bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of age and cuticular hydrocarbon variation in mating pairs of house fly, Musca domestica, collected in the field
Authors: BUTLER S. M. , MOON R. D. , HINKLE N. C. , MILLAR J. G. , MCELFRESH J. S. , MULLENS B. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.House flies, Musca domestica L., were collected in copula over two summers from six dairies located in three climatically distinct regions in the U.S.A. southern California, Minnesota and Georgia. Ages of males and females from a total of 511 mating pairs were estimated using pterin analysis. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and gonotrophic ages of females also were evaluated. Mean age of mating males ranged from 54 to 102 degree‐days (DD) (4–10 days based on field air temperatures), depending on the farm. Very young males (< 10–20 DD) and old males (> 200 DD) were rare in mating pairs. Mean female age at mating ranged from 20 to 46 DD (2.5–4 days). All mating females had eggs in the early stages of vitellogenesis and 99.2% were nulliparous. However, some older and parous females were collected, demonstrating that re‐mating can occur in the field. Head width measurements of mating pairs suggested that assortative mating by size did not occur. The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of females were determined, with emphasis on (Z)‐9‐tricosene (muscalure). Overall, only 55% of mating females had detectable amounts (> 4 ηg per fly) of (Z)‐9‐tricosene. Of the females that had detectable (Z)‐9‐tricosene, variation in amount per female was high in all fly populations, and thus was not statistically related to the size or age of the mating female. The proportion of mating females with detectable levels of (Z)‐9‐tricosene varied by geographic region. Seventy‐one, 63, and 27% of females from southern California, Minnesota and Georgia had detectable amounts of (Z)‐9‐tricosene. Principal components analysis of the eight most abundant hydrocarbons from mating females, by state, revealed state‐level distinctiveness of hydrocarbons in house fly populations, which may reflect genetic variation associated with environmental stresses in those geographical zones.
Behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate‐, carbamate‐ and pyrethroid‐treated mosquito nets against African malaria vectors
Authors: MALIMA R. C. , OXBOROUGH R. M. , TUNGU P. K. , MAXWELL C. , LYIMO I. , MWINGIRA V. , MOSHA F. W. , MATOWO J. , MAGESA S. M. , ROWLAND M. W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Three insecticides – the pyrethroid deltamethrin, the carbamate carbosulfan and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos‐methyl – were tested on mosquito nets in experimental huts to determine their potential for introduction as malaria control measures. Their behavioural effects and efficacy were examined in Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles funestus Giles s.s. in Muheza, Tanzania, and in Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Moshi, Tanzania. A standardized dosage of 25 mg/m2 plus high dosages of carbosulfan (50 mg/m2, 100 mg/m2 and 200 mg/m2) and chlorpyrifos‐methyl (100 mg/m2) were used to compare the three types of insecticide. At 25 mg/m2, the rank order of the insecticides for insecticide‐induced mortality in wild An. gambiae and An. funestus was, respectively, carbosulfan (88%, 86%) > deltamethrin (79%, 78%) > chlorpyrifos‐methyl (35%, 53%). The rank order of the insecticides for blood‐feeding inhibition (reduction in the number of blood‐fed mosquitoes compared with control) in wild An. gambiae and An. funestus was deltamethrin > chlorpyrifos‐methyl > carbosulfan. Carbosulfan was particularly toxic to endophilic anophelines at 200 mg/m2, killing 100% of An. gambiae and 98% of An. funestus that entered the huts. It was less effective against the more exophilic An. arabiensis (67% mortality) and carbamate‐resistant Cx quinquefasciatus (36% mortality). Carbosulfan deterred anophelines from entering huts, but did not deter carbamate‐resistant Cx quinquefasciatus. Deltamethrin reduced the proportion of insects engaged in blood‐feeding, probably as a consequence of contact irritancy, whereas carbosulfan seemed to provide personal protection through deterred entry or perhaps a spatial repellent action. Any deployment of carbosulfan as an individual treatment on nets should be carried out on a large scale to reduce the risk of diverting mosquitoes to unprotected individuals. Chlorpyrifos‐methyl was inferior to deltamethrin in terms of mortality and blood‐feeding inhibition and would be better deployed on a net in combination with a pyrethroid to control insecticide‐resistant mosquitoes.
Malaria vector composition and insecticide susceptibility status in Guinea Conakry, West Africa
Authors: VEZENEGHO S. B. , BROOKE B. D. , HUNT R. H. , COETZEE M. , KOEKEMOER L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.This study provides data on malaria vector species composition and insecticide susceptibility status from three localities in Guinea Conakry. A total of 497 mosquitoes were collected resting indoors and morphologically identified as belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. The majority of these were An. gambiae s.s. (99.6%), but a small percentage (0.4%) were identified as Anopheles arabiensis. Thirty‐four Anopheles funestus s.s. were also collected. The molecular S form of An. gambiae s.s. was predominant over the M form in Siguiri (95%) and Boffa (97.4%), whereas at Mt Nimba the M form was more abundant (61.4%) than the S form (38.1%). One hybrid M/S specimen was recorded from Mt Nimba. Siguiri populations showed high levels of resistance to DDT, dieldrin and bendiocarb. Anopheles gambiae from Boffa were largely susceptible to the insecticides tested. At Mt Nimba, resistance to DDT and bendicocarb was detected. Biochemical enzyme analysis showed that an altered acetylcholinesterase is operating in the field at low levels. The frequency of the 1014F kdr allele in the An. gambiae S form was 0.24 at Siguiri and 0.14 at Mt Nimba. A single RR specimen was found in the M form. The heterogeneity in species composition and resistance profiles between sites requires vector control interventions to be tailored to each site based on the data collected from ongoing monitoring and surveillance.
The role of lateral roots in bypass flow in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: FAIYUE BUALUANG , AL‐AZZAWI MOHAMMED J. , FLOWERS TIMOTHY J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough an apoplastic pathway (the so‐called bypass flow) is implicated in the uptake of Na+ by rice growing in saline conditions, the point of entry of this flow into roots remains to be elucidated. We investigated the role of lateral roots in bypass flow using the tracer trisodium‐8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS) and the rice cv. IR36. PTS was identified in the vascular tissue of lateral roots using both epifluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cryo‐scanning electron microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy of sections stained with berberine‐aniline blue revealed that the exodermis is absent in the lateral roots. We conclude that PTS can move freely through the cortical layers of lateral roots, enter the stele and be transported to the shoot via the transpiration stream.
‘Paying for performance’ in Rwanda: does it pay off?
Authors: Kalk Andreas , Paul Friederike Amani , Grabosch Eva 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe study analyses strengths and weaknesses of the ‘Paying For Performance’ (P4P) approach rolled out in the Rwandan health sector since 2002. It uses three research methods: a cross‐sectoral literature review on P4P, its history and its context; 69 mostly semi‐structured interviews conducted in Rwanda; and an analysis of factors eventually confounding the impact evaluation of the Rwandan P4P approach. It is argued that P4P approaches can be traced backed in written form over four millennia and that considerable negative effects are reported throughout history. All side effects were found again in various forms in the Rwandan health sector. One particular side effect –‘gaming’– seriously threatens to affect the quality of health services. It is argued that P4P implicitly (and unintentionally) promotes a questionable concept of human ‘labour’ and that its focus on improving indicators rather than systemic changes can be regarded as vertical and counter‐productive. Two alternatives to the current P4P system are briefly depicted, and further research on the described challenges is recommended.
Pleistocene glaciations and contemporary genetic diversity in a Beringian fish, the broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus (Pallas): inferences from microsatellite DNA variation
Authors: HARRIS L. N. , TAYLOR E. B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe contemporary distribution of genetic variation within and among high latitude populations cannot be fully understood without taking into consideration how species responded to the impacts of Pleistocene glaciations. Broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus, a species endemic to northwest North America and the Arctic coast of Russia, was undoubtedly impacted by such events because its geographic distribution suggests that it survived solely within the Beringian refuge from where it dispersed post‐glacially to achieve its current range. We used microsatellite DNA to investigate the role of glaciations in promoting intraspecific genetic variation in broad whitefish (N = 14 localities, 664 fish) throughout their North American range and in one Russian sample. Broad whitefish exhibited relatively high intrapopulation variation (average of 11.7 alleles per locus, average HE = 0.61) and moderate levels of interpopulation divergence (overall FST = 0.10). The main regions assayed in our study (Russia, Alaska, Mackenzie River and Travaillant Lake systems) were genetically differentiated from each other and there were declines in genetic diversity with distance from putative refugia. Additionally, Mackenzie River system populations showed less developed and more variable patterns of isolation‐by‐distance than populations occupying former Alaskan portions of Beringia. Finally, our data suggest that broad whitefish dispersed from Beringia using coastal environments and opportunistically via headwater stream connections that once existed between Yukon and Mackenzie River drainages. Our results illustrate the importance of history (e.g. glaciation) and contemporary dispersal ecology in shaping the current genetic population structure of Arctic faunas.
Organic and conventional fruits and vegetables contain equivalent counts of Gram‐negative bacteria expressing resistance to antibacterial agents
Authors: Ruimy Raymond , Brisabois Anne , Bernede Claire , Skurnik David , Barnat Saïda , Arlet Guillaume , Momcilovic Sonia , Elbaz Sandrine , Moury Frédérique , Vibet Marie‐Anne , Courvalin Patrice , Guillemot Didier , Andremont Antoine 
Published: November 2009

SummaryResistance to antibiotics is a major public health problem which might culminate in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria untreatable by known antibiotics. Most of the genes conferring resistance are acquired horizontally from already resistant commensal or environmental bacteria. Food contamination by resistant bacteria might be a significant source of resistance genes for human bacteria but has never been precisely assessed, nor is it known whether organic products differ in this respect from conventionally produced products. We showed here, on a large year‐long constructed sample set containing 399 products that, irrespective of their mode of production, raw fruits and vegetables are heavily contaminated by Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) resistant to multiple antibiotics. Most of these bacteria originate in the soil and environment. We focused on non‐oxidative GNB resistant to third‐generation cephalosporins, because of their potential impact on human health. Among them, species potentially pathogenic for immunocompetent hosts were rare. Of the products tested, 13% carried bacteria producing extended – spectrum beta‐lactamases, all identified as Rahnella sp. which grouped into two phylotypes and all carrying the blaRAHN gene. Thus, both organic and conventional fruits and vegetables may constitute significant sources of resistant bacteria and of resistance genes.
The first clinical case of a mutation at residue K185 of Kir6.2 (KCNJ11): a major ATP‐binding residue
Authors: Shimomura K. , De Nanclares G. P. , Foutinou C. , Caimari M. , Castaño L. , Ashcroft F. M. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 225–229 (2010)AbstractBackground  Closure of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channel plays a key role in insulin secretion from the pancreatic β‐cells. Many mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8, which respectively encode the pore‐forming (Kir6.2) and regulatory (SUR1) subunits of the KATP channel, cause neonatal diabetes. All such mutations impair the ability of metabolically generated ATP to close the channel. Although lysine 185 is predicted to be a major contributor to the ATP‐binding site of Kir6.2, no mutations at this residue have been found to cause neonatal diabetes to date.Methods  We report a 3‐year‐old girl with permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) caused by a novel heterozygous mutation (K185Q) at residue K185 of KCNJ11. The patient presented with marked hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis at 70 days after birth, and insulin therapy was commenced.Results  Wild‐type and mutant KATP channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and the effects of intracellular ATP on macroscopic KATP currents in inside‐out membrane patches were measured. In the simulated heterozygous state, the K185Q mutation caused a substantial reduction in the ability of MgATP to inhibit the channel. Heterozygous K185Q channels were still blocked effectively by the sulphonylurea tolbutamide.Conclusions  We report the first clinical case of a PNDM caused by a mutation at K185. Functional studies indicate that the K185Q mutation causes PNDM by reducing the ATP sensitivity of the KATP channel, probably via a reduction in ATP binding to Kir6.2. Based on the experimental data, the patient was successfully transferred to sulphonylurea therapy.
Incidence of multiple sclerosis in Buenos Aires: a 16‐year health maintenance organization‐based study
Authors: Cristiano E. , Patrucco L. , Giunta D. , Videla G. , Soriano E. R. , Rojas J. I. 
Published: November 2009

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence of MS in a health maintenance organization from Buenos Aires, the largest populated area in Argentina.Methods: Population was all members of a hospital‐based health maintenance organization who were affiliated since January 1992 up to December 2007. Each person was followed contributing time at risk since January 1992 or enrollment date to the final date. Patients with definite diagnosis according to Poser’s criteria were included. Incidence density was calculated with 95% confidence intervals.Results: A total of 145 000 patients were followed for a total of 1 021 515 person‐years, of whom 18 developed the disease. Incidence density (ID): 1.76 /100 000 person‐years (95% CI: 1.1–2.8/100 000 person‐years).Conclusion: The incidence density of 1.76 per 100 000 suggests a low‐median risk area for MS. This study constitutes the first of its kind to cover data of MS incidence in Argentina.
The occurrence of mutations in FUS in a Belgian cohort of patients with familial ALS
Authors: Damme P. Van , Goris A. , Race V. , Hersmus N. , Dubois B. , Bosch L. Van Den , Matthijs G. , Robberecht W. 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose:  Mutations in fused in sarcoma (FUS) were recently identified as a cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The frequency of occurrence of mutations in FUS in sets of patients with familial ALS remains to be established.Methods:  We sequenced the FUS gene in a cohort of patients with familial ALS seen at the neuromuscular clinic in Leuven. A total of 28 patients with SOD1‐negative ALS from 22 families were analyzed.Results:  We identified a R521H mutation in 4 patients, belonging to a kindred of dominantly inherited classical ALS. The mutation segregated with disease. Mutations in FUS were observed in 2.9% of ALS pedigrees in our cohort.Conclusions:  These results show that mutations in FUS are also a significant cause of familial ALS in Belgium.
Teachers' beliefs about inappropriate behaviour: challenging attitudes?
Authors: Grieve Ann M. 
Published: November 2009

This paper focuses on taking a first step in the process of influencing teachers' attitudes by building a description of beliefs about inappropriate behaviour that can be used in staff development work to provoke dissonance‐led change.It describes a study, undertaken in two parts, exploring teachers' attitudes to inclusion, and ascertaining their views on the personal qualities believed important in successfully supporting students whose behaviour was considered inappropriate for mainstream classrooms.Cognitive dissonance can be a tool for teacher educators to challenge teachers' awareness of the foundations of their existing practice and then to create and develop new ways forward. The studies reported in this paper suggest that teacher' attitudes to the inclusion of students with behaviour which challenges, and the notion that such behaviour is beyond the influence of the teacher, is not consonant with their ability to identify personal qualities which are effective in supporting those same students.
Phe369(7.38) at human 5‐HT7receptors confers interspecies selectivity to antagonists and partial agonists
Authors: Varin Thibault , Gutiérrez‐de‐Terán Hugo , Castro Marián , Brea José , Fabis Frederic , Dauphin François , Åqvist Johan , Lepailleur Alban , Perez Pilar , Burgueño Javier , Vela José Miguel , Loza Maria Isabel , Rodrigo Jordi 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Human and rat 5‐HT7receptors were studied with a particular emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in ligand binding, searching for an explanation to the interspecies selectivity observed for a set of compounds. We performed affinity studies, molecular modelling and site‐directed mutagenesis, with special focus on residue Phe(7.38) of the human 5‐HT7receptor [Cys(7.38) in rat].Experimental approach: Competition binding studies were performed for seven 5‐HT7receptor ligands at three different 5‐HT7receptors. The functional behaviour was evaluated by measuring 5‐carboxytryptamine‐stimulated cAMP production. Computational simulations were carried out to explore the structural bases in ligand binding observed for these compounds.Key results: Competition experiments showed a remarkable selectivity for the human receptor when compared with the rat receptor. These results indicate that mutating Cys to Phe at position 7.38 profoundly affects the binding affinities at the 5‐HT7receptor. Computational simulations provide a structural interpretation for this key finding. Pharmacological characterization of compounds mr25020, mr25040 and mr25053 revealed a competitive antagonistic behaviour. Compounds mr22423, mr22433, mr23284 and mr25052 behaved as partial agonists.Conclusions and implications: We propose that the interspecies difference in binding affinities observed for the compounds at human and rat 5‐HT7receptors is due to the nature of the residue at position 7.38. Our molecular modelling simulations suggest that Phe(7.38) in the human receptor is integrated in the hydrophobic pocket in the central part of the binding site [Phe(6.51)‐Phe(6.52)] and allows a tighter binding of the ligands when compared with the rat receptor.
Victimhood Nationalism and History Reconciliation in East Asia
Authors: Lim Jie‐Hyun 
Published: November 2009

Abstract‘Victimhood nationalism’ is a working hypothesis to explicate competing national memories over the historical position of victims in coming to terms with the pasts. Once put into the dichotomy of victimizers and victims in national terms, the victimhood becomes hereditary and thus consolidates the national solidarity beyond generations. Without a reflection on the victimhood nationalism, the postwar Vergangenheitsbewäeltigung cannot be properly grasped. Victimhood nationalism is intrinsically transnational as victims are unthinkable without victimizers. The transnationality of victimhood nationalism demands a histoire croisée to comprehend the entangled past of the victimized and victimizers. A transnational history of ‘coming to terms with past’ would show that the vicious circle of victimhood nationalisms, based on the antagonistic complicity of nationalisms between the victimizers and victims, has been a rock to any historical reconciliation effort. Focused on East Asia this essay is a part of the plan to write a transnational history of the victimhood nationalism in Korea, Poland and Israel with Japan and Germany as counterparts.
Political Culture in the 1590s: The ‘Second Reign of Elizabeth’
Authors: Gajda Alexandra 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the mid‐1990s, John Guy argued that Elizabethan political culture was transformed in the late 1580s, as the regime increasingly endorsed authoritarian definitions of monarchical power. This article reconsiders the foundations of Guy’s hypothesis, analysing some of the key political and intellectual and literary contexts that conditioned the expression of political ideas in the final years of Elizabethan England.
Endovascular Treatment of a Ruptured Dual Aperture Cavernous Aneurysm
Authors: Meyers Philip M. , Halbach Van V. , Dowd Christopher F. , Lempert Todd E. , Lefler James E. , Malek Adel M. , Phatouros Constantine C. , Higashida Randall T. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe authors describe the diagnosis and endovascular management of a multiaperture, ruptured cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm causing a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) using both transarterial and transvenous techniques. Although uncommon, recognition of the imaging characteristics of such a lesion will aide in successful management and improve treatment outcome. To the authors' knowledge, CCF due to a ruptured cavernous aneurysm with multiple shunts has not been previously reported.
Assessment of a hybrid reform path: Social and labour policies in Uruguay, 1985–2005
Authors: ALEGRE Pablo , FILGUEIRA Fernando 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Since Uruguay's return to democracy in 1985, a shift in economic and social policy has radically changed the country. The outcomes have been shaped by adjustment to international circumstances “by default”, stop‐go market reforms and the inconsistent pace and content of reforms. Unlike other countries in the region, Uruguay has not followed a resolutely neo‐liberal course, but rather a hybrid one. The end result has been a liberal labour regime coupled with a three‐dimensional social policy balancing the market, the old corporatist welfare State and the new welfare state targeting specific beneficiaries.