bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopical study to assess thein vitroeffects of the synthetic trioxolane OZ78 against the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica
Authors: HALFERTY L. , O'NEILL J. F. , BRENNAN G. P. , KEISER J. , FAIRWEATHER I. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYAdultFasciola hepaticawere incubated for 48 hin vitroin the synthetic peroxide, OZ78 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and then prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. There was limited disruption to the external fluke surface, with only slight swelling and blebbing of the interspinal tegument in the midbody and ventral tail regions. By contrast, significant disruption was observed to the ultrastructure of the tegument and subtegumental tissues. There was severe swelling of the basal infolds in the tegumental syncytium and the flooding spread internally to affect the subtegumental tissues. In the tegumental system, there was swelling of the cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum and of the mitochondria, with the latter showing signs of breaking down. Autophagic vacuoles and lipid droplets were present and the synthesis of tegumental secretory bodies was much reduced. The gastrodermal cells were severely affected, with swelling and degeneration of the mitochondria and the presence of autophagic vacuoles and lipid droplets. The granular endoplasmic reticulum was swollen and vesiculated and the cells contained few secretory bodies. Both the vitelline and testis follicles showed evidence of extensive cellular disruption and degeneration. This study confirms previous data indicating the potential flukicidal activity of OZ78.
Phenotypic plasticity of taxonomic and diagnostic structures in gyrodactylosis-causing flatworms (Monogenea, Platyhelminthes)
Authors: OLSTAD K. , BACHMANN L. , BAKKE T. A. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe present study addresses the effect of varying temperature and host species on the size and shape of the opisthaptoral hard-parts in isogenic strains of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. thymalli. Variation in shape was examined using geometric morphometrics. Since the opisthaptoral hard-parts of Gyrodactylus have few specific landmarks, their shape information mostly being represented by outlines and surfaces, a method based on sliding semi-landmarks was applied. The ventral bars of G. salaris did not follow the previously postulated negative correlation between size and temperature, and the largest hamuli and marginal hooks from G. salaris and the smallest from G. thymalli clearly overlapped in size. Consistent shape differences with temperature were detected for the hard-parts from G. thymalli but not from G. salaris. The hard-parts of G. salaris were similar in size but significantly different in shape when grown on secondary hosts rather than the primary host.
The diversity, distribution and host-parasite associations of trypanosomes in Western Australian wildlife
Authors: AVERIS S. , THOMPSON R. C. A. , LYMBERY A. J. , WAYNE A. F. , MORRIS K. D. , SMITH A. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYLittle is known regarding the diversity, distribution or host-parasite associations ofTrypanosomaspp. in Australian wildlife. Here we report on an investigation based on divergence of the 18S rRNA gene of trypanosomes isolated from a range of hosts and varied geographical locations. A total of 371 individuals representing 19 species of native animals from 14 different locations were screened. In total, 32 individuals from 9 different species tested positive for the parasite. Phylogenetic analysis revealed considerable parasite diversity with no clear geographical distribution and no evidence of host specificity. In general, it appears that AustralianTrypanosomaspp. are widespread, with several genotypes appearing in multiple host species and in varied locations including both mainland areas and offshore islands. Some host species were found to be susceptible to multiple genotypes, but no individuals were infected with more than a single isolate.
Involvement of the dehydroleucodine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone function in GVBD inhibition inBufo arenarumoocytes
Authors: Toranzo G. Sánchez , López L.A. , Martínez J. Zapata , Bühler M.C. Gramajo , Bühler M.I. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryDehydroleucodine (DhL), a sesquiterpenic lactone, was isolated and purified from aerial parts ofArtemisia douglasianaBesser, a medicinal herb used in Argentina. DhL is an alpha-methylene butyro-gamma-lactone ring connected to a seven-membered ring fused to an exocyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone ringIt has been previously shown that DhL selectively induces a dose-dependent transient arrest in G2of both meristematic cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Treatment with DhL induces an inhibition of spontaneous and progesterone-induced maturation in a dose-dependent manner inBufo arenarumfully grown oocytes arrested at G2, at the beginning of meiosis I. However, the nature of the mechanisms involved in the process is still unknown.The aim of this work was to analyse whether DhL's alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone function is responsible for the inhibition effect on meiosis reinitiation ofBufo arenarumoocytes as well as some of the transduction pathways that could be involved in this effect using a derivative of DhL inactivated for alpha-methylenelactone, the 11,13-dihydro-dehydroleucodine (2H-DhL).The use of 2H-DhL in the maturation promoting factor (MPF) amplification experiments by injection of both cytoplasm with active MPF and of germinal vesicle content showed results similar to the ones obtained with DhL, suggesting that the hydrogenated derivative would act in a similar way to DhL.Pretreatment with DhL or 2H-DhL did not affect the percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) induced by H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, which suggests that these lactones would act on another step of the signalling pathway that induces MPF activation. The fact that both DhL and 2H-Dhl inhibit GVBD induced by okadaic acid microinjection suggests that they could act on the activity of the Myt1 kinase. This idea is supported by the experiments of injection of GV contents in which an inhibitory effect of these lactones on GVBD was also observed.Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect on meiosis progression of DhL does not depend only on the activity of the alpha-methylenelactone function, as its hydrogenated derivative, 2H-DhL, in which this function has been inactivated, causes similar effects on amphibian oocytes. However, 2H-DhL was less active than DhL as higher doses were required to obtain a significant inhibition. On the other hand, the analysis of the participation of certain mediators in some of the signalling pathways leading to MPF activation suggests that the Myt1 kinase could be a target of these lactones, while cdc25 phosphatase would not be affected. Besides, the PKA inhibition assays indicate that these lactones would act earlier in the signalling pathways.
How automatic adjustment factors affect the internal rate of return of PAYG pension systems
Authors: KNELL MARKUS 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper we analyze automatic adjustment factors that can be used to keep the budget of a PAYG pension system balanced when cohort sizes fluctuate. The adjustment factors are defined in a way that is similar to their real-world counterparts and they differ in the relative weight they put on changes in the contribution rate and in the pension level. We show how the internal rate of return of the PAYG system depends on the fluctuations in cohort size and on the choice of the adjustment regime. We find that fluctuations in the cohort size have the smallest impact on the internal rate of return if the relative weight of the adjustment parameters directly corresponds to the length of the retirement period relative to the length of the working period. For reasonable numerical values, this weight is close to the actual choice in the German system.
A Perspective on Improving Evidence and Practice in Cluttering
Authors: Scott Kathleen Scaler , St. Louis Kenneth O. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In the past, the rationale for cluttering to be ignored, not to be taken seriously, and not to be diagnosed could be attributed to several factors stemming from problems in definition and research design. This article reviews these factors and outlines advances being made in the state of evidence on cluttering. Recommendations for ensuring that cluttering research, diagnosis, and treatment remain based in evidence are discussed.
“Cluttered” Parenting
Authors: Adams Charley 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
This article is designed to call attention to the experiences of being a parent of a child who clutters. Three parents were interviewed. Although their stories are very different, they share similar challenges. Difficulties include struggling to understand a child who clutters, obtaining an initial diagnosis of cluttering, finding a speech-language pathologist with the knowledge and skills to work with a child who clutters, and helping a child with cluttering learn how to socialize with his/her peers.
Global Landscape of Cluttering
Authors: Reichel Isabella K. , Bakker Klaas 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The global emphasis of the International Cluttering Association (ICA) is manifested in multiple dimensions. This article focuses on two of them, namely, resources available through the ICA Web site and the results of an International Cluttering Survey (ICS), which had been presented to 25 members of the Committee of the International Representatives of the ICA. The answers of the representatives to questions regarding awareness of cluttering, definitions, professional preparation, goals for education about cluttering and approaches for achieving goals, are compared and analyzed.
R/Bioconductor software for Illumina's Infinium whole-genome genotyping BeadChips
Authors: Ritchie Matthew E. , Carvalho Benilton S. , Hetrick Kurt N. , Tavaré Simon , Irizarry Rafael A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Summary: Illumina produces a number of microarray-based technologies for human genotyping. An Infinium BeadChip is a two-color platform that types between 105 and 106 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per sample. Despite being widely used, there is a shortage of open source software to process the raw intensities from this platform into genotype calls. To this end, we have developed the R/Bioconductor package crlmm for analyzing BeadChip data. After careful preprocessing, our software applies the CRLMM algorithm to produce genotype calls, confidence scores and other quality metrics at both the SNP and sample levels. We provide access to the raw summary-level intensity data, allowing users to develop their own methods for genotype calling or copy number analysis if they wish.
Availability and Implementation: The crlmm Bioconductor package is available from http://www.bioconductor.org. Data packages and documentation are available from http://rafalab.jhsph.edu/software.html.
Contact: mritchie@wehi.edu.au; rafa@jhu.edu
Swimbladder condition and target strength of myctophid fish in the temperate zone of the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Yasuma Hiroki , Sawada Kouichi , Takao Yoshimi , Miyashita Kazushi , Aoki Ichiro 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Yasuma, H., Sawada, K., Takao, Y., Miyashita, K., and Aoki, I. 2010. Swimbladder condition and target strength of myctophid fish in the temperate zone of the Northwest Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 135–144. We report theoretical values of the target strength (TS) of four myctophid fish (Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Myctophum asperum, Diaphus garmani, and Diaphus chrysorhynchus) based on morphometry of the swimbladder. None of the D. chrysorhynchus had an inflated swimbladder, but the other species had both inflated and non-inflated swimbladders, depending on body size. The relationships between swimbladder and body length showed that once gas production started, the swimbladders grew faster than the rest of the body (positive allometric growth). However, M. asperum showed regression of the swimbladder after positive allometric growth, so larger specimens had non-inflated swimbladders. Based on the measurements of swimbladder and body length, the theoretical TS values at 38 and 120 kHz were calculated using existing sound-scattering models. In fish with inflated swimbladders, TS values were relatively low (less than −67 dB, reduced TScm) at both frequencies. Regression slopes on TS–body length (log) plots were >20, suggesting that their scattering cross sections were not proportional to the square of the body length. In contrast, the TS values of M. asperum decreased with growth in large fish (60–80 mm long) through swimbladder regression. Scattering cross sections of fish without swimbladders were not proportional to the square of the body length over the whole size range.
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases‐C and D, key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, play an essential role in disease resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: TRONCHET MAURICE , BALAGUÉ CLAUDINE , KROJ THOMAS , JOUANIN LISE , ROBY DOMINIQUE 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe deposition of lignin during plant–pathogen interactions is thought to play a role in plant defence. However, the function of lignification genes in plant disease resistance is poorly understood. In this article, we provide genetic evidence that the primary genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, CAD‐C and CAD‐D, act as essential components of defence to virulent and avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, possibly through the salicylic acid defence pathway. Thus, in contrast with cellulose synthesis, whose alteration leads to an increase in disease resistance, alteration of the cell wall lignin content leads directly or indirectly to defects in some defence components.
Inhaled tiotropium bromide and risk of stroke
Authors: Grosso Anthony , Douglas Ian , Hingorani Aroon D. , MacAllister Raymond , Hubbard Richard , Smeeth Liam 
Published: August 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Conflicting studies have raised uncertainty over the vascular effects of the long‐acting anticholinergic, tiotropium bromide. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Our results show no increased risk of stroke with tiotropium bromide, or with inhaled anticholinergics in general.AIMSA recent communication from the United States Food and Drug Administration highlighted a possible increased risk of stroke associated with use of the relatively new inhaled anticholinergic drug, tiotropium bromide. Using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database, we set out to assess the risk of stroke in individuals exposed to inhaled tiotropium bromide and two other inhaled treatments for airways disease.METHODSWe used the self‐controlled case‐series that reduces confounding and minimizes the potential for biases in the quantification of risk estimates.RESULTSOf 1043 people with a diagnosis of incident stroke who had had at least one prescription for tiotropium bromide, 980 satisfied inclusion criteria. The age‐adjusted incidence rate ratio for all‐cause stoke in individuals exposed to tiotropium bromide (n= 980), ipratropium bromide (n= 4181) and fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate (n= 1000) was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.3], 0.8 (95% CI 0.7, 0.9) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.9, 1.2), respectively.CONCLUSIONSWe found no evidence of an increased risk of all‐cause stroke for individuals exposed to commonly prescribed inhaled treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Modelling the occurrence and severity of enoxaparin‐induced bleeding and bruising events
Authors: Barras Michael A. , Duffull Stephen B. , Atherton John J. , Green Bruce 
Published: August 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Enoxaparin is an effective anticoagulant used to treat thromboembolic diseases.• Dose individualization of enoxaparin based on renal impairment and lean body weight reduces bleeding and bruising end‐points for renally compromised and obese subjects.• Scant data exist that quantify the dose–exposure–adverse event relationship for enoxaparin, especially in subjects with renal impairment and/or obesity. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The occurrence and severity of a bleeding or bruising event is described as a function of both cumulative enoxaparin AUC and subject age.• When compared with conventional (product label) dosing, dose individualization of enoxaparin based on lean body weight and renal function reduces the probability of a bleeding or bruising event.AIMSTo develop a population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model to describe the occurrence and severity of bleeding or bruising as a function of enoxaparin exposure.METHODSData were obtained from a randomized controlled trial (n = 118) that compared conventional dosing of enoxaparin (product label) with an individualized dosing regimen. Anti‐Xa concentrations were sampled using a sparse design and the size, location and type of bruising and bleeding event, during enoxaparin therapy, were collected daily. A population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects techniques. The final model was used to explore how the probability of events in patients with obesity and/or renal impairment varied under differing dosing strategies.RESULTSThree hundred and forty‐nine anti‐Xa concentrations were available for analysis. A two‐compartment first‐order absorption and elimination model best fit the data, with lean body weight describing between‐subject variability in clearance and central volume of distribution. A three‐category proportional‐odds model described the occurrence and severity of events as a function of both cumulative enoxaparin AUC (cAUC) and subject age. Simulations showed that individualized dosing decreased the probability of a bleeding or major bruising event when compared with conventional dosing, which was most noticeable in subjects with obesity and renal impairment.CONCLUSIONSThe occurrence and severity of a bleeding or major bruising event to enoxaparin, administered for the treatment of a thromboembolic disease, can be described as a function of both cAUC and subject age. Individualized dosing of enoxaparin will reduce the probability of an event.
Use of tree rings to study the effect of climate change on trembling aspen in Québec
Authors: LAPOINTE‐GARANT MARIE‐PIERRE , HUANG JIAN‐GUO , GEA‐IZQUIERDO GUILLERMO , RAULIER FRÉDÉRIC , BERNIER PIERRE , BERNINGER FRANK 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present a new approach, based on a mixed model procedure, to quantify the tree‐ring‐based growth‐climate relationship of trembling aspen along a latitudinal gradient from 46 to 54 °N in eastern Canada. This approach allows breaking down the growth response into general intersite and local climatic responses, and analyzing variations of absolute ring width as well as interannual variations in tree growth. The final model also integrates nonclimatic variables such as soil characteristics and the occurrence of insect outbreaks into the growth predictions. Tree level random effects on growth were important as intercepts but were nonsignificant for the climatic variables, indicating that a single climate–growth relationship was justified in our case. The response of tree growth to climate showed, however, a strong dependence on the spatial scale at which the analysis was performed. Intersite variations in tree growth were mostly dependent on variations in the thermal heat sum, a variable that showed low interannual and high intersite variation. When variation for a single site was analyzed, other variables showed up to be important while the heat sum was unimportant. Finally, future growth under six different climate change scenarios was simulated in order to study the potential impact of climate change. Results suggest only moderate growth increases in the northern portion of the gradient and a growth decrease in the southern portion under future climatic conditions.
Assessment of the methane mitigation potentials of alternative water regimes in rice fields using a process‐based biogeochemistry model
Authors: FUMOTO TAMON , YANAGIHARA TETSUJI , SAITO TAKASHI , YAGI KAZUYUKI 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRice production is a substantial source of atmospheric CH4, which is second only to CO2 as a contributor to global warming. Since CH4 is produced in anaerobic soil environments, water management is expected to be a practical measure to mitigate CH4 emissions. In this study, we used a process‐based biogeochemistry model (DNDC‐Rice) to assess the CH4 mitigation potentials of alternative water regimes (AWR) for rice fields at a regional scale. Before regional application, we tested DNDC‐Rice using site‐scale data from three rice fields in Japan with different water regimes. The observed CH4 emissions were reduced by drainage of the fields, but were enhanced by organic amendments. DNDC‐Rice gave acceptable predictions of variation in daily CH4 fluxes and seasonal CH4 emissions due to changes in the water regime. For regional application, we constructed a GIS database at a 1 × 1 km mesh scale that contained data on rice field area, soil properties, daily weather, and farming management of each cell in the mesh, covering 3.2% of the rice fields in Japan's Hokkaido region. We ran DNDC‐Rice to simulate CH4 emissions under five simulated water regimes: the conventional water regime and four AWR scenarios with gradually increasing drainage. We found that AWR can reduce CH4 emission by up to 41% compared with the emission under conventional water regime. Including the changes in CO2 and nitrous oxide emissions, potential mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) was 2.6 Mg CO2 Eq. ha−1 yr−1. If this estimate is expanded to Japan's total rice fields, expected GHG mitigation is 4.3 Tg CO2 Eq. yr−1, which accounts for 0.32% of total GHG emissions from Japan. For a reliable national‐scale assessment, however, databases on soil, weather, and farming management must be constructed at a national scale, as these factors are widely variable between regions in Japan.
Quantitative trait loci for leaf length in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.)
Authors: Barre P. , Moreau L. , Mi F. , Turner L. , Gastal F. , Julier B. , Ghesquière M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLeaf length is an important trait for forage grasses. Molecular marker development offers the opportunity to identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) and to begin to dissect the genetic regulation of complex traits. The objective of this study was to look for QTLs for leaf length and related traits (plant height, lamina and sheath lengths, leaf elongation rate and leaf elongation duration) in the progeny of a cross between two genotypes ofLolium perenneL. with contrasting leaf length. Measurements were performed in a plant nursery in autumn and spring, and in a heated greenhouse in winter. A high level of variability and heritability was observed for all traits. Lamina lengths at different dates were moderately but significantly correlated. For all traits, QTLs were found and explained between 0·08 and 0·44 of phenotypic variance. Although different leaf length QTLs were found at different dates, linkage groups two, four and seven were particularly important.