bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylated serine and threonine residues promote site‐specific fragmentation of singly charged, arginine‐containing peptide ions
Authors: Gehrig Peter Max , Roschitzki Bernd , Rutishauser Dorothea , Reiland Sonja , Schlapbach Ralph 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn order to investigate gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of phosphorylated peptide ions, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra were recorded from synthetic phosphopeptides and from phosphopeptides isolated from natural sources. MALDI‐TOF/TOF (TOF: time‐of‐flight) spectra of synthetic arginine‐containing phosphopeptides revealed a significant increase of y ions resulting from bond cleavages on the C‐terminal side of phosphothreonine or phosphoserine. The same effect was found in ESI‐MS/MS spectra recorded from the singly charged but not from the doubly charged ions of these phosphopeptides. ESI‐MS/MS spectra of doubly charged phosphopeptides containing two arginine residues support the following general fragmentation rule: Increased amide bond cleavage on the C‐terminal side of phosphorylated serines or threonines mainly occurs in peptide ions which do not contain mobile protons. In MALDI‐TOF/TOF spectra of phosphopeptides displaying N‐terminal fragment ions, abundant b–H3PO4 ions resulting from the enhanced dissociation of the pSer/pThr–X bond were detected (X denotes amino acids). Cleavages at phosphoamino acids were found to be particularly predominant in spectra of phosphopeptides containing pSer/pThr–Pro bonds. A quantitative evaluation of a larger set of MALDI‐TOF/TOF spectra recorded from phosphopeptides indicated that phosphoserine residues in arginine‐containing peptides increase the signal intensities of the respective y ions by almost a factor of 3. A less pronounced cleavage‐enhancing effect was observed in some lysine‐containing phosphopeptides without arginine. The proposed peptide fragmentation pathways involve a nucleophilic attack by phosphate oxygen on the carbon center of the peptide backbone amide, which eventually leads to cleavage of the amide bond. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of imatinib metabolites in rat and human liver microsomes: differentiation of hydroxylation fromN‐oxidation by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Ma Shuguang , Xu Yang , Shou Magang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn vitrometabolism of imatinib was investigated in rat and human liver microsomes. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) was applied in differentiating hydroxyl metabolites fromN‐oxides of imatinib becauseN‐oxides are known to undergo deoxygenation during APCI. In addition, the major oxidative metabolite (M9,N‐oxidation on the piperazine ring) was observed to undergo in‐source fragmentation by elimination of formaldehyde. This fragment ion resulted from Meisenheimer rearrangement with migration of theN‐methyl group to the correspondingN‐methoxyl piperazine, followed by elimination of formaldehyde due to thermal energy activation at the vaporizer of APCI source. The presence of this fragment ion distinguished not onlyN‐oxide from isomeric hydroxylated metabolite, but also unambiguously indicated that oxidation occurred on theN‐4 of the piperazine ring where the methyl group was attached. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems analysis of bone
Authors: Jepsen Karl J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe genetic variants contributing to variability in skeletal traits have been well studied, and several hundred quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been mapped and several genes contributing to trait variation have been identified. However, many questions remain unanswered. In particular, it is unclear whether variation in a single gene leads to alterations in function. Bone is a highly adaptive system and genetic variants affecting one trait are often accompanied by compensatory changes in other traits. The functional interactions among traits, which is known as phenotypic integration, has been observed in many biological systems, including bone. Phenotypic integration is a property of bone that is critically important for establishing a mechanically functional structure that is capable of supporting the forces imparted during daily activities. In this paper, bone is reviewed as a system and primarily in the context of functionality. A better understanding of the system properties of bone will lead to novel targets for future genetic analyses and the identification of genes that are directly responsible for regulating bone strength. This systems analysis has the added benefit of leaving a trail of valuable information about how the skeletal system works. This information will provide novel approaches to assessing skeletal health during growth and aging and for developing novel treatment strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with fragility fractures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Challenges of Evaluating Multilevel Interventions
Authors: Nastasi Bonnie K. , Hitchcock John 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article uses the Comprehensive Mixed‐Methods Participatory Evaluation (CMMPE; Nastasi and Hitchcock Transforming school mental health services: Population‐based approaches to promoting the competency and wellness of children, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press with National Association of School Psychologists 2008; Nastasi et al. School‐based mental health services: creating comprehensive and culturally specific programs. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 2004) model as a framework for addressing the multiplicity of evaluation decisions and complex nature of questions related to program success in multilevel interventions. CMMPE defines program success in terms of acceptability, integrity, social or cultural validity, outcomes (impact), sustainability and institutionalization, thus broadening the traditional notions of program outcomes. The authors use CMMPE and an example of a community‐based multilevel sexual risk prevention program with multiple outcomes to discuss challenges of evaluating multilevel interventions. The sexual risk program exemplifies what Schensul and Tricket (this issue) characterize as multilevel intervention–multilevel evaluation (M–M), with both intervention and evaluation at community, health practitioner, and patient levels. The illustration provides the context for considering several challenges related to M–M designs: feasibility of randomized controlled trials within community‐based multilevel intervention; acceptability and social or cultural validity of evaluation procedures; implementer, recipient, and contextual variations in program success; interactions among levels of the intervention; unanticipated changes or conditions; multiple indicators of program success; engaging multiple stakeholders in a participatory process; and evaluating sustainability and institutionalization. The complexity of multilevel intervention and evaluation designs challenges traditional notions of evaluation research and experimental designs. Overcoming these challenges is critical to effective translation of research to practice in psychology and related disciplines.
Parental Perceptions in Pediatric Cardiac Fast‐Track Surgery
Authors: Jawahar Kaanthan , Scarisbrick Angela Antonia 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis project investigated parents' and caregivers' perceptions of the fast‐track surgery process with regard to their child's surgical procedure and hospital stay. The goal of this project was to review and improve the fast‐track process.Participants were parents/caregivers of pediatric patients (ie, younger than 18 years) who had undergone a low‐complexity cardiac surgical procedure on a fast‐track basis at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom, between January 2006 and January 2008.Findings suggest that parents/caregivers overestimate the time it takes for several key milestones in the fast‐track process to occur and that there is a need for preoperative and preadmission education that will allow parents/caregivers to be more involved in their child's care. AORN J 89 (April 2009) 725–731. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
The Electronic Medical Record in the Surgical Setting
Authors: Roeder Jacqueline A. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe electronic medical record (EMR) has been used in Department of Veterans Affairs health care facilities since the mid 1980s.Health care reform is a top priority in the United States, and the adoption of a standardized EMR is a major component and cost‐saving tool. From scheduling patients for surgical procedures to provider documentation and production of vital reports for the local facility and the National Veterans Health Administration office, the EMR is successful with less clinical overhead.Use of the EMR reduces redundant tests, medical errors, and improves hand‐off communications. AORN J 89 (April 2009) 677–686. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Lateral Violence in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Bigony Lorraine , Lipke Tammy G. , Lundberg Ashley , McGraw Carrie A. , Pagac Gretchen L. , Rogers Anne 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTLateral violence is disruptive, bullying, intimidating, or unsettling behavior that occurs between nurses in the workplace.The perioperative setting fosters lateral violence because of the inherent stress of performing surgery; high patient acuity; a shortage of experienced personnel; work demands; and the restriction and isolation of the OR, which allows negative behaviors to be concealed more easily.Lateral violence affects nurses' health and well‐being and their ability to care for patients. Interventions to reduce lateral violence include empowerment of staff members and zero tolerance for lateral violence. AORN J 89 (April 2009) 688–696. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Cortical processing of mechanical hyperalgesia: A MEG study
Authors: Maihöfner Christian , Jesberger Florian , Seifert Frank , Kaltenhäuser Martin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMechanical hyperalgesia may develop following tissue inflammation or nerve injury. Basically, peripheral sensitization leads to primary hyperalgesia at the site of injury, whereas secondary hyperalgesia occurs in the surrounding tissue and results from central sensitization. The present study focuses on the cerebral processing of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are thought to be involved in cerebral processing of noxious mechanical stimuli. However, their response pattern in the presence of mechanical hyperalgesia remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the cortical processing of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia using magnetoencephalography (MEG). In 12 healthy subjects mechanoinsensitive c‐nociceptors were repetitively stimulated using transcutaneously applied high‐current electrical stimulation. This procedure resulted in stable areas of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Pin‐prick stimuli were applied inside and outside the hyperalgesic area. The corresponding cortical activations were detected and quantified using MEG. We found pin‐prick‐induced sequential activation of contralateral S1, PPC and S2 as well as activation of ipsilateral S2 during both pin‐prick hyperalgesia and normal pin‐prick pain. During pin‐prick hyperalgesia significantly higher activation was detected in contralateral PPC and bilateral S2 but not in S1 compared to normal pin‐prick pain. In contrast to PPC, we found a significant correlation between increases of magnetic field strengths within bilateral S2 with the increase of pain ratings during pin‐prick hyperalgesia. We conclude that the S2 cortex may be involved for the processing of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in the human brain. PPC activation may reflect higher attentional processing during mechanical hyperalgesia.
Acceptability and feasibility of medical abortion in Nepal
Authors: Karki Chanda , Pokharel Hanoon , Kushwaha Anu , Manandhar Durga , Bracken Hillary , Winikoff Beverly 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo test the feasibility and acceptability of a simplified mifepristone–misoprostol regimen for early abortion in 2 tertiary teaching hospitals and 2 family planning clinics in Nepal.MethodsConsenting pregnant women (n = 400) with amenorrhea of 56 days or less seeking termination of pregnancy received 200 mg of oral mifepristone followed 48 hours later with 400 µg of oral misoprostol, administered either at home or at the clinic. Prospective data were collected to determine the women's experience, abortion outcome, and the operational requirements for providing the method.ResultsMost (91.3%) of the 367 women with known outcomes had successful medical abortions. Given the option, most (89.7%) women elected to administer the misoprostol at home.ConclusionA simplified medical abortion protocol, including home administration of misoprostol, can be successfully integrated into clinical services in Nepal, where abortion services were recently legalized.
Holocene evolution of a drowned melt-water valley in the Danish Wadden Sea
Authors: Pedersen Jørn B.T. , Svinth Steffen , Bartholdy Jesper 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCores from the salt marshes along the drowned melt-water valley of river Varde Å in the Danish Wadden Sea have been dated and analysed (litho- and biostratigraphically) to reconstruct the Holocene geomorphologic evolution and relative sea level history of the area. The analysed cores cover the total post-glacial transgression, and the reconstructed sea level curve represents the first unbroken curve of this kind from the Danish Wadden Sea, including all phases from the time where sea level first reached the Pleistocene substrate of the area. The sea level has been rising from − 12 m below the present level at c. 8400 cal yr BP, interrupted by two minor drops of < 0.5 m at c. 5500 cal yr BP and 1200 cal yr BP, and one major drop of ∼ 1.5 m at c. 3300 cal yr BP. Sediment deposition has been able to keep pace with sea level rise, and the Holocene sequence consists in most places of clay atop a basal peat unit overlying sand of Weichselian age and glacio-fluvial origin. In its deepest part, the basal peat started to form around 8400 cal yr BP, and reached a thickness of up to 3.5 m. This thickness is about half of the original, when corrected for auto-compaction. The superimposed clay contains small (63–355 μm) red iron stains in the top and bottom units, and foraminifers of the calcareous type in the middle. The fact that iron stains and foraminifers in no cases coexist, but always exclude each other is interpreted as a result of the difference between salt-marsh facies (iron stains) and tidal-flat facies (foraminifers). This represents a novel and easy way to distinguish between these two otherwise often undistinguishable sedimentary facies in the geological record.
An Austrian Solution for Canada? Problems and Possibilities of National Cultural Autonomy
Authors: Nieguth Tim 
Published: April 2009

Abstract. Over the last few decades, non-territorial forms of national self-government have attracted increasing interest in political science, especially in the guise of national cultural autonomy. National cultural autonomy is a model of self-government that was pioneered by Austrian theorists and politicians Karl Renner and Otto Bauer in the waning days of the Habsburg Empire, yet was never implemented in Austria–Hungary. This paper will examine some of the problems and possibilities that may attend a transfer of national cultural autonomy as a model of self-government into Canadian political discourse, especially as regards Quebec nationalism, Francophone communities outside Quebec, Anglophone Quebecers, self-government for Aboriginal peoples, and political values in English-speaking Canada.Résumé. Au cours des dernières décennies, les formes non territoriales d'autonomie gouvernementale nationale ont fait l'objet d'un intérêt croissant en science politique, en particulier le concept de l'autonomie culturelle nationale. L'autonomie culturelle nationale est un modèle autonomiste développé par les théoriciens et politiciens autrichiens Karl Renner et Otto Bauer lors du déclin de l'Empire habsbourgeois, mais qui ne fut jamais mis en place dans l'Empire austro-hongrois. Cet article examinera quelques-uns des problèmes et quelques-unes des possibilités qui pourraient émerger d'un transfert de ce modèle dans le discours politique canadien sur l'autonomie gouvernementale, en particulier en ce qui a trait au nationalisme québécois, aux communautés francophones situées à l'extérieur du Québec, aux Québécois anglophones, à l'autonomie gouvernementale des peuples autochtones et aux valeurs politiques du Canada anglais.
Religious Affinities and International Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts in the Middle East and Beyond
Authors: Fox Jonathan , James Patrick , Li Yitan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.This study asks questions that are important for both theory and policy: Do ethnoreligious minorities attract more intervention than other ethnic minorities? Do Middle Eastern and Islamic ethnic minorities attract more international intervention than ethnic minorities living elsewhere, and if so, why? The Minorities at Risk database, which contains information on intervention in all ethnic conflicts between 1990 and 1995, is used to answer these questions. The findings show that Middle Eastern and Islamic minorities do, in fact, attract more international intervention than other minorities. This is due to a larger pattern where states, especially Islamic ones, rarely intervene on behalf of ethnic minorities with which they share no religious affinities. The results also show that ethnoreligious minorities are more likely to attract political intervention than other ethnic minorities. These results confirm the importance of religious affinities in spite of a general disposition in the field of international relations to minimize their effects.Résumé.Cette étude répond à des questions d'importance théorique et pratique. Est-ce que les minorités ethnoreligieuses attirent plus d'interventions internationales que les autres types de minorités? Est-ce que les minorités ethniques islamiques et du Moyen-Orient attirent plus d'interventions internationales que les minorités ethniques d'ailleurs et si oui, pour quelle raison? La banque de données du programmeMinorities at Risk, qui répertorie les interventions dans tous les conflits ethniques survenus entre 1990 et 1995, est outillée pour répondre à ces questions. Les résultats de recherche démontrent que les minorités ethniques islamiques et du Moyen-Orient attirent, en effet, plus d'interventions internationales que les autres minorités. Cela s'explique par le fait que les États, et plus particulièrement les États islamiques, interviennent rarement en faveur des minorités avec lesquelles ils ne partagent aucune affinité religieuse. Les résultats démontrent également que les minorités ethnoreligieuses ont tendance à attirer plus d'interventions étrangères à caractère politique que les autres types de minorités. Les conclusions de recherche confirment donc l'importance que revêt l'affinité religieuse pour les interventions internationales dans les conflits ethniques, à l'encontre de l'opinion générale des experts en relations internationales, qui tendent à minimiser son rôle.
In Search of Brokerage and Responsibility: Party Politics in Manitoba
Authors: Wesley Jared J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.Many critics describe Canadian political parties as “irresponsible” democratic actors. Viewed largely as “brokerage” organizations, parties are often cited for their failure to provide voters with meaningful alternatives on the ballot. The following analysis challenges these perceptions as they apply to provincial politics—an often-neglected area of party activity in Canada. As a case study of the 2003 Manitoba provincial election, the examination reveals that parties in the province behave more “responsibly” than is commonly assumed by members of the media, academia and the electorate. These findings demand a re-examination of traditional notions of party politics in Canada, with increased attention being devoted to the “supply side” of democracy: the behaviour of the parties themselves.Résumé.Plusieurs critiques décrivent les partis politiques canadiens comme des acteurs démocratiques «irresponsables». Considérés principalement comme des organisations de «courtage», on leur reproche souvent de ne pas offrir aux électeurs des choix bien différenciés sur le bulletin de vote. L'analyse suivante remet en question cette perception au palier de la politique provinciale – un niveau souvent négligé dans l'examenn des partis au Canada. Cette étude des élections provinciales de 2003 au Manitoba révèle que les partis provinciaux se comportent de manière plus «responsable» que ne le laissent entendre les médias, les milieux académiques et l'électorat. Cette conclusion invite à un réexamen des notions traditionnelles sur les partis politiques au Canada jetant une lumière nouvelle sur«l'aspect offre» de la démocratie : le comportement des partis eux-mêmes.
Réflexions sur la nécessité d'une loi imposant l'analyse comparative entre les sexes au Canada
Authors: Langevin Louise 
Published: April 2009

Résumé.LaCharte canadienne des droits et libertésenchâsse le droit à l'égalité pour les femmes. De plus, le Canada est signataire de laConvention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmesdepuis 1981. Les Canadiennes sont donc en mesure de s'attendre à ce que le gouvernement fédéral respecte ses engagements à l'égard de l'égalité des femmes dans ses programmes, ses mesures, ses politiques ou ses lois. Pourtant, tel n'est pas toujours le cas. Comme le démontrent les statistiques récentes, les Canadiennes n'ont pas atteint l'égalité réelle. Une analyse des effets des mesures gouvernementales fédérales sur les femmes est rarement menée, malgré l'existence officielle de programmes d'analyse comparative entre les sexes (ACS) depuis 1995. Les mesures volontaires en matière d'ACS ne mènent pas loin. Comment forcer le gouvernement fédéral à respecter ses propres engagements internationaux et constitutionnels envers l'égalité pour les femmes? Après un rappel du sens à donner aux concepts d'égalité et d'analyse comparative entre les sexes (ACS), nous abordons une des conclusions du Rapport du Groupe d'expertes sur les mécanismes de responsabilisation pour l'égalité entre les sexes,L'égalité pour les femmes : au-delà de l'illusion, soit l'adoption d'une loi portant sur l'égalité pour les femmes et imposant de façon systématique l'ACS dans l'appareil gouvernemental fédéral canadien.Abstract.TheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsprotects women's rights to equality. Canada has also signed theConvention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Womenin 1981. As such, Canadian women have good reason to expect that the federal government will honour its commitments towards women's rights to equality in all its programs, measures, policies and laws. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. As shown by recent statistics, Canadian women have not achieved substantive equality. Gender-based analyses are rarely conducted, in spite of the official existence of the gender-based analysis (GBA) program since 1995. Voluntary measures in GBA do not go far enough. How can the federal government be forced to honour its constitutional and international obligations towards women's equality? After defining the concepts of equality and GBA, this article analyzes one of the recommendations of the Report of the Expert Panel on Accountability Mechanisms for Gender Equality,Equality for Women : Beyond the Illusion, namely the enactment of a law on equality for women, making GBA compulsory in all Canadian federal endeavours.