bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV pulse trains by α-BBO crystal stacking for the production of THz-rap-rate electron bunches
Authors: YAN LI-XIN , HUA JIAN-FEI , DU YING-CHAO , HUANG YUAN-FANG , YOU YAN , WANG DAN , HUANG WEN-HUI , TANG CHUAN-XIANG 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUltrashort electron bunch trains can be used for plasma wake field acceleration (PWFA) to overcome the limit of transformer ratio of a single electron bunch, or high-power terahertz (Thz) radiation production by various radiation mechanisms. Basic facility for high-power THz radiation development based on ultrashort electron beam has been set up at accelerator lab of TUB. Using birefringent crystal serials, ultraviolet (UV) pulse shaping for photocathode radio frequency gun to produce THz-repetition-rate pulse train was realized. Driven by such pulses, ultrashort electron bunch train with picosecond (ps) spacing was obtained for THz production. Measurement of the stacked UV pulse trains was done by difference frequency generation (DFG), and the measured group velocity mismatch of α-BBO crystal at 266.7-nm wavelength was 0.8 ps/mm. This method may also be applied to form ramped electron bunch trains for PWFA.
Exposure, probable PTSD and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery and clean-up workers
Authors: Luft B. J. , Schechter C. , Kotov R. , Broihier J. , Reissman D. , Guerrera K. , Udasin I. , Moline J. , Harrison D. , Friedman-Jimenez G. , Pietrzak R. H. , Southwick S. M. , Bromet E. J. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThousands of rescue and recovery workers descended on the World Trade Center (WTC) in the wake of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 (9/11). Recent studies show that respiratory illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the hallmark health problems, but relationships between them are poorly understood. The current study examined this link and evaluated contributions of WTC exposures.MethodParticipants were 8508 police and 12 333 non-traditional responders examined at the WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program (WTC-MMTP), a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore patterns of association among exposures, other risk factors, probable WTC-related PTSD [based on the PTSD Checklist (PCL)], physician-assessed respiratory symptoms arising after 9/11 and present at examination, and abnormal pulmonary functioning defined by low forced vital capacity (FVC).ResultsFewer police than non-traditional responders had probable PTSD (5.9%v. 23.0%) and respiratory symptoms (22.5%v. 28.4%), whereas pulmonary function was similar. PTSD and respiratory symptoms were moderately correlated (r=0.28 for police and 0.27 for non-traditional responders). Exposure was more strongly associated with respiratory symptoms than with PTSD or lung function. The SEM model that best fit the data in both groups suggested that PTSD statistically mediated the association of exposure with respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsAlthough longitudinal data are needed to confirm the mediation hypothesis, the link between PTSD and respiratory symptoms is noteworthy and calls for further investigation. The findings also support the value of integrated medical and psychiatric treatment for disaster responders.
The Current Trends in SBS and phase conjugation
Authors: Omatsu T. , Kong H.J. , Park S. , Cha S. , Yoshida H. , Tsubakimoto K. , Fujita H. , Miyanaga N. , Nakatsuka M. , Wang Y. , Lu Z. , Zheng Z. , Zhang Y. , Kalal M. , Slezak O. , Ashihara M. , Yoshino T. , Hayashi K. , Tokizane Y. , Okida M. , Miyamoto K. , Toyoda K. , Grabar A.A. , Kabir Md. M. , Oishi Y. , Suzuki H. , Kannari F. , Schaefer C. , Pandiri K.R. , Katsuragawa M. , Wang Y.L. , Lu Z.W. , Wang S.Y. , Zheng Z.X. , He W.M. , Lin D.Y. , Hasi W.L.J. , Guo X.Y. , Lu H.H. , Fu M.L. , Gong S. , Geng X.Z. , Sharma R.P. , Sharma P. , Rajput S. , Bhardwaj A.K. , Zhu C.Y. , Gao W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe current trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation are overviewed. This report is formed by the selected papers presented in the “Fifth International Workshop on stimulated Brillouin scattering and phase conjugation 2010” in Japan. The nonlinear properties of phase conjugation based on stimulated Brillouin scattering and photo-refraction can compensate phase distortions in the high power laser systems, and they will also open up potentially novel laser technologies, e.g., phase stabilization, beam combination, pulse compression, ultrafast pulse shaping, and arbitrary waveform generation.
Bound water freezing in AntarcticUmbilicaria aprinafrom Schirmacher Oasis
Authors: Harańczyk H. , Nowak P. , Bacior M. , Lisowska M. , Marzec M. , Florek M. , Olech M.A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe effect of low temperature onUmbilicaria aprinacollected from Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica, was determined over a wide range of hydration using proton free induction decays, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and differential scanning calorimetry methods. The proton NMR line is a superposition of the broad component from the solid matrix of the thallus and a narrower component from the averaged bound water pool. Proton free induction decays may be resolved into three components: a solid component well described by the Abragam function and two exponentially decaying components from water loosely bound and water tightly bound in the thallus. With decreased temperature the loosely bound water pool (freezing water) is transferred to the tightly bound water pool (non-freezing water), and vanishes below -40°C. Bound water freezing and melting temperatures decrease with the decrease of hydration level, suggesting that heterogeneous ice nucleation is responsible for water freezing. The onset of bound water freezing temperature isc.10°C lower than the melting temperature. TheU. aprinathalli do not reveal the ability to stimulated ice nucleation at higher temperature. Freeze-thaw cycles showed that forn> 5 cycles no substantial change occurs in the difference between melting and freezing temperatures.
Hg distribution and speciation in Antarctic soils of the Fildes and Ardley peninsulas, King George Island
Authors: De Andrade Renato Pereira , Michel Roberto Ferreira Machado , Schaefer Carlos Ernerto Gonçalves Reynaud , Simas Felipe Nogueira Bello , Windmöller Cláudia Carvalhinho 
Published: March 2012

AbstractData on the content and speciation of mercury (Hg) in the soils of Antarctica are scarce and vary greatly between the regions studied, but overall Hg concentrations found were generally very low. We investigated the Hg quantity and speciation by solid-phase Hg pyrolysis and chemical fractionation in selected maritime Antarctic soils, comparing ornithogenic and non-ornithogenic areas of the Fildes and Ardley peninsulas of King George Island. The total Hg contents ranged from 4.3–256 ng g-1, and values for ornithogenic soils were the highest recorded for Antarctic soils. A close correlation between Hg and organic matter was observed in the ornithogenic soils, with levels decreasing with depth. In the non-ornithogenic soils, a correlation between Hg content and soil depth was also observed, but the values were found to increase with depth. Thermograms showed that all Hg was in the 2+ oxidation state and was predominantly linked to organic matter, corroborating the chemical fractionation results for the ornithogenic soils. These results show the need for further refined studies about the interactions of Hg with organic matter in order to better understand the biogeochemistry of this metal in the Antarctic environment.
Gender, prescriptivism, and language change: Morphological variation in Hebrew animate reference
Authors: Levon Erez 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBeliefs about a language rarely correspond to how it is used. This is especially true for Hebrew, a language that has been subject to continued ideological “preservation” efforts ever since its (re)vernacularization in the early 20th century. Recently, attention has turned to the maintenance of Hebrew gender morphology, which is perceived in both scholarly and popular opinion as threatened by a process of leveling to gender syncretized forms across a range of word classes and inflectional paradigms. In this article, I investigate the extent to which sociolinguistic evidence supports this perception in cases of animate reference. I argue that while the claim of widespread gender neutralization of these forms is descriptively valid, its characterization as a change-in-progress is inaccurate. Rather, I suggest that Hebrew is already fully syncretized for gender in certain relevant morphological contexts and that the perception of an ongoing process of change reflects a prescriptive belief about how Hebrew should be, not how it actually is.
The double burden of malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk widens the gender and socio-economic health gap: a study among adults in Burkina Faso (West Africa)
Authors: Zeba Augustin N , Delisle Hélène F , Renier Genevieve , Savadogo Boubacar , Baya Banza 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo document the double burden of malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in adults and its occurrence according to different sociodemographic parameters.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional observational study. We first randomly selected 330 households stratified by tertile of the income levels proxy as low, middle and high income.SettingNorthern district of Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso.SubjectsIn each income stratum, 110 individuals aged 25–60 years and who had lived permanently in Ouagadougou for at least 6 months were randomly selected, followed with collection of anthropometric, socio-economic and clinical data, and blood samples.ResultsThe overall obesity/overweight prevalence was 24·2 % and it was twice as high in women as in men (34·1 %v. 15·5 %,P< 0·001). Hypertension, hyperglycaemia and low HDL cholesterol prevalence was 21·9 %, 22·3 % and 30·0 %, respectively, without gender difference. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 10·3 %. Iron depletion and vitamin A deficiency affected 15·7 % and 25·7 % of participants, respectively, with higher rates in women. Coexistence of at least one nutritional deficiency and one CMRF was observed in 23·5 % of participants, and this ‘double burden’ was significantly higher in women than in men (30·4 %v. 16·1 %,P= 0·008) and in the low income group.ConclusionsCMRF are becoming a leading nutritional problem in adults of Ouagadougou, while nutritional deficiencies persist. The double nutritional burden exacerbates health inequities and calls for action addressing both malnutrition and nutrition-related chronic diseases.
How well do Australian shoppers understand energy terms on food labels?
Authors: Watson Wendy L , Chapman Kathy , King Lesley , Kelly Bridget , Hughes Clare , Yu Louie Jimmy Chun , Crawford Jennifer , Gill Timothy P 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate nutrition literacy among adult grocery buyers regarding energy-related labelling terms on food packaging.DesignQualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to determine shoppers’ understanding of energy terms (‘energy’, ‘calories’ and ‘kilojoules’) and how energy terms affect perceptions of healthiness and intentions to purchase breakfast cereals, muesli bars and frozen meals.SettingIndividual in-depth interviews and surveys in two metropolitan supermarkets, Sydney, Australia.SubjectsAustralian adults (interview n 40, survey n 405) aged 18–79 years.ResultsThe relationship between energy and perceived healthiness of food varied by product type: higher energy breakfast cereals were perceived to be healthier, while lower energy frozen meals were seen as healthier choices. Likewise, intentions to purchase the higher energy product varied according to product type. The primary reason stated for purchasing higher energy products was for sustained energy. Participants from households of lower socio-economic status were significantly more likely to perceive higher energy products as healthier. From the qualitative interviews, participants expressed uncertainty about their understanding of kilojoules, while only 40 % of participants in intercept surveys correctly answered that kilojoules and calories measured the same thing.ConclusionsAustralian consumers have a poor understanding of energy and kilojoules and tend to perceive higher energy products as healthier and providing sustained energy. This has implications regarding the usefulness of industry front-of-pack labelling initiatives and quick service restaurant menu labelling that provides information on energy content only. Comprehensive and widely communicated education campaigns will be essential to guide consumers towards healthier choices.
Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life
Authors: Andrulis Erik 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLife is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, the triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework proves the unity of macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe.
Reducing invasive plant performance: a precursor to restoration.
Authors: DiTomaso J. M. , Barney J. N. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the various ecological processes operating at the plant and ecosystem level associated with the invasibility of natural ecosystems, and the management tools that can manipulate these processes to achieve a more desirable plant community. The resource acquisition and plant-soil resource interactions, reproduction and dispersal, managing plant performance and ecosystem processes, management strategies for reducing species performance of invasive plants, and revegetation manipulations are also discussed.
Politics and economics.
Authors: Appleby M. C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Choice of production systems for poultry is complex given the different attitudes and needs of different stakeholders, including producers, retailers, consumers and governments, with welfare and environmental considerations playing an important role. Political and legal decisions both affect and are affected by the attitudes of people to poultry and their management. Increasingly, legislation in European countries originates from the European Union, notably the 1999 Directive on laying hens and the 2007 Directive on broilers. Legislation and other decisions are strongly influenced by the activities of stakeholder groups, including trade associations, scientific societies and animal welfare organizations. These groups also influence the economic context of poultry production. In egg production, costs are generally higher in systems perceived to have higher welfare, but the demand for eggs is inelastic and sales of eggs from systems such as free range have led the way for welfare improvements in all livestock production. High-welfare poultry meat production has also expanded in recent years, helped by overlap with other criteria such as organic standards, but sales are less reliable than for eggs. Free trade outside Europe threatens welfare-friendly production within Europe, but voluntary agreements and emphasis on local origin may combat such free market pressures. The way in which decisions are made about poultry production systems will alter over the next few years as legislation changes and other stakeholder forums increase their impact.
Introduction to village and backyard poultry production.
Authors: Pym R. A. E. , Alders R. G. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Small-scale family poultry farming involving semi-scavenging flocks of mostly indigenous breed poultry in rural regions of many developing countries contributes in a very meaningful way towards the social and financial needs of rural families. While productivity is relatively low, so too are inputs; which makes the production system reasonably viable, as evidenced by the many millions of such flocks worldwide. The principal constraint to profitability is the high mortality rate in young chicks, due to a combination of disease, predation, malnutrition and climatic exposure, combined with moderate to high mortality rates in grower and adult stock due to the effects of disease, of which Newcastle disease is a common cause. Simple cost-effective interventions, involving vaccination of the flock against Newcastle disease with heat-tolerant vaccines combined with early confinement of the chicks with the hen and creep feeding over the first three to four weeks, have been demonstrated to impact dramatically on survival of the birds and on household food security and profitability. Such improvements are fully compatible with programmes aimed at development of the commercial poultry meat and egg industries in developing countries to meet the needs of the urban and peri-urban populations. Family poultry-raising is experiencing a resurgence in many 'developed' countries. The number of families raising backyard poultry is on the increase due to both a growing enthusiasm for organic poultry products and the economic downturn. Backyard production systems vary in accordance with local government regulations, producer preferences, household residential circumstances and climatic conditions.
Performance, welfare, health and hygiene of laying hens in non-cage systems in comparison with cage systems.
Authors: Rodenburg T. B. , Reu K. de , Tuyttens F. A. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter compares the performance, welfare, health and hygiene of laying hens in different types of non-cage systems, focusing on barn, free range and organic systems. These non-cage systems are compared with each other and with cage systems. This comparison shows that both between barn, free range and organic systems and between non-cage and cage systems large differences can be identified. Moving from conventional cages to furnished cages, barn, free range and finally organic systems results in increasing environmental complexity, which is positive for some aspects of hen welfare, but also increasing risks for performance, health and hygiene, which is negative for other aspects of hen welfare. For the improvement of the welfare of laying hens in non-cage systems and furnished cages, we recommend that the focus should be on creating a better match between the animals and their husbandry environment. Good examples are the development of new housing designs that combine the benefits of non-cage systems with improved performance, health and hygienic status. Further, promising approaches in animal breeding and optimizing rearing environments are expected to yield major improvements in the welfare of laying hens in non-cage systems and furnished cages.
RNAi methods for management of insects and their pathogens.
Authors: Palli S. R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a post-transcriptional gene silencing method discovered in 1998, has been used in basic research in almost every area of biology to silence genes in order to learn about their function. This technology also has many potential applications in molecular medicine, in agriculture and many other fields. RNAi has been extensively used to understand the molecular basis of physiological, developmental, behavioural and reproductive processes in insects. This technology also has a potential to assist in developing target-specific management methods for insect pests and pathogens that cause diseases in beneficial insects. Recent literature on RNAi methods and their applications for controlling insect pests and pathogens that cause diseases in beneficial insects will be reviewed.
Strategies for small-scale agricultural development - mini review.
Authors: Bakker H. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Ongoing population increases put rising pressure on the production of food crops in low-income countries with relatively limited human, financial and material resources. Small-scale and subsistence farmers involved in food production in these areas have acquired over time know-how about farming on a small-scale. However, the consequences of growing populations and factors beyond their control, such as the parent material of their land, its topography, climate and potential biota, put their food security, already fragile, under acute pressure. To keep the related danger within acceptable limits, it will be necessary for such farmers to increase their agricultural production. The challenge for agencies in the developed world is to work with these farmers to mobilize the resource of local knowledge and promote local involvement in interventions to achieve this increase. Identifying processes and appropriate methods can lead to the design of models to guide the monitoring and control of action towards implementation of interventions agreed by all. A rapidly changing world should motivate local, national and international agencies to work with local small farmers to bring this about.
Cryptosporidium
and
Giardia
zoonoses: minimizing health risks from food animal production.
Authors: Reynolds K. A. , Giovanni G. D. di , Mena K. D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

More than 10 years ago, food-borne pathogens were estimated to cause 76 000 illnesses and 5 000 deaths in the USA alone. Given the under-reporting of food-borne illnesses, the numbers of illnesses and deaths associated with food are actually higher. Food-borne pathogens continue to impact public health through worldwide disease outbreaks as they have many opportunities to enter the food chain - from the pre-harvest environment to the consumer. With over half of all disease-causing micro-organisms having the ability to be transmitted zoonotically, food animal production is a key source of pathogens in the farm-to-fork continuum. The protozoan parasites,
Cryptosporidium
and
Giardia
, have both been implicated in food-borne disease, and have the potential to be transmitted zoonotically in the farm environment. Farm management strategies have been developed to minimize the transmission of protozoa (from animals) that may infect farm workers, and contaminate nearby waterways and food crops. Such strategies target protecting the health of the herd, preventing (oo)cyst transmission to surface water and vegetable crops, and providing education to animal husbandry personnel and veterinarians on best management practices. To fully address the challenges associated with food safety, post-harvest control measures should also be implemented.