bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Analysis of Energy Intensity and Its Determinants at the State Level
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E. 
Published: May 2011

Aggregate energy intensity in the United States has been declining steadily since the mid-1970s and the first oil shock. Energy intensity can be reduced by improving efficiency in the use of energy or by moving away from energy-intensive activities. At the national level, I show that roughly three-quarters of the improvements in U.S. energy intensity since 1970 results from efficiency improvements. This should reduce concerns that the United States is off-shoring its carbon emissions. A state-level analysis shows that rising per capita income and higher energy prices have played an important part in lowering energy intensity. Price and income predominantly influence intensity through changes in energy efficiency rather than through changes in economic activity. In addition, the empirical analysis suggests that little policy intervention will be needed to achieve the Bush Administration goal of an 18 percent reduction in carbon intensity by the end of this decade.
Markets vs. Regulation: A Role for Indicative Energy Planning
Authors: Pérez-Arriaga Ignacio J. , Linares Pedro 
Published: May 2011

When there is no vision, people perish. (Proverbs, 29:18) The energy sector worldwide is facing the enormous challenge of finding a path of economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This paper argues that, although markets are adequate instruments to achieve an efficient allocation of resources and to promote private initiative, the resolution of the sustainability challenge cannot be left only to market forces, but requires other complementary instruments, among which we highlight indicative energy planning. We discuss the role of indicative energy planning in the future of liberalized energy markets, and propose a general methodology for its implementation, as well as the identification of the major issues to be addressed.
Learning by Doing with Constrained Growth Rates: An Application to Energy Technology Policy
Authors: Neuhoff Karsten 
Published: May 2011

Learning by doing methodology attributes cost reductions of a technology to cumulative investment and experience. This paper argues that in addition market growth rates must also be considered. Historically growth rates have been limited in most sectors, thus allowing for feedback in the learning process. When market growth is below the ‘optimal’ rate, the marginal value of additional investment could be a multiple of the direct learning benefit. Analytic and numeric models quantify this impact - emphasizing the need for tailored technology policy in addition to carbon pricing. Implications for the modeling of endogenous technological change are discussed. Isoard, S. and A. Soria (1997).“Learning curves and returns to scale dynamics: Evidence from the emerging renewable energy technologies.” IPTS Working Paper Series 97/05.
Depletion and the Future Availability of Petroleum Resources
Authors: Aguilera Roberto F. , Eggert Roderick G. , Gustavo Lagos C.C. , Tilton John E. 
Published: May 2011

This study assesses the threat that depletion poses to the availability of petroleum resources. It does so by estimating cumulative availability curves for conventional petroleum (oil, gas, and natural gas liquids) and for three unconventional sources of liquids (heavy oil, oil sands, and oil shale). The analysis extends the important study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (2000) on this topic by taking account of (1) conventional petroleum resources from provinces not assessed by the Survey or other organizations, (2) future reserve growth, (3) unconventional sources of liquids, and (4) production costs. The results indicate that large quantities of conventional and unconventional petroleum resources are available and can be produced at costs substantially below current market prices of around US$120 per barrel. These findings suggest that petroleum resources are likely to last far longer than many are now predicting and that depletion need not drive market prices above the relatively high levels prevailing over the past several years.
Gas Storage Valuation: Price Modelling v. Optimization Methods
Authors: Bjerksund Petter , Stensland Gunnar , Vagstad Frank 
Published: May 2011

In the literature, one approach is to analyse gas storage within a simple one-factor price dynamics framework that is solved to optimality. We follow an alternative approach, where the market is represented by a forward curve with daily granularity, the price uncertainty is represented by six factors, and where we impose a simple and intuitive storage strategy. Based on UK natural gas market price data, we obtain the gas storage value using our approach, and compare with results from a one-factor model as well as with perfect foresight. We find that our approach captures much more of the true flexibility value than the one-factor model.
What Price Security? Three Views of the DOE Report. Spinning Wheels: A Review Article
Authors: Randall Curlee T. , Wright Arthur W. 
Published: May 2011

In March 1987, the U.S. Department of Energy published a report entitled Energy Security. This was a comprehensive presentation of the American government's view of both the world energy situation and the policies it advocates. Because of the importance of this report, The Energy Journal commissioned a series of studies to critically analyze key aspects of the report and extend the discussion. In this issue, we offer the first set of these studies. Our July issue will present three papers on the value of an oil import fee (or tariff). Notes, comments, and letters to the editor on this topic are strongly encouraged. Special Feature Spinning Wheels: A Review Article T. Randall Curlee and Arthur W. Wright Energy Security Revisited: A Report to the President of the United States (U.S. Department of Energy, March 1987) is a hefty book-240 pages of text, five appendices (several based on macroeconometric simulations), and fourteen pages of references (but no index). Parts of the book are quite good and constitute a major improvement over what passed for studies of energy security in the 1960s and 1970s. Unfortunately, most of the book's heft is wheel spinning: a lot of energy is expended, but we do not get very far. Greater understanding of energy security could have been accomplished in far fewer pages.
Genetic susceptibility testing for beryllium: Worker knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes
Authors: Silver Ken , Kukulka Gary , Gorniewicz John , Rayman Kathleen , Sharp Richard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to gain insight into workers' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes on the subject of testing for genetic susceptibility to beryllium.MethodsFive focus groups were held with 30 current and former beryllium workers and nine family members. Audio recordings were transcribed and assessed by hierarchical coding using an inductive approach.ResultsSome workers were unclear about the distinction between genotoxicity and heritability. A key finding is that they perceived the benefits of a positive test result to be related to enhanced autonomous decision‐making. The major concern cited by participants was potential abuse of genetic information by employers. Complete financial separation of a prospective testing entity from the employer was seen as crucial.ConclusionsA window of opportunity exists to create regional partnerships for translational research on genetic susceptibility testing. Such partnerships would involve labor, management, public health scientists, primary care professionals, and other stakeholders. They would be critical to identifying testing strategies that maximize worker autonomy along with the public health advantages of genetic testing. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:521–532, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate population dynamics over 32.9 years at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Lwanga J.S. , Struhsaker T.T. , Struhsaker P.J. , Butynski T.M. , Mitani J.C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present census data for eight primate species spanning 32.9 years along the same transect at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, demonstrating major changes in the composition of the primate community. Correlated with an estimated decline of ∼89% in the red colobus population was an increase in encounter rates with chimpanzee parties. Our data, along with the unusually high rates of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus at Ngogo and the fact that the chimpanzee community at Ngogo is the largest ever recorded, support the conclusion that the red colobus decline was caused primarily by chimpanzee predation. This seems to be the first documented case of predation by one nonhuman primate causing the population decline in another. We evaluated disease and interspecific competition as other possible causes of the red colobus decline, but judged them to be relatively insignificant compared with predation by chimpanzees. Notable changes in encounter rates with other primate species may have resulted from forest expansion. Those for mangabeys, redtails, and black and white colobus increased significantly. Encounter rates increased for l'Hoest's monkeys too, but the increased sightings may have been an artifact of increased habituation. Sightings of blue monkey and baboon groups declined. There was no significant change in encounter rates for all species combined. The Ngogo primate community seemed to be in a nonequilibrium state, changing from one dominated by two species, a folivore (red colobus) and a frugivorous omnivore (redtails), to one dominated by three species of frugivorous omnivores (redtails, mangabeys, and chimpanzees). This study demonstrates the importance of long‐term monitoring in understanding population dynamics and the role of intrinsic variables in shaping the species composition of a community. Am. J. Primatol. 73:997–1011, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of aerosol delivery by a powered nasal nebulizer in the cadaver model
Authors: Manes R. Peter , Tong Liyue , Batra Pete S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare the distribution of aerosol delivered via a powered nasal nebulizer device in 5 fresh frozen‐cadaver heads (10 total sides).MethodsNasoneb® (Medinvent, St. Paul, MN) was used to deliver a total volume of 10 mL (9 mL saline and 1 mL of 10% fluorescein). Aerosol distribution was assessed in 3 trials: (1) unoperated nose; (2) post–functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS); and (3) post‐FESS with endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EML). Two independent observers rated the distribution of the fluorescein‐dyed saline in the anterior nasal cavity (ANC), olfactory cleft (OC), middle meatus (MM), sphenoethmoid recess (SER), nasopharynx (NP), along with maxillary sinus (MS), ethmoid cavity (EC), sphenoid sinus (SS), frontal sinus (FS), and frontal neo‐ostium (F‐NEO) in the operated specimens.ResultsThe nebulizer consistently delivered aerosolized saline to the ANC, MM/EC, and SER/SS across the 3 trials. A statistically significant increase in delivery was noted to the MM (p = 0.044) post‐FESS. In addition, a statistically significant increase in delivery to the F‐NEO was noted post‐FESS with EML (p = 0.001). Multiplicity adjustment done for the FESS group showed statistically superior delivery to the EC vs OC (p = 0.031) and FS (p = 0.02) and to the SS vs FS (p = 0.031). Multiplicity adjustment after FESS with EML improved delivery to the FS, resulting in no statistical difference in aerosol delivery between F‐NEO and EC or SS.ConclusionThe nebulizer consistently delivered aerosolized saline to multiple nasal subsites, with improvement in delivery seen to the middle meatal region after FESS and F‐NEO after FESS with EML. This may have important implications for the delivery of topical medications to the paranasal sinuses in the postoperative setting. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal vestibular abscess
Authors: Earley Marisa A. , Friedel Mark E. , Govindaraj Satish , Tessema Belachew , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundCommunity‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a recognized entity that is increasingly responsible for skin and soft tissue infections. However, it is not the usual pathogen isolated in nasal vestibular abscess.MethodsWe present a series of 13 consecutive patients presenting to a tertiary care center with nasal vestibular abscess over a 2.5‐year period.ResultsAll abscesses were cultured and 100% (13/13) grew S. aureus. Of the S. aureus isolates, 92% (12/13) were MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the MRSA isolates were as follows: 100% were susceptible to rifampin, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, 75% to clindamycin, 58% to fluoroquinolones, and 17% to erythromycin.ConclusionMRSA is an important pathogen in the community. It is therefore critical to appreciate its potential predominance in nasal vestibular abscess. Clinicians should obtain cultures, modify antibiotic therapy as warranted, and initiate empiric therapy to include MRSA coverage for nasal vestibular abscess. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Biology and invasive potential of the introduced swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel (Poeciliidae) in Western Australia
Authors: Maddern M. G. , Gill H. S. , Morgan D. L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii is a popular ornamental freshwater fish that occurs as an introduced species in the aquatic habitats of at least 31 countries. Although introduced populations are found in other Australian states, the only known Western Australian population occurs in the Irwin River (29°15′S).
The biology of X. hellerii in the Irwin River in south‐western Australia is described from four seasonal samples, collected by seine net, between spring 2002 and winter 2003.
Pregnant females were collected in all seasonal samples, though juveniles were absent in spring, implying that juvenile mortality during late winter is high. Although mean length of pregnant females (38.7 mm) and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) (14.7) were similar to reported data for X. hellerii populations in Queensland, mean fecundity was markedly lower in Western Australia, i.e. 34.1, cf. 60.15.
Logistic analysis of the percentage of female and male X. hellerii with developing and mature gonads predicted that the length at which 50% of the sexes mature was 30.8 and 31.5 mm SL, respectively. The sex ratios of females to males did not differ statistically from a ratio of 2:1.
The diet of all X. hellerii size classes was omnivorous (primarily vegetal matter/algae), although a significant difference was observed between the diet of juveniles and that of the two larger size classes (i.e. juveniles consumed greater quantities of aquatic invertebrates).
A melanic polymorphism (i.e. pigmented caudal peduncle and fin) was observed in approximately 5% of X. hellerii collected.
If released, the range of X. hellerii is likely to expand in anthropogenically modified habitats in tropical and temperate latitudes of Western Australia. Potential ecological impacts on indigenous fishes may be magnified owing to the depauperate nature of the endemic ichthyofauna including a lack of predators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover and edge length to area ratio of seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows in coral reef lagoons (Veracruz Reef System, Southwest Gulf of México)
Authors: Terrados Jorge , Ramírez‐García Pedro 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are usually correlated while habitat degradation may occur independently of them. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances increase the spatial fragmentation of seagrass meadows with unknown consequences on the vegetative development achieved by seagrass.
Cover and spatial fragmentation of Thalassia testudinum meadows in three coral reef lagoons of the Veracruz Reef System,VRS (SW Gulf of México) were quantified by analysing low‐altitude images acquired by photographic and digital video cameras from a helium‐filled blimp. Spatial fragmentation was quantified as the ratio of the length of meadow edge to meadow area. The number of blowouts (erosive gaps in seagrass meadows) was also recorded.
Meadow cover was negatively correlated with the length of meadow edge to meadow area ratio. The number of blowouts per ha of T. testudinum meadow was negatively correlated with meadow cover and positively with the length of meadow edge to meadow area ratio. Wave exposure is probably a main component of the processes determining the cover and spatial fragmentation of T. testudinum meadows in VRS.
Low cover and high spatial fragmentation of T. testudinum meadows in VRS are associated with low vegetative development of this seagrass species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a web search model: Integrating multitasking, cognitive coordination, and cognitive shifts
Authors: Du Jia Tina , Spink Amanda 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLimited research has investigated the role of multitasking, cognitive coordination, and cognitive shifts during web search. Understanding these three behaviors is crucial to web search model development. This study aims to explore characteristics of multitasking behavior, types of cognitive shifts, and levels of cognitive coordination as well as the relationship between them during web search. Data collection included pre‐ and postquestionnaires, think‐aloud protocols, web search logs, observations, and interviews with 42 graduate students who conducted 315 web search sessions with 221 information problems. Results show that web search is a dynamic interaction including the ordering of multiple information problems and the generation of evolving information problems, including task switching, multitasking, explicit task and implicit mental coordination, and cognitive shifting. Findings show that explicit task‐level coordination is closely linked to multitasking, and implicit cognitive‐level coordination is related to the task‐coordination process; including information problem development and task switching. Coordination mechanisms directly result in cognitive state shifts including strategy, evaluation, and view states that affect users' holistic shifts in information problem understanding and knowledge contribution. A web search model integrating multitasking, cognitive coordination, and cognitive shifts (MCC model) is presented. Implications and further research also are discussed.
Convergence speed of a fractional order consensus algorithm over undirected scale‐free networks
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Yan , Li Changpin , Chen YangQuan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractScale‐free networks have been rediscovered universally in natural and man‐made systems, and the consensus protocols have been tremendously studied over the last decade. Motivated by the fractional‐order dynamics of bacteria colonies, a fractional‐order protocol is employed to achieve the consensus over scale‐free networks. The most remarkable property of scale‐free networks lies in the inverse power‐law degree distributions. The present work concerns the convergence speed with different fractional orders corresponding to different power‐law parameters. The analytic solutions of consensus protocols are given and its property is discussed, explaining the quick convergence speed in the early stage of the consensus process, and the slower performance later. Inspired by such behavior, a switching order consensus protocol is proposed, which efficiently increases the convergence speed and ensures the exponential convergence as time tends to infinity. The disagreement of the system during the consensus procedure is investigated. Theoretic analysis and simulations demonstrate that, for certain scale‐free networks, an optimal order exists so that the fractional‐order consensus algorithm can minimize the disagreement or its integral.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Sensitivity of Kelvin waves and Madden–Julian oscillation to convective downdrafts in the NCAR‐CAM3
Authors: Mishra Saroj K. , Sahany Sandeep 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing NCAR‐Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), the sensitivity of Kelvin waves (KWs) and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) simulation to convective downdrafts is examined. For this, numerical simulations are carried out by changing the downdraft intensity. Increase in the intensity of convective downdrafts in the model leads to greater re‐evaporation of precipitation, which enhances the moisture in the lower troposphere, with a corresponding increase in the convective available potential energy (CAPE). Stronger downdrafts, and hence enhanced CAPE, are found to be more favorable for low frequency variability and less favorable for the higher frequencies, leading to stronger MJO and weaker KWs. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Airport taxi planning: Lagrangian decomposition
Authors: Marín Ángel G. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThe airport taxi planning (TP) module is a decision tool intended to guide airport surface management operations. TP is defined by a flow network optimization model that represents flight ground movements and improves aircraft taxiing routes and schedules during periods of aircraft congestion. TP is not intended to operate as a stand‐alone tool for airport operations management: on the contrary, it must be used in conjunction with existing departing and arriving traffic tools and overseen by the taxi planner of the airport, also known as the aircraft ground controller. TP must be flexible in order to accommodate changing inputs while maintaining consistent routes and schedules already delivered from past executions. Within this dynamic environment, the execution time of TP may not exceed a few minutes. Classic methods for solving binary multi‐commodity flow networks with side constraints are not efficient enough; therefore, a Lagrangian decomposition methodology has been adapted to solve it. We demonstrate TP Lagrangian decomposition using actual data from the Madrid‐Barajas Airport. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notochordal and foregut abnormalities correlate with elevated neural crest apoptosis in Patch embryos
Authors: Snider Paige , Simmons Olga , Rogers Rhonda , Young Rachel , Gosnell Mica , Conway Simon J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough Patch mutants show severe abnormalities in many neural crest‐derived structures including the face and the heart, there is a paucity of information characterizing the mechanisms underlying these congenital defects. Via manipulating the genetic background to circumvent early embryonic lethality, our results revealed that Patch phenotypes are most likely due to a significant decrease in migratory neural crest lineage due to diminished neural crest survival and elevated apoptosis. Homozygous mutant neural crest precursors can undergo typical expansion within the neural tube, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transformation, and initiate normal neural crest emigration. Moreover, in vitro explant culture demonstrated that when isolated from the surrounding mesenchyme, Patch mutant neural crest cells (NCCs) can migrate appropriately. Additionally, Patch foregut, notochord and somitic morphogenesis, and Sonic hedgehog expression profiles were all perturbed. Significantly, the timing of lethality and extent of apoptosis correlated with the degree of severity of Patch mutant foregut, notochord, and somite dysfunction. Finally, analysis of Balb/c‐enriched surviving Patch mutants revealed that not all the neural crest subpopulations are affected and that Patch mutant neural crest‐derived sympathetic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia were unaffected. We hypothesize that loss of normal coordinated signaling from the notochord, foregut, and somites underlies the diminished survival of the neural crest lineage within Patch mutants resulting in subsequent neural crest‐deficient phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.