bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Satellite Ocean Color Data to Derive an Empirical Model for the Penetration Depth of Solar Radiation (Hp) in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Zhang Rong-Hua , Chen Dake , Wang Guihua 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Satellite-based ocean color measurements indicate clear evidence for bioclimate interactions in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent modeling studies have demonstrated that ocean biology can potentially affect the climate through the penetration depth of solar radiation in the upper ocean (Hp), a primary parameter in coupling biology to physics in the ocean. At present, interannual variability in Hp and its related bioclimate feedback effects have not been adequately represented in coupled ocean–atmosphere models. In this work, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), available since 1997, are used to characterize interannual Hp variability in the tropical Pacific and to quantify its relationships with physical fields, including sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level (SL). It is found that interannual Hp variability is dominated by ENSO signals, with the largest variability located in the central basin near the date line and a coherent relationship with SST. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is adopted to extract interannual covariability patterns between Hp and SST during the period 1997–2007. Their close relationships are then utilized to construct an empirical anomaly model for Hp, allowing for its prognostic estimate in terms of SST anomalies without explicit involvement of a marine ecosystem model. Validation and sensitivity experiments indicate that the empirical model can reasonably well capture interannual Hp responses to SST anomalies in association with ENSO. The derived empirical Hp model offers a simple and an effective way to parameterize and represent the effects of Chl containing biomass on penetrative solar radiation in the tropical Pacific, demonstrating the dynamical implication of remotely sensed Chl data for bioclimate coupling studies. Further improvements and applications of the empirical Hp model to climate modeling are discussed.
Assimilation of Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone with an Ensemble Kalman Filter in a Chemistry–Climate Model
Authors: Milewski Thomas , Bourqui Michel S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new stratospheric chemical–dynamical data assimilation system was developed, based upon an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with a Chemistry–Climate Model [i.e., the intermediate-complexity general circulation model Fast Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry (IGCM-FASTOC)], with the aim to explore the potential of chemical–dynamical coupling in stratospheric data assimilation. The system is introduced here in a context of a perfect-model, Observing System Simulation Experiment. The system is found to be sensitive to localization parameters, and in the case of temperature (ozone), assimilation yields its best performance with horizontal and vertical decorrelation lengths of 14 000 km (5600 km) and 70 km (14 km). With these localization parameters, the observation space background-error covariance matrix is underinflated by only 5.9% (overinflated by 2.1%) and the observation-error covariance matrix by only 1.6% (0.5%), which makes artificial inflation unnecessary. Using optimal localization parameters, the skills of the system in constraining the ensemble-average analysis error with respect to the true state is tested when assimilating synthetic Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) retrievals of temperature alone and ozone alone. It is found that in most cases background-error covariances produced from ensemble statistics are able to usefully propagate information from the observed variable to other ones. Chemical–dynamical covariances, and in particular ozone–wind covariances, are essential in constraining the dynamical fields when assimilating ozone only, as the radiation in the stratosphere is too slow to transfer ozone analysis increments to the temperature field over the 24-h forecast window. Conversely, when assimilating temperature, the chemical–dynamical covariances are also found to help constrain the ozone field, though to a much lower extent. The uncertainty in forecast/analysis, as defined by the variability in the ensemble, is large compared to the analysis error, which likely indicates some amount of noise in the covariance terms, while also reducing the risk of filter divergence.
The Effect of Snow on Traffic Counts in Western New York State
Authors: Call David A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
While most people know anecdotally that weather affects traffic, relatively little research has examined the correlation between snow and traffic in great detail. Most studies have also been difficult to generalize for other areas and regions where drivers may be accustomed to more (or less) snow.
This study examines the relationship between snow and traffic volumes in western New York State, an area that is regularly inundated by snow (more than 225 cm most seasons). Total daily traffic counts for the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) showed a moderate negative correlation to snow for the period of study (2003–10). However, this correlation is caused by the large number of passenger cars and other similar vehicles on the road. Most other vehicle types, such as tractor trailers, had no correlation whatsoever. Additionally, the results for all vehicle classes were similar for both suburban and rural areas. Finally, it was observed that the ratio of large to small vehicles increases during snow events.
Registration and social work education: A golden opportunity or a Trojan horse?
Authors: van Heugten Kate 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: The Social Workers Registration Act (2003) introduced a system of voluntary statutory registration of the social work occupation in Aotearoa New Zealand. This was hailed as a measure that would protect the public from unsafe practices, and enhance the status of the profession. More recently, however, commentators have noted that these positive effects may not necessarily be forthcoming. This article explores the impact of registration on educational programmes, by placing regulation of the occupation in the context of hegemonic neoliberalism. • Findings: Neoliberal approaches to social care not only constrain the delivery of services, but attempt to shape the perspectives of the social care workforce. Education is a potentially powerful tool for achieving that shaping. Where statutory regulation of social work is in force, competency based training threatens to supplant critical analysis, which is a hallmark of higher education. To retain viability as an academic discipline, social work educators must champion social work’s continuing role in analysing and theorizing the distribution of power in social welfare and social care. • Application: Social work educators have a role in supporting practitioners, who struggle to maintain disciplinary integrity whilst employed within 21st-century human services, by continuing to engage in critical debates, and advancing knowledge about the theory—practice nexus. In advancing such knowledge, they also have much to offer other disciplines in institutions of higher education that are looking to explicate their utility in the ‘real world’.
Equality and fairness: Linking social justice and social work practice
Authors: O'Brien Michael 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Social justice lies at the heart of social work practice and is used by practitioners to describe their practice. That practice is primarily described at the individual level. • Findings: Equality and fairness are core aspects of social justice and are drawn on extensively by social work practitioners in this research project to define social justice and are reflected in their practice. The two terms are, however, given a range of diverse meanings by practitioners. Those meanings are translated into and reflected in their practice. • Application: There are important implications for social work education, the social work profession and social work practice in the diverse ways in which the terms are understood and used.
Theoretical pathways to the future: Globalization, ICT and social work theory and practice
Authors: West Deborah , Heath David 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Society has changed substantially and rapidly with the advent of globalization where technology is both a catalyst for and a response to globalization. Concurrently and connected to these trends has been the advent of neo-liberalism, new managerialism and postmodernism. Globalization, technological change and neo-liberalism underpin and are driven by each other in a continual cycle. This rapidly changing, globally connected and technologically based society is the context for clients and social workers alike. This article explores the connections between globalization, ICT and neo-liberalism. This forms the basis for critical reflection on theories, models and modes of practice in light of the changing context allowing a proactive response to the challenges that face the profession and our clients. • Findings: Irrespective of the agency of employment, social workers are faced with challenges that arise out of an ideology of outsourcing, reductionism, speed of response, accountability and cost effectiveness with a decreased value on practice wisdom and holistic approaches. However, many of our theories and models were developed at a time when social structure, political ideology and economic underpinnings were different. As such workers are left being reactive to situations with limited opportunities to influence the core issues. This has contributed to the decreasing role and value of social workers. • Application: To remain relevant social work needs to continue to influence systems for the benefit of society while reviewing and updating theories and models to reflect current lifestyles, modes and patterns of communication and the impact of globalization.
Educating Australian social workers in the post-Apology era: The potential offered by a ‘Whiteness’ lens
Authors: Young Susan , Zubrzycki Joanna 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: The Australian Prime Minister’s 2008 historic Apology to the Stolen Generations gives Australian social work an opportunity to confront its past complicity in Australian Indigenous disadvantage and embrace the development of Indigenous social work as central for practice. Critical Whiteness1 theory in social work curricula could assist the development of Indigenous social work as a core approach by challenging the ongoing and largely un-reflexive practices emanating from social work’s Euro-centric heritage with its often taken-for-granted knowledges and principles which negatively affect Indigenous peoples. • Findings: Recent professional and theoretical attention on critical Whiteness highlights race privilege, questions the invisibility and continuing invisibilization of race, critiques previously taken-for-granted Western knowledges and practices, and facilitates the development of countering practice approaches. Research studies reveal some practitioners to be aware of the need for different practices as well as some who practice differently without realizing they are using critical Whiteness principles. • Application: Critical Whiteness theory in the social work curriculum offers a strong conceptual and practical opportunity for students and practitioners to become more racially cognizant in their work with Indigenous people, allowing this work to be more effective in the profession’s social justice mission as well as decreasing some of the extant colonizing practices.
Effect of Early Antiretroviral Therapy during Primary HIV-1 Infection on Cell-Associated HIV-1 Dna and Plasma HIV-1 Rna
Authors:   Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Gianella Sara , von Wyl Viktor , Fischer Marek , Niederoest Barbara , Battegay Manuel , Bernasconi Enos , Cavassini Matthias , Rauch Andri , Hirschel Bernard , Vernazza Pietro , Weber Rainer , Joos Beda , Günthard Huldrych F 
Published: April 2011

Background Early initiation of combination antiretro-viral therapy (ART) during primary HIV-1 infection may prevent the establishment of large viral reservoirs, possibly resulting in improved control of plasma viraemia rebound after ART cessation. Methods Levels of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA and plasma HIV-1 RNA were measured longitudinally in 32 acutely and recently infected patients, who started ART ≤120 days after the estimated date of infection, and interrupted ART after 18 months (median) of continuous therapy. Averages of HIV-1 DNA and RNA concentrations present in blood 30–365 days after therapy interruption (median duration 300 days, range 195–358) were compared between patients who started ART ≤60 days after the estimated date of infection (early starters), those who started between 61 and 120 days (later starters), and, for HIV-1 RNA only, with 89 untreated participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study with documented seroconversion and longitudinal measurements collected 90–455 days after the first positive HIV test. Results In early ART starters, average levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA after treatment interruption were 1 log10 ( P=0.008) and 0.4 log10 ( P=0.03) lower compared with later starters. Average post-treatment plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in early starters were significantly lower, respectively, compared with untreated controls (-1.2 log10; P<0.0004). Conclusions Early treatment initiation within 2 months after HIV infection compared with later therapy initiation resulted in reduced levels of plasma viraemia and proviral HIV-1 DNA for ≥1 year after subsequent ART cessation. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in early starters were also significantly lower than in untreated controls.
Comment sortir de l'ornière les pays « faillis » ?
Authors: Michaïlof Serge 
Published: April 2011

L’effet d’entraînement des graves crises que connaissent certains États a conduit la communauté internationale à multiplier les tentatives d’aide au redressement. On peut pourtant s’interroger sur l’inadaptation de ces tentatives : dans leurs méthodes de travail, leur cadre conceptuel, dans leur philosophie même. Il faut sans doute pour l’avenir privilégier la reconstruction des institutions régaliennes, seules susceptibles de garantir la réorganisation sociale et le développement économique. politique étrangère
Japon : trouver l'équilibre entre soft power et hard power
Authors: Akaha Tsuneo 
Published: April 2011

L’après-guerre a incité Tokyo à développer un soft power assurant sa présence internationale : aide au développement, participation limitée aux opérations de maintien de la paix... Ce soft power montre aujourd’hui ses limites. Le Japon hésite à s’ouvrir à une véritable politique d’immigration, à la négociation d’accords régionaux de libre-échange, tandis que les recompositions régionales valorisent le recours au hard power : alliance américaine et renforcement des moyens militaires. politique étrangère
Qui a peur des « mauvaises mères » ? Changements socio-économiques et discours politiques au Japon
Authors: Takeda Hiroko 
Published: April 2011

Le développement du Japon d’après-guerre s’est appuyé sur un modèle familial homme soutien financier/femme au foyer, et sur le rôle de ces mères dans l’éducation des enfants. La crise économique et la structure démographique du Japon donnent désormais aux femmes une plus grande place hors de leur foyer. Mais ce nouvel investissement du marché du travail se heurte à des résistances socio-culturelles importantes : en témoigne en particulier le discours récurrent sur les « mauvaises mères ». politique étrangère
La révision générale des politiques publiques : objet, méthodes et redevabilité
Authors: Lafarge François 
Published: April 2011

Cet article a pour but d’analyser comment est menée la révision générale des politiques publiques en abordant successivement son objet, ses méthodes et sa redevabilité. Il avance l’hypothèse suivante : plus qu’un processus d’économies, la révision est un processus de réforme et de modernisation de l’administration. Il indique également en quoi elle se veut et est plus efficace que les expériences de réforme antérieures mais aussi en quoi elle accuse certaines limites en matière de méthode et de redevabilité.
La « réingénierie de l'Etat », réforme québécoise inspirée du managérialisme
Authors: Fortier Isabelle 
Published: April 2011

Ce texte présente la modernisation de l’État lancée en 2003 par le gouvernement libéral de Jean Charest sous le nom de « Réingénierie de l’État ». Un survol trace d’abord la montée historique du managérialisme au Québec aﬁn de dégager les éléments de continuité mais aussi de rupture. La réforme est ensuite décrite : ses justiﬁcatifs et les modalités de la démarche, ses instruments, les acteurs impliqués et les mécanismes de suivis. Enﬁn, la réforme est analysée et commentée à la lumière des enjeux actuels, notamment ceux en lien avec la démarche de retour à l’équilibre budgétaire au sortir de la crise économique.
La révision générale des politiques publiques, une conception néolibérale du rôle de l'Etat ?
Authors: Dreyfus Françoise 
Published: April 2011

En dépit de son intitulé, la RGPP ne constitue pas une « revue de programme » conduisant à interroger les missions poursuivies par les administrations, mais plutôt une réorganisation de leurs organigrammes aﬁn de réaliser des économies d’échelle. Cette restructuration de l’appareil d’État vise d’une manière générale à « faire mieux avec moins » : accroître les performances des agents publics tout en procédant à une diminution des effectifs. Parallèlement à la conception néolibérale du rôle de l’État qui sous-tend cette réforme, la mise en œuvre des préceptes de la Nouvelle gestion publique est désormais pleinement assumée.
Management public : les enseignements d'une enquête sur la perception de la RGPP
Authors: Trosa Sylvie 
Published: April 2011

L’objet de cet article est de présenter les résultats d’une enquête réalisée auprès des acteurs des RGPP concernant leur perception de la façon dont le processus a été managé et dont il pourrait être managé à l’avenir. Il montre qu’au-delà des RGPP une telle réforme suppose des réflexions de fond encore largement à développer : le changement s’impose-t-il ? Peut-on être participatif sur les objectifs et également sur les méthodes de mise en œuvre ? Une clariﬁcation du sens et des missions n’est-elle pas indispensable dans des services qui ne relèvent pas du secteur privé ?
Révision générale des politiques publiques et gestion des ressources humaines
Authors: Chevallier Jacques 
Published: April 2011

La gestion améliorée des ressources humaines constitue l’un des axes de modernisation de la RGPP en transposant dans l’administration des techniques d’optimisation du secteur privé. Elle s’inscrit dans la continuité d’orientations précédentes articulées autour de trois volets essentiels : la dynamisation des parcours professionnels, le développement d’une culture du résultat et la diversiﬁcation du recrutement dans la fonction publique. Elle contient toutefois certains éléments de rupture porteurs d’une conception différente de la fonction publique.
Revues de programmes et collectivités territoriales
Authors: Pissaloux Jean-Luc , Supplisson Didier 
Published: April 2011

La RGPP, au-delà d’une méthode élaborée et mise en œuvre par l’État pour conduire différentes réformes, renvoie à de multiples chantiers de modernisation, dont la liste montre qu’elle est d’abord l’affaire de l’État et non celle des collectivités locales. Cependant, bien que lancée par et pour l’État, la RGPP exerce inéluctablement sur celles-ci un impact à la fois positif (partage de bénéﬁces) et négatif (nouveaux transferts de charges). Force est de constater en outre – et pour différentes raisons – l’extension de la démarche RGPP aux collectivités locales, comme mode de pilotage d’une « réduction générale des politiques publiques », et ainsi l’apparition de déclinaisons locales de la RGPP.
Les « livres blancs », une méthode de réforme dans le sillage de la RGPP ?
Authors: Badel Laurence 
Published: April 2011

Si la politique étrangère fait traditionnellement l’objet de livres blancs en Grande-Bretagne, ce n’était pas le cas en France jusqu’à l’été 2008. La parution du livre blanc La France et l’Europe dans le monde tend à faire de la politique étrangère une politique publique comme une autre, susceptible d’une programmation. Elle est le fruit d’un processus de moyenne durée visant à adapter l’outil diplomatique à la mondialisation : dans ce cadre l’impulsion donnée dans les années 2000 par les ministères Juppé et Védrine a été décisive. Le livre blanc tente de concilier deux logiques d’action, l’une fondée sur la notion de sécurité, l’autre sur la reconnaissance d’une vision transnationale des relations extérieures qui implique une modiﬁcation en profondeur de la machine culturelle. Si l’on observe les réformes de la décennie écoulée (1998-2008) et leurs fondements, on peut s’interroger sur l’éventuelle privatisation à moyen terme de pans entiers de l’action extérieure, réflexion que le livre blanc élude.
La nouvelle organisation de l'Etat en région
Authors: Kamel Wassim 
Published: April 2011

La réforme de l’administration territoriale de l’État à l’échelon régional, qui vient de s’achever, comporte deux innovations majeures : la première concerne l’érection de cette circonscription déconcentrée de l’État en niveau de pilotage de droit commun des politiques publiques. Dans ce cadre, la cartographie du niveau territorial a été profondément modiﬁée : ce ne sont plus désormais que huit entités – au lieu d’une vingtaine – qui agissent auprès du préfet de région et de ses services pour mettre en œuvre l’action de l’État ; la seconde a trait à la prééminence du préfet de région, qui a été fortement consolidée au travers de son pouvoir d’instruction et de son droit d’évocation sur les préfets de département.
Problems with Avian Point Counts for Estimating Density of Northern Bobwhite—A Case Study
Authors: Applegate Roger D. , Kissell Robert E. , Moss E. Daniel , Warr Edward L. , Kennedy Michael L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPoint count data are used increasingly to provide density estimates of bird species. A favored approach to analyze point count data uses distance sampling theory where model selection and model fit are important considerations. We used uniform and half normal models and assessed model fit using χ2 analysis. We were unsuccessful in fitting models to 635 northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus observations from 85 avian point locations spanning 6 y (P ≤ 0.05). Most observations (74%) occurred in the outermost (&gt;100-m) distance radius. Our results violated the assumptions that all observations at the point are detected. The assumption that birds were assigned to the correct distance interval also was probably violated. We caution managers in implementing avian point counts with distance sampling when estimating northern bobwhite population density. We recommend exploring other approaches such as occupancy-estimation and modeling for estimating detection probabilities.