bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved detection of abnormal left ventricular wall motion using tomographic radionuclide ventriculography compared with planar radionuclide and single plane contrast ventriculography
Authors: Metcalfe M J , Norton M Y , Jennings K , Walton S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Tomographic radionuclide ventriculography is a technique which could have major advantages over conventional planar imaging, such as better assessment of ventricular wall motion abnormalities. This possibility was therefore investigated in 100 consecutive patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. Following angiography, planar blood pool images were conventionally acquired and tomographic imaging performed using the Aberdeen Section Scanner. All derived wall motion data were subsequently analysed in an objective and blinded manner. The mean age was 56 (range 33–71) and 79% were male. 67 patients had experienced prior myocardial infarction, 27 were categorized as having significant and six insignificant coronary artery disease. The detection rates for patients with prior myocardial infarction were 95% for angiography, 57% for planar imaging and 90% for tomography. Even taking patients with only prior anterior myocardial infarction, the detection rates were 94%, 63% and 91% respectively. For those residual patients with significant coronary artery disease, the rates were 7%, 0% and 59% respectively. Overall for the detection of patients with significant coronary artery disease, the sensitivity was 70%, 40% and 81% respectively. Patients with insignificant coronary artery disease did not demonstrate any abnormalities using any method. These results demonstrate that tomography and angiography have similar detection rates in the presence of significant coronary artery disease and both are superior to planar imaging.
A comparative study of velocity measurements in major blood vessels using magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Zananiri F V , Jackson P C , Halliwell M , Harris R A , Hayward J K , Davies E R , Wells P N T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Velocity measurements in major blood vessels were obtained in studies of volunteers using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared with Doppler ultrasound (US). The vessels studied were the abdominal aorta, superior mesenteric artery, common carotid artery, superficial femoral artery and middle cerebral artery. Using a paired t-test, no significant difference was found between velocity values estimated by MRI and US (p &gt; 0.08). The relative advantages of each technique in radiological practice are discussed.
Bone loss in normal British women; a 5 year follow-up
Authors: Clements D , Compston J E , Evans C , Evans W D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo assess the rates of loss, forearm and spinal bone mineral were remeasured in 16 out of 18 peri- and postmenopausal women aged 45 to 60 years who had taken part in a previously reported cross-sectional study. The mean interval between measurements was 4.8 years (range 4.2–5.3 years). The mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) annual change in radial bone mineral density was −0.78%/year (−1.73 to + 0.18%; not significant) and in spinal bone mineral −2.41%/year (−3.55 to 1.27%; p &lt; 0.001). There was considerable variation in the rate of change in radius and spine, and between individuals. There was no significant correlation between rates of bone loss at either site, or between rates of loss and the initial bone density at either the radius or spine. There was no significant correlation between the rates of change and the age or number of years post-menopause of the women. There was no significant change in the Z score for the forearm (mean −0.20; 95% CI −0.65 to + 0.25) or for the spine (mean -0.04; 95% CI −0.30 to + 0.22). There have been no previous longitudinal studies of the changes of bone density in normal British women. These results show considerable variation between individuals, and rates of change at one site cannot be predicted from measurements at another site. Untreated, some normal individuals have high rates of loss that cannot be predicted from baseline values, age or number of years post-menopause.
Simultaneous multislice imaging with an additional slice gradient in the readout stage: an idea for multislice FLASH
Authors: Zhao S , Wood B , Dodd N J , Waller M L , Hawnaur J M , Isherwood I 
Published: July 2009

Conventional two-dimensional Fourier transform spin-echo multislice imaging can be performed in a time efficient manner by taking advantage of the relatively long repetition time (TR) compared with the sequence time (i.e. the time from excitation to end of signal acquisition), to observe other slices. Thus, given a sequence time of 1/n of TR, n slices can be observed with no time penalty. For some applications, however, e.g. cardiac imaging, it would be desirable to collect data for all slices of interest simultaneously and not sequentially.One method of simultaneous multislice imaging has previously been proposed (Muller, 1988). This method uses a multifrequency rf pulse to excite all the slices of interest simultaneously. Separation of the slices is then achieved by addition or subtraction of the time domain signals by altering the phase of the slice selection pulses. For n slices, the basic imaging sequence has to be repeated n times.We present here an alternative method to acquire multislice images simultaneously using an additional slice gradient at the readout stage to separate the slices.As a modification of the spin warp imaging method (Edelstein et al, 1988), the 2-D FT spin-echo (SE) imaging pulse sequence is widely used in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Three gradients are used in the sequence, one for frequency encoding, one for phase encoding, and one for slice selection. Usually the three gradients are orthogonal to each other and usually denoted as G x, G y and G z for the read, phase and slice gradients respectively.
Ossification of the thoracic ligamenta flava in a Caucasian: a rare cause of myelopathy
Authors: Arafat Q W , Jackowski A , Chavda S V , West R J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ossification of the ligamenta flava is rare and has been described almost exclusively in Japanese people. We present a case in which ossification of the thoracic ligamenta flava caused compressive myelopathy in a Caucasian.
A comparison of mammographic phantoms
Authors: Faulkner K , Law J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
It is important to establish and maintain high standards of image quality in mammography in order to detect breast cancer at an early stage. A commonly used method of assessing image quality in mammography is to use test phantoms. This paper reports a comparison of seven mammographic phantoms. These are the Ackermann (DuPont, Stevenage), Barts (White and Tucker), CIRS XI (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, USA), Leeds TOR(MAX) and Leeds TOR(MAM) (Faxil, Leeds), Newcastle, and RMI 152 (Gammex RMI, Nottingham). These phantoms were assessed on the detectability of the various details and bar patterns contained in each. Step wedges and simulated anatomical features were not assessed. The effect on phantom images of changes in contrast, caused by changing tube potential from 25 kV to 35 kV, and of changes in resolution, caused by different focal spot sizes and by different magnifications, were investigated. It was deduced from the results of this study that there was no single phantom which was clearly superior to all the others. The three phantoms which had the greatest sensitivity to changes in imaging parameters were the Leeds TOR(MAM), the Newcastle and the Ackermann (DuPont) phantoms.
Minimally invasive cancer surgery using focused ultrasound: a pre-clinical, normal tissue study
Authors: Vaughan M G , Ter Haar G R , Hill C R , Clarke R L , Hopewell J W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Using a focused 1.7 MHz ultrasound field (focal length/transducer diameter ratio of 1.7) and in situ intensities spatially averaged within the half-pressure maximum contour in the range 100–400 W cm−2, ablative lesions have been prescriptively placed singly and in arrays, in the livers and bladder walls of adult female Large White pigs. Exposures were made through the skin with up to 8 cm of intervening tissue. Ablative lesions were placed under ultrasonic guidance, and specific lesion echoes were subsequently observed in two cases. Animals were sacrificed immediately after induction of ultrasonic lesions, post-mortems were performed, as were histological examinations of normal and damaged tissue. There was clear demarcation between ablated and normal tissue. Provided that simple rules on exposure technique had been observed, there was no evidence of inadvertent tissue damage, either locally to the treatment site, or in the tissue lying between the source and the target. This study is a useful step in demonstrating the feasibility of clinical trials for the use of this technique in treating bladder tumours and solitary liver metastases.
Intracranial extramedullary haematopoiesis in postpolycythemic myelofibrosis
Authors: Ohtsubo M , Hayashi K , Fukushima T , Chiyoda S , Takahara O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH), which may occur in various types of haemodyscrasia and dyshaematopoiesis, is generally seen in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes, but rarely within the cranium. This is a case of intracranial EMH in a patient with secondary myelofibrosis which developed after the treatment of polycythaemia rubra vera.
Bone metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma showing unusual accumulation on bone scintigraphy and 67Ga scintigraphy
Authors: Takahashi I , Nakamura Y , Suzuki Y , Mitsuhashi N , Niibe H , Osada J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We report a case of bone metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma that showed intense homogeneous osseous accumulation in continuity through eight vertebrae on bone scintigraphy and 67Ga scintigraphy.
Calcification within aneurysmal bone cyst
Authors: Sharma P , Elangovan S , Ratnakar C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) usually affects older children or young adults. The radiological appearance is of a purely osteolytic expansile metaphyseal lesion with thinned out cortex and internal septations. We present a case of ABC in a 5-year-old girl which showed internal calcification and was initially diagnosed as enchondroma. However, pathological examination revealed typical appearance of ABC with large area of dystrophic calcification.
EMI patents on computed tomography; history of legal actions
Authors: Strong A B , Hurst R A A 
Published: July 2009

The history of the invention of tomography has been well documented on a number of occasions. The situation regarding the Legal Actions taken by EMI, in defence of their patents, is less well known. In order to assert their position as Licensors of the important computed tomography (CT) patents, EMI had to litigate these in the USA in a series of Actions, commencing in 1976.
The patents at issue, in the realization of CT systems, is discussed in relationship with the scanner geometries (generations) and the reconstruction principles. The value of properly protecting inventions with patents is demonstrated, together with showing the eventual benefits of vigorously enforcing those patents against infringers.
Parotid and parapharyngeal tumours: tissue characterization with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tsushima Y , Matsumoto M , Endo K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Prospective studies were performed to characterize parotid and parapharyngeal tumours using dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Bolus injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine and a short SE sequence were used to evaluate 23 masses including seven pleomorphic adenomas, seven Warthin's tumours and nine malignant tumours. Contrast enhancement profiles helped to distinguish the differenent types of parotid and parapharyngeal tumours. Gradual increase in intensity during the first 260 s after the injection was characteristically found in pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Conversely, all Warthin's tumours showed a rapid increase during the first 20 s followed by a decrease in signal intensity. The other malignant tumours showed a rapid increase during the first 20 s followed by gradual decrease or increase at a slow rate. We suggests that the gradual increase in signal intensity of pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma may be due to their hypovascularity and an abundance of interstitial regions rich in connective tissue-type mucin. Dynamic MRI shows promise in tissue characterization of parotid and parapharyngeal tumours.
Laser angioplasty: enough to make your blood boil!
Authors: Dawson P , Booth A , Machan L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Some of the effects on blood and contrast agents of a laser angioplasty device of the “hot tip” variety have been studied. This device liberates iodine from contrast agents both in the form of soluble free iodide and in the form of solid elemental iodine debris. Some of the solid iodine does not adhere to the probe but remains free and, in vivo, would be available to embolize distal vessels. The liberation of iodine occurs more readily with dimeric agents than with monomeric contrast agents regardless of whether they are ionic or non-ionic. Blood and blood/contrast agent mixtures exhibit local boiling in the vicinity of the hot tip laser probe. Blood so treated exhibits markedly accelerated clotting as indicated by measurements of whole blood clotting times. Untreated blood to which aliquots of blood treated as described above are added also exhibits accelerated clotting. The laser tip, operating in blood/iodine mixtures, becomes coated with a friable black/brown deposit which analysis reveals to be a mixture of carbon and iodine. Again, some of this particulate debris fails to adhere to the probe and is available as free embolic material. The possible practical clinical implications of these observations are discussed.
An investigation into the radiation dose associated with different imaging systems for chest radiology
Authors: Marshall N W , Faulkner K , Busch H P , Marsh D M , Pfenning H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
With the advent of digital imaging there now exists a range of imaging techniques which may be used to acquire chest images. The purpose of this investigation was to determine typical radiation doses associated with the use of a conventional film–screen system, 100 mm film technique, large-field digital image intensifier radiography, computed radiography and a scanning slit system (AMBER, Oldeft, Netherlands). Radiation doses to relevant organs were assessed using direct measurements made with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters, together with calculations made using normalized dose data. Typical doses were assessed using anthropomorphic phantoms for both postero-anterior and lateral projections. The risk-related quantities, i.e. effective dose and effective dose equivalent, were then calculated from these organ doses. When compared on the basis of effective dose equivalent, certain imaging techniques were seen to offer the potential for significant dose reduction, possibly at the expense of image quality.
Energy imparted to neonates during X-ray examinations in a special care baby unit
Authors: Chapple C-L , Faulkner K , Hunter E W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Neonates in a special care baby unit may receive a large number of X-rays and their dosimetry is of particular importance. A method of calculating energy imparted to neonates has been developed and a survey carried out in one unit, over a period of 18 months. Entrance dose was calculated from the technique factors used and measurement of tube output. Technique factors were recorded by the radiographer for each exposure taken, and output was measured both with and without an incubator present. Field size was determined by measurements made retrospectively from the radiograph, and a Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine factors for conversion to imparted energy. 119 neonates were included in the survey, and the mean total energy imparted was found to be 0.09 mJ. The maximum value was a factor of nine greater than this. The study also highlighted the potential for dose reduction with regard to better collimation and shielding.
Solitary ischaemic small bowel stenosis
Authors: Ginai A Z , Hussain S M , Hordijk M L , den Hollander J C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of a solitary short ischaemic stenosis of the small bowel is presented and the literature reviewed. An ischaemic segmental stenosis of the small bowel is a rare lesion, but can lead to acute or subacute obstructive symptoms. A well conducted small bowel enteroclysis is the diagnostic modality of choice in such a case, which may require surgical resection after the diagnosis is made.
Giant cell tumour of metacarpals: report of three cases
Authors: Singhal R M , Mukhopadhyay S , Tanwar R K , Pant G S , Julka P K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Giant cell tumour of the metacarpal bone is rare. We have encountered three cases during the last 30 years. Surgical treatment is difficult in such a critical site and is always associated with functional deformities and poor cosmesis. We have successfully treated two males and one female with lesions of the 1st, 2nd and 4th metacarpal bones using a Theratron-60 telecobalt machine. The radiation dose delivered was 50–55 Gy over
4.5–5 weeks. The three patients all tolerated radiotherapy treatment well, though moderate radiation dermatitis (Grade II–III) was seen. The regression of tumour mass started after about 2 months of radiation therapy and complete regression occurred after several months. The pain subsided immediately. Long follow up of 7–11 years revealed no signs of local recurrence, distant metastasis or radiation induced malignancy.
The results of radiation therapy are excellent in terms of functional integrity and cosmesis.
Ultrasound findings following laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Wright N B , Williamson V C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study was set up to find the incidence of fluid collections in asymptomatic patients following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients had an ultrasound scan on the first postoperative day and approximately 1 week later. Seven of 25 patients (28%) had a total of nine collections on the first postoperative day.Five had resolved by the follow-up scan and two patients developed new collections by the 1 week scan. None of the patients had significant postoperative symptoms. We emphasize the high incidence of ultrasonically detectable fluid collections in asymptomatic patients following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, encourage caution in attributing postoperative morbidity to such findings, and suggest that repeat scanning may behelpful in patient management.
Magnetic resonance assessment of age-related development of the sphenoid sinus
Authors: Szolar D , Preidler K , Ranner G , Braun H , Kern R , Wolf G , Stammberger H , Ebner F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Magnetic resonance images of the sphenoid sinus in 401 patients under 15 years old were reviewed to establish normal age-related standards. T 1-weighted sagittal and T 2-weighted axial scans were evaluated for bone marrow conversion, development of pneumatization, spatial enlargement and septation of the sphenoid sinus. The sphenoid sinus had a uniformly low signal intensity (red bone marrow) on T 1weighted images in all children less than 4 months old. Signal intensity changes from hypointense to hyperintense (bone marrow conversion) started at the age of 4 months. Onset of pneumatization was observed in 12% of the patients at age 13–15 months. By age 43–48 months, 85% of the patients showed pneumatization of the anterior part of the sphenoid bone. Pneumatization was complete in all patients older than 10 years. Enlargement of the sinus showed a characteristic profile in each dimension. Median septation was observed irregularly with age, with a maximum of 77%. Septum variants were noticed between 4.5% and 20%. Because paediatric sinus disease is a challenging problem in children, these results may be useful as baseline standards of normal age-related development of the sphenoid sinus during childhood.
Colonic complication of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Gavan D R , Hendry G M A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We present four unusual colonic complications of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia which occurred during the early induction period of chemotherapy. These included a transverse colitis, a haemorrhagic proctitis, acaeco-colic intussusception and an ileo-colic intussusception complicating typhlitis. Although complications are rare, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in children undergoing chemotherapy.
Measuring image texture to separate “difficult” from “easy” mammograms
Authors: Taylor P , Hajnal S , Dilhuydy M-H , Barreau B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We are investigating computerized techniques for sorting mammograms according to whether the breast tissue is fatty or dense. The hypothesis is that areas of dense tissue are a major factor in making certain mammograms harder for both radiologists and computers to interpret. Being able to identify dense mammograms automatically could permit better use of the time and skills of expert radiologists by allowing the difficult mammograms to be examined by the most experienced readers. In addition, the scope for computer-aided detection of abnormalities might be increased by concentrating on the easier, fatty mammograms.The mammograms used in the experiment were classified independently by two radiologists, who agreed in almost all cases. A number of local statistical and texture measures were then computed for patches from digitizations of these mammograms. One of the measures (local skewness in tiles) gives a good separation between fatty and dense patches. This measure has been incorporated into an automated procedure that separates off approximately two thirds of the fatty mammograms. This finding has been replicated on mammograms taken from a UK screening programme. The relationship between the fatty/dense distinction and the classification proposed by Wolfe is discussed.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in both palms, axillary node, donor skin graft site and both soles—associated hyperkeratosis and porokeratosis
Authors: Abadir R , Zurowski S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A 74-year-old woman presented with skin squamous cell carcinomas on both palms, ankles and soles. The patient also had biopsy-proven porokeratosis. There was hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. The left palm cancer was excised and skin grafted, but recurred. A nodule in the scar of the donor site of the skin graft in the left upper arm was biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma. A metastatic left axillary lymph node was excised. There were no palpable metastatic lymph nodes in either the groin or right axilla. All cancers were irradiated and disappeared, as did the incidentally irradiated hyperkeratosis. Porokeratosis may be associated with skin squamous cell carcinoma, yet in this case porokeratosis could not be identified in the heavily hyperkeratotic palms and soles. Despite poor prognostic signs, i.e. the location in the palm, and metastasis,the patient has done well so far.