bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of separation plus acidification with nitric acid and separation plus dilution to make cattle slurry a balanced, efficient fertilizer for grass and silage
Authors: Stevens R. J. , Laughlin R. J. , Frost J. P. , Anderson R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCombinations of treatments of cattle slurry, which have previously been shown to have lowered ammonia volatilization by 75% of that from whole slurry, were compared in a field experiment with perennial ryegrass at the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough in 1990. Whole slurry and slurries obtained by separation through screens with mesh sizes of 5·0, 3·0, 1·1 and 0·4mm were acidified with 1·4% by volume of 10M nitric acid. Slurries separated through 5·0 and 0·4 mm meshes were diluted 100% and 50% respectively by volume with water and amended with calcium nitrate to supply the same amount of nitrogen as the nitric acid. All slurry combinations were surface-applied at 100 kg (NH4+-N + NO3−-N)/ha to different plots on three occasions during the growing season. Volatilization of ammonia was measured on adjacent plots using ventilated enclosures. By comparison with inorganic fertilizer treatments, assessments were made of the efficiency of slurry nitrogen for herbage production, the fertilizer value of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in the slurry, and the effects of slurry on silage quality.The mean ammonia volatilization over all applications of acidified slurries was 17% of that from whole slurry. The two separation plus dilution treatments, however, only lowered volatilization to about half of that from whole slurry. Within separation plus acidification treatments, the trend was for dry matter yield and nitrogen offtake to increase as mesh size decreased down to 1.1 mm. For slurries separated through 5·0 and 0·4 mm meshes, the effect of the additional dilution treatment on dry matter yield and nitrogen offtake was similar to the effect of acidification. Efficiency of nitrogen offtake over all three cuts, relative to inorganic fertilizer nitrogen, was 54% for acidified whole slurry and 88% for slurry separated through a 1·1 mm mesh and acidified. Denitrification in nitric-acid amended slurries and sward contamination from slurry solids may have been responsible for lowering nitrogen efficiency.Chemical analyses of herbage showed that the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur from the slurry treatments were comparable to those in herbage receiving the recommended rates of inorganic fertilizers and were sufficient for optimum yield. Slurry application had a detrimental effect on the fermentation quality of the ensiled herbage. Chemical analyses indicated that fermentations from two slurry treatments at the first cut and all slurry treatments at the third cut were poorer than those on treatments receiving the equivalent rate of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen.
The Effects of Rainfall and Temperature on Percolation Through Drain Gauges
Authors: Koshal R. S. , Fisher R. A. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Partial regression equations representing the average drainage observed in any month in terms of the temperature and rainfall of that month, and including terms representing the mean secular rate of change of the drainage discharge and of its regression coefficients on rainfall and temperature, have been fitted to the thirty-six series of observations provided by the three Rothamsted drain gauges in the twelve months of the year.2. An account is given of adequate and direct numerical methods of handling equations involving observed quantities, and chosen functions of them, as independent variates, and of calculating standard errors appropriate to the several sorts of comparison which are to be made.3. In the absence of direct knowledge of the amount of water contained from time to time in the soil mass of the gauge it has been customary to assume that the lower average drainage of the summer months is directly due to a greater amount of evaporation taking place in these months. The results of the present enquiry direct attention to a second possibility, namely that the water content of the gauges differs considerably at different times of the year, and that the high drainage in winter is in part to be ascribed to the accumulation of water during the rainy months of autumn, while the lower drainage in summer is due to the partial depletion of the gauges during the lower rainfall of the spring months.
The composition and digestibility of Northern Irish hays: I. Unthreshed and threshed ryegrass and crested dogstail hays as saved for seed.
Authors: Rutledge W. A. , Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The compositions of unthreshed and threshed Northern Irish ryegrass hay as saved for seed are given and compared with published values for firstyear seeds hay low in clover and average first-year seeds hay.2. The results of digestibility trials with samples of unthreshed and threshed ryegrass and crested dogstail hays as saved for seed are reported. It is suggested that perennial ryegrass hay as saved for seed (unthreshed) may have a starch equivalent in the neighbourhood of 23% less than that of average first-year seeds hay low in clover, and that threshed hay may have a starch equivalent of the order of 15% less than that of the unthreshed hay. There are good grounds, therefore, for the poor reputation of threshed hay among stock feeders.
Studies of natural herbage of the subtropics II. The effect of added concentrates on the digestibility of herbage
Authors: Topps J. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of feeding three levels of concentrates on the organic matter digestibility of two kinds of herbage was determined in four Latin square trials with four wether sheep.2. Analysis of variance of the trials showed that the organic matter digestibility of all mixed feeds was significantly higher than that of the corresponding herbage. With one exception, the organic matter digestibility of the mixed feeds within each trial was not significantly different.3. The digestibility coefficients of the concentrates, derived by difference, were invariably high and exceeded 100% for four levels of addition. This indicated a marked improvement of the digestibility of herbage when it was fed with certain levels of concentrate.4. A possible explanation of the increase of digestibility was discussed and the practical implications of the results indicated.
Experiments in the cultivation of the sugar beet crop in the West Midlands during 1928: A statistical examination of the effect of spacing
Authors: Morley Davies W. , Dudley F. J. 
Published: March 2009

The conclusions of the 1927 experiments in spacing have been tested in greater detail in 1928 and are confirmed.From the 64-plot scheme containing a series of spacings in quadruplicate the following points emerged:(1) Variation of the width between the rows influenced the yields of sugar beet roots, the expectation of highest yield being on the narrowest spacings. There was a significant increase in yield to be gained by using 15” or 18” spacing instead of 21” or 24”. On the other hand width between the rows did not seem to influence the yield of tops and crowns.(2) Variation of the distance between plants in the rows up to 10” had no significant effect on the yield of roots. There was some evidence that above that figure a reduction in yield took place. It is interesting to note that in the case of the tops, spacing between the plants influenced the tonnage. There was a significant difference between the yields on the 4″ and 8″, and 4″ and 10″, but not between the 4″ and 6″, 6″ and 8″ or 8″ and 10″ spacings.
Protein and mineral metabolism in pregnant sows on a normal or high calcium diet compared with a calcium-deficient diet
Authors: Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The physiological effects of calcium-deficiency on pregnant sows are briefly discussed. Results are given which demonstrate that a deficiency of lime in the food has no detrimental effect on the live weight of the young piglings at birth thus showing that up to parturition it is the mother organism that suffers and not the offspring.(2) Storage of nitrogen takes place throughout pregnancy but the results indicate a considerably enhanced conservation within three weeks of parturition. The average daily retention of nitrogen by the high-calcium group of sows was 12·51 gm. and by the calcium-deficient group 9·78 gm. The normal sows therefore stored 1439 gm. N and the calcium-deficient 1125 gm. N during the gestation period. It is shown that storage of protein during pregnancy is greatly in excess of the foetal requirement, so that the mother organism, during gestation, adds on a reserve supply of protein in preparation for parturition and lactation.(3) Ash ingredients were retained at all stages of gestation by both groups of sows. The addition of calcium carbonate to the food, however, resulted in an increased retention of ash. The percentage of the ash intake in the faeces was very similar in both groups, but the percentage of the intake in the urine was distinctly higher in the calcium-deficient sows indicating a more economical utilisation of ash by this group.
A comparison of four methods for the estimation of the exchangeable hydrogen content of soils
Authors: Innes R. F. , Birch H. F. 
Published: March 2009

A comparison of four methods for the determination of the exchangeable hydrogen content of soils was carried out on 157 soils, from twenty-one profiles and representative of four soil types.The methods employed were those of: (1) Hardy & Lewis, (2) Mehlich, (3) Bradfield & Allison, (4) Schofield.The best agreement was obtained between methods (2) and (3) which are also the simplest to apply.A positive correlation was found between low values given by method (1) and the organic matter content of the soil.
The utilization of wet feed by bacon pigs with special reference to pipe-line feeding
Authors: Forbes T. J. , Walker N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments wore carried out to compare wet and dry feeding for bacon pigs and to study the effect of temperature of feed on the utilization of wet feed. There was no significant difference in growth rate between wet and dry feeding; food conversion ratios tended to be lower on wet feeding and were significantly lower in one experiment. There were no significant differences in growth rate or food conversion between wet feed given at 5 °C, 13 °C or 35 °C. None of the treatments had any significant effect on carcass characteristics. Nitrogen balance and digestibility studies confirmed the results of the production trials. There were no significant differences in the digestibility of dry matter or nitrogen between wet and dry feeding or between extreme temperatures of the feed.
An evaluation of some criteria used in selecting large-yielding tea clones
Authors: Green M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSeveral criteria which have been used hitherto in the hope of selecting large-yielding clones of tea have been examined. The heights, girths, root weights and branching a gles of young seedlings in the nursery are correlated with the sizes and yields of the same plants when mature, but not with the rates of growth in the nursery, or the yields at maturity, of the plants derived from these seedlings by vegetative propagation. The pruning weight, size and yield of a mature plant grown from seed are not related to the rate of growth in the nursery or the yield at maturity of the clone derived from that plant. The proportion of cuttings which form roots and the growth rate of the cuttings of a clone are not related to the yield of the clone. It is concluded that these criteria are, at best, of limited value in the selection of large-yielding clones.Phloem Index, which is the number of calcium oxalate crystals counted in the phloem parenchyma in a cross-section of the petiole, varies with the age and rate of development of the shoot from which the petiole is taken and with the concentration of nutrients in the soil. It is therefore not useful as an alternative selection criterion under normal field conditions.
The rate of response of wool growth to abomasal supplements of casein
Authors: Reis P. J. , Downes A. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCasein in amounts ranging from 10 to 124 g/day was administered as an abomasal infusion to seven Merino wethers whose daily ration comprised 600–700 g of either chopped wheaten hay alone or a mixture of chopped wheaten and lucerne hays. Increases in both the length growth rate and diameter of the wool occurred at all levels of supplementation tested. When casein was infused at the rate of 100 g/day for a 20-day period the biggest increases in wool growth occurred during the first 4 days and there was little further change after the first 8 days.There were marked wool growth responses to the infusion of up to 80 g casein per day. The results suggest that little further increase could be expected with the infusion of more than 120 g/day.
The effect of feeding at 3, 6 or 12 hourly intervals on the performance and carcass composition of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Walker N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPigs were fed either at 3, 6 or 12 hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight from 21 kg to slaughter at 79 kg live weight. There was no effect of treatment on daily gain, feed efficiency or killing out percentage. Backfat thickness at C and K was increased by four times-a-day feeding compared with feeding twice or eight times/day, but this increase in fatness was not confirmed by sample joint dissection.
The effect of early-weaning rations upon the efficiency of growth and carcass production with some observations on the development of forestomachs in calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Pryor W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe live-weight gain, efficiency of food conversion, energy and nitrogen accretion as edible carcass, and the forestomaeh development were measured in three groups of calves fed for 10 weeks (days 19–89 of life) either a diet of 4·5 1 of milk daily, or a concentrate meal containing 4% sodium propionate ad libitum, or a concentrate meal ad libitum. All groups had access to lucerne chaff and water ad libitum.The mean live-weight gains of the three groups of calves were 47·5, 36·6 and 37·1 kg respectively even though their total energy and nitrogen intakes were not significantly different. The provision of dietary propionate did not improve the efficiency of food conversion or of energy or nitrogen accretion as the calves ate less of the meal containing propionate and more lucerne chaff. The differences in live-weight gain could be accounted for by the differences in carcass weight. Associated with the higher live-weight gain was a much higher efficiency of food utilization and of edible carcass energy and nitrogen accretion. The superior efficiency of the unweaned calves was concluded to be due to the liquid portion of the diet by-passing the rumeno-reticulum into the abomasum where the efficiency of utilization of highly digestible protein and carbohydrate is greater. The concentrate plus propionate fed calves ate less concentrate but more chaff and had a lower efficiency of food utilization and edible carcass energy accretion than the other weaned group of calves.The weight of rumeno-reticular tissues was greater in the weaned than in the unweaned calves, although the meal plus propionate group ate similar quantities of chaff to the unweaned group. In all groups, the degree of papillary development was related to the intake of concentrates plus roughage. The most appropriate manner to describe ruminal tissue weight is discussed.
The proteins of green forage plants: II. The proteins of the mangold root. Comparison with the proteins of mangold seed
Authors: Davies W. L. 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of the different methods adopted for extracting protein material from the juice of the mangold root and subsequent purification of the crude material.Three samples of protein have been isolated in different ways and their distribution of nitrogen determined by the van Slyke method.Two globulins and an albumin have been extracted from mangold seed, the two globulins being isolated very pure and an elementary analysis done. These two proteins differed in sulphur and nitrogen contents and different physical properties justified their being looked on as two distinct proteins.Distributions of nitrogen by the van Slyke method revealed differences in the globulins, especially in their contents of arginine and histidine.The similarity between the root and the seed proteins has been pointed out, and the root protein has been compared with animal proteins.
The fungicidal properties of certain spray-fluids, IV
Authors: Goodwin W. , Martin H. , Salmon E. S. 
Published: March 2009

The following solutions were tested with respect to their fungicidal properties towards the “powdery,” conidial stage of Sphaerotheca Humuli on young hop-leaves in the greenhouse.(1) A solution of potassium polysulphide containing 0·092 per cent. polysulphide sulphur proved fungicidal, whilst one containing 0·066 per cent. was not quite fungicidal.(2) A solution of sodium polysulphide containing 0·12 per cent. polysulphide sulphur proved fungicidal. It seems probable that solutions of sodium and potassium polysulphides possess the same fungicidal values.(3) Lead arsenate proved to be considerably less fungicidal in action than lead thioarsenate, dicalcium arsenate or disodium arsenate. A solution of lead arsenate containing 0·1 per cent. As2O5 proved to be not quite fungicidal, while one containing 0·204 per cent. As2O5 proved fungicidal.(5) Solutions of calcium polysulphide and of lead arsenate at concentrations below fungicidal strength when mixed together proved to be fungicidal.
Laboratory and field experiments on the use of 3:5-dinitro-o-cresol and the sodium salt for winter spraying
Authors: Gimingham C. T. , Tattersfield F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The toxicity of 3:5-dinitro-o-cresol and its sodium salt to the eggs of several species of moths has been determined under laboratory conditions. Both substances are toxic to eggs of the species tested at concentrations varying from 0·1 to 0·025 per cent.2. With eggs of some insects, hatching is not entirely prevented by the action of low concentrations of dinitro-cresol and sodium dinitrocresylate, but the majority of the larvae which emerge succumb within a few hours.3. The eggs of “red spider” are very resistant to the action of dinitrocresol.4. At equivalent concentrations, dinitro-cresol and sodium dinitro-cresylate have approximately the same toxicity to insect eggs.5. Washing eggs with water after spraying has no appreciable effect on the toxicity of dinitro-cresol, if the liquid is first allowed to dry on the eggs. Sodium dinitro-cresylate is more affected by washing after spraying.6. Field experiments on apples and black currants with spray fluids containing dinitro-cresol at a concentration of 0·25 per cent. and sodium dinitro-cresylate at equivalent concentration showed that both materials were completely effective againstPsyllaand Aphis eggs and greatly reduced the numbers of caterpillars. There was no evidence of any effect on Capsid eggs.7. Both fluids had a cleansing effect on the bark of the trees, killing algae, lichens, etc.; they caused no injury to the trees themselves. The results demonstrate the practicability of using dinitro-cresol and sodium dinitro-cresylate as winter spray fluids on dormant trees and bushes under field conditions.
Studies in the physical properties of soils: IV. A further contribution to the theory of capillary phenomena in soil
Authors: Haines William B. 
Published: March 2009

The theory of the capillary behaviour of moist soil has been further amplified for the ideal case and its relationship to various soil properties considered. Over part of the moisture range which has been dealt with by other authors it is found that there are alternative forms for the water distribution. This appears to explain why some differences of opinion have been expressed regarding some of the main points presented in a previous paper.The theory is considered in relation to capillary rise in soils as well as to the problem of cohesion previously dealt with. It is shown that the moisture distribution attained by capillary rise can be inferred from simple direct measurement of the suction pressure. Various other experimental illustrations of the theoretical conclusions are introduced.
The effects of nitrogen and irrigation on timothy (Phleum pratense) grown for production of seed: I. Vegetative growth
Authors: Lambert D. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Plants of S.48 timothy were established on a 1 ft square pattern for production of seed. Two series of plots, one irrigated and one not irrigated, were treated with three levels of applied nitrogen: 0 (NO), 87 (Nl) and 261 (N2) lb N per acre (0, 97·5 and 292·5 kg N/ha) per annum, for 3 years. In this, the first of two papers, only vegetative aspects of growth are considered. Since the irrigation treatment started only 2 weeks before most of the data were recorded, effects of irrigation on vegetative growth were generally small.2. The number of tillers per plant was increased by application of nitrogen; the lower increment was more effective than the additional nitrogen in the higher dose.3. The weight of tillers per plant was increased by nitrogen at both levels of application. The mean weight of each tiller was increased by nitrogen after the first year, predominantly in the N 2 treatment. In the second year, irrigation also increased the weight per tiller.4. The weight of roots per plant was significantly affected by application of nitrogen. In the first year, the weight was increased by nitrogen in irrigated plots; in the second year the roots were significantly heavier in the Nl treatment than in N0 and N2 treatments, where weights were similar; the same situation existed in irrigated plots in the third year, but in non-irrigated plots the weights of roots were similar in N1 and N2 treatments and were heavier than in the N0 treatment. Irrigation had positive effects on the weight of roots in the first and second years.
Studies in crop variation: IV. The experimental determination of the value of top dressings with cereals
Authors: Eden T. , Fisher R. A. 
Published: March 2009

The practice of applying nitrogenous fertilisers to cereal crops as a top dressing is one which has become firmly incorporated into normal farm routine.The classic wheat experiment on Broadbalk field shows that to apply all the nitrogenous fertiliser at the time of drilling the seed in autumn leads to a diminution in crop when compared with the yield of a plot in which only a quarter of the nitrogenous fertiliser was applied in autumn.
Losses of added phosphate by leaching from N. Welsh soils
Authors: Robinson G. W. , Jones J. O. 
Published: March 2009

1. Under the extremely humid conditions obtaining in N. Wales, with soils showing a high degree of base-unsaturation, phosphoric acid applied to permanent grassland as basic slag is fugitive in its effect.2. From profile analyses it is shown that after six to ten years added phosphoric acid is removed from the surface layers, which revert to their original phosphorus status.3. It is suggested that the phosphorus of soils may be differentiated into that of the naturally occurring stable phosphates and the phosphorus of added dressings which is, under N. Welsh conditions, unstable and removable by percolating waters.