bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salivary osteocalcin levels are decreased in smoker chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Özçaka Ö , Nalbantsoy A , Buduneli N 
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 200–205Objectives:  This study was planned to investigate whether smoker chronic periodontitis patients exhibit different salivary concentrations of C‐telopeptide pyridinoline cross‐links of type I collagen (ICTP) and osteocalcin (OC) compared to the non‐smoker counterparts.Methods:  Whole saliva samples, full‐mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from 33 otherwise healthy chronic periodontitis patients and 36 systemically, periodontally healthy control subjects. Chronic periodontitis patients and healthy control subjects were divided into smoker and non‐smoker groups according to their self reports. Salivary ICTP, OC levels were determined by Enzyme‐linked Immunoassays.Results:  Healthy control groups exhibited significantly lower values in all clinical periodontal measurements (P < 0.001). Smoker periodontitis patients revealed similar clinical periodontal index values with non‐smoker counterparts (P > 0.05). Chronic periodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher salivary OC levels than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Smoker periodontitis patients revealed lower salivary OC levels than non‐smoker counterparts (P < 0.001). Log ICTP levels in non‐smoker chronic periodontitis patients were higher than non‐smoker controls (P < 0.05). Smoker healthy control group revealed higher log ICTP levels than non‐smoker counterparts (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that suppression of salivary osteocalcin level by smoking may at least partly explain the deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal status.
Isolated soft tissue cleft lip: epidemiology and associated dental anomalies
Authors: Aizenbud D , Coval M , Hazan‐Molina H , Harari D 
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 221–231Objectives:  The aim of this investigation was to study the epidemiology of the isolated soft tissue cleft lip (ICL) population and to evaluate the dental anomalies associated with permanent dentition.Methods:  The study included 19 children aged 9–13 years presenting ICL selected from 657 cleft lip‐affected patients treated during the last 10 years in two craniofacial centers. Only 17 patients could be included for dental anomaly evaluation: Hyperdontia, Hypodontia, Gemination, Talon tooth, Microdontia, and Macrodontia. These were compared with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and cleft lip and alveolus (CLA)‐affected populations and with normal populations.Results:  The prevalence of ICL was 2.8%. All types of tooth abnormalities were found to be higher and mainly significant for the cleft side of ICL compared with the normal population. On the side opposite the cleft, the prevalence of dental anomalies reduced toward the normal individuals and was not significantly different. The significant differences found between CLP, CLA, and ICL‐affected populations were mostly depicted by lateral incisors and second pre‐molar hypodontia.Conclusions:  Isolated cleft lip is a rare phenomenon among the spectrum of the cleft‐affected population. The prevalence of the dental anomalies in ICL maintains the proportional trend according to clefting severity.
Increased expression of peroxiredoxin 6 and cyclophilin A in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
Authors: Huang C‐F , Sun Z‐J , Zhao Y‐F , Chen X‐M , Jia J , Zhang W‐F 
Published: August 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 328–334Objectives:  The aim of this study was to assess the expression levels of two proteins, such as PRDX6 and cyclophilin A (CypA), and to evaluate their relationship with clinicopathologic features and survival in tongue squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs).Material and Methods:  An immunohistochemical study was performed comprising a total of 42 tissue samples of patients suffering from TSCCs as well as 10 corresponding adjacent normal tissues. After detection of PRDX6 and CypA, their expression levels were semiquantitatively evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic variables.Results:  Both PRDX6 and CypA expressions were significantly higher in tissue samples of TSCCs compared with the 10 corresponding adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). A statistically significant correlation in TSCCs regarding the expression of PRDX6 and CypA was revealed (P = 0.005), and the lymphadenectasis was correlated with PRDX6 (P < 0.05). Results of a multivariate analysis revealed age, CypA expression, cervical lymph node metastases, and tongue cancer differentiation to be independent prognostic variables in respect of the overall survival rate (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  It could be detected that PRDX6 and CypA are associated with tumorigenesis in TSCCs. High levels of CypA expression may predict reduced survival time.
Neonatal pain assessment in Sweden – a fifteen‐year follow up
Authors: Gradin Maria , Eriksson Mats ,   for the NeoOpioid investigators group
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground:  It has been proposed that a systematic pain assessment increases the awareness of the need to treat and prevent pain, and most international and national neonatal pain guidelines state that pain assessment should be performed in a systematic way. National surveys show a wide variation in compliance to these guidelines.Methods:  A survey to all Swedish neonatal units was performed in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008, concerning the use of, and need for, pain assessment tools.Results:  The number of units that tried to assess pain increased from 64% in 1993 to 83% in 2008. Forty‐four per cent of these used a structured method in 2003, compared to three per cent in 1998. The most common pain indicator was facial actions.Conclusion:  The proportion of neonatal units that reported the use of a structured pain assessment tool has increased significantly from 1993 to 2008. There is a need for better evidence for the relation between the implementation of pain guidelines and the actual performance of pain assessment.
Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression for Carotenoid Metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sun Tian‐Hu , Liu Cheng‐Qian , Hui Yuan‐Yuan , Wu Wen‐Kai , Zhou Zhi‐Gang , Lu Shan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Carotenoids are important plant pigments for both light harvesting and photooxidation protection. Using the model system of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we characterized the regulation of gene expression for carotenoid metabolism by quantifying changes in the transcript abundance of dxs, dxr and ipi in the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate pathway and of ggps, psy, pds, lcyb and bchy, directly involved in carotenoid metabolism, under different photoperiod, light and metabolite treatments. The expression of these genes fluctuated with light/dark shifting. Light treatment also promoted the accumulation of transcripts of all these genes. Of the genes studied, dxs, ggps and lcyb displayed the typical circadian pattern by retaining a rhythmic fluctuation of transcript abundance under both constant light and constant dark entrainments. The expression of these genes could also be regulated by metabolic intermediates. For example, ggps was significantly suppressed by a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate supplement and ipi was upregulated by isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, CrOr, a C. reinhardtii homolog of the recently characterized Or gene that accounts for carotenoid accumulation, also showed co‐expression with carotenoid biosynthetic genes such as pds and lcyb. Our data suggest a coordinated regulation on carotenoid metabolism in C. reinhardtii at the transcriptional level.
Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate‐change sensitivity in the narwhal,Monodon monoceros
Authors: Williams Terrie M. , Noren Shawn R. , Glenn Mike 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRapid changes in sea ice cover associated with global warming are poised to have marked impacts on polar marine mammals. Here we examine skeletal muscle characteristics supporting swimming and diving in one polar species, the narwhal, and use these attributes to further document this cetacean's vulnerability to unpredictable sea ice conditions and changing ecosystems. We found that extreme morphological and physiological adaptations enabling year‐round Arctic residency by narwhals limit behavioral flexibility for responding to alternations in sea ice. In contrast to the greyhound‐like muscle profile of acrobatic odontocetes, thelongissimus dorsiof narwhals is comprised of 86.8%± 7.7% slow twitch oxidative fibers, resembling the endurance morph of human marathoners. Myoglobin content, 7.87 ± 1.72 g/100 g wet muscle, is one of the highest levels measured for marine mammals. Calculated maximum aerobic swimming distance between breathing holes in ice is <1,450 m, which permits routine use of only 2.6%–10.4% of ice‐packed foraging grounds in Baffin Bay. These first measurements of narwhal exercise physiology reveal extreme specialization of skeletal muscles for moving in a challenging ecological niche. This study also demonstrates the power of using basic physiological attributes to predict species vulnerabilities to environmental perturbation before critical population disturbance occurs.
Long‐term abundance trends of the northern form of the short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) along the Pacific coast of Japan
Authors: Kanaji Yu , Okamura Hiroshi , Miyashita Tomio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe abundance of the northern form of the short‐finned pilot whale,Globicephala macrorhynchus, in the Pacific waters of northern Japan was estimated from a line transect survey conducted in 2006 and data from seven previous surveys collected between 1985 and 1997. To overcome the difficulty of small sample size and inconsistency in survey design, we used an adjustment method using multiple covariates and sensitivity analysis by considering several scenarios. Abundance estimates showed similar long‐term trends among scenarios. The northern form ofG. macrorhynchuswas more abundant in 1985 than in 1991–2006. The annual catch of the northern form ofG. macrorhynchusexceeded the potential biological removal (PBR), especially in the 1980s. Thus, the commercial take in the early 1980s was suspected as a partial cause of a serious abundance decrease. These results provide valuable information for interpreting the impacts of coastal whaling, and to develop future management plans.
The discovery of the microphthalmia locus and its gene, Mitf
Authors: Arnheiter Heinz 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe history of the discovery of the microphthalmia locus and its gene, now called Mitf, is a testament to the triumph of serendipity. Although the first microphthalmia mutation was discovered among the descendants of a mouse that was irradiated for the purpose of mutagenesis, the mutation most likely was not radiation induced but occurred spontaneously in one of the parents of a later breeding. Although Mitf might eventually have been identified by other molecular genetic techniques, it was first cloned from a chance transgene insertion at the microphthalmia locus. And although Mitf was found to encode a member of a well‐known transcription factor family, its analysis might still be in its infancy had Mitf not turned out to be of crucial importance for the physiology and pathology of many distinct organs, including eye, ear, immune system, bone, and skin, and in particular for melanoma. In fact, near seven decades of Mitf research have led to many insights about development, function, degeneration, and malignancies of a number of specific cell types, and it is hoped that these insights will  one day lead to therapies benefitting those afflicted with diseases originating in these cell types.
Protecting degraded rainforests: enhancement of forest carbon stocks under REDD+
Authors: Edwards David P. , Fisher Brendan , Boyd Emily 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe likely Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanism includes strategies for the enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Recent concerns have been expressed that such enhancement, or restoration, of forest carbon could be counterproductive to biodiversity conservation, because forests are managed as “carbon farms” with the application of intensive silvicultural management that could homogenize diverse degraded rainforests. Restoration increases regeneration rates in degraded forest compared to naturally regenerating forest, and thus could yield significant financial returns for carbon sequestered. Here, we argue that such forest restoration projects are, in fact, likely to provide a number of benefits to biodiversity conservation including the retention of biodiversity, the prevention of forest conversion to agriculture, and employment opportunities for poor local communities. As with other forms of forest‐based carbon offsets, there are possible moral hazard and leakage problems with restoration. However, due to the multiple benefits, we urge that enhancement of forest carbon stocks be detailed as a major component in the future negotiations of REDD+.
Characterization of a novel facultative Methylocystis species capable of growth on methane, acetate and ethanol
Authors: Im Jeongdae , Lee Sung‐Woo , Yoon Sukhwan , DiSpirito Alan A. , Semrau Jeremy D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA non‐motile strain of Methylocystis, strain SB2, isolated from a spring bog in southeast Michigan, had a curved rod morphology with a typical type II intracytoplasmic membrane system. This organism expressed the membrane‐bound or particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) as well as a chalkophore with high affinity for copper and did not express the cytoplasmic or soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). Strain SB2 was found to grow within the pH range of 6–9, with optimal growth at 6.8. Growth was observed at temperatures ranging between 10°C and 30°C, with no growth at 37°C. The DNA G+C content was 62.9 mol%. Predominant fatty acids were 18:1ω7c (72.7%) and 18:1ω9c (24%) when grown on methane. Phylogenetic comparisons based on both pmoA and 16S rRNA sequences indicated that this organism belonged to the Methylocystis genus, and was closely related to Methylocystis rosea SV97T and Methylocystis echinoides IMET10491T (98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to both strains). DNA : DNA hybridizations indicated that strain SB2 had 70% similarity with M. rosea SV97T. Unlike M. rosea SV97T, strain SB2 was able to utilize not only methane for growth, but also ethanol and acetate. Furthermore, the predominant fatty acids in strain SB2 were different from those found in M. rosea SV97T, i.e. 54.2% and 39.7% of fatty acids are 18:1ω8 and 18:1ω7 in M. rosea SV97T, while 18:1ω8 is completely absent in strain SB2.
Constitutive expression of pMMO by Methylocystis strain SB2 when grown on multi‐carbon substrates: implications for biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes
Authors: Yoon Sukhwan , Im Jeongdae , Bandow Nathan , DiSpirito Alan A. , Semrau Jeremy D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) in Methylocystis strain SB2 was found to be constitutively expressed in the absence of methane when the strain was grown on either acetate or ethanol. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription‐PCR showed that the expression of pmoA decreased by one to two orders of magnitude when grown on acetate as compared with growth of strain SB2 on methane. The capability of strain SB2 to degrade a mixture of chlorinated ethenes in the absence of methane was examined to verify the presence and activity of pMMO under acetate‐growth conditions as well determine the effectiveness of such conditions for bioremediation. It was found that when strain SB2 was grown on acetate and exposed to 40 µM each of trichloroethylene (TCE), trans‐dichloroethylene (t‐DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), approximately 30% of VC and t‐DCE was degraded but no appreciable TCE removal was measured after 216 h of incubation. The ability to degrade VC and t‐DCE was lost when acetylene was added, confirming that pMMO was responsible for the degradation of these chlorinated ethenes by Methylocystis strain SB2 when the strain was grown on acetate.
Specific localization of the c‐type cytochrome OmcZ at the anode surface in current‐producing biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens
Authors: Inoue Kengo , Leang Ching , Franks Ashley E. , Woodard Trevor L. , Nevin Kelly P. , Lovley Derek R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe outer‐surface, c‐type cytochrome OmcZ is essential for optimal current production with Geobacter sulfurreducens, a genetically tractable, environmentally relevant model microorganism for the production of electricity with microbial fuel cells in a diversity of environments. In order to further investigate the role of OmcZ in current production, its location was investigated with immunogold labelling. OmcZ was dispersed throughout the extracellular matrix surrounding the cells that accumulated at the bottom of the culture tubes of cells grown under standard conditions with fumarate as the electron acceptor. When G. sulfurreducens grew as a biofilm on a graphite electrode that served as an anode and the sole electron acceptor for growth, OmcZ was highly concentrated at the biofilm–electrode interface. Controls in which the biofilm was grown on the same graphite material, but with fumarate as the electron acceptor, did not have accumulations of OmcZ at the anode, corresponding with the reduced capacity for current production in fumarate‐grown biofilms. The specific localization of OmcZ at the anode surface under current‐producing conditions, coupled with the previously published finding that deleting the gene for OmcZ dramatically increases the resistance of electron exchange between the anode and the biofilm, suggests that OmcZ may serve as an electrochemical gate facilitating electron transfer from G. sulfurreducens biofilms to the anode surface.
Risk Factors Associated with Salmonella Status of Broiler Flocks Delivered to Grow‐Out Farms
Authors: Volkova V. V. , Bailey R. H. , Hubbard S. A. , Magee D. L. , Byrd J. A. , Robert W. W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn a prospective field observational study in the southeastern USA, we sampled gastrointestinal (GI) tracts from chicks of 65 broiler flocks delivered to conventional grow‐out farms for rearing. The flocks were hatched at seven broiler hatcheries. The mean within‐flock prevalence of Salmonella‐positive samples was 6.5% and ranged from 0% to 86.7%. Of the 65 flocks studied, 25 (38.5%) had at least one Salmonella‐positive sample. Accounting for confounding variability among the hatcheries and broiler companies, we tested whether the probability of detecting Salmonella in GI tracts of the chicks delivered was associated with certain characteristics of parent breeder flocks; hatchery production volume; hatchery ventilation system; hatchery egg‐room conditions; egg incubation, candling, hatching, eggshell and bird separation, and bird‐processing procedures; management of hatchery‐to‐farm transportation; day of week of hatch; weather conditions during transportation; or season of the hatch. Two risk factor models were adopted. The first model indicated that a greater number of parent flocks, manual separation of eggshell and bird, and a greater amount of fluff and feces on tray liners used during hatchery‐to‐farm transportation at delivery were associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts, whereas a greater number of birds in the delivery vehicle was associated with decreased probability. The second model indicated that broiler flocks hatched on Tuesdays versus either Mondays or Thursdays (with no hatches on Wednesdays, Fridays or week‐ends), increased average hatchability of the eggs from the parent flocks, and greater amounts of fluff and feces on the transport tray liners at delivery were all associated with increased probability of detecting Salmonella in chick GI tracts. The results of this study suggest potential management decisions to lessen Salmonella contamination of broilers supplied by commercial hatcheries and areas for further research.
A portable low‐cost remote videography system for monitoring wildlife
Authors: Kross Sara M. , Nelson Ximena J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Remote videography allows continuous and reviewable recording of unique behaviours with minimal disturbance to focus individuals. It is therefore an excellent, although often unaffordable, method for observing the behaviour of wildlife in the field.2. We describe a digital video‐based remote videography design that costs under USD 900 and requires relatively minimal maintenance. The system is portable and can record continuously or when motion is detected.3. Using the threatened New Zealand falcon as a model, in a single season of camera deployment we were able to record a number of unique events, including a new prey species for the falcon and the complete depredation of one nest.4. Only 16% of potential recording hours were lost, the majority of which were as a result of battery failure (52% of failures) or the camera becoming dislodged (33% of failures).5. This system will be useful for researchers in all fields who require a reliable, cost‐effective means of recording wildlife behaviour in remote locations.
Genomic Insights into Bifidobacteria
Authors: Lee Ju-Hoon , O'Sullivan Daniel J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSince the discovery in 1899 of bifidobacteria as numerically dominant microbes in the feces of breast-fed infants, there have been numerous studies addressing their role in modulating gut microflora as well as their other potential health benefits. Because of this, they are frequently incorporated into foods as probiotic cultures. An understanding of their full interactions with intestinal microbes and the host is needed to scientifically validate any health benefits they may afford. Recently, the genome sequences of nine strains representing four species ofBifidobacteriumbecame available. A comparative genome analysis of these genomes reveals a likely efficient capacity to adapt to their habitats, withB. longumsubsp.infantisexhibiting more genomic potential to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, consistent with its habitat in the infant gut. Conversely,B. longumsubsp.longumexhibits a higher genomic potential for utilization of plant-derived complex carbohydrates and polyols, consistent with its habitat in an adult gut. An intriguing observation is the loss of much of this genome potential when strains are adapted to pure culture environments, as highlighted by the genomes ofB. animalissubsp.lactisstrains, which exhibit the least potential for a gut habitat and are believed to have evolved from theB. animalisspecies during adaptation to dairy fermentation environments.
Microbe Hunting
Authors: Lipkin W. Ian 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Platforms for pathogen discovery have improved since the days of Koch and Pasteur; nonetheless, the challenges of proving causation are at least as daunting as they were in the late 1800s. Although we will almost certainly continue to accumulate low-hanging fruit, where simple relationships will be found between the presence of a cultivatable agent and a disease, these successes will be increasingly infrequent. The future of the field rests instead in our ability to follow footprints of infectious agents that cannot be characterized using classical microbiological techniques and to develop the laboratory and computational infrastructure required to dissect complex host-microbe interactions. I have tried to refine the criteria used by Koch and successors to prove linkage to disease. These refinements are working constructs that will continue to evolve in light of new technologies, new models, and new insights. What will endure is the excitement of the chase. Happy hunting!