bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new supraglottic airway device: LMA‐Supreme™, comparison with LMA‐Proseal™
Authors: HOSTEN T. , GURKAN Y. , OZDAMAR D. , TEKIN M. , TOKER K. , SOLAK M. 
Published: May 2009

Background and objective: The LMA‐Supreme™ (S‐LMA™) is a new supraglottic airway device that presents combined features of flexibility, curved structure and single use and a different cuff structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the oropharyngeal leak pressures (OLP) of LMA‐Proseal™ (P‐LMA™) and S‐LMA™.Methods: Sixty adult patients were prospectively and randomly allocated to undergo insertion of P‐LMA™ (n=30) or S‐LMA™ (n=30). The cuffs were inflated until the intracuff pressure (ICP) reached 60 cm H2O. Orogastric leak pressures, insertion times, first attempt success rates, fiberoptical assessment of position, cuff pressures, orogastric tube (OGT) placement and OGT insertion times were compared. Unblinded observers collected intraoperative data and blinded observers collected post‐operative data.Results: The first insertion attempts and time taken to provide an effective airway were similar between the groups. Two patients (P‐LMA™, n=1; S‐LMA™, n=1) were intubated due to excessive oropharyngeal leak and in one patient (P‐LMA™, n=1) due to failed OGT placement. OLPs were similar (P‐LMA™; 26.9±6.6 S‐LMA™; 26.1±5.2). ICP increased significantly in the P‐LMA™ at the 30 and 60 min during anesthesia (P‐LMA™; 80.1±12.8, 92.9±14.4, S‐LMA™; 68.3±10.9, 73.7±15.6). OGT placement was successful in all patients in the S‐LMA™, but failed in five patients in the P‐LMA™ (P=0.02). Fiberoptically determined anatomic position was better with the P‐LMA™ (P=0.03).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that S‐LMA™ had leak pressures similar to the P‐LMA™, and this new airway device proved to be successful during both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation.
Metabolic responses in ischemic myocardium after inhalation of carbon monoxide
Authors: AHLSTRÖM K. , BIBER B. , ÅBERG A. , WALDENSTRÖM A. , RONQUIST G. , ABRAHAMSSON P. , STRANDÉN P. , JOHANSSON G. , HANEY M. F. 
Published: May 2009

Background: To clarify the mechanisms of carbon monoxide (CO) tissue‐protective effects, we studied energy metabolism in an animal model of acute coronary occlusion and pre‐treatment with CO.Methods: In anesthetized pigs, a coronary snare and microdialysis probes were placed. CO (carboxyhemoglobin 5%) was inhaled for 200 min in test animals, followed by 40 min of coronary occlusion. Microdialysate was analyzed for lactate and glucose, and myocardial tissue samples were analyzed for adenosine tri‐phosphate, adenosine di‐phosphate, and adenosine mono‐phosphate.Results: Lactate during coronary occlusion was approximately half as high in CO pre‐treated animals and glucose levels decreased to a much lesser degree during ischemia. Energy charge was no different between groups.Conclusions: CO in the low‐doses tested in this model results in a more favorable energy metabolic condition in that glycolysis is decreased in spite of maintained energy charge. Further work is warranted to clarify the possible mechanistic role of energy metabolism for CO protection.
Anaesthetic requirement and stress hormone responses in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery: anterior vs. posterior approach
Authors: YOO K. Y. , LEE M. K. , JEONG C. W. , KIM S. J. , JEONG S. T. , SHIN M. H. , LEE J. K. , LEE J. 
Published: May 2009

Background: The intensity of nociceptive stimuli reflects the severity of tissue injury. The anaesthetic requirement and stress hormonal responses were determined to learn whether they differ according to different surgical approaches (anterior vs. posterior) during the spinal surgery.Methods: Patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery without neurological deficits were divided into two groups: one having posterior (n=13) and the other having anterior fusion (n=13). The end‐tidal sevoflurane concentrations (ETSEVO) required to maintain the bispectral index score at 40–50 were determined. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), serum osmolality and plasma concentrations of catecholamines, cortisol and vasopressin (AVP) were measured.Results: There were no differences in MAP, HR, CVP and serum osmolality between the groups. ETSEVO was higher in the anterior than in the posterior group (P<0.05). The plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and cortisol increased in both groups during the surgery, whereas those of epinephrine remained unchanged. AVP concentrations increased during the surgery in the anterior group, and remained unaltered in the posterior group. The anterior group needed more analgesics (P<0.01) during the first 1 h after the operation.Conclusions: The anterior approach required a deeper level of anaesthesia while undergoing spinal surgery and more use of post‐operative analgesics than the posterior approach. It was also associated with a more pronounced AVP release during the surgery.
Art psychotherapy in a consumer diagnosed with borderline personality disorder: A case study
Authors: Lamont Scott , Brunero Scott , Sutton Dianne 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis case study reviews 11 sessions of art psychotherapy with a consumer diagnosed with having borderline personality disorder. A consumer who reported difficulty in communicating her lived trauma verbally and engaged in self‐harming behaviour was offered individual art therapy sessions following a consultation between an art therapy student and clinical nurse consultant in an attempt to understand her experiences and to collaboratively engage her. Notes were taken after each session by the art therapy student, reflecting conversations with this consumer while they were engaged in art making, which were subsequently explored within formal clinical supervision sessions with a mental health nurse consultant. An art portfolio is reproduced. It illustrates the expressive power of image creation. The key features of the images were that of lived trauma, the externalization of thoughts and feelings, and intense emotional expression. The results of this chronological art portfolio case study indicated therapeutic benefits from the intervention for this consumer. Further investigations of this type of intervention are warranted within the mental health setting.
Are symptoms associated with increased levels of perceived stress in first‐episode psychosis?
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Jackson Deirdre , Turner Niall , Sutton Marie , Foley Sharon , McWilliams Stephen , Kinsella Anthony , O'Callaghan Eadbhard 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTSeveral studies report on the presence of external stress and life events prior to the onset and exacerbation of psychotic illness. However, the relationship between the subjective appraisal of stress at first presentation with psychosis is less well understood. This paper reports on the relationship between the individual perception of stress and symptomatology in individuals with first‐episode psychosis at presentation to community mental health services. We assessed 123 individuals using standardized measures of symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress, global functioning, and duration of untreated psychosis. At first presentation, people with more depressive symptoms and reduced overall functioning were more likely to report increased levels of perceived stress. In addition, people with less positive symptoms of psychosis were experiencing higher levels of subjective stress. In terms of stress vulnerability models, it is important to consider how functioning and symptoms can influence individual appraisal of stress. Acknowledging this interaction can provide opportunities for nursing interventions directed at enhancing adaptive coping and provide benchmarks for assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions provided in the acute phase of psychosis. Further research should focus on the interaction between symptoms and individually‐appraised stress over time.
Binary construct analysis of forensic psychiatric nursing in the UK: High, medium, and low security services
Authors: Mason Tom , King Lisa , Dulson Julie 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to identify if differences in perceptions of the role of forensic psychiatric nurses exist across the three levels of secure psychiatric provision: high, medium, and low. Any differences may reflect the type of clinical conditions found in different levels of security provision. An information‐gathering schedule containing a validated 7‐point Likert scale was distributed to 1200 forensic psychiatric nurses across the UK in 2005. A response rate of 34.6 was achieved, with 122 from high‐security, 159 from medium‐security, and 135 from low‐security services. Differences in perceptions regarding role constructs were found across all three levels, with numerous differences being statistically significant using analysis of variance. The main implications are in relation to the development of skills and competencies, which should target specific clinical conditions in relation to effective interventions, the development of a specialist education and training curriculum focused on treatment outcomes, and the need for further research to draw together theory and practice. Finally, creative policy initiatives should be developed to cross‐fertilize the levels of security provision in order that staff may acquire and deliver experiences in high‐, medium‐, and low‐security psychiatric services.
Introducing peer‐group clinical supervision: An action research project
Authors: Lakeman Richard , Glasgow Christine 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTClinical supervision (CS) has been found to be beneficial in the role development of nurses and can contribute to increased job satisfaction and reduced burnout. However, implementing CS can be resource intensive, and there are few accounts of it being implemented in developing countries. Ten psychiatric nurses in Trinidad engaged in an action research project over a 5‐month period to develop, implement, and undertake an initial evaluation of a model of peer‐group CS for use in routine practice. The participants were involved in undertaking peer‐group CS and contributing to monthly focus groups to reflect on the practices and further refine the model. This inexpensive form of CS was perceived by participants to have positive effects on the way they viewed and practiced nursing. An outline of the model and initial evaluation is presented, but further research is necessary to establish the sustainability of the model in practice.
Humanistic educational theory and the socialization of preregistration mental health nursing students
Authors: Lipscomb Martin , Ishmael Avril 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTIn the present study, humanistic educational theory is juxtaposed against forms of socialization that run counter to its precepts and values. It is suggested that, in theory at least, humanistic principles (broadly defined) underpin UK preregistration mental health student training, but that in practice, humanist theory is subverted or destabilized by external social pressures. To support this claim, work by Margaret Archer on the hegemonic role of the state in educational resourcing, planning, and delivery is introduced. This paper questions the integrity and intelligibility of current student experience. It also presents a novel perspective on the theory–practice divide. Although the paper is UK specific, it nonetheless raises questions that are pertinent to nurse training in other countries, where the state plays a dominant coordinating role in service organization and delivery.
Implications of evidence‐based practice for mental health nursing
Authors: Fisher Jacklin E. , Happell Brenda 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe introduction of evidence‐based practice (EBP) and the hierarchical approach to evidence it engenders within research and evaluation has aroused controversy in the mental health professions. The aim of this paper is to present a critique of EBP with a specific relationship to mental health nursing. It will be argued that in its current form, EBP presents a potential impediment to the facilitation of consumer participation in mental health services and to the recovery model. The need for the consumer voice and the importance of the lived experience of mental illness are not readily reconciled with a strong scientific paradigm that promotes detachment and objectivity. The importance of evidence in contemporary mental health care will also be acknowledged and discussed in light of the current climate of increased consumer knowledge, fiscal constraint, and extensive social criticism of mental health‐care services. The current approach to EBP requires reconstruction to support the consumer‐focused nature of mental health nursing, and to facilitate the implementation of a recovery model for mental health care.
Food web models: a plea for groups
Authors: Allesina Stefano , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe concept of a group is ubiquitous in biology. It underlies classifications in evolution and ecology, including those used to describe phylogenetic levels, the habitat and functional roles of organisms in ecosystems. Surprisingly, this concept is not explicitly included in simple models for the structure of food webs, the ecological networks formed by consumer–resource interactions. We present here the simplest possible model based on groups, and show that it performs substantially better than current models at predicting the structure of large food webs. Our group‐based model can be applied to different types of biological and non‐biological networks, and for the first time merges in the same framework two important notions in network theory: that of compartments (sets of highly interacting nodes) and that of roles (sets of nodes that have similar interaction patterns). This model provides a basis to examine the significance of groups in biological networks and to develop more accurate models for ecological network structure. It is especially relevant at a time when a new generation of empirical data is providing increasingly large food webs.
Future Directions: Social Development in the Context of Social Justice
Authors: Killen Melanie , Smetana Judith G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMany societies and cultures have become increasingly diverse and heterogeneous over the past decade. This diversity has a direct bearing on social justice in children's and adolescents' social development. Increased diversity can have positive consequences, such as the possibility for increased empathy, tolerance, perspective taking, and the celebration of various cultural traditions and values, but it can also result in increased prejudice, bias, and discrimination. In this article, we suggest that incorporating a focus on social justice can transform the field of social development. This can be done by considering the larger societal context of diversity or heterogeneity when investigating children's peer interactions, attitudes, group identity, and social experience. In addition, new findings that incorporate social justice concerns have implications for designing interventions to enhance children's healthy social development. We highlight and discuss recent areas of research that bear on this perspective and discuss avenues for future research and investigation.
Pots and political economy: enamel‐wealth, gender, and patriarchy in Mali
Authors: Cunningham Jerimy J. 
Published: May 2009

This article examines how the consumption of domestic vessels allows women from the Inland Niger Delta of Mali to negotiate the political economies they enter following their marriage. Enamel serving vessels are the centrepieces of wedding trousseaus that decorate women's houses during the early years of their marriage. I suggest that these objects display a bride's social and economic power in a way that shelters her from exploitation within patriarchal households. Enamel consumption provides an example of how the ‘materiality’ of commodities may be enlisted to construct new senses of selfhood during periods of social liminality. More generally, my case study shows how women employ the ambiguities embodied in commodity consumption to confront patriarchal control of their labour and income.RésuméLe présent article examine la manière dont la consommation de récipients domestiques permet aux femmes du Delta intérieur du Niger, au Mali, de négocier les économies politiques dans lesquelles elles entrent en se mariant. Pièces maîtresses du trousseau, les plats de service émaillés ornent la maison des femmes pendant les premières années de leur mariage. L'auteur suggère que ces objets affichent le pouvoir social et économique de l'épouse d'une manière qui la protège de l'exploitation dans un foyer patriarcal. La consommation d'émail est un exemple de la façon dont la « matérialité» des biens peut être mise à profit pour créer de nouveaux sens de soi dans les phases de liminalité sociale. Plus généralement, cette étude de cas montre comment les femmes profitent des ambiguïtés inhérentes à la consommation de marchandises pour s'opposer au contrôle patriarcal de leur travail et de leur revenu.
Bride abduction in post‐Soviet Central Asia: marking a shift towards patriarchy through local discourses of shame and tradition
Authors: Werner Cynthia 
Published: May 2009

The apparent revival of non‐consensual bride abduction in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan is somewhat surprising seventy years after the Soviet state banned the practice and introduced sweeping legislation to emancipate women. This article relies on local discourses of shame and tradition to explain changing marriage practices and to mark a shift towards greater patriarchy in post‐Soviet Central Asia. Discourses of shame are mobilized by local actors in support of the popular view that a woman should ‘stay’ after being abducted. Women can and do resist abductions, but they risk dealing with the burden of shame. Further, in Kyrgyzstan, where bride abduction is increasingly re‐imagined as a national tradition, women and activists who challenge this practice can be viewed as traitors to their ethnicity. In post‐Soviet society, these discourses of shame and tradition have helped men assert further control over female mobility and female sexuality.RésuméLe renouveau des enlèvements non consentis de femmes au Kazakhstan et au Kirghizstan peut surprendre, soixante‐dix ans après l'interdiction de cette pratique par l'État soviétique et la mise en place d'une législation volontariste pour l'émancipation des femmes. Sur la base des discours locaux sur la honte et la tradition, l'article explique ce changement de pratiques matrimoniales et met en lumière la résurgence du patriarcat en Asie centrale postsoviétique. Les discours sur la honte sont mobilisés par les acteurs locaux à l'appui de l'idée populaire qu'une femme doit « rester » après avoir été enlevée. Les femmes peuvent résister aux enlèvements, et résistent effectivement, mais s'exposent ainsi au poids de la honte. Par ailleurs, au Kirghizstan, où le rapt des femmes est de plus en plus ré‐imaginé comme une tradition nationale, les femmes et les militants qui contestent cette pratique peuvent être accusés de trahison envers leurs racines ethniques. Ces discours sur la honte et la tradition ont aidé les hommes à reprendre le contrôle de la mobilité et de la sexualité des femmes dans la société postsoviétique.
To know or not to know? Practices of knowledge and ignorance among Bidayuhs in an ‘impurely’ Christian world
Authors: Chua Liana 
Published: May 2009

This article seeks to render ignorance analytically and ethnographically productive by exploring practices and tropes of knowing and not‐knowing among young Christian Bidayuhs in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. It argues that these Bidayuhs' professed ignorance of the old ‘religion’,adat gawai, cannot be dismissed as a simple lack of knowledge or reflection of sheer indifference. Instead, their invocations of ignorance could be understood as a productive, empowering device for dealing with the dangers of living in a world in which religious conversion remains an ongoing, incomplete process. Through this ethnographic analysis, the article also offers a reflexive critique of the knowledge‐centred impulses that often shape anthropology's epistemological and methodological projects.RésuméL'auteure cherche à rendre l'ignorance féconde du point de vue anecdotique et ethnographique en explorant les pratiques et figures rhétoriques liées à la connaissance et à l'ignorance chez les jeunes Bidayuhs chrétiens du Sarawak, dans la partie malaise de Bornéo. Elle affirme que l'ignorance de « l'ancienne religion »,adat gawai, professée par ces Bidayuhs ne peut pas être réduite à un manque de connaissance ou à l'expression d'une simple indifférence. Elle pourrait, au contraire, constituer un dispositif productif et efficace permettant de gérer les dangers d'un monde dans lequel la conversion religieuse reste un processus permanent et incomplet. Par cette étude ethnographique, l'article offre aussi une critique des impulsions centrées sur le savoir qui donnent souvent forme aux projets épistémologiques et méthodologiques de l'anthropologie.
Hagiographic narrative and monastic practice: Buddhist morality and mastery amongst Thai Buddhist nuns
Authors: Cook Joanna 
Published: May 2009

Drawing on ethnographic analysis of the life‐story of a contemporary Thai Buddhist nun (mae chee), this article argues that narrative convention must be understood as constitutive as well as communicative. In hagiographic convention and ascetic discipline gender distinctions are not understood as relevant for spiritual attainment. The use of hagiography by male and female religious professionals located in a gendered hierarchy suggests that religious practice may not be sufficiently accounted for through an analytical framework of domination and subordination. Rather, power is more usefully located within the relations and practices that form the conditions of the subject.RésuméEn procédant à l'analyse ethnographique de l'histoire de la vie d'une nonne bouddhiste (mae chee) thaïe, l'auteur avance que la convention narrative doit être appréhendée comme constitutive aussi bien que communicative. Dans la convention hagiographique et la discipline ascétique, les distinctions entre les sexes ne sont pas considérées comme pertinentes pour atteindre l'illumination. L'usage de l'hagiographie par les religieux, hommes et femmes, placés dans le cadre d'une hiérarchie sexuée, suggère que le cadre analytique de domination et de subordination est peut‐être insuffisant pour appréhender la pratique religieuse, et qu'il serait plus utile de situer le pouvoir dans les relations et pratiques qui conditionnent le sujet.