bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Moderators of the Relationship between Physical Activity Behaviors and Television Viewing in Elementary School Children
Authors: Smith Nicole E. I. , Rhodes Ryan E. , Naylor Patti-Jean , McKay Heather A. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Previous research suggests that there is limited evidence to support a negative association between physical activity (PA) behaviors and television (TV) viewing time in children. The purpose of this study was to extend the research involving PA–TV viewing relationships and to explore potential moderators, including gender, ethnicity, weekday/weekend behaviors, structured/unstructured activities, and seasonal variability. Design. A 9-month longitudinal design, across one school year, with assessments every 3 months. Setting. Elementary schools in the Vancouver and Richmond districts of British Columbia, Canada. Subjects. Subjects (N = 344; 47% female) were 9- to 11-year-old children who participated in a school-based PA initiative from September 2003 to June 2004. Intervention. Not applicable. Measures. Assessments of PA were measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children. TV viewing time and structured PA were measured using a self-report questionnaire. Analysis. Basic descriptives, Pearson r bivariate correlations and moderated multiple regressions with mean centered variables. Results. No significant interaction effects were found for any of the proposed moderators. Null bivariate correlations are supportive of findings in previous literature. Conclusions. Our results did not find support for PA–TV viewing relations, regardless of gender, ethnicity, structured PA, and seasonal variability. PA interventions aimed at modifying sedentary behaviors, such as TV viewing may not be warranted.
Using Hypothetical Data to Assess the Effect of Numerical Format and Context on the Perception of Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Authors: Fair Anna K. I. , Murray Peter G. , Thomas Anna , Cobain Mark R. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. To test the hypothesis that responses to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk estimates are heightened by use of ratio formats, peer group risk information, and long time frames. Design. Cross-sectional, experimental, between-factors design. Setting. Three regions in England. Subjects. A total of 740 men and women ages 30 to 70 years. Measures. Risk perception, “emotional” response, intention to change lifestyle. Analysis. Logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of numerical format (ratio vs. percentage), peer group risk (personal vs. peer group), and time frame (10-year vs. 30-year) on risk perception. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the impact of these factors on emotional response and intention to change lifestyle questions. Results. Higher perceived risk was observed when risk was presented as a ratio (p < .001) and when it was supplemented with peer group risk estimates (p = .006). Emotional responses to risk information were heightened when risk was presented as a ratio (p = .0004) and supplemented with peer group risk estimates (p = .002). Presentation with ratios also increased intention to make lifestyle changes (p = .047). Conclusion. Perception of CHD risk information is affected by the presentation format. Where absolute risks may appear low, use of ratios and supplementation of personal risk estimates with peer group risk may increase risk perception.
Social Support, Network Heterogeneity, and Smoking Behavior in Women: The 10-Town Study
Authors: Väänänen Ari , Kouvonen Anne , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Vahtera Jussi 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Examine the associations among social support, network heterogeneity, and smoking behavior in a large sample of Finnish female municipal employees. Design. Cross-sectional observational study. Setting. Workplaces in 10 towns in Finland. Measures. Smoking behavior and social support from one's partner, relatives, friends, supervisor, and coworkers was assessed by a questionnaire survey in 2000 to 2001. Analysis. Logistic regression analysis. Subjects. Total of 23,069 female employees (mean age = 45 years). Separate models for heavy smoking (≥ 20 cigarettes per day) were calculated for 4119 current smokers. The association between social support and ex-smoking was examined in 7352 ever-smokers. Results. After adjustment for various confounders, women who reported low heterogeneity of their support network or no support from their partners or relatives were approximately 1.2 times more likely to be smokers compared with their counterparts with high heterogeneity or high support. Low network heterogeneity was also significantly associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy smoking in current smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.06, 2.19) and a lower likelihood of ex-smoking in ever-smokers (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.87). The associations were more pronounced among nonmanual vs. manual employees. Conclusion. Our findings suggest an association among network heterogeneity, sources of social support, and smoking in female employees. The preventive impact of these social resources on smoking behavior is stronger among nonmanual female employees.
Treatment for Tobacco Dependence for Rural, Lower-Income Smokers: Outcomes, Predictors, and Measurement Considerations
Authors: Sheffer Christine E. , Stitzer Maxine , Payne Thomas J. , Applegate Bradford W. , Bourne David , Wheeler J. Gary 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Outcomes from a statewide program that delivered evidence-based, intensive treatment for tobacco dependence to a rural population of lower socioeconomic status (SES) were evaluated. Factors that predicted success and measurement considerations were examined. Design and Analyses. Data were collected at intake, at all treatment sessions, and at 3- and 12-months posttreatment. Abstinence rates were calculated using complete-case analysis and intention-to-treat analysis, and they were estimated for all participants. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictive significance of demographic and clinical factors. Setting. Twenty health care sites across Arkansas. Participants. A total of 2,350 predominantly rural, lower SES, Arkansas residents. Intervention. Evidence-based, six-session, multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy with relapse prevention. Results. The estimated percent abstinent was 26.47% at 3-months and 21.73% at 12-months posttreatment; 51.02%) of patients completed treatment and demonstrated markedly higher quit rates. Although numerous factors predicted outcomes at different points, self-efficacy and dependence levels at intake were robust predictors across time and methods of calculating outcomes. Sex, partner smoking status, and educational level were significant predictors of long-term abstinence. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that intensive, evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence can be successfully delivered in a statewide program and can yield long-term outcomes that approximate those seen in more controlled settings. Overall sample estimates may be more appropriate for the assessment of outcomes in this context.
An Overview and Proposed Framework of Social-Environmental Influences on the Physical-Activity Behavior of Women
Authors: Vrazel JoEllen , Saunders Ruth P. , Wilcox Sara 
Published: June 2010

Objective. The primary purposes of this review were to identify key social-environmental influences on the physical-activity behavior of women and to propose an organizing framework of these influences in the social environment. Data Sources. Computerized searches of MEDLINE, Science Direct, and CINAHL were conducted to identify relevant research. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Studies were included if they used a sample of adult women or included gender-specific analysis, identified or measured some aspect of the social environment in relation to physical activity, and were published in English within the last two decades. Data Extraction. Characteristics of study design, sample population, and identified social-environmental variables were extracted. Data Synthesis. Through an iterative review of the data by several researchers, common influences and themes were identified and organized into a social environment framework, which included the following components: social support/social networks, life transitions/multiple roles, and cultural standards/gender role expectations. Results. Women are exposed to societal messages that indicate physical activity is not a priority and may be inappropriate; they may also lack the social support necessary to adopt and maintain physical activity. Conclusions. This review reveals the complex range of factors in the social environment that influence women, and it provides support for the importance of the social environment on physical-activity behavior in women. A social-environmental framework related to Bronfenbrenner's social ecological model is proposed along with recommended strategies to apply in interventions targeting women.
Happiness and Life Satisfaction Prospectively Predict Self-Rated Health, Physical Health, and the Presence of Limiting, Long-Term Health Conditions
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Spittal Matt , Singh Gopal K. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. To examine the effect of happiness and life satisfaction on health. Design. Longitudinal data from waves 1 and 3, conducted in 2001 and 2004, respectively, of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. Setting. Australia. Subjects. A total of 9981 respondents aged 18 years and older. Measures. Outcomes were self-reported health; the absence of long-term, limiting health conditions; and physical health. Happiness was assessed with the following question: “During the past 4 weeks, have you been a happy person”? Life satisfaction was determined with the following question: “All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life”? Analysis. We used multiple regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (ORs), beta coefficients (β), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between baseline happiness or life satisfaction and health at wave 3. Results. Baseline happiness and life satisfaction both were positively associated at wave 3 with excellent, very good, or good health (OR = 1.50, CI = 1.33–1.70, p < .0001; and OR= 1.62, CI = 1.27–2.08, p < .0001, respectively); with the absence of long-term, limiting health conditions (OR = 1.53, CI = 135–1.15, p < .0001; and OR = 1.51, CI = 1.25–1.82, p < .0001, respectively); and with higher physical health levels (β̂ = .99, CI = .60–1.39, p < .0001; and β̂ = .99, CI = .20–1.18, p < .0145, respectively). Conclusion. This study showed that happier people and those who were more satisfied with their lives at baseline reported better health (self-rated health; absence of limiting, long-term conditions; and physical health) at the 2-year follow-up when adjusted for baseline health and other relevant covariates.
Community Readiness for Local Smoke-Free Policy Change
Authors: York Nancy L. , Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Talbert Jeff 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to use the Community Readiness Model to examine local smoke-free policy development. Design, Setting, and Subjects. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to assess 64 Kentucky communities. Dimensions of readiness included a community's knowledge of the problem and existing voluntary smoke-free policies; leadership for policy development; resources for policy development; climate surrounding policy development; existing voluntary policy efforts; and political climate for policy development. Dimension scores were summed to identify one of six overall readiness stages: (1) unawareness; (2) vague awareness; (3) preplanning; (4) preparation; (5) initiation; and (6) endorsement. Analyses. Correlations between dimensions and overall readiness scores were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate regional trends, and multiple regression was used to assess the influence of sociodemographic/political variables on policy readiness. Results. The knowledge dimension rated highest, and community climate rated lowest. Most communities were in the lower stages of readiness. No relationship was found between overall readiness and region (F[4,59] = 1.17; p > .05); nor were there regional differences among dimension scores. Smaller communities were less ready for local policy development than larger ones (adjusted R2 = .25; p = .003). Conclusions. The Community Readiness Model is appropriate for understanding local policy development, and it provides advocates with information that may prove helpful in advancing smoke-free policy. (Am J Health Promot 2008;23[2]:112–120.)
Process Evaluation Results from the Eating for a Healthy Life Study
Authors: Hart Alton , Bowen Deborah J. , Christensen Catherine L. , Mafune Riki , Campbell Marci K. , Saleeba Ashley , Kuniyuki Alan , Beresford Shirley A. A. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Conduct a process evaluation of a low-fat, high-fruit/vegetable dietary intervention in religious organizations (ROs). The purpose of this process evaluation was to explore differences in healthy eating activities between the intervention and delayed control ROs and among the intervention ROs to identify the intervention activities most associated with dietary change. Methods. Process data were collected via phone surveys and participation logs. A 12-month follow-up phone survey was conducted with an RO representative from intervention and delayed control ROs. The survey asked about healthy eating activities. Eating for a Healthy Life staff maintained participation logs of intervention RO participation in intervention activities: advisory board meetings, volunteer activities, healthy eating sessions, social events, dietary change mailings, print advertisements, and motivational messages. We used a stepwise regression model to determine which intervention activities were associated with changes in fat-and fiber-related dietary behaviors. Results. RO member participation in advisory board meetings, social activities, and healthy eating sessions were associated with healthier fat- and fiber-related dietary behaviors. Greater RO attendance at advisory board meetings and greater numbers of healthy eating sessions at the RO were associated with decreased fat-related dietary behaviors (p ≤ .05). Member participation in social activities was associated with more favorable fat, fruit, and vegetable intake. Conclusion. We successfully delivered an increased number of healthy activities at the intervention ROs and improved dietary-related behaviors.
Comparison of the Effects of a Home-Based and Group-Based Resistance Training Program on Functional Ability in Older Adults
Authors: Cyarto Elizabeth V. , Brown Wendy J. , Marshall Alison L. , Trost Stewart G. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. To compare the effectiveness of home- and group-based, progressive resistance training programs and a group walking program in improving functional performance in older adults. Design. A quasi-experimental trial, in which retirement villages were assigned to one of three groups: home-based resistance training, group-based resistance training and group-based walking. Subjects. One hundred sixty-seven retirement village residents aged 65 to 96 years. Intervention. Nine resistance training exercises, using graded exercise bands and body weight, two balance exercises, and 10 stretches. Home-based participants were given an exercise booklet, 8 hours of instruction, and telephone support. Instructors supervised the group-based resistance training and walking programs. Each group exercised twice weekly for 20 weeks. Measures. Functional performance (strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance) was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test. Analysis. Intervention effects were evaluated using mixed-model, repeated measures analysis of variance. Results. Significant between-group differences were observed only for the lower-body flexibility test. Group resistance training participants improved, but home resistance training and walking participants did not. However, strength, lower-body flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance improved in the group-based resistance training participants, and strength and upper-body flexibility improved in the home-based participants. No improvements were observed in the walking group. Conclusion. Findings support the implementation of both home- and group-based resistance training programs in retirement villages. Encouraging residents to adopt and maintain a resistance training program remains a research priority.
An Investigation of ADA Compliance of Aquatic Facilities in the North Texas Area
Authors: Pike Hilary , Walker Joseph , Collins John , Hodges Jan 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. The study expands research on accessibility, comparing compliance scores of aquatic facilities in North Texas built before the 1991 Title III Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) with facilities built after the 1991 ADAAG and the proposed 2002 supplement. Design. A quasi-experimental design directed the selection of 52 facilities where measurements were taken to determine compliance with ADAAG and the supplement. A focus group provided insight into interpreting which features functioned as barriers or constraints to participation. Setting. Metropolitan statistical area in North Texas. Subjects. A total of 52 aquatic facilities and 12 focus group participants (University of North Texas institutional review board 07–283). Measure. ADA aquatic facility compliance instrument. Analysis. Frequency, ratios. Results. No facilities were 100% ADA compliant overall, although some facilities were 100% compliant with specific structural domains. Women's restrooms rated lowest (average = 55%), and men's restrooms received the second lowest rating (average = 64%). Focus group results indicated that improperly designed restrooms and pool entries are primary barriers to participation. Conclusion. The findings support a need for stronger enforcement of policies that improve accessibility of facilities. Architectural reviews and construction practices need to be improved. The structural barriers and constraints identified can be limiting factors in efforts aimed at increasing physical activity among individuals with disabilities and individuals with physical limitations.
The Environment and Urban Adolescents' Use of Recreational Facilities for Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Ries Amy V. , Gittelsohn Joel , Voorhees Carolyn C. , Roche Kathleen M. , Clifton Kelly J. , Astone Nan M. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Investigate environmental factors influencing the use of recreational facilities for physical activity by urban African-American adolescents. Design. Qualitative in-depth interviews and direct observation. Setting. Two public high schools and 24 public recreational facilities in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants. Forty-eight African-American adolescents aged 14 to 18 years. Methods. Data from 48 in-depth interviews and 26 observations were coded using NVivo software and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results. Facility use is influenced by characteristics of the physical, social, organizational, and economic environments. Adolescents are attracted to low-cost, well-maintained facilities that offer preferred activities and that are within close proximity to home. Adolescents with limited access to facilities use alternative play spaces, like the streets or vacant lots, where they risk injury from falling or being hit by a car. They are drawn to facilities where they find active adolescents, and they avoid those where young people are engaged in drug or gang activity. Concerns about facility safety largely determine use, particularly for adolescent girls. Conclusion. Previous research points to the importance of increasing facility availability as a means of promoting physical activity, particularly in minority communities in which availability is disproportionately limited. This study shows that, while availability is important, additional facility characteristics should be considered when using environmental change to promote facility use for physical activity.
Relationship of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption to Food Habits in a Mediterranean Population
Authors: de Asis Carmona-Torre Francisco , Garcia-Arellano Ana , Marques-Lopes Iva , Basora Josep , Corella Dolores , Gómez-Gracia Enrique , Fiol Miquel , Covas Maria-Isabel , Aros Fernando , Conde Manuel , Lapetra Jose , Estruch Ramon , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel Angel 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Wine consumption has been related to a reduced cardiovascular risk. This effect has been attributed partly to the healthier diet of wine drinkers. We compared food habits according to alcoholic beverage preference in a Mediterranean population. Design. A cross-sectional study of a large sample of participants at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Setting. Primary care centers in a Mediterranean country, Spain. Participants. A total of 1675 men aged 55 to 80 years old and 2150 women aged 60 to 80 years old who had no documented cardiovascular disease but had either diabetes or at least three major cardiovascular risk factors. Measures. A food frequency questionnaire, alcoholic beverage consumption, adherence to Mediterranean diet, age, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and educational level were measured. Analysis. We analyzed differences in food consumption according to the type of alcoholic beverage preferentially consumed and adjusted the estimates for age, body mass index, cholesterol level, and total energy intake. Results. We found no substantial differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the main type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and we found no evidence that Mediterranean wine drinkers at high cardiovascular risk have a healthier diet than other drinkers. However, a better dietary pattern was found among nondrinkers than among drinkers. Conclusion. This large, Mediterranean study does not support an association between wine consumption and healthier dietary habits.
Contextual Effects of Built and Social Environments of Urban Neighborhoods on Exercise: A Multilevel Study in Chicago
Authors: Wen Ming , Zhang Xingyou 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Examine the contextual effects of neighborhood built and social environments on exercise. Design. Cross-sectional, multilevel study. Setting. City of Chicago. Subjects. A probability sample of Chicago adult residents (response rate = 55%). Measures. The exercise measures were based on two questions: “How often a week on average do you work out or exercise?” (N = 3530) and, “Did you exercise regularly in the last year?” (N = 907). Neighborhood social environment was measured by socioeconomic and social capital indicators. Neighborhood built environment was captured by pedestrian injury rate, residential density, distance to subway or parks, land use mix, and access to neighborhood amenities. Analysis. Random effects logit and multinomial models. Results. For weekly workout/exercise, individuals with access to restaurants and bars were more likely to report one to three times of weekly exercise (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19) and four times or more weekly exercise (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26) compared with those who reported no weekly exercise. For regular exercise in the past year, access to restaurants and bars (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.46) and neighborhood social environment (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.69) were significant. The social environment effects were stronger for women. Conclusions. Neighborhood social and built environments are both important for exercise independent of an individual's background.