bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts using HLS color space
Authors: SUZUKI N , YAMANE K 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Many ophthalmologists consider it is difficult to distinguish the small retinal hemorrhages of early diabetic retinopathy from dust artifacts on fundus cameras. To distinguish these, we analyzed the HLS color spaces for both findings. Methods Five patients with diabetic retinopathy had photographs of their fundi taken. Paint Shop Pro v. 8.0 was used to measure HLS color spaces of both hemorrhagic area and the area around hemorrhage in two locations of the photograph. In the darkroom, the experimental devise had four kinds of color papers on its ceiling: red, yellow, brown and black. Ten fragments of house dust on magnifier were each photographed using flash with each color paper. Three kinds of color lighting bulbs were hung from the ceiling without color papers. The ten fragments of house dust on the camera’s object lens were photographed under each color lighting bulb. Paint Shop Pro 8.0 was used to measure the HLS color spaces of dust artifact and the area around the dust artifact. Results The evaluation space of house dust was calculated using the HLS data obtained from magnifier. The hue was red, −116.6±33.1; black, 52.6±24.8; and yellow, 16.9±4.1. The lightness was black, −24.0±5.1; red, −14.5±2.0; brown, −11.5±2.4; and yellow, −8.3±1.4. The saturation was black, −163.8±84.5 and yellow, 45.6±21.6. The evaluation space of house dust was calculated using the HLS data obtained from the camera’s object lens. The hue was yellow, 7.9±1.7 and red, −3.3±1.4. The lightness was yellow, 10.0±2.3; red, 6.4±1.5; and brown, 5.7±2.6. Conclusion The lightness of the HLS color space could help to distinguish dust from hemorrhage in all color spectra. However, hue and saturation could only distinguish dust from hemorrhage in some conditions.
Comparative in vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against ocular coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus species: a four‐year study
Authors: CHATZIRALLI I , KANONIDOU E , KANONIDOU C , PAPAZISIS L 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The aim of our study was to examine the frequency of gram‐positive isolates from samples taken from patients with keratitis and endophalmitis and the in vitro susceptibility profiles of second‐ (ciprofloxacin), third‐ (levofloxacin) and fourth‐generation fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin) against the most common of them (coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus species‐CoNs) from 2005 to 2009. Methods A retrospective audit of the medical records of patients treated for keratitis and endophalmitis in the Department of Ophthalmology, Veroia General Hospital during 2005‐2009 was carried out. Adequate specimens (cornea scrapings, and intraocular fluids) were collected prior to any antibacterial therapy. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for individual isolates were determined by Vitek 2 (Biomerieux, France). Results Out of 73 ocular isolates for all years of study, 49 (67,12%) were gram‐positive (Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp.). CoNs were the most common gram‐positive isolates (n=31, 63,26%). From 2005 to 2008, 100% of CoNs isolates were susceptible to all fluoroquinolones tested. In 2009, both second‐ (ciprofloxacin) and third‐generation fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) provided coverage for 60% of them. All CoNs ocular pathogens were susceptible to fourth‐generation fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin) during the study period. Conclusion CoNs were the most prevalent gram‐positive pathogens identified in keratitis and endophthalmitis cases from 2005 to 2009. No significant change in the frequency of their isolation among the years was observed. The in‐vitro potency of second and third generation fluoroquinolones against CoNs was decreased during the last year of study.
Factors influencing donor cornea utilization in a tertiary care centre: results from 5‐year data
Authors: SANKARAN P , TANDON R 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To evaluate utilization of corneal tissue procured by the eye bank of a tertiary care centre in north India, to determine factors that were responsible for labeling corneas unsuitable for transplantation, and to identify methods to improve donor tissue utilization. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records from our eye bank from May 2005 to April 2010. We compared donor demographics, death‐ enucleation interval, and biologic contamination of utilized and non‐ utilized corneal tissues. Results 3951 corneas were received during the study period. Of these, 2561 donor corneas (65%) were used for surgical purposes. Of the 1390 corneas not utilized for transplantation, 703 corneas (50.6%) were excluded due to poor tissue quality. Other causes were logistical reasons, such as no suitable recipient, in 267 (19.2%), bacterial growth on culture in128 (9.2%), contraindication in the donor’s medical history in 102(7.3%), and serological results in 83(6%). Mean age of donors in the utilized cornea group was 58.9 years (± 21.57 years) as compared to 67.52 years (± 19.82 years) in the non‐utilized cornea group. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). Mean death‐enucleation interval was comparable in the 2 groups (5.38 hours versus 4.62 hours; P=0.54). Conclusion Increase in age of donors results in poorer tissue quality and emerges as a significant factor in non–utilization of donor corneas for transplantation.
Visual phenotyping at the “Institut Clinique de la Souris”
Authors: ROUX MJ , LUX A , KUBALA E , MEZIANE H 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Visual diseases come in many flavors, with a large variety of affected tissues (eye anterior segment, retina, optic nerve, cortex …), ages of onset, rate of progression and causal factors. In Western countries, if the majority of these diseases are now curable, millions of people are still affected by blindness or low vision, as many retinal diseases (age‐related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma…) still lack efficient treatments. In a facility devoted to mouse phenotyping as the Mouse Clinic Institute (MCI), it is thus of major importance to propose an efficient visual phenotyping platform, to pick up visual defects in screened mutants, to assess the beneficial effects of potential treatments or the eventual adverse effects of drugs targeting the CNS. Methods Methods: Mouse mutant lines from the Eumodic European project, as well as lines from specific academic projects, go through clinical observation (slit lamp, fundus imaging) in the context of a behavioral phenotyping pipeline, or are assessed in more details with angiography, optomotor response, electroretinography, retinal histology and/or immunohistochemistry. Results To illustrate the possibilities offered by the MCI visual phenotyping platform, we will present results obtained from various projects, as well as the validation of electroretinography protocols to follow dark adaptation and the effect of acute drug injections. Conclusion In an environment allowing for an in depth phenotyping, from behavior to biochemistry, metabolism and cardiology, the MCI visual phenotyping platform provides a comprehensive set of tests to get the most out of genetically modified mice.
Behçet’s disease
Authors: TUGAL‐TUTKUN I 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Patients with Behçet’s disease have recurrent inflammatory attacks in all organ systems involved. Ocular involvement is characterized by nongranulomatous panuveitis and retinal vasculitis with a relapsing and remitting course. The demographic and clinical features of Behçet's uveitis and treatment will be discussed. Methods Literature review Results The onset of uveitis is typically in the third or fourth decade of life. Uveitis is more frequent and its course is more severe in male patients. The typical findings of uveitis attacks include anterior chamber cells with or without a hypopyon formation, diffuse vitreous haze, occlusive periphlebitis, retinal infiltrates, and inflammation of the optic disc. In severe attacks, diffuse retinal edema and even a serous retinal detachment may develop. Macular edema is the most common complication. Recurrent attacks lead to permanent loss of useful vision due to optic atrophy, maculopathy, and diffuse atrophy and gliosis of the retina. Fluorescein angiography is the gold standard in monitoring disease activity. Anterior chamber flare measured by laser flare photometry correlates with fluorescein leakage in the posterior segment. Management of Behçet uveitis is based on the rapid control of intraocular inflammation and prevention of recurrences. Corticosteroids are generally used for the treatment of acute attacks. However, patients with posterior segment involvement require long‐term immunomodulatory treatment in order to prevent recurrences. Both azathioprine and cyclosporine have been shown to be effective in controlled trials. Interferon alfa or infliximab is used in resistant cases. Conclusion Behçets uveitis is resistant to conventional treatment in around 20% of patients. Visual prognosis has improved in recent years with the use of biologic agents
Prediction of metastasis of primary uveal melanoma by the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor
Authors: ALJAMAL R , KIVELÄ T 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To study whether immunoreactivity for the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐IRα) independently predicts metastasis of primary uveal melanoma in a consecutive Finnish data set. Methods Population‐based, retrospective cohort study of 167 choroidal and ciliary body melanomas enucleated from 1972 to 1981 with long‐term survival data. Immunostaining was done by using the avidin‐biotinylated peroxidase complex method, rabbit polyclonal antibodies (N‐20 diluted 1:500) to IGF‐IR and heat pretreatment. Survival was assessed by Cox multivariate regression analysis. Results The tumour area could be reliably measured from 128 (77%) of the 167 consecutive slides which had a choroidal or ciliary body melanoma. The remaining 39 specimens were technically not satisfactory. No significant associations were observed between IGF‐1R immunopositivity and tumor location (P=0.38), largest basal diameter (LBD) (P=0.62), cell type (P=0.84), tumor pigmentation (P=0.59), presence of tumor‐infiltrating macrophages (P=0.33), mean of the ten largest nucleoli (MLN) (P=0.37), presence of extravascular matrix patterns (P=0.67), and microvascular density (MVD) (P=0.39). Adding IGF‐1R did not improve a multivariate model predicting risk of metastasis from primary ciliary body and choroidal melanoma. Conclusion The results suggest that immunoreactivity for IGF‐IRα may not independently predict metastasis of primary uveal melanoma. Because old formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material was studied, partial loss of antigenicity can not be ruled out as a contributing factor.
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome asociated with neuritis: a case report
Authors: IDOIPE M , GARCIA‐MARTIN E , FUERTES I , FERNANDEZ PEREZ S , PINILLA I , GUERRI MONCLUS N , EGEA ESTOPINAN MC , PRIETO CALVO E , CRUZ N , RUIZ MORENO O 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is included in the “White dots syndroms” group. It is characterized for the presence of small, flat, multifocal, gray‐white lesions ranging in size from 100‐300 µm at external retina or as deep as the retinal pigment epithelium layer. These lesions are found outside the macula in the posterior pole and show a tipical angiography. This disease is self‐limited and treatment is not needed. Methods CASE REPORT Results Case report: we report a case of a 28 years old woman with blurred vision in left eye (OS) of acute onset. On examination the best corrected visual acuity OS was 0.8, nor discromatopsy or afferent pupillary defect were present . Visual field was performed, with an enlargement of the blind spot in OS. The anterior segment was unremarkable on slit lamp examination of both eyes. Fundus examination of the left eye revealed multiple yellow white dots scattered around the posterior pole not extending beyond the major vascular arcade. One month latter, visual field was normal, and the white dots have disappeared. The patient have history of 3 anterior neuritis reported in our hospital, with a detailed and exhaustive neurological examination including magnetic resonance imaging, serological test, autoantibodies and spinal tap, with all results in normal limits. Conclusion MEWDS is a rare entity, of unknown etiology, in which a possible viral origin is postulated that would unleash an immune response. Association with neuritis is not reported. Our patient associates a MEWDS´s case and several of neuritis, what make us think about a common etiopathogenic origin.
The initial consultation: when should non‐organic visual loss be suspected?
Authors: SPILEERS W 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose When a patient reports visual loss and the doctor can not immediately find the etiology, a non‐organic visual loss has to be excluded. Methods Different testing methods can be of value in deciding on organic versus non‐organic visual loss: visual acuity and visual field measurements, pupillary reflexes, electrophysiologic testing, imaging techniques, ... Results The value of these different methods will be discussed and illustrated Conclusion The investigation of possible non‐organic visual loss is a complex task
The role of electrophysiology
Authors: HOLDER GE 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To describe the roles of electrophysiology in patients with medically unexplained visual loss Methods Standardised full‐field and pattern ERGs and VEPs; additional pattern appearance VEPs to quantify visual system resolution when necessary in patients with suspected non‐organic visual loss. Results Selected cases will be used to illustrate the roles of electrophysiology. A diagnosis of non‐organic visual loss is confirmed by the demonstration of normal visual system function in the presence of symptoms that suggest otherwise. Patients with optic nerve disease may have a normal fundus appearance, and not all macular dysfunction is associated with an abnormal appearance of the macula; both pattern VEP and pattern ERG are needed in such cases. Further, there are many patients with retinal disease where the fundus appearance may be normal but ERGs are abnormal. Conclusion Objective functional assessment with electrophysiology is indispensable to the diagnosis and management of patients with medically unexplained visual loss.
OOKP protocol update
Authors: LAM FC , GOMAA A , AL RAQQAD N , LEE R , HEROLD J , FRANCIS I , BUSUTTIL A , THORP S , HUGHES E , HULL C , LIU CSC 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The OOKP remains the procedure of choice for restoring sight in patients with corneal blindness caused by end‐stage ocular surface disease not amenable to cadaveric keratoplasty. Falcinelli's modifications of Strampelli's technique of OOKP surgery remains the gold standard for its excellent visual and keratoprosthesis‐retention results. To maintain good outcomes, aid research and to maintain standards, it is important that benchmarks are maintained in patient selection and preoperative assessment, surgical technique and post‐operative care. We therefore present, for discussion, the updated protocol that is currently used in the British National OOKP Referral Centre at the Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton. Methods Members of the OOKP Study Group met in Rome, Italy in 2001 and Vienna, Austria in 2002 to produce and up‐to‐date standard and protocol. Since then, we have continued to update our protocol on the basis of our own outcomes and findings. We present our updated protocol for discussion and for use in other OOKP centres. Results Our updated protocol includes a discussion on the indications and contraindications for surgery, criteria for patient selection, surgical technique, routine postoperative care, and the recognition and management of postoperative complications. Conclusion 5 years have passed since the standards for modified OOKP surgery were published. This paper highlights changes to this standard resulting from our practice in our national OOKP centre.
Vitreoretinal considerations in OOKP
Authors: HUGHES E , GOMAA A , AL RAYYAD N , LIU CSC 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To present the difficulties of managing vitreoretinal complications in patients with OOKP and open a discussion about future strategies to prevent and deal with these problems. Methods Retrospective review of cases. Results Vitreo‐retinal complications occurred in 14 of 54 patients receiving OOKP surgery. These included vitreous hemorrhage (4 patients), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (3 patients), endophthalmitis with retinal detachment (5 patients), endophthalmitis without retinal detachment (1 patient) and intraoperative choroidal hemorrhage (1 patient). Most cases of endophthalmitis presented late and may result from lamina resorption, leak and hypotony. The prognosis of retinal detachment in an eye with OOKP was poor with successful repair in 1 of 3 cases not related to endophthalmitis and 0 of 5 cases with endophthalmitis. Overall, pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 10 occasions (8 patients), of which 2 were endoscopic and 2 utilised a temporary keratoprosthesis. Conclusion There is a relatively high rate of posterior segment problems in OOKP patients and their management is challenging both in assessment (limited view and ultrasound amenability) and surgical approach. Surgical outcomes were poor for these complications. Other concepts in management, including endoscopic vitrectomy at stage I surgery should be considered, which will be discussed.
New biomaterials for keratoprostheses
Authors: LLOYD AW , TIGHE BJ , FRANKLIN V , HUHTINEN R , SANDEMANN S , LIU CSC 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Although a wide range of keratoprostheses have been developed from various materials over the last 30 years there has been limited optimisation of material properties to enhance clinical performance and minimise tissue incompatibility within the ocular environment. The development of our understanding of the biological interactions between materials and corneal tissues, the failure of existing keratoprostheses, the advances in the design and synthesis of materials of controlled molecular architectures and the advancements in composite biomaterials in recent years provides an opportunity to design enhanced biomaterials for the fabrication of the next generation of keratoprosthetic with improved clinical performance. Methods This paper will review studies undertaken by our group which have enhanced our understanding of the biological interactions of existing keratoprosthetic materials in the ocular environment and the development of novel approaches to new materials for the fabrication of keratoprosthetic based on the utilisation of biomimetic and composite systems and recent advances in the polymeric biomaterials. Results The paper will review data relating to the biological degradation of biomimetic materials and approaches to optimising these processes to provide materials with enhanced tissue integration and reduced inflammatory response. The in vitro biological evaluation of some of these materials indicates that material engineering may improve the clinical performance of biomaterials in the corneal environment. Conclusion The development of novel materials for the fabrication of keratoprostheses relies on improving our understanding of the mechanisms of failure of existing devices and how biomaterials can be engineered to overcome these challenges
Elschnig pearl formation and disappearance
Authors: HIRNSCHALL N , NEUMAYER T , FINDL O 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To observe and analyze morphological changes of Elschnig pearls in eyes with after‐cataract. Methods Pseudophakic eyes with pronounced regeneratory posterior capsule opacification were included in the prospective studies. In the first study the natural course of Elschnig pearls was observed during days and weeks. In the second study morphological changes immediately after a Nd:YAG‐capsulotomy were observed. And in two further studies the Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was modified and the effect on Elschnig pearls was observed. Results In the first study, in total 6309 Elschnig pearls (85 eyes) were analyzed. On average, four pearls were found per square millimeter (range, 0.2‐9.7/mm2) with a mean cumulative area of 0.66 mm2) (range, 0.03‐2.18 mm2) of all marked pearls per eye and follow‐up. The mean pearl size was 9630 microm2 (range, 2390‐33,745 microm2) at baseline. The mean change of a pearl per day was 583 microm2 (range, 175‐1631 microm2) or a 6% change in area. In the second study in total, 2431 Elschnig pearls (20eyes) were observed. Of these, 535 pearls (30.6%) disappeared, and 503 pearls (27.6%) survived on the remaining capsule peripheral to the capsulotomy opening. Conclusion Elschnig pearls disappear and appear within days. The degree of progression and regression varies greatly between eyes. Capsulotomy had an immediate impact on the morphology of PCO outside the capsulotomy opening. Knowledge about Elschnig pearl turnover may be of importance for attempts to modulate lens epithelial regeneration or lens regrowth and for lens‐refilling procedures.
Posterior capsule surgery and posterior capsulorhexis
Authors: BARRAQUER RI 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To review the available intraoperative maneuvers to reduce the occurrence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery, including lens epithelial cell aspiration (LECA), posterior capsular membrane removal (PCMR), and posterior capsulorhexis (PCRX). Methods Review of the literature and of the available techniques to prevent PCO. Case‐control retrospective studies on the efficacy of LECA for PCO prevention and on the safety of PCRX, namely its influence on vitreoretinal complications. Results To reduce PCO, a number of surgical maneuvers have been described, including LECA, PCMR and PCRX, with variable results. In a series of consecutive 1574 eyes of 1147 patients followed‐up a minimum of 3 years, performing a meticulous LECA following phacoemulsification (PE) reduced PCO occurrence from 36.6% to 17.2% (p>0.01). In another series of consecutive 2.441 eyes operated of PE with or without PCRX, the rate of retinal detachment and cystoid macula edema was nonsignificantly higher after PCRX than cases with an intact capsule (respectively p=0.065 and p=0.32), while comparing favorably to Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy and with unplanned capsule tears. Conclusion Intraoperative capsular techniques such as LECA, PCMR and PCRX may effectively and safely reduce PCO. The variability of the results in the literature may be due to the multiple nonsurgical factors involved (lens design and materials, associated conditions, etc.), as well as minor surgical details indicating that the surgeon factor should not be understated.