bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aroma profile of Niagara grape juice contaminated with multicoloured Asian lady beetle taint using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry
Authors: Ross Carolyn F. , Rosales Maria U. , Fernandez‐Plotka Virginia C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the odour‐active compounds present in Niagara grape juice tainted with multicoloured Asian lady beetle (MALB: Harmonia axyridis: Coleoptera: coccinellidae). Niagara grape juice was made with (2.5 MALB/L) and without MALB and evaluated using solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC/MS/O) to tentatively identify compounds. Compared to the control juice, phenol, described as musty/mouldy, was found to be unique to the MALB‐tainted grape juice. The four odourants significantly higher in the MALB‐tainted grape juice were described as fruity, asparagus, stagnant water/chemical and musty/mouldy, tentatively corresponding to octanal, 3‐sec‐butyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine (SBMP), 2‐methoxy‐4‐methylphenol and decanal, respectively. Three of the five compounds found in the MALB‐tainted juice have been reported to be produced by live MALB. While past literature has focused on the contribution of 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines to MALB‐taint, the present study suggests other compounds, in addition to SBMP, may contribute to the aroma profile of MALB‐tainted grape juice.
Quality parameters of Brassica spp. grown in northwest Spain
Authors: Martínez Sidonia , Olmos Isaura , Carballo Javier , Franco Inmaculada 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe edible portions of different Brassica spp. grown in several areas of Northwest Spain (Galicia) were studied during 2007 and 2008. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the values of some physicochemical parameters (moisture, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, protein, ash, vitamin C, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, quercitin and chlorophyll) in different edible portions of turnip greens and turnip tops (Brassica rapa var. rapa), Galega kales (B. oleracea L. var. acephala), white cabbages (B. oleracea L. convar. capitata var. alba) and Savoy cabbage (B. oleracea L. convar. capitata var. sabauda). Different values were obtained for the parameters depending on the variety of plant. In general, the nutrient contents of the turnips and the Galega kales were higher than those of the cabbages. Variations within different edible portions were also observed. Moreover, the mean values of the parameters measured in leaves were higher than those measured in stems, except for moisture content. High concentrations of soluble solids, protein, vitamin C and phenolics were found in the different varieties of Brassica studied.
Stability of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in breads after baking and upon storage
Authors: Henna Lu Fung Sieng , Norziah Mohammad Hani 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWholemeal bread and white bread were prepared by substituting shortening with refined menhaden fish oil (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% w/w). The stability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated over 5 days of storage through gas chromatography (GC) analysis along with peroxide and anisidine value determinations. Sensory analysis was also performed by evaluating the fishy flavour, palatability and palatability differences compared to the control bread upon storage. The recoveries of EPA and DHA in breads after baking were 68.7%–72.8% with no further significant changes (P < 0.05) upon storage for both types of breads. Results from GC analyses correlated well with peroxide and anisidine value analyses, which showed relatively low values throughout the storage time. Omega‐3‐fatty acids from Menhaden fish oil can be incorporated into breads by substituting the shortening at a fish oil level of 0.5% (w/w) with acceptable palatability even after a 3‐day storage period.
Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment
Authors: Liu Ye , Zhang Chao , Zhao Xiao Y. , Ma Yue , Li Wu , Liao Xiao J. , Hu Xiao S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe effect of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) treatment on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was evaluated. Moreover, the inactivation kinetics of its PPO was simulated by first‐order reaction theory. The minimum of PPO residual rate was 36.6% under 30 MPa and 55 °C for 60 min by HPCD treatment, while that was 66.8% at 55 °C for 60 min by thermal treatment. Moreover, the decimal reduction time of PPO decreased rapidly after HPCD treatment, compared to that of the thermal treatment. The thermal treatment at 55 °C takes a similar time to reach 10% PPO residual rate with HPCD treatment under 30 MPa at 35 °C. One reason for the results was that activation energy of PPO reduced from 98.9 to 14.6 kJ mol−1 after HPCD treatment. Therefore, HPCD treatment showed stronger capacity to inactivate PPO from frozen red raspberry than the thermal treatment at same temperature.
Water sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of pearl millet grain
Authors: Goneli André Luis Duarte , Corrêa Paulo Cesar , De Oliveira Gabriel Henrique Horta , Gomes Cassandra Ferreira , Botelho Fernando Mendes 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe water sorption isotherms of pearl millet grain and the thermodynamic properties obtaining during the process of drying pearl millet were examined. Equilibrium moisture content (Xeq) was determined under several temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) conditions. The Xeq data were correlated by six mathematical models. The modified Henderson was the model that best fitted the experimental data. The Xeq decreased with an increase in T at constant RH. Hysteresis was also studied; increasing T led to a decrease in this phenomenon. Integral isosteric heat of sorption (Qst), differential entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy–entropy compensation theory were studied. Qst values decreased when Xeq increased because the Qst values of adsorption were lower than Qst desorption values. The values of ΔS decreased with increases in Xeq, because ΔS values were higher for desorption than for adsorption. The enthalpy–entropy compensation theory is valid for describing the water sorption processes of pearl millet grain.
Combined effects of postharvest heat treatment and chitosan coating on quality of fresh‐cut mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Djioua Tassadit , Charles Florence , Freire Murillo , Filgueiras Heloisa , Ducamp‐Collin Marie‐Noëlle , Sallanon Huguette 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe influence of heat treatment combined with coating on sensory quality, physico‐chemicals characteristics (firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and total carotenoids content) and microbiological quality of fresh‐cut mangoes were studied. Whole mangoes (Mangifera indica cv ‘Tommy Atkins’) were subjected to hot water dipping (HWD) at 50 °C for 30 min and cooled for 15 min. Heated and unheated fruits were minimally processed and mango cubes were coated with chitosan solution (0.25% w/v) dissolved in 0.5% (w/v) citric acid, and stored for 9 days at 6 °C under ambient atmosphere. This study showed that both HWD 50 °C for 30 min and chitosan coating, either alone or combined, did not affect the taste and the flavour of mangoes slices. The chitosan coating combined with HWD or not inhibited the microbial growth for 9 days at 6 °C. Indeed chitosan coating was used for his antimicrobial proprieties. HWD 50 °C for 30 min was the beneficial treatment to maintain firmness and colour during 9 days at 6 °C.
The effect of long‐term storage on amino acid content of ready‐to‐eat entrées
Authors: Kadidlová Helena , Ciprysová Zuzana , Hoza Ignác , Pavel Budinský 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe effect of 24‐month storage at three different temperatures (6 ± 2 °C, 26 ± 2 °C, 37 ± 2 °C) on quality of three types of ready‐to‐eat entrées (MRE) was evaluated by means of amino acid, ammonia, moisture and crude protein contents. Spicy risotto, Pork meat with carrots and potatoes and Pork goulash with pasta, that are included into the Czech combat rations, were selected for the experiment. During storage, all the explored samples did not significantly differ in moisture and crude protein content. Higher losses of amino acids (e.g. sulphuric amino acids, lysine, leucine) were detected with the increasing storage time and temperature. Growing losses of amino acids resulted in rising ammonia content as a product of amino acid degradation process. The biological value expressed by essential amino acid index declined with higher temperature and longer time of storage. The dependence of amino acid losses on moisture content was observed, too.
Diagnostic error in a national incident reporting system in the UK
Authors: Sevdalis Nick , Jacklin Rosamond , Arora Sonal , Vincent Charles A. , Thomson Richard G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Diagnostic errors and delays carry potentially grave consequences for patients and feature prominently in studies of adverse events in health care. Diagnostic errors present a particular challenge for error/incident reporting systems because they involve clinical reasoning and are difficult to define precisely. The aim of the present study was to investigate what insights can be gained about diagnostic error from an incident reporting system.Methods  Diagnostic errors reported to the UK's National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) between November 2003 and October 2005 were investigated. We analysed reported level of harm to the patient and incident location and we compared diagnostic with non‐diagnostic incidents. We also assessed the quality of reporting in a subset of reports associated with a patient's death.Results  Of 316 589 incidents reported in the period under investigation, 1674 were diagnostic (0.5%). Diagnostic incidents were more likely than other incidents to be associated with moderate or severe harm, or a patient's death and were more likely to occur in a hospital emergency department than other incidents. Diagnostic incidents in emergency departments were more likely to be associated with greater harm than similar incidents in wards. Observed reporting quality (detail; clarity) was very variable.Conclusion  These findings replicate findings from studies in emergency departments and suggest that reporting systems have a role to play in understanding diagnostic errors alongside other sources of error analysis. Accurate and complete reporting of adequate volume enhances the potential contribution of an incident reporting system to understanding diagnostic error.
Assessing enablement in clinical practice: a systematic review of available instruments
Authors: Hudon Catherine , St‐Cyr Tribble Denise , Légaré France , Bravo Gina , Fortin Martin , Almirall José 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Enablement is an intervention by which the health care provider recognizes, promotes and enhances patients' ability to control their health and life. An abundant health literature suggests that enablement is associated with good outcomes. In this review, we aimed at identifying and comparing instruments that assess enablement in the health care context.Method  We conducted a systematic literature review using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Cinahl and PsycINFO databases, 1980 through March 2009, with specific search strategy for each database. Citations were included if they reported: (1) development and/or validation of an instrument; (2) evaluation of enablement in a health care context; and (3) quantitative results following administration of the instrument. The quality of each main retained citation was assessed using a modified version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy.Results  Of 3135 citations identified, 53 were retrieved for detailed evaluation. Four articles were included. Two instruments were found: the Patient Empowerment Scale (PES) and the Empowering Speech Practices Scale (ESPS). Both instruments assessed enablement in hospital setting, one from the inpatient's perspective (PES) and the other from both perspectives (ESPS).Conclusion  Two instruments assess enablement in hospital setting. No instrument is currently available to assess enablement in an ambulatory care context.
Medical and psychiatric needs of adults with a mental handicap
Authors: BOURAS N. , KON Y. , DRUMMOND C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study describes the assessment of the medical and psychiatric needs of adults with a mental handicap recently resettled in community facilities including ‘staffed houses’. No statistically significant differences were found for behaviour problems and psychiatric diagnosis prior to resettlement and one year after. However, increased use of primary care and expert psychiatric service were found following the resettlement. Clinical and service issues in relation to successful maintenance of people with mental handicap in the community are discussed.
Receipt of psychotropic medication by people with intellectual disability in residential settings
Authors: Robertson J. , Emerson E. , Gregory N. , Hatton C. , Kessissoglou S. , Hallam A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have reported that the rate of prescription of antipsychotic medication for people with intellectual disability is far in excess of the expected prevalence of psychoses for this population. Recent research identifying factors which predict the use of psychotropic medication suggests that challenging behaviour may play a key role in determining the receipt of antipsychotic medication. The present study reports the prevalence of psychoactive medication receipt for 500 people with intellectual disability living in different forms of residential provision in the UK. Variables which predict the receipt of psychotropic medication are also identified. The results show differences between forms of residential provision in rates of medication receipt. Analyses of predictors of psychotropic medication receipt suggest that, whilst the receipt of antidepressants is predicted by symptoms of mental ill health, the receipt of both antipsychotics and hypnotics/anxiolytics is predicted by variables related to challenging behaviour.
Combining the gold chloride and toluidine blue stains to investigate chick embryo neural tissue
Authors: SMIT E. , PRETORIUS E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryToluidine blue and gold chloride stains are both well‐known for staining nervous tissue. Toluidine blue is a general method to stain neurons and glia, used because of the speed of action. Gold sublimate is a delicate procedure that requires extreme purity of reagents and materials, and it stains astrocytes and neurons. The aim of this study was to combine these two special staining methods for embryonic neural tissue and to obtain a repeatable and easily manageable new staining method with improved overall visualization of neural tissue. Fertilized Broiler hatching eggs were incubated at 36°C and on day 8 prepared for histology. Sections were cut at 7 μm thickness and slides were stained for 30 s using a 0.1% Toluidine blue solution. These slides were rinsed with dH2O followed by placing them in gold sublimate for 4 h at room temperature in the dark. Rinsing with dH2O and transferal to a 5% sodium thiosulfate solution was done, followed by another rinsing and mounting of slides. Results showed that the combination of the two methods offers a fast, reliable method with which chick embryonic neural tissue can be evaluated.
Time‐resolved fluorescence microscopy of gunshot residue: an application to forensic science
Authors: BIRD DAMIAN K. , AGG KENT M. , BARNETT NEIL W. , SMITH TREVOR A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTime‐resolved fluorescence microscopy has rapidly emerged as the technique of choice for many researchers aiming to gain specific insights into the dynamics of intricate biological systems. Although the unique advantages the technique provides over other methods have proven to be particularly useful in the biosciences, to date they have been largely unexploited by other research disciplines. In this paper, we demonstrate the capacity of time‐resolved fluorescence microscopy as a practical analytical tool in the forensic sciences via the imaging of gunshot residues that are expelled when a firearm is discharged. This information may prove to be useful for determination of the true sequence of events that took place in a firearm related crime.
An electron beam lithography and digital image acquisition system for scanning electron microscopes
Authors: RUSSEV S. , TSUTSUMANOVA G. , ANGELOV S. , BACHEV K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA low‐cost microcontroller based control and data acquisition unit for digital image recording of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and scanning electron microscope based electron beam lithography (EBL) is described. The developed microcontroller low‐level embedded software incorporates major time critical functions for image acquisition and electron beam lithography and makes the unit an intelligent module which communicates via USB with the main computer. The system allows recording of images with up to 4096 × 4096 pixel size, different scan modes, controllable dwell time, synchronization with main power frequency, and other user controllable functions. The electron beam can be arbitrary positioned with 12‐bit precision in both dimensions and this is used to extend the scanning electron microscope capabilities for electron beam lithography. Hardware and software details of the system are given to allow its easy duplication. Performance of the system is discussed and exemplary results are presented.
Decline of invasive alien mink (Mustela vison) is concurrent with recovery of native otters (Lutra lutra)
Authors: McDonald Robbie A. , O’Hara Kevin , Morrish Daniel J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTInvasive species often cause the decline of native prey or competitors. We highlight a contrasting example of the large‐scale recovery of a native species and the concurrent decline and likely displacement of an established invasive competitor. Invasive American mink Mustela vison became widespread in the British Isles at the same time as native Eurasian otters Lutra lutra were declining as a result of water pollution. In common with other invasive predators, mink cause conservation problems for a range of native prey species, most notably water voles Arvicola terrestris. Recent trends in the distribution of native otters and invasive mink in north‐east England were examined using a novel regression modelling approach to analyse presence/absence data from field surveys, corroborated by contemporary predator culling records. Between 1991 and 2002, the percentage of sites where mink signs were found decreased from 80% to 20%, while otter signs increased from 18% to 80%. Annual indices of mink captures on shooting estates increased between 1980 and 1996, but were followed by a decline thereafter. Indices of the incidence of native otters were significantly related to those indicating the decline or displacement of invasive mink. This large‐scale field study is supportive of localized experimental evidence for the return of dominant, native otters being concurrent with the decline of the invasive alien mink. The recovery of a dominant native species may represent a reversal of the mesopredator release that allowed invasive mink to establish and may eventually serve to mitigate their impact on native prey species.
19th century woodland structure controls stand‐scale epiphyte diversity in present‐day Scotland
Authors: Ellis Christopher J. , Coppins Brian J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAxioms developed from island biogeography theory (i.e. species–area relationships, effects of fragmentation and isolation) are central to the development of conservation strategy. Within this context, the ‘extinction debt’ hypothesis brings into question an often assumed relationship between species richness and present‐day spatial habitat structure (i.e. extent, fragmentation), suggesting instead that the richness and composition of biological communities may lag behind spatial changes in habitat. We examined evidence for an extinction debt among epiphytic lichens, a highly diverse biological group of significant conservation concern. Using sites in Scotland, we compared epiphyte species richness in smaller‐scale habitat units (aspen stands) to larger‐scale woodland structure (extent and fragmentation) measured at two spatial scales (1 km2and 4 km2) and for two timeframes, modern (1990s to 2000s) and historic (1860s to 1880s). Species richness was positively related to woodland extent and negatively related to woodland fragmentation; however, richness was explained better by historic woodland structure at a 1‐km2scale, than by modern woodland structure. The results indicate: (1) a coupling of stand‐scale epiphyte assembly and dynamics of the wider woodland ecosystem, and (2) a significant lag in the response of epiphyte species richness to habitat spatial structure. However, the effect of spatial habitat structure is different between species groups with contrasting traits. The effect of decreasing woodland extent on epiphyte richness is generally more severe for microlichens (comprising a greater number of rare and specialist species) than the more generalist macrolichens.
Freshwater invasions: using historical data to analyse spread
Authors: Loo Sarina E. , Keller Reuben P. , Leung Brian 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAquatic invasive species cause deleterious environmental and economic impacts, and are rapidly spreading through ecosystems worldwide. Despite this, very few data sets exist that describe both the presence and the absence of invaders over long time periods. We have used Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyse time‐series data describing the spread of the freshwater invasive New Zealand mudsnail,Potamopyrgus antipodarum, in Victoria, Australia, over 110 years. We have mapped the snail's spread, estimated the percentage of stream length invaded through time, calculated the functional form of the spread rate, and investigated the role that the two proposed vectors — fish stocking and angling — have had in this invasion. Since it was first found in 1895,P. antipodarumhas expanded its range in Victoria and now occurs throughout much of the southern and central areas of the state. The north of the state is relatively less invaded than the south, with the division corresponding approximately to the presence of the Great Dividing Range. We show that the snail's range has been increasing at an approximately exponential rate and estimate that 20% of total Victorian stream length is currently invaded. We also show that using long‐term data can change the outcome of analyses of the relationship between vectors of spread and invasion status of separate catchments. When our time‐series data were aggregated through time, the total numbers of fish stocking events and angling activity were both correlated with invasion. However, when the time‐series data were used and the number of fish stocking events calculated up until the date of invasion, no relationships with stocking were found. These results underline the role that time‐series data, based on both presences and absences, have to play when investigating the spread of invasive species.