bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attributes of Effective Disaster Responders: Focus Group Discussions With Key Emergency Response Leaders
Authors: King Richard V. , North Carol S. , Larkin Gregory L. , Downs Dana L. , Klein Kelly R. , Fowler Raymond L. , Swienton Raymond E. , Pepe Paul E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTMethods: An effective disaster response requires competent responders and leaders. The purpose of this study was to ask experts to identify attributes that distinguish effective from ineffective responders and leaders in a disaster. In this qualitative study, focus groups were held with jurisdictional medical directors for the 9-1-1 emergency medical services systems of the majority of the nation's largest cities. These sessions were recorded with audio equipment and later transcribed.Results: The researchers identified themes within the transcriptions, created categories, and coded passages into these categories. Overall interrater reliability was excellent (κ = .8). The focus group transcripts yielded 138 codable passages. Ten categories were developed from analysis of the content: Incident Command System/Disaster Training/Experience, General Training/Experience, Teamwork/Interpersonal, Communication, Cognition, Problem Solving/Decision Making, Adaptable/Flexible, Calm/Cool, Character, and Performs Role. The contents of these categories included knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and personal characteristics.Conclusions: Experts in focus groups identified a variety of competencies for disaster responders and leaders. These competencies will require validation through further research that involves input from the disaster response community at large.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:332-338)
The Effect of Nanoparticle Shape on the Photocarrier Dynamics and Photovoltaic Device Performance of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene):CdSe Nanoparticle Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Dayal Smita , Reese Matthew O. , Ferguson Andrew J. , Ginley David S. , Rumbles Garry , Kopidakis Nikos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe charge separation and transport dynamics in CdSe nanoparticle:poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blends are reported as a function of the shape of the CdSe‐nanoparticle electron acceptor (dot, rod, and tetrapod). For optimization of organic photovoltaic device performance it is crucial to understand the role of various nanostructures in the generation and transport of charge carriers. The sample processing conditions are carefully controlled to eliminate any processing‐related effects on the carrier generation and on device performance with the aim of keeping the conjugated polymer phase constant and only varying the shape of the inorganic nanoparticle acceptor phase. The electrodeless, flash photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity (FP‐TRMC) technique is used and the results are compared to the efficiency of photovoltaic devices that incorporate the same active layer. It is observed that in nanorods and tetrapods blended with P3HT, the high aspect ratios provide a pathway for the electrons to move away from the dissociation site even in the absence of an applied electric field, resulting in enhanced carrier lifetimes that correlate to increased efficiencies in devices. The processing conditions that yield optimum performance in high aspect ratio CdSe nanoparticles blended with P3HT result in poorly performing quantum dot CdSe:P3HT devices, indicating that the latter devices are inherently limited by the absence of the dimensionality that allows for efficient, prolonged charge separation at the polymer:CdSe interface.
Grafting of Molecularly Ordered Mesoporous Phenylene‐Silica with Molybdenum Carbonyl Complexes: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Epoxidation of Olefins
Authors: Coelho Ana C. , Balula Salete S. , Bruno Sofia M. , Alonso João C. , Bion Nicolas , Ferreira Paula , Pillinger Martyn , Valente Anabela A. , Rocha João , Gonçalves Isabel S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArenetricarbonyl complexes, or the general formula C6H4Mo(CO)3, were incorporated into crystal‐like mesoporous phenylene‐silica by liquid‐phase deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl [Mo(CO)6]. By adjusting the reaction conditions, different molybdenum loadings of 1.5 and 5.9 wt% were obtained, which correspond to 3% and 14% of the phenylene contents. The texture properties of the materials as well as the nature of the surface‐fixed complexes were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption, FT‐IR, UV‐vis and MAS (13C, 29Si) NMR spectroscopy. The derivatized organosilicas were examined as catalyst precursors for the liquid‐phase epoxidation of cis‐cyclooctene, 1‐octene, trans‐2‐octene and (R)‐(+)‐limonene at 55 °C, using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. For each olefin the corresponding epoxide was the only product detected. In the case of cyclooctene, the intrinsic reaction rates per surface molybdenum atom were similar for both Mo loadings (TOF∼1150 mol molMo−1 h−1), suggesting that the resultant materials act as single site epoxidation catalysts. Leaching tests and metal analyses of reaction solutions showed that the catalytic activity stemmed from the immobilized species and not from the leaching of active species into solution. The oxidation of limonene gave limonene oxide as the only product in 95% yield at 3 h, which reveals an outstanding regioselectivity to the epoxidation of the endocyclic double bond.
Chemo‐ and Stereodivergent Preparation of Terminal Epoxides and Bromohydrins through One‐Pot Biocatalysed Reactions: Access to Enantiopure Five‐ and Six‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Bisogno Fabricio R. , Cuetos Aníbal , Orden Alejandro A. , Kurina‐Sanz Marcela , Lavandera Iván , Gotor Vicente 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferent enantiopure terminal epoxides or bromohydrins have chemoselectively been synthesised in one‐pot starting from the corresponding α‐bromo ketones through alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)‐catalysed processes adding an organic co‐solvent and tuning appropriately the medium pH and the temperature. Thus, at neutral pH enantiopure bromohydrins were obtained while using basic conditions (pH 9.5–10) epoxides were isolated as the main product. Furthermore, by simple selection of the biocatalyst, chemo‐ and stereodivergent transformations were achieved to obtain, e.g., enantiopure prolinol or piperidin‐3‐ol.
Long‐term lime pretreatment of poplar wood
Authors: Sierra Rocio , Holtzapple Mark T. , Granda Cesar B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLong‐term lime pretreatment has proven to increase digestibility of many herbaceous lignocellulose sources; but until this work, its effects had not been evaluated on wood, whose lignin content is higher, and therefore, more recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, the mild conditions of long‐term lime pretreatment (1‐atm pressure, temperatures ranging from 25 to 75°C, and reaction times between 1 and 12 weeks, with and without air) were systematically applied to poplar wood available in two batches with different lignin contents. These batches were designated as low‐lignin biomass (LLB) with lignin content of 21.4% and high‐lignin biomass (HLB) with lignin content of 29.1%. Full factorial designs resulted in 79 samples of pretreated poplar that were analyzed for lignin and carbohydrates pretreatment yields, and enzymatic digestibility (15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass cellulose loading). After aerated lime pretreatment at 65°C for 4 weeks, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, an overall yield of 0.76 g glucan + xylan recovered per gram glucan + xylan in raw biomass was obtained. This is equivalent to an increased poplar wood digestibility of 7.5‐fold compared with untreated biomass. Different batches of the feedstock resulted in different lignin and carbohydrates pretreatment yields; however, overall yields of carbohydrates (combining pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis) were similar. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Hearing impairment in F‐111 maintenance workers: the study of health outcomes in aircraft maintenance personnel (SHOAMP) general health and medical study
Authors: Guest Maya , Boggess May , Attia John , D'Este Catherine , Brown Anthony , Gibson Richard , Tavener Meredith , Gardner Ian , Harrex Warren , Horsley Keith , Ross James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to examine hearing loss in a group from the Royal Australian Air Force who undertook fuel tank maintenance on F‐111 aircraft, with exposure to formulations containing ototoxins, relative to two different comparison groups.MethodsUsing pure‐tone audiometry, hearing thresholds were assessed in 614 exposed personnel, 513 technical‐trade comparisons (different base, same job), and 403 non‐technical comparisons (same base, different job). We calculated percentage loss of hearing (PLH) and used regression models to examine whether there was an association between PLH and F‐111 fuel tank maintenance, adjusting for possible confounders. In addition, the difference between the observed hearing thresholds and the expected thresholds based on an otologically normal population (ISO‐7029‐2003) was determined.ResultsThe PLH ranged from nil to 96 (median 1.5, quartiles 0.3, 5.5). A logistic regression model showed no statistically significant difference in PLH among the three exposure groups (exposed vs. non‐technical controls 1.1: 95% CI 0.7, 2.0 and exposed vs. technical OR 0.9: 95% CI 0.6, 1.3). The model also highlighted a number of other risk factors for PLH including age, tinnitus, smoking, depression, and use of depression medications. However, at all eight frequencies measured, all populations had lower than expected hearing thresholds based on published ISO‐7029 medians.ConclusionsAlthough there was no difference in PLH between the three exposure groups, the study did reveal a high degree of hearing loss between the 3 groups and a normal population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1159–1169, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial hexasomy for the Prader–Willi–Angelman syndrome critical region due to a maternally inherited large supernumerary marker chromosome
Authors: Hoppman‐Chaney Nicole L. , Dawson D. Brian , Nguyen Lai , Sengupta Sunanda , Reynolds Kara , McPherson Elizabeth , Velagaleti Gopalrao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExtra copies of the Prader–Willi–Angelman syndrome critical region (PWASCR) have been shown to have detrimental phenotypic effects depending on the parent of origin. Hexasomy for the PWASCR is rare; only 6 cases have been described to date. We report on a 15‐year‐old girl referred for developmental delay and seizures with a mosaic tricentric small marker chromosome (SMC) 15 identified by routine G‐banding chromosome studies. C‐banding and FISH confirmed the presence of three chromosome 15 centromeres as well as four copies of the PWASCR on the SMC in approximately 60% of interphase cells. Microsatellite genotyping documented maternal inheritance of the SMC, and methylation‐sensitive multiplex ligation‐dependent PCR amplification (MS‐MLPA) showed that the extra copies of the PWASCR contained on the marker chromosome bear a methylation pattern similar to a normal maternal chromosome, implying maternal inheritance. These findings are consistent with the patient's phenotype as paternal inheritance of such a marker chromosome is thought to be benign. However, this patient's phenotype is the mildest described to date and may be a result of mosaicism for the SMC. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New lethal skeletal dysplasia with Dandy–Walker malformation, congenital heart defects, abnormal thumbs, hypoplastic genitalia, and distinctive facies
Authors: Stevens Cathy A. , Lachman Ralph S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report on two sibs with a lethal form of bone dysplasia with distinctive skeletal findings including rhizomelic and mesomelic limb shortening, hooked clavicles, dumbbell femurs, and absence of talus and calcaneus ossification. Other clinical features include Dandy–Walker malformation, congenital heart defects, joint contractures, genital hypoplasia, and distinctive facial features. These sibs appear to have a previously undescribed skeletal dysplasia, which is most likely inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No major role for X‐inactivation in variations of intelligence and behavioral problems at middle childhood
Authors: Peerbooms O.L.J. , Wichers M. , Jacobs N. , Kenis G. , Derom C. , Vlietinck R. , Thiery E. , van Os J. , Rutten B.P.F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough members of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs are identical in genomic sequence, epigenetic mechanisms may occasion difference in gene expression and, consequently, twin discordance in complex traits. Recent work suggests that the epigenetic process of X‐inactivation in female individuals may impact on intelligence and child behavioral problems. The timing of X‐inactivation has been linked to chorionic splitting in MZ twins. Dichorionic monozygotic (DC‐MZ) twinning, unlike monochorionic monozygotic (MC‐MZ) twinning, occurs prior to the time of X‐inactivation in female organisms. Therefore, the hypothesis of a causal role of X‐inactivation in intelligence and behavioral problems can be analyzed by modeling the statistical interaction between sex and chorion type for within‐pair differences in these traits in MZ twins. In this study, the effect of X‐inactivation on childhood behavioral problems, measured with the CBCL, was studied in a sample of 324 MZ twin pairs from the EFPTS and the effect of X‐inactivation on IQ was studied in a sample of 272 twin pairs from the same twin survey. Information on chorion type, gestational age, and birth weight was additionally collated. No significant statistical interaction was found between sex and chorion type, indicating that X‐inactivation is not likely involved in variations in intelligence or behavioral problems in middle childhood. Further studies are required to replicate these findings and may explore the role of X‐inactivation at different ages or at the extreme scores in the spectrum of intelligence and behavioral problems or may focus on other epigenetic mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electronic structure of BaFe2As2 as obtained from DFT/ASW first‐principles calculations
Authors: Schwingenschlögl U. , Di Paola C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe use ab‐initio calculations based on the augmented spherical wave method within density functional theory to study the magnetic ordering and Fermi surface of BaFe2As2, the parent compound of the hole‐doped iron pnictide superconductors (K,Ba)Fe2As2, for the tetragonal I4/mmm as well as the orthorhombic Fmmm structure. In comparison to full potential linear augmented plane wave calculations, we obtain significantly smaller magnetic energies. This finding is remarkable, since the augmented spherical wave method, in general, is known for a most reliable description of magnetism.
Influence of the matrix porosity on the synthesis and adsorption behavior of dithiocarbamate styrenic resins toward zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions
Authors: da Costa Priscila A. , Teixeira Viviane G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dependence of the adsorption behavior toward Zn2+ and Cd2+ on the synthesis conditions of dithiocarbamate styrenic resins was investigated. We synthesized styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers with different kinds of porous structures by varying the divinylbenzene (DVB)‐to‐styrene ratio and the dilution degree of the monomers with n‐heptane. The porous structure of these materials was characterized. The introduction of the dithiocarbamate moiety on the copolymers followed a synthetic pathway based on the nitration reaction, reduction of the nitro group to the amino one, and finally, the addition of the amino group to CS2. All of the synthesis steps were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Only the addition reaction to CS2 was greatly influenced by the copolymer porosity. The effect of the dilution degree on the reaction extension was more pronounced than the effect of the DVB content. The more porous materials with higher dithiocarbamate contents adsorbed a higher amount of ions in a faster way, with Zn2+ being preferable over Cd2+ ions. The difference between the Zn2+ and Cd2+ adsorption rates was enhanced with the copolymer porosity, and also enhanced was the difference between the amounts of ions adsorbed by the copolymer; this suggested that the selectivity toward these ions could be controlled by the copolymer porous structure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The effect of maleated polylactic acid (PLA) as an interfacial modifier in PLA‐talc composites
Authors: Fowlks Alison C. , Narayan Ramani 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA)‐talc composites were reactively compatibilized using maleic anhydride‐functionalized PLA (MAPLA) as an interfacial additive. The effect of MAPLA was investigated based on evaluation of composite properties and examination of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of MAPLA contributed to an increase in the crystallinity of PLA in the composites, and when added in an optimal concentration, showed improved tensile strength. Thermo–mechanical measurements indicated the reinforcement effect of the talc and the coupling effect of the MAPLA inclusion. Microscopic studies revealed the composite microstructures along with the corresponding modes of failure which were in accordance with the mechanical behavior. Overall, this investigation provided experimental evidence of enhanced adhesion at the interface, which is believed to be due to the MAPLA addition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Investigation on the use of coir fiber as alternative reinforcement in polypropylene
Authors: Bettini S. H. P. , Bicudo A. B. L. C. , Augusto I. S. , Antunes L. A. , Morassi P. L. , Condotta R. , Bonse B. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolypropylene/coir fiber composites were prepared according to an experimental statistical design, in which the independent variables, coir fiber, and compatibilizer content, were varied. The compatibilizer used was maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA). Compatibilizer free composites were also prepared. Composites were processed in a corotating twin‐screw extruder and submitted to mechanical and morphological analyses. The effects of the independent variables on the mechanical properties were assessed through tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural modulus, and impact strength. The morphological properties were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated the need for using compatibilizers in the composites due to the incompatibility of PP and coir fiber. The variable with the strongest effect on the properties was coir content, whose increase caused increase in tensile strength, impact strength and elastic modulus, and decrease in elongation at break. The presence of PP‐g‐MA was fundamental to achieving the aforementioned results. The effect of increasing compatibilizer content was only observed for the elastic modulus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A promising bioelectrode based on gene of Mycobacterium leprae immobilized onto poly(4‐aminophenol)
Authors: Afonso André S. , Goulart Luiz R. , Goulart Isabela M. B. , Machado Antonio E. H. , Madurro João M. , Brito‐Madurro Ana G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new bioelectrode for gene detection of Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen's bacillus, was produced by immobilizing of single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) with 78 bases long (specific gene related to Mycobacterium leprae) on graphite electrode modified with poly(4‐aminophenol). This biosensing platform was able to recognize complementary DNA molecules via hybridization process. Hybridization between probe and target was monitored by voltammetry, using ferrocenecarboxyaldehyde as electrochemical DNA hybridization indicator. The hybridization of nucleic acid probe with the DNA target resulted in significant decrease in the oxidation peak current of ferrocenecarboxyaldehyde, indicating greater affinity of this compound for ssDNA than for double‐strand DNA (dsDNA). The linear range of detection for the DNA target was found to be 0.35 – 35 ng/μL. ssDNA hybridization with the DNA target was also investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), showing significant modification in Nyquist plot, by modification in electrode surface after addition of the complementary target. The effective immobilization of specific gene of Mycobacterium leprae onto graphite electrode modified with poly(4‐aminophenol) and the detection of the hybridization process with the DNA target, monitored by voltammetry and EIS indicate that this is a new and promising biosensing platform to gene detection of Hansen's bacillus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
High‐optical transparency and low‐dielectric constant of new organosoluble polyamides containing trifluoromethyl and xanthene groups
Authors: Ma Chun‐Xin , Sheng Shou‐Ri , Wei Mei‐Hong , He Wen , Song Cai‐Sheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of fluorinated polyamides was prepared directly by low‐temperature polycondensation of a new cardo diacid chloride, 9,9‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]xanthene (BCPX), with various diamines containing trifluoromethyl substituents in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Almost all polyamides showed excellent solubility in amide‐type solvents such as DMAc and could also be dissolved in pyridine, m‐cresol, and tetrahydrofuran. These polymers had inherent viscosities between 0.77 and 1.31 dL g−1, and their weight‐average molecular weights and number‐average molecular weights were in the range of 69,000–102,000 and 41,000–59,000, respectively. The resulting polymers showed glass transition temperatures between 240–258°C and 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 484°C to 517°C and 410°C to 456°C in nitrogen and air, respectively, and char yields at 800°C in nitrogen higher than 55%. All polymers were amorphous and could be cast into transparent, light‐colored, and flexible films with tensile strengths of 81–100 MPa, elongations at break of 8–12%, and tensile modulus of 1.6–2.1 GPa. These polymers had low‐dielectric constants of 3.34–3.65 (100 kHz), low‐moisture absorption in the range of 0.76–1.91%, and high transparency with an ultraviolet–visible absorption cut‐off wavelength in the 322–340 nm range. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A new crystallization kinetics study of polycarbonate under high‐pressure carbon dioxide and various crystallinization temperatures by using magnetic suspension balance
Authors: Li G. , Park C.B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new approach for researching the effects of induced crystallization of polycarbonate (PC) by pressurized supercritical CO2 using a magnetic suspension balance is described herein. Our study systematically investigated the effects of saturation temperature and pressure on crystallization kinetics and thermal behavior of crystallized PC. It was observed that either increasing the saturation pressure of CO2 or the crystallization temperature was effective in promoting the mobility of PC's molecular chains. Thermal behavior and crystallization rate were affected in the following manner: a higher PC molecular chain mobility increased the degree of crystallinity, the melting temperature, and the crystal growth rate. However, the crystal growth dimension changed from a three‐dimensional to a one‐dimensional configuration as the isothermal crystallization temperature was raised incrementally from 140°C to 160°C to 180°C, resulting in an overall decrease in the crystallization rate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010