bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fallout Cesium‐137 in Cultivated and Noncultivated North Central United States Watersheds
Authors: Ritchie Jerry C. , Mc Henry J. Roger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cesium (137Cs) concentrations were measured in the soils and sediments of 14 watersheds, 7 cultivated and 7 noncultivated, in the North Central United States. The 137Cs concentration in watershed soils ranged from 56 to 149 nCi/m2, with cultivated watersheds averaging 75 nCi/m2 and noncultivated watersheds averaging 104 nCi/m2. The 137Cs concentration in the reservoir sediments ranged from 74 to 1,280 nCi/m2, with a mean of 676 nCi/m2 for the cultivated watersheds and 365 nCi/m2 for the noncultivated watersheds. The 137Cs concentrations per unit area in sediments were 0.8 to 18.7 times greater than those found in the contributing watershed soils. This indicated that some 137Cs is moving within the watersheds and that the reservoirs are acting as “traps” or “sinks.” The factors accounting for the variation in 137Cs concentration in the soils and sediments of the watersheds are (i) the erosion potential of the watershed, (ii) the sites for adsorption of 137Cs, and (iii) the input of radioactivity into the watershed.
Effluents from Catfish Ponds during Fish Harvest
Authors: Boyd Claude E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of effluents from eight channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds at Auburn, Ala., collected during fish harvest were analyzed for BOD, COD, settleable matter, soluble orthophosphate, total phosphorus, total ammonia, and nitrate.Settleable matter concentrations, for which 3.3 ml/liter has been suggested as the instantaneous maximum for effluents from fish ponds, ranged from 0 to 1.2 ml/liter during the draining phase when 95% of water was discharged. Water discharged during seining to remove fish usually contained > 3.3 ml/liter settleable matter (range 0.5 to 100 ml/liter).Concentrations of other potential pollutants, except nitrate, also increased during the seining phase. However, even effluents discharged during the draining phase had higher levels of most measured parameters than first‐order streams draining forested or agricultural watersheds in the vicinity.
Transport of Atrazine and Simazine in Runoff from Conventional and No‐Tillage Corn
Authors: Triplett G. B. , Conner B. J. , Edwards W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn 0.4‐ to 3.5‐ha watersheds, highest concentrations of atrazine (0.48 ppm) (2‐chloro‐4‐[ethylamino]‐6‐[isopropylamino]‐s‐triazine) and simazine (1.2 ppm) (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis[ethylamino]‐s‐triazine) were present in runoff occurring soon after application and declined rapidly for later events. Quantity of herbicides transported increased with the amount of runoff, and was inversely related to the length of time between application and the runoff event. A maximum of 6% of the applied herbicide was transported from the field even under the most favorable conditions, and the average for all watersheds was < 2%. Less runoff and herbicide loss occurred from areas planted to no‐tillage than to conventional corn (Zea mays L.).In a multiple regression analysis of the factors, the natural logarithm (ln) of days after application and a tillage × application rate interaction were useful in predicting the natural logarithm of herbicide concentration in runoff. Factors from the multiple regression analysis used in this study were important in predicting concentration of atrazine and other pesticides when applied to data published by other workers.
Impact of Land Use on Ground Water Quality in the Grand Traverse Bay Region of Michigan
Authors: Rajagopal R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations in townships surrounding the Grand Traverse Bay of Michigan show identifiable geographic relationship between ground water quality and land use. Wells averaging 32 m deep in thinly populated areas (cherry orchards) measured an average of 3.75 ppm nitrate‐N, indicating the effect of prolonged years of fertilizer application. Wells averaging 19 m deep in predominantly residential areas had an average of 1.31 ppm nitrate‐N, indicating possible contamination from septic tank effluents. An average of 0.18 ppm of ammonia‐N was detected in marshy wetlands.An analysis of temporal variations in ground water quality with reference to precipitation, streamflow, and a trend component provided high as well as low R2 (0.92 to 0.12; R2 = square of the multiple correlation coefficient) producing regression models, indicating the effect of site specific conditions. A year‐long observation of a sample well (43 m deep) surrounded by cherry orchards had an average of 18.25 ppm nitrate‐N in a range of 13.09 to 20.64 ppm, almost double the standard considered safe for human consumption. Ammonia‐N and chloride measurements from a shallow well (12.5 m deep), surrounded by residential and commercial activities, showed synchronized variations over a year (correlation coefficient r = 0.75, significant at 1% level), suggesting the existence of a common source of contamination.In summary, it is reiterated that the analysis of ground water quality problems require a different philosophical approach from those of water quantity and surface water quality modeling.
The Automatic Determination of ppb Levels of Ammonia, Nitrate plus Nitrite, and Phosphate in Water in the Presence of Added Mercury (II) Chloride
Authors: Skjemstad J. O. , Reeve R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree automated procedures are reported for the simultaneous determination of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and phosphate in water. The ammonia determination is based on the salicylate‐dichloroisocyanurate reaction in the presence of nitroprusside preceded by in‐line distillation. Nitrate plus nitrite is estimated by using an in‐line copperized cadmium reductor, diazotizing the nitrite with sulphanilamide, and coupling with N‐1‐naphthylethylenediamine. Phosphate is estimated by reaction with molybdate and reduction to molybdenum blue with ferrous ammonium sulphate. Mercury (II) chloride used as a preservative does not interfere with the methods and good precision at ppb levels can be obtained.
Bacterial Variations in Streams from a Southwest Idaho Rangeland Watershed
Authors: Stephenson G. R. , Street L. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSources and variations in bacterial indicators are reported from stream sites over a 3‐year period on a 233‐km2 rangeland watershed in southwest Idaho. The occurrence of fecal coliforms was directly related to the presence of cattle on summer range and winter pastures. Fecal coliform counts in adjacent streams were found to increase soon after cattle were turned in and remained high for several months after cattle were removed.Runoff from rainstorms increased both total and fecal coliform concentrations in streams on summer range with limited management and adjacent to winter pastures, but runoff from snowmelt had little effect. Total coliform counts varied more with change in streamflow than did fecal coliform counts. In fenced summer range allotments, under deferred grazing management, the effects were the same, except bacterial counts were not as high or persistent.The decrease in bacterial concentrations at several downstream sampling sites indicated that certain stream segments were self‐purifying. The presence or absence of livestock along the streams overshadow any effect variations in chemical concentration of the water might have on bacterial concentrations.
Yield and Metal Composition of Lettuce and Wheat Grown on Soils Amended with Sewage Sludge Enriched with Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc
Authors: Mitchell G. A. , Bingham F. T. , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLettuce (Lactuca sativa L. vat. longifolia) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Inia’) were grown under greenhouse conditions on an acid and a calcareous soil amended with sewage sludge enriched with Cd, Cu, Ni, or Zn to determine relative toxicities of the metals and uptake characteristics of the test plants.While the order of toxicities was not the same for all soil and plant‐species combinations, Cd was, in general, most toxic followed by Ni, Cu, and Zn. The latter three metals were about equally toxic to wheat grown in the calcareous soil; in the acid soil, Cu was about four times and Ni about six times more toxic to wheat than was Zn. Yield results indicated strong soil and plant species effects. Nickel was more phytotoxic to lettuce and wheat grown in the acid than in the calcareous soil, whereas Cd, Cu, and Zn toxicity depended on plant species and metal‐concentration range. At relatively low soil treatments, Cu and Cd were more toxic to lettuce grown in the calcareous than in the acid soil.Both DTPA and water‐soluble metal concentrations were significantly correlated with metal uptake by plants. Water‐soluble concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Ni better predicted plant uptake of these metals while Zn uptake was more closely correlated with DTPA‐soluble Zn.
Loss of Spray and Pelleted Picloram in Surface Runoff Water
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Richardson C. , Burnett E. , Merkle M. G. , Meyer R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was conducted to determine the concentration of piclorum (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicollnic acid), applied as the pelleted formulation, in surface runoff water that may move from a treated watershed to untreated areas as a result of natural or simulated rainfall. Movement of surface and subsurface applied picloram in surface runoff water was also investigated.The potassium salt of pelleted picloram was applied at 2.24 kg/ha (acid equivalent) to a 1.3‐ha rangeland watershed supporting stands of honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora [Swartz] DC. var. glandulosa [Torr.] Cockerell). Surface runoff of 1.5 cm from a 2.1‐cm rain received 2 days after treatment contained an average of 2.8 ppm picloram. Picloram content declined rapidly and runoff water contained < 5 ppm picloram by 2.5 mo after application. Loss of the potassium salt of picloram from grassland watersheds in surface runoff water was similar whether the picloram was applied as an aqueous spray or pellet. Picloram applied subsurface was lost in surface runoff water, but in lower concentration than when applied to the soil surface.
Land Application of Municipal Sewage Waste Water: Yield and Chemical Composition of Forage Crops
Authors: Bole J. B. , Bell R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) outyielded four grass species (reed canarygrass [Phalaris arundinacea L.], bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss.], Altai wildrye [Elymus angustus Trin.], and tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum Beauv.]) when the forages were irrigated with sufficient lagooned municipal sewage waste water to meet the evapotranspiration minus precipitation deficit (about 50/cm per year). The yields were increased and the yield differential between the alfalfa and the grasses was reduced when additional N was added as fertilizer or by doubling the amount of waste water. The grasses, with the exception of tall wheatgrass, out‐yielded the alfalfa when fertilizer was added at the high waste water level. Since water did not limit growth, yields were controlled by the N supply. Waste water‐N and fertilizer‐N were equally effective in stimulating forage production.Nitrogen yield of alfalfa was double that of the grasses with the unfertilized waste water treatment, and considerably greater than the N yield of the grasses with the other treatments. Nitrogen uptake by all the forages, except tall wheatgrass, exceeded N application by waste water and fertilizer.Phosphorus application, in the waste water or as fertilizer P, exceeded plant uptake. The P content of the forage was unaffected by the treatment; thus, uptake was determined by the yield.Alfalfa was the most suitable forage crop when the system was operated for optimum utilization of the waste water. When high levels of waste water were applied, reed canarygrass removed most of the nutrients while withstanding flooding and higher soil moisture without stands being reduced by winterkilling, as occurred with alfalfa.
Disposition of 15N‐Labeled Fertilizer Nitrate Applied During Corn Culture in Field Lysimeters
Authors: Chichester F. W. , Smith S. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium nitrate [Ca(NO2)2] labeled with 5.5% 15N was applied 336 kg/ha nitrogen (N) to each of two conventional tillage and two mulch minimum tillage field lysimeters continuously cropped to corn (Zea mays L.). Disposition of the labeled N was followed for 3 years, particularly relative to its effect on water quality. Soil profile samples were taken prior to and at the end of the experiment. Runoff was sampled by event, and percolate was sampled twice weekly. The corn crop was sampled at harvest each year. Samples were analyzed for inorganic and/or total N and percent 15N. An accounting of applied 15N for the study period showed that <2% moved in runoff, approximately 30% was leached in percolate, 25 to 30% was recovered by the corn crop, and from 10 to 30% remained in the soil. On the basis of a balance sheet constructed from the data, 15N gaseous loss (presumably mainly by denitrification) was estimated to range from 6 to 26% of that applied. The magnitude of gaseous loss of N appeared to vary as a function of lysimeter management history, with the systems under improved soil fertility management exhibiting less gaseous loss due to greater immobilization of 15N in the soil organic fraction.
Growth and Metal Uptake of Snap Beans Grown on Sewage Sludge‐Amended Soil: A Four‐Year Field Study
Authors: Dowdy R. H. , Larson W. E. , Titrud J. M. , Latterell J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo establish the consequence of land application of sewage sludge on the extent of sludge‐borne metal accumulation in the food chain, long‐term trace metal accumulations in edible snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Tendergreen) tissue were measured, over a 4‐year period, for beans grown on a sludge‐amended sandy Udorthentic Haploboroll soil. The objectives of this study were to i) establish the effect of annual sludge applications on trace metal uptake, and ii) study the residual effect of adding a single, large sludge application on metal uptake on subsequent crops. For the first phase of this study, we applied a total of 0, 350, 700, and 1,400 metric tons/ha of anaerobically digested sludge in three equal applications. The second phase of the study consisted of a single sludge application of 0, 112, 225, and 450 metric tons/ha. Crop yields increased as rates of sludge application increased under both cultural systems and often exceeded those of a well‐managed, fertilized control. The Zn and Cu contents of edible tissue increased as rates of sludge application increased, and reached an apparent maximum value from which they did not decrease once sludge applications ceased. Cadmium levels in edible tissue did not respond directly to sludge applications and never exceeded 0.1 µg Cd/g tissue.
Nitrate Accumulation in Soils and Loss in Tile Drainage Following Nitrogen Applications to Continuous Corn
Authors: Gast R. G. , Nelson W. W. , Randall G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate‐N concentration in tile water, loss from tile lines, and accumulation in soil profiles were determined following each of three annual applications of 20, 112, 224, and 448 kg N/ha to continuous corn (Zea mays L.) grown on a Webster clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll) in southern Minnesota. Plots were isolated to a depth of 1.8 m with plastic to allow an accurate assessment of the area drained. Water flow through the tile lines occurred annually for approximately 6 weeks in the period from mid‐April through early July and constituted an equivalent from 20 to 46% of the precipitation during the flow periods and from 7 to 22% of the annual precipitation during the 3 years studied.There was relatively little increased NO3‐N accumulation in the soil profile or loss from tile lines at the recommended application rate of 112 kg N/ha compared to that for the check treatment. Nitrate‐N losses through tile lines in 1975 (after 3 years treatment) were 19, 25, 59, and 120 kg/ha for the 20, 112, 224, and 448 kg N/ha applications, respectively, which had NO3‐N accumulations in the 0–3 m soil profiles of 54, 100, 426, and 770 kg NO3‐N/ha. Maximum NO3‐N accumulation in the soil profiles occurred at a depth of about 1 m with little evidence of movement below about 2.2 m.
Land Application of Chemically Treated Sewage Sludge: I. Effects on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Availability
Authors: Soon Y. K. , Bates T. E. , Beauchamp E. G. , Moyer J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested sewage sludges resulting from treatment of sewage with Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3, or FeCl, for phosphorus removal were applied to land on which corn (Zea mays L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyess) were grown. The rates of application supplied 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 kg N/ha each year for 3 years. Treatments with NH4NO3 supplying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg N/ha were included. Bromegrass yields were increased by sludge application supplying up to 800 kg N/ha and by NH4NO3 application supplying up to 400 kg N/ha. There was an appreciable residual effect of sludge nitrogen on the grass yield. The highest rate of sludge produced hazardous levels of NO3− in the grass in the third year. Corn experiments were conducted in three soils: a loam, a loamy sand, and a clay loam. On the loam and clay loam soils, there was no further increase in the yield of corn with rates of sludge in excess of 200 kg N/ha or NH4NO3 in excess of 100 kg N/ha. There was little or no difference in corn yield between the sludges used on the loam soil. On the clay loam, the Casludge appeared to benefit the corn most. There was no yield response to sludge nor to NH4NO3 on the loamy sand. Nitrate concentration in corn stover was increased by high rates of either NH4NO3 or sludge, and in 1975 on the loamy sand soil nitrate concentrations approached levels hazardous to livestock.In both the corn and grass experiments, 800 kg N/ha from sludge resulted in as much NO3− in the top 15 cm of soil as 400 kg N/ha from NH4NO3. High concentrations of NO3− were present in the soil to the 90‐cm depth in the grass experiment after 3 years of sludge application at rates supplying 800 kg N/ha but not at 400 kg N/ha. With corn on the loam and loamy sand, high NO3− concentrations were present in the soil to about the 75‐cm depth after 3 years of sludge application at rates supplying 400 kg N/ha.
Influence of pH, Phosphorus, Cadmium, Sewage Sludge, and Incubation Time on the Solubility and Plant Uptake of Cadmium
Authors: Street Jimmy J. , Sabey B. R. , Lindsay W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) ‘Pioneer‐3932A’ was grown in the greenhouse on a loamy sand amended with cadmium, cadmium‐spiked sewage sludge, and sewage sludge. Soil pH was adjusted to approximately 5.7, 6.7, and 7.8, and phosphorus was applied at 0, 200, and 400 µg/g soil. Soil treatments were applied 0, 8, and 16 weeks prior to planting, and the plants were grown for 5 weeks.Increasing the pH of the soil amended with inorganic cadmium (CdSO4) decreased the Cd concentration of corn seedlings by approximately 67%. The Cd concentration was reduced approximately 47% for a similar increase in pH on soil amended with Cd‐spiked sludge.The Cd concentration of corn seedlings was significantly reduced by the addition of P. Increasing incubation time decreased the availability of added inorganic Cd, but increased the availability of Cd applied with sewage sludge.Increasing the amount of Cd added to the soils increased the Cd concentration of the corn seedlings regardless of the form of Cd used. Cadmium concentrations in the corn seedlings were significantly correlated with DTPA‐extractable soil Cd.Solubility measurements of Cd in the acidified soils showed undersaturation with respect to all known Cd minerals, whereas in soils above pH 7.25 the Cd solubility was limited by CdCO3 at a CO2 level of 0.003 atm or higher and showed the expected hundredfold decrease in solubility for each unit increase in pH. The minerals Cd3(PO4)2 and Cd(OH)2 are much too soluble to account for the precipitation of Cd in these soils.
Interaction of Treated Sanitary Landfill Leachate with Soil
Authors: Chan K. Y. , Davey B. G. , Geering H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreated leachate (pH 10, ionic strength ∼0.1M) collected from sanitary landfill was passed through a Yellow earth covering material (pH 4.2) in leaching columns, to simulate the field practice of land disposal of leachate. No reduction in the level of chemical oxygen demand of the leachate occurred as a consequence of passage through the soil. On the other hand, the cations in the leachate were retained by the soil in the order Mg > Ca > K > Na. Enhanced adsorption of magnesium and calcium started to occur about pH 6, coinciding with the most rapid rate of increase of pH in the effluent from the column. After addition of 108 cm of leachate, equivalent to the amount sprayed on the landfill in the field over 8 mo, total storage of cations in the soil was 9.24 meq 100 g−1, of which 88% was Ca and Mg. About half of the Ca and Mg cations was stored in exchangeable form and only Na and K were entirely exchangeable. None of the experimental conditions caused precipitation of Ca or Mg, so it was likely that they were specifically adsorbed on the soil clay. The soil sprayed with the same amount of treated leachate in the field had pH 10 and retained twice the amount of Ca and Mg stored in the laboratory column. This difference could have resulted from the longer residence time that the leachate was in contact with the soil in the field.
Mineralization of Nitrogen in Fermentation Residue from Citric Acid Production
Authors: King Larry D. , Vick Roy L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the byproducts of commercial citric acid production is presscake: a mixture of microbial biomass, CaSO4, and a filter aid such as perlite. Large production plants produce this byproduct at rates of over 50 metric tons/day. Since the material is often applied to agricultural land, it is important to know the rate of release of N and other plant nutrients so that appropriate application rates can be determined.Wafers (1.5 cm diam by 0.6 cm thick) of presscake were incorporated into a loamy sand at rates supplying 223, 446, and 669 ppm N and surface‐applied to supply 446 ppm N. Powdered presscake was also incorporated at the 446‐ppm‐N rate. The mixtures were incubated for 32 weeks.Nitrate accumulated rather rapidly during the first 8 weeks, with little accumulation thereafter. At the end of the experiment, NO3‐N levels at the 446‐ppm‐N rate were 57% of the applied N with incorporated wafers, 32% with incorporated powder, and 28% with surface‐applied wafers. Gaseous N losses were 31% of the applied N with incorporated wafers, 61% with powder, and 55% with surface‐applied wafers. Addition of presscake increased levels of extractable P and Ca in most treatments.
Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Algae
Authors: Wodzinski Richard S. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotosynthetic activity in soil of pH 7.1 was unaffected by a 10‐day exposure to 0.5 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) in air. However, the photosynthetic activity of Anabaena flos‐aquae and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suspended in a thin layer of medium at an initial pH of 6.0 was almost totally inhibited within 24 hours by treatment with 1.0 ppm SO2 in air. The pH of the medium decreased to 5.2 or below during this period. If the decrease in pH was prevented by the addition of soil or phosphate buffer, no inhibition of photosynthesis was observed. In contrast, addition of an acidic soil to a medium of pH 4.9 offered no protection from the adverse effects of SO2. The data indicate that the decrease in pH of samples exposed to SO2 was not the sole cause of the inhibition of photosynthetic activity.