bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N
ations of
C
oncern:
T
he
R
epublic of
S
udan
Authors: Nelson Gail H. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Sudan remains a region dominated by protracted ethno‐territorial and boundary disputes. It strides the geostrategic divide between the Middle East and Africa, a safe haven for extremist and transnational terrorism. However, evidence the government in Khartoum was in pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction during the 1990s was never confirmed. Sudan is a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1997 (signed 1999) and the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 (signed 2003). Nevertheless, Sudan remains a region vulnerable to extremist and terrorist infiltration, and requires constant monitoring to ensure it does not become a refuge or staging area for non‐state actors in pursuit of WMD materials or components.
N
orth
A
merican
M
ilitia
Authors: Staff Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database , Zilinskas Raymond A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In 1998, Randy Graham, of Springfield, Bradford Metcalf of Olivet, and Kenneth Carter of Battle Creek, Michigan, all members of the North American Militia, were implicated in a series of plots against government officials. Searches of their homes and belongings by law enforcement uncovered, in addition to conventional weapons, a tape for instructions on the preparation of ricin. The men were convicted on charges unrelated to toxin weapons.
P
reparedness and
E
mergency
R
esponse
R
esearch
C
enter (
PERRC
)
N
etwork
Authors: Emadi Zhila 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The recently established Preparedness and Emergency Response Research centers (PERRCs) network is constituted by nine schools of public health in the United States and their consortium partners. Each PERRC has been awarded a five‐year grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in order to enable it to undertake research that seeks to improve the nation's public health system to prepare for and respond to catastrophic events brought about by nature, accident, or deliberate human action. This entry provides information on each PERRC, including their consortium members, and research project titles.
P
ublic
H
ealth
E
mergency
M
edical
C
ountermeasures
E
nterprise and
P
roject
B
ioshield
Authors: Miller Jacqueline E. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Project BioShield Act and the Pandemic All‐Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) provide the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) with broad authority for the procurement, development, and use of countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) is an interagency effort designed to meet the needs of the United States in these areas. They have developed a Strategy and Implementation Plan to carry out their recommendations.
RockyMountainSpottedFever (RickettsiaRickettsii)
Authors: Eremeeva Marina E. , Dasch Gregory A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAlthoughRickettsia rickettsiiis the most pathogenic member of the genusRickettsiaand a U.S. category B Select Agent, it is often excluded from lists of potential bioweapon agents. We briefly review the taxonomy and properties ofR. rickettsiiand the disease it causes, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, its transmission and epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and the challenges it poses for prevention and control.
Select Agent Rules
Authors: Berger Kavita 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Select Agent Program was created to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing certain biological agents and toxins that might pose threats to public health and safety. The initial program emphasized the importance of not restricting legitimate research with these pathogens and toxins. Nearly all select agents are human, animal, or plant pathogens and some have been weaponized in the past by national BW programs. Since 2002 and continuing to today, the U.S. government has been placing greater restrictions on access to select agents, which potentially could hinder defensive research and development. Included in this entry are the major statues, regulations, programs, and reports that are relevant to the creation and evolution of the Select Agent Program.
N
ational
I
nstitute of
A
llergy and
I
nfectious
D
iseases
Authors: Glowinski Irene B. , Bernstein Jessica B. , Kurilla Michael G. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The security of the United States depends in part on the nation's ability to develop countermeasures against biological threat agents that occur naturally, as well as those that may be deliberately introduced. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, is an integral component of Federal efforts to fill the pipeline of products—vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics—that are effective against these microbes, ensuring that the fruits of basic research are rapidly translated into products. Applying a broad‐spectrum approach that addresses multiple pathogens and toxins will provide significant benefits to public health well beyond the biodefense arena.
U
nited
S
tates
D
epartment of
S
tate's
B
iosecurity
E
ngagement
P
rogram: Bio Threat Reduction Through International Partnerships
Authors: Rao Jason E. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

The rise of transnational terrorist networks, emerging infectious diseases and rapid growth of bioscience capacities around the globe have dramatically changed the landscape of biological threats to the United States, and the world. To meet these threats, the next generation of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, the Biosecurity Engagement Program (BEP), was launched to extend the spirit of Nunn‐Lugar partnership toward combating emerging biological threats. BEP provides a model for global expansion of CTR efforts, where public health, science diplomacy and sustainability are the building blocks to meeting our national security objectives in the 21
st
century.
Crisis Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCrisis management of a bioterrorism event is that portion of incident response that includes immediate and coordinated actions to resolve a public health disaster. Crisis management involves a coordinated municipal, county, state and federal response that integrates public health authorities and resources at all levels with law enforcement and first responders through Unified Command system that relies on incident command system (ICS) principles. A bioterrorism event would activate a state's Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to coordinate the statewide response, and enable communications with federal, state and local resources. Public health and hospital response are an integral part of crisis management for any disaster event that may produce physical and psychological casualties.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Authors: Vandegrift Serina N. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States Department of Justice is one of the United States' principal investigative and law enforcement agencies. Its assigned missions and responsibilities in counterintelligence and counterterrorism makes it a member of the U.S. intelligence community. Its number one priority is to protect the Nation from terrorist attacks. The FBI is the lead agency for assessing and investigating weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats and incidents, coordinating investigations among agencies, and managing the law enforcement and investigative response to an incident. The FBI's capabilities to combat the threat of WMD include: the FBI Laboratory Division with increasing forensic capabilities and its extensive network of Federal and State laboratories for analysis of WMD materials; the WMD Directorate within the National Security Branch, which coordinates all FBI responses to WMD threats; the FBI's Directorate of Intelligence, whose intelligence analysts within the WMD Directorate collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence related to the WMD threat; and the FBI's partnerships with domestic and international law enforcement and intelligence agencies. The FBI plays a critical role in the U.S.'s prevention and response to biodefense, a critical component of WMD.
Diagnostics for near‐surface wind convergence/divergence response to the Gulf Stream in a regional atmospheric model
Authors: Takatama Kohei , Minobe Shoshiro , Inatsu Masaru , Small R. Justin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study proposes a novel diagnostics for near‐surface wind responses to oceanic fronts. By separating two roles of wind stress, i.e. downward momentum input and the surface friction, the diagnostics can express near‐surface winds as a sum of terms relating to pressure adjustment, downward momentum mixing, and horizontal advection. The diagnostics are applied to the climatological wind convergence/divergence over the Gulf Stream obtained from a regional atmospheric model. It is found that the pressure adjustment plays a primary role and is mainly responsible for the convergence, while the downward momentum mixing is a secondary contributing factor to the divergence. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact assessment at the bioenergy‐water nexus
Authors: Fingerman Kevin R. , Berndes Göran , Orr Stuart , Richter Brian D. , Vugteveen Pim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBioenergy expansion can significantly impact water resources in the region in which it occurs. Investment, policy, and resource management decisions related to bioenergy should therefore take this critical consideration into account. Water resource impacts can defy easy quantification because water consumption varies spatially and temporally, different water sources are not necessarily commensurable, and impact depends on the state of the resource base that is drawn upon. This perspective offers an assessment framework that operators and policy‐makers can use in evaluating projects to avoid or mitigate detrimental effects. We adapt water footprint (WF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to the bioenergy context, describing comprehensive life cycle inventory (LCI) approaches that account for blue and green water use as well as for pollution effects, varying sources, coproduct allocation, and spatial heterogeneity. Impact assessment requires that characterization (weighting) factors be derived so that consumption values can be summed and compared across resources and locations. We recommend that characterization draw on metrics of water stress, accounting for environmental flow requirements, climatic variability, and non‐linearity of water stress effects. Finally, we describe some location‐specific impacts of concern that may not be revealed through common analytical approaches and may warrant closer consideration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Integration of energy and water consumption factors for biomass conversion pathways
Authors: Singh Shikhar , Kumar Amit , Ali Babkir 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWater consumption is one of the critical factors for bioenergy production. In this study, six biofuel and six biopower production pathways are integrated with their water requirement to develop a new factor combining water consumption and energy efficiency for each pathway. This integrated factor is defined as water requirement for 1 MJ of net energy value (NEV) of biofuel or biopower. Agriculture‐residue‐based ethanol production pathways consume 51.2–63.6 liters of water per MJ of NEV. These pathways are both water and energy efficient. The biopower production pathways based on agriculture residues consume 27.2–50.6 liters of water per MJ of NEV. Although a switchgrass‐based ethanol production pathway is the most energy efficient, this pathway consumes an average of 130 liters of water per MJ of NEV due to poor water efficiency. Corn‐to‐ethanol and wheat‐to‐ethanol pathways are neither energy efficient nor water efficient and consume an average of 178 liters and 325 liters of water per MJ NEV, respectively. A rapeseed‐to‐biodiesel pathway is less energy intensive and lies between corn‐ and wheat‐grain‐based ethanol pathways and consumes an average of 211 liters of water per MJ of NEV. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Jatropha production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade‐offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale
Authors: Garg Kaushal K. , Karlberg Louise , Wani Suhas P. , Berndes Göran 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBiofuel production from feedstocks grown on wastelands is considered a means of addressing concerns about climate change and improving energy security while at the same time providing an additional source of income for the land users. The establishment of biomass plantations on wastelands is likely to affect local livelihoods and can affect surrounding ecosystems by influencing hydrologic flows and processes such as erosion. We present an assessment of Jatropha plantation establishment on wastelands, using the ArcSWAT modeling tool. The assessment was made for a wasteland located in the Velchal watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India, which recently was converted to a biofuel plantation with Jatropha. The previous land use, in this case grazing, could continue in the Jatropha plantations. Several desirable effects occurred as a result of the land‐use conversion: non‐productive soil evaporation was reduced as a larger share of the rainfall was channeled to productive plant transpiration and groundwater recharge, and at the same time a more stable (less erosive) runoff resulted in reduced soil erosion and improved downstream water conditions. A win‐win situation between improved land productivity and soil carbon content was observed for the Jatropha plantations. On the other hand, the results indicate that at the sub‐basin scale, reductions in runoff generation as a result of large‐scale conversion of wastelands to Jatropha cropping may pose problems to downstream water users and ecosystems. From a livelihoods perspective, Jatropha production was generally positive, creating a complementary source of income to the farmers, thus strengthening the resilience of the local community. In the future, the potential gain from Jatropha cropping is expected to increase as cropping systems improve and growing biofuel markets result in better conditions for biofuel producers. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
How bioenergy related water impacts are considered by certification schemes
Authors: Fehrenbach Horst 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe application of certification schemes can be a way to manage water‐related concerns on a project level. Many certification schemes for sustainable bioenergy production have identified water as a core issue, and have developed related criteria and indicators. Ambitious schemes cover excessive water consumption, water scarcity and protection of water quality. Horst Fehrenbach evaluates a number of certification systems and how far the water issue is captured by criteria and indicators. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The impact of biofuel feedstock production on water resources: a developing country perspective
Authors: Jewitt Graham , Kunz Richard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWorldwide, the demand for energy has grown rapidly over the past decade, resulting in oil prices peaking during 2008 and again in 2011. Utilizing the potential for the production of fuels from alternative sources has been a priority for many countries, particularly the developed countries of Europe and America. The production of ethanol and diesel from vegetable biomass and oils, (i.e. biofuels) has been promoted as an environmentally friendly alternative to oil‐based fuels. However, many have warned against the rush to plant large areas of land for bioenergy production, warning against, inter alia, potential consequences for loss of food production, questions about the sustainability of many initiatives and, very importantly, queries about the water use of bioenergy production, from the crop growth to the final synthesis of the liquid fuel and the inputs required. Many analyses of biofuel feedstock production potential are undertaken at macro levels, based on average conditions. However, the reality is that in many developing countries, particularly those of Africa, consideration of biofuel production and its sustainability requires specific consideration of the high natural variability of climatic and other factors governing its production and impact.In this paper, perspectives on the water resources aspects of large‐scale biofuel feedstock production in sub‐Saharan Africa are provided and the approach taken by South Africa in this regard is described. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fluorescence spectroscopic studies on the interaction of Gemini surfactant 14‐6‐14 with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Hu Mengyao , Wang Xue , Wang Hui , Chai Yan , He Yu , Song Gongwu 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe interaction of the cationic Gemini surfactant hexamethylene‐1,3‐bis (tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide) (14‐6‐14) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated by fluorescence quenching spectra and three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectra. The Stern–Volmer quenching constants KSV and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS have been estimated by the fluorescence quenching method. The results indicated that hydrophobic forces were the predominant intermolecular forces between BSA and the surfactant. Competitive experiments and the number of binding sites calculation show that 14‐6‐14 can be inserted in site‐II (in subdomain IIIA) of BSA. The effect of 14‐6‐14 on the conformation of BSA was evaluated by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence spectral methods. The results show that the conformation of BSA was changed dramatically in the presence of 14‐6‐14, by binding to the Trp and Try residues of BSA. The investigation provides interaction between BSA and 14‐6‐14 as a model for molecular design and industrial research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation
Authors: Aggarwal R , Mishra A , Crochet P , Sirimanna P , Darzi A 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
Sleep deprivation affects surgical performance and has the potential to endanger patient safety. Pharmacological stimulants may counter this consequence of long working hours. This study aimed to investigate whether commonly available stimulants can counter the effects of fatigue on technical and neurocognitive skill.

Methods
This was a single-blind crossover study of surgical novices trained to proficiency on the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer—Virtual Reality laparoscopic simulator. Participants were acutely sleep-deprived three times each, followed by administration of either placebo, 150 mg caffeine, or 150 mg caffeine combined with 2 g taurine before simulated laparoscopy. Outcome measures were: laparoscopic psychomotor skill, cognitive performance and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (range 1–7). Rested baselines were gathered following completion of test sessions.

Results
Baseline performance was recorded for 18 participants in the rested state. Sleep-deprived participants receiving the placebo took longer (median 41 versus 35 s; P = 0·016), were less economical with movement (3·25 versus 2·95 m; P = 0·016) and made more errors (66 versus 59; P = 0·021) on the laparoscopic task compared with the rested state. Caffeine restored psychomotor skills to baseline for time taken (37 versus 35 s; P = 0·101), although the number of errors remained significantly greater than in the rested state (63 versus 59; P = 0·046). Sleep-deprived subjects receiving placebo had slower reaction times (377 versus 299 ms; P = 0·008) and a higher score on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (6 versus 2 points; P = 0·001) than rested surgeons. Negative effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time were reversed when caffeine (307 ms versus 299 ms in rested state; P = 0·214) or caffeine plus taurine (326 versus 299 ms; P = 0·110) was administered. Subjective sleepiness was also improved, but not to baseline levels.

Conclusion
Sleep deprivation affects laparoscopic psychomotor skills, reaction time and subjective measures of sleepiness in novice surgical subjects. Caffeine and taurine restore simulated laparoscopic performance to rested levels, but do not reduce errors.
A Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Evidence from a Data Linkage Project in the United States
Authors: Putnam‐Hornstein Emily , Webster Daniel , Needell Barbara , Magruder Joseph 
Published: July 2011

Historically, data concerning children reported for abuse or neglect in the US have been compiled by child protective service agencies and analysed independently from other sources of information. Yet these data suffer from the notable limitations of being both narrow in scope (i.e. containing a limited set of variables) and narrow in coverage (i.e. capturing data for only those children who are reported). In order to extend an understanding of children reported for maltreatment, the California Department of Social Services, in partnership with the University of California at Berkeley, is pursuing a ‘public health’ oriented approach to the surveillance of child maltreatment through linkages between child protective service records and population‐based sources of data. As an example of the information that can be generated through linked records, this article reports results from child‐level matches completed between the state's child protective service records and vital birth records. The cumulative percentage of children reported for abuse or neglect before the age of five is examined based on maternal and child characteristics at birth. This is followed by a discussion of record linkages as a means of furthering a public health approach to child maltreatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Data suffer from the notable limitations of being both narrow in scope and narrow in coverage’‘This article reports results from child‐level matches completed between the state's child protective service records and vital birth records’
Investing to Protect Our Children: Using Economics to Derive an Evidence‐based Strategy
Authors: Segal Leonie , Dalziel Kim 
Published: July 2011

Child abuse and neglect are global problems that affect over 25 per cent of children and have serious health, social and economic consequences. Government and other agencies are heavily committed to the provision of services to address the consequences of abuse and neglect. In a climate of scarce resources, there is increasing interest in developing cost‐effective strategies to prevent child maltreatment. Economic evaluation in the context of formal ‘priority setting’ can contribute to the development of an efficient child protection strategy and at the same time develop the arguments to support an increased investment in the prevention of child maltreatment. Key challenges arise from incompleteness of the evidence base of effective interventions and the considerable complexity of the cross‐portfolio effects. The latter has resulted in the widespread failure to capture the full range of impacts, most notably intergenerational effects, quality of life and mortality. This means the benefits of investing in effective preventive strategies to address child maltreatment will be underestimated and too few resources allocated to this important task. Adoption of the proposed priority‐setting framework and translation into action are likely to reduce child maltreatment and associated harms for children at risk now and in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘There is increasing interest in developing cost‐effective strategies to prevent child maltreatment’