bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidecadal variability and late medieval cooling of near‐coastal sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Kuhnert Henning , Mulitza Stefan 
Published: October 2011

Multidecadal variations in Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) influence the climate of the Northern Hemisphere. However, prior to the instrumental time period, information on multidecadal climate variability becomes limited, and there is a particular scarcity of sufficiently resolved SST reconstructions. Here we present an eastern tropical North Atlantic reconstruction of SSTs based on foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios that resolves multidecadal variability over the past 1700 years. Spectral power in the multidecadal band (50 to 70 years period) is significant over several time intervals suggesting that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) has been influencing local SST. Since our data exhibit high scatter the absence of multidecadal variability in the remaining record does not exclude the possibility that SST variations on this time scale might have been present without being detected in our data. Cooling by ∼0.5°C takes place between about AD 1250 and AD 1500; while this corresponds to the inception of the Little Ice Age (LIA), the end of the LIA is not reflected in our record and SST remains relatively low. This transition to cooler SSTs parallels the previously reconstructed shift in the North Atlantic Oscillation toward a low pre‐20th century mean state and possibly reflects common solar forcing.
In glucose-limited continuous culture the minimum substrate concentration for growth, smin, is crucial in the competition between the enterobacterium Escherichia coli and Chelatobacter heintzii, an environmentally abundant bacterium
Authors: Füchslin Hans Peter , Schneider Christian , Egli Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The competition for glucose between Escherichia coli ML30, a typical copiotrophic enterobacterium and Chelatobacter heintzii ATCC29600, an environmentally successful strain, was studied in a carbon-limited culture at low dilution rates. First, as a base for modelling, the kinetic parameters μmax and Ks were determined for growth with glucose. For both strains, μmax was determined in batch culture after different precultivation conditions. In the case of C. heintzii, μmax was virtually independent of precultivation conditions. When inoculated into a glucose-excess batch culture medium from a glucose-limited chemostat run at a dilution rate of 0.075 h−1C. heintzii grew immediately with a μmax of 0.17±0.03 h−1. After five transfers in batch culture, μmax had increased only slightly to 0.18±0.03 h−1. A different pattern was observed in the case of E. coli. Inoculated from a glucose-limited chemostat at D=0.075 h−1 into glucose-excess batch medium E. coli grew only after an acceleration phase of ∼3.5 h with a μmax of 0.52 h−1. After 120 generations and several transfers into fresh medium, μmax had increased to 0.80±0.03 h−1. For long-term adapted chemostat-cultivated cells, a Ks for glucose of 15 μg l−1 for C. heintzii, and of 35 μg l−1 for E. coli, respectively, was determined in 14C-labelled glucose uptake experiments. In competition experiments, the population dynamics of the mixed culture was determined using specific surface antibodies against C. heintzii and a specific 16S rRNA probe for E. coli. C. heintzii outcompeted E. coli in glucose-limited continuous culture at the low dilution rates of 0.05 and 0.075 h−1. Using the determined pure culture parameter values for Ks and μmax, it was only possible to simulate the population dynamics during competition with an extended form of the Monod model, which includes a finite substrate concentration at zero growth rate (smin). The values estimated for smin were dependent on growth rate; at D=0.05 h−1, it was 12.6 and 0 μg l−1 for E. coli and C. heintzii, respectively. To fit the data at D=0.075 h−1, smin for E. coli had to be raised to 34.9 μg l−1 whereas smin for C. heintzii remained zero. The results of the mathematical simulation suggest that it is not so much the higher Ks value, which is responsible for the unsuccessful competition of E. coli at low residual glucose concentration, but rather the existence of a significant smin.
Advanced practice nursing role development: factor analysis of a modified role delineation tool
Authors: Chang Anne M. , Gardner Glenn E. , Duffield Christine , Ramis Mary‐Anne 
Published: October 2011

chang a.m., gardner g.e., duffield c. & ramis m.a. (2012) Advanced practice nursing role development: factor analysis of a modified role delineation tool. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1369–1379.AbstractAim.  This study reports the use of exploratory factor analysis to determine construct validity of a modified advanced practice role delineation tool.Background.  Little research exists on specific activities and domains of practice within advanced practice nursing roles, making it difficult to define service parameters of this level of nursing practice. A valid and reliable tool would assist those responsible for employing or deploying advanced practice nurses by identifying and defining their service profile. This is the third article from a multi‐phase Australian study aimed at assigning advanced practice roles.Methods.  A postal survey was conducted of a random sample of state government employed Registered Nurses and midwives, across various levels and grades of practice in the state of Queensland, Australia, using the modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool. Exploratory factor analysis, using principal axis factoring was undertaken to examine factors in the modified tool. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient determined reliability of the overall scale and identified factors.Results.  There were 658 responses (42% response rate). The five factors found with loadings of ≥400 for 40 of the 41 APN activities were similar to the five domains in the Strong model. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0·94 overall and for the factors ranged from 0·83 to 0·95.Conclusion.  Exploratory factor analysis of the modified tool supports validity of the five domains of the original tool. Further investigation will identify use of the tool in a broader healthcare environment.
Social justice: a concept analysis
Authors: Buettner‐Schmidt Kelly , Lobo Marie L. 
Published: October 2011

buettner‐schmidt k. & lobo m.l. (2011) Social justice: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 948–958.AbstractAim.  This article is a report of an analysis of the concept of social justice.Background.  Nursing’s involvement in social justice has waned in the recent past. A resurgence of interest in nurses’ roles about social justice requires a clear understanding of the concept.Data sources.  Literature for this concept analysis included English language articles from CINAHL, PubMed, and broad multidisciplinary literature databases, within and outside of health‐related literature, for the years 1968–2010. Two books and appropriate websites were also reviewed. The reference lists of the identified sources were reviewed for additional sources.Review methods.  The authors used Wilsonian methods of concept analysis as a guide.Results.  An efficient, synthesized definition of social justice was developed, based on the identification of its attributes, antecedents and consequences that provides clarification of the concept. Social justice was defined as full participation in society and the balancing of benefits and burdens by all citizens, resulting in equitable living and a just ordering of society. Its attributes included: (1) fairness; (2) equity in the distribution of power, resources, and processes that affect the sufficiency of the social determinants of health; (3) just institutions, systems, structures, policies, and processes; (4) equity in human development, rights, and sustainability; and (5) sufficiency of well‐being.Conclusion.  Nurses can have an important influence on the health of people globally by reinvesting in social justice. Implications for research, education, practice and policy, such as development of a social justice framework and educational competencies are presented.
Putting guidelines into practice: a tailored multi‐modal approach to improve post‐operative assessments
Authors: Ford John A. , MacKay Craig , Peach Chris , Davies Paul , Loudon Malcolm 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  The Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) published Postoperative Management in Adults in 2004, advocating post‐operative assessments to optimize post‐operative care. Our aim was to improve post‐operative assessments in a surgical high‐dependency unit (HDU).Methods  A prospective audit of post‐operative admissions to surgical HDU over two 4‐week periods was performed. Medical and nursing documentations were reviewed. A tailored multi‐modal approach targeting specific barriers to change was used to implement changes; education of staff, introduction of designated HDU bleeps and a post‐operative assessment pro forma. Re‐audit was performed after 6 months.Main findings  The first cycle included 72 patients and the second included 62 patients. Time to assessment improved after changes. Forty‐six (74%) patients compared with 27 (37%) patients before were assessed within 4 hours. The number of individual reviews increased and number of reviews due to nursing concerns decreased. Thirty‐eight (61%) patients compared with 15 (21%) patients before were assessed through an individual review and one (2%) patient compared with 23 (32%) patients due to nursing concerns. Documentation improved. Documentation of relevant past medical history, medications, allergies, complications and post‐operative instructions improved from 2 (3%), 1 (1%), 0, 8 (11%) and 26 (36%), to 18 (29%), 28 (45%), 20 (32%), 18 (29%) and 55 (89%), respectively. Difference between first and second cycles was highly significant throughout (P < 0.001).Conclusion  Clinical practice was improved by a tailored multi‐modal approach. Educating staff, improving communication and documentation, and re‐audit has shown significant improvement. However, further improvements are required to reach best practice.
Hospitalized mental health patients and oral health
Authors: EDWARD K.‐L. , FELSTEAD B. , MAHONEY A.‐M. 
Published: October 2011

Accessible summary
Oral care for hospitalized mental health patients can minimize negative effects of physical conditions such as dehydration and diabetes and the oral side effects of commonly used medications.
About 14% of the global burden of disease is attributed to mental illness and for those who have mental illness, oral health assessment is not routinely practiced by clinicians.
Oral health care of hospitalized patients at present is variable and nursing care can play an important role in the oral health requirements of the hospitalized mental health patients and this information can form part of discharge planning to community care.
AbstractThe purpose of this review of the literature is to present a contemporary perspective related to the nursing care of hospitalized mental health patients who have risk of developing oral health issues. Mental illness is a major health concern worldwide. Compounding this health issue, mental health patients/clients demonstrate avoidant behaviours related to oral health, and the symptoms of mental illness can be a compounding factor. Oral health and oral inflammatory disease are the result of lifestyle and behaviour and mental disorders affect both lifestyle and behaviour. The search used the search terms oral health AND nursing AND mental illness AND Published Date 2005 to 2010. For those who experience mental illness oral health assessment is not routinely practised by clinicians. The importance of special attention to dental problems for people with mental disorders has also been stressed by researchers since the lifespan of people with serious mental disorders is shortened compared to the general population. Oral health care is an important part of treatment. Routine oral care for hospitalized patients is imperative, and this is usually the responsibility of nurses without sufficient knowledge in oral care or comprehensive protocols to follow.
Recognition of physical deterioration in patients with mental health problems: the role of simulation in knowledge and skill development
Authors: UNSWORTH J. , MCKEEVER M. , KELLEHER M. 
Published: October 2011

Accessible summaryAlthough rare, physical deterioration and medical emergencies in individuals with mental health problems can, and do, occur. Such events may have potentially devastating consequences.Training staff how to recognize and respond to such emergencies using human patient mannequins and simulated events is one way of ensuring the development of confidence, knowledge and skill.This study describes the use of simulation with mental health nursing students and details on how the approach facilitates learning by assisting the student to identify deficits within existing knowledge and skills.AbstractRecognition of physical deterioration in patients with mental health problems has been recognized as a significant problem. Areas of particular concern include rapid tranquilization, physical restraint, the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs have the potential to result in sudden and catastrophic patient deterioration. Simulation sessions, using patient mannequins, are widely used to support the education of nurses but its use in mental health has been somewhat restricted. The aim of this study was to design and deliver simulation scenarios to develop the skills and knowledge of mental health nursing students in the recognition and management of physical deterioration. A series of three scenarios were developed and delivered to a group of final‐year nursing students. Evaluation of the sessions was undertaken using analysis of video footage from the sessions and through two focus groups. The results show that simulation is a useful catalyst for discrepancy creation which in turn leads to the student focusing their future learning towards addressing any identified deficits in skills and knowledge identified. Authenticity of the simulation sessions also plays a role in ensuring student engagement and faculty support during sessions is vital to support the students in managing unfamiliar situations.
Universal voluntary HIV testing in antenatal care settings: a review of the contribution of provider‐initiated testing & counselling
Authors: Hensen Bernadette , Baggaley Rachel , Wong Vincent J. , Grabbe Kristina L. , Shaffer Nathan , Lo Ying‐Ru Jacqueline , Hargreaves James 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective  To assess the contribution of provider‐initiated testing and counselling (PITC) to achieving universal testing of pregnant women and, from available data on components of PITC, assess whether PITC adoption adheres to pre‐test information, post‐test counselling procedures and linkage to treatment.Methods  Systematic review of published literature. Findings were collated and data extracted on HIV testing uptake before and after the adoption of a PITC model. Data on pre‐ and post‐test counselling uptake and linkage to anti‐retrovirals, where available, were also extracted.Results  Ten eligible studies were identified. Pre‐intervention testing uptake ranged from 5.5% to 78.7%. Following PITC introduction, testing uptake increased by a range of 9.9% to 65.6%, with testing uptake ≥85% in eight studies. Where reported, pre‐test information was provided to between 91.5% and 100% and post‐test counselling to between 82% and 99.8% of pregnant women. Linkage to ARVs for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) was reported in five studies and ranged from 53.7% to 77.2%. Where reported, PITC was considered acceptable by ANC attendees.Conclusion  Our review provides evidence that the adoption of PITC within ANC can facilitate progress towards universal voluntary testing of pregnant women. This is necessary to increase the coverage of PMTCT services and facilitate access to treatment and prevention interventions. We found some evidence that PITC adoption does not undermine processes inherent to good conduct of testing, with high levels of pre‐test information and post‐test counselling, and two studies suggesting that PITC is acceptable to ANC attendees.
Timing of fructose intake: An important regulator of adiposity
Authors: Morris Mariana , Araujo Iara C , Pohlman Roberta L , Marques Mariana C , Rodwan Naima S , Farah Vera MA 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Overconsumption of fructose produces glucose intolerance, autonomic abnormalities and renal dysfunction and may be related to the worldwide epidemic of obesity and diabetes.2. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the time period (light or dark) of fructose consumption influenced the pathological consequences. C57BL mice were given standard chow and assigned to one of three groups: (i) control (n = 10), which received water over a 24 h period; (ii) FL (n = 11), which received 10% fructose solution during the 12 h light period; and (iii) FD (n = 11), which received 10% fructose solution during the 12 h dark period.3. There was a time related increase in body weight for all groups (P < 0.01, 2 vs 6 wks). There was a greater increase in body fat in the FL group compared with the control and FD groups. The changes in adiposity occurred even though the total caloric intake was not significantly different among the groups (approximately 18 kcal/day). Total fluid (water + fructose) consumption was greater in the FD and FL groups compared with control at 6 weeks. Significant increases were noted for plasma insulin and leptin at 8 weeks, with highest levels in the FL compared with FD group (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in glucose, glucose tolerance, cholesterol, triglycerides or adiponectin.4. The results of the present study suggest that there is a mismatch in caloric consumption, metabolism and adiposity as related to the light–dark cycle of fructose consumption. These findings have clinical implications in the control of bodyweight, abdominal fat accumulation and Type 2 diabetes.
Screening and treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in a tertiary hospital‐based multidisciplinary clinic: the first 200 patients
Authors: Low A. J. , Fowler D. , Manghani M. K. , Young I. , Garsia R. , Torzillo P. , Youssef P. , Celermajer D. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increasingly recognised serious illness with insidious onset, delayed diagnosis, complex diagnostic algorithms and poor prognosis, but with recently available effective treatments.AimsTo efficiently diagnose and to offer treatment for PAH, we established a multidisciplinary service in 2005, where patients attend a clinic staffed by specialists in cardiology, respiratory medicine, rheumatology and immunology in a tertiary referral hospital setting.MethodsWe studied the first 200 patients referred. Serology, echocardiography, lung function tests, high‐resolution computed tomography, World Health Organisation Class determination and 6‐min walk tests and/or right heart catheterisation were performed, as clinically indicated.ResultsOf the 200 patients seen, 66 had confirmed pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mmHg) diagnosed on echocardiography ± right heart catheterisation. Of these patients, 58 had catheter‐proven PAH (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mmHg with mean wedge pressure < 15 mmHg). Underlying diagnoses for the confirmed PAH patients were idiopathic (32), scleroderma‐associated (14), other connective tissue disease (4) and associated with congenital heart disease (8). Patients with confirmed PAH were commenced on PAH‐specific therapy – initially bosentan in the majority but sildenafil, and iloprost were occasionally used initially for patient‐specific reasons. Median time from when the patient first called the clinic to prescription of therapy was 16 days (interquartile range; 0–31 days). All surviving patients with PAH have attended for regular 6‐monthly follow‐up visits with a 100% retention rate up to 4 years.ConclusionA multidisciplinary clinic can provide efficient diagnosis and rapid triage to PAH‐specific therapy, if appropriate. Retention rates remain high, at follow up.
Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy
Authors: Nagel R. , Cuttell L. , Stensvold C. R. , Mills P. C. , Bielefeldt‐Ohmann H. , Traub R. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundBlastocystis is a common, enteric parasite. The pathogenicity of the organism is uncertain, but subtypes (ST) 1 and 3 have been reported more likely to cause irritable bowel‐like symptoms.AimsWe treated symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis with conventional therapy and analysed 16 small‐subunit (SSU) rDNA to assess clearance and carriage rates and ST prevalence of the parasite in the asymptomatic household members.MethodsIn a longitudinal, prospective case study, 11 symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis underwent outpatient clinical assessment to exclude other diagnoses before 14 days of either metronidazole 400 mg three times daily or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice‐daily therapy. Faecal specimens were collected from patients at baseline, day 15, 28 and 56 after therapy and from 17 family members and eight pets at day 15. Specimens were analysed using faecal smear, culture and polymerase chain reaction analysis of 16SSU rDNA.ResultsNo patient cleared the organism following therapy. ST 1 (45%), 3 (36%), 4 (36%) and 6 (9%) were found in the symptomatic Blastocystis patients, and ST identified before and after therapy were identical in each individual. All household contacts were positive for Blastocystis and 16/17 (94%) contacts showed identical Blastocystis ST to the symptomatic family member. All pets were positive for Blastocystis with polymerase chain reaction testing, 7/8 (88%) demonstrating ST concordance with the symptomatic Blastocystis patients.ConclusionsConventional therapy is ineffective for symptomatic Blastocystis infection. The high prevalence of Blastocystis infection within households suggested transmission between humans and their pets. Subtyping analysis of SSU rDNA alone in Blastocystis does not appear to predict pathogenicity.
MusicalExpression ofEmotions: ModellingListeners' Judgements ofComposed andPerformedFeatures
Authors: JUSLIN PATRIK N. , LINDSTRÖM ERIK 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTMusic is commonly regarded as expressive of emotions that can be perceived by listeners. Nevertheless, the specific characteristics of this perceptual process are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the relationships between various features of musical structure and the emotions perceived by listeners, with a focus on the role of interactions among such features. Eight musical features (pitch, mode, melodic progression, rhythm, tempo, sound level, articulation and timbre) were systematically manipulated in a factorial design through synthesis. Ten musically trained listeners judged the resulting 384 pieces of music on five emotion scales. The relationships between musical features and listener judgements were modelled by means of multiple regression analysis. The results (1) confirmed empirically based predictions from previouspost hocanalyses with respect to which musical features are associated with each emotion; (2) suggested that different musical features were important for different emotions; (3) indicated that some features (e.g. tempo) were more powerful than others overall; and (4) revealed that interactions made significant but small contributions to the predictive power of the regression models.