bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indium and Indium Compounds
Authors: Chagnon Mark J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIndium is a very soft, silvery metal and its abundance is about 0.05 ppm in the earth's crust. It is widely distributed, but never in concentrations high enough to justify mining for its own intrinsic value. Indium is considered a minor metal and is a by‐product of other mining and refining operations. Important mines producing indium are in South America, Canada, China, and the Republic of Korea. Indium is recovered from fumes, dusts, slags, residues, and alloys from zinc or lead‐zinc smelting. Indium metal itself poses little or no environmental risks, however sometimes the form that indium takes or other metal associated with it may pose dangers to the environment. A large portion of secondary indium is produced from indium tin oxide (ITO) recycling. Indium's major use is in the production of ITO. ITO thin film coatings are primarily used for electrically conductive purposes in a variety of flat‐panel devices. Other uses include solders and alloys, electrical components, and semiconductors.
Silver and Silver Alloys
Authors: Etris S. F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe silver atom has a single s electron hovering over a completed ten‐electron d shell, similar to that of copper and gold. Despite this similarity, there are signal differences in their properties. For silver, its single electron provides the best conductor of electricity, the highest electrical transmittance, highest thermal conductivity, highest light reflectivity, the second highest infrared reflectivity, etc.These outstanding properties have long been recognized and are essential to the most advanced technologies. However, it is only in the past decade that analytical techniques have become available to resolve the mystery of the catalytic action of silver. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the surface of silver is covered with a blanket of weak covalently bonded atomic oxygen, making silver an ever‐ready catalytic/reducing agent. This unique compound‐like combination of nascent oxygen and silver provides the bacteriologist and the organic chemist with a powerful tool for such processes as sanitation, heterogeneous oxidation, homogeneous oxidation, catalyzed group transfer reactions, etc.The following reports state current knowledge, offering insights as to the further possibilities of silver.
Chemical Biology
Authors: Tanner Julian A. , Shum Ka To 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChemical biology is a multidisciplinary field that uses chemical tools to investigate biological research questions and harnesses biological tools to advance chemistry. Although the research philosophy of chemical biology is by no means new, it has distinguished itself from classical biochemistry and biological chemistry by the use of exogenous chemistry to interrogate or modulate biological function. In contrast, biochemistry and biological chemistry tend to use standard molecular biology approaches to understand endogenous biological processes. That said, significant overlap exists between the disciplines and opinions diverge over any true definition of chemical biology given the youth of the term. Chemical biology brings together chemistry and biology to investigate molecules and systems, and is providing a bridge that is revolutionizing scientific approaches in life sciences, chemistry and medicine.
Immobilization of MacMillan Imidazolidinone as Mac‐SILC and its Catalytic Performance on Sustainable Enantioselective Diels–Alder Cycloaddition
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Kuroda Toshihiro , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMacMillan’s imidazolidinone catalyst was immobilized as a supported ionic liquid catalyst (Mac‐SILC) in the pores of silica gel with the aid of an ionic liquid – 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The heterogenized organocatalyst was utilized for the enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and cinnamaldehyde, recovered by simple filtration and subsequent evacuation, and repeatedly used up to six times in 81% average chemical yield, 87% ee for endo‐ and 80% ee for exo‐products. The Mac‐SILC was effective for a variety of substrates.
Five years of Homo floresiensis
Authors: Aiello Leslie C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSince Homo floresiensis was first described in October 2004 there has been a lively debate over its status. Is it a late surviving species of early Homo or merely a modern individual afflicted with disordered growth and one of the many syndromes resulting in microchephaly? Recently the discovery team has published a series of articles providing detailed descriptions of the hominin material, its geomorphological context, and the associated archaeology and faunal material (Morwood and Jungers: J Hum Evol 57 (2009) 437‐648). In addition, other researchers have put forward new hypotheses for possible pathologies including Laron's Syndrome and Myxoedematous Endemic (ME) Cretinism. Here I review this new information and conclude that the evidence supports the hypothesis that Homo floresiensis is a late‐surviving species of early Homo with its closest morphological affinities to early African pre‐erectus/ergaster hominins. Although this hypothesis requires fundamental paradigm changes in our understanding of human evolution, it provides a more economical explanation for H. floresiensis than do the alternatives. None of the current explanations for microcephaly and disordered growth account for the range of features observed in H. floresiensis. Neither do they provide explanations for why a pathological condition in modern humans would mimic so closely the morphology observed in earlier hominins. This conclusion is based on the current evidence for H. floresiensis and on the particular pathological explanations that have appeared in the literature. There is no doubt that controversy over H. floresiensis will continue until new and conclusive evidence is available to settle the debate one way or another. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Morphometric maps of long bone shafts and dental roots for imaging topographic thickness variation
Authors: Bondioli Luca , Bayle Priscilla , Dean Christopher , Mazurier Arnaud , Puymerail Laurent , Ruff Christopher , Stock Jay T. , Volpato Virginie , Zanolli Clément , Macchiarelli Roberto 
Published: March 2010

AbstractQualitative and quantitative characterization through functional imaging of mineralized tissues is of potential value in the study of the odontoskeletal remains. This technique, widely developed in the medical field, allows the bi‐dimensional, planar representation of some local morphometric properties, i.e., topographic thickness variation, of a three‐dimensional object, such as a long bone shaft. Nonetheless, the use of morphometric maps is still limited in (paleo)anthropology, and their feasibility has not been adequately tested on fossil specimens. Using high‐resolution microtomographic images, here we apply bi‐dimensional virtual “unrolling” and synthetic thickness mapping techniques to compare cortical bone topographic variation across the shaft in a modern and a fossil human adult femur (the Magdalenian from Chancelade). We also test, for the first time, the possibility to virtually unroll and assess for dentine thickness variation in modern and fossil (the Neanderthal child from Roc de Marsal) human deciduous tooth roots. The analyses demonstrate the feasibility of using two‐dimensional morphometric maps for the synthetic functional imaging and comparative biomechanical interpretation of cortical bone thickness variation in extant and fossil specimens and show the interest of using this technique also for the subtle characterization of root architecture and dentine topography. More specifically, our preliminary results support the use of virtual cartography as a tool for assessing to what extent internal root morphology is capable of responding to loading and directional stresses and strains in a predictable way. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemistry in the Nanospace of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Shi Zujin , Gu Zhennan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOwing to the hollow structure of carbon nanotubes, they could be filled with various kinds of molecules, providing opportunities for studying the properties of molecules confined in nanospace. On the one hand, the spatial confinement imparts novel and distinct properties to the encapsulated species from their counterparts in bulk. On the other hand, the properties of the carbon nanotubes are modified as a result of the interaction between the carbon nanotubes and the encapsulated molecules. In this Focus Review, we summarize the recent advances in this field, including structure, phase transition, and chemical transformation of the encapsulated molecules as well as tuning of carbon nanotubes’ properties, with special emphasis on the relation between these properties and the size of the confined space.
Maximizing or minimizing survival time in the case of random parameters
Authors: Lefebvre Mario 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe consider the problem of optimizing the time spent by a one‐dimensional controlled Wiener process in an interval I, first when the infinitesimal variance of the process is a random variable, and next when the reward or penalty given for survival in I is a random variable. In each case, the optimal control is obtained explicitly. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
New photometry and astrometry of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4–3125 using recent VLT/FORS observations
Authors: Eisenbeiss T. , Ginski C. , Hohle M.M. , Hambaryan V.V. , Neuhäuser R. , Schmidt T.O.B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSince the first optical detection of RX J0720.4–3125 various observations have been performed to determine astrometric and photometric data. We present the first detection of the isolated neutron star in the V Bessel filter to study the spectral energy distribution and derive a new astrometric position. At ESO Paranal we obtained very deep images with FORS 1 (three hours exposure time) of RX J0720.4–3125 in the V Bessel filter in January 2008. We derive the visual magnitude by standard star aperture photometry. Using sophisticated resampling software we correct the images for field distortions. Then we derive an updated position and proper motion value by comparing its position with FORS 1 observations of December 2000. We calculate a visual magnitude of V = 26.81 ± 0.09 mag, which is seven times in excess of what is expected from X‐ray data, but consistent with the extant U, B, and R data. Over about a seven year epoch difference we measured a proper motion of μ = 105.1 ± 7.4 mas yr–1 towards θ = 296.951° ± 0.0063° (NW), consistent with previous data (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Speckle observations with PISCO in Merate: VIII. Astrometric measurements of visual binaries in 2007 and new orbits of the multiple system Zeta Aqr
Authors: Scardia M. , Prieur J.‐L. , Pansecchi L. , Argyle R.W. , Sala M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present relative astrometric measurements of visual binaries made during the second semester of 2007, with the speckle camera PISCO at the 102 cm Zeiss telescope of Brera Astronomical Observatory, in Merate. Our sample contains orbital couples as well as binaries whose motion is still uncertain. We obtained 283 new measurements of 279 objects, with angular separations in the range 0″.17–4″.4, and an average accuracy of 0″.014. The mean error on the position angles is 0°.6. Most of the position angles were determined without the usual 180° ambiguity with the application of triple‐correlation techniques and/or by inspection of the long integration files. We also present the new orbit we have computed for Zeta Aqr AB (ADS 15971), for which our measurements lead to large residuals with the previously computed orbit. We were also able to compute the elements of the perturbation orbit Bb‐P caused by an invisible companion, whose mass is estimated at 0.7 M⊙ (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non‐homogeneous biofilm modeling applied to bioleaching processes
Authors: Olivera‐Nappa Alvaro , Picioreanu Cristian , Asenjo Juan A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA two‐dimensional non‐homogeneous biofilm model is proposed for the first time to study chemical and biochemical reactions at the microorganism scale applied to biological metal leaching from mineral ores. The spatial and temporal relation between these reactions, microorganism growth and the morphological changes of the biofilm caused by solid inorganic precipitate formation were studied using this model. The model considers diffusion limitations due to accumulation of inorganic particles over the mineral substratum, and allows the study of the effect of discrete phases on chemical and microbiological mineral solubilization. The particle‐based modeling strategy allowed representation of contact reactions between the microorganisms and the insoluble precipitates, such as those required for sulfur attack and solubilization. Time‐dependent simulations of chemical chalcopyrite leaching showed that chalcopyrite passivation occurs only when an impervious solid layer is formed on the mineral surface. This mineral layer hinders the diffusion of one kinetically determinant mineral‐attacking chemical species through a nearly irreversible chemical mechanism. Simulations with iron and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms revealed that chemolithoautotrophic biofilms are able to delay passivation onset by formation of corrosion pits and increase of the solid layer porosity through sulfur dissolution. The model results also show that the observed flat morphology of bioleaching biofilms is favored preferentially at low iron concentrations due to preferential growth at the biofilm edge on the surface of sulfur‐forming minerals. Flat biofilms can also be advantageous for chalcopyrite bioleaching because they tend to favor sulfur dissolution over iron oxidation. The adopted modeling strategy is of great interest for the numerical representation of heterogeneous biofilm systems including abiotic solid particles. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 660–676. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximizing the productivity of catalytic biofilms on solid supports in membrane aerated reactors
Authors: Halan Babu , Schmid Andreas , Buehler Katja 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new solid support membrane aerated biofilm reactor was designed for the synthesis of enantiopure (S)‐styrene oxide utilizing Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120ΔC growing in a biofilm as biocatalyst. In analogy to traditional packed bed systems, maximizing the volumetric oxygen mass transfer capability (kLa) was identified as the most critical issue enabling a consistent productivity, as this parameter was shown to directly influence biofilm growth and biotransformation performance. A microporous ceramic unit was identified as an ideal microenvironment for biofilm growth and for efficient oxygen transfer. A uniform and dense biofilm developed on this matrix. Due to this dual function, the reactor configuration could be significantly simplified by eliminating additional packing materials, as used in traditional packed bed reactors. Up to now, a maximum productivity of 28 g L  day−1 was achieved by integrating an in situ substrate feed and an in situ product recovery technique based on a silicone membrane. The system was stable for more than 30 days before it was actively terminated. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 516–527. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introducing undergraduate students to science
Authors: De Ávila Paulo , Torres Bayardo B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the scientific method fosters the development of critical thinking and logical analysis of information. Additionally, proposing and testing a hypothesis is applicable not only to science, but also to ordinary facts of daily life. Knowing the way science is done and how its results are published is useful for all citizens and mandatory for science students. A 60‐h course was created to offer undergraduate students a framework in which to learn the procedures of scientific production and publication. The course's main focus was biochemistry, and it was comprised of two modules. Module I dealt with scientific articles, and Module II with research project writing. Module I covered the topics: 1) the difference between scientific knowledge and common sense, 2) different conceptions of science, 3) scientific methodology, 4) scientific publishing categories, 5) logical principles, 6) deductive and inductive approaches, and 7) critical reading of scientific articles. Module II dealt with 1) selection of an experimental problem for investigation, 2) bibliographic revision, 3) materials and methods, 4) project writing and presentation, 5) funding agencies, and 6) critical analysis of experimental results. The course adopted a collaborative learning strategy, and each topic was studied through activities performed by the students. Qualitative and quantitative course evaluations with Likert questionnaires were carried out at each stage, and the results showed the students' high approval of the course. The staff responsible for course planning and development also evaluated it positively. The Biochemistry Department of the Chemistry Institute of the University of São Paulo has offered the course four times.
Using paraquat to generate anion free radicals and hydrogen peroxide in in vitro: Antioxidant effect of vitamin E
Authors: Jimenez‐Del‐Rio Marlene , Suarez‐Cedeño Gerson , Velez‐Pardo Carlos 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe theoretical basis of reactive oxygen species and their impact on health issues are relatively easy to understand by biomedical students. The detection of reactive oxygen species requires expensive equipment, the procedures are time consuming and costly, and the results are hard to interpret. Moreover, cause‐and‐effect relationships in the living system are not so evident. In this report, we adapted a two‐step procedure to detect anion superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide generation in lymphocytes exposed to paraquat by using nitroblue tetrazolium salt and dihydrorhodamine, respectively. Also, a two‐step assay was performed to evaluate lymphocyte viability and nuclei morphologic changes on paraquat exposure for 1 and 24 hours incubation time by using trypan blue exclusion assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining technique, respectively. Vitamin E was used as antioxidant to inhibit the deleterious effects of paraquat on cells. Students learned how to (i) design and perform experiments in the laboratory, (ii) read critical scientific literature, and (iii) discuss and contrast relevant information about reactive oxygen species as causative agents of cell death phenomenon.
Biochemistry of the envenomation response—A generator theme for interdisciplinary integration
Authors: Montagna Erik , Guerreiro Juliano R. , Torres Bayardo B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe understanding of complex physiological processes requires information from many different areas of knowledge. To meet this interdisciplinary scenario, the ability of integrating and articulating information is demanded. The difficulty of such approach arises because, more often than not, information is fragmented through under graduation education in Health Sciences. Shifting from a fragmentary and deep view of many topics to joining them horizontally in a global view is not a trivial task for teachers to implement. To attain that objective we proposed a course herein described—Biochemistry of the envenomation response—aimed at integrating previous contents of Health Sciences courses, following international recommendations of interdisciplinary model. The contents were organized by modules with increasing topic complexity. The full understanding of the envenoming pathophysiology of each module would be attained by the integration of knowledge from different disciplines. Active‐learning strategy was employed focusing concept map drawing. Evaluation was obtained by a 30‐item Likert‐type survey answered by ninety students; 84% of the students considered that the number of relations that they were able to establish as seen by concept maps increased throughout the course. Similarly, 98% considered that both the theme and the strategy adopted in the course contributed to develop an interdisciplinary view.
Problem‐solving test: Dideoxy sequencing
Authors: Szeberényi József 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), in vitro DNA synthesis, template, primer, DNA polymerase, denaturation and renaturation of DNA, urea, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography.
Trajectory tracking performance comparison between genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization for PID controller tuning on pressure process
Authors: Ünal Muhammet , Erdal Hasan , Topuz Vedat 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe main goal of this study was to compare the performances of genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for PID controller tuning on a pressure control process. GA and ACO were used for tuning of the PID controller when predefined trajectory reference signal was applied. Offline learning approach was employed in both GA and ACO algorithms. Realized pressure process dynamic has nonlinear behavior, thus system was modeled by nonlinear auto regressive and exogenous input (NARX) type artificial neural network (ANN) approach. PID controller was also tuned by Ziegler–Nichols (Z–N) method to compare the results. A cost function was design to minimize the error along the defined cubic trajectory for the GA‐PID and ACO‐PID controller. Then PID controller parameters (Kp,Ki,Kd) were found by GA‐PID, ACO‐PID algorithms, which were adjusted with their optimal parameters. It was concluded that both ACO and GA algorithms could be used to tune the PID controllers in the pressure process with excellent performance. This material is suitable for an engineering course on neural networks, genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization and process control laboratory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 518–528, 2012
Chemical and Photochemical Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes with a Negatively Charged Tridentate Ligand
Authors: Duan Lele , Xu Yunhua , Gorlov Mikhail , Tong Lianpeng , Andersson Samir , Sun Licheng 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo mononuclear ruthenium complexes [RuL(pic)3] (1) and [RuL(bpy)(pic)] (2) (H2L=2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid, pic=4‐picoline, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Both complexes could promote water oxidation chemically and photochemically. Compared with other known ruthenium‐based water oxidation catalysts using [Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6] (CeIV) as the oxidant in solution at pH 1.0, complex 1 is one of the most active catalysts yet reported with an initial rate of 0.23 turnover s−1. Under acidic conditions, the equatorial 4‐picoline in complex 1 dissociates first. In addition, ligand exchange in 1 occurs when the RuIII state is reached. Based on the above observations and MS measurements of the intermediates during water oxidation by 1 using CeIV as oxidant, [RuL(pic)2(H2O)]+ is proposed as the real water oxidation catalyst.