bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HPLC ANALYSIS OF n‐3 AND n‐6 FATTY ACID LEVELS IN RAT SERUM AFTER CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DIETETIC OILS
Authors: RUSTICHELLI CECILIA , AVALLONE ROSSELLA , CAMPIOLI ENRICO , BRAGHIROLI DANIELA , PARENTI CARLO , BARALDI MARIO 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the major fatty acids of the n‐3 family and n‐6 family in rat serum was carried out. To perform sample cleanup, existing techniques of lipid extraction were tested and modified to achieve maximal free fatty acids recovery in a reasonable time. Concerning chromatographic analyses, p‐bromophenacyl bromide was used as ultraviolet (UV)‐derivatizing agent followed by reversed‐phase HPLC/UV under mobile phase gradient conditions. The optimized and validated procedure was then applied to rats fed with flaxseed oil and a combination of flaxseed, fish and sunflower oils, defined as “dietetic oil,” in order to evaluate how their chronic supplementation can influence serum levels of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRats treated chronically with flaxseed oil and “dietetic oil” (composed of flaxseed, fish and sunflower oils) showed enhanced levels of n‐3 fatty acids. In particular, the levels found for α‐linolenic acid was a little higher after administration of the dietetic oil, probably due to an enhanced absorption and also a decreased metabolism. The data obtained underline that the tested oils can enhance the levels of n‐3 fatty acids and, therefore, they could be successfully used in the dietetic treatment of lipid‐related diseases.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TUNA OIL AND SALMON OIL ON LIVER LIPID METABOLISM AND FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN RATS
Authors: HUANG TAO , SINCLAIR ANDREW J. , SHEN LIRONG , YANG BIN , LI DUO 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT The comparative effect of tuna oil (TO) and salmon oil (SO) on the plasma and liver lipid and fatty acid compositions in Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. The total triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations in liver was significantly decreased in the TO group; TG level in liver was also significantly decreased in the SO group. The mRNA expression of HMG‐CoA reductase in liver was significantly down‐regulated in the TO and SO groups relative to the control group. The plasma TG and TC were decreased in TO, but not in SO; plasma low‐density lipoprotein and very low‐density lipoprotein levels in TO and SO were decreased compared with the control group. The total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in plasma and liver phospholipids was significantly elevated in the TO and SO. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) in tissues were significantly increased in the TO and SO, respectively. In this study, TO had a more beneficial effect on liver TC and plasma TG, TC, high‐density lipoprotein in rats than SO. The likely mechanism for lowering liver and plasma cholesterol by n‐3 PUFA is to suppress the mRNA expression of gene encoding HMG‐CoA reductase responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe beneficial effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish and fish oil on human health is derived from their role in modulating membrane lipid composition and affecting metabolic and signal‐transduction pathways. In the present study, we demonstrated that n‐3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from tuna and salmon oils can be effectively incorporated into tissue membranes. Tuna oil rich in DHA has more beneficial effect on liver total cholesterol (TC) and plasma triglyceride, TC and HDL in rats than salmon oil, which is rich in EPA. The present data could provide information for the potential application of fish oils as components of functional food, and selected for fortiﬁcation with different fish oils.
FATTY ACIDS, TOCOPHEROLS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM SEEDS OF TUNISIAN CAPER “CAPPARIS SPINOSA”
Authors: TLILI NIZAR , MUNNE‐BOSCH SERGI , NASRI NIZAR , SAADAOUI EZZEDDINE , KHALDI ABDELHAMID , TRIKI SAÏDA 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTCapparis spinosa is widely distributed all over the Mediterranean Basin. Fatty acid composition of oils of C. spinosa from seven Tunisian regions was determined. The oil content of the seeds ranged from 23.25 to 33.64% on a dry weight basis. Unsaturated fatty acids accounted for the majority of the fatty acids. Oleic acid with 45.82% was the main fatty acid followed by linoleic acid (25.37%), palmitic acid (15.93%), palmitoleic acid (4.55%) and stearic acid (4.06%). C. spinosa seed oil also contained a high level of tocopherols (ca. 628 mg/100 g). γ‐Tocopherol was the major homologue (ca. 92%), followed by α‐tocopherol (ca. 4%) and δ‐tocopherol (ca. 2%). Seed oil of C. spinosa contained high amounts of carotenoids (ca. 457 µg/100 g). The contents of β‐carotene (as pro‐vitamin A) were also very significant (ca. 375 µg/100 g). Results encourage the use of this plant species as a new source of vegetable oil for nutritional, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe seeds of Capparis spinosa may serve as a new potential source of oil (ca. 27%). It contained mainly unsaturated fatty acids (ca. 77%). Oleic acid was the major fatty acid (ca. 45%). The level of linoleic and linolenic fatty acids was about 25 and 1%, respectively. Moreover, C. spinosa seed oil is an important source of tocopherols (as vitamin E), with approximately 628 mg/100 g and also of carotenoids (457 µg/100 g). These compounds have an important role in the prevention of many diseases and can be used in a number of personal care products. Seeds of C. spinosa are especially attractive for producing oil for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
ULTRASOUND‐ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM TEA SEEDS
Authors: SHALMASHI ANVAR 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of oil from tea seeds, and the effects of some operating parameters such as ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent to solid ratio on the yield of tea seed oil were investigated; some of the results were compared with those of the conventional method. It was found that UAE requires a shorter extraction time and a reduced solvent consumption. The yield of tea seed oil increased with the increase of the ultrasonic power and decreased as the temperature increased. The fatty acid compositions of the oils extracted by the ultrasound‐assisted method and the conventional method were analyzed using gas chromatography. The result showed no significant affect on the compositions of the tea seed oil by the application of ultrasound. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) can enhance the extraction efficiency, facilitating solvent penetration into the plant material and allowing the intracellular product release. Ultrasound also agitates the solvent used for extraction, thus increasing the contact surface area between the solvent and the targeted compounds by permitting greater penetration of the solvent into the sample matrix. Therefore, UAE reduces extraction time as well as solvent consumption. In addition, UAE can be carried out at a lower temperature, thus avoiding thermal damage to the extracts and minimizing the loss of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it may serve as an effective method for extraction of oil from tea seeds.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF O. ONITES, T. VULGARIS AND O. BASILICUM SPECIES GROWN IN GREECE AND THEIR TOTAL PHENOL AND ROSMARINIC ACID CONTENT
Authors: LAGOURI V. , NISTEROPOULOU E. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT This study determined the total phenol (TP), rosmarinic acid (RA) content and the free‐radical scavenging and ferric‐reducing antioxidant properties of acetonic and methanolic extracts of O. onites (oregano), T. vulgaris (thyme) and O. basilicum (basil) species (Crete, Greece). Oregano and thyme were higher in their 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than basil (EC50: 0.489, 0.555, 1.16 mg/mL, respectively). In ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay oregano was superior to thyme and basil (EC50: 0.04, 0.088 and 0.1452 mg/mL, respectively), as high as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (EC50: 0.0365 mg/mL). RA was a stronger radical scavenger than BHT and α‐tocopherol (EC50: 0.032, 0.083 and 0.123 mg/mL, respectively) and as strong a reducing agent as ascorbic acid (EC50: 0.00216, 0.0033 mg/mL). Thyme was the richest source of RA compared to oregano and basil (4,532, 3,280 and 2,372 mg/kg dry leaf, respectively). Oregano and thyme are more potent antioxidant sources than basil. The high positive correlations between TP, RA and DPPH activity (r = 0.854, r = 0.924, P < 0.05), indicate the significant contribution of o‐dihydroxyphenolic compounds to the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts.PRACTICAL APPLICATONSThe studies reported may prove beneficial in the exploitation of natural antioxidant sources for the preservation and/or extension of the shelf life of raw and processed foods.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. SEED OIL OF THE INDIGENOUS‐CULTIVAR OF BANGLADESH
Authors: RAHMAN ISMAIL M. M. , BARUA SUMAN , NAZIMUDDIN M. , BEGUM ZINNAT A. , RAHMAN M. AZIZUR , HASEGAWA HIROSHI 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMoringa oleifera Lam. seed oil of the indigenous‐cultivar of Bangladesh was extracted using n‐hexane (H), light petroleum ether (LPE) (bp 40–60C) and chloroform/methanol (50:50, v/v) mixture (CM). The oil content ranged from 37.50 (H) to 40.20% (CM). The moisture, protein, ash and crude fiber contents of seed residues, and the density, refractive index, color, acidity, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter content, oxidative state, sterols, tocopherols and fatty acid composition of the extracted oil were determined. The oil contained a high amount of oleic acid (C18:1) of up to 74.41% and a high ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids with moderate oxidative stability. The results of the present study were compared with those reported in literature for different regional habitats and species variants.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA high‐oleic oil with a good potential for edible and industrial use can be produced from Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) oilseeds of the indigenous cultivar of Bangladesh. Thus, mature seeds of M. oleifera can be considered as an alternative source of vegetable oil in Bangladesh provided that it is cultivated on a large scale.
THERMAL AND VISCOSITY PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM‐ AND LONG‐CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLENDS
Authors: KOH S.P. , TAN C.P. , ARIFIN N. , YUSOFF M.S.A. , LONG K. , LAI O.M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT The physical properties of medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) blends were characterized in this study. Blending MLCT oil with either palm olein or soybean oil changed the distribution of fatty acid groups, the crystallization and melting behavior of oil samples, and oil cloudiness. The crystallization and melting curves of both palm olein‐ and soybean‐based MLCT blends showed that the peaks shift to different transition temperatures depending on the percent of MLCT oil added. Viscosity analysis revealed that the oil viscosity was dependent on the temperature and triacylglycerol composition of the oil samples. Blending MLCT oil with either 50% palm olein or 50% soybean oil could assist in preventing crystal growth for the first 8 h of storage at 5 and 0C, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, the physical properties of medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) and MLCT‐blended oils were determined. Under an appropriate dietary regime, consumption of MLCT has been shown to reduce body weight and blood hypertriglyceridemic. Knowledge about the viscosity of MLCT and MLCT‐blended oils is important for process design and the transportation of fats and oils products. Moreover, this study attempted to produce clear MLCT‐blended oil as there is an important consideration for oil sold in plastic containers or glass bottles to be crystal clear. The findings from this study provide useful information for the application of MLCT‐blended oils in various food products such as frying oil.
REFINING OF HIGH FREE FATTY ACID RICE BRAN OIL AND ITS QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: RAJA RAJAN R.G. , GOPALA KRISHNA A.G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Commercial rice bran contains 15–20% of oil and also an endogenous lipase which degrades the oil and produces free fatty acids (FFAs). This study was undertaken to examine the quality of refined oil prepared from crude oil after the action of endogenous lipase in bran. The oil which was degraded by lipase to low, medium and high FFAs, upon extraction in the rice bran oil industry were obtained and were refined in the laboratory, and quality of the oils was studied. The crude oils had FFA of 6.5, 36.0 and 87.0%; oryzanol content of 1.52, 1.55 and 1.65%; color of 32.0, 65.0 and 65.0, lovibond units; unsaponifiable matter of 3.2, 4.2 and 4.9%; phytosterol content of 4,600, 4,000 and 1,900 ppm; and sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols of 962, 56 and 96 ppm, respectively. After refining these three crude oils (6.5, 36.0 and 87.0% FFA) were refined; the resultant oils had an FFA content of 0.4, 2.4 and 4.8%; oryzanol content of 1.13, 2.5 and 6.35%; color of 20.0, 55.0 and 50.0 lovibond units; unsaponifiable matter of 3.5, 6.5 and 33.4%, phytosterol content of 4,900, 6,100 and 13,800 ppm, and the sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols of 1,050, 880 and 740 ppm, respectively. The refined oils produced from high FFA crude oil had high amounts of unsaponifiable matter, oryzanol, phytosterols and sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols than the permitted level for refined rice bran oil. The refined rice bran oil obtained from fresh rice bran (without lipase action) contained about 90% of triacylglycerols whereas, the refined oil from that of high FFA bran oil showed about 10% triacylglycerols. Hence the latter cannot be used as an edible oil, but instead can be used at low levels as a nutraceutical in foods. PRACTICAL APPICATIONSThe suitability of refined rice bran oils from crude oils obtained from lipase‐acted brans for use as edible oil was investigated. For this purpose, the lipase‐acted bran oils were subjected to physicochemical analysis along with their refined oils. The refined oils had high amounts of phytosterols as well as tocopherols and tocotrienols when compared with their respective crude oils. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the refined oils prepared from low free fatty acid (FFA) crude oil or the high FFA crude oil were almost similar with little changes. As the refined oils obtained from high FFA crude oils had very low levels of triacylglycerols and a high unsaponifiable matter, it cannot be used as refined rice bran oil. However, it can be used as a nutraceutical of rice bran oil in small amounts to provide health benefits.
ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT THROUGH TRANSESTERIFICATION OF PENTADESMA BUTYRACEA BUTTER
Authors: TCHOBO FIDÈLE P. , PIOMBO GEORGES , PINA MICHEL , SOUMANOU MOHAMED M. , VILLENEUVE PIERRE , SOHOUNHLOUE DOMINIQUE C.K. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT A cocoa butter equivalent through enzymatic transesterification of Pentadesma butyracea butter with ethyl palmitate in an organic medium using immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa was produced. The effects of several parameters such as initial ratio of ethyl palmitate – Triacylglycerols (TAGs) of P. butyracea, initial water activity of the enzyme preparation, solvent polarity and the enzyme loading were studied. The best result with regard to target TAGs was obtained in nonpolar solvents and low water activity. Thermograms of the products obtained by scanning differential calorimetry were similar to cocoa butter, but with minor differences, due particularly to the presence of trisaturated TAGs.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAn enzymatic strategy for the synthesis of cocoa butter obtained from an African butter from Pentadesma butyracea as starting material was devised. The product so obtained may be used as a cocoa butter substitute.
Atheism, Secularity, and Well‐Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions
Authors: Zuckerman Phil 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWhat do we currently know about atheists and secular people? In what ways are atheism and secularity correlated with positive societal outcomes? This article offers a thorough presentation and discussion of the latest social scientific research concerning the identities, values, and behaviors of people who don’t believe in God or are non‐religious, and addresses the ways in which atheism and secularity are positively correlated with societal well‐being.
Updating the Critical Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Hanlon Gerard , Fleming Prof Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper argues that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a key element of the new neo‐liberalism as it searches for both legitimacy and new sources of innovation. Rather than simply being a fraud or a drain on resources as CSR is often portrayed, we argue that it is one of a suite of practices that corporations are deploying as they seek to shift the nature of social regulation away from collective to more individual solutions. While the criticism that CSR is corporate propaganda has purchase, we explore a deeper development. This development is one wherein as the old ways of capitalist regulation were surpassed in the 1970s and 1980s new social practices such as CSR, Human Resource Management, ethical marketing etc. were deployed as a way of engineering new forms of identity, new expectations of individuals and institutions and new sources of legitimacy and social value. Social criticism needs to take this development more seriously (than the propaganda view) since it frames CSR as a predatory facet of this new neo‐liberalist tendency.
Identity Deployment and Social Change: Understanding Identity as a Social Movement and Organizational Strategy1
Authors: Bernstein Mary , Olsen Kristine A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the theoretical implications of empirical elaborations of Bernstein’s (1997) model of identity deployment. New research encompasses a diverse array of venues and targets and elaborates on the mechanisms through which identities may be deployed strategically. Application of the identity deployment model spans a variety of so‐called ‘identity movements’ as well as ethnic, nationalist and indigenous movements, and community mobilization. Identity deployment is also a useful strategy in organizational and professional contexts, as in the micro‐brewery movement or culinary movements, demonstrating the theoretical generalizability of the original model. New research closely examines the relationship between identity and strategy and the conditions that affect activists’ choice of identity strategies as well as the situations where they might avoid identity strategies altogether. Research finds that identities may be deployed performatively, rhetorically or discursively. Identity deployment may be facilitated by emotional displays, music and ritual. The way that power and authority are organized in a given venue determines in part the capacity of activists and organizations to alternate between celebrating and suppressing difference from the majority. Identity deployment influences internal and external outcomes, affecting mobilization and goal achievement. Finally, feedback loops link the different analytic dimensions of identity.
Education Counts: Turning Crisis Into Opportunity for Adolescents
Authors: Kaye Judge Judith S. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay, adapted from the keynote address delivered at the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges’ 72nd Annual Conference on July 13, 2009, in Chicago, Illinois, focuses on adolescents and education—a strategy that is not only economically sound but also logical, indeed honorable. So just how do we begin to turn the crisis facing too many children and families into opportunity? How do we interrupt, and reroute, that perilous pipeline to prison? How do we help to build off‐ramps from the disastrous destiny that awaits so many young people? How do we regain our leadership role in constructive juvenile justice instead of juvenile incarceration? I believe judges can take a leadership role in addressing these questions. It's our children's future to be sure, but it's ours too. Indeed, it's the very future of our nation that is at stake.
Increasing Family Reunification for Substance‐Abusing Mothers and Their Children: Comparing Two Drug Court Interventions in Miami
Authors: Dakof Gayle A. , Cohen Judge Jeri B. , Duarte Eliette 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis study provides a quasi‐experimental test of 80 consecutive enrollments in the Miami‐Dade (Florida) Dependency Drug Court in order to examine the impact of a family‐based and gender specific intervention, Engaging Moms Program (EMP), on drug court graduation and family reunification. We compared EMP with case management services (CMS). Results indicated that 72% of mothers in the EMP graduated from drug court, and 70% were reunified with their children. In contrast, 38% of mothers receiving CMS graduated from drug court, and 40% were reunited with their children. EMP, then, appears to be a promising family drug court intervention.
The King County (Washington) Systems Integration Initiative: A First Look at the Kent District Dual System Youth Pilot Program
Authors: Siegel Gene 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTKing County is one of five counties in Washington State participating in the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation's Models for Change juvenile justice reform initiative. One key aspect of King County's Models for Change participation involves ongoing “systems integration” work intended to improve how youth who have cross‐over involvement in multiple systems—e.g., juvenile justice, child welfare, education, mental health, and/or others—are handled. These cross‐over cases often present a range of challenges to juvenile courts including substantial risk factors that increase their likelihood of continuing system involvement. This article provides a first look at an emerging pilot project in King County that is intended to improve how cross‐over cases are handled by child welfare and juvenile probation with the longer term goal of improving outcomes for these difficult cases.
Scalp Acupuncture Effects of Stroke Studied with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Different Actions in the Two Stroke Model Rats
Authors: Inoue Isao , Fukunaga Mari , Koga Keiko , Wang Hong-Du , Ishikawa Makoto 
Published: November 2009

Background Scalp acupuncture (SA) therapy on strokes has been empirically established and widely used in clinics in China. The evidence from clinical studies suggests that SA produces significant benefits for some patients with stroke. Methods The effect of scalp acupuncture was studied using MRI for two different stroke models: spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats and rats with transiently induced focal cerebral ischaemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h (MCAO rats). Results Stroke onset in SHR-SP rats was characterised by a development of vasogenic oedema without any appearance of cytotoxic oedema. Scalp acupuncture reduced rapidly neurological dysfunction in SHR-SP rats and reduced the volume of the vasogenic oedema during the same period. In contrast, in MCAO rats, focal cerebral ischaemia caused an immediate development of cytotoxic oedema without any appearance of vasogenic oedema. Vasogenic oedema developed after reperfusion. Scalp acupuncture had no significant effects on the cytotoxic oedema, vasogenic oedema or neurological dysfunction of the MCAO rats within the time span examined. Conclusion Scalp acupuncture had a rapid and strong effect on neurological dysfunction only in the hypertensive stroke-model by reducing the vasogenic oedema. Our results suggest that, if there are similar underlying mechanisms in human strokes, scalp acupuncture may be more beneficial for patients with strokes of hypertension-caused vasogenic origin than ischaemic origin.