bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils and macrophages work in concert as inducers and effectors of adaptive immunity against extracellular and intracellular microbial pathogens
Authors: Silva Manuel T 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNeutrophils and macrophages cooperate as inducers and effectors of adaptive immune responses to infection by microbial extracellular and intracellular pathogens in the context of TH1, TH17, and TH17/TH1 responses.Emerging data suggest new facets of the concerted participation of neutrophils and macrophages in antimicrobial immunity. The classical view is that DCs and macrophages are the inducers of adaptive antimicrobial immunity, but there is evidence for neutrophil participation in this task as cytokine and chemokine producers and APCs. On the other hand, the concept that the TH1 response is only associated with control of infections by intracellular pathogens through activation of macrophages by IFN-γ, and the TH17/IL-17 axis is only involved in protection against extracellular pathogens through mobilization and activation of neutrophils is simplistic: There is evidence suggesting that TH1 and TH17 responses, separately or in parallel, may use macrophages and neutrophils against infections by extracellular and intracellular microbial pathogens. Opsonization by pathogen-specific Igs enhances the antimicrobial capabilities of neutrophils and macrophages in infections by extracellular and intracellular microbes. The functional partnership between macrophages and neutrophils as inducers and effectors of adaptive antimicrobial immunity conforms to their affiliation with the myeloid phagocyte system and reveals a strategy based on the concurrent use of the two professional phagocytes in the adaptive defense mechanisms. Starting from a common myeloid precursor in the bone marrow, macrophages and neutrophils split during differentiation but come together at the infectious foci for a cooperative strategy that uses modulator and effector activities to attack invading microbial pathogens.
Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study
Authors: MacCabe James H. , Lambe Mats P. , Cnattingius Sven , Sham Pak C. , David Anthony S. , Reichenberg Abraham , Murray Robin M. , Hultman Christina M. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundAnecdotal and biographical reports suggest that bipolar disorder may be associated with high IQ or creativity, but evidence for any such connection is weak.AimsTo investigate possible associations between scholastic achievement and later bipolar disorder, using prospective data, in a whole-population cohort study.MethodUsing individual school grades from all individuals finishing compulsory schooling in Sweden between 1988 and 1997, we tested associations between scholastic achievement at age 15–16 and hospital admission for psychosis between ages 17 and 31, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsIndividuals with excellent school performance had a nearly fourfold increased risk of later bipolar disorder compared with those with average grades (hazard ratio HR = 3.79, 95% CI 2.11–6.82). This association appeared to be confined to males. Students with the poorest grades were also at moderately increased risk of bipolar disorder (HR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.06–3.28).ConclusionsThese findings provide support for the hypothesis that exceptional intellectual ability is associated with bipolar disorder.
Effects of befriending on depressive symptoms and distress: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mead Nicola , Lester Helen , Chew-Graham Carolyn , Gask Linda , Bower Peter 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundHigh rates of emotional distress and depressive symptoms in the community can reflect difficult life events and social circumstances. There is a need for appropriate, low-cost, non-medical interventions for many individuals. Befriending is an emotional support intervention commonly offered by the voluntary sector.AimsTo examine the effectiveness of befriending in the treatment of emotional distress and depressive symptoms.MethodSystematic review of randomised trials of interventions focused on providing emotional support to individuals in the community.ResultsCompared with usual care or no treatment, befriending had a modest but significant effect on depressive symptoms in the short term (standardised mean difference SMD=−0.27, 95% CI −0.48 to −0.06, nine studies) and long term (SMD = −0.18, 95% CI −0.32 to −0.05, five studies).ConclusionsBefriending has a modest effect on depressive symptoms and emotional distress in varied patient groups. Further exploration of active ingredients, appropriate target populations and optimal methods of delivery is required.
Prediction of transition from common adolescent bipolar
experiences to bipolar disorder: 10-year study
Authors: Tijssen Marijn J. A. , van Os Jim , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Lieb Roselind , Beesdo Katja , Mengelers Ron , Wichers Marieke 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundAlthough (hypo)manic symptoms are common in adolescence, transition to
adult bipolar disorder is infrequent.AimsTo examine whether the risk of transition to bipolar disorder is
conditional on the extent of persistence of subthreshold affective
phenotypes.MethodIn a 10-year prospective community cohort study of 3021 adolescents and
young adults, the association between persistence of affective symptoms
over 3 years and the 10-year clinical outcomes of incident DSM–IV
(hypo)manic episodes and incident use of mental healthcare was
assessed.ResultsTransition to clinical outcome was associated with persistence of
symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. Around 30–40% of clinical outcomes
could be traced to prior persistence of affective symptoms.ConclusionsIn a substantial proportion of individuals, onset of clinical bipolar
disorder may be seen as the poor outcome of a developmentally common and
usually transitory non-clinical bipolar phenotype.
Treatment response in major depression: effects of personality
dysfunction and prior depression
Authors: Gorwood P. , Rouillon F. , Even C. , Falissard B. , Corruble E. , Moran P. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundThe impact of personality dysfunction on the outcome of treatment for
depression remains debated.AimsTo examine the relationship between the number of prior depressive
episodes, personality dysfunction and treatment response for
depression.MethodIn a large sample (n = 8229) of adult out-patients with
a major depressive episode (DSM–IV), personality dysfunction was assessed
using the Standardised Assessment of Personality – Abbreviated Scale
(SAPAS). Potential predictors of treatment response at 6 weeks were
examined via structural equation modelling.ResultsThe amount of personality dysfunction and number of prior episodes of
depression were both associated with poor response to treatment. Once
personality dysfunction was controlled for, the number of prior episodes
of depression was not associated with treatment response.ConclusionsPersonality dysfunction is associated with impaired short-term response
to antidepressant treatment in major depression. The apparent detrimental
effect of prior depression on treatment response may be accounted for by
pre-existing personality dysfunction.
Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with
schizophrenia
Authors: Brown Steve , Kim Miranda , Mitchell Clemence , Inskip Hazel 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundPeople with schizophrenia have significantly raised mortality but we do
not know how these mortality patterns in the UK have changed since the
1990s.AimsTo measure the 25-year mortality of people with schizophrenia with
particular focus on changes over time.MethodProspective record linkage study of the mortality of a community cohort
of 370 people with schizophrenia.ResultsThe cohort had an all-cause standardised mortality ratio of 289 (95% CI
247–337). Most deaths were from the common causes seen in the general
population. Unnatural deaths were concentrated in the first 5 years of
follow-up. There was an indication that cardiovascular mortality may have
increased relative to the general population (P = 0.053)
over the course of the study.ConclusionsPeople with schizophrenia have a mortality risk that is two to three
times that of the general population. Most of the extra deaths are from
natural causes. The apparent increase in cardiovascular mortality
relative to the general population should be of concern to anyone with an
interest in mental health.
Cognition in pregnancy and motherhood: prospective cohort
study
Authors: Christensen Helen , Leach Liana S. , Mackinnon Andrew 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundResearch has reported that pregnant women and mothers become forgetful.
However, in these studies, women are not recruited prior to pregnancy,
samples are not representative and studies are underpowered.AimsThe current study sought to determine whether pregnancy and motherhood
are associated with brief or long-term cognitive deterioration using a
representative sample and measuring cognition during and before the onset
of pregnancy and motherhood.MethodWomen aged 20–24 years were recruited prospectively and assessed in 1999,
2003 and 2007. Seventy-six women were pregnant at follow-up assessments,
188 became mothers between study waves and 542 remained nulliparous.ResultsNo significant differences in cognitive change were found as a function
of pregnancy or motherhood, although late pregnancy was associated with
deterioration on one of four tests of memory and cognition.ConclusionsThe hypothesis that pregnancy and motherhood are associated with
persistent cognitive deterioration was not supported. Previous negative
findings may be a result of biased sampling.
White matter hyperintensities, cortisol levels, brain atrophy and continuing cognitive deficits in late-life depression
Authors: Köhler Sebastian , Thomas Alan J. , Lloyd Adrian , Barber Robert , Almeida Osvaldo P. , O'Brien John T. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundCerebrovascular changes and glucocorticoid mediated hippocampal atrophy are considered relevant for depression-related cognitive deficits, forming putative treatment targets.AimsThis study examined the relative contribution of cortisol levels, brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities to the persistence of cognitive deficits in older adults with depression.MethodThirty-five people aged ⩾60 years with DSM–IV major depression and twenty-nine healthy comparison controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were followed up for 18 months. We analysed the relationship between baseline salivary cortisol levels, whole brain, frontal lobe and hippocampal volumes, severity of white matter hyperintensities and follow-up cognitive function in both groups by testing the interaction between the groups and these biological measures on tests of memory, executive functions and processing speed in linear regression models.ResultsGroup differences in memory and executive function follow-up scores were associated with ratings of white matter hyperintensities, especially of the deep white matter and periventricular regions. Compared with healthy controls, participants with depression scoring within the third tertile of white matter hyperintensities dropped two and three standard deviations in executive function and memory scores respectively. No biological measure related to group differences in processing speed, and there were no significant interactions between group and cortisol levels, or volumetric MRI measures.ConclusionsWhite matter hyperintensities, rather than cortisol levels or brain atrophy, are associated with continuing cognitive impairments in older adults with depression. The findings suggest that cerebrovascular disease rather than glucocorticoid-mediated brain damage are responsible for the persistence of cognitive deficits associated with depression in older age.
A clinical librarian pilot project in psychiatry
Authors: Gorring Helene , Turner Erin , Day Ed , Vassilas Christopher A. , Aynsley Mark 
Published: January 2010

Aims and methodA 4-month pilot was conducted to assess whether the clinical librarian model, which has been successfully used within acute hospitals, would work in a mental health setting. A librarian attended weekly clinical team meetings in two community mental health teams to help generate clinical questions. A summary of the evidence on each topic was then presented the following week. An evaluation of the pilot was carried out using a questionnaire survey, focus groups and interviews.ResultsResults suggest that the project had produced a positive impact within the teams and begun the process of embedding evidence-based information within clinical practice.Clinical implicationsWith some adaptations, the clinical librarian model can be an effective method of implementing evidence-based practice and addressing continuing professional development needs within mental health clinical teams.
Antipsychotic polypharmacy – confusion reigns
Authors: Taylor David 
Published: January 2010

SummaryPolypharmacy is usually employed where single drugs are considered insufficiently effective. Some polypharmacy is rational and evidence based, some neither. Antipsychotic polypharmacy remains stubbornly widespread despite condemnation of the practice by numerous bodies. The practice could not be said to be evidence based. Its persistence probably stems from a well-meaning desire to improve response and from confusion about the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. In particular, the concept that more antipsychotic(s) must always be, or might be, ‘better’ is virtually groundless. Nonetheless, some specific antipsychotic polypharmacy regimens have shown particular benefits on adverse effect profiles. Targeted, evidence-based polypharmacy may be the way forward.
Kinematics and hydrodynamics analysis of swimming anurans reveals striking inter-specific differences in the mechanism for producing thrust
Authors: Richards Christopher T. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARY
This study aimed to compare the swimming kinematics and hydrodynamics within and among aquatic and semi-aquatic/terrestrial frogs. High-speed video was used to obtain kinematics of the leg joints and feet as animals swam freely across their natural range of speeds. Blade element analysis was then used to model the hydrodynamic thrust as a function of foot kinematics. Two purely aquatic frogs, Xenopus laevis and Hymenochirus boettgeri, were compared with two semi-aquatic/terrestrial frogs, Rana pipiens and Bufo americanus. The four species performed similarly. Among swimming strokes, peak stroke velocity ranged from 3.3±1.1 to 20.9±2.5, from 6.8±2.1 to 28.6±3.7 and from 4.9±0.5 to 20.9±4.1 body lengths per second (BL s−1) in X. laevis, H. boettgeri and R. pipiens, respectively (means ± s.d.; N=4 frogs for each). B. americanus swam much more slowly at 3.1±0.3 to 7.0±2.0 BL s−1 (N=3 frogs). Time-varying joint kinematics patterns were superficially similar among species. Because foot kinematics result from the cumulative motion of joints proximal to the feet, small differences in time-varying joint kinematics among species resulted in species-specific foot kinematics (therefore hydrodynamics) patterns. To obtain a simple measure of the hydrodynamically useful motion of the foot, this study uses ‘effective foot velocity’ (EFV): a measure of the component of foot velocity along the axis of swimming. Resolving EFV into translational and rotational components allows predictions of species-specific propulsion strategies. Additionally, a novel kinematic analysis is presented here that enables the partitioning of translational and rotational foot velocity into velocity components contributed by extension at each individual limb joint. Data from the kinematics analysis show that R. pipiens and B. americanus translated their feet faster than their body moved forward, resulting in positive net translational EFV. Conversely, translational EFV was slower than the body velocity in H. boettgeri and X. laevis, resulting in negative net translational EFV. Consequently, the translational component of thrust (caused mostly by hip, knee and ankle extension) was twofold higher than rotational thrust in Rana pipiens. Likewise, rotational components of thrust were nearly twofold higher than translational components in H. boettgeri. X. laevis, however, was the most skewed species observed, generating nearly 100% of total thrust by foot rotation generated by hip, ankle and tmt extension. Thus, this study presents a simple kinematics analysis that is predictive of hydrodynamic differences among species. Such differences in kinematics reveal a continuum of different propulsive strategies ranging from mostly rotation-powered (X. laevis) to mostly translation-powered (R. pipiens) swimming.
Structural mechanics of the mosquito heart and its function in bidirectional hemolymph transport
Authors: Glenn Justin D. , King Jonas G. , Hillyer Julián F. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYThe insect circulatory system transports nutrients, signaling molecules, wastes and immune factors to all areas of the body. The primary organ driving circulation is the dorsal vessel, which consists of an abdominal heart and a thoracic aorta. Here, we present qualitative and quantitative data characterizing the heart of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Visual observation showed that the heart of resting mosquitoes contracts at a rate of 1.37 Hz (82 beats per minute) and switches contraction direction, with 72% of contractions occurring in the anterograde direction (toward the head) and 28% of contractions occurring in the retrograde direction (toward the tip of the abdomen). The heart is tethered to the midline of the abdominal tergum by six complete and three incomplete pairs of alary muscles, and propels hemolymph at an average velocity of 8 mm s−1 by sequentially contracting muscle fibers oriented in a helical twist with respect to the lumen of the vessel. Hemolymph enters the heart through six pairs of incurrent abdominal ostia and one pair of ostia located at the thoraco-abdominal junction that receive hemolymph from the abdominal hemocoel and thoracic venous channels, respectively. The vessel expels hemolymph through distal excurrent openings located at the anterior end of the aorta and the posterior end of the heart. In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive revision and expansion of our knowledge of the mosquito heart and for the first time quantifies hemolymph flow in an insect while observing dorsal vessel contractions.
Condition and mass impact oxygen stores and dive duration in adult female northern elephant seals
Authors: Hassrick J. L. , Crocker D. E. , Teutschel N. M. , McDonald B. I. , Robinson P. W. , Simmons S. E. , Costa D. P. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYThe range of foraging behaviors available to deep-diving, air-breathing marine vertebrates is constrained by their physiological capacity to breath-hold dive. We measured body oxygen stores (blood volume and muscle myoglobin) and diving behavior in adult female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, to investigate age-related effects on diving performance. Blood volume averaged 74.4±17.0 liters in female elephant seals or 20.2±2.0% of body mass. Plasma volume averaged 32.2±7.8 liters or 8.7±0.7% of body mass. Absolute plasma volume and blood volume increased independently with mass and age. Hematocrit decreased weakly with mass but did not vary with age. Muscle myoglobin concentration, while higher than previously reported (7.4±0.7 g%), did not vary with mass or age. Pregnancy status did not influence blood volume. Mean dive duration, a proxy for physiological demand, increased as a function of how long seals had been at sea, followed by mass and hematocrit. Strong effects of female body mass (range, 218-600 kg) on dive duration, which were independent of oxygen stores, suggest that larger females had lower diving metabolic rates. A tendency for dives to exceed calculated aerobic limits occurred more frequently later in the at-sea migration. Our data suggest that individual physiological state variables and condition interact to determine breath-hold ability and that both should be considered in life-history studies of foraging behavior.
A new model for force generation by skeletal muscle, incorporating work-dependent deactivation
Authors: Williams Thelma L. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARY
A model is developed to predict the force generated by active skeletal muscle when subjected to imposed patterns of lengthening and shortening, such as those that occur during normal movements. The model is based on data from isolated lamprey muscle and can predict the forces developed during swimming. The model consists of a set of ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically. The model's first part is a simplified description of the kinetics of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binding to muscle protein filaments, in response to neural activation. The second part is based on A. V. Hill's mechanical model of muscle, consisting of elastic and contractile elements in series, the latter obeying known physiological properties. The parameters of the model are determined by fitting the appropriate mathematical solutions to data recorded from isolated lamprey muscle activated under conditions of constant length or rate of change of length. The model is then used to predict the forces developed under conditions of applied sinusoidal length changes, and the results compared with corresponding data. The most significant advance of this model is the incorporation of work-dependent deactivation, whereby a muscle that has been shortening under load generates less force after the shortening ceases than otherwise expected. In addition, the stiffness in this model is not constant but increases with increasing activation. The model yields a closer prediction to data than has been obtained before, and can thus prove an important component of investigations of the neural—mechanical—environmental interactions that occur during natural movements.
Evidence for self-cleaning in fluid-based smooth and hairy adhesive systems of insects
Authors: Clemente Christofer J. , Bullock James M. R. , Beale Andrew , Federle Walter 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARY
Insects possess adhesive organs that allow attachment to diverse surfaces. Efficient adhesion must be retained throughout their lifetime even when pads are exposed to contamination. Many insects groom their adhesive structures, but it is possible that self-cleaning properties also play an important role. We measured attachment forces of insect pads on glass after contamination with microspheres and found that both smooth pads (stick insects: Carausius morosus) and hairy pads (dock beetles: Gastrophysa viridula) exhibit self-cleaning. Contaminated pads recovered high levels of adhesion after only eight simulated steps; this was accompanied by the deposition of spheres. Self-cleaning was strongly enhanced by shear movements, and only beetle pads showed the ability to self-clean during purely perpendicular pull-offs. Hairy pads also self-cleaned more efficiently than smooth pads for both large (45 μm) and small (1 μm) particle sizes. However, the beetles' self-cleaning was not superior to smooth pads when contaminated with 10-μm beads. This limitation of self-cleaning is explained by the coincidence of bead diameter and inter-seta distance, which caused beads to remain trapped in between setae.