bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation, characterization and chromosome locations of polymorphic black‐billed magpie Pica pica (Corvidae, AVES) microsatellite loci
Authors: MARTÍN‐GÁLVEZ DAVID , DAWSON DEBORAH A. , HORSBURGH GAVIN J. , BURKE TERRY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOne‐hundred and two unique loci were isolated from a microsatellite‐enriched black‐billed magpie Pica pica genomic library. Sixteen of these new loci, along with 148 existing microsatellite passerine loci, were tested for polymorphism in four unrelated black‐billed magpies. We identified a total of 43 unique polymorphic loci (10 and 33 respectively) that we characterized in 24 unrelated individuals from a population in Guadix, Spain. The putative chromosomal locations of loci polymorphic in black‐billed magpie were assigned based on the location of their orthologues in the assembled zebra finch and chicken genomes.
Highly polymorphic microsatellite loci from the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata)
Authors: XIAO‐LING GONG , SHENG‐JIE REN , SHU‐QIANG CHEN , ZHI‐YING JIA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEighteen polymorphic microsatellite loci from the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) were identified and their characteristics were described. These markers were tested in two wild populations from China (n = 20) and Australia (n = 20) respectively. The number of alleles ranged from 9 to 14 with an average of 11.28 per locus. The mean expected heterozygosity (HE) was 0.8696 in the population from China, 0.8823 in the population from Australia. No locus deviates significantly from Hardy–Weinberg proportions (P < 0.05).
Electrophysiological evaluation and visual outcome in patients with central retinal vein occlusion, primary open‐angle glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma
Authors: Wittström Elisabeth , Ponjavic Vesna , Lövestam‐Adrian Monica , Larsson Jörgen , Andréasson Sten 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) using electrophysiology in order to gain better understanding of visual outcome and risk factors, such as previously diagnosed primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods:  Eighty‐three patients (83 eyes) initially presenting with CRVO and examined with full‐field electroretinography (ERG) within 3 months of the thrombotic event were analysed retrospectively regarding treatment, risk factors and visual outcome. In addition, 30 patients initially presenting with NVG caused by CRVO were also investigated regarding risk factors using electrophysiology in order to determine the cause of their visual impairment.Results:  Nineteen (23%) of the 83 patients initially presenting with CRVO had been diagnosed previously with POAG. Ninety‐five per cent (18/19) of all the patients with previously diagnosed glaucoma developed ischaemic CRVO. Thirty‐four per cent of the patients initially presenting with CRVO (28/83) developed NVG. Sixty‐eight per cent (13/19) of the patients with previous glaucoma developed NVG, compared to 23% (15/64) of the patients without previous POAG. In the patients who initially presented with NVG, full‐field ERG demonstrated a remaining retinal function of both cones and rods, indicating that the main cause of visual impairment is ischaemia of the ganglion cell layer.Conclusion:  Glaucoma is a significant risk factor for developing ischaemic CRVO and subsequent NVG. The presence of POAG in CRVO worsens visual outcome. NVG is associated with preserved photoreceptor function, thus indicating ischaemia of the ganglion cell layer as the primary cause of visual impairment. This emphasizes the importance of prompt treatment of ischaemia and elevated intraocular pressure in these patients.
Quantifying the effect of intraocular pressure reduction on the occurrence of glaucoma
Authors: Peeters Andrea , Webers Carroll A. B. , Prins Martin H. , Zeegers Maurice P. , Hendrikse Fred , Schouten Jan S. A. G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To estimate the effect of reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) on: (i) the incidence of primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients with ocular hypertension (OH), and (ii) the progression of glaucoma.Methods:  A meta‐analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials was conducted. A literature search was performed to identify trials with: a randomized comparison of IOP‐lowering intervention versus placebo or no treatment; visual field loss or optic disc changes as outcome; and follow‐up >6 months. A pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated by a random effects model. Risk reduction of glaucoma conversion per mmHg of IOP reduction was quantified in a meta‐regression model.Results:  We identified nine OH and one POAG trials. A meta‐analysis of OH trials gives a pooled RR of 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.83]. A meta‐regression shows a decrease of the RR of glaucoma conversion by 14% with each mmHg extra IOP reduction (P = 0.045). No meta‐analysis of POAG trials was performed because only one study has been identified.Conclusion:  There is sufficient evidence that OH therapy reduces the risk of conversion to glaucoma. This risk reduction increases with greater IOP reduction.
Vascular endothelial growth factor activity after switching of bisphosphonate treatment for metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Amir E , Trinkaus M , Simmons C E , Dranitsaris G , Clemons M J 
Published: April 2009

Background:Recent data have shown a fall in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations after bisphosphonate (BP) treatment in BP-naïve patients. It has therefore been proposed that BPs may have in vivo anti-VEGF effects.Aims:To explore whether VEGF concentrations change after administration of a more potent BP in patients receiving long-term BP treatment.Methods:31 patients with breast cancer who had progressive metastatic bone disease despite treatment with early-generation BPs were switched to zoledronic acid. Serum VEGF concentrations were measured at baseline, and weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12.Results:VEGF concentration per platelet count did not change significantly at any time during the 12 weeks after treatment with zoledronic acid.Conclusions:Switching to zoledronic acid did not suppress circulating serum VEGF concentrations in BP-pretreated patients. Novel approaches to assess the effect of BPs on the bone milieu may provide further insight into the possible antiangiogenic properties of BPs.
On the Relationship between the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the Surface-Forced Overturning Streamfunction
Authors: Grist Jeremy P. , Marsh Robert , Josey Simon A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The influence of surface thermohaline forcing on the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at mid–high latitudes is investigated using output from three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coupled climate models. The method employed is an extension of the surface-forced streamfunction approach, based on water mass transformation theory, used in an earlier study by Marsh (2000). The maximum value of the MOC at 48°N is found to have a significant lagged relationship with the maximum surface-forced streamfunction in the region north of 48°N with a surface density greater than σ0 = 27.5 kg m−3. This correlation peaks when the index of the surface-forced streamfunction leads the MOC by 2–4 yr, depending on the coupled model considered. A method for estimating the MOC variability solely from the surface forcing fields is developed and found to be in good agreement with the actual model MOC variability in all three of the models considered when a past averaging window of 10 yr is employed. This method is then applied with NCEP–NCAR reanalysis surface flux fields for the period 1949–2007 to reconstruct MOC strength over 1958–2007. The reconstructed MOC shows considerable multidecadal variability but no discernible trend over the modern observational era.
Climatology of Warm Rain and Associated Latent Heating Derived from TRMM PR Observations
Authors: Kodama Yasu-Masa , Katsumata Masaki , Mori Shuichi , Satoh Sinsuke , Hirose Yuki , Ueda Hiroaki 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The large-scale distribution of precipitation and latent heating (LH) profiles in the tropics, subtropics, and part of the midlatitudes was studied using a 9-yr dataset derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar observations, with emphasis on the contribution of warm rain. The distribution of warm rain showed features unique from those of rain in other categories and those of outgoing longwave radiation. Warm rain was weak over land but widely distributed over oceans, especially along the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the western part of the subtropical oceans. The observed amount of warm rain depended on the rainfall intensity rather than on the frequency of warm rain events. The amount of warm rain over ocean was positively correlated with sea surface temperature (SST); this dependency was found in the tropics, subtropics, and part of the midlatitudes, whereas dependency of SST on total rain was confined to the tropics. Both total rain and warm rain were concentrated in the ITCZ, which elongated along the local SST maximum. Small amounts of warm rain were found along subtropical convergence zones (the baiu frontal zone and subtropical portions of the South Pacific convergence zone and the South Atlantic convergence zone) with ample total rainfall. However, larger amounts of warm rain were observed at the lower-latitude sides of these zones in the upstream portions of low-level moisture flow toward the zones. Warm rain may cultivate the subtropical convergence zones by deepening the moist boundary layer and increasing moisture flux toward the zones. The statistical relationship between warm rain and low-level cloudiness showed that the warm rain amount was large when low-level cloudiness was 20%–30% and small when low-level cloudiness was greater than 40%. This indicates that intense warm rain is provided by convective clouds, not by stratiform clouds, in conditions of substantial cloudiness. Despite the small contribution to total rain, warm rain maintained positive LH values over most of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The LH by warm rain masked low-level cooling observed in stratiform rain and maintained positive LH in the lower atmosphere below the melting layer. Because warm rain was confined to oceans, a strong LH contrast was maintained along the coast; this contrast reached values of 1–2 K day−1 in certain places and may affect local and monsoonal circulation across continental coasts.
Rainfall Teleconnections with Indo-Pacific Variability in the WCRP CMIP3 Models
Authors: Cai Wenju , Sullivan Arnold , Cowan Tim 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The present study assesses the ability of climate models to simulate rainfall teleconnections with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). An assessment is provided on 24 climate models that constitute phase 3 of the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (WCRP CMIP3), used in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The strength of the ENSO–rainfall teleconnection, defined as the correlation between rainfall and Niño-3.4, is overwhelmingly controlled by the amplitude of ENSO signals relative to stochastic noise, highlighting the importance of realistically simulating this parameter. Because ENSO influences arise from the movement of convergence zones from their mean positions, the well-known equatorial Pacific climatological sea surface temperature (SST) and ENSO cold tongue anomaly biases lead to systematic errors. The climatological SSTs, which are far too cold along the Pacific equator, lead to a complete “nonresponse to ENSO” along the central and/or eastern equatorial Pacific in the majority of models. ENSO anomalies are also too equatorially confined and extend too far west, with linkages to a weakness in the teleconnection with Hawaii boreal winter rainfall and an inducement of a teleconnection with rainfall over west Papua New Guinea in austral summer. Another consequence of the ENSO cold tongue bias is that the majority of models produce too strong a coherence between SST anomalies in the west, central, and eastern equatorial Pacific. Consequently, the models’ ability in terms of producing differences in the impacts by ENSO from those by ENSO Modoki is reduced.
Similarly, the IOD–rainfall teleconnection strengthens with an intensification of the IOD relative to the stochastic noise. A significant relationship exists between intermodel variations of IOD–ENSO coherence and intermodel variations of the ENSO amplitude in a small subset of models in which the ENSO anomaly structure and ENSO signal transmission to the Indian Ocean are better simulated. However, using all but one model (defined as an outlier) there is no systematic linkage between ENSO amplitude and IOD–ENSO coherence. Indeed, the majority of models produce an ENSO–IOD coherence lower than the observed, supporting the notion that the Indian Ocean has the ability to generate independent variability and that ENSO is not the only trigger of the IOD. Although models with a stronger IOD amplitude and rainfall teleconnection tend to have a greater ENSO amplitude, there is no causal relationship; instead this feature reflects a commensurate strength of the Bjerknes feedback in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
The Ocean’s Role in Continental Climate Variability and Change
Authors: Dommenget Dietmar 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A characteristic feature of global warming is the land–sea contrast, with stronger warming over land than over oceans. Recent studies find that this land–sea contrast also exists in equilibrium global change scenarios, and it is caused by differences in the availability of surface moisture over land and oceans. In this study it is illustrated that this land–sea contrast exists also on interannual time scales and that the ocean–land interaction is strongly asymmetric. The land surface temperature is more sensitive to the oceans than the oceans are to the land surface temperature, which is related to the processes causing the land–sea contrast in global warming scenarios. It suggests that the ocean’s natural variability and change is leading to variability and change with enhanced magnitudes over the continents, causing much of the longer-time-scale (decadal) global-scale continental climate variability. Model simulations illustrate that continental warming due to anthropogenic forcing (e.g., the warming at the end of the last century or future climate change scenarios) is mostly (80%–90%) indirectly forced by the contemporaneous ocean warming, not directly by local radiative forcing.
Optimal Estimation of the Climatological Mean
Authors: Narapusetty Balachandrudu , DelSole Timothy , Tippett Michael K. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This paper shows theoretically and with examples that climatological means derived from spectral methods predict independent data with less error than climatological means derived from simple averaging. Herein, “spectral methods” indicates a least squares fit to a sum of a small number of sines and cosines that are periodic on annual or diurnal periods, and “simple averaging” refers to mean averages computed while holding the phase of the annual or diurnal cycle constant. The fact that spectral methods are superior to simple averaging can be understood as a straightforward consequence of overfitting, provided that one recognizes that simple averaging is a special case of the spectral method. To illustrate these results, the two methods are compared in the context of estimating the climatological mean of sea surface temperature (SST). Cross-validation experiments indicate that about four harmonics of the annual cycle are adequate, which requires estimation of nine independent parameters. In contrast, simple averaging of daily SST requires estimation of 366 parameters—one for each day of the year, which is a factor of 40 more parameters. Consistent with the greater number of parameters, simple averaging poorly predicts samples that were not included in the estimation of the climatological mean, compared to the spectral method. In addition to being more accurate, the spectral method also accommodates leap years and missing data simply, results in a greater degree of data compression, and automatically produces smooth time series.
Bias Adjustment of Satellite Precipitation Estimation Using Ground-Based Measurement: A Case Study Evaluation over the Southwestern United States
Authors: Boushaki Farid Ishak , Hsu Kuo-Lin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Park Gi-Hyeon , Mahani Shayesteh , Shi Wei 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Reliable precipitation measurement is a crucial component in hydrologic studies. Although satellite-based observation is able to provide spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, the measurements tend to show systematic bias. This paper introduces a grid-based precipitation merging procedure in which satellite estimates from the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks–Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN–CCS) are adjusted based on the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) daily rain gauge analysis. To remove the bias, the hourly CCS estimates were spatially and temporally accumulated to the daily 1° × 1° scale, the resolution of CPC rain gauge analysis. The daily CCS bias was then downscaled to the hourly temporal scale to correct hourly CCS estimates. The bias corrected CCS estimates are called the adjusted CCS (CCSA) product. With the adjustment from the gauge measurement, CCSA data have been generated to provide more reliable high temporal/spatial-resolution precipitation estimates. In the case study, the CCSA precipitation estimates from the proposed approach are compared against ground-based measurements in high-density gauge networks located in the southwestern United States.
The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States
Authors: Corbosiero Kristen L. , Dickinson Michael J. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Forty-six years of summer rainfall and tropical cyclone data are used to explore the role that eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) play in the rainfall climatology of the summer monsoon over the southwestern United States. Thirty-five TCs and their remnants were found to bring significant rainfall to the region, representing less than 10% of the total number of TCs that formed within the basin. The month of September was the most common time for TC rainfall to occur in the monsoon region as midlatitude troughs become more likely to penetrate far enough south to interact with the TCs and steer them toward the north and east. On average, the contribution of TCs to the warm-season precipitation increased from east to west, accounting for less than 5% of the rainfall in New Mexico and increasing to more than 20% in southern California and northern Baja California, with individual storms accounting for as much as 95% of the summer rainfall. The distribution of rainfall for TC events over the southwest United States reveals three main categories: 1) a direct northward track from the eastern Pacific into southern California and Nevada, 2) a distinct swath northeastward from southwestern Arizona through northwestern New Mexico and into southwestern Colorado, and 3) a broad area of precipitation over the southwest United States with embedded maxima tied to terrain features. Differences in these track types relate to the phasing between, and scales of, the trough and TC, with the California track being more likely with large cutoff cyclones situated off the west coast, the southwest–northeast track being most likely with mobile midlatitude troughs moving across the intermountain west, and the broad precipitation category generally exhibiting no direct interaction with midlatitude features.
Verification of Extratropical Cyclones within the NCEP Operational Models. Part I: Analysis Errors and Short-Term NAM and GFS Forecasts
Authors: Charles Michael E. , Colle Brian A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This paper verifies extratropical cyclones around North America and the adjacent oceans within the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) and North American Mesoscale (NAM) models during the 2002–07 cool seasons (October–March). The analyzed cyclones in the Global Forecast System (GFS) model, North American Mesoscale (NAM) model, and the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) were also compared against sea level pressure (SLP) observations around extratropical cyclones. The GFS analysis of SLP was clearly superior to the NAM and NARR analyses. The analyzed cyclone pressures in the NAM improved in 2006–07 when its data assimilation was switched to the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI).
The NCEP GFS has more skillful cyclone intensity and position forecasts than the NAM over the continental United States and adjacent oceans, especially over the eastern Pacific, where the NAM has a large positive (underdeepening) bias in cyclone central pressure. For the short-term (0–60 h) forecasts, the GFS and NAM cyclone errors over the eastern Pacific are larger than the other regions to the east. There are relatively large biases in cyclone position for both models, which vary spatially around North America. The eastern Pacific has four to eight cyclone events per year on average, with errors &gt;10 mb at hour 48 in the GFS; this number has not decreased in recent years. There has been little improvement in the 0–2-day cyclone forecasts during the past 5 yr over the eastern United States, while there has been a relatively large improvement in the cyclone pressure predictions over the eastern Pacific in the NAM.
Diagnosis of the Initial and Forecast Errors in the Numerical Simulation of the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Emily (2005)
Authors: Pu Zhaoxia , Li Xuanli , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A diagnostic study is conducted to examine the initial and forecast errors in a short-range numerical simulation of Hurricane Emily’s (2005) early rapid intensification. The initial conditions and the simulated hurricane vortices using high-resolution grids (1 and 3 km), generated from the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) systems, are compared with the flight-level data acquired from the U.S. Air Force C-130J aircraft data.
Numerical simulation results show that the model fails at predicting the actual rapid intensification of the hurricane, although the initial intensity of the vortex matches the observed intensity. Comparing the model results with aircraft flight-level data, unrealistic thermal and convective structures of the storm eyewall are found in the initial conditions. In addition, the simulated eyewall does not contract rapidly enough during the model simulation. Increasing the model’s horizontal resolution from 3 to 1 km can help the model to produce a deeper storm and also a more realistic eye structure. However, even at 1 km the model is still not able to fully resolve the inner-core structures.
To provide additional insight, a set of mesoscale reanalyses is generated through the assimilation of available satellite and aircraft dropsonde data into the ARW model throughout the whole simulation period at a 6-h interval. It is found that the short-range numerical simulation of the hurricane has been greatly improved by the mesoscale reanalysis; the data assimilation helps the model to reproduce stronger wind, thermal, and convective structures of the storm, and a more realistic eyewall contraction and eye structure.
Results from this study suggest that a more accurate representation of the hurricane vortex, especially the inner-core structures in the initial conditions, is necessary for a more accurate forecast of hurricane rapid intensification.