bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Temnocephaloidea.—I. The Female Reproductive Apparatus in Caridinicola indica and Monodiscus parvus
Authors: Fernando Wilfred 
Published: May 2010

Summary.1. The reservoir of Haswell (vesicula resorbiens of Merton) is an important part of the female reproductive apparatus of Caridinicola and Monodiscus. It lies between the oviduct and the germiduct, and its rôle in these two genera differs from that in Temnocephala. Histologically it is alike in the three genera.2. In Caridinicola the reservoir stores spermatozoa received in copulation; it receives yolk from the vitelline glands and also the egg from the germarium.3. In Monodiscus the reservoir accommodates the egg from the germarium as in Caridinicola, but the spermatozoa are stored in a single, comparatively large receptaculum seminis found ventral to the reservoir.4. Surplus reproductive material in Caridinicola passes out through a temporary reservoir canal, to be absorbed by the intestine. In Monodiscus, where the vitelline duct opens into the genital atrium, there is less surplus material in the reservoir, so that the reservoir conal is vestigial.5. The receptaculum seminis is absent in Caridinicola, but is present in Monodiscus as a single vesicle, which opens into the reservoir and not into the oviduct, as in Temnocephala.6. Comparative study shows that the reservoir is primitively a part of the oviduct (like the ootype), enlarged in this case to accommodate spermatozoa and yolk to supply the egg received from the germarium. This condition is found in Caridinicola. In Monodiscus a receptaculum seminis is cut off to contain the spermatozoa. Finally, in Temnocephala the reservoir is a vesicle which appears to be distinct from the oviduct, and the receptacula seminis open separately into the oviduct.7. The reproductive apparatus is most primitive in Caridinicola; while Monodiscus shows an intermediate stage between that of Caridinicola and that of Temnocephala.
The Facial Musculature of some Lesser Primates and a Tupaia. A Comparative Study.
Authors: Lightoller G. S. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.The facial musculature of four types of Mammals—one Subprimate and three Primates—has been examined. It has been described under five headings, viz.:—platysmal, superior pre‐auricular, oral, retro‐auricular, and stylo‐hyoidean. This classification indicates the matrices from which each group is derived as closely as is consistent with descriptive anatomy. The platysma was well developed in all except the lemurs, in which it failed to attain attachment to the nuchal, omoidean, clavicular, or genal regions; it has, therefore, been called degenerate. Trachelo‐platysmæ were present only in the lemurs and marmoset; no platysmal derivates were found. Of the superior preauricular group, the M. orbicularis oculi was remarkable in the Tupaia and Tarsius; in the former on account of the break in the inferior distal fibres and the attachment to the zygoma of the central fibres. In Tarsius the muscle was of unusual size and had unusual anterior attachments. At present it is difficult to say if these latter represent a primitive condition laid bare, so to speak, by the apparent overstretching of this muscle to such an extent that it is only one fibre in thickness; or whether it is a specialization peculiar to Tarsius. In each of the specimens the M. orbicularis oculi was, laterally, directly continuous with a large superficial orbito‐auriculo‐labial sheet; in Tupaia this was incomplete. In each specimen the lower margin of this sheet was formed by the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior. In the lemurs the muscle lies upon the same plane as, and is closely apposed to, the upper margin of the portio modiolaris platysmæ, as the platysma in this Primate is devoid of a pars supra‐angularis. This led Ruge to consider the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior as a portion of the platysma. In Tarsius, however, the former runs deeply and obliquely to, and is unconnected with, the partes supra‐angularis and modiolaris platysmse, and in consequence the muscle has been classified with the superior pre‐auricular musculature. A M. naso‐labialis was present in each specimen, but it differed from that of the dog, as figured by Huber, in that its fibres extend over the medial frontal region. No M. angulo‐naso‐labialis (caput angulare) was present in any specimen, though in Tarsius a M. infra‐orbito‐labialis (caput infra‐orbitale) was well developed. Of the oral group the M. orbicularis oris of each Primate showed a division into partes marginalis and peripheralis, and in Tarsius the arrangement of these fibres resembled that seen in Anthropoids and Man. In each specimen a M. maxillo‐naso‐labialis was present. With the retro‐auricular group has been classed the M. digastricus posterior and the M. cervicalis transversus. This latter has formerly been considered as a deep layer of the platysma, but the innervation would seem to preclude this.Bibliography.
Display and the sexual cycle in the Great Grey Bower‐bird (Chlamydera nuchalis Jardine & Selby)
Authors: Marshall A. J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

The Great Grey Bower‐bird (Chlamydera nuchalis) of tropical Australia builds a double‐walled bower and accumulates at its entrances and between its walls a display of sun‐bleached bones, shells and coral, or greyish‐white pebbles of quartz, laterite or other pallid objects. It also collects highly reflecting objects such as glass, tin, steel, brass cartridge cases and other metals. Silvery leaves, silver coins, gold nuggets an opaliferous rock have been found on bowers. Green berries, leaves and plant‐galls are also used.
The species tends to orientate its bower across the path of the sun.
In display the male postures noisily and energetically, with coloured nuchal frill erected, in front of the female which stands impassively watching near the bower. He uses a variety of calls, including vocal mimiery. Vocal mimiery of bird‐calls and other sounds is also used elsewhere.
Males taken outside the display‐season were in a sexually quiescent condition. Those collected while displaying at the bower or taken near the bower, were undergoing spermatogenesis. The bower is deserted and there is an annual nomadic flocking phase at the time of the post‐nuptial moult and metamorphosis of the testes.
The theory that bower‐building and associated activities are essentially “recreational” and unconnected with sexual utilitarianism is rejected. It is held that bower‐activity is essentially sexual activity and that the display‐ground and display are means towards cementing the pair‐bond, synchronizing the reproductive apparatus of the pair, and keeping the female within the male's sphere of influence until insemination occurs at the time when the annual monsoon brings its harvest of protein food and thus renders the environment appropriate for the successful rearing of the young.
The reproduction rate in relation to environmental factors is briefly mentioned.
The internal anatomy of the mite Listrophorus leuckarti
Authors: Hughes T. E. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

The endites of the pedipalps form an apparatns for gripping the hair.
The pedipalpal endite has powerful adductors but shorter and weaker abductors.
Taking the musculature and curvature of the endites into consideration, it seems unlikely that the animal can release the hair.
The food appears to be scales and the secretions of epidermal glands scraped off the hair by the chelicerae.
The gut has virtually lost the lateral caeca of the more typical Sarcopti‐formes, and shows no clearly differentiated post‐colon.
The female reproductive system has developed a long median glandular common oviduct.
The female system shows the bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis typical of Tyroglyphoidea.
By loss of accessory glands the male reproductive system has come to resemble that of the female quite closely.
The posterior region of the suboesophageal ganglion mass is subdivided into a pair of lobes. Each lobe innervates legs III and IV, the genital valves and dorso‐ventral muscles of its own side.
The muscles associated with movements of the gnathosoma on the podosoma are lost.
Development of lateral plates on the tectum of the gnathosoma and extensions of the epimera of leg I to articulate with the pedipalpal coxae render the gnathosoma immobile.
The adductor system of the legs is modified in that it has its origins not on the body wall or tendinous endoskeleton but on the epimera in the case of legs I and II and on the posterior end of the sternum or an internal projection of the body wall in the case of legs III and IV respectively.
Studies on the life cycle of the pseudophyllidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus
Authors: Clarke A. S. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

A study of host‐parasite relationships has been made on the cestode Schistocephalus solidus Müller by examining conditions relating to the infection and growth of the plerocercoid in the stickleback, and‐ its transfer to other hosts for maturation; the infection of Cyclops by the coracidimn with its subsequent change to a procercoid; and the passage of the procercoid into the body cavity of the fish to become a plerocercoid. It has been possible, by establishing suitable techniques, to carry out the whole life cycle in the laboratory and so facilitate these studies.
Eggs were obtained from plerocercoids and observations made on their development. The time of hatching of the coracidium varies considerably, both with temperature and with intrinsic factors. The average time is about three weeks but hatching may occur up to six months after the eggs have been shed.
From such eggs, free coracidia and, subsequently, procercoids in Cyclops and nauplii, were secured and studied. The growth rate of procercoids was determined together with the effect of infection on the growth of nauplii.
Infections in fish were secured from infected Cyclops but not in sufficient numbers to justify more than tentative conclusions about the growth rate of plerocercoids. The time required for penetration of the fish gut wall by the procercoid can be as short as two hours.
Changes in morphology of the worm in its transformation from a coracidium to a plerocercoid were surveyed and it was shown how the formation of the musculature precedes the initiation of strobilation which occurs rapidly and completely, followed immediately by the formation of the genital rudiments.
The excretory system of the plerocercoid could be displayed effectively by a method of embedding in transparent plastic.
Infected fish from one source were collected throughout the year and the weights of the fish and of the worms within them were ascertained. It was found that in the autumn there was an increase in the number of large fish in the marginal zone–possibly related to an increase of plankton–but during the months from winter to summer the mean size of fish was less and remained relatively stable in this zone. The mean weights of plerocercoids however, increased during this period as did the temperature of the water. Some indications of the growth rate of the plerocercoid were observed from the collected data.
An examination of the stomach contents of the fish showed a wide variety of diet with little or no change throughout the year and also indicated that Cyclops form an almost insignificant feature in this diet.
The influence of drought and rainfall on reproduction in Australian desert birds
Authors: Keast J. A. , Marshall A. J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

Collections of the gonads of desert birds which were made in localities during, and soon after, severe drought revealed striking differences in reproductive development.
Comparatively meagre rainfall and the resultant creation of relatively beneficial conditions has a more stimulating effect on the male than on the female cycle.
The failure of the females to respond leads to a disturbance of the normal sequence of events in the male gonad and abnormal conditions, similar to those found in Arctic and other non‐breeders, were observed in the undischarged testis. These are not readily explained by the known facts concerning the hypophysial/gonad relationship in vertebrates.
Desert birds have evolved an unusually high degree of nomadic mobility to defeat droughts. They exhibit a further vital physiological aspect of drought adaptation in that their sexual cycles can respond quickly to rainfall, or its effects, so that nidification may begin within a few days of heavy precipitation, irrespective of daylength and light increment. On the other hand, the gonads may remain inactive, in the true sense of the word, and reproduction can be inhibited for a succession of seasons during a prolonged drought.
Observations on the abnormal occurrence of Hymenolepis nana fraterna cysticercoids in the liver of a rodent
Authors: Mahon J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.The unusual occurrence of cysticercoids in mammalian liver is recorded. Larval forms of Hymenolepis nana fraterna are described from the liver of a Darling's Mole Rat, and comparisons made with cysts from experimentally infected white mice and with adult material.
The early development stages of the Bass, Morone labrax (L.)
Authors: Jackman L. A. J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.The eggs of the Bass, Morone labrax (L.), in British waters, are larger than those of the Mediterranean eggs observed by Bertolini (1933).These eggs hatch on the fourth day, and the mean length of newly hatched larvae is 3.83 mm. By the end of twenty‐four hours this length has increased to 4.85 mm., by the third day to 4.98 mm., by the fourth day to 4.99 mm. and on the tenth day the mean length is 5.61 mm.During the first twenty‐four hours, the early post‐larval stages rest for long periods at the surface of the water. On the third day the larvae begin to sink slowly when at rest, and normal horizontal swimming is commenced on the sixth day. By the tenth day the larvae swim with the mouth open.From the observed rate of growth of these reared larval stages, it is likely that those taken in the plankton hauls off the Eddystone during the period 1925–1933 (Russell 1935) were from three to fifteen days old.
A comparative study of the umbilical sphincter
Authors: Parry Helen J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The umbilical cords of the cow, rabbit, guinea‐pig and sheep possess a sphincter muscle in the umbilical ring. These cords all enter the abdomen of the foetus at a right angle.
The umbilical cords of the rat, dog, cat and man make an acute‐angled entry into the abdomen and have no umbilical sphincter. The pangolin and the macaque also fail to develop a sphincter muscle in the umbilical cord.
The structure of the sphincter is described and some possible functions are discussed.
The oestrous cycle of female Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith) as observed in the laboratory
Authors: Johnston Helen L. , Oliff W. D. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The average period between successive oestrous cycles for Mastomys females has been found to be 8.8±0.4 days.
Pro‐ and met‐oestrous periods were found to last an average period of 1.9±0.15 days respectively.
The mean age of females on the perforation of the vulva was 76±5.9 days and their mean age at the first oestrous was 104±9.2 days. The age of females at the birth of their first litters was about 130 days.
The mean length of the gestation period was 23±10.7 days. Bloodstained vaginal smears were noticed on about the fifteenth day of pregnancy in thirteen out of seventeen cases.
Post‐partum oestrous occurred regularly during lactation, the first on the average occurring 2.6±0.52 days after the birth of the litter. Oestrous recurred regularly about every six or seven days thereafter if the females did not become pregnant.
Some females conceived at the first post‐partum oestrous and produced litters twenty‐three or so days after the birth of the previous litter.
Fairly lengthy periods of anoestrous occurred (37.9±4.98 days) followed by cycles of longer duration than normal. 0.53 of the total life‐times of all the females was spent in anoestrous though only ten periods of anoestrous were observed while the twenty‐five females exhibited eighty‐two oestrous cycles.
Reingestion in the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)
Authors: Watson J. S. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.An attempt was made to determine the times of day at different seasons when wild rabbits in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, were reingesting soft faecal pellets.The faecal material eaten by the rabbit varies from distinct mueus‐coated pellets to a semi‐liquid material in which the individual pellets are almost, or completely, unformed. These last are usually produced at the start of the reingestion period.Pellets can be recognized in the stomach up to nine hours after they have been eaten, so that the time when reingestion is occurring must be determined from the presence of the soft faeces in the rectum.The majority of rabbits are reingesting from 08.00 to 12.00 hrs. (N.Z. Standard Time) but there is considerable individual variation so that some may start three hours earlier than this and some continue up to three hours longer. There is no apparent seasonal variation in the peak time of this activity but there are indications that the fist animals may start about sunrise.At the beginning of the reingestion period the soft pellets are produced intermittently in short periods alternating with the production of hard pellets.Young rabbits begin reingesting as soon as they start eating grass and before they are fully weaned.The quantity of food in the stomach varies with the time of day and indicates that the main feeding time is in the early morning before the reingestion time.The main times of reingestion appear to be the same in New Zealand and in England, yet there are individual variations and differences in detail which suggest that the behaviour is easily modified by the environment.
Growth and reproduction in the females of two species of gerbil, Tatera brantsi (A. Smith) and Tatera afra (Gray)
Authors: Measroch Veronica 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The Tatera brantsi material consisted of 360 females collected between January and December 1946 from the Reef area around Johannesburg. Transvaal, and also of seventeen females which were kept in captivity for eleven months.

The oestrus cycle of the laboratory females was studied by means of daily vaginal smears. The cycle lasted from four to six days from one pro‐oestrus to the next. The average length of gestation was twenty‐two and a half days and of lactation twenty‐two to twenty‐four days. It was apparent that in captivity the gerbils tended to go into anoestrus and only aporadic pregnancies occurred.The clean body‐weight of females from the field ranged from 12 to 106 gm. with a mean of 60.05. The estimated weight at birth was 5.5 grams the lightest adult female weighed 37 gm. and the lightest pregnant female 52 gm.Breeding occurred all the year round but was reduced to a minimum in October, November and December. The age at puberty is discussed. It is estimated that a single female produces five to six litters in one year. The mean number of corpora lutea was 2.94 and of embryos 2.64. The different stages of the reproductive cycle are described.

The T. afra material consisted of 422 females obtained between January and December 1946, in the region of the South‐west Cape. The females ranged from 15 to 90 gm in weight with a mean of 52.2 gm. The estimated weight at birth was 4.5 gm., the lightest adult female weighed 36 gm. and the lightest pregnant female 43 gm.

The breeding season lasted eight months from the beginning of August until the end of March. The age at puberty is discussed. It was estimated that one female could produce six to seven litters in one season. The mean number of corpora lutea was 4.06 and of embryos 3.98. The relationship of the number of ova ovulated to the season, the body‐weight and to intra‐uterine mortality is discussed.

The main features of reproduction and breeding in T. afra and T. brantsi are compared and contrasted with those of some other small African mammals and British rodents.
A new species of Lobohalacarus and other porohalacarids (Acari) in Windermere
Authors: Green J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary. Lobohalacarus dolgarae sp. n. is described from Windermere. Limnohalacarus Wackeri Walter and Porohalacarus alpinus (Thor) are recorded from Windermere, the latter species being an addition to the British List.
The post‐embryonic development of British Pinnotheres (Crustacea)
Authors: Atkins D. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.The early stages of the two species of Pinnotheres occurring at Plymouth have been reared in the laboratory from egg to megalopa for the first time. P. pisum has four zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in eleven weeks from spawning and six from hatching. These times are probably considerably longer than under natural conditions. The number of swimming setae of the zoeal stages is discussed. P. pinnotheres has two zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in about nine weeks from early egg and three weeks from hatching. The work on P. pinnotheres confirms that of Lebour (1928 a, b), who obtained the two zoeal stages from the plankton and reared the megalopa from these.Some observations are given on habits and moulting of the zoeae.
Reproduction in the female Cape Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber)*
Authors: Rand R. W. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

An account of the breeding cycle of Arctocephalus pusillus is given based on an examination of 184 specimens.
The specimens were grouped in age classes separated by the stage of closure of the skull sutures. It was not found possible to age the specimens by growth rings in the teeth.
A. pusillus remains. at its breeding rookeries throughout the year but the young are born mostly in the late spring, the birth of first pups occurring rather later than those of multiparous females.
Oestrus occurs about a week after parturition.
There is a delay in implantation of about four months.
The averae period of gestation, including the period of delayed implantation, is 259 days.
There is a phase of follicular activity in the ovaries at the time of implantation of the blastocysts.
Lactation is prolonged and may last until the birth of a succeeding pup.
A full description is given of the histological changes in the different parts of the reproductive tract during the breeding cycle.
Observations on the reproductive activities, measurements, and growth rate of the Dikdik (Rhynchotragus kirkii thomasi Neumann) *
Authors: Kellas L. M. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The observations in this paper are based on a collection of four hundred and twelve specimens of the East African Dikdik, Rhynchotragus kirkii thomasi Neumann, collected from the Shinyanga District of Tanganyika Territory.
The flesh and skull measurements are recorded, and there appears to be a sex dimorphism in size and growth rate.
The use of the closure and partial closure of certain skull sutures is proposed as a convenient index of age. On the basis of this index a comparison is made between the measurements of animals shot in the bush and those of captive specimens of known age. From this comparison it is tentatively concluded that the Dikdik reaches physical maturity before the end of the first year, and becomes sexually mature at about six months. Furthermore, although one captive Dikdik is recorded as surviving to the age of nine years two months, the present analysis suggests that the longevity of Dikdiks in the bush is more nearly five or less than five years.
The reproductive tracts of both the male and female are described, and the arrangement of the foetal membranes is noted.
The female is found to be polyoestrus throughout the year with two periods of intense breeding at the beginning and end of the rains respectively. The gestation period lasts about six months, and most females become pregnant twice yearly. Spermatozoa are found in the epididymides of the mature male at all times, but the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles show a seasonal rise and fall in average weight which corresponds in time with the breeding rhythm of the female. The significance of this is discussed.