bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish
Authors: Kemp Paul S , Worthington Tom A , Langford Terence E L , Tree Angus R J , Gaywood Martin J 
Published: June 2011

AbstractReintroduction of beaver (Castor spp) may facilitate rehabilitation of freshwater habitats providing a cost‐effective sustainable means of improving ecological conditions. Despite extensive research, debate and consultation, a general consensus on the impact of beaver on fishes has proven elusive because of variability in biological response. This paper provides a systematic review of the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat based on a meta‐analysis of the literature and expert opinion. Research is regionally biased to North America (88%). The most frequently cited benefits of beaver dams were increased habitat heterogeneity, rearing and overwintering habitat and flow refuge, and invertebrate production. Impeded fish movement because of dams, siltation of spawning habitat and low oxygen levels in ponds were the most often cited negative impacts. Benefits (184) were cited more frequently than costs (119). Impacts were spatially and temporally variable and differed with species. The majority of 49 North American and European experts considered beaver to have an overall positive impact on fish populations, through their influence on abundance and productivity. Perceived negative effects related to the movement of aquatic organisms in tributary streams, including upstream and downstream migrating salmonids, and the availability of suitable spawning habitat.
Manipulating corn germplasm to increase recombinant protein accumulation
Authors: Hood Elizabeth E. , Devaiah Shivakumar P. , Fake Gina , Egelkrout Erin , Teoh Keat (Thomas) , Requesens Deborah Vicuna , Hayden Celine , Hood Kendall R. , Pappu Kameshwari M. , Carroll Jennifer , Howard John A. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryUsing plants as biofactories for industrial enzymes is a developing technology. The application of this technology to plant biomass conversion for biofuels and biobased products has potential for significantly lowering the cost of these products because of lower enzyme production costs. However, the concentration of the enzymes in plant tissue must be high to realize this goal. We describe the enhancement of the accumulation of cellulases in transgenic maize seed as a part of the process to lower the cost of these dominant enzymes for the bioconversion process. We have used breeding to move these genes into elite and high oil germplasm to enhance protein accumulation in grain. We have also explored processing of the grain to isolate the germ, which preferentially contains the enzymes, to further enhance recovery of enzyme on a dry weight basis of raw materials. The enzymes are active on microcrystalline cellulose to release glucose and cellobiose.
Transcript‐specific, single‐nucleotide polymorphism discovery and linkage analysis in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Allen Alexandra M. , Barker Gary L.A. , Berry Simon T. , Coghill Jane A. , Gwilliam Rhian , Kirby Susan , Robinson Phil , Brenchley Rachel C. , D’Amore Rosalinda , McKenzie Neil , Waite Darren , Hall Anthony , Bevan Michael , Hall Neil , Edwards Keith J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryFood security is a global concern and substantial yield increases in cereal crops are required to feed the growing world population. Wheat is one of the three most important crops for human and livestock feed. However, the complexity of the genome coupled with a decline in genetic diversity within modern elite cultivars has hindered the application of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programmes. A crucial step in the successful application of MAS in breeding programmes is the development of cheap and easy to use molecular markers, such as single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. To mine selected elite wheat germplasm for intervarietal single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, we have used expressed sequence tags derived from public sequencing programmes and next‐generation sequencing of normalized wheat complementary DNA libraries, in combination with a novel sequence alignment and assembly approach. Here, we describe the development and validation of a panel of 1114 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in hexaploid bread wheat using competitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction genotyping technology. We report the genotyping results of these markers on 23 wheat varieties, selected to represent a broad cross‐section of wheat germplasm including a number of elite UK varieties. Finally, we show that, using relatively simple technology, it is possible to rapidly generate a linkage map containing several hundred single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers in the doubled haploid mapping population of Avalon × Cadenza.
CHALLENGES TO ACTOR‐ORIENTED ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: EXAMPLES FROM THREE MEXICAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES
Authors: BRENNER LUDGER , JOB HUBERT 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper adopts an actor‐oriented approach to identify and conceptualise common challenges to interactive environmental governance in three well‐known Mexican biosphere reserves by analysing stakeholder support or resistance with regard to nature conservation, considering conflicting interests among actors. Certain tools that have recently been applied to establish multi‐actor decision‐making bodies to manage these problems are described and critically evaluated. In‐depth interviews conducted with key actors over a three‐year period show that opposing interests and actions hamper the development of integral and participative governance. Despite earnest attempts to conciliate deep‐rooted conflicts among conservation‐centred actors and other stakeholders interested in capitalising on natural resources for purposes of livelihood and profit, there is still a need for conceptual and strategic advancement to foster the effective and socially balanced management of protected areas in Mexico.
Medical and non‐medical correlates of carpal tunnel syndrome in a Taiwan cohort of one million
Authors: Tseng C.‐H. , Liao C.‐C. , Kuo C.‐M. , Sung F.‐C. , Hsieh D. P. H. , Tsai C.‐H. 
Published: June 2011

Background:  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), with unclear etiology, is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Its occurrence is related to lots of medical and non‐medical conditions with uncertain causality. With a large population, we characterized selected demographical and clinical factors to add more information on CTS‐correlated factors and new insight into future CTS prevention.Methods:  A national insurance claim dataset of one million enrollees in Taiwan was used to identify 15 802 patients with CTS and 31 604 randomly selected controls, during a period of 7 years starting 1 January 2000. Statistical association with CTS was determined for five sociodemographic and nine medical factors.Results:  Patients were predominantly women (65.6% vs. 47.7% in the control group) and older (40 and above, 62.6% vs. 36.2%). Rheumatoid arthritis was found to be the most significant comorbidity associated with CTS, followed by gout, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, uremia, and acromegaly. For younger group age ≤39, the association of these comorbidities was stronger, and hypothyroidism and vitamin B6 deficiency were additional comorbidities. Aging appears to reduce the relative impact of the diseases commonly associated with CTS as the possible risk factors.Conclusions:  Identification of the CTS correlates in younger group would be of greater value in timely detection and treatment for these diseases. Correcting these disorders may aid in removing possible causes of CTS. This is the first report on the effect of aging on probable CTS risk factors. How factors associated with aging contribute to the development of CTS remains to be determined.
The prediction of functional dependency by lateralized and non‐lateralized neglect in a large prospective stroke sample
Authors: Viken J. I. , Samuelsson H. , Jern C. , Jood K. , Blomstrand C. 
Published: June 2011

Background and purpose:  Lateralized and non‐lateralized impairments in visual attention have been identified as important components in patients with visuospatial neglect. This study investigated the course of these two phenomena across time in relation to neurological symptoms and functional outcome in a large consecutive and prospective stroke sample.Methods:  A total of 375 consecutive stroke patients were divided into three groups (lateralized, non‐lateralized or no visual inattention) acutely and 3 months post‐stroke using the star cancellation test. Neurological impairments, localization of brain damage, asymmetry in clinical symptoms and functional outcome were assessed. Possible group differences were analysed, and stepwise logistic regressions were performed to examine the relative importance of predictors of functional dependency.Results:  Participants with acute lateralized inattention differed (P ≤ 0.05) from the other two groups by more often exhibiting severe neurological symptoms, functional dependency and persisting visual inattention. The regression analyses selected acute lateralized inattention as an important and independent predictor of functional dependency following right hemisphere damage, but not following left hemisphere damage.Conclusions:  The results emphasize the prognostic value of lateralized inattention and the importance of separating lateralized and non‐lateralized symptoms of visual inattention at the commencement of rehabilitation.
Neuropsychological outcome after a first symptomatic ischaemic stroke with ‘good recovery’
Authors: Planton M. , Peiffer S. , Albucher J. F. , Barbeau E. J. , Tardy J. , Pastor J. , Januel A. C. , Bezy C. , Lemesle B. , Puel M. , Demonet J. F. , Chollet F. , Pariente J. 
Published: June 2011

Background:  Neuropsychological impairment after stroke when no motor, sensory or language deficits are left remains understudied. The primary aim of this study was to assess neuropsychological outcome in a specific population of patients after a first symptomatic stroke without previous cognitive decline and with a good motor, linguistic, and functional recovery (i.e. ‘good outcome’). The secondary aims were to identify the profile of this potential impairment and relations between brain lesions and neuropsychological outcome.Methods:  Sixty consecutive patients were evaluated by a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment focusing specifically on executive and attentional functions but also on memory 109 days, on average, after the infarct. Patients were compared with 40 healthy controls matched for age and education.Results:  Patients showed lower performance in every cognitive domain compared with controls. Along with an important executive deficit, patients were also impaired on attention and memory. Patients were not more depressed than controls, although they were more apathetic. We also found a significant positive correlation between cognitive impairment and pre‐existing white matter brain lesions assessed by MRI.Conclusions:  We report the first study examining the impact of a first stroke on cognition but also on psychiatric disorders in patients with good functional outcome. We found that patients considered as asymptomatic were, in fact, exhibiting a multidomain cognitive deficit that could impact return to life as before stroke.
Health literacy – a heterogeneous phenomenon: a literature review
Authors: Mårtensson Lena , Hensing Gunnel 
Published: June 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 151–160

Health literacy – a heterogeneous phenomenon: a literature reviewBackground and aim:  A growing responsibility on the part of individuals to make decisions in health issues implies the need of access to health information and personal skills to comprehend the information. Health literacy comprises skills in obtaining, understanding and acting on information about health issues in ways that promote and maintain health. A lack of health literacy may have effects at both the individual and societal levels. There are thus reasons for health care professionals to gain a comprehensive understanding of health literacy. The aim of this review was to explore how health literacy is described in the scientific literature and to give a synthesis of its different meanings.Methods:  The review was based on approximately 200 scientific articles published 2000–2008. The analysis process was inspired by the methods of narrative literature review.Findings and conclusions:  Two different approaches to health literacy became visible, one in which health literacy is expressed as a polarized phenomenon, focusing on the extremes of low and high health literacy. The definitions of health literacy in this approach are characterized by a functional understanding, pointing out certain basic skills needed to understand health information. The other approach represents a complex understanding of health literacy, acknowledging a broadness of skills in interaction with the social and cultural contexts, which means that an individual’s health literacy may fluctuate from one day to another according to the context. The complex approach stresses the interactive and critical skills needed to use information or knowledge as a basis for appropriate health decisions. We conclude that health literacy is a heterogeneous phenomenon that has significance for both the individual and society. Future research will aim at the development of assessments that capture the broadness of skills and agents characteristic for health literacy as a complex phenomenon.
The involvement of distinct neural systems in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder with autogenous and reactive obsessions
Authors: Besiroglu L. , Sozen M. , Ozbebit Ö. , Avcu S. , Selvi Y. , Bora A. , Atli A. , Unal O. , Bulut M. D. 
Published: June 2011

Besiroglu L, Sozen M, Ozbebit Ö, Avcu S, Selvi Y, Bora A, Atli A, Unal O, Bulut MD. The involvement of distinct neural systems in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) with autogenous and reactive obsessions.Objective:  To investigate the regional metabolite abnormalities and changes after treatment in patients with OCD with autogenous and reactive obsessions.Method:  We assessed right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala–hippocampal region (Am + Hpp) N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr) concentrations and NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios using single‐voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 15 patients with autogenous obsessions (OCD‐A), 15 patients with reactive obsessions (OCD‐R) and 15 healthy controls (HC). Measurements were repeated after 16 weeks of fluoxetine treatment.Results:  Baseline ACC NAA/Cr ratios of both OCD groups were significantly lower than HC. OCD‐A group had significantly lower baseline NAA/Cr ratios in the Am + Hpp than other groups. These differences were more likely to be explained by higher Cr levels in ACC. We found no significant differences and changes for Cho levels and Cho/Cr ratios between groups and within groups. Significant increase in NAA/Cr ratios of OCD‐A group found in the Am + Hpp was more likely to be explained by increased NAA levels. No significant changes were found in ACC NAA/Cr ratios.Conclusion:  While disturbed energy metabolism in ACC might reflect a common pathology in patients with OCD regardless of symptom dimension, alterations in mesiotemporal lobe are more likely for autogenous obsessions.
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 February 2011–31 March 2011
Authors:   Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, AUSTIN JAMES D. , BERTIN ANGÉLINE , BÓRQUEZ JÉSSICA P. , CÁRDENAS L. , CARDOZA TATIANA BACRY , CHAPMAN FRANK , DE SOUSA ADNA CRISTINA BARBOSA , DE SOUZA ANETE PEREIRA , DOUGLAS KORY C. , ELLWOOD SIMON R. , FERRIOL M. , GARMENDIA A. , GOUIN NICOLAS , HARGROVE JOHN , JASTI MADHURI , KERÄNEN I. , KNOTT K. E. , KONEC MARJETA , KUITUNEN K. , LIMA MARCOS PRADO , LINDE CELESTE C. , MERLE H. , OLIVA M. E. , PÉREZ M. , SAARINEN EMILY , SAMOLLOW PAUL B. , SCARPASSA VERA MARGARETE , SEGURA I. , SMITH LEON , TRONTELJ PETER , VALDIVIA I. M. , WALLWORK HUGH , WELLENREUTHER M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article documents the addition of 111 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, Anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato, Asellus aquaticus, Calopteryx splendens, Calopteryx virgo, Centaurea aspera, Centaurea seridis, Chilina dombeyana, Proctoeces cf. lintoni and Pyrenophora teres f. teres.
Candida glabrata
Mutants Demonstrating Paradoxical Reduced Caspofungin Susceptibility but Increased Micafungin Susceptibility
Authors: Healey Kelley R. , Katiyar Santosh K. , Castanheira Mariana , Pfaller Michael A. , Edlind Thomas D. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Echinocandins, including caspofungin (CSP) and micafungin (MCF), are highly active versus
Candida glabrata
(MIC of ≤0.06 μg/ml). True resistance (MIC of ≥1 μg/ml) is a rare event and strictly associated with mutations in β-1,3-glucan synthase gene
FKS1
or
FKS2
. In contrast, we show here that mutants exhibiting reduced susceptibility to CSP (CRS; MICs of 0.12 to 0.5 μg/ml) are readily selected
in vitro
and, paradoxically, demonstrate increased susceptibility to MCF (MIS) ranging from 4- to 32-fold. CRS-MIS mutants were generated from all 10
C. glabrata
strains tested and were tentatively identified within a collection of clinical isolates. Intriguingly, sequencing and gene disruption demonstrated that CRS-MIS is Fks independent.
Antiviral Efficacy upon Administration of a HepDirect Prodrug of 2′-
C
-Methylcytidine to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Chimpanzees
Authors: Carroll Steven S. , Koeplinger Kenneth , Vavrek Marissa , Zhang Nanyan Rena , Handt Laurence , MacCoss Malcolm , Olsen David B. , Reddy K. Raja , Sun Zhili , van Poelje Paul D. , Fujitaki James M. , Boyer Serge H. , Linemeyer David L. , Hecker Scott J. , Erion Mark D. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide, and the current standard of care, a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin, is efficacious in achieving sustained viral response in ∼50% of treated patients. Novel therapies under investigation include the use of nucleoside analog inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NM283, a 3′-valyl ester prodrug of 2′-
C
-methylcytidine, has demonstrated antiviral efficacy in HCV-infected patients (N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol.
46
[Suppl. 1]
:
S5, 2007; N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol.
44
[Suppl. 2]
:
S19, 2006). One approach to increase the antiviral efficacy of 2′-
C
-methylcytidine is to increase the concentration of the active inhibitory species, the 5′-triphosphate, in infected hepatocytes. HepDirect prodrug technology can increase intracellular concentrations of a nucleoside triphosphate in hepatocytes by introducing the nucleoside monophosphate into the cell, bypassing the initial kinase step that is often rate limiting. Screening for 2′-
C
-methylcytidine triphosphate levels in rat liver after oral dosing identified 1-[3,5-difluorophenyl]-1,3-propandiol as an efficient prodrug modification. To determine antiviral efficacy
in vivo
, the prodrug was administered separately via oral and intravenous dosing to two HCV-infected chimpanzees. Circulating viral loads declined by ∼1.4 log
10
IU/ml and by >3.6 log
10
IU/ml after oral and intravenous dosing, respectively. The viral loads rebounded after the end of dosing to predose levels. The results indicate that a robust antiviral response can be achieved upon administration of the prodrug.
Differences in Erythrocyte Receptor Specificity of Different Parts of the Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte Binding Protein Homologue 2a
Authors: Gunalan Karthigayan , Gao Xiaohong , Liew Kingsley J. L. , Preiser Peter R. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The
Plasmodium falciparum
reticulocyte-binding-like protein homologue (RH) and erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) protein families play important roles during invasion, though their exact roles are not clear. Both EBL and RH proteins are thought to directly bind different receptors on the surface of the erythrocyte, and the binding properties for a number of EBLs and RHs have been described. While
P. falciparum
RH1 (PfRH1) and PfRH4 have been shown to act directly in two alternative invasion pathways used by merozoites, the functions of PfRH2a and PfRH2b during invasion are less defined. Here, using monoclonal antibodies raised against a unique region of PfRH2a, we show that PfRH2a moves from the rhoptry neck to the moving junction during merozoite invasion. The movement of PfRH2a to the junction is independent of the invasion pathway used by the merozoite, suggesting an additional function of the protein that is independent of receptor binding. We further show that PfRH2a is processed both in the schizont and during invasion, resulting in proteins with different erythrocyte binding properties. Our findings suggest that PfRH2a and, most likely, the other members of the RH family, depending on their processing stage, can engage different receptors at different stages of the invasion process.
CXCR6 Is a Marker for Protective Antigen-Specific Cells in the Lungs after Intranasal Immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Lee Lian Ni , Ronan Edward O. , de Lara Catherine , Franken Kees L. M. C. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Tchilian Elma Z. , Beverley Peter C. L. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Convincing correlates of protective immunity against tuberculosis have been elusive. In BALB/c mice, intranasal immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
antigen 85A (adenovirus-85A) induces protective lower respiratory tract immunity against pulmonary challenge with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, while intradermal immunization with adenovirus-85A does not. Here we report that intranasal immunization with adenovirus-85A induces expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 on lung CD8 T lymphocytes, which is maintained for at least 3 months. CXCR6-positive antigen-specific T cell numbers are increased among bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable cells. Similarly, intranasal immunization with recombinant antigen 85A with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression on lung CD4 cells in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, while a synthetic ESAT6
1–20
peptide with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression in C57BL/6 mice. Parenteral immunization fails to do so. Upregulation of CXCR6 is accompanied by a transient elevation of serum CXCL16 after intranasal immunization, and lung cells cultured
ex vivo
from mice immunized intranasally show increased production of CXCL16. Administration of CXCL16 and cognate antigen intranasally to mice previously immunized parenterally increases the number of antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable population, which mediates inhibition of the early growth of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
after challenge. We conclude that expression of CXCR6 on lung T lymphocytes is a correlate of local protective immunity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
after intranasal immunization and that CXCR6 and CXCL16 play an important role in the localization of T cells within lung tissue and the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable compartment.