bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of the Culm Measures at Meldon, near Okehampton, North Devon
Authors: Dearman William Robert 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Culm Measures along the northern margin of the Dartmoor Granite have been divided into two groups. The Lower Culm Measures, from 655 to 770 feet thick, and comprising shales, quartzites, tuffs, cherts and limestones, are overlain without apparent unconformity by a great thickness of Upper Culm shales and grits.
A large overfolded anticlinal strip of Lower Culm Measures separates an outer band (the main outcrop) of Upper Culm Measures to the north from a major syncline of the same beds which lies next to the Dartmoor Granite. The granite contact appears to follow a constant horizon within this syncline.
The tectonic pattern is set by zig-zag folding—with long straight limbs and sharply turned crests and troughs—which is overturned to the south, and which controlled the distribution and subsequent tectonic history of the local Culm Measures. The early flexural slip was continued in reverse and normal faulting along and parallel to the bedding-plane directions; these movements were followed by the intrusion of basic dykes, granite emplacement, jointing and mineralization. Each successive phase followed the deformation pattern initiated by the zig-zag folding.
The structure is complicated by the presence of a faulted inlier of presumed Devonian slates in the core of the Lower Culm Measures anticline.
Observations on tropical weathering: a study of the movement of iron, aluminum and silicon in weathering rocks at Singapore
Authors: Alexander Frances Elizabeth Somerville 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The precipitation of iron, aluminium and silicon released during the weathering of rocks in a humid equatorial climate is described.

While the composition of the weathering rock determines the composition of the solution from which the precipitates are deposited the type of precipitate is determined largely by the texture of the rock in which it is formed. Pure iron-oxide concretions are found only in weathered igneous rocks and shales, seams of secondary quartz crystals are found in weathering quartzites, and composite seams of crystalline quartz enclosed in iron-oxide layers are found in beds ranging in composition from argillaceous quartzites to sandy shales. It is suggested that this separation of iron and silicon from a composite solution is due to dialysis, the colloidal iron when first deposited on the walls of an intermittently drying crack forming a semi-permeable membrane which allows the crystalloid silica to pass through into the crack. The precipitation of aluminium as gibbsitic concretions is associated with shales, the form of the concretions being controlled by the structure of the weathering rock. Weathering processes are controlled by the density of the surface vegetation, the decomposition of which may account for the low
p
H values found in certain rocks. In other rocks the sulphide content is sufficient to account for the very low
p
H values found in the weathering zone.
Evolution in trilobites
Authors: Stubblefield Cyril James 
Published: October 2009

Summary

Trilobites with their 300 million years' existence as a class are considered in relation to the subtitle—
the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
—of Darwin's book On the
Origin of Species
(1859). Well-known evidence is recalled concerning minor steps in trilobite evolution. Graphs showing the number of subfamilies surviving each of the geological epochs (series) are used to show the distribution in time of the rises and falls of the class's evolutionary vigour. Major steps in evolution are discussed on the basis of modifications of pre-existing, or the appearance of new, exoskeletal structures in Lower and Middle Cambrian, Tremadoc and Ordovician evolutionary “bursts”. The longest-lived survivors in a super-family are not invariably the most generalized forms. The longest-lived super-family was the last to become extinct but like most of the other trilobite super-families, its origin is cryptogenetic. It is hoped that further exploration will diminish gaps in knowledge of trilobite phylogeny; this knowledge is still as elusive as is any classification acceptable above the category of superfamilies.
The geological structure of the Loch Luichart area, Ross-shire
Authors: Clifford Paul 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes three superimposed sets of folds affecting Moine and Lewisian rocks near Loch Luichart. The area lies south-east of the Fannich region, where comparatively open folds were formed and north-east of the Glen Orrin and Monar region, where a sequence of tight folds was produced. The new work suggests how the structures in these two regions may be tentatively linked.
The earliest structure recognized in the Loch Luichart district is the Tarvie syncline. An open antiform produced in a second phase of folding crosses the Tarvie syncline. Two large folds formed in a third phase of folding produced intense deformation of earlier structures. The small structures formed during these episodes have been mapped and are described. The effects of the later movements on preexisting structures and the production of small slides during these late movements are described. Current-bedding is recorded from the Moines near Loch Luichart.
The stratigraphy, structure and metamorphism of the Pre-cambrian rocks of North-West Ankole, Uganda
Authors: Reece Alan 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Two groups of Pre-Cambrian rocks from North-West Ankole, Uganda, are described. The Igara Group consists of schists, quartzites and granitic rocks, representing a sedimentary sequence which has been metamorphosed and granitized. The group is folded isoclinally about steeply dipping, northerly trending, axial planes. In the south-west a refolding about horizontal, west-north-westerly trending axes is apparent. The Buhwezu Group is a sequence of recrystallized psammitic and pelitic rocks lying unconformably on the Igara Group. Part of the basal formations have been granitized contemporaneously with the Igara Group. The lower psammitic formations of the Buhwezu Group were deposited as deltas by swift-running rivers flowing southwards into a shallow lake. These rocks were then covered by shallow-water pelitic and psammitic sediments. The rocks are folded about horizontal, west-north-westerly trending axes, the intensity of folding increasing from north to south, and from top to bottom. Some north-easterly trending structures are also found. Two periods of orogenesis are deduced. The first folded the Igara Group about northerly trending axes, and was accompanied by low-grade regional meta-morphism. The Buhwezu Group was then deposited. The second orogenesis folded both groups about west-north-westerly trending axes and was accompanied by re-crystallization and metasomatism.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II) – A drug-associated autoimmune disease
Authors: Nowak Götz 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAutoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disease characterised by isolated persistent thrombocytopenia and normal megakaryopoiesis. This definition also applies to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II), a frequent side effect of heparin treatment. In HIT II, the immunogen is a coagulation active complex of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). By now, diagnostics of HIT II is often material and time consuming. Three groups of patients were investigated for HIT II antibodies (HIT II-AB): 54 hospitalised stroke patients, 87 hospitalised cardiac patients, and 71 patients on chronic haemodialysis, all treated with heparin. Furthermore, 100 healthy volunteers were investigated. For detection of HIT II-AB the innovative whole blood test PADA-HIT (PADA: platelet adhesion assay) was used. PADA-HIT quantifies the interaction of IgG antibodies with FcγIIA receptors by comparing the activation state of platelets in citrated and heparinised whole blood. The occurrence of HIT II-AB in blood was very high with 44 % of stroke patients, 69% of cardiac patients and 38% of haemodialysis patients compared to only 15% of healthy volunteers. This demonstrates a high incidence and a rapid onset of HIT II-AB in patients being acutely treated with heparin. HIT II is one of the most frequent and severe autoimmune diseases bearing a great thrombosis risk. PADA-HIT represents an innovative diagnostic method for detection of autoimmune antibodies of IgG type that are directed against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin-complex. By early and fast diagnostics and appropriate treatment severe complications of HIT II can be prevented.
Family Physician attitudes about prescribing using a drug formulary
Authors: Suggs L Suzanne , Raina Parminder , Gafni Amiram , Grant Susan , Skilton Kevin , Fan Aimei , Szala-Meneok Karen 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Drug formularies have been created by third party payers to control prescription drug usage and manage costs. Physicians try to provide the best care for their patients. This research examines family physicians' attitudes regarding prescription reimbursement criteria, prescribing and advocacy for patients experiencing reimbursement barriers.

Methods
Focus groups were used to collect qualitative data on family physicians' prescribing decisions related to drug reimbursement guidelines. Forty-eight family physicians from four Ontario cities participated. Ethics approval for this study was received from the Hamilton Health Sciences/Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Board at McMaster University. Four clinical scenarios were used to situate and initiate focus group discussions about prescribing decisions. Open-ended questions were used to probe physicians' experiences and attitudes and responses were audio recorded. NVivo software was used to assist in data analysis.

Results
Most physicians reported that drug reimbursement guidelines complicated their prescribing process and can require lengthy interpretation and advocacy for patients who require medication that is subject to reimbursement restrictions.

Conclusion
Physicians do not generally see their role as being cost-containment monitors and observed that cumbersome reimbursement guidelines influence medication choice beyond the clinical needs of the patient, and produce unequal access to medication. They observed that frustration, discouragement, fatigue, and lack of appreciation can often contribute to family physicians' failure to advocate more for patients. Physicians argue cumbersome reimbursement regulations contribute to lower quality care and misuse of physicians' time increasing overall health care costs by adding unnecessary visits to family physicians, specialists, and emergency rooms.
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study
Authors: Javadi Mohammad Ali , Katibeh Marzieh , Rafati Nasrin , Dehghan Mohammad Hossein , Zayeri Farid , Yaseri Mehdi , Sehat Mojtaba , Ahmadieh Hamid 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among Iranian patients with diabetes.

Methods
Design: population-based cross-sectional study.
Participants: patients with diabetes aged 25 to 64 years in Tehran province, Iran. This survey was conducted from April to October 2007. The study sample was derived from the first national survey of risk factors for non-communicable disease. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or more, use of diabetic medications, or a physician's diagnosis of diabetes. All patients known to have diabetes underwent an eye examination by bio-microscope and indirect ophthalmoscope to check for any signs of DR through dilated pupils by + 78 lens. Participants were also interviewed and examined to determine their demographic characteristics, medical conditions and the regularity of their eye visits.

Results
Among 7989 screened patients, 759 (9.5%) had diabetes. Of them, 639 patients (84.2%) underwent eye examination. Five patients (0.7%) with media opacity were excluded. Of 634 examined patients with diabetes, 240 had some degree of diabetic retinopathy, and the overall standardized prevalence of any retinopathy was 37.0% (95% CI: 33.2-40.8), including 27.3% (95% CI: 23.7-30.8) (n = 175) with non-proliferative and 9.6% (95% CI: 7.3-11.9) (n = 65) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinically significant macular edema and vision-threatening retinopathy were detected in 5.8% (95% CI: 4.0-7.7) (n = 38) and 14.0% (95% CI: 11.3-16.7) (n = 95) of patients, respectively. Only 143 patients (22.6%) with diabetes had a history of regular eye examination.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated a high prevalence and poor control of DR in Tehran province. This suggests the need for adequate prevention and treatment in patients with diabetes.
Effects of leptin on in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryonic cleavage after ICSI and early developmental expression of leptin (Ob) and leptin receptor (ObR) proteins in the horse
Authors: Lange Consiglio Anna , Dell'Aquila Maria Elena , Fiandanese Nadia , Ambruosi Barbara , Cho Yoon S , Bosi Giampaolo , Arrighi Silvana , Lacalandra Giovanni M , Cremonesi Fausto 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
The identification of the adipocyte-derived obesity gene product, leptin (Ob), and subsequently its association with reproduction in rodents and humans led to speculations that leptin may be involved in the regulation of oocyte and preimplantation embryo development. In mice and pigs, in vitro leptin addition significantly increased meiotic resumption and promoted preimplantation embryo development in a dose-dependent manner. This study was conducted to determine whether leptin supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to horse oocytes could have effects on their developmental capacity after fertilization by IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).

Methods
Compact and expanded-cumulus horse oocytes were matured in medium containing different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of recombinant human leptin and the effects on maturation, fertilization and embryo cleavage were evaluated. Furthermore, early developmental expression of Ob and leptin receptor (Ob-R) was investigated by immunocytochemical staining.

Results
In expanded-cumulus oocytes, the addition of leptin in IVM medium improved maturation (74% vs 44%, for 100 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05) and fertilization after ICSI (56% vs 23% for 10 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05). However, the developmental rate and quality of 8-cell stage embryos derived from leptin-treated oocytes (100 ng/ml) was significantly reduced, in contrast to previous data in other species where leptin increased embryo cleavage. Ob and Ob-R proteins were detected up to the 8-cell stage with cortical and cytoplasmic granule-like distribution pattern in each blastomere.

Conclusion
Leptin plays a cumulus cell-mediated role in the regulation of oocyte maturation in the mare. Species-specific differences may exist in oocyte sensitivity to leptin.
Sparkling Morphological Changes and Spontaneous Movements of Self-assemblies in Water Induced by Chemical Reactions
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Toyota Taro , Takakura Katsuto , Sugawara Tadashi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This review covers the drastic morphological changes, including division or birthing dynamics, and even spontaneous movements performed by molecular self-assemblies constructed by reactive amphiphiles with the imine group that connects hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. It turns out that the formation (dehydrocondensation) of such amphiphiles or their cleavage (hydrolysis) into individual moieties occurs depending on the reaction fields, such as in membranes, or at interfaces between water and self-assemblies constructed by the amphiphiles. Moreover these chemical conversions induce outstanding dynamics aforementioned. Hence these findings give a hint to understand hierarchical dynamics occurring in a living system.
Highly Stereoselective C-Silylation and Alkylation of 1-Chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic Ester Using SmI2
Authors: Yoshida Eri , Nagano Takao , Motoyoshiya Jiro , Nishii Yoshinori 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Highly stereoselective SmI2-promoted substitutions of alkyl 1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylate 1 using TMSCl or alkyl halide proceeded to give trans adduct 2 or 3 in moderate to high yield with excellent trans stereoselectivity (trans-add/cis-add = &gt;99/1) in the presence of HMPA in THF. Silylation occurred on the α-carbon of the ester with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity (C-silylation/O-silylation = &gt;99/1, trans-add/cis-add = &gt;99/1).
Solid-state Transformation of Achiral Crystals to a Chiral Crystal by Guest Release from Host–Guest Inclusion Crystals of Achiral Host Compound
Authors: Saito Hironori , Suzuki Mitsuaki , Miyamae Hiroshi , Hayashi Naoto , Kobayashi Keiji 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Solid-state transformation of achiral crystals into a chiral crystal was induced by thermal guest release from the host–guest inclusion complexes of 2,5-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as a host component. The chilarity of the resulting guest-free crystals, also obtained by recrystallization from dichloromethane, is attributed to conformational freezing of the achiral molecule into a chiral molecular structure in the solid state.
Primary Photochemical Process of Thiobenzophenone as Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Tanaka Miyuki , Yago Tomoaki , Wakasa Masanobu 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Self-quenching of the triplet excited state of thiobenzophenone (TBP) was suppressed in a viscous alcoholic solution, an SDS micellar solution and an ionic liquid of TMPA TFSA. In those solutions, the photochemical primary process of TBP could be studied by ns laser flash photolysis. Thiobenzophenone ketyl and phenylsulfanyl radicals were found to be generated from hydrogen abstraction of benzenethiol by TBP. The rate constant for the reaction was observed to be 1.1×107 s−1 mol−1 dm3.
In Situ Observation of Reductive Deposition of Uranium on an Electrode/Electrolyte Interface by Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy
Authors: Nankawa Takuya , Suzuki Yoshinori , Ohnuki Toshihiko 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We report the first in situ and real-time observation of UV–vis absorption spectra of uranium electrodeposited on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes by slab optical waveguide (SOWG) spectroscopy. An absorption peak around 670 nm was distinguished after a 30-min holding period at −0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy confirmed the presence of uranium(IV) in the uranium electrodeposited on the ITO electrode.
Conformation-dependent Room-temperature Emission Spectra of Single MEH-PPV Chains in Different Polymer Matrices
Authors: Ebihara Yohei , Habuchi Satoshi , Vacha Martin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Emission spectra of single molecules of the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV in host matrices of ZEONEX® and polystyrene are reported. Depending on the matrix, the polymer chains attain different conformations, from compact defect cylinders to extended defect coils. The conformations are correlated with photophysical properties, such as emission intensity fluctuations, and with shapes and peaks of emission spectra. The observed bimodal distribution of the spectral peaks is related to distribution in conjugated segment lengths.
Perspectives on Leadership in Organizations Providing Services to People With Disabilities: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Brady Laura Thompson , Fong Lisa , Waninger Kendra N. , Eidelman Steven 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
As leaders from the Baby Boomer generation prepare for retirement over the next decade, emerging leaders must be identified and supported in anticipation of a major organizational transition. Authentic leadership is a construct that informs the development of values-driven leaders who will bring organizations into the future, just as the previous generation of leaders oversaw the movement of services away from state institutions and into networks of community-based service delivery organizations. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine executive and emerging leaders' opinions about the unique leadership values, skills, and challenges in organizations that serve individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Themes of defining, developing, and sustaining leaders emerged from the data and are explored through an authentic leadership framework.
Silicon Oxide Composite Film Fabricated by Wet Process at Low Temperature as a Passivation Layer for Printable Electric Device
Authors: Uemura Sei , Suemori Kouji , Yoshida Manabu , Hoshino Satoshi , Takada Noriyuki , Kodzasa Takehito , Ibraki Nobuki , Kamata Toshihide 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPrintable devices have been attracting considerable interest because of their application to flexible large-area devices in low cost printable electronics. In order to fabricate such devices, it is necessary to discover a passivation film and develop an efficient process for its preparation. We have previously reported that silicone oxide film is obtained with high density by UV irradiation to silazane compound film at low temperature [1]. The silicon oxide film has electric resistivity more than 10−15 Ωcm and electric strength more than 7 MV/cm. In order to apply the film to passivation layer in printable device, in this paper, preparation of nano-composite film with silicon oxide and clay mineral was investigated.
Milled Bar-Supported Implant Overdenture After Mandibular Resection: A Case Report
Authors: Vecchiatini Renata , Mobilio Nicola , Barbin Demis , Catapano Santo , Calura Giorgio 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
After surgical treatment for oral cancer, patients often are affected by disfigurements, thwarted function, and psychological and social problems. Prosthodontic rehabilitation has the aim of restoring function and esthetics. Implant-supported prosthodontic rehabilitation is useful for patients with compromised residual ridge anatomy, such as patients with oral cancer following treatment. This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of a patient after mandibular resection with a milled bar-supported implant overdenture. Overdenture achieves best hygienic maintenance, easy soft tissue follow-up, and low realization cost. This rehabilitation increased prosthesis retention and stability and improved oral conditions and the patient's quality of life.
Simultaneous Vertical Guided Bone Regeneration and Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Posterior Maxilla Using Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: A Case Report
Authors: Urban Istvan , Caplanis Nicholas , Lozada Jaime L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This clinical case report describes and demonstrates successful use of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF-BB) in conjunction with autogenous bone, anorganic bone mineral, and barrier membranes to reconstruct severe alveolar bone defects. A combined sinus augmentation and vertical alveolar ridge augmentation was successfully performed. In addition, a significant amount of periodontal bone gain was achieved in close apposition to a previously denuded root surface, which is significant from a periodontal standpoint, given the possibility of vertical periodontal regeneration.