bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Property rights in protected areas: obstacles to community involvement as a solution in Thailand
Authors: Vandergeest Peter 
Published: October 2009

SummaryConflicts between local people and managers of protected areas (PAs) have often undermined conservation goals in Asia. Since the 1970s, conservation planners have tried to address these problems by incorporating rural development into PA planning. More recently, many conservationists have argued for increasing community involvement in PA management, and for allowing traditional resource uses inside PAs. Based on research in Thailand I make three arguments regarding obstacles to implementing the new approach.In Thailand, laws governing Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks enacted in the early 1960s were premised on the idea that human use and nature preservation were incompatible. Rapid expansion of these PAs in recent years has produced endemic conflict with rural people claiming resources inside PAs. To address this problem, the Thai Royal Forestry Department has cooperated with NGOs providing development assistance to rural people living in buffer zones outside of some PAs. I argue that this approach has met limited success because the main source of conflict is not poverty but claims on resources inside PAs.The second argument is that the Forestry Department has resisted changes to laws making local use inside PAs illegal because these laws are important for consolidating the Department's control over territory and in justifying increasing budgetary allocations. In addition, by redefining itself as an organization devoted to strict defence of forests, the Department has obtained the support of many urban environmentalists. The third argument is that the community forest approach taken by a recent draft Community Forest Bill is an important first step in that it implicitly recognizes community property. At the same time, this approach will also fail to address key problems because it is based on a notion of the traditional village, and does not allow for the commercial nature of rural forest use or the household-based nature of forest tenure.I suggest that the new expansion of PAs be halted, that land claimed by rural households be taken out of PAs, and that the government recognize community management rights in areas that remain classified as protected. More generally, the goals of conservation would be better achieved by replacing an approach based on the rapid expansion of PAs with one promoting conservation outside PAs.
Dynamic modelling of multispecies fisheries for consensus building and management
Authors: Ruth Matthias , Lindholm James 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMany factors influence the dynamics of fisheries and feedback mechanisms amongst these factors are poorly understood. The ecological systems are too large and complex to conduct controlled experiments and economic adjustments to changes in fish populations defy traditional equilibrium analysis. New modelling approaches are required to identify the driving forces behind the dynamics of exploited fish populations, assess likely consequences of alternative management measures, and achieve consensus among stakeholders.We present an interdisciplinary modelling approach that can be used easily to assess dynamic consequences of alternative assumptions for certain key biological and economic parameters, and incorporates the input of various stakeholder groups in the fishery. Contributions of scientists, economists and managers to the model can be augmented with contributions from the fisherfolk.Our approach is illustrated by a dynamic computer model capturing the interactions of three demersal fish species on Georges Bank, namely Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua), Haddock (Melanogramus aeglefimts) and Pollack (Pollachius virens), population sizes of which are assumed to be density-dependent for the purposes of the model and are significantly affected by management decisions. The model addresses how management measures for one species influence the population dynamics of other commercially exploited species. Various scenarios are run to explore the implications of viable management strategies under alternative assumptions on the driving forces behind complex ecological-economic processes. The analyses indicate that neither small reductions in effort nor mesh size increases are likely to prevent the further demise of the Georges Bank ground fisheries, and, in fact, stocks of the three targeted species may decline. Alternative management measures seem to be necessary to prevent collapse, and might include various strategies, such as effort controls and mesh size reductions, in conjunction with a dramatic change in fishing technology. The assessment and viability of alternative management measures in turn require that consensus is generated among stakeholders about data and models.
John Philip Sousa and “The Menace of Mechanical Music”
Authors: WARFIELD PATRICK 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn 1906Appleton's Magazinepublished John Philip Sousa's most celebrated—and vitriolic—article, “The Menace of Mechanical Music.” In it Sousa predicts that piano rolls and recordings will end amateur music making in the United States. Modern writers have often condemned Sousa as a hypocrite (the Sousa Band was itself a major recording ensemble) and chastised him for failing to see the cultural and financial benefits of mechanical music. But, in fact, Sousa's article was part of a larger scheme to gain public support for the 1909 copyright revision. It was also just one step in Sousa's lifelong battle for composers' rights, a battle with five distinct phases: (1) the debate over the right of public performance precipitated by the success of Gilbert and Sullivan in the United States, (2) a test of the limits of contractual obligations between performers and managers, (3) the instigation of an international copyright law, (4) the battle over mechanical rights, and (5) the ability of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) to collect royalties as related to public performance.
Pyrosequencing reveals contrasting seasonal dynamics of taxa within Baltic Sea bacterioplankton communities
Authors: Andersson Anders F , Riemann Lasse , Bertilsson Stefan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Variation in traits causes bacterial populations to respond in contrasting ways to environmental drivers. Learning about this will help us understand the ecology of individual populations in complex ecosystems. We used 454 pyrosequencing of the hypervariable region V6 of the 16S rRNA gene to study seasonal dynamics in Baltic Sea bacterioplankton communities, and link community and population changes to biological and chemical factors. Surface samples were collected from May to October 2003 and in May 2004 at the Landsort Deep in the central Baltic Sea Proper. The analysis rendered, on average, 20 200 sequence reads for each of the eight samples analyzed, providing the first detailed description of Baltic Sea bacterial communities. Community composition varied dramatically over time, supporting the idea of strong temporal shifts in bacterioplankton assemblages, and clustered according to season (including two May samples from consecutive years), suggesting repeatable seasonal succession. Overall, community change was most highly correlated with change in phosphorus concentration and temperature. Individual bacterial populations were also identified that tightly co-varied with different Cyanobacteria populations. Comparing the abundance profiles of operational taxonomic units at different phylogenetic distances revealed a weak but significant negative correlation between abundance profile similarity and genetic distance, potentially reflecting habitat filtering of evolutionarily conserved functional traits in the studied bacterioplankton.
Polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly bearing ketoprofen for transdermal delivery
Authors: Gupta Rachna , Yadav Preeti , Saraf Subhini A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA novel microencapsulation technology based on layer-by-layer assembly has been extensively studied and used for controlled delivery of drug microcrystal having poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen (KF)was selected for encapsulation using biodegradable and biocompatible polyions and synergistically the fabricated system was embedded in gel matrix for topical application. Topical application of the drugs at the pathological sites offer potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and thus producing high tissue concentrations of the drug.
Peer Review of Teaching: Multiple Raters
Authors: Prezas Raul , Shaver Mark , Carlson Tara , Taylor J. Scott , Scudder Rosalind 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPeer review of teaching is relatively new in many academic programs. Primarily focused on formative, rather than summative, assessment, peer reviews differ in types of artifacts and teaching behaviors observed during the review. The purpose of this study was to begin a preliminary investigation of peer review of teaching among internal faculty. Two faculty members in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) at Wichita State University participated in this study. Both instructors agreed to have one class session each videotaped within the same week. Two comparable 10-minute presentation segments were selected and edited from the recordings. The recordings were then viewed and rated in counter-balanced order by 17 faculty peers in CSD programs. Ratings were collected using a 5-point Likert scale rating form, which was created for the study. Results were found to be generally positive with mean ratings of 2.23 (s.d = 1.19) and 2.41 (s.d. = 1.19) for the two instructors. Interestingly, both videotapes exhibited an order effect when low responses were removed. These findings are presented as well as questions to be examined in future studies.
Language for Scholars: A Communication Skills Building Program
Authors: Lybolt John , Gottfred Kate , Anderson Roger , Olszewski Abbie 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In this article we discuss a communication skills building program Leap Learning Systems calls Language for Scholars (LFS), a program developed at the request of a not-for-profit agency in 1994 to help 8th grade urban students who had received scholarships to private high schools. The LFS program focuses on building classroom communication skills called Academic English.
Bayesian random-effects threshold regression with application to survival data with nonproportional hazards
Authors: Pennell Michael L. , Whitmore G. A. , Ting Lee Mei-Ling 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn epidemiological and clinical studies, time-to-event data often violate the assumptions of Cox regression due to the presence of time-dependent covariate effects and unmeasured risk factors. An alternative approach, which does not require proportional hazards, is to use a first hitting time model which treats a subject's health status as a latent stochastic process that fails when it reaches a threshold value. Although more flexible than Cox regression, existing methods do not account for unmeasured covariates in both the initial state and the rate of the process. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian methodology that models an individual's health status as a Wiener process with subject-specific initial state and drift. Posterior inference proceeds via a Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology with data augmentation steps to sample the final health status of censored observations. We apply our method to data from melanoma patients with nonproportional hazards and find interesting differences from a similar model without random effects. In a simulation study, we show that failure to account for unmeasured covariates can lead to inaccurate estimates of survival probabilities.
Risk of progression in smouldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance: comparative analysis of the evolution of monoclonal component and multiparameter flow cytometry of bone marrow plasma cells
Authors: Pérez‐Persona Ernesto , Mateo Gema , García‐Sanz Ramón , Mateos María‐Victoria , De Las Heras Natalia , De Coca Alfonso García , Hernández José M. , Galende Josefina , Martín‐Nuñez Guillermo , Bárez Abelardo , Alonso José M. , Martín Alejandro , López‐Berges Consuelo , Orfao Alberto , San Miguel Jesús F. , Vidriales María‐Belén 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe present study explored the impact of two novel criteria; having >95% abnormal plasma cells by flow cytometry at diagnosis and the evolving subtype of the disease, as predictors of progression in 61 smouldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and 311 monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) patients. Although both criteria were of prognostic value, the risk of progression was better identified by immunophenotyping [Hazard Ratio (HR) 6·2 and 17·2 for SMM and MGUS, respectively] than evolving subtype, which had independent prognostic value only in MGUS (HR 3·6). Immunophenotyping discriminated the different risk of progression within the evolving and non‐evolving subgroups of SMM (P = 0·01) and MGUS (P < 0·001).
Immunotoxin BL22 induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells dependent on Bcl‐2 expression
Authors: Bogner Christian , Dechow Tobias , Ringshausen Ingo , Wagner Michaela , Oelsner Madlen , Lutzny Gloria , Licht Thomas , Peschel Christian , Pastan Ira , Kreitman Robert J , Decker Thomas 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable mature B cell proliferation, combining the unfavourable clinical features of aggressive and indolent lymphomas. The blastic variant of MCL has an even worse prognosis and new treatment options are clearly needed. We analysed the effects of BL22, an immunotoxin composed of the Fv portion of an anti‐ CD22 antibody fused to a 38‐kDa Pseudomonas exotoxin‐A fragment on four MCL cell lines as well as on primary cells of four MCL patients. Apoptosis induction by BL22 was much more pronounced in MCL cell lines with low Bcl‐2 expression (NCEB‐1, JeKo‐1 and JVM‐2) compared to Granta‐519 cells with high Bcl‐2 expression. While the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl‐1 declined (NCEB‐1, Granta‐519), Bcl‐2 levels remained unchanged in Granta‐519 cells. However transfection of BCL2 cDNA into NCEB‐1, JeKo‐1 and JVM‐2 cells significantly reduced BL22‐mediated toxicity. Accordingly we examined the effects of Bcl‐2 inactivation in Granta‐519 cells using siRNA. Indeed, apoptosis induction was strongly enhanced in Granta‐519 cells with silenced Bcl‐2. Our results were confirmed in freshly isolated MCL‐cells from patients with leukaemic MCL. We conclude that Bcl‐2 expression is important for mediating resistance against the immunotoxin BL22 in MCL cells.
Lymphoma cell VEGFR2 expression detected by immunohistochemistry predicts poor overall survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy (R‐CHOP)
Authors: Gratzinger Dita , Advani Ranjana , Zhao Shuchun , Talreja Neha , Tibshirani Robert J. , Shyam Ragini , Horning Sandra , Sehn Laurie H. , Farinha Pedro , Briones Javier , Lossos Izidore S. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Natkunam Yasodha 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDiffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is clinically and biologically heterogeneous. In most cases of DLBCL, lymphoma cells co‐express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, suggesting autocrine in addition to angiogenic effects. We enumerated microvessel density and scored lymphoma cell expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and phosphorylated VEGFR2 in 162 de novo DLBCL patients treated with R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone)‐like regimens. VEGFR2 expression correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) independent of International Prognostic Index (IPI) (P = 0·0028). Phosphorylated VEGFR2 (detected in 13% of cases) correlated with shorter progression‐free survival (PFS, P = 0·044) and trended toward shorter OS on univariate analysis. VEGFR1 was not predictive of survival on univariate analysis, but it did correlate with better OS on multivariate analysis with VEGF, VEGFR2 and IPI (P = 0·036); in patients with weak VEGFR2, lack of VEGFR1 coexpression was significantly correlated with poor OS independent of IPI (P = 0·01). These results are concordant with our prior finding of an association of VEGFR1 with longer OS in DLBCL treated with chemotherapy alone. We postulate that VEGFR1 may oppose autocrine VEGFR2 signalling in DLBCL by competing for VEGF binding. In contrast to our prior results with chemotherapy alone, microvessel density was not prognostic of PFS or OS with R‐CHOP‐like therapy.
A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Ruhla Stephan , Weickert Martin O. , Arafat Ayman M. , Osterhoff Martin , Isken Frank , Spranger Joachim , Schöfl Christof , Pfeiffer Andreas F. H. , Möhlig Matthias 
Published: October 2009

SummaryObjective  Obesity and insulin resistance are key features of the metabolic syndrome. In euthyroidism, the relationships between TSH and insulin resistance or the metabolic syndrome are less clear. We investigated the associations between TSH and the features and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid German subjects.Methods  In a cross‐sectional study, glucose metabolism was defined by an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) (except for those with evident diabetes) in 1333 subjects with TSH values between 0·3 and 4·5 mU/l who did not take any thyroid medication. Lipid parameters were measured, blood pressure and anthromopmetric parameters were taken, and insulin resistance was quantified as HOMA%S.Results  TSH was weakly correlated with BMI (R = 0·061, P = 0·025). This association remained significant after adjustment for sex, age, and impaired glucose metabolism (P = 0·002). Subjects with a TSH in the upper normal range (2·5–4·5 mU/l, n = 119) had a significantly higher BMI (30·47 ± 0·57 vs. 28·74 ± 0·18 kg/m2, P = 0·001) and higher fasting triglycerides (1·583 ± 0·082 vs. 1·422 ± 0·024 mmol/l, P = 0·023), and their likeliness for fulfilling the ATP III criteria of the metabolic syndrome was 1·7‐fold increased (95% CI: 1·11– 2·60).Conclusion  In euthyroidism, subjects with a TSH in the upper normal range (2·5–4·5 mU/l) were more obese, had higher triglycerides, and had an increased likeliness for the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, a TSH below 2·5 mU/l is associated with a favourable metabolic profile. Whether lowering TSH to levels below 2·5 mU/l improves metabolism needs to be investigated in intervention trials.
Larval cannibalism during the late developmental stages of a facultatively gregarious encyrtid endoparasitoid
Authors: TENA ALEJANDRO , KAPRANAS APOSTOLOS , GARCIA‐MARÍ FERRAN , LUCK ROBERT F. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

The larvae of many gregarious parasitoid species are usually non‐aggressive when they develop in or on a host, but those of Metaphycus flavus are one of the few exceptions known. Herein we describe their aggressive behaviour and the conditions under which it occurs, using observations in which larval development and physical conflict within parasitised and superparasitised hosts were mapped daily.
Metaphycus flavus larvae often engaged in physical conflict that resulted in consumption of the losing larvae (= cannibalism ) in superparasitised hosts, whereas such conflict and consumption occurred rarely when a single brood developed in a host.
Cannibalism among M. flavus larvae only occurred after the host resources had become scarce. Typically it occurred after the sixth day of development (fourth‐instar larvae) when the larvae in a clutch had separated from their aeroscopic plate and were freed of their attachment to the host's cuticle.
Female larvae in the initial clutch appeared more aggressive than male larvae when a second clutch was allocated 4 h after the first clutch. The probability of a larva being attacked and consumed by a brood mate increased as the number of larvae increased in the host. This partial tolerance might allow the members of the initial brood to defend themselves from offspring of a superparasitising female (= competitors ). Such post‐ovipositional regulation of brood size might be interpreted as high‐density intolerance among female offspring.
Wetland isolation facilitates larval mosquito density through the reduction of predators
Authors: CHASE JONATHAN M. , SHULMAN RACHEL S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

Wetlands harbour high biodiversity and offer important ecosystem services, but they are also a habitat for mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae), which are important disease vectors.
Isolation among remnant, or newly created wetlands and ponds, and their consequent density in the landscape, is a key factor that can influence a variety of food web processes, including effects on mosquitoes which are important prey to many predators.
We assess the impact of habitat isolation on the density of pond‐breeding mosquitoes (several Anopheles and Culex species) both directly and indirectly through the food web.
Results from structural equation modelling of survey data shows that larval mosquitoes are denser in ponds that are more isolated from one another, and that this result was primarily driven indirectly by a reduction of larval mosquito predators (e.g. predaceous insects and amphibians). Furthermore, results from a long‐term mesocosm experiment factorially manipulating isolation and predator reduction show that the effect of isolation on mosquito density was eliminated when predators were experimentally reduced.
It is concluded that metacommunity processes, both directly and indirectly mediated through predators, can play an important role in the local abundance of wetland breeding mosquitoes and possibly the diseases they spread.
Attitudes of nursing students towards caring for people with HIV/AIDS: thematic literature review
Authors: Pickles David , King Lindy , Belan Ingrid 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTitle.  Attitudes of nursing students towards caring for people with HIV/AIDS: thematic literature review. Aim. This paper is a report of a literature review conducted to examine current research studies into attitudes of nursing students towards caring for people with HIV/AIDS and to identify factors that influenced those attitudes to inform current nursing practice and to develop nursing education regarding care provided to people with HIV/AIDS.Background. Attitudes of nurses towards people living with HIV/AIDS have long been scrutinized. Studies show that some nurses have negative attitudes and are reluctant to provide care to people with HIV/AIDS, resulting in poorer quality nursing support being provided. Attitudes of nursing students towards caring for people with HIV/AIDS is thus of vital importance since they become the future practising nurses.Data sources.  Eight electronic data bases were searched from 1996–2008.Review methods.  Criteria used for study selection were: attitudes of nursing students towards caring for people with HIV/AIDS, primary research studies, published in English language in peer reviewed journals from 1996 to June 2008. Sixteen studies were identified for inclusion in this thematic review.Results.  The following themes were identified: education and knowledge of HIV/AIDS; fear of contracting HIV/AIDS; reluctance to care for people with HIV/AIDS; homophobia; and stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.Conclusion. There is reluctance on the part of some nursing students in specific regions of the world to provide care for people with HIV/AIDS. Educational programmes based on research evidence must play a leading role in developing strategies to help nursing students understand and overcome such attitudes.