bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health behavior inequalities among Lithuanian, Polish and Russian school-aged children in Lithuania
Authors: Šumskas Linas , Lenčiauskienė Ilona , Zaborskis Apolinaras 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare and get a deeper insight into issues of the health and health behavior inequalities among Lithuanian, Polish and Russian school-aged children in national and international contexts. Investigations were carried out in the framework of Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study — a WHO collaborative cross-national survey. Five thousand seven hundred and seventy six randomly selected students aged 11, 13, and 15 years of age answered questionnaires in the classroom in 108 schools located in different regions in Lithuania in March–April of 2006. Questions on perceived health and health related behaviors were addressed to the respondent (response rate was 95 %). 5632 questionnaires were selected for further analysis by the international data center in Bergen. SPSS version 11.5 and multilevel analysis program MLwiN 2.0 was applied for statistical analysis of data. Relatively minor inequalities in health and health behavior were established when comparing different health and health behavior indicators in Lithuanian, Polish and Russian school-aged children in Lithuania. These disparities are lower in comparison with differences, which were established among respondents of HBSC international studies. Odds ratios to have negative self-rated health evaluation were higher in girls of Russian (OR-1.71, p<0.05) and Polish (OR-1.62, p<0.05) nationality. Therefore, Russian and Polish students were tending to have higher odds ratios for perception of happiness (p<0.05). Respondents of Russian nationality have expressed less somatic and psychological complaints. Polish boys (OR=1.38, p<0.05) were tending for higher prevalence of headache, but have expressed fewer complaints for depression (OR=0.65, p<0.05), anxiety (OR=0.71, p<0.05). Chances to be involved in risk taking behaviors (alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use) were lower among Polish and Russian respondents. In schools with Lithuanian language based-schoold, health and health behavior indicators were more negative in Polish and Russian respondents in comparisons with their Lithuanian peers However, Lithuanian students, who were enrolled in Russian and Polish schools, tending to have better perceived health evaluation and better health behavior in comparison with their peers of Polish and Russian nationality. Analysis shows, that Polish and Russian students are integrated well into Lithuanian society and being a member of the minority class is not related to poor health or negative lifestyle. Therefore, with few exceptions universal health promotion programs should be provided to school-aged children of all ethnicities and cultural backgrounds.
A proposal of reference values for relative uncertainty increase in spectrophotometric analysis of pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Skibiński Robert , Komsta Łukasz , Grech-Baran Marta , Gumieniczek Anna 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe LBOZ criterion is an interesting approach for quantifying selectivity during spectrophotometric analysis by measuring the relative uncertainty increase caused by spectral overlapping. Unfortunately, no reference values for pharmaceuticals analysis in the UV region exist. The current paper presents an estimation of the LBOZ distribution as a random variable for binary and ternary drug mixtures. The estimation was done on a representative group of 170 diverse drug-like compounds. Results of the estimation were fitted to the beta and the Johnson distributions. The obtained parameters can be used to examine the “significance” of the spectral overlap by finding the p-value, interpreted as a chance to obtain higher uncertainty increase among the drugs.
Attracting Internal Medicine Trainees to Rheumatology: Where and When Programs Should Focus Efforts
Authors: KATZ STEVEN J. , YACYSHYN ELAINE A. 
Published: November 2009

Objective.To determine where and when efforts should be focused to increase recruitment of rheumatology trainees from internal medicine (IM) programs.Methods.(1) We calculated the percentage of trainees at each of the 13 English-speaking Canadian IM-accredited programs who entered a rheumatology training program in Canada from 2005 to 2007. We then correlated this with the opportunity they would have had to do a rheumatology rotation in each of their 3 postgraduate years of IM training. (2) We calculated the overall percentage of residents who remained at the same training institution after their IM program, 2005–2007, comparing this to 4 similar-size subspecialty training programs.Results.Among IM trainees, 3.5% began rheumatology training in Canada. There was a positive relationship at the postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) level between more rheumatology opportunities and chance of entering rheumatology (r2 = 0.35, p < 0.05), but not at the PGY2 or PGY3 level. Among rheumatology trainees, 78% remained at the training institution where they completed IM training, more than the 70% of gastroenterology trainees, 68% of nephrology trainees, 67% of endocrinology trainees, and 76% of infectious diseases trainees.Conclusion.The opportunity for a rheumatology rotation in the first year of IM training increases the likelihood the trainee may choose rheumatology as a career. Further, most rheumatology trainees continue at the same institution as their IM training, more than other subspecialties. This information may assist recruitment efforts to increase numbers of rheumatology trainees and the overall rheumatology workforce. These data warrant reevaluation of IM programs of study in order to influence trainee career choices and plan better for future workforce requirements in all IM fields.
Mercaptopyruvate Inhibits Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Dissolution
Authors: KANNAMPUZHA JOVIL V.A. , TUPY JINDRA H. , PRITZKER KENNETH P.H. 
Published: November 2009

Objective.The enzymatic activities of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) including capacity to inhibit calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal dissolution are known to be inhibited by endogenous amino acids, notably cysteine. As cysteine is recognized as a strong TNAP inhibitor, we investigated whether cysteine-related metabolites such as mercaptopyruvate (MPA) could show similar enzyme inhibition effects and, if so, whether these effects might be synergistic with cysteine at approximate physiologic concentrations of the amino acids.Methods.We studied the inhibitory effects of MPA as well as MPA and cysteine combined in equimolar concentrations on TNAP’s phosphatase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and CPPD crystal dissolution activities. Kinetic parameters Vmax, KM, concentration for 50% inhibition (I50), inhibitor constant (KI), and specific activities calculated from initial velocity, Eadie-Hofstee, Simple, Dixon, and secondary plots were used to assess enzyme inhibition.Results.MPA significantly inhibited TNAP’s phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities at 10× and 100× physiological concentrations. In the presence of calcium [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] = 1 mM, MPA inhibited uncompetitively TNAP’s phosphatase activity and inhibited noncompetitively its pyrophosphatase activity. CPPD crystal dissolution activity was also inhibited. Cysteine and MPA together in equimolar concentrations inhibited TNAP enzyme activities and CPPD crystal dissolution much more effectively than MPA or cysteine alone, reducing CPPD dissolution to 38% of controls at approximate physiologic inhibitor concentrations.Conclusion.Endogenous amino acids like cysteine and its derivative MPA have the capacity to inhibit TNAP activities at physiologic concentrations. Downregulation of their inhibiting concentration in the cartilage interstitial fluid environment may provide a therapeutic avenue to controlled dissolution of CPPD crystal deposition in tissues.
Cigarette Smoking and Cutaneous Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Table 1.
Authors: TURCHIN IRINA , BERNATSKY SASHA , CLARKE ANN E. , ST-PIERRE YVAN , PINEAU CHRISTIAN A. 
Published: November 2009

Objective.To evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and cutaneous damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.Our study was performed in SLE clinic registry cohort patients, all of whom fulfilled revised American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE; patients are followed prospectively with annual assessments that include collection of demographic variables, smoking history, disease activity (SLE Disease Activity Index version 2000, SLEDAI-2K), medications, and damage scores (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index). Cumulative cutaneous damage scores were used for the primary analyses. Logistic and logit regression models were performed to examine potential associations between current smoking and cutaneous damage, controlling for age, sex, race, lupus disease duration, antimalarial or immunosuppressant use, and anti-DNA and anti-SSA antibody status.Results.Of our sample (N = 276), 92% were women and 73.7% were Caucasian; the mean age was 45.1 years, mean disease duration 13.5 years, and 17.5% were current smokers. In the regression analyses, current cigarette smoking was associated with total cutaneous damage (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.10, 6.81) and with scarring (OR 4.70, 95 CI 1.04, 21.2). In additional analyses, current smoking was also associated with active lupus rash (OR 6.18, 95% CI 1.63, 23.3).Conclusions.Current cigarette smoking may be associated with cutaneous damage and active lupus rash in SLE, suggesting another reason to emphasize smoking cessation in patients with SLE.
Portuguese Universities Sharing Remote Laboratories
Authors: Restivo Maria Teresa , Da Silva Manuel Gameiro 
Published: November 2009

This paper describes a pedagogical assignment based on a cooperative work involving teachers/students from two Portuguese universities. As it happens one is the oldest in the country â?? University of Coimbra (UC) - and the other the largest - University of Porto (UP), about 120 km apart.
The authors, believing in the relevance of Information and Communication Technologies (ITs) in teaching/learning methodologies and in cooperative teaching methods worked together to plan this pedagogical experience and to run it in a one semester course.
Students from UC have been introduced to the remote lab at UP and got the first contact with the remote experiments using easily available sound and image resources based on Skype and an IP camera for better image quality. This first contact has been conducted by the first author at UP with support of the second author at UC.
The work will describe briefly the remote experiments used, their inclusion in the course at UC, the associated assessment criteria and, finally, student comments.
Green Nonsulfur Bacteria
Authors: Overmann Jörg 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Formerly known only as a group of gliding filamentous bacteria capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis, the green nonsulfur bacteria (phylum Chloroflexi) now are also known to comprise numerous chemotrophic bacteria of diverse ecophysiology and phylogeny. The most conspicuous representatives are the green‐ or orange‐coloured thermophilic bacteria which form dense microbial mats in hot springs. They are typical photoorganoheterotrophs and well adapted to their changing environment by their gliding motility, tactic responses and versatile physiology. Culture‐independent studies have revealed a plethora of novel, unknown 16S ribosomal
ribonucleic acid
(rRNA) gene sequence types, indicating that the diversity of these bacteria in the natural environment is only marginally understood. Nonphotosynthetic members of the Chloroflexi occur in freshwater, soil and decaying organic matter, as well as methanogenic granular sludge and other wastewater treatment systems where they seem to aid in granule formation and participate in carbohydrate turnover.
Multigene Families: Evolution
Authors: Walsh J Bruce , Stephan Wolfgang 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Groups of genes showing similarity with each other are referred to as a gene family, arising from wholesale or partial gene duplication. The clustering of functionally related members of a gene family reflects their common ancestry and subsequent duplication and divergence. It has been speculated that gene duplication is essential for the creation of major evolutionary novelty. Genome projects will help in understanding the importance of gene duplications underlying macroevolutionary events.
Chlorarachniophytes
Authors: Ota Shuhei , Ishida Ken‐ichiro 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Chlorarachniophytes are marine unicellular algae that live widely in the coastal and oceanic waters of temperate to tropical zone. They possess green plastids (chloroplasts) that have originated from a green algal endosymbiont via a secondary endosymbiosis. The plastid is accompanied by a reduced nucleus of the endosymbiont, called a nucleomorph, which still contains a highly reduced and compacted eukaryotic genome.
Sociobiology: A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Sociobiology is the study of animal behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. It played a major role in Darwin's
Origin of Species
, but then lay undeveloped until the 1960s. It proved very controversial, especially when applied to humankind, with social scientists and left‐wing biologists arguing that it was racist, sexist, unfalsifiable and untrue. Some of these criticisms were well taken but in recent years sociobiology, including the human application, is much more solid and defensible.
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
Authors: Power Helen J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSkinner, Burrhus Frederic (1904–1990), an American behaviourist psychologist, whose invention of the operant conditioning chamber or ‘Skinner box’ stimulated the laboratory investigation of behaviour, especially conditioning with positive reinforcement. He sought to apply his methods to human behaviour modification and it became a significant tool in clinical and educational psychology.
Paralogous Genes and Chromosomal Regions
Authors: Lundin Lars‐Gustav , Larhammar Dan , Hallböök Finn 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Paralogous genes exist within the genome of a particular species and have a common ancestry as a result of gene duplications. These can take place by a variety of mechanisms and may involve individual genes, chromosome regions, chromosomes or even entire genomes (tetraploidization). Gene duplications have facilitated evolution of more complex organisms.
Sequence Similarity
Authors: Heringa Jaap 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSequence similarity is a measure of an empirical relationship between sequences. A common objective of sequence similarity calculations is establishing the likelihood for sequence homology: the chance that sequences have evolved from a common ancestor. A similarity score is therefore aimed to approximate the evolutionary distance between a pair of nucleotide or protein sequences. Many implementations for measuring sequence similarity exist, where a general aim is to infer structural or functional characteristics of an unannotated molecular sequence.
AncientDNA: Recovery and Analysis
Authors: Hummel Susanne 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAncientdeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) can be recovered from any preserved organic remains of both dead and living organisms and is characterized by degradation down to a few hundred base pairs. The analysis requires especially adapted parameters for DNA extraction, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)‐based amplification and specific strategies for data validation.
Stationary Allele Frequency Distributions
Authors: Rannala Bruce 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Forces that determine the allele frequencies in natural populations include genetic drift, natural selection, migration and mutation. A balance of opposing forces can, in some cases, cause allele frequencies to approach a stationary distribution over time. The form of this distribution is not influenced by initial allele frequencies, but instead is determined by the relative magnitudes of different evolutionary forces.
Stored Genetic Material: Use in Research in the United Kingdom
Authors: Skene Loane 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe use of stored genetic material depends on how it was obtained and the consent that was given by the original person. If that person was fully informed and consented to the material being used in research, it is lawful to use it in research following guidelines for ethical conduct. If consent was not or cannot be obtained, the tissue may be used in research but the research should be done only on anonymized and unlinked samples, subject to ethical approval.
Divergence between the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes and its Impact on Protein and Transcriptome Evolution
Authors: Kehrer‐Sawatzki Hildegard , Cooper David N 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genome has revealed a broad spectrum of genetic differences. Although the nucleotide sequence divergence is low (approximately 1%) within those regions that can be aligned, lineage‐specific submicroscopic inversions, insertions and deletions have markedly increased the genetic divergence. The lineage‐specific expansion of gene families, instances of gene inactivation and loss, the accelerated evolution of genes and changes in gene expression may all have been involved in the evolutionary emergence of human‐specific traits. However, it is difficult to distinguish the neutral from the functionally meaningful changes that have occurred in both primate genomes since divergence from their common ancestor.
Evolutionarily Conserved Noncoding DNA
Authors: Jegga Anil G , Aronow Bruce J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The availability of increasingly complete and accurate genomic sequence data from evolutionarily separated species – as well as diverse strains and ethnic variants within species – is providing an unprecedented opportunity to identify potentially functional regions within genomic noncoding
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). A variety of bioinformatics tools enable genome‐wide detection, characterization and visualization of highly conserved sequences and the occurrence of potentially functional elements within both the conserved and evolved elements.
ATP‐binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Supergene Family: Genetics and Evolution
Authors: Dean Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette (ABC) genes encode transporters that are expressed on the cell membrane or organelle membranes and are involved in the export of substances out of the cell or the movement of compounds inside the cell. Many ABC genes are mutated in human diseases or have a role in drug resistance to cancer chemotherapy.
Pathological Missense Mutations Provide New Insights into the Evolution of Trypsinogen Genes
Authors: Chen Jian‐Min , Cooper David N , Férec Claude 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Mutations in pathology and evolution represent two sides of the same coin in that disease‐causing mutations tend to be found at those amino acid positions that exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. An archetypal example of the inter‐relationship between pathology and evolution is provided by trypsinogen. Thus, studies of disease‐causing mutations in the human cationic
trypsinogen
gene (

PRSS1

) have revealed evidence for past gene conversion events between the various gene family members. A combination of the functional characterization of subtle missense mutations with comparative sequence analysis has also revealed evidence for the action of natural selection operating on the
trypsinogens
during mammalian/vertebrate evolution.
Segmental Duplications and Genetic Disease
Authors: Emanuel Beverly S , Shaikh Tamim H 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
More than 50% of our genome is made up of repetitive DNA elements, which are classified into different categories based on their size, copy number, mechanisms of dispersal and several other factors. Segmental duplications represent one such class of repetitive element. Recently, several genetic diseases have been shown to be the result of chromosomal rearrangements mediated by segmental duplications.
Peopling of India: Insights from Genetics
Authors: Majumder Partha P 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGenes move as people move. Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct trails of human migration by studying genetic characteristics of people from different regions of the world. Humankind evolved out of Africa and moved out of Africa to populate different parts of the world. One of the earliest waves of human migration from out‐of‐Africa came into India. Genetic data have been helpful in reconstructing the processes of peopling of India and the relationships among contemporary ethnic groups of India. This article provides an overview of these findings.
Roma (Gypsies): Genetic Studies
Authors: Morar Bharti , Kalaydjieva Luba 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Roma, also known as Gypsies, are a transnational founder population, resembling a mosaic of socially and genetically divergent groups. Common origins from a small group of related founders result in sharing of maternal and paternal lineages and of ancient disease‐causing mutations across endogamous Romani groups in different countries. Genetic differentiation between groups, with an impact on genetic epidemiology, is the product of bottleneck events, random genetic drift and differential admixture, and correlates with the migrational history of the Roma in Europe.
Restoration and Creation of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands
Authors: Fennessy M Siobhan , Herbert Ellen R 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The restoration and creation of freshwater and estuarine wetlands are important practices designed to increase wetland acreage and mitigate for the extensive losses of wetland area all over the world. Wetland restoration, defined as the reestablishment of wetlands where they once existed, and wetland creation, where entirely new wetlands are established in upland locations, require an understanding of hydrology, soils and landscape setting to foster the development of native biotic communities, including vegetation, invertebrates and amphibians. Restoration projects may take decades to fully develop; success may be measured by comparison of key indicators with natural wetlands.
Climate Change Impacts: Birds
Authors: Gienapp Phillip 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Climate change can affect populations and species in various ways, many of which are well documented in birds. For example, the geographical distribution of species has shifted poleward and to higher altitudes, birds are nowadays breeding or migrating earlier. Ultimately interesting is how these changes affect population processes and thereby possibly persistence. So far, it is however unclear how strong the impact of climate change will and what role adaptation can play to mitigate its effects.
Plant Virus Movement
Authors: Taliansky Michael E , Torrance Lesley 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Plant virus movement is the process of the spread of virus genetic material from the initially infected cells to the rest of the plant. There are several distinct stages including intracellular movement from sites of virus replication out of the initially infected cell, cell‐to‐cell trafficking through plasmodesmata (plant‐specific intercellular membranous channels) and long‐distance movement between organs through the phloem (the specialized vascular system used by plants for the transport of assimilates and macromolecules).