bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Obesity on Work Productivity and Role Disability in Individuals with and at Risk for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rodbard Helena W. , Fox Kathleen M. , Grandy Susan 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Evaluate work absence, work productivity, and disruption of work, social, and family life among individuals of varying body mass index (BMI) with or at risk for diabetes mellitus. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of survey data. Setting. Community-based U.S. population. Subjects. Respondents (n = 15,132; n = 7338 working adults) participating in the U.S. Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD) study were stratified by combinations of BMI (i.e., ≥ 30 kg/m2 [obese], 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 [overweight], and < 25 kg/m2 [normal weight]) and diabetes (i.e., type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM], and high risk [HR] or low risk [LR] of T2DM). Measures. Work impairment was measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health. Disruption in life was measured using the Sheehan Disability Scale. HR was defined as 3 to 5 of the following factors: abdominal obesity, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, reported diagnosis of “cholesterol problems,” reported diagnosis of “hypertension,” or history of coronary heart disease or stroke. LR was defined as ≤ 2 of these factors. Results. Percentage of work impairment and proportion with severe disruption of work, family, and social life increased systematically from normal weight to obese (p < .001). Obese individuals had the greatest impairment at work (11%-15% of work time), greatest impairment of daily activities (20%-34% of time), and greatest overall impairment (11%-15% of time) in the LR, HR, and T2DM groups. Obesity and T2DM were independent predictors of overall work impairment and life disruption (p < .001). Between 5% and 7% of total variance was explained in the regression models with BMI category, diabetes/risk group, age, gender, race, income, and household size as variables. Conclusion. Greatest impairment of work and daily activities was evident among obese individuals for all groups.
Characteristics of Smokers Calling a National Reactive Telephone Helpline
Authors: Sood Akshay , Andoh Jennifer , Rajoli Naveen , Hopkins-Price Patricia , Verhulst Steven J. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Although reactive telephone helplines for quitting smoking are increasingly popular in the United States, the characteristics of callers using this resource have not been adequately studied. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the current smokers calling a national reactive telephone helpline (i.e., study population). Design and Setting. In this cross-sectional study, information was obtained from eligible participants telephonically. Subjects. The study included 890 adult current smokers who were new callers to a national reactive helpline. Measures. The information collected included selected demographic and smoking-related characteristics. Analysis. The proportions of the above characteristics were analyzed. Results. There was a significant overrepresentation of blacks, non-Hispanics, women, and urban residents, as well as poorer, older, less educated, and heavier smokers in the study population (p < .01 for all comparisons). Conclusions. Reactive telephone helplines may be preferentially used by population segments who are disadvantaged or smoke heavily and thus are in greatest need for assistance. These helplines may therefore fill a much-needed niche in the marketplace of smoking cessation strategies.
An Analysis of Cardiovascular Health Information in Popular Young Women's Magazines: What Messages are Women Receiving?
Authors: Turner Melanie B. , Vader Amanda M. , Walters Scott T. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. This study evaluated the consistency of cardiovascular health information in popular women's magazines against the American Heart Association's (AHA) guidelines for nutrition, physical activity, weight management, and smoking. Design. Six issues of four publications, Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Vogue, and Shape (24 total) were reviewed for inclusion. Setting. Content analysis was performed by two independent raters on 162 articles (283 instances of priority-related information). Measures. Articles were rated using a questionnaire developed from the AHA-recommended priorities. Analysis. Results are presented primarily in qualitative form, supplemented by analyses of variance and correlation significance tests when appropriate. Results. Physical activity was the most common topic, followed by nutrition, weight management, and cigarette smoking. Information about weight management was less consistent than other areas. Although publications varied widely in the frequency of coverage, there was no significant difference among them in overall consistency of the information. No articles gave information directly contrary to the AHA recommendations. Limitations include the subjective nature of the content analysis and the limited number of publications and time period for review. Conclusion. Women are receiving information related to diet, exercise, weight management, and cigarette smoking in popular magazines. However, the information is variable to the extent that it is consistent with evidence-based prevention guidelines.
Best Practices in Implementing Lifestyle Interventions in the WISEWOMAN Program: Adaptable Strategies for Public Health Programs
Authors: Besculides Melanie , Zaveri Heather , Hanson Charlotte , Farris Rosanne , Gregory-Mercado Karen , Will Julie 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Describe best practices for implementing a variety of lifestyle interventions targeting cardiovascular disease risk factors. Approach. A mixed-methods approach was used to collect and analyze data. The study was guided by the RE-AIM framework. Setting. Selected Well-Integrated Screening and Intervention for Women Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) projects funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants. Five of the 15 currently operating WISEWOMAN projects were selected for study. Selection was based on availability of quantitative performance data, which were used to identify two high-performing and one low-performing sites within each project. Method. Qualitative data collection included a review of program materials; telephone interviews with federal, project, and local staff and site visits. Site visits involved interviews with staff, observations of the lifestyle intervention, and discussions with focus groups of participants. Analysis involved writing site reports, developing theme tables, identifying practices of interest, and applying an algorithm to identify best practices. Results. Eighty-seven best practices were identified. We present a subset of 31 practices applicable to other public health programs and for which differences in how high- and low-performing sites used the practices were identified. Discussion. Many of the best practices identified are applicable to broader audiences. Practitioners interested in strategies to recruit, engage, and retain participants and to facilitate behavior change can learn from these practices.
The Causal Influence of Neighborhood Design on Physical Activity within the Neighborhood: Evidence from Northern California
Authors: Handy Susan L. , Cao Xinyu , Mokhtarian Patricia L. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Test for a causal relationship between neighborhood design and physical activity within the neighborhood by controlling for self-selection. Design. Cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses of residents of selected neighborhoods. Setting. Eight Northern California neighborhoods. Subjects. Random sample of 1682 adults stratified by movers (moved within 1 year) and nonmovers (moved > 1 year ago) responding to self-administered mail surveys (24.7% response rate). Measures. Self-reported number of days in last 7 days of moderate to vigorous physical activity somewhere in the neighborhood and self-reported change in physical activity in the neighborhood from prior to moving (for movers) or from 1 year ago (for nonmovers). Analysis. Zero-inflated Poisson regression for cross-sectional analysis (n = 1497); ordered probit model for quasi-longitudinal analysis (n = 1352). Results. After we controlled for physical activity attitudes and neighborhood preferences, selected neighborhood design characteristics were associated with physical activity within the neighborhood and changes in selected neighborhood design characteristics were associated with changes in physical activity within the neighborhood. Conclusions. Both cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses provided evidence of a causal impact of neighborhood design. Improving physical activity options, aesthetic qualities, and social environment may increase physical activity. Critical limitations included self-report measures of physical activity, lack of measures of duration and intensity of neighborhood physical activity, lack of measures of total physical activity, and limited measures of preferences related to physical activity.
The Effectiveness and Efficacy of an Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in 24 Sites
Authors: Silberman Anna , Banthia Rajni , Estay Ivette S. , Kemp Colleen , Studley Joli , Hareras Dennis , Ornish Dean 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy and effectiveness of an intensive cardiac rehabilitation program in improving health outcomes in multiple sites. Methods. This study employs a nonexperimental (prospective time series) design to investigate changes in cardiovascular disease in 2974 men and women from 24 socioeconomically diverse sites who participated in an intensive cardiac rehabilitation program at baseline, 12 weeks, and 1 year. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences by comparing baseline values to those after 12 weeks, baseline values to those after 1 year, and values after 12 weeks to those after 1 year. Results. Eighty-eight percent of patients remained enrolled in the program after 12 weeks, and 78.1% remained enrolled in the program after 1 year. Patients showed statistically significant improvements after 12 weeks in body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, depression, hostility, exercise, and functional capacity. These differences also remained significant after 1 year. There was additional significant improvement between 12 weeks and 1 year only in BMI, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, functional capacity, and hostility, and significant recidivism between 12 weeks and 1 year in all other measures (except triglycerides) and depression, yet improvements from baseline to 1 year remained significant in all measures (except HDL, which was unchanged) (p < .005). Conclusions. This intensive cardiac rehabilitation program was feasible and sustainable for most patients who enrolled and was associated with numerous subjective and objective improvements in health outcomes. It demonstrates that the intervention works when it is administered by staff at multiple clinical/community sites in four different states. These improvements were also seen in patients 65 years of age or older.
Magnetospheric response to the solar wind as indicated by the cross-polar potential drop and the low-latitude asymmetric disturbance field
Authors: Eriksson S. , Blomberg L. G. , Ivchenko N. , Karlsson T. , Marklund G. T. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The cross-polar potential drop Φpc and the low-latitude asymmetric geomagnetic disturbance field, as indicated by the mid-latitude ASY-H magnetic index, are used to study the average magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing for southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. The state of the solar wind is monitored by the ACE spacecraft and the ionospheric convection is measured by the double probe electric field instrument on the Astrid-2 satellite. The solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is examined for 77 cases in February and from mid-May to mid-June 1999 by using the interplanetary magnetic field Bz component and the reconnection electric field. Our results show that the maximum correlation between Φpc and the reconnection electric field is obtained approximately 25 min after the solar wind has reached a distance of 11 RE from the Earth, which is the assumed average position of the magnetopause. The corresponding correlation for ASY-H shows two separate responses to the reconnection electric field, delayed by about 35 and 65 min, respectively. We suggest that the combination of the occurrence of a large magnetic storm on 18 February 1999 and the enhanced level of geomagnetic activity which peaks at Kp = 7- may explain the fast direct response of ASY-H to the solar wind at 35 min, as well as the lack of any clear secondary responses of Φpc to the driving solar wind at time delays longer than 25 min.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; plasma convection) – Ionosphere (electric fields and currents)
Interferometric radar observations of filamented structures due to plasma instabilities and their relation to dynamic auroral rays
Authors: Grydeland T. , Blixt E. M. , Løvhaug U. P. , Hagfors T. , La Hoz C. , Trondsen T. S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Several explanations have been proposed for Naturally Enhanced ion-acoustic Echoes observed at mid- and high-latitude Incoherent Scatter observatories. A decisive measure for distinguishing between these explanations is whether or not simultaneously observed up- and down-shifted enhancement occur simultaneously, or if they are the result of temporal and/or spatial averaging. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar has two antennas in the same radar system, which can be used as an interferometer when pointed parallel. In observations from 17 January 2002, between 06:46:10 and 06:46:30 UT, we used this possibility, in combination with direct sampling of the received signals, to yield measurements of "naturally enhanced ion-acoustic echoes" with sufficiently high resolution to resolve such averaging, if any. For the first time, radar interferometry has been employed to estimate the sizes of coherent structures. The observations were coordinated with an image intensified video camera with a narrow field of view. Together, this forms the initial study on the causal relationships between enhanced echoes and fine structure in the auroral activity on sub-kilometer, sub-second scales. The results confirm that the enhanced echoes originate from very localised regions (~300m perpendicular to the magnetic field at 500km altitude) with varying range distribution, and with high time variability (≈200ms). The corresponding increase in scattering cross section, up to 50dB above incoherent scattering, eliminates theoretical explanations based on marginal stability. The simultaneously observed up- and down-shifted enhanced shoulders, when caused by sufficiently narrow structures to be detected by the interferometer technique, originate predominantly from the same volume. These results have significant impact on theories attempting to explain the enhancements, in particular it is found that the ion-electron two-stream mechanism favoured by many authors is an unlikely candidate to explain the observations. The video data has helped establish a clear correlation between the enhanced echoes and auroral activity, on sub-second time scales, showing a threshold connection between the auroral intensity and the triggering of the radar enhancements. It appears that the up- and down-shifted enhanced echoes correlate with fine auroral structures in different ways. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; plasma waves and instabilities) – Radio science (interferometry)
Average characteristics of the midtail plasma sheet in different dynamic regimes of the magnetosphere
Authors: Dmitrieva N. P. , Sergeev V. A. , Shukhtina M. A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We study average characteristics of plasma sheet convection in the middle tail during different magnetospheric states (Steady Magnetospheric Convection, SMC, and substorms) using simultaneous magnetotail (Geotail, 15-35 RE downtail) and solar wind (Wind spacecraft) observations during 3.5 years. (1) A large data set allowed us to obtain the average values of the plasma sheet magnetic flux transfer rate (Ey and directly compare it with the dayside transfer rate (Emod for different magnetospheric states. The results confirm the magnetic flux imbalance model suggested by Russell and McPherron (1973), namely: during SMC periods the day-to-night flux transport rate equals the global Earthward plasma sheet convection; during the substorm growth phase the plasma sheet convection is suppressed on the average by 40%, whereas during the substorm expansion phase it twice exceeds the day-to-night global flux transfer rate. (2) Different types of substorms were revealed. About 1/3 of all substorms considered displayed very weak growth in the tail lobe magnetic field before the onset. For these events the plasma sheet transport was found to be in a balance with the day-to-night flux transfer, as in the SMC events. However, the lobe magnetic field value in these cases was as large as that in the substorms with a classic growth phase just before the onset (both values exceed the average level of the lobe field during the SMC). Also, in both groups similar configurational changes (magnetic field stretching and plasma sheet thinning) were observed before the substorm onset. (3) Superimposed epoch analysis showed that the plasma sheet during the late substorm recovery phase has the characteristics similar to those found during SMC events, the SMC could be a natural magnetospheric state following the substorm.
Cluster observes formation of high-beta plasma blobs
Authors: Haerendel G. , Georgescu E. , Glassmeier K. H. , Klecker B. , Bogdanova Y. V. , Rème H. , Frey H. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Late in a sequence of four moderate substorms on 26 July 2001, Cluster observed periods of a few minutes durations of high-beta plasma events (B<10nT, β=2-30), connected with dipolarizations of the magnetic field. Cluster was located near 02:45 MLT, at R=19RE and at about 5°N GSM. These events began late in the recovery phase of the second and about 5min before onset of the third substorm and lasted for three hours, way beyond the recovery phase of the fourth substorm. The most remarkable observation is that the onset coincided with the arrival of energetic (E~7keV) O+ ions and energetic electrons obviously from the ionosphere, which tended to dominate the plasma composition throughout the remaining time. The magnetic flux and plasma transport is continuously directed equatorward and earthward, with oscillatory east-west movements superposed. Periods of the order of 5-10min and strong correlations between the magnetic elevation angle and log β (correlation coefficient 0.78) are highly reminiscent of the high-beta plasma blobs discovered with Equator-S and Geotail between 9 and 11RE in the late night/early morning sector (Haerendel et al., 1999). We conclude that Cluster observed the plasma blob formation in the tail plasma sheet, which seems to occur predominantly in the recovery and post-recovery phases of substorms. This is consistent with the finding of Equator-S and Geotail. The origin is a pulsed earthward plasma transport with velocity amplitudes of only several tens of km/s.
Comparison of the measured and modeled electron densities, and electron and ion temperatures in the low-latitude ionosphere during 19-21 March 1988
Authors: Pavlov A. V. , Fukao S. , Kawamura S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We have presented a comparison between the modeled NmF2 and hmF2, and NmF2 and hmF2 which were observed at the equatorial anomaly crest and close to the geomagnetic equator simultaneously by the Akita, Kokubunji, Yamagawa, Okinawa, Chung-Li, Manila, Vanimo, and Darwin ionospheric sounders and by the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar at Shigaraki (34.85°N, 136.10°E, Japan) during the 19-21 March 1988 geomagnetically quiet time period at moderate solar activity near approximately the same geomagnetic meridian of 201°. A comparison between the electron, Te, and ion, Ti, temperatures measured by the MU radar and those produced by the model of the ionosphere and plasmasphere is presented for 19-21 March 1988. It is shown that there is a large disagreement between the measured and modeled hmF2 from about 07:00 UT to about 11:00 UT if the equatorial ExB drift given by Scherliess and Fejer (1999) is used. The required equatorial upward ExB drift is weaker from 03:14 UT to 11:14 UT than that given by Scherliess and Fejer (1999) for the studied time period. The required modification of the ExB drift weakens the effect of the fountain in NmF2 bringing the modeled and measured hmF2 and NmF2, into reasonable agreement. The depth of the equatorial NmF2 trough in the calculated NmF2 is approximately consistent with the measured depth if the modified equatorial ExB drift is used. It has been found that the north-south asymmetries in the observed NmF2 and hmF2 about the geomagnetic equator are mainly caused by the asymmetry in the neutral wind about the geomagnetic equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meridional neutral wind taken from the HWW90 wind model and the NRLMSISE-00 atomic oxygen density are corrected so that the model results agree with the ionospheric sounders and MU radar observations. A theory of the primary mechanisms causing the latitude dependence of the morning and evening peaks in Te is developed. The latitude dependence of the magnitudes of these peaks in Te is interpreted in terms of the corresponding dependence of the electron density. The relative role of the ExB drift and the plasma drift caused by the neutral wind in the formation and the dependence of the magnitudes of the morning and evening electron temperature peaks on the geomagnetic latitude is studied.
Brightness variations of the northern 630nm intertropical arc and the midnight pressure bulge over Eritrea
Authors: Wiens R. H. , Habtemichael S. , Andemariam F. , Welday K. , Criswick J. , Brown S. , Sargoytchev S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The nightglow brightness at 630nm from the thermospheric O(1D) layer was monitored nightly at Asmara, Eritrea (15.4° N, 39.9° E, 7° N dip) with an all-sky imager. Averages of north-south strips of the images enabled contour plots of brightness on a latitude vs. local time grid. The contours show the movement of the intertropical arc southward before midnight, staying just north of Asmara after midnight, and gradually brightening to a maximum at 02:00h local civil time, 02:00 LT, after which it disappears before dawn. It is argued that all features of the plots can be explained by known mechanisms capable of driving ions along magnetic field lines, including the fountain effect, summer to winter transequatorial winds, and the midnight pressure bulge. The 02:00 LT brightness maximum is the most striking and the most persistent feature in the data. The persistence of the location of the 02:00 LT brightening is attributed to a pressure bulge centered on the geographic equator at midnight and extending to higher latitudes with increasing local time in both the winter and the summer hemispheres. The bulge is shown to be stronger near solstice than near equinox, confirming earlier work.