bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONDITIONS AFFECTING AUTOINDUCER‐2‐BASED QUORUM‐SENSING OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON FRESH BEEF
Authors: YOON Y. , SOFOS J.N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT This study evaluated whether inoculated (none, 1, 5 log colony‐forming units [cfu]/cm2) Escherichia coli O157:H7 would result in detection of autoinducer (AI)‐2‐like activity on beef. Inoculated fresh beef, containing low (LNB) or high (HNB) initial levels of natural flora, was analyzed for bacterial populations and AI‐2‐like activity during aerobic or vacuum‐packaged storage (4, 10, 25C). As expected, no growth of E. coli O157:H7 was detected at 4C, while at 10C, growth was detected only on LNB samples stored aerobically; AI‐2‐like activity was minimal (P ≥ 0.05) at both temperatures. E. coli O157:H7 showed more growth in LNB than HNB, and in aerobically than vacuum‐packaged samples inoculated with 1 log cfu/cm2 of the pathogen during storage at 25C. AI‐2‐like activity was generally higher in LNB than HNB samples stored aerobically at 25C, while no significant AI‐2‐like activity was detected in samples stored in vacuum packages. The results indicated that E. coli O157:H7 may exhibit AI‐2‐like activity on aerobically stored beef in the presence of lower initial levels of natural flora, and at temperatures allowing prolific growth of the pathogen. Thus, AI‐2‐based quorum‐sensing of E. coli O157:H7 may not be of importance in beef stored at low temperatures.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study presents evidence that Escherichia coli O157:H7 showed autoinducer (AI)‐2 activity and involved in quorum‐sensing on fresh beefcontaining low initial levels of natural flora during aerobic storage at abusive storage temperatures. Thus, AI‐2‐based quorum‐sensing of E. coli O157:H7 may not be important in beef stored at recommended low temperatures.
One Size Fits All? Regional Differentiation and Rural Development Policy Un moule unique? Différenciation régionale et politiques de développement rural Sind alle Regionen gleich? Regionalen Differenzierung und die Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums
Authors: Copus Andrew K. , Johansson Mats , McQuaid Ronald W. 
Published: August 2010

summaryOne Size Fits All? Regional Differentiation and Rural Development PolicySince enlargement the European Union has become more diverse in many socio‐economic, demographic and agricultural respects. A recent research project sponsored by DG Agriculture (SERA ‐ Study on Employment in Rural Areas) carried out a review of a broad range of regional statistics relating to rural labour markets. The results were presented within the framework of the OECD rural‐urban classification. A broad overview of the findings confirms the importance of two widely acknowledged processes of change, urbanisation and counter‐urbanisation. Overlaying these urban‐based centripetal and centrifugal processes both east‐west and north‐south differentiation affects particular socio‐economic aspects. The net result of this complex combination of (macro‐scale) processes is a tendency for accumulation of human capital in accessible significantly rural (SR) regions and a depletion of the remoter, sparsely populated predominantly rural (PR) regions. The emphasis upon macro‐scale patterns and trends complements the recent preoccupation of much rural development research upon localised ‘soft factors’. There is arguably scope for both in the design of rural policy Broad spatial processes should influence resource allocation, whilst localised advantages, such as strong human and social capital, good governance, networking, clusters and networks, entrepreneurial culture, and so on, can form the basis of strategies for intervention.
GM Crops in Europe: How Much Value and for Whom? Les cultures génétiquement modifiées en Europe : quels avantages et pour qui? Genetisch veränderte Feldfrüchte in Europa: Welcher Wert und für wen?
Authors: Demont Matty , Dillen Koen , Mathijs Erik , Tollens Eric 
Published: August 2010

summaryGM Crops in Europe: How Much Value and for Whom?Who gains from genetically modified (GM) crops in Europe? We review the global impact literature and assess the potential value of GM crops for Europe and how this value is shared among stakeholders. The literature suggests that, on average, two thirds of the global benefits are shared ‘downstream’, i.e., among domestic and foreign farmers and consumers, while only one third is extracted ‘upstream’, i.e., by gene developers and seed suppliers. Can this global rule of thumb be extrapolated to the EU? We review studies on GM maize, sugar beet and oilseed rape in Spain, Hungary, the Czech Republic and the EU‐25. The potential annual value of GM technologies for single Member States ranges from €0.1 million to €42 million, distributed according to the same rule of thumb. With a global annual value of €668 million, herbicide tolerance in sugar beet cultivation is the EU's most promising ‘first‐generation’ GM technology The new Member States could also substantially benefit from GM crops. While the Czech Republic embraced GM maize in recent years, Hungary imposed a de facto ban on GM crops. By denying farmers access to potentially cost‐reducing technologies, banning GM crops could be counterproductive for the future competitiveness of EU agriculture.
ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND POLICY MAKING IN SMALL TOWNS
Authors: Kanervo David 
Published: August 2010

Peterson, in City Limits, argues that economic conditions in cities limit the policy choices which are available to government decision makers. Because of the desire to increase the tax base, municipal policy makers pursue developmental policies, but generally avoid redistributive policies because of the drain on the local economy. Critics of Peterson's model of policy making claim that political factors are more important determinants of urban policy than he recognizes.This study examines policy making in small towns and finds that economic capacity is related to developmental, allocational, and redistributive policy. In stable and growing communities, political factors are also found to be related to the adoption of these three types of policy. The fiscal capacity provided by a growing tax base provides small town policy makers with the opportunity to pursue program improvements that are not possible in communities with limited resources.
Semantic Externalism and Psychological Externalism
Authors: Wikforss Åsa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExternalism is widely endorsed within contemporary philosophy of mind and language. Despite this, it is far from clear how the externalist thesis should be construed and, indeed, why we should accept it. In this entry I distinguish and examine three central types of externalism: what I call foundational externalism, externalist semantics, and psychological externalism. I suggest that the most plausible version of externalism is not in fact a very radical thesis and does not have any terribly interesting implications for philosophy of mind, whereas the more radical and interesting versions of externalism are quite difficult to support.
Belief, Providence and Eschatology: Some Philosophical Problems in Islamic Theism
Authors: Aijaz Imran 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTraditional Islamic theism gives us a certain picture of the world, in which the concepts of belief, providence and eschatology are involved. According to the traditional picture, belief in God is a universal phenomenon. This is because God has providentially arranged the world in such a manner that the signs of God are everywhere and which lead to knowledge of His existence. And, because the world is ‘providentially unambiguous’, those who do not have faith in God are culpable for their lack of it, and therefore deserve eternal punishment in hell. In this paper, I argue that this traditional picture is simply false, or at the very least seriously contestable. I also explore the implications of my argument for those who might be interested in assessing the viability of some form of (Islamic) ‘revisionary theism’, in which the concepts of belief, providence and eschatology feature.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF LIGAMENTO‐MUSCULAR PROTECTIVE REFLEXES: II. A study in cat using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint
Authors: ANDERSSON SVEN , STENER BERTIL 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAndersson, S. and B. Stener. Experimental evaluation of the hypothesis of ligamento‐muscular protective reflexes. II. A study in cat using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint.Acta physiol. scand.1959.48.Suppl. 166. 27—49.—A method has been developed for effecting a large increase in the ligament's tension, without appreciably damaging its innervation during the preparatory dissection (STENER 1959). The effect of the intense afferent impulse flow, induced by this method, on motoneurones supplying muscles capable of opposing an increase in tension in the ligament was studied by myography, electromyography and monosynaptic testing. With none of these methods was it possible to detect any reflex motor effects ascribable to receptors in the ligament. On the other hand, strong reflex motor responses were obtained by gentle mechanical stimulation of extra‐ligamentary receptors within the ventromedial region of the joint (skin removed).
Role of interleukin‐6 signalling in glucose and lipid metabolism
Authors: Glund S. , Krook A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDerangements in whole body glucose and lipid metabolism, accompanied by insulin resistance, are key features of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. A role for inflammation as a causative factor is an emerging concept in the field of metabolic disease. Research has centred on identifying important inflammatory markers, and tumour necrosis factor‐α has been highlighted as a key mediator of insulin resistance, as well as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). A parallel ongoing endeavour is the unravelling of molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on whole body glucose and lipid metabolism. Release of IL‐6 from the contracting skeletal muscle has been proposed to be one of the molecular signals promoting the beneficial exercise‐induced effects. These two opposing views of IL‐6 underscore that the role of IL‐6 in whole body physiology is incompletely resolved. This review aims at summarizing the current data on mechanisms by which IL‐6 may impact on glucose and lipid metabolism.
The protein kinases ERK1/2 and their roles in pancreatic beta cells
Authors: Lawrence M. , Shao C. , Duan L. , McGlynn K. , Cobb M. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExtracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activities are modulated in a manner that reflects the secretory demand on β cells to integrate long‐ and short‐term nutrient sensing information. Our studies have focused on the mechanisms of ERK1/2 activation in β cells and on the actions of ERK1/2 that regulate β cell function. Insulin and growth factors regulate ERK1/2 in β cells in a largely calcium‐independent manner. Nutrients and anticipatory hormones, in contrast, activate ERK1/2 in a calcium‐dependent manner in these cells. We are exploring the key intermediates in these distinct activation pathways and find that calcineurin is essential for the nutrient pathway but is not essential for the growth factor pathway. Using reporter assays, heterologous reconstitution, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Northern analysis, Q‐PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we have examined several genes that are regulated by ERK1/2, primarily the insulin gene and the apoptotic factor C/EBP‐homologous protein (CHOP)‐10 (GADD153/DDIT‐3), a bZIP protein. ERK1/2‐sensitive transcriptional regulators common to these two genes are C/EBP‐β and MafA. The insulin promoter is both positively and negatively regulated by glucose and other nutrients. Exposure to glucose for minutes to hours causes an increase in the rate of insulin gene transcription. In contrast, exposure to elevated glucose for 48 h or more results in inhibition of the insulin gene promoter. Both of these processes depend on ERK1/2 activity. Expression of CHOP is induced by stresses including nutrient deprivation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. CHOP gene expression, especially that regulated by nutrients, is also ERK1/2‐dependent in β cells, These studies support the hypothesis that the genes regulated by ERK1/2 and the mechanisms employed are key to maintaining normal β cell function.
The mass action hypothesis: formation of Glut4 storage vesicles, a tissue‐specific, regulated exocytic compartment
Authors: Pilch P. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInsulin stimulates glucose uptake into the target tissues of fat and muscle by recruiting or translocating Glut4 glucose transport proteins to their functional location at the cell surface. In the basal state, Glut4 is sequestered intracellularly in several vesicular compartments, one of which has come to be known as Glut4 storage vesicles (GSVs). The GSVs represent a tissue‐specific compartment that is an ultimate target of the insulin signalling cascade. Glut4 translocation has been extensively studied because of its intrinsic scientific importance to cell biology as well as its relevance to the pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. I review herein the ontogeny of GSVs and their composition as it relates to a tissue‐specific, hormone‐sensitive exocytic compartment and propose a mechanism for their formation.
Histogenesis and morphofunctional characteristics of chromaffin cells
Authors: Díaz‐Flores L. , Gutiérrez R. , Varela H. , Valladares F. , Alvarez‐Argüelles H. , Borges R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the current status of research about the histogenesis and morphofunctional characteristics of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. First, this study reports the selective migration, transcription and activation factors, and the morphological events of the chromaffin cell precursors during adrenal medulla development. Subsequently, the morphofunctional characteristics of adrenergic and non‐adrenergic cells are considered, with particular reference to the characteristics of chromaffin granules and their biological steps, including their formation, traffic (storage, targeting and docking), exocytosis in the strict sense and recapture. Moreover, the relationship of chromaffin cells with other tissue components of the adrenal medulla is also revised, comprising the ganglion cells, sustentacular cells, nerves and connective‐vascular tissue.
Compensatory endocytosis in chromaffin cells
Authors: Barg S. , Machado J. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExocytosis occurs via fusion of secretory granules with the cell membrane, whereupon the granule content is at least partially released and the granule membrane is temporarily added to the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is balanced by compensatory endocytosis to achieve net equilibrium of the cell surface area and to recycle and redistribute components of the exocytosis machinery. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain a matter of debate. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in the understanding of compensatory endocytosis, with the focus on chromaffin cells as a useful model for studying mechanisms of regulated secretion.
Women's Experiences of Hindu Traditions: A State of the Field Review
Authors: Gunn Janet 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStatic models of Hindu women as marginalized and muted subjects have in recent years been enlivened by a body of work that investigates the ways in which women both subtly and overtly resist, contest, and re‐imagine these roles. This article presents a thematic survey of this field of study, drawing from a selection of recent ethnographic work that has contributed to our deepened understanding of the manifold ways – both positive and negative – that Hindu women experience their tradition. It serves as a beginner's guide to the literature tracing the multiplicity of meaningful engagements with Hindu belief and practice that mark the rhythms of women's daily lives, and points to new areas for research.
The Semantics of Comparatives and Other Degree Constructions
Authors: Schwarzschild Roger 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

(1)
It is much more important than you think it is.

(1) is an example of an adjectival comparative. In it, the adjective important is flanked by more and a comparative clause headed by than. This article is a survey of recent ideas about the interpretation of comparatives, including (i) the underlying semantics based on the idea of a threshold; (ii) the interpretation of comparative clauses that include quantifiers (brighter than on many other days); (iii) remarks on differentials such as much in (1) above: what they do in the comparative and what they do elsewhere in the language; (iv) the relationship between comparatives and other Degree constructions (e.g. as important, too important); and (v) the types of phrases in which comparatives are found (adjective: tighter versus noun: more water). Given the nature and purpose of this essay, I have tried not to presuppose background in formal semantics and I have departed from standard practice in journal articles by, as much as possible, not interrupting the flow with footnotes and references. There are two appendices. The first provides more analytical detail and there I do rely on formal techniques of natural language semantics. The second covers the sources for the ideas surveyed here.
Performance evaluation and relevance of the CellaVisionTM DM96 system in routine analysis and in patients with malignant hematological diseases
Authors: CORNET E. , PEROL J.‐P. , TROUSSARD X. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe CellaVision™ DM96 is an automated image analysis system dedicated to locating and preclassifying the various types of white blood cells in peripheral blood smears. The system also partially characterizes of the red blood cell morphology and is able to perform platelet counts. We routinely analyzed the blood samples from 440 patients with quantitative and/or qualitative abnormalities detected by the XE‐2100 Sysmex™. Only 2.6% of cells are not identified by DM96™. After classification of the unidentified cells very good correlation coefficients are observed between DM96™ and manual microscopy for most hematological parameters and accuracy is judged excellent up to 98%. For most common parameters, false positive and false negative ratios are also very good. Whatever the pathology and the number of blasts on smear, all patients were positive for blast detection on DM96™. The system is a useful tool for assisting in the diagnosis and classification of most acute or chronic leukemia. Automatic cell location and preclassification, along with unique cell views on the computer screen, could reduce the time spent performing differentials and make real‐time collaboration between colleagues a natural part of the classification process. The workstation also provides an ergonomically correct and relaxed working environment. We suggest its use in routine analysis; the system could be very helpful for the accurate morphological diagnosis of samples from patients with malignant hematological disease.
Comment: On the consequences of sexual selection for fisheries‐induced evolution
Authors: Urbach Davnah , Cotton Samuel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly recognized that fishing (and other forms of nonrandom harvesting) can have profound evolutionary consequences for life history traits. A recent and welcome publication provided the first description of how sexual selection might influence the outcome of fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE). One of the main conclusions was that if sexual selection generates a positive relationship between body size and reproductive success, increased fishing pressure on large individuals causes stronger selection for smaller body size. Here, we re‐evaluate the sexual selection interpretation of the relationship between body size and reproductive success, and suggest it may in fact be representative of a more general case of pure natural selection. The consequences of sexual selection on FIE are likely to be complicated and dynamic, and we provide additional perspectives to these new and exciting results. Selection differentials and trait variance are considered, with density‐dependent and genetic effects on the strength and the direction of sexual selection given particular attention. We hope that our additional views on the role of sexual selection in FIE will encourage more theoretical and empirical work into this important application of evolutionary biology.
ALCOHOLISM: IS THERE A ROLE FOR PSYCHIATRY?
Authors: Large Robert G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe contribution of psychiatry to the treatment of alcoholism is discussed in the broad context of currently available data on the epidemiology, natural history and efficacy of treatment of the disorder. The epidemiological evidence does not support a disease concept but, rather, links the disorder to the level of per capita consumption of alcohol in a community. The natural history of alcoholism suggests a substantial spontaneous remission, while treatment programmes are shown to have a limited effect. A model of alcoholism is derived from the data which implies that action which will reduce the per capita consumption of alcohol is likely to be more effective in reducing alcohol‐related problems than the setting up of secondary preventative programmes. The profession is urged to consider taking political action by advising government to steadily introduce price control measures on alcoholic liquor.
DIAGNOSIS RELATED GROUP REIMBURSEMENT OF HOSPITAL SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES: POTENTIAL FOR INTRODUCTION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Doman Andrew S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article reviews progress in the United States towards implementing the concept of diagnosis related group reimbursement for hospital admissions. Although the basis of payments to public hospitals in Australia differs significantly from the basis of funding of hospitals in the United States, this article argues there is value in exploring further the possibility of introducing diagnosis related reimbursement in Australia.
COMMENTARY: THE PROPOSED GENERAL PRACTICE DESCRIPTORS ‐ WILL THEY INFLUENCE PREVENTIVE MEDICINE?
Authors: Moorhead R.G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe proposed descriptor bill to change Medicare rebates to general practice patients could have a benefit to general practice preventive medicine. This seems possible through rewarding practitioners who spend more time with their patients and the positive effects of continuing medical education. However, the potential exists for whittling away any rewards for these practitioners by future governments and the audit of general practices could become a method of political control of Australian general practice.
Review Article
Authors: Rainey E. 
Published: August 2010

Project for Historical Biobibliography, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Eighteenth‐Century British Books: an Author Union Catalogue extracted from the British Museum General Catalogue of Printed Books, the Catalogues of the Bodleian Library, and of the University Library, Cambridge. By F.J.G. Robinson, G. Averley, D. R. Esslemont and P. J. Wallis.Eighteenth‐Century British Books: a Subject Catalogue extracted from the British Museum General Catalogue of Printed Books. By G. Averley, A. Flowers, F. J. G. Robinson, E. A. Thompson, R. V. and P. J. Wallis.