bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimedia clinical records: results of a pilot project at the Radiation Therapy Department of Florence
Authors: Santoni R , Cellai E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A system based on Macintosh™, Hypercard™ and a local network was developed at the University and Hospital Department of Radiation Therapy, Florence, Italy, to manage the clinical records as a complex data structure (data, texts, drawings and image storage and retrieval). After 4 years, the system produces over 2000 new charts a year and manages more than 15000 clinical records. Electronic records are produced, printed and updated in their traditional form to be put on file in our archive. On-line consultation of the clinical records is possible from every workstation of the structure even as it is producing, updating, or printing a chart. Physicians and clinical clerks, with different access privileges, currently use the system for all these purposes. The clinical records are typed by secretaries who receive dictation on microcassettes. No extra staff were necessary to set up and manage the system and training was simple. The new system changed neither the organization and structure of the traditional records, nor the flux of information; new tools (computers, printers and a network) were introduced to manage the information and the charts. The author describes the aims of the original project and the result.
Predicting local recurrence by correlating pre-operative mammographic findings with pathological risk factors in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Macmillan R D , Purushotham A D , Cordiner C , Dobson H , Mallon E , George W D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The pre-operative mammograms for 231 patients undergoing conservation surgery for breast cancer between March 1988 and September 1992 were analysed for features that may predict the presence of pathological risk factors of local recurrence (residual microscopic disease, extensive intraduct carcinoma (EIC) and lymphatic/vascular invasion). Residual microscopic disease was detected in 40% of patients and was associated with a DY mammographic pattern (p=0.03), casting calcification (p=0.0002) and absence of mammographic nidus (p=0.0006). Residual microscopic disease was found in 75–88.9% of patients when two of these preoperative mammographic features were present in combination. The mean lumpectomy diameter was significantly smaller for patients with DY compared to N.1 mammographic pattern on Wolfe grade (p=0.039). Both residual disease and Wolfe grade were related to age (p=0.0032 and p&lt;0.0001). EIC was found in 22% of patients and was associated with casting (p&lt;0.0001) and non-casting (p=0.04) calcification, absence of mammographic nidus (p&lt;0.0001) and stellate mammographic nidus (p=0.02). No significant association was found between mammographic features and lymphatic/vascular invasion. Pre-operative mammographic features can predict patients likely to have residual microscopic disease or EIC following conservation surgery for breast cancer. These patients should be selected for wider primary excision.
Measurement of human pancreatic perfusion using dynamic computed tomography with perfusion imaging
Authors: Miles K A , Hayball M P , Dixon A K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Absolute quantification of pancreatic perfusion in man has been extremely difficult to date. This paper describes a relatively simple application of dynamic computed tomography to provide perfusion imaging of the human pancreas. Values for perfusion in eight normal pancreases ranged between 1.25 and 1.66 ml min−1 ml−1 (mean: 1.52 ml min−1 ml−1). Increased perfusion values were present in a patient with an islet cell tumour (overall perfusion 2.11 ml min−1 ml−1) and a patient with Wilson's disease (3.43 ml min −1 ml−1). Pancreatic perfusion was reduced in a patient with diabetes (0.60 ml min−1 ml−1) and in a failing pancreatic transplant (0.97 ml min−1 ml−1). The combination of functional information and good spatial detail afforded by computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging means the technique is well suited for the evaluation of the human pancreas. It is currently the only technique which allows non-invasive absolute quantification of pancreatic perfusion.
The radiation dose to children from X-ray examinations of the pelvis and the urinary tract
Authors: Almén A , Mattsson S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
X-ray examinations of the pelvis and the urinary tract are frequent examinations of children, in which a large part of the trunk is irradiated. The irradiated volume contains many of the most radiation sensitive organs and tissues. The absorbed dose to children during the examination was estimated from measurements with a dose–area product meter and thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs). Entrance surface dose and the dose-area product results are presented. Conversion factors between the entrance surface dose and the organ dose were derived. The energy imparted, organ dose and effective dose were determined. The entrance surface dose for one single exposure varied between 0.32 mGy and 8.6 mGy for the urinary tract examination and between 0.26 mGy and 2.89 mGy per exposure for the pelvis examination. These variations are mainly influenced by the body size of the patient. The number of images taken during one examination varied. For the urinary tract investigation, the average number of exposures was six, while the corresponding number for the pelvis examination was two. The average effective dose for a typical urinary tract investigation ranged from 0.9 mSv to 8.5 mSv and from 0.3 mSv to 1.4 mSv for the pelvis examination. The radiation dose depends greatly on the body size. The recommendations to present the results in relation to age have been followed; however, the variation of body size even within each specified age range is significant. It is suggested that doses should be quoted in relation to a more critical parameter than age.
Vertebral fractures in men and women: how discriminative are bone mass measurements?
Authors: Stewart A , Felsenberg D , Kalidis L , Reid D M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Vertebral fractures are associated with osteoporosis. This study examined men and women with vertebral deformation/fractures, as defined by vertebral morphometry. These were compared with a population derived group measured contemporaneously who were defined as having no vertebral deformation/fracture by the radiographs. All patients underwent a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the spine and hip, and a broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) scan of their os calcis. The abilities of these two techniques were compared for their discriminatory powers in this type of fracture. The results showed that DXA hip and spine had a better discriminatory power in the female vertebral group compared with BUA. In males none of the bone measurements could discriminate between the fracture and non-fracture groups.
Computed tomography imaging with a radiotherapy simulator
Authors: Engelbrecht J S , Duvenage J , Willemse C A , Lötter M G , Goedhals L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An inexpensive system for obtaining cross-sectional information and accurate body outlines of patients destined for radiotherapy, using a radiotherapy simulator without any major modifications, has been investigated. The image intensifier of the simulator was moved laterally and a narrow fan beam of X-rays passed through the phantom onto the intensifier. Several television (TV) lines of the video signal from the TV camera were digitized by a frame grabber and stored for reconstruction. Multiple projections were acquired by rotating the gantry of the simulator. The field of view was enlarged by increasing the offset distance of the image intensifier and taking two sets of projections. Reconstruction was carried out by using the convolution and back-projection method. The gradient between pixel values in the reconstructed images was used to detect the outlines of structures in the images. The accuracy of outline detection was evaluated with images of a Rando phantom. The outlines of the images were compared with the actual outlines of the phantom. The spatial resolution of the simulator computed tomography (CT) was measured to be 4.05 mm. Large inhomogeneities could be clearly seen. The average difference between the measured and the actual outlines was 3.0 mm with a maximum difference of 10.0 mm at sharp curves in the outline. The simulator CT provides an inexpensive, alternative method of obtaining body outlines and does not require any modifications to the simulator. Data acquisition, processing and display can be performed on a personal computer with image processing facilities.
A lateral will do?
Authors: Tyrrell P N M , Cassar-Pullicino V N , McCall I W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Efforts to reduce the dose of diagnostic medical irradiation by applying selective criteria for radiographic examinations have been addressed by the Royal College of Radiologists in their Guidelines. Reduction of the number of views of an area has also been suggested by some authors. Deviating from one of the fundamentals of skeletal radiology which requires at least two views of any part of the skeleton may lead to misdiagnosis. This concept is considered in relation to the lumbar spine. Continued routine acquisition of at least two views for the radiographic examination of the lumbar spine is stressed.
Percutaneous varicocele embolization in the treatment of infertility
Authors: Ferguson J M , Gillespie I N , Chalmers N , Elton R A , Hargreave T B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Clinical and sub-clinical varicoceles are associated with infertility and abnormal sperm parameters. Percutaneous embolization is a minimally invasive, safe, outpatient method of treatment which is cost effective in comparison to surgery. This study is a retrospective review of embolization of the spermatic vein using stainless steel occluding spring coils, performed in 116 males from two infertility clinics. Follow-up results were complete in 87 patients of which 79 (91%) were successful both technically and clinically and all had sperm analysis performed both before and within 2 years after embolization. There was a highly significant increase in motility (mean 35% before, mean 46% after, p&lt;0.001). Sperm density showed a trend towards improvement, but only p&lt;0.10, and there was no significant change in semen volume or morphology. The partners of 29 men (33%) became pregnant in a total of 241 years of follow-up.
Multispiral three-dimensional computed tomography in the investigation of craniosynostosis: technique optimization
Authors: Craven C M , Naik K S , Blanshard K S , Batchelor A G G , Spencer J A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
21 infants with craniosynostosis were studied with a new three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) methodology. We describe technique optimization using multiple spiral data acquisitions with low dose (85 mAs) technique. One caudal volume of 3 mm slice thickness was obtained with a further two volumes of 1 mm slice thickness at the vertex. Image reconstruction of spiral raw data allowed overlapping 3 mm sections to be generated without the dose increase that would result from conventional axial CT scanning. We illustrate common technical artefacts of 3D CT and explain their cause and solution. A dramatic dose reduction to the lens was achieved with no loss in 3D image quality. Lens dose was 8.91 mSv compared with 24.6 mSv using the standard paediatric head technique.
Implementation of multiple isocentre treatment for dynamic radiosurgery
Authors: Ramani R , O'Brien P F , Davey P , Schwartz M L , Young C S , Lightstone A W , Mason D L D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Radiosurgery using the dynamic rotation technique with a single isocentre was introduced at the Toronto-Bayview Regional Cancer Centre (T-BRCC) in 1988. Since then, over 100 patients have been treated. It was soon recognized that 25–30% of patients were referred with either non-spherical lesions or multiple lesions located sufficiently close together that consideration had to be given to the overlapping dose distributions throughout the treated volume. To treat these more complex targets a multiple isocentre technique was developed which also took account of these effects and the resulting normalization problem. This technique was implemented in September 1992. Comparisons between calculated doses and actual doses delivered have been undertaken using a spherical phantom containing radiochromic film. Measured dose distributions agreed with the planned distributions to within ±1 mm. The effect of multiple isocentres on the penumbra of dose distributions has been examined. The methods adopted for the normalization of treatment plans and clinical examples illustrating the application of the multiple isocentre technique are presented.
The optimization and inherent limitations of 3D conformal radiotherapy treatment plans of the prostate
Authors: Oldham M , Webb S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the applications of an inverse planning optimization algorithm to the real clinical problem of prostate cancer. The algorithm has been designed to compute optimized beam-weights taking full account of three-dimensional spatial information of dose inside the patient. The algorithm is based on fast simulated annealing, utilizing a cost-function containing both linear and quadratic terms. The linear part of the cost function allows for the implementation of “short-cuts” in the cost-function computation, which reduces the calculation time by a factor of about 30. It has been applied to compute optimized beam-weights for a three-field and a seven-field prostate treatment plan. It is shown for the three-field plan that the optimization algorithm can reproduce, and even slightly improve on, the results of an experienced human planner. For the seven-field plan, the human planner experienced difficulty finding beam-weights that gave an acceptable dose distribution. It is shown that the optimization algorithm can achieve good results in this case. The outcome of the optimization of the seven-field plan prompted an investigation into the best results that could be achieved by an “ideal” conformal radiotherapy technique. The results of this investigation are presented and it is shown that the limiting factor for conformal therapy of the prostate is the size of the overlap volume between the planning target volume (PTV) and the rectum. Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of fast simulated annealing is compared with that of classical simulated annealing. The former was found to be at least 10 times faster for the problem studied.
Pulmonary calcification after liver transplantation in children
Authors: Winter E M , Pollard A J , Chapman S , Kelly D , Spencer D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Pulmonary calcification following liver transplantation is a recognized phenomenon in adults but has not been previously described in children. We describe two children who developed pulmonary calcification after liver transplantation. Pulmonary calcification should be considered after liver transplantation when radiographic changes fail to resolve with appropriate treatment.
Bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein thrombosis successfully treated by splenic artery embolization
Authors: McDermott V G , England R E , Newman G E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Splenic vein thrombosis is a complication of pancreatic carcinoma or pancreatitis. It may lead to gastric varices which are difficult to treat and splenectomy may be required to stop variceal bleeding. A case of bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein thrombosis and successfully treated by splenic artery embolization is reported. Embolization was performed by transcatheter deposition of four Gianturco coils into the splenic artery. This resulted in reduced blood flow through the spleen with partial splenic infarction and cessation of variceal bleeding. There has been no recurrence of bleeding in the 6 months since the procedure. Literature review confirms that experience of using this treatment is very limited and it should therefore be restricted to patients at high risk from surgery.
Haemangiopericytoma of the oesophagus
Authors: Smith R T , Small W C , Mansour K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Haemangiopericytomas are rare, vascular soft tissue sarcomas typically located in the retroperitoneum, pelvis or lower extremities. To our knowledge this neoplasm within the oesophagus has not been reported previously. We present a patient with a haemangiopericytoma of the oesophagus and discuss the radiographic and pathological findings.
Sixth nerve palsy following radiculography
Authors: Lloyd M N H 
Published: July 2009

The authors are to be congratulated for an interesting and thought-provoking article [1].
It is clear that myelography does not display the intervertebral discs and the state thereof as the article implies but by inference it does display the effects of a prolapsed/extruded disc upon the subarachnoid space with thecal indentation and nerve root sleeve “amputation”.
Computer aids for decision-making in diagnostic radiology—a literature review
Authors: Taylor P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This review looks at a variety of different ways in which computers can be used to assist in the interpretation of radiological images and in radiological decision-making. The issues involved in the design of computerized decision aids are introduced and four criteria proposed for evaluating such aids: need, practicality, veracity and relevance. These criteria are used to assess research into decision aids based on: image databases, numerical methods, expert systems, image processing and image understanding systems. Possible directions for research leading to aids of practical value are discussed in the conclusion.
A comparison of iodixanol with iopamidol in aorto-femoral angiography
Authors: Verow P , Nossen J ØYstein , Sheppick A , Kjærsgaard P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This double-blind, randomized, parallel group clinical investigation in 140 consecutive patients undergoing aorto-femoral arteriography was carried out to compare iodixanol (Visipaque®) 270 mgI ml−1 with iopamidol (Iopamiro®) 300 mgI ml−1. The aims of the study were to compare adverse events and discomfort, clinical chemistry parameters in blood, haemodynamics and diagnostic information of the angiograms in the two groups. The main parameter for statistical analysis was the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for overall discomfort experienced by the patients during the examination. 134 patients, 69 and 65 receiving iodixanol and iopamidol, respectively, were examined according to the protocol and included in the evaluation. The two groups of patients were judged to be comparative. Statistically significant milder discomfort was felt with iodixanol than with iopamidol (p=0.0001); mean VAS values 16 mm and 51mm, respectively. Pain was reported far less frequently after iodixanol than after iopamidol (7.4% versus 50.8%) whereas sensation of warmth was less intense after iodixanol than after iopamidol. Four patients in the iodixanol group and two in the iopamidol group reported transient, non-serious adverse events. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.68). Systolic blood pressure was affected to a slightly greater degree after injection of iopamidol than after injection of iodixanol. Measurements of diastolic blood pressure, as well as clinical chemistry parameters in blood, revealed no changes of clinical importance, and all arteriograms performed were of diagnostic value. The conclusion is that iodixanol 270 mgI ml−1 is as efficacious as iopamidol 300 mgI ml−1, but produces less discomfort during arteriography. As such, iodixanol is a good alternative to iopamidol in aorto-femoral angiography.
Errors at knee magnetic resonance imaging: true or false?
Authors: Mackenzie R , Keene G S , Lomas D J , Dixon A K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Amongst a series of 332 patients undergoing a prospective evaluation of the influence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on diagnosis and outcome, arthroscopic correlation became available in 92 knees (91 patients). The MRI report, the arthroscopic findings and the patient's case notes were reviewed by a consensus panel. With respect to the menisci and cruciate ligaments, the formal radiological report was at variance with the arthroscopic findings in 22/349 sites where there had been no previous surgery (10 medial meniscus, six lateral meniscus and six anterior cruciate ligament). 12 of these 22 errors were considered, on review, to be genuine MRI errors. However, considerable controversy remains as to whether the other 10 “errors” were true or false. There are several factors which contribute to such controversy. These include technically difficult arthroscopies, delays between MRI and arthroscopy, and ambiguities in the wording of both the referral letter and the radiological report. These factors should be considered when evaluating the diagnostic performance of both MRI and arthroscopy.
Comparison of colour Doppler energy sonography with conventional colour Doppler sonography in detection of flow signal in peripheral renal transplant vessels
Authors: Preidler K W , Szolar D M , Uggowitzer M , Stiskal M , Horina J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The technical advantage of colour Doppler energy sonography (CDE) results in a higher sensitivity for blood flow detection than in conventional colour Doppler sonography (CDI). We compared the efficiency of CDE versus CDI in the detection of blood flow signals in asymptomatic patients after renal transplantation. 10 asymptomatic voluntary patients after renal transplantation were evaluated with CDI and subsequently with CDE by two examiners. Filter, scale and gate setting were kept constant, the Doppler gain was increased individually in every patient until background noise just did not derange the image. The assessment of blood flow signal was done using a self defined score system. CDI showed Doppler signal in the interlobar vessels in all 10 patients and blood flow signal in arcuate arteries and adjacent portions of interlobular vessels in nine of 10 patients. We were not able to detect blood flow related signal in the more peripheral medullary and cortical vessels. CDE obtained blood flow signal in interlobar and interlobular vessels in all patients. In addition, Doppler signal was observed in all patients in small medullary and cortical vessels. CDE increases detection of blood flow related signal in peripherally located small medullary and cortical vessels. There was no improvement in the evaluation of blood flow in interlobar vessels but marked improvement in blood flow detection in small peripherally located vessels. CDE cannot completely replace CDI in the sonographic evaluation of vascular complications in renal transplants, but should be used as an additional measure to rule out pathology in small peripheral renal vessels.
Potentially higher patient radiation doses using digital equipment for barium studies
Authors: Hart D , Wall B F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Digital fluorography offers several advantages over conventional radiographic systems. The general expectation of digital equipment has been of a lower radiation dose to the patient. A series of dose–area product measurements on two digital sets during barium meal and barium enema examinations has shown that this expectation is not necessarily correct, particularly when the dose from the fluoroscopic part of the examination is considered. Users of digital fluorography sets are advised to check the performance of their equipment by suitable dose measurements.