bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of core concepts in developmental psychopathology to the understanding of pathways of aggression and violence from infancy to adulthood
Authors: Keren Miri , Tyano Sam 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroduction Psychiatric disorders can start at a very young age, though prevalence of specific disorders change over time. Consequently, any study of continuities and discontinuities should start in infancy, and core concepts of developmental psychopathology are useful for understanding the data. Violence is a major societal problem, while the most effective intervention is to prevent the developmental, normative aggression in very early childhood, from turning into conduct disorders and antisocial personality disorders later in life. The aims of this study were to apply the core concepts of developmental psychopathology to the understanding of the data about how developmental aggression in infancy may turn into pathological violence and conduct disorders in childhood and then into psychopathology in adulthood.Methods Selective computerized review of the literature examining longitudinal studies of aggression and violence from infancy to adulthood was conducted.Results Pathways of continuity and discontinuity of aggression and violence were identified from infancy into adulthood. Early care‐giving quality is a major contributor to the outcomes, but additional risk and protective factors are in a dynamic and complex interplay. The longer a pathway is pursued, the more difficult change becomes.Discussion Intervention programs aimed at reducing violence among individuals and societies should target risk and protective factors, at least as much as the symptoms.
Relationship between severity of obesity and mental health: An Australian community survey
Authors: Knoesen Natalie P. , Mancuso Serafino G. , Thomas Samantha , Komesaroff Paul , Lewis Sophie , Castle David J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionIn Australia the incidence of obesity is increasing rapidly and has become a significant public health concern. In addition to the many physical consequences of obesity many studies have reported significant mental health consequences, including major depression, mood and anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between severity of obesity and perceived mental health in an Australian community sample.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey design was used. A total of 118 participants, aged between 19 and 75 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 returned a completed questionnaire. The SF‐36 Health Survey, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, perceived social support and physical health quality of life, obesity was not significantly associated with mental health quality of life (SF‐36). The strongest factor influencing mental health was perceived physical health. Mediation analyses suggest that physical health mediates the relationship between obesity and mental health quality of life.DiscussionOur findings support the view that physical health mediates the relationship between obesity and mental health. Public health interventions should focus on reducing the impact of obesity on physical health by encouraging participation in healthy lifestyles, which in turn, may improve mental wellbeing.
Development and validation of the Assessment for Repeated Suicide
Authors: Yeh Andrew Wei‐Chiang , Hung Chi‐Fa , Lee Yu , Lin Pao‐Yen , Chiu Nien‐Mu , Huang Tsan‐Yu , Hsu Su‐Ting , Lee Chun‐Yi , Chen Chien‐Chih , Lin Huang‐Chi , Chong Mian‐Yoon 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionThis study developed and validated a multidimensional measure, the Assessment for Repeated Suicide (ARS), to assess suicide risk and predict future suicidal attempts within psychiatric populations who have previously attempted suicide.MethodsA prospective case‐control study was conducted in a medical center between August 2004 and July 2007. Two stages were involved. Stage 1 involved the development of a 20‐item scale, the ARS, which was derived from 70 items based on expert validation. The 20‐item scale was then administered on suicide attempters enlisted from the emergency department (suicidal group) and non‐suicide attempters who were from the outpatient and inpatient units of the psychiatry department (control group). The factor structure of the new scale encompassing reliability and validity, were assessed. Stage 2 assessed the predictive validity of the ARS instrument at a one‐year follow‐up.ResultsPsychometric analyses indicated that the new scale, the ARS consisted of 19 items and had a four‐factor structure. Construct validity, concurrent validity and criterion validity were found to be good, and internal consistency and reliability were found to be satisfactory. The ARS itself and the subscale negative ideation were identified as useful predictors of suicide re‐attempts.DiscussionThe ARS is a valid instrument for assessing the risk of suicide attempts and re‐attempts. It has the advantage of integrating important psychological factors that are associated with suicide in the form of clinical interviews.
Do we need education on right‐to‐die issues? Medical perspectives from Australia
Authors: De Leo Diego , Hawgood Jacinta , Ide Naoko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionAn increasing demand for physicians’ involvement in life‐ending decisions has led to extensive debate on euthanasia and right‐to‐die issues by social, political and medical groups. The Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care commissioned an evaluation of the need to educate undergraduate medical students on suicide prevention, euthanasia and life‐ending issues.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted on samples of medical school coordinators, medical students and general practitioners (GPs). Key academics in Curriculum and/or Accreditation Committees from 10 of 15 Australian Medical Schools (AMS) participated in a survey on the possible implementation of suicide prevention, euthanasia and life‐ending issues in undergraduate courses. Medical students (n = 373) were asked to rate their attitude toward the same issues. Twenty‐four GPs from six different states (rural/urban environments) were asked to rate the level of importance of a specific curriculum on suicide prevention, euthanasia and life‐ending issues.ResultsMedical students showed high interest in learning about euthanasia and life‐ending issues (76.8%), quality of life and quality of death (85.1%), and different types of euthanasia and physician‐assisted suicide (70%). They reported that physicians should be involved in ending‐life decisions (89%). Forty per cent of AMS thought education on euthanasia and life‐ending issues was essential. Fifty‐four per cent of GPs considered education in euthanasia and related issues a high priority.DiscussionThe increasing aging population and the high prevalence of chronic illness call for a growing involvement of physicians in this difficult area of medical practice. Globally, the need for undergraduate education on these matters is perceived as important and urgent.
Harnessing mobile communications innovations for water security
Authors: Hope Rob , Foster Tim , Money Alex , Rouse Michael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWater security aims to provide safe, reliable, affordable and sufficient water for people, agriculture, industry and ecosystems, subject to societal choices across related trade‐offs and risks. Managing resource risks, delivering effective governance, promoting financial sustainability and achieving social equity are central to achieving water security. We explore how innovations in mobile communications have created an inclusive, secure and low cost architecture for financial and data flows to reduce risk and enhance water security. In Africa, water security challenges associated with climate extremes and population growth outstripping improved water services’ access are juxtaposed with its global lead in mobile commerce innovations, including mobile water payments. Market driven expansion of mobile network coverage and low cost, mobile handsets mean more Africans will be connected to mobile phone services than those receiving improved water services in 2012. The confluence of rapid mobile network expansion, mobile phone ownership, mobile water payments and smart metering technologies offer new policy pathways to water security to accelerate progress on sustainable, safe water access, particularly for those in the greatest need and those most difficult to reach. We chart emerging mobile water innovations in Africa and policy implications in the region and beyond.Policy Implications
Mobile communication innovations offer an inclusive, secure and low cost architecture for financial and data flows that can reduce or share risk to enhance water security.
The confluence of mobile network coverage, mobile phone ownership, mobile water payments and smart water metering technologies has significant but uncharted potential to enhance water security.
Innovations are being driven by the commercial interests of mobile network operators with the distributional impacts and implications yet to be evaluated or shaped by policy and governance regimes.
Living in rural and remote areas may no longer be synonymous with a higher risk of water insecurity as mobile connectivity could permit innovative management models at scale.
The all‐ceramic, inlay supported fixed partial denture. Part 3. Experimental approach for validating the finite element analysis
Authors: Thompson MC , Field CJ , Swain MV 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn a previous study, the authors used a finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the stresses developed during the loading of an all‐ceramic, inlay supported fixed partial denture and compared it with the more traditional full crown supported prosthesis. To date there has been little research into correlating the responses of the numerical model against physical mechanical tests; such validation analysis is crucial if the results from the FEA are to be confidently relied upon. This study reports on the experimental methods used to compare with the FEA and thereby to validate the predictive fracture behaviour of the numerical model. This study also outlines the methods for manufacture and testing of the ceramic structure along with observations of the fracture tests. In addition the procedure used for developing the FEA model for the test system is outlined.
Inhibition of early biofilm formation by glass‐ionomer incorporated with chlorhexidine in vivo: a pilot study
Authors: Du X , Huang X , Huang C , Frencken JE , Yang T 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  This pilot study investigated the antibiofilm effects of glass‐ionomer cements (GICs) and resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements (RMGICs) incorporated with chlorhexidine (CHX) in vivo.Methods:  Experimental GICs and RMGICs containing 2% CHX were obtained by mixing CHX with the powder of GICs (CHXGIC) and RMGICs (CHXRMGIC). Four groups of specimens were prepared in a standardized size. After polishing and sterilization, they were bonded to the buccal surface of the molars in the first and second quadrant of volunteers and left untouched for 4 hours and 24 hours, respectively. The bacterial vitality of plaque was then analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The bacterial morphology and biofilm accumulation were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pH value of biofilm was assessed by Plaque Indicator Kits.Results:  CLSM analysis revealed that bacterial vitality of the biofilm on CHXGIC and CHXRMGIC was significantly lower than that on GIC and RMGIC. SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of bacteria on CHXGIC and CHXRMGIC was irregular. The pH value of biofilm on the experimental materials presented no statistically significant difference.Conclusions:  Twenty‐four hour bacterial vitality on GICs and RMGICs with CHX are lower in micro‐organisms than on conventional GICs and RMGICs.
Dentists’ perceptions of a new local anaesthetic drug – articaine
Authors: Yapp KE , Hopcraft MS , Parashos P 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Articaine is a new local anaesthetic drug introduced to the Australian dental market. The aim of this study was to elicit information regarding the use of articaine in Australia, and factors that influence attitudes towards adoption of new technology.Methods:  A self‐administered postal questionnaire was sent to a stratified systematic sample of dentists who were members of the Australian Dental Association, with questions regarding details about articaine use and how influences such as education and scientific literature affect their adoption of new technology.Results:  Of the sample, 53% responded and over 70% of dentists surveyed used articaine, with 95% and 97% of respondents identifying scientific literature and continuing professional development courses respectively as influencing factors in their adoption of new technology. The most common reason for not using articaine was no perceived advantage and the most influential factor that would encourage non‐users to start using articaine was a scientifically proven advantage. Senior clinicians, specialists and public sector dentists were less likely to use articaine.Conclusions:  A majority of Australian dentists were using articaine and cited continuing professional development courses, scientific literature and anecdotal peer reports as being influential in their adoption of new technology.
Oral health inequalities in a national sample of Australian children aged 2–3 and 6–7 years
Authors: Kilpatrick NM , Neumann A , Lucas N , Chapman J , Nicholson JM 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  While inequalities in oral health are generally well documented, it is less clear whether such patterns are evident from early childhood. Using four measures of potential inequality, this study examined patterns in oral health for Australian children at ages 2–3 and 6–7 years.Methods:  Cross‐sectional data from two cohorts of children in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were used to explore associations between reported oral health and four indicators of social disadvantage: socio‐economic position (SEP), residential remoteness, Indigenous status and non‐English speaking background.Results:  For both cohorts, lower SEP and Indigenous status were associated with higher odds of poor oral health on all three indicators, and less accessible location was associated with increased odds for caries. Non‐English speaking background was associated with increased odds for caries experience in 2–3 year olds and non‐use of dental services in the older cohort. Inequalities were larger in the older cohort for socio‐economic position and toothbrushing.Conclusions:  Marked social disparities in oral health appear as early as 2 years of age and remain evident in school‐age children. Interventions to reduce such disparities should start as early as possible.
Geographic redistribution of practice location of graduate dentists: a six‐year retrospective analysis (2004–2009)
Authors: Gurbuxani A , Kruger E , Tennant M 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  The purpose of this study was to analyse the geographic distribution of practice locations of graduate dentists from the University of Western Australia (UWA) over a period of six years.Methods: Using data from open access sources, all practice locations of the UWA’s dental graduates from 2004 to 2009 were located. All practice locations were measured at the postcode level and the distribution of graduates was analysed across variables such as SEIFA (a socio‐economic index of disadvantage) and ARIA (an index of accessibility and remoteness).Results:  Of the 228 UWA graduates, an almost equal proportion of males (49.1%) and females (50.9%) graduated over the six‐year period. Of all the local graduates, 83% continued to practice in Western Australia, with 78% of the practice locations alone in ARIA 1 (highly accessible areas) and 22% of the graduates distributed among the remaining ARIA regions. Fifty‐one per cent of graduates practised in the 30% most affluent suburbs and only 11.5% practised in the most socio‐economically disadvantaged 30% suburbs. In SEIFA decile 10 (least disadvantaged areas), the highest numbers of practising dental graduates were also from the earliest graduates, with numbers steadily declining over the year of graduation from 2004 to 2009 (i.e. the most recent graduates).Conclusions:  An apparent association exists between year of graduation and practice location, with more experienced dentists working in urban and higher socio‐economic areas.
Dental and periodontal complications of lip and tongue piercing: prevalence and influencing factors
Authors: Plessas A , Pepelassi E 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of lip and tongue piercing complications and explore the effect of ornament time wear period, habits, ornament morphology and periodontal biotype on the development of complications.Methods:  One hundred and ten subjects with 110 lip and 51 tongue piercings were assessed for abnormal toothwear and/or tooth chipping/cracking (dental defects), gingival recession, clinical attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to the pierced site. Piercing habits (biting, rolling, stroking, sucking) were recorded.Results:  Wear time and habits significantly affected the prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession. Pierced site significantly affected dental defects prevalence, with greater prevalence for tongue than lip piercing. Wear time significantly affected attachment loss and probing depth. Attachment loss and probing depth did not significantly differ between tongue and lip piercings. Gingival recession was significantly associated with ornament height closure and stem length of tongue ornaments. Periodontal biotype was not significantly associated with gingival recession, attachment loss and probing depth.Conclusions:  Dental defects prevalence is greater for tongue than lip piercing. Gingival recession is similar for tongue and lip piercing. Longer wear time of tongue and lip piercing is associated with greater prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession, as well as greater attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to pierced sites. Ornament morphology affects gingival recession prevalence.
Modulation of epithelial tight junctions by TGF‐beta 3 in cultured oral epithelial cells
Authors: Ye P 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Previous studies have indicated that transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF‐β3) was strongly expressed both in the gingival epithelium and the poorly structured pocket epithelium.Methods:  A comprehensive analysis of the profile of tight junction proteins was carried out by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, Western blot and paracellular permeability assays.Results:  Active TGF‐β3 protein added to monolayers of cultured oral epithelial cells initially reduced the permeability to dextran (10 kDa), followed by an increase in permeability. Three hours after the addition of TGF‐β3, expression of genes encoding tight junction components was selectively up‐ or down‐regulated. In addition, up‐ or down‐regulation of expression of several tight junction associated proteins was observed, although the protein changes did not parallel changes in gene expression. To confirm that TGF‐β3 plays a role in epithelial barrier function, a selective Src family kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) was added to cells treated with active TGF‐β3. Tight junction proteins claudins‐2, ‐20 and ZO‐2 were significantly decreased, but claudin‐4 and ‐18 were significantly increased.Conclusions:  These results suggest that TGF‐β3 is involved in the modulation of epithelial barrier function by regulating assembly of tight junctions.
Non‐surgical periodontal therapy affects metabolic control in diabetics: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Moeintaghavi A , Arab HR , Bozorgnia Y , Kianoush K , Alizadeh M 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Periodontal diseases and diabetes are two common diseases with high prevalence. Many clinicians have accepted the relationship between these two diseases. Some investigators have reported that periodontal treatment may enhance the metabolic control of diabetes. The effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) were examined.Methods:  Forty patients with DM2 and chronic periodontitis [mean age = 50.29 years; mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) = 8.72] were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (n = 22) received full‐mouth scaling and root planing, whereas the control group (n = 18) received no periodontal treatment. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were recorded at baseline and compared to data collected three months later.Results:  The groups did not differ in gender ratio, age or clinical parameters [PPD (p = 0.107), CAL (p = 0.888), PI (p = 0.180)] and biochemical markers at baseline [FPG (p = 0.429), HbA1c (p = 0.304), TG (p = 0.486), TC (p = 0.942), LDL (p = 0.856) and HDL (p = 0.881)]. FPG, HbA1c and clinical parameters differed between the treatment and control groups (p = 0.006, 0.003 and 0, respectively). From baseline to follow‐up (after three months), HbA1c levels decreased in the treated group (p = 0.003). In the same time period, FPG, GI, PPD and CAL increased in the control group (p = 0.016, 0.0, 0.0 and 0.004, respectively) but HbA1c did not change significantly.Conclusions:  Non‐surgical periodontal therapy could improve metabolic control in diabetic patients.
Detection of CC17 Enterococcus faecium in Dogs and a Comparison with Human Isolates
Authors: Kwon K. H. , Moon B. Y. , Hwang S. Y. , Park Y. H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryEnterococcus faecium strains of clonal complex (CC) 17 were isolated from domestic dogs. The strains were more prevalent in infectious isolates than in colonized isolates, suggesting that strains of the CC17 lineage may have an advantage in causing infections in dogs. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns of some dog and human isolates were over 90% similar. However, antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors were not identical, which might reflect different use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine or in host specificity.