bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Troponin T Measured by a High-Sensitivity Assay Predicts Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Stable Coronary Heart Disease Patients with 8-Year Follow-up
Authors: Koenig Wolfgang , Breitling Lutz P , Hahmann Harry , Wüsten Bernd , Brenner Hermann , Rothenbacher Dietrich 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The clinical relevance of slightly increased circulating troponin concentrations in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) several weeks after an acute event or CABG has not been fully evaluated.

METHODS
Baseline plasma concentrations of troponin T were measured with a high-sensitivity assay (hs-cTnT) (Roche Elecsys) in a cohort of 1050 CHD patients from 30 to 70 years of age. The prognostic value of hs-cTnT on a combined cardiovascular disease (CVD) end point after adjustment for covariates was determined with Cox proportional hazards modeling.

RESULTS
The median hs-cTnT concentration was 10.9 ng/L (interquartile range, 5.1–18.9 ng/L). Increased hs-cTnT concentrations were associated with an older age, history of hypertension and diabetes, more advanced coronary artery disease, and other CHD risk factors. Furthermore, hs-cTnT concentration was strongly correlated with N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cystatin C (ρ = 0.61, and ρ = 0.32, respectively; both P values &lt;0.0001). During a median follow-up of 8.1 years, 150 patients (14.3%) experienced a secondary CVD event. In a multivariate model, hs-cTnT was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) for secondary events of 2.83 (95% CI, 1.68–4.79) when the extreme quartiles were compared. Further adjustment for cystatin C, NT-proBNP, and C-reactive protein attenuated this association only slightly (HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.31–3.95); P for trend &lt; 0.002). ROC curve analysis of a clinical model that added hs-cTnT to a baseline model showed nonsignificant improvement in the area under the curve (0.69 vs 0.67), whereas the net reclassification improvement was 17.2% (P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS
Slightly increased hs-cTnT concentrations in stable CHD patients are associated with several cardiovascular disorders and predict long-term CVD events.
An Alarming Prognosis: How People Affected by Pancreatic Cancer Use (and Avoid) Internet Information
Authors: Chapple Alison , Evans Julie , Ziebland Sue 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article looks at how patients with pancreatic cancer use the Internet, and considers its potential negative effects for people with a life threatening illness. We designed a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews collected by maximum variation sampling. Respondents were recruited from all over the UK in 2009/10. We interviewed 32 people with pancreatic cancer and eight relatives/carers of people who had recently died of pancreatic cancer. In contrast to a similar study we undertook in 2004, we found that the people interviewed in 2009/10 talked about using the Internet for health information as if it were a routine and unremarkable part of life. Patients gave few examples of harm from using the Internet, or of damage caused to their relationships with health professionals. We also found that patients and family carers were using a strategy to handle alarming information found online, with patients asking partners and family to filter what they found. In conclusion, concerns about serious negative effects of using the Internet for health information may be ill‐founded, even when the Internet is used by patients with serious life threatening illness. Clinicians may worry that people will find unwanted or contradictory information, but it is probably counter‐productive to try to steer people away from the web. Similarly, policy makers have focused on regulating the factual content of information on the web, but we found that it was the consequences of stumbling on factually correct, yet unwelcome, information that concerned the patients and their families in this study. Good practice guidelines and quality markers for health information may need to pay more attention to website design and user routing as well as factual content.
Searching for a “Plan B”: Young Adults' Strategies for Finding Information about Emergency Contraception Online
Authors: Hargittai Eszter , Young Heather 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhile research has established that turning to the Internet for information about health matters is increasingly common, we know little about the strategies that people use to access such information and the accuracy of material they consult online. This paper draws on in‐person observations and interviews with a diverse group of 210 young adults about their experiences with looking for emergency contraception (EC) information on the Web. Findings suggest that despite being a highly wired group with much experience using the Internet, many respondents are unable to find accurate information on this important topic. One third of participants were unable to find any relevant information about EC and the majority of the whole group could not identify the most efficient way to acquire EC in a time of need. Results suggest that despite vast amounts of information available online, many people do not have the necessary skills to navigate online content well with policy implications for educating people about informed and efficient Internet uses.
Predicting Internet Use as a Source of Health Information: A “Language Divide” Among the Hispanic Population in the United States
Authors: De Jesus Maria , Xiao Chenyang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpurred by the rapid diffusion of information technology and advances in e‐Health initiatives, the Internet is increasingly viewed as an important tool for health promotion and health education as well as a platform for the delivery of public health interventions. The Internet also holds promise in eliminating health disparities through increased access to health information. Using the Pew 2007 Hispanic Healthcare Survey, we examined the factors that are associated with each of the four media channels (Internet, radio, TV, and print media) as a source of health information among 4,013 Hispanic adults. The most significant predictor of health information‐seeking behavior on the Internet was English proficiency. Policy implications include the need to address both the “digital divide” and the “language divide” by increasing Internet access, improving e‐Health literacy, and creating high quality and culturally tailored websites in Spanish for Hispanic adults who have low levels of English proficiency and education.
Group algebras whose symmetric elements are Lie metabelian
Authors: Catino Francesco , Lee Gregory T. , Spinelli Ernesto 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Let F be a field of characteristic p ≠ 2 and G a group without 2-elements having an involution *. Write

(
F
G
)

+

$(FG)^+$

for the set of elements in the group ring F
G that are
symmetric with respect to the induced involution. In the present note, we show that if G is finite and

(
F
G
)

+

$(FG)^+$

is Lie metabelian, then G is nilpotent. Based on this result, we deduce that if
G is torsion, p ≠ 3 and

(
F
G
)

+

$(FG)^+$

is Lie metabelian, then G must be abelian. This extends a result of Levin and Rosenberger.
The P-radical classes in simple algebraic groups and finite groups of Lie type
Authors: Lawther R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.Given either a simple algebraic group or a finite group of Lie type, of rank at least 2, and a maximal parabolic subgroup, we determine which non-trivial unipotent classes have the property that their intersection with the parabolic subgroup is contained within its unipotent radical. Such classes are rare; listing them provides a basis for inductive arguments.
The source and magnitude of sound-symbolic biases in processing artificial word material and their implications for language learning and transmission
Authors: Nielsen Alan , Rendall Drew 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere exists a fundamental paradox in linguistic cognition. Experiments show consistent sound-symbolic biases in people's processing of artificial words, yet the biases are not manifest in the structure of real words. To address this paradox, we designed an experiment to test the magnitude and source of these biases. Participants were tasked with matching nonsense words to novel object forms. One group was implicitly taught a matching rule congruent with biases reported previously, while a second group was taught a rule incongruent with this bias. In test trials, participants in the congruent condition performed only modestly but significantly better than chance and better than participants in the incongruent condition who performed at chance. These outcomes indicate the processing bias is real but weak and reflects an inherent learning bias. We discuss implications for language learning and transmission, considering the functional value of non-arbitrariness in language structure and underlying neurocognitive mechanisms.
Strategische Außenwirtschaftsbeziehungen. Die Bundesrepublik, die Türkei und der Kalte Krieg 1945–1970
Authors: Kleinschmidt Christian 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Germany and Turkey have a long tradition of trade and business relations. In addition to economic interests in the narrow sense (the export of German industrial goods in return for the import of raw materials and agricultural products from Turkey), political and strategic military considerations were also of prime importance. The following article is based on the assumption that trade and business relations between Germany and Turkey continued to be shaped by a primacy of politics in the post war period. It examines why the Federal Government and numerous West German export companies continued and even expanded trade with Turkey despite increasing risks: Turkey was becoming problematic with a growing balance of payments deficit accompanied by increasingly bad payment practice, the uncertain political situation in the Near East, the already lower attractiveness of imported Turkish goods on the West German market, in addition to some restrictive trade and investment conditions. The analysis focuses on the West’s strategic foreign policy interests during the Cold War, the political and economic safeguarding of economic relations at home, as well as on complex and conflict-ridden international interdependencies.
Straight Outta Oberberg: Transforming Mid-Sized Family Firms into Global Champions 1970–2010
Authors: Fear Jeffrey 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The German Mittelstand (small to mid-sized family-owned firms) has rightly been called the backbone of the German economy. Less well examined is how some of these firms have transformed themselves into micromultinationals with production and sales subsidiaries in key regions around the world. The article examines the regeneration and internationalization of seven firms in order to derive some general propositions about the internationalization of medium-sized firms and identify major challenges facing the German Mittelstand since the 1970s. It argues that the “pull” of global market opportunities rather than the “push” of poor industrial location transformed such businesses. The 1993/94 unification crisis proved a major turning point. Unlike larger businesses, this internationalization was largely client and service driven, based on a narrow niche strategy, opportunities were often serendipitous, but the execution of internationalization was often strategically planned.
Recent Developments in the Theory of Very Long Run Growth: A Historical Appraisal
Authors: Broadberry Stephen 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper offers a historical appraisal of recent developments in the theory of very long run growth, focusing on two main areas: (1) linkages between wages, population and human capital and (2) interactions between institutions, markets and technology. Historians as well as economists have recently begun to break away from the traditional practice of using different methods to analyse the world before and after the industrial revolution. However, tensions remain between the theoretical and historical literatures, particularly over the unit of analysis (the world or particular countries) and the role of historical contingency.
Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia in Cancer Patients
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Vincent Marc , Justice Eric 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hyponatremia, a common electrolyte abnormality in oncology practice, may be a negative prognostic factor in cancer patients based on a systematic analysis of published studies. The largest body of evidence comes from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), for which hyponatremia was identified as an independent risk factor for poor outcome in six of 13 studies. Hyponatremia in the cancer patient is usually caused by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which develops more frequently with SCLC than with other malignancies. SIADH may be driven by ectopic production of arginine vasopressin (AVP) by tumors or by effects of anticancer and palliative medications on AVP production or action. Other factors may cause hypovolemic hyponatremia, including diarrhea and vomiting caused by cancer therapy. Hyponatremia may be detected on routine laboratory testing before or during cancer treatment or may be suggested by the presence of mostly neurological symptoms. Treatment depends on several factors, including symptom severity, onset timing, and extracellular volume status. Appropriate diagnosis is important because treatment differs by etiology, and choosing the wrong approach can worsen the electrolyte abnormality. When hyponatremia is caused by SIADH, hypertonic saline is indicated for acute, symptomatic cases, whereas fluid restriction is recommended to achieve a slower rate of correction for chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia. Pharmacological therapy may be necessary when fluid restriction is insufficient. The orally active, selective AVP receptor 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist tolvaptan provides a mechanism-based option for correcting hyponatremia caused by SIADH or other conditions with inappropriate AVP elevations. By blocking AVP effects in the renal collecting duct, tolvaptan promotes aquaresis, leading to a controlled increase in serum sodium levels.
A Second-Generation MicroRNA-Based Assay for Diagnosing Tumor Tissue Origin
Authors: Meiri Eti , Mueller Wolf C. , Rosenwald Shai , Zepeniuk Merav , Klinke Elizabeth , Edmonston Tina Bocker , Werner Margot , Lass Ulrike , Barshack Iris , Feinmesser Meora , Huszar Monica , Fogt Franz , Ashkenazi Karin , Sanden Mats , Goren Eran , Dromi Nir , Zion Orit , Burnstein Ilanit , Chajut Ayelet , Spector Yael , Aharonov Ranit 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background.
Cancers of unknown primary origin (CUP) constitute 3%–5% (50,000 to 70,000 cases) of all newly diagnosed cancers per year in the United States. Including cancers of uncertain primary origin, the total number increases to 12%–15% (180,000 to 220,000 cases) of all newly diagnosed cancers per year in the United States. Cancers of unknown/uncertain primary origins present major diagnostic and clinical challenges because the tumor tissue of origin is crucial for selecting optimal treatment. MicroRNAs are a family of noncoding, regulatory RNA genes involved in carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs that are highly stable in clinical samples and tissue specific serve as ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Our first-generation assay identified the tumor of origin based on 48 microRNAs measured on a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction platform and differentiated 25 tumor types.

Methods.
We present here the development and validation of a second-generation assay that identifies 42 tumor types using a custom microarray. A combination of a binary decision-tree and a k-nearest-neighbor classifier was developed to identify the tumor of origin based on the expression of 64 microRNAs.

Results.
Overall assay sensitivity (positive agreement), measured blindly on a validation set of 509 independent samples, was 85%. The sensitivity reached 90% for cases in which the assay reported a single answer (&gt;80% of cases). A clinical validation study on 52 true CUP patients showed 88% concordance with the clinicopathological evaluation of the patients.

Conclusion.
The abilities of the assay to identify 42 tumor types with high accuracy and to maintain the same performance in samples from patients clinically diagnosed with CUP promise improved utility in the diagnosis of cancers of unknown/uncertain primary origins.
Complementary and Alternative Medicines in Prostate Cancer: From Bench to Bedside?
Authors: Klempner Samuel J. , Bubley Glenn 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is common among adults, and recent reports suggest that 25%–50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients use at least one CAM modality. The most common CAM modalities used by PCa patients are vitamin and herbal preparations with purported antitumor effects despite only modest underlying preclinical or clinical evidence of efficacy. In this review we provide a brief overview of the basic scientific and clinical studies underlying the most common herbal and vitamin preparations including common antioxidants, pomegranate extract, green tea, turmeric, resveratrol, silibinin, and herbal combination preparations. When available, prostate cancer clinical trial data are reviewed. Importantly, we have compared the concentration of these agents used in in vitro experiments to that likely to be achievable in humans. From the available data we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of CAMs for the treatment of prostate cancer patients outside of a clinical trial. The purpose of this review is to more rigorously evaluate CAM therapy in prostate cancer and educate oncologists and patients. This review focuses on examples from the general classes of agents in common use.
The Effect of First Wave Mandatory XBRL Reporting across the Financial Information Environment
Authors: Kim Joung W. , Lim Jee-Hae , No Won Gyun 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effect of mandatory XBRL disclosure across various aspects of the financial information environment. Our findings show an increase in information efficiency, a decrease in event return volatility, and a reduction of change in stock returns volatility for 428 firms (1,536 10-K and 10-Q filings) post-XBRL disclosure. In addition, this study shows that XBRL mitigates information risk in the market, especially when there is increased uncertainty in the information environment. Our results are robust to various alternative specifications and research modifications, such as a matched-pair control (326 XBRL versus 326 non-XBRL firms), current stock market condition, potential earnings releases, and corporate governance. This study contributes to the literature by systematically documenting evidence of how mandatory XBRL disclosure decreases information risk and information asymmetry in both general and uncertain information environments. Our evidence could potentially assist the SEC in their effort to expeditiously assess the benefits of XBRL.
Data Availability: The list of firms used in the study is available from Professor Lim upon request. All other data are available from sources identified in the body of the paper.
Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and Incidence of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Williams Emily D. , Magliano Dianna J. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Kavanagh Anne M. , Stevenson Christopher E. , Oldenburg Brian F. , Shaw Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine the role of area-level socioeconomic status (SES) on the development of abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) using national, population-based data.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study is a national, population-based, longitudinal study of adults aged ≥25 years. A sample of 4,572 people provided complete baseline (1999 to 2000) and 5-year follow-up (2004 to 2005) data relevant for these analyses. Incident AGM was assessed using fasting plasma glucose and 2-h plasma glucose from oral glucose tolerance tests, and demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data were collected by interview and questionnaire. Area SES was defined using the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the relationship between area SES and incident AGM, with adjustment for covariates and correction for cluster design effects.

RESULTS
Area SES predicted the development of AGM, after adjustment for age, sex, and individual SES. People living in areas with the most disadvantage were significantly more likely to develop AGM, compared with those living in the least deprived areas (odds ratio 1.53; 95% CI 1.07–2.18). Health behaviors (in particular, physical activity) and central adiposity appeared to partially mediate this relationship.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that characteristics of the physical, social, and economic aspects of local areas influence diabetes risk. Future research should focus on identifying the aspects of local environment that are associated with diabetes risk and how they might be modified.
Improved Biomedical and Psychological Outcomes 1 Year After Structured Education in Flexible Insulin Therapy for People With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hopkins David , Lawrence Ian , Mansell Peter , Thompson Gillian , Amiel Stephanie , Campbell Michael , Heller Simon 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE
DAFNE (Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating), a structured education program in flexible insulin therapy, has been widely adopted in the U.K. after validation in a randomized trial. To determine benefits in routine practice, we collected biomedical and psychological data from all participants attending during a 12-month period.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
HbA1c, weight, self-reported hypoglycemia awareness, severe hypoglycemia frequency, PAID (Problem Areas In Diabetes), HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire scores were recorded prior to DAFNE and after 1 year.

RESULTS
Complete baseline and follow-up HbA1c data were available for 639 (54.9%) of 1,163 attendees. HbA1c fell from 8.51 ± 1.41 (mean ± SD) to 8.24 ± 1.29% (difference 0.27 [95% CI 0.16–0.38]; P &lt; 0.001), with a greater mean fall of 0.44% from baseline HbA1c &gt;8.5%. Severe hypoglycemia rate fell from 1.7 ± 8.5 to 0.6 ± 3.7 episodes per person per year (1.1 [0.7–1.4]) and hypoglycemia recognition improved in 43% of those reporting unawareness. Baseline psychological distress was evident, with a PAID score of 25.2 and HADS scores of 5.3 (anxiety) and 4.8 (depression), falling to 16.7 (8.5 [6.6–10.4]), 4.6 (0.7 [0.4–1.0]), and 4.2 (0.6 [0.3–0.8]), respectively (all P &lt; 0.001 at 1 year). Clinically relevant anxiety and depression (HADS ≥8) fell from 24.4 to 18.0% and 20.9 to 15.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
A structured education program delivered in routine clinical practice not only improves HbA1c while reducing severe hypoglycemia rate and restoring hypoglycemia awareness but also reduces psychological distress and improves perceived well-being.