bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning
Authors: Barber Jesse R. , Chadwell Brad A. , Garrett Nick , Schmidt-French Barbara , Conner William E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Naïve red (Lasiurus borealis Müller) and big brown(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois) bats quickly learn to avoid noxious sound-producing tiger moths. After this experience with a model tiger moth,bats generalize the meaning of these prey-generated sounds to a second tiger moth species producing a different call. Here we describe the three-dimensional kinematic and bioacoustic details of this behaviour, first,as naïve bats learn to deal with an unpalatable model tiger moth and subsequently, as they avoid acoustic mimics. The tiger moths' first clicks influenced the bats' echolocation behaviour and the percentage of interactions that included terminal buzzes was associated with capture and investigatory behaviour. When the mimic was introduced, the bats decreased both their minimum distance to the tiger moth and the time at which they broke off their attack compared with their exposure to the model on the night before. These kinematic signatures closely match the bats' behaviour on their first night of experience with the model. Minimum distances and time of pursuit cessation increased again by the last night of the mimic's presentation. These kinematic and bioacoustic results show that although naïve bats generalize the meaning of aposematic tiger moth calls, they discriminate the prey-generated signals as different and investigate. Extrapolating to experienced bats, these results suggest that acoustic predators probably exert potent and fine-scaled selective forces on acoustic mimicry complexes.
The effect of short- and long-term fasting on digestive and metabolic flexibility in the Andean toad, Bufo spinulosus
Authors: Naya Daniel E. , Veloso Claudio , Sabat Pablo , Bozinovic Francisco 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Hibernation in ectothermic animals was historically considered as a simple cold-induced torpor state resulting from the inability to maintain a high body temperature at low ambient temperatures. During the last decades this vision changed and nowadays there is a myriad of studies showing that hibernation implies different adjustments at the genetic, molecular, biochemical and cellular levels. However, studies oriented to evaluate changes of whole organism structure and physiology still are scarce, which is particularly true for amphibians that hibernate on land. Accordingly, in the Andean toad(Bufo spinulosus), we investigated the effect of short-term fasting and hibernation on the hydrolytic activity of digestive enzymes, histology of the small intestine, gross morphology of digestive and other internal organs and standard metabolic rate. Based on the pattern of size variation, internal organs may be grouped into those that were affected by both season and feeding condition (small intestine, stomach and liver), those that were only affected by season (fat bodies), those that were only affected by feeding condition(kidneys) and, finally, those that did not change between the three groups(large intestine, heart and lungs). Hydrolytic activity of maltase, trehalase and aminopeptidase-N followed the same pattern of variation(feeding&gt;fasting&gt;hibernating toads), although the change for the latter enzyme was less noticeable than for the disaccharidases. Enzymatic adjustments were correlated with changes in small intestine histology: villus and enterocyte height increased from hibernating to fasting and more markedly from fasting to feeding toads. Metabolic rate decreased during hibernation to 7.8%(at 5°C) and 13.6% (at 15°C) of summer values, which is one of the highest metabolic depressions reported for any ectothermic vertebrate. Our results suggest that amphibian persistence in highly seasonal environments is related to a large capacity of phenotypic flexibility at different organisational levels; an ability that may be related to the extensive ranges of temporal existence and geographic distribution of these vertebrates.
Visualization of the spatial and spectral signals of orb-weaving spiders, Nephila pilipes, through the eyes of a honeybee
Authors: Chiao Chuan-Chin , Wu Wen-Yen , Chen Sheng-Hui , Yang En-Cheng 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
It is well known that the honeybee has good color vision. However, the spectral range in which the bee can see is different from that of the human eye. To study how bees view their world of colors, one has to see through the eyes of the bee, not the eyes of a human. A conventional way to examine the color signals that animals can detect is to measure the surface reflectance spectra and compute the quantum catches of each photoreceptor type based on its known spectral sensitivity. Color signal and color contrast are then determined from the loci of these quantum catches in the color space. While the point-by-point measurements of the reflectance spectra using a standard spectrometer have yielded a significant amount of data for analyzing color signals, the lack of spatial information and low sampling efficiency constrain their applications. Using a special filter coating technique, a set of filters with transmission spectra that were closely matched to the bee's sensitivity spectra of three photoreceptor types (UV, blue, and green) was custom made. By placing these filters in front of a UV/VIS-sensitive CCD camera and acquiring images sequentially, we could collect images of a bee's receptor with only three shots. This allowed a direct visualization of how bees view their world in a pseudo-color RGB display. With this imaging system, spatial and spectral signals of the orb-weaving spider, Nephila pilipes, were recorded,and color contrast images corresponding to the bee's spatial resolution were constructed and analyzed. The result not only confirmed that the color markings of N. pilipes are of high chromatic contrast to the eyes of a bee, but it also indicated that the spatial arrangement of these markings resemble flower patterns which may attract bees to visit them. Thus, it is likely that the orb-weaving spider (N. pilipes) deploys a similar strategy to that of the Australian crab spider (Thomisus spectabilis)to exploit the bee's pre-existing preference for flowers with color patterning.
Rapid clearance of circulating protein by early chicken embryo blood cells
Authors: Wu Guojin , Li Zandong 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
It has been speculated that free amino acids digested from proteins in bird eggs are transported to the circulation for the nourishment of the embryo. In the present study, we found that early chicken embryo protein in the serum might be utilized efficiently as a nutrient. Proteins injected into the blood of embryonic day 3 (E3) embryos were partially degraded and rapidly cleared. The rapid clearance of the injected proteins might be the result of efficient pinocytosis by blood cells, which then efficiently digested the intracellular proteins. An evaluation of the fluorescence intensity of injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) indicated that about half was taken up by the blood cells 80 min after injection. About 4 h after injection, most of the FITC-BSA was digested and the products were released into the serum, which implies that circulating blood cells may serve as a digestive system in early chick embryos. However, the endocytic activity of blood cells decreased after E5, and BSA may reside in the circulation with a longer half-life after E5. These results imply that blood cells would serve as a digestive system only in early embryos. In summary, the mechanism revealed here gives the early embryo the ability to make use of protein as a nutrient without prior digestion outside the embryo.
A simple dynamic model and stability analysis of a steam boiler drum
Authors: Bracco S , Troilo M , Trucco A 
Published: June 2009

This study is focused on the steam boilers dynamics modelling used as a powerful instrument to predict the response of boilers to external inputs and transient operating conditions. The article describes a mathematical simulation model that has been developed to study the stability of a steam boiler drum subjected to different initial operating conditions. The phenomenological study has been based on several simulations that have been done considering steam boilers characterized by different nominal values of both pressure and steam mass flowrate; the attention has been given mainly to the effect of different pumping characteristics and thermal flux values on the boilers stability. The article shows the main results of the simulations and lists all the boilers’ possible operating conditions, both stable and unstable.
Optimal Supply Diversification Under General Supply Risks
Authors: Federgruen Awi , Yang Nan 
Published: June 2009

We analyze a planning model for a firm or public organization that needs to cover uncertain demand for a given item by procuring supplies from multiple sources. The necessity to employ multiple suppliers arises from the fact that when an order is placed with any of the suppliers, only a random fraction of the order size is usable. The model considers a single demand season with a given demand distribution, where all supplies need to be ordered simultaneously before the start of the season. The suppliers differ from one another in terms of their yield distributions, their procurement costs, and capacity levels. The planning model determines which of the potential suppliers are to be retained and what size order is to be placed with each. We consider two versions of the planning model: in the first, the service constraint model (SCM), the orders must be such that the available supply of usable units covers the random demand during the season with (at least) a given probability. In the second version of the model, the total cost model (TCM), the orders are determined so as to minimize the aggregate of procurement costs and end-of-the-season inventory and shortage costs. In the classical inventory model with a single, fully reliable supplier, these two models are known to be equivalent, but the equivalency breaks down under multiple suppliers with unreliable yields. For both the service constraint and total cost models, we develop a highly efficient procedure that generates the optimal set of suppliers as well as the optimal orders to be assigned to each. Most importantly, these procedures generate a variety of important qualitative insights, for example, regarding which sets of suppliers allow for a feasible solution, both when they have ample supply and when they are capacitated, and how various model parameters influence the selected set of suppliers, the aggregate order size, and the optimal cost values.
New Testing Approach in HLA Genotyping Helps Overcome Barriers in Effective Clinical Practice
Authors: Cheng Suk-Hang , Kwan Patrick , Ng Ho-Keung , Ng Margaret H-L 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Background: Severe and potentially fatal hypersensitivity reactions to drugs, particularly antiepileptics, are clinically unpredictable. Recent evidence has revealed a strong and specific association between the implicated drug, the type of adverse reaction, and the particular HLA genotype. An urgent need exists for rapid diagnosis of HLA status to guide drug prescription; however, traditional HLA genotyping has a long turnaround time, is expensive, and is available only in specialized centers. We tested the feasibility of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based approach to detect a specific HLA genotype. As an example, we used B*1502, an HLA allele strongly associated with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, and validated the assay’s application as a simple, accurate, rapid, and low-cost blood test for use in both clinical and bedside settings.
Methods: We evaluated B*1502 status with the new LAMP method and compared the results with those obtained by sequence-based typing (SBT) (n = 250) and by sequence-specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR) (n = 200) for 450 samples of DNA (n = 50) and blood (n = 400) from a hematology laboratory.
Results: LAMP results showed 100% concordance with both SBT and SSP-PCR results, confirming that LAMP detection of a specific HLA genotype (B*1502 in this case) is an accurate method. All results were available within 1 h.
Conclusions: Our study confirmed that the new LAMP method for detecting a specific HLA genotype is simple, inexpensive, accurate, and rapid, and may be of help in overcoming barriers in effective clinical practice.
Challenges Too Strong for the Nascent State of Timor-Leste: Petitioners and Mutineers
Authors: Arnold Matthew B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Timor-Leste was badly shaken by a violent national crisis from April 2006 to April 2008. Central to the turmoil were the presence and actions of two groups of ex-soldiers from the Timorese army, known as “petitioners” and “mutineers.” This article examines their roles in driving the crisis, by empirically mapping their history, motivations, and relationships.
Association Between Extent of Thiazolidinedione Exposure and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dore David D. , Trivedi Amal N. , Mor Vincent , Lapane Kate L. 
Published: June 2009

Study Objectives. To determine if an association exists between thiazolidinedione (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) exposure and acute myocardial infarction, and if the timing of drug initiation relative to the onset of myocardial infarction affected the frequency of the event.Design. Nested, case‐control study.Data Source. Health care claims from California, Florida, New York, Ohio, and Illinois from the Medicaid Analytic Extract database for calendar years 2001–2002.Patients. Of patients who received metformin plus a sulfonylurea during a defined eligibility period, we identified 2316 cases who had a primary discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and 9700 controls, who were defined by means of risk‐set sampling.Measurements and Main Results. We reviewed demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases and controls, and documented initiation of thiazolidinedione therapy. We noted the time of therapy initiation within 180 days of the index date (date of acute myocardial infarction for cases, same date for matched controls) and assessed any association between the start of thiazolidinedione therapy and acute myocardial infarction, relative to use of metformin plus a sulfonylurea. We performed secondary analyses using various time intervals between start of thiazolidinedione and onset of event (0–90 and 91–180 days before the index date). Applying conditional logistic regression, we obtained adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After adjustment for confounding, starting rosiglitazone (AOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.72‐1.39) or pioglitazone (AOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.74‐1.45) therapy in the 180 days before the index date was not associated with acute myocardial infarction. Point estimates for rosiglitazone (AOR 1.29, 95% CI 0.85‐1.94) and, less so, pioglitazone (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 0.73‐1.81) in the 90 days before the index date suggested a small increase in the rate of acute myocardial infarction shortly after the start of these drugs; however, the CIs were wide.Conclusion. Starting thiazolidinedione therapy was not associated with acute myocardial infarction. However, our data did not exclude the possibility of elevated risk immediately after beginning therapy. Clinicians should be cautious when prescribing thiazolidinediones, especially rosiglitazone, for patients at high risk for having an acute myocardial infarction.
Introduction
Authors: Voils Stacy A. 
Published: June 2009

As the gatekeepers to our formularies, we as pharmacists make decisions every day that affect both our institutions and our patients. We have to balance the costs of every product—as they relate to acquisition, storage, and use—with other considerations such as medical staff desires and product availability. We maintain our currentness with new drug releases and the latest regulatory changes, as well as an up‐to‐date knowledge of trends and developments in pharmaceutical research, in order to provide our patients and clinical staff the best possible therapeutic options. When choosing agents from within a specific class, the choice may be guided by many factors, especially when the efficacy is comparable within the class. An illustrative example of this is topical thrombin.Endogenous thrombin plays a central role in the maintenance of hemostasis. Topical thrombin was developed to take advantage of this central role as an adjunct to other methods for maintaining surgical‐field hemostasis. As a standalone agent or as part of a larger whole, thrombin is used extensively in the surgical theater across a wide range of specialties, but it is especially common in cardiovascular and spinal procedures. It is so much a part of the surgical landscape that its use is often not reported in a patient's medical records. In addition, because thrombin may be a component of another product, it may enter an institution through central surgical supply budgets rather than as a part of the pharmacy's formulary budget.
The First Xyelotomidae (Hymenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic in China
Authors: Gao Taiping , Ren Dong , Shih Chungkun 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Three new genera with three new species and two new species of two known genera, all in the family of Xyelotomidae (Hymenoptera), are described and illustrated. These specimens were collected from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, Jiulongshan Formation, and the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Dawangzhangzi, Yixian Formation, of China. A key to the known and new genera of Xyelotomidae is provided. Fourteen fossil genera with 20 species found so far from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous imply that Xyelotomidae was diverse and abundant during that period. New findings reported here provide additional evolutionary and transitional evidence of forewing Sc vein changed from two-branched to one-branched, to two separate parts, to apical part forming a crossvein, and finally to vestigial in Xyelotomidae from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.
Taxonomic Status of Scolytus opacus and Scolytus abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) : A Comparative Study
Authors: Equihua-Martinez Armando , Furniss Malcolm M 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Anatomical features of male and female Scolytus opacus Blackman, infesting Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.), and Scolytus abietis Blackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), infesting Abies grandis (Douglas) and Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.), were compared by light and scanning electron microscopy. Diagnostic features involve body size; striations on the underside of the head, which have a stridulatory function; shape of the submentum; and several characters on abdominal sternites 1 and 2. Because of differences in these features of the two taxa, and because the two populations infest different tree species and are sympatric in Idaho, we reinstate S. abietis as a valid species.
Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northeastern United States
Authors: Nielsen Anne L , Hamilton George C 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Host plant use by nymphs and adults of the nonnative species Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was investigated proximal to the location of its introduction, Allentown, PA. The seasonality of H. halys in the United States had not been thoroughly studied before this work. It is reported to have ≈300 host plants in its native range that could make control and identification of small populations difficult. Weekly beat samples were conducted beginning at petal fall (mid-April) in Pyrus spp. until the first frost (mid-October) from 2005 to 2007 on a variety of ornamental trees, shrubs, and agricultural crops. Egg masses were first observed on Paulownia tomentosa Thunb. the first week of June. In 2006 and 2007, Fraxinus americana L. was an important mid- and late season host for adults. Nymphal abundance differed seasonally. P. tomentosa supported high densities during the early season, whereas Viburnum opulus variety americanum Aiton was the preferred mid-season host, and Viburnum prunifolium L. and Rosa rugosa Thunb. had the highest densities of nymphs during the late season. Abundance of nymphs was strongly associated with maturing fruit or pods. All plants surveyed supported populations of H. halys, suggesting a large host range. In late August, a large adult population peak was observed (850–1,000 degree days [DD]), shortly after the DD accumulation for development to imaginal eclosion, supporting hypotheses that H. halys is likely univoltine in this region. Relative to native pentatomid species, H. halys was by far the predominant species collected in samples on ornamental and cultivated crops.
Diversity and Seasonal Abundance of Predacious Mites in Alabama Satsuma Citrus
Authors: Fadamiro Henry Y , Xiao Yingfang , Nesbitt Monte , Childers Carl C 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Nine Satsuma citrus orchards (seven conventionally sprayed and two unsprayed) in southern Alabama were sampled (mainly leaf samples) for predacious mites at eight different sampling dates from March 2005 to February 2006. At least 29 species of predacious mites from nine families (Anystidae, Ascidae, Bdellidae, Cheyletidae, Cunaxidae, Erythraeidae, Eupalopsellidae, Phytoseiidae, and Stigmaeidae) were identified. In addition, six primarily fungivorous species from three families (Parasitidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae) were recorded. Predacious mites in the families Phytoseiidae (18 species) and Stigmaeidae (one species) were the most abundant. The dominant species were Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) and Proprioseiopsis mexicanus (Garman) (Phytoseiidae), and Agistemus floridanus Gonzalez (Stigmaeidae). Phytoseiid mites were most abundant in the spring with populations declining at the start of the summer and remaining at very low levels through the fall and winter. Analysis of fruit, leaf and orchard ground cover plant samples collected in fall (October) 2005 showed greater abundance of phytoseiid mites on ground cover plants than on citrus fruit and leaves, suggesting that ground cover plants may serve as overwintering reservoirs for predacious mites. In general, predacious mites were relatively more abundant in the conventionally sprayed orchards compared with the unsprayed orchards, as were the two key phytophagous species, Panonychus citri (McGregor) and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead). The results are discussed in relation to the potential of the dominant predacious mite species as candidates for biological control of key phytophagous mites on Alabama Satsuma citrus.