bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second‐order computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials with periodic microstructure
Authors: Bacigalupo A. , Gambarotta L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA procedure for second‐order computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials is derived from the unit cell homogenization, in which an appropriate representation of the micro‐displacement field is assumed as the superposition of a local macroscopic displacement field, expressed in a polynomial form related to the macro‐displacement field, and an unknown micro‐fluctuation field accounting for the effects of the heterogeneities. This second contribution is represented as the superposition of two unknown functions each of which related to the first‐order and to the second‐order strain, respectively. This kinematical micro‐macro framework guarantees that the micro‐displacement field is continuous across the interfaces between adjacent unit cells and implies a computationally efficient procedure that applies in two steps. The first step corresponds to the standard homogenization, while the second step is based on the results of the first step and completes the second‐order homogenization. Two multi‐phase composites, a three‐phase and a laminated composite, are analysed in the examples to assess the reliability of the homogenization techniques. The computational homogenization is carried out by a FE analysis of the unit cell; the overall elastic moduli and the characteristic lengths of the second‐order equivalent continuum model are obtained. Finally, the simple shear of a constrained heterogeneous two‐dimensional strip made up of the composites considered is analysed by considering a heterogeneous continuum and a homogenized second‐order continuum; the corresponding results are compared and discussed in order to identify the validity limits of the proposed technique.
Poromechanical scale transitions of failure stresses in wood: from the lignin to the spruce level
Authors: Bader T.K. , Hofstetter K. , Hellmich C. , Eberhardsteiner J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWood strength is highly anisotropic, due to the inherent structural hierarchy of the material. In the framework of a combined random‐periodic multiscale poro‐micromechanics model, we here translate compositional information throughout this hierarchy into the resulting anisotropic strength at the softwood level, based on “universal” elastic properties of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and on the shear strength of the latter elementary constituent. Relating, through elastic energy‐derived higher‐order strains in a poromechanical representative volume element, the (quasi‐)brittle failure of lignin to overall softwood failure, results in a macroscopic microstructure‐dependent failure criterion for softwood. The latter satisfactorily predicts the biaxial strength of spruce at various loading angles with respect to the grain direction. The model also predicts the experimentally well‐established fact that uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths, as well as the shear strength of softwood, depend quasi‐linearly on the cell water content, but highly nonlinearly on the lumen porosity.
Locality and circulation in the Habsburg Empire: disputing the Carlsbad medical salt, 1763–1784
Authors: VOGEL JAKOB 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBy looking at the fierce debates in the city of Carlsbad in Bohemia around the fabrication of medical salt by a local doctor, David Becher, from 1763 to 1784, the paper examines the interactions between different spheres or levels of circulation of knowledge in the Habsburg Empire. The dispute crystallized around the definition of the product, about its medical qualities and its relation with the water of the local mineral spring. The city's inhabitants contested the vision of the medical experts, fearing that the extraction of the medical salt from the spring water and its sale outside the town would have a negative effect on the number of visitors to the spa. Their vision implied a more or less ‘popularized’ form of alchemical thinking as it identified the mineral water with the extracted ‘salt’, conceived as the ‘essence’ of the water, produced by evaporation. The Carlsbad salt dispute highlights the complex interactions among the different networks in which knowledge circulated through the Habsburg Empire in the eighteenth century. The different actors relied on specific networks with different logics of discourse and different modes of circulation. In each case the relation between the local, the regional and the imperial had to be negotiated. The paper thus sketches out the different geographies of knowledge in the Habsburg Empire but also its localization in and around Carlsbad.
Administrative knowledge in a colonial context: Angola in the eighteenth century
Authors: SANTOS CATARINA MADEIRA 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay analyses the circulation of political models and administrative practices drawn from the Enlightenment statecraft of metropolitan Portugal and their inscription in specific colonial contexts of Angola in the mid-eighteenth century. The purpose here is to show how these models had to be ‘unpacked’ when confronted with foreign contexts, reconfigured and even reinvented for local circumstances. During the 1750s, the Lisbon government conceived a new imperial project to territorialize the colony through the intellectual and physical appropriation of this Central African space. In order to do so, three levels of this administrative knowledge are distinguished: the quantification and systematization of information, cartography, and the archive. For each, this essay demonstrates how they were made available to, appropriated by or transformed by both the colonial and the African societies in the colonial context.
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of dietary inclusion of two putative probiotic bile salt hydrolase-producingLactobacillus plantarumstrains in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Grover Sunita , Batish Virender Kumar 
Published: October 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti-hypercholesterolaemic effects of two putative probiotic bile salt hydrolase (Bsh)-producingLactobacillusplantarumstrains, i.e. Lp91 and Lp21, in rats.L. plantarumLp91 exhibited excellent tolerance to low pH and high bile salt concentrations as well as showed potential Bsh activity, cholesterol assimilation and cholesterol co-precipitation ability along withL. plantarumLp21 and NCDO82 strains. Furthermore, the potential effect ofL. plantarumLp91 on plasma cholesterol level was evaluated in Sprague–Dawley rats. Five treatment groups of rats (n6) were fed experimental diets: normal diet, hypercholesterolaemic diet (HD), HD plusL. plantarumLp91 (HD91) at ≥ 1·0 × 108colony-forming units (cfu)/g, HD plus microencapsulatedL. plantarumLp91 (HDCap91) at ≥ 1·0 × 108 cfu/g and HD plusL. plantarumLp21 (HD21) at ≥ 1·0 × 108 cfu/g for 3 weeks. Feed intake and feed efficiency differed significantly among the five groups. After 21 d of dietary treatment, comparative analysis revealed 23·26, 15·71 and 15·01 % reduction in total cholesterol, 21·09, 18·77 and 18·17 % reduction in TAG, 38·13, 23·22 and 21·42 % reduction in LDL-cholesterol, and the corresponding HDL-cholesterol values increased at the rate of 18·94, 10·30 and 7·78 % in treated groups HD91, HDCap91 and HD21, respectively. Faecal excretion of cholic acid and faecal lactobacilli counts were significantly higher in the probiotic treatment groups than in the control groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that the indigenousL. plantarumLp91 strain has the potential to be explored as a probiotic in the management of hypercholesterolaemia.
Discoveries of waves in dusty plasmas
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe basic features of dusty plasmas, particularly basic characteristics of dust in a plasma, and typical dusty plasma parameters for different space and laboratory plasma conditions, are presented. The complexity and the diversity of the field of dusty plasma physics are briefly discussed. Theoretical and experimental discoveries of linear and nonlinear features of waves, particularly dust-ion-acoustic and dust-acoustic waves, in dusty plasmas are reviewed.
Evolution of the missing-letter effect among young readers between ages 5 and 8
Authors: FOUCAMBERT DENIS , BAILLÉ JACQUES 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn light of the numerous studies on the detection of target letters among adults, it is generally accepted that the missing-letter effect depends both on a given word's frequency in its language and on its role (function vs. content) in a sentence. Following a presentation of several models explaining these observations we analyze the results of a letter-detection task given to 886 French students from kindergarten to second grade. The purpose of the present study is to determine the moment when the sensitivity to content/function word distinction emerges. The results of this study reveal that even if word frequency plays a role in letter detection, the emergence of an ability to extract sentence structure, along the lines of the structural model of reading, is significantly linked to the initial stages of explicit reading instruction.
In Defense of the Populist Lecture
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: October 2010

AbstractInformation and communication technology (ICT) programs like Microsoft PowerPoint and Apple Keynote have become the norm for large university lecture classes, but their record in terms of student engagement and active learning is mixed at best. Here, the author presents the merits of a “populist” lecture style that takes full advantage of the variety of features available from the latest generation of ICT programs. Based on visual variety, audio and visual sound bites, and the incorporation of humor and pop-cultural references, this populist approach not only facilitates greater student attention and engagement with the class materials, but also offers unmatched opportunities for extending student learning beyond the confines of the large lecture hall.
Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries
Authors: Xie Wei , Wang Fengping , Guo Lei , Chen Zeling , Sievert Stefan M , Meng Jun , Huang Guangrui , Li Yuxin , Yan Qingyu , Wu Shan , Wang Xin , Chen Shangwu , He Guangyuan , Xiao Xiang , Xu Anlong 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308 034 reads with an average sequence length of 227 bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a carbonate chimney from Lost City. Both are highly enriched in genes for mismatch repair and homologous recombination, suggesting that the microbial communities have evolved extensive DNA repair systems to cope with the extreme conditions that have potential deleterious effects on the genomes. As previously reported for the Lost City microbiome, the metagenome of chimney 4143-1 exhibited a high proportion of transposases, implying that horizontal gene transfer may be a common occurrence in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In addition, genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly were highly enriched in the chimney metagenomes, reflecting the adaptation of the organisms to the highly dynamic conditions present within the chimney walls. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways revealed that the microbial community in the wall of chimney 4143-1 was mainly fueled by sulfur oxidation, putatively coupled to nitrate reduction to perform inorganic carbon fixation through the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. On the basis of the genomic organization of the key genes of the carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways contained in the large genomic fragments, both obligate and facultative autotrophs appear to be present and contribute to biomass production.
The immunoproteasome, the 20S proteasome and the PA28αβ proteasome regulator are oxidative-stress-adaptive proteolytic complexes
Authors: Pickering Andrew M. , Koop Alison L. , Teoh Cheryl Y. , Ermak Gennady , Grune Tilman , Davies Kelvin J. A. 
Published: October 2010

Oxidized cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins are normally degraded by the proteasome, but accumulate with age and disease. We demonstrate the importance of various forms of the proteasome during transient (reversible) adaptation (hormesis), to oxidative stress in murine embryonic fibroblasts. Adaptation was achieved by ‘pre-treatment’ with very low concentrations of H2O2, and tested by measuring inducible resistance to a subsequent much higher ‘challenge’ dose of H2O2. Following an initial direct physical activation of pre-existing proteasomes, the 20S proteasome, immunoproteasome and PA28αβ regulator all exhibited substantially increased de novo synthesis during adaptation over 24 h. Cellular capacity to degrade oxidatively damaged proteins increased with 20S proteasome, immunoproteasome and PA28αβ synthesis, and was mostly blocked by the 20S proteasome, immunoproteasome and PA28 siRNA (short interfering RNA) knockdown treatments. Additionally, PA28αβ-knockout mutants achieved only half of the H2O2-induced adaptive increase in proteolytic capacity of wild-type controls. Direct comparison of purified 20S proteasome and immunoproteasome demonstrated that the immunoproteasome can selectively degrade oxidized proteins. Cell proliferation and DNA replication both decreased, and oxidized proteins accumulated, during high H2O2 challenge, but prior H2O2 adaptation was protective. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of the 20S proteasome, immunoproteasome or PA28αβ regulator blocked 50–100% of these adaptive increases in cell division and DNA replication, and immunoproteasome knockdown largely abolished protection against protein oxidation.
Print-Focused Read-Alouds in Preschool Classrooms: Intervention Effectiveness and Moderators of Child Outcomes
Authors: Justice Laura M. , McGinty Anita S. , Piasta Shayne B. , Kaderavek Joan N. , Fan Xitao 
Published: October 2010

Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of teachers' use of a print-referencing style during whole-class read-alouds with respect to accelerating 4- and 5-year-old children’s print-knowledge development. It also examined 8 specific child- and setting-level moderators to determine whether these influenced the relation between teachers' use of a print-referencing style and children’s print-knowledge development.

Method

In this randomized controlled trial, 59 teachers were randomly assigned to 2 conditions. Teachers in the experimental group (
n
= 31) integrated explicit references to specified print targets within each of 120 read-aloud sessions conducted in their classrooms over a 30-week period; comparison teachers (
n
= 28) read the same set of book titles along the same schedule but read using their business-as-usual reading style. Children’s gains over the 30-week period on a composite measure of print knowledge were compared for a subset of children who were randomly selected from the experimental (
n
= 201) and comparison (
n
= 178) classrooms.

Results
When controlling for fall print knowledge, child age, and classroom quality, children who experienced a print-referencing style of reading had significantly higher print knowledge scores in the spring than did children in the comparison classroom. None of the child-level (age, initial literacy skills, language ability) or setting-level characteristics (program type, instructional quality, average level of classroom socioeconomic status, teachers' education level, teachers' experience) significantly moderated intervention effects.

Clinical Implications
Considered in tandem with prior study findings concerning this approach to emergent literacy intervention, print-focused read-alouds appear to constitute an evidence-based practice with net positive impacts on children’s literacy development.
Mycosporines: Detection Methodologies and Assessment
Authors: Zimba P. V. , Wulff A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are found in a variety of prokaryotic and eucaryotic algae, as well as higher plants, fungi, and animals. These compounds function as a photoprotective sunscreen to prevent ultra‐violet light damage. MAAs may thus be one of the competitive advantages that facilitated development of ozone (by oxytrophs), and thereby may be a competitive advantage for the proliferation of cyanobacteria and other harmful algal species. Numerous difficulties exist with assessment of MAAs, including identification of the compounds, conversion of isomers during HPLC preparation as a result of pH shifts, as well as the ecological implications of the presence, concentration, and forms of these compounds (see J Phycology 1999; 35, for relevant papers). This symposium will provide opportunities for intercalibration of laboratories involved in MAA analyses, suggestions regarding standardization of extraction protocols, as well as results from field‐ and laboratory‐based studies.
The Ecological Significance of Mycosporine‐Like Amino Acids in Algae
Authors: Franklin L. A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe links among mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), algal physiological ecology, and the environment may be viewed from two sides. The UV‐absorption spectra of MAAs make them prime candidates for UV‐screening compounds, and indeed, numerous studies have shown that a high concentration of MAAs is correlated with various degrees of protection of cellular processes from UV damage. Thus, it might be said that the structure of terrestrial, eulittoral and sublittoral algal communities depends in part on their ability to synthesize effective quantities of MAAs. Corollaries to this hypothesis might include the proposition that those species incapable of synthesizing MAAs will be excluded from UV‐containing environments, and that UV is necessary to trigger MAA synthesis. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that triggers of MAA synthesis need not include exposure to UV, but may include the relative availability of nitrogen, osmotic stress, or high levels of photosynthetically active radiation. Furthermore, the response to these factors may vary as a function of other environmental conditions. These issues will be discussed with respect to elucidating the master switch for MAA synthesis.
Branching Morphology of Gametophytes and Tetrasporophytes of Ceramium Codicola is Related to Phase and Reproductive Structures
Authors: Lewis R. J. , Lanker M. D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMost red algae with a Polysiphonia‐type life history are regarded as having isomorphic phases. However, some show minor deviations in morphology, including differences in branching reported in female gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Ceramium. By sampling populations of Ceramium codicola, an epiphyte of Codium fragile, it was possible to characterize the morphology of female and male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes. Branching pattern was characterized by the Strahler method, in which terminal branches are counted as primary branches, and higher order branches are counted where lower order branches meet. Since Ceramium shows dichotomous branching, this method can be used to characterize the degree in which branching is dichotomous. The angle of branching was also measured. Female gametophytes had a higher ratio of primary to secondary branches (3.6–5.1) than male gametophytes (2.5) and tetrasporophytes (2.5–2.6), which have a similar ratio to each other. This indicates that males and tetrasporophytes have a more dichotomous pattern of branching while female gametophytes have more proliferative primary branches. The differences in branching pattern appear to be related to the location of reproductive cells, which occur along the surface of branches in male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes, but occur near the apices in female gametophytes. The branching angle of female and male gametophytes is similar to each other, and greater than that of tetrasporophytes. Therefore, gametophytes and sporophytes differ in branching angle.
Phragmoplastins, the Trentepohliales, and the Evolution of the Cytokinesis in Green Plants
Authors: Lopez‐Bautista J. M. , Chapman R. L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGreen plants have been shown to have a common ancestor and to contain two lineages: the Chlorophytes and the Streptophytes, both encompassing representatives of the original ‘green algae’. The phragmoplast‐mediated cell division characterizes the land plants in the Streptophyte lineage and some basal green algal orders (Coleochaetales, Charales and Zygnematales). However, a well‐developed phragmoplast‐type cell division has been documented in two subaerial green algae (Cephaleuros parasiticus and Trentepohlia odorata) belonging to the order Trentepohliales, an order that molecular sequence data place unequivocally within the Chlorophytes (rather than Streptophytes). Is the phragmoplast‐mediated cell division of the Trentepohliales a case for homology or nonhomology? In order to reveal the answer to this question, we are exploring the potential phylogenetic information inferred from gene sequences of phragmoplastin, a dynamin‐like protein which has been demonstrated to be associated with cell plate formation during the phragmoplast‐mediated cytokinesis in land plants. Primers were designed based on an available phragmoplastin sequence from soybean, and yielded PCR amplifications from the green algae (Trentepohlia and Cephaleuros), a bryophyte (Bazzania) and land plants (Glycine and Arabidopsis). The evolutionary history of the development of the phragmoplast may remain in the analysis of the gene sequences for this group of proteins.
Towards a stakeholder society: Stakeholder theory vs theory of civil society
Authors: Bonnafous‐Boucher Maria , Porcher Simon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAssociating the concept of civil society with stakeholder theory has become a common practice. The point of view put forward here attribute paternity of the stakeholder theory essentially to Freeman as a strategic framework for business studies and practices (1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 2001, 2004), as a strong framework for political and moral philosophy (1988, 1994, 1998), as an inescapable framework for business ethics (2000). In order to take into account the advancement bringing by Freeman, the intention of this article is to demonstrate the degree to which stakeholder theory can be considered as a theory of civil society, which in turn is a theory of business. The argument will be based on the following points:

Stakeholder theory occupies an intermediate position between strategic management and political philosophy in that it presents a new form of sovereignty, the sovereignty of big business;

Stakeholder theory is a strategic theory; whether it legitimises, relativises or neutralises the sovereignty of the firm, it conceptualises and situates it in relation to other models;

Stakeholder theory can be understood as a theory of civil society for the 21st century but it cannot be a substitute for a civil society theory devised in the 19th century;

Stakeholder theory can thus be considered as affording a strategic perspective that, although somewhat unfamiliar, serves as the foundation of business ethics.