bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to hunt: the role of experience in predator success
Authors: Seebacher Frank , Ward Ashley , Reid Amelia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnimal behaviour is a composite of innate and learned components. During their lifetimes, animals typically gain experience and manifest learning, thereby augmenting or modifying genetically determined, innate behaviour patterns. Following a training period during which predatory fish (jade perch, Scortum barcoo) were allocated to treatments and given experience of either live prey (mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki), freshly killed prey, or cichlid pellets with equal nutritional value, we tested the response of the predators to the prey in an experimental arena. Across all treatments, there was no difference in the number of attacks made by the predators on the prey, however the predators with experience of live fish prey were significantly more successful in capturing prey than those without previous experience of live prey. These results suggest that, in this piscivorous predator, the recognition of prey has an innate component, but that hunting efficiency is increased through experience. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the release of hatchery-reared fish into the wild, the majority of which are predatory.
Disentangling defense: the function of spiny lobster sounds
Authors: Patek  , Claverie  , Staaterman  
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe function of anti-predator signalling is a complex, and often-overlooked, area of animal communication. The goal of this study was to examine the behavioural function of an antipredator acoustic signal in the ocean. We observed the acoustic and defensive behaviours of California spiny lobsters (Palinuridae: Panulirus interruptus) to a model predator, model conspecific and blank pole, both in the tank and in the field. We found that P. interruptus make a 'rasp' sound once physically contacted by an aggressor, rather than during the approach. The model predator and conspecific elicited no discernable changes in defensive behaviour, but the responses by the lobsters to aggressors in the tank versus field were distinct. Our results indicate that the spiny lobster's rasp is used as a startle or aposematic signal, which may be coupled with visual aposematism of their spines. Alternatively, the rasp may function as a vibratory escape mechanism or as an acoustic analogue to eye-spots. This study offers insights into the role of acoustic signalling in the marine environment and demonstrates a central role for sound production in spiny lobster ecology.
Research on Petrus de Bellapertica: portrait of a discrete Chancellor
Authors: Tardif Alain 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAfter nearly twenty years of teaching Roman law at Orléans (1278–1296), Petrus de Bellapertica was called to sit in King Philip the Fair's council. Bellapertica, sometimes referred to as “the father of experts”, was valued for his experience in all the major political negotiations of the decade during which he held office in the King's service. These issues included the ecclesiastical tithes, the peace negotiations with the Empire and with England, the conflicts with some of the most powerful feudal lords in the realm, and the great dispute with pope Boniface VIII against the backdrop of the confrontation between spiritual and temporal power. Bellapertica may be credited with the Reform Ordinance of March 1303, with the coronation of pope Clement V in Lyons, and with bringing Lyons closer into the orbit of the French kingdom through the “Philippines” treaties. Unable to prevent the trial of the Templars, he left the political scene three months before he died on 17 January 1308.
Genesis of Pre–Hurricane Felix (2007). Part I: The Role of the Easterly Wave Critical Layer
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Montgomery M. T. , Dunkerton T. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe formation of pre–Hurricane Felix (2007) in a tropical easterly wave is examined in a two-part study using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a high-resolution nested grid configuration that permits the representation of cloud system processes. The simulation commences during the wave stage of the precursor African easterly-wave disturbance. Here the simulated and observed developments are compared, while in Part II of the study various large-scale analyses, physical parameterizations, and initialization times are explored to document model sensitivities.In this first part the authors focus on the wave/vortex morphology, its interaction with the adjacent intertropical convergence zone complex, and the vorticity balance in the neighborhood of the developing storm. Analysis of the model simulation points to a bottom-up development process within the wave critical layer and supports the three new hypotheses of tropical cyclone formation proposed recently by Dunkerton, Montgomery, and Wang. It is shown also that low-level convergence associated with the ITCZ helps to enhance the wave signal and extend the “wave pouch” from the jet level to the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. The region of a quasi-closed Lagrangian circulation within the wave pouch provides a focal point for diabatic merger of convective vortices and their vortical remnants. The wave pouch serves also to protect the moist air inside from dry air intrusion, providing a favorable environment for sustained deep convection. Consistent with the authors’ earlier findings, the tropical storm forms near the center of the wave pouch via system-scale convergence in the lower troposphere and vorticity aggregation. Components of the vorticity balance are shown to be scale dependent, with the immediate effects of cloud processes confined more closely to the storm center than the overturning Eliassen circulation induced by diabatic heating, the influence of which extends to larger radii.
Polynomial Chaos Quantification of the Growth of Uncertainty Investigated with a Lorenz Model
Authors: Shen Colin Y. , Evans Thomas E. , Finette Steven 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A time-dependent physical model whose initial condition is only approximately known can predict the evolving physical state to only within certain error bounds. In the prediction of weather, as well as its ocean counterpart, quantifying this uncertainty or the predictability is of critical importance because such quantitative knowledge is needed to provide limits on the forecast accuracy. Monte Carlo simulation, the accepted standard for uncertainty determination, is impractical to apply to the atmospheric and ocean models, particularly in an operational setting, because of these models’ high degrees of freedom and computational demands. Instead, methods developed in the literature have relied on a limited ensemble of simulations, selected from initial errors that are likely to have grown the most at the forecast time. In this paper, the authors present an alternative approach, the polynomial chaos method, to the quantification of the growth of uncertainty. The method seeks to express the initial errors in functional form in terms of stochastic basis expansions and solve for the uncertainty growth directly from the equations of motion. It is shown via a Lorenz model that the resulting solution can provide all the error statistics as in Monte Carlo simulation but requires much less computation. Moreover, it is shown that the functional form of the solution facilitates the uncertainty analysis. This is discussed in detail for the tangent linear case of interest to ensemble forecasting. The relevance of the uncertainty covariance result to data assimilation is also noted.
Boundary Conditions for Artificial Snow Production in the Austrian Alps*
Authors: Olefs Marc , Fischer Andrea , Lang Josef 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
To assess how meteorological conditions favorable for the production of artificial snow vary in time and space, wet-bulb temperatures are calculated using temperature and humidity data of 14 Austrian stations between October and April for 1948–2007 (station altitudes 585–3105 m MSL). Technical specifications of snow guns are used to define a wet-bulb temperature threshold value of −2°C for snowmaking and a relationship between wet-bulb temperature and snowmaking capacity. The Mann–Kendall nonparametric-trend test is used to detect monotonic long-term changes in air temperature, relative humidity, wet-bulb temperature, and number of snowmaking days. It is applied multiple times to overlapping time periods to capture significant trends on different time scales. Results show a marked, common air- and wet-bulb seasonal mean (October–April) temperature increase between +1.5° and +3.1°C from 1980 to 1990 for a majority of stations with no trends thereafter. The number of snowmaking days per season decreased by −20 to −34 for half of the stations in the period around 1979–2003. No altitudes were especially affected by changes in the analyzed variables. The estimated volume of produced artificial snow shows high interannual variability and exhibits no trends at an hourly resolution over the last two decades.
Downscaling and Bias Correcting a Cold Season Precipitation Climatology over Coastal Southern British Columbia Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
Authors: Ainslie B. , Jackson P. L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Thirty years of the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) are dynamically downscaled to an 8-km grid spacing using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to generate a climatology of glacier winter accumulation over the southern Coast Mountains in British Columbia (BC), Canada. RAMS precipitation fields are bias corrected using observations from Environment Canada (EC) synoptic and climate stations and BC provincial snow pillow stations. Raw and bias-corrected model output is compared with observations from EC Reference Climate Network stations, BC provincial Ministry of Transportation and Highways stations, BC Hydro stations, snow course data, and glacier mass balance studies. A water balance is also applied to 12 drainage basins located within the modeling domain to test the consistency of both the raw and bias-corrected precipitation fields with observed streamflow. Model output is compared with the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) and bias-corrected NARR. Isotropic spectral power densities are examined to compare the effective spatial resolution of the various precipitation fields. The spatial distribution of the bias-correction field suggests that RAMS underpredicts precipitation on the western edge of Vancouver Island, Canada, and overpredicts along the southern Coast Mountains. The bias correction helps close the water balance budgets in all basins except the Somass on Vancouver Island. The bias correction generally improves the agreement between RAMS and observed snow water equivalent amounts at the glacier and snow course sites, and observed precipitation amounts at the synoptic, climate, and snow pillow stations. The RAMS and NARR isotropic spectral power densities show a loss of variability at approximately 45 and 63 km, while PRISM shows little falloff down to 16 km.
An Empirical Study of Geographic and Seasonal Variations in Diurnal Temperature Range
Authors: Jackson Lawrence S. , Forster Piers M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The diurnal temperature range (DTR) of surface air over land varies geographically and seasonally. The authors have investigated these variations using generalized additive models (GAMs), a nonlinear regression methodology. With DTR as the response variable, meteorological and land surface parameters were treated as explanatory variables. Regression curves related the deviation of DTR from its mean value to values of the meteorological and land surface variables. Cloud cover, soil moisture, distance inland, solar radiation, and elevation were combined as explanatory variables in an ensemble of 84 GAM models that used data grouped into seven vegetation types and 12 months. The ensemble explained 80% of the geographical and seasonal variation in DTR. Vegetation type and cloud cover exhibited the strongest relationships with DTR. Shortwave radiation, distance inland, and elevation were positively correlated with DTR, whereas cloud cover and soil moisture were negatively correlated. A separate analysis of the surface energy budget showed that changes in net longwave radiation represented the effects of solar and hydrological variation on DTR. It is found that vegetation and its associated climate is important for DTR variation in addition to the climatic influence of cloud cover, soil moisture, and solar radiation. It is also found that surface net longwave radiation is a powerful diagnostic of DTR variation, explaining over 95% of the seasonal variation of DTR in tropical regions.
Assessment of MJO Predictability for Boreal Winter with Various Statistical and Dynamical Models
Authors: Kang In-Sik , Kim Hye-Mi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The predictability of intraseasonal variation in the tropics is assessed in the present study by using various statistical and dynamical models with rigorous and fair measurements. For a fair comparison, the real-time multivariate Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) (RMM) index, proposed by Wheeler and Hendon, is used as a predictand for all models. The statistical models include the models based on a multilinear regression, a wavelet analysis, and a singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The prediction limits (correlation skill of 0.5) of statistical models for RMM1 (RMM2) index are at days 16–17 (14–15) for the multiregression model, whereas they are at days 8–10 (9–12) for the wavelet- and SSA-based models. The poor predictability of the wavelet and SSA models is related to the tapering problem for a half-length of the time window before the initial condition.
To assess the dynamical predictability, long-term serial prediction experiments with a prediction interval of every 5 days are carried out with Seoul National University (SNU) AGCM and coupled general circulation model (CGCM) for 26 (1980–2005) boreal winters. The prediction limits of RMM1 and RMM2 occur at around 20 days for both AGCM and CGCM. These results demonstrate that the skills of dynamical models used in this study are better than those of the three statistical predictions. The dynamical and statistical predictions are combined using a multimodel ensemble method. The combination provides a superior skill to any of the statistical and dynamical predictions, with a prediction limit of 22–24 days. The dependencies of prediction skill on the initial phase and amplitude of the MJO are also investigated.
Depth of Convection and the Weakening of Tropical Circulation in Global Warming
Authors: Chou Chia , Chen Chao-An 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anthropogenic forcings, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols, are starting to show their influence on the climate, as evidenced by a global warming trend observed in the past century. The weakening of tropical circulation, a consequence of global warming, has also been found in observations and in twenty-first-century climate model simulations. It is a common belief that this weakening of tropical circulation is associated with the fact that global-mean precipitation increases more slowly than water vapor. Here, a new mechanism is proposed for this robust change, which is determined by atmospheric stability associated with the depth of convection. Convection tends to extend higher in a warmer climate because of an uplifting of the tropopause. The higher the convection, the more stable the atmosphere. This leads to a weakening of tropical circulation.
Offshore Detachment Process of the Low-Salinity Water around Changjiang Bank in the East China Sea
Authors: Moon Jae-Hong , Hirose Naoki , Yoon Jong-Hwan , Pang Ig-Chan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A patchlike structure of low-salinity water detached from the Chanjiang “Diluted Water” (CDW) is frequently observed in the East China Sea (ECS). In this study, the offshore detachment process of CDW into the ECS is examined using a three-dimensional numerical model. The model results show that low-salinity water is detached from the CDW plume by the intense tide-induced vertical mixing during the spring tide period when the tidal current becomes stronger. During the spring tide, thickness of the bottom mixed layer in the sloping bottom around Changjiang Bank reaches the mean water depth, implying that the stratification is completely destroyed in the entire water column. As a result, the offshore detachment of CDW occurs in the sloping side of the bank where the tidal energy dissipation is strong enough to overcome the buoyancy effect during this period. On the other hand, the surface stratification is retrieved during the neap tide period, because the tidal current becomes substantially weaker than that in the spring tide. Wind forcing over the ECS as well as tidal mixing is a critical factor for the detachment process because the surface wind primarily induces a northeastward CDW transport across the shelf region where tide-induced vertical mixing is strong. Moreover, the wind-enhanced cross-isobath transport of CDW causes a larger offshore low-salinity patch, indicating that the freshwater volume of the low-salinity patch closely depends on the wind magnitude.
A Global Climatology of Wind–Wave Interaction
Authors: Hanley Kirsty E. , Belcher Stephen E. , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Generally, ocean waves are thought to act as a drag on the surface wind so that momentum is transferred downward, from the atmosphere into the waves. Recent observations have suggested that when long wavelength waves—which are characteristic of remotely generated swell—propagate faster than the surface wind, momentum can also be transferred upward. This upward momentum transfer acts to accelerate the near-surface wind, resulting in a low-level wave-driven wind jet. Previous studies have suggested that the sign reversal of the momentum flux is well predicted by the inverse wave age, the ratio of the surface wind speed to the speed of the waves at the peak of the spectrum. Data from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) have been used here to calculate the global distribution of the inverse wave age to determine whether there are regions of the ocean that are usually in the wind-driven wave regime and others that are generally in the wave-driven wind regime. The wind-driven wave regime is found to occur most often in the midlatitude storm tracks where wind speeds are generally high. The wave-driven wind regime is found to be prevalent in the tropics where wind speeds are generally light and swell can propagate from storms at higher latitudes. The inverse wave age is also a useful indicator of the degree of coupling between the local wind and wave fields. The climatologies presented emphasize the nonequilibrium that exists between the local wind and wave fields and highlight the importance of swell in the global oceans.
Using Mesoscale Simulations to Train Statistical Models of Tropical Cyclone Intensity over Land
Authors: Colette Augustin , Leith Nadja , Daniel Vincent , Bellone Enrica , Nolan David S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The decay of tropical cyclones after landfall is a key factor in estimating the extent of the hazard overland. Yet our current understanding of this decay is challenged by the low frequency of past events. Consequently, one cannot rely solely upon the historical record when attempting to quantify robustly the inland penetration of tropical cyclones. Thus, a framework designed to complement the historical record of landfalling storms by means of numerical modeling is introduced. Historical meteorological situations that could potentially have led to a landfall on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico are targeted and, using a bogus vortex technique in conjunction with a mesoscale model, a large number of landfalling hurricanes are simulated.
The numerical ensemble constitutes a more comprehensive sample of possible landfalling hurricanes: it encompasses the range of events observed in the past but is not constrained to it. This allows us to revisit existing statistical models of the decay of tropical cyclones after landfall. A range of statistical models trained on the numerical ensemble of storms are evaluated on their ability to reproduce the inland decay of historical storms. These models have more skill at predicting tropical cyclone intensity over land than similar models trained exclusively on historical data.
The Roles of Vortex Rossby Waves in Hurricane Secondary Eyewall Formation
Authors: Qiu Xin , Tan Zhe-Min , Xiao Qingnong 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A high-resolution, full-physics model initiated with an idealized tropical cyclone–like vortex is used to simulate and investigate the secondary eyewall formation. The beta skirt axisymmetrization (BSA) hypothesis previously proposed is examined and the roles of axisymmetrizing vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) in the secondary eyewall formation are further investigated. During the formation period, convection outside the inner-core region is organized into an outer spiral rainband. The PV dipoles that are persistently generated by convective updrafts through tilting effect move along the rainband and inward toward inner-core region and are finally axisymmetrized in the preexisting beta skirt region. The formation of the secondary eyewall is preceded by a rapid intensification period, during which vortical hot towers, discrete VRWs, and sheared VRWs dominate the inner-core asymmetric structures. Sheared VRWs are repeatedly emanated from the outer edge of the eyewall and become more concentric when propagating outward, leading to the formation of a weak but nonnegligible secondary circulation near the VRWs’ stagnant radius. The mean tangential flow is accelerated by the low-level convergence associated with the secondary circulation and also by the wave–mean flow interaction mechanism, both of which are elucidated by absolute angular momentum budget calculation. The mean radial gradient of relative vorticity is enhanced across the stagnant radius, causing the extension of beta skirt to outer radii in the lower-tropospheric levels. Results from this study suggest that the stagnant radius mechanism and the BSA mechanism may work cooperatively in the sense that the former helps to establish an extensive beta skirt and the latter takes charge from then on.
From Hindu Monarchy to Secular Republic
Authors: Singh Jai S. 
Published: January 2010

States are the principal subjects of International Law. The Himalayan State of Nepal fulfils all the essential conditions of statehood. It is an independent sovereign State. It is a member of the United Nations Organisations. On 1 June 2001, King Birendra, Queen Ashwarya and other close relatives were killed in a shooting spree by drunken Crown Prince Dipendra, who then shot himself to death. Later on, Gyanendra was crowned as the King of Nepal on 4 June 2001. He was a man of high ambition. He misused the provisions of the Constitution of 1990. He tried to justify his unconstitutional and arbitrary acts under Article 127 and certain other provisions of the Constitution. The General Elections for the new Constituent Assembly and Interim Parliament were held on 10 April 2008. On 28 May 2008, the new Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a ‘SECULAR, FEDERAL, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC’ Nation. On 1 July 2008, the Constituent Assembly elected Nepali Congress leader Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as President of Nepal. At present, Nepal has its elected President, Vice President and Prime Minister. The Constituent Assembly has the responsibility to frame a new Constitution for the country. It is submitted that the new Constituent Assembly shall try to adopt the basic principles of democracy, rule of law and human rights.