bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ratiometric Optical Sensing of Chloride Ions with Organic Fluorophore–Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids: A Systematic Study of Design Parameters and Surface Charge Effects
Authors: Riedinger Andreas , Zhang Feng , Dommershausen Fabian , Röcker Carlheinz , Brandholt Stefan , Nienhaus G. Ulrich , Koert Ulrich , Parak Wolfgang J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractColloidal nanoparticles are often stabilized by high surface charges. These create an electrical potential that may strongly affect the concentration of dissolved ions, which presents a formidable problem for the use of nanoparticles in ion‐sensing applications. This effect is investigated systematically with organic fluorophore–gold nanoparticle hybrids, which have a chloride‐sensitive fluorophore attached at varying distances from their surface. The distance‐dependent fluorescence response is quantitatively assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Notch3 Null Mutation in Mice Causes Muscle Hyperplasia by Repetitive Muscle Regeneration
Authors: Kitamoto Takeo , Hanaoka Kazunori 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair of postnatal skeletal muscle. Although several studies have demonstrated that Notch signaling plays a critical role in muscle regeneration through promoting proliferation and self-renewal of satellite cells, the function of Notch3 is yet to be elucidated. We analyzed muscle regeneration in Notch3-deficient mutant mice. We found a remarkable overgrowth of muscle mass in the Notch3-deficient mice but only when they suffered repetitive muscle injuries. Immunochemical analysis found that Notch3 was expressed in Pax7+/MyoD− quiescent satellite cells and also in Pax7+/MyoD+-activated satellite cells, but the expression was restricted to around half the population of each cell type. In Notch3-deficient mice, the number of sublaminar quiescent satellite cells was significantly increased compared with those in control mice. We also found that primary cultured myoblasts isolated from the Notch3-deficient mice proliferated faster than those from control mice. Analysis of cultured myofibers revealed that the number of self-renewing Pax7-positive satellite cells attached to the myofiber was increased in the Notch3-deficient mice when compared with control mice. The data obtained in this study suggested that Notch3 pathway might be distinct from Notch1 in muscle regeneration. Because overexpression of Notch3 activated the expression of Nrarp, a negative feedback regulator of Notch signaling, Notch3 might act as a Notch1 repressor by activating Nrarp.
SEL versus SUL: managing seismic risk in commercial real estate investments
Authors: Thiel Charles C. , Kosonen Thomas E. , Stivers David A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTwo common scenario loss ratios are used when calculating Probable Maximum Losses from earthquakes: Scenario Expected Loss (SEL) and Scenario Upper Loss (SUL). Analyses of seismic loss ratios prepared by five seismic consulting firms, four loan pools securitized in the capital markets, two very large loans with many properties, two large hospitality portfolios and a general account portfolio indicate that use of SUL rather than SEL would yield significantly larger numbers of loans with loss ratios in excess of 20%. When using SEL, the percentage of loans in the four large pools exceeding a 20% loss ratio was 3.8%. When SUL was used on this same data set, 47.8% of these properties had SUL values above 20%. Common industry practice has been to use SEL. Some of the implications of tightening seismic underwriting standards to apply a 20% threshold to the SUL, rather than SEL, may include: lower loan production, properties may lose value, properties may be costlier and more difficult to finance, existing loan portfolios may appear more seismically risky, and demand for insurance and seismic retrofit could go up. Equally undesirable effects could be that seismic consultants and lenders who do more rigorous analysis will be less competitive than those who do not. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic energy analysis of structures with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers—algorithm and numerical verification
Authors: Wong Kevin K. F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo protect structures from suffering significant damage during a major earthquake, fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) have been used in both newly constructed and seismically retrofitted structures to effectively reduce dynamic responses. The main benefit of installing FVDs into structures is to dissipate larger portions of earthquake induced energy through viscous damping, thereby decreasing energy dissipation demands on structural members, which, in turn, reduces structural damage. The objective of this paper is to propose a simple numerical algorithm for analysing the dynamic response and energy transfer of inelastic structures with nonlinear FVDs. This numerical algorithm uses the state space method of dynamic analysis, an explicit time‐stepping method that has proven to be both numerically accurate and time efficient, as well as the force analogy method to determine the inelasticity of structures and to quantify the corresponding plastic energy when inelastic structural behaviour occurs. Numerical verification of the algorithm is performed by comparing nonlinear time history structural responses of using a linear FVD in a single degree of freedom system. Application of the algorithm on studying the effectiveness of installing FVDs with different nonlinear power law coefficients and damping coefficients are also investigated and presented. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of different optimum criteria for sensor placement in lattice towers
Authors: Marano Giuseppe Carlo , Monti Giorgio , Quaranta Giuseppe 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYPlacing sensors at appropriate locations is an important task in the dynamic assessment of the mechanical systems, and its role is central in structural health monitoring. All sensors have to be placed on the structure so that all sought system features be obtained from the experimental tests. Sensor network design is rather diffused in laboratory applications, but there are scarce investigations on real civil structures, and they are not so well documented. In order to give a contribution in this framework, the present paper deals with the optimal sensor placement problem in lattice towers. With reference to six of the most diffused existing optimum criteria and according to mechanical and energetic formulations, several sensor network configurations are calculated for two broadcasting antennas, adopted as benchmark cases of studies. The final topological configurations of the networks are compared, and the most relevant differences are discussed. Moreover, the information content behaviour is computed to investigate the connection between sensor network topology and its ability to withstand the presence of undesired signals (e.g., noise) during the measurements. The results illustrated here may be useful for sensor network design for this special class of structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental verification on nonlinear dynamic characteristic of a tuned liquid column damper subjected to various excitation amplitudes
Authors: Lee Sung‐Kyung , Lee Hye‐Ri , Min Kyung‐Won 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this study, nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) varying with the amplitude of excitation input are investigated through shaking table tests and numerical model of a TLCD. The tuned mass damper (TMD) analogy of a TLCD is used to simplify the formulation, in which it involves equivalent viscous damping of the inherent nonlinear damping term of a TLCD. The equivalent TMD model of a TLCD shows that the dynamic behaviour of a TLCD is affected by the natural frequency, damping ratio and ratio of total liquid mass to the mass in horizontal column of a TLCD. Shaking table test is performed to obtain experimental transfer functions that describe the dynamic behaviour of a TLCD specimen subjected to a harmonic loading with various excitation amplitudes. Transfer functions for various excitation amplitudes are measured from shaking table acceleration to both the liquid displacement within a TLCD container and the control force produced by a TLCD specimen. In addition, the dissipation energy due to the inherent damping of a TLCD is measured from the shaking table test varying with excitation amplitude. The variation of design parameters of a TLCD according to the excitation amplitude is investigated by comparing the transfer functions obtained from the shaking table test to those derived from the TMD analogy of a TLCD. These results showed that both the natural frequency and the mass ratio of a TLCD are independent on the variation of excitation amplitude, while the damping ratio of a TLCD increases with larger excitation amplitude. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigation of wind response of a tall building using semi‐active tuned mass dampers
Authors: Kang Joowon , Kim Hyun‐Su , Lee Dong‐Guen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this study, the effectiveness of semi‐active tuned mass dampers (STMDs) for the response control of a wind‐excited tall building was investigated. To this end, a 76‐storey, 306 m benchmark building proposed for the city of Melbourne, Australia was used. Across wind load, data from wind tunnel tests were employed as excitation. A variable damping device and a magnetorheological (MR) damper were used to compose STMDs. A groundhook control algorithm was used to appropriately modulate the damping force of the semi‐active damper. The control performance of the STMD was compared to that of a sample TMD, an active TMD (ATMD) and a semi‐active variable stiffness TMD. The robustness of the STMD was investigated through the uncertainty in the building's stiffness. This study also investigated whether each of the mass dampers could satisfy the design requirements and constraints. The numerical studies show that the STMD can reduce the structural responses similar to an ATMD, but with a significant reduction in power consumption. It is also shown that the STMD with a 50 kN capacity MR damper can effectively control a full‐scale tall building subjected to wind excitation, and it can satisfy the design requirements and constraints of the benchmark problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards optimal design of high‐rise building tube systems
Authors: Shin Myoungsu , Kang Thomas H.‐K. , Pimentel Benjamin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe primary objectives of this study are to investigate effects of varying design parameters on the tube action and shear lag behaviour of a typical reinforced concrete frame‐wall tube building, and propose optimal design approaches for similar tube structures. A parametric study was conducted with selected key design variables on the performance of a 55‐storey hotel building planned in New York City. The lateral force resistance of the case study building is primarily exerted by exterior shear walls in one direction and by exterior moment frames in the other direction, enhanced by the tube action credited to the connection of the walls and the frames. The design variables considered for the parametric study include the column depth, beam depth, column width and beam width of the moment frames. The performance of each model was assessed in terms of overall and critical (maximum) storey drifts, force distributions between various lateral force‐resisting members and shear lag behaviour. Overall, the effects of the column depth (column dimension parallel to the frame direction) on the tube action and shear lag behaviour were more prominent than the other member dimensions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of relative intensity of wind load on the RC column reliability in tall buildings
Authors: Baji Hassan , Ronagh Hamid 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYWind loads are very important in the design of tall buildings as often the load combinations containing the wind load govern the design. As for reliability, however, because of the higher inherent uncertainty in the wind load in comparison to the gravity load, safety indices decrease as the ratio of wind load to gravity load increases. The safety indices in RC columns depend on the nominal wind to gravity load ratios. Due to the interaction between bending moment and axial force, a single ratio cannot be defined, because the eccentricity is not similar for wind and gravity loads. In this paper, the ratio of wind to gravity loads is considered separately for axial force and bending moments. Unlike conventional approach, here it is assumed that the wind and gravity loads' eccentricities are not equal, and the final load eccentricity used in either the design or the reliability analysis is a function of applied loads. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity of RC columns' safety indices to bending moment ratios is higher than that of axial force ratios. Furthermore, the variation of RC columns' safety indices with a low rebar percentage is very different from RC columns with high rebar percentages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drought under global warming: a review
Authors: Dai Aiguo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article reviews recent literature on drought of the last millennium, followed by an update on global aridity changes from 1950 to 2008. Projected future aridity is presented based on recent studies and our analysis of model simulations. Dry periods lasting for years to decades have occurred many times during the last millennium over, for example, North America, West Africa, and East Asia. These droughts were likely triggered by anomalous tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), with La Niña‐like SST anomalies leading to drought in North America, and El‐Niño‐like SSTs causing drought in East China. Over Africa, the southward shift of the warmest SSTs in the Atlantic and warming in the Indian Ocean are responsible for the recent Sahel droughts. Local feedbacks may enhance and prolong drought. Global aridity has increased substantially since the 1970s due to recent drying over Africa, southern Europe, East and South Asia, and eastern Australia. Although El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), tropical Atlantic SSTs, and Asian monsoons have played a large role in the recent drying, recent warming has increased atmospheric moisture demand and likely altered atmospheric circulation patterns, both contributing to the drying. Climate models project increased aridity in the 21st century over most of Africa, southern Europe and the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Regions like the United States have avoided prolonged droughts during the last 50 years due to natural climate variations, but might see persistent droughts in the next 20–50 years. Future efforts to predict drought will depend on models' ability to predict tropical SSTs. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 45–65 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Observed Impacts of Climate Change
Turnover of AU‐rich‐containing mRNAs during stress: a matter of survival
Authors: von Roretz Christopher , Marco Sergio Di , Mazroui Rachid , Gallouzi Imed‐Eddine 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCells undergo various adaptive measures in response to stress. Among these are specific changes in the posttranscriptional regulation of various genes. In particular, the turnover of mRNA is modified to either increase or decrease the abundance of certain target messages. Some of the best‐studied mRNAs that are affected by stress are those that contain adenine/uridine‐rich elements (AREs) in their 3′‐untranslated regions. ARE‐containing mRNAs are involved in many important cellular processes and are normally labile, but in response to stress they are differentially regulated through the concerted efforts of ARE‐binding proteins (AUBPs) such as HuR, AUF1, tristetraprolin, BRF1, and KSRP, along with microRNA‐mediated effects. Additionally, the fate of ARE‐containing mRNAs is modified by inducing their localization to stress granules or mRNA processing bodies. Coordination of these various mechanisms controls the turnover of ARE‐containing mRNAs, and thereby enables proper responses to cellular stress. In this review, we discuss how AUBPs regulate their target mRNAs in response to stress, along with the involvement of cytoplasmic granules in this process. WIREs RNA 2011 2 336–347 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.55This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Technical aspects of CT imaging of the spine
Authors: Tins Bernhard 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This review article discusses technical aspects of computed tomography (CT) imaging of the spine. Patient positioning, and its influence on image quality and movement artefact, is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of scan parameters and their relation to image quality and radiation burden to the patient. Strategies to reduce radiation burden and artefact from metal implants are outlined. Data acquisition, processing, image display and steps to reduce artefact are reviewed. CT imaging of the spine is put into context with other imaging modalities for specific clinical indications or problems. This review aims to review underlying principles for image acquisition and to provide a rough guide for clinical problems without being prescriptive. Individual practice will always vary and reflect differences in local experience, technical provisions and clinical requirements.
Identity, prosocial behavior, and generative concern in German and Cameroonian Nso adolescents
Authors: Busch Holger , Hofer Jan 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTLittle is known about whether ego identity statuses have the same developmental concomitants in different cultural contexts. Thus, 159 German and 158 Cameroonian Nso adolescents aged 15–18 were recruited to test if associations between identity and generativity (i.e. the desire to create a positive legacy) and prosocial behavior (i.e. helpful and supportive behavior), respectively, are comparable. In both cultural samples, only identity achievement was positively linked with generative concern and prosocial tendencies. Integrating these and previous findings on the association between prosocial behavior and generativity, a partial mediation of the relation between identity achievement and generative concern through prosocial tendencies was hypothesized and confirmed for both cultural groups. Thus, there is an equivalent association between identity achievement, prosocial behavior, and generative concern in adolescents with widely different cultural background.
EPA inhibits the inhibitor of κBα (IκBα)/NF-κB/muscle RING finger 1 pathway in C2C12 myotubes in a PPARγ-dependent manner
Authors: Huang Feiruo , Wei Hongkui , Luo Hefeng , Jiang Siwen , Peng Jian 
Published: October 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mechanism by which n-3 PUFA regulates the inhibitor of κBα (IκBα)/NF-κB/muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) pathway in C2C12 myotubes. After treatment with 150, 300 or 600 μm-α-linolenic acid (ALA) or -EPA for 24 h in C2C12 myotubes, the levels of phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα) and total IκBα were measured by Western blot. Compared with the bovine serum albumin (BSA) control, 150 and 300 μm-ALA and -EPA, respectively, did not affect the total IκBα protein level (P>0·05). However, 600 μm-EPA, but not 600 μm-ALA, prevented IκBα phosphorylation and increased the total IκBα levels (P < 0·01). Furthermore, total nuclear protein was isolated and analysed by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay for NF-κB DNA-binding activity after treatment with 600 μm-ALA or -EPA for 24 h. EPA (600 μm), but not ALA (600 μm), decreased the NF-κB DNA-binding activity when compared with BSA (P < 0·01). It was further observed that 600 μm-EPA caused a 3·38-fold reduction in the levels of MuRF1 mRNA expression compared with BSA (P < 0·01). Additionally, 600 μm-EPA resulted in a 2·3-fold induction of PPARγ mRNA expression (P < 0·01). In C2C12 myotubes, PPARγ knockdown by RNA interference significantly decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression to approximately 50 and 60 % (P < 0·01), respectively. Interestingly, in C2C12 myotubes with PPARγ knockdown, 600 μm-ALA and -EPA did not affect the levels of p-IκBα and total IκBα, NF-κB DNA-binding activity or MuRF1 mRNA expression when compared with BSA (P>0·05). These results revealed that EPA, but not ALA, inhibited the IκBα/NF-κB/MuRF1 pathway in C2C12 myotubes in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
Interaction of high power laser beam with magnetized plasma and THz generation
Authors: Sharma R.P. , Monika A. , Sharma P. , Chauhan P. , Ji A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of the excitation of a Tera hertz (THz) radiation by nonlinear interaction of a circularly polarized high power laser beam and density ripple in collisionless magneto plasma. The ponderomotive force due to the nonlinear interaction between the laser and density ripple generates a nonlinear current at a difference frequency. If the appropriate phase matching conditions are satisfied and the frequency of the ripple is appropriate, then this difference frequency can be brought in the THz range. Filamentation (self focusing) of a circularly polarized beam propagating along the direction of ambient magnetic field in plasma is first investigated within paraxial ray approximation. The beam gets focused when the initial power of the laser beam is greater than its critical power. Resulting localized beam couples with the pre-existing density ripple to produce a nonlinear current driving the THz radiation. Analytical expressions for the beam width of the laser beam, electric vector of the THz wave have been obtained. By changing the strength of the magnetic field, one can enhance or suppress the THz emission. For typical laser beam and plasma parameters with the incident laser power flux = 1014 W/cm2, laser beam radius (r0) = 40 µm, laser frequency (ω0) = 1014 rad/s and plasma density (n0) = 3 × 1018 cm−3, normalized ripple density amplitude (μ) = 0.3, the produced THz emission can be at the level of Giga watt in power.
Coherently enhanced radiation reaction effects in laser-vacuum acceleration of electron bunches
Authors: Smorenburg P.W. , Kamp L.P.J. , Geloni G.A. , Luiten O.J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe effects of coherently enhanced radiation reaction on the motion of subwavelength electron bunches in interaction with intense laser pulses are analyzed. The radiation reaction force behaves as a radiation pressure in the laser beam direction, combined with a viscous force in the perpendicular direction. Due to Coulomb expansion of the electron bunch, coherent radiation reaction takes effect only in the initial stage of the laser-bunch interaction while the bunch is still smaller than the wavelength. It is shown that this initial stage can have observable effects on the trajectory of the bunch. By scaling the system to larger bunch charges, the radiation reaction effects are strongly increased. On the basis of the usual equation of motion, this increase is shown to be such that radiation reaction may suppress the radial instability normally found in ponderomotive acceleration schemes, thereby enabling the full potential of laser-vacuum electron bunch acceleration to GeV energies. However, the applicability of the used equation of motion still needs to be validated experimentally, which becomes possible using the presented experimental scheme.