bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of toll‐like receptors 2, 4 and 9 is increased in gingival tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Rojo‐Botello N. R. , García‐Hernández A. L. , Moreno‐Fierros L. 
Published: August 2011

Rojo‐Botello NR, García‐Hernández AL, Moreno‐Fierros L. Expression of toll‐like receptors 2, 4 and 9 is increased in gingival tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 62–73. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective: Broad evidence indicates that diabetes both increases the risk and hastens the progression of periodontal disease. Likewise, chronic inflammation or infections seem to provoke insulin resistance and thereby contribute to the development of diabetes and its complications. Innate immune responses, which appear to be altered in individuals with diabetes, are usually mediated by the recognition of pathogens through toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The constitutive expression of some TLRs has been reported in healthy human gingival tissue. Interestingly, the expression of TLRs 2 and 4 is increased with the severity of periodontal disease. Considering that the inflammatory reaction is exacerbated in individuals with diabetes and periodontitis, we suspected that the expression of some TLRs might be increased in gingival tissue in these patients.Material and Methods: In this study, we analyzed, by immunofluorescence, the expression of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 in gingival tissues from healthy individuals and from periodontal patients with or without type 2 diabetes.Results: We found that the expression levels of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 were higher in all periodontal patients than in healthy individuals. The expression of some TLRs was increased in subjects with periodontitis and diabetes relative to subjects with periodontitis but without diabetes; this increase in expression was found particularly in TLR2 and TLR9 in the connective tissue and in TLR4 at the epithelial region.Conclusion: These data suggest that the expression of these TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 in gingival tissue is higher in individuals with diabetes because its inflammatory reaction is exacerbated. Additionally, the expression of these TLRS is positively regulated with the severity of periodontal disease.
Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation
Authors: Ezure Tomonobu , Amano Satoshi 
Published: August 2011

Background:Nasolabial folds are a well‐known feature of aging, but the mechanism of their formation remains unclear.Objectives:To clarify the mechanism of nasolabial fold formation, we established grading criteria for severity and explored the influence of dermal elasticity and subcutaneous adipose mass. We also investigated the involvement of facial morphological changes, such as wrinkling and sagging.Methods:Faces of 108 healthy Japanese female volunteers (age range: 20–60) were photographed at the angle of 45°, and a six‐grade photograph‐based grading scheme for nasolabial fold severity was established and evaluated. In 70 Japanese female volunteers (middle‐aged: 30–50), dermal elasticity was measured with a Cutometer MPA 580® and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness was measured by ultrasound using a Prosound alpha 5®.Results:Nasolabial fold severity was significantly and positively correlated with age in subjects in their twenties to sixties (R = 0.777, P < 0.001). Nasolabial folds were drastically reduced, or disappeared, when the facial position was changed (subjects lay down instead of sitting) to reduce sagging; only 13.8% of subjects showed fixed wrinkles at the positions of the nasolabial folds after the facial position change. Nasolabial fold severity in middle‐aged volunteers was significantly and negatively correlated with dermal elasticity parameters, i.e., net elasticity excluding viscoelastic creep (Ur/Ue), overall elasticity including creep and creep recovery (Ua/Uf), ratio of elastic recovery to total deformation (Ur/Uf), and the negative value of the amount of deformation that did not recover to the original state [−Uf−Ua)], all of which were significantly and negatively correlated with age. Subcutaneous adipose layer thickness was significantly and negatively correlated with dermal elasticity parameter Ua/Uf, and also significantly and positively related to nasolabial fold severity (R = 0.285, P < 0.017).Conclusions:Nasolabial fold severity increases with decreasing dermal elasticity and with increment of the subcutaneous adipose layer. These changes might induce sagging formation in the upper cheek area, promoting fold formation at the border between the inner and outer nasolabial areas.
Aquinas on the Passion of Despair
Authors: Miller Michael R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSt. Thomas Aquinas argues that all of the passions, including hatred, anger, sorrow and despair, are morally neutral. That is, Thomas Aquinas argues that the manner in which a person responds to a particular passion determines the morality of the passion, and not the passion itself. Hatred, for example, can lead one to a good end, as when one comes to hate his sin. Likewise, Aquinas notes that even the passion of despair is not necessarily evil, since when felt rightly it can move one to some good end. Aquinas, however, fails to recognize that according to his own account despair so stupefies the soul that it cannot lead to any good end. Unlike hope or love, or any of the other passions, despair paralyzes the soul and thus must always be avoided.
The Popularity of Jane Eyre in China
Authors: Wu Qinghong , Huang Lu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCharlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre has gradually achieved a great popularity among Chinese readers from its first introduction into China in 1917 to the 1980s when China introduced an open door policy. Therefore, millions of copies of various versions of the novel have been sold in China in the past 30 years. Though the interpretations of the novel change under different political and social circumstances, it is always fascinating to readers and academic scholars in China, for it not only possesses a literary and aesthetic charm of its own, but also has rich thematic meanings and implied moral teachings somewhat similar to traditional Chinese ethics, and gives Chinese readers resonance to life. It is so well appreciated by Chinese readers that it is recommended by the Chinese national education department as one of the fundamental compulsory reading books for primary and middle school students. In fact, it seems to have melt into the Chinese culture and may have far‐reaching influence in China.
Chaucer and Italy: Contexts and/of Sources
Authors: Clarke K. P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis critical overview of Chaucer and Italy examines the sources he encountered there, such as Boccaccio’sFilostrato,TeseidaandDecameronas well as Dante’sComedìa. It covers the most important and influential publications on the subject since the early 1980s, as well as highlighting new and forthcoming work. This new work emphasizes the material contexts of these sources, such as the commentaries frequently accompanying the early copies of theComedìa, and the influence of Boccaccio’s own early manuscripts on subsequent copies of his work. Work on Chaucer’s Italian sources remains vital and stimulating and offers Chaucerians a wealth of new reading contexts for his work.
Ishmael as Evolving Character in Melville’s Redburn, White‐Jacket, Mardi, and Moby‐Dick
Authors: Broek Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMost contemporary treatments of Herman Melville focus on issues related to cultural studies, biography, textual issues, performance, and New Media. Close textual readings, including those grounded in the study of character, have been largely out of vogue since the advent of Post‐colonial studies and French theory. However, these contemporary treatments may fail to capture the evolution of character and theme that is prevalent across many of the author’s early novels. Ishmael in particular, who is notoriously hard to grasp, may be usefully understood as developing across Redburn, White‐Jacket, and Mardi, before he emerges in the opening line of Moby‐Dick. Redburn uses language that clearly connects him to Ishmael, a young man going to sea in search of his father’s wisdom but instead discovering a cosmopolitan world of madness and deprivation, while in White‐Jacket, the title character attempts to shield himself from the horrors of a life aboard a ‘Man‐of‐War’ by insulating his ‘soul’ within the confines of a handmade white jacket. Failing in his attempt to isolate himself, he falls from the mainmast into the sea, his jacket caught in the arms of the rigging. Finally, in Mardi, Melville’s allegorical circumnavigation of the South Pacific, Babbalanja philosophizes in the same vein as Ishmael, trying to grasp some meaning out of the complexities of his experience. This article will analyze the characters of Redburn, White‐Jacket, Babbalanja, and Ishmael as representing the working out of the issues facing a single, evolving character, a character who adopts multiple perceptions in order to attempt integrating the many aspects of his self with the jarring and disassociating realities of the world he faces. Understood thus, Ishmael’s apparent strangeness within the narrative of Moby‐Dick may be more usefully understood as the ultimate manifestation of a complex, purposeful, and long‐running evolution.
Increasing impact of mental health presentations on New South Wales public hospital emergency departments 1999–2006
Authors: Tankel Alan S , Di Palma Matthew J , Kramer Kathy M , van der Zwan Rick 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective: The percentage of mental health (MH) presentations to New South Wales (NSW) EDs in recent years has not been described at the statewide level. Evidence from other states suggests this burden might be increasing. The present study aims to evaluate recent trends in MH presentations to NSW EDs, including geographic variations and the spectrum of MH disorders encountered.Methods: Data were sourced from the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection, which collates information from routine reporting undertaken in all NSW EDs. The database employs ICD‐9 diagnostic descriptors. The present study retrospectively analyses presentations from 1999 to 2006 for patients who received an MH primary discharge diagnosis, as defined by ICD‐9. In addition, rates of presentation for poisoning are considered. The percentage of MH presentations to the three largest hospital categories – principal referral, major metropolitan and rural base (i.e. major non‐metropolitan) – is examined.Results: During 1999 and 2006, there were 9 013 357 ED presentations at the study sites. Of these, 3.22% received an MH primary discharge diagnosis. An additional 0.93% received a diagnosis of poisoning. In 2006, there were 15 262 more MH presentations than in 1999, a 49.78% increase. Over this period, total annual ED presentations increased by 201 763 (19.30%). General population growth was 6.31%. Across the state, 32.0% of MH presentations were for psychotic conditions and 68.0% for neurotic illnesses.Conclusion: Mental health presentations to NSW EDs are increasing. There is a need to review emergency services to accommodate these changes. The reasons for this growth remain unclear and require formal prospective evaluation.
Microbiology of ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ in activated sludge
Authors: He Shaomei , McMahon Katherine D. 
Published: August 2011

Summary‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ is a biotechnologically important bacterial group that can accumulate large amounts of intracellular polyphosphate, contributing to biological phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment. Since its first molecular identification more than a decade ago, this bacterial group has drawn significant research attention due to its high abundance in many biological phosphorus removal systems. In the past 6 years, our understanding of Accumulibacter microbiology and ecophysiology has advanced rapidly, largely owing to genomic information obtained through shotgun metagenomic sequencing efforts. In this review, we focus on the metabolism, physiology, fine‐scale population structure and ecological distribution of Accumulibacter, aiming to integrate the information learned so far and to present a more complete picture of the microbiology of this important bacterial group.
Comparison of Two Different α1‐Adrenoceptor Antagonists, Tamsulosin and Silodosin, in the Treatment of Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: YOKOYAMA Teruhiko , HARA Ryoei , FUJII Tomohiro , JO Yoshimasa , MIYAJI Yoshiyuki , NAGAI Atsushi 
Published: August 2011

Objectives: We assessed the efficacy and safety of two α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists, tamsulosin and silodosin, in the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms.Methods: Men aged 50 years or older who had a total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of 8 or higher were enrolled in this study. Forty‐six patients were randomized into two groups. Twenty‐three patients were initially prescribed tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily for 3 months, followed by silodosin 4 mg twice daily for 3 months (group T); the other group of 23 patients were initially prescribed silodosin, followed by tamsulosin (group S). Patients then switched to the alternative treatment after a 1‐month clearance period. Evaluations included clinical determination of IPSS, quality‐of‐life index, maximum flow rate and postvoid residual urine volume before and after treatment.Results: A total of 46 men, 23 in group T and 23 in group S, were treated and 41 (89.1%) completed the treatment. IPSS, quality‐of‐life index, maximum flow rate and postvoid residual urine volume were significantly improved in both groups after treatment. The changes in the total IPSS from baseline in groups S and T at 3 months were −6.6 and −7.5, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups. After taking both medications, 18 patients preferred silodosin, 11 preferred tamsulosin and others felt they had the same effects. Six and none patients experienced adverse events during silodosin and tamsulosin treatment, respectively.Conclusion: Two types of α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists in the same individuals provide similar efficacy. Profiles and difference of each drug should be considered in making treatment choice.
Respiratory disease in the donkey
Authors: Thiemann A. K. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe donkey suffers from a similar range of respiratory diseases as the horse; however, there are a number of subtle variations, knowledge of which can influence the success of treatment. As an animal adapted to a semi‐arid terrain, there are variations in physiology, anatomy and disease susceptibility. The nonathletic nature of the donkey means that delayed presentation is common with many diseases and, while there may be enhanced resistance to some transboundary and parasitic diseases, there may be equal or increased severity of illness to some endemic diseases, e.g. equine influenza. Donkeys frequently live to geriatric ages and the clinician should be aware of the increased risk of conditions such as tracheal collapse, fibrosing pneumonia and neoplasia in this age group. As with any condition that causes stress and inappetance, respiratory disease in the donkey may be complicated by hyperlipaemia and good nursing care is an essential component of treatment.
Clinical, radiological and ultrasonographic features, treatment and outcome in 22 horses with caudal distal radial osteochondromata
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. , MINSHALL G. J. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Although a well recognised clinical entity, only small numbers of osteochondromata on the caudal distal radius have previously been published and its occurrence in young racing Thoroughbreds has not previously been reported. Identification and management of associated lesions in the deep digital flexor tendon have received scant attention in the literature.Hypothesis:Osteochondromata of the caudal distal radius occur commonly in young racing Thoroughbreds. They vary in size and location, sagittally and proximodistally, but the majority cause impingement damage to the deep digital flexor tendon.Methods:Case records and diagnostic images of horses with osteochondromata of the caudal distal radius were reviewed retrospectively and follow‐up information obtained.Results:Twenty‐five osteochondromata were identified in 22 horses, 19 of which were Thoroughbreds. All osteochondromata were metaphyseal. Twenty‐two were in the middle one‐third of the bone and laceration of the adjacent deep digital flexor tendon was identified in 21 limbs. Treatment in all cases consisted of removal of the osteochondroma with debridement of the deep digital flexor tendon when this was affected. All horses returned to work and none exhibited any evidence of recurrence.Conclusion:Osteochondromata of the caudal distal radius occur in young racing Thoroughbreds but are also identified in other horses. They have a consistent metaphyseal location and most are found in the middle one‐third of the radius. Size varies, but most cause laceration of the adjacent deep digital flexor tendon. Treatment by removal of the mass and debridement of the tendon is associated with a good prognosis.Potential relevance:Osteochondromata of the caudal distal radius are an important cause of tenosynovitis of the carpal sheath of the digital flexor tendons in young racing Thoroughbreds. When present in the most common location of the middle one‐third of the bone, they are likely to cause impingement damage to the deep digital flexor tendon. Tenoscopic surgery offers a good prognosis.
Cross‐sectional study of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria in horses. Part 2: Risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in horses
Authors: MADDOX T. W. , PINCHBECK G. L. , CLEGG P. D. , WEDLEY A. L. , DAWSON S. , WILLIAMS N. J. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as antimicrobial‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli represents a significant problem for human and veterinary medicine. Despite this, the risk factors for faecal carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK, particularly those in the wider community, have not been well described.Objectives: To characterise the risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli amongst horses in the mainland UK.Methods: A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with a faecal sample collected and self‐administered questionnaire completed by the horse owner. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli, with isolates confirmed as E. coli having their antimicrobial resistance profile determined. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli in the sample population.Results: Faecal samples and completed questionnaires were obtained for 627 horses located on 475 premises. Recent hospitalisation, contact with specific types of nonequid animals, the type of premises, the surrounding land use, the reason for veterinary treatment received in the last 6 months and antimicrobial treatment in the previous 10 days were identified as risk factors for many of the antimicrobial‐resistance outcomes considered. Being stabled on the same yard as a recently hospitalised horse was identified as a risk factor for increased risk of carriage of ESBL‐producing E. coli.Conclusions and potential relevance: Increasing antimicrobial resistance may have significant health implications for the horse population of Great Britain. This form of epidemiological investigation highlights potential risk factors that may be controlled to limit the extent of the problem.
Factors for conversion between human and automatic read‐outs of CDMAM images
Authors: Figl Michael , Hoffmann Rainer , Kaar Marcus , Semturs Friedrich , Brasik Natasa , Birkfellner Wolfgang , Homolka Peter , Hummel Johann 
Published: August 2011

Purpose:According to the European protocol for the quality control of the physical and technical aspects of mammography screening (EPQCM) image quality of digital mammography devices has to be assessed using human evaluation of the CDMAM contrast‐detail phantom. This is accomplished by the determination of threshold thicknesses of gold disks with different diameters (0.08–2 mm) and revealed to be very time consuming. Therefore a software solution based on a nonprewhitening matched filter (NPW) model was developed at the University of Nijmegen. Factors for the conversion from automatic to human readouts have been determined by Younget al. [Proc. SPIE 614206, 1–13 (2006) and Proc. SPIE 6913, 69131C1 (2008)] using a huge amount of data of both human and automatic readouts. These factors depend on the observer groups and are purely phenomenological. The authors present an alternative approach to determine the factors by using the Rose observer model.Methods:Their method uses the Rose theory which gives a relationship between threshold contrast, diameter of the object and number of incident photons. To estimate the conversion factors for the five diameters from 0.2 to 0.5 mm they exposed with five different current‐time products which resulted in 25 equations with five unknowns.Results:The theoretical conversion factors (in dependence of the diameters) amounted to be 1.61 ± 0.02 (0.2 mm diameter), 1.67 ± 0.02 (0.25 mm), 1.85 ± 0.02 (0.31 mm), 2.09 ± 0.02 (0.4 mm), and 2.28 ± 0.02 (0.5 mm). The corresponding phenomenological factors found in literature are 1.74 (0.2 mm), 1.78 (0.25 mm), 1.83 (0.31 mm), 1.88 (0.4 mm), and 1.93 (0.5 mm).Conclusions:They transferred the problem of determining the factors to a well known observer model which has been examined for many years and is also well established. This method reveals to be reproduceable and produces factors comparable to the phenomenological ones.
Cerebral Schistosomiasis Due to Schistosoma haematobium Confirmed by PCR Analysis of Brain Specimen
Authors: Imai Kentaro , Koibuchi Tomohiko , Kumagai Takashi , Maeda Takuya , Osada Yoshio , Ohta Nobuo , Koga Michiko , Nakamura Hitomi , Miura Toshiyuki , Iwamoto Aikichi , Fujii Takeshi 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

The case of a 25-year-old Japanese male who had cerebral schistosomiasis caused by
Schistosoma haematobium
is reported here. Although serum antibody tests showed a cross-reaction with other helminths and no ova were excreted in urine or feces, the existence of
Schistosoma haematobium
in the brain was confirmed by PCR analysis.