bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spin‐history artifact during functional MRI: Potential for adaptive correction
Authors: Yancey Sadie E. , Rotenberg David J. , Tam Fred , Chiew Mark , Ranieri Shawn , Biswas L. , Anderson Kevan J. T. , Nicole Baker S. , Wright Graham A. , Graham Simon J. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is limited by sensitivity to millimetre‐scale head motion. Adaptive correction is a strategy to adjust the imaging plane in response to measured head motion, thereby suppressing motion artifacts. This strategy should correct for motion in all six degrees of freedom and also holds promise for through‐plane motion that creates “spin‐history” artifact that cannot easily be removed by postprocessing methods. Improved quantitative understanding of the MRI signal behavior associated with spin‐history artifact would be useful for implementing adaptive correction robustly.Methods:A numerical simulation was developed to predict MRI artifact signal amplitude in a single‐slice for simple motions, implemented with and without adaptive correction, and compared with experiment by imaging a phantom at 3.0 T. Functional MRI was also performed of a human volunteer to illustrate adaptive correction in the presence of spin‐history artifact.Results:Good agreement was achieved between simulation and experimental results. Although time‐averaged artifact signal amplitude was observed to correlate linearly with motion speed, artifact time‐courses were nonlinearly related to motion waveforms. In addition, experimental results demonstrated effective adaptive correction of spin‐history artifact when the phantom underwent complex motions. Adaptive correction during human fMRI suppressed spin‐history artifacts and spurious activations associated with task‐correlated motion.Conclusions:Overall, this work suggests that adaptive correction, especially when implemented with minimal lag between motion measurement and scan plane update, may help to expand the populations for which fMRI can be performed robustly.
Possibility of using cylindrical ionization chambers for percent depth‐dose measurements in clinical electron beams
Authors: Ono Takeshi , Araki Fujio , Yoshiyama Fumiaki 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:This study investigated the possibility of using cylindrical ionization chambers for percent depth‐dose (PDD) measurements in high‐energy clinical electron beams.Methods:The cavity correction factor,Pcav, for cylindrical chambers with various diameters was calculated as a function of depth from the surface to R50, in the energy range of 6–18 MeV electrons with the EGSnrc C ++ ‐based user‐code CAVITY. The results were compared with those for IBA NACP‐02 and PTW Roos parallel‐plate ionization chambers. The effective point of measurement (EPOM) for the cylindrical chamber and the parallel‐plate chamber was positioned according to the IAEA TRS‐398 code of practice. The overall correction factor, PQ, and the percent depth‐ionization (PDI) curve for a PTW30013 Farmer‐type chamber were also compared with those of NACP‐02 and Roos chambers.Results:ThePcav values at depths between the surface and R50 for cylindrical chambers were all lower than those with parallel‐plate chambers. However, the variation in depth for cylindrical chambers equal to or less than 4 mm in diameter was equivalent to or smaller than that for parallel‐plate chambers. The PQ values for the PTW30013 chamber mainly depended on Pcav, and for parallel‐plate chambers depended on the wall correction factor, Pwall, rather than Pcav. PQ at depths from the surface to R50 for the PTW30013 chamber was consequently a lower value than that with parallel‐plate chambers. However, the variation in depth was equivalent to that of parallel‐plate chambers at electron energies equal to or greater than 9 MeV. The shift to match calculated PDI curves for the PTW30013 chamber and water (perturbation free) varied from 0.65 to 0 mm between 6 and 18 MeV beams. Similarly, the shifts for NACP‐02 and Roos chambers were 0.5–0.6 mm and 0.2–0.3 mm, respectively, and were nearly independent of electron energy.Conclusions:Calculated PDI curves for PTW30013, NACP‐02, and Roos chambers agreed well with that of water by using the optimal EPOM. Therefore, the possibility of using cylindrical ionization chambers can be expected for PDD measurements in clinical electron beams.
Protective effects of peoniflorin against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Chen Tao , Guo Zai-pei , Jiao Xiao-yan , Zhang Yu-hong , Li Jing-yi , Liu Hong-jie 
Published: July 2011

Peoniflorin (PF), extracted from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., has been reported to have anti-inflammation and antioxidant effects in several animal models. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of PF against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated by H2O2(240 µmol/L) with or without PF. PF significantly increased the percent cell viability of HUVECs injured by H2O2using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. By flow cytometric analysis, PF markedly attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species production. In addition, PF also displayed a dose-dependent reduction of lactate dehydrogenase leakage, malondialdehyde formation, and caspase-3 proteolytic activities in H2O2-treated cells, which was accompanied with a restoration of the activities of endogenous antioxidants, including total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Finally, Western blot data revealed that H2O2upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in HUVECs, which was almost completely reversed by PF. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that PF has a protective ability against oxidative damage in HUVECs. PF may be a candidate medicine for the treatment of vascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Extract of the plantCotinus coggygriaScop. attenuates pyrogallol-induced hepatic oxidative stress in Wistar rats
Authors: Matić Sanja , Stanić Snežana , Bogojević Desanka , Vidaković Melita , Grdović Nevena , Arambašić Jelena , Dinić Svetlana , Uskoković Aleksandra , Poznanović Goran , Solujić Slavica , Mladenović Milan , Marković Jelena , Mihailović Mirjana 
Published: July 2011

To examine the protective potential of the Cotinus coggygria Scop. methanol extract, Wistar rats were treated with the hepatotoxic compound pyrogallol, which possesses a potent ability to generate free radicals and induce oxidative stress. The ability of the extract to counteract the oxidative stress was examined in rats that were injected with the extract intraperitoneally (500 mg·(kg body weight)–1) either 2 or 12 h before the pyrogallol treatment. The extract possesses a reducing activity in vitro and an ability to chelate the ferrous ion both in vivo and in vitro. Application of the extract prior to pyrogallol treatment led to a decrease in the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and attenuation of DNA damage, as well as increased Akt activity and inhibition of NF-κB protein expression. Treatment with the extract 12 h prior to pyrogallol administration was more effective in suppressing pyrogallol-induced oxidative damage than the 2 h pretreatment. Extract administration promoted an increase in acute phase reactants haptoglobin and α2-macroglobulin that was short of a full-fledged acute phase response. Administration of the extract considerably improved the markers of oxidative stress, thus revealing a potential hepatoprotective activity. Our results suggest that Akt activation, NF-κB inhibition, and induction of the acute phase play important roles in mediating hepatic protection by the extract. The greater effectiveness of the 12 h pretreatment with extract points to the important role that preconditioning assumes in improving resistance to subsequent exposure to oxidative stress.
Immunomodulatory activity ofLactobacillusstrains isolated from fermented vegetables and infant stool
Authors: Won Tae Joon , Kim Bongjoon , Oh Eun Seul , Bang Joon Seok , Lee Yoon Jeong , Yoo Jong-Sun , Yu Hyunmin , Yoon Joowon , Hyung Kyeong Eun , Park So-Young , Hwang Kwang Woo 
Published: July 2011

Four Lactobacillus strains — Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP133, L. plantarum CJLP243, L. plantarum CJNR26, and Lactobacillus gasseri CJMF3 — were isolated from Korean fermented food or healthy infant feces, and their capacity to modulate cellular and humoral immune responses was studied. Feeding of the tested lactobacilli for 8 weeks did not alter the weight of and cell numbers in the spleen of mice. However, CJLP133 and CJLP243 strains increased the T lymphocyte population in the spleen of mice, while CJNR26 and CJMF3 increased the B lymphocyte population. In splenocytes treated with concanavalin A, ingestion of CJLP133 and CJLP243 promoted T lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of T cell cytokines, whereas feeding of the CJNR26 and CJMF3 strains enhanced B lymphocyte proliferation in splenocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide and plaque formation. These results suggest that CJLP133 and CJLP243 have immunostimulating activity through the enhancement of T cell activation, while CJNR26 and CJMF3 exhibit immunopotentiation through the increment of B cell activation.
'Look it up in…'? Aramaic Lexicography Some General Observations
Authors: Kwasman Theodore 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
It is astounding how few dictionaries have been published for Aramaic in the last century. The standard dictionaries such as Payne Smith, Jastrow and Levy are all about a century or more old. This article discusses the current state of Aramaic lexicography against the background of Semitic lexicography in general, and it provides an overview of Aramaic dictionaries for each of the dialects, concluding with a profile for future Aramaic lexicography.
Trouble in the Trees! Variant Selection and Tree Construction Illustrated by the Texts of Targum Judges
Authors: Smelik Willem 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The genealogy of textual witnesses of the Jewish Aramaic Bible translations is fraught with difficulties because our copies reveal traces of non-linear influences. This article explores some criteria for the selection of variant readings in order to achieve a meaningful picture of the relationships between the witnesses, while focusing on the results of two editions and two manuscripts whose relationship to one another is known. The second part of this article provides an evaluation of the results in the form of shock waves and initial trees. A case is made for the preservation of all variant readings, while using our images of text relations as a heuristic device to help understand the course of variant readings.
The Peshitta of Ben Sira: Jewish and/or Christian?
Authors: van Peursen Wido 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The religious context in which the Syriac translation of the Bible originated is a much-debated issue. Some scholars argue that it originated in a Jewish context, others that it has a Christian background. Also various hypotheses about a Jewish-Christian origin have been put forward. This paper argues that the question 'Jewish or Christian?' and even the question 'Jewish, Christian, or Jewish-Christian?' is an over-simplification of the problem because of the broad Jewish-Christian spectrum that existed in the first centuries of the Common Era. The paper concentrates on the Syriac translation of Ben Sira, which has some undeniable traces of an origin somewhere on the Christian side of the spectrum.
A revision of the Iponematinae (Nematoda: Drilonematoidea) with description of three new species parasitic in tropical earthworms
Authors: Neuhaus Birger , Ivanova Elena 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Iponematinae is revised based on the morphological analysis of known and newly described species. Globocephalonema is restored to accommodate three former Iponema species: G. krishnanii, G. hyderabadense and G. timmae. Emended generic diagnoses and keys for species identification are proposed. Three new species, Filiponema javanicum sp. n., F. cylindropharyngatum sp. n. and Tonoscolecinema awakubianum sp. n., parasitic in earthworms deposited in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, are described and illustrated. Filiponema javanicum sp. n. is closest to F. sarmathicum but is distinguished by its smaller amphids, a cylindroid vs clavate pharynx, the absence of genital sensilla with rounded bases and short bristle in the centre, the lack of somatic sensilla in males, and a differently shaped gubernaculum. From the other three species of the genus, it clearly differs by a rounded vs pointed tail in both sexes. Filiponema cylindropharyngatum sp. n. differs from its congeners by the uniquely short and slim pharynx and fewer eggs with more elongated, finely tuberculate vs smooth, ovoid eggshells. Tonoscolecinema awakubianum sp. n. differs by the presence of a pre-corpal bulb-like pharyngeal swelling, a glandular pharyngeal bulb, a gradually tapering vs conical female tail and cuticularised rectum in females.
The Babylonian Aramaic in Tractate Karetot According to MS Oxford
Authors: Breuer Yochanan 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This article describes the Aramaic of Tractate Karetot of the Babylonian Talmud according to MS Oxford Bodl. heb. b. 1. Tractate Karetot is one of the tractates which exhibit a special kind of Babylonian Aramaic. The first part of the article contains a description of this kind of Aramaic, with an attempt to define its unique features and their origin. MS Oxford Bodl. heb. b. 1 is the oldest dated manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud (BT) to have reached us. The second part of the article describes the features found in this manuscript which are different from the type of Aramaic known from the printed editions of the Babylonian Talmud. This is the first comprehensive description of a manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud outside the Yemenite manuscripts.
A Brief Comparison of Targumic and Midrashic Angelological Traditions
Authors: Everson David 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In comparing the angelological traditions of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, as seen in several key passages, to those of rabbinic literature, one finds that the former draws broadly from the various periods of the latter. The angelology of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reflects traditions seen as early as the Tosefta and as late as Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer. Despite the fact that various passages within this targum may echo pseudepigraphic traditions, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan contains a number of angelological traditions that are exclusive to rabbinic literature.
The Book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa
Authors: Taylor Richard 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The translation and accompanying notes for the forthcoming annotated English translation of the book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa will be consistent with the following features of the Syriac Peshitta of Daniel. First, Peshitta-Daniel is a primary version of the Hebrew-Aramaic text and not a daughter version made from a Greek text. Second, some Peshitta-Daniel readings are superior from a text-critical perspective to readings of the MT. Third, Peshitta-Daniel is not significantly influenced by the Septuagint, although it does frequently align with the Greek text of Theodotion. Fourth, Peshitta-Daniel is essentially a literal translation of its Hebrew-Aramaic source text, while at the same time maintaining a high level of stylistic elegance in Syriac. Fifth, Peshitta-Daniel frequently reverses the order of matched pairs of words due to translation technique. Sixth, Peshitta manuscripts of the book of Daniel have interpretive glosses that guide the reader as to the exegesis of chapters 7, 8, and 11, adopting an approach to the interpretation of Daniel that suggests at least indirect influence from the pagan philosopher Porphyry.
Two terms in Ezra
Authors: Zadok Ran 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
It is suggested that trply originates from trmly' 'Lycians', which is recorded in official Aramaic at the end of the Achaemenid period. Trmly → trply underwent two phonological shifts. The historical problem arising from the suggested identification is addressed. 'ptm is recorded as apputumu (or apputammu) in two Late-Babylonian deeds from 503–502 BCE about the baker's prebend of the Borsippan temple in Babylonia. Although the Old-Iranian source of this term cannot be identified so far, there is no need to emend the OT form to 'pts, and 'ptm is a substantive rather than an adverb.
The Heritage of Imperial Aramaic in Eastern Aramaic
Authors: Gzella Holger 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBased on certain linguistic features, the varieties of Aramaic attested after the Persian period are usually divided into a Western and an Eastern branch. It is, however, less easy to pinpoint the origin of these two branches, since already the first textual witnesses of Aramaic exhibit a considerable amount of variation. This paper attempts to reconsider some traits often associated with Eastern Aramaic (less clearly defined than its Western counterpart) from a diachronic point of view and relates them to the distinctive features of Imperial Aramaic. Whereas some of them clearly antedate the fall of the Persian Empire, many others reflect later developments.
Diathesis and Middle Voice in the Syriac Ancient Grammatical Tradition: The Translations and Adaptations of the Téchne Grammatiké and the Arabic Model
Authors: Farina Margherita 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A number of ancient Syriac grammars are analysed, as far as the passages related to diathesis are concerned. It appears that the concept and the definition of diathesis vary diachronically, but also according to the theoretical framework chosen by the authors. The influence of different Greek and Arabic models (and of their interactions) causes variation in the perspective under which diathesis is conceived and described. Particular attention is devoted to the middle diathesis, which is attributed to Syriac exclusively in the translation of the Téchne Grammatiké, made by Huzaya in the VI century. The comparison of the Greek original with the Syriac translation may also shed some light on the concept of middle diathesis, as meant in the Téchne.
The Aramaic Dialect(s) of the Toldot Yeshu Fragments
Authors: Smelik Willem 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Aramaic fragments of the Toldot Yeshu have long been recognized as the oldest version of this polemical tradition which was translated, and elaborated, into many other languages, and transmitted throughout the centuries after its inception. The Aramaic dialect of these fragments has been described as an artificial mixture of Palestinian and Babylonian Aramaic. A grammatical analysis of each of these fragments reveals that they display the signs of an incomplete dialectal translation from Western to Eastern Aramaic, with conspicuous Western Aramaic morphemes in one fragment. On the other hand, the vast majority of the text of the other fragments is written in a blend of two Eastern Aramaic stocks, one literary type Aramaic which resembles that of Onqelos, and one more colloquial dialect which comes very close to Talmudic Aramaic. Finally, the hybrid construction of the agreement pronoun attached to the nota objecti, followed by the direct object marked by, suggests that the text received further linguistic updating in the West at a relatively late stage in the textual history of this tradition.
The Treatment of Poverty and Theodicy in the Syriac Translation of Ben Sira
Authors: Siegal Michal Bar-Asher 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper is aimed to address the relationship between the Hebrew and the Syriac versions of Ben Sira—and it will try to expose a coherent agenda on the part of the Syriac translator, explaining at least some of the differences between the two versions. The Syriac translator felt obliged to change the content of the original text's treatment of evil. He tended to stress human choice and mute Ben Sira's allusions to predestination and God's creation of Evil. Pointing out this tendency offers new perspectives on earlier scholarship, especially Winter (1977), who claimed that the Syriac version was biased against wealth.
The Recovery of the Aramaic Root br' 'to cleanse' and Another Possible Aramaising Rendering in the Septuagint
Authors: Stadel Christian 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
One source of our knowledge of the Aramaic used in Hellenistic Egypt is the Septuagint, whose translators at times resorted to Aramaic when rendering their Hebrew Vorlage. The present article proposes one such 'Aramaising rendering', in which the Hebrew verb br' pi''el 'to cut down (wood)' was translated as if derived from the Aramaic homonymous root meaning 'to cleanse'. This root, attested in Nabataean, Samaritan, and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and mistakenly seen as an Arabism in these dialects, is recovered as Aramaic.
Salafis in Cape Town in Search of Purity, Certainty and Social Impact
Authors: Dumbe Yunus , Tayob Abdulkader 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSalafism has become part of a public discourse in Cape Town since the last decade of the 20th century. Drawing on extensive interviews with a number of such Salafis and anti-Salafis, this article examines how this search was manifested and then negotiated within the local religious sphere of the city. This article confirms the view presented in the general literature that Salafism represented the aspiration of individuals who desired to chart an independent approach to Islamic practices. Nevertheless, by focussing attention on a number of individuals and measuring their successes, strategies and life-trajectories, the social dimension of Salafi practices is brought into sharp focus. Salafis were not only effective as lone figures who were prepared to break away from everybody; they were also involved in founding communities for their ideas. And in this regard, they could not escape the social contexts in which they found themselves.
Performing Legal Order: Some Feminist Thoughts on International Criminal Law
Authors: Buss Doris 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article argues that international criminal law, like its domestic counterpart, is a contradictory site for feminist activism. While it offers some important tools for recognising, naming and giving legal credence to the realities of women's lives in times of conflict, international criminal law is also a limited and limiting arena for feminist-inspired social change. My objective in this article is to highlight some of these limitations, not to counsel against continuing feminist activism, but to start a conversation about some of the costs, risks and implications for feminist strategy in continuing to work within the structures of international criminal law.