bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nodulation Status of Trifolium ambiguum
Authors: Parker Don T. , Allen O. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrifolium ambiguum (kura, Pellett or honey clover) is a potentially important clover species, although nodule occurrence on its roots is rare, and evidence is lacking that it benefits from any association with rhizobia. The objective of this study was to ascertain the response patterns of this clover and 7 allied species to 35 diverse strains of Rhizobium trifolii.Diverse categories of plant response were defined in reciprocal inoculation tests. T. hybridum (alsike) and T. repens f. giganteum (Ladino) were benefited by 31 strains. Twenty‐two strains brought about ineffective responses on T. incarnatum (crimson) and T. subterraneum (sub). T. ambiguum was only sparsely nodulated and not benefited by any of the strains. The rhizobia isolated from T. ambiguum brought about typical ranges of plant response of the seven other clover species tested. T. procumbens (low hop) and T. repens f. giganteum (Ladino) were benefited by all of the strains from T. ambiguum. Only three of the Pellett clover strains were effective on T. incarnatum and T. subterraneum. Nodules were not formed on T. ambiguum by any of 52 rhizobial strains from 26 ecologically related species contained in 23 leguminous genera.Probable explanations for the sparse nodulation and lack of effective response by T. ambiguum to rhizobia are suggested.
Removal of Coatings from Soil Particles for Petrographic Analysis
Authors: Matelski Roy P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDetergents and builders have been used successfully to remove the organic and inorganic coatings from soil particles prior to petrographic analysis. Essentially, the procedure consists of triturating the soil sample in a liter beaker with a cationic detergent, dilution and decantation of the clay and fine silt, followed by several triturations with an anionic detergent and builders, dilution and decantation of the clay and fine silt.Soils representative of the Prairie, Chernozem, Chestnut, Reddish Chestnut, Gray‐Brown Podzolic, Podzol, Red‐Yellow Podzolic, Planosol, Grumusol, Humic Glei and Ground‐Water Podzol were investigated. All coarse silt and sand particles after treatment were free of organic matter, iron oxide and other coatings. No hydrogen peroxide was needed to remove the organic matter from the soil.The effect of the reagents of this and of Jeffries' nascent hydrogen procedure on apatite, hornblende and albite are shown on photomicrographs. Considerably less breakdown of the minerals is evident with the proposed method. In general, the suggested new procedure is more rapid, simple and less destructive than the currently used soil cleaning methods.
Suggested Terminology for Describing Soils as Three‐dimensional Bodies
Authors: Hole Francis D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany papers on soil classification emphasize soil characteristics as revealed in the relatively narrow vertical cross‐sections of soil called soil profiles. The assumption is generally made that the soils, from which the profile descriptions are taken, extend laterally far enough to constitute segments of landscapes. But terminology has not been developed sufficiently to permit both horizontal and vertical aspects to be considered in the description and classification of soils. Some terms are suggested which have been found useful in describing Wisconsin soils as three‐dimensional bodies.
The Effects of Fungicides, Insecticides, Herbicides, and Fertilizer Salts on the Respiration of Root Tips of Tree Seedlings
Authors: Voigt G. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of various eradicants and fertilizers used in nursery practice on the oxygen uptake of excised root tips of seedlings of jack pine, red pine, white pine, and black locust seedlings was investigated using manometric techniques. The compounds studied included calomel, spergon, thiosan, chlordane, Stoddard oil, and common fertilizer salts applied at ordinary rates. In the first phase of the study the root tips were placed directly into solutions or suspensions of various compounds and their rate of oxygen uptake determined. The second phase was concerned with the respiration of root tips of seedlings grown in cultures treated with the chemicals. The measurements show that some of the compounds applied to nursery soils are inhibitory to the metabolism of roots of young seedlings. The results also indicate that manometric methods of analysis provide a useful tool for the evaluation of the effect of various chemical compounds used in current nursery practice.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Major Types of Forest Humus Found in the United States and Canada
Authors: Mader Donald L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to broaden the existing classification of forest humus, a systematic analytical study was undertaken as a co‐operative project including specialists from forestry and agricultural colleges, U. S. forest experiment stations, and private forestry enterprises. To date the project received support of forty collaborators from forty‐one states and two provinces of Canada. All humus samples forwarded were subjected to the following analyses: weight of forest litter per acre, bulk density of F plus H and A1 horizons, their texture, reaction, lime deficit, exchange capacity, exchangeable bases and degree of base saturation, specific conductance, contents of total nitrogen and carbon, C/N ratio, and catalytic capacity.Classification of humus samples was made in accordance with suggestions of collaborators or on the basis of the proposals made in the course of the last five years. Results of analyses suggest that humus layers of different morphological makeup maintain certain distinguishing physical and chemical characteristics over an enormously wide territory.
Soil Moisture Tension as a Measure of Water Removal Rate from Soil and Its Relation to Weather Factors
Authors: Ashcroft Gaylen , Taylor Sterling A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe moisture tension in the soil at any specified time can be expressed as a function of depth. When it is possible to express the moisture content as a function of tension, it is then possible to express moisture content as a function of depth in the soil. The equation relating moisture content and depth is integrated over the depth of the root zone to give the total quantity of water in the soil. The quantity of water in the soil at any time is then subtracted from the amount which can be held without excessive deep percolation occurring. The difference represents the amount of water that can be retained by the soil from an irrigation. This amount should be increased by the runoff, evaporation, and other expected losses, in order to determine the quantity of water that should be applied at an irrigation.Moisture tension has been measured as a function of depth by using both resistance blocks calibrated in terms of tension and tensiometers. The relationship between moisture tension and moisture content has been expressed mathematically and the quantity of irrigation water required has been applied. Good results have been obtained.Indications have been found that the amount of water required at an irrigation may possibly be calculated from climate as indicated by weather records during the irrigation interval. It does not seem likely, however, that the irrigation interval can be established for all crops on all soils in any one area from weather data alone.
A Diffusion‐Equilibrium Method for Obtaining Soil Gases under Field Conditions
Authors: Taylor George S. , Abrahams J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA soil gas sample obtained by mass flow of gases may not be representative of the point sampled because of mixing with gases from other soil depths or from the atmosphere. The authors have investigated a method which eliminates this error and which is based on the diffusion of gases between a point in the soil to a collection chamber via a tube tightly fitted in the soil.A physical analysis and laboratory tests were made to determine the time required for the collected gas to be representative of the soil atmosphere at any depth. For all conditions, this time depends on initial differences between the partial pressure of a gas in the collection chamber and in the soil. When the percentage of water‐free pores in soil is approximately 20 or greater, the time is strongly dependent on the volume of the collection chamber and on the diameter and length of the tube connecting the chamber to a point in the soil. For porosities between 0–15%, the effect of reduced diffusion rates in soil becomes significant and increases the time. Equations are given for making these calculations.An evaluation was also made of the condition in which (1) approximate equilibrium had been previously established between partial pressures in the chamber and in the soil, and (2) partial pressures in the soil were changing due to release or absorption of a gas. It was shown that the pressure of a gas in the chamber will not differ from its partial pressure in the soil by more than 0.5% unless concentration changes in the soil exceed 15% by volume per day.Oxygen analyses are shown for 2‐years field results. The average coefficient of variation of oxygen concentration was a low value of 3% but was strongly dependent on soil moisture content. Some comparisons of soil oxygen concentrations obtained by pumping and by the diffusion‐equilibrium method showed that the former method gave higher values.
Some Greenhouse Studies of Cation Interactions in Ladino Clover Using Split Root Techniques
Authors: Nelson L. E. , Brady N. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe object of this study was to supply cations to Ladino clover without adding them to the soil in which the plant was growing so that the interactions of the ions in the plant could be separated from their chemical reactions in the soil.Two techniques are described; the basic principle common to each technique was the isolation of part of the root system of the plant in a sand culture to which the desired nutrient ions could be added.Using the “Three Compartment” technique, the potassium content of Ladino clover was increased by adding potassium salts to the isolated roots. The increase in potassium content was accompanied by a decrease in the calcium content.Using the “Horizontally Divided Root Environment” technique with Ladino clover, reciprocal relationships in the cation content of the leaves and petioles occurred between sodium and potassium, potassium and calcium, and calcium and potassium. Calcium potassium, and sodium treatments were equally effective in decreasing the magnesium and manganese contents.
Solonetz Soils of Eastern South Dakota: Their Properties and Genesis
Authors: Westin F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo aspects of the genesis of Solonetz soils were considered in this study: the specific environment of solonization, and the changes in soil constituents and in soil volume which take place as a result of solonization.Field and laboratory studies were made on a Solonetz and a zonal soil from the James Basin. Heavy mineral data related the soil profiles to their parent materials and provided an independent reference for judging volume changes due to soil formation.Both the Solonetz and Chernozem soil developed from parent material which is saline and sodium‐rich. The solonetz soil developed in an environment having alternate periods of ponding and desiccation; the Chernozem in an environment of uninterrupted good drainage.A unit volume of the parent material of both the Solonetz and Chernozem soils contains a greater weight of most soil constituents than is present in the volume of B horizon to which it gives rise.A reduction in volume of the parent material accompanies solonization so that depressions containing Solonetz soils would continue to deepen. Rather than developing into zonal soils, it is believed that Solods remain depressional soils in their moisture relations and morphology.
Estimating Summer Evapo‐Transpiration Losses in a Pennsylvania Scrub Oak Forest
Authors: Bethlahmy Nedavia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFiberglas soil‐moisture units were placed to a depth of 2 feet in the different soils underlying a scrub oak forest in Pennsylvania. Successive daily readings on these units indicated the amount of water lost or gained in the horizon.To determine evapo‐transpiration losses, daily soil‐moisture losses were analyzed for periods during the summer months when the soil was at or below field capacity. These losses were then related to several factors. Atmospheric saturation deficit was the only climatic element that was statistically related to evapotranspiration losses. Other climatic elements studied (air temperature and wind velocity) bore no relation to the soil moisture losses. In addition, soil moisture content and length of time elapsed since a storm had no relation to these losses. Further analysis revealed that evapo‐transpiration losses start at a minimum saturation deficit of approximately 0.020 inches of mercury, and that the value of the saturation deficit regression coefficient is directly related to the total sand content in the soil profile.Thus, for areas with vegetation similar to scrub oak, it may be possible to determine the evapo‐transpiration regression equation by making a mechanical analysis of the underlying soil. Since this work was done on a watershed in which an attempt is made to balance the water economy, it was possible to check the calculated evapo‐transpiration losses. The check was favorable.
Effect of Prewetting and Incubation of Soil on Aggregate Analysis
Authors: Evans D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData are presented for the water stability of air‐dry, stored, field soil aggregates as influenced by prewetting treatments made respectively 24 hours and 5 minutes prior to wet sieve analysis. Wetting the samples to moisture equivalent 24 hours prior to wet sieving, and then incubation, increased the water stability of samples significantly over samples wetted to the same moisture percentage 5 minutes before wet sieving. The prewetting treatments, when applied to soils from plots in two crop rotation experiments, placed the soils from the various rotations in different order of water stability, depending on whether the 24‐hour or 5‐minute prewetting period was used. As an extreme example, the 24‐hour prewetting period, resulted in the highest water stability for soil from a corn‐oats rotation; whereas the soil from this same rotation, when prewetted for only a 5‐minute interval, resulted in the lowest water stability, of the several rotations.The cause of the increase in aggregation by the two methods was investigated by superimposing a number of additional treatments on the basic wetting treatments. It was found that microbial activity during the 24‐hour wet incubation period contributed very little to the increase. The increase was attributed to the hydration of the clay particles with a resulting removal of planes of weakness in the dried aggregates. It is suggested in field studies, that a prewetting treatment be chosen which reinstates the soil to a structural condition that most likely exists, at a time, when the particular physical property of interest of the soils is of concern.
The Effect of Mineral Nutrition on the Expression of Potato Leaf Roll Virus Symptoms
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , Berger K. C. , Darling H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome mineral deficiency symptoms and those of the leaf roll virus have frequently been confused. The similarity between mineral deficiencies and leaf roll symptoms suggests that the effect of the virus might be influenced by the nutrition of its host. A study of certain mineral relationships between healthy and diseased leaf roll plants in the Chippewa variety was therefore undertaken.In greenhouse and field experiments it was found that phosphorus deficiency produced symptoms ranging from slight to severe rolling of the leaves and from light to heavy pigment formation as the amount of phosphorus decreased. Symptoms of extreme phosphorus deficiency in non‐virus plants were similar to those produced by the virus except that more pigmentation occurred in the phosphorus deficiency symptoms. Severe nitrogen and slight phosphorus deficiencies caused only a moderate increase in the intensity of leaf roll symptoms while calcium, potassium, magnesium and sulfur had little or no effect. Leaf roll symptoms tended to be masked with adequate balanced nutrition.Analyses of leaf tissues taken from plants grown in the greenhouse and field showed in general that phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium contents were appreciably reduced in plants having leaf roll. The nitrogen and potassium contents apparently were not influenced by the virus.Dry weights of diseased plants were generally less than those of non‐virus plants. The results indicate that this might have been caused by the virus interfering with the uptake of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium.
Fertilizer Experiments with Field Corn on Everglades Peaty Muck Soil
Authors: Forsee W. T. , Green V. E. , Webster R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFertility experiments have been conducted with field corn on Everglades Peaty Muck soils in order to determine the required fertilizer program with respect to P2O5 and K2O.Four experiments have been conducted involving potash, phosphate experiments laid out in randomized block designs and nitrogen, potash, phosphate experiments laid out in 3 × 3 × 3 factorial designs. Soils tests were used to determine the P2O5 and K2O levels in the soil and tissue tests were conducted to measure the uptake of these nutrients from the soils. These data have been correlated with yields in order to furnish the necessary information on which to base fertilizer recommendations from the results of soil or tissue tests.The corn showed yield responses to increasing levels of potash in the soil up to values as high as approximately 70 pounds potassium per acre as determined by the soil tests. The yields ranged from 26 bushels per acre at the lowest K2O levels to 63 bushels at the level of maximum response which produced plants that gave stem tissue tests averaging approximately 5.00% potassium, moisture free basis. Potash deficient corn gave tissue tests as low as 2.72% potassium.Yield responses to applications of superphosphate were obtained up to levels of approximately 8 pounds per acre of water soluble phosphorus as determined by soil tests. Plants showing no phosphate deficiencies gave stem tissue test values in excess of 0.10% of the element, moisture free basis. The assimilation of P2O5 was apparently reduced by higher levels of K2O in the soil and that of K2O was reduced slightly by higher levels of P2O5.The experiments indicate that fertilizer recommendations for field corn on organic soils may be intelligently made on the basis of soil tests which have been previously correlated with growth and yield response.
Cationic Activities as Indexes for Characterizing Five Arkansas Soils Occurring in the Southern Region
Authors: McLean E. O. , Baker F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive soils and 3 extracted colloidal materials were characterized by means of the clay membrane electrode technique for measuring ionic interactions. The study dealt with Lakeland loamy fine sand, Ruston sandy loam, Crowley silt loam, Houston clay, Sharkey clay soils and the <.2 µ clay, the <25 µ clay, and the crude humic acid fractions extracted from the Sharkey clay soil.The characteristic curves resulting from the plotting of the fractions of K active at various K‐Ca saturations of the soils and extracted materials were prepared. Comparison of these curves with those of the individual clay minerals made possible the characterization of the soils and the extracts with respect to which clay minerals appeared to predominate in them.The results indicate that kaolinite clay dominates the regulation of cationic interactions in the Lakeland, Ruston,a nd Crowley soils. Beidellite appears to predominate in the Houston and Sharkey soils. Montmorillonite seems to play the major role in the < 25 µ clay from the Sharkey, but the beidellite evidently masks the effect of the montmorillonite in the < .2 µ clay and in the whole soil. The crude humic acid from the Sharkey gave no evidence of any appreciable effect upon the cationic interactions of the whole soil.
Effect of Lime on the Availability of Phosphorus in Soils of High to Low Sesquioxide Content
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Neller J. R. , Bartlett F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of rates of lime and phosphorus were tested on three virgin and three cropped Florida soils over a wide range of sesquioxide and phosphorus contents.The experiment was set up in the greenhouse. Lime was applied to get a wide range of pH levels. Oat and corn yield data and the percent recovery of applied phosphorus tagged with P32 were the criterion of response.Liming soils relatively low in residual phosphorus increased the availability of applied phosphorus up to pH 6 to 6.5 when the sesquioxides were high but had no effect where the sesquioxides were low. Liming these soils above 6 to 6.5 caused the percentage of phosphorus in the plant from the fertilizer to level off or decline, probably due to the formation of relatively unavailable tricalcium phosphate. Liming soils high in residual phosphorus reduced the availability of fertilizer phosphate regardless of the sesquioxide content. Uptake of phosphorus from currently applied superphosphate was highest from the soils high in sesquioxide content irrespective of rate of liming.
The Characteristics of Some Soils on Tills of Cary and Mankato Age in Michigan
Authors: Allen B. L. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and laboratory studies were made of the well drained soils and the associated loamy tills of the Cary and Mankato substages of the Wisconsin drift in Sanilac County, Mich.The soils on the Cary till are deeper, more acid, and more clearly differentiated into horizons than those on the Mankato till. The mean carbonate content and depth of leaching of the Mankato till are 31.4% and 20 inches, respectively. The mean carbonate content and depth of leaching on the Cary till are 22.4% and 29 inches, respectively. The soil profile studied on the Mankato till is more permeable in all horizons than the profile on the Cary till. The C horizons — i.e., the glacial tills — are the most impermeable parts of both profiles.Calculations using these data and assuming 11,000 years as the length of post‐Mankato time indicate that the duration of the Cary‐Mankato interglacial stage was 1,100 to 5,500 years. Further work is needed on this point.
Aspects of Structure that Affect Germination in a Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Slater C. S. , Rodriguez Alvaro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStability of aggregates to slaking, as determined by wetsieve analyses, failed to account for differences in structural quality between naturally stable and chemically stabilized Christiana silt loam. The treated and untreated soils were equally resistant to slaking, but permeability and seed germination were better in the treated soil. These differences were related to differences in the consistency of the moist aggregates.