bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Models of Spatial Inter‐Dependence
Authors: Franzese Robert J. , Hays Jude C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the role of ‘spatial interdependence’ between units of analysis by using a symmetric weighting matrix for the units of observation whose elements reflect the relative connectivity between unit i and unit j. It starts by addressing spatial interdependence in political science. There are two workhorse regression models in empirical spatial analysis: spatial lag and spatial error models. The article then addresses OLS estimation and specification testing under the null hypothesis of no spatial dependence. It turns to the topic of assessing spatial lag models, and a discussion of spatial error models. Moreover, it reports the calculation of spatial multipliers. Furthermore, it presents several newer applications of spatial techniques in empirical political science research: SAR models with multiple lags, SAR models for binary dependent variables, and spatio-temporal autoregressive (STAR) models for panel data.
Multilevel Models
Authors: Jones Bradford S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article addresses multilevel models in which units are nested within one another. The focus is primarily two-level models. It also describes cross-unit heterogeneity. Moreover, it assesses the fixed and random effects from the multilevel model. It generally tries to convey the scope of multilevel models but in a very compact way. Multilevel models provide great promise for exploiting information in hierarchical data structures. There are a range of alternatives for such data and it bears repeating that sometimes, simpler-to-apply correctives are best.
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Authors: Fearon James D. , Laitin David D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes how qualitative and quantitative tools can be used jointly to strengthen causal inference. It first outlines the findings of statistical analysis of civil war onsets. It then addresses the different criteria for choosing which narratives to tell. A method for structuring narratives that is complementary to the statistical work is reported. Next, the article shows in light of narrative findings the incompleteness of the statistical models that are initially ran. One narrative is emphasized as an example of its potential yield. It underlines some surprises and advantages of the random narrative approach. There are general lessons as well to be learned from the random narrative exercise. The random narrative method allows the assessment of measurement error for variables that are hard to code reliably across large numbers of cases.
Forty Years of Publishing in Quantitative Methodology
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the forty-year history of publications in quantitative political methodology. It also illustrates that the range and scope of outlets now available stands in dramatic contrast to what existed forty years ago. It begins with material in leading general journals, the American Political Science Review APSR and the American Journal of Political Science (AJPS). From there, it traces the development of more specialized venues, such as Political Methodology (POM), Political Analysis (POA), the Political Methodologist (TPM), and the Sage Quantitative Analysis in the Social Sciencesseries (QASS). From the vantage point of today, the mid-2000s, a political scientist seeking to publish a paper in quantitative methods has at least five opportunities.
The Fit Between Crisis Types and Management Attributes as a Determinant of Crisis Consequences
Authors: Ursacki‐Bryant Teri Jane , Smart Carolyne , Vertinsky Ilan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores some key environmental and organizational characteristics that may influence the type of crisis management system that an emergent crisis type activates. It provides a typology of crises and the decision system attributes that may reduce their negative consequences or amplify their positive consequences. It explores the “fit” of alternative crisis management decision processes with some specific crisis types. It also explores some of the immediate consequences of crisis decision making. The fifth section deals with the longer term consequences of the crisis as a function of the decision processes and the types of crisis the system has faced.
Intuition in Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Sadler‐Smith Eugene , Sparrow Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The concept of intuitive judgment is traditionally associated with the heuristics and biases research of Kahneman, Tversky, and others. Within this paradigm, subjective probabilities are numerical expressions of beliefs concerning uncertain events that may be assessed using heuristics that reduce complex computational tasks to simpler judgmental ones. Such intuitive judgments can be economical and effective, but they accrue negative outcomes when rules for inference are used which are founded on false assumptions or when errors of logic are used which have attendant biases. Intuitive judgments based upon the heuristics of representativeness, availability, and anchoring and adjustment can be useful, but they may also lead to severe and systematic errors. However, as well as the “heuristics and biases” perspective, intuition has been viewed from a variety of different standpoints, some of which are summarized in this article.
Individual Differences And Decision Making
Authors: Soane Emma , Nicholson Nigel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview and discussion of the sources and effects of individual variation in how individuals make choices and decisions. This review encompasses both the micro and the life-span perspective, with the common assumption that individual differences are part of the evolved human design. Individuals reap the benefits of comparative advantage through differentiation, sustaining the survival of the species through complex social organization and their own reproductive fitness by occupying niches within it. Behavioural genetics research contains plentiful evidence for the existence of heritable differences in temperament and dispositions that will bear upon how we make decisions at the micro and life-space levels of choice.
Group Composition and Decision Making
Authors: George Elizabeth , Chattopadhyay Prithviraj 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
How might the composition of a group affect its decision-making processes? The objective of this article is to examine the role of diversity in three key aspects of decision making in groups: access to information; information processing; and building commitment to group decisions. It begins by briefly reviewing the diversity literature. The review does not attempt to be comprehensive (several such reviews have already been published), but rather, it attempts to highlight how diversity can influence group decision making. It then discusses how diversity might shape the group's access to information held by its members, the cognitive biases that come in the way of information processing, and finally commitment to the group's decision.
Making Sense of Real Options Reasoning: An Engine of Choice that Backfires?
Authors: Barnett Michael L. , Dunbar Roger L. M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article traces the development of real options reasoning (ROR) and details how problems in assessing the value of real options have made ROR difficult to implement. The article then describes how in practice, instead of focusing on explicit valuation, organizations use analogous reasoning to develop, select, and implement options that enable strategic flexibility and so enhance value. An illustrative case demonstrates how financial options can help this process by buffering core operations from changing market environments. The same illustration also shows that ROR fails to simultaneously create future choices while limiting costs. Moreover, where it does generate future choices, it does not prevent decision makers from making poor choices. Thus, the engine of choice that ROR suggests organizations should create may in fact backfire on those decision makers who try to implement it.
The Social Construction of Rationality in Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Cabantous Laure , Gond Jean‐Pascal , Johnson‐Cramer Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The first part of this article traces the rise and fall of rationality as a category in organizational decision-making research. The essential story here is one in which the ongoing work of rationalist decision analysts and the growing critique of organization theorists have developed largely in isolation from each other. This occurred not only because their basic premises differed so radically but also because of the sharp distinction drawn between normative and descriptive research on organizational decision making. The second part suggests reconstructing the missing bridge between (rationalist) decision analysis and (organizational) decision-making research and describes how managers enact decision making as a social practice informed by a rational approach to decisions. Finally, the conclusion discusses the implications of this alternative account for both future research and practice.
When “Decision Outcomes” are not the Outcomes of Decisions
Authors: Vidaillet Bénédicte 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The concept of decision making is quite convenient for those who try to understand the origin of organizational outputs. Whether people seek to explain good performances or disasters, they should bear in mind that these outputs are the consequences of certain decisions or of the method of decision making. Quite logically, people consider some organizational outcomes to be decision outcomes, and they suppose that specific decisions produce those decision outcomes. However obvious these relations may seem, this article shows that so-called “decision outcomes” are not necessarily the outcomes of decisions. This demonstration requires: firstly, that the article identify the implicit assumptions that underlie the hypothesis that decisions determine decision outcomes; and, secondly, that the article confront these assumptions with the empirical reality of organizations' functioning.
Teaching Decision Making
Authors: Smith Gerald F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Management educators base their efforts to teach decision making on two arguments: normative and descriptive. The normative argument holds that there are universal principles of rational choice underlying formal methods managers can learn and apply. Its descriptive counterpart contends that empirical research has identified effective and ineffective decision practices managers can learn to emulate or avoid. Though each approach has legitimacy, there are serious limitations. Normative rules are often not useful in practice since they pass the problems by, leave key challenges unaddressed. The descriptive strategy has an overabundance of material that could be taught. While there are many plausible accounts of decision making, researchers have not identified a useful, empirically validated “right way” of making choices. This article provides an account of the teaching of decision making that highlights the educational implications of alternative views of organizational choice.
Marx and Organization Studies Today
Authors: Adler Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Marx's analysis was not only astute in discerning capitalism's enduring features: it was also deeply critical. He documented and denounced capitalism's dark sides—its enormous human and environmental costs. More controversially, he claimed to have identified some fundamental features of capitalist development that would lead inevitably to capitalism's demise and its replacement by a superior form of society. This article aims to show the fruitfulness of Marx's original insights; it therefore addresses only some particularly important points of debate among Marxists. The article also discusses Marx's basic theory, its main uses in organization studies, and its dialogue with other theories.
Max Weber and the Ethics of Office
Authors: du Gay Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is organized along the following lines. The first section seeks to show how a particular image of Weber as a grand theorist of the instrumental rationalization of modern life, an image that has haunted organizations studies as much as it has sociology, has been challenged by a range of work emanating from the humanities and social sciences. Although diverse and far from constituting a mutually agreed line, these interpretations have all sought to paint a rather different picture of Weber as a sort of historical anthropologist whose polymath interests are linked by a set of ethical-cultural concerns. The article argues that these ethical-cultural concerns locate Weber as a late but prodigious practitioner in a tradition of the ethics of office, particularly as the latter becomes a defensive doctrine. The second section seeks to explore the vocabulary of office in more detail. The final section shows how a Weberian ethics of office remains a key resource for scholars of organization, particularly when it comes to understanding and engaging with contemporary developments in the reformation of organizational life and identity in the public sector, and in the institutions of government.
Bureaucratic Theory and Intellectual Renewal in Contemporary Organization Studies
Authors: Reed Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to revisit the classical body of theoretical and empirical work on the dynamics of bureaucratic power and control and to reassess its significance for the intellectual renewal and regeneration of contemporary organization studies. First, it examines the strategic sociological, political, and ethical issues that these works were responding to during a historical period of deep-seated structural changes—that is the period between the Great Depression in the 1920s and 1930s and the rise of the ‘corporate state’ between the 1940s and 1960s. Second, it considers the cycle of imaginative reformulations that these modern classics have experienced as the intellectual dominance of structural functionalism and systems theory between the late 1940s and 1960s gave way to the much more theoretically open and contested trajectory that organization studies followed from the 1970s onwards. Third, it evaluates the major theoretical debates that have emerged out of the modern classics and continue to frame the intellectual agenda constitutive of organization studies in the twenty-first century.
Vernacular Bibles and Prayer Books
Authors: Long Lynne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In Europe, from the advent of Christianity until towards the end of the twentieth century, the Bible remained unchallenged as the central text within the cultural polysystem, functioning as an agent for language enrichment and as a source text for literary inspiration, commentary, and reference. In England, theology and literature have always enjoyed a close relationship, first through the medium of the oral tradition and later through the influence of translated English Bibles and prayer books. As the Bible provided subject matter, a source of reference and analogy, and a model for narrative and poetic language, its influence on literature was naturally strong. This article examines how vernacular Bibles and prayer books through the ages influenced English writers and helped to shape the canon of English Literature.
Romanticism
Authors: Masson Scott 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
‘Romanticism’ is notoriously difficult to define. Romantic writing characteristically strives to transcend all bounds, all definition. Romanticism's longing to overcome discord and fragmentation suggests that human redemption and eschatological fulfilment on earth lay within the power of the artist. The Romantic narrative is not simply one of Messianic fulfilment though, for its belief in the ‘natural’ benefit of organic creative processes to society indefinitely forestalls any such conclusion. In fact, in its basic tendency to reject order and harmony as a sign of unenlightened, ‘naïve’ thinking, Romanticism also opposed the authoritative and the orthodox. This article argues that this is the root of Romanticism: that man, the individual, is an infinite reservoir of possibilities; and if one can rearrange society by the destruction of the oppressive order, then these possibilities will have a chance and one gets Progress.
The Influence of German Criticism
Authors: Klemm David E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
‘Critique’ (or, alternatively, ‘criticism’, for the German term Kritik) is a universal power of human enquiry, an ingredient in some measure within every historical tradition. Over an extended moment in Western culture, however, one bridging the Enlightenment and Romanticism, critique arose with an extraordinary force that disrupted, transformed, and redirected the preceding traditions, including those of English literature. Critique, in this world-transforming appearance, had its genesis in German Protestantism for contingent historical reasons, but its eschatological consequences were universal. All subsequent thinking, including that of English literature, was gradually taken into the all-pervasive influence of the new critical world-view. This article describes the chief forms of critique before briefly outlining some major points of impact on English literature.
Modernism
Authors: Kearns Cleo McNelly 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
While a literary and critical modernism seems on the surface independent of and at times oblivious to theological modernism, the modernist stances taken by major twentieth-century artists and writers raise theological issues and concerns with which they are very much engaged. These issues are incarnated in their stylistic and formal innovations as well as in their range of interests, often sensitive as well as challenging to conservative and orthodox understandings of Christianity and prescient with respect to problems to come. These include problems of comparative religion, esotericism, spiritualism, and pagan and natural theology, as well as questions of politics, ethics, and revolutionary change. Engagement with these matters did not prevent many moderns from finding their way towards religion, Christian and otherwise, on terms both new and old.
The Pentateuch
Authors: Linafelt Tod 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
To consider the Pentateuch in a ‘literary’ way, one might ask about its own literary features, or ask how those features have been absorbed by subsequent writers within the Western tradition that owes so much to the Pentateuch or Torah – the first five books of the Bible. This article largely focuses on the first question, with the hope that, by doing so, the second, addressed briefly at the end, might be given a greater literary context in which to be understood. The discussion also addresses a more embracing question: In what ways does the Pentateuch contain subtle and artful material that might prove compelling, not only to later generations of English poets, novelists, dramatists, and Christian thinkers, but also to a modern reader whose interest may well go beyond the strictly historical or theological?
Psalms
Authors: Hunter Alastair 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Compared with the narrative sections of Scripture, the psalms pose a more daunting challenge to literary readings in current times. The poetic themes and tropes of the psalter and the linguistic devices they deploy do not make them particularly accessible to a modern ear, even for those still familiar with them through their presence in Christian worship and the liturgy of the synagogue. The question of translation intrudes much more forcefully than for literature with a more directly semantic intention. Though the prophetic and wisdom books are also composed, broadly speaking, using the conventions of poetry, the translator/interpreter has more to pin his or her hopes on than the poem itself. The choice of which biblical translation to read from remains, and can make a significant difference. This article describes this particular aspect of the literariness of the psalms, which has been handled in recent decades.
Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: Rowland Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The term ‘apocalypse’ denotes a particular literary type found in the literature of ancient Judaism, characterized by claims to offer visions or other disclosures of divine mysteries concerning a variety of subjects, especially those to do with the future. Cataclysmic events described in these texts are often labelled ‘apocalyptic’ because they resemble the world-shattering events described in John's visions in the book of Revelation. There is only one apocalypse in the Hebrew Bible, the book of Daniel, though the discovery of fragments of an Enoch apocalypse among the Dead Sea Scrolls suggests that apocalyptic was a widespread phenomenon in Second Temple Judaism. The concern with human history and the vindication of Israel's hopes echo prophetic themes, several of which have contributed to the language of the book of Revelation, particularly Ezekiel, Daniel, and Zechariah.
John Milton
Authors: Lieb Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The scholarship on Milton's theology is immense, in part because Milton is essentially a theological poet. Despite the plethora of books and articles devoted to various aspects of Milton's doctrinal beliefs, the question of how to read his works theologically has not received the attention it deserves. Knowing Milton's views and reading his works are two different enterprises. In order to address the second issue, one must determine precisely what a ‘theological reading’ of Milton's works entails. In the case of the Miltonic œuvre, the answers to such questions have long involved recourse to the De Doctrina Christiana. Although readers were either delighted with or horrified by the various heterodoxies evinced by the treatise, at least they felt that they had a ‘handle’ on Milton's putative theological beliefs as manifested in the poetry.
The Eighteenth-Century Novel
Authors: Robertson Scott 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe eighteenth century provided the socio-economic, cultural, and philosophical conditions wherein the novel, a ‘new species of writing’, could flourish. The restive theological climate of the time, with its threatening extremes of enthusiasm and deism, also coloured the outlook of the pioneer novelists of the time. Reliance upon the providence of God in a world increasingly perceived as unstable served as a major thematic backcloth. This article traces a slow but steady movement in the presentation of the place of the divine from the somewhat artless representation of providence in the work of Daniel Defoe, through Samuel Richardson's world as a proving ground of suffering and redemption. It also examines Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy and Henry Fielding's attempts to reassure people with his Shaftesburian morality that all is well.
Keble and the Christian Year
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
‘Either poetry is growing more religious, or religion more poetical’. The movements which ensued within the Church of England, in part at least inspired by John Keble's book, demonstrated that both these assertions were true. The Christian Year, one of the most influential works of poetry of the nineteenth century, is now seldom read or taught, and critical interest in it has generally centred upon its acknowledged effect on other writers of the Victorian period. Keble's aesthetic theories, of which The Christian Year is the fullest embodiment, have, however, maintained an implicit or explicit presence in critical readings of Victorian poetry and poetics, from M. H. Abrams's account of these theories in terms of Freudian repression and sublimation in the 1950s, to twenty-first century re-examinations of Keble in the light of renewed interest in literary affect and the significance of emotion.