bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plenary Perspective: The complexity of constitutive and inducible gene expression in mononuclear phagocytes
Authors: Hume David A 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
2011 SLB Bonazinga Award Winner: Perspective on the impact of genome-scale technologies on our understanding of macrophage biology, and the evolution of innate immune cell function.
Monocytes and macrophages differentiate from progenitor cells under the influence of colony-stimulating factors. Genome-scale data have enabled the identification of the set of genes that distinguishes macrophages from other cell types and the ways in which thousands of genes are regulated in response to pathogen challenge. Although there has been a focus on a small subset of lineage-enriched transcription factors, such as PU.1, more than one-half of the transcription factors in the genome can be expressed in macrophage lineage cells under some state of activation, and they interact in a complex network. The network architecture is conserved across species, but many of the target genes evolve rapidly and differ between mouse and human. The data and publication deluge related to macrophage biology require the development of new analytical tools and ways of presenting information in an accessible form. The website http://www.macrophages.com is a community website that partly fills this niche.
Proteomic analysis of multiple primary cilia reveals a novel mode of ciliary development in mammals
Authors: Narita Keishi , Kozuka-Hata Hiroko , Nonami Yuta , Ao-Kondo Hiroko , Suzuki Toshimitsu , Nakamura Hideki , Yamakawa Kazuhiro , Oyama Masaaki , Inoue Takafumi , Takeda Sen 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Cilia are structurally and functionally diverse organelles, whose malfunction leads to ciliopathies. While recent studies have uncovered common ciliary transport mechanisms, limited information is available on the proteome of cilia, particularly that of sensory subtypes, which could provide insight into their functional and developmental diversities. In the present study, we performed proteomic analysis of unique, multiple 9+0 cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). The analysis of juvenile swine CPEC cilia identified 868 proteins. Among them, 396 were shared with the proteome of 9+0 photoreceptor cilia (outer segment), whereas only 152 were shared with the proteome of 9+2 cilia and flagella. Various signaling molecules were enriched in a CPEC-specific ciliome subset, implicating multiplicity of sensory functions. The ciliome also included molecules for ciliary motility such as Rsph9. In CPECs from juvenile swine or adult mouse, Rsph9 was localized to a subpopulation of cilia, whereas they were non-motile. Live imaging of mouse choroid plexus revealed that neonatal CPEC cilia could beat vigorously, and the motility waned and was lost within 1–2 weeks. The beating characteristics of neonatal CPEC cilia were variable and different from those of typical 9+2 cilia of ependyma, yet an Efhc1-mediated mechanism to regulate the beating frequency was shared in both types of cilia. Notably, ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of not only 9+0 but also 9+2 and atypical ciliary subtypes in neonatal CPEC. Overall, these results identified both conserved and variable components of sensory cilia, and demonstrated a novel mode of ciliary development in mammals.
Calsyntenin-1 shelters APP from proteolytic processing during anterograde axonal transport
Authors: Steuble Martin , Diep Tu-My , Schätzle Philipp , Ludwig Alexander , Tagaya Mitsuo , Kunz Beat , Sonderegger Peter 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Endocytosis of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is thought to represent the major source of substrate for the production of the amyloidogenic Aβ peptide by the β-secretase BACE1. The irreversible nature of proteolytic cleavage implies the existence of an efficient replenishment route for APP from its sites of synthesis to the cell surface. We recently found that APP exits the trans-Golgi network in intimate association with calsyntenin-1, a transmembrane cargo-docking protein for Kinesin-1-mediated vesicular transport. Here we characterized the function of calsyntenin-1 in neuronal APP transport using selective immunoisolation of intracellular trafficking organelles, immunocytochemistry, live-imaging, and RNAi. We found that APP is co-transported with calsyntenin-1 along axons to early endosomes in the central region of growth cones in carriers that exclude the α-secretase ADAM10. Intriguingly, calsyntenin-1/APP organelles contained BACE1, suggesting premature cleavage of APP along its anterograde path. However, we found that APP contained in calsyntenin-1/APP organelles was stable. We further analyzed vesicular trafficking of APP in cultured hippocampal neurons, in which calsyntenin-1 was reduced by RNAi. We found a markedly increased co-localization of APP and ADAM10 in axons and growth cones, along with increased proteolytic processing of APP and Aβ secretion in these neurons. This suggested that the reduced capacity for calsyntenin-1-dependent APP transport resulted in mis-sorting of APP into additional axonal carriers and, therefore, the premature encounter of unprotected APP with its ectodomain proteases. In combination, our results characterize calsyntenin-1/APP organelles as carriers for sheltered anterograde axonal transport of APP.
A Sulfonated Polyaramide: Stir-induced Chirality in Its Aqueous Solution
Authors: Okano Kunihiko , Machida Kanami , Yamashita Takashi 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We demonstrated that aqueous solutions containing a sulfonated polyaramide exhibited stir-induced chirality detected by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. This phenomenon can be visualized as dynamics of supramolecular structure comprising hydrogen-bonded polyaramides. We further show that the sign of the CD response can be tuned using vortex direction, stirring-rate, and concentration.
Starting at the end: telomeres and telomerase in arthropods
Authors: Mandrioli Mauro , Monti Valentina , Manicardi Gian Carlo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTelomere composition and structure have been studied in several arthropods allowing us to better understand the evolution of such an important portion of the eukaryotic chromosomes. Genes coding for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) have been sequenced and studied in few arthropod species only, where they resulted highly transcribed also in somatic tissues suggesting a different TERT regulation in respect to vertebrates. Contrary to the strict conservation of telomeres, subtelomeric regions were more polymorphic and heterogeneous in composition and frequently contained retrotransposable elements that strongly influenced subtelomere evolution.
Effect of grain angle on shear strength of Douglas-fir wood
Authors: Gupta Rakesh , Sinha Arijit 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The effect of grain angle (GA) on shear strength of Douglas-fir has been evaluated. Shear block specimens with a GA varying from 0 to 90° was loaded in the shear plane, resulting in failure mode transitioning from parallel to grain shear to rolling shear. As expected, shear strength decreased as the GA increased from 0° to 90°. A root-mean-square equation was found to be suitable to predict the relationship between GA and shear strength. Traditional Hankinson formula and the Tsai-Wu criteria were less effective with this regard.
Antioxidant activity of fractions from Quercus sideroxyla bark and identification of proanthocyanidins by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS
Authors: Rosales-Castro Martha , González-Laredo Rubén Francisco , Rocha-Guzmán Nuria Elizabeth , Gallegos-Infante José Alberto , Rivas-Arreola María José , Karchesy Joseph J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The most active phenolics in Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. residual bark were identified and evaluated following a chromatographic fractionation. Bark powder was defatted with hexane and crude extract (CE) was obtained by extraction with aqueous acetone (70%). A liquid partition with ethyl acetate was performed to produce an organic extract (OE), which was subsequently purified by column chromatography (Toyopearl HW-40F, methanol), and resulted in six methanolic fractions (MF1 to MF6) and an oligomeric fraction (OLF) eluted with acetone 67%. Extraction yields, total phenolic and flavanol contents were determined. The antioxidant activity of bark extracts was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic-acid)-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Their median effective concentration (EC50) data and rate constants for DPPH radical scavenging were also estimated. Identification of major phenolics was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) instruments. Bioactive gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, catechin gallate, dimeric procyanidins, galloylated dimeric proanthocyanidins, trimeric procyanidins, and tetrameric proanthocyanidins were detected and identified in Q. sideroxyla bark extracts. MF2 was the most active fraction containing gallocatechin as its major compound; MF5 and OLF contain galloylated procyanidins, which may explain their higher antiradical activity. OLF besides galloylated procyanidins has gallocatechin, which presumably contributes to its higher antiradical activity. Consequently, Q. sideroxyla bark could be a good source of therapeutic health products or nutraceutical ingredients that may exert a potential prevention or treatment action against diseases in biological systems.
Internal stress measurement during drying of rubberwood lumber: effects of wet-bulb temperature in various drying strategies
Authors: Tomad Suchat , Matan Nirundorn , Diawanich Prawate , Kyokong Buhnnum 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To understand internal stress (IS) development within lumber during drying of rubberwood, restoring force measurements on half-sawn specimens has been performed at drying temperature of 90°C under various patterns of wet-bulb (WB) temperature: (1) single-step drying, (2) two-step drying, (3) oscillation drying, and (4) stress control drying. Two extreme single-step drying conditions designated as “severe” and “conservative” at WB temperatures of 40°C and 80°C, respectively, were applied as control drying. It was shown that the measured force, which strongly correlates with the released strain data obtained by the McMillen slice test, indicates the level of IS developed within the lumber. In two-step drying, when the time of abrupt WB temperature change from conservative to severe drying conditions is extended up to the time of stress reversal, the force detected after stress reversal decreases from the level of severe drying to that of conservative drying. Once the time of stress reversal is exceeded, the force profile is largely unaffected by the parameters of the severe drying condition. Gradual reduction in WB temperature beyond the time of peak stress also reduces the force detected later after stress reversal under severe drying conditions. Oscillation of the WB temperature between conservative and severe conditions periodically changes the magnitude of the measured force. After stress reversal, the force amplitude monotonically decreases after each drying cycle. In addition, longer oscillation cycles seem to produce larger initial force amplitudes, which decline quicker than those created under the shorter ones. The possible application of the measured force as a controlling parameter of rubberwood drying has also been demonstrated.
Tensile behaviour of radiata pine with different moisture contents at elevated temperatures
Authors: Pearson Hamish , Gabbitas Brian , Ormarsson Sigurdur 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain tensile elastic modulus (EM) information for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) sapwood in tangential grain direction, over a temperature range of 70°C to 150°C for a wide range of moisture contents. Such information is scarce, probably because of difficulties with research equipment design and process control strategies to perform accurate tests. As expected, EM dramatically decreased with increasing temperature and moisture content. The results were modelled to yield a relationship between stress and strain. The results were also successfully transposed into a mastercurve based on temperature-moisture equivalence through a modified form of the Williams, Landel, and Ferry equation for amorphous polymers. This result is consistent with the view that wood is visco-plastic around the glass transition zone of the ligno-hemicellulosic matrix. It is demonstrated that moisture and temperature can play a significant role in reducing stress during drying, regardless of the drying time. Properties of wood, such as tensile elastic information at elevated temperatures, are important for mechanical design, distortion modelling and understanding the fundamental behaviour of wood in general.
Extracting value-added products before pulping: Hemicellulosic ethanol from Eucalyptus globulus wood
Authors: Rodríguez-López Julio , Romaní Aloia , González-Muñoz María J. , Garrote Gil , Parajó Juan C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Xylose solutions have been produced from Eucalyptus globulus wood by autohydrolysis (with hot, compressed water) and post-hydrolysis (in presence of sulfuric acid). This two-stage process led to solids enriched in cellulose and lignin (suitable as a substrate for pulping) and liquors containing xylose as the major component. The liquid phase from post-hydrolysis also contained other sugars (glucose, arabinose) and acetic acid. Neutralized liquors (as obtained, or after membrane concentration), were employed (directly or after detoxification by ion exchange) as fermentation media for the production of hemicelluosic bioethanol with the yeast Pichia stipitis CECT 1922T. Under the best conditions assayed (fermentation of neutralized, concentrated and detoxified two-stage hydrolysis liquors), bioconversion took place at nearly stoichiometric yield, with a volumetric productivity of 0.37 g l-1·h-1.
Identification of new lignans in Norway spruce knotwood extracts
Authors: Smeds Annika I. , Češková Iveta , Eklund Patrik C. , Willför Stefan M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In a hydrophilic extract of Norway spruce knotwood, the dominating lignan, 7-hydroxymatairesinol, was partially removed by precipitation, and the resulting mixture was fractionated by flash chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the HPLC fractions, 7S- and 7R-todolactol A, 7′-hydroxylariciresinol, and two stereoisomers of 9′-hydroxylariciresinol were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 9′-hydroxylariciresinols were suggested to have the 7S,8R,8′R,9′Rand 7R,8R,8′R,9′Rconfigurations, and (-)-7′-hydroxylariciresinol 7S*,7′R*,8R*,8′S*, which indicates a configuration of this structure that has not been reported previously. 7S- and 7R-isoliovil were identified by comparison with previously published GC-MS data, and 7′-oxolariciresinol was tentatively identified on the basis of its mass spectrum. Of these lignans, only 7′-hydroxylariciresinol has been identified previously in Norway spruce. Several other lignans with similar mass spectra as the todolactols, isoliovils, and 7′-hydroxylariciresinol were detected, indicating that they are different stereoisomers of these lignans and/or of liovils. In addition to these lignans, the mass spectra of several other unidentified minor lignans indicated the presence of several tens of previously unidentified minor lignans in Norway spruce knotwood, accounting altogether for approximately 6% of the dry weight of the ethanol extract. 7S-Todolactol A, which was dominating among the new lignans, was found to be very unstable in aqueous solutions. Identification of more of these unidentified lignans may be possible only by access to pure reference compounds.
Effect of various pulp properties on the solubility of cellulose in sodium hydroxide solutions
Authors: Kihlman Martin , Aldaeus Fredrik , Chedid Fadia , Germgård Ulf 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The dissolution of pulps with varying characteristic properties, for example cellulose chain length or content of hemicellulose, has been investigated in two alkaline solvent systems [sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea/thiourea (8:8:6.5 by wt.) and NaOH/zince oxide (ZnO) (9:0.5 by wt.)]. One standard paper pulp, two dissolving pulps and three pretreated pulps were selected for this study. The dissolution parameters in focus were the fiber dimensions, average degree of polymerization (DP), polydispersity, water retention value and content of hemicelluloses. The solubility was not influenced by the fiber dimensions. The only significant properties, according to variable importance plot, were DP and composition of the hemicelluloses. It was also established that mass transfer effects during the dissolution stage plays an important role in the dissolution of cellulose derived from pulp fibers.
Within-process and seasonal changes during industrial production of high-density fibreboard. Part 1: Influence of wood species composition on polyoses in the products
Authors: Weigl Martin , Wimmer Rupert , Ters Thomas , Mitter Roland , Kuncinger Thomas 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Industrially produced high-density fibreboard fibres are inhomogeneous in structure and chemical composition. Changes in polysaccharide chemistry during processing have an impact on strength loss, fibre separation and structural alterations. In the present study, carbohydrate composition of extracted wood chips and refiner fibres was monitored for a year at an industrial HDF plant. The polysaccharides were analysed via methanolysis and quantification of the monomeric sugars released. Significant reductions of arabinose, xylose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid were observed. The amount of glucose and extractable substances increased. The depletion of galacturonic acid and rhamnose indicates a degradation of pectin located in the compound middle lamella. The diminishing amounts of the other sugars and elevated extractive contents are a result of hemicellulose degradation. A pronounced seasonal variability of the data was observed depending on the processed wood species and degree of chemical degradation.
Dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled birch (Betula platyphylla) and bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) in the ionic liquid [Bmim]Cl for HSQC NMR analysis
Authors: Qu Chen , Kishimoto Takao , Ogita Shinjiro , Hamada Masahiro , Nakajima Noriyuki 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A method for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of whole cell wall components, including lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, was recently developed in our laboratory. The method described for fir (Abies sachalinensis) as a softwood consists of ball-milling of cell wall, dissolution in an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), in situ acetylation, recovery of the material from the solution, and characterization of the product by 1H-13C correlation heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d6. In the present paper, the performance of the method should be tested for a hardwood and a bamboo. Thus, Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla) and hachiku bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) have been investigated. Finely ball-milled birch and bamboo materials were completely dissolved in [Bmim]Cl at 100°C without severe chemical modification of the cell wall components. The dissolved cell walls were then subjected to in situ acetylation, and the ball-milled and fully acetylated cell walls were recovered from [Bmim]Cl. Longer ball-milling time was required for birch and bamboo cell walls, because of the lower solubility of acetylated birch and bamboo materials in DMSO-d6compared to the acetylated fir material. However, HSQC NMR experiments were successfully conducted, and the acetylated whole cell wall components in the birch and bamboo could be fully characterized. This method is applicable for the analysis of cell wall components of various plant biomasses without previous isolation. Further studies are necessary to improve the method.
Viscosity and domain morphology in binary immiscible blends of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10
Authors: Giancola Giorgiana , Lehman Richard L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and polyamide6,10 (PA6,10) are polymers with significant bio-based content that forms an immiscible blend system of high-value engineering materials with enhanced sustainability. Knowledge of the melt viscosity of these thermoplastic materials is critical, when processing blends to achieve optimum morphologies. We measured the viscosities of five extruded blends near the phase inversion composition, over a range of shear rates using both parallel plate and capillary methods. Based on the viscosities of the end-members, Jordhamo co-continuity should be observed in the 21–44 volume percent PTT range, depending on the processing shear rate. Extruded blend viscosities were lower than the linear rule of mixtures and the phase inversion composition was identified near 55 volume percent PTT. SEM images showed clear indications of developing co-continuity in the 55 volume percent PTT. We conclude that the viscosities of immiscible polymer blends in this system do not follow the rule of mixtures, due to slip between immiscible domain interfaces, but that the viscosity and the power law index are useful in locating the phase inversion composition. The empirical Jordhamo relationship, although generally useful in immiscible polymer systems, is not as valuable in this system.
Methods to Increase the Fatigue Life of Friction Stir Lap Welds in No-load Transfer Coupons Using a Retractable Pin Tool
Authors: Baratzadeh Farzad , Widener Christian A. , Lankarani Hamid M. , Burford Dwight A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of crack initiation at friction stir weld exit holes in no-load transfer coupons as a first-order approximation of the potential performance of friction stir welding (FSW) joints employed for aircraft fuselage applications. In order to meet this goal, the effects of weld exit location on fatigue life in discontinuous friction stir lap-welded panels were documented. Sheets of aluminum alloys 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 were chosen for the FSW lap welds. Constant amplitude fatigue tests were carried out in order to determine the effect of various welding scenarios on fatigue crack initiation. A number of weld exit strategies were investigated, as well as another FSW tool design called a retractable pin tool (RPT). This tool was shown to eliminate the exit hole and reduce the stress concentration around the weld exit location. Prior to this work, none of the attempted exit strategies was found to delay or eliminate the initiation of fatigue cracks at the exit holes of discontinuous FSW lap welds. Only by using the RPT, which is able to eliminate the exit hole completely, was it possible to produce fatigue life results in coupons with a tool extraction zone that were comparable to those in baseline coupons containing no extraction zone.