bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PLEISTOCENE CONTEXT OF FAUNAL REMAINS AND ARTEFACTS DISCOVERED AT WELTON-LE-WOLD, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Alabaster C. , Straw A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Quarry sections at Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire, reveal up to 13 m of glacial tills overlying some 8 m of silts, sands and flint gravels. The gravels are the source of a sparse fauna of straight-tusked elephant, deer and horse, and of four Acheulean handaxes. The sub-till deposits, here designated the Welton Gravels, display two divisions. The upper was deposited by periglacial aeolian and niveo-fluvial processes, whilst the lower contains more water-bedded sands. Derived Lower Cretaceous materials are common. The youngest of the overlying tills is of Devensian age, while the Galcethorpe Till and the Welton Till (newly designated) are probably Wolstonian and form part of the Older Drift of the Lincolnshire Wolds. The faunal and artefact assemblages of the Welton Gravels have a Hoxnian affinity, and therefore the gravels were emplaced as valley-floor sediments during early Wolstonian or late Hoxnian times. They confirm the pre-Wolstonian existence of a valley draining eastwards through the Welton-le-Wold area from a head located in the eastern Wolds and possibly on Lower Cretaceous rocks.
RADIOCARBON DATING VERSUS THE LEEDS
HIPPOPOTAMUS—
A CAUTIONARY TALE
Authors: Harkness D. D. , Gaunt G. D. , Nunney J. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The
Hippopotamus
remains found near Leeds in 1852 are generally attributed to the Ipswichian (last) interglacial Stage, but certain features suggest that they could have been animals imported in historic times and subsequently buried. It was decided to resolve this issue by radiocarbon assay, which in theory should have been a simple matter. However, three assays on one of the bones produced unacceptable mid-Devensian (mid-last glacial) dates despite increasingly stringent decontamination procedures, the third attempt being supposedly proof against all natural and artificial contamination. A possible explanation for these results is given, and the interglacial age of the remains finally vindicated by an ‘infinite’ radiocarbon date obtained from a molar.
GROWTH FAULTING AND SANDSTONE DEPOSITION IN THE NAMURIAN OF THE STANTON SYNCLINE, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Chisholm J. I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Growth faulting during the deposition of the upper leaf of the Ashover Grit is believed to account for the presence of tilted bodies of sandstone, some of unusual thickness, that lie discordantly among undisturbed strata. In the best-exposed example, at Birchover, the position of the growth fault has been proved in boreholes and can be mapped at the surface. In the upper part of the structure, where the fault cuts sandstone, the fault plane dips steeply in the direction of fluviatile palaeocurrent flow and effects a downthrow in the same direction: the strata on the downthrown side are tilted towards the fault plane. The lower part of the fault plane flattens off in the underlying mudstone to a near-horizontal attitude and appears to have resulted in a slide-like displacement of the strata in the direction of palaeocurrent flow. A localized wedge of sandstone was deposited during the fault movement along the downthrown side of the steep, upper, part of the fault and accounts for the extra thickness of sandstone associated with the structure. Other examples, not so well exposed as that at Birchover, show many of the same features. A complex example at Stanton Lees can only be accounted for by a combination of growth faulting and contemporaneous erosion.
VOLCANIC AND EROSIVE EVENTS ON AN UPPER VISÉAN CARBONATE PLATFORM, NORTH DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Walkden G. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Re-examination of erosive, sedimentary and volcanic phenomena within D zone (Upper Viséan) limestones of the Millers Dale area, North Derbyshire, has prompted the modification of previous suggestions on the sequence of events around the D
1
/D
2
boundary. Major erosive features hither to regarded as channels are attributed to karstic solution, indicating lengthy subaerial exposure of at least the northern part of the Derbyshire carbonate platform at the end of D
1
. Minor tectonic activity seems to have culminated in early D
2
times with the development of an unconformity and further karstic erosion which confined the lowest D
2
minor cycle (the Station Quarry Beds) to an incipient syncline in the region of Millers Dale.

The ensuing Upper Millers Dale Lava was extruded across this early D
2
erosive surface as a succession of subaerial rather than submarine flows as previously thought, but its final extension at the eastern end of Millers Dale may have been in the form of a flow-foot breccia after an interval of partial inundation of the lava and local sedimentation. Stratigraphical similarity between Millers Dale and the platform margin to the north suggests a correlation between the Station Quarry Beds and the isolated P
1a
incursion at the base of D
2
in Pindale.
PALYNOLOGICAL DIVISION OF THE NAMURIAN OF NORTHERN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
Authors: Owens B. , Neves R. , Gueinn K. J. , Mishell D. R. F. , Sabry H. S. M. Z. , Williams J. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Studies carried out during the last decade have permitted the establishment of palynological zonal schemes for the Dinantian and Westphalian series in Britain. The present paper proposes a series of five concurrent assemblage range zones for the Namurian deposits of northern England and Scotland based on the results obtained from a number of widely-spaced sections. The scheme is defined so as to facilitate the establishment of one continuous set of palynologically defined zones for the entire Carboniferous deposits in Britain.
The principal components of each of the zones are documented and details of local stratigraphical distribution are supplied. Attempts have been made to integrate the principal macropalaeontological data in order that this zonal scheme can be equated with others defined on different biostratigraphical criteria.
INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS AND TRACE FOSSILS FROM THE WATERSTONES (SCYTHIAN–ANISIAN?) AT DARESBURY, CHESHIRE
Authors: IRELAND R. J. , POLLARD J. E. , STEEL R. J. , THOMPSON D. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

In a facies and trace fossil analysis of the Waterstones in North Cheshire, five gradational lithofacies are recognised: A—discontinuous bodies composed of lenticular units of cross-bedded, medium to fine sandstone: B—thin-bedded, muddy, fine sandstone with interbedded shale: C—thinner sandstones interlaminated with flaser-bedded siltstone or mudstone: D—shale: E—silty mudstone (‘marl’). Trace fossils described are:
Thalassinoides
cf.
suevicus, Diplocraterion luniforme, Arenicolites
sp., cf. ‘
Scoyenia?’ triadica, Planolites, Isopodichnus,
looped trails and vertebrate footprints. This ichnocoenosis can be assigned primarily to the
Skolithos
—
Glossifungites
ichnofacies, which represents the earliest stratigraphical evidence of marine conditions so far described from the English Trias. The
Scoyenia
ichnofacies is represented also.

The depositional environment was intertidal. Various sub-environments are recognised: lower and middle intertidal sandflat (lithofacies B and C), high intertidal mudflat to possibly impersistent sabkha (lithofacies E) and sand bars in tidal flat channels (lithofacies A).
This interpretation supports the importance of the Röt marine transgression in the Waterstones and suggests general regression into the overlying Keuper Marls.
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WESTPHALIAN B PLANT ASSEMBLAGES FROM WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Scott A. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The lowest Middle Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous, Westphalian B) at five localities in West Yorkshire (Swillington, Thorpe, Lodge Hill, Pugneys and Lowther North) expose strata from the Thornhill rock to the Two Foot Marine Band. The sections show three major facies associations interpreted as representing lake, delta and floodplain. These are divided into nine subfacies associations, each characterised by its particular lithology, sedimentary structures, fauna and flora. Facies 1A, medium grey and fissile black shales with non-marine bivalves and
Lepidodendron
leafy shoots, is interpreted as lacustrine/prodelta clays. Facies 1B, upward-coarsening silty shales to silts containing rare
Calamites,
represents distributary mouthbar sequences. Facies 2A, erosionally based sheet sands showing small scale trough cross bedding with horizons of comminuted plant debris, is interpreted as a proximal distributary mouthbar. Facies 2B is dominated by laminated silty shales with thin units of silty sandstone, contains abundant comminuted plant debris, and represents interdistributary lake deposits. Rarely, Facies 2A and 2B are overlain by a thin coal seam rich in
Calamites,
Facies 2C, which represents marginal swamp deposits. Facies 3A consists of thick coals and seatearths which were formed mainly by lycopods (shown by the palynology) and were dominated by different groups in succession; the facies is broadly interpreted as the “swamp-association”. Facies 3B, poorly laminated shales with abundant plants (often species rich) and thin siltstones, represents true floodplain/crevasse splay deposits. Facies 3C, thick, variable, upward-fining sandstones showing lateral accretion surfaces, is interpreted as pointbar deposits of meandering rivers which often have silty shale plugs. Abandoned channels are frequently filled with silty shales (Facies 3D) and have slumped banks, and often contain large contorted fronds of fern-like foliage.

The fossil plant assemblages are in part related to the sedimentary environment in which they are found and in part to the communities from which they have come. Preliminary reconstruction of the sedimentary environment allows hypotheses of the original plant communities to be made. The differences between the flora forming the coal and the flora found in other lithologies are emphasised.
LATERAL PERSISTENCE OF BEDS WITHIN THE GREAT LIMESTONE (NAMURIAN, E
1
) OF WEARDALE
Authors: Fairbairn R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The widespread lateral persistence of individual beds (posts) of the Great Limestone (Namurian, E
1
) of Weardale, long suggested by quarry workers, has been confirmed. Variations in thickness and fauna of the posts have been recorded throughout Weardale. Several areas where the Great Limestone is abnormally thin have been noted.
SIZE, SHAPE AND DENSITY SORTING OF BEACH MATERIAL ALONG THE HOLDERNESS COAST, YORKSHIRE
Authors: WINKELMOLEN A. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The results of investigations on the size, shape and density distribution in samples collected from the boulder clays, beach and offshore zone of Holderness are presented. None of the data indicate the existence of major north—south drift along the coast as previously thought. Many beach and offshore samples have a bi- or tri-modal size distribution whilst the shape density data show that most sands consist of different truncated populations which must have undergone a very complex history. The beach sands have a distinctly lag character compared to the boulder clays, their main source material, so that most selection processes must have occurred in the offshore area in zones parallel to the beach.
It is postulated that erosion of the cliffs and subsequent withdrawal of the material from the beach are achieved mainly during storms from the east. The strong undertow transports the mobilised material towards the shallow and somewhat deeper offshore waters but only a fraction of it re-enters the beach as prograding bars during moderate conditions. The inability of westerly winds to produce sufficiently large waves causes the sediment balance to be strongly negative. Material reaching the deeper offshore zone may be removed by tidal currents, probably with a net component to the north.
The properties of the Spurn Head sands are best explained in terms of the continuous withdrawal of the spit over its own sediment, in which wind action also plays a part.
A REVISED STRATIGRAPHY FOR THE WESTERN SCOTTISH LOWER LIAS
Authors: OATES MICHAEL JOHN 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Formations within the Lower Lias of western Scotland are stratigraphically re-defined as a result of many new ammonite discoveries.

Three formations are recognized: the Blue Lias, the Broadford Beds and the Pabay Beds. The Broadford Beds and the Blue Lias are approximately contemporary, the former (a nearshore limestone and coarse clastic facies) being restricted to the northern part of the area and the latter forming a northward extension of this formation in England and Wales, occupying the southern Inner Hebrides. The base of the succeeding Pabay Beds is recognized by its disconformable or unconformable relationship over the Blue Lias and the Broadford Beds, and it is dated at or about the
turneri-obtusum
Zone.

The Pabay Beds continue up to the base of the massive Scalpay Sandstone, a horizon within the
ibex
Zone in the northern and the
margaritatus
Zone in the southern Inner Hebrides.

New significant ammonite finds are described briefly.
BENTONITES IN THE LOWER D BEDS (RYAZANIAN) OF THE SPEETON CLAY OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: O’B. KNOX R. W. , FLETCHER B. N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Four volcanogenic mudstone beds totalling 50cm thickness occur in the lower D beds (Ryazanian) of the Speeton Clay in Filey Bay, Yorkshire. These structureless mudstones are composed essentially of smectite or kaolinite, with residual igneous grains suggesting that the clays have originated by alteration of a primary ash fall. Volcanoes of comparable age arc known at Zuidwal in the Netherlands and at the Wolf Rock off Cornwall but it is possible that the Speeton Clay ash was derived from an as yet undiscovered volcanic source.
CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS FROM THE UPPER CALLOVIAN AND LOWER OXFORDIAN (JURASSIC) OF STAFFIN BAY, ISLE OF SKYE, SCOTLAND.
Authors: HAMILTON GILLIAN 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Fifteen samples from a section in the Callovian-Oxfordian (Jurassic) part of the Staffin Shales, Isle of Skye, Scotland, were examined for their calcareous nannofossil assemblages. The results are compared with the ammonite zonal system, the ranges of other calcareous microfossils from the Staffin Shales and with analogous calcareous nannofossil assemblages from other areas.
PETROGRAPHY, STRATIGRAPHY AND WEATHERING OF LATE PLEISTOCENE TILLS IN EAST YORKSHIRE, LINCOLNSHIRE AND NORTH NORFOLK
Authors: MADGETT P. A. , CATT J. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A study of the vertical and lateral variations in particle size distribution, mineralogy and other petrographic features of tills in East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and north Norfolk shows that the Devensian glacial succession in eastern England contains only two tills, for which the new names Skipsea and Withernsea Tills are proposed. The “Hessle Till”, recognised as a third member by most previous workers, is shown to be the postglacial (Flandrian) weathering profile on whichever of these two occurs at the surface. South of Flamborough Head, the upper (Withernsea) till occurs on land only in an arcuate area adjoining the coast of south-east Holderness. The Skipsea Till occupies the whole of Holderness, and extends westwards on to the lower dip-slope of the Wolds and southwards to the northern coastal strip of Norfolk, where in its weathered form it has previously been known as the Hunstanton Till. These conclusions agree with those reached by Bisat forty years ago, but hitherto unpublished.
The weathering of the tills involves decalcification, the softening and disaggregation of sandstone, shale, igneous and metamorphic erratics, clay alteration and translocation, and the alteration of micas and some heavy minerals in the sand and silt fractions. Reddish brown colours, previously regarded as characteristic of the “Hessle Till”, result from oxidation of pyrite and siderite to depths of approximately 5 m.
NEW BOREHOLES INTO PERMIAN BEDS OFF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM
Authors: MAGRAW D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
New evidence on the sequence of Permian beds off Northumberland and Durham from boreholes drilled between 1974 and 1976 is reported, and it is considered along with data obtained from earlier offshore bores. The bores confirm a rapid thinning and disappearance of the Hartlepool Anhydrite westwards towards the present coastline, a thinning northwards from an area of maximum accumulation lying towards the southeast, and lateral passage into bedded dolomites. This thinning is regarded as depositional rather than the result of solution at a much later date, although penecontemporaneous deposition and re-solution might account for some intra-formational collapse structures present onshore. No clear evidence has been found to support the former extension shorewards of significant thicknesses of bedded anhydrite corresponding to the so-called Hartlepool Anhydrite or Seaham residues, although these could have originated from resolution of deposits formed in ‘isolated’ evaporite pans.

In the light of the new data and subsequent re-examination of the cores from the Seaham Bore, some re-interpretation of the stratigraphy is proposed in which the Hartlepool Anhydrite is regarded as equivalent in age at least to the upper part of the reef, and possibly even to the whole, while the Seaham Beds revert to being part of the classic Concretionary Limestone. No correlation with either Yorkshire or the Zechstein basinal deposits is proposed in view of the uncertain value of
Calcinema permiana
(King), and further information is required.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS IN THE SPEETON CLAY (LOWER CRETACEOUS) OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: TAYLOR ROSANNA J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The detailed stratigraphic ranges of 71 species of calcareous nannoplankton have been determined from the Speeton Clay at the type locality in Yorkshire. One new species,
Parhabdolithus reightonensis,
is described. Comparison with other Lower Cretaceous nannofloras provides evidence for provincialism during this period.
EUSTASY AND TECTONICS: SEDIMENTARY RHYTHMS AND STRATIGRAPHICAL UNITS IN BRITISH DINANTIAN CORRELATION
Authors: GEORGE T. NEVILLE 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The six ‘Major Cycles’ of sedimentation formally recognised by Ramsbottom in the British Dinantian succession are based on alternations of rock types and facies, ascribed to ‘regression’ and ‘transgression’ of the sea. Conceptually interpreted on a hypothesis of eustasy, they are different in kind from the six regional stages of the recent Special Report of the Geological Society, which were empirically and arbitrarily founded on the basis of a biostratigraphical exercise and in another sense reflect contemporary episodes of earth-movement; and, in practice as in principle, cycle and stage diverge in their application to sediments of the several depositional provinces.
Where there are radical facies changes, the ‘Major Cycles’ may be uncertainly identified or completely misidentified, being without definitive internal criteria, and they have no place in most of the Scottish deposits or in the Culm. The six regional stages also have their shortcomings, of boundary stratotypes and of criteria in extended correlation.
A hypothesis of eustasy as a major control on sedimentation diminishes the place of contemporary tectonism in the palaeogeographical profile, whereas pulsed diastrophism during British Dinantian times was of a magnitude to subsume and obliterate most or all signs of oceanic changes in sea level and engendered stratigraphical variation and nonsequence in ways independent of a ‘universal’ or ‘world-wide’ eustasy. In the result, the sedimentary rhythms everywhere to be seen, including the ‘Major Cycles’, lack an intrinsic ‘universal’ parallelism between one tectonic province and another; and the systematic use of eustatic criteria in correlation, even if they could be locally recognised, is impracticable in such a structurally complex area as Britain. Still less are such criteria available for more extended application in terrain beyond Britain.
MINOR SEDIMENTARY CYCLICITY IN LATE ASBIAN (UPPER D1) LIMESTONES IN THE LLANGOLLEN DISTRICT OF NORTH WALES
Authors: SOMERVILLE I. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A detailed lithostratigraphical study of the upper Dinantian (Asbian–Brigantian) limestones in the Llangollen district of North Wales has been made. The identification of minor cyclicity of sedimentation has been used to establish a new lithostratigraphical framework to supersede the former lithological divisions of Morton (1870; 1878). The following new formations are recognised: Ty-nant Limestone (early Asbian), Eglwyseg Limestone (late Asbian) and the overlying Trefor Limestone (Brigantian). In the Eglwyseg Limestone the sequence is divided into 9 to 10 minor cycles by prominent master bedding planes. Each minor cycle suggests alternation of transgressive and regressive periods which led eventually to emergence. Repeated subaerial exposure of limestone is recognised by features including palaeokarstic surfaces, calcareous laminated crusts and K-bentonite clays (palaeosols). The palaeokarstic surfaces were formed by contemporaneous chemical dissolution and the laminated crusts developed by
in situ
modification of the limestone possibly beneath a soil.
STRATIGRAPHY AND PALYNOLOGY OF EARLY DINANTIAN (CARBONIFEROUS) STRATA IN SHALLOW BOREHOLES NEAR RAVENSTONEDALE, CUMBRIA
Authors: HOLLIDAY D. W. , NEVES R. , OWENS B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Six shallow boreholes in the Ravenstonedale area, Cumbria, have proved strata near the base of the Dinantian succession and these are related to nearby outcrops. The marine Pinskey Gill beds are 45 to 50 m thick and the overlying fluviatile Shap Conglomerate is about 40 m thick. About 42 m of marine Stone Gill Limestones occur between the Conglomerate and the lowest limestones exposed in the Stone Gill section. The boundaries between the three formations are gradational and there appears to have been no major break in deposition. Miospore assemblages belonging to the CM zone occur in all three formations, but the higher part of the Stone Gill Limestones proved in the boreholes, may be of Pu zone age. The Pinskey Gill beds were deposited during a Courceyan marine transgression and most of the Shap Conglomerate was laid down in the succeeding regressive period. Renewed marine transgression, probably at the base of the Chadian, is indicated by the higher part of the Shap Conglomerate and the basal Stone Gill Limestones.