bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent mullerian duct syndrome
Authors: Renu Divya , Rao B Ganesh , Ranganath K ,   Namitha
Published: February 2010

AbstractPersistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare form of internal male pseudohermaphroditism in which Mullerian duct derivatives are seen in a male patient. This syndrome is characterized by the persistence of Mullerian duct derivatives (i.e. uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and upper two thirds of vagina) in a phenotypically and karyotypically male patient. In this article we present the USG and MRI features of a case of PMDS with bilateral cryptorchidism and left sided inguinal hernia, containing the uterus and fallopian tubes.
Hepatitis B in Health Care Workers: Indian Scenario
Authors: Singhal Varsha , Bora Dhrubajyoti , Singh Sarman 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTHealthcare workers have a high risk of occupational exposure to many blood-borne diseases including HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C viral infections. Of these Hepatitis B is not only the most transmissible infection, but also the only one that is preventable by vaccination. In developing countries, Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among healthcare workers is very low for various reasons, including awareness, risk assessment, and low priority given by the health managements of both government and private hospitals. Most of the hospitals lack post-exposure management strategies including the coordination among various departments for reporting, testing, and vaccination. This review, therefore, focuses on the current situation of Hepatitis B vaccine status in the healthcare workers of India, and provides updated guidelines to manage the accidental exposure to hepatitis B virus-infected biological materials in healthcare workers. The review also emphasizes on what options are available to a healthcare worker, in case of exposure and how they can respond to the standard vaccination schedules, besides the need to educate the healthcare workers about Hepatitis B infection, available vaccines, post-vaccine immune status, and post-exposure prophylaxis.
Serum Levels of Lipids, Calcium and Magnesium in Women with Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Al-Hakeim Hussein Kadhem 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTLipid abnormalities in hypothyroidism contribute to the disproportionate increase in cardiovascular risk. A possible relationship between serum level of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) and cardiovascular disease was recorded. In this work, the possible correlation between lipid profile components and serum cations Ca and Mg was investigated. Matched healthy women were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. All parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total and ionized Mg in hypothyroid patients in comparing with control group. There was a significant increase (P <0.05) in serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and (LDL-C)/(HDL-C) ratio in hypothyroid patients as compared with control group. However, no correlation was found between the cation levels and lipid profile of the studied groups. It can be concluded that patients with hypothyroidism exhibited elevated atherogenic parameters (TC and LDL-C) and high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Emergence of Nonalbicans Candida in Neonatal Septicemia and Antifungal Susceptibility: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Goel Nidhi , Ranjan Prabhat K , Aggarwal Ritu , Chaudhary Uma , Sanjeev Nanda 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Aims: To know the distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species in neonatal septicemia cases.
Materials and Methods: In a prospective analysis blood samples from 825 clinically suspected cases of neonatal septicemia, collected aseptically, were cultured to look for the role of Candida spp. in septicemia. Candida isolates were speciated by germ tube test, Hi-CHROME agar, sugar fermentation, and sugar assimilation tests using standard protocol. All the Candida isolates were tested for antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole by the Disk Diffusion (DD) method and broth micro dilution-minimum inhibitory concentration (BMD-MIC) method using NCCLS guidelines.
Results: Isolation rate of Candida from neonatal septicemia cases was 8.1%. Most common isolate was C. tropicalis (61.19%), followed by C. albicans (19.40%), C. glabrata (11.94%), C. parapsilosis (5.97%) and C. guillermondii (1.49%). Low birth weight and previous antibiotic prophylaxis was found in 100% cases. Crude mortality rate was 50.1%. By DD method, 95.53% of the Candida isolates were sensitive to fluconazole. A discrepancy between DD method and BMD-MIC method was noted in 4.47% strains. One isolates each of C. tropicalis, C. albicans, and C. glabrata showed discrepancy.
Conclusion: Nonalbicans Candida has emerged as an important cause of neonatal septicemia. Routine susceptibility testing of Candida isolates by DD method should be confirmed by BMD-MIC method. Fluconazole can be used as empirical therapy for neonatal candidemia at our center.
Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Histopathological Study with Special Reference to Intestinal Perforation and Mesenteric Vasculopathy
Authors: Dasgupta Alakananda , Singh Navjeevan , Bhatia Arati 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Background: Along with the increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in parallel with the increase in population in various parts of the world, in recent years, the incidence of abdominal tuberculosis has also increased. The pathogenetic events in intestinal tuberculosis, which culminate in ulcer formation, perforation, and stricture, still have to be identified.
Aim: To correlate the gross and microscopic features in intestinal tuberculosis, in particular tuberculous perforation with changes in mesenteric vasculature.
Patients and Methods: A one-year prospective study of excised/resected tissues from patients with abdominal tuberculosis requiring surgical intervention was conducted. Tissues from fifty-six patients were included in the study — of which 36 were resected intestinal segments and 20 were intestinal and lymph node biopsies. Hematoxylin and Eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen stains were used for histopathological examination.
Results: Tuberculous enteritis was found to be present in 49 of the 56 patients (87.5%) (ileum being the site most commonly affected), while nodal involvement was seen in 39 (69.6%) patients. Perforations were present in 39 out of 49 (79.6%) intestinal tissues; most being solitary and ileum was the commonest site. Typical epithelioid cell granulomas were seen in the intestine and lymph nodes, with caseation being more prevalent in the latter. The mesenteric vasculature was frequently involved by granulomatous inflammation, with intravascular organizing thrombus being present in 30% of the resected specimens with perforation. Acid fast bacilli were demonstrated in the tissue sections of 37.5% of the patients. AFB positivity was higher in caseating granulomas.
Conclusion: Involvement of mesenteric vasculature by granulomatous inflammation was commonly associated with the ulcerative type with perforation, suggesting that ischemia caused by vascular thrombosis is responsible for tissue breakdown. This implies that vasculitis plays an important role in the natural history of abdominal tuberculosis.
Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolar, Karnataka
Authors: Malini A , Deepa E K , Gokul B N , Prasad S R 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
AIM: Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), which are saprophytic in nature, have emerged as important healthcare-associated pathogens. They exhibit resistance not only to beta lactam and the other groups of antibiotics, but also to carbapenems. This study was undertaken to identify the nonfermenters isolated from various clinical samples, to assess their clinical significance, to know the type of healthcare-associated infections they caused, and to know their anti-microbial sensitivity pattern.
Materials and Methods: The nonfermenters were identified using a standard protocol that included tests for motility, oxidase production, oxidation-fermentation test for various sugars, gelatin liquefaction, and growth on 10% lactose agar. The clinical significance was assessed by using various criteria and susceptibility testing was performed with the help of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results: A total of 193 NFGNB were isolated from 189 clinical specimens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common nonfermenter, accounting for 53.8%, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (22.2%), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (10.8%). Other significant NFGNB isolated were: Sphingobacterium species (5.2%), Acinetobacter lwoffii (3.1%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (2.6%). P. aeruginosa showed good sensitivity to imipenem (94%), cefoperazone (70%), amikacin (69%), and ticarcillin (63%). A. baumannii showed 100% sensitivity to imipenem and 70% sensitivity to piperacillin.
Conclusion: P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii were the common NFGNB isolated in our study from patients of, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, surgical site infections, and ventilator associated pneumonia. P. aeruginosa showed good sensitivity to imipenem, amikacin, and cefoperazone while A. baumannii showed good sensitivity to imipenem and piperacillin.
Diagnostic Value of Latex Agglutination in Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Dominic RM Saldanha , Prashanth H V , Shenoy Shalini , Baliga Shrikala 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common fungal pathogen to infect the central nervous system, and an effective diagnostic method is therefore necessary for the early diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis.
Aim: The efficacy of India ink preparation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and CSF cryptococcal antigen detection by the latex agglutination test for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis are compared to determine the most efficient test.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred CSF samples from human immunodeficiency virus - positive patients suspected to be suffering from meningitis were screened for Cryptococcus neoformans.

Results: Latex agglutination for cryptococcal antigen detection was found to be more sensitive compared to India ink staining and CSF culture.
Conclusion: Antigen detection by latex agglutination proved to be both sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. Rapid, early diagnosis of infection by detection of cryptococcal antigen by latex agglutination may alter the prognosis for these patients.
Optimum Time to Detection of Bacteria and Yeast Species with BACTEC 9120 Culture System from Blood and Sterile Body Fluids
Authors: Pal Nita , Sharma Rajni , Rishi Suman , Vyas Leela 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe culture results of 4,807 blood and 383 sterile body fluid specimens received in our laboratory during a 54-month period, were analyzed to determine the time required for culture to become positive, time at which a culture could safely be considered negative, and the spectrum of isolated organisms. The specimens were processed by automated BACTEC 9120 culture system. A total of 1,677 clinically significant microorganisms were isolated. Gram positive and negative bacterial isolation rates were found to be 62.55% and 32.20%, respectively. Yeasts were recovered in 5.24%. False positivity rate was 1.5%. Clinically significant isolates recovered on day four and five were 97.81% and 99.88%, respectively. At day five, the sensitivity was 99.94% and negative predictive value 99.96%. Our data support a five-day incubation protocol for recovery of all clinically significant organisms with sensitivity reduced by 0.06%, when compared with a six-day protocol.
Acinetobacter Septicemia in Neonates Admitted to Intensive Care Units
Authors: Shete Vishal B , Ghadage Dnyaneshwari P , Muley Vrishali A , Bhore Arvind V 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Background: Acinetobacter species are gaining importance as potential pathogens in neonatal septicemia because of their frequent isolation and multidrug resistance.
Aim and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Acinetobacter spp. as important pathogens in neonatal blood stream infection, to identify the associated risk factors, and to evaluate the drug sensitivity pattern.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples of infected neonates were studied bacteriologically. Cases of Acinetobacter septicemia were identified. Speciation of Acinetobacter species was done. Various risk factors were identified. The drug-sensitivity test was done.
Results: A total of 26 Acinetobacter septicemia cases were identified by blood culture. Acb complex strains predominated. Institutional birth and preterm birth were identified as the most frequent significant risk factors. 11.3% mortality rate was recorded. Acb complex strains exhibited a multi-drug resistant pattern. No carbapenem resistance was observed.
Conclusion: Acinetobacter should be added to the list of organisms causing severe nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units. Continuous bacteriological surveillance, implementation of infection control policies, careful disinfection of intensive care equipment, and rational antibiotic use are required for control of such infections.
Long-Term Effect of Different Classes of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Transaminases
Authors: Ikekpeazu Ebele J , Neboh Emeka E , Maduka Ignatius C , Odetunde Odutola , Ifejimalu Uche 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
AIM: The current use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS patients has increased the recognition of their hepatotoxic effects. The present study is aimed at evaluating the level of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in HIV patients on different classes of HAART, for various durations, which causes its toxicity
Materials and Methods: The AST and ALT levels were estimated in a total of 340 subjects, of which 290 were HIV positive subjects drawn from patients attending the HIV clinic in two Teaching Hospitals, in Nigeria. 240 of the HIV patients were divided into 3 equal groups of 80 each and placed on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), and protease inhibitors (PI), respectively, and were monitored for different periods of time (3, 6, 12, and >12 months). 50 of the HIV patients, yet to be placed on anti-retroviral therapy and 50 apparently healthy HIV-negative subjects served as the positive and negative controls, respectively.
Results: A significant increase in enzyme levels was noted at three and six months in the NNRTI group, and at only three months in the NRTI and PI groups, when compared with the controls. However, increased ALT was observed at six months in those on PI. The increased ALT and AST levels noted in the NNRTI group were significant when compared to those on NRTI and PI over a three- and six-month duration.
Conclusion: Liver enzyme activities were generally raised in the first three months of HAART, and further in the NNRTI group, after which they progressively fell to the normal level, with time. The highest degree was observed with NNRTIbased HAART.
Abrupt Morphology Change upon Thermal Annealing in Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene)/Soluble Fullerene Blend Films for Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Shin Minjung , Kim Hwajeong , Park Jiho , Nam Sungho , Heo Kyuyoung , Ree Moonhor , Ha Chang‐Sik , Kim Youngkyoo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe in situ morphology change upon thermal annealing in bulk heterojunction blend films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)‐propyl‐1‐phenyl‐(6,6)C61 (PCBM) is measured by a grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXD) method using a synchrotron radiation source. The results show that the film morphology—including the size and population of P3HT crystallites—abruptly changes at 140 °C between 5 and 30 min and is then stable up to 120 min. This trend is almost in good agreement with the performance change of polymer solar cells fabricated under the same conditions. The certain morphology change after 5 min annealing at 140 °C is assigned to the on‐going thermal transition of P3HT molecules in the presence of PCBM transition. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy measurements show that the crack‐like surface of blend films becomes smaller after a very short annealing time, but does not change further with increasing annealing time. These findings indicate that the stability of P3HT:PCBM solar cells cannot be secured by short‐time annealing owing to the unsettled morphology, even though the resulting efficiency is high.
Graphene–Polymer Nanofiber Membrane for Ultrafast Photonics
Authors: Bao Qiaoliang , Zhang Han , Yang Jia‐xiang , Wang Shuai , Tang Ding Yuan , Jose Rajan , Ramakrishna Seeram , Lim Chwee Teck , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA freestanding membrane composed of a nanofiber network of a graphene–polymer nanocomposite is fabricated by electrospinning and applied as an optical element in fiber lasers. The functionalization of graphene with conjugated organic molecules provides a handle for improving mechanical and thermal properties as well as tuning the optical properties. A small loading (0.07 wt%) of functionalized graphene enhances the total optical absorption of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) by 10 times. The electrospun graphene–polymer nanocomposites exhibit wideband saturable absorbance for laser pulse shaping, and attain a larger modulation depth and smaller nonsaturable loss than single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The results show that electrospun graphene nanocomposites are promising candidates as practical and efficient photonic materials for the generation of ultrashort pulses in fiber lasers.
Improving the ON/OFF Ratio and Reversibility of Recording by Rational Structural Arrangement of Donor–Acceptor Molecules
Authors: Ma Ying , Cao Xingbo , Li Guo , Wen Yongqiang , Yang Ye , Wang Jingxia , Du Shixuan , Yang Lianming , Gao Hongjun , Song Yanlin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOrganic molecules with donor–acceptor (D–A) structure are an important type of material for nanoelectronics and molecular electronics. The influence of the electron donor and acceptor units on the electrical function of materials is a worthy topic for the development of high‐performance data storage. In this work, the effect of different D–A structures (namely D–Π–A–Π–D and A–Π–D–Π–A) on the electronic switching properties of triphenylamine‐based molecules is investigated. Devices based on D–Π–A–Π–D molecules exhibit excellent write–read–erase characteristics with a high ON/OFF ratio of up to 106, while that based on A–Π–D–Π–A molecules exhibit irreversible switching behavior with an ON/OFF ratio of about (3.2 × 101)–(1 × 103). Moreover, long retention time of the high conductance state and low threshold voltage are observed for the D–A switching materials. Accordingly, stable and reliable nanoscale data storage is achieved on the thin films of the D–A molecules by scanning tunneling microscopy. The influence of the arrangement of the D and A within the molecular backbone disclosed in this study will be of significance for improving the electronic switching properties (ON/OFF current ratio and reversibility) of new molecular systems, so as to achieve more efficient data storage through appropriate design strategies.
Measurement of Charge‐Density Dependence of Carrier Mobility in an Organic Semiconductor Blend
Authors: Shuttle Christopher G. , Hamilton Richard , Nelson Jenny , O'Regan Brian C. , Durrant James R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHere, a new methodology for analyzing the charge‐density dependence of carrier mobility in organic semiconductors, applicable to the low‐charge‐density regime (1014–1017 cm−3) corresponding to the operation conditions of many organic optoelectronic devices, is reported. For the P3HT/PCBM blend photovoltaic devices studied herein, the hole mobility µ is found to depend on charge density n according to a power law µ(n) ∝ nδ, where δ = 0.35. This dependence is shown to be consistent with an energetic disorder model based upon an exponential tail of localized intra‐band states.
Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of ansa Compounds with Cycloalkyl Moieties as Bridging Units: A Comparative Study
Authors: Capapé Alejandro , Raith Alexander , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Cokoja Mirza , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe molybdenum and tungsten compounds (Mo{η5‐C5H4[CH(CH2)n]‐η1‐CH}(CO)3) and (W{η5‐C5H4[CH(CH2)3]‐η1‐CH}(CO)3) (2a, 3a n=3; 2b, 3b n=4; 2c, 3c n=5; 2d, 3d n=6) were synthesized by reacting the spiro‐bicyclic compounds 1a–d with the complex [M(CO)3(tach)] (M=molybdenum, tungsten; tach=1,3,5‐trimethylhexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine). NMR spectroscopy, as well as X‐ray diffraction studies, confirm the formation of an intramolecular ansa bridge. The complexes display a good stability in the solid state (stable up to 180 °C under air, as determined by thermogravimetric studies) and are highly active catalysts at room temperature (molybdenum compounds) or above (tungsten compounds) in olefin epoxidation. In the case of cyclooctene as substrate, TOFs up to ca. 11800 h−1 are obtained. Moreover, most of the catalysts described here display a high selectivity in the epoxidation of cis‐ and trans‐stilbene. In addition, the novel complexes were compared with previously synthesized related compounds, at least matching their catalytic performances.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Tandem Coupling/Cyclization: An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo‐/Pyrido[2,1‐b]benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐ 1‐ones
Authors: Zhou Yu , Zhai Yun , Ji Xun , Liu Guannan , Feng Enguang , Ye Deju , Zhao Linxiang , Jiang Hualiang , Liu Hong 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA highly efficient method has been developed for the one‐pot synthesis of multi‐ring heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrolo‐/pyrido[2,1‐b]benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐1‐ones from o‐aminobenzyl alcohols via a gold(I)‐catalyzed tandem coupling/cyclization reaction. Significantly, the strategy presents a straightforward and efficient approach to construct novel tricyclic or polycyclic molecular architectures in which two new CN bonds and one CO bond are formed in a one‐pot reaction operation from two simple starting materials. Moreover, a broad spectrum of substrates can participate in the process effectively to produce the desired products in good yields.
Various α‐Oxygen Functionalizations of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Mediated by the Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent p‐Iodotoluene Difluoride with Different Oxygen‐Containing Nucleophiles
Authors: Yu Jun , Tian Jun , Zhang Chi 
Published: February 2010

Abstractp‐Iodotoluene difluoride (p‐Tol‐IF2) has been found to be a general reagent for the effective introduction of various oxygen‐containing functionalities including tosyloxy, mesyloxy, acetoxy, phosphoryloxy, methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy at the α‐position of β‐dicarbonyl compounds. These transformations can be readily realized by the use of the combined reagent of p‐iodotoluene difluoride and various oxygen‐containing nucleophilic compounds such as p‐toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, diphenyl phosphate, methanol, ethanol and propan‐2‐ol under mild conditions, respectively. And, the in situ generated hypervalent iodine(III) species via ligand exchange between p‐iodotoluene difluoride and the respective oxygen‐containing nucleophiles are believed to be the real oxidizing agents in such transformations.
Synthesis and Application of Polymer‐Supported Chiral Brønsted Acid Organocatalysts
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Sugiono Erli , Steck Alexander , Theissmann Thomas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new methodology for the immobilization of chiral Brønsted acids has been developed. The resulting heterogeneous organocatalysts have been employed in multiple consecutive catalysis cycles in the asymmetric organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation. The new catalyst system can not only be easily recovered from the reaction mixture in a tea‐bag approach but it can also be easily reused in several catalytic cycles without loss of reactivity and selectivity.