bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes
Authors: Bentley Walter J 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe foundation of an integrated pest management program involves valid treatment thresholds, accurate and simple monitoring methods, effective natural controls, selective pesticides and trained individuals who can implement the concept.The Integrated Control Conceptwritten by Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen elucidated each of these points in an alfalfa ecosystem. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativaL.) has a low per acre value, requires little hand labor and is primarily marketed in the USA. In contrast, fresh market table grape (Vitis viniferaL.) has a high per acre value, requires frequent hand labor operations, suffers unacceptable cosmetic damage and is marketed throughout both the USA and the world. Each of the components of a working IPM program is present in table grape production. Marketing grapes to foreign countries presents special problems with pests considered invasive and where residue tolerances for some selective insecticides are lacking. However, fresh market grape farmers are still able to deal with these special problems and utilize an IPM program that has resulted in a 42% reduction in broad‐spectrum insecticide use from 1995 to 2007. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A Three Dimensional Pharmacophore Modeling for KDR and Tie‐2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Virtual Screening for New Multikinase Inhibitors
Authors: Kansal Neha , Silakari Om , Ravikumar Muttineni 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe fundamental role that receptor tyrosine kinases play in cancer and other proliferative diseases has provided the impetus for an extensive effort to develop multikinase inhibitors. In this study three dimensional Pharmacophore models were developed using recently synthesized KDR and Tie‐2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors by using CATALYST HypoGen program. The high cost difference (68.098 for KDR and 46.971 for Tie‐2), good correlation coefficient (0.948 for KDR and 0.963 for Tie‐2) and low root mean square deviation (0.871 for KDR and 0.668 for Tie‐2) suggest that highly predictive pharmacophore models were successfully obtained. The models were further validated by two methods, first by using test set compounds (305 for KDR and 131 for Tie‐2) which resulted a correlation of 0.606 for KDR and 0.706 for Tie‐2 between HypoGen estimated activities vs. experimental activities and secondly by fischer randomization test. The application of the validated pharmacophore models shows great success in screening in‐house database and predicted 61compounds with multikinase activity.
Leaving Flatland: Efficient real‐time three‐dimensional perception and motion planning
Authors: Bogdan Rusu Radu , Sundaresan Aravind , Morisset Benoit , Hauser Kris , Agrawal Motilal , Latombe Jean‐Claude , Beetz Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article we present the complete details of the architecture and implementation of Leaving Flatland, an exploratory project that attempts to surmount the challenges of closing the loop between autonomous perception and action on challenging terrain. The proposed system includes comprehensive localization, mapping, path planning, and visualization techniques for a mobile robot to operate autonomously in complex three‐dimensional (3D) indoor and outdoor environments. In doing so we integrate robust visual odometry localization techniques with real‐time 3D mapping methods from stereo data to obtain consistent global models annotated with semantic labels. These models are used by a multiregion motion planner that adapts existing two‐dimensional planning techniques to operate in 3D terrain. All the system components are evaluated on a variety of real‐world data sets, and their computational performance is shown to be favorable for high‐speed autonomous navigation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An adaptive design for identifying the dose with the best efficacy/tolerability profile with application to a crossover dose‐finding study
Authors: Ivanova Anastasia , Liu Ken , Snyder Ellen , Snavely Duane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProof‐of‐concept in clinical trials has traditionally focused on the identification of a maximum tolerated dose with the assumption that the higher doses provide better efficacy. However, adverse events associated with a maximum tolerated dose may have a negative effect on efficacy. We present an efficient adaptive dose‐finding strategy that concentrates patient assignments at and around the dose which has the best efficacy/tolerability profile based on a utility function. The strategy is applied within the setting of a crossover design. While the strategy may also be applied to parallel studies, a crossover design provides more power for a given sample size for comparisons between the optimal dose versus placebo and/or active control when it is reasonable to assume no carryover effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for familial aggregation of functional traits
Authors: Fang Yixin , Wang Yuanjia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn a genetic epidemiology study of a trait, prior to collecting genotype data the foremost task is to test for familial aggregation and examine heritability. Recently, functional traits have drawn attentions from investigators. Here, to test for familial aggregation of a functional trait in the family studies, a test constructed based on the leading functional principal component of heritability, which is a summary measure of temporal genetic variation in a functional trait, is proposed. The p‐value of the test can be approximated by a permutation procedure given the family structure. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is derived. Simulations are carried out to examine the size and the power of the test. The proposed methods are applied to the total cholesterol data in the Framingham Heart Study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating drug effects in the presence of placebo response: Causal inference using growth mixture modeling
Authors: Muthén Bengt , Brown Hendricks C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPlacebo‐controlled randomized trials for antidepressants and other drugs often show a response for a sizeable percentage of the subjects in the placebo group. Potential placebo responders can be assumed to exist also in the drug treatment group, making it difficult to assess the drug effect. A key drug research focus should be to estimate the percentage of individuals among those who responded to the drug who would not have responded to the placebo (‘Drug Only Responders’). This paper investigates a finite mixture model approach to uncover percentages of up to four potential mixture components: Never Responders, Drug Only Responders, Placebo Only Responders, and Always Responders. Two examples are used to illustrate the modeling, a 12‐week antidepressant trial with a continuous outcome (Hamilton D score) and a 7‐week schizophrenia trial with a binary outcome (illness level). The approach is formulated in causal modeling terms using potential outcomes and principal stratification. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) with maximum‐likelihood estimation is used to uncover the different mixture components. The results point to the limitations of the conventional approach of comparing marginal response rates for drug and placebo groups. It is useful to augment such reporting with the GMM‐estimated prevalences for the four classes of subjects and the Drug Only Responder drug effect estimate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging concrete and abstract syntaxes in model‐driven engineering: a case of rule languages
Authors: Milanović Milan , Gašević Dragan , Giurca Adrian , Wagner Gerd , Devedžić Vladan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe paper covers the problem of bridging the gap between abstract and textual concrete syntaxes of software languages in the model‐driven engineering (MDE) context. This problem has been well studied in the context of programming languages, but due to the obvious difference in the definitions of abstract syntax, MDE requires a new set of engineering principles. We first explore different approaches to defining abstract and concrete syntaxes in the MDE context. Next, we investigate the current state of languages and techniques used for bridging between textual concrete and abstract syntaxes in the context of MDE. Finally, we report on lessons learned in experimenting with the current technologies. In order to provide a comprehensive coverage of the problem under study, we have selected a case of Web rule languages. Web rule languages leverage various types of syntax specification languages; and they are complex in nature and large in terms of the language elements. Thus, they provide us with a realistic analysis framework based on which we can draw general conclusions. Based on the series of experiments that we conducted with the analyzed languages, we propose a method for approaching such problems and report on the empirical results obtained from the data collected during our experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal ventricular tachycardia secondary to long QT syndrome treated with maternal intravenous magnesium: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Simpson J. M. , Maxwell D. , Rosenthal E. , Gill H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVentricular tachycardia is a very rare fetal arrhythmia accounting for fewer than 2% of fetal tachycardias. We describe a fetus presenting at 30 weeks' gestation with ventricular tachycardia at a rate of 220 beats per min and fetal hydrops. The tachycardia was unresponsive to flecainide but was controlled within 12 h by an intravenous infusion of magnesium to the mother. Despite rapid control of the arrhythmia the fetus developed severe periventricular leukomalacia before birth for which a poor neurological prognosis was given. The baby was delivered preterm at 32 weeks' gestation and died on the sixth day after birth. Long QT syndrome was identified postnatally on the electrocardiogram, and was confirmed by genetic testing which showed a mutation in the KCNH2 gene (p.T613M). Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal Doppler mechanical PR interval: correlation with fetal heart rate, gestational age and fetal sex
Authors: Wojakowski A. , Izbizky G. , Carcano M. E. , Aiello H. , Marantz P. , Otaño L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo establish normal fetal values for the mechanical PR interval by pulsed‐wave Doppler at 16–36 weeks of gestation, and to evaluate the influence of fetal heart rate (FHR), gestational age (GA) and fetal sex.MethodsFetal mechanical PR intervals were evaluated prospectively by obstetric ultrasound examination. Healthy mothers with sonographically normal fetuses from singleton pregnancies were included. Mechanical PR intervals were measured from simultaneous mitral and aortic Doppler waveforms, from the onset of left atrial contraction (mitral A‐wave) to the onset of left ventricular ejection (aortic pulse wave). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the correlation between PR interval and GA, FHR and fetal sex.ResultsWe evaluated 336 fetuses at 16–36 weeks. The mean ± SD FHR was 143.4 ± 8.3 beats per min (bpm). The PR intervals had a typical Gaussian distribution with a mean ± SD of 122.4 ± 10.3 ms. Robust linear regression showed that the PR increased by about 0.40 ms (95% CI, 0.22–0.58) per gestational week (P < 0.001), and this relationship remained after adjustment for FHR and fetal sex. PR intervals diminished by 1.4 (95% CI, 0.75 to 2.0) ms for each 5 bpm increase in FHR (P < 0.001), independently of GA and fetal sex. No fetal sex differences were observed.ConclusionsWe provide normal fetal values for the mechanical PR interval at 16–36 weeks of gestation. Mechanical PR intervals in normal fetuses are influenced by GA and FHR independently, and both variables should be taken into account when evaluating fetuses at risk for congenital heart block. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing nanotoxicity in cells in vitro
Authors: Hillegass Jedd M. , Shukla Arti , Lathrop Sherrill A. , MacPherson Maximilian B. , Fukagawa Naomi K. , Mossman Brooke T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNanomaterials are commonly defined as particles or fibers of less than 1 µm in diameter. For these reasons, they may be respirable in humans and have the potential, based upon their geometry, composition, size, and transport or durability in the body, to cause adverse effects on human health, especially if they are inhaled at high concentrations. Rodent inhalation models to predict the toxicity and pathogenicity of nanomaterials are prohibitive in terms of time and expense. For these reasons, a panel of in vitro assays is described below. These include cell culture assays for cytotoxicity (altered metabolism, decreased growth, lytic or apoptotic cell death), proliferation, genotoxicity, and altered gene expression. The choice of cell type for these assays may be dictated by the procedure or endpoint selected. Most of these assays have been standardized in our laboratory using pathogenic minerals (asbestos and silica) and non‐pathogenic particles (fine titanium dioxide or glass beads) as negative controls. The results of these in vitro assays should predict whether testing of selected nanomaterials should be pursued in animal inhalation models that simulate physiologic exposure to inhaled nanomaterials. Conversely, intrathoracic or intrapleural injection of nanomaterials into rodents can be misleading because they bypass normal clearance mechanisms, and non‐pathogenic fibers and particles can test positively in these assays. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 219–231This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Synergistic Behavior Between Zwitterionic Surfactant α‐Decylbetaine and Anionic Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Wang Ze‐yun , Zhang Shu‐fen , Fang Yun , Qi Li‐yun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHere, we present experimental surface tension isotherms of mixed solutions of a zwitterionic surfactant α‐decylbetaine (DB) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in different molar ratios. These mixed solutions show a composition dependency with respect to both surface tension effectiveness and critical micelle concentration. The pseudo‐regular solution theory has been used to evaluate the interaction parameters in the micelle, βm and at the surface, βs. The results revealed that the mixed solutions of DB/SDS behave synergistically in both surface tension reduction effectiveness and mixed micelle formation at all mole fractions investigated. The values of adsorption area per surfactant molecule at air/solution interface were estimated, which provides some useful information on evaluating the interaction between DB and SDS in mixed adsorbed monolayers. The solubilization behaviors of toluene in DB/SDS mixed solutions were also investigated to help in understanding the structure of mixed micelles of DB and SDS.
Diameters of microtubules change during rotation of the lipotubuloids of Ornithogalum umbellatum stipule epidermis as a result of varying protofilament monomers sizes and distance between them
Authors: Kwiatkowska Maria , Stępiński Dariusz , Popłońska Katarzyna 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMicrotubules in lipotubuloids of the Ornithogalum umbellatum stipule epidermis cells change their diameters depending on the motion of the cytoplasmic domains rich in microtubules and lipid bodies. Microtubules fixed during rotary and progressive motion of the lipotubuloids composed of the same number of protofilaments fall into two populations – wide (43–58 nm) and narrow (24–39 nm) in size. Following blockage of the motion with 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), the range of this diversity is smaller, microtubules become a medium‐sized population (34–48 nm). When DNP is removed and the motion reactivated, 2 populations of microtubules reappear. Analysis of the structure of the microtubule wall revealed that changes in the microtubule diameters resulted from varying distances between the adjacent protofilaments, and stretching and compression of tubulin subunits in the protofilaments.A supposition has been put forward that the changes in the sizes of O. umbellatum microtubule diameters: 1) are connected with the interactions between microtubules and actin microfilaments lying along these microtubules; 2) can be the driving force of the rotary motion of lipotubuloids.
Cytotoxicity of calotropin is through caspase activation and downregulation of anti‐apoptotic proteins in K562 cells
Authors: Wang Shih‐Chung , Lu Mei‐Chin , Chen Hsiu‐Lin , Tseng Hsing‐I , Ke Yu‐Yuan , Wu Yang‐Chang , Yang Pei‐Yu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCalotropin is one of cardenolides isolated from milkweed used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. Whereas calotropin possesses cytotoxicity against several cancer cells, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. We set out to evaluate the cytotoxic mechanism of calotropin on human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Calotropin inhibited the growth of K562 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner by G2/M phase arrest. It upregulated the expression of p27 leading to this arrest by downregulating the G2/M regulatory proteins, cyclins A and B, and by upregulating the cdk inhibitor, p27. Furthermore, it downregulated anti‐apoptotic signaling (XIAP and survivin) and survival pathways (p‐Akt and NFκB), leading to caspase‐3 activation which resulted in the induction of apoptosis. In all, calotropin exerted its anticancer activity on K562 cells by modulating the pro‐survival signaling that leads to induction of apoptosis.
Bak's work on theK-theory of rings
Authors: Hazrat Roozbeh , Vavilov Nikolai 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper studies the work of Bak in algebra and (lower) algebraicK-theory and some later developments stimulated by them. We present an overview of his work in these areas, describe the setup and problems as well as the methods he introduced to attack these problems and state some of the crucial theorems. The aim is to analyse in detail some of his methods which are important and promising for further work in the subject. Among the topics covered are, unitary/general quadratic groups over form rings, structure theory and stability for such groups, quadraticK2and the quadratic Steinberg groups, nonstableK-theory and localisation-completion, intermediate subgroups, congruence subgroup problem, dimension theory and surgery theory.
Periodicity theorems and conjectures in hermitian K-theory
Authors: Karoubi Max 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this appendix to [4], we state a periodicity conjecture using form parameters. This conjecture contains as particular case the fundamental theorem in hermitian K-theory proved in [6] but also some results of Bak [1], Barge and Lannes [2], Sharpe [8], for lower hermitian K-groups. The interest of this conjecture lies also in the parallel use of hermitian forms and quadratic forms with form parameters introduced by Bak.
Development of a dynamic mathematical model for investigating mammary gland metabolism in lactating cows
Authors: VOLPE V. , CANT J. P. , BOSTON R. C. , SUSMEL P. , MOATE P. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYA dynamic mathematical model of a closed mammary system in lactating cows was developed to incorporate the setpoint concept of tissue activity, using equations where nutrient supply and absorption are locally regulated so as to maintain a given rate of milk protein yield. The model consists of 12 differential equations, 11 of which are concerned with intracellular biochemical compartments and one describes the volume of tissue actively perfused by blood (AP). The intracellular compartments are: amino acids (AAs), acetate, fatty acids (FAs), β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, phospho-glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, mitochondrial acetyl-CoA, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The model simulates mechanisms which are aimed at reproducing and, thereby, explain variations in mammary plasma flow (MPF) observed experimentally. The AP changes according to variations in the metabolic status or in the metabolic requirements of the gland. Should the tissue energy charge (i.e. ATP/ADP ratio) exceed a baseline ratio, then AP decreases and consequently MPF declines. Conversely, when milk protein yield increases, AP increases and MPF rises. In the present model, AA uptake by the mammary gland is inhibited by intracellular AAs. It is also assumed that, when milk protein yield diminishes, the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis become uncoupled and consequently ATP yield is reduced. Model evaluation included behavioural analysis and sensitivity analysis. Behaviour analysis was conducted to test whether the model mechanisms reproduced the scenarios from which the model hypotheses were developed, and took into consideration: an increase in arterial glucose concentration (HIGLC), increases in arterial concentrations of non-esterified FAs, triacylglycerol and β-hydroxybutyrate (HIFAT), a 50% reduction of arterial histidine concentration (LOHIS), and a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (HIINS). Both HIGLC and HIFAT resulted in a decrease in MPF and in milk protein yield; moreover, the scenario HIGLC also produced a notable decrease in the extraction of glucose. The scenario LOHIS resulted in increased MPF and extraction of His from plasma. However these responses were not sufficiently large to prevent a severe reduction of milk protein yield which was accompanied by a reduction in the extraction of other essential AAs. The scenario HIINS resulted in an increase of MPF and of milk protein yield, in the extraction of His and of other essential AAs. Model sensitivity analysis focused on variation of both affinity and inhibition constants of some of the Michaelis–Menten equations. Improvements in model structure and directions for future research suggested by the modelling analysis are discussed.
Beauty and Fantasy in Nairobi Park
Authors: Tomkinson Robin 
Published: September 2009

If you have never seen the African animals except in zoos, and have always longed to see them wild, the Nairobi National Park is a sort of paradise. At first it is hard to believe that you are not in the middle of a wonderful dream, though as with many such dreams, there is grimness lurking in the background in the form of Vultures, Hyænas, and, of course, Lions.Though the Park is quite small, only about 40 square miles, the number and variety of animals is amazing, especially considering that during the war it was an army training ground, so hardly a peaceful place for them. But now, driving slowly along, you find hundreds of beautiful and fantastic beasts strolling unconcernedly around you, for they have found that they are safe from men in cars, if not from Lions.
The Future of the African Fauna
Authors: Worthington E. B. 
Published: September 2009

Captain Keith Caldwell, in his admirable report of a faunal survey in Eastern and Central Africa conducted in 1947, says: “… Were one of the old hunters who operated fifty years ago to visit Eastern Africa to-day, he would find vast districts in which he used to shoot completely denuded of game; in fact, it is probable that the game areas have been reduced by half, and the game within many of those left by 75 per cent.”That, I think, is a fair estimate: a reduction of the fauna of Eastern and Central Africa to between a half and one-quarter of what it was half a century ago. The same applies more or less, but mostly more, to the whole of Africa south of the Sahara. The question before us now is what will be the state of this unique assemblage of fauna, including many species found nowhere else in the world, at the end of the next half-century?