bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an Assay That Enables Rapid Determination of Staphylococcus Species and Their Drug Susceptibility on the Treatment of Patients with Positive Blood Culture Results
Authors: Parta Mark , Goebel Melanie , Thomas Jimmy , Matloobi Mahsa , Stager Charles , Musher Daniel M. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To determine whether an earlier determination of staphylococcal species and their antibiotic susceptibility decreases unnecessary antistaphylococcal treatment and/or facilitates earlier appropriate treatment.Methods.We used the Xpert MRSA/SA BC system (Cepheid) for immediate determination of species and their drug susceptibility in patients whose blood cultures revealed gram-positive cocci in clusters. We compared the treatment of patients whose physicians received early notification of these results (group 1) with the treatment of patients in a historical cohort with delayed reporting after traditional microbiological studies (group 2). Outcomes were analyzed according to whether blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus species other than S. aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and whether the drugs used were appropriate for methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant staphylococci (hereafter referred to as “MSS drug” or “MRS drug” therapy, respectively).Results.There were 44 (76%) of 58 patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus species other than S. aureus in group 1 and 58 (55%) of 106 patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus species other than S. aureus in group 2 who received no antistaphylococcal antibiotics (P <.01). Five (6%) of 89 patients in group 1 and 31 (25%) of 123 patients in group 2 received 0-168 hours (0-7 days) of MRS drug therapy (P < .01). Among patients with MSSA bacteremia, the mean time to initiation of appropriate therapy was 5.2 hours in group 1 and 49.8 hours in group 2 (P < = .007). Excluding patients who received MRS drug therapy for unrelated conditions, the mean duration of treatment was 19.7 hours in group 1 and 80.7 hours in group 2 (P = .003). Six (50%) of the 12 patients in group 1 and 39 (81%) of the 48 patients in group 2 received MRS drug therapy for MSSA bacteremia (P = .025). Time to initiation of therapy for MRSA bacteremia did not differ between groups.Conclusions.The use of an assay with rapid results reduced the use of antistaphylococcal therapy among patients who did not have S. aureus bacteremia; it also decreased the use of MRS drug therapy and led to earlier appropriate therapy among patients with MSSA bacteremia.
Facial Protective Equipment, Personnel, and Pandemics: Impact of the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus on Personnel and Use of Facial Protective Equipment
Authors: Murray Melanie , Grant Jennifer , Bryce Elizabeth , Chilton Paul , Forrester Leslie 
Published: August 2010

Background.Before the emergence of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, estimates of the stockpiles of facial protective equipment (FPE) and the impact that information had on personnel during a pandemic varied.Objective.To describe the impact of H1N1 on FPE use and hospital employee absenteeism.Setting.One tertiary care hospital and 2 community hospitals in the Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) region, Vancouver, Canada.Patients.All persons with influenza-like illness admitted to the 3 VCH facilities during the period from June 28 through December 19, 2009.Methods.Data on patients and on FPE use were recorded prospectively. Data on salaried employee absenteeism were recorded during the period from August 1 through December 19, 2009.Results.During the study period, 865 patients with influenza-like illness were admitted to the 3 VCH facilities. Of these patients, 149 (17.2%) had laboratory-confirmed H1N1 influenza infection. The mean duration of hospital stay for these patients was 8.9 days, and the mean duration of intensive care unit stay was 9.2 days. A total of 134,281 masks and 173,145 N95 respirators (hereafter referred to as respirators) were used during the 24-week epidemic, double the weekly use of both items, compared with the previous influenza season. A ratio of 3 masks to 4 respirators was observed. Use of disposable eyewear doubled. Absenteeism mirrored the community epidemiologic curve, with a 260% increase in sick calls at the epidemic peak, compared with the nadir.Conclusion.Overall, FPE use more than doubled, compared with the previous influenza season, with respirator use exceeding literature estimates. A significant proportion of FPE resources were used while managing suspected cases. Planners should prepare for at least a doubling in mask and respirator use, and a 3.6-fold increase in staff sick calls.
Characterization of a Peanut Leaf Spot of Unknown Etiology
Authors: Cantonwine Emily G. , Culbreath Albert K. , Kemerait Robert C. , Gitaitis Ronald D. 
Published: August 2010

Irregular leaf spot (ILS) of peanut was first noticed in Florida during the late 1990s. By 2000, ILS was apparent throughout much of the southeastern peanut growing region of the United States. Experiments were conducted to identify the cause of ILS, characterize ILS development over time, and evaluate the effect of genotype, tillage, and applications of fungicides and bactericides on ILS. Severities of ILS were near maximum levels at 33 to 42 days after planting (DAP) and in decline by 56 DAP. Incidence of ILS was greater in the lower canopy than the upper canopy. In most cases, ILS intensities were greater in strip-tilled plantings than conventional-tilled plantings and in the peanut breeding line UF-99325 than the cultivar Georgia Green. No fungicide or bactericide treatment suppressed ILS intensity. Attempts to isolate pathogenic fungi or bacteria from ILS lesions were unsuccessful. Although a pathogen cannot be totally dismissed as the cause of ILS, it is likely that ILS is caused by an abiotic factor. Accepted for publication 17 May 2010. Published 27 July 2010.
Single-molecule precursor-based approaches to cobalt sulphide nanostructures
Authors: Ramasamy Karthik , Maneerprakorn Weerakanya , Malik Mohammad A. , O'Brien Paul 
Published: August 2010

Cobalt complexes of 1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2,4-dithiobiuret, [Co{N(SCNMe
2
)
2
}
3
] (
1
), and 1,1,5,5-tetraisopropyl-2-thiobiuret, [Co{N(SOCN
i
Pr
2
)
2
}
2
] (
2
), have been synthesized and characterized. Both complexes were used as single-molecule precursors for the preparation of cobalt sulphide nanoparticles by thermolysis in hexadecylamine, octadecylamine or oleylamine. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of as-prepared nanoparticles showed the hexagonal phase of Co

1−
x

S from complex
1
and mixtures of cubic and hexagonal Co
4
S
3
from complex
2
. Transmission electron microscopy images of material prepared from complex
1
showed spherical and trigonally shaped particles in the size range of 10–15 nm; whereas spheres, rods, trigonal prisms and pentagonally and hexagonally faceted crystallites were observed from complex
2
. This observation is the first of the Co
4
S
3
phase in a nanodispersed form.
On English Domestic Cats
Authors: Pocock R. I. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The substance of the foregoing remarks may be epitomised as follows:–

The characters used by breeders and fanciers as a basis for their so‐called breeds of English Domestic Cats have no scientific value, in the sense of affording a clue to affinity and descent.
The pattern–or, in other words, the arrangement of the stripes–shows that English Domestic Oats are referable to two distinct types, whether they belong to the “Manx,”“Persian,” or “Short‐haired” breeds.
These two types of pattern are different in kind and do not intergrade. They are so distinct from each other that no one would hesitate to regard them as characterising two well‐marked species if the animals presenting them existed in a wild as opposed to a domesticated state.
In one type of pattern the stripes take the form of narrow transverse or vertical bands which sometimes break up into spots. To feral or domesticated examples of this Cat have been given many names, of which torquata is the best known and angorensis or striata possibly the oldest.
This Cat (torquata) was apparently domesticated in Europe at least as early as the 16 th century. There seems to be no reason therefore for regarding it as of Indian origin.
It closely resembles in pattern two existing species, namely, the so‐called Egyptian Cat (F. ocreata) and the European Wild Cat (F. sylvestris), both of which occur at the present day in the Mediterranean Region, and are very nearly related to each other. There is no difficulty in the way of believing that they are the ancestral forms or “agriotypes” of this domesticated race (torquata).
In the other type of pattern the stripes take the form of broad longitudinal or obliquely longitudinal bands forming a ring‐like or spiral arrangement on the sides of the abdomen. To domesticated examples of this Cat, Linnseus gave the name catus, which cannot be applied to any other form of the genus Felis. Domestica is its best‐known synonym.
This Cat (catus) is certainly known to have been domesticated in Europe in the middle of the 18th century. It was not, however, apparently known in India in the middle of the 19th century. Probably, therefore, it is of European descent.
Its origin is unknown. Of the several hypotheses that may be held on this subject perhaps the following two are the most to be commended:–that it arose as a sudden variation or sport from the torquata‐breed, in which case European Domestic Cats are dimorphic in pattern; that it is the direct descendant of some extinct Pleistocene Cat, in which case there are two distinct species of Domestic Cat in Europe.
A Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Frilled Shark, Chlamgdoselachus anguineus Gar
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The following are a few of the most important points dealt with in the paper:—

The Membranous Labyrinth is described and figured for the first time, and it has been found to be of the usual selachian type, resembling rather closel that of Hexanchus griseus.
In the formation of the centra the following points are especially worthy of note:—

The preaence, at the anterior end of the vertebral column, of well‐developed, calcified cyclospondylic centra.
Slight constrictions of the notochord in the trunk region, best, seen in horiqontal longitudinal section, not calcified. The lowest stage in the development of centra.
In the main caudal region, calcified cyclospondylic centra of two sizes are present, corresponding with the doubling in the number of arcualia, which here, more than elsewhere in the vertebral column, grow round the notochord and greatly strengthen the centra.

The terminal caudal region is heterospondylic, and not monospondylic as in many other Selachians.
The musculature and skeleton of the mixipterygia are dealt with fully for the first time. In regard to the musculature I have to record the presence of both musc. fleœor internus and musc. flexor externus of Huber. In the skeleton I have found the modified radial β, and only one small intercalary cartilage b.1, not three as recorded by Günther.
The Fossil Crinoids referred to Hypocrinus Beyrich.
Authors: Bather F. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The two specimens of Hypocrinus schueideri Beyr., described by Beyrich and Rothpletz respectively, are redescribed and refigured. The structure of the genus is shown to agree with that of the Devonian family Gasterocomidæ, but it is suggested that in this case and in that of “Lecythiocrinus” adamsi the distinctive features may have been independently acquired.The holotype of “Hypocrinus” piriformis Rothpletz is redescribed and refigured, and proved to be no Hypocrinus. It is thought to be a highly modified descendant of the Taxocrinidæ, by way of such a genus as Cydonocrinus. The left posterior radial appears to have borne a large arm, but the other arms were more or less atrophied, and the right posterior radial has almost disappeared.
A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Three‐toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus)
Authors: Sonntag Chas. F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The new facts recorded in this communication are:–

The full description of the mouth and tongue
The comparison between the palates of Bradypus and CholoEpus
The external relations of the compartments of the stomach, and the distribution of lymphatic glands in the Stomach‐wall.
Details of the internal structure of the stomach, and a complete account of the interior of the cæcal appendage.
The unusual and reptilian‐like situation of the pancreas, which results in complications in the peritoneum. The latter is fully described for the first, time in Bradypus tridactylus
The vessels arising from the aortic arch are different to previous accounts
The ligamentum arteriosuin of Bradypus is described for the first time.
The duct papillæ in the duodenum are different from the form which has already been described.
The comparison between the male and female pelves.
A Study of the Remarkable Tortoise, Testudo loveridgii Blgr., and the Morphogeny of the Chelonian Carapace.
Authors: Procter Joan B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Testudo loveridgii has an excessively depressed soft‐shelled carapace, and is able to inflate itself to a certain degree. It possesses a bony carapace and plastron, but they are extensively fenestrated, incomplete, and similar in essentials to the juvenile stages of other species.Marginal plates five, six, and seven spread inwards in a unique manner, entering into the composition of the plastron and separating the hyo‐and hypoplastrons from each other. Their upper portions are extraordinarily shallow.The ribs in T. loveridgii become (usually) entirely absorbed, apparently by the osteoclasts which are present beneath the periosteum. A simulacrum of the capitular portion, soft like ligament, and formed chiefly of periosteum, persists for some while.The neural arch is vestigial and sometimes completely wanting, the neural plates being applied to the depressed centra to form the roof of the neural canal. Absorption probably takes place to some extent as in the ribs, but the arch is never more than a simple extent as in the ribs, but the arch is never more than a simple layer of bone, without spinous processes.The jaws, together with their investing horny sheaths, are denticulated with remarkable regularity.
On the Structure of the Enamel in the Primates and some other Mammals.
Authors: Carter J. Thornton 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A microscopical examination of the teeth of Primates discloses the fact that all members of the suborder Lemuroidea possess, in a varying extent, the character of a penetration of tubes into the enamel.In the Lemurinæ this penetration is slight, but in the Indrisinæ it is very rich.The Galagos and Pottos also have a rich penetration, but in Nycticebus it is but feeble.Tarsius has an enamel richly tubular, and in its structure essentially Lemurine.A further interesting feature is that the pattern of the enamel in the Mascarene Lemurs differs from that of the Asian and African forms, and that the former has a structure identical with that found in the enamel of all Catarrhines, whilst the structure of the enamel in the Platyrrhines is identical with that found in the Asian and African Lemurs.Two primitive Lemuroid Primates, Pelycodus and Notharctus, from the Eocene show no penetration, but in the structure of their enamel resemble the Mascarene Lemurs.Hemiacodon, a Tarsioid Primate, also from the Eocene, has an enamel which is tubular, and in structure appears identical with the enamel of the recent Tarsius.The enamel pattern affords a useful test of affinity if taken in conjunction with the character of a tube‐penetration, and enables one to discriminate between Multituberculates, Marsupials, and Placentals.
Miocene Proboscidia from Baluchistan.
Authors: Cooper C. Forster 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The Proboscidia of the Bugti beds of Baluchistan consist of form of Bunolophodon angustidens and a small Dinotherium.The Indian B. angustidens is of a small type more primitive than the French forms from Sansan, nearer to Schlesinger's form subtapiroidea than his form typica, but not identical with it. Lydekker's subspecific name var. palceindica may be retained for the present until intermediate forms are found to occur. The genus Hemimastodon is not supported by material in the collection.The Dinotherium is not found to differ from the smaller European forms nor from D. hobleyi of Africa, and it is doubtful in the present state of knowledge whether the Indian Dinotheres are separable from the European.
The Annual Increment of the Antlers of: the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Huxley Julian S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The weights of the successive pairs of antlers of 37 Red Deer, 34 from the Warnham Court herd, are recorded. 33 series are recorded for the first time.
The mean annual increments in antler‐weight for the Warnham Court herd are as follows: (a) for all specimens for which data exist for 2 successive years; (b) for specimens for which data exist for 10 or more successive years:—
The season has a great influence on antler‐weight. In some seasons (e.g. 1924) practically all specimens produced very poor antlers, the percentage deviation from the mean of all antler‐weight increments for that year being ‐200 per cent.; while other seasons are very favourable, e. g. 1923, in which the corresponding deviation of weight‐increments was +143 per cent.
The unfavourable conditions of 1924 caused a marked absolute decrease in antler‐weight in 7th‐year stags, a less marked decrease in 6th‐year stags, and a slight absolute decrease in 5th‐year stags. In 4th‐year stags, however, though the growth was very much reduced, there was an absolute increase of antler‐weight.
Since 1900, when the treatment of the park at Warnham with lime was discontinued, the rapidity of antler‐growth has not been so great.
The conditions affecting antler‐growth are discussed.
A method is given for estimating quantitatively the average performance of individual stags with regard to antler‐production.
The number of points in 1st growth antlers at Warnham is frequently 4 instead of 2, and 9‐ and 12‐pointers have been seen. Correspondingly high numbers for 2nd and 3rd year heads are recorded.
Observations on the Mating Habits of some Web‐spinning Spiders.
Authors: Locket G. H. , Bristowe W. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
A tactile, display may occur in web‐spinners analogous to the visual display of the Attidæ and Lycosidæ and having the same function (e. g. Amaurobius similis).
The female may be ready for the male on his approach and show him no hostility (usually the case with species with a short mating period); the tactile display is now reduced and has a kind of trigger‐action. If, in these cases, a female must be induced to come out of a retreat or onto special threads, the tactile display is more marked.
Females usually attack males after mating, but in some species tolerate them, when, if food is plentiful, a common life may occur.
In some species, males react to threads left by the female and even to those of another male. Possibly threads of males (often spun in female's webs) stimulate females, which would be a factor in the common life of species such as Dictyna, and may be a part of the courtship in other cases.
All females remain motionless during copulation and some assume a rigid cataleptic condition, induced probably by the male's pre‐coition caresses or by the introduction of his style into the epigynum.
In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Professor J. S. Huxley for much valuable advice and encouragement with regard to this paper, to Mr. W. S. Bristowe for allowing me to add his notes to my own and for many helpful criticisms, and to Dr. A. R. Jackson, who has very kindly classified many of my specimens from time to time.
Notes on the Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Excess Base, and Oarbon‐dioxide Pressure of Marine Aquariu u Waters.
Authors: BROWN ELEANOR M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Water from tanks and reservoirs at the Societ.y's Aquarium has bee11 examined over a period of a year with respect to excess base, hydrogen ion concentration salinity, oxygen content, and pal tial pressure of carbon dioxide.
Similar estimations have been carried ont on fresh sea‐water sent froin tile Bay of Biscay, Plymouth outside sea‐water, Plymouth dquariuin water, aud tank water from University College Aquarium, London.
In all cases the values are found to deviate from the normal to a greater or less extent.
Plymouth Aquarium water maintains a nearly constant pH, as it is treated with lime, but is supersaturated with carbon dioxide.
The Society's Aquarium shows the greatest variation in hydrogen ion concentration and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, but the animals adapt themselves to this.
The rate at which the excess base alters in the Aquarium when a new consignment of water is used was examined.
The advantages of liming aquarium water are discussed.
36. The Health and Parasites of a Wild Mouse Population.
Authors: Elton Charles , Ford E. B. , Baker John R. , Gardner A. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The trapping of wild mice in sufficient numbers to provide adequate material for routine examinations from month to month is exceedingly laborious, and forms more than half the labour of such an investigation. Of the three common British mice, the Long‐tailed Field‐mouse or Wood‐mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) was chosen as the main object of study. The technique of trapping is described, and also the methods of examination in the laboratory, which involved carefully organised team work on the different aspects of the problem.
54. On the Structure of Larva of Hispine Beetles.
Authors: Maulik S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.As a result of my studies on the larvæ of the Hispinæ, including the present and others published elsewhere, the general ideas arrived at can be summarized as follows; but I reserve the right of altering or modifying them if it is necessary in the light of further study of more material.

The body is always flattened. This is in accordance with the habit of living in the mines the larvæ make in the leaves or living between leaves.
Within the group the larvae exhibit a gradation of structure, principally of the head, which changes from one of well‐formed capsule to a very flattened one, this modification being accompanied by consequent changes in other structures, namely, the mouth‐parts, the antenns, the prothorax, and other body‐segments.
The legs are not always present, but when present they are flexible.
Lateral processes from each segment are usually present, but they may be altogether lost; when such is the case the segment of the body is at least triangularly produced.
The number of segments of the abdomen may be nine or ten, but it is debatable whether it is reduced to eight.
The surface of the skin shows various kinds of structures.
Respiration being important there are various spiracular devices with appropriate modifications of the parts concerned.
Although the head and thorax of the pupa resemble those of the adult and the abdomen that of the larva, these structures may have their own modifications.
The leaves of the food‐plant, owing to the special circumstances of the mode of life of the larvae, have undoubtedly considerable influence on their structure. The physical condition of the leaves, the moisture content, the rate of evaporation of moisture from the leaves are factors which should be taken into account.
Within the limits of a species the characters of the larva seem to be constant. However, there are larvæ which, although they show greater general resemblances among themselves, differing only in details, produce imagos of totally different structure.
It would seem that the larvæ in this group respond more quickly to stimuli and undergo modification of structure more readily than do the adults. It may be said that the larvæ are more plastic. Therefore, in the cases where a doubtful point of relationship is to be settled more reliance should be placed on the adult characters.