bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process Control of Lightly Salted Wild and Farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) by Brine Injection, Brining, and Freezing—A Low Field NMR Study
Authors: Gudjonsdottir Maria , Gunnlaugsson Valur N. , Finnbogadottir Gudrun A. , Sveinsdottir Kolbrun , Magnusson Hannes , Arason Sigurjon , Rustad Turid 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to use low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and traditional chemical methods to investigate the physical and chemical differences in wild and farmed cod processed pre‐ and postrigor, and how these properties were affected by brine injection, brining, and freezing. In prerigor processed farmed or wild cod, brine injections followed by brining for 2 d, with brine concentrations up to 5.5% and 4%, respectively, were not sufficient to reach a muscle salt concentration of 2% as aimed for, while wild cod processed postrigor had sufficient salt uptake after the same processing. Low‐field NMR gave valuable information about the differences in the muscle structure between wild and farmed cod as well as the state of the water in the muscle during brine injection, brining, and during rigor tension. Low‐field NMR is, therefore, a valuable tool that can be used to optimize the salting and storing processes of lightly salted cod products from both wild and farmed cod. For farmed cod to be used in the production of lightly salted products further research is needed.Practical Application:  Optimal processing of lightly salted cod products is important to the fish industry, due to an increasing market for this product in southern Europe. Farmed cod, which is seen as a potential steady raw material source for this production, differs considerably from its wild counterparts by having other chemical and physical muscle properties, such as lower water content and lower pH. With the processing procedures used today the farmed cod can, therefore, only be used in some of the products, where wild cod is currently used as raw material. It is, therefore, important that the processing of these products is optimized with regard to these differences in the raw material. This study gives a valuable contribution to further studies about optimal combinations of brine injections, brining, and freezing of pre‐ and postrigor processed farmed compared to wild cod.
Glucosinolates in Broccoli Sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as Conditioned by Sulphate Supply during Germination
Authors: Pérez‐Balibrea Santiago , Moreno Diego A. , García‐Viguera Cristina 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Sulphur (S) fertilization is essential for primary and secondary metabolism in cruciferous foods. Deficient, suboptimal, or excessive S affects the growth and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in adult plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the influence of S fertilization on sprouts and seedlings. An experiment was set up to evaluate the effect of S fertilization, supplied as K2SO4 at 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L, on the glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts during the germination course of 3, 6, 9, and 12 d after sowing. Glucosinolate concentration was strongly influenced by germination, causing a rapid increase during the first 3 d after sowing, and decreasing afterwards. The S supply increased aliphatic and total glucosinolate content at the end of the monitored sprouting period. S‐treated sprouts, with S15, S30, and S60 at 9 and 12 d after sowing presented enhanced glucosinolate content. Overall, both germination time and S fertilization were key factors in maximizing the bioactive health‐promoting phytochemicals of broccoli.Practical Application:  Germination with sulphate is a simple and inexpensive way to obtain sprouts that contain much higher levels of glucosinolates (health promoting compounds), than the corresponding florets from the same seeds.
24‐Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Response to Combination Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine/Hydrochlorothiazide in Stage 2 Hypertension by Ethnicity: The EVALUATE Study
Authors: Wright Jr Jackson T. , Lacourcière Yves , Samuel Rita , Zappe Dion , Purkayastha Das , Black Henry R. 
Published: September 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).Several studies reported racial/ethnic differences in blood pressure (BP) response to antihypertensive monotherapy. In a 10‐week study of stage 2 hypertension, 320/25 mg valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduced ambulatory BP (ABP) significantly more effectively than 10/25 mg amlodipine/HCTZ. Results (post hoc analysis) are described in Caucasians (n=256), African Americans (n=79), and Hispanics (n=86). Compared with clinic‐measured BP (no significant treatment‐group differences in ethnic subgroups), least‐squares mean reductions from baseline to week 10 in mean ambulatory systolic BP (MASBP) and mean ambulatory diastolic BP (MADBP) favored valsartan/HCTZ over amlodipine/HCTZ in Caucasians (−21.9/−12.7 mm Hg vs −17.6/−9.5 mm Hg; P=.0004/P<.0001). No treatment‐group differences in MASBP/MADBP were observed in African Americans (−17.3/−10.6 vs −17.9/−9.5; P=.76/P=.40) or Hispanics (−17.9/−9.7 vs −14.2/−7.2; P=.20/P=.17). Based on ABP monitoring, valsartan/HCTZ is more effective than amlodipine/HCTZ in lowering ABP in Caucasians. In African Americans and Hispanics, both regimens are similarly effective. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:833–840.
The cost-effectiveness of a lifestyle physical activity intervention in addition to a work style intervention on recovery from neck and upper limb symptoms and pain reduction in computer workers
Authors: Bernaards Claire M , Bosmans Judith E , Hildebrandt Vincent H , van Tulder Maurits W , Heymans Martijn W 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a work style (WS) intervention and a work style plus physical activity (WSPA) intervention in computer workers with neck and upper limb symptoms compared with usual care.MethodsAn economic evaluation was conducted from an employer's perspective and alongside a randomised controlled trial in which 466 computer workers with neck and upper limb symptoms were randomised to a WS group (N=152), a WSPA group (N=156) or a usual care group (N=158). Total costs were compared to the effects on recovery and pain intensity. In the primary analyses, missing effect data were imputed using multiple imputation techniques.ResultsTotal costs during the 12-month intervention and follow-up period were €1907 (WS), €2811 (WSPA) and €2310 (usual care). Differences between groups were not statistically significant. Neither intervention was more effective than usual care in improving overall recovery. The WS intervention was more effective than usual care in reducing current pain, average pain and worst pain in the past 4 weeks, but the WSPA intervention was not. The acceptability curve showed that when a company is willing to pay approximately €900 for a 1-point reduction in average pain (scale from 0 to 10), the probability of cost-effectiveness compared to usual care is 95%. Similar results were observed for current and worst pain.ConclusionsThis study shows that the WS intervention was not cost-effective for improving recovery but was cost-effective for reducing pain intensity, although this reduction was not clinically significant. The WSPA intervention was not cost-effective compared with usual care.Trial registration numberISRCTN87019406.
A New Approach to Population Sizing for Memetic Algorithms: A Case Study for the Multidimensional Assignment Problem
Authors: Karapetyan Daniel , Gutin Gregory 
Published: September 2010

Memetic algorithms are known to be a powerful technique in solving hard optimization problems. To design a memetic algorithm, one needs to make a host of decisions. Selecting the population size is one of the most important among them. Most of the algorithms in the literature fix the population size to a certain constant value. This reduces the algorithm's quality since the optimal population size varies for different instances, local search procedures, and runtimes. In this paper we propose an adjustable population size. It is calculated as a function of the runtime of the whole algorithm and the average runtime of the local search for the given instance. Note that in many applications the runtime of a heuristic should be limited and, therefore, we use this bound as a parameter of the algorithm. The average runtime of the local search procedure is measured during the algorithm's run. Some coefficients which are independent of the instance and the local search are to be tuned at the design time; we provide a procedure to find these coefficients. The proposed approach was used to develop a memetic algorithm for the multidimensional assignment problem (MAP). We show that our adjustable population size makes the algorithm flexible to perform efficiently for a wide range of running times and local searches and this does not require any additional tuning of the algorithm.
Surface Wind Direction Variability
Authors: Mahrt Larry 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCommon large shifts of wind direction in the weak-wind nocturnal boundary layer are poorly understood and are not adequately captured by numerical models and statistical parameterizations. The current study examines 15 datasets representing a variety of surface conditions to study the behavior of wind direction variability. In contrast to previous studies, the current investigation directly examines wind direction changes with emphasis on weak winds and wind direction changes over smaller time periods of minutes to tens of minutes, including large wind direction shifts. A formulation of the wind direction changes is offered that provides more realistic behavior for very weak winds and for complex terrain.
The Role of Linear Interference in the Annular Mode Response to Tropical SST Forcing
Authors: Fletcher Christopher G. , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Recent observational and modeling studies have demonstrated a link between eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) warming associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the negative phase of the wintertime northern annular mode (NAM). The TPO–NAM link involves a Rossby wave teleconnection from the tropics to the extratropics, and an increase in polar stratospheric wave driving that in turn induces a negative NAM anomaly in the stratosphere and troposphere. Previous work further suggests that tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming is associated with a positive NAM anomaly, which is of opposite sign to the TPO case. The TIO case is, however, difficult to interpret because the TPO and TIO warmings are not independent. To better understand the dynamics of tropical influences on the NAM, the current study investigates the NAM response to imposed TPO and TIO warmings in a general circulation model. The NAM responses to the two warmings have opposite sign and can be of surprisingly similar amplitude even though the TIO forcing is relatively weak. It is shown that the sign and strength of the NAM response is often simply related to the phasing, and hence the linear interference, between the Rossby wave response and the climatological stationary wave. The TPO (TIO) wave response reinforces (attenuates) the climatological wave and therefore weakens (strengthens) the stratospheric jet and leads to a negative (positive) NAM response. In additional simulations, it is shown that decreasing the strength of the climatological stationary wave reduces the importance of linear interference and increases the importance of nonlinearity. This work demonstrates that the simulated extratropical annular mode response to climate forcings can depend sensitively on the amplitude and phase of the climatological stationary wave and the wave response.
Predicting Typhoon Morakot’s Catastrophic Rainfall with a Convection-Permitting Mesoscale Ensemble System
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Weng Yonghui , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Whitaker Jeffery S. , Xie Baoguo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study examines the prediction and predictability of the recent catastrophic rainfall and flooding event over Taiwan induced by Typhoon Morakot (2009) with a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model. A high-resolution convection-permitting mesoscale ensemble, initialized with analysis and flow-dependent perturbations obtained from a real-time global ensemble data assimilation system, is found to be able to predict this record-breaking rainfall event, producing probability forecasts potentially valuable to the emergency management decision makers and the general public. Since all the advanced modeling and data assimilation techniques used here are readily available for real-time operational implementation provided sufficient computing resources are made available, this study demonstrates the potential and need of using ensemble-based analysis and forecasting, along with enhanced computing, in predicting extreme weather events like Typhoon Morakot at operational centers.
Bioavailability Considerations in Evaluating Drug‐Drug Interactions Using the Population Pharmacokinetic Approach
Authors: Duan John Z. , Jackson Andre J. , Zhao Ping 
Published: September 2010

Applying a comedication (COMD) covariate to apparent clearance (CLapp= CL/F) is a common practice when using population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) to study metabolism‐based drug‐drug interactions (DDI). This study evaluates the importance of independently applying COMD to F and CL to account for DDI at the level of first‐pass metabolism. A known DDI between single oral doses of the CYP3A substrate midazolam (5 mg) and the inhibitor ketoconazole (400 mg) was simulated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulator SimCyp in virtual subjects. The simulated midazolam data were analyzed by PopPK method under the following scenarios by applying COMD effect to (1) CLapponly, (2) CL and F, and (3) CLappand apparent volume of distribution (Vapp= V/F), assuming V is unchanged.The mean simulated degree of interaction, measured by midazolam AUC ratio with and without ketoconazole (AUCR), was 10.28. Scenario 1 underestimated AUCR. When COMD was independently applied to F and Vappin scenarios 2 and 3, lower objective function values of the PopPK analysis and more accurate AUCR estimates were achieved. AUCR estimates were also dependent on sampling. The authors conclude that when significant inhibition of the first‐pass metabolism of the substrate is anticipated, COMD effects should be applied to both CL and F in PopPK analysis.
An inter-comparison of a steady-state and transient methods for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin specimens of masonry materials
Authors: Salmon David R , Tye Ronald P 
Published: September 2010

Recent standardization developments within the European Union relating to masonry and block systems now allow calculation of thermal performance to be undertaken based on the block configuration and reliable values of the material thermal conductivity. In general, to attain the optimum thermal resistance of a block a minimum amount of material is used such that the webs and faces bounding the air spaces are usually of the order of 6—8 mm. However, the current standard measurement methods are not suitable or precise enough for direct measurement on thin specimens cut from blocks. As a result the masonry industry requested that CEN TC89 investigate and recommend candidate alternative methods suitable for standardization. A working group was established and following consideration of the issues involved, including, in particular, the thermal conductivity range, simplicity, small size, and short operating times, two methods were proposed for further investigation. The first was the steady-state guarded heat flow meter and the second the transient hot strip in both its linear and disc configurations. In order to verify their applicability both methods were used in an initial inter-comparison involving a total of nine organizations. Measurements were made at or close to room temperature on uniform thin test specimens fabricated from a batch of one typical masonry material. This article contains details of the distinctive features and suitability of each method for the task, the participants, the material and test criteria, and includes a summary and discussion of the results that includes unexpected effects due to anisotropy in the particular material. Overall, the results were very promising such that a further series of intercomparison measurements is now underway on some typical materials within the total conductivity range for masonry type products.
Cellular regulation of blood coagulation: a model for venous stasis
Authors: Campbell James E. , Brummel-Ziedins Kathleen E. , Butenas Saulius , Mann Kenneth G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have adapted the corn-trypsin inhibitor whole-blood model to include EA.hy926 as an endothelium surrogate to evaluate the vascular modulation of blood coagulation initiated by relipidated recombinant tissue factor (rTf) and a cellular Tf surrogate, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP1 cells (LPS-THP-1). Compared with bare tubes, EA.hy926 with rTf decreased the rate of thrombin formation, ITS accumulation, and the production of fibrinopeptide A. These phenomena occurred with increased rates of factor Va (fVa) inactivation by cleavages at R506 and R306. Thus, EA.hy926 provides thrombin-dependent protein C activation and APC fVa inactivation. Comparisons of rTf with LPS-THP-1 showed that the latter gave reduced rates for TAT formation but equivalent fibrinopeptide A, and fV activation/inactivation. In the presence of EA.hy926, the reverse was obtained; with the surrogate endothelium and LPS-THP-1 the rates of TAT generation, fibrinopeptide release, and fV activation were almost doubled, whereas cleavage at R306 was equivalent. These observations suggest cooperativity between the 2 cell surrogates. These data suggest that the use of these 2 cell lines provides a reproducible quasi-endothelial quasi-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated monocyte system that provides a method to evaluate the variations in blood phenotype against the background of stable inflammatory cell activator and a stable vascular endothelial surrogate.
Near-saturated and complete genetic linkage map of black spruce (Picea mariana)
Authors: Kang Bum-Yong , Mann Ishminder K , Major John E , Rajora Om P 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Genetic maps provide an important genomic resource for understanding genome organization and evolution, comparative genomics, mapping genes and quantitative trait loci, and associating genomic segments with phenotypic traits. Spruce (Picea) genomics work is quite challenging, mainly because of extremely large size and highly repetitive nature of its genome, unsequenced and poorly understood genome, and the general lack of advanced-generation pedigrees. Our goal was to construct a high-density genetic linkage map of black spruce (Picea mariana, 2n = 24), which is a predominant, transcontinental species of the North American boreal and temperate forests, with high ecological and economic importance.

Results
We have developed a near-saturated and complete genetic linkage map of black spruce using a three-generation outbred pedigree and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), selectively amplified microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL), expressed sequence tag polymorphism (ESTP), and microsatellite (mostly cDNA based) markers. Maternal, paternal, and consensus genetic linkage maps were constructed. The maternal, paternal, and consensus maps in our study consistently coalesced into 12 linkage groups, corresponding to the haploid chromosome number (1n = 1x = 12) of 12 in the genus Picea. The maternal map had 816 and the paternal map 743 markers distributed over 12 linkage groups each. The consensus map consisted of 1,111 markers distributed over 12 linkage groups, and covered almost the entire (> 97%) black spruce genome. The mapped markers included 809 AFLPs, 255 SAMPL, 42 microsatellites, and 5 ESTPs. Total estimated length of the genetic map was 1,770 cM, with an average of one marker every 1.6 cM. The maternal, paternal and consensus genetic maps aligned almost perfectly.

Conclusion
We have constructed the first high density to near-saturated genetic linkage map of black spruce, with greater than 97% genome coverage. Also, this is the first genetic map based on a three-generation outbred pedigree in the genus Picea. The genome length in P. mariana is likely to be about 1,800 cM. The genetic maps developed in our study can serve as a reference map for various genomics studies and applications in Picea a nd Pinaceae.
Neisseria meningitidis rifampicin resistant strains: analysis of protein differentially expressed
Authors: Neri Arianna , Mignogna Giuseppina , Fazio Cecilia , Giorgi Alessandra , Schininà Maria Eugenia , Stefanelli Paola 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Several mutations have been described as responsible for rifampicin resistance in Neisseria meningitidis. However, the intriguing question on why these strains are so rare remains open. The aim of this study was to investigate the protein content and to identify differential expression in specific proteins in two rifampicin resistant and one susceptible meningococci using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with mass spectrometry.

Results
In our experimental conditions, able to resolve soluble proteins with an isoelectric point between 4 and 7, twenty-three proteins have been found differentially expressed in the two resistant strains compared to the susceptible. Some of them, involved in the main metabolic pathways, showed an increased expression, mainly in the catabolism of pyruvate and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A decreased expression of proteins belonging to gene regulation and to those involved in the folding of polypeptides has also been observed. 2-DE analysis showed the presence of four proteins displaying a shift in their isoelectric point in both resistant strains, confirmed by the presence of amino acid changes in the sequence analysis, absent in the susceptible.

Conclusions
The analysis of differentially expressed proteins suggests that an intricate series of events occurs in N. meningitidis rifampicin resistant strains and the results here reported may be considered a starting point in understanding their decreased invasion capacity. In fact, they support the hypothesis that the presence of more than one protein differentially expressed, having a role in the metabolism of the meningococcus, influences its ability to infect and to spread in the population. Different reports have described and discussed how a drug resistant pathogen shows a high biological cost for survival and that may also explain why, for some pathogens, the rate of resistant organisms is relatively low considering the widespread use of a particular drug. This seems the case of rifampicin resistant meningococci.