bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case of Invalid Care in Wild Dwarf Mongooses
Authors: Rasa O. Anne E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryInvalid care has already been recorded for a group of captive dwarf mongooses and incorporated huddling round the sick animal, grooming it and giving it preferential access to food. The behavioural responses of a wild group towards an injured group member were essentially the same as described above. In addition, the group members restricted their foraging both spatially and temporally until the injured animal could accompany them normally. Invalid care in this species may be related to the importance of the presence of a large number of adults in the group, groups with few adults having less success in raising their young than larger groups and being especially vulnerable to terrestrial predator attack.
The Response of Corn Buntings to Playback of Dialects
Authors: Mcgregor Peter K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe response to playback of three different dialects by 10 territorial male corn buntings was investigated; the dialects played were own dialect, the dialect of a neighbouring population (NEAR) and a dialect from 40 km away (FAR). A significant effect of dialects was found for two measures of response, latency and singing rate. Response strength varies in the pattern OWN > NEAR > FAR for these measures. This pattern of response would not maintain the observed homogeneity of dialect populations. The results are similar to those obtained by experiments on other dialect species.
The Social Behavior of two Species of Closely Related Leopard Lizards, Gambelia silus and Gambelia wislizenii
Authors: TOLLESTRUP KRISTINE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe displays and social behavior of two closely related species of leopard lizards, Gambelia silus and Gambelia wislizenii, are described.

The main difference between the social behavior of the two species is the presence of home range defense in G. silus and the lack of it in G. wislizenii. G. silus is typical of iguanids in its use of displays and defense of a home range by males. However, G. wislizenii is unusual because both sexes display infrequently, the displays do not appear to be associated with interactions between conspecifics, and neither sex defends a home range.
Male G. silus are most likely defending an area where they can find a female on a day to day basis. The larger male home ranges included more females than the smallest home ranges. Food, burrows, basking, and shelter sites did not appear to be the primary defended resource.
The absence of home range defense in G. wislizenii is related to its diet of vertebrate prey, mode of foraging and poor visibility in the habitat. The costs of destroying its camouflage in terms of capture of prey and predator avoidance appear to be greater than the benefits of defending a territory.
Chorus Dynamics of two Sympatric Species of Ranidella (Anura): Within‐year and between‐year Variability in Organisation and their Determination
Authors: Nally Ralph Charles Mac 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryChorus dynamics of two sympatric species of anuran amphibians (genus Ranidella) were studied for four years (1977 to 1980) in central Victoria. Analyses of single‐species assemblages showed that 40 % of calling males were long‐term residents (> 40 days) in a given stretch of pond margin; the remainder appeared to be transients. Vocalizing males show strong fidelity to sets of discrete “calling stations”, characteristics of which did not appear to differ from intervening sections of pond margin. Nearest neighbour analyses revealed regular arrangement. Residents were sedentary, so that they often occupied a given station for two or more months. Calling stations were occupied by successions of males, so that changes in occupancy could be translated into transition matrices. Transitions that involved the retention or acquisition of stations by residents were regarded as “stabilising” transitions. These transitions were prevalent in the early and middle phases of breeding. “Destabilising” transitions, which involved the acquisition of calling stations by transients, were most common late in the breeding season. Transition matrices were similar from year to year and for both species at any one locality, but differed between localities. Analyses of between‐species dynamics showed that relationships differed from year to year, apparently in response to the severity of autumnal drought. Variable acoustic interaction is proposed as a mechanism by which these differences can be explained.ZusammenfassungAufbau und Veränderung der Ruf‐Chöre zweier sympatrischer Frosch‐Arten (Ranidella) wurden in vier Jahren in Victoria (Australien) untersucht. Rufende Männchen in monospezifischen Ansammlungen waren zu 40 % mehr als 40 Tage am gleichen Uferstück ansässig, die übrigen waren Wanderer. Männchen hielten sich treu an feste Ruf‐Orte, die sich nicht von anderen Uferplätzen unterschieden. Die Abstände zwischen nächsten Nachbarn waren gleichmäßig weit. Ansässige Männchen hielten einen bestimmten Ort über zwei Monate lang besetzt. Beibehalten des Ortes und Übernahme durch einen anderen Ansässigen waren typisch für die frühe und mittlere Brutzeit; Über‐nahme durch Wanderer war in der späten Brutzeit am häufigsten. Das genaue Wechselmuster war von Ort zu Ort verschieden, aber am selben Ort von Jahr zu Jahr und für beide Arten gleich. Unterschiede zwischen den Arten schienen je Jahr vom Grad der Herbst‐Trockenheit abzuhängen. Damit zusammen hängen offenbar die Unterschiede in den Ruf‐Interaktionen zwischen den Arten.
Premating Behavior in the Subgenus Limia (Pisces: Poeciliidae): Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Courtship
Authors: Farr James A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe sexual behavior and degree of sexual dimorphism in 6 species of the poeciliid subgenus Limia are described. Three species exhibit male precopulatory courtship displays and female choice of ♂ ♂. Courtship is lacking in the other three, where mating success is determined solely by intermale competition. The three courting species exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism. It is hypothesized that non‐courting species inhabit fluctuating environments where high levels of heterozygosity are adaptive; female choice and courtship have not evolved because ♀♀ cannot assess whether ♂ ♂ are genotypically different from themselves. Courtship and female choice evolved in more stable habitats where heterozygosity is less important than a single set of genes conferring maximum fitness in a single unvarying set of environmental conditions. Preliminary data on habitat of the 6 species support the hypothesis.ZusammenfassungDas Sexualverhalten und der Sexualdimorphismus von 6 Arten der Poeciliiden‐Untergattung Limia werden beschrieben. Bei drei Arten balzen ♂ ♂ die ♀♀ an, und männlicher Paarungserfolg ist durch eine weibliche Mitwirkung bestimmt. Bei den anderen drei Arten fehlt eine Balz, und der Paarungserfolg hängt wahrscheinlich ganz von der Konkurrenz unter ♂ ♂ ab. Die drei balzenden Arten sind sexuell dimorph. Es wird die Hypothese entwickelt, daß nicht‐balzende Arten variable Habitate bewohnen, wo ein höherer Heterozygotie‐Grad adaptiv ist. Balz und weibliche Partnerwahl sind nicht entstanden, weil ♀♀ nicht unterscheiden können, ob ♂ ♂ genotypisch ungleich sind. Männliche Balz und weibliche Partnerwahl sind in stabilen Habitaten entstanden, wo Heterozygotie weniger adaptiv ist als ein einziges Genom, das eine maximale Anpassung an eine stabile Umwelt liefert. Zu der Hypothese passen (nach einer vorläufigen Beschreibung) die Habitate der 6 Arten.
Social Organisation in the Indian Wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Gadagkar Raghavendra , Joshi N. V. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryMultivariate analysis of time‐activity budgets of several individually marked adults of the primitively eusocial Indian wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis shows the existence of three behavioural clusters (or castes) which are called Fighters, Sitters and Foragers, after their most distinguishing features. The principal egg layers who are also the most dominant individuals are the Fighters. The Sitters are idlers who are speculated to be ‘hopeful queens’ and the foragers are the principal worker force of the nests. Such a behavioural differentiation does not normally appear to change drastically with age of the animal. Nor does it change when an individual leaves a nest and founds or joins a different nest. It probably could however change in response to major perturbations such as death of the queen. Males as a class do not form a separate cluster distinct from the females but may either be Sitters or Foragers. Comparison of these results with those of R. marginata, a related social wasp, whose queens are Sitters, suggests that there is a higher level of reproductive competition in R. cyathiformis.ZusammenfassungImagines der primitiv eusozialen indischen Wespe Ropalidia cyathiformis wurden individuell markiert. Ihre Zeit‐ und Aktivitätsaufteilung belegt die Existenz dreier Ethotypen (oder Kasten), die nach ihrem typischen Verhalten als Kämpfer, Sitzer und Futtersucher bezeichnet werden. Eierleger und zugleich die dominantesten Tiere sind hauptsächlich die Kämpfer. Die Sitzer sind “Faulenzer”, vermutlich künftige Königinnen. Die Futtersucher sind die hauptsächlichen Arbeitskräfte. Diese Verhaltensdifferenzierung scheint sich normalerweise nicht mit dem Alter der Tiere zu ändern. Das Verhalten ändert sich auch nicht, wenn das Individuum sein Nest verläßt und ein anderes gründet oder sich einem anderen anschließt. Es ist jedoch möglich, daß es sich als Reaktion auf einschneidende Zwischenfälle, wie z. B. Tod der Königin, ändert. Männliche Wespen bilden keine von den Weibchen unterschiedene Gruppe, sondern sind entweder Sitzer oder Futtersucher. Ein Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit denen bei R. marginata, einer verwandten sozialen Wespe, deren Königinnen Sitzer sind, weist darauf hin, daß bei R. cyathiformis ein stärkerer Fortpflanzungswettbewerb besteht.
The Behaviour of Adult Male Blue Monkeys
Authors: Tsingalia H. M. , Rowell T. E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe significance of a one‐male troop organization in determining the reproductive success of adult male guenons is called into question by the observations reported here. A previously habituated blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) troop was observed for 6 months during which time 16 adult males associated with the troop and 9 were seen to copulate with about 6 of its 18 adult females which became receptive during the observations. For two years before the study there was only one adult male in the troop and the same male was again the only one present for several months afterwards. During the study this male ranked above all the others in terms of agonistic interactions, and copulated least frequently. The simple dichotomy between harem male and solitary male could not be applied in this population, and adult males were seen to maintain varied social relationships with each other and with the females of several adjacent troops.ZusammenfassungUnsere Beobachtungen werfen Zweifel auf die Bedeutung der “Ein‐Männchen‐Gruppe” für den Fortpflanzungserfolg männlicher Meerkatzen. Eine Gruppe von Diadem‐Meerkatzen (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) wurde 6 Monate lang beobachtet: während dieser Zeit gehörten 16 erwachsene Männchen zur Gruppe, und 9 von ihnen kopulierten mit etwa 6 der erwachsenen Weibchen. Während der vorhergehenden zwei Jahre war nur ein erwachsenes Männchen in dieser Gruppe, und dasselbe Männchen war das einzige während einiger Monate danach. Während der Beobachtungszeit hatte dieses Männchen die meisten agonistischen Interaktionen und kopulierte am seltensten. In dieser Population zeigt sich kein Unterschied zwischen Harems‐Männchen und Einzelgängern. Erwachsene Männchen hatten verschiedene soziale Beziehungen miteinander und zu Weibchen mehrerer benachbarter Gruppen.
Ants as Prey of Juvenile Anolis lineatopus (Rept., Iguanidae) in Prey Choice Experiments
Authors: Vogel Peter , von Brockhusen‐Holzer Friederike 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryIn prey choice experiments, hatchlings of Anolis lineatopus attacked ants less readily and spat them out more frequently than other arthropods. With rising ant body size (from 2 to 4 mm), the rate of hatchlings attacking the ants decreased rapidly (from 55 to 21 %), while the rate of spitting them out rose (from 0 to 52 %). Stinging ant species were attacked by hatchlings as often as similar sized stingless ones but were spat out more often. Older but still ant‐naive juveniles attacked ants progressively. The stinging Solenopsis geminata and the stingless Pheidole fallax are two ant species living syntopically with A. lineatopus. When the stinging species was offered exclusively, juveniles only very occasionally attacked it whereas they took considerable numbers of P. fallax when offered alone. A mixed offering of both species induced no consistent rejection of the stinging ant nor consistent acceptance of the stingless one. Experience with S. geminata restrained further attack on both ant species whereas experience with P. fallax encouraged it.The results suggest that the attack on ants bears certain risks for a foraging anole that vary with ant weaponry. Hatchlings cannot distinguish between harmful and harmless species. This could explain their general reluctance to take ants. Up to a certain degree, older juveniles still mix up stinging and stingless ants and feed on them according to their prior experience.ZusammenfassungIn Beutewahlversuchen griffen Schlüpflinge von Anolis lineatopus Ameisen seltener an und spuckten sie häufiger aus als andere Arthropoden. Mit zunehmender Ameisengröße (von 2 auf 4 mm) nahm derAnteil der angreifenden Schlüpflinge rasch ab (von 55 auf 21 %), derjenige der ausspuckenden aber zu (von 0 auf 52 %). Stechende Ameisen wurden von Schlüpflingen zwar mit gleicher Häufigkeit angegriffen wie stachellose, aber häufiger ausgespuckt. Ältere, doch noch Ameisen‐naive Jungtiere griffen Ameisen zunehmend an.Die stechende Solenopsis geminata und die stachellose Pheidole fallax sind zwei mit A. lineatopus syntop vorkommende Ameisenarten. Erhielten die Jungtiere nur die stechende Art, griffen sie diese nur selten an, fraßen aber beträchtliche Mengen der stachellosen, wenn diese allein geboten wurde. Eine gemischte Darbietung der beiden Ameisenarten führte weder zu einer beständigen Ablehnung von S. geminata noch zu einer beständigen Annahme von Pheidole fallax. Erfahrungen mit S. geminata hemmten weitere Angriffe auf beide Arten, während Erfahrungen mit P. fallax die Angriffe förderten.Nach diesen Befunden ist der Angriff auf Ameisen, entsprechend deren Abwehreinrichtungen, für die räuberischen Anolis mit einem Risiko verbunden. Die Schlüpflinge vermögen nicht zwischen gefährlichen und ungefährlichen Ameisen zu unterscheiden. Dies könnte ihre generelle Abneigung, Ameisen anzugreifen, erklären. Ältere Jungtiere verwechseln in gewissem Maße immer noch stechende und stachellose Ameisen und greifen sie je nach früherer Erfahrung an.
Interspecific Differences in the Response of Female Birds to Song Repertoires
Authors: Searcy William A. , Marler Peter 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe functional significance of the wide variation between bird species in the sizes of individual song repertoires is not understood. We have studied the effects of song repertoires on females. Song triggers copulation solicitation display in female sparrows treated with estradiol. Song sparrow males (Melospiza melodia) have repertoires of about 10 song types, and female song sparrows display significantly more to presentations of large repertoires than to a single song type. By contrast, male field sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and white‐throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) each have only one song type, and their females show no significant increment in responsiveness to repertoires of several song types over a single song type. Swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) fall in between, with male repertoires of three song types. Female swamp sparrows behave in intermediate fashion, responding more to several song types than to one, but the response increment is less than in song sparrows. Thus species differences that males exhibit in song repertoires are paralleled by differences in female responsiveness to multiple song types, implicating variations in female reactivity in the evolution of song repertoires. Female song sparrows respond preferentially to repertoires programmed in eventual variety rather than immediate variety, while field sparrows and white‐throated sparrows show no discrimination.
Spatial Relationships and Social Organization in Adult Pikas: A Facultatively Monogamous Mammal
Authors: Smith Andrew T. , Ivins Barbara L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryAdult spatial relationships and social organization in a marked population of alpine mammals, the pika (Ochotona princeps), were studied over a 3‐year period in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Home range size, distances between centers of activity of dyads, and weighted overlaps of home ranges of dyads were used to define space use patterns. Disappearance and establishment of individuals reflected the temporal component of space use. Relative frequencies of foraging (haying and feeding), surveillance, and communication (short calling, long calling, cheek rubbing) behaviors were recorded. Social relationships among adults were defined by agonistic interactions (aggression) and affiliative behaviors (social tolerance, vocal duets, copulations).Males and females occupied individual home ranges of equal size on talus, their obligate habitat type. Adjacent home ranges were normally occupied by pikas of the opposite sex. Replacement of home ranges was always by a member of the same sex as the previous occupant. A high degree of affiliative behavior was expressed between spatially contiguous heterosexual dyads. Aggression was greater among intrasexual than heterosexual dyads, and spatial overlaps among intrasexual conspecifics were less than among heterosexual conspecifics.Ecological constraints, such as the distribution of food (primarily located in meadows adjacent to the talus) and the short summer reproductive season (placing a premium on early appropriately timed litter;;) have apparently led to a facultatively monogamous mating system. Males can neither monopolize essential resources sufficiently to attract several females, nor defend groups of females as social repulsion among females further increases their dispersion.
Constancy of Basic Pattern in the Songs of two Populations of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). A Comparison of Song Variation between Sedentary and Migratory Populations
Authors: Adret‐Hausberger Martine , Güttinger Hans Rudolf 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe comparison of local song variations between a migratory and a sedentary population of starlings shows the species‐specificity of the basic categories and of their variation range. Local variations were studied for different themes in the repertoire, near Kaiserslautern (West Germany) during the reproductive season of 1982. Results were compared with those previously obtained in Brittany (France). In the study area in Germany, 80 % of the individuals migrate in autumn whereas the Breton starlings remain near the colony all year. To compare the whistles of individuals of different regions, by examing the important variations in their frequency modulation, it is necessary to know the general basic features of the whistles. Using sonograms, the whistles of starlings can be divided into 8 general classes according to particular criteria: rhythmicity, modulation etc. Five themes, among these 8 classes, are sung by all or most of the individuals (“specific themes”).The analyses of whistles give us the following results:

The songs of the migratory population studied in W. Germany contain basic features corresponding to those known in the sedentary French population.
Like the Breton starlings, those in Germany show a “theme‐specific” dialect distribution: the rhythmic theme shows several variants in an area of a few km2, whereas the uniform simple theme presents only one variant over several 100 km2. For the five themes, the dialectal mosaic is totally different: two birds can have the same variant of one given theme and sing different dialects of another.
The themes which, in France, show a great number of variants over a small area present the same tendency towards strong subdivision in dialects in Germany.In the two study areas, no correlation could be found between dialectal boundaries and ecological factors.
Considering that two starling populations with very different characteristics show such similarities in their basic song structures and also in their pattern of local variation (in the parameters concerned and in the sizes of the dialect areas) we may suppose that the basic structure of the specific themes could be determined by a genetic program. Some characteristics, like the precise details of the frequency modulation, may be due more to learning and may conform to the local dialect.
An Analysis of Vigilance in the Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
Authors: Alados Concepcion L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryObservation of ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in Cazorla and Segura (South‐eastern Spain) revealed a negative relationship when group size was plotted against individual time dedicated to vigilance and a positive one when plotted against time used for feeding. Generally, adults of both sexes were more vigilant than juveniles and more vigilance occurred in the morning than in the afternoon and evening combined. Peripheral animals were more vigilant than central ones.The relationship between group size and vigilance rate shows that when mixed groups become large, and correspondingly when the level of interactions is frequent, the negative relationship observed between small group size and rate of vigilance is broken. This occurs during the rut, when the importance of the animals as look‐out also decreases if they are located at the periphery of the group, due to an increase in the interest in activities related to reproduction.ZusammenfassungBeim Iberiensteinbock in Südostspanien nimmt mit der Truppgroße die Wachsamkeit der Individuen ab, ihre Freßdauer zu. Erwachsene beiderlei Geschlechts sind wachsamer als Junge, und alle sind morgens länger wachsam als nachmittags und abends. Individuen am Gruppenrand sind wachsamer als die im Gruppenzentrum.In ganz großen gemischten Gruppen während der Paarungszeit folgt die Wachsamkeit diesen Regeln nicht. Dann ist die Aufmerksamkeit mehr auf die vielen Interaktionen in der Gruppe gerichtet.