bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Students with Gifts and Talents in Technology
Authors: Siegle Del 
Published: June 2009

Susan's science teacher has just purchased five Palm handhelds with temperature probes. He plans to ask his students to develop experiments that test the effectiveness of different types of insulations. Susan can barely contain herself as she waits for him to unpack the new instruments. Later, when he has trouble installing the probe software, Susan volunteers to stay during lunch and help solve the problem. She quickly discovers the error her teacher has been making and remedies it. Susan might be classified as gifted in technology.
The Millennium: A Time for Looking Forward and Looking Back
Authors: Torrance E. Paul 
Published: June 2009

As I have spent almost 85 years in the past century, I can write with considerable authority on looking back. As I have dared to write on looking forward several times, I will try to project myself into the future. Some of my dreams of the future of creativity research and practice have already happened. Others have been partly realized, and still others have not happened at all, but I believe we are well on the way. This belief is based on the fact that the field of creativity has attracted some of the most creative, intelligent, courageous, daring, and hard-working people in existence. This article is reprinted with permission from The Korean Journal of Thinking & Problem Solving, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 5–19.
Differentiation of Multipotent Mesenchymal Precursors and Skeletal Myoblasts from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Stavropoulos Maria Elena , Mengarelli Isabella , Barberi Tiziano 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol for the derivation of multipotent mesenchymal precursors from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). hESCs cultured at low density in the presence of a chemically defined serum‐free medium are induced to adopt an endomesodermal fate and later a mesenchymal phenotype. FACS sorting for the surface antigen CD73 is used to purify mesenchymal precursors able to differentiate into fat, bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle cells. Enrichment in mesenchymal precursors with a myogenic potential is achieved via an additional FACS sorting for the embryonic skeletal muscle surface marker N‐CAM. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:1F.8.1‐1F.8.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation and Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Ohnuki Mari , Takahashi Kazutoshi , Yamanaka Shinya 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis unit describes how to generate human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and evaluate the qualities of the generated iPS cells. The methods for establishment and maintenance of human iPS cells are similar to those for mouse iPS cells but not identical. In addition, these protocols include excellent procedures for passaging and cryopreservation of human iPS cells established by ES cell researchers, which result in an easy way to culture human iPS cells. Moreover, we include methods for characterizing iPS cells for further research. RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry for detection of pluripotent cell markers, embryoid body differentiation, and teratoma differentiation are used to determine pluripotency in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:4A.2.1‐4A.2.25. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta‐analytic review of cognition and sport expertise
Authors: Voss Michelle W. , Kramer Arthur F. , Basak Chandramallika , Prakash Ruchika Shaurya , Roberts Brent 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecent literature has demonstrated the usefulness of fitness and computer‐based cognitive training as a means to enhance cognition and brain function. However, it is unclear whether the combination of fitness and cognitive training that results from years of extensive sport training also results in superior performance on tests of cognitive processes. In this study we examine, in a quantitative meta‐analysis (k = 20), the relationship between expertise in sports and laboratory‐based measures of cognition. We found that athletes performed better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms, and athletes from interceptive sport types and males showed the largest effects. Based on our results, more research should be done with higher‐level cognitive tasks, such as tasks of executive function and more varied sub‐domains of visual attention. Furthermore, future studies should incorporate more female athletes and use a diverse range of sport types and levels of expertise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GABRR1andGABRR2, encoding the GABA‐A receptor subunits ρ1 and ρ2, are associated with alcohol dependence
Authors: Xuei Xiaoling , Flury‐Wetherill Leah , Dick Danielle , Goate Alison , Tischfield Jay , Nurnberger John , Schuckit Marc , Kramer John , Kuperman Sam , Hesselbrock Victor , Porjesz Bernice , Foroud Tatiana , Edenberg Howard J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe genes encoding several GABA‐A receptor subunits, includingGABRA2, have been associated with alcoholism, suggesting that variations in gaba signaling contribute to risk. Therefore, as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the GABA receptor genes, we evaluated the potential association ofGABRR1andGABRR2, which encode the ρ1 and ρ2 subunits of the pentameric GABA‐A/GABA‐C receptors.GABRR1andGABRR2lie in a head to tail orientation spanning 137 kb on chromosome 6q14‐16. We genotyped 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), covering both genes and extending 31 kb upstream ofGABRR2and 95 kb downstream ofGABRR1, in a sample of 1923 European Americans from 219 multiplex alcohol‐dependent families. Family‐based association analyses demonstrated that SNPs in bothGABRR1andGABRR2were significantly associated with alcohol dependence. Among the associated SNPs was rs282129, a coding SNP (Met430Thr) inGABRR2. Secondary analysis using a median split for age of onset suggests that the association is strongest when the analysis is focused upon those with earlier onset of alcohol dependence. Haplotypes in each gene were significantly overtransmitted to family members who did not meet criteria for alcohol dependence (P < 0.04), and a haplotype inGABRR2was significantly overtransmitted to family members who met a broader definition of alcoholism (P = 0.002) as well as DSM‐IV dependence (P = 0.04). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Porous Coordination Frameworks: Apical Substitution of a Pentanuclear Tetrahedral Precursor
Authors: Wang Xin‐Long , Qin Chao , Wu Shui‐Xing , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Lan Ya‐Qian , Wang Shuang , Zhu Dong‐Xia , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang En‐Bo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMikroporöse verzahnte Diamantgerüste lassen sich aus einem fünfkernigen tetraedrischen Komplex mit Nitratgruppen an den apicalen Positionen als anorganischer Vorstufe aufbauen. Ein „Bottom‐up“‐Verfahren wurde für den Ersatz der Nitratgruppen durch lineare ditope Carboxylatliganden genutzt (siehe Bild). Die Langmuir‐Oberfläche der gebildeten Gerüste ist größer als die klassischer Zeolithe.magnified image
The Antimony‐Based Type I Clathrate Compounds Cs8Cd18Sb28 and Cs8Zn18Sb28
Authors: Liu Yi , Wu Li‐Ming , Li Long‐Hua , Du Shao‐Wu , Corbett John D. , Chen Ling 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn phase: The title compounds lie in a new region of phase space for such a structure, and have stoichiometries in accord with a classical Zintl phase formulation. The small semiconductor gaps indicated by DFT calculations are also supported by their diamagnetic susceptibilities.magnified image
Chemical Imaging of Spatial Heterogeneities in Catalytic Solids at Different Length and Time Scales
Authors: Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCatalytic solids in the spotlight: Detailed insight into the working principles of heterogeneous catalysts is essential for the design of improved or totally new ones. Such insight can be provided by making use of chemical imaging techniques, which yield spatiotemporal information about the workings of catalytic solids at different length scales: at the level of reactors, catalyst bodies, catalyst grains, and nanoparticles.magnified imageKnowledge of spatiotemporal gradients in heterogeneous catalysts is of paramount importance for the rational design of new and more sustainable catalytic processes. Heterogeneities resulting in space‐ and time‐dependent phenomena occur at different length scales; that is, at the level of catalytic reactors (mm to m), catalyst bodies (μm to mm), catalyst grains (nm to μm), and active sites and metal (oxide) particles (Å to nm). This Review documents the recent advances in the development of space‐ and time‐resolved spectroscopic methods for imaging spatial heterogeneities within catalytic processes at these four length scales. Particular emphasis will be on the use of magnetic resonance, optical, and synchrotron‐based methods, their capabilities in providing spatial resolution (1D and 2D imaging) and depth profiling (3D imaging) as well as on their time‐resolved application, potential for single‐molecule and nanoparticle detection, and use under reaction conditions. The Review ends with future prospects on spectroscopic markers for catalytic activity, label‐free spectroscopy, tomography at the nanoscale, and correlative microscopic approaches.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Porous Coordination Frameworks: Apical Substitution of a Pentanuclear Tetrahedral Precursor
Authors: Wang Xin‐Long , Qin Chao , Wu Shui‐Xing , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Lan Ya‐Qian , Wang Shuang , Zhu Dong‐Xia , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang En‐Bo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTop down goes bottom up: A family of microporous interpenetrating diamond frameworks can be constructed from a pentanuclear tetrahedral complex with nitrate groups at the apical positions as an inorganic precursor. A “bottom‐up” methodology was used for substitution of the nitrate groups by linear ditopic carboxylate ligands (see picture). The Langmuir surface area of the resulting frameworks is higher than that of classical zeolites.magnified image
Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/linear low‐density polyethylene blends through physical processing
Authors: Zhang Yue , Zhang Hongsheng , Yu Yingbo , Guo Weihong , Wu Chifei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPoly(styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene) (SEBS) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/linear low‐density polyethylene (R‐PET/LLDPE) blends. The blends compatibilized with 0–20 wt % SEBS were prepared by low‐temperature solid‐state extrusion. The effect of SEBS content was investigated using scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimeter, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical property testing. Morphology observation showed that the addition of 10 wt % SEBS led to the deformation of dispersed phase from spherical to fibrous structure, and microfibrils were formed at the interface between two phases in the compatibilized blends. Both differential scanning calorimeter and DMA results revealed that the blend with 20 wt % SEBS showed better compatibility between PET and LLDPE than other blends studied. The addition of 20 wt % of SEBS obviously improved the crystallizibility of PET as well as the modulus of the blends. DMA analysis also showed that the interaction between SEBS and two other components enhanced at high temperature above 130°C. The impact strength of the blend with 20 wt % SEBS increased of 93.2% with respect to the blend without SEBS, accompanied by only a 28.7% tensile strength decrease. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of a new type of unsaturated poly(ester amide)
Authors: Ai Yong‐Ping , Jiang Fen , Xie Shi‐Kun , Yi Rong‐Xi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new type of unsaturated poly(ester amide), maleic anhydride–phthalic anhydride–ethylene glycol–neopentylene glycol–anthranilic acid copolymer, was prepared by melt polycondensation. The copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The viscosity of the polymer was measured with a Ubbelohde viscometer. The compressive strength of the crosslinked unsaturated poly(ester amide) under different heat‐treatment conditions was measured. Studies of its degradation behavior were carried out in simulated body fluid at pH 7.4 (37°C), and the compressive strength loss of the crosslinked unsaturated poly(ester amide) was also measured after different degradation times. The copolymer was hydrolyzed in a 1.0‐mol/L NaOH standard solution at room temperature. All of the preliminary results suggest that the new unsaturated poly(ester amide) might potentially be used as a new type of bone‐fixation material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Maurice Loewy and the equatorial Coudé in Vienna
Authors: Schnell A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMoritz (Maurice) Loewy was born in Vienna, studied in Vienna and emigrated to France because he was a Jew and could not get a position in Vienna. In Paris he became director of the observatory. Our investigation removes the ambiguity on Maurice Loewy's birthplace, and we conclude that he was born in Vienna in 1833 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The short history of infrared space telescopes
Authors: Lemke D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhile astronomical telescopes developed rather slowly over the last four centuries, infrared telescopes made a fast career in only four decades from high mountains to aircraft, balloons and satellites. They cover the huge wavelength region from 1 to 350μm and have uncovered the cold and dust hidden universe. While until today all infrared space telescopes had diameters of <1 m, cooled infrared observatories with 3.5 to 6.5m mirrors will be sent into heliocentric orbits at L2 within the next few years (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From Gauß to Biermann: Highlights from the first 117 years of publications in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes
Authors: von Berlepsch R. , Strassmeier K.G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe present facsimiles of some of the scientifically and historically most relevant papers published in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes (AN) between 1821 and 1938. Almost all of these papers were written and printed in German and it is sometimes not completely straightforward to find these original works and then to cite the historically correct version, e.g. in case of a series of articles or editorial letters. It was common during the early years that many contributions were made in form of letters to the editor. We present a summary for these original works with an English translation of their titles. Among the highlights are the originals of the discovery of stellar parallaxes by FriedrichWilhelm Bessel, the discovery of the solar cycle by Heinrich Schwabe, the discovery of the planet Neptune by Johann Gottfried Galle, the first ever measured stellar radial velocity by Hermann Vogel, the discovery of radio emission from the Sun by Wilsing and Scheiner, the first ever conducted photoelectric photometry of stars by Paul Guthnick and up to the pioneering work by Karl Schwarzschild, Ejnar Hertzsprung, Erwin Finlay Freundlich and others. As a particular gimmick we present the still world record holding shortest paper ever published; by Johannes Hartmann in AN 226, 63 (1926) on Nova Pictoris. Our focus is on contributions in the early years and published until 1938 near the verge of the second world war (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Review: Studies of ferric heme proteins with highly anisotropic/highly axial low spin (S = 1/2) electron paramagnetic resonance signals with bis‐Histidine and histidine‐methionine axial iron coordination
Authors: Zoppellaro Giorgio , Bren Kara L. , Ensign Amy A. , Harbitz Espen , Kaur Ravinder , Hersleth Hans‐Petter , Ryde Ulf , Hederstedt Lars , Andersson K. Kristoffer 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSix‐coordinated heme groups are involved in a large variety of electron transfer reactions because of their ability to exist in both the ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) state without any large differences in structure. Our studies on hemes coordinated by two histidines (bis‐His) and hemes coordinated by histidine and methionine (His‐Met) will be reviewed. In both of these coordination environments, the heme core can exhibit ferric low spin (electron paramagnetic resonance EPR) signals with large gmax values (also called Type I, highly anisotropic low spin, or highly axial low spin, HALS species) as well as rhombic EPR (Type II) signals. In bis‐His coordinated hemes rhombic and HALS envelopes are related to the orientation of the His groups with respect to each other such that (i) parallel His planes results in a rhombic signal and (ii) perpendicular His planes results in a HALS signal. Correlation between the structure of the heme and its ligands for heme with His‐Met axial ligation and ligand‐field parameters, as derived from a large series of cytochrome c variants, show, however, that for such a combination of axial ligands there is no clear‐cut difference between the large gmax and the “small g‐anisotropy” cases as a result of the relative Met‐His arrangements. Nonetheless, a new linear correlation links the average shift 〈δ〉 of the heme methyl groups with the gmax values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 1064–1082, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Neu entdeckte Giftalge ist Ursache der Azaspiracid‐Muschelvergiftung
Authors: Tillmann Urban , Wegener Alfred 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDer Ursprung des Nervengiftes Azaspiracid, welches nach Anreicherung in Muscheln zu schweren Vergiftungen beim Menschen führen kann, ist identifiziert worden. Es handelt es sich dabei um eine winzige, bislang unbekannte Algenart, den Dinoflagellaten Azadinium spinosum. Wissenschaftler des Alfred‐Wegener‐Instituts für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung haben den nun erstmals beschriebenen Organismus aus der Nordsee isoliert, im Labor vermehrt und als Produzent der Giftstoffe identifiziert.
Schweineinfluenzaviren – Erreger in stetem Wandel
Authors: Zell Roland , Wutzler Peter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInfluenzaviren können heute leicht Länder‐ und Kontinentgrenzen überschreiten, weil selbst große Distanzen innerhalb der Inkubationszeiten überwunden werden. Im Falle der Schweineinfluenzaviren tragen ein reger Reiseverkehr und der internationale Tierhandel zur raschen Verbreitung der Viren bei. Nur so ist es zu erklären, dass H1N1‐Reassortanten plötzlich in Mexiko (2009) auftauchten und dort sogar zoonotische Infektionen des Menschen auslösen konnten.
Mechanical properties of the passive sea urchin sperm flagellum
Authors: Pelle Dominic W. , Brokaw Charles J. , Lesich Kathleen A. , Lindemann Charles B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this study we used Triton X‐100 extracted sea urchin spermatozoa to investigate the mechanical behavior of the basic 9+2 axoneme. The dynein motors were disabled by vanadate so that the flagellum is rendered a passive structure. We find that when a proximal portion of the flagellum is bent with a glass microprobe, the remainder of the flagellum distal to the probe exhibits a bend in the opposite direction (a counterbend). The counterbend can be understood from the prevailing sliding doublet model of axoneme mechanics, but does require the existence of elastic linkages between the outer doublets. Analysis of the shapes of counterbends provides a consensus value of 0.03–0.08/μm2 for the ratio of the interdoublet shear resistance (ES) to the bending resistance (EB) and we find that the ratio ES/EB is relatively conserved for both passive flagella and transiently quiescent live flagella. This ratio expresses a fundamental mechanical property of the eukaryotic axoneme. It defines the contributions to total bending resistance derived from bending the microtubules and from stretching the interdoublet linkages, respectively. Using this ratio, and computer simulations of earlier experiments that measured the total stiffness of the flagellum, we obtain estimates of approximately 1 × 108 pN nm2/rad for EB and 6 pN/rad for ES, assuming that both elasticities are linear. Our results indicate that the behavior of the flagellum is close to that predicted by a linear model for shear elasticity. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined androgen blockade with bicalutamide for advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Akaza Hideyuki , Hinotsu Shiro , Usami Michiyuki , Arai Yoichi , Kanetake Hiroshi , Naito Seiji , Hirao Yoshihiko 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:A previously reported, double‐blind, randomized, multicenter phase 3 trial in 205 patients with stage C/D prostate cancer compared combined androgen blockade (CAB) with luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist (LHRH‐A) plus bicalutamide 80 mg versus LHRH‐A plus bicalutamide‐matching placebo (LHRH‐A monotherapy). The analysis at a median follow‐up of 2.4 years indicated that CAB significantly (P < .001) prolonged the time to progression and the time to treatment failure. In the current report, survival data from a long‐term follow‐up (median, 5.2 years) were analyzed.METHODS:All deaths irrespective of cause and all prostate cancer‐specific deaths were recorded. The data were analyzed using Cox regression analysis and the log‐rank test.RESULTS:At a median follow‐up of 5.2 years, a significant overall survival advantage was observed in favor of CAB over LHRH‐A monotherapy (Cox regression analysis: hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.60‐0.99; P = .0498; log‐rank test: P = .0425). The difference in cause‐specific survival between the 2 groups was not significant. The achievement of a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir concentration ≤1 ng/mL was a prognostic factor for improved survival. More patients attained PSA nadir concentrations ≤1 ng/mL with CAB compared with patients who received LHRH‐A monotherapy (81.4% vs 33.7%; P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:CAB with bicalutamide 80 mg offered a significant overall survival benefit compared with LHRH‐A monotherapy without reducing tolerability in patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.