bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MODAL ARGUMENTS AND THE COMPLEXITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: DeLancey Craig 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper explores consequences of the claim that phenomenal experiences are physical events of great descriptive complexity. This claim is attractive both because it can explain our most perplexing intuitions about the quality of consciousness and also because it is suggestive of very productive research opportunities. I illustrate the former by showing that two of the most compelling anti‐physicalist arguments about phenomenal experience – the modal argument of Kripke and the conceivability argument of Chalmers – are not sound if this claim is true. I illustrate the latter by showing that significant empirical predictions are a consequence of this claim.
Neither commodities nor gifts: post‐socialist informal exchanges in the Romanian healthcare system
Authors: STAN SABINA 
Published: February 2012

This article approaches informal relations in post‐socialist settings from a political economy perspective. Taking as a case study informal exchanges in the Romanian healthcare system, the article addresses the question of their continuity in the face of both divergent claims and increased monetarization of exchanges. It contends that informal exchanges are individual responses to the increased inequalities that followed the post‐socialist redesign of the state. However, by further heightening social inequalities and competition, contemporary neoliberal reforms exacerbate the predatory side of informal exchanges, thus threatening to disrupt their fragile accommodation with post‐socialist transformations.RésuméL’auteure de cet article examine du point de vue de l’économie politique les relations informelles en contexte postsocialiste. À partir d’une étude de cas du système de santé roumain, elle interroge la pérennité des échanges informels face à des revendications divergentes et à une monétarisation croissante des échanges. Elle présente les échanges informels comme une réponse individuelle aux inégalités accrues ayant accompagné le remaniement postsocialiste de l’État. Les réformes néolibérales actuelles, accentuant encore les inégalités sociales et la compétition, exacerbent cependant l’aspect prédateur de ces échanges informels et menacent ainsi leurs fragiles accommodements avec les mutations de l’ère postsocialiste.
Anthropology and its many modernities: when concepts matter
Authors: THOMASSEN BJØRN 
Published: February 2012

This article provides a critical review of the multiple modernities paradigm used in anthropology today. The article also indicates how the work of anthropologists intersects with social theory and historical sociology. It will be argued that by pointing to multiple or alternative modernities in attempts to ‘liberate’ modernity from its Eurocentric, modernistic connotations, anthropologists re‐inject modernity itself with new value. It will be questioned whether this is ultimately a meaningful strategy. With reference to certain branches of social theory, the article develops a position from which the multiple modernities paradigm may be readdressed. This position is based upon a recognition of the particularity of European modernity, and its defining characteristic: a continuous stress on transformation and transgression, a state of ‘permanent liminality’.RésuméCet article se veut une revue critique des multiples paradigmes de la modernité employés aujourd’hui en anthropologie. Il souligne également les intersections entre le travail des anthropologues, la théorie sociale et la sociologie historique. L’auteur avance qu’en pointant les modernités multiples ou alternatives dans les tentatives de « libérer » la modernité de ses connotations eurocentriques et modernistes, les anthropologues donnent une nouvelle valeur à la modernité elle‐même. On se demandera si cette stratégie peut, en définitive, avoir un sens. Faisant référence à certaines branches de la théorie sociale, l’article développe une position à partir de laquelle il serait possible de revisiter le paradigme des modernités multiples. Cette position se base sur la reconnaissance de la spécificité de la modernité européenne et sur la caractéristique qui la définit : l’accent constamment mis sur la transformation et la transgression, un état de « liminalité permanente ».
A Permissive Theory of Territorial Rights
Authors: Ypi Lea 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article explores the justification of states' territorial rights. It starts by introducing three questions that all current theories of territorial rights attempt to answer: how to justify the right to settle, the right to exclude, and the right to settle and exclude with reference to a particular territory. It proposes a ‘permissive’ theory of territorial rights, arguing that the citizens of each state are entitled to the particular territory they collectively occupy, if and only if they are also politically committed to the establishment of a global political authority realizing just reciprocal relations. The article is developed by introducing some key features of the permissive theory and by explaining how such an account addresses the questions of settlement, exclusion and particularity in ways that significantly improve on existing rival accounts (most prominently: acquisition theories, legitimacy‐based theories and nationalist theories).
Citizen Satisfaction with Democracy in the European Union*
Authors: HOBOLT SARA B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe debate about the democratic deficit of the European Union has preoccupied scholars for decades. This article examines democracy in the Union from the perspective of citizens by asking what determines satisfaction with EU democracy? Two key models of regime support are applied to the European Union: the output‐oriented performance model and the input‐oriented procedural model. Contrary to previous work, it is argued here that there is a positive spillover effect from confidence in national institutions to the European level. These propositions are tested using survey data from 27 EU Member States. Using multi‐level modelling, it is found that both performance and procedural factors matter, and that confidence in EU institutions matters more to citizens who are knowledgeable about the EU.
Conclusion: A Voyage to the Unknown
Authors: MÉNY YVES 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThree types of internal tensions have characterized the process of European integration. They are not new, but are exacerbated by factors such as globalization, enlargement, increased diversity of views and interests. The first one is the tension between law and politics. Legal instruments have been the main tool of integration, but politics come back with a vengeance as democratic practices are challenged by regulatory regimes and institutions. The second one is the alternative between the persistence of an international organization regime or the creation of a federation. This unresolved and lasting issue takes dramatic tones with the euro crisis. The third one relates to the growing gap between elites and peoples.
A senescent cell bystander effect: senescence‐induced senescence
Authors: Nelson Glyn , Wordsworth James , Wang Chunfang , Jurk Diana , Lawless Conor , Martin‐Ruiz Carmen , von Zglinicki Thomas 
Published: February 2012

SummarySenescent cells produce and secrete various bioactive molecules including interleukins, growth factors, matrix‐degrading enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, it has been proposed that senescent cells can damage their local environment, and a stimulatory effect on tumour cell growth and invasiveness has been documented. However, it was unknown what effect, if any, senescent cells have on their normal, proliferation‐competent counterparts. We show here that senescent cells induce a DNA damage response, characteristic for senescence, in neighbouring cells via gap junction‐mediated cell–cell contact and processes involving ROS. Continuous exposure to senescent cells induced cell senescence in intact bystander fibroblasts. Hepatocytes bearing senescence markers clustered together in mice livers. Thus, senescent cells can induce a bystander effect, spreading senescence towards their neighbours in vitro and, possibly, in vivo.
β−Amyloid exacerbates inflammation in astrocytes lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase through a mechanism involving PPAR‐α, PPAR‐γ and TRPV1, but not CB1 or CB2 receptors
Authors: Benito Cristina , Tolón Rosa María , Castillo Ana Isabel , Ruiz‐Valdepeñas Lourdes , Martínez‐Orgado José Antonio , Fernández‐Sánchez Francisco Javier , Vázquez Carmen , Cravatt Benjamin F , Romero Julián 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid system may regulate glial cell functions and their responses to pathological stimuli, specifically, Alzheimer's disease. One experimental approach is the enhancement of endocannabinoid tone by blocking the activity of degradative enzymes, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the role of FAAH in the response of astrocytes to the pathologic form of β‐amyloid (Aβ). Astrocytes from wild‐type mice (WT) and from mice lacking FAAH (FAAH‐KO) were incubated with Aβ for 8, 24 and 48 h, and their inflammatory responses were quantified by elisa, western‐blotting and real‐time quantitative‐PCR.KEY RESULTS FAAH‐KO astrocytes were significantly more responsive to Aβ than WT astrocytes, as shown by the higher production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Expression of COX‐2, inducible NOS and TNF‐α was also increased in Aβ‐exposed KO astrocytes compared with that in WTs. These effects were accompanied by a differential pattern of activation of signalling cascades involved in mediating inflammatory responses, such as ERK1/2, p38MAPK and NFκ B. PPAR‐α and PPAR‐γ as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1), but not cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors, mediate some of the differential changes observed in Aβ‐exposed FAAH‐KO astrocytes. The pharmacological blockade of FAAH did not render astrocytes more sensitive to Aβ. In contrast, exogenous addition of several acylethanolamides (anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide) induced an antiinflammatory response.CONCLUSIONS The genetic deletion of FAAH in astrocytes exacerbated their inflammatory phenotype against Aβ in a process involving PPAR‐α, PPAR‐γ and TRPV1 receptors.
Electronic Versus Manual Data Processing: Evaluating the Use of Electronic Health Records in Out‐of‐hospital Clinical Research
Authors: Newgard Craig D. , Zive Dana , Jui Jonathan , Weathers Cody , Daya Mohamud 
Published: February 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:217–227 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to compare case ascertainment, agreement, validity, and missing values for clinical research data obtained, processed, and linked electronically from electronic health records (EHR) compared to “manual” data processing and record abstraction in a cohort of out‐of‐hospital trauma patients.Methods:  This was a secondary analysis of two sets of data collected for a prospective, population‐based, out‐of‐hospital trauma cohort evaluated by 10 emergency medical services (EMS) agencies transporting to 16 hospitals, from January 1, 2006, through October 2, 2007. Eighteen clinical, operational, procedural, and outcome variables were collected and processed separately and independently using two parallel data processing strategies by personnel blinded to patients in the other group. The electronic approach included EHR data exports from EMS agencies, reformatting, and probabilistic linkage to outcomes from local trauma registries and state discharge databases. The manual data processing approach included chart matching, data abstraction, and data entry by a trained abstractor. Descriptive statistics, measures of agreement, and validity were used to compare the two approaches to data processing.Results:  During the 21‐month period, 418 patients underwent both data processing methods and formed the primary cohort. Agreement was good to excellent (kappa = 0.76 to 0.97; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.49 to 0.97), with exact agreement in 67% to 99% of cases and a median difference of zero for all continuous and ordinal variables. The proportions of missing out‐of‐hospital values were similar between the two approaches, although electronic processing generated more missing outcomes (87 of 418, 21%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 17% to 25%) than the manual approach (11 of 418, 3%, 95% CI = 1% to 5%). Case ascertainment of eligible injured patients was greater using electronic methods (n = 3,008) compared to manual methods (n = 629).Conclusions:  In this sample of out‐of‐hospital trauma patients, an all‐electronic data processing strategy identified more patients and generated values with good agreement and validity compared to traditional data collection and processing methods.
WISE circumstellar discs in the young Sco-Cen association
Authors: Rizzuto A. C. , Ireland M. J. , Zucker D. B. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the WISE photometric data for 829 stars in the Sco-Cen OB2 association, using the latest high-mass membership probabilities. We detect infrared excesses associated with 135 BAF-type stars, 99 of which are secure Sco-Cen members. There is a clear increase in excess fraction with membership probability, which can be fitted linearly. We infer that 41 ± 5 per cent of Sco-Cen OB2 BAF stars have excesses, while the field star excess fraction is consistent with zero. This is the first time that the probability of non-membership has been used in the calculation of excess fractions for young stars. We do not observe any significant change in excess fraction between the three subgroups. Within our sample, we have observed that B-type association members have a significantly smaller excess fraction than A- and F-type association members.
Understanding Pediatricians' Views Toward School‐Based BMI Screening in Massachusetts: A Pilot Study
Authors: Pietras Stefanie A. , Rhodes Erinn T. , Meyers Alan , Goodman Elizabeth 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Massachusetts (MA) mandated body mass index (BMI) screening in schools in 2010. However, little is known about pediatricians' views on school‐based screening or how the pediatricians' perspectives might affect the school‐based screening process. We assessed MA pediatricians' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices concerning BMI screening.METHODS: An anonymous Web‐based survey was completed by 286 members of the MA Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics who provided primary care (40% response rate).RESULTS: Support for school‐based BMI screening was mixed. While 16.1% strongly supported it, 12.2% strongly opposed it. About one fifth (20.2%) believed school‐based screening would improve communication between schools and pediatricians; 23.0% believed school‐based screening would help with patient care. More (32.2%) believed screening in schools would facilitate communication with families. In contrast, pediatricians embraced BMI screening in practice: 91.6% calculated and 85.7% plotted BMI at every well child visit. Pediatricians in urban practices, particularly inner city, had more positive attitudes toward BMI screening in schools, even when adjusting for respondent demographics, practice setting, and proportion of patients in the practice who were overweight/obese (p < .001).CONCLUSION: These data suggest MA pediatricians use BMI screening and support its clinical utility. However, support for school‐based BMI screening was mixed. Urban‐based pediatricians in this sample held more positive beliefs about screening in schools. Although active collaboration between schools and pediatricians would likely help to ensure that the screenings have a positive impact on child health regardless of location, it may be easier for urban‐based schools and pediatricians to be successful in developing partnerships.
Ciprofloxacin Photosensitized Oxidation of 2′‐Deoxyguanosine‐5′‐Monophosphate in Neutral Aqueous Solution
Authors: Liu Yancheng , Zhang Peng , Li Haixia , Wang Wenfeng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLaser flash photolysis studies have been carried out to investigate the reactions of ciprofloxacin (CPX) with 2′‐deoxyguanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (dGMP), N, N, N′, N′‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TMPD) and ferulic acid (FCA) in neutral aqueous solutions, respectively. CPX triplet state (3CPX*) can be quenched by TMPD, FCA and dGMP, with rate constants of 1.8 × 109, 1.5 × 109 and 5.8 × 107 dm3 mol−1 s−1, respectively. TMPD radical cation (TMPD·+) and FCA radical cation (FCA·+) were observed directly. The formation rate of CPX radical anion (CPX·−) was determined to be 1.5 × 109 dm3 mol−1 s−1. Redox reaction of dGMP was investigated through competing reactions using TMPD and FCA as probe. The triplet energy of CPX was determined to be 262 kJ mol−1. Electron transfer from TMPD, FCA and dGMP to 3CPX* was proposed.
Shared Knowledge Matters: Culture as Intersubjective Representations
Authors: Wan Ching 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe intersubjective representation approach to culture focuses on cultural members’ shared knowledge representations about the culture that they are in. Members of the same culture tend to share certain knowledge representations of the central characteristics of the culture. These shared cultural representations are established and perpetuated through dynamic communicative processes. Recent empirical research has provided support for the incremental value of intersubjective cultural representations in research on cultural identity, social cognition, and behaviors. The intersubjective representation approach complements extant research on culture as self and external artifacts. In doing so, it allows for a more comprehensive understanding of culture’s role in social and personality psychological processes.
Systemic Alliance in Individual Therapy: Factor Analysis of the ITAS‐SF and the Relationship with Therapy Outcomes and Termination Status
Authors: Owen Jesse 
Published: February 2012

Clients providing systematic feedback to therapists via self‐report measures of psychological distress and working alliance have been shown to increase therapy outcomes. However, there are few systemic‐based measures that are feasible for therapists to use. Recently, Pinsof et al. (Family Process, 2008, 47, 281) developed a brief systemic alliance measure (ITAS‐SF) for individual therapy. The current study tested the factor structure of this measure and examined whether the subscales related to clients’ therapy outcomes and termination status (N = 570). The results demonstrated supported a 3‐factor model for the ITAS‐SF (as compared to the seven factors proposed by Pinsof et al.). In the first factor, content combined the goals for therapy, the tasks or methods to reach those goals and bond between the client and therapist. The second factor reflected how clients perceive the relationship with the therapist (i.e., interpersonal dimension–self/therapist), and the third factor reflected how clients perceive the alliance between their social network and the therapist (i.e., interpersonal dimension others/therapist). The two interpersonal factors were related to therapy outcome and termination status.
Clinicopathologic significance of Aurora kinase A expression in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lee Hee Jeong , Koh Eun Suk , Kwak Jeong Ja , Kim Hee Kyung , Park Sang‐Mo , Choi In‐Ho 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and aim: Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a member of the protein serine/threonine kinase family that plays critical roles in cell mitosis and in tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of AURKA in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and analyze the correlation between AURKA expression and clinicopathological factors. Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with NSCLC, including 56 with squamous cell carcinoma and 64 patients with adenocarcinoma who underwent operations, were analyzed. Immunostaining for AURKA was performed in a tissue microarray block. The clinicopathologic parameters of these patients were reviewed and analyzed for correlations with AURKA expression. Results: AURKA expression was positive in 66 patients (55.0%) and negative in 54 patients (45.0%). The correlation between AURKA expression and histologic grade was statistically significant (P= 0.013). Subset analysis revealed that AURKA expression was significantly associated with histologic grade in squamous cell carcinoma (P= 0.007), not in adenocarcinoma (P= 0.499). No association was found between AURKA expression and other clinicopathological parameters. Analysis of survival failed to reveal statistically significant differences between positive and negative groups in both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of lung. Conclusions: AURKA expression was associated with the histologic grade of squamous cell carcinoma of lung, but no significant effect on overall survival.
PTPN22 and CTLA‐4 gene polymorphisms in resected thymomas and thymus for myasthenia gravis
Authors: Zheng Kai , Zhang Jun , Zhang Peng , Guo Yan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of striated muscle tissue mediated by autoantibodies. MG is often treated with thymectomy. Protein tyrosine phosphatase non‐receptor 22 (PTPN22) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) have recently been found to be the genes that predispose to autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms of PTPN22 and CTLA‐4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in resected thymomas and thymuses in MG remain unclear.Methods:  In the present study, 90 patients with thymomas, including 44 patients with MG, 46 patients without MG, and 35 MG patients without thymoma were studied, with 50 healthy people as the controls. The +1858C>T polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene and the 49A>G polymorphism of the CTLA‐4 gene were investigated using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). The PTPN22 −1123G>C polymorphism at the promoter site was genotyped using single allele‐specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SASP‐PCR).Results:  The PTPN22 +1858C>T polymorphism was not significantly different between the patients and the controls. Statistically significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of PTPN 22 −1123G>C and CTLA‐4 49A>G were observed between the MG(+)‐thymoma group and the controls (P = 0.000, 0.003), but not between the MG(‐)‐thymoma and MG‐thymoma(‐) groups and the controls (P = 0.192/P = 0.214 and P = 0.067/P = 0.254). Statistically significant differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies of the 49A>G for CTLA‐4 were observed between the MG(+)‐thymoma group and the controls (P = 0.000, P = 0.003), but not between the MG(‐)‐thymoma and MG‐thymoma(‐) groups and the controls (P = 0.077/P = 0.261 and P = 0.058/P = 0.058). Individuals with the PTPN22 CC genotype and the CTLA‐4 G alleles had an increased risk of developing paraneoplastic MG (odds ration [OR]= 4.722, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.460–15.277) compared with those with the PTPN22 G allele and the CTLA‐4 AA genotype.Conclusion:  The results show an association between the PTPN22 1123G>C genotype and thymoma‐associated MG, with significant synergy with the CTLA‐4 G alleles.