bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melatonin receptors are anatomically organized to modulate transmission specifically to cone pathways in the retina of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Wiechmann Allan F. , Sherry David M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMelatonin receptors have been identified in several retinal cell types, including photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. Recent reports suggest that melatonin potentiates signaling from rods to inner retinal neurons. However, the organization of the melatonin receptors mediating this action in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) is not clear. To assess melatonin receptor localization in the OPL, double‐label confocal immunohistochemistry for Mel1a or Mel1b melatonin receptors was performed in combination with markers for cone photoreceptors (calbindin, XAP‐1) and ON bipolar cells (guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha, Goα) on the retina of Xenopus laevis. Both Mel1a and Mel1b receptors were specifically associated with processes contacting the pedicles of cones, but localized to processes from different sets of second‐order neurons. Mel1a receptors localized to the large axonal processes of horizontal cells, while Mel1b receptors localized to the dendrites of OFF bipolar cells. Both receptors also localized to third‐order amacrine and ganglion cells and their processes in the inner plexiform layer. This study indicates that Mel1a and Mel1b melatonin receptors are expressed specifically in the Xenopus OPL to modulate transmission from cones to horizontal cells and OFF bipolar cells, respectively; they are second‐order neurons that predominantly contact ribbon synapses and display OFF responses to light. When combined with results from recent physiological studies, the current results suggest a conserved function for melatonin in enhancing transmission from rods to second‐order neurons across species, although the precise mechanisms by which melatonin enhances this transmission are likely to vary in a species‐dependent manner. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1115–1127, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myoinhibitory peptides in the brain of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae and colocalization with pigment‐dispersing factor in circadian pacemaker cells
Authors: Schulze Julia , Neupert Susanne , Schmidt Lilia , Predel Reinhard , Lamkemeyer Tobias , Homberg Uwe , Stengl Monika 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMyoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) are a family of insect W(X6)Wamides with inhibitory effects on visceral muscles and juvenile hormone synthesis. Although MIPs are widely distributed within the nervous system, a detailed analysis of their distribution and function in insect brains is still missing. We analyzed the distribution of MIPs in the brain of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. We focused on the accessory medulla (AMe), a small neuropil near the medulla that acts as the master circadian clock. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) and Nano‐LC electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry revealed five Lem‐MIPs in preparations of the AMe and corpora cardiaca. The complete sequences of two of these peptides were identified. Immunocytochemistry revealed wide distribution of MIP‐related peptides in the cockroach brain. The superior median protocerebrum, parts of the central complex, and the tritocerebrum showed particularly dense immunostaining. In contrast, only a few local interneurons were stained in the antennal lobe and a few extrinsic neurons in the mushroom body, including a giant neuron innervating the calyces. The noduli of the AMe showed dense immunostaining, and neurons in all AMe cell groups except the anterior neurons were labeled. Pigment‐dispersing factor‐ (PDF) and MIP immunostaining was colocalized in two neurons of the AMe. No colocalization of MIP‐ and PDF immunostaining was detected in the anterior optic commissure, but two small PDF‐immunoreactive commissural fibers near the posterior optic commissure showed colocalized MIP immunostaining. The results suggest that several MIPs participate in different functional circuits of the circadian system and are involved in multiple brain circuits of the Madeira cockroach. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1078–1097, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Astrocyte‐secreted factors modulate the developmental distribution of inhibitory synapses in nucleus laminaris of the avian auditory brainstem
Authors: Korn Matthew J. , Koppel Scott J. , Li Lan H. , Mehta Divya , Mehta Sonia B. , Seidl Armin H. , Cramer Karina S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNucleus laminaris (NL) neurons in the avian auditory brainstem are coincidence detectors necessary for the computation of interaural time differences used in sound localization. In addition to their excitatory inputs from nucleus magnocellularis, NL neurons receive inhibitory inputs from the superior olivary nucleus (SON) that greatly improve coincidence detection in mature animals. The mechanisms that establish mature distributions of inhibitory inputs to NL are not known. We used the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) as a marker for inhibitory presynaptic terminals to study the development of inhibitory inputs to NL between embryonic day 9 (E9) and E17. VGAT immunofluorescent puncta were first seen sparsely in NL at E9. The density of VGAT puncta increased with development, first within the ventral NL neuropil region and subsequently throughout both the ventral and dorsal dendritic neuropil, with significantly fewer terminals in the cell body region. A large increase in density occurred between E13–15 and E16–17, at a developmental stage when astrocytes that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) become mature. We cultured E13 brainstem slices together with astrocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM) obtained from E16 brainstems and found that ACM, but not control medium, increased the density of VGAT puncta. This increase was similar to that observed during normal development. Astrocyte‐secreted factors interact with the terminal ends of SON axons to increase the number of GABAergic terminals. These data suggest that factors secreted from GFAP‐positive astrocytes promote maturation of inhibitory pathways in the auditory brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1262–1277, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lateral hypothalamic parvalbumin‐immunoreactive (PV1) nucleus in rodents
Authors: Mészár Zoltán , Girard Franck , Saper Clifford B. , Celio Marco R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the lateral hypothalamus, groups of functionally related cells tend to be widely scattered rather than confined to discrete, anatomically distinct units. However, by using parvalbumin (PV)‐specific antibodies, a solitary, compact cord of PV‐immunoreactive cells (the PV1‐nucleus) has been identified in the ventrolateral tuberal hypothalamus in various species. Here we describe the topography, the chemo‐, cyto‐, and myeloarchitectonics, and the ultrastructure of this PV1‐nucleus in rodents. The PV1‐nucleus is located within the ventrolateral division of the medial forebrain bundle. In the horizontal plane, it has a length of 1 mm in mice and 2 mm in rats. PV‐immunoreactive perikarya fall into two distinct size categories and number (∼800 in rats and ∼400 in mice). They are intermingled with PV‐negative neurons and coarse axons of the medial forebrain bundle, some of which are PV‐positive. Symmetric and asymmetric synapses, as well as PV‐positive and PV‐negative fiber endings, terminate on the perikarya of both PV‐positive and PV‐negative neurons. PV‐positive neurons of the PV1‐nucleus express glutamate, not γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), the neurotransmitter that is usually associated with PV‐containing nerve cells. Although we could not find evidence that PV1 neurons express either catecholamines or known neuropeptides, they sometimes are interspersed with the fibers and terminals of such cells. From its analogous topographical situation, the PV1‐nucleus could correspond to the lateral tuberal nucleus in humans. We anticipate that the presence of the marker protein PV in the PV1‐nucleus of the rodent hypothalamus will facilitate future studies relating to the connectivity, transcriptomics, and function of this entity. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of axo‐axonic synapses in the piriform cortex of Mus musculus
Authors: Wang Xinjun , Sun Qian‐Quan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPrevious anatomical and physiological studies have established major glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subtypes within the piriform cortical circuits. However, quantitative information regarding axo‐axonic inhibitory synapses mediated by chandelier cells across major cortical subdivisions of piriform cortex is lacking. Therefore, we examined the properties of these synapses across the entire piriform cortex. Our results show the following. 1) γ‐Aminobutyric acid membrane transporter 1‐positive varicosities, whose appearance resembles chandelier cartridges, are found around the initial segments of axons of glutamatergic cells across layers II and III. 2) Both the density of axo‐axonic cartridges and the degree of γ‐aminobutyric acid membrane transporter 1 innervation in each axo‐axonic synapse are significantly higher in the piriform cortex than in the neocortex. 3) Glutamate decarboxylase 67, vesicular GABA transporter, and parvalbumin, but not calbindin, are colocalized with the presynaptic varicosities, whereas gephyrin, Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter 1, and GABAA receptor α1 subunit, but not K‐Cl cotransporter 2, are colocalized at the presumed postsynaptic sites. 4) The axo‐axonic cartridges innervate the majority of excitatory neurons and are distributed more frequently in putative centrifugal cells and posterior piriform cortex. We further describe the morphology of chandelier cells by using parvalbumin‐immunoreactivity and single‐cell labeling. In summary, our results demonstrate that a small population of chandelier cells mediates abundant axo‐axonic synapses across the entire piriform cortex. Because of the critical location of these inhibitory synapses in relation to action potential regulation, our results highlight a critical role of axo‐axonic synapses in regulating information flow and olfactory‐related oscillations within the piriform cortex in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple‐channel streaming delivery for omnidirectional vision system
Authors: Iwai Yoshio , Nagahara Hajime , Yachida Masahiko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn omnidirectional vision system is an imaging system that can capture a surrounding image in all directions by using a hyperbolic mirror and a conventional CCD camera. This paper proposes a streaming server that can efficiently transfer movies captured by an omnidirectional vision system over the Internet. The proposed system uses multiple channels to deliver multiple movies synchronously. Through this method, the system enables clients to view different directions of omnidirectional movies and also supports the function of changing the view area during the playback period. Evaluation experiments show that our proposed streaming server can effectively deliver multiple movies via multiple channels. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 41–54, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10375
Development of two‐axis electromagnetic driving MEMS mirror
Authors: Iizuka Akiko , Choe Seong‐Hun , Hashizume Jiro , Itou Yasuhiro , Okada Ryoji 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe propose a new two‐axis electromagnetic scanning mirror that utilizes radial magnetic fields. By positioning magnets under the mirror, we were able to develop a greatly miniaturized mirror device. This device's volume is 300 mm3. Moreover, the mirror driving magnetic induction can be enlarged by forming a closed magnetic field with the yoke and the magnets. To assemble it easily, the upper part of all magnets was assumed to be the N pole. To optimize the composition of the yoke and the magnets, the magnetic induction of the space was calculated by magnetic simulation. We made the mirror by the bulk micromachining process, and performed a drive experiment. The mirror scanning angle was 10° at 100 mAP‐P for a resonant frequency of 6 kHz, and the frame scanning angle was 1 degree at 100 mAP‐P for a nonresonant frequency of 60 Hz. The calculation and measurement results were almost the same. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 18–23, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10378
Optimal control problem via self‐adaptation sliding mode controller with neural network
Authors: Sakamoto Noriaki 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes the author's new Self‐Adaptation Sliding Mode Controller which added a Neural Network (SA‐SMC+NN) for the optimal control problem. The controlled system is the linear time‐invariant system and the system parameter and the disturbance are unknown. In minimizing the quadratic cost function, the neural network gives the coefficients of the switching function of the sliding mode control. According to this proposed technique, we do not have to tune the parameters of the controller when applying SA‐SMC+NN. Furthermore, we are able to get constant feedback gain such as the optimal control regulator for an uncertain system based on the control results by SA‐SMC+NN. A differential game is simulated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10390
Plasma‐quenching efficiency of ablated vapor of polymer containing nitrogen atoms using inductively coupled thermal plasma technique
Authors: Sakuyama Toshiaki , Tanaka Yasunori , Uesugi Yoshihiko , Kaneko Shuhei , Okabe Shigemitsu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe plasma‐quenching efficiency of the ablated vapor of polymers containing nitrogen atoms was numerically investigated by the inductively coupled thermal plasma technique. Polyamide66 (PA66), which contains nitrogen atoms, was used as a polymer material, and was injected into Ar thermal plasma in a numerical simulation. The simulation model considered heating, melting, and evaporation of polymer powders, and then plasma‐quenching phenomena due to polymer ablation. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the ablated vapor were also taken into account. It was found that PA66 vapor has a greater plasma‐quenching efficiency than other polymer materials of PTFE, POM, PMMA, and PE. The calculated results were confirmed to be valid by comparison with experimental results in terms of the ablated vapor distribution and powder velocities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(2): 11–20, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21185
Calculation of equivalent circuit constants of synchronous machines considering field transient characteristics using DC decay testing method with open and shorted field windings
Authors: Kano Takashi , Watanabe Yasutoshi , Ara Takahiro , Matsumura Toshiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt has been reported that the calculated values of field transient behavior in a synchronous machine differ considerably from the measured values. This discrepancy is caused by the use of equivalent circuit constants in the standardized tests provided by JEC‐2130 and IEC‐60034‐4, in which the mutual leakage reactance between the damper and field windings is not accounted for. The authors have been studying a method for calculating equivalent circuit constants for the accurate simulation of transient behavior including the field winding side, by means of a standstill test with a small‐capacity DC power supply (DC decay testing method). The authors have previously presented a calculation method using operational impedances with the field windings opened, shorted, and shorted with an external resistance, obtained by the DC decay test. This paper presents a new method in which the external resistance used in our previous method is no longer needed. Instead, the field winding impedance is determined on the basis of its invariability against slip. The validity of the new method is demonstrated by comparing the calculated and measured values of the armature and field currents during a sudden three‐phase short‐circuit using 10 kVA/200 V/31.9 A/4 P/50 Hz test machines. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(2): 39–46, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21207
TCR diversity and Treg cells, sometimes more is more
Authors: Wing James B. , Sakaguchi Shimon 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTreg cells are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and suppression of naturally occurring self‐reactive T cells; however, in order to induce suppression Treg cells must first be activated via their T‐cell receptor by recognition of specific antigen–MHC complexes. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Föhse et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 3101–3113.] shed light on the important question of the role of TCR diversity on Treg‐cell function by demonstrating that high TCR diversity is crucial for optimal Treg‐cell expansion, peripheral reshaping of the Treg‐cell TCR repertoire and in vivo suppressive capacity. In this Commentary, we discuss these findings and also propose a simple mathematical model to aid in the understanding of the relationship between Treg‐cell TCR diversity and the level of suppression delivered by Treg cells in vivo.
Reactions of Diethylamine and Ethylene Catalyzed by PtII or Pt0 – Transalkylation vs. Hydroamination
Authors: Dub Pavel A. , Béthegnies Aurélien , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPtBr2/nBu4PBr (without solvent) or K2PtCl4/NaBr (in water) have been shown to efficiently catalyze the hydroamination of ethylene by aniline and are poor catalysts for the hydroamination of ethylene by diethylamine. A DFT study on the hydroamination mechanism indicates that the energetic span of the C2H4/Et2NH catalytic cycle is close to that of the C2H4/PhNH2 cycle. The poor performance is attributed to rapid catalyst degradation with reduction to metallic platinum. Pt0, on the other hand, catalyzes a transalkylation process, partially transforming Et2NH into Et3N, EtNH2 and NH3. This process is inhibited by C2H4. Mechanistic considerations for the Pt0‐catalyzed transalkylation process are presented.
Without power? Landslide inventories in the face of climate change
Authors: Korup Oliver , Görüm Tolga , Hayakawa Yuichi 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTProjected scenarios of climate change involve general predictions about the likely changes to the magnitude and frequency of landslides, particularly as a consequence of altered precipitation and temperature regimes. Whether such landslide response to contemporary or past climate change may be captured in differing scaling statistics of landslide size distributions and the erosion rates derived thereof remains debated. We test this notion with simple Monte Carlo and bootstrap simulations of statistical models commonly used to characterize empirical landslide size distributions. Our results show that significant changes to total volumes contained in such inventories may be masked by statistically indistinguishable scaling parameters, critically depending on, among others, the size of the largest of landslides recorded. Conversely, comparable model parameter values may obscure significant, i.e. more than twofold, changes to landslide occurrence, and thus inferred rates of hillslope denudation and sediment delivery to drainage networks. A time series of some of Earth's largest mass movements reveals clustering near and partly before the last glacial‐interglacial transition and a distinct step‐over from white noise to temporal clustering around this period. However, elucidating whether this is a distinct signal of first‐order climate‐change impact on slope stability or simply coincides with a transition from short‐term statistical noise to long‐term steady‐state conditions remains an important research challenge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From geotechnical analysis to quantification and modelling using LiDAR data: a study on rockfall in the Reintal catchment, Bavarian Alps, Germany
Authors: Heckmann Tobias , Bimböse Martin , Krautblatter Michael , Haas Florian , Becht Michael , Morche David 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn the year 2007, enhanced rockfall activity was observed within the scarp of a 500 BP rockslide in the Reintal catchment (Northern Calcareous Alps, Germany); the largest of a series of events took place in August, when almost 50000 m³ of rock were detached from the subvertical rock face and deposited on a talus cone. In this case study, we focus on three aspects of rockfall research: first, we compile detailed geomorphological and geotechnical findings to explain the causes of the recent events. The results of laboratory tests and stability estimations suggest that rockfall activity will persist in the future as the old rockslide scarp still contains unstable rock masses. Second, we use digital elevation data from a pre‐event airborne LiDAR survey (ALS) and post‐event terrestrial laserscanning (TLS) to quantify landform changes and the mass balance of the rockfall event(s). The widespread availability of ALS elevation data provides a good opportunity to quantify fresh events using a comparatively inexpensive TLS survey; this approach is complicated by uncertainties resulting from the difficult coregistration of ALS and TLS data and the specific geometric problems in steep (ALS) and flat (TLS) terrain; it is therefore limited to at least medium‐sized events. Third, the event(s) is simulated using the results of the LiDAR surveys and a modified GIS‐based rockfall model in order to test its capability of predicting the extent and the spatial distribution of deposition on the talus cone. Results show that the model generally reproduces the process domain and the spatial distribution of topographic changes but frequently under‐ and over‐estimates deposition heights. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons
Authors: Zhang Shujuan , Shao Ting , Kose H. Selcen , Karanfil Tanju 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Adsorption kinetics of two organic compounds on four types of carbonaceous adsorbents (a granular activated carbon [HD4000], an activated carbon fiber [ACF10], a single-walled carbon nanotube [SWNT], and a multiwalled carbon nanotube [MWNT]) was examined in aqueous solutions. The times needed for the adsorption to reach apparent equilibrium on the four carbons followed the order of ACF10 &gt; HD4000 &gt; SWNT &gt; MWNT. Ultrasonication of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) accelerated their adsorption kinetics but had no effect on their equilibrium adsorption capacities. The pseudo-second order model (PSOM) provided good fitting for the kinetic data. The fitting of kinetic data with the intraparticle diffusion model indicated that external mass transfer controls the sorption process in the organic compound–CNT systems, whereas intraparticle diffusion dominates in the sorption of organic compounds onto activated carbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:79–85. © 2011 SETAC