bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel 3D liver organoid system for elucidation of hepatic glucose metabolism
Authors: Lu Yanhua , Zhang Guoliang , Shen Chong , Uygun Korkut , Yarmush Martin L. , Meng Qin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHepatic glucose metabolism is a key player in diseases such as obesity and diabetes as well as in antihyperglycemic drugs screening. Hepatocytes culture in two‐dimensional configurations is limited in vitro model for hepatocytes to function properly, while truly practical platforms to perform three‐dimensional (3D) culture are unavailable. In this work, we present a practical organoid culture method of hepatocytes for elucidation of glucose metabolism under nominal and stress conditions. Employing this new method of culturing cells within a hollow fiber reactor, hepatocytes were observed to self‐assemble into 3D spherical organoids with preservation of tight junctions and display increased liver‐specific functions. Compared to both monolayer culture and sandwich culture, the hepatocyte organoids displayed higher intracellular glycogen content, glucose consumption, and gluconeogenesis and approached the in vivo values, as also confirmed by gene expression of key enzymes. Moreover, hepatocyte organoids demonstrated more realistic sensitivity to hormonal challenges with insulin, glucagon, and dexamethasone. Finally, the exposure to high glucose demonstrated toxicities including alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid accumulation, and reactive oxygen species formation, similar to the in vivo responses, which was not captured by monolayer cultures. Collectively, hepatocyte organoids mimicked the in vivo functions better than hepatocyte monolayer and sandwich cultures, suggesting suitability for applications such as antihyperglycemic drugs screening. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:595–604. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion of bacteriophages through artificial biofilm models
Authors: Hu Jun , Miyanaga Kazuhiko , Tanji Yasunori 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe simple two‐chamber diffusion method was improved to study the diffusion properties of bacteriophage (phage) T4 through a model biofilm agarose gel membrane (AGM) embedded with dead host Escherichia coli K12 cells. The apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp) of phage T4 was calculated to be 2.4 × 10−12 m2/s in 0.5% AGM, which was lower than the coefficient of 4.2 × 10−12 m2/s in 0.5% AGM without host cells. The phage adsorption process by dead host cells slowed the apparent phage diffusion. The Langmuir adsorption equation was used to simulate phage adsorption under different multiplicity of infections (MOIs); the maximum adsorbed phage MOI was calculated to be 417 PFU/CFU, and the Langmuir adsorption constant KL was 6.9 × 10−4 CFU/PFU. To evaluate the effects of phage proliferation on diffusion, a simple syringe‐based biofilm model was developed. The phage was added into this homogenous biofilm model when the host cells were in an exponential growth phase, and the apparent diffusion coefficient was greatly enhanced. We concluded that Dapp of phages through biofilms could be distinctly affected by phage adsorption and proliferation, and that the idea of Dapp and these methods can be used to study diffusion properties through real biofilms. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Acylated Protopanaxadiol‐Type Ginsenosides from the Root of Panax ginseng
Authors: Zhu Guo‐Yuan , Li Ying‐Wei , Kwok‐Po Hau Desmond , Jiang Zhi‐Hong , Yu Zhi‐Ling , Fong Wang‐Fun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSix new protopanaxadiol‐type ginsenosides, named ginsenosides Ra4–Ra9 (1–6, resp.), along with 14 known dammarane‐type triterpene saponins, were isolated from the root of Panax ginseng, one of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, HR‐MS, and chemical transformation as (20S)‐ 3‐O‐{β‐D‐6‐O‐[(E)‐but‐2‐enoyl]glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (1), (20S)‐3‐O‐[β‐D‐6‐O‐acetylglucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]‐20‐O‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (2), (20S)‐3‐O‐{β‐D‐6‐O‐[(E)‐but‐2‐enoyl]glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (3), (20S)‐3‐O‐{β‐D‐6‐O‐[(E)‐but‐2‐enoyl]glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (4), (20S)‐3‐O‐{β‐D‐4‐O‐[(E)‐but‐2‐enoyl]glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (5), (20S)‐3‐O‐{β‐D‐6‐O‐[(E)‐but‐2‐enoyl]glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]protopanaxadiol (6). The sugar moiety at C(3) of the aglycone of each new ginsenoside is butenoylated or acetylated.
Fasciculols H and I, Two Lanostane Derivatives from Chinese Mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare
Authors: Shi Xin‐Wei , Li Xiao‐Jun , Gao Jin‐Ming , Zhang Xing‐Chang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo new highly oxygenated fasciculol‐type lanostane derivatives, fasciculols H and I (1 and 2, resp.), together with five known compounds, 3–7, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Chinese toxic mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including 2D‐NMR (HMBC, HSQC, NOESY, 1H,1H‐COSY). Compounds 5–7 were identified for the first time in this mushroom. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 were evaluated for inhibitory activity against human glioma cell line U87 and nuclear factor‐κB.
Prostate cancer in the elderly
Authors: Scosyrev Emil , Messing Edward M. , Mohile Supriya , Golijanin Dragan , Wu Guan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of metastatic (M1) prostate cancer (PC) at presentation in different age groups, to examine the association of age with PC‐specific mortality, and to calculate the relative contribution of different age groups to the pool of M1 cases and PC deaths.METHODS:Records from 464,918 patients who were diagnosed with PC from 1998 to 2007 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The patients were categorized according to age into groups ages <50 years, 50 to 54 years, 55 to 59 years, 60 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years, 70 to 74 years, 75 to 79 years, 80 to 84 years, 85 to 89 years, and ≥90 years. The cumulative incidence of death from PC was computed using the Gray method.RESULTS:The frequency of M1 PC at presentation was 3% for the group aged <75 years, 5% for the group ages 75 to 79 years, 8% for the group ages 80 to 84 years, 13% for the group ages 85 to 89 years, and 17% for the group aged ≥90 years. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of death from PC was 3% to 4% for all patients with PC in any category aged <75 years, 7% for patients ages 75 to 79 years, 13% for patients ages 80 to 84 years, 20% for patients ages 85 to 89 years, and 30% for patients aged ≥90 years. Although patients aged ≥75 years at PC diagnosis represented just over a quarter (26%) of all PC cases, they contributed almost half (48%) of all M1 cases and more than half (53%) of all PC deaths.CONCLUSIONS:Compared with younger patients (aged <75 years), older patients were more likely to present with very advanced disease, had a greater risk of death from PC despite higher death rates from competing causes, and contributed more than half of all PC deaths. Awareness of this issue may improve future outcomes for elderly patients with PC. Cancer 2012;118: 3062–70. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Ontogeny of the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) neuropeptide system in the brain of zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Mukherjee Arghya , Subhedar Nishikant K. , Ghose Aurnab 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) peptidergic system is involved in processing diverse neuronal functions in adult animals, including energy metabolism. Although CART is widely distributed in the brain of a range of vertebrates, the ontogeny of this system has not been explored. The CART‐immunoreactive system in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) was studied across developmental stages until adulthood. The peptide is expressed as early as 24 hours post fertilization and establishes itself in several discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord as development progresses. The trends in CART ontogeny suggest that it may be involved in the establishment of commissural tracts, typically expressing early but subsequently decaying. CART elements are commonly overrepresented in diverse sensory areas like the olfactory, photic, and acoustico‐mechanosensory systems, perhaps indicating a role for the peptide in sensory perception. Key neuroendocrine centers, like the preoptic area, hypothalamus, and pituitary, conspicuously show CART innervations, suggesting functions analogous to those demonstrated in other chordates. Uniquely, the epiphysis also appears to employ CART as a neurotransmitter. The entopeduncular nucleus is a major CART‐containing group in the adult teleost forebrain that may participate in glucose sensing. This region responds to glucose in the 15‐day larvae, suggesting that the energy status sensing CART circuits is active early in development. The pattern of CART expression in zebrafish suggests conserved evolutionary trends among vertebrate species. Developmental expression profiling reveals putative novel functions and establishes zebrafish as a model to investigate CART function in physiology and development. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new synthetic TLR4 agonist, GLA, allows dendritic cells targeted with antigen to elicit Th1 T‐cell immunity in vivo
Authors: Pantel Austin , Cheong Cheolho , Dandamudi Durga , Shrestha Elina , Mehandru Saurabh , Brane Luke , Ruane Darren , Teixeira Angela , Bozzacco Leonia , Steinman Ralph M. , Longhi M. Paula 
Published: October 2011

AbstractProtein‐based vaccines offer safety and cost advantages but require adjuvants to induce immunity. Here we examined the adjuvant capacity of glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), a new synthetic non‐toxic analogue of lipopolysaccharide. In mice, in comparison with non‐formulated LPS and monophosphoryl lipid A, formulated GLA induced higher antibody titers and generated Type 1 T‐cell responses to HIV gag‐p24 protein in spleen and lymph nodes, which was dependent on TLR4 expression. Immunization was greatly improved by targeting HIV gag p24 to DCs with an antibody to DEC‐205, a DC receptor for antigen uptake and processing. Subcutaneous immunization induced antigen‐specific T‐cell responses in the intestinal lamina propria. Immunity did not develop in mice transiently depleted of DCs. To understand how GLA works, we studied DCs directly from vaccinated mice. Within 4 h, GLA caused DCs to upregulate CD86 and CD40 and produce cytokines including IL‐12p70 in vivo. Importantly, DCs removed from mice 4 h after vaccination became immunogenic, capable of inducing T‐cell immunity upon injection into naïve mice. These data indicate that a synthetic and clinically feasible TLR4 agonist rapidly stimulates full maturation of DCs in vivo, allowing for adaptive immunity to develop many weeks to months later.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 9/11
Authors: Gordon Siamon , Hamann Jörg , Lin Hsi‐Hsien , Stacey Martin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis month's cover depicts, by virtue of the scales, the balance of experts' opinions that are provided in the featured Macrophage Viewpoint series. Superimposed on the scales are cartoon drawings of the different macrophage subtypes (classical, alternative and regulatory) discussed by Fleming and Mosser (pp. 2498–2502); the background is kindly provided by Joan Stein‐Streilein and is reprinted with permission from Faunce, D. E. et al., J. Immunol. 2001. 166: 313–321 (© 2001 The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.). The background shows migrating F4/80+ APCs (pink) forming clusters with NKT and B cells in the marginal zone of mouse spleen, in the ACAID model of peripheral tolerance. The F4/80 antigen is discussed in the Viewpoint by Siamon Gordon et al. (pp. 2472–2476), and the paper first describing the F4/80 antibody features as one of the EJI classics on the EJI homepage (www.eji‐journal.eu).
Bioactive compounds in unsaponifiable fraction of oils from unconventional sources
Authors: Czaplicki Sylwester , Ogrodowska Dorota , Derewiaka Dorota , Tańska Małgorzata , Zadernowski Ryszard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe aim of the research was to characterize bioactive components of unsaponifiable fraction of selected unconventional oils. Nine oils were analyzed as far as the content of tocopherols, squalene, phenolic compounds, and sterols were concerned. Tocopherols and squalene were analyzed by HPLC coupled with diode array detector and fluorescent detector (HPLC‐DAD‐FLD). The content of sterols in oils was determined by GC coupled with MS (GC‐MS). The total amount of phenolic compounds in oils was determined by the colorimetric methods using Folin–Ciocalteau phenol reagent. The examined oils were characterized by differentiated amount of particular forms of tocopherols. The oil obtained from the seeds of amaranth was the richest source of squalene (over 52 mg/g oil). The presence of 22 different compounds of sterols were identified, whereas β‐sitosterol was found in the largest amount. Total amount of sterols in the oils ranged from 90 (walnut) to 850 mg/100 g (evening primrose). Significant differentiation of total amount of phenolic compounds was observed in the examined oils. Evening primrose oil showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds (679 mg/kg). The presented results prove that plant oils obtained from nonconventional sources are a potential source of bioactive compounds.
Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 2d‐Deoxy Lewisx Pentasaccharide
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Dong Dengxiang , Qu Huanhuan , Sollogoub Matthieu , Zhang Yongmin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe total synthesis of 2d‐deoxy Lewisx pentasaccharide is described. Ethyl 2‐O‐acetyl‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐1‐thio‐α,β‐D‐galactopyranoside was condensed with a diol of glucosamine to regio‐ and stereoselectively give the disaccharide, the C‐2′ position was then reduced after stereoselective fucosylation to afford a Lewisx trisaccharide analogue. Regioselective glycosylation of a known lactoside diol with this trisaccharide provided a pentasaccharide that, after deprotection, gave the target pentasaccharide.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Cyclopropylidenecycloalkanes with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chen Kai , Jiang Min , Zhang Zhen , Wei Yin , Shi Min 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCyclopropylidenecycloalkanes, which are highly strained methylenecyclopropane (MCPs) containing a cycloalkane moiety, react with carbon dioxide smoothly to give the corresponding five‐membered lactone derivatives in moderate to good yields through a cyclopropane ring‐opening process in the presence of Pd0 catalyst and PCy3 upon heating under 40 atm of CO2. The relative configuration of the major diastereomers has been determined and a plausible reaction mechanism has also been proposed.
Molecular Diversity of the Three‐Component Reactions of N‐Benzylbenzimidazolium Salts, Aromatic Aldehydes, and Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Hui Li , Jin Yu‐Xiu , Wang Jin‐Xiu , Yan Chao‐Guo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe three‐component reactions of in‐situ‐formed N‐benzylbenzimidazolium salts, aromatic aldehydes, and active methylene compounds in the presence of triethylamine showed very interesting molecular diversity. The reactions with Meldrum's acid or barbiturate in acetonitrile gave a series of the novel zwitterionic salts in high yields. Under similar reaction conditions, the reactions with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate produced functionalized pyrrolo[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles in good yields with an unprecedented regioselectivity.
Online combination of reversed‐phase/reversed‐phase and porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography for multicomponent separation of proteomics and glycoproteomics samples
Authors: Lam Maggie P. Y. , Lau Edward , Siu S. O. , Ng Dominic C. M. , Kong Ricky P. W. , Chiu Philip C. N. , Yeung William S. B. , Lo Clive , Chu Ivan K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we describe an online combination of reversed‐phase/reversed‐phase (RP–RP) and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) liquid chromatography (LC) for multicomponent analysis of proteomics and glycoproteomics samples. The online RP–RP portion of this system provides comprehensive 2‐D peptide separation based on sequence hydrophobicity at pH 2 and 10. Hydrophilic components (e.g. glycans, glycopeptides) that are not retained by RP are automatically diverted downstream to a PGC column for further trapping and separation. Furthermore, the RP–RP/PGC system can provide simultaneous extension of the hydropathy range and peak capacity for analysis. Using an 11‐protein mixture, we found that the system could efficiently separate native peptides and released N‐glycans from a single sample. We evaluated the applicability of the system to the analysis of complex biological samples using 25 μg of the lysate of a human choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo), confidently identifying a total of 1449 proteins from a single experiment and up to 1909 distinct proteins from technical triplicates. The PGC fraction increased the sequence coverage through the inclusion of additional hydrophilic sequences that accounted for up to 6.9% of the total identified peptides from the BeWo lysate, with apparent preference for the detection of hydrophilic motifs and proteins. In addition, RP–RP/PGC is applicable to the analysis of complex glycomics samples, as demonstrated by our analysis of a concanavalin A‐extracted glycoproteome from human serum; in total, 134 potentially N‐glycosylated serum proteins, 151 possible N‐glycosylation sites, and more than 40 possible N‐glycan structures recognized by concanavalin A were simultaneously detected.
Rapid species identification of seafood spoilage and pathogenic Gram‐positive bacteria by MALDI‐TOF mass fingerprinting
Authors: Böhme Karola , Fernández‐No Inmaculada C. , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Gallardo Jose M. , Cañas Benito , Calo‐Mata Pilar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rapid identification of food pathogenic and spoilage bacteria is important to ensure food quality and safety. Seafood contaminated with pathogenic bacteria is one of the major causes of food intoxications, and the rapid spoilage of seafood products results in high economic losses. In this study, a collection of the main seafood pathogenic and spoilage Gram‐positive bacteria was compiled, including Bacillus spp., Listeria spp., Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Carnobacterium spp. The strains, belonging to 20 different species, were obtained from the culture collections and studied by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). A reference library was created, including the spectral fingerprints of 32 reference strains and the extracted peak lists with 10–30 peak masses. Genus‐specific as well as species‐specific peak masses were assigned and could serve as biomarkers for the rapid bacterial identification. Furthermore, the peak mass lists were clustered with the web‐application SPECLUST to show the phyloproteomic relationships among the studied strains. Afterwards, the method was successfully applied to identify six strains isolated from seafood by comparison with the reference library. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene was carried out and contrasted with the proteomic approach. This is the first time MALDI‐TOF MS fingerprinting is applied to Gram‐positive bacterial identification in seafood, being a fast and accurate technique to ensure seafood quality and safety.
Protonated diamines as anion‐binding agents and their utility in capillary electrophoresis separations
Authors: Noblitt Scott D. , Speights Rachel M. , Henry Charles S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCapillary zone electrophoresis is a proven method for separating small ions because of the inherent charge and differences in mobility of these analytes. Despite its resolving power, CZE can be insufficient for separating ions with similar mobilities. One remedy is to modify mobilities via the addition of background electrolyte complexation agents. However, this approach is not straightforward for inorganic anions, which lack complexation options. To address this shortfall, the diprotonated diamine moiety was investigated for complexation of dianions. Dicationic diamines significantly complexed dianions, and this interaction was not purely electrostatic in nature because affinities varied with dianion identity. Aqueous association constants were measured with affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and found to be similar in magnitude but different in selectivity to those of dianions with magnesium ion. Binding was also investigated for zwitterionic buffers containing the protonated diamine moiety. Zwitterions exhibited binding constants as high as 18 M−1 (30‐mM ionic strength). This work discusses the observed binding constants and their potential usefulness in CZE separations of inorganic anions. Also covered are improvements to ACE methodology and an evaluation of some of the assumptions employed.
Im Cyber‐Hamsterrad durch virtuelle Welten
Authors: Gantenberg Julia , Schill Kerstin , Zetzsche Christoph 
Published: October 2011

Abstract„VirtuSphere”︁: Eine neuartige Experimentierplattform hilft besser zu verstehen, wie räumliche Informationen vom Menschen wahrgenommen und verarbeitet werden. Davon können die Planung und Realisierung von Roboter‐ und Assistenzsystemen profitieren.
Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit: eine stabile Beziehung?
Authors: Streier Eva‐Maria 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDie langjährige Pressesprecherin der DFG übernimmt die Leitung des DFG‐Büros in New York. Bilanz nach 25 Jahren Wissenschaftskommunikation: „Wir sind auf gutem Wege.”︁
Executive dysfunction and treatment response in late‐life depression
Authors: Pimontel Monique A. , Culang‐Reinlieb Michelle E. , Morimoto Sarah S. , Sneed Joel R. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesExecutive dysfunction in geriatric depression has been shown to predict poor response to antidepressant medication. The purpose of this review is to clarify which aspects of executive functioning predict poor antidepressant treatment response.MethodsLiterature review.ResultsFrom our review, the aspects of executive functioning that appear to be associated with antidepressant response rates are verbal fluency and response inhibition. There is some indication that the semantic strategy component may account for the effects of verbal fluency, although evidence comes from one study and needs replication. Processing speed has been proposed as a substrate that may underlie the effects of executive dysfunction on treatment response. Although processing speed does not appear to account for the relationship between response inhibition and treatment outcome, this issue has yet to be assessed with respect to verbal fluency.ConclusionsVerbal fluency and response inhibition are specific aspects of executive dysfunction that appear to impact antidepressant response rates. Disruption of the frontostriatal limbic circuit (particularly the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) may explain the relation between these two mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.