bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going Round in Circles: Circular Migration, Poverty Alleviation and Marginality
Authors: Skeldon Ronald 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCircular migration has come into vogue in policy circles, particularly in Europe. However, if circular migration is to be the object of policy intervention, it will have to be clearly identifiable as a particular type of population mobility. In this paper, I consider both internal and international migrations. I examine the antecedents of the idea of circulation, together with the difficulties of separating and identifying it as a migration type. I argue that the form and composition of circular migration change over time, making it difficult to design policies specific to that type of mobility. I examine the consequences of circular migration for human welfare. While circular migration extends the resource base of households and helps minimize risk and support subsistence, long‐term rather than shorter‐term circulatory movements may provide the more reliable pathway to improving welfare, although the available data are hardly robust. I consider the issues of free versus unfree labour and the likelihood of becoming trapped in marginal positions in destination areas in relation to defining circular migration. Circular migration may be a more useful conceptual approach in migration theory than a tool for policy prescription. Hence, I advocate a cautious approach to the role of policy intervention in circular migration in this paper, although I recognize that attempts to limit its scope will be counterproductive. Equally, attempts to regulate it within some form of institutional framework are likely to turn circular migration into a form of temporary labour migration. Nevertheless, I argue that creating an environment in which circular migration is a rational response may have a greater potential to foster development in places of origin than designing policies to manage circulatory movements directly.
Revisiting the Remittance Mantra: A Study of Migration–Development Policy Formation in Tanzania
Authors: Hansen Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the links between migration and development in Tanzania and the formation of migration–development policies. I argue that current remittance and diaspora policies are not based on knowledge of the transnational practices of the existing diaspora but, rather, on general notions of remittances and diasporas that are circulated by international development institutions. I also argue that although migration–development policies arouse great optimism among some Tanzanian government officials and leading politicians, the use of remittances and the diaspora as vehicles for development and economic growth in fact collides with other policy considerations. Analytically, in this paper I examine the cultural values and ideas embedded in remittance and diaspora policy formation. I draw on the study of the religious movements known as “cargo cults”, to examine the emergence of Tanzanian migration–development policies and argue that there are striking similarities between remittance and diaspora policy formation and cargo cults. Most importantly, they both express belief in the existence of an external transformative power, with development and change seen as coming from the outside rather than from within. Cargo cults and remittance policies also share a sense of local ownership over a flow of resources emanating from the outside, and they both emphasize technical solutions and communication when trying to attract wealth back to local communities. I also use the analysis of cargo cults to understand why such optimism surrounds remittance and diaspora policies in Tanzania. Overall, in this paper I add to our understanding of the links between migration and development in Tanzania, and to our understanding of the difficulties faced by poor developing countries in effectively formulating and implementing migration–development policies.
The Migration and Development Pendulum: A Critical View on Research and Policy
Authors: de Haas Hein 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAt the dawn of the new millennium, international development agencies and governments have “discovered” the potential of migration and remittances to stimulate development in poor countries. However, migration and development is anything but a new topic. The debate about migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from optimism in the postwar period to deep “brain drain” pessimism since the 1970s towards neo‐optimistic “brain gain” since 2000. Influenced by growing policy disappointment, we might now be at the beginning of a backswing towards more pessimistic views. While these shifts are rooted in deeper ideological and paradigmatic shifts, a review of empirical evidence yields a much more nuanced picture. Despite the often considerable benefits of migration and remittances for individuals and communities involved, migrants alone can generally not remove more structural development constraints and migration may actually contribute to development stagnation and reinforce the political status quo. Despite their development potential, migrants and remittances can therefore neither be blamed for a lack of development nor be expected to trigger take‐off development in generally unattractive investment environments. Recent views celebrating migration as self‐help development “from below” are partly driven by neoliberal ideologies that shift the attention away from structural development constraints and, hence, the responsibility of migrant‐sending states to pursue political and economic reform. Immigrant‐receiving countries can increase the development potential of migration by creating legal channels for high‐ and lower‐skilled migration and integration policies that favour socio‐economic mobility of migrants and avoid their marginalization.
Does translocation influence physiological stress in the desert tortoise?
Authors: Drake K. K. , Nussear K. E. , Esque T. C. , Barber A. M. , Vittum K. M. , Medica P. A. , Tracy C. R. , Hunter K. W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWildlife translocation is increasingly used to mitigate disturbances to animals or habitat due to human activities, yet little is known about the extent to which translocating animals causes stress. To understand the relationship between physiological stress and translocation, we conducted a multiyear study (2007–2009) using a population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) near Fort Irwin, California. Blood samples were collected from adult tortoises in three treatment groups (resident, translocated and control) for 1 year prior to and 2 years after translocation. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma total corticosterone (CORT), a glucocorticoid hormone commonly associated with stress responses in reptiles. CORT values were analyzed in relation to potential covariates (animal sex, date, behavior, treatment, handling time, air temperature, home‐range size, precipitation and annual plant production) among seasons and years. CORT values in males were higher than in females, and values for both varied monthly throughout the activity season and among years. Year and sex were strong predictors of CORT, and translocation explained little in terms of CORT. Based on these results, we conclude that translocation does not elicit a physiological stress response in desert tortoises.
A novel mutation in the β‐tubulin gene TUBB2B associated with complex malformation of cortical development and deficits in axonal guidance
Authors: ROMANIELLO ROMINA , TONELLI ALESSANDRA , ARRIGONI FILIPPO , BASCHIROTTO CINZIA , TRIULZI FABIO , BRESOLIN NEREO , BASSI MARIA TERESA , BORGATTI RENATO 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNeurological disorders characterized by abnormal neuronal migration, organization, axon guidance, and maintenance have recently been associated with missense and splice‐site mutations in the genes encoding α‐ and β‐tubulin isotypes TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBA8. We found a novel heterozygous mutation c.419G > C in exon 4 of the gene encoding TUBB2B in a female with microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, open‐lip schizencephaly of the left parietal lobe, extensive polymicrogyria, basal ganglia and thalami dysmorphisms, and vermis and right third nerve hypoplasia. The missense change results in a glycine to alanine substitution; the mutated residue falls within an invariant glycine‐rich region and therefore is likely to result in impaired protein function and possibly microtubule formation. This study expands the spectrum of brain malformations associated with mutations in the β‐tubulin gene TUBB2B, supporting its critical role in migration/organization and axon guidance processes. In addition, it suggests a possible genetic aetiology of schizencephaly, thus strengthening the hypothesis that there is a common pathophysiological base in polymicrogyria and schizencephaly.
The interpupillary distance in adult Caucasian subjects, with reference to ‘readymade’ reading spectacle centration
Authors: Pointer Jonathan S 
Published: May 2012

Citation information:Pointer JS. The interpupillary distance in adult Caucasian subjects, with reference to ‘readymade’ reading spectacle centration.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt2012,32, 324–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2012.00910.xAbstractPurpose: The magnitude of the far interpupillary distance (FIPD) has recognized significance within and beyond clinical optometry. Quantitative information regarding the lesser‐reported near parameter (NIPD) would similarly be of interest, and could be of relevance with regard to the visual comfort obtained with ‘readymade’ reading spectacles.Methods: Mensuration statistics relating to the FIPD and NIPD are presented, as collated from the spectacle dispensing records ofn = 1354 healthy Caucasian presbyopic subjects. The FIPD data were partitioned across 4 age bands (by decade, 41–80 years of age): the NIPD data were distributed across seven nominal reading powers (in 0.50 D steps, +1.00 to +4.00 D). The results of these analyses are considered here, along with their potential application.Results: Consistent gender (male > female) and classification (far > near) differences in IPD (both of approximately 3 mm) were confirmed throughout these data. The magnitude of the adult FIPD is in accord with previously published results; this dimension is now supplemented by NIPD values, whose relationship with total near power is also described.Conclusions: This new anthropometric survey indicates that inter‐ and intra‐gender interocular facial measurement stability is a characteristic of presbyopic subjects. It is suggested that across the anticipated range of age and total reading power requirement of Caucasian (White Northern European) wearers of ‘readymade’ reading spectacles, adoption of a standard optical centration distance of 61 mm would be universally appropriate.
Eye masks and earplugs improve patient's perception of sleep
Authors: Jones Catherine , Dawson Deborah 
Published: May 2012

Background: Critical care patients experience deranged sleep for a number of reasons including noise, environment, severity of illness and care activities. This service evaluation was prompted by the concern that patients were not getting enough sleep because of excessive noise levels in our unit.Aim: To determine self‐reported sleep experiences and perceived factors affecting sleep quality among intensive care patients before and after the introduction of earplugs and eye masks.Design: A pre/post intervention service evaluation (n = 100) was completed to evaluate the efficacy of eye masks and earplugs in critical care patients.Methods: Participants (n = 100) were recruited from one large critical care unit. During August 2008 to January 2009, 50 patients were recruited and received standard care. A further 50 were recruited between May and October 2009. This group was given eye masks and earplugs to aid their sleep on the critical care unit. A data collection tool was devised comprising three elements: (1) collection of demographic data from hospital charts and medical notes, (2) rating quality and quantity of sleep using two likert scales and (3) a four‐item data collection sheet was used comprising of one closed and three open‐ended questions.Results: Noise was identified as a significant factor preventing sleep in the pre‐intervention (50%) and intervention (52%) group. The pre‐intervention group identified medication (26%) (i.e. night sedation or analgesia) and ‘simply nothing’ (24%) as factors promoting sleep.Conclusion: The intervention group identified earplugs (22%) and eye masks (28%) as factors promoting sleep. It appears that simple interventions such as eye masks and earplugs may be a valuable addition to patients attempting to sleep in a critical care unit.Relevance to clinical practice: Earplugs and eye masks are a useful adjunct to strategies promoting sleep in critical care areas.
Laser Speckle Flowmetry Method for Measuring Spatial and Temporal Hemodynamic Alterations Throughout Large Microvascular Networks
Authors: MEISNER JOSHUA K. , SUMER SUNA , MURRELL KELSEY P. , HIGGINS TIMOTHY J. , PRICE RICHARD J. 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Meisner JK, Sumer S, Murrell KP, Higgins TJ, Price RJ. Laser speckle flowmetry method for measuring spatial and temporal hemodynamic alterations throughout large microvascular networks. Microcirculation 19: 619–631, 2012.AbstractObjectives:  1) To develop and validate laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) as a quantitative tool for individual microvessel hemodynamics in large networks. 2) To use LSF to determine if structural differences in the dorsal skinfold microcirculation (DSFWC) of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice impart differential network hemodynamic responses to occlusion.Methods:  We compared LSF velocity measurements with known/measured velocities in vitro using capillary tube tissue phantoms and in vivo using mouse DSFWCs and cremaster muscles. Hemodynamic changes induced by feed arteriole occlusion were measured using LSF in DSFWCs implanted on C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.Results:  In vitro, we found that the normalized speckle intensity (NSI) versus velocity linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.97) did not vary with diameter or hematocrit and can be shifted to meet an expected operating range. In vivo, DSFWC and cremaster muscle preparations (R2 = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively) demonstrated similar linear relationships between NSI and centerline velocity. Stratification of arterioles into predicted collateral pathways revealed significant differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains in response to feed arteriole occlusion.Conclusions:  These data demonstrate the applicability of LSF to intravital microscopy microcirculation preparations for determining both relative and absolute hemodynamics on a network‐wide scale while maintaining the resolution of individual microvessels.
Species Boundaries in Tintinnid Ciliates: A Case Study – Morphometric Variability, Molecular Characterization, and Temporal Distribution of Helicostomella species (Ciliophora, Tintinnina)
Authors: Xu Dapeng , Sun Ping , Shin Mann KYOON , Kim Young OK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTintinnids are a large group of planktonic ciliates with diverse morphologies. The range of variability in lorica shapes and sizes can be very high even within a single species depending on life stages and environmental conditions, which makes the delimitation of different species based on morphological criteria alone very difficult. Accordingly, comparisons of morphological and molecular variability in tintinnids are necessary to provide a pragmatic approach for establishing species boundaries within this diverse and poorly understood group. We investigated the temporal distribution of species of the hyaline tintinnid Helicostomella (Ciliophora, Tintinnina), which were collected daily from September 2008 to August 2009 in Jangmok Bay of Geoje Island on the south coast of Korea. Two forms – a long form and a short form, were discovered. The long form was found in cold waters in February and March whereas the short form occurred in warm waters from June to October. Thus, these two forms were seasonally isolated. However, all the morphological characteristics for these two forms overlap to some degree. A comparison of the small subunit (SSU) rDNA, ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2, and ITS2 sequences from two forms revealed 0.5%, 3.8%, and 5.6% divergences, respectively. Morever, one compensatory base change (CBC) and three hemi‐CBCs were identified from ITS2 secondary structures of these two forms. All these data suggest that these two forms represent two distinct species despite their highly similar lorica morphology. The phylogenetic position of the genus Helicostomella was also examined using SSU rDNA sequences.
Causal Systems Categories: Differences in Novice and Expert Categorization of Causal Phenomena
Authors: Rottman Benjamin M. , Gentner Dedre , Goldwater Micah B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe investigated the understanding of causal systems categories—categories defined by common causal structure rather than by common domain content—among college students. We asked students who were either novices or experts in the physical sciences to sort descriptions of real‐world phenomena that varied in their causal structure (e.g., negative feedback vs. causal chain) and in their content domain (e.g., economics vs. biology). Our hypothesis was that there would be a shift from domain‐based sorting to causal sorting with increasing expertise in the relevant domains. This prediction was borne out: The novice groups sorted primarily by domain and the expert group sorted by causal category. These results suggest that science training facilitates insight about causal structures.
Neurovascular anatomical variations in the anterior palate observed on CBCT images
Authors: de Oliveira‐Santos Christiano , Rubira‐Bullen Izabel R. F. , Monteiro Solange A. C. , León Jorge E. , Jacobs Reinhilde 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the presence of additional foramina and canals in the anterior palate region, through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, describing their location, direction, and diameter.Materials & MethodsCBCT exams of 178 subjects displaying the anterior maxilla were included and the following parameters were registered: gender; age group; presence of additional foramina in the anterior palate (AFP) with at least 1 mm in diameter; location and diameter of AFP; and direction of bony canals associated with AFP.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients (15.7%) presented AFP and in total 34 additional foramina were registered. No statistical differences between patients with or without AFP were found for gender or age. The average diameter of AFP was 1.4 mm (range from 1 to 1.9 mm). Their location was variable, with most of the cases occurring in the alveolar process near the incisors or canines (n = 27). In 18 cases, AFP was associated with bony canals with upward or oblique direction toward the anterior nasal cavity floor. In 14 cases, the canal presented as a direct extension of the canalis sinuosus, in an upward direction laterally to the nasal cavity aperture. In two cases, the canal was observed adjacent to the incisive and joined the nasopalatine canal superiorly.DiscussionCBCT images have a crucial role in the recognition of anatomical variations by allowing detailed tridimensional evaluations. Additional foramina and canals in the anterior region of the upper jaw are relatively frequent. Practitioners should be aware and trained to identify these variations.ConclusionsOver 15% of the population studied had additional foramina in the anterior palate, between 1 mm and 1.9 mm wide, with variable locations. In most cases the canals associated with these foramina either presented as a direct extension of the canalis sinuosus, or coursed towards the nasal cavity floor.
Simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching enhances learning outcomes
Authors: Marei H. F. , Al‐Jandan B. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching strategies compared to the traditional classroom lecture format on the acquisition of knowledge by students.Subjects and methodsTwo groups of 10 students each were included in our study. Each of the dental students was enrolled in their third year of the programme. None of the students had ever received instructions in local anaesthesia. Group I received a 45‐min instructional module that was delivered in the classroom in the traditional PowerPoint lecture format. Group II received a 45‐min instructional module in the simulation laboratory as a short tutorial that was followed by an integrated practical demonstration and a hands‐on practice session using local anaesthesia simulation phantoms. An identical 15‐question multiple‐choice test was used to test student knowledge acquisition at the end of the given session.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between the two groups, as the participants in group II had higher score results than those of group I.ConclusionIn contrast to the traditional classroom lecture format, simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching is an effective tool to enhance the acquisition of theoretical knowledge by students.
Bone health in persons with haemophilia: a review
Authors: Ghosh Kanjaksha , Shetty Shrimati 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBone density is a measure of equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption; any imbalance in these two processes might lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in general has been considered to be an important cause of morbidity in both men and women and more so in haemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Specific triggering factors in persons with haemophilia (PWH) are abnormal liver function because of viral infection, bleeding and inflammation, lack of physical and athletic activities, low body weight and others. Although the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is not clear, it has been considered as a severe comorbidity in PWH in both developing and developed countries. This is more evident in developing countries where there is no free access to factor concentrates, and primary prophylaxis is beyond the reach of vast majority of the patients. Only few references are available in the literature on the prevalence and management of osteoporosis in haemophilia population. This review summarises the prevalence, plausible mechanisms and management options of this important morbidity in PWH.
Effects of simulated light intensity, habitat complexity and forage type on predator–prey interactions in walleye Sander vitreus
Authors: Einfalt Lisa M. , Grace Edward J. , Wahl David H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPredator‐prey interactions can be influenced by the behaviour of individual species as well as environmental factors. We conducted laboratory experiments to test for the influences of two abiotic factors (light intensity and habitat complexity) on predator–prey interactions between walleye Sander vitreus and two prey species, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas. Three light intensities were simulated (day, twilight and night) in the presence or absence of simulated vegetation. Observations of predator behaviour indicated that walleye increased activity and foraging success with decreasing light levels and had most success capturing dispersed, closer prey. While schooling could not be maintained as light levels diminished, prey decreased predation vulnerability by moving into vegetation or higher in the water column. Throughout all treatments, bluegill were more evasive to capture as the number of strikes was similar on both prey but capture rates were higher for golden shiner. Although light intensity and simulated habitat complexity affected predator and prey behaviour, these factors did not interact to influence foraging success of walleye. To fully understand predator and prey behaviours in fishes, an understanding of species‐specific responses to abiotic and biotic factors is necessary.