bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘No fair, copycat!’: what children’s response to plagiarism tells us about their understanding of ideas
Authors: Olson Kristina R. , Shaw Alex 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdults believe that plagiarizing ideas is wrong, which requires an understanding that others can have ideas and that it is wrong to copy them. In order to test when this understanding emerges, we investigated when children begin to think plagiarism is wrong. In Study 1, children aged 7, 9 and 11 years old, as well as adults, disliked someone who plagiarized compared to someone who drew an original drawing or someone who drew an identical picture by chance. Study 2 investigated the same question with younger children, focusing on children aged 3–6 years old. Children aged 5–6 years old evaluated plagiarizers negatively relative to unique drawers, but 3–4‐year‐olds did not. Study 3 replicated the findings from Study 2 and found that children justify their negative evaluations of plagiarizers by mentioning concerns over copying. These experiments provide evidence that, by age 5 years old, children understand that others have ideas and dislike the copying of these ideas.
BIBLICAL STUDIES AND SCRIPTURE: Biblia Theologica Theological Bible Commentary – Edited by Gail R. O'Day and David L. Petersen
Authors: Peterson Paul Silas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay reviews the Theological Bible Commentary in reference to the larger movement of explicitly theological Bible commentaries. After taking stock of some of the methods and conclusions of the new commentary, I suggest that although it is successfully employing the sensus litteralis and the sensus moralis/tropologicus the theological weight of the commentary would be further nourished with the sensus spiritualis/allegoricus, and anagogicus.
‘Should I Stay or Should I Go ?’—A Critical Analysis of the Right to Withdraw from the EU
Authors: Hofmeister Hannes 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to answer one of the key questions facing the EU in the future: what effect will the new right to withdraw have on the EU? Will it lead to a gradual fragmentation of what was supposed to be ‘an ever closer union of unlimited duration’? Or will it even mark the beginning of the end of the Union? In order to answer these complex questions, this article first briefly analyses the pre‐Lisbon situation regarding withdrawal. It then critically examines the newly inserted Article 50, which codifies the right to withdraw. Having done so, it will then examine whether non‐legal considerations, such as political and economic reasons, will render withdrawal a theoretical rather than realistic option.
EU Excise Duties and Section 90 of the Australian Constitution
Authors: Puig Gonzalo Villalta , Chaile Roshan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe constitutionalisation of the EU has been not without its challenges. However, putting aside the apparent political difficulties of the constitutional process, this article argues that, because the further constitutionalisation of the EU depends on its ability to assimilate some features of a federal state, there are, at least, two reasons why the EU is not yet ready for its constitutionalisation. The first reason is that its excise duty system, which permits discriminatory and protectionist behaviour by Member States, prevents the EU from achieving its fundamental objective of an internal market. The second reason is the EU's budget, which is so small that it is doubtful whether the EU will survive its continuing enlargement. As a solution to this problem, this article introduces section 90 of the Australian Constitution, which provides the Commonwealth of Australia with the exclusive power to levy excise duties. The article argues that the adoption, by the EU, of a similar fiscal arrangement would remove the discriminatory and protectionist operation of its excise duty system and help enlarge the size of the EU's budget by providing it with a self‐ financing mechanism.
Detection of Isolated Occipital Lobe Anomalies During Early Childhood
Authors: Lambert Scott R. , Kriss Anthony , Taylor David 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe authors report two children with isolated occipital lobe anomalies detected by visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and confirmed by MRI and CT scanning. Both had a markedly asymmetrical occipital distribution of flash and pattern VEPs. One child had acuity reduced to 6/36, and testing on confrontation suggested an homonymous hemianopia. The second child was visually inattentive to one side during infancy. Neither child had band atrophy of the optic disc or an afferent pupillary defect. Isolated abnormalities of the occipital lobes are difficult to detect by clinical examination during infancy and early childhood. Recording VEPs from a horizontal array of occipital electrodes can be helpful in detecting subtle occipital lobe abnormalities.RÉSUMÉDétection des anomalies isolées du lobe occipital durant la premère enfanceLes auteurs décrivent deux enfants avec anomalies isolées du lobe occipital détectées par les potentiels évoqués visuels et confirmées par IRM et tomodensitométrie. Dans les deux cas, il y avait une assymétrie marquée dans la distribution occipitale des potentiels évoqués visuels au flash et aux images. L'un des enfants avait une acuité réduite à 6/36 èmes et les épreuves de comparaison suggéraient uine hémianopsie latérale homonyme. Le second enfant avait une innatention visuelle d'un côté durant la première enfance. Aucun des enfants ne présentait d'atrophie en bande de la papille ou de défaut pupillaire afférent. Les anomalies isolées des lobes occipitaux sont difficiles à déceler par examen clinique durant les premières années. L'enregistrement des potentiels évoqués visuels par un réseau horizontal d'électrodes occipitales peut être utile pour détecter des anomalies limitées du lobe occipital.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIsolierte Occipitallappenanomalien im frühen KindesalterDie Autoren berichten über zwei Kinder mit isolierten Occipitallappenanomalien, die durch visuell evozierte Potentiale festgestellt und durch MRI und CT Untersuchungen bestätigt wurden. Die visuell evozierten Potentiale beider Patienten hatten eine auffallend asymmetrische occipitale Anordnung. Ein Kind hatte eine Sehschärfenverminderung auf 6/36 und die Untersuchung der Gesichtsfelder ließ an eine homonyme Hemianopsie denken. Das zweite Kind hatte einen einseitigen Gesichtsfeldausfall im Kindesalter. Keins der Kinder hatte eine bandförmige Papillenatrophie oder eine Störung der affarenten Pupillenmotorik. Isolierte Occipitallappenanomalien sind durch klinische Untersuchungen im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter schwer zu erfassen. Die Ableitung der visuell evozierten Potentiale über horizontal, bogenförmig angeordnete Elekroden im Occipitalbereich kann eine Hilfe sein, eine Occipitallappenanomalie zu erkennen.
The role of color in recognizing material changes
Authors: Yoonessi Ali , Zaidi Qasim 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe chemical and physical properties of objects provide them with specific surface patterns of color and texture. Endogenous and exogenous forces alter these colors and patterns over time. The ability to identify these changes can have great utility in judging the state and history of objects. To evaluate the role of color cues in this process, we used images of 26 materials undergoing real changes. Observers were asked to identify materials and types of changes for color and gray‐scale images. The images were shown in three sets; one image of the surface, two images of the same surface before and after a natural change, and image sequences of the time‐varying appearance. The presence of color cues improved performance in all conditions. Identification of materials improved if observers saw two states of the material, but the complete image sequence did not improve performance.
Chromatic VEP in children with congenital colour vision deficiency
Authors: Tekavčič Pompe Manca , Stirn Kranjc Branka , Brecelj Jelka 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVisual evoked potentials to chromatic stimulus (cVEP) are believed to selectively test the parvocellular visual pathway which is responsible for processing information about colour. The aim was to evaluate cVEP in children with red‐green congenital colour vision deficiency. VEP responses of 15 colour deficient children were compared to 31 children with normal colour vision. An isoluminant red‐green stimulus composed of horizontal gratings was presented in an onset‐offset manner. The shape of the waveform was studied, as well as the latency and amplitude of positive (P) and negative (N) waves. cVEP response did not change much with increased age in colour deficient children, whereas normative data showed changes from a predominantly positive to a negative response with increased age. A P wave was present in 87% of colour deficient children (and in 100% of children with normal colour vision), whereas the N wave was absent in a great majority of colour deficient children and was present in 80% of children with normal colour vision. Therefore, the amplitude of the whole response (N‐P) decreased linearly with age in colour deficient children, whereas in children with normal colour vision it increased linearly. P wave latency shortened with increased age in both groups. cVEP responses differ in children with congenital colour vision deficiency compared to children with normal colour vision.
Colour rendering of indoor lighting with CIE illuminants and white LEDs for normal and colour deficient observers
Authors: Linhares João M. M. , Felgueiras Paulo E. R. , Pinto Paulo D. , Nascimento S. M. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe goal of this work was to evaluate the colour rendering of indoor lighting with CIE illuminants and white LEDs by estimating the chromatic diversity produced for normal and colour deficient observers. Reflectance spectra of a collection of scenes made of objects typically found indoors were obtained with hyperspectral imaging. Chromatic diversity was computed for 55 CIE illuminants and five LED light sources by estimating the number of different colours perceived in the scenes analysed. A considerable variation in chromatic diversity was found across illuminants, with the best producing about 50% more colours than the worst. For normal observers, the best illuminant was CIE FL3.8 which produced about 8% more colours than CIE illuminant A and D65; for colour deficient observers, the best illuminants varied with the type of deficiency. When the number of colours produced with a specific illuminant was compared against its colour rendering index (CRI) and gamut area index (GAI), weak correlations were obtained. Together, these results suggest that normal and colour deficient observers may benefit from a careful choice of the illuminant, and this choice may not necessarily be based only on the CRI or GAI.
Experimental study of the individual differences in chromatic perception through blue‐yellow metameric matches of a white‐light continuum
Authors: Suero María I. , Naranjo Francisco L. , Pardo Pedro J. , Pérez Ángel L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA metameric colour matching test was designed to study inter‐observer variability. Blue‐yellow metameric matching to a white‐light continuum was used to define the optimal wavelengths at which each of eight non‐colour‐defective observers achieved a match. The tests involved chromatic stimuli on a 2° bipartite field, with a white‐light continuum presented on the left half, and a mixture of two monochromatic stimuli on the right half. The luminance of these chromatic stimuli was adjusted by the researcher using a staircase method, with the observer providing feedback about the similarity in luminance and chromaticity between the two halves of the field. Two series were performed for each observer, using different fixed yellow wavelengths. Since for each fixed yellow wavelength the match with the target white can be achieved by only one corresponding blue wavelength which is particular for each observer, the initial blue wavelengths were approximations based on the 2° CIE 1931 standard observer. Once the observers had attained an achromatic match, they modified the blue wavelength to achieve a perfect match of both halves. Generally, the observers found this modification of the blue wavelength necessary to achieve the metameric match. Each observer had a particular optimal blue wavelength which differed between the two series. The differences between the deviations from the standard observer for the two series were constant in value among the observers.
Unilateral colour vision defects and the dimensions of dichromat experience
Authors: Broackes Justin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe standard view, that protanopes and deuteranopes see only varieties of yellow and blue, is often taken to be supported by the reports of people with one colour‐blind eye and one normal (or near‐normal) eye. Judd’s survey of 89 years of unilateral cases might seem authoritative: ‘The color perceptions of both protanopic and deuteranopic observers are confined to two hues, yellow and blue’, corresponding to 575 and 470 nm (DB Judd, J Research National Bureau Standards, 41: 247–271, 1948). A critical re‐examination reveals, however, that the cases do not support Judd’s claim: the original publications indicate in most cases substantial (though limited) red‐green discrimination with the dichromatic eye under favourable conditions (e.g. with large fields), and evidence of red/green sensation; in the main case where researchers find sensation only of yellow and blue, it is by using experimental methods that are almost guaranteed not to reveal the full range of the subject’s sensation. More recent reports (from the 1950s and later) show that, if the colour experience space of a dichromat eye collapses to a 2D slice through the 3D space of a normal trichromat, the slice may be not flat but curved (and curved in more than one dimension): there are further reasons to think that dichromat colour experience, whether unilateral or bilateral, may not collapse to a plane at all. The unilateral cases are unclear in many ways, but they certainly give no support to a ‘yellow‐and‐blue’ view of dichromat experience.
Color vision impairment in type 2 diabetes assessed by the D‐15d test and the Cambridge Colour Test
Authors: Feitosa‐Santana Claudia , Paramei Galina V. , Nishi Mauro , Gualtieri Mirella , Costa Marcelo F. , Ventura Dora F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractColor vision impairment emerges at early stages of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and may precede diabetic retinopathy or the appearance of vascular alterations in the retina. The aim of the present study was to compare the evaluation of the color vision with two different tests – the Lanthony desaturated D‐15d test (a traditional color arrangement test), and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) (a computerized color discrimination test) – in patients diagnosed with DM2 without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and in sex‐ and age‐matched control groups. Both color tests revealed statistically significant differences between the controls and the worst eyes of the DM2 patients. In addition, the degree of color vision impairment diagnosed by both tests correlated with the disease duration. The D‐15d outcomes indicated solely tritan losses. In comparison, CCT outcomes revealed diffuse losses in color discrimination: 13.3% for best eyes and 29% for worst eyes. In addition, elevation of tritan thresholds in the DM2 patients, as detected by the Trivector subtest of the CCT, was found to correlate with the level of glycated hemoglobin. Outcomes of both tests confirm that subclinical losses of color vision are present in DM2 patients at an early stage of the disease, prior to signs of retinopathy. Considering the advantages of the CCT test compared to the D‐15d test, further studies should attempt to verify and/or improve the efficiency of the CCT test.
Long‐term phosphorus grassland experiment for beef production – impacts on soil phosphorus levels and liveweight gains
Authors: Tunney H. , Kirwan L. , Fu W. , Culleton N. , Black A. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhosphorus is essential for plant and animal health. The aim was to determine the impacts of P fertilizer on changes in Morgan’s soil test P (STP) and liveweight gain (LWG) of mature beef animals over the last 10 yrs (1999–2008) of a 40 yr P experiment on temperate permanent grassland in north‐western Europe. There were three original treatments: 0 (P0), 15 (P15) and 30 (P30) kg/ha/yr P for 40 yrs (1968–2008), and three new treatments on the same area that started in 1999: P0 for 30 yrs then 30 kg P/ha/yr for 10 yrs (P0‐30), P15 then 5 kg P/ha/yr (P15‐5) and P30 then zero P (P30‐0). Six plots (0.18 0.27 ha) per treatment were rotationally grazed by beef animals from April to October. The STP levels on the three original treatments were stable over the last 10 yrs and averaged 2.4 (P0), 5.8 (P15) and 16.0 (P30) mg/L soil. The STP decreased from 18.0 to 8.5 mg/L in the P30‐0 treatment, from 6.5 to 5.0 mg/L in the P15‐5 treatment and increased from 2.4 to 4.8 mg/L in the P0‐30 treatment. Liveweight gains were lowest on P0 but similar on the other treatments (mean of 651 compared to 988 kg/ha/yr). It is concluded that of the order of 4–6 mg/L STP and a fertilizer input of 810 kg/ha/yr P was adequate for beef production on a grazing system under the conditions of this experiment.
The inhibitor of 20‐HETE synthesis, TS‐011, improves cerebral microcirculatory autoregulation impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
Authors: Marumo Toshiyuki , Eto Kei , Wake Hiroaki , Omura Tomohiro , Nabekura Junichi 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE20‐Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a potent vasoconstrictor that contributes to cerebral ischaemia. An inhibitor of 20‐Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis, TS‐011, reduces infarct volume and improves neurological deficits in animal stroke models. However, little is known about how TS‐011 affects the microvessels in ischaemic brain. Here, we investigated the effect of TS‐011 on microvessels after cerebral ischaemia.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHTS‐011 (0.3 mg·kg−1) or a vehicle was infused intravenously for 1 h every 6 h in a mouse model of stroke, induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery occlusion following photothrombosis. The cerebral blood flow velocity and the vascular perfusion area of the peri‐infarct microvessels were measured usingin vivotwo‐photon imaging.KEY RESULTSThe cerebral blood flow velocities in the peri‐infarct microvessels decreased at 1 and 7 h after reperfusion, followed by an increase at 24 h after reperfusion in the vehicle‐treated mice. We found that TS‐011 significantly inhibited both the decrease and the increase in the blood flow velocities in the peri‐infarct microvessels seen in the vehicle‐treated mice after reperfusion. In addition, TS‐011 significantly inhibited the reduction in the microvascular perfusion area after reperfusion, compared with the vehicle‐treated group. Moreover, TS‐011 significantly reduced the infarct volume by 40% at 72 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese findings demonstrated that infusion of TS‐011 improved defects in the autoregulation of peri‐infarct microcirculation and reduced the infarct volume. Our results could be relevant to the treatment of cerebral ischaemia.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Prospects of future measures for persons with dementia in Japan
Authors: TAKEDA Akinori , TANAKA Noriyasu , CHIBA Toshio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn May 2008, the Japanese government launched the ‘Emergency Project for Improvement of Medical Care and Quality of Life for People with Dementia’ under the idea that it is necessary to build a society, without delay, where people can live life safely without anxiety even after being affected by dementia, where they can be supported by appropriate and integrated services of medical care, long‐term care and community care. We would like to introduce our future dementia policy standing on the outcome of this project, which was published as a report on 10 July 2008. The measures for people with dementia in Japan have gradually achieved good results. For example, public understanding and awareness of dementia has increased through renaming the term for dementia in Japanese from ‘Chiho’ to ‘Ninchi‐sho’ in 2004, and the comprehensive care system was founded focusing on the importance of providing community based long‐term care while maintaining the person's familiar human relationships and residential circumstances. However, case reports show that there are yet some cases that fail to deliver appropriate treatment or long‐term care service as a result of a lack of timely definite diagnosis in an early stage or a lack of coordination between medical care and long‐term care. Therefore, the future dementia policy should be designed by envisaging the flow of the measures that would support the life of the person and his/her family, and improve their quality of life; starting with measures that link early notice of the patient, his/her family or neighbor to early diagnosis, and then measures to develop well‐designed comprehensive care planning that provides appropriate medical and long‐term care services through good coordination, while promoting research and development of diagnosis/treatment technology. In addition, in regard to early‐onset dementia, comprehensive self‐support measures including employment assistance should be promoted.
Decision‐Making in People Who Relapsed to Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol
Authors: Kasar Muzaffer , Gleichgerrcht Ezequiel , Keskinkilic Cahit , Tabo Abdulkadir , Manes Facundo F. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Alcohol use has been previously associated with neurocognitive impairments, especially in decision‐making cognition. However, some studies have shown little to no decision‐making deficits in relation to different characteristics of people with drinking problems. Relapsing to driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is an important issue with legal and psychosocial aspects. We evaluated decision‐making performance in second‐time DUI offenders by using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).Method:  Thirty‐four male second‐time DUI offenders who had been selected for an official psychoeducational rehabilitation program and 31 healthy controls that were matched for age, education, and alcohol use were included. Along with psychiatric assessment, we applied conventional neuropsychological testing comprising cognitive set‐shifting, response inhibition, attention, and visuospatial abilities. Also, we used the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to assess personality patterns. A computerized version of IGT was used.Results:  No significant differences were found between the groups in regard to sociodemographics and conventional neuropsychological testing. DUI participants had significantly higher scores only in “self‐transcendence” subdomain of TCI. On the fifth block of the IGT, DUI participants had significantly lower net scores than controls (U = 380.0, p < 0.05). Also, DUI participants chose significantly more risky decks compared to controls.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that there may be subtle decision‐making deficits in DUI participants, which goes undetected on conventional neuropsychological testing and which is not correlated with TCI subdomains related with impulsivity patterns.