bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidental findings of mass lesions on neuroimages in children
Authors: Perret Corinne , Boltshauser Eugen , Scheer Ianina , Kellenberger Christian J. , Grotzer Michael A. 
Published: December 2011

Increasing use of neuroimaging in children has led to more incidental findings of CNS mass lesions, the management of which is uncertain. The authors' aims in this study are to describe these mass lesions and their evolution, as well as to discuss the management options and determine the prevalence of incidental CNS mass lesions at their pediatric clinic. A retrospective study was undertaken in children with primary CNS tumors who were younger than 18 years old and were admitted to the University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland, between January 1995 and December 2010. In 19 (5.7%) of 335 patients with newly diagnosed CNS tumors, the diagnosis of a CNS mass lesion was an incidental finding. Reasons for obtaining neuroimages in these 19 patients were head trauma (in 6 patients); research protocols (in 3); nasal/orbital malformations (in 2); endocrinological and psychiatric evaluations (in 2); and vertebral bone anomaly without neurological signs, absence seizures, congenital ataxia, recurrent vomiting, developmental delay, and “check-up” at the explicit request of the parents (in 1 patient each). Seven patients underwent immediate surgery for low-grade glioma (4 patients) and craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, and choroid plexus papilloma (1 patient each); and 12 were treated conservatively or were observed. Ten of 12 conservatively treated patients remained stable (median follow-up time 1.8 years) and the other 2 underwent delayed surgery because of tumor progression (medulloblastoma in one patient and fibrillary astrocytoma in the other).
Clinicians are increasingly challenged by the discovery of incidental CNS mass lesions. A subgroup of such lesions (with typical imaging patterns such as tectal glioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor) can be monitored conservatively, clinically, and radiographically. Future prospective studies are needed to define optimal management strategies based on larger collections of natural histories, as well as to assess the true prevalence of incidental CNS mass lesions.
Incidental findings on cranial imaging in nonagenarians
Authors: Al-Holou Wajd N. , Khan Adam , Wilson Thomas J. , Stetler William R. , Shah Gaurang V. , Maher Cormac O. 
Published: December 2011

Object
The aim of this article was to report on the nature and prevalence of incidental imaging findings in a consecutive series of patients older than 90 years of age who underwent intracranial imaging for any reason.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical and imaging records of consecutive patients who underwent brain MR imaging at a single institution over a 153-month interval and were at least 90 but less than 100 years of age at the time of the imaging study. The prevalence of lesions by type in this consecutive series of MR imaging evaluations was calculated for all patients. The authors reviewed the medical record to evaluate whether a change in management was recommended based on MR imaging findings. They evaluated patient age at the time of death and the time interval between MR imaging and death.

Results
The authors identified 177 patients who met the study criteria. The group included 119 women (67%) and 58 (33%) men. Their mean age was 92.3 ± 1.8 years. Evidence of acute ischemic changes or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) was found in 36 patients (20%). Fifteen patients (8%) had an intracranial tumor. Intracranial aneurysms were incidentally identified in 6 patients (3%). Chronic subdural hematomas were found in 3 patients (2%). Overall, 25 patients (14%) had some change in medical management as a result of the MR imaging findings. The most common MR imaging finding that resulted in a change in medical management was an acute CVA (p < 0.0001). The mean time to death from date of MR imaging was 2.5 ± 2.3 years.

Conclusions
Intracranial imaging is rarely performed in patients older than 90 years. In cases of suspected stroke, MR imaging findings may influence treatment decisions. Brain MR imaging studies ordered for other indications in this age group rarely influence treatment decisions. Incidentally discovered lesions in this age group are generally not treated.
Incidental pituitary adenomas
Authors: Sivakumar Walavan , Chamoun Roukoz , Nguyen Vinh , Couldwell William T. , Ph.D.  
Published: December 2011

Object
Pituitary incidentalomas are a common finding with a poorly understood natural history. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have sought to decipher the optimal evaluation and treatment of these lesions. This paper aims to elucidate the current evidence regarding their prevalence, natural history, evaluation, and management.

Methods
A search of articles on PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and reference lists of all relevant articles was conducted to identify all studies pertaining to the incidence, natural history, workup, treatment, and follow-up of incidental pituitary and sellar lesions, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, and incidentalomas.

Results
The reported prevalence of pituitary incidentalomas has increased significantly in recent years. A complete history, physical, and endocrinological workup with formal visual field testing in the event of optic apparatus involvement constitutes the basics of the initial evaluation. Although data regarding the natural history of pituitary incidentalomas remain sparse, they seem to suggest that progression to pituitary apoplexy (0.6/100 patient-years), visual field deficits (0.6/100 patient-years), and endocrine dysfunction (0.8/100 patient-years) remains low. In larger lesions, apoplexy risk may be higher.

Conclusions
While the majority of pituitary incidentalomas can be managed conservatively, involvement of the optic apparatus, endocrine dysfunction, ophthalmological symptoms, and progressive increase in size represent the main indications for surgery.
Small (< 10-mm) incidentally found intracranial aneurysms, Part 1: reasons for detection, demographics, location, and risk factors in 212 consecutive patients
Authors: Loumiotis Ioannis , Wagenbach Anne , Brown Robert D. , Lanzino Giuseppe 
Published: December 2011

Object
The widespread use of imaging techniques for evaluating nonspecific symptoms (vertigo, dizziness, memory concerns, unsteadiness, and the like) and focal neurological symptoms related to cerebrovascular disease has led to increased identification of asymptomatic incidentally discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). The management of these incidental aneurysms is controversial and many factors need to be considered. The authors describe reasons leading to diagnosis, demographics, and risk factors in a large consecutive series of patients with small incidentally found UIAs.

Methods
The authors prospectively evaluated 335 patients harboring 478 small (< 10-mm) UIAs between January 2008 and May 2011. Patients with known aneurysms, possibly symptomatic aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation–related aneurysms, patients with a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage from another aneurysm, and patients harboring extradural aneurysms were excluded from the analysis. Only truly incidental small aneurysms (272 aneurysms in 212 patients) were considered for the present analysis. Data regarding the reason for detection, demographics, location, and presence of potential risk factors for aneurysm formation were prospectively collected.

Results
There were 158 female (74.5%) and 54 male (25.5%) patients whose mean age was 60.6 years (median 62 years). The most common reason for undergoing the imaging study that led to a diagnosis of the aneurysms was evaluation for nonspecific spells and symptoms related to focal cerebrovascular ischemia (43.4%), known/possible intracranial or neck pathology (24%), and headache (16%). The most common location (27%) of the aneurysm was the middle cerebral artery; the second most common (22%) was the paraclinoid internal carotid artery (excluding cavernous sinus aneurysms). Sixty-nine percent of patients were current or prior smokers, 60% had a diagnosis of hypertension, and 23% had one or more relatives with a history of intracranial aneurysms with or without subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Conclusions
Small incidental UIAs are more commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals during imaging performed to investigate ill-defined spells or focal cerebrovascular ischemic symptoms, or during the evaluation of known or probable unrelated intracranial/neck pathology. Hypertension, smoking, and family history of aneurysms are common in this patient population, and the presence of these risk factors has important implications for treatment recommendations. Although paraclinoid aneurysms (excluding intracavernous aneurysms) are uncommon in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms, this location is very common in patients with small incidental UIAs.
Small (< 10-mm) incidentally found intracranial aneurysms, Part 2: treatment recommendations, natural history, complications, and short-term outcome in 212 consecutive patients
Authors: Loumiotis Ioannis , Brown Robert D. , Vine Roanna , Cloft Harry J. , Kallmes David F. , Lanzino Giuseppe 
Published: December 2011

Object
The management of incidental small unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) is controversial and many factors need to be considered in the decision-making process. The authors describe a large consecutive series of patients harboring small incidental intracranial aneurysms. Treatment strategy, natural history, complications, and short-term outcomes are presented.

Methods
Between January 2008 and May 2011, the authors prospectively evaluated 212 patients with 272 small (< 10-mm) incidental aneurysms. Treatment recommendations (observation, endovascular treatment, or surgery), complications of treatment, and short-term outcomes were assessed.

Results
Recommended treatment consisted of observation in 125 patients, endovascular embolization in 64, and surgery in 18. Six patients were excluded from further analysis because they underwent treatment elsewhere. In the observation group, at a mean follow-up of 16.7 months, only 1 patient was moved to the embolization group. Seven (6%) of the 125 patients in the observation group died of causes unrelated to aneurysm. Sixty-five patients underwent 69 embolization procedures. The periprocedural permanent morbidity and mortality rates in patients undergoing endovascular treatment were 1.5% and 1.5%, respectively (overall morbidity and mortality rate 3.0%). In the surgery group no periprocedural complications were observed, although 1 patient did not return to her previous occupation. No aneurysmal rupture was documented in any of the 3 treatment groups during the follow-up period.

Conclusions
A cautious and individualized approach to incidental UIAs is of utmost importance for formulation of a safe and effective treatment algorithm. Invasive treatment (either endovascular or surgery) can be considered in selected younger patients, certain “higher-risk” locations, expanding aneurysms, patients with a family history of aneurysmal hemorrhage, and in those who cannot live their lives knowing that they harbor the UIA. Although the complication rate of invasive treatment is very low, it is not negligible. The study confirms that small incidental UIAs deemed to be not in need of treatment have a very benign short-term natural history, which makes observation a reasonable approach in selected patients.
Finite Element Analysis of Dental Implant as Orthodontic Anchorage
Authors: Mathur Anirudh K , Pai Vinaya S , Nandini S , Sarmah Anirban 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Aim
The purpose of this three-dimensional (3D) finite element study was to investigate orthodontic loading simulation on a single endosseous implant and its surrounding osseous structure, to analyze the resultant stresses and to identify the changes in the bone adjacent to the implant following orthodontic loading.

Materials and methods
Two models were constructed using finite element method consisting of endosseous dental implant and the surrounding bone. In the first model, the contact between the implant and the bone was simulated showing no osseointegration, while the second model showed 100% osseointegration. Simulated horizontal loads of 20 N, at 90° from the long axis, were applied to the top of the implant. The study simulated loads in a horizontal direction, similar to a distalmesial orthodontic movement.

Results
In the first model, the stress was mainly concentrated at the neck of the implant and at the closest surrounding bone. In the second model, the stress was chiefly concentrated at the neck of the implant at the level of the cortical superficial bone. The stresses decreased in the cancellous bone area. On the implant, the highest stress concentration was at the first cervical thread decreasing uniformly to the apex. The stress distribution on the mesial and distal sides showed that the maximum compressive stress was localized mesially and the maximum tensile stress distally. If both models are compared, it can be observed that the stresses were less and more evenly distributed in model 1 (initial stability) than in model 2 when osseointegration was assumed.

Conclusion
A lack of bony support for the implant represents an unfavorable situation from biomechanical point of view that should be considered and solved. As clinical problems mostly occur at the marginal bone region (bacterial plaque accumulation, overcontoured abutments, infections, osseous defects), attention should be focused on this region.

Clinical significance
When osseointegrated implants are primarily used as anchorage for orthodontic purposes and then as fixed prosthesis, the functional and structural union of titanium to bone should be preserved.

How to cite this article
Sarmah A, Mathur AK, Gupta V, Pai VS, Nandini S. Finite Element Analysis of Dental Implant as Orthodontic Anchorage. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(4):259-264.
Effect of Thermal Recycling of Metal Brackets on Shear and Tensile Bond Strength
Authors: Varma D Praveen Kumar , Reddy Y Narendranath , Kumar Anil G , Kumar KV Sujan , Shetty Surendra V 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Aim
The study was undertaken to measure the changes within the mesh pad associated with reconditioning process, measure the bond strength of new and reconditioned orthodontic brackets and correlate the changes in mesh strand diameter with changes in bond strength.

Material and methods
120 clinically normal premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons, were divided equally for bonding with new and recycled brackets using a no-mix type of adhesive. The mesh strand diameters of new and reconditioned brackets were evaluated with a binocular light microscope. Recycling of brackets was done using Esmadent® bracket and band reconditioner.

Results
The mesh strand diameter, tensile and shear bond strength of new and reconditioned brackets were evaluated statistically and the latter was found to show a significant reduction (p< 0.0001). However, the bond strength values of the reconditioned brackets were found to be well above the clinically required minimum.

Conclusion
Reduction in mesh strand diameter, as a result of reconditioning process, does not correlate with the change in bond strength between initial and recycled bondings.

Clinical significance
The bond strength of reconditioned brackets is adequate enough to resist the magnitude of forces generated in the mouth, throughout the duration of orthodontic treatment for successful treatment results.

How to cite this article
Reddy YN, Varma DPK, Kumar AG, Kumar KVS, Shetty SV. Effect of Thermal Recycling of Metal Brackets on Shear and Tensile Bond Strength. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(4):287-294.
Management of Maxillary Avulsed Teeth: Using Lasers for Canal Sterilization
Authors: Gupta Indra , Gupta Satyendra , Sonwane Kishore , Damankar Dilip 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundAvulsion or exarticulation accounts for up to 16% of all traumatic injuries. It is most common in age group of 7 to 14 years. Following the loss of anterior teeth, the replacement is necessary to maintain esthetics, phonetics and avoid arch length discrepancy. Following replantation, postoperative care and management is done in several ways.Case reportThis article reports replantation and use of laser for endodontic sterilization and healing in a 12-year-old boy.ConclusionIt is suggested that replantation of an avulsed tooth as soon as possible using appropriate splint and regular followup will show good prognosis.Clinical significanceLaser offers itself as a good alternative to Ca(OH)2for root canal sterilization and improved periapical healing.How to cite this articleGupta I, Gupta S, Sonwane K, Damankar D. Management of Maxillary Avulsed Teeth: Using Lasers for Canal Sterilization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(4):322-326.
Stalin, the Great Purge, and Russian History: A New Look at the "New Class"
Authors: Shatz Marshall 
Published: December 2011

Though nearly fifty years in the past; Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s still loans as one of the nost enigmatic events of the twentieth century. Whether we think of the Great Purge as a 100re or less continuous process fran the assassination of Kirov in 1934 to Ezhov's replacement by Beria as head of the secret police at the end of 1938; or limit it to the EzhoVshchina of 1937 and 1938; When the terror reached its peak; the sheer nagnitude of the operation is astounding. The nuniber of arrests; deportations; imprisonments; and lives lost in these years is impossible to measure; and attempts to do so have varied wildly. Even the lowest estimates; however; are staggering.! It is not merely the size of the Great Purge that nekes it such a historical puzzle; however; but the fact that it took place in peacetime; in a society publicly and officially ccmnitted to rational values and the hUI'Cailistic ideals of Marxism and the Russian revolutionary tradition. In its controlled and organized character the Great Purge seems conparable not to the primitive upheavals of "underdeveloped" countries in the secorrl half of the twentieth century; nor to the spontaneous bloodletting Russia itself experienced during the Civil war; but rather to the Nazi destruction of European Jewry in the Holocaust. Like the Holocaust; it is the seemingly atavistic nature of the Great Purge; as much as its actual consequences; that has presented such a challenge to scholars seeking to explain the events of the Stalin period.
Defects classification and failure modes of electrofusion joint for connecting polyethylene pipes
Authors: Shi Jianfeng , Zheng Jinyang , Guo Weican , Qin Yongquan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs electrofusion (EF) technology is widely used in connecting polyethylene (PE) pipes and other plastic pipes or composite pipes, research in safety assessment of EF joints has been of major concern. EF joints with defects are very common in practical applications. These defects may greatly reduce the mechanical performance of the EF joints and threat safety running of the pipeline system. To evaluate hazard of these defects and provide a basic understanding for the failure mechanism of EF joints, a comprehensive study on defects and failure modes is conducted in this work. The defects in EF joints are classified into four categories: poor fusion interface, over welding, voids, and structural deformity. The forming reasons of these defects are analyzed in detail. The mechanical properties of EF joint containing these defects are investigated by conducting peeling tests and sustained hydraulic pressure tests. Test results show that there are three main failure mode of EF joint under inner pressure, that is, cracking through the fusion interface, cracking through the fitting, and cracking through copper wire interface. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Manufacturing of Monolithic Parts Made of Glassy Carbon with Superior Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Eichhorn Lutz , Gietzelt Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSchwefelsäure ist eine in der Industrie weit verbreitete Chemikalie. Für den prozesssicheren Industrieeinsatz mikroverfahrenstechnischer Apparate ist eine ausgezeichnete Korrosionsbeständigkeit Grundvoraussetzung. Aufgrund der exzellenten Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Glaskohlenstoff wurden verschiedene Ansätze zur Herstellung mikrostrukturierter Bauteile untersucht. Da das Material durch Hochtemperaturpyrolyse hergestellt wird, sind spezielle Designrichtlinien zu beachten.
Crohn's disease alters MHC‐rafts in CD4+ T‐cells
Authors: Damjanovich László , Volkó Julianna , Forgács Attila , Hohenberger Werner , Bene László 
Published: December 2011

AbstractClusters of MHCI, ICAM‐1, CD44, CD59, IL‐2R, and IL‐15R molecules have been studied on the surface of CD4+ T‐cells from peripheral blood and lymph nodes of patients in Crohn's disease and healthy individuals as controls by using a dual‐laser flow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique and fluorescently stained Fabs. When cells from patients in Crohn's disease are compared to those of controls, the surface expression level for the MHCI reduced by ∼45%, for CD44 enhanced by ∼100%, and for IL‐2Rα, IL‐15Rα, and common γc enhanced by ∼50%, ∼70%, and ∼130%, respectively. Efficiencies of FRET monitoring homoassociation for the MHCI and CD44 reduced, that for IL‐2Rα enhanced. While efficiencies of FRET monitoring the association of γc and ICAM‐1 with the MHCI reduced, those monitoring association of IL‐2/15Rα, CD44, and CD59 with MHCI enhanced. Efficiencies of FRET measured between the MHCI and IL‐2Rα, IL‐15Rα differently enhanced to the advantage of IL‐15Rα, the one measured between γc and IL‐2Rα reduced, suggesting modulations in the strength of interaction of MHCI with IL‐2R, IL‐15R, and γc. The increases in density of surface bound cTx and in the associations of the receptors with the GM1‐ganglioside lipid molecules suggest stronger lipid raft interactions of the receptors. The observed alterations of MHC‐rafts in Crohn's disease—summarized in models of receptor patterns of diseased and control cells—may have functional consequences regarding signaling by the raft components. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Validation of MRI biomarkers of hepatic steatosis in the presence of iron overload in the ob/ob mouse
Authors: Hines Catherine D.G. , Agni Rashmi , Roen Calista , Rowland Ian , Hernando Diego , Bultman Eric , Horng Debra , Yu Huanzhou , Shimakawa Ann , Brittain Jean H. , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To validate the utility and performance of a T correction method for hepatic fat quantification in an animal model of both steatosis and iron overload.Materials and Methods:Mice with low (n = 6), medium (n = 6), and high (n = 8) levels of steatosis were sedated and imaged using a chemical shift‐based fat‐water separation method to obtain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fat‐fraction measurements. Imaging was performed before and after each of two superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) injections to create hepatic iron overload. Fat‐fraction maps were reconstructed with and without T correction. Fat‐fraction with and without T correction and T measurements were compared after each injection. Liver tissue was harvested and imaging results were compared to triglyceride extraction and histology grading.Results:Excellent correlation was seen between MRI fat‐fraction and tissue‐based fat quantification. Injections of SPIOs led to increases in R (=1/T). Measured fat‐fraction was unaffected by the presence of iron when T correction was used, whereas measured fat‐fraction dramatically increased without T correction.Conclusion:Hepatic fat‐fraction measured using a T‐corrected chemical shift‐based fat‐water separation method was validated in an animal model of steatosis and iron overload. T correction enables robust fat‐fraction estimation in both the presence and absence of iron, and is necessary for accurate hepatic fat quantification. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:844–851. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.