bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of the poorly water‐soluble drug aloe‐emodin by solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol 6000
Authors: Duan Hao‐gang , Wei Yu‐hui , Li Bo‐xia , Qin Hong‐yan , Wu Xin‐an 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSolid dispersions (SDs) of aloe‐emodin (AE) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) with different drug loadings were prepared, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evaluated for solubility and in vitro release. The oral bioavailability of AE from SD in rats was compared with the crystalline drug. Plasma concentrations of AE were determined by HPLC. After administration of crystalline AE (35 mg·kg−1) in rats, the AUC0‐600 and Cmax were 393.6±77.1 mg·min·l−1 and 1.87±0.30 mg·l−1, respectively. For the PEG6000 SD of AE, AUC0‐600 and Cmax were boosted to 1310.5±111.9 mg·min·l−1 and 5.86±0.47 mg·l−1, respectively. The results indicated that the oral bioavailability of AE was increased significantly. Simultaneously, the Tmax value of AE for AE crystalline was decreased from 75.6±17.3 min to 44.8±14.8 min for SD. The earlier Tmax for AE from SD indicated the higher extent of absorption for SD due to their improved dissolution rate in rat intestine. This SD approach can therefore be used to enhanced dissolution and bioavailability for poorly water‐soluble drugs. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evaluation of a biodegradable dental chip containing chlorhexidine in chitosan base as a targeted drug delivery in the management of chronic periodontitis in patients
Authors: Jothi M.V. , Bhat K.M. , Pratibha P.K. , Bhat G.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChlorhexidine is one of the commonly used agents in the treatment of periodontitis. In the present study, a biodegradable dental chip of chitosan containing chlorhexidine was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, as a targeted drug delivery system in patients of chronic periodontitis. Thirty patients having localized periodontal pockets ≥5 mm were selected. At baseline, the experimental patients received full mouth scaling and root planing followed by placement of a chlorhexidine chip. The placebo group received plain chitosan chips, and conventional scaling and root planing were performed for the control group. Measurements of plaque, gingival index were recorded at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Probing depth and clinical attachment levels were recorded at the 3rd and 4th month. GCF and saliva samples were procured from the subjects to analyze the drug release at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h and on days 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 30, 60, and 90. The study showed improvement in plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment levels, but the chlorhexidine chip–treated group showed a significantly better improvement than placebo and control groups at the end of 120 days. Based on the results of the present in vivo study, we can conclude that the chlorhexidine‐containing chitosan drug delivery system may be an adjunct in treating patients with chronic periodontitis. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrologic habitat preferences of select southeastern USA fishes resilient to river ecosystem fragmentation
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. , Bayne David R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge‐scale habitat preferences of riverine taxa are not always revealed by examining community data. Here, we show how lipid and growth can be used to evaluate hydrologic habitat preferences of fishes resilient to river fragmentation (i.e. species that can tolerate river fragmentation by dams, but not collapse). Lipid content was examined for seven fishes in a major southeastern USA reservoir and its largest lotic tributary over the 5 years. Controlling for effects of sex, size and year of collection, largemouth bass, spotted bass and black crappie had significantly higher lipid in lentic habitat. Conversely, channel catfish and freshwater drum had significantly higher lipid in lotic habitat. There were no significant differences in lipid of bluegill and blacktail shiner between hydrologic habitat types. Fish growth produced concordant results as largemouth bass and spotted bass had significantly faster growth in lentic habitat, whereas channel catfish and freshwater drum had significantly faster growth in lotic habitat. We were also able to document a synchronous spike in lipids of these species in both habitat types during a major drought. We surmise that the spike was driven by enhanced primary production, predator‐prey concentration and possibly also reduced reproduction during intense drought. Two conclusions are drawn from this study as a whole. First, long‐term lipid and growth observations hold promise for evaluating ecological effects of droughts over long time spans. Second, population characteristics are excellent indicators of habitat preferences and could be used more broadly to elucidate how organisms react to river ecosystem fragmentation and restoration initiatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo post‐transcriptional regulation of CD154 in mouse CD4+ T cells
Authors: Vavassori Stefano , Shi Yufang , Chen Chiann‐Chyi , Ron Yacov , Covey Lori R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteractions between CD40 and its ligand CD154 are involved in the progression of both cell mediated and innate immunity. These interactions are brought about by the transient expression of CD154 on activated CD4+ T cells, which is regulated, in part, at the level of mRNA turnover. Here we have focused on analyzing the pattern of post‐transcriptional regulation in mouse CD4+ T cells in response to activation. Initial experiments identify a region of the murine CD154 mRNA that binds a polypyrimidine tract‐binding protein‐containing complex (mComplex I), which is activation‐dependent and binds to a single CU‐rich site within the 3′ uTR Subsequent findings demonstrate that in vivo polyclonal activation of T cells leads to a pattern of differential CD154 mRNA stability that is directly dependent on extent of activation. Furthermore, in vitro activation of antigen‐primed T cells shows that the CD154 mRNA half‐life increases relative to that of unprimed cells. Importantly, this is the first report demonstrating that the regulation of CD154 in vivo is connected to an activation‐induced program of mRNA decay and thus provides strong evidence for post‐transcriptional mechanisms having a physiological role in regulating CD154 expression during an ongoing immune response.
High diversity of the immune repertoire in humanized NOD.SCID.γc−/− mice
Authors: Marodon Gilles , Desjardins Delphine , Mercey Laetitia , Baillou Claude , Parent Pierric , Manuel Manuarii , Caux Christophe , Bellier Bertrand , Pasqual Nicolas , Klatzmann David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe diversity of the human immune repertoire and how it relates to a functional immune response has not yet been studied in detail in humanized NOD.SCID.γc−/− immunodeficient mice. Here, we used a multiplex PCR on genomic DNA to quantify the combinatorial diversity of all possible V–J rearrangements at the TCR‐β chain and heavy chain Ig locus. We first show that the combinatorial diversity of the TCR‐β chain generated in the thymus was well preserved in the periphery, suggesting that human T cells were not vastly activated in mice, in agreement with phenotypic studies. We then show that the combinatorial diversity in NOD.SCID.γc−/− mice reached 100% of human reference samples for both the TCR and the heavy chain of Ig. To document the functionality of this repertoire, we show that a detectable but weak HLA‐restricted cellular immune response could be elicited in reconstituted mice after immunization with an adenoviral vector expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins. Altogether, our results suggest that humanized mice express a diversified repertoire and are able to mount antigen‐specific immune responses.
Preparation by Hydrothermal Techniques in a Tungstosilicate Acid Solution System and Optical Properties of Tellurium Nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Cong , Wen Deyun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSingle‐crystalline tellurium nanotubes can be easily synthesised by a simple hydrothermal, economical and green chemical route. The tungstosilicate acid (TSA) serves as not only an effective reducing agent but also a new morphology‐directing agent for tellurium nanotubes from sodium tellurate (Na2TeO3) precursor powders. Scanning electron microscopy images show that most of the tellurium nanotubes have sloping cross‐sections and open ends with outer diameters of 100–500 nm, wall thicknesses of 30–100 nm and lengths of 30–50 μm. A few Te nanotubes have hexagonal cross‐sections. Te nanotubes grow along the [001] direction and have excellent crystallinity. The synthetic conditions also investigated for the tellurium nanotubes were molar ratio of sodium tellurate to TSA, pH of reaction solution and reaction temperature. The optical properties of the t‐Te nanotubes have been investigated. A possible mechanism for the growth of tellurium nanotubes has been discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Ketoximate Derivatives of Titanium Alkoxides and Partial Hydrolysis Products Thereof
Authors: Baumann Stefan O. , Bendova Maria , Fric Helmut , Puchberger Michael , Visinescu Claudia , Schubert Ulrich 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCrystalline oximate derivatives of titanium alkoxides [Ti(OR)2(ON=CR′R″)2]2 were obtained when Ti(OR)4 (R = iPr, Et) was treated with various oximes (cyclopentanone oxime, cyclohexanone oxime, acetoxime, ethyl methyl ketoxime or 2,4‐pentandione dioxime). Formation of bis‐substituted derivatives was favored in each case, and only one mono‐substituted derivative, [Ti(OiPr)3(ON=C6H10)]2, was isolated. Two isomers were observed for [Ti(OR)2(ON=CR′R″)2]2, differing by the mutual orientation of the oximate ligands. The NO groups of the oximate ligands are side‐on coordinated to one titanium atom in each case. Three partially hydrolyzed derivatives, viz. Ti6O6(OiPr)6(ON=CR2)6 (CR2 = CMe2 or C5H8) and Ti4O2(OiPr)8(ON=CMe–CH2–CMe=NO)2 were also structurally characterized. In these derivatives the NO groups bridge two titanium atoms.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Atypicality and the two fundamental dimensions: Applying the negativity effect on warmth to group perception
Authors: Kervyn Nicolas , Dolderer Mirjam , Mahieu Timothée , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe person perception literature has shown that negative information on warmth influences impression formation more than other kinds of information. In the present paper, we argue for the usefulness of using the knowledge accumulated on the negativity effect on warmth when studying how members of a group who are disconfirming the group stereotype are perceived. We show that negative divergent information on warmth is perceived as more surprising because it appears to be more discrepant than positive divergent information on warmth or than competence information. We also show how stereotype holders protect their stereotype by rating the surprising incoherent information as atypical. Results are discussed in terms of the necessity to apply our knowledge of the two fundamental dimensions of social perception and their properties to typicality ratings and, beyond them, to stereotype change research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid analysis of peptides and amino acids by CE‐ESI‐MS using chemically modified fused‐silica capillaries
Authors: Lu Minghua , Zhang Lan , Lu Qiaomei , Chi Yuwu , Chen Guonan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to prepare a coated capillary to achieve rapid analysis of peptides and amino acids (AAs) by CE‐ESI‐MS. The coated capillary was prepared by chemical modification of the fused silica (FS) capillary with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) via a silanization reaction followed by an on‐column in situ graft polymerization. In preparing capillary coating, AMPS was introduced for the following two purposes: first, to achieve strong and stable EOF in a wide pH range, and second, to obtain good repeatability of separations of peptides and AAs by reducing their adsorption to the FS capillary. The inner wall morphology, the characteristics of EOF, and the performances of coated capillary including separation ability, repeatability, and stability were investigated in detail and evaluated by analyses of four peptides (D‐Ala‐D‐Ala, Gly‐Gly‐L‐Leu, Gly‐D‐Phe, and L‐Leu‐D‐Leu) and three AAs (glycine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine), respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the analysis times of four peptides and three AAs in the coated capillary were 5.6 and 6.0 min, respectively, i.e. much shorter than those in the bare‐FS capillary, 20 and 26 min, respectively. These coated capillaries were shown to be well suitable for CE coupling with ESI‐MS to analyze peptides and AAs thanks to high separation power, short analysis times, good repeatability and high stability.
Spatial modelling and prediction on river networks: up model, down model or hybrid?
Authors: Garreta Vincent , Monestiez Pascal , Ver Hoef Jay M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPreservation of rivers and water resources is crucial in most environmental policies and many efforts are made to assess water quality. Environmental monitoring of large river networks are based on measurement stations. Compared to the total length of river networks, their number is often limited and there is a need to extend environmental variables that are measured locally to the whole river network. The objective of this paper is to propose several relevant geostatistical models for river modelling. These models use river distance and are based on two contrasting assumptions about dependency along a river network. Inference using maximum likelihood, model selection criterion and prediction by kriging are then developed. We illustrate our approach on two variables that differ by their distributional and spatial characteristics: summer water temperature and nitrate concentration. The data come from 141 to 187 monitoring stations in a network on a large river located in the Northeast of France that is more than 5000 km long and includes Meuse and Moselle basins. We first evaluated different spatial models and then gave prediction maps and error variance maps for the whole stream network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meso‐scale catchment sediment budgets: combining field surveys and modeling in the Dragonja catchment, southwest Slovenia
Authors: Keesstra S. D. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , van Huissteden J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present a methodology to construct a sediment budget for meso‐scale catchments. We combine extensive field surveys and expert knowledge of the catchment with a sediment delivery model. The meso‐scale Mediterranean drainage basin of the Dragonja (91 km2), southwest Slovenia, was chosen as case study area.During the field surveys, sheet wash was observed on sloping agricultural fields during numerous rainfall events, which was found to be the main source of sediment. With the sediment yield model WATEM/SEDEM the estimated net erosion on the hillslopes 4·1 t ha–1 y–1 (91% of inputs). The second source, bank erosion (4·2%; 0·25 t ha–1 y–1) was monitored during several years with erosion pins and photogrammetric techniques. The last source, channel incision, was derived from geomorphological mapping and lichenomery and provided 3·8% (0·17 t ha–1 y–1) of the sediment input.The river transports its suspended sediment mainly during high‐flow events (sampled with automated water samplers). About 27% (1·2 t ha–1 y–1) of the sediment delivered to the channel is deposited on floodplains and low terraces downstream (estimated with geomorphological mapping, coring and cesium‐137 measurements). The sediment transported as bedload disintegrates during transport to the outlet due to the softness of the bedrock material. As a result, the river carries no bedload when it reaches the sea.The results imply a build‐up of sediment in the valleys catchment. However, extreme flood events may flush large amounts of sediment stored in the lower parts of the system. Geomorphological evidence exists in the catchment that such high magnitude, low frequency events have happened in the past. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a simple enthalpy‐based pyrolysis model in numerical simulations of pyrolysis of charring materials
Authors: Wasan S. R. , Rauwoens P. , Vierendeels J. , Merci B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new, simple pyrolysis model for charring materials is applied to several numerical and experimental test cases with variable externally imposed heat fluxes. The model is based on enthalpy. A piecewise linear temperature field representation is adopted, in combination with an estimate for the pyrolysis front position. Chemical kinetics are not accounted for: the pyrolysis process takes place in an infinitely thin front, at the ‘pyrolysis temperature’. The evolution in time of pyrolysis gases mass flow rates and surface temperatures is discussed. The presented model is able to reproduce numerical reference results, which were obtained with the more complex moving mesh model. It performs better than the integral model. We illustrate good agreement with numerical reference results for variable thickness and boundary conditions. This reveals that the model provides good results for the entire range of thermally thin and thermally thick materials. It also shows that possible interruption of the pyrolysis process, due to excessive heat losses, is automatically predicted with the present approach. Finally, an experimental test case is considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of heat transfer on a third grade fluid in a flat channel
Authors: Ellahi R. , Ariel P. D. , Hayat T. , Asghar S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe heat transfer analysis on the laminar flow of an incompressible third grade fluid through a porous flat channel is examined. The lower plate is assumed to be at a higher temperature than the upper plate. Analytical solution for temperature distribution is obtained for various values of the controlling parameters and discussed. The obtained analytical solution is also compared with the numerical solution. The comparison shows the fact that the accuracy is remarkable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trajectories of mobility and IADL function in older patients diagnosed with major depression
Authors: Hybels Celia F. , Pieper Carl F. , Blazer Dan G. , Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Steffens David C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveResearch has shown an association between depression and functional limitations in older adults. Our aim was to explore the latent traits of trajectories of limitations in mobility and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks in a sample of older adults diagnosed with major depression.MethodsParticipants were 248 patients enrolled in a naturalistic depression treatment study. Mobility/IADL tasks included walking one‐fourth mile, going up/down stairs, getting around the neighborhood, shopping, handling money, taking care of children, cleaning house, preparing meals and doing yardwork/gardening. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to identify classes of mobility/IADL function over a 4‐year period. Class membership was then used to predict functional status over time.ResultsUsing time as the only predictor, three latent class trajectories were identified: (1) Patients with few mobility/IADL limitations (42%), (2) Patients with considerable mobility/IADL limitations (37%) and (3) Patients with basically no limitations (21%). The classes differed primarily in their initial functional status, with some immediate improvement followed by no further change for patients in Classes 1 and 2 and a stable course for patients in Class 3. In a repeated measures mixed model controlling for potential confounders, class was a significant predictor of functional status. The effect of baseline depression score, cognitive status, self‐perceived health and sex on mobility/IADL score differed by class.ConclusionsThese findings show systematic variability in functional status over time among older patients with major depression, indicating that a single trajectory may not reflect the pattern for all patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of salivary function in patients with globus pharyngeus
Authors: Baek Chung‐Hwan , Chung Man Ki , Choi Joon Young , So Yoon Kyoung , Son Young‐Ik , Jeong Han‐Sin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground.Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and the clinical role of salivary hypofunction in patients with globus sensation.Methods.We conducted a prospective observational study in 340 patients with globus pharyngeus. A standard questionnaire and 99mTc‐pertechnate salivary scintigraphy were used to evaluate salivary hypofunction, with a full examination from the nasal cavity to the larynx (N = 303). We also investigated the effect of xerostomia management on globus symptoms (N = 252).Results.The symptom scores for xerostomia were higher in patients with severe globus (p < .05). Objective salivary hypofunction was noted in 57.4% of the patients, based on the reference values from control groups. Globus symptoms were more severe in the subgroup with salivary hypofunction (p = .0447). Conservative management of xerostomia significantly reduced the severity of globus at 1 and 3 months (p = .0002) regardless of salivary function.Conclusions.Salivary hypofunction seems to be an aggravating factor in globus pharyngeus, but not a direct cause. Conservative management of xerostomia improves globus symptoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
How would I manage a sample submitted for flow cytometry analysis for suspicious chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Bulian Pietro , Del Poeta Giovanni , Gattei Valter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSamples submitted for a suspect of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are the most frequently observed in flow cytometry laboratories. These cases require not only a precise and prompt diagnosis but also an evaluation on the possibility of performing additional prognostic tests. We will propose two sequential flow cytometry panels and a personal opinion on how to manage these samples for both diagnostic and prognostic assessment, taking into account the published guidelines and recommendations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telomeres and telomerase in chronic myeloid leukaemia: impact for pathogenesis, disease progression and targeted therapy
Authors: Keller Gunhild , Brassat Ute , Braig Melanie , Heim Denise , Wege Henning , Brümmendorf Tim H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTelomeres are specialized structures localized at the end of human chromosomes. Due to the end replication problem, each cell division results in a loss of telomeric repeats in normal somatic cells. In germ line and stem cells, the multicomponent enzyme telomerase maintains the length of telomere repeats. However, elevated telomerase activity has also been reported in the majority of solid tumours as well as in acute and chronic leukaemia. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) serves as a model disease to study telomere biology in clonal myeloproliferative disorders. In CML, telomere shortening correlates with disease stage, duration of chronic phase (CP), prognosis measured by the Hasford risk score and the response to disease‐modifying therapeutics such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib. In addition, telomerase activity (TA) is already increased in CP CML and further upregulated with disease progression to accelerated phase and blast crisis (BC). Furthermore, a correlation of TA with increased genetic instability as well as a shorter survival of the patients has been reported. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the role of telomere and telomerase biology in CML and discuss the possible impact of novel treatment approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.