bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9,10-Bis(bipyridyl, pyridylphenyl, phenylpyridyl, and biphenyl)anthracenes Combining High Electron Transport and Injection, Efficiency and Stability in Fluorescent Organic Light-emitting Devices
Authors: Oh Jae-Jin , Pu Yong-Jin , Sasabe Hisahiro , Nakayama Ken-ichi , Kido Junji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A series of anthracene derivatives, 9,10-bis(bipyridyl, pyridylphenyl, phenylpyridyl, and biphenyl)anthracenes, were synthesized. They exhibited properties of small electron injection barrier from cathode in electron-only devices, high electron mobility from time-of-flight measurement, and high efficiency and stability of OLEDs.
One-pot Simultaneous Synthesis of Au–Pt Core–Shell Nanoparticles Protected by a Nafion® Ionomer in an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Naohara Hideo , Yoshimoto Takahiro , Okamoto Yasuaki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We successfully synthesized Au–Pt bimetallic core–shell nanoparticles by simultaneous reduction covered with a perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer (PFSA) in an aqueous solution. The core–shell structure was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry line analysis. Electrocatalytic activity of the Au–Pt nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction was higher than those of PFSA-covered Pt nanoparticles and a conventional carbon-supported Pt catalyst.
Dielectric Properties of Water Chains Incorporated in Porous Coordination Polymer Crystal [Cu(C6H4NO2)2]
Authors: Zhou Biao , Imai Yuji , Kobayashi Akiko , Wang Zheming , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The dielectric constant (ε) of “water chains” incorporated in the channel of porous coordination polymer crystal [Cu(C6H4NO2)2] was small at low temperatures (ε ≈ 10) but became as large as 250 at 370 K. These dielectric behaviors were consistent with the results of molecular dynamics simulation and indicated that a melting of hydrogen-bonded water chains occurred above 300 K.
A Facile Continuous Production of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Powders
Authors: Zhang Laiping , Gu Yunle , Ge Chunxiao , Chang Jisheng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
An intermediate-frequency furnace was used for continuous production of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by heating a mixture of C3N6H6 and H3BO3 in a flowing nitrogen gas at 1800–1950 °C. The products were examined by XRD, Raman, FTIR, and SEM. The results indicate the as-synthesized products are h-BN flakes with a purity of 98.73 wt %. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed.
Chemoselective Polycondensation of 2-Amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with Aromatic Diamines
Authors: Shibasaki Yuji , Koizumi Takanori , Nishimura Naoya , Oishi Yoshiyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Chemoselective polycondensation of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine (ADCT) was investigated with various aromatic diamines such as 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (BAFL), 4,4′-(hexafluoropropane-2,2-diyl)dianiline (BisAF), and bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (SODA) in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base. High-molecular weight perfectly linear polyguanamines (Mn ≈ 46000) were successfully obtained for the polycondensation of ADCT with BisAF, while the polycondensation of ADCT with BAFL afforded branched polyguanamines with a degree of branching of from 0.02 to 0.17.
3CH2 + O2: Kinetics and Product Channel Branching Ratios
Authors: Blitz Mark A. , Kappler Claudia , Pilling Michael J. , Seakins Paul W. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The kinetics of and the yield of OH in the reaction 3CH2 + O2 has been studied at room temperature using pulsed laser photolysis of ketene at 351 nm with detection of OH by LIF. The kinetics were determined from a biexponential analysis of the growth and decay of the OH signal. The rate coefficients obtained from the profiles for OH(v=0,1) are (2.39 ± 0.26) and (2.33 ± 0.28) × 1012 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 respectively. The rate coefficient for 3CH2 + NO was also measured from the growth of the OH(v=1) signal, giving k
3 = (4.52 ± 0.48) × 1011 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The ratio of the yields of OH in the two reactions 3CH2+O2 and 3CH 2+NO was determined from analysis of back to back OH profiles with O2 and NO as co-reactant; the ratio obtained, at 300 K, was 2.96 ± 0.14. This result was combined with other experimental product yields on these two reactions to obtain a consistent set channel yields for 3CH2+O2 and 3CH2+NO at ∼300 K.
Rapid Increases in Overweight and Obesity Among South African Adolescents: Comparison of Data From the South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey in 2002 and 2008
Authors: Reddy Sasiragha P. , Resnicow Ken , James Shamagonam , Funani Itumeleng N. , Kambaran Nilen S. , Omardien Riyadh G. , Masuka Pardon , Sewpaul Ronel , Vaughan Roger D. , Mbewu Anthony 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. To aid future policy and intervention initiatives, we studied the prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among participants in the South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey in 2002 and 2008. Methods. The survey collected data from nationally representative cross-sectional samples of students in grades 8 through 11 (n = 9491 in 2002 and 9442 in 2008) by questionnaire and measurement of height and weight. We stratified data on overweight and obesity rates by age, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. Results. Among male adolescents, overweight rates increased from 6.3% in 2002 to 11.0% in 2008 (P < .01); among female adolescents, overweight rates increased from 24.3% in 2002 to 29.0% in 2008 (P < .01). Obesity rates more than doubled among male adolescents from 1.6% in 2002 to 3.3% in 2008 (P < .01) and rose from 5.0% to 7.5% among female adolescents (P < .01). We observed a dose–response relationship in overweight and obesity rates across socioeconomic categories. Rates of overweight and obesity were significantly higher among urban youths than among rural youths (P < .01). Conclusions. South Africa is experiencing a chronic disease risk transition. Further research is needed to better understand and effectively address this rapid change.
Social Network Concordance in Food Choice Among Spouses, Friends, and Siblings
Authors: Pachucki Mark A. , Jacques Paul F. , Christakis Nicholas A. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We investigated whether eating behaviors were concordant among diverse sets of social ties. Methods. We analyzed the socioeconomic and demographic distribution of eating among 3418 members of the Framingham Heart Study observed from 1991 to 2001. We used a data-classification procedure to simplify choices into 7 nonoverlapping patterns that we matched with information on social network ties. We used correlation analysis to examine eating associations among 4 types of peers (spouses, friends, brothers, and sisters). Longitudinal multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate evidence for peer influences on eating. Results. Of all peer types, spouses showed the strongest concordances in eating patterns over time after adjustment for social contextual factors. Across all peers, the eating pattern most likely to be shared by socially connected individuals was “alcohol and snacks.” Models estimating one's current eating pattern on the basis of a peer's prior eating provided supportive evidence of a social influence process. Conclusions. Certain eating patterns appeared to be socially transmissible across different kinds of relationships. These findings represent an important step in specifying the relevant social environment in the study of health behaviors to include eating.
Desperate or Deviant? Causes of Criminal Behavior among TANF Recipients
Authors: Monte Lindsay M. , Lewis Dan A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAs state welfare rolls declined significantly throughout the 1990s and into the new millennium, female criminality was on the rise. Under these circumstances, we examine the links between gender, welfare receipt, financial hardship and crime. We ask, did the 1996 welfare reform legislation affect the criminal behavior of current and former recipients? Does going off welfare increase the likelihood of committing an offense, as many critics of the reform argued that it would? Or is there more crime among women who remain on the rolls, as the culture of dependency argument suggests? Using the Illinois Families Study (IFS), a longitudinal study of individuals who were receiving welfare in Illinois in 1998, we explore trends in arrest by welfare receipt and employment. We find that financial hardship, in both the forms of unemployment and non‐receipt of welfare, is significantly associated with an increased hazard of criminal behavior.
Cash Transfers and Economic Growth: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Transfer Recipients and Business Owners in Malawi
Authors: Miller Candace M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSocial protection policies that simultaneously reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth and development will be transformational for direct recipients and disadvantaged communities. This study assessed whether the Malawi Cash Transfer stimulates economic growth in the communities where it is operational. Data collection was conducted in Mchinji Malawi from 2007‐2009. This study is based on data from two sources including 1) a randomized community control trial designed to measure the impact of the cash transfer and 2) qualitative interviews with business owners. Over the course of one year, the cash transfer intervention group had increased demand for and increased expenditures on foods, basic necessities, livestock, healthcare, and schooling supplies versus the comparison group whose expenditures remained low throughout the study. Additionally, cash transfer households invested in productive assets and farming equipment, which led to greater agricultural production, consumption and sales. The majority of business‐owner respondents confirmed that transfer recipients are frequent customers and reported that sales to transfer recipients were an important part of their business. Respondents reported that the transfer strengthened local markets by providing a steady source of customers and cash, with reliable sales even during the rainy season. Business owners grew their businesses, earned additional profits and some made investments in infrastructure and capital. This study yields insights into the mechanisms by which cash transfers impact economic growth and contributes to the discourse on social protection strategies. Once the cash transfer scheme is operational throughout Malawi, it appears as though there will be important impacts for recipients, non‐recipients and local businesses. Findings from this study may be applicable throughout resource‐poor countries in Africa. Still, continued follow up and larger studies are needed to determine the consistency and scale of impacts on economic growth and development.
Does Paying Taxes Improve the Quality of Governance? Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: Altunbas Yener , Thornton John 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA growing economics literature argues that taxation can strengthen the quality of governance and public sector institutions by making governments more responsive and accountable to their citizens, building capacity, and improving public policy. In this paper, we provide some empirical support for this view. Using data on a cross‐section of developed and developing countries, we find that taxation improves the quality of governance and that those taxes that are borne most directly by citizens are the most important in improving governance. Our results are robust to different estimation methodologies, to variations in the country sample, and to controlling for the influence of variables that have been identified as affecting the quality of governance. The results suggest that policies aimed at mobilizing tax revenues may be justified based on the greater accountability of government that may result.
A Human Basis for Sustainable Development: How Psychosocial Change at the Individual Level Promotes Development
Authors: Pick Susan , Beers Kimberly , Grossman‐Crist Shoshana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSociocultural and economic limitations often deprive individuals of the freedoms to make decisions regarding their lives, hindering development. This article presents the Framework for Enabling Empowerment (FrEE), a model that emphasizes the importance of psychosocial factors and the individual in accessing freedoms and promoting health, productivity, and sustainable human development. FrEE is theoretically based in Amartya Sen's Capability Approach. Explaining the synergy between the context, the person, and psychosocial factors, FrEE provides a strategy to achieve the expansion of individual choice and freedoms. The authors present FrEE and its relationship to Sen's theories and explain how FrEE makes the Capability Approach operative. Finally the authors draw on empirical program evaluations in Mexico to discuss FrEE's potential impact on the field of human development.
Could autologous cord blood stem cell transplantation treat cerebral palsy?
Authors: Chen Aiqing , Clowry Gavin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The young human brain is highly plastic and thus early brain lesions can lead to aberrant development of connectivity and mapping of functions. This is why initially in cerebral palsy only subtle changes in spontaneous movements are seen after the time of lesion, followed by a progressive evolution of a movement disorder over many months and years. Thus we propose that interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One such treatment might be autologous stem cell transplantation either intracerebrally or intravenously. All babies come with an accessible supply of stem cells, the umbilical cord, which can supply cells that could theoretically replace missing neural cell types, or act indirectly by supplying trophic support or modulating inflammatory responses to hypoxia/ischaemia. However, for such radical treatment to be proposed, it is necessary to be able to detect and accurately predict the outcomes of brain injury from a very early age. This article reviews our current understanding of perinatal injuries that lead to cerebral palsy, how well modern imaging might predict outcomes, what stem cells are yielded from umbilical cord blood and experimental models of brain repair using stem cells.
Adaptive modeling of reliability properties for control and supervision purposes
Authors: Dettmann Kai-Uwe , Söffker Dirk 
Published: September 2011

Adaptive modeling of reliability properties for control and supervision purposesModeling of reliability characteristics typically assumes that components and systems fail if a certain individual damage level is exceeded. Every (mechanical) system damage increases irreversibly due to employed loading and (mechanical) stress, respectively. The main issue of damage estimation is adequate determination of the actual state-of-damage. Several mathematical modeling approaches are known in the literature, focusing on the task of how loading effects damage progression (e.g., WéoUhler, 1870) for wear processes. Those models are only valid for specific loading conditions,a prioriassumptions, set points, etc. This contribution proposes a general model, covering adequately the deterioration of a set of comparable systems under comparable loading. The main goal of this contribution is to derive the loading-damage connection directly from observation without assuming any damage models at the outset. Moreover, the connection is not investigated in detail (e.g., to examine the changes in material, etc.) but only approximated with a probabilistic approach. The idea is subdivided into two phases: A problem-specific relation between loading applied (to a structure, which contributes to the stress) and failure is derived from simulation, where a probabilistic approach only assumes a distribution function. Subsequently, an adequate general model is set up to describe deterioration progression. The scheme will be shown through simulation-based results and can be used for estimation of the remaining useful life and predictive maintenance/control.
Analysis of correlation based dimension reduction methods
Authors: Shin Yong , Park Cheong 
Published: September 2011

Analysis of correlation based dimension reduction methodsDimension reduction is an important topic in data mining and machine learning. Especially dimension reduction combined with feature fusion is an effective preprocessing step when the data are described by multiple feature sets. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Discriminative Canonical Correlation Analysis (DCCA) are feature fusion methods based on correlation. However, they are different in that DCCA is a supervised method utilizing class label information, while CCA is an unsupervised method. It has been shown that the classification performance of DCCA is superior to that of CCA due to the discriminative power using class label information. On the other hand, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a supervised dimension reduction method and it is known as a special case of CCA. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between DCCA and LDA, showing that the projective directions by DCCA are equal to the ones obtained from LDA with respect to an orthogonal transformation. Using the relation with LDA, we propose a new method that can enhance the performance of DCCA. The experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits better classification performance than the original DCCA.
Analysis of AQM queues with queue size based packet dropping
Authors: Chydziñski Andrzej , Chróst Łukasz 
Published: September 2011

Analysis of AQM queues with queue size based packet dropping
Queueing systems in which an arriving job is blocked and lost with a probability that depends on the queue size are studied. The study is motivated by the popularity of Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithms proposed for packet queueing in Internet routers. AQM algorithms often exploit the idea of queue-size based packet dropping. The main results include analytical solutions for queue size distribution, loss ratio and throughput. The analytical results are illustrated via numerical examples that include some commonly used blocking probabilities (dropping functions).
Single Frequency Ionosphere-free Precise Point Positioning: A Cross-correlation Problem?
Authors: Choy S. , Silcock D. 
Published: September 2011

Single Frequency Ionosphere-free Precise Point Positioning: A Cross-correlation Problem?This research investigates the feasibility of applying the code and the ionosphere-free code and phase delay observables for single frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing. Two observation models were studied: the single frequency ionosphere-free code and phase delay, termed the quasi-phase observable, and the code and quasi-phase combination. When implementing the code and quasi-phase combination, the cross-correlation between the observables must be considered. However, the development of an appropriate weight matrix, which can adequately describe the noise characteristics of the single frequency code and quasi-phase observations, is not a trivial task. The noise in the code measurements is highly dependent on the effects of the ionosphere; while the quasi-phase measurements are basically free from the effects of the ionospheric error. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate whether the correlation between the two measurements can be neglected when the code measurements were re-introduced to constrain the initial parameters estimation and thereby improving the phase ambiguities initialization process. It is revealed that the assumed uncorrelated code and quasi-phase combination provided comparable if not better positioning precision than the quasi-phase measurement alone. The level of improvement in the estimated positions is between 1 - 18 cm RMS.
Safety of early endovascular catheterization and intervention through extracranial-intracranial bypass grafts
Authors: Qahwash Omar M. , Alaraj Ali , Aletich Victor , Charbel Fady T. , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh 
Published: September 2011

Object
The goal of this study was to demonstrate feasibility and evaluate technical aspects of early endovascular access through extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass grafts.

Methods
Patients undergoing endovascular interventions through the graft in the acute postoperative period following EC-IC bypass are presented. Results, complications, and technical nuances are reviewed.

Results
Fourteen endovascular procedures were performed in 5 patients after EC-IC bypass for ruptured aneurysms in 4 patients and posterior circulation ischemia in 1 patient. In 2 patients, a saphenous vein graft (SVG) was used to bypass the common carotid artery (CCA) to the middle cerebral artery (MCA). One patient underwent a superficial temporal artery (STA)–MCA bypass, and in 2 other patients the STA stump was connected to the intracranial circulation via an interposition SVG. The interval from surgery to endovascular intervention spanned 2–18 days; the indication was intracranial vasospasm in all patients. One case involved angioplasty of the proximal anastomosis on postoperative Day 14. All other interventions entailed proximal access through the bypass conduit for intraarterial infusion of vasodilators. Significant vasospasm of the STA itself was encountered in 2 patients during endovascular manipulation, and it was treated with intraarterial nitroglycerin. There were no cases of anastomotic disruption.

Conclusions
Endovascular catheterization and intervention involving a recent EC-IC bypass is feasible. The main limitation in this series was catheter-induced vasospasm involving the STA. A vein graft may be the more appropriate option in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who may require subsequent endovascular intervention for vasospasm.
Lamivudine-Resistant HBV Infection in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in a Public Routine Clinic in Cameroon
Authors: Kouanfack Charles , Aghokeng Avelin F , Mondain Anne-Marie , Bourgeois Anke , Kenfack Alain , Mpoudi-Ngolé Eitel , Ducos Jacques , Delaporte Eric , Laurent Christian 
Published: September 2011

Background In Africa, most HIV–HBV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) receive an anti-HBV lamivudine monotherapy that has been shown in northern countries to lead to frequent emergence of drug resistance. We assessed the HBV prevalence and the rate and pattern of lamivudine-resistant HBV mutations in Cameroonian HIV-infected, ART-treated patients. Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed in 2006–2007 at the HIV/AIDS outpatient clinic of the Central Hospital in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Plasma samples were tested as appropriate for hepatitis B surface antigens, antibodies to hepatitis B core, HBV DNA, genotypes and lamivudine-resistant polymerase mutations. Results Of 552 adult patients (71% women, median age 38 years), 290 had received lamivudine-based ART for 12 months and 262 for 24 months. No patient had received tenofovir. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was 9.8%. Overall, 26% of seropositive patients had an HBV DNA level >40 IU/ml. Genotypes A and E were identified. Polymerase resistance mutations were detected in 14% and 60% of patients at months 12 and 24, respectively. Conclusions This study supports both WHO recommendations of screening for HBV before initiation of ART and of using ART containing tenofovir and either lamivudine or emtricitabine in HIV–HBV-coinfected patients in Africa.