bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasymphyseal and associated insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and sacrum
Authors: Davies A. M. , Evans N. S. , Struthers G. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eleven post-menopausal women presenting with a parasymphyseal insufficiency fracture of the pubis are reported. The plain radiographs showed delayed healing with a mixed lytic and sclerotic area developed at the fracture site simulating a malignant lesion. Aetiological factors included post-menopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and steroid therapy, previous hip relacement and pelvic radiotherapy. Ten patients had concomitant fractures of the pelvis, including nine with sacral fractures. These were all initially missed on presentation because of the subtle radiographic signs of a longitudinal band of sclerosis, usually bilaterally, in the sacral ala. Bone scanning was shown to be the most sensitive technique in detecting the sacral fractures by demonstrating increased uptake in the sacral ala as well as the other fractures of the pelvis. Computed tomography in three cases was helpful in confirming the presence of fractures and excluding the possibility of malignancy.
Lead thickness in shielding in the protection of radiodiagnostic staff
Authors: Russell J. G. B. , Hufton A. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We indicate the principles which can be used to apply cost–benefit analysis to radiation protection of staff in an X-ray department. The cost of saving radiation exposure to staff by varying the lead equivalence of lead gowns and lead protective screens is calculated. The cost is compared with the financial values of the detriment as assessed by the National Radiological Protection Board. The expenditure required to avoid a man-Sv for staff protection in diagnostic departments is suggested. In the examples we take, it is found that the larger staff dose reductions, and often the cheaper reductions, can be obtained by reducing the radiation dose to the patient. There are, of course, major additional advantages to the patient in reducing this dose.
Possible dose rate dependence of recovery kinetics as deduced from a preliminary analysis of the effects of fractionated irradiations at varying dose rates
Authors: Dale R. G. , Huczkowski J. , Trott K. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Data relating to jejunal crypt survival following fractionated total body irradiation of C311 mice have been subjected to a preliminary analysis using the linear-quadratic formalism. Because the regimes considered involved fairly closely-spaced fractions, delivered at dose rates in the range 1.2–72 Gy h−1, it was necessary to further develop previously established forms of the model in order to carry out the evaluation. The magnitude of the recovery half-life has been deduced for each of the regimes and found to be in the approximate range 0.1–0.6 h−1. For any given fraction number, the half-life appears to be markedly dependent on dose rate, increasing with dose rate up to ≈ 25 Gy h−1, falling off thereafter. Tentative reasons for this behaviour are given, together with an assessment of the possible shortcomings of the analytical method.
The management of intussusception
Authors: Paes R. A. , Hyde I. , Griffiths D. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA scheme of management to achieve maximum success in hydrostatic reduction of intussusception is presented. This takes into account patient selection, radiological technique and the follow-up clinical assessment. By standardizing the management we have increased our success rate and avoided laparotomy in 64% of our patients. Most of the patients in whom the technique failed had infarcted bowel which required resection.
Ocular lens dose in cerebral vascular imaging
Authors: Casselden Patricia A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ocular lens dose was considered with respect to cerebral vascular imaging, using both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and conventional angiography. A dose measurement study is described in which doses were found to be minimal (0.327 cGy) in DSA, but high (60 cGy) using conventional techniques. The use of an undercouch tube in DSA and an increased focus-lens distance, when compared with the conventional angiographic approach were considered the major factors contributing to the difference in lens dose. The implications for selection of technique are discussed.
Changes in the cell kinetics of pig epidermis after single doses of X rays
Authors: Morris G. M. , well J. W. Hope 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Changes in the cell kinetics of pig epidermis have been investigated after irradiation with single doses of 15 Gy and 20 Gy of X rays. The epidermis exhibited an initial degenerative phase when the rate of cell depletion was independent of radiation dose. Changes consistent with repopulation were evident between the 14th and 18th day after irradiation. The severity of cell depletion and the rate of recovery of the epidermis were dose dependent. The regenerative phase was characterized by an increased cell proliferation; values for the labelling index (LI) were greater than those in the non-irradiated epidermis, from 14 days after 15 Gy and from 18 days after 20 Gy. The LI was still elevated at the end of the observation period, i.e. Day 56. No change in the time for DNA synthesis was found. Eighteen days after 15 Gy and 22 days after 20 Gy, islands of cells (colonies), with an appearance similar to the cells in the normal epidermis, were seen. The minimum turnover time (T T) for the proliferating cells of the basal layer of the epidermis in radiation-damaged skin was 61–68 h as compared with 125 h in unirradiated skin. For the basal cells in the colonies, T T was 16–22 h.
Serum thyroglobulin in the investigation of patients presenting with metastases
Authors: Edmonds C. J. , Willis C. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is often very elevated in patients with metastaticthyroid carcinoma and, in 18 out of 40 patients examined, serum Tg was found to exceed 400 μg/1. In only two of 55 patients with benign nodular thyroid disease did serum Tg exceed 400 μg/1. In patients presenting with metastases of unknown origin, the finding of a very elevated serum Tg concentration may therefore be of value as an indicator that the metastases are due to thyroid carcinoma. During a period in which 128 new patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were seen, in five who presented with metastatic disease the initial estimation of serum Tg had proved useful in suggesting the thyroid origin of the metastases.
Determination of human skin pain threshold using 27 MHz radiofrequency heating
Authors: James R. D. , Williams P. , Jones A. , Nelis P. , Farrow N. , Lukka H. , Pye D. W. 
Published: July 2009

The success or failure of any cancer treatment depends on the respective dose received by tumour and by critical normal tissues. Clinical studies define safety standards for the most sensitive normal tissue and these allow clinicians to protect their patients whilst comparing different treatment techniques.Safety standards may preclude the use of otherwise valuable techniques.Patients receiving externally applied hyperthermia without general anaesthetic may experience pain. Skin remains the most sensitive organ despite attempts to reduce heat dose to the skin by surface coiling, since the site likely to absorb most power and which requires most cooling is unpredictable, particularly in non-planar areas like the axilla and perineum.
The study of regional cerebral blood flow in stroke patients using technetium 99m HMPAO
Authors: Smith F. W. , Donald R. T. , Morris A. J. , Sharp P. F. , Gemmell H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Seventeen patients who had suffered a stroke in the previous 72 h have been studied using technetium 99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO) to assess cerebral blood flow. Comparison of the scan appearances and clinical signs were made in all cases. Twelve of the patients had a repeat HMPAO scan 14 days later, together with further clinical assessment. Good correlation between the size and site of perfusion deficit and the clinical signs was found in 14 of the patients. When the results of the 12 patients who had repeat scans were examined at 14 days the correlation between the scan and the clinical signs was less accurate and it seems unlikely that the assessment of the size of cerebral infarction as demonstrated by an HMPAO scan will provide an accurate prognostic sign. Three of the patients, all of whom had suffered right hemiplegia and were dysphasic, had regions of increased uptake adjacent to the area of ischaemia and non deteriorated clinically; it is thought that this sign may represent hyperperfusion around infarction and indicates a fair prognosis. In patients suffering from transient neurological symptoms, the use of HMPAO may be useful by excluding the presence of other cerebral disease.
Dacryocystography after paranasal sinus surgery
Authors: Hunink Myriam G. M. , de Vries-Knoppert Willemine A. E. J. , Balm Alfons J. M. , Luth Wietse J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The influence of nasolacrimal duct dissection and irradiation of the lacrimal system on lacrimal drainage were assessed. Findings at dacryocystography, in correlation with the results of dye tests and symptoms, are presented. Lacrimal drainage obstruction was demonstrated in one of 10 patients after paranasal sinus surgery not followed by irradiation and in four of 10 patients in which surgery was followed by irradiation.
Magnetic resonance velocity mapping in aortic dissection
Authors: Bogren H. G. , Underwood S. R. , Firmin D. N. , Mohiaddin R. H. , Klipstein R. H. , Rees R. S. O. , Longmore D. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We describe three patients with chronic aortic dissection in whom both spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cine field-echo imaging were performed. The field even-echo rephasing (FEER) sequence showed the intimal flaps much more clearly than the spin-echo sequence and provided a distinction between thrombus and static blood. Velocity mapping allowed flow measurements in the true and false lumens. The management of the three patients was based upon the information provided by MRI. It is suggested that MRI may avoid invasive investigation and be the method of choice in haemodynamically stable patients with aortic dissection provided that the FEER sequence is used.
Differential radioprotection of bone marrow and tumour cells by zinc aspartate
Authors: Floersheim G. L. , Chiodetti N. , Bieri A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radioprotector zinc aspartate did not inhibit the radiotherapeutic effect of γ rays on human tumours grown as xenografts in immunosuppressed mice, while aminothiol radioprotectors afforded a slight inhibition. On the other hand, zinc aspartate significantly reduced the fall in the haematocrit and numbers of thrombocytes, erythrocytes and leucocytes caused by irradiation, indicating a sparing effect on bone marrow precursors of peripheral blood cells. This differential protection of neoplastic and normal cells may be of considerable benefit in clinical cancer radiotherapy, provided that zinc aspartate is better tolerated and has a more favourable therapeutic index in humans than aminothiol radioprotectors.
Clinical trial of a new adaptive TGC system for ultrasound imaging
Authors: Pye S. D. , Wild S. R. , McDicken W. N. 
Published: July 2009

One of the skills that an operator has to learn in order to obtain well balanced ultrasound images is the ability to set up the time gain compensation (TGC) controls. Most ultrasound scanners are fitted with several TGC controls. These may adjust the initial gain of the receiver, the rate at which the gain increases with time (the TGC slope) and the delay between the transmission of a pulse and the time at which the gain begins to rise. One or two other controls are often provided to adjust either the overall receiver gain or the power of the transmitter.
This approach to gain compensation was originally borrowed from ultrasound devices used in non-destructive evaluation. When applied to diagnostic imaging, manual TGC is crude and often inaccurate. Its shortcomings are all the more obvious when it is used in the same signal path as the elegant and effective techniques of dynamic focusing and digital scan conversion. Manual TGC can only provide crude gain compensation since the flexibility of the gain control function is limited and the same gain function is applied to all scan lines in the image, despite the non-uniformity of the tissues that may be present. For example, in an obstetric scan, the ultrasound beam may pass in one direction through fetal head and placenta, and in another direction through a deep pool of liquor.
Duplex Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of cavernous transformation of the portal vein
Authors: Raby Nigel , Meire Hylton B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Duplex Doppler ultrasound scans were performed in 10 patients with proven cavernous transformation of the portal vein. All cases exhibited absence of the normal portal vein lumen with replacement by numerous tortuous vessels. Doppler studies revealed a characteristic “flat” waveform with a reduction in the time averaged velocity to less than 8 cm/s which is well below the normal range. The combination of real-time and Doppler ultrasound enabled an accurate diagnosis to be made in all cases.
Cervical myelography of nerve root avulsion injuries using water-soluble contrast media
Authors: Cobby M. J. D. , Leslie I. J. , Watt I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eight cases of cervical nerve root avulsion injury are presented which were investigated by cervical myelography using a water-soluble contrast medium. The previous literature describes the appearances of this lesion using an oil-based agent and has resulted in emphasis being placed on looking for a traumatic meningocele rather than an abnormality of the roots themselves. The excellent definition of the nerve rootlets and axillary pouch that are obtained with a water-soluble contrast medium resulted in more root lesions per patient being detected than with an oil-based medium. There was complete correlation with the surgical findings at all but one root level explored. The appearances of root avulsion injuries and the advantages of using a water-soluble contrast medium are discussed.
Bone age estimation: a comparison of methods
Authors: Cole A. J. L , Webb L. , Cole T. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bone ages assessed by the TW2 method and the GP atlas were compared in 97 children radiographed for trauma. Bone age assessed by the TW2 method was slightly closer to chronological age than the GP estimate, but TW2 was slightly less reproducible between observers. Given the relatively laborious and time-consuming nature of the TW2 method, there seems little point in promoting its use in the general hospital setting. The GP method was improved by recalibrating the standard radiographs to match the local population.
Pharyngeal and oesophageal function in patients with diabetes mellitus and swallowing complaints
Authors: Borgström Pia S. , Olsson Rolf , Sundkvist Göran , Ekberg Olle 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Pharyngeal and oesophageal function were monitored using cine and video techniques in 18 diabetic patients with swallowing complaints. Morphological lesions had been excluded with double-contrast radiography. Abnormal pharyngeal function was present in 14 patients and abnormal oesophageal function in 10 patients. Eight of these patients had both pharyngeal and oesophageal dysfunction. Dysphagia does not seem to be a frequent symptom in diabetic patients but, when present, warrants a detailed analysis of pharyngeal and oesophageal function in order to reveal the underlying cause. We found cine and video techniques to be of value and we recommend them for use in functional analysis in these patients.
Improvements in snap-shot nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Howseman A. M. , Stehling M. K. , Chapman B. , Coxon R. , Turner R. , Ordidge R. J. , Cawley M. G. , Glover P. , Mansfield P. , Coupland R. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
New variants of the ultra-high-speed echo-planar imaging technique have been used to obtain snap-shot images of adult patients and volunteers at 0.1 T. Modified pulsed-gradient sequences together with non-linear signal sampling and activity screened gradients have greatly improved the image quality obtainable by single-shot methods. A particular variant, modulus blipped echo-planar single-pulse technique (MBEST), although slightly slower than the blipped echo-planar single-pulse technique (BEST), is experimentally more robust and incorporates intrinsic T 2 weighting. An account of these improvements together with some experimental results is presented.
Alterations in the length of jejunal villi in mice irradiated with graded doses of X rays
Authors: Rao K. R. , Fritz-Niggli H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The length of villi protruding into the jejunal lumen influences the absorptive surface involved in digestion. Since it is an important functional end-point, a correlation between the X-ray dose applied and the average length of jejunal villi was investigated, with the possibility of using it as a radiobiological test system. Mice were given whole-body irradiation in the low- (4–7 Gy) or high-dose (9–12 Gy) range in a single fraction. Villus length was measured in arbitrary units from stained histological sections. It was found that villus length was affected by both the dose ranges used, but the effect observed in the low-dose range was not dose-related, whereas in the high-dose range there was a correlation between the radiation dose applied and the reduction in the average length of villi. Therefore, it is not suitable as an assay for low doses and for high doses there is already a test system (the microcolony survival assay) which is more practical and widely used. Factors which may influence villus length as well as the basic mechanisms involved are reviewed briefly. Experimental data presented indicate that the villus length may also be dependent on the number of crypts per jejunal circumference.
The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd→Be) for normal tissues in the pig. I. Effects on the epidermis and dermal vascular/connective tissues
Authors: Hopewell J. W. , Barnes D. W. H. , Robbins M. E. C. , Sansom J. M. , Knowles J. F. , van den Aardweg G. J. M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effects of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd→Be) on the early epithelial and later dermal response of pig skin have been assessed and compared with those after X irradiation. For the early epithelial reaction, i.e. moist desquamation, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the neutron beam increased with the decreasing size of the X-ray dose/fraction. There was an experimentally observed upper RBE value of ∼ 2.75 for X-ray doses/fraction of between 2 and 5 Gy. For the late reaction of ischaemic dermal necrosis the RBE was &gt; 3.0 for X-ray doses/fraction of &lt;3 Gy and, based on the assumptions made in the linearquadratic model of cell survival, an upper limiting RBE of 4.32 ± 0.39 was calculated for infinitely small doses/fraction. These findings were compared with other radiobiological data and the conclusions drawn from the results of clinical trials. It was concluded that for the sparing of late effects in skin and subcutaneous tissues, relative to acute reactions, a relatively small number of fractions in a short overall treatment time may be optimal for fast neutron therapy.
Methotrexate given concurrently with radiotherapy in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Tomlinson M. J. , Lancaster J. F. , Bullimore J. A. , Smith P. J. B. 
Published: July 2009

The use of methotrexate has previously been reported in cases of advanced bladder cancer following failure of radiotherapy (Turner et al, 1977) when it was suggested that their synchronous use may be inadvisable because of the occurrence of side-effects. The following case report documents the successful use of intravenous methotrexate combined with radiotherapy in a patient with extensive urothelial malignancy.
The patient presented initially in 1975, aged 41 years, with a history of haematuria which was found to be due to a Tl average-grade transitional cell carcinoma. This was not controlled by endoscopic resection, Helmstein dilatation of the bladder or intravesical ethoglucid. Cystectomy was offered but turned down by the patient as he considered impotence unacceptable. Therefore he underwent radical radiotherapy to the bladder. Six months later he re-presented with haematuria and cystoscopy revealed extensive tumour. Reluctantly he agreed to cystectomy.
Fibromuscular dysplasia of the external iliac artery: treatment by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Authors: Parnell A. P. , Loose H. W. , Chamberlain J. 
Published: July 2009

Fibromuscular dysplasia is a rare disease of unknown aetiology first identified in the renal artery, where it is most commonly located. It is increasingly being recognized in other sites and an extensive literature review by Mettinger (1982) suggested that the iliac artery is the third most common site of fibromuscular dysplasia after the renal and carotid arteries.
The following report documents the case of a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia of the external iliac artery treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
Book reviews
Authors: Savage John R. K. 
Published: July 2009

This book is the proceedings of a workshop held under the joint sponsorship of the CEC Radiation Protection Programme and the French Atomic Energy Commission Institute of Nuclear Protection, Fontenay aux Roses.
One of the major problems in estimating radiation doses from the uptake of radionuclides in the environment, or in developing models with which to predict such doses and to set emergency reference levels for public safety, is the fact that the metabolism of and response to such nuclides vary considerably with age or stage of development of the organism.
A. E. Barclay and angiographic research in Oxford
Authors: Guy J. M. 
Published: July 2009

At the age of 60 years most doctors are cutting down on their work and looking forward to retirement. When Alfred Barclay (Fig. 1) reached that age he moved to a different university, set up a new research team and began fundamental research in new fields.
He had already achieved great distinction in radiology, beginning in the pioneer era. During his time as a medical student at the London Hospital in Whitechapel at the beginning of this century, and as a resident house officer, he witnessed the early radiographic efforts of Messrs Blackall, Harnack and Wilson, trailblazing in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology, who suffered painfully and eventually fatally for their zeal. Barclay himself visited the X-ray room to set fractures and remove foreign bodies, as all his young colleagues did, and experienced soreness of the eyes as a result, “luckily with no lasting effect”, which gave him a healthy respect for the power of the rays (Barclay 1949; BJR, 1949; Radiography, 1949).