bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interjection as a grammatical category in John Wilkins’ philosophical language
Authors: Nate Richard 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Considering the fact that John Wilkins (1614–1672) constructed his artificial language as a mirror of reality, which should be based on logical principles, the incorporation of the interjection into his Natural Grammar seems surprising. It is probable that Wilkins kept the interjection as a grammatical category because it belonged to the fixed canon of the eight parts of speech in traditional Latin grammars. Moreover, interjections were conceived of as immediate, i.e., natural, expressions of feelings and were held to be universal. Wilkins’ description of interjections shows that he is aware of their pragmatic functions. His classification is based on communicative principles. In constructing his artificial writing system, however, Wilkins adheres to his rationalistic position and transforms the interjections into purely referential signs. Thus, his grammatical analysis reveals insights into the pragmatic functions of language for which there was no room in an artificial language based on logical principles.
The Linguistic Naturalism of Theophrastus Redivivus (1659?)
Authors: Gensini Stefano 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper deals with the linguistic subjects in Theophrastus redivivus (1659?), an anonymous masterpiece of French Free-thinkers movement. Attention is paid, firstly, to the criticism of the concept of god, whose existence is denied mainly on linguistic grounds; secondly, to the anti-Cartesian discussion of the alleged ‘primacy’ of humans, which also is denied with the argument that all animals share both reason and extrinsic discourse, although in forms different from ours. Particular attention is given to the argumentative structure of TR, which reveals an original fusion of Epicurean epistemology and of suggestions borrowed from the ancient Naturalism, notably as found in Aristotle’s Historia animalium
‘Innere Sprachform’ Humboldts Grenzbegriff, Steinthals Begriffsgrenze
Authors: Di Cesare Donatella 
Published: November 2010

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Frage nach dem besonderen Beitrag Heymann Steinthals (1823–1899) zur Interpretation der Sprachauffassung Wilhelm von Humboldts (1767–1835). Er argumentiert, daß bei seinem fast lebenslänglichen Bemuhen, den wirklichen hinter dem idealen, ‘mystischen’ und genialen Humboldt zu erhellen, Steinthal den Versuch untemimmt, Humboldts Gegensatz zwischen Empirie und Theorie zu iiberwinden. Dies soil auf dem nach seiner Begegnung mit Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903) eingeschlagenen sprachpsychologischen Weg geschehen. Humboldts ‘mystischer Dualismus’ – für Steinthal ein Überrest der kantischen Philosophic – wird aber einfach durch einen herbartisierten Hegelismus ersetzt: In seinem Versuch, Humboldt dialektisch zu vollenden, seinen Dualismus dadurch aufzulösen, daß er die Empirie gegenüber der Theorie die Oberhand gewinnen läßt, um Humboldt einen guten empirischen Schritt weiterzubringen, fällt Steinthal im Endergebnis einen ganzen metaphyischen Schritt zurück, indem er das trennt, was Humboldt zusammenhält, und dabei zu einem substantiellen Dualismus zwischen Außerem und Innerem, ja zu einem Vorrang des Inneren, Geistlichen vor dem Außeren, Sinnlichen gelangt. Hauptpunkt der unuberbrückbaren Distanz zwischen Steinthal und Humboldt ist der Begriff der ‘inneren Sprachform’. Während die ‘innere Sprachform’ bei Humboldt einen Grenzbegriff darstellt, so erweist sie sich paradoxerweise bei Steinthal als eine Begriffsgrenze, die letzlich der Grenze seines Psychologismus gleichkommt.
From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech
Authors: Albano Leoni Federico , Dovetto Francesca M. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.
The immediate sources of the ‘Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis’
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA scholarly consensus traces the roots of the ‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’ to German language theory of the late 18th to early 19th century, which connects the ‘inner form’ of a language with the potential for cultural achievement of the nation that speaks it. This paper attempts to complexify that genealogy by exploring more immediate sources of the idea that one’s native language determines individual and cultural patterns of thought. In the version of this idea held by Herder and Humboldt, called here the ‘magic key’ view, language is seen as embodying the national mind and unfolding in line with the Romantic (Hegelian) theory of history. But there is another version, here dubbed ‘metaphysical garbage’, which envisions language developing within an evolutionary view of history and introducing obstacles to logical thought. This view was a commonplace of Cambridge analytical philosophy (Whitehead & Russell) and Viennese logical positivism (Carnap). A key Cambridge-Vienna link was C. K. Ogden, whose series included books by the leaders of both groups, and whose own bookThe Meaning of Meaning(with I. A. Richards, 1923) – the subtitle of which beginsThe influence of language on thought – synthesizes many of their positions. Sapir’s positive review of this book marks a turning point from his view of language as a cultural product (as inLanguage, 1921) to a sort of template around which the rest of culture is structured, as in his “The Status of Linguistics as a Science” (1929). This paper, like others of Sapir’s writings from 1923 on, takes up the rhetoric of metaphysical garbage almost exclusively. Whorf, drawn by Sapir to structuralism from originally mystical interests in language, likewise takes up the ‘garbage’ line, interweaving it with ‘magic key’ only in the two years between Sapir’s death and his own. Other influences on Whorf s views are examined, including Korzybski’s General Semantics, to which he has intriguing connections.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Edward Sapir, and the constructivist framework
Authors: Erickson Jon , Gymnich Marion , Nünning Ansgar 
Published: November 2010

SummaryStriking similarities between Edward Sapir’s views on language and those of Wilhelm von Humboldt have long been apparent. Because of the avoidance of documentation in his writings, however, it has proved to be impossible to demonstrate the extent of Sapir’s direct familiarity with the works of Humboldt and his commitment to a Humboldtian language philosophy. Rather than pursuing the question of how Sapir might have been influenced by Humboldt, the present article explores the Sapirian philosophical framework for the treatment of both language and culture in comparison with that found in the works of Humboldt. It is shown that even without direct evidence of the influence of the works of Humboldt on Sapir it is possible to see in Sapir’s writings on language, cultural anthropology, and even aesthetics a commitment to a general constructivist philosophical framework remarkably similar to that found in Humboldt.
Andrés Bello
Authors: Obediente Enrique , D’Introno Francesco 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In this article we will analyze two aspects of Andrés Bello’s (1781–1865) grammatical thought: its relation to the English empiricists and its similarity with generative grammar. His relation to the English empiricists is due to the fact that Bello spent 19 years in London, where he became familiar with the work of Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Reid. In fact his philosophical work, Filosofía del entendimiento, sounds like some of those philosophers’ essays. From the empiricists Bello derives the idea that there is no innate universal grammar with rules present in all languages, as well as his concept of language as an independent system of arbitrary and conventional signs. From Reid he derived his interpretation of the evolution of the language: signs start as ‘natural’ (i.e., they allow humans to communicate without any particular language), and then they become ‘artificial’, i.e., arbitrary and conventional, particular to each grammatical system. Because of his philosophical position, Bello has been compared to structuralist linguists. Here we will show that some of Bello’s grammatical thoughts can be compared with those of Chomsky. The reason for this is that in his grammatical analysis Bello uses concepts reminiscent of generative grammar. For example, Bello proposes the notion of an ‘latent proposition’ similar to that of ‘deep sttaicture’. And when he analyzes for example relative clauses and elliptical constructions, he uses concepts that are familiar to generative grammarians. In other words, the paper tries to show that methodologically and analytically Bello shares some concepts present in Chomsky’s linguistic theory. It also shows differences between Bello and Chomsky, and concludes by pointing out that the major difference between the two linguists is that Bello assumes language can be learned through a symbolic system, while Chomsky assumes language to be innate and independent of other cognitive systemsof the mind.
Polysemy
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte , Clarke David D. 
Published: November 2010

Summary40 years ago Stephen Ullmann wrote that polysemy was the pivot of semantics. He was referring then to traditional synchronic and diachronic semantics. Nowadays, some 40 years later, polysemy has again become a central topic in cognitive semantics. This article traces the history of this important concept, from Antiquity to the first half of the 20th century. Bréal’s treatment of polysemy is the pivot around which the article itself turns, as it was Bréal who invented the term ‘polysemy’ a century ago.
Lexicography in Poland
Authors: Piotrowski Tadeusz 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The paper sketches the history of Polish lexicography and the most important dictionaries of Polish from the beginnings in the late Middle Ages, until the present. The focus is on monolingual dictionaries, while bi- and multilingual publications are touched upon only insofar as they constitute significant contributions to the development of monolingual dictionaries. The paper stresses the continuity of some solutions which relate above all to the opposition between prescriptivism and liberalism. Individual dictionaries are discussed against a wide cultural background. The evolution of lexicographic methods and techniques too is treated. Much space has been given to the discussion of the situation after 1990, the year when Poland re-gained its sovereignty, and when dictionary publishers, like other entrepreneurs, endeavoured to adjust to new market conditions. The pros and cons of the impact of such commercial behaviour on dictionary production are touched upon, and an attempt is made to predict the near future of dictionary-making in Poland.
Jan Baudouin De Courtenay’s contribution to Linguistic Theory
Authors: Adamska-Sałaciak Arleta 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe extent of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s (1845–1929) contribution to general linguistic theory is still hard to assess. He never wrote a major synthetic work, nor has the bulk of his production been translated into English. Thanks primarily to Jakobson, at least his formative influence on modern phonology is generally acknowledged. Fewer linguists are aware of the relevance of Baudouin’s teaching for the study of language change. His conceptualisation of the nature of change, its causes and goals, and the role played in it by the language system, all seem of more than merely historical interest to the theoretically-minded diachronic linguist.
Onomastics in Poland
Authors: Gala Sławomir 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The paper deals with onomastics as a branch of linguistics, its subject matter, scope of research, methodology, and relations to other branches of linguistics, such as language history, dialectology, as well as other fields, for example, history. The second part of the paper presents particular periods of onomastic research in chronological order. A systematic development of the discipline is shown through bibliographic examples and mention of the most important scientific organizations and institutions. The essence of the qualitative development of Polish onomastics consists in undertaking ever new problems which attest to the broadening of the scope of research to include new classes of speech signs recognized as nomina propria. Also essential is undertaking theoretical issues – the place and function of proper names in the system of language. A list of research desiderata concludes the discussion.
Jerzy Kuryłowicz (26 August 1895 – 28 January 1978)
Authors: Rusek Jerzy 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This biographical sketch of the life and work of Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) is followed by appraisals by two other former students of his, one devoted to his contribution as an Indo-Europeanist, the other to his work as a general linguist. A select list of Kuryłowicz’s publication rounds out the picture of this century’s greatest Polish scholar in the science of language.
Logic of language and philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland
Authors: Pelc Jerzy 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The logic of language and the philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland ran in two mainstreams, the so-called Lvov-Warsaw school and and that of phenomenological thought. The former was dominant, the latter was represented mainly by the work of Roman Ingarden (1903–1970). Among works of the Lvov-Warsaw school, the present paper considers the most important achievements of its founder, Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), and the oldest generation of his disciples: Leśniewski (1886–1939), Kotarbiński (1886–1981), Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), and Izydora Dąmbska (1904–1983), as well as Alfred Tarski (1902–1983) who, in philosophy, was a disciple of Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956), Leśniewski and Kotarbiński. The paper is limited to the discussion of the most important of their reflections on natural language, in particular to what is most characteristic of them: elaborated and deep analyses of semantic sections connected with epistemological ones, and pragmatic sections connected with psychological ones, all presented with great attention to clarity, precision and comprehensibility of formulations. Major semantic conceptions of Ingarden were also mentioned: the theory of meaning as a relation between an intending object and an intentional object, as well as semantic differences between a name, verb and sentence.
Die Semantischen Kasustheorben von Louis Hjelmslev und Roman Jakobson und Ihre Herkunft
Authors: Bartschat Brigitte 
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung
In den dreißiger Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts erarbeitete die strukturelle Linguistik Methoden für die sprachinterne, typologische und universalistische Forschung. Im Zentrum standen dabei Untersuchungen an je einem Sprachsystem, in diesem Beitrag wird jedoch den ‘allgemeinen Kasustheorien’ mit universalistischem Anspruch nachgegangen. Ausgangspunkt sind die Publikationen von Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965) und Roman Jakobson (1896–1982). Beide Forscher beschrieben ‘Kasus’ in den dreißiger Jahren semantisch, indem sie unterschiedliche (aber kompatible) Mengen semantischer Merkmale ansetzten. Diese semantische, nicht morphologische Herangehensweise markierte den Beginn der Semantik der Grammatik.
Un Problème de Phonologie en 1922
Authors: Patri Sylvain 
Published: November 2010

RésuméUne lettre inédite adressée par Jakobson à Meillet à l‘occasion de la parution, en 1922, duVers tchèque(ouvrage en réalité inachevé) apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les conditions d’élaboration de la notion de phonéme. Elle permet de vérifier qu’au début de ses recherches, en dépit de son adhésion déclarée aux vues des ‘linguistes français contemporains (i.e., saussuriens)’, Jakobson, en accord – implicite – avec les thèses des élèves pétersbourgeois de Baudouin de Courtenay, a longtemps conçu le phonème comme une entité strictement différentielle, sans prendre en compte sa dimension relationnelle ou son intégration dans un système fini. En suivant les applications concrètes dérivant de cette conception, d’ailleurs largement partagée par Troubetzkoy (loi sur quantité syllabique et mobilité accentuelle, notamment), jusqu’à leur dépassement, au début des années 1930, on discerne que le problème central de la théorisation phonologique au long des années 1920 aura consisté à élaborer la relation entre unité (le phonème) et structure en niveaux hiérarchiques (le système phonologique).
On comparing linguistic theories
Authors: Huck Geoffrey J. , Goldsmith John A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe article examines several issues raised in recent critiques ofIdeology and Linguistic Theory(Huck & Goldsmith 1995) and finds no reason either to reject or to revise the original conclusion that Interpretivist arguments purporting to establish the superiority of Interpretive Semantics over Generative Semantics were weak and were justifiably dismissed by proponents of the latter. It also briefly discusses the particular use of the term ‘ideology’ and its application in an analysis of linguistic thought.
L’universalité de la Langue Française dans les Grammaires de Français pour les Espagnols et dans les Dictionnaires Bilingues Antérieurs à 1815
Authors: Cuevas Manuel Bruña 
Published: November 2010

RésuméNous avons cherché des commentaires relatifs au caractère universel de la langue française dans le corpus constitué par les grammaires de français pour Espagnols et par les dictionnaires français-espagnol publiés avant 1815. Notre analyse nous a révélé que, lorsqu’ils apparaissent dans un de ces ouvrages (ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas, notamment aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles), l’enthousiasme dont fait preuve l’auteur du commentaire dans la défense de la suprématie du français sur les autres langues varie de façon significative selon qu’il est espagnol ou français et selon le lieu d’édition de l’oeuvre. Les ouvrages d’auteurs espagnols publiés en Espagne montrent souvent (surtout au XVIIIe siècle) un souci de défense des mérites de la langue espagnole, visant à équilibrer la reconnaissance avouée de l’universalité de la langue française. La recherche de cet équilibre finira par donner lieu, à la fin de notre période d’étude, notamment chez Antonio de Capmany (1742–1813), à une défense farouche de l’espagnol, accompagnée d’attaques directes contre le français.
Le dictionnaire de l’abbé de l’épée et les ‘signes méthodiques’
Authors: Fischer Renate 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
L’objectif de cette contribution est d’examiner le statut linguistique des ‘signes méthodiques’ de l’abbé de L’Épée (1712–1789), son dictionnaire à l’appui. Ces signes apparaissent comme la tentative d’établir un code visuogestif dont la tâche essentielle est de rendre les ‘idées’ et qui, du point de vue de sa fontion et de sa structure, ne saurait être identifié au français, au français signé ou à la langue des signes française.
Franz Boas’ early northwest coast alphabet
Authors: Mackert Michael 
Published: November 2010

Summary
During his work for the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), Franz Boas (1858–1942) designed a phonetic alphabet for the Native American languages of British Columbia in his correspondence with Horatio Hale (1817–1896), who had been entrusted with the supervision of Boas’ activities. This correspondence is of importance because it provides a record of the formation of Boas’ alphabet and documents Hale’s role in this process. Boas’ correspondence and linguistic publications on Inuftitut and Bella Coola which preceded his BAAS reports show that he was already familiar with the conventions used in the alphabets of Kleinschmidt (1851), Lepsius (1863), and Rink (1884, 1887–1891) when he began fieldwork for the BAAS. His letters to John W. Powell (1834–1902) and Hale give further testimony that he was also acquainted with the alphabets of F. M. Müller (1854), Powell (1880), and Techmer (1884). In his dialogue with Hale, Boas expressed his dissatisfaction with the existing transcription systems, which he considered impracticable or deficient. Boas envisioned a scientific phonetic alphabet based on his psycholinguistic theory of phonetics. He was particularly concerned with the accurate representation of schwa, of different series of fricatives and stops, and of so-called synthetic or alternating sounds, which he encountered in the Native American languages of British Columbia. Both Boas and Hale believed future work would not corroborate the existence of surd-sonants (voiceless-voiced sounds) as members of triple series of consonants consisting of surds, surd-sonants, and sonants. Boas did not deny the existence of surd-sonants, but, within his theory of phonetics, he considered them as sounds that were alternately apperceived as being voiced and voiceless. Boas’ first version of his BAAS alphabet and his introductory remarks to the phonetics of the Native American languages described in his BAAS reports show that practical considerations (simplicity, readability, quotability, and availability of types) and Boas’ psycholinguistic interpretation of surd-sonants took priority over the latter’s concerns for an accurate scientific transcription system.
Floyd Glenn Lounsbury, 1914–1998
Authors: Chafe Wallace 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Floyd G. Lounsbury (1914–1998), one of the 20th century’s most influential anthropological linguistics, will be remembered especially for his contributions to three major areas of scholarship: Iroquoian linguistics, the analysis of kinship systems, and the decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphs. His earliest Iroquoian work was with the Oneida language in Wisconsin, and his description of the verb morphology of Oneida became the basis for all future studies of Iroquoian languages, many of them carried forward by his students. His analyses of Native American and other kinship systems in terms of semantic ‘components’ were central to the development of componential analysis in linguistic anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s. He was a pioneer in the phonetic interpretation of Mayan hieroglyphs, relating them to the grammatical structures of Mayan languages as well as to the astronomical and mathematical systems that formed much of the content of Mayan texts.
More on gatekeepers and Noam Chomsky's writings of the 1950s
Authors: Murray Stephen O. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAccording to the author’s findings, the only rejection of an article that Noam Chomsky submitted to a linguistics journal came from the senior editor ofWord, André Martinet (1908–1999), who was an adamant foe of neo-Bloomfieldianism, while leading neo-Bloomfieldians, particularly the key gatekeeper, Bernard Bloch (1907–1965), the editor ofLanguage, welcomed his early work and a momentous explication of it by Robert B. Lees (1922–1996). The present paper reveals documentary evidence that the alleged ‘main work’ that ‘couldn’t get published’ was actively sought by at least two book publishers early on, and that if it was blocked, it was blocked by Chomsky’s failure to deliver the contracted manuscript ofThe Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory(LSLT) at the time.