bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational water purification controls using second‐order adjoint equations with stability confirmation
Authors: Sekine Toshiki , Kawahara Mutsuto 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a computational method for water purification using second‐order adjoint equations. In Japan, the waters of polluted rivers are purified by conveying the waters from other rivers into the main rivers or by using outflows from sewage plants. The shallow water flow equation based on the water velocity and elevation and the advection diffusion equation of COD concentration are governing equations. The control problem involves finding a flow velocity into the main river that can reduce the COD concentration as close to the target value as possible. In other words, the problem is to find a water velocity to minimize the performance function, which is the square sum of the discrepancy between the computed and the observed COD concentrations.The present research was motivated by the need to apply water purification controls to practical projects. We have found that the controls occasionally tend to be unstable, and the stability of control must be ensured. By expanding the extended performance function into the Taylor series, the necessary condition for the stationary state is derived. Based on this condition, the first‐and second‐order adjoint equations can be obtained. The backward solution of the adjoint equation leads to the gradient and the Hessian product; these serve as the basis of the quasi‐Newton method. From the condition that the performance function must be minimum, the stability confirmation index can be determined. Using this index, we have derived the trust region method, the computation of which confirms the stability of control.Verification was carried out using a simple channel model. By varying the peak value of the inflow velocity, the outlet velocity has been determined such that the water elevation at the target point is zero. Depending on the peak value of the inflow, unstable control arises; this is determined by the stability confirmation index presented in this paper. The trust region method with the stability confirmation index is shown to be adaptable to judge the stability of control.The present method was applied to the water purification of Teganuma river in Japan. The steady fundamental state was computed with the inflow, outflow, and COD concentration at the inlet being specified. The control velocity at the control point can be determined for a fixed control duration with and without the stability confirmation index. The inflow, outflow, and COD concentration are specified as functions of time. It is shown that this method is suitable for practical use because control stability can be ensured. Moreover, it is also noted that the maximum flow velocity for stable control depending on the given control duration can be obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol elicits schizophrenia‐like negative symptoms which are distinct from sedation
Authors: Morrison P. D. , Stone J. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveIt is unknown if cannabis recreates the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.MethodsHealthy male volunteers (n = 22) completed two experimental sessions in which they received intravenous (IV) delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 2.5 mg or placebo in a randomised counterbalanced order. Negative symptoms were rated using the self‐reported community assessment of psychic experiences scale (CAPE). Sedation was rated using the mood‐adjective check‐list (UMACL). Plasma concentrations of THC were measured over the course of the study. Data were analysed by non‐parametric tests.ResultsParticipants reported an increase in negative symptoms from baseline under THC but not placebo conditions (p < 0.001). Negative symptoms showed no relationship with self‐rated sedation or plasma concentrations of THC.ConclusionsAt plasma concentrations resembling recreational use, THC elicited schizophrenia‐like negative symptoms which were not merely attributable to sedation. In the community, negative symptoms may be an adverse effect of cannabis use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamflow response to headwater reforestation in the Ganaraska River basin, southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Buttle J. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIncreased attention is being paid to the role of reforestation in strategies for sustainable forest management, landscape restoration and carbon sequestration. Reforestation of drainage basins is generally assumed to reduce annual streamflow as well as peak and low flows. However, most studies of reforestation effects on streamflow have been conducted on small experimental basins, and the applicability of their results to larger basins is unclear. This study revisits an earlier examination of streamflow response to headwater reforestation in a 267 km2 basin (Ganaraska River) in southern Ontario, Canada for 1945–2007. Forest cover in the basin headwaters increased from 13 km2 in 1945 to 31 km2 by 1990, with most of this change between 1950 and 1965. Streamflow metrics from the reforested basin and two headwater sub‐basins were compared to those from a nearby basin and sub‐basin of similar size and physiography to the Ganaraska basins but without extensive headwater reforestation. No temporal trends were found for inter‐basin differences in annual runoff or runoff ratios for the entire Ganaraska basin or its largest sub‐basin; however, reforestation appears to have reduced several metrics of peak streamflow at the basin and sub‐basin scale. Relationships between high flows classified according to generating event type and the associated precipitation depth suggest that expansion of forest cover in the Ganaraska River basin (GRB) and associated changes in microclimatic conditions have reduced the potential for frozen soil to generate surface runoff and high flows in response to rain‐on‐snow during spring snowmelt. This was accompanied by increased low flows from the GRB and its sub‐basins from 1960 to 2007 relative to the control basin, suggesting that the expanded forest cover has enhanced groundwater recharge by prolonging spring snowmelt and promoting infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt inputs relative to non‐forested areas. Some discrepancies between these results and those of other studies of streamflow response to reforestation may be attributed to the relatively large size of the GRB and the limited extent of reforestation. Nevertheless, the results highlight the importance of considering how reforestation may affect key hydrologic processes in a given landscape when predicting the resulting streamflow response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain accumulation of sunitinib is restricted by P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and can be enhanced by oral elacridar and sunitinib coadministration
Authors: Tang Seng Chuan , Lagas Jurjen S. , Lankheet Nienke A.G. , Poller Birk , Hillebrand Michel J. , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. , Schinkel Alfred H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSunitinib is an orally active, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has been used for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We aimed to investigate the in vivo roles of the ATP‐binding cassette drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 in plasma pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation of oral sunitinib, and the feasibility of improving sunitinib kinetics using oral coadministration of the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar. We used in vitro transport assays and Abcb1a/1b−/−, Abcg2−/− and Abcb1a/1b/Abcg2−/− mice to study the roles of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in sunitinib disposition. In vitro, sunitinib was a good substrate of murine (mu)ABCG2 and a moderate substrate of human (hu)ABCB1 and huABCG2. In vivo, the systemic exposure of sunitinib after oral dosing (10 mg kg−1) was unchanged when muABCB1 and/or muABCG2 were absent. Brain accumulation of sunitinib was markedly (23‐fold) increased in Abcb1a/b/Abcg2−/− mice, but only slightly (2.3‐fold) in Abcb1a/b−/− mice, and not in Abcg2−/− mice. Importantly, a clinically realistic coadministration of oral elacridar and oral sunitinib to wild‐type mice resulted in markedly increased sunitinib brain accumulation, equaling levels in Abcb1a/1b/Abcg2−/− mice. This indicates complete inhibition of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) transporters. High‐dose intravenous sunitinib could saturate BBB muABCG2, but not muABCB1A, illustrating a dose‐dependent relative impact of the BBB transporters. Brain accumulation of sunitinib is effectively restricted by both muABCB1 and muABCG2 activity. Complete inhibition of both transporters, leading to markedly increased brain accumulation of sunitinib, is feasible and safe with a clinically realistic oral elacridar/sunitinib coadministration.
Understanding and measuring the value of social media
Authors: Nair Mohan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSocial media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are relatively new to many established parts of the business world, which means that many organizations are experimenting, at least to some degree, when they make their initial forays into social media. This article discusses the considerations organizations face with social media, including the cost issues and what, how, and where to measure engagement with social media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategic risk management: A foundation for improving enterprise risk management and governance
Authors: Frigo Mark L. , Anderson Richard J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the steps to success for organizations that want to improve their enterprise risk management. Management teams and boards of organizations of all types and sizes need to challenge themselves and their organizations to excel at strategic risk management. Developing strategic risk management processes and capabilities can become a strong foundation for improving risk management and governance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear targeted delivery of macromolecules to retina and cornea
Authors: Binder Christina , Read Sarah Parker , Cashman Siobhan M. , Kumar‐Singh Rajendra 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundCell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver molecules into cells by binding and penetrating the plasma membrane. However, the majority of CPPs get trapped in endosomes, resulting in degradation of the cargo molecule and inefficient delivery to the nucleus. The present study investigates the potential use of a nucleolin binding peptide (NBP) for the delivery of macromolecules including fluorophores, recombinant protein and DNA to the nuclei of ocular tissues in vivo.MethodsFluorescent dyes covalently linked to NBP or NBP‐green fluorescent protein fusion protein were injected intravitreally or subretinally or topically applied to the cornea. Frozen sections were prepared for quantification of transduction. Delivery of plasmid DNA was studied using luciferase and LacZ DNA compacted with pegylated NBP. Levels of luciferase were quantified, and LacZ expression was localized in ocular tissues.ResultsWe found that NBP‐directed fluorophores exhibited retinal and corneal transduction. Subretinal injection transduced cell types throughout the retina, including photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and neuronal cells. Intravitreal injection transduced neuronal cells in the retina, as well as cells in the cornea. Topically applied NBP lead to transduction of the superficial epithelial layer of the cornea. NBP localized to the nucleus upon exogenous application in vivo. Pegylated NBP nanoparticles significantly improved delivery and expression of transgenes over DNA alone without any measureable toxicity.ConclusionsThe results obtained in the present study demonstrate that NBP can deliver small and large molecules into retinal and corneal cells and plasmid DNA into retinal cells and hence may be useful for the delivery of therapeutics to the eye. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of policies and procedures on the communication and documentation of radiologic interpretations
Authors: Monico Edward P. , Forman Howard P. , Goodman T. Rob , Schwartz Ian , Larkin G. Luke 
Published: February 2011

AbstractResearch into emergency medicine (EM) diagnostic errors identified imaging as a contributing factor in 94% of cases. Discrepancies between the preliminary (trainee) and the final (attending) diagnostic imaging interpretation represent a system issue that is particularly prone to creating diagnostic errors. Understanding the types of systematic communication and documentation strategies developed by academic radiology departments to address differences between preliminary and final radiology interpretations to clinicians are threshold steps toward minimizing this risk. This study investigates policies and practices associated with the communication and documentation of preliminary and final radiologic interpretations among U.S. academic radiology departments through a questionnaire directed at radiology department chairs.
Effect of intermittent administration of adiponectin on bone regeneration following mandibular osteodistraction in rabbits
Authors: Jiang Xiaowen , Song Donghui , Ye Bin , Wang Xuemei , Song Guodong , Yang Shoukang , Hu Jing 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAdiponectin, a protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by adipocytes, was reported to increase bone mass and stimulate angiogenesis. However, the effect of adiponectin on bone regeneration following distraction osteogenesis has not yet been reported. In this study, rapid unilateral mandibular osteodistraction (distraction rate = 2 mm/day) was applied in 24 New Zealand white rabbits. The animals were then randomly divided into groups A and B (n = 12 for each group). At the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of the distraction, 200 µl PBS and 200 µl PBS contained 2 µg rh‐adiponectin was intermittently injected into the distraction gap in groups A and B, respectively. At 6 weeks after the end of distraction, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the distracted mandibles were harvested and processed for radiography, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), micro‐CT, histology, and three‐point bend testing. Under a rapid distraction, immature bone formation was seen in the distracted callus from group A. However, much greater bone formation and higher bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the distracted callus were observed in group B. Such finding was confirmed by histological, micro‐CT examinations, and mechanical strength test. The results of this study suggest that intermittent administration of adiponectin can promote bone regeneration following rapid mandibular osteodistraction in rabbits. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1081–1085, 2011
Highly ordered periodic array of metallic nanodots fabricated through template‐assisted nanopatterning and its use for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy of flexible crystalline‐silicon nanomembranes
Authors: Nataraj L. , Cloutier S. G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report on the fabrication of highly uniform periodic arrays of metallic nanodots formed on glass substrates through a facile anodic aluminum oxide template‐assisted process and their use in selective surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy to probe the structural properties of flexible crystalline‐silicon nanomembranes deposited on polymer substrates. A 14‐fold enhancement in Raman scattering was observed from the thin flexible silicon membranes deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, which were used to probe the internal strains in the silicon nanomembrane as a function of the bending radius. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local relaxation in lanthanum silicate oxyapatites by Raman scattering and MAS‐NMR
Authors: Guillot Stéphanie , Beaudet‐Savignat Sophie , Lambert Sébastien , Roussel Pascal , Tricot Gregory , Vannier Rose‐Noelle , Rubbens Annick 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo characterize the local relaxation in the structure of lanthanum silicate oxyapatite materials, six compositions with different cation and oxygen stoichiometries (La8Ba2Si6O26, La9BaSi6O26.5, La10Si5.5Mg0.5O26.5, La9.33SiO26, La9.67SiO26.5 and La9.83Si5.5Al0.5O26.5) were investigated by combining Raman scattering and 29Si and 27Al magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS‐NMR) spectroscopies. Only [SiO4]4− species were evidenced and the hypotheses of [Si2O7]6− and [Si2O9]8− entities were ruled out. Both oxygen excess and cation vacancies induce local distortions in the structure, which leads to nonequivalent [SiO4]4− species, characterized by different 29Si MAS‐NMR signals and by splitting of Raman signals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate oligo/polymerization in media with different pH by resonance Raman spectroscopy at 413.1 and 1064 nm excitation wavelengths
Authors: Silva Claudio H. B. , Ferreira Daniela C. , Constantino Vera R. L. , Temperini Marcia L. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe pH–structure correlation of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate reaction was mainly investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The reactions of aniline and ammonium peroxydisulfate were carried out in aqueous solutions of initial pH ranging from 4.9 to 13.2 and monomer/oxidant molar ratio of 4/1. For an initial pH of 4.9, the spectroscopic techniques showed that the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI–ES) is the main product, corroborating that the usual head‐to‐tail coupling mechanism is taking place. The resonance Raman spectra at 1064 nm exciting wavelength were useful to detect the emeraldine salt as a minor product for reactions at an initial pH of 5.3–11.5. The Raman spectra of the main product of the reaction at initial pH of 13.2 excited at 1064 and 413.1 nm showed new spectral features consistent with 1,4‐Michael‐type adducts of aniline monomers and 1,4‐benzoquinone‐monoimine unit. These compounds and their products of hydrolysis/oxidation are the predominant species for the reaction media of initial pH from 5.3 to 13.2. In order to get PANI with different nanoscale morphologies, a pH value of more than 0 or 1 was used in the aniline polymerization. The spectroscopic data obtained in this work reveal that head‐to‐tail coupling does not occur when aniline reacts at media pH higher than about 5. It is suggested that chemical structures of the products of aniline oxidation by an unusual mechanism are the driving force for the development of assorted morphologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic investigation of a new self‐assembly monolayer material 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid for organic light‐emitting devices
Authors: Kurt M. , Okur S. , Demic S. , Karpagam J. , Sundaraganesan N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe have synthesized 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid (4‐[PBA]) and investigated its molecular vibrations by infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as by calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The Fourier transform (FT) Raman, dispersive Raman and FT‐IR spectra of 4‐[PBA] were recorded in the solid phase. We analyzed the optimized geometric structure and energies of 4‐[PBA] in the ground state. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization was studied using natural bond orbital analysis. The results show that change in electron density in the σ* and π* antibonding orbitals and E2 energies confirm the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer within the molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed at the DFT level using the Gaussian 09 program. Selected experimental bands were assigned and characterized on the basis of the scaled theoretical wavenumbers by their total energy distribution. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical spectra allowed positive assignment of the observed vibrational absorption bands. Finally, the calculation results were applied to simulate the Raman and IR spectra of the title compound, which show agreement with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of revictimization on coping and depression in female sexual assault victims
Authors: Najdowski Cynthia J. , Ullman Sarah E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo examine the effects of being revictimized, 555 women completed 2 mail surveys 1 year apart, reporting their experiences of sexual assault, the strategies they used to cope with those experiences, and feelings of depression. Path analyses, controlling for baseline coping and depression, revealed that those who were revictimized during the study reported using more maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies than did those who were not revictimized (β = .11 and β = .16, respectively). Further, women who were revictimized reported more depression than others (β = .15). This effect was explained in part by revictimized women's increased maladaptive coping. Results are consistent with other research showing that all of women's traumatic experiences must be taken into consideration to understand fully how sexual assault influences women's coping and recovery.
A Particulate Method for Determining Residence Time in Viscous Flow Processes
Authors: Olmiccia Julie , Heniche Mourad , Bertrand François 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt is well known that residence time distribution (RTD) is a significant parameter in material processing, therefore, its accurate prediction is essential. From a numerical standpoint, one of the most widespread simulation methodologies is based on the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle tracking techniques. Within this framework, the novelty of this contribution is that the RTD is built upon a minimization of a least square criterion ensuring an accurate prediction of the mean residence time, as well as a smooth RTD function. In addition, a computational procedure is developed to estimate the thickness of the near‐wall region, which must be free of particles otherwise the RTD predictions will diverge. The relevance of the proposed method is assessed on analytical flow test cases and the Kenics static mixer for both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Good agreement is found between numerical and corresponding theoretical mean residence times. magnified image
Diblock copolymers containing polyacrylamide and monomethoxy‐poly(ethylene) oxide: bulk structure and micellization
Authors: Kunitskaya L. R. , Zheltonozhskaya T. B. , Aleinichenko V. A. , Berkova S. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUsing differential scanning calorimetry, the structure of the diblock copolymer (DBC)MePEO‐b‐PAAm was determined. The behaviour of DBCs in water and mixed solvents was investigated. It is shown that adding of dimethyl formamide to DBC water solutions leads to destruction of the H‐bonds network between the PAAm and MePEO blocks. The tendency of DBCs to micellization in water/ethanol mixture depends on the length of MePEO block and grows with increasing molecular weight of MePEO and PAAm.
Photodynamic inactivation of mosquito iridovirus (MIV) by C60 fullerenes
Authors: Rud Y. , Prylutska S. , Buchatskyy L. , Prylutskyy Y. , Ritter U. , Scharff P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt was shown that water soluble C60 fullerenes under visible light interact with iridovirus virions of mosquito Aedes flavescens and lead to their destruction. Specifically, the photodynamic inactivation of mosquito iridovirus during 1 h reduced the infectious virus titer in large wax‐moth larvae Galleria mellonella on 4 lg ID50/ml. Therefore, for inactivation of iridoviruses in biological systems it is appropriate to use the photoexcited C60 fullerenes.