bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the influence of the Cd:Se precursor ratio during the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals on the performance of CdSe/P3HT hybrid solar cells
Authors: Zutz Folker , Lokteva Irina , Radychev Nikolay , Kolny‐Olesiak Joanna , Riedel Ingo , Borchert Holger , Parisi Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe influence of the Cd‐to‐Se precursor ratio during the synthesis of CdSe nanoparticles (nc‐CdSe) on the efficiency of solar cells made from semiconducting polymer/nanocrystal‐blends (hybrid solar cells) was investigated. In these hybrid solar cells regioregular poly‐(3‐hexylthiophene 2,5 diyl) (P3HT) was used as the electron donor material while the acceptor was established by CdSe nanocrystals prepared via colloidal synthesis. Furthermore, the influence of the nc‐CdSe‐to‐P3HT ratio in the semiconductor blend on the solar cell efficiency was investigated. CdSe:P3HT ratios of 8:1 to 10:1 were found to give the best results concerning the overall device performance as derived from current–voltage characterization. These findings were correlated with structural investigations of the active layer by means of atomic force microscopy (tapping mode AFM). Furthermore, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the hybrid solar cells was determined and also used to estimate the short circuit current density Jsc under standardized solar irradiation. The Jsc values from the EQE measurements were compared to the values obtained from the IV curves. Differences in these values could be explained by an intensity‐dependent influence of trap states.
Electron‐induced dissociation of doubly protonated betaine clusters: controlling fragmentation chemistry through electron energy
Authors: Feketeová Linda , O'Hair Richard A. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe [M21+2H]2+ cluster of the zwitterion betaine, M = (CH3)3NCH2CO2, formed via electrospray ionisation (ESI), has been allowed to interact with electrons with energies ranging from >0 to 50 eV in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer. The types of gas‐phase electron‐induced dissociation (EID) reactions observed are dependent on the energy of the electrons. In the low‐energy region up to 10 eV, electrons are mainly captured, forming the charge‐reduced species, {[M21+2H]+.}*, in an excited state, which stabilises via the ejection of an H atom and one or more neutral betaines. In the higher energy region, above 12 eV, a Coulomb explosion of the multiply charged clusters is observed in highly asymmetric fission with singly charged fragments carrying away more than 70% of the parent mass. Neutral betaine evaporation is also observed in this energy region. In addition, a series of singly charged fragments appears which arise from CX bond cleavage reactions, including decarboxylation and CH3 group transfer. These latter reactions may arise from access of electronic excited states of the precursor ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptation of a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer instrument to employ NO+ as reagent ion for the detection of 1,3‐butadiene in the ambient atmosphere
Authors: Knighton W. B. , Fortner E. C. , Herndon S. C. , Wood E. C. , Miake‐Lye R. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR‐MS) instrument was adapted to employ NO+ as a chemical reagent ion without any hardware changes by switching the reagent ion source gas from water vapor to dry air. Ionization of dry air within the hollow cathode ion source generates a very intense source of NO+ with only a minor impurity of NO. The intensities of the primary NO+ reagent ion and the unwanted impurity NO are controllable and dependent on the operational conditions of the hollow cathode ion source. Ion source tuning parameters are described, which maintain an intense source of NO+ while keeping the impurity NO signal to less than 2% of the total reagent ion intensity. This method is applied to the detection of 1,3‐butadiene. NO+ reacts efficiently with 1,3‐butadiene via a charge exchange reaction to produce only the molecular ion, which is detected at m/z 54. Detection sensitivities of the order of 45 pptv for a 1‐s measurement of 1,3‐butadiene are demonstrated. We present the first real‐time on‐line sub parts per billion measurement of 1,3‐butadiene in the ambient atmosphere. The only likely interference is from 1,2‐butadiene. Concurrent measurements of benzene are provided and suggest that the vehicular emissions are the predominant source of 1,3‐butadiene in a suburban Boston area monitoring location. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The very short frame of mobile DVB‐RCS: Code design and QoS Performance
Authors: Liva Gianluigi , Papaleo Marco , Párraga Niebla Cristina , Cioni Stefano , Scalise Sandro , Vanelli‐Coralli Alessandro , Corazza Giovanni E. , Kim Pansoo , Lee Ho‐Jin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the design of a new very short frame introduced in the upcoming version of DVB‐RCS standard targeting interactive mobile services will be described. The frame design with a special focus on channel coding and performance are addressed in detail, as well as an evaluation of the QoS performance for realistic traffic scenarios, propagation channel conditions, and carrier sizes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harmonizing maturity levels from CMMI‐DEV and ISO/IEC 15504
Authors: Pino Francisco J. , Baldassarre Maria Teresa , Piattini Mario , Visaggio Giuseppe 
Published: September 2009

AbstractISO has recently published Part 7 of the ISO/IEC 15504 standard, with the aim of determining the extent to which an organization consistently implements processes that contribute to achievement of its business goals. This new Part 7 of ISO/IEC 15504 has addressed issues related to the assessment of organizational maturity, as the CMMI‐DEV model also does. Recently, growing interest has been shown towards the need to harmonize different improvement models or standards, thereby presenting an integrated vision about them. All this being so and in an effort to offer information on how the maturity levels described in these two models are related, we have carried out the harmonization of these two models. It is based, firstly, on a mapping between processes of ISO 12207:08 and process areas of CMMI‐DEV, and in second place, on a matching between processes of ISO 12207:08 and ISO 15504‐5. For this work, we have taken into account the latest versions of the models, and defined a suitable process to carry out the mapping in a systematic way. We established differences and similarities between the maturity levels (and their processes) described in these models, our goal being to support organizations which are interested in tackling organizational maturity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating ISO/IEC 15504 conformant process assessment and organizational reuse enhancement
Authors: Stallinger Fritz , Plösch Reinhold , Pomberger Gustav , Vollmar Jan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractImproving reuse in industrial engineering is more and more recognized as a key to economic success by providers of industrial solutions. It generally increases the quality of the engineered systems, shortens engineering time, and decreases engineering costs for the development of customer‐specific industrial solutions. We therefore developed an integrated set of methods for assessing an organization's reuse practices, identifying its reuse potential and guiding the selection and implementation of improvement actions.While the assessment of reuse practices is performed according to the principles of ISO/IEC 15504 for process assessment, identification of improvements for reuse in industrial engineering is much more complex compared to ‘traditional’ process capability‐oriented improvement. Orthogonal to improving along the process capability dimension it also involves strategic decisions on the overall design of the engineering process, the pursued engineering and reuse paradigms, the desired organizational reuse maturity stages, etc.To tackle this problem, we developed a potentials analysis method that assures compliance of the improvements with the strategic goals of the organization. It bridges the gap between the process assessment and the improvement action planning parts of the methodology by supporting the selection of reuse practices considering strategic issues and business goals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Fink's integrated course design: How a book changed our students' learning, our university, and ourselves
Authors: Fallahi Carolyn R. , Levine Laura E. , Nicoll‐Senft Joan M. , Tessier Jack T. , Watson Cheryl L. , Wood Rebecca M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an interdisciplinary approach to course redesign that enhanced student learning across all six categories in Fink's taxonomy. A meta‐analysis of the results provides evidence that integrated course design produces significant learning.
Implementation and analysis of proxy MIPv6
Authors: Guan Jianfeng , Zhou Huachun , Yan Zhiwei , Qin Yajuan , Zhang Hongke 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a host‐based mobility support specification which has been approved by the IETF as the standardized solution of global mobility management in IPv6 network for Mobile Node (MN). However, MIPv6 handover procedure results in a large handover delay. To improve its performance, some MIPv6 variants such as Fast Handover for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) and Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) were proposed. However, they all require the MN to support the mobility management protocols which increase the difficulty of management and deployment. Recently, IETF NETLMM workgroup published the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) which is a network‐based localized mobility management to provide the mobility support for mobile host without the involvement of the mobility signaling. In this paper, we analyze the singling cost of PMIPv6 and implement it in our test‐bed to evaluate its performance. The results show that the PMIPv6 has lower signaling cost and packet delivery cost, and it can improve the handover performance of UDP and TCP than the other mobility management protocols under low‐delay networks, as for the wide area networks, it needs to introduce some mechanism like fast handover to further improve its performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics analysis and modeling of frame traffic in 802.11 wireless networks
Authors: Ge Xiao‐hu , Yang Yang , Wang Cheng‐Xiang , Liu Ying‐Zhuang , Liu Chuang , Xiang Lin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the impacts of different frame types on the self‐similarity and burstiness characteristics of the aggregated frame traffic in a real 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN). We find that the impacts of different frame types are related to the mean frame sizes and the proportions of specified frame types in the aggregated frame traffic. Furthermore, we propose an analytical model to capture the relationship of self‐similarity characteristics between the aggregated frame traffic and different frame types. These new results provide an insight of frame traffic characteristics and some practical guidelines for developing new efficient algorithms to improve the common medium utilization and system throughput performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insertion of Methylthiirane into the P–I Bonds of α‐P4S3I2
Authors: Tattershall Bruce W. , Geneux Nicholas S. , Holmes Kathryn E. , Hargreaves Michael D. , McMorrow Glenn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRac‐methylthiirane inserted into the P–I bonds of α‐P4S3I2, giving two diastereomers of exo,exo‐α‐P4S3(SCHMeCH2I)I and three diastereomers of exo,exo‐α‐P4S3(SCHMeCH2I)2, as kinetic products, identified by 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy in the reaction solutions. Ab initio modelling, using the DF MPW1PW91 method, showed that corresponding products containing the SCH2CHIMe substituent should be more stable, but only α‐P4S3(SCHMeCH2I)(SCH2CHIMe) was suggested by the NMR evidence as a lower yield product. The initially formed thiolates were sulfurised by further methylthiirane on heating or in the presence of the sulfur transfer catalyst Re(O)Cl3(PPh3)2, to give low concentrations of α‐P4S3(S)(SCHMeCH2I)I and α‐P4S3(S)(SCHMeCH2I)2, in which a monocoordinate sulfur atom was attached to a phosphorus atom carrying the thiolate group. The number of diastereomers appropriate for only one orientation of the terminal sulfur relative to the cage skeleton was found in significant concentration in each case, in contrast to previous work on sulfurisation ofα‐P4S3 diamides.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley‐vch.de/contents/jc_2260/2009/index.htm or from the author.
Coordination Polymers Based on the 2,5‐Dihydroxyterephthalate Ion and Alkaline Earth Metal (Ca, Sr) and Manganese Cations
Authors: Dietzel Pascal C. , Blom Richard , Fjellvåg Helmer 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFour novel coordination polymers were solvothermally synthesized from metal(II) salts (the metals being Mn, Ca, and Sr) and 2,5‐dihydroxyterephthalic acid (H4dhtp), and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Of the two different types of functional group of the organic linker, only the carboxylic acid has been deprotonated on formation of the compounds. The manganese compound Mn(H2dhtp)(H2O)2, CPO‐26‐Mn, contains octahedrally coordinated metal atoms in a three‐dimensional framework. It is isostructural with the previously reported magnesium compound CPO‐26‐Mg. The heavier alkaline earth elements calcium and strontrium exhibit higher coordination numbers in their compounds. Calcium was found to form two compounds depending on reaction conditions, Ca(H2dhtp)(H2O)2, CPO‐20, and Ca(H2dhtp), CPO‐21. Both structures consist of three‐dimensional networks. CPO‐20 contains dimeric edge‐sharing calcium coordination polyhedra, whereas in CPO‐21 the octacoordinate calcium coordination polyhedra are linked by common edges to straight one‐dimensional chains. The crystal structure of Sr(H2dhtp)(H2O), CPO‐22, is similar to that of CPO‐21. Again, the coordination polyhedra are condensed by shared edges into one‐dimensional chains. However, because the strontium atom is nonacoordinate, with the additional ligand being the water molecule, the chains are corrugated in this case.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Japanese experience
Authors: Furukawa Hiroyuki , Shimamura Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Tomomi , Taniguchi Masahiko , Nakanishi Kazuaki , Yamashita Kenichiro , Kamiyama Toshiya , Matsushita Michiaki , Todo Satoru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDespite the wide spectrum of selection criteria used by living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) centers in Japan, LDLT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can achieve an acceptable outcome comparable to the outcome for deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) for HCC. One of the most crucial considerations in liver transplantation for HCC is the advent of expanded criteria that allow more patients with HCC to receive the organs and offer similar or even better results compared to the Milan of UCSF criteria. Expanded criteria for HCC are proposed from three single‐center and one multicenter study in Japan. These criteria are based on the independent predictors for outcome derived from the analyses of the pretransplant factors and explant pathology. The beneficial effect of those proposed criteria can be predicted by the inclusion rates of the patients compared to the Milan or UCSF criteria in the same cohort and the outcome for those included patients. While application of the UCSF criteria increases the inclusion rate compared to the Milan criteria by 5–10%, these proposed criteria increase the inclusion rates by 5–54% compared to the Milan criteria. The higher inclusion rates compared to the application of the Milan criteria are achieved by criteria including tumor markers, either AFP or PIVKA II or both. Inclusion of tumor markers in addition to parameters of tumor morphology might be the key to establish the best criteria for liver transplantation for HCC.
Hall Measurements on Carbon Nanotube Paper Modified With Electroless Deposited Platinum
Authors: Petrik Leslie , Ndungu Patrick , Iwuoha Emmanuel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Carbon nanotube paper, sometimes referred to as bucky paper, is a random arrangement of carbon nanotubes meshed into a single robust structure, which can be manipulated with relative ease. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used to make the nanotube paper, and were subsequently modified with platinum using an electroless deposition method based on substrate enhanced electroless deposition. This involves the use of a sacrificial metal substrate that undergoes electro-dissolution while the platinum metal deposits out of solution onto the nanotube paper via a galvanic displacement reaction. The samples were characterized using SEM/EDS, and Hall-effect measurements. The SEM/EDS analysis clearly revealed deposits of platinum (Pt) distributed over the nanotube paper surface, and the qualitative elemental analysis revealed co-deposition of other elements from the metal substrates used. When stainless steel was used as sacrificial metal a large degree of Pt contamination with various other metals was observed. Whereas when pure sacrificial metals were used bimetallic Pt clusters resulted. The co-deposition of a bimetallic system upon carbon nanotubes was a function of the metal type and the time of exposure. Hall-effect measurements revealed some interesting fluctuations in sheet carrier density and the dominant carrier switched from N- to P-type when Pt was deposited onto the nanotube paper. Perspectives on the use of the nanotube paper as a replacement to traditional carbon cloth in water electrolysis systems are also discussed.
‘Heterosis’ in F1mice in a cold environment
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Coleman Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2009

The effect of hybridity on reproduction in mice has been studied in two environmental temperatures: 21° C. (‘normal’) and −3° C. (unfavourable). Mice of inbred strains A2G and C57BL are maintained as permanent breeding stocks in each of the two temperatures. In each temperature the two strains were crossed, and the reproduction of F1pairs, to the age of 28 weeks, compared with that of the parent strains.At 21° C. the expected superior fertility of the F1mice was found: the number of litters produced was not affected, but there were more young produced per pair. The number of young per pair reared to 3 weeks was about twice the mean of the parent strains at the same temperature.At −3° C. the difference was greater. The F1pairs produced more and larger litters than the parent strains, and deaths between birth and weaning at 3 weeks were few. The number of young per pair reared to 3 weeks was nearly five times the mean of the parent strains. Part of the superiority of the F1mice, at both temperatures, was due to the fact that they began to breed earlier.Despite the larger litters produced by the F1pairs, at 21° C. the mean weight of the F2young at the age of 3 weeks was intermediate between those of the parent strains. At −3° C. it was the same as that of the heavier parent strain, namely, A2G.As a further test of resistance to cold, F1mice born in the warm environment were transferred to the cold at the age of 22 days and there placed each alone in a cage, with nesting material. In these conditions they had a higher survival rate than the young of either of the parent strains. They also grew faster than the A2G mice.The F1mice were not only more fertile than the inbred mice, but also more uniform in breeding performance. This difference was especially marked in the less favourable environment.These observations are in conformity with the view that heterosis is a consequence of heterozygosis; and that it depends on an enhanced ability to withstand disturbances of developmental and physiological equilibria.
Selection of mice for growth on high and low planes of nutrition
Authors: Falconer D. S. 
Published: September 2009

1. Two-way selection was applied to the growth of mice between 3 and 6 weeks of age when reared on a high plane of nutrition and, in another pair of lines, when reared on a low plane of nutrition. In each generation the growth of all four lines was measured on both high and low planes of nutrition.2. Growth on the two planes of nutrition was treated as two different characters and the direct and correlated responses of each were estimated. The genetic correlation between the two characters was estimated from the responses of each of the four lines, and from the divergence between upward-and downward-selected lines. The different estimates should be the same if the theory of selection for correlated characters adequately accounts for the responses. Up to generation 7 the agreement was reasonably good, but in the later generations it was not. Four estimates of the genetic correlation up to generation 7 were: 0·75, 0·19, 0·66, 0·57.3. There was asymmetry between the upward and downward responses, and the realized heritabilities changed over the course of the experiment; so also did the phenotypic variation. In all these respects the lines behaved differently.4. The conclusions drawn from the final responses are summarized at the beginning of the Discussion.5. The mice produced by selection for increased growth on low plane, but later reared on high plane, were compared with those produced by selection on high plane. Their growth was the same, but they were heavier, had less fat and more protein, and were better mothers.
Genetical studies on the skeleton of the mouse XXV. The Development of Syndactylism
Authors: Grüneberg Hans 
Published: September 2009

1. The earliest manifestations of the gene for syndactylism discovered include hyperplasia of the apical ectodermal ridge of the limbs and hyperplasia of parts of the limb epidermis (10–10½-day stage). Somewhat later, a similar hyperplasia of the epidermis in the distal parts of the tail is found in some sm/sm embryos.2. Enlargement and deformation of the foot plates in both fore and hind limbs is present in the 12-day stage; in the fore limbs it probably starts on the preceding day. The foot plates are bent over in a palmar or plantar direction respectively; the crowding together of the middle digits thus produced is the mechanical cause of syndactylism.3. It is suggested that the enlargement of the foot plates with the ensuing deformities is due to increased stimulation of mesenchymal growth by the hyperplastic apical ectodermal ridge. On this interpretation, all the skeletal effects (including those in the tail) are secondary to a systemic tendency to epidermal hyperplasia.4. The hyperplastic regions of the apical ectodermal ridge and of the limb epidermis start to keratinize (parakeratosis) in the 13-day stage whereas in normal development keratinization of the skin does not start until some 3 days later.
The effects on litter size of crossing lines of mice inbred without selection
Authors: Roberts R. C. 
Published: September 2009

1. The experiment was designed to provide basic information relevant to the utilization of heterosis in animal improvement. The character studied was the size of the first litter in mice.2. Thirty inbred lines were crossed at random when the inbreeding coefficient reached 0·50 (three full-sib matings). The lines had been inbred without selection except for natural selection operating with lines.3. The mean litter size of the crossbred mice did not exceed that of the outbred population from which the inbred lines had been derived. This indicates that the increased litter size normally associated with crossbred mice must be ascribed to some form of selection other than within-line natural selection.4. Estimates were obtained of the variance components associated with general and special combining abilities. As anticipated, these estimates were very small, especially those relating to special combining ability. Before selection between crosses becomes possible, high levels of inbreeding must be achieved.