bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocalization
Authors: Sokoloff Greta , Blumberg Mark S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the contexts, mechanisms, and suggested functions of rat vocalizations. Topics discussed include frequency and temporal characteristics of vocalizations, environmental contexts associated with ultrasonic vocalizations, anatomical considerations, functional significance of ultrasonic vocalizations, and the vocalizing rat as a model of human psychological disorders.
Incentive Behavior
Authors: Balleine Bernard W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the incentive behavior of rats in the context of evaluative, Pavlovian, and instrumental conditioning procedures. These incentive processes constitute a hierarchy: instrumental incentives involve in part processes engaged by Pavlovian incentives that in part involve processes engaged by evaluative incentives. Whether these incentive processes can in fact be fully dissociated structurally is still a matter of debate, and some current issues are discussed in the final section.
Intact Processing of Nonvisual Location and Orientation Information
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe findings discussed in the preceding chapter demonstrate that AH made highly systematic location and orientation errors in a wide variety of tasks with visual stimuli. This chapter shows that whereas AH is severely impaired in perceiving the location and orientation of visual stimuli, she is intact in processing nonvisual location and orientation information. This pattern of results points clearly to a selective deficit in visual perception. A second conclusion, which emerged from the arrows experiment, is that AH's visual deficit affects her performance not only in tasks with visual stimuli but also in tasks where spatial vision may play a role in production of responses, such as tasks with drawing responses.
The Nature of the Deficit: Initial Conclusions
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter consolidates the conclusions from the preceding chapters and extends these conclusions on the basis of additional arguments and evidence. It contends that AH suffers from a selective developmental deficit in visual location and orientation perception. This deficit, which probably originated prior to AH's birth or in the early years of her life, affects high-level vision and causes distinctive location and orientation errors in a wide range of visual tasks. The deficit may also affect AH's ability to acquire knowledge in circumstances where processing of visual location and/or orientation information is implicated in the learning process (e.g., learning to spell).
Spatial Representations and Frames of Reference: Theoretical Foundations
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the frame-of-reference concept, arguing that this concept has been the subject of considerable confusion in cognitive and neuroscientific research on spatial representation. In particular, it argues that two distinct questions about frames of reference in the brain have been massively conflated and that the dominant empirical method for probing reference frames speaks to only one of these questions. Finally, it suggests that both questions can be addressed empirically.
Visual Updating and Visual Awareness
Authors: McCloskey Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents results concerning AH's head and eye movements and the consequences of these movements for her visual location perception. It shows that AH often moved her head and eyes in the wrong direction when attempting to orient toward a visual stimulus. It then reports a far more surprising result: AH's misperceptions of object location often remained stable across head and eye movements. For this latter result, the chapter offers a speculative interpretation concerning the processes that generate high-level visual location representations. Finally, it discusses the implications of AH's performance for issues concerning the levels of the visual system implicated in conscious visual experience.
Closing The Book on Infectious Disease
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDuring the formative period of bioethics, the field of public health also directed attention largely away from infectious disease, to issues such as environmental degradation, workplace safety, smoking, and obesity. This chapter presents careful documentation of this development—as well as the virtually complete separation, until quite recently, of the fields of bioethics and public health. The past ten years, by contrast, have seen burgeoning development of public health ethics, including extensive efforts to link protection of public health with the right to health care and international human rights initiatives. The standard picture of public health ethics as utilitarian and bioethics as rights-based has shifted somewhat, especially with rights-based approaches to the HIV epidemic. Nonetheless, it is argued that public health ethics has yet to come to terms with the full theoretical challenges posed by infectious disease.
Old Wine in New Bottles:
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins to put the PVV view to work in the analysis of both traditional and newer ethical issues in bioethics. Here, the chapter re-examines staple issues of bioethics such as truth-telling, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and end-of-life decision making in light of the importance of taking both victimhood and vectorhood into account. To take one example, refusals of patients to be told the truth that might be respected on traditional autonomy grounds look quite different if the truth at issue includes possibilities of contagion. Informed consent must include a discussion of the risks the patient potentially poses to others—as well as the risks posed by others. Using the PVV view, this chapter also takes up more novel issues about duties of physicians, such as the duty to warn, the duty to treat, and the duty to reduce levels of mistakes. Physicians who are potentially infectious themselves, for example, have a duty to consider their own roles as vectors, not solely the interests of the patient.
From the Magic Mountain to a Dying Homeless Man and His Dog:
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses the example of a homeless man with multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis to explore ethical conflicts that arise between the public health officers' emphasis on “control-the-vector” approach to managing tuberculosis patients, which may include involuntary screening, isolation, and coerced treatment, and the concerns of autonomy-oriented traditional medical ethicists that patients' rights be respected. It suggests a synthesis of these competing values and approaches that might be implemented by a physician who cares both for the patient and for the health of the public, and who understands that the individual patient is as vulnerable to being infected by others as others are to being infected by the patient. The chapter also raises issues about care of the dying in transmissible infectious disease: in this case, the patient wants only to go home and be with his dog, but for disease-control reasons cannot be allowed to be at large. The tension is reduced with a creative solution in a way that demonstrates a simple case of recognizing that the patient is both victim and vector at one and the same time.
Constraints in the Control of Infectious Disease
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. Although sometimes justified, these constraints have often been misused, as people were left to die in cholera-infected ships anchored offshore or in plague-stricken villages. This chapter begins with an overview of the ethical issues raised by different types of constraints used to control infectious disease. It then uses the PVV view to argue that constraints can be justified if they meet a set of procedural and substantive guarantees. The procedural guarantees are: that there be an important interest, supported by evidence, that the least restrictive alternative be chosen, that constraints be fully disclosed and transparent, and that there be an opportunity for reconsideration. The basic substantive guarantees are personal security, meeting basic needs for survival and treatment, effective communication, the equitable allocation of burdens, and compensation for loss.
Pandemic Planning
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWith the pressing risk of avian flu, jurisdictions across the world have devoted considerable attention to pandemic planning. This chapter employs the PVV view about the justifiability of constraints to explore several aspects of pandemic planning that have been less discussed to date. It argues that the use of models must be sensitive to both the risks of too much constraint and to the possibility that there is a mismatch between what models predict and what may actually occur. Too few plans have built in careful mechanisms for reconsideration as pandemic conditions develop. Plans should devote more attention to social distancing—which considers people as vectors—but in so doing should also attend to their plight as victims. It is argued that too few plans have devoted sufficient attention to such matters as the delivery of food, essential medical supplies, or palliative care for those who may become isolated under stay-at-home and home quarantine strategies for pandemic management.
Pandemic Planning and the Justice of Health-Care Distribution
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn pandemic planning, much attention has been paid to justice in the distribution of scarce health care resources: vaccines, anti-virals, and access to advanced modes of treatment such as ventilator support. This chapter examines critically the extent to which some proposals fail to take existing injustice into account. It considers the justice of pandemic planning, arguing that in order to be just, pandemic planning requires attention to basic health care infrastructure for everyone. Without, for example, access to basic primary care, people will be less likely to present for treatment and pandemic disease may not be identified at a time when spread is more readily preventable.
Thinking Big
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDespite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the 1990s, and despite newly emerging diseases like SARS in 2003 and the fearsome prospect of human-to-human avian flu, it is nevertheless a time of some excitement over prospects for effective control of much of infectious disease. Funded by national and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and even popular entertainers, like Bono, large-scale new efforts are under way to address global killers like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, among others. This “marvelous momentum” can be seen as part of a continuing effort from the time of Jenner on. Extrapolating from this, we “think big” in order to explore the notion of a comprehensive global effort. Five tracks are identified: 1) national and international organizations and the development of collective will; 2) epidemiologic and healthcare infrastructure; 3) scientific development; 4) religious, social, and cultural considerations; 5) legal and social protections for individuals and groups.
ThePatient as Victim and VectorView as Critical and Diagnostic Tool
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis concluding chapter explores the implications of the PVV view in two major areas. First, as a philosophic tool, the PVV view can be used to assess and enhance both theoretical and applied accounts: the examples here are principlist bioethics, as in Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress; theorizing about capabilities, as in the work of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum; and liberal individualism. Second, the PVV view can be used as a tool in policy analysis: it can show how some historical policies have overemphasized vectorhood and underemphasized victimhood (for example, the isolation of lepers on Molokai, Hawaii; the quarantine of Chinese for plague in San Francisco; and “Typhoid Mary” and “Patient Zero”); others have overemphasized victimhood and underemphasized vectorhood (for example, the critique of the Tuskeegee syphilis experiments and the HPV immunization campaign). In some, the balance is controversial (HIV/AIDS containment in Cuba; isolation of MRSA patients in modern hospitals); and in some, it appears well-balanced (Canada's exit policy for people with active tuberculosis).
3 Development without Abolition
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of Japanese death penalty policy in order to arrive at a historically informed understanding of how contemporary policy-makers came to believe that at least one execution should occur each year, and in order to discern why conflict persists around the issue of executions. The first half of the chapter describes and explains key capital punishment developments during four periods of Japanese history: the de facto abolition of the death penalty in premodern Japan; the dramatic decline of executions during the Meiji restoration of the late 19th century; the retention of capital punishment during the American-led occupation of Japan after the Pacific war; and the steady decrease in executions in the first four decades following the occupation. The chapter's fifth section shows that change is ongoing by examining the causes and consequences of the resurgence of capital punishment since the Aum Shinrikyo gas attacks of 1995. The two concluding sections identify lessons from Japanese history and explore alternative futures of the death penalty in Asia's most developed nation.
6 The Other China
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter extends the discussion of the Asian vanguard by summarizing some of the most salient similarities and differences in death penalty policy in Taiwan and South Korea. In general terms, the most important difference between Taiwan and South Korea concerns what each regards as the defining countries of comparison and contrast. For South Korea, how to relate to North Korea and how to reunify the Korean peninsula remain the central questions for the first decades of the 21st century. At the same time, Japan continues to be a key reference point with respect to a variety of economic, political, cultural, and legal issues. In Taiwan, by contrast, the defining comparisons tend to be with the People's Republic of China, and the most pressing questions about the future concern Taiwan's relations with the PRC. If the first theme of Taiwan's political history is democratization, the second is the persistence of political tensions with China. As for capital punishment in particular, the most salient comparative frame for Taiwan continues to be the PRC, although the United States has been important, too.
Misinformation, Misrepresentation, and Misuse of Human Bbehavioral Genetics Research
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the limits of human behavioral genetics research, focusing on how these limits affect the reasonableness of the interpretations and uses of the research results. It argues that despite over a quarter-century of criticism of the methodological limitations of human behavioral genetics research and the weak evidence offered for linking particular variations in human behaviors to particular biological features, the standards required to publish and publicize particular claims in human behavioral genetics still remain disappointingly low. From a scientific perspective, behavioral genetics provides little relevant information regarding defendants in the criminal justice system.
The Developmental Neuroscience of Criminal Behavior
Authors: Baird Abigail A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores how cognition and emotion work together synergistically to produce predictable behavior, independent of its utility. It shows that in high-stakes situations, emotional response (whether automatic or cognitively mediated) ultimately drives behavior. A developmental model is presented to elucidate the ways in which maturation of the human brain supports the development of a coordinated relationship between emotional and cognitive processes—a relationship whose integrity is critical to the production of behavior in accordance with personally or socially mandated standards. Conditions under which emotion and cognition are less synchronized, such as in situations of high psychological stress and in cases involving specific neuropsychological disorders, are offered as additional support for this model. Finally, the implications for legal scholarship and policy are discussed.
Behavioral Genetics and Crime, in Context
Authors: Jones Owen D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter situates the discussion of behavioral genetics by grounding it within broader areas of the law and other fields of behavioral biology. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part II situates behavioral genetics, criminal law, and their overlap within larger contexts of law and biology. Part III attempts to situate the inquiries of issue within the context of work to date on behavioral genetics and crime. To help avoid needless duplication of efforts, the chapter also provides a brief summary of views, gleaned from a variety of different sources, on which it appears the majority of relevant scientists and commentators have reached at least tacit agreement. Part IV outlines some of the complications and implications of discussing behavioral genetics and crime, including definitional and methodological challenges, as well as implications for free will and responsibility. Finally, Part V raises two issues worth exploring. The first concerns how the respective contributions of behavioral genetics and behavioral ecology will compare over time, and how those efforts might best be joined. The second issue concerns what it would mean to put environmental considerations and genetic considerations on equal footing in the criminal justice system, and whether such a thing would be desirable.
Considering Convergence: A Policy Dialogue About Behavioral Genetics, Neuroscience, and Law
Authors: Garland Brent , Frankel Mark S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering some of the commonalities and differences between behavioral genetics and neuroscience as they relate to the criminal law, including topics addressed by both fields, as well as how each field might be applied in criminal proceedings. It then focuses on a common concern raised by both fields in this context—the possible misuse of science in the criminal law. It concludes with a proposal to address the need for a continuing policy dialogue about the law and scientific developments in neuroscience and behavioral genetics.
“Who knows What Evil Lurks in the Hearts of Men?”: Behavioral Genomics, Neuroscience, Criminal Law, and the search for Hidden Knowledge
Authors: Greely Henry T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the differences between the implications of behavioral genomics and neuroscience for criminal justice. It focuses on how the consequences of possible neuroscientific methods differ from those of behavioral genomics. It first sketches the sciences involved and some of their plausible technological applications to criminal justice. It then analyzes some general ways in which neuroscience is likely to have different effects from those of behavioral genomics. Finally, it contrasts the likely power of neuroscience with that of behavioral genomics in two specific aspects of the criminal justice system: deciding who did it and then determining what to do with him. It argues that in the context of criminal law, neither science is likely to provide much help in determining, based on their predispositions, who committed a crime. Neuroscience, however, may well answer other important questions in solving crimes. Both behavioral genomics and neuroscience will provide some information useful, at least occasionally, for determining responsibility, sentencing, or “treatment” of criminal behaviors. For the most part, however weak or strong behavioral genomics will be, neuroscience is likely to be stronger.
Behavioral Genetics Evidence in Criminal Cases: 1994–2007
Authors: Denno Deborah W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question: how have courts and litigators treated behavioral genetics evidence in criminal cases between 1994 and 2007. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part II briefly reviews the facts and legal arguments in the Stephen Mobley case. Part III addresses the primary issues that concerned the court in Mobley, noting that many of the reasons for the controversy over the potential use of behavioral genetics evidence in 1994 remain the same today. Part IV discusses the forty-eight behavioral genetics and crime cases occurring between 1994 and 2007, during the time Mobley and Schriro v. Landrigan spurred the topical dispute. Part V concludes that contrary to some commentators' warnings during the Mobley appeal, the last thirteen years have not revealed a legally irresponsible application of behavioral genetics factors in criminal cases. Rather, courts continue to regard behavioral genetics variables skeptically, and society still embraces the same political and moral concerns over the role of such information. At the same time, courts have failed to provide sound and conceptually consistent reasons either for denying defendants' offers of behavioral genetics evidence or for viewing such evidence in the worst light for defendants.
Behavioral Genetics Research and Criminal DNA Databases: Laws and Policies
Authors: Kaye D.H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter surveys state and federal database legislation. It shows that previous studies have overlooked or understated the restrictions on medical or behavioral genetics research with convicted offender samples. It identifies and assesses some of the bioethical and social arguments against allowing such research. These include concerns about the possible misuse of or misunderstandings about the fruits of the research and the lack of consent on the part of the “donors” of DNA samples. This issue also raises the related policy issue of whether the DNA samples should be retained at all—as well as the research value of DNA databases and repositories. It argues that an absolute prohibition on behavioral genetics research is not necessary. Instead, it proposes that if the samples are to be retained (as they currently are), then an independent body with appropriate expertise should evaluate proposals for research projects on a case-by-case basis.