bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PET/CT in cancer research: from preclinical to clinical applications
Authors: Del Vecchio S. , Zannetti A. , Fonti R. , Iommelli F. , Pizzuti L. M. , Lettieri A. , Salvatore M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe identification of genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying tumor growth and progression along with the unraveling of human genoma provided a plethora of new targets for cancer detection, treatment and monitoring. Simultaneously, the extraordinary development of a number of imaging technologies, including hybrid systems, allowed the visualization of biochemical, molecular and physiological aberrations linked to underlying mutations in a given tumor. In vivo evaluation of complex biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, gene expression, receptor–ligand interactions, transport of substrates and metabolism of nutrients in human cancers is feasible using PET/CT and radiolabeled molecular probes. Some of these compounds are in preclinical phases of evaluation whereas others have been already applied in clinical settings. Here we provide prominent examples on how some biological processes and target expression can be visualized by PET/CT in animal tumor models and cancer patients for the noninvasive detection of well‐known markers of tumor aggressiveness, invasiveness and resistance to treatment and for the evaluation of tumor response to therapy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does MC1R genotype convey information about melanoma risk beyond risk phenotypes?
Authors: Kanetsky Peter A. , Panossian Saarene , Elder David E. , Guerry DuPont , Ming Michael E. , Schuchter Lynn , Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:A study was carried out to describe associations of MC1R variants and melanoma in a US population and to investigate whether genetic risk is modified by pigmentation characteristics and sun exposure measures.METHODS:Melanoma patients (n = 960) and controls (n = 396) self‐reported phenotypic characteristics and sun exposure via structured questionnaire and underwent a skin examination. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations of high‐ and low‐risk MC1R variants and melanoma, overall and within phenotypic and sun exposure strata. A meta‐analysis of results from published studies was undertaken.RESULTS:Carriage of 2 low‐risk or any high‐risk MC1R variants was associated with increased risk of melanoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0‐2.8; and OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5‐3.0, respectively). However, risk was stronger in or limited to individuals with protective phenotypes and limited sun exposure, such as those who tanned well after repeated sun exposure (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6‐3.6), had dark hair (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5‐3.6), or had dark eyes (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8‐5.9). We noted this same pattern of increased melanoma risk among persons who did not freckle, tanned after exposure to first strong summer sun, reported little or average recreational or occupational sun exposure, or reported no sun burning events. Meta‐analysis of published literature supported these findings.CONCLUSIONS:These data indicate that MC1R genotypes provide information about melanoma risk in those individuals who would not be identified as high risk based on their phenotypes or exposures alone. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The zebrafish cerebellar upper rhombic lip generates tegmental hindbrain nuclei by long‐distance migration in an evolutionary conserved manner
Authors: Volkmann Katrin , Chen Yi‐Yen , Harris Matthew P. , Wullimann Mario F. , Köster Reinhard W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe upper rhombic lip (URL) of the developing mammalian cerebellum produces different neuronal cell types in a temporal sequence. The first neuronal populations arising from this proliferation zone include the progenitors of the parabrachial, parabigeminal, and laterodorsal‐pedunculopontine tegmental hindbrain nuclei. By means of expression analysis, histology, and retrograde neuronal tracing, we have identified the zebrafish homologues of these nuclei, namely, the secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus, the nucleus isthmi, and the superior reticular nucleus, respectively, in the embryonic and larval brain of a stable transgenic wnt1:Gal4‐VP16‐14 × UAS:GFP zebrafish strain. Combining time‐lapse confocal imaging with individual cell tracing, we characterize the migratory behavior of these neuronal precursor populations in detail by revealing their migration path, velocity, and directionality. In addition, we identify neuronal progenitors of the secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus and nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus as belonging to the polysialic acid (PSA)‐expressing cell population in the cerebellar plate that migrates in a PSA‐dependent manner. Finally, we reveal that circuitries involved in the processing of sensory information (visual, gustatory, general viscerosensory) are already established in the zebrafish larva at day 4 of development. Also the wnt1‐expressing pretectal neuronal precursors (not originating from the URL) sending mossy fiber‐like projections into the cerebellar corpus are established at that time. In sum, our results show that the origin of neurons of some tegmental hindbrain nuclei, namely, nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus and secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus is in the URL, and that the temporal order of cell types produced by the URL and their developmental program are conserved among vertebrate species. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2794–2817, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine‐immunoreactive local neurons in the antennal lobes of the hymenoptera
Authors: Dacks Andrew M. , Reisenman Carolina E. , Paulk Angelique C. , Nighorn Alan J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNeural networks receive input that is transformed before being sent as output to higher centers of processing. These transformations are often mediated by local interneurons (LNs) that influence output based on activity across the network. In primary olfactory centers, the LNs that mediate these lateral interactions are extremely diverse. For instance, the antennal lobes (ALs) of bumblebees possess both γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and histamine‐immunoreactive (HA‐ir) LNs, and both are neurotransmitters associated with fast forms of inhibition. Although the GABAergic network of the AL has been extensively studied, we sought to examine the anatomical features of the HA‐ir LNs in relation to the other cellular elements of the bumblebee AL. As a population, HA‐ir LNs densely innervate the glomerular core and sparsely arborize in the outer glomerular rind, overlapping with the terminals of olfactory receptor neurons. Individual fills of HA‐ir LNs revealed heavy arborization of the outer ring of a single “principal” glomerulus and sparse arborization in the core of other glomeruli. In contrast, projection neurons and GABA‐immunoreactive LNs project throughout the glomerular volume. To provide insight into the selective pressures that resulted in the evolution of HA‐ir LNs, we determined the phylogenetic distribution of HA‐ir LNs in the AL. HA‐ir LNs were present in all but the most basal hymenopteran examined, although there were significant morphological differences between major groups within the Hymenoptera. The ALs of other insect taxa examined lacked HA‐ir LNs, suggesting that this population of LNs arose within the Hymenoptera and underwent extensive morphological modification. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2917–2933, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tiling among stereotyped dendritic branches in an identified Drosophila motoneuron
Authors: Vonhoff F. , Duch C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDifferent types of neurons can be distinguished by the specific targeting locations and branching patterns of their dendrites, which form the blueprint for wiring the brain. Unraveling which specific signals control different aspects of dendritic architecture, such as branching and elongation, pruning and cessation of growth, territory formation, tiling, and self‐avoidance requires a quantitative comparison in control and genetically manipulated neurons. The highly conserved shapes of individually identified Drosophila neurons make them well suited for the analysis of dendritic architecture principles. However, to date it remains unclear how tightly dendritic architecture principles of identified central neurons are regulated. This study uses quantitative reconstructions of dendritic architecture of an identified Drosophila flight motoneuron (MN5) with a complex dendritic tree, comprising more than 4,000 dendritic branches and 6 mm total length. MN5 contains a fixed number of 23 dendritic subtrees, which tile into distinct, nonoverlapping volumes of the diffuse motor neuropil. Across‐animal comparison and quantitative analysis suggest that tiling of the different dendritic subtrees of the same neuron is caused by competitive and repulsive interactions among subtrees, perhaps allowing different dendritic compartments to be connected to different circuit elements. We also show that dendritic architecture is similar among different wildtype and GAL4 driver fly lines. Metric and topological dendritic architecture features are sufficiently constant to allow for studies of the underlying control mechanisms by genetic manipulations. Dendritic territory and certain topological measures, such as tree compactness, are most constant, suggesting that these reflect the intrinsic molecular identity of the neuron. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2169–2185, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coupling of lung tissue tethering force to fluid dynamics in the pulmonary circulation
Authors: Burrowes K. S. , Tawhai M. H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDynamic changes in lung volume during breathing and alteration of posture are both known to influence the distribution of perfusion within the lung. Here we couple computational models of pulmonary blood flow and parenchymal tissue mechanics to produce a novel flow model that predicts tissue deformation simultaneously with flow distributions at different lung volumes and postures. The model is used to study the effect of lung volume on flow distribution as a result of normal variation in axial and radial tethering forces. Finite deformation elasticity is used to predict volume changes of the lung tissue and resultant tethering pressures within the tissue. A finite element model of the pulmonary arterial network is embedded within the lung volume and deforms with the tissue. The spatial distribution of steady‐state blood flow is predicted using the Poiseuille resistance (including gravity), conservation of mass, and a vascular pressure–radius relationship. Blood flow gradients with respect to gravitationally dependent height are calculated. Gradients are predicted to be consistently steeper in the supine (compared with prone) model due to increased tissue deformation. Decreased lung volume resulted in increased gravitationally dependent flow gradients, predominantly due to the effect of axial vessel stretch on the length and the radius of the arterial vessels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Video‐STM Studies of Adsorbate Dynamics at Electrochemical Interfaces
Authors: Tansel Tunay , Taranovskyy Andriy , Magnussen Olaf M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe dynamic behavior of individual adsorbates at electrochemical interfaces was studied directly by in situ high‐speed scanning tunneling microscopy, using sulfur adsorbed on Cu(100) electrodes in 0.01 M HCl solution as an example. By dosing from diluted Na2S solutions Sad coverages of a few percent can be prepared, with the sulfur adsorbates occupying positions within the c(2×2) lattice of coadsorbed chloride. Sad tracer diffusion occurs via hopping between neighboring c(2×2) lattice sites at considerably higher rates than those of sulfur on Cu(100) under UHV conditions, indicating a pronounced influence of the electrochemical environment on the adsorbate surface dynamics. The diffusion barrier linearly increases by 0.5 eV per V with potential and is strongly affected by neighboring Sad and surface defects. The SadSad interactions extend over ≈7 Å. They are repulsive between nearest‐neighbor and attractive between next‐nearest‐neighbor sites, respectively, and result in significantly reduced diffusion barriers. Sad on the upper terrace side of steps are transiently trapped and exhibit lower diffusion rates, leading to the formation of small metastable p(2×2) domains. Attractive interactions between Sad and domain boundaries in the c(2×2) adlayer result in boundary pinning as well as transient trapping and enhanced diffusion of Sad along the boundary.
Light‐Induced Activation of Bacterial Phytochrome Agp1 Monitored by Static and Time‐Resolved FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Piwowarski Patrick , Ritter Eglof , Hofmann Klaus‐Peter , Hildebrandt Peter , von Stetten David , Scheerer Patrick , Michael Norbert , Lamparter Tilman , Bartl Franz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhytochromes, which regulate many biological processes in plants, bacteria, and fungi, can exist in two stable states, Pr and Pfr, that can be interconverted by light, via a number of intermediates such as meta‐Rc. Herein we employ FTIR spectroscopy to study the Pr‐to‐Pfr conversion of the bacteriophytochrome Agp1 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Static FTIR Pfr/Pr and meta‐Rc/Pr difference spectra are disentangled in terms of cofactor and protein structural changes. Guided by DFT calculations on cofactor models, the chromophore conformational changes can be grouped into structural adjustments of the cofactor–protein interactions localized in the C–D dipyrrole moiety, that is, the photoisomerisation site, and in the A–B dipyrrole moiety including the protein attachment site. Whereas changes at the C and D rings appear to be largely completed in the meta‐Rc state, the structural changes in the A–B unit occur during the transition from meta‐Rc to Pfr, concomitant with the main protein structural changes, as demonstrated by static and time‐resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy. We employ this technique to monitor, for the first time, the dynamics of the photocycle of phytochrome on the millisecond timescale. By extending the studies to genetically engineered protein variants of Agp1, we further demonstrate that H250 and D197 as well as the PHY domain are essential for formation of the Pfr state. Based on the IR spectroscopic and available crystallographic data we discuss the role of critical amino acid residues for the protein–cofactor interactions during the photoinduced reaction cycle.
Effect of temperature programmes on protein crystallisation
Authors: Wang Xi‐Kai , Yin Da‐Chuan , Zhang Chen‐Yan , Lu Qin‐Qin , Guo Yun‐Zhu , Guo Wei‐Hong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVarying the temperature has been proven to be beneficial for improving the screening efficiency of protein crystallisation, and thus a crystallisation screening strategy based on this phenomenon can be developed. Such a temperature varying strategy can be applied in practical crystallisation screening, however, there are no guidelines for determining what temperature programme should be utilised. It is therefore necessary to investigate how the temperature programme affects the crystallisation process, so as to help people design a suitable temperature programme. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of temperature programmes on the protein crystallisation (lysozyme, proteinase K, and concanavalin A) that are characterised by different solubility behaviours with respect to temperature. Judging from the reproducibility studies of protein crystallisation with different temperature programmes, we recommend using linear temperature programmes for a moderate time period (24 to 48 h) and a large temperature range according to the properties of the proteins. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cytological findings of mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma in the lung
Authors: Kadota Kyuichi , Haba Reiji , Katsuki Naomi , Hayashi Toshitetsu , Miyai Yumi , Bando Kenji , Shibuya Shinsuke , Kushida Yoshio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPulmonary mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma is an extremely rare neoplasm. This is the first cytological report of such a rare neoplasm. A 59‐year‐old Japanese man was admitted to the hospital complaining of a persistent cough and bloody sputum. A bronchial endoscopic examination revealed an endobronchial polypoid tumor. Upon bronchial brush cytology by Papanicolaou stain, squamous dysplasia showing mild atypia was suspected. The smears showed moderate cellularity with singly scattered cells or loose clusters of cells, consisting of squamous cells and a few columnar cells. Nuclei of the squamous cells showed mild atypia, but there was no nuclear atypia of the columnar cells. Upon intraoperative pathological examination by frozen section, pulmonary mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma was suspected. Intraoperative imprint cytology by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain showed a few differences in comparison with bronchial brush cytology, which were thought to be due to differences in obtaining cytological specimens or the steps prior to the staining. The patient underwent a segmentectomy of the left lung. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed a mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma. The postoperative course has been uneventful for 5 years after surgery. It was thought that cytology was diagnostically inadequate on its own in the present case. However, mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma must be considered as another type of pulmonary tumor in cytological preparations, especially in a case showing endobronchial papillary growth by bronchoscopy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:913–917. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological diagnosis of actinomycosis and eumycetoma: A report of two cases
Authors: Hemalata Mahantappa , Prasad Sruthi , Venkatesh Kusuma , S. R. Niveditha , Kumar Suja Ajoy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMycetoma and actinomycosis are common in tropical countries and are increasingly diagnosed in other parts of the world due to rapid mobilization of the population. They are usually diagnosed on histopathology. There is very limited data on the role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in diagnosing these lesions. We report here two cases: one of eumycetoma and the other of an actinomycosis that were reliably diagnosed with FNAC. The cytological features were similar to histopathology features and differentiated eumycetoma and actinomycosis. FNAC is a rapid, simple and inexpensive outpatient procedure that helps in rapid diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:918–920. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrathyroidal oncocytic parathyroid adenoma: A diagnostic pitfall on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Paker Irem , Yilmazer Demet , Yandakci Kemal , Arikok Ata Turker , Alper Murat 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOncocytic parathyroid adenoma is a rarely seen benign neoplasm of the parathyroid and intrathyroidal location of this lesion is also uncommon. It can be easily misdiagnosed as Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasm on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Here, an intrathyroidal oncocytic parathyroid adenoma in a 32‐year‐old male is reported. Ultrasonography showed a nodule 2 cm in largest diameter in the left thyroid lobe. FNA revealed cellular smears containing monotonous oncocytic cells arranged in monolayered sheets, pseudopapillary structures and clusters within a rich vascular network. The case was reported as “suspicious for Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasm” on FNA. Frozen section examination showed intrathyroidal oncocytic parathyroid adenoma with a rim of normal parathyroid tissue. The diagnosis was also confirmed with immunohistochemical stains (TTF‐1, PTH, thyroglobulin) performed on permanent sections. Cytopathologic features of oncocytic parathyroid adenoma and Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasm are similar. It is important to keep oncocytic parathyroid adenoma in mind in the differential diagnosis of Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasm. Prior knowledge of clinical, radiological and laboratory data will avoid wrong cytopathologic diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:833–836. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SARM inhibits both TRIF‐ and MyD88‐mediated AP‐1 activation
Authors: Peng Jun , Yuan Quan , Lin Bin , Panneerselvam Porkodi , Wang Xiaowei , Luan Xiao Lei , Lim Soon Kok , Leung Bernard P , Ho Bow , Ding Jeak Ling 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSARM (sterile α‐ and armadillo‐motif‐containing protein), the fifth identified TIR (Toll–interleukin 1 receptor (IL‐1R)) domain‐containing adaptors in humans, downregulates NF‐κB and IRF3 (interferon‐regulatory factor 3)‐mediated TLR3 and TLR4 signaling. SARM was characterized as a negative regulator of the TRIF (TIR‐domain‐containing adaptor protein inducing IFN‐β)‐dependent pathway via its interaction with TRIF. However, the precise mechanism of action of SARM remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SARM inhibits MAPK activation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and U937 cells. Both the TRIF‐ and MyD88‐mediated, as well as basal MAPK activity, were repressed, indicating that SARM‐mediated inhibition may not be exclusively directed at TRIF or MyD88, but that SARM may also directly inhibit MAPK phosphorylation. The MAPK inhibition effect was verified by RNAi, which increased the basal level of AP‐1. Furthermore, LPS challenge upregulated SARM at both the mRNA and protein levels. Finally, we provide evidence to show that truncated SARM changes its subcellular localization, suggesting the importance of the N‐terminal and sterile alpha motif domains in the autoregulation of SARM activity.
Class switching and consecutive loss of dsDNA‐reactive B1a B cells from the peritoneal cavity during murine lupus development
Authors: Enghard Philipp , Humrich Jens Y. , Chu Vantrung T. , Grussie Erwin , Hiepe Falk , Burmester Gerd‐Rüdiger , Radbruch Andreas , Berek Claudia , Riemekasten Gabriela 
Published: March 2010

AbstractB1a B cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus; however, their precise contribution to the disease remains unclear. Here we analysed isotype expression, organ accumulation and autoreactivity of B1a cells in the NZB/W F1 murine model for systemic lupus erythematosus using flow cytometry, ELISPOT and adoptive cell transfer. In the course of lupus, the B1a compartment is expanded and B1a cells class switch to IgG. Class‐switched B1a B cells were excluded from the peritoneal cavity but accumulated in the spleen and target organs such as kidneys and thymus. Autoreactive B1a B cells preferentially class switch, which leads to a subsequent loss of autoreactive B1a cells from the peritoneal cavity. We propose a model whereby autoreactive B1a B cells become activated early in the course of lupus and class switch to IgG. These autoreactive B1a B cells accumulate in the spleen and affected organs where they presumably secrete autoantibodies and contribute to the local and systemic pathogenesis.