bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk-Based Targeting: Identifying Disproportionalities in the Sources and Effects of Industrial Pollution
Authors: Collins Mary B. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. I assessed the distribution of relative health risk from industrial air pollution in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the extent to which risk was disproportionately attributable to a minority of facilities. Methods. I spatially linked data on airborne emissions, health risk, and sociodemographics by census tract, coupling disproportionality measurements from 2 perspectives: the health risk borne by communities and the harms produced by individual polluters. Results. Of Milwaukee's 307 census tracts, 90 warranted the highest environmental justice concern. Striking variations in risk production existed between industrial polluters. Of 299 facilities with reported emissions, 30 (10%) contributed 90% of all health risk. Conclusions. This research adds to an emerging body of work connecting environmental health risk, environmental justice, and corporate responsibility. Findings support the hypothesis that relatively few heavy polluters create most environmental health risk. Environmental policy often devotes insufficient attention to such outliers, in part because of the questionable assumption that pollution is economically necessary for jobs or essential products. Increased emphasis on risk-based targeting of the worst polluters could significantly improve environmental quality and health in overburdened communities.
Skewed Riskscapes and Gentrified Inequities: Environmental Exposure Disparities in Seattle, Washington
Authors: Abel Troy D. , White Jonah 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. Few studies have considered the sociohistorical intersection of environmental injustice and gentrification; a gap addressed by this case study of Seattle, Washington. This study explored the advantages of integrating air toxic risk screening with gentrification research to enhance proximity and health equity analysis methodologies. It was hypothesized that Seattle's industrial air toxic exposure risk was unevenly dispersed, that gentrification stratified the city's neighborhoods, and that the inequities of both converged.Methods. Spatial characterizations of air toxic pollution risk exposures from 1990 to 2007 were combined with longitudinal cluster analysis of census block groups in Seattle, Washington, from 1990 to 2000.Results. A cluster of air toxic exposure inequality and socioeconomic inequity converged in 1 area of south central Seattle. Minority and working class residents were more concentrated in the same neighborhoods near Seattle's worst industrial pollution risks.Conclusions. Not all pollution was distributed equally in a dynamic urban landscape. Using techniques to examine skewed riskscapes and socioeconomic urban geographies provided a foundation for future research on the connections among environmental health hazard sources, socially vulnerable neighborhoods, and health inequity.
Data Sources for an Environmental Quality Index: Availability, Quality, and Utility
Authors: Lobdell Danelle T. , Jagai Jyotsna S. , Rappazzo Kristen , Messer Lynne C. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. An environmental quality index (EQI) for all counties in the United States is under development to explore the relationship between environmental insults and human health. The EQI is potentially useful for investigators researching health disparities to account for other concurrent environmental conditions. This article focused on the identification and assessment of data sources used in developing the EQI. Data source strengths, limitations, and utility were addressed. Methods. Five domains were identified that contribute to environmental quality: air, water, land, built, and sociodemographic environments. An inventory of possible data sources was created. Data sources were evaluated for appropriate spatial and temporal coverage and data quality. Results. The overall data inventory identified multiple data sources for each domain. From the inventory (187 sources, 617 records), the air, water, land, built environment, and sociodemographic domains retained 2, 9, 7, 4, and 2 data sources for inclusion in the EQI, respectively. However, differences in data quality, geographic coverage, and data availability existed between the domains. Conclusions. The data sources identified for use in the EQI may be useful to researchers, advocates, and communities to explore specific environmental quality questions.
Creating an Environmental Justice Framework for Policy Change in Childhood Asthma: A Grassroots to Treetops Approach
Authors: Kreger Mary , Sargent Katherine , Arons Abigail , Standish Marion , Brindis Claire D. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. The Community Action to Fight Asthma Initiative, a network of coalitions and technical assistance providers in California, employed an environmental justice approach to reduce risk factors for asthma in school-aged children. Policy advocacy focused on housing, schools, and outdoor air quality. Technical assistance partners from environmental science, policy advocacy, asthma prevention, and media assisted in advocacy. An evaluation team assessed progress and outcomes. Methods. A theory of change and corresponding logic model were used to document coalition development and successes. Site visits, surveys, policymaker interviews, and participation in meetings documented the processes and outcomes. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to assess strategies, successes, and challenges. Results. Coalitions, working with community residents and technical assistance experts, successfully advocated for policies to reduce children's exposures to environmental triggers, particularly in low-income communities and communities of color. Policies were implemented at various levels. Conclusions. Environmental justice approaches to policy advocacy could be an effective strategy to address inequities across communities. Strong technical assistance, close community involvement, and multilevel strategies were all essential to effective policies to reduce environmental inequities.
Analysis of Diesel Particulate Matter Health Risk Disparities in Selected US Harbor Areas
Authors: Rosenbaum Arlene , Hartley Seth , Holder Chris 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. People near major transportation emissions sources experience higher exposure to hazardous pollutants. We present population size and demographic composition estimates for exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) exhaust from US harbor activities. Methods. We examined 43 US marine harbor areas to determine outdoor, ambient concentrations from port-related DPM emissions and then determined intake fractions of those emissions in each harbor area. We estimated the distribution of health risk by combining ambient concentrations with exposure and carcinogenic risk factors. We assessed demographic differences by stratifying the health risks by race/ethnicity and income. Results. Intake fractions for 42 of the harbor areas ranged from 0.02 × 10−6 to 3.66 × 10−6. A DPM-affected population of more than 4 million has a risk level greater than 100 per million; a population of 41 million, a risk level greater than 10 per million. Most exposures occur in a small number of marine harbor areas. Low-income households and both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks are overrepresented in the affected populations. Conclusions. The most important factor for predicting DPM intake fractions for harbor activities is the proximate population density. The largest uncertainty in predicting DPM carcinogenic health risk is the carcinogenic inhalation unit risk factor.
Particulate Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Position in Rural and Urban Areas of the Northeastern United States
Authors: Brochu Paul J. , Yanosky Jeff D. , Paciorek Christopher J. , Schwartz Joel , Chen Jarvis T. , Herrick Robert F. , Suh Helen H. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. Although differential exposure by socioeconomic position (SEP) to hazardous waste and lead is well demonstrated, there is less evidence for particulate air pollution (PM), which is associated with risk of death and illness. This study determined the relationship of ambient PM and SEP across several spatial scales. Methods. Geographic information system-based, spatio-temporal models were used to predict PM in the Northeastern United States. Predicted concentrations were related to census tract SEP and racial composition using generalized additive models. Results. Lower SEP was associated with small, significant increases in PM. Annual PM10 decreased between 0.09 and 0.93 micrograms per cubic meter and PM2.5 between 0.02 and 0.94 micrograms per cubic meter for interquartile range increases in income. Decrements in PM with SEP increased with spatial scale, indicating that between-city spatial gradients were greater than within-city differences. The PM–SEP relation in urban tracts was not substantially modified by racial composition. Conclusions. Lower compared with higher SEP populations were exposed to higher ambient PM in the Northeastern United States. Given the small percentage change in annual PM2.5 and PM10, SEP was not likely a major source of confounding in epidemiological studies of PM, especially those conducted within a single urban/metropolitan area.
Evaluation of Two-Phase-Flow Correlations and Mechanistic Models for Small-Diameter Pipelines at Slightly Inclined Downward Flow
Authors: Yuan Hong , Zhou Desheng 
Published: August 2011

Summary
In this study, two-phase-flow pressure-prediction correlations and mechanistic models for pipelines commonly used in the petroleum industry are evaluated against experimental data.
Downward two-phase flow occurs in hilly-terrain pipelines, in steam-injection wells, and in offshore oil- and gas-production systems. During pipeline design and simulation, experimental data are usually unavailable to calibrate against correlations and models. Sometimes, it is difficult to determine which correlation or model to use in predicting pressure gradient in inclined downward flow because very few correlations and models were developed specifically for downward pipe flow.
Experimental data used in this study are from published papers (Kokal and Stanislav 1989a, 1989b). Experimental data were gathered from 1-, 2-, and 3-in. pipes with seven inclination angles. Oil and air were used as testing fluids. During the experiment, superficial-liquid velocities (SLVs) range from 1.2 to 10 ft/sec and superficial-gas velocities (SGVs) range from 0.76 to 85 ft/sec. The experimental results were plotted as pressure gradient vs. SGV for each SLV.
Beggs-Brill (BB), Dukler-Eaton-Flanigan (DEF), Dukler-Flani- gan (DF), Dukler, Eaton, and Eaton-Flanigan (EF) correlations and the Xiao mechanistic model are evaluated in this study.
The results of this study can be used as guidelines in choosing two-phase-flow pressure-prediction correlations and models in designing and analyzing downward two-phase-flow pipelines.
Waterflooding Performance in Inclined Communicating Stratified Reservoirs
Authors: El-Khatib Noaman A.F. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
A mathematical model is developed for performance prediction of waterflooding performance in communicating stratified reservoirs with a dip angle from the horizontal. The effect of the gravitational force is reflected by a dimensionless gravity number in the fractional flow formula. The gravity number accounts for the dip angle and the density difference between the displacing and displaced fluids. The developed fractional flow formula is used to estimate the fractional oil recovery, the dimensionless time, and the injectivity ratio at times of water breakthrough in the successive layers. The developed model allows for each layer to have its own porosity, endpoint saturations, and endpoint relative permeabilities.
Solutions for the waterflooding performance in inclined communicating stratified systems with log-normal permeability distribution were obtained and compared with that of the horizontal systems. The effects of the gravity number, the mobility ratio, and the Dykstra-Parsons permeability-variation coefficient VDP on the performance were investigated.
The obtained results showed that the gravity effect of the dip angle enhances the performance in terms of delayed water breakthrough, higher fractional oil recovery, and lower water cut. This improved performance is more significant in the cases of unfavorable mobility ratio and of highly heterogeneous reservoirs. Reservoir dipping does not affect the pseudorelative permeability functions but results in a decrease in the injectivity ratio.
Application of Multirate Tests to Scale Management: Part 1—Interpretation of Produced-Water Analyses
Authors: McCartney Ross , Tjomsland Tore , Sandøy Bernt , Fadnes Finn Hallstein 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Several multirate separator tests (MRTs) have been undertaken on wells in the Veslefrikk field that are on commingled production from the Brent Group and Intra Dunlin Sand. During these tests, produced-water samples were also collected. Integrated analysis of the results of interpretion of the produced-water analyses and the MRT results have provided a range of information for each production zone including the nature and composition of the produced water, seawater fraction of these produced waters, fraction of total water flow being produced, pressure, productivity index, oil and water rates, and water cut. This information can reduce the need for deploying production-logging tools (PLTs), allows the scaling potential between the deeper and the shallower zones to be evaluated, aids squeeze-treatment design, is beneficial for predicting formation damage from crossflow, and aids water-shutoff decisions.
In this paper, the methods of interpreting the produced-water analyses are presented through the use of a field example. To aid interpretation, interpretation of other produced-water analyses from the field and reactive-transport modeling have been undertaken to better understand reactions occurring in the reservoir as a result of seawater injection and the effects of these reactions on produced-water compositions. In an accompanying paper (Tjomsland et al. 2011), the integrated MRT-analysis techniques are described and the results and applications of additional field examples are presented.
The Effects of Filter-Cake Buildup and Time-Dependent Properties on the Stability of Inclined Wellbores
Authors: Tran Minh H. , Abousleiman Younane N. , Nguyen Vinh X. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
The effects of filter-cake buildup and/or filter-cake-property variation with time on wellbore stability have been plaguing the industry. The increasing use of lost-circulation materials (LCMs) in recent years for wellbore strengthening in weak and/or depleted formations necessitates models that can predict these effects. However, the complexities of effective-stress and pore-pressure evolution around the borehole while drilling, coupled with the transient variation of mud-filtration properties, have delayed such modeling efforts. In this paper, the analytical solutions for the time-dependent effects of mudcake buildup and mudcake properties on the wellbore stresses and formation pore pressure, and thus the safe-drilling-mud-weight window, are derived. The transient effects of mudcake buildup and mudcake buildup coupled with its permeability reduction during filtration on the safe-drilling-mudweight window are illustrated through numerical examples. The results showed that the safe-mudweight windows were greatly affected by the buildup of filter cake and its permeability variation. For example, the analysis for filter-cake buildup with cake permeability of 10–2 md showed that the safe-mudweight window was widened by 0.5 g/cc after 2.5 hours post-excavation when compared to the case of a wellbore without mudcake. On the other hand, a lower mudcake permeability of 10–3 md widened the mudweight window by as much as 1 g/cc. Last but not least, the analyses revealed that even for mudcake permeability as low as 10–3 md, neglecting the permeable nature of the mudcake can result in overestimation of the safe-drilling-mudweight window.
Environmental Impacts of NORM Disposal—With Emphasis on Discharges to Sea
Authors: Valeur Jens Rosendal 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Waste of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) poses a challenge to operators and authorities alike.
This paper reviews legislation and practices regarding NORM waste management in the North Sea countries, with emphasis on the potential environmental impacts. The paper gives an overview of mechanisms causing NORM in the oil and gas industry, the various disposal methods, the legal regime, and the fate and effects in the external environment.
NORM in produced water mainly consists of two forms of radium (RA), Ra-226 and Ra-228, which have been dissolved from the geological materials of the reservoir. Parts of the dissolved Ra precipitate as RaSO4 in the process equipment onboard the installation (mainly in the separation systems), associated with precipitation of BaSO4 and SrSO4. If discharged to the sea, the vast majority of the dissolved Ra precipitates as RaSO4 or adsorbs to fine-grained particles and particulate organic matter. When assessing the fate and effects of NORM in the external environment, it is therefore essential to analyze both the fine-grained-sediment-transport pathways and the uptake mechanisms of marine life.
The strong particle association of Ra must be taken into account when evaluating the possible environmental impacts of solid-NORM waste disposal (e.g., from maintenance of equipment, decommissioning of installations). Reinjection of NORM into the geological reservoir can be seen as an optimal way of disposing of NORM waste, but the approach taken by different countries varies, depending on how the London Convention and the OSPAR Radioactive Substances Strategy are interpreted and implemented.
It is concluded that the NORM waste issue is not handled optimally in all cases with respect to health, safety, and environmental (HSE) impacts, partly because of the constellation of international conventions and national practices that is applied with significant variation from country to country.
Flow-Rate Behavior and Imbibition in Shale
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Butler Raymond , Liu Hong , Ahmed Salowah 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAs part of our investigations of a new chemical imbibition idea (using surfactant or brine formulations) to stimulate oil recovery from shale, we are studying oil flow through and, especially, brine intake into shale to displace oil. Our first studies in this area focused on an outcrop shale, specifically the Odanah member of Pierre shale in North Dakota, USA. We studied porosity, permeability to oil, permeability to water, and spontaneous brine intake for the Pierre shale. We found that porosities for Pierre shale cores were relatively high—from 25 to 35%. Porosities for our measurements of Bakken cores averaged less than 3%. Bakken oil imbibed into dry Pierre shale cores (up to 5 mm in thickness) to the same extent as could be achieved by forced injection of oil (i.e., achieving the same oil saturations for both processes). Permeability to a clean mineral oil (Soltrol 130™) was higher than for Bakken oil—apparently because of deposition of wax/asphaltenes/particulates on the Pierre core faces when injecting Bakken oil. Permeability to oil for Pierre shale cores (with no water present) ranged from 3.32×10–5 to 2.19×10–4 md when injecting Bakken oil and from 4.85×10–4 to 2.34×10–3 md when injecting Soltrol 130. Permeability to Bakken oil for a Bakken core (with no water present) averaged 4.84×10–4 md. In Pierre shale and Bakken cores with thicknesses ranging from 0.65 to 5 mm, permeabilities were basically independent of flow rate, in agreement with expectations from the Darcy equation. Saline brine spontaneously entered into oil-saturated Pierre cores, yielding recovery values up to 41% of original oil in place (OOIP). During exposure to brine, our results indicated an increase in permeability—presumably by mineral dissolution during forced brine injection and by cracking (possibly caused by clay swelling) during spontaneous brine intake. This result is encouraging for the application of imbibition to enhance oil recovery from shale. Before these studies, we feared that exposure to brine might reduce shale permeability because of clay swelling. The laboratory results will help during a current study of surfactant and brine imbibition in the Bakken formation.
Determining Effective Fluid Saturation, Relative Permeability, Heterogeneity and Displacement Efficiency in Drainage Zones of Oil Wells Producing Under Waterdrive
Authors: Toth Janos , Bodi Tibor , Szucs Peter , Civan Faruk 
Published: August 2011

Summary
A convenient, practical method is applied for rapid analysis and interpretation of after-water-breakthrough history of oil wells producing under waterdrive for determination of effective fluid saturation, relative permeability, heterogeneity and displacement efficiency. Formulation and methodology are presented for the characterization of parameters of radial unsteady-state flow of oil and water through producing-well drainage regions in oil reservoirs. Validity and capabilities of this approach for diagnosis of conditions in production-well drainage zones in waterdrive reservoirs are confirmed by analysis of typical oil field case scenarios. The present approach is proven to yield significant information of practical importance that can be used for effective selection of potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR)/improved oil recovery (IOR) methods for oil reservoirs.
History Matching a Field Case Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter With Covariance Localization
Authors: Emerick Alexandre A. , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Because of its ease of implementation, computational efficiency, and the fact that it generates multiple history-matched models, which conceptually allows one to characterize the uncertainty in reservoir description and future performance predictions, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) provides a highly attractive technique for history matching production data. In this work, we apply EnKF with a recently proposed method of covariance localization to history match production data from a real field to generate multiple realizations of the permeability field. A single manually history-matched model is available for comparisons. Only 7.6 years of the 10 years of history were matched, with the remaining 2.4 years of history used to assess the predictive capability of the history-matched models. For this field case, covariance localization was necessary to avoid the propagation of spurious correlations and loss of variance and also resulted in better data matches and predictions than were obtained with EnKF without localization. EnKF with covariance localization also gave better data matches, more-accurate "future" predictions, and far more geologically realistic models than were obtained by manually matching production data. We also present results obtained using half-iteration EnKF (HI-EnKF) with covariance localization. For this field case, HI-EnKF gave a significant further improvement in the data match and predictions. However, because HI-EnKF requires rerunning the ensemble from time zero at every data-assimilation step, it leads to a considerable increase in the computational time. The results for this field case indicate that we can reduce the computational cost of HI-EnKF, without compromising the quality of the results, by rerunning the ensemble from time zero only when "large" changes in the state vector occur.