bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians
Authors: de Normandie James 
Published: November 2011

In the old and worn parchment leaves of the baptismal register of Widford Parish in “pleasant Hertfordshire” we find this record:Anno dm. 1604. John Elliott the sonne of Bennett Elliott was baptized the fifte daye of August in the yeere of our Lord God 1604.There is also this record:An° Dm. 1598. Bennett Eliot and Letteye Aggar were married the xxxth of October an° Sup Dicto.Bennett Eliot had property in several of the neighboring parishes, and about 1608 removed to Nazing, where he died. In his will he directs his executor to pay out of the rents and profits of his lands and tenements, for the space of eight years from 1621, quarterly to his son John Eliot “the sum of eight pounds a yeare of lawful money of England, for and towards his maintenance in the University of Cambridge where he is a scholar.”The home of Eliot was marked by the best religious influences stirring England in these early days of the Reformation and the dawning of the Puritan controversy, for he speaks of his first years as “seasoned with the fear of God, the word, and prayer.” He became a pensioner of Jesus College in 1619, took his first degree in 1623, and was early distinguished for his talent and proficiency in the study of languages. Upon leaving Cambridge he was a tutor for a time in a school kept by Rev. Thomas Hooker,—afterwards the founder of the state of Connecticut. Here the influences of his own home were deepened, for he wrote: “Here the Lord said unto my dead soul, live! live! and through the grace of God I do live forever! When I came to this blessed family I then saw as never before the power of godliness in its lovely vigour and efficacy.”
The Autonomy of Mediaeval Philosophy
Authors: De Wulf Maurice 
Published: November 2011

In an article entitled “Recent Tendencies in Roman Catholic Theology,” in the number of this Review for July 1922, Dr. George La Piana has criticised my interpretation of the history of mediaeval philosophy.My fundamental thesis is that in the thirteenth century there is a distinction between philosophy and theology, and that philosophy has an autonomous value. For Dr. La Piana, on the contrary, there is properly speaking no “consistent and independent philosophical system” (p. 251). Philosophy is the handmaiden of theology, and a view such as mine is an artificial construction, abandoned by mediaevalists, and in process of disintegration.
The World Enigma
Authors: Moody Cary C. 
Published: November 2011

The enigma of the world is the existence of evil or imperfection. Though a deeper insight discloses relative perfection, yet the relative perfection of finite things discloses imperfection. If good of the kind, yet the kind is bad. There is no compliment more distasteful than to be told that one is good of his kind, for it implies that the kind may be bad.While it is obvious that the world, as a whole, is under the sway of one principle, yet the problem is how can a perfect being originate and sustain a world of imperfect beings, endowed with the capacity to develop towards perfection, and likewise with the capacity to resist such development?
Panbabylonianism
Authors: Toy Crawford H. 
Published: November 2011

p. 54, line 10 nation read nations.p. 54, line 19, for decisions read discussions.p. 68, line 4 for put read pit.p. 68, line 5 omit over.p. 70, line 3 from bottom, this read the.p. 78, line 12 from bottom for complete read conflate.
The Relation of Plato to our Age and to the Ages
Authors: Dodson George Rowland 
Published: November 2011

A few great books, for those who know them well, make unnecessary a countless number of lesser books. From the higher point of view, all can be seen that is visible from the lower, and much more. To have carefully studied the works of one of the world's great men is to have immensely widened one's own life. To comprehend the scope of his thought and the variety and extent of his sympathies is to have an essential element of a liberal education. An enthusiastic and undiscriminating discipleship, at least at first, is not to be deplored, for a realization of the limitations of great men and the incompleteness of all systems is sure to come later; but no one understands any view of the world who has never been able to feel its plausibility. There is no delight in life like the companionship of a noble mind. A long comradeship with a great man, one in whom intellectual power, ethical elevation, all-inclusive sympathies, and wholeness and wholesomeness of view are united, is one of the greatest of our human privileges. To it we turn for consolation in our sorrows, for a refuge from the petty irritations and vexations that so constantly beset us, and for help to rise above them to serenity and peace. Through these great souls we are able in some measure to realize the Emersonian ideal of a life of activity and at the same time of poise and power, the hands being in the world of action while the head is above the storm. No service is more real or precious than that which such men have rendered to humanity. By living on the higher planes, they appeal to our latent instincts; they help us to understand our own best selves, and to be what without them we could never be.Of those who have served our race in this way one of the greatest is Plato.
ANTI-AMERICANISM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE
Authors: KLAUTKE EGBERT 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the twentieth century, European observers and commentators have frequently employed the term ‘Americanization’ to make sense of the astonishing rise of the USA to the status of a world power. More specifically, they used this term to describe the social changes brought about by industrialization and urbanization. In this context, European intellectuals have often used ‘America’ as shorthand for ‘modernity’; across the Atlantic, they believed, it was possible to learn and see the future of their own societies. Criticism of ‘the Americanization of Europe’ – or the world – easily led to outright anti-Americanism, i.e. a radical and reductionist ideology which held the USA responsible for the economic, political, or cultural ills of modern societies. The war in Iraq in 2003 and the alienation between the USA and France and Germany that followed provided a new impetus for studying the history of European perceptions of America. A large number of studies have since been published that deal with the history of the ‘Americanization of Europe’ and anti-Americanism, and several monographs, which are based on original research and promise new insights, will be the focus of this historiographical review.
SIR EDWARD DERING, POPULARITY, AND THE PUBLIC, 1640–1644
Authors: PEACEY JASON 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis article reassesses the political career of Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), a prominent but extremely controversial MP during the Long Parliament, who has fascinated historians because of the way in which he appears to have ‘defected’ from the cause of political and religious reform, who was eventually expelled from the Commons for publishing his parliamentary speeches, and who briefly flirted with royalism before making a humiliating return to Westminster. It does so by focusing upon his relationship with the public, in terms of how he courted popular support in order to secure election, and how people followed his subsequent parliamentary career, not least through the circulation of scribal and printed texts. It highlights how constituents (and others) responded to such activity, not least by making clear what policies he was expected to promote, thereby revealing that Dering's career was driven not just by his own political and religious views, but also by ideas about his role as an MP, and about his relationship with his constituents. Dering thus provides a rare opportunity to scrutinize the dynamic relationships between MPs and the public, thereby revealing hitherto neglected evidence about transformations in political culture and ideas regarding representation.
BRITTAN ON BRITAIN: ‘THE ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS OF DEMOCRACY’ REDUX
Authors: MIDDLETON ROGER 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis review furthers our understanding of the history of neo-liberalism in Britain, and more particularly of the economics and politics of the 1970s and 1980s, through an examination of the writings of the economic journalist, Samuel Brittan, widely regarded as a central figure in undermining the intellectual basis for the Keynesian consensus about big government. This review provides a close study of Brittan's ‘The economic contradictions of democracy’ (1975, hereafter ECD) – one of the most cited contributions to the declinist literature of the decade – in which Brittan warned that, without remedial action, liberal democracy ‘is likely to pass away within the lifetime of people now adult’. In this reappraisal of Brittan's ECD, it is argued that this paper is much more than just eloquent, scholarly declinism, and in the process, the generic problem facing all contemporary historians of thought and policy is confronted: what is the influence of any one individual and/or work? The reappraisal relates directly to central themes of the 1970s ‘crisis’, especially ‘overload’ and ‘ungovernability’; it examines the competitive nature of the market for declinist prognostications (notably the Jay–Brittan nexus), with one objective being to provide a counterbalance to much recent scholarship which has over-focused on think-tanks at the expense of elite journalists who were very far from being academics manqués; and, finally, it reviews Brittan's role in the so-called Thatcher revolution, where much has been claimed but little documented.
Contribution to the Red List of Pakistan: a case study of the narrow endemic Silene longisepala (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Ali Haidar , Qaiser M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSilene longisepala Nasir (Caryophyllaceae) is a plant endemic to Chitral District in mountainous north-west Pakistan. This taxon was previously known from only two localities. In field studies during 2005–2007, 24 new localities in lower Chitral were discovered. We found 608 mature individual plants in 22 localities in 2005, 520 mature individuals in 17 localities in 2006, and 531 mature individuals in 18 localities in 2007. Considering the population size in 2007, an extent of occurrence of 3,587 km2 and area of occupancy of 104 km2, we recommend that the species is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The main threat to the species is habitat destruction from road construction, land conversion for agriculture and soil erosion following deforestation; we witnessed the direct effects of these pressures on S. longisepala during our fieldwork. In some localities, however, S. longisepala is fortuitously protected by the general inaccessibility of its habitat. There is no legal framework in Pakistan for the protection of rare and endemic plant taxa on private lands and therefore ex situ conservation may be required for narrow endemics such as S. longisepala. Our methodology in this study, in which we combined detailed field surveys with monitoring, could form a model for conservation research on rare and endemic plant taxa in Pakistan and elsewhere.
Predation on livestock by large carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala
Authors: Soto-Shoender José R. , Giuliano William M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractConflict with humans is a significant source of mortality in carnivore populations yet information on this issue is lacking for some areas where threatened carnivores such as the jaguarPanthera oncainteract with humans. We interviewed cattle ranchers to examine patterns of predation on livestock by carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala and to determine if the ranchers applied management practices recommended to prevent such predation by large felids. Additionally, we compared ranches with and without attacks on livestock to determine whether ranch characteristics and landscape structure near ranches explains the variations in the occurrence of livestock predation by carnivores. Cattle losses to carnivores represented 0.7% of the cattle stock in all ranches surveyed. Jaguars were most often accused of livestock attacks (suggesting a negative perception of this felid in the area), followed by pumasPuma concolorand coyotesCanis latrans. Males and smaller cattle were most often attacked and general patterns of attacks on livestock were similar to sites previously studied in the neotropics. Landscape structure around ranches (e.g. forest cover, distance to forest, bodies of water and human settlements) best explained the probability of predation on livestock. Outreach programmes and conflict mitigation measures need to be implemented for those ranches that are distant from human settlements but near forest cover and water sources. The co-occurrence of predation by jaguars, pumas and coyotes is particular to Mesoamerica and conflict mitigation strategies proposed in studies elsewhere may need to be altered, and evaluated, to be effective in this region.
Murine hybridoma-derived antibodies in the processing of antigens for the immunodiagnosis of hydatid (Echinococcus granulosus) infection in sheep
Authors: Craig P. S. , Hocking R. E. , Mitchell G. F. , Rickard M. D. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYMice experimentally infected with the hydatid parasite Echinococcus granulosus (secondary echinococcosis), were used as spleen cell donors for hybridoma production. Two hybridomas were produced which secreted antibody with anti-E. granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) activity. Radio-immunoassays comparing the binding of these hybridoma-derived antibodies to E. granulosus versus several other antigen preparations from sheep parasites showed that the antibodies had a high degree of specificity for the hydatid parasite. However, using a panel of clinically defined sheep sera in a competitive radio-immunoassay, the binding of the hybridoma-derived antibodies to EgCF was inhibited strongly by sera from sheep infected with the common parasites Fasciola hepatica and Taenia hydatigena. When the hybridoma-derived antibodies were conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose and the crude EgCF applied to the affinity column, the ‘run through’ antigen preparation showed a significant increase in specificity for experimental E. granulosus infection. A useful means of applying the hybridoma technology in the development of new immunodiagnostic reagents may be to select those murine hybridomas which produce high-affinity, cross-reacting antibodies and to use these antibodies in the processing of homologous antigen by affinity chromatography.
Observations on the structure and function of the haemoglobin from the cuticle ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis(Nematoda)
Authors: Sharpe M. J. , Lee D. L. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe fluid layer within the cuticle of the nematodeNippostrongylus brasiliensiscontains haemoglobin. The absorbance spectra of the haemoglobins extracted from whole nematodes were measured spectrophoto-metrically and the spectra of cuticular haemoglobin in individual living nematodes was obtained by microdensitometry. Adult female nematodes were confined under cover-slips in oxygenated saline and measurements of optical density of a small area of the cuticular haemoglobin were taken at 10 sec intervals. The optical density decreased over a period of 4 min at 543 nm and increased at 553 nm indicating deoxygenation of the cuticular haemoglobin; irrigation with fresh saline restored the haemoglobin to its oxygenated state. This demonstrates that cuticular haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen in the living animal. Isoelectric focusing showed that mature nematodes have haemoglobins which are isoelectric around pH 7·0 and at pH 9·8. Isolated cuticular fluid contained the haemoglobin which was isoelectric at pH 9·8, but no other haemoglobin, and immature adults, which do not have cuticular haemoglobin, contained only those haemoglobins which were isoelectric at pH 7·0. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and column chromatography showed that the molecular weight of the cuticular haemoglobin sub-unit is 16·9–17·5 × 103Daltons and that the haemoglobin exists primarily as a tetrameric molecule with a molecular weight of 65–75 × 103Daltons. The presence of cuticular haemoglobin may allow adultNippostrongylusto exploit oxygen-deficient areas within the environment of the rat's intestine where it would otherwise be unable to survive for prolonged periods.
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: insights on subcellular distribution and biochemical properties of heparin-binding proteins
Authors: DE CASTRO CÔRTES LUZIA MONTEIRO , DE SOUZA PEREIRA MIRIAN CLAUDIA , DE OLIVEIRA FRANCISCO ODÊNCIO RODRIGUES , CORTE-REAL SUZANA , DA SILVA FRANKLIN SOUZA , PEREIRA BERNARDO ACÁCIO SANTINI , DE FÁTIMA MADEIRA MARIA , DE MORAES MARCIA TEREZINHA BARONI , BRAZIL REGINALDO PEÇANHA , ALVES CARLOS ROBERTO 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and an important public health issue. Glycosaminoglycan ligands inLeishmaniaparasites are potential targets for new strategies to control this disease. We report the subcellular distribution of heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) inLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensisand specific biochemical characteristics ofL. (V.) braziliensisHBPs. Promastigotes were fractionated, and flagella and membrane samples were applied to HiTrap Heparin affinity chromatography columns. Heparin-bound fractions from flagella and membrane samples were designated HBP Ffand HBP Mf, respectively. Fraction HBP Ffpresented a higher concentration of HBPs relative to HBP Mf, and SDS-PAGE analyses showed 2 major protein bands in both fractions (65 and 55 kDa). The 65 kDa band showed gelatinolytic activity and was sensitive to inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline. The localization of HBPs on the promastigote surfaces was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor analysis by binding the parasites to a heparin-coated sensor chip; that was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by pre-incubating the parasites with variable concentrations of heparin, thus indicating distinct heparin-binding capacities for the two fractions. In conclusion, protein fractions isolated from either the flagella or membranes ofL. (V.) braziliensispromastigotes have characteristics of metallo-proteinases and are able to bind to glycosaminoglycans.
Curcumin alleviates eosinophilic meningitis through reduction of eosinophil count following albendazole treatment againstAngiostrongylus cantonensisin mice
Authors: SHYU LING-YUH , CHANG HAN-HSIN , HSU JENG-DONG , LIN DAVID PEI-CHENG , TENG YING-HOCK , LEE HSIU-HSIUNG 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYAngiostrongylus cantonensis(A. cantonensis) is the most common cause of parasitic eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. By using an animal model of BALB/c mice infected withA. cantonensis, previous studies indicated that the anthelmintic drug, albendazole, could killA. cantonensislarvae and prevent further infection. However, the dead larvae will induce severe immune responses targeting at brain tissues. To alleviate the detrimental effects caused by the dead larvae, we administered curcumin, a traditional anti-inflammatory agent, as a complementary treatment in addition to albendazole therapy, to determine whether curcumin could be beneficial for treatment. The results showed that although curcumin treatment alone did not reduce worm number, combined treatment by albendazole and curcumin helped to reduce eosinophil count in the cerebrospinal fluid, better than using albendazole alone. This alleviating effect did not affect albendazole treatment alone, since histological analysis showed similar worm eradication with or without addition of curcumin. Nevertheless, curcumin treatment alone and combined albendazole-curcumin treatment did not inhibit MMP-9 expression in the brain tissue. In conclusion, curcumin, when used as a complementary treatment to albendazole, could help to alleviate eosinophilic meningitis through suppression of eosinophil count in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Lifting mixing properties by Rokhlin cocycles
Authors: LEMAŃCZYK MARIUSZ , PARREAU FRANÇOIS 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe study the problem of lifting various mixing properties from a base automorphismT∈Aut(X,ℬ,μ) to skew products of the formTφ,𝒮, where φ:X→Gis a cocycle with values in a locally compact Abelian groupG, 𝒮=(Sg)g∈Gis a measurable representation ofGinAut(Y,𝒞,ν) andTφ,𝒮acts on the product space (X×Y,ℬ⊗𝒞,μ⊗ν) byIt is also shown that wheneverTis ergodic (mildly mixing, mixing) butTφ,𝒮is not ergodic (is not mildly mixing, not mixing), then, on a non-trivial factor 𝒜⊂𝒞 of 𝒮, the corresponding Rokhlin cocyclex↦Sφ(x)∣𝒜is a coboundary (a quasi-coboundary).
Why Were Biological Analogies in Economics “A Bad Thing”? Edith Penrose's Battles against Social Darwinism and McCarthyism
Authors: Levallois Clement 
Published: November 2011

ArgumentThe heuristic value of evolutionary biology for economics is still much under debate. We suggest that in addition to analytical considerations, socio-cultural values can well be at stake in this issue. To demonstrate it, we use a historical case and focus on the criticism of biological analogies in the theory of the firm formulated by economist Edith Penrose in postwar United States. We find that in addition to the analytical arguments developed in her paper, she perceived that biological analogies were suspect of a conservative bias – as in social Darwinism. We explain this perception by documenting the broader context of Edith Penrose's personal and professional evolution, from her student days at Berkeley to her defense of Owen Lattimore against McCarthyism. We conclude that in the case under study at least, science and values were certainly intertwined in accounting for her skepticism towards biological analogies – insight we develop in the conclusion about today's relationships between biology and economics.
Disordered Spheres with Extensive Overlap in Projection: Image Simulation and Analysis
Authors: Chan Christopher D. , Seitz Michelle E. , Winey Karen I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article simulates highly overlapped projections of spherical particles that are distributed randomly in space. The size and number of the features in the projections are examined as well as how these features change with particle size and concentration. First, there are discernable features in projection even when particles overlap extensively, and the size of these discernable features is the expected size of an individual particle. Second, the number of features increases with specimen thickness at a rate of t0.543 when the specimen thickness is below a critical value and becomes independent of specimen thickness at higher thicknesses. A criterion is established for the critical thickness based on particle size and particle volume fraction. When the specimen thickness is known and smaller than the critical thickness, a single representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (or scanning TEM) image exhibiting extensive particle overlap can be used to determine the size and number density of the spherical particles.