bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for the Dynamic Response of Rubber
Authors: Liu M. , Hoo Fatt M. S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
REFERENCE: Liu, M. and Hoo Fatt, M. S., "A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for the Dynamic Response of Rubber," Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA, Vol. 37, No. 4, October - December 2009, pp. 226-253.
The development of a constitutive model to describe the dynamic response of a filled rubber compound is presented in this paper. A series of cyclic tension tests were done on the rubber compound with mean strains ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, strain amplitudes ranging from 0.05 to 0.2, and strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 s−1. The cyclic strain-controlled test results showed material rate dependence and hysteresis, and this motivated the development of a phenomenological-based, hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model. A Zener model, i.e., a spring in parallel with a Maxwell element, was assumed. The total stress was decomposed into a rate-independent equilibrium stress and a rate-dependent overstress. The springs were modeled as neo-Hookean, while the damper was defined by a nonlinear viscosity function. Material constants for the constitutive model were calculated from the cyclic tension test results. Cyclic tension tests were also performed on a sheet with central hole to check the accuracy of the constitutive model. The constitutive model was implemented into ABAQUS Standard with a user-defined material subroutine. The finite element analysis simulation of the rubber sheet with a central hole demonstrated relatively good agreement with the experimental data.
Laboratory Measurement of Tire Flatspot
Authors: Mani N. K. , Berzins M. A. , Turner J. L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Tires flatspot when they remain loaded without rolling for a period of time. The magnitude of this flatspot and the speed with which it recovers due to subsequent rolling are influenced by the temperature and load histories. Experience indicates that controlled measurement in the laboratory is the best way to measure the flatspot characteristics of tires. However, the laboratory test procedure must be based on the flatspot and recovery conditions the tire experiences in the field for the measurements to truly represent tire performance. Processing of the experimental data to compute the initial flatspot and its decay due to rolling also requires special care since the flatspot decays from the first revolution of the tire after flatspot. Effects of flatspot on a tire can be measured in many ways using low or high speed uniformity measurements or by measuring the radial runout of the tire.
This paper will address the issues involved in flatspot measurement of tires and also present mechanistic explanation of the influence of test conditions on flatspot.
Influence of biopsy specimen size, tissue fixation, and assay variation on copper, iron, and zinc concentrations in canine livers
Authors: Johnston Andrea N. , Center Sharon A. , McDonough Sean P. , Warner Karen L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether metal concentrations in canine liver specimens were influenced by specimen size, assay variability, tissue processing (formalin fixation and deparaffinization), or storage in paraffin blocks.
Sample Population—Liver specimens (fresh frozen and deparaffinized) from 2 dogs with chronic hepatitis (high copper but unremarkable iron concentration [liver 1] and unremarkable copper but high iron concentration [liver 2]) as well as fresh and deparaffinized-archived liver specimens from 20 dogs with various hepatopathies.
Procedures—Fresh frozen liver specimens (obtained via simulated needle-core and wedge biopsy), fresh hepatic tissue, and deparaffinized-archived specimens (0.5 to 14 years old) were analyzed for concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc by atomic absorption flame spectrometry. Clinical severity scores were assigned on the basis of tissue metal concentrations.
Results—Interassay variation of metal standards was < 4%. Measurements of liver tissues on 8 consecutive days yielded high coefficients of variation (3.6% to 50%) reflecting heterogenous histologic metal distribution; variation was highest in liver 1 and deparaffinized-archived tissues. Heterogenous metal distribution was confirmed by histologic evaluation. The largest range of metal concentrations was detected in wedge biopsy specimens. In tissues with high metal concentrations, copper and iron concentrations were significantly lower in needle-core versus wedge biopsy specimens. A higher zinc concentration in deparaffinized-archived specimens masked a low zinc concentration in fresh liver tissue of 10 of 20 (50%) dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retrospective measurement of copper and iron concentrations but not zinc concentrations in deparaffinized-archived liver specimens provided relevant information. The value of needle-core biopsy specimens for measurement of metal concentrations is questionable.
Evaluation of variants of melanoma-associated antigen genes and mRNA transcripts in melanomas of dogs
Authors: Stell Anneliese J. , Dobson Jane M. , Scase Timothy J. , Catchpole Brian 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To characterize variability in melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) genes and gene expression in melanomas of dogs.
Animals—18 dogs with malignant melanomas and 8 healthy control dogs.
Procedures—cDNA was prepared from malignant melanoma biopsy specimens and from pigmented oral mucocutaneous tissues of healthy control dogs. Genomic DNA was extracted from poorly pigmented melanomas. A PCR assay was performed by use of Melan-A, SILV, or tyrosinase-specific primers.
Results—Splice variants of Melan-A and SILV were identified in malignant melanomas and also in healthy pigmented tissues, whereas a tyrosinase splice variant was detected in melanoma tissues only. A short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) insertion mutation was identified in the SILV gene in 1 of 10 poorly pigmented melanomas. Six novel exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; 3 synonymous and 3 nonsynonymous) were detected in the tyrosinase gene, and 1 nonsynonymous exonic SNP was detected in the SILV gene.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Variants of MAA mRNA were detected in malignant melanoma tissues of dogs. The importance of MAA alternative transcripts expressed in melanomas and normal pigmented tissues was unclear, but they may have represented a means of regulating melanin synthesis. The tyrosinase splice variant was detected only in melanomas and could potentially be a tumor-specific target for immunotherapy. A SILV SINE insertion mutation was identified in a melanoma from a Great Dane, a breed known to carry this mutation (associated with merle coat color). The nonsynonymous SNPs detected in tyrosinase and SILV transcripts did not appear to affect tumor pigmentation.
Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the left dorsal colon after different durations of ischemia and reperfusion in horses
Authors: Morton Alison J. , Grosche Astrid , Rötting Anna K. , Matyjaszek Sarah A. , Blikslager Anthony T. , Freeman David E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To identify expression and localization of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in healthy and ischemic-injured left dorsal colon of horses.
Sample Population—Left dorsal colon tissue samples from 40 horses.
Procedures—Tissue samples that were used in several related studies on ischemia and reperfusion were evaluated. Samples were collected during anesthesia, before induction of ischemia, and following 1 hour of ischemia, 1 hour of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion, 2 hours of ischemia, 2 hours of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion, and 2 hours of ischemia and 18 hours of reperfusion. Histomorphometric analyses were performed to characterize morphological injury. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to characterize expression and localization of COX-1 and COX-2.
Results—COX-1 and COX-2 were expressed in control tissues before ischemia was induced, predominantly in cells in the lamina propria. Ischemic injury significantly increased expression of COX-2 in epithelial cells on the colonic surface and in crypts. A similar significant increase of COX-1 expression was seen in the epithelial cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of information on the role of COX-2, upregulation of COX-2 in surface epithelium and crypt cells following ischemic injury in equine colon may represent an early step in the repair process.
Determination of and correlation between urine protein excretion and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio values during a 24-hour period in healthy horses and ponies
Authors: Uberti Benjamin , Eberle D. Bernard , Pressler Barrak M. , Moore George E. , Sojka Janice E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether urine protein-to-creatinine (UP:C) ratio assessment provides an estimate of urine protein excretion (UPE) over a 24-hour period in horses and ponies, establish a preliminary UP:C ratio reference range, and determine UP:C ratio variation over time in healthy equids.
Animals—11 female horses and 6 female ponies.
Procedures—Urine was collected from all equids at 4-hour intervals for 24 hours. Total 24-hour UPE (mg of protein/kg of body weight) and UP:C ratio were determined; these variables were also assessed in aliquots of urine collected at 4-hour intervals. On 2 additional days, urine samples were also obtained from 6 horses (1 sample/horse/d) to determine day-to-day variation in UP:C ratio. Correlation between 4-hour or 24-hour UPE and UP:C ratio values was assessed. Reference ranges for 24-hour UPE, 24-hour UP:C ratio, and 4-hour UP:C ratios were calculated as central 95th percentiles of observed values.
Results—Mean 24-hour UPE (4.28 ± 2.99 mg/kg) and 24-hour UP:C ratio (0.0 to 0.37) had excellent correlation (R = 0.826; P < 0.001) in both horses and ponies; analysis of 4-hour data also revealed good correlation (R = 0.782; P < 0.001) with these variables. Calculated UPE and UP:C ratio reference ranges were similar to established ranges in other species. Day-to-day variability in UP:C ratio was minimal, and all results were within the reference range calculated by use of the 24-hour urine samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Assessment of the UP:C ratio appears to be a reliable method for estimating 24-hour UPE in horses and ponies.
Labor market characteristics of veterinary technician specialists in 2007
Authors: Norkus Christopher L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine labor market characteristics of veterinary technician specialists (VTSs) during 2007 and identify characteristics significantly related to pay.
Design—Survey.
Sample Population—163 VTSs.
Procedures—A 21-question, multiple-choice survey was sent in early May 2008 to all individuals (n = 345) who had been certified as VTSs and for whom an e-mail address could be identified.
Results—Weighted mean pay rate for respondents was $23.48/h. Pay rate was significantly associated with practice type, whether the respondent had a supervisory or management position, duration of experience as a VTS, duration of experience as a veterinary technician, and duration of employment with the current employer. Pay rate was not significantly associated with age, gender, highest academic degree, geographic region, area of practice (ie, urban vs suburban vs rural), or academy of which the respondent was a member.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Traditional human capital variables such as work experience and job tenure were significantly related to pay rate for VTSs.
Agreement between values for arterial and end-tidal partial pressures of carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing, critically ill dogs
Authors: Kelmer Efrat , Scanson Lindsey C. , Reed Ann , Love Lydia C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine agreement between arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and end-tidal partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) measured with a nasal catheter in spontaneously breathing, critically ill dogs.
Design—Validation study.
Animals—26 client-owned dogs admitted to an intensive care unit for various conditions.
Procedures—PaCO2 was measured with a commercial blood gas analyzer, and PETCO2 was measured with a sidestream capnograph attached to a nasal catheter. Measurements were obtained twice (ie, with and without supplemental oxygen). Paired values were compared by means of the Pearson correlation method. Level of agreement was assessed by means of the Bland-Altman method.
Results—Mean difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2 when dogs did not receive supplemental oxygen (mean ± SD, 3.95 ± 4.92 mm Hg) was significantly lower than mean difference when dogs did receive supplemental oxygen (6.87 ± 6.42 mm Hg). Mean difference in dogs with a condition affecting the respiratory system (8.55 ± 5.43 mm Hg) was significantly higher than mean difference in dogs without respiratory tract disease (3.28 ± 3.23 mm Hg). There was a significant linear correlation and good agreement between measured values of PaCO2 and PETCO2. Catheter size, ventilatory status, and outcome were not significantly associated with mean difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that nasal capnography is a clinically relevant method of estimating PaCO2 in spontaneously breathing, critically ill dogs, but that values should be interpreted with caution in dogs receiving supplemental oxygen and in dogs with conditions affecting the respiratory system.
Assessment of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for differentiation of congestive heart failure from primary respiratory tract disease as the cause of respiratory signs in dogs
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Rush John E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Fox Philip R. , Reynolds Caryn A. , Gordon Sonya G. , Bulmer Barret J. , Lefbom Bonnie K. , Brown Bill A. , Lehmkuhl Linda B. , Prosek Robert , Lesser Michael B. , Kraus Marc S. , Bossbaly Maribeth J. , Rapoport Gregg S. , Boileau Jean-Sebastien 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration is useful in discriminating between cardiac and noncardiac (ie, primary respiratory tract disease) causes of respiratory signs (ie, coughing, stertor, stridor, excessive panting, increased respiratory effort, tachypnea, or overt respiratory distress) in dogs.
Design—Multicenter cross-sectional study.
Animals—115 dogs with respiratory signs.
Procedures—Dogs with respiratory signs were solicited for study. Physical examination, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were used to determine whether respiratory signs were the result of cardiac (ie, congestive heart failure) or noncardiac (ie, primary respiratory tract disease) causes. Serum samples for NT-proBNP assay were obtained at time of admission for each dog. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine the ability of serum NT-proBNP concentration to discriminate between cardiac and noncardiac causes of respiratory signs.
Results—Serum NT-proBNP concentration was significantly higher in dogs with cardiac versus noncardiac causes of respiratory signs. In dogs with primary respiratory tract disease, serum NT-proBNP concentration was significantly higher in those with concurrent pulmonary hypertension than in those without. A serum NT-proBNP cutoff concentration > 1,158 pmol/L discriminated between dogs with congestive heart failure and dogs with primary respiratory tract disease with a sensitivity of 85.5% and a specificity of 81.3%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measuring serum NT-proBNP concentration in dogs with respiratory signs helps to differentiate between congestive heart failure and primary respiratory tract disease as an underlying cause.
Dyspnea caused by epiglottic retroversion in two dogs
Authors: Flanders James A. , Thompson Margret S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Case Description—An 8-year-old castrated male Boxer and a 10-year-old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier were evaluated because of dyspnea. In both dogs, the dyspnea persisted after elongated soft palate resection.
Clinical Findings—Laryngoscopic examination revealed caudal displacement of the epiglottis into the rima glottidis in both dogs. Excessive mobility of the epiglottis during respiration with episodic obstruction of the rima glottidis by the epiglottis was observed during fluoroscopic examination.
Treatment and Outcome—The epiglottis of both dogs was fixed in a horizontal plane by resection of a band of oral mucosa at the base of the epiglottis and closure of the mucosal defect with sutures. Fixation of the epiglottis resolved the dyspnea in both dogs.
Clinical Relevance—Excessive mobility of the epiglottis can predispose to glottic obstruction and cause dyspnea in dogs. Fixation of the epiglottis in a horizontal plane may resolve dyspnea caused by epiglottic retroversion in dogs.
Branchial remnant cysts of mature and juvenile horses
Authors: NOLEN‐WALSTON R. D. , PARENTE E. J. , MADIGAN J. E. , DAVID F. , KNAFO S. E. , ENGILES J. B. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThis clinical report describes 8 cases of branchial remnant cysts (BRC) in the horse. The horses presented with bimodal age distribution, with 5 cases in mature horses (age 8–21 years) and 3 in foals (age 1, 6 and 10 months). Mature cases presented for dysphagia or intermittent oesophageal obstruction (2/5), and retropharyngeal swelling (3/5), whereas respiratory stridor and visible mass were presenting complaints in the foals. Presence of a right‐sided (5/8) or dorsally located (2/8) palpable retropharyngeal mass of 3–35 cm diameter was noted clinically; one left‐sided mass was identified as an incidental finding at necropsy. Ultrasonography typically revealed a thick‐walled cyst containing hypoechoic fluid with dependent hyperechoic masses consistent with blood clots. Radiographs and upper airway endoscopy were also consistent with a retropharyngeal mass. Fluid cytology revealed chronic haemorrhage in 6/8 cases, and squamous epithelial cells in one case. Histopathology in all cases demonstrated an epithelium‐lined cyst with no smooth muscle or thyroid tissue. Two cases was subjected to euthanasia; one due to concurrent laryngeal anomalies and one due to financial constraints. The remaining 5 cases were treated via surgical excision. Post operatively, right laryngeal hemiplegia was observed in 4/5 cases. All previous reports of BRC in the horse have described juvenile individuals. Brachial remnant cyst should be considered a differential diagnosis for mature horses with masses of the throatlatch area and can be definitively diagnosed by the presence of squamous epithelium in aspirated fluid or by histopathology of the excised mass. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve damage is a common complication of surgery.
Impact of reproductive efficiency over time and mare financial value on economic returns among Thoroughbred mares in central Kentucky
Authors: BOSH K. A. , POWELL D. , NEIBERGS J. S. , SHELTON B. , ZENT W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary Reason for performing study: There have been no studies reporting the impact of reproductive efficiency and mare financial value on economic returns. Objective: To explore the economic consequences of differences in reproductive efficiency over time in the Thoroughbred mare. Methods: Complete production records for 1176 mares were obtained. Production history and drift in foaling date were calculated. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing the probability of producing a registered foal in 2005. The ‘net present value’ and ‘internal rate of return’ were calculated for economic scenarios involving different initial mare financial values, levels of reproductive efficiency, and durations of investment. Results: Among mares that did not produce a foal every year (63%), the mean time before failing to produce a registered foal was 3.4 years. The majority of mares drifted later in their foaling dates in subsequent foaling seasons. Increasing mare age, foaling after 1st April, needing to be mated multiple times during the season, and producing a lower number of foals in continuous sequence during previous years decreased the probability of producing a registered foal. Over a 7 year investment period, live foals must be produced in all but one year to yield a positive financial return. Profitability was highest among mares of greatest financial value. Conclusions: Mares are long‐term investments due to the extended period before there is a return on the investment. Improving our understanding of mare, stallion and management factors that affect the likelihood of producing a live foal are critical to ensuring a positive financial return. Additional work is needed to test the robustness of the study's conclusions when the cost and revenue assumptions are varied. Potential relevance: This information can assist in assessing mare profitability and developing management strategies to maximise profitability.
Occult metastatic intestinal adenocarcinoma resulting in pathological fracture of the proximal humerus
Authors: JANN H. W. , BRESHEARS M. A. , ALLISON R. W. , PECHMAN R. D. , DAY J. , HART J. C. A. , MOORMAN V. J. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIntestinal adenocarcinomas are rare but have been described in the literature. The present case is unusual in both its clinical presentation and in the distribution of metastatic lesions. The sequestrum formation and pathological fracture present are most commonly associated with osteomyelitis in horses and the details of the case highlight the need for differential diagnosis in these particular circumstances and of which clinicians should be aware.
Abnormal umbilical cord attachment sites in the mare: A review illustrated by three case reports
Authors: WILSHER S. , OUSEY J. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryAbnormal cord attachment can be a manifestation of an inappropriate fixation position of the conceptus in the uterus, or it may result from disorientation of the conceptus post fixation. The potential for this resulting in fetal and neonatal compromise is reviewed in the light of previous reports and to which 3 cases within the authors' experience are added.
Do horses suffer from irritable bowel syndrome?
Authors: HUNTER J. O. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in man is not a single entity but has several causes. One of the most common forms has similarities with colic and laminitis in horses. Undigested food residues may pass from the small intestine into the colon where bacterial fermentation produces chemicals that lead to disease. In horses the consequences may be disastrous, but in healthy humans such malabsorption may not be harmful. After events such as bacterial gastroenteritis or antibiotic treatment, an imbalance of the colonic microflora with overgrowth of facultative anaerobes may arise, leading to malfermentation and IBS. It is not known whether such subtle changes may likewise be present in the microflora of horses who are susceptible to colic and laminitis. Metabolomic studies of urine and faeces may provide a suitable way forward to identify such changes in the horse's gut and thus help to identify more accurately those at risk and to provide opportunities for the development of improved treatment.
Comparison of radiography, scintigraphy and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of patellar chondromalacia in a horse, confirmed by arthroscopy
Authors: McLellan J. , Plevin S. , Hammock P. D. , BonenClark G. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryPatellar chondromalacia is rarely reported in the horse. In this study, several noninvasive diagnostic modalities were combined to diagnose patellar chondromalacia in a horse, later confirmed by arthroscopy. Radiography failed to demonstrate pathology; nuclear scintigraphy localised the disease process to the left femoropatellar region; and ultrasonography identified pathological changes within the affected joint. It is possible that this disease is underreported in the literature due to the difficulty in accurately diagnosing the condition.