bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing Safety and Safe Behavior to Universities thru Lab Safety Workshops
Authors: Adisoemarta P. Suryono , Riyanto Hadi , Mustar Maladi M. , Adrianto Adrianto 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Safety and safe behavior at various universities, especially in Indonesia, are still neglected and sometimes this failure to observe safety in lab activities end up with accidents that can be minor such as lost sample, up to major with bodily injury or fatality. As graduates from universities are source of new-hires for the industry, having high-quality graduates that are versed in safety would improve the quality of incoming new-hires and possibly reduce the onboarding process within oil companies. To improve the condition at various university laboratories in Indonesia, Chevron IndoAsia Business Unit (Chevron IBU), has developed a 4-day workshop, called as "Good Laboratory Practices" (GLP) Workshop, that shares industry’s best practices in: safety and safe lab behavior, flammable and combustible materials, basic fire prevention, lab waste management, lab business plan, statistical data analysis, sample custody chain, lab accreditation, and Fundamental Safe Work Principles.
This well-received workshop has been conducted sixteen (16) times, since the inception in late 2006, and will be continued with 4 similar workshops this year. These workshops were conducted to 7 universities and a national lab in Indonesia, attended by lab managers, lab operators, graduate students and other personnel. As each attendee would interact with students, either during classroom or lab sessions, this workshop has been estimated to influence close to 5000 students in improving their safety and safe behavior,
This paper would share the challenges in developing the workshop and initial resistance from university professors, quick hitter and best practices as the program comes to maturity.
EOR Simulation by in situ Nitrogen Production via Denitrifying Bacteria and Performance Improvement by Nitrogen Alternating Surfactant Injection
Authors: Nuryadi Arief , Kishita Atsushi , Watanabe Noriaki , Vilcaez Javier , Kawai Nobuo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The mechanism of miscible/ immiscible displacement in nitrogen gas injection as a part of EOR procedure has been understood. However, production of nitrogen inside the reservoir may have different process and impact for oil displacement. Simulation of EOR in sand pack column by involving denitrifying bacteria could be a close approachment to understand this mechanism. Production of nitrogen molecules within the pores possibly increases the system pressure, which may lead to repressurization of reservoir after pressure loss during primary recovery. An experiment for obtaining the evidence of system pressure increment post-incubation of bacteria was conducted within a closed piston vessel equipped with pressure gauge. Pressure within the system raised .35 MPa during 48 h incubation from initial pressure (1 MPa). This gradual pressure increment fact demanded further proves of correlation between additional pressure and effect on oil recovery. Therefore, a sand pack EOR simulation in core flooding apparatus had been performed and shown .2 MPa increment of pressure during 48 hours incubation of denitrifying bacteria with 3% oil recovery from saturated oil volume or 1.5% from OOIP. Biogas molecules generation and local pores re-pressurization in the unswept water flooded zones might become the responsible factors for the additional oil recovery. Sweep efficiency of displacing fluids in sand pack column could be improved with increasing their viscosities. This mechanism was applied by alternating nitrogen injection with surfactant, with expectation that foam formation would occur within the pores. Yet, the experiment showed that the ratio of surfactant to gas during injection did not provide any significant help for the oil recovery, whether foaming occurred or not, but only the concentration of surfactant (around 900 ppm) that did. Suggested methods to improve this EOR mechanism result were to increase biological activity of the agent through nutrition stimulation and combination of biogas product with more viscous metabolites such as natural surfactant.
Reservoir Characterisation of Surat Basin Coal Seams using Drill Stem Tests
Authors: Kabir Akim , McCalmont Steve , Street Tom , Johnson Ray 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Drill Stem Testing (DST) is a primary means of evaluating skin and permeability of exploration and appraisal wells. It is no exception in the case of Coal Seam Gas (CSG) reservoirs. A modified form of DST is routinely used by the CSG industry in this region (Queensland, Australia) as a low cost means of getting skin, permeability and pressure information for these land based wells which have to be mass-drilled given the nature of these coal seam reservoirs and the well productivity.
In this paper we review about 450 individual DSTs with a variable permeability and skin values. Observed high skin and permeability values from many of these wells called for better understanding of these parameters in conjunction with core and log data. About 50 wells in the subject study were cored. Image logs were run in addition to routine openhole wireline log suite. Some of the abnormal (very high) skin and permeability values could be explained from detailed analysis of these logs. Examples of DST, log and core data reconciliation have been reviewed. Various studies have been conducted to understand root causes of the observed high skin values. Well interference tests have been conducted to understand horizontal permeability anisotropy and reservoir continuity. This DST, log and core assisted reservoir characterisation has opened the way for completion optimisation for more than 6000 wells to be drilled in the Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia.
Making Big Gas Producers Even Better: The Tangguh Experience
Authors: Apolianto Eko , Turnbull Bill 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Tangguh is a large gas producing development located in Bintuni Bay, in the Papua Barat province of Indonesia, some 3000 km east of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Gas production from the Vorwata Field and LNG export from the Tangguh LNG facility started in 2009. The field and the LNG facility are operated by BP.
The Vorwata development consists of 14 wells drilled from two normally unmanned platforms. The wells were predrilled prior to completion of the LNG plant and are completed as 7" monobores. They are perforated conventionally and are limited to 240 MMscfd each due to erosional considerations. Production from the field is currently 1.3 Bscfd; this rate being limited by the throughput capacity of the Tangguh LNG plant.
During the initial testing phase following completion and prior to start-up, the wells were limited by the infrastructure to a maximum rate of 100 MMscfd. Pressure transient analysis (PTA) of the data obtained during this test phase indicated that most of the wells had high mechanical skins. A reservoir preservation study showed that these high skins were caused by near wellbore damage and could theoretically be reduced by producing the wells at higher rates.
Following start-up and establishment of stable plateau production, a rigorous well clean up and maximum rate testing program was carried out. The wells were flowed at rates up to 240 MMscfd and pressure build up (PBU) tests were subsequently carried out to evaluate any improvement in reservoir deliverability. The analysis of the post maximum rate test PBU data showed that the skins were reduced on average by 40% in each well.
In-situ Combustion Using Sugar Dust, "Sweet Reservoirs"- A Smart and Better Alternative
Authors: Roy Panchamlal , Kasat Sanket , Pandey Rohit , Patel Himanshu , Sahay Pranav 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Heavy oil recovery has been an area of continuous research and improvisation. In Situ Combustion has been a technology full of promise and potential. The possibility of very high recovery makes this technique highly lucrative. However, the technical uncertainties and high cost poses a major problem. This paper suggests the use of sugar dust suspended in air as an alternative to water co-injected with compressed air/natural gas mixture used in In-situ combustion in order to overcome the above mentioned problems.
Sugar dust is a bi-product in the sugar industry and is treated as a waste material. Hence, its use will reduce the cost significantly. Another problem faced in implementing In-situ combustion is the occurrence of Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) which creates many problems. However, Sugar dust suspended in air forms a highly combustible mixture and is capable of generating temperatures in the range of 800-1000°F which leads to occurrence of High Temperature Oxidation (HTO) only and thus eradicates any possibilities of LTO. An analytical study was undertaken of a dry combustion tube test data of a Louisiana heavy oil core. H/C ratio, oxygen to fuel ratio and air to fuel ratio was computed for the new suggested technique and compared with the existing values for the same. A similar analytical study was done for another combustion tube test data for a heavy oil core. Fuel requirement and air requirement was computed for the suggested technique and compared with the values observed for the normal ISC process. The comparison yielded positive results for all the parameter considered. Encouraged by those results an analytical and numerical case study was undertaken of a heavy oil field in Gujarat (India).The air requirement was seen to be reduced from 220sm3/m3 to 72.6sm3/m3. An economical analysis showed that the cost of oil production reduced by significant amount for that field.
Further, sugar dust concentration can be easily altered to facilitate auto ignition eradicating the need of artificial ignition. Combustion of sugar dust produces CO2 and steam. CO2 produced will be imbibed on oil surface and the viscosity will be reduced. Steam produced will aid in the displacement of the oil towards the producer well. Also, air requirement for the suggested technique would be very less. Hence, Sugar dust can revolutionize the in-situ combustion operation.
A Novel Enzyme Breaker for Mudcake Removal in High Temperature Horizontal and Multi-lateral Wells
Authors: Al-khaldi M. H. , Ghosh B. , Ghosh D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Effective removal of drilling-mud filter cake during well completion is essential to reduce the formation damage caused by drilling activities in many production and injection wells. This task is very difficult to achieve, especially in horizontal/multilateral wells. Harsh chemical treatments (acids, oxidizers, and chelating agents) have been used extensively to conduct water-based mudcake cleanup treatments. However, these approaches have been limited due to the associated high corrosion rates and un-even mudcake removal. With their controlled reaction with the mudcake, mild chemical nature, better health, safety and environmental (HSE) profile, enzymes provide an excellent alternative to harsh chemical treatments in high temperature formations. However, their use has been limited to relatively low temperature applications due to their instability at elevated temperature values.
In this work, two enzymatic systems were evaluated: old a-amylase system and new structurally reinforced a-Helix system. The old enzyme was found to form a potentially damaging precipitate at reservoir temperature above 100oC. The degree of this damage was assessed using size-matching technique and core-flood experiments. This potential of secondary formation damage was drastically reduced in the new improved enzyme system. Enzyme denaturing was minimized by protecting the catalytic center using preferential hydration of proteins with a Polyol.
The effectiveness of the new system was proven in the lab through comparative tests. Bioassay by reducing sugar estimation showed better biopolymer hydrolyzing capability of the new system at higher temperatures. In contrast to old enzyme system, core-flood experiments, conducted at high temperatures, using new enzyme system, showed the enzyme denaturing did not occur and the core oil permeability increased at stabilized pressure. In addition, this paper will also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each enzyme system in terms of stability, compatibility, and mudcake damage reversal.
Evaluation of Shear Forces and Stream-Thrust Forces in Torque and Drag Analysis
Authors: Mirhaj S. A. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Excessive torque and drag is a major challenge in drilling and completion of extended-reach wells and horizontal wells with high degree of 3D geometry. Torque and drag modeling is regarded as an invaluable process to assist in well planning and to predict and prevent drilling problems. Some wells can be drilled, but may not be completed due to high friction.
Most of today’s torque/drag models are based on the work of Johancsik et. al. (1984) and Sheppard et. al. (1987), while a more comprehensive model is derived by Mitchell and Samuel (2009).
If we assume the drill-string as the elastic-solid material, then a solid material can develop shear stresses. In this study the effect of shear forces on torque and drag modeling has been analyzed. This force is usually ignored in industrial softwares. The effect of disregarding bending stiffness in the equilibrium equation of the drill-string has been stated shortly with some field examples.
Moreover the effect of stream-thrust force on the axial force has been assessed. One part of this force is hydraulic force acting on the closed-end pipe when it is stabbed into the wellbore or by larger diameter pipes when the string is pulling out of the hole. The resulting force together with pressure-area force which is a force resulting from different pressures inside and outside of the pipe has been put together in one equation and it will affect friction in the wellbore that has been addressed here. In other words effective force which is the summation of the axial force and stream-thrust force will be replaced by axial force in the force balance equations. The above-mentioned factors have been implemented in a field case-study. Hence the importance of these forces in the torque-drag modeling in the wellbore has been identified.
Development of Isotherm Polymer/Surfactant Adsorption Models in Chemical Flooding
Authors: Dang Cuong T. , Chen Zhangxin , Nguyen Ngoc T. , Bae Wisup , Phung Thuoc H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The injection of chemical solutions plays an important role in increasing the recovery factor of mature fields. For many reservoirs, polymer or surfactant flooding is an attractive alternative to conventional waterflooding; it can improve the area swept efficiency not only in the macro scale but also in the micro scale.
Adsorption of polymer/surfactant on reservoir rock is an extremely important parameter for chemical flooding. Adsorption represents a loss of a chemical agent from solution, and consequently, a net reduction in the surfactant-polymer slug. Therefore, the efficiency of chemical flooding will be significantly diminished not only in technical aspects but also in terms of economics. However, adsorption is usually measured in laboratory scale with high uncertainties, and numerical simulation of multi-component adsorption is still limited. The adsorption process in a polymer/rock system has not yet been well developed, especially for highly heterogeneous reservoirs. In this paper, the polymer and surfactant adsorption processes are modeled by the Langmuir isotherm theory for various chemical flooding approaches including polymer, surfactant, micellar polymer and alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding. The simulation results indicate that polymer adsorption strongly depends on the polymer concentration, shear rate, pH, salt concentration, and reservoir heterogeneity. An effective controlling of such parameters can reduce the effect of polymer adsorption so that it helps minimize mass of chemical loss and improve economic efficiency of the chemical flooding process.
The Bulkhead Principle – Delaying Water Cut and Improving Horizontal Well Productivity through Compartmentalization Using Short Swellable Packers
Authors: Smith Peter E. , Young Dustin , Shahreyar Noman , Lauritzen J. Eric , Awang M. Zaki 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Inflow control devices (ICDs) are used extensively to address the challenges of water management, particularly with the coning effects of water and gas inflow as well as permeability heterogeneity in horizontal wells. Historically, in Saudi Aramco wells, the horizontal open hole has been segmented in up to 6 compartments using mechanical openhole packers However, economic restraints and the risks have limited the running of a larger number of these packers. This paper discusses the development and results of a concept proposed to maximize the production potential from horizontal passive inflow control completions.
In any well, there are uncertainties, both in the reservoir itself and in the operational events that work sequences can cause. A planned completion may not reach total depth (TD), or there may be undetected fractures or high permeability streaks in the reservoir section. A study has been undertaken to further enhance production and to maximize the benefit of inflow-control-device completions with the usage of slip-on swelling packers to increase the number of compartments in the open hole. It is assumed that shorter compartments will lead to an increase in net oil production, because water breakthrough can be managed more efficiently; i.e., the principle similar to that in a ship, where if there are no compartments and the ship leaks, it will fill with water and sink. If the ship uses bulkheads to form small discrete compartments and leaks, only the compartment with the hole is water filled. Likewise, if a well starts to produce water but is compartmentalized, only the section or sections with water will flood; the rest will continue to produce oil.
In addition, we know through wireline logs, logging while drilling (LWD), or through the actual drilling results where we expect water or gas breakthrough to occur, but we are not able to predict with repeatable accuracy the nature of the fracture network in the matrix behind what we can see in the near wellbore environment. Then, it becomes beneficial to attempt to eliminate this uncertainty by increasing the number of compartments where the breakthroughs can occur.
The short slip-on swellable packer, which was developed to provide a cost-effective annular isolation method, will be described in the paper along with the testing processes and field-trial validation that included nearbore simulation and modelling. The system has been proven as successful for sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.
The Successful Development Strategies of Tigh Oil Reservoir: Achievements versus Future Directions
Authors: Dang Cuong T. , Chen Zhangxin , Nguyen Ngoc T. , Bae Wisup , Phung Thuoc H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Oligocene reservoir of White Tiger field is a tight oil reservoir with high heterogeneity and complex geological characteristics. In such complex reservoirs, a detailed geological understanding of the reservoir along with a reservoir simulation is needed to gain a detailed reservoir description and determine the optimal recovery method for this oil reservoir. These are essential in order to have successful operations as well as reducing uncertainties and improving the efficiency of oil field management. With a large database collected from initial production stages of over 50 wells, the authors developed an integrated static and dynamic workflow to forecast oil production under several production scenarios. The challenges of development strategies in such tight oil reservoirs are analyzed and compared with those one in the typical sedimentary reservoir as well as naturally fractured basement reservoirs. In addition, the authors proposed a successful assisted assisted history matching by global optimization to construct a reliable model for complex reservoirs. Finally, this paper provides a comparative evaluation of enhanced oil recovery feasibility by surfactant polymer flooding in tight oil reservoirs. A series of laboratory test and compositional reservoir simulation were performed and analyzed by both experiments and commercial simulator. The results prove that cumulative oil recovery by surfactant polymer flooding increases more than 1.44 times in comparison with water flooding. This is a solid evidence for a promising successfulness of surfactant polymer flooding in complex reservoirs.
Risk Based Management of Hydrocarbon Sub-Sea Pipeline Free Spans
Authors: White Christopher B. , Ekawati Dhian , Kartika Ria 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Sub-sea pipeline free spans occurring from inadequate seabed support can lead to static and vortex induced loading which results in pipeline failure. At best, this could effectuate a small crack at overstressed welded field joints, at worse, pipeline rupture. The latter may have significant safety, environmental and business impacts, and as a consequence free span management is necessary for incident avoidance and operational reliability.
This paper describes a risk based approach to the management of multiple free spans that exist on the 30" gas pipeline that traverses the Malacca Straits from the NSO-A offshore platform to the gas processing facility at PT Arun, Aceh, northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It draws from an intensive data collection campaign and technical assessment allowing characterization of exposure and tolerances. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and Metocean surveys, together with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) conducted on more than one occasion since pipeline commissioning in 1999, has provided the necessary base data inputs.
Pivotal to the analysis is utilization of industry best practices (in particular the DNV Recommended Practice F-105 Free Spanning Pipelines), together with risk assessment tools. Several dozen critical length spans have an elevated risk of fatigue cracking due to duration exposure.
Span management recommendation identifies grout bag pipeline supports as being the most affective remediation solution, amongst others considered.
The literature for actual case trial publications on sub-sea pipeline free span management is limited. This paper is considered to contribute to the emerging understanding of static loading and vortex induced vibrations impacting on the fatigue life of critical assets.