Baseline characteristics, reperfusion treatment secondary prevention and outcome after acute ischemic stroke in three different socioeconomic environments in Europe
Authors: Berger Charlotte , Hammer Helly , Costa Marino , Lowiec Pawel , Yagensky Andriy , Scutelnic Adrian , Antonenko Kateryna , Biletska Olga , Karaszewski Bartosz , Sarikaya Hakan , Zdrojewski Tomasz , Klymiuk Anastasiia , Bassetti Claudio LA , Yashchuk Natalia , Chwojnicki Kamil , Arnold Marcel , Saner Hugo , Heldner Mirjam R 
Published: May 2024

Introduction: The differences in vascular risk factors’ and stroke burden across Europe are notable, however there is limited understanding of the influence of socioeconomic environment on the quality of secondary prevention and outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Patients and methods: In this observational multicenter cohort study, we analyzed baseline characteristics, reperfusion treatment, outcome and secondary prevention in patients with acute ischemic stroke from three tertiary-care teaching hospitals with similar service population size in different socioeconomic environments: Bern/CH/ n = 293 (high-income), Gdansk/PL/ n = 140 (high-income), and Lutsk/UA/ n = 188 (lower-middle-income). Results: We analyzed 621 patients (43.2% women, median age = 71.4 years), admitted between 07 and 12/2019. Significant differences were observed in median BMI (CH = 26/PL = 27.7/UA = 27.8), stroke severity [(median NIHSS CH = 4(0-40)/PL = 11(0-33)/UA = 7(1-30)], initial neuroimaging (CT:CH = 21.6%/PL = 50.7%/UA = 71.3%), conservative treatment (CH = 34.1%/PL = 38.6%/UA = 95.2%) (each p < 0.001), in arterial hypertension (CH = 63.8%/PL = 72.6%/UA = 87.2%), atrial fibrillation (CH = 28.3%/PL = 41.4%/UA = 39.4%), hyperlipidemia (CH = 84.9%/PL = 76.4%/UA = 17%) (each p < 0.001) and active smoking (CH = 32.2%/PL = 27.3%/UA = 10.2%) ( p < 0.007). Three-months favorable outcome (mRS = 0–2) was seen in CH = 63.1%/PL = 50%/UA = 59% (unadjusted- p = 0.01/adjusted- p CH-PL/CH-UA = 0.601/0.981), excellent outcome (mRS = 0–1) in CH = 48.5%/PL = 32.1%/UA = 27% (unadjusted- p < 0.001/adjusted- p CH-PL/CH-UA = 0.201/0.08 and adjusted-OR CH-UA = 2.09). Three-months mortality was similar between groups (CH = 17.2%/PL = 15.7%/UA = 4.8%) (unadjusted- p = 0.71/adjusted- p CH-PL/CH-UA = 0.087/0.24). Three-months recurrent stroke/TIA occurred in CH = 3.1%/PL = 10.7%/UA = 3.1%, adjusted- p/OR CH-PL = 0.04/0.32). Three-months follow-up medication intake rates were the same for antihypertensives. Statin/OAC intake was lowest in UA = 67.1%/25.5% (CH = 87.3%/39.2%/unadjusted- p < 0.001/adjusted- p CH-UA = 0.02/0.012/adjusted-OR CH-UA = 2.33/2.18). Oral intake of antidiabetics was lowest in CH = 10.8% (PL = 15.7%/UA = 16.1%/unadjusted- p = 0.245/adjusted- p CH-PL/CH-UA = 0.061/0.002/adjusted-OR CH-UA = 0.25). Smoking rates decreased in all groups during follow-up. Discussion and conclusion: Substantial differences in presentation, treatment and secondary prevention measures, are linked to a twofold difference in adjusted 3-months excellent outcome between Switzerland and Ukraine. This underscores the importance of socioeconomic factors that influence stroke outcomes, emphasizing the necessity for targeted interventions to address disparities in treatment and secondary prevention strategies.