLETT V. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe future of electron microscopy lies as much with the conventional as with the newer instruments. The point resolving power of the latter is likely to be pushed to 1 Å, but only after a considerable effort in solving problems of mechanical and electrical stability. Progress in correcting the lens aberrations is even slower. Techniques of specimen preparation and microscope operation are continuously being improved, but will need even greater refinement if proper use is to be made of a 1 Å resolving power, e.g. for identifying bases in a nucleic acid molecule. Extension of the working voltage to 1 MeV and above is increasing the usefulness of the conventional electron microscope, particularly in metallurgy, and plans are now being made for even higher voltages.Of the newer, unconventional instruments, the scanning electron microscope is already establishing a place for itself, especially in industrial applications where surface conditions on the microscale are important. It is likely to find increasing use in micro‐circuitry, but also in some branches of biological research, even if its resolving power cannot be brought below 100 Å. The combination of X‐ray spectrometry with electron microscopy holds promise of wide application, in the form of a hybrid electron microscope‐microanalyser. Secondary‐emission microscopes are slowly finding a place for themselves, mainly in applied science and technology. Mirror microscopes, for surface investigations, and ion microscopes, for microanalysis, are still in an early stage but have interesting possibilities. The field ion microscope, simplest in principle but sophisticated in technique, is unique in showing the position of individual atoms in a metal tip. It is already finding applications, especially in studies of radiation damage.
The xylem fibres of Salix fragilis, L
Authors: ROBARDS A. W. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISGelatinous fibres of Salix fragilis L. are characterized by an inner layer of cellulose which is relatively unlignified when compared with normal wood fibres. The gelatinous layers of mature gelatinous fibres sometimes show a reaction with benzidine or with ruthenium red. Fibres may sometimes have a terminal lamella which borders the lumen. It is suggested that the irregular distribution of organelles within differentiating fusiform cells is responsible for the spasmodic histochemical reactions and presence of a terminal lamella.The Coppick and Fowler method may be used for the localization of lignin in ultra‐thin sections.Although starch grains have often been seen within fibres, their presence has not been clearly related to the presence of gelatinous fibres alone.From light, polarizing and electron microscopical evidence, the walls of normal wood fibres have been found to be composed of S1 + S2 + S3 layers or of S1 + S2 layers only. The gelatinous fibres invariably have a gelatinous layer which may replace either the S3 or both the S3 + S2 layers.Microfibrillar disorientations of the gelatinous layer as seen in carbon replicas appear to be caused by the presence of simple pits or incipient slip planes. It appears that the pits through the gelatinous layer may become distended during processing for light microscopy.The convoluted appearance of the gelatinous layer in some sections is now considered to be an artifact brought about by processing and sectioning of fibres.No evidence has been found that the gelatinous layer is formed other than by the gradual deposition of wall material, whether or not there may be periods of faster or slower wall synthesis.
Fine structure of Sfapheardella tceniformis (Foraminifera: Protozoa)
Authors: HEDLEY R. H. , PARRY D. M. , WAKEFIELD J. ST. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA survey of ultrastructure in the relatively large Shepheardella tceniformis (Foraminifera) reveals several features not observed previously in this group of protozoans. Microtubules, 210–250 A in diameter, occurring in the pseudopodia and also in the cytoplasm, where they form a 1–2 μ peripheral layer, are illustrated and their possible function discussed. The huge interphasic nucleus has an envelope, roughly comparable but more complex than that found in Amoeba, which reverts to a conventional nuclear membrane during division. In the cytoplasm there are numerous 0.5 μ microbodies, of unknown function, superficially resembling vertebrate hepatic uricosomes, and which, so far as is known, are unique in protozoan ultra‐structure.
Changes in the fine structure of the mouse pancreatic acinar cell after fixation by chromium trioxide
Authors: MCCRAE J. M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe exocrine pancreatic cell of the mouse was the test object for the investigation. Tissue fixed with a 0.5 p.c. aqueous solution of chromium trioxide was embedded in Araldite and sections were examined with the electron microscope.Chromium trioxide does not convert the cytoplasm into a coagulum. What appears to be a coagulum in optical microscopy is in fact a three‐dimensional network of ergastoplasm (endoplasmic reticulum), the cisterna of which retain their identity (though the ribosomes are not preserved).The mitochondria are not destroyed, but no internal structure is seen. No vestige of the Golgi element remains.The inner nuclear membrane is preserved, the outer only here and there. Nothing that could be interpreted as a thread‐like structure is seen in the nucleus. The nucleolus appears homogeneous.
How to develop a simulation programme in urology
Authors: Ahmed Kamran , Amer Tarik , Challacombe Ben , Jaye Peter , Dasgupta Prokar , Khan Mohammad Shamim 
Published: November 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Inanimate trainers and simulators have been shown to facilitate the skill acquisition of urologists. However, there are significant challenges to integrating standalone simulation programmes into mainstream urology curricula.This study provides a framework to overcome these challenges and discusses the advantages of centralised urology simulation centres and their potential to serve as key adjuncts in the certification and validation process of urologists.Fixed performance‐based outcomes of inanimate trainers and simulators have been praised as useful adjuncts in urology for reducing the learning curve associated with the acquisition of new technical and non‐technical skills without compromising patient safety. Simulators are becoming an integral part of the urology training curriculum and their effectiveness is totally dependent on the structure of the programme implemented. The present paper discusses the fundamental concepts of centralized urology centres and their potential to serve as key adjuncts in the certification and validation process of urologists. In summary, proficiency‐based curricula with well structured endpoints and objective tools for validating proficiency are critical in developing a simulation programme in urology. We concludes that more educational research into the outcomes of integrated urology curricula followed by trainee/trainer opinion surveys will help address some of these criteria.
The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America
Authors: Swenson Nathan G. , Enquist Brian J. , Pither Jason , Kerkhoff Andrew J. , Boyle Brad , Weiser Michael D. , Elser James J. , Fagan William F. , Forero‐Montaña Jimena , Fyllas Nikolaos , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Lake Jeffrey K. , Moles Angela T. , Patiño Sandra , Phillips Oliver L. , Price Charles A. , Reich Peter B. , Quesada Carlos A. , Stegen James C. , Valencia Renato , Wright Ian J. , Wright S. Joseph , Andelman Sandy , Jørgensen Peter M. , Lacher Jr Thomas E. , Monteagudo Abel , Núñez‐Vargas M. Percy , Vasquez‐Martínez Rodolfo , Nolting Kristen M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAim  In recent years evidence has accumulated that plant species are differentially sorted from regional assemblages into local assemblages along local‐scale environmental gradients on the basis of their function and abiotic filtering. The favourability hypothesis in biogeography proposes that in climatically difficult regions abiotic filtering should produce a regional assemblage that is less functionally diverse than that expected given the species richness and the global pool of traits. Thus it seems likely that differential filtering of plant traits along local‐scale gradients may scale up to explain the distribution, diversity and filtering of plant traits in regional‐scale assemblages across continents. The present work aims to address this prediction.Location  North and South America.Methods  We combine a dataset comprising over 5.5 million georeferenced plant occurrence records with several large plant functional trait databases in order to: (1) quantify how several critical traits associated with plant performance and ecology vary across environmental gradients; and (2) provide the first test of whether the woody plants found within 1° and 5° map grid cells are more or less functionally diverse than expected, given their species richness, across broad gradients.Results  The results show that, for many of the traits studied, the overall distribution of functional traits in tropical regions often exceeds the expectations of random sampling given the species richness. Conversely, temperate regions often had narrower functional trait distributions than their smaller species pools would suggest.Main conclusion  The results show that the overall distribution of function does increase towards the equator, but the functional diversity within regional‐scale tropical assemblages is higher than that expected given their species richness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that abiotic filtering constrains the overall distribution of function in temperate assemblages, but tropical assemblages are not as tightly constrained.
Quaternary and pre‐Quaternary historical legacies in the global distribution of a major tropical plant lineage
Authors: Kissling W. Daniel , Baker William J. , Balslev Henrik , Barfod Anders S. , Borchsenius Finn , Dransfield John , Govaerts Rafaël , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAim  The relative importance of current climate and past historical legacies is hotly debated. Here, we assess their role in determining the global distribution and diversity patterns of palms (Arecaceae), a widespread, species‐rich group of keystone ecological importance in tropical ecosystems.Location  Global.Methods  We assembled country‐level species lists world‐wide and compiled associated data on potential contemporary environmental drivers (current climate, habitat heterogeneity, area, and insularity), Quaternary glacial–interglacial climate change and major biogeographic regions to evaluate to what extent the global distribution and species richness patterns in palms reflect Quaternary climatic oscillations or regional effects reflecting pre‐Quaternary legacies. We also assessed for the first time if historical legacies differ between continents and islands, providing novel insights into determinants of insular species richness.Results  Palm species richness was significantly affected by Quaternary climate changes and further differed between biogeographic regions even when both current environmental conditions and Quaternary climate changes were accounted for. In contrast, global limits to the distribution of the palm family were best explained by current temperature while biogeographic regional differences were unimportant and Quaternary climate change caused only a small constraint. Historical legacies were weak on islands, with only a small regional effect and no effect of Quaternary climate changes.Main conclusions  Strong historical legacies supplement current environment as determinants of palm species richness. These primarily comprise pre‐Quaternary historical effects, reflected in low African species richness (possibly linked to pre‐Quaternary extinctions) and outstandingly high Neotropical and Indomalayan palm species richness (possibly linked to these regions' long‐term climatic suitability for palms). In contrast to species richness, the global distribution of the family range is largely in equilibrium with current climate. The small historical effects on islands are consistent with climatic buffering from their oceanic environment.
Punishing Women, 1880–1905
Authors: Turner Jo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPolice, prison and court data show that during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries Stafford magistrates overwhelmingly imposed small fines or short prison sentences on the women coming before them. The offending trajectories of the repeat female offenders in Stafford show that for most of them such punishments either had little or no deterrent effect. However those women who were perceived to live beyond the safe haven of a family were more likely not only to be sentenced to custody but also to find their custodial sentences becoming successive which, in turn, exacerbated their offending.
Pentecostal dreaming and technologies of governmentality in a Melanesian society
Authors: EVES RICHARD 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAmong the Lelet of central New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), a dramatic increase in Pentecostalist fervor has produced significant changes in dreaming. Traditionally, the Lelet have valued dreaming as a means of access to knowledge and power. Now it is seen as a gift bestowed by the Holy Spirit, giving access to new and different forms of knowledge and power. Pentecostalism lays down many rules of conduct for the avoidance of sin, and dreams now play a role in policing them. Drawing on Michel Foucault's work on governmentality, I find that Lelet dreaming acts as a form of self‐scrutiny, reminding dreamers of the need to rectify their failures to follow Pentecostal precepts. Beyond this, dreams enable people to address the dilemmas that emerge when they embrace frameworks that impose radically different ways of being in the world than their previous religion did.
Mobility, liminality, and embodiment in urban Egypt
Authors: GHANNAM FARHA 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, I analyze urban mobilities by looking closely at the lives of a brother and sister from a low‐income neighborhood in Cairo, Egypt, and examining their individual mobilities in the context of Victor Turner's work on liminality and Pierre Bourdieu's writing on habitus and bodily hexis. I approach daily mobilities as embodied liminal encounters that are open to multiple possibilities. I show that the liminality of mobility may be the grounds for the reflection and reproduction of social hierarchies but may also create opportunities for questioning and reconfiguring inequalities, particularly in regard to class and gender.
Integrated pest management theory and practice
Authors: Kogan Marcos 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntegration in pest management may be conceived at three distinct levels: (a) integration of tactics, (b) integration of the effects of multiple pest stresses, and (c) systems integration. The ecological basis of each is found in population, community or ecosystems processes, respectively. Most current IPM programs are attempts to integrate control tactics into management strategies and therefore only require knowledge of species and population ecology. Further advancement of IPM will require higher levels of integration but the experimental basis of and information on community and ecosystems processes are insufficient to permit reaching these levels. Mostly entomological examples in the grain legumes are used to demonstrate achievements of IPM at level a (tactical integration), and the difficulties involved in advancing towards integration of multiple pest stresses and systems integration (levels b and c). General requisites towards the design and implementation of IPM programs are outlined.
Host plant finding in phytophagous insects: the case of the Colorado potato beetle
Authors: Jermy Tibor , Szentesi Árpád , Horváth Judit 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA short critical review is given on the literature of host plant finding in phytophagous insects with main emphasis on the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, col.: Chrysomelidae). The literature data are compared with the results of field experiments: (1) the foraging behaviour of adults was observed in a field arena on bare ground, and (2) adults were released in closed plant stands and recaptured by potted potato plants. It is concluded that host plant finding is a chance event in this species. The observed high directionality of move must be an adaptation increasing probability of host finding. Implications on population dynamics and agricultural practice are discussed.
Review of the East Asian species of the genera Hybrizon Fallén and Ghilaromma Tobias (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Hybrizontinae)
Authors: KONISHI Kazuhiko , CHOI Moon‐Bo , LEE Jong‐Wook 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEast Asian species of the genera Hybrizon and Ghilaromma are reviewed. Four species of Hybrizon, H. buccatus (Brébisson 1825), H. ghilarovi Tobias, 1988, H. juncoi (Ceballos 1957) and H. flavofacialis Tobias, 1988 and two species of Ghilaromma, G. orientalis Tobias, 1988 and G. ussuriensis Tobias, 1988, were recognized. H. ghilarovi was recorded from Korea, Japan and China, while H. juncoi was recorded from Korea, for the first time. The specimens recorded from Japan as G. fuliginosi (Wilkinson, 1930) by Watanabe (1984) are referred to G. orientalis herein. This species is newly recorded from Korea and Japan. Keys to East Asian species of Hybrizon and the world species of Ghilaromma are also provided.
Astrocyte and Macrophage Regulation of YKL‐40 Expression and Cellular Response in Neuroinflammation
Authors: Bonneh‐Barkay Dafna , Bissel Stephanie J. , Kofler Julia , Starkey Adam , Wang Guoji , Wiley Clayton A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNumerous inflammatory conditions are associated with elevated YKL‐40 expression by infiltrating macrophages. Thus, we were surprised to observe minimal macrophage and abundant astrocyte expression of YKL‐40 in neuroinflammatory conditions. The aims of the current study were to better delineate this discrepancy, characterize the factors that regulate YKL‐40 expression in macrophages and astrocytes and study whether YKL‐40 expression correlates with cell morphology and/or activation state. In vitro, macrophages expressed high levels of YKL‐40 that was induced by classical activation and inhibited by alternative activation. Cytokines released from macrophages induced YKL‐40 transcription in astrocytes that was accompanied by morphological changes and altered astrocytic motility. Because coculturing of astrocytes and macrophages did not reverse this in vitro expression pattern, additional components of the in vivo central nervous system (CNS) milieu must be required to suppress macrophage and induce astrocyte expression of YKL‐40.
Capnocytophaga Lung Abscess in a Patient with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Authors: Thirumala Raghu , Rappo Urania , Babady N. Esther , Kamboj Mini , Chawla Mohit 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Capnocytophaga
species are known commensals of the oral cavity of humans and animals (mainly dogs and cats) and are a rare cause of respiratory tract infections. We report a case of cavitary lung abscess caused by a
Capnocytophaga
species in a patient with a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor.
Validation of Genetic Sequence Variants as Prognostic Factors in Early-Stage Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Survival
Authors: Azad Abul Kalam , Bairati Isabelle , Samson Elodie , Cheng Dangxiao , Mirshams Maryam , Qiu Xin , Savas Sevtap , Waldron John , Wang Changshu , Goldstein David , Xu Wei , Meyer Francois , Liu Geoffrey 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Purpose: From the published literature, we identified 23 germ line sequence variants in 17 genes from hypothesis-generating studies that were associated with prognosis of head and neck cancer, including sequence variants of DNA repair (ERCC1, ERCC4, ERCC5, MSH2, XPA, ERCC2, XRCC1, XRCC3), DNA methylation (DNMT3B), cell cycle and proliferation (CCND1, TP53), xenobiotic metabolism (GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP2D6), metastatic -potential (MMP3), immunologic (CTLA4), and growth factor pathways (FGFR4). The purpose of this study was to validate the role of these 23 sequence variants for overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a large, comprehensive, well-annotated data set of patients with head and neck cancer.
Experimental Design: We genotyped these sequence variants in 531 patients with stage I and II radiation-treated head and neck cancer (originally recruited for an alpha-tocopherol/beta-carotene placebo-controlled secondary prevention study), and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by treatment arm, adjusting for clinical prognostic factors.
Results: Two OS associations were statistically significant for each variant allele when compared with the wild-type: CTLA4: A49G [rs231775; adjusted HR (aHR), 1.32 (1.1–1.6); P = 0.01] and XRCC1: Arg339Gln [rs25487; aHR, 1.28 (1.05–1.57); P = 0.02]. Both of these sequence variants had significant results in the opposite direction as prior published literature. Two DFS associations were of borderline significance in the same direction as prior literature: ERCC2: Lys751Gln [rs13181; aHR, 0.80 (0.6–1.0); P = 0.05] and TP53: Arg72Pro [rs1042522; aHR, 1.28 (1.0–1.6); P = 0.03], comparing number of variant alleles with reference of zero variants.
Conclusions: None of the prognostic sequence variants previously published was validated for OS in our patients with early-stage radiation-treated head and neck cancer, though rs1381and rs1042522 had borderline significant association with DFS. Clin Cancer Res; 18(1); 196–206. ©2011 AACR.
Rap1-Rac1 Circuits Potentiate Platelet Activation
Authors: Stefanini Lucia , Boulaftali Yacine , Ouellette Timothy D. , Holinstat Michael , Désiré Laurent , Leblond Bertrand , Andre Patrick , Conley Pamela B. , Bergmeier Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Objective—
The goal of this study was to investigate the potential crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1, 2 small GTPases central to platelet activation, particularly downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI.

Methods and Results—
We compared the activation response of platelets with impaired Rap signaling (double knock-out; deficient in both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI, and the Gi-coupled receptor for ADP, P2Y12), to that of wild-type platelets treated with a small-molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864 (wild-type /EHT). We found that Rac1 is sequentially activated downstream of Rap1 on stimulation via GPVI. In return, Rac1 provides important feedback for both CalDAG-GEFI– and P2Y12-dependent activation of Rap1. When analyzing platelet responses controlled by Rac1, we observed (1) impaired lamellipodia formation, clot retraction, and granule release in both double knock-out and EHT 1864-treated wild-type platelets; and (2) reduced calcium store release in EHT 1864-treated wild-type but not double knock-out platelets. Consistent with the latter finding, we identified 2 pools of Rac1, one activated immediately downstream of GPVI and 1 activated downstream of Rap1.

Conclusion—
We demonstrate important crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1 downstream of GPVI. Whereas Rap1 signaling directly controls sustained Rac1 activation, Rac1 affects CalDAG-GEFI– and P2Y12-dependent Rap1 activation via its role in calcium mobilization and granule/ADP release, respectively.