bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actin‐dependent deposition of putative endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum during early stages of wound healing in characean internodal cells
Authors: Klima A. , Foissner I. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe investigated the behaviour of organelles stained with FM1‐43 (putative endosomes) and/or LysoTracker Red (LTred; acidic compartments) and of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during healing of puncture and UV‐induced wounds in internodal cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara corallina. Immediately after puncture, wounds were passively sealed with a plug of solid vacuolar inclusions, onto which a bipartite wound wall was actively deposited. The outer, callose‐containing amorphous layer consisted of remnants of FM1‐43‐ and LTred‐labelled organelles, ER cisternae and polysaccharide‐containing secretory vesicles, which became deposited in the absence of membrane retrieval (compound exocytosis). During formation of the inner cellulosic layer, exocytosis of secretory vesicles with the newly formed plasma membrane is coupled to endocytosis via coated vesicles. Migration of FM1‐43‐ and LTred‐stained organelles, ER and secretory vesicles towards the cell cortex and deposition of a bipartite wound wall could also be induced by spot‐like irradiation with ultraviolet light. Cytochalasin D reversibly inhibited the accumulation and deposition of organelles. Our study indicates that active actin‐dependent deposition of putative recycling endosomes is required for wound healing (plasma membrane repair) and supports the hypothesis that deposition of ER cisternae helps to restore wounding‐disturbed Ca2+ metabolism.
Renal epidermal growth factor receptor: Its role in sodium and water homeostasis in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Panchapakesan Usha , Pollock Carol , Saad Sonia 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Volume expansion is observed in animal and human models of diabetic nephropathy, which is in a large part a result of disordered renal tubular cell sodium and water transport.2. Sodium transport in the proximal tubule is increased in diabetes mellitus as a result of enhanced activity of the sodium‐hydrogen exchanger‐3 (NHE3), the key transporter for transcellular reabsorption of sodium. Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by factors inherent in the milieu of diabetes mellitus increases serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase‐1 (Sgk1), a key regulator of NHE3.3. Enhanced sodium and water reabsorption, occurring as a consequence of endogenous or pharmacological stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma is Sgk1 mediated.4. EGFR inhibitors, which are currently used clinically to treat malignancies, might have potential in attenuating the cellular mechanisms responsible for thiazolidinedione (TZD)‐mediated sodium and water transport in diabetes.5. In the present review, the authors focus on the importance of the EGFR in sodium and water uptake in the proximal tubule in the environment of pathophysiological and pharmacological influences.
The anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery in children after laryngeal mask insertion. An ultrasonographic study
Authors: Nagaraja Ravi G. , Wilson Morven , Wilson Graham , Marciniak Bruno , Engelhardt Thomas 
Published: December 2010

SummaryBackground:  Central venous cannulation, although challenging in children and prone to complications, is frequently required for total parenteral nutrition and infusion of drugs.Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein (IJV) and carotid artery (CA) before, and after, insertion of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children using ultrasound.Methods:  Patients aged 2–16 were recruited to this prospective study and divided into three groups of 20 patients each: group 1: LMA size 2, group 2: LMA size 2½, and group 3: LMA size 3. Prior to, and following, LMA insertion, the position and depth of the vessels, and time to locate them were recorded. All measurements were taken at the level of the cricoid cartilage in a neutral head position in the spontaneously breathing patient during expiration. The IJV position in relation to the CA was noticed as anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), lateral (L), or medial (M).Results:  The position of the IJV was found to be in the anterolateral (AL) or anterior (A) position to the CA in the majority of cases. The anatomic relationship changed in 10/120 (8.3%) following insertion of the LMA. The mean depth was 0.80 (±0.15) cm for the right IJV before LMA insertion and 0.84 (±0.17) cm after insertion. Similar measurements were taken on the left side [0.81 (±0.14) cm and 0.83 (±0.18) cm]. The diameter as well as the depth of the IJV increased with the age and weight of the patient.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that the IJV is anterior or anterolateral to the artery in the majority of cases and that the anatomic relationship may change following the insertion of the LMA. It supports the need for using ultrasound‐guided techniques for IJV cannulation following LMA insertion in spontaneously breathing children.
Quantitative analysis of continuous intravenous infusions in pediatric anesthesia: safety implications of dead volume, flow rates, and fluid delivery
Authors: Ma Haobo , Lovich Mark A. , Peterfreund Robert A. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryObjective:  Quantitative characterization of continuous pediatric drug infusions.Background:  The dynamics of drug delivery by continuous infusion to pediatric patients have not been systematically examined. This study extends previously described analytic models to propofol and remifentanil delivery, focusing on infants and toddlers. We postulated that infusion system dead volume, and drug and carrier flow rates, significantly influence drug delivery.Methods:  We studied effects of patient weight, infusion system dead volume, drug and carrier flow rates, along with drug stock concentration and dose, on propofol and remifentanil delivery to the circulation. We calculated the drug mass available for inadvertent bolus in the dead volume, the volume of fluid supplied by drug infusions, and model‐based estimates of the range of lag times to achieve a targeted steady‐state rate of drug delivery.Results:  The drug mass in the dead volume at steady state increased with dead volume size and drug dose. For infants, this drug mass could exceed 100% of commonly used loading doses. Predicted lag times to steady state depend on patient size, fluid flow rates, and the mixing behavior of the drug entering the main fluid pathway. Neonates have the longest lag times to achieve steady state. Fluid quantities delivered by drug infusions increase with drug flow rate and can represent a large fraction of estimated maintenance fluid requirements. Fluid delivery increases if stock drug concentrations are diluted. These relationships were qualitatively similar for propofol and remifentanil.Conclusions:  Traditional studies focus on drug disposition once a drug enters the circulation. Our analysis shows the potential importance of factors influencing drug delivery to the patient’s circulation, focusing on propofol and remifentanil administration to small patients. The drug mass available for inadvertent bolus residing in the reservoir of the dead volume at steady state may be large and clinically relevant. Lag times to achieve steady‐state delivery are long, depending on the infusion system’s architecture and fluid flow rates. By themselves, drug infusions can deliver significant fluid loads to children. These observations have practical and perhaps safety implications for infusions of drugs commonly administered to infants and children.
Defensive endosymbionts: a cryptic trophic level in community ecology
Authors: Jaenike John , Brekke Thomas D. 
Published: December 2010

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150–155AbstractMaternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma‐infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer‐resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.
High CO2 enhances the competitive strength of seaweeds over corals
Authors: Diaz‐Pulido Guillermo , Gouezo Marine , Tilbrook Bronte , Dove Sophie , Anthony Kenneth R. N. 
Published: December 2010

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 156–162AbstractSpace competition between corals and seaweeds is an important ecological process underlying coral‐reef dynamics. Processes promoting seaweed growth and survival, such as herbivore overfishing and eutrophication, can lead to local reef degradation. Here, we present the case that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may be an additional process driving a shift from corals to seaweeds on reefs. Coral (Acropora intermedia) mortality in contact with a common coral‐reef seaweed (Lobophora papenfussii) increased two‐ to threefold between background CO2 (400 ppm) and highest level projected for late 21st century (1140 ppm). The strong interaction between CO2 and seaweeds on coral mortality was most likely attributable to a chemical competitive mechanism, as control corals with algal mimics showed no mortality. Our results suggest that coral (Acropora) reefs may become increasingly susceptible to seaweed proliferation under ocean acidification, and processes regulating algal abundance (e.g. herbivory) will play an increasingly important role in maintaining coral abundance.
The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia (Radiolitidae, Hippuritoidea) a revision of species based on quantitative analysis of morphological characters
Authors: FENERCI‐MASSE MUKERREM , SKELTON PETER , MASSE JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia Polšak, 1967 from Istria, Croatia, is currently known from the Coniacian/Maastrichtian of the peri‐Adriatic and Balkan regions and includes 23 nominal species, defined mainly on shell ornamentation and radial bands. However, a re‐appraisal of ‘Radiolites’endrissi Boehm, 1927 shows the type species of the genus Gorjanovicia, G. costata Polšak, 1967, to be a junior synonym of Boehm’s species, which thus takes priority as the type species of Gorjanovicia. Our revision of the 24 species thus described from the literature is based on analysis of a set of 21 characters that include the dimensions, shape and ornamentation of the right valve. Sixteen variables are defined from combinations of these 21 characters and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and Hill and Smith analysis (HSA), with cluster analysis, which has allowed us to distinguish three taxonomic groups, each defined by a key species: Gorjanovicia endrissi (Boehm), G. ugarensis Slišković and G. kvarneri Polšak. Cluster analysis identifies three groups of associated variables and suggests that a limited number of characters may be used to recognize the foregoing three taxonomic entities. MCA performed on four variables (the shapes of the anterior radial band, posterior radial band and interband and the width of the anterior band relative to the posterior band) reveals the same three taxonomic groups as in the MCA based on 16 variables. We conclude that the four variables in question may thus be used as specific diagnostic characters and that the genus Gorjanovicia is thereby represented by just three species, Gorjanovicia endrissi, G. ugarensis and G. kvarneri, instead of the 24 described in the literature. Specific assemblages from the peri‐Adriatic, pre‐Apulian and Western Pontides regions are nearly identical, a pattern that suggests free faunal exchanges within the distributional area of the genus Gorjanovicia. The palaeobiogeographical distribution of species corresponds with a relatively narrow palaeolatitudinal range in the subtropical portion of the eastern Mediterranean Tethys.
Intercounty Variability of Net Migration at Older Ages as a Path‐Dependent Process
Authors: Brown David L. , Bolender Benjamin C. , Kulcsar Laszlo J. , Glasgow Nina , Sanders Scott 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to identify factors associated with the formation and development of nonmetropolitan destinations for older in‐migration, thereby explaining why some U.S. counties are more likely than others to be nonmetro retirement destinations. We contend that most nonmetro retirement destinations are established and developed over time through a path‐dependent process. When amenities are commodified as recreation and tourism, migration streams tend to be established that ultimately produce sustained in‐migration of older persons to selected destination communities. We use data from a variety of official sources and a spatial statistics methodology to examine intercounty variability in net migration rates at ages 60–74. Our findings are consistent with the aforementioned path‐dependent development framework. Counties with a long history of population growth, previous experience attracting older in‐migrants, attractive natural amenities, and a developed recreation and tourism industry are those most likely to be retirement‐age migration destinations. In contrast, agricultural heartland and relatively large population size are associated with lower rates of older in‐migration. Older in‐migration should be seen as neither a panacea for strapped rural communities nor a “pensions and care issue.” Older migrants can be “gray gold,” but they can also pose challenges, such as possibly increased demand for public services as they age in place.
The most recent burst of star formation in the massive elliptical galaxy NGC 1052
Authors: Fernández-Ontiveros J. A. , López-Sanjuan C. , Montes M. , Prieto M. A. , Acosta-Pulido J. A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
High spatial resolution near-infrared (NIR) images of the central 24 × 24 arcsec2 (∼2 × 2 kpc2) of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052 reveal a total of 25 compact sources randomly distributed in the region. 15 of them exhibit Hα luminosities an order of magnitude above the estimate for an evolved population of extreme horizontal branch stars. Their Hα equivalent widths and optical-to-NIR spectral energy distributions are consistent with them being young stellar clusters aged &lt;7 Myr. We consider this to be the first direct observation of spatially resolved star-forming regions in the central kiloparsecs of an elliptical galaxy. The sizes of these regions are ≲11 pc and their median reddening is E(B−V) ∼ 1 mag. According to previous works, NGC 1052 may have experienced a merger event about 1 Gyr ago. On the assumption that these clusters are spread with a similar density over the whole galaxy, the fraction of galaxy mass (5 × 10−5) and rate of star formation (0.01 M⊙ yr−1) involved suggest the merger event as the possible cause for the star formation we see today.
CHAPTER II: RNA changes in rabbit cerebellar Purkinje cells following unilateral vestibular neurotomy.
Authors: JARLSTEDT JAN 
Published: December 2010

SummaryIn Chapter I the effect of unilateral cold or warm water caloric stimulation upon the RNA content in cells from the lateral vestibular nucleus and upon cerebellar Purkinje cells is presented. Two groups of rabbits were subjected to unilateral irrigation with cold or warm water in the left outer ear. One portion of each group received caloric stimulation once daily for seven days, and the other portion had only one caloric stimulation.The small‐to medium‐sized cells from the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus had significantly higher RNA content after a single warm water irrigation compared to the contralateral side. The same type of cells from the dorsal part of this nucleus had similar values bilaterally.The RNA content in the lobulus centralis, the paraflocculus, the para‐median lobule and the nodulus was investigated both ipsilateral and contra‐lateral to the side of the stimulation. After warm water caloric stimulation the Purkinje cells from the ipsilateral lobulus centralis and nodulus had significantly higher RNA content and purine/primidine quotient than did the Purkinje cells from the contralateral side. After cold water irrigation the results of the total RNA determinations in Purkinje cells were reversed with respect to the sides affected. The paraflocculus had similar values bilaterally in all cases as did the lobulus paramedianus after seven times cold water irrigation.In Chapter II the effect of unilateral vestibular neurotomy upon cerebellar Purkinje cell RNA is presented. Three groups of rabbits were subjected to right‐sided vestibular neurotomy. The animals were killed 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the operation. The RNA content in Purkinje cells from both sides of the lobulus centralis, the paraflocculus and the nodulus was investigated. In the lobulus centralis and the nodulus, the nonoperated side contained a significantly higher Purkinje cell RNA content compared to the operated side. This was found in all three groups. The paraflocculus had the same values bilaterally in all three groups. One week after the vestibular neurotomy the purine/pyrimidine quotient of Purkinje cell RNA was significantly lower on the non‐operated side of the lobulus centralis compared to the operated side. The conclusions are drawn that changes in the activity of the Purkinje cells can be detected by quantitative RNA determinations and that Purkinje cells from the lobulus centralis and the nodulus change their RNA content after caloric stimulation and vestibular neurotomy.The present work has been supported by grants from the Medical Faculty, University of Göteborg.
EFFECTS OF HEART RATE AND ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE ON CORONARY COLLATERAL BLOOD FLOW IN DOGS
Authors: JOHANSSON BÖRJE , LINDER ERLAND , SEEMAN TORSTEN 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe Krypton85 clearance technique was used for studying the effects of induced changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure on the collateral blood flow of the myocardium during acute coronary occlusions in dogs. Collateral blood flow was little affected by variations in heart rate although a slight improvement of flow was seen at frequencies between 90 and 130 beats/min compared to higher frequencies. Arterial blood pressure is an important determinant of coronary collateral blood flow in the non‐failing heart, but the pressure‐flow relationships indicate a passive behaviour of the collateral vessels. Ventricular dilatation with elongation of the collateral vessels and increased intramural pressure seems to impede collateral flow. The size of the ischemic region produced by the coronary occlusion is not significantly altered by changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Transscleral visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy for quantitative assessment of haemoglobin in experimental choroidal tumours
Authors: Xu Can T. , Svenmarker Pontus , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Krohn Jørgen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To study the feasibility of using transscleral visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) to estimate the content of haemoglobin in choroidal tumour phantoms of ex vivo porcine eyes.Methods:  Thirty enucleated porcine eyes were prepared with a tumour phantom made by injecting a suspension of gelatine, titanium dioxide and human blood into the suprachoroidal space. The blood concentrations used were 2.5%, 25% and 50%, with 10 eyes in each group. Alternating Vis/NIRS measurements were taken over the phantom inclusion and on the opposite (normal) side of each eye. For statistical analysis, a genetic algorithm was utilized to suppress insignificant wavelengths in the spectra. The processed spectra were then used to build a regression model based on partial least squares regression and evaluated by twofold cross‐validation.Results:  Ultrasonography revealed that all phantoms were localized within the suprachoroidal space with no penetration through the retina. The largest mean diameters of the phantoms with 2.5%, 25% and 50% blood were 15.5, 15.2 and 15.7 mm, respectively (p > 0.05). The largest mean thicknesses were 4.5, 4.5 and 4.8 mm, respectively (p > 0.05). Statistical analysis of the spectral data showed that it was possible to correctly discriminate between the normal side and the tumour phantom side of the eyes in 99.88% of cases. The phantoms could be correctly classified according to their blood concentrations in 99.42% of cases.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that transscleral Vis/NIRS is a feasible and accurate method for the detection of choroidal tumours and to assess the haemoglobin content in such lesions.
Antibody Coefficients for the Diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
Authors: Furr M. , Howe D. , Reed S. , Yeargan M. 
Published: December 2010

Background:Diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) remains a challenge for equine practitioners. Current utilized methods have inadequate sensitivity and specificity, because of a high number of false positive results.Hypothesis/Objective:Evaluation of antibody indices toSarcocystis neuronashould provide high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of EPM.Animals:Archived samples from 29 clinical patients.Methods:Archived serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from clinical patients with either EPM (14) or cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVM) (15) were examined and tested for anti‐S.neuronaantibodies by the SnSAG2 ELISA. The results were used to calculate the antibody index (AI) andC‐value. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and the AI,C‐value, immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, and anti‐S.neuronatiters compared. In addition, negative CSF was spiked in varying concentrations with blood from a horse with a high anti‐S.neuronatiter, and the tests repeated.Results:Results demonstrated that the IgG concentration, anti‐S.neuronatiter, AI, andC‐value were significantly higher (P< .05) in horses with EPM than in those with CVM. Sensitivity and specificity of the AI was 71 and 100%, respectively, and that of theC‐value was 86 and 100%, respectively. In addition, the AI andC‐value from the samples spiked withS.neuronapositive blood remained below 1 (eg, negative) in CSF with a red blood cell (RBC) count up to 105 RBC/μL.Conclusions/Clinical Importance:Results of the study demonstrate the value of calculating the AI andC‐value in the diagnosis of EPM in horses. In addition, the test is robust in the presence of blood contamination.
FDiversity: a software package for the integrated analysis of functional diversity
Authors: Casanoves Fernando , Pla Laura , Di Rienzo Julio A. , Díaz Sandra 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. The growing interest in functional diversity has been accompanied by a proliferation of indices proposed to calculate its different components; however, empirical studies have been hampered by a lack of integrated tools for their easy calculation based on field data sets. 2. We present FDiversity, a free, user‐friendly, open source‐based software package for the calculation and integrated statistical analysis of most functional diversity indices and metrics published to date. 3. This tool greatly facilitates the analysis of functional diversity patterns and also the links of different dimensions of functional diversity with environmental factors and ecosystem properties and services.