bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Law Terms: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Jopek-Bosiacka Anna 
Published: June 2011

Legal definitions are vital for effective legal communication. This paper outlines main conventions of formulating definitions in statutes and contracts. Legal definitions are analyzed here from cross-cultural perspective against (legislative) drafting guidelines and theory of law. Their formulation may depend, inter alia, on legal system, branch of law, legal genre, position within the document, and type of legal definition.
An attempt is then made to examine how formal aspects of formulating legal definitions may affect the interpretation and thus translation of law terms. This interdisciplinary cross-cultural examination provides a theoretical basis for sketching main approaches to English-Polish (Polish-English) translation of the definition section in ratified international instruments published in Polish Journal of Laws.
The translation practice trends towards legal definitions seem to be more and more informed by the globalization and ‘Europeanisation’ processes now constituting a still broader context of legal communication rather than confined to the text of a legal instrument itself.
Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer to pyridinium chlorochromate (VI) from sulfur containing amino acid, L-cysteine in aqueous and micellar media
Authors: Senapati Sadhana , Das Smrutiprava , Mohanty P. , Patnaik A. 
Published: June 2011

Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer to pyridinium chlorochromate (VI) from sulfur containing amino acid, L-cysteine in aqueous and micellar media
The electron transfer reaction of L-cysteine (RSH) with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) has been studied spectrophotometrically over the range 2.0 ≤ 103 [RSH] ≤ 6.0; 0.01 ≤ [H+] ≤ 0.2; 298 ≤ T ≤ 318 K and I = 0.3 mol dm-3 (NaClO4). The electron transfer reaction has also been carried out in the presence of anionic, cationic and neutral micelle. The reaction in acid medium is strongly catalyzed by changing [SDS]T (sodium dodecyl sulfate) up to 3 × 10-2 mol dm-3, beyond this concentration of SDS, the rate is retarded. The cationic and neutral micelle has a small effect on the rate. ΔH≠ (kJ mol-1) and ΔS≠ (JK-1 mol-1) values for the k1 and k2 paths are 30.20 ± 0.25, -159.65 ± 0.83 and 29.60 ± 0.62, -127.09 ± 2.17, respectively. The negative activation entropy is indicative of the ordered transition state for the electron transfer reaction. Formation of 2-amino-3-(2-amino-2-carboxy-ethyl) disulfanyl-propanoic acid as product is strongly supported by IR spectra.
Use of phosphogypsum in road construction
Authors: Folek Stanisław , Walawska Barbara , Wilczek Bożena , Miśkiewicz Jolanta 
Published: June 2011

Use of phosphogypsum in road construction
The paper presents practical utilisation in the construction of a parking lot of compositions based on waste (phosphogypsum) from the wet process of orthophosphoric acid manufacture. The results of strength tests performed after half a year and after one and a half year of parking lot operation confirmed the feasibility, established earlier in laboratory tests, of utilising phosphogypsum mixes with fly ash and stabilising binder.
Degradability of organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids in sea water
Authors: Wojciechowska Patrycja , Heimowska Aleksandra , Foltynowicz Zenon , Rutkowska Maria 
Published: June 2011

Degradability of organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids in sea water
Environmental degradability of novel organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids obtained via solgel process was investigated. The degradation of hybrids was studied under marine exposure conditions in the Baltic Sea for a period of 25 weeks. The influence of characteristic parameters of sea water on the degree of degradation monitored by changes of weight and optical microscopy was discussed. The degraded samples were also examined by FT-IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the CAB/silica hybrids are more susceptible to biodegradation in sea water environment than pure cellulose acetate butyrate.
INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation process
Authors: Polášek Pavel 
Published: June 2011

INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation processThis paper deals with optimisation and acceleration of the clarification process. It was established that both these objectives are closely inter-related and can be accomplished by the formation of aggregates with a high agitation intensity until the flocculation optimum is reached. This is a new method of formation of aggregates which is called the Inline High Density Suspension (IHDS) formation process. Further, under the IHDS process the aggregates are formed with a single root-mean-square velocity gradientG>> 50 s-1. It was also established that the process of formation of aggregates (expressed by residual e of the observed determinant) passes through a minimum. This minimum is considered to be the flocculation optimum. Furthermore, the agitation intensity (G) was found to be the inherent means influencing compactness and thereby density of the aggregates formed. This proves the vital role of agitation intensity on the morphological and physical properties of aggregates formed. The resultant aggregates formed by the IHDS process are very compact, dense and homogeneous in their size, shape, volume and inner structure. Last but not least, the IHDS process applied to the HR-CSAV type sludge blanket clarifier facilitated its high attainable upflow velocity above of 25 m h-1.
A calibration-free evapotranspiration mapping technique for spatially-distributed regional-scale hydrologic modeling
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef , Kovacs Akos 
Published: June 2011

A calibration-free evapotranspiration mapping technique for spatially-distributed regional-scale hydrologic modelingMonthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates over Hungary for 2000-2008 are mapped at a spatial scale of about 1 km with the help of MODIS daytime land surface temperature as well as sunshine duration, air temperature and humidity data. Mapping is achieved by a linear transformation of MODIS daytime land surface temperature values employing the complementary relationship of evaporation. Validation of the ET rates has been performed at spatial scales spanning almost three magnitudes from a few hundred meters to about a hundred kilometers employing eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and catchment water balance closures. Typically the unbiased ET estimates are within 15% of EC values at a monthly basis, within 7% at an annual, and within only a few percent at a multi-year basis. The ET estimates yield an especially remarkable match (relative error of 0.2%, R2= 0.95) with high-tower EC measurements at a monthly basis. The spatial distribution of the ET estimates confirm earlier, complex regional hydrologic model results and observations as well as yields a perfect estimate of the country's precipitation recycling index (the ratio of the multi-year mean ET and precipitation rates spatially aggregated for the whole country) of 89.2% vs an observed value of 89.6%. The CREMAP method is very simple, easy to implement, requires minimal data, calibration-free, and works accurately when conditions for the complementary relationship are met.
In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol
Authors: Zamaratskaia Galia , Rasmussen Martin , Herbin Isabelle , Ekstrand Bo , Zlabek Vladimir 
Published: June 2011

In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol
Sexually mature pigs are known to possess high concentrations of testicular steroids, which have been shown to change the activities of cytochrome P450 in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the regulation of CYP1A and CYP2E1 activity by the steroids dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3β-androstenol, 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol. Catalytic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) were used as markers of CYP1A activities, while p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) was used as a marker of CYP2E1 activities. Of the steroids tested, only 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol inhibited EROD and MROD activities. This inhibition was observed when a steroid concentration of 100 μM was used, while lower concentrations showed no inhibitory effect. PNPH activities were inhibited only by 100 μM of 17β-estradiol. The significance of these results in vivo is unknown because inhibition was only found when concentrations of estrogens higher than physiological levels were used. Nevertheless, the results provided further evidence on the important role of estrogens in regulation of porcine cytochrome P450 activities.
Effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization and disinfectant on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida (Acari) in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland
Authors: Graczyk Radomir , Seniczak Stanisław , WasińSka-Graczyk Beata 
Published: June 2011

Effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization and disinfectant on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida (Acari) in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland
Oribatid mites have a favourable influence on soil fertility. The effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization (40 and 80 m3 ha-1) and disinfectant at 3 concentrations: 0.50% (fungicidal), 0.75% (bactericidal), and 3.00% (viricidal) on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida was investigated in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland. Cattle liquid manure without disinfectants reduced the density of oribatid mites, especially in the spring, except for a higher dose of fertilizer in the summer, which increased their density compared to the control plot. This fertilizer treated with the disinfectants differentiated the density of oribatid mites, i.e. reduced or increased it, compared to the control plots. However an increased density was observed only in summer, after application of the higher dose of fertilizer with fungicide or viricide. In the control plot, some species (Achipteria coleoptrata and Parachipteria bella) were rather abundant in the spring and autumn, and some other species (Liebstadia humerata and Scheloribates laevigatus) only in the spring. Cattle liquid manure and disinfectants changed the dynamics of density of these species. In the control plot the adults were slightly more abundant than the juveniles in the spring, but the juveniles dominated in the summer, and the adults dominated again in the autumn. Cattle liquid manure and disinfectants changed the age structure of oribatid mites. None of the experimental variants was favourable for Oribatida in all seasons.
Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination
Authors: Yu Junwei 
Published: June 2011

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service ExaminationAlthough there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination (keju) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of keju played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a wen-version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti-physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor.
Sport: the Treasure of Temperance
Authors: Pisk Jernej 
Published: June 2011

Sport: the Treasure of TemperanceThe modern lifestyle, with its emphasis on enjoyment and immoderation, could lead a human being to the point where he is not a master of himself anymore. Inner desires and outer pressures force a man to take those actions that are not in accordance with his rational human nature and that are not good for him. According to the classical philosophical view of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, this clearly shows the inner slavery of modern man. Temperance, moderation or asceticism today seem old fashioned and unnecessary virtues; nevertheless, it is obvious that many problems of modern societies have roots in the absence of these virtues. These problems include a high percentage of obese population, different addictions and other health problems concerning the immoderate life style. It seems that nowadays enjoyment is the highest imperative for the individual and for society as a whole. However, these days it is possible to recognize the revival of these virtues. This paper points out the case of sport where these virtues are still cultivated and highly appreciated. At first this may seem somehow strange, because many times sport is perceived as connected with pleasure, fun and excess, but in reality sport demands much of participants. It could be even said that professional athletes are modern ascetics, and a big part of recreational sport is all but not enjoyment. In conclusion we can assert that virtues acquired in the field of sport can indeed help a human being to live a better life in general.
The Significance of Expression through Movement during Educational Process
Authors: Poliszczuk Tatiana , Dzich Ilona 
Published: June 2011

The Significance of Expression through Movement during Educational ProcessThis paper discusses the significance of expression through movement in modern education. People's attitudes towards their body image are described both in the context of physical culture and as they are perceived by society. Also discussed are the necessary changes to be made in physical education programs.The aim of the study is to analyze students' attitudes towards movement expression as a manifestation of body consciousness and the importance of using it in different aspects of social life. The study was carried out with 224 students from the University of Physical Education and the University of Technology in Warsaw. The paper is based both on opinion polls and empirical study. Different research methods, such as a questionnaire and an analysis of documentation, were applied.The resulting analysis indicates the need for movement expression in youth, both for personal and career development, nowadays an essential factor of success. Expression through movement is an important field of physical education that should be developed in modern times. Therefore it seems justifiable to include it in physical education programs at schools and universities. Above all, expression can become a useful tool for functioning in a dynamically changing social environment.
Examination of the Strength and Ductility of AA-1050 Material Shaped with the MUlti-Stage Deep Drawing Method
Authors: Karali M. 
Published: June 2011

Examination of the Strength and Ductility of AA-1050 Material Shaped with the MUlti-Stage Deep Drawing Method
Deep drawing materials are easily shapeable materials, because of their high ductility. Aluminum alloy materials are classified in the deep drawing materials group because they are easily shapeable. In order to increase the strength, materials are made an alloy by adding some chemical additives. They are also provided strength increasing by tempering. Normally, materials harden when reshaped under plastic deformation. Reshape the shaped materials harden while reducing its ductility. In this study, changes in mechanical properties immediately after the AA-1050 (T0) sheet material is shaped by the multi-stage deep drawing method and after storage were investigated. It was calculated that a 4-stage shaping is needed for a tube production at selected sizes. Deep drawing treatments are made in sizes of these stages. Samples were collected from each cold-shaped intermediary form. Mechanical properties of this materials are determined by applying tensile test. Some basic parameters, like tensile stresses, max. uniform strain rates, strain hardenings and strength coefficients, are investigated and compared. Obtained data were explained using graphs. It was observed that tensile strength increased and strain quantities were reduced at every stage. It is also seen an increase in strain hardening index.
Electrochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles During Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Alcohols Solvents
Authors: Stypuła B. , Starowicz M. , Hajos M. , Olejnik E. 
Published: June 2011

Electrochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles During Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Alcohols SolventsStudies of the effect of the kind of alcohol, electrolyte concentration and water on the anodic dissolution of zinc and the nature of dissolution products were performed. The dissolution products were analyzed by spectroscopic methods (SEM/EDS, XPS and UV-vis) and X-ray diffraction. These studies have shown that the process of anodic dissolution of zinc in alcohol electrolytes (methanol and ethanol) in the presence of water (1-5% vol.), is a simple way to obtain ZnO nanoparticles.
Experimental Study on Thermodynamics of the Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi Liquid Alloys
Authors: Wnuk G. 
Published: June 2011

Experimental Study on Thermodynamics of the Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi Liquid AlloysThe activity of Bi in dilute Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi alloys has been determined by the method of equilibrium saturation with metal vapour at T= 1398, 1448 and 1473 K. As the method of equilibrium saturation is a comparative one, it is necessary to have an appropriate reference mixture. The Cu-Bi alloy was accepted as the reference mixture. The interaction parameters εBi/Bi, εBi/Bi and εBi/Bi were determined by the least squares method.
The Influence of Thermal Stresses and Strand Bending on Surface Defects Formation in Continuously Cast Strands
Authors: Hadała B. , Cebo-Rudnicka A. , Malinowski Z. , Gołdasz A. 
Published: June 2011

The Influence of Thermal Stresses and Strand Bending on Surface Defects Formation in Continuously Cast StrandsImprovement of slab surface quality is a very important goal in continues casting process of steel. It is closely coupled with casting line productivity and tendency to increase casting speed. In such a case rapid cooling of strand surface mast be employed. It results in thermal stresses development and formation of surface cracks if casting speed, cooling conditions or the arc of casting machine are not appropriate. The strain and stress fields in continuously cast strand have been determined based on the developed thermo-mechanical model and finite element software. It allowed to calculate variation of selected criterions integrals over the hole casting line starting from solidification process in the mould and ending at cutting section. Steady solution to heat transfer equation has been used to calculate strand temperature field. Mould temperature has been calculated from the three dimensional transient model. Finite element method has been employed to build steady and transient heat transfer models. Finite element solution accuracy to the temperature field has been improved. New algorithm of the solidification heat handling has been developed to stabilize a steady solution to the heat transport equation. Damageability of the strand has been evaluated based on four fracture criterions.
Investigation of Thermomechanical Properties of Ferromagnetic NiFeGa Shape Memory Alloy Subjected to Pseudoelastic Compression Test
Authors: Pieczyska E. , Dutkiewicz J. , Masdeu F. , Luckner J. , Maciak R. 
Published: June 2011

Investigation of Thermomechanical Properties of Ferromagnetic NiFeGa Shape Memory Alloy Subjected to Pseudoelastic Compression TestIn the study stress-induced reversible phase transformation in NiFeGa magnetically controlled shape memory alloy subjected to pseudoelastic compression test was investigated. The specimen's mechanical characteristics and temperature changes related to the exothermic martensite transformation and endothermic reverse transformation were measured in contact-less way by using a fast and sensitive infrared camera (IR). It was found that the stress-induced phase transformation process occurs in this alloy in heterogeneous way, since the observed specimen's temperature distribution was not uniform. Stress-strain curves obtained for the first, as well as for the subsequent six loading-unloading compression cycles and their related temperature changes, elaborated as average from the specimen's surface, were analyzed. It was concluded that the stress and the temperature changes developing in the subsequent cycles depend on the applied test conditions, however the highest discrepancies were observed between the first and the second cycles of the compression loading.
Development of a Chimeric Replicon System for Phenotypic Analysis of Ns3 Protease Sequences from HCV Clinical Isolates
Authors: Sheaffer Amy K , Lee Min S , Hernandez Dennis , Chaniewski Susan , Yu Fei , Falk Paul , Friborg Jacques , Zhai Guangzhi , McPhee Fiona 
Published: June 2011

Background To support clinical development of HCV non-structural protein (NS) 3 protease inhibitors (PIs), phenotypic monitoring of patient isolates is a prerequisite for understanding the emergence of resistance. HCV isolates typically fail to replicate in cell culture, necessitating the use of alternative phenotyping methods. Methods An NS3 protease chimeric replicon system was developed to monitor the phenotype of clinical isolates. The transfer of NS3 protease domain sequences from HCV-infected patients to the background of genotype (Gt) 1a-H77c, 1b-Con1 and 2a-JFH-1 lab strain replicons adapted to high-level cell culture replication was investigated. Results NS3 protease sequences derived from HCV Gt 1a or Gt 1b infected patients were transferred into Gt 1a and 1b replicons, respectively. Replication was detected for 20% of Gt 1a and 75% of Gt 1b sequences. Incorporation of known cell culture adaptive change NS3-E176G improved replication of Gt 1b but not of Gt 1a sequences. Transfer of Gt 1a clinical sequences into the Gt 1b background enhanced replication and allowed phenotypic analysis of all sequences. A correlation was observed between clinical isolate sequence polymorphisms and reduced susceptibility to NS3 PI. In mixed populations containing known NS3 PI resistance changes NS3-R155K or D168E/V, sensitivity of resistance detection was ≥10%. Conclusions An HCV replicon capable of supporting phenotypic characterization of patient-derived HCV NS3 protease sequences was developed. Pre-existence of amino acid changes associated with NS3 PI resistance highlights the need for combination therapies in the treatment of HCV.
L'Asie d'une crise à l'autre : l'impact sur l'intégration régionale
Authors: Figuière Catherine , Guilhot Laëtitia 
Published: June 2011

Cette contribution montre en quoi le cheminement du processus d’intégration régionale à l’œuvre en Asie orientale est corrélé à l’histoire des crises que traverse l’Asie à dix ans d’intervalle. En 1997, l’Asie entre en crise et réagit en jetant les bases d’un régime monétaire et financier régional. En 2007, la crise qui débute aux États-Unis se diffuse, ensuite, en Asie, qui réagit en intensifiant la coopération interétatique, toujours dans le domaine monétaire, jusqu’à constituer un régime régional.