bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Inertia and the Benefits of Entry
Authors: Bacchiega Emanuele , Garella Paolo G. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We study the effects of entry on price in an industry. This assessment is usually carried out under the implicit assumption of “technological inertia”: incumbents cannot change their technologies in response to entry. We remove this assumption by modeling a game where, before quantity competition, firms choose technologies. We identify parameter configurations where, after entry, the incumbent(s) changes technology. This leads either to a higher price after entry or to a “dampening effect” on price reduction. This effect is shown to be relevant when evaluating the welfare gains from measures intended to foster competition by increasing the number of competitors. The converse proposition could be stated for evaluating the social costs of mergers.
The Intergovernmental Politics of Internet Sales Taxation in the United States
Authors: Herian Mitchel Norman 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the moratorium on Internet sales taxation in the U.S. through perspectives of federalism and intergovernmental relations. First, it provides a brief overview of the literature describing contemporary theories of federalism and intergovernmental relations in the U.S. Second, it describes the efforts of U.S. governors to shape federal policy on the issue with a specific focus on the lobbying efforts of the National Governors Association to repeal the Internet sales tax moratorium. Finally, the paper describes the states' attempts to devise an interstate compact designed to streamline state tax policy across the states with the goal of developing a mechanism to allow states to collect Internet sales taxes outside the purview of Congressional control. Arguing that the relatively recent development of e‐commerce and the associated politics have allowed a unique relationship between the state and federal governments to emerge, the paper concludes with a discussion of the possible implications for state/federal relations in the area of e‐commerce in the future.
The Anatomy of a Brand: Shaping Nuclear Discourse to Create the Perception of a “Clean World”
Authors: Eyles John , Fried Jana 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe examine how over the past 25 years the Canadian nuclear industry has used various strategies to diminish or remove perceptions of any environmental health risks that emanate from its practice and activities. Using both industry and critical website materials, we demonstrate how the industry “removes” risk by emphasizing its own safety culture in a complex process, its green credentials, its role in producing local energy options, and the scientific ignorance of its critics, the suppression of opposing views, and a narrow risk assessment approach to potential environmental and health hazards in the marketing of a specific brand. We suggest that the same strategies are being used after the recent Japanese nuclear disaster.
Lactating Women's Perception of the Free Health Care Initiative in Rural Sierra Leone
Authors: M'Cormack Fredanna A. D. , M'Cormack‐Hale Fredline A. O. , Yannessa John F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction: On April 27, 2010 Sierra Leone implemented the Free Health Care Initiative (FHCI) for pregnant women, lactating mothers and children under age five to address high mortality and morbidity. This study examined participant satisfaction with health services before and after the FHCI implementation. Methods: This was a retrospective study that assessed healthcare satisfaction in rural Sierra Leone after the implementation of the FHCI. Participants were interviewed using a structured satisfaction questionnaire about the FHCI. Conclusions: Results find a positive, statistically significant difference in participant satisfaction with ambulance services after the implementation of the FHCI compared to the level of satisfaction prior to the FHCI. Although results indicate a very slight increase in overall satisfaction with healthcare services, and a slight decrease in satisfaction with drug availability after the implementation of FHCI, the results are not statistically significant. Findings also indicate that participants attending emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities were less satisfied with the services provided than those attending the non‐EmOC facility or hospital.
Practical aspects of modern interferometry for optical manufacturing quality control: Part 1
Authors: Smythe Robert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Modern phase shifting interferometers enable the manufacture of optical systems that drive the global economy. Semiconductor chips, solid-state cameras, cell phone cameras, infrared imaging systems, space based satellite imaging and DVD and Blu-Ray disks are all enabled by phase shifting interferometers. Theoretical treatments of data analysis and instrument design advance the technology but often are not helpful towards the practical use of interferometers. An understanding of the parameters that drive system performance is critical to produce useful results. Any interferometer will produce a data map and results; this paper reviews some of the key issues to minimize error sources in that data and provide a valid measurement.
A Lie algebraic approach to Ricci flow invariant curvature conditions and Harnack inequalities
Authors: Wilking Burkhard 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We consider a subset S of the complex Lie algebra 𝔰𝔬﻿(n, ℂ) and the cone C﻿(S) of curvature operators which are nonnegative on S. We show that C﻿(S) defines a Ricci flow invariant curvature condition if S is invariant under AdSO﻿(n, ℂ). The analogue for Kähler curvature operators holds as well. Although the proof is very simple and short, it recovers all previously known invariant nonnegativity conditions. As an application we reprove that a compact Kähler manifold with positive orthogonal bisectional curvature evolves to a manifold with positive bisectional curvature and is thus biholomorphic to ℂℙn. Moreover, the methods can also be applied to prove Harnack inequalities.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor system
Authors: Barouki Robert , Aggerbeck Martine , Aggerbeck Lawrence , Coumoul Xavier 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) recognizes a large number of xenobiotics, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins, and it activates several metabolic and detoxification pathways. Recent evidence suggests that this receptor also has important endogenous functions subsequent to activation by natural dietary compounds and/or endogenous metabolites. This receptor, thus, has physiological functions that extend beyond specific instances of detoxification. Understanding the roles played by this receptor might be enhanced by a systems biology approach. Indeed, the AhR “ligandome” is very complex and the different classes of ligands involved could induce widely diverse effects. The protein “interactome” of the AhR comprises several tens of proteins and it is altered by the binding of ligands to the receptor. Furthermore, large-scale studies have shown cell and tissue-specific patterns of regulated gene expression which may depend upon the type of ligand, although these aspects need further substantiation. Finally, the AhR biological effects are extensive and include detoxification, cellular proliferation and migration, immune regulation and neuronal effects. A holistic approach should provide a better understanding of the biology of this receptor in addition to providing new avenues for the identification of specific toxicity mechanisms.
Herb-drug interactions with Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza): a review on the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Zhou Xuelin , Chan Kelvin , Yeung John H.K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Danshen, the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a widely used medicinal plant for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China and a complementary medicine in the West. Danshen is indexed in the 2010 Chinese
Pharmacopoeia, with more than 35 formulations and concoctions containing Danshen water-extracts, ethanolic extracts or their combination, which are rich in phenolic acids and different levels of tanshinones. There are rare reports on the adverse effects of Danshen preparations. It is, however, well-known that Danshen leads the anticoagulation failure of warfarin. The Danshen-warfarin interaction may be mediated via both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. This review does not summarize recent progress, but the effects of Danshen and its active ingredients on the interactions of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and drug transporters, as well as the analysis of ingredients, and the metabolism and pharmacokinetics that are related to these interactions. Tanshinones play significant roles in the inhibition and induction of several CYP450 isozymes. It can be concluded that precautions should be taken when using Danshen preparations rich in tanshinones for CYP-related herb-drug interactions.
Characterisation of moisture-dependent plasticity of beech wood and its application to a multi-surface plasticity model
Authors: Hering Stefan , Saft Susanne , Resch Eckart , Niemz Peter , Kaliske Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The moisture-dependent stress-strain behaviour of European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) has been determined under compression, analytically described for the radial and tangential direction using a modified Ramberg-Osgood approach and realized numerically by a multi-surface plasticity model. The conspicuous decrease of the stress-strain characteristic perpendicular to the grain with increasing moisture content is similar to the behaviour of the presented ultimate strength values in the longitudinal direction. Based on input parameters previously quantified by means of an inverse finite element analysis, the simulation of a crosswise laminated two-layer arrangement during moistening was carried out. A distinct development of plastified regions can be observed due to the resulting swelling stresses.
At the cutting edge: applications and perspectives of laser nanosurgery in cell biology
Authors: Ronchi Paolo , Terjung Stefan , Pepperkok Rainer 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Laser-mediated nanosurgery has become popular in the last decade because of the previously unexplored possibility of ablating biological material inside living cells with sub-micrometer precision. A number of publications have shown the potential applications of this technique, ranging from the dissection of sub-cellular structures to surgical ablations of whole cells or tissues in model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster or Danio rerio. In parallel, the recent development of micropatterning techniques has given cell biologists the possibility to shape cells and reproducibly organize the intracellular space. The integration of these two techniques has only recently started yet their combination has proven to be very interesting. The aim of this review is to present recent applications of laser nanosurgery in cell biology and to discuss the possible developments of this approach, particularly in combination with micropattern-mediated endomembrane organization.
Disorder-function relationships for the cell cycle regulatory proteins p21 and p27
Authors: Mitrea Diana M. , Yoon Mi-Kyung , Ou Li , Kriwacki Richard W. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The classic structure-function paradigm has been challenged by a recently identified class of proteins: intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Despite their lack of stable secondary or tertiary structure, IDPs are prevalent in all forms of life and perform myriad cellular functions, including signaling and regulation. Importantly, disruption of IDP homeostasis is associated with numerous human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Despite wide recognition of IDPs, the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions are not fully understood. Here we review the structural features and disorder-function relationships for p21 and p27, two cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) regulators involved in controlling cell division and fate. Studies of p21 bound to Cdk2/cyclin A revealed that a helix stretching mechanism mediates binding promiscuity. Further, investigations of Tyr88-phosphorylated p27 identified a signaling conduit that controls cell division and is disrupted in certain cancers. These mechanisms rely upon a balance between nascent structure in the free state, induced folding upon binding, and persistent flexibility within functional complexes. Although these disorder-function relationships are likely to be recapitulated in other IDPs, it is also likely that the vocabulary of their mechanisms is much more extensive than is currently understood. Further study of the physical properties of IDPs and elucidation of their links with function are needed to fully understand the mechanistic language of IDPs.
Sinnvolle Diagnostik bei Besonderheiten der Geschlechtsentwicklung/Reasonable diagnostic pathways in disorders of sex development
Authors: Hiort Olaf 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Besonderheiten der Geschlechtsentwicklung beschreiben eine sehr heterogene Gruppe angeborener Abweichungen der geschlechtlichen Determinierung und Differenzierung, die auch als „Disorders of Sex Development“ oder DSD bezeichnet werden. Hierzu gehören sowohl chromosomale als auch monogen vererbte Störungen, die entweder primär genetisch oder aber hormonell zu einer Abweichung der normalen Geschlechtsentwicklung führen. Laboruntersuchungen können einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur exakten Diagnosestellung leisten. Dabei ist unbedingt auf besondere Bestimmungsmethoden mit ihren zugehörigen alters- und geschlechtsbezogenen Referenzintervallen zu achten. Daher sollte die Beurteilung in einem spezialisierten Zentrum im Kontext mit den klinischen und bildgebenden Befunden erfolgen. Weiterführend sind dann zielgerichtet molekulargenetische Untersuchungen möglich. Bei einem Großteil der Fälle ist heute noch keine genaue kausale Zuordnung möglich. Deshalb ist sowohl zur Diagnosestellung als auch zur Entscheidungsfindung und damit letztendlich für therapeutische Überlegungen ein hochspezialisiertes Team aus Ärzten verschiedenster Fachrichtungen sowie psychosozialen Experten notwendig, um die Eltern und Betroffenen beraten zu können.
Experimental validation of image contrast correlation between ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering and grating-based dark-field imaging using a laser-driven compact X-ray source
Authors: Bech Martin , Schleede Simone , Potdevin Guillaume , Achterhold Klaus , Bunk Oliver , Jensen Torben H. , Loewen Rod , Ruth Ron , Pfeiffer Franz 
Published: March 2012

AbstractX-ray phase and dark-field contrast have recently been the source of much attention in the field of X-ray imaging, as they both contribute new imaging signals based on physical principles that differ from conventional X-ray imaging. With a so-called Talbot grating interferometer, both phase-contrast and dark-field images are obtained simultaneously with the conventional attenuation-based X-ray image, providing three complementary image modalities that are intrinsically registered. Whereas the physical contrast mechanisms behind attenuation and phase contrast are well understood, a formalism to describe the dark-field signal is still in progress. In this article, we report on correlative experimental results obtained with a grating interferometer and with small-angle X-ray scattering. Furthermore, we use a proposed model to quantitatively describe the results, which could be of great importance for future clinical and biomedical applications of grating-based X-ray imaging.
Synthesis of well-defined clay encapsulated poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) nanocomposite latexes via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization in miniemulsion
Authors: Khezri Khezrollah , Haddadi-Asl Vahid , Roghani-Mamaqani Hossein , Salami-Kalajahi Mehdi 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Well-defined poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) nanocomposite latexes were synthesized via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) in miniemulsion. Successful RATRP was carried out by using a hydrophobic ligand of 4,4’-dinonyl-2,2’-bipyridine (dNbpy) and a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show that droplets and particles with sizes in the range of about 170 nm were formed. Overall, conversion and molecular weight evaluation were performed by using gravimetry and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), respectively. Increasing nanoclay loading resulted in an increase in the conversion and molecular weight of the nanocomposites. However, polydispersity index (PDI) values increased by adding nanoclay content. Thermal stability of all the nanocomposites improved in comparison with the neat copolymer, according to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by increasing nanoclay content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the nanocomposite with 1 wt% of nanoclay showed a monodisperse distribution of spherical particles, with sizes in the range of approximately 170 nm, as confirmed by the DLS data. Similarly, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that clay layers are delaminated and well dispersed in the matrix of nanocomposite with 1 wt% clay content.
Superstructural nanodomains of ordered carbon vacancies in nonstoichiometric ZrC0.61
Authors: Hu Wentao , Xiang Jianyong , Zhang Yang , Liu Shaocun , Chen Cankun , Wang Peng , Wang Haitao , Wen Fusheng , Xu Bo , He Julong , Yu Dongli , Tian Yongjun , Liu Zhongyuan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Materials for deep blue organic light emitting devices with ultra high thermal stability and charge mobility
Authors: Kwon Soonnam , Wee Kyung R. , Kang Sang O. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe development of materials with high stability and high charge mobility is urgent for commercial application of blue phosphorescent organic light emitting devices (PHOLED). Silicon based inorganic-organic hybrid materials with ultra high glass transition temperature (over 150 °C) and high charge mobility (over 1.16 x 10-3 at 5 x 105 V/cm) were synthesized. These showed high external quantum efficiency of over 19%, and deep blue color coordinates of (0.15, 0.23), when they were used as a host materials in the PHOLED.The origin of the above interesting properties was investigated by experimental measurements complemented by DFT calculations. Estimations of the structure-property relationship of a molecule in an amorphous thin film would be presented
Effects of Substituted Side Chains on the Optical and Electrical Properties of D-A Conjugated Copolymers
Authors: Cho Shinuk , Lee Sangkyu , Tong Minghong , Seo Jung Hwa , Heeger Alan J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of substitute side chain were investigated using donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated copolymers consisting of a cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) derivative and dithienyl-benzothiadiazole (DTBT). The intrinsic properties of the copolymers were significantly altered by perturbations of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The absorption of PCPDT-ttOTBTOT (P2), which assumed a tail-tail configuration, tended to blue-shift relative to the absorption of PCPDT-TBTT (P1). The absorption of PCPDT-hhOTBTOT (P3), which assumed a head-head configuration, was blue-shifted relative to that of P2. The electrical transport properties of field-effect transistors (FETs) were sensitive to the side chain position. The field-effect mobility in P2 (μ2=1.8×10–3 cm2/V·s) was slightly lower that in P1 (μ1=4.9×10–3 cm2/V·s). The mobility of P3, however, was very low (μ3=3.8×10–6 cm2/V·s). Photoexcitation spectroscopy showed that the charge generation efficiency (shown in transient absorption spectra) and polaron pair mobility in P1 and P2 were higher than in P3, yielding P1 and P2 device performances that were better than the performance of devices based on P3.
Evaluating the Potential for Differential Susceptibility of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Haplotypes I and M to Aquatic Herbicides
Authors: Cheshier Joshua C. , Madsen John D. , Wersal Ryan M. , Gerard Patrick D. , Welch Mark E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCommon reed (Phragmites australis) is an invasive perennial grass in aquatic and riparian environments across the United States, forming monotypic stands that displace native vegetation that provides food and cover for wildlife. Genetic variation in global populations of common reed has given rise to two invasive haplotypes, I and M, in the United States. Our objectives were to (1) determine if any differences in herbicide efficacy exist with respect to common reed haplotypes I and M and (2) screen for other labeled aquatic herbicides that may have activity on common reed haplotypes I and M, most notably imazamox and diquat. A replicated outdoor mesocosm study was conducted in 1,136-L (300-gal) tanks using haplotypes I and M of common reed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism methodologies were used to verify the identification of I and M haplotypes used in this study. Diquat at 2.2 (1.9) and 4.5 (4.0) kg ai ha−1 (lb ai ac−1), glyphosate at 2.1 (1.8) and 4.2 (3.7) kg ae ha−1 (lb ae ac−1), imazamox at 0.6 (0.5) and 1.1 (0.9) kg ai ha−1 (lb ai ac−1), imazapyr at 0.8 (0.7) and 1.7 (1.5) kg ai ha−1 (lb ai ac−1), and triclopyr at 3.4 (3.0) and 6.7 (5.9) kg ae ha−1 (lb ae ac−1) were applied to the foliage of common reed. After 12 wk, no difference (P = 0.28) in herbicide tolerance was seen between the two haplotypes with respect to biomass. The 4.2-kg ae ha−1 rate of glyphosate and the 0.8- and 1.7 kg ai ha−1 rates of imazapyr reduced common reed by > 90% at 12 wk after treatment (WAT). Imazamox at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai ha−1, and triclopyr at 3.4 and 6.7 kg ae ha−1 reduced common reed biomass (62–86%) at 12 WAT, though regrowth occurred. Diquat did not significantly reduce biomass by 12 wk. Glyphosate and imazapyr were the only herbicides that resulted in > 90% biomass reduction and corroborate control from previous studies.
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Solvent/Heavy Crude Systems: In Situ Upgrading and Measurements of Physical Properties
Authors: Nourozieh Hossein , Kariznovi Mohammad , Abedi Jalal 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
World production of heavy and extra heavy oils has increased as the production of conventional crudes declines. However, conventional oil recovery methods cannot effectively recover heavy oils due to their high viscosities. Different techniques for the recovery of these resources, such as enhanced solvent-steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (ES-SAGD), have been patented. The performance of these methods depends on the amount of solvent dissolved in the oil and its phase behavior properties.
Solvent-based recovery processes have lower green house gas emissions and can also contribute to in-situ upgrading of oil. The oil upgrading can be achieved either by the deasphalting or partitioning of the oil mixtures into two liquid phases in which higher grades of oil than the original oil produced. Experimental data on the phase behavior is needed to determine the operating conditions that cause the liquid-liquid system or in situ upgrading.
In the present study, the in situ upgrading of heavy oil using propane was experimentally determined at different temperatures and pressures. The effect of the solvent-to-oil ratio on equilibrium compositions and saturated phase properties were measured. The distributions of different components in both phases were observed with simulated distillation (SimDis) analysis. The amount and type of components that was extracted by propane has been investigated.
The experimental results showed that propane/oil mixtures partitions into a solvent and asphaltene-enriched phases at specific conditions. The SimDis data demonstrated that the oil was upgraded by the separation of the heavier constitutes with the light components extracted by the propane into a solvent-enriched phase. Recovery processes can, therefore, be designed in such a way that the valuable components are extracted from the heavy crude at specific in situ conditions, to produce higher grades of oil than original heavy oil.