bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of carbon content on supersonic shear-layer instability
Authors: Massa Luca 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCarbon chemistry and the endothermic reactions it supports were previously shown to delay hypersonic boundary-layer instability and transition. The present analysis addresses the analogous problem in free shear layers and arrives at the conclusion that the lack of the acoustic trapping mechanism implies that endothermic chemistry can lead to stabilization or destabilization of the shear layer depending on the free-stream temperature. This study identifies three mechanisms by which carbon chemistry affects instability and transition. The first is rooted in the changes to the inflectional profiles caused by the visco-chemical interaction. The second is due to damping of the perturbation by finite-rate chemistry. The third is linked to streamwise relaxation which delays the onset of secondary instability of vortical structures generated by a saturated primary instability wave. Linear analysis predicts changes in growth rate lower than 30 % for Mach numbers below 5. Nonlinear parabolized stability analysis predicts significantly larger differences, depending on whether the primary or secondary instability triggers the transition onset.
Effects of viscoelasticity in the high Reynolds number cylinder wake
Authors: Richter David , Iaccarino Gianluca , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAt $\mathit{Re}= 3900$, Newtonian flow past a circular cylinder exhibits a wake and detached shear layers which have transitioned to turbulence. It is the goal of the present study to investigate the effects which viscoelasticity has on this state and to identify the mechanisms responsible for wake stabilization. It is found through numerical simulations (employing the FENE-P rheological model) that viscoelasticity greatly reduces the amount of turbulence in the wake, reverting it back to a state which qualitatively appears similar to the Newtonian mode B instability which occurs at lower $\mathit{Re}$. By focusing on the separated shear layers, it is found that viscoelasticity suppresses the formation of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which dominates for Newtonian flows, consistent with previous studies of viscoelastic free shear layers. Through this shear layer stabilization, the viscoelastic far wake is then subject to the same instability mechanisms which dominate for Newtonian flows, but at far lower Reynolds numbers.
Care trajectories through community and residential aged care services: disease effects
Authors: KARMEL ROSEMARY , GIBSON DIANE , ANDERSON PHIL , WELLS YVONNE , DUCKETT STEPHEN 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAs in other ageing populations, dementia, musculoskeletal conditions and cardiovascular disease affect a high proportion of Australians aged over 65 years, and the prevalence of these conditions increases significantly with age. People with these conditions may need to access a range of care services over time to enable them to remain living in their homes. Many eventually need to move into a nursing home.In contrast to the considerable recent literature on the funding of long-term care systems for population ageing, studies on the care pathways followed by individuals are much less common. This paper explores the effect of disease on use of community care services and nursing homes over time, focusing on people with dementia, cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal conditions. Care-use transitions are identified using linked administrative client data for a cohort of 33,300 community-living Australians who had an aged care assessment in 2003-04 and who had not previously used aged care services.The different symptoms and courses of diseases meant that the patterns of aged care service use, both in terms of care services accessed and the timing of this access, varied considerably for people with different health conditions. These differences persisted across a range of client characteristics. In particular, people with dementia or cerebrovascular disease as their main health condition were more likely to enter nursing home care than those with heart disease or musculoskeletal conditions.The variation in use of aged care services according to disease group need to be taken into account in any projections of demand for aged care. Such projections must allow for predictions of disease prevalence, or else they will yield inaccurate predictions of demand for both community and residential care.
Determination of IgG and IgA Antibodies Against Native Gliadin Is Not Helpful for the Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease in Children Up to 2 Years Old
Authors: Richter Thomas , Bossuyt Xavier , Vermeersch Pieter , Uhlig Holm H. , Stern Martin , Hauer Almuthe , Zimmer Klaus‐Peter , Mearin Luisa , de Roo Johanna Hendrika Clementina , Dähnrich Cornelia , Mothes Thomas 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTObjective:Assays for antibodies against native gliadin (anti‐nGli) are still often assumed to perform better in the diagnosis of coeliac disease in young children than tests for antibodies to deamidated gliadin (anti‐dGli), tissue transglutaminase (anti‐tTG), and endomysium (EmA). We compared the performance of assays for anti‐nGli, anti‐dGli, anti‐tTG, and EmA in this age group.Methods:We investigated retrospectively 184 children (42 with coeliac disease under normal diet and 142 controls) up to 2 years of age. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A‐ and IgG‐anti‐dGli, IgA‐ and IgG‐anti‐nGli, IgA‐ and IgG‐anti‐tTG, and IgA‐EmA were measured in serum. Areas under receiver operating characteristics curves, sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, as well as diagnostic odds ratios were calculated.Results:From all of the tests investigated, only assays for IgG‐anti‐dGli, IgA‐anti‐tTG, and IgA‐EmA had high specificity (≥0.96) connected with high sensitivity (≥0.86), with high positive predictive values (≥0.52 and ≥0.69 at pretest probabilities of 0.05 and 0.1, respectively) and negative predictive values (≥0.99 and ≥0.98 at pretest probabilities of 0.05 and 0.1, respectively). These assays also showed high positive likelihood ratio (≥24) at low negative likelihood ratio (≤0.15) and high diagnostic odds ratios (≥136).Conclusions:Our results do not support the use of assays of anti‐nGli to diagnose coeliac disease in young children. IgA‐anti‐tTG, IgA‐EmA, and IgG‐anti‐dGli perform better than anti‐nGli.
Acetylesterase-Mediated Deacetylation of Pectin Impairs Cell Elongation, Pollen Germination, and Plant Reproduction
Authors: Gou Jin-Ying , Miller Lisa M. , Hou Guichuan , Yu Xiao-Hong , Chen Xiao-Ya , Liu Chang-Jun 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Pectin is a major component of the primary cell wall of higher plants. Some galacturonyl residues in the backbone of pectinaceous polysaccharides are often O-acetylated at the C-2 or C-3 position, and the resulting acetylesters change dynamically during the growth and development of plants. The processes involve both enzymatic acetylation and deacetylation. Through genomic sequence analysis, we identified a pectin acetylesterase (PAE1) from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Recombinant Pt PAE1 exhibited preferential activity in releasing the acetate moiety from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) pectin in vitro. Overexpressing Pt PAE1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) decreased the level of acetyl esters of pectin but not of xylan. Deacetylation engendered differential changes in the composition and/or structure of cell wall polysaccharides that subsequently impaired the cellular elongation of floral styles and filaments, the germination of pollen grains, and the growth of pollen tubes. Consequently, plants overexpressing PAE1 exhibited severe male sterility. Furthermore, in contrast to the conventional view, PAE1-mediated deacetylation substantially lowered the digestibility of pectin. Our data suggest that pectin acetylesterase functions as an important structural regulator in planta by modulating the precise status of pectin acetylation to affect the remodeling and physiochemical properties of the cell wall's polysaccharides, thereby affecting cell extensibility.
Long‐term digital information preservation: challenges in Latin America
Authors: Voutssas Juan 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to summarize the current situation of digital preservation and describe the additional main challenges and issues faced in Latin American countries within the framework of the factors of digital preservation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews the literature on existing digital information preservation around the world, and then focuses on Latin American countries. It proposes a framework in which to analyze the situation in developing countries, particularly in Latin America, and summarizes the issues in six preservation factors and seven principles of preservation.FindingsThe amount of digital information has increased geometrically without proper knowledge, theories, strategies, policies and proceedings to preserve it. Developed countries and regions have started to create this knowledge and know‐how, as well as setting the basis to manage their digital collections within libraries, archives, and other organizations with the aim to preserve them in the long‐term. The situation is radically different in Latin America where we found limited research and projects on digital preservation.Practical implicationsThe problem of the long‐term authentic preservation of digital document collections is not a simple technology problem; it is a much more complex one. This paper summarizes the approaches to understand it but further study is required in order to develop a practical strategy and/or plan. It also highlights the importance of raising awareness of digital preservation in Latin America in order to ensure availability in the future.Social implicationsResearch, planning, initiatives and proper execution in regard to digital collections preservation is extremely limited in Latin American developing countries, thus endangering vast amounts of digital information. There is a serious risk that valuable digital information will not be preserved adequately for future generations.Originality/valueThis paper reviews the main challenges for libraries and archives to preserve digital information over the long term and summarizes the main issues to understand and to thwart this problem. It also highlights the often overlooked problem of digital preservation in developing countries, in particular Latin America.
A framework for knowledge integration and diffusion
Authors: Liu Yuxian , Rafols Ismael , Rousseau Ronald 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to introduce a general framework for the analysis of knowledge integration and diffusion using bibliometric data.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose that in order to characterise knowledge integration and diffusion of a given issue (the source, for example articles on a topic or by an organisation, etc.), one has to choose a set of elements from the source (the intermediary set, for example references, keywords, etc.). This set can then be classified into categories (cats), thus making it possible to investigate its diversity. The set can also be characterised according to the coherence of a network associated to it.FindingsThis framework allows a methodology to be developed to assess knowledge integration and diffusion. Such methodologies can be useful for a number of science policy issues, including the assessment of interdisciplinarity in research and dynamics of research networks.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this article is to provide a simple and easy to use generalisation of an existing approach to study interdisciplinarity, bringing knowledge integration and knowledge diffusion together in one framework.
Competence management in maintenance: case – Finnish forest company
Authors: Heilmann Pia , Heilmann Jouni 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find out and understand the role of competence management in Finnish forest company maintenance. The key questions of this paper are: what is the required maintenance competence and how can this competence be achieved? Competence needs are here approached from the managerial perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe research was qualitative by nature. In total, 29 managers and supervisors were interviewed with focused interview; 22 interviewees worked in maintenance and seven in production.FindingsCompetence management in forest company maintenance is twofold. First, the existing personnel's competence level should be developed. Second, the competence of new recruits should be taken care of. The co‐operation between maintenance and production is important in promoting competence development. The supervisors are responsible of the overall competence level of their subordinates. The transference of the tacit knowledge from a senior to a junior worker is important. The commitment of new personnel should be secured by training and during mentoring processes. Also the apprenticeship contract is important in improving the high level competence of maintenance personnel. It is necessary to have the right quality and quantity of competence available in right place at right time. Therefore, it is not essential to have all kinds of competence in every work unit. These specialists can rotate from one unit to another.Research limitations/implicationsThis study included one Finnish forest company and competence was approached only from the managerial perspective. Therefore, the study is not comprehensive.Practical implicationsThe paper provides information concerning competence development in maintenance, i.e. which are the necessary competences inside the company and how know‐how can be achieved and developed.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful information concerning competence management in industrial maintenance.
The roles of firms' motives in affecting the outcomes of ISO 9000 adoption
Authors: Prajogo Daniel I. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeFirms' motives in adopting ISO 9000 have been considered as one of the primary factors in determining benefits of the implementation of the standard. Literature commonly categorized motives for adopting ISO 9000 into two types, internal and external. The purpose of this paper is to examine three major strategic roles which these two types of motives play in affecting the result of the ISO 9000 adoption, namely goal, driver, and context. As a goal, motives reflect the firms' strategic outcomes in adopting ISO 9000. As a driver, motives determine the way firms implement the standard, and as a context, motives moderate the effect of implementation on firms' performance as the outcomes of ISO 9000 adoption.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 328 middle and senior managers of ISO 9001 certified firms in Australia who were responsible for managing quality system in their organizations.FindingsConsistent with predictions, internal motives had a positive relationship with operational performance and implementation. Furthermore, from a strategic fit perspective, internal motives strengthened the relationship between implementation and performance. In contrast, external motives had no statistically significant relationship with performance and weakened the relationship between implementation and performance.Practical implicationsThe results provide key insights for managers to appropriately evaluate their ISO 9000 certification motives and to give attention to the implementation of ISO 9000 standards. Firms can thus gain a better understanding of how performance is shaped from both the motives for and the implementation process of ISO 9000.Originality/valueThis paper is the first which articulates the multiple roles of firms' motives for adopting the ISO 9000 standard and examines their effects on firms' performance.
Momentum trading strategy and investment horizon: an experimental study
Authors: Khoroshilov Yuri 
Published: January 2012

PurposeExisting empirical studies that document momentum trading strategies do not provide any insight on how investors choose the time horizon that is used to compute the past stock returns. Indeed, since past returns over overlapping time periods are positively correlated, it is hard to identify the exact historical time period on which investors base their trading strategies and to investigate whether such a period is unique. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this and reach some conclusions.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the author uses experimental setting to analyze how investors choose which of the past returns to use as a basis for their trading strategies and whether this choice depends on their investment horizon. The advantage of this experimental setting over the existing empirical research is the ability to control for the investment horizon of the subjects and the ability to provide the subjects with a hand‐picked set of stocks with uncorrelated past returns over overlapping time periods. In the study subjects were asked to make short‐term investment decisions based on historical short‐term realized returns over two time intervals of different lengths. In each treatment the subjects were divided into two groups based on the lengths of their investment horizons, which were set to match the lengths of time intervals used to compute the historical returns.FindingsIt was found that subjects followed momentum trading strategies based on both historical returns provided to them and paid more attention to the historical returns over the shorter time period. In addition, some evidence was found that subjects with longer investment horizons rely less on momentum strategies.Originality/valueA wide sample was used to create an original set of observations and conclusions.
Foreign trade zones in the United States
Authors: Seyoum Belay , Ramirez Juan 
Published: January 2012

PurposeIn 2008, a bill was introduced in the 110th Congress (HR6415) to address the “unintended consequences” of US free trade agreements (US FTA) on manufacturers operating in US foreign trade zones (FTZs). Presently, US manufacturers operating in FTZs that use imported components pay a tariff (on finished goods entering the US market), which is not paid by their competitors in countries that have free trade agreements (FTAs) with the USA. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of a legislative proposal to address this issue (the bill is still under consideration and not yet been passed by Congress) for domestic firms and the overall economy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is largely based on the analysis of the legislative proposal (HR6415), and US trade data obtained from the United Nations.FindingsThe paper shows that the trade agreement parity (TAP) proposal may have the undesirable effect of encouraging local firms (in US FTZs) to use foreign components and increasing the trade deficit. It also shows that the proposal, by facilitating the entry of more foreign imports undermines the original purpose for which FTZs were designed.Originality/valueThere are no papers examining the implications of this Congressional bill on domestic competition and the overall US economy. This paper and its recommendations will help US policymakers to re‐evaluate the existing proposal and also revisit the role of FTZs in the US economy.
The ERP system impact on the role of accountants
Authors: Chen Hsueh‐Ju , Yan Huang Shaio , Chiu An‐An , Pai Fu‐Chuan 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of an Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system on the role of accountants, to provide job qualifications for their reference.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts the case study method, using on‐the‐spot interviews and a questionnaire to find out the effects of an ERP system on the role of accountants.FindingsThe role of accountants is mainly to be transaction data handlers and financial report providers. Clearly, accountants must have certain degree of knowledge in the realm of traditional finance accounting. In addition, accounting supervisors think implementing an ERP system changes the role of accountants.Research limitations/implicationsThe data collected by the authors are mainly from the Shanghai Financial Center and regional businesses in Shanghai, Beijing and Taiwan. The authors are only able to study the impact of ERP systems on the role of accountants in the short‐term rather than in the long‐term.Originality/valueIt is widely accepted that an ERP system is more than just an accounting information system, so implementing an ERP system will not necessarily promote the positions of the accounting department and accountants on the subjective cognition of accountants. Accountants need to have knowledge of financial accounting, IT and management after ERP implementation.
Organizational rewards and employee commitment: a Chinese study
Authors: Newman Alexander , Sheikh Abdullah Z. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess how the cultural value orientations of individual employees moderate their attitudinal responses to different categories of organizational rewards. Specifically, it seeks to examine how one dimension of traditionality, respect for authority, moderates the relationship between affective organizational commitment and three variables: pay satisfaction, autonomy and satisfaction with supervision.Design/methodology/approachHierarchical regression analysis was utilized to analyze survey data obtained from a sample of 290 employees of a major Chinese airline company.FindingsEmployees high in traditionality were found to exhibit higher levels of affective commitment when autonomy and satisfaction with supervision was low. When autonomy and satisfaction with supervision was high employees low in traditionality exhibited higher levels of emotional attachment to the organization.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross‐sectional design is an obvious limitation of the study. Another limitation relates to the generalizability of the study findings outside the context in which the research was undertaken.Social implicationsOrganizations should consider taking the cultural orientations of their workforce into account when developing appropriate human resource policies aimed at heightening employee commitment. This should enhance employee well‐being, which is especially important in a global economy characterized by uncertainty and rapid change.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine how employees with different cultural value orientations respond to different categories of organizational rewards, in a predominantly traditional society.