bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaves and Leaving: The Family and Medical Leave Act and the Decline in Maternal Labor Force Participation
Authors: Goodpaster Natalie K 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady decrease in the labor force participation of married women with children under the age of six. There is little empirical evidence that changes in demographics are responsible for the falling participation rates. Rather, it appears that this trend is concentrated amongst women with children under the age of two and that federal maternity leave mandates are most responsible. I estimate the effect of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) on participation by using the FMLA as a natural experiment and exploiting state-level differentiation in maternity leave statutes. Theoretically, maternity leave statutes intend to preserve job tenure for expecting mothers. However, if an employed mother on maternity leave learns that her value for staying at home exceeds her value from working, she will exit the labor force once the leave expires. Difference-in-differences estimates show that after the FMLA, employed and expecting married mothers who live in an area without state-mandated maternity leave are 2.7 percentage points more likely to leave the labor force after taking maternity leave than those who live in an area with state-mandated maternity leave. As a sensitivity test, I evaluate married women without infant children and single women as additional control groups to estimate difference-in-difference-in-differences effects of the FMLA. Altogether, the increase in the proportion of mothers leaving the labor force due to federally-mandated maternity leave accounts for almost two-thirds of the overall fall in labor force participation.
Neutralization of Osteopontin Inhibits Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kiefer Florian W. , Zeyda Maximilian , Gollinger Karina , Pfau Birgit , Neuhofer Angelika , Weichhart Thomas , Säemann Marcus D. , Geyeregger René , Schlederer Michaela , Kenner Lukas , Stulnig Thomas M. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by immune cells that are primarily located to adipose tissue and liver. The chronic inflammatory response appears to underlie obesity-induced metabolic deterioration including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is an inflammatory cytokine, the expression of which is strongly upregulated in adipose tissue and liver upon obesity. Here, we studied OPN effects in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by targeting OPN action in vivo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and were then intravenously treated with an OPN-neutralizing or control antibody. Insulin sensitivity and inflammatory alterations in adipose tissue and liver were assessed.

RESULTS
Interference with OPN action by a neutralizing antibody for 5 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Anti-OPN treatment attenuated liver and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammatory gene expression by increasing macrophage apoptosis and significantly reducing c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. Moreover, we report OPN as a novel negative regulator for the activation of hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is essential for glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Consequently, OPN neutralization decreased expression of hepatic gluconeogenic markers, which are targets of STAT3-mediated downregulation.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that antibody-mediated neutralization of OPN action significantly reduces insulin resistance in obesity. OPN neutralization partially decreases obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue and liver and reverses signal transduction related to insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Hence, targeting OPN could provide a novel approach for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction Underlies Lipid-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Mice
Authors: Charbonneau Alexandre , Marette André 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
The present study was undertaken to assess the contribution of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) to lipid-induced insulin resistance in vivo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Wild-type and iNOS−/− mice were infused for 6 h with a 20% intralipid emulsion, during which a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed.

RESULTS
In wild-type mice, lipid infusion led to elevated basal hepatic glucose production and marked insulin resistance as revealed by impaired suppression of liver glucose production and reduced peripheral glucose disposal (Rd) during insulin infusion. Liver insulin resistance was associated with a robust induction of hepatic iNOS, reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) β, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and IRS-2 but elevated serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins as well as decreased Akt activation. The expression of gluconeogenic enzymes Pepck and G6Pc was also increased in the liver of wild-type mice. In contrast to their wild-type counterparts, iNOS−/− mice were protected from lipid-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. Moreover, neither the phosphorylation of insulin signaling intermediates nor expression of gluconeogenic enzymes were altered in the lipid-infused iNOS−/− mice compared with their saline-infused controls. Importantly, lipid infusion induced tyrosine nitration of IRβ, IRS-1, IRS-2, and Akt in wild-type mice but not in iNOS−/− animals. Furthermore, tyrosine nitration of hepatic Akt by the NO derivative peroxynitrite blunted insulin-induced Akt tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that iNOS induction is a novel mechanism by which circulating lipids inhibit hepatic insulin action. Our results further suggest that iNOS may cause hepatic insulin resistance through tyrosine nitration of key insulin signaling proteins.
Cretaceous sedimentary blanketing and tectonic rejuvenation in the Western Klamath moutains: Insights from thermochronology
Authors: Batt Geoffrey , Harper Gregory , Heizler Matthew , Roden-Tice Mary 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
We present new thermochronometric analyses of 4 samples from the Western Klamath mountains in California and Oregon, together with a re-evaluation of available geological constraint from a thermo-tectonic perspective. Early Cretaceous cooling of basement samples is seen to reflect significant exhumation by normal faulting, linked to the Separation Episode during which the Klamah region was rifted away from the formerly contiguous Sierra Nevada block. Syn-faulting sedimentation and subsequent Early Cretaceous re-heating of samples establishes the former continuity of scattered Hornbrook Formation remnants as a significant sedimentary basin spanning the Klamath region, with local maximum thickness of at least 5 km. This basin experienced significant inversion during early Cordilleran development around 110–120 Ma, with further unrooting and almost complete eversion in the Late Cretaceous, associated with Laramide uplift of the region.
Prediction of pulmonary embolism outcome and severity by computed tomography
Authors: Bazeed Mohamed F. , Saad Aly , Sultan Aly , Ghanem Mona A. , Khalil Dena M. 
Published: January 2010

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common cause of cardiovascular death. When PE is fatal, right ventricular failure usually occurs within the first few hours, so right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) should be diagnosed rapidly to identify patients who could benefit from fibrinolytic therapy. Purpose: To determine whether quantification of PE with computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography and ventricular measurements is of value in the diagnosis of PE severity and prediction of patient outcome. Material and Methods: Multidetector-row CT studies of 48 hospitalized patients with proven pulmonary embolism were reviewed. Pulmonary artery (PA) obstructive index was derived for each patient on the basis of location and degree of obstruction. Ventricular measurements, including right ventricular (RV) short axis, left ventricular (LV) short axis, and RV/LV ratio, were evaluated and compared among survivors and nonsurvivors. Also, the ventricular measurements were correlated with the PA obstructive index. RV/LV ratio and related PA obstructive index were correlated to the patient outcome and hospital stay. Results: Comparison of the PA obstructive index and ventricular measurements between survivors and nonsurvivors showed significant difference in PA obstructive index ( P<0.001), RV short axis ( P<0.001), and RV/LV ratio ( P=0.03), and no significant difference was noted in LV short axis ( P=0.95). Good correlation was found between PA obstructive index and LV short axis (−0.326), RV short axis (0.539), and RV/LV ratio (0.696). A significant difference was found between the PA obstructive indexes of the different categories of RV/LV ratio ( P<0.001). Conclusion: PA obstructive index of more than 50% and RV/LV ratio >1.5 are useful diagnostic criteria for severe PE and poor patient outcome.
Comparison of gadofosveset-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography with digital subtraction angiography for lower-extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease
Authors: Grijalba Fermín Urtasun , Esandi Mercedes Ciriza 
Published: January 2010

Background: Minimally invasive imaging techniques are increasingly used for clinical decision making in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). Purpose: To assess whether gadofosveset-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography could replace digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the evaluation of lower-extremity PAOD. Material and Methods: Thirty patients with symptomatic PAOD underwent prospectively both MR angiography and DSA. Gadofosveset-enhanced 3D MR angiography was performed on a 1.5T system equipped with a peripheral angio matrix coil. Four blinded observers independently analyzed MR angiograms and DSA images. The lower arterial vascular system was divided into three anatomic segments (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, infrapopliteal) for review. The status of each segment was graded as normal, stenosis less than 50%, stenosis greater than 50%, or occluded and/or aneurismatic. Principal and secondary lesions were reported. Results: Although interobserver agreement for both was excellent, it was higher for DSA (κ=0.92) than for MR angiography (κ=0.86) for reporting the principal and secondary lesions in all segments. For different anatomic locations, the interobserver agreement of MR angiography and DSA was as follows: aortoiliac (κ=0.93, k=0.95), femoropopliteal (κ=0.86, k=0.90), and infrapopliteal (κ=0.78, k=0.85). The lowest agreement was found for MR angiography on infrapopliteal segments (κ=0.78). In four (13.3%) cases, MR angiography showed lesions that were not found by DSA. Five (16.6%) aneurysm cases, not observed by DSA, were shown by MR angiography. Conclusion: Gadofosveset-enhanced 3D MR angiography can be proposed for first-line imaging in the management of lower-limb PAOD patients and permits the selective use of DSA as a second-line examination when MR angiography fails or in an endovascular approach.
Workforce and Advanced Training Survey of the RANZCP Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age: Issues and Challenges for the Field
Authors: Draper Brian , Reutens Sharon , Subau Doug 
Published: January 2010

Objectives: There is concern that there are insufficient old age psychiatrists in an ageing population. We aim to describe the work patterns of old age psychiatrists in Australia and New Zealand in order to identify barriers to training and practice. Methods: Members of the Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age (FPOA) and other psychiatrists who have completed the Certificate of Psychiatry of Old Age were notified of the online survey by email in October 2008. Results: Two hundred and twenty FPOA members resident in Australia and New Zealand were surveyed and 87 responded (56% male, mean age 49.2 years). While 82% had a public appointment, 34% worked in private practice where barriers included the lack of a multidisciplinary team and remuneration. Only 18% of clinical time was in a rural or regional setting. High levels of job satisfaction (88%) were found, with the main factors being working with older people, working in a multidisciplinary team and the intellectual challenge. Advanced training was felt to be beneficial, though some weaknesses were identified. Conclusions: Old age psychiatry is a satisfying career with an advanced training program that is reported to be beneficial to practice. Because the old age psychiatry workforce will face mounting challenges over the next decades, it is imperative that planning for the future mental health needs of older Australians be commenced immediately.
Inter-granular glassy phases in the low-CaO-doped HIPed Si3N4ceramics: a review
Authors: Gu Hui , Tanaka Isao , Cannon Rowland M. , Pan Xiaoqing , Rühle Manfred 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis review outlines the essence of a progressive study on the glassy inter-granular film (IGF) in a model ceramic system, the low-CaO-doped HIPed high-purity Si3N4. This was initiated from the finding of a systematic variation of equilibrium IGF thickness following the dopant chemistry, manifesting its fundamental important to ceramic processing. By employing analytical transmission electron microscopy to measure the local chemistry in IGF, however, significant discrepancy was found between trends of local IGF chemistry and thickness. A stable IGF composition was revealed in this system, while a bi-level distribution of Ca segregation establishes a correspondence between the IGF structure and the surface crystallography. The detection of similar levels of nitrogen in IGF through the whole series further supports the presence of a rather stable IGF chemistry. After the saturation of dopants in the stable IGF, extra CaO was found to re-distribute in pockets by enrichment at tips, leading to a liquid phase separation with the Ca-rich phase wetting the entrance zone contacting IGF. The perspective for establishing a comprehensive correlation between the inter-granular phases and the bi-modal microstructure induced by faster growth of basal facets is briefly discussed to pave the way for future work.
Grain growth kinetics and segregation in yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystals
Authors: Zapata-Solvas Eugenio , de Bernardi-Martín Santiago , Gómez-García Diego , Domínguez-Rodríguez Arturo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The aim of this work is the determination of the grain growth kinetic law in 4 mol.% yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystals. To that purpose, several sets of slices of 4 mol.% yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystals were annealed for different times at a constant temperature as well as at a constant time for different temperatures. The mean grain size was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy observations of the annealed surfaces, after fitting the grain size distributions to lognormal functions. A power law of the mean grain size versus the annealing time was found to describe the experimental results. Surprisingly, the same power law was shown to account for the dependence of the grain size standard deviations versus time. A correlation of these results with a model reported in the literature on the yttrium segregation to grain boundaries is discussed.
Application of new forming and sintering techniques to obtain hydroxyapatite and β-TCP nanostructured composites
Authors: Miranda Miriam , Fernández Adolfo , Saiz Eduardo , Tomsia Antoni P. , Torrecillas Ramón 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Calcium phosphate based bioceramics have an important position in the bone substitutions field, because of their excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconduction characteristics. To enhance the bone ingrowth between implants and natural bone a hydroxyapatite/ß-tricalcium phosphate (HA/ß-TCP) composite has been chosen. The composites were formed by the robocasting technique for being sintered in conventional furnace under air. The behaviour of the system HA/ß-TCP was studied with the aim of employing the optimal conditions to sinter the samples formed by robocasting. The final composition in each sample was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and quantified by the Rietveld method. A powder mixture with the same HA/ß-TCP composition was formed and sintered by another non-conventional technique: Spark plasma sintering. Finally, the phase compositions and microstructures obtained by both techniques were compared.
Mitochondrial changes during D-drug-containing once-daily therapy in HIV-positive treatment-naive patients
Authors: Maggiolo Franco , Roat Erika , Pinti Marcello , Nasi Milena , Gibellini Lara , Biasi Sara De , Airoldi Monica , Ravasio Veronica , Mussini Cristina , Suter Fredy , Cossarizza Andrea 
Published: January 2010

Background Antiviral drugs of the category of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), largely used for the treatment of HIV infection, can have toxic effects on mitochondria. We performed a cross-sectional study on mitochondrial toxicity in a randomized group of patients belonging to a larger randomized study on different NRTI-based once-daily regimens by quantifying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), three different mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs) and functional parameters in highly purified peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Methods A total of 49 previously treatment-naive patients treated for a mean of 15 months with efavirenz plus didanosine plus lamivudine (group 1), or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus lamivudine (group 2), or didanosine plus abacavir (group 3) were considered. The groups were matched for sex, age, CDC classification, risk factor for HIV, nadir CD4+ T-cell count and baseline viral load. mtDNA and mtRNA were quantified by using real-time PCR assays. Results No patient showed any clinical symptom; however, the amount of mtDNA in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was significantly lower in groups 1 and 3; similarly, the expression of different mtRNAs in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells showed significant differences that were dependent upon the drug used. No differences were found in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial mass in peripheral lymphocytes. The amount of total HIV DNA in CD4+ T-cells did not differ among the groups, who displayed a similar immune reconstitution and control of the virus. Conclusions An efficient didanosine-containing once-daily therapy can have more mitochondrial toxicity than regimens devoid of this drug.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Contributes to Gut Homeostasis and Intestinal Inflammation by Composition of IL-10–Producing Regulatory Macrophage Subset
Authors: Takada Yasuhiro , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Kamada Nobuhiko , Kitazume Mina T. , Honda Haruki , Oshima Yosuke , Saito Riko , Takayama Tetsuro , Kobayashi Taku , Chinen Hiroshi , Mikami Yohei , Kanai Takanori , Okamoto Susumu , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Lamina propria macrophages (LPMϕs) spontaneously produce large amounts of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and play a central role in regulation of immune responses against commensal bacteria. MCP-1 is a chemokine that plays an important role in recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to inflamed tissues. We demonstrated that, in addition to IL-10, LPMϕs produced large amounts of MCP-1, even in a steady state. MCP-1 deficiency caused impaired IL-10 production by LPMϕs and led to exacerbation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. As an explanation of this impaired IL-10 production by LPMϕs, we found that LPMϕs could be separated into two subsets with distinct side-scattered properties, namely LPMϕ1 (CD11b+F4/80+CD11c–SSChi) and LPMϕ2 (CD11b+F4/80+CD11c–SSClo). Unlike LPMϕ1, the LPMϕ2 subset migrated in response to MCP-1 and produced a larger amount of IL-10 in response to commensal bacteria. LPMϕs isolated from MCP-1–deficient mice produced less IL-10 as a consequence of the lack of the MCP-1–dependent LPMϕ2 population. This imbalanced composition in LPMϕ population may be involved in the susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis in MCP-1–deficient mice. Our results suggest that endogenous MCP-1 contributes to the composition of resident LPMϕ subsets in the intestine. Moreover, MCP-1–dependent LPMϕ2 subset may play an important role in maintenance of gut homeostasis in the steady state, and in the termination of excess inflammatory responses in the intestine, by producing IL-10.
Sustained Exogenous Expression of Therapeutic Levels of IFN-γ Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice via Th1 Polarization
Authors: Hattori Kayoko , Nishikawa Makiya , Watcharanurak Kanitta , Ikoma Akihiko , Kabashima Kenji , Toyota Hiroyasu , Takahashi Yuki , Takahashi Rei , Watanabe Yoshihiko , Takakura Yoshinobu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe short in vivo half-life of IFN-γ can prevent the cytokine from inducing immunological changes that are favorable for the treatment of Th2-dominant diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. To examine whether a sustained supply of IFN-γ is effective in regulating the balance of Th lymphocyte subpopulations, plasmid vector encoding mouse IFN-γ, pCpG-Muγ, or pCMV-Muγ was injected into the tail vein of NC/Nga mice, a model for human atopic dermatitis. A single hydrodynamic injection of a CpG motif reduced pCpG-Muγ at a dose of 0.14 μg/mouse resulted in a sustained concentration of IFN-γ in the serum, and the concentration was maintained at &gt;300 pg/ml over 80 d. The pCpG-Muγ–mediated IFN-γ gene transfer was associated with an increase in the serum concentration of IL-12, reduced production of IgE, and inhibition of mRNA expression of IL-4, -5, -10, -13, and -17 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in the spleen. These immunological changes were not clearly observed in mice receiving two injections of 20 μg pCMV-Muγ, a CpG-replete plasmid DNA, because of the transient nature of the expression from the vector. The mice receiving pCpG-Muγ showed a significant reduction in the severity of skin lesions and in the intensity of their scratching behavior. Furthermore, high transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickening, and infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils, all of which were obvious in the untreated mice, were significantly inhibited. These results indicate that an extraordinary sustained IFN-γ expression induces favorable immunological changes, leading to a Th1-dominant state in the atopic dermatitis model.