bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult nasal glioma presenting with visual loss
Authors: Majithia A , Liyanage S H , Hewitt R , Grant W E 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectives:We report a rare case of a nasal glioma found incidentally in an adult, presenting with visual loss, optic nerve oedema and proptosis.Case report:A 41-year-old woman presented with bilateral proptosis, impairment in visual acuity (6/60 bilaterally) and loss of colour vision. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed proptosis, bilateral optic nerve swelling and a heterogeneous mass occupying the left nasal cavity and extending through a skull base defect into the anterior cranial fossa. Biopsy confirmed a nasal glioma. Treatment with intravenous dexamethasone resolved the proptosis, and the patient's visual acuity recovered to 6/9 bilaterally. At the multidisciplinary team meeting, it was felt that the nasal glioma probably represented an incidental finding and was not directly responsible for the patient's proptosis and transient visual loss.Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English language literature of adult nasal glioma presenting with visual loss. The management of nasal gliomas in adults is contentious and the relevant literature is reviewed. This case was managed conservatively with regular follow up.
When “Crack walnuts” lies in different brain regions: Evidence from a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study
Authors: PIRAS FABRIZIO , MARANGOLO PAOLA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTheories of lexical processing differ as to how multimorphemic words, such as compounds, are mentally processed. The most recent findings seem to support the dual route hypothesis, which assumes that complex words can be stored and retrieved either whole or by decomposition into their constituents. Despite great efforts to investigate the cognitive mechanisms involved in processing complex words, very little is known about how compounds are represented in the brain. The present study was designed to address this issue in a group of 20 left-hemispheric stroke patients who were submitted to four picture-naming tasks involving nouns, verbs, noun-noun (NN) and verb-noun (VN) compounds. To determine the brain lesions implicated in these tasks, we analyzed patients’ performances together with their lesions using Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping (VLSM). Results showed that while NN involved the same temporal areas as nouns, VN (although they belong to the noun category) involved different fronto-temporal regions. This latter finding is discussed within the view that distinct mechanisms process the different constituents of complex words. (JINS, 2010, 16, 433–442.)
Numerical testing of the Rare Earth Hypothesis using Monte Carlo realization techniques
Authors: Forgan Duncan H. , Rice Ken 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has thus far failed to provide a convincing detection of intelligent life. In the wake of this null signal, many ‘contact-pessimistic’ hypotheses have been formulated, the most famous of which is the Rare Earth Hypothesis. It postulates that although terrestrial planets may be common, the exact environmental conditions that Earth enjoys are rare, perhaps unique. As a result, simple microbial life may be common, but complex metazoans (and, hence, intelligence) will be rare. In this paper we use Monte Carlo realization techniques to investigate the Rare Earth Hypothesis, in particular the environmental criteria considered imperative to the existence of intelligence on Earth. By comparing with a less restrictive, more optimistic hypothesis, the data indicate that if the Rare Earth hypothesis is correct, intelligent civilization will indeed be relatively rare. Studying the separations of pairs of civilizations shows that most intelligent civilization pairs (ICPs) are unconnected: that is, they will not be able to exchange signals at lightspeed in the limited time that both are extant. However, the few ICPs that are connected are strongly connected, being able to participate in numerous exchanges of signals. This may provide encouragement for SETI researchers: although the Rare Earth Hypothesis is in general a contact-pessimistic hypothesis, it may be a ‘soft’ or ‘exclusive’ hypothesis, i.e. it may contain facets that are latently contact-optimistic.
Vector bundles trivialized by proper morphisms and the fundamental group scheme
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dos Santos João Pedro P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLet X be a smooth projective variety defined over an algebraically closed field k. Nori constructed a category of vector bundles on X, called essentially finite vector bundles, which is reminiscent of the category of representations of the fundamental group (in characteristic zero). In fact, this category is equivalent to the category of representations of a pro-finite group scheme which controls all finite torsors. We show that essentially finite vector bundles coincide with those which become trivial after being pulled back by some proper and surjective morphism to X.
3 Mesopotamia and Israel
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Job. The former, which should be considered as a tragic drama and at the same time an example of wisdom literature, can be seen as an example of ancient humanism, for it both explores a temptation to hope for immortality, and rebukes that temptation, depicting it as a failure of true human wisdom, and a failure to understand the rational consolations of life. The Book of Job is also a tragic drama, with absurdist elements, which does not attempt to solve intellectually the problem of evil and injustice, but to confront it. Both works present imaginatively experience which has a depth of reality that in effect excludes hope for immortality.
5 The Christian Beginnings
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractJesus’ words about salvation and damnation reveal an extraordinarily heightened sense of the absolute claims the spiritual makes upon us, independently of belief in a future state. Jesus enforces with prodigious power the sense that failure to live with total confidence in God's fatherhood forfeits everything. St. Paul transforms the message by adding a timeless, mythical character to the mission of Jesus, sublating the tragedy of his execution into the history of a savior god. The chapter explores early accounts of hell in the apocrypha, Fathers of the Church, and Origen who denied hell's eternity, preaching a restoration of all (apocatastasis) at the end of time. It ends with a brief account of some Muslim traditions of hell, of Izra ‘il, Angel of Death, of interrogation by the angels Munkar and Nakir, the Sirat or narrow bridge over hell which all must pass over.
7 Predestination: Augustine to Calvin and Beyond
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the history and logic of the doctrine of predestination—that because of inherited (“original”) sin man needs divine grace to perform any righteous act. Since grace is a free gift of God, it was taken to follow that God, in withholding it from some and granting it to others, consigns some to everlasting perdition simply from the counsel of his own will, from all eternity. The chapter examines St. Augustine, chief originator of the doctrine, and his struggle with those who opposed it, especially the Pelagians. It goes on to examine Calvin's more severe concept of Double Predestination, and later developments, through the Council of Trent, disputes between Jansenists and Jesuits, up to the modern times. It examines critically whether belief in fundamental human depravity can have a rational basis.
8 The Decline of Hell
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.
9 Rome's Happiest Inspiration?
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Roman Catholic doctrine of Purgatory has possibly attracted more opprobrium from Protestants than any other teaching of the Church. It went with the granting of indulgences—one of the precipitating occasions of the Reformation. Purgatory had very little scriptural warrant, greatly increased the spiritual power of the Church, and was thought to give rise to many abuses. Yet (the chapter argues) it was one of the happiest inspirations of Rome, for it led to a deepening understanding of the psychology of repentance, and a more humane vision of the possibilities of salvation. This theme is explored particularly in relation to Dante's Purgatorio along with a brief discussion of T. S. Eliot's poem “Animula.”
14 Heavenly Speculations
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe English speculated in an empirical way about heaven (as they had done about hell) in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries. Isaac Watts envisaged what was virtually a Royal Society of intellectual speculation in heaven. Other thinkers discussed at length what avocations and travels would keep the saved occupied throughout eternity. The relation between our original bodies and the risen version was often discussed, with surprising results. Some—the “mortalists”—denied that the body could be immortal. One of the most striking speculative projects—Thomas Burnet's A Sacred Theory of the Earth, which explains what will happen after the General Resurrection—is described. There was also a heaven of sentimental eroticism, and a suggestion that we need not die at all.
15 Heaven Heard and Seen: Swedenborg
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSwedenborg aims vividly to describe his encounters with angels in the various “heavens” he claims to have visited. His heavens and hells might be called “real,” in that they correspond to psychological states. Swedenborg has been called the inventor of the modern heaven. The human soul contains powers and possibilities that accord with the Romantic doctrine of man as microcosm of the universe. There is an affinity of mystics such as Blake with Swedenborg. Heaven is not a reward for goodness, or hell a punishment for evil. In so far as we are good and filled with love, we are in heaven. Swedenborg's heaven is not God‐centered. There is no place for original sin in his philosophy, or for the ascetic. His is an optimistic vision, thoroughly Pelagian. Marriage and the erotic—even in heaven—is at the center of his thought, with an emphasis on “conjugial” love.
16 With Easy Intercourse Pass To and Fro
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the birth of spiritualism, influenced by the events of the American Civil War, and finally by the First World War. Spiritualism is partly a legacy of Swedenborgianism, and partly an attempt to prove survival after death scientifically. The first claimed spiritualist phenomena were in Hydesville, New York, and then Massachusetts. Many distinguished intellectuals gave credence to Spiritualism. The chapter explores the apparent credulity of members of the Cambridge (England)–based Society for Psychical Research, especially toward the famous medium D. D. Home (“Mr Sludge the Medium”). The First World War and its losses encouraged the cult, which was accepted by many as a New Revelation. The astonishing resemblance of the actions of mediums to those of conjurors is described, as is the skepticism of Harry Houdini.
17 Scoring in Heaven
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the gap that opened up in the twentieth century between theologians and popular religion. It looks at the confident beliefs about the future life of Mormons; the optimism of the “American Way of Death” as expressed in the memorial park movement, culminating in Forest Lawn Memorial Park. But it also looks at the Rapture believers, and beliefs of some evangelical Christians about Armageddon, the final triumph of Christianity, and the end of the world. Finally it explores modern Muslim apocalypticists, with their corresponding expectation of the Dajjal (Antichrist) and final triumph of Islam. It ends with the beliefs in the Second Coming and Antichrist of the ancient Coptic Church of Egypt.
Profit Power Economics
Authors: de Kuijper Mia A. M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractProfit Power Economics brings together cutting-edge economics, network mathematics, and business experience to give readers a clear grasp of the underlying forces that are reshaping our business world. This groundbreaking book offers nothing less than a new economic paradigm for our age—as well as the practical tools to make the most of it. Challenging, insightful and practical, Profit Power Economics will change the way you think, compete, and invest. This book demonstrates that the emergence of perfect information is transforming our business fundamentals so dramatically that this is grounds for doubting many familiar principles of mainstream economics. Profit Power Economics provocatively declares that it is time that we update our ideas about competition, business models, mass consumer markets, even the nature of winning itself. What are the new rules for corporate leaders and investors to maximize returns? What are the new strategies? This book argues convincingly that profit power—the ability to retain your own enterprise's profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—is the key. In Profit Power Economics, readers get all the basics to navigate today's economy, including the 12 power nodes and the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits. These help readers to identify the most profitable enterprise elements; decide what to own; structure and manage modern global enterprises; win in 3-dimensional corporate competition; and win in mass-markets by using the powerlaw dynamics of networked decision-makers.
The Power Node Strategy
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 1 introduces Profit Power—the ability to retain your own profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—and asserts that profit power is the key to achieving extraordinary returns. Being best is not good enough. The sources of profit power are called power nodes. This chapter provides concrete examples of how power nodes work to produce extraordinary returns.
Three-Dimensional Competition
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCorporate competition will become 3-dimensional due to the proliferation of focused companies in the age of transparency. Competition will be about capturing returns, not about gaining horizontal market share. In many cases, the key determinant of returns will be the ability to defend or extract returns from vertical competitors. The chapter introduces a new measure to assess 3-dimensional competitive strength, relative power strength (RPS).
6 Cognitive Reserve and Aging
Authors: Stern Yaakov 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe concept of reserve has been proposed to account for the disjunction between the degree of brain damage and its clinical outcome. After reviewing epidemiologic data supporting the concept of cognitive reserve, this chapter focuses on methodologic approaches for imaging studies intended to delineate the neural underpinnings of cognitive reserve (CR). It suggests three interrelated questions that can guide this research: Do old and young individuals use the same or different networks to mediate task performance? If they use the same network, can CR be related to individual differences in network efficiency and capacity? If they use different networks, can CR be related to this compensatory activation? Finally it raises the possibility that CR might be mediated by a generalized network that is independent of the specific demands of the task at hand.
7 Compensatory Reorganization of Brain Networks in Older Adults
Authors: Grady Cheryl L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvidence from neuroimaging studies shows that increased recruitment of prefrontal cortex and greater functional connectivity between prefrontal and other brain regions, including the medial temporal lobes, are often associated with better memory performance in older adults. These alterations in memory-related brain activity may be compensatory, but may also indicate less efficient use of these regions. A major unresolved issue is the relation between these functional age differences and structural brain changes with age, particularly in the white matter tracts that support communication between brain areas. The use of network approaches for image analysis has considerable potential to inform us about how brain areas work together to mediate memory function and how these networks change as we get older.
8 Cross-Species Imaging Applied to the Aging Brain: Dissociating Alzheimer’s Disease from Normal Aging
Authors: Jones Sidonie T. , Small Scott A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhether ‘cognitive aging’ and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping processes or whether they are mechanistically distinct has been an ongoing debate. Indeed, both the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and aging itself have been found to affect the function of the hippocampal formation, a brain structure vital for memory. The hippocampal formation is made up of separate subregions, each expressing a unique molecular profile. It is this molecular anatomy that explains why mechanistically distinct processes that cause hippocampal dysfunction do so by differentially targeting select hippocampal subregions. Here, we review a series of recent studies that have applied a high-resolution variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging to map hippocampal dysfunction in human patients, aging nonhuman primates, and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and aging. Taken together with additional postmortem observations, these studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease and aging target different subregions of hippocampal formation. More than just informing the debate over Alzheimer's disease and aging, pinpointing hippocampal subregions differentially affected by each may improve diagnostic abilities, and—more importantly—can be used to uncover pathogenic mechanisms.
16 MRI and the Differential Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Bastos-Leite António J. , Scheltens Philip 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up the way to diagnose dementia in vivo. It provides clear evidence for hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), lobar atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular changes in VaD, and specific findings in some rare forms of dementia. In addition, the traditional role of excluding space-occupying lesions has been kept and the combination of both aspects has rendered MRI indispensable in the diagnostic work-up.
17 White Matter Hyperintensities in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Mayda Adriane , Yoshita Mitsuhiro , DeCarli Charles 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBoth advancing age and cognitive impairment are associated with increased prevalence of various brain diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) being the most common. Abnormalities of cerebral white matter commonly seen on a magnetic resonance image (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are non-specific, but are increased with aging, CVD, and as a possible consequence of AD. In this chapter, we review current scientific evidence regarding the impact of white matter changes, particularly WMH, on cognition with aging and in the setting of cognitive impairment syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
18 Functional MRI Studies in Aging and Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Predicting Clinical Decline
Authors: Sperling Reisa 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin years, perhaps even decades, prior to the point of clinical diagnosis. Novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have the potential to detect very early brain dysfunction that may predict cognitive decline and subsequent diagnosis of dementia. fMRI studies of subjects at risk for AD have been somewhat inconsistent, with some studies suggesting there may be a period of paradoxical “hyperactivity” very early in the course of prodromal AD, particularly in the hippocampus. It remains unclear whether early functional alterations are compensatory in the setting of early AD pathology or are sensitive indicators of neuronal toxicity. The combination of molecular and functional imaging techniques should prove valuable in elucidating the relationship between AD pathology and brain network dysfunction, and ultimately in predicting clinical decline.
6 Hypothetical Consent
Authors: Kuflik Arthur 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the coherence and force of appeals to hypothetical consent—that to which a person would consent if he or she were in a position to do so. We might say it is permissible to perform surgery on an unconscious person because he or she would have consented had he or she been able to consent or arrange a person's posthumous affairs by reference to what he or she would have consented. Although the intuitive force of hypothetical consent is powerful, some philosophers have argued that such hypothetical consent not only is not real consent, but also that it can do no moral work. The chapter argues that this view is too quick.
8 Consent to Sexual Relations
Authors: Wertheimer Alan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of when a person's consent to sexual relations is morally transformative. For example, if one consents while intoxicated or after one has been deceived, is it permissible for the other party to proceed? It develops a general account of the criteria of moral transformative consent (CMT), a set of criteria that itself can take two forms: the criteria of morally transformative consent for the law (CMTL) and the criteria of morally transformative consent for morality (CMTM). Both versions of CMT are moral criteria, but the criteria that indicate when consent should—as a moral matter—be regarded as legally permissible are not identical to the criteria that indicate when a person's consent renders another's action morally permissible.
12 Political Obligation and Consent
Authors: Simmons A. John 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the age-old question: Do we have an obligation to obey the law? It has long been argued that one has an obligation to obey the law if (Plato) and perhaps “only if” (Locke) one consents to do so. The chapter argues that citizens in a democratic polity do not consent to be governed and thus cannot acquire obligations in this way.