bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic Material Transport by Eddies and Eddy-Driven Currents in a Model of the North Atlantic
Authors: Kamenkovich Igor , Berloff Pavel , Pedlosky Joseph 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study analyzes anisotropic properties of the material transport by eddies and eddy-driven zonal jets in a general circulation model of the North Atlantic through the analysis of Lagrangian particle trajectories. Spreading rates—defined here as half the rate of change in the particle dispersion—in the zonal direction systematically exceed the meridional rates by an order of magnitude. Area-averaged values for the upper-ocean zonal and meridional spreading rates are approximately 8100 and 1400 m2 s−1, respectively, and in the deep ocean they are 2400 and 200 m2 s−1. The results demonstrate that this anisotropy is mainly due to the action of the transient eddies and not to the shear dispersion associated with the time-mean jets. This property is consistent with the fact that eddies in this study have zonally elongated shapes. With the exception of the upper-ocean subpolar gyre, eddies also cause the superdiffusive zonal spreading, significant variations in the spreading rate in the vertical and meridional directions, and the difference between the westward and eastward spreading.
Accuracy of the IMET Sensor Package in the Subtropics
Authors: Colbo Keir , Weller Robert A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The accuracies of the meteorological sensors (air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, near-surface temperature, longwave and shortwave radiation, and wind speed and direction) that compose the Improved Meteorological (IMET) system used on buoys at long-term ocean time series sites known as ocean reference stations (ORS) are analyzed to determine their absolute error characteristics. The predicted errors are compared to in situ measurement discrepancies and other observations (direct flux shipboard sensors) to confirm the predictions. The meteorological errors are then propagated through bulk flux formulas and the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) algorithm to give predicted errors for the heat flux components, the freshwater flux, and the momentum flux. Absolute errors are presented for three frequency bands [instantaneous (1-min sampling), diurnal, and annual]. The absolute uncertainty in the annually averaged net heat flux is found to be 8 W m−2 for conditions similar to the current ORS deployments in the subtropics.
Prediction of Dry-Season Precipitation in Tropical West Africa and Its Relation to Forcing from the Extratropics
Authors: Knippertz Peter , Fink Andreas H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Precipitation during the boreal winter dry season in tropical West Africa is rare but occasionally results in significant impacts on the local population. The dynamics and predictability of this phenomenon have been studied very little. Here, a statistical evaluation of the climatology, dynamics, and predictions of dry-season wet events is presented for the region 7.5°–15°N, 10°W–10°E. The analysis is based upon Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) merged satellite–gauge pentad rainfall estimates and 5-day 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) precipitation forecasts, and covers the 23 dry seasons (November–February) during 1979/80–2001/02. Wet events are defined as pentads with an area-averaged precipitation anomaly of more than +200% with respect to the mean seasonal cycle. Composites of the 43 identified events indicate an association with a trough over northwestern Africa, a tropical plume on its eastern side, unusual precipitation at the northern and western fringes of the Sahara, and reduced surface pressure over the Sahara, which allows an inflow of moist southerlies from the Gulf of Guinea to feed the unusual dry-season rainfalls. The results give evidence for a preconditioning by another disturbance about 1 week prior to the precipitation event. The ERA-40 forecasts show a high temporal correlation with observations, a general wet bias, but a somewhat too low number of wet events. With 53% of all identified events correctly forecasted and only 32% of forecasted events not verified, the model shows moderate skill in contrast to the prediction of many other tropical precipitation systems. A separate consideration of hits, misses, and false alarms corroborates the previously proposed hypothesis that a strong extratropical influence enhances the quality of predictions in this region. The results should encourage weather services in West Africa to take advantage of available dry-season precipitation forecasts in terms of the dissemination of early warnings.
Three Spatial Verification Techniques: Cluster Analysis, Variogram, and Optical Flow
Authors: Marzban Caren , Sandgathe Scott , Lyons Hilary , Lederer Nicholas 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Three spatial verification techniques are applied to three datasets. The datasets consist of a mixture of real and artificial forecasts, and corresponding observations, designed to aid in better understanding the effects of global (i.e., across the entire field) displacement and intensity errors. The three verification techniques, each based on well-known statistical methods, have little in common and, so, present different facets of forecast quality. It is shown that a verification method based on cluster analysis can identify “objects” in a forecast and an observation field, thereby allowing for object-oriented verification in the sense that it considers displacement, missed forecasts, and false alarms. A second method compares the observed and forecast fields, not in terms of the objects within them, but in terms of the covariance structure of the fields, as summarized by their variogram. The last method addresses the agreement between the two fields by inferring the function that maps one to the other. The map—generally called optical flow—provides a (visual) summary of the “difference” between the two fields. A further summary measure of that map is found to yield useful information on the distortion error in the forecasts.
Lymphomas with concurrent BCL2 and MYC translocations: the critical factors associated with survival
Authors: Johnson Nathalie A. , Savage Kerry J. , Ludkovski Olga , Ben-Neriah Susana , Woods Ryan , Steidl Christian , Dyer Martin J. S. , Siebert Reiner , Kuruvilla John , Klasa Richard , Connors Joseph M. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Horsman Douglas E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
BCL2 and MYC are oncogenes commonly deregulated in lymphomas. Concurrent BCL2 and MYC translocations (BCL2+/MYC+) were identified in 54 samples by karyotype and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization with the aim of correlating clinical and cytogenetic characteristics to overall survival. BCL2+/MYC+ lymphomas were diagnosed as B-cell lymphoma unclassifiable (BCLU; n = 36) with features intermediate between Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); DLBCL (n = 17), or follicular lymphoma (n = 1). Despite the presence of a t(14;18), 5 cases were BCL2 protein–negative. Nonimmunoglobulin gene/MYC (non-IG/MYC) translocations occurred in 24 of 54 cases (44%) and were highly associated with DLBCL morphology (P < .001). Over a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 6 patients remained in remission and 32 died within 6 months of the MYC+ rearrangement, irrespective of whether MYC+ occurred at diagnosis (31 of 54) or transformation (23 of 54; P = .53). A non-IG/MYC translocation partner, absent BCL2 protein expression and treatment with rituximab-based chemotherapy, were associated with a more favorable outcome, but a low International Prognostic Index score and DLBCL morphology were independent predictors of overall survival. A comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of BCL2 and MYC status on all aggressive lymphomas may identify a group of high-risk patients who may benefit from chemotherapeutic regimens that include rituximab and/or BCL2-targeted therapy.
Alignment of Polysaccharide–SWNT Composites by Metal–Ligand Interactions
Authors: Tsuchiya Youichi , Haraguchi Shuichi , Sugikawa Kouta , Shiraki Tomohiro , Kaneko Kenji , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The composite of terpyridine-modified polysaccharide (TPySPG) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) afforded sheet-like morphologies in the presence of ferric ion. On the basis of TEM images, it was proposed that the sheet-like morphologies are created by the metal–ligand interaction cross-linking TPySPG/SWNT components.
Selective Detection of Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Acetaminophen at a Glassy Carbon Paste Electrode in an Alkaline Solution
Authors: Inada Kazufumi , Nishiyama Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Isao 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Selective determination of uric acid (UA) was conducted in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and acetaminophen (APAP) as interference species at an unmodified glassy carbon paste electrode (GCPE). Using the GCPE prepared in our lab, we succeeded in detecting UA in the presence of AA in acidic and alkaline media. In addition, the oxidation peak potential of APAP is very close to that of UA in neutral media, but in alkaline media, a peak separation of ca. 140 mV was obtained between UA and APAP on the differential pulse voltammogram (DPV).
Fabrication of Hollow Carbon Spheres with Porous Shells by Interfacial Sol–Gel Polymerization
Authors: Huang Miaofeng , Ju Xin , Wang Chaoyan , Tang Yongjian , Jiang Xiaoping 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Hollow resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) aerogel spheres were synthesized by interfacial polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde monomers with NaOH as a catalyst. Commercial hollow polystyrene spheres were used as catalyst storage materials and templates in the synthesis. Hollow carbon aerogel spheres were prepared by carbonization of the RF aerogel spheres at a high temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The processing procedures and the conditions of the structures of hollow carbon spheres were studied.
The Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide (ca. 5 wt %) from Hydrogen and Oxygen by Microreactor Technology
Authors: Inoue Tomoya , Ohtaki Kenichiro , Kikutani Yoshikuni , Sato Koichi , Nishioka Masateru , Hamakawa Satoshi , Mawatari Kazuma , Mizukami Fujio , Kitamori Takehiko 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
5 wt % hydrogen peroxide was achieved by direct synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen at room temperature and 1.0 MPa, in a glass-fabricated microreactor designated for gas–liquid–solid reaction with ideal gas–liquid distribution to the catalyst packed bed.
Committed osteoclast precursors colonize the bone and improve the phenotype of a mouse model of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis
Authors: Cappariello Alfredo , Berardi Anna Concetta , Peruzzi Barbara , Del Fattore Andrea , Ugazio Alberto , Bottazzo Gian Franco , Teti Anna 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a genetic disease characterized by defective osteoclasts. Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis is fatal within the first years of life. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) cures fewer than 50% of cases but often leaves severe neurologic damages and other dysfunctions. Osteoclast appearance after HSCT is a slow process, during which disease progression continues. We hypothesize that a support osteoclast precursor therapy may contribute to improve the osteopetrotic phenotype. To this end, we established a procedure to obtain the best yield of osteoclast precursors from human peripheral blood or mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. These cells were injected in vivo in animal models, testing different cell injection protocols, as well as in association with CD117+ stem cells. Injected cells showed the ability to form multinucleated osteoclasts and to improve the phenotype of oc/oc osteopetrotic mice. In the best working protocol, animals presented with longer survival, improved weight and longitudinal growth, increased tibial length, tooth eruption, decreased bone volume, reduced bone marrow fibrosis, and improved hematopoiesis compared with sham-treated mice. These results provide first-hand information on the feasibility of a support osteoclast precursor therapy in osteopetrosis. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Overexpression of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 inhibits bone formation and attenuates parathyroid hormone bone anabolic effects
Authors: Yao Wei , Cheng Zhiqiang , Shahnazari Mohammad , Dai Wewei , Johnson Mark L , Lane Nancy E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) is an antagonist of Wnt signaling, an important pathway in maintaining bone homeostasis. In this study we evaluated the skeletal phenotype of mice overexpressing sFRP1 (sFRP1 Tg) and the interaction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment and sFRP1 (over)expression. Bone mass and microarchitecture were measured by micro-computed tomography (µCT). Osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell maturation and function were assessed in primary bone marrow cell cultures. Bone turnover was assessed by biochemical markers and dynamic bone histomorphometry. Real-time PCR was used to monitor the expression of several genes that regulate osteoblast maturation and function in whole bone. We found that trabecular bone mass measurements in distal femurs and lumbar vertebral bodies were 22% and 51% lower in female and 9% and 33% lower in male sFRP1 Tg mice, respectively, compared with wild-type (WT) controls at 3 months of age. Genes associated with osteoblast maturation and function, serum bone formation markers, and surface based bone formation were significantly decreased in sFRP1 Tg mice of both sexes. Bone resorption was similar between sFRP1 Tg and WT females and was higher in sFRP1 Tg male mice. Treatment with hPTH(1-34) (40 µg/kg/d) for 2 weeks increased trabecular bone volume in WT mice (females: +30% to 50%; males: +35% to 150%) compared with sFRP1 Tg mice (females: +5%; males: +18% to 54%). Percentage increases in bone formation also were lower in PTH-treated sFRP1 Tg mice compared with PTH-treated WT mice. In conclusion, overexpression of sFRP1 inhibited bone formation as well as attenuated PTH anabolic action on bone. The gender differences in the bone phenotype of the sFRP1 Tg animal warrants further investigation. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Variable bone fragility associated with an Amish COL1A2 variant and a knock-in mouse model
Authors: Daley Ethan , Streeten Elizabeth A , Sorkin John D , Kuznetsova Natalia , Shapses Sue A , Carleton Stephanie M , Shuldiner Alan R , Marini Joan C , Phillips Charlotte L , Goldstein Steven A , Leikin Sergey , McBride Daniel J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable form of bone fragility typically associated with a dominant COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutation. Variable phenotype for OI patients with identical collagen mutations is well established, but phenotype variability is described using the qualitative Sillence classification. Patterning a new OI mouse model on a specific collagen mutation therefore has been hindered by the absence of an appropriate kindred with extensive quantitative phenotype data. We benefited from the large sibships of the Old Order Amish (OOA) to define a wide range of OI phenotypes in 64 individuals with the identical COL1A2 mutation. Stratification of carrier spine (L1–4) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) Z-scores demonstrated that 73% had moderate to severe disease (less than −2), 23% had mild disease (−1 to −2), and 4% were in the unaffected range (greater than −1). A line of knock-in mice was patterned on the OOA mutation. Bone phenotype was evaluated in four F1 lines of knock-in mice that each shared approximately 50% of their genetic background. Consistent with the human pedigree, these mice had reduced body mass, aBMD, and bone strength. Whole-bone fracture susceptibility was influenced by individual genomic factors that were reflected in size, shape, and possibly bone metabolic regulation. The results indicate that the G610C OI (Amish) knock-in mouse is a novel translational model to identify modifying genes that influence phenotype and for testing potential therapies for OI. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Relation of serum serotonin levels to bone density and structural parameters in women
Authors: Mödder Ulrike I , Achenbach Sara J , Amin Shreyasee , Riggs B Lawrence , Melton L Joseph , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for circulating serotonin in regulating bone mass in rodents. In addition, patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have reduced areal bone mineral density (aBMD). However, the potential physiologic role of serotonin in regulating bone mass in humans remains unclear. Thus we measured serum serotonin levels in a population-based sample of 275 women and related these to total-body and spine aBMD assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, femur neck total and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) and vertebral trabecular vBMD assessed by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and bone microstructural parameters at the distal radius assessed by high-resolution peripheral QCT (HRpQCT). Serotonin levels were inversely associated with body and spine aBMD (age-adjusted R = −0.17 and −0.16, P &lt; .01, respectively) and with femur neck total and trabecular vBMD (age-adjusted R = −0.17 and −0.25, P &lt; .01 and &lt; .001, respectively) but not lumbar spine vBMD. Bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness at the radius were inversely associated with serotonin levels (age-adjusted R = −0.16, −0.16, and −0.14, P &lt; .05, respectively). Serotonin levels also were inversely associated with body mass index (BMI; age-adjusted R = −0.23, P &lt; .001). Multivariable models showed that serotonin levels remained significant negative predictors of femur neck total and trabecular vBMD, as well as trabecular thickness at the radius, after adjusting for age and BMI. Collectively, our data provide support for a physiologic role for circulating serotonin in regulating bone mass in humans. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Bone mass and strength in older men with type 2 diabetes: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
Authors: Petit Moira A , Paudel Misti L , Taylor Brent C , Hughes Julie M , Strotmeyer Elsa S , Schwartz Ann V , Cauley Jane A , Zmuda Joseph M , Hoffman Andrew R , Ensrud Kristine E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone volumetric density, bone geometry, and estimates of bone strength are not well established. We used peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to compare tibial and radial bone volumetric density (vBMD, mg/cm3), total (ToA, mm2) and cortical (CoA, mm2) bone area and estimates of bone compressive and bending strength in a subset (n = 1171) of men (≥65 years of age) who participated in the multisite Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Analysis of covariance–adjusted bone data for clinic site, age, and limb length (model 1) and further adjusted for body weight (model 2) were used to compare data between participants with (n = 190) and without (n = 981) T2DM. At both the distal tibia and radius, patients with T2DM had greater bone vBMD (+2% to +4%, model 1, p &lt; .05) and a smaller bone area (ToA −1% to −4%, model 2, p &lt; .05). The higher vBMD compensated for lower bone area, resulting in no differences in estimated compressive bone strength at the distal trabecular bone regions. At the mostly cortical bone midshaft sites of the radius and tibia, men with T2DM had lower ToA (−1% to −3%, p &lt; .05), resulting in lower bone bending strength at both sites after adjusting for body weight (−2% to −5%, p &lt; .05) despite the lack of difference in cortical vBMD at these sites. These data demonstrate that older men with T2DM have bone strength that is low relative to body weight at the cortical-rich midshaft of the radius despite no difference in cortical vBMD. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients
Authors: Priemel Matthias , von Domarus Christoph , Klatte Till Orla , Kessler Steffen , Schlie Julia , Meier Simon , Proksch Nils , Pastor Frederic , Netter Clemens , Streichert Thomas , Püschel Klaus , Amling Michael 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is only one measurable index of skeletal health, and we reasoned that a histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies would be another and even more direct approach to assess bone health and address the required minimum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level. A cohort from the northern European population with its known high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency therefore would be ideal to answer the latter question. We examined 675 iliac crest biopsies from male and female individuals, excluding all patients who showed any signs of secondary bone diseases at autopsy. Structural histomorphometric parameters, including osteoid indices, were quantified using the Osteomeasure System according to ASBMR standards, and serum 25(OH)D levels were measured for all patients. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test. The histologic results demonstrate an unexpected high prevalence of mineralization defects, that is, a pathologic increase in osteoid. Indeed, 36.15% of the analyzed patients presented with an osteoid surface per bone surface (OS/BS) of more than 20%. Based on the most conservative threshold that defines osteomalacia at the histomorphometric level with a pathologic increase in osteoid volume per bone volume (OV/BV) greater than 2% manifest mineralization defects were present in 25.63% of the patients. The latter were found independent of bone volume per trabecular volume (BV/TV) throughout all ages and affected both sexes equally. While we could not establish a minimum 25(OH)D level that was inevitably associated with mineralization defects, we did not find pathologic accumulation of osteoid in any patient with circulating 25(OH)D above 75 nmol/L. Our data demonstrate that pathologic mineralization defects of bone occur in patients with a serum 25(OH)D below 75 nmol/L and strongly argue that in conjunction with a sufficient calcium intake, the dose of vitamin D supplementation should ensure that circulating levels of 25(OH)D reach this minimum threshold (75 nmol/L or 30 ng/mL) to maintain skeletal health. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research