bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin resistance, central obesity, and risk of colorectal adenomas
Authors: Ortiz Ana Patricia , Thompson Cheryl L. , Chak Amitabh , Berger Nathan A. , Li Li 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Increasing evidence supports insulin resistance (IR) as the underpinning of the obesity‐colorectal neoplasia link. The homeostasis model assessment‐IR (HOMA‐IR) is a widely accepted index of evolving hyperinsulinemia and early IR. Studies of the relation between HOMA‐IR and colorectal adenomas are limited. Therefore, the authors sought to determine the associations of HOMA‐IR and central obesity (waist to hip ratio [WHR]) with risk of colorectal adenomas in a screening colonoscopy‐based study.METHODS:The authors collected lifestyle information and fasting blood samples from 1222 participants (320 incident adenoma cases and 902 without adenomas) before their screening colonoscopies. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess risk associations.RESULTS:In multivariate analysis of participants (n = 1093) reporting no antidiabetic medication use, those in the top quartile of WHR were twice as likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33‐3.57; P‐trend = .003) and those in the top quartile of HOMA‐IR were 63% more likely (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.09‐2.44; P‐trend = .01) to have adenomas compared with those in the bottom quartiles. Stratified analysis revealed a statistically significant interaction between HOMA‐IR and sex (P‐interaction = .04), with the association largely limited to men; compared with those in the bottom tertile, men in the top tertile of HOMA‐IR were twice more likely to have adenomas (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.18‐3.78; P‐trend = .01).CONCLUSIONS:The results support central obesity and insulin resistance, particularly in men, as important risk factors for the development of early colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Ultrashort courses of adjuvant breast radiotherapy
Authors: Khan Atif J. , Dale Roger G. , Arthur Douglas W. , Haffty Bruce G. , Todor Dorin A. , Vicini Frank A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI), the most commonly used fractionation schemes include 340 or 385 centigrays delivered in a twice daily administration. A further progression of the APBI literature has been the recent interest in extremely short courses of adjuvant radiotherapy, usually delivered by intraoperative radiotherapy techniques. This newer area of single‐fraction radiotherapy approaches remains highly contentious. In particular, the recently reported TARGIT trial has been the subject of both praise and scorn, and a critical examination of the trial data and the underlying hypotheses is warranted. Short‐term outcomes of the related Italian ELIOT approach have also been reported. Although the assumptions of linear quadratic formalism are likely to hold true in the range of 2 to 8 grays, equating different schedules beyond this range is problematic. A major problem of current single‐fraction approaches is that the treatment doses are chosen empirically, or are based on tolerability, or on the physical dose delivery characteristics of the chosen technology rather than radiobiological rationale. This review article summarizes the current data on ultrashort courses of adjuvant breast radiotherapy and highlights both the promise and the potential pitfalls of the abbreviated treatment. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Occult axillary lymph node metastases do not have prognostic significance in early stage breast cancer
Authors: Wu Yun , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Kelten Canan , Tucker Susan L. , Wei Wei , Middleton Lavinia P. , Broglio Kristine , Buchholz Thomas A. , Hunt Kelly K. , Sahin Aysegul A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Axillary lymph node status is one of the most powerful prognostic indicators in patients with breast cancer and has implications for adjuvant treatment. It has been demonstrated that enhanced histologic evaluation of axillary lymph nodes, including serial sectioning of paraffin tissue blocks and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, increases the rate of detection of occult metastases. The clinical significance of occult lymph node metastases has been the subject of debate.METHODS:In the current study, the authors identified 267 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) between 1987 and 1995 and were lymph node negative according to a routine pathologic evaluation, which included the complete submission of all lymph nodes and an examination of 1 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained section per paraffin block. Patients did not receive systemic chemotherapy or hormone therapy. All of the dissected lymph nodes from these patients were re‐evaluated by intensified pathologic methods (serial sectioning with H&E levels plus IHC). Occult metastases were categorized by detection method and size. The clinical significance of the occult metastases was determined.RESULTS:Thirty‐nine patients (15%) who had lymph node‐negative results on routine evaluation of their ALND specimens had occult metastases identified. Eight of these patients (20%) had macrometastases >2.0 mm, 15 (40%) had micrometastases (range, >0.2 mm to ≤2 mm), and 16 (40%) had isolated tumor cells (≤0.2 mm). The presence of occult metastases and the size of metastases did not affect recurrence‐free or overall survival.CONCLUSIONS:The presence of occult metastasis did not have clinical significance in this cohort of patients with early stage breast cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Noninvasive and real‐time monitoring of the therapeutic response of tumors in vivo with an optimized hTERT promoter
Authors: Yu Song‐Tao , Li Chuan , Lü Mu‐Han , Liang Guang‐Ping , Li Ning , Tang Xu‐Dong , Wu Yu‐Yun , Shi Chun‐Meng , Chen Ling , Li Chang‐Zhu , Cao Ya‐Ling , Fang Dian‐Chun , Yang Shi‐Ming 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Telomerase is commonly recognized as an effective anticancer target. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the rate‐limiting component of telomerase, is expressed in most malignant tumors, but it is not found in most normal somatic cells. Here, we report a real‐time and noninvasive method to monitor tumor response to a lentivirus‐based hTERT‐conditional suicidal gene therapy.METHODS:In this study, we constructed a lentivirus system in which an optimized hTERT promoter was used to drive the expression of the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene, one of the suicide genes, and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (pLenti‐CD/GFP). The lentivirus was used to infect telomerase‐positive or telomerase‐negative cell lines. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to analyze the dynamic processes of exogenous gene expression noninvasively in cell culture and living animals in real time via optical imaging.RESULTS:The lentivirus was able to express the CD gene and GFP in telomerase‐positive tumor cells and significantly decrease cell proliferation after the use of prodrug 5‐flucytosine. However, it could not express GFP and CD in telomerase‐negative cell lines, nor could it induce any suicidal effect in those cells. The in vivo study showed that telomerase‐positive tumors can be visualized after intratumor injection of the lentivirus in tumor‐bearing nude mice via an optical imaging system. Significant tumor growth suppression was observed in telomerase‐positive tumors.CONCLUSIONS:Collectively, this technology provides a valuable, noninvasive method to evaluate the real‐time therapeutic response of tumors in vivo. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on depressive symptoms in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Timilshina Narhari , Breunis Henriette , Alibhai Shabbir 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Up to 50% of prostate cancer (PC) patients receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), often for several years. Although depression has been reported after a diagnosis of PC, whether ADT leads to or worsens depression is not clear.METHODS:Three groups were assembled: ADT users (men initiating continuous ADT), PC controls (PC patients who were not on ADT), and healthy controls. All 3 cohorts were matched on age, education, and physical function, and none had metastases. Depression was measured at study entry and again at 3, 6, and 12 months using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Our primary outcomes were worsening depressive symptoms and incident depression (defined as a GDS score ≥5), analyzed using adjusted linear regression and logistic regression, respectively.RESULTS:Of the 257 participants (mean age, 69.1 years), baseline characteristics including GDS score and prior depression were similar across cohorts. In adjusted analyses of initially nondepressed patients, ADT use was not a significant predictor of change in GDS score at 3 months (P = .42), 6 months (P = .25), or 12 months (P = 0.19). Among ADT users, 8%‐9% of participants developed incident depression compared with 0%‐4% among PC controls and 4%‐6% among healthy controls over 3‐12 months (P>.05 at all time points). In a separate analysis of patients with depression at baseline, there was no effect of ADT on depressive symptoms at 3, 6, or 12 months (P = .11, .74, and .12, respectively).CONCLUSION:Twelve months of ADT use were not associated with worsening depressive symptoms among nondepressed or depressed patients with nonmetastatic PC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Disparities in cancer screening in individuals with a family history of breast or colorectal cancer
Authors: Ponce Ninez A. , Tsui Jennifer , Knight Sara J. , Afable‐Munsuz Aimee , Ladabaum Uri , Hiatt Robert A. , Haas Jennifer S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Understanding racial/ethnic disparities in cancer screening by family history risk could identify critical opportunities for patient and provider interventions tailored to specific racial/ethnic groups. The authors evaluated whether breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) disparities varied by family history risk using a large, multiethnic population‐based survey.METHODS:By using the 2005 California Health Interview Survey, BC and CRC screening were evaluated separately with weighted multivariate regression analyses, and stratified by family history risk. Screening was defined for BC as mammogram within the past 2 years for women aged 40 to 64 years; for CRC, screening was defined as annual fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy within the past 5 years, or colonoscopy within the past 10 years for adults aged 50 to 64 years.RESULTS:The authors found no significant BC screening disparities by race/ethnicity or income in the family history risk groups. Racial/ethnic disparities were more evident in CRC screening, and the Latino‐white gap widened among individuals with family history risk. Among adults with a family history for CRC, the magnitude of the Latino‐white difference in CRC screening (odds ratio [OR], 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11‐0.60) was more substantial than that for individuals with no family history (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59‐0.92).CONCLUSIONS:Knowledge of their family history widened the Latino‐white gap in CRC screening among adults. More aggressive interventions that enhance the communication between Latinos and their physicians about family history and cancer risk could reduce the substantial Latino‐white screening disparity in Latinos most susceptible to CRC. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Heat shock factor 1 promotes invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Fang Feng , Chang Ruimin , Yang Lianyue 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a powerful, multifaceted modifier of carcinogenesis. However, the clinical significance and biologic function of HSF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown.METHODS:Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect expression levels of HSF1, and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters and the prognosis for patients with HCC were analyzed. In addition, the biologic function and molecular mechanisms of HSF1 in HCC were investigated in vitro and in vivo.RESULTS:HSF1 levels were elevated predominantly in HCC, especially in venous emboli from HCC (P < .05), and high expression levels of HSF1 were correlated significantly with multiple nodules, venous invasion, absence of capsular formation, and high Edmondson‐Steiner grade as well as poor overall survival and disease‐free survival in patients with HCC (P < .05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high HSF1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with HCC (relative risk, 4.874; P < .001). Finally, HSF1 was capable of promoting HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo by facilitating the expression and phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27.CONCLUSIONS:Collectively, the current findings suggested that HSF1 may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Interval to biochemical failure as a biomarker for cause‐specific and overall survival after dose‐escalated external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Kapadia Nirav S. , Olson Karin , Sandler Howard M. , Feng Felix Y. , Hamstra Daniel A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:After external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer, a short interval to biochemical failure of <18 months has been proposed as a surrogate for cause‐specific survival. Because EBRT dose influences biochemical failure, the authors investigated the interval to biochemical failure in a cohort of patients treated with dose‐escalated EBRT.METHODS:From 1998 to 2008, 710 patients were treated with EBRT (≥75 grays) ± androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) at the University of Michigan. Biochemical failure was defined using the Phoenix consensus definition (nadir + 2 ng/mL). A short interval to biochemical failure was defined as <18 months after completing radiotherapy and/or ADT. The associations between biochemical failure, the interval to biochemical failure, and clinical factors with cause‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.RESULTS:There were 149 biochemical failures (21%), and short interval to biochemical failure accounted for 14% and 40% of biochemical failures in those with intermediate‐risk or high‐risk disease, respectively. Biochemical failure impacted CSS (P < .0001) but not OS (P = .36). However, a short interval to biochemical failure predicted decreased CSS (P < .0001; hazard ratio [HR], 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4‐13.0) and OS (P < .0001; HR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.3‐10.3) when compared with a long interval to biochemical failure. The 8‐year OS was 78% without biochemical failure, compared with 87% with a long interval to biochemical failure (P = .1; HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4‐1.1) and 38% with a short interval to biochemical failure (P < .0001; HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.3‐5.9). On multivariate analysis, a short interval to biochemical failure increased the risk of prostate cancer death (P < .0001; HR, 18.1; 95% CI, 8.4‐39) and all cause mortality (P = .0027; HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.1), whereas a long interval to biochemical failure did not.CONCLUSIONS:The relation between the interval to biochemical failure, CSS, and OS was independently validated in patients treated with dose‐escalated EBRT. Further evaluation of the interval to biochemical failure as a surrogate endpoint is warranted. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Molecular characterization of kidney cancer
Authors: Chi Andrew , Shirodkar Samir P. , Escudero Diogo O. , Ekwenna Obi O. , Yates Travis J. , Ayyathurai Rajinikanth , Garcia‐Roig Michael , Gahan Jeffrey C. , Manoharan Murugesan , Bird Vincent G. , Lokeshwar Vinata B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Molecular profiling of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) may improve the distinction between oncocytoma and malignant RCC subtypes and aid in early detection of metastasis. The hyaluronic acid (HA) family includes HA synthases (HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), hyaluronidases (HYAL‐1, HYAL‐2, HYAL‐3, HYAL‐4, PH20, HYAL‐P1), and HA receptors (CD44s, CD44v, RHAMM). HA family members promote tumor growth and metastasis. The authors evaluated the expression of HA family members in kidney specimens.METHODS:By using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mRNA levels of 12 HA family members were measured in tumor specimens obtained from 86 consecutive patients undergoing nephrectomy; 80 of them also provided normal specimens. Mean and median follow‐up were 15.2 ± 8.8 and 13.8 months. RCC specimens included clear cell RCC: 65; papillary: 10; chromophobe: 5; oncocytoma: 6; metastasis positive: 17.RESULTS:Median HAS1, CD44s, and RHAMM transcript levels were elevated 3‐ to 25‐fold in clear cell RCC and papillary and chromophobe tumors when compared with normal tissues. HYAL‐4, CD44s, and RHAMM levels were elevated 4‐ to 12‐fold in clear cell RCC and papillary tumors when compared with oncocytomas; only HYAL‐4 levels distinguished between chromophobe and oncocytoma (P = .009). CD44s and RHAMM levels were significantly higher in tumors <4 cm (510 ± 611 and 19.6 ± 20.8, respectively) when compared with oncocytoma (46.4 ± 20 and 3.8 ± 2.5; P ≤ .006). In univariate and multivariate analyses, CD44s (P < .0001), RHAMM (P < .0001), stage, tumor size, and/or renal vein involvement were significantly associated with metastasis. The combined CD44s + RHAMM marker had 82% sensitivity and 86% specificity to predict metastasis.CONCLUSIONS:CD44s and RHAMM levels distinguish between oncocytoma and RCC subtypes regardless of tumor size and are potential predictors of RCC metastasis. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
On‐site adequacy evaluations performed by cytotechnologists
Authors: Burlingame Oname O. , Kessé Kessé O. , Silverman Stuart G. , Cibas Edmund S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Practice patterns regarding on‐site assessment of the adequacy of image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) vary among laboratories, but in many laboratories primary responsibility rests with the cytotechnologists. On‐site evaluation provides feedback on the need for additional passes and facilitates triaging of the specimen for time‐sensitive ancillary studies. Prior studies have suggested that cytotechnologists can assess the initially obtained specimens correctly, but they are few in number and limited by small size. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency with which our cytotechnologists were able to correctly assess specimens as adequate using a large‐scale database that included a wide range of image‐guided FNABs.METHODS:The frequency that on‐site adequacy assessments of 5241 image‐guided FNABs were correct was determined by correlating the cytotechnologists' assessments of adequacy with the final cytologic interpretation. An adequacy assessment was considered correct if the FNAB was ultimately reported as satisfactory and unequivocally benign or malignant. An adequate reading on a case that was ultimately reported as unsatisfactory, atypical, or suspicious was deemed “incorrect.” The effect of imaging modality was also analyzed.RESULTS:Of 5241 FNABs, 2784 (53%) were interpreted as adequate on site. Of these, 2637 (95%) were correctly considered adequate. Of the common biopsy sites sampled, the adequacy assessments for liver FNABs demonstrated the highest frequency for being correctly considered adequate (97%) and those for kidney FNABs showed the lowest (90%). Imaging modality had no effect on accuracy.CONCLUSIONS:Cytotechnologists are almost always correct when assessing initial FNAB samples as adequate. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Immunocytochemical colocalization of p16INK4a and Ki‐67 predicts CIN2/3 and AIS/adenocarcinoma
Authors: Singh Meenakshi , Mockler Daniel , Akalin Ali , Burke Stephanie , Shroyer A. Laurie , Shroyer Kenneth R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although previous studies have shown that p16INK4a and Ki‐67 are sensitive and specific markers for high‐grade lesions (≥CIN2) on cervical biopsies, limited information is available regarding the performance of a dual‐staining approach as a diagnostic adjunct in cervical cytology. We evaluated a dual p16INK4a/Ki‐67 immunocytochemistry (ICC) assay to determine its sensitivity and specificity versus that of high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) in a US‐based pilot cytology study.METHODS:ThinPrep specimens from 122 cervical cytology specimens encompassing 23 negative (NILM), 20 ASC‐US, 22 LSIL, 17 ASCH, 22 HSIL, and 18 AGC cases were processed for multiplexed ICC staining using a CINtec Plus Kit. Dual‐positive assay results were defined based on the detection of 1 or more epithelial cells that were stained for both p16INK4a and Ki‐67 without regard to cellular morphology. HR‐HPV testing was performed by multiplex PCR with capillary electrophoresis genotyping.RESULTS:Dual staining for p16INK4a and Ki‐67 was frequently detected in HSIL and AGC but was rarely detected in NILM cases. The HR‐HPV assay showed a sensitivity of 76.2% and a specificity of 55.8% for the detection of clinically significant cervical squamous or endometrial lesions. In contrast, the colocalization of p16INK4a plus Ki‐67 maintained a high sensitivity of 81.8% and improved specificity to 81.8% for biopsy‐confirmed CIN2/3, endocervical adenocarcinoma, or endometrial adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSIONS:Dual staining for p16INK4a/Ki‐67 immunocytochemistry dramatically increased specificity and maintained high‐level sensitivity for the diagnosis of CIN2/3 or glandular lesions compared with PCR‐based testing for HR‐HPV. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A multigrid method for solution of vorticity—velocity form of 3‐D navier—stokes equations
Authors: Huang Y. , Ghia U. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA multigrid method has been developed and applied to the simulation of unsteady three‐dimensional incompressible flow, using the Navier—Stokes equations in terms of vorticity and velocity variables. A system of equations for the velocity problem, consisting of the continuity equation and three curl equations, is first formulated as a uniquely determined, non‐singular system. An efficient and robust technique, namely the multigrid distributive Gauss—Seidel scheme, is developed for solution of this system of algebraic equations. The method is applied to study 3‐D flow in a shear‐driven cavity.
A multigrid method for an invariant formulation of the incompressible navier—stokes equations in general Co‐ordinates
Authors: Oosterlee C. W. , Wesseling P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe stationary incompressible Navier—Stokes equations are discretized with a finite volume method in curvilinear co‐ordinates. The arbitrarily shaped domain is mapped onto a rectangular block, resulting in a boundary‐fitted grid. In order to obtain accurate discretizations of the transformed equations, some requirements on geometric quantities should be met. The choice of velocity components is also of importance. Contravariant flux unknowns and pressure p are used as primary unknowns on a staggered grid arrangement.The system of discretized equations is solved with a non‐linear multigrid algorithm, into which a smoother, called Symmetric Coupled Gauss—Seidel, is implemented. Cell by cell, all unknowns in the grid cell are updated by solving four momentum equations and a continuity equation simultaneously. The solution algorithm shows satisfying average reduction factors for several domains.
Adaptive multigrid for the steady euler equations
Authors: van der Maarel H. T. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present a method to solve the steady Euler equations by using an upwind finite‐volume discretization on a locally refined grid and multigrid convergence acceleration. The locally refined grid consists of grids in a locally nested sequence. We describe the discretization with emphasis on grid interfaces and accuracy. We describe the multigrid algorithm and give some computational examples.