bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tongue Movements in Normal Preschool Children During Eating
Authors: Schwartz Jeannette L. , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study describes tongue movements of normal preschool children during eating, and is the first phase in a long-term project to develop a standardized eating assessment for children. It is hoped eventually to fill the need for an objective measurement tool in pediatric occupational therapy practice. The movements were monitored in 40 children; 20 were 4 years ± 1 month, and 20 were 5 years ± 1 month. Each group consisted of 10 boys and 10 girls.
Two different tongue positions were quantified: First, as food was presented to the child when the food was 5 cm from the lips; and second, as food was swallowed. Tongue position upon food presentation and upon swallowing was affected by age, sex, and type of food. Both responses showed maturational changes from 4 to 5 years. It is proposed that important maturational changes take place between 4 and 5 years of age, but that adult patterns of swallowing are attained later in development.
Chewing Cycles in 4- and 5-Year-Old Normal Children: An Index of Eating Efficacy
Authors: Schwartz Jeannette L. , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Eating movements in the preschool child undergo change between the ages of 2 and 5 years. There is a lack of objective clinical data from normal children against which eating movements of feeding-impaired children can be compared. In this study, chewing movements were measured to complement tongue movements described in an earlier study. The movements were monitored in 40 children: 20 were four years old and 20 were five years old. Each group had ten boys and ten girls.
Chewing movements were measured by time (sec), number of cycles, and a time/cycle ratio. A chewing cycle was defined as an upward and downward movement of the chin. Total time from the moment food was placed in the mouth until the final swallow occurred was divided by the number of cycles counted for the same period.
Age and sex did not affect time, cycles, or the time/cycle ratio. However, the measures were strongly affected by the type of food eaten. These findings suggest that the texture of food strongly influences both the number of chewing cycles performed and the time used for chewing.
The occupational therapist administering eating evaluations to children should carefully choose the foods offered for initial evaluations and use the same food consistently during reevaluations.
Dichotic Listening Performance in Normal Children and Adults
Authors: Bissell Julie Crites , Clark Florence 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate normative expectations on the dichotic listening test in order to determine the influence of sex and development on dichotic listening performance. Thirty 5-to-6 year olds, thirty 11-to-12 year olds, and 30 adults, 15 males and 15 females in each group, were tested by using consonant-vowel dichotic stimuli. There were no significant differences between males and females except for the 11- to 12-year-old females who were significantly more accurate than the males. Degree of ear asymmetry did not differ among the three age groups; however, the adults and 11-to-12 year olds were significantly more accurate than the 5-to-6 year olds. Guidelines are suggested for the interpretation of dichotic listening test data.
Choice Making in Group and Individual Activity
Authors: Henry Alexis D. , Nelson David L. , Duncombe Linda W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A guiding premise of occupational therapy practice is that it is beneficial to allow clients freedom of choice in selecting and participating in activities. This study examined subjects’ affective responses to having or lacking freedom of choice in completing an activity and explored how those responses might differ when subjects did the activity in individual as opposed to group settings. Forty female undergraduate and graduate students participated in an origami activity under four different experimental conditions: a) individual–choice; b) individual–no choice; c) group–choice; and d) group–no choice. Afterward, each subject rated how she felt about herself while participating in the activity by using Osgood’s semantic differential designed to elicit responses in terms of three affective factors: evaluation, power, and activity. Data analysis revealed an interaction between the two independent variables on the power factor such that subjects who were not permitted choice responded significantly differently from those who were permitted choice only in the group setting. Implications of this finding for occupational therapy practice are discussed.
Electromyographic Study of the Upper Extremity During Bilateral Sanding: Unresisted and Resisted Conditions
Authors: Spaulding S. J. , Robinson K. L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Electromyographic information was obtained from seven right shoulder complex muscles in nine subjects (three normal, three paraplegic, and three quadriplegic) during the occupational therapy activity of bilateral sanding on an incline board, an activity that has been recommended as a treatment modality to strengthen the triceps brachii. Electromyography revealed that the anterior and middle portions of the deltoid were the muscles most responsible for the subjects’ arm movements during both resisted and unresisted bilateral sanding. Triceps lateralis and medialis were also active during the up phase, but not as consistently as the deltoid. Pectoralis major and biceps brachii were not extensively active in most subjects. The small size and heterogeneity of the subject sample limits the generalizations of our findings. However, graded resisted bilateral sanding does appear to be an appropriate activity for strengthening the shoulder muscle group, especially the deltoid and triceps brachii, in the tested patient populations.
Reimbursement in Private Practice
Authors: Hershman A. Gloria 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists in private practice must develop sound business policies and procedures to help ensure third party reimbursement for their services. Carefully delineated protocols and proper documentation in treatment are of utmost importance. Fee schedules are established within the framework of local government regulations, using one or a combination of the following methods: unit value system, modalities and procedures, cost-plus or overhead, and state relative value system or maximum allowable fees. Blue Cross/Blue Shield or other private third party payers, Medicare or Medicaid, and workers’ compensation insurers are the usual parties billed for services rendered. Therapists must use good public relations methods to educate their present and future reimbursers and act as advocates for private practitioners in occupational therapy.
Funding Health Services for Children
Authors: Rourk Jane Davis 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews major federal laws that have helped raise a consciousness in this country for increasing availability of health care services for handicapped and chronically ill children, and have authorized financial assistance for these services. This review is intended to provide a basic understanding of these key statutes so that they can be used to expand available occupational therapy services. Private health insurance is also reviewed since approximately one-third of all health care costs for children is reimbursed by this source.
The Medicare Prospective Payment System
Authors: Scott Susan J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In 1983 Congress adopted the most significant change in the Medicare program since its inception in 1965. Along with measures to ensure the solvency of the Social Security System into the next century, Congress approved a system of prospective payment for hospital inpatient services, whereby hospitals are paid a fixed sum per case according to a schedule of diagnosis related groups (DRGs). The program will be phased in over a four-year period that began October 1, 1983. Several types of hospitals and distinct part units of general hospitals are excluded from the system until 1985, when Congress will receive a report on a method of paying them prospectively. Information used to calculate the DRG rates was published September 1, 1983, as part of the interim final regulations. Other third party payers, such as state Medicaid systems and insurance companies, are considering converting to this method of payment, and several have adopted it. The implications for occupational therapy include a greater emphasis on reducing hospital length of stay, expanding outpatient care, increasing productivity, and a trend toward documentation and accounting consistent with computer technology.
Hand Strength and Prone Extension in Right-Dominant, 6 to 9 Year Olds
Authors: Bowman O. Jayne , Katz Barry 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A stratified random sample of 153 right-dominant children (6 to 9 years of age) with normal or above intelligence was selected to study the development of hand strength, and the quality and duration of prone extension as a function of age, sex, height, and weight of the child. The Jamar hand dynamometer was used to measure hand strength, and a new scale for rating the quality of prone extension was presented. Both right- and left-hand strength increased monotonically with age, with the right being significantly higher than the left. Duration of prone extension increased monotonically with age, but quality of prone extension did not correlate with age. Sex differences were found only on the variable left-hand strength (males greater than females). Hand strength demonstrated weak correlation with duration of prone extension. Both height and weight exhibited strong positive correlations with hand strength, weaker positive correlations with duration of prone extension, and no correlation with quality of prone extension. The results suggest hand strength can be an index of normal development, and children ages 6 to 9 can attain the prone extension position; however, the meaning of duration greater than 30 seconds needs to be researched further.
Crisis Intervention: The Nuclear Task Approach
Authors: Rosenfeld Mark S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Failure to perform certain life tasks adequately contributes to crisis development. Occupational therapists frequently treat individuals in crisis. The state of crisis disrupts normal activity patterns, adding to the individual’s sense of helplessness and disequilibrium. Activities may play a crucial role in the process of recovery. “Nuclear tasks” are activities that promote adaptive resolution of crisis elements and spur active problem solving on the part of crisis patients.
Developmental Coaching of the Down Syndrome Infant
Authors: Esenther Shirley E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Proprioceptive input appropriate to the developmental level of the Down Syndrome infant, and kinesthetic and proprioceptive leading of the infant enhance joint stability and prompt the infant to participate in a fuller repertoire of exploratory movement at a relatively early developmental age. Comparison of performances of the Down Syndrome population at the Ray Graham—Fairwood School with that of other Down Syndrome infants in the literature suggested that our intervention program, developmental coaching, had made a difference. A retrospective study was undertaken to document the progress made. Of the 40 infants studied, 95 percent achieved certain hand skills criteria by 10 months of age; 92.5 percent achieved prewalking mobility by 10 months of age; and 40 percent achieved free walking by 18 months of age.
Parents and Therapists in a Professional Partnership
Authors: Anderson Jill , Hinojosa Jim 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Based on a review of the literature, occupational therapy intervention with parents of handicapped children is presented. Normal conflicts in raising a child, parent responses to the diagnosis of disability, and stage-related parent reactions are examined to help understand the issues of parenting a developmentally or learning disabled child. The development of a collaborative relationship between the occupational therapist and parents is stressed. Selected methods of evaluation and strategies for occupational therapy intervention are described with a focus on the use of activities with parents.
The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test and Electronystagmography Under Different Conditions of Visual Input
Authors: Nelson David L. , Weidensaul Nancy K. , Shih Louisa Shing-Ru , Anderson Virginia G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study assessed the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT)-stimulated nystagmus under three conditions of indoor illumination (bright, dim, and dark), and it studied the concurrent validity of SCPNT and electronystagmographic (ENG) measures of nystagmus duration and excursion. Eighteen adult subjects received three sets of rotations to the left under different lighting conditions in a counterbalanced order. The duration and excursion of the SCPNT were monitored under the bright and dim conditions, and ENG-recorded duration, excursion, frequency, slow-phase velocity, and average intersaccadic interval were measured under all three lighting conditions. No significant differences were found between nystagmus duration or excursion under the bright and dim conditions, but highly significant differences were found between the dark condition and the other two conditions. The correlation between ENG-recorded duration and SCPNT visually monitored duration across bright and dim conditions was .73, and the correlation for excursion was .24. These results suggest that occupational therapy researchers and clinicians need not question the validity of SCPNT procedures under different indoor lighting conditions, and suggest that the concurrent validity of ENG recordings and SCPNT measures requires more study.
Allied Health Team Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Feinberg Judy R. , Brandt Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The use of a coordinated team of allied health professionals (AHPs) to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis assigned to experimental groups (EG) and comparison groups (CG) was assessed. The EG patients were evaluated regularly by each AHP team member, whereas CG patients were seen by AHPs only upon referral. Of the 10 EG and 13 CG patients who remained in the study for 2 years, the EG patients initially exhibited somewhat greater disease activity than CG (as reflected by erythrocyte sedimentation rate and duration of morning stiffness). After 2 years, EG patients demonstrated less disease activity than at the outset, whereas CG patients either showed little change in these parameters or deteriorated during the study. Grip strength, which was initially similar in the two groups, improved in EG patients but decreased in CG patients, so that after 2 years a significant difference was noted between the two groups (p &lt; .05). Tendency to lose hand range of motion was also greater in CG than in EG patients. Some EG patients showed improvement in finger flexion deformities during the study. Furthermore, EG patients showed a greater tendency to acquire positive attitudes regarding themselves and family relationships. These results suggest that ongoing “team care” may be more efficacious than episodic use of AHPs in management of patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis.
Purposeful Activity in Motor Learning Theory: An Event Approach to Motor Skill Acquisition
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the event approach to motor skill acquisition as a theoretical treatment of the learning and relearning of motor skills; the emphasis is toward rehabilitation of physical dysfunction. Purposeful activity is viewed as a necessary prerequisite for the formation of coordinative structures, which are the bases for skilled movement. Traditional approaches to motor learning, which focus primarily on the actor, are seen as inadequate to accurately describe motor skill acquisition. The event approach treats the actor and the environment as inseparable in the acquisition of skills. Using this approach, I hope to establish a common ground and collaborative relationships between the disciplines of occupational therapy and motor learning.
Patient Education Techniques Used at Burn Centers
Authors: Kaplan Susan Heling 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists working in facilities with burn units were surveyed to obtain information on their use of education programs with burn patients. Respondents indicated that verbal instruction and written materials that focus on exercise, splint wearing, skin care, and scarring were used most often with patients and families. Almost all 75 respondents indicated that they felt responsible for providing this information to burn patients, and many replied that their patient education programs were generally effective, as determined by patient cooperation and participation in the rehabilitation process.
Work Potential Evaluation in Mental Health
Authors: Andersen Allegra Pressey 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A survey was conducted to describe the methods and the degree to which occupational therapists in mental health settings were evaluating the work potential of patients. Of the 231 responses received from a population of 500 therapists, 157 were usable for this study. Results showed that 36% of the respondents performed work potential evaluations using interest inventories, crafts, and miscellaneous nonstandardized measures as their primary sources of information, and they cited observation as the most useful tool to obtain information about a patient. Most respondents identified the need to do more in this area and expressed an interest in expanding their skills and available resources. Implications for occupational therapy were discussed in relationship to new Medicare legislation.
Fieldwork Experience, Part I: Impact on Practice Preference
Authors: Christie Barbara A. , Joyce Peggy Corcoran , Moeller Patricia L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy students and student supervisors in 65 fieldwork centers nationwide responded to a survey designed a) to appraise the relative value of the fieldwork experience in the occupational therapist’s professional development and b) to identify the elements perceived as being essential to a good fieldwork experience. Three stages of professional development were examined: the preprofessional, the academic, and the fieldwork experience. Results suggest that the fieldwork experience stage has the greatest impact on the development of a therapist’s preference for a specific area of clinical practice. This article discusses the primary influences in the three stages that contribute to this preference formation.
Wheelchair Cushions for Spinal Cord–Injured Individuals
Authors: Garber Susan Lipton 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Pressure sore prevention is a major objective in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury. Wheelchair cushions are frequently prescribed to relieve pressure and reduce the risk of pressure sores in this population. In this study, 251 subjects with paraplegia and quadriplegia were evaluated to decide which wheelchair cushions were suitable. Criteria for the comparative evaluation of cushions included not only magnitude and distribution of pressure but also factors such as wheelchair compatibility, ease of transfer, activities, and independence. Although the Roho cushion was prescribed most frequently, it was not recommended for all subjects. This study provides additional evidence that no single cushion is optimal for all people with spinal cord injury. Rather, objective measurements and clinical judgments are essential elements of a complete evaluation.
Enhancing Vocational Outcomes of Spinal Cord–Injured Persons: The Occupational Therapist’s Role
Authors: Kanellos Margaret Carrol 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Because work is a core element of our physical, social, and psychological survival, the significance of work for spinal cord–injured persons is no less than it is for able-bodied persons. To develop expectations of a productive life-style, vocational planning must be initiated early in the rehabilitation process, with the occupational therapist contributing significantly to the initial and ongoing functional and prevocational assessment. Interaction between the therapist and the spinal cord–injured person can promote the experience of control over environment, a feeling of responsibility for success of the rehabilitation process, the ability to solve functional problems outside of the rehabilitation environment, an understanding of the range of behavioral and environmental options available to the individual, and successful performance of job-related tasks in a supportive setting. The interaction between the occupational therapist, the vocational rehabilitation specialist, and the employer should be characterized by clear, nontechnical communication, an understanding of what functional activities the patient actually does (rather than what the person can do), a willingness to try creative solutions to environmental and performance problems, and a recognition of the employer’s need for quantity and quality of production. All these combined reduces the potential for failure on the job and enhances the likelihood of achieving the highest possible level of vocational potential.
A Comparison of Impact of Undergraduate and Graduate Occupational Therapy Education on Professional Productivity
Authors: Clark Florence , Sharrot Gerald , Hill Doris J. , Campbell Shari 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article presents an account of the evolutionary changes in occupational therapy graduate education at the University of Southern California (USC) in response to the increasing professional demands and the expanding knowledge base of the field. The contention that undergraduate and graduate education represented by these changes would result in different student products was tested. A questionnaire survey was used to assess the responses of 189 former undergraduate and graduate occupational therapy students of USC on issues relating to professionalism, leadership, attitudes, and scholarly contributions. Results of this study support the theory that graduate education of a specific kind and quality enhances the professionalization of occupational therapy more so than does undergraduate education.
Group Work in Occupational Therapy: A Survey of Practice
Authors: Duncombe Linda W. , Howe Margot C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper documents the extent to which occupational therapists use groups in practice. A questionnaire was mailed to 300 occupational therapists nationwide. Questions included the types of groups occupational therapists lead, the facilities in which the groups take place, the patients included, the activities presented, and individual and groups goals. Results were tabulated based on the responses of 120 therapists. We established that 60% of occupational therapists in all areas of practice lead groups in treatment. Of the 209 groups described by the respondents, there was a significantly greater number of activity groups than verbal groups. Also, there were significantly more groups with ten or less members than groups of more than ten. This paper describes the ten categories of groups that were identified in this study.
Application of an ATNR Rating Scale to Normal Preschool Children
Authors: Zemke Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Rating Scale was applied to data from 40 normal 3- and 5-year-old children. Raw scores representing degrees of elbow flexion in response to passive head rotation were converted using a four-point scale, and the results of eight trials in quadrupedal posture were summed. These results reinforce those of previous studies: the mean inhibition scores increased with age, whereas the variance decreased. Results also support further development of normative data for clinical use of the scale.