bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social security in the UK under New Labour: what did the Third Way mean for welfare reform?
Authors: Brewer Mike , Clark Tom , Wakefield Matthew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 1997, the Labour Party was elected in the UK with few explicitly articulated ideas about social security reforms. This paper reviews the large number of subsequent reforms to social security, and argues that some consistent themes have emerged. A commitment to keep to the tight spending plans of the previous, Conservative, administration left little scope for increases in benefit spending during the first two years in office. Since that time, increases in the generosity of some social security programmes have been directed towards achieving certain goals. An emphasis on encouraging paid work has been a consistent theme, whilst aims of reducing poverty rates for children and pensioners have been emphasised since 1999. Spending to achieve these goals has often been directed through means‐tested programmes, and there has been a related weakening of the link between paid National Insurance contributions and benefit entitlements. It remains to be seen whether reforms to the process of income assessment will increase take‐up.
An Economic Analysis of the UK Landfill Permits Scheme
Authors: Barrow Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe UK will introduce in 2004 a system of tradable permits for the landfill of municipal waste, in response to an EU directive setting limits on such activity. Tradable permits are becoming an increasingly popular method of dealing with some environmental issues — for example, sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the USA. This paper describes the background to the landfill proposals and provides an analysis of how the permit system might work. Estimates are made of the possible savings in compliance costs of a permit system compared with a conventional ‘command–and–control’ approach. These estimates are subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty, related to factors discussed in the paper.
Inequality and two decades of British tax and benefit reforms
Authors: Clark Tom , Leicester Andrew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMicrosimulation methods are used to identify the contribution of tax and benefit reforms to the significant growth in UK income inequality since 1979. The total effect turns out to depend crucially on the counterfactual against which the reforms are assessed: compared with the alternative of pure price‐indexation, the total effect of reform is small; by contrast, compared with a counterfactual in which benefits rose in line with national income (historically the case before 1979), the effect is substantial – approximately half the total rise in income inequality is explained. The impact of reforms on inequality has varied significantly over time: income tax cuts in the late 1970s and late 1980s increased inequality; direct tax rises in the early 1980s and 1990s, together with increases in means‐tested benefits in the late 1990s, reduced it. The robustness of the results to sampling variation and to the measure of inequality used is also investigated.
Fiscal Policy, Business Cycles and Economic Stabilisation: Evidence from Industrialised and Developing Countries*
Authors: Lee Young , Sung Taeyoon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper empirically investigates the responsiveness of fiscal policy to business cycles and the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing economic fluctuations. From regressions on the responsiveness of fiscal policy to business cycles, we find that the government's current expenditures and subsidies & transfers move counter‐cyclically, whereas taxes and capital expenditures move pro‐cyclically. Using economic fluctuations in neighbouring countries as an instrumental variable, we show that ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates understate the responsiveness of fiscal policy to economic fluctuations. We also find that fiscal policy responds asymmetrically over economic fluctuations. In investigating the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing economic fluctuations, we mitigate omitted variable bias by adding four important factors ‐ military expenditures, oil production, economic fluctuations in neighbouring countries and fiscal policy responsiveness to business cycles. The results of effectiveness regressions are consistent with the responsiveness regressions, highlighting the importance of current expenditures, especially subsidies and transfers, in responding to business cycles and stabilising the economy.
Government Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Supply and Demand Sides*
Authors: Mo Pak Hung 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper uses a new approach to estimate how government expenditures affect the growth rate of real GDP. They affect the growth rate through three channels ‐ total factor productivity, investment and aggregate demand. We find that apart from government investment, all government expenditures have negative marginal effects on productivity and GDP growth. In particular, a 1 percentage point increase in the share of government consumption in GDP reduces the equilibrium GDP growth rate by 0.216 percentage points, while the same increase in government investment raises the growth rate by 0.167 percentage points. This suggests that a reallocation of 1 percentage point of government consumption to government investment can raise the growth rate by 0.38 percentage points.
Studies in Viscose Rayon Dyeing: Applications of the Dyeometer
Authors: Royer G. L. , McCleary H. R. , Bruyne J. M. A. De 
Published: August 2010

A quantitative study has been made of viscose rayon dyeing as affected by (1) rayon manufacturing variations and (2) variations in dyeing conditions. A new instrument called the Dyeometer was used to obtain the dyeing data; this instrument is useful for making accurate measurements of exhaustion at all stages of a dyeing. From the data for the early portion of dyeing, the quantity “initial dyeing rate” has been calculated. This value has been introduced to provide a numerical basis for a quantitative comparison of dyeing rates. The percentage equilibrium exhaustion, the time necessary to reach 90% of equilibrium exhaustion, and the initial dyeing rate have been used to characterise dyeing Curves.The rayon manufacturing variations studied were— filament size, godet stretch, viscose age, skin structure, degree of polymerisation, delustrant, and presence of gas bubbles in the filaments. The dyeing conditions studied were— salt concentration, type of salt, yarn weight, temperature, and dye concentration. The results of these studies have been discussed and some of the practical aspects related to rayon dyeing have been pointed out.
Paper Chromatography of Synthetic Dyes
Authors: Brown J. C. 
Published: August 2010

Meetings of the West Riding Section held at the Griffin Hotel, Leeds, on 11th February 1960, Mr. J. Rankin in the chair; of the Scottish Section held at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 23rd February 1960, Mr. J. G. B, McCallum in the chair; of the Leeds Junior Branch held at The University, Leeds, on 1st March 1960. Mr. B. C. Burdett in the chair; of the Huddersfield Section held jointly with the Huddersfield Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at Silvio's Cafe, Huddersfield, on 8th March 1960, Mr. G. H. Binns in the chair; and of the Scottish Junior Branch held at the Paisley Technical College on 16th March 1960, Mr. C. McNeil in the chairThe general techniques of paper chromatography are outlined and specific examples of suitable methods for disperse, acid, direct and metal‐complex dyes are given. Methods of extracting dyes from various textile fibres are given. The complex nature of many commercial dyes is discussed in relation to methods of manufacture.
The Effect of Solvents in Wool Dyeing
Authors: Peters L. , Stevens C. B. , Budding J. , Burdett B. C. , Sykes J. A. W. 
Published: August 2010

In order to study the mechanism of solvent‐assisted wool dyeing, using benzyl alcohol as the solvent, measurements have been made of (a) the sorption of the solvent from aqueous solution by wool, (b) the solubility of the solvent, and (c) its effect on the surface tension of water at different temperatures. The heats and entropies of sorption, surface formation and solution are consistent with the hypothesis that the sorption of benzyl alcohol by wool most probably consists merely of physical adsorption on the intermicellar surfaces in the fibre.Increased swelling of the wool fibres in aqueous solutions of the solvent is not apparent, and the accelerated rate of dyeing is shown to depend on the affinity of the dye for the solvent, as measured by the partition ratio of dye in the solvent to dye in the water. The solvent lowers the activation heat barrier, but increases the activation entropy barrier: whether it accelerates or retards dyeing depends on which is affected to the greater extent.
The Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants on Light Fastness*
Authors: Salvin V. S. 
Published: August 2010

The reaction of dyes with atmospheric contaminants, including ozone and oxides of nitrogen, is shown to be an important factor in light‐fastness testing. Ozone, present to the extent of 0·05 to 0·2 p.p.m., is responsible for fading in exposures away from sunlight. Oxides of nitrogen also contribute to anomalous fading in industrial areas when present in concentrations up to 0·3 p.p.m. Fading has been observed on cotton dyed with certain vat, direct, sulphur, and reactive dyes, and on nylon and acetate dyed with typical dyes. Fading is greater in areas of high humidity, including sunlight exposure stations. Ozone fading is discussed in terms of occurrence, vulnerable dyes, chemical reaction, and effect of humidity. The experimental results are used to explain certain variations in light‐fastness results obtained by the AATCC in exposures at a constant number of Lacg'eys, equivalent temperatures and humidity, but in different localities.Data on various dyes and fibres are presented for three‐month exposures protected from sunlight in Los Angeles, California (an area of high NO2, very low SO2, and high ozone contents), Chicago, Illinois (moderate NO2, high SO2, and low ozone), Phoenix, Arizona (a sunlight testing station of moderate ozone, no NO2 or SO2, but low humidity) and Sarasota, Florida (a sunlight testing station of moderate ozone, no NO2 or SO2, but high humidity). Laboratory test methods for fading clue to oxides of nitrogen and ozone are correlated with the actual service‐exposure results. Exposure to irradiated car‐exhaust fumes in a laboratory chamber representing a combination of NO2 and ozone duplicates the Los Angeles exposure results. It is concluded that consideration should be given to the combined effects of atmospheric contaminants and sunlight on dyed fibres.
Thiol–Disulphide Interchange Reactions in the Setting of Single Wool Fibres
Authors: CREWTHER W. G. 
Published: August 2010

Wool fibres pretreated with fluoro–2, 4–dinitrobenzene, N–ethylmaleimide, peracetic acid, or nitrous acid set less readily than untreated fibres when stretched for 1 h at 100C in water or acetate buffer at pH 5. Incorporation of sodium bisulphite in the setting solution at concentrations greater than 0005 M eliminated these differences, except for fibres that had been treated with nitrous acid. The set retained by both untreated and modified fibres was increased by the addition of bisulphite to the setting solution. The presence of bisulphite in the solution used for releasing (1 h at 100C) the fibres set in the absence of bisulphite decreased the set retained, but had no effect if the fibres were set in the presence of bisulphite. Treatment of the unmodified wool fibres with solutions of bromine, peracetic acid, or methyl mercuric iodide before and during release at 100C greatly increased the set retained in an acetate buffer. Similar aftertreatments of the modified fibres caused a relatively small increase in set. Setting in buffer solutions at pH 9, when followed by release in the same solution, was only slightly decreased in extent by pretreatment of the fibres with N–ethylmaleimide or peracetic acid, whereas setting was prevented by pretreatment with fluoro–2, 4–dinitrobenzene or nitrous acid. The presence of sulphite in the solutions used for setting or releasing the fibres did not affect the result.It is suggested that rearrangement of disulphide bonds by a thiol–disulphide interchange reaction is chiefly responsible for setting of wool fibres at pH 5 in the absence of a reducing agent, but that a second type of interaction, possibly the formation of β–keratin, assumes great importance when the fibres are set in bisulphite solution. Setting at pH 9 probably takes place by the formation of new covalent linkages. Lysine side–chain groups may participate in the formation of these linkages.
Padding, Drying, Steaming and Baking Stages in the Application of Dyes to Cellulosic Fibres and their Blends with Polyester Fibres
Authors: FOX M. R. , MARSHALL W. J. , STEWART N. D. 
Published: August 2010

Padding, drying, steaming and baking are the basic unit processes of continuous dyeing; special aspects of this very wide range of processes have been examined.A new technique of padding has been developed in which the air in the material is removed by applying a high vacuum. The material is then immersed in the treating liquor without release of the vacuum; impregnation occurs on release of the vacuum. This technique can also be used in batchwise dyeing. Its advantages are that penetration is greatly improved and excellent results are obtained on completely unprepared material without the need to use wetting agents; in batchwise dyeing the uniformity of dye absorption during the initial stages of dyeing is improved. In this padding system, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the liquor into every interstice of the material, in contrast to the situation in conventional padding, where the trapped air opposes the pressure of the pad mangle. Results of the application of this technique are illustrated and discussed.Drying, steaming and baking have been considered as heat‐ and mass‐transfer unit operations, and the techniques and data of chemical engineering have been applied to show that this approach can give much useful information to the dyer without the need for difficult empirical experimentation. There are, however, few data derived on a textile basis; even so, the standard data available show reasonable agreement with textile experience. More data in this field are required. Thoughtful use of such studies could lead to improved textile processing machinery.Finally, the ICI high‐temperature (HT) steaming process (with superheated steam) and continuous pressure steaming are compared with comparable conventional treatments. The advantages and limitations of these systems are discussed. The two new methods are shown to be complementary, but the HT steaming process is more versatile in application and simpler in design.
Hydrolysis Products of Difluorochloropyrimidine Dyes and their Reactivity towards Wool*
Authors: DATYNER A. , FINNIMORE E. , MEYER U. 
Published: August 2010

Hydrolysis of two difluorochloropyrimidine dyes gives a mixture of products some of which have been isolated and identified. The main by‐product in dyeing is a monofluoro derivative, which itself can react with wool to a considerable extent. A product which contains no fluorine is also formed and is unexpectedly difficult to extract from wool; the reason for this affinity remains unclear. Most unfixed dye on the fibre at the end of a normal dyeing is still in a reactive form.45th Communication on Investigations in Textile Chemistry. For 44th Communication see reference [1].
BFD (l:c) colour‐difference formula Part 2‐Performance of the formula
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B. 
Published: August 2010

The available experimental data relating to small colour differences between pairs of surface colours have been combined together into two sets including perceptibility results (CP) and acceptability results (CA). A new colour‐difference formula, BFD(\:c) has been developed using the combined experimental results.For small colour differences, particularly when perceptibility judgements are involved, the new formula represents a substantial improvement over other fomulae. For large colour‐differences the new formula is close to the best available formula. Different 1 values are required for perceptibility and acceptability judgements, and for large colour differences, but c=1 in all cases. The BFD formula gives the best possible results obtainable with currently available data. Analysis shows that results from different studies, including those based on perceptibility and acceptability judgements, are compatible in many respects. Discrepancies that were detected seemed to be due to experimental error, or problems in scaling the visual results. However, there are major differences between the results for small differences between surface colours and those implicit in the Munsell system and MacAdam ellipses.
Gendered War and Rumors of Saddam Hussein in Uganda
Authors: FINNSTRöM SVERKER 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis article discusses the role of rumors in everyday Acholi life in war‐torn northern Uganda. These rumors concern various health threats such as HIV and Ebola. The rumors are closely associated with the forces of domination that are alleged to destroy female sexuality and women's reproductive health and, by extension, Acholi humanity. Moreover, the rumors are stories that say something profound about lived entrapments and political asymmetries in Uganda and beyond.
Substitution of Plasma in Culture Medium with Dextran, Glucose or Albumin for in Vitro Studies of Lymphocytes
Authors: Bergman Britt , Börjeson Jan , Löw Bengt , Nordén ÅKe 
Published: August 2010

Substitution of 6 per cent dextran solution in saline or 5.5 per cent glucose solution or 7 per cent human plasma albumin in saline for autologous plasma in the culture medium was tested by determination of 3H‐thymidine incorporation in the nucleic acid fraction of lymphocytes cultured in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin or tuberculine.The different substitutes provided a medium which permitted uptake of 3H‐thymidine in the same range as autologous plasma.
Relation between Karyotype and Cytology in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
Authors: Pedersen Bent 
Published: August 2010

Cytogenetic parameters in 56 blood cultures from 27 patients with Ph1‐positive CML covering all stages of the disease were compared with the cytological character of the corresponding peripheral blood samples. The main observations were: (1) Increasing frequencies of hyperdiploid metaphases were associated with circulation of more granulocyte precursors, and the precursor cytology tended to become more primitive. (2) Pseudodiploid metaphases showed no such relation to the peripheral blood picture. (3) This difference between hyper‐ and pseudodiploid cells was apparently associated with the different ratios of missing/supernumerary chromosomes in these cells, but in addition a different Denver group composition of the supernumerary chromosomes appeared to be responsible. The pseudodiploid metaphases demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of additional small acrocentric chromosomes, whereas supernumerary C members characterized the hyperdiploid karyotypes. (4) The proportions of supernumerary chromosomes belonging to the C group were positively correlated to the frequencies of circulating nucleolated granulocyte precursors. The small acrocentric chromosomes, however, showed the reverse relation to the peripheral blood cytology.Between these cytogenetic and cytological parameters a close relationship apparently exists, which is explainable on the assumption that presence of excess numbers of certain chromosomes delays maturation of granulocyte precursors and leads to development of haematological relapse, ultimately blastic crisis. If this hypothesis is substantiated, it opens possibilities of improved therapeutical prospects by prevention of karyotype evolution.
Spleen Volume Determination by Ultrasonic Scanning
Authors: Rasmussen S. Nørby , Christensen B. Egelund , Holm H. H. , Kardel T. , Stigsby B. , Larsen M. 
Published: August 2010

In patients with splenomegaly, the volume of the spleen can be determined by ultrasonic scanning.Systematic studies were made to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the method. Compared with the weight of the removed spleens a standard deviation of 197 ml was found between calculated volume and splenic weight, but compared with known volumes of spleen models in phantom experiments a standard deviation of 111 ml was found. Double determinations of spleen volumes were performed to estimate the precision of the method: a standard deviation of 59 ml and 66 ml was found in phantom and in vivo experiments respectively. From the studies the standard deviation between the calculated volume and the true spleen volume in situ may be estimated to be about 125 ml.It was found that the information transfer from the patient to the storage oscilloscope and the manual operation of the scanning unit represents the greatest source of error (75 % of the total variance), and that identification of the organ boundaries on the scanning pictures (13 % ‐) and patient conditions (7 % ‐) are less important sources of error.
Chromosome Pattern and Survival in Acute Non‐Lymphocytic Leukaemia in Relation to Age and Occupational Exposure to Potential Mutagenic/Carcinogenic Agents
Authors: Brandt L. , Mitelman F. , Nilsson P. G. 
Published: August 2010

The bone marrow karyotype was investigated in 98 patients with acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). The patients were divided into two groups according to age.(1) 47 patients were 20–54 (median 40) years old. 21 had a history of occupational exposure to chemical solvents, insecticides, or petrol products, and 26 were considered occupationally not having been exposed to such agents. In 4 exposed patients (19%) all bone marrow cells had clonal chromosomal aberrations (designated AA), while also 4 of the non‐exposed patients (15%) were AA. Thus in young ANLL patients, there was no significant association between occupational exposure to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic agents and the AA constitution of the leukaemic cells.(2) 51 patients were 55 years of age or older (median 65 years). 16 were exposed and 8 of these (50%) had the AA constitution. 35 patients were non‐exposed and only 4 (11%) were AA. It is known from previous studies that the survival of ANLL patients with AA is extraordinarily short. Accordingly the overrepresentation of AA in exposed patients 55 years or older, was associated with a shorter survival than that of the non‐exposed elderly patients. The results suggest that etiologic factors may influence the clinical course of ANLL, especially in elderly patients.