bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of electronic and atomic structure of tribofilms on the surface of cutting tools with TiAlCrSiYN and multilayer TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN coatings during machining of hardened steels
Authors: Kovalev A. , Wainstein D. , Rashkovskiy A. , Fox‐Rabinovich G. , Veldhuis S. , Agguire M. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNanostructured single‐layer TiAlCrSiYN and multilayer TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN coatings were deposited by a hybrid physical vapor deposition (PVD) coater with a plasma‐enhanced type arc source. Yttrium was added as a surfactant element to stabilize the nanostructure of the coating. The paper reports on the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and analysis of the extended energy loss fine structure(EELFS) spectroscopy studies of the electronic and atomic structure of tribofilms formed on the surface of cutting tools during high‐speed machining of hardened tool steels. It was shown by electron spectroscopy investigations that two types of tribofilms form on the surface of cutting tools. The first type is sapphire‐like (AlO) and mullite‐like (AlSiO) films with high protective ability. The second type has an amorphous‐like structure and a high density of dangling bonds enhancing their lubrication properties at elevated temperatures. This unique combination of thermal‐barrier and frictional characteristics of these tribofilms allows the cutting tool to stand high‐speed cutting conditions and achieve reliable tool life. A more intensive generation of mullite‐like tribofilms was observed in the single‐layer coating in contrast to the multilayer one, where generation of the sapphire‐like component prevailed. Most probably, the nanostructuring of the coating increases the interface and grain boundary diffusion and activates the formation of a high‐temperature tribo‐oxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from poplar wood (Populus L.)
Authors: Demiral Hakan , Uzun Işıl 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, the residues of poplar wood were used to produce activated carbons by chemical activation. In chemical activation, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 were used as activating agents. Chemical activation was carried out by mixing the solutions of K2CO3 or Na2CO3 and poplar wood with the impregnation ratio (gram chemical agent/gram poplar wood) of 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1. The carbonization treatment was performed at 800 and 900 °C under nitrogen flow. After carbonization, the samples were washed with hot distilled water.The pore properties of the activated carbons including the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and average pore diameter were determined by physical adsorption of N2 at − 196 °C using the BET, t‐plot and density functional theory(DFT) methods. The highest surface areas of activated carbons are 1579 and 1596 m2/g and the total pore volumes are 0.8859 and 0.8296 cm3/g for Na2CO3 and K2CO3, respectively. The microstructure of the activated carbons prepared was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra.This study showed that high surface area activated carbons can be prepared from the chemical activation of poplar with K2CO3 and Na2CO3 as activating agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the carbide coarsening during the annealing of X20CrMoV12.1 steel
Authors: Skobir Danijela Anica , Godec Matjaž , Nagode Aleš , Jenko Monika 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe steel X20CrMoV12.1 has been widely used for the steam pipes in power plants since 1960s. It exhibits a good combination of high‐temperature strength, toughness and creep strength. The microstructure consists of high‐tempered martensite with finely dispersed carbide precipitates along the boundaries of the ex‐austenitic grains and the ferritic sub‐boundaries. The carbides change their chemical and phase composition as well as their size with time and temperature until equilibrium is reached. However, this process lasts for thousands of hours. For this reason, we simulated these conditions in the laboratory using higher temperatures in order to accelerate the process. After different annealing times the carbide precipitates and their orientational relationships with the neighbouring grains were examined by electron‐backscatter diffraction (EBSD). After 24 h of annealing all the carbides were M23C6 and were in an orientational relationship with the matrix. The volume fraction of carbides is independent of annealing time and temperature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between angiogenesis and islet graft function in diabetic mice: magnetic resonance imaging assessment
Authors: Sakata Naoaki , Obenaus Andre , Chan Nathaniel K. , Hayes Pete , Chrisler John , Hathout Eba 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground/purposeDynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) was used to evaluate neovascularization after intravenous injection of gadolinium, where contrast leaks out of new vessels and remains within the tissues. We examined the relationship between DCE‐MRI and metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin and glucose tolerance test (GTT) after intraportal islet transplantation.MethodsStreptozotocin‐induced diabetic BALB/c mice (n = 15) received syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation (500 islet equivalent). Blood glucose, serum insulin and GTT were evaluated till postoperative day (POD) 14. Liver DCE‐MRI was performed at POD 3, 7 and 14. Correlations between DCE‐MRI and metabolic parameters were examined using regression analysis.ResultsEight mice achieved normoglycemia after intraportal transplantation. At POD 3 a significant but moderate correlation between DCE‐MRI and blood glucose was found. No DCE‐MRI or metabolic parameters correlated at POD 7. However, at POD 14 strong or moderate correlations between DCE‐MRIs were found: negative correlations with blood glucose (R
2 = 0.86) and GTT (R
2 = 0.48) but a positive correlation with serum insulin (R
2 = 0.32).ConclusionWe report that DCE‐MRI can reflect the metabolic and functional condition of the transplanted islets.
Favorable clinical outcome using a covered stent following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension
Authors: Wu Xingjiang , Ding Weiwei , Cao Jianmin , Han Jianmin , Huang Qian , Li Ning , Li Jieshou 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAimsTo compare retrospectively the clinical outcomes in patients treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) using the novel polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stents (Fluency) and bare stents.Materials and methodsSixty consecutive patients with portal hypertension treated with TIPS from April 2007 to April 2009 were included. TIPS creation was performed with Fluency stent grafts in 30 patients (group A) and with bare stents in 30 patients (group B). Liver function, TIPS patency and clinical outcomes were evaluated every 3 months after procedures.ResultsDuring hospitalization, there were no cases of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and recurrence of variceal bleedings. Acute shunt occlusion was found in one patient in each group. Follow‐ups were performed in group A with average time of 6.16 ± 3.89 months and in group B with 8.34 ± 4.42 months. The rates of recurrent bleeding, shunt occlusion, HE and mortality were 0.03, 0.0, 16.7 and 0% in group A, and 20.0, 30.0, 20.0 and 13.3% in group B, respectively. There was no difference of HE between group A and group B. The decrease of portal pressure and portosystemic pressure gradient, and the increase of portal flow were 34.1 and 23.3%, 60.0 and 52.8%, and 189.5 and 111.1% in group A and B, respectively. There were no differences of liver function between group A and B.ConclusionThe Fluency stent graft is relatively safe and effective in TIPS creation, with a high patency rate compared with bare stents.
Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China
Authors: Xu Qingwen , Perkins Douglas D. , Chow Julian Chun-Chung 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study examines the state of sense of community, neighboring behavior, and social capital in the People’s Republic of China, and explores their ability to predict local political participation, in the form of voting in elections for Urban Resident/Rural Villager Committees. Using a nationally representative survey, rural, older and married residents and those with a primary or high school education and higher perceived socio‐economic status are more likely to participate. In rural areas, men are more likely than women to vote. For urban residents, knowing one’s neighbors is more important whereas in rural areas, neighboring behavior is more important, but both predict voting. Social capital does not generally predict Chinese people’s local political participation. Western definitions of social capital derived from theories about networking, bonding and bridging ties may be too culturally individualistic for China, whose collectivist society and agrarian kinship networks predate Communism. Simply knowing and helping one’s neighbors, rather than more abstract notions of trust, reciprocity or membership, may lead to the development of local democracy.
The Influence of n‐3 PUFA Supplements and n‐3 PUFA Enriched Foods on the n‐3 LC PUFA Intake of Flemish Women
Authors: Sioen Isabelle , Devroe Jolien , Inghels David , Terwecoren Ruth , De Henauw Stefaan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFood consumption data of Flemish women of reproductive age collected in 2002 showed a large deficit for ALA and n‐3 LC PUFA compared to the recommendations (mean ALA and EPA + DHA intake 1.4 g/day and 209 mg/day, respectively) and indicated a need to tackle the problem of low n‐3 PUFA intake. Another recent Belgian study demonstrated that enrichment of commonly eaten food items with n‐3 PUFA provides the opportunity to increase the n‐3 PUFA intake up to 6.5 g/day and decrease the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. Since a large supply of n‐3 PUFA supplements and n‐3 PUFA enriched foods exists on the Belgian market, this study aimed at assessing the influence of these products on the n‐3 LC PUFA intake for Flemish women of reproductive age. It was found that n‐3 supplements are consumed by 5% of the Flemish women. Of all the n‐3 PUFA enriched foods on the Flemish market, margarines and cooking fat are most frequently consumed by young women. The results indicated that a big gap remains between the EPA&DHA intake (mean = 276 mg/day) and the recommendation. Seafood remains the most important source of EPA&DHA. Only 11.6% of the population sample reached an intake level of 500 mg EPA&DHA per day. The study showed that other strategies will be needed to increase the EPA&DHA intake in the long term.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker results in relation to neuropathological dementia diagnoses
Authors: Brunnström Hans , Rawshani Nina , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Minthon Lennart , Passant Ulla , Englund Elisabet 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundClinical dementia diagnoses are not always consistent with neuropathological findings. As correct diagnosis is important for treatment and care, new diagnostic possibilities for dementia are in demand. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers should ideally be able to identify ongoing processes in the brain, but need to be further compared with neuropathological findings for evaluation of their diagnostic validity.MethodsThis study included 43 patients with a clinical dementia disorder. All patients were neuropathologically examined at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, during the years 2001‐2008, and all had a lumbar puncture carried out as part of the clinical investigation during the time of cognitive impairment.ResultsOf eight patients, five with Alzheimer's disease had elevated total tau protein (T‐tau) and decreased amyloid beta 1‐42 protein (Aβ42), while both values for the other three patients were normal. Slightly elevated T‐tau and/or decreased Aβ42 were also seen in several patients with other dementia diagnoses such as Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and vascular dementia. Furthermore, T‐tau levels did not differ markedly between patients with morphologically tau‐positive and tau‐negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Also, seven of nine patients with Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease exhibited pronounced elevation in T‐tau concentration.ConclusionFrom this rather limited study, being the first of its kind in Sweden, we may conclude that there is no perfect concordance between cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels and pathological findings, which should be taken into account in the clinical diagnostic setting.
The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009
Authors: Wimo Anders , Winblad Bengt , Jönsson Linus 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to update the previous estimate of the worldwide cost of dementia in 2005 to 2009.MethodsThe cost model is based on prevalence estimates, country and region‐specific data on Gross Domestic Product per person and average wage, with results from previously published cost‐of‐illness studies in different countries. Prevalence figures are updated to 2009 and costs were adjusted to 2009 constant US dollars ($).ResultsThe total worldwide societal cost of dementia, based on a dementia population of 34.4 million demented persons, was estimated to $422 billion in 2009, including $142 billion for informal care (34%).ConclusionsThe worldwide cost of dementia has increased by 34% (18% in fixed prices) between 2005 and 2009.
Interpersonal influences on adolescent materialism: A new look at the role of parents and peers
Authors: Chaplin Lan Nguyen , John Deborah Roedder 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhat causes adolescents to be materialistic? Prior research shows parents and peers are an important influence. Researchers have viewed parents and peers as socialization agents that transmit consumption attitudes, goals, and motives to adolescents. We take a different approach, viewing parents and peers as important sources of emotional support and psychological well‐being, which increase self‐esteem in adolescents. Supportive parents and peers boost adolescents' self‐esteem, which decreases their need to turn to material goods to develop positive self‐perceptions. In a study with 12–18 year‐olds, we find support for our view that self‐esteem mediates the relationship between parent/peer influence and adolescent materialism.
DISCRETENESS CRITERIA FOR ISOMETRIC GROUPS ACTING ON COMPLEX HYPERBOLIC SPACES
Authors: FU XI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, four new discreteness criteria for isometric groups on complex hyperbolic spaces are proved, one of which shows that the Condition C hypothesis in Cao [‘Discrete and dense subgroups acting on complex hyperbolic space’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.78(2008), 211–224, Theorem 1.4] is removable; another shows that the parabolic condition hypothesis in Li and Wang [‘Discreteness criteria for Möbius groups acting on$\overline {\mathbb {R}}^n$II’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.80(2009), 275–290, Theorem 3.1] is not necessary.
Observation, working images and procedure: the ‘Great Spiral’ in Lord Rosse's astronomical record books and beyond
Authors: NASIM OMAR W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the interrelations between astronomical images of nebulae and their observation. In particular, using the case of the ‘Great Spiral’ (M51), we follow this nebula beginning with its discovery and first sketch made by the third Earl of Rosse in 1845, to giving an account, using archival sources, of exactly how other images of the same object were produced over the years and stabilized within the record books of the Rosse project. It will be found that a particular ‘procedure’ was employed using ‘working images’ that interacted with descriptions, other images and the telescopic object itself. This stabilized not only some set of standard images of the object, but also a very potent conception of spirality as well, i.e. as a ‘normal form’. Finally, two cases will be contrasted, one being George Bond's application of this spiral conception to the nebula in Orion, and the other Wilhelm Tempel's rejection of the spiral form in M51.
Genetic variation among lambs in peripheral IgE activity against the larval stages ofTeladorsagia circumcincta
Authors: MURPHY L. , ECKERSALL P. D. , BISHOP S. C. , PETTIT J. J. , HUNTLEY J. F. , BURCHMORE R. , STEAR M. J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYIgA and IgE activity againstTeladorsagia circumcinctawas investigated in a flock of Texel lambs following natural, mixed nematode infection among lambs. The distribution of IgA activity was similar to a gamma distribution whereas IgE activity was different. Box-Cox analysis demonstrated that X0·25was a suitable transformation to normalise IgE responses. The transformed IgE activity was under moderate to strong genetic control. Nine different allergens were identified by proteomic analysis. Tropomyosin was selected for further analysis. IgE activity against tropomyosin was moderately heritable and associated with decreased egg counts and with reduced body weight at the time of sampling.
Maternal effects and early-life performance are associated with parasite resistance across life in free-living Soay sheep
Authors: HAYWARD A. D. , PILKINGTON J. G. , PEMBERTON J. M. , KRUUK L. E. B. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYMaternal effects occur when the maternal phenotype influences that of the offspring in addition to the effects of maternal genes, and may have a considerable influence on offspring parasite resistance. These effects, and the effects of early levels of reproduction and parasite resistance, may persist into later life and even influence ageing rates. Here we analyse a 20-year longitudinal data set collected on a free-living population of Soay sheep, to investigate the associations between a suite of maternal phenotypic traits and early-life performance on measures of parasite resistance across life. Our results show that maternal effects are important in determining offspring parasite resistance, since lambs born as twins and those born to the youngest and oldest mothers show higher parasite burdens. We show that the association between parasite resistance and natal litter size persists into adulthood. We also show that age-specific changes in parasite resistance in males are associated with natal litter size, and that age-specific changes in females are influenced by early-life levels of reproduction and parasite infection. These results add to the growing evidence that conditions experienced by individuals during development can have a profound influence on immediate and late-life performance and may even influence ageing.
BIAS CORRECTIONS IN TESTING AND ESTIMATING SEMIPARAMETRIC, SINGLE INDEX MODELS
Authors: Klein Roger , Shen Chan 
Published: March 2010

Semiparametric methods are widely employed in applied work where the ability to conduct inferences is important. To establish asymptotic normality for making inferences, bias control mechanisms are often used in implementing semiparametric estimators. The first contribution of this paper is to propose a mechanism that enables us to establish asymptotic normality with regular kernels. In so doing, we argue that the resulting estimator performs very well in finite samples.Semiparametric models are commonly estimated under a single index assumption. Because the consistency of the estimator critically depends on this assumption being correct, our second objective is to develop a test for it. To ensure that the test statistic has good size and power properties in finite samples, we employ a bias control mechanism similar to that underlying the estimator. Furthermore, we structure the test so that its form adapts to the model under the alternative hypothesis. Monte Carlo results confirm that the bias control and the adaptive feature significantly improve the performance of the test statistic in finite samples.
Focused Ion Beam Characterization of Bicomponent Polymer Fibers
Authors: Wong K.C. , Haslauer C.M. , Anantharamaiah N. , Pourdeyhimi B. , Batchelor A.D. , Griffis D.P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious work has shown that focused ion beam (FIB) nanomachining can be effectively utilized for the cross-sectional analysis of polymers such as core-shell solid microspheres and hollow latex nanospheres. While these studies have clearly demonstrated the precise location selection and nanomachining control provided by the FIB technique, the samples studied consisted of only a single polymer. In this work, FIB is used to investigate bicomponent polymeric fiber systems by taking advantage of the component's differing sputter rates that result from their differing physical properties. An approach for cross sectioning and thus revealing the cross-sectional morphology of the polymeric components in a bicomponent polymeric fiber with the island-in-the-sea (I/S) structure is presented. The two I/S fibers investigated were fabricated using the melt spinning process and are composed of bicomponent combinations of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and nylon 6 (PA6) or polylactic acid (PLA) and an EastONETMproprietary polymer. Topographical contrast as a result of differential sputtering and the high surface specificity and high signal-to-noise obtained using FIB-induced secondary electron imaging is shown to provide a useful approach for the rapid characterization of the cross-sectional morphology of bicomponent polymeric fibers without the necessity of staining or other sample preparation.
DensiTree: making sense of sets of phylogenetic trees
Authors: Bouckaert Remco R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Bayesian analysis through programs like BEAST (Drummond and Rumbaut, 2007) and MrBayes (Huelsenbeck et al., 2001) provides a powerful method for reconstruction of evolutionary relationships. One of the benefits of Bayesian methods is that well-founded estimates of uncertainty in models can be made available. So, for example, not only the mean time of a most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) is estimated, but also the spread. This distribution over model space is represented by a set of trees, which can be rather large and difficult to interpret. DensiTree is a tool that helps navigating these sets of trees.
Results: The main idea behind DensiTree is to draw all trees in the set transparently. As a result, areas where a lot of the trees agree in topology and branch lengths show up as highly colored areas, while areas with little agreement show up as webs. This makes it possible to quickly get an impression of properties of the tree set such as well-supported clades, distribution of tMRCA and areas of topological uncertainty. Thus, DensiTree provides a quick method for qualitative analysis of tree sets.
Availability: DensiTree is freely available from http://compevol.auckland.ac.nz/software/DensiTree/. The program is licensed under GPL and source code is available.
Contact: remco@cs.auckland.ac.nz