bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ lignocellulosic unlocking mechanism for carbohydrate hydrolysis in termites: crucial lignin modification
Authors: Ke Jing , Laskar Dhrubojyoti D , Singh Deepak , Chen Shulin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Termites are highly effective at degrading lignocelluloses, and thus can be used as a model for studying plant cell-wall degradation in biological systems. However, the process of lignin deconstruction and/or degradation in termites is still not well understood.

Methods
We investigated the associated structural modification caused by termites in the lignin biomolecular assembly in softwood tissues crucial for cell-wall degradation. We conducted comparative studies on the termite-digested (i.e. termite feces) and native (control) softwood tissues with the aid of advanced analytical techniques: 13C crosspolarization magic angle spinning and nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS-NMR) spectroscopy, flash pyrolysis with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and Py-GC-MS in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (Py-TMAH)-GC/MS.

Results
The 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed an increased level of guaiacyl-derived (G unit) polymeric framework in the termite-digested softwood (feces), while providing specific evidence of cellulose degradation. The Py-GC/MS data were in agreement with the 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopic studies, thus indicating dehydroxylation and modification of selective intermonomer side-chain linkages in the lignin in the termite feces. Moreover, Py-TMAH-GC/MS analysis showed significant differences in the product distribution between control and termite feces. This strongly suggests that the structural modification in lignin could be associated with the formation of additional condensed interunit linkages.

Conclusion
Collectively, these data further establish: 1) that the major β-O-4' (β-aryl ether) was conserved, albeit with substructure degeneracy, and 2) that the nature of the resulting polymer in termite feces retained most of its original aromatic moieties (G unit-derived). Overall, these results provide insight into lignin-unlocking mechanisms for understanding plant cell-wall deconstruction, which could be useful in development of new enzymatic pretreatment processes mimicking the termite system for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals.
Rab23 is a flagellar protein in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Lumb Jennifer H , Field Mark C 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Rab small GTPases are important mediators of membrane transport, and orthologues frequently retain similar locations and functions, even between highly divergent taxa. In metazoan organisms Rab23 is an important negative regulator of Sonic hedgehog signaling and is crucial for correct development and differentiation of cellular lineages by virtue of an involvement in ciliary recycling. Previously, we reported that Trypanosoma brucei Rab23 localized to the nuclear envelope [1], which is clearly inconsistent with the mammalian location and function. As T. brucei is unicellular the potential that Rab23 has no role in cell signaling was possible. Here we sought to further investigate the role(s) of Rab23 in T. brucei to determine if Rab23 was an example of a Rab protein with divergent function in distinct taxa.

Methods/major findings
The taxonomic distribution of Rab23 was examined and compared with the presence of flagella/cilia in representative taxa. Despite evidence for considerable secondary loss, we found a clear correlation between a conventional flagellar structure and the presence of a Rab23 orthologue in the genome. By epitope-tagging, Rab23 was localized and found to be present at the flagellum throughout the cell cycle. However, RNAi knockdown did not result in a flagellar defect, suggesting that Rab23 is not required for construction or maintenance of the flagellum.

Conclusions
The location of Rab23 at the flagellum is conserved between mammals and trypanosomes and the Rab23 gene is restricted to flagellated organisms. These data may suggest the presence of a Rab23-mediated signaling mechanism in trypanosomes.
Dressed to Kill: Women's Fashion and Body Politics in North Korean Visual Media (1960s – 1970s)
Authors: Kim Suk-Young 
Published: June 2011

North Korea is a fashion-conscious nation where political leaders are preoccupied with how to dress the nation's people through rigid social practices, such as imposing military-style uniforms to various social sectors and systematically recommending certain designs to civilians. North Korean leaders have issued numerous fashion statements with the intention to promote fashion as a national project meant to groom ideal corporeality. While many other socialist regimes have glorified masculine clothing as a preferred means to represent revolutionized women, North Korean fashion has continuously explored and expressed various degrees of femininity that seemingly contradict a stringent revolutionary spirit. The varying visual representations of traditional femininity and state-organized socialist ideals, which often equal masculinity, collide in North Korea so as to mark a unique sense of fashion for women clearly distinguished from those of its closest neighbors—the People's Republic of China, the former Soviet Union, and South Korea.
This article explores the representation of an ideal female body in North Korea by examining women's fashion as manifested in visual media such as stage productions, films, magazine illustrations, paintings, and posters. The article ultimately argues that visual media in North Korea are not merely consumerist objects but by far the most important form of bodily discipline. Their functions are wide in scope—they educate, entertain, and mobilize people. In a society where ideals shape reality itself, the way in which visual images are coordinated and circulated is far from accidental. I argue that in North Korea, the images of women on stage and screen function as models to emulate, thus imposing ideal bodily practices onto viewers. Examining the dress codes of female protagonists on stage and screen illuminates how the North Korean state has set out to craft an ideal female body by constantly negotiating revolutionary masculinity and traditional femininity.
Klio im Dienste städtischen Marketings am Beispiel der westukrainischen Kulturmetropole L’viv/Lemberg
Authors: Guttke Matthias 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
By resorting to tourist information such as brochures, advertisements and web sites, this articles aims to find out in what way the elements of text on urban history written for marketing purposes achieve to make a case and lay the foundation for further argumentative development. But before turning to theoretical questions of argumentation the structural principles of (re)construction of the past shall be pinpointed by taking the west-Ukrainian city of L’viv as an example. As shown later, the overriding structures of marketing often narrow and sometimes even define the supposed course of history. Methodically, this analysis resorts to concepts of cultural semiotics, discourse analysis, history and the telling of history as a practice applied to create fiction.
Kampf der Sprachen – Die Sprachsituation und ihre bildliche Konzeptuali­sierung in Weißrussland
Authors: Scharlaj Marina 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Language discourse frequently uses metaphors. Since the “iconic turn”, it has become increasingly common to analyze culture also by using distinctive imagery and signs. Sign-formation as a semiotic process is intensified in small, peripheral and often mixed spaces, which, from a linguistic viewpoint, are often functionally limited. On the one hand, cultural monologisation (including language) occurs where culture becomes a text monument. On the other hand, culture often attempts to go beyond the scope of the small. This paper investigates and compares the metaphorical and figurative concepts used in metalinguistic discourse in a selected corpus of contemporary Belorussian texts. By using the example of fighting as a metaphor, this article shows how language and bilingual situations are conceptualized, and questions the universals and representativeness of this concept within the boundaries of the cultural linguistics discipline.
Aggressiver Lokalismus: Undergroundästhetik, Antiurbanismus und Regionsbehauptung bei Andrzej Stasiuk und Jurij Andruchovyč
Authors: Kliems Alfrun 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This essay discusses the phenomenon of “aggressive localism” in literary works by Andrzej Stasiuk and Jurij Andruchovyč. The former is characterized by anti-urbanism, underground aesthetic, and regional determinism. The Wende – as the revolutionary events of 1989/91 in East and Central Europe are commonly, if controversially, referred to in German – is used as metaphorical pivot. Across this rupture the city serves as the dominant frame of reference for (self-) interpretations of underground art, defined as a specifically all-embracing form of expression that seeks to subvert “official” claims about the city, i. e. spatial hierarchies. The city thus connects the marginally (sub-) urban with political dissent in the form of social nonconformity. Stasiuk and Andruchovyč intensely employ literary means derived from aesthetic patterns of underground art. Their characters envisage urban solitude and death, post-multicultural fissures in the (great) city. Yet, both narrators depict “their” respective city as a metropolitan village, as a place of a more local, even rural, of indeed pagan profile. At the same time, they use these patterns to praise the East Central European countryside as a “slow space”. In such manner, they appropriate a pre-Wende aesthetic strategy in order to produce structural aggressive fantasies of a re-ruralized “East”.
Merkmalloses versus pluralisches/distributives/intensives Partizip
Authors: Schenkel Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Traditionally (Sethe/Gardiner), the difference between reduplicated (formerly ‘geminated’) and non-reduplicated participles is seen to lie in tense/ aspect. According to more recent interpretations, the choice of the reduplicated participle is determined by the aspect of plurality (Schenkel), distributivity (Allen) and/or intensification (Jansen-Winkeln). The observation that provided a point of departure (Schenkel), and which now forms the basis for a refutation (Depuydt), is the juxtaposition of phrases such as mr.y it(i)=f “beloved of his father” and mrr.w sn(·w.w)=f “beloved of his brothers”. The thesis presented here is that in the case of mr.y as opposed to mrr.w, for example, we are dealing not with a simple paradigmatic opposition of participles but rather that mr.y, which lexicographers have classified as a participle, is in fact a substantivized participle, i.e. is a substantive, whereas mrr.w, which pre-Polotsky, when used in relative constructions, was considered to be a participle, should, according to Polotsky, be understood as a Relative Form and not a participle. As a consequence, the juxtaposition of mr.y and mrr.w alone does not enable one to prove either the contextual (paradigmatic) relevance or irrelevance of the aspects of plurality, distributivity or intensification. Not affected is the co-textual relevance of plurality, distributivity or intensification since the choice of reduplicated Relative Forms obviously (also) depends on co-textual factors.
Erdwolf oder Schwein? Ein Vergleich von Archäologie und schriftlichem Material
Authors: Theis Christoffer 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The article lists the occurrences of the Egyptian word HDr, which so far has remained an enigmatic term for some kind of animal. Mainly on the basis of the analogies with other words, it is argued here that this animal is not an aardwolf but rather a pig or a wild boar. In support of this, a number of examples are cited from various Semitic languages of the Ancient Near East.
Acute liver transplantation in a 41-year-old male patient presenting symptoms of adult-onset Still's disease
Authors: Gelley Fanni , Doros Attila , Micsik Tamás , Fazakas János , Fehérvári Imre , Zádori Gergely , Müller Zsófia , Gelley András , Nemes Balázs 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease is a rare systemic non-infectious inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. It is characterized by high spiking fever, sore throat, arthralgia, transient maculopapular rash, hepatosplenomegaly, liver cytolysis, weight loss, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphadenopathy, myopathia and polyserositis. Mild or moderate liver involvement is common but fulminate liver failure is a rare manifestation. We report a 41-year-old male with undiagnosed adult Still's disease who underwent liver transplantation due to acute fulminate liver failure. He died 6 months after the liver transplantation in a septic condition. To date, six patients with adult Still's disease-related liver failure have been reported who required liver transplantation. We emphasize that adult Still's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fulminate liver failure, especially in young adults with fever of unknown aetiology or typical features in the history.
Lamotrigine effectively blocks synaptic transmission between nociceptive primary afferents and secondary sensory neurons in the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Antal Zsófia , Szűcs Péter , Antal Miklós 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, Lamotrigine, which is known to block voltage-sensitive Na+ and Ntype Ca2+ channels, depresses neural activities evoked by sustained activation of nociceptive primary afferent fibres. In the present experiments, we study how Lamotrigine exerts its inhibitory effect on spinal nociceptive information-processing mechanisms. We show that Lamotrigine in an in vitro slice preparation effectively blocks synaptic transmission between primary afferents and secondary sensory neurons. Together with the robust increase in the failure rate and reduction in the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by stimulation of nociceptive primary afferents, Lamotrigine causes a marked decrease in the number and amplitude of spontaneous EPSPs and a gradual shift of the resting membrane potential towards hyperpolarization. In addition, Lamotrigine treatment also changes the intrinsic firing pattern of superficial dorsal horn neurons. The results suggest that the effect of Lamotrigine on spinal nociceptive information-processing mechanisms is multiple: it depresses synaptic inputs from nociceptive primary afferents to secondary spinal sensory neurons and also weakens the intrinsic activities of nociceptive spinal neural circuits in the superficial spinal dorsal horn.
Ageing-associated changes in cardiovascular structure and function in apparent health
Authors: Radovits Tamás , Szabó Gábor , Merkely Béla 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The continuous ageing of the population is a common phenomenon in the industrialized countries. According to epidemiological studies, advanced age acts as the major risk factor of the most important cardiovascular diseases. Ageing is characterized by typical physiological alterations in vascular and cardiac structure and function at both the cellular and molecular levels, which result in a progressive dysfunction of the cardiovascular system. These ageing-associated changes are themselves increasingly recognized as a “vulnerable physiological basis” on which pathophysiological disease mechanisms can become superimposed. This review focuses on the main issues of the rapidly increasing knowledge on the ageing-associated physiological changes in the cardiovascular system in apparent health. Intensive investigations in this field provide key findings that will hopefully establish effective therapies to prevent, delay or attenuate the cardiovascular diseases in the elderly.
In the play of light — Visualization of coronary arteries using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kónyi Attila , Komócsi András , Pintér Tünde , Horváth Iván 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCoronary angiography is currently the gold standard in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Selective coronary artery opacification provides invaluable information of the residual vascular lumen; however, the method itself has several limitations in terms of low resolution and lack of information about the adjacent tissues. Hence, several alternative methods have been introduced to improve the diagnostic value of cardiac catheterization. These include physiological measurements as well as auxiliary methods that provide more detailed anatomical information such as intravascular ultrasound imaging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel method providing high-resolution imaging of the internal coronary surface and the underlying tissues. In this article, we review the background of optical coherence imaging, providing context to its applicability in relation to the current practice of coronary catheterization. Applicability of OCT is demonstrated by the presentation of the first case of coronary OCT in Hungary.
A sebészeti infekciók mint betegbiztonsági problémák
Authors: Baranyai Zsolt , Kulin László , Jósa Valéria , Mayer Ákos 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA műtéti fertőzések a sebészeti beavatkozások súlyos szövődményei, és az egyik legfontosabb betegbiztonsági problémát jelentik. Növelik a morbiditást, a mortalitást, rontják a beteg életminőségét, és növelik az ellátás költségét, rombolják a sebész szakmai presztízsét és a beteg bizalmát. Az infekciók megelőzése céljából figyelembe kell venni a preoperatív, intraoperatív és posztoperatív tényezőket, és meg kell választani azokat a beavatkozásokat, intézkedéseket, módszereket, anyagokat, amelyekkel a leghatásosabban lehet csökkenteni a műtéti terület fertőzéseinek a számát. A szakirodalom fentiekre vonatkozó ajánlásait vettük számba.
Tumor miatt végzett izolált hörgőresectio
Authors: Fehér Csaba , Agócs László , Kocsis Ákos , Heiler Zoltán , Vágvölgyi Attila , Csekeő Attila , Vadász Pál 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A hörgőrendszer egyes területeinek (bal főhörgő, intermedius hörgő) tumorai eltávolíthatóak a hörgő izolált resectiójával a parenchyma megtartása mellett. 2004 januárja és 2009 februárja között öt betegnél végeztünk kuratív szándékkal hörgőresectiót. A tanulmányunkban szereplő öt férfi átlagéletkora 47 év (29–68 év) volt, közülük négynél az intermedius hörgő resectiója történt, míg egy esetben a bal főhörgő egy részletét távolítottuk el. Mindegyiküknél intraoperatív fagyasztásos szövettani vizsgálattal ellenőriztük az átmetszett szélek daganatmentességét. Négy betegnek carcinoid tumora volt, egy esetben a tumor chemodectomának bizonyult. Két esetben észleltünk minimális szövődményt. A hörgők tumor miatti izolált resectiója alacsony morbiditással és mortalitással végezhető. Megfelelő tapasztalatok és lehetőségek birtokában törekedni kell a parenchymamegtartó műtétek végzésére.
Immigration, Family Responsibilities and the Labor Supply of Skilled Native Women
Authors: Farré Lidia , González Libertad , Ortega Francesc 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We investigate the effect of immigration on the labor supply of skilled women, using data on Spain’s large recent immigration wave. We adopt a spatial correlations approach and instrument for current immigration using ethnic networks. We find that female immigration increases the local availability of household services and reduces their price. It also increases the labor supply of skilled native women, by allowing them to return to work earlier after childbirth, and to continue working while caring for elderly dependents. Immigration can account for one third of the recent increase in the employment rate of college-educated women providing child or elderly care.
Assessment of avian influenza surveillance and reporting needs of stakeholders in Michigan, 2007
Authors: Martell-Moran Nicole K. , Mauer Whitney A. , Kaneene John B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To identify stakeholders who should be included in a Michigan-based avian influenza surveillance system (AISS) and to describe their avian influenza (AI) surveillance and reporting needs.
Design—Cross-sectional survey involving a convenience sample of respondents.
Sample—272 federal, state, and local governmental and regulatory agency professionals; veterinarians and laboratory professionals in academia; private practice veterinarians; and poultry industry members.
Procedures—A needs assessment survey that focused on stakeholder identification, current surveillance methods, information sharing, and desired AISS enhancements was administered by mail, and responses were summarized.
Results—Various AISS stakeholders were identified, among whom the requirements for surveillance information and methods of reporting (including via a World Wide Web-based database, e-mail, and a website) differed. Although 90% of all respondent types indicated that poultry industry representatives were key stakeholders, < 33% of poultry industry respondents indicated that private practice veterinarians and personnel in laboratories or public agencies should be considered stakeholders. The predominant concern (55.4% of respondents) regarding the current AISS was the effectiveness of communication among agencies, industry, and the public. The primary challenge identified by respondents was confidentiality (30.2% of respondents).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In Michigan—and potentially in other regions of the United States—integration of Internet-related data systems and stakeholder communication is likely to promote earlier identification of AI, achieve more effective responses to outbreaks, reduce morbidity among humans and other animals, and decrease outbreak-associated financial losses. Stakeholder education and technological safeguard assurances will be essential in AISS enhancement.
Analysis of solicitation of client concerns in companion animal practice
Authors: Dysart Laura M. A. , Coe Jason B. , Adams Cindy L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To examine veterinarian solicitation of client concerns in companion animal practice.
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sample—20 veterinarians in companion animal practice in Eastern Ontario and 334 clients and their pets.
Procedures—Beginning segments of 334 appointments were coded for a veterinarian solicitation (open- or closed-ended question) used to elicit client concerns. Appointments including a solicitation were analyzed for completion of the client's response and its length. The association between veterinarian solicitations at the beginning and concerns arising at the closure of the interview was examined.
Results—123 (37%) of the coded appointments contained a veterinarian solicitation, of which 93 (76%) were open-ended and 30 (24%) were closed-ended solicitations. Client responses to a solicitation were interrupted in 68 of 123 (55%) appointments. Main reasons for incomplete client responses were veterinarian interruptions in the form of closed-ended questioning (39/68) and noninterrogative statements (18/68). Median length of time clients spoke before interruption was 11 seconds (range, 1 to 139 seconds; mean, 15.3 seconds; SD, 12.1 seconds). The odds of a new concern arising during the closing segment of an appointment were 4 times as great when the appointment did not contain a veterinarian solicitation at the beginning of the interview.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Not soliciting client concerns at the beginning of an interview increased the odds of a concern arising during the final moments of the interaction. This required the veterinarian to choose among extending the appointment to address the concern, ignoring the concern at a possible cost to client satisfaction, or deferring the concern to another visit.