bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Influence of the Metamorphosis of Musca domestica upon Bacteria administered in the Larval Stage
Authors: Tebbutt Hamilton 
Published: May 2009

(1) Pathogenic organisms such as B. dysenteriae (type “Y”) cannot be recovered from pupae or imagines reared from larvae to which these organisms have been administered.(2) When the larvae have been bred from disinfected ova and are subsequently fed on B. dysenteriae (type “Y”), this organism may be successfully recovered from the pupae and imagines in a small proportion of cases.(3) Under similar conditions B. typhosus was not recovered in a single case from pupae or imagines.(4) In those cases in which B. dysenteriae (Y) was successfully recovered from pupae, the colonies on the plate were invariably fewer than those obtained from pupae and imagines after administration to the larvae of more adaptable organisms such as “Bac. A”(Ledingham).(5) When organisms such as “Bac. A” were administered to larvae bred from disinfected ova, or non-disinfected ova contaminated with this organism, it was in many cases possible to recover the organism from pupae and imagines.(6) In no series of pupae examined after administration to the larvae of either B. dysenteriae or “Bac. A” was it possible to recover the organisms in every instance. A certain proportion of pupae in both cases proved sterile, so that the process of metamorphosis is undoubtedly accompanied by a considerable destruction of the bacteria present in the larval stage.(7) The temperature at which the larvae develop (19°–25°C.) has probably an important bearing on the survival of pathogenic organisms such as “Bac. Y” of dysentery, administered in association with organisms such as “Bac. A,” in view of the fact that the latter grows far more luxuriantly at this temperature. Even when grown in broth at 37°C. (the optimum temperature for Bac. Y) together with “Bac. A,” the “Bac. Y” was found to form after two days only one quarter of the total number of bacteria present in the mixed growth.(8) There was no evidence that the larval juices contained substances bactericidal for Bac. Y. The bacilli died more rapidly in normal saline solution.(9) The possibility of flies becoming infected from the presence of pathogenic organisms in the breeding ground of the larvae may be considered as very remote.
The Effect of repeated Bleedings on the Blood Constituents of Immunised Horses
Authors: O'Brien R. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) From a horse injected with sheep's red cells three months prior to the first bleeding and in a condition of constant haemolytic titre 122 litres of blood were taken in a period of 11 months. The horse's condition remained good throughout and has markedly improved during the year.(2) The net result was that the haemolytic titre during that time fell only to about 66% of its original value, the leucocytes to about 66%. haemoglobin scarcely at all, while the specific gravity of the blood and total protein have increased, the former by 10% the latter by 5%;.(3) There was no relationship between the total number of leucocytes and the amount of antibody. The differential count showed an increase of 12% in the polymorphonuclear and a decrease of 12% in the mononuclear cells, these figures being not very far outside the experimental error. The eosinophile and mast cells showed no marked alteration in number, size or staining reactions.
A Study of Summer Diarrhoea in Warrington in 1911
Authors: Hutt C. W. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The type of summer diarrboea usually seen in the wards of general hospitals was rare in Warrington in the summer of 1911.(2) Multiple invasion of houses occurred in 19 (29%) of 67 fatal cases investigated.(3) Consecutive onset of the disease among the members of the household was the rule.(4) The average diarrhoeal rate for the several wards of the town varied directly as(a) the average birth rate;(b) the zymotic rate corrected for zymotic diarrhoea;(c) the relative poverty of the inhabitants of the ward.(5) Relative overcrowding existed in the houses in which deaths took place from diarrhoea.(6) Cleanliness of houses is an important factor in the prevention of diarrhoea.
On the American Method of Standardizing Tetanus Antitoxin
Authors: MacConkey Alfred 
Published: May 2009

The American method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin has been studied and two samples (Toxins 3 and 4 of this paper) have been examined.It has been found that:1. Toxin 3 remained stable for two years under conditions which were not absolutely ideal, as the tube containing the supply was repeatedly opened during that time and the air in this neighbourhood, especially in winter, is very moist.Toxin 4 has so far remained stable for 12 months. This toxin has been distributed in small quantities in tubes which have been exhausted and sealed in the flame.2. By itself each of these toxins has given results consistent within the error of experiment when used to establish the M.L.D. and also to test a serum. But when the same serum was evaluated by both toxins they gave differing values. This dffference in value appears to be due to(a) Deterioration in Toxin 3 which raised the L + dose from 00006—000075.(b) Excess of toxicity in Toxin 4.Whether this is due to increased susceptibility of the race of animals used for the tests can at present be only a matter of surmise.3. The American method shows clearly that tetanus antitoxin can be heated at 57°C. for one hour on each of three successive days without loss of antitoxin provided no antiseptic (e.g. phenol) be present. Should such a preservative have been added then the loss on heating amounts to about 12% and occurs during the first hour.4. Tetanus antitoxin containing phenol appears to be more susceptible to heat than diphtheria antitoxin under the same conditions.The general conclusion arrived at is that, provided control experiments are carried out from time to time (as in the case of standard diphtheria toxin), this method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin is—as claimed for it—simple, accurate and reliable.
Report to the Local Government Board on an Enquiry into Rat Plague in East Anglia during the period July—October, 1911
Authors: Eastwood A. , Griffith F. 
Published: May 2009

During the period July 1st—October 31st, 1911, 15,332 rats were examined for plague infection. These rats were obtained (see Map facing p. 311) partly from the area which in the previous year had been found to be infected with rat-plague and partly from the districts immediately adjacent to this area.As a result of the present enquiry 27 farms or other premises were found to harbour plague-infected rats.These 27 places are all within the area previously pronounced to be infected. No plague-infected rats have been discovered outside this area.Experience of rat collection during the present enquiry showed that the rat destruction which had been maintained by local enterprise since the end of 1910 had in many localities appreciably diminished the rat population.
On the Pathology of Bovine Actinomycosis
Authors: Griffith Fred. 
Published: May 2009

Actinomycotic lesions in tissues from a consecutive series of forty-four oxen slaughtered in this country have been examined and compared with fifty specimens imported chiefly from Argentina.The British cases can be divided into two groups, according as the specific granules do not or do contain Gram-staining organisms.The first group, characterised by the presence of granules consisting of clubs without Gram-staining organisms, contains 40 cases. In these the lesions were situated in the cheek, palate, tongue, or lymphatic glands in relation to the mouth and pharynx. From twenty-three of the forty cases, cultures of a non-Gram-staining organism were obtained, which were identical in their characters on nutrient agar plates and in shake glucose agar tubes; and five of the strains were found identical when tested on a large series of differential media. One of the cultures was inoculated into a calf, and produced a local lesion with the characters of a natural lesion.This first group shows complete identity in the histological features and in the anatomical distribution of the disease with Actinobacillosis described by Lignières and Spitz in Argentina. The bacillus obtained has the characters of the Actinobacillus, except that the production of typical granules in the peritoneal cavity of guinea-pigs, described by Lignières and Spitz, has not been demonstrated.All the imported specimens which were examined microscopically exhibited the characters of the lesions of this first group, but the causal organism was not obtained in pure culture.The second group contains the remaining four British cases. The specific granules were composed of clubs and Gram-staining organisms, including branching filaments. The lesions were situated in each case in the inferior maxilla. The investigation of the biological characters of the organisms concerned is still in progress.These results show that Actinobacillosis is widespread in the world, and forms a considerable proportion of the cases of disease in oxen known under the name of Actinomycosis.
A Food Poisoning Outbreak at Brighton
Authors: Savage William G. , Forbes Duncan 
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of food poisoning which occurred at Brighton in November, 1917, showed several features of unusual interest which makes its publication of value. While the epidemiological inquires and pathological investigations were carried out separately a coherent narrative is best obtained by combined presentation. The pathological investigations were carried out for, and at the request of, the Local Government Board.The outbreak occurred in the Royal Sussex County Hospital which at the time contained 369 residents, 227 being patients and 142 staff. Twenty-eight persons suffered from food poisoning, 24 of whom were patients and 4 members of the staff. Two deaths occurred but both were patients already suffering from severe diseases.
On the Producing of Milk having a Low Bacterial Content
Authors: Sadler Wilfrid , Kelly C. D. , Martin G. R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAbout a year ago the specific opportunity which our laboratories had been seeking presented itself. We were brought into touch with a farm on the outskirts of Vancouver engaged in the production of milk and the distributing of the same in the city. The proprietors of the farm, with at that time a herd of twenty-five grade cows, were endeavouring to supply a high grade milk, a milk having a low bacterial content, and secured from cattle giving a negative reaction to the tuberculin test. We approached the proprietors, Mr and Mrs Alexander Hill, and found that they were desirous of co-operating with us. At the same time their milk was obtaining a premium over the usual price obtained for market milk sold in the city. We made it clear that we were anxious to secure data which would be of use to milk producing farmers generally with respect to the possibility of producing a high quality milk; and they—Mr and Mrs Hill—assured us that they desired to have advice and help if the same could be forthcoming. Finally we made the following arrangement: (a) we were to be permitted to obtain samples of milk at any time deemed most suitable to ourselves, (b) these samples were to be examined for bacterial flora to the end that we might secure the data we needed, (c) no report on the examinations was to be sent from our laboratories until it became possible for us to publish the data as a whole, (d) the proprietors of the diary were to be given any information that was available from the laboratory data, but, under no circumstances, was the same to be used for publicity purposes, (e) we were to check up any of the procedures in vogue on the farm and dairy as far as proved to be possible without unduly interfering with the progress of our main project. The arrangement was agreed to mutually, and it is a matter of gratification to us that throughout the entire investigation the conditions detailed above were subscribed to loyally.
The Relation of Rat-fleas to Plague in Shanghai
Authors: Hicks E. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Though Shanghai is in close communication with ports in which plague is endemic, it has not suffered severely.2. The number of human cases is small compared with the number of plague-infected rats found.3. Both X. cheopis and C. fasciatus are found. Reasons are given for considering that X. cheopis is the chief agent in spreading plague, and that infection, being unlikely to reach Shanghai during the season when this flea flourishes, has difficulty in gaining a foothold.4. The discrepancy between the number of cases of human and rat plague may possibly be explained by the habits of C. fasciatus.
Use of a Glucose Bismuth Sulphite Iron Medium for the Isolation of B. typhosus and B. proteus
Authors: Wilson W. James , Blair E. M. Mcv. 
Published: May 2009

1. The development and use of a medium which has selective properties for the growth of B. typhosus and B. proteus is described.2. The principle of the method rests (1) on the positive property of the B. typhosus of being able to reduce a sulphite to a sulphide in the presence of glucose, (2) on the inhibitory action on the growth of B. coli of a bismuth sulphite in the presence of a certain excess of sodium sulphite.3. The media finally developed are made in the following way:A. To 100 c.c. of a melted 3 per cent. nutrient agar are added 5 c.c. of a 20 per cent. solution of glucose, 10 c.c. of a 20 per cent. solution of sodium sulphite (anhydrous), 5 c.c. of a standard bismuth solution. After boiling for two minutes an addition is made of 1 grm. of exsiccated sodium phosphate and 1 c.c. of an 8 per cent. solution of ferrous sulphate crystals.Medium B is the same as above with the addition of 0·5 c.c. of a 1 per cent. watery solution of brilliant green. The standard liquor bismuthi is prepared by mixing 60 grm. bismuth citrate with 50 c.c. of distilled water and then with 20 c.c. liq. ammonii sp. gr. 0·880 and finally making the volume up to 500 c.c. with distilled water.4. On these media the B. typhosus grows readily and forms flat blackdry surface colonies. B. proteus grows on the medium in a non-spreading fashion but does not form black colonies. B. coli either fails to grow or after a period of inhibition forms brown sticky raised colonies.5. Bismuth media were used in the examination of 31 enteric stools and in 30 instances the infecting microorganism was successfully isolated. Single examinations only were made and the material was usually 24 to 48 hours old at the time of examination.6. Emulsions of enteric stools which as shown by the usual media contained only a dozen or so of typhoid bacilli were found by our bismuth media actually to contain several thousand.7. The isolation from a case of typhoid fever of a proteus X 19 strain is recored.8. As regards its growth on bismuth sulphite media B. paratyphosus B behaves more like a reducing B. coli than a B. typhosus culture. For the isolation of B. paratyphosus B a lactose bile salt brilliant green medium is described.
On the Non-Specific Stimulation of Agglutinins. With Especial Reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fever
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The review of the published data furnishes additional evidence in support of the view that no technique whatsoever, Dreyer's technique included, based on the quantitative method of the agglutination reaction hitherto used, is capable of affording a differentiation between inoculation and infection agglutinins.(2) These techniques are concerned always exclusively in the demonstration of the labilotropic H agglutinins ofB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusA. and B. and it is the behaviour of these agglutinins that is the responsible factor in producing the phenomena.(3) In various febrile conditions in inoculated individuals these H agglutinins undergo a re-stimulation resulting in a curve of agglutination which is indistinguishable from that due to specific stimulation. The re-stimulation of the labilotropic inoculation agglutinins is of the same nonspecific character (i.e.heterologous) in the course of enteric infections as in the course of other febrile diseases.(4) The observation of this non-specific re-stimulation is independent of the technique used; living bacilli and suspensions preserved with phenol or formalin (Dreyer's technique included) do not in this respect behave differently.(5) The proposed qualitative method for the Widal test depends, in inoculated individuals, exclusively upon the behaviour of the stabilotropic O agglutinins. In their presence it is capable of affording the certain diagnosis of an enteric infection; in their absence the negative result of the test is not conclusive; if T.A.B. vaccine has been used it is only possible to diagnose enteric group without being able to differentiate typhoid from paratyphoid A. or B.; if T. vaccine has been used then A. or B. infection can be differentiated but not T.(1) The conclusions previously arrived at by means of the qualitative method of the Widal test were fully confirmed. By eliminating the labilotropic H agglutinins from any consideration—in the case of previously sensibilised individuals—agglutination due to the specific stimulation in active enteric infection can be distinguished definitely from that due to the nonspecific re-stimulation by various febrile diseases.(2) Normal and immune O agglutinins forB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusA. and B., as well as those forB. proteusX 19, are not liable to non-specific stimulation in the course of various febrile diseases.(3) One more of the supposed differences in nature between the Widal test and the Weil-Felix test is thereby eliminated.(4) The difference in the response to non-specific stimulation shown to exist in stabilotropic and labilotropic agglutination seems more likely to be one of degree than one in nature and needs further investigation.
Further Notes on the Culture of the Nitroso-bacterium
Authors: Fremlin H. S. 
Published: May 2009

The nitroso-bacterium inoculated into sterile urine does not produce nitrites. If, however, urine be added to an active culture of this microorganism nitrites are rapidly developed.A nitroso-bacterium culture developed in bulk in peat and chalk can be used as a urinal. After passing through this urinal all ammonia in urine appears to have been converted into ammonium nitrite and nitrate. No odour is noticeable when left to evaporate at either 37° C. or at room temperature.Urine rendered ammoniacal before use and then sterilised is also a good medium for the growth of the nitroso-bacterium.The nitroso-bacterium is difficult to isolate because (1) when colonies are developed on a dilution plate, sufficiently spaced to allow of certainty in subculture, nitrification only rarely takes place in the sub-culture, and when it does take place some months are required for the production of a measurable amount of nitrite, and (2) the nitroso-bacterium usually grows in association with some other more rapidly growing species. The colonies of this other microorganism often appear to be pure, but when growth has proceeded for some days individual colonies of the nitroso-bacterium may appear in a certain percentage of the plates.
Epizootic among Veld Rodents in De Aar and Neighbouring Districts of the Northern Cape Province
Authors: Mitchell J. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. During the summer months 1928–9 an epizootic occurred in De Aar and neighbouring districts among small veld rodents, mainly affecting Namaqua gerbilles (Desmodillus auricularis).2. Many of the animals dying showed a haemorrhagic septicaemia, the causative organism of which appeared to be a Pasteurella rather smaller in size than Pasteurella (Bacillus) pestis.3. In a considerable proportion of the animals found dead there was no obvious septicaemia.4. A description is given of the Pasteurella, which is believed to be a hitherto undescribed species, and for which the name Pasteurella desmodilli is suggested.5. This organism was found to be highly pathogenic for rabbits, less so for guinea-pigs and mice, and non-pathogenic for rats and fowls.6. It was found by Rhodes to be highly pathogenic for Lobengula gerbilles (Tatera lobengulae) from Cape Town, but for animals of this species from Johannesburg it proved to be much less virulent, and even when it killed them there was frequently no septicaemia.7. The above observation seems to indicate the presence of a considerable degree of immunity among the Johannesburg lobengulas, as compared with those from Cape Town.8. It is suggested that a similar condition of partial immunity among the Namaqua gerbilles (for which there is other evidence adduced) might account for the finding of many of them dead without obvious septicaemia.9. The existence of this disease introduces a complication in the diagnosis of plague among veld rodents.
Transient Fluctuations in the Resistance of Mice to Infection withB. aertrycke
Authors: Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The virulence of a given strain ofB. aertryckewas tested on 54 occasions during the 3-year period, October 1926–October 1929. Each test was made by inoculating intra-peritoneally about 100 viable organisms into 20 parti-coloured mice, usually of 17–23 grm. in weight, drawn at random from the general laboratory stock. The average number of specific deaths caused by this procedure was 12·71 ± 3·39, but very marked deviations were noticeable, varying from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 20. These deviations occurred without any observable regularity, and appeared to have no definite seasonal relationship. Evidence is brought to suggest that they were chiefly determined not by variations in the dosage or in the virulence of the strain, but by fluctuations in the resistance of the mice.2. The meaning of the term “resistance” is discussed, and it is suggested that the term “fluctuating immunity” should be used to denote those variations in resistance which occur from time to time, and which are due to alterations in the physiological behaviour of the animal dependent on changing environmental conditions. This fluctuating immunity should be distinguished from innate, inherited, orgenetic immunity on the one hand and from acquired immunity on the other.3. It is pointed out that the existence of fluctuations from time to time in the susceptibility of animals to infection renders fruitless any attempt to obtain an absolute measure of virulence. The most that can be done is to compare the relative virulence of two or more strains injected simultaneously.