bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Male Reproductive Phenotypes Affect Offspring Growth Rates in Chinook Salmon
Authors: Berejikian Barry A. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Atkins Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMale age at maturity in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is a heritable trait in which the physiological “decision” to mature depends on an individual's exceeding a body size or condition threshold at critical developmental periods. In Chinook salmon, high juvenile growth rates promote the so called “jack” male life history. Jack males mature 1 year earlier than the youngest females in a population and are substantially smaller than older (hereafter, “adult”) males from the same population. We tested the hypothesis that the offspring of jack Chinook salmon males grow faster than the offspring of adult males, consistent with the heritability for age at maturity already demonstrated for this species. We controlled for maternal effects by artificially spawning individual jack and adult males with the same female, incubating the eggs, and testing offspring growth and survival in a common, quasinatural stream environment. Paternal life history had a significant effect on final length and weight over all stream channel sections combined. The mean difference in body size between the offspring of jack and adult males ranged from essentially none to 31% among the eight stream channel sections. The size differences we detected could significantly affect which fish mature and thereby suggest that paternal effects on juvenile growth rate constitute a plausible proximate mechanism in maintaining life history diversity in Chinook salmon. Maternal body size was positively correlated with offspring growth rate and egg size was negatively correlated with growth rate, suggesting that fairly complex mechanisms regulate the growth rate through early ontogeny. The effect of sire life history on offspring growth is consistent with estimates of high heritability for age at maturity in Chinook salmon and a genetic effect of alternative mating tactics on offspring performance.
Trophic Ecology of Summer Flounder in Lower Chesapeake Bay Inferred from Stomach Content and Stable Isotope Analyses
Authors: Buchheister Andre , Latour Robert J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTrophic studies of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus have relied on traditional stomach content analyses to infer contributions of prey to species productivity. We applied both stable isotope and stomach content analyses to identify prey groups that are responsible for summer flounder productivity in lower Chesapeake Bay and to explore ontogenetic patterns in prey utilization. Summer flounder (total length = 138–682 mm; age = 0–11 years) were collected for stomach and tissue samples (liver, blood, and muscle) during spring–summer (May–July) and fall (November) of 2006 and 2007. Commonly consumed crustacean and fish prey species were also collected: mysid shrimp Neomysis americana, sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa, mantis shrimp Squilla empusa, bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, spotted hake Urophycis regia, and juvenile sciaenids. Analysis of the nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ15N; ratio of 15N to 14N relative to a standard) revealed that crustaceans comprised the majority (72–100% on average) of the summer flounder diet except in spring 2006, when fish consumption was more dominant. Analysis of corresponding stomach contents indicated a lower contribution of crustacean prey. Based on isotopes, summer flounder tended to occupy the same trophic level as the prey fishes. The δ15N in all tissues exhibited a positive trend with body length, indicating that larger summer flounder fed at approximately one trophic level above smaller individuals; the positive trend also corresponded with increasing proportions of fish in summer flounder stomachs. Our stable isotope analysis indicates that growth and production of summer flounder in lower Chesapeake Bay are highly dependent on assimilation of mysid shrimp, sevenspine bay shrimp, and mantis shrimp—more so than previously expected based on stomach content research.
History of Anthropology In Iran
Authors: Shahshahani Soheila 
Published: September 2011

This article is actually an outline of history of anthropology in Iran. In part, it traces the development of the field and the problems that some of its practitioners have been endeavoring to overcome. In part, it recounts some of the experiences of the author and the frustrations she and others encountered in trying to broaden the scope of the permissible range of study of anthropology.The ministry of public instructions has made its basic principlelessIt propagates in all ways ignorance and ingratitudeOn the one hand it does not appreciate the knowledge of those who knowOn the other it builds the museum of ethnology.
The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism
Authors: Hancock Ian 
Published: September 2011

The Oxford English Dictionary defines nation as “a distinct race or people, characterized by common descent, language or history, usually organized as a separate political state and occupying a definite territory.” Nationalism in turn may be defined as a sense of identity as a people, and the efforts resulting to foster this and to obtain recognition as a distinct population, bound by common historical, cultural, linguistic, political, religious or other ties in the eyes of the larger society.While in the broadest sense the term “nation” may apply to a non-politically autonomous ethnic group consisting of only a few hundred individuals (cf. the West African or Native American use of the word as an equivalent to “tribe”), it is most often used synonymously with the notion of an actual country, the existence of an independent geographical homeland being an integral part of its interpretation. However, as the dictionary definition indicates, this is usually, and therefore by implication not invariably, a defining criterion. There have been nations of people lacking a homeland (or a homeland allowing them access or control) throughout history. The pre-1948 Jewish population, for example, or the Palestinians in the present day. Bloody wars have been fought because of the existence of nations of people lacking their own autonomous territory.It is into this latter category that the Romani nation fits and, though the efforts to secure a geographical homeland were central to the nationalist movement, especially during the 1930s and 1940s, the price paid for not having one has been heavy.
The Roma (Gypsies) in Hungary through the Kadar Era
Authors: Crowe David 
Published: September 2011

There have been Roma or Gypsies in Hungary for over 650 years. Historical records indicate that they entered Hungary between 1416 and 1417 from Transylvania during the reign of King Sigismund (1387–1437), though linguistic evidence indicates that they had begun to settle there earlier. In 1423, Sigismund granted the Gypsy leader, Ladislas, and his followers, certain rights of transit, and they began to flock to Hungary. Most settled in the outskirts of villages or towns, and became prominent in some parts of the country as blacksmiths.From the outset, the Gypsies were subjected to varying degrees of discrimination. In the 18th century, Empress Maria Theresa (1740–1780), after Pope Clement XIII granted her the right to become Apostolic ruler of Hungary, adopted policies designed to force the Roma to assimilate into Hungarian society. She outlawed use of the word Cigány and decreed that Gypsies in the future be called “new citizen,” “new peasant,” or “new Hungarian.” In 1780, the government placed 8,388 Roma children in schools where they became wards of the state, and another 9,463 in foster homes. Within a few years, all of them had run away from these institutions or the families. The Gypsies responded with some outbreaks of violence in certain areas, though in most instances they simply left Hungary for other parts of Europe.
The Republic of Slovenia—Geographical Constants of the New Central-European State
Authors: Gams Ivan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe territory of this new European state is crossed by strategically important passes, the lowest in the entire Alps, leading from the Danubian basin to the Mediterranean (Italy). Thus, the Slovenes had been under cultural, civilizational and political domination of centers from these two parts of Europe until 1918. Because the mountainous land forms, dissected also by valleys and basins, were prone to processes of diffusion rather than fusion, the Slovenes became a national and political subject of their own as late as the nineteenth century. From 1918 to 1990 they were joined to Yugoslavia, a South-East European state, and learnt, to their cost, all the differences between the cultures of West and Central Europe on the one hand, and South-East and Eastern Europe and the Near East on the other. Hence the plebiscite decision by the nation for an independent state.
Editing Episodic Memory following the Identification of Error
Authors: Wilkes A. L. , Leatherbarrow M. 
Published: September 2011

The editing of an episodic memory record in order to remove incorrect information embedded within naturalistic communications is an important though underinvestigated phenomenon. Experiment 1 deals with the recall and comprehension of a sequence of messages following the delayed identification of one of the messages as being incorrect. Two styles of correction were employed, and it was found that in neither case was the memory record edited effectively. Inferences based upon the old information continued to be drawn although subjects had clearly recalled that it had been subsequently corrected. Experiment 2 showed that editing could be effective if the old information did not play a central role in the message sequence. It is concluded that the observed difficulties in editing arise when old information has to be excised from the episodic record; the uncontested insertion of new information retrospectively did not present the same difficulty. Reading span was used to monitor subjects’ editing strategies, and from its association with performance measures it is concluded that contradictions in the memory record are not dealt with immediately but are resolved locally when comprehension is questioned. At this time inferences are drawn based upon the most recent version of the contradictory messages. This recency strategy breaks down when the old information provides a better fit to the question posed. Some implications of these findings for models of memory storage are discussed.
The Influence of the Nature of Material and of Mental Operations on the Occurrence of the Bizarreness Effect
Authors: Cornoldi Cesare , Cavedon Adele , De Beni Rossana , Baldi Alvaro Pra 
Published: September 2011

In the literature, a memory advantage for bizarre items over common ones has been found only in a few studies, especially with materials prepared ad hoc by the experimenter and with free recall rather than cued recall tests. These results contrast with the widespread conviction that bizarreness helps recall. The present paper explores the role of some variables involved in the “bizarreness” effect: (1) It examines the typical self-generation procedure in which the subject is asked to create an interaction between a pair of nouns, as well as the case in which only one noun is given. Higher freedom in generating sentences appears to correspond to higher free recall of bizarre items. (2) It is shown that bizarre items must be distinguished from “unusual” ones, which have different effects on memory. (3) By contrasting groups instructed to use either imagery or verbal elaboration, it is shown that the bizarreness effect is linked to the use of imagery. Instructions to use imagery without the possibility of creating bizarre representations do not improve the recall of common items. (4) The classification of parts of sentences generated reveals that, under common instructions, one subject's choice of verb and noun is more likely to be shared by other subjects. This fact may explain the different effects found by previous research in cued and free recall. (5) The overestimation of the recallability of bizarre items appears less evident than in previous research, probably because subjects had direct experience of the difficulties met in generating bizarre images.
Skill in Map Reading and Memory for Maps
Authors: Gilhooly Kenneth J. , Wood Michael , Kinnear Paul R. , Green Caroline 
Published: September 2011

Studies of expertise have typically shown that experts have better memory for materials from their fields than do novices. However, previous research on memory for maps has not shown the expected effect of expertise. The present study differed from previous studies by using contour maps as well as planimetric maps. In Experiment 1 the expected superiority in memory performance was found for skilled map readers when contour maps were used, but not when planimetric maps were used. In Experiment 2, the main results of Experiment 1 were replicated, and, in addition, process tracing data were obtained during both study and test phases of contour map learning. Objective measures of attentional and retrieval focussing revealed almost no differences between the skilled and unskilled subjects. However, analyses of verbal protocols showed that the skilled subjects made more use of specialist schemata, whereas the unskilled subjects spent more time in reading place names. During recall, the skilled subjects made more use of both specialist and “lay” schemata, whereas the unskilled retrieved more place-name information. The results are interpreted in terms of a schema-based approach to expertise.
Anxiety and the Allocation of Attention to Threat
Authors: MacLeod Colin , Mathews Andrew 
Published: September 2011

Using a probe detection technique we have recently demonstrated that anxious subjects consistently deploy attention towards threat-related stimuli, whereas non-anxious controls tend to move attention away from such material (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986). The current study employed the same paradigm but attempted to distinguish the role of trait and state anxiety by testing high- and low-trait students when state anxiety was relatively low (12 weeks before a major examination) and again when it was relatively high (one week before this examination). High-trait subjects alone tended to shift attention towards generally threatening material on both test occasions. Results for examination-related stimuli were more complex. Increased proximity to the examination was associated with an increase in attentional bias towards such threat stimuli in high-trait subjects, but with increased attentional avoidance of such stimuli in low-trait subjects. It is suggested that the attentional response to currently relevant stress-related stimuli may be associated with neither trait nor state anxiety alone, but with an interactive function involving both these variables. These results are discussed in relation to existing models of emotion and cognition, and alternative interpretations of the findings are considered.
On the Role of Outline Shape and Word-Specific Visual Pattern in the Identification of Function Words: None
Authors: Besner Derek 
Published: September 2011

A common assumption in the reading literature is that function words are often identified wholly or in part on the basis of outline shape and/or word-specific visual pattern. This assumption was examined in three perceptual identification experiments, a speeded oral reading experiment, and in a lexical decision task where the visual pattern of function words and control items (content words, non-words and control strings) was systematically distorted by Case Alternation. In all five experiments distortion failed to impair performance more on functors than on various control items. This result is argued to be inconsistent with the view that outline shape and word-specific visual pattern typically play a role in the identification of isolated function words. Shape distortion impaired function words less than controls in perceptual identification, but impaired function and content words equally in speeded naming and lexical decision. These contrasting effects of shape distortion are discussed in terms of a distinction between the uptake of information (lexical access) and phenomenal perception.
Early Motion Processes and the Kinetic Depth Effect
Authors: Mather George 
Published: September 2011

It has been known for over 30 years that motion information alone is sufficient to yield a vivid impression of three-dimensional object structure. For example, a computer simulation of a transparent sphere, the surface of which is randomly speckled with dots, gives no impression of depth when presented as a stationary pattern on a visual display. As soon as the sphere is made to rotate in a series of discrete steps or frames, its 3-D structure becomes apparent. Three experiments are described which use this stimulus, and find that depth perception in these conditions depends crucially on the spatial and temporal properties of the display: 1. Depth is seen reliably only for between-frame rotations of less than 15°, using two-frame and four-frame sequences. 2. Parametric observations using a wide range of frame durations and inter-frame intervals reveal that depth is seen only for inter-frame intervals below 80 msec and is optimal when the stimulus can be sampled at intervals of about 40–60 msec. 3. Monoptic presentation of two frames of the stimulus is sufficient to yield depth, but the impression is destroyed by dichoptic presentation. These data are in close agreement with the observed limits of direction perception in experiments using “short-range” stimuli. It is concluded that depth perception in the motion display used in these experiments depends on the outputs of low-level or “short-range” motion detectors.
Preferred Tempo in the Learning of a Gross Cyclical Action
Authors: van Emmerik R. E. A. , den Brinker B. P. L. M. , Vereijken B. , Whiting H. T. A. 
Published: September 2011

Seventy-five subjects, randomly assigned to one of five training conditions, were required to learn to make large-amplitude, high-tempo, fluent movements on a so-called ski-simulator over a period of four days. Subjects trained under different tempo conditions. In four of the conditions the tempo was prescribed (“preferred”, high, low, or increasing), augmented feedback being provided to enable subjects to stay on “target”. “Preferred” tempo was based on the weight of the subject and was derived from a regression equation based on previous empirical research. In a fifth condition, subjects trained on “discovery learning” principles, i.e. without the tempo being prescribed. The results obtained on the three parameters (amplitude, frequency, and fluency) during the daily test sessions (in which the tempo was not prescribed) formed the data for the analyses. A learning effect was apparent on all three parameters over the four-day training period. Subjects who trained under the high or the low prescribed tempos, however, were shown to produce significantly smaller amplitude movements than subjects who trained under the other three conditions. Training under the low-tempo condition was also shown to have disadvantageous effects on the parameters tempo and fluency. It was concluded that, for these kinds of action, training at a high or a low tempo—and particularly the latter—has undesirable effects. Such disadvantageous effects, however, were shown to be avoidable if training is begun with the “preferred” tempo of the subject and increased successively by 7% over days.
Error, Falsification and Scientific Inference: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Gorman Michael E. 
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the results of four experiments designed to test the methodological falsificationist's assumption that replication is sufficient to prevent the possibility of error from being used to immunize hypotheses against disconfirmation. The first three experiments compare the performance of subjects on tasks that simulate scientific reasoning under two conditions: (1) where there is a 0–20% possibility of error in experimental results, but no actual error; and (2) a control condition. All experiments used Wason's 2–4–6 task, in which subjects propose triples and are told whether each corresponds to a rule. In Experiment 1, subjects in the possible-error condition proposed significantly more triples than control subjects. Experiment 2 added colour and letter dimensions to the 2–4–6 task; possible-error subjects proposed significantly more triples and replicated the same triple more often than control subjects. Experiment 3 made replication more difficult by limiting the number of experiments subjects could perform and by altering the rule to make the results of the current trial dependent on previous ones. Control subjects solved this problem significantly more often than possible-error subjects. Experiment 4 was run in a manner very similar to Experiment 1, except that an actual 20% error condition was added. Subjects in this condition solved the rule significantly less often than subjects in other conditions, and also took more time and replicated more often. Implications of these results for the methodological falsificationist's position are discussed.
inSilicoDb: an R/Bioconductor package for accessing human Affymetrix expert-curated datasets from GEO
Authors: Taminau Jonatan , Steenhoff David , Coletta Alain , Meganck Stijn , Lazar Cosmin , de Schaetzen Virginie , Duque Robin , Molter Colin , Bersini Hugues , Nowé Ann , Weiss Solís David Y. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Microarray technology has become an integral part of biomedical research and increasing amounts of datasets become available through public repositories. However, re-use of these datasets is severely hindered by unstructured, missing or incorrect biological samples information; as well as the wide variety of preprocessing methods in use. The inSilicoDb R/Bioconductor package is a command-line front-end to the InSilico DB, a web-based database currently containing 86 104 expert-curated human Affymetrix expression profiles compiled from 1937 GEO repository series. The use of this package builds on the Bioconductor project's focus on reproducibility by enabling a clear workflow in which not only analysis, but also the retrieval of verified data is supported.
Availability: inSilicoDb is available as part of the Bioconductor project. There is a companion web interface that can be used for browsing available datasets before importing them into R/Bioconductor (http://insilico.ulb.ac.be).
Contact: jtaminau@vub.ac.be