bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfusion criteria in free flap surgery
Authors: Rossmiller Sarah R. , Cannady Steven B. , Ghanem Tamer A. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: January 2010

ObjectiveThe ideal hematocrit for patients undergoing free flap reconstruction is unknown. It is standard practice to keep hematocrit levels above 30 percent, although there is evidence that blood transfusions are associated with both infectious and noninfectious complications. We propose that lowering the trigger for postoperative transfusions from 30 percent to 25 percent will not increase flap‐related complications and may reduce unnecessary blood transfusions.Study DesignObservational cohort study.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsPatients undergoing free tissue transfer from January 2007 through February 2008 received blood transfusions for hematocrit < 30 percent, whereas patients having surgery from March 2008 through April 2009 received blood transfusions for hematocrit < 25 percent. Outcomes include flap‐related complications, length of stay, number of units transfused, and lowest postoperative hematocrit.ResultsIn the group transfused for hematocrit < 30 percent, 123 patients underwent 129 free flaps. In the group transfused for hematocrit < 25 percent, 122 patients underwent 135 flaps. The mean lowest postoperative hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the group transfused for hematocrit < 25 percent compared with the group transfused for hematocrit < 30 percent (26.6% vs 28.4%, respectively, P < 0.0001). The group with hematocrit < 25 percent also received fewer units of blood transfused (1.47 vs 2.11, P = 0.028). Complication rates between the two groups were not significantly different aside from higher rates of fistula and respiratory failure in the group transfused for hematocrit < 30 percent. Flap loss was 2.3 percent compared with 6.7 percent (P = 0.138).ConclusionFor patients undergoing free flap surgery, a postoperative transfusion trigger of hematocrit < 25 percent decreases blood transfusion rates without increasing rates of flap‐related complications.
Interaction between gravitational waves and plasma waves in the Vlasov description
Authors: BRODIN G. , FORSBERG M. , MARKLUND M. , ERIKSSON D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic, electrostatic and gravitational waves in a Vlasov plasma is reconsidered. By using a orthonormal tetrad description the three-wave coupling coefficients are computed. Comparing with previous results, it is found that the present theory leads to algebraic expression that are much reduced, as compared to those computed using a coordinate frame formalism. Furthermore, here we calculate the back reaction on the gravitational waves, and a simple energy conservation law is deduced in the limit of a cold plasma.
Magnetized plasma-wall transition layer with cold ions
Authors: TSKHAKAYA D. D. , BINT-E-MUNIR F. , KUHN S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe magnetized plasma-wall transition (MPWT) layer occurring, for example near a tokamak diverter, typically consists of three distinct sublayers: the Debye sheath (DS), the magnetic presheath (MPS) and the collisional presheath (CPS), with characteristic lengths λD (electron Debye length), ρi (ion gyroradius) and λ (smallest relevant ion collision length), respectively. For analytical simplicity one usually assumes the ordering λD ≪ ρi ≪ λ, or, equivalently, $\varepsilon _{Dm} \equiv \frac{{\lambda _D }}{{\rho _i }} \to 0$ and $\varepsilon _{mc} \equiv \frac{{\rho _i }}{\lambda } \to 0$ (‘asymptotic three-scale (A3S) limit’), in which the three sublayers are precisely defined. In the present work the equations and length scales governing the transition, or the ‘intermediate’ regions between neighboring sublayers (DS–MPS, MPS–CPS), in the A3S limit are derived, allowing one to avoid the singularities arising from the ϵDm → 0 and ϵmc → 0 approximations. The MPS entrance and the related Bohm–Chodura condition is defined in a natural way. It is found that in the hydrodynamic Ti = 0 approximation the intermediate scales and equations have a universal form and a similar structure not only for the MPS–DS and CPS–MPS transitions but also for the DS–CPS transition in the non-magnetized case.
Developing language in a developing body: the relationship between motor development and language development
Authors: IVERSON JANA M. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTDuring the first eighteen months of life, infants acquire and refine a whole set of new motor skills that significantly change the ways in which the body moves in and interacts with the environment. In this review article, I argue that motor acquisitions provide infants with an opportunity to practice skills relevant to language acquisition before they are needed for that purpose; and that the emergence of new motor skills changes infants' experience with objects and people in ways that are relevant for both general communicative development and the acquisition of language. Implications of this perspective for current views of co-occurring language and motor impairments and for methodology in the field of child language research are also considered.
Incidence of hospitalization due to community-acquired rotavirus infection: a 12-year study (1996–2008)
Authors: CILLA G. , GOMARIZ M. , MONTES M. , MENDIBURU M. I. , PÉREZ-YARZA E. G. , PÉREZ-TRALLERO E. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYThe incidence of hospitalization for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a useful parameter to assess the utility of the new rotavirus vaccines in high-income countries. Children hospitalized for AGE were identified by searching hospital discharge data and the records of the microbiology laboratory of Hospital Donostia. Rotavirus antigen was investigated in 96·1% of the 1114 children aged 1 month to <5 years hospitalized for AGE in the study period. Nearly 40% were rotavirus positive (44·9% of the 798 children aged 1 month to <2 years), with G1[P8] being the predominant genotype. The mean annual incidence rate of hospitalization due to rotavirus AGE was 29·8 and 63·7 cases/10 000 inhabitants in the <5 and <2 years age groups, respectively, in 1996–1999, decreasing to 13·6 and 27·4 cases/10 000 inhabitants in <5 and <2 years age groups, respectively, in 2002–2005 (P<0·001). This decrease coincided with a significant increase in the consumption of oral rehydration solutions.
Declining HCV seroprevalence in pregnant women with HIV
Authors: FLORIDIA M. , TAMBURRINI E. , ANZIDEI G. , TIBALDI C. , MUGGIASCA M. L. , GUARALDI G. , FISCON M. , VIMERCATI A. , MARTINELLI P. , DONISI A. , DALZERO S. , RAVIZZA M. ,   for the Italian Group on Surveillance on Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYWe assessed recent trends in hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in pregnant women with HIV using data from a large national study. Based on 1240 pregnancies, we observed a 3·4-fold decline in HCV seroprevalence in pregnant women with HIV between 2001 (29·3%) and 2008 (8·6%). This decline was the net result of two components: a progressively declining HCV seroprevalence in non-African women (from 35·7% in 2001 to 16·7% in 2008), sustained by a parallel reduction in history of injecting drug use (IDU) in this population, and a significantly growing presence (from 21·2% in 2001 to 48·6% in 2008) of women of African origin, at very low risk of being HCV-infected [average HCV prevalence 1%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for HCV 0·09, 95% CI 0·03–0·29]. Previous IDU was the stronger determinant of HCV co-infection in pregnant women with HIV (aOR 30·9, 95% CI 18·8–51·1). The observed trend is expected to translate into a reduced number of cases of vertical HCV transmission.
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections at an Army training installation
Authors: MORRISON-RODRIGUEZ S. M. , PACHA L. A. , PATRICK J. E. , JORDAN N. N. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYTo assess the burden of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in a high-risk population, the monthly incidence of laboratory-confirmed MRSA in service members/trainees stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA without hospitalization or surgery documented 30 days prior to infection was calculated for calendar years 2002–2007. Clinical management and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were also evaluated. By 2007, ~67% of S. aureus strains were MRSA, and ~82% of these were community-associated, primarily in trainees. In total, 3531 CA-MRSA infections were identified. Rates appeared to be seasonal, peaking at 42 cases/1000 soldiers in 2005, with rates remaining above 35/1000 soldiers thereafter. Increased prescription of effective antibiotics was documented. Susceptibility to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin decreased from 2002 to 2007 by 6%, 17%, and 14%, respectively. The sustained high prevalence of CA-MRSA observed highlights the need for more vigilant population-based counter-measures at military training installations.
La construction détachée à gauche dans l'alternance des tours de parole
Authors: LIKHACHEVA LIDIA 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTDans le présent article, je me propose de montrer comment les fonctions discursives de la Construction Détachée à Gauche (CDG) liées au marquage de la structure informationnelletopique/commentairese réalisent dans des contextes interactifs. Je pose notamment que la façon dont les occurrences de la CDG sont distribuées à travers la succession de tours de parole dépend en partie d'une stratégie discursive déployée par le locuteur, à savoir l’élicitation ou la narration. Les faits présentés ici ont pour visée de fournir des éléments de réponses nouveaux qui aident à mieux comprendre le rôle de la CDG dans l'organisation thématique et séquentielle du discours.
Organizations and economics
Authors: ADELSTEIN RICHARD 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Judge Posner (2010) identifies organizational economics with the principal-agent problem and offers no definition of the crucial term organization, which leads him to force the principal-agent template on social formations that are not organizations and to neglect aspects of their operation that might be illuminated by alternative conceptions of organizational economics. This response offers an explicit characterization of organizations as central planning agencies, considers Posner's examples in light of the problems of purpose, information, and control faced by all central planners, and draws upon an emerging capabilities theory of organizations to extend the scope of Posner's analysis and suggest insights beyond those that flow from the principal-agent approach.
What do corporate directors maximize? (Not quite what everybody thinks)
Authors: AVIRAM AMITAI 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:The agency problem at the core of corporate law stems from a chronic potential conflict of interest between directors’ self-interest and that of shareholders. Corporate law views directors’ self-interest in terms of diverting welfare to directors at the expense of shareholders. Another component of directors’ self-interest – being perceived as maximizing shareholders’ welfare – is seen not as part of the agency problem, but as part of the solution (aligning directors’ incentives with shareholders’).This is true only if taking actions that maximize shareholders’ welfare is also the optimal manner for a director to be perceived as maximizing welfare. However, directors have more appealing ways to be positively perceived. In conducting bias arbitrage, directors identify risks that shareholders over-estimate, take action to address the risk, and then take credit for the ‘lowered’ risk (i.e., shareholders’ corrected assessment of the risk).Bias arbitrage is more attractive as shareholders’ misperception of a risk increases. The opportunity to bias arbitrage thus leads directors to address highly misperceived risks instead of highly remediable risks.
Comment on Richard A. Posner's organization economics
Authors: BACKHAUS JÜRGEN G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:The intellectual roots of law and economics, institutional economics, and the possible science of organization economics are here explored for a better understanding of what Posner is pushing for. The purpose is, of course, to gain better acceptance of his proposal. As it turns out, organization economics comes close to what has come to be called ‘the science of State’, i.e. treating law, economics, sociology, and political science as approaches to one and the same subject always to be taken together.
Richard Posner's economics of organization
Authors: CHOI YOUNG BACK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Posner's economics of organization yields an unconventional view that private organizations operating in the market, the publicly held US business corporation, despite the profit motive, ends up being inefficient, paying excessive compensation to CEOs, while some public organizations, the US federal judicial system (and the judicial system of Continental Europe and Japan), despite the insulation of judges from most of incentives and the near complete autonomy afforded to them, works reasonably well. Unfortunately, Posner does not state clearly the criteria by which he judges one ‘excessive’ and the others ‘works reasonably well’, nor does he explain well why professional norms of judges that play a crucial role in public organizations are not a factor in business organizations.
Judicial creativity and judicial errors: an organizational perspective
Authors: LUPPI BARBARA , PARISI FRANCESCO 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:The different role played by case law and the historical and conceptual differences between the doctrines of precedent in common law and civil law traditions are important determinants of judicial creativity. In this article, we consider a hybrid version of stare decisis, called by the French name of jurisprudence constante, adopted by mixed jurisdictions. Unlike stare decisis, which allows a single precedent to establish case law, the doctrine of jurisprudence constante links the recognition of a judge-made rule to the existence of a consecutive line of decisions affirming the same legal principle. We develop a model to consider the effects of this doctrine on the social costs arising from judicial error and uncertainty in case law. We further consider the effects of these alternative doctrines of precedent on judicial creativity and ideological bias in judge-made law.
Roll over George Stigler: Berle and Means meet Chicago price theory
Authors: MEDEMA STEVEN G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Recent writings by Richard Posner in this Journal and elsewhere appear to mark a departure from the Chicago price theory tradition with which Posner long has been associated. This paper picks up on one facet of this: the similarity of Posner's views of the corporation, and of executive compensation in particular, to the perspective laid out by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property – a perspective that has for decades been harshly rejected by the Chicago school.
Organizational economics: applications to metropolitan governance
Authors: OSTROM ELINOR 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:This comment relates to Richard Posner (2010), the lead article for this issue. Posner applies ‘the principles of organization economics’ to the study of diverse types of organizations. His study comparing the FBI to other types of police organization is important and compatible with the study of urban policing in American metropolitan areas. Many policy prescriptions are based on an inadequate understanding of the diversity of urban public good production functions and a lumping together of every type of police service. A brief review of research related to the concept of polycentricity as related to urban services in metropolitan areas is provided as a way of further illustrating Posner's concern that finer distinctions need to be made in the way scholars analyze organizational economics.
Organization economics explains many forensic science errors
Authors: KOPPL ROGER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Judge Posner (2010) has identified an important lacuna in law and economics, namely a tendency to ignore organization theory. I will apply the tools of organization theory to an area almost completely neglected in law and economics, forensic science. Posner points us to tools we should make use of; I am pointing to an application we have neglected. Forensic science today is characterized by a twofold monopoly. First, evidence is typically examined by one crime lab only. Second, that same lab will normally be the only one to offer an interpretation of the results of the examination it performs. Crime labs today are typically organized under law enforcement agencies, which may create conscious and unconscious biases in favor of police and prosecution. These organizational features of forensic science today encourage errors and wrongful convictions.
Arctic System Reanalysis: Call for Community Involvement
Authors: Bromwich David , Kuo Ying‐Hwa , Serreze Mark , Walsh John , Bai Le‐Sheng , Barlage Michael , Hines Keith , Slater Andrew 
Published: January 2010

Arctic climate encompasses multiple feedbacks, the most important of which is the ice‐albedo feedback. Enhanced Arctic changes, first recognized in the nineteenth century, increasingly are being observed across terrestrial, oceanic, atmospheric, and human systems, inspiring interdisciplinary research efforts, including the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) program, to understand the nature and future development of the Arctic system.In response to the need for enhanced understanding outlined in the 2005 SEARCH Implementation Plan [Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, 2005], an ongoing Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) project builds on previous programs to observe the Arctic climate. The ASR is a multi‐institutional, interdisciplinary collaboration that optimally merges measurements and modeling to provide a high‐resolution description of the region's atmosphere/sea ice/land system by assimilating a diverse suite of observations into a regional model. The project builds upon lessons learned from past reanalyses by optimizing model physics parameterizations and methods of data assimilation for Arctic conditions. The ASR, which is a partnership with the broader Arctic research community, represents a synthesis tool for assessing and monitoring variability and change in the Arctic system.
Climate Monitoring of the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: You Yuzhu , Sanford Tom , Liu Cho‐Teng 
Published: January 2010

Despite growing recognition of the need to monitor the global ocean circulation, existing sensor networks are unable to observe certain key parts of the world ocean (see Figure 1). One such choke point is in the Indonesian seas, where the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) flows from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean as an upper branch of the overturning circulation. To properly understand the role the ITF plays in the climate system, longer‐term measurements are required on decadal time scales and beyond. The Indonesian seas currently are not sampled on a regular basis because the Argo float network is not able to operate in this extremely complicated marginal sea environment.Since 2008, an international program called the Indonesian Throughflow: Pacific Source Water Investigation (PACSWIN [You et al., 2010]) has sought to fill this gap in the global ocean observing network. PACSWIN is a coordinated multinational ocean climate program that will be active in the Indonesian seas and adjacent regions for the coming decade and beyond. The cable component of PACSWIN, which also has other components, promises to meet the need for a cost‐effective long‐term monitoring system, in addition to providing a more diverse set of supporting and supplementary measurements. This cable component was the subject of a 9–10 September 2009 workshop, the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR)‐endorsed First PACSWIN Submarine Cable Workshop, held in Taipei, Taiwan (for more information, visit http://sol.oc/ntu.edu.tw/PACSWIN/index.htm). An implementation plan currently is being developed.
Paleointensity Database Updated and Upgraded
Authors: Biggin Andrew John , McCormack Alan , Roberts Andrew 
Published: January 2010

The global absolute paleointensity (PINT) database, sponsored by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, recently was updated with new data and published alongside a new queryable interface at http://earth.liv.ac.uk/pint/.Absolute paleointensity determinations are spot readings of the strength of the geomagnetic field at the time and place at which a rock cooled down from elevated temperatures. The time generally can be estimated using an independent dating technique applied to the rock itself, and the place (or at least the paleolatitude) of the rock often can be estimated from the associated paleomagnetic direction.
Intranuclear sphingomyelin is associated with transcriptionally active chromatin and plays a role in nuclear integrity
Authors: Scassellati Catia , Albi Elisabetta , Cmarko Dusan , Tiberi Cinzia , Cmarkova Jana , Bouchet‐Marquis Cedric , Verschure Pernette J. , van Driel Roel , Magni Mariapia Viola , Fakan Stanislav 
Published: January 2010

Background information. Sphingomyelin is one of the major phospholipids in the cell nucleus. However, its intranuclear distribution with regard to different functional nuclear domains as well as its possible involvement in the nuclear functional architecture remains to be elucidated.Results. We carried out an ultrastructural cytochemical study of the intranuclear distribution of SM (sphingomyelin) using an in situ binding assay of neutral SMase (sphingomyelinase) conjugated to colloidal gold particles. The enzymatic labelling was carried out on ultrathin sections of different mammalian cells prepared by means of various fixation and resin‐embedding protocols. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed preferential localization of SM within the PR (perichromatin region), a functionally important nucleoplasmic domain containing sites of pre‐mRNA synthesis and processing. In the nucleolus, SM is mostly associated with the dense fibrillar component containing transcriptionally active ribosomal genes. Microinjection of enzymatically active SMase into living cells resulted in a rapid degradation of intranuclear structure.Conclusions. Our observations, supported by biochemical data, provide evidence for the involvement of SM in important nuclear functions. They bring additional information pointing out the PR as an essential functional nuclear domain. Furthermore, they suggest a role for SM in the internal nuclear architecture.