bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Meltwater drainage from glacial Lake Agassiz has been implicated for nearly 15 years as a trigger for thermohaline circulation changes producing the abrupt cold period known as the Younger Dryas. On the basis of initial field reconnaissance to the lake's proposed outlets, regional geomorphic mapping, and preliminary chronological data, an alternative hypothesis may be warranted.Should ongoing data collection continue to support preliminary results, it could be concluded that Lake Agassiz did not flood catastrophically into the Lake Superior basin preceding the Younger Dryas (Figure 1). All preliminary findings imply a retreating ice sheet margin approximately 1000 years younger than previously thought, which would have blocked key meltwater corridors at the start of the Younger Dryas.
Research Spotlight: Visible lightning imaged on Saturn
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

Lightning, common on Earth, has also been detected on Jupiter, and previous studies have reported indirect evidence of lightning on Saturn. Visible lightning has now been imaged on Saturn for the first time.Dyudina et al. report that on 17 August 2009, the Cassini spacecraft detected visible lightning flashes on Saturn.
Research Spotlight: Record warming in South Pacific associated with central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

In 2009–2010, record warming occurred in the South Pacific and western Antarctica. To document the oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the sea surface temperature anomalies, Lee et al. analyzed satellite and in situ observations.The anomalous warming in the south central Pacific region began in September 2009 and reached a record high in December, around the same time that the 2009–2010 central Pacific El Niño peaked. The amplitude of the South Pacific warming was more than 5 times larger than the usual variability in the region and was substantially stronger than the concurrent El Niño. The spatial extent of the South Pacific warming was comparable to the size of the continental United States and was associated with an unusually strong and persistent high‐pressure system.
Conclusions
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter sums up the key findings of this study on Mao Zedong's launch of the Cultural Revolution in China. It suggests that Mao's success in collectivization served as the launch pad for his vision to transform China economically, which came in the form of the Cultural Revolution. He had accomplished the social fabric of the nation without the massive upheaval that had occurred in the Soviet Union and served as the architect of national renewal.
Emaciated Poetry and the Imaginative Diet
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Symbol, allegory, irony, paradox, and ambiguity were handled by the New Critics in a complex way that made a matrix of the text, with the tradition standing behind as the ultimate context. One of the first problems for poets schooled by the New Critics was not to sound like the property of a thorough New Critical reading. To many of those writing during the fifties and early sixties, symbol, allegory, irony, paradox, and ambiguity seemed to exist as much by their presence in the readings made by followers of the New Criticism as they did for their appearance in contemporary poems. The use of these devices seemed to repeat old patterns, rather than to create new and independent work. In this light, a “traditional” poet was someone standing belatedly inadequate before the present. This chapter focuses on one type of poetry that has been created as a substitute for the aesthetics presented to us through the New Critical reading of modernism and the poetic tradition —the emaciated poem. The trades in modes of thought made by those who adopted this kind of poetry give us an important outline to our contemporary literary economy, in which serious gains and losses have resulted from aesthetic shifts. There are numerous practitioners of this poetry. Two of the most interesting and useful examples are Robert Creeley and A. R. Ammons.
Patterns of Similitude in the Poetry of Justice, Hecht, Van Duyn, Bishop, Wilbur, Hollander, Pack, and Pinsky
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In successful poems written over the last forty years, the play of similitude has been a matter of degree, neither blind acceptance nor rejection of either the unifying or separating, uncovering or covering-over properties of language. This chapter examines the poetry of Donald Justice, Anthony Hecht, Mona Van Duyn, Elizabeth Bishop, Richard Wilbur, John Hollander, Robert Pack, and Robert Pinsky.
Introduction
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this work, the author presents the origins, manifestations, and consequences of France's “Freedom Principle” — the notion that any slave who sets foot on French soil becomes free — during a period when France was becoming involved in the Atlantic slave system and developing a radical new political discourse based on notions of freedom, equality, and citizenship. One of the key themes of this work is that France's commitment to the Freedom Principle, the notion that “There are no slaves in France,” yielded two responses. One is the liberal notion of individual or human rights and the second response is the formulation of conservative ideologies that validate hierarchy and the status quo.
Notions of Race in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 1759, the Parlement of Paris made a decision that established the status of slaves who sued for their freedom within the jurisdiction of this court and, consequently, the Admiralty Courts within its domain. This was the case of Francisque, which set an important example for the suits that would follow it in the same jurisdiction, as well as across the channel in England's Somerset case. It also provided an opportunity for French thinking on racial difference in the middle of the eighteenth century. The lawyers revealed assumptions about the meaning of the term negre and the foundations of racism in eighteenth-century France due to their attempts to argue that Francisque was not a negre, and thus not subject to the laws of 1716 and 1738.
“Littery Man”: The Rhetoric of Authorship
Authors: Lowry Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A fundamental reason for Mark Twain's struggles in writing stems from his writerly strategies. Mark Twain was more of an intuitive writer than someone who was conscious about literary form. His sense of authorial identity was connected to his practical problems of writing, especially because he had a sense of his audience. He searched this “sole form” to differentiate his works from others. In two of his writings, Mark Twain presents language as an image itself. Rather than speaking literally, language is spoken signifying the literary. The use of literary quotations in his works demands that he and his readers negotiate about the divide. Moreover, Twain's direct pursuit of authorship's “money side” distinguished him from the concerns of his peers.
The Third Linguistic Turn and the Inscrutability of Literal Sense
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe neo- and post-Gricean movements and programs initiated in 1967 had already obtained their canonical form and could already be applied in linguistics. Aside from how thoughts started to veer away from the traditional Gricean program during 1981, Sadock came up with “Whither Radical Pragmatics” which also poses a challenge to classical Gricean thought. While Sadock was able to introduce two kinds of pragmatic views — the discourse-functional and the Gricean — the author attempts to discuss a Gricean idea which he refers to as “excessive pragmatism.” The author points out that some analyses that entail Gricean thought exhibit too great a reduction of semantic properties to Gricean aspects while looking into problems regarding numerical adjectives and noun phrases and performing tests for ambiguity.
Science and Musical Skills
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explains the basic concepts employed in the study of the psychology of music. Assumptions and ideas are clarified, including the linkage between musical activity and its milieu. The chapter highlights several related points. First, the scientific method is adopted, in conjunction with traditional approaches, to examine and discuss the important issues in music education and psychology. Second, it is proposed that musical ability and talent are culture-specific, vary across time and space, and have much in common with the skills involved in other areas of human behavior, such as sports and science. Lastly, musical learning is defined as the generation of mental representations and complementary cognitive adaptations, and is posited to be crucial to the development of skills in music creation and listening. The effectiveness of an individual's mental representation of the outside world as it translates into music differentiates the novices from the experts.
Development
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter further expounds on the scientific approach to musical ability, which treats music as a skill. This same approach is applied to the development of musical skills and helps refute various beliefs and opinions, especially regarding musical genius as an accident of birth. The evidence presented suggests that even babies display a diverse set of musically related aptitudes which exhibit a typical developmental progression throughout childhood. This development is independent of training and education. Other studies reveal that there are environments that can accelerate the rate of acquisition of music skills and that these can be provided by parents and caregivers. Predicting future musical success based on aptitude tests and “early signs of talent” is also found to be difficult, since this does not apply to some accomplished musicians. Lastly, parental support and dedicated practice are found to be more important than inherent talent.
The Teacher
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the second musical role—that of the teacher. A study of the factors affecting teaching methods, behaviors, and qualities is vital, since a musician's life is shaped by his mentors and since he may himself assume the same role later on in his career. Several conclusions are revealed by research on the subject. First, a musician's learning process is affected by the type of relationship he has with his teacher. Second, students rely heavily on their mentors for quality musical models and performance feedback. Third, the strategies and behaviors of effective teachers are enumerated. An example is the clear communication of concrete music properties through imagery and metaphors. Fourth, musical achievement is tied to the completion of the instruction cycle which involves the presentation of a task, the student's application of the instruction, and feedback. Lastly, good teaching is learned through experience and proper training.
Prologue
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine Pseudo-Odo's statement, in his Dialogus de musica (ca. 1000 ad), regarding the effect that the placement of tones and semitones in a chant has on the determination of its mode. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.
Hucbald of St. Amand and Regino of Prüm
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter addresses the writings of Hucbald of St. Amand and Regino of Prüm. Hucbald's work represents the first attempt to fuse Boethian theory with chant theory, and it is, in many ways, a remarkable accomplishment. Two rather different kinds of music theory were current in the later 9th century, one deriving its terminology and approach from the practice of singing plainchant—often called cantus theory—and the other strongly influenced by ancient Greek harmonic theory as transmitted into the Middle Ages by writers such as Boethius. The dichotomy that obviously existed around 900 is both reflected and acknowledged by Regino of Prüm in his Epistola de harmonica institutione.
Ideas in Exile
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractInfluenced by Karl Buhler’s biologically motivated concern with the success of organisms in their world, Brunswik’s research in the 1920s and 1930s aimed at studying “perceptual achievement” in the presence of ambiguous cues. The three traditional perceptual constancies — size, shape, and color — were the prototype for achievement. There is a sophisticated image in which Brunswik’s ideas basically boil down to three correlations and one unorthodoxy. The correlations are functional validities, ecological validities, and cue utilization coefficients. However, there is another view of Brunswik: opposition by neglect. The opposition takes the form of silence and a lack of understanding of what the fuss is all about. This chapter describes Egon Brunswik, not thinking of correlations, but rather on the struggles of an upright man.
Rationality and Selection in Asset Markets
Authors: Blume Lawrence E. , Easley David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of trader rationality for the price behavior of financial assets. It argues that rationality imposes few constraints on asset prices. Nonetheless, the market as a whole may in effect learn by transferring wealth across traders with different beliefs, and this market learning may have long-run asset price implications. This finding complements the contribution of Farmer et al. by arguing that it is the interaction mechanism rather than specific agent behaviors that drive the general features of asset price processes.
Reflection, Planning, and Temporally Extended Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Any reasonably complete theory of human action will need, in some way, to advert to our reflectiveness, planfulness, and our conception of our agency as temporally extended. This chapter explores the connections between strong forms of agency, the planning theory, and Lockean cross-temporal organization. It introduces the idea of higher-order self-governing policies concerning what to treat as reason providing. It also draws on a version of Harry G. Frankfurt's idea of satisfaction with such an attitude. What is basic is that these self-governing policies play relevant Lockean organizing roles in cross-temporal identity, not that their contents are explicitly a conception of one's “practical identity.” In addition, there is also room in the theory to accord agential authority to attitudes that play these cross-temporal roles but are not, strictly speaking, policies. Such attitudes would be “quasi-policies.”
LABOR
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Chapter Three examines the everyday experiences of the more than three million working-class male youths who enrolled in the CCC between 1933 and 1942. It illustrates how Corps conservation work altered the American landscape while transforming CCC enrollees physically through weight gain, muscle development, and an increase in overall bodily health. This chapter links these corporeal changes, which helped convert many working-class enrollees to the conservationist cause, to an expansion of the movement's composition beyond progressive elites. It also argues that these same bodily changes broadened the conservationist philosophy to include a new concern for “human resources,” in this case young, American men. These same physical transformations also influenced New Deal politics in two important ways. First, the rejuvenation of young, poor men from America's cities helped raise political support for Roosevelt among the nation's urban working class. As important, at a time when New Deal opponents blamed immigrants for causing and exacerbating the Great Depression, Chapter Three argues that the CCC's promotion of work in nature as having an Americanizing influence also appealed to foreign-born urbanites. By rebuilding enrollee bodies, this chapter concludes, the CCC transformed the conservation movement while raising political support, particularly in urban America, for the New Deal.
NATION
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores how the debate over Corps conservation work, introduced as a local problem in Chapter Four, spread to the national level during the late 1930s. It begins by illustrating how positive media coverage during the early and mid-1930s made the CCC the New Deal's most popular program, and perhaps more importantly, synonymous with conservation. Yet Chapter Five also examines an increasingly vocal group of Americans who during the late-1930s publicly criticized Corps conservation work, and Roosevelt's New Deal, for threatening American nature. While others like Bob Marshall faulted CCC conservation projects such as the building of roads in national parks for destroying wilderness, biological scientists followed Aldo Leopold's lead by claiming that seemingly benign Corps work such as the planting of trees in national forests actually upset ecological balance. Chapter Five examines how this growing opposition to the CCC sparked a public, national debate about the role of wilderness preservation and ecological balance within the conservation movement. The chapter concludes that while the widespread popularity of the CCC helped make the conservation movement a truly grassroots phenomenon, the public debate over Corps work indicated that the very meaning of conservation was in flux during the Great Depression era.
Word
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In a much more confined ambit—and with fewer stories to tell, although with one or two longish ones, beginning with an alluring tale about Hermes—we now move into the field of “deed”, where we encounter usage about agents and their activities. Star-crossed lovers are the stuff of the ancient Greek novel. Heliodorus was only half-way through his Ethiopian romance when Theagenes, his clean Greek boy, concluded from a truly bitter experience that the gods would never allow him to be united with his chaste Charicleia. We have had occasion to emphasize that the word group associated with “diakonia” sits easily in talk about the kind of communication that ancients conceived of as going on with the other world whether by way of message, entreaty, or the transient thrill of love. In such contexts, as in the passage from Heliodorus discussed in the preceding section, the notion of mediation at times suggests itself.
House and Table
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Stephanus raises the question whether our cognate words for “diakonia” are ever technical terms for officebearers and their functions in diplomacy between states. This book's earlier survey of the words within the area of message might appear to have left a door open for such a further specialized application of the words, which could then, as Stephanus himself points out, be seen as being reflected in Paul's phrase about “the ministers of God” in the role of bearing the message of the gospel. Stephanus instances only Thucydides 1.133 and Pollux 8.137, 138 as diplomatic language and provides readings like “embassy”, “envoy”, “to act as an ambassador”. His interpretation arises from the idea that a legate carries out the commands of a prince or civic authority with the result that this service on behalf of such a public authority is in reality a public office.
Spokesmen and Emissaries of Heaven
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The preceding chapter illustrated that a substantial part of Christian usage relates to the passing on of revelation and in so doing conforms to the general usage where the cognate words for “diakonia” appear in connection with message from the gods and with the notion of mediation. The present chapter examines usage relating to traveling in the name of a community or in the name of an evangelist. The abstract noun and the verb related to “diakonia” are prominent among terms used by Paul in discussing the collection for the poor in Jerusalem. The abstract noun occurs twice in Luke's account of the mission from Antioch to Jerusalem (Acts 11:27–30; 12:25). In the letter to Philemon from his prison, Paul writes warm words of commendation of Onesimus, the Christian slave he is sending back to Philemon, the rightful owner.
Commissions under God, Church, and Spirit
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Christian literature has so far furnished no indication that Christians created a terminology for “diakonia” based on the cognates under study. One phrase in the prescript to Paul's letter to the Philippians is translated in many ways, from “the bishops and deacons” to “church leaders and helpers”. Whether or not Paul introduced the title in the prescript of the Philippians as an honorific designation or takes up from the Philippians a title for officers of the “overseers” within their Hellenistic community, there is no doubt that in I Tim. 3 we meet such officers who with some certainty we can call “deacons”. To delineate the role of the deacon in Ignatius accurately it is necessary, as in the Pastoral epistles, to distinguish usage in respect of deacons from occasional other usage denoting the bishop's godly commission as head of the church or signifying that certain individuals, whether deacons or other members of the community, are godly representatives of one church to another on a godly mission.
The Gospels
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines whether “diakonia” is a suitable designation for the churches' responsibility to redeem the oppressed and the dispossessed. Related to that by reason of today's prevailing view of the diaconate is the question of which direction the study ought to take us in if we are to arrive at defining more satisfactorily the character and role of ordained diaconate today. Next, on the broader scene of ministry, are some reflections on the relationship between ministry and charism. Closer to the nub are the succeeding considerations as to where ecumenism now stands on its already long journey towards an agreed understanding of ministry. This discussion also considers the ultimate question of just what early Christians considered that ministry to be without which a group of Christians did not constitute a church. Finally, the chapter asks whether today, according to that early Christian view, women can take up that kind of ministry.
Paradoxes of Freedom
Authors: McFarland Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This is a study of the historical and philosophical conception of liberty. Centring his argument upon the Romantic exaltation of freedom that followed the psychic explosion of the French Revolution, the author identifies freedom as one of the three chief transcendencies, along with love and religion, by which humanity orientates itself. Departing from contemplation of the significance of the revolutionary motto ‘live free or die’, he examines the apotheosis of freedom along with its vicissitudes, and indicates, by an examination ranging from Shakespeare and Luther to the writings of Nietzsche and Wagner, both the reasons for the supreme valuation of freedom and the nature of the hindrances, in theory and in fact, that enmesh the actual realization of freedom. The book concludes with a sombre assessment of the future of freedom as an orientating transcendence.