bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A more detailed mechanism to explain the “bands of Fontana” in peripheral nerves
Authors: Merolli Antonio , Mingarelli Luigi , Rocchi Lorenzo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction:In 1779, Fontana identified transverse and oblique bands along peripheral nerves. Subsequent studies pointed alternatively to endoneural or perineural components as the cause. Our aim was to clarify these conflicting findings.Methods:Recoiling of the bands of Fontana was video‐recorded in the rat sciatic nerve. Computer‐assisted design (CAD) software was used to model the nerve by interference figures.Results:In vivo microdissection showed distinctive, black‐and‐white, closely packed bands in the perineurium, which differed from the widely spaced, translucent, dark/pale gray, staggered bands in the endoneurium. CAD merging of these 2 patterns produced images resembling the bands observed in vivo.Conclusions:Two repetitive structures with different characteristics, 1 in the perineurium and the other in the endoneurium, merge to give the appearance of these bands. Muscle Nerve 46: 540–547, 2012
Asparaginase‐associated myelosuppression and effects on dosing of other chemotherapeutic agents in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Merryman Reid , Stevenson Kristen E. , Gostic William J. , Neuberg Donna , O'Brien Jane , Sallan Stephen E. , Silverman Lewis B. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough L‐asparaginase (ASP) is associated with several toxicities, its myelosuppressive effect has not been well characterized. On DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 05‐01 for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the Consolidation phase and the initial portion of the Continuation phase were identical for standard risk patients, except ASP was given only during Consolidation. Comparing the two treatment phases revealed that low blood counts during Consolidation with ASP resulted in more dosage reductions of 6‐mercaptopurine and methotrexate. The myelosuppressive effect of ASP should be considered when designing treatment regimens to avoid excessive toxicity and dose reductions of other critical chemotherapy agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 925–927. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Substrate‐Baited Nanoparticles: A Catch and Release Strategy for Enzyme Recognition and Harvesting
Authors: Daniele Michael A. , Bandera Yuriy P. , Sharma Deepti , Rungta Parul , Roeder Ryan , Sehorn Michael G. , Foulger Stephen H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe isolation of a single type of protein from a complex mixture is vital for the characterization of the function, structure, and interactions of the protein of interest and is typically the most laborious aspect of the protein purification process. In this work, a model system is utilized to show the efficacy of synthesizing a “baited” nanoparticle to capture and recycle enzymes (proteins that catalyze chemical reactions) from crude cell lysate. Enzyme trapping and recycling is illustrated with the carbazole 1,9a‐dioxygenase (CARDO) system, an enzyme important in bioremediation and natural product synthesis. The enzymes are baited with azide‐modified carbazolyl moieties attached to poly(propargyl acrylate) nanoparticles through a click transformation. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis indicates the single‐step procedure to immobilize the enzymes on the particles is capable of significantly concentrating the protein from raw lysate and sequestering all required components of the protein to maintain bioactivity. These results establish a universal model applicable to concentrating and extracting known substrate–protein pairs, but it can be an invaluable tool in recognizing unknown protein–ligand affinities.
Use of modified snares to estimate bobcat abundance
Authors: Stricker Heather K. , Belant Jerrold L. , Beyer Dean E. , Kanefsky Jeanette , Scribner Kim T. , Etter Dwayne R. , Fierke Jean 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough genetic and analytical methods for estimating wildlife abundance have improved rapidly over the last decade, effective methods for collecting hair samples from terrestrial carnivores in a mark–recapture framework have lagged. Hair samples are generally collected using methods that permit sampling of multiple individuals during a single sampling period that can cause genotyping errors due to cross‐contamination. We evaluated a modified body snare as a single‐sample method to obtain bobcat hair samples suitable for individual identification using DNA analyses to estimate population size. We used a systematic grid (2.5 × 2.5 km) overlaid on a 278.5 km2 study area in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to distribute sampling effort. In each of 44 grid cells, we placed 2–6 snares at established sampling stations and collected hair samples weekly for 8 weeks during January–March 2010. We collected 230 hair samples overall, with 91% of sampling stations obtaining at least 1 hair sample. Fifty‐seven percent of samples had sufficient DNA for species identification, which included bobcat (Lynx rufus, n = 17); raccoon (Procyon lotor, n = 62); coyote, dog, or wolf (Canis spp., n = 29); fox (Vulpes vulpes or Urocyon cinereoargenteus, n = 4); and fisher (Martes pennanti, n = 1). We identified 8 individual bobcats and using Huggins closed capture population models with a one‐half mean maximum distance moved buffer, estimated 10 individuals within the trapping area (95% confidence interval = 8–28) with a density of 3.0 bobcats/100 km2. Our method provides an effective, single‐sample technique for detecting bobcats and estimating abundance. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Recent Advancements in Medical Simulation: Patient‐Specific Virtual Reality Simulation
Authors: Willaert Willem I. M. , Aggarwal Rajesh , Van Herzeele Isabelle , Cheshire Nicholas J. , Vermassen Frank E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundPatient‐specific virtual reality simulation (PSVR) is a new technological advancement that allows practice of upcoming real operations and complements the established role of VR simulation as a generic training tool. This review describes current developments in PSVR and draws parallels with other high‐stake industries, such as aviation, military, and sports.MethodsA review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Internet search engines to retrieve data relevant to PSVR in medicine. All reports pertaining to PSVR were included. Reports on simulators that did not incorporate a haptic interface device were excluded from the review.ResultsFifteen reports described 12 simulators that enabled PSVR. Medical procedures in the field of laparoscopy, vascular surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery were included. In all cases, source data was two‐dimensional CT or MRI data. Face validity was most commonly reported. Only one (vascular) simulator had undergone face, content, and construct validity. Of the 12 simulators, 1 is commercialized and 11 are prototypes. Five simulators have been used in conjunction with real patient procedures.ConclusionsPSVR is a promising technological advance within medicine. The majority of simulators are still in the prototype phase. As further developments unfold, the validity of PSVR will have to be examined much like generic VR simulation for training purposes. Nonetheless, similar to the aviation, military, and sport industries, operative performance and patient safety may be enhanced by the application of this novel technology.
Radiant Ignition of Polyurethane Foam: The Effect of Sample Size
Authors: Hadden Rory , Alkatib Abubakar , Rein Guillermo , Torero José L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although smouldering ignition of upholstery items remains a leading cause of residential fire deaths, relatively little research is conducted on the topic. An experimental investigation of the effect of sample size on the ignition and spread of smouldering and flaming in polyurethane foam under natural flow conditions is reported here. Polyurethane foam samples are used because this is a common material in modern, residential environments and one for which there exists significant quantities of previous experimental data in the literature. Samples of different square cross-section size and a fixed height of 150 mm are insulated on all sides except the top which is exposed to a radiant heat flux and is open to the air. Samples with side lengths of 50 mm, 100 mm, and 140 mm are studied. Ignition and spread dynamics are diagnosed using thirteen thermocouples located along the vertical centre line. The onset of smouldering ignition (13
$$\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$$
, 8
$$\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$$
and
$$7\,\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$$
for 50 mm, 100 mm and 140 mm sample sizes respectively) is observed at significantly lower heat fluxes that flaming (45
$$\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$$
, 32
$$\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$$
and
$$30\,\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$$
respectively). Critical heat fluxes for smouldering and flaming ignition increase with decreasing sample size, with smouldering ignition being significantly more sensitive to sample size than flaming ignition under the size range studied. Smouldering spread rates are measured in the range from 3
$$\hbox{mm}\, \hbox{min}^{-1}$$
to
$$25\,\hbox{mm}\, \hbox{min}^{-1}$$
and found to be a strong function of the heat flux and depth of the smoulder front. The effect of sample size on smouldering has been theoretically proposed before but this is the first time that this effect has been demonstrated experimentally for ignition. The fact that large samples result in the lowest critical heat flux could have implications for testing procedures and translation of results from small-scale testing to real-scale in the built environment.
SP-1 regulation of MMP-9 expression requires Ser586 in the PEST domain
Authors: Murthy Shubha , Ryan Alan J. , Carter A. Brent 
Published: April 2012

Rac1, a small GTPase, regulates macrophage MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-9 in an ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)- and SP (specificity protein)-1-dependent manner. SP-1 contains a PEST (Pro-Glu-Ser-Thr) domain that may modulate protein stability. We hypothesize that Thr578, Ser586 and/or Ser587 in the PEST domain are required for SP-1 stability and MMP-9 expression secondary to activation of ERK, a serine/threonine kinase. We determined the effects of Rac1 and ERK on MMP-9 expression driven by SP-1WT (wild-type) and the SP-1 mutants T578A, S586A and S587A. Expression of WT and mutant SP-1 increased MMP9 promoter activity in alveolar macrophages. However, constitutively active Rac1 suppressed MMP9 promoter activity in cells expressing SP-1WT, SP-1T578A and SP-1S587A, but not SP-1S586A. Furthermore, constitutive ERK activation, which was inhibited by Rac1, significantly increased MMP9 transcription in cells expressing SP-1WT, but not SP-1S586A. As Rac1 activation and ERK inactivation increased degradation of SP-1WT and not SP-1S586A, the results of the present study suggest that SP-1 stability mediated at Ser586 regulates MMP9 transcription. Ex vivo, alveolar macrophages obtained from patients with asbestosis had less MMP-9 expression that was associated with decreased SP-1 expression and ERK activation. These observations demonstrate that Ser586 in the PEST domain of SP-1 is important for MMP9 gene expression in alveolar macrophages and highlight the importance of these proteins in pulmonary fibrosis.
The renin–angiotensin system, bone marrow and progenitor cells
Authors: Durik Matej , Sevá Pessôa Bruno , Roks Anton J. M. 
Published: April 2012

Modulation of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system), in particular of the function of the hormones AngII (angiotensin II) and Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)], is an important target for pharmacotherapy in the cardiovascular system. In the classical view, such modulation affects cardiovascular cells to decrease hypertrophy, fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction, and improves diuresis. In this view, excessive stimulation of AT1 receptors (AngII type 1 receptors) fulfils a detrimental role, as it promotes cardiovascular pathogenesis, and this is opposed by stimulation of the AT2 receptor (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) and the Ang-(1–7) receptor encoded by the Mas proto-oncogene. In recent years, this view has been broadened with the observation that the RAS regulates bone marrow stromal cells and stem cells, thus involving haematopoiesis and tissue regeneration by progenitor cells. This change of paradigm has enlarged the field of perspectives for therapeutic application of existing as well as newly developed medicines that alter angiotensin signalling, which now stretches beyond cardiovascular therapy. In the present article, we review the role of AngII and Ang-(1–7) and their respective receptors in haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, and discuss possible pharmacotherapeutical implications.
Investigation of a pulsed xenon discharge at medium pressure
Authors: Gnybida M , Uhrlandt D , Loffhagen D 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The pulsed discharge in xenon at pressures between 10 and 50 Torr and a peak current of 130 mA has been analysed by means of a time-dependent, spatially one-dimensional fluid model. Main features of the model of the radially inhomogeneous discharge plasma in a discharge tube with an inner diameter of 6.5 mm are given. The comparison of results of model calculations with experimental data shows good agreement for the axial electric field, and the qualitative behaviour of measured axis densities of low-lying excited states is reproduced well by the model. The analysis of the spatiotemporal variation of the pulsed discharge shows the formation of a constricted column plasma at increasing pressure. In particular, a pronouncedly nonlocal behaviour of the electron component is found, and the densities of the metastable and resonance atoms are predicted to have a radial profile with a maximum out of the axis during the discharge phase.
Dynamic transport regulation by zonal flow-like structures in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Alonso J.A. , Hidalgo C. , Pedrosa M.A. , Milligen B. Van , Carralero D. , Silva C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Floating potential structures that are correlated over a long distance are observed with a 2D probe array in the plasma edge of the TJ-II stellarator. We introduce a method based on the singular value decomposition to extract the spatio-temporal structure of the global, fluctuating, zonal-flow(ZF)-like floating potential from the combined measurements of a 2D probe array and a distant single probe. The amplitude of these global structures is seen to modulate not only the high k
θ spectral power of the local turbulence but also particle transport into the unconfined scrape-off layer, as observed by H
α monitors around the device. These observations provide the first direct evidence of the global modulation of transport by ZF-like structures. The ability to identify spontaneous and collective rotation events with flux surface symmetry opens up the possibility to perform unperturbative studies of the effective viscosity in stellarators and tokamaks.
Adora2b Signaling on Bone Marrow Derived Cells Dampens Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Koeppen Michael , Harter Patrick N. , Bonney Stephanie , Bonney Megan , Reithel Susan , Zachskorn Cornelia , Mittelbronn Michel , Eckle Tobias 
Published: April 2012

Background
Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury represents a major cause of cardiac tissue injury. Adenosine signaling dampens inflammation during cardiac I-R. The authors investigated the role of the adenosine A2b-receptor (Adora2b) on inflammatory cells during cardiac I-R.

Methods
To study Adora2b signaling on inflammatory cells, the authors transplanted wild-type (WT) bone marrow (BM) into Adora2b(-/-) mice or Adora2b(-/-) BM into WT mice. To study the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), neutrophil-depleted WT mice were treated with an Adora2b agonist. After treatments, mice were exposed to 60 min of myocardial ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Infarct sizes and troponin I concentrations were determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

Results
Transplantation of WT BM into Adora2b(-/-) mice decreased infarct sizes by 19 ± 4% and troponin I by 87.5 ± 25.3 ng/ml (mean ± SD, n = 6). Transplantation of Adora2b(-/-) BM into WT mice increased infarct sizes by 20 ± 3% and troponin I concentrations by 69.7 ± 17.9 ng/ml (mean ± SD, n = 6). Studies on the reperfused myocardium revealed PMNs as the dominant cell type. PMN depletion or Adora2b agonist treatment reduced infarct sizes by 30 ± 11% or 26 ± 13% (mean ± SD, n = 4); however, the combination of both did not produce additional cardioprotection. Cytokine profiling showed significantly higher cardiac tumor necrosis factor α concentrations in Adora2b(-/-) compared with WT mice (39.3 ± 5.3 vs. 7.5 ± 1.0 pg/mg protein, mean ± SD, n = 4). Pharmacologic studies on human-activated PMNs revealed an Adora2b-dependent tumor necrosis factor α release.

Conclusion
Adora2b signaling on BM-derived cells such as PMNs represents an endogenous cardioprotective mechanism during cardiac I-R. The authors' findings suggest that Adora2b agonist treatment during cardiac I-R reduces tumor necrosis factor α release of PMNs, thereby dampening tissue injury.
Redox‐sensitive GFP2: use of the genetically encoded biosensor of the redox status in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea
Authors: HELLER JENS , MEYER ANDREAS J. , TUDZYNSKI PAUL 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is part of the defence reaction of plants against invading pathogens. The effect of ROS on filamentous fungi is still unclear. In this study, ratiometric redox‐sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) was introduced as a tool for in vivo measurement of the cellular redox status in filamentous fungi. A fungal expression system for roGFP2 was constructed. Expressed in Botrytis cinerea, roGFP2 reversibly responded to redox changes induced by incubation with H2O2 or dithiothreitol, which was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging and fluorometry. As the sensor detects the redox potential of the cellular glutathione pool, it was used to analyse the kinetics of GSH (glutathione, reduced form) recovery after H2O2 treatment. The transcription factor Bap1 is the main transcriptional regulator of H2O2‐scavenging proteins in B. cinerea. When compared with the wild‐type, GSH recovery in the Δbap1 deletion mutant was affected after repeated H2O2 treatment. ROS and intracellular redox changes can be used by fungi for signalling purposes. In planta experiments, performed in this study, indicated that redox processes seem to be important for the differentiation of penetration structures. During the penetration of onion epidermal cells, the status of the cellular glutathione pool differed between appressoria‐like structures and infecting hyphae, being reduced in the presence of infecting hyphae and more oxidized around appressoria‐like structures.
Diagnostic utility of the oesophageal balloon distension test in the evaluation of oesophageal chest pain
Authors: Nasr I. , Attaluri A. , Coss‐Adame E. , Rao S. S. C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundOesophageal balloon distension test (EBDT) has been advocated for the evaluation of functional oesophageal noncardiac chest pain (NCCP), but its diagnostic utility remains unclear.AimTo prospectively assess the diagnostic yield of EBDT in clinical practice and compare its yield with standard oesophageal tests.MethodsOver a period of 6 years, patients with chest pain and negative cardiac work‐up underwent sequential testing with endoscopy/biopsy, oesophageal manometry, 24 h pH study and EBDT to elucidate an oesophageal source for their symptoms. Patients with a definite abnormality, for example, erosive oesophagitis on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were designated as having positive test and excluded from further work up.ResultsOf 348 (m/f = 105/243) suspected NCCP patients, 16 (5%) were excluded; 332 (95%) underwent oesophageal testing. Among these, 48 (14%) had macro/microscopic oesophagitis on endoscopy, 7 (2%) had achalasia and 96 (28%) had excessive acid reflux (pH study). The remaining 181 (52%) patients underwent EBDT; 128 (37%) had oesophageal hypersensitivity. Chest pain was reproduced in 97/128 (75%) subjects. There were no adverse effects.ConclusionsOesophageal testing can reveal an oesophageal source for chest pain in 86% of NCCP subjects. The majority (42%) of patients had gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Oesophageal balloon distension test identified hypersensitivity in over one‐third of subjects. The oesophageal balloon distension test provides useful diagnostic information and should be performed routinely in patients with NCCP after excluding GERD.
Zotarolimus‐eluting vs. sirolimus‐eluting coronary stents in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes: a SORT OUT III substudy
Authors: Thim Troels , Maeng Michael , Kaltoft Anne , Jensen Lisette O. , Tilsted Hans H. , Hansen Peter R. , Kelbæk Henning , Thayssen Per , Ravkilde Jan , Madsen Morten , Sørensen Henrik T. , Thuesen Leif , Lassen Jens F. 
Published: April 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1047–1054AbstractObjectives:  To compare clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with zotarolimus‐eluting and sirolimus‐eluting stents in the SORT OUT III trial.Background:  Currently, only limited data allow direct comparison of clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with a second‐generation drug‐eluting stent (DES) eluting zotarolimus vs. a first‐generation DES eluting sirolimus.Methods:  Patients with acute coronary syndrome (n = 1052) were randomized to treatment with zotarolimus‐eluting (n = 506) or sirolimus‐eluting (n = 546) stents and followed for 18 months. The primary composite endpoint, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), was defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization.Results:  Zotarolimus‐eluting stent treatment compared to sirolimus‐eluting stent treatment was associated with increased rates of MACE (8·7% vs. 5·0%; hazard ratio (HR), 1·78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·10–2·88; P = 0·02) and TVR (6·8% vs. 3·9%; HR, 1·77; 95% CI, 1·03–3·04; P = 0·04), while all‐cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction and definite stent thrombosis did not differ significantly. In the same trial, stable angina pectoris patients (n = 1206) were randomized to zotarolimus‐eluting (n = 614) and sirolimus‐eluting (n = 592) stents with similar results.Conclusions:  With and without acute coronary syndromes, patients treated with the sirolimus‐eluting stent had better clinical outcomes than those treated with the zotarolimus‐eluting stent.
Discolouration potential of endodontic procedures and materials: a review
Authors: Ahmed H. M. A. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: April 2012

Ahmed HMA, Abbott PV. Discolouration potential of endodontic procedures and materials: a review. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 883–897, 2012.AbstractAdvances in endodontic materials and techniques are at the forefront of endodontic research. Despite continuous improvements, tooth discolouration, especially in anterior teeth, is considered an undesirable consequence following endodontic treatment as it creates a range of aesthetic problems. This article aims to discuss the intrinsic and internalized tooth discolouration caused by endodontic procedures, and to address the discolouration potential of materials used during root canal treatment, including root canal irrigants, intra‐canal medicaments, endodontic and post‐endodontic filling materials. In addition, the discolouration patterns caused by combined endodontic and nonendodontic aetiological factors are discussed. The recommended guidelines that should be followed by dental practitioners to prevent and manage tooth discolouration are also outlined.