bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that there is a gap between what informed citizens of the world want and what global institutions deliver. There seems also to be a gap between the values of a nation's citizens and what is then provided by way of health care and public health. These gaps need to be investigated more and ways found to address them. Health economists have a role to play (with others) in examining these gaps and seeking ways of filling them. The paradigm suggested in this book is one way for health economists to make a contribution to reform.
Chapter 1 Why Economics Needs Ethical Theory
Authors: Broome John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Amartya Sen has worked tirelessly to establish the importance of ethics in economics. This chapter adds a little to his arguments. Whenever economics tries to determine how the economy ought to be structured or managed, it makes an ethical judgement. But economists use various devices to hide from themselves their need for ethical theory. The chapter describes and criticizes some of their devices. The main one is to found an account of value on people's preferences. In this way, economists hope to avoid making judgements of value themselves, but instead leave them to the people. However, this device entails implausible ethical commitments of its own. Economists need to found their recommendations on their best ethical judgements. They must make their judgements explicit, and they must be ready to defend them with good arguments.
Chapter 5 Rights and Interests
Authors: Scanlon T. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Rights are defined by certain specific duties, and they are justified on the ground that they are necessary to protect important individual interests. This chapter examines the relation between a right and the duties that define it, and the relation between a right and the interests that justify it. The latter form of justification is not ‘instrumental’, in a way that contrasts with the justification of other moral claims. The idea that rights conflict and must be ‘balanced’ against each other is a mistake. Interests can conflict and must be balanced; rights must be defined so that they do not conflict.
Chapter 6 Elements of a Theory of the Right to Development
Authors: Sengupta Arjun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter spells out the characteristics of the Right to Development, adopted by the 1986 UN Declaration as an international human right. It builds on the six questions identified by Sen as essential for understanding any theory of human rights, regarding importance and universality of human rights, corresponding duties and obligations, methods of protecting and promoting human rights, including justiciability and the place of economic, social, and cultural rights within human rights. The chapter demonstrates that recognizing RTD as a composite of different rights — which improves if any of these rights improve while no right deteriorates — facilitates its implementation by identifying the obligations corresponding to the component rights and their coordination as a development policy. It further argues that such a development policy can be seen as Sen's notion of meta-right, with the identification of duty-bearers with specific obligations. This would facilitate the operationalization of RTD according to human rights standards and allow corresponding obligations including those of the international community to be clearly delineated.
Chapter 7 Rational Choice on General Domains
Authors: Bossert Walter , Suzumura Kotaro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The rationalizability of a choice function on general domains by means of an ordering has been analyzed thoroughly by Richter (1966; 1971), Hansson (1968), and Suzumura (1977). Moreover, characterizations of various versions of consistent rationalizability have appeared in Bossert, Sprumont, and Suzumura (2005a). However, not much seems to be known when the coherence property of quasi-transitivity or that of P-acyclicity is imposed on a rationalization. This chapter develops a unified approach in order to characterize all forms of rationalizability on general domains.
Chapter 8 Some Remarks on the Ranking of Infinite Utility Streams
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter first discusses some pre-orders which are the infinite horizon versions of classic utilitarianism and the leximin principles. There are two different ways in which leximin and utilitarianism have been extended to the infinite horizon context. The chapter uses some simple examples to illustrate how these different approaches compare with one another, and argues informally that one method is perhaps better than the other. Second, it shows that Separability along with a weak version of the Pareto axiom implies that any social welfare ordering of infinite utility streams must exhibit time preference over a limited class of comparisons.
Chapter 9 Individual Choices in a Non‐Consequentialist Framework
Authors: Gaertner Wulf , Xu Yongsheng 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Most of game theory, welfare economics, and choice theory is consequentialist in nature. What really matters in these analyses are outcomes, which are often measured in terms of utilities or monetary payoffs. Non-consequentialist features may, however, matter. The procedural aspect behind availability of alternatives may induce an individual to abstain from choosing any element at all so that the choice set becomes empty. This chapter relates the concept of choice to procedural aspects of different kinds. Availability of objects, different aspects of production as such, and shrinkages from an originally given set of options to several of its subsets are considered. Rationalizability of choice in such contexts is studied axiomatically. The chapter relates conditions to the standard consistency conditions from traditional choice theory. It finally makes a suggestion how to derive an ordering over different procedures.
Chapter 10 The Method of Majority Decision and Rationality Conditions
Authors: Jain Satish K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter extends the earlier work on domain conditions for social rationality under the method of majority decision (MMD) by deriving Inada-type necessary and sufficient conditions for transitivity and quasi-transitivity for cases which were not covered by the earlier results. It presents a unified approach to the problem of obtaining domain conditions by formulating all conditions in terms of Latin Squares. Also, each characterization is obtained in terms of a single condition. These two together result in considerable simplification of proofs. The chapter also provides new proofs for the earlier results. Regarding acyclicity, it is shown that for any non-trivial set of binary relations containing intransitive binary relations, no condition defined only over triples can be an Inada-type necessary and sufficient condition for acyclicity under the MMD.
Chapter 11 Convexity and Separability in Representing Consensus
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses some issues concerning the representation of the valuation of options when decision makers have different probability judgments, different value commitments or both, and must engage in a joint deliberation based on some kind of consensus. The representation of consensus in such a setting is assumed to exhibit a structure similar to that appropriate to a single decision maker conflicted between competing commitments who makes decisions while in doubt. A case is made for representing doubt concerning probability judgment by sets of permissible probabilities, evaluations of consequences by sets of permissible utilities, and assessments of the available options by expectations derived from permissible probability-utility pairs. Sen has considered cognate problems where the evaluations of options are incomplete. He advocates restricting choice to options that are maximal among the available ones. The merits of this proposal are compared with restricting choice to options that are E-admissible in the sense that they are optimal according to at least one permissible probability-utility pair. Two variants of this view are considered. The chapter expresses a preference for requiring sets of permissible probabilities and permissible assessments of utilities for consequences to be convex, and taking the permissible probability-utility pairs to be the cross products of such sets. Seidenfeld, Schervish, and Kadane impose no general constraint on the convexity of sets of permissible probabilities or sets of utilities.
Chapter 22 Ungrouping Income Distributions
Authors: Shorrocks Anthony , Wan Guanghua 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes a new method of facilitating inequality and poverty analysis of grouped distributional data by allowing individual income observations to be reconstructed from any feasible grouping pattern. In contrast to earlier methods, the chapter's procedure ensures that the characteristics of the synthetic sample exactly match the reported values. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated first by using household survey records to compare true income observations with their synthetic counterparts, then by comparing the true and generated values of the Gini coefficient and other inequality indices. The results indicate that the new technique is capable of reproducing individual data from grouped statistics with a high degree of accuracy.
Chapter 23 A Practical Proposal for Simplifying the Measurement of Income Poverty
Authors: Subramanian S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The identification problem in the measurement of income poverty is associated with a number of both conceptual and pragmatic difficulties. These difficulties also have implications for the possibility of coherent aggregation. Conceptually sound identification procedures could be hard to implement, while conceptually dubious procedures are misleading. One possible way out of the problem might be to avoid the identification exercise altogether, by resort to a thoroughgoing fuzzy approach to poverty measurement. It can be quite easily shown, as is done in this chapter, that certain well-known ‘exact’ income-based indices of aggregate welfare (including one due to Amartya Sen) can be rationalized as fuzzy poverty measures. Such an approach to poverty measurement is certainly not free of interpretational ambiguity. But it does have simplicity on its side, as well as the fact that extant feasible approaches are also not exempt from conceptual niggles.
Chapter 26 Welfare Economics and Giving for Development
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Giving for development provides an interesting case study in the application of welfare economics. Giving for development is modest in total amount, but it is one of the few direct ways in which individuals reveal information relevant to the properties of the social welfare function to be applied to global redistribution. Where individuals themselves are willing to make transfers, how should this be taken into account in the social welfare function? The chapter first examines individual motives for giving, turning to the specific purpose of development in the second section. It then considers how far these motives are welfarist. The fourth section examines the implications for the social welfare function of individual altruism towards people in poor countries. If individuals are non-welfarist in their concerns, should the state continue to adopt a welfarist social welfare function? The final section addresses explicitly the geographical dimension, and the fact that the social welfare is a national social welfare function, which has to take into account the limited ‘sphere of control’ of national governments.
Chapter 28 Isolation, Assurance and Rules
Authors: Hammond Peter 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In an ‘isolation paradox’ game whose many players have identical preferences, conforming to a rule which maximizes average utility is individually a strictly dominated strategy. Suppose, however, some players think ‘quasi-magically’, or in accordance with evidential (but not causal) decision theory. They act as though believing that others' behavior is correlated with (but not caused by) their own disposition to conform, or not. Standard game theory excludes such ‘folly’. Yet it can rationalize ‘rule utilitarian’ cooperative behaviour. Comparisons are made with Newcomb's problem and related attempts to resolve the Prisoner's dilemma, as well as with an approach to eliciting players' subjective beliefs about other players' strategies in any normal form game.
Culture in Camouflage
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book remaps the history of British war culture by insisting on the centrality and importance of the literature of the Second World War. Offering an account of the emergence of modern war culture, it explores how writers like Ford Madox Ford, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, T.E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill, Elizabeth Bowen, Virginia Woolf, James Hanley, Rex Warner, Alexander Baron, Keith Douglas, Henry Green, and Graham Greene challenged and contested the dominant narratives of war projected by an enormously powerful mass media and culture industry. Modern war cultures, the book contends, are defined by their drive to normalize conflict and war making, by their struggle to colonize the entire wartime cultural field, and by claims to monopolize representations and interpretation of the conflict. The book argues that the Great War failed to produce an official war culture, famously producing instead a war literature of protest, marked by modernist tropes of alienation and disintegration. Challenging conventional maps of modern culture, it contends that the interwar period saw a parallel logic of consolidation and reconstruction as the imperial war machine struggled to reinvent itself, culminating in the emergence of a fully mobilized and persuasive official war culture during the Second World War. The book reads war literature as one element in an expanded cultural field, which also includes popular culture and mass communications, the productions of war planners and military historians, projections of new technologies of violence, the fantasies and theories of strategists, and the material culture of total war.
Introduction
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Introduction explores and defines the genealogy of modern war culture. It argues that during Great War the strategists struggled to regain their oversight over the battlefield and the minds and bodies of their own mass armies. The interwar years saw a massive effort to make strategic fantasies a reality; if the technology of imperial air power or mechanized warfare did not yet exist, culture could be mobilized to shore up the ramshackle war machine. During World War Two an official war culture emerged triumphant in time of national crisis, offering the vision of a fully mobilized island fortress, a loyal empire, and a modernized war machine waging a futuristic war of space and movement. The Introduction argues that the wartime state created the conditions for a literary boom. Yet the mobilization of cultural formations during wartime revealed the constitutive contradictions at the heart of modern ideas of culture.
From the Panorama of Battle to the Labyrinth of Total War
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractContrasting the fractured point of view of combatant writers like Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, and Ford Madox Ford to the heroic prospects projected by official War Artists like Muirhead Bone and war poets like Rupert Brooke, this chapter argues that most urgent task confronting the military authorities was to bridge the gulf between the commanding strategic perspective and the collapses of vision in the trench labyrinth of the Western Front. It explores how despite its notorious failures the war machine used propaganda, censorship, military discipline, camouflage and other new technologies to recapture the oversight of battle, turning the imperial sovereign gaze on the minds and bodies of the mass army in the trenches. Despite antimodernism on the home front, the military authorities covertly cannibalized modernist culture in their struggle to modernize. But the camouflaged modernism of Rosenberg, Vera Brittain, or Ford's Parade's End demonstrates a more sceptical response to the dominant perspective of war.
Culture in the Blackout
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChapter 3 explores how the World War Two home front was defined and haunted by its founding blackouts: censorship, lack of information, the trauma, sensory deprivation, and destruction of the Blitz. Yet, it contends, the black out offered opportunities for resistance. In Winston Churchill's panoramic speeches, J.B.Priestley's populist broadcasts, Humphrey Jennings' ethnographic propaganda films, or the surreal radio comedy of ITMA, the official culture offered the spectacle of the People “taking it.” The chapter argues that the state's commitment to the arts created boom conditions, yet its oversight seemed to threaten the very existence of literature. It argues that the Blitz writing of Henry Green and James Hanley reveals a culture haunted by repressions, foreclosures and disavowals. In more fugitive forms like the short story, reportage, or essay, they joined their peers in practising a modernism in camouflage that looted the resources of a literary tradition shattered by war.
Ghosts inside the ‘Island Fortress’
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChapter 4 examines wartime writers' challenges to official projections of an “island fortress” under siege at the heart of a loyal, but distant empire. During a wartime revival of popular imperialism, Graham Greene and Elizabeth Bowen excavated buried histories of empire, representing the home front as a hallucinatory, haunted space. The chapter explores their secret war work as agents in British intelligence and their ironic representations of the corrosive effects of wartime surveillance, secrecy and espionage. In the dislocated perspectives offered by unpatriotic, transgressive figures like the spy, the spiv, the wounded veteran, the adulterous wife, or the rootless “mobile” woman conscripted into the war effort Bowen and Greene turn a sceptical eye on the mythology of “Deep England” and the “People's War.” Their work reveals that the island fortress was constituted by the contradictory relations between an insular Englishness, an expansive British imperial identity, and cosmopolitan traditions of anti-colonialism.
Conclusion: The Boom Ends
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Conclusion argues that the real rupture in British literary tradition comes not during the Second World War, but after it. In the late 1940s, the literary boom of the war years gave way to a culture of silence about the traumatic effects of war. Reading the postwar work of Orwell and Churchill, it argues that — overshadowed by the monumental productions of official war culture, film and popular culture, and in sharp contrast to the boom in war writing of the 1920s — wartime writers found themselves out in the cold. These were the hostile conditions in which Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart pioneered the oppositional project of cultural studies. It concludes that this process of silencing was hastened by the insurgent Angry generation of the 1950s, who rejected the aesthetic and political complexity of wartime writing, and as critics denied it a place in the insular post-war canon.
Causation and Responsibility
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book is about the role causation plays in the attribution of both moral responsibility and legal liability (in the law of crimes, torts, and to a lesser extent, contracts). The book strips away many of the usages of the word ‘causation’ in law and legal theory, on the grounds that such usages have little to do with causation itself. What remains is the law's use of ‘causation’ to name a natural relation that is at the heart of both ordinary and scientific explanations of the world. Some normative defense is offered as to why causation in this sense is a proper basis for assessing degrees of both culpability and permissibility in morality and also in law. A more extended metaphysical defense is also offered, as to the nature of the causal relation and as to the nature of the things related by the causal relation. This normative and metaphysical analysis is used as the springboard from which to critique much of what the law currently says about causation, including the law's counterfactual test for cause in fact, its notions of intervening cause, foreseeability, harm within the risk, accomplice liability, the causal status of omissions and of non-omissive allowings, and more besides. The result is a rethinking of causation's nature and role in our legal and moral practices of assigning blame and responsibility.
The Prima Facie Demands of the Law on the Concept of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter takes the law pretty much at face value in describing the presuppositions about causation made by that law. It examines the cause/correlation distinction, the cause/condition distinction, overdetermining and pre-emptive causes; the scalarity, transitivity, and temporal asymmetry of causation; intervening causes breaking causal chains, omissions as causes, preventions as effects, the extensionality of causal contexts of speech; and the aphrodisiac effect of culpability on causation.
Conceptual Problems in Applying the Harm-within-the-Risk Test to Crimes/Torts of Negligence
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that as applied to crimes and torts of negligence, the harm within the risk test is incoherent. This is because, first, negligence does not consist in the imposition of any single risk; rather, negligence is holistic, taking into account all risks that an action may impose and not just the particular risk realized on a given occasion. Every action risks the harm it causes to some extent, and on the holistic view of negligence that risk is thus part of what makes that action negligent. Every harm that happens is thus ‘within the risk’. Second, there is no unique description of a risk that can uniquely fix the type of harms being risked. Each risk can be described using a narrower or broader typing of the harms risked, and whether a harm is ‘within the risk’ depends entirely on the breadth of the typing selected to describe the risk.
A Prolegomenon to the Issue of Causal Relata
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to lay out a taxonomy of the sorts of things that may plausibly be thought to be related by causation, things like events, facts, states of affairs, objects, persons, tropes, properties, etc. It begins with the law's framing of this issue, both because there is wisdom in the law's simplified taxonomy of these possibilities and because the law is our ultimate interest here. The thesis of the chapter is that all plausible causal relata can be reduced either to coarse-grained things (events under the Davidsonian conception of them) or to relatively fine-grained things (either tropes, states of affairs, or facts).