bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Post-Consumer Corrugated Fiberboard as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Controlled Low-Strength Materials
Authors: Hanson James L. , Stone Gregory M. , Yesiller Nazli 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the use of post-consumer corrugated board in controlled low-strength material (CLSM) applications. Corrugated fiberboard (termed corrugate), which constitutes a significant fraction of the municipal solid waste stream in the United States (approximately one third by weight), was used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in CLSM at aggregate replacement ratios ranging from 0 % (i.e., control) to 6 %. The corrugate was fiberized (i.e., repulped) in a blender prior to being mixed with other constituents in the CLSM. The density, air content, and flow consistency of the fresh CLSM were determined, and bleeding was qualitatively assessed. Also, the unconfined compressive strength was determined for the resulting mixtures at different test ages. As the corrugate content increased, air content and water demand increased, density and compressive strength decreased, and some mixtures exhibited excessive bleeding. Corrugated fiberboard was determined to be effective as a fine aggregate replacement to produce mixtures with 28-day compressive strengths within the range for excavatable CLSM.
Physical and Linkage Maps forDrosophila serrata, a Model Species for Studies of Clinal Adaptation and Sexual Selection
Authors: Stocker Ann J , Rusuwa Bosco B , Blacket Mark J , Frentiu Francesca D , Sullivan Mitchell , Foley Bradley R , Beatson Scott , Hoffmann Ary A , Chenoweth Stephen F 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDrosophila serrata is a member of the montium group, which contains more than 98 species and until recently was considered a subgroup within the melanogaster group. This Drosophila species is an emerging model system for evolutionary quantitative genetics and has been used in studies of species borders, clinal variation and sexual selection. Despite the importance of D. serrata as a model for evolutionary research, our poor understanding of its genome remains a significant limitation. Here, we provide a first-generation gene-based linkage map and a physical map for this species. Consistent with previous studies of other drosophilids we observed strong conservation of genes within chromosome arms homologous with D. melanogaster but major differences in within-arm synteny. These resources will be a useful complement to ongoing genome sequencing efforts and QTL mapping studies in this species.
Metabolism and Regulation of Glycerolipids in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Henry Susan A , Kohlwein Sepp D , Carman George M 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Due to its genetic tractability and increasing wealth of accessible data, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model system of choice for the study of the genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology of eukaryotic lipid metabolism. Glycerolipids (e.g., phospholipids and triacylglycerol) and their precursors are synthesized and metabolized by enzymes associated with the cytosol and membranous organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. Genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed that glycerolipids play important roles in cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and anchoring of membrane proteins in addition to membrane structure. The expression of glycerolipid enzymes is controlled by a variety of conditions including growth stage and nutrient availability. Much of this regulation occurs at the transcriptional level and involves the Ino2–Ino4 activation complex and the Opi1 repressor, which interacts with Ino2 to attenuate transcriptional activation of UASINO-containing glycerolipid biosynthetic genes. Cellular levels of phosphatidic acid, precursor to all membrane phospholipids and the storage lipid triacylglycerol, regulates transcription of UASINO-containing genes by tethering Opi1 to the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and controlling its translocation into the nucleus, a mechanism largely controlled by inositol availability. The transcriptional activator Zap1 controls the expression of some phospholipid synthesis genes in response to zinc availability. Regulatory mechanisms also include control of catalytic activity of glycerolipid enzymes by water-soluble precursors, products and lipids, and covalent modification of phosphorylation, while in vivo function of some enzymes is governed by their subcellular location. Genome-wide genetic analysis indicates coordinate regulation between glycerolipid metabolism and a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways.
Predictors of Mental Health in Adults with Congenital Craniofacial Conditions Attending the Australian Craniofacial Unit
Authors: Roberts R.M. , Mathias J.L. 
Published: February 2012

Objective Adults with craniofacial conditions experience more psychosocial problems than adults in the general population, but little is known about the factors that render a person more or less susceptible to these problems. Guided by research on adults with other conditions that affect appearance, this study examined predictors of psychosocial outcome in adults with craniofacial conditions. Design Single-sample cross-sectional design. Setting The Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, one of the main craniofacial treatment centers in Australia. Participants Adults (N = 93; 36.9% of the potential sample) with congenital craniofacial conditions (excluding cleft lip and/or cleft palate) who were treated in the Australian Craniofacial Unit. Main Outcome Measures All participants completed measures assessing anxiety, depression, and quality of life (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Short-Form Health Survey) and variables predicted to affect these outcomes (SF-36 Health Survey - Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Cleft Satisfaction Profile, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Derriford Appearance Scale). Results Multiple regression analyses revealed that anxiety was predicted by social support, self-esteem, and fear of negative evaluation, while depression was predicted by self-esteem and social support. Physical quality of life was not predicted by any of the measures. Satisfaction with appearance, gender, age, and education were not related to outcome. Conclusions Interventions designed to increase perceived social support and self-esteem and reduce fear of negative evaluation appear to be indicated and may assist in establishing a causal relationship between these variables.
Genetic, Physiological, and Lifestyle Predictors of Mortality in the General Population
Authors: Walter Stefan , Mackenbach Johan , Vokó Zoltán , Lhachimi Stefan , Ikram M. Arfan , Uitterlinden André G. , Newman Anne B. , Murabito Joanne M. , Garcia Melissa E. , Gudnason Vilmundur , Tanaka Toshiko , Tranah Gregory J. , Wallaschofski Henri , Kocher Thomas , Launer Lenore J. , Franceschini Nora , Schipper Maarten , Hofman Albert , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: February 2012

Objectives. We investigated the quality of 162 variables, focusing on the contribution of genetic markers, used solely or in combination with other characteristics, when predicting mortality.Methods. In 5974 participants from the Rotterdam Study, followed for a median of 15.1 years, 7 groups of factors including age and gender, genetics, socioeconomics, lifestyle, physiological characteristics, prevalent diseases, and indicators of general health were related to all-cause mortality. Genetic variables were identified from 8 genome-wide association scans (n = 19 033) and literature review.Results. We observed 3174 deaths during follow-up. The fully adjusted model (C-statistic for 15-year follow-up [C15y] = 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75, 0.77) predicted mortality well. Most of the additional information apart from age and sex stemmed from physiological markers, prevalent diseases, and general health. Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle contributed meaningfully to mortality risk prediction with longer prediction horizon. Although specific genetic factors were independently associated with mortality, jointly they contributed little to mortality prediction (C15y = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.57).Conclusions. Mortality can be predicted reasonably well over a long period. Genetic factors independently predict mortality, but only modestly more than other risk indicators.
Effect of Extended-Release Niacin on New-Onset Diabetes Among Hyperlipidemic Patients Treated With Ezetimibe/Simvastatin in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Guyton John R. , Fazio Sergio , Adewale Adeniyi J. , Jensen Erin , Tomassini Joanne E. , Shah Arvind , Tershakovec Andrew M. 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of niacin on fasting glucose (FG) and new-onset diabetes in statin/ezetimibe-treated patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a prespecified secondary analysis among 942 hyperlipidemic patients randomized to ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S; 10/20 mg) or E/S + extended-release niacin (N; titrated to 2 g) over 64 weeks.

RESULTS
FG levels peaked by 8–12 weeks, then declined even without antidiabetic medication. At 64 weeks, 3.5% taking E/S+N versus 2.6% taking E/S met criteria for new-onset diabetes (P = 0.66). An additional 1.4% taking E/S+N versus 0.4% taking E/S transiently met criteria for diabetes and then remitted (P = 0.46). Of 28 new-diabetes diagnoses in the E/S+N group, 25 occurred by 24 weeks. Among patients with baseline diabetes, 13.9% taking E/S+N and 11.6% taking E/S underwent antidiabetic treatment modification.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased FG and new-onset diabetes with E/S+N occurred mainly around the time of initial uptitration of N and often improved or remitted without specific treatment.
Elevated Properdin and Enhanced Complement Activation in First-Degree Relatives of South Asian Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Somani Riyaz , Richardson Victoria R. , Standeven Kristina F. , Grant Peter J. , Carter Angela M. 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
Emerging data implicate activation of the complement cascade in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the relationships between components of the complement system, metabolic risk factors, and family history of type 2 diabetes in healthy South Asians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited 119 healthy, first-degree relatives of South Asian subjects with type 2 diabetes (SARs) and 119 age- and sex-matched, healthy South Asian control subjects (SACs). Fasting blood samples were taken for measurement of complement factors and standard metabolic risk factors.

RESULTS
SARs were characterized by significantly higher properdin (mean concentration 12.6 [95% CI 12.2–13.1] mg/L vs. SACs 10.1 [9.7–10.5] mg/L, P &lt; 0.0001), factor B (187.4 [180.1–195.0] mg/L vs. SACs 165.0 [158.0–172.2] mg/L, P &lt; 0.0001), and SC5b-9 (92.0 [86.1–98.3] ng/mL vs. SACs 75.3 [71.9–78.9] ng/mL, P &lt; 0.0001) and increased homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (2.86 [2.61–3.13] vs. SACs 2.31 [2.05–2.61], P = 0.007). C-reactive protein did not differ between SARs and SACs (P = 0.17). In subgroup analysis of 25 SARs and 25 SACs with normal oral glucose tolerance tests, properdin, factor B, and SC5b-9 remained significantly elevated in SARs.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased properdin and complement activation are associated with a family history of type 2 diabetes in South Asians independent of insulin resistance, and predate the development of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Properdin and SC5b-9 may be novel biomarkers for future risk of type 2 diabetes in this high-risk population and warrant further investigation.
More Impact of Microalbuminuria on Retinopathy Than Moderately Reduced GFR Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsin , Chen Harn-Shen , Tarng Der-Cherng 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
The current study aimed to investigate whether microalbuminuria or moderately decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a better predictor for the development and progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Type 2 diabetic patients without cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, pregnancy, and acute intercurrent illness were enrolled between 1 August 2001 and 31 December 2002. All participants provided their detailed medical history and underwent an eye fundus examination. They were followed up in outpatient clinics, and serum creatinine, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and retinal photographs were followed up annually until 31 December 2009. The primary outcomes were development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The secondary outcomes were cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS
Among 487 participants, 81 subjects had normoalbuminuria and moderate renal impairment (baseline eGFR 30–59.9 mL/min/1.73 m2), and 106 subjects had microalbuminuria and baseline eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients with microalbuminuria and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 had a significantly greater risk for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy (HR 3.34 [95% CI 1.04–10.70]) compared with those with moderate renal impairment and normoalbuminuria after multivariate adjustment. Risks for renal outcome, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality were not significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Microalbuminuria has a greater impact on predicting the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy compared with moderate decline in GFR among type 2 diabetic patients.
The Effects of Surface Roughness of Composite Resin on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans in the Presence of Saliva
Authors: Park JW , Song CW , Jung JH , Ahn SJ , Ferracane JL 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface roughness of resin composite on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva. To provide uniform surface roughness on composites, disks were prepared by curing composite against 400-grit silicon carbide paper (SR400), 800-grit silicon carbide paper (SR800), or a glass slide (SRGlass). The surface roughness was examined using confocal laser microscopy. For biofilm formation, S. mutans was grown for 24 hours with each disk in a biofilm medium with either glucose or sucrose in the presence of fluid-phase or surface-adsorbed saliva. The adherent bacteria were quantified via enumeration of the total viable counts of bacteria. Biofilms were examined using scanning electron microscopy. This study showed that SR400 had deeper and larger, but fewer depressions than SR800. Compared to SRGlass and SR800, biofilm formation was significantly increased on SR400. In addition, the differences in the effect of surface roughness on the amount of biofilm formation were not significantly influenced by either the presence of saliva or the carbohydrate source. Considering that similar differences in surface roughness were observed between SR400 and SR800 and between SR800 and SRGlass, this study suggests that surface topography (size and depth of depressions) may play a more important role than surface roughness in biofilm formation of S. mutans.
The Effects of Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems on the Content of Bioactive Substances in Herbal Plants
Authors: Kazimierczak Renata , Hallmann Ewelina , Kazimierczyk Małgorzata , Sokołowska Oliwia , Rembiałkowska Ewa 
Published: February 2012

The Effects of Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems on the Content of Bioactive Substances in Herbal Plants
Five species of herbs from organic and conventional cultivation (dropsy plant, lovage, mint, thyme and sage) were used for this experiment. The research material consisted of usable parts of fresh herbs, which were harvested in the first ten days of September 2009 and 2010. In order to avoid losses in the content of biologically active compounds in the plant material, the herbs were frozen at -80°C immediately after harvesting, and then subjected to freezedrying; finally, analytical research was conducted. The results of two-year studies indicated that herbal plants from organic production contained a higher level of dry matter, vitamin C and flavonoids, while the conventional ones contained more phenolic acids. Regardless of the cultivation system, dropsy plant and mint were distinguished by the content of phenolic acids, the highest level of flavonoids was found in thyme, while lovage was the raw material containing the most vitamin C. The qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds contained in herbs showed that the most diverse composition of phenolic acids was attributed to sage and thyme, which also contained the largest number of identified flavonoids.
Heart rate and other risk factors in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease in Latvia
Authors: Balode Inga , Jēgere Sanda , Mintāle Iveta , Narbute Inga , Latkovskis Gustavs , Ērglis Andrejs 
Published: February 2012

Heart rate and other risk factors in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease in Latvia
The aim of the study was to characterise coronary artery disease (CAD) outpatients in Latvia by risk factors (RF) including heart rate (HR), physical examination data, clinical data and treatment. Twelve practitioners had each examined and questioned 6 to 12 patients with established CAD (n = 120). The most frequent cardiovascular (CV) RF and co-morbidity were dyslipidemia (94.2%) and hypertension (78.3%), respectively. Prevalence of increased resting HR (≥70 bpm) was 35.9% and 33.6%, when measured by pulse palpation and electrocardiography, respectively. Regarding other RFs, prevalence of treated but insufficiently controlled blood pressure 140/90 mmHg, total cholesterol 1 > 5 mmol/l and triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/l was 25.8%, 30.1% and 33.3%, respectively. Aspirin, statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers were used in 96.7%, 94.2% and 85.0% of cases, respectively. Beta blockers were used in 81.7% of cases. Average daily doses of most frequently used β blockers (metoprolol and bisoprolol) were 32% and 53% from target doses, respectively. In three cases β blockers were combined with ivabradin. Our results suggest that practitioners follow guidelines and consider CV prevention by treating CAD patients. Our data identified, however, unused potential for better control of increased HR by higher doses and combinations of HR-reducing agents.
Acoustics of Classrooms in Primary Schools - Results of the Reverberation Time and the Speech Transmission Index Assessments in Selected Buildings
Authors: Mikulski Witold , Radosz Jan 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The article presents results of our own research regarding acoustic properties of 110 classrooms in five typical primary schools in Warsaw. The target of the research was to assess the classrooms using established criteria. These criteria include the reverberation time and the speech transmission index. The research has shown a large diversity of acoustic properties of classrooms within each of the schools and between the schools, resulting from the classroom equipment and the school building construction. In addition, the assessment has indicated that classrooms in schools researched do not meet the established acoustic criteria (reverberation time and speech transmission index). Because the classroom equipment is different for younger forms (integrated teaching) and for older forms (subject teaching), the results have been analyzed separately for rooms for younger forms (0-III) and for rooms for older forms (IV-VI). Synthetic results prove the advisability of such division. Correlation analysis has been conducted for the speech transmission index STI and reverberation time Tmf, as well as for the speech transmission index STI and the suggested reverberation time Twf defined in a similar manner as Tmf, but in a wider frequency range. The correlation between the speech transmission index STI and Twf is higher than that between the STI index and Tmf. The reverberation time Twf can therefore be used for a more precise assessment of acoustic properties of interiors with regard to verbal communication than Tmf. In addition, the paper presents estimated analysis results of the influence of selected classroom equipment (carpets) on its acoustic properties.
Developing novel correlations for calculating natural gas thermodynamic properties
Authors: Farzaneh-Gord Mahmood , Rahbari Hamid 
Published: February 2012

Developing novel correlations for calculating natural gas thermodynamic properties
Natural gas is a mixture of 21 components and it is widely used in industries and homes. Knowledge of its thermodynamic properties is essential for designing appropriate processes and equipment. This paper presents simple but precise correlations of how to compute important thermodynamic properties of natural gas. As measuring natural gas composition is costly and may not be effective for real time process, the correlations are developed based on measurable real time properties. The real time properties are temperature, pressure and specific gravity of the natural gas. Calculations with these correlations are compared with measured values. The validations show that the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) for compressibility factor calculations is 0.674%, for density is 2.55%, for Joule-Thomson coefficient is 4.16%. Furthermore, in this work, new correlations are presented for computing thermal properties of natural gas such as enthalpy, internal energy and entropy. Due to the lack of experimental data for these properties, the validation is done for pure methane. The validation shows that AAPD is 1.31%, 1.56% and 0.4% for enthalpy, internal energy and entropy respectively. The comparisons show that the correlations could predict natural gas properties with an error that is acceptable for most engineering applications.
A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system
Authors: Jamrozik Arkadiusz , Tutak Wojciech 
Published: February 2012

A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion systemLean mixture burning leads to a decrease in the temperature of the combustion process and it is one of the methods of limiting nitric oxide emissions. It also increases engine efficiency. An effective method to correct lean mixture combustion can be a two-stage system of stratified mixture combustion in an engine with a prechamber. This article presents the results of laboratory research on an SI engine (spark ignition) with a two-stage combustion system with a cylinder powered by gasoline and a prechamber powered by propane-butane gas LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The results were compared to the results of research on a conventional engine with a one-stage combustion process. The test engine fuel mixture stratification method, with a two-stage combustion system in the engine with a prechamber, allowed to burn a lean mixture with an average excess air factor equal to 2.0 and thus led to lower emissions of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the engine. The test engine with a conventional, single-stage combustion process allowed to properly burn air-fuel mixtures of excess air factors λ not exceeding 1.5. If the value λ > 1.5, the non-repeatability factorCOVLiincreases, and the engine efficiency decreases, which makes it virtually impossible for the engine to operate. The engine with a two-stage combustion process, working with λ = 2.0, theQin/Qtot= 2.5%, reduced the NOxcontent in the exhaust gases to a level of about 1.14 g/kWh. This value is significantly lower than the value obtained in a conventional engine, which worked at λ = 1.3 with comparable non-repeatability of successive cycles (about 3%) and a similar indicated efficiency (about 34%), was characterised by the emissions of NOxin the exhaust equal to 26.26 g/kWh.