bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Protest and Silencing
Authors: Medina José 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sometimes protests cannot get off the ground because they are preemptively silenced. Other times acts of protest are produced, but they are not heard; and yet in other cases, protests are noticed but they receive no uptake or only a superficial and defective uptake. This chapter develops a critical examination of the speech act of protesting and of the forms of illocutionary silencing and of perlocutionary frustration or disablement that often neutralize acts of protest because of defective uptake or lack thereof. More specifically, it will analyze the case of protesting racial violence and how so often these acts of protest fall on deaf ears and achieve no results because of specific communicative dysfunctions and problems of reception and uptake.
AI with Alien Content and Alien Metasemantics
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
AlphaGo1 plays chess and Go in a creative and novel way. It is natural for us to attribute contents to it, such as that it doesn’t view being several pawns behind, if it has more board space, as bad. The framework introduced in Cappelen and Dever (2021) provides a way of thinking about the semantics and the metasemantics of AI content: does AlphaGo entertain contents like this, and if so, in virtue of what does a given state of the program mean that particular content? One salient question Cappelen and Dever didn’t consider was the possibility of alien content. Alien content is content that is not or cannot be expressed by human beings. It’s highly plausible that AlphaGo, or any other sophisticated AI system, expresses alien contents. That this is so, moreover, is plausibly a metasemantic fact: a fact that has to do with how AI comes to entertain content in the first place, one that will heed the vastly different etiology of AI and human content. This chapter explores the question of alien content in AI from a semantic and metasemantic perspective. It lays out the logical space of possible responses to the semantic and metasemantic questions alien content poses, considers whether and how we humans could communicate with entities who express alien content, and points out that getting clear about such questions might be important for more ‘applied’ issues in the philosophy of AI, such as existential risk and XAI.
On Retweeting
Authors: Michaelson Eliot , Pepp Jessica , Sterken Rachel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A small, but growing literature in philosophy is devoted to the understanding of a seemingly new communicative action that came with the internet, and with Twitter in particular: the retweet. The spur for this literature is a kind of puzzle in public discourse: on the one hand, there is a tendency to hold people responsible for their retweets, and to blame them for retweeting material considered offensive or otherwise inappropriate. On the other hand, there is a widely shared, if not universally recognized feeling that, as the well-known disclaimer has it, “A retweet is not an endorsement.” But if a retweet is not an endorsement, what is it? And what is wrong with retweeting offensive or misleading tweets? This chapter puts forward the view that bare, uncommented retweets are best understood as lacking any sort of default illocutionary force, in contrast to many other types of speech acts. And, whereas with most speech acts, it is massively difficult to influence the norms governing that type of act, this may not be the case with retweeting. With retweeting, it is possible to consider ways that Twitter’s interface and code might be altered to revise the act of retweeting; likewise, it is possible to consider the likely impacts of such revisions on the norms surrounding retweeting. This raises a pair of interesting questions: (i) what should we want retweeting to be like, and (ii) how can we make progress in that direction?
The Pragmatics of Technologically Mediated Online Speech
Authors: Kukla Quill R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the social force and pragmatic structure of an emerging new class of speech acts—including, for instance, ‘liking’, retweeting, and ‘at’-ing—that have only recently become possible to perform. New technology and communication infrastructure is generating the possibility of new pragmatic forms of speaking, which can have no face-to-face equivalent. Standard pragmatic types of speech acts—interrogatives, promises, imperatives, and so forth—are essentially medium-independent; they can be performed with one’s voice, in writing, over electronic media, in sign language, etc. But as the chapter will try to show, other pragmatic speech-act types are inherently medium-dependent and technologically mediated. It will defend two theses: (1) the technologically enabled online speech acts it explores have distinctive pragmatic structures, which are irreducible to speech-act types performed over other media or in person; and (2) many of these online speech acts are socially potent: they serve to constitute and organize social space in important ways. In particular, they are used to negotiate and solidify the boundaries between group insiders and outsiders and the norms of social engagement within groups
Ideology and Intersectionality
Authors: McKeever Matthew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Analytic philosophers increasingly make reference to the concept of ideology to think about how representational structures can lead to oppression. The aims of this chapter are twofold. First, it seeks to serve as an introduction to (some of) the best contemporary work on ideology in the analytic tradition and the theories of ideology it develops. Second, it proposes a novel challenge for any such theory. The challenge turns on the nature of intersectionality: it is hard to see how to render consistent the claim that ideology creates or sustains oppression with the claim that oppression is intersectional, without making substantial modifications to extant theories.
Art and Language
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, four issues are addressed—namely (1) whether art is a language on the model of a natural language, (2) whether art can be defined, in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions (3) whether all aesthetic terms are non-condition-governed in a strict or a looser pragmatic sense, and (4) what is the nature of (art) critical communication? It is argued that art is not a language, that art might turn out to be a cluster concept, that some aesthetic terms may be condition-governed in the looser pragmatic sense, and that most critical communications are not primarily a matter of inducing experiences but are purpose driven.
On Passive Aggression
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter defines passive-aggressive behaviour and explains why we find it objectionable. It argues that passive aggression essentially involves a hostile attack on a target, which is ambiguous in that, in addition to being correctly describable as such, from the point of view of the target and any onlookers, there is a somewhat plausible (yet false) interpretation according to which the behaviour is innocuous. Passive aggression is objectionable primarily because behaving passive aggressively impedes the agent’s social and professional functioning, and because it involves attacking the target in a way that makes it difficult for the target to challenge the behaviour. Further, behaving passive aggressively is bad for passive aggressors because it makes it more difficult for them to address their feelings of hostility, and it may exacerbate feelings of powerlessness.
Treaties and Modern Agreements with Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Hobbs Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For hundreds of years, Indigenous and non-Indigenous political communities have negotiated treaties and agreements to share land and governance. This chapter explores how these instruments are both products of international law and a catalyst for its evolution. It explains how initially international law facilitated a flurry of treaty-making as colonial powers sought to legitimate their claims to vast expanses of territory. Later, the same powers turned to international law to domesticate these nation-to-nation agreements and subsume Indigenous communities within the state. While contemporary international law does not restore the original position, it does offer a means to reclaim Indigenous visions of treaty-making. This is possible if we sidestep arguments on legal form and focus on the deeper significance of these bargains. Historic treaties and modern agreements are fundamental instruments that recognize and facilitate Indigenous sovereignty and guide relations between nations. Whether or not they are properly considered international agreements, they should be understood and interpreted in this light. In reaching this position, treaties and modern agreements are contributing to the transformation of international law.
Agenda Setting
Authors: Werneck Arguelhes Diego , Hartmann Ivar A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From a global, comparative perspective, a court with the discretionary power to decide what it will decide, and this fact being publicly acknowledged and uncontroversial, are both far from the norm. Building on theoretical and empirical studies of courts in different jurisdictions, the authors show that mechanisms whereby courts decide what to decide and the different patterns of judicial behaviour associated with such decision-making features comprise at least four dimensions of institutional design: (i) docket control mechanisms; (ii) timing control mechanisms); (iii) types of rulings and dismissals; and (iv) internal allocation of agenda-setting powers. Dimensions (i) and (ii) involve what a court can do to set its agenda (formal docket control being but one type of answer to this broader question of judicial design and decision-making); elements (iii) and (iv), on the other hand, involve how a court exercises the broader powers it has to set its agenda. Studies have answered such questions looking at a court’s formal, official rules of operation, or at informal practices and the actual operations of courts, or a combination of both. These different approaches will yield very different results when it comes to comparing agenda-setting mechanisms and classifying courts accordingly.
Judge Language Choices
Authors: Ash Elliott 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of scientific research into the language choices made by judges. First, it introduces a foundational model to frame the judge’s linguistic decisions, considering both the institutional inputs and downstream impacts. Second, it explores the use of natural language processing tools for measuring judicial language choices, highlighting the challenges faced due to the multifaceted and intricate nature of language. Then the focus shifts to the determinants of these choices, evaluating existing empirical studies with an acknowledgment of the inherent challenges in establishing broad causal evidence given the scarcity of natural or field experiments. Fourth, the chapter examines the consequences of judicial language choices, an even harder problem given the challenge of disentangling other aspects of a judge’s choices besides language. In both respects, a number of important findings have been developed, yet many fundamental questions in judge language choice remain unanswered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some promising paths for future work.
Developing Judicial Independence
Authors: Epperly Brad 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by reviewing recent developments in law and courts research on judicial independence. It then highlights three areas where greater conceptual clarity would aid theory development and empirics: more clearly articulating the specific actors in question and their institutional powers; more specification of the expected utility calculations those actors make when it comes to independence; and more directly conceptualizing the threat those empowering courts face, and the attendant benefits independent courts provide. The following section observes a unifying feature of law and courts explanations for judicial independence: that the court in question has judicial review powers. Whether the causal logic is insurance, blame avoidance, or public support, explanations are all predicated on the ability of courts to use review powers—and their willingness to do so. Finally, the chapter assesses popular measures of judicial independence in light of this observation. Here, it shows that although judiciary measures from the Varieties of Democracy project purport to capture review, in practice they do not; further, even when it comes to what should be ‘easy’ cases, these measures lack face validity and fail to comport with insights from the literature regarding the judicialization of politics.
Church Organization
Authors: Jackson Wendy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Historically, the organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church developed as a response to the needs of the church. This has resulted in a structure composed of four organizational levels that has enabled significant church growth and provides a means for both local and organization-wide decision-making. However, the core structure has been largely unchanged for more than a century. and its ongoing maintenance is under threat due to issues the church is facing in the twenty-first century. These issues include a confused locus of authority, major demographic shifts, changed giving trends, a burgeoning number of administrators, and the need to address the limited roles and decision-making available to women within the structure.
Formalism in Jewish Law
Authors: Saiman Chaim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Scholars differ as to the degree to which Jewish law is formalistic. This chapter aims to make sense of the debate surrounding formalism in Jewish law by distinguishing between three types of legal formalism: classic formalism, modern formalism, and detail-following formalism. Viewed through the lens of modern formalism, Jewish law is likely less formalistic than commonly assumed as it is not primarily concerned with constraining decision makers. Nor is Jewish legal discourse typified by its unified conceptual schemas that proceed from abstract concepts to bottom-line decisions in the way that classical formalism proceeds. This chapter introduces an alternative framing termed “detail-following formalism,” which is typified by a religiosity that stresses strict adherence to the multiplicity of legal forms that constitute Jewish law. Detail-following formalism is backed by ritualistic, theological, and mystical concepts that are generally absent from modern law.
Chinese Buddhism in America
Authors: Lai Rongdao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Through a study of the life and career of the nun Man Chu 文珠 (pinyin: Wenzhu, 1930–2014), this chapter highlights the role of individual ethnic Chinese Dharma teachers, community organizers, and translocal agents who are instrumental to the transmission and development of Buddhism in the United States—who have so far been virtually absent in scholarship on American Buddhism. A Guangdong native, Man Chu migrated to Los Angeles from Hong Kong in 1972. She founded the Western American Buddhist Association the next year. She was a prolific writer, tireless preacher, and a staunch proponent of traditional Chinese Buddhist exegesis who tried to make her work accessible to a broad audience. The aim of this chapter is twofold: (1) to rethink what constitutes “American Buddhism” by positioning lesser-known Asian Buddhists in its narrative, and (2) to evaluate how the border-crossing of Chinese monastics allows for a more intricate understanding of ethnic and religious identities.
Basic Emotion Theory
Authors: Cordaro Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Beginning with the seminal works of Charles Darwin, Basic Emotion Theory (BET) has been one of the cornerstone theoretical frameworks in the study of emotions. Its influence has driven several fields of research in the psychological sciences and continues to provide a foundational road map to exploring the vast, still-uncharted space of human emotion. Basic emotions are discrete, evolutionarily driven processes essential to survival. They are a special subset of discrete emotions that transcend across species, time, and culture. Basic emotions are elementally distinct, genetically determined, and functionally critical. This chapter provides a brief overview of the importance of BET in emotion science, discusses which emotions are basic, and reviews where the science of basic emotions is presently. Based on these current observations, future directions for the study of evolutionarily grounded emotions are discussed.
Romantic Love
Authors: K. Doherty Jaclyn , C. Brumbaugh Claudia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Humans are uniquely designed to be affected in numerous ways by romantic love. Romantic love is an intense feeling that attracts people to one another and keeps them together for some length of time. Thus, romantic love is thought to serve the purpose of relationship maintenance and the biological function of passing on the genes of the two individuals involved when offspring result. This chapter discusses the universality and ultimate functions of romantic love, as well as how romantic love is reflected in human biology (e.g., via brain and hormonal processes). Considering both psychological and physiological outcomes, the authors then weigh the benefits (e.g., elation and energy) and drawbacks (e.g., obsession and suicide) of romantic love. The chapter ends with a discussion of the life-span trajectory of romantic love and what happens after romantic love has “done its job.”
Disgust
Authors: J. Cepon-Robins Tara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Disgust is a universal human emotion that likely evolved to prevent exposure to substances, people, or activities associated with pathogens. Variation in disgust sensitivity exists based on sex, age, immune status, and other life-history factors. Disgust sensitivity is hypothesized to be flexible, calibrated to local environments based on cost-benefit trade-offs associated with avoidance. Problematically, most disgust research has been focused largely within what have been termed “WEIRD” populations (i.e., Western, educated, industrialized, rich democracies). Consequently, little is known about the disgust response and its downstream effects within populations experiencing high-pathogen environments, subsistence-based lifestyles (e.g., foraging, hunting/fishing, horticulture), and natural fertility. We review what is known about cross-cultural variation in the disgust response and provide testable hypotheses for future research on disgust sensitivity and utility in understudied populations. Collaborations between evolutionary psychology and human biology can fill gaps in the understanding of the disgust emotion through methodological and theoretical synthesis.
Chronic Pain, Recuperation, and Care-Eliciting
Authors: Cantor Christopher H. , Craig Kenneth D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores evidence suggesting an adaptive basis for chronic pain and the conceptual implications. A literature review included: human pain, animal pain across species, caregiving, cooperation, evolutionary theory, and signaling theory. Traditional models of chronic pain focus on proximal features rather than distal origins. Evolutionary perspectives emphasize pain’s late recuperative stage involving interactions between helpers and sufferers. Species vary in care-eliciting/caregiving behaviors, with some being biologically prepared to help, while others ignore injured conspecifics. Cooperation, the foundation of caregiving, evolved through diverse mechanisms. Research highlights communication and coping aspects of pain behavior, with signaling theory and cost-benefit perspectives adding new dimensions. If chronic pain evolved promoting care-elicitation to facilitate recuperation it may have been ancestrally adaptive. Understanding chronic pain in the social contexts of patients’ lives provides greater understanding than viewing patients as displaying abnormal pain behaviors.
Kama Muta
Authors: Knutsen Steinnes Kamilla , Lyshol Johanna Katarina Blomster , H. Zickfeld Janis , Schubert Thomas , Seibt Beate 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cuteness, as described through Konrad Lorenz’s Kindchenschema, refers to a youthful and fragile appearance through a set of physical features such as large eyes, a round head, and a small nose. Such features elicit careful behavior in the perceiver, capture attention, and motivate approach. This chapter describes various responses to cuteness and discusses how these are culturally unifying yet affected by cultural salience and personal differences. Despite the long line of empirical studies suggesting that cuteness has an evolutionary function, recent advances indicate that responses to cuteness go beyond maternal caregiving to offspring. According to different theories, cuteness may evoke compassion, tenderness, empathic concern, nurturant love, kawaii, or dimorphous emotional expressions, facilitating pro-social behavior, social engagement, and humanization. The chapter suggests that evolutionary and cultural aspects of these emotional states can be united through the common core of devotion to communal relationships—at the heart of the kama muta emotion.
The Elements of Gratitude
Authors: N. Loria Riley , Lieberman Debra , J. Pedersen Eric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Gratitude is a key emotion motivating the initiation and maintenance of cooperative relationships. However, it has received relatively little attention from evolutionarily minded social scientists. We have learned much about gratitude in the past two decades that sheds light on gratitude’s purported evolved functions, but several questions remain: Does gratitude rely on benefit delivery? Does it require that a cost be incurred? Does gratitude correspond to a change in another’s value of the self, the self’s value of another, or both? And how do expressions of gratitude influence perceptions of the expressor? This chapter begins with an overview of the science of gratitude by reviewing research from positive and social psychology, highlighting the cross-cultural similarities and differences in the experience and expression of gratitude. The authors then focus on evolutionary perspectives on gratitude, discuss experimental results that adjudicate between them, and suggest profitable lines of future research.
Curiosity
Authors: Scrivner Coltan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Despite a rich history of research, scientists have not been able to agree upon a single definition or taxonomy of curiosity. These diverging perspectives have led to a breadth of research that has yet to be integrated under one framework. The author of this chapter proposes that research on curiosity can benefit from an evolutionary perspective, and more broadly from a biological perspective on information-gathering behavior. The author synthesizes the literature on curiosity from the perspective of behavioral biology—i.e., Tinbergen’s four questions. The behavioral biology framework provides a powerful lens through which questions about behavior can be asked and iterative empirical work and theoretical construction can take place. In particular, the author argues that evolutionary perspectives on curiosity can help identify the “joints” of nature at which curiosity may be carved.