bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of antihypothalamus and antipituitary antibodies in amateur boxers: is chronic repetitive head trauma-induced pituitary dysfunction associated with autoimmunity?
Authors: Tanriverdi Fatih , De Bellis Annamaria , Battaglia Marina , Bellastella Giuseppe , Bizzarro Antonio , Sinisi Antonio A , Bellastella Antonio , Unluhizarci Kursad , Selcuklu Ahmet , Casanueva Felipe F , Kelestimur Fahrettin 
Published: February 2010

ObjectiveCurrent data clearly demonstrate that sports-related chronic repetitive head trauma due to boxing might result in hypopituitarism. However, the mechanism of sports-related traumatic brain injury-induced pituitary dysfunction is still unclear. In order to understand whether autoimmune mechanisms could play a role in the pituitary dysfunction due to sports-related head trauma, we investigated the presence of antipituitary antibodies (APAs) and antihypothalamus antibodies (AHAs) in amateur boxers.Patients and designSixty-one actively competing (n=44) or retired (n=17) male boxers (mean age, 26 years; range, 17–53) who had been evaluated regarding pituitary functions previously were included in the study. In all boxers and in 60 age/sex-similar normal controls, AHAs and APAs were investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence method.ResultsAHAs were detected in 13 of 61 boxers (21.3%), and APAs were detected in 14 of 61 boxers (22.9%), but in none of the normal controls. Pituitary dysfunction was significantly higher in AHA-positive boxers (46.2%) than in AHA-negative boxers (10.4%) (P=0.003). There was a significant association between AHA positivity and hypopituitarism due to boxing (odds ratio: 7.37, 95% confidence interval 1.8–30.8). There was no significant association between APA positivity and hypopituitarism.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time the presence of AHAs and APAs in boxers who were exposed to sports-related head trauma. Moreover, the present investigation provides preliminary evidence that AHAs are associated with the development of pituitary dysfunction in boxers, thus suggesting that autoimmunity may have a role in the pathogenesis.
Unified Framework to Evaluate Panmixia and Migration Direction Among Multiple Sampling Locations
Authors: Beerli Peter , Palczewski Michal 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFor many biological investigations, groups of individuals are genetically sampled from several geographic locations. These sampling locations often do not reflect the genetic population structure. We describe a framework using marginal likelihoods to compare and order structured population models, such as testing whether the sampling locations belong to the same randomly mating population or comparing unidirectional and multidirectional gene flow models. In the context of inferences employing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, the accuracy of the marginal likelihoods depends heavily on the approximation method used to calculate the marginal likelihood. Two methods, modified thermodynamic integration and a stabilized harmonic mean estimator, are compared. With finite Markov chain Monte Carlo run lengths, the harmonic mean estimator may not be consistent. Thermodynamic integration, in contrast, delivers considerably better estimates of the marginal likelihood. The choice of prior distributions does not influence the order and choice of the better models when the marginal likelihood is estimated using thermodynamic integration, whereas with the harmonic mean estimator the influence of the prior is pronounced and the order of the models changes. The approximation of marginal likelihood using thermodynamic integration in MIGRATE allows the evaluation of complex population genetic models, not only of whether sampling locations belong to a single panmictic population, but also of competing complex structured population models.
In Utero Exposure to Smoking and Peripheral Chemoreceptor Function in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Stéphan-Blanchard Erwan , Chardon Karen , Léké André , Delanaud Stéphane , Djeddi Djamal , Libert Jean-Pierre , Bach Véronique , Telliez Frédéric 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to assess the involvement of peripheral chemoreceptor tonic activity in the ventilatory pattern during sleep in preterm neonates exposed in utero to maternal smoking.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Peripheral chemoreceptor activity was measured at thermoneutrality in neonates (postmenstrual age: 36.1 ± 1.2 weeks) born to nonsmoking (n = 21) or smoking (n = 16) mothers by performing a 30-second hyperoxic test during active and quiet sleep. Blood oxygen saturation, baseline ventilatory parameters, and central apnea were monitored.

RESULTS:
Prenatal smoking exposure did not modify baseline ventilation. It was interesting to note that prenatal smoking exposure decreased the peripheral chemoreceptor tonic activity during active sleep and increased the response time during quiet sleep. These changes could explain the increase in the time spent in apnea (both with and without blood oxygen desaturation) and in the mean duration of apneic episodes with desaturation found in neonates exposed to smoking in utero. The involvement of a change in the chemoreceptor function is supported by the fact that the peripheral chemoreceptor tonic activity was negatively correlated with the mean duration of apneic episodes with desaturation in the control group only.

CONCLUSIONS:
To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that prenatal smoking exposure does not directly modify baseline ventilatory parameters in the neonate but has a negative impact on peripheral chemoreceptor tonic activity. These alterations may increase the risk of sleep respiratory disorders, especially via apnea with desaturation.
Prevention of Choking Among Children
Authors:   Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention
Published: February 2010

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed October 2019.
Choking is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, especially those aged 3 years or younger. Food, coins, and toys are the primary causes of choking-related injury and death. Certain characteristics, including shape, size, and consistency, of certain toys and foods increase their potential to cause choking among children. Childhood choking hazards should be addressed through comprehensive and coordinated prevention activities. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) should increase efforts to ensure that toys that are sold in retail store bins, vending machines, or on the Internet have appropriate choking-hazard warnings; work with manufacturers to improve the effectiveness of recalls of products that pose a choking risk to children; and increase efforts to prevent the resale of these recalled products via online auction sites. Current gaps in choking-prevention standards for children's toys should be reevaluated and addressed, as appropriate, via revisions to the standards established under the Child Safety Protection Act, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, or regulation by the CPSC. Prevention of food-related choking among children in the United States has been inadequately addressed at the federal level. The US Food and Drug Administration should establish a systematic, institutionalized process for examining and addressing the hazards of food-related choking. This process should include the establishment of the necessary surveillance, hazard evaluation, enforcement, and public education activities to prevent food-related choking among children. While maintaining its highly cooperative arrangements with the CPSC and the US Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration should have the authority to address choking-related risks of all food products, including meat products that fall under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Agriculture. The existing National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program of the CPSC should be modified to conduct more-detailed surveillance of choking on food among children. Food manufacturers should design new foods and redesign existing foods to avoid shapes, sizes, textures, and other characteristics that increase choking risk to children, to the extent possible. Pediatricians, dentists, and other infant and child health care providers should provide choking-prevention counseling to parents as an integral part of anticipatory guidance activities.
Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis
Authors: Bobbink R. , Hicks K. , Galloway J. , Spranger T. , Alkemade R. , Ashmore M. , Bustamante M. , Cinderby S. , Davidson E. , Dentener F. , Emmett B. , Erisman J-W. , Fenn M. , Gilliam F. , Nordin A. , Pardo L. , De Vries W. 
Published: February 2010

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a recognized threat to plant diversity in temperate and northern parts of Europe and North America. This paper assesses evidence from field experiments for N deposition effects and thresholds for terrestrial plant diversity protection across a latitudinal range of main categories of ecosystems, from arctic and boreal systems to tropical forests. Current thinking on the mechanisms of N deposition effects on plant diversity, the global distribution of G200 ecoregions, and current and future (2030) estimates of atmospheric N‐deposition rates are then used to identify the risks to plant diversity in all major ecosystem types now and in the future.This synthesis paper clearly shows that N accumulation is the main driver of changes to species composition across the whole range of different ecosystem types by driving the competitive interactions that lead to composition change and/or making conditions unfavorable for some species. Other effects such as direct toxicity of nitrogen gases and aerosols, long‐term negative effects of increased ammonium and ammonia availability, soil‐mediated effects of acidification, and secondary stress and disturbance are more ecosystem‐ and site‐specific and often play a supporting role. N deposition effects in mediterranean ecosystems have now been identified, leading to a first estimate of an effect threshold. Importantly, ecosystems thought of as not N limited, such as tropical and subtropical systems, may be more vulnerable in the regeneration phase, in situations where heterogeneity in N availability is reduced by atmospheric N deposition, on sandy soils, or in montane areas.Critical loads are effect thresholds for N deposition, and the critical load concept has helped European governments make progress toward reducing N loads on sensitive ecosystems. More needs to be done in Europe and North America, especially for the more sensitive ecosystem types, including several ecosystems of high conservation importance.The results of this assessment show that the vulnerable regions outside Europe and North America which have not received enough attention are ecoregions in eastern and southern Asia (China, India), an important part of the mediterranean ecoregion (California, southern Europe), and in the coming decades several subtropical and tropical parts of Latin America and Africa. Reductions in plant diversity by increased atmospheric N deposition may be more widespread than first thought, and more targeted studies are required in low background areas, especially in the G200 ecoregions.
Annular Velocity Enhancement with Gas Lift as a Deliquification Method for Tight Gas Wells with Long Completion Intervals
Authors: Pohler Steven A. , Holmes William D. , Cox Stuart A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
It is common practice in the industry to complete multiple reservoirs in a single wellbore in order to establish commercial production rates from tight gas completions. In some cases these zones are separated vertically by several hundred to over a thousand feet. The deliquification of these completions is one of the most challenging problems facing our industry. Many of the deliquification methods currently being utilized are effective over only a portion of the wellbore. In many cases these methods do not allow for removal of liquid across the entire completed interval. If the liquid is not effectively removed from the well, the near wellbore region will become saturated with fluid and reduce the well's productivity. This paper will propose a new completion strategy which has been incorporated into the completion of tight gas wells to address the problems associated with deliquification of long completion intervals. Laboratory experiments and field data will be presented to quantify the effects of inadequate liquid removal. A case study will also be presented to demonstrate the successful application of this alternate completion strategy. This completion strategy applies to unconventional gas wells, vertical and horizontal gas wells.
Evolution of Mesaverde Stimulations in the Piceance Basin: A Case History of the Application of Lean Six Sigma Tools
Authors: Juranek Thomas A. , Seeburger David , Tolman Randy , Choi Nancy H. , Pirog Theodore W. , Jorgensen Dan , Jorgensen Erik 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Unconventional Gas reservoirs continue to be a fast growing sector within the petroleum industry. These reservoirs include Coal Bed Methane, Shale Gas, and Tight Gas Sands. ExxonMobil has been actively developing Tight Gas reservoirs for over 10 years in the Mesaverde formation in the Piceance Basin in Northwest Colorado. This case study chronicles the evolution of hydraulic fracture stimulations during this time period as experienced by ExxonMobil. Aspects addressed include stimulation design evolution and the application of Lean Six Sigma tools to optimize stimulation designs in a highly variable environment.
Kerogen Density in the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Ward J. A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
As interest in the Marcellus shale began to increase early regional characteristics of the shale were derived from existing borehole log data supplemented by sparse core and laboratory data. Some of the earliest work on Devonian shales based on gamma and density logs had a goal of predicting the volume of low density high gamma ray organic material (kerogen) as a guide to understanding the deposition of the shales. Subsequently, work focused on not only calculating the density of upper Devonian shales, but applying a correction to the density and neutron logs to correct them for the effect of organic material. Once corrected the logs are suitable for porosity calculation. Analysis of upper Devonian core data for the derivation of kerogen density indicated that there is a relationship between thermal maturity and the density of organic material.
Review of key wells from regional work focused on three wells in West Virginia for which a modern log suite is available and geochemical work is present. The three wells have thermal maturity that range fro Ro of 1.5 to 2.68. Log analyses from these wells suggest that the density of the kerogen ranges from 1.53 to 1.79 gr/cc. Current practice in log analysis and core analysis often assumes that kerogen density is fixed near 1.1 gr/cc. Log and core analysis in the Marcellus shale should be completed with the concept that the density of the kerogen is not fixed, but varies as a function of thermal maturity.
Micro-Structural Studies of Gas Shales
Authors: Sondergeld C. H. , Ambrose R. J. , Rai C. S. , Moncrieff J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
To understand the deliverability of gas shales, one needs to understand the controls on porosity and permeability. The microstructure of shale is defined in part by the grain size which is typically less than 5 μm and composition. Gas shales unlike other lithologies contain significant quantities of organic matter in various stages of maturation. The geometry and nature of the mineralogical components and the organics would be easy to describe if the objects could be identified optically. Most investigations into shale microstructure have relied on technologies such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray imaging, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) or Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM). Each has advantages an limitations. Our focus here is limited to SEM studies we performed on gas shales. Our journey began with generic imaging of broken surfaces and has progress to imaging of ion-milled surfaces in dual beam SEM. The latest technology has provide three dimension images with maximum resolution of 4-5nm pores. Porosity is found on the microscale in organics, between grains, in pyrite framboids, fossils, within minerals and in the form of microcracks. The majority of pores in some shales an located in the organics. Other shales show the porosity to be largely associated with minerals. SEM resolved pore dimension agree well with "as received" NMR measurement. However, high pressure mercury injection measurements suggest that the paths connecting these pores are even smaller. Three dimensional reconstruction of sequentially ion-milled surfaces using a dual beam SEM provides controls on the volumetric distribution of pores and organics and their connectivity. Initial and limited analyses indicate that the shales investigated are dominated by smaller pores. Keep in mind that any such study only samples an extremely small portion of any reservoir and that while generalizations are tempting, statistical studies are required to establish the universality of such observations.
Microseismic Monitoring: Technology State of Play
Authors: Duncan Peter M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Microseismic monitoring has been largely accepted as an important adjunct to the hydraulic fracturing of unconventional gas reservoirs. Both surface and downhole methodologies are now common for the performance of such monitoring, each with its advantages and challenges. This paper discusses the state of the technology today and where current work is being directed at reducing cost and enhancing the value of microseismic monitoring.
Unconventional Geophysics for Unconventional Plays
Authors: Rich J. P. , Ammerman M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In conventional plays the role of the geophysicist is primarily that of locating and delineating the resource. This is most commonly accomplished through the use of active source seismic exploration. In this classic case it is the responsibility of the geophysicist to identify the structures associated with the trap and migration pathways of the resource. In the last twenty years this role has been expanded through the applicability of direct hydrocarbon indicators where, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, the resource itself can often be identified using seismic exploration. In the case of unconventional resources neither the trap nor the presence of hydrocarbons are unknowns. The source rock, reservoir and trap are continuous and well defined. As such it would be easy to dismiss the geophysicist's role as diminished to one where his primary responsibilities are secondary concerns, such as hazard avoidance through the location of faults. However, in practice, the role of the unconventional geophysicist is much more complex and multi-dimensional. Access to resource in an unconventional rock is largely controlled by exposure to the rock, i.e. how efficiently it can be hydraulically fractured. The unconventional geophysicist can contribute to the understanding of how to best access the resource by studying the finer scale heterogeneities in the rock which are manifested indirectly through various seismic attributes such as anisotropy and curvature, and directly measured through microseismic monitoring of hydraulic stimulations.
Analysis of Production Data from Fractured Shale Gas Wells
Authors: Anderson D. M. , Nobakht M. , Moghadam S. , Mattar L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Long-term shale gas well performance characteristics are generally not well understood. The ultra-low permeability of shale ensures the continuing presence of pressure transient effects during well production. This makes production forecasting a difficult and non-unique exercise. Conventional methods have proven to be too pessimistic, in many cases, because they assume a depletion-dominated system. Recently, more suitable forecasting methods have been developed that account for long-term transient effects. These methods incorporate a transient model (usually linear flow) which transitions into a conventional boundary-dominated flow model after a prescribed time or upon achieving a certain region of investigation. The underlying concept assumes that once a transition to boundary-dominated flow is observed, depletion will dominate the production going forward. Although this methodology has been successfully applied for a variety of tight gas reservoirs, it may not be the right model for fractured shale gas (and some conventional tight gas) reservoirs. Fractured shale gas reservoirs get their productivity from the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), which may be quite limited in areal extent but is surrounded by a low-permeability reservoir (matrix). Thus, the mechanism for long-term production includes a late-time transition from depletion of the SRV, back to infinite acting (linear or pseudo-radial) flow. This "return" to infinite acting flow may or may not provide contribution to recoverable reserves within a practical time-frame, but it should be considered nonetheless.
In this paper we present a straight forward methodology for determining the major well performance characteristics of fractured horizontal shale gas wells, considering the impact of uncertainty and non-uniqueness. The focus will be on determining the dominant flow regimes and bulk properties from the data, and then defining a suitable, simple reservoir model for production forecasting, using practical experience and all available information. Field examples from the Barnett, Marcellus, and Haynesville shales are included.