bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does scrotal ultrasound reduce the need for orchidectomy in the clinically malignant testis?
Authors: Milner S. J. , Blease S. C. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Many recent studies have confirmed the ability of ultrasound to elucidate scrotal pathology, but its place in the work-up of specific testicular problems is not yet fully defined. We investigated 15 cases where a firm clinical diagnosis of testicular malignancy was made. All cases progressed to orchidectomy. Scrotal ultrasound refuted the diagnosis of malignancy in seven cases with subsequent histological proof of benignity. However, the nature and extent of the benign disease was such that, on review, orchidectomy was considered to be the most appropriate method of treating the patient. We contend that in the case of firm clinical diagnosis of testicular malignancy, an ultrasound diagnosis of benignity will not alter management, and it is therefore not an essential part of the work-up in this group of patients.
Response of murine small intestine to combined treatment with fostriecin and X rays
Authors: Rao K. R. , Fritz-Niggli H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This radiobiological investigation was based on the measurements of crypt cell survival in mouse small intestine when the animals were injected with a single dose of fostriecin or streptomycin, and subsequently irradiated to the whole body with graded doses of X rays. The experimental data obtained indicated that fostriecin decreased the isoeffect dose to murine intestine by a factor of 2.3, whereas streptomycin did not influence the radiation response. The biological effects of fostriecin on various tumour cell systems in vitro and in vivo are briefly reviewed. The possible basic mechanisms involved in the radiosensitizing action of fostriecin and the implications of these results in the radiation protection of normal tissues are discussed.
Peripheral doses of two linear accelerators employing universal wedges
Authors: McParland Brian J. 
Published: July 2009

The peripheral dose (PD) is defined as the dose delivered to tissues outside the collimated radiotherapy beam. This absorbed dose will be of clinical concern if any uninvolved radiosensitive or critical structures outside the beam were to receive dosages approaching their tolerance levels. Sources of the PD include head leakage (transmission through the collimation system), collimator scatter, scatter and secondary particle production from a beam modifier (tissue compensator, wedge filter or shielding) present in the beam and scatter arising from within tissue. A fifth source, that due to radioactivity induced within the patient by a high-energy beam, is not considered in this work.
In the past, several studies have been undertaken to characterize the peripheral dose as a function of beam modality and quality, field dimension, the separation between the radiation source and the patient and the presence and composition of a beam modifier (Keller et al, 1974; Scrimger & Kolitsi, 1979; Nusslin & Hassenstein, 1980; Fraass & van de Geijn, 1983; Greene et al, 1983; Kase et al, 1983; Starkschall et al, 1983; Greene et al, 1985; Sherazi & Kase, 1985; Francois et al, 1988). Peripheral doses at specific clinical sites, such as the contralateral breast (Fraass et al, 1985) and the gonads (Yau et al, 1981), have also been measured on patients and within anthropomorphic phantoms. In general, these studies indicate that the PD decreases approximately exponentially with distance from the beam edge.
Mammographic depiction of Poland's syndrome
Authors: Cooper Richard A. , Johnson Matthew S. 
Published: July 2009

Poland's syndrome is a group of congenital anomalies of the chest wall, with or without involvement of the ipsilateral upper extremity. We present the first case of Poland's syndrome diagnosed by mammography and thefirst example of Poland's syndrome in the mammographic literature.
A 39-year-old woman with in situ carcinoma of the cervix was noted, on physical examination, to have a small right breast with fullness in the upper outer quadrant of that breast. A subsequent mammogram shows a hypoplastic right breast and absence of the right pectoralis major muscle (Fig. 1). The patient was unaware of her anomaly.
Spontaneous disappearance of tuberculous psoas abscess calcification
Authors: Whitaker S. C. , Preston B. J. , McKim-Thomas H. 
Published: July 2009

Calcified psoas abscesses are a characteristic feature of tuberculosis of the thoraco-lumbar spine. We present a case in which well established calcification has almost completely disappeared, several years after any antituberculous treatment. A review of the English literature has revealed no previous report of this finding.
The patient, now a 48-year-old woman, first presented at the age of 6 with back pain and radiographic features of spinal tuberculosis at T12/L1. Bilateral calcined psoas abscesses developed over thenext few months. Management was first by bed rest and later, at the age of 12, by postero-lateral drainage with spinal fusion. By this time abscess calcification was well established. The patient then remained relatively well until the age of 33, when she developed girdle pain due to further vertebral destruction at a higher level (T8–T12).
Pneumonia, diagnosed on the abdominal radiograph, as a cause for acute abdomen in children
Authors: Spencer P. A. S. 
Published: July 2009

Three cases of acute abdomen in children are described where a diagnosis ofpneumonia was recorded as the cause of the abdominal pain. In each case, pulmonary consolidation was identified on the plain abdominal radiograph. Thediagnostic value of plain abdominal radiographs in children is increased bydeliberately including the lung bases.
Acute abdominal pain is a common cause of paediatric emergency referral andadmission to hospital. Acute appendicitis is the most common identifiable organic cause (Drake, 1980). Extensive lists can be made of other possible causes (Table I), arid investigations are directed to reaching a working diagnosis within a few hours of admission.
Medicolegal aspects of medical radiation exposure
Authors: Ross W. M. 
Published: July 2009

It is well known that untoward events may follow the exposure of human beings to ionizing radiations. As some such events may ensue after medical (in addition to other) exposures, it is appropriate to consider possible resultant legal complications of medical radiation exposures.
The contents of this communication are based on practice in the UK, and concentrate on those aspects of the subject which relate to the direct effects of ionizing radiation, to the exclusion of such important aspects such as the “chemical” effects of contrast media and the “mechanical” effects of interventional radiology. It is fully recognized thatthose two aspects are almost wholly responsible for the unenviable positionof radiology (including both diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine), high in the league table of specialities causing problems for the medical defence bodies. In recent years there have been very few examples in diagnostic radiology related to dose, except in pregnancy, though very many in the other categories. In therapy there have been few cases at all, and not all associated with dose.
Silicone implant to prevent visceral damage during adjuvant radiotherapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Ball A. B. S. , Cassoni A. , Watkins R. M. , Thomas J. Meirion 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The incidence of local recurrence after surgery for retroperitoneal sarcoma is reduced by high-dose adjuvant radiotherapy but treatment is restricted by the effects of irradiation on adjacent viscera. By securing a silicone gel-filled implant (breast prosthesis) in the tumour bed after excision of the tumour, adjacent viscera are displaced from the site of maximum irradiation and may thereby be protected. We used this technique in three patients in whom excision of a retroperitoneal sarcoma was followed by high-dose adjuvant radiotherapy. Post-operative radiotherapy was well tolerated but local recurrence developed in one patient, and delayed perforation of the large bowel occurred in another. Both cases underwent further surgery at which the implant was removed. The same two cases also developed asymptomatic hydronephrosis on the side of the implant, attributed to local fibrosis.
The variation of wedge factors with field size on a linear accelerator
Authors: Thomas S. J. 
Published: July 2009

When a wedge filter is used to modify the dose distribution in a beam of megavoltage X-rays, the beam intensity is reduced. The reduction of beam intensity is quantified by a factor called the wedge factor (WF) defined as follows: where measurements are performed in water at the depth of maximum build-up.
It is assumed by the authors of several treatment planning systems that the wedge factor doses do not vary with field size. Palta et al (1988) presented measurements for a range of square field sizes with 4 MV and 6MV X rays, showing that there can be considerable variation of wedge factor with field size, especially for a 60° wedge, and that errors in dose of up to 7% can occur by ignoring this variation.
This technical note presents the results of similar measurements on 8 MV and 16 MV beams with a 60° wedge. The variation of wedge factor for a range of rectangular field sizes has also been investigated; this was done to see whether the variation follows an equivalent square law, or whether one should follow the practice of one commercial planning system by considering only the dimension in the wedged direction.
Calcification of the large bowel in schistosomiasis demonstrated by computed tomography
Authors: Al-Hindawi M. , Whitehouse G. H. , Al-Ansari A. G. , Kamel H. , Soni C. R. 
Published: July 2009

Calcification within the urinary tract and seminal vesicles is a common sequel of Schistosoma haematobium infection (Delahaye, 1977; Cockshott & Middlemiss, 1979). Local granulomatous reaction and fibrosis follow the deposition of ova in the walls of these organs. The calcification occurs within dead ova. A similar chronic inflammatory response follows the deposition of the ova of Schistosoma mansoni in radicles of the mesenteric venous system. Unlike the genitourinary tract, intestinal calcification has rarely been recorded in schistosomal infection (Lehman et al, 1971; Fataar et al, 1985).
Four patients from an area where S. mansoni is endemic are described, each of whom showed intestinal calcification on computed tomography.
A 23-year-old Egyptian male with a past history of urinary schistosomiasis complained of infertility, dysuria and haematuria. A plain radiograph of the abdomen demonstrated calcification of the urinary bladder and both ureters throughout their length, as well as densely calcified seminal vesicles. Faint linear calcification was also apparent in the ascending and descending segments of the colon and in the appendix. A computed tomographic (CT) scan confirmed the calcifications seen in the genitourinary tract and large bowel. In addition, extensive calcification was apparent in the rectum and sigmoid colon (Fig. 1).
A 49-year-old Egyptian male presented with left loin pain and dysuria. There were no gastrointestinal symptoms. A plain radiograph of the abdomen revealed calcification of the urinary bladder, left ureter and the seminal vesicles.
Ultrafast magnetic resonance scanning of the liver with echo-planar imaging
Authors: Stehling M. K. , Charnley R. M. , Blamire A. M. , Ordidge R. J. , Coxon R. , Gibbs P. , Hardcastle J. D. , Mansfield P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Echo-planar imaging (EPI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique which provides MR images in, typically, 50–100 ms. The potential of EPI as an imaging modality for the liver has been investigated in volunteers and patients with liver disease. Images with improved quality are presented. Obtained at a field strength of 0.52 Tesla, these true unaveraged snap-shot images have larger data arrays, comprising 128 × 128 pixels.
Pseudopermeative skeletal lesions
Authors: Helms Clyde A. , Munk Peter L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Permeative bone lesions are well known to radiologists and usually invoke a differential diagnosis that includes aggressive lesions such as round cell malignancies and infection. In contrast to permeative lesions, which demonstrate multiple small holes at the endosteal surface of the cortex secondary to a medullary process, we describe a series of 19 patients (seven with aggressive osteoporosis, eight with prior radiation therapy and four with hemangiomas) who demonstrated multiple tiny lucencies in the cortex which were superimposed on the medullary space and mimicked a permeative pattern radiographically. We termed this a pseudopermeative pattern. Recognition of a pseudopermeative pattern may allow a less sinister differential diagnosis to be considered and may avert unnecessary biopsy in many instances.
Book reviews
Authors: Davison L. M. 
Published: July 2009

Ref 87–15 (J)
This is a well produced and instructive audiovisual teaching programme consisting of 89 slides and two tapes (47 minutes). The presentation starts with a description of the normal anatomy and the otoscopic and radiological appearances of the middle ear, and progresses to describe various types of pathology affecting the middle ear.
Unfortunately, the title is a little misleading because this audiovisual series only covers a limited range of middle ear pathology. For example, there is no mention of malignant disease, traumatic lesions or congenital abnormalities.
Bacterial contamination of contrast media stored after opening
Authors: Lisle D. , Ratcliffe J. F. , Faoagali J. , Cherian S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A barium suspension, iohexol, iopamidol and ioxaglate which were diluted with tapwater and 0.9% NaCl and dextrose saline (4% and 0.18%) were made into aliquots of 10 ml and stored at 4°C, room temperature and 37°C for 8 weeks. Regular handling and bacterial cultures were performed. These studies confirmed that environmental organisms do contaminate these solutions and that they also support viable organisms, but do not become significantly colonized at room temperature or 4°C. The solutions should be stored at room temperature or at 4°C. The diluted barium solution was the contrast medium least contaminated and if it is not contra-indicated for other reasons should be used in preference to low osmolality water soluble contrast media on the basis of its cost, radiological contrast and low microbial contamination rate.
Assessment of a single lumbar spine radiograph in low back pain
Authors: Padley S. , Gleeson F. , Chisholm R. , Baldwin J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The lumbosacral spine radiographs of 200 patients with unexplained low back pain and without neurological signs were reviewed. The purpose of the study was to determine whether significant diagnostic information would be lost by replacing the standard three film series with a single radiograph, either in the lateral or antero-posterior projection. The contribution of the coned lumbosacral junction view was also assessed. The results show that a single lateral radiograph is diagnostically satisfactory and would have the added advantages of reducing patient radiation dose and radiographic workload.
Skeletal abnormalities in Refsum's disease (heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis)
Authors: Plant Graham R. , Hansell David M. , Gibberd F. B. , Sidey M. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Refsum's disease is a rare inborn error of phytanic acid metabolism in which skeletal abnormalities are part of the clinical syndrome. The reported incidence of bone changes in patients with Refsum's disease varies widely and reflects the small series published to date. An analysis of the skeletal abnormalities of the largest series of patients in the world is presented.
Comparison of 5-Fluorouracil pharmacokinetics following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration using in vivo 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Glaholm J. , Leach M. O. , Collins D. , Jehazi B. Al , Sharp J. C. , Smith T. A. D. , Adach J. , Hind A. , McCready V. R. , White H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Intrahepatic pharmacokinetic studies of 5-Fluorouracil (5 FU) metabolism following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration have been undertaken in four patients using in vivo 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following intravenous administration, 5 FU decayed with “half times” ranging from 5 to 17 min. There was considerable variation of 5 FU pharmacokinetics between patients following intraperitoneal administration. Peritoneal contamination by infused 5 FU was considered to be a significant problem in one patient. A technique for providing superficial signal suppression was therefore investigated and its efficacy for excluding signal from the peritoneal space has been demonstrated. Owing to the potential for contamination from peritoneal 5 FU, the accumulation of fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) is a more reliable indicator of drug catabolism than the measurement of unlocalized “hepatic” 5 FU. Rapid intrahepatic catabolism of 5 FU to FBAL was demonstrated in all patients. However, there was greater pharmacokinetic variation following intraperitoneal administration than following intravenous administration. Therapeutic implications of intravenous compared with intraperitoneal administration of 5 FU are discussed.
Cylindrical forms of isodoses in gynaecological afterloading therapy: an atlas using the Buchler afterloading machine al-mc
Authors: Busch M. , Dühmke E. 
Published: July 2009

Problems with intravaginal applicators and their solution have outlasted the changes from radium applicators to afterloading techniques. The question of interest is how intravaginal afterloading applicators have to be optimized to take account of unchanged clinical necessities and new technical concepts. According to the recommendations of ICRU 38, the rectal reference point is localized 5 mm behind the dorsal vaginal wall. The reference isodose surface defines the reference volume (ICRU, 1985). It is necessary for the isodoses used in combination with a defined applicator to be adapted to this applicator. While the concept of the “optimized applicator” uses applicators manufactured according to existing isodoses (Lambert, 1988), we progressed to the adaption of the isodoses to existing applicators.
In the radiotherapy department in Göttingen we use vaginal applicators which are cylindrical with a rounded, hemispherical top. From our point of view this form “unfolds” the vagina anatomically without the vaginal walls remaining in contact with each other. Figure 1 represents the attributes of our applicators. The Perspex applicator is cylindrical, available with diameters of 20, 25 and 30 mm. The cylinders are supplied with two copper rings at an interval of 2 cm. The surface of the copper rings is flush with the surface of the Perspex cylinder. From the X-ray film it is possible to identify exactly the applicator as well as the ratio of dimensions.
Intracardiac extension of Wilms' tumour: demonstration by magnetic resonance
Authors: Gibson J. M. , Hall-Craggs M. A. , Dicks-Mireaux C. , Finn J.P. 
Published: July 2009

Extension of intravascular tumour thrombus into the right atrium is a well recognized but rare complication of Wilms' tumour (Ritchey et al, 1988). We described the first such case demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging.
A 5-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with a 1-month history of lethargy and one episode of haematuria. Physical examination revealed a large mass in the right loin and elevation of the jugular venous pressure. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a 10 cm echogenic, right renal mass. The inferior vena cava (IVC) was expanded by intraluminal thrombus which extended up to the right atrium. Computerized tomography (CT) confirmed a right renal mass and caval thrombus.
Cytomegalovirus infection masquerading as colonic neoplasia
Authors: Lewis-Jones H. G. , Ward R. G. , Garvey C. 
Published: July 2009

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the immunocompromized patient usually represents a reactivation of latent infection and occurs in 60–90% of renal transplant patients after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy (Cho et al, 1981). The range of gastrointestinal presentations is wide but a case with the clinical, radiological and operative features of a colonic neoplasm has not previously been described.
A 53-year-old man was referred with an 8 month history of intermittent epigastric pain associated with diarrhoea for the past 2 months. He had not noticed any blood or mucus in the stools. Nine years previously he had received a cadaveric renal transplant for end stage renal failure secondary to congenital polycystic kidneys. Renal function at presentation was normal on maintenance immunosuppression (Azathioprine 200mg and Prednisolone 6 mg daily). Physical eamination revealed no significant abnormality and full biochemical and haematological investigations were normal.
Quantitative microfocal radiography of children with renal osteodystrophy; comparison with laboratory and histological findings
Authors: Buckland-Wright J. C. , Spring M. W. , Mak R. H. K. , Turner C. , Compston J. , Vedi S. , Haycock G. B. , Chantler C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
High definition microfocal radiography permitted the quantitative assessment of the radiographic features of renal osteodystrophy in the phalanges of 11 children in stable chronic renal failure, treated with phosphate binders for 1 year. The most consistent feature was subperiosteal cortical resorption, expressed as a ratio total length of resorbed subperiosteal bone/total length subperiosteal bone × 100. It was found that the extent of resorbed bone was significantly greater in the middle phalanx and on the ulnar surface of the phalanges. The radiological findings over the duration of the disease were compared with laboratory assessments and bone histomorphometry. The extent of the percentage of subperiosteal resorption at base line and its change during the study period correlated significantly with the level of serum parathyroid hormone levels and its change over the same period. No other significant correlations were found between radiographic features and laboratory assessments or with bone histomorphometry.
The effects of steel and titanium mandibular reconstruction plates on photon and electron beams
Authors: Delacroix Sabine , Rymel Jurek , Smith Philip J. , Clubb Bryce S. 
Published: July 2009

The use of metal plates, designed to be screwed into the bone in reconstruction of composite mandibular defects is an accepted and widely used procedure in oral cancer therapy (Castillo et al, 1988; Sindet-Pedersen, 1988). Many of these patients must receive post-surgical radiotherapy in the course of their treatment because of possible residual microscopic disease.
The effects of radiation on tissue-metal interfaces have been studied for photon (Dutreix & Bernard, 1966; Gibbs et al, 1976; Hudson et al, 1984) and electron beams (Weatherburn et al, 1975; Khan et al, 1976; Gagnon & Cundiff, 1980; Klevenhagen et al, 1982). They have been found to result in an enhancement of the dose to the tissue in the immediate vicinity of the interface on the side facing the beam. A search through the literature has revealed limited studies on the effects of radiation beams on metal mandibular implants of the oral cavity (Castillo et al, 1988; Scher et al, 1988). These investigations were confined to stainless steel and vitallium plates irradiated with 6 MV photons.
In the last few years, titanium reconstruction plates have become available and are growing in popularity because of the increased strength relative to the thickness of the plate, greater tissue compatibility and easier adaptation to the bony fragments.