bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphic and haptic simulation system for virtual laparoscopic rectum surgery
Authors: Pan Jun J. , Chang Jian , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Jian J. , Qureshi Tahseen , Howell Robert , Hickish Tamas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundMedical simulators with vision and haptic feedback techniques offer a cost‐effective and efficient alternative to the traditional medical trainings. They have been used to train doctors in many specialties of medicine, allowing tasks to be practised in a safe and repetitive manner. This paper describes a virtual‐reality (VR) system which will help to influence surgeons' learning curves in the technically challenging field of laparoscopic surgery of the rectum.MethodsData from MRI of the rectum and real operation videos are used to construct the virtual models. A haptic force filter based on radial basis functions is designed to offer realistic and smooth force feedback. To handle collision detection efficiently, a hybrid model is presented to compute the deformation of intestines. Finally, a real‐time cutting technique based on mesh is employed to represent the incision operation.ResultsDespite numerous research efforts, fast and realistic solutions of soft tissues with large deformation, such as intestines, prove extremely challenging. This paper introduces our latest contribution to this endeavour. With this system, the user can haptically operate with the virtual rectum and simultaneously watch the soft tissue deformation.ConclusionsOur system has been tested by colorectal surgeons who believe that the simulated tactile and visual feedbacks are realistic. It could replace the traditional training process and effectively transfer surgical skills to novices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of security visualization for computer network logs
Authors: Zhang Yanping , Xiao Yang , Chen Min , Zhang Jingyuan , Deng Hongmei 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTNetwork security is an important area in computer science. Although great efforts have already been made regarding security problems, networks are still threatened by all kinds of potential attacks, which may lead to huge damage and loss. Log files are main sources for security analysis. However, log files are not user friendly. It is laborious work to obtain useful information from log files. Compared with log files, visualization systems designed for security purposes provide more perceptive and effective sources for security analysis. Most security visualization systems are based on log files. In this paper, we provide a survey on visualization designs for computer network security. In this survey, we looked into different security visual analytics, and we organized them into five categories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privacy‐protected communication for location‐based services
Authors: Werner Martin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLocation‐based services (LBSs) are emerging fast, and the problems with privacy are growing with them. Although a platform for LBSs can provide the user with high‐quality LBS browsing and powerful mechanisms to reduce the amount of location data transmitted, such a platform is dangerous because it has to manage the location data of the users and the actual service use. This aggregation of private data is a risk in itself. With this paper, we want to show that it is possible to implement most LBSs without such a platform and propose a mechanism enabling fine‐grained control of privacy for an LBS user. We make use of strong cryptographic techniques to enable a real trust relation between individuals and a weaker trust relation between an individual and a company. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abdominal and Pelvic Injuries Caused by Road Traffic Accidents: Characteristics and Outcomes in a French Cohort of 2,009 Casualties
Authors: Cheynel Nicolas , Gentil Julie , Freitz Marc , Rat Patrick , Ortega Deballon Pablo , Bonithon Kopp C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe frequency, characteristics, and effect on outcome of abdominal and pelvic injuries (API) caused by road traffic accidents are not well known. We studied them in a well‐defined geographical area in France.MethodsThe medical data of all hospitalized victims of road traffic accidents that occurred over a 3‐year period were recorded. Injuries were coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was calculated. Continuous and qualitative variables were described by means and standard deviations or medians and percentages, respectively. Proportions and means were compared using the χ2 and Student tests, respectively.ResultsOf 6,977 victims of road traffic accidents, 2,009 were hospitalized (mean ISS = 7.9). API were present in 9.3% (n = 186) of all hospitalized victims and in 32.2% (n = 82) of the most severely injured (ISS ≥ 16, n = 255) hospitalized victims. The most frequently seriously injured abdominopelvic organs (AIS ≥ 3) were the spleen, the retroperitoneal organs, and the liver. The mean ISS and the mortality rate were significantly higher for victims with API than those without API (17.5 vs. 6.9, P < 0.001; 9.7% vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the presence of severe API increased the mortality rate by a factor of 2.5.ConclusionsIn this study, API were present in one third of the most severely injured victims of road traffic accidents and were a significant factor of gravity and mortality. This study, conducted in France where there is no National Trauma Registry, underlined the need for establishing such registry.
Belowground responses of Picea asperata seedlings to warming and nitrogen fertilization in the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Qing , Yin Huajun , Chen Jinsong , Zhao Chunzhang , Cheng Xinying , Wei Yunyan , Lin Bo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe impacts of global climatic change on belowground ecological processes of terrestrial ecosystems are still not clear. We therefore conducted an experiment in the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem of the eastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau to study roots of Picea asperata seedlings and rhizosphere soil responses to soil warming and nitrogen availability from April 2007 to December 2008. The seedlings were subjected to two levels of temperature (ambient; infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (0 or 25 g m−2year−1 N). We used a free air temperature increase from an overhead infrared heater to raise both air and soil temperature by 2.1 and 2.6°C, respectively. The results showed that warming alone significantly increased total biomass, coarse root biomass and fine root biomass of P. asperata seedlings. Both total biomass and fine root biomass were increased, but coarse root biomass was significantly decreased by nitrogen fertilization and warming combined with nitrogen fertilization. Warming induced a prominent increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and NO3−‐N of rhizosphere soil, while nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased SOC and NH4+‐N of rhizosphere soil. The warming, fertilization and warming × N fertilization interaction decreased soil microbial C significantly, but substantially increased soil microbial N. These results suggest that nitrogen deposition combined with warmer temperatures under future climatic change possibly will have no effect on fine root production of P. asperata seedlings, but could enhance the nitrification process of their rhizosphere soils in subalpine coniferous forests.
Productivity–species richness relationship changes from unimodal to positive linear with increasing spatial scale in the Inner Mongolia steppe
Authors: Zhang Qing , Niu Jianming , Buyantuyev Alexander , Zhang Jing , Ding Yong , Dong Jianjun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProductivity–species diversity relationships have been a controversial research topic in ecology with scale believed to be among the main reasons for discovering different relationships. We collected data on species diversity (richness) and productivity (peak above‐ground biomass) of the Stipa breviflora association in the Inner Mongolia grassland to examine spatial scale dependency and possible underlying mechanisms responsible for the relationships found. One local and seven different landscape scales (the first level corresponds in extent to a 100 × 100 km area, which is increased consecutively by 100 km resulting in the 700 × 700 km area at the highest level) were considered. We found that: (1) unimodal relationships dominated the local scale, but this varied depending on the position along successional gradients; (2) a positive linear relationship was common at larger spatial scales; (3) biotic processes were the most likely primary factor underlying local scale unimodal relationships, but environmental heterogeneity (precipitation patterns) was the main determinant of relationships found at larger spatial scales; (4) our study contributed to other empirical evidence and predictions of theoretical models regarding scale dependency of productivity–species richness relationships; (5) while earlier research demonstrated positive linear species richness–productivity relationships across a number of ecological scales in the Inner Mongolia steppe, our study specifically tested a spectrum of geographical scales to confirm the scale‐dependency of this relationship. Lastly, our study emphasized the critical role played by precipitation patterns in controlling biodiversity and grassland ecosystem functioning, which maintains the relatively high level of biodiversity and stable ecosystem processes.
Midday depression of tree root respiration in relation to leaf transpiration
Authors: Bekku Yukiko Sakata , Sakata Tsuyoshi , Tanaka Tadashi , Nakano Takashi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe root respiration rate often shows an exponential or a linear relationship with temperature under laboratory conditions. However, under intact conditions in the field, the root respiration rates of some tree species decreased around midday despite an increment of the root temperature (Bekku et al. 2009). To clarify the cause of midday depression, we examined the relationships between the intact root respiration and parameters of leaf gas exchange through the simultaneous field measurement of the gas exchange in the leaf and root of Quercus crispula and Chamaecyparis obtusa, which are canopy trees. There were no significant relationships between the root respiration rates (Rr) and the parameters of leaf gas exchange in the field. However, in C. obtusa, the relationships between Rr and the transpiration rates (E) at 1 h before the measurement of Rr were fitted by logarithmic function with a determination coefficient of 0.60–0.89. In the light‐manipulation experiments using saplings, Rr had significant positive correlations with E at 20 min before the measurement of Rr, root temperature (Tr), and the photosynthesis (Pn) at 20 min before the measurement of Rr. We examined which factor, Pn or E, affects the root respiration rate through a manipulation experiment using a growth chamber regulating the ambient CO2 concentration and relative humidity independently under constant air temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density. As a result, the root respiration rates changed corresponding to E and not Pn. These results suggest that the root respiration rate of trees changes significantly in the daytime and is affected by the leaf transpiration rate as well as the temperature.
Use of the eight-Plate for angular correction of knee deformities due to idiopathic and pathologic physis: Initiating treatment according to etiology
Authors: Boero Silvio , Michelis Maria Beatrice , Riganti Simone 
Published: May 2011

Purpose Angular deformities of the knee resulting from idiopathic, congenital, or acquired causes are commonly encountered in pediatric orthopedics. Whereas physiological deformities should be treated expectantly, the remaining often progress enough to warrant operative treatment, despite attempted bracing. Historical methods of surgical treatment (e.g., epiphysiodesis and stapling) have yielded to the increasingly popular method of reversible guided growth using the eight-Plate. Methods We studied 58 patients with knee angular deformities managed with eight-Plate guided growth. All etiologies except physiological deformities and those with very slow growth rate were included. Each patient was under appropriate medical management during the entire duration of treatment and after plate removal. Results In the dysplasia/syndrome group, we noted complete correction in 22 patients (78.5%), partial correction in 5 (17.9%), and no correction in 1 patient (3.6%). All cases of idiopathic deformities resolved. Patients with osteochondral dysplasias and genetic syndromes underwent earlier intervention and slower correction than those with idiopathic genu varum or valgum. The time difference in reaching a neutral mechanical axis between the two groups (11 months in idiopathic versus 18 months in pathological physis) could be explained by a significant difference in growth speeds ( P = 0.003). Conclusion Results indicate that early intervention is advisable for patients with osteochondral dysplasias/syndromes as subsequent correction takes longer. If rebound growth causing recurrent deformity occurs, guided growth can be safely repeated. Additionally, complications reported with other techniques such as hardware failure, physeal violation by the implant, premature physeal closure, and overcorrection were not reported while using the eight-Plate.
Acute Multifocal Haematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children
Authors: Sreenivas T. , Nataraj A. R. , Menon Jagdish , Patro D. K. 
Published: May 2011

Purpose Haematogenous multifocal osteomyelitis in children represents a dangerous form of osteomyelitis in which sepsis can develop quickly if it is not treated early. A retrospective analysis of 26 children with acute multifocal haematogenous osteomyelitis over a period of 5 years was undertaken in order to assess the clinical presentation, infective organism, laboratory investigations and risk factors involved. Methods Children more than 1 year of age with two or more bones involvement presenting within one week from the onset of symptoms were included in this study. All of the children were evaluated by clinical examination, blood tests and local ultrasound. Results The average age at presentation was 4.9 years and girls were affected more than boys, with a female to male ratio of 1.4. Lower limbs were affected in 92% of cases, and, specifically, the tibia in 73.1% of the patients. Blood culture was positive in 38.5% of our cases. The predominant microorganism isolated from surgical samples was Staphylococcus aureus, among which methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found in 50% of the patients. Surgical drainage of the pus was done in 24 cases, followed by appropriate antibiotics, and two cases were treated by conservative means. All of the children were successfully treated except for four, who developed chronic osteomyelitis and sequelae. Conclusion We conclude that acute multifocal haematogenous osteomyelitis in children needs early diagnosis by a high index of clinical suspicion and adequate treatment with timely intervention. The predominance of MRSA in our study shows the changing trend in its association with multiple bone involvement.
RICHARD PATE, THE ROYAL SUPREMACY, AND REFORMATION DIPLOMACY
Authors: SOWERBY TRACEY A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn December 1540 one of Henry VIII's clerical diplomats defected to the papacy. As contemporaries believed that a king could be judged by the ambassadors he sent to represent him abroad, Pate's defection caused the English king considerable embarrassment. His acceptance of the bishopric of Worcester from the pope in July 1541 made Pate a figure of symbolic importance to opponents of Henry VIII's royal supremacy. This article examines Pate's diplomatic career, paying particular attention to how Pate negotiated the competing claims on his loyalty of the pope and Henry VIII. Although Pate was expected to represent Henry's church policy, his experiences in embassy also provided opportunities for conservatism, as Henry sought to maintain amicable relations with the emperor and deny charges of heresy. Pate's case raises important questions about the religious sympathies of those chosen by Henry to represent him abroad and had important consequences for the practice of diplomacy in the early English Reformation. Pate also offers important insights into the motivations of Henrician Catholic exiles, their views of the Henrician church, and their political opposition to it.
TAXPAYER OPPOSITION AND FISCAL REFORM IN PRUSSIA, c. 1766–1787
Authors: SCHUI FLORIAN 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn 1787, Frederick William II of Prussia made substantial changes to the urban excise. These changes were largely the result of public pressure. Urban tax-payers had resisted the tax in different ways since Frederick II had reformed it in 1766 in order to extract more revenue from Prussia's towns. The article explores the motives that led to tax-payer criticism and resistance and the ways in which urban tax-payers opposed the state's growing fiscal appetite. The success of urban tax-payers in this political conflict with the Prussian state suggests that Prussia's burghers were important actors within the Hohenzollern polity and that they wielded considerable political power. The events described here resembled not only other contemporary conflicts over fiscal matters in the Atlantic world, but were also interconnected with debates and events outside Prussia through exchanges of individuals, arguments, and publications.
THE CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WELSH LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE 1980s AND 1990s
Authors: EDWARDS ANDREW , TANNER DUNCAN , CARLIN PATRICK 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the advances made to safeguard the future of the Welsh language under the Conservative governments of the 1980s and 1990s. These advancements included the establishment of a Welsh language television channel, advancements in the field of Welsh language education, the formation of a Welsh Language Board, and, finally, the implementation of a new Welsh Language Act in 1993. Challenging popular assumptions regarding the nature of Conservative governance during this period, the article examines the background and context of these developments by highlighting the limitations of ‘Thatcherite’ dogma not only in ‘second order’ areas of policy, but also in a nation where Tory roots were not deeply embedded.
ANTHROPOMETRIC, BODY COMPOSITION AND HEALTH DETERMINANTS OF ACTIVE AGEING: A GENDER APPROACH
Authors: LÓPEZ PILAR MONTERO , FERNÁNDEZ-BALLESTEROS ROCÍO , ZAMARRÓN MARÍA DOLORES , LÓPEZ SANTIAGO RODRÍGUEZ 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThis study applied a gender perspective to establish some of the anthropometric, body composition, health and socio-cultural determinants of active ageing. The variable ‘active ageing’ (presence/absence) was created based on cognitive and disability/illness/physical functioning, subjective health, satisfaction with life and productive activity performed, and used in predictive models to establish its relationship with anthropometric variables, physical health indicators and educational level. The sample consisted of 456 home-living individuals (169 men and 287 women; age range 54–75 years) from Madrid and Toledo in Spain. The women had a higher prevalence of obesity than the men (37.6% vs 29.0%), significantly greater fat accumulation in the abdominal area and worst perceived health (p=0.003). The frequency of active agers is higher in men than in women (38.4% vs 21.9%; p<0.001). Men and women were found to have distinctive ageing patterns. Health factors condition the presence of active ageing in women, while education factors are also relevant in men.
Hudson's Bay Company ship's logbooks: a source of far North Atlantic weather data
Authors: Ward Catharine , Wheeler Dennis 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe Arctic region is widely recognised to be one of the most sensitive to climate change. Here, the consequences of current trends will be felt most keenly; ice cap melting and thinning and the consequent implications for sea level rise and loss of habitat may be profound. Yet these regions remain amongst the most poorly chronicled. Recent advances in satellite monitoring and instrumental observations now provide valuable information, but this record extends over little more than half a century. For earlier times, the record is, at best, patchy and inconsistent. This is not, however, to imply that all such data and information have been recognised and fully exploited. This is far from the case and this paper draws attention to largely overlooked documentary sources that can extend our knowledge of the far North Atlantic climate back to the late eighteenth century. These documents consist of the logbooks of sailing ships navigating those hazardous waters in the late eighteenth and early- to mid-nineteenth centuries.This paper focuses specifically on those logbooks kept on board Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) ships on their regular annual voyages between the UK and Hudson's Bay between 1760 and 1870. The information they contain is shown to be detailed, reliable and of unique character for the period and place. The style and form of presentation of the logbooks is reviewed and particularly those aspects that deal with the daily meteorological information they contain. Attention is also drawn to the high degree of homogeneity found in the logbooks in terms of presentation and methods of preparation, rendering them directly and helpfully comparable one with another. A specific example is offered of the benefits of using these data and it is proposed that this set of logbooks, when taken collectively and, embracing as it does over a century from 1750 provides a matchless, substantial and uniformly reliable source of oceanic weather information for the far North Atlantic for what can be regarded as the ‘pre-instrumental’ period (before 1850).
Neural correlates of perception of emotional facial expressions in out-patients with mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety. A multicenter fMRI study
Authors: Demenescu L. R. , Renken R. , Kortekaas R. , van Tol M.-J. , Marsman J. B. C. , van Buchem M. A. , van der Wee N. J. A. , Veltman D. J. , den Boer J. A. , Aleman A. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundDepression has been associated with limbic hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation in response to negative facial stimuli. Anxiety disorders have also been associated with increased activation of emotional structures such as the amygdala and insula. This study examined to what extent activation of brain regions involved in perception of emotional faces is specific to depression and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample of out-patients.MethodAn event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was used including angry, fearful, sad, happy and neutral facial expressions. One hundred and eighty-two out-patients (59 depressed, 57 anxiety and 66 co-morbid depression-anxiety) and 56 healthy controls selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were included in the present study. Whole-brain analyses were conducted. The temporal profile of amygdala activation was also investigated.ResultsFacial expressions activated the amygdala and fusiform gyrus in depressed patients with or without anxiety and in healthy controls, relative to scrambled faces, but this was less evident in patients with anxiety disorders. The response shape of the amygdala did not differ between groups. Depressed patients showed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) hyperactivation in response to happy faces compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsWe suggest that stronger frontal activation to happy faces in depressed patients may reflect increased demands on effortful emotion regulation processes triggered by mood-incongruent stimuli. The lack of strong differences in neural activation to negative emotional faces, relative to healthy controls, may be characteristic of the mild-to-moderate severity of illness in this sample and may be indicative of a certain cognitive-emotional processing reserve.