bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of race and socioeconomic status on the relative influence of education and literacy on cognitive functioning
Authors: DOTSON VONETTA M. , KITNER-TRIOLO MELISSA H. , EVANS MICHELE K. , ZONDERMAN ALAN B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrevious research has shown that reading ability is a stronger predictor of cognitive functioning than years of education, particularly for African Americans. The current study was designed to determine whether the relative influence of literacy and education on cognitive abilities varies as a function of race or socioeconomic status (SES). We examined the unique influence of education and reading scores on a range of cognitive tests in low- and higher-SES African Americans and Whites. Literacy significantly predicted scores on all but one cognitive measure in both African American groups and low-SES Whites, while education was not significantly associated with any cognitive measure. In contrast, both education and reading scores predicted performance on many cognitive measures in higher-SES Whites. These findings provide further evidence that reading ability better predicts cognitive functioning than years of education and suggest that disadvantages associated with racial minority status and low SES affect the relative influence of literacy and years of education on cognition. (JINS, 2009,15, 580–589.)
Examining the effects of two factors on working memory maintenance of bound information in schizophrenia
Authors: LUCK DAVID , BUCHY LISA , LEPAGE MARTIN , DANION JEAN-MARIE 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntegrating information in space and time is a central feature of episodic memory. Although disturbance of the binding processes in episodic memory is well established in patients with schizophrenia, data on working memory (WM) remain discrepant. In a change detection procedure, two target displays of pairs of letters located in cells of grid were successively presented. Participants attempted to detect changes in binding information (i.e., recombination of studied features) or feature information (i.e., a novel letter and/or a novel spatial location). Recombinations consisted of features belonging to the same display (intradisplay) or different displays (interdisplays). Results showed that patients demonstrated overall lower performance, with no specific deficit for recognizing bound information or feature information. In addition, patients did not demonstrate deficits for interdisplay recombinations or intradisplay recombinations. Patients’ ability to remember temporal occurrence of stimuli was not affected. Together, these results suggest that in patients with schizophrenia, binding processes in WM are not specifically disturbed. (JINS, 2009,15, 597–605.)
Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: SIEDLECKI KAREN L. , STERN YAAKOV , REUBEN AARON , SACCO RALPH L. , ELKIND MITCHELL S.V. , WRIGHT CLINTON B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging and is presumed to be indicative of life experiences that may mitigate the effects of brain pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and its discriminant validity across three different samples of participants using structural equation modeling. The cognitive reserve variables were found to correlate highly with one another (thereby providing evidence of convergent validity), but demanding tests of discriminant validity indicated that, in two of the samples, the cognitive reserve construct was highly related to an executive functioning construct. (JINS, 2009, 15, 558–569.)
Dyslexia: The evolution of a scientific concept
Authors: FLETCHER JACK M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the past 25 years, scientific understanding of dyslexia and other learning disabilities has seen rapid progress in domains involving definition and classification, neuropsychological correlates, neurobiological factors, and intervention. I discuss this progress, emphasizing the central organizing influence of research and theory on basic academic skills on identification and sampling issues. I also emphasize how neuropsychological approaches to dyslexia have evolved and the importance of an interdisciplinary perspective for understanding dyslexia. (JINS, 2009,15, 501–508.)
Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis
Authors: SUMOWSKI JAMES F. , CHIARAVALLOTI NANCY , WYLIE GLENN , DELUCA JOHN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAccording to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, neuropsychological expression of brain disease is attenuated among persons with higher education or premorbid intelligence. The current research examined cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating whether the negative effect of brain atrophy on information processing (IP) efficiency is moderated by premorbid intelligence. Thirty-eight persons with clinically definite MS completed a vocabulary-based estimate of premorbid intelligence (Wechsler Vocabulary) and a composite measure of IP efficiency (Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task). Brain atrophy was estimated from measurements of third ventricle width using high-resolution anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo). In a hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age and depressive symptomatology, brain atrophy predicted worse IP efficiency (R2 = .23, p = .003) and cognitive reserve predicted better IP efficiency (R2 = .13, p = .013), but these effects were moderated by an Atrophy × Cognitive Reserve interaction (R2 = .15, p = .004). The negative effect of brain atrophy on IP efficiency was attenuated at higher levels of reserve, such that MS subjects with higher reserve were better able to withstand MS neuropathology without suffering cognitive impairment. Results help explain the incomplete and inconsistent relationship between brain atrophy and IP efficiency in previous research. (JINS, 2009, 15, 606–612.)
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Neuropsychological profile in an extended series of cases
Authors: HAWKINS KARI , CHOHAN GURJIT , KIPPS CHRISTOPHER , WILL ROBERT , KAPUR NARINDER 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNeuropsychological data on an extended series of cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are presented, complementing earlier findings from smaller sample studies of this condition. Distinct neuropsychological features in this extended series included relatively preserved verbal knowledge, immediate verbal memory span, and elementary visual processing. This sparing contrasted with ubiquitous impairment in every vCJD patient on timed tests of verbal fluency and digit-symbol substitution. There were also high rates of impairment on tests of memory, and of visuoperceptual and visuospatial reasoning. Our findings lend support to the view that distinctive neuropsychological features may be one of the diagnostic markers of the condition. (JINS, 2009, 15, 807–810.)
DC Photoelectron Gun Parameters for Ultrafast Electron Microscopy
Authors: Berger Joel A. , Hogan John T. , Greco Michael J. , Schroeder W. Andreas , Nicholls Alan W. , Browning Nigel D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present a characterization of the performance of an ultrashort laser pulse driven DC photoelectron gun based on the thermionic emission gun design of Togawa et al. [Togawa, K., Shintake, T., Inagaki, T., Onoe, K. & Tanaka, T. (2007). Phys Rev Spec Top-AC10, 020703]. The gun design intrinsically provides adequate optical access and accommodates the generation of ∼1 mm2 electron beams while contributing negligible divergent effects at the anode aperture. Both single-photon (with up to 20,000 electrons/pulse) and two-photon photoemission are observed from Ta and Cu(100) photocathodes driven by the harmonics (∼4 ps pulses at 261 nm and ∼200 fs pulses at 532 nm, respectively) of a high-power femtosecond Yb:KGW laser. The results, including the dependence of the photoemission efficiency on the polarization state of the drive laser radiation, are consistent with expectations. The implications of these observations and other physical limitations for the development of a dynamic transmission electron microscope with sub-1 nm·ps space-time resolution are discussed.
Novel Radio-Frequency Gun Structures for Ultrafast Relativistic Electron Diffraction
Authors: Musumeci P. , Faillace L. , Fukasawa A. , Moody J.T. , O'Shea B. , Rosenzweig J.B. , Scoby C.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRadio-frequency (RF) photoinjector-based relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising new technique that has the potential to probe structural changes at the atomic scale with sub-100 fs temporal resolution in a single shot. We analyze the limitations on the temporal and spatial resolution of this technique considering the operating parameters of a standard 1.6 cell RF gun (which is the RF photoinjector used for the first experimental tests of relativistic UED at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center; University of California, Los Angeles; Brookhaven National Laboratory), and study the possibility of employing novel RF structures to circumvent some of these limits.
The Development and Applications of Ultrafast Electron Nanocrystallography
Authors: Ruan Chong-Yu , Murooka Yoshie , Raman Ramani K. , Murdick Ryan A. , Worhatch Richard J. , Pell Aric 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe review the development of ultrafast electron nanocrystallography as a method for investigating structural dynamics for nanoscale materials and interfaces. Its sensitivity and resolution are demonstrated in the studies of surface melting of gold nanocrystals, nonequilibrium transformation of graphite into reversible diamond-like intermediates, and molecular scale charge dynamics, showing a versatility for not only determining the structures, but also the charge and energy redistribution at interfaces. A quantitative scheme for 3D retrieval of atomic structures is demonstrated with few-particle (<1,000) sensitivity, establishing this nanocrystallographic method as a tool for directly visualizing dynamics within isolated nanomaterials with atomic scale spatio-temporal resolution.
Reproducibility of Immunostaining Quantification and Description of a New Digital Image Processing Procedure for Quantitative Evaluation of Immunohistochemistry in Pathology
Authors: Bernardo Vagner , Lourenço Simone Q.C. , Cruz Renato , Monteiro-Leal Luiz H. , Silva Licínio E. , Camisasca Danielle R. , Farina Marcos , Lins Ulysses 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuantification of immunostaining is a widely used technique in pathology. Nonetheless, techniques that rely on human vision are prone to inter- and intraobserver variability, and they are tedious and time consuming. Digital image analysis (DIA), now available in a variety of platforms, improves quantification performance: however, the stability of these different DIA systems is largely unknown. Here, we describe a method to measure the reproducibility of DIA systems. In addition, we describe a new image-processing strategy for quantitative evaluation of immunostained tissue sections using DAB/hematoxylin-stained slides. This approach is based on image subtraction, using a blue low pass filter in the optical train, followed by digital contrast and brightness enhancement. Results showed that our DIA system yields stable counts, and that this method can be used to evaluate the performance of DIA systems. The new image-processing approach creates an image that aids both human visual observation and DIA systems in assessing immunostained slides, delivers a quantitative performance similar to that of bright field imaging, gives thresholds with smaller ranges, and allows the segmentation of strongly immunostained areas, all resulting in a higher probability of representing specific staining. We believe that our approach offers important advantages to immunostaining quantification in pathology.
Effects of Clitoria ternatea Leaf Extract on Growth and Morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Kamilla L. , Mansor S.M. , Ramanathan S. , Sasidharan S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractClitoria ternatea is known for its antimicrobial activity but the antifungal effects of leaf extract on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger have not been observed. The extract showed a favorable antifungal activity against A. niger with a minimum inhibition concentration 0.8 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration 1.6 mg/mL, respectively. The leaf extract exhibited considerable antifungal activity against filamentous fungi in a dose-dependent manner with 0.4 mg/mL IC50 value on hyphal growth of A. niger. The main changes observed under scanning electron microscopy after C. ternatea extract treatment were loss of cytoplasm in fungal hyphae and the hyphal wall and its diameter became markedly thinner, distorted, and resulted in cell wall disruption. In addition, conidiophore alterations were also observed when A. niger was treated with C. ternatea leaf extract.
Development Induced Displacement: Issues of Compensation and Resettlement – Experiences from the Narmada Valley and Sardar Sarovar Project
Authors: MAITRA SREYA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe paper explores the dynamics of the phenomenon of Development Induced Displacement and the theoretical, legal, and policy level issues which have impeded the fluent process of implementation of development projects in India. Modern India has found itself embroiled in this tussle between the development plans of the State at the macro level and their undesirable consequences for the specific project affected people. Though the exigencies of time and the logic of the liberalization policy demand the continuous articulation of development projects, it is equally imperative to transcend the disempowering effects of displacement on its people. Despite recent initiatives by the government, concrete policy statements and laws governing the issues of compensation and resettlement are found wanting. The paper argues that there is an urgent need for the state to reach a necessary balance between its efforts to augur development and to make it sustainable, just, and equitous. The problems encountered in the allocation of compensation and resettlement in such projects form the focus of the article. The experiences of dam-induced displacement at the Sardar Sarovar Project in the Narmada River Valley Project in Gujarat in India are highlighted to serve as illustrations.
Comparing Political Trust in Hong Kong and Taiwan: Levels, Determinants, and Implications
Authors: WONG TIMOTHY KA-YING , HSIAO HSIN-HUANG MICHAEL , WAN PO-SAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolitical trust is a cornerstone of political survival and development. This paper makes use of data from the 2006 AsiaBarometer Survey to examine the level of political trust in Hong Kong and Taiwan. It finds that the people of Hong Kong have a high level of trust in their government and judiciary, but a relatively low level of trust in their legislature. In contrast, the Taiwan people have a lower level of trust in all of their executive, judicial, and legislative branches, reflecting a serious problem with political confidence in Taiwan. A further analysis shows that institutional factors such as ratings of government performance, life satisfaction, and satisfaction with democratic rights and freedoms, and cultural factors such as interpersonal trust, post-materialism, and traditionalism have varying degrees of effect on the different domains of political trust in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but institutional factors appear to be more powerful than cultural factors in explaining the experiences of both societies.
Political Shirking – Proposition 13 vs. Proposition 8
Authors: FUJII SEIJI 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the efficiency of the political market in the California State legislature. I analyzed the property tax limitation voter initiative, Proposition 13. I found that districts which supported Proposition 13 more strongly were more likely to oppose the incumbents regardless of whether the incumbents had the different preferences for property taxes from their districts. I also studied how legislators voted on the bills adopted after the passage of Proposition 13 to finance local governments. I found that legislators tended to follow the constituents’ will after they received the voters’ tax-cutting message expressed by the passage of Proposition 13.
Carl Kisslinger (1926–2008)
Authors: Engdahl E. Robert , Sheehan Anne , Kisslinger Jerry 
Published: July 2009

Carl Kisslinger, a geophysicist who furthered scientific and international understanding through tireless devotion to his field, died on 31 December 2008 at his home in Boulder, Colo. He was 82.Studying geophysics under J. B. Macelwane at Saint Louis University, in Missouri, Carl earned his bachelor's degree in 1947 after an interruption due to World War II; he had been drafted into the U.S. Navy and taught radar, the then new technology, on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay. Carl earned his master's degree in 1949 and his Ph.D. in 1952.
Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Luteovirus of India
Authors: Gaur Rajarshi , Rao G.P , Lehrer Axel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA luteovirus was found associated with midrib yellowing symptoms of sugarcane in India. The virus was earlier identified as sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) on the basis of particle morphology and serological relationships. In this study, we attempted molecular characterization of an Indian isolate of SCYLV through reverse trascriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence share 98% homology with an isolate from Texas (cultivar CC85-964) and 100% homology with corresponding sequences of an Australian isolate of SCYLV (found in cultivar CP 65-357). Phylogenetic analysis also suggests that the coat protein of the SCYLV genome possesses different taxonomic affinities with other members of the family Luteoviridae.
Cervical length measurement and cervical phosphorylated insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 testing in prediction of preterm birth in patients reporting uterine contractions
Authors: RAHKONEN LEENA , UNKILA‐KALLIO LEILA , NUUTILA MIKA , SAINIO SUSANNA , SAISTO TERHI , RUTANEN EEVA‐MARJA , PAAVONEN JORMA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives. To evaluate the performance of cervical phosphorylated insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (phIGFBP‐1) testing and cervical length measurement separately and in combination with physician's clinical judgment in prediction of preterm birth among patients with self‐reported uterine contractions and intact membranes. Design. We enrolled a total of 246 women between 22 and 34 weeks of gestation. Methods. The initial evaluation included cervical length measurement using transvaginal ultrasonography. Short cervix was defined as <25 mm. A swab sample was obtained from the cervix for phIGFBP‐1. Admission was used as a clinical marker of an increased risk of preterm delivery ≤34 weeks. The diagnostic performances of the tests and clinician's judgment, as well as likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated. Main outcome measures. Delivery ≤34 weeks and within 14 days. Results. The overall rate of spontaneous preterm delivery ≤34 weeks was 4.1% (10/246). Short cervix, positive phIGFBP‐1 test, combination of both, and clinician's judgment were all associated with preterm delivery ≤34 weeks or within 14 days (p<0.01). The negative predictive values for delivery ≤34 weeks were 97.4, 97.6, 97.1, and 98.7%, respectively, and within 14 days 98.7, 99.0, 98.3, and 99.6%, respectively. The corresponding positive LRs for delivery ≤34 weeks were 6.8, 3.8, 75.0, 14.9, and within 14 days 9.7, 5.5, 107.3, 17.1. The negative LRs were 0.6, 0.6, 0.7, 0.3 and 0.5, 0.3, 0.6, 0.2. Conclusion. The rapid phIGFBP‐1‐test has a high negative predictive value for preterm delivery, comparable to that of ultrasonographic cervical length measurement.
Factor Demand and Price Sensitivity of Forest-Based Biomass in the European Energy and Forest Sectors
Authors: Lundmark Robert 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An increasing utilization of biomass is, in the short-term, one of the most realistic alternatives to meet the energy and the environmental goals established by the European Union. As a result, the demand for forest-based products from European forests will increase. However, glaringly little research effort has been made towards analyzing the price effect resulting from the increasing demand for forest-based biomass and how the relevant industry sectors adjust their input demands due to these price changes. The purpose of this paper is thus to provide a disaggregated and detailed empirical estimation and analysis of the various input demand elasticities, as well as of the relevant substitution elasticities. The model is estimated using a panel of 23 European countries for the period between 1999 and 2005, thus allowing for specific country effects. The results indicate that the energy sector is relatively more price sensitive in its input demand for fossil fuels compared to the fibrous fuel categories. Thus, higher fibrous input prices will have a relatively small effect on the quantity of fibrous inputs that the energy sector demands. The forest industry is comparatively more price sensitive in its procurement of fibrous inputs than the energy sector, and will therefore reduce its input demand relatively more as a consequence from a fibrous input price increase. Furthermore, the cross-price elasticities reveal some interesting findings. In general, the energy sector will increase its utilization of fossil fuels as a result of increasing fibrous input price. Conversely, the energy sector will increase the utilization of fibrous input relatively less as a consequence of increasing fossil fuel prices.
Multicriteria Analysis for Disaster Risk Reduction in Virginia, USA: A Policy-Focused Approach to Oil and Gas Drilling in the Outer Continental Shelf
Authors: Levy Jason K. , Gopalakrishnan Chennat 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) is a collection of methodologies to compare, select, or rank multiple alternatives that typically involve incommensurate attributes. MCA is well-suited for eliciting and modeling the disaster management preferences of stakeholders and for improving the coordination among emergency response agencies, organizations and affected citizens. Many Americans favour new drilling for oil and gas in the Outer Continental Shelf, and a Congressional moratorium on new offshore oil and gas drilling was lifted last year for the first time in three decades. The Facilitator Decision Support System for Multiple Criteria Analysis is used to explore whether it is in the interest of Virginia and the United States to maintain the current offshore exploration schedule. The issue is timely and important, as legislation (H.R. 1696) has been introduced in the 111th US Congress to place regions in the North Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic permanently off-limits to oil and gas leasing and development.