bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN METHODS IN LANDING
Authors: Sadati S. H. , Parvar M. Sabzeh , Menhaj M. B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIntelligent control theory usually involves the subjects of neural control and fuzzy logic control. The great potential of intelligent control in control designs has recently been realized in the literature. In this survey paper, we attempt to employ this subject and provide the reader with an overview of related topics, such as conventional, fuzzy logic‐based, neural net‐based adaptive control techniques. Practical control schemes realistically applicable in the area of control system design are introduced. The control laws are demonstrated on a three‐degree‐of‐freedom simulation with linearized aerodynamic and engine models. This paper deals the issue of aircraft landing maneuvers. Generally this part of flight needs to be strongly assisted by human pilot.
Autophagy protects against human islet amyloid polypeptide‐associated apoptosis
Authors: Morita Shuhei , Sakagashira Setsuya , Shimajiri Yoshinori , Eberhardt Norman L , Kondo Toshikazu , Kondo Tomoyoshi , Sanke Tokio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Islets in type 2 diabetes are characterized by deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) as well as β‐cell dysfunction. The unique amyloidogenic character of human (h)IAPP is associated with cytotoxicity. Autophagy is a ubiquitous system of cellular recycling that contributes to cell survival. Thus, we examined whether autophagy could ameliorate hIAPP‐associated cytotoxicity.Materials and Methods:  First, we used a COS‐1 cell model, lacking endogenous IAPP that might affect cytotoxicity related to exogenous hIAPP. Next, we used the mouse β‐cell line, MIN‐6 cells. Both cells were transfected with hIAPP or rat (r)IAPP expression constructs, or transfected with bicistronic vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and either hIAPP or rIAPP for flow cytometry analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis markers were studied in relation to chemical or genetic modulation of autophagy.Results:  The viability of cells expressing hIAPP was significantly decreased as compared with those expressing rIAPP and the cleavage of pro‐caspase‐3 was elevated in hIAPP‐transfected cells. The formation of autophagosomes and the conversion of microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3B I to II were elevated in hIAPP‐expressing cells. The viability of hIAPP‐expressing cells was increased after treatment with rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, and decreased after treatment with 3‐methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. In MIN‐6 cells, annexin positive cells were increased by 3‐methyladenine and decreased by rapamycin using flow cytometry. Knocking down of the autophagy protein 5 gene decreased hIAPP‐transfected cell viability.Conclusions:  Autophagy is co‐localized with hIAPP expression and it plays a protective role in hIAPP‐associated apoptosis. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00065.x, 2010)
Replacement of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin with the long‐acting insulin analogue, detemir, improves glycemic control without weight gain in basal–bolus insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hayakawa Taro , Ishii Michiyo , Watanabe Megumi , Iwase Hiroya , Nishimura Asako , Monden Takako , Kamiuchi Kenji , Isono Motohide , Shibata Nobuhito 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims/Introduction:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH) with the long‐acting insulin analogue, detemir, in clinical practice.Materials and Methods:  We carried out a retrospective study to compare the effects of replacing NPH with detemir in basal–bolus insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. A total of 19 patients were enrolled in the study, and changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin dose, bodyweight, fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), within‐patient variability in FBG and prevalence in hypoglycemia were monitored for 12 weeks before replacement and during three periods after replacement; 1–12 weeks (period 1), 13–24 weeks (period 2) and 25–36 weeks (period 3).Results:  HbA1c values improved significantly in periods 2 and 3. Despite the total insulin dose remaining unchanged throughout the study, the basal insulin dose increased from 0.24 to 0.27 IU/kg/day in period 2 and 0.28 IU/kg/day in period 3. Bodyweight decreased from 61.8 to 60.8 kg in period 1, whereas FBG improved throughout the study. Within‐patient variability in FBG was lower with detemir treatment than with NPH, despite the number of hypoglycemic episodes increasing significantly after replacement.Conclusions:  These findings show that the weight loss observed in patients was independent of the reduction in calorie intake resulting from less frequent hypoglycemic attacks. In Japanese patients with diabetes who received NPH, replacing NPH with detemir led to improvements in glycemic control without any weight gain. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00066.x, 2010)
Hydranencephaly in a foal
Authors: Baiker K. , Saunders N. , Summers B. A. , Piercy R. J. , Smith K. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryHydranencephaly is well recognised in several domestic animals, especially ruminants, but is virtually unknown in the horse. This case report describes a premature filly foal that on the day of delivery was found with a severe neurological disorder that initially improved but then progressively worsened. The foal was subjected to euthanasia on humane grounds andpost mortemexamination revealed somewhat asymmetric but bilateral destruction of the telencephalon identified as hydranencephaly. The possible causes of hydranencephaly in foals are discussed.
Differentiation between Polymorphisms and Resistance-Associated Mutations in Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerase
Authors: Chevillotte Meike , Ersing Ina , Mertens Thomas , von Einem Jens 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSpecific mutations in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA polymerase (pUL54) are known to confer resistance against all currently licensed drugs for treatment of HCMV infection and disease. Following the widespread use of antivirals, the occurrence of HCMV drug resistance is constantly increasing. Recently, diagnostic laboratories have started to replace phenotypic drug resistance testing with genotypic resistance testing. However, the reliability and success of genotypic testing highly depend on the availability of high-quality phenotypic resistance data for each individual mutation and for combinations of mutations, with the latter being increasingly found in patients' HCMV isolates. We performed clonal marker transfer experiments to investigate the impacts of 7 different UL54 point mutations and also of combinations of these mutations on drug susceptibility and viral replicative fitness. We show that several mutations—S695T, A972V, K415R, S291P, and A692V—of suspected but uncertain drug susceptibility phenotype, either alone or in combination, were not relevant to antiviral drug resistance. In contrast, the combination of two mutations individually characterized previously—E756K and D413E—conferred high-grade loss of susceptibility to all three antivirals. Our results have been added to the newly available database of all published HCMV resistance mutations (http://www.informatik.uni-ulm.de/ni/mitarbeiter/HKestler/hcmv/index.html). These data will allow better interpretation of genotypic data and further improve the basis for drug resistance testing.
Total Raltegravir Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Exceed the 50-Percent Inhibitory Concentration for Wild-Type HIV-1
Authors: Croteau David , Letendre Scott , Best Brookie M. , Ellis Ronald J. , Breidinger Sheila , Clifford David , Collier Ann , Gelman Benjamin , Marra Christina , Mbeo Gilbert , McCutchan Allen , Morgello Susan , Simpson David , Way Lauren , Vaida Florin , Ueland Susan , Capparelli Edmund , Grant Igor 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders continue to be common. Antiretrovirals that achieve higher concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with better control of HIV and improved cognition. The objective of this study was to measure total raltegravir (RAL) concentrations in CSF and to compare them with matched concentrations in plasma and
in vitro
inhibitory concentrations. Eighteen subjects with HIV-1 infection were enrolled based on the use of RAL-containing regimens and the availability of CSF and matched plasma samples. RAL was measured in 21 CSF and plasma pairs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and HIV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). RAL concentrations were compared to the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) for wild-type HIV-1 (3.2 ng/ml). Volunteers were predominantly middle-aged white men with AIDS and without hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. The median concurrent CD4
+
cell count was 276/μl, and 28% of CD4
+
cell counts were below 200/μl. HIV RNA was detectable in 38% of plasma specimens and 4% of CSF specimens. RAL was present in all CSF specimens, with a median total concentration of 14.5 ng/ml. The median concentration in plasma was 260.9 ng/ml, with a median CSF-to-plasma ratio of 0.058. Concentrations in CSF correlated with those in with plasma (
r
2
, 0.24;
P
, 0.02) but not with the postdose sampling time (
P
, >0.50). RAL concentrations in CSF exceeded the IC
50
for wild-type HIV in all specimens by a median of 4.5-fold. RAL is present in CSF and reaches sufficiently high concentrations to inhibit wild-type HIV in all individuals. As a component of effective antiretroviral regimens or as the main antiretroviral, RAL likely contributes to the control of HIV replication in the nervous system.
Interplay between Drug Efflux and Antioxidants in
Escherichia coli
Resistance to Antibiotics
Authors: Dhamdhere Girija , Krishnamoorthy Ganesh , Zgurskaya Helen I. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

We investigated possible cross talk between endogenous antioxidants glutathione, spermidine, and glutathionylspermidine and drug efflux in
Escherichia coli
. We found that cells lacking either spermidine or glutathione are less susceptible than the wild type to novobiocin and certain aminoglycosides. In contrast, exogenous glutathione protects against both bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics. The glutathione protection does not require the AcrAB efflux pump but fails in cells lacking TolC because exogenous glutathione is toxic to these cells.
In Vitro
Activity of Pyronaridine against Multidrug-Resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
and
Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Price R. N. , Marfurt J. , Chalfein F. , Kenangalem E. , Piera K. A. , Tjitra E. , Anstey N. M. , Russell B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Pyronaridine, a Mannich base antimalarial, has demonstrated high
in vivo
and
in vitro
efficacy against chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
. Although this drug has the potential to become a prominent artemisinin combination therapy, little is known about its efficacy against drug-resistant
Plasmodium vivax
. The
in vitro
antimalarial susceptibility of pyronaridine was assessed in multidrug-resistant
P. vivax
(
n
= 99) and
P. falciparum
(
n
= 90) isolates from Papua, Indonesia, using a schizont maturation assay. The median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of pyronaridine was 1.92 nM (range, 0.24 to 13.8 nM) against
P. falciparum
and 2.58 nM (range, 0.13 to 43.6 nM) against
P. vivax
, with
in vitro
susceptibility correlating significantly with chloroquine, amodiaquine, and piperaquine (

r
s

[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient] = 0.45 to 0.62;
P
< 0.001).
P. falciparum
parasites initially at trophozoite stage had higher IC
50
s of pyronaridine than those exposed at the ring stage (8.9 nM [range, 0.6 to 8.9 nM] versus 1.6 nM [range, 0.6 to 8.9 nM], respectively;
P
= 0.015), although this did not reach significance for
P. vivax
(4.7 nM [range, 1.4 to 18.7 nM] versus 2.5 nM [range, 1.4 to 15.6 nM], respectively;
P
= 0.085). The excellent
in vitro
efficacy of pyronaridine against both chloroquine-resistant
P. vivax
and
P. falciparum
highlights the suitability of the drug as a novel partner for artemisinin-based combination therapy in regions where the two species are coendemic.
Successful Treatment of Vancomycin-Intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
Pacemaker Lead Infective Endocarditis with Telavancin
Authors: Marcos Luis A. , Camins Bernard C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Emerging infections caused by vancomycin-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(VISA) isolates are more likely to be associated with treatment failures than infections caused by other types of
S. aureus
. We present a case of pacemaker lead infective endocarditis caused by a non-daptomycin-susceptible strain of VISA. After 8 weeks of parenteral telavancin therapy, the patient achieved microbiological and clinical cure.
Potent Synergy and Sustained Bactericidal Activity of a Vancomycin-Colistin Combination versus Multidrug-Resistant Strains of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Gordon N. C. , Png K. , Wareham D. W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
(MDRAB) presents an increasing challenge to health care. Although colistin has been used as a treatment of last resort, there is concern regarding its potential for toxicity and the emergence of resistance. The mechanism of action of colistin, however, raises the possibility of synergy with compounds that are normally inactive against Gram-negative organisms by virtue of the impermeability of the bacterial outer membrane. This study evaluated the effect of colistin combined with vancomycin on 5 previously characterized epidemic strains and 34 MDRAB clinical isolates by using time-kill assay, microdilution, and Etest methods. For all the isolates, significant synergy was demonstrated by at least one method, with reductions in the MIC of vancomycin from >256 μg/ml to ≤48 μg/ml for all strains after exposure to 0.5 μg/ml colistin. This raises the possibility of the clinical use of this combination for infections due to MDRAB, with the potential for doses lower than those currently used.
In VitroCharacterization of the Microglial Inflammatory Response toStreptococcus suis, an Important Emerging Zoonotic Agent of Meningitis
Authors: Domínguez-Punaro María de la Cruz , Segura Mariela , Contreras Irazú , Lachance Claude , Houde Mathieu , Lecours Marie-Pier , Olivier Martin , Gottschalk Marcelo 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTStreptococcus suisis an important swine and human pathogen responsible for septicemia and meningitis.In vivoresearch in mice suggested that in the brain, microglia might be involved in activating the inflammatory response againstS. suis. The aim of this study was to better understand the interactions betweenS. suisand microglia. Murine microglial cells were infected with a virulent wild-type strain ofS. suis. Two isogenic mutants deficient at either capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or hemolysin production were also included. CPS contributed toS. suisresistance to phagocytosis and regulated the inflammatory response by hiding proinflammatory components from the bacterial cell wall, while the absence of hemolysin, a potential cytotoxic factor, did not have a major impact onS. suisinteractions with microglia. Wild-typeS. suisinduced enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 by microglial cells, as well as phophotyrosine, protein kinase C, and different mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling events. However, cells infected with the CPS-deficient mutant showed overall stronger and more sustained phosphorylation profiles. CPS also modulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and further nitric oxide production fromS. suis-infected microglia. Finally,S. suis-induced NF-κB translocation was faster for cells stimulated with the CPS-deficient mutant, suggesting that bacterial cell wall components are potent inducers of NF-κB. These results contribute to increase the knowledge of mechanisms underlyingS. suisinflammation in the brain and will be useful in designing more efficient anti-inflammatory strategies for meningitis.
Violence at the workplace increases the risk of musculoskeletal pain among nursing home workers
Authors: Miranda Helena , Punnett Laura , Gore Rebecca , Boyer Jon 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundDespite the high prevalences of workplace physical violence and musculoskeletal symptoms among health care workers, very few studies have examined the relationship between these two phenomena.MethodsWe surveyed 920 clinical nursing home workers by questionnaire regarding musculoskeletal pain in the low back, shoulders, wrists or hands, and knees. Information was also collected on exposure to physical assaults at work during the preceding 3 months, other workplace safety features, physical workload and psychosocial work environment. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% CIs.ResultsAlmost one-half of respondents reported being assaulted at least once during the preceding 3 months by a resident or resident's visitor. The prevalence of low back pain increased from 40% among non-assaulted workers to 70% among those assaulted three or more times. The highest risk was found for widespread pain (three or more areas), with an adjusted PR of 2.7 (95% CI 1.8 to 3.9) for workers assaulted three or more times. Good workplace safety buffered the effects, so that violence increased the risk of most pains considerably less in a work environment perceived to be safe.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to show a dose–response association between physical assaults and musculoskeletal pain in a health care setting where violence is a frequent occurrence. This emphasises the need to address violence as a workplace hazard through practical measures for prevention as well as in future aetiological research on musculoskeletal disorders.
The role of obesity and lifestyle behaviours in a productive workforce
Authors: Robroek Suzan J W , van den Berg Tilja I J , Plat Jan F , Burdorf Alex 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the role of lifestyle factors in relation to the presence and degree of productivity loss at work and sick leave.MethodsA cross-sectional study recruited 10 624 workers in 49 companies in the Netherlands in 2005–2009. Productivity loss at work was measured on a 10-point scale indicating how much work was actually performed on the previous workday. Sick leave was measured by asking how many days in the past 12 months workers were off work due to health problems. Logistic regression analyses were applied to study the association between obesity and lifestyle behaviours and both outcome measures.ResultsObesity was associated with the presence of sick leave (OR 1.25) and prolonged duration (OR 1.55). Insufficient physical activity (OR 1.12) and smoking (OR 1.17) were also associated with the presence of sick leave. Smoking (OR 1.45), obesity (OR 1.29) and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (OR 1.22) were associated with the degree of productivity loss at work. The combined population attributable fractions of lifestyle factors for sick leave and the higher levels of productivity loss at work were above 10%.ConclusionsLifestyle-related factors, especially smoking and obesity, were associated with the presence and duration of sick leave and degree of productivity loss at work. More than 10% of sick leave and the higher levels of productivity loss at work may be attributed to lifestyle behaviours and obesity. Hence, primary interventions on lifestyle may have a noticeable contribution to maintaining a productive workforce.
Mesoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic growth of the northern segment of the Itabuna–Salvador–Curaçá orogen, São Francisco craton, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira E. P. , McNaughton N. J. , Armstrong R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe geology of the northern segment of the Itabuna–Salvador–Curaçá orogen, São Francisco craton, is reviewed, and new U–Pb ages, and Nd isotope and major and trace element data are combined to improve understanding of its tectonic evolution. The results indicate that oceanic crust and island arc sequences accreted at about 3.30 Ga to form the Mundo Novo greenstone belt, and between 2.15 and 2.12 Ga to form the Rio Itapicuru and Rio Capim greenstone belts. At about 3.08–2.98 Ga, mafic crust underwent partial melting to form the Retirolândia and Jacurici tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite belts of the Serrinha block. From 2.69 to 2.58 Ga an Andean-type arc with ocean crust remnants formed the Caraiba complex possibly at the Gavião block margin. Between 2.11 and 2.105 Ga, the Rio Itapicuru arc collided with the Retirolândia–Jacurici microcontinent, possibly involving slab breakoff. Oblique convergence between 2.09 and 2.07 Ga led to collision of the Serrinha microcontinent with the Caraíba–Gavião superblock and reworked the Caraíba arc to granulites, locally at ultrahigh-temperature conditions. At the same time, arc dacites spread over the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt, and the 3.12–3.0 Ga Uauá terrane, crosscut by 2.58 Ga mafic dykes, extruded from south to north, possibly together with the 2.15 Ga Rio Capim greenstone belt.
Ocean plate stratigraphy and its imbrication in an accretionary orogen: the Mona Complex, Anglesey–Lleyn, Wales, UK
Authors: Maruyama S. , Kawai T. , Windley B. F. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We re-evaluate the Neoproterozoic, Pacific-type accretionary complex on Anglesey and in the Lleyn peninsula (Wales, UK), by reconstructing its ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS). Three types of distinctive OPS were successively emplaced downwards in an accretionary wedge: the oldest at the top formed when an ocean opened and closed from a ridge to a trench, the central OPS was subjected to deep subduction and exhumed as blueschists, and the youngest at the bottom is an olistostrome-type deposit that formed by secondary gravitational collapse of previously accreted material. The three types formed by successive eastward subduction of young oceanic lithosphere at the leading edge of Avalonia. The downward growth of the accretionary complex through time was almost coeval with exhumation of the blueschist unit at 550–560 Ma in the structural centre of the complex on Anglesey. From balanced sections we have reconstructed the ocean plate stratigraphy on Llanddwyn Island from which we calculate that about 8 km of lateral shortening of ocean floor took place during imbrication and accretion; this is comparable with the history of plate subduction around the Pacific Ocean. We also calculate that the age of the subducted lithosphere was very young, probably less than 10 Ma.