bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia
Authors: Wallis T E , Rohatgi S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Rauwolfia of Indian commerce consists of the dried rhizomes and roots, with occasional small pieces of attached aerial stem, of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. The important histological features are the cork, composed of alternating layers of broad and narrow cells, giving a somewhat spongy and friable exterior to the drug; the narrow bark and the wide central mass of wood in the root or broad ring in the rhizome, showing about 3 to 8 growth rings; a tetrarch, or occasionally triarch, primary xylem in roots or a very small pith at the centre of rhizomes; in the periphery of the pith a ring of about 20 small groups of perimedullary phloem. All the cells of the wood, including those of the medullary rays are lignified. The xylem vessels, fibres and parenchyma form narrow undulating radially arranged bands, separated by large medullary rays in the root and by smaller ones in the rhizome. The vessel segments are small and narrow and the xylem fibres are often irregularly shaped with long, usually much contorted, tapering ends; many of the vessels, especially in the rhizome, show tylosis and occasionally contain resinous masses. The phloem also occurs in undulating bands similar to those of the xylem; phloem fibres are absent. In the rhizome, unlignified pericyclic fibres occur, either singly or in groups of 2 to 4; they show the local and sub-terminal elongated-oval enlargements characteristic of the Apocynaceæ. All the parenchymatous tissues, except the cork, contain numerous starch grains, about 4 to 20 to 50μ in diameter. Cells containing a brownish yellow secretion occur in small numbers, either singly or in short longitudinal rows, in the bark, wood and pith, being most frequent in the cortex of pieces of rhizome. Typical laticiferous tubes are absent. Calcium oxalate occurs in numerous cells of the phloem and of the medullary rays of the bark; the crystals are either well-formed prisms or aggregates of irregular angular components.
The Absorption Spectra and Ionic Dissociation of Thiouracil Derivatives with Reference to Their Anti-Thyroid Activity
Authors: Stuckey R E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The ultra-violet absorption spectra of 2-thiouracil, 2-thio-4-methyluracil, 1:4-dimethyl-2-methylmercapto-6-oxypyrimidine and 2-methylmercapto-4-methyl-6-oxypyrimidine have been determined at varying pH values. Electrometric titration curves have been plotted for 2-thio-4-methyluracil, 2-methylmercapto-4-methyl-6-oxypyrimidine and 1:4-dimethyl-2-methylmercapto-6-oxypyrimidine, and pKa values for these compounds in aqueous ethyl alcohol have been recorded. The close connection between change in pH and change in ultraviolet light absorption for the compounds studied shows that absorption changes are due primarily to ionisation and subsequent ionic rearrangement. On the basis of the iodine oxidation theory, the probable ionic nature of the iodine absorption mechanism suggests that thiouracil derivatives which are appreciably ionised at pH 7&#x006d;̇3 are most likely to exhibit anti-thyroid activity.
A Note on the Conversion of w-Tribromoquinaldine to w-Dibromoquinaldine and the Production of Quinaldic Aldehyde
Authors: Sharp L K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
w-Dibromoquinaldine cannot be prepared by selective bromination of quinaldine, the only product isolated being the w-tribromo derivative, but the former may be prepared by reduction from the latter. Hammick1 reduced tribromoquinaldine by means of stannous chloride in acetone solution, obtaining a yield of 60 per cent. of theory. In order to separate the product from tin compounds, steam distillation was employed. As dibromoquinaldine is only slightly volatile in steam the purification process is tedious. The reduction may however be performed by refluxing w-tribromoquinaldine with a 20 per cent. v/v solution of sulphuric acid in alcohol and pouring the mixture into water. The product separates almost pure in excellent yield, and a single crystallisation from alcohol is all that is necessary. The identity of the product was confirmed by its conversion, by means of alcoholic silver nitrate, to quinaldic aldehyde by the method of Hammick2.
An Examination of Factors Affecting the Precision of the Assay of the Oxytocic Hormone in Posterior Pituitary Lobe Preparations
Authors: Stewart G A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Work has been described which shows the errors which may be encountered under different experimental conditions of the uterine assay of oxytocin, or commercial posterior pituitary extracts where the ratio of oxytocin to vasopressin is not unity.
By increasing the concentration of magnesium chloride in the British Pharmacopoeia 1948 Ringer’s solution, the response of the guinea-pig uterus to pitocin is increased. The response of the guinea-pig uterus to pitressin is also potentiated by increasing the concentration of magnesium chloride, but to a different extent than is pitocin. Different concentrations of calcium chloride in the Ringer’s solution produce potentiation to both pitocin and pitressin, but to different extents. The pressor principle does not produce any oxytocic effect on the uterus suspended in Ringer’s solution from which calcium chloride is absent. The absence of glucose from the Ringer’s solution produces rapid fatiguing of the uterine strip. Temperature regulation of the Ringer’s solution is very important. The sensitivity of uteri from guinea-pigs treated with stilbæstrol is greater than the uteri of progesterone-treated guinea-pigs to both pitocin and pitressin. The ratio of the sensitivity of uteri from progesterone-treated guinea-pigs to pitressin and pitocin is almost unity, whilst the ratio of sensitivity for the uteri of guinea-pigs treated with stilbæstrol indicates that the uteri are more sensitive to pitocin than to pitressin. Seasonal variation in the number of virgin albino guinea-pigs used per assay was not found to be significant. The ratio of oxytocin to vasopressin in the test samples must be the same as the ratio which is stated for the standard. The type of uterus and the physiological salt solution should be stated. It is recommended that the modification of Ringer’s solution proposed by the British Pharmacopoeia 1948 should be used for the guinea-pig assay, and that the uterus of the guinea-pig should be that of a virgin in diæstrus. The chicken blood depressor method offers many advantages over the isolated guinea-pig uterine method. It is cheaper and quicker to perform, and is more accurate in that narrow fiducial limits can be obtained. Until the chicken blood depressor method has been studied exhaustively in many laboratories engaged on the assay of the oxytocic principle, the guinea-pig uterine assay should be run in parallel with the former.
A Titration Method for the Determination of Procaine in Procaine Penicillin and its Oily Suspensions
Authors: Shaw W H C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A semi-micro method for the determination of procaine in procaine-penicillin and in its suspensions in arachis oil is given. The method is based upon extraction of procaine base with chloroform followed by acidification of the extract and titration with sodium nitrite solution. No interference has been encountered in the presence of low potency penicillin or aluminium monostearate. The author wishes to thank Mr. A. G. Fishburn and Mr. R. T. Parry-Jones for their interest and helpful criticism during this work.
The Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of Ethylene Glycol and Some of its Monoalkyl Ethers Against Bacterium Coli: Part VII
Authors: Berry H , Michaels I 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The course of the disinfection (at 30°C.) between Bact. coli and several concentrations of ethylene glycol and the following ethers: monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl, monobutyl and monohexyl has been investigated. Several experiments were conducted at every concentration and probit-log.*** time regressions calculated for all experiments. For every concentration of a substance the sum of squares for the common regression and for the variation in regression were calculated; the error mean square of the regression was also computed. The data for every concentration of each compound have been pooled and a mean regression has been calculated for each compound. The statistical data from all the calculations for the terms of the regressions for every concentration of the compounds (at 30°C.) have been massed and an analysis of variance carried out. The probabilities for the differences between the mean squares of the items in the analysis of variance have been deduced by means of the z distribution. No significant difference could be shown between the variation in regression between concentrations and between tests; these two errors have been pooled in order to establish the error mean square for all the estimations performed. The probit-log. time regression coefficient for every compound has been compared with its standard error; in all cases the ratio was large, thereby indicating that b had been estimated satisfactorily.
The Isolation and Identification of Beetle Fragments from Powdered Vegetable Drugs
Authors: Melville Colin 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A rapid and effective method of isolating insect fragments from powdered infested drugs is described. The method depends on solution of the crude fibre of the drug in acetic anhydride containing 10 per cent. v/v of concentrated sulphuric acid. The diagnostic microscopical characters of five of the more common beetle pests of drugs are described and illustrated. In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Mr. W. D. Hincks, M.P.S., F.R.E.S., of the Manchester Museum, for his assistance in confirming the identity of the species described.
Notes on Microbiological Assays Using Lactobacillus Lactis Dorner
Authors: Shaw G E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method has been described for conducting microbiological assay of material containing vitamin B12. Over a long period regularly reproducible results have been obtained. Means have been described briefly for assessing the extent of interference with the assay of inhibiting materials and growth factors for L. lactis Dorner other than vitamin B12.
The International Standard for Vitamin D
Authors: Coward Katharine H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The International Standards for the determination of the different vitamins are part of the indispensable equipment of the laboratories in which this work is carried out. Though the standard materials themselves are so well known, the amount of labour which has been devoted to their creation and adoption and the infinite care which has been taken to ensure their suitability, accessibility and integrity are not so well known or appreciated. The adoption of a crystalline preparation of vitamin D3 to serve as the International Standard for Vitamin D affords a suitable opportunity for outlining the nature of this work, the importance of which to scientific research, medical practice, the problems of nutrition, and the international exchange of ideas, results and materials is now well recognised.
British Pharmaceutical Conference Blackpool, 1949
Authors: Floyd J C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
(a)  A comparison has been made of the efficiency of various oily injections of penicillin using a mouse-protection test. (b)  It is concluded that the most satisfactory preparation consists of procaine penicillin of small particle size dispersed in a stearate/arachis oil gel. (c)  A theory is suggested for the mechanism by which aluminium stearate induces “slow-release.“
I am indebted to Dr. O. L. Davies for the design of the tests and the analysis of results, to Dr. A. R. Martin for supervision of the biological work, and to Mr. A. G. Fishburn for help in the preparation of the paper.
Para - Aminosalicylic Acid–Part iv
Authors: Goodacre C L , Seymour D E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
After repeated exposure of M. tuberculosis H37RV to p-amino-salicylic acid for 10 months, no increase in resistance developed. Out of a total of 25 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from patients receiving p-aminosalicylic acid, only one developed any increase in resistance after four months’ treatment.
The Separation and Identification of Ergot Alkaloids by Paper Partition Chromatography
Authors: Foster G E , MacDonald Miss J , Jones T S G 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A study has been made of the application of paper partition chromatography in the ergot field. A technique for the separation and identification of ergometrine and ergometrinine, when present in mixtures of total ergot alkaloids, has been described. The method has been extended so that approximately quantitative results may be obtained and, in this way, the ergometrine contents of samples of ergot have been estimated. The changes which take place in injection of ergometrine maleate B.P. 1948, during manufacture and storage have been studied chromatographically. It was found that during heat sterilisation some conversion of ergometrine to ergometrinine occurs. On storage some hydrolysis giving rise to lysergic and iso-lysergic acids takes place. By preparing chromatograms from the hydrolysates of water-insoluble ergot alkaloids, identification tests for individual alkaloids have been developed. We wish to thank Mr. H. M. Hood, B. Sc., for the photograph of a chromatogram, Mr. R. L. Grant, M. Sc., for a sample of ergometrinine and Dr. S. Smith for specimens of lysergic and iso-lysergric acids. We are also indebted to the Directors of The Wellcome Foundation for permission to publish this paper.
Protein in Malted Preparations
Authors: Wokes F , Klatzkin Chloe 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The total nitrogen content of malt extract may range from 0&#x006d;̇2 to 1&#x006d;̇2 per cent. but is usually well above 0&#x006d;̇64 per cent. which corresponds to the B.P. 1948 minimum content of 4 per cent. (total nitrogen x 6&#x006d;̇25). Lower diastatic values are usually associated with lower total nitrogen contents, the tendency being observed with malted barley as well as with malt extract. Of the total nitrogen of malt extract only 12 to 44 per cent. is true protein nitrogen. The greater part represents breakdown products of protein, largely formed during malting and brewing. The “less soluble” nitrogen of malt extract may range from 1&#x006d;̇8 to 10 per cent. of the total nitrogen, and should be reduced to as low a level as possible in malted preparations. In baby foods prepared from malt extract, wheat flour and soya flour sufficient aneurine and nicotinic acid may be derived from the raw materials if care is taken to use malt extract of high vitamin B content. Fortification with riboflavine may be necessary. If the diet is adequately supplemented by vitamins A, C and D the growth-promoting effect on babies may provide a measure of the protein value of the diet. We are indebted to Dr. F. W. Norris for microbiological assays, to Dr. R. G. Booth and to Mr. J. G. Heathcote for checking at the Cereals Research Station some of our protein analyses, to Miss Hazel Williams for fluorimetric estimations of aneurine, to Miss Janet Horsford for technical assistance, and to Dr. H. Chick and her colleagues for advice and generous comments on our work.
Synthesis of the Benzene Analogue of Vitamin A
Authors: Linnell W H , Shen C C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The successful synthesis of pure crystalline vitamin A by Arens and van Dorp1 and by Isler et al.2 opened a new field in the chemical study of vitamin A. Thus, it is possible to synthesise various analogues of vitamin A in order to establish the relationship between chemical structure and vitamin A activity. A survey of recent publications on synthetic compounds bearing modified side chains led to the conclusion that although the terminal hydroxyl group might not be of utmost importance, the length and the general skeleton of the side chain could not be altered without a complete loss of activity. (cf. Table I.)
The Factors Influencing Sterilisation by Low Pressure Steam
Authors: Barson T E , Peacock F , Robins E L , Wilkinson G R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A vessel has been designed for the study of the factors influencing sterilisation by steam at low pressure. Instruments have also been constructed for the conversion of pressure and the volume of condensate into electrical signals suitable for application to a recording potentiometer. Commercially available steam traps have been tested, compared, and found unsuitable and a modified steam trap has been produced, which is considered to be more efficient for this purpose than those normally used.
The Stability of Solutions of 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Authors: Hadgraft J W , Price Shirley A P , West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The stability of solutions of 5-HTP contained in ampoules has been studied using physical, chemical and biological methods. No loss of activity occurs when such solutions are sterilised by autoclaving provided the air in the ampoule is replaced by nitrogen. To prevent any formation of colour it is preferable to include 0·1 per cent sodium metabisulphite in the solution.
Some Aspects of the Property of Angle of Repose of Powders
Authors: Train David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Four methods of determining the angle of repose of free flowing powders have been critically compared using graded samples of glass balls, lead shot and silver sand. The method used influenced the result. Results of all methods have been correlated graphically and values for static and dynamic interparticulate friction have been assessed for the materials used. It was found that results for spheres could be correlated on one graph, irrespective of type of material and an explanation is given to account for this.
The Preparation and the Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Some Substituted Benzyl Alcohols
Authors: Carter D V , Charlton P T , Fenton A H , Housley J R , Lessel B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A number of substituted benzyl alcohols have been prepared and together with some related, commercially available, compounds have been tested for antibacterial and antifungal properties. The most active inhibitory compound was 3:4:5-trichlorobenzyl alcohol followed by 4-chloro-3:5-dimethyl-, 3:4-dichloro- and 2:4-dichlorobenzyl alcohols, but saturated aqueus solutions of the last three compounds were more rapidly bactericidal. Pharmacological tests have shown that 2:4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol has low toxicity.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Authors: Carey Fiona Macleod , Edwards D , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
NSN- and NNN-Tris-onium compounds related to dihexasulphonium and dihexazonium in which N-alkyl substituents are varied have been synthesised. All compounds tested qualitatively resembled tubocurarine in their action. Stepwise replacement of Et by Me in dihexasulphonium tri-ethiodide decreases potency and some C 10-like effects appear in compounds Xa and Xb. Potency also falls when Et groups are replaced successively by n-Pr in both dihexasulphonium tri-ethiodide and dihexazonium tri-ethiodide, compounds XIf and XIg being the least active of the series and approximately equipotent with dihexasulphonium trimethiodide (Xa). Replacement of one Et group by n-Bu at each quaternary ammonium centre of dihexazonium, as in compound XIc increases potency.
A Note on The Use of Membrane Filters in Sterility Testing
Authors: Sykes G , Hooper Margaret C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Filtration techniques have been applied advantageously in testing antibiotics and certain other medicaments, including oily solutions, for sterility, on the one hand by eliminating any residual bacteriostatic activity and on the other by eliminating interference through precipitation or the development of cloudiness. Membrane filters have been shown to be satisfactory for this purpose, and in some respects they are superior to asbestos pad filters.
A Contribution to Powder Compaction Theory by The Pressing of Regular Arrangements of Spheres
Authors: Train D , Carrington J N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Regular arrangements of annealed phosphor bronze spheres have been used to investigate the lubricating effect of graphite films located in various parts of the system being compressed in a cylindrical die. The relative importance of interparticulate lubrication and of die wall lubrication are discussed. The influence of the “angle of packing” on the pressing behaviour has been investigated using similar arrangements of spheres but varying the diameter of the upper layer. From consideration of these experiments, it would appear that die wall friction calculations for powders should include a factor for particle deformation and interparticulate frictional effects.
Pharmacological and Chemical Observations on Some Toxic Nectars
Authors: Carey Fiona Macleod , Lewis J J , MacGregor J L , Martin-Smith M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Acetylandromedol (andromedotoxin) has been isolated from the nectar of Rhododendron thomsonii. The pharmacological properties of toxic nectars obtained from several Rhododendron sp. and hybrids have been investigated and these indicate that the poisonous principle is acetylandromedol.
Some Aspects of The Storage and Testing of Sterilised Catgut
Authors: Wilkinson G R , Robins E L , Grimshaw J J , Hudson S P A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Results obtained during an examination of plain and chromicised surgical catgut stored in tubing fluids of differing water content, and the effect on diameter, tensile strength and flexibility are described. A fall in tensile strength and an increase in diameter which vary with water content and time of storage was observed, although gut does not deteriorate rapidly when immersed in water and several days elapse before significant changes occur. The official testing methods have been examined, and the results indicate that the surgeon's knot test gives a more reliable measurement of tensile strength than the straight pull. Also the present gauge method for measurement of diameter can lead to errors due to compression of the gut. The time of equilibration of the gut in air is important for the measurement of both tensile strength and diameter, particularly when tubing fluids contain a high water content. A relation has been shown between tensile strength, extensibility and softening, and it is suggested that this might provide an index of flexibility of the gut. The effect of some common disinfectant solutions on the gut has been investigated.
Assay of Promazine and Its Separation from Chlorpromazine and Promethazine
Authors: Cavatorta L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A colorimetrie method is described to identify and quantitatively determine promazine, in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is applicable to promazine and promethazine mixtures, and promazine and chlorpromazine in mixtures. With a second colorimetric method promethazine or promethazine in the presence of the other two substances can be determined.
The Effect of Substance P on the Peristaltic Reflex When Acting on the Outside of the Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum
Authors: Beleslin D , Varagić V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Substance P (30–100 units) when acting on the outside of the isolated guinea pig ileum abolished the peristaltic reflex. Small doses (4 units) occasionally potentiated peristalsis. The block produced by high doses could not be overcome by intraluminal injections of 5-HT or substance P itself. The effect of nicotine was reduced or abolished in the presence of high doses of substance P. The high doses can also block the response of the gut to the small doses of the same substance. It is concluded that the blocking effect of substance P takes place between the synapse in the peristaltic reflex arc and the effector cell in the plain muscle.