bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Did Philip Morris Stop Making Cigarettes at Auschwitz?
Authors: Akselrad Daniel , Proctor Robert N. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After the collapse of communism in the satellite states of the Soviet Union, global cigarette makers began acquiring factories throughout Eastern Europe to capitalize on this new market opportunity. Drawing on victims’ accounts of the Holocaust, this article rediscovers the Philip Morris cigarette factory at Auschwitz—a manufacturing plant once used by the SS to torture and execute prisoners from the first transports to the killing center. Confidential tobacco industry documents disgorged through litigation show that the world's largest cigarette maker was aware of this heritage prior to purchasing these factories, and made efforts to control the fallout from this potential PR blunder. During these same years, cigarette makers were publicly equating cigarettes with liberty, airing advertisements comparing smokers to the persecuted Jews of Nazi Europe. Exposing these trespasses both physical and rhetorical, this article reflects on one site where two very different atrocities collide.
Enhancing the performance of InGaN-based near-infrared light-emitting diodes under a weakly polarized electric field
Authors: Hu Yifan , Nie Rongtao , Wu Guoguang , Nie Haoxin , Zhu Jianfeng , Wang Zengjiang , Wang Xiaoqiu , Chen Yutong , Zhang Yuantao , Zhang Baolin 
Published: June 2024

This work presents a simulation analysis of nitride multi-quantum-well near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an emission wavelength of 1300 nm using Crosslight-APSYS software. The polarization electric field at the quantum wells was effectively tuned by adopting an Al0.02Ga0.19In0.79N quaternaries compound as the barrier for the In0.78GaN quantum wells, resulting in a near-zero polarization electric field. This approach significantly reduced band bending and increased the overlap of electron-hole wave functions within the quantum wells. Consequently, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in the nitride near-infrared LED improved, and the droop effect was significantly reduced. The Auger recombination mechanism that influences the droop effect was further analyzed. This provides an efficient approach for the development of high-performance InGaN-based near-infrared light-emitting diodes with high indium content.
Ultralow-phase-noise and broadband frequency-hopping coupled optoelectronic oscillator under quiet point operation
Authors: Liu Hui , Guo Mingyang , Zhang Tian , Dai Jian , Xu Kun 
Published: June 2024

Advancements in microwave photonics have yielded novel approaches for generating high-purity microwave sources. Among these, optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) and coupled optoelectronic oscillators (COEOs) have demonstrated the capability to generate frequency-independent microwaves with exceptionally low phase noise. Nonetheless, the tunability of the oscillators is rather limited due to the necessity for narrowband electronic bandpass filters, presenting challenges in achieving both wide and rapid tuning capabilities. Here, we present a COEO featuring ultralow phase noise, flexible tuning capability, and high robustness. This is achieved through a quiet point (QP)-operated harmonic mode-locked fiber laser, which effectively mitigates optical amplifier noise and supermode competition, thus significantly diminishing the necessity for ultra-narrow electronic filters. Due to the liberated tuning ability, we present an oscillator that can be tuned from 2 GHz to 18 GHz, with phase noise as low as −140  dBc/Hz at 10 kHz under the QP operation. We then illustrate the practical application of the proposed oscillator in generating frequency-hopping signals with consistent spurious modes less than −85  dBc, absolute phase noise below −135  dBc/Hz at 10 kHz, hopping resolution of 1.25 MHz, and fractional frequency stability below 6.1×10−12 at 1 s averaging time when locked to a reference. The presented COEO structure emerges as a compelling solution for agile and low-noise microwave sources in advanced wireless communication and radar systems.
Closed-loop oxygen control for critically ill patients––A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mól Caroline Gomes , Vieira Aléxia Gabriela da Silva , Garcia Bianca Maria Schneider Pereira , dos Santos Pereira Emanuel , Eid Raquel Afonso Caserta , Schultz Marcus J. , Pinto Ana Carolina Pereira Nunes , Nawa Ricardo Kenji 
Published: June 2024

Background
The impact of closed-loop control systems to titrate oxygen flow in critically ill patients, including their effectiveness, efficacy, workload and safety, remains unclear. This systematic review investigated the utilization of closed-loop oxygen systems for critically ill patients in comparison to manual oxygen titration systems focusing on these topics.

Methods and findings
A search was conducted across several databases including MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, LOVE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization on March 3, 2022, with subsequent updates made on June 27, 2023. Evidence databases were searched for randomized clinical parallel or crossover studies investigating closed-loop oxygen control systems for critically ill patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. The analysis was conducted using Review Manager software, adopting the mean difference or standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for continuous variables or risk ratio with 95% CI for dichotomous outcomes. The main outcome of interest was the percentage of time spent in the peripheral arterial oxygen saturation target. Secondary outcomes included time for supplemental oxygen weaning, length of stay, mortality, costs, adverse events, and workload of healthcare professional. A total of 37 records from 21 studies were included in this review with a total of 1,577 participants. Compared with manual oxygen titration, closed-loop oxygen control systems increased the percentage of time in the prescribed SpO2 target, mean difference (MD) 25.47; 95% CI 19.7, 30.0], with moderate certainty of evidence. Current evidence also shows that closed-loop oxygen control systems have the potential to reduce the percentage of time with hypoxemia (MD -0.98; 95% CI -1.68, -0.27) and healthcare workload (MD -4.94; 95% CI -7.28, -2.61) with low certainty of evidence.

Conclusion
Closed-loop oxygen control systems increase the percentage of time in the preferred SpO2 targets and may reduce healthcare workload.

Trial registration
PROSPERO: CRD42022306033.
Colistin-resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections
Authors: Al Momani Waleed M. , Ata Nour , Maslat Ahmed O. 
Published: June 2024

BackgroundThe incidence of antimicrobial resistance is alarmingly high because it occurs in humans, environment, and animal sectors from a “One Health” viewpoint. The emergence of plasmid-carried mobile colistin-resistance (MCR) genes limits the efficacy of colistin, which is the last-line treatment for multidrug resistance (MDR) against gram-negative infections.ObjectivesThe current study aimed to investigate emergence of colistin-resistance (MCR1–5) genes inE.coliisolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Jordan.MethodsE.coli(n = 132) were collected from urine specimens. TheE.coliisolated from human UTI patients were examined the resistance to colistin based on the presence ofMCR(1–5). All isolates were tested against 20 antimicrobials using the standard disk diffusion method. The broth microdilution technique was used to analyze colistin resistance. In addition, theMCR(1–5) genes were detected using multiplex PCR.ResultsOut of the 132 isolates, 1 isolate was colistin-resistant, having a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μg/mL and possessingMCR-1. All theE.coliisolates showed high resistance to penicillin (100%), amoxicillin (79.55%), cephalexin (75.76%), nalidixic acid (62.88%), tetracycline (58.33%), or cefepime (53.79).ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of plasmid-codedMCR-1 inE.colifrom a patient with UTIs in Jordan. This is a problematic finding because colistin is the last-line drug for the treatment of infections caused by MDR gram-negative bacteria. There is a crucial need to robustly utilize antibiotics to control and prevent the emergence and prevalence of colistin-resistance genes.
Long-Term Outcomes of Additional Surgery After Endoscopic Resection Versus Primary Surgery for T1 Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tamaru Yuzuru , Kuwai Toshio , Kajiwara Yoshiki , Oka Shiro , Saito Shoichi , Fukunaga Yosuke , Kawachi Hiroshi , Takamatsu Manabu , Hotta Kinichi , Ikematsu Hiroaki , Kojima Motohiro , Saito Yutaka , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Yamada Masayoshi , Sekine Shigeki , Tanaka Shinji , Nagata Shinji , Nakamura Takahiro , Yamada Kazutaka , Konno Maki , Ishihara Soichiro , Saitoh Yusuke , Matsuda Kenji , Togashi Kazutomo , Komori Koji , Ishiguro Megumi , Okuyama Takashi , Ohuchi Akihiro , Ohnuma Shinobu , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Sugai Tamotsu , Katsumata Kenji , Matsushita Hiro-o , Yamano Hiro-o , Nakai Keisuke , Uraoka Toshio , Akimoto Naohiko , Kobayashi Hirotoshi , Ajioka Yoichi , Sugihara Kenichi , Ueno Hideki 
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION:
There is considerable concern about whether endoscopic resection (ER) before additional surgery (AS) for T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) has oncologically potential adverse effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes, including overall survival (OS), of patients treated with AS after ER vs primary surgery (PS) for T1 CRC using a propensity score-matched analysis from a large observational study.

METHODS:
This study investigated 6,105 patients with T1 CRC treated with either ER or surgical resection between 2009 and 2016 at 27 high-volume Japanese institutions, with those undergoing surgery alone included in the PS group and those undergoing AS after ER included in the AS group. Propensity score matching was used for long-term outcomes of mortality and recurrence analysis.

RESULTS:
After propensity score matching, 1,219 of 2,438 patients were identified in each group. The 5-year OS rates in the AS and PS groups were 97.1% and 96.0%, respectively (hazard ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.49–1.08), indicating the noninferiority of the AS group. Moreover, 32 patients (2.6%) in the AS group and 24 (2.0%) in the PS group had recurrences, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.76–2.40, P = 0.344).

DISCUSSION:
ER before AS for T1 CRC had no adverse effect on patients' long-term outcomes, including the 5-year OS rate. ER is a viable first-line treatment option for endoscopically resectable T1 CRC.
An approach to metric space-valued Sobolev maps via weak* derivatives
Authors: Creutz Paul , Evseev Nikita 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We give a characterization of metric space-valued Sobolev maps in terms of weak* derivatives. More precisely, we show that Sobolev maps with values in dual-to-separable Banach spaces can be defined in terms of classical weak derivatives in a weak* sense. Since every separable metric space

X

X

embeds isometrically into

ℓ

∞

{\ell }^{\infty }

, we conclude that Sobolev maps with values in

X

X

can be characterized by postcomposition with such embedding and the mentioned weak gradients. A slight variation on our definition was proposed previously by Hajłasz and Tyson. However, we show that their definition does not work in the sense that for technical reasons the arising Sobolev space is essentially empty.
The Impact of the Madrasati Platform Experience on Acquiring Mathematical Concepts and Improving Learning Motivation from the Point of View of Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Alabdulaziz Mansour Saleh , Alhammadi Ali Abdullah 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The objective of this research is to examine the impact of the Madrasati platform experience on acquiring mathematical concepts, and improving learning motivation from the point of view of mathematics teachers. To achieve the objective of the research, the researchers relied on the descriptive approach in its survey style. The sample of the study consisted of 613 mathematics teachers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the study tool (questionnaire) was distributed to them. These data were processed through the use of quantitative methods and measures, such as the statistical packages program SPSS. The main results were as follows. First, there was a moderate level of agreement among participants regarding the impact of the experience of using the Madrasati platform. Second, there was a much stronger level of agreement regarding the degree to which using the Madrasati platform enabled students to acquire mathematical concepts. Third, there was almost universal agreement among participants that using the platform enhanced students’ motivation to learn. Fourthly, the participants perceived there to be an extremely strong relationship between enhanced motivation to learn and the acquisition of mathematical concepts. The researchers recommend that students and mathematics teachers should continue to use the Madrasati platform in the everyday school environment.
Development of clinical decision-making among undergraduate nursing students: the effect of unfolding case-based learning
Authors: Liu Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This prospective cohort study evaluated the effect of unfolding case-based learning on undergraduate nursing students’ self-perceived clinical decision-making ability.

Methods
Students’ self-reported responses to Jenkins’s Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale were compared between the unfolding case-based learning cohort (n=140) and the comparison cohort (n=126) at a school of nursing in the United States.

Results
The results revealed similar students’ responses between the two study cohorts. However, unfolding case-based learning significantly increased students’ perceived proficiency in “search for information and unbiased assimilation of new information”.

Conclusions
Findings from the present study highlight possibilities presented by unfolding case-based learning in undergraduate nursing education. The study supports that unfolding case studies can be introduced early on, and then nurtured throughout the undergraduate program to influence the development of nursing students’ clinical decision-making skills.
Discrete Morse theory segmentation on high-resolution 3D lithic artifacts
Authors: Bullenkamp Jan Philipp , Kaiser Theresa , Linsel Florian , Krömker Susanne , Mara Hubert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Motivated by the question of understanding the roots of tool making by anatomically modern humans and coexisting Neanderthals in the Paleolithic, a number of shape classification methods have been tested on photographs and drawings of stone tools. Since drawings contain interpretation and photographs fool both human and computational methods by color and shadows on the surface, we propose an approach using 3D datasets as best means for analyzing shape, and rely on first open access repositories on lithic tools. The goal is to not only analyze shape on an artifact level, but allow a more detailed analysis of stone tools on a scar and ridge level. A Morse-Smale complex (MS complex) extracted from the triangular mesh of a 3D model is a reduced skeleton consisting of linked lines on the mesh. Discrete Morse theory makes it possible to obtain such a MS complex from a scalar function. Thus, we begin with Multi-Scale Integral Invariant filtering on the meshes of lithic artifacts, which provides curvature measures for ridges, which are convex, and scars, which are concave. The resulting values on the vertices can be used as our discrete Morse function and the skeleton we get is build up from lines that will coincide with the ridges and, implicitly, contains the scars as enclosed regions of those lines on the mesh. As this requires a few parameters, we provide a graphical user interface (GUI) to allow altering the predefined parameters to quickly find a good result. In addition, a stone tool may have areas that do not belong to the scar/ridge class. These can be masked and we use conforming MS complexes to ensure that the skeleton keeps these areas whole. Finally, results are shown on real and open access datasets. The source code and manually annotated ground truth for the evaluation are provided as Open Access with a Creative Commons license.
Environmental Nonprofit Organizations and Public Opinion on Global Warming
Authors: Sun Yu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs) play a critical role in climate governance. Though ENPOs dedicate significant efforts to advocacy and providing public services, their interaction with public opinion on global warming has not been fully explored. Through multilevel regression analysis on county-level data in the U.S., this article examines the relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public perceptions of global warming, taking into account variations among ENPOs. The findings indicate that: (1) the overall presence of ENPOs is slightly, but not significantly, positively correlated with public perceptions of global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs showing a more robust and statistically significant correlation; (2) there is an inverted-U relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public opinion on global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs reaching tipping points earlier than service-oriented ENPOs; and (3) the partisanship of liberal counties influences this association. This study suggests a potential role for nonprofits in policymaking by interacting with public opinion.
Who Volunteers at Refugee and Immigrant Nonprofits? Results from Two Studies
Authors: Ferris Anna , Marrese Tiana , Cnaan Ram , Choi Daniel , Handy Femida 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations rely on their volunteers to carry out services that are critical for supporting their mission. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the types of volunteers who support refugee and immigrant nonprofits. We report findings from two independent, but complementary studies. Study 1 examined the individuals who formally volunteered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations. In our analysis, we employed a logistic regression to understand to what extent volunteering at refugee and immigrant organizations is associated with demographic characteristics, religiosity, political views, and civic engagement. We compare volunteers assisting refugees and immigrants to volunteers serving other causes and all individuals who volunteer in the US. In Study 2, we aimed to know individuals volunteering for refugees and immigrants more deeply and conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews with volunteers who supported Afghan evacuees between August 2021 and August 2022 through a refugee resettlement organization or a community sponsorship group. Findings from Study 1 indicate that volunteers supporting refugees and immigrants are more likely to be part-time workers, born outside of the US, are more liberal in their political views, and are more likely to be religious than volunteers who serve other organizations. Results from Study 2 show that volunteers were not new to volunteering for refugee and immigrant causes, were often motivated by personal or family experiences with migration or displacement and were affiliated with a congregation or synagogue. Volunteers showed that they went beyond traditional resettlement support that focused on providing immediate needs and were also active in political advocacy for refugees and immigrants. We conclude by providing exploratory insight into the individuals that support refugee and immigrant nonprofits and we offer practice implications relating to sustaining this unique group of volunteers.
Onde reside o ódio no discurso de ódio "suave": O potencial argumentativo em esferas públicas hostis
Authors: Mohammed Dima 
Published: June 2024

Neste artigo, exploro a discriminação por ódio envolvida em mensagens públicas, em que um político português alega actos ilícitos cometidos por membros da comunidade cigana. As mensagens, que levaram a uma acusação de discurso de ódio contra o político, mas que não conduziram à sua condenação, são analisadas como casos de discurso de ódio suave (Assimakopoulos et al., 2017): embora não indiquem necesariamente, de forma explícita, que alguém deve ser odiado, fornecem de forma crucial a lógica subjacente ao ódio discriminatório. De modo a identificar esta lógica subjacente, discuto as premissas que são comunicadas nas mensagens e reconstruo o argumento global que as liga, com especial atenção ao potencial argumentativo (Mohammed, 2019; ver também Kjeldsen, 2017; Serafis, 2022). A análise revela um significado implícito que não é apenas discriminatório, mas que também incita ações que podem eventualmente resultar em violência contra a comunidade cigana. Consequentemente, explica-se o que torna o discurso de ódio suave, perigoso: embora as mensagens não sejam necessariamente culpáveis do ponto de vista jurídico, são, no entanto, discursivamente responsáveis, por incitarem ao ódio, à discriminação e - talvez - à violência contra um grupo minoritário, já de si, desfavorecido.
Colon Cancer Genetic and Epigenetic Changes, Etiopathogenesis, Risk Factors, Treatment: Literature Review
Authors: Ūbaitė Gabrielė , Remeikaitė Aurelija , Žilinskas Justas 
Published: June 2024

Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancerrelated mortality worldwide. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the incidence of CRC. The main reasons are ageing population, increased consumption of processed food, obesity, genetic predispositions. Aim. To review the latest scientific developments and novel factors on the epidemiology, etiology, pathoge­nesis of colon cancer, focusing on the influence of genetics and epigenetics, risk factors, and the advancement of prevention and treatment methods. Material and methods. The research method is a literature review. Publications were searched in the PubMed database using the following keywords and their combinations in English: colon cancer, colorectal cancer, management, prevalence, causes, risk factors, genetic and epigenetic changes. Selection criteria for publications: scientific articles in English relevant to the research topic and 90% of articles published in the last 10 years (2014–2024). Results. Using theoretical analysis methods, 72 publications were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Our findings emphasize the central role of genetic mutations (particularly in APC, TP53, KRAS and MMR) and epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. These genetic and epigenetic factors drive the progression from benign polyps to malignant carcinomas, with environmental, lifestyle, and chronic disease factors also playing a critical role. In particular, diet, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol significantly increase risk, especially in men and those over 50. Innovations such as CRISPR/Cas9 offer new avenues for targeted treatments, while advances in vaccines and liquid biopsy techniques are improving immune response activation and disease monitoring. In addition, diets rich in fiber, antioxidants and healthy fats, as well as the use of probiotics and NSAIDs, are key to reducing cancer risk through their anti-inflammatory effects and promoting gut health. Conclussions. This review highlights the significant impact of genetic and epigenetic factors on colorectal cancer (CRC) development, in addition to the role of lifestyle and environmental exposures. It highlights the potential of CRISPR/Cas9, immunotherapies, and liquid biopsies in pioneering personalized CRC treatments and early detection. Advances in prevention and technology promise a new era of personalized, effective CRC management strategies.