bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure and diversification of Gymnospermium kiangnanense, a plant species with extremely small populations endemic to eastern China
Authors: Liu Xiangnan , Wang Meizhen , Song Shiqiang , Ma Qing , Yang Zhaoping 
Published: June 2024

Background
Gymnospermium kiangnanense is the only species distributed in the subtropical region within the spring ephemeral genus Gymnospermium. Extensive human exploitation and habitat destruction have resulted in a rapid shrink of G. kiangnanense populations. This study utilizes microsatellite markers to analyze the genetic diversity and structure and to deduce historical population events of extant populations of G. kiangnanense.

Methods
A total of 143 individuals from eight extant populations of G. kiangnanense, including two populations from Anhui Province and six populations from Zhejiang Province, were analyzed with using 21 pairs of microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity indices were calculated using Cervus, GENEPOP, GenALEX. Population structure was assessed using genetic distance (UPGMA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), Bayesian clustering method (STRUCTURE), and molecular variation analysis of variance (AMOVA). Population history events were inferred using DIYABC.

Results
The studied populations of G. kiangnanense exhibited a low level of genetic diversity (He = 0.179, I = 0.286), but a high degree of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.521). The mean value of gene flow (Nm) among populations was 1.082, indicating prevalent gene exchange via pollen dispersal. Phylogeographic analyses suggested that the populations of G. kiangnanense were divided into two lineages, Zhejiang (ZJ) and Anhui (AH). These two lineages were separated by the Huangshan-Tianmu Mountain Range. AMOVA analysis revealed that 36.59% of total genetic variation occurred between the two groups. The ZJ lineage was further divided into the Hangzhou (ZJH) and Zhuji (ZJZ) lineages, separated by the Longmen Mountain and Fuchun River. DIYABC analyses suggested that the ZJ and AH lineages were separated at 5.592 ka, likely due to the impact of Holocene climate change and human activities. Subsequently, the ZJZ lineage diverged from the ZJH lineage around 2.112 ka. Given the limited distribution of G. kiangnanense and the significant genetic differentiation among its lineages, both in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies should be implemented to protect the germplasm resources of G. kiangnanense.
Unraveling the complexities of drought stress in cotton: a multifaceted analysis of selection criteria and breeding approaches
Authors: Gören Hatice Kübra , Tan Uğur 
Published: June 2024

Abiotic stress tolerance breeding programs present a spectrum of perspectives, yet definitive solutions remain elusive, with each approach carrying its own set of advantages and disadvantages. This study systematically evaluates extant methodologies, comparing plant performance across varied genotypes and selection traits under optimal and stress conditions. The objective is to elucidate prevailing ambiguities. Ten homozygous lines (F8 generation) were assessed using a randomized block design alongside five control varieties, with four replicates cultivated under well-watered and deficit water conditions. It is noteworthy that six of the ten homozygous lines were cultivated exclusively under well-watered conditions (F3 to F7), while four lines experienced deficit water conditions (F3 to F7). All five control varieties underwent cultivation under both conditions. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored breeding programs attuned to specific environmental exigencies, recognizing that individual traits manifest divergent responses to varying conditions. It is evident that certain traits exhibit marked disparities under well-watered conditions, while others evince heightened differentiation under water deficit conditions. Significantly, our analysis reveals a pronounced interaction between irrigation regimes and selection traits, which serves to underscore the nuanced interplay between genotype and environmental stress.
Risk Factors Affecting Life Expectancy Resulting in Premature Mortalities and the Accompanying Economic Losses
Authors: Putzer Gavin J. , Cooper Alan , Jaramillo Juan R. 
Published: June 2024

Chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes often lead to increased rates of morbidity and premature mortality thereby diminishing professional productivity. Many chronic diseases are a result of combination of genetic, behavioral, lifestyle, socioeconomic, and environmental risk factors. We examined modifiable risk factors stratified by sociodemographic factors to ascertain economic losses resulting in premature mortality. Mortalities were calculated using a methodology employed by Dr. Ralph Keeney which estimates mortalities from a single underlying cause of death. The results show 2.8M deaths, of which greater than 1.1 million were attributable to risk factors with a productivity loss of $402.5 billion. Our paper showed that the leading causes of preventable deaths across gender and race during this time period had unique patterns with lifestyle factors such as smoking, accidents, and sexually transmitted infections declining, while behaviors such as alcohol, drug use and suicide increased. These findings may not be revolutionary; however, they do strongly reinforce, from an economic point of view, the need for the initiation and/or expansion of several targeted public health campaigns.
Field Efficacy and Economics of Selected Biopesticides and Chemicals against Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) on Okra
Authors: Saichand Narishetti , Kumar Ashwani 
Published: June 2024

The field trial was conducted at Central Research Field, Department of Entomology, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during kharif season 2023.The experiment was laid out in in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments each replicated thrice using variety Kashi Chaman. The treatments viz., T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% T2 Spinosad 45%SC T3 Neem seed kernel extract 10%WP T4 Emamectin Benzoate 5SG T5 Fipronil 5SC T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) and along with untreated control T0 against Earias vittella in okra. The data on percentage of shoot and fruit infestation of okra shoot and fruit borer first and second spray mean revealed that all treatments are significantly superior over control. Among all the treatments lowest per cent shoot and fruit, infestation was recorded in T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (8.46) (9.44),, T2 Spinosad 45% SC (9.95) (10.44),, T4 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (11.83) (11.85),, T5 Fipronil 5%SC (12.96) (12.91),, T3 Neem seed kernel extract 10% WP (14.82) (13.27), T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% (15.94) (14.62) and T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) (16.97) (14.79) and is significantly superior over the control (23.78) (23.26). While The highest yield was recorded in T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (210.2q/ha),as well as B:C ratio (1:6.54), T2 Spinosad 45%SC (195.7q/ha) (1:6.02),, T4 Emamectin benzoate 5SG (163.4q/ha) (1:5.17), T5 Fipronil 5SC(149.2q/ha) (1:4.69), T3 Neem seed kernel extract10%WP (138.4q/ha) (1:4.42),, T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% (131.7q/ha) (1:4.00), T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) (120.2q/ha) (1:3.71), as compared to T0 control (90.2q/ha) (1:2.96).
Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek): A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Mehandi Suhel , Paudel Pratikshya , Subedi Mamata 
Published: June 2024

Green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), a vital legume crop widely cultivated across Asia, is a rich source of minerals and plant-based protein. Despite its nutritional and agricultural importance, green gram production is significantly affected by various biotic and abiotic stress factors. Biotic stresses include diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and insect pests. Major fungal diseases impacting green gram are anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot, and dry root rot, while viral infections are predominantly caused by the yellow mosaic virus. Insect pests such as bruchids, aphids, jassids, and whiteflies also pose serious threats to crop health. Abiotic stresses, particularly salinity, high temperatures, and drought, are equally detrimental and are becoming increasingly prominent due to climate change. These stressors adversely affect plant growth, development, and yield, posing a significant challenge to sustainable green gram production. Understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance is essential for developing resilient green gram cultivars. To mitigate the adverse effects of these stressors and ensure sustainable production, integrated crop management strategies are crucial. These strategies should encompass genetic engineering, traditional breeding, marker-assisted selection, and improved agronomic practices. Genetic approaches can help develop green gram varieties with enhanced resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, agronomic practices such as optimal irrigation, soil management, and the use of bio pesticides can further support stress management. This comprehensive review highlights the critical need for a multifaceted approach to manage biotic and abiotic stresses in green gram. By integrating advanced genetic techniques with sustainable agronomic practices, it is possible to enhance the resilience and productivity of green gram, ensuring its continued contribution to global food security.
Assessing Cell Fusion and Cytokinesis Failure as Mechanisms of Clone 9 Hepatocyte Multinucleation In Vitro
Authors: Simic Damir , Euler Catherine , Thurby Christina , Peden Mike , Tannehill‐Gregg Sarah , Bunch Todd , Sanderson Thomas , Van Vleet Terry 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this in vitro model of hepatocyte multinucleation, separate cultures of rat Clone 9 cells are labeled with either red or green cell tracker dyes (Red Cell Tracker CMPTX or Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer), plated together in mixed‐color colonies, and treated with positive or negative control agents for 4 days. The fluorescent dyes become cell‐impermeant after entering cells and are not transferred to adjacent cells in a population, but are inherited by daughter cells after fusion. The mixed‐color cultures are then evaluated microscopically for multinucleation and analysis of the underlying mechanism (cell fusion/cytokinesis). Multinucleated cells containing only one dye have undergone cytokinesis failure, whereas dual‐labeled multinucleated cells have resulted from fusion. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 53:14.9.1‐14.9.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of Metabolic Stability Using the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Liver S9 Fraction
Authors: Johanning Karla , Hancock Gregg , Escher Beate , Adekola Adebayo , Bernhard Mary Jo , Cowan‐Ellsberry Christina , Domoradzki Jeanne , Dyer Scott , Eickhoff Curtis , Embry Michelle , Erhardt Susan , Fitzsimmons Patrick , Halder Marlies , Hill James , Holden Dustin , Johnson Rebecca , Rutishauser Sibylle , Segner Helmut , Schultz Irvin , Nichols John 
Published: August 2012

AbstractStandard protocols are given for assessing metabolic stability in rainbow trout using the liver S9 fraction. These protocols describe the isolation of S9 fractions from trout livers, evaluation of metabolic stability using a substrate depletion approach, and expression of the result as in vivo intrinsic clearance. Additional guidance is provided on the care and handling of test animals, design and interpretation of preliminary studies, and development of analytical methods. Although initially developed to predict metabolism impacts on chemical accumulation by fish, these procedures can be used to support a broad range of scientific and risk assessment activities including evaluation of emerging chemical contaminants and improved interpretation of toxicity testing results. These protocols have been designed for rainbow trout and can be adapted to other species as long as species‐specific considerations are modified accordingly (e.g., fish maintenance and incubation mixture temperature). Rainbow trout is a cold‐water species. Protocols for other species (e.g., carp, a warm‐water species) can be developed based on these procedures as long as the specific considerations are taken into account. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 53:14.10.1‐14.10.28. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Renal Transporters in Drug Disposition, Drug‐Drug Interactions, and Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Feng Bo , El‐Kattan Ayman F. , Radi Zaher A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis unit describes in detail the in vitro methods for measuring the interaction of new chemical entities (NCEs) with human renal transporters (hOAT1, hOAT2, and hOCT2) as both a substrate and inhibitor. Renal transporter substrate assays help in the identification of renal secretion mechanisms and assessment of the potential renal drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) for NCE as a target, as well as to predict its renal clearance in humans. Human renal transporter (hOAT1, hOAT2, and hOCT2) inhibition assays characterize the inhibition potency of NCE and predict the potential for renal DDIs as a perpetrator with xenobiotics and drugs that are mainly renally cleared. In addition, such inhibition assays enable a better assessment of the potential for renal transporter‐mediated nephrotoxicity and pathology. Therefore, renal transporter substrate and inhibition assays are pivotal in drug discovery and development for renally cleared drugs and those that are co‐administered with marketed compounds mainly eliminated via the kidney. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 53:23.3.1‐23.3.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self‐Assembling Doxorubicin Silk Hydrogels for the Focal Treatment of Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Seib F. Philipp , Pritchard Eleanor M. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractStandard care for early stage breast cancer includes tumor resection and local radiotherapy to achieve long‐term remission. Systemic chemotherapy provides only low locoregional control of the disease; to address this, self‐assembling silk hydrogels that can retain and then deliver doxorubicin locally are described. Self‐assembling silk hydrogels show no swelling, are readily loaded with doxorubicin under aqueous conditions, and release drug over 4 weeks in amounts that can be fine‐tuned by varying the silk content. Following successful in vitro studies, locally injected silk hydrogels loaded with doxorubicin show excellent antitumor response in mice, outperforming the equivalent amount of doxorubicin delivered intravenously. In addition to reducing primary tumor growth, doxorubicin‐loaded silk hydrogels reduce metastatic spread and are well tolerated in vivo. Thus, silk hydrogels are well suited for the local delivery of chemotherapy and provide a promising approach to improve locoregional control of breast cancer.
The Impact of Price Promotions on Producer Strategies in Markets With Large Product Heterogeneity
Authors: Panzone Luca , Tiffin Richard 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough current research indicates that increasing the number of options has negative effects on the cognitive ability of consumers, little understanding has been given to the consequences on producers and their strategic behavior. This article tests whether a large portfolio of products is beneficial to producers by observing UK consumer response to price promotions. The article shows that discounts induce mainly segment switching (74% of the total impact), with a limited effect on stockpiling (26%) and no impact on purchase incidence. Consequently, consumers prefer to “follow the discount” rather than purchase multiple units of the same wine. This result seems to explain the current structure of the market, and suggests that discounts may conflict with segment loyalty, a situation that disfavors producers, particularly in very populated segments. Results also casts doubts on the economic sustainability of competition based on an intense product differentiation in the wine sector. [EconLit Citations: C010, D120, M310].
Cinchona‐based Primary Amine Catalysis in the Asymmetric Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAsymmetric aminocatalysis exploits the potential of chiral primary and secondary amines to catalyze asymmetric reactions. It has greatly simplified the functionalization of carbonyl compounds while ensuring high enantioselectivity. Recent advances in cinchona‐based primary amine catalysis have provided new synthetic opportunities and conceptual perspectives for successfully attacking major challenges in carbonyl compound chemistry, which traditional approaches have not been able to address. This Review outlines the historical context for the development of this catalyst class while charting the landmark discoveries and applications that have further expanded the synthetic potential of aminocatalysis.
Behavioral testing in rodent models of orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain
Authors: Krzyzanowska Agnieszka , Avendaño Carlos 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOrofacial pain conditions are often very debilitating to the patient and difficult to treat. While clinical interest is high, the proportion of studies performed in the orofacial region in laboratory animals is relatively low, compared with other body regions. This is partly due to difficulties in testing freely moving animals and therefore lack of reliable testing methods. Here we present a comprehensive review of the currently used rodent models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain adapted to the orofacial areas, taking into account the difficulties and drawbacks of the existing approaches. We examine the available testing methods and procedures used for assessing the behavioral responses in the face in both mice and rats and provide a summary of some pharmacological agents used in these paradigms to date. The use of these agents in animal models is also compared with outcomes observed in the clinic.
Ionic Nanoparticle Networks as Solid State Catalysts
Authors: Roeser Jérôme , Kronstein Martin , Litschauer Marco , Thomas Arne , Neouze Marie‐Alexandra 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe report on the catalytic activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 to cyclic organic carbonates of recently developed ionic nanoparticle networks (INN). The combination of high imidazolium content and ability to coordinate to CO2 molecules within the 3D network makes the hybrid INN materials highly promising heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 activation reactions. The catalytic activity of INN powders and gels was investigated with various starting epoxides. Quantitative conversion was reached with epichlorohydrin. The influence of mono or bis(imidazolium) bridging ligands and methylation at the C2 position in the aromatic ring of the organic cation could be highlighted by evaluation of the activity with the less reactive propylene oxide as the starting epoxide. Finally, the influence of the type of inorganic nanoparticle support was also studied by preparing heterobimetallic silica‐zinc oxide nanoparticle networks. Promising results were obtained with various epoxides. Conversion or selectivity up to 100 % could be obtained. The catalyst could be reused owing to the good thermal stability of the hybrid inorganic‐organic INN. After four reaction runs the catalyst still proved to be active.
Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill
Authors: Wang Jian‐Rong , Kurtán Tibor , Mándi Attila , Guo Yue‐Wei 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA varierty of previously unreported compounds, the cagelike hexacyclic schicagenin‐type nortriterpenoid 1, three pre‐schisanartane‐type nortriterpenoids 2–4, seven C29 nortriterpenoids 5–11 possessing an uncommon pentacyclic carbon skeleton characterized by a 5/5/7/7/5 fused‐ring motif bearing a C9 side chain, two highly oxygenated C28 nortriterpenoids 12 and 13 containing an unprecedented 5/5/7 ring nucleus bearing a C15 side chain, and the known C29 nortriterpenoid 14 were isolated from the leaves and stems of the Chinese medicinal plant Schisandra chinensis. The structures of these new metabolites were elucidated by means of detailed spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 4 and 5 were determined by time‐dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT ECD) calculations, allowing the assignment of the absolute configurations of analogous compounds 1–3 and 6–13.
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐1,3‐Dimethyltetrahydroisoquinolines: Formal Synthesis of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Subrizi Fabiana , Elias Viviane , Llor Núria , Molins Elies , Bosch Joan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA synthetic route to enantiopure cis‐1,3‐dimethyltetrahydroisoquinolines, synthetic precursors of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, has been developed. The synthesis relies on the use of a phenylglycinol‐derived lactam as the starting enantiopure scaffold. After stereoselective opening of the oxazolidine ring, the C‐3 methyl substituent was installed, taking advantage of the lactam carbonyl group by stereoselective hydrogenation of an α‐methylenamide generated via a vinyl triflate.
Evening evapotranspirative cooling in relation to vegetation and urban geometry in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Holmer Björn , Thorsson Sofia , Lindén Jenny 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIntra‐urban cooling in the city of Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso in the Sahel zone of West Africa, was studied during the dry seasons in 2003, 2004 and 2007. The aim was to see how vegetation, built structure and position within the built‐up area influenced the nocturnal cooling. Cooling was divided into two phases. In Phase 1 (16:00 –20:00 hours LST = CET), cooling was very different between the sites while in Phase 2 (20:00 –06:00 hours LST), cooling rates differed insignificantly and the whole area cooled almost at the same rate. Thus the temperature differences between the sites developed during these few hours in Phase 1 were preserved during the rest of the night. In Phase 1, Evening Evapotranspirative Cooling was intensive at vegetated sites that cooled almost twice as fast as sparsely vegetated. This was indicated by a humidity rate (increase of specific humidity per hour) that was high at a vegetated site, but considerably lower at a sparsely vegetated. In Phase 2 the humidity rate was slightly negative with little difference between the sites. After a division in vegetated and sparsely vegetated sites built structure (sky view factor) were shown to influence cooling, but no influence of the position within the built‐up area was traced. Thus, the site‐specific properties dominated cooling, giving large intra‐urban temperature differences. The study also showed the importance of considering a large enough source area to account for micro‐scale advection.