bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V.—On the Base of the Keuper in South Devon
Authors: Someryail Alex 
Published: May 2009

While appreciating and agreeing with the valuable work done by Dr. Irving and Professor Hull, dealing with the New Red rocks of South Devon, as set forth in their papers on this subject in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., there is only one point in which I differ from these authors; it is in relation to the rocks forming the base of the Keuper in this area.In the last of these papers both authors agree to regard certain breccias occurring at the mouth of the river Otter, and again at the mouth of the river Sid on its eastern side, as the basement beds of the Keuper.The basement breccias of the river Sid section, as explained by them, are the Otterton breccias again brought up, and repeated by the fault which occurs at the Chit rock, where the sandstones on the east side of the fault are brought up against the Keuper marls on its west side.The breccias near the mouth of the Otter have been described by Dr. Irving as calcareous or dolomitic breccias, or conglomerates, which I think quite a correct description of these beds. This description, however, certainly does not apply to the alleged breccias on the left bank of the Sid, to which I shall presently refer.The Otterton breccias or conglomerates have been traced inland by Dr. Irving to various localities, all of which I have visited and have found correctly described. The breccias in the inland localities are, however, all along the strike of the Otterton Beds, and not in any case, along the strike of the alleged breccias said to occur in the Sidmouth section.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M. 
Published: May 2009

Zoarium always adherent, rarely large.Zoæcia pyriform when not crowded, small, the earlier forms larger than the later, but individually very variable; area sub-triangular; a slight internal front wall, occasionally surrounded by a faint line; under the oæcia the rim is very thin, very low, and set distinctly back from the general curve.
I.—On the Discovery of Silurian Fossils of Ludlow Age in Cornwall
Authors: Green Upfield 
Published: May 2009

This is merely a brief note to record the discovery of fossils of undoubted Silurian age in the “Black Slates with limestone lenticles ” which occur on the shore and in the cliff at Fletching's Cove, near Porthalla, and at Porthluney, near Gorran, in Cornwall.For many years the most careful search in these beds for fossils has been unsuccessful beyond minute ossicles of crinoids and indeterminable fragments of Orthocerata. I have spent many weeks each year hunting for fossils, often alone, but sometimes in the company of Dr. Barrois, Mr. Teall, Messrs. Vassell, Sherborn, Howard Fox, and others, and beyond finding the well-known Brachiopoda in the quartzites of Gorran and Carne, our search has seemed almost in vain. Some four years ago, however, Mr. Sherborn found in the Black Slates of Fletching's Cove an impression, which he identified as a fragment of Serpulites longissimus, J. de C. Sow., of Ludlow age. This fragment is now in the Museum of Practical Geology. This Spring, in company with Messrs. E. Dixon, of the Geological Survey, and Mr. G. T. Prior, of the British Museum, I paid my usual visit to Cornwall, and was rewarded by finding at Porthluney in these Black Slates a limestone lenticle which contained Orthocerata in quantity. It was only on the 6th June that I showed this to Mr. Sherborn, who at once took it to Mr. G. C. Crick, who recognised two of the fossils therein contained as comparable with Actinoceras baccatum, H. Woodw., and Barrandeoceras holtianum (Blake), together with other fragments also of Upper Silurian age.
IV.—Note on a New Fossiliferous Limestone in the Upper Culm Measures of West Devon
Authors: Rogers Inkermann , Arber E. A. Newell 
Published: May 2009

At the present time we are only fully acquainted with the geology and palæontology of one division of the great Carboniferous Series developed in Devon and the adjacent counties, the Lower Culm Measures. This division, while representing only a small fraction of thickness of the Culm Measures as a whole, is of special interest both lithologically and palæontologically, as was shown by Messrs. Hinde & Fox in an admirable paper published in 1895. Above the limestones and cherts of the Lower Culm Measures lie the great thickness of sandstones and shales which constitute the Upper of the twofold primary division of these rocks instituted by Sedgwick & Murchison in 1840. The Upper Culm Measures occupy an area of more than 1,000 square miles, and are of Upper Carboniferous age.With the exception of the researches of the late Townshend Hall, and more recently of Mr. Ussher, comparatively little has been added to our knowledge of these beds since the days of Sedgwick & Murchison, and of De la Beche. An inquiry with regard to the palæontology, and more especially the palæobotany, of these rocks has, however, been in progress for some time past, with the result that sufficient material has been gathered for a contribution to the fossil flora of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of Devon, which, it is hoped will be published shortly by one of us. While examining the sandstones and shales of this series, other discoveries have been made, incidental to the work of collection of plant-remains.
IV.—Notes from the Geological Laboratory of Birmingham University. On a Convenient and Simple Method of Making Geological Models
Authors: Wilson T. Stacey 
Published: May 2009

Many ingenious methods and materials have been used for the making of geological models, to show the internal structure and outcrop of a stratified sequence, to furnish maps and lines of section, and to indicate the direction and effects of faults.Such materials and methods as those of Mr. Sopwith, while most instructive and interesting, are powerless to deal with problems of curved strata, and no material has yet been found by which satisfactory stratigraphical models can be made of folded districts. Such a material must have several properties: —1. It must be easily made into large plastic sheets of even thickness and of distinguishable colour.2. It must bend readily and adapt itself sweetly to any surface to which it may be applied.3. Successive layers must adhere together fairly quickly and quite firmly.4. The material should set into a rigid but not brittle mass in the end, and yet not be too hard, so that it can be carved readily, or if necessary moulded into any required shape.5. It would be an advantage if it was cheap.Casting about for such a substance I have found one which satisfies a good many of these requirements. Not only does it allow of the building up of models out of definite stratigraphical elements in exact imitation of the natural geological structure, but it may possibly be of use in solving certain obscure structural problems. It is also likely to be of considerable use to teachers and students, as models can be built up by or before a class, and it may even have some applications outside geology itself.
IV.—Note on a Fossil Crab and a Group of Balani Discovered in Concretions on the Beach at Ormara Headland, Mekran Coast
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

Having been desired by my friend Miss Caroline Birley to examine two Crustaceans in nodules from the Mekran Coast— part of a much larger series, mostly enclosing fossil shells, described by Mr. R. B. Newton, F.G.S. (see ante, pp. 293–303)—I gladly comply with the request to add a note thereon to his paper.The first concretion, when broken open, displays the dorsal aspect in impression and counterpart of a small crab, 5½ cm. broad by 3 cm. deep, having one long, slender, forcipated chela, imperfectly preserved, measuring nearly 5 cm. in length; and part of one of the fifth posterior pair of feet, adapted for swimming, showing it to have been near to the family Portunidæ, to which our common shore-crabs of the genus Portunus belong. None of these, however, can be satisfactorily compared with the fossil crab from Ormara, which is certainly referable to another genus.
II.—The Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System of South Africa
Authors: Watson D. M. S. 
Published: May 2009

The great Karroo System of South Africa was divided by its discoverer, Andrew Geddes Bain, into four formations on lithological characters. They are—The Stormberg Series.The Beaufort Beds.The Ecca Beds.The Dwyka Series.It has long been recognized that the Dwyka conglomerate, which forms a large part of the lowest series, is of glacial origin, and the common occurrence of smoothed and striated pavements below it all along its northern exposure seems to show that it is the product of a great continental ice-sheet.
I—Notes on the Geological Horizon and Palæontology of the ‘Soapstone Bed,’ in the Lower Coal-Measures, Near Colne, Lancashire
Authors: Bolton Hebbert 
Published: May 2009

The ‘Soapstone bed,’ which has yielded the specimens about to be described by Dr. Henry Woodward, was so named by the late George Wild. It is a thin band of light-grey shale lying from 4 to 7 feet above the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine in the neighbourhood of Colne and Trawden.The shale contains an abundance of small flattened nodules, varying in size from half an inch to six inches in length, and from half an inch to two and a half inches in breadth. The vertical thickness rarely exceeds an inch and a half. The shale readily breaks down into a soft unctuous clay on weathering, whilst the outer surface of the nodules undergoes oxidation and breaks away in thin coats. The nodules consist of earthy carbonate of iron, and it is to the oxidation of the latter that breaking up takes place by a process of concentric scaling.Between the ‘Soapstone bed’ and the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine are black shales with dark ironstone nodules often full of Gonialites, Fterinopecten, etc. The horizon from the top of the coal-seam to the ‘Soapstone bed’ is the most prolific in organic remains in the Lower Coal-measures, in whatever locality it may be met with.Whilst the horizon of the Soapstone nodule bed is constant over a large area, the beds immediately subjacent to it are not. The Mountain Four Feet mine, upon which it rests under and around the whole of the Burnley coalfield, is seen when traced southwards to be formed by the union of two coal-seams, the ‘Gannister mine’ and the ‘Bullion mine’ respectively.
II.—Notes on some Crustaceans and two Myriopods from the Lower Coal-Measures near Colne, Lancashire
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

By the courtesy of my friend Mr. Herbert Bolton, the Curator and Secretary of the Bristol Museum, several specimens have been placed in my hands for examination. They were collected by Mr. Peter Whalley from the ‘Soapstone bed,’ a little distance above the ‘Bullion Mine’ (or ‘Mountain Four Feet’) on the hill near Colne, Lancashire, and he permits me to figure and describe them.All the specimens are enclosed in small, elliptical nodules of clayironstone, evidently formed around the organisms by a process of concretionary action at the time of their embedment in the sediment forming the layer in which the nodules occur, the fossils being, as usual in such cases, exposed by splitting the concretions open along their periphery
III.—On the Probable Pelean Origin of the Felsitic Slates of Snowdon, and their Metamorphism
Authors: Dakyns J. R. , Greenly Edward , Dakyns J. R. 
Published: May 2009

There are several kinds of acid volcanic rocks in Wales. In the X neighbourhood of Snowdon there are at least five kinds, as follows:1. There are undoubted lavas, showing lines of viscous flow and sometimes vesicular, and weathering into cubical blocks. Such may be seen on Crib Goch and on Crib Yddysgl, on Cerrig Cochion, and elsewhere. These rocks are rarely cleaved.2. There are rocks like the last as to fracture and mode of weathering, but which are neither viscous nor vesicular. They are probably masses of felsitic dust or mud. Such may be seen in Cwm Llan.3. There are also massive felstones, rudely cleaved, such as form Moel Meirch. and Clogwyn Llwyd.4. There are the so-called ashes of various kinds, usually wellbedded and often highly cleaved.5. Lastly, there are highly cleaved felsitic rocks, which show no lines of viscous flow, are generally unbedded, and which are in many places fragmentary.
III.—On a Lepidodendroid Stem from the Coal-Measures
Authors: Smith Bernard 
Published: May 2009

Among the numerous Lepidodendroid remains in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), there is one which presents several characters of unusual interest. It is a cast, obtained from the Middle Coal-measures of South Staffordshire, near Dudley, and belongs to the Johnson Collection.A portion of the specimen is figured on p. 209. It will be noticed that the mammillated leaf-cushions are distant from one another, and are separated by broad bands of striated bark. This is an unusual feature in the case of British Lepidodendra. The preservation is fairly good, except in the details of the leaf-scar. In the specimen thirteen leaf-cushions are represented, forming portions of five spiral series. The cushions are rhomboidal in outline, and at first sight do not appear to be very sharply marked off from the bark. On closer inspection, however, they are seen to be moderately well defined, although the lateral angles are flattened and obscured by the encroachment of the bark. They measure from 1.8 to 2 cm. in length, and from .6 to .7 cm. at their greatest width. The upper and lower extremities lie in one plane, which is the median plane of the cushion, and are inclined neither to the right nor to the left (of. Lepidodendron serpentigerum). The cushions stand out in high relief, and depart somewhat from the form of a low truncated pyramid so commonly seen amongst Lepidodendra. However, this is in no wise remarkable, for examples of Lepidodendra having raised cushions are not rare, in cases where the stems have to some extent escaped crushing.
I.—Evidences of a Mandible of a New Labyrinthodont from the Upper Karroo Beds of Cape Colony (Ptychosphenodon Browni)
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to Mr. Alfred Brown, of Aliwal North, for the opportunity of describing a small fragment of a lower jaw of a Labyrinthodont which shows some unusual characters in the dentition and in the composition of the mandible (Pl. XIX, Fig. 1). Hitherto the evidence of the structure of the mandible has been imperfectly recorded in these South African reptiles.Mr. Brown's specimen is a small transverse segment, probably from the left ramus, at some little distance behind the symphysis. This position may be indicated by an angular ridge upon the inner side, which is becoming more elevated as it extends forward. There is no suggestion of the original length of the mandible, which may have been eighteen inches. The fragment is little more than an inch and a half long. In section the jaw is subquadrate, somewhat depressed, being two inches wide and an inch and a half deep. The external surface of the bones shows no trace of sculpture. From its slightly water-worn condition the specimen (Fig. 1) was probably obtained from the reconstructed bed at the railway station at Aliwal North, which yields Theriodonts and other fossils.The external bone is apparently vertical, traversed on the lower third by a deep longitudinal groove, in which there is a faintly marked suture. The dentary bone above the groove is slightly convex up to the alveolar margin, and shows what may be a sinuous impression above the groove. The bone below the groove, which may be infra-dentary, is well rounded on to the base.
I.—The Structure of Glacier Ice
Authors: Deeley R. M. 
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for April, 1895, p. 152, the results of some observations made by Mr. George Fletcher, F.G.S., and myself on the structure of glacier ice were given.Thin plates of ice were made by cutting and melting, and then examined in polarized light. In all cases it was found that the individual crystals were in close contact, there being no evidence of the presence of a eutectic separating them. The crystals in the same piece varied very greatly in size, and had very irregular outlines.As the sections which we figured were in all cases drawn by hand, I thought it advisable to construct a special form of instrument with which to obtain actual photographs of thin sections of glacier ice. The instrument eventually used consisted of two bundles of thin glass plates, one being used as a polarizer and the other as an analyser. They were fixed vertically above each other, and between them was the glass stage upon which the thin ice sections rested. Below the analyser was a small lens throwing the image of the ice section upon a photographic plate.Last Summer, accompanied by Mr. H. Arnold-Bemrose, M.A., F.G.S., who kindly assisted me in the matter, I visited the Furka Pass, and we obtained photographs of the ice of the Rhône Glacier.Figs. 1 and 2 are full-sized photographs of thin slices of ice. Samples with small crystals were selected, so as to bring many crystals within the limits of the field. The ice section was about 03 inch thick, and where the surface between two crystals is at an angle with the glass plate upon which the ice section rested, interference fringes are consequently to be seen.
V.—Further Notes nn the Arthropoda of the British Coal-Measures
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

For some years past a Committee of Littleborough and Rochdale geologists, consisting of Messrs. W. H. Sutcliffe, Walter Baldwin, W. A. Parker, S. S. Platt, and others, have devoted themselves to the task of working out the beds of shale containing clay-ironstone nodules, a portion of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth Bottoms, half a mile south-west of Rochdale Town Hall, in beds estimated to occur 135 feet above the Royley Mine Coal-seam.In the clay-ironstone nodules occur well-preserved ferns, Calamites, Sigillariœ, shells of Carbonicola acuta and other Coal-measure lamellibranchs, whilst the number of Arthropoda obtained is probably unsurpassed in any locality of this formation.The first Arthropod obtained from Sparth Bottoms was noticed by Mr. Walter Baldwin, F.G.S., under the name of Prestwichia, rotundata, Prestw., sp. (Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, part 6, 1901, pp. 149–155, with a plate); the second in 1903, by the same geologist, who identified it as Bellinurus bellulus, König (op. cit., vol. xxviii, part 8, pp. 198–202). The third and most important discovery was made by Mr. W. A. Parker, F.G.S., namely, a new species of fossil Scorpion, which was described and figured in 1904 by Messrs. Baldwin & Sutcliffe under the name of Eoscorpius Sparthensis (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lx, p. 396, fig. 2). These geologists have continued their researches, of which a brief account was given by me at the York Meeting of the British Association (1906). Many subsequent finds have been most obligingly confided to me by these gentlemen, and through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Sutcliffe the specimens figured have since been presented to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), the only condition imposed being that they should be described.
I.—The Coniston Limestone Series
Authors: Mark J. E. 
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that the Coniston Limestone Series of the English Lake District and surrounding areas is separable into minor divisions. As a knowledge of these will prove useful in settling the question as to the exact relation between the Couiston Limestone beds and the underlying rocks, no apology seems needed for giving a detailed account of the rocks of this series.The literature of the subject is extensive, but we fortunately possess an excellent bibliography of works referring to the geology of the Lake District, in the appendix supplied by Mr. Whitaker to the late Mr. Ward's Memoir on the Geology of the Northern Half of the English Lake District.
II.—Remarks on the Formation of Landscape Marble
Authors: Woodward Horace B. 
Published: May 2009

The Landscape Marble or Cotham Stone is one of the best known of our English ornamental rocks. Polished slabs of it may be seen in most museums; and there are fashioned out of it paperweights, ring-stands, and other useful objects, which may be purchased on Clifton Down and elsewhere.This stone came into notice when it was quarried, together with other beds, near Cotham House, on the northern side of Bristol; and it was described in considerable detail in 1754 by Edward Owen, who then gave it the name of “Cotham Stone.”It is a hard, close-grained argillaceous limestone, which breaks with a fracture almost as conchoidal as that of flint; and it is characterized by dark arborescent markings which pervade the stone. These markings rise from a more or less stratified base, and terminate upwards in the wavy banded portion of the limestone, which varies from one to about nine inches in thickness. Thus when slabs, cut at right angles to the planes of bedding, are polished, there may often be discerned (with the aid of the imagination) a landscape with a prominent row of trees and bushes, with clouds above, and perhaps the semblance of water in the foreground.
III.—Note on the Composition and Structure of the Hirnant Limestone
Authors: Fulcher L. W. 
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1890, Professor Cole and I, whilst geologising in North Wales, were led to examine the Hirnant Limestone. Since then the further examination in the laboratory of the specimens collected by myself have revealed some remarkable characteristics which, as they are as yet undescribed, I think are worthy of notice.The specimens on which the following observations have been made were obtained from a small cutting opposite to the farm named Cwm-yr-aethnen, in the valley of the Hirnant, which descends towards Bala Lake. The limestone occurs here between two beds of fossiliferous slate. The exposure is very small, and being considerably overgrown, it was only by careful search that we succeeded in finding it. The Survey Memoir mentions that an. outcrop occurs at Trum-y-gwrageda, and also that loose blocks were found by Sedgwick at the Bwlch-y-groes; but after a careful search we failed to find it at either of these localities.
V.—On certain Gneisses with Round-grained Oligoclase and their Relation to Pegmatites
Authors: Barrow George 
Published: May 2009

In the course of my work in the Highlands of Forfar, I have been much struck with the mode of occurrence of certain light-coloured gneisses, of undoubted igneous origin.They are intruded into the surrounding rocks in an infinite number of thin bands or sills, generally interlacing, and often not more than two feet thick; sometimes not exceeding an inch. Their bulk in some areas exceeds considerably that of the older rocks, at other times it is far less.Two points are easily noted; first, they have no selvage edge; secondly, they have a very characteristic aspect, due to rounded grains of oligoclase.
VIII.—A Reply to Prof. Blake's Comments on Inferior Oolite Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: May 2009

Prof. Blake's book is a valuable work of reference; but the criticisms appear to be both hurried and inaccurate. In the notice of my Monograph the title is incorrectly given: there are certain other clerical errors; and some mistakes which a little more investigation would have prevented.While placing his comments in brackets, it is unfortunate that Prof. Blake has not found some means to distinguish between remarks based upon the author's words, and statements of his own. This is especially noticeable in the “critical digest” of Haugia, where remarks, which appear as if they originated with Prof. Blake, are really my statements in another form.