bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keeping Vulnerable Children Safe from Pertussis Preventing Nosocomial Pertussis Transmission in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Greer Amy L. , Fisman David N. 
Published: September 2009

Objective.To examine the impact of different acellular pertussis booster vaccination strategies on the probability of a nosocomial pertussis outbreak occurring and the distribution of outbreak sizes observed for each intervention strategy.Setting.Neonatal intensive care unit.Methods.We developed a stochastic, agent-based simulation model to examine the impact of booster vaccination strategies for pertussis on health care-related transmission.Results.Our results demonstrate that healthcare worker booster vaccination decreases the probability of secondary transmission from 49% (base case, no boosting) to 2% (if 95% of healthcare workers are boosted) and decreases final outbreak size. Boosting family caregivers did not have a clinically significant impact on nosocomial disease transmission.Conclusion.The provision of booster vaccine to healthcare workers in the neonatal intensive care unit substantially reduces the risk of hospital-centered pertussis outbreaks in a manner that enhances the health of hospitalized children. A formal health economic analysis of this finding is currently under way. Policies to protect patient safety in pediatric facilities should include compliance with the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which recommends provision of pertussis booster vaccination to healthcare workers.
Differential expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2, phosphorylated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‐κB p105/p50 in chronic inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: WANG Shuang , UCHI Hiroshi , HAYASHIDA Sayaka , URABE Kazunori , MOROI Yoichi , FURUE Masutaka 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe keratinocytes actively participate in the cutaneous immune responses. Dysregulation and abnormal expression of inflammatory mediators or their receptors in keratinocytes are relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. The mechanism of long‐lasting inflammatory processes is related with the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), which play a crucial role in the immune responses. There are potential interaction points between these two pathways. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in expression levels and distributions of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and NF‐κB p105/p50 in chronic inflammatory skin diseases. An immunohistochemical staining technique was employed to measure the expression of these molecules in 25 cases of lichen planus, 22 cases of psoriasis, 26 cases of chronic eczema, seven cases of prurigo and seven cases of normal skin. We observed that the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and NF‐κB p105/p50 was significantly more augmented in the lesional epidermis of all the inflammatory skin diseases than those in normal skin (P < 0.05), and the number of positive keratinocytes was significantly more in lichen planus than that in other inflammatory diseases (P < 0.001). Moreover, the positive keratinocytes of these three molecules were more widely distributed in the entire layer of the epidermis in lichen planus than those in other diseases. We concluded that ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and NF‐κB p105/p50 might play important roles in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
Case of pigmented neurofibroma with hypertrichosis with no association to neurofibromatosis
Authors: NA Chan Ho , SONG In Guk , CHUNG Byoung Soo , SHIN Bong Seok 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPigmented neurofibroma (PNF) is a rare cutaneous tumor that has been observed in patients with or without neurofibromatosis (NF). This tumor is histologically characterized by the coexistence of scattered melanin‐laden cells and benign spindle cells with neural differentiations. Hypertrichosis is the excessive growth of hair on non‐androgen‐dependent areas of the body. It has been reported that hypertrichosis may sometimes overlie a neurofibroma. We highlight a case of PNF with hypertrichosis on a 17‐year‐old woman with no associated NF. We also discuss the possible underlying pathogenic mechanism of a localized hypertrichosis in PNF patients.
Guidelines for management of atopic dermatitis
Authors: SAEKI Hidehisa , FURUE Masutaka , FURUKAWA Fukumi , HIDE Michihiro , OHTSUKI Mamitaro , KATAYAMA Ichiro , SASAKI Rikako , SUTO Hajime , TAKEHARA Kazuhiko ,   COMMITTEE for GUIDELINES for the MANAGEMENT of ATOPIC DERMATITIS of JAPANESE DERMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
Published: September 2009

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing eczematous skin disease characterized by pruritus and inflammation and accompanied by cutaneous physiological dysfunction (dry and barrier‐disrupted skin). Most of the patients have atopic diathesis. A standard guideline for the management (diagnosis, severity classification and therapy) of AD has been established. In our guideline, the necessity of dermatological training is emphasized in order to assure diagnostic skill and to enable evaluation of the severity of AD. The definitive diagnosis of AD requires the presence of all three features: (i) pruritus; (ii) typical morphology and distribution; and (iii) chronic and chronically relapsing course. For the severity classification of AD, three elements of eruption (erythema/acute papules, exudation/crusts and chronic papules/nodules/lichenification) are evaluated in the most severely affected part of each of the five body regions (head/neck, anterior trunk, posterior trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs). The areas of eruption on the five body regions are also evaluated, and both scores are totaled (maximum 60 points). The present standard therapies for AD consist of the use of topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus ointment as the main treatment for the inflammation, topical application of emollients to treat the cutaneous physiological dysfunction, systemic antihistamines and anti‐allergic drugs as adjunctive treatments for pruritus, avoidance of apparent exacerbating factors, psychological counseling and advice about daily life. Tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) and its low‐density ointment (0.03%) are available for adult patients and 2–15‐year‐old patients, respectively. The importance of the correct selection of topical corticosteroids according to the severity of the eruption is also emphasized. Furthermore, deliberate use of oral cyclosporine for severe recalcitrant adult AD is referred.
Micropropagation by tissue culture triggers differential expression of infectious endogenous Banana streak virus sequences (eBSV) present in the B genome of natural and synthetic interspecific banana plantains
Authors: CÔTE FRANÇOIS X. , GALZI SERGE , FOLLIOT MICHEL , LAMAGNÈRE YANNICK , TEYCHENEY PIERRE‐YVES , ISKRA‐CARUANA MARIE‐LINE 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe genome of Musa balbisiana spp. contains several infectious endogenous sequences of Banana streak virus (eBSV). We have shown previously that in vitro micropropagation triggers the activation of infectious eBSOLV (endogenous sequences of Banana streak Obino l'Ewai virus) in the synthetic tetraploid interspecific hybrid FHIA21 (AAAB). In this work, we show that another synthetic tetraploid (AAAB) hybrid and two natural triploid (AAB) plantains are equally prone to the activation of infectious eBSOLV during tissue culture. These results are a strong indication that such activation is a general phenomenon in interspecific Musa cultivars, whether synthetic or natural. We also report the first in‐depth study of the correlation between the duration of tissue culture and the level of activation of infectious eBSOLV, and show that specific and common activation patterns exist in these banana plants. We hypothesize that these patterns result from the concomitant activation of infectious eBSOLV and a decrease in the virus titre in neoformed plantlets, resulting from cell multiplication outcompeting virus replication. We provide experimental data supporting this hypothesis. No activation of infectious eBSGFV (endogenous sequences of Banana streak Goldfinger virus) by tissue culture was observed in the two natural AAB plantain cultivars studied here, whereas such activation occurred in the AAAB synthetic hybrid studied. We demonstrate that this differential activation does not result from differences in the structure of eBSGFV, as all banana genomes harbour eaBSGFV‐7.
Exploitation of Encephalartos transvenosus outside and inside Mphaphuli Cycads Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Ravele A. M. , Makhado R. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study has investigated the use and threats of Encephalartos transvenosus outside and inside Mphaphuli Cycads Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data were collected from 2005 to 2006 through social and ecological surveys. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a total of 40 people per household, sampled from four selected villages around the reserve. E. transvenosus is used for medicinal purposes, decorations, cultural activities and as food. Youth and adult persons harvest E. transvenosus for income generation, while children and aged people mainly use it for subsistence purposes. The survival of E. transvenosus in the wild is uncertain due to various threats, such as illegal collection, habitat destruction, fire and grazing. Some conservation measures are also discussed.
Effects of allergen and trigger factor avoidance advice in primary care on asthma control: a randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Bobb C. , Ritz T. , Rowlands G. , Griffiths C. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground
Allergy contributes significantly to asthma exacerbation, yet avoidance of triggers, in particular allergens, is rarely addressed in detail in regular asthma review in primary care.Objective
To determine whether structured, individually tailored allergen and trigger avoidance advice, given as part of a primary care asthma review, improves lung function and asthma control.Methods
In a randomized‐controlled trial 214 adults with asthma in six general practices were either offered usual care during a primary care asthma review or usual care with additional allergen and trigger identification (by skin prick testing and structured allergy assessment) and avoidance advice according to a standardized protocol by trained practice nurses. Main outcome measures were lung function, asthma control, asthma self‐efficacy.Results
Both intervention groups were equivalent in demographic and asthma‐related variables at baseline. At 3–6‐month follow‐up, patients receiving the allergen and trigger avoidance review showed significant improvements in lung function (assessed by blinded research nurses) compared with those receiving usual care. Significantly more patients in the intervention group than in the control group showed improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s 15%. No significant differences were found in self‐report measures of asthma control. Asthma‐specific self‐efficacy improved in both groups but did not differ between groups.Conclusions
Allergen and trigger identification and avoidance advice, given as part of a structured asthma review delivered in primary care by nurses results in clinically important improvements in lung function but not self‐report of asthma control.Trial Registration
ISRCTN45684820. Cite this as: C. Bobb, T. Ritz, G. Rowlands and C. Griffiths, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 143–152.
Modelling intercrop management impact on runoff and erosion in a continuous maize cropping system: Part II. Model Pareto multi‐objective calibration and long‐term scenario analysis using disaggregated rainfall
Authors: Laloy E. , Bielders C. L. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryIn order to evaluate the impact of intercrop management on runoff and erosion in a continuous maize cropping system, the plot scale, continuous and process‐based erosion model (CREHDYS) developed previously must be calibrated accounting for its two main outputs: runoff and sediment loss. To do that, a global Pareto multi‐objective calibration was applied to these two potentially conflicting objectives, considering daily runoff and periodical erosion rates, for two sites with different slopes and soil textures. This revealed a trade‐off between both objectives. The large resulting Pareto uncertainty regarding parameters did not translate into a large predictive uncertainty of daily runoff but resulted into a large uncertainty on erosion prediction. Globally, model results were satisfactory with regard to daily runoff prediction (Nash‐Sutcliffe index varying within the Pareto solution set from 0.65 to 0.91 for calibration and 0.64 to 0.77 for validation period) and relatively satisfactory for periodical erosion. However, the small number of available data points (three) for model validation in terms of periodical erosion prediction was not sufficient to ensure a proper validation. The calibrated model was in turn used to perform a scenario analysis of the long‐term hydrological and erosive impact of inter‐cropping period management in a continuous maize cropping system, using disaggregated rainfall. The long‐term simulations mainly revealed that, with regard to the erosion prevention during the inter‐cropping period, planting a winter cover crop is a better option than reduced tillage with a cultivator (0–12 cm), even if the cover is destroyed early (1 January). As compared with the situation of a bare heavily crusted soil with two semi‐permanent wheel tracks, reduced tillage led to an erosion reduction from 90 to 97%, an early cover destruction (1 January) to an erosion decrease from 92 to 98% and a cover destroyed on 1 March or later to an average soil loss reduction from 96 to 99%.
Beyond satisfaction, what service users expect of inpatient mental health care: a literature review
Authors: HOPKINS J. E. , LOEB S. J. , FICK D. M. 
Published: September 2009

Accessible summary

Inpatient care is a necessary part of the care continuum for some mental health service users. This inpatient care is increasingly burdened by fewer beds, shorter lengths of stay and fewer resources.
Service users expect to have a safe environment in which to receive mental health treatment. They emphasize the expectation that this treatment will involve developing relationships with nurses and other staff.
They expect their inpatient care to provide one‐on‐one counselling, self‐help groups, educational sessions, informal opportunities for communication with knowledgeable and empathetic staff, and discharge planning.
If nurses are to meet these expectations, attention will need to be given to: providing nursing students with opportunities to practice individual counseling; creating a welcoming environment for new nurses to inspire them to select mental health nursing as their specialty and to encourage them to remain in the field; limiting the number of patients assigned to each nurse; and refocusing nurses away from office work and administrative duties and towards more contact with patients.

AbstractTo provide efficient and effective inpatient mental health services, it is imperative to not only ascertain if service users are satisfied with the care received from nurses, but also the degree to which initial expectations are being met. Ten reports of primary research on service users' experiences, perceptions and expectations of inpatient mental health care were examined to understand what service users' expect of inpatient mental health care and the implications for nursing practice. The World Health Organization's description of responsiveness to service users' non‐medical expectations of care was used as a framework for retrieving literature and organizing the research outcomes. Responsiveness includes seven categories of healthcare performance ranging from respect for the dignity of the person, to adequacy of amenities, and choice of provider. Service users expect to form interpersonal relationships with nurses; however, non‐clinical responsibilities serve as barriers which consume considerable available nursing time that otherwise could be spent developing therapeutic relationships. In addition, inpatient programming ideas are identified for the provision of better services. Hospitals' expectations of mental health nurses will need to be reconsidered if these nurses are to provide the time and resources necessary to meet current service users' expectations.
Chapter 2: Source pigs
Authors: Schuurman Henk‐Jan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  An islet xenotransplantation product includes live cells from a non‐human source, in this study, a pig source. A live product cannot be subjected to conventional disinfection, and therefore the source pig must be depleted of infectious agents that can transmit to the recipient and cause disease. Among other requirements, regulatory guidances specify that donor animals fulfill the designated pathogen‐free (DPF) status. Donor pigs fulfilling DPF status are generally bred and maintained in biosecure facilities, where they are shielded from the outside by filtered air, disinfected water, and irradiated food that is certified free of any mammalian protein. All materials are autoclaved upon entry, and personnel enter by shower‐in/shower‐out, and are wearing special clothes. The operation of such facilities is in compliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices. To ensure DPF status, pigs are brought into such facilities via Cesarean section, and the source pigs are kept as a closed herd. The DPF status cannot be realized for endogenous viruses, such as porcine endogenous retrovirus. Therefore, regulatory authorities require patient monitoring after xenotransplantation. Considering the infectious pathogen status and necessary regulatory compliance, it is recommended that organ procurement be conducted at the animal facility and that cell manufacturing facilities be located nearby. To enable assessment of as‐yet unknown pathogens long after xenotransplantation, regulatory guidances mandate archiving donor materials for at least 50 yr. As this is essentially a public health issue, governmental institutions are urged to be responsible for the archive.Table of Contents

Introduction
Designated pathogen‐free status
Biosecure barrier facility
Organ retrieval and islet manufacturing
Alternatives
Chapter 3: Pig islet product manufacturing and release testing
Authors: Korbutt Gregory S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This chapter provides recommendations on pig islet product manufacturing and release testing to scientific and corporate programs interested in future clinical studies using xenogeneic porcine pancreatic islet cell products for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.To facilitate control of manufacturing as well as reproducibility and consistency of product lots, the manufacturing process, and the manufacturing facility must be in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations. Data must be provided to demonstrate that islet products can be consistently prepared that would meet basic lot release requirements. To facilitate product safety: (i) materials used in the manufacturing process, including the pig pancreas, must be free of adventitious agents; (ii) islets must be manufactured using aseptic processing; and (iii) final product must undergo tests for sterility, mycoplasma (if cultured) and endotoxin. Safety specifications for pig islet product release include a negative Gram stain and an endotoxin content of <5.0 EU/kg recipient body weight. Product post‐release assessments must include sterility cultures on the final product. Because results for sterility are available only retrospectively, a plan of action must be in place for patient notification and treatment in case the sterility culture results are positive for contamination. Product characterization information must address important aspects of lot release testing such as identity/purity (cell composition), quantity [islet equivalents (IE), cell number] and potency (insulin secretory capacity, oxygen consumption rate corrected for DNA or transplant bioassay in immunoincompetent diabetic mice). This information is also critical to demonstrate manufacturing control and product consistency across multiple islet preparations (lots). Providing islet products containing an islet mass sufficient to restore euglycemia in trial participants (≥10 000 IE/kg) requires pooling of islets from multiple donor pancreata (two to four from adult donors and seven to 10 from neonatal donors). Demonstration of product consistency across products from individual pancreata would warrant release testing to be performed on a sample of the pooled product. As product development and clinical trials advance, the increasingly more detailed specifications of potency assays on adult porcine islet products are expected to be predictive of post‐transplant glycemic control. The immaturity of fetal and neonatal porcine islet tissue precludes the use of in vitro insulin secretion as a potency test as part of lot release testing; another measure of potency appropriate to fetal and neonatal cells will need to be developed for product release testing and evaluation of aliquots of these products in mouse transplant bioassays should be performed to provide meaningful post‐release information.Table of Contents

Introduction
Animal source
Pancreas release criteria
Pig islet product manufacturing
Pig islet product release testing
Conclusion