bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Was the Restoration Church of England?
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1680 the controversy that followed two high-profile London sermons brought into the public arena bitter divisions among the clergy of the Church of England about the nature of their Church. Was the Church of England a society of Christians united by faith and governed as seemed appropriate to English conditions? Or was it one local part of a distinct and sacred institution, the mechanism of eternal salvation, established by Christ and organised and immutable according to his will? Those who held the second view (one of them was instantly characterised as ‘the High-Church-Man’) damned their opponents as Erastians, Hobbists and latitudinarians, and accused them of betraying the Church to the state and the nonconformists. Their insistence on the separate identity and authority of the Church led some of them into schism after the revolution of 1688–9, when the state brusquely asserted its power over the Church and removed and replaced several bishops. The controversy of the 1680s suggests that the Restoration Church was much less coherent and united than some influential accounts have suggested, and that divisions within it were not the product of the Glorious Revolution and the later growth of a ‘High Church’ party. There were already conflicting conceptions of what the Church of England actually was, and crucial differences over how souls could get to heaven.
Aging and Olfactory Training: A Scoping Review
Authors: Loughnane Megan , Tischler Victoria , Khalid Saifeldeen Reem , Kontaris Emily 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Decreased olfactory function commonly occurs alongside the aging process. Research suggests olfactory training (OT) has the potential to improve olfactory and cognitive function in individuals with and without olfactory dysfunction. The degree to which these benefits extend into older age and among those with cognitive impairment (i.e., people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment) is less clear. The purpose of the current review was to investigate the extent to which OT affects olfactory function, cognition, and well-being among older people.

Research Design and Methods
A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, EbscoHost, and SCOPUS. Articles were considered eligible for original research studies with human populations, included adults aged 55 and older, performed any type of OT, and included a form of olfactory testing. The data from the included studies were synthesized and presented narratively.

Results
A total of 23 studies were included. The results suggest that OT provides multiple benefits to older adults, including those with cognitive impairment. Particularly, OT was associated with measurable changes in olfactory function, improved cognitive function, specifically semantic verbal fluency and working memory, reduced depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline.

Discussion and Implications
The findings suggest that benefits from OT extend beyond changes in olfactory function and include improved cognitive function, amelioration of depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline. Future research is needed across specific participant groups, including those with differentiated types of dementia, to investigate the olfactory and cognitive benefits of OT.
Cohomology of ℤ-Local Systems on Complex Hyperplane Arrangement Complements
Authors: Liu Yongqiang , Maxim Laurenţiu , Wang Botong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe prove a Cohen-Dimca-Orlik-type theorem for rank one ${\mathbb{Z}}$-local systems on complex hyperplane arrangement complements. This settles a recent conjecture of S. Sugawara.
Askey–Wilson Signed Measures and Open ASEP in the Shock Region
Authors: Wang Yizao , Wesołowski Jacek , Yang Zongrui 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We introduce a family of multi-dimensional Askey–Wilson signed measures. We offer an explicit description of the stationary measure of the open asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) in the full phase diagram, in terms of integrations with respect to these Askey–Wilson signed measures. Using our description, we provide a rigorous derivation of the density profile and limit fluctuations of open ASEP in the entire shock region, including the high and low density phases as well as the coexistence line. This in particular confirms the existing physics postulations of the density profile.
Actions of Compact and Discrete Quantum Groups on Operator Systems
Authors: De Ro Joeri , Hataishi Lucas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We introduce the notion of an action of a discrete or compact quantum group on an operator system, and study equivariant operator system injectivity. We then prove a duality result that relates equivariant injectivity with dual injectivity of associated crossed products. As an application, we give a description of the equivariant injective envelope of the reduced crossed product built from an action of a discrete quantum group on an operator system.
Military Atrocity, National Identity, and Warrior Masculinity on Trial
Authors: Partis-Jennings Hannah 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The article explores different and contested narrations surrounding alleged war crimes by former Australian soldiers in Afghanistan, with a particular focus on one veteran with considerable public standing, Ben Roberts-Smith. It shows how certain stories told to identify and condemn acts of extra-legal violence, work to separate these acts out as exceptional and different from wider violence in war, and thus support the normalization and justification of war violence more broadly. However, it also demonstrates how attention to the role of race and gender in shaping meaning-making around violence in war disrupts the idea that extra-legal violence is exceptional. It finally articulates a thematic reading of how allegations of war crimes are interpreted and rejected in discourses of support for Roberts-Smith expressed on Facebook. It shows how different constructions of extra-legal violence at different sites each contribute to the ways that meaning might be drawn from acts of violence into narrative formulations about liberal war and offer important insights into the political configurations surrounding war crimes and their relationship to national identity and liberal militarism. The article thus contributes conceptually and empirically to debates surrounding the politics of war crimes.
Taking to Kill: The Lethality of Hostage-Taking in Civil War
Authors: Welsh Blair 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hostage-taking is often portrayed as non-lethal violence. Upon the receipt of demands, victims are expected to be released alive. Despite this, large evidence points to egregious forms of hostage killing in civil war. Why, then, do some organizations kill hostages? I argue organizations execute hostages as part of a punitive governance strategy in their areas of operation. Hostage-taking and killing can be used as a corrective action to exercise control over the population. Victims accused of acts that undermine the rebel regime are more likely to be killed than those taken for other purposes. I test the theory in the case of the Islamic State in Iraq with novel and granular data on violence in the thirty-one districts the organization governed between 2013 and 2018. The findings unveil important insights for policy and research.
Diagnosis of an unusual orbital abscess following sub-Tenon's steroid injection: a case report
Authors: Gupta Isha , Moussa Elliott , Motupally Karun , Morris Sharon 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Orbital abscesses are caused by infection within or near the orbit and show obvious signs of pain, proptosis and raised inflammatory markers. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and radiological imaging, and requires early antibiotics and often surgical drainage to save vision. Sub-Tenon’s injections of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) have caused localized infections in previous reports, which have responded to therapeutic interventions. Here we report a case where a delayed presentation of an orbital abscess secondary to sub-Tenon’s TA for persistent post-operative cystoid macular oedema, without obvious signs of infection, rapidly progressed to cause orbital compartment syndrome. Despite treatment, the patient lost complete vision in the affected eye. This case discusses the rare and unusual cause of abscess formation and a diagnostic dilemma.
Recurrent aneurysmatic bleeding of pancreaticoduodenal aneurysm due to median arcuate ligament syndrome: a case report
Authors: Hofmann Kyra , Lareida Anna , Bächler Thomas , Breitenstein Stefan , Kambakamba Patryk 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) involves coeliac artery compression, causing a range of symptoms from chronic pain to life-threatening complications. This case features a 52-year-old patient with recurrent retroperitoneal bleeding from MALS-related inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms (PDAAs). Emergency interventions, including surgical bleeding control, angioplasty, percutaneous drainage, and median arcuate ligament release, were conducted. The case highlights challenges in diagnosing and managing MALS-related PDAA, emphasizing the importance of early identification and tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms and imaging. Surgical intervention to release the ligament is the primary treatment, with considerations for prophylactic intervention in PDAA cases. Lack of established PDAA management protocols underscores the need for prompt intervention to prevent complications. In conclusion, this report stresses the association between MALS and PDAA, advocating for early identification and tailored management to mitigate complications.
Radiolucent cerclage for humerus fractures: beware of radial nerve injury—a case report
Authors: Dadabhoy Maria , Cuthbert Rory , Sugand Kapil , Vusirikala Anuhya , Fox Michael , Panagiotidou Anna , Sinisi Marco , Quick Tom 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A 73-year-old woman was referred to a National Centre for Peripheral Nerve Injury with a post-operative left radial nerve degenerative lesion following open reduction and internal fixation of a proximal third humerus fracture using radiolucent Arthrex FiberTape® Cerclage as an adjunct to plating to improve stability. Intra-operative photographs illustrate compression of the radial nerve under the cerclage construct. Use of radiolucent cerclage for humerus fractures is increasing with modern systems capable of withstanding an ultimate load of 4300 N. We highlight the risk of debilitating neurological injury when not deployed safely and describe anatomical high-risk zones for injury. We emphasize the impact of delay in diagnosis and treatment.
Transducers, Regulators, and Medical Gas Cylinders
Authors: Aquino Ben 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Transducers, regulators, and medical gas cylinders are ubiquitous in anesthesia, and this chapter examines their principles and most common uses. Transduction is the conversion of a signal from one form of energy to another, a principle which underlies many of the commonly used monitoring devices in anesthesiology. Multiple safety features exist as various points in the anesthesia machine to ensure that gases are administered to the patient in a safe and manageable way. Among these are various pressure regulators that ensure that gases, from either a master supply or a gas cylinder, enter the patient circuit at physiologically safe pressures. Gas cylinders themselves contain many safeguards, including unique attachments to the anesthesia machine, and distinct color codes unique to each gas.
Properties of Liquids, Gases, and Vapors
Authors: Aquino Ben 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The basic properties of liquids, gases, and vapors are important for the anesthesiologist, because they relate to the processing and delivery of anesthetic gas, as well as the movement of these drugs once they enter the body and exert their effects. Every substance has a critical temperature (above which the substance is only a gas) and a critical pressure (above which the substance is only a liquid). At physiologic conditions volatile anesthetic gases are well below both of these, and as a result, they can exist in both liquid and gas (vapor) form. The anesthetic vaporizer works on the volatile anesthetic in between the liquid and vapor phases and delivers gas to the patient in a consistent and safe way. Once the gas enters the respiratory system and is absorbed, it does so by diffusion and bulk flow. At this point it dissolves to varying degrees in various compartments in the body, including blood, fat, and air. Its solubility in each of these compartments affects its pharmacokinetics and determines its distribution within the body.
Portable Ventilation Devices
Authors: Chawla Pradeep R. , Bang Jason 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Portable ventilation devices are commonly used on a day-to-day basis. The most well-known portable ventilation device is known as an AMBU bag. There are two main classes of portable ventilation devices: self-inflating systems and flow-inflating systems. There are a multitude of self-inflating systems available; however, they all have similar components. An important component is the non-rebreathing valve, which ensures that expired gas is not mixed with fresh inspired gas. Flow-inflating systems can be used as well; the most common are two subtypes of Mapleson systems. These devices may lack the same tactile feel as a bag on a normal anesthetic circuit and can cause barotrauma.
Carbon Dioxide Absorption
Authors: Mahboobi Sohail K. , Mahmood Faraz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbers are used routinely in anesthesia circle systems to remove CO2 from exhaled respiratory gases and to avoid rebreathing. The absorption is based on chemical reactions of CO2 with the ingredients of absorbents, usually calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Strong bases (NaOH and KOH) are added as catalysts to speed up the reaction. These reactions result in the production of calcium carbonate, heat, and water. Indicator dyes are added to change color on exhaustion due to a drop in absorbent pH. The presence of bases also results in compound A production with sevoflurane and carbon monoxide with desflurane in certain conditions. These reactions can cause excessive heat production when sevoflurane is used with a desiccated base containing absorbents like soda lime. The indicator dye is not always reliable, as it can change color back to normal with fluorescent light exposure. The newer absorbents either do not contain bases (lithium based and Amsorb) or contain a very low amount to avoid these issues.
Neurologic Function Monitors
Authors: Latimer Dustin , Kaye Alan D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Neuromonitoring is important to assess the functional neurologic integrity of a patient during surgery by a variety of different monitoring modalities. Electroencephalography and electromyography are presented as two potential monitoring modalities. Narcotics, such as fentanyl, ketamine, benzodiazapenes, and bartbituates properties, are examined as they relate to neuromonitoring. Inhaled anesthetic properties and their relation to neuroactivity are discussed as well. Each agent possesses differing properties to highlight the advantages and disadvantage of using certain compounds rather than others. Although there are many types that target different sites, this chapter highlights some of the most significant in clinical practice.
Fluid Warmers and Autotransfusion Devices
Authors: Guruswamy Jayakar , Rao Akshatha Gururaja 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is common but preventable. General and regional anesthesia decreases core temperature by 0.5–1.5°C. In-line warming devices should be used to warm fluids and blood products to 37°C before administration during the intraoperative period. Fluid warmers are classified as a dry warming system, countercurrent heat exchanger, water bath system, convective air system, and insulators. Delivery of heated fluid depends on warming method, flow rate, and length of tubing between warmer and patient. Ranger fluid warmers are commonly used in operating rooms (ORs). They utilize dry heat, and fluid passes through disposable set that fits into warming dock. Warming cabinets prewarm IV fluid bags. They are simple, cheap, and maintain warmer core temperature during short surgeries. Autologous blood transfusion includes collection and reinfusion of patient’s own blood during surgery and immediate postoperative period. Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) is useful when excessive blood loss is anticipated. It reduces or avoids allogenic red cell transfusion, is useful in rare blood types/antibodies with restricted blood availability, in patients who decline allogenic blood transfusion, severe preoperative anemia with high bleeding risk, and in trauma surgery. Relative contraindications include blood contamination by bacteria, bowel content, tumor cells, amniotic fluid, sickle cell disease, and medical contaminants in blood (hemostatic agents, prep solution, bone cement). ICS steps include collection of blood from the surgical field in a reservoir while mixing with an anticoagulant. Red cells are then separated by centrifugation, washed with 0.9% saline, and bagged for transfusion via standard blood administration set with filter.
Defibrillators
Authors: White Peggy , Giordano Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The application of an electrical current through the chest wall will cause erratic myocardial electrical activity that will depolarize the electrical system within the heart, which will permit resynchronization of the myocytes. That creates an organized electrical discharge, myocardial contraction, and a subsequent perfusable rhythm. External defibrillators can deliver this electrical charge through the application of two paddles, and the magnitude of the electricity applied to the chest wall should be balanced between minimizing myocardial damage and maximizing the likelihood of electrical reorganization with the first shock. This chapter will focus on basic physics and anesthetic implications of these devices.
Impact of Renal Disease
Authors: Bui Eileen , De Ranieri Aladino 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Perioperative renal function is an important aspect to consider for anesthesiologists, as the kidneys are responsible for or are involved in a number of essential functions. These include solute regulation and transport, intravascular osmolality and water balance, excretion of the end products of metabolism and drugs, neurohumoral functions, hematopoiesis, and bone remodeling. Renal function is typically evaluated through a combination of laboratory physiologic parameters. Those parameters in turn can be used to determine the location of the renal dysfunction. Consequently, the metabolism of many medications is correlated with renal function, and understanding their relationship is important in the perioperative care of a patient.
Drug Interactions
Authors: Carroll Turpin Michelle A. , Cornett Elyse M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Drug interactions can be both useful and dangerous, and an anesthesia regimen necessitates the combination of numerous medications. Physicians should recognize possible drug interactions related to their patient’s treatment to best treat them and prevent unwanted side effects. Drug interactions can be categorized in three ways: pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, or pharmaceutical. Pharmacodynamic interactions refer to an agent’s site of activity. Pharmacokinetic interactions occur when one agent influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or elimination of another agent. Pharmaceutical interactions are not related to the pharmacological properties of the interacting drugs but are the result of chemical or physical incompatibilities.
Drug Reactions
Authors: Kapp Daniel Gonzalez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adverse drug reactions are any undesirable effects of a drug, which primarily arise in one of two ways: as a consequence of the drug’s underlying pharmacology, or as an unpredictable occurrence. Adverse drug reactions can be classified as either Type A, when the reaction is reasonably associated with the drug’s mechanism of action and is usually dose related; or Type B, when the reaction is idiosyncratic. Anaphylactic and immediate hypersensitivity reactions are Type I reactions; in these cases, antigens interact with IgE antibodies leading to mast cell activation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Treatment of anaphylaxis begins with discontinuation of the suspected trigger and stabilization of the patient’s airway. The primary drug treatment for anaphylaxis is epinephrine, as it is critical for the reversal of bronchospasm and management of laryngeal edema, cardiovascular compromise, and severe hypotension.
Intravenous Opioid Anesthetics
Authors: Parker Nicholas M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Opioids provide excellent analgesia and sedation with minimal cardiovascular effects. Intravenous opioids may be used to induce anesthesia within seconds, may be used as a primary or adjunctive maintenance anesthetic, and help provide pain control postoperatively. Opioids cause respiratory depression, so mechanical ventilation must be available. A variety of opioids is available, each with a unique place in therapy. Opioid-induced constipation is a common postoperative complication. Consideration must be given at every stage of care to opioids’ potential for addiction, dependence, and overdose. Naloxone is increasingly available and is appropriate to prescribe for most patients discharging with an opioid prescription.
Thiopental
Authors: Nemergut Greta 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Thiopental is a rapid-acting barbiturate used as an induction agent for anesthesia. Its lipid solubility allows the drug to quickly cross the blood-brain barrier and exert its effects. These effects only last about 30 minutes as it also quickly distributes to other body areas where it becomes inactive. When given as a slow intravenous (IV) push, adverse events are minimized, but it can cause mild hypotension and respiratory depression. Hypotension can worsen in patients with preexisting cardiac disease, and all adverse events can worsen if the drug is given too quickly or at high doses. Because of the alkaline nature of the drug, severe tissue damage can occur if accidentally give intra-arterially or if the drug is extravasated into surrounding tissue. Thiopental is no longer available in the United States, and propofol has replaced the agent in most clinical practice.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Authors: Nemergut Greta 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalinizing agent used to restore acid-base balance and has been used with some regional and local anesthetic agents to reduce pain on administration and to enhance the onset of action of the agent. By increasing the pH of the local anesthetic agent, sodium bicarbonate aids the movement into lipid membranes that can allow for an enhanced effect and a reduction of pain at the administration site. It has been found that sodium bicarbonate can enhance the effect of epidural anesthetics, but data do not support this effect in peripheral nerve blocks.
Nicardipine and Other Antihypertensive Medications
Authors: Walia Anureet , Sharma Archit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Antihypertensives are the medication group that are used to lower the patients’ blood pressure. A variety of oral and parenteral agents are used for this purpose. The choice of agent and the dosage depend on the patient’s condition and the hospital formulary. Various classes of medications are available that serve to decrease a patient’s blood pressure, working in different methods. This chapter discusses the different agents, their clinical effects, their pharmacokinetics, and their pharmacodynamics. Nicardipine is a medication that belongs to the class of calcium channel blockers, which relaxes the blood vessels, and is used to treat high blood pressure and angina.