bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biophysical analysis of membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptides: membrane properties and the design of peptides specifically targeting Gram-negative bacteria.
Authors: Epand R. M. , Epand R. F. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to many antimicrobial agents than Gram-positive bacteria. This is because drugs must pass through an additional barrier of the outer membrane in order to access the cytoplasmic membrane or the interior of the cell. In spite of this fact, the presence of the outer membrane also provides an alternative target for the action of antimicrobial agents. In addition, the cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-negative bacteria are generally more enriched with the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine than those of Gram-positive bacteria. In this chapter, we outline novel strategies for using the interaction of antimicrobial agents with components of the membranes of Gramnegative bacteria in order to design agents that have a higher toxicity for these bacteria.
ZnS nanorods with tripod-like and tetrapod-like legs
Authors: Wu Xiang , Zheng Yufeng , Qu Fengyu 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Single-crystal ZnS nanorods with tripod-like and tetrapod-like legs were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation process on the Si substrate. The microstructures and properties of the as-synthesized products were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The results show that the as-grown tripod-like nanorods have average diameters of 600 nm and the tetrapod-like nanorods have average diameters of 800 nm. The as-grown ZnS nanorods were perfectly single crystalline. A photoluminescence study shows a 429 nm emission peak from ZnS nanorods due to the self-activated luminescence.
The synthesis of novel hybrid thiol-functionalized nano-structured SBA-15
Authors: Hoang Van Duc , Dang Tuyet Phuong , Dinh Quang Khieu , Nguyen Huu Phu , Vu Anh Tuan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Mesoporous thiol-functionalized SBA-15 has been directly synthesized by co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) with triblock copolymer P123 as-structure-directing agent under hydrothermal conditions. Surfactant removal was performed by Soxhlet ethanol extraction. These materials have been characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET model), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The main parameters, such as the initial molar ratio of MPTMS to TEOS, the time of adding MPTMS to synthesized gel and the Soxhlet ethanol extraction on the thiol functionalized SBA-15 with high thiol content and highly ordered hexagonal mesostructure, were investigated and evaluated. The adsorption capacity of the thiol-functionalized and non-functionalized SBA-15 materials for Pb
2+ ion from aqueous solution was tested. It was found that the Pb
2+ adsorption capacity of the thiol functionalized SBA-15 is three times higher than that of non-functionalized SBA-15.
An update in the diagnosis of coeliac disease
Authors: Walker Marjorie M , Murray Joseph A 
Published: November 2010

Walker M M & Murray J A (2011) Histopathology59, 166–179An update in the diagnosis of coeliac diseaseCoeliac disease is increasing in prevalence, which is currently estimated at one in 100 of the population and may occur de novo in adults. The diagnosis requires a joint clinicopathological approach; the recommended first‐line test is serology with immunoglobulin A (IgA) tissue transglutaminase and IgA endomysial antibodies. These serological tests show high levels of sensitivity and specificity, but biopsy is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis. It is important that both tests are performed before the introduction of a gluten‐free diet. Although the classical histopathology changes of coeliac disease with partial or total villous atrophy are well recognized, the pathology classification of coeliac disease is changing, with recognition that coeliac disease may show minimal pathology (normal architecture and an intraepithelial lymphocyte count/100 enterocytes ≥ 25). This entity is also described as lymphocytic duodenosis, and recommendation of follow‐up serology testing is paramount in this condition. Follow‐up of patients with coeliac disease is warranted, as normal serology does not predict mucosal recovery. Failure to heal predicts risk of progression to refractory coeliac disease and malignancies. Refractory coeliac disease occurs in 1–2% of patients and this diagnosis requires a combined clinical and histopathology approach with immunocytochemistry.
An analysis of critical incidents relevant to pediatric anesthesia reported to the UK National Reporting and Learning System, 2006–2008
Authors: MacLennan Andrew I. , Smith Andrew F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjectives/aims:  We aimed to identify and analyze critical incidents relating to pediatric anesthesia from the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) in England and Wales.Background:  Critical incident reporting plays a key role in learning from problems and so enhancing patient safety. There has been no previous analysis of pediatric anesthetic incidents in the NRLS.Methods:  We obtained potentially relevant records from the UK National Patient Safety Agency. Eligible incidents were classified according to patient age, degree of harm sustained, and clinical category.Results:  A total of 606 incidents met the inclusion criteria. Six deaths were reported and 48 incidents resulted in severe harm. In many reports, sufficient detail was lacking for a full understanding of what had happened. However, the broad focus of the NRLS revealed a wide spectrum of clinical and organizational incidents relating to pediatric anesthesia. Medication issues predominated (35.6%), notably inadvertent duplication of dosing in operating theater and ward. Airway/ventilation incidents formed 18.8% of the total, cardiovascular incidents 5.9%, and equipment‐related incidents (failure or unavailability) 15.7%. Communication and organizational problems made up 8.6% of reports.Conclusions:  We make a number of recommendations for practice. In addition, anesthetists should be encouraged to take ownership and contribute high‐quality descriptions of incidents to national systems.
Progression to insulin deficiency in Korean patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus positive for anti‐GAD antibody
Authors: Lee S. A. , Lee W. J. , Kim E. H. , Yu J. H. , Jung C. H. , Koh E. H. , Kim M.‐S. , Park J.‐Y. , Lee K.‐U. 
Published: November 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 319–324 (2011)AbstractAims  To investigate the rate of progression to insulin deficiency in Korean patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus positive for anti‐GAD antibody (GADA) and to determine the factors related to progression to insulin deficiency.Methods  We retrospectively analysed data on 87 GADA‐positive and 87 age‐ and sex‐matched GADA‐negative patients with Type 2 diabetes. GADA‐positive patients were further subclassified into high‐titre (≥ 250 WHO units/ml) (n = 24) and low‐titre (< 250 WHO units/ml) (n = 63) subgroups. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to identify factors associated with progression to insulin deficiency.Results  Over a period of 6 years, two of 87 (2.3%) GADA‐negative and 37 of 87 (42.5%) GADA‐positive patients had progressed to insulin deficiency. The rate of progression to insulin deficiency was higher in the high‐titre than in the low‐titre subgroup (75.0 vs. 30.2%). Multivariate analysis in GADA‐positive patients showed that high‐titre GADA and low BMI at diagnosis were independent factors significantly related to progression to insulin deficiency.Conclusions  The presence of GADA predicted the progression to insulin deficiency in Korean patients with Type 2 diabetes. In GADA‐positive patients, high‐titre GADA and low BMI were associated with this progression.
Role of phosphodiesterase and adenylate cyclase isozymes in murine colonic glucagon‐like peptide 1 secreting cells
Authors: Friedlander Ronn S. , Moss Catherine E. , Mace Jessica , Parker Helen E. , Tolhurst Gwen , Habib Abdella M. , Wachten Sebastian , Cooper Dermot M. , Gribble Fiona M. , Reimann Frank 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is secreted from enteroendocrine L‐cells after food intake. Increasing GLP‐1 signalling either through inhibition of the GLP‐1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl‐peptidase IV or injection of GLP‐1‐mimetics has recently been successfully introduced for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Boosting secretion from the L‐cell has so far not been exploited, due to our incomplete understanding of L‐cell physiology. Elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to be a strong stimulus for GLP‐1 secretion and here we investigate the activities of adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes likely to shape cAMP responses in L‐cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHExpression of AC and PDE isoforms was quantified by RT‐PCR. Single cell responses to stimulation or inhibition of AC and PDE isoforms were monitored with real‐time cAMP probes. GLP‐1 secretion was assessed by elisa.KEY RESULTSQuantitative PCR identified expression of protein kinase C‐ and Ca2+‐activated ACs, corresponding with phorbolester and cytosolic Ca2+‐stimulated cAMP elevation. Inhibition of PDE2, 3 and 4 were found to stimulate GLP‐1 secretion from murine L‐cells in primary culture. This corresponded with cAMP elevations monitored with a plasma membrane targeted cAMP probe. Inhibition of PDE3 but not PDE2 was further shown to prevent GLP‐1 secretion in response to guanylin, a peptide secreted into the gut lumen, which had not previously been implicated in L‐cell secretion.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOur results reveal several mechanisms shaping cAMP responses in GLP‐1 secreting cells, with some of the molecular components specifically expressed in L‐cells when compared with their epithelial neighbours, thus opening new strategies for targeting these cells therapeutically.
Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures
Authors: Adelöw Cecilia , Andersson Tomas , Ahlbom Anders , Tomson Torbjörn 
Published: November 2010

SummaryPurpose:  To study diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke as risk factors for unprovoked seizures in a population‐based cohort with incident cases of epilepsy.Methods:  In this nested case–control study, the cases were 933 patients with newly diagnosed unprovoked seizures from the Stockholm Incidence Registry of Epilepsy. Controls, in total 6,039—matched for gender, year of diagnosis, and catchment area—were randomly selected from the register of the Stockholm County population. A history of diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke preceding the date of onset of seizure was determined by search of the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to assess the risk of developing unprovoked seizures after hospital admission for any of these diagnoses.Results:  The age‐adjusted OR (95% confidence interval, 95% CI) for unprovoked seizures after a discharge diagnosis of diabetes was 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.8) and after acute myocardial infarction 1.7 (95% CI 1.0–2.9). The OR was 9.4 (95% CI 6.7–13.1) after cerebral infarction, 7.2 (95% CI 3.9–13.6) after intracerebral hemorrhage, 7.2 (95% CI 2.9–18.1) after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 3.2 (95% CI 1.9–5.5) after transient ischemic attack. The population attributable risk percent (PAR%) was <2% for each of the diagnoses except for cerebral infarction, for which the PAR% was 9%. Taken together the studied diagnoses accounted for 15% of the incident cases of unprovoked seizures.Discussion:  As previously known, the risk for unprovoked seizures and epilepsy after a cerebral infarction was highest the first year after the infarction. This risk remained substantial >7 years after a diagnosis of cerebral infarction.
School performance at age 16 in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero—A population‐based study
Authors: Forsberg Lisa , Wide Katarina , Källén Bengt 
Published: November 2010

SummaryPurpose:  In order to evaluate long‐term effects on neurodevelopment in children born to women with epilepsy during pregnancy we studied the children’s school grades at age 16.Methods:  We used the Patient Register, the Medical Birth Register, and a local study at South Hospital, Stockholm, to identify women with epilepsy in Sweden who had given birth between 1973 and 1986. The Swedish School Mark Registry was used to obtain information about school grades from the last year of compulsory school, at age 16. Exposed children were compared to all other children born in Sweden between 1973 and 1986.Key Findings:  Medical records were analyzed for 1,235 children. Six hundred forty‐one children had been exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in monotherapy, 429 in polytherapy, and 165 to no known AED. Children exposed to polytherapy had an increased risk of not receiving a final grade—odds ratio (OR) 2.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.14–4.17]. Children exposed to monotherapy, mainly carbamazepine or phenytoin, did not have a significantly increased risk of not receiving a final grade—OR 1.19 (95% CI 0.79–1.80). Children born to women with epilepsy had a decreased chance of getting a “pass with excellence.”Significance:  Exposure to several AEDs in utero may have negative effects on neurodevelopment, and polytherapy should, if possible, be avoided in pregnant women.
Sexual Function and Depressive Symptoms Among Female North American Medical Students
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Eisenberg Michael L. , Breyer Benjamin N. , Sharlip Ira D. , Smith James F. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Depression and sexual dysfunction are often comorbid.

Aim
We explored the relationship between sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and depressive symptoms in female medical students in North America.

Main Outcome Measure
Female North American medical students were invited to participate in an internet survey. The CES-D was utilized to screen for depressive symptoms and an abbreviated Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) was used to quantify anxiety symptoms.

Methods
Subjects completed an ethnodemographic survey, a sexuality survey, and modified instruments for the quantification of sexual function (the Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI] and the Index of Sexual Life [ISL]). Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between sexuality and depressive symptoms.

Results
There were 1,241 female subjects with complete data on CES-D and STAI. Mean age was 25.4 years. Depressive symptoms (CES-D &gt; 16) were present in 46% of respondents and were more common in subjects with anxiety symptoms. Subjects who were Caucasian, younger than 28, heterosexual, and in a relationship were least likely to report depressive symptoms. High risk of female sexual dysfunction (HRFSD) was significantly associated with greater likelihood of depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, P &lt; 0.001). After adjusting for ethnodemographic and sexual history factors, HRFSD remained significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms (OR 1.85, P &lt; 0.001). Analysis of FSFI and ISL domains indicated that depressive symptoms were most directly associated with worse orgasmic function, interference in sex life from stress and lack of partner, and lower general life satisfaction (P &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, greater ISL-sexual satisfaction was associated with greater odds of depressive symptoms (OR 1.40, P = 0.01).

Conclusion
Depressive symptoms are common in female medical students. HRFSD is associated with depressive symptoms, although the relationship is complex when psychoscial factors are included in the multivariate model. Attention to sexuality factors from student health providers may enhance quality-of-life, academic achievement, and patient care.
Change of Erectile Function and Responsiveness to Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors at Different Stages of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats
Authors: Cho Sung Yong , Park Kwanjin , Paick Jae-Seung , Kim Soo Woong 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It has been suggested that risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) increases with duration of diabetes and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) are not as effective in treatment of diabetes-associated ED. However, few studies have investigated time-dependent change in erectile function during the course of diabetes.

Aim
To investigate time-dependent change in erectile function and responsiveness to PDE5I in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic ED.

Main Outcome Measures
At 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks after diabetic induction, erectile function was assessed by cavernous nerve stimulation before and after administration of DA-8159, a novel PDE5I. Penile tissue was assessed for apoptosis with immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of Rho-kinase 2 (ROCK2), myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was evaluated by Western blot.

Methods
Streptozotocin was injected into 50 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were then classified into five diabetic groups according to the observation period.

Results
Diabetic rats maintained normal erectile responses until 6 weeks of diabetes. Following 8 weeks, the rats showed lower erectile responses at higher frequencies of nerve stimulation, which were normalized to control by administration of DA-8159. In contrast, erectile responses were significantly decreased in 10-week diabetic rats, and administration of DA-8159 resulted in partial recovery of normal responses. At more than 12 weeks, rats demonstrated severe deterioration of erectile function, which did not fully respond to PDE5I. Corporal apoptosis was significantly increased after 10 weeks. Upregulation of ROCK2 was found at 6 weeks, and was followed by an increase of MYPT1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of eNOS showed marked suppression at 6 weeks and remained lower during the experimental period.

Conclusions
Impairment of erectile function was followed by decreased responsiveness to PDE5I during the course of diabetes. The RhoA/ROCK pathway played an important role in diabetes-associated ED.
A 12 MINUTE CONSULTATION: 12 minute consultation: a patient with nasal crusting
Authors: Yaneza M.M.C. , Broomfield S.J. , Morar P. 
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 313–320Background:  Nasal crusting is frequently encountered by the otorhinolaryngologist and often requires no specific treatment. It is, however, important to carry out a full history and examination, followed by appropriate investigations, in order to detect the small number of cases in which crusting is caused by systemic or malignant disease.Methods:  This review was based on a literature search last performed on 30th July 2009. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched using the subject headings (nasal crusting OR crusts) and in combination with diagnosis, therapy and surgery. Similar searches were performed for relevant diseases, e.g. Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoidosis. Results were limited to English language articles including clinical trials, meta‐analyses, systematic reviews and review articles. Relevant references from selected articles were reviewed.Results:  Knowledge of the causes of nasal crusting will help to target the history, examination and investigation of patients with this condition. Screening tests for systemic conditions can be useful but most have limited sensitivity and must be interpreted cautiously. Nasal septal biopsy is indicated when there is a suspicion of malignancy, or to support a suspected diagnosis of vasculitis. The treatment offered depends upon the cause of crusting and the severity of symptoms.Conclusion:  A careful and thorough history and examination, and targeted investigation, of the patient with nasal crusting will ensure correct diagnosis and treatment of patients with this common condition.
Comparison of a singleplex real‐time RT‐PCR assay and multiplex respiratory viral panel assay for detection of influenza “A” in respiratory specimens
Authors: Pabbaraju Kanti , Wong Sallene , Lee Bonita , Tellier Raymond , Fonseca Kevin , Louie Marie , Drews Steven J. 
Published: November 2010

Please cite this paper as: Pabbaraju et al. (2011) Comparison of a singleplex real‐time RT‐PCR assay and multiplex respiratory viral panel assay for detection of influenza “A” in respiratory specimens. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 99–103.Background  Evaluation of different molecular tests for the detection of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is important before the next wave of the pandemic.Objectives  To compare a hydrolysis probe‐based real‐time RT‐PCR assay recommended by the CDC to the xTAG® respiratory viral panel (RVP) (Luminex® Molecular Diagnostics) for the detection of influenza A.Methods  Eleven thousand eight hundred and ninety‐eight respiratory specimens were tested by the real‐time RT‐PCR and RVP assays for the detection of influenza A. The distribution of seasonal H1, H3 and pandemic H1N1 subtypes in these specimens was compared.Results  The RVP assay was generally unable to identify influenza A–positive samples with a low viral load, whereas the real‐time RT‐PCR assay detected most of these samples resulting in a subset of specimens that could not be confirmed as either seasonal or pandemic influenza A subtypes.Conclusions  When the prevalence of influenza A is high, the CDC recommended real‐time RT‐PCR has significant advantages as a frontline assay, namely higher sensitivity and shorter time to reporting a result. Anticipated scenarios would be during the peaks of the pandemic and episodes of seasonal influenza. Furthermore, the better sensitivity of the RT‐PCR makes it the preferred assay to detect influenza in patients with severe respiratory disease tested late in their clinical course. If pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is not the dominant virus and there is a high proportion of other respiratory viruses circulating, laboratories will be faced with the decision to use the RVP assay for the detection of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus.
Canada in the face of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic
Authors: Moghadas Seyed M. , Pizzi Nick J. , Wu Jianhong , Tamblyn Susan E. , Fisman David N. 
Published: November 2010

Please cite this paper as: Moghadas et al. (2011) Canada in the face of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 83–88.Background  Initial public health responses to the 2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic were based on difficult decisions in the face of substantial uncertainty. Policy effectiveness depends critically on such decisions, and future planning for maximum protection of community health requires understanding of the impact of public health responses in observed scenarios.Objectives  In alignment with the objectives of the Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling Team (Pan‐InfORM) and the Centre for Disease Modelling (CDM), a focused workshop was organized to: (i) evaluate Canada's response to the spring and autumn waves of the novel H1N1 pandemic; (ii) learn lessons from public health responses, and identify challenges that await public health planners and decision‐makers; and (iii) understand how best to integrate resources to overcome these challenges.Main outcome measures  We report on key presentations and discussions that took place to achieve the objectives of the workshop.Conclusions  Future emerging infectious diseases are likely to bring far greater challenges than those imposed by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Canada must address these challenges and enhance its capacity for emergency responses by integrating modelling, surveillance, planning, and decision‐making.