bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precision-to-Tolerance Capability: An Important Consideration in Tight Glucose Control
Authors: Prinzing Catherine , Rosenlund Sarah , Sukeena Vicki , Malinowski Cynthia , Wise Lowell C. 
Published: May 2009

Objective To assess clinical implications of bias and variance of point-of-care glucometric measurements in cardiac surgery patients with wide variations in postoperative hematocrit.Methods Point-of-care glucose measurements were compared with values from laboratory analysis of the same sample of whole blood obtained from cardiac patients early on postoperative days 1 and 2. Twenty nurses collected 89 arterial blood samples from 58 patients during a 4-month period. Bias was measured by using difference scores between paired measurements. Patients were grouped within 5% increments according to hematocrit, and analysis of variance was used to test for differences. Variation was analyzed by precision-to-tolerance analysis within 3 euglycemic tolerance ranges.Results Laboratory glucose values were 62 to 224 mg/dL; point-of-care measures were 83 to 253 mg/dL. Bias was 10.85 mg/dL across all hematocrit groups. Pairs of laboratory and point-of-care glucose values differed significantly (t174 = 10.03; P &lt; .001). Bias increased from −2.83 mg/dL for patients with hematocrits exceeding 39% to +16.71 mg/dL for patients with hematocrits between 20% and 24%. The standard deviation of difference scores was 11.59 mg/dL overall. The difference between 5% hematocrit groups was significant (F4 = 4.11; P = .004). Precision-to-tolerance capability ratios for specification limits of 70 to 300, 90 to 140, and 80 to 110 mg/dL were 0.30, 1.39, and 2.32, respectively.Conclusions The direction of bias change between hematocrit groupings was the direction predicted in the manufacturer’s information. Precision-to-tolerance measures indicated that the point-of-care equipment was not suitable for testing glucose within the planned “tighter” glycemic standards.
Intracranial and Blood Pressure Variability and Long-Term Outcome After Aneurysmal Sub-arachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Kirkness Catherine J. , Burr Robert L. , Mitchell Pamela H. 
Published: May 2009

Background Care of brain-injured patients in intensive care units has focused on maintaining arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure within prescribed ranges. Research suggests, however, that the dynamic variability of these pressure signals provides additional information about physiological functioning and may reflect adaptive capacity.Objectives To see if long-term outcomes can be predicted from variability of arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods Arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure were monitored continuously for 4 days in 90 patients (74% women; mean age, 53 years) in an intensive care unit after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Variability of arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure signals was calculated on 4 timescales: 24 hours, 1 hour, 5 minutes, and the difference of sequential 5-second means. The Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale was used to assess functional outcome 6 months after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Results Pressure variability was better than mean pressure levels for predicting 6-month functional outcome. When initial neurological condition was controlled for, greater faster variability (particularly 5-second) was associated with better outcomes (typical P&lt;.001), whereas greater 24-hour variability was associated with poorer outcomes (typical P&lt;.001).Conclusions The relationship between long-term functional outcome and variability of arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure levels depends on the timescale at which the variability is measured. Because it is associated with better outcome, greater faster variability may reflect better physiological adaptive capacity.
An Efficient, Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Hetero‐
D
iels‐
A
lder Catalyst. Preparation of (2

S

,6

R

)‐6‐(

tert

‐Butyldimethyl‐Silyloxymethyl)‐2‐Methoxy‐2,5‐Dihydropyran
Authors: Chavez David E. , Jacobsen Eric N. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

2‐(1‐Adamantyl)‐4‐methylphenol

(1
R
,2
S
)‐1‐Aminoindan‐2‐ol

(1
R
,2
S
)‐1‐[(3‐Adamantyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzylidenamino]indan‐2‐ol

Chromium(III) Cl complex

1‐Methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene

(2
S
,6
R
)‐6‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)‐2‐methoxy‐2,5‐dihydropyran
Lipase‐Catalyzed Resolution of 4‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐Butyn‐2‐ol and Conversion of the (
R
)‐Enantiomer to (
R
)‐3‐Butyn‐2‐yl Mesylate and (
P
)‐1‐Tributylstannyl‐1,2‐Butadiene
Authors: Marshall James A. , Chobanian Harry 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

(R)‐4‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐yl acetate

(S)‐4‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐yl succinate

4‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol

(R)‐4‐Trimethylsilyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐yl mesylate

Vinyl acetate

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Butyllithium

Cuprous bromide‐dimethylsulfide complex

(
P
)‐1‐Tributylstannyl‐1, 2‐butadiene
Iridium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Vinyl Ethers from Alcohols and Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Hirabayashi Tomotaka , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Di‐μ‐bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I)

Sodium carbonate

p‐
Methoxyphenol

Vinyl acetate
1‐(

tert

‐Butylimino‐Methyl)‐1,3‐Dimethyl‐Urea Hydrochloride
Authors: Díaz David D. , Ripka Amy S. , Finn M. G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

1,3‐Dimethylurea

Acetyl chloride

tert
‐Butyl isocyanide
Preparation of 4‐Acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐Oxoammonium Tetrafluoroborate, and the Oxidation of Geraniol to Geranial
Authors: Bobbitt James M. , Merbouh Nabyl 
Published: April 2009

Abstract4‐Acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxonium tetrafluoroborate4‐Acetylamino‐2,2‐6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxoammonium perchlorate4‐Acetamido‐TEMPOTetrafluoroboric acid1‐DecanolHydrogen peroxide4‐Amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinium acetateGeraniolGeranialSodium hypochlorite
(2

S

)‐(−)‐3‐
exo
‐(Morpholino)Isoborneol [(−)‐
MIB
]
Authors: Chen Young K. , Jeon Sang‐Jin , Walsh Patrick J. , Nugent William A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Anti
‐(1‐
R
)‐(1)‐Camphorquinone 3‐oxime

(1
R
)‐(+)‐Camphor

(2
S
)‐(−)‐3‐exo‐Aminoisoborneol

Bis(2‐bromoethyl) ether

Lithium aluminum hydride

Isoamyl nitrite

Potassium‐
tert
‐butoxide

Triethylamine
Conversion of Arylalkylketones into Dichloroalkenes: (1‐Chloro‐4‐(2,2‐dichloro‐1‐methylethenyl)‐benzene)
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Korotchenko Vasily N. , Shastin Alexey V. , Balenkova Elisabeth S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Hydrazine hydrate

1‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)ethanone

1‐(4‐Chloropheny)ethanone hydrazone

Copper (I) chloride

Carbon tetrachloride
Asymmetric Alcoholysis of Meso‐Anhydrides Mediated by Alkaloids
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Atodiresei Iuliana , Schiffers Ingo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Quinidine

Endo‐Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic anhydride

Benzyl alcohol

Lithium triethylborohydride

Quinine
N

,

N

‐Dibenzyl‐

N

‐[1‐Cyclohexyl‐3‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐2‐Propynyl]‐Amine from Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, Trimethylsilylacetylene and Dibenzylamine
Authors: Gommermann Nina , Knochel Paul 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Trimethylsilylacetylene

Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Dibenzylamine

Copper(I) bromide

(
S
)‐Quinap

(
R
)‐(+)‐
N,N
‐Dibenzyl‐
N
‐[1‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐2‐propynyl]‐amine

Tetra‐
n
‐butylammonium fluoride

N,N
‐Dibenzyl‐
N
‐(1‐cyclohexyl‐2‐propynyl)‐amine
Generation of Ynolate and

Z

‐Selective Olefination of Acylsilanes: (

Z

)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Trimethylsilyl‐2‐Butenoic Acid
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru , Matsumoto Kenji , Shishido Kozo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

1,2‐Dibromo‐1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane

Ethyl 2‐bromopropanoate

Ethyl 2,2‐dibromopropionate

Acetyltrimethylsilane
Synthesis of Acylsilanes from Morpholine Amides. Synthesis of 1‐(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan‐1‐One
Authors: Lettan Robert B. , Milgram Benjamin C. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

1‐Morpholinopropan‐1‐one

Morpholine

Propanoyl chloride

Chlorodimethylphenylsilane

1‐(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan‐1‐one
StereoselectiveIsoprenoid Chain Extension with Acetoacetate Dianion: (

E

,

E

,

E

)‐Geranylgeraniol From (

E

,

E

)‐Farnesol
Authors: Jin Yinghua , Roberts Frank G. , Coates Robert M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

(
E
,
E
)‐ Farnesol

Methanesulfonyl chloride

Ethylacetoacetate

Diethylchlorophosphate

Diisobutylaluminum hydride
Synthesis of Terminal 1,3‐Diynes via Sonogashira Coupling of Vinylidene Chloride Followed by Elimination. Preparation of 1,3‐Decadiyne
Authors: Kohnen Amanda L. , Danheiser Rick L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

n
‐Butylamine

1‐Octyne

Vinylidene chloride

2‐Chloro‐1‐decen‐3‐yne

Copper (I) iodide

1, 3‐Decadiyne

Diisopropylamine
Synthesis of Ynamides by

N

‐Alkynylation of Amine Derivatives. Preparation of

N

‐Allyl‐

N

‐(Methoxycarbonyl)‐1,3‐Decadiynylamine
Authors: Kohnen Amanda L. , Dunetz Joshua R. , Danheiser Rick L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Allylamine

Methyl chloroformate

N
‐(Methoxycarbonyl)‐2‐propenylamine

1,3‐Decadiyne

N
‐Bromosuccinimide

Potassium hexamethyldisilazide

Copper(I) iodide
(

S

)‐(+)‐Neomenthyldiphenylphosphine in Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and α‐Hydroxy Ketones
Authors: Van Dyke Aaron R. , Miller Karen M. , Jamison Timothy F. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Ni(cod)2

(
S
)‐(+)‐Neomenthyldiphenylphosphine

Triethylborane

Dimethylimidizolidinone

1‐Phenyl‐1‐butyne

(
R
)‐(
E
)‐2‐Benzylidiene‐1‐cyclohexyl‐butan‐1‐ol

(
R
)‐Butan‐2‐one

Dimethylsulfide
Preparation ofN‐p‐Tolylsulfonyl‐(E)‐1‐Phenylethylideneimine
Authors: Ruano José Luis García , Alemán José , Parra Alejandro , Cid M. Belén 
Published: April 2009

AbstractN‐p‐ToluenesulfinamideAcetophenoneEthanol, 1‐phenylEthanol, titaniumN‐p‐Tolylsulfinyl‐(E)‐1‐phenylethylideneimineBenzenecarboperoxic acid, 3‐chloroN‐p‐Tolylsulfonyl‐(E)‐phenylethylideneimine
Preparation of a Trisamidomolybdenum(
VI
) Propylidyne Complex – A Highly Active Catalyst Precursor For Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Yunyi , Moore Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Sodium
tert
‐butoxide

2‐(Dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl

Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)

Tert
‐Butylamine

5‐Bromo‐
m
‐xylene

N
‐(3,5‐Dimethylphenyl)‐
tert
‐butylamine

Butyllithium

Lithium
N
‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐
tert
‐butylamide etherate

Molybdenum(V) chloride

Tris[
N‐tert
‐butyl)(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐amido]molybdenum(III)

1,1‐Dichloropropane

Trisamidomolybdenum(VI) propylidyne

N
‐Nitrophenol

1‐Phenyl‐1‐butyne
Electrophilic Cyclization withN‐Iodosuccinimide: Preparation of 5‐(4‐Bromophenyl)‐3‐Iodo‐2‐(4‐Methylphenyl)Furan
Authors: Sniady Adam , Morreale Marco S. , Dembinski Roman 
Published: April 2009

Abstract5‐(4‐Bromophenyl)‐3‐iodo‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl)furan2‐(4‐Bromophenyl)oxirane4‐EthynyltolueneLithium diisopropylamide1‐(4‐Bromophenyl)‐4‐methylphenyl)but‐3‐yn‐1‐olChromium trioxide1‐(4‐Bromophenyl)‐4‐methylphenyl)but‐3‐yn‐1‐oneN‐Isosuccinamide
Selective
Pd
‐Catlyzed Aminations on Chloroiodopyridines: Synthesis of Ethyl 4‐[(6‐Chloropyridin‐3‐
YL
)Amino]Benzoate
Authors: Rombouts Geert , Maes Bert U.W. , Jonckers Tim H.M. , Loones Kristof T.J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Palladium(II) acetate

Rac. BINAP

2‐Chloro‐5‐iodopyridine

Ethyl 4‐aminobenzoate

Cesium carbonate
A Practical Procedure for Carbonyl α‐Oxidation: Synthesis of (2‐Benzoyloxy)‐1,4‐Cyclohexanedione
Mono
‐Ethylene Ketal
Authors: Jones Teyrnon C. , Tomkinson Nicholas C. O. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Benzoic acid

Carbonyldiimadazole

N
‐Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride

N
‐Methyl‐
O
‐benzoylhydroxylamine hydrochloride

1,4‐Cyclohexanedione (mono)ethylene ketal

(2‐Benzoyloxy)‐1,4‐cyclohexandione (mono)ethylene ketal
Synthesis of Electron‐Deficient Secondary Phosphine Oxides and Secondary Phosphines: Bis[3,5‐Bis(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine Oxide and Bis[3,5‐Bis(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl]Phosphine
Authors: A. Busacca Carl , C. Lorenz Jon , Sabila Paul , Haddad Nizar , H. Senanyake Chris 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐phosphine oxide

3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromobenzene

Diethyl phosphate

Bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine
Preparation of Substituted 5‐Aziandoles: Methyl 4‐Chloro‐1

H

‐Pyrrolo[3,2‐

C

]Pyridine‐2‐Carboxylate
Authors: Roy Patrick , Boisvert Michel , Leblanc Yves 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Methyl azidoacetate

Methyl bromoacetate

Sodium azide

Methyl (2
Z
)‐2‐azido‐3‐(2‐chloropyridin‐3‐yl)acrylate

2‐Chloro‐3‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Methyl 4‐chloro‐1
H
‐pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine2‐carboxylate

Mesitylene
Synthesis of Multi‐Functionalized Ketones through the Fukuyama Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Pearlman's Catalyst: Preparation of Ethyl 6‐Oxotridecanoate
Authors: Mori Yoshikazu , Seki Masahiko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOctanoic acidN,N‐Dimethylaminopyridine1,3‐PropanediamineEthanethiol2‐DibromoethaneChlorotrimethylsilaneEthyl 5‐iodopentanoatePalladium hydroxideEthyl pentanoate
Protection of Alcohols Using 2‐Benzyloxy‐1‐Methylpyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate: Methyl (
R
)‐(−)‐3‐Benzyloxy‐2‐Methyl Propanote
Authors: Poon Kevin W. C. , Albiniak Philip A. , Dudley Gregory B. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Benzyl alcohol

2‐Chloropyridine

2‐Benzyloxypyridine

2‐Benzyloxy‐1‐methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate

Methyl (R)‐(−)‐3‐benzyloxy‐2‐methyl propanoate

Magnesium oxide

Methyl (R)‐(−)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl propionate
Chiral Lithium Amide Base Desymmetrization of a Ring Fused Imide: Formation of (3
a

S

, 7
a

S

)‐2‐[2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)‐Ethyl]‐1,3‐Dioxo‐Octahydro‐Isoindole‐3
a
‐Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Rodeschini Vincent , Simpkins Nigel S. , Zhang Fengzhi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Aqueous glyoxal solution

Phenylmagnesium chloride

1 R‐‐(+)‐Phenylethylamine

1(
S
),2(
S
)‐Diphenyl‐
N,N′
‐bis[1‐R‐phenyl‐ethyl]‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine

Chlorohexanedicarboxylic anhydride

2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine

(3a,
S
,7a
R
)‐2‐[2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)‐ethyl]hexahydro‐isoindole‐1,3‐dione

Butyl lithium

Methyl cyanoformate

(3a
S
, 7a
S
)‐2‐[2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)‐ethyl]‐1,3‐diox‐octahydroisoindole‐3a‐carboxylic acid methyl ester
Synthesis of an

N

‐Substituted Lactam Using An Intramolecular Schmidt Reaction: Formation of 2,3,11,11a‐Tetrahydro‐1

H

‐Benzo[d]Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]Azepin‐5(6

H

)‐One
Authors: Grecian Scott , Aubé Jeff 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Dimethyl carbonate

Methyl 2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐1‐carboxylate

Sodium hydride

Beta‐Tetralone

Diisopropylamine

Butyllithium

Sodium iodide

Sodium azide

3‐(3′‐Azidopropyl)‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐2(1
H
)‐one

Trifluoroacetic acid

2,3,11,11a‐Tetrahydro‐1
H
‐benzo[d]pyrrolo[1,2a]alzepin‐5(6
H
)‐one
Practical Synthesis of a Chiral Ynamide: (R)‐4‐Phenyl‐3‐(2‐Triisopropylsilyl‐Ethynyl)Oxazolidin‐2‐One
Authors: Sagamanova I. K. , Kurtz K. C. M. , Hsung R. P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractn‐ButyllithiumTrispropylsilylacetyleneCopper sulfate pentahydrate1‐Bromo‐2‐triisopropylsilyl‐ethyneR‐Phenyloxazolidinone1,10‐Phenanthroline
Oriented Monolayer Film of Gd2O3:0.05 Eu Crystallites: Quasi‐Topotactic Transformation of the Hydroxide Film and Drastic Enhancement of Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Hu Linfeng , Ma Renzhi , Ozawa Tadashi C. , Sasaki Takayoshi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAuf den Film gebannt: Eine halbtransparente und intensiv lumineszierende Monoschicht aus ausgerichteten plättchenförmigen Gd2O3:0.05 Eu‐ Kristalliten entsteht beim Tempern der Hydroxidfilm‐Vorstufe (siehe Schema). Die Photolumineszenzeigenschaften des umgewandelten Films sind deutlich besser als die des Hydroxidfilms, und sie sind viel ausgeprägter als die der analogen Gd2O3:0.05 Eu‐Pulverprobe.magnified image
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Dibromophakellin
Authors: Imaoka Takuya , Iwamoto Osamu , Noguchi Kei‐ichi , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZwei Mitglieder einer Familie mariner Pyrrol‐Imidazol‐Alkaloide – (+)‐Dibromphakellin und das nichtnatürliche Kongener (+)‐Phakellin – wurden enantioselektiv aus 4‐Hydroxy‐L‐prolin synthetisiert. Das chirale Aminal an C10 ließ sich mithilfe einer [3,3]‐sigmatropen Overman‐Umlagerung eines Enamids effizient aufbauen (siehe Schema).magnified image
In Situ Enamine Activation in Aqueous Salt Solutions: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Organocatalytic Diels–Alder Reaction of Cyclohexenones with Nitroolefins
Authors: Xu Dan‐Qian , Xia Ai‐Bao , Luo Shu‐Ping , Tang Jie , Zhang Shuai , Jiang Jun‐Rong , Xu Zhen‐Yuan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDeep‐sea Diels–Alder: The asymmetric organocatalytic Diels–Alder reaction of cyclohexenones with aromatic nitroolefins can be carried out in seawater and brine. The reaction proceeds by an in situ enamine activation involving a one‐step concerted addition pathway (see scheme).magnified image
All Kinds of Reactivity: Recent Breakthroughs in Metal‐Catalyzed Alkyne Chemistry
Authors: Anaya de Parrodi Cecilia , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlkynes of reactions: Recent breakthroughs in metal‐catalyzed alkyne reactions, which expand the synthetic utility of alkynes, have been achieved. These approaches broaden the range of alkynes that are accessible by CN and CC bond‐forming reactions and demonstrate that the use of bifunctional heterobimetallic catalysts can lead to new reactivity and excellent enantioselectivity (see scheme).magnified image
Helikite aerial photography – a versatile means of unmanned, radio controlled, low‐altitude aerial archaeology
Authors: Verhoeven Geert J. J. , Loenders Jo , Vermeulen Frank , Docter Roald 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDuring the past 100 years, various devices have been developed and applied in order to acquire archaeologically useful aerial imagery from low altitudes (e.g. balloons, kites, poles). This paper introduces Helikite aerial photography (HAP), a new form of close range aerial photography suitable for site or defined area photography, based on a camera suspended from a Helikite: a combination of both a helium balloon and kite wings. By largely overcoming the drawbacks of conventional kite‐ and balloon‐based photography, HAP allows for a very versatile, remotely controlled approach to low‐altitude aerial photography (LAAP). In addition to a detailed outline of the whole HAP system, its working procedure and possible improvements, some of the resulting imagery is shown to demonstrate the usefulness of HAP for several archaeological applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial Restriction DNA Cutters as New Tools for Gene Manipulation
Authors: Katada Hitoshi , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe final cut. Two types of artificial tools (artificial restriction DNA cutter and zinc finger nuclease) that cut double‐stranded DNA through hydrolysis of target phosphodiester linkages, have been recently developed. The chemical structures, preparation, properties, and typical applications of these two man‐made tools are reviewed.magnified imageTwo types of artificial tools that cut double‐stranded DNA through hydrolysis of target phosphodiester linkages have been recently developed. One is the chemistry‐based artificial restriction DNA cutter (ARCUT) that is composed of a CeIV–EDTA complex, which catalyses DNA hydrolysis, and a pair of pseudo‐complementary peptide nucleic acid fragments for sequence recognition. Another type of DNA cutter, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), is composed of the nuclease domain of naturally occurring FokI restriction endonuclease and a designed zinc finger DNA‐binding domain. For both of these artificial tools, the scission site and specificity can be freely chosen according to our needs, so that even huge genomic DNA sequences can be selectively cut at the target site. In this article, the chemical structures, preparation, properties, and typical applications of these two man‐made tools are described.
Petroleum Residue Upgrading Via Delayed Coking: A Review
Authors: Sawarkar Ashish N. , Pandit Aniruddha B. , Samant Shriniwas D. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWorld petroleum residue processing capacity has reached about 725 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA). The high demand for transportation fuels and the ever‐rising heavy nature of crude oil have resulted in a renewed interest in the bottom‐of‐the‐barrel processing using various conversion processes. Delayed coking, known for processing virtually any refinery stream (which not only poses a serious threat to environment, but also involves a disposal cost) has garnered tremendous importance in the current refining scenario. Needle coke obtained from delayed coking process is a highly sought‐after product, which is used in electric arc furnaces (in the form of graphite electrodes) in steel making applications. In the present communication, the published literature has been extensively analyzed and a state‐of‐the‐art review has been written that includes: (1) importance and place of delayed coking as a residue upgrading process in the current refining scenario; (2) coking mechanism and kinetics; (3) design aspects; (4) feedstocks suitable for the production of needle coke; (5) characteristics of needle coke; (6) factors affecting needle coke quality and quantity; and (7) future market for needle coke. An attempt has been made to get the above‐mentioned aspects together in a coherent theme so that the information is available at a glance and could be of significant use for researchers and practising refiners.
Activity–Structure Correlation of Pt/Ru Catalysts for the Electrodecomposition of Methanol: The Importance of RuO2and PtRu Alloying
Authors: Wei Yu‐Chen , Liu Chen‐Wei , Wang Kuan‐Wen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBimetallic catalysts:The effect of PtRu alloying and the influence of RuO2species on the methanol oxidation activity of PtRu/C catalysts is studied. Different heat treatments—utilizing either N2or air—are applied to the bimetallic materials to enhance the degree of alloying or produce RuO2(see picture). The catalysts with the best performance are characterized by a small particle size, a high degree of PtRu alloying, and the presence of a Pt‐related species on their surface.magnified imageHerein, we study the effect of both PtRu alloying and the presence of RuO2species on the promotion of the methanol oxidation activity of PtRu/C catalysts. Bimetallic catalysts composed of 15 wt % PtRu/CexC (x=0 or 10) are prepared by using the precipitation–deposition method and activated through hydrogen reduction at 470 K. Different heat treatments, utilizing either N2or air, are applied to the as‐prepared catalysts to enhance the degree of alloying or produce RuO2, respectively. The electrocatalytic properties, the structure, and the surface composition of the alloys are investigated systematically by means of electrochemical measurements coupled with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) experiments. We find that the N2heat treatment improves the catalytic activity of the alloys more significantly than the air heat treatment. Also, the current density and long‐term durability toward methanol oxidation can be significantly enhanced by combining a loading of 10 % CeO2and N2with a heat treatment at 570 K. Physical characterization performed by means of TPR reveals that the surface of the N2‐treated sample is covered with Pt, thereby presenting a higher methanol oxidation current than the air‐treated sample whose surface is composed of RuO2and some alloy species. Moreover, a model for describing the physical structures of the deposited bimetallic crystallites obtained after the N2and air treatments is proposed. This model suggests that the catalysts with the best performance should have a small particle size and exhibit a structure characterized by a high degree of PtRu alloying and a Pt‐related surface species. Therefore, we can conclude that the effect of PtRu alloying on the electro‐oxidation activity of the catalysts is superior to that of the presence of RuO2species under practical conditions.