bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Depth of Intacs Implanted Via Femtosecond Laser Using Pentacam
Authors: Kamburoglu Günhal , Ertan Aylin , Saraçbasi Osman 
Published: December 2009

Purpose:
To measure the depth of intracorneal ring segments (Intacs, Addition Technology Inc) implanted via femtosecond laser by Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) and to determine the change in depth at 1-year follow-up.

Methods:
Thirty-two eyes of 23 keratoconic patients receiving Intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments implanted by femtosecond laser were included in the study. The depth of intracorneal channel and Intacs segments were measured for 7 predetermined points at 1 week and 1 year postoperatively using Scheimpflug images.

Results:
Mean achieved intrastromal channel depth exceeded the intended parameter by 6.5 µm to 69.0 µm. The standard deviation varied between ±13.5 µm and ±44.2 µm. The segment depth decreased at the end of the first postoperative year in all measured points, and the change was statistically significant at the superior, inferior, and temporal sides of the Intacs. The degree of change was not correlated with size of the Intacs, preoperative central corneal thickness, and mean keratometric values.

Conclusions:

Pentacam provided imaging of the Intacs segments and measurement of their depth, enabling evaluation of the changes in depth at 1-year follow-up. The Intacs segments tended to shallow over time, which may be a factor for depth-related complications. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:377–382.]
Circular Keratotomy to Reduce Astigmatism and Improve Vision in Stage I and II Keratoconus
Authors: Krumeich Jorg H. , Kezirian Guy M. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose:
To report the use of circular keratotomy in eyes with stage I and II keratoconus to reduce astigmatism.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed of all eyes operated from 1993 to 2006 by one surgeon using circular keratotomy for stage I and II keratoconus. Results were evaluated for reduction of corneal astigmatism, refractive stability, and change in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA).

Results:

Forty-six eyes in 36 patients were evaluated. Corneal (keratometric) astigmatism and refractive astigmatism were significantly reduced, particularly in eyes with preoperative astigmatism ⩾2.00 diopters (D). Preoperative astigmatism correlated with reduction of astigmatism (R=0.81). Astigmatism stabilized after 1 year in 64% of 28 eyes that were seen both within the first year after surgery and then at some time point ⩾2 years after surgery. In this group, astigmatism changed ⩽2.00 D in 94% of eyes between 1-year follow-up and the last examination. Mean BSCVA improved from 20/44 to 20/33 (
P
<.01), with 20 (43%) of 46 eyes gaining 2 lines or more, 22 (48%) of 46 eyes changing by less than 2 lines, and 4 (9%) of 46 eyes having a worse BSCVA at the last examination compared with preoperatively.

Conclusions:

Circular keratotomy provides significant reduction in astigmatism, improved BSCVA, and stabilization of astigmatic changes in most eyes, although some eyes show limited benefit. Eyes with higher preoperative astigmatism appear to be more likely to benefit from the procedure than those with lower preoperative astigmatism. Circular keratotomy also resulted in reasonable clinical results for the treatment of stage I and II keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:357–365.]
Fluorophotometry to Evaluate the Corneal Epithelium in Eyes Undergoing Contact Lens Corneal Reshaping to Correct Myopia
Authors: Savitsky Danielle Z. , Fan Vincent C. , Yildiz Elvin H. , Du Ted T. , Asbell Penny A. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose:
To determine whether use of Corneal Refractive Therapy (CRT®, Paragon Vision Sciences) lenses have an adverse effect on the health of corneal epithelium by monitoring epithelial permeability by fluorophotometry.

Methods:
Eight patients with healthy eyes and whose refractive error was between −0.50 and −4.00 diopters (D) sphere and up to −1.75 D of astigmatism were enrolled. On the day of the fitting, two baseline fluorometric scans of the right eye were taken using the Ocumetrics Fluorotron Master. After 15 minutes, another two scans were taken of the right eye. The same fluorophotometry technique was repeated on day 1, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the patient began overnight wear of the lenses. Patients' baseline corneal fluorescein levels and peak corneal fluorescence values after rinsing were compared to initial pre-fitting values to determine changes in corneal epithelial permeability.

Results:

After patients used orthokeratology, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 9/16 eyes and 100% had achieved 20/40 or better by day 7. No adverse events were seen in patients utilizing orthokeratology, and eye examinations for these patients continued to be within normal limits. After nightly use of orthokeratology for 1 month, baseline fluorescence of the cornea (15.64±2.29 ng/mL vs 17.31±5.43 ng/mL,
P
=.80) remained stable, and the post-15 minute scan peak corneal fluorescence values did not show significant changes from the pre-fitting (51.46±17.28 ng/mL) after use of orthokeratology (63.80±41.25 ng/mL)(
P
=.78).

Conclusions:

Reshaping of the cornea through the use of orthokeratology does not have adverse effects on corneal epithelium as evaluated by changes in corneal epithelial permeability. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:366–370.]
Target Identification by Diazirine Photo‐Cross‐Linking and Click Chemistry
Authors: MacKinnon Andrew L. , Taunton Jack 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTarget identification is often the rate‐determining step in deciphering the mechanism of action of biologically active small molecules. Photo‐affinity labeling (PAL) represents a useful biochemical strategy for target identification in complex protein mixtures. This unit describes the use of alkyl diazirine‐based photo‐affinity probes and Cu(I)‐catalyzed click chemistry to covalently label and visualize the targets of biologically active small molecules. A general method for affinity purification of probe‐modified proteins, useful for identification of protein targets, is also described. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 1:55‐73. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reactions of Organic Halides Mediated by Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: Green James R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionReactions of Organocopper(I) ReagentsReactions of Organometallic Reagents in the Presence of Transition Metal CatalystsReductive Coupling of Halides by Means of Nickel(0) ComplexesReactions of Halides with Alkenes or Acetylenes in the Presence of Palladium CatalystsCoupling Reactions of Organic Halides Mediated by Chromium(II)Cobalt‐Mediated Radical Reactions of Organic HalidesCarbonylation Reactions
The Synthesis and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Amino and Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Westaway Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Introduction

The Theory of Kinetic Isotope Effects

Using Kinetic Isotope Effects to Elucidate the Mechanism of Benzidine‐Type Rearrangements of Amines

Using Kinetic Isotope Effects to Model the
S

N

2 Transition States for Reactions Involving Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Analytical Aspects of Amino, Quaternary Ammonium, Nitro, Nitroso and Related Functional Groups
Authors: Zabicky Jacob , Bittner Shmuel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionElemental AnalysisAminesQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsNitro CompoundsNitroso CompoundsHydroxylaminesAmino‐Oxyls
Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Zieliński Mieczysław , Kańska Marianna 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionSynthesis of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Stable IsotopesSynthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with TritiumSynthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Radioisotopes of CarbonSynthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Heavy RadioisotopesIsotope Effect Studies with Dienes and PolyenesAcknowledgements
Chiroptical Properties of Compounds ContainingCOGroups
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionThe Octant RuleCompilation of Ketone and AldehydeCDUnsaturated KetonesCompilation of Unsaturated Ketone and AldehydeCDExciton ChiralityAddendumAcknowledgments
Recent Synthetic Applications of Organosilicon Reagents
Authors: Colvin Ernest W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionTrialkylsilyl HalidesTrialkylsilyl CyanidesTrialkylsilyl AzidesAlkyl Silyl Ethers(Trihalomethyl)TrialkylsilanesTrimethylsilyldiazomethaneTrialkylsilyl TrifluoromethanesulphonatesThio‐ and Selenosilanesα,β‐EpoxysilanesSiCOxidative CleavageMiscellaneous
The Electrochemistry of Gold and Silver Complexes
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed A. , Bruce Alice E. , Bruce Mitchell R. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Introduction

Dithiolenes and Diselenolenes

Dithiocarbamates

L
2
Au
and
L

n

Ag
Complexes

Phosphine Gold Halides

Phosphine Gold Thiolates and Mixed Donor Ligands

Phosphorus Ylides

Organometallics

Drugs

Imides and Anilides

Other Ligands and Structural Types
Organometallic Complexes of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Donaldson William A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionStructure and BondingNMRSpectroscopic Characterization and Fluxional BehaviorPreparation and Isomerizations of Conjugated Diene ComplexesReactions of Conjugated Diene ComplexesPreparation of Cyclobutadiene–Metal ComplexesReactions of Cyclobutadiene–Metal Complexes
Chemistry on Silicon Surfaces
Authors: Cheol Ho Choi , Mark S Gordon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionTheoretical Methods and Surface Models2 × 1 Reconstruction of a Clean Silicon SurfaceChemical Reactions InvolvingSiCBond FormationHydration of the ReconstructedSi(100) SurfaceHydrogenation of the ReconstructedSi(100) SurfaceOxidation Reactions on theSi(100) SurfaceEtching ofSi(100) with HalogenSummary and OutlookAcknowledgment
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Phenols
Authors: Kuck Dietmar 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionGaseous Radical Cations Derived from Phenols: Thermochemistry of Some Typical Species and ReactionsUnimolecular Fragmentation Reactions of Phenol Radical CationsThe Effect of the Hydroxyl Group on the Reversible Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer in Ionized PhenolsOrtho Effects in Substituted PhenolsSecondary Fragmentation Reactions of Phenol Radical CationsMiscellaneous Fragmentations of Phenol Radical CationsChemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of PhenolsIonized Phenol and Cyclohexa‐1,3‐Dien‐5‐One (ortho‐Isophenol) Generated by Fragmentation of Precursor IonsIon/Molecule Reactions of Phenols in the Gas PhaseGaseous Phenol AnionsMiscellaneous Analytical ExamplesMass Spectrometry of CalixarenesPhenolic Compounds as Maldi MatricesAcknowledgements
Cyclobutane—Physical Properties and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Wiberg Kenneth B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionCycloalkane Structures and BondingBond StrengthsEnergies of CycloalkanesNMRSpectra of CycloalkanesCyclopropyl and Cyclobutyl CationsInteraction of Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane Rings with Electron‐Deficient CentersProtonated Cyclopropanes and CyclobutanesThermal Formation of Cyclobutanes by Cycloaddition and Thermal CleavageAntiaromaticity in CyclobutadieneSummary
Antiaromaticity and Aromaticity in Carbocyclic Four‐Membered Rings
Authors: Eckert‐Maksić M. , Maksić Z. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroduction and ScopeAntiaromaticity of Four‐Membered RingsCyclobutadiene in Excited StateCyclobutadiene Dications and DianionsSquaric Acid, its Anions and Related CompoundsSigma‐Antiaromaticity of Molecules Involving Saturated Four‐Membered Ring(s)ConclusionAcknowledgments
Silicon and Germanium Peroxides
Authors: Ando Wataru 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionPreparation of Silyl PeroxidesReaction of Bis(Trimethylsilyl) Peroxides and Silyl PeroxosulfatesSynthesis of Alcohols Via Hexa‐ and Pentacoordinate Silyl PeroxidesSilane Ozonolysis: Silane TrioxidesCyclic Silyl PeroxidesGermyl Peroxides
Thermochemistry of Organozinc Compounds
Authors: Liebman Joel F. , Slayden Suzanne W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Introduction: Scope and Definitions

Dialkylzinc Compounds

Monoalkylzinc Species

Dimethylzinc Radical Cation and Methylzinc Cation

Zinc–Cyanide Complexes
Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions of Grignard Reagents
Authors: Cahiez Gérard , Duplais Christophe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionDeprotonation of KetonesIron‐Catalyzed Acylation of Grignard ReagentsIron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling ReactionsIron‐Catalyzed Homocoupling of Aromatic Grignard ReagentsOther ReactionsApplications of Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions of Grignard Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Mixed Routes of Exposure
Authors: Clary John J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
While many human exposures to chemicals are by multiple exposure routes, one route usually predominates and there may be a tendency to think of the predominant route as the only route of concern. In environmental exposures a toxic material may be in the air, on food and/or in drinking water. Dermal exposure is possible if contaminated water is used for bathing. Inhalation exposure is also possible if the toxic material is volatile in hot water. The route of exposure(s) is a factor both in the design of toxicity studies and in the evaluation of a chemical's effect in humans. When testing a chemical for toxicity in animals, the route of primary concern should be the route of exposure(s) during human use. A whole‐body exposure or a nose‐only exposure might be used to judge the effect of pulmonary exposure. Whole‐body inhalation will result in test material being deposited on the fur of experimental animals. Dermal and oral exposure, as a result of grooming, may result in a significant exposure under these conditions. The length of exposure period, short time, such as intravenous (instantaneous) or oral (bolus), compared with longer exposures such as in drinking water, inhalation exposure over a six hour period per day or continuous dermal exposure, may also be important for the response if multiple routes of exposure are of concern. A workplace exposure could result in both inhalation and dermal exposure. Absorption and metabolism most likely will proceed at different rates, and this possibly could affect the course and nature of the toxic response. Many regulatory agencies and industries rely on risk assessment in making risk management decisions. Risk assessments usually examine several routes of exposure, independently, and then the different routes of exposures are added together to define the total exposure and risk. Many times very conservative default assumptions are used.
The Toxicologist as Expert Witness
Authors: Richards Ira S. , Bourgeois Marie M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Toxicologist as Expert Witness is a primer for toxicologists new to expert testimony and consulting. An expert toxicologist may serve in a variety of civil, criminal and regulatory capacities. The author discusses the academic credentials and personality traits that make an effective witness. The toxicologist must be familiar with legal and scientific concepts such as burden of proof, causality and risk. An expert may be retained to serve a variety of disparate functions, everything from consultation to research and investigation. Experts must be capable of explaining complex scientific issues in everyday language. Advice for effective communication during deposition and testimony is included. The witness must be prepared to have their professional judgement, academic history, publications and previous testimony scrutinized by opposing counsel and the experts that they have retained. The spectrum of legal proceedings, from deposition to trial, is described in detail so that even a novice will be completely prepared for the often adversarial legal process. Finally, the chapter addresses practical concerns such as fee structures, professional reputation, ethical obligations and marketing.
Mycotoxins with a Special Focus on Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Fumonisins
Authors: Steyn Pieter S. , Gelderblom Wentzel C.A. , Shephard Gordon S. , van Heerden Fanie R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMycotoxins are important environmental and carcinogenic agents. They are ubiquitous in a broad range of commodities and cause toxic responses when ingested by humans and animals. A review of mycotoxins is presented with special reference to the producing species, analytical methodology, occurrence, biological activity, decontamination, regulations and the risk assessment of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and fumonisins. Some of the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms involved in fumonisin B1‐induced biological effects in different cell culture systems are tabulated. The review is directed at updating the previous review of Steyn and Stander (1999) with a focus on recent findings.
Medicolegal and Ethical Issues in the Practice of Toxicology: A British Perspective
Authors: D'Auria Denis A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaw impacts every aspect of our society. This chapter will examine key areas of interaction between toxicology and the law. These range from the regulation of chemicals through expert evidence, to the communication of toxicological science to the public. Within the context of human experience, toxicologists can contribute to many types of disputes and be drawn into a wide range of circumstances. An underlying understanding of the issues and the objectives that the law seeks to achieve can prevent the toxicologist from falling into a trap and to avoid that most damaging of experience, judicial criticism. The writer's experience has been predominantly in the United Kingdom and in common law systems generally. This chapter will begin with an overview of the legal system. It will then examine a number of areas of concern, such as expert evidence and whistle‐blowing, where the law provides something of a safety net for ethical standards. Finally, it looks at a number of emerging areas of interest where toxicologists are increasingly involved.
Syngas chemical looping gasification process: Bench‐scale studies and reactor simulations
Authors: Li Fanxing , Zeng Liang , Velazquez‐Vargas Luis G. , Yoscovits Zachary , Fan Liang‐Shih 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe syngas chemical looping process co‐produces hydrogen and electricity from syngas through the cyclic reduction and regeneration of an iron oxide based oxygen carrier. In this article, the reducer, which reduces the oxygen carrier with syngas, is investigated through thermodynamic analysis, experiments, and ASPEN Plus® simulation. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the countercurrent moving‐bed reducer offers better gas and solids conversions when compared to the fluidized‐bed reducer. The reducer is continuously operated for 15 h in a bench scale moving‐bed reactor. A syngas conversion in excess of 99.5% and an oxygen carrier conversion of nearly 50% are obtained. An ASPEN Plus® model is developed which simulates the reducer performance. The results of simulation are consistent with those obtained from both the thermodynamic analysis and experiments. Both the experiments and simulation indicate that the proposed SCL reducer concept is feasible. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Two patients with EP300 mutations and facial dysmorphism different from the classic Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Bartsch Oliver , Labonté Janette , Albrecht Beate , Wieczorek Dagmar , Lechno Stanislav , Zechner Ulrich , Haaf Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS) is characterized by mental retardation, broad thumbs and great toes and a recognizable craniofacial phenotype. Causative mutations have been described in the CREBBP and EP300 genes. Here we present a 19‐year‐old woman and an unrelated 3‐year‐old boy, both with broad thumbs and halluces, but with facial aspects distinct from those of typical RTS. The woman had a marked learning disability, but no mental retardation. We identified a de novo c.7100delC mutation in EP300 (which predicts p.P2366RfsX35) in the woman and an apparently de novo c.638delG mutation in the boy, which predicts p.G213EfsX6. Mutations in EP300 are a known but rare cause of RTS. Only five other patients have been reported. We propose that individuals with EP300 mutations may exhibit a slightly different phenotype compared to individuals with CREBBP mutations, with milder cognitive impairment, more pronounced microcephaly, absent or mild downslanting of palpebral fissures, distinct arched eyebrows, and greater degree of retrognathia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direkt‐ und Flankendämmung von Wänden aus Gips‐Wandbauplatten
Authors: Ruff Andreas , Fischer Heinz‐Martin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWände aus Gips‐Wandbauplatten werden vor allem im Wohnungsbau als leichte massive Innenwände verwendet. Mit Hilfe von Randstreifen aus Polyethylen‐Schwerschaum, Kork oder Bitumen werden sie von den angrenzenden massiven Bauteilen entkoppelt. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass die Entkopplung die Direktschalldämmung beeinflusst und (abhängig von der Art der Randstreifen) höhere Schalldämm‐Maße als bei starrem Einbau erreicht werden können. Vor allem die Stoßstellendämmung kann gegenüber dem starren Einbau signifikant erhöht werden. Insgesamt werden damit Flankendämm‐Maße erreicht, die so hoch sind, dass die flankierende Übertragung über die leichten Gips‐Massiv‐Wände bei der resultierenden Schallübertragung nicht mehr maßgeblich in Erscheinung tritt. Aus messtechnischen Untersuchungen in Prüfständen und Gebäuden werden für unterschiedliche Ausführungen Werte für die Direkt‐ und die Stoßstellendämm‐Maße abgeleitet, die in den Bauteilkatalog der zukünftigen DIN 4109 Eingang finden können. Anhand dieser Daten führt eine schalltechnische Prognose auf der Basis des vereinfachten Berechnungs‐ verfahrens der DIN EN 12354‐1 zu guten Ergebnissen.Direct and flanking sound insulation of walls made of gypsum blocks. Walls made of gypsum blocks are often used as partitions in residential buildings.They are decoupled from adjacent solid components by using elastic interlayer made of polyethylene closed cell foam, cork or bitumen. The article shows that decoupling influences the direct sound insulation and (depending on the type of the elastic interlayer) can achieve higher sound reduction indices than rigid installations. Compared to rigid installations, it can significantly improve the vibration reduction index of joints particularly. Overall, the flanking sound reduction indices which can be achieved in this way are so high that the flanking transmission via the thin solid plaster walls is no longer significant. Values for different configurations for direct and vibration reduction indices which are derived from test stand measurements and those from buildings can be included in the component catalogue of the future DIN 4109. Based on these data, an acoustic prognosis following the simplified calculation model of DIN EN 12354‐1 produces good results.