bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice and the Law
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In early modern France, feuds did not come to an end when either of the disputing parties had recourse to law. The judicial system was not neutral, nor was the law free from the social and political constraints in which it operated. For the elite, litigation was a way of life that consumed money and imposed immense psychological burdens. For those at the lower end of the elite, desperate to keep up appearances, the lawsuit was probably more all-consuming and had greater import than for their peers who had factotums to take the strain and who enjoyed a greater variety of recreational activities. To feuding parties, writs, summonses, and other court orders were provocations attended by violence. This chapter outlines the role of justice in dealing with heinous crimes in early modern France, including the legal procedure, the trial, chicanery, legal costs, and punishment.
Women, Sex, and Vindicatory Violence
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In early modern France, the origins of laws controlling marriage and sexuality were formulated in contingent political contexts whose implications for state building are ambiguous. Moreover, royal edicts themselves could only influence behaviour so far. In practice, affective relationships between the sexes and the generations continued to be shaped largely by customary law and kinship solidarities. Family breakdown was a pressing problem for early modern people, leading to violence, political disorder, and feuds that had to be faced with inadequate resources. Finally, patriarchy, like all hierarchical relationships, brought with it duties and responsibilities, as well as power. This chapter discusses the politics of marriage in early modern France, along with vindicatory violence arising from elopement and abduction of women, women's role in the dispute process, women's weapons for revenge, and duelling as a display of sexual prowess and avenging of a woman's honour.
The Crisis of the Religious Wars
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although the regime of Henri IV marks a watershed in traditional political history in France, for feuding parties it had less discernible impact or merely interrupted their quarrels. For historians of violence, the traditional chronology is an imperfect guide: the deep scars caused by the Wars of Religion were not quick to heal after 1598, the infection of violence and disorder had spread to all areas of the body politic, and old wounds were reopened and sometimes inflamed by the remedies proposed for their amelioration. This chapter looks at feuding in France prior to the Wars of Religion, Calvinism and its role in the perpetuation of vengeance and conspiracy, how confessional identity and religious conviction sharpened feuding among the nobles and intensified disputes, and the blood feud between the two most powerful families in France in the 16th century.
Constitutional Law and National Pluralism
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Over the past thirty years, sub-State national minorities in a number of developed liberal democracies have both reasserted their cultural distinctiveness and demanded recognition of it in legal and political terms. This phenomenon has been the subject of considerable study by sociologists, political scientists, and political theorists. This book differs by offering a study of the consequences of these rights claims for legal systems. It examines the role played by law, especially constitutional law, in the negotiation of the complex relationships and competing rights claims involving the State, national minorities, and other groups and individuals within the State. This book addresses the constitutional issues, both in theory and in practice, that accompany the existence of national diversity in pluralist democracies. The book contends that the democratic plurinational state, characterized by the presence of more than one national group within the State, is a discrete category of multi-level polity which defies the standard classifications of liberal constitutionalism. Building upon this theoretical basis, this book then focuses upon recent developments towards the institutional accommodation of Catalonia, Quebec, and Scotland. The book examines the legal issues which arise from the challenges posed by national minorities within multinational democracies, to the constitutional and institutional structures of particular States, and also to some of the fundamental precepts of democratic constitutional theory and practice.
Theories of Nationalism and National Identity
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses how liberal nationalist theorists have constructed an argument to the effect that sub-state national societies constitute a distinct category of group, distinguishable from both the majority of ‘dominant’ national society of the host state, and other ‘minority’ groups within the state. It explores the objective and subjective features of identity which liberal nationalists have identified as characteristic of a national society, and which help to explain the resilience of national identity at sub-state level. The chapter examines how different traditions have emerged in the study of nationalism. In particular, it discusses the dominant ‘modernist’ school of nationalism which has attempted to explain nationalism as an essentially instrumental device.
Referendums: Towards Agreed Models of Constitutional Accommodation
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which Quebec's institutional position as a province enabled it to stage referendums. It explores whether having established devolution in the UK, the Westminster Parliament has, paradoxically, far from pre-empting the Canadian scenario, in fact created the institutional infrastructure for the same types of power struggle to emerge.
The ‘Ancienter Sort’
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which older men were able to retain their purchase on male status. It argues that old age, in contrast to youth, was more likely to be a period of gender convergence than a leveller of social status. The experiences of old men, and their continued access either to patriarchal dividends or to competing codes of manhood, varied considerably according to means and physical capacity. There is considerable evidence of older men continuing to hold office, and to support themselves and their households into very advanced years, and the very old were revered as guardians of custom and local tradition. Others pursued alternative survival strategies in common with younger men of limited means. Many, however, resumed positions as dependants, either through retirement arrangements with kin, or by resorting to charity and poor relief, limiting, if not precluding, access to the autonomy commonly associated with manhood.
Apples and Oranges
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Cour de cassation of France, the Supreme Court of the United States, and the European Court of Justice are truly emblematic courts, courts whose discursive practices and conceptual frameworks characterise those of their respective judicial systems. Each of these three judicial systems possesses defining conceptual structures and discursive practices that go a long way towards making those systems what they are. What makes the French judicial system French, the European system European, and the American system American are formal, discursive, and conceptual attributes that manifest themselves throughout those judicial systems, attributes that surface again and again despite the obvious variation in the parties, the subject matter, the legal issues, and the like handled by the assorted courts in question. This chapter compares the judicial discourses of the three courts as well as their judicial argumentation and judicial decisions.
On Judicial Debate, Deliberation, and Legitimacy
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The judicial systems of France, the United States, and the European Union as represented by the Cour de cassation, Supreme Court, and the European Court of Justice, respectively, take rather different approaches to a series of fundamental debate and deliberation issues. First, who should be engaged in debates about judicial decision-making? Second, where should these debates be held and/or found? And, third, what kinds of debates should be had? By answering these questions differently, the three judicial systems produce very different models of democratic debate, deliberation, and legitimacy in the judicial context. This chapter examines how (and why) the French, American, and EU judicial systems each align their respective (and quite different) approaches to the issues of judicial transparency, accountability, and control, as well as judicial debate and judicial deliberation.
The impact of impaired renal function on mortality in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure
Authors: Vaz Pérez Amalia , Otawa Katrin , Zimmermann Arabel V. , Stockburger Martin , Müller‐Werdan Ursula , Werdan Karl , Schmidt Hendrik B. , Ince Hüseyin , Rauchhaus Mathias 
Published: January 2010

AimsAcute heart failure syndromes, commonly recognized as de novo heart failure or acute decompensated chronic heart failure (ADHF), are characterized by a rapid onset or change in signs and symptoms of heart failure requiring urgent treatment. Coexisting renal dysfunction is associated with poor prognosis in these patients. We sought to determine whether renal impairment in particular and other admission factors in general predict long‐term mortality after hospitalization for ADHF.Methods and resultsWe studied 128 patients (age 63 ± 12 years, 76% male) in NYHA class 2.6 ± 0.7 with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤39%, hospitalized due to ADHF. Mortality rates (per 100 person‐years) were 21.9 at 12 months and 12.0 at 60 months. We found that admission serum creatinine level was the best predictor of mortality after 1 (P < 0.001, log‐transformed due to skewed distribution) and 5 years (P = 0.001), followed by creatinine clearance, the use of loop diuretics, and digoxin. Moreover, higher NYHA class, decreased body mass index (BMI) and increased levels of urea predicted 1 and 5 years mortality on univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, creatinine, NYHA class, and LVEF emerged as independent predictors of mortality after 1 year, whereas BMI and the use of diuretics did not reach significance (joint χ2 = 29.40, P < 0.001). After 5 years, creatinine and NYHA class independently predicted all‐cause mortality (joint χ2 = 22.71, P < 0.001), but BMI and age did not remain significant.ConclusionAdmission creatinine level strongly predicts medium‐ and long‐term mortality after hospitalization in patients with ADHF, and serves as a cheap and fast clinical marker to identify patients at risk of death.
The Idea and Ideal of Capitalism
Authors: Gaus Gerald 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article describes the elements of a pure form of capitalism and aims to indicate some of the ways that proponents of capitalism have sought to justify these elements. It analyzes the idea of putting capitalism into distinct elements and asks how each element might be justified with the goal of determining the context in which business ethics occur. It also discusses full capitalist property rights and attempts to describe the aim and social character of the capitalist firm.
The Public Authority of the Managers of Private Organizations
Authors: McMahon Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the public authority or power of managers of private business organizations. The fact that people need to make a living, and thus must do what they are told by employers, does not establish that the managers of private corporations exercise legitimate authority. It merely establishes that they possess directive power. This article suggests that the managers of private corporations can only be regarded as exercising legitimate authority only if their authority is understood as a subordinate form of cooperation facilitating authority.
Relativism, Multiculturalism, and Universal Norms: Their Role in Business Ethics
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the role and influence of relativism, multiculturalism, and universal norms in business ethics. It attempts to answer the question whether moral standards are merely personal opinions and cultural conventions or whether some moral standpoints transcend the personal and the cultural. It concludes that there is a universal common morality, but that it allows for moral disagreement and legitimate differences of opinion about how to render universal norms specific for business contexts. Thus, certain norms constrain corporate activities in all cultures while other norms constrain corporate conduct only in specific contexts.
Corruption and Bribery
Authors: Velasquez Manuel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article describes the ethical issues that arise when business engages in bribery and corrupt activities. It shows that while corruption and bribery in most developed and developing nations are unethical, there are specific and identifiable cultural contexts within which they may be morally indifferent acts. It explains that even where corruption and bribery are unethical, there are circumstances that can render them morally acceptable and that even where corruption and bribery are morally indifferent acts, there are circumstances that can render particular instances of such acts morally wrong.
Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Diversity in Business
Authors: Boxill Bernard R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines philosophical theories applicable to discrimination, affirmative action, and diversity in business. It argues that utilitarianism supports many forward-looking arguments for affirmative action based on good consequences and that natural rights theory can be used to support both forward-looking and backward-looking arguments for affirmative action. It also argues in defense of the view that diversity in the workplace is an important grounding for affirmative action.
The Epistemic Aims of Education
Authors: Robertson Emily 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the ideal epistemic aims of education. It explains that epistemology is concerned with giving an account of knowledge and suggests that if educators ought to aim at having their students acquire knowledge their epistemic aims should be related to this goal. It contends that the epistemic aims of education do not concern curricular subjects but with the way the work of the educator should be guided by an understanding of the nature of knowledge itself.
Tagore, Dewey, and the Imminent Demise of Liberal Education
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the imminent demise of liberal education and the relevant works of Rabindranath Tagore and John Dewey. It suggests that though Tagore and Dewey never met or worked together, their thought was similarly inspired by the deadness of traditional education, its failure to stimulate criticism of tradition, and its failure to cultivate sympathy. They are kindred spirits in their insistence on the crucial importance of a pedagogy that enlivens and activates, whose shared legacy is today deeply threatened. The article provides four examples which illustrate in different ways a profound crisis in education today and describes the three values or abilities that are particularly crucial to citizenship in a pluralistic democratic society that is part of an interlocking world.
The Development of Rationality
Authors: Moshman David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article provides a psychological account of the development of rationality in the context of education. It explains that implicit in the metacognitive conception of rationality is a constructivist conception of its development. It suggests that if rationality is fundamentally a matter of knowledge and control of our knowledge and inferences, then it presumably develops through processes of reflection and coordination. It contends that metacognitive reflection and coordination often occur in the context of social interaction and this often includes parent-child and teacher-student interactions.
Science Education, Religious Toleration, and Liberal Neutrality toward the Good
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article address questions concerning science education, focusing on the ways in which religious toleration and liberal neutrality might constrain science education. It provides a conception of religious neutrality that does not undermine the kind of moral education that every society needs and aims to propose a framework for scientific education that may reduce the tensions now causing difficulties both for education in science and for civic harmony. It calls for a sensitivity by science teachers to what constitutes science, to the existence of nonscientific disciplines that are genuine fields of inquiry, and to the need to confine discussion to scientific issues in an atmosphere in which it is understood that doing so is neutral with respect to religion rather than hostile to it.
Educating for Individual Freedom and Democratic Citizenship: In Unity and Diversity There Is Strength
Authors: Gutmann Amy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article addresses contentious questions concerning individual freedom and democratic citizenship education in the contemporary circumstances of multiculturalism. It suggests that educating children for civic equality is an ambitious aim for any democracy and not one that can ever be realized once and for all. It provides evidence that multicultural conditions can challenge the very aim of educating children for civic equality. It explains that democracies are variously multicultural and the varieties of groups make a difference in the kind of education and the progress toward civic equality that can realistically be expected at any time.
Religion and American Voting Behavior, 1830s to 1930s
Authors: Swierenga Robert P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article provides a summary of the collected evidence that supports the thesis that religion was a salient factor in 19th-century voting behavior. It shows that the United States is essentially an immigrant nation, which is populated by peoples with different languages, social values, cultures, religions, and work experiences. This eventually led to a nation that has a relatively high degree of conflicting norms and values, cultural pluralism, and ethnic diversity. Since religion has been a salient factor in American politics since the 1820s, a religious interpretation of voting behavior can help enhance one's understanding of American political culture from the period of Andrew Jackson to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Religion and American Political Thought
Authors: Lienesch Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the three general approaches to the study of political thought, namely: political philosophy, history of political theory, and contemporary social and political thought. The article describes the changing conceptions of religion's role and discusses how the secular understandings have been challenged by religious ones. It shows how the political meaning and purpose of religion has continued to be contested. An evaluation of the current status of scholarship in the field is also provided.
Religion, Parties, and Voting Behavior
Authors: McTague John Michael , Layman Geoffrey C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article tries to provide a political explanation of religious influence. The article begins by determining how the relationship of religion to politics and voting behavior has changed during the past 4 decades. It looks at why that change has occurred, even if the new religious divisions between the electoral coalitions of the parties are most likely to take shape. This is done by focusing on the dynamic relationship between the three parts of the American party system. The last portion of the article centers on challenges, caveats, and alternatives to the authors' framework.
Anti‐Foundationalism
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article provides an historical narrative of the contingent ways in which anti-foundationalism has been brought to the study of British politics from within critical, socialist traditions. It starts by briefly mentioning some of the less contentious implications for social philosophy. It also explains why anti-foundational philosophy is compatible with diverse approaches to political science, and considers the implications of the analysis of anti-foundationalism for its place in the study of British politics. The anti-foundationalists' emphasis on meanings, contingency, historical narratives, and critique opens up the study of British politics. Anti-foundationalists have initiated dialogues between British politics and historiography, cultural studies, and post-colonial studies.
Political Parties
Authors: Heffernan Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The three dominant British political parties, Labour, the Conservatives, and the Liberal Democrats, can trace their inheritance back to the latter part of the nineteenth century and beyond. British parties reflect the constitutional norms of parliamentary politics. The party leadership pre-eminence as modern organizational form is described in this article. It then discusses the members, money, and modes of campaigning. Politics more generally increasingly focuses on issues which transcend the age-old left-right spectrum within which politics was traditionally framed. British parties remain important to the working of representative democracy. The two major parties are granted extraordinary powers to direct public affairs.
Ireland
Authors: English Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article first defines some crucial terms. It then describes rival Irish national identities within the modern UK, organized rival nationalisms in Northern Ireland, and some related complexities of British national identity. It would be wrong to see Irish national identity and British unionist identity in Northern Ireland as mirror images of one another. They are not. The most forceful expression of rival Northern Irish national identities has been found in the respective organized nationalisms of nationalists and unionists. Organized Irish nationalism took a different form from that of unionism, the central dichotomy between its own rival wings being between two well-supported groups, one of which eschewed and the other of which long pursued political violence. The UK's contested legitimacy in Northern Ireland shows a version of the wider problems currently faced in the United Kingdom regarding self-determination, legitimacy, and separatism.
Scotland and Wales
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article starts by presenting the academic interpretation, and also argues that much of it rests on shaky foundations. The Marxist scholar, David Craig, wrote The Real Foundations. This book dwelt on base-superstructure relations in industrial society. The fate of various cultures is discussed. The study of how institutional change ‘beds itself in’ ought to occupy political scientists more than it has done. The relationship between the devolved governments and the Union state raise the peculiar nature of responsibilities within the Cabinet that carried devolution. If national identity becomes concentrated on political institutions, conflicts are likely to be much more explicit.