bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of testosterone on Type 2 diabetes and components of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: JONES T. Hugh 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObservations from clinical studies suggest that low serum levels of testosterone in men are often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic compromise. Indeed, the clinical symptoms of late‐onset hypogonadism are markedly similar to those of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome, and may share a similar pathophysiology. Observational and experimental data suggest that testosterone treatment improves a number of hallmark features of T2DM and metabolic syndrome, namely insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and sexual dysfunction. Consequently, clinical studies have been undertaken to assess the impact of testosterone‐replacement therapy in this patient group. The present article reviews the observational clinical data suggesting an association between low serum testosterone and metabolic impairment, the clinical data relating to the effects of testosterone treatment on components of the metabolic syndrome, and the randomized clinical trails that have formally investigated whether testosterone‐replacement therapy provides clinical benefit to hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or metabolic syndrome.
Application of single nucleotide polymorphisms to non‐model species: a technical review
Authors: GARVIN M. R. , SAITOH K. , GHARRETT A. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have gained wide use in humans and model species and are becoming the marker of choice for applications in other species. Technology that was developed for work in model species may provide useful tools for SNP discovery and genotyping in non‐model organisms. However, SNP discovery can be expensive, labour intensive, and introduce ascertainment bias. In addition, the most efficient approaches to SNP discovery will depend on the research questions that the markers are to resolve as well as the focal species. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of several past and recent technologies for SNP discovery and genotyping and summarize a variety of SNP discovery and genotyping studies in ecology and evolution.
Fixed Point Results for Multivalued Maps in Cone Metric Spaces
Authors: Latif Abdul , Shaddad FawziaY 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe prove some fixed point theorems for multivalued maps in cone metric spaces. We improve and extend a number of known fixed point results including the corresponding recent fixed point results of Feng and Liu (1996) and Chifu and Petrusel (1997). The remarks and example provide improvement in the mentioned results.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Tag Mediated Cooperation with Multilevel Selection
Authors: Soule T. 
Published: June 2010

Understanding the conditions and dynamics that produce cooperation in evolving systems remains a fundamental goal of evolutionary theory. Significant progress has been made in determining the conditions that support cooperation in simple models, but the evolutionary dynamics that lead from noncooperative conditions to cooperation are still poorly understood. And, in more complex models, even the conditions that support cooperation are not well defined. In this paper we study the dynamics of the evolution of cooperation in both a simple tag-mediated cooperation model and in a more complex version of the same system in which there is multilevel competition—competition between both individuals and populations of individuals. The results show that the inclusion of multilevel competition has both quantitative effects (increasing the frequency and duration of the periods of cooperation) and qualitative effects (introducing a new stable state) on the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation.
Twee Generaties Schortinghuis Catechese in Een Tijd Van Vroomheid En Verlichting
Authors: Bosch Roel A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo generations Schortinghuis catechesis in a time of Piety and Enlightenment. In the history of Dutch reformed pietism, the Midwolda reverend Wilhelmus Schortinghuis is best known for his book 'Het innige christendom'. In this article, however, we focus on his far less known catechism-book, Nodige waarheden in 't herte van een christen, 1738 (Necessary truths in the heart of a Christian), and on the summary of this work edited by his sons, Verkort opstel der noodige waarheden,1769 (Abbreviated text of necessary truths). Changes in contents will be found, as well as changes in the cultural context for which the booklets were meant, Midwolda-Groningen 1738 (father) and Koudekerke-Zeeland 1769-1780 (the sons). The real author of the Abbreviated text was his son Hendrikus. Comparing the work of two generations, we may conclude, that most important changes were from a more subjective to a more objective theology.
Children's Rights in Rwanda: A Hierarchical or Parallel Model of Implementation?
Authors: Murray Cathy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe paper reports on a qualitative study, entitled Children's Rights in Rwanda, which was conducted in Kigali, Rwanda in 2007. Qualitative interviews were conducted with government ministers, senior staff in non-governmental organisations, Human Rights Commissioners, a Senior Prosecutor and the Ombudsman. Two focus groups were held with teenage pupils. The study explores the key children's rights – provision, protection and participation – enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The research question is whether children's participation rights feature in Rwanda, a country in which children's rights to provision and to protection are still being addressed. A parallel model and a hierarchical model of implementing children's rights are proposed and the use of elite interviews discussed. A key finding is that a parallel model of implementation of children's rights is evident, with children's right to participation (at least in the public sphere) being addressed alongside children's right to provision and protection. In the private sphere, children's participation rights lag behind.
The Voice of the Child in Family Mediation: Norway and England
Authors: Haugen Gry Mette , Marples Rebecca , James Adrian , Rantalaiho Minna 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the context of the growing use of mediation in many countries to resolve parental disputes in separation and divorce, this article considers the implications of mediation practice for the rights of the child and, in particular, the tension between Article 3 and Article 12. In order to highlight the potential influence of the UNCRC in ensuring that children's article 12 rights are not compromised by the practice of mediation, which revolves around adults and parental decision-making, recent developments in England and Norway are compared in order to consider the impact of Norway's recent incorporation of the UNCRC into its domestic law.
Implementing the Social and Economic Rights of Children in Developing Countries: The Place of International Assistance and Cooperation
Authors: Wabwile Michael 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is a common feature of the treaties on international protection of economic and social rights that all states, regardless of their resource capabilities, are invited to ratify these treaties. Although all developing countries except Somalia have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the macroeconomic conditions of systemic poverty and underdevelopment in these countries indicate that there are concerns as to whether and how such states can really perform their legal obligations and guarantee the fulfilment of the Convention's economic and social rights. This article examines the emerging patterns of recent state practice in this area, with a view to identifying the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in these processes. The gist of the discussion presented here is that despite their macro-economic disadvantages, developing countries can accelerate the processes of achieving full implementation of economic and social rights if they have access to appropriate arrangements for external technical and financial cooperation and assistance. In view of this, it is suggested that there may be a legal obligation on the part of the international community to render such assistance and cooperation.
The Status Shift of Refugee Children in Settlement: An Analysis of the Norwegian Context
Authors: Archambault Josée 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDrawing on the Norwegian context of the settlement of refugee families who have been granted a residence permit after applying for asylum, this article looks at how the incorporation of children's rights into domestic immigration policies appears to offer asylum-seeking children a better entry as 'active citizens' than is offered to their parents in the early stages of asylum. Later on during the asylum process, once families obtain a residence permit along with the right to settle, the focus of welfare policies shifts toward the emancipation of adults' integration as active new citizens. The article explores the reasons for that shift and identifies how the special status of refugee children seems to go off at a tangent when their whole family officially settles in the country. This transitional process highlights the duality between the state's recognition of the responsibility of parents, and the recognition of the rights of children as individuals.
Dealing with Individual Cases: An Essential Role for National Human Rights Institutions for Children?
Authors: Rees Osian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article considers whether or not dealing with individual cases by means of an advocacy or investigatory function should be regarded as an essential function for national human rights institutions for children. Based on an analysis of international expectations, particularly the view of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, and the views and experiences of various institutions in practice, it is argued that the function is essential, due to its importance in addressing individual violations of children's rights, and its potential for bringing about systemic changes. Consideration is also given to the question of whether institutions should have quasi-judicial competence.
Early Intervention and Autism: The Impact of Positivism and the Call for Change
Authors: Glynne-Owen Ruth 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEarly childhood intervention in autism has over three decades of empirically validated study, but has very limited qualitative analysis. There is a wealth of research in this field, but it remains very much within a solely positivist paradigm and researchers are constantly striving to prove that their method is the most effective In this paper I explore the impact of this paradigm on our approach to intervention, and our understanding of what it means to be autistic. I will look at some of the common themes in early intervention research across a range of approaches, and will state the case for a more ethical methodology when researching young children with autism. I will argue against the medicalization of a disorder that in its nature cannot be defined as a 'medical truth', and subsequently state the case for moving forward into a more qualitative, critical disability paradigm in this field.
Supporting the Participation Rights of Children in a Sensitive Research Project: The Case of Young Road Traffic Victims
Authors: Van Hove Geert , Lauwers Hilde 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article addresses the participation rights in research of potentially vulnerable children, in this case children who have survived a serious traffic accident. Children's involvement in research is generally thought to be a balancing act between their welfare rights and their participation rights. However, the general view that children are vulnerable, incompetent, and lack power, makes adults consider that first and foremost it is their duty to protect them. As a result their welfare rights are overemphasized. To leave this dichotomist thinking behind us, we took a relational ethics approach in our research project and this from the very first phase when we were recruiting children to participate. We will focus in detail on the call for participation, the personal communication with participants, the importance of visualising one's message, the boundaries of conventional informed consent, and the multidirectional care provisions.
The Newly Established Constitutional Court in Post-Status Kosovo: Selected Institutional and Procedural Concerns
Authors: Morina Visar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this article, the author first looks at recent constitutional developments in post-status Kosovo by providing an overview of Kosovo's constitutional system from the perspective of both the Constitution and the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement prepared by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari. The author then explores the foundations of the constitutional review in Kosovo and provides an overview of the process pertaining to the establishment of the 2008 Constitutional Court in Kosovo. After analyzing organizational and jurisdiction-related matters of the Court, the article addresses selected procedural concerns that triggered a lively debate among the framers of the Constitutional Court Act. In particular, the author addresses the right of judges to attach dissenting opinions and whether the publication of such opinions is appropriate in the context of this newly born constitutional democracy. Finally, the author concludes that the lack of a tradition of judicial review and the complex nature of certain morally or politically controversial issues related to finding a constitutional compromise—satisfying both the Settlement and the Constitution—will inevitably make the mission of the Court a very challenging one.
The Russian Trade-Remedy System: Peculiarities and Future Prospects
Authors: Shadikhodjaev Sherzod 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSince its 1993 application for membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, now the World Trade Organization, or WTO), Russia has enacted several legal instruments to adapt to WTO trade-remedy rules. Russia's 2003 Trade-Remedy Law largely reiterates WTO rules; it also, however, contains certain provisions that clarify ambiguous language used in the WTO agreements, that set forth either stricter or looser standards, or that introduce new elements that do not exist in the current multilateral trade agreements. In addition, some peculiarities can also be found with respect to institutional and practical aspects of the Russian trade-remedy system. Furthermore, it is expected that this system will undergo certain transformations under a planned customs union involving Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan.
Public-Private Partnerships in Slovenia: Recent Developments and Perspectives
Authors: Zajc Katarina , Tičar Bojan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this article, the authors define and analyze the legal framework for public-private partnerships (PPP) as a new institution under Slovenian law. In the first part of the article, the authors discuss the legal definition of PPP in the European Union. In the authors' opinion, the EU's concept of PPP can be defined and regulated in several ways. As a result, the understanding of PPP differs from one member state to another. A related issue is the question of the definition of 'public service'. Before defining and discussing new forms of PPP as determined in the 2006 Slovenian Law on PPP, the authors discuss the economic rationale for implementing the two types of PPP in Slovenia: special contractually based partnerships and corporate-based partnerships. The former can be a concession agreement or public-procurement agreement, while the latter is a type of newly established or newly transformed legal entity. In the next part of the article, the authors describe new legal procedures governing PPP arrangements in the future and and offer some limited empirical evidence on those concession agreements that already exist in Slovenia. The authors conclude the article with some open questions about the legal regulation of PPP in the Slovenian legal system as well as an international comparison.
Welcoming Images: Medievally
Authors: Bland Kalman 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformed by theoretical considerations distinguishing "visual culture" from "art history" as articulated by W. J. T. Mitchell, this essay compares the editorial programs of two neonatal, overlapping, yet distinct journals: Ars Judaica and Images. The essay concludes by considering passages from two medieval Jewish authorities, Joseph Albo and Judah Alharizi, that suggest new horizons in criticism made possible by Images. Among these horizons are "investigations of the negative and repellent."
Positive Obligations and Gender-based Violence: Judicial Developments
Authors: Marshall Jill 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInternational human rights protection traditionally protects individuals from human rights violations committed by their own states. This has been criticised by many, and feminists in particular, as failing those who are violated in the 'private sphere', by actions perpetrated by non-state actors not the state itself. Yet protection from the actions of non-state actors is now increasingly falling within the ambit of international human rights law through positive obligations on states, particularly seen in the concept of due diligence. Developments in this area are analysed in this article with focus on recent decisions of international human rights judicial institutions on cases concerning gender-based violence to show how gender-based violations committed by non-state actors are increasingly being included and interpreted as human rights violations. Whilst not without problems, it is argued that the creativity and potential for protecting all persons from human rights violations is shown, particularly through developments towards a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity.
The Imperial – Emancipatory Paradox of International Human Rights: How Useful is the Right to Health in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Muriu Daniel Wanjau 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn thinking of and formulating strategies for tackling the problem of access to good health care services in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is very tempting to look to the right to health as part of such strategies. However, given the genealogy and practices of the international human rights corpus, the question as to the value of utilising the right to health in such endeavours necessarily comes to the fore and demands investigation. Using the trajectory of the right to health, the paper analyses the usefulness or otherwise of international human rights in seeking solutions to problems relating to health in Sub-Saharan Africa. An argument is made that the right to health has low utility value despite the promises it makes. The paper concludes with the argument that an appreciation of the imperial-emancipatory paradox that is inherent in the corpus of international human rights not only enables one to expect less from the right to health but also opens up possibilities of crafting more productive strategies in the struggle to achieve the 'highest attainable standard of health' for the people of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Retelling Modern European Religious History: Postwar Immigration and the Alternative Narrative of Presence
Authors: Green Todd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rise of the secularization thesis in the 1960s resulted in secularization becoming the dominant narrative theme in most scholarly accounts of modern European religious history. In the past few decades, sociologists and historians have increasingly challenged the secularization thesis, but less energy has been devoted to devising an alternative to the secularization narrative. Philip Jenkins's Future of Christianity trilogy offers historians something new in this regard, though it also contains plenty of the old. While the first two books largely reiterate the traditional secularization narrative by focusing on the absence of old-stock Europeans from churches, the third book focuses more on the growing presence of vibrant Muslim and Christian immigrant communities in postwar Europe, a presence that has stimulated significant political and cultural debates concerning the place of religion in Europe's past, present, and future.
Talking about the Christian Occident in the Context of European Unification
Authors: Lason Alexandra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhat does it mean when the concept of the "Christian Occident" is being used in debates on European identity today? The answer depends on what those who use the words understand by "Christian Occident"—which is not always clear. Far from being unambiguous, the concept "Christian Occident" is oscillating. Any simple definition circumvents its complexity and thereby prevents a differentiated perception of the concerns as well as of the dangers expressed by it. In the context of the project "Desecularization in Europe: The vision of the Occident (Abendland) as the return of the politicization of religion?", a critical re-reading of official documents of members of the Catholic hierarchy in Europe after 1945 allowed the author to identify a dialectic in the talk about the (Christian) Occident and to situate this in the framework of social-ethical reflections about Europe, submitting this to a theological critique which demonstrated both its dangers and its positive opportunities.
Studien zu Herman van Swanevelt: Zeichnungen zu Fresken und Gemälden
Authors: Steland Anne Charlotte 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBetween 1628/20) and 1641, in Rome, the painter, draughtsman and etcher Herman van Swanevelt (ca. 1600-1663) developed, in collaboration with Claude Lorrain (who was the same age as himself), a genre that was to have far-reaching consequences: the idyllic, ideal landscape characterised by effects of light appropriate to the time of day. His most eminent patrons during this period were the Barberini and Philip IV of Spain. In his Paris years, from 1643/44, he catered to another circle of customers with perfect but less innovative paintings and most of his highly successful sets of etchings. Up to Goethe's day, and notably in France, renderings of the landscape influenced the development of the period's taste. Anticipating a monograph in progress with a critical oeuvre catalogue of Swanevelt's drawings and paintings, this article presents fourteen drawings for frescos and paintings dating from 1634 to after 1650. These drawings form a record of Swanevelt's stylistic development throughout virtually his entire working life. Research has already linked six of them with frescos and paintings; they are presented here with further-reaching pointers. Six of the other eight drawings are examined in detail, two more briefly in view of the impending publication of an article. The discussion centres on the function of the drawings (preliminary / copy / variant / ricordo / autonomous) and their chronology. The article is preceded by a brief biography of the painter, summarising the scattered published results of relevant research. There are two appendices: the first is a list of dated drawings (15); the second lists the dated paintings (43).