bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veterinarians' preferences for anticonvulsant drugs for treating seizure disorders in dogs and cats
Authors: Kluger EK , Malik R , Govendir M 
Published: October 2009

Objective To identify veterinarians' approaches and concerns when managing canine and feline patients with acute and chronic seizure disorders.Design Cross‐sectional survey.Method A questionnaire was distributed to veterinarians to determine how many dogs and cats they were actively treating for seizures, their anticonvulsant drug (ACD) preferences for treating acute and chronic seizure disorders and whether serum anticonvulsant concentrations and/or biochemical analytes were routinely measured. Additional questions involved the respondent's year and place of graduation and identified concerns they faced when managing patients with seizure disorders.Results Phenobarbitone was the most commonly used ACD for managing chronic seizure disorders in both dogs and cats, with 82% of respondents using a combination of phenobarbitone and potassium bromide to manage refractory seizure disorders in dogs. Most respondents (96%) felt comfortable managing seizures in dogs, but only 63% were comfortable managing affected cats. Routine monitoring of serum ACD concentrations and of liver biochemical analytes was performed routinely by 71% and 45% of respondents, respectively. Of the respondents, 86% graduated from Australian universities and of these 53% had graduated after 1985.Conclusion Veterinarians identified when to commence medication, whether regular monitoring of serum ACD concentrations and liver enzyme activity was necessary, and if the cost was justified. Veterinarians also identified the need to balance dose rates and side‐effects by using combination therapy, and the importance of providing accurate information to clients about what to expect in terms of seizure control for their pet.
Gender and the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Van Delinder Jean 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study outlines how gender relations and gender differences come into play in the civil rights movement – the national movement to transform American race relations in the 1950s and 1960s. Social movement scholarship on the civil rights movement emphasizes dramatic mass mobilizations and charismatic leadership, both distinctively masculine enterprises. This emphasis overlooks the subtle and underappreciated dynamics of gender in shaping cultures of protest and resistance. Consideration of gender and gender roles in the private and public spheres provides a more nuanced understanding of protest strategies and the formulation of resistance in direct action. Gendered patterns related to movement participation, mobilization, leadership, strategies and ideologies also bring into focus how local issues shaped regional variations in civil rights initiatives. Finally, gender symbolism and culture deepen our understanding of non‐violent direct action as a moral, emancipatory performance, serving to blur the physical boundaries enacted by civil restraint.
Documentary at a Crossroads: Reality TV and the Hybridization of Small‐Screen Documentary
Authors: Mast Jelle 
Published: October 2009

AbstractToday, as tendencies of popularization and hybridization have fundamentally redefined conventional notions of (small) screen documentary, the genre (re‐)emerges as a particularly appealing topic of scholarly research. This article elaborates some of the main strands of the multifaceted debate about these ongoing developments, thereby focusing on the ‘reality TV’ phenomenon, which is probably the most notable, yet also most controversial embodiment of the shifting that takes place. Discussing key positions regarding the problem of labeling and definition, questions of documentary values, and ethical issues, it is argued that a comprehensive, nuanced approach based on profound conceptualizations as well as empirical research into production and reception contexts are invaluable in making an astute assessment of the popular hybrid documentary.
Social Aspects of Genetic Testing Technologies
Authors: Tutton Richard 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSince the early days of the Human Genome Project, there has been increasing social scientific research that promises to elucidate the social implications, aspects or dimensions of research on human, animal and plant genetics. This paper discusses the literature on the social aspects of different types of genetic testing technologies and their applications in the contexts of clinical medicine, biomedical research, personal and family genealogy, and criminal justice. Although there are many differences in the practices, purposes and organization of these technologies across such contexts, this paper shows that social scientists’ understandings of their social aspects centers on individual and collective experiences of how genetic testing technologies operate in practice.
Saproxylic beetle assemblages in artificially created high‐stumps of spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pendula/pubescens) – does the surrounding landscape matter?
Authors: ABRAHAMSSON MARKUS , JONSELL MATS , NIKLASSON MATS , LINDBLADH MATTS 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.  1. To create high‐stumps (snags) is a common conservation action during final felling in Swedish production forests. However, many wood‐living beetle species are only found in certain areas with higher overall biodiversity, so called hotspots. It has been argued that it is efficient to concentrate conservation efforts to hotspots.2. The saproxylic beetle fauna was sampled on ten clearcuts inside hotspots and ten clearcuts outside the hotspots. They were collected with window traps mounted on 2‐ and 4‐year‐old spruce and birch high‐stumps. We also used environmental data (e.g. tree species composition) to confirm differences between the surroundings of two, the clearcut types.3. High‐stumps on the hotspot clearcuts did not attract more saproxylic beetle species, or red‐listed species, than high‐stumps outside the hotspots. The environmental data showed that the clearcuts differed in several important aspects, for instance, were there a higher proportion of broadleaved trees around the hotspot compared with the clearcuts outside the hotspots. In a Canonical Correspondence Analysis, the proportion of coniferous and broadleaved forest was an important explanatory variables. The hotspot variable did contribute significantly in explaining the beetle composition on the birch high‐stumps, but not on the spruce high‐stumps.4. In general, the study suggests that concentrating high‐stumps to hotspot areas will not benefit more species. However, the result indicates birch high‐stumps could be prioritised in a biologically rich landscape. The hotspot effect may be more noticeable in the future as the high‐stumps decay and their importance for late successional species increase.
Effects of logging on fire regimes in moist forests
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Hunter Malcolm L. , Burton Philip J. , Gibbons Philip 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDoes logging affect the fire proneness of forests? This question often arises after major wildfires, but data suggest that answers differ substantially among different types of forest. Logging can alter key attributes of forests by changing microclimates, stand structure and species composition, fuel characteristics, the prevalence of ignition points, and patterns of landscape cover. These changes may make some kinds of forests more prone to increased probability of ignition and increased fire severity. Such forests include tropical rainforests where fire was previously extremely rare or absent and other moist forests where natural fire regimes tend toward low frequency, stand replacing events. Relationships between logging and fire regimes are contingent on forest practices, the kind of forest under consideration, and the natural fire regime characteristic of that forest. Such relationships will influence both the threat of fire to human life and infrastructure and biodiversity conservation. We therefore argue that conservation scientists must engage in debates about fire and logging to provide an environmental context to guide considered actions.
Lab Experiments Are a Major Source of Knowledge in the Social Sciences
Authors: Falk Armin , Heckman James J. 
Published: October 2009

Experimental EconomicsThe disciplines of social science, with the notable exception of psychology, have traditionally steered clear of laboratory. The field of economics, and in particular econometrics, has amassed an imposing arsenal of quantitative and statistical methods for analyzing observational data in assessing economic theory and in making causal inferences. More recently, laboratory experiments carried out under controlled conditions and randomized field experiments carried out under natural conditions have gained some currency as complementary approaches.Falk and Heckman(p.535) review the strengths and shortfalls of these recent developments.
Negative Correlation of Distributions of
Streptococcus cristatus
and
Porphyromonas gingivalis
in Subgingival Plaque
Authors: Wang Bing-yan , Wu Jie , Lamont Richard J. , Lin Xinghua , Xie Hua 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Porphyromonas gingivalis
is one of the major causative agents of adult periodontitis. One of the features of this periodontal pathogen is its ability to attach to a variety of oral bacterial surfaces and to colonize subgingival dental plaque. We have shown that
Streptococcus cristatus
CC5A inhibits expression of
fimA
, a gene encoding the major protein subunit of long fimbriae in
P. gingivalis
; as a result,
S. cristatus
interrupts formation of
P. gingivalis
biofilms. Here we further demonstrate that the inhibitory activity of
S. cristatus
affects multiple strains of
P. gingivalis
and that optimal inhibitory activity correlates with levels of arginine deiminase expression in
S. cristatus
. More strikingly, the impact of
S. cristatus
on
P. gingivalis
colonization was revealed by comparing levels of
P. gingivalis
and
S. cristatus
in subgingival dental plaque. Spearman correlation analysis indicated a negative correlation between the distributions of
S. cristatus
and
P. gingivalis
(
r
= −0.57;
P
< 0.05). These data suggest that some early colonizers of dental plaque, such as
S. cristatus
, may be beneficial to the host by antagonizing the colonization and accumulation of periodontal pathogens such as
P. gingivalis
.
Improved Selective Isolation of
Bordetella pertussis
by Use of Modified Cyclodextrin Solid Medium
Authors: Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kikuchi Ken , Shundo Kazuya , Okada Kenji , Higashide Masato , Sunakawa Keisuke , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

We have developed a modified cyclodextrin solid (MCS) medium using the selective antibiotic cefdinir. MCS medium exhibited higher sensitivity (95.6%; any culture-positive sample as reference) and greater inhibition of nasopharyngeal flora than did Bordet-Gengou agar (65.2%,
P
= 0.009) or cyclodextrin solid medium (39.1%,
P
< 0.001).
Rhizomucor variabilis
var.
regularior
and
Hormographiella aspergillata
Infections in a Leukemic Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient with Refractory Neutropenia
Authors: Abuali Mayssa M. , Posada Roberto , Del Toro Gustavo , Roman Elizabeth , Ramani Rama , Chaturvedi Sudha , Chaturvedi Vishnu , LaBombardi Vincent J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Rhizomucor variabilis
and
Hormographiella aspergillata
rarely cause human infections. This report details a fatal case of a 14-year-old female with leukemia posthematopoietic cell transplant and relapse with refractory pancytopenia. The patient first developed
an
R. variabilis
var.
regularior
palate infection and later developed a cutaneous
H. aspergillata
infection while on posaconazole and caspofungin therapy.
Multicenter Comparison of Two Norovirus ORF2-Based Genotyping Protocols
Authors: Mattison Kirsten , Grudeski Elsie , Auk Brian , Charest Hugues , Drews Steven J. , Fritzinger Angela , Gregoricus Nicole , Hayward Stephen , Houde Alain , Lee Bonita E. , Pang Xiaoli L. , Wong Julie , Booth Tim F. , Vinjé Jan 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPoint source norovirus outbreaks can be difficult to track due to high background levels of the virus in the environment and the limited strain variation in some genotyping regions. However, rapid and accurate source identification can limit the spread of a foodborne outbreak and reduce the number of cases. Harmonization of genotyping assays is critical for enabling the rapid exchange of sequence data nationally and internationally. Several regions of the genome have been proposed for this purpose, but no consensus has been reached. In the present study, two standardized genotyping protocols (region C and region D) were evaluated by nine laboratories in Canada and the United States, using a coded panel of 96 fecal specimens representing 22 different norovirus genotypes. Overall, region C typing had a success rate of 78% compared to 52% for region D; however, region D provides greater nucleotide sequence diversity for identifying new GII.4 variant strains. Significant differences in the genotyping success rate were observed among the nine participating laboratories (10% to 100%) and among the different genotypes (6% to 100%). For several genogroup II strains, reduced region D amplification correlated directly with mismatches between primer sequences and the template. Based on overall performance, we recommend the region C protocol for routine genotyping of noroviruses, while the region D protocol may be useful for identifying new GII.4 variants. Standardized genotyping protocols will enable rapid exchange of outbreak and sequence data through electronic norovirus surveillance networks.
Subtyping of
emm
1 Group A Streptococci Causing Invasive Infections in France
Authors: Bidet P. , Lesteven E. , Doit C. , Liguori S. , Mariani-Kurkdjian P. , Bonacorsi S. , Bingen E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

By combining PCR amplification of toxin-encoding genes and
sic
gene sequencing, we distinguished 24 genotypes among 47 M/
emm
1 group A streptococci isolated from children and adults in France in 9 cases of infection comprising four clusters and 38 unrelated invasive infection cases used as controls.
(CGG)
4
-Based PCR as a Novel Tool for Discrimination of Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains: Comparison with Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR
Authors: Adamus-Bialek Wioletta , Wojtasik Arkadiusz , Majchrzak Marta , Sosnowski Marek , Parniewski Pawel 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequent bacterial diseases in humans, and
Escherichia coli
is most often the relevant pathogen. A specific pathotype of
E. coli
, known as uropathogenic
E. coli
(UPEC), often causes serious and difficult-to-treat infections of the urinary tract. We propose a new single-tube screening tool that uses an (N)
6
(CGG)
4
primer to generate fingerprint profiles that allow rapid discrimination and epidemiology of this group of bacteria. We found 71 different CGG-PCR profiles among 127
E. coli
strains, while enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR of the same group yielded only 28 profiles. Additionally, the (CGG)
4
-based PCR test turned out to be very effective for clustering UPEC strains exhibiting multiple virulence genes and usually belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group, and it separated these strains from
E. coli
strains lacking most of the UPEC-specific virulence factors. Since the reproducibility of the CGG-PCR screen is higher than that of ERIC-PCR, our test should be a valuable means of increasing the discriminatory power of current UPEC typing schemes.
Delineation of a New Species of the
Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Lato Complex,
Borrelia americana
sp. nov
Authors: Rudenko Nataliia , Golovchenko Maryna , Lin Tao , Gao Lihui , Grubhoffer Libor , Oliver James H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Analysis of borrelia isolates collected from ticks, birds, and rodents from the southeastern United States revealed the presence of well-established populations of
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu stricto,
Borrelia bissettii
,
Borrelia carolinensis
, and
Borrelia
sp. nov. Multilocus sequence analysis of five genomic loci from seven samples representing
Borrelia
sp. nov. isolated from nymphal
Ixodes minor
collected in South Carolina showed their close relatedness to California strains known as genomospecies 1 and separation from any other known species of the
B. burgdorferi
sensu lato complex. One nucleotide difference in the size of the 5S-23S intergenic spacer region, one substitution in 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides, and silent nucleotide substitutions in sequences of the gene encoding flagellin and the gene
p66
clearly separate
Borrelia
sp. nov. isolates from South Carolina into two subgroups. The sequences of isolates of each subgroup share the same restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 5S-23S intergenic spacer region and contain unique signature nucleotides in the 16S rRNA gene. We propose that seven
Borrelia
sp. nov. isolates from South Carolina and two California isolates designated as genomospecies 1 comprise a single species, which we name
Borrelia americana
sp. nov. The currently recognized geographic distribution of
B. americana
is South Carolina and California. All strains are associated with
Ixodes pacificus
or
Ixodes minor
and their rodent and bird hosts.
Multicenter Comparative Evaluation of Five Commercial Methods for
Toxoplasma
DNA Extraction from Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Yera H. , Filisetti D. , Bastien P. , Ancelle T. , Thulliez P. , Delhaes L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Over the past few years, a number of new nucleic acid extraction methods and extraction platforms using chemistry combined with magnetic or silica particles have been developed, in combination with instruments to facilitate the extraction procedure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the suitability of these automated methods for the isolation of
Toxoplasma gondii
DNA from amniotic fluid (AF). Therefore, three automated procedures were compared to two commercialized manual extraction methods. The MagNA Pure Compact (Roche), BioRobot EZ1 (Qiagen), and easyMAG (bioMérieux) automated procedures were compared to two manual DNA extraction kits, the QIAamp DNA minikit (Qiagen) and the High Pure PCR template preparation kit (Roche). Evaluation was carried out with two specific
Toxoplasma
PCRs (targeting the 529-bp repeat element), inhibitor search PCRs, and human beta-globin PCRs. The samples each consisted of 4 ml of AF with or without a calibrated
Toxoplasma gondii
RH strain suspension (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 25 tachyzoites/ml). All PCR assays were laboratory-developed real-time PCR assays, using either TaqMan or fluorescent resonance energy transfer probes. A total of 1,178 PCRs were performed, including 978
Toxoplasma
PCRs. The automated and manual methods were similar in sensitivity for DNA extraction from
T. gondii
at the highest concentration (25
Toxoplasma gondii
cells/ml). However, our results showed that the DNA extraction procedures led to variable efficacy in isolating low concentrations of tachyzoites in AF samples (<5
Toxoplasma gondii
cells/ml), a difference that might have repercussions since low parasite concentrations in AF exist and can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis.
Polymorphic Exact Tandem Repeat A (PETRA): a Newly Defined Lineage ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Israel Originating Predominantly in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Freidlin Paul J. , Goldblatt Drora , Kaidar-Shwartz Hasia , Rorman Efrat 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAs part of the Israel National Program for Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis, the molecular epidemiology of new tuberculosis cases is monitored. Prospective screening showed that about 20% of all new cases of culture-positive tuberculosis (43 of 222) in Israel in the year 2008 were caused by certainMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains of the central Asian (CAS) spoligotype lineage. The identity and similarity of these strains by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing form a lineage we call PETRA for polymorphic at locus ETR A. The name PETRA was given to 79 strains we have found since the year 2000, because the largest number of strains with MIRU-VNTR profiles identical other than at locus A formed three groups, including 5 of 10 strains that had deleted the ETR A region from their genomes. No PETRA strain was found to be multiple drug resistant (resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin [rifampicin]). Most patients (75% [58 of 77 patients of known origin]) infected with PETRA were of sub-Saharan African origins. The genotypes associated with the 79 PETRA lineage strains presented in this paper suggest that the PETRA lineage is a large, major contributor to new tuberculosis cases in Israel.
Determination of Echinocandin MICs for
Candida
Species in Less than 8 Hours: Comparison of the Rapid Susceptibility Assay with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's Broth Microdilution Assay
Authors: Hazen Kevin C. , Dirks Dawn , Masuoka James 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

The echinocandins prevent fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthesis, a significant glucose-consuming process. Previous studies suggested that echinocandin inhibitory activity is evident within 1 h of exposure. We hypothesized that a susceptibility assay based on glucose consumption may provide clinically useful MICs rapidly. The rapid susceptibility assay (RSA), which provides MICs in less than 8 h, was compared with the standard broth microdilution susceptibility assay (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, document M27-A3, 2008) for 56
Candida
species strains. Variables which are known to influence MICs determined by the M27-A3 method were also assessed for their effects on the RSA results. Excellent agreement (>90%) between the results of the RSA and M27-A3 methods was achieved for all three FDA-approved echinocandins (micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin).
Candida lusitaniae
strains were responsible for most of the discordant results. Assay variables such as the test medium, the age of the inoculum culture, and the presence of human serum affected MIC results from the RSA and the M27-A3 method similarly. The RSA is equivalent to the standard M27-A3 method for determining echinocandin MICs for
Candida
species. The RSA provides MIC results in less than 8 h and can be applied to old and young yeast colonies. The assay could potentially provide clinically useful MICs on the same day that yeast growth from a specimen is first detected on solid medium.