bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electro‐membrane process for the separation of amino acids by iso‐electric focusing
Authors: Kumar Mahendra , Tripathi Bijay P. , Shahi Vinod K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Amino acids (AAs) are usually produced commercially using chemical, biochemical and microbiological fermentation methods. The product obtained from these methods undergoes various treatments involving extraction and electrodialysis (ED) for salt removal and AA recovery. This paper describes an electro‐membrane process (EMP) for the charge based separation of amino acids.RESULTS: Iso‐electric separation of AAs (GLU–LYS) from their mixture, using ion‐ exchange membranes (IEMs) has been achieved by an efficient and indigenous EMP. It was observed that electro‐transport rate (flux) of glutamic acid (GLU) at pH 8.0 (above its pI) was extremely high, while that for lysine (LYS) (pH 9.6) across the anion‐exchange membrane (AEM) was very low, under similar experimental conditions. Under optimum experimental conditions, separation of GLU from GLU–LYS mixture was achieved with moderate energy consumption (12.9 kWh kg−1), high current efficiency (CE) (65%) and 85% recovery of GLU.CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the electro‐transport rate of AA and membrane selectivity, it was concluded that the separation of GLU–LYS mixture was possible at pH 8.0, because of the oppositely charged nature of the two amino acids due to their different pI values. Moreover, any type of membrane fouling and deterioration in membrane conductivity was ruled out under experimental conditions. This work clearly demonstrates the great potential of EMP for industrial applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Improving adeno‐associated vector yield in high density insect cell cultures
Authors: Mena Jimmy A. , Aucoin Marc G. , Montes Johnny , Chahal Parminder S. , Kamen Amine A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundRecombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) are the most promising vectors for gene therapy. However, large‐scale rAAV production remains a challenge for the translation of rAAV‐based therapeutic strategies to the clinic. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been engineered to produce high rAAV titers in serum‐free suspension cultures of insect cells.MethodsThe typical approach of rAAV production in BEVS has been based on a synchronous infection with three baculoviruses at high multiplicity of infection (MOI) [>3 plaque forming units (pfu)/cell]. An alternative approach is to co‐infect at low MOI (0.1 pfu/cell). Both strategies (high and low MOI) were compared at a cell density of 1.0 × 106 cells/ml in shake‐flask experiments. To increase the rAAV titer, a low MOI combined with an initial cell density at infection of 5.0 × 106 cells/ml, in fed‐batch mode, was evaluated. Subsequently, the production strategy was validated in 3‐l bioreactor runs.ResultsAn increase of 210% in the rAAV titer (4.7 × 1011 enhanced transduction units/l) was observed when using low MOI, an effect primarily caused by the increase in cell density. The fed‐batch approach resulted in a seven‐fold increase of rAAV yield. Controlled operations in bioreactor contributed to further increase the rAAV yield (2.8 × 1014 vector genomes/l) by 25% in comparison to the shake flask results.ConclusionsThis high yield production process using low MOIs and a feeding strategy successfully addresses several limitations of current rAAV production in insect cells and contributes to position the BEVS system as one of the most efficient for large‐scale manufacturing of rAAV vectors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The copyright in Jimmy A. Mena's, Johnny Montes', Parminder S. Chahal's and Amine A. Kamen's contributions belongs to the Crown in right of Canada and such copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Research Council of Canada.
Effective in‐service education requires more than subject expertise
Authors: Lynch Krishna , Buckner‐Hayden Gia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSeveral formal roles within the field of human performance and training are specifically responsible for ensuring that programs are designed and developed for maximum impact. Data show that education and training are essential functions of healthcare risk management professionals. For this, healthcare risk management professionals can maximize their training efforts by partnering with an instructional designer or developer to create a training program that promotes safe and trusted healthcare.
Reducing the new employee learning curve to improve productivity
Authors: Lynch Krishna , Buckner‐Hayden Gia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEffective onboarding is essential to the acclimation and socialization of new healthcare risk management professionals within their new organizations. This acclimation process is a natural extension of employee orientation training. Benefits of effective onboarding include maximizing new employees' full productivity in core functions, thereby recouping the organization's return on investment, and positioning them for enduring success.
Plaintiff's attorneys share perspectives on patient communication
Authors: Spector Richard A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article reports that malpractice attorneys representing plaintiffs accept a small percentage of the clients who request legal representation for medical liability claims. Of those cases they do not accept, these attorneys report that a significant motivator for patients seeking legal counsel is poor clinician‐patient communication. They cite poor listening skills; delegation of critical consent communication; failure to share timely information with colleagues and nursing personnel; failure to have meaningful, empathetic conversations when adverse outcomes occur; and defensive behavior when patients seek to learn more by questioning diagnoses and treatment options.
In healthcare, is the human being an asset or liability?
Authors: Latino Robert J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article contrasts the application of preventive and predictive technologies in industry to those in healthcare. For years, risk managers have been discussing the rationing of care. This article presents the perspective of an engineering professional from the manufacturing industry who now consults with healthcare risk managers. The human being is often referred to as an “asset” in our society. Do we actually treat people as assets or liabilities? When preventive maintenance is routinely performed on a piece of equipment, the benefits are more reliable operations, increased productivity, and lower life cycle costs. If these proactive concepts are applied to the human body within our current healthcare systems, will we see these same benefits?
Carbon‐14 radiosynthesis of 4‐(5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐[4‐14C]quinolin‐2(1H)‐one (XEN‐D0401), A novel BK channel activator
Authors: Kitson Sean L. , Jones Stuart , Watters William , Chan Fiona , Madge David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA method has been developed for the carbon‐14 radiosynthesis of [14C]XEN‐D0401, a 4‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)quinolin‐2(1H)‐one derivative. The radiosynthetic route involves a series of ortho‐lithiations directed by both 2‐methoxymethyl (MOM) and pivaloyl protecting groups. This is demonstrated in the first key radiochemical step between the reaction of 5‐chloro‐2‐methoxymethoxy‐[carboxyl‐14C]benzoic acid methyl ester [14C]‐3 and the ortho‐lithiated intermediate generated from 2,2‐dimethyl‐N‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐propionamide (2) to afford the protected benzophenone [14C]‐4. The other key radiochemical step utilizes a variation of the Friedländer quinoline synthesis, which involves a base catalysed, one‐pot condensation process between (2‐amino‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐phenyl)‐(5‐chloro‐2‐methoxymethoxy‐phenyl)‐[14C]methanone [14C]‐5 and γ‐butyrolactone to give MOM‐protected [14C]‐6. On MOM deprotection, [14C]XEN‐D0401 was isolated with a radiochemical purity of >97%, with a specific activity of 55 mCi/mmol from seven radiochemical steps, starting from barium [14C]carbonate in a radiochemical yield of 10.5%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled fosamprenavir calcium
Authors: Shi Lei , Chen Liping , Chen Ryan , Chen Liqin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study describes the synthesis of deuterium‐labelled fosamprenavir calcium. The stable isotopic‐labelled compound was prepared starting from L‐phenylalanine in 18 steps with a 9% overall yield. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the large size of the pinna of the ear of the European hare (Lepus europaeus) due to its role in thermoregulation or in anterior capital shock absorption?
Authors: Stott Philip , Jennings Nancy , Harris Stephen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLarge pinnae are characteristic of the Leporids, and the pinna is known to have a thermoregulatory role. Another role has been hypothesized for the pinna of Lepus spp., as a part of a suspensory system for the greater portion of the head, absorbing shock that might otherwise interfere with vision during high‐speed locomotion. We compared the lengths of the pinnae of adult European hares Lepus europaeus from the source population in the cooler climate of England with those of the introduced population in the warmer climate of Australia, and we compared the lengths of the pinnae of hares that had grown in cooler weather with those that had grown in warmer weather. There were no significant differences between each of the comparisons, indicating that the size of the pinna is not determined by thermoregulatory requirements at rest. We compared the growth in length of the pinnae and the legs with growth in body mass, and growth in the mass of the pinnae with the masses of the head and the eyeballs, and found support for the suspension hypothesis. We suggest that the rapid growth of the pinna is because visual acuity is a function of absolute eye size, not relative eye size, yet juvenile hares are subject to the same predator pressure as adult hares, and equally need to maximize visual acuity while running at high speeds in dim light. We believe that the large size of the pinna is determined by its role in anterior capital suspension, not in thermoregulation. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the ovarian follicles in the placentotrophic Andean lizard of the genus Mabuya (Squamata: Scincidae)
Authors: Vieira Simón , de Pérez Gloria Romero , Ramírez‐Pinilla Martha Patricia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe studied the ultrastructural organization of the ovarian follicles in a placentotrophic Andean lizard of the genus Mabuya. The oocyte of the primary follicle is surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells. During the previtellogenic stages, these cells become stratified and differentiated in three cell types: small, intermediate, and large globoid, non pyriform cells. Fluid‐filled spaces arise among follicular cells in late previtellogenic follicles and provide evidence of cell lysis. In vitellogenic follicles, the follicular cells constitute a monolayered granulosa with large lacunar spaces; the content of their cytoplasm is released to the perivitelline space where the zona pellucida is formed. The oolemma of younger oocytes presents incipient short projections; as the oocyte grows, these projections become organized in a microvillar surface. During vitellogenesis, cannaliculi develop from the base of the microvilli and internalize materials by endocytosis. In the juxtanuclear ooplasm of early previtellogenic follicles, the Balbiani's vitelline body is found as an aggregate of organelles and lipid droplets; this complex of organelles disperses in the ooplasm during oocyte growth. In late previtellogenesis, membranous organelles are especially abundant in the peripheral ooplasm, whereas abundant vesicles and granular material occur in the medullar ooplasm. The ooplasm of vitellogenic follicles shows a peripheral band constituted by abundant membranous organelles and numerous vesicular bodies, some of them with a small lipoprotein core. No organized yolk platelets, like in lecithotrophic reptiles, were observed. Toward the medullary ooplasm, electron‐lucent vesicles become larger in size containing remains of cytoplasmic material in dissolution. The results of this study demonstrate structural similarities between the follicles of this species and other Squamata; however, the ooplasm of the mature oocyte of Mabuya is morphologically similar to the ooplasm of mature oocytes of marsupials, suggesting an interesting evolutionary convergence related to the evolution of placentotrophy and of microlecithal eggs. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon on inhibition of Monilinia fructicola infections
Authors: Yang Lingyu , Zhao Pan , Wang Li , Filippus Itoolwa , Meng Xianghong 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Oligochitosan has broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity and shows an obvious inhibitory effect on phytopathogens. In addition, as an exogenous elicitor, it can induce various defence responses, including affecting the activities of several defence‐related enzymes and substances in some plants. Owing to this dual function of oligochitosan, it can be used to control postharvest diseases of fruits. Silicon, like oligochitosan, also has a dual function. In this study the synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon on the decay control of apple fruit was investigated.RESULTS: In vitro, both oligochitosan and silicon significantly inhibited spore germination, germ tube elongation and mycelial growth of Monilinia fructicola, with higher concentrations having a greater effect. The synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon at half‐maximal inhibitory concentration on disease control at 25 °C was much better than the effect of oligochitosan or silicon alone, not only in vitro but also in vivo.CONCLUSION: The results showed that a combination of oligochitosan and silicon had a synergistic effect on the control of disease caused by M. fructicola in apple fruit at 25 °C. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymatic hydrolysis of Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin and antioxidant activity of the resulting hydrolysate
Authors: Jia Jianping , Zhou Yangang , Lu Jianzhang , Chen Aiying , Li Yuezhong , Zheng Gaoli 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Fish skin, a by‐product of the food industry, contains a large amount of collagen. However, only a small proportion of fish skin is used in the production of leather materials and animal feedstuffs, most of it being discarded. The aims of this study were to prepare peptides from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin by enzymatic hydrolysis and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the resulting hydrolysate.RESULTS: Protamex was the most efficient enzyme for preparing antioxidant peptides from Alaska pollack skin. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were as follows: hydrolysis time 8 h; enzyme/substrate ratio 2:1000; skin/water ratio 1:6; temperature 55 °C; pH 6.0. Under these conditions the highest yield of peptides was 83.44%, with 85.95% of the hydrolysate being mainly composed of oligopeptides with molecular weights ranging from 180 to 1000 Da. The hydrolysate showed 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 2.5 mg mL−1, and its reducing power was 0.14 at 1 mg mL−1, 53.8% of that of reduced glutathione at the same concentration.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the hydrolysate of Alaska pollack skin was mainly composed of oligopeptides with two to eight amino acid residues and possessed antioxidant activity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct Synthesis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Copolymers with TPE‐Properties via CuAAC (Click Chemistry)
Authors: Schmidt Udo , Zehetmaier Philip C. , Rieger Bernhard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPoly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymers were synthesized directly from AA/BB monomers employing a CuAAC reaction (click chemistry) in a polyaddition approach. Using organic dialkynes and oligo(siloxane)s end‐functionalized with azide moieties it was possible to obtain siloxane‐based copolymers with TPE properties by click chemistry for the first time. As seen from DSC experiments, properties were strongly dependent on the incorporated organic comonomer.magnified image
Constructing a cognition map of alternative fuel vehicles using the DEMATEL method
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Wei , Chen Sheng‐Hung , Tzeng Gwo‐Hshiung 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEnvironmental protection has taken serious notice of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proved that CO2 is one of the factors for global warming. Furthermore, the majority of this emission comes from the vehicles using petroleum fuels. For this reason, alternative fuels become a very popular issue. There are many automakers and researchers endeavoring to develop alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). There already have been many types of alternative fuels used in vehicles, such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), fuel cell (hydrogen) vehicles, natural gas vehicles (CNG), methanol vehicles, ethanol vehicles, and bio‐diesel vehicles, etc. Different types of the alternative fuels have different characteristics to which attention should be paid. It is difficult for users to identify which one is the best choice for them to use. This problem concerns the characteristics of each alternative fuel. A lot of criteria and aspects related to the alternative fuels should be considered at the same time. In this study, we try to apply the Decision‐Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to deal with the importance and causal relationships among the evaluation factors of AFVs. Results show the top three critical evaluation criteria are ‘new car cost’, ‘cruising range’, and ‘fuel efficiency’; ‘air pollution’ is the key cause factor influencing others; and ‘cruising range’ is the key effect factor influenced by others. It is no accident that cost is the most critical factor for users. Consequently, it is suggested to automakers and researchers to carefully analyze the characteristics of each alternative fuel. Fuel efficiency is not only focused on by users, but also it will affect the cruising range. Air pollution is what users care about, so even zero‐emission vehicles (ZEVs), which cost more but have lower emission and higher fuel efficiency, could be accepted. There seems to be no perfect AFV, but to endeavor on ZEVs will reduce some disadvantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HADS, a goal programming‐based humanitarian aid distribution system
Authors: Vitoriano B. , Ortuño T. , Tirado G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn recent years, natural and human‐made disasters have been affecting increasing numbers of people throughout the world. Organizations and budgets for emergency and humanitarian aid have experienced an important growth, and efficiency in disaster management becomes crucial. There is a lack of specific tools devoted to logistics of this special kind of interventions in developing countries, demanded by the organizations. A decision support system for logistic operations currently in development is presented, focusing on the transport problem to distribute humanitarian aid to the population affected by a disaster in a developing country. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccination as a Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wisniewski Thomas , Boutajangout Allal 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Alzheimer's disease is a member of a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases characterized pathologically by the conformational change of a normal protein into a pathological conformer with a high β‐sheet content that renders it neurotoxic. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, the normal soluble amyloid β peptide is converted into oligomeric/fibrillar amyloid β. The oligomeric forms of amyloid β have been hypothesized to be the most toxic, whereas fibrillar amyloid β becomes deposited as amyloid plaques and congophilic angiopathy, which both serve as neuropathological markers of the disease. In addition, the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau as soluble toxic oligomers and as neurofibrillary tangles is a critical part of the pathology. Numerous therapeutic interventions are under investigation to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Among the most exciting and advanced of these approaches is vaccination. Immunomodulation is being tried for a range of neurodegenerative disorders, with great success being reported in most model animal trials; however, the much more limited human data have shown more modest clinical success so far, with encephalitis occurring in a minority of patients treated with active immunization. The immunomodulatory approaches for neurodegenerative diseases involve targeting a self‐protein, albeit in an abnormal conformation; hence, effective enhanced clearance of the disease‐associated conformer has to be balanced with the potential risk of stimulating excessive toxic inflammation within the central nervous system. The design of future immunomodulatory approaches that are more focused is dependent on addressing a number of questions, including when is the best time to start immunization, what are the most appropriate targets for vaccination, and is amyloid central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease or is it critical to target tau‐related pathology also. In this review, we discuss the past experience with vaccination for Alzheimer's disease and the development of possible future strategies that target both amyloid β—related and tau‐related pathologies. Mt Sinai J Med 77:17&&ndash;31, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Elder Gregory A. , Gama Sosa Miguel A. , De Gasperi Rita 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is the most common cause of senile dementia in the United States and Europe. At present, there is no effective treatment. Given the disease's prevalence and poor prognosis, the development of animal models has been a high research priority. Transgenic modeling has been pursued on the basis of the amyloid hypothesis and has taken advantage of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and the presenilins that cause familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. Modeling has been most aggressively pursued in mice, for which the techniques of genetic modification are well developed. Transgenic mouse models now exist that mimic a range of Alzheimer's disease–related pathologies. Although none of the models fully replicates the human disease, the models have contributed significant insights into the pathophysiology of β‐amyloid toxicity, particularly with respect to the effects of different β‐amyloid species and the possible pathogenic role of β‐amyloid oligomers. They have also been widely used in the preclinical testing of potential therapeutic modalities and have played a pivotal role in the development of immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease that are currently in clinical trials. These models will, without a doubt, continue to play central roles in preclinical testing and be used as tools for developing insights into the biological basis of Alzheimer's disease. Mt Sinai J Med 77:69&&ndash;81, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine