bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive plants and plant diversity as affected by groundwater depth and microtopography in the Great Basin
Authors: Mata‐González R. , Martin D. W. , McLendon T. , Trlica M. J. , Pearce R. A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe evaluated invasive exotic weeds and plant species diversity in relation to depth to groundwater (DTW) and microtopography in areas with DTW from 0·3–4 m in Owens Valley, California. Transects dominated by common plant species of the area were read at 1‐cm intervals, and species cover was obtained at different scales: 1‐m transect portions (microsites), whole transects (68 m average length), and the whole study area. Species richness and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index were obtained in microsites. DTW and microtopographical variation (soil‐surface relative elevations) were jointly measured along the vegetation transects. Found in 34% of the sampled transects, the annual Bassia hyssopifolia was the most common exotic weed of the area. Its cover in the whole study area was only 0·9%, but it was the second most dominant species (19% cover) in microsites. B. hyssopifolia coexisted mainly with herbaceous species, typically in places with shallow groundwater (average <1·5 m) and microtopographical depressions. However, B. hyssopifolia cover was not affected by variations in DTW or relative elevation. In contrast, B. hyssopifolia cover was negatively associated with perennial cover and species richness. Species diversity (Shannon–Wiener) slightly decreased with the increase in DTW but not with changes in microtopography. In contrast, species richness clearly varied with the identity of the dominant species in microsites. Our study suggests that the variation in community‐intrinsic factors such as competition and diversity may play a greater role in the growth of invasive plants than the variation in physical factors such as groundwater and microtopography. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and X‐ray Crystal Structures of Multinuclear Zinc Amidinate Complexes
Authors: Schmidt Sarah , Gutschank Benjamin , Schulz Stephan , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland , Wölper Christoph 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe reactions of Me2Zn with carbodiimides RN=C=NR (R = Et, Ph) yielded the polynuclear zinc amidinate complexes {[MeZn]4[C(RNCNR)4]} [R = Et (1), Ph (3)] and {[MeZn]2[C(EtNCNEt)2(C2(NEt)3)]} (2). In addition, the reaction of {[ClZn]4[C(iPrNCNiPr)4]} with MCl3 gave the corresponding Lewis acid–base adducts {[MCl3]2[ClZn]4[C(iPrNCNiPr)4]} [M = Al (4), Ga (5)]. Compounds 1–5 were characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Interlaboratory Pig‐a gene mutation assay trial: Studies of 1,3‐propane sultone with immunomagnetic enrichment of mutant erythrocytes
Authors: Dertinger Stephen D. , Phonethepswath Souk , Weller Pamela , Avlasevich Svetlana , Torous Dorothea K. , Mereness Jared A. , Bryce Steven M. , Bemis Jeffrey C. , Bell Sara , Portugal Susan , Aylott Michael , MacGregor James T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn international collaborative trial was established to systematically investigate the merits and limitations of a rat in vivo Pig‐a gene mutation assay. The product of this gene is essential for anchoring CD59 to the plasma membrane, and mutations in this gene are identified by flow cytometric quantification of circulating erythrocytes without cell surface CD59 expression. Initial interlaboratory data from rats treated with several potent mutagens have been informative, but the time required for those flow cytometric analyses (∼20 min per sample) limited the number of cells that could be interrogated for the mutant phenotype. Thus, it was desirable to establish a new higher throughput scoring approach before expanding the trial to include weak mutagens or nongenotoxicants. An immunomagnetic column separation method that dramatically increases analysis rates was therefore developed (Dertinger et al. [2011]: Mutat Res 721:163‐170). To evaluate this new method for use in the international collaborative trial, studies were conducted to determine the mutagenic response of male Sprague Dawley rats treated for 3 or 28 consecutive days with several doses of 1,3‐propane sultone (1,3‐PS). Pig‐a mutant frequencies were measured over a period of several weeks and were supplemented with another indicator of genetic toxicity, peripheral blood micronucleated reticulocyte (MN‐RET) counts. 1,3‐PS was found to increase Pig‐a mutation and MN‐RET frequencies in both 3‐ and 28‐day study designs. While the greatest induction of MN‐RETs was observed in the 3‐day study, the highest Pig‐a responses were found with 28‐days of treatment. Pig‐a measurements were acquired in approximately one‐third the time required in the original method, while the number of erythrocyte and reticulocyte equivalents analyzed per sample were increased by factors of 100 and 10, respectively. The data strongly support the value of using the immunomagnetic separation technique for enumerating Pig‐a mutation frequencies. These results also demonstrate that the ongoing international trial will benefit from the inclusion of studies that are based on both acute and protracted repeat dosing schedules in conjunction with the acquisition of longitudinal data, at least until more data have been accumulated. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uptake and toxicity of spiked nickel to earthworm Eisenia fetida in a range of Chinese soils
Authors: Yan Zengguang , Wang Beixin , Xie Dongli , Zhou Youya , Guo Guanlin , Xu Meng , Bai Liping , Hou Hong , Li Fasheng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Bioavailability and toxicity of metals to soil organisms varies among different soils, and knowledge of this variance is useful for the development of soil environmental quality guidelines. In the present study, laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of variations in nickel (Ni) uptake and toxicity on growth, cocoon output, and juvenile production in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in 13 Chinese soils spiked with nickel chloride. Body weight development of E. fetida was rather insensitive to Ni, and significant inhibition of growth was observed only at high Ni concentrations, such as 560 and 1000 mg/kg. The 50% inhibition effect concentrations (EC50s) for cocoon and juvenile production, based on measured Ni concentrations in soils, varied from 169 to 684 mg/kg and from 159 to 350 mg/kg, respectively. The EC50s represented approximately fourfold variation for cocoon output and twofold variation for juvenile production among 13 Chinese soils. Juvenile production, compared to cocoon output, was a more sensitive endpoint parameter to Ni. Nickel uptake in E. fetida increased as simple linear functions of increasing soil Ni concentrations. Tissue Ni–based EC50s (based on Ni concentrations in earthworm tissues) for cocoon production varied from 37 to 121 mg/kg (threefold variation) in 12 of 13 soils, suggesting a similar variation to that of soil Ni–based EC50s. Relationship analysis between soil properties and Ni toxicity showed that neither the EC50s for cocoon output nor those for juvenile production presented significant correlation with soil properties (pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, clay content, Ca2+ and Mg2+). This may be ascribed to the narrow range of properties of selected soils. The soil factors that determined Ni toxicity to earthworm reproduction remain undetermined in the present study, and these data should be used cautiously when developing toxicity prediction models because of the narrow selection of soil properties. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2586–2593. © 2011 SETAC
Comparison of element concentrations in fir and rhododendron leaves and twigs along an altitudinal gradient
Authors: Sun Shou-Qin , Wu Yan-Hong , Zhou Jun , Yu Dong , Luo Ji , Bing Hai-Jian 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Concentrations of 23 elements (Ca, K, Mg, P, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb, Th, Tl, and V) in leaf and twig samples of a fir (Abies fabri) and a rhododendron (Rhododendron williamsianum) collected along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga, China, are reported in the present study. Most of the macronutrients (K and P), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Ni, Mo, and Al), and trace elements (Pb, Tl, Ag, Cd, Ba, Co, V, Be, and Cr) are significantly enriched in fir when compared to rhododendron; however, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ba, and Cd are more enriched in rhododendron than in fir. Most of the elements in both plants are more significantly enriched in twigs than in leaves. The relationship between element concentration in plants and altitudinal gradient is nonlinear. Altitudes of 3,200 and 3,400 m are turning points for fir and rhododendron growth, respectively. Concentrations of all trace elements in the two plants along the altitudinal gradient are well below the toxic level in plants. No known industrial sources of the elements investigated exist in the Mount Gongga area, China. Element concentrations in the present study are higher than those found in mosses collected from the same area, indicating that the area is not contaminated. The element concentrations that we observed in plant samples were due to soil uptake. The pronounced differences between the two species are due to the different uptake characteristics of fir and rhododendron. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2608–2619. © 2011 SETAC
Legacy and contemporary persistent organic pollutants in North Pacific albatross
Authors: Harwani Suhash , Henry Robert W , Rhee Alexandra , Kappes Michelle A , Croll Donald A , Petreas Myrto , Park June-Soo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Here we report the first measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE 47, 99, and 153) alongside 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the plasma of albatross from breeding colonies distributed across a large spatial east-west gradient in the North Pacific Ocean. North Pacific albatross are wide-ranging, top-level consumers that forage in pelagic regions of the North Pacific Ocean, making them an ideal sentinel species for detection and distribution of marine contaminants. Our work on contaminant burdens in albatross tissue provides information on transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the remote North Pacific and serves as a proxy for regional environmental quality. We sampled black-footed (Phoebastria nigripes; n = 20) and Laysan albatross (P. immutabilis; n = 19) nesting on Tern Island, Hawaii, USA, and Laysan albatross (n = 16) nesting on Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Our results indicate that North Pacific albatross are highly exposed to both PCBs and OCPs, with levels ranging from 8.8 to 86.9 ng/ml wet weight and 7.4 to 162.3 ng/ml wet weight, respectively. A strong significant gradient exists between Laysan albatross breeding in the Eastern Pacific, having approximately 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold higher levels for PCBs and OCPs, respectively, compared to those from the Central Pacific. Interspecies levels of contaminants within the same breeding site also showed high variation, with Tern black-footed albatross having approximately threefold higher levels of both PCBs and OCPs than Tern Laysan albatross. Surprisingly, while PBDEs are known to travel long distances and bioaccumulate in wildlife of high trophic status, we detected these three PBDE congeners only at trace levels ranging from not detectable (ND) to 0.74 ng/ml wet weight in these albatross. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2562–2569. © 2011 SETAC
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of flow past a circular cylinder near a moving wall
Authors: Zhen Haicheng , Wu Fangfang 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe two‐dimensional flows past a circular cylinder near a moving wall are simulated by lattice Boltzmann method. The wall moves at the inlet velocity and the Reynolds number ranges from 300 to 500. The influence of the moving wall on the flow patterns is demonstrated and the corresponding mechanism is illustrated by using instability theory. The correlations among flow features based on gap ratio are interpreted. Force coefficients, velocity profile and vortex structure are analyzed to determine the critical gap ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The seminoma cell line TCam‐2 is sensitive to HDAC inhibitor depsipeptide but tolerates various other chemotherapeutic drugs and loss of NANOG expression
Authors: Nettersheim Daniel , Gillis Ad , Biermann Katharina , Looijenga Leendert H.J. , Schorle Hubert 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSeminomas and embryonal carcinomas (EC) are both type II germ cell tumor (GCT) entities and develop from the same precursor lesion (carcinoma‐in situ, CIS). However, they show significant differences in growth behavior, differentiation potential, and gene expression. Although ECs are prone to differentiate into all three germ layers and give rise to the non‐seminomatous GCT entities teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk‐sac tumor, differentiation of seminomas to these entities is only rarely observed. This might reflect the ability of seminomas to actively inhibit differentiation processes evoked by environmental cues. Also, it is not known why CIS gives rise to seminoma in some patients and to non‐seminoma in the others. Here, we treated the seminoma‐like cell line TCam‐2 with the HDAC‐inhibitor Depsipeptide, the global demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deocycytidine, all‐trans retinoic acid and the monaminooxidase inhibitor Tranylcipromine and also used knock down approaches to reduce expression of the pluripotency marker NANOG and/or the inhibitor of primordial germ cell differentiation TFAP2C. We found that TCam‐2 cells induce apoptosis when treated with Depsipeptide (>10 nM) but are resistant to treatments with 5‐aza‐2′‐deocycytidine, all‐trans retinoic acid and Tranylcipromine, highlighting Depsi as a treatment option for seminomas. We show that TCam‐2 cells up‐regulate endoderm‐ and throphectoderm‐associated genes after down‐regulation of NANOG expression; however, morphologically no indications of differentiation could be found. Instead, we observed up‐regulation of OCT3/4 and SOX17 in TCam‐2‐NANOG knockdown and speculate that this compensates for the loss of the NANOG protein. Hence, NANOG is not a primary target gene responsible for the inhibition of differentiation in seminomas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscaling ratios and storm types in rainfall simulation
Authors: Liu Jia , Bray Michaela , Han Dawei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAccurate information of rainfall is needed for sustainable water management and more reliable flood forecasting. The advances in mesoscale numerical weather modelling and modern computing technologies make it possible to provide rainfall simulations and forecasts at increasingly higher resolutions in space and time. However, being one of the most difficult variables to be modelled, the quality of the rainfall products from the numerical weather model remains unsatisfactory for hydrological applications. In this study, the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is investigated using different domain settings and various storm types to improve the model performance of rainfall simulation. Eight 24‐h storm events are selected from the Brue catchment, southwest England, with different spatial and temporal distributions of the rainfall intensity. Five domain configuration scenarios designed with gradually changing downscaling ratios are used to run the WRF model with the ECMWF 40‐year reanalysis data for the periods of the eight events. A two‐dimensional verification scheme is proposed to evaluate the amounts and distributions of simulated rainfall in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The verification scheme consists of both categorical and continuous indices for a first‐level assessment and a more quantitative evaluation of the simulated rainfall. The results reveal a general improvement of the model performance as we downscale from the outermost to the innermost domain. Moderate downscaling ratios of 1:7, 1:5 and 1:3 are found to perform better with the WRF model in giving more reasonable results than smaller ratios. For the sensitivity study on different storm types, the model shows the best performance in reproducing the storm events with spatial and temporal evenness of the observed rainfall, whereas the type of events with highly concentrated rainfall in space and time are found to be the trickiest case for WRF to handle. Finally, the efficiencies of several variability indices are verified in categorising the storm events on the basis of the two‐dimensional rainfall evenness, which could provide a more quantitative way for the event classification that facilitates further studies. It is important that similar studies with various storm events are carried out in other catchments with different geographic and climatic conditions, so that more general error patterns can be found and further improvements can be made to the rainfall products from mesoscale numerical weather models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relevant effects of vegetal cover and litter on the soil hydrological response of two contrasting Mediterranean hillslopes at the end of the dry season (south of Spain)
Authors: Gabarrón‐Galeote Miguel A. , Martínez‐Murillo Juan F. , Ruiz‐Sinoga José Damián 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn Mediterranean regions, hillslopes are generally considered to be a mosaic of sink and source areas that control runoff generation and water erosion processes. These hillslopes used to be characterized by a complex hydrological and erosive response combining Hortonian and saturation excess overland flows. The hydrological response of soils is highly dependent on the soil surface components (e.g. vegetation patches, bare soil, rock fragment cover, crusts), which each one of them is dominated by a certain hydrological process. One of these soil surface components, not widely considered in studies of soil hydrology under Mediterranean conditions, is the accumulation of litter beneath shrubs enhancing water repellency in soils. This study investigates the influence of soil surface components, especially the litter accumulated beneath Cistus spp., in the hydrological and erosive responses of soils on two Mediterranean hillslopes having different exposures. The study was performed by means of rainfall simulation experiments and the Water Drop Penetration Time for measuring water repellency of soils, both techniques being carried out at the end of summer (September 2010) with very dry soils. The results indicate that (i) soil surface components from the north facing hillslope are characterized by a more uniform hydrological and erosive response than those from the south‐facing ones; (ii) the water repellency is more influential on the hydrological response of the north‐facing hillslope due to a greater accumulation of organic rest on the soils as the vegetation cover is also higher; (iii) the south‐facing hillslope seemed to follow the fertility island theory with very degraded bare soil areas, which are the most generated areas of runoff and mobilized sediments; (iv) the experimental area can be considered as a threshold area between the semiarid and subhumid Mediterranean environments, with the south‐facing hillslope being comparable with the former and the north facing one with the latter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in streamflow regime following vegetation changes from paired catchments
Authors: Zhao Fangfang , Xu Zongxue , Zhang Lu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractVegetation changes can significantly affect catchment water balance. It is important to evaluate the effects of vegetation cover change on streamflow as changes in streamflow relate to water security. This study focuses on the use of statistical methods to determine responses in streamflow at seven paired catchments in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa to vegetation change. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test and Pettitt's test were used to identify trends and change points in the annual streamflow records. Statistically significant trends in annual streamflow were detected for most of the treated catchments. It took between 3 and 10 years for a change in vegetation cover to result in significant change in annual streamflow. Presence of the change points in streamflow was associated with changes in the mean, variance, and distribution of annual streamflow. The streamflow in the deforestation catchments increased after the change points, whereas reduction in streamflow was observed in the afforestation catchments. The streamflow response is mainly affected by the climate and underlying vegetation change. Daily flow duration curves (FDCs) for the whole period and pre‐change and post‐change point periods also were analysed to investigate the changes in flow regime. Three types of vegetation change effects on the flow regime have been identified. The relative reductions in most percentile flows are constant in the afforestation catchments. The comparison of trend, change point, and FDC in the annual streamflow from the paired experiments reflects the important role of the vegetation change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of support vector machine and relevance vector machine to determine evaporative losses in reservoirs
Authors: Samui Pijush , Dixon Barnali 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article employs Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) for prediction of Evaporation Losses (E) in reservoirs. SVM that is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning theory, uses regression technique by introducing ε‐insensitive loss function has been adopted. RVM is based on a Bayesian formulation of a linear model with an appropriate prior that results in a sparse representation. The input of SVM and RVM models are mean air temperature (T) ( °C), average wind speed (WS) (m/sec), sunshine hours (SH)(hrs/day), and mean relative humidity (RH) (%). Equations have been also developed for prediction of E. The developed RVM model gives variance of the predicted E. A comparative study has also been presented between SVM, RVM and ANN models. The results indicate that the developed SVM and RVM can be used as a practical tool for prediction of E. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemocompatibility and biofunctionality of two poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethyleneglycol) copolymers
Authors: Riquelme Bibiana D. , Dumas Dominique , Fontana Alicia , Delannoy Marcela , Valverde Juana R. , Sondag Danielle , Grandfils Christian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo mask the antigenic sites of cells for cell therapies, especially for blood transfusion, we investigated the hemocompatibility of two poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethyleneglycol) compared with that of the homopolymer without PEG. Our strategy relies on the potential ability of these copolymers to self‐assemble at the erythrocyte surface. The cationic sequence of the copolymer should be able to interact with the glycocalyx by ionic interaction. The other sequence, based on a polyethyleneglycol moiety, should prevent both nonspecific interactions and specific recognition of the biological surface. The hemocompatibility of these copolymers was assessed by analyzing alterations in human erythrocyte membrane viscoelasticity, morphology, granularity, and aggregation. Their properties to mask ABO system and three erythrocyte glycophorin sites were investigated. No alterations in the erythrocyte morphology were observed by confocal microscopy. On the other hand, a partial masking of different specific glycophorin sites leads to future optimization of the macromolecular structures of these functionalized copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.