bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Well Cleanouts With Seawater Using Downhole Measurements in Subhydrostatic Environment in Norway
Authors: Lundemo Kristian , Langeteig Bjarne , Petrone Daniele , Harber Bonnie , Wolf Kellen 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Critical coiled tubing treatments, such as fill cleanouts of sub-hydrostatic wells and perforations of small reservoir intervals have historically posed a high uncertainty for Norwegian operators due to nature of the complex completions i.e. long and large monobore completions. The complexity is exacerbated with the strict offshore environmental regulations that limit the fluids that can be used for intervention operations.
Fill cleanouts on these wells with CT face the difficult challenge of achieving the desired rate for pumping seawater which leads to the need for better understanding the downhole conditions while performing the operation. Without understanding these conditions it can be costly and create operational complications.
A way to provide insight to the changing conditions during the cleanout operation is to use CT enabled with real time downhole measurements. The use of real time downhole measurement allows recognition of the wellbore response due to changes in hydrostatic pressure as the fill/debris are removed from the wellbore and adjustment of the operational parameters needed for effective treatment. Following the cleanout, this ability to adjust the parameters allows efficient well kick off by optimizing the use of nitrogen.
This paper will present several case histories incorporating real time downhole measurements for effective and efficient clean outs as well as optimized well kick offs in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.
Latest Advancements in Capillary Intervention On and Offshore
Authors: Embrey Mark , Bolding Jeff 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Description:
In just a few short years, the oil and gas industry has seen the application of capillary tubing technologies grow from a relatively simple onshore use in the US to complex and innovative uses in intervention and permanent installations across the globe both onshore and offshore.

Application:
The latest advancements in capillary technology have opened up a whole new market for well intervention. Wells that were once deemed as P&A candidates, due to cost or technical challenges, are now economically viable producers. Wells and platforms inaccessible to traditional coiled tubing units, due to limited work decks and de-rated cranes, are now candidates for well intervention.

Results, Observations, Conclusions:
For the past decade, capillary strings have been used as a method for continual down hole injection of production chemicals to treat for a wide array of production problems. Recent innovations and advancements have expanded the market and uses of capillary. Thru-tubing capillary installations are now possible in wells with SCSSV's (Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valves). This breakthrough is especially important for offshore liquid loading wells that were not completed with any form of artificial lift. Capillary technologies have made it possible to regain surface control of SCSSV's with failed control lines, through tubing without a work over. The chemical injection point in subsea wells can now be extended to the end of the sand screen to eliminate mineral and organic deposition problems. A through-tubing solution for lowering the lowest point of gas lift to the bottom of the well is possible with larger capillary strings. Jobs that only require small amounts of chemical such as the remediation of hydrate plugs, salt plugs, and small amounts of scale and paraffin are now possible with a small capillary unit.

Significance of Subject Matter:
The premature P&A of liquid loaded and remote wells around the world leave significant amounts of unrecovered hydrocarbons behind. This problem can be partially resolved by informing operators of the alternative, cost-effective options that are available. Chemical spotting through capillary and through-tubing capillary installations for artificial lift allow these operators to recover significantly more reserves.
Evaluation of optimal sampling interval for activity monitoring in companion dogs
Authors: Dow Caitlin , Michel Kathryn E. , Love Molly , Brown Dorothy Cimino 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine by use of an accelerometer the sampling interval that has the least variable total activity counts from one week to the next in companion (ie, nonlaboratory) dogs.
Animals—80 dogs.
Procedures—Dogs wore an accelerometer continuously for 2 weeks. Between-dog and within-dog day-to-day variability in total activity counts were evaluated. The changes in counts between week 1 and week 2 were compared for weekdays, weekends, and full weeks.
Results—Significant between-dog variability in total activity counts was detected. Within dogs, there was significant day-to-day variability, with highest counts recorded on weekends. In comparison of data from the first week with data from the second week, the greatest differences were in weekend counts (median difference, 21%; range, 0% to 154%) and the smallest differences were in full 7-day counts (median difference, 10%; range, 0% to 74%). Comparison of weekday counts revealed a median change of 12% (range, 0% to 104%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Significant between-dog variability in total daily activity counts was detected. Within dogs, a full 7-day comparison of total activity counts from one week to the next provided the least variable estimate of the dogs' activity. For dogs in their home environment, the activity monitor may be most useful in following changes in activity over time. For dogs that have no change in routine according to the owner's report, the least variable estimates of activity can be collected by comparing activity in 7-day intervals.
Evaluation of the usefulness of an ELISA and protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits
Authors: Cray Carolyn , Arcia Giselle , Schneider Renata , Kelleher Susan A. , Arheart Kristopher L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the usefulness of an antibody detection ELISA and protein electrophoresis (PE) for diagnosing Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN) infection in pet rabbits.
Animals—203 pet rabbits.
Procedures—Serum and plasma samples from pet rabbits were submitted from veterinary clinics within the United States. Participating veterinarians completed a questionnaire that was used to classify rabbits as clinically normal (n=33), suspected of having an ECUN infection (103), or clinically abnormal but not suspected of having an ECUN infection (67). An ELISA for detection of serum or plasma IgG against ECUN was developed by use of commercially available reagents. Results of the ELISA and PE were used to detect ECUN infection.
Results—A high seroprevalence of antibody against ECUN was detected in all 3 groups of rabbits. In rabbits suspected of having an ECUN infection, the mean IgG titer was 1.7 times as high as the values in the other rabbit groups. Rabbits suspected of having an ECUN infection and those that were simply clinically abnormal had a higher concentration of γ-globulins than clinically normal rabbits. This increase in globulins concentration was accompanied by a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio. Results of the ELISA and PE were significantly different between clinically normal rabbits and those suspected of having an ECUN infection.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The combination of an ELISA and PE may aid in the diagnosis of ECUN infection in pet rabbits.
Impact for Human Medicine—Because ECUN is a potential zoonotic agent, diagnostic methods for pet rabbits need to be improved to protect human health.
Age-dependent revascularization patterns in the treatment of moyamoya disease in a European patient population
Authors: Czabanka Marcus , Vajkoczy Peter , Schmiedek Peter , _ _ , Horn Peter 
Published: March 2009

Object
Different revascularization procedures are used in the treatment of patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of direct and indirect revascularization procedures to the restoration of collateral blood supply in adult and pediatric patients with MMD.

Methods
The authors performed 39 combined cerebral revascularization procedures (standard extraintracranial bypass [STA-MCA bypass] plus encephalomyosynangiosis [EMS]) in 10 pediatric and 10 adult patients. All patients underwent physical examination and digital subtraction angiography before and 6 months after surgery. The STA-MCA bypass and EMS function were graded as Grade I (poor), II (moderate), or III (good) on the basis of the angiograms.

Results
In pediatric patients, bypass function was Grade I in 12, Grade II in 8, and Grade III in 0 hemispheres; EMS function was Grade I in 0, Grade II in 12, and Grade III in 8 hemispheres. In the adult patients, bypass function was Grade I in 8, Grade II in 8, and Grade III in 3 hemispheres; EMS function was Grade I in 10 hemispheres, Grade II in 5, and Grade III in 1 hemisphere. In the pediatric patients disease was classified as improved in 14 hemispheres on the basis of clinical results and stable in 6. In the adults it was classified as improved in 12 hemispheres stable in 7 hemispheres.

Conclusions
Combined revascularization led to good angiographic and clinical results in both patient populations. Especially in pediatric patients, EMS represents a suitable alternative to bypass surgery.
A Framework for Representation and Visualization of 3D Shape Variability of Organs in an Interactive Anatomical Atlas
Authors: Hacker S. , Handels H. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Objectives: Computerized anatomical 3D atlases allow interactive exploration of the human anatomy and make it easy for the user to comprehend complex 3D structures and spatial interrelationships among organs. Besides the anatomy of one reference body inter-individual shape variations of organs in a population are of interest as well. In this paper, a new framework for representation and visualization of 3D shape variability of anatomical objects within an interactive 3D atlas is presented.
Methods: In the VOXEL-MAN atlases realistic 3D visualizations of organs in high quality are generated for educational purposes using volume-based object representations. We extended the volume-based representation of organs to enable the 3D visualization of organs’ shape variability in the atlas. Therefore, the volume-based representation of the inner organs in the atlas is combined with a medial representation of organs of a population creating a compact description of shape variability.
Results: With the framework developed different shape variations of an organ can be visualized within the context of a volume-based anatomical model. Using shape models of the kidney and the breathing lung as examples we demonstrate new possibilities such an approach offers for medical education. Furthermore, attributes like gender, age or pathology as well as shape attributes are assigned to each shape variant which can be used for selecting specific organs of the population.
Conclusions: The inclusion of anatomical variability in a 3D interactive atlas presents considerable challenges, since such a system offers the chance to explore how anatomical structures vary in large populations, across age, gender and races, and in different disease states. The framework presented is a basis for the development of specialized variability atlases that focus e.g. on specific regions of the human body, groups of organs or specific topics of interest.
DCE-MRI Data Analysis for Cancer Area Classification
Authors: Cristani M. , Daducci A. , Farace P. , Marzola P. , Murino V. , Sbarbati A. , Castellani U. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Objectives: The paper aims at improving the support of medical researchers in the context of in-vivo cancer imaging. Morphological and functional parameters obtained by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) techniques are analyzed, which aim at investigating the development of tumor microvessels. The main contribution consists in proposing a machine learning methodology to segment automatically these MRI data, by isolating tumor areas with different meaning, in a histological sense.
Methods: The proposed approach is based on a three-step procedure: i) robust feature extraction from raw time-intensity curves, ii) voxel segmentation, and iii) voxel classification based on a learning-by-example approach. In the first step, few robust features that compactly represent the response of the tissue to the DCE-MRI analysis are computed. The second step provides a segmentation based on the mean shift (MS) paradigm, which has recently shown to be robust and useful for different and heterogeneous clustering tasks. Finally, in the third step, a support vector machine (SVM) is trained to classify voxels according to the labels obtained by the clustering phase (i.e., each class corresponds to a cluster). Indeed, the SVM is able to classify new unseen subjects with the same kind of tumor.
Results: Experiments on different subjects affected by the same kind of tumor evidence that the extracted regions by both the MS clustering and the SVM classifier exhibit a precise medical meaning, as carefully validated by the medical researchers. Moreover, our approach is more stable and robust than methods based on quantification of DCE-MRI data by means of pharmacokinetic models.
Conclusions: The proposed method allows to analyze the DCE-MRI data more precisely and faster than previous automated or manual approaches.
Salaires et valeur du travail
Authors: Downs Laura Lee 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Quelles sont les origines du décalage quasi universel entre les salaires féminins et les salaires masculins dans le travail industriel ? Cet article explore cette question à travers une étude comparée de l’entrée massive des femmes dans une industrie masculine – celle de la métallurgie – en France et en Grande-Bretagne à partir de l’automne 1914. L’entrée des femmes a transformé ces usines d’espaces masculins en espaces mixtes, structurés par de nouvelles divisions sexuées de travail et de nouvelles hiérarchies de qualifications et de salaires. À travers l’étude des négociations salariales entre patrons, ouvriers, l’État et les ouvrières, cet article montre l’incapacité de l’État à protéger les ouvrières contre la stratégie patronale d’accorder aux femmes un salaire plus bas pour un travail égal, voire supérieur à celui de l’homme qu’elle remplace. En effet, les bureaucrates de part et d’autre de la Manche furent convaincus que l’infériorité des salaires des femmes était non seulement traditionnelle mais encore quasi naturelle. Les interventions des ministères de l’Armement des deux pays dans les négociations salariales avaient pour résultat une nette amélioration des salaires féminins qui n’étaient souvent que des salaires de famine avant 1917. Or, après toutes ces interventions musclées des deux ministères de l’Armement, le décalage entre les salaires féminins et les salaires masculins pour un même travail, qui était de l’ordre de 50 % au début de la guerre, restait autour de 20 % en France, et de 30 % en Grande-Bretagne en 1918. La main-d’œuvre féminine gardait alors son statut de main-d’œuvre peu cher, et les industriels français et britanniques émergeaient de la guerre fourbis d’une nouvelle arme redoutable dans leur lutte pour faire baisser le coût de la production : la femme métallurgiste, payée selon sa propre échelle de bas salaires pour un travail accompli, auparavant, par un homme.
Boron Atoms as Spin Carriers in Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Systems
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang , Hosmane Narayan S. , Záliš Stanislav , Maguire John A. , Lipscomb William N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo “B” or not to “B”: The unusual bonding of boron in organoboranes or oligoboron clusters is not only apparent in diamagnetic molecules but also in paramagnetic systems, including mixed‐valent species and oligoborane/carborane cluster radicals. The picture shows the singly occupied molecular orbital of the radical ion [C4B8R4H8].−, determined by DFT calculations.magnified imageParamagnetic compounds with at least partially boron‐centered electron spin can be constructed using either the prototypically electron‐accepting boron atoms bridged by planar π‐conjugated organic systems, or by taking advantage of the three‐dimensional delocalized bonding in oligonuclear borane, haloborane, or carborane clusters. The concept of mixed valency can thus be transferred from organic and transition‐metal chemistry to main‐group‐element molecules, and density functional theory is capable of reproducing the variable spin distribution.
Issues in the optimal design of computer simulation experiments
Authors: Müller Werner , Stehlík Milan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOutput from computer simulation experiments is often approximated as realizations of correlated random fields. Consequently, the corresponding optimal design questions must cope with the existence and detection of an error correlation structure, issues largely unaccounted for by traditional optimal design theory. Unfortunately, many of the nice features of well‐established design techniques, such as additivity of the information matrix, convexity of design criteria, etc., do not carry over to the setting of interest. This may lead to unexpected, counterintuitive, even paradoxical effects in the design as well as the analysis stage of computer simulation experiments. In this paper we intend to give an overview and some simple but illuminating examples of this behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing various chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylates in the dirhodium method
Authors: Mattiza Jens T. , Harada Nobuyuki , Kuwahara Shunsuke , Hassan Zahid , Duddeck Helmut 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThree enantiopure dirhodium tetracarboxylates are compared in their NMR properties to differentiate chiral ligands of various kinds (dirhodium method). The complex with four (S)‐2‐methoxy‐2‐(1‐naphthyl) propionate (MαNP) residues (Rh2) is slightly better for strong donors than the complex with four Mosher acid anions (Rh1), but it is inferior for weak donors. On the other hand, the dirhodium tetracarboxylate complex with four (S)‐N‐phthaloyl‐(S)‐tert.‐leucinate residues (Rh3) is generally more effective than Rh1. These results are explained by the estimated conformational behavior of the substituents within the equatorial acid residues and the anisotropy (ring‐current) effect of aryl groups. Chirality 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation, physicochemical and third order nonlinear optical properties of bis(tetrabutylammonium)bis(2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dithiole‐4,5‐dithiolato)mercurate(II)
Authors: Wang X. Q. , Ren Q. , Sun J. , Yang H. L. , Li T. B. , Fan H. L. , Zhang G. H. , Xu D. , Zhao J. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBis(tetrabutylammonium)bis(2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dithiole‐4,5‐dithiolato)mercurate(II) was prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, electronic absorption, infrared and X‐ray powder diffraction spectroscopy. The specific heat of the crystal was measured to be 1878.2 J.mol–1K–1 at 300 K. The thermal decomposition process was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis measurements in air together with infrared and X‐ray powder diffraction spectra. The third‐order nonlinear optical properties at 800 nm were measured by femtosecond optical Kerr gate technique by using CS2 as reference. The third‐order optical susceptibility of its acetone solution at the concentration of 9.27 × 10–4 M was obtained to be 2.53 × 10–14 esu. The second‐order hyperpolarizability was estimated to be 1.7 × 10–32 esu and the response time was about 226 fs. The third order nonlinear optical properties at 532 nm were investigated by using the Z‐scan technique with 20 ps. It exhibited self‐focusing effect and saturable absorption. The second molecular hyperpolarizability was estimated to be 8.4 × 10–32 esu. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Internal waves in a two‐layer system using fully nonlinear internal‐wave equations
Authors: Nakayama K. , Kakinuma T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn order to understand the nonlinear effect in a two‐layer system, fully nonlinear strongly dispersive internal‐wave equations, based on a variational principle, were proposed in this study. A simple iteration method was used to solve the internal‐wave equations in order to solve the equations stably. The applicability of the proposed numerical computation scheme was confirmed to agree with linear dispersion relation theoretically obtained from variational principle. The proposed computational scheme was also shown to reproduce internal waves including higher‐order nonlinear effect from the analysis of internal solitary waves in a two‐layer system. Furthermore, for the second‐order numerical analysis, the balance of nonlinearity and dispersion was found to be similar to the balance assumed in the KdV theory and the Boussinesq‐type equations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated fractionation head and neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in the community setting: Safety and efficacy considerations
Authors: Monroe Alan T. , Young James A. , Huff Jason D. , Ernster Joel A. , White Gerald A. , Peddada Anuj V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis article reviews our community cancer center's experience treating head and neck cancer primarily with accelerated fractionation intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with or without concurrent chemotherapy, focusing on acute toxicity and efficacy.MethodsFifty‐two patients treated with IMRT at the Penrose Cancer Center between 2002 and 2007 constitute the cohort. The majority (75%) received an accelerated, altered fractionation regimen, typically concomitant boost to 7200 cGy. Concurrent chemotherapy was delivered to 32 (62%). The median follow‐up was 24 months.ResultsThe 2‐year actuarial rates of local control, regional control, and distant metastasis–free survival were 100%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Relapse‐free survival and overall survival at 2 years were 89% and 91%, respectively. Overall, 32 of 52 patients (62%) experienced at least 1 type of grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity.ConclusionAccelerated fractionation IMRT, with or without chemotherapy, can be given safely and effectively in a community cancer center setting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Multivariate homogeneity testing in a northern case study in the province of Quebec, Canada
Authors: Chebana Fateh , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Bruneau Pierre , Barbet Marc , El Adlouni Salaheddine , Latraverse Marco 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn regional frequency analysis, the examination of the regional homogeneity represents an important step of the procedure. Flood events possess multivariate characteristics which can not be handled by classical univariate regional procedures. For instance, classical procedures do not allow to assess regional homogeneity while taking into consideration flood peak, volume and duration. Chebana and Ouarda proposed multivariate discordancy and homogeneity tests. They carried out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of these tests. In the present paper, practical aspects are investigated jointly on flood peak and flood volume of a data set from the Côte‐Nord region in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is shown that, after removing the discordant sites, the remaining ones constitute a homogeneous region for the volumes and heterogeneous region for the peaks. However, if both variables are jointly considered, the obtained region is possibly homogeneous. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the usefulness of the bivariate test to take into account the dependence structure between the variables representing the event, and to take advantage of more information from the hydrograph. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.