bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed Holocene climate record from the carbonate section of saline Lake Tsagan-Tyrm (West Baikal area)
Authors: Sklyarov E.V. , Solotchina E.P. , Vologina E.G. , Ignatova N.V. , Izokh O.P. , Kulagina N.V. , Sklyarova O.A. , Solotchin P.A. , Stolpovskaya V.N. , Ukhova N.N. , Fedorovskii V.S. , Khlystov O.M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We present results of a complex study of evaporite sediments from one of the small saline lakes with carbonate sedimentation in the Ol’khon area and substantiate their high significance for paleoclimatic reconstructions. The mineral composition of the bottom sediments was studied by XRD analysis, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis (SR-XFA), etc. By decomposition of the complex XRD profiles of carbonate minerals into individual peaks by Pearson VII function, we identified carbonate phases in each sample and determined their proportions. A high-resolution carbonate record has been obtained for the first time for the lacustrine sediments. It bears the information about the stratigraphic distribution of Mg-calcites (a continuous series of structurally disordered low- to high-Mg calcites, up to Ca-dolomites), in which the amount and proportions of phases with different Mg contents are controlled by Mg/Ca, salinity, and total alkalinity of the lake water changing depending on the climatic cycles and lake level fluctuations. Comparison of the carbonate record for the Holocene section dated by the radiocarbon (14C) method with results of lithological, diatom, and palynological analyses, data on stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), and the distribution of some geochemical indicators of climatic changes permitted the reconstruction of the intricate evolution of the Lake Tsagan-Tyrm basin, which was controlled by the regional climate from the Atlantic period to the present time. The directed change in various characteristics of essentially carbonate sediments evidences that the Ol’khon regional climate has become more arid in recent 6.5 kyr. Moreover, drastic frequent changes of climate and, correspondingly, the Lake Tsagan-Tyrm water level in different periods of its existence have been revealed. The widespread saline and brackish lakes in southern East Siberia, Mongolia, and North China and the highly informative (in terms of paleoclimate and paleolimnology) carbonate sediments might help to recognize the general tendencies of paleoclimate changes and local fluctuations in Central Asia.
Strike-slip faults in the West Siberian basin: implications for petroleum exploration and development
Authors: Gogonenkov G.N. , Timurziev A.I. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Specific deformation patterns in sediments associated with small-amplitude strike-slip faults in the basement have been recognized over a large territory of the West Siberian basin due to 3D seismic exploration advance. These patterns represent shear structures which turn to be a phenomenon beyond the classical views of the regional basin architecture. Many densely faulted oil and gas fields of a complex geometry in reservoir rocks of a wide stratigraphic range fall in zones of shear structures. Prospecting, test drilling, and oil enhancement activities in these fields are risky without a solid mechanic and kinematic background based on simulation of sedimentary fracture patterns which are associated with basement-involved strike-slip faults and may govern hydrocarbon migration as structure controls, fluid channels, or screens.
Codon Usage Biases of Transposable Elements and Host Nuclear Genes in Arabidopsis Thaliana and Oryza Sativa
Authors: Jia Jia , Xue Qingzhong 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic entities ubiquitously distributed in nearly all genomes. High frequency of codons ending in A/T in TEs has been previously observed in some species. In this study, the biases in nucleotide composition and codon usage of TE transposases and host nuclear genes were investigated in the AT-rich genome of Arabidopsis thaliana and the GC-rich genome of Oryza sativa. Codons ending in A/T are more frequently used by TEs compared with their host nuclear genes. A remarkable positive correlation between highly expressed nuclear genes and C/G-ending codons were detected in O. sativa (r=0.944 and 0.839, respectively, P&lt;0.0001) but not in A. thaliana, indicating a close association between the GC content and gene expression level in monocot species. In both species, TE codon usage biases are similar to that of weakly expressed genes. The expression and activity of TEs may be strictly controlled in plant genomes. Mutation bias and selection pressure have simultaneously acted on the TE evolution in A. thaliana and O. sativa. The consistently observed biases of nucleotide composition and codon usage of TEs may also provide a useful clue to accurately detect TE sequences in different species.
Density-dependent processes in leaf beetles feeding on purple loosestrife: aggregative behaviour affecting individual growth rates
Authors: Hambäck P.A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAggregative responses are commonly observed in insects, including chrysomelids, affecting both individual and population growth rates. In two closely related chrysomelid beetles (Galerucella calmariensisandG. pusilla) feeding on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), recent studies suggest that male-produced pheromones may cause both inter- and intraspecific attraction. This paper further examines the causes and consequences of feeding aggregations in these species. Olfactometer studies confirm previous findings, showing cross-species attraction to damaged plants, but suggest that also damaged induced plant volatiles may be involved. In addition, the studies suggest that the cross-species attraction observed in previous studies have asymmetric effects on the two beetles.Galerucella pusillawas more attracted to damage byG. calmariensisthan to damage by conspecifics. Laboratory and field data suggest that feeding aggregations in these species increase pupal mass, at least at low to intermediate larval densities. This positive feedback may have important consequences for the spatiotemporal dynamics and as a consequence on the role of the two chrysomelid beetles on biological control of purple loosestrife.
The varying impact of type, timing and frequency of exposure to childhood adversity on its association with adult psychotic disorder
Authors: Fisher H. L. , Jones P. B. , Fearon P. , Craig T. K. , Dazzan P. , Morgan K. , Hutchinson G. , Doody G. A. , McGuffin P. , Leff J. , Murray R. M. , Morgan C. 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundChildhood adversity has been associated with onset of psychosis in adulthood but these studies have used only general definitions of this environmental risk indicator. Therefore, we sought to explore the prevalence of more specific adverse childhood experiences amongst those with and without psychotic disorders using detailed assessments in a large epidemiological case-control sample (AESOP).MethodData were collected on 182 first-presentation psychosis cases and 246 geographically matched controls in two UK centres. Information relating to the timing and frequency of exposure to different types of childhood adversity (neglect, antipathy, physical and sexual abuse, local authority care, disrupted living arrangements and lack of supportive figure) was obtained using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire.ResultsPsychosis cases were three times more likely to report severe physical abuse from the mother that commenced prior to 12 years of age, even after adjustment for other significant forms of adversity and demographic confounders. A non-significant trend was also evident for greater prevalence of reported severe maternal antipathy amongst those with psychosis. Associations with maternal neglect and childhood sexual abuse disappeared after adjusting for maternal physical abuse and antipathy. Paternal maltreatment and other forms of adversity were not associated with psychosis nor was there evidence of a dose–response effect.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that only specific adverse childhood experiences are associated with psychotic disorders and only in a minority of cases. If replicated, this greater precision will ensure that research into the mechanisms underlying the pathway from childhood adversity to psychosis is more fruitful.
Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks
Authors: HALPERN BENJAMIN S. , LESTER SARAH E. , KELLNER JULIE B. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
12 Dante:Paradiso
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMust any account of heaven be insipid? Dante's contemplative heaven, focused on the vision of God, though abstract and allegorical, is a poem of ascent that always has reference to human experience. Dante's evocation of states of bliss, often expressed through images of light, is explored, as is his attempt, in poetry, to put forth Aquinas's account of the risen soul needing to be completed by the resurrected body. A discussion follows of T. S. Eliot's description of Paradiso as following “the logic of “sensibility.” The poem is a synthesis of Christian ascetic tradition with the Aristotelian philosophy of mind, of emotion with intellect, of love with will.
The Four Strategic Decisions in Transparency
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 5 takes an in-depth look at how transparency will affect the four essential strategic questions that all corporate leaders and investors need to address to maximizing returns: what to own, or where to focus ownership; what business model is best; how to beat new competitive threats—and what these will be like; and what marketplace strategy best utilizes the new dynamics in mass markets.
The Four Rules Templates and How to Use Them
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 14 introduces the The Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency Method and presents a series of step-by-step templates for evaluation and action plans that should be implemented by any business leader or investor who is seriously interested in extraordinary returns. Chapter 15 through 18 contain the operating instructions for implementation of the Four Rules and for using power nodes. These guidelines are illustrated with many specific examples that successful companies have used, as well as with lessons from avoidable mistakes.
The Four Rules Method
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHow will transparency and a new understanding of profit power affect the investor's pursuit of maximum realized returns? Transparency will define a new set of valuation challenges as well as open an immense new set of investment opportunities for investors. The declining cost of information and its two inevitable consequences have enormous implications for investors, and many of the changes will be truly exciting. Our Four Rules for Maximizing Profits Method allows business leaders to conduct evaluations and create action plans that will yield significant increases in value. This same method supplies investors with a fresh approach to value investing in transparency. Investors who study the Four Rules templates will have all the grounding necessary to analyze which companies have the greatest inherent value in transparency. In this chapter, we will provide specific templates to help investors evaluate what returns they may realize. The Four Rules and the templates are of use primarily to those investors who are commonly referred to as value investors or fundamental investors, and to investors who are considering taking equity or equity-linked investments in companies. Hence, this book adds new perspectives to update the Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham for the age of transparency.
1 Introduction: Still More Questions than Answers
Authors: Jagust William , D’Esposito Mark 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Brain imaging has become widely applied to the study of aging because of substantial advances in technology and the diffusion of this technology throughout the world of human neuroscience. These advances together with better clinical characterization and more sophisticated molecular approaches now permit us to better understand relationships between brain aging and brain disease. In this setting, the concept of “normal aging” may become better defined by our ability to clearly characterize chemistry, anatomy, and physiology of the aging brain using multimodal approaches. Future directions for this cognitive neuroscience of aging will be the detection of presymptomatic forms of age-related disease, understanding how different diseases interact in normal older people, and the definition of age-related processes that are independent of disease and that affect specific cognitive, anatomic, and neurochemical systems.
5 Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognition in Human Aging
Authors: Li Shu-Chen , Lindenberger Ulman , Nyberg Lars , Heekeren Hauke R. , Bäckman Lars 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence from recent studies applying a wide range of imaging methods and computational approaches to investigate age-related neurochemical changes that affect neuronal signal transduction. Specifically, we focus on age-related impairments in the dopamine (DA) systems and their relations to cognitive deficits in late life. Other neurotransmitter systems—most notably acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate—also undergo alterations during the adult life course. Thus far, however, the DA systems have attracted most attention and there is mounting evidence that DA is a key neurotransmitter in the context of cognitive aging. Molecular imaging methods for assessing age-related decline in pre- and post-synaptic markers of the dopaminergic systems as well as more recent genomic imaging, multimodal imaging, and computational neuroscience approaches to investigate how dopaminergic modulation affects cognitive aging are particularly highlighted.
10 Imaging Cognitive Decline in Aging: Predicting Decline with Structural Imaging
Authors: Kaye Jeffrey 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?
13 Functional Imaging with FDG-PET in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Herholz Karl 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAssessment of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by FDG-PET at the resting state is a standard functional technique to assess cerebral function. An increasing body of evidence indicates that substantial impairment of FDG uptake in temporo-parietal association cortices is a reliable predictor of rapid progression to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The definition of affected and reference regions, the methods for quantitative analysis, and other methodological issues that are relevant for use of the method in clinical studies are being addressed. Effects of aging, the selection of normal controls, and interaction with age and genetic risk factors are important factors that also need to be considered in designing and interpreting studies.
21 Databasing the Aging Brain
Authors: Darrell John , Horn Van , Toga Arthur W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLarge-scale archives of primary neuroimaging data of older populations are an essential element for contemporary research into normal and disease processes associated with aging. In this chapter, we describe the role of digital atlases of the human brain in aging research and how these resources are created, point to several such formal atlases that may be used for neuroimage data processing, as well as discuss why atlases require periodic revision. We also discuss neuroimaging data repositories related specifically to aging and to age-related disease, the role of databases in making inferences concerning functional activation, and their potential for data mining, meta-analysis, and model construction.
5 Restorative Justice, Gendered Violence, and Indigenous Women
Authors: Stubbs Julie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews debates about the use of Restorative Justice (RJ) for gendered violence, such as domestic violence or family violence. It identifies theoretical and empirical limitations to the capacity of generic models of RJ to promote victim interests for offences related to violence against women. Part 2 considers gendered violence in Indigenous communities and notes that research and commentary often fails to recognize Indigenous women’s needs and interests. It concludes that the best way forward is to move beyond oppositional contrasts between RJ and criminal justice to develop hybrid models that adopt anti-subordination as a principle, supported by the requisite resources to protect that end, in working towards safe and just outcomes.
NeuroDynamix II
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The electrical membrane potential is an important property for the functioning of living cells. Temporal variations of this potential generated by synaptic interactions and expressed as nerve impulses are central for signaling within nervous systems. Because neuronal signaling has this electrical basis, electrophysiology underlies neurophysiology. The primary objective of the NeuroDynamix II text is to provide a deep introduction to neurophysiology. The approach is to introduce the elements of electrical circuits, batteries, resistors and capacitors, and to build on that foundation to reconstruct the parallel conductance model that Hodgkin and Huxley employed for resting potentials and nerve impulses. The text presents brief historical sketches of, and introduces students to the fundamental concepts of neurophysiology. Following each didactic presentation, modeling exercises-hands-on simulations-serve to deepen the reader's understanding of basic neurophysiological techniques, including intracellular recording and voltage-clamp recording. The computer models present experimental results dynamically; that is, results are displayed as they are generated, providing a sense of experimental verisimilitude. NeuroDynamix II embodies a tight interdependence between the didactic text and the free, online NDX II software. Section I provides explicit, illustrated introductions to electrical concepts, the properties of ion channels, resting and action potentials, synaptic interactions, and neuronal circuits. Each didactic chapter concludes with detailed “Lessons” that preconfigure NDX II models to illustrate and explore neurophysiological principles. Section II provides brief descriptions of seven integrated models, with complete glossaries of variable and parameter names and units. Section III presents a detailed description of the equations for each computer simulation, whereas Section IV summarizes numerical methods for solving the differential equations. The text concludes with a brief guide for accessing the online NDX II modeling program and a bibliography.
Soma Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.
Synapse Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate synaptic interactions between neurons and thus can be used to simulate simple circuits as well as synaptic interactions between pairs of neurons. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying). In this model, the types and magnitudes of synaptic interactions are under experimenter control. In addition, the inhibitory synapses can be set to exhibit synaptic fatigue, based on a model in which transmitter depletion leads to reduced transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and hence to reduced synaptic efficacy. Electrotonic interactions are determined by electrotonic conductances between neurite compartments of two neurons.
2.3 Convergence of Limbic, Cognitive, and Motor Cortico-Striatal Circuits with Dopamine Pathways in Primate Brain
Authors: Haber Suzanne N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter first briefly reviews the basic circuitry that underlies parallel processing. It then considers the anatomical basis for integration across different corticobasal ganglia circuits (with a particular emphasis on dopamine), and functional support for integrative processes. While the focus is on primate studies, key rodent experiments are also highlighted when primate data are unavailable.