bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel method of accurately calculating the radiological magnification of the hip
Authors: King R. J. , Makrides P. , Gill J. A. , Karthikeyan S. , Krikler S. J. , Griffin D. R. 
Published: August 2009

We have developed a novel method of calculating the radiological magnification of the hip using two separate radio-opaque markers. We recruited 74 patients undergoing radiological assessment following total hip replacement. Both the new double marker and a conventional single marker were used by the radiographer at the time of x-ray. The predicted magnification according to each marker was calculated, as was the true radiological magnification of the components. The correlation between true and predicted magnification was good using the double marker (r = 0.90, n = 74, p < 0.001), but only moderate for the single marker (r = 0.50, n = 63, p < 0.001). The median error was significantly less for the double marker than for the single (1.1% vs 4.8%, p < 0.001). The double marker method demonstrated excellent validity (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89), in contrast to the single marker (0.32). The double marker method appears to be superior to the single marker method when used in the clinical environment.
Supporting parent–child conversations in a history museum
Authors: Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Prior Jess. , Dowling Catherine L. , Frost Ruth E. 
Published: August 2009

BackgroundMuseums can serve as rich resources for families to learn about the social world through engagement with exhibits and parent–child conversation about exhibits.AimsThis study examined ways of engaging parents and child about two related exhibits at a cultural and history museum. Sample participants consisted of families visiting the Animal Antics and the Gone Potty exhibits at the British Museum.MethodsWhilst visiting two exhibits at the British Museum, 30 families were assigned to use a backpack of activities, 13 were assigned to a booklet of activities, and 15 were assigned to visit the exhibits without props (control condition).ResultsCompared to the families in the control condition, the interventions increased the amount of time parents and children engaged together with the exhibit. Additionally, recordings of the conversations revealed that adults asked more questions related to the exhibits when assigned to the two intervention conditions compared to the control group. Children engaged in more historical talk when using the booklets than in the other two conditions.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that providing support with either booklets or activities for children at exhibits may prove beneficial to parent–child conversations and engagement with museum exhibits.
Funny grrrls: Humor and contemporary women poets
Authors: Darlington Tenaya 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAs humorists, women poets have a spotty history. Sure, there is comedy in the work of Gertrude Stein and in the darkly sarcastic poems of Dorothy Parker, but humor is hardly as prevalent as it is in the works of male poets, who have a rich history of comic poetry dating back to Chaucer and leading up to Philip Larkin, John Ashbery, Billy Collins, and others. Rather than make comparisons, however, I explore women poets on their own terms, paying particular attention to the way contemporary women poets in America use humor in their work. I outline four modes (thematic, tonal, imagistic, and syntactical), then examine why women use humor—to what ends? Ultimately, I argue that humor is disruption, a way to assert authority, and often a means by which women poets examine sexual and social mores.
Fartspottings: Reflections on “high seriousness” and poetic passings of wind
Authors: Nester Daniel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe mention of farts in English language poetry has changed just as the role of poetry in our lives. This essay offers a survey of the uses and mentions of the word fart and the act of farting in poetry, centering around poet and critic Matthew Arnold's notion of “high seriousness” as the ideal place for poetry, as well as poet Robert Lowell's idea of the “raw and cooked” in 20th century American poetry. Questions posed: Can poetry and the mention of farts coexist? Can both anti-academic and academic poets' farts find their way to the page in a post-post-“high seriousness” age?
Fractured song lyrics
Authors: Harwood Stacey 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWhy are new lyrics to old songs so often a source of inspiration and fun? This article explores how poems that rewrite popular song lyrics belong on the continuum between parody and burlesque. The parodist pays homage to the author of the source, but at the same time skewers the author by appropriating his distinctive style and using it to poke fun at him. The burlesque writer trades on the familiarity of the source material and uses it for commentary. New words for old songs give pleasure because they engage more of the senses than simply reading them. The reader “hears” the poem while reading it. The humor in the poem is enhanced for those who know the original melodies, keeping the song alive through the humor the parodist evokes.
Cast swine before pearls: Comedy, shamanic rage, and poetry
Authors: Hoagland Tony 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn contemporary poetry rage and anger are no longer cool. Instead poets confront and critique society through cool, verbal wit and ironic whimsy. Yet anger often makes poets funny. How, then, can poetry, which relies so heavily upon nuance and ambiguity, achieve the volume, resonance, and inflection necessary to express a sense of defiance and rage? Poets like Kenneth Rexroth and Seidel demonstrate this technique in poems such as “Thou Shalt Not Kill” (Rexroth, The collected shorter poems, New Directions, 1966: 267–273) and “To Die For” (Seidel, Poems 1959–2009: Frederick Seidel, Pearson, 2009: 90) using rage and humor to overcome pessimism as their anger crescendos. Often times sardonic, incongruous, or terse the humor-rage of these poets is perhaps more fearless and clear-eyed than the cool wit of other contemporary, humorous poets. Whereas comedy provides detachment and perceptiveness, rage provides an occasion for forcefulness and outcry.
Measuring Athlete Exposure and Body Contact Using Time-on-Task Technology in Ice Hockey
Authors: Faught Brent E. , Baker Joseph , Cairney John , Corey Paul N. , Montelpare William J. , Nystrom Murray 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
It is common for athlete exposure (AE) and body contact (BC) to be incorrectly estimated in epidemiologic research due to the technical challenges associated with field-based research in ice hockey. Time-on-task technology has shown promise in accurately quantifying AE and BC using computer technology through direct measurement during real time games. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to adopt time-on-task technology to monitor AE and BC in Atom hockey players who were permitted body checking versus those not allowed to body check. We evaluated 579 boys (age 9–10 year olds) from 42 representative Atom hockey teams over 107 games during the 2003–2004 regular season from five hockey associations using a time-on-task computing program running on a tablet computer. Body checking was allowed in four associations [Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA), Minor Hockey Alliance of Ontario, Ontario Minor Hockey Association, Greater Toronto Hockey League], while one association was non-body checking (HNO). Body contact was 4.5 times greater in the body checking associations versus the non-body checking association per game. No significant difference in mean AE per game was found between body checking and non-body checking associations. However, greater AE was reported in NOHA games compared to the remaining four associations. Conversely, BC in the NOHA was significantly less compared to the remaining body checking associations, but not the HNO. Time-on-task technology was valuable in monitoring AE and BC, accounting for variability in individual players. Expected AE and BC was observed between checking and non-body checking associations. Unexpectedly larger AE in NOHA is attributed to smaller team roster size and longer duration games. Furthermore, decreased BC in NOHA players may be due to smaller roster size intrinsic factors contributing to the inverse relationship between AE and BC. Time-on-task technology is valuable in monitoring AE and BC in Atom ice hockey. This is a practical method of monitoring important aspects of the game.
The Validity of BMI as an Indicator of Body Fatness and Risk Among Children
Authors: Freedman David S. , Sherry Bettylou 
Published: August 2009

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although the prevalence of childhood obesity, as assessed by BMI (kg/m2), has tripled over the last 3 decades, this index is a measure of excess weight rather than excess body fatness. In this review we focus on the relation of BMI to body fatness and health risks, particularly on the ability of BMI for age ≥95th Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] percentile to identify children who have excess body fatness. We also examine whether these associations differ according to race/ethnicity and whether skinfold and circumference measurements provide additional information on body fatness or health risks.RESULTS: The accuracy of BMI varies according to the degree of body fatness. Among relatively fat children, BMI is a good indicator of excess adiposity, but differences in the BMIs of relatively thin children can be largely due to fat-free mass. Although the accuracy of BMI in identifying children with excess body fatness depends on the chosen cut points, we have found that a high BMI-for-age has a moderately high (70%–80%) sensitivity and positive predictive value, along with a high specificity (95%). Children with a high BMI are much more likely to have adverse risk factor levels and to become obese adults than are thinner children. Skinfold thicknesses and the waist circumference may be useful in identifying children with moderately elevated levels of BMI (85th to 94th percentiles) who truly have excess body fatness or adverse risk factor levels.CONCLUSION: A BMI for age at ≥95th percentile of the CDC reference population is a moderately sensitive and a specific indicator of excess adiposity among children.
Clinical Report—The Evaluation of Sexual Behaviors in Children
Authors: Kellogg Nancy D. ,   Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect
Published: August 2009

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed March 2013 and October 2018.
Most children will engage in sexual behaviors at some time during childhood. These behaviors may be normal but can be confusing and concerning to parents or disruptive or intrusive to others. Knowledge of age-appropriate sexual behaviors that vary with situational and environmental factors can assist the clinician in differentiating normal sexual behaviors from sexual behavior problems. Most situations that involve sexual behaviors in young children do not require child protective services intervention; for behaviors that are age-appropriate and transient, the pediatrician may provide guidance in supervision and monitoring of the behavior. If the behavior is intrusive, hurtful, and/or age-inappropriate, a more comprehensive assessment is warranted. Some children with sexual behavior problems may reside or have resided in homes characterized by inconsistent parenting, violence, abuse, or neglect and may require more immediate intervention and referrals.
Oxidant–antioxidant Status and Lipid Profile in the Hypertensive Patients.
Authors: Maharjan Babu Raja , Jha J C , Vishwanath P , Alurkar V M , Singh P P 
Published: August 2009

Background: Hypertension is associated with an elevation of ROS and frequently also with an impairment of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. Increased level of serum cholesterol, TG, VLDL has been observed in patients with hypertension. It has been shown that oxidized lipoprotein inactivates NO and aggravates hypertension. This study intends to know the association of oxidative stress and lipid profile with hypertensive patients of the Western Nepal.Methods: Our study group comprised of 32 confirmed cases of HTN. Inclusion criteria included the patients with blood pressure ≥140/90mm of Hg. Patients with secondary hypertension, past history of stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular disease and diabetes mellitus were excluded. Serum lipid profile, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (PTBARS), plasma total antioxidant activity (TAA) and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (UTBARS) were estimated in these patients by standard procedures and the values were compared with 30 age, sex and socioeconomically matched normal healthy control subjects.Results: TBARS levels and Lipid profile were significantly raised in HTN patients, but TAA and urinary TBARS levels were comparable to normal subjects. BMI and W/H ratio in patients were comparable to control. Smoking and alcohol did not influence lipid profile, TBARS and TAA.Conclusion: Lipid profile and TBARS were significantly raised in HTN patients compare to controls. Thus, monitoring lipid level and maintaining oxidative balance in hypertensive patients would be helpful in preventing the diseases associated with hypertension. Key words: Hypertension; Lipid profile; Oxidative stress; Antioxidant; Nepal.doi: doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2185Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 6, No. 2, 2008 October Page : 63-68
Public Health Awareness Building in the field of Safe Motherhood
Authors: Bhatta Badri Nath 
Published: August 2009

Background: The study aims to explore the awareness level of people on safe motherhood in some selected districts and to compare the situation on the given issues among the selected districts.Methods: A total of 400 sample households (HHs) were represented from the 20 wards from 10 VDCs of four districts in the country during the fieldwork from April to August 2006. The sampled VDCs and wards were selected with the meeting of respective stakeholders from district to village levels respectively. A semi- structured questionnaire and ethnographic observation were administrated for garnering required data.Results: Out of the total respondents, the awareness level in marital age has been slightly increased in sampled communities. 29% marriages took place below the age of 18 years. 58.3% reported they married at the age of 18 to 22 years followed by above 22 years (12.5%). In case of cutting placenta, 58.9% are found to use blades followed by sterilized blades (20%) and others including sickle and knife (15%). Among them, majority people still practiced delivery at home rather than public health institutes. The study indicates that 80.5% population reported they managed home delivery followed by health institutes (18.3%). Similarly, 30% respondents expressed mothers- in- law assist during delivery. 69% informants reported that they milked colostrums to infant. Therefore, public health awareness program has to be arranged for the increase its level in some selected areas.Conclusion: Safe motherhood is the significant component of reproductive health. Uterus prolapse in Nepal is the most complicated problem in this field. Despite the various efforts, public health awareness programs have to be arranged in the critical areas of reproductive health.Key words: awareness, health education, public, safe motherhooddoi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2187J Nepal Health Research Council, 2008 Oct; 6(13) Page: 69-73
Perceptions of Malaria and pattern of treatment seeking behaviour among Tharu and Pahari communities of Jhalari
Authors: Budhathoki Chitra Bahadur , BC R K 
Published: August 2009

Background: Community understanding and practices relating to causation, transmission, prevention and treatment are the main socio-cultural factors that can influence malaria control but studies done social aspect of malaria control are limited in Nepal.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2003 in Jhalari VDC of Kanchanpur district where both Tharus and Pahari communities coexist. Total of 184 households were included in the study through systematic random sampling procedure for household survey. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied for data collection.Results: Fever, headache, chills, shivering, joint pain and spasmodic fever were the most frequently mentioned symptoms of malaria. Though most people knew that mosquito bite might cause malaria fever, they had multiple notions of malaria causations such as hot weather, living near forest, season change, overwork and weakness. They were not clear how a mosquito gets infected and transmit the disease from one person to another. The results showed that people incorporated traditional and modern elements into their concepts of the diseases and treatment strategies. Home remedy with herbs and self-treatment with anti-malarial pills are rare in both communities. Use of government health facility is significantly higher in Paharis than in Tharus. Tharus initially consult their traditional healers and visit the drug retailers in the most cases and government facility in some cases. Tharus were less informed of free diagnosis and treatment of malaria at the government health facilities.Conclusion: Both Tharus and Paharis are aware of malaria fever and actively seeking medical help from available sources of treatment; however, they are poorly informed of dangerous falciparum malaria and process of the disease transmission through infected mosquitoes. Tharus have less access to the government health facility than Paharis. Thus the improved health services in terms of availability, quality and accessibility, and effective information and communication regarding diseases and services can go a long way in tackling the problem. Key words: Malaria; Fever; Knowledge; Perceptions; Treatment; Health-seeking behaviour.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2189Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2008 Oct;6(13) Page : 84-92
Prevalence of HIV in Blood Donors
Authors: Tiwari B R , Karki S , Ghimire P. , Yadav P. , Rajkarnikar M 
Published: August 2009

Background: Nepal is categorized as a country with ‘concentrated' epidemic of HIV Nepal Red Cross Society, Blood Transfusion Service has implemented considerable efforts to supply the safe blood and blood products according to the increasing demand. A trend analysis might prove valuable to understand the outcome and appropriately plan for further improvements in providing safe blood supply. The study aimed to assess the trends of HIV seroprevalence over the six years in nationwide and in urbanized setting of Kathmandu Valley.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted among Nepalese blood donors through the years 2001-2007. Serum samples were tested using third generation ELISA tests, strictly following the instructions of manufacturers. The donors' information was collected through the donor record register through the respective Blood Transfusion Services.Results: The overall seroprevalence of HIV among the total blood donors in nation wide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu through the six years of review (from 2001-2007) was 0.33% and 0.4% respectively. A significant decreasing trend in HIV seroprevalence was observed both in nationwide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service, Kathmandu (P< 0.001).Conclusion: The analysis of trends in HIV seroprevalence among blood donors through the year 2001- 2007 showed a significantly decreasing trend, probably due to the cumulative effect of increasing awareness of HIV and improved screening system for safe blood donation. However, an abrupt increase in demand of blood supply was associated with significant increase in seroprevalence in the year 2005/2006. Key words: Nepalese blood donors; Seroprevalence; Trends.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2203Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 93-97
Seroprevalence of Specific Antibodies to Treponema pallidum in Blood Donors
Authors: Karki S. , Tiwari B. R. , Ghimire P. , Maharjan A , Rajkarnikar M 
Published: August 2009

Background: Detection of specific antibodies to Treponema pallidum in serum is correlated with present or past Syphilis. The study aimed to know the seroprevalence of syphilis among blood donors in relation to age, sex, type of donation and times of donation.Methods: A total of 24,000 blood donors were screened to detect the presence of specific antibodies against T. pallidum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to standard test kit protocol. Initially reactive samples were reconfirmed by repeat testing and repeatedly reactive samples were considered seropositive for Syphilis.Results: The seroprevalence of specific antibodies to T. pallidum among blood donors was found 0.42% (95% CI= 0.3-0.5%). There was an increasing trends of syphilis as the age of the donors increased (Cochrane-armitage test, P < 0.001). The seroprevalence in males was 0.45% and in females was 0.24% (P >0.05), in first time donors was 0.36% and in repeated donors was 0.48% (P > 0.05), among volunteer donors was 0.41% and among replacement donors was 0.50% (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The similar seroprevalence in first time and repeat donors as well as in volunteer and replacement donors urges the need of more effective donor education and counselling. Key words: Blood donors; Seroprevalence; Specific treponemal antibodies; Syphilis.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2212Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 98-101
Glycogen Rich Clear Cell Carcinoma of Breast
Authors: Malla S. , Shakya Geeta , Regi S. , Mudvari D. S. 
Published: August 2009

A 37 years old woman presented with a palpable mass in outer upper quadrant of the right breast. Excision biopsy showed Glycogen rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCCC) based on histological, PAS staining and immunohistochemical staining findings Histologically, most of tumor cells were clear cell type with variable intracytopasmic PAS positivity Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for progesterone receptor and vimention and foceally positive for cytokeratin and negative for estrogen receptor and S100. The patient underwent right quadrantectomy with right axillary clearance. This case was in stage IIa (T2N0Mx) and Elston and Ellis histological grade 2(Scores 3+2+1=6). GRCCC is a rare variant of breast carcinoma, with incidence calculated to be 1.4 to 3% and reports indicated a poorer prognosis for patient with GRCCC than those with usual breast cancer. Key words: Breast; Cancer glycogen rich clear cell carcinomadoi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2218Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 6, No. 2, 2008 Page: 117-119