bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Inequality in Exposure to Bullying During Adolescence: A Comparative, Cross-Sectional, Multilevel Study in 35 Countries
Authors: Due Pernille , Merlo Juan , Harel-Fisch Yossi , Damsgaard Mogens Trab , soc Mag scient , Holstein Bjørn E. , soc Mag scient , Hetland Jørn , Currie Candace , Gabhainn Saoirse Nic , de Matos Margarida Gaspar , Lynch John 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We examined the socioeconomic distribution of adolescent exposure to bullying internationally and documented the contribution of the macroeconomic environment. Methods. We used an international survey of 162 305 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years from nationally representative samples of 5998 schools in 35 countries in Europe and North America for the 2001–2002 school year. The survey used standardized measures of exposure to bullying and socioeconomic affluence. Results. Adolescents from families of low affluence reported higher prevalence of being victims of bullying (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 1.16). International differences in prevalence of exposure to bullying were not associated with the economic level of the country (as measured by gross national income) or the school, but wide disparities in affluence at a school and large economic inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) at the national level were associated with an increased prevalence of exposure to bullying. Conclusions. There is socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying among adolescents, leaving children of greater socioeconomic disadvantage at higher risk of victimization. Adolescents who attend schools and live in countries where socioeconomic differences are larger are at higher risk of being bullied.
Eating When There is Not Enough to Eat: Eating Behaviors and Perceptions of Food Among Food-Insecure Youths
Authors: Widome Rachel , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne , Hannan Peter J. , Haines Jess , Story Mary 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We explored differences in adolescents' eating habits, perceptions, and dietary intakes by food security status. Methods. As part of Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), we surveyed 4746 multiethnic middle and high school students in 31 primarily urban schools in the Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota, area during the 1998–1999 academic year. Participants completed in-class surveys. We used multiple regression analysis to characterize associations between behaviors, perceptions, nutritional intake, and food security status. Results. Compared with food-secure youths, food-insecure youths were more likely to perceive that eating healthfully was inconvenient and that healthy food did not taste good. Additionally, food-insecure youths reported eating more fast food but fewer family meals and breakfasts per week than did youths who were food secure. Food-insecure and food-secure youths perceived similar benefits from eating healthfully (P = .75). Compared with those who were food secure, food-insecure youths had higher fat intakes (P < .01). Food-insecure youths were more likely to have a body mass index above the 95th percentile. Conclusions. The eating patterns of food-insecure adolescents differ in important ways from the eating patterns of those who are food secure. Policies and interventions focusing on improving the foods that these youths eat deserve further examination.
Seven-Year Life Outcomes of Adolescent Offenders in Los Angeles
Authors: Ramchand Rajeev , Morral Andrew R. , Becker Kirsten 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We examined important life outcomes for adolescent offenders to describe how they were faring in young adulthood. Methods. We assessed 449 adolescent offenders (aged 13–17 years) in Los Angeles, CA, whose cases had been adjudicated by the Los Angeles Superior Court and who had been referred to group homes between February 1999 and May 2000. We used the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs to interview respondents at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 72, and 87 months after baseline. A total of 395 respondents (88%) were interviewed or confirmed as dead at the final interview. Results. At final interview, 12 respondents had died, 7 of them from gunshot wounds. Thirty-six percent of respondents reported recent hard drug use, and 27% reported 5 or more symptoms of substance dependence. Sixty-six percent reported committing an illegal activity within the previous year, 37% reported being arrested within the previous year, and 25% reported being in jail or prison every day for the previous 90 days. Fifty-eight percent had completed high school or obtained a GED, and 63% reported working at a job in the previous year. Conclusions. The high rates of negative life outcomes presented here suggest the need for more effective rehabilitation programs for juvenile offenders.
The Contribution of Clinic-Based Interventions to Reduce Prenatal Smoking Prevalence Among US Women
Authors: Kim Shin Y. , England Lucinda J. , Kendrick Juliette S. , Dietz Patricia M. , Callaghan William M. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We sought to estimate the effect of universal implementation of a clinic-based, psychosocial smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women.Methods. We used data from US birth certificates (2005) and the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004) to estimate the number of women smoking at conception. To calculate the number of women eligible to receive the cessation intervention, we used estimates from the literature of the percentage of women who quit spontaneously (23%), entered prenatal care before the third trimester (96.5%), and disclosed smoking to their provider (75%). We used the pooled relative risk (RR) for continued smoking from the 2004 Cochrane Review as our measure of the intervention's effectiveness (RR = 0.94).Results. We estimated that 944 240 women smoked at conception. Of these, 23.0% quit spontaneously, 6.3% quit with usual care, and an additional 3.3% quit because of the intervention, leaving 67.4% smoking throughout pregnancy. The calculated smoking prevalence in late pregnancy decreased from 16.4% to 15.6% because of the intervention.Conclusions. Universal implementation of a best-practice, clinic-based intervention would increase the total number of quitters but would not substantially reduce smoking prevalence among pregnant women.
Understanding the Decisions and Values of Stakeholders in Health Information Exchanges: Experiences From Massachusetts
Authors: Rudin Robert S. , Simon Steven R. , Volk Lynn A. , Tripathi Micky , Bates David 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We studied how health information exchange systems are established by examining the decisions (and thus, indirectly, the values) of key stakeholders (health care providers) participating in a health information exchange pilot project in 3 Massachusetts communities. Our aim was to understand how these kinds of information exchanges can be made viable. Methods. We used semistructured interviews to assess health care providers' decision-making processes in selecting technical architectures and vendors for the pilot projects to uncover their needs, expectations, and motivations. Results. Our interviews indicated that, after extensive evaluations, health care providers in all 3 communities eventually selected a hybrid architecture that included a central data repository. However, the reasons for selecting this architecture varied considerably among the 3 communities, reflecting their particular values. Plans to create a community patient portal also differed across communities. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that, to become established, health information exchange efforts must foster trust, appeal to strategic interests of the medical community as a whole, and meet stakeholder expectations of benefits from quality measurements and population health interventions. If health information exchange organizations cannot address these factors, sustainability will remain precarious.
Pregnancy Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Women Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Areechokchai Darin , Bowonwatanuwong Chureeratana , Phonrat Benjaluck , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Maek-a-Nantawat Wirach 
Published: March 2009

Background
The use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) promises to be effective. However, limited data on the adverse effects of ARV among pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes have been reported in clinical practice.

Objectives
This study aimed to assess adverse effects and outcomes among pregnant HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral drugs for either antiretroviral therapy (ART) or PMTCT.

Study Design
This cohort study was at Chonburi Hospital, Thailand, in 2002-2006.

Results
A total of 246 pregnant HIV-infected women with the median age (range) of 27 (16-41) years were included in this study. ART was initiated in 16.3% for treatment during ANC, 66.7% for PMTCT during ANC, and 17.1% for PMTCT in labor. Adverse effects, especially anemia, were significantly associated with continuing combined ART in pregnancy (p<0.001). 88.9% delivered normal-term neonates. The prevalence of pre-term delivery was 10.2%. Overall, 24 adverse events from 21 pregnant women (8.5%) were noted. A significantly higher prevalence of pre-term delivery was noted in the groups continuing combined ART, or initiating of PMTCT during labor rather than ANC (p=0.02). The incidence of low Apgar scores was 3.6%, and these were associated with initiation of PMTCT during labor (p=0.004).

Conclusion
Adverse ARV events were more numerous among the pregnant women who needed ART than PMTCT. ANC is beneficial and strongly recommended for all pregnant HIV-infected women for better pregnancy outcomes.
Serum Neuregulin-1β as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Fitness
Authors: Moondra Vaibhav , Sarma Satyam , Buxton Tracy , Safa Radwan , Cote Gregory , Storer Thomas , K LeBrasseur Nathan , B Sawyer Douglas 
Published: March 2009

Purpose:
Neuregulins (NRG) are growth factors that bind to receptors of the erbB family, and are known to mediate a number of processes involved in diverse tissues. Neuregulin-1β is expressed in skeletal muscle and is activated by exercise. We hypothesized that NRG-1β might circulate in the bloodstream and increase as a consequence of physical activity. A study was conducted in healthy subjects to determine if NRG-1β is immunodetectable in human serum, and if so whether levels relate acutely or chronically to exercise.

Methods:
Nine healthy men underwent three bouts of exercise of varying degrees of intensity on a bicycle ergometer over a period of three weeks. Cardio-respiratory fitness was determined by measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Serum was sampled prior to and immediately after each session (up to 30 minutes post) and serum NRG-1ß was quantified utilizing an indirect sandwich ELISA assay developed in our lab.

Results:
Across subjects, mean serum NRG-1β levels ranged from 32 ng/mL to 473 ng/mL. Individual subjects showed relatively stable levels during the study period that did not change acutely after exercise. Serum NRG-1β demonstrated a positive correlation with VO2max (r2=0.49, p =.044).

Conclusions:
These preliminary observations suggest that at least in healthy men, serum NRG-1β is an indicator of cardio- respiratory fitness and does not change acutely with exercise.
Investigation of nonlinear absorption in YAP and YAG single crystals doped with Co and co-doped with Si
Authors: Bajor A. , Kisielewski J. , Kopczyński K. , Łukasiewicz T. , Mierczyk J. , Mierczyk Z. , Młyńczak J. , Pawlak D. , Świrkowicz M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSince our attempts to grow YAP:Co,Si non-linear absorbers have failed, we switched to Czochralski grown YAGs doped with the same ions. This time, however, the new material was found to exhibit excellent, non-linear absorption, which can be used directly in Q-switching elements in laser systems. In this work we report on technology of YAG single crystals doped with Co and Si, their optical properties, and, finally, on their non-linear absorption. An explanation on why the YAPs were found to be inefficient in non-linear absorption was also provided.
Identification of inherent noise components of semiconductor devices on an example of optocouplers
Authors: Stawarz-Graczyk B. , Szewczyk A. , Konczakowska A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the paper, a method of estimation of parameters of Gaussian and non-Gaussian components in the noise signal of semiconductor devices in a frequency domain is proposed. The method is based on composing estimators of two spectra, corresponding to 1/fα noise (Gaussian component) and two-level RTS noise (non-Gaussian component). The proposed method can be applied for precise evaluation of the corner RTS frequency fRTS in the noise spectrum.
Liquid crystalline polymer networks based on a nematic epoxy resin with azoxy group
Authors: Włodarska M. , Mossety-Leszczak B. , Bąk G. , Galina H. , Ledzion R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper presents research results on curing two recently synthesized liquid crystalline epoxy materials with selected amines. The process of cross-linking, the final product of curing, and the pure monomers were examined using polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dielectric spectroscopy (DS). Chemical structure of the products was confirmed using spectroscopic methods. The authors attempted to demonstrate how selection of curing conditions (such as the amine used as curing agent, the curing temperature or preparation of the surface in contact with the sample) influences optical properties of the cured product.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for metastatic brain tumors: a comprehensive review of complications
Authors: Williams Brian J. , Suki Dima , Fox Benjamin D. , Pelloski Christopher E. , Maldaun Marcos V. C. , Sawaya Raymond E. , Lang Frederick F. , Rao Ganesh 
Published: March 2009

Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is commonly used to treat brain metastases. Complications associated with this treatment are underreported. The authors reviewed a large series of patients who underwent SRS for brain metastases to identify complications and factors predicting their occurrence.

Methods
Prospectively collected clinical data from 273 patients undergoing SRS for 1 or 2 brain metastases at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between June 1993 and December 2004 were reviewed. Patients who had received prior treatment for their tumor, including whole-brain radiation, SRS, or surgery, were excluded from the study. Data on adverse neurological and nonneurological outcomes following treatment were collected.

Results
Three hundred sixteen lesions were treated. Complications were associated with 127 (40%) of 316 treated lesions. New neurological complications were associated with 101 (32%) of 316 lesions. The onset of seizure was the most common complication, occurring in 41 (13%) of 316 SRS cases. On multivariate analysis, progressing primary cancer (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.6, p < 0.001), tumor location in eloquent cortex (HR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.6–3.4, p < 0.001), and lower (< 15 Gy) SRS dose (HR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.2, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with new complications. On multivariate analysis, a tumor location in the eloquent cortex (HR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.6–3.8, p < 0.001) and progressing primary cancer (HR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.5, p = 0.03) were significantly associated with new neurological complications.

Conclusions
The authors showed that new neurological and nonneurological complications were associated with 40% of SRS treatments for brain metastases. Patients with lesions in functional brain regions have a significantly increased risk of treatment-related complications.
Assessing the microlesion effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation surgery with FDG PET
Authors: Pourfar Michael , Tang Chengke , Lin Tanya , Dhawan Vijay , Kaplitt Michael G. , Eidelberg David 
Published: March 2009

Object
The authors investigated whether the insertion of deep brain stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus can alter regional brain metabolism in the absence of stimulation.

Methods
Six patients with Parkinson disease (PD) underwent preoperative FDG PET scanning, and again after STN electrode implantation with stimulation turned off.

Results
Compared with baseline values, glucose utilization was reduced in the postoperative off-stimulation scans in the putamen/globus pallidus and in the ventral thalamus (p < 0.01), and there was increased metabolism in the sensorimotor cortex and cerebellum (p < 0.005). The expression of a specific PD-related spatial covariance pattern measured in the FDG PET data did not change after electrode implantation (p = 0.36), nor was there a significant change in clinical motor ratings (p = 0.44). Differences in PD-related spatial covariance pattern expression among the patients after electrode implantation did, however, correlate with the number of microelectrode recording trajectories placed during surgery (r = –0.82, p < 0.05).

Conclusions
These findings suggest that electrode implantation can impart a microlesion effect on regional brain function. Nonetheless, these local changes did not cross the threshold of network modulation needed to achieve clinical benefit.
Éléments pour une analyse des coalitions contestataires
Authors: Mathieu Lilian 
Published: March 2009

Résumé L’article se penche sur les conditions de formation des coalitions entre mouvements sociaux à partir de l’étude de l’alliance qui s’est tissée entre deux organisations de mouvement social actives sur des terrains de lutte distincts : Act Up et Agir ensemble contre le chômage (AC !). Cette coalition s’est exprimée au cours de deux épisodes contestataires de l’année 1997, tout d’abord par le ralliement de militants d’AC ! à l’appel « Nous sommes la gauche » lancé par Act Up au moment de la dissolution de l’Assemblée nationale, puis par la participation en décembre d’Act Up au mouvement des chômeurs. Si l’alliance s’est cristallisée autour de la revendication, portée par certaines fractions d’AC ! d’un revenu minimum garanti, celle-ci ne revêtait pas le même sens ni ne répondait aux mêmes enjeux pour les deux groupes, ce qui invite l’analyse des coalitions à s’intéresser davantage à ce qui distingue les unités coalisées qu’à ce qui semble, mais en apparence seulement, les rapprocher.
Les opérations « Robin des bois » au sein de la CGT Énergie
Authors: Béroud Sophie 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Le mouvement de protestation que la CGT Énergie a mené au printemps 2004 contre le projet de loi modifiant le statut d’EDF et de GDF témoigne d’un renouvellement des pratiques syndicales. D’une stratégie tournée vers la défense du statut des agents, la direction du syndicat a fait évoluer la mobilisation vers une lutte en faveur du droit à l’énergie, en particulier pour les ménages en difficulté. Les opérations « Robin des bois » de remise du courant à des ménages privés d’électricité sont emblématiques de cette orientation née de la participation de syndicalistes à des mouvements de défense des sans-emploi. Pour autant, elles ne font pas l’unanimité au sein de la CGT Énergie et ne débouchent pas sur le développement d’un mouvement d’action durable entre syndicalistes et militants chômeurs. Ces difficultés éclairent le caractère non linéaire, et parfois contradictoire, des tentatives de redéfinition des marges de l’action syndicale.
ICT Projects and Planning: From Equipments to Activities
Authors: Alves Sónia Santos , Simões Ana Paula , Gomes Cristina Azevedo , Lima Fernando Jorge 
Published: March 2009

Our study is based on a comparative analysis of two institutional documents, produced in public primary and secondary Portuguese schools, meant to enhance the use of ICT resources: an application to the Iniciativa Escolas, Professores e Computadores Portáteis (â??Schools, Teachers and Laptops Initiativeâ??), which aimed at equipping schools with ICT equipment, and the ICT Plan, a biannual plan of action for the integration of ICT in educational activities involving all the members of the educative community.
The analysis focused on the typologies of activities planned for each school in both documents. As these documents were produced in consecutive school years, it was possible to recognize a continuity and evolution relationship towards the activation of ICT resources when conceiving, planning and developing learning activities.
Tandem Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using In Vivo Biotinylation
Authors: Wang Jianlong , Cantor Alan B. , Orkin Stuart H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn dissecting the pluripotent state in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, we have employed in vivo biotinylation of critical transcription factors for streptavidin affinity purification of protein complexes and constructed a protein‐protein interaction network. This has facilitated discovery of novel pluripotency factors and a better understanding of stem cell pluripotency. Here we describe detailed procedures for in vivo biotinylation system setup in mouse ES cells, and affinity purification of multi‐protein complexes using in vivo biotinylation. In addition, we present a protocol employing SDS‐PAGE fractionation to reduce sample complexity prior to submission for mass spectrometry (MS) protein identification. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 8:1B.5.1‐1B.5.17. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imaging Neural Stem Cell Fate in Mouse Model of Glioma
Authors: Shah Khalid 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol for following the fate of stem cells in real time in a mouse model of glioma. Stem cells and tumor cells can be transduced with lentiviral vectors bearing two different luciferases, firefly luciferase (Fluc) and Renilla (Rluc) luciferase, respectively. With the cells labeled in this manner, bioluminescence imaging can be used to study the fate of stem cells in glioma‐bearing brains in vivo. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 8:5A.1.1‐5A.1.11. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of epilepsy magnetic source imaging on intracranial electrode placement
Authors: Knowlton Robert C. , Razdan Shantanu N. , Limdi Nita , Elgavish Rotem A. , Killen Jeff , Blount Jeffrey , Burneo Jorge G. , Ver Hoef Lawrence , Paige Lebron , Faught Edward , Kankirawatana Pongkiat , Bartolucci Al , Riley Kristen , Kuzniecky Ruben 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveIntracranial electroencephalography (ICEEG) with chronically implanted electrodes is a costly invasive diagnostic procedure that remains necessary for a large proportion of patients who undergo evaluation for epilepsy surgery. This study was designed to evaluate whether magnetic source imaging (MSI), a noninvasive test based on magnetoencephalography source localization, can supplement ICEEG by affecting electrode placement to improve sampling of the seizure onset zone(s).MethodsOf 298 consecutive epilepsy surgery candidates (between 2001 and 2006), 160 patients were prospectively enrolled by insufficient localization from seizure monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging results. Before presenting MSI results, decisions were made whether to proceed with ICEEG, and if so, where to place electrodes such that the hypothetical seizure‐onset zone would be sampled. MSI results were then provided with allowance of changes to the original plan.ResultsMSI indicated additional electrode coverage in 18 of 77 (23%) ICEEG cases. In 39% (95% confidence interval, 16.4–61.4), seizure‐onset ICEEG patterns involved the additional electrodes indicated by MSI. Sixty‐two patients underwent surgical resection based on ICEEG recording of seizures. Highly localized MSI was significantly associated with seizure‐free outcome (mean, 3.4 years; minimum, >1 year) for the entire surgical population (n = 62).InterpretationMSI spike localization increases the chance that the seizure‐onset zone is sampled when patients undergo ICEEG for presurgical epilepsy evaluations. The clinical impact of this effect, improving diagnostic yield of ICEEG, should be considered in surgery candidates who do not have satisfactory indication of epilepsy localization from seizure semiology, electroencephalogram, and magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2009;65:716–723