bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enabling or Disabling? Students’ Attitudes Toward Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Lyons Mike 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Persons with disabilities are devalued by society. Occupational therapists may be contributing to this devaluation through their attitudes. This study focused on the attitudes of undergraduate students. From a sample of 223 occupational therapy students and 326 business students at an Australian university, it was found, with the use of the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale–Form A (Yuker, Block, & Young, 1966), that the attitudes of freshman occupational therapy students did not differ significantly from those of their business-major peers. Furthermore, the occupational therapy students’ attitudes did not vary with the years of undergraduate education completed. However, those students who had had contact with persons with disabilities beyond the context of a caregiver–care receiver relationship (i.e., those students who had assumed roles that emphasized valued attributes of the person with a disability) had significantly more positive attitudes than did those students without such contact. Educational curricula must address the issue of students’ attitudes and, in particular, the facilitation of valued social role contact with persons with disabilities.
Generalization of Treatment: A Multicontext Approach to Cognitive Perceptual Impairment in Adults With Brain Injury
Authors: Toglia Joan Pascale 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Cognitive perceptual remedial approaches used by occupational therapists in the treatment of adults with brain injury have been criticized because of claims that the effects are not generalizable. Little information is available, however, that can guide the therapist in directly addressing the generalization process. This paper proposes a multicontext treatment approach that uses five components identified in the cognitive psychology literature as being critical to the process of generalization: (a) use of multiple environments, (b) identification of criteria for transfer, (c) metacognitive training, (d) emphasis on processing strategies, and (e) use of meaningful activities. A case report is used to illustrate this treatment approach.
Application of Motor Learning Principles in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Poole Janet L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The processes underlying skill acquisition depend on the nature of the task and the stage of the learner. In addition, feedback and practice are two potent learning variables when used appropriately in the instruction of motor tasks. Occupational therapists involved in the training and retraining of motor skills can benefit from knowledge of instructional methods used by coaches and physical educators. This paper reviews commonly accepted principles of motor learning and applies these principles to occupational therapy treatment. The stage of the learner, type of task, feedback, practice, and facilitation of skill acquisition are emphasized. Specific examples of how occupational therapists can use motor learning principles in treatment are given.
Positioning for Head Control to Access an Augmentative Communication Machine
Authors: Bay Julie L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of therapeutic positioning on the functional use of augmentative communication equipment. Recent literature on therapeutic positioning as it affects muscle tone and functional activities is reviewed. The effect of positioning intervention on rate and accuracy of head-controlled typing on an augmentative communication machine was measured. The rate of typing was found to increase significantly and the percentage of accuracy was found to decrease significantly with positioning intervention. A third measure combining rate and accuracy (accuracy rate) also increased enough to reach statistical significance. These results suggest that positioning changes do affect head control in the functional use of a communication machine. Because of the combined areas of expertise needed to adequately address positioning, head control, communication, and overall function, a team approach to clients with these concerns is advocated.
Wheelchair Cushions for Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: An Update
Authors: Garber Susan L. , Dyerly Lynda R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists frequently prescribe wheelchair cushions to reduce the risk of pressure sores in patients with spinal cord injury. In an earlier study (Garber, 1985b), Roho cushions were prescribed for the greatest number of subjects studied. The present study of 197 subjects updates these data and describes current prescription patterns, the use of cushions over time, satisfaction with prescribed cushions, and the occurrence of pressure sores with prescribed cushions. The study shows that the Jay cushion was prescribed most frequently for the current subjects, although it was not recommended for all persons with spinal cord injury. In the second phase of the present study, involving 30 subjects, 30% of the subjects discontinued use of the prescribed cushion. Skin breakdown and the discovery of alternative solutions were given as primary reasons. There was no significant difference in the incidence of pressure sores between subjects who continued to use their prescribed cushions and those who did not. This research supports the conclusion of earlier studies that no one wheelchair cushion is universally effective for all persons and that individual evaluation and routine reassessment are essential in reducing the occurrence of pressure sores.
Occupational Therapy in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Focus on Health Care of the Elderly Veteran
Authors: Thalheimer Linda B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) operates the largest integrated health care system in the world (VA, 1989), with designated departments and programs designed to meet the long-term care needs of the aging veteran. Occupational therapy is an important intervention to maximize the quality of life of older persons. Because of the increasing number of aging veterans and the national shortage of occupational therapists, the VA has been devising programs to recruit and retain occupational therapists in VA medical centers. The combination of long-term care programs and the VA’s commitment to ongoing research, education, and occupational therapy services points to a promising outlook for care of our aging veterans.
Long-Term Care and Federal Policy
Authors: Somers Frederick P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A major deficiency of national health care policy is the lack of a structured and comprehensive system of long-term care. A review of existing federal programs reveals that substantial resources are being expended to care for the elderly. Program structures and requirements, however, are frequently skewed toward institutional care to the exclusion of more appropriate home- and community-based services. A recent federal study highlighted the dimensions of the long-term-care problem and proposed a compelling remedy, but a consensus continues to elude policymakers, and the prospects for fundamental reform are uncertain.
The Lazarus Project: The Politics of Empowerment
Authors: Kari Nancy , Michels Peg 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The problems associated with institutionalized care of the frail elderly are complicated and require interdisciplinary problem solving. This paper explains the conceptual framework and initial implementation of the Lazarus Project, a pilot project in a nursing home that offers an alternative governing philosophy for residential living. The framework is a community model based on democratic governance, which empowers those who work and live within the nursing home facility. Implementing a community model in an institution is a political process that requires an awareness of power relationships and structures. Strategies for institutional change are directed at alteration of the hierarchical power structures so that power is shared and decision making collaborative.
Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Collective Understandings of the Founders, Part 2
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This inquiry continues to explore the understandings of patient, therapist, and occupation held by the founders of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy. The first part of this search, published in the April 1991 issue of AJOT, discussed personal narratives and anecdotes about George Edward Barton, Susan Elizabeth Tracy, and William Rush Dunton, Jr. This second part extends that discussion through an examination of the shaping influence of World War I on Dunton’s beliefs and through consideration of the views held by Eleanor Clarke Slagle, Herbert J. Hall, Susan Cox Johnson, and Thomas Bessell Kidner. Influenced by contemporary historical forces as well as their personal experiences, the founders shared a common understanding that the right occupation could help persons in need. Personal narratives found within the early occupational therapy literature illustrate each founder’s unique understanding of the manner in which occupation might address contemporary problems. Each view contributed to the development of a multifaceted therapy. Exploration of the multiple interpretations that shaped a common idea may help current therapists to better understand their heritage of caring and to compare it with current practices.
Pragmatic Learning and Media Courses at New York University
Authors: Breines Estelle , Avi-Itzhak Tamara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The responses of students who were exposed to pragmatic and conventional learning models with regard to activities were analyzed and compared for content. Seventeen categories representing the students’ thoughts and feelings about crafts emerged from the content analysis. These categories were divided into three content areas: pragmatic concepts, nonpragmatic concepts, and feelings. The 17 concepts were subjected to statistical analysis (i.e., group t tests). As anticipated, exposure to the pragmatic learning model resulted in significant positive changes in pragmatic concepts and feelings and, to a lesser degree, in nonpragmatic concepts. Additionally, exposure to the pragmatic learning model resulted in fewer negative remarks about crafts and their use in therapy. These findings were supported by a case study and may aid educators in designing media education courses.
The Effects of Habilitative Hospital Admission on Self-Care, Self-Esteem, and Frequency of Physical Care
Authors: Bolding Deborah J. , Llorens Lela A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effects of a habilitative hospital admission for the multidisciplinary teaching of activities of daily living were investigated with 3 children with spina bifida and 1 child with juvenile arthritis. Specific evaluation tools included analysis of individualized goals, the Klein-Bell Activity of Daily Living Scale (Klein & Bell, 1979), the Physical Child Care Record (Johnson & Dietz, 1985), and the Piers–Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (Piers & Harris, 1967). The children were evaluated on hospital admission, at discharge, and 3 months after discharge. The results show that hospital admission can be an effective means of increasing independence and decreasing frequency of physical care by parents. Some changes in self-esteem occurred in both directions; however, these changes may be attributed to variables other than hospitalization or changes in self-care status.
Self-Esteem of Persons With Cerebral Palsy: From Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Magill-Evans Joyce E. , Restall Gayle 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A longitudinal study of self-esteem in 22 adolescents with cerebral palsy is reported. The subjects were matched with nondisabled adolescents by age, sex, IQ, and school. Seven years later, 39 of the 44 subjects (mean age = 22.8 years) completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Roid & Fitts, 1988), the Social Support Inventory (McCubbin, Patterson, Rossman, & Cooke, 1982), and a demographic questionnaire with some open-ended questions. As adolescents, the girls with cerebral palsy scored significantly lower than the other groups on physical, social, and personal self-esteem; however, as adults, these subjects were no longer significantly different from the other groups. Male subjects with cerebral palsy had self-esteem scores similar to those of the nondisabled groups in both adolescence and adulthood. Demographic information is summarized. The factors that the subjects identified as leading to changes in self-esteem were relationships and experiences. The low self-esteem scores indicate that psychosocial occupational therapy intervention with adolescent girls with cerebral palsy and with some adults with cerebral palsy would be appropriate.
Occupational Therapy in Geriatric Mental Health
Authors: Trace Susan , Howell Timothy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Elderly persons with psychiatric disorders often experience a variety of functional deficits that affect their independence, safety, and activity level. The occupational therapist’s role in addressing these needs is discussed, as are the possibilities for improvement of the elderly person’s autonomy, safety, and integrity. Barriers to optimal service provision in the health care and social service systems as well as in occupational therapy are addressed.
Occupational Therapy and Education: A Shared Vision
Authors: Schwartz Kathleen Barker 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the visions that the educational progressives and founders of occupational therapy expressed for their respective professions, and it examines the thematic ideas that each held in common. These shared themes centered on humanistic values, a belief in occupation, and the promotion of scientific research. The parallels in thinking found within the two groups are examined, and the possible influence of the progressive education movement on the development of occupational therapy is suggested. This analysis is placed within the context of the progressive period of American history, 1900 to 1920.
Point of Departure (A Play About Founding the Profession)
Authors: Bing Robert K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Through a combination of recorded conversations, published speeches, and correspondence, insights are gained into some perspectives of William Rush Dunton, Jr., MD (1868–1966), one of the founders of the occupational therapy movement. His views on the spirit of research and the differentiation of occupational therapy and physical therapy are offered. His personal feelings about some of his contemporaries – Adolf Meyer, Eleanor Clarke Slagle, and George Edward Barton – are also related. The events leading to the creation of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy in 1917, the forerunner of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., are detailed.
The Reconstruction Aides
Authors: Low Jaclyn Faglie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The reconstruction aides, civilian women who served in World War I, are credited with an influential role in the development of occupational therapy. Their task was to provide treatment in the form of occupation to enable servicemen suffering from wounds or battle neurosis to return to the battlefront. Although some occupational therapy aides were occupational therapists, many were teachers, artists, and craftspersons. This paper traces the history of the reconstruction aides, describes the women who served, and recounts their experiences. The relationships between reconstruction aides and other professions suggest the origins of current problems of professional identity and role delineation.
Cross-Cultural Assessment of Process Skills
Authors: Fisher Anne G. , Liu Yihfen , Velozo Craig A. , Pan Ay Woan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A standardized activities of daily living evaluation that has acceptable psychometric qualities, can relate discrete component skills to functional performance, includes culture-relevant test items, is standardized on culture-specific samples, and is free of culture bias is needed to evaluate diverse cultural populations. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) (Fisher, 1990a) offers a unique solution. The AMPS consists of 35 motor and process skill items assumed to represent two universal taxonomies that are free of cultural bias. The study described in this paper focused on the 20 process skill items of the AMPS process skills scale.
To test the hypothesis that the AMPS process skills scale is suitable for cross-cultural applications. a translation of the AMPS was calibrated on a group of 20 Taiwanese subjects. The validity and reliability of the AMPS process skills scale were examined when applied to this sample. Examination of reliability included the extent to which rater scoring remained stable over time.
The results revealed that the AMPS process skills scale has high intrarater reliability and is valid when applied to young nondisabled Taiwanese subjects. The results suggested that the AMPS could be applied to Taiwanese samples. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether Taiwanese activities can be calibrated onto the same scale as North American activities to make a single cross-cultural AMPS.
Fine Motor Activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provisional Implications for Children With Fine Motor Problems
Authors: McHale Kathleen , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to obtain a detailed picture of the fine motor requirements in regular elementary school classrooms. This knowledge is critical for occupational therapists in working with children with fine motor and handwriting problems who are mainstreamed into regular classes. The allocation of time to fine motor activities and the type of fine motor tasks children are expected to perform in elementary school were investigated through the observation of six elementary school classrooms. A written minute-by-minute record of one whole day’s activities in each classroom showed that 30% to 60% of the day was allocated to fine motor activities, with writing tasks predominating over other manipulative tasks. Implications for children with fine motor difficulties include the need for modifications to volume of work, types of tasks, and materials.
Activity Positioning and Ischial Tuberosity Pressure: A Pilot Study
Authors: Park Christopher A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ipsilateral ischial tuberosity pressure of 12 subjects seated in wheelchairs was measured during reach to an activity positioned on both an upright and a flat plane. Ischial tuberosity pressure during cross-body, forward, and lateral reach was measured with a static pressure measurement device. Differences between flat-plane readings and upright-plane readings were analyzed with a t test; no significant difference was obtained. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences in ischial tuberosity pressure between cross-body, forward, and lateral reach in the flat plane activity. However, no significant difference was found between cross-body, forward, and lateral reach in the upright-plane activity. Results of this study support the theory that forward and lateral positioning of activity can supplement standard techniques for relieving pressure.
Effects of Linear Vestibular Stimulation on Body-Rocking Behavior in Adults With Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: Dave Charul A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effects of linear vestibular stimulation on body-rocking behaviors in adults with profound mental retardation were studied. A single-system multiple baseline design across 3 subjects was used. The design included three phases spread over a period of 9 weeks. An interval time sampling procedure was used to collect data. Data from the 3 subjects were graphed and interpreted through visual inspection. Trend lines were computed with the celeration line approach to supplement the visual inspection of the data. The results demonstrated a decrease in body-rocking behaviors during the treatment and follow-up phases for Subject 2 but no obvious change in performance for Subjects 1 and 3. A lengthier treatment period and selection of subjects with similar body-rocking frequencies are suggested for further research.
Embracing Our Past, Informing Our Future: A Feminist Re-Vision of Health Care
Authors: Hamlin Roxie Black 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Using a feminist perspective, this paper explores the roots of the practice of healing and medicine. It traces the role of women in health care from prehistorical times, through the present, and into the future discussing the changing paradigms that the author identifies as (a) the Prototypic Paradigm: Mysticism and Healing; (b) the Scientific Paradigm: Curing; and (c) the Paradigm of Inclusion: Caring, Curing, and Healing. The role and status of women in society are reflected within these paradigms, and the changing status of the profession of occupational therapy is discussed within this framework. The unique skills and contributions of occupational therapy more closely fit within the Paradigm of Inclusion and can support us as health care leaders within the changing world of the 21st century.
A Mother’s Work: Two Levels of Feminist Analysis of Family-Centered Care
Authors: Pierce Doris , Frank Gelya 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The following case describes 5 years of a mother’s care for her child with multiple chronic conditions, in the neonatal intensive care unit and at home. Because caregiving is primarily a female activity, a feminist approach is used. This mother’s efforts on behalf of her son show how work within the domains of direct medical care, normal mothering care, coordination of equipment and supplies and professionals, and synthesis of meaning emanated from her definition of motherhood. The case suggests interventions in family-centered care, offers an examination of two levels of feminist analysis for their usefulness to occupational therapy, and provides an opportunity to examine the topic of motherhood within feminism.
Occupational Therapy Treatments for Constructional Deficits
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists use both adaptive and remedial approaches to perceptual retraining in adults with head injury. This experimental treatment outcome study compared the effects of adaptive and remedial treatments for constructional deficits on meal preparation competence and on constructional abilities in adult men with head injury. Forty-five subjects, 18 to 52 years of age, in long-term rehabilitation programs were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. A remedial group (n = 22) received individual training with parquetry block assembly, and an adaptive group (n = 23) received individual training in food preparation activities. Both groups received training for three 30-min sessions per week for 6 weeks, in addition to their regular rehabilitation programs. Results of analyses of variance and paired t tests on perceptual and functional test scores showed task-specific learning in both groups and suggested that training in functional activities may be the better way to improve performance in such activities in this population.
Instructing Occupational Therapy Students in Information Retrieval
Authors: Griffin Nancy L. , Schumm Robert W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effectiveness of a brief program designed to teach occupational therapy students enrolled in a graduate research methods class to conduct searches of four electronic databases was investigated. Students in the experimental class read an instructional booklet and received approximately 1 hour of supervised practice time using compact disk – read-only memory (CD-ROM) equipment. Questionnaire data revealed that compared with the students in the control class, the students completing the training program reported being significantly more familiar with six of seven key concepts and indicated significantly higher levels of usage of the four databases studied in the program.