bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes over time: the motivations of independent-sector care-home managers and owners in England between 1994 and 2003
Authors: MATOSEVIC TIHANA , KNAPP MARTIN , GRAND JULIAN LE , FERNANDEZ JOSE-LUIS 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the provider side of the care-home sector and focuses on managers' and owners' motivations for providing care-home services for older people, and whether those motivations changed between 1994 and 2003. There were a number of significant policy changes over that time, including an increased ‘marketisation’ of the sector, coupled with an increase in regulation. Critics of these changes argued that they could adversely affect the motivational structure of the principal provider agents. Previously altruistic or public-service motivations might turn into more self-interested concerns: ‘knights’ might become ‘knaves’. To test this proposition, data were collected across eight English local authorities using face-to-face interviews and postal questionnaires. The results indicate that, although local care-home markets underwent some major changes, individuals' motivational profiles remained relatively stable. Further analysis of the relationship between motivations and the social-care market environment suggests that, while voluntary-sector providers are primarily driven by caring motivations and less concerned with income maximising and professional development, private-sector home manager and owners seemed to be more focused on the financial aspects of providing care services, professional motivations, and on their independence in running a care home. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Summer-winter transitions in Antarctic ponds II: Biological responses
Authors: Hawes Ian , Safi Karl , Webster-Brown Jenny , Sorrell Brian , Arscott David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe observed ice formation and water column attributes in four shallow Antarctic ponds between January and 7 April 2008. During that time ponds went from ice-free to > 80 cm thick ice, near-freshwater to hypersaline, well-lit to near darkness and temperatures fell to below zero. Here we examine shifts in biological activity that accompanied these changes. During February, freeze-concentration and ongoing photosynthesis increased dissolved oxygen concentration to up to 100 mg l-1, with a near-equivalent decrease in dissolved inorganic carbon and a pH rise. Benthic photosynthesis was responsible for 99% of estimated biological oxygen production. Net oxygen accumulation ceased in late February, pH began to fall and inorganic carbon to increase, but the pool of dissolved oxygen was depleted only slowly. Anoxia had been attained in only one pond by April and there was little accumulation of indicators of anaerobic activity. The nitrogen and phosphorus balances of the ponds were dominated by organic forms, which, like DOC and CDOM, behaved conservatively. Conversely, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was evident throughout the study period, at a molar ratio of 16N:1P in two of three ponds, consistent with uptake into biological material. We found no coupling between N and P uptake and photosynthesis.
Intra-seasonal changes in local pattern of Corncrake Crex crex occurrence require adaptive conservation strategies in Alpine meadows
Authors: BRAMBILLA MATTIA , PEDRINI PAOLO 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAs a double-brooded species inhabiting grassland habitats subject to mowing and located at different elevations, the Corncrake Crex crex in the Alps is potentially affected by changes in its breeding habitat within a season, thus leading to shifts in occurrence and habitat association, with potentially relevant consequences for conservation. We investigated Corncrake abundance in four sites in Trento province (N Italy); two sites were defined as ‘low elevation’ (mean elevation 975 m and 976 m a.s.l., respectively) and two as ‘high elevation’ (mean elevation 1,173 m and 1,177 m). The number of calling males showed a clear variation in relative abundance between early and late periods of the breeding season; in particular, at low elevation sites, abundance decreased from the early to late periods, while the opposite was recorded at high elevation sites. A mixed model suggested that the number of males decreased in the second half of the breeding season and at high elevations, and changed according to mid-season altitudinal shifts. Conservation strategies for this species should take into account the mid-season territory shift.
Visualization of molecular processes associated with seed dormancy and germination using MapMan
Authors: Joosen Ronny V.L. , Ligterink Wilco , Dekkers Bas J. W. , Hilhorst Henk W.M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSeed dormancy and germination involve the concerted operation of molecular and biochemical programmes. It has become feasible to study these processes in great detail, using the current methods for transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analysis. Yet, the large amounts of data generated by these methods are often dazzling and demand efficient tools for data visualization. We have used the freely available PageMan/MapMan package (http://MapMan.gabipd.org) to visualize transcriptome and metabolome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds during dormancy and germination. Using this package we developed two seed-specific MapMan pathways, which efficiently capture the most important molecular processes in seeds. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the PageMan/MapMan package for seed research.
Cor triatriatum dexter masquerading as Ebstein's anomaly
Authors: Salam Souheir , Gallacher David , Uzun Orhan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report the case of a child with cor triatriatum dexter masquerading as Ebstein's anomaly on transthoracic echocardiography. This was attributed to a floppy membrane arising from the right atrium, protruding into the tricuspid valve and pushing the leaflets downwards, giving an impression of Ebstein's anomaly. The importance of recognising this pitfall will prevent misdiagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly.
Functional answer set programming
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper we propose an extension of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to deal with (possibly partial) evaluable functions. To this aim, we start from the most general logical counterpart of ASP, Quantified Equilibrium Logic (QEL), and propose a variant QEL=ℱwhere the set of functions is partitioned into Herbrand functions (orconstructors) and evaluable functions (oroperations). We show how this extension has a direct connection to Scott'sLogic of Existence, and introduce several useful derived operators, some of them directly borrowed from Scott's formalisation. Using this general framework for arbitrary theories, we proceed to focus on a syntactic subclass that corresponds to normal logic programs with evaluable functions and equality. We provide a translation of this class into function-free normal programs and consider a safety condition so that the resulting program is also safe, under the usual meaning in ASP. Finally, we also establish a formal comparison to Lin and Wang's approach (FASP) dealing with evaluable total functions.
C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitaries, Hopf C*-bimodules and their Fourier algebras
Authors: Timmermann Thomas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe introduce C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitaries and concrete Hopf C*-bimodules for the study of quantum groupoids in the setting of C*-algebras. These unitaries and Hopf C*-bimodules generalize multiplicative unitaries and Hopf C*-algebras and are analogues of the pseudo-multiplicative unitaries and Hopf–von Neumann-bimodules studied by Enock, Lesieur and Vallin. To each C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitary, we associate two Fourier algebras with a duality pairing and in the regular case two Hopf C*-bimodules. The theory is illustrated by examples related to locally compact Hausdorff groupoids. In particular, we obtain a continuous Fourier algebra for a locally compact Hausdorff groupoid.
Incorporating social rights in development: transnational corporations and the right to water
Authors: Russell Anna F. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn attempts to improve the efficiency of development efforts over the past few decades private sector participation in the delivery of basic services has been promoted to a varying extent. Roughly in tandem with this, there has been movement to increase the accountability of corporations, particularly transnational corporations (TNCs), for human rights violations. Rather than engaging directly in the legal debate about the applicability of human rights standards to corporate activity, this article essentially looks at the issue from the inside out through the collection of empirical evidence. By focusing on the emergent right to water as a case-study, it examines how TNCs engaged in water service delivery in the development context understand and use the language of rights. In doing so, it discusses how current engagement by the TNCs with human rights language may influence proposed corporate human rights accountability frameworks and current attempts to close the globalisation governance gap.
Loyalists, cynics and outsiders: who are the critics of the justice system in the UK and the Netherlands?
Authors: Hertogh Marc 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent surveys in the UK and the Netherlands indicate that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the justice system. But who are these ‘critics’ of the justice system? Most previous studies only produced general statistics, while the persons behind the figures remained invisible. By contrast, this article aims to put a face to these numbers and discusses two ways of analysing the profile of the critics. Based on a review of existing survey data, the article first looks at their ‘demographic profile’. Next, the article also considers a second, alternative, approach. Based on their level of legal awareness and legal identification, it distinguishes four different ‘normative profiles’: legalists, loyalists, cynics and outsiders. Moreover, the article shows how these normative profiles may be applied in future comparative studies on legal mobilisation and legal protest. It is concluded that combining both approaches will help us to look beyond common stereotypes and consider the critics of the justice system as real persons with genuine concerns about the administration of justice in their country.
Speaking across the divide: a Functional Grammar analysis of feminist and masculist reproductive rights rhetoric
Authors: Mandaglio Lia Alexandra 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article applies Systemic Functional Grammar and Critical Discourse Analysis to assess the linguistic choices of feminist and masculist reproductive rights rhetoric. It explains these methodologies and provides a discursive history of the reproductive rights movement. Publications of advocacy groups and the mass media are analysed as data of current rhetorical trends. These interpretations conclude that female-affirmative rhetoric offsets contemporary feminist efforts by marginalising men and excluding considerations of paternity. This article suggests that in solely emphasising women's procreative rights, such feminist rhetoric potentially renders women to the role of primary parental agent, reinforces traditional sex-stereotypes, and incites inter-sex antagonism.
Under-reported and undervalued: small-scale fisheries in the developing world.
Authors: Mills D. J. , Westlund L. , Graaf G. de , Kura Y. , Willman R. , Kelleher K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

This chapter discusses the collection of data on small-scale fisheries in developing countries, the limitations of national data systems and progress in synthesizing collected data.
Involvement of the Lateral Amygdala in the Antiallodynic and Reinforcing Effects of Heroin in Rats after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Martin Thomas J. , Buechler Nancy L. , Kim Susy A. , Ewan Eric E. , Xiao Ruoyu , Childers Steven R. 
Published: February 2011

Background
Neuropathic pain alters opioid self-administration in rats. The brain regions altered in the presence of neuropathic pain mediating these differences have not been identified, but likely involve ascending pain pathways interacting with the limbic system. The amygdala is a brain region that integrates noxious stimulation with limbic activity.

Methods
μ-Opioid receptors were blocked in the amygdala using the irreversible antagonist, β-funaltrexamine, and the antiallodynic and reinforcing effects of heroin were determined in spinal nerve-ligated rats. In addition, the effect of β-funaltrexamine was determined on heroin self-administration in sham-operated rats.

Results
β-Funaltrexamine decreased functional activity of μ-opioid receptors by 60 ± 5% (mean ± SD). Irreversible inhibition of μ-opioid receptors in the amygdala significantly attenuated the ability of doses of heroin up to 100 μg/kg to reverse hypersensitivity after spinal nerve ligation. Heroin intake by self-administration in spinal nerve-ligated rats was increased from 5.0 ± 0.3 to 9.9 ± 2.1 infusions/h after administration of 2.5 nmol of β-funaltrexamine in the lateral amygdala, while having no effect in sham-operated animals (5.8 ± 1.6 before, 6.7 ± 0.9 after). The antiallodynic effects of 60 μg/kg heroin were decreased up to 4 days, but self-administration was affected for up to 14 days.

Conclusions
μ-Opioid receptors in the lateral amygdala partially meditate heroin's antiallodynic effects and self-administration after peripheral nerve injury. The lack of effect of β-funaltrexamine on heroin self-administration in sham-operated subjects suggests that opioids maintain self-administration through a distinct mechanism in the presence of pain.
Opioid Facilitation of Rewarding Electrical Brain Stimulation Is Suppressed in Rats with Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Ewan Eric E. , Martin Thomas J. 
Published: February 2011

Introduction
Opioids are powerful analgesics, but are also common drugs of abuse. Few studies have examined how neuropathic pain alters the pharmacology of opioids in modulating limbic pathways that underlie abuse liability.

Methods
Rats with or without spinal nerve ligation (SNL) were implanted with electrodes into the left ventral tegmental area and trained to lever press for electrical stimulation. The effects of morphine, heroin, and cocaine on facilitating electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area and mechanical allodynia were assessed in SNL and control subjects.

Results
Responding for electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area was similar in control and SNL rats. The frequency at which rats emitted 50% of maximal responding was 98.2 ± 5.1 (mean ± SEM) and 93.7 ± 2.8 Hz in control and SNL rats, respectively. Morphine reduced the frequency at which rats emitted 50% of maximal responding in control (maximal shift of 14.8 ± 3.1 Hz), but not SNL (2.3 ± 2.2 Hz) rats. Heroin was less potent in SNL rats, whereas cocaine produced similar shifts in control (42.3 ± 2.0 Hz) and SNL (37.5 ± 4.2 Hz) rats.

Conclusions
Nerve injury suppressed potentiation of electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area by opioids, suggesting that the positive reinforcing effects are diminished by chronic pain. Given concerns regarding prescription opioid abuse, developing strategies that assess both analgesia and abuse liability within the context of chronic pain may aid in determining which opioids are most suitable for treating chronic pain when abuse is a concern.
Geochemistry of Apatite from the Apatite‐rich Iron Deposits in the Ningwu Region, East Central China
Authors: Jinjie YU , Qi ZHANG , Jingwen MAO , Shenghao YAN 
Published: February 2011

Abstract: Four types of apatite have been identified in the Ningwu region. The first type of apatite is widely distributed in the middle dark colored zones (i.e. iron ores) of individual deposits. The assemblage includes magnetite, apatite and actinolite (or diopside). The second type occurs within magnetite‐apatite veins in the iron ores. The third type is seen in magnetite‐apatite veins and (or) nodules in host rocks (i.e. gabbro‐diorite porphyry or gabbro‐diorite or pyroxene diorite). The fourth type occurs within apatite‐pyrite‐quartz veins filling fractures in the Xiangshan Group. Rare earth elements (REE) geochemistry of apatite of the four occurrences in porphyry iron deposits is presented. The REE distribution patterns of apatite are generally similar to those of apatites in the Kiruna‐type iron ores, nelsonites. They are enriched in light REE, with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The similarity of REE distribution patterns in apatites from various deposits in different locations in the world indicates a common process of formation for various ore types, e.g. immiscibility. Early magmatic apatites contain 3031.48–12080 times 10−6 REE. Later hydrothermal apatite contains 1958 times 10−6 REE, indicating that the later hydrothermal ore‐forming solution contains lower REE. Although gabbro‐diorite porphyry and apatite show similar REE patterns, gabbro‐diorite porphyries have no europium anomalies or feeble positive or feeble negative europium anomalies, caused both by reduction environment of mantle source region and by fractionation and crystallization (immiscibility) under a high oxygen fugacity condition. Negative Eu anomalies of apatites were formed possibly due to acquisition of Eu2+ by earlier diopsite during ore magma cooling.The apatites in the Aoshan and Taishan iron deposits yield a narrow variation range of 87Sr/86Sr values from 0.7071 to 0.7073, similar to those of the volcanic and subvolcanic rocks, indicating that apatites were formed by liquid immiscibility and differentiation of intermediate and basic magmas.
Expression and mutation analysis of EGFR, c-KIT, and β-catenin in pulmonary blastoma
Authors: Macher-Goeppinger Stephan , Penzel Roland , Roth Wilfried , Dienemann Hendrik , Thomas Michael , Schnabel Philipp Albert , Schirmacher Peter , Bläker Hendrik 
Published: February 2011

IntroductionPulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare malignant lung tumour with an immature mesenchymal and epithelial component resembling fetal lung. In order to define potential therapeutic targets in PB, the authors analysed the status and possible role of EGFR, HER2 and c-KIT in the pathogenesis of this tumour type, and the diagnostic value of β-catenin mutation analysis in PB.Methods5 PBs were analysed for EGFR, HER2, c-KIT, and β-catenin expression, as well as for mutations inEGFR,c-KIT,k-rasand the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1).ResultsEGFR expression was observed in all PBs. An EGFR mutation was found in one of the tumours. No overexpression of c-KIT or HER2 was seen. No mutations were found ink-rasorc-KIT. 3 of 5 PBs displayedCTNNB1mutations. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin was seen in 2 of these tumours.ConclusionsDetection of EGFR expression and mutation in PB suggest EGFR inhibition as a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of advanced PB. Moreover, the data confirm a crucial role ofCTNNB1mutations in the pathogenesis of PB, and indicate thatCTNNB1gene sequencing may be a useful in distinguishing PB from other types of lung cancer.
The economic impact of Mexico City's smoke-free law
Authors: Guerrero López Carlos Manuel , Jiménez Ruiz Jorge Alberto , Reynales Shigematsu Luz Myriam , Waters Hugh R 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the economic impact of Mexico City's 2008 smoke-free law—The Non-Smokers' Health Protection Law on restaurants, bars and nightclubs.Material and methodsWe used the Monthly Services Survey of businesses from January 2005 to April 2009—with revenues, employment and payments to employees as the principal outcomes. The results are estimated using a differences-in-differences regression model with fixed effects. The states of Jalisco, Nuevo León and México, where the law was not in effect, serve as a counterfactual comparison group.ResultsIn restaurants, after accounting for observable factors and the fixed effects, there was a 24.8% increase in restaurants' revenue associated with the smoke-free law. This difference is not statistically significant but shows that, on average, restaurants did not suffer economically as a result of the law. Total wages increased by 28.2% and employment increased by 16.2%. In nightclubs, bars and taverns there was a decrease of 1.5% in revenues and an increase of 0.1% and 3.0%, respectively, in wages and employment. None of these effects are statistically significant in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThere is no statistically significant evidence that the Mexico City smoke-free law had a negative impact on restaurants' income, employees' wages and levels of employment. On the contrary, the results show a positive, though statistically non-significant, impact of the law on most of these outcomes. Mexico City's experience suggests that smoke-free laws in Mexico and elsewhere will not hurt economic productivity in the restaurant and bar industries.
Blood cigarettes: cigarette smuggling and war economies in central and eastern Africa
Authors: Titeca Kristof , Joossens Luk , Raw Martin 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo analyse cigarette smuggling practices in central and eastern Africa.MethodsPrimary data were gathered during long-term qualitative field research in which about 400 interviews were conducted. Analysis of secondary sources included academic literature and reports from non-government organisations, multilateral organisations and the press.ResultsOur research suggests that the following factors play an important role in cigarette smuggling in eastern and central Africa: (1) government officials encounter difficulties monitoring the long and porous borders; (2) there is a general problem of corrupt government officials and particularly those who allow large-scale smugglers to operate; (3) criminal elements also play an important role in smuggling—cigarette smuggling has helped rebel groups to finance their activities, something illustrated through examples from the war economy in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.ConclusionsOur research suggests that cigarette smuggling in this region is not primarily the result of different taxation levels in neighbouring states, but rather the outcome of weak state capacity, high levels of corruption and the activities of rebel groups. Under these conditions smuggling cigarettes becomes an attractive option as taxation is so easily avoided. This explains why in the low-income countries in this study there are high levels of smuggling in spite of low cigarette prices. Comprehensive supply control and enforcement legislation, and cooperation at national, regional and global level are needed to tackle fraudulent practices facilitated by corruption at state level, and to effectively punish interaction between cigarette traders and rebel groups.