bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The generic drug market in Japan: will it finally take off?
Authors: Iizuka Toshiaki , Kubo Kensuke 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHistorically, brand-name pharmaceuticals have enjoyed long periods of market exclusivity in Japan, given the limited use of generics after patent expiration. To improve the efficiency of the health-care system, however, the government has recently implemented various policies aimed at increasing generic substitution. Although this has created expectations that the Japanese generic drug market may finally take off, to date, generic usage has increased only modestly. After reviewing the incentives of key market participants to choose generics, we argue that previous government policies did not provide proper incentives for pharmacies to boost generic substitution. We offer some recommendations that may help to increase generic usage.
Cranial anatomy of a new genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil
Authors: Montefeltro Felipe Chinaglia , Langer Max Cardoso , Schultz Cesar Leandro 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTDetailed description of the cranial anatomy of the rhynchosaur previously known as Scaphonyx sulcognathus allows its assignment to a new genus Teyumbaita. Two nearly complete skulls and a partial skull have been referred to the taxon, all of which come from the lower part of the Caturrita Formation, Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Cranial autapomorphies of Teyumbaita sulcognathus include anterior margin of nasal concave at midline, prefrontal separated from the ascending process of the maxilla, palatal ramus of pterygoid expanded laterally within palatines, dorsal surface of exoccipital markedly depressed, a single tooth lingually displaced from the main medial tooth-bearing area of the maxilla, and a number of other characters (such as skull broader than long; a protruding orbital anterior margin; anguli oris extending to anterior ramus of the jugal; bar between the orbit and the lower temporal fenestra wider than 0·4 of the total orbital opening; mandibular depth reaching more than 25 of the total length) support its inclusion in Hyperodapedontinae. T. sulcognathus is the only potential Norian rhynchosaur, suggesting that the group survived the end-Carnian extinction event.
Osteology of Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen, a procolophonoid parareptile from the Upper Triassic of Scotland, with remarks on ontogeny, ecology and affinities
Authors: Säilä Laura K. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe Late Triassic reptile Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen, 1851 is described for the first time in full anatomical detail, based on newly produced silicone and plastic casts of the numerous specimens preserved as natural moulds. Previously, only the braincase has been described from these detailed casts. Leptopleuron is reconstructed as a 270-mm-long reptile with a long tail, although it is possible that even the largest known specimens were still sub-adults. Within Procolophonoidea, Leptopleuron is distinguished by the following non-braincase autapomorphies: two flattened, triangular spines of equal size on the quadratojugal; V-shaped groove on the jugal; the anterior tip of the jugal in contact with the posterolateral extension of the nasal; minimal contact between the jugal and the postorbital; frontals narrow anterior to the orbitotemporal openings; the vomerine dentition consisting of a tall and a short pair of fangs; broad medial ridge of pleurocentra of the dorsal vertebrae divided into three separate ridges by two deep grooves on each pleurocentrum; distinct three-fold depression pattern on the ventral side of ischium; and the first phalanx on the fifth pedal digit being long and slim. Leptopleuron shares some features with living sand lizards and might have lived a burrowing lifestyle. The dentition and body shape of Leptopleuron imply it ate a diet of fibrous plant material or hard-shelled invertebrates.
Support structure design of Quantum Material Spectroscopy Center beamline insertion devices
Authors: Chen S. Y. , Sigrist M. , Johnson T. , Yates B. , Gorovikov S. 
Published: January 2011

A high-energy elliptically polarizing undulator (EPU) and a low-energy EPU are designed to share a single C style supporting structure. Each of the EPUs is 4 m in length. Finite-element analyses (FEA) are performed to choose the proper girder style and section size and to verify the components' strength and deflection. The most difficult challenges are the huge three dimensional magnetic forces on high-energy EPU and the space limitation for the two EPUs. In total the whole structure has 18 ball screw drive systems. A total of 30 sets of linear bearings are used in the structure.
EGFP-FMRP Granules Are Proto-Granules That Can Be Shunted to Stress Granules During a Stress Response
Authors: Denman Robert 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOverexpressed EGFP-FMRP has been used as a substitute for endogenous fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in protein-protein interaction studies, and in studies concerning the composition, the formation and the localization of neuronal granules. However, the question of whether this tool truly recapitulates the properties of the endogenous protein has not been addressed. Here we demonstrate that overexpressed EGFP-FMRP forms three distinct granule types based on colocalization with various marker proteins. The majority of EGFP-FMRP-containing granules are larger and more amorphous than known granule types. Consistent with this, there is only partial colocalization with stress granule or P-body markers and no colocalization with a putative Drosophila ortholog neuronal granule marker. Nevertheless, agents such as arsenite and hippurstanol, which create endogenous stress granules and P-bodies, drive EGFP-FMRP into such granules. Additionally, whereas inhibiting cellular methyl-protein formation alters the composition of endogenous FMRP-containing stress granules, we found that such treatment had little effect on the formation of EGFP-FMRP granules, or their composition. Altogether these data suggest that many overexpressed EGFP-FMRP granules represent proto-stress granules requiring external stimuli for their conversion. More importantly, the inherent heterogeneity of these granules suggests that caution should be used in extrapolating results obtained with EGFP-tagged surrogates of FMRP to endogenous FMRP granules.
Plato, Bacon and the Puritan Apothecary
Authors: Kelly L.G. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
During the seventeenth century the London apothecaries, most of them Puritans, sought to destroy the control the London College of Physicians exercised over the practice of medicine in the capital. Cromwell's success in the Civil War gave the apothecaries the advantage in this fight, and the major weapon they used against the College was translation of the Latin professional literature into English and wide dissemination of the translations, which often included some very unbridled footnotes to embarass the College. The most important of these apothecary-translators was Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654). His practice in both medicine and translation is typical of the Puritan tradition in combining four influences: the philosophy of Francis Bacon, medieval interpretations of Ovid's account of Creation (Metamorphoses I.85), the Platonist flavour of medieval alchemy, and the Bible, particularly as translated by the Calvinists (the "Geneva Bible"). Culpeper was writing for a public that saw no distinction between secular and religious knowledge, and which took from Bacon and Seneca the conviction that polished language could not co-exist with truth. Thus his translation style, taken ultimately from the Puritan pulpit and schoolroom, is unadorned, accurate, and literal in that his versions respect the discourse order and content of the original.
Translation among Manila's Book Publishers
Authors: Stecconi Ubaldo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A survey conducted among Manila's publishers reveals an interesting translation scene. The bulk of translations available in Philippine bookstores is imported ready-made from the U.S. and Britain, and it seems that, with these, local publishers import an Anglo-Saxon indifference towards translation from foreign languages. Local projects are very few and nearly all of them are translations into Filipino from Philippine originals written in Spanish, English and other vernacular languages. Fortunately, some projects point the way towards a use of translation as a catalyst that can pull together the country's diverse genealogies and may help develop Filipino as a national language. Finally, difficulties in siting these domestic translations reveal an intriguing aspect of Manila's post-colonial condition.
A Statistical Method for Translation Quality Assessment1
Authors: Fan Shouyi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper attempts to introduce a new statistical method for making a quantitative assessment of the quality of a translation. A set of criteria was defined, against which the quality of a given unit of translation can be measured. These criteria provide a framework within which a mathematical model is constructed. It takes thefuzzy subset theoryas its theoretical basis, trying to solve the problem of translation quality assessment by an approach which might be called analysis-synthesis fuzzy evaluation. Mathematical operations can be performed with the aid of a computer program to yield a grade of membership which indicates the quality of a given translation. The model proposed in this paper is, therefore, of methodological significance.
Linguistic Interference in Literary Translations from English into Hebrew of the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Weissbrod Rachel 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In the years leading up to the 1960s and in the beginning of that decade the system of non-canonized literature in Hebrew was inundated with translations from English. These were usually characterized by strong interference of that language. In the system of canonized literature, on the contrary, linguistic interference in translations from English was rather restricted. The gap between the two systems in this respect gradually narrowed during the 1970s. The dynamics in translated literature as regards the interference of English may be explained as deriving from processes of change in Israeli culture and in its redeployment with respect to the West, especially with respect to American culture.
Methodological Aspects of Interpretation (and Translation) Research
Authors: Gile Daniel 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Very little actual scientific research has been carried out in I/T to date, essentially because of the lack of scientific background among I/T investigators. Major problems are found in the sampling procedures, materials, experimental conditions and tasks, quantification procedures and conclusion-drawing logic. In order to foster I/T research, methodological research training could be given to investigators, and interdisciplinary contacts and networking should be promoted. The input of I/T practitioners to I/T research can be valuable in spite of their lack of training provided they use simple methods and are supervised appropriately. Non I/T practitioners should work with practitioners.
From ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’
Authors: Chesterman Andrew 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTranslation studies need to cater for both description and evaluation. This can be achieved via the study of translation norms. The norms governing translation are: (a)professional normsconcerning the translation process (= norms of accountability, communication and target-source relation); and (b) expectancy norms concerning the form of the translation product, based on the expectations of the prospective readership. While general translation laws account for the behaviour of translators in general, normative laws describe the translation behaviour of a subset of translators, namely, competent professionals, who establish the norms. Normative laws originate in rational, normdirected strategies which are observed to be used by professionals. These laws are empirical, spatio-temporally falsifiable, probabilistic, predictive and explanatory.
Rhetoric and Dutch Translation Theory (1750-1820)1
Authors: Korpel Luc G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDue to the influence of rhetoric, Dutch translation theory between 1750 and 1820, like translation theory in other Western European countries in those days, was primarily concerned with the effect of a translation on the Dutch public and the verbal appearance of the Dutch version. This functional approach was reinforced by the definition of translation asinterpretatio, imitatioorexercitatio. The translational technique which follows from this prospective orientation is one of adaptation, correction and improvement. By the end of the period, Dutch translation theory seemed to be moving away slowly from the rhetorical tradition, as a result of two major changes: (1) a growing concern as of ± 1780 for fidelity to the verbal aspects of the original within theinterpretatio-approach, and (2) a decrease in the popularity ofimitatioas a creative technique after 1800. Unlike Germany, translation theory in The Netherlands had not made the crucial step towards a new theory of language before 1820.
The Grimm Tales in 19th Century Denmark1
Authors: Dollerup Cay 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn most countries, theTalesof the brothers Grimm become known by degrees, beginning with one or two stories or a small selection. The situation in Denmark is not typical for a variety of reasons: the Grimms had close personal contacts with prominent Danes. Culturally theirTalesbelonged to a distant pangermanic tradition common to Danes and Germans. Therefore the first volume of tales (1812) was soon translated into Danish. The initial high esteem is felt to this day as a strong tradition of 'respectable and faithful translations'. Yet changes in market forces and reading audiences have created two more strata in the translational heritage of the GrimmTalesin Danish. The Grimm tradition has also responded to changes in Danish middle-class perception of Germany.
Translation Studies in Modern China
Authors: Fan Shouyi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present paper reviews some opinions representative of contemporary Chinese thinking on translation criteria, methods, and the traditional way of assessing the quality of translation. It then summarizes various new views on textual configuration, equivalence, and quantitative analysis, views which can be regarded as the logical consequence of the discussion of traditional topics. The article tries to show that the present movement towards a science of translating is a new trend.
Translating Allusions
Authors: Leppihalme Ritva 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a systematization of translation strategies for key-phrase allusions, in the form of a hierarchical decision process. Actual translatorial practice in Finland, judging by seven translations of novels, favours the strategy of minimum change. This low-effort strategy is useful when allusions are transcultural, but will often lead to flat translations and loss of connotations in the case of unfamiliar allusions, even resulting in a failure to convey the message, as evidenced by reader responses. Adoption of a more creative and reader-oriented translatorial role would offer a wider variety of translation strategies and lead to a decrease of "culture bumps" in translations.
Stranger in Paradigm
Authors: Shlesinger Miriam 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSimultaneous interpreting holds rich potential for research whose results may shed light not only on the workings of this composite skill itself but also on other areas of study, including language processing, second language acquisition, mediated linguistic interaction, textlinguistics and translation theory. As more and more interpreters are university trained, the interest in less intuitive, more rigorous studies is bound to grow. This article explores potential interdisciplinary paradigms, the premise being that they will gradually evolve towards meeting the specific requirements of interpretation as an object of study.
Une approche asymptotique de la recherche sur I'interprétation
Authors: Strolz Birgit 
Published: January 2011

Résumé

L'article résume l'expérience personnelle d'une praticienne de l'in-terprétation préparant une thèse de doctorat. L'auteur, qui se décrit comme une sceptique intéressée par la neuropsychologie et la psychologie cognitive, cher-chait des explications sur des phénomènes intervenant en cabine dans les travaux de collègues interprètes-chercheurs, mais trouvait peu de résultats convaincants fondés sur des corpus. En outre, son expérience personnelle différait parfois des idées présentées dans les publications sur l'interprétation. Une conjecture favorable l'a décidée à se lancer elle-même dans la recherche.Elle explique ses motivations, évoque les difficultés qu'elle a dû affronter, et évalue le résultat de son travail.
On The Relevance of Signed Languages to Research in Interpretation
Authors: Isham William P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResearch using interpreters who work with signed languages can aid us in understanding the cognitive processes of interpretation in general. Using American Sign Language (ASL) as an example, the nature of signed languages is outlined first. Then the difference between signed languages and manual codes for spoken languages is delineated, and it is argued that these two manners of communicating through the visual channel offer a unique research opportunity. Finally, an example from recent research is used to demonstrate how comparisons between spoken-language interpreters and signed-language interpreters can be used to test hypotheses regarding interpretation.
Retranslation of Children's Books as Evidence of Changes of Norms
Authors: Du-Nour Miryam 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
By comparing translations and retranslations of several children's books into Hebrew done over a span of 70 years we try to find out what linguistic and translational norms prevailed at different periods and what changes occurred in these norms, in a framework of the changing historical, cultural and linguistic situation. In recent years there has been a growing tension between the acceptability of the "commissioners" and that of the "customer"—the child. This study found that recent retranslations tend to lower the high literary style customary in previous translations and comply with up-to-date linguistic norms. This concurs with a tendency to put "readability" as a central issue.
Translations, Paratextual Mediation, and Ideological Closure
Authors: Kovala Urpo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article deals with the way so-called paratexts were used, in Finland in 1890-1939, in publishing translations of Anglo-American literature, and especially with the tendencies towards ideological closure that those paratexts manifest. The dominant ideology in the material is what could be called religious-conservative ideology, emphasizing the thought content of the works and their (educative, civilizing, sometimes also entertaining) impact on readers. This is due to the ideological unification process that penetrated the cultural institutions, which were still relatively undifferentiated and non-autonomous during the period in Finland. The article emphasizes that in studying paratext, it is necessary to take heed of the wider cultural context; looking at the paratexts alone is not enough.
Cultural Agents and Cultural Interference
Authors: Shavit Zohar 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper deals with the major role played by translated literature in the emergence of a new system of books for Jewish children in the German-speaking countries at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This role was due to the remarkable status of German culture in the eyes of the Haskala (Jewish Enlightenment movement), and to the absence of appropriate original texts which could serve the needs of the new system. As a result, translated texts were privileged in the system of Jewish children's literature, to the extent that, to the best of our knowledge, all books for children published by the Haskala in Germany were either official translations, pseudotranslations, or original texts based on existing German models.
Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Freifeld Alison G. , Bow Eric J. , Sepkowitz Kent A. , Boeckh Michael J. , Ito James I. , Mullen Craig A. , Raad Issam I. , Rolston Kenneth V. , Young Jo-Anne H. , Wingard John R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This document updates and expands the initial Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Fever and Neutropenia Guideline that was published in 1997 and first updated in 2002. It is intended as a guide for the use of antimicrobial agents in managing patients with cancer who experience chemotherapy-induced fever and neutropenia.
Recent advances in antimicrobial drug development and technology, clinical trial results, and extensive clinical experience have informed the approaches and recommendations herein. Because the previous iteration of this guideline in 2002, we have a developed a clearer definition of which populations of patients with cancer may benefit most from antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral prophylaxis. Furthermore, categorizing neutropenic patients as being at high risk or low risk for infection according to presenting signs and symptoms, underlying cancer, type of therapy, and medical comorbidities has become essential to the treatment algorithm. Risk stratification is a recommended starting point for managing patients with fever and neutropenia. In addition, earlier detection of invasive fungal infections has led to debate regarding optimal use of empirical or preemptive antifungal therapy, although algorithms are still evolving.
What has not changed is the indication for immediate empirical antibiotic therapy. It remains true that all patients who present with fever and neutropenia should be treated swiftly and broadly with antibiotics to treat both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
Finally, we note that all Panel members are from institutions in the United States or Canada; thus, these guidelines were developed in the context of North American practices. Some recommendations may not be as applicable outside of North America, in areas where differences in available antibiotics, in the predominant pathogens, and/or in health care–associated economic conditions exist. Regardless of venue, clinical vigilance and immediate treatment are the universal keys to managing neutropenic patients with fever and/or infection.