bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiocarbon Chronology for the Late Archaic and Formative Periods on the Pacific Coast of Southeastern Mesoamerica
Authors: Blake Michael , Clark John E. , Voorhies Barbara , Michaels George , Love Michael W. , Pye Mary E. , Demarest Arthur A. , Arroyo Barbara 
Published: November 2010

AbstractArchaeological excavations carried out during the past five years along the Pacific coast of Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador have recovered 79 new14C dates for the Late Archaic and Early to Middle Formative periods. We analyze these new dates along with 25 previously published dates to refine a sequence of 10 archaeological phases spanning almost three and a half millennia, from ca. 4000 to 650 B.C. The phases are summarized with a brief description of their most salient characteristics. We include illustrations of the Early Formative period ceramics and figurines from the Mazatan region. The sequence of phases reveals a trajectory of cultural evolution beginning in the Archaic period with the mobile hunting, fishing, and gathering Chantuto people. By 1550 B.C., the first ceramic-using sedentary communities appeared on the coast of Chiapas. They were hunter-fisher-gatherers who supplemented their food supply with cultivated plants, including maize and beans. We suggest that by the Locona phase (1400–1250 B.C.) in Chiapas, they began the transition from egalitarian sociopolitical organization to simple chiefdoms, leaving behind evidence of large-scale architectural constructions, long-distance imports such as obsidian and jade, and elaborately crafted prestige goods. Also in Chiapas, during the Cherla phase (1100–1000 B.C.), ceramic and figurine styles, nearly identical to those found at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan on the Gulf Coast, made their first appearance. Many of the local artifact styles were gradually replaced by styles that became increasingly widespread in Mesoamerica. The chronology presented here shows that these changes were roughly contemporaneous with similar ones in neighboring regions of Mesoamerica.
Archaeological Investigations at Xochicalco, Morelos 1984 and 1986
Authors: Crespo Norberto González , Tarazona Silvia Garza , Nova Hortensia de Vega , Guala Pablo Mayer , Aguilar Giselle Canto 
Published: November 2010

AbstractArchaeological excavations at the site of Xochicalco, Morelos, have explored several elements of public architecture important for clarifying aspects of urban organization and civic life during the Epiclassic period. Excavations confirm the presence of a ditch and terrace defensive system, strategic control of access leading into the site, and the presence of walled streets entering the site and extending throughout the city. The urban design also included systems for surface drainage that were linked to street networks. A section of the drainage system was constructed as a subterranean sewer using corbeled arch construction where it passed beneath a large platform mound. Analysis of the materials recovered from buildings throughout these excavations also provide the basis for identifying domestic activities and differentiating between residential and nonresidential structures.
Effects of a participatory agriculture and nutrition education project on child growth in northern Malawi
Authors: Bezner Kerr Rachel , Berti Peter R , Shumba Lizzie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether children in households involved in a participatory agriculture and nutrition intervention had improved growth compared to children in matched comparable households and whether the level of involvement and length of time in the project had an effect on child growth.DesignA prospective quasi-experimental study comparing baseline and follow-up data in ‘intervention’ villages with matched subjects in ‘comparison’ villages. Mixed model analyses were conducted on standardized child growth scores (weight- and height-for-age Z-scores), controlling for child age and testing for effects of length of time and intensity of village involvement in the intervention.SettingA participatory agriculture and nutrition project (the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities (SFHC) project) was initiated by Ekwendeni Hospital aimed at improving child nutritional status with smallholder farmers in a rural area in northern Malawi. Agricultural interventions involved intercropping legumes and visits from farmer researchers, while nutrition education involved home visits and group meetings.SubjectsParticipants in intervention villages were self-selected, and control participants were matched by age and household food security status of the child. Over a 6-year period, nine surveys were conducted, taking 3838 height and weight measures of children under the age of 3 years.ResultsThere was an improvement over initial conditions of up to 0·6 in weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ; from −0·4 (sd 0·5) to 0·3 (sd 0·4)) for children in the longest involved villages, and an improvement over initial conditions of 0·8 in WAZ for children in the most intensely involved villages (from −0·6 (sd 0·4) to 0·2 (sd 0·4)).ConclusionsLong-term efforts to improve child nutrition through participatory agricultural interventions had a significant effect on child growth.
SBGN support in BIOCHAM
Authors: Jovanovska Dragana , Fages François , Soliman Sylvain 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBIOCHAM - BioChemical Abstract Machine is an environment for modeling biological systems and formalizing experimental knowledge. Mainly, it is composed of:* a rule-based language for modeling biochemical systems (compatible with SBML)* several simulators (boolean, differential, stochastic)* a temporal logic based language to formalize the temporal properties of a biological system and validate models with respect to such specifications,* unique features for developing/correcting/completing/reducing/coupling models, including the inference of kinetic parameters in high dimension from temporal logic constraints.BIOCHAM is presented with a user friendly graphical interface, that is easy to use and gives the user richer experience throughout his work. The current release of its graphical user interface has a SBGN compliant Reaction Graph Editor for drawing and editing biochemical networks. It also offers export features to SBML and other formats.It is implemented by the CONTRAINTES team in INRIA ( National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), in Paris - Rocquencourt, France.
The Networked Naturalist: Mobile phone data collection for citizen science and education
Authors: Graham Eric 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Citizen science projects engage individual volunteers or groups to observe, measure, and contribute data to scientific studies. CENS is building a collection of mobile phone and web-based tools to make the citizen scientist experience more engaging and flexible. CENS is an NSF-funded Information and Technology Center that employs graduate students from Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at UCLA to create open-source software that is environmentally and socially responsible. The overarching goal of the Networked Naturalist project is to enhance participatory learning experiences through citizen science campaigns and help transform the associated learning process. We are collaborating with national field campaigns, such Project BudBurst, and also with the National Park Service to increase participation and retention in citizen scientist campaigns through two main avenues afforded by the use of new technologies: (1) to offer new methods for data collection, primarily using mobile phones, through text, picture, and smart-phone applications, and (2) to provide immediate feedback and automated, engaging analysis of data for informal learning opportunities. We are working to create a robust data collection system to enhance citizen science by ensuring data quality and improving data submission, and to transform participation into an active learning, engaging experience.

Results/Conclusions
Our experience with volunteers for software testing at UCLA and at the National Park Service has indicated that using mobile phones is an efficient method for collecting environmental and location data and raises public awareness of environmental issues through attracting the attention of the mass media. Individual participation in the What’s Invasive! project by volunteer citizen scientists seems to have been limited by smartphone application availability (iPhone app is currently only available for Santa Monica), although methods for making observations based on text and picture messaging are also available. We have found that running short-term "campaigns" partnered with NPS officials and groups such as schools has been the most effective in not only education-related efforts but also in efficiently identifying and locating species and objects of interest using mobile phones.
Does accounting for imperfect detection improve species distribution models?
Authors: Rota Christopher , Fletcher Robert , Evans Jason , Hutto Richard 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Models of species distributions are increasingly being used to address a variety of problems in ecology and conservation biology. In many applications, perfect detectability of species, given presence, is assumed. While this problem has been acknowledged and addressed through the development of occupancy models, we still know little regarding whether or not addressing the potential for imperfect detection improves the predictive performance of species distribution models in nature. Here, we ask if explicitly accounting for imperfect detection improves predictive performance of species distribution models relative to approaches that assume perfect detection. We contrast logistic regression models of species occurrence that do not correct for detectability to hierarchical occupancy models that explicitly estimate and adjust for detectability, and maximum entropy models that circumvent the detectability problem by using data from known presence locations only. We use a large-scale, long-term monitoring database across western Montana and northern Idaho to contrast these models for nine landbird species that cover a broad spectrum in detectability.

Results/Conclusions
Overall, occupancy models were similar to or better than other approaches in terms of predictive accuracy, as measured by the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) and Kappa, with maximum entropy tending to provide the lowest predictive accuracy. Models varied in the types of errors associated with predictions, such that some model approaches may be preferred over others in certain situations. As expected, predictive performance varied across a gradient in species detectability, with logistic regression providing lower relative performance for less detectable species and Maxent providing lower performance for highly detectable species. Occupancy models showed no strong relationship with detection probability and any source of predictive error, suggesting this approach can perform as well for highly detectable species as for difficult to detect species. We conclude by suggesting that occupancy modeling approaches hold promise for improving models of species distributions. However, occupancy models did not always significantly improve predictive performance of species distribution models. In these instances, issues of sampling design other than imperfect detection may be of greater importance for inference, and the onus is on ecologists to address the detection issue and other problems in sampling design in rigorous ways to evaluate potential biases in inference.
Recasting spatial food web ecology as an ecosystem science
Authors: Massol François , Gravel Dominique , Mouquet Nicolas , Cadotte Marc , Fukami Tadashi , Leibold Mathew 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/questions/methods
Food webs are complex systems in which organisms interact with each other and with the abiotic aspects of their environment, thus acting as the conduit for transfers of energy and nutrients through ecosystems. Classical approaches to food webs focus strongly on patterns and processes occurring at the community level rather than at the broader ecosystem scale. Recent developments in community ecology suggest that spatial processes may be important in affecting food web dynamics and affect ecosystems as well, thus leading to the idea of meta-ecosystems. Here, we make a synthesis on how the links between food web dynamics and spatial ecosystem dynamics may be studied through (i) identifying differences between metacommunity and landscape ecology approaches when dealing with food webs, (ii) arguing that a tighter synthesis of the two approaches is needed for a good understanding of how diversity, ecosystem process and trait distributions in landscapes are related, and (iii) laying out how this gap can be efficiently bridged under the framework of meta-ecosystems.

Results/conclusions
We identify two possible sets of processes that drive spatial food webs and the ecosystems they occur in: trait-dependent processes and material-dependent processes. Both of these have been shown to be important in affecting various aspects of food web ecology and we ask how they may compare to each other and how they may interact. We argue that interactions between them, while complex, are likely and depend strongly on the size of the meta-ecosystem and its connectivity. A more integrative framework to the study of spatial food webs, which takes into account both approaches, might be key in better understanding the links between ecosystem and community dynamics at large spatial scales.
Cross-Frequency Integration for Consonant and Vowel Identification in Bimodal Hearing
Authors: Kong Ying-Yee , Braida Louis D. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose

Improved speech recognition in binaurally combined acoustic–electric stimulation (otherwise known as
bimodal hearing
) could arise when listeners integrate speech cues from the acoustic and electric hearing. The aims of this study were (a) to identify speech cues extracted in electric hearing and residual acoustic hearing in the low-frequency region and (b) to investigate cochlear implant (CI) users' ability to integrate speech cues across frequencies.

Method
Normal-hearing (NH) and CI subjects participated in consonant and vowel identification tasks. Each subject was tested in 3 listening conditions: CI alone (vocoder speech for NH), hearing aid (HA) alone (low-pass filtered speech for NH), and both. Integration ability for each subject was evaluated using a model of optimal integration—the PreLabeling integration model (Braida, 1991).

Results
Only a few CI listeners demonstrated bimodal benefit for phoneme identification in quiet. Speech cues extracted from the CI and the HA were highly redundant for consonants but were complementary for vowels. CI listeners also exhibited reduced integration ability for both consonant and vowel identification compared with their NH counterparts.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that reduced bimodal benefits in CI listeners are due to insufficient complementary speech cues across ears, a decrease in integration ability, or both.
Geoengineering potential of artificially enhanced silicate weathering of olivine
Authors: Köhler Peter , Hartmann Jens , Wolf-Gladrow Dieter A. 
Published: November 2010

Geoengineering is a proposed action to manipulate Earth’s climate in order to counteract global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We investigate the potential of a specific geoengineering technique, carbon sequestration by artificially enhanced silicate weathering via the dissolution of olivine. This approach would not only operate against rising temperatures but would also oppose ocean acidification, because it influences the global climate via the carbon cycle. If important details of the marine chemistry are taken into consideration, a new mass ratio of CO
2
sequestration per olivine dissolution of about 1 is achieved, 20% smaller than previously assumed. We calculate that this approach has the potential to sequestrate up to 1 Pg of C per year directly, if olivine is distributed as fine powder over land areas of the humid tropics, but this rate is limited by the saturation concentration of silicic acid. In our calculations for the Amazon and Congo river catchments, a maximum annual dissolution of 1.8 and 0.4 Pg of olivine seems possible, corresponding to the sequestration of 0.5 and 0.1 Pg of C per year, but these upper limit sequestration rates come at the environmental cost of
p
H values in the rivers rising to 8.2. Open water dissolution of fine-grained olivine and an enhancement of the biological pump by the rising riverine input of silicic acid might increase our estimate of the carbon sequestration, but additional research is needed here. We finally calculate with a carbon cycle model the consequences of sequestration rates of 1–5 Pg of C per year for the 21st century by this technique.
Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and time during the transition from a molecule to atoms
Authors: Li Wen , Jaroń-Becker Agnieszka A. , Hogle Craig W. , Sharma Vandana , Zhou Xibin , Becker Andreas , Kapteyn Henry C. , Murnane Margaret M. 
Published: November 2010

Imaging and controlling reactions in molecules and materials at the level of electrons is a grand challenge in science, relevant to our understanding of charge transfer processes in chemistry, physics, and biology, as well as material dynamics. Direct access to the dynamic electron density as electrons are shared or transferred between atoms in a chemical bond would greatly improve our understanding of molecular bonding and structure. Using reaction microscope techniques, we show that we can capture how the entire valence shell electron density in a molecule rearranges, from molecular-like to atomic-like, as a bond breaks. An intense ultrashort laser pulse is used to ionize a bromine molecule at different times during dissociation, and we measure the total ionization signal and the angular distribution of the ionization yield. Using this technique, we can observe density changes over a surprisingly long time and distance, allowing us to see that the electrons do not localize onto the individual Br atoms until the fragments are far apart (∼5.5
Å
), in a region where the potential energy curves for the dissociation are nearly degenerate. Our observations agree well with calculations of the strong-field ionization rates of the bromine molecule.
Racial/ethnic differences in menthol cigarette smoking, population quit ratios and utilization of evidence‐based tobacco cessation treatments
Authors: Stahre Mandy , Okuyemi Kolawole S. , Joseph Anne M. , Fu Steven S. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAims This study examines the relationship between menthol cigarette smoking and the population quit ratio and whether menthol smokers differ in utilization of evidence‐based smoking cessation aids among a nationally representative sample of US adult smokers.Design, setting and particiants Secondary data analysis of cross‐sectional data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Cancer Control Supplement. The NHIS is a nationally representative survey of US households conducted annually.Measurements The main outcome variables of interest were (1) the population quit ratio and (2) use of smoking quit aids. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.2 with SUDAAN, which corrects for the complex sampling design of the study. Univariate analyses were used to determine variables that differed significantly by menthol status and utilization of types of quit aids. Multiple logistic regression analysis modeled the relationship between menthol smoking status, demographic characteristics and smoking‐related characteristics on the population quit ratio and utilization of quit aids.Findings We observed significant differences in the population quit ratio for menthol versus non‐menthol among African American smokers (34% versus 49%,P < 0.001), but not among whites (52% versus 50%). In multiple logistic regression analysis, there was a significant interaction between race and menthol smoking status. African American menthol smokers were significantly less likely than white non‐menthol smokers to have quit smoking (adjusted odds ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.53, 0.97) after controlling for age group, sex, marital status, region and average number of cigarettes smoked per day. Menthol smoking status was not associated with differences in utilization of quit aids.Conclusions African Americans have the highest rates of menthol cigarette smoking of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Menthol cigarette smoking is associated negatively with successful smoking cessation among African Americans.
The analysis of immunological profiles in wild animals: a case study on immunodynamics in the field vole, Microtus agrestis
Authors: JACKSON JOSEPH A. , BEGON MICHAEL , BIRTLES RICHARD , PATERSON STEVE , FRIBERG IDA M. , HALL AMY , LOWE ANN , RALLI CATRIONA , TURNER ANDREW , ZAWADZKA MALGORZATA , BRADLEY JANETTE E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA revolutionary advance in ecological immunology is that postgenomic technologies now allow molecular mediators defined in laboratory models to be measured at the mRNA level in field studies of many naturally occurring species. Here, we demonstrate the application of such an approach to generate meaningful immunological profiles for wild mammals. We sampled a natural field vole population across the year (n = 307) and developed a battery of cellular assays in which functionally different pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory signalling responses (transcription factors and cytokines) were activated and quantified by Q‐PCR. Temporal trends were the strongest feature in the expression data, although some life history stages (mating vs. nonmating males and pregnant females) were also associated with significant variation. There was a striking set of significant negative associations between inflammatory mediators and condition indices reflecting packed erythrocyte volume and relative liver size, spleen size and splenocyte count. Grouped (principal component) measures of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory expression were high in winter, with minima in the breeding season that occurred earlier for grouped anti‐inflammatory responses than for grouped inflammatory responses. Some individual immunological mediators also showed patterns unrelated to the breeding season or annual periodic cues. For example, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) expression declined throughout the study period, indicating a systematic trend in antimicrobial defences. Pinpointing the causes and consequences of such variation may help identify underlying environmental drivers of individual fitness and demographic fluctuation.