bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metamorphosed Characters in Dreams: Constraints of Conceptual Structure and Amount of Theory of Mind
Authors: Schweickert Richard , Xi Zhuangzhuang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales,Kelly and Keil (1985)found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure ofKeil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate objects involved in metamorphoses with person‐like entities were objects such as statues that ordinarily resemble people physically, and moreover represent people. A metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal did not lead to an increase in the amount of Theory of Mind attribution. We propose that a character‐line starts when a character enters a dream; properties and Theory of Mind attributions tend to be preserved along the line, regardless of whether, metamorphoses occur on it.
Multilevel Exemplar Theory
Authors: Walsh Michael , Möbius Bernd , Wade Travis , Schütze Hinrich 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper presents recent research that provides an overarching model of exemplar theory capable of explaining phenomena across the phonetic and syntactic strata. The model represents a unique exemplar‐based account of constituency interactions encompassing both linguistic domains. It yields simulation and experimental results in keeping with experimental findings in the literature on syllable duration variability and offers an exemplar‐theoretic account of local grammaticality. In addition, it provides some insights into the nature of exemplar cloud formation and demonstrates experimentally the potential gains that can be enjoyed via the use of rich exemplar representations.
Network Structure Influences Speech Production
Authors: Chan Kit Ying , Vitevitch Michael S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNetwork science provides a new way to look at old questions in cognitive science by examining the structure of a complex system, and how that structure might influence processing. In the context of psycholinguistics, clustering coefficient—a common measure in network science—refers to the extent to which phonological neighbors of a target word are also neighbors of each other. The influence of the clustering coefficient on spoken word production was examined in a corpus of speech errors and a picture‐naming task. Speech errors tended to occur in words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., higher clustering coefficient). Also, pictures representing words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., high clustering coefficient) were named more slowly than pictures representing words with few interconnected neighbors (i.e., low clustering coefficient). These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon influences the process of lexical access during spoken word production.
Do We Really Gesture More When It Is More Difficult?
Authors: Sassenberg Uta , Van Der Meer Elke 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRepresentational co‐speech gestures are generally assumed to be increasingly produced in more difficult compared with easier verbal tasks, as maintained by theories suggesting that gestures arise from processing difficulties during speech production. However, the gestures‐as‐simulated‐action framework proposes that more representational gestures are produced with stronger rather than weaker mental representations that are activated in terms of mental simulation in the embodied cognition framework. We tested these two conflicting assumptions by examining verbal route descriptions that were accompanied by spontaneous directional gestures. Easy descriptions with strong activation were accompanied more often by gestures than difficult descriptions with weak activation. Furthermore, only gesture–speech matches—but not gesture–picture matches—were increasingly produced with difficult lateral directions compared with easy nonlateral directions. We argue that lateral gesture–speech matches underlie stronger activated mental representations in mental imagery. Thus, all results are in line with the gestures‐as‐simulated‐action framework and provide evidence against the view that gestures result from processing difficulties.
Evidence for a familial correlation between increased reactivity to stress and positive psychotic symptoms
Authors: Lataster T. , Collip D. , Lardinois M. , Van Os J. , Myin‐Germeys I. 
Published: May 2010

Lataster T, Collip D, Lardinois M, van Os J, Myin‐Germeys I. Evidence for a familial correlation between increased reactivity to stress and positive psychotic symptoms.Objective:  This study tested the hypothesis that stress‐reactivity may represent an intermediary phenotype underlying positive psychotic symptoms. It was examined whether: (i) stress‐reactivity clusters within families of psychotic patients and (ii) stress‐reactivity in relatives cosegregates with positive symptoms in patients.Method:  The sample consisted of 40 patients and 47 siblings of these patients. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM – a structured diary technique) was used to measure stress‐reactivity. Positive symptoms in patients were measured with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History.Results:  Within‐trait, cross‐sib associations showed a significant association between stress‐reactivity in the patient and stress‐reactivity in their siblings. Significant cross‐trait, cross‐sib associations were established showing a significant association between positive psychotic symptoms in the patient and stress‐reactivity in the sibling.Conclusion:  The findings show familial clustering of increased stress‐reactivity, suggesting common aetiological influences, probably both genetic and environmental, underlying stress‐reactivity in the siblings and patients. In addition, the results underscore the hypothesis that increased stress‐reactivity is an unconfounded mechanism of risk underlying the positive symptoms of psychotic disorders.
A randomized study of iterative hypothesis testing in undergraduate psychiatric education
Authors: Kahl K. G. , Alte C. , Sipos V. , Kordon A. , Hohagen F. , Schweiger U. 
Published: May 2010

Kahl KG, Alte C, Sipos V, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Schweiger U. A randomized study of iterative hypothesis testing in undergraduate psychiatric education.Objective:  Iterative hypothesis testing (IHT) or related strategies of diagnostic decision making have been taught in many curricula for medical students but not in psychiatry. We therefore asked whether the addition of training in IHT may add to the quality of the psychiatry course.Method:  Seventy‐two medical students were randomized to four weeks problem‐based learning or to IHT. Knowledge and skills of the students were tested using a multiple choice exam and simulated patients.Results:  Iterative hypothesis testing‐trained students recognized more diagnostic items and more often identified comorbid psychiatric disorders and acute suicidal tendencies. Acquisition of general psychiatric knowledge and global satisfaction with the course were similar in both groups.Conclusion:  We conclude that teaching IHT to medical students may enhance their clinical ability to recognize complex disease patterns. Further studies are required concerning the enhancement of clinical skills in the psychiatric specialty.
Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare
Authors: Chou Tzung‐Han , Ding Hsiou‐Yu , Hung Wei Jing , Liang Chia‐Hua 
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 742–750.Abstract:  The antioxidant activities of vanillin and vanillic acid isolated from Origanum vulgare are investigated. These compounds may serve as agents for antimelanogenesis. Vanillic acid is a stronger antioxidant than vanillin, in terms of free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2‐treated BNLCL2 cells by vanillic acid exceeds that of ascorbic acid (AA) or trolox. In B16F0 cells stimulated with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), vanillic acid reduced cellular tyrosinase activity, DOPA oxidase and melanin contents, as well as down‐regulated expressions of melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R), microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related proteins 2 (TRP‐2) and TRP‐1. Vanillin did not express inhibition of tyrosinase activity. These results supported that vanillic acid is a significantly stronger antioxidant than vanillin and exhibited stronger antimelanogenesis performance because of the structural presence of the carboxyl group.
Accuracy and Complications Using Computer‐Designed Stereolithographic Surgical Guides for Oral Rehabilitation by Means of Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature
Authors: D'haese Jan , Van De Velde Tommie , Komiyama Ai , Hultin Margaretha , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: In the last decade several stereolithographic guided surgery systems were introduced to the market. In this context, scientific information regarding accuracy of implant placement and surgical and prosthodontical complications is highly relevant as it provides evidence to implement this surgical technique in a clinical setting.Purpose: To review data on accuracy and surgical and prosthodontical complications using stereolithographical surgical guides for implant rehabilitation.Material and Methods: PubMed database was searched using the following keywords: “three dimensional imaging,”“image based surgery,”“flapless guided surgery,”“customized drill guides,”“computer assisted surgery,”“surgical template,” and “stereolithography.” Only papers in English were selected. Additional references found through reading of selected papers completed the list.Results: In total 31 papers were selected. Ten reported deviations between the preoperative implant planning and the postoperative implant locations. One in vitro study reported a mean apical deviation of 1.0 mm, three ex vivo studies a mean apical deviation ranging between 0.6 and 1.2 mm. In six in vivo studies an apical deviation between 0.95 and 4.5 mm was found. Six papers reported on complications mounting to 42% of the cases when stereolithographic guided surgery was combined with immediate loading.Conclusion: Substantial deviations in three‐dimensional directions are found between virtual planning and actually obtained implant position. This finding and additionally reported postsurgical complications leads to the conclusion that care should be taken whenever applying this technique on a routine basis.
High‐dose unfractionated heparin therapy in a pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report
Authors: OGISHIMA Hiroshi , ITO Satoshi , TSUTSUMI Akito , SUGIHARA Makoto , GOTO Daisuke , MATSUMOTO Isao , OBATA‐YASUOKA Mana , HAMADA Hiromi , YOSHIKAWA Hiroyuki , TAKAHASHI Hideto , MURASHIMA Atsuko , SUMIDA Takayuki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA case of a 37‐year‐old pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), who has a medical history of both thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss, is presented. She was treated with predonisolone and fixed‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion, followed by plasmaphereses and fixed‐dose low‐molecular‐weight heparin infusion during her fourth pregnancy. Unfortunately, this treatment did not have beneficial effects, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and finally neonatal death. Continuous intravenous UFH infusion and low‐dose aspirin were administrated under the monitoring of the activated partial thromboplastin time to achieve a target level of 120 s during her fifth pregnancy. A healthy baby weighing 1818 g at birth was delivered by Cesarean section at the 34th week of pregnancy. High‐dose UFH infusion may be considered to be one of the preferable options to manage pregnant patients with refractory APS.
Measurement of hand bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry
Authors: HILL Catherine L. , SCHULTZ Christopher G. , WU Rodney , CHATTERTON Barry E. , CLELAND Leslie G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAims:  The earliest radiological change in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is periarticular osteopenia, which occurs prior to the appearance of erosions and clinically apparent deformities. The aim of the study was to measure periarticular bone mineral density (BMD) in the hands of patients with early RA, using dual energy X‐ray absorptiomentry (DEXA) and to correlate this with markers of disease activity and radiological progression.Methods:  The study population (n = 50) of patients with RA of < 3 years duration underwent measurement of BMD of the non‐dominant hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine and clinical assessment at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Hand radiographs were performed at baseline and 12 months. Thirty age‐ and sex‐matched controls also underwent measurement of BMD of the non‐dominant hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine.Results:  Hand BMD correlated strongly with sex, height, weight and lumbar and femoral neck BMD in both RA subjects and controls. Baseline hand BMD in RA subjects correlated with baseline serum C‐reactive protein (r = −0.36, P = 0.01) and 12‐month radiographic score (r = 0.36, P = 0.02). There were small non‐significant decreases in hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD over the 12‐month period.Conclusion:  Hand BMD measurement using DEXA is a reproducible, well‐tolerated procedure that warrants further investigation as a component of routine assessment in early RA.
The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban
Authors: Bolton Matthew , Nash Thomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMedium‐sized wealthy states – middle powers – and global civil society networks are increasingly joining forces to influence the global policy agenda on issues of international law, justice, humanitarianism and development. These middle power–NGO coalitions use the comparative advantages of both state and nonstate actors in synergistic partnerships. States represent the coalitions’ interests in international negotiations and conferences, provide donor funding and offer diplomatic support. For their part, NGOs gather on‐the‐ground research, provide technical expertise, lobby governments, mobilise public opinion and generate media publicity. This article uses the case of the campaign to ban cluster munitions, culminating in the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, to examine the organisation, efforts and impact of such middle power–NGO coalitions.Policy ImplicationsIn a globalised and privatised world, global policy making requires a mastery of ‘network diplomacy’– the negotiation of a wide range of relationships with state, NGO and commercial actors.Within this context, coalitions between middle power states and international NGOs are becoming increasingly influential in the creation of international law and humanitarian norms.These coalitions are most effective when they create strong linkages and partnerships between these states and civil society actors at all levels (officials, parliamentarians, politicians, etc.) based on their comparative advantages.Since these coalitions lack significant coercive hard – military and economic – power they are more likely to succeed in their global policy goals when they reframe the debate, gather and publicise credible data, shift the burden of proof and use both backroom and public media persuasion.NGOs contribute most to such coalitions when they are able to present a unified front across a diverse range of civil society actors, when they are inclusive of and driven by those directly affected by the problem they are seeking to address and when they maintain some independence from their government and other donors.
Global Financial Regulation after the Credit Crisis
Authors: Davies Howard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent events have once again highlighted weaknesses in the global regulatory system. The highly complex network of bodies overseeing different parts of the financial markets failed to identify or respond to the macro trends that led to the crisis. There was too little capital in the banking system. There is also a serious accountability gap, with regulatory bodies free to work to their own timetables. And the links between macroeconomic policy makers in finance ministries and central banks, on the one hand, and regulators on the other, have been too weak. The changes made so far by the G20 summits are very modest and are unlikely to correct these flaws. There remains a particular problem in the European Union, where the crisis has shown that the single financial market requires more central coordination of regulation than the politicians have so far accepted. There remains, therefore, much unfinished business in financial regulatory reform.Policy Implications

The Financial Stability Board needs more authority to coordinate the activities of the sectoral regulators.
Financial regulation must in future be more sensitive to changing macroeconomic conditions.
There is a need for an absolutely higher level of capital in the banking system.
Europe needs a central regulatory authority, if the single financial market is to survive in its present form.
Global and Regional Financial Regulation: The Viewpoint of a European Securities Regulator
Authors: Wymeersch Eddy 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the efforts, worldwide and on a regional, that is, European, basis for introducing more effective and better harmonised financial regulation. Recent initiatives, especially the work of the G20 and the creation of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), indicate greater interest in worldwide coordination of financial regulatory intervention. The financial crisis has however dealt a serious blow to the previously existing international dialogue, and a fear exists that the main regulators may withdraw to their national battlefields. Major changes in the supervisory architecture are planned in the European Union: a more detailed coordinated app‐roach to regulation and to monitoring the application of existing regulations is proposed by creating a European System of Financial Supervisors. A European Systemic Risk Board will also be introduced. These and comparable changes in the US may contribute to reactivating the regulatory dialogue. The core challenge remains that of effective application of the agreements, both at the regional and the international level, and there is no ready answer to this.Policy Implications

International and local regulation should be coordinated.
Regulators should coordinate better, as markets are international, and regulatory arbitrage may undermine effectiveness.
Macro and micro supervision have to be integrated without losing their specificity.
The present cooperation mechanisms have been conceived for fair weather.
Adequate instruments have to be developed to deal with a financial crisis, at both regional and international levels.
After the Crisis: Industrial Policy and the Developmental State in Low‐Income Countries
Authors: Wade Robert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe current global economic crisis has been disastrous for many millions of people. But it has also had the desirable effect of prompting a little more skepticism towards the economic beliefs that have constituted the mainstream view about public economic strategy for the past three decades, both in the major western states and in international lending organizations like the World Bank and the IMF. They have at their core the proposition that ‘government failure is generally worse than market failure’, which supports the default policy setting of ‘more free market’ in most countries most of the time. The new crisis‐induced skepticism is good news because the previous confidence rested more on what J. S. Mill called ‘the deep slumber of a settled opinion’ than on a solid empirical base. The present article begins by summarizing some powerful pieces of evidence that challenge core mainstream propositions in the context of developing countries, which have received less attention than they deserve. Having shown why the mainstream prescription for the role of government in development is questionable, the article describes some key points about the nature of industrial policy in East Asia and about the general rationale for a certain kind of industrial policy even where state capacity is relatively weak. The rationale is all the stronger in the world economy after the crisis, when a major surge of innovation around energy, water, nanotechnology and genetics is likely, rendering many existing specializations unviable. The article then presents an argument about the institutional arrangements of a ‘developmental state’ through which national strategies can be formed and implemented. It ends by describing small signs of new flexibility in World Bank and IMF thinking.Policy Implications

Liberalizing markets, attracting FDI and promoting good governance are not necessary conditions of long‐term economic growth and development in low‐income countries.
In the wake of the global financial crisis and the impending surge of new technologies, the role of industrial policy – promoting some sectors or products ahead of others – should be expanded.
Import replacement as well as export orientation are crucial components of a successful industrial policy.
Four organizational features are important in a developmental state: (1) an even balance between the state and business groups; (2) a public service mindset among state officials; (3) delivery of patronage resources separately from the economic bureaucracy; and (4) an industrial extension service, with tight limits on its officials’ discretionary control of resources.
Developing country governments and firms should be prepared to push back against the shrinking latitude for industrial policy instruments allowed in international trade and investment agreements.
Noble gases in enstatite chondrites released by stepped crushing and heating
Authors: OKAZAKI Ryuji , TAKAOKA Nobuo , NAGAO Keisuke , NAKAMURA Tomoki 
Published: May 2010

Abstract–Enstatite chondrites (ECs) were subjected to noble gas analyses using stepped crushing and pyrolysis extraction methods. ECs can be classified into subsolar gas‐carrying and subsolar gas‐free ECs based on the36Ar/84Kr/132Xe ratios. For subsolar gas‐free ECs, elemental ratios, and Xe isotopic compositions indicate that Q gas is the dominant trapped component, the Q gas concentration can be correlated with the petrologic type, reasonably explained by gas release from a common EC parental material during subsequent heating. Atmospheric Xe with sub‐Q elemental ratios is found in Antarctic E3s at 600–800 °C and through crushing. The132Xe released in these fractions accounts for 30–60% of the bulk concentrations. Hence, the sub‐Q signature is generally due to contamination of elementally fractionated atmosphere. Subsolar gas is mainly released (up to 78% of the bulk36Ar) at 1300–1600 °C and through crushing, suggesting that enstatite and friable phases are the host phases. Subsolar gas is isotopically identical to solar gas, but elementally fractionated. These observations are consistent with a previous study, which suggested that subsolar gas could be fractionated solar wind having been implanted into chondrule precursors (Okazaki et al. 2001). Unlike subsolar gas‐free ECs, the primordial gas concentrations of subsolar gas‐carrying ECs are not simply correlated with the petrologic type. It is inferred that subsolar gas‐rich chondrules were heterogeneously distributed in the solar nebula and accreted to form subsolar gas‐carrying ECs. Subsequent metamorphic and impact‐shock heating events have affected noble gas compositions to various degrees.