bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Occupational Therapy Practice Analysis: Findings and Implications for Competence
Authors: Dunn Winnie , Cada Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This article reports some of the findings from a national study of occupational therapy practice conducted by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT) as part of its fiduciary responsibility to ensure that its entry-level certification examination is formulated on the basis of current practice.
Method. The NBCOT developed a survey with input from approximately 200 occupational therapy leaders and then used it to solicit information about current practice from 4,000 occupational therapists and 3,000 occupational therapy assistants. The sample included geographical location, experience level, and practice area distributions.
Results. Approximately 50% of the sample responded to the survey, Data indicate similarities and differences in occupational therapist and occupational therapy assistant practice (e.g., occupational therapists spend more time conducting evaluations, planning interventions, and supervising, whereas occupational therapy assistants spend more time providing interventions), an increased emphasis on population-based services (e.g., serving a business or industry rather than an individual worker), and an emphasis on occupation as a core knowledge base for practice. From a continuing competency perspective, the data can be useful to the profession; we can plan continuing education to address topics that practitioners have indicated are critical to their practice.
Conclusion. The findings will be useful for revising the entry-level certification examination and may guide thinking about the parameters of continuing competence because the responses represent a cross-section of the profession.
Accountability and Competence: Occupational Therapy Practitioner Perceptions
Authors: Fawcett Louise C. , Strickland L. Randy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Occupational therapy practitioners must meet ever-increasing accountability demands in all service delivery environments. Accountability is made possible through the ongoing development of continued competence through out a practitioner’s career. Behaviors that demonstrate accountability and reflect competence include commitment, leadership, and professional knowledge. This article discusses issues related to accountability and competence, presents findings from focus group discussions with occupational therapy practitioners regarding professional competence, and identifies actions that will bring about greater understanding of this topic.
Method. Thirty-nine randomly selected occupational therapy practitioners attended one of two focus groups. Participants responded to a structured discussion guide, including questions addressing the definition, process for sustaining, and outcomes of continued competence.
Results. Several themes emerged from these discussions. Views about what constitutes and contributes to continued competence in occupational therapy were diverse, and perceptions of occupational therapy “practice” were broad. Participants believed that the “outcomes” of a practitioner’s continued competence were best defined as autonomy in executing the occupational therapy process.
Conclusions. Findings offer potential language to articulate competence in occupational therapy and facilitate a discipline-wide conversation. The findings likewise challenge practitioners to assume new professional behaviors that require both personal and interpersonal skills. Such behaviors are critical to demonstrating accountability and competence.
Management Competencies Required of Administrative and Clinical Practitioners in the New Millennium
Authors: Boyt Schell Barbara A. , Yarett Slater Deborah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Changes in the health care environment necessitate revisiting management-related competencies for both clinical and administrative practitioners. Major changes include the shift from recruitment to reengineering, direct service to multiple service models, department to program management, professional standards to market-driven standards, and single-system to multisystem management. Important competencies include the ability to identify and implement flexible staffing, to use communication technologies to support staff members across multiple sites, to understand of the business of health care, and to create innovative service delivery models consistent with the core values of the profession.
Competence in Scientific Inquiry and Research
Authors: Abreu Beatriz C. , Peloquin Suzanne M. , Ottenbacher Kenneth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The survival and expansion of the profession of occupational therapy depends on its ability to respond to continually changing environments. One of the most current and critical factors in this adaptation is the capacity of therapists to achieve competence in scientific inquiry and research. Competence in the role of researcher is necessary because it contributes to the development of the individual therapist, the profession, and the organization within which the therapist functions. The aim of this article is to review and elaborate on the competencies associated with the role of researcher and to propose a reconceptualization of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that shape competence in scientific inquiry.
Developing the Instructional Skills of New Faculty Members in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Mitcham Maralynne D. , Gillette Nedra P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
During the past 5 years, the American Occupational Therapy Association, American Occupational Therapy Foundation, and Medical University of South Carolina worked together to promote the instructional performance of new faculty members within the profession. This article describes the development and progression of initiatives for more than 300 new faculty members in occupational therapy and the characteristics of those who participated. On the basis of experience gained with these new faculty members, we recommend that the profession of occupational therapy adopt a more systematic approach to conceptualizing, planning, and orchestrating the range of faculty development activities needed by academicians; develop strategies to socialize and encourage prospective faculty members to develop the necessary academic qualifications sooner in their careers; and explore ways in which experienced academicians from other fields can be enticed into our own to strengthen existing faculties.
Academic Juggling Act: Beginning and Sustaining an Academic Career
Authors: Crepeau Elizabeth B. , Thibodaux Louise , Parham Diane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Rapid expansion in the number and size of occupational therapy academic programs has resulted in a crucial need for faculty recruitment and retention. To encourage occupational therapy practitioners to consider academia as a career option, and to support those who choose this option, this article reviews higher education literature related to socialization into academia, the different types of academic institutions, the tenure system, and the process of entering into and sustaining an academic career. This literature is then correlated with issues in occupational therapy education. The article closes with specific literature-based suggestions for creating and sustaining an academic career through development of teaching skills, research agendas, and support systems.
The Use of Rasch Analysis To Produce Scale-Free Measurement of Functional Ability
Authors: Velozo Craig A. , Kielhofner Gary , Lai Jin-Shei 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Innovative applications of Rasch analysis can lead to solutions for traditional measurement problems and can produce new assessment applications in occupational therapy and health care practice. First, Rasch analysis is a mechanism that translates scores across similar functional ability assessments, thus enabling the comparison of functional ability outcomes measured by different instruments. This will allow for the meaningful tracking of functional ability outcomes across the continuum of care. Second, once the item–difficulty order of an instrument or item bank is established by Rasch analysis, computerized adaptive testing can be used to target items to the patient’s ability level, reducing assessment length by as much as one half. More importantly, Rasch analysis can provide the foundation for “equiprecise” measurement or the potential to have precise measurement across all levels of functional ability. The use of Rasch analysis to create scale-free measurement of functional ability demonstrates how this methodology can be used in practical applications of clinical and outcome assessment.
Occupations and Well-Being: A Study of Personal Projects
Authors: Christiansen Charles H. , Backman Catherine , Little Brian R. , Nguyen Alex 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between occupation and subjective well-being (SWB).
Method. A convenience sample of 120 adults completed a personal projects analysis, a method of rating their current goal-directed pursuits. They also completed measures of SWB (Affect Balance Scale, Life Satisfaction Index Form A) and personality traits (Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory). Characteristics of personal projects were correlated with SWB scores. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate possible predictors of well-being from among the characteristics of personal projects, personality traits, and demographic variables.
Results. The stress associated with personal projects was significantly and inversely correlated with well-being, as was project difficulty. Perceived progress in completing projects was significantly positively correlated with well-being. The strongest predictors for well-being were the composite project factors of stress and efficacy. Two personality traits, sensing and extraversion, interacted with the project dimension of stress to emerge as significant predictors of well-being. Together, these four variables explained 42% of the variance in well-being scores.
Conclusion . These findings are consistent with assumptions that attributes of meaningful occupations are significantly related to people’s perceived well-being.
Outcomes of Protocol-Based and Adaptation-Based Occupational Therapy Interventions for Low-Income Elderly Persons on a Transitional Unit
Authors: Spencer Jean , Hersch Gayle , Eschenfelder Verna , Fournet Jacqueline , Murray-Gerzik Melanie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The study objectives were to describe (a) adaptation trajectories of elderly persons treated on a transitional unit for deconditioning and tracked after their return to the community, (b) an individualized adaptation-based intervention provided to selected elderly persons in addition to protocol-based treatment for deconditioning, (c) goals and outcomes of these two interventions, and (d) contrasting perceptions of outcomes by elderly persons, their family members, and their therapists.
Method. A longitudinal qualitative design was used to track 8 participants from transitional unit to community. Data on the protocol-based intervention were obtained from chart review and therapist interviews. Data on the adaptation-based intervention were obtained from the Client-Centered Evaluation and Community Adaptive Planning Assessment, which were used for goal setting and problem solving. In the community, contrasting perspectives on outcomes were obtained from the participants, their family members, and their therapists through semistructured interviews.
Results. Participants’ adaptation trajectories revealed that half relocated to new living arrangements after discharge from the transitional unit. At the time of follow-up, 91% of the protocol-based goals and 100% of the adaptation-based goals had been met in some fashion, with modification in the goal or development of new solutions in some cases. Outcomes valued by the participants were returning to former occupations and relationships; family members valued getting quality care for the participant; and therapists valued improvement in strength, endurance, and increased independence in activities of daily living (ADL).
Conclusion. Findings support use of an individualized consultative intervention that addresses occupational performance areas and performance contexts combined with a protocol-based, hands-on intervention that addresses performance components and basic ADL for elderly persons with multiple chronic illnesses.
Managing Occupations in Everyday Life To Achieve Adaptation
Authors: Thorén Jönsson Anna-Lisa , Möller Anders , Grimby Gunnar 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain a deeper understanding of how persons with poliomyelitis sequelae manage their daily occupations in order to adapt to environmental demands. This was a study of adaptive processes and capability in everyday life.
Method. Interviews with 22 persons with poliomyelitis sequelae were content analyzed according to grounded theory.
Results. The analysis yielded 18 concepts describing adaptive strategies of participants. The strategies were arranged in six general groups: utilizing physical capability, influencing emotions, altering pattern of occupations, promoting concrete problem-solving, influencing relations, and facilitating future activities.
Conclusion. The strategies were interwoven, revealing different ways of reaching an adaptive balance in daily occupations for the present and the future.
Measurement Issues in Treatment Effectiveness Studies
Authors: Davies Patricia L. , Gavin William J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Improved understanding of the various test scores found in clinical norm-referenced assessment instruments will enable therapists to make informed decisions about selecting the best test scores for measuring and reporting applied clinical research activities (i.e., initial evaluation, progress report, program evaluation, treatment effectiveness research). The application of norm-referenced test scores in treatment effectiveness research is discussed, with all issues applying directly to the use of individual clients’ test scores in making clinical decisions and reporting assessment results. The scientific principles of measurement used by researchers are outlined, followed by a discussion of the various test scores that can be obtained from a norm-referenced test and how each score is interpreted. Recommendations are provided for the use of the various test scores in treatment effectiveness research, specifically addressing research questions that can be answered from results obtained using the different measures available in norm-referenced tests: Did the clients improve in performance? At what rate are the skills being gained?
Motor Development of Native American Children on the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
Authors: Crowe Terry K. , McClain Catherine , Provost Beth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Native American children have not been widely represented in the normative samples of standardized tests assessing motor development. This study investigated the cultural relevance of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) in 2-year-old Native American children who are typically developing.
Method. The PDMS was administered to a sample of 44 Pueblo children who were 24 months through 35 months of age and typically developing. Each child’s family also completed a parent questionnaire addressing the child’s development and family demographics. Participant scores were compared with those of the normative sample.
Results. The sample scored significantly lower than the normative sample (p ≤ .001) on the Fine Motor Scale, and, when gender was taken into consideration, all but the older girls (30 months–35 months of age) had significantly lower scores. All but the younger girls (24 months–29 months of age) scored within the normal range on the Gross Motor Scale.
Conclusion. Our results with this small sample suggest that caution be used when comparing motor performance (especially fine motor abilities) of 2-year-old Native American children against the PDMS normative data.
Occupational Therapists in the School Setting: Working With Students With Complex Health Care Needs
Authors: Lowman Dianne Koontz , Simons Dianne F. , Shepherd Jayne T. , Fiocca Jeanne T. , Ernouf Holly S. , Hundley Becky S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study investigated one aspect of the role of school-based occupational therapists working with students with complex health care needs during the school day.
Method. One hundred seventy-two occupational therapists working in school systems were surveyed with regard to their involvement with children with complex health care needs, particularly specific complex health care procedures performed, knowledge of policies, training in the administration of health-related procedures, and perceived levels of competency.
Results. Sixty-eight (61%) of the therapists reported having children with complex health care needs on their caseload; of these, 65% reported involvement in seizure monitoring and 24% reported performing gastrostomy feedings. Most respondents reported an awareness of policies regarding administration of medication, gastrostomy feeding, and seizure monitoring in their school system. Respondents’ main role with this population included activities in positioning, environmental modification, and staff instruction.
Conclusion. The major role of occupational therapists working in school systems involved providing direct intervention with the student and not conducting or instructing others in health-related procedures. Therapists also served as a resource on health-related issues for school personnel.
The Village AIDS Day Treatment Program: A Model of Interdisciplinary and Interdependent Care
Authors: Murphy Nancy , Messina William , Getter Elizabeth , Gutterman Linda , Martin Thomas , Rincon Patricia , Zimmerman Jan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article describes the Village AIDS Day Treatment Program, a program for people living with HIV/AIDS that provides health care by using a full range of interdependent services. Opened in 1988, this program was the first of its kind in the country. It has provided leadership in developing a model of care that addresses the full spectrum of health care—promotion, prevention, maintenance, and treatment. Along with describing the program and its services, this article includes the program’s history and its influencing philosophies.
Wellness Works: Community Service Health Promotion Groups Led by Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Scott Anne Hiller 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. In the context of a group process course, occupational therapy students learned health promotion skills through working on personal wellness goals and leading community-based health promotion groups. The groups targeted topics such as smoking cessation, improving diet, reducing stress through yoga, meditation, tai chi chuan, ROM (Range of Motion) Dance, aerobics, and a variety of other activities.
Method. After identifying a personal wellness goal and developing it in a Wellness Awareness Learning Contract, each student used a Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) to predict an expected outcome for achieving the goal and to measure his or her progress toward attaining the goal. Students also used the GAS to measure progress in attaining group leadership skills within the community groups, which they outlined in a separate Group Skills Contract. Students kept weekly logs to foster reflective thinking, and the logs were used for interactive dialogue with the instructor. To further evaluate lifestyle change, students compared pretest and posttest scores on a Self-Assessment Scorecard, which surveyed six areas of health and human potential in body, mind, and spirit.
Results. Students monitored their own change process on both their personal health lifestyle goals and their group leadership skills while developing a richer appreciation of the dynamics of working for change with clients in community and traditional settings. Differences on the Self-Assessment Scorecard indicated improvement on two of the six scales for physical health and choices.
Conclusion. Students experienced firsthand the challenges of developing healthier lifestyles on the basis of their personal goals as well as through fostering group changes. The two GAS learning contracts provided them with concrete evidence of their growth and learning. This experience—embedded in the context of a group process course with a community service learning group practicum—provided most students with a positive initial experience with group leadership as they began to explore roles as agents for lifestyle and health change. Suggestions for expanding health promotion roles in practice in the changing health care environment are also examined.
The American Political Discourse in 2012
Authors: Springman Jeremy Robert 
Published: April 2012

The concept of globalization refers to a multitude of processes rapidly changing the space in which individuals, institutions, and systems interact with one another. Popular interpretations have seen increasing interconnectedness as the beginning of a “race to the bottom” in which the state is precluded from governance as competition to attract capital and prevent flight mandates a retrenchment of the public sector. As this occurs, outside influences should crowd out opportunities for the “collective priority and preference setting” that defines democratic governance. Instead, much of the convergence toward retrenchment has been endogenous change motivated by ideas and political strategy rather than exogenous economic pressure. America’s protracted battle over the debt ceiling provides a compelling case to explore how the ideational force of globalization has included new voices in domestic preference setting and augmented rather than crowded out public deliberation. Tracking the impact of these influences on the American discourse will help us understand how the 2012 elections are likely to be impacted by the emergence of groups willing and able to compete with the Republican Party on behalf of economic conservatives.
Exploiting Nanoroughness on Holographically Patterned Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals
Authors: Li Jie , Liang Guanquan , Zhu Xuelian , Yang Shu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) diamond photonic crystals with controllable nanoroughness (≤120 nm) on the surface from epoxy‐functionalized cyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) is reported. The nanoroughness is generated on the 3D network due to microphase separation of the polymer chain segments in a nonsolvent during the rinsing step in holographic lithography process. The degree of roughness can be tuned by the crosslinking density of the polymer network, which is dependent on the loading of photoacid generators, the exposure dosage, and the choice of developer and rinsing solvent. Because the nanoroughness size is small, it does not affect the photonic band gap position of the photonic crystal in the infrared region. The combination of periodic microstructure and nanoroughness, however, offers new opportunities to realize superhydrophobicity and enhanced dye adsorption in addition to the photon management in the 3D photonic crystal.