bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of metabolic dysfunction in relationship with hyperandrogenemia in obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Alemzadeh Ramin , Kichler Jessica , Calhoun Mariaelena 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivePolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adult women is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) and atherosclerosis. We evaluated the spectrum of metabolic dysfunction in relationship with hyperandrogenemia (HA) in adolescent girls with PCOS.Materials and methodsOvulatory function, acne, hirsutism (HS), body mass index (BMI), body composition, fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, free testosterone (FT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and HbA1c were evaluated in 103 girls. The homeostatic assessment model equations (HOMA-IR and HOMA-%B) were used for determination of insulin resistance and β-cell function respectively.ResultsThe oligo-ovulation (Oligo)+HA+HS (n=44), Oligo+HA (n=28), and Oligo+HS (n=31) phenotypes had similar BMI. However, hyperandrogenemic phenotypes had higher prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) and acne (P<0.01) and higher insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-%B, HbA1c, and hs-CRP levels than Oligo+HS group (P<0.01). Serum FT was correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0.38,P<0.01), HOMA-%B (r=0.49,P<0.01), hs-CRP (r=0.42,P<0.01), AN (r=0.39,P<0.01), and HbA1c (r=0.27,P<0.01). Furthermore, 34% of girls met diagnostic criteria for MS displaying higher BMI, FT, HOMA-%B, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and HbA1c than subjects without MS (P<0.01). Using combined HOMA-IR≥4.0 and hs-CRP>3.0 cut-off values, 71.4% of MS versus 23.5% non-MS group were considered at risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis (P<0.0001).ConclusionsHyperandrogenemic PCOS phenotypes have greatest degree of insulin resistance and inflammation. The use of insulin resistance and inflammatory markers may help identify adolescent girls with PCOS at risk of cardiometabolic syndrome.
The scale of it all: postcanine tooth size, the taxon-level effect, and the universality of Gould's scaling law
Authors: Copes Lynn E. , Schwartz Gary T. 
Published: April 2010

In a seminal paper in 1975, Gould proposed that postcanine occlusal area (PCOA) should scale metabolically (0.75) with body mass across mammals. By regressing PCOA against skull length in a small sample of large-bodied herbivorous mammals, Gould provided some marginal support for this hypothesis, which he then extrapolated as a universal scaling law for Mammalia. Since then, many studies have sought to confirm this scaling relationship within a single order and have found equivocal support for Gould's assertion. In part, this may be related to the use of proxies for both PCOA and body mass, small sample sizes, or the influence of a “taxon-level effect,” rendering Gould's scaling “universal” problematic.Our goal was to test the universality of Gould's prediction and the impact of the taxon-level effect on regressions of tooth size on body mass in a large extant mammalian sample (683 species spanning 14 orders). We tested for the presence of two types of taxon-level effect that may influence the acceptance or rejection of hypothesized scaling coefficients. The hypotheses of both metabolic and isometric scaling can be rejected in Mammalia, but not in all sub-groups therein. The level of data aggregation also influences the interpretation of the scaling relationship. Because the scaling relationship of tooth size to body mass is highly dependent on both the taxonomic level of analysis and the mathematical methods used to organize the data, paleontologists attempting to retrodict body mass from fossilized dental remains must be aware of the effect that sample composition may have on their results.
The Bone Formation Capabilities of the Anorganic Bone Matrix–Synthetic Cell‐Binding Peptide 15 Grafts in an Animal Periodontal Model: A Histologic and Histomorphometric Study in Dogs
Authors: Suaid Flávia A. , Macedo Guilherme O. , Novaes Arthur B. , Borges Germana J. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. , Grisi Márcio F.M. 
Published: April 2010

Background: The aim of this study is to verify the regenerative potential of particulate anorganic bone matrix–synthetic peptide‐15 (ABM–P‐15) in class III furcation defects associated or not with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes.Methods: Class III furcation defects were produced in the mandibular premolars (P2, P3, and P4) of six dogs and filled with impression material. The membranes and the bone grafts were inserted into P3 and P4, which were randomized to form the test and control groups, respectively; P2 was the negative control group. The animals were sacrificed 3 months post‐treatment.Results: Histologically, the complete closure of class III furcation defects was not observed in any of the groups. Partial periodontal regeneration with similar morphologic characteristics among the groups was observed, however, through the formation of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone above the notch. Histologic analysis showed granules from the bone graft surrounded by immature bone matrix and encircled by newly formed tissue in the test group. The new bone formation area found in the negative control group was 2.28 ± 2.49 mm2 and in the test group it was 6.52 ± 5.69 mm2, which showed statistically significant differences for these groups considering this parameter (Friedman test P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the negative control, control, and test groups for the other parameters.Conclusions: The regenerative potential of ABM–P‐15 was demonstrated through new bone formation circumscribing and above the graft particles. The new bone also was accompanied by the formation of new cementum and periodontal ligament fibers.
Ethnic Disparities in the Prevalence of Periodontitis Among High School Students in Sudan
Authors: Elamin Amal M. , Skaug Nils , Ali Raouf W. , Bakken Vidar , Albandar Jasim M. 
Published: April 2010

Background: There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of periodontitis in young populations in developing nations. This study assesses the prevalence of periodontal attachment loss and aggressive periodontitis and the association with ethnicity among high school students in Sudan.Methods: The study sample consisted of 1,200 students, 13 to 19 years old, selected from 38 public and private high schools using a multistage, stratified sampling design. The subjects were interviewed and examined clinically. Periodontal parameters were assessed at six sites per tooth. Subjects with aggressive periodontitis were identified.Results: A total of 3.4% of the subjects had aggressive periodontitis, and 16.3% and 8.2% of the subjects had at least one tooth with ≥4 and ≥5 mm attachment loss, respectively. A significantly higher percentage of subjects of African tribal ethnicity had attachment loss ≥4 and ≥5 mm compared to Afro‐Arab tribes (19.8% versus 14.7%, P = 0.02; and 12% versus 6.4%, P = 0.004, respectively), and had a higher prevalence of aggressive periodontitis (6% versus 2.3%; P = 0.01) and higher risk of being diagnosed with this disease (odds ratio = 2.7; P <0.0001). African ethnicity was also associated with a significantly higher number of teeth with attachment loss than in Afro‐Arabs (P <0.01). Comparison by gender showed a significantly higher percentage of males with aggressive periodontitis (4.9% versus 2%; P <0.01) and a higher risk for this disease (odds ratio = 2.5; P = 0.01) than in females. However, the prevalence of subjects with attachment loss ≥4 and ≥5 mm was comparable in the two gender groups.Conclusions: Our results show that aggressive periodontitis is highly prevalent in this population. African ethnicity (versus Afro‐Arab) and male gender were risk factors for aggressive periodontitis.
Antioxidant properties of Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) extracts
Authors: Lakić Neda , Mimica-Dukić Neda , Isak Jelena , Božin Biljana 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum L., Rubiaceae) herb from two different localities in Serbia were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed in four different model systems. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH), as well as on hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the protective effects of lipid peroxidation (LP) in corn oil were evaluated by the TBA-assay using the Fe2+/ascorbate system of induction. The amount of dried extract, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids and chlorophylls was also determined. Extracts from both locations expressed very strong scavenger activity, reducing the DPPH⊙ (IC50=3.10 µg/mland 8.04 µg/ml) and OH radical formation (IC50=0.05 µg/ml and 0.54 µg/ml) and neutralising H2O2 (IC50=4.98 µg/ml and 3.80 µg/ml), in a dose dependant manner. Also, examined extracts showed notable inhibition of LP (IC50=11.69 µg/ml and 19.47 µg/ml). The observed differences in antioxidant activity could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics (2.44–4.65 mg and 4.57–5.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry extract), flavonoids (6.38–10.70 µg and 15.56–17.96 µg quercetin equivalents/g dry extract) and chlorophylls in the investigated Lady’s Bedstraw extracts.
Plant Growth Response of Two Runner Peanut Cultivars to Reduced Seeding Rate1
Authors: Tewolde H. , Black M. C. , Fernandez C. J. , Schubert A. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The ability of peanut plants to adjust to wide plant-to-plant spacing and the use of more precise mechanical planters have not been thoroughly exploited to reduce seeding rates. The magnitude of plant growth adjustment of two runner peanut cultivars to reduced seeding rate was studied in 1992 and 1993. A precision vacuum planter was used to plant the cultivars GK-7 and Southern Runner (SR) in single rows per bed at 8, 12, and 22 seed/m2. Total plant dry matter weight (TDM), leaf area (LA), and main stem height, nodes, and branches were measured six times during each season. Vegetative growth adjustment to reduced seeding rate was detected as early as 52 d after planting (DAP) in 1992 and 42 DAP in 1993. Plants fully adjusted to reduced seeding rate when they began forming pods at 70 DAP in 1992 and 75 DAP in 1993. By this stage, individual plants in the 8 seed/m2 treatment accumulated 2 to 2.7 times as much total dry matter (TDM) as plants in the 22 seed/m2, and all seeding treatments within each cultivar accumulated equivalent amounts of TDM on a unit ground area basis. The 8 seed/m2 treatment produced significantly greater TDM/m2 and leaf area index (LAI) than the 22 seed/m2 treatment by the end of both seasons (132 DAP in 1992 and 152 DAP in 1993). The partitioning of dry weight to pods and leaves was also greatest for the 8 seed/m2 seeding treatment. By the end of the season, the 8 seed/ m2 seeding treatment produced as much as 30% more pod dry weight (PDW) per m2 than the 22 seed/m2 treatment. Plants in the 8 seed/m2 seeding were significantly shorter but produced more main stem nodes and branches than the 22 seed/m2 seeding. Under the conditions of this study, plants of these runner cultivars showed the capacity to grow larger and compensate fully for reduced seeding rate before any measurable pod production began. Pod production, therefore, was not reduced and in some situations increased by reducing the seeding rate to as low as 8 seed/m2.
Transmission and Dispersal of Sphaceloma arachidis by Crop Debris and Seed from Infected Peanut
Authors: Kearney M. I. T. , Marinelli A. , Oddino C. , March G. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut scab (Sphaceloma arachidis Bit. & Jenk.) has become epidemic in the southern peanut region of Argentina during the 1997/98 and 1999/00 growing seasons. To determine the potential for transmission of S. arachidis by crop debris and seeds and to describe the spread of scab from infected debris, experiments were conducted during two growing seasons. Scab was not observed in field or greenhouse tests planted with seed of cv. Florman obtained from diseased peanut plants. The severity of disease was significantly greater (P ≥ 0.05) when the debris from diseased peanut plants was applied over the seed rows after planting. Furthermore, disease spread from an inoculum source (debris from infected plants) was generally followed the Río Cuarto's prevailing northeasterly wind, and the fourth-order equation provided good fit to this disease gradient. Results combined over the greenhouse and field experiments indicated that infected residues from the previous peanut crop are a source of inoculum for onset and development scab epidemics in the field.
Progress in Breeding Early Maturing Peanut Cultivars with Resistance to Groundnut Rosette Disease in West Africa
Authors: Ntare B. R. , Olorunju P. E. , Hildebrand G. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Rosette is the most destructive virus disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resistant cultivars have the greatest potential for minimizing the risk of losses due to the disease. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate new peanut breeding lines for reaction to rosette disease and determine their yield potential. Rosette-resistant parents were crossed with early maturing susceptible spanish types. The F2, F4, and F5 generations were grown in a rosette disease screening nursery. A modified bulk-pedigree method was followed in which the populations were grown in bulk until F4. Single plant selections were made in F4-derived F5 progenies. Yield assessment began with F7 lines from 1996 to 1998 growing seasons at three sites. High yielding rosette resistant lines with a maturity range of 90 to 115 d were identified. Some of these new lines produced pod yields significantly higher than the previously developed resistance varieties. Promising lines have been made available to researchers in West and Central Africa and should contribute to an integrated rosette disease management program.
Interaction of Prohexadione Calcium with Agrichemicals Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Beam J. B. , Jordan D. L. , York A. C. , Bailey J. E. , Isleib T. G. , McKemie T. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A variety of pesticides and foliar fertilizers are applied to emerged peanut. Defining interactions among these agrichemicals is important when formulating pest management and production strategies. Research was conducted in North Carolina during 1999 and 2000 to evaluate interactions among prohexadione calcium at 140 g ai/ha applied with various commercially available fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and foliar fertilizers. Agrichemical mixtures were applied when peanut vines reached 50% row closure. Prohexadione calcium alone was applied approximately 2 wk later. Twenty-eight percent urea ammonium nitrate was included with prohexadione calcium. In a second set of experiments, control of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) by imazapic plus 2,4-DB, acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2, 4-DB, bentazon plus 2, 4-DB, acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB, pyridate plus 2,4-DB, and 2,4-DB applied alone or with prohexadione calcium were evaluated. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control by sethoxydim and clethodim alone or with prohexadione calcium was evaluated also. Fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizers did not affect efficacy of prohexadione calcium with respect to visible injury to peanut, row visibility, or maintenance of short stems. Slightly higher injury was noted when acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, bentazon, and pyridate were applied with prohexadione calcium. Minor increases in pitted morningglory control and peanut injury were noted when herbicides were applied with prohexadione calcium, most likely due to presence of urea ammonium nitrate. However, prohexadione calcium did not affect large crabgrass control by sethoxydim or clethodim. Collectively, these data suggest that prohexadione calcium and the majority of agrichemicals applied to peanut are compatible.
Computer-Assisted Color Classification of Peanut Pods1
Authors: Boldor D. , Sanders T. H. , Swartzel K. R. , Simunovic J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Mesocarp color classification in the Hull Scrape Maturity Method is the most important step in determining peanut maturity and optimum harvest date. This research involved the development of an image acquisition system and a software procedure for color classification. Images of peanut pods that had been sorted manually into color classes and subclasses were used in computer training. After training with sorted color classes, the computer-assisted procedure correctly identified and classified the peanut pods, with a 99% precision for the same sample in different alignment, and with a 95% precision for different size samples taken from the same population. Pod size measurement with a resolution of 0.1 mm was also performed using image processing techniques.
Separating H-sets by Open Sets
Authors: Porter Jack , Tikoo Mohan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn an H-closed, Urysohn space, disjoint H-sets can be separated by disjoint open sets. This is not true for an arbitrary H-closed space even if one of the H-sets is a point. In this paper, we provide a systematic study of those spaces in which disjoint H-sets can be separated by disjoint open sets.
Almost Periodicity and Lyapunov's Functions for Impulsive Functional Differential Equations with Infinite Delays
Authors: Stamov Gani Tr. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper studies the existence and uniqueness of almost periodic solutions of nonlinear impulsive functional differential equations with infinite delay. The results obtained are based on the Lyapunov–Razumikhin method and on differential inequalities for piecewise continuous functions.
Grazing and nutrient interactions in controlling the activity and composition of the epilithic algal community of an arctic lake1
Authors: Cuker Benjamin E. 
Published: April 2010

The effects of grazing by the snail Lymnaea and enrichment with N and P were examined in the epilithic algal community of an arctic lake. Increased nutrients raised chlorophyll a levels and primary production and favored the growth of filamentous green algae and coccoid blue‐greens. Intensive grazing reduced algal concentration and activity. Grazing increased the relative abundance of small green and blue‐green coccoid cells at the expense of larger (>20 µm) diatoms.Photosynthetic activity of snail feces was 77–79% that of ungrazed algae per unit mass. Split chamber experiments and measurements of dissolved phosphorus indicated that nutrients released in grazing may be tightly recycled within snail guts or on the rock surface, rather than transferred into the water.Radioisotope tracing was used to develop a simple energy budget for Lymnaea. Despite viable gut passage of some of the algae, the snail was an efficient grazer, assimilating 68% and incorporating 25% of ingested carbon.
The influence of water motion on the distribution and transport of materials in a salt marsh estuary1
Authors: Imberger J. , Berman T. , Christian R. R. , Sherr E. B. , Whitney D. E. , Pomeroy L. R. , Wiegert R. G. , Wiebe W. J. 
Published: April 2010

A formal approach is presented of ordering the time scales of the dominant fluxes of material in an estuary and then accordingly choosing the spatial and temporal resolution of the sampling program. In this way bounds can be derived for the internal turnover times, boundary exchange rates, and import or export fluxes of a particular substance purely from measurements of the standing stock values in the estuary water.Application of this methodology to an experiment in the Duplin River, Georgia, showed that if the effects of the water motion and mixing are extracted from the variation of a biological component, then the variability of the residual can be successfully interpreted. For a typical summer condition it was shown that ammonium was cycled rapidly within the marsh water, its distribution was very patchy, and only its decomposition products left the marsh; that the refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC) component was steadily exported by longitudinal mixing while labile DOC was rapidly recycled in the water; that silicate was produced in large amounts in the marsh and exported by longitudinal mixing; that particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations were almost completely determined by the turbulence intensity in the water; and that compared to this internal cycling, export was of minor significance.
The importance of fractional light absorption by photosynthetic pigments for phytoplankton productivity in Lake Constance
Authors: Tilzer Max M. 
Published: April 2010

The role of light interception by photosynthetic pigments on the productivity of phytoplankton was studied year‐round in mesotrophic Lake Constance. The phytoplankton showed wide seasonal fluctuations in both biomass (Chl a) and photosynthesis.Linear regression was used to determine pigment‐specific light attenuation and nonalgal light extinction. Fractional light absorption by photosynthetic pigments ranged from 4 to 70%. Pheopigments comprised 27.4 ± 8.2% of total pigments. Since pheopigments do not transfer energy to the photosystems, their light absorption must be added to the background light attenuation by nonphotosynthetic material. If pheopigments are considered, estimates of fractional light absorption decrease accordingly.A plot of integral photosynthesis vs. maximum photosynthesis at the depth of the optimum light intensity gives a saturation curve, due to increasing fractional light absorbance by photosynthetic pigments at rising concentrations of biomass. Integral photosynthesis would reach a theoretical upper limit if all light were absorbed by active photosynthetic pigments. Since pheopigment concentrations usually rise with active Chl a, background light attenuation increases also, leading to diminished productivity per unit of lake surface area.
The causes and consequences of sex‐specific mortality in a freshwater copepod1
Authors: Hairston Nelson G. , Walton William E. , Li Kao T. 
Published: April 2010

We studied skewed adult copepod sex ratios in two ponds in an attempt to understand the ecological causes and evolutionary consequences of this life‐history phenomenon. In ponds containing populations of zooplanktivorous sunfish, female copepods suffered higher mortality rates than males, while in ponds lacking these predators, male and female mortality rates were similar. Field and laboratory experiments showed that females, especially those carrying eggs, were more visible than males and that added visibility accounted for higher predation by fish on these individuals.We calculated the cost of carrying eggs in terms of the decreased population growth rate it produces, and then estimated the magnitude of egg mortality necessary to select for the egg‐carrying strategy. Eggs not carried would have to suffer at least 58% mortality for egg carrying to evolve in the presence of selective fish predation. The response of the copepods to these strong selective pressures lies in a third direction, the production of diapausing eggs.
Temporal patterns of cell division in natural populations of endosymbiotic algae
Authors: Wilkerson F. P. , Muller G. , Muscatine Parker L. 
Published: April 2010

The frequency of mitosis of zooxanthellae in a range of symbiotic cnidarian associations was measured over a 24‐h period. Populations of intracellular zooxanthellae in a variety of sessile benthic hosts showed asynchronous division patterns, but those of Mastigias sp. are extracellular in the mesoglea and show phased division with a mitotic index (MI) peak of 11% at 0445 hours. This pelagic medusa swims horizontally during the day in oligotrophic surface waters and vertically and continuously at night, periodically visiting a nutrient‐rich chemocline at 15 m. This periodic exposure to nutrients may contribute to phasing of cell division.In situ growth rates (µ) and doubling times (T) estimated from diel MI data showed that zooxanthellae whose hosts are exposed to higher ambient nutrient concentrations may have faster growth rates than those of hosts in oligotrophic waters.