bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin Transparent Au Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated Using a Mixed Mono‐Molecular Nucleation Layer
Authors: Stec Helena M. , Williams Rebecca J. , Jones Tim S. , Hatton Ross A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA rapid, solvent free method for the fabrication of highly transparent ultrathin (∼8 nm) Au films on glass has been developed. This is achieved by derivatizing the glass surface with a mixed monolayer of 3‐mercaptopropyl(trim­ethoxysilane) and 3‐aminopropyl(trimethoxysilane) via co‐deposition from the vapor phase, prior to Au deposition by thermal evaporation. The mixed mono­layer modifies the growth kinetics, producing highly conductive films (∼11 Ω per square) with a remarkably low root‐mean‐square roughness (∼0.4 nm) that are exceptionally robust towards UV/O3 treatment and ultrasonic agitation in a range of common solvents. As such, they are potentially widely applicable for a variety of large area applications, particularly where stable, chemically well‐defined, ultrasmooth substrate electrodes are required, such as in organic optoelectronics and the emerging fields of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. By integrating microsphere lithography into the fabrication process, we also demonstrate a means of tuning the transparency by incorporating a random array of circular apertures into the film. The application of these nanostructured Au electrodes is demonstrated in efficient organic photovoltaic devices where it offers a compelling alternative to indium tin oxide coated glass.
Influence of Phase Segregation on Recombination Dynamics in Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Baumann Andreas , Savenije Tom J. , Murthy Dharmapura Hanumantharaya K. , Heeney Martin , Dyakonov Vladimir , Deibel Carsten 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe recombination dynamics of charge carriers in organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells made of the blend system poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[2,3‐b]thiophene) (pBTCT‐C12):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) with a donor–acceptor ratio of 1:1 and 1:4 are studied here. The techniques of charge‐carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage (photo‐CELIV) and, as local probe, time‐resolved microwave conductivity are used. A difference of one order of magnitude is observed between the two blends in the initially extracted charge‐carrier concentration in the photo‐CELIV experiment, which can be assigned to an enhanced geminate recombination that arises through a fine interpenetrating network with isolated phase regions in the 1:1 pBTCT‐C12:PC61BM BHJ solar cells. In contrast, extensive phase segregation in 1:4 blend devices leads to an efficient polaron generation that results in an increased short‐circuit current density of the solar cells. For both studied ratios a bimolecular recombination of polarons is found using the complementary experiments. The charge‐carrier decay order of above two for temperatures below 300 K can be explained on the basis of a release of trapped charges. This mechanism leads to delayed bimolecular recombination processes. The experimental findings can be generalized to all polymer:fullerene blend systems allowing for phase segregation.
Synthesis of 3‐Arylindole‐2‐carboxylates via Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of o‐Nitrophenyl‐Substituted Alkynoates and Subsequent Cadogan Cyclization
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Yamada Satoshi , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA two‐step route to biologically important 3‐arylindole‐2‐carboxylic esters has been successfully established: o‐nitrophenyl‐substituted alkynoates underwent copper‐catalyzed hydroarylation in the presence of commercially available arylboronic acids to afford 3,3‐diarylacrylates, which were then converted to indolecarboxylates via a modified Cadogan cyclization using a molybdenum catalyst and triphenylphosphine.
Catalytic De/Hydrogenation in Mg by Co‐Doped Ni and VOx on Active Carbon: Extremely Fast Kinetics at Low Temperatures and High Hydrogen Capacity
Authors: Jia Yi , Cheng Lina , Pan Nan , Zou Jin , (Max) Lu Gaoqing , Yao Xiangdong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA multi‐component catalyst Ni‐VOx/AC (VOx is comprised of V2O5 and VO2, x = 2.18) was synthesized by a wet impregnation method. The synthesized Ni‐VOx/AC shows a superior catalytic effect on de/hydrogenation of Mg. The MgH2+Ni‐VOx/AC composites can absorb 6.2 wt.‐% hydrogen within only 1 min at 150 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 2 MPa and desorb 6.5 wt.‐% hydrogen within 10 min at 300 °C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 1 KPa, which overcomes a critical barrier for practical use of Mg as a hydrogen storage material. A significant decrease of activation energy (Ea) indicates that Ni‐VOx/AC catalyst is highly efficient for Mg de/hydrogenation, which may be ascribed to the synergistic effect of bimetals (metal oxides) and nanocarbon.
Frugivory in four sympatric lemurs: implications for the future of Madagascar's forests
Authors: Wright Patricia C. , Tecot Stacey R. , Erhart Elizabeth M. , Baden Andrea L. , King Stephen J. , Grassi Christina 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough some conservationists accept that not all species can be saved, we illustrate the difficulty in deciding which species are dispensable. In this article, we examine the possibility that the integrity of a forest relies on its entire faunal assemblage. In Madagascar, one faunal group, the lemurs, accounts for the greatest biomass and species richness among frugivores. For example, 7 of the 13 sympatric lemur species in Madagascar's eastern rainforests consume primarily fruit. Because of this, we suggest that some tree species may rely heavily on particular lemur taxa for both seed dispersal and germination. In Ranomafana National Park, the diets for four of the day‐active lemur frugivores have been documented during annual cycles over a 5‐year period. We predicted that, although the fruit of some plant taxa would be exploited by multiple lemur species, the fruit of others would be eaten by one lemur species alone. Analyses reveal that while lemurs overlap in a number of fruit taxa exploited, 46% (16/35) of families and 56% (29/52) of genera are eaten exclusively by one lemur species. We, therefore, predict local changes in forest composition and structure if certain of these lemur species are eliminated from a forest owing to hunting, disease, or habitat disturbance. We also suggest that this result may be of global significance because carbon sequestration by the tropical forests in Madagascar may be reduced as a result of this predicted change in forest composition. Am. J. Primatol. 73:585–602, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface‐engineered hydroxyapatite nanocrystal/ poly(ε‐caprolactone) hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Kim So Yeon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo achieve novel polymer/bioceramic composite scaffolds for use in materials for bone tissue engineering, we prepared organic/inorganic hybrid scaffolds composed of biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA), which has excellent biocompatibility with hard tissues and high osteoconductivity and bioactivity. To improve the interactions between the scaffolds and osteoblasts, we focused on surface‐engineered, porous HA/PCL scaffolds that had HA molecules on their surfaces and within them because of the biochemical affinity between the biotin and avidin molecules. The surface modification of HA nanocrystals was performed with two different methods. Using Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis measurements, we found that surface‐modified HA nanocrystals prepared with an ethylene glycol mediated coupling method showed a higher degree of coupling (%) than those prepared via a direct coupling method. HA/PCL hybrid scaffolds with a well‐controlled porous architecture were fabricated with a gas‐blowing/particle‐leaching process. All HA/PCL scaffold samples exhibited approximately 80–85% porosity. As the HA concentration within the HA/PCL scaffolds increased, the porosity of the HA/PCL scaffolds gradually decreased. The homogeneous immobilization of biotin‐conjugated HA nanocrystals on a three‐dimensional, porous scaffold was observed with confocal microscopy. According to an in vitro cytotoxicity study, all scaffold samples exhibited greater than 80% cell viability, regardless of the HA/PCL composition or preparation method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Osteoarthritis susceptibility genes influence the association between hip morphology and osteoarthritis
Authors: Waarsing J. H. , Kloppenburg M. , Slagboom P. E. , Kroon H. M. , Houwing‐Duistermaat J. J. , Weinans H. , Meulenbelt I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe identified osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility genes are mainly active in skeletal development and could thus affect joint geometry. Because nonoptimal joint geometry is a risk factor for the development of OA, we investigated if and how the path that leads from nonoptimal joint geometry to OA of the hip is influenced by these genes.MethodsThe shape of the hips of subjects in the Genetics, Osteoarthritis and Progression Study, consisting of sibling pairs with symptomatic OA at multiple joint locations, was quantified by applying a statistical shape model to radiographs. Shape aspects (modes) were correlated to OA characteristics. We then tested for the association of shape modes with OA susceptibility single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GDF5, FRZB, and DIO2.ResultsFour of 23 shape modes (mode 1, mode 17, mode 18, and mode 21) were strongly associated with OA characteristics. We observed a significant interaction between carrier status of DIO2 rs12885300 and hip OA characteristics for mode 1 (P = 0.005). This indicates that this specific aspect of hip shape correlates with OA characteristics only in carriers of the susceptibility allele.ConclusionOur results suggest that it is more likely that the rs12885300 SNP of DIO2 increases the vulnerability of cartilage to nonoptimal bone shapes rather than directly influencing the formation of these shapes.
Comparison of traditional methods with 3D computer models in the instruction of hepatobiliary anatomy
Authors: Keedy Alexander W. , Durack Jeremy C. , Sandhu Parmbir , Chen Eric M. , O'Sullivan Patricia S. , Breiman Richard S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether an interactive three‐dimensional presentation depicting liver and biliary anatomy is more effective for teaching medical students than a traditional textbook format presentation of the same material. Forty‐six medical students volunteered for participation in this study. Baseline demographic information, spatial ability, and knowledge of relevant anatomy were measured. Participants were randomized into two groups and presented with a computer‐based interactive learning module comprised of animations and still images to highlight various anatomical structures (3D group), or a computer‐based text document containing the same images and text without animation or interactive features (2D group). Following each teaching module, students completed a satisfaction survey and nine‐item anatomic knowledge post‐test. The 3D group scored higher on the post‐test than the 2D group, with a mean score of 74% and 64%, respectively; however, when baseline differences in pretest scores were accounted for, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.33). Spatial ability did not statistically significantly correlate with post‐test scores for the 3D group or the 2D group. In the post‐test satisfaction survey the 3D group expressed a statistically significantly higher overall satisfaction rating compared to students in the 2D control group (4.5 versus 3.7 out of 5, P = 0.02). While the interactive 3D multimedia module received higher satisfaction ratings from students, it neither enhanced nor inhibited learning of complex hepatobiliary anatomy compared to an informationally equivalent traditional textbook style approach. Anat Sci Educ 4: 84–91, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Chondroprotective effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on human cartilage explants
Authors: Ongaro Alessia , Pellati Agnese , Masieri Federica Francesca , Caruso Angelo , Setti Stefania , Cadossi Ruggero , Biscione Roberto , Massari Leo , Fini Milena , De Mattei Monica 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on proteoglycan (PG) metabolism of human articular cartilage explants from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Human cartilage explants, recovered from lateral and medial femoral condyles, were classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) and graded based on Outerbridge scores. Explants cultured in the absence and presence of IL‐1β were treated with PEMF (1.5 mT, 75 Hz) or IGF‐I alone or in combination for 1 and 7 days. PG synthesis and release were determined. Results showed that explants derived from lateral and medial condyles scored OA grades I and III, respectively. In OA grade I explants, after 7 days exposure, PEMF and IGF‐I significantly increased35S‐sulfate incorporation 49% and 53%, respectively, compared to control, and counteracted the inhibitory effect of IL‐1β (0.01 ng/ml). The combined exposure to PEMF and IGF‐I was additive in all conditions. Similar results were obtained in OA grade III cartilage explants. In conclusion, PEMF and IGF‐I augment cartilage explant anabolic activities, increase PG synthesis, and counteract the catabolic activity of IL‐1β in OA grades I and III. We hypothesize that both IGF‐I and PEMF have chondroprotective effects on human articular cartilage, particularly in early stages of OA. Bioelectromagnetics 32:543–551, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotoxic effects of 3 T magnetic resonance imaging in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Lee Joong Won , Kim Myeong Seong , Kim Yang Jee , Choi Young Joo , Lee Younghyun , Chung Hai Won 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe clinical and preclinical use of high‐field intensity (HF, 3 T and above) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners have significantly increased in the past few years. However, potential health risks are implied in the MRI and especially HF MRI environment due to high‐static magnetic fields, fast gradient magnetic fields, and strong radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In this study, the genotoxic potential of 3 T clinical MRI scans in cultured human lymphocytes in vitro was investigated by analyzing chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), and single‐cell gel electrophoresis. Human lymphocytes were exposed to electromagnetic fields generated during MRI scanning (clinical routine brain examination protocols: three‐channel head coil) for 22, 45, 67, and 89 min. We observed a significant increase in the frequency of single‐strand DNA breaks following exposure to a 3 T MRI. In addition, the frequency of both CAs and MN in exposed cells increased in a time‐dependent manner. The frequencies of MN in lymphocytes exposed to complex electromagnetic fields for 0, 22, 45, 67, and 89 min were 9.67, 11.67, 14.67, 18.00, and 20.33 per 1000 cells, respectively. Similarly, the frequencies of CAs in lymphocytes exposed for 0, 45, 67, and 89 min were 1.33, 2.33, 3.67, and 4.67 per 200 cells, respectively. These results suggest that exposure to 3 T MRI induces genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 32:535–542, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study
Authors: Jin Zhe Wu , Li Chun Ai , Kim Ji Hyun , Shibata Shunichi , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA report on an unusual combination of anomalies in the head of a female fetus. The authors examined whole body semiserial paraffin sections of a female fetus (155 mm CRL; ∼18 weeks of gestation), with a particular focus on the head region. Cranial autonomic ganglia, nasal olfactory cells, and the orbital muscle were investigated using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calretinin, and smooth muscle actin expression. The surface gross anatomy of the fetus appeared normal. The left eyeball lacked a lens (the eyeballs were otherwise normal). The orbital muscle was very thick and located in the anterolateral side of the extraocular muscles. Conversely, the extraocular muscles made a cluster in the superoposterior side of the orbit. The infratemporal fossa was small due to the bulky, transversely extended lateral pterygoid process in contrast to the small coronoid process of the mandible. The bilateral mandibular bases overlapped at the midline symphysis. The thin orbitosphenoid and thick alisphenoid provided an almost flat, anterior cranial base. Nasal olfactory cells and cranial autonomic ganglia appeared to be normal. No major anomaly was observed in the brain. Because of the changes in topographical anatomy, the orbital muscle probably lost its normal bony attachment and appeared to push the extraocular muscles superoposteriorly. A gene function redundancy rather than mutation may explain the present restricted anomalies in the mandible and pterygoid process. Clin. Anat. 24:599–606, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818–1890): His contributions to anatomy and surgery
Authors: Malenfant Jason , Robitaille Martin , Schaefer Jamie , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere have been many advances in the medical world over time that have greatly contributed to ameliorating and prolonging human life. The employment of surgical anesthesia is arguably one of the greatest medical discoveries of all time, and has immensely broadened our ability to treat the ill. While Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818–1890) was not the inventor of anesthesia, he was the first to publish and advocate its use in the 19th century (Bigelow and Bigelow [1894] A Memoir of Henry Jacob Bigelow, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company; Harrington and Mumford [1905] The Harvard Medical School: A History, Narrative and Documentary, Vol 2, New York: Lewis Publishing Company). Bigelow also contributed to revolutionizing the fields of orthopedic and urologic surgery, publishing extensive research on subjects where there was previously very little knowledge, and even developing new techniques. He also impacted the field of neuropsychiatry in his publication regarding Phineas Gage. His contributions to the medical field have set him apart as one of the most influential and famous surgeons of America in the 19th century. Anatomically, he will be remembered eponymously for his iliofemoral ligament and septum in the femur. Clin. Anat. 24:539–543, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of Lipid Targeting Raman Probes for In Vivo Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Charan Shobhit , Chien Fan‐Ching , Singh Narendra , Kuo Chiung‐Wen , Chen Peilin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA simple, sensitive, and highly specific lipid targeting Raman probe (Nile red coated silver nanoparticles) has been developed to image living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our idea of imaging lipids in C. elegans is to combine the specificity of the fluorescent dye, Nile red, and the highly enhanced Raman scattering on the silver nanoparticles. Our strategy involves the fabrication of a lipid targeting probe, which is incorporated into the intracellular intestinal granules of C. elegans by incubating these worms in the solution containing Raman probes, resulting in an uptake and subsequent incorporation of these Raman probes into the intestinal granule, thus allowing fast visualization of lipid droplets through a conventional confocal imaging technique.
Total Synthesis of Chloptosin: A Dimeric Cyclohexapeptide
Authors: Oelke Alexander J. , Antonietti Francesca , Bertone Leonardo , Cranwell Philippa B. , France David J. , Goss Rebecca J. M. , Hofmann Tatjana , Knauer Stephan , Moss Steven J. , Skelton Paul C. , Turner Richard M. , Wuitschik Georg , Ley Steven V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHere we describe in full our investigations into the synthesis of the dimeric cyclohexapeptide chloptosin in 17 linear steps. Particularly, this work features an organocatalytic tandem process for the synthesis of the embedded piperazic acids, in which a differentially protected azodicarboxylate is used together with pyrrolidinyl tetrazole as the catalyst. The central biaryl bond is being formed by Stille coupling of two sterically demanding ortho‐chloropyrroloindole fragments. The inherent flexibility of the synthetic strategy proved beneficial as the route could be adjusted smoothly during the progression of the synthesis programme.
Temporal trends and predictors of pelvic lymph node dissection in open or minimally invasive radical prostatectomy
Authors: Feifer Andrew H. , Elkin Elena B. , Lowrance William T. , Denton Brian , Jacks Lindsay , Yee David S. , Coleman Jonathan A. , Laudone Vincent P. , Scardino Peter T. , Eastham James A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an important component of prostate cancer staging and treatment, especially for surgical patients who have high‐risk tumor features. It is not clear how the shift from open radical prostatectomy (ORP) to minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) has affected the use of PLND. The objectives of this study were to identify predictors of PLND and to assess the impact of surgical technique in a contemporary, population‐based cohort.METHODS:In Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims, the authors identified men who underwent ORP or MIRP for prostate cancer during 2003 to 2007. The impact of surgical approach on PLND was evaluated, and interactions were examined between surgical procedure, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason score with the analysis controlled for patient and tumor characteristics.RESULTS:Of 6608 men who underwent ORP or MIRP, 70% (n = 4600) underwent PLND. The use of PLND declined over time both overall and within subgroups defined by procedure type. PLND was 5 times more likely in men who underwent ORP than in men who underwent MIRP when the analysis was controlled for patient and tumor characteristics. Elevated PSA and biopsy Gleason score, but not clinical stage, were associated with a greater odds of PLND in both the ORP group and the MIRP group. However, the magnitude of the association between these factors and PLND was significantly greater for patients in the ORP group.CONCLUSIONS:PLND was less common among men who underwent MIRP, independent of tumor risk factors. A decline in PLND rates was not fully explained by an increase in MIRP. The authors concluded that these trends may signal a surgical approach‐dependent disparity in prostate cancer staging and therapy. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.