bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P37 Autoxidation of the fragrance caryophyllene forms contact allergens
Authors: Börje Anna , Sköld M , Matura M , Karlberg A‐T 
Published: August 2010

This is part of an ongoing effort to investigate how autoxidation affects the sensitzing potential of terpene‐based fragrances. We have previously shown that terpenes such as abeitic acid (diterpene), limonene and linalool (monoterpenes) form stable hydroperoxides when oxidized. These hydroperoxides have proved to be strong allergens. Its therefore of special interest to study the connection between formation of hydroperoxides caused by autoxidation of fragrance chemicals during handling and storage and an increased allergenic effect.Objective:  To investigate the autoxidation of caryophyllene (sesquiterpene) and study its effect on the sensitizing capacity.Methods:  Caryophyllene was exposed to air and the autoxidation was monitored by GC and HPLC. The major oxidation products were isolated and their structure determined. The allergenic activity of pure caryophyllene and its oxidation products was investigated in animal assays and clinical testing.Result:  Only 10% of the staring material remained after 20 weeks of air exposure. The major oxidation product was caryophyllene oxide. Substantial amounts of formaldehyde were found in the oxidation mixture. Little or no hydroperoxides were detected in the total oxidation mixture. Caryophyllene oxide and oxidized caryophyllene showed a low sensitizing capacity in animals and very few positive reactions at patch testing.Conclusion:  Caryophyllene is easily oxidized at air exposure. A low allergenic effect is observed in both sensitization studies and clinical testing. This is consistent with our earlier findings that the amount of hydroperoxides is important for the allergenic activity of autoxidized terpenes.
P49 Occupational dermatoses of machinists – Finnish statistics
Authors: Suuronen Katri Maria , Alanko K , Tuomi T , Jolanki R 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  In this study the statistical data on occupational dermatoses of Finnish machinists in 1992–2001 were analysed.Methods:  The data were collected from the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases (FROD) to which physicians are obligated to report all cases of occupational disease. Each case record consists of information on the patient and the employer, date and diagnosis, causative agents, etc.Results:  During the 10‐year period, a total of 281 occupational dermatoses of machinists were diagnosed. Dermatoses consisted mostly of irritant contact dermatitis (N = 144), allergic contact dermatitis (N = 108) and unspecified contact dermatitis (N = 21). Only few cases of protein contact dermatitis and contact urticaria as well as occupational acne were reported. The main causes of irritant contact dermatitis were cutting oils and fluids, oils and lubricants, and organic solvents; the commonest inducers of allergic contact dermatitis were formaldehyde, cutting oils and fluids, metals (nickel, chromium and cobalt) and various antimicrobial agents.Conclusion:  Dermatoses were the second commonest occupational diseases of machinists, after hearing loss, and they accounted for 27% of all occupational diseases within the profession. Machinists are a large occupational group (about 19 000 employees; 0.8% of the work force) in Finland, and their dermatoses formed a noteworthy proportion (about 2.6%) of the occupational skin diseases reported during the study period.
P51 Occupational contact dermatitis among operating room nurses
Authors: Stoskute Laura , Dubakiene R , Glumbakaite E 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Occupation related dermatitis is a common problem in health care workers, especially in nurses, who are exposed to a wide variety of allergenic and irritant substances. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rate of skin symptoms among personnel handling chemical disinfectants and to examine which allergens were important.Methods:  We investigated 460 randomly selected health care workers (HCW), who had constant contact with chemical disinfectants during their work. The study was performed by means of a questionnaire, a medical examination, skin patch test using Finn chambers and glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine compounds at 0,1, 0,5 and 1,0% wat.Results:  241 HCW (52,5%) described various skin symptoms they attributed to disinfectant exposure. Generally, these symptoms were mild and ranged from pruritis to hand eczema. Of these 66 (14,4%) tested were skin patch test positive. Of the 460 HCW tested, 37 (8%) had positive patch test reactions to benzalkonium chloride, 22 (4,8%) to chlorine compounds, 18 (4%) to glutaraldehyde, 6 (1,2%) to hydrogen peroxide. 5 HCW (7,6%) testing positive to disinfectants gave no history of reactivity to them. History of atopic dermatitis was found in 50 (10,9%) and it was associated with diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to benzalkonium chloride. Also positive patch tests reactions were associated with frequent use of latex gloves in contrast to those, which used latex gloves while working constantly or didn’t use them at all.Conclusions:  1. Skin symptoms related to work with chemical disinfectants are common, but mostly mild. 2. Benzalkonium chloride is one of the strongest sensitizing disinfectants used in health care professions, especially for atopic persons who do not take measures of protection during exposure to it.
P54 Prevalence of skin changes in the cleaning industry
Authors: Anna Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise , Coenraads PJ 
Published: August 2010

Background:  In the cleaning industry, the hands are exposed to water and irritants, resulting in dry skin and hand eczema. The prevalence and severity of skin changes is unknown.Objectives:  To quantify the prevalence and the severity of skin changes of the hands. To compare questionnaire‐based self‐reported signs of hand eczema (both current and at any occasion during the last 12 months), with skin changes revealed by clinical examination.Methods:  A random sample of 231 employees in the cleaning industry participated in the study. Most of them were immigrants. They had to answer a (translated) questionnaire about signs of hand eczema. Then all of them were examined and the severity of hand eczema was graded by a scoring system1. In the comparison only objective subvariables (desquamation, erythema, fissures, infiltration, vesicles) were used.Results:  Clinical examination of the hands detected desquamation in 38%; erythema in 29%; fissures in 24%; infiltration in 12%; vesicles in 4%.Severity scoring of hand eczema: one point in 21%; two points in 18%; three points in 9%; four points in 4%.Signs of hand eczema reported in the questionnaire based on the current situation: desquamation in 17%; erythema in 20%; fissures in 20%; infiltration in 10%; vesicles in 12%.Signs of hand eczema reported in the questionnaire based on any occasion during the last 12 months: desquamation in 18%; erythema in 17%; fissures in 22%; infiltration in 11%; vesicles in 15%.False negative self‐reporting by the questionnaire: desquamation in 26%; erythema in 18%; fissures in 14%; infiltration in 11%; vesicles in 3%.False positive self‐reporting by the questionnaire: desquamation in 5%; erythema in 10%; fissures in 10%; infiltration in 8%; vesicles in 11%.Conclusions:  Desquamation and erythema were the most common signs both in clinical examination and in questionnaire. The self‐reported prevalence (both current and over the last 12 months) of erythema and desquamation is an underestimation of the true prevalence. Scoring hand eczema revealed that most of the employees scored one or two points; indicating that most of the clinical signs of hand eczema are minor. False negative self‐reporting by questionnaire was high; indicating that these minor symptoms of hand eczema were probably not recognized by the employees. False positive self‐reporting was also high; probably because they misunderstood the questions. This study illustrates the need for a consensus about the distinction between “minor skin damage” and “true eczema”.
P60 Permeability of gloves to plant allergens
Authors: Gonçalo Margarida , Mascarenhas R , Vieira R , Figueiredo A 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Study permeability of gloves to plant allergens, therefore evaluating glove efficacy for hand protection.Material and methods:  We studied 20 female patients (aged 21–71; mean 45,1 years) with ACD from plants, 10 allergic to diallyl disulfide (DAD) from Allium sativa, 8 allergic to alpha‐methylene‐gama‐butyrolactone (AMGBL) from Alstroemeria ligtu and 2 allergic to primin from Primula obconica. Patch testing was performed applying the allergens, for 24 or 48 h, directly on the skin and over fragments of different gloves: domestic rubber gloves (RG), nitrile latex gloves (NG), vinyl gloves (VG), surgical latex gloves (LG) and polyethylene gloves (PG).Results:  VG, PG or LG gloves offered no protection for these 3 allergens. With RG and NG gloves, DAD reactivity was abolished or significantly reduced, respectively, in 5 and 7 cases. Reactivity to AMGBL wasn’t abolished by any glove material. NG abolished skin reactivity to primin; RG was efficacious only in 1 patient.Conclusions:  Advising gloves in patients with ACD from plants is difficult, as allergen permeability through gloves associated with occlusion may intensify the dermatitis, as occurred during skin testing. Nitrile latex gloves may protect from primin and garlic dermatitis, whereas they are not helpful for manipulating Alstroemeria. Although exposure time in this study is higher than in real life, results show interesting data on glove permeability to these plant allergens and support our patients’ complaints that gloves didn’t protect them.
P63 Prevention of occupational dermatitis in the digital age: http://www.2hands.ch
Authors: Perrenoud Daniel , Gogniat T , Tran Q‐V 
Published: August 2010

In 1998 we began to develop multi‐lingual educational material for apprentice schools. This material was highly graphical, consisting of overheads with explanatory notes. The kit also included clinical slides, an introductory videotape, and handcream samples. By early 2000, 300 kits had been distributed to teachers of apprentices all over Switzerland. Teachers rapidly embraced the kit thanks to its simplicity and ease of use. Feedback was also gratifyingly high among those outside teachers per se: health professionals, safety engineers and others involved in prevention, even outside Switzerland.By 2004, however, we had made a total paradigm shift: kits were out, the Internet was in. The advantages were obvious, both in quantity and in quality. We could reach more people and we could reach them better. When we made 300 kits our budget reached its limit, but with the virtually free Internet, using only one highly developed digital course, we can now reach a potentially limitless audience. Moreover, we can refine, update and amend our material continuously.Our main course includes defining and preventing contact dermatitis, defining the special requirements of such varied users as hairdressers, bricklayers and machinists. It also shows how to avoid misuse of protective gloves. The course still involves an intense use of graphics, but they were redrawn from scratch for the Internet to maximize simplicity, immediacy and elegance.Conclusions:  The risk of hand eczema is more than doubled in dental technicians. The work involves frequent and unprotected exposure to acrylates and wet work. Education regarding skin protection is important.
FS01.7 Prevalence of contact allergy in an adult Thai population
Authors: Basketter David A , Duangdeeden I , Gilmour N , Kullavanijaya P , McFadden J 
Published: August 2010

There is only very limited data on the prevalence of contact allergy, as judged by a positive diagnostic patch test, in unselected, non‐clinical populations. We carried out a 48 h patch test to 7 common allergens and to the petrolatum vehicle in a total of 2545 adult volunteers in Bangkok. The patch tests were read at 48 h approximately 1 h after patch removal. Positive results were as follows Ni 27.8%, fragrance mix 2.9%, Cr 2.6%, PPD 2.3%, colophony 2.1%, MI/MCI 1.2% and formaldehyde 0.7%. No reactions were found to petrolatum. The particularly high frequency of reactions to Ni was surprising.However, the large female bias (approximately 75:1) strongly suggested that, despite the absence of a 96 h score, that irritancy did not play a significant part in these reactions. Reaction rates to the other 6 contact allergens appeared to confirm predictions made from the extrapolation of diagnostic patch testing or from previous published studies on smaller population groups. The rates of reaction to these allergens also are likely to reflect the extent of exposure in the Bangkok region. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that over 2% of this adult population appear to be allergic to the cosmetic related allergens PPD and fragrance.
FS02.5 Nickel allergy and hand eczema – a twenty‐year follow‐up
Authors: Josefson Anna , Färm G , Meding B 
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To investigate the occurrence of hand eczema after 20 years in schoolgirls previously patch‐tested to nickel.Methods:  In 1982–83, 960 schoolgirls, aged 8, 11 and 15 years, were investigated for the occurrence of nickel allergy (Larson‐Stymne B and Widström L, Contact Dermatitis 1985:13:289–293). The girls were patch‐tested and the prevalence of nickel allergy was 9%. Twenty years later, the same individuals have received a questionnaire regarding hand eczema and factors of importance for the development of hand eczema. After two reminders, the response rate was 81%.Results:  In total 17.5% of the girls reported hand eczema after the age of 15. The 1‐year prevalence of hand eczema was 12.6%. Of the previously patch‐tested schoolgirls who answered the questionnaire, 63 were sensitive to nickel. In this study, the prevalence of hand eczema among those 63 was 16%, compared to 17% in the non‐sensitive group (NS). Excluding persons with atopic dermatitis, the prevalence of hand eczema was 12.5% in the nickel‐sensitive group, and 10% among the others (NS). 32% of the persons who had had atopic dermatitis reported hand eczema after 15 years of age, compared to 10% of those with no history of atopic dermatitis (p < 0.001).Conclusion:  Contact allergy to nickel in early childhood (8–15 years) did not seem to increase the prevalence of hand eczema later in life. The prevalence of hand eczema was increased by a factor of three among those with a history of atopic dermatitis, which is in accordance with earlier reports.
The Development of the Monotremata.–Part III. The Development of the Skull of Ornithorhynchus.
Authors: de Beer G. R. , Fell W. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The chondrocranium and bony skull are described in five stages of development of Ornithorhynchus.
It is shown (p. 17) that Ornithorhynchus provides an intermediate condition between reptiles and higher mammals, representing a mosaic of characters some of which are typically reptilian and others equally typically mammalian.
Ornithorhynchus is definitely a mammal which has preserved a number of reptilian characters.
The pleurocentrum of the proatlas verterba fuses with that of the atlas vertebra, and forms part of the odontoid peg, as in Lacertilia, Rhynchocephalia, and higher mammals.
The cochlear capsule is not formed out of cartilage of the basal plate (contra Gaupp).
The dumb‐bell bone probably ossifies independently of the palatal processes of the premaxillæ, and represents the prevomers (supporting Wilson and Broom).
The “mammalian pterygoid” of Ornithorhynchus is the detached lateral wing of the parasphenoid of reptiles and the dorsal plate of the pterygoid of higher mammals.
The “Echidna‐pterygoid” is the pterygoid of reptiles and the secondary pterygoid cartilage (and subsequent ossification therein) of higher mammals.
The alisphenoid is present in Ornithorhynchus as a perichondral ossification in the ala temporalis.
The myelinization of the central nervous system of the American water snake (Natrix sipedon).
Authors: Warner. Francis James , Hindle Dr. Edward 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The descending fibre tracts extending from the brain to the spinal cord (the medial longitudinal bundle, the reticulo‐spinal and the direct vestibulo‐spinal tracts) become medullated earlier than the afferent fibre paths from the spinal cord to the brain.
In the brain stem the vestibular nerve, the direct vestibulo‐spinal tract, medial longitudinal bundle, and reticulo‐spinal fibres are medullated very early.
The lateral lemniscus is medullated, and can be traced to the inferior corpora quadrigemina and nucleus isthmi, at a relatively early stage of Natrix sipedon.
The tectal component of the dorsal tecto‐bulbar fibre tract does not become medullated until quite late. The dorsal tecto‐bulbar fibre tracts are medullated earlier than the ventral ones.
The fibre tracts of the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain in Natrix sipedon become medullated in the same order as those of the opossum and the cat. The phylogenetically most ancient fibre tracts become medullated sooner than the newer tracts.
The order of medullation of the cranial nerves and fibre tracts in Natrix sipedon resembles that of amphibia.
The breeding biology and early development of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with a review of breeding in species of the subgenus Clarias (Clarias)
Authors: Bruton M. N. 
Published: August 2010

The breeding biology and early development of the common southern African clariid catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), are described. C. gariepinus reaches maturity towards the end of the second year (350 mm TL, rarely towards the end of the first year, 240 mm TL). The modal size of breeding fishes is 540 mm in females and 580 mm in males. A modal size female produces about 50,000 eggs, but large females may produce over 150,000 eggs. Gonadal maturation stages are described. Gonadal maturation is associated with increasing water temperatures and photoperiod from July to September, and the spawning season extends from September to March (Summer). Spawning takes place at night, usually after heavy rain in recently inundated marginal areas. There is a massive aggregation of catfish before spawning, and courtship is preceded by aggressive encounters between males. Mating takes place between isolated pairs in shallow water among inundated terrestrial or semi‐aquatic grasses and sedges.There is no parental protection of the young (as found in many other catfish families) except by the careful choice of a suitable spawning site. Egg and larval development is rapid and the larvae are capable of swimming strongly within 48 hours of fertilization. The larvae are secretive and feed on small invertebrates which are abundant in the shallow inshore areas which they inhabit.As C. gariepinus awaits suitable environmental conditions for spawning, this species is far more dependent on external factors, especially rainfall and water level, than two cichlids, a guarder and a mouth‐brooder, which also occur in Lake Sibaya.The breeding biology of other species of Clarias (mainly in the subgenus Clarias (Clarias)) is reviewed and compared with that of C. gariepinus. The marked dichotomy between nest‐guarding in two Asian species, and non‐guarding, open‐substrate spawning in all other Asian and African species, is noted. Finally, further interesting lines of research on the breeding biology of Clarias species are outlined.
A transmission and scanning electron microscopy study of the cuticle and epidermis of Pomatoceros lamarckii (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)
Authors: Bubel Andreas 
Published: August 2010

The structure of the cuticle and epidermis in different regions of the body of the serpulid, Pomatoceros lamarckii Quatrefages, is described by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The thickness and ultrastructure of both the cuticle and epidermis is seen to vary in different regions of the body. The cuticle of the opercular filament, thorax and main parts of the branchial filaments, pinnules and collar is composed of layers of orthogonally arranged fibres embedded in an amorphous matrix and capped by a thin superficial filamentous layer. The cuticular fibres are unstriated and are formed of bundles of thin fibrils. In contrast, the cuticle covering the abdomen and parts of the collar and pinnules is composed of a filamentous matrix. However, over all the body the cuticle is traversed by microvilli from underlying epidermal cells. Evidence is presented that the epidermal cells are the source of the cuticle material.A single gland cell type is found within the epidermis of the pinnules, whereas two gland cell types are found within the epidermis of the thorax. The gland cells possess secretory granules with distinctive contents that arise from polarized Golgi complexes. The thorax gland cells are found to secrete their contents to the exterior of the animal through channels in the cuticle. Scattered throughout the epidermis of the opercular filament, branchial filaments and collar are small groups of sensory cilia which pass vertically through the cuticle. Discussion centres around the nature of the cuticle, the mode of cuticle secretion, the nature and function of the gland cells and the distribution of epidermal sensory cells. The significance of these findings is compared with those in other annelids.
The effects of CP 17193, an immunosuppressive pyrazaloquinoline, on the development of spontaneous lupus disease in NZBW F1 hybrid mice
Authors: BUNDICK R V , EADY R P 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of the immunosuppressive agent CP 17193 on the development of spontaneous lupus disease in female NZBW F1 hybrid mice were investigated. Long term dosing with CP 17193 markedly delayed the onset of mortality but did not extend the long term survival of the mice. CP 17193 significantly inhibited immune complex deposition in the glomeruli of 30- and 35-week-old mice and also reduced the levels of proteinuria in the 35-week-old mice. There was a slight reduction in the levels of circulating antinuclear antibody to ds DNA in CP 17193-treated mice but this was not statistically significant. Studies on immune cell function of 35-week-old mice dosed with CP 17193 showed significant reduction in the total numbers of spontaneous polyclonal antibody producing cells. Analysis of the results revealed these effects to result from a marked reduction in total spleen cell numbers in CP 17193-treated mice. When results were expressed as activity per cell unit the differences between drug-treated and control mice were small. Spleen cells from mice given a shorter dosing schedule of 7 weeks with CP 17193 showed an augmentation of IL-2 production and responsiveness. These results show CP 17193 having interesting selective immunomodulating activity on the immunopathogenesis of spontaneous murine lupus disease. Furthermore, compounds with this profile of activity may have a potential role in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases.