Abstract 1118: Protease-integrin regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in glioma xenograft cells
Authors: Ponnala Shivani , Chetty Chandramu , Veeravalli Krishna Kumar , Dinh Dzung H. , Rao Jasti S. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Various studies have described mitochondrial dysfunction and its association with several diseases, including cancer. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis via mitochondrial-nuclear genome encoded protein signaling has been identified in recent literature. In the present study, we explored whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) shRNA mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and alters glioma proliferation. We found that MMP-9 shRNA initiated mitochondrial biogenesis in glioma cells by increasing the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor (mtTFA). MMP-9 silencing elevated nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) and -2 (NRF2), which are involved in transcription regulation of mtTFA. Mitochondrial localization of mtTFA was more evident in MMP-9-treated glioma cells as compared to untreated cells. In addition, MMP-9 suppression significantly increased the binding of mtTFA to light strand and heavy strand promoter of mitochondrial genome as determined by mitochondrial chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. MMP-9 transcriptional suppression decreased the expression of phospho Akt and PI3K while increasing PTEN expression in glioma xenograft cells. We also show that dominant negative Akt increased mtTFA, NRF1 and NRF2, and decreased PI3K, integrin αv and integrin β3. Further, MMP-9 and Akt suppression increased the nuclear and mitochondrial expression of mtTFA. As indicated by increased copy number of displacement (D) loop, mitochondrial replication was observed in both MMP-9- and Akt-downregulated glioma cells. As confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis, interaction of αvβ3 integrin with MMP-9 decreased. Studies with functional blocking of αvβ3 integrin indicated elevation of mtTFA, a decrease in phospho Akt, and overexpression of D-loop; these data indicate MMP-9 mediates mitochondrial biogenesis via αvβ3 integrin-Akt/PTEN, which led to increased mtTFA expression. Earlier studies from our lab also showed apoptosis induction in these glioma cells by MMP-9 shRNA. Moreover, 4910 and 5310 glioma xenograft tissue sections from mice treated with MMP-9 shRNA showed reduced expression of phospho Akt, and elevated PTEN and mtTFA levels. Decreased co-localization of αvβ3 integrin and MMP-9 was associated with MMP-9-suppressed tumor sections. Further, RT-PCR and western blot analyses showed increased expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis encoded both by mitochondrial and nuclear genome in MMP-9 shRNA-treated glioma cells. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and the results of the FACS analysis show increased mitochondrial organelle stain in MMP-9-silenced glioma cells. Taken together, these data provide new insight into MMP-9-mediated glioma proliferation inhibition by mitochondrial biogenesis induced cell death.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1118. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1118