bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection of the opposite reinforcement layer of RC‐structures by CP – results of numerical simulations
Authors: Bruns M. , Raupach M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIf cathodic protection (CP) is applied to reinforced concrete structures the anode is usually attached at the concrete surface closest to the corroding reinforcement in order to minimise voltage and protection current that is required. In specific circumstances an anode installation at the concrete surface next to the corroding reinforcement is not practicable, i.e. due to difficult access. In such cases it would be helpful to know whether it is possible to protect the reinforcement by an anode being installed at the opposite surface of the structural element. The question is: does the second reinforcement layer obtain sufficient current to be effectively protected? Since a general answer to this question is not possible because the distribution of protection current depends on several parameters like the geometry and amount of the reinforcement, concrete resistivity, the polarisation behaviour and geometry of corroding and passive zones, a 3 D‐FEM model of the current and potential distribution was developed and its accuracy was verified by laboratory results. This paper presents the model itself as well as the results of parameter studies carried out to show the impact of the reinforcement distribution, the concrete resistivity and the polarisation behaviour of the reinforcement on the current distribution within the reinforcement.
Stress corrosion cracking for 316 stainless steel clips in a condensate stabilizer
Authors: Al‐Awar A. , Aldajah S. , Harhara A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn one of the gas processing facilities in Abu Dhabi, UAE; a case of 316L stainless steel material failure occurred in the fractionating column due to stress cracking corrosion twice in a cycle of less than 2 years. This paper studies the stress corrosion cracking behavior of the 316L stainless steel in an accelerated corrosion environment and compares it with a higher corrosion resistant nickel alloy (Inconel 625). The experimental work was designed according to ASTM G36 standard, the samples were immersed in a boiling magnesium chloride medium which provided the accelerated corrosion environment and the tested samples were shaped into U‐bend specimens as they underwent both plastic and elastic stresses. The specimens were then tested to determine the time required for cracks to initiate. The results of the experimental work showed that the main mode of failure was stress corrosion cracking initiated by the proven presence of chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and water at elevated temperatures. Inconel 625 samples placed in the controlled environment showed better corrosion resistance as it took them an average of 56 days to initiate cracks, whereas it took an average of 24 days to initiate cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples were longer, wider, and deeper compared to the cracks of Inconel 625.
Indian‐subcontinent NBIA: Unusual phenotypes, novel PANK2 mutations, and undetermined genetic forms
Authors: Aggarwal Annu , Schneider Susanne A. , Houlden Henry , Silverdale Monty , Paudel Reema , Paisan‐Ruiz Coro , Desai Shrinivas , Munshi Mihir , Sanghvi Darshana , Hardy John , Bhatia Kailash P. , Bhatt Mohit 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNeurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is etiologically, clinically, and by imaging a heterogeneous group including NBIA types 1 [pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration (PKAN)] and 2 (PLA2G6‐associated neurodegeneration), neuroferritinopathy, and aceruloplasminaemia. Data on genetically defined Indian‐subcontinent NBIA cases are limited. We report 6 patients from the Indian‐subcontinent with a movement disorder and MRI basal ganglia iron deposition, compatible with diagnosis of an NBIA syndrome. All patients were screened for abnormalities in serum ceruloplasmin and ferritin levels and mutations in NBIA‐associated genes [pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2), PLA2G6 and ferritin light chain (exon 4)]. We present clinical, imaging and genetic data correlating phenotype–genotype relations. Four patients carried PANK2 mutations, two of these were novel. The clinical phenotype was mainly dystonic with generalized dystonia and marked orobulbar features in the 4 adolescent‐onset cases. One of the four had a late‐onset (age 37) unilateral jerky postural tremor. His mutation, c.1379C>T, appears associated with a milder phenotype. Interestingly, he developed the eye‐of‐the‐tiger sign only 10 years after onset. Two of the six presented with adult‐onset levodopa (L‐dopa)‐responsive asymmetric re‐emergent rest tremor, developing L‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias, and good benefit to deep brain stimulation (in one), thus resembling Parkinson's disease (PD). Both had an eye‐of‐the‐tiger sign on MRI but were negative for known NBIA‐associated genes, suggesting the existence of further genetic or sporadic forms of NBIA syndromes. In conclusion, genetically determined NBIA cases from the Indian subcontinent suggest presence of unusual phenotypes of PANK2 and novel mutations. The phenotype of NBIA of unknown cause includes a PD‐like presentation. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Ingested quercetin but not rutin increases accumulation of hepatic β‐carotene in BALB/c mice
Authors: Bando Noriko , Muraki Naomi , Murota Kaeko , Terao Junji , Yamanishi Rintaro 
Published: April 2010

Abstractβ‐Carotene is a carotenoid with a range of reported health benefits besides vitamin A activity. If the enzymatic conversion of β‐carotene to retinal is suppressed in the digestive tract, residual β‐carotene that reaches the tissues increases. We evaluated the function of quercetin and rutin (quercetin‐3‐rutinoside) to increase the accumulation of β‐carotenein vitroandin vivoin BALB/c mice. When the conversion of β‐carotene by a preparation of the murine small intestine was measuredin vitro, the addition of quercetin or rutin considerably inhibited the conversion. When the levels of hepatic β‐carotene and retinoids were measured among three groups of mice fed a diet supplemented with β‐carotene plus quercetin or rutin or β‐carotene alone (four to six micepergroup), quercetin increased the level of β‐carotene and decreased the level of retinol, whereas rutin did not. These results demonstrate that quercetin can suppress the conversion of β‐carotene which develops in the cytosol of small intestinal epithelial cells, and that rutin whose rutinose‐moiety prevents being absorbed in the small intestine cannot suppress the conversionin vivo. This study offers a novel insight into the interaction between flavonoids and carotenoids with respect to the health benefits from the latter.
DFT‐GIAO1H NMR chemical shifts prediction for the spectral assignment and conformational analysis of the anticholinergic drugs (−)‐scopolamine and (−)‐hyoscyamine
Authors: Muñoz Marcelo A. , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe relatively large chemical shift differences observed in the 1H NMR spectra of the anticholinergic drugs (−)‐scopolamine 1 and (−)‐hyoscyamine 2 measured in CDCl3 are explained using a combination of systematic/molecular mechanics force field (MMFF) conformational searches and gas‐phase density functional theory (DFT) single point calculations, geometry optimizations and chemical shift calculations within the gauge including/invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) approximation. These calculations show that both molecules prefer a compact conformation in which the phenyl ring of the tropic ester is positioned under the tropane bicycle, clearly suggesting that the chemical shift differences are produced by the anisotropic effect of the aromatic ring. As the calculations fairly well predict these experimental differences, diastereotopic NMR signal assignments for the two studied molecules are proposed. In addition, a cursory inspection of the published 1H and 13C NMR spectra of different forms of 1 and 2 in solution reveals that most of them show these diastereotopic chemical shift differences, strongly suggesting a preference for the compact conformation quite independent of the organic or aqueous nature of the solvent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More developments at The Journal of Pathology
Authors: Hall Peter A , Poulsom Richard , Taylor Jo , Wixon Jo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis Editorial highlights further changes that have been introduced to The Journal of Pathology including new Instructions to Authors, new typeface and style, and the development of Virtual Issues. We also emphasize the benefits of publication in the Journal including speed of review and publication, as well as the absence of submission or page charges, no charge for supplementary online material, and competitive colour costs. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STX11 mutations and clinical phenotypes of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in North America
Authors: Marsh Rebecca A. , Satake Noriko , Biroschak Jennifer , Jacobs Thedia , Johnson Judith , Jordan Michael B. , Bleesing Jack J. , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Zhang Kejian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundMutations in STX11 are responsible for Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) type 4, a rare primary immunodeficiency which has previously been observed only in patients of Kurdish, Turkish, and Lebanese ethnic background.MethodsWe reviewed our experience with STX11 mutations among North American patients and studied the impact of patient mutations upon syntaxin 11 expression and NK cell function.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2008, 243 patients with HLH (lacking disease‐causing mutations in PRF1 and UNC13D) were referred for STX11 mutational analysis. We observed 1 novel homozygous nonsense mutation, 73 G > T (E25X), occurring in Hispanic siblings, and 2 novel biallelic heterozygous missense mutations, 106G > C (E36Q) and 616G > A (E206K), occurring in 1 Caucasian patient. The N‐terminal nonsense mutation resulted in absence of detectable syntaxin 11 and abrogation of in vitro NK cell degranulation and function, while the biallelic heterozygous missense mutations resulted in detectable mutated syntaxin 11 and preservation of in vitro NK cell degranulation and cytotoxicity. The two sibling patients with the nonsense mutations presented with HLH during infancy, whereas the patient with biallelic heterozygous missense mutations presented at 5 years of age.ConclusionWe conclude that mutations in STX11 are responsible for HLH in approximately 1% of North American patients and can cause variable defects in syntaxin 11 expression and function with resultant impact on clinical phenotype. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:134–140. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the updated Schwartz formula appropriate for assessing renal function prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?
Authors: Qayed Muna , Thompson Audra , Applegate Kristy , Haight Ann , Rogatko Andre , Chiang Kuang‐Yueh , Horan John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAssessing renal function is an integral part of evaluating pediatric patients for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The most accurate method is DTPA‐Tc‐99m GFR testing. However, it is costly and time consuming. The Schwartz formula, which was recently updated, represents an inexpensive and readily available alternative. We assessed agreement between the original and updated formula and DTPA‐Tc‐99m in 107 patients who were being evaluated for HSCT. Agreement between both formulas and DTPA‐Tc‐99m was poor, although the updated formula performed marginally better. The Schwartz formulas do not appear to be accurate enough to be used for pre‐transplant kidney function evaluation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:199–201. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combustion Measurements of Fuel‐Rich Aluminum and Molybdenum Oxide Nano‐Composite Mixtures
Authors: Bazyn Tim , Lynch Patrick , Krier Herman , Glumac Nick 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFuel rich nano‐composite powders of aluminum and molybdenum oxide were tested for ignition and combustion behind the incident and reflected shock waves in a shock tube. The powders consisted of approximately 10 μm particles, each of which contained Al and MoO3 mixed by mechanical alloying on the nano‐scale. These powders were aluminum rich with composition ratios of 4 : 1, 8 : 1, and 16 : 1 Al : MoO3 by mass. Ignition tests were performed behind incident shocks for temperatures in the range of 900 to 1500 K. From these tests, ignition delay times were obtained, and some information on combustion duration was also derived. Samples were tested in air at 0.2 MPa, and compared against nano‐Al, 2.7 μm Al, and 10 μm Al baselines. Ignition results for the baseline Al cases were as expected: 10 μm Al not igniting until 2000 K, 2 μm Al igniting down to ∼1400 K, and n‐Al igniting as low as 1150 K. The thermite samples showed considerable improvement in ignition characteristics. At the lowest temperature tested (900 K), both the 8 : 1 and 4 : 1 samples ignited within 250 μs. The 16 : 1 sample (94% Al) ignited down to 1050 K – which represents an improvement of roughly 1000 K over baseline Al with only a small energetic penalty. In all cases, the ignition delay increased as the amount of MoO3 in the composite was reduced. The 4 : 1 nano‐composite material ignited as fast or faster than the n‐Al samples. Ignition delay increased with decreasing temperature, as expected. Emission spectra and temperature data were also taken for all samples using high‐speed pyrometry and time‐integrated spectroscopy. In these cases, measurements were made behind the reflected shock using end‐wall loading, though the conditions (temperature, pressure, and gas composition) were identical to the incident shock tests. Spectroscopy showed strong AlO features in all the samples, and the spectra fit well to an equilibrium temperature. Broadband, low resolution spectra were also fit to continuum, gray body temperatures. In general, the observed temperatures were reasonably close to 3500 K, which is similar to the combustion temperatures of pure aluminum under these conditions.
Detonation and Blast Wave Characteristics of Nitromethane Mixed with Particles of an Aluminium–Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Trzciński Waldemar A. , Paszula Józef , Grys Sebastian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractInvestigation of detonation parameters, blast wave characteristics and quasi‐static pressures (QSPs) for the mixtures of nitromethane and particles of an aluminium and magnesium (Al3Mg4) alloy was carried out. The mixtures of gelled nitromethane containing 15–60 wt.‐% AlMg alloy were tested. Detonation velocity and Gurney energy were determined. Parameters of blast waves produced by charges of the investigated explosives were measured. QSP measurements were conducted in a steel chamber of 0.15 m3volume filled with air. Thermochemical and gasdynamical calculations were also performed. The degree of combustion of the metallic addition with the gaseous products during detonation and expansion is discussed.
Biosynthesis of peptide fragments of eukaryotic GPCRs in Escherichia coli by directing expression into inclusion bodies
Authors: Cohen Leah S. , Becker Jeffrey M. , Naider Fred 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBiosynthesis of peptides in heterologous systems is often a prerequisite to biophysical analyses. Large amounts of peptides, in particular portions of membrane proteins, are needed to optimize conditions for secondary and tertiary structure analysis. Chemical synthesis of these peptides is limited by their high hydrophobicity and also due to the need to incorporate isotopic labels for high resolution NMR analysis. In this protocol, we describe a method for the heterologous expression and purification of unlabeled and isotopically labeled peptide fragments of Ste2p, an integral membrane G protein‐coupled receptor. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant ultrasonic attenuation in ZnSe doped with Cr and its possible application in crystal characterization
Authors: Gudkov V. V. , Lonchakov A. T. , Zhevstovskikh I. V. , Sokolov V. I. , Korostelin Yu. V. , Landman A. I. , Surikov V. T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractUltrasonic experiment was done at the frequency of 54 MHz on ZnSe:Cr2+ crystal with concentration of the dopand 3.8 × 1018 cm−3. Giant peak of attenuation of slow shear wave propagating along 〈110〉 crystallographic direction was observed at low temperatures (about 13 K). The peak proved to be due to relaxation process in the Jahn–Teller system. Magnitude of the peak is proportional to the concentration of the dopand. This circumstance forms the basis for a new non‐destructive method of characterization of the diluted crystals, which particularly could be useful for determining the low concentration of the Jahn–Teller ions. Estimation showed that the concentration of the dopand can be registered in ZnSe:Cr2+ crystal of the order of 1016 cm−3. Other Jahn–Teller ions prospective for such characterization are suggested.
Excitons in motion in II–VI semiconductors
Authors: Davies J. J. , Smith L. C. , Wolverson D. , Kochereshko V. P. , Cibert J. , Mariette H. , Boukari H. , Wiater M. , Karczewski G. , Wojtowicz T. , Gust A. , Kruse C. , Hommel D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe have shown recently that the magnetic properties of excitons change significantly as the excitons acquire kinetic energy. In particular, the exciton magnetic moments are enhanced considerably, whilst the diamagnetism decreases. The behaviour can be investigated through spectroscopic studies of excitons confined in quantum wells of large width (greater than five times the exciton Bohr radius) and these motion‐induced changes in the magnetic properties have now been observed for CdTe, ZnSe, ZnTe and GaAs. The present paper summarises these phenomena, with particular focus on CdTe and ZnSe, and shows that the changes can be accounted for by motion‐induced mixing between the exciton ground and higher lying states. The mixing is caused by the γ3 term in the Luttinger Hamiltonian which describes the dispersion curves for the valence band and, as a result, the form of the exciton wavefunction becomes motion‐dependent. For both materials, excellent agreement is obtained between experiment and the results predicted by this mechanism.
Fine structure of emission lines from charged CdSe/ZnSe/ZnMnSe quantum dots
Authors: Chekhovich E. A. , Brichkin A. S. , Kulakovskii V. D. , Ivanov S. V. , Toropov A. A. , Glazov M. M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhotoluminescence spectroscopy has been employed to study CdSe/ZnSe/ZnMnSe quantum dots. For most of the dots studied here luminescence comes in three spectrally separated features: neutral exciton (X), biexciton (XX), and charged exciton (XC) states. Spectral properties of X and XX emission are well understood, however, in a marked contrast with previous studies, the observed fine structure of XC can not be explained within a commonly accepted model of a ground state trion luminescence. We find that at zero magnetic field luminescence from the charged state exhibits fine structure that varies gradually between different dots from a single unpolarized line to a quartet with the maximum splitting of 2 meV. Several models including magnetic polaron formation and double charging have been considered, but a plausible explanation can be given only if one considers the influence of a charge trapped in a nearby dot.
Hydrogenation of Hg1‐xCdxTe films at chemical treatments
Authors: Sidorov Georgiy Yu. , Sidorov Yuriy G. , Varavin Vasiliy S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effect of hydrogenation of mercury cadmium telluride Hg1‐xCdxTe (MCT) epilayers with x = 0.22, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs substrates, has been investigated. The hydrogenation of films was carried out by boiling samples in DI water and by means of electrochemical treatment. It was found that acceptors are introduced in epilayers during hydrogenation. The dependence of acceptor concentration in epilayers on the boiling time is investigated. A model of acceptors diffusion from the surface during boiling into the epilayer volume has been built. The observed acceptors are probably the hydrogen‐vacancy complexes. A diffusivity coefficient of these complexes was estimated from the approximation of experimental data on boiled samples with diffusion model. Treated samples with the highest hole concentrations obtained (up to 1018 cm‐3) have been analyzed by SIMS. There were no impurities found in concentrations capable to provide such hole concentrations. The minority carrier lifetimes in samples doped with such acceptors are sufficiently higher than in vacancy‐doped samples with comparable hole concentrations. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tunneling of spin polarized excitons in ZnCdSe and ZnCdMnSe coupled double quantum wells
Authors: Ohmori Kenta , Kodama Kazuki , Muranaka Tsutomu , Nabetani Yoichi , Matsumoto Takashi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper describes an experiment on tunneling transfer of excitons in coupled DQW structures. DQW's consist of diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) (ZnCdMnSe) and non‐DMS (ZnCdSe) well layers, separated by a non‐DMS ZnSe barrier. The energy levels in ZnCdSe and ZnCdMnSe wells are adjusted by controlling layer thicknesses and compositions. Circular polarization selective photoluminescence (PL) and reflectance spectra are measured in magnetic fields perpendicular to the hetero‐interface. Degree of circular polarization of PL from ZnCdSe well is changed by magnetic fields reflecting changes in degree of spin polarization in ZnCdSe well. The change depends on the strength of magnetic field and on the energy levels in the two wells. The polarization change is explained in terms of resonant tunneling of spin polarized carriers from zero‐dimensional (0D) like state in ZnCdMnSe well to 0D like state in ZnCdSe well. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman scattering in CdHgTe epitaxial layers grown on CdZnTe substrates
Authors: Belogorokhov A. I. , Smirnova N. A. , Denisov I. A. , Belogorokhova L. I. , Levonovich B. N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRaman scattering spectra of CdxHg1–xTe/Cd1‐yZnyTe epitaxial structures were studied. Experimental results have been obtained by micromode method over cleaved surface of the sample formed normally to the [111] direction immediately prior to measurement procedure. Raman spectra obtained were shown to be dominated by vibrational modes induced by crystal defects. Special attention was paid to the possibility of obtaining information on the presence of structural defects in cation sublattice and tellurium nanoprecipitates. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of In and Al doped high resistivity CdZnTe crystal
Authors: Wang Changjun , Min Jiahua , Zhou Chenying , Liang Xiaoyan , Zhao Yue , Wang Linjun , Xia Yiben 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the vertical Bridgman method was used to grow In‐doped, Al‐doped and In‐Al codoped CdZnTe crystals. The temperature‐dependent Hall effects, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), dislocation density were applied to study the energy level of chief defects and the possible existence of compensatory mechanism in the doped CdZnTe crystal. The XRD results showed that lattice distortion existed in the three doped samples, and the lattice distortion in Al‐doped crystal was the highest among them. The phenomenon may attribute to the stress caused by the occupation of In and Al atoms at Cd vacancies which make atoms depart from their equilibrium positions. The Hall effect test showed that the n‐type In doped CdZnTe samples were estimated to have shallow donors at 15.6 meV below the conduction band, which is associated with [InCd], and the In‐Al codoped samples have shallow donors at 15.1 meV below the conduction band, which is associated with [InCd]and [AlCd]. While, for the p‐type Al doped CdZnTe sample, shallow acceptors were deduced at 59.9 meV above the valence band, which is considered to be [VCd‐2AlCd] (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)