bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioecology of the parasites of high altitude homeothermic host-parasite systems. II. Infections by strobilocerci ofHydatigera balaniceps(Hall),H. laticollis(Rudolphi) andH. parva(Baer) in relation to sex, size and weight of Indian house rat
Authors: Malhotra Sandeep K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe influence of sex, size and weight of the Indian house rat (Rattus rattus) on concurrent liver infections withHydatigera balankeps(Hall),H. laticollis(Rudolphi) andH. parva(Baer) has been discussed. A significant inverse relationship was recorded between cestode infection and rat size. Parasitization index and mean worm burden-host weight ratio decreased with increase in rodent weight.
Studies on naturally-occurring ovine fascioliasis in the Sudan
Authors: Haroun E. M. , A/gadir Haga , Gameel A. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHaematological, biochemical and pathological changes were investigated in 214 sheep naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica in an endemic area in the Sudan together with 82 uninfected controls. Infected animals showed a clear decrease in erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume, a normochromic, normocytic anaemia, leucocytosis and eosinophilia. Serum concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetic acid transaminase were also elevated in the infected group, indicating hepatic damage. This was confirmed by histopathological changes, which comprised degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatocytes associated with haemorrhage, fibrosis, increased lobulation of the liver, mononuclear cell infiltration with haemosiderin deposition in fluke tracks and portal areas and the formation of granulomata around fluke eggs and fluke remnants. In the infected group there was slight hyperglobulinaemia and a marked hypoalbuminaemia, with a decrease in A/G ratio. A slight rise in the level of serum bilirubin was also observed.
Thermotaxis in third and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae
Authors: Mok M. , Abraham D. , Grieve R. B. , Thomas C. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThird-stage and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae exhibited positive thermotaxis when placed in a thermal gradient. Negative thermotaxis was not observed. Positive thermotaxis may be important for the successful transmission and for directing third and fourth-stage larval migration toward predilection sites in the Host.
The effect of method of infection on the pathway of juvenile Strongyloides ratti in the host
Authors: Wilson P. A. G. , Simpson Norma E. , Seaton D. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSubcutaneous injection of the larvae is the almost universally adopted means of initiating experimental infections of skin-invading roundworms but, so far, the possibility that this procedure introduses artefacts of one kind or another has not been critically studied. Experiments described in this paper were used to compare the effect of (a) injection and (b) skin application, of a small, precisely counted (‘exact’) dose of larvae. Results with two strains of s. ratti shoewed that the same proportion the dose developed to adults in the intestines of rats irrespective of the method. With the same exact dose technique it has been shown that milk-borne infection of the pups of lactating rats is not an artefact produced by injectcion. Large doses (mean 4000) of larvae of the homogonic strain of s. ratti carrying a radioactive label of 75 Se were tracked in their migration to the mammary gland following injection or skin application at two different sites on the right-hand side of nursing mother rats. The broad conclusion of earlier work in this laboratory using injection. that larvae move by a local route and not a systemic one, was supported by the results. The detailed distribution of the label and of unlabelled worms of the heterogonic strain in families was, however, different for the methods. indicating that subtle variations in pathway can be brought about by the use of injection. If migration involves the Lymphatic system, then the interpretation of immunological experiments in terms of Lymphatic anatomy must take account of such procedural effects. The extent to which these results contribute to theories of migration in Strongyloides ratti is discussed.
Praziquantel adversely affects protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro
Authors: Thompson R. C. A. , Reynoldson J. A. , Riddler Cicelia R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPraziquantel was shown to have adverse effects on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. Exposure to one dose of praziquantel at a concentration of 10μg/ml caused protoscoleces to die within 12 to 15 days. Protoscolecidal effects were more marked when cultures were exposed to the drug continuously by the addition of multiple doses. On the basis of these observations, there is a need to reappraise the metacestocidal potential of praziquantel, particularly with regard to the development of new drug regimes employing multiple dose or sustained release schedules. Possible reasons for the reduced susceptibility of protoscoleces and juvenile worms to praziquantel observed in this study are discussed.
Specificity of the surface aminopeptidase in Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Uglem Gary L. , Lewis Mark C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe hydrolysis of various oligopeptides in solution by intact Moniliformis moniliformis was examined using paper chromatographic analysis of the incubation medium. In the presence of transport inhibitors, the respective peptide sub-units and/or amino acid residues accumulated in the bathing medium. Only peptides with serine, methionine, leucine or alanine at the NH2-terminal end of the peptide were hydrolysed. There was no hydrolysis when these amino acids were located internally or at the COOH-terminus indicating genuine aminopeptidase activity of the class, α-aminoacylpeptide hydrolase. Hydrolysis was negligible when the NH2-terminus was arginie, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine. In separate experiments, mediated uptake of 0.1 mM3H-leucine by the worms in 2 min was inhibited 100% by 5 mM unlabelled leucine or tri-serine, but only partially inhibited by 5 mM Ser-Gly (66%), 10 mM Ser-Gly (74%), 5 mM Leu-Leu (69%), 10 mM Leu-Leu (70%), 5 mM Leu-Gly (58%) or 5nM Met-Met (69%). Bacause the inhibitions produced by 5 mM Leu-Leu plus 5 mM Met-Met (79%) or 5 mM Leu-Leu plus 5 mM Ser-Gly (76%) were not additive, a single enzyme is indicated. The name serine aminopeptidase is proposed because of its preference for serine.
Dynamics of the intramolluscan larval development of Schistosoma haematobium: replication of daughter sporocysts and cercarial production
Authors: Kechemir N. , Théron A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the intramolluscan larval development of Schistosoma haematobium (Algerian strain) in Bulinus truncatus, two replication processes of daughter sporocysts occur. Replication by direct sporocystogenesis appears more important than sporocystogenesis post cercariogenesis. These mechanisms assure a periodic renewal of the sporocyst stock in the snail host and seem to be synchronized with the development of cercarial generations. The succession of several generations of cercariae is responsible for the alternation of high and low periods of productivity.The scheme proposed for the intramolluscan development of S. haematobium is compared with those described for S. mansoni and S. bovis and interpreted in terms of demographic strategies adapted to a better exploitation of the snail host.
Mucosal lesions in the rat associated with the attachment ofMoniliformis(Acanthocephala)
Authors: Martin Jean , Crompton D. W. T. , Singhvi Aruna 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTBy means of scanning electron microscopy, aspects of the attachment ofMoniliformis dubius(Acanthocephala) to the intestinal wall of the rat are described together with various changes in the structure and form of the mucosa. Attachment of the parasite results in the formation of a distinct pit around the everted proboscis and a crater around the neck. Contact between the anterior region of the trunk of the worm and the intestine of the host appears to lead to villous fusion so that characteristic grooves are formed in the mucosal tissue. Evidence was also obtained to suggest that host goblet cells may become exhausted during the course of an infection withMoniliformis.
Cortisone-sensitive, innate resistance toHymenolepis nanainfection in congenitally athymic nude rats
Authors: Ito Akira , Kamiyama Tsuneo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe innate resistance of the unnatural rat host to the mouse tapewormHymenolepis nanais cortisone sensitive but thymus independent. When congenitally athymic nude rats were orally given eggs, cysticercoids, or adult worms ofH. nana, no lumenal adults were established except when they were treated with cortisone acetate during the expected lumenal development. The effect of cortisone to promote adult maturation in the rats was compared in nude and normal rats given eggs ofH. nana. The fecundity of the worm (assessed by the fresh worm biomass and the number of infective eggs produced) was much higher in cortisone-treated nude rats than in cotrisone-trated norml rats. When the nude rats recostituted with thymocytes were given eggs and treated with cortisone, the fecundity ofH. nanadropped to the same level as in cortisone-treated normal rats. It is strongly suggested that the unnatural rat host has thymus-independent cortisone sensitive resistance to an intial infection (which is the main component of the innate resistance and blocks the lumenal establishment of this parasite) and thymus-dependent resistance (which suppresses the established worm' fecudity and may be ascribed to acquired resistance to the ongoing infection).
Polarographic determination of mitochondrial respiration in Gastrothylax crumenifer
Authors: Siddiqui Jawed , Siddiqi Ather H 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe oxidative metabolism of Gastrothylax crumenifer mitochondrial fractions was assayed polarographically at 30°C in the presence of various substrates. Succinate was most readily oxidized, malate and pyruvate were oxidized at subsantially lower retes. The spcific inhibitors such as malonate, KCN, NaN3, oxaloacetate, salicylhydroxamic acid and oligomycin effectively affected the mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The results indicate the presence of oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome systems. Mitochondrial ATPase was found to be active.
Ecology of a digenean infection, Cercaria patellae in Patella vulgata near Portavogie Harbour, Northern Ireland
Authors: Copeland M. R. , Montgomery W. I. , Hanna R. E. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInfections of the common limpet, Patella vulgata were investigated along the coast of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down. Samples were taken from around Portavogie, a small fishing port where seabirds aggregate to feed on fish offal, and from 14 sites along a 15 km transect. A new method of removing larval digeneans from the visceral hump of snails is described. The bulk of the parasite material was rediae of Cercaria patellae. The stage of development of these rediae varied significantly between hosts. Prevalence of infection was substantially greater close to Portavogie. The volume of parasite material recovered was greater for limpets close to rock pools than for those on rocks free from surface water at low tide. Among the latter limpets, the volume of parasite material in the visceral hump increased with increasing height on the shore. The greater part of the variation in parasite volume recovered from snails was determined by the size of the snail. The presence of larval digeneans was associated with progressive deterioration of host gonadal tissue and discolouration of the foot, mantle and digestive gland.
The transmission of an avian filarioid Cardiofilaria nilesi to the jird, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Chiang G. L. , Cheong W. H. , Eng K. L. , Samarawickrema W. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the experimental transmission of a bird parasite into jirds. Infective larvae of Cardiofilaria nilesi obtained from laboratory colonized Coquillettidia crassipes mosquitoes which had fed on an infected chicken were inoculated subcutaneously into jirds. The number of larvae per jird varied from 10 to 228. Microfilaraemia appeared 22 to 89 days after inoculation of the infective larvae. Experiments were carried out with 24 jirds through six generations extending over a period of 22 months and 17 produced patent infections. At present 8 infected jirds are being maintained in the laboratory; their patent periods ranging from 6 to 13 months. However, the longest patent period observed was about thirteen months. The percentage of adults recovered in autopsied jirds ranged from 0 to 40 with an average of 16. The chicken showed a microfilarial periodicity with the peak microfilarial density around 2200 hours. However, in jirds there was a change in sub-periodicity. This model in the jird may be very useful for the screening of filaricides and in immunological work.
Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus
Authors: de Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , van Aken D. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInfectivity and cercarial production of Indoplanorbis exustus related to variation of miracidial dose (1, 4, 10 or 20) with Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale from Sri Lanka were studied. The intermediate host-parasite relationships of the two schistosome species showed marked differences under the conditions of observation recorded in this study. Prepatent death rates (PDR) were on average higher for S. spindale (30%) than for S. nasale (10%). The size of the miracidial dose to which snails had been exposed had no effect on PDR. The infection rates (IR) were on average higher for S. nasale (41%) compared with S. spindale (27%). Highest IR occurred after exposure to 4 miracidia in S. nasale infections (79%) and after exposure to 10 miracidia in S. spindale infections (6O%). The highest daily average cercarial production per snail was recorded for S. nasale at a level of 4 miracidia (1311), and for S. spindale at a level of 10 miracidia (1615). At low level (1 or 4 miracidia) of exposure, I. exustus showed a better compatibility with S. nasale than with S. spindale. An opposite tendency was observed at higher levels (10 or 20 miracidia) of exposure. Unsuccessful infections of Lymnaea luteola with either S. nasale or S. spindale indicate that this species is not involved in transmission.
Diagnostic Mr 31/32000 proteins ofSchistosoma mansoni(Sm31/32) andS. haematobium(Sh31/32): stability and reaction conditions for prospective field tests
Authors: Idris Mohamed A. , Ruppel Andreas 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe existence of adultSchistosoma haematobiumworm proteins (Sh31/32) homologous to the diagnostic Sm31/32 ofS. mansoniis shown. Sm31/32 and Sh31/32, adsorbed on nitrocellulose and kept dry on the bench before immunoblot analysis, were antigenically stable for at least 4 years including storage for 17 months in tropical climates. The antigens react with patient sera in the absence of defined buffers under rather simple conditions (“humid chamber blot”). The results add to the use of these antigens for serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
A study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in two resttlement villages near Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ofoezie I. E. , Imevbore A. M. A. , Balogun M. O. , Ogunkoya O. O. , Asaolu S. O. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFrequent reports of haematuria among resettlers at Ibaro and Abule-titun located close to a newly constructed reservoir. 20 km north-west of Abeokuta. Ogun State, Nigeria. prompted a pre-control survey to assess age and sex distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in the communities. 210 persons were examined at Ibaro and 145 at Abule-titun between April 1988 and February 1989. Overall prevalence was about 80% in both villages, and all age and sex groups examined were affected. The pattern of infection in both villages was similar, prevalence being high in all age and sex groups and, unlike most endemic communities, the rate of infection was not significantly higher among the 5–14 year age groups. Intensity of infection was also high in all age and sex groups with mean range egg output of between 73±73 and 2016±3875 ova/10ml urine at Ibaro and between 231±122 and 1340±1786 ova/10ml urine at Abule-titun. This is attributed to an occupation-related high rate of human water contact in both villages.
Hatching of second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis: a rapid method for processing large numbers of worms
Authors: Crowcroft N. S , Gillespie S. H 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA method for hatching second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis is described. Whole adult worms are processed by centrifugation in the presence of hypochlorite which allows the grinding step to be eliminated. The technique is more rapid and a high yield is obtained.
Prevalence of endoparasites in dog faecal deposits in Jordan
Authors: Abo-Shehada M. N. , Ziyadeh Y. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOf 756 dog faecal deposits collected from the road side and public places in five Jordanian Governorates 466 (61·6%) harboured parasite ova, oocysts and/or larvae. Of these, 67·7%, 26·8%, 4·1% and 1·4% revealed one, two, three and four different types of parasite ova, oocysts or larvae in the same sample, respectively. Examination of the infected samples revealed that 44·1% contained taeniid ova, 19·8% Dipylidium caninum, 19% Toxocara canis, 8% Sarcocystis spp. oocysts, 5% hookworm larvae, 1·5% Diphyllobothrium latum, 0·1% Capillaria spp. and 0·1% Trichuris vulpis eggs.
Monoamine oxidase in adult Ascaridia galli
Authors: Mishra S. K. , Sen Ramanuj , Ghatak S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO), catalysing oxidative deamination of biogenic monoamines, has been detected in adult Ascaridia galli. MAO was present in mitochondria and deaminated noradrenaline at the maximal rate, although serotonin, adrenaline, tyramine and dopamine were also degraded but more slowly. Of the organs studied, the body wall, female reproductive organ and intestine, the body wall (containing neuronal structures) showed highest MAO activity. Km value for chick ascarid mitochondrial MAO using tyramine as substrate was 1·66 x 10−3 M and it was most active at 2·5 mm tyramine concentration, pH 7·5 and 40°C. MAO of A. galli appeared to be thermolabile as nearly 80% of its activity was lost when the incubation temperature was increased 5° above optimum.
Efficacy of various anthelmintics against third-stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in the brain of mice
Authors: Bhopale G. M. , Bhatnagar B. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn an experimental larval infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice, the efficacy of various anthelmintics against the larvae migrated and established in the brain is reported for the first time. Albendazole and flubendazole were the most effective drugs. Thiabendazole, benacil, phenacizole, oxfendazole and mebendazole showed significant larvicidal activity. Tetramisole, levamisole, fenbendazole, Sch 18099, pyrantel pamoate, morantel tartrate and oxantel pamoate did not show any significant activity even at relatively high dose levels.
The tissue reactions of mice to infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: Cypess R. H. , Lucia H. L. , Dunsford H. A. , Enriquez F. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe intestines of normal and resistant LAF mice were subjected to histologic study to determine the timing and mechanisms of resistance to reinfection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus. During reinfection third-stage larvae are less able to penetrate the intestinal wall.Larvae which are able to encyst develop at a slower rate and provoke an increase in nonspecific inflammation around their cysts. After emergence from intestinal cysts, preadults are rapidly lost, but at no time were injured or destroyed larvae or adults noted.Exsheathed larvae were injected via tail vein into control, sensitized and resistant BALB/c mice. The inflammatory response around entrapped larvae in the lung was measured at 1, 2, 4, and 8 days. A heightened inflammatory response, consisting primarily of polymorphonuclear cells with some round cells which peaked in size on day 2, was observed in both sensitized and resistant mice. A similar heightened inflammatory response was also observed in both AKR (non-resistant) BALB/c (resistant) mice vaccinated subcutaneously with exsheathed larvae.
Prevalence of hydatid in buffaloes in India and report of a severe liver infection
Authors: Singh B. P. , Deorani V. P. Sharma , Srivastava V. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOf 3200 buffaloes examined at Bareilly abattoir 915 (28·6%) were positive for hydatidosis. The hydatid infected organs were lungs (60%), liver (32%), spleen (4%), kidneys (2%), heart (0·9%) and brain (0·1%). The number of hydatid cysts encountered in lungs of an individual buffalo was 1–9 and 1–7 in liver. One buffalo liver showed severe hepatomegaly, cirrhosis and had an exceptionally high number of hydatid cysts. Infectivity studies in pups showed 16–29 per cent worm establishment with the presence of shelled eggs within the uterus of the parasite on day 45 post-infection.
The effect of constant and changing temperatures on the development of the eggs and larvae of Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
Authors: Griffin Christine T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe free-living stages of Oswaldocruzia filiformis were cultured in tapwater under constant and changing temperature regimes. Embryonation and hatching proceeded at constant temperatures from 6° to 32°C; development of larvae to the third (infective) stage occurred between 6° and 34°C. The duration of development decreased with increased temperatures up to 28°C. The duration of development of egg and larval stages under changing temperatures was compared with values predicted from constant temperature experiments. The rate of development of eggs to hatching was significantly accelerated under regimes of both sudden and gradual temperature changes. The effect of fluctuating temperatures on larval development was less consistent; both acceleration and retardation effects were recorded. Frog tadpoles (Rana temporaria) were experimentally infected with O. filiformis; early parasitic development proceeded significantly faster at room temperature than at 9–10°C.