bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMIC CUTS: SNIPPETS OF ACTION ON THE GREEK COMIC STAGE
Authors: GREEN J. R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The article represents a preliminary attempt to distinguish aspects of performance style in Athenian comedy from the later fifth to the third quarter of the fourth century on the basis of depictions on contemporary vases. It examines issues of dress and deportment, the changing place of female roles in comedy of the period (or the popular perception of these roles), and what one can observe of the growing subtlety of presentation. These developments are set against some literary evidence for the norms of public behaviour and appearance at that period. It also looks at what one can judge of the appearance and height of the stage in the theatres of Athens, Taranto, and Syracuse.
HOMER AND EURIPIDES' TROADES
Authors: DAVIDSON JOHN 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Like all other Greek poets, Euripides falls under the shadow of Homer. The Troades is closely bound up with the Iliad, in that it represents the fulfilment of Troy's fate so clearly foreshadowed in the Homeric epic. It is not so much a question of linguistic echoes as of situational allusion associated especially with the figures of Andromache and Asyanax, widow and son of Hector. While Homeric and 5th Century values are clearly in tension, as can also be seen in the formal debate between Hecabe and Helen (which also draws the Odyssey into the intertextual nexus), and while Euripides may well to some extent be ironizing and critiquing, he appears at the same time to be offering an impassioned Homeric sequel to the Iliad itself.
MEDICAL REFERENCE IN EURIPIDES
Authors: CRAIK E. M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The relation between medical texts and Euripidean drama is explored through a multiplicity of examples drawn from the extant plays and fragments. Emphasis is placed on the problems and limitations, as well as the potential and rewards, of comparing material from these different genres. First, the overlapping character of metaphorical and technical language is addressed, and the testimony of the lexicographer Erotian adduced. Allusion to various aspects of medicine - therapy and regimen; pathology; anatomy and physiology - is then identified in Euripides' output. It is argued that, in addition to general familiarity with many medical ideas, Euripides may have had particular knowledge of the Hippocratic treatises Breaths and Articulations. Finally, linguistic trends in fifth century Greek usage are noted and aspects peculiar to Euripides' poetic technique isolated. Directions for further research are suggested.
ON PHORMISKOI AGAIN
Authors: KEFALIDOU EURYDICE 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This article tries to access the possible or alleged connections between the ancient phormiskoi-bags and two other groups of objects commonly called phormiskoi by modern scholarship. First, some two hundred clay gourd-shaped objects produced all over the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. These objects were imitations of gourds or of gourd-made vessels: many have a pebble inside and function as rattles. The symbolic nature of the bottle-gourd is also discussed since most of the clay objects have obvious funerary connotations (they were found in graves, in sanctuaries of underworld deities, or bear funerary decoration). Second, the numerous piriform objects that appear almost exclusively on Attic red-figured vases, usually in education and music scenes. These objects seem to have been made of a hard though light raw material and may have a suspension loop and/or a lateral aperture secured with threads. Their use is obscure and their contents — if any — are never shown.
Some Fixed Point Theorems of Integral Type Contraction in Cone Metric Spaces
Authors: Khojasteh Farshid , Goodarzi Zahra , Razani Abdolrahman 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe define a new concept of integral with respect to a cone. Moreover, certain fixed point theorems in those spaces are proved. Finally, an extension of Meir-Keeler fixed point in cone metric space is proved.
Ordered Non-Archimedean Fuzzy Metric Spaces and Some Fixed Point Results
Authors: Altun Ishak , Miheţ Dorel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the present paper we provide two different kinds of fixed point theorems on ordered nonArchimedean fuzzy metric spaces. First, two fixed point theorems are proved for fuzzy order "Equation missing"-contractive type mappings. Then a common fixed point theorem is given for noncontractive type mappings. Kirk's problem on an extension of Caristi's theorem is also discussed.
Turbulence Characteristics in an Elevated Shear Layer over Owens Valley
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Doyle James D. , Grubišić Vanda , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Characteristics of turbulence in the lower and middle troposphere over Owens Valley have been examined using aircraft in situ measurements obtained from the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment. The two events analyzed in this study are characterized by a deep turbulent layer from the valley floor up to the midtroposphere associated with the interaction between trapped waves and an elevated shear layer. Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability develops above the mountaintop level and often along the wave crests where the Richardson number is reduced. The turbulence induced by KH instability is characterized by a progressive downscale energy cascade, a well-defined inertial subrange up to 1 km, and large eddies with vertical to horizontal aspect ratios less than unity. The turbulence below the mountaintop level is largely shear induced, associated with wave steepening and breaking, and is more isotropic. Evaluation of structure functions indicates that while the turbulence energy cascade is predominately downscale, upscale energy transfer exists with horizontal scales from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers because of the transient energy dispersion of large eddies generated by KH instability and gravity wave steepening or breaking.
Relation between Large-Scale Circulation and European Winter Temperature: Does It Hold under Warmer Climate?
Authors: Goubanova K. , Li L. , Yiou P. , Codron F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The idea of using large-scale information to predict local climate variability is widely exploited in climate change impact studies as an alternative to computationally expensive high-resolution models. This approach implies the hypothesis that the statistical relationship between large-scale climate states and local variables defined for the present-day climate remains valid in the altered climate. In this paper, the concept of weather regimes is used to deduce a relationship between large-scale circulation and European winter temperature. The change in temperature with increased greenhouse gases is, however, not homogeneous among the individual regimes. As a result, the impact of the weather regimes on local temperature changes varies in the future, limiting its usefulness for refining temperature changes to the small scale.
Chemistry–Climate Model Simulations of Twenty-First Century Stratospheric Climate and Circulation Changes
Authors: Butchart Neal , Cionni I. , Eyring V. , Shepherd T. G. , Waugh D. W. , Akiyoshi H. , Austin J. , Brühl C. , Chipperfield M. P. , Cordero E. , Dameris M. , Deckert R. , Dhomse S. , Frith S. M. , Garcia R. R. , Gettelman A. , Giorgetta M. A. , Kinnison D. E. , Li F. , Mancini E. , McLandress C. , Pawson S. , Pitari G. , Plummer D. A. , Rozanov E. , Sassi F. , Scinocca J. F. , Shibata K. , Steil B. , Tian W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The response of stratospheric climate and circulation to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone recovery in the twenty-first century is analyzed in simulations of 11 chemistry–climate models using near-identical forcings and experimental setup. In addition to an overall global cooling of the stratosphere in the simulations (0.59 ± 0.07 K decade−1 at 10 hPa), ozone recovery causes a warming of the Southern Hemisphere polar lower stratosphere in summer with enhanced cooling above. The rate of warming correlates with the rate of ozone recovery projected by the models and, on average, changes from 0.8 to 0.48 K decade−1 at 100 hPa as the rate of recovery declines from the first to the second half of the century. In the winter northern polar lower stratosphere the increased radiative cooling from the growing abundance of GHGs is, in most models, balanced by adiabatic warming from stronger polar downwelling. In the Antarctic lower stratosphere the models simulate an increase in low temperature extremes required for polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation, but the positive trend is decreasing over the twenty-first century in all models. In the Arctic, none of the models simulates a statistically significant increase in Arctic PSCs throughout the twenty-first century. The subtropical jets accelerate in response to climate change and the ozone recovery produces a westward acceleration of the lower-stratospheric wind over the Antarctic during summer, though this response is sensitive to the rate of recovery projected by the models. There is a strengthening of the Brewer–Dobson circulation throughout the depth of the stratosphere, which reduces the mean age of air nearly everywhere at a rate of about 0.05 yr decade−1 in those models with this diagnostic. On average, the annual mean tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere (∼70 hPa) increases by almost 2% decade−1, with 59% of this trend forced by the parameterized orographic gravity wave drag in the models. This is a consequence of the eastward acceleration of the subtropical jets, which increases the upward flux of (parameterized) momentum reaching the lower stratosphere in these latitudes.
North Atlantic Multidecadal Climate Variability: An Investigation of Dominant Time Scales and Processes
Authors: Frankcombe Leela M. , von der Heydt Anna , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The issue of multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic has been an important topic of late. It is clear that there are multidecadal variations in several climate variables in the North Atlantic, such as sea surface temperature and sea level height. The details of this variability, in particular the dominant patterns and time scales, are confusing from both an observational as well as a theoretical point of view. After analyzing results from observational datasets and a 500-yr simulation of an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) climate model, two dominant time scales (20–30 and 50–70 yr) of multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic are proposed. The 20–30-yr variability is characterized by the westward propagation of subsurface temperature anomalies. The hypothesis is that the 20–30-yr variability is caused by internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) while the 50–70-yr variability is related to atmospheric forcing over the Atlantic Ocean and exchange processes between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
Atmospheric Blocking Signatures in Total Ozone and Ozone Miniholes
Authors: Barriopedro David , Antón Manuel , García José Agustín 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper analyzes the statistical relationship between the total ozone column (TOC) and atmospheric blocking using 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data for the 1978–98 period, with special emphasis on winter and the European and eastern Pacific sectors. Regional blocking occurrence is accompanied by a decrease of TOC within the anticyclonic circulation region and a distinctive ozone increase upstream and downstream (upstream and south) in the Pacific (European) sector. Blocking significantly enhances the likelihood of low TOC extremes, especially over the Scandinavian and the Alaska Peninsulas, where more than 50% of winter blocks lead to TOC values in the lowest tail of the distribution. The relationship between ozone miniholes and blocking is confined to the high latitudes of both basins and is strong in Europe, where about half of the ozone miniholes occur simultaneously with blocking. Blocking-related ozone miniholes (blocking ozone miniholes) are also among the most intense and persistent. Although blocking activity does not drive the interannual variability of regional ozone miniholes, blocking ozone miniholes account for up to two-thirds of the total observed trend of ozone miniholes in Europe. The polar vortex is proposed as a feasible candidate for explaining the enhanced coupling of blocking and ozone miniholes in Europe and its long-term modulation. Blocking ozone miniholes are consistent with an almost purely dynamic origin caused by horizontal transport of ozone-poor air and vertical motions working together at different levels to reduce ozone content. Although the contribution of the former is dominant, accounting for two-thirds of ozone reduction in the 330–850-K column, the effect of the latter becomes a distinctive feature of blocking ozone miniholes.
Accuracy of the Anterior Apprehension Test as a Predictor of Risk for Redislocation after a First Traumatic Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Safran Ori , Milgrom Charles , Radeva-Petrova Denitsa R. , Jaber Saleh , Finestone Aharon 
Published: March 2010

Background The treatment options for a first traumatic shoulder dislocation in a young patient are either nonoperative care or primary surgery. It would be valuable to find patient-specific assessments that could predict the risk for redislocation in these patients and thereby identify those who would benefit from primary surgery. Hypothesis The supine apprehension test, performed after completion of physical therapy in first traumatic shoulder dislocators, can predict risk for redislocation. Patients with a positive test would be at very high risk for redislocation and therefore would be candidates for primary surgery. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Men aged 17 to 27 years who sustained first traumatic shoulder dislocations were treated in a shoulder immobilizer for 4 weeks and then treated according to a physical therapy protocol. At the 6-week follow-up, an anterior apprehension test was performed to assess risk of redislocation. Follow-up of patients was done at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Follow-up continued yearly for up to another 2 years. Results Fifty-two men with a mean age of 20.3 years (standard deviation, 2.5) participated. Seventy-nine percent were combat soldiers. Twenty-four participants (46.2%) sustained redislocation. The minimum follow-up period was 24 months (range, 24-48 months; mean, 39.6 months). Redislocations were sustained in 36.8% of participants with negative apprehension tests and 71.4% with positive tests (P = .03). The odds ratio was 4.285 (95% confidence interval, 1.129-16.266). The sensitivity of the apprehension test was 41.7% and the specificity was 85.7%. Conclusion The anterior apprehension test performed 6 to 9 weeks after a first traumatic dislocation is not a definitive tool to predict risk for recurrent dislocation. It can, however, categorize patients into groups at higher and lower risk for recurrence. The redislocation rate found in this study is less than that of previous reports.
A proto-oncogene BCL6 is up-regulated in the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Hideshima Teru , Mitsiades Constantine , Ikeda Hiroshi , Chauhan Dharminder , Raje Noopur , Gorgun Gullu , Hideshima Hiromasa , Munshi Nikhil C. , Richardson Paul G. , Carrasco Daniel R. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Constitutive B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) expression was undetectable in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, except U266 cells. However, it was up-regulated by coculture with bone marrow (BM) stromal cell-culture supernatant (SCCS). Bcl-6 expression in patient MM cells in the BM was positive. Anti–interleukin-6 (IL-6)–neutralizing antibody significantly blocked SCCS-induced Bcl-6 in MM cells. Indeed, IL-6 strongly triggered Bcl-6 expression in MM cells, whereas Janus kinase inhibitor and STAT3 siRNA down-regulated Bcl-6. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) also triggered Bcl-6, but independently of STAT3, whereas IκB kinaseβ inhibitor down-regulated TNF-α–induced Bcl-6, indicating that the canonical nuclear factor-κB pathway mediates TNF-α–induced Bcl-6 expression. Importantly, down-regulation of Bcl-6 by shRNA significantly inhibited MM cell growth in the presence of SCCS. Our results therefore suggest that Bcl-6 expression in MM cells is modulated, at least in part, via Janus kinase/STAT3 and canonical nuclear factor-κB pathways and that targeting Bcl-6, either directly or via these cascades, inhibits MM cell growth in the BM milieu.
TC-motifs at the TATA-box expected position in plant genes: a novel class of motifs involved in the transcription regulation
Authors: Bernard Virginie , Brunaud Véronique , Lecharny Alain 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
The TATA-box and TATA-variants are regulatory elements involved in the formation of a transcription initiation complex. Both have been conserved throughout evolution in a restricted region close to the Transcription Start Site (TSS). However, less than half of the genes in model organisms studied so far have been found to contain either one of these elements. Indeed different core-promoter elements are involved in the recruitment of the TATA-box-binding protein. Here we assessed the possibility of identifying novel functional motifs in plant genes, sharing the TATA-box topological constraints.

Results
We developed an ab-initio approach considering the preferential location of motifs relative to the TSS. We identified motifs observed at the TATA-box expected location and conserved in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa promoters. We identified TC-elements within non-TA-rich promoters 30 bases upstream of the TSS. As with the TATA-box and TATA-variant sequences, it was possible to construct a unique distance graph with the TC-element sequences. The structural and functional features of TC-element-containing genes were distinct from those of TATA-box- or TATA-variant-containing genes. Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome analysis revealed that TATA-box-containing genes were generally those showing relatively high levels of expression and that TC-element-containing genes were generally those expressed in specific conditions.

Conclusions
Our observations suggest that the TC-elements might constitute a class of novel regulatory elements participating towards the complex modulation of gene expression in plants.
A sequence motif enriched in regions bound by the Drosophila dosage compensation complex
Authors: Gallach Miguel , Arnau Vicente , Aldecoa Rodrigo , Marín Ignacio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
In Drosophila melanogaster, dosage compensation is mediated by the action of the dosage compensation complex (DCC). How the DCC recognizes the fly X chromosome is still poorly understood. Characteristic sequence signatures at all DCC binding sites have not hitherto been found.

Results
In this study, we compare the known binding sites of the DCC with oligonucleotide profiles that measure the specificity of the sequences of the D. melanogaster X chromosome. We show that the X chromosome regions bound by the DCC are enriched for a particular type of short, repetitive sequences. Their distribution suggests that these sequences contribute to chromosome recognition, the generation of DCC binding sites and/or the local spreading of the complex. Comparative data indicate that the same sequences may be involved in dosage compensation in other Drosophila species.

Conclusions
These results offer an explanation for the wild-type binding of the DCC along the Drosophila X chromosome, contribute to delineate the forces leading to the establishment of dosage compensation and suggest new experimental approaches to understand the precise biochemical features of the dosage compensation system.
High-resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance angiography: a feasibility study on biological and medical tissues
Authors: Rasmussen Anne S , Lauridsen Henrik , Laustsen Christoffer , Jensen Bjarke G , Pedersen Steen F , Uhrenholt Lars , Boel Lene WT , Uldbjerg Niels , Wang Tobias , Pedersen Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
In biomedical sciences, ex vivo angiography is a practical mean to elucidate vascular structures three-dimensionally with simultaneous estimation of intravascular volume. The objectives of this study were to develop a magnetic resonance (MR) method for ex vivo angiography and to compare the findings with computed tomography (CT). To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, examples are provided from four different tissues and species: the human placenta, a rice field eel, a porcine heart and a turtle.

Results
The optimal solution for ex vivo MR angiography (MRA) was a compound containing gelatine (0.05 g/mL), the CT contrast agent barium sulphate (0.43 mol/L) and the MR contrast agent gadoteric acid (2.5 mmol/L). It was possible to perform angiography on all specimens. We found that ex vivo MRA could only be performed on fresh tissue because formalin fixation makes the blood vessels permeable to the MR contrast agent.

Conclusions
Ex vivo MRA provides high-resolution images of fresh tissue and delineates fine structures that we were unable to visualise by CT. We found that MRA provided detailed information similar to or better than conventional CTA in its ability to visualize vessel configuration while avoiding interfering signals from adjacent bones. Interestingly, we found that vascular tissue becomes leaky when formalin-fixed, leading to increased permeability and extravascular leakage of MR contrast agent.