bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filament Winding: Design, Materials, Structures and Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Koussios Sotiris , Beukers A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article provides basic information regarding the background, state of the art, process parameters, involved materials, and (possible) products of the filament winding process. This technology is the first automated procedure that is applied for the manufacturing of high performance structures. Owing to recent developments in design and analysis software, machinery, materials, and information technology, the competitiveness of the filament winding process has significantly improved. Therefore, next to the typical aerospace and low to moderate pressure energy containment applications, new markets have been entered such as preforming for the automotive and marine sectors, compressed natural gas (CNG) and H2pressure vessels (very high pressure), and sporting goods.The idiosyncrasies of this process, however, raise the need for a dedicated, manufacturing‐ driven design approach. Typical filament issues such as the dedicated mandrel geometry, the need for convex fiber bundle paths, the interaction of fiber orientations and curvatures, the sensitivity of winding patterns for the fiber bundle dimensions, and the impact of the machine configuration on the economic performance, form the main part of this article. Although a sufficient amount of (material) data is provided, the emphasis here is to outline and demonstrate the above‐named interactions, rather than to create a comprehensive description of the state of the art and the available literature.After a short history and a basic process description, the applied materials and their mechanical properties are explained. Next, the geometry of the overwound fiber bundles is considered, with particular emphasis on nongeodesics and winding patterns. The technical part is completed with a short outline of kinematics and production time minimization. Lastly, some novel developments are briefly presented to demonstrate that filament‐wound products can only be successful if the designer has a full understanding of that process.
Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Kolednik Otmar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFracture mechanics is a continuum mechanics tool for the description of the behavior of cracks in materials and components. The text concentrates on the fundamental understanding of the various parameters that are applied to characterize the crack driving force and the fracture resistance and outlines their physical meanings and their limitations. Then a few important topics are presented, such as the influence of geometry and size on the crack growth resistance, the conditions for unstable crack growth, and the prediction of the crack path. The final focus is the behavior of cracks in inhomogeneous materials, such as composites. Especially interesting here is the understanding, how spatial material property variations influence the crack driving force, since this opens the door for materials and components design, that is, to optimize materials by intentional variations of the material properties so that the fracture resistance increases.
FRP‐Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: De Luca Antonio , Nanni Antonio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article covers the use of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) as internal reinforcement in concrete structures. Mechanical and durability properties of both concrete and FRP bars are introduced; design concepts for reinforced concrete (RC) structures with internal FRP reinforcement are then presented and discussed. An overview of available test methods for the mechanical and durability characterization of both concrete and FRP bars and current guides for the design of FRP‐RC structures is provided. This article concludes with a list of examples of real field applications.
FRPStructural Profiles and Shapes
Authors: Pecce Marisa , Cosenza Edoardo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe pultrusion process allows the manufacture of profiles and shapes characterized by interesting properties that compete with those of traditional materials, such as lightness and durability. The material obtained is anisotropic and quite elastic up to failure. The mechanical properties present a high ratio of strength to elastic modulus, making deformability and buckling meaningful aspects of the structural behavior. Here, the various features are introduced, with many references to the current literature. The importance of the high shear deformability of a material on the element deformability is explained trough an experimental example. The most common failure mode of pultruded profiles is buckling, which can be global or local according the slenderness of the element and the subcomponents of the section (flange and web); also, the interaction between the two types of buckling can be taken into account by a well‐known approach based on a single relation between the element slenderness and the buckling load. Further, the design approaches and guidelines are discussed, underlining the fact that it is necessary to extend the design factors usually suggested by manufacturers so as to have reliable values for a general approach.Some information about systems for bridge decks are presented that can have various shapes of the transverse section. Finally, applications are briefly described.
Helicopter Composite Materials Applications: Rotors
Authors: Scapinello Francesco 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Rotors are the systems allowing helicopters to flight, providing lift, and directional thrusts. Composite materials are nowadays widely used in rotor components construction and, namely, for blades and hubs. Typical applications are described. The evolution in the usage of fibrous composites from the simple substitution of metals to the current exploitation of peculiar characteristics is evaluated. The scenario of application for other nonfibrous composite materials is also considered. Other aspects such as design for manufacturing and airworthiness requirements are considered.
History of Composites in Aeronautics
Authors: Palmer Raymond J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractComposite material applications for aeronautics have increased from a laboratory curiosity in 1970 to a full‐scale useful production ready position in the past 40 years. Advanced high modulus composites developed when man‐made fibers of high strength and stiffness became available. A discussion on the history of the development of fiberglass, Kevlar, boron, and carbon fibers is presented. A representative survey of application and use of composites in military, commercial, business and regional aircraft, and helicopters includes a discussion on the growth of composites in each group and suggestions on the future aircraft performance and composite applications. The survey discusses the operating features and the use and amount of composites on individual aircraft. The conclusion gives projected plans for the future of the industry.
Problems and Fundamental Models for Inverse Methods in Composite Materials
Authors: Fraldi Massimiliano 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Inverse problems form an essential mathematical apparatus for dealing composite materials. They allow to derive the macroscopic behavior of complex heterogeneous media from the knowledge of their physical properties and geometrical features exhibited at the microscale level, thus being at the basis of design strategies for conceiving new materials in which selected electromagnetic, thermo mechanical, or chemical performances can be drastically and helpfully enhanced. Self‐healing materials, bio‐inspired composites with encapsulated healing agents able to repair the damage, as well as nanocomposites, such as colloids, gels, copolymers and carbon nanotubes, are all main actors on the scene of materials science and engineering. All these issues are common to modeling and inverse problems and constitute three distinct mathematical problems:
homogenization, localization, and optimization
. Hence, these models and the related inverse problems form the topic of the present article, where after giving a concise introduction to the complementary theories of homogenization and localization, two relevant heuristic micromechanical models based on the engaging of microstructural fabric tensor measures are illustrated in detail, to analyze anisotropic nonhomogeneous porous media and hyperelastic fiber‐reinforced materials. In addition, remarkable analytical methods for solving elastic problems for composite materials and notes on promising issues on topology optimization problems have been finally discussed.
Joining: Thermoplastic Composites Fusion Bonding/Welding
Authors: Yousefpour Ali 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAs advanced composite structures become larger and more complex, there is a corresponding need to improve methods of joining and assembly. Current methods of joining composite materials for aerospace applications, that is, adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening, present some design and manufacturing limitations. The mechanical fastening method cannot be effectively applied to composite structures because of stress concentration, the effects of drilling on the structural integrity, and localized delamination. Poor bonding properties between adhesives and polymers make the adhesive bonding methods less desirable for most structural applications. The fact that thermoplastic materials can be remelted provides the opportunity of welding (or fusion bonding) of thermoplastic composite parts as an alternative to joining and assembly. Fusion bonding, in principle, consists of surface preparation, heating the polymer at the weld interface to a viscous state, physically causing polymer chains to interdiffuse across the interface, and cooling the polymer for consolidation. The polymer chains are intertwined across the interface during the welding process, resulting in disappearance of the bonded surface and improving the ability of transferring loads through the welded area. The quality of the welded parts is usually compared to that of autoclave consolidated or compression molded parts.
Laminates Progressive Failure Analysis: Recent Approaches Based on Finite Element Analysis Techniques
Authors: Lecce Leonardo , Monaco Ernesto , Ricci Fabrizio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFiber‐reinforced composites, with their high strength‐to‐weight ratio, are finding increasing use in primary structural components in many aerospace applications. They offer excellent in‐plane performances, but the poor properties in, the through‐thickness direction make composite materials particularly susceptible to severe out‐of plane loads, such as transverse low velocity impacts. A low velocity impact event typically causes significant, but barely visible, damage in terms of initial matrix cracking, followed by delaminations and eventually fiber breakage; so it is one of the most subtle threat to composite materials and a major issue in the design of laminated composite structures, which has, received much attention in recent years. Progressive failure analysis (PFA) is probably the most promising approach to understand the mechanism of damage progression in composite materials. PFA has been implemented in many finite element commercially available codes. In this article, failure and progressive failure modeling approaches are reviewed.
Manufacture of Polymer Composites
Authors: Grove Stephen 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This article provides a summary of the alternative manufacturing methods available for fiber‐reinforced polymer composites and the factors that influence their selection. Both thermoset and thermoplastic composites are considered, but an article of this length can only give an overview of what is a complex field of many different technologies. Postmolding operations, such as machining, joining, and repair, are beyond the scope of this article; the reader is referred to the bibliography and to other relevant materials available in this encyclopedia for more information.
Metal Matrix Composites: Casting Processes
Authors: Previtali Barbara 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article deals with the casting processes of metal matrix composites (MMCs). First, a common definition of MMCs and a classification of main MMC casting routes are given. Then the main casting processes are described, with particular attention to the changes that have to be introduced in order to take into account the peculiar characteristics of MMCs. Finally, the principal and well‐recognized applications in casting MMCs are reported, as well as future developments and challenges.
Metal Matrix Composites: Corrosion
Authors: Salvago Gabriele , Bestetti Massimiliano 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMetal matrix composites (MMCs) are important materials usually designed for applications where the mechanical performances are the most important technical requirements. Nowadays, the applications of MMCs are not only limited to automotive and aerospace industries but also they are widespread into other industries. In this respect, it becomes important to take into account also the corrosion resistance behavior of MMCs, in relation to different factors, such as metal matrix composition and microstructure, particles composition, size, and dispersion, environments where MMCs are used. This article is a comprehensive literature review on the corrosion mechanisms and the methods used to prevent corrosion for the most important types of MMCs. In this article, different metal matrices are considered, by taking into account generally active ones (Mg), those with amphoteric characteristics (Al, Zn), noble metal matrices with film‐forming corrosion products (Cu), and those that form passivation layers affected by chlorides (steel, Ni), and finally metal matrices with stable passivity (Ti).
Metal Matrix Composites: Discontinuously Reinforced, Microstructure and Mechanical Property Correlations
Authors: Gariboldi Elisabetta 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites, pure metal or alloy matrices are typically reinforced by means of particles, whiskers, and short fibers, although the use of other reinforcement geometries is possible. The microstructural features characterizing a discontinuously reinforced composite (DRC) have been grouped and discussed as matrix, reinforcement, or interface features in this article. The correlations between them and the mechanical properties of the composites have been addressed by dealing with specific materials and micromechanical models as examples. Among material properties, the focus is mainly on the mechanical ones. With the help of an example, it was shown that, since the elastic modulus of a DRC is mainly related to the elastic properties of the matrix and reinforcement as well as to the geometry, it can be relatively easily predicted and controlled during material fabrication and processing. On the other hand, the yield strength is additionally related to other microstructural features, for example, the matrix grain size, and it is thus severely affected and can be considerably improved by optimized DRC fabrication and processing steps, but it cannot be easily predicted without taking the process parameters into account. Lastly, a number of mechanical properties correlated to local or general rupture, such as UTS, fatigue properties, creep rupture times, are affected by the onset and evolution of microstructural damage, since damage alters load transfer conditions. Therefore, a part of the article focuses on mechanisms of microstructural damage and on the interesting models proposed in literature to link it to microstructural features.
Metal Matrix Composites: Magnesium
Authors: Luthringer Bérengère J. C. , Hort Norbert , Feyerabend Frank 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, special attention is drawn to magnesium‐based metal matrix composites (MMCs). The first part reviews the conventional and the newer processing techniques appropriate for the fabrication of magnesium matrix composites. These routes are divided into liquid‐ and solid‐state fabrication,in situ, and spray forming methods. After introducing the matrix and its properties, reinforcements are described (continuous and discontinuous) and the obtained composites are discussed. The interface is also described. Finally, recent applications, such as medical purpose, are reported.
Micromechanisms of Delamination in Composite Materials Induced by Drilling
Authors: Hocheng Hong , Tsao Chung Chen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDrilling is the mostly used secondary machining of the fiber‐reinforced composite laminates, while the delamination around the drill hole occurs frequently during machining. Hole quality is a curb aspect for all hole‐making processes used on composite materials, which can affect the in‐service life under fatigue loads. Numerous studies have been elucidated that delamination is mainly effected by the drill geometry and drilling parameters. Thrust force has been considered as the cause of delamination by several researchers, and it is believed that there is a “critical thrust force” below which no damage occurs. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of delamination in use of various drills. These critical thrust forces at the onset of delamination are theoretically predicted and compared with the twist drill. In addition, the remedy and measurement of the drilling‐induced delamination were also discussed in detail and presented in this article.
Molding: Short‐Fiber Composites, Flow ProcessingAdapted fromMolding Short‐Fiber Composites, Flow Processing, First Edition.
Authors: Advani Suresh G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA short‐fiber composite consists of a polymer matrix reinforced by fibers of much smaller length compared to the overall dimensions of the fabricated structure. These reinforced polymers were developed to fill the mechanical property gap between the continuous‐fiber laminates used as primary structures by the aircraft and aerospace industry and the neat polymers used in non‐load‐bearing applications. In particular, short‐fiber composites are handled as bulk suspensions and can be easily formed into complex‐shaped structures by processes such as transfer, compression, and injection molding. The molding processes for all short‐fiber systems involve a modest amount of flow through channels or mold cavities of different geometries. The complex microstructure and morphology that are produced depend on many parameters, such as the range of fiber lengths and diameters, fibers interaction with the mold walls and with each other during flow, heat transfer in the mold, and mold geometry. As the microstructure produced is related to the flow‐processing route of the fiber‐filled suspensions and the geometry of the mold, by exercising control over the flow processing, one can tailor the microstructure of the composite to the required application. So, in this article, a discussion on the rheology of fiber suspension, fiber orientation modeling, and fiber degradation during molding process is presented.
Micromechanical Modeling of Heterogeneous Materials at Finite Strain
Authors: Abadi Mohammad Tahaye 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A micromechanical modeling procedure is presented to predict the effective mechanical properties of heterogeneous materials at finite strain. A repeating unit cell (RUC) is assumed to represent the microstructure of the heterogeneous materials. The response of RUC is evaluated for different equivalent macroscopic deformation fields considering the periodicity conditions on the deformation of RUC boundary surfaces. Volume averaging scheme is implemented to apply the local macroscopic deformation gradient tensor to the RUC assigned to the microstructure. On the basis of the energy balance, the local nominal stress tensor is determined as a function of the resultant forces applied on the boundary surfaces of RUC and initial surface area. A computational technique is subsequently developed to obtain the response of heterogeneous microstructures. To demonstrate the details of micromechanical technique, it is implemented to evaluate the response of heterogeneous materials such as elastomeric composites and metal matrix composites with different microstructures subjected to the axial, shear, and combined loadings. The performance is successfully verified by comparison of the deformation in the macroscopic level to the response of a homogenized cell. This micromechanics tool provides a powerful viable algorithm for the determination of nonlinear properties in continuum mechanics material characterization at finite strain.
Nanostructured Polymer Composites by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Mascia Leno , Lavorgna Marino 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

The sol‐gel method for producing polymer nanocomposites is discussed in general terms and also with reference to modification of membranes, enhancing the performance of conventional composites and improving the properties of coatings. The modification of proton exchange membranes (Nafion types) has been made via two different routes, one involving the infusion of the silane precursors into an existing swollen membrane and the other where a new membrane is cast from a solution mixture of Nafion and a silane precursor. Further improvements in the performance of the silica‐modified Nafion membranes have been achieved through the introduction of SO
3
H groups in the siloxane domains. The silica modification of ion permeation membranes is discussed with reference to solid polyelectrolytes, whereas for gas separation membranes the emphasis has been placed on aspects related to both Henry's dissolution and Langmuir sorption arising from the mesoporosity of the siloxane domains.

The improvements in performance of conventional composites have been achieved in two ways: In one system, a hybrid polyimide‐silica coating is used to replace the existing size on the surface of glass fibers for use in epoxy matrix composites, and in the other a polyimide silica hybrid is used as the matrix of carbon‐fiber composites.
In the case of coatings, the introduction of co‐continuous silica domains in a standard epoxy resin system has beneficial effects not only in terms of mechanical properties but also by making it possible to use molybdate species within the siloxane domains, which enhances the corrosion resistance through the passivation of the iron oxide formed at the interface.
Phthalocyanine Matrix Resins and CompositesAdapted from
Phthalocyanine Matrix Resins and Composites
, First Edition.
Authors: Ting Robert Y. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Fiber‐reinforced composite materials are used for many advanced structural applications in order to achieve a substantial weight saving in the structures. Many of these applications involve a high temperature requirement that cannot be met by conventional matrix resin systems such as epoxy. In order to meet the requirements for a wide range of high temperature applications, such as adhesives, sealants, coatings and matrix resins, in the 1970s, new class of resins, called
phthalocyanines
, was developed These materials have been demonstrated to be promising candidates for advanced composite applications. In this article, the structure and properties of phthalocyanine resins are discussed. The development of a selected phthalocyanine resin for fiber‐reinforced composites is also described. Moreover, test results on the mechanical properties of composite samples are presented and compared with those of other popular composite systems.
Polyarylene Sulfide Matrix Resins and Composites
Authors: Zhong Jiachun , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, the research and development of high performance polyarylene sulfide (PAS) matrix resins and composites are introduced. The synthesis route and method of the major varieties of PAS resins are described in detail, such as polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylene sulfide sulfone, polyarylene sulfide ketone, polyarylene sulfide amide, and so on, and the properties of polymers and their composites are also presented in detail. Furthermore, we make a retrospect on the current problems of such materials and a prospect on the direction of future development in this article.