bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aldehyde Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase
Authors: Roy Roopali , Dhawan Ish K , Johnson Michael K , Rees Douglas C , Adams Michael WW 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) is a homodimer where each subunit contains a [4Fe–4S] cluster and a mononuclear tungsten atom coordinated by the dithioline groups of two pterin molecules. The two subunits of the dimer are bridged by a monomeric iron site. AOR is a member of a family of five closely related tungstoenzymes found in organisms that grow at high temperatures in marine volcanic vents. The enzyme catalyzes the two‐electron oxidation of its aldehyde substrate to the corresponding acid with the concomitant reduction of ferredoxin, its physiological electron acceptor. The enzyme can oxidize a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The most efficient substrates for AOR are acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, and indoleacetaldehyde, the aldehyde derivatives of some of the most common amino acids.
Formate DehydrogenaseH
Authors: Sun Peter D , Boyington Jeffrey C , Stadtman Thressa C 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFunctional ClassOccurrenceBiological FunctionAmino Acid Sequence InformationProtein Production, Purification and Molecular CharacterizationMetal Content and CofactorsActivity TestSpectroscopyX‐Ray Structure ofFDHHFunctional AspectsRelated Articles
Sulfite Oxidase
Authors: Kisker Caroline 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSulfite oxidase catalyzes the physiologically vital oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of the sulfur‐containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. It belongs to the molybdenum cofactor (Moco)‐containing family of enzymes that are characterized by the presence of a mononuclear Mo atom coordinated to the sulfur atoms of a pterin derivative, named molybdopterin. The homodimeric sulfite oxidase is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and each subunit contains a larger Moco‐containing domain and a smaller heme‐containing domain. Oxidation of sulfite to sulfate occurs at the molybdenum center with concomitant reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(IV). Two electrons are singly transferred to theb5heme of the enzyme and from there to cytochromec. Sulfite oxidase deficiency results from defects either in the genes encoding proteins involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis or in the sulfite oxidase gene itself. Several point mutations in the sulfite oxidase gene have been identified in patients with this disease worldwide. The crystal structure of wild‐type chicken sulfite oxidase provides the first atomic model for this enzyme and suggests possible reasons for how these substitutions interfere with catalysis or substrate binding.
CODehydrogenase
Authors: Dobbek Holger , Gremer Lothar , Meyer Ortwin , Huber Robert 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo principal types of CO dehydrogenases have been discovered, which are distinguished by their metal contents, amino acid sequences, molecular masses, and their sensitivity toward dioxygen.The CODH from the aerobic eubacteriumOligotropha carboxidovoranscatalyzes the oxidation of CO with H2O, yielding CO2, two protons, and two electrons. The enzyme is composed of an 88.7‐kDa molybdoprotein (L), a 30.2‐kDa flavoprotein (M), and a 17.8‐kDa iron–sulfur protein (S) and is organized as a dimer of LMS heterotrimers. The active site of CODH consists of a binuclear heterometal [CuSMo(=O)OH] cluster that is prone to cyanolysis. The cluster is coordinated through interactions of the molybdenum with the dithiolate pyran ring of molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and of the copper with Sγ of Cys388; the two metals are bridged by a sulfido‐ligand. A model for the catalytic cycle involves a thiocarbonate‐like intermediate state and includes the transfer of two electrons from Mo through two types of [2Fe–2S]‐clusters to the flavin–adenine dinucleotide cofactor.
Stellacyanin, A Member of the Phytocyanin Family of Plant Proteins
Authors: Nersissian Aram Migran , Hart Peter John , Valentine Joan Selverstone 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Functional Class

Occurrence

Biological Function

Amino Acid Sequence Information and Precursor Assembly

Domain
IV

Protein Production and Purification

Metal Content and Cofactors

Spectroscopy

X
‐Ray Structure

Discussion of Putative Physiological Role

Related Articles
Eukaryotic Copper Amine Oxidases
Authors: Wertz Diana L , Klinman Judith P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCopper amine oxidases contain the covalently bound quinone cofactor, topaquinone, in addition to an active site copper. These proteins are widely distributed among both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and have been characterized with regard to kinetic and structural properties. The function of the eukaryotic proteins is only now beginning to be understood with the hypothesis ranging from a role in cell–cell adhesion to a role in insulin signaling.
Catechol Oxidase
Authors: Eicken Christoph , Gerdemann Carsten , Krebs Bernt 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCatechol oxidases are ubiquitous plant enzymes with a dinuclear type‐3 copper center. In the wound‐responsive mechanism of the plant, they catalyze the oxidation of a broad range of o‐diphenols to the corresponding o‐quinones coupled with the reduction of oxygen to water. The crystal structures of catechol oxidase from sweet potato in the resting Cu(II)–Cu(II) state, the reduced Cu(I)–Cu(I) form, and in complex with the inhibitor phenylthiourea were analyzed. The catalytic copper center in a central four‐helix bundle is located in a hydrophobic pocket close to the surface. Both metal sites are coordinated by three histidine ligands. His109, ligated to the CuA site, is covalently linked to Cys92 by an unusual thioether bond. On the basis of biochemical, spectroscopic, and structural data, a catalytic mechanism is proposed in which one of the oxygen atoms of the diphenolic substrate binds to CuB of the oxygenated enzyme. There are close structural relationships of catechol oxidase to different hemocyanins.
Copper Nitrite Reductase
Authors: Adman Elinor T , Murphy Michael EP 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCopper nitrite reductase catalyzes the one electron reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide as part of the dissimilatory denitrification pathway. Copper nitrite reductases are found in some fungi and archaea and in many divisions of bacteria. The crystal structure of the enzyme reveals a homotrimer, each of which has a type 1 Cu site that mediates electron transfer to a type 2 Cu site. The three type 2 Cu sites are found at the subunit interfaces and catalyze nitrite reduction. Extensive mutagenic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and crystallographic studies have explored the catalytic mechanism that is proposed to include a copper–nitrosyl intermediate.
Epidemiology of humerus fractures in the United States: nationwide emergency department sample, 2008
Authors: Kim Sunny H. , Szabo Robert M. , Marder Richard A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the occurrence of emergency department (ED) visits due to humerus fractures in the US.MethodsWe analyzed the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, which contained approximately 28 million ED records. We identified the cases of interest using diagnostic codes for proximal, shaft, and distal humerus fractures.ResultsIn 2008, approximately 370,000 ED visits in the US resulted from humerus fractures. Proximal humerus fractures were the most common, accounting for 50% of humerus fractures. The incidence rate of proximal humerus fractures followed the shape of an exponential function in the age groups 40–84 years for women (R2 = 97.9%) and 60–89 years for men (R2 = 98.2%). After the exponential increase in these age intervals, the growth rate of proximal humerus fracture slowed and eventually decreased. The peak occurrence of distal humerus fractures was in children ages 5–9 years; however, elderly women had an increased risk. As the baby boomer generation ages, unless fracture prevention programs improve, more than 490,000 ED visits due to humerus fractures are expected in 2030 when the youngest of the baby boomers turn age 65 years.ConclusionCompared to epidemiologic studies in Japan and European countries, the incidence rates of humerus fractures are substantially higher in the US. The high incidence rate of humerus fractures in the expanding elderly population may contribute to the recent trend of rapid increase in shoulder arthroplasty in the US. Rigorous safety measures to reduce falls and improved preventive treatments of osteoporosis are needed.
Algebraic conditions on the controllability for a type of discrete‐continuous systems with delays
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhao Shouwei 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, the controllability for a type of discrete‐continuous systems with delays is investigated. The solution of such systems based on variation of parameters is derived. Several sufficient and necessary algebraic conditions for the controllability of the system as well as the relation among these conditions are established. It is also shown that the delayed input contributes to achieving the controllability of discrete‐continuous systems. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder are associated with cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease
Authors: Kotagal Vikas , Albin Roger L. , Müller Martijn L. T. M. , Koeppe Robert A. , Chervin Ronald D. , Frey Kirk A. , Bohnen Nicolaas I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjective:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is common in Parkinson disease (PD), but its relationship to the varied neurotransmitter deficits of PD and prognostic significance remain incompletely understood. RBD and cholinergic system degeneration are identified independently as risk factors for cognitive impairment in PD. We aimed to assess the association between cholinergic denervation and symptoms of RBD in PD patients without dementia.Methods:Eighty subjects with PD without dementia (age, 64.6 ± 7.0 years; range, 50–82 years; 60 males, 20 females; mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test [MoCA] score, 26.2 ± 2.1; range 21–30) underwent clinical assessment, neuropsychological testing, and [11C]methylpiperidyl propionate acetylcholinesterase and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 11C3‐Amino‐4‐(2‐dimethylaminomethyl‐phenylsulfaryl)‐benzonitrile (DASB) serotonin transporter PET imaging was performed in a subset of 35 subjects. The presence of RBD symptoms was determined using the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire.Results:Twenty‐seven of 80 subjects (33.8%) indicated a history of RBD symptoms. Subjects with and without RBD symptoms showed no significant differences in age, motor disease duration, MoCA, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores, or striatal DTBZ binding. Subjects with RBD symptoms, in comparison to those without, exhibited decreased neocortical, limbic cortical, and thalamic cholinergic innervation (0.0213 ± 0.0018 vs 0.0236 ± 0.0022, t = 4.55, p < 0.0001; 0.0388 ± 0.0029 vs 0.0423 ± 0.0058, t = 2.85, p = 0.0056; 0.0388 ± 0.0025 vs 0.0427 ± 0.0042, t = 4.49, p < 0.0001, respectively). Brainstem and striatal DASB binding showed no significant differences between groups.Interpretation:The presence of RBD symptoms in PD is associated with relative neocortical, limbic cortical, and thalamic cholinergic denervation although not with differential serotoninergic or nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation. The presence of RBD symptoms may signal cholinergic system degeneration. ANN NEUROL 2012;
Investigation on microstructural behavior of styroflex/polyaniline blends by WAXS
Authors: Siddaramaiah  , Souza Fernando G. , Soares Bluma G. , Somashekar R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStyroflex/polyaniline (STF/PAni) blends were prepared by two routes namely by in situ and thermo mechanical processing method with various PAni compositions, namely, 0, 15, 30, and 45 wt %. The influence of volume fraction of PAni in the blends and synthetic routes of the STF/PAni blends on the volume resistivity and microcrystalline parameters have been investigated. The microcrystalline parameters such as the nanocrystal size (<N>), lattice disorder (g), interplanar distance (dhkl), width of the crystallite size distribution, surface weighted crystal size (Ds), and crystallite area were evaluated from the wide angle X‐ray scattering profiles. The different asymmetric column length distribution functions namely, exponential, reinhold, and lognormal distribution methods were employed to probe the microcrystalline behavior of the STF/PAni blends and the results are compared. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Incorporating information on bottlenose dolphin distribution into marine protected area design
Authors: Silva Mónica A. , Prieto Rui , Magalhães Sara , Seabra Maria I. , Machete Miguel , Hammond Philip S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

The steady growth of the whale‐watching activities in the Azores and its concentration in a small area that partly overlaps the home range of a resident group of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) was one of the driving forces to proposing part of the range of this group as a marine protected area (MPA).
Six years of data collected during boat surveys were used to investigate how dolphins used the candidate MPA (cMPA) and whether they showed any preference for the cMPA over adjacent areas. This work also estimated the fraction of the resident individuals and group's range included in the cMPA and examined whether there were any temporal changes in its use.
Mean daily encounter rate of bottlenose dolphins was higher inside than outside the cMPA. Dolphin sightings inside the cMPA were nearly double what was predicted by the survey effort. Dolphins used the cMPA with similar intensity throughout the years.
Resident dolphins were frequently sighted in the cMPA. However, less than 20% of the known range (650 km2) and 41% (39 km2) of the core area of the group lay within the cMPA. The reliability in the use of the cMPA over a 6‐year period suggests its importance for the dolphin population remained relatively stable but its surface area was clearly insufficient to satisfy the spatial requirements of the resident group.
Based on these findings, it was proposed to the Regional Government of the Azores to extend the boundaries of the cMPA. Accordingly, the modified protected area established in 2008 includes 100% of the core area of the resident group of bottlenose dolphins. This study provides an example of how information on cetacean habitat‐use patterns may be used to design ecologically meaningful protected areas for this group. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of in vitro metabolites of trimethoprim and diaveridine in pig liver microsomes by liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhao‐Ying , Wu Yong , Sun Zhi‐Liang , Wan Leren 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTrimethoprim (TMP) and diaveridine (DVD) are used in combination with sulfonamides and sulfaquinoxlaine as an effective antibacterial agent and antiprotozoal agent, respectively, in humans and animals. To gain a better understanding of the metabolism of TMP and DVD in the food‐producing animals, the metabolites incubated with liver microsomes of pigs were analyzed for the first time with high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Seven TMP‐related and six DVD‐related metabolites were characterized based on the accurate MS2 spectra and known structure of the parent drug, respectively. The metabolites of TMP were identified as two O‐demethylation metabolites, a di‐O‐demethylation metabolite, two N‐oxides metabolites, a hydroxylated metabolite on the methylene carbon and a hydroxylated metabolite on the methyl group. DVD was also biotransformed to two O‐demethylation metabolites, a di‐O‐demethylation metabolite, an N‐oxide metabolite, a hydroxylation metabolite on the methylene carbon and a hydroxylation metabolite followed by O‐demethylation. The results indicate that the two compounds have similar biotransformation pathways in pigs. O‐Demethylation was the major metabolic route of TMP and DVD in the pig liver microsomes. The proposed metabolic pathways of TMP and DVD in liver microsomes will provide a basis for further studies of the in vivo metabolism of the two drugs in food‐producing animals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nitrogen source on biomass and bioactive compound production in submerged cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum nakai adventitious roots
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jung , Paek Kee‐Yoeup 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAmmonium to nitrate ratios of 0:30, 5:25, 10:20, 15:15, 20:10, 25:5, and 30:0 mM were tested to determine the optimal NH4+:NO3− ratio for improving biomass and bioactive compound production in Eleutherococcus koreanum Nakai adventitious roots using 3‐L bulb‐type bubble bioreactors. A high ammonium nitrogen ratio had a negative effect on root growth, and the highest fresh and dry weights were obtained when NH4+:NO3− ratios were 5:25 and 10:20 (mM) after 5 weeks of culture. Although the total production of eleutherosides B and E was slightly higher at the 10:20 ratio than at the 5:25 ratio (NH4+:NO3−), we proposed that the optimal NH4+:NO3− ratio was 5:25 mM. This ratio achieved both the highest total production of five target bioactive compounds (eleutherosides B and E, chlorogenic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids) and the highest root biomass. Furthermore, increasing NH4+:NO3− ratios to 10:20 decreased pH in the medium, interrupted the absorption of essential minerals from the culture medium, and resulted in low biomass and increased relative oxidative stress levels, which were evaluated by determining 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Therefore, nitrate rather than ammonium nitrogen was more essential not for only biomass production but also for bioactive compound production in E. koreanum adventitious root cultures. The optimal nitrogen source ratio produced 5.63 g L−1 of biomass and 24.41 mg of the five total bioactive compounds per gram of biomass (dry weight basis). The development of such in vitro culture technology will benefit the pilot‐scale production of E. koreanum‐based bioactive compounds for commercialization. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
ChemInform Abstract: New Phases in the System LiMnVO4—Mn3(VO4)2.
Authors: Clemens Oliver , Haberkorn Robert , Beck Horst Philipp 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe low temperature phase of orthorhombic Mn3(VO4)2 (space group Cmca) is synthesized from stoichiometric amounts of MnO and V2O5 (flowing Ar, 800 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Activity of Co‐Aakermanite and Co‐Pyroxene in Oxidation Reactions.
Authors: Mihailova Irena , Mehandjiev Dimitar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe catalytic activity of Ca2CoSi2O7 (I) and CaCoSi2O6 (II) in oxidation reactions of CO and toluene is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Rb4Sn5P4Se20: A Semimetallic Selenophosphate.
Authors: Chung In , Biswas Kanishka , Song Jung‐Hwan , Androulakis John , Chondroudis Konstantinos , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos M. , Freeman Arthur J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized by the reaction of a Sn/Rb2Se/P2Se5/Se (1:1:1:5) mixture (vacuum, 490 °C, Pyrex tube, 4 d; 60% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Noble Metals in Polyoxometalate Chemistry: Palladium‐Containing Derivatives of the Monolacunary Keggin and Wells—Dawson Tungstophosphates.
Authors: Izarova Natalya V. , Banerjee Abhishek , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCompound (III) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Pure vic‐Sulfanyl Amines Mediated by a Remote Sulfinyl Group.
Authors: Arroyo Yolanda , Sanz‐Tejedor M. Ascension , Alonso Ines , Garcia‐Ruano Jose L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTreatment of the sulfoxide (I) with N‐phenyl and N‐methoxyphenyl aldimines allows highly stereoselective access to syn‐sulfanyl amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New α‐Oxo‐N‐phenyl‐(4‐fluoroaryl)‐2‐azetidinones by Conventional and Microwave Methods and Their Spermicidal, Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Sharma Sharda , Madan Harsha , Sharma Arvind 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNew compounds are evaluated for their spermicidal activities in semen of Holstein Frisian cattle.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic One‐Pot Three‐Component Catalytic Asymmetric Transformation by Combination of Hydrogen‐Bond‐Donating and Amine Catalysts.
Authors: Lin Shuangzheng , Deiana Luca , Zhao Gui‐Ling , Sun Junliang , Cordova Armando 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reaction of aldehydes, protected α‐cyanoglycinate esters, and enals is catalyzed by a combination of a chiral amine and an oxime derived from cyanoacetate ester as a hydrogen bond donating co‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: The Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Ynones with Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Shi Feng , Luo Shi‐Wei , Tao Zhong‐Lin , He Long , Yu Jie , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Gong Liu‐Zhu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAminomalonate (III) and α‐aryl amino ester (VI) afford both a high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Scalable Process for the Preparation of Indole via Raney Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation and Ring Closure.
Authors: Guo Xianghai , Peng Zhiliang , Jiang Shende , Shen Jiaxiang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe utilization of 2‐nitrotoluene as starting material for the synthesis of indole is shown at pilot plant scale.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Convenient Route to Oxazolyl Ligands.
Authors: Aspinall Helen C. , Beckingham Oliver , Farrar Michael D. , Greeves Nicholas , Thomas Christopher D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVarious 2‐aryloxazoline ligands, especially o‐hydroxyaryl‐substituted ones, are prepared via conversion of arylaldehydes to the corresponding nitriles following by ZnCl2‐catalyzed reaction with 2‐amino alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Some New Mannich Bases Carrying 1,2,4‐Triazolyl Moiety.
Authors: Arafa Wael A. A. , Mohamed Asmaa S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA variety of new triazole derivatives incorporating Schiff and Mannich bases are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to 2,6‐Dialkyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones via Oxidative Cleavage of Protected 1‐(2‐Oxoalkyl)‐cyclopropanols. Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Hepialone and Its Natural Congener.
Authors: Astashko Dmitry A. , Tyvorskii Vladimir I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe novel three‐step sequence involves Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, oxidative cleavage of the resulting cyclopropanols (III) followed by cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Piperidine‐Type Alkaloids and Their Analogues.
Authors: Monaco Mattia R. , Renzi Polyssena , Scarpino Schietroma Daniele M. , Bella Marco 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe method allows a new, highly enantioselective access to the alkaloid pelletierine and its analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Substituted 2‐Alkylquinolines by a Sequential Palladium‐Catalyzed C—N and C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Matsubara Yoshio , Hirakawa Saori , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Yoshida Zen‐ichi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA range of substituted 2‐alkylquinolines is efficiently prepared by reaction of substituted anilines (I) with ethyl vinyl ether (II) or allyl butyl ether (IV) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Versatile Synthesis of 4,6‐Diarylpyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones (DAPMs) via One‐Pot, Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Reddy M. B. Madhusudana , Pasha M. A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reaction is conducted under solvent free conditions.