bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lysyl oxidase from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) muscle: detection and partial purification
Authors: Torres‐Arreola Wilfrido , Ezquerra‐Brauer Josafat M. , Figueroa‐Soto Ciria G. , Valenzuela‐Soto Elisa M. , Garcia‐Sanchez Guillermina , Marquez‐Rios Enrique , Pacheco‐Aguilar Ramón 
Published: June 2011

SummaryLysyl oxidase (LOX) was detected and partially purified from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) muscle, for the first time. A procedure for the purification of LOX from jumbo squid muscle which consisted of urea extraction, Sephadex G‐75 and anion exchange chromatography was developed. Activity of partially purified LOX was 390‐fold higher than the original extract. Two protein fractions with 32 and 24 kDa were detected by SDS‐PAGE. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by β‐aminopropionitrile fumarate, a specific LOX inhibitor. LOX was purified with 3.8% yield, showing a specific activity of 0.078 IU mg−1 protein. This knowledge will help understand the behaviour of jumbo squid protein during cool storage or manufacture.
Sterolic composition and triacylglycerols of Oueslati virgin olive oil: comparison among different geographic areas
Authors: Ouni Youssef , Flamini Guido , Youssef Nabil Ben , Guerfel Mokhtar , Zarrouk Mokhtar 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe main triglycerides (TG) identified in the Oueslati virgin olive oil were 1,2,3‐trioleylglycerol (OOO), 2,3‐dioleyl‐1‐palmitoylglycerol (POO) and 2,3‐dioleyl‐1‐linoleylglycerol (LOO) representing more than 80% of the total area of peaks in the chromatogram. Other minor triacylglycerols were 2,3‐dioleyl‐1‐stearoylglycerol (SOO), 2‐oleyl‐3‐palmitoyl‐1‐stearoylglycerol (SOP), 1‐linolenoyl‐2‐oleyl‐3‐palmitoylglycerol (LnOP), 1, 2‐dilinoleyl‐3‐palmitoylglycerol (LLP), 1, 3‐dioleyl‐2‐linolenoylglycerol (OLnO), 1‐linolenoyl‐2‐linoleyl‐3‐oleylglycerol (LnLO) and 1,2,3‐trilinoleylglycerol (LLL). The sterol profile of Tunisian virgin olive oils produced from Oueslati cultivar was established by gas chromatography using a flame ionisation detector (GC‐MS). More than 10 compounds were identified and characterised. As expected for virgin olive oil, the main sterols found in all Oueslati olive oils were β‐sitosterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Cholesterol, 24‐methylenecholesterol, clerosterol, campestanol, sitostanol, Δ7‐stigmastenol, Δ5, 24‐stigmastadienol and Δ7‐avenasterol were also found in all samples, but in lower amounts. Most of these compounds are significantly affected by the geographical origin of the oil. Besides the sterol components, two triterpene dialcohols, erythrodiol and uvaol, were also detected.
Recovery and fractionation of major apple and grape polyphenols from model solutions and crude plant extracts using ion exchange and adsorbent resins
Authors: Kammerer Judith , Schweizer Christian , Carle Reinhold , Kammerer Dietmar R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryModel systems composed of phenolic compounds, amino acids and mixtures thereof mimicking apple pomace and grape skin extracts were used to examine adsorption and ion exchange behaviour of one adsorbent as well as four anion and four cation exchange resins in a column system at pH 1, 5 and 7. Furthermore, apple pomace and grape skin extracts were loaded onto the resins to evaluate the transferability of the results obtained in the model experiments. In addition, different eluents were applied for the successive recovery of phenolic compounds from the resins. The results provide valuable information on highly complex adsorption and exchange systems. The data indicate both enhanced and decreased polyphenol binding rates as a result of amino acid addition depending on the composition of the solutions applied to the resins. The application of appropriate process parameters during adsorption and desorption was shown to allow selective recovery of compound classes or even individual compounds. As the model experiments did not allow complete prediction of polyphenol binding behaviour, further extract compounds not investigated in the present study presumably also interfere with polyphenol recovery. The results help to systematically optimise industrial processes, thus improving cost‐efficiency and selectivity of polyphenol recovery.
Optimisation of formulations and infrared–microwave combination baking conditions of chestnut–rice breads
Authors: Demirkesen Ilkem , Sumnu Gulum , Sahin Serpil , Uysal Nalan 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe main objective of this study was to design gluten‐free breads containing chestnut and rice flour and xanthan–guar gum blend to be baked in infrared–microwave combination oven. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise gluten‐free bread formulations and processing conditions. Weight loss, firmness, specific volume and colour change of the breads were determined. Rice flour mixed with different proportions of chestnut flour and different emulsifier contents were used to prepare breads. The gluten‐free formulations were baked using different upper halogen lamp powers, microwave powers and baking time which were varied from 40% to 80%, 30% to 70% and 9 to 17 min, respectively. Gluten‐free breads and wheat breads baked in conventional oven were used for comparison. Breads containing 46.5% chestnut flour and 0.62% emulsifier and baked using 40% infrared and 30% microwave power for 9 min had statistically comparable quality with conventionally baked ones.
Microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium bifidum F‐35 in reinforced alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification/internal gelation
Authors: Zou Qiang , Zhao Jianxin , Liu Xiaoming , Tian Fengwei , Zhang He‐ping , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAlginate microspheres containing Bifidobacterium bifidum F‐35 prepared by emulsification/internal gelation were reinforced by blending with pectin or starch or coating with chitosan or poly‐L‐lysine to provide extra protection for the strain. The influence of these treatments on the size of microspheres, encapsulation yield (EY) and protective effect of microencapsulation on the cells was studied. No difference was detected in EY with different types of reinforcement, which was approximately 43–50%. The mean diameter of reinforced alginate microspheres ranged from 117 to 178 μm, reaching a maximum value when starch was incorporated in the alginate matrix. It was observed that the protective effects varied with the type of reinforcement. However, chitosan‐coated alginate microspheres provided the best protection for microencapsulated cells in simulated gastrointestinal tract and during 1 month of storage at 4 °C, and this system could be the comparatively effective vector of bifidobacteria for intestinal delivery.
Plant diversity partitioning in grazed Mediterranean grassland at multiple spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Golodets Carly , Kigel Jaime , Sternberg Marcelo 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Grazing by large ungulates may affect plant species richness and diversity at multiple spatial and/or temporal scales, because grazing affects small‐scale resource heterogeneity and plant interactions at the local scale, while effects at the landscape scale are related to grazing intensity and timing.2. We used diversity partitioning to analyse long‐ and short‐term effects of cattle grazing on plant species richness and diversity in an experimental spatial hierarchy in Mediterranean annual grassland. Short‐term changes during secondary succession in grazed plots (2003–2005) at two grazing intensities (heavy and moderate) were analysed and compared with long‐term protected vegetation. We applied Hill’s q‐diversity metrics at q = 0 (species richness) and q = 2 (reciprocal Simpson diversity) to examine the partitioning of species richness and diversity between their alpha (α) and beta (β) components in the different treatments at four spatial scales: quadrats, within exclosures, within plots, within treatments.3. At q = 0, α‐diversity was always significantly lower, and β‐diversity significantly higher, than predicted by the randomised null model. Diversity partitioning at q = 2 showed a similar trend at the quadrat scale. At the exclosure scale, partitioning exhibited a similar trend during the first 2 years of secondary succession but did not deviate from the null model in the third year, as observed in protected vegetation in all years.4. At q = 0, diversity decreased across all treatments in the short term. At q = 2, diversity was initially higher in grazed plots than in protected vegetation; α and β components both decreased during secondary succession, to the levels observed in the protected vegetation.5. Synthesis and applications.. Lower dominance in grazed vegetation indicates that grazing affects competitive exclusion at the local, small scale and accentuates natural heterogeneity (e.g. patchiness of soil resources, presence of rocks in the landscape) at a larger scale. The results of this study emphasise the importance of grazing as a management tool for maintaining plant diversity at multiple scales. This is a major concern worldwide, as the area covered by natural ecosystems continues to dwindle, necessitating management of grasslands for multiple functions such as animal production, resource protection and wildlife enhancement.
Theatrical entertainments and kind words: nursing the insane in Western North Carolina, 1882–1907
Authors: STREETER C. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
At the end of the 19th century, US asylum superintendents viewed psychiatric nursing education among the most important needs at state and private hospitals. Well‐trained nurses were critical to successful implementation of moral therapy, the predominant therapeutic approach of the time.
Dr Patrick Murphy, superintendent of the State Hospital at Morganton (a rural western North Carolina town), began a nurse training school in 1895. The school trained a corps of nurses who were the first in their families to enter a work in health care, nearly all of their fathers were farmers and their mothers kept house.
The nurses at the State Hospital at Morganton played a key role in shaping the public image about asylum care. They not only treated patients at the hospital, but also worked as private nurses in the community and as ‘nerve’ nurses at boarding homes and resort towns nearby. These nurses demonstrated laudable achievements, and were hired by other asylum superintendents who were struggling to implement nursing reforms in their hospitals.
AbstractThis paper argues that at the turn of the 19th century, nurses at the State Hospital in Morganton, North Carolina (now called Broughton Hospital) played critical roles in successfully implementing the best‐known therapeutic methods of the time. They were also instrumental in developing the hospital's visibility and acceptance in rural western North Carolina. When the Hospital established its first nurse training school in 1895, this corps of first‐generation western North Carolinians practising institutional nursing was highly esteemed in their field. Their skills not only served the community outside of the Hospital's walls, but were also sought out by other private and state asylums.
New natural host plants of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ in Poland and the Czech Republic
Authors: Kamińska M. , Berniak H. , Obdrzalek J. 
Published: June 2011

The presence of phytoplasmas in seven coniferous plant species (Abies procera, Pinus banksiana, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis and Tsuga canadensis) was demonstrated using nested PCR with the primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. The phytoplasmas were detected in pine trees with witches’ broom symptoms growing in natural forest ecosystems and also in plants propagated from witches’ brooms. Identification of phytoplasmas was done using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of the 16S rDNA gene fragment with AluI, MseI and RsaI endonucleases. All samples showed RFLP patterns similar to the theoretical pattern of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, based on the sequence of the reference isolate Pin127S. Nested PCR‐amplified products, obtained with primers R16F2n/R16R2, were sequenced. Comparison of the 16S rDNAs obtained revealed high (99·8–100%) nucleotide sequence identity between the phytoplasma isolates. The isolates were also closely related to four other phytoplasma isolates found in pine trees previously. Based on the results of RFLP and sequence analyses, the phytoplasma isolates tested were classified as members of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, group 16SrXXI.
Expression of Interleukin‐22 in Sjögren’s Syndrome: Significant Correlation with Disease Parameters
Authors: Lavoie T. N. , Stewart C. M. , Berg K. M. , Li Y. , Nguyen C. Q. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease targeting the exocrine glands resulting in xerostomia/keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Presently, we examined the levels and clinical correlations of IL‐22 in SS. Patients with SS together with normal controls were randomly selected. IL‐22 was detected at significantly higher levels in sera of patients with SS. The levels of IL‐22 present in sera showed statistically significant direct correlations with hyposalivation, anti‐SSB, anti‐SSA/SSB combined, hypergammaglobulinemia and rheumatoid factor. IL‐22 showed a direct correlation with major clinical parameters. The data suggest that IL‐22 plays a critical role in the development of SS, and further study is needed to examine its function in human SS.
Pattern of Pre‐existing IgG Subclass Responses to a Panel of Asexual Stage Malaria Antigens Reported During the Lengthy Dry Season in Daraweesh, Sudan
Authors: Nasr A. , Iriemenam N. C. , Troye‐Blomberg M. , Arnot D. , Theander T. G. , Berzins K. , Giha H. A. , ElGhazali G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe anti‐malarial IgG immune response during the lengthy and dry season in areas of low malaria transmission as in Eastern Sudan is largely unknown. In this study, ELISA was used for the measurement of pre‐existing total IgG and IgG subclasses to a panel of malaria antigens, MSP2‐3D7, MSP2‐FC27, AMA‐1 and Pf332‐C231. The results showed that the antibody responses were predominantly age dependent, antigen specific, and their lifespan was at least 5–6 month long. Generally, the IgG3 was most abundant IgG subclass, and the most recognized antigen was Pf332‐C231. Furthermore, the correlation between the levels of IgG subclasses was strongest between IgG1 and IgG3, which were more predictive to the total IgG levels. Finally, the response pattern of each of the IgG subclasses to the different test antigens that were spanning the dry season and the correlation between these responses were described in details for the first time.
Novel IFNγ ELISPOT Assay for Detection of Functional Carcinoembryonic Antigen‐Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor‐Redirected T Cells
Authors: Elkord E. , Burt D. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe here describe the development of a novel ELISPOT assay for the detection and enumeration of IFNγ‐secreting functional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐redirected T cells against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This method is valuable for clinical trials to monitor the presence of functional CEA‐specific T cells transduced with a CAR. The same principle should be applicable for the detection of functional CAR‐redirected T cells against any other tumour‐associated antigens by immobilizing a particular biotinylated antigen to streptavidin‐coated beads.
Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization Induces Cell Death in Human Mast Cells
Authors: Melo F. R. , Lundequist A. , Calounova G. , Wernersson S. , Pejler G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMast cells (MC) have pathogenic roles in numerous disorders, and strategies that stabilize MC or induce MC apoptosis are therefore emerging as possible therapeutic regimens. A typical feature of MC is their high content of secretory lysosomes (granules), containing numerous components such as biogenic amines, cytokines, serglycin proteoglycan and proteases. Damage to the secretory lysosomes will thus lead to leakage of these compounds, including the proteases, into the cytosol, and this could potentially trigger apoptosis. Here, we evaluated whether MC are sensitive to cell death induced by secretory lysosome destabilization, induced by the lysosomotropic agent Leu‐Leu‐OMe (LLME). Human MC were sensitive to LLME‐induced cell death. In contrast, fibroblasts and HEK‐293 cells were largely resistant. As judged by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, LLME caused apoptotic cell death, and this was supported by induction of caspase‐3‐like activity, detection of activated caspase‐3 by immunoblot analysis and reduced cell death in the presence of a caspase inhibitor. In support of a role for serglycin in regulating LLME‐induced cell death, the survival rate of various cell types correlated negatively with the level of serglycin expression. In summary, this study introduces the concept of using lysosomotropic agents to induce cell death of human MC.
Type‐A response regulators are required for proper root apical meristem function through post‐transcriptional regulation of PIN auxin efflux carriers
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , To Jennifer P. C. , Cheng Chia‐Yi , Eric Schaller G. , Kieber Joseph J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe phytohormones cytokinin and auxin regulate a diverse array of plant processes, often acting together to modulate growth and development. Although much has been learned with regard to how each of these hormones act individually, we are just beginning to understand how these signals interact to achieve an integrated response. Previous studies indicated that exogenous cytokinin has an effect on the transcription of several PIN efflux carriers. Here we show that disruption of type‐A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs), which are negative regulators of cytokinin signalling, alters the levels of PIN proteins and results in increased sensitivity to N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport. Disruption of eight of the 10 type‐A ARR genes affects root development by altering the size of the apical meristem. Furthermore, we show that the effect of cytokinin on PIN abundance occurs primarily at the post‐transcriptional level. Alterations of PIN levels in the type‐A ARR mutants result in changes in the distribution of auxin in root tips as measured by a DR5::GFP reporter, and an altered pattern of cell division and differentiation in the stem cell niche in the root apical meristem. Together, these data indicate that cytokinin, acting through the type‐A ARRs, alters the level of several PIN efflux carriers, and thus regulates the distribution of auxin within the root tip.
ATG2, an autophagy‐related protein, negatively affects powdery mildew resistance and mildew‐induced cell death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Yiping , Nishimura Marc T. , Zhao Ting , Tang Dingzhong 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe molecular interactions between Arabidopsis and the pathogenic powdery mildew Golovinomyces cichoracearum were studied by characterizing a disease‐resistant Arabidopsis mutant atg2‐2. The atg2‐2 mutant showed enhanced resistance to powdery mildew and dramatic mildew‐induced cell death as well as early senescence phenotypes in the absence of pathogens. Defense‐related genes were constitutively activated in atg2‐2. In atg2‐2 mutants, spontaneous cell death, early senescence and disease resistance required the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, but interestingly, mildew‐induced cell death was not fully suppressed by inactivation of SA signaling. Thus, cell death could be uncoupled from disease resistance, suggesting that cell death is not sufficient for resistance to powdery mildew. ATG2 encodes autophagy‐related 2, a protein known to be involved in the early steps of autophagosome biogenesis. The atg2‐2 mutant exhibited typical autophagy defects in autophagosome formation. Furthermore, mutations in several other ATG genes, including ATG5, ATG7 and ATG10, exhibited similar powdery mildew resistance and mildew‐induced cell death phenotypes. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the role of autophagy in cell death and disease resistance, and may indicate general links between autophagy, senescence, programmed cell death and defense responses in plants.
Exome sequencing of two patients in a family with atypical X‐linked leukodystrophy
Authors: Tsurusaki Y , Okamoto N , Suzuki Y , Doi H , Saitsu H , Miyake N , Matsumoto N 
Published: June 2011

Tsurusaki Y, Okamoto N, Suzuki Y, Doi H, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. Exome sequencing of two patients in a family with atypical X‐linked leukodystrophy.We encountered a family with two boys similarly showing brain atrophy with reduced white matter, hypoplasia of the brain stem and corpus callosum, spastic paralysis, and severe growth and mental retardation without speaking a word. The phenotype of these patients was not compatible with any known type of syndromic leukodystrophy. Presuming an X‐linked disorder, we performed next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of the transcripts of the entire X chromosome. A single lane of exome NGS in each patient was sufficient. Six potential mutations were found in both affected boys. Two missense mutations, including c.92T>C (p.V31A) in L1CAM, were potentially pathogenic, but this remained inconclusive. The other four could be excluded. Because the patients did not show adducted thumbs or hydrocephalus, the L1CAM change in this family can be interpreted as different scenarios. Personal genome analysis using NGS is certainly powerful, but interpretation of the data can be a substantial challenge requiring a lot of tasks.
A nasally applied cellulose powder in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in children and adolescents; reduction of symptoms and relation to pollen load
Authors: Åberg Nils , Dahl Å. , Benson M. 
Published: June 2011

Åberg N, Dahl Å, Benson M. A nasally applied cellulose powder in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in children and adolescents; reduction of symptoms and relation to pollen load. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 594–599.AbstractBackground:  A nasally applied cellulose powder is increasingly used in many countries as a remedy for allergic rhinitis. The absence of side effects makes the treatment particularly attractive in children. The efficacy in pollen allergic children, however, is not studied, nor is the relation to various pollen exposures.Methods:  During the birch pollen season in 2009, a double blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted in 53 subjects, aged 8–18 yr, with allergic rhinitis attributed to birch pollen. All children were on daily oral antihistamine. Reminders and reporting of symptom scores were made by SMS on mobile phones. Pollen was collected in a volumetric trap from which figures of pollen concentrations from 1979 to 2009 were available.Results:  There was a significant reduction in total symptom scores from the nose (Placebo 7.29, Active 6.07, p = 0.033) and specifically for running nose (Placebo 2.56, Active 2.03, p = 0.017). All symptoms from the nose, eyes and lower airways were lower in the active group but reached significance only as earlier. The best effect was seen after days with low or moderate pollen counts (≤100/m3), the predominating pollen load over 31 yr in the area. No clinically significant adverse effects were seen.Conclusions:  The product reduces symptoms of SAR in children and adolescents. Original data on pollen concentrations over 31 yr are presented with levels mainly in the low range favouring the observed efficacy profile. SMS communication on mobile phone for reminders and recording symptom scores was an excellent logistics tool.