bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Incidentaloma: A Cautionary Tale of Three Cases of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Arising from Apparently Benign Incidentalomas
Authors: Armstrong Chris , Pasieka Janice L , Harvey Adrian 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Unexpected incidental findings on cross-sectional imaging are becoming more commonplace in today's medical practice. These are likely due to ongoing improvements in the resolution of cross-sectional imaging and our increasing use of these tests combined with an aging population. In the case of the adrenal incidentalomas the majority of these represent benign nonfunctional adenomas and these are believed to have no malignant potential. On the contrary adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon malignancy that carries a high mortality. Current biochemical and radiological follow-up investigations are expensive and are of limited benefit in the majority of cases of adrenal incidentalomas. This has created a dilemma for the proper diagnostic, clinical and radiologic follow-up as well as the triggers for surgical intervention. We present a series of three patients presenting with ACC that retrospectively arose from a small incidentally found adrenal lesion. Three patients were identified with ACC arising from an apparently benign adrenal incidentaloma. The average size of the original lesion was 1.6 cm whereas the average size of their adrenal tumor was 9.3 cm when they presented with ACC. Two of the three cases were found to develop functional tumors at the time of the diagnosis of ACC. Two of the three cases underwent surgical resection. The third patient was found to have metastatic disease at presentation and declined surgical intervention. We agree that current follow-up guidelines result in an increasing burden on our healthcare system; with expensive biochemical testing and imaging for what in most cases will prove to be a benign adenoma, these three cases have influenced our current strategies for follow-up. At the present time, we continue to follow the AAES/AACE guidelines. The development of improved methods of biochemical, radiologic and tissue diagnosis may help to improve our ability to recognize an ACC in this population at an earlier and potentially curable stage.
Intraoperative Monitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Thyroidectomy: A Standardized Approach (Part 1)
Authors: Dralle Henning , Sitges-Serra Antonio , Angelos Peter , Poveda Manuel C Durán , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Barczynski Marcin , Phelan Eimear , Randolph Gregory 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTOne of the most feared complications in thyroid surgery is injury to the superior laryngeal nerve or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Neural identification during surgery is insufficient to assess nerve injury. Intraoperative nerve monitoring of the vagal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery is a new adjunct designed to allow better identification of nerves at risk and therefore reduce complications related to their injury. This new working tool does not substitute adequate surgical technique but merely provides the surgeon with an adjunct to routine visual identification and functional assessment. The use of nerve monitoring requires standardization of the monitoring procedure. Pursuant to this, we will discuss in two related articles the current state of the art standardized technique of nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery. The aim of part 1 is to provide a concise overview of nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery and its effectiveness. This will include a brief review of the surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the key landmarks used to identify the nerve during surgery. Part 2 will describe how to perform the standardized nerve monitoring in a step by step fashion during thyroid surgery which will diminish variable results and misleading information associated with a nonstandardized nerve monitoring procedure.
Biocompatible Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(L‐histidine) Hybrid Materials for pH‐Sensitive Intracellular Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Johnson Renjith P. , Jeong Young‐Il , Choi Eunji , Chung Chung‐Wook , Kang Dae Hwan , Oh Sae‐Ock , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA series of synthetic polymer bioconjugate hybrid materials consisting of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p(HEMA)) and poly(l‐histidine) (p(His)) are synthesized by combining atom transfer radical polymerization of HEMA with ring opening polymerization of benzyl‐N‐carboxy‐L‐histidine anhydride. The resulting biocompatible and membranolytic p(HEMA)25‐b‐p(His)n (n = 15, 25, 35, and 45) polymers are investigated for their use as pH‐sensitive drug‐carrier for tumor targeting. Doxorubicin (Dox) is encapsulated in nanosized micelles fabricated by a self‐assembly process and delivered under different pH conditions. Micelle size is characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Dox release is investigated according to pH, demonstrating the release is sensitive to pH. Antitumor activity of the released Dox is assessed using the HCT 116 human colon carcinoma cell line. Dox released from the p(HEMA)‐b‐p(His) micelles remains biologically active and has the dose‐dependent capability to kill cancer cells at acidic pH. The p(HEMA)‐b‐p(His) hybrid materials are capable of self‐assembling into nanomicelles and effectively encapsulating the chemotherapeutic agent Dox, which allows them to serve as suitable carriers of drug molecules for tumor targeting.
Counting quantum fluctuations of particle density
Authors: Rammer J. , Shelankov A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMethods of charge projectors using special gauge transformations for tagging particles are presented. Such engineering of a many‐body wave function allows extracting information regarding properties of a physical system beyond average values. The method is first used to establish under which circumstances the properties of particle currents can be understood as discrete transfers of particles from one region to another. Next, the method is extended to show that in a tunnel junction coupled to a two‐level system, the transmission of electrical noise causes decoherence and thereby a projective measurement of the two‐level system as encoded by the amount of tunnelled charge. Finally the method is extended to deal with the exceptional circumstance where a measurement on a system with a large number of particles gives macroscopically distinguishable outcomes that are unpredictable, the observed interference pattern of interfering BEC's.
Von “Kaffeeringen” lernen: geordnete Strukturen durch Selbstorganisation bei kontrollierter Verdunstung
Authors: Han Wei , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTrocknende Lösungen sind nicht nur ein Modell für die Untersuchung des Verdunstungsvorgangs an sich, sondern sie lassen sich auch nutzen, um nichtflüchtige gelöste Stoffe zu komplexen geordneten Strukturen im Submikrometermaßstab und darüber zu aggregieren. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt aktuelle Fortschritte bei der Verdunstungsaggregation aus räumlich eingeschränkten Lösungen mit besonderem Augenmerk auf neuen präparativen Ansätzen zur Herstellung von Strukturen mit höchster Regelmäßigkeit aus Polymeren, Nanopartikeln und Biomaterialien über kontrollierte verdunstungsgetriebene strömungsunterstützte Selbstorganisation. Die Abscheidung kann über verschiedene Variablen kontrolliert werden. Schließlich wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen auf diesem faszinierenden Gebiet gegeben.
Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties of 5,7,14,16‐Tetraphenyl‐8:9,12:13‐bisbenzo‐hexatwistacene
Authors: Xiao Jinchong , Liu Shuwei , Liu Yi , Ji Li , Liu Xuewei , Zhang Hua , Sun Xiaowei , Zhang Qichun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA novel compound, 5,7,14,16‐tetraphenyl‐8:9,12:13‐bisbenzo‐hexatwistacene (TBH), has been successfully synthesized through a retro‐Diels–Alder reaction. Single‐crystal structure analysis indicated that TBH has a twisted configuration with a torsion angle of 27.34°. The HOMO–LUMO gap of TBH calculated from the difference between the half‐wave redox potentials (E1/2ox=+0.40 eV and E1/2red=−1.78 eV) is 2.18 eV, which is in good agreement with the band gap (2.19 eV) derived from the UV/Vis absorption data. In addition, organic light‐emitting devices using TBH as emitter have been fabricated. The results revealed that TBH is a promising red light‐emitting candidate for applications in organic light‐emitting diodes.
High‐Performance Organic Materials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Triarylene‐Linked Dyads with a 4‐tert‐Butylphenylamine Donor
Authors: Chang Yuan Jay , Chou Po‐Ting , Lin Szu‐Yu , Watanabe Motonori , Liu Zhi‐Qian , Lin Ju‐Ling , Chen Kew‐Yu , Sun Shih‐Sheng , Liu Ching‐Yang , Chow Tahsin J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA series of organic dyes were prepared that displayed remarkable solar‐to‐energy conversion efficiencies in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These dyes are composed of a 4‐tert‐butylphenylamine donor group (D), a cyanoacrylic‐acid acceptor group (A), and a phenylene‐thiophene‐phenylene (PSP) spacer group, forming a D‐π‐A system. A dye containing a bulky tert‐butylphenylene‐substituted carbazole (CB) donor group showed the highest performance, with an overall conversion efficiency of 6.70 %. The performance of the device was correlated to the structural features of the donor groups; that is, the presence of a tert‐butyl group can not only enhance the electron‐donating ability of the donor, but can also suppress intermolecular aggregation. A typical device made with the CB‐PSP dye afforded a maximum photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 80 % in the region 400–480 nm, a short‐circuit photocurrent density Jsc=14.63 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit photovoltage Voc=0.685 V, and a fill factor FF=0.67. When chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was used as a co‐absorbent, the open‐circuit voltage of CB‐PSP was elevated significantly, yet the overall performance decreased by 16–18 %. This result indicated that the presence of 4‐tert‐butylphenyl substituents can effectively inhibit self‐aggregation, even without CDCA.
Local wavelet‐vaguelette‐based functional classification of gene expression data
Authors: Rincón Hidalgo Margarita M. , Ruiz‐Medina María Dolores 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on the problem of functional statistical classification of gene expression curves. A local‐wavelet‐vaguelette‐based functional logistic regression approach is presented. This approach is specially suitable for the classification of non‐stationary singular (non‐differentiable) curves. The performance of the methodology proposed is illustrated by implementing it for the classification of yeast cell‐cycle temporal gene expression profiles. A simulation study is also carried out for comparison with other functional classification methodologies.
A length‐based hierarchical model of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) growth and production
Authors: Lecomte Jean‐Baptiste , Laplanche Christophe 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe present a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) to estimate the growth parameters, production, and production over biomass ratio (P/B) of resident brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) populations. The data which are required to run the model are removal sampling and air temperature data which are conveniently gathered by freshwater biologists. The model is the combination of eight submodels: abundance, weight, biomass, growth, growth rate, time of emergence, water temperature, and production. Abundance is modeled as a mixture of Gaussian cohorts; cohorts centers and standard deviations are related by a von Bertalanffy growth function; time of emergence and growth rate are functions of water temperature; water temperature is predicted from air temperature; biomass, production, andP/Bare subsequently computed. We illustrate the capabilities of the model by investigating the growth and production of a brown trout population (Neste d'Oueil, Pyrénées, France) by using data collected in the field from 2005 to 2010.
Interactions of Multicationic Bis(guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole) Receptors with Double‐Stranded Nucleic Acids: Syntheses, Binding Studies, and Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
Authors: Klemm Karsten , Radić Stojković Marijana , Horvat Gordan , Tomišić Vladislav , Piantanida Ivo , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCompounds1–3, composed of two guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole moieties linked by oligoamide bridges and differing in number and type of basic groups, were prepared. The sites and degree of protonation of1–3depend strongly on the pH value. The interactions of these compounds with several double‐stranded (ds) DNA and dsRNA were investigated by means of UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy as well as isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC). These studies revealed that the binding of1–3to the polynucleotides is driven by three factors, the presence of aliphatic amino groups, the protonation state of the compounds, and the steric properties of the polynucleotide binding site, that is, the shape and structure of their grooves. The results obtained by all applied methods consistently indicated that receptors1–3bind to the minor groove of DNA, but, by contrast, to the major groove of RNA. Additionally, it was shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging that upon interaction of compound2with calf thymus (ct) DNA induced aggregation of the DNA occurs, leading to pronounced changes in its secondary structure.
On the Cl⋅⋅⋅N Halogen Bond: A Rotational Study of CF3Cl⋅⋅⋅NH3
Authors: Feng Gang , Evangelisti Luca , Gasparini Nicola , Caminati Walther 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe rotational spectra of six isotopologues (CF335Cl⋅⋅⋅14NH3, CF337Cl⋅⋅⋅14NH3, CF335Cl⋅⋅⋅15NH3, CF337Cl⋅⋅⋅15NH3, CF335Cl⋅⋅⋅14ND3 and CF337Cl⋅⋅⋅14ND3) of the CF3Cl⋅⋅⋅NH3 adduct have been investigated and analyzed by pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Rotational, centrifugal distortion and quadrupole (35Cl, 37Cl, 14N) coupling constants have been precisely obtained. The two subunits of the complex are held together via a Cl⋅⋅⋅N halogen bond interaction. Information on the internal dynamics and on the dissociation energy of the complex is provided.
Coordination Polymers Based on [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)]: Solid‐State Structure and MAS NMR Studies
Authors: Dielmann Fabian , Schindler Andrea , Scheuermayer Sabine , Bai Junfeng , Merkle Roger , Zabel Manfred , Virovets Alexander V. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Brunklaus Gunther , Eckert Hellmut , Scheer Manfred 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSlow diffusion reactions of the pentaphosphaferrocene [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5 (1)) with CuX (X=Cl, Br, I) in different stoichiometric ratios and solvent mixtures result in the formation of one‐ and two‐dimensional polymeric compounds 2–6 with molecular formula [{Cu(μ‐X)}{Cp*Fe(μ3,η5:η1:η1‐P5)}]n (X=Cl (2 a), I (2′c)), [{Cu(μ‐I)}{Cp*Fe(μ3,η5:η1:η1‐P5)}]n (3), [{CuX}{Cp*Fe(μ4,η5:η1:η1:η1‐P5)}]n (X=Cl (4 a), Br (4 b), I (4 c), Br (4′b), I (4′c)), [{Cu3(μ‐I)2(μ3‐I)}{Cp*Fe(μ5,η5:η1:η1:η1:η1‐P5)}]n (5) and [{Cu4(μ‐X)4(CH3CN)}{Cp*Fe(μ7,η5:η2:η1:η1:η1:η1:η1‐P5)}]n (X=Cl (6 a), Br (6 b)), respectively. The polymeric compounds have been characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and, for selected examples, by magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. The solid‐state structures demonstrate the versatile coordination modes of the cyclo‐P5 ligand of 1, extending from two to five coordinating phosphorus atoms in either σ or σ‐and‐π fashion. In compounds 2 a, 2′c and 3, two phosphorus atoms of 1 coordinate to copper atoms in a 1,2 coordination mode (2 a, 2′c) and an unprecedented 1,3 coordination mode (3) to form one‐dimensional polymers. Compounds 4 a–c, 4′b, 4′c and 5 represent two‐dimensional coordination polymers. In compounds 4, three phosphorus atoms coordinate to copper atoms in a 1,2,4 coordination mode, whereas in 5 the cyclo‐P5 ligand binds in an unprecedented 1,2,3,4 coordination mode. The crystal structures of 6 a,b display a tilted tube, in which all P atoms of the cyclo‐P5 ligand are coordinated to copper atoms in σ‐ and π‐bonding modes.
Synthesis and Anti‐tumor Evaluation of B‐ring Modified Caged Xanthone Analogues of Gambogic Acid
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Xiaojin , Wang Xiaojian , Li Nianguang , Lin Changjun , Gao Yuan , Yu Zhuoqin , Guo Qinglong , You Qidong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGambogic acid (GA, 1), the most prominent member of Garcinia natural products, has been reported to be a promising anti‐tumor agent. Previous studies have suggested that the planar B ring and the unique 4‐oxa‐tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]dec‐2‐one caged motif were essential for anti‐tumor activity. To further explore the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) of caged Garcinia xanthones, two new series of B‐ring modified caged GA analogues 13a–13e and 15a–15e were synthesized utilizing a Claisen/Diel‐Alder cascade reaction. Subsequently, these compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti‐tumor activities against A549, MCF‐7, SMMC‐7721 and BGC‐823 cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Among them, 13b–13e exhibited micromolar inhibition against several cancer cell lines, being approximately 2–4 fold less potent in comparison to GA. SAR analysis revealed that the peripheral gem‐dimethyl groups are essential for maintaining anti‐tumor activity and substituent group on C1 position of B‐ring has a significant effect on potency, while modifications at C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 positions are relatively tolerated. These findings will enhance our understanding of the SAR of Garcinia xanthones and lead to the development of simplified analogues as potential anti‐tumor agents.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Disparlure
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Zheng Jianfeng , Huang Peiqiang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStarting from propargyl alcohol (12), and on the basis of Zhou's modified Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, the sex pheromone of the Gypsy moth, disparlure (+)‐8 and its enantiomer (−)‐8 have been synthesized, each in six steps, with overall yields of 29% for (+)‐8 and 27% for (−)‐8 (ee>98%). The use of the sequential coupling tactic renders the method flexible, which is applicable to the synthesis of other cis‐epoxy pheromones.
Experimente alternativ dokumentieren
Authors: Groß Katharina , Reiners Christiane S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSeit vielen Jahren, insbesondere seit der Veröffentlichung der PISA Ergebnisse, wird von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern ein bewussterer und differenzierterer Umgang mit der Heterogenität von Lerngruppen im (Chemie‐) Unterricht gefordert. In den Blick geraten zahlreiche Differenzierungsmöglichkeiten, die versuchen, den individuellen Schüler entsprechend seiner entwicklungs‐ und lernpsychologischen Voraussetzungen in seinem Lernen optimal zu fördern. Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung und Implementierung geeigneter Differenzierungsmaßnahmen ist die Fähigkeit der Lehrenden, die Lernfähigkeiten und ‐schwierigkeiten der Lernenden diagnostizieren zu können. Demnach ist die ganzheitliche Diagnose ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Lehrerkompetenz. Neben dem Regelunterricht (formales Lernen) bieten auch außerschulische Aktivitäten (informelles bzw. nicht‐formales Lernen, wie z. B. Wettbewerbe, Schülerexperimentiertage u. ä.) für die Lehrenden die Möglichkeit, Diagnosefähigkeiten zu entwickeln und geeignete Differenzierungsmaßnahmen zu erproben und zu evaluieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt ein Projekt, dessen kurzfristiges Ziel es ist, alternative Formen für die Dokumentation von Experimenten als Differenzierungsmaßnahmen zu erproben. Langfristig zielt das Projekt darauf ab, diese Differenzierungsmaßnahmen auch im Hinblick auf ihre Eignung als Diagnoseinstrument zu hinterfragen und damit einen Beitrag zur Förderung der diagnostischen Kompetenz in der Lehrerbildung zu leisten.
Evaluation of Two Low‐Cost–High‐Performance Adsorbent Materials in the Waste‐to‐Product Approach for the Removal of Pesticides from Drinking Water
Authors: Thuy Pham Thi , Anh Nguyen Viet , van der Bruggen Bart 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study evaluates the performance of two low cost and high performance adsorption materials, i.e., activated carbon produced from two natural waste products: Bamboo and coconut shell, in the removal of three pesticides from drinking water sources. Due to the fact that bamboo and coconut shell are abundant and inexpensive materials in many parts of the world, they respond to the “low‐cost” aspect. The adsorption capacities of two local adsorbents have been compared with commercial activated carbon to explore their potential to respond to the “high quality” aspect. Two pesticides were selected, namely dieldrin and chlorpyrifos, because they are commonly used in agriculture activities, and may remain in high concentrations in surface water used as drinking water sources. The results indicate that the adsorption of pesticides on activated carbons is influenced by physico‐chemical properties of the activated carbon and the pesticides such as the presence of an aromatic ring, and their molar mass. The activated carbon produced from bamboo can be employed as low‐cost and high performance adsorbent, alternative to commercial activated carbon for the removal of pesticides during drinking water production. The performance of activated carbon from bamboo was better due to its relatively large macroporosity and planar surface. The effect of adsorbent and pesticide characteristics on the performance was derived from batch experiments in which the adsorption behavior was studied on the basis of Freundlich isotherms.
Selective Agonists for Dopamine/Neurotensin Receptor Heterodimers
Authors: Koschatzky Susanne , Gmeiner Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe neuromodulatory peptide neurotensin has been described to functionally interact with dopaminergic pathways of the human brain. We employed radioligand binding studies to investigate the physical interaction between co‐expressed dopamine D2L or D3 and neurotensin NTS1 or NTS2 receptors. Substantial cross‐inhibitory effects of both receptor subtypes NTS1 and NTS2 on the agonist binding of D2L or D3 were detected in the presence of neurotensin. To identify ligand‐specific modulation and subtype‐dependent differences, the novel dopamine receptor agonists 5 and 6 bearing the 7‐OH‐DPAT pharmacophore were synthesized. Exceptional ligand specificity was observed for D3–NTS2 co‐expression, which gave a 20‐fold decrease in affinity for biphenylcarboxamide 5 in the presence of neurotensin. Comparing the binding properties of dopaminergic compounds in the presence of neurotensin, dopamine receptor subtype‐selective profiles of the cross‐inhibitory effect of neurotensin were observed.