bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of rubella virus‐specific cell‐mediated immunity using IFNγ‐ELISpot
Authors: Allmendinger J. , Paradies F. , Kamprad M. , Richter T. , Pustowoit B. , Liebert U.G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractImmunity to rubella virus (RV) is conventionally determined by measuring specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, several individuals may be considered immune despite undetectable antibody levels. In the present study RV‐specific interferon‐gamma (IFNγ)‐ELISpot and rubella‐IgG‐ELISA were compared in 75 young adults aged between 20 and 30 years. In a subgroup, not only rubella‐like particles (RLP), but also HPV77 rubella vaccine derived antigen was used in IFNγ‐ELISpot. The results from both, ELISA and ELISpot were independent of previous encounter to RV (vaccination, exanthematous disease, or childhood infection). There was no difference between RLP and RV vaccine antigen in IFNγ‐ELISpot response, and there was no correlation between IFNγ‐ELISpot and RV‐specific IgG levels. IFNγ‐producing cells were found in 78.7% of all tested persons, and 83.8% of them were positive in ELISA. In almost all individuals seronegative for RV antibody, IFNγ‐producing cells were detected. Considering both humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses, a positive RV immune reaction was seen in 98.6%. The results indicate that the IFNγ‐ELISpot can provide valuable additional information in seronegative individuals. J. Med. Virol. 82:335–340, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unimolecular micelle derived from hyperbranched polyethylenimine with well‐defined hybrid shell of poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene: A versatile nanocapsule
Authors: Liang Yong , Wan Decheng , Cai Xiangyu , Jin Ming , Pu Hongting 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of a macromolecular nanocapsule derived from hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) with well‐defined hybrid shell of poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether (mPEO) and polystyrene (PS) are described. HPEI is treated in sequence with 4‐glycidol‐2,2,6,6‐tetrametyl‐piperidin‐1‐oxyl, succinic anhydride, mPEO, leading to a HPEI derivative compatible with nitroxide‐mediated living radical polymerization of styrene, thus a macromolecular nanocapsule, HPEI@PEO/PS, is available with a well‐defined and tunable hybrid shell of PEO and PS. Within certain PEO/PS ratio, the nanocapsule is soluble in a number of organic solvents as well as in water. The nanocapsule exists as three layer onion‐like particle (HPEI@PS@PEO) in water, whereas in chloroform it exists as a hybrid shell particle (HPEI@PEO/PS), and the particles generally exist in the form of unimolecular micelle. In a biphasic water/chloroform mixture, the nanocapsule can transfer anionic, water‐soluble guest from an aqueous phase to the chloroform phase; while when dissolved in water, the nanocapsule can efficiently capture both ionic and apolar solutes. Release of the guest can occur under the stimulus of pH or the switch of medium. This is the first example of a unimolecular micelle that can simultaneously deliver both polar and apolar guests. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 681–691, 2010
First‐principle investigation of the relaxed structure and electronic properties of the Cu(110) vicinal surface
Authors: Shu Yu , Zhang Jian‐Min , Wang Guo‐Hong , Xu Ke‐Wei 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe performed first‐principle calculations, by employing the ultrasoft pseudopotential plane‐wave (UPPW) method, for the multilayer relaxation and the local density of states (LDOS) of Cu(430) and its corresponding flat Cu(110) surfaces. The shift directions of the atoms in the terrace (layers 1–4), sub‐terrace (layers 5–7) and third‐terrace (layers 8–11) of the Cu(430) surface are similar to the layers 1, 2 and 3 of the Cu(110) surface, respectively. And the stepped surface changes to a flatter version with a thin compacted layer, including the topmost seven atomic layers and separating slightly from the underneath atomic layers. Because of a reduction in the coordination numbers (CNs),there is a sharp rise in the higher energy region and a slight reduction in the lower energy region of the LDOSfor the topmost three layer atoms of the Cu(430) surface and the first layer atom of the Cu(110) surface. The shape of the LDOS of the corresponding layer with the same CN is similar for both the surfaces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous surface properties on wallstents
Authors: Su Yea‐Yang , Shih Chun‐Che , Chen Lung‐Ching , Shih Chun‐Ming , Lin Shing‐Jong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWallstent has been successfully used to open up clogged peripheral arteries. CoCr alloy is the preferred metal for the construction of wallstent. Unfortunately, major complications such as in‐stent intimal hyperplasia,stent obstruction, and stent stricture are often reported, and these complications could be related to the metallic properties of the wallstent. In this study, the electrochemical properties of CoCr wires from wallstent were investigated using cyclic polarization, open‐circuit potential, potentiostatic condition, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray mapping were also employed to investigate the surface morphology and elemental distribution after electrochemical measurement. Results of this study showed the heterogeneous electrochemical properties of CoCr alloy wires that could result in severe galvanic corrosion of wallstent after implantation. Severe corrosion process could cause fracture of wallstent, resulting in localized inflammation, allergy, and thicker neointima. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study in the oxygen contamination on the surface of CSiC films
Authors: Du J. F. , Ren D. , Dai H. Y. , Zou Y. , Huang N. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCSiC films were prepared with an ion‐mixing technology and then introduced with hydrogen by using hydrogen ion irradiation or high‐pressure permeation. It is found that the surfaces of the CSiC films are always covered by contamination oxygen. XPS was used to analyze the behavior of the contamination oxygen on the surfaces of the CSiC films before and after hydrogen introduction. The results show that apart from the adsorbed top layer‐containing contaminations like oxygen, carbon, and oxyhydrogen species, the oxygen can react with elements of films and hydrogen. Different carbon–oxygen–hydrogen configurations and CSiO or CSiOH on the subsurfaces can be formed with different hydrogen introduction methods. Also, the thicknesses of these species‐related oxygen on the subsurface of CSiC films are estimated in this article. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expansion Properties of Sour Cassava Starch (Polvilho Azedo): Variables Related to its Practical Application in Bakery
Authors: Marcon Maria Janete Angeloni , Kurtz Diego Jacob , Raguzzoni Josiane Callegaro , Delgadillo Ivonne , Maraschin Marcelo , Soldi Valdir , Reginatto Valéria , Amante Edna Regina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSour cassava starch (polvilho azedo) is a chemically and enzymatically modified starch with the specific property of expansion in bakery products without the use of any chemical or biological leavening agents. In this work, the cumulative knowledge about sour cassava starch is presented in relation to its physicochemical characteristics, with the purpose of establishing a relation between the application properties and some structural and chemical characteristics in order to design a model of the modified structure of starch and the most important technical variables. Such approach will help to provide some quality standards for future adequate valorization of sour cassava starch, especially with respect to potential use in gluten‐free products. This work showed that a good sour cassava starch is significantly different from low expansion cassava starches with respect to pH, acid factor, swelling power, specific volume, and polymerization degree (intrinsic viscosity). These variables could be related to the maximization of sour cassava starch expansion for a future predictive decision analysis about a high quality sour cassava starch to the baking use.
Examination of Maskless Etching Technique Using a Localized Surface Discharge Plasma
Authors: Hamada Toshiyuki , Sakoda Tatsuya , Otsubo Masahisa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA maskless etching technique which is useful for solar cell manufacturing and microelectronics was examined using the localized surface discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure. Etchings were carried out on a crystalline silicon (Si) substrate and a silicon nitride (SiN) film coated on a Si substrate. Two‐ and three‐dimensional etching profiles were investigated. Based on the results, etching rates and an etching mechanism were discussed. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma colli in screening for fetal major congenital heart defects in a series of 12 910 euploid pregnancies
Authors: Sananes N. , Guigue V. , Kohler M. , Bouffet N. , Cancellier M. , Hornecker F. , Hunsinger M. C. , Kohler A. , Mager C. , Neumann M. , Schmerber E. , Tanghe M. , Nisand I. , Favre R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveMany studies have shown that an increased nuchal translucency (NT) may be a good marker of fetal heart malformation, but the extent to which NT is suitable for identifying the population at risk remains unclear. We aimed to determine the value of NT measurement and of the presence of cystic hygroma colli in the screening of euploid fetuses for congenital heart defects (CHD).MethodsWe carried out a retrospective analysis of 12 910 euploid pregnancies examined between January 1995 and August 2007 at our institution. The screening performance of NT measurements in identifying fetuses with CHD was assessed, with comparison between the use of cut‐offs defined as absolute values, multiples of the median (MoM) and percentiles. The presence of cystic hygroma colli was also assessed in the prediction of CHD.ResultsThe incidence of major CHD was 3.4 per thousand (44/12 910). The sensitivity of NT measurement in screening for major CHD was 54.5% if the threshold was set at the 95th percentile, 45.4% if it was set at 3 mm, 27.3% for 3.5 mm, 50.0% for 1.5 MoM and 45.5% for 1.75 MoM. The false‐positive rates for these thresholds were 8.4, 6.6, 1.7, 8.9 and 6.3%, respectively. The incidence of major CHD was 1.2% (10/813) in cases of thick NT (> 95th centile) and 4.3% (13/304) in cases of hygroma colli.ConclusionsNT measurement during the first trimester is potentially useful for screening for fetal major CHD. Screening performance is consistent whether NT values are expressed as MoMs, percentiles or absolute values. The incidence of major CHD seems to be higher in cases of cystic hygroma colli. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acoustic streaming cannot discriminate reliably between endometriomas and other types of adnexal lesion: a multicenter study of 633 adnexal masses
Authors: Van Holsbeke C. , Zhang Jingh , Van Belle V. , Paladini D. , Guerriero S. , Czekierdowski A. , Muggah H. , Ombelet W. , Jurkovic D. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. , Van Huffel S. , Bourne T. , Timmerman D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the ability of acoustic streaming to discriminate between endometriomas and other adnexal masses.MethodsWe used data from 1938 patients with an adnexal mass included in Phase 2 of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) study. All patients had been examined by transvaginal gray‐scale and Doppler ultrasound following a standardized research protocol. Assessment of acoustic streaming was voluntary and was carried out only in lesions containing echogenic cyst fluid. Acoustic streaming was defined as movement of particles inside the cyst fluid during gray‐scale and/or color Doppler examination provided that the probe had been held still for two seconds to ensure that the movement of the particles was not caused by movement of the probe or the patient. Only centers where acoustic streaming had been evaluated in > 90% of cases were included. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of acoustic streaming with regard to endometrioma were calculated.Results460 (24%) masses were excluded because they were examined in centers where ⩽ 90% of the masses with echogenic cyst fluid had been evaluated for the presence of acoustic streaming. Acoustic streaming was evaluated in 633 of 646 lesions containing echogenic cyst fluid. It was present in 19 (9%) of 209 endometriomas and in 55 (13%) of 424 other lesions. This corresponds to a sensitivity of absent acoustic streaming with regard to endometrioma of 91% (190/209), a specificity of 13% (55/424), LR+ of 1.04, LR− of 0.69, PPV of 34% (190/559) and NPV of 74% (55/74).ConclusionsAcoustic streaming cannot discriminate reliably between endometriomas and other adnexal lesions, and the presence of acoustic streaming does not exclude an endometrioma. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The costs of adaptation
Authors: Fankhauser Samuel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPolicy interest in the cost of adaptation is growing, but compared to the mitigation literature adaptation cost research is still in its infancy. Global adaptation cost estimates from more recent studies range from around $25 billion a year to well over $100 billion by 2015‐2030. The wide range is symptomatic of the poor state of knowledge. Important knowledge gaps remain both in terms of scope (whether all relevant impacts are covered) and depth (whether for a given impact all relevant adaptation options have been considered). The omissions introduce biases in both directions, upward and downward, but it is likely that adaptation costs have been underestimated so far. Adaptation is only one part of the overall response to (and therefore the costs of) climate change. The total burden of climate change consists of three elements: the costs of mitigation (reducing the extent of climate change), the costs of adaptation (reducing the impact of change), and the residual impacts that can be neither mitigated nor adapted to. The annual adaptation cost estimates reviewed here cannot be directly compared with the other two cost elements. Making this comparison would require an integrated model that takes into account the total impact of greenhouse gases over their lifetime in the atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Aggregation Techniques for Impacts and Mitigation Costs
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Is the Asia‐Pacific Partnership a viable alternative to Kyoto?
Authors: Kellow Aynsley 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Kyoto Protocol has failed: horizontally because it failed to secure commitments from important players; vertically because of the lack of delivery of outcomes among those who did accede to it. The Asia‐Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate represents a useful way forward, both as a non‐treaty agreement that contains a promising non‐binding sectoral approach to minimizing emissions by seven parties accounting for more than half global emissions, and as an exercise in ‘minilateralism’ where understanding can develop among the key players. It has provided an important building block upon which to build other initiatives, such as the Major Economies Meeting of the US Bush administration and now the Major Economies Forum of the Obama administration. These arenas with 17 members offer opportunities not possible in full multilateral arenas such as Framework Convention on Climate Change, where sheer numbers simply slow processes and help produce lowest common denominator responses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Pharyngeal pouch surgery in north Glasgow: NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) practice or not?
Authors: Yeo J C L , MacKenzie K 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim:To evaluate endoscopic pharyngeal pouch surgery practice in north Glasgow by comparing it to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommendations.Methods:We reviewed the case notes of patients who had undergone pharyngeal pouch surgery from 1998 to 2008. Data obtained included patient demographics, procedures performed, complications and outcomes.Results:One hundred patient case notes were reviewed. Surgical procedures performed included endoscopic stapling (n = 58), endoscopic laser surgery (26), external excision (one), cricopharyngeal myotomy (two) and pharyngoscopy with dilatation (three). Endoscopic stapling was abandoned in 10 patients (14.7 per cent), three of whom declined further surgery. There was a 2.2 per cent perforation rate for endoscopic procedures. Twenty-one per cent of patients required further surgery.Conclusion:Our practice was not in keeping with National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommendations. Our complication rates were similar to other published series, although our rates for abandoned and revision procedures were higher. We suggest that pharyngeal pouch surgical procedures should be undertaken only by otolaryngologists with a primary head and neck interest.
The selection of experimental doses and their importance for parasite success in metacercarial infection studies
Authors: POULIN R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYExperimental studies of parasite transmission are essential for advances in basic and applied parasitology. A survey of the results of published experiments can identify the determinants of both variation among studies in experimental design and of parasite infection success. Here, analyses are conducted on data compiled from a total of 106 metacercarial infection experiments (35 on Echinostomatidae, 37 on Fasciolidae, 34 on other trematodes) obtained from 83 studies. All of these involved experimental oral infection of individual definitive hosts by a single known dose of metacercariae under controlled conditions. Across these studies, the metacercarial dose used (i) was typically about 10 times higher than the average natural dose that could be acquired by feeding on intermediate hosts (for taxa other than Fasciolidae), and (ii) showed a positive relationship with the body mass of the definitive host, although this relationship was only significant for Fasciolidae. Although the chosen dose was rarely justified, the larger the definitive host, the more metacercariae it received. Among Echinostomatidae and Fasciolidae, there was also a significant dose-dependent effect on infection success: the higher the dose used in an experiment, the smaller the proportion of metacercariae recovered from the host. This effect was mitigated by definitive host body mass, with infection success being generally lower in larger definitive hosts. For Echinostomatidae, the taxonomic identity of the definitive host also mattered, with metacercariae achieving higher infection success in mammals than in birds. The present findings suggest that the design of experimental infection studies requires greater consideration if their results are to yield useful biological insights.
Lifestyle risk factors for overweight in Japanese male college students
Authors: Goto Masashi , Kiyohara Kohsuke , Kawamura Takashi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo identify lifestyle and sociodemographic risk factors of overweight among male college students.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingAnnual health checkup in a single university in Japan.ParticipantsMale students who underwent two successive health checkups from their third school year between 2000 and 2007 and whose BMI at baseline of this study was 22·0 kg/m2or more (n4634).ResultsDuring the 1-year follow-up, 598 students (12·9 %) reached the study endpoint, i.e. more than a 5 % increase in BMI. Independent risk factors for substantial BMI increase included infrequent exercise (OR = 1·33; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·60), no or infrequent alcohol drinking (OR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·08, 1·57), frequently skipping breakfast (OR = 1·34; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·61), preference for fatty food (OR 1·36; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·78) and living alone (OR = 1·23; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·52). Students were readily stratified according to risk for substantial BMI gain by counting the number of their risk factors. OR (95 % CI) for the risk between the no risk factor group and students with two, three, four and five risk factors were 1·61 (0·96, 2·70), 2·24 (1·34, 3·75), 2·42 (1·39, 4·23) and 6·22 (2·58, 15·0), respectively.ConclusionThese data suggest that avoidance of certain risk factors in college life is associated with a decrease in incidence of overweight among male students.
Objective stratification and sampling-effort allocation of ground-truthing in benthic-mapping surveys
Authors: Clements Annika J. , Strong James A. , Flanagan Clare , Service Matthew 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Clements, A. J., Strong, J. A., Flanagan, C., and Service, M. 2010. Objective stratification and sampling-effort allocation of ground-truthing in benthic-mapping surveys. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 628–637. The application of statistical procedures for objective stratification of sampling effort during map ground-truthing is presented. Marine benthic mapping is usually undertaken in two stages: a remotely sensed acoustic survey followed by ground-truthing to confirm ground-type and habitat classification. The objective of this study was to assess the application of optimum allocation analysis (OAA) through the use of remotely sensed data to direct expensive ground-truthing sampling effort. At an offshore site in the Irish Sea, classification of remotely sensed data, namely bathymetry and slope angle, generated six predicted ground-types. Calculated data variances within each ground-type were assumed to be a predictor of substratum heterogeneity, and these were used in an OAA to apportion ground-truthing effort objectively within each ground-type in order to achieve a set level of sampling precision. The sampling effort recommended by the OAA was realistic and practical with regard to video footage, but the collection of grabs was limited by resource constraints. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the video ground-truthing data matched that estimated by OAA, but the inability to collect all the recommended grabs resulted in CVs greater than expected for sediment grain-size parameters. The efficient identification of substratum classes using OAA represents a first stage whereby this method could direct ground-truthing that could ultimately be used for habitat mapping.