bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abandoned in Place: Interpreting the U.S. Material Culture of the Moon Race
Authors: Launius Roger D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The U.S. space race of the 1960s was an enormous undertaking, costing $25.4 billion (about $125 billion in 2009 dollars) with only the building of the Panama Canal rivalling the Apollo program's size as the largest nonmilitary technological endeavor ever undertaken by the United States. In the process, the United States built a massive infrastructure to support missions to the Moon. In the aftermath of the successful completion of the program, much of this infrastructure was abandoned, some was altered for other uses, and much torn down. This paper surveys six major cultural landmarks of the Moon race, assessing their differing fates:1. The Apollo Launch Pads—LC 39A and B—Kennedy Space Center, Florida.2. The Vertical Assembly Building (VAB), Kennedy Space Center, Florida.3. Mission Control Center (MCC), Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas.4. Six Apollo landing sites on the Moon.5. Lunar Landing Research Facility, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia.6. Apollo Command Modules on display in various museums around the nation, and in London.
Impaired Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Recurrent Pain
Authors: Petersen Solveig , Hägglöf Bruno Lars , Bergström Erik Ingemar 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the current study was to investigate self-reported, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a general population of young schoolchildren with recurrent pain (ie, headache, stomachache, or backache).
METHODS: The study was performed in Umeå, a university city in Sweden. All children in grades 3 and 6 were invited, and 97% participated (313 girls and 292 boys in grade 3 [mean age: 9.7 years]; 386 girls and 464 boys in grade 6 [mean age: 12.6 years]). Pain and HRQoL were measured with questionnaires.
RESULTS: Two thirds of the children reported recurrent pain (at least monthly). One third reported weekly pain, and 4 of 10 experienced pain from multiple locations. HRQoL impairment was twice as common among children with recurrent pain, compared with children without pain. All aspects of HRQoL (ie, physical, emotional, social, and school functioning and well-being) were impaired. The level of impairment was classified as considerable, especially for children who experienced pain from multiple body sites and children with weekly pain (Cohen's d = 0.6–0.8).
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that young schoolchildren with recurrent pain have considerable impairment of their HRQoL.
Impact of Teen Depression on Academic, Social, and Physical Functioning
Authors: Jaycox Lisa H. , Stein Bradley D. , Paddock Susan , Miles Jeremy N. V. , Chandra Anita , Meredith Lisa S. , Tanielian Terri , Hickey Scot , Burnam M. Audrey 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the impact of teen depression on peer, family, school, and physical functioning and the burden on parents.
METHODS: Patients participated in a longitudinal study of teens with and without probable depression, drawn from 11 primary care offices in Los Angeles, California, and Washington, DC. A total of 4856 teens completed full screening assessments; 4713 were eligible for the study, and 187 (4.0%) met the criteria for probable depression and were invited to participate, as were teens who were not depressed. A total of 184 baseline assessments for teens with probable depression and 184 for nondepressed teens were completed, as were 339 (90%) parent interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 328 teens (89%) and 302 parents (82%). Measures included teen reports of peer and parent support, 2 measures of school functioning, grades, physical health, and days of impairment. Parent reports included peer, school, and family functioning and subjective and objective burdens on parents.
RESULTS: Teens with depression and their parents reported more impairment in all areas, compared with teens without depression at baseline, and reported more coexisting emotional and behavioral problems. Both depression and coexisting problems were related to impairment. There was a lasting impact of depressive symptoms on most measures of peer, family, and school functioning 6 months later, but controlling for coexisting baseline emotional and behavioral problems attenuated this relationship for some measures.
CONCLUSION: Improvements in teen depression might have benefits that extend beyond clinical symptoms, improving peer, family, and school functioning over time.
Impact of Family Presence During Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Rounds on the Family and Medical Team
Authors: Aronson Paul L. , Yau Jennifer , Helfaer Mark A. , Morrison Wynne 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to determine the impact of family presence during PICU rounds on family satisfaction, resident teaching, and length of rounds and to assess factors associated with family satisfaction.
METHODS: This was an observational study of a convenience sample of morning work rounds in a PICU, followed by surveys of family members of patients in the unit and residents who had been present for rounds.
RESULTS: A total of 411 patient encounters were observed, 98 family questionnaires were fully completed, and 33 resident questionnaires were completed. Ninety-eight percent of family members liked to be present for rounds. On the first day of admission, family members were less likely to understand the plan (P = .03), to feel comfortable asking questions (P = .007), or to want bad news during rounds (P = .009). They were more likely to have privacy concerns (P = .02) and to want 1 individual to convey the plan after rounds (P = .01). Higher education level was associated with decreased privacy concerns (P = .002) but did not affect understanding of the plan. Fifty-two percent of residents perceived that teaching was decreased with families present. Time spent with individual patients was not increased by family member presence (P = .12).
CONCLUSIONS: Family satisfaction is high, but families of patients on the first day of admission may need special attention. The medical team should conduct rounds in a manner that addresses the privacy concerns of families. Residents often think that teaching is decreased when families are present.
Kinetics of cadmium accumulation in periphyton under freshwater conditions
Authors: Bradac Philippe , Navarro Enrique , Odzak Niksa , Behra Renata , Sigg Laura 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the kinetics of cadmium (Cd) accumulation (total and intracellular) in periphyton under freshwater conditions in a short-term microcosm experiment. Periphyton was precolonized in artificial flow-through channels supplied with natural freshwater and then exposed for 26.4 h to nominal Cd concentrations of 5 and 20 nM added to natural freshwater. Labile Cd in water determined with diffusion gradient in thin films was 60 to 69% of total dissolved Cd in the exposure channels and 11% in the control channel. Intracellular Cd concentrations in periphyton increased rapidly and linearly during the first 71 min. Initial intracellular uptake rates were 0.05 and 0.18 nmol of Cd/g of dry weight × min in the 5 nM and 20 nM exposures, respectively. The subsequent intracellular uptake was slower, approaching steady state at the end of Cd exposure. Uptake kinetics of Cd was slower when compared to experiments with planktonic algal cultures, probably due to diffusion limitations. Intracellular Cd uptake during the entire exposure was modeled with a nonlinear, one-compartment model from which uptake and clearance rate constants, as well as bioconcentration factors, were obtained. The release of Cd from periphyton after the end of Cd exposure was slow when compared to the initial uptake rates.
Common Genetic Determinants of Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Children
Authors: Kelliny Clara , Ekelund Ulf , Andersen Lars Bo , Brage Soren , Loos Ruth J.F. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Langenberg Claudia 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to investigate whether the effects of common genetic variants associated with fasting glucose in adults are detectable in healthy children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in MTNR1B (rs10830963), G6PC2 (rs560887), and GCK (rs4607517) were genotyped in 2,025 healthy European children aged 9–11 and 14–16 years. Associations with fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA-B were investigated along with those observed for type 2 diabetes variants available in this study (CDKN2A/B, IGF2BP2, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, HHEX-IDE, and Chr 11p12).

RESULTS
Strongest associations were observed for G6PC2 and MTNR1B, with mean fasting glucose levels (95% CI) being 0.084 (0.06–0.11) mmol/l, P = 7.9 × 10−11 and 0.069 (0.04–0.09) mmol/l, P = 1.9 × 10−7 higher per risk allele copy, respectively. A similar but weaker trend was observed for GCK (0.028 [−0.006 to 0.06] mmol/l, P = 0.11). All three variants were associated with lower β-cell function (HOMA-B P = 9.38 × 10−5, 0.004, and 0.04, respectively). SLC30A8 (rs13266634) was the only type 2 diabetes variant associated with higher fasting glucose (0.033 mmol/l [0.01–0.06], P = 0.01). Calculating a genetic predisposition score adding the number of risk alleles of G6PC2, MTNR1B, GCK, and SLC30A8 showed that glucose levels were successively higher in children carrying a greater number of risk alleles (P = 7.1 × 10−17), with mean levels of 5.34 versus 4.91 mmol/l comparing children with seven alleles (0.6% of all children) to those with none (0.5%). No associations were found for fasting insulin or HOMA-IR with any of the variants.

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of common polymorphisms influencing fasting glucose are apparent in healthy children, whereas the presence of multiple risk alleles amounts to a difference of &gt;1 SD of fasting glucose.
Emphasis on Carbohydrates May Negatively Influence Dietary Patterns in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mehta Sanjeev N. , Haynie Denise L. , Higgins Laurie A. , Bucey Natalie N. , Rovner Alisha J. , Volkening Lisa K. , Nansel Tonja R. , Laffel Lori M.B. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess perceptions of healthful eating and the influence of diabetes management on dietary behaviors among youth with type 1 diabetes and parents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Youth with type 1 diabetes (n = 35), ages 8–21 years, and parents participated in focus groups. Focus group recordings were transcribed and coded into themes. Clinical data were abstracted from the electronic medical record.

RESULTS
Central topics were perceptions of healthful eating and the impact of diabetes management on diet. An emphasis on limiting postprandial glycemic excursions occasionally contradicted the traditional perception of healthful eating, which emphasized consumption of nutrient-dense whole foods in favor of prepackaged choices. Whereas fixed regimens required more rigid diets, basal-bolus regimens provided more opportunities for unhealthful eating. Most youth perceived “refined” grains as more healthful grains.

CONCLUSIONS
For youth with type 1 diabetes and parents, an emphasis on carbohydrate quantity over quality may distort beliefs and behaviors regarding healthful eating.
Influence of C-factor and Light-curing Mode on Gap Formation in Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Santos G. O. , Santos M. E. O. , Sampaio E. M. , Dias K. R. H. C. , Silva E. M. 
Published: September 2009

Clinical RelevanceGap formation in resin composite restorations may have influence on some parameters, such as C-factor and light-curing mode.
Five-year Clinical Evaluation of 300 Teeth Restored with Porcelain Laminate Veneers Using Total-etch and a Modified Self-etch Adhesive System
Authors: Aykor A. , Ozel E. 
Published: September 2009

Clinical Relevance
Total-etch (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus) and two-step self-etch (AdheSE) adhesive systems were successful in terms of marginal adaptation, cavosurface discoloration, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity, satisfaction with restoration shade and gingival tissue response in a five-year follow-up.
Nanohybrid Resin Composites: Nanofiller Loaded Materials or Traditional Microhybrid Resins?
Authors: Moraes R. R. , Gonçalves L. S. , Lancellotti A. C. , Consani S. , Correr-Sobrinho L. , Sinhoreti M. A. 
Published: September 2009

Clinical Relevance
Under clinical conditions, nanohybrid resin composites may not perform comparable to nanofilled materials.
The Release of Mercury from Amalgam Restorations and Its Health Effects: A Review
Authors: Roberts H. W. , Charlton D. G. 
Published: September 2009

Clinical Relevance
Amalgam remains an important restorative material in dentistry. Because of continuing controversy concerning the material's safety and environmental friendliness, dentists should remain current in their knowledge of the effect of mercury and its release from amalgam. This will enable dentists to provide accurate, evidence-based information to their patients.
Comparing Microleakage and the Layering Methods of Silorane-based Resin Composite in Wide Class II MOD Cavities
Authors: Bagis Y. H. , Baltacioglu I. H. , Kahyaogullari S. 
Published: September 2009

Clinical Relevance
This in vitro study showed that the Silorane-based microhybrid resin composite system had no microleakage for wide Class II MOD restorations with oblique and vertical layering techniques.
Hepatic angiosarcoma five years following spontaneous intraperitoneal bleed of a hepatic mass
Authors: Cioffi-Pretti Jessica L , Kalof Alexandra N , Ebert George , McCahill Laurence E 
Published: September 2009

Primary hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare and rapidly fatal disease. We present the highly unusual identification of this lesion five years after the initial clinical presentation. In 2003, a 32-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, tachycardia, and evidence of hemorrhage. A CT scan showed a hepatic mass with intralesional hemorrhage, intraperitoneal blood, and splenomegaly. The patient was stabilized clinically. Laparoscopic core biopsies demonstrated no malignancy, only findings consistent with an old hemorrhage. Contralateral lobe biopsies revealed normal liver tissue. A metastatic workup was negative and the decision was made to observe the patient clinically with radiographic follow-up, given his suspected portal hypertension based on thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. Sequential imaging demonstrated a decrease in the size of the mass from 12.0 cm in 2003 to 3.0 cm in 2007. Subsequent newly identified esophageal varices prompted a reevaluation of the case. A repeat biopsy demonstrated a neoplasm of vascular etiology and uncertain malignant potential. By early 2008 the lesion had increased to 4.8 cm and was resected via a left hepatic lobectomy. An extremely vascular lesion with surrounding dense fibrosis was identified and pathologic examination demonstrated a high-grade angiosarcoma. We are unaware of any previous reports suggesting such a prolonged natural history of hepatic angiosarcoma. This case may represent the possibility of malignant transformation of a lower grade vascular neoplasm such as hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma to an angiosarcoma.
Spin Contamination in Inorganic Chemistry Calculations
Authors: Sonnenberg Jason L. , Schlegel H. Bernhard , Hratchian Hrant P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
An overview of spin contamination and its relationship to broken‐symmetry wave functions are presented. Spin operator expectation‐value formulas are developed for use with generalized, unrestricted, and restricted spin orbitals. Current projection techniques are reviewed and illustrated for a variety of current theoretical methods.
Lymphatic System
Authors: Kimpton Wayne G , Washington Elizabeth A 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels lined with endothelial cells and interconnected lymph nodes which are distributed throughout most of the body. It functions as a tissue drainage system which controls blood volume and extracellular fluid volume and prevents tissue oedema. The lymphatic system collects tissue fluids and cells from most organs and tissues and transports it as lymph via a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic lymphatic pumps, ultimately discharging the lymph into blood. It also has an important biological role in the turnover of macromolecules which make up the extracellular matrix, fat absorption from the gut and immune function. Large numbers of lymphocytes migrate from the bloodstream into tissues and lymph nodes every day and the lymphatic system has the essential role of returning these cells to the blood, integrating the widely dispersed organs and tissues that make up the immune system.Key ConceptsThe lymphatic system comprises a network of vessels lined by endothelial cells.Lymphatic vessels drain nearly all tissues and organs in the body and interconnect lymph nodes.Lymphatics are essential for returning proteins, fluids and cells to blood, absorbing fat from the gut and are involved in the homeostasis of interstitial macromolecules.The lymphatic system is a key regulator of extracellular fluid volume and is involved in preventing oedema.The lymphatics play a central role in integrating the immune system.
Flavin Coenzymes
Authors: Ghisla Sandro , Edmondson Dale E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Flavins are yellow chromophores in organisms from bacteria to humans and essential for practically all metabolic processes. They occur in nature in a variety of forms. The core of the flavin cofactor is the (iso)alloxazine nucleus with the most common forms as FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin‐adenine dinucleotide). A number of flavin cofactors are covalently linked to their apoproteins. The covalent linkage is, in general, via a modification of the benzene subnucleus and functional groups of amino acid side chains. As cofactors, flavins are distinguished by their ability to catalyse a variety of different processes involving oxidation‐reduction (redox) reactions.

Key Concepts

Chemical variation of a basic molecule (the isoalloxazine) leads to several (modified) coenzymes that differ significantly in their catalytic properties.

The type and position of the modification is a key determinant for the properties of the (modified) coenzyme.

The cofactor interacts with the protein in many different ways. These, in turn, affect the properties of the cofactor as a catalyst. The result is a disparate selection of catalytic functions.
Damage Measures
Authors: Ruzzene Massimo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article presents an overview of damage measures proposed in the area of structural health monitoring. This is an extremely active, open, and vast research field, as demonstrated by the variety of topics presented in this encyclopedia. The direction taken in this article is to present some examples of techniques that have been proposed, or that are promising tools for the estimation of location and extent of structural damage. All of the techniques considered are based on the analysis of the dynamic response of the structure under consideration. The organization of the article is based on the frequency range of analysis, which spans the low‐frequency range, and correspondingly long response times, associated with the modal analysis of the structure, to frequencies associated with the propagation of guided ultrasonic waves. Hence, the methods presented belong to the classes of vibration‐based and guided waves‐based techniques. The damage measures discussed rely on the estimation of changes in modal parameters of the structure (natural frequencies, mode shapes, and strain energy distributions), or on features associated with the signal corresponding to the measured dynamic response. This overview is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather it provides examples of interesting solutions and approaches proposed in this area.
Piezoelectric Paint Sensors for Ultrasonics‐based Damage Detection
Authors: Zhang Yunfeng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the state of the art in piezoelectric paint sensor technology and its potential application to ultrasonic‐based damage detection. Piezoelectric paint is a composite piezoelectric material with adjustable material properties that are not easily attainable in a single‐phase material. Through judicious selection of the polymer matrix, the composite properties of the piezoelectric paint can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of an application condition. Because of its ease of application, piezoelectric paint can be easily deposited onto the complex surface of host structures and it uniformly cures at ambient temperature. The ultrasonic wave sensing capability of piezoelectric paint sensor has been verified with experimental results from a series of pitch–catch ultrasonic tests or simulated acoustic emission test. The piezoelectric paint sensor appears to offer a promising transducer technology for ultrasonic‐based nondestructive evaluation such as close‐range acoustic emission sensor and ultrasonic guided wave–based embedded sensors in metal or fiber reinforced polymer composite structures.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Cooperative Structures (NDECS)
Authors: Balageas Daniel L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) is born from the conjunction of several techniques and has common basis with nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Several NDE techniques can be converted into SHM techniques by integrating the sensors and the actuators inside the monitored structure. NDE is mature, since several decades of research and development have been made. On the contrary, SHM has just begun to come out of the laboratories, and its applications at a wide scale remain a long‐term objective. Under these conditions, we may wonder whether an intermediate way, less performing but feasible at a shorter term, would be an attractive and relevant option.This third way may consist, first in using Lamb wave propagation as the physical phenomenon allowing to establish a diagnostic, and second, in coupling a few localized piezoelectric transducers embedded at well‐chosen locations into the structure and using outside the structure noncontact, full‐field, quasi‐real‐time optical detection or excitation systems.Such techniques are already available and could be applied short term, permitting time and money to be saving for maintenance operations. A well‐suited appellation for this type of technique is proposed: nondestructive evaluation of cooperative structures (NDECS). Three possible NDECS systems are presented: stroboscopic shearography, lock‐in infrared thermography, and scanned laser ultrasonics.
Energy Harvesting using Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Inman Daniel J. , Sodano Henry A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article introduces the concepts of harvesting energy from ambient thermal gradients using thermal electric generators. The basic concepts are presented and a few simple examples are given. The focus here is on the use of thermal energy harvesting to run small electronic components of the type that are used in wireless structural health monitoring applications. Following the basic concepts, simple design formulas are presented. Examples are then given and some simple comparisons to other forms of harvesting are presented (solar and vibration based harvesting).