bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring spectral position and width of field enhancement by focused ion‐beam patterning of plasmonic nanoparticles
Authors: Rosa Lorenzo , Sun Kai , Szymanska Joanna , Hudson Fay E. , Dzurak Andrew , Linden Andre , Bauerdick Sven , Peto Lloyd , Juodkazis Saulius 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe propose to use ion‐beam patterning of plasmonic nanoparticles made by standard electron beam lithography, plasmonic metal deposition, and lift‐off sequence. With this approach new three‐dimensional (3D) tailoring of nanoparticles becomes possible: cut through the particle and into the substrate, cut‐through at an angle, trim or bore nanoparticles or substrate. Here, we numerically simulate the expected optical properties of such 3D patterned nanoparticles. We show a particular case when spectrally broad extinction band can be created with a strong light field enhancement on a Si substrate.magnified imageNanoparticles with a 10–20 nm nano‐gap cut by ion‐beam at the chosen location and to the required depth into the substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the fabricated Au‐nanoparticles.(© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rheological properties of cereal starch gels and Mesona Blumes gum mixtures
Authors: Feng Tao , Gu Zhengbiao , Jin Zhengyu , Zhuang Haining 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of Mesona Blumes gum (MBG) was examined on steady and dynamic shear of MBG/rice starch and MBG/wheat starch gels. In addition, stress relaxation and creep tests were performed for two types of cereal starch gels. The flow curves of both MBG/starch gels exhibited pseudoplastic behavior at shear rates between 0.01 and 10 s−1, and the data were fitted into the power law model (R2 = 0.91–0.98). Dynamic mechanical spectrum showed that all gels were strong gels in frequency between 0.1 and 10 Hz. Stress relaxation data at different strains indicated a strain‐softening phenomenon for both gels. Data were fitted into Maxwell model (R2 = 0.91–0.98). Creep curves were conducted at the shear stress 6.4 Pa within linear viscoelastic region of both MBG/starch gels. Data were fitted into Burgers model (R2 = 0.91–0.98). Apparent viscosity η, storage moduli G′, equilibrium stress relaxation modulus Ge and zero apparent viscosity η0 of MBG/rice starch gels decreased in the following order: 6/0>6/0.5>6/0.35>6/0.1 (starch/gum w/w). Whereas η, G′, Ge, and η0 of MBG/wheat starch gels increased gradually along side the increase of MBG contents. The stress relaxation time λ of MBG/rice starch gels increased in the following order: 6/0<6/0.5<6/0.35<6/0.1 (starch/gum w/w) while λ of MBG/wheat starch gels decreased gradually with the increase of MBG level. The influence of MBG on two examined cereal starch is totally opposite.
Manufacturing Authenticity: The Cultural Production of National Identities in Singapore
Authors: CHONG TERENCE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccording to Prasenjit Duara, the sacredness of the nation hinges on its ‘regimes of authenticity’ where timelessness and the politics of embodiment are key to an authentic national identity. This paper looks at three different cultural impulses that have attempted to manufacture authenticity in Singapore. They are: the Malay literary movementAngkatan Sasterawan 50prior to independence; the state-sponsored Confucian ethics discourse during the 1980s; and the romanticization of the working-class ‘heartlander’ through contemporary popular culture in confrontation with the politics of global capitalism and globalization. In doing so, this paper articulates the difference between the regimes of authenticity of state elites and non-state cultural producers, as well as their ‘national imaginaries’. It concludes that the regime of authenticity, that operationalizes the representations of the working class as a diametric opposite to the logic and force of globalization, offers the most popular symbols of national identity in Singapore.
Evaluating the adequacy of reserves in the Tembe–Tshanini Complex: a case study in Maputaland, South Africa
Authors: Gaugris J. Y. , Van Rooyen M. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the minimum conservation area needed to conserve vegetation types and their landscape and to apply it to an area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which is within the Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism and part of the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biodiversity hotspot. Outside conservation areas this Centre of Plant Endemism is under threat from human utilization. We used a method initially designed to determine minimum conservation areas for rare plant species, which we adapted from its original country and context, to determine minimum conservation areas for landscape species in Maputaland’s little-documented environment. The minimum area required for conservation was established for the Sand Forest and Woodland vegetation types in the region. We found that sufficient habitat is presently conserved to preserve the Sand Forest but not the Woodlands. The method holds promise to provide answers to critical conservation issues in lesser-known environments and, although relatively difficult to establish for the first time, is an efficient and easy to use tool that can be refined once more knowledge becomes available.
Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: a case study of Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe
Authors: Sachedina Hassan , Nelson Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo issues of central importance to conservation are developing an improved understanding of the relative roles of state protected areas and local institutions and developing effective strategies for creating community-based incentives for conservation. We provide a case study of northern Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe to explore these issues in the context of a savannah ecosystem where wildlife is mobile and depends extensively on community lands for seasonal habitats. We compare the impacts and outcomes of four approaches to developing local incentives for wildlife conservation on community lands: protected area benefit-sharing, trophy hunting donations, village–private tourism concession contracts, and a direct payment scheme for habitat conservation. Tourism and direct payment concession areas have resulted in large areas of community land being protected for wildlife by villages as a result of the conditional and contractual nature of these ventures. By contrast, other approaches that provide economic benefits to communities but are not conditional on defined conservation actions at the local level demonstrate little impact on wildlife conservation on community lands. In spatially extensive ecosystems where protected areas cover limited areas and wildlife relies heavily on community and private lands, strategies based on maximizing the direct income of communities from wildlife are fundamental to the sustainability of such systems.
Status of the Endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain, and assessment of threats
Authors: Mateo-Tomás Patricia , Olea Pedro P. , Fombellida Isidoro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as well as on the European and Spanish Red Lists. Spain is home to the most important breeding population of Egyptian vultures in Europe but this population has differing trends at a regional scale. We present data for the Egyptian vulture population in the Cantabrian Mountains, north-west Spain, during the last 3 decades and assess the main threats to the species there. The Egyptian vulture population in the Cantabrian Mountains was estimated to be 175 breeding pairs in 2008, which comprised 13–14% of the Spanish population. This population has been stable, or increasing slightly, since 2000. During 2000–2008 4.3% of the Cantabrian Egyptian vulture population was affected by the use of illegal poison. During the same period the number of sheep and goats reared (which contributes to the maintenance of Egyptian vulture territories) was reduced by 27.4%, which could lead to food shortages for the vultures in the near future. Currently 32 breeding pairs (18.3% of the population) have wind turbines within their foraging areas, with an average of 59 wind turbines per territory (range 1–176). During the next few years this number will increase to 110 turbines per territory within 69 vulture territories (39.4% of the population). Nearly a third (32.6%) of breeding territories are located outside protected areas. Better coordination between administrative areas is needed to guarantee the conservation of the Cantabrian Mountains population of Egyptian vultures through effective surveillance and protection in the numerous existing protected areas.
The TARANIS laser: A multi-Terawatt system for laser-plasma investigations
Authors: Dzelzainis T. , Nersisyan G. , Riley D. , Romagnani L. , Ahmed H. , Bigongiari A. , Borghesi M. , Doria D. , Dromey B. , Makita M. , White S. , Kar S. , Marlow D. , Ramakrishna B. , Sarri G. , Zaka-Ul-Islam M. , Zepf M. , Lewis C.L.S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe multi-Terawatt laser system, terawatt apparatus for relativistic and nonlinear interdisciplinary science, has been recently installed in the Centre for Plasma Physics at the Queen's University of Belfast. The system will support a wide ranging science program, which will include laser-driven particle acceleration, X-ray lasers, and high energy density physics experiments. Here we present an overview of the laser system as well as the results of preliminary investigations on ion acceleration and X-ray lasers, mainly carried out as performance tests for the new apparatus. We also discuss some possible experiments that exploit the flexibility of the system in delivering pump-probe capability.
Reduced abundance of late-successional trees but not of seedlings in heavily compared with lightly logged sites of three East African tropical forests
Authors: Kirika Jasper Mbae , Böhning-Gaese Katrin , Dumbo Bonny , Farwig Nina 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Logged forests form an increasingly large proportion of tropical landscapes but disproportionately few studies have studied the impact of forest disturbance, e.g. lightly vs. heavily logged, on tree and seedling communities simultaneously. We sampled all trees (on 1 ha) and all recently germinated seedlings (on 90 m2) in three lightly and three heavily logged sites in each of the following three East African tropical forests: Budongo Forest and Mabira Forest in Uganda and Kakamega Forest in Kenya. We analysed species richness, diversity, abundance and community composition of late- and early-successional trees and seedlings. We recorded no difference in species richness or diversity of late-successional or early-successional trees between lightly and heavily logged sites. However, the abundance of late-successional species was lower in heavily than lightly logged sites. Moreover, there was no difference in species richness or diversity of trees among the three forests. Yet, abundances of late-successional trees were higher in Budongo Forest than in Mabira Forest and Kakamega Forest. Species richness, diversity and abundance of seedlings did not differ between lightly and heavily logged sites. Only the abundance of seedlings of late-successional species differed among the forests with more individuals in Budongo Forest than in Mabira Forest. This was corroborated by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showing clear differences in composition of tree and seedling communities among the three forests. Thus, both, the tree and seedling communities differed significantly among the three forests but not between lightly and heavily logged sites.
Amphibian community structure as a function of forest type in Amazonian Peru
Authors: von May Rudolf , Jacobs Jennifer M. , Santa-Cruz Roy , Valdivia Jorge , Huamán Jusmell M. , Donnelly Maureen A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The potential effect of forest type on the structuring of animal communities in western Amazonia remains poorly understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that amphibian species richness, composition and abundance differ across forest types in the lowland rain forest of south-eastern Peru. By using 320 individual transects, we compared the amphibian assemblages across four major forest types (floodplain, terra firme, bamboo and palm swamp) at each of four sites separated by 3.5–105 km. We identified 1967 individuals of 65 species in 11 families and found that a large proportion of the amphibian diversity in this region is attributed to habitat-related beta diversity. Overall, we found that forest type is more important than site in predicting both species composition and abundance. We also found that, when analyses are conducted separately for each forest type and include species abundance data, similarity between assemblages decreases with increasing geographic distance. In contrast to studies that considered species presence/absence but ignored species abundances, our results highlight the importance of including abundance data in the assessment of animal diversity patterns in western Amazonia. We conclude that evaluating community structure across forest types can improve our understanding of diversity patterns in this region.
Structure of local communities of endemic dung beetles in Madagascar
Authors: Viljanen Heidi , Wirta Helena , Montreuil Olivier , Rahagalala Pierre , Johnson Steig , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The wet tropical forests in Madagascar have endemic dung beetles that have radiated for tens of millions of years using a limited range of resources produced by the species-poor mammalian fauna. Beetles were trapped in two wet-forest localities over 4 years (6407 trap nights, 18,869 individuals). More limited data for six other local communities were used to check the generality of the results. Local communities are relatively species poor (around 30 species) in comparison with wet-forest-inhabiting dung beetle communities elsewhere in the tropics (typically 50 or more species). The species belong to only two tribes, Canthonini and Helictopleurina (Oniticellini), which have evolved, exceptionally for dung beetle tribes, completely nocturnal versus diurnal diel activities, respectively. Patterns in the elevational occurrence, body size and resource use suggest that interspecific competition restricts the numbers of locally coexisting species exploiting the limited range of resources that are available. On the other hand, regional turnover in the species composition is exceptionally high due to a large number of species with small geographical ranges, yielding a very large total fauna of dung beetles in Madagascar (>250 species). Apart from exceptionally low local (alpha) diversity and high beta diversity, the Malagasy dung beetle communities are ecologically distinctive from comparable communities in other tropical regions in having high numerical dominance of the most abundant species, small average body size and low degree of resource specialization.
The Model that Never Moved: The Case of a Virtual Memory Theater and Its Christian Philosophical Argument, 1700–1732
Authors: Whitmer Kelly J. 
Published: July 2010

ArgumentBy the year 1720, one could visit at least three large-scale wooden models of Solomon's Temple in the cities of Amsterdam, Hamburg, and Halle. For short periods of time, the Amsterdam and Hamburg Temple models were exhibited in London, where they attracted a great deal of attention. The Halle model, on the other hand, never moved from its original location: a complex of schools known today as the Francke Foundations (die Franckesche Stiftungen). This article explores the reasons for the Halle model's striking immobility by considering its position at the center of a long-distance network, also referred to as the Danish-Halle mission. In this article I argue that the Halle Temple model functioned as an effigy and memory theater that helped proponents of this mission make a case for the Temple's status as the world's first information technology. Young people moved around the wooden model; they took virtual pilgrimages with it and internalized its infrastructure by memorizing its various components. The model's position at the center of the complex's striking ethnographical collection and curricula exposes relations between the Danish-Halle mission, Christian philosophy, and an irenical turn as public policy in early eighteenth-century Brandenburg-Prussia.
Due Process and Fair Trial Rights at the Special Court: How the Desire for Accountability Outweighed the Demands of Justice at the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: JORDASH WAYNE , MARTIN SCOTT 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt was recognized that it was critical to the process of national reconciliation and the maintenance of peace in Sierra Leone that the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) be a strong and credible court operating in accordance with international standards of justice, fairness, and due process of law. This article assesses the fulfilment of this mandate through an examination of the fairness of the RUF trial as illustrated through two issues: the interpretation of the accused's right to be informed of the nature and cause of the charges and the approach taken by the Trial Chamber and the Appeals Chamber in assessing the evidential links between the accused and the crimes pursuant to the joint criminal enterprise (JCE) mode of liability. First, the article discusses the decisions that led to the omission of 250 charges from the indictment and their introduction into the trial through late evidential disclosures after the commencement of the prosecution case. Second, the article examines the way in which the charges, in a majority of cases, were found to be part of a common criminal purpose without a sufficient nexus being established to the accused or any member of the alleged JCE. The article concludes that the judicial approach to these issues abandoned the safeguards contained in the jurisprudence developed at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, giving rise to a trial that failed to adhere to international standards of justice, fairness, and due process, leading to manifestly unjust convictions.
Emergence of dengue virus type 4 (genotype I) in India
Authors: DASH P. K. , SHARMA S. , SRIVASTAVA A. , SANTHOSH S. R. , PARIDA M. M. , NEERAJA M. , SUBBALAXMI M. V. S. , LAKSHMI V. , RAO P. V. L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYDengue is an emerging arboviral disease and currently poses the greatest arboviral threat to human health. In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in dengue outbreaks in many parts of the world including India. We performed an in-depth investigation of a major dengue outbreak in Andhra Pradesh, southern India in 2007 by serology, virus isolation, RT–PCR and genotyping. The results revealed an unusual emergence of dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4) along with the prevailing DENV-3. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete envelope gene of 182 globally diverse DENV-4 isolates demonstrated the involvement of a unique clade of genotype I of DENV-4 in the outbreak. This study also demonstrated a clear shift in the dominant serotype from DENV-3 to DENV-4 in India. This is the first report regarding the molecular characterization of Indian isolates of DENV-4, which has the potential to be involved in future outbreaks.
Seasonal and growth stage changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in the multigeneration copepodDrepanopus pectinatusfrom Iles Kerguelen
Authors: Mayzaud P. , Lacombre S. , Boutoute M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in adult weight, lipid and fatty acid composition per lipid class were studied over a complete seasonal cycle inDrepanopus pectinatusBrady. This copepod displayed a strong seasonality in adult individual weight and total lipid content. Stages C3 to adult from a summer cohort were compared in terms of lipid and fatty acid structure. Changes in lipid content were related to wax esters and polar lipids (PL) while triacylglycerols (TAG) and cholesterol remained minor constituents except at the end of winter. Changes in fatty acid composition of different lipid classes showed that food limitation in winter was high enough to affect 22:6n-3 (DHA) content in PL, and provoke accumulation of maximal percentages of bacterial marker as branched acids. Composition of TAG followed closely the changes in trophic interactions as diatom and flagellate markers dominated in spring and summer while bacterial and detritus particle markers dominated in late winter. The composition of wax esters followed the same seasonal succession but with a lower level of turn over time and shifted characteristics (bacterial markers) from winter to spring individuals when compared to TAG. Ontogenetic changes showed high triacylglycerols content in younger C3 stages and increasing wax esters with increasing developmental stages. Fatty acid composition of PL showed low percentages of EPA and DHA in stage C3, and recovery of high levels of DHA for stage C4 or 20:5n-3 (EPA) at stage C5. The same trend was observed for 18:4n-3. The reverse pattern was noted for the n-6 polyunsaturated acids (PUFA) suggesting a greater requirement in younger stages. Fatty acid partitioning between neutral and PL suggested essential fatty acids selective incorporation from neutral classes into membrane lipids.
Influence of Blue Light on the Leaf Morphoanatomy ofIn Vitro Kalanchoe pinnata(Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Leal-Costa Marcos Vinicius , Nascimento Luana Beatriz dos Santos , Moreira Nattacha dos Santos , Reinert Fernanda , Costa Sônia Soares , Lage Celso Luiz Salgueiro , Tavares Eliana Schwartz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKalanchoe pinnata(Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) (air plant, miracle leaf) is popularly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders and wounds. Recently, the species was tested to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis with successful results. This medicinal activity was associated with the phenolic fraction of the plant. Blue light induces biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and many changes in anatomical characteristics. We studied the effects of supplementary blue light on the leaf morphology ofin vitro K. pinnata. Plants cultured under white light (W plants) only and white light plus blue light (WB plants) show petioles with plain-convex section, amphistomatic leaf blades with simple epidermis, homogeneous mesophyll with densely packed cells, and a single collateral vascular bundle in the midrib. W plants have longer branches, a larger number of nodes per branch, and smaller leaves, whereas WB plant leaves have a thicker upper epidermis and mesophyll. Leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight were similar in both treatments. Phenolic idioblasts were observed in the plants supplemented with blue light, suggesting that blue light plays an important role in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds inK. pinnata.
Atom Scale Characterization of the Near Apex Region of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip
Authors: Tourek Christopher J. , Sundararajan Sriram 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree-dimensional atom probe tomography (APT) is successfully used to analyze the near-apex regions of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. Atom scale material structure and chemistry from APT analysis for standard silicon AFM tips and silicon AFM tips coated with a thin film of Cu is presented. Comparison of the thin film data with that observed using transmission electron microscopy indicates that APT can be reliably used to investigate the material structure and chemistry of the apex of an AFM tip at near atomic scales.