bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description and Analysis of an Efficient Continuous-Flow Gas-Lift Installation
Authors: Bertuzzi A.F. , Welchon J.K. , Poettman F.H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A series of gas-lift tests was made which verified conclusions reached fromprevious studies and which showed that gas-lift performance could be calculatedif reasonably accurate data on the producing characteristics of the well areavailable. The test installation is described. Its essential features consistedof a rate-of-flow controller to regulate the input gas and an auxiliary stringof small diameter tubing to conduct the input gas to the point of injection inthe eductor tubing. In general, it was shown that for continuous gas-liftoperation, injection should be as deep as possible consistent with availablegas pressure and rate of production desired. Calculated curves are presentedwhich completely characterize the gas-lift performance of the well tested.

Introduction
A correlation based on field data from a large number of flowing andgas-lift wells, covering a wide range of operating conditions, was developedwhich permitted the logical design and prediction of the performance ofcontinuous gas-lift installations. The procedure made it possible to calculatethe depth, pressure, rate at which to inject gas, horsepower requirements, andthe effect of production rate and tubing size on these quantities. As a resultof these calculations certain significant facts were brought to light orre-emphasized. The presence of efficient ranges of operation and an optimuminjection depth for a given rate of production were shown to exist as well asthe fact that the lower the tubing pressure the less the horsepowerrequirements to lift the reservoir fluids. The fact that the gas-liftperformance can be predicted by calculation does not mean that any giveninstallation will perform over the entire range predicted. Many of theconventional continuous gas-lift installations will not permit operation overthe entire range predicted by calculation (particularly in the efficient rangeof operation) because of the performance characteristics of the installation.Consequently, field tests were initiated for the purpose of investigating andarriving at a simple continuous gas-lift installation which would operate underall conditions predicted by calculation.
T.P. 3694
The Effect of Temperature on the Density and Electrical Resistivity of Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Arps J.J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper is a study of the effect of temperature on the electricalresistivity of sodium chloride solutions based on the published resistivity anddensity data in the International Critical Tables. This temperature effect isof considerable importance in quantitative interpretation of electric logs, where it is frequently necessary to correct mud resistivities measured undersurface conditions to temperatures existing at the bottom of the bore hole. Anempirical approximation formula was developed for this conversion which hasproved to be very useful and seems to provide results well within the range ofaccuracy of the data involved.

Introduction
Research by various investigators during the past 20 years has clarified thephysical principles of the phenomena which cause the natural or spontaneouselectric potential in rotary drilled bore holes.
In order to calculate the resistivity of the connate water Rw and toestimate its "equivalent salinity" (as NaCl) from an electric log bymeans of this SP relationship from a knowledge of the static self potential andof the resistivity of the mud filtrate Rmf, it is necessary to first correctthe resistivity of the mud filtrate measured under surface conditions to theresistivity of this same mud filtrate in the well bore at a differenttemperature.
In order to make this temperature conversion for the mud filtrate thevariation of the electrical resistivity of sodium chloride solutions withtemperature is commonly used. Since some discrepancies were found in the charts.ordinarily used for this purpose, it was felt desirable to make a new study ofthis relationship based on the published measurement data. Because of thefundamental nature of these relationships and as an aid to other workers inthis field, an attempt has been made in this study to show every step in thecalculations.
T.N. 195
The Impact of Treatment Noncompliance on Mortality in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Currie Craig J. , Peyrot Mark , Morgan Christopher Ll. , Poole Chris D. , Jenkins-Jones Sara , Rubin Richard R. , Burton Christopher M. , Evans Marc 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE
To assess the association of compliance with treatment (medication and clinic appointments) and all-cause mortality in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were extracted from U.K. general practice records and included patients (N = 15,984) who had diagnostic codes indicative of type 2 diabetes or who had received a prescription for an oral antidiabetic agent and were treated with insulin. Records in the 30 months before the index date were inspected for clinical codes (recorded at consultation) indicating medication noncompliance or medical appointment nonattendance. Noncompliance was defined as missing more than one scheduled visit or having at least one provider code for not taking medications as prescribed. Relative survival postindex date was compared by determining progression to all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
Those identified as clinic nonattenders were more likely to be smokers, younger, have higher HbA1c, and have more prior primary care contacts and greater morbidity (P &lt; 0.001). Those identified as medication noncompliers were more likely to be women (P = 0.001), smokers (P = 0.014), and have higher HbA1c, more prior primary care contacts, and greater morbidity (all P &lt; 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, medication noncompliance (hazard ratio 1.579 [95% CI 1.167–2.135]), clinic nonattendance of one or two missed appointments (1.163 [1.042–1.299]), and clinic nonattendance of greater than two missed appointments (1.605 [1.356–1.900]) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
Medication noncompliance and clinic nonattendance, assessed during routine care by primary care physicians or their staff, were independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin.
Physical and mechanical properties of hemp seed
Authors: Taheri-Garavand A. , Nassiri A. , Gharibzahedi S. 
Published: April 2012

Physical and mechanical properties of hemp seedThe current study was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture content on the post-harvest physical and mechanical properties of hemp seed in the range of 5.39 to 27.12% d.b. Results showed that the effect of moisture content on the most physical properties of the grain was significant (P<0.05). The results of mechanical tests demonstrated that the effect of loading rate on the mechanical properties of hemp seed was not significant. However, the moisture content effect on rupture force and energy was significant (P<0.01). The lowest value of rupture force was obtained at the highest loading rate (3mm min-1)and in the moisture content of 27.12% d.b. Moreover, the interaction effects of loading rate and moisture content on the rupture force and energy of hemp seed were significant (P<0.05).
Cervical Disk Pathology in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Two Case Reports
Authors: Mullen Ann E. , Wilmarth Mary Ann , Lowe Sue 
Published: April 2012

Background and Purpose
A patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be seen by a physical therapist for evaluation before the MS diagnosis is definitively made, after a relapse, or during a progression. The diagnosis of MS should be part of the differential diagnosis if the symptoms of a patient with neurological issues fit the pattern of a progressive disease. Multiple sclerosis can affect any part of the central nervous system. Cervical pathology can be confused with relapsing symptoms of MS. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate how easily cervical pathology can be overlooked in a patient with MS.

Case Description
Two case reports of patients with relapsing MS are presented. Both patients were referred for physical therapy after not responding to standard treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone. One patient reported multiple falls and complained of increasing cervical pain and spasm, fatigue, bouts of diplopia, and difficulty ambulating. The other patient complained of headaches, visual disturbances, and cervical pain with radicular symptoms. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not reveal new MS lesions or the extension of old MS lesions. The cervical herniations in the first patient, not previously documented, were old. The bulging disks in the second patient, seen in a previous study, were unchanged. The MRI findings did not support the diagnosis of acute inflammatory MS or acute cervical pathology.

Outcomes
Both patients responded to physical therapy intervention once the cervical symptoms were directly addressed. As the cervical pain and spasm decreased, the relapsing MS symptoms of dysmetria, balance disturbance, and ataxic gait began to diminish. In both patients, eye function was slow to recover, with persistent impairment. Both patients returned to their premorbid activity and socialization level.

Discussion
Cervical disk disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient with MS has a history of trauma and displays abnormal postures, spastic weakness, and changes in pain complaints. In these 2 cases, treating the cervical pathology in addition to the MS symptoms provided the most effective approach for functional improvement.
Cellular stress conditions are reflected in the protein and RNA content of endothelial cell‐derived exosomes
Authors: de Jong Olivier G. , Verhaar Marianne C. , Chen Yong , Vader Pieter , Gremmels Hendrik , Posthuma George , Schiffelers Raymond M. , Gucek Marjan , van Balkom Bas W.M. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundThe healthy vascular endothelium, which forms the barrier between blood and the surrounding tissues, is known to efficiently respond to stress signals like hypoxia and inflammation by adaptation of cellular physiology and the secretion of (soluble) growth factors and cytokines. Exosomes are potent mediators of intercellular communication. Their content consists of RNA and proteins from the cell of origin, and thus depends on the condition of these cells at the time of exosome biogenesis. It has been suggested that exosomes protect their target cells from cellular stress through the transfer of RNA and proteins. We hypothesized that endothelium‐derived exosomes are involved in the endothelial response to cellular stress, and that exosome RNA and protein content reflect the effects of cellular stress induced by hypoxia, inflammation or hyperglycemia.MethodsWe exposed cultured endothelial cells to different types of cellular stress (hypoxia, TNF‐α‐induced activation, high glucose and mannose concentrations) and compared mRNA and protein content of exosomes produced by these cells by microarray analysis and a quantitative proteomics approach.ResultsWe identified 1,354 proteins and 1,992 mRNAs in endothelial cell‐derived exosomes. Several proteins and mRNAs showed altered abundances after exposure of their producing cells to cellular stress, which were confirmed by immunoblot or qPCR analysis.ConclusionOur data show that hypoxia and endothelial activation are reflected in RNA and protein exosome composition, and that exposure to high sugar concentrations alters exosome protein composition only to a minor extend, and does not affect exosome RNA composition.
Diverse subpopulations of vesicles secreted by different intracellular mechanisms are present in exosome preparations obtained by differential ultracentrifugation
Authors: Bobrie Angélique , Colombo Marina , Krumeich Sophie , Raposo Graça , Théry Clotilde 
Published: April 2012

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 50 to 100 nm in diameter, released by many cell types. Exosomes are formed inside the cell in intracellular endosomal compartments and are secreted upon fusion of these compartments with the plasma membrane. Cells also secrete other types of membrane vesicles, for instance, by outward budding from the plasma membrane, and although some of them clearly differ from exosomes by their structural features (larger size), others are possibly more difficult to separate. Here, using Rab27a inhibition to modulate exosome secretion, we show the existence of at least 2 distinct populations of vesicles after purification by classical ultracentrifugation from mouse tumor cell conditioned medium. Rab27a inhibition lead to decreased vesicular secretion of some conventional markers of exosomes (CD63, Tsg101, Alix and Hsc70) but did not affect secretion of others (CD9 and Mfge8). By electron microscopy, CD9 was observed on vesicles of various sizes, ranging from 30 nm to more than 150 nm in diameter. Flotation onto sucrose gradients showed different proportions of CD63, CD9 and Mfge8 not only in fractions of densities classically described for exosomes (around 1.15 g/ml) but also in fractions of densities over 1.20 g/ml, indicating the presence of heterogenous vesicle populations. CD9 and Mfge8 were also found in large vesicles pelleted at low speed and can thus not be considered as specific components of endosome‐derived vesicles. We propose that the most commonly used protocols for exosome preparations co‐purify vesicles from endosomal and other origins, possibly the plasma membrane. Future work will be required to improve techniques for accurate purification and characterization of the different populations of extracellular vesicles.
p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB Facilitate CD40-mediated Salivary Epithelial Cell Death
Authors: PING LI , OGAWA NORIYOSHI , ZHANG YANG , SUGAI SUSUMU , MASAKI YASUFUMI , WEIGUO XIAO 
Published: April 2012

Objective.Our previous studies indicated that CD40-mediated Fas-dependent apoptosis is important for the glandular destruction of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), although other immune and nonimmune mechanisms are also involved in exocrine dysfunction. We investigated the roles of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in salivary epithelial cell death in SS.Methods.Expression of p38, phosphorylated p38 (pp38), and IκB-α was examined by Western blotting upon CD40 ligation. Activity of NF-κB induced by anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Western blotting. Expression of Fas was analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blotting with or without the p38-specific inhibitor SB203580 or the NF-κB-specific inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Induction of apoptosis in salivary epithelial cells was examined by DNA fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay. Expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK and NF-κB was measured by immunohistochemistry.Results.pp38MAPK and NF-κB p65 were predominantly expressed in the ductal and acinar epithelium adjacent to lymphoid infiltrates of SS salivary gland by immunohistochemistry. CD40 ligation strongly enhanced p38MAPK and NF-κB activity by EMSA and Western blotting in cultured salivary epithelial cells. Treatment of cells with anti-CD40 mAb resulted in significantly upregulated Fas expression and induction of Fas-dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of p38MAPK and NF-κB activity by SB203580 and/or CAPE reduced Fas expression and apoptosis in salivary epithelial cells, establishing p38MAPK and NF-κB as proapoptotic factors in this context.Conclusion.CD40 ligation plays an important role in activation of p38MAPK, NF-κB, and Fas molecules to initiate proapoptotic signaling. p38MAPK and NF-κB collaborate in regulation of proapoptotic signaling in CD40-mediated Fas-dependent apoptosis in salivary epithelial cells.
Stability of Therapeutic Retreatment of Corneal Wavefront Customized Ablation With the SCHWIND CAM: 4-year Data
Authors: Aslanides Ioannis M. , Kolli Sai , Padron Sara , Arba Mosquera Samuel 
Published: April 2012

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the long-term outcomes of aspheric corneal wavefront ablation profiles for excimer laser retreatment.

METHODS:

Eighteen eyes that had previously undergone LASIK or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) were retreated with LASIK using the corneal wavefront ablation profile. Custom Ablation Manager (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany) software and the ESIRIS flying spot excimer laser system (SCHWIND) were used to perform the ablations. Refractive outcomes and wavefront data are reported up to 4 years after retreatment. Pre- and postoperative data were compared with Student
t
tests and (multivariate) correlation tests.
P
<.05 was considered statistically significant. A bilinear correlation of various postoperative wavefront aberrations versus planned correction and preoperative aberration was performed.

RESULTS:

Mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) before retreatment was −0.38±1.85 diopters (D) and −0.09±0.22 D at 6 months and −0.10±0.38 D at 4 years postoperatively. The reduction in MRSE was statistically significant at both postoperative time points (
P
<.005). Postoperative aberrations were statistically lower (spherical aberration
P
<.05; coma
P
<.005; root-mean-square higher order aberration
P
<.0001) at 4 years postoperatively. Distribution of the postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (
P
<.0001) and corrected distance visual acuity (
P
<.01) were statistically better than preoperative values.

CONCLUSIONS:
Aspheric corneal wavefront customization with the ESIRIS yields visual, optical, and refractive results comparable to those of other wavefront-guided customized techniques for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. The corneal wavefront customized approach shows its strength in cases where abnormal optical systems are expected. Systematic wavefront customized corneal ablation appears safe and efficacious for retreatment cases.
Empathy Levels of Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Wise Bethany L. , Page Marilyn S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
For occupational therapy educators to determine success at developing and/or maintaining among students empathy levels that are conducive to understanding and helping patients, educators must be able to measure changes in affective sensitivity. This paper briefly discusses methods of altering empathy levels and describes the use of Kagan’s Affective Sensitivity Scale to measure changes in empathy levels of occupational therapy students. Students were evaluated before and after completing a clinical practicum and a group process course and again one year later. The first Level I clinical practicum did not have the anticipated impact upon empathy scores, but the group process approach might have positively affected empathy levels. The significance of permanent changes in empathy scores might correlate with the intensity of the group process course. Kagan’s Affective Sensitivity Scale is useful for measuring changes in empathy levels.
Developmental Age Trends in Crossing the Body Midline in Normal Children
Authors: Cermak Sharon A. , Quintero Elizabeth Joy , Cohen Patricia Marie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The ability to cross the body midline was assessed in 150 normal children, ages 4 through 8, by observing hand usage during the Space Visualization Test of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. A Space Visualization Contralateral Use score (SVCU) was computed for each subject and was regarded as a measure of the tendency to spontaneously cross the body midline. This score is based on a ratio of ipsilateral (uncrossed) to contralateral (crossed) responses. The percentage of time a child use the preferred hand to pick up a block was also recorded. Results indicated that spontaneous midline crossing increased with age. Although the percent of preferred hand responses increased with age, there was enough variability at each age that there were no significant differences among age groups. Perceptual, motor, and psychosocial factors that could influence midline behavior were discussed. Based on the data from this study, a preliminary reinterpretation of the SVCU score is offered.
The Measurement of Vestibular-based Functions in Pre-School Children
Authors: DeGangi Georgia A. , Berk Ronald A. , Larsen Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A 21-item test entitled Assessment of Sensorimotor Integration in Pre-School Children (1) was developed to measure vestibular-based functions in pre-school children. It focuses on postural control, reflex integration, and bilateral motor integration. Data were gathered on 113 normal and 23 developmentally delayed children from three to five years of age. The psychometric quality of the test was investigated in terms of domain validity, discriminant validity, and interobserver reliability. It was found that 1. the items validly measure the domain of vestibular-based functions, 2. the six component subtests provide strong discriminative power and a high degree of accuracy for classifying children as normal and delayed, and 3. the test could be administered with a high degree of objectivity by therapists with little or no experience in sensory integrative testing. These findings should be regarded as tentative until cross-validation studies and research on construct validity and decision-making reliability have been conducted.
The Remediation of Role Disorders through Focused Group Work
Authors: Versluys Hilda P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Normally, a person performs a variety of roles in the family, at work, and in the community. Maintaining these roles intact is of critical importance for the well being and personal identity of the individual. Persons with a physical illness or disability may face a reduction or termination in the number of roles they can sustain. The use of role-focused groups as a treatment method is based on role acquisition and transformation concepts derived from theories of sociology, psychology, and occupational therapy.
This paper presents relevant concepts of role acquisition, describes the relationship between the disability and its impact on personal role functions, and examines the factors contributing to erosion of specific adult, occupational, family, and avocational roles. It offers guidelines for evaluation and explores the use of role-focused, interactive, experiential groups both in role maintenance and as a treatment method for role disorders. Finally, a variety of role-focused group models and themes for treatment are described.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Types of Teaching Aids in an Occupational Therapy Research Class
Authors: Griffin Nancy L. , Schumm Robert W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Students who have mastered statistical calculation problems often experience difficulty in choosing an appropriate procedure to apply to a given research problem. To assist them in this process, two teaching aids were assigned at random to a group of 29 beginning research students. Their performance in selecting appropriate statistical procedures for analyzing data indicated that, while both aids were helpful, the algorithm format was more effective than the prose form.