bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of nursing: a review of nursing in a large metropolitan hospital
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary , Pearson Alan , Walsh Ken , Long Leslye , Heinrich Naomi 
Published: October 2010

Summary• In this Clinical Practice Development (CPD) project we set out to identify and describe current approaches to the management and delivery of nursing care in an Australian Metropolitan Teaching Hospital.• Using a simple descriptive design, data were collected to elicit patterns of care provided by nursing teams. We sought to demonstrate patterns described by nursing teams (interviews) and actual patterns of care (observation).• As expected there was a degree of incongruence between the espoused and actual patterns of care.• Interview data revealed that most study wards had a view of nursing that emphasizes meeting the total care needs of patients and their families through offering biopsychosocial and educative care. The observational data revealed that a relatively large proportion of time was expended on activities that were not regarded as important by staff when interviewed (e.g. documentation) while relatively small amounts of time were observed to be spent educating patients or communicating with relatives of patients.• The identification of this type of gap creates a dissonance in clinicians that can be used to stimulate change through CPD.• Clinicians used the information to stimulate discussion and to rewrite team value statements.
Polystyrene spheres on mica substrates: AFM calibration, tip parameters and scan artefacts
Authors: VAN CLEEF M. , HOLT S. A. , WATSON G. S. , MYHRA S. 
Published: October 2010

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), in various versions, has had major impact as a surface structural and spectroscopic tool since its invention in 1986. At its present state of development, however, the interpretation of AFM images is limited by the current state of methodologies for calibration over the wide dynamic range of magnification. Also, the parameters of individual tips, as well as the generic characteristics of different kinds of tips, affect both the quality of the images and their interpretation. Finally, the very nature of the tip‐to‐surface interaction will generate artefacts, in addition to those associated with tip shape, which need to be fully understood by the practitioners of force microscopy. This project seeks to address and shed light on some of these issues.Polystyrene beads deposited on mica substrates form hexagonal close‐packed layers. The unit cell parameters are suitable for calibration of the AFM in the lateral plane, while the perpendicular spacing of the layers is appropriate for calibration along the vertical axis. Using different size fractions, it is straightforward to determine the extents of linearity, orthogonality, thermal and instrumental drifts over distances from 100 nm to tens of micrometres. The present results show that the methodologies for contact mode operation can be adapted to noncontact modes.It is known that an AFM image arises from a convolution of surface topography and tip shape, and is mediated by the interaction. In principle it is possible to carry out a deconvolution, if we have complete knowledge about two of the three elements (i.e. tip, surface and interaction). In practice we rarely have the requisite information. Prominent artefacts will occur when the characteristic parameters of the tip are comparable to those of the surface topography, and/or if there is a variable strength, or extent of localization, of the interaction. The present results demonstrate artefacts due to effects of geometry as well as interaction.
Surface plasmon micro‐ and nano‐optics
Authors: Krenn J. R. , Ditlbacher H. , Schider G. , Hohenau A. , Leitner A. , Aussenegg F. R. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe report the experimental realization of key elements of a two‐dimensional optics based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Local SPP sources, Bragg mirrors and beamsplitters were lithographically built from silver nanostructures. The SPP fields were imaged by detecting the fluorescence of molecules that act as local probes of the SPP near‐field intensity.
Near‐field and confocal surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Anger P. , Feltz A. , Berghaus T. , Meixner A. J. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryFor laser spectroscopy at variable temperatures with high spatial resolution a combined scanning near‐field optical and confocal microscope was developed. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules dispersed on silver nano‐particles or nano‐clusters were investigated. For optical excitation of the molecules, either an aperture probe or a focused laser spot in confocal arrangement were employed. Raman spectra in the wavenumber range between 300 cm−1 and 3000 cm−1 at room temperatures down to 8.5 K were recorded. Many of the observed Raman lines can be associated with the structure of the adsorbed molecule. Intensity fluctuations in spectral sequences were observed down to 77 K and are indicative of single molecule sensitivity.
Apertureless scanning near‐field optical microscopy for ion exchange channel waveguide characterization
Authors: Blaize S. , Aubert S. , Bruyant A. , Bachelot R. , Lerondel G. , Royer P. , Broquin J.‐E. , Minier V. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe report the characterization of an integrated Ag+/Na+ ion exchange waveguide realized in a silicate glass substrate using apertureless scanning near‐field optical microscopy. Our experimental set‐up is based on the combination of a commercial atomic force microscope with an optical confocal detection system. Thanks to this system, the topography and evanescent optical field at the waveguide top surface are mapped simultaneously. Also, the process of apertureless scanning near‐field optical microscopy image formation is analysed. In particular, fringe patterns appearing in the image reveal the intrinsic interferometric nature of the collected signal, due to interference between the field scattered by the tip end and background fields related to guide losses. We give a quantitative interpretation of these fringes. Evanescent intensity mapping on the sample surface allowed us to extract physical waveguide parameters. In particular, it shows an unambiguous multimode beat along the waveguide propagation axis. Furthermore, we show that analysis of this intensity profile reveals back‐reflection effects from the waveguide exit facet. The resulting standing waves pattern allows us to evaluate the eigenmode propagation constants.
Phase separation in polyfluorene – polymethylmethacrylate blends studied using UV near‐field microscopy
Authors: Chappell J. , Lidzey D. G. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn this paper we present a near‐field microscopy study of thin films of a phase‐separated blend of the fluorescent conjugated‐polymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) [PFO] with the non‐fluorescent polymer polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA]. A scanning near‐field optical microscope (NSOM) was used to generate (blue) fluorescence from the PFO following UV excitation at 362 nm. A range of different concentrations of PFO in PMMA were studied ranging from 1 to 50% PFO in PMMA by mass. By studying both the shear force and fluorescence images we were able accurately to determine the distribution of PFO in the PMMA. We found that phase separation occurs over a number of different length‐scales between 5 µm and 250 nm. We show that at PFO concentrations of 1%, the PFO lies on top of the PMMA. At a PFO relative concentration of 50%, the PMMA phase extends through the whole thickness of the film to the underlying substrate. We use such samples to discuss the resolution of NSOM when imaging thick organic films. Furthermore, we confirm that the length‐scales of phase separation can be modified via control over spin‐casting protocols.
Low‐temperature scanning system for near‐ and far‐field optical investigations
Authors: Kazantsev D. V. , Savio C. Dal , Pierz K. , Güttler B. , Danzebrink H.‐U. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA combined system for far‐ and near‐field optical spectroscopy consisting of a compact scanning near‐field optical microscope and a dedicated spectrometer was realized. The set‐up allows the optical investigation of samples at temperatures from 10 to 300 K. The sample positioning range is as large as 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 and the spatial resolution is in the range of 1.5 µm in the far‐field optical microscopy mode at low temperatures. In the scanning near‐field optical microscope mode the resolution is defined by the microfabricated cantilever probe, which is placed in the focus of a double‐mirror objective. The tip‐to‐sample distance in the scanning near‐field optical microscope is controlled by a beam deflection system in dynamic scanning force microscopy mode. After a description of the apparatus, scanning force topography images of self‐assembled InAs quantum dots on a GaAs substrate with a density of less than one dot per square micrometre are shown, followed by the first spectroscopic investigations of such a sample. The presented results demonstrate the potential of the system.
Near‐field Raman imaging of morphological and chemical defects in organic crystals with subdiffraction resolution
Authors: Gucciardi P. G. , Trusso S. , Vasi C. , Patanè S. , Allegrini M. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn this study we report on the application of an aperture near‐field optical microscope for Raman imaging of organic materials. Spectral analysis and detailed Raman imaging are performed with integration times of 100 ms per point, without the aid of field enhancement effects. The studied samples consist of two high Raman‐efficiency molecular samples: a 7,7′,8,8′‐tetracyanoquinodimethane crystal showing surface defects and a 7,7′,8,8′‐tetracyanoquinodimethane thin film characterized by the presence of submicrometre‐sized organometallic copper–salt complexes. In the first case, the effect of the surface deformation was studied, whereas in the second sample we were able to chemically image the formation of salt complexes. Subdiffraction resolution was achieved in both studies.
Nano‐patterning photosensitive polymers using local field enhancement at the end of apertureless SNOM tips
Authors: H’dhili F. , Bachelot R. , Rumyantseva A. , Lerondel G. , Royer P. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe show experimentally that local optical field enhancement can occur at the end of an apertureless SNOM tip illuminated by an external light source. Our approach consists in the use of a photosensitive polymer, placed in the tip near‐field, to record intensity distribution in the vicinity of the tip end. The excited nanometre‐size light source permits us to produce nano‐patterns on the polymer surface which are then characterized by atomic force microscopy. Experimental images show the influence, on the field enhancement, of three important experimental parameters: the polarization state of the incident light, the geometry of the external illumination and the radius of curvature of the tip apex. These results are shown to be in good agreement with two‐dimensional numerical calculations based on the finite‐difference time‐domain method. We show preliminary nanometre‐size patterns created by this nano‐source excited at a metallic tip extremity and discuss the potential of this approach for near‐field optical lithography.
Demonstrating nanophotonic switching using near‐field pump–probe photoluminescence spectroscopy of CuCl quantum cubes
Authors: Kawazoe T. , Kobayashi K. , Sangu S. , Ohtsu M. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe demonstrated a novel optical switching operation using three CuCl quantum cubes with a size ratio of . Their quantized excitonic energy levels resonate with one another, and the switching mechanism was based on the resonant near‐field energy transfer between the quantum cubes. Using near‐field pump–probe photoluminescence spectroscopy, we succeeded in controlling the near‐field energy transfer and obtained a controlled (i.e. switched) signal in a differential photoluminescence spectrum with and without a pump beam. The internal quantum efficiency of the switching operation was close to 1. These results suggest the possibility of making a nanophotonic switching device smaller than 30 nm.
Tracking of secretory vesicles of PC12 cells by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Yang D.‐M. , Huang C.‐C. , Lin H.‐Y. , Tsai D.‐P. , Kao L.‐S. , Chi C.‐W. , Lin C.‐C. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryTotal internal reflection fluorescence microscopy is used to detect cellular events near the plasma membrane. Behaviours of secretory vesicles near the cell surface of living PC12 cells, a neuroendocrine cell line, are studied. The secretory vesicles are labelled by over‐expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein‐tagged Rab3A, one of the small G proteins involved in the fusion of secretory vesicles to plasma membrane in PC12 cells. Images acquired by a fast cooled charge‐coupled device camera using conventional fluorescence microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy are compared and analysed. Within the small evanescent range (< 200 nm), the movements of the secretory vesicles of PC12 cells before and after stimulation by high K+ are examined. The movements of one vesicle relative to another already docked on the membrane are detected. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy provides a novel optical method to trace and analyse the exocytotic events and vesicle specifically near a cell membrane without interference of signals from other parts of the cell.
Near‐field imaging of surface plasmon on gold nano‐dots fabricated by scanning probe lithography
Authors: Kim J. , Kim J. , Song K. I.‐B. , Lee S. Q. , Kim E. U. N.‐K. , Choi S.‐E. U. L. , Lee Y. , Park K.‐H. O. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe obtained scanning near‐field optical microscopy images to study the excitation of surface plasmons on metallic dots fabricated using scanning probe lithography. Gold nano‐dots were fabricated by applying electric voltages to conducting probes installed in an atomic force microscope using the mechanism of field‐induced diffusion and nano‐oxidation plus Au‐coating. High spatial resolution of scanning near‐field optical microscopy revealed a ‘bifold’ pattern of surface plasmon mode on fabricated Au dots in the polarization direction of incident light. We found that scanning near‐field optical microscopy imaging combined with scanning probe lithography is able to provide a systematic study of surface plasmon excitation on nano‐metallic structures.
Photoplastic near‐field optical probe with sub‐100 nm aperture made by replication from a nanomould
Authors: Kim G. M. , Kim B. J. , Ten Have E. S. , Segerink F. , Van Hulst N. F. , Brugger J. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryPolymers have the ability to conform to surface contours down to a few nanometres. We studied the filling of transparent epoxy‐type EPON SU‐8 into nanoscale apertures made in a thin metal film as a new method for polymer/metal near‐field optical structures. Mould replica processes combining silicon micromachining with the photo‐curable SU‐8 offer great potential for low‐cost nanostructure fabrication. In addition to offering a route for mass production, the transparent pyramidal probes are expected to improve light transmission thanks to a wider geometry near the aperture. By combining silicon MEMS, mould geometry tuning by oxidation, anti‐adhesion coating by self‐assembled monolayer and mechanical release steps, we propose an advanced method for near‐field optical probe fabrication. The major improvement is the possibility to fabricate nanoscale apertures directly on wafer scale during the microfabrication process and not on free‐standing tips. Optical measurements were performed with the fabricated probes. The full width half maximum after a Gaussian fit of the intensity profile indicates a lateral optical resolution of ≈ 60 nm.
Implementation of a short‐tip tapping‐mode tuning fork near‐field scanning optical microscope
Authors: Lu N. H. , Huang C. W. , Chen C. Y. , Yu C. F. , Kao T. S. , Fu Y. H. , Tsai D. P. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe present the implementation of a short‐tip tapping‐mode tuning fork near‐field scanning optical microscope. Tapping frequency dependences of the piezoelectric signal amplitudes for a bare tuning fork fixed on the ceramic plate, a short‐tip tapping‐mode tuning fork scheme and an ordinary tapping‐mode tuning fork configuration with an 80‐cm optical fibre attached are demonstrated and compared. Our experimental results show that this new short‐tip tapping‐mode tuning fork scheme provides a stable and high Q factor at the tapping frequency of the tuning fork and will be very helpful when long optical fibre probes have to be used in an experiment. Both collection and excitation modes of short‐tip tapping‐mode tuning fork near‐field scanning optical microscope are applied to study the near‐field optical properties of a single‐mode telecommunication optical fibre and a green InGaN/GaN multiquantum well light‐emitting diode.
High‐resolution backscatter electron imaging of colloidal gold in LVSEM
Authors: Erlandsen S. , Chen Y. , Frethem C. , Detry J. , Wells C. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryHigh‐resolution backscatter electron (BSE) imaging of colloidal gold can be accomplished at low voltage using in‐lens or below‐the‐lens FESEMs equipped with either Autrata‐modified yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) scintillators doped with cerium, or with BSE to secondary electron (SE) conversion plates. The threshold for BSE detection of colloidal gold was 1.8 keV for the YAG detector, and the BSE/SE conversion was sensitive down to 1 keV. Gold particles (6, 12 and 18 nm) have an atomic number of 79 and were clearly distinguished at 500 000× by materials contrast and easily discriminated from cell surfaces coated with platinum with an atomic number of 78. BSE imaging was relatively insensitive to charging, and build up of carbon contamination on the specimen was transparent to the higher energy BSE.
A comparative study between AFM and SEM imaging on human scalp hair
Authors: Poletti G. , Orsini F. , Lenardi C. , Barborini E. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA comparative study of AFM and SEM imaging of the same area of a human scalp hair has been carried out to determine the similarity and the differences between the two techniques. Sample preparation for SEM analysis requires a metallization step and vacuum exposure, both of which could potentially induce modifications to the surface details. By contrast, AFM is a suitable technique to evaluate any effect resulting from sample manipulation because it can be applied without any specific treatment. AFM analysis demonstrates that sample metallization is responsible for modifications to the surface details of hair, mainly comprising an increase in height of scale steps and of root mean square roughness together with variation in scale profiles. Sample treatments for SEM imaging are in general potentially responsible for surface modifications to the samples involved.
Decreased uptake of bodipy‐labelled compounds in the presence of the nuclear stain, DRAQ5
Authors: Snyder D. Scott , Garon C. F. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe have found the nuclear stain DRAQ5 to decrease the cellular uptake of a series of boron dipyrromethane (bodipy)‐labelled compounds. This phenomenon is consistent between Lysotracker Green DND 26, Lysotracker Red DND 99 and bodipy‐labelled mycolactone. Although DRAQ5 uptake was not prevented, DRAQ5 was in significant excess in each case. As the effect is consistent among two cell types, RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophages and Bend 3 endothelial cells, we hypothesize that it may be a result of the two dyes complexing in solution into a form that is not taken up by the cells. This hypothesis is confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis in solution.
Quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy: where it came from and where it is going
Authors: Danuser G. , Waterman‐Storer C. M. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryFluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) is a technology for analysing the dynamics of macromolecular assemblies. Originally, the effect of random speckle formation was discovered with microtubules. Since then, the method has been expanded to other proteins of the cytoskeleton such as f‐actin and microtubule binding proteins. Newly developed, specialized software for analysing speckle movement and photometric fluctuation in the context of polymer transport and turnover has turned FSM into a powerful method for the study of cytoskeletal dynamics in cell migration, division, morphogenesis and neuronal path finding. In all these settings, FSM serves as the quantitative readout to link molecular and genetic interventions to complete maps of the cytoskeleton dynamics and thus can be used for the systematic deciphering of molecular regulation of the cytoskeleton. Fully automated FSM assays can also be applied to live‐cell screens for toxins, chemicals, drugs and genes that affect cytoskeletal dynamics. We envision that FSM has the potential to become a core tool in automated, cell‐based molecular diagnostics in cases where variations in cytoskeletal dynamics are a sensitive signal for the state of a disease, or the activity of a molecular perturbant. In this paper, we review the origins of FSM, discuss these most recent technical developments and give a glimpse to future directions and potentials of FSM. It is written as a complement to the recent review (Waterman‐Storer & Danuser, 2002, Curr. Biol., 12, R633–R640), in which we emphasized the use of FSM in cell biological applications. Here, we focus on the technical aspects of making FSM a quantitative method.
Automatic fluorescent tag localization II: improvement in super‐resolution by relative tracking
Authors: Thomann D. , Dorn J. , Sorger P. K. , Danuser G. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe present an algorithm for the three‐dimensional (3D) tracking of multiple fluorescent subresolution tags with super‐resolution in images of living cells. Recently, we described an algorithm for the automatic detection of such tags in single frames and demonstrated its potential in a biological system. The algorithm presented here adds to the tag detector a module for relative tracking of the signals between frames. As with tag detection, the main problem in relative tracking arises when signals of multiple tags interfere. We propose a novel multitemplate matching framework that exploits knowledge of the microscope point spread function to separate the intensity contribution of each tag in image regions with signal interferences. We use this intensity splitting to reconstruct a template for each tag in the source frame and a patch in the target frame, which are both free of intensity contributions from other tag signals. Tag movements between frames are then tracked by seeking, for each template–patch pair, the displacement vector providing the best signal match in terms of the sum of squared intensity differences. Because template and patch generation of tags with overlapping signals are interdependent, the matching is carried out simultaneously for all tags, and in an iterative manner. We have examined the performance of our approach using synthetic 3D data and observed a significant increase in resolution and robustness as compared with our previously described detector. It is now possible to localize and track tags separated by a distance three times smaller than the Rayleigh limit with a relative positional accuracy of better than 50 nm. We have applied the new tracking system to extract metaphase trajectories of fluorescently tagged chromosomes relative to the spindle poles in budding yeast.