bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of three different growth rates on the chemical composition of the dressed carcass of cattle and the relationships between chemical and dissected components
Authors: Murray D. M. , Tulloh N. M. , Winter W. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes the chemical composition of dressed carcasses of Angus steers and relationships between chemical and dissected components of these carcasses. These cattle were grown from 300 to 440 kg at three different rates. The rates were: High (H, 0·8 kg/day), Low (L, 0·4 kg/day) and High-Maintenance (HM, 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was maintained constant).There were no significant differences between treatments in the regression equations for weight of water, protein or chemical fat against left side weight (half carcass). However, weight of ash was significantly greater in the HM group than in the H group. These results are similar to those obtained with dissection data on the right side of the same carcasses.There were no significant differences between treatments for regression equations predicting dissected composition from chemical composition. The common regressions for each component are as follows:log y (total side muscle) = 0·282 + 1·061 log × (protein) (Sν,× 3%), (i)log y (total side bone) = 1·055 + 0·836 log × (ash) (Sν×) (ii)log y (total side fat) = – 0·380 + 1·076 log × (chemical fat) (Sν,× 4%), (iii)where all values of × and y are in grams.Equations (i) and (ii) were used to predict the dissected composition of Angus steers from another experiment in which one group of cattle lost weight. Equation (i) gave useful predictions but equation (ii) did not.
Effect of nitrogen rates, mulching and antitranspirants on water use and water use efficiency of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown under dryland conditions
Authors: Agarwal S. K. , De Rajat 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField experiments were made under natural rainfall during the winter seasons of 1972–3 and 1973–4 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the soil water use by barley varieties as influenced by nitrogen rates, mulching and foliar application of antitranspirants. Both Ratna and Vijaya varieties of barley had similar efficiency of water use.Total water use was not much different for various treatments but straw mulch and kaolin decreased evapotranspiration at tillering and pre-flowering stages enabling the plants to use more water at critical stages of grain formation. Application of nitrogen, straw mulch and a foliar coating of kaolin increased the efficiency of water use.
Developmental characteristics of grass varieties in relation to herbage production: 4. Effect of nitrogen on the length and longevity of leaf blades in primary growth of Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata and Phleum pratense
Authors: Davies I. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of nitrogen treatment on blade length and longevity were studied in primary growth of early and late varieties of perennial ryegrass, timothy and cocksfoot. Reproductive and vegetative tillers were examined in cocksfoot, but in perennial ryegrass and timothy the study was restricted to reproductive tillers, which accounted for a large proportion of the primary growth in these species. Results obtained by a technique which involved repeated recording of tillers were corroborated by those obtained by destructive sampling of tillers.With respect to the blade length of culm leaves, responses to nitrogen shown by S. 23 ryegrass and S. 48 timothy were greater than those of the early-heading varieties S. 24 ryegrass and S. 352 timothy. However, blade longevity was appreciably reduced by nitrogen in the late varieties whereas the early varieties showed a much lower response.Implications of these results in relation to the accumulation of senescing material in primary growth are discussed.The pattern of leaf expansion in vegetative tillers of cocksfoot is discussed in relation to regrowth.
Acrylic acid and sodium acrylate as additives for silage
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Woolford M. K. , Cook J. E. , Wilkinson J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPerennial ryegrass, lucerne and maize were ensiled for 100 days in polythene-bag silos without additive or after the addition of aorylic acid at 0·125, 0·25 and 0·50% of fresh crop weight, sodium acrylate at 0·165, 0·33 and 0·66% of fresh crop weight and formic and propionic acid at 0·25% of fresh crop weight.Both acrylic acid and sodium acrylate were effective in restricting fermentation and protein breakdown in the silo. At 0·25% acrylic acid and the corresponding rate of sodium acrylate (0·33%) they were more effective in restricting fermentation than formic or propionic acids at 0·25%. At all rates of application they were effective in preventing deterioration of maize silage exposed to air for 13 days but not with ryegrass. Lucerne silages made both with and without additives were stable when exposed to air.It is suggested that because of its non-volatility and non-corrosive properties sodium acrylate has advantages over the additives at present available.
Competition for phosphate between establishing plants of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens under differing cultivation treatments in an upland pasture
Authors: Buckeridge D. J. , Norrington-Davies J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe relative uptake of phosphate, introduced as radioactive 32P into an Agrostis-Festuca hill land association in mid-Wales, was examined under two contrasting methods of cultivation: (i) complete cultivation, (ii) slot-seeding. Seedling plants of Lolium perenne S. 23 and Trifolium repens S. 184 were grown as pure stands and as binary mixtures with plants either 4 or 6 cm apart.Relative uptake of phosphate was higher under complete cultivation and, in the binary mixtures, clover accounted for 26% of the uptake only. The percentage of phosphate removed by each of the species when grown in mixtures remained constant over cultivation treatments. The significance of the results to agronomic practice is discussed.
The effect of oestradiol-17 β implantation on the response in voluntary intake, live-weight gain and body composition, to fishmeal supplementation of silage offered to growing calves
Authors: Gill Margaret , Beever D. E. , Buttery P. J. , England P. , Gibb M. J. , Baker R. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of oestradiol-17β on the response to fishmeal supplementation of grass silage was studied in young growing cattle. Voluntary intake and live-weight gain were recorded over 63 days with 36 British Friesian male castrates (initial live weight (LW) 119 kg) offered silage alone (C) or with 50 (FM1), 100 (FM2), or 150 (FM3) g fishmeal/kg silage dry matter. Twelve calves were allocated to each of treatments C and FM3 and six to treatments FM1 and FM2. Half of the calves on each treatment were ear-implanted with oestradiol-17β (Compudose 365) at the start of the experiment. The calves on treatments C and FM3 were slaughtered after 75 days and chemical analysis conducted on half of each carcass. The silage had an organic-matter digestibility in vivo of 0·794 and was well-fermented, with a pH of 3·7. Intake averaged 24·2±0·42 g D.M./kg LW over all the treatments and live-weight gain was 0·77 kg/day on the silage alone. There was a significant (P < 0·05) interaction between fishmeal and oestradiol-17β, such that response to the hormone was observed only in the presence of fishmeal at 100 or 150 g/kg silage D.M. A similar interaction was apparent between fishmeal at 150 g/kg silage D.M. and oestradiol-17β in the final weights of empty body and carcass. This level of fishmeal also increased protein gain from 96 to 147 g/day and this was further increased to 179 g/day in the implanted animals receiving fishmeal. However, the overall effect of oestradiol-17β on protein gain was not significant. Gross efficiency of energy utilization was significantly (P < 0·01) increased by fishmeal supplementation suggesting an improved balance of nutrients compared with the silage alone diet.
Interaction of blood supply to the porcine ovary and corpora lutea function
Authors: Pope W. F. , Lawyer Michelle S. , First N. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryForty-eight sows were partially hysterectomized on day 10 (day 0 = 1st day of oestrus) of the oestrous cycle such that the isolated-contralateral ovary received either an ovarian or an ovarian and uterine blood supply. These two treatments were examined for their ability to affect corpora lutea (CL) function when 10, 20, 40 and 80 cm (12 sows/group) of the ipsilateral uterine horn remained intact. Sows with only 10 cm of uterine tissue failed to return to oestrus when observed until day 40. When 80 cm of uterine tissue remained, all the sows recycled between days 20 and 24. As the length of uterine horn increased from 10 to 80 cm the contralateral ovary became susceptible to luteolysis. At these lengths (20–40 cm), increased blood supply to the contralateral ovary afforded the luteal cells resistance to luteolysis (uterine length × blood supply interaction, P < 0·05). An additional four sows received 125I-labelled microspheres for purposes of determining CL blood flow following these alterations of blood supply to the isolated ovary. Blood flow to the CL was increased in three of the four sows when the isolated ovary received an additional uterine blood supply. Results from these experiments support the concept of an involvement of blood flow in the regulation of CL function.
Tests of nitrification and of urease inhibitors, when applied with either solid or aqueous urea, on grass grown on a light sandy soil
Authors: Rodgers G. A. , Penny A. , Widdowson F. V. , Hewitt M. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn 1984 and 1985 a field experiment on a grass ley on a light sandy soil at Woburn Experimental Farm, Bedfordshire, tested injected aqueous urea and broadcast prilled urea, applied alone or with a nitrification or urease inhibitor. Aqueous urea, prilled urea and ‘Nitro-Chalk’ were applied as a single 375 kg N/ha dressing, and prilled urea and ‘Nitro-Chalk’ also as three 125 kg N/ha dressings. The nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin or a mixture of sodium trithiocarbonate (STC) plus potassium ethyl xanthate (KEtX) was injected with aqueous urea. The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) or the urease inhibitor phenyl-phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) was broadcast with prilled urea.The nitrification inhibitors significantly retarded nitrification of both aqueous and prilled urea. PPDA reduced ammonia volatilization from 375 kg N/ha broadcast as urea, and hence losses to the atmosphere, which otherwise ranged from 13 to 33 kg N/ha.Nitrapyrin or STC and KEtX increased yield and nitrogen uptake in both years when urea was injected in January. Nitrapyrin also increased yield and nitrogen uptake in 1985, but not in 1984, when urea was injected in March, whereas the STC and KEtX mixture was then either detrimental or ineffective. DCD increased yield and nitrogen uptake from a single dressing of broadoast urea only in 1985. PPDA increased yield and nitrogen uptake from a single broadcast dressing of urea in both years, but had little effect when applied with divided dressings.In 1984 a divided broadcast dressing of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ gave the largest yield and nitrogen uptake, but in 1985 aqueous urea injected with nitrapyrin in January or without or with a nitrification inhibitor in Maroh and prilled urea broadcast as a divided dressing all gave a larger yield. Similarly, a single application was generally more effective as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ in 1984, but as urea in 1985.
An analysis of the effects of seed weight, seed rate and date of harvest on the yield and economic value of seed-potato crops
Authors: Allen E. J. , O'Brien Susan A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFive experiments were carried out in two seasons which studied the effects of seed weight, seed rate and date of harvesting on yield of seed crops of Record (four experiments) and Maris Piper (one experiment) in Scotland. Small seed (35 g) produced more above-ground stems and tubers and higher seed yields at equal seed rates than large seed (105 g). Increasing seed rate with both seed weights increased yield of seed-size tubers. The value of the seed crop was measured as the number of ware hectares which could be replanted from the yield of 20–55 mm tubers and calculated using recommended seed rates (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1982). Small seed produced more replantable hectares than large seed at equal seed rates in all experiments with Record and increasing seed rate increased the number of replantable hectares. However, when seed retained for replanting at the same seed rate was taken into account, small seed produced more replantable hectares only when total yield reached approximately 40 t/ha. Seed yield was much higher in Maris Piper than in Record and effects of seed weight were small. Increasing seed rate increased the number of replantable ware hectares but the effect was much reduced after retention of seed for replanting.The effect of pricing policy for seed and ware on returns to the seed grower was also established. The sale of seed (and ware tubers) at fixed prices per tonne produced lower returns than selling seed at varying prices per tonne in relation to tuber size and equivalent to a fixed ware cost per hectare planted especially where seed yields were high. Delaying harvesting increased sale value but crops reached 85–90% of the final value before many oversize tubers (> 55 mm) were found and large yields of such tubers from low seed rates produced lower returns than from increased seed rates.The number of ware hectares produced per seed hectare (even net of seed retained for replanting) was high especially in Maris Piper. The results show that the area devoted to seed potato production in U.K. is much too high for the ware area and the significance for the future of seed production is discussed.
The production and management of Stylosanthes gracilis at Shika, Nigeria:II. In savanna grassland
Authors: Haggar R. J. , De Leeuw P. N. , Agishi E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an 80 acres (32·4 ha) grazing trial carried out over a 2-year period significant increases in cattle live-weight gains were achieved following the oversowing of savanna grassland by 4 lb/acre (1·8 kg/ha) of Stylosanthes gracilis (stylo) seed. The beneficial effects of the stylo was particularly apparent during the early part of the dry season. The early growth and subsequent survival of the stylo was not outstanding.Better results were achieved in a second experiment where stylo was grown as a pure crop and ration-grazed in the dry season in association with unimproved savanna. The live-weight gain of cattle grazing the stylo only during the 12 h night period was the same as cattle receiving 1·8 lb (0·82 kg) whole cotton seed per day. In general, cattle live-weight gains were directly proportional to the time spent on the stylo.
Influence of cytoplasms on the fatty acid composition of two maize inbred lines
Authors: Gregory P. , Grogan C. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGas liquid chromatography was used to investigate the influence of several T, S and unclassified cytoplasms on the fatty acid composition of oil from A632 and CrS4HLA maize seeds. The fatty acid compositions of the A632 and CrS4HLA seeds differed markedly from each other with respect to oleic and linoleic acids but were stable within each seed line with respect to all sixteen of the cytoplasms tested.
Response by sugar beet to superphosphate, particularly in relation to soils containing little available phosphorus
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty experiments between 1970 and 1974 tested the effect of five amounts of triple superphosphate (0–110 kg P/ha) on sugar-beet yield in fields where soil contained little sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus. The average yield without phosphorus fertilizer was 6·69 t/ha sugar and the increase from the optimum dressing 0·46 t/ha; the average soil concentration was 12 mg P/l. The fertilizer increased yield by 0·77 t/ha sugar on fields with 0–9 mg/l soil phosphorus, by 0·31 t/ha when soil phosphorus was 10–15 mg/l and had little effect on soils containing larger amounts.The concentration of phosphorus in plants harvested in mid-summer contained on average 0·29% P in dried tops and 0·13% in roots when given no phosphorus fertilizer, representing a total of 19·3 kg/ha P uptake. Giving superphosphate increased the phosphorus in both dried tops and roots by up to 0·03% and there was 3·7 and 1·7 kg/ha more phosphorus in tops and roots respectively. On the most responsive fields (0–9 mg/l soil P), the fertilizer increased the phosphorus in tops and roots by 0·05% and total uptake by 7 kg P/ha. The increase in uptake (or recovery) of fertilizer varied from 15% when 14 kg P/ha was given to less than 5% when 110 kg P/ha was used.A dressing of 27 kg P/ha was adequate for maximum yield on 19 of the 20 fields. When fields were grouped, 0–9, 10–15, 16–25 and > 26 mg/l NaHCO3-soluble soil phosphorus, and taking into account the value of the increased sugar yield, the cost of the fertilizer and its residual value, 60, 30, 20 and 10 kg P/ha respectively were the most profitable dressings. These experiments provide evidence, however, that the fertilizer would be used more efficiently if fields containing 0–9 mg soil phosphorus were subdivided into those with 0–4·5 and those with 4·6–9·0 mg/l and the groups given 80 and 40 kg P/ha respectively. These recommendations are substantially less than those used at present; they are adequate for sugar beet but other crops in the rotation would need similar close examination to ensure maximum yield and maintain adequate soil reserves of phosphorus.
The influence of date of sowing on development and yield of maize in England
Authors: Bunting E. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults are reported of twelve experiments—over a period of 11 years—on the effects of date of sowing on development and yield of maize at the Oxford University Field Station, Wytham. Information was obtained on 14 varieties, representative of the range of types likely to be considered for commercial cultivation in England, and sowing dates ranged from mid-March until the end of June.All varieties gave excellent emergence from May and June sowings but, from sowings made in March or early in April, some American varieties (e.g. White Horsetooth, Wisconsin 255) were slower and poorer in emergence than varieties of northern European origin. For northern European varieties emergence exceeded 70% from March sowings and approached 90% from mid-April sowings. Sowing date markedly affected speed of emergence. More than 40 days elapsed from March sowings until mean date of emergence; about 25 days from mid-April sowings; 18 days from late April sowings and 8–9 days from late May or June sowings.Plants from sowings made in March or early in April were not significantly earlier or more productive than plants from sowings made in late April. For grain production, however, any further delay in sowing time usually led to lower yields, even with the earliest varieties tested. In contrast, final production of dry material from the shoot was higher, on average, from mid-May sowings.Provided growth was not arrested by autumn frosts before flowering was completed, plants from later sowings were taller and had more leaves than plants from earlier sowings. The causes of these changes in plant development following variations in sowing date are discussed in the light of published information on the effects of temperature and of length of day on growth of maize.The practical conclusion drawn from the experiments is that the end of April is an appropriate time to sow maize in central and southern England. No further delay is warranted for grain production. The effect of sowing date on the value of fodder or silage maize requires further information.
Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under temperate climatic conditions in Denmark
Authors: Jacobsen S.-E. , Jørgensen I. , Stølen O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments with the South American grain crop, quinoa, were carried out at two sites in Denmark in 1988–90 in order to study the effects of varying the nitrogen fertilization rate, seed rate, row spacing, harvesting method and harvest date. Although there was a significant yield increase when the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was increased from 40 to 160 kg N/ha, quinoa seems to be well adapted to poor soils. Yield decreased by 24–1% when the nitrogen supply was reduced from 160 to 40 kg N/ha, while the yield decrease was 120 and 2–7% when the nitrogen supply was reduced to 80 and 120 kg/ha, respectively.A model expressing yield as a function of plant density, for three experiments analysed as one, showed an optimal plant density with respect to yield of 327 ± 220 plants/m2. This plant density was the top point of the curve relating yield to plant density. However, the large standard deviation indicates that apparently a rather wide range of plant densities would provide similar yields. When the row spacing was varied, it was shown that plots with a row spacing of 50 cm, which were hoed, gave a higher yield than plots with 25 or 12·5 cm row spacing, which were unhoed. There was an overall increase in yield when changing from combined harvesting to swathing; however, when comparing the yields from the optimal harvest dates for the two methods, no yield differences could be detected. The optimal harvest date for swathing was found to be the stage when the inflorescences start to turn brown, whereas for combining, the optimal harvest date was the stage when most of the inflorescences are already brown.
Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on plant development and grain yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in a temperate environment
Authors: Risi J. , Galwey N. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYQuinoa produces a cereal-like grain with a higher protein content and a better balanced amino acid composition than the major cereals. It is cultivated at high altitudes in the Andes, and is believed to have potential for temperate regions. In the development of quinoa as an arable break crop, sowing date, sowing rate and row spacing are identified as agronomic variables having a high priority for investigation. The variety Baer, from high latitudes at sea-level in Chile, and the variety Blanca de Junin, from the inter-Andean valleys of Peru, were sown on 25 March, 14 April and 7 May 1982 at spacings between rows of 0·8 and 0·4 m and sowing rates within rows of 0·2, 0·4 and 0·6 g/m, at Cambridge, England. These varieties were chosen for their strongly contrasting origins and plant types. In another experiment sown on 15 March 1984, Blanca de Junin was replaced by another valley variety, Amarilla de Marangani, somewhat better adapted for cultivation in England. Between-row spacings of 0·4 and 0·2 m, and sowing rates of 15, 20 and 30 kg seed/ha were used. Weed competition was more intense after later sowings, causing the plots sown in May to be abandoned. At the higher sowing rates, plants were shorter, a higher proportion were stunted, branching was reduced and maturity was earlier. These effects were more marked in the valley varieties, particularly Blanca de Junin. Increases in within-row density caused greater increases in competition effects than corresponding reductions in row width, except for the effect on the proportion of branched plants. The highest grain yield, 6·96 t/ha, was obtained with Baer sown in March in rows 0·2 m apart at 20 kg seed/ha. However, Amarilla de Marangani produced a higher yield at 30 kg seed/ha than at 20 kg seed/ha, which is surprising since valley varieties are normally sown with low target population densities or in intercrop, and Amarilla de Marangani was, in other respects, less tolerant of competition than Baer. The implications of these results for the cultivation of quinoa in mechanized farming systems, both in temperate and in highland tropical regions, are discussed.