bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract B131: A prospective study of phytanic acid intake from red meat and dairy products and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Wright Margaret , Bowen Phyllis , Ananthanarayanan Vijayalakshmi , Mannisto Satu , Virtamo Jarmo , Albanes Demetrius , Gann Peter 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B131
Phytanic acid - a 3-methyl branched-chain fatty acid - is found almost exclusively in red meat and dairy products, and may contribute to the increases in prostate cancer risk that are consistently observed with higher intakes of these animal foods. The potential importance of phytanic acid in prostate carcinogenesis is further underscored by evidence that the branched-chain fatty acid oxidation pathway is selectively upregulated in prostate tumors. We constructed a novel summary measure of phytanic acid intake and prospectively examined its association with prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort. At baseline, 27,111 Finnish male smokers 50 to 69 years old provided information on demographic, smoking, medical, and other risk factors, and completed a 276-item diet history questionnaire that ascertained frequency of consumption and portion size. Since phytanic acid is not currently included in food composition tables, we used the published phytanic acid content of 151 major food items, including butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, milk, yogurt, and beef products, to estimate total daily intake. Between 1985 and 2006, a total of 1,929 incident prostate cancer cases, including 438 cases of advanced disease (defined as TNM stage 3 or 4 and / or Gleason grade of 8 or higher), were identified. In Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, smoking dose and duration, body mass index, education, family history of prostate cancer, energy intake, and trial intervention assignment, higher estimated phytanic acid intake was associated with increased risks of advanced prostate cancer in a non-linear manner. The relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for advanced prostate cancer according to increasing quartiles of phytanic acid intake were 1.00 (referent), 1.29 (0.90-1.86), 1.56 (1.11-2.21), and 1.34 (0.94-1.92); p trend = 0.23. Phytanic acid intake was unrelated to the risk of localized disease. Our study provides evidence for the first time that increased consumption of phytanic acid may be associated with higher risks of advanced prostate cancer, and provides a putative mechanistic explanation for previously observed associations between red meat and dairy product consumption and prostate cancer risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B131.
Abstract B132: Cruciferous vegetable intake is inversely associated with lung cancer risk among smokers
Authors: Tang Li , Zirpoli Gary , Reid Mary , McCann Susan , Nwogu Chukwumere , Zhang Yuesheng , Ambrosone Christine , Moysich Kirsten 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B132
Inverse associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer risk have been consistently reported. However, associations within smoking strata are not consistent. Inadequate control of the confounding effect of cigarette smoking could contribute at least in part to the observed inconsistencies. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study with lung cancer cases and controls matched on smoking status, and then further adjusted smoking status, duration, and intensity in the multivariate models. After controlling for smoking habits and other lung cancer risk factors, we observed strong linear inverse associations between intakes of fruit, total vegetables, and cruciferous vegetables and risk of lung cancer (ORs ranged from 0.53-0.70, with P for trend &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, intake of fruits and total vegetables showed relatively stronger association among never smokers, whereas the significant inverse associations with cruciferous vegetable intake were only observed among smokers, in particular former smokers, although we did not detect significant interactions between smoking and either food group intake. Of four histological subtypes of lung cancer, the significant inverse association was only noticed among patients with squamous or small cell carcinoma, which are the two subtypes more strongly associated with heavy smoking. These findings are consistent with the smoking-related carcinogen-modulating effect of isothiocyanates, a group of phytochemicals uniquely present in cruciferous vegetables. Our data strongly suggest that a diet with high consumption of cruciferous vegetables may reduce the risk of lung cancer among smokers.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B132.
Abstract B133: Choline intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in men: The Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Authors: Lee Jung Eun , Giovannucci Edward , Fuchs Charles , Willett Walter , Zeisel Steven , Cho Eunyoung 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B133

Background
Choline has been hypothesized to decrease the risk of cancer because of its role as a methyl-donor in one-carbon pathway. However, it is unknown whether dietary choline intake is associated with colorectal cancer risk.

Methods
We prospectively examined the associations between dietary choline intake and risk of colorectal cancer in men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We followed 47,281 men and identified a total of 987 incident colorectal cancer cases from 1986 to 2004. We assessed dietary intake every four years using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
We found no statistically significant associations between total dietary choline intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Compared the highest with the lowest quintiles, multivariate RRs (95% CI) were 0.98 (0.79-1.22; P for trend = 0.92) for total dietary choline intake. Similarly, we observed no associations for choline intake from individual choline-containing sources, including free choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. Also, no association for total dietary choline was observed among either participants who consumed alcohol (≥15 g/d) or low folate (&lt;250 mcg/d).

Conclusions
Our data do not support the hypothesis that choline intake is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B133.
Abstract B134: Meat, meat cooking methods, meat mutagens and heme iron as risk factors for lung cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Tasevska Natasa , Sinha Rashmi , Kipnis Victor , Midthune Doug , Subar Amy , Caporaso Neal , Schatzkin Arthur , Cross Amanda 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B134

Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Red and processed meat consumption may have a role in lung cancer pathogenesis due to their fat content and the carcinogens produced during high temperature cooking and preservation, as well as endogenous formation of mutagens from heme. However, no prospective study has examined meat intake by cooking method or doneness level. We investigated whether meat type, cooking method, doneness level, and intake of specific meat mutagens and heme iron, were associated with lung carcinoma.

Methods
In 278,192 men and 189,560 women, aged 50-71 yrs, from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health study, meat intake was assessed using a 124-item food frequency questionnaire and an additional meat-cooking module. Dietary data were used in conjunction with the CHARRED-database to estimate intake of individual heterocyclic amines (HCAs), benzo[a]pyrene and heme iron. We carefully controlled for lifelong smoking history using a 9-level smoking variable.

Results
During up to 8 years of follow-up, 4,089 men and 2,272 women were diagnosed with incident lung carcinoma. Men in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of red and processed meat intake had statistically significant higher risk of lung carcinoma (red meat: HRQ5vs.Q1=1.22, 95%CI=1.09-1.38); processed meat: HRQ5vs.Q1=1.24, 95%CI=1.11-1.38) in a multivariable model. In women, there was a borderline statistically significant increase in risk for red (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.13, 95%CI=0.97-1.31), but not for processed meat (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.00, 95%CI=0.87-1.16). In men only, the risk of lung carcinoma was associated with well/very-well done meat (HRT3vs.T1=1.20, 95%CI=1.07-1.35) and the heterocyclic amine MeIQx (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.20, 95%CI=1.05-1.39). Heme iron from meat increased the risk of lung carcinoma in both men (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.25, 95%CI=1.07-1.45) and women (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.18; 95%CI=0.99-1.42).

Conclusion
Consumption of a diet high in red meat was associated with lung carcinoma risk in both men and women, and a high intake of processed meat was associated with risk in men only. High temperature cooking and associated mutagens, and heme iron in meat may explain the role of meat in lung carcinogenesis.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B134.
Abstract B137: Assessment of nutrition status in children with leukemia: A study from a developing country
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Ashis , Dutta Tusi , Dey Sonali , Dutta Somnath , Mukhopadhyay Soma 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B137

Background
In developing countries 40 % children suffer from mal-nutrition. It has been shown that a good nutritional status can reduce complications of treatment, strengthen the immune system and contribute to the patient’s general well being throughout treatment. A good nutritional status is therefore essential for optimal treatment of a leukemic child. The aim of our study was to see the nutritional status of leukemic children on diagnosis and effect of nutrition on outcome of therapy.

Material & Methods
During period from January 2004 to December 2007 we prospectively analyzed the nutritional status of 400 paediatric patients in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, a tertiary cancer center of Eastern India. The age of the patients were 1 to 18 years (median age 12.5 years). The parameter analyzed were weight for age, height for age, total protein, serum albumin and skin fold thickness. The weight for age, height for age and skin fold thickness were taken as normal if they were between 3rd and 97th percentile curve of the growth chart recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research. The albumin level and the total protein was considered normal if the value is equal to or more than 3gm% and 5.8gm% respectively.

Result
It was seen that total 56 patients (14% children) were low weight for age, 40 patients (10% children) were low height, and 67 patients (16.75% children) had low mid arm circumference. Total 44 patients (11% children) had low serum albumin while 80 patients (20% children) had low serum protein. It was found that low weight for age, low serum albumin and low mid arm circumference were significance factors in remission induction, disease free survival and toxicity of chemotherapy (p &lt; 0.005).

Conclusion
We conclude that mal-nutrition is a major finding in cancer patients with leukemia in developing country like ours. The patient with mal-nutrition had less remission in induction, disease free survival and more toxicities during therapy as compared to well-nourished children.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B137.
Abstract B138: Disappearance of “M” component connected with cow’s milk protein-free diet
Authors: Juranic Zorica , Besu Irina , Dajak Marijana , Dajak Marijana , Konic-Ristic Aleksandra 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B138
The presence of “M” component, as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in many patients with psoriatic arthritis and in 5% healthy people older than 70 years is well known. Besides, it was stressed out that patients with psoriatic arthritis and MGUS can sometimes develop multiple myeloma.
Serum from patient 83 years old, with psoriatic arthritis diagnosed at 2000 was analyzed. Determination of the total IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins was done by nephelometry using commercial (Binding Site) tests. Serum protein electrophoresis was done on gel electrophoresis in barbital buffer, pH=8.6; this was followed by immunofixation using sheep antihuman antibodies (Binding Site) to light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins. Determination of serum IgA and IgG immunoreactivity to gliadin in (IU/ml) was done using commercial Binding Site ELISA test, while serum immunoreactivity to cow’s milk protein (CMP) in (AU/ml) was done by home made ELISA test, using cows milk pasteurized powder (ICN Biomedicals, Inc.) as the antigen and sheep antihuman IgA and IgG, HRP labeled antibodies (Binding Site) as secondary antibodies. Blocker was 1% bovine serum albumin.
Results obtained showed the enhanced IgA and IgG immunoreactivity to CMP. The analysis of serum by electrophoresis and immunofixation reveals the presence of monoclonal IgG (λ) immunoglobulin. Upon the knowledge that the enhanced immunoreactivity especially to CMP exists the patient decided to consume the food without cow’s milk proteins. About month and half after the start of CMP free diet he has done his blood for the analysis of serum proteins again. In that time of period the patient has not taken any immunosuppressive drugs.
Electrophoresis of patient sera reveals that after the CMP free diet the “M“component disappeared. These data are supported by the findings that serum anti-CMP IgG dropped from 892 AU/ml to 0 AU/ml (anti-CMP IgA also dropped from 240 AU/ml to 0 AU/ml) Besides, concentrations of total serum proteins were diminished after the CMP free diet from 73 g/l to 69 g/l, while concentration of IgG was decreased from 17.8 g/l to 11.2 g/l. Our report shows that there could be a connection between diet restricted for immunogenic protein(s) and disappearance of MGUS. Our results are along with the data from only one report dealing with a possible link between disappearance of MGUS and gluten free diet. They open the question whether the special, appropriate diet restriction regime could help in the prevention of multiple myeloma.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B138.
Abstract B139: Effect of wheat grass juice in supportive care of terminally ill solid organ cancer patients: Experience from eastern India
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Soma , Dey Sonali , Gupta Pinaki , Mukhopadhyay Ashis 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B139

Background
The solid content of juice made from wheat grass is 70% chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is often referred to as “The blood of plant life” and has almost the same chemical structure as hemoglobin. Chlorophyll cleanses the blood by improving the supply of oxygen to the circulatory system. Wheat grass is also a complete protein with about 30 enzymes, vitamins and minerals. Wheat grass juice has been proven over many years to benefit people in numerous ways, building the blood, restoring balance in the body, removing toxic metals from the cells, nourishing the liver and kidneys and restoring vitality. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in terminally ill cancer patients to improve the quality of life.

Methods
During period from January 2003 to December 2007 we selected 600 solid organ cancer patients in our palliative care unit of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute to see the effect of wheat grass on improvement of hemoglobin level, serum protein and performance status on terminally ill cancer patients. The age range of the patients was 22 year to 87 year (median age 42 years). The different types of cancers were lung (25%), breast (20%), esophagus (11%), colon (9%), ovary (8%), hepatocellular carcinoma (6%), stomach (6%) and others (15%) respectively. We cultivated wheat grass on our campus. When the grasses were 5 days old we took the fresh leaves including roots and made fresh juice out of that and gave 30 ml of juice to all our 400 cancer patients for 6 continuous months.

Result
The mean levels of hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin and performance status were 8 gm%, 5.4 gm%, 2.2 gm% and 50%. Fifty patients required transfusion support and those patients were excluded from the study. Other 348 patients are evaluated 6 months after receiving wheat grass juice. The mean values for hemoglobin, total protein and albumin were improved significantly (p value &lt; .005) and means of 9.6 gm%, 7.4 gm% and 3.1 gm% were observed. White blood cell and platelet count were the same in both the cases. The performance status was improved from 50% to 70% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment.

Conclusion
We concluded that wheat grass juice is an effective alternative of blood transfusion. It’s use in terminally ill cancer patients should be encouraged.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B139.
Abstract B142: Physical activity and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women
Authors: Eliassen Heather , Hankinson Susan , Willett Walter 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B142
Physical activity is beneficial for many reasons, including weight loss and maintenance, improved insulin sensitivity, and improved lipid profile. Studies of the effect of physical activity on the risk of breast cancer have had conflicting results. We assessed the associations of specific activities and total activity within the prospective Nurses’ Health Study cohort. Amount and type of physical activity was queried every two to four years starting in 1986. The specific activities included walking, jogging, running, swimming, bicycling, tennis, aerobics, lawn mowing, yoga, and arm or leg weights. Total activity was calculated as the sum of time spent doing each individual activity. Cumulative averages were calculated for each 2-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, follow-up period, and several breast cancer risk factors, were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 95,485 postmenopausal women were followed for up to 20 years (1986-2006). Overall 4,810 cases of invasive breast cancer were documented during follow-up. Compared with those whose total activity summed to less than 10 minutes per day, women who engaged in higher amounts of total physical activity were at lower risk of breast cancer (RR (95%CI) were 1.00 (0.92-1.08) for 10-&lt;20 mins/day, 0.91 (0.84-1.00) for 20-&lt;30 mins/day, 0.92 (0.85-1.00) for 30-&lt;60 mins/day, and 0.87 (0.79-0.97) for ≥60 mins/day, p-trend=0.004). When easy walking (&lt;3 m.p.h.), brisk walking (≥3 m.p.h.), jogging or running, and all other activities were assessed in the same statistical model, only brisk walking was associated with a significant decreased risk of breast cancer (RR (95%CI) were 0.95 (0.87-1.05) for 10-&lt;20 mins/day, 0.95 (0.85-1.07) for 20-&lt;30 mins/day, 0.89 (0.79-1.01) for 30-&lt;60 mins/day, and 0.81 (0.63-1.05) for ≥60 mins/day, p-trend=0.014). The associations with total activity and with brisk walking were apparent for breast tumors that were positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER+/PR+) (N=2,434) but not for ER-/PR- tumors (N=646). These data suggest that total activity, and particularly brisk walking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, and may act along a hormonal pathway.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B142.
Abstract B16: The association between skin characteristics and sun-protection behaviors
Authors: Wheless Lee , Alani Rhoda , Clipp Sandra , Hoffman-Bolton Judith , Jorgensen Timothy , Liegeois Nanette , Strickland Paul , Alberg Anthony 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B16

Background
Behaviors such as sunscreen use and use of skin-protective clothing can help prevent skin cancer, but little is known about how these sun protection behaviors vary by phenotypic risk factors for skin cancer.

Objective
We carried out a cross-sectional study (n = 6898) nested within a community-based prospective cohort in Washington County, MD. We measured the associations between skin cancer risk characteristics (skin type, complexion, freckling, and eye color) and personal sun protection behaviors (sunscreen and sun-protective clothing use).

Results
The prevalence of regular use of sunscreen was 23%, and the prevalence of regular use of sun-protective clothing was 21%. There were consistent trends indicating those at highest risk of skin cancer were most likely to engage in sun protection behaviors. For example, compared to those who tan without burning, those who develop blistering sunburns were more likely to use sunscreen (OR 6.55, 95% CI 3.08 -13.92 men, OR 4.87, 95% CI 3.34 - 7.09 women) and sun-protective clothing (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.73 - 4.85 men, OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.81 - 6.55 women). Those with fair skin were more likely than those with medium or dark brown complexion to use sunscreen or sun-protective clothing. Other factors significantly associated with sun protection behaviors were lifestyle-related factors such as lower body mass index and never smoking.

Conclusion
The overall prevalence of sun protection behaviors was low. Our results indicate individuals with the highest skin cancer susceptibility are most likely to use sunscreen and sun-protective clothing, and may also be most receptive to skin cancer prevention educational interventions.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B16.
Abstract B2: Maternal consumption of canola oil reduces mammary gland cancer risk in C3(1) Tag offspring
Authors: Akinsete Juliana , Ion Gabriela , Hardman W 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B2
Maternal diet may influence development of the offspring and may influence future cancer risk. Maternal consumption of diet high in n-6 (omega 6) polyunsaturated fats has been shown to increase risk for mammary gland cancer (Hilakivi-Clarke et al, 1997). We wanted to know if the substitution of corn oil with canola oil in the maternal diet might reduce the risk for breast cancer. Such a change would decrease dietary n-6 fat and increase n-3 fat. A study was devised to determine whether exposure to a diet that has less omega 6 and more omega 3 FAs during gestation and lactation would reduce the risk for mammary cancer in female offspring. Female SV 129 mice were divided into two groups and placed on diets either containing 10% w/w corn oil (corn oil is 50% omega 6 and &lt; 0.5% omega 3) or 10% w/w canola oil (canola oil is 20% omega 6 and 10% omega 3). After two weeks the females were bred with homozygous C31 Tag transgenic male mice. The transgenic mice bear a transgene for the SV40 large T antigen with a prostatic steroid binding protein promoter. The female progeny, hemizygous for the transgene, are the experimental mice for this study. On a standard diet, females would be expected to develop mammary gland cancer by 6 months of age. At weaning, female progeny from each litter were all maintained on the basal corn oil containing diet. The female hemizygous mice were euthanized at 3weeks, 110, 130, 150 and 170 days. Results showed that the total tumor weight, number of glands with tumor and fraction of mice with tumors were higher in progeny of mother fed a corn oil diet than in progeny of mother fed a canola oil diet. No significant difference in the body weight of progeny from corn oil and canola fed mothers. At weaning the lipid composition of the inguinal fat pad, mammary gland and liver shows a higher level of omega 3 fatty acids in the offspring of mice fed the high n-3 diet. Mammary gland gene expression assay performed on three weeks and 130 days old mice reveals up as well as down regulation in several genes in canola versus corn group. The up regulated genes include CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPβ), a transcription factor that is involved in mammary gland differentiation (550-fold at 130days) and Early growth response 1 (Egr1), a tumor suppressor gene (13-fold at 130days). Genes down regulated include Bcl2-like 1(Bcl2l1), an antiapoptotic gene (-2.03-fold at 3weeks) and Fatty acid synthase (Fas), an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis and active in cancer cells (-7.09 at 130days). Western blot analysis confirmed the differential gene expression of CEBPβ and Fas.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B2.