bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between and within inflorescences in relation to the storage capacity of field beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: Aufhammer W. , Nalborczyk E. , Geyer Barbara , Götz Isabella , Mack Carola , Paluch S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo field experiments and one pot experiment were carried out to test the hypothesis that competition and dominance relations between and within inflorescences control seed yield. The experiments compared untreated field bean (Vicia faba L.) plants with others in which the numbers of inflorescences and flowers had been surgically reduced to 18 defined positions at lower or at upper nodes. Growth conditions were varied by sowing date and plant density. Seed yields, yield components and 14C-labelled assimilate distribution were determined.Most untreated plants set no more than 18 pods while treated ones set 4–7 pods fewer. As variation in seed set per pod was small, the resulting number of seeds remained about 30% less in treated compared with untreated plants. In plants with pods set only at upper nodes, 14C-assimilate distribution shifted in favour of leaf and root production, presumably supporting seed production later on. Concerning seed yield per plant, full compensation was reached as mean weights per seed increased up to 40%. In interactions with growth conditions, small overcompensation effects on seed yield per plant were indicated. Results are discussed in relation to storage capacity and yield stability.
Yield, quality and nitrogen fertilizer recovery of standard and semi-dwarf spring wheat as affected by sowing date and fertilizer rate
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. , Sibbitt L. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYBecause of environmental and economic constraints, we need to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on nutrient availability and fertilizer recovery, especially in regions of limited rainfall. This study was conducted to provide information on effects of N rate on yields and N recovery by standard and semi-dwarf spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) sown at two dates.Ammonium nitrate was applied to spring wheat at rates up to 272 kg N/ha each year for 4 consecutive years. Only grain was removed from the plot at harvest. Wheat types did not differ in grain yields, but these yields were significantly reduced in 2 of 4 years by late sowing. Average grain yields for late sowing were greatest at 34 kg N/ha, but yields for early sowing approached maximum at the 68 kg N for semi-dwarf wheat and 136 kg N/ha for the standard wheat.Semi-dwarf wheat was lower than standard wheat in grain and flour protein concentration and baking absorption. Late sowing (May 30) reduced test weights, flour yield and baking absorption, but increased wheat protein concentration as compared with early sowing (April 30). Leaching of fertilizer N below the 90 cm depth ranged from 152 to 378 kg/ha at the 272 kg N/ha/year rate, and was greater for the late than for the early sowing. Fertilizer N that could be accounted for averaged 87 and 82% for early and late seeding respectively. Water-use efficiency was reduced by late sowing.Soil-water extraction by wheat to the 120 cm depth was greater for high N rates.These 4-year results showed that semi-dwarf and standard wheats had only slight differences in total grain production. Also, for efficient use of applied fertilizer and available soil water, wheat should be sown in the spring as soon as soil and weather conditions permit.
The flow of amino acids into the small intestine of cattle when fed heated and unheated beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: McMeniman N. P. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of substituting different amounts of heated and unheated beans for barley in diets to cows, on the flow of total nitrogen (N), total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) and individual amino acids into the proximal duodenum was studied. Neither heating of the beans nor increasing their proportion in the diet significantly increased the flow of total N at the duodenum; however, increasing the proportion of beans did increase the flow of TAA-N. The substitution of both forms of cracked beans for barley, and at both levels significantly increased the flows of leucine and aspartic acid; flows of histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and serine were increased by substitution of both forms of beans but only at the higher level. In the bean supplemented diets significant proportions of all of the ingested amino acids except methionine were apparently destroyed in the forestomachs. The substitution of beans for barley resulted in a net increase of 0·2 g TAA-N flow into the proximal small intestine for each gram of additional dietary N.
Evaluation of legume intercropping in conservation of fertilizer nitrogen in maize culture
Authors: Nair K. P. P. , Patel U. K. , Singh R. P. , Kaushik M. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments made over a period of 2 years (1975–6) covering three crop seasons at Pantnagar, India, on the comparative utility of intercropping the principal maize crop with legumes in economizing fertilizer N requirements of the former, indicated that among soya bean, cowpea, pigeonpea and groundnut, soya bean was the most suitable. At 40 kg N/ha intercropping maize with soya bean gave 19·5% more yield than taking it as a pure crop. When the option to use adequate fertilizer N does not exist, as is invariably the case with the average Indian farmer, intercropping maize with legumes, such as soya bean, is the logical way out. All the intercropping treatments left sufficient residual fertility to significantly increase yield of a wheat crop given no fertilizer which followed maize.
The effect of stress on the redistribution of calcium in sheep
Authors: Moseley G. , Axford R. F. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWelsh mountain sheep were subjected to a number of stressful treatments including minor surgical interference, restrictive handling and adrenaline administration. A decline in plasma calcium concentration was consistently observed following treatment, and this was accompanied by the elevation of plasma NEFA levels. There was a highly significant negative correlation between these changes.Subcutaneous adipose tissue taken by biopsy from adrenaline-treated sheep showed an increase in calcium concentration which was significantly correlated with the depression of plasma calcium concentration.In vitroincubation of omental fat with adrenaline showed there was an uptake of calcium by adipose tissue from the medium, which was dependent on time and log dose of adrenaline.The results are discussed in the light of the possible effect of calcium transport into adipose tissue on calcium homeostasis during periods of severe calcium loss.
Effect of linseed oil fatty acids and linseed oil on rumen fermentation in sheep
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments were made, in which two, four and three sheep were given rations in which increasing amounts of linseed oil fatty acids or Unseed oil were incorporated.Although the changes in the rumen fermentation patterns were similar in all sheep, in some sheep the lipid metabolism in the rumen appeared abnormal, inasmuch as there was considerable accumulation of palmitic and smaller amounts of myristic acid.It was concluded that the increases in the concentration of palmitic acid were due to an increased rate of its synthesis in the rumen, and an attempt was made to calculate these rates approximately.The significance of these results within the context of rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and its inhibition were discussed.
Estimating leaf area in mungbean (Vigna radiata)
Authors: Hamid A. , Agata W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYLinear measurements of the length and maximum width of terminal leaflets of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were made to estimate the whole trifoliate leaf area. The linear measurements were compared with the areas of leaflets and whole trifoliate leaves, determined using a leaf area meter. Five varieties were used in the study. Varieties differed in leaf shape and size, and equations were generated for each of the varieties to estimate the leaf area as a function of the product of the length and maximum width of the terminal leaflets, thus providing a means of nondestructive estimation of leaf area.
Influence OfAspergillus oryzaefermentation extract on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Frumholtz P. P. , Newbold C. J. , Wallace R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of adding a culture extract fromAspergillus oryzae(AO) to the fermentation of a basal ration were investigated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The ration consisted of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal and a minerals/vitamins mixture, at 500, 299–5, 100, 91 and 9–5 g/kg dry matter respectively. AO eliminated the transient fall in pH that occurred following the addition of substrate to Rusitec, but had no influence on the buffering capacity of the medium. Increases in the acetate: propionate ratio and in the proportion of butyrate in the fermentation products were observed in vessels receiving AO. Ammonia concentrations increased by over 30%. The number of total viable bacteria almost doubled and the cellulolytic population increased three-fold in vessels receiving AO. Protozoal numbers were reduced by almost 45% by AO. The proportion of methane in the headspace gas collected from the vessels during the day was significantly(P< 0·01) lower in vessels receiving AO. These results demonstrate that AO has a marked effect on the microbial population and the stoichiometry of the rumen fermentation, and that these changes can be seen in anin vitrosystem.
Foliage of the tree legumes gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania as supplement to napier grass diets for growing goats
Authors: van Eys J. E. , Mathius I. W. , Pongsapan P. , Johnson W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the value of foliage from three tropical legume trees as low level protein supplements to napier grass diets for growing ‘Kacang’ goats. The average crude protein concentration in the napier grass was 12%.Napier grass and foliage of the legume trees Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora were subjected to in situ microbial fermentation and subsequent treatment with acid-pepsin solution. The levels of N solubilized after 2 h incubation were 46 and 43% for napier grass and sesbania respectively, which were higher (P < 0·05) than those for gliricidia and leucaena (27%). Rates of protein disappearance between 2 and 24 h incubation in the rumen averaged 2·6%/h for the legumes and 1·0%/h for napier grass. The proportion of water-insoluble, rumendegradable protein from the legumes was larger (P < 0·05) than that from napier grass.Napier grass intake by goats supplemented with gliricidia or leucaena at 15% of the dry-matter intake from napier grass was lower (P < 0·05) than that of controls receiving no legume supplement. Napier grass intake did not differ between controls and sesbania-supplemented goats. There was no difference among diets in total dry-matter intake, intake of cell wall constituents or digestibility. Average daily gain for control goats was – 1 g/day as compared with 21 g/day for supplemented goats.The feeding of formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (F-SBM) as a supplement to either napier grass or napier grass–legume diets increased (P < 0·05) intake of dry matter and weight gain of goats. Napier grass intake of animals supplemented with only F-SBM was higher (P < 0·05) than that of control animals. The efficiency of N utilization from F-SBM was higher than that in the legumes, but replacement of legumes by F-SBM above 4% F-SBM feeding had no effect on weight gain or efficiency of utilization.It was concluded that napier grass of 6–8 weeks' regrowth with 12% crude protein did not provide sufficient protein for growing goats owing to inefficient protein utilization. The increase in efficiency of protein utilization on supplemented diets is mainly associated with the larger proportion of water insoluble, rumen degradable protein and possibly acid-pepsin soluble protein in tropical tree legumes.
The digestion by cattle of barley and silage diets containing increasing quantities of soya-bean meal
Authors: Rooke J. A. , Alvareza P. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA 4 x 4 latin-square design experiment was carried out to determine the effects of increasing nitrogen (N) intake by feeding diets containing increasing amounts of soyabean meal upon the digestion of organic matter (OM) and N by cattle equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulae. A basal diet (B) containing 600 g ground barley and 400 g grass silage/kg diet and three diets (BS1, BS2 and BS3) in which increasing amounts of the barley were replaced by soya-bean meal were fed. The mean daily intakes of OM and N when each diet was fed were 4·56, 4·55, 4·30 and 4·52 kg OM and 920, 114·7, 138·3 and 164·1 g N for diets B, BSl, BS2 and BS3 respectively.Neither the amounts of OM entering the small intestine nor those voided in the faeces were altered by the diets fed. Thus the mean apparent OM digestibility for all the diets fed was 0·74 + 0·013 and the proportion of digestible OM intake apparently digested in the rumen was 0·77 + 0048.Mean daily concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were significantly (P < 0·001) increased from 38 mg N/l (diet B) to 129 mg N/l (diet BS3) as N intake increased.The quantities of non-ammonia N and of amino acid N entering the small intestine were not significantly (P >0·05) increased as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet, although diet BSl supported the greatest flows of N to the small intestine. Thus as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet there were increasing net losses of nonammoniaN(P < 0·01) and amino acid N (P < 0·01) prior to the small intestine. Faecal N excretion was not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased and thus apparent N digestibility was significantly (P < 0·01) increased by increasing soyabean intake.Both the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine daily and the apparent efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the rumen were increased when diet BSl was fed in comparison with the basal diet (B) and then declined when diets BS2 and BS3 were fed; these increases were not significant. The quantities of feed N entering the small intestine daily were not significantly (P > 0·05) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased; thus apparent feed N degradability in the rumen was significantly (P < 0·01) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased. In contrast, the rates of disappearance of N from each of the components of the diets fed, when incubated in the rumens of the cattle in porous synthetic fibre-bags, were not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased.
Growth of sugar-beet crops including the influence of synthetic plant growth regulators
Authors: Green C. F. , Vaidyanathan L. V. , Ivins J. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryObservations are presented from a crop of sugar beet grown in Cambridgeshire during 1978, and a field trial at Sutton Bonington during 1985 in which the influence of synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) daminozide, chlormequat, GA4+7and ethephon were compared.Several distinct patterns of growth were evident, being similar for both growing seasons and described by two intersecting straight lines. Early development was characterized by a slow rate of biomass accumulation, a dominance of foliage production with a constant but small root fraction (around 40%), a low specific leaf area and a slow but conservative rate of sucrose fractionation. Later in the season the rate of stand growth was both constant and maximal, the root fraction doubled, specific leaf area increased and the rate of sucrose accumulation rose markedly.Transitions between developmental phases occurred at various times dependent on variate under consideration. The onset of the main growth period began at the end of June, followed by an increase in the rate of sucrose accumulation about 2 weeks later. Finally, near the end of July, partition of assimilate into the root assumed a faster rate. Changes in the partitioning into both roots and sucrose are discussed in relation to the development of the secondary cambium.Generally there were no effects of PGRs on biomass accumulation, dry-matter partitioning, specific leaf area and sucrose accumulation. However, daminozide increased early canopy expansion and early dry-matter production but failed to influence biomass or sugar yield.
An investigation of the usefulness of phosphorus concentrations in tissue water as indicators of the phosphorus status of field-grown spring barley
Authors: Leigh R. A. , Johnston A. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of recalculating P concentrations in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Georgie or Julia) on the basis of tissue water were investigated. Expressing P concentrations in this way altered their apparent behaviour with time. Whereas % P in dry matter declined during growth, P concentrations in tissue water decreased initially but then increased. The rate of increase became more rapid during senescence. Nitrogen and water supplies induced differences in % P in dry matter but these were reduced when P concentrations were expressed on the basis of tissue water. Like % P in dry matter, P concentrations in tissue water were lower in crops grown on a soil that had not received P since 1852. It is suggested that P concentrations in tissue water can provide a method for assessing crop P status that has some advantages over % P in dry matter.
Comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency in maize/mungbean intercropping
Authors: Chowdhury M. K. , Rosario E. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEffects of rhizobial inoculation and applied nitrogen on the utilization efficiency of N, P and K were studied in relation to the yield advantage in additive maize/mungbean intercrops at Los Baños, Philippines in 1988. Inoculation increased grain yield of both maize (Zea mays L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Yield of maize increased by 60% in the sole crop and 71% in the intercrop as the N application rate was increased from 0 to 90 kg/ha, with a corresponding decrease of 29–35% in the yield of the associated mungbean. Intercropping reduced mungbean yield by 35–57%; maize was less affected. Inoculation also improved the land equivalent ratio (LER). The highest LER (1·49) was obtained at 30 kg N/ha with inoculation.Nutrient absorption by both maize and mungbean was reduced due to intercropping, mungbean being more affected than maize. The reductions in the N absorption efficiency of maize ranged from 4 to 37% and those of mungbean from 37 to 58%. Increases in N rate increased N absorption of maize but caused greater reductions in N absorption of mungbean. Reductions in P absorption by intercropped maize declined with increases in applied N and with inoculation. Inoculation, however, had a lesser effect on K absorption efficiency.Land equivalent ratio analysis in terms of N, P and K utilization efficiency showed that the increase in LER over unity was due largely to a higher total uptake of nutrients by the component crops in the mixture than by the sole crops. The greater efficiency of intercrops than of the sole crops in converting absorbed nutrients to grains also contributed to the yield advantage.
An evaluation of seedling progeny tests for resistance to potato leaf roll virus in potato
Authors: Solomon-Blackburn R. M. , MacKay G. R. , Brown J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYProgeny tests for resistance to potato leafroll virus using true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland ranked progenies by the percentages of seedlings showing primary symptoms, in accordance with the known phenotypes of their parents. Symptoms were more obvious in seedlings grown under sodium lamps than in those grown under fluorescent strip lights. These glasshouse seedling progeny tests were then evaluated by comparing them with field clonal trials. The progeny tests were found to identify effectively those progenies most resistant to potato leafroll virus but were not effective for identifying the most resistant clones within progenies.
Performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing duckweed (Lemna gibba)
Authors: Haustein A. T. , Gilman R. H. , Skillicorn P. W. , Hannan H. , Díaz F. , Guevara V. , Vergara V. , Gastañaduy A. , Gilman J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTitan broiler chickens kept in batteries at the Universidad Agraria, Lima, were fed diets containing duckweed (Lemna gibba) in proportions of 0, 10, 15 and 25%. The weight gain of broilers fed 15% duckweed was similar to that of the controls; 25% duckweed in the diet resulted in a significant decrease in feed consumption and weight gain.To determine if Titan and Arbor Acres broiler chickens could be maintained on duckweed diets under commercial conditions, birds were fed diets containing 0 and 5% duckweed. Female birds (Titan and Arbor Acres) fed diets containing 5 % duckweed showed increased final weights. The pigmentation of all birds receiving the diet containing duckweed was significantly increased.Duckweed used at levels of up to 15 % in the diets of broiler chickens could represent an important protein source for poultry feed in developing countries where soyabean meal or fish-meal are not available.
An investigation into copper deficiency in cattle in the Southern Pennines. I. Identification of suspect areas using geochemical reconnaissance followed by blood copper surveys
Authors: Thornton I. , Kershaw G. F. , Davies M. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSevere clinical copper deficiency has been recognized for some years on a number of farms within an area of 10 square miles in North Staffordshire. Response to injected copper is good and supplementation is now regular practice. One of the causes would appear to be a dietary excess of molybdenum, confirmed in soil and pasture.Geochemical reconnaissance in 1965 delineated areas totalling 60 square miles, including the above area, in which molybdenum occurs in above normal concentrations in stream sediments, rocks, soils and pasture. The source of the molybdenum was found to be black marine shales of Carboniferous age. Within the areas the presence of molybdeniferous soils and pasture is related to local variation in geology and parent material and is in particular affected by drift cover.Blood copper analysis on 350 cattle from 26 herds, excluding those herds in which deficiency was previously recognized, indicated hypocupraemia in 64% within the geochemically denned molybdeniferous area compared to 35 % in nearby control areas. Excluding animals fed minerals, the results were 77 and 37%, respectively. On the whole, deficient animals showed no marked clinical symptoms of hypocuprosis, though unthriftiness and poor fertility are common in the area.