bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical removal of a dermoid cyst from the bony part of the nasolacrimal duct in a Scottish highland cattle heifer
Authors: Steinmetz Andrea , Locher Lena , Delling Uta , Ionita Jean‐Claude , Ludewig Eberhard , Oechtering Gerhard , Wittek Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ophthalmologic, radiologic and surgical findings of a 2‐year‐old Scottish Highland Cattle heifer with a dermoid cyst within the bony part of the nasolacrimal duct and the successful treatment are presented.
Feline entropion: a case series of 50 affected animals (2003–2008)
Authors: Williams David L. , Kim Joon‐Young 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim To evaluate the signalment, clinical signs, and etiopathogenesis of entropion in 50 cats.Methods Signalment and history of 50 cases of entropion in cats presented to a referral ophthalmology clinic. Animals were examined with direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. Animals were treated surgically with a Hotz‐Celsus procedure and results of surgery were evaluated between 4 and 22 weeks.Results Sixteen cats were young (mean age 4.1 ± 3.6 years) with pre‐existing irritative ocular surface conditions such as conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration or sequestrum. Twenty‐six cats were relatively older (mean age 11.3 ± 2.2 years) with involutional entropion with or without enophthalmos, presumed to result from a reduction in orbital tissue. Five cats were Persians with entropion associated with brachycephalic facial anatomy, whereas three were entire young adult male Maine Coones with in‐turning associated with excessive facial ‘jowl’ tissue. Surgical treatment was curative in the majority of cases after one surgery although an increased amount of eyelid tissue was required to be removed for correction compared with similar surgery in the dog.Discussion This study has shown that entropion in cats may be caused in young animals as a result of continued blepharospasm related to irritative causes such as conjunctivitis or corneal ulceration or in older animals with lid laxity or globe enophthalmos. Lid in‐turning was also seen in Persian and Maine Coone breeds.
Collective Dynamics of Citizenship Behaviour: What Group Characteristics Promote Group‐Level Helping?
Authors: Choi Jin Nam 
Published: July 2009

abstractA basic tenet of research on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is that OCB aggregated across individuals improves organizational performance. Departing from the typical focus on individual‐level OCB, the construct of group‐level OCB (GOCB) recently emerged as a critical group function that affects various group effectiveness measures. Despite the clear link between GOCB and team performance, the existing literature provides a limited understanding with regard to the antecedents of GOCB, mostly focusing on leadership variables. Establishing helping behaviour (a core dimension of OCB) as a collective construct, this study substantially expands the antecedents of group‐level helping, and empirically tests their effects using three different operationalizations of group‐level helping. The results, based on a sample of 96 work units, show that membership diversity in gender and education decreased group‐level helping, whereas diversity in tenure increased it. Group‐level helping was also positively related to leadership characteristics (supportive unit manager, transformational top management) and perceived competence of unit members. In addition, the analysis further indicated that perceived competence is a positive predictor of group‐level helping only when the unit members also believe that others are trustworthy in terms of integrity and benevolent motivation. From a methodological standpoint, the study provides important insights by comparing different ways of operationalizing collective constructs.
The Impact of Horizontal Mergers on Rivals: Gains to Being Left Outside a Merger
Authors: Clougherty Joseph A. , Duso Tomaso 
Published: July 2009

abstractIt is commonly perceived that firms do not want to be outsiders to a merger between competitor firms. We instead argue that it is beneficial to be a non‐merging rival firm to a large horizontal merger. Using a sample of mergers with expert identification of relevant rivals and the event‐study methodology, we find rivals generally experience positive abnormal returns at the merger announcement date. We also find that the stock reaction of rivals to merger events is not sensitive to merger waves; hence, ‘future acquisition probability’ does not drive the positive abnormal returns of rivals. Further, we find the positive (or non‐negative) abnormal returns of rivals to be robust when considering heterogeneity in merger and rival characteristics.
A Capability‐Based Framework for Open Innovation: Complementing Absorptive Capacity
Authors: Lichtenthaler Ulrich , Lichtenthaler Eckhard 
Published: July 2009

abstractWe merge research into knowledge management, absorptive capacity, and dynamic capabilities to arrive at an integrative perspective, which considers knowledge exploration, retention, and exploitation inside and outside a firm's boundaries. By complementing the concept of absorptive capacity, we advance towards a capability‐based framework for open innovation processes. We identify the following six ‘knowledge capacities’ as a firm's critical capabilities of managing internal and external knowledge in open innovation processes: inventive, absorptive, transformative, connective, innovative, and desorptive capacity. ‘Knowledge management capacity’ is a dynamic capability, which reconfigures and realigns the knowledge capacities. It refers to a firm's ability to successfully manage its knowledge base over time. The concept may be regarded as a framework for open innovation, as a complement to absorptive capacity, and as a move towards understanding dynamic capabilities for managing knowledge. On this basis, it contributes to explaining interfirm heterogeneity in knowledge and alliance strategies, organizational boundaries, and innovation performance.
Causal Inference in Outcome-Dependent Two-Phase Sampling Designs
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Scharfstein Daniel , Tan Zhiqiang , MacKenzie Ellen J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe consider estimation of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome from observational data collected in two phases. In the first phase, a simple random sample of individuals is drawn from a population. On these individuals, information is obtained on treatment, outcome and a few low dimensional covariates. These individuals are then stratified according to these factors. In the second phase, a random subsample of individuals is drawn from each stratum, with known stratum-specific selection probabilities. On these individuals, a rich set of covariates is collected. In this setting, we introduce five estimators: simple inverse weighted; simple doubly robust; enriched inverse weighted; enriched doubly robust; locally efficient. We evaluate the finite sample performance of these estimators in a simulation study. We also use our methodology to estimate the causal effect of trauma care on in-hospital mortality by using data from the National Study of Cost and Outcomes of Trauma.
Detecting Changes in the Mean of Functional Observations
Authors: Berkes István , Gabrys Robertas , Horváth Lajos , Kokoszka Piotr 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPrincipal component analysis has become a fundamental tool of functional data analysis. It represents the functional data as Xi(t) = μ(t)+Σ1≤l&lt;∞ηi, l+ vl(t), where μ is the common mean, vl are the eigenfunctions of the covariance operator and the ηi, l are the scores. Inferential procedures assume that the mean function μ(t) is the same for all values of i. If, in fact, the observations do not come from one population, but rather their mean changes at some point(s), the results of principal component analysis are confounded by the change(s). It is therefore important to develop a methodology to test the assumption of a common functional mean. We develop such a test using quantities which can be readily computed in the R package fda. The null distribution of the test statistic is asymptotically pivotal with a well-known asymptotic distribution. The asymptotic test has excellent finite sample performance. Its application is illustrated on temperature data from England.
A Bayesian Discovery Procedure
Authors: Guindani Michele , Müller Peter , Zhang Song 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe discuss a Bayesian discovery procedure for multiple-comparison problems. We show that, under a coherent decision theoretic framework, a loss function combining true positive and false positive counts leads to a decision rule that is based on a threshold of the posterior probability of the alternative. Under a semiparametric model for the data, we show that the Bayes rule can be approximated by the optimal discovery procedure, which was recently introduced by Storey. Improving the approximation leads us to a Bayesian discovery procedure, which exploits the multiple shrinkage in clusters that are implied by the assumed non-parametric model. We compare the Bayesian discovery procedure and the optimal discovery procedure estimates in a simple simulation study and in an assessment of differential gene expression based on microarray data from tumour samples. We extend the setting of the optimal discovery procedure by discussing modifications of the loss function that lead to different single-thresholding statistics. Finally, we provide an application of the previous arguments to dependent (spatial) data.
A Hierarchical Eigenmodel for Pooled Covariance Estimation
Authors: Hoff Peter D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAlthough the covariance matrices corresponding to different populations are unlikely to be exactly equal they can still exhibit a high degree of similarity. For example, some pairs of variables may be positively correlated across most groups, whereas the correlation between other pairs may be consistently negative. In such cases much of the similarity across covariance matrices can be described by similarities in their principal axes, which are the axes that are defined by the eigenvectors of the covariance matrices. Estimating the degree of across-population eigenvector heterogeneity can be helpful for a variety of estimation tasks. For example, eigenvector matrices can be pooled to form a central set of principal axes and, to the extent that the axes are similar, covariance estimates for populations having small sample sizes can be stabilized by shrinking their principal axes towards the across-population centre. To this end, the paper develops a hierarchical model and estimation procedure for pooling principal axes across several populations. The model for the across-group heterogeneity is based on a matrix-valued antipodally symmetric Bingham distribution that can flexibly describe notions of ‘centre’ and ‘spread’ for a population of orthogonal matrices.
Identification of new genotypic cut‐off levels to predict the efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir and darunavir/ritonavir in the TITAN trial
Authors: Hill A , Marcelin A‐G , Calvez V 
Published: July 2009

Background
Genotypic algorithms used to predict the clinical efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) have included a range of mutation lists and efficacy endpoints. Normally, HIV clinical trials are powered to detect a difference between treatment arms of 10–12% for the endpoint of viral load suppression <50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL. The TITAN trial evaluated LPV/r vs. darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) in treatment‐experienced patients with viral load >1000 copies/mL. This analysis aimed to re‐evaluate resistance algorithms for LPV/r in the TITAN trial.Methods
Baseline genotype data were classified using seven genotypic resistance algorithms: International AIDS Society USA (IAS‐USA) LPV mutations (current cut‐off=6), Abbott 2007 mutation list (cut‐off=3), ANRS mutations (cut‐off=4), FDA mutations (cut‐off=3), Stanford, REGA and IAS‐USA major protease inhibitor (PI) mutations. Efficacy in the TITAN trial (HIV‐1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 48) was correlated with the number of mutations from each list, to show the ‘efficacy advantage cut‐off level’: the number of mutations from each list associated with a difference in efficacy between treatment arms of at least 12%.Results
Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified lower genotypic cut‐off levels than previously reported where there was at least 12% lower efficacy for LPV/r vs. DRV/r. These efficacy advantage cut‐off levels were: IAS‐USA LPV mutations, cut‐off=3; Abbott 2007, cut‐off=2; ANRS LPV, cut‐off=3; FDA LPV mutations, cut‐off=2; major IAS‐USA PI mutations, cut‐off=1; Stanford algorithm, cut‐off=low‐level LPV resistance; REGA algorithm, cut‐off=intermediate‐level LPV resistance. There were linear falls in HIV‐1 RNA suppression rates with rising mutation counts in the TITAN, French LPV ATU, BMS‐045 and RESIST trials.Conclusions
The analysis identified more sensitive cut‐off levels for LPV genotypic algorithms, below those currently used.
The Usefulness of the DBC‐ASA as a Screening Instrument for Autism in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study
Authors: Deb Shoumitro , Dhaliwal Akal‐Joat , Roy Meera 
Published: July 2009

Aims  To explore the validity of Developmental Behaviour Checklist‐Autism Screening Algorithm (DBC‐ASA) as a screening instrument for autism among children with intellectual disabilities.Method  Data were collected from the case notes of 109 children with intellectual disabilities attending a specialist clinic in the UK.Results  The mean score of the DBC‐ASA was significantly higher (t = 6.1; P < 0.001) among children with autism compared with those without. The DBC‐ASA score of 20 yielded a sensitivity of 0.9 and specificity of 0.6, and a score of 18 yielded a sensitivity of 0.92 and specificity of 0.5. The receiver–operating characteristic for the DBC‐ASA score of 20 yielded a large area under the curve (AUC) (0.864) for children with intellectual disabilities when compared against the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, Research Diagnostic Criteria (ICD10 DRC) diagnosis of autism.Conclusions  The DBC‐ASA score may be able to discriminate between children with intellectual disabilities with and without autism.
Interoceptive awareness declines with age
Authors: Khalsa Sahib S. , Rudrauf David , Tranel Daniel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAging has been shown to increase sensory thresholds for a variety of exteroceptive and proprioceptive stimuli. However, the influence of aging on interoceptive awareness has received relatively little empirical attention. Here we report an inverse association between aging and interoception, as indexed by the ability to sense the heartbeat at rest. In a group of 59 participants ranging in age from 22 to 63 years, age inversely predicted heartbeat detection ability, both within and across several measurement sessions. On average, age accounted for 30% of the variance in heartbeat detection accuracy. Other attribute variables including body mass index and sex were not related to heartbeat detection ability. These findings provide clear empirical evidence that interoception, much like exteroception and proprioception, declines with age.
The value of microsurgery in liver research
Authors: Aller Maria‐Angeles , Mendez Marta , Nava Maria‐Paz , Lopez Laudino , Arias Jorge‐Luis , Arias Jaime 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe use of an operating microscope in rat liver surgery makes it possible to obtain new experimental models and improve the already existing macrosurgical models. Thus, microsurgery could be a very valuable technique to improve experimental models of hepatic insufficiency. In the current review, we present the microsurgical techniques most frequently used in the rat, such as the portacaval shunt, the extrahepatic biliary tract resection, partial and total hepatectomies and heterotopic and orthotopic liver transplantation. Hence, reducing surgical complications allows for perfecting the resulting experimental models. Thus, liver atrophy related to portacaval shunt, prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to partial portal vein ligation, cholestasis by resection of the extrahepatic biliary tract, hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomies, acute liver failure associated with subtotal or total hepatectomy and finally complications derived from preservation or rejection in orthotopic and heterotopic liver transplantation can be studied in more standardized experimental models. The results obtained are therefore more reliable and facilitates the flow of knowledge from the bench to the bedside. Some of these microsurgical techniques, because of their simplicity, can be performed by researchers without any prior surgical training. Other more complex microsurgical techniques require in‐depth surgical training. These techniques are ideal for achieving a complete surgical training and more select microsurgical models for hepatology research.
Pathogenesis and symptomatology of hallucinations (delusions) of organic brain disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: HORIGUCHI Jun , MIYAOKA Tsuyoshi , SHINNO Hideto 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this review article, in order to explore the mechanisms underlying the hallucinations/delusions of schizophrenia, we discuss the contribution of the following four questions: (i) can an understanding of dreams contribute to our understanding of the genesis of halluciations and/or delusions; (ii) are the mechanisms underlying psychotropic drug‐induced psychoses the same as those underlying the hallucinations and/or delusions in schizophrenia; (iii) does disturbed consciousness contribute to the manifestation of psychotic features; and (iv) are the psychoses caused by organic brain disorders any different to the hallucinations and/or delusions seen in schizophrenia? We conclude that there is a strong association between drug‐induced hallucinations or hallucinations associated with organic brain disorders and simple hallucinosis or fluctuations in arousal level. Because intermediate configurations and/or cross‐staining phenomena exist for hallucinations and delusions, especially in schizophrenic disorders, it is difficult to isolate the hallucinations and to recognize them as being abnormal experiences.
Neuropsychological profile of dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: ODA Haruhiko , YAMAMOTO Yasuji , MAEDA Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) accounts for 10–25% of all dementia cases in clinical populations and is considered to be the second most common degenerative dementia in elderly people after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by the presence of cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Although the neuropsychological profiles of patients with DLB often differ from those of patients with AD, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of these profiles remain largely unknown. The present paper reviews the neuropsychological profiling of DLB and attempts the neuropsychological differentiation of DLB from AD.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies: Clinicopathological issues associated with antemortem diagnosis
Authors: YOKOTA Osamu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCurrently, the clinical diagnostic criteria of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are well known to neurologists and psychiatrists. However, the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of these diseases in autopsy series is not always adequate. For example, FTLD is a syndrome rather than a clinicopathological disease entity that is comprised of various pathological substrates, including Pick's disease, FTLD with microtubule‐associated protein tau gene mutation, FTLD with tau‐negative ubiquitin‐positive inclusions (FTLD‐U), FTLD‐U with progranulin gene mutation, corticobasal degeneration, basophilic inclusion body disease, and neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease. Whether these underlying pathologies can be identified clinically is one of the greatest interests in neuropathological research. The pathophysiological relationship between Lewy pathology and Alzheimer pathology in DLB is explored with interest because it may be associated with the accuracy of clinical diagnoses. For example, although Lewy pathology may progress from the brain stem nuclei to the cerebral cortex in Parkinson's disease, recent studies have demonstrated that the progression pattern in DLB is not always identical to that in Parkinson's disease. It is also considered that the progression pattern of Lewy pathology correlates with the evolution of clinical symptoms and that the progression pattern of Lewy pathology may be altered when Alzheimer pathology coexists. In the present paper, the clinicopathological features of two demented cases are presented, and some pathological issues associated with the clinical diagnosis of FTLD and DLB are discussed.
Novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease
Authors: TANIMUKAI Hitoshi , KUDO Takashi , TANAKA Toshihisa , GRUNDKE‐IQBAL Inge , IQBAL Khalid , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is compromised and believed to be the cause of the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Activity of PP2A is regulated by two endogeneous inhibitor proteins, called as I1PP2A and I2PP2A. Previously, we reported that: (i) I1PP2A and I2PP2A are upregulated with cleavage of I2PP2A holoprotein and translocation of its amino terminal fragment from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in neuronal cells in AD brains; and (ii) translocated I2PP2A colocalized not only with the PP2A catalytic subunit, but also with phosphorylated tau in neuronal cytoplasm. Furthermore, according to preliminary data, the cleavage site of I2PP2A is located between amino acids 175 and 176 of the I2PP2A sequence. Because the sequence from amino acids 168 to 181 on I2PP2A presumably functions as a nuclear localization signal (NLS), inhibition of break down of the NLS in I2PP2A is expected to be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.