bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Does Hard Coat Impose Dormancy in Legume Seeds? Lotus and Scorpiurus Case Study
Authors: Gresta Fabio , Avola Giovanni , Onofri Andrea , Anastasi Umberto , Cristaudo Antonia 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn many legumes, the germination ability of newly harvested seeds is controlled by two contrasting processes, the maturation process and the establishment of seed coat dormancy, which prevents the germination of mature seeds. These two processes are often staggered, so that seeds may achieve a transitory ability to germinate long before the establishment of seed coat dormancy. To clarify these issues, a field and laboratory experiment was conducted on two Mediterranean legume species, Lotus ornithopodioides L. and Scorpiurus muricatus L. subsp. subvillosus (L.) Thell. [syn. Scorpiurus muricatus L. var. subvillosus (L.) Lam.]. Pods were collected from mother plants at regular intervals from the beginning of seed filling to complete maturation. The seeds harvested at different times were weighed and submitted to germination assays to evaluate their germination ability. The results show that the seeds of L. ornithopodioides and S. muricatus acquired a good germination ability (>70%) already at 27 and 23 d after anthesis (DAA) before reaching their maximum dry weight, while seed coat dormancy was imposed much later for the two species, at 40 and 32 DAA. Based on pod and seed morphology, seed weight, and germination ability, three distinct stages were defined during maturation, which might help identify when seeds achieve their maximum germination ability. This may be a first step in overcoming the problem of seed coat dormancy alongside studies on postharvest treatment of freshly harvested seeds.
Existential Poverty: Welfare Dependency, Learned Helplessness and Psychological Capital
Authors: Dixon John , Frolova Yuliya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBeing in existential poverty means living in a state of, or near, persistent material poverty while also being socially excluded, marginalized, or disadvantaged. It is a life‐disempowering experience, one that privileges both immediacy over the future, and welfare over work. This results in learned helplessness, manifesting as a lack of will to take control of life. The existentialist explanation is that those in this mental state do not have an authentic way of life. Positive Psychology, and its offshoot, Positive Organizational Behavior, provide the cognitive change strategies that focus on building in people their sense of self‐efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience, and subjective well‐being, as well as their emotional intelligence, all of which are mental attributes that have demonstrable positive impacts on human performance. This can enable people to pursue gainful, meaningful, and sustained self‐actualizing vocation, so lifting them out of persistent material poverty. The public policy challenges are (1) to determine whether it is in the public interest to redress the negative agental consequences of welfare dependency; (2) to redesign the features of social assistance programs that exacerbate learned helplessness amongst beneficiaries; and (3) to determine how best to reduce the psychologically incapacitating effects of welfare dependency.
Benefits of Renin-Angiotensin Blockade on Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Vary With Glycemic Control
Authors: Harindhanavudhi Tasma , Mauer Michael , Klein Ronald , Zinman Bernard , Sinaiko Alan , Caramori M. Luiza ,   for the Renin Angiotensin System Study (RASS) group
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Optimal glycemic control slows diabetic retinopathy (DR) development and progression and is the standard of care for type 1 diabetes. However, these glycemic goals are difficult to achieve and sustain in clinical practice. The Renin Angiotensin System Study (RASS) showed that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade can slow DR progression. In the current study, we evaluate whether glycemic control influenced the benefit of RAS blockade on DR progression in type 1 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used RASS data to analyze the relationships between two-steps or more DR progression and baseline glycemic levels in 223 normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients randomized to receive 5 years of enalapril or losartan compared with placebo.

RESULTS
A total of 147 of 223 patients (65.9%) had DR at baseline (47 of 74 patients [63.5%] in placebo and 100 of 149 patients [67.1%] in the combined treatment groups [P = 0.67]). Patients with two-steps or more DR progression had higher baseline A1C than those without progression (9.4 vs. 8.2%, P &lt; 0.001). There was no beneficial effect of RAS blockade (P = 0.92) in patients with baseline A1C ≤7.5%. In contrast, 30 of 112 (27%) patients on the active treatment arms with A1C &gt;7.5% had two-steps or more DR progression compared with 26 of 56 patients (46%) in the placebo group (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
RAS blockade reduces DR progression in normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients with A1C &gt;7.5%. Whether this therapy could benefit patients with A1C ≤7.5% will require long-term studies of much larger cohorts.
Towards an Articulation-Based Developmental Robotics Approach for Word Processing in Face-to-Face Communication
Authors: Kröger Bernd J. , Birkholz Peter , Neuschaefer-Rube Christiane 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWhile we are capable of modeling the shape, e.g. face, arms, etc. of humanoid robots in a nearly natural or human-like way, it is much more difficult to generate human-like facial or body movements and human-like behavior like e.g. speaking and co-speech gesturing. In this paper it will be argued for a developmental robotics approach for learning to speak. On the basis of current literature a blueprint of a brain model will be outlined for this kind of robots and preliminary scenarios for knowledge acquisition will be described. Furthermore it will be illustrated that natural speech acquisition mainly results from learning during face-to-face communication and it will be argued that learning to speak should be based on human-robot face-to-face communication. Here the human acts like a caretaker or teacher and the robot acts like a speech-acquiring toddler. This is a fruitful basic scenario not only for learning to speak, but also for learning to communicate in general, including to produce co-verbal manual gestures and to produce co-verbal facial expressions.
Influence of Pressure on Volume, Temperature and Crystallization of Thermoplastics during Polymer Processing
Authors: Rudolph N. M. , Osswald T. A. , Ehrenstein G. W. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The main shrinkage and dimensional stability impact factors are processing temperature and pressure. For that reason, the pvT-behaviour is often used to estimate plastic part shrinkage. As there are still differences between predicted and actual part dimensions, a closer look was taken at these influencing factors. During processing, temperature changes occur due to heat conduction to the mold walls, and the pressure varies in the filling stage and holding time along the flow path. However, these pressure gradients are typically not taken into account in plastics processing. Hence, the influence of pressure was examined in detail and further investigations on pvT-behavior of polymers were performed.
For that purpose, fundamental examinations of the behavior of amorphous thermoplastics during cooling and compression were made. These include analysis in the different phases and at different compression speeds as well as variation of the pressure-temperature-cycles and their succession. It was found that the specific volume is not defined by one value of p and T, but is dependent on the pathway of the process. That applies for both thermal expansion and compressibility. The adiabatic compression heating was also examined and a numeric solution was found to easily adapt the pvT-results on the base of compressibility measurements. These findings are discussed by means of the free volume theory. Additionally, a choice of these investigations was performed with semi-crystalline thermoplastics. It was found, that compression heating is even more important for these polymers because it can superpose crystallization heating at appropriate parameters. Furthermore, it can be seen that the density, morphology and lamellae thickness is influenced by pressure. In the outlook of this paper, the impact of these results on the injection molding process is discussed in detail.
Replication Properties and Structure of PC in Micromolding with Heat Insulator Mold Using Zirconia Ceramic
Authors: Kayano Y. , Zouta K. , Takahagi S. , Ito H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Micromolding with microscale surface features and thin-wall plates of polycarbonate polymer was performed with heat insulator molds using zirconia ceramic. Effects of process parameters on processability and surface replication of the molded optical parts such as anti-reflective plates were evaluated. Calculation results show the interfacial layer of molded parts with a heat insulator mold shows 20 K higher than a conventional mold. The state of replication and higher-order structure of molded parts were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and a polarizing optical microscope. Using a heat insulator mold, the flow length is increased, and the state of surface replication of molded parts is better. Due to the better surface replication, plates using the insulator mold show higher light transmission due to the less light reflection at the surface of plates. The molecular orientation of molded parts decreased using this mold, as it did in molding conditions of higher mold temperatures and injection temperatures.
Evaluation of Computed Tomography Data from Fibre Reinforced Polymers to Determine Fibre Length Distribution
Authors: Salaberger D. , Kannappan K. A. , Kastner J. , Reussner J. , Auinger T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Sub-μm computed tomography (sub-μm-CT) was used to determine the fibre orientation and fibre length distribution in long glass fibre filled polypropylene. For data evaluation two different concepts based on the application of a sequence of different filters were applied. The first concept is based on segmentation by binarisation using a global threshold, followed by a detailed analysis of regions where fibres are touching. The second concept is based on analysis of the original gray value image. For each voxel the local fibre orientation is determined by calculating the Hessian Matrix and analysing its Eigen values.
The effectivity of the two data analysis concepts in determining orientation and length was investigated. For this purpose the algorithms were applied to specimens with four different levels of fibre content: 1, 5, 10 and 30% by weight. To quantify the level of error in fibre determination, a minimum and average probability for correct fibre determination were estimated.
The results show a strong dependence of the level of error on the fibre content. Whilst the determination of fibre orientation is not significantly affected, determination of fibre length distribution is significantly influenced by fibre content. For samples with fibre content above 5%, concept 1 does not produce correct representations of all fibres. In particular, problems arise if the fibres are touching. Concept 2 delivers much better results and represents most of the fibres correctly even at higher fibre content levels and for touching fibres. This was proven by using artificial CT-data sets generated by CT-simulation and by systematic comparisons. A practical application of the CT-evaluation pipeline is presented for glass fibre reinforced rings produced by injection-moulding and extrusion. For both samples the orientation tensors are calculated and the orientations of the fibres are visualized in three dimensions by colour coding.
Le différentiel de revenus joue-t-il un rôle déterminant dans la migration rurale-urbaine ? Application au cas du Cameroun
Authors: Meka’a Cosmas Bernard 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Cet article examine les déterminants de la décision de migration des ménages des zones rurales vers les zones urbaines au Cameroun, en insistant particulièrement sur le rôle du différentiel de gains. L’étude utilise les données micro-économiques de l’ECAM II pour deux années consécutives. Le ménage migrant étant celui qui est installé dans une localité autre que celle dans laquelle il résidait un an auparavant. Étant donné que les migrants ne sont pas définis de manière aléatoire dans la population considérée, la question d’auto-sélection est aussi prise en compte pour l’estimation des gains issus de la migration. Le biais de sélection est alors corrigé à l’aide de l’équation de migration en utilisant la procédure de Heckman (1979). L’estimation du modèle probit confirme le caractère multidimensionnel du phénomène migratoire. Le différentiel de gains influence la décision de migration, ce qui est conforme avec les prédictions du modèle de Todaro, mais n’est pas le facteur dominant. Des facteurs tels que l’accès au crédit, la disponibilité des terres et d’une habitation, l’exercice des activités non agricoles ont un pouvoir explicatif plus élevé. Certains chefs de ménage peuvent par conséquent effectuer une migration, même si leurs gains potentiels sont faibles. En outre, l’impact positif de l’éducation sur les gains est plus évident pour les travailleurs migrants. Ce qui justifie pourquoi les chefs de ménage plus éduqués ont une propension plus élevée à migrer. Classification JEL : E24, J21, J24, J31, O15, R23.
Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells Replenish Skin Xenografts and Are Depleted by Alloreactive T Cells In Vivo
Authors: Hemmerling Julia , Wegner-Kops Joanna , von Stebut Esther , Wolff Diana , Wagner Eva M. , Hartwig Udo F. , André Maya C. , Theobald Matthias , Schopf Rudolf E. , Herr Wolfgang , Meyer Ralf G. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are potent APCs surveying the skin. They are crucial regulators of T cell activation in the context of inflammatory skin disease and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In contrast to other dendritic cell subtypes, murine LC are able to reconstitute after local depletion without the need of peripheral blood-derived precursors. In this study, we introduce an experimental model of human skin grafted to NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull mice. In this model, we demonstrate that xenografting leads to the transient loss of LC from the human skin grafts. Despite the lack of a human hematopoietic system, human LC repopulated the xenografts 6 to 9 wk after transplantation. By staining of LC with the proliferation marker Ki67, we show that one third of the replenishing LC exhibit proliferative activity in vivo. We further used the skin xenograft as an in vivo model for human GVHD. HLA-disparate third-party T cells stimulated with skin donor-derived dendritic cells were injected intravenously into NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull mice that had been transplanted with human skin. The application of alloreactive T cells led to erythema and was associated with histological signs of GVHD limited to the transplanted human skin. The inflammation also led to the depletion of LC from the epidermis. In summary, we provide evidence that human LC are able to repopulate the skin independent of blood-derived precursor cells and that this at least partly relates to their proliferative capacity. Our data also propose xeno-transplantation of human skin as a model system for studying the role of skin dendritic cells in the efferent arm of GVHD.
Comparing the Kinetics of NK Cells, CD4, and CD8 T Cells in Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Schlub Timothy E. , Sun Joseph C. , Walton Senta M. , Robbins Scott H. , Pinto Amelia K. , Munks Michael W. , Hill Ann B. , Brossay Laurent , Oxenius Annette , Davenport Miles P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
NK cells recognize virus-infected cells with germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that do not undergo genetic recombination or mutation. Accordingly, NK cells are often considered part of the innate immune response. The innate response comprises rapid early defenders that do not form immune memory. However, there is increasing evidence that experienced NK cells provide increased protection to secondary infection, a hallmark of the adaptive response. In this study, we compare the dynamics of the innate and adaptive immune responses by examining the kinetic profiles of the NK and T cell response to murine CMV infection. We find that, unexpectedly, the kinetics of NK cell proliferation is neither earlier nor faster than the CD4 or CD8 T cell response. Furthermore, early NK cell contraction after the peak of the response is slower than that of T cells. Finally, unlike T cells, experienced NK cells do not experience biphasic decay after the response peak, a trait associated with memory formation. Rather, NK cell contraction is continuous, constant, and returns to below endogenous preinfection levels. This indicates that the reason why Ag-experienced NK cells remain detectable for a prolonged period after adoptive transfer and infection is in part due to the high precursor frequency, slow decay rate, and low background levels of Ly49H+ NK cells in recipient DAP12-deficient mice. Thus, the quantitative contribution of Ag-experienced NK cells in an endogenous secondary response, with higher background levels of Ly49H+ NK cells, may be not be as robust as the secondary response observed in T cells.
Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with unresectable Hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience from a tertiary care centre in India
Authors: Paul Shashi Bala , Gamanagatti Shivanand , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Chandrashekhara Sheragaru Hanumanthappa , Mukund Amar , Gulati Manpreet Singh , Gupta Arun Kumar , Acharya Subrat Kumar 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the outcome following transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and to identify the predictors of survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Material and Methods: HCC patients reporting to our hospital (2001-2007) were subjected to clinical, biochemical, and radiological examination. TACE was performed in those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Follow-up assessment was done with multiphase CT scan of the liver at 1, 3, and 6 months. Tumor response and survival rate were estimated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done for determinants of survival. Results: A total of 73 patients (69 males, 4 females; mean age 49±13.4 years) were subjected to 123 sessions of TACE. The Child′s classification was: A - 56 patients and B - 17 patients. Barcelona Clinic staging was: A - 20 patients, B - 38 patients, and C - 15 patients. Tumor size was ≤5cm in 28 (38%) patients, >5-10 cm in 28 (38%) patients, and >10 cm in 17 (23%) patients. Median follow-up was for 12 months (range: 1-77 months). No significant postprocedure complications were encountered. Overall survival rate was 66%, 47%, and 36.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Tumor size emerged as an important predictor of survival. Conclusion: TACE offers a reasonable palliative therapy for HCC. Initial tumor size is an independent predictor of survival.
Multiplicity Free Jacquet Modules
Authors: Aizenbud Avraham , Gourevitch Dmitry 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLet F be a non-Archimedean local field or a finite field. Let n be a natural number and k be 1 or 2. Consider G := GLn+k(F) and let M := GLn(F) × GLk(F) < G be a maximal Levi subgroup. Let U < G be the corresponding unipotent subgroup and let P = MU be the corresponding parabolic subgroup. Let be the Jacquet functor, i.e., the functor of coinvariants with respect toU. In this paper we prove that J is a multiplicity free functor, i.e., dim HomM(J(π), ρ) ≤ 1, for any irreducible representations π of G and ρ of M. We adapt the classical method of Gelfand and Kazhdan, which proves the “multiplicity free” property of certain representations to prove the “multiplicity free” property of certain functors. At the end we discuss whether other Jacquet functors are multiplicity free.
Central Extensions of Loop Groups and Obstruction to Pre-Quantization
Authors: Krepski Derek 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn explicit construction of a pre-quantumline bundle for themoduli space of flat G-bundles over a Riemann surface is given, where G is any non-simply connected compact simple Lie group. This work helps to explain a curious coincidence previously observed between Toledano Laredo's work classifying central extensions of loop groups LG and the author's previous work on the obstruction to pre-quantization of the moduli space of flat G-bundles.
The Role of Nonverbal and Verbal Communication in a Multimedia Informed Consent Process
Authors: Pieczkiewicz David , Mahnke Andrea , McCarty Catherine , Starren Justin , Westra Bonnie , Plasek Joseph 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective: Nonverbal and verbal communication elements enhance and reinforce the consent form in the informed consent process and need to be transferred appropriately to multimedia formats using interaction design when re-designing the process.Methods: Observational, question asking behavior, and content analyses were used to analyze nonverbal and verbal elements of an informed consent process.Results: A variety of gestures, interruptions, and communication styles were observed. Conclusion: In converting a verbal conversation about a textual document to multimedia formats, all aspects of the original process including verbal and nonverbal variation should be one part of an interaction community-centered design approach.
SEM-EDX Analysis for Surface Aberrations of Neonate's Teeth Influenced by the use of Lithium in Pregnancy
Authors: Nazir Shakila , Naqvi Naeem H , Masood A , Naema N 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Objective of the study
Developmental defects of enamel may lead to esthetic tribulations. Malformed dental enamel is usually susceptible to caries and sensitivity of teeth. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of developmental defects affecting the enamel surfaces in the teeth of newborn babies of the mothers, caused by the use of lithium for a long time during pregnancy.

Study design/methods
The female rabbits were kept on this drug during pregnancy and their offsprings were used for the study. They were sacrificed to obtain their jaws. Teeth were extracted for assessment of the congenital defects developed during intrauterine life. Surface structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX).

Results
The results showed that the drug had caused erosions of the incisors and the molars, as compared to the premolars.

Conclusion
According to the results, incisors and the molars appeared esthetically and functionally compromised teeth. The drug should, therefore, be used by doctor's prescription only, especially during pregnancy, avoiding the teratogenic effect on the dentition of the newborns.
Rabbits as Animal Models in Contemporary Implant Biomaterial Research
Authors: Arora Himanshu , Nafria Anil , Kanase Anup 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Development of an optimal interface between bone and orthopedic or dental implants has taken place for many years. In order to determine whether a newly developed implant material conforms to the requirements of biocompatibility, mechanical stability and safety, it must undergo rigorous testing both in vitro and in vivo. Results from in vitro studies can be difficult to extrapolate to the in vivo situation. For this reason the use of animal models is often an essential step in the testing of orthopedic and dental implants prior to clinical use in humans. This review discusses the reasons, the importance, and the research carried out in rabbits in our quest to develop a dental implant ideally suited for human bone.