bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into the Cause of Rheumatic Fever in Children
Authors: Lazarus-Barlow P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Bacteriological examination from the tonsils and post-nasal space in forty-six cases of acute and sub-acute rheumatism resulted in streptococci alone being isolated.2. The streptococci isolated fell into three groups, S. mitis, S. salivarius, and eleven strains of S. cardioarthritidis.3. Comparison of the strains of S. cardioarthritidis with strains isolated in America show them to be closely related.4. No evidence was found of an exotoxin.5. Evidence was found of the presence of an endotoxin or lysate which produces an antitoxin.6. Intravenous inoculation of the lysate into rabbits appears definitely to affect the heart muscle and lungs, and to some extent the liver and kidneys.
Agglutination Reactions in Relation to Sonne Dysentery
Authors: Smith J. , Fraser A. M. 
Published: May 2009

A study of the agglutinin content of the sera of individuals who have suffered from attacks of Sonne dysentery has shown that in the majority of cases specific agglutinins are produced.In a series of agglutination tests with sera from 138 normal individuals 24 per cent, were found to give a positive reaction in a dilution of 1 in 50 or greater.
Observations on the Occurrence, Characteristics and Specificity of Natural Agglutinins
Authors: Gibson H. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A study has been made of natural agglutination as exemplified by the reactions of the serum of nine animal species with a variety of bacteria.2. End-titres are recorded, and the fact is noted that sera of different animal species show an order of agglutinating activity which is almost constant for all organisms used. Ox, pig and horse sera give consistently strong reactions, while specimens from rabbit, guinea-pig and rat react weakly or not at all. Sheep, human and cat sera occupy an intermediate position. Variations are noted, however, with different individual specimens of serum from the same species.3. Organisms of the series tested can also be grouped in order according to their apparent susceptibility to agglutination by normal sera.4. The serum of young animals is found to be deficient in the agglutinating principle.5. The agglutinating effect shows a thermolability intermediate between that of complement and the immune agglutinins. Complete inactivation occurs as a rule after exposure to 60° C.–65° C. for half-an-hour. For certain strains the serum principle is inactivated at much lower temperatures.6. Lability curves show marked irregularity. In certain cases a zone of relative inactivation is produced at a temperature of 55° C.7. The natural agglutinating substance is found to be present in greater degree in the carbonic acid insoluble fraction of serum than in the carbonic acid soluble fraction. In this respect it differs from the immune agglutinins, which are chiefly located in the carbonic acid soluble moiety.8. The agglutinating principle for each organism can be absorbed completely by the homologous strain, when a variable lowering of the end-titre for other unrelated organisms results. A similar lowering of activity for these organisms may be produced by treating the serum with non-specific physical absorbents. Charcoal and Kieselguhr were used to demonstrate this.9. By the technique of double absorption it can be shown that agglutination depends on non-specific and specific factors and it is concluded that normal serum agglutinates bacteria in virtue of a twofold mechanism:(a) A non-specific effect reacting in varying degree with all organisms and removable by treatment with a finely divided absorbent.(b) A series of specific effects reacting as true “natural antibodies.” These specific antibody-like principles exist for a wide variety of organisms. Absorption of any one organism removes the homologous effect leaving the remainder quantitatively unimpaired.10. The question of bacterial variation and receptor analysis in relation to the natural agglutinins is being studied and will be reported on at a later date.
Acute Bacillary Dysentery in Khartoum Province, Sudan, with Special Reference to Bacteriophage Treatment: Bacteriological Investigation
Authors: Riding D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Two preparations of bacteriophage were used for the treatment of a number of cases of acute bacillary dysentery.2. The types of B. dysenteriae encountered in 60 cases of acute bacillary dysentery are described. In the 60 cases investigated the causal bacillus was bacteriophagable with the standard bacteriophage in vitro in 48.3. The cases are tabulated and no dramatic results due to the bacteriophage treatment are demonstrated.4. Treatment of the bacteriophage with hydrochloric acid, in a concentration similar to that of the gastric juice, for 60 minutes did not alter the virulence of the bacteriophage.5. It is shown that 25 per cent, autoclaved intestinal mucus in normal saline, and human blood serum, not inactivated, compare unfavourably with laboratory broth as a medium for bacteriophage action.6. The results of giving bacteriophage by mouth to normal individuals, and to dysentery patients are described and discussed.
Horse-serum skin tests
Authors: Davis Hilda M. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation is described which shows the type of skin reaction which may be expected from the intracutaneous injection of 0·1 c.c. normal horse serum in the normal and sensitized human subject. 150 normal individuals and 100 who had received previous serum injection were skin-tested. Of the normal subjects 30% showed a reaction of skin sensitivity, while 88% of the sensitized group gave a sensitive response, the reactions in the latter being more intense and of longer duration than those of the normal group. It is also shown that general skin sensitivity, demonstrated by a sensitive skin reaction in the opposite arm 2 weeks later, can be produced by intracutaneous injection of 0·2 c.c. of normal horse serum.The value of specific skin tests in the prognosis of serum reaction is considered and a series of tests on 200 diphtheria cases is recorded. Since it has been shown that diphtheria has no appreciable effect in diminishing skin sensitivity (Westwater, 1935) the present series probably gives an accurate estimation of serum skin sensitivity even in the presence of acute diphtheritic infection.The incidence of serum reaction was found to be only 6% higher in those cases which gave a sensitive skin reaction to horse serum prior to therapeutic serum injection than in those showing a normal response. It is therefore concluded that the demonstration of skin sensitivity is of no value in predicting the subsequent development of general serum reaction, and skin testing with horse serum, although it may demonstrate the presence of specific antibodies in the skin cells, is not an index of general sensitivity, which depends upon individual reactivity and power to produce antibodies following injection of foreign serum.
Isolation of Bact. typhosum by means of bismuth sulphite medium in water- and milk-borne epidemics
Authors: Wilson W. James 
Published: May 2009

1. An account is given of enteric fever in a Mental Hospital, and the discovery of a “precocious carrier” of the Bact. typhosum, a man who, 4½ months before he showed symptoms of the disease, was a “carrier” and probably the source of infection in a milk-borne outbreak.2. Description of a strain of Bact. typhosum forming dwarf colonies which was isolated (a) from a river, (b) from a patient who had drunk the water, (c) from the sewage of a mental hospital discharged into the river 4½ miles higher up, and (d) from patients in the mental hospital.3. Isolation of the Bact. typhosum from a well of an institution in which an outbreak of enteric fever had occurred.4. Isolation of Bact. typhosum from a stream adjoining a well in a farmyard in Belfast at a time when the milk was the source of infection of over 100 cases of the disease.5. Isolation of Bact. typhosum from a cesspool discharging into a stream near Bournemouth, and the suggestion that Mrs A. from whose premises milk was obtained, which was the infective vehicle in the Bournemouth-Poole epidemic, may have been a “precocious carrier”.6. An account of methods employed in the bacteriological examination of water and sewage.
Further observations upon the influence of the growing family upon the diet in rural districts in Sussex
Authors: Brockington Fraser 
Published: May 2009

1. Adequacy and balance in expenditure on the various items of food in the diet has been compared to the standard B.M.A. (1933) diet for a child aged 8–10 in eighty out of ninety-eight families with children attending four rural schools in Sussex.2. The proportion that these items bear to the standard declines as the income is lower and the family larger. With the exception of bread, butter and cheese there is, in fact, a marked deterioration in the diet as the family grows, particularly in the lower groups. Bread, although declining, remains above the standard, with a few isolated exceptions, in all groups, and the proportion of cheese, although only about 60% of the amount recommended in the standard diet, remains roughly constant; butter and margarine fall below the standard only in the largest families. In contrast meat, eggs, fish, and milk, are reduced to considerably less than 50% of the standard in the larger families.3. The balance of the diet is less defective but it is, nevertheless, profoundly influenced by growth of the family, especially where the income is small. The most marked alteration is the steadily increasing proportion of bread both as the income is lower and the family larger. In the largest families in all groups bread constitutes in the neighbourhood of one-third of the total expenditure. The tendency produced by reduction of income and increase of family to lessen the proportion of first-class protein in the diet (mainly by lessening the consumption of meat, eggs, and fish) is combated to some extent by an increasing provision of cheese, a more economical protein.
An investigation of the normal agglutinins for typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli in human sera in Victoria, and the interpretation of the Widal test
Authors: Gregory T. S. , Atkinson Nancy 
Published: May 2009

1. Five hundred samples of sera sent for the Wassermann test were tested for the presence of H and O agglutinins for Bact. typhosum, Bact. paratyphosum A and Bact. paratyphosum B. Histories were obtained of nearly all those persons whose sera gave H agglutination at dilutions of 1:40 or higher, or O agglutination at 1:80 or higher. It was found that at least 20 people in this series had been inoculated or had suffered from enteric fever. The remaining 480 were considered to be normal. This assumption is likely to be correct in this community where typhoid is the only enteric fever which occurs, and that rarely, and where inoculation is not commonly practised.2. The results are tabulated so as to show all the combinations of agglutinins which occurred at serum dilutions from 1:20 to 1:1280. Out of sixty-three possible combinations of agglutinins twenty-three were found to occur.3. The interpretation of the results for single agglutinins and for certain combinations of agglutinins is discussed, and also the application of these results to the diagnosis of typhoid fever in this community and enteric fever elsewhere.4. A comparison of the local “level” of normal agglutinins with that of other communities is made, and the origin of normal and co-agglutinins discussed.
Milk epidemic of scarlet fever and angina, originating from a milkmaid with scarlatinal otitis media
Authors: Henningsen E. Juel , Ernst J. 
Published: May 2009

A report is given of a milk epidemic of scarlatinal angina, comprising 118 cases of scarlet fever and about fifty cases of sore throat.The infection was spread through contamination of the milk from a milkmaid with purulent otitis media after non-recognized scarlet fever.On cultivation,Streptococcus pyrogenes, group A (Lancefield), type 3 (Griffith) was isolated from 108 of these patients and from pus from the ear of the milkmaid. The cows, on the other hand, and their milk were found to be normal (two examinations at an interval of 6 days).Inquiry into the conditions under which the milk was transported from the producer via the dairy to the consumers and information concerning the distribution and consumption of the milk confirmed in all details the assumption as to the causal connexion between the otitis media in the milkmaid and the outbreak of the epidemic.This epidemic furnishes an example of transmission of the infection from man directly through the milk to a fairly large number of consumers without any intermediate infection (mastitis) in the cows.Clinically the cases in this epidemic may be said, on the whole, to be mild; still, one of the patients died of complicating bronchopneumonia.
A long-term experiment with rats on a human dietary: II. Calcium and phosphorus depletion and replacement
Authors: Gaunt W. E. , Irving J. T. , Thomson W. 
Published: May 2009

1. A group of rats has been fed on a poor human dietary supplemented with milk and green food. A further group has been given the same dietary supplemented with Ca and P as salts, equivalent in amount to that present in the milk and green food. The experiment has been continued over three generations.2. The diet supplemented with Ca and P salts has been found to be as effective as that containing milk and green food in promoting reproduction, calcification and tooth formation; it has induced growth as effectively in the first generation of rats but is unable to maintain this growth rate as effectively over several generations. It is obvious that Ca and P are of the chief deficiencies in the poor diet. The addition of these elements greatly increases the nutritive value of this diet, but they are inferior in this respect to milk and green food supplements.3. Under conditions of Ca and P lack, tooth formation is much less adversely affected than is skeletal ossification.
Further studies on the sterilization of T.A.B.C. vaccine
Authors: Rainsford S. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Silver nitrate or sodium merthiolate can be used for the sterilization of suspensions of B. typhosus and neither have any immediate destructive effect on the Vi, O or H antigens.2. Two methods of employing silver nitrate as a sterilizing agent are described.3. Physiological saline solution with silver nitrate added is bactericidal for B. typhosus and the staphylococcus but has no inhibitory action on the growth of moulds.4. Vaccines sterilized and preserved with silver nitrate after storage for 6 months at 7° C. were found to have retained their Vi antibody stimulating properties.5. A vaccine sterilized and preserved with “katadyn” after storage for 18 months at 7° C. still contained some Vi antigen and was superior as an immunogenic agent to a freshly prepared heat-killed-phenolized vaccine.6. It would appear that the stability of Vi antigen is increased by the addition of silver within certain limits, but this effect is only obtained if low temperature storage conditions are maintained.7. A vaccine sterilized and preserved with sodium merthiolate after 6 months' storage at 7°C. failed to stimulate any Vi antibody in the rabbit.
Rat and flea conditions in a rural endemic plague area in Kenya
Authors: Roberts J. I. 
Published: May 2009

The female percentage figures for Rattus for the three years are 57.8, 57.7 and 57.5 respectively. Pregnancy records were obtained by counting embryos sufficiently advanced to be recognizable to the naked eye. The average number of embryos per pregnant female agree closely for the three years, and the error of underestimating invisible embroys appears to be constant. There is a slight suggestion of two enhanced breeding periods for Rattus in the area, both periods being coincident with higher rainfall and the growing season. The main interest in these figures lies in the large number of embryos recorded over the nipple provision, the greatest number observed being seventeen.The average number of fleas per rat shows that the period of their maximum incidence agrees closely with the higher incidence of plague.The number of traps set out daily in huts has remained constant over the three years. Little reliance could be placed on detailed trapping figures as the trapping varies considerable from village to village and even hut to hut, and gross figures only can be employed. Not only do these figures demonstrate that endemic areas have a much higher Rattus density and higher breeding rates than plague-free areas, but they indicate that the incidence of plague, both in man and rats, is more closely associated with rat population densities than any other factor.
Some observations on the classification of enterococci
Authors: Graham N. C. , Bartley Eileen O. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation of enterococci from human and bovine sources by the method of Lancefield (1933) shows that they possess a specific antigen by which the enterococcus group can be defined.The validity of this method as a means of differentiating the enterococcus from other groups of streptococci is confirmed by the biochemical and other properties, such as the association of mannitol fermentation with heat resistance of the starins used, which already differentiate the group in some degree. The tests for susceptibility to lysis by bacteriophages, carried out during the present investigation, are also confirmatory of the results obtained by the precipitin method.As the specific antigen characteristic of enterococci cannot be demonstrated in strains representative of groups A, B, C, (Lancefield, 1933) andStr. lactis(Lister, 1873) it is concluded that these are unrelated to the enterococcus.A number of other streptococci, however, includingStr. zymogenes(MacCallum & Hastings, 1899),Str. liquefaciens(Orla-Jensen, 1919), and group D haemolytic streptococcus (Lancefield, 1933) have been shown to possess an antigen in common with the enterococcus, as well as the other properties of enterococci, including susceptibility to lysis by bacteriophages; these are usually considered as distinct species, but reasons are advanced in the present communication for regarding them as varieties of enterococci.The name group D haemolytic streptococcus of Lancefield, is unnecessary and may give rise to confusion. As an enterococcus, it possesses no characteristic antigenic, or haemolytic or other property which differentiates it from thezymogenesorhaemolyticusvarieties of enterococci referred to in this communication.The more important growth characters and fermentation and other properties of the enterococci, classifield by the precipitin method in this investigation, may be summarized as follows; ability to grow at 10 and at 45°C., in broth containing 6·5% NaCl, in broth of pH 9·6, to produce chains in pure bile, to produce a final pH in 1% glucose broth of 4–4·2, to reduce methyleneblue, and to ferment trehalose, sorbitol and salicin; but deficiency in one or more of these properties was occasionally noted.
On an approximate method of determining the median effective dose and its error, in the case of a quantal response
Authors: Irwin J. O. , Cheeseman E. A. 
Published: May 2009

Käber's method is, for many purposes, a sufficiently accurate way of determining the median effective dose, when we have a series of doses increasing in a constant ratio and a small number of animals on each. The standard error of the determination may also be rapidly found by a simple approximate method. Illustrative examples are given.The standard error calculated by the approximate method is based on the assumption that the animals are homogeneous. It must be used with caution when any heterogeneity is suspected. With animals of similar heterogeneity to those used here, the differences between two different toxic-fractions should only be regarded as significant if they are from 3 to 3.5 times their standard errors so calculated.
Bacterium dysenteriaeSonne: a study of forty strains with particular reference to the appearance of the colonies
Authors: Rhodes A. J. , Reid Christine 
Published: May 2009

1. Certain appearances of the colonies and some biochemical reactions of forty strains ofB. dysenteriaeSonne have been investigated.2. In thirty-five strains definite raised papillae occurred on parent colonies after 3–5 days' growth on MacConkey's medium or ordinary agar.3. Papillae were produced both by strains that fermented lactose in fluid culture and those that did not; in the former case they were pink, in the latter pale.4. Papilla-producing and other strains could not be differentiated by various biochemical reactions or by straight agglutination tests.
The effect of the shape of container and size of gas tube in the presumptive coliform test
Authors: Barkworth H. , Irwin J. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. The primary aim of the experiment was to find out if certain combinations of container and gas tube give a greater proportion of positive results than others (with the same strength of inoculation) and if possible to elucidate the causes of any differences between combinations.The earlier results indicated that the best combination was a 7 × 1 ½ in. test-tube with a 4 × ¾ in. gas tube. Later experiments failed to maintain this preference but did show a definite disadvantage in using a very small gas tube. Whether this is due to the absolute sinallness of the gas tube or the smallness of its volume relative to the total amount of liquid used cannot be decided, for the latter was the same in all combinations. This was the only shape or sizefactor that was definitely influential on the evidence of these experiments. Yet if size of gas tube is intrinsically important the absence of reactions with acid but no gas is puzzling.Attempts to break down the points involved in changes in shape and size of gas tube and container into a number of simple factors showed that several considerations might be involved, too many to cover in one experimental lay-out; but by including extreme combinations it was hoped that some indication might be obtained of the more important factors. With the new and successful combination of 7 × 1½ in. test-tube with 4 × ¾ in. gas tube, the gas tube holds 22% of the total volume of medium plus inoculum, the same proportion as the standard 6 × ⅝ in. test-tifbe and in. gas tube. This seems to be in support of standard practice if it is relative volumes that are important.2. The analysis of plate counts shows that the opacity method, with the strain employed, gives complete control of the population and the three methods of assessing the plate count were in good agreement with one another.The χ2 values were as a rule subnormal. This result excludes the possibility of any lack of control of the population in any one set of plates, but the reason for the subnormality is of some interest. It may plausibly be attributed to the factor of competition among developing colonies for the nutrient medium available so that the chance of development of a colony is smaller when a large number of others are present than when there are only a few. A toxic emanation from a colony which excluded the formation of another colony within a certain distance of it would have the same effect.3. In the main experiment the percentage of positive tubes was about half (20% as against 45%) that to be expected from the plate counts on the usual Poisson hypothesis; or looking at the matter the other way the mean number of organisms per tube (0·22) deduced from the percentage of positives was about half the 0·5 expected from the plate counts. We have found no reason for this and in two subsequent experiments the agreement was satisfactory.4. No difference was found between 2 × ⅜ and If in. gas tubes with a 6 × ⅝ in. test-tube or between rimmed and rimless gas tubes.