bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Modulation on an RF Discharge in Silane and on the Deposited a-Si:H
Authors: Overzet L. J. , Verdeyen J. T. , Roth R. M. , Carasco F. F. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe time evolution of the electron density and the optical emission intensity in response to a square wave modulated RF excitation of helium-silane mixtures has been studied and compared to that for the more conventional CW discharge. In addition, the films deposited from CW and modulated RF glows have-been compared on the basis of absorption coefficients and photoconductivities. Films deposited from modulated glows at substrate temperatures below 200°C have significantly smaller optical bandgaps than those deposited from comparable CW discharges. The bulk electron density in the modulated discharge undergoes a complex temporal variation and its time average value can be significantly larger than that in the CW glow despite the lower average power. A dissociative attachment process involving silane radicals, SiHn (n = 1 to 3), is identified as the most probable cause.
The Relationship Between Emission Spectroscopy and Optical Properties of Amorphous Carbon Films
Authors: Roth Richard M. , Jarman Richard H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTEmission from CH and H radicals was monitored during the deposition of amorphous carbon films in a capacitively coupled rf glow discharge. Both the spectral and spatial distributions of the emission were studied. The relative intensity of the CH and H emission was found to be sensitive to changes in discharge parameters. Preliminary results indicate a correlation between the ratios of the CH to H emission intensities and the optical properties of the deposited films.
Plasma Studies in Vacuum ARC Remelting
Authors: Williamson Rodney L. , Zanner Frank. J. , Bertram Lee A. , Peebles Henry C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe visible and UV plasma emissions from a metal vapor arc were studied during vacuum arc remelting of 165 mm diameter Inconel 718 electrodes using emission spectroscopy. Internal energy distributions of a number of emitting species were analyzed using Boltzmann statistics. Analysis of the data yielded distribution “temperatures” ranging from 5,400 K to 8,200 K for the neutral atomic arc species, whereas values of 12,200 K to 17,500 K were obtained for singly ionized species. These values illustrate that the arc is not in a state of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The excited state densities of various arc constituents were measured and it was found that highly volatile alloy trace components, such as Mn, were present in the arc in dispro-portionately high concentrations. These data suggest that ionized evaporates play an important role in carrying current between the electrodes.
High Power Glow Discharge Using Gas Injection Multiple Porous Electrodes
Authors: Harry J. E. , Evans D. R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTGlow discharges have been operated at power inputs of 25 kW at 50 mb and discharge currents up to 2 A at gas flow rates of up to 0.04 kg/s in a 100 mm diameter cavity 0.5 m long. This has been made possible by the use of multiple anodes and cathodes combined with gas injection at the porous anodes. Power loading in excess of 700 kW/kg/s have been achieved. The power density of the gas (W/m3) and the current at which the glow to arc transition occurs scaled with both the number of electrode pairs and the gas flow rate through the porous anodes over the range of investigation.
Melting Phenomena of Several Nickel Base Alloys in a Plasma Jet Operating at Low Pressure
Authors: Smith Ronald W. , Apelian Diran 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe modeling of powders melting in a plasma jet has received increasing attention as the plasma spraying is being developed to produce high density, high performance materials. These models are being used to predict process capability for melting powders and to develop plasma processing parameters for complete particle melting. Most models assume splherical powder particles which heat and melt uniformly during their travel in the plasma jet. The results of this research indicate this assumption may be invalid. Several experiments conducted to evaluate the melting behavior of nickel and nickel alloy powders (Ni,Ni2OCu, Ni2OCr, Ni5O Cr, Rene'80) are presented.
Multiple Paternity within Field-Collected Egg Cases of the Praying MantidTenodera aridifolia
Authors: Watanabe Eisuke , Adachi-Hagimori Tetsuya , Miura Kazuki , Maxwell Michael R , Ando Yoshikazu , Takematsu Yoko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe developed microsatellite loci to examine the occurrence of multiple paternity in the praying mantid Tenodera aridifolia Stoll, as inferred from the genotypes of the progeny within field-collected oothecae (egg cases). The microsatellite locus MTA, developed from field-caught mantids, was found to have three alleles (A, B, and C) among &gt;600 hatchlings from 18 oothecae from two locations in Japan. Of the 18 oothecae, two show clear evidence of multiple sires, two show equivocal evidence of multiple sires, and the remaining 14 do not show evidence of multiple sires. Thirteen of the latter 14 oothecae are exclusively homozygous, with all progeny being of the same genotype (BB). Although the exclusively homozygous oothecae suggest a high incidence of monogamy in these field populations, we caution that we probably underestimated the incidence of multiple paternity, given our use of one locus with three alleles. This study is the first genetic investigation of field-collected progeny of a sexually cannibalistic species, as well as the first demonstration of multiple paternity in nature for a sexually cannibalistic species.
Effects of Predators and Injury Over Different Time Scales in the Damselfly Ischnura posita (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
Authors: Sesterhenn Timothy M 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Sublethal appendage injury or loss has been shown to alter many behaviors of animals, including foraging and predation avoidance. But most studies of this phenomenon to date have been short-term in scope, and longer term studies may produce different results as seen in some studies on predator effects. Larval damselflies routinely autotomize their caudal lamellae and encounter predators, making them ideal for comparisons of short-term and longer term effects of appendage loss and predator exposure. In this study, I examined activity and foraging of larval Ischnura posita (Hagen) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), testing for effects of lamella loss and predator cues both in the short term (1 h) and the longer term (8 d). I predicted that both predators and injury would decrease activity and foraging for a short time and that these effects would diminish over time. Results indicated that only the most severe injuries affected foraging, delaying first prey capture when no predator was present; but injury did not affect total prey caught. In the 1-h experiment, damselflies had lower activity in the presence of predator cues, with no effect of injury, whereas the 8-day experiment showed no effect of predator cues on activity. I did not find a major effect of injury or predator cues on activity or foraging of larval damselflies; no effects were detectable over the entire 8-d study. I conclude that the ecological implications of such injuries in nature may often be negligible.
Genetic Basis Regulating the Sex Pheromone Blend in Ostrinia zealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Its Allies Inferred from Crossing Experiments
Authors: Tabata J , Ishikawa Y 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
To gain insight into the genetic basis of the divergence of sex pheromone signals in the genus Ostrinia, we conducted crossing experiments between three congeners: Ostrinia zealis (Guenée), Ostrinia zaguliaevi Mutuura & Munroe, and Ostrinia sp. near zaguliaevi. Female sex pheromones of the three species are comprised of three common components—(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate—blended at species-specific ratios: 70:24:6 in O. zealis, 45:5:50 in O. zaguliaevi, and 19:6:75 in O. sp. near zaguliaevi. The differences between O. zealis and O. zaguliaevi blends, and O. zealis and O. sp. near zaguliaevi blends, could be explained by a single autosomal locus with three alleles. However, sex chromosomal as well as autosomal genes should be taken into consideration to explain the difference between O. zaguliaevi and O. sp. near zaguliaevi blends. From analyses of the fatty acyl precursors of pheromone components, it seems that these genetic factors are involved in the last steps of pheromone biosynthesis including reduction. The process of divergence of pheromone components in the genus Ostrinia is discussed with reference to the findings of previous studies.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Relictualism of Rock-Crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in Cave and Mountain Habitats of Korea
Authors: Schoville Sean D , Kim Byung-Woo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRock-crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in northeastern Asia are low-vagility insects that are restricted to cool temperate forests and mountainous regions. Morphologically distinguishable species are similar ecologically and show narrow endemism and a patchy distribution. As a result, grylloblattids are hypothesized to be relict species that have persisted in situ over long periods of climatic and geological change (Storozhenko and Oliger 1984). We investigate whether the diversification pattern of Asian grylloblattids reflects long-term persistence and divergence due to geological events, or more recent diversification in response to climatic change. Using multilocus genetic data, we examine the phylogenetic relationship to other Asian Grylloblattidae and the geographic pattern of diversification of Korean rock-crawlers, Galloisiana Caudell & King (1924) and Namkungia Storozhenko & Park (2002). Our analysis reveals a monophyletic grouping of Korean species, with multiple cryptic lineages and restricted geographical distributions. Based on genetic data, Korean species are closely related to Japanese Galloisiana. Using a Bayesian relaxed clock model calibrated with a mitochondrial substitution rate, the age of the most recent common ancestor of the Korean—Japanese lineage is estimated within the Miocene epoch. This provides evidence for a diversification event closely tied to the geological events separating the Japanese archipelago from the Korean peninsula.
Discovery of a New Gall-Inducing Species in the Inquiline Tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): Inconsistent Implications from Biology and Morphology
Authors: Abe Y , Ide T , Wachi N 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A new gall-inducing species of the inquiline tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), Synergus itoensis Abe, Ide & Wachi, sp. nov., from Japan is described. The morphological features of the adult clearly indicate that this new species is assigned to the genus Synergus Hartig, 1840, and members of Synergini have all been known as inquilines to date. Field observation showed that adult emergence of this gall wasp from acorns of the evergreen oak, Quercus (Cyclobalanopsis) glauca Thunberg, on the ground is well synchronized with the rapid growth period of fresh acorns in late summer. A rearing experiment demonstrated gall induction by S. itoensis in the seed coat of the acorn of Q. (C.) glauca under field conditions. Moreover, the occurrence of arrhenotoky in this gall wasp and lack of a significant effect of gall induction on acorn size were indicated. Judging from the inconsistency of biological and morphological features in S. itoensis, gall-inducing ability might have been regained within Synergini. The advantages and disadvantages of gall induction in acorns are discussed.
Current Trends in Finite‐Time Thermodynamics
Authors: Andresen Bjarne 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe cornerstone of finite‐time thermodynamics is all about the price of haste and how to minimize it. Reversible processes may be ultimately efficient, but they are unrealistically slow. In all situations—chemical, mechanical, economical—we pay extra to get the job done quickly. Finite‐time thermodynamics can be used to develop methods to limit that extra expenditure, be it in energy, entropy production, money, or something entirely different. Finite‐time thermodynamics also includes methods to calculate the optimal path or mode of operation to achieve this minimal expenditure. The concept is to place the system of interest in contact with a time‐varying environment which will coax the system along the desired path, much like guiding a horse along by waving a carrot in front of it.
Antidiabetic effects of duodenojejunal bypass in an experimental model of diabetes induced by a high-fat diet
Authors: Woods M , Lan Z , Li J , Wheeler M B , Wang H , Wang R 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Obese patients with type II diabetes who undergo bariatric surgery revert to normal blood glucose and insulin levels, and develop a dramatic increase in insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. This study characterized pancreatic islet and duodenojejunal enteroendocrine cells in normal mice and those with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) following duodenojejunal bypass (DJB).

Methods
C57BL/6J mice, fed for 8 weeks either a normal diet (n = 10) or a HFD (n = 10) resulting in a hyperglycaemic state, underwent DJB (connection of the distal end of the jejunum to the distal stomach and direction of biliopancreatic secretions to the distal jejunum). Metabolic and immunohistological analyses were carried out on the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.

Results
A significant decrease in fasting blood glucose was observed in normal-DJB and HFD-DJB mice 1 week after the operation, with improved glucose tolerance at 4 weeks. There were no changes in pancreatic β-cell mass, but an increase in the ratio of α-cell to β-cell mass was observed in the DJB groups. Furthermore, the number of cells expressing Pdx-1, glucagon-like peptide 1, pancreatic polypeptide and synaptophysin was increased in the bypassed duodenum and/or gastrojejunum of the DJB groups.

Conclusion
Both normal and obese diabetic mice that underwent DJB displayed improved glucose tolerance and a reduction in fasting blood glucose, which mimicked findings in obese diabetic patients following bariatric surgery. The present data suggest that an increase in specific enteroendocrine cell populations may play a critical role in normalizing glucose homeostasis.
Considering her circumstances: How ethnicity and cultural relativist arguments affect sexual harassment judgments by undergraduate and community mock jurors
Authors: Schwartz Samantha L. , Hunt Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost research on sexual harassment has involved undergraduate students and European Americans, whose perspectives may not be representative of the broader population. This study investigated whether judgments of a sexual harassment trial vary by plaintiff ethnicity (European American or Latin American), type of sample (undergraduates or community members) and mock juror ethnicity (European American or Latin American). We also tested the effects of a cultural relativist argument about Latin American cultural values influencing the plaintiff. Results indicated that community and Latin American mock jurors rendered more pro‐plaintiff verdicts, particularly when the case did not include a cultural relativist argument. Although the cultural relativist argument did not affect undergraduates' judgments, it caused a backlash among community members, leading to more pro‐defendant verdicts. Judgments across type of sample and mock juror ethnicity were partially mediated by self‐referencing and hostile sexism; affiliation with Latin American culture also predicted judgments of the Latina American plaintiff. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schematics Trainer: An interactive computer tool to study schematic diagrams in engineering education
Authors: Pando Cerra Pablo , Higuera Garrido Alberto , Fombona Cadavieco Javier , González Lamar Diego 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe use of schematic diagrams is very common in many subjects of engineering education because it unequivocally permits establishing the dependency relationships among the different elements of the circuit. This article presents an interactive software that helps students to study and design them by means of CAD tools and a self‐correction module. Results obtained with its evaluation within university studies can positively assess the integration of the application into teaching methodologies related to the design and drawing of schematic diagrams. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 99–109, 2014
In vitro evaluation of the safe margin, antithrombotic and antiproliferative actions for the treatment of restenosis: Nitric oxide donor and polymers
Authors: Sorragi Cláudia de Lourdes , Shishido Silvia Mika , Lemos Maria Edwiges , Marcondes Sissi , Antunes Edson , Krieger Marta H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents (DES) were developed to combat the problem of in‐stent restenosis, and evaluating the biological activity from DES systems is critical for its safety and efficacy. To test the cytotoxicity of nitric oxide (NO) donor‐containing polymers for their potential use in DES applications, S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or in combination with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in an aqueous polymeric solution (PVA/PVP/GSNO) was investigated using Balb/c 3T3 and Rabbit arterial smooth muscle (RASM) cells. The sensitivity of 3T3 cells to the cytotoxicity effects induced by GSNO was higher than that of RASM cells, while RASM cells were more susceptible to alterations in membrane permeability. Cell growth assays showed that GSNO and PVA/PVP/GSNO induced antiproliferative effects in RASM cells. Moreover, the presence of polymers can reduce the cytotoxicity and enhance the antiproliferative effects of GSNO. Dose‐dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation was similar for both PVA/PVP/GSNO (EC50 of 3.4 ± 2.3 µM) and GSNO (EC50 of 2.8 ± 1.1 µM) solutions. Platelet adhesion assays showed that the inhibition caused by GSNO (EC50 of 5.0 mM) was dependent on the presence of plasma. These results demonstrate that the methodology adopted here is suitable to establish safety margins and evaluate the antithrombotic potential and antiproliferative effects of NO‐eluting biomaterials and polymeric solutions for the new cardiovascular devices, and also to emphasize the importance of using more specific cell lines in these evaluations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Organoxenon Dications in the Reactions of Xenon with Dications Derived from Toluene
Authors: Zins Emilie‐Laure , Milko Petr , Schröder Detlef , Aysina Julia , Ascenzi Daniela , Žabka Jan , Alcaraz Christian , Price Stephen D. , Roithová Jana 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe bimolecular reactivity of xenon with C7Hn2+ dications (n=6–8), generated by double ionization of toluene using both electrons and synchrotron radiation, is studied by means of a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer. Under these experimental conditions, the formation of the organoxenon dications C7H6Xe2+ and C7H7Xe2+ is observed to occur by termolecular collisional stabilization. Detailed experimental and theoretical studies show that the formation of C7H6Xe2++H2 from doubly ionized toluene (C7H82+) and xenon occurs as a slightly endothermic, direct substitution of dihydrogen by the rare gas with an expansion to a seven‐membered ring structure as the crucial step. For the most stable isomer of C7H6Xe2+, an adduct between the cycloheptatrienyldiene dication and xenon, the computed binding energy of 1.36 eV reaches the strength of (weak) covalent bonds. Accordingly, electrophiles derived from carbenes might be particularly promising candidates in the search for new rare‐gas compounds.
Electronic Coupling through Intramolecular π–π Interactions in Biscobaltocenes: A Structural, Spectroscopic, and Magnetic Study
Authors: Pagels Nils , Albrecht Ole , Görlitz Detlef , Rogachev Andrey Y. , Prosenc Marc H. , Heck Jürgen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe paramagnetic dinuclear complexes 1,8‐bis(cobaltocenyl)naphthalene (2) and 1,8‐bis[(pentamethyl‐η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η5‐cyclopentadiendiyl)cobalt(II)]naphthalene (4) were synthesized. The molecular structures were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis and consisted of two cobaltocenes linked through a distorted naphthalene clamp. Electronic interactions between the two cobalt atoms were observed by cyclic voltammetric studies. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements of the pure compounds and diluted in their diamagnetic iron derivatives, as well as variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy experiments in solution are presented. Magnetic measurements revealed an antiferromagnetic coupling of the electrons in complexes 2 and 4. From NMR spectroscopy experiments, Curie behavior in the temperature range from −60 to +60 °C can be deduced. The electronic structure and magnetic behavior is supported by results of broken‐symmetry DFT and multireference calculations along with UV/Vis spectroscopic data, which revealed an intramolecular through space π–π interaction between the cobaltocene units.
Evaluation of an injectable silk fibroin enhanced calcium phosphate cement loaded with human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in ovine lumbar interbody fusion
Authors: Gu Yong , Chen Liang , Yang Hui‐Lin , Luo Zong‐Ping , Tang Tian‐Si 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an injectable calcium phosphate cement/silk fibroin/human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein‐2 composite (CPC/SF/rhBMP‐2) in an ovine interbody fusion model. Twenty‐four mature sheep underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion at the levels of L1/2, L3/4, and L5/6 with random implantation of CPC/SF, CPC/rhBMP‐2, CPC/SF/rhBMP‐2, or autogenous iliac bone. After the sheep were sacrificed, the fusion segments were evaluated by manual palpation, CT scan, undestructive biomechanical testing, undecalcified histology, and histomorphology. The fusion rates of CPC/SF/rhBMP‐2 were 55.56% and 77.78% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The fusion was superior to all the biomaterial grafts in stiffness, and reached the same stiffness as the autograft at 12 months. The new bone formation was less than autograft at 6 months, but similar with that at 12 months. However, the ceramic residue volume of CPC/SF/rhBMP‐2 was significantly decreased compared with CPC/SF and CPC/rhBMP‐2 at both times. The results indicated that CPC/SF/rhBMP‐2 composite had excellent osteoconduction and osteoinduction, and balanced degradation and osteogenesis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Interannual variations of tropical cyclone activity over the north Indian Ocean
Authors: Ng Eric K. W. , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn examination of the interannual variations of tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the North Indian Ocean during 1983–2008 has been carried out. The results suggest that instead of local sea surface temperatures, such variations, at least over the Bay of Bengal (BB) during October‐November‐December (OND), can be attributed to similar variations in the atmospheric flow patterns and moist static energy that are apparently forced largely by the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In an El Niño year, conditions for TC genesis and development, including 850‐hPa relative vorticity, 200–850‐hPa vertical shear of zonal wind, moist static energy, 500‐hPa zonal wind, 500‐hPa and 850‐hPa geopotential height and 200‐hPa divergence, are generally less favourable in BB and fewer intense cyclones are observed during OND. The reverse occurs during a La Niña event. However, causes of the variability of TC activity over BB during April‐May‐June and that over Arabian Sea have yet to be found, which may be due to the small sample size. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society