bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher risk of injury in overweight novice runners
Authors: Buist I , Bredeweg S W 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIncreased physical activity is often recommended for weight maintenance and loss. Therefore many overweight persons want to take up running as a form of exercise. Although running has positive effects on health and fitness, the incidence of a running related injury (RRI) is high.ObjectiveTo examine the risk of sustaining a RRI in overweight novice runners.Designprospective cohort design.SettingNovice runners (N=848) preparing for a recreational 4-mile (6.7-km) running event.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited by local newspapers. 334 novice runners with a Body mass index (BMI) of 25 or more and 514 novice runners with a BMI less than 25 started with a beginners training program.Assessment of risk factorsAfter completing a baseline questionnaire and orthopaedic examination all novice runners registered information on running characteristics and RRI using an Internet-based running log.Main outcome measurementThe primary outcome measure was RRIs per 100 participants. An RRI was defined as any musculoskeletal complaint of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week. Secondary outcome measure was exposure time during follow-up.Results25% (82 of 334) of the overweight novice runners sustained a RRI during follow-up compared to 15% (76 of 514) in the group of participants with BMI<25. The difference in proportion was significant (χ2=4.77, df=1, p=0.03). Furthermore, the mean exposure time in both groups was equal, that is, 346 versus 349 min in the overweight group.ConclusionOverweight novice runners that take up running are more prone to a RRI. Although the proportion of injured runners in the overweight group was significantly higher, the exposure time was equal in both groups.
Mountain bike terrain park injuries: an emerging cause of morbidity
Authors: Ruest N , Nguyen M , Embree T , Rowe B H , Hagel B E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe popularity of mountain biking (MB) has led to the development of commercial MB parks. Little is known about the injury profile and risk factors in these areas.ObjectiveTo determine the injury profile and risk factors for severe injury among cyclists in MB parks.DesignProspective case-control study. Cases were hospitalised cyclists injured in MB parks. Controls were cyclists injured in MB parks seen and discharged from the emergency department (ED).SettingFour EDs in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.ParticipantsRecreational cyclists injured in a MB park who presented to one of the study EDs from May 2008 to August 2010. 351 patients were interviewed.Assessment of risk factorsCrash circumstances were captured through interviews and injury data through medical chart review.Main outcome measurementsSevere injury as defined by hospitalisation; levels within factors were compared using OR and 95% CI.Results23 participants were hospitalised (cases).The most common body region injured was the head/neck/face among cases, and the upper extremities among controls. 21% of cases and 9% of controls were female. A greater proportion of cases than controls were older than 25 years (22% vs 15%, respectively). Full-face helmets were used less among cases than controls (21% vs 41%, respectively). Arm and elbow protection was used more among cases than controls (arm: 13% vs 2%; elbow: 22% vs 8%). On univariate analyses, we found an indication of increased odds of severe injury among females (OR=2.8; 95% CI 0.96 to 8.06). Riding a new bicycle (OR=2.74; 95% CI 1.16 to 6.45) and cycling on grass compared with dirt (OR=7.06; 95% CI 1.21 to 41.33) increased the odds of severe injury.ConclusionPreliminary analysis suggests surface and experience-related characteristics may increase the risk of severe injury. Case-control differences were noted in protective equipment use.
Patterns of injuries during the great lakes open athletics championships held in kenya
Authors: Bukhala P , Kilika T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjuries are common in sports, especially dynamic ones such as athletics. An accurate documentation of such injuries provides useful information for future planning, prevention, treatment and management. Literature seems nonexistent on the incidence of such sport injuries in Africa.ObjectiveThis study investigated the injuries sustained during the first organised Great Lakes Paralympics Open Athletics Championships that brought together nine countries Nairobi –Kenya from the 21st–26th August 2010.DesignThe data was collected from records of the medical team and analyzed descriptively and reported using percentages, bar graphs and tables.ParticipantsA total of 120 athletes participated in the championships and were from nine countries namely, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Ethiopia, and Egypt. 73 cases were reported and treated for one injury or the other.ResultsThe most common treatment was on soft tissue injuries 46 (63%), varying pain conditions (19%) and stomach upsets 12 (16%). The causes of these injuries included the type of shoes; type of wheelchair used and length of time spend on the warm up track. Most of the injuries resulted from overuse (40%) and improper training modalities.ConclusionIt was concluded that proper sports training and management of athletes was essential for an injury free competition. Training of volunteer coaches and medical personnel would be helpful for all teams.
Forefoot alignment prediction in athletes' knee valgus during landing
Authors: Mendonça L D , Bittencourt N F N , Diniz L , Gonçalves G G P , Ocarino J M , Silva A A , Fonseca S T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundKnee valgus during landing has been identified as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Component motions of knee malalignment are femoral internal rotation and adduction, tibial abduction and ankle eversion. This excessive eversion is frequently attributed to the presence of forefoot varus alignment. Therefore, the proximal and distal segments of the kinetic chain must be assessment to better understanding of high frontal plane knee angle – FPKA (2D valgus analysis).Objectiveaccess the potential predictors of FPKA and the interplay between them, through a non-linear statistical model (Classification and Regression Tree-CART).Designobservational cross-sectional.Settingall testing took place at Minas Tênis Club and at Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Laboratory – LAPREV in youth and elite sports.Participants72 volleyball and basketball athletes (22 female and 50 male) were assessed during national championship preseason. All participants were healthy, with no current complaints of lower limb injury or pain and no history of previous lower extremity surgery. The average+SD age, height and mass of the athletes was 16.7+4.6 years, 179.7+14.7 cm, 68.6+16 Kg.Assessment of risk factorsthe independent variables were shank-forefoot alignment (SFA), hip abductor torque, hip passive internal rotation and gender.Main outcome measurementsfrontal plane knee angle during landing from countermovement jump.Resultsthe SFA was the main predictor of High-FPKA. 75% of the athletes with SFA <10.9° and abductor torque <109 Nm/kg and 83% of the athletes with SFA >17° and hip passive IR ROM >47° presented High-FPKA.Conclusionthe SFA and interaction between it with reduced abductor torque and great hip passive IR ROM were predictors of knee malalignment in frontal plane. Thus, measuring foot alignment must be simultaneous with hip joint dysfunctions and should be part of athletes' preseason assessment.
A taxonomy of multinational ethical and methodological standards for clinical trials of therapeutic interventions
Authors: Ashton Carol M , Wray Nelda P , Jarman Anna F , Kolman Jacob M , Wenner Danielle M , Brody Baruch A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIf trials of therapeutic interventions are to serve society's interests, they must be of high methodological quality and must satisfy moral commitments to human subjects. The authors set out to develop a clinical-trials compendium in which standards for the ethical treatment of human subjects are integrated with standards for research methods.MethodsThe authors rank-ordered the world's nations and chose the 31 with >700 active trials as of 24 July 2008. Governmental and other authoritative entities of the 31 countries were searched, and 1004 English-language documents containing ethical and/or methodological standards for clinical trials were identified. The authors extracted standards from 144 of those: 50 designated as ‘core’, 39 addressing trials of invasive procedures and a 5% sample (N=55) of the remainder. As the integrating framework for the standards we developed a coherent taxonomy encompassing all elements of a trial's stages.FindingsReview of the 144 documents yielded nearly 15 000 discrete standards. After duplicates were removed, 5903 substantive standards remained, distributed in the taxonomy as follows: initiation, 1401 standards, 8 divisions; design, 1869 standards, 16 divisions; conduct, 1473 standards, 8 divisions; analysing and reporting results, 997 standards, four divisions; and post-trial standards, 168 standards, 5 divisions.ConclusionsThe overwhelming number of source documents and standards uncovered in this study was not anticipated beforehand and confirms the extraordinary complexity of the clinical trials enterprise. This taxonomy of multinational ethical and methodological standards may help trialists and overseers improve the quality of clinical trials, particularly given the globalisation of clinical research.
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE JAMMING TRANSITION IN TRAFFIC FLOW ON DILUTED PLANAR NETWORKS
Authors: ACHLER GABRIELE , BARRA ADRIANO 
Published: March 2011

In order to develop a toy model for car's traffic in cities, in this paper we analyze, by means of numerical simulations, the transition among fluid regimes and a congested jammed phase of the flow of kinetically constrained hard spheres in planar random networks similar to urban roads.In order to explore as timescales as possible, at a microscopic level we implement an event driven dynamics as the infinite time limit of a class of already existing model (Follow the Leader) on an Erdos–Renyi two-dimensional graph, the crossroads being accounted by standard Kirchoff density conservations. We define a dynamical order parameter as the ratio among the moving spheres versus the total number and by varying two control parameters (density of the spheres and coordination number of the network) we study the phase transition.At a mesoscopic level it respects an, again suitable, adapted version of the Lighthill–Whitham model, which belongs to the fluid-dynamical approach to the problem.At a macroscopic level, the model seems to display a continuous transition from a fluid phase to a jammed phase when varying the density of the spheres (the amount of cars in a city-like scenario) and a discontinuous jump when varying the connectivity of the underlying network.
A STABLE DIRECT SOLUTION OF PERSPECTIVE-THREE-POINT PROBLEM
Authors: LI SHIQI , XU CHI 
Published: March 2011

The perspective-three-point problem (P3P) is a classical problem in computer vision. The existing direct solutions of P3P have at least three limitations: (1) the numerical instability when using different vertex permutations, (2) the degeneration in the geometric singularity case, and (3) the dependence on particular equation solvers. A new direct solution of P3P is presented to deal with these limitations. The main idea is to reduce the number of unknown parameters by using a geometric constraint we called "perspective similar triangle" (PST). The PST method achieves high stability in the permutation problem and in the presence of image noise, and does not rely on particular equation solvers. Furthermore, reliable results can be retrieved even in "danger cylinder", a typical kind of geometric singularity of P3P, where all existing direct solutions degenerate significantly.
MODEL-BASED RECOVERY OF FLUID FLOW PARAMETERS FROM VIDEO
Authors: KORZHOVA VALENTINA N. , GOLDGOF DMITRY B. , SISOEV GRIGORI M. 
Published: March 2011

This paper develops a novel approach for fluid flow tracking and analysis. Specifically, the proposed algorithm is able to detect the traveling waves, compute the wave parameters and determine controlling film flow parameters for a liquid film flowing over a rotating disk. The input to the algorithm is an easily acquired video data. It is shown that under single light illumination, it is possible to track the specular portion of the reflected light on the traveling wave. Hence, wavy films can be tracked, and fluid flow parameters can be computed. The fluid flow parameters include wave velocities, wave inclination angles, and distances between consecutive waves. Once the parameters are computed, their accuracy is analyzed and compared with the solutions of the mathematical models based on the Navier–Stokes equations. The mathematical model predicts wave characteristics based on directly measured controlling parameters, such as disk rotation speed and fluid flow rate. It is shown that the calculated parameter values coincide with the predicted ones. The average computed parameters are within 5–10% of the predicted values. Next, the developed approach is generalized to model-based recovery of fluid flow controlling parameters: the rotation speed and the fluid-flow rate. The search in space for model parameters is performed to minimize the error between the flow characteristics predicted by the fluid dynamics model (e.g. distance between waves, wave inclination angles) and parameters recovered from video data. Results demonstrate that the speed of a disk and the flow rate, when compared to the ground truth available from direct observation, are recovered with the error less than 10%.
CRANK 0 PARTITIONS AND THE PARITY OF THE PARTITION FUNCTION
Authors: KAAVYA S. J. 
Published: March 2011

A well-known problem regarding the integer partition function p(n) is the parity problem, how often is p(n) even or odd? Motivated by this problem, we obtain the following results: (1) A generating function for the number of crank 0 partitions of n. (2) An involution on the crank 0 partitions whose fixed points are called invariant partitions. We then derive a generating function for the number of invariant partitions. (3) A generating function for the number of self-conjugate rank 0 partitions.
THE THEOREM OF JENTZSCH–SZEGŐ ON AN ANALYTIC CURVE: APPLICATION TO THE IRREDUCIBILITY OF TRUNCATIONS OF POWER SERIES
Authors: CHAMBERT-LOIR ANTOINE 
Published: March 2011

A theorem of Jentzsch–Szegő describes the limit measure of a sequence of discrete measures associated to zeroes of a sequence of polynomials in one variable. Following the presentation by Andrievskii and Blatt in [Discrepancy of Signed Measures and Polynomial Approximation, Springer Monographs in Mathematics (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002)] we extend this theorem to compact Riemann surfaces and to analytic curves in the sense of Berkovich over ultrametric fields, using classical potential theory in the former case, and Baker/Rumely, Thuillier's potential theory on analytic curves in the latter case. We then apply this equidistribution theorem to the question of irreducibility of truncations of power series with coefficients in ultrametric fields. Résumé français: Le théorème de Jentzsch–Szegő décrit la mesure limite d'une suite de mesures discrètes associée aux zéros d'une suite convenable de polynômes en une variable. Suivant la présentation que font Andrievskii et Blatt dans [Discrepancy of Signed Measures and Polynomial Approximation, Springer Monographs in Mathematics (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002)] on étend ici ce résultat aux surfaces de Riemann compactes, puis aux courbes analytiques sur un corps ultramétrique. On donne pour finir quelques corollaires du cas particulier de la droite projective sur un corps ultramétrique à l'irréductibilité des polynômes-sections d'une série entière en une variable.
Approximation of Common Solutions to System of Mixed Equilibrium Problems, Variational Inequality Problem, and Strict Pseudo-Contractive Mappings
Authors: Kumam Poom , Jaiboon Chaichana 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe introduce an iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the set of fixed points of strict pseudocontractions mapping, the set of common solutions of a system of two mixed equilibrium problems and the set of common solutions of the variational inequalities with inverse strongly monotone mappings. Strong convergence theorems are established in the framework of Hilbert spaces. Finally, we apply our results for solving convex feasibility problems in Hilbert spaces. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others recently.
mTORC1 and mTORC2 Regulate EMT, Motility, and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer via RhoA and Rac1 Signaling Pathways
Authors: Gulhati Pat , Bowen Kanika A. , Liu Jianyu , Stevens Payton D. , Rychahou Piotr G. , Chen Min , Lee Eun Y. , Weiss Heidi L. , O'Connor Kathleen L. , Gao Tianyan , Evers B. Mark 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling is associated with growth and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously shown that the mTOR kinase, a downstream effector of PI3K/Akt signaling, regulates tumorigenesis of CRC. However, the contribution of mTOR and its interaction partners toward regulating CRC progression and metastasis remains poorly understood. We found that increased expression of mTOR, Raptor, and Rictor mRNA was noted with advanced stages of CRC, suggesting that mTOR signaling may be associated with CRC progression and metastasis. mTOR, Raptor, and Rictor protein levels were also significantly elevated in primary CRCs (stage IV) and their matched distant metastases compared with normal colon. Inhibition of mTOR signaling, using rapamycin or stable inhibition of mTORC1 (Raptor) and mTORC2 (Rictor), attenuated migration and invasion of CRCs. Furthermore, knockdown of mTORC1 and mTORC2 induced a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) and enhanced chemosensitivity of CRCs to oxaliplatin. We observed increased cell–cell contact and decreased actin cytoskeletal remodeling concomitant with decreased activation of the small GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, upon inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Finally, establishment of CRC metastasis in vivo was completely abolished with targeted inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 irrespective of the site of colonization. Our findings support a role for elevated mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), motility, and metastasis of CRCs via RhoA and Rac1 signaling. These findings provide the rationale for including mTOR kinase inhibitors, which inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2, as part of the therapeutic regimen for CRC patients. Cancer Res; 71(9); 3246–56. ©2011 AACR.
Anti-TIM3 Antibody Promotes T Cell IFN-γ–Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Suppresses Established Tumors
Authors: Ngiow Shin Foong , von Scheidt Bianca , Akiba Hisaya , Yagita Hideo , Teng Michele W. L. , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Strategies to activate and rescue exhausted tumor-specific T cells, including the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that block the negative costimulatory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 are proving very effective, but TIM3 has been relatively neglected as a target. Here we report an extensive characterization of the therapeutic activity and mechanism of action of an anti-mouse TIM3 mAb against experimental and carcinogen-induced tumors. For the first time we specifically define the mechanism of antitumor action of anti-TIM3 requiring IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, and a higher ratio of tumor infiltrating CD8+:CD4+ T cells correlating with therapeutic success. Interestingly, in some models, anti-TIM3 appeared to be effective sometime before the appearance and accumulation of significant TIM3+PD-1+ T cell populations in tumor bearing mice. Anti-TIM3 displayed modest prophylactic and therapeutic activity against a small fraction of carcinogen-induced sarcomas, but comparative and combination studies of anti-TIM3 with anti-CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1 against experimental and carcinogen-induced tumors suggested that these agents might be well-tolerated and very effective in combination. Cancer Res; 71(10); 3540–51. ©2011 AACR.
Antimyeloma Activity of a Multitargeted Kinase Inhibitor, AT9283, via Potent Aurora Kinase and STAT3 Inhibition Either Alone or in Combination with Lenalidomide
Authors: Santo Loredana , Hideshima Teru , Cirstea Diana , Bandi Madhavi , Nelson Erik A. , Gorgun Gullu , Rodig Scott , Vallet Sonia , Pozzi Samantha , Patel Kishan , Unitt Christine , Squires Matt , Hu Yiguo , Chauhan Dharminder , Mahindra Anuj , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Raje Noopur 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPurpose: Aurora kinases, whose expression is linked to genetic instability and cellular proliferation, are being investigated as novel therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma (MM). In this study, we investigated the preclinical activity of a small-molecule multitargeted kinase inhibitor, AT9283, with potent activity against Aurora kinase A, Aurora kinase B, and Janus kinase 2/3.Experimental Design: We evaluated the in vitro antimyeloma activity of AT9283 alone and in combination with lenalidomide and the in vivo efficacy by using a xenograft mouse model of human MM.Results: Our data showed that AT9283 induced cell-growth inhibition and apoptosis in MM. Studying the apoptosis mechanism of AT9283 in MM, we observed features consistent with both Aurora kinase A and Aurora kinase B inhibition, such as increase of cells with polyploid DNA content, decrease in phospho-histone H3, and decrease in phospho-Aurora A. Importantly, AT9283 also inhibited STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in MM cells. Genetic depletion of STAT3, Aurora kinase A, or Aurora kinase B showed growth inhibition of MM cells, suggesting a role of AT9283-induced inhibition of these molecules in the underlying mechanism of MM cell death. In vivo studies showed decreased MM cell growth and prolonged survival in AT9283-treated mice compared with controls. Importantly, combination studies of AT9283 with lenalidomide showed significant synergistic cytotoxicity in MM cells, even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. Enhanced cytotoxicity was associated with increased inhibition of phosphorylated STAT3 and phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase.Conclusions: Demonstration of in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activity of AT9283 provides the rationale for the clinical evaluation of AT9283 as monotherapy and in combination therapy for treating patients with MM. Clin Cancer Res; 17(10); 3259–71. ©2011 AACR.