bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory significance of procaine residues in plasma and urine samples: preliminary communication
Authors: HARKINS J. D. , MUNDY G. D. , STANLEY S. , WOODS W. E. , BOYLES J. , ARTHUR R. A. , SAMS R. A. , TOBIN T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma and urinary concentrations of procaine and the duration of response to procaine after its administration as a local anaesthetic to horses were studied. Following injection of a clinical dose of procaine HCl (80 mg), the concentration of procaine in plasma was less than the lower limit of quantitation and unsuitable for threshold determination. Therefore, the urinary concentration of procaine was determined after injection of a dose of 5 mg procaine HCl, the highest no‐effect dose (HNED) of this agent. Free unconjugated procaine in equine urine reached a peak concentration of 23.7 ng/ml, while total (unconjugated plus conjugated) procaine peaked at 37.9 ng/ml (mean urine pH of 8.5). Because a basic drug may concentrate substantially in acidic urine, a threshold concentration of 25 ng/ml of unconjugated procaine is a reasonable and conservative threshold for procaine at this time.Horses were administered abaxial sesamoid blocks containing 2% procaine HCl (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg) and 2% procaine HCl (40 and 320 mg) with epinephrine (1:100,000) in local anaesthetic experiments. There was a significant local anaesthetic (LA) effect for all doses of procaine HCl with the duration of effect ranging from 30 min (40 mg) to 60 min (320 mg). The addition of epinephrine significantly increased the duration of local anaesthesia to 180 min for a 40 mg dose and 420 min for a 320 mg dose. Because epinephrine may extend the duration of local anaesthesia beyond a reasonable period of confinement for horses before the starting time of a race, the increased LA effect following the addition of epinephrine to procaine has regulatory significance.
Influence of shoeing on ground reaction forces and tendon strains in the forelimbs of ponies
Authors: Riemersma D. J. , van den Bogert A. J. , Jansen Margot O. , Schamhardt H. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryStrains in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (inferior check ligament [ICL]) and theinterosseus mediusmuscle (suspensory ligament [SL]) in the right forelimb of 5 ponies were measured using mercury‐in‐silastic strain gauges a few hours after implantation. Tendon strains were recorded at the walk with normal flat shoes, egg‐bar shoes, a 7° increased hoof angle accomplished by application of a heel‐wedge and a 7° decreased hoof angle using a toe‐wedge, consecutively. Ground reaction forces were recorded with all 4 shoe types preoperatively and with flat shoes post operatively.The strain patterns of the SDFT, DDFT and SL showed a rapid increase at the beginning of the stance phase, followed by a plateau with a small incline or decline and a rapid decrease at the end of the stance phase. The SDFT had its maximal strain in the first half of the stance phase in all ponies. The DDFT and SL reached their maximal strain in the first half of the stance phase in 2 ponies and in the second half of the stance phase in the other 3 ponies. The ICL was strained maximally in the second half of the stance phase in all ponies.Averaged over all 5 ponies, the maximal strains in the SDFT, DDFT, ICL and SL with normal flat shoes were 2.4, 1.3, 5.4 and 3.7%, respectively. If an egg‐bar was applied the mean peak strain in the DDFT was 0.13% lower and strain in the SL was 0.22% higher. With a heel‐wedge, strain decreased in the DDFT and ICL (0.19% and 0.4%, respectively) and increased by 0.24% in the SL. A toe‐wedge increased strain in the ICL by 0.8%. All changes mentioned were statistically significant (P<0.1).The changes in tendon strain as a result of different types of shoeing correlated with changes in calculated torque's of the ground reaction force acting on the coffin joint.
Surgical treatment for colic in the foal (67 cases): 1980–1992
Authors: VATISTAS N. J. , SNYDER J. R. , WILSON W. D. , DRAKE CHRISTIANA , HILDEBRAND SUSAN 
Published: April 2010

SummarySixty‐seven foals age <150 days underwent a ventral celiotomy for colic. Of the 67 foals, 51 foals (82%) recovered from anaesthesia and 42 (63%) were subsequently released from the hospital. Three (6%) of the 51 foals were subjected to a repeat celiotomy. Long term follow‐up was available on 36 foals. Twenty‐nine (57%) of the 51 foals recovered from anaesthesia, were alive at least 2 years following surgery. Adhesions were identified in 8 (17%) of the foals which recovered from general anaesthesia but were subsequently subjected to euthanasia due to recurrent colic. Strangulating lesions were associated with a lower survival rate. Nineteen per cent of foals with strangulating intestinal lesions survived >2 years following surgery, compared to 69% of foals with nonstrangulating lesions. The age of foals on admission had a significant effect on survival. Only 10% of foals less than 14 days of age survived, compared to 45.8% of foals between age 15 and 150 days.
Clinical and pathological studies in horses with hepatic disease
Authors: West Hilary J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn horses with hepatic necrosis, lipidosis, neoplasia and cirrhosis, progression of the disease was studied by serial measurements of total serum bile acid concentrations and of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and γ glutamyl transferase (γGT) and by liver biopsy. Plasma ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated compared to clinically normal horses, but such changes were not always accompanied by a decline in plasma urea concentration. A fall in plasma glucose concentration carried a guarded prognosis. These were all invaluable aids in early diagnosis and throughout the disease course. The study suggests that other factors, such as hypokalaemia, alkalosis, short chain volatile fatty acids, false and true neurotransmitters, may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in the horse.
Linear assessment of the Thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation
Authors: MAWDSLEY A. , KELLY E. P. , SMITH F. H. , BROPHY P. O. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA linear assessment trait evaluation system is proposed to allow quantitative description of the static conformation of the horse. Measurements were made on 27 selected traits. The system was tested initially for repeatability of measurements on 4 horses. Twenty‐one of the selected traits were satisfactory and 6 proved unsatisfactory in terms of reproducibility. A population of 101, superior 2‐ and 3‐year‐old Thoroughbreds and 19 premium Thoroughbred stallions were similarly assessed. More than 65% of the traits exhibited large (CV>10%) phenotypic variation within the sampled population. It is proposed that such a system of static conformation assessment, in conjunction with a similar system for dynamic linear assessment, would provide useful quantitative selection criteria in the description and breeding of horses.
Variation of an epitope of keratan sulphate and total glycosaminoglycans in normal equine joints
Authors: FULLER C. J. , BARR A. R. S. , DIEPPE P. A. , SHARIF M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn epitope of keratan sulphate (KS) and total glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were measured in synovial fluid samples from joints of 53 horses immediately following humane destruction. Internal examination of the jointspost mortemensured that there was no gross evidence of osteoarthritis or other joint disease. Joints sampled were distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), metatarsophalangeal (MTP), tarsometatarsal (TMT), tarsocrural (TC), femoropatellar (FP) and antebrachiocarpal (ABC) joints. The age of each horse was assessed by examination of the teeth. Samples were analysed for the KS epitope using a monoclonal antibody 5D4 and an inhibition ELISA and for total GAG level by a direct dye binding technique.There was no significant correlation between KS or GAG concentration and age. However, there were significant differences in the concentrations of KS and GAG in different joints. The median level (+ semi interquartile range) of KS:GAG ratio in the MCP was significantly lower than the PIP (0.25 [0.05] vs. 0.35 [0.08]; P<0.007) and also the DIP joints (0.25 [0.05] vs. 0.47 [0.09] P<0.001). This study provides information which is both valuable in the investigation of normal joint metabolism and essential in the interpretation of synovial fluid KS and GAG values in their potential role as aids in the evaluation of joint disease.
Radiological appearance of air introduced during equine regional limb anaesthesia
Authors: KIRBERGER R. M. , GOTTSCHALK R. D. , GUTHRIE A. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwelve horses were injected intra‐articularly into the metacarpophalangeal joint and extra‐articularly in the region of the lateral palmar digital nerve with 1 ml air and local anaesthetic to simulate gas accidentally introduced during regional anaesthesia. Half the horses underwent limited exercise after which all horses were radiographed at 15 and 45 min and then every 24 h until all evidence of gas had disappeared. Intra‐articular gas appeared as gas capped radiolucencies (GCR) in the proximal aspect of the joint. Extra‐articular gas appeared as linear radiolucencies (LR) which initially tended to migrate proximally. There was no significant difference in gas resorption in exercised and nonexercised horses. All gas was resorbed within 96 h with most of the gas already gone at 48 h.
Use of a hand‐held, metered‐dose aerosol delivery device to administer pirbuterol acetate to horses with ‘heaves’
Authors: DERKSEN F. J. , OLSZEWSKI M. , ROBINSON N. E. , BERNEY C. , LLOYD J. W. , HAKALA J. , MATSON C. , RUTH D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAerosol administration of bronchodilators to horses is recommended for treatment of certain airway diseases such as ‘heaves’. We have developed a novel, hand‐held, metered‐dose inhaler and we sought to determine the bronchodilator efficacy of the (β2adrenoceptor agonist pirbuterol delivered by this device to horses affected with ‘heaves’. To induce airway obstruction, 6 heaves‐susceptible horses were stabled, bedded on straw and fed hay. When the maximum change in pleural pressure during tidal breathing (ΔPplmax) was greater than 20 cmH2O on 2 consecutive days, pulmonary function was measured before and 5, 10 and 30 min, as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 h after administration of aerosol pirbuterol. Pirbuterol was administered using a metered canister and the hand‐held delivery device that was inserted into the left nostril. Either vehicle or pirbuterol acetate (400, 600, 800, 1200 or 1600 μg) was administered to each horse. Relief of airway obstruction indicated by changes in pulmonary function was observed within 5 min after administration of both vehicle and pirbuterol. Significant decreases in ΔPplmaxand pulmonary resistance (RL) and an increase in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) persisted for the 7 h duration of the experiment. Comparison of the effect of vehicle and pirbuterol at each time period showed that pirbuterol decreased K, and ΔPplmaxsignificantly for up to 1 h. The optimal dose was determined to be 600 μg. Immediate response to treatment, magnitude of drug effect and lack of side effects indicated that aerosol pirbuterol is an effective and safe bronchodilator in horses with 'heaves'. The hand‐held, metered‐dose aerosol delivery device was very convenient and extremely effective and is, therefore, recommended for delivery of therapeutic aerosols to horses.
Daily fluctuations of haematology and blood biochemistry in horses fed varying levels of protein
Authors: GREPPI G. F. , CASINI LUCIA , GATTA D. , ORLANDI M. , PASQUINI MARINA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryChanges in the plasma biochemistry of 12 stallions were studied over seven 24 h periods. Twelve healthy male horses of 4 different breeds (Thoroughbred [TB], Anglo‐Arabo‐Sardo [AAS], Avelignese [Av] and Maremmano [M]) were divided into 3 experimental groups and fed with an isoenergetic maintenance ration with different protein levels. The same amount of food was given daily at 0730 and 1930 h. After 20 days of pretrial, a series of 6 blood samples were collected daily from the jugular vein every 4 h for 7 days. The samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin, plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, total plasma protein, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and enzymatic activities: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The data were analysed following the armonic analysis (Fourier) in order to define the pattern of biorhythm. Many parameters showed a biorhythmical pattern. Protein levels of the diet failed to influence haematology, blood biochemistry and biorhythm. Thoroughbreds showed the highest values of PCV, haemoglobin and creatinine and the lowest total protein, phosphorus and enzymatic activities.
Anatomy of the ocular arteries in the horse
Authors: SIMOENS P. , MUYLLE S. , LAUWERS H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOrbital and intrabulbar arteries were studied in 20 equine eyes by means of latex injections and methylmethacrylate casts. The orbital branches of the external ophthalmic artery arise far caudal to the posterior pole of the eyeball and present a variable topographic arrangement. The intrabulbar arteries are supplied by ciliary and choroidoretinal arteries. Dependent on their entrance into the eyeball, the ciliary arteries are subdivided into a posterior and an anterior group. The posterior ciliary arteries perforate the sclera post equatorially and consist of 4 major vessels that penetrate in the lateral, medial, dorsal and ventral meridian of the eyeball, respectively. The lateral and medial of these arteries follow a long intrabulbar trajectory after having supplied several short posterior ciliary arteries to the choroid. The anterior ciliary arteries consist of a dorsal and a ventral vessel which penetrate the eyeball in the pericorneal area. The choroidoretinal arteries form an arterial network around the optic nerve at the posterior pole of the eyeball. They give rise to all retinal arterioles and some peridiscal choroidal branches. The larger part of the choroid is supplied by branches of the posterior ciliary arteries. Additionally, the anterior choroid receives recurrent branches from an arterial circle that lies externally in the ciliary ring. The iris contains a major arterial circle formed by the lateral and medial long posterior ciliary arteries and both anterior ciliary arteries. A minor iridic arterial circle nor central retinal artery could be found in the equine eyes examined.
Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , SCHUSSER G. R. , PIPERS F. S. , GROSS SHEILA J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGastroscopic examinations were performed on 67 Thoroughbred horses in training at a race track and repeat examinations performed in 35 horses, 2 to 3 months later. Horses were age 2–9 years and included 16 two‐year‐olds, 32 three‐year‐olds and 19 horses ≥ 4‐years‐old. Forty‐two of the 67 horses had raced within the 2 months before the initial examination and the remaining 25 horses were in training. Sixty‐two of the 67 horses (93%) had one or more lesions present in the gastric mucosa and lesions were present in all of the 42 horses that had raced. Thirty‐two of the 35 horses, examined twice (91%), had gastric lesions on the first examination and all had lesions on the second examination. Four sites of the gastric squamous epithelium were graded for lesion severity on a scale of 0 to 10 and the mean maximum squamous mucosal lesion score was significantly (P<0.01) greater for the second examination (4.89) than for the first examination (3.63). Maximum lesion scores were greater in 24 horses, no different in 5 horses and less in 6 horses on the second examination. The difference in mean maximum lesion scores between examinations was greatest in horses age 2 years, increasing from 1.75 to 4.00 (P = 0.014). Lesions in the gastric glandular mucosa also were scored on a scale of 0 to 10 and there was no difference in mean lesion scores in the glandular mucosa between the first and second examinations (1.89 vs. 1.90).Lesion scores were compared for gender, racing history and medication with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, systemic corticosteroid or ACTH, or frusemide within the previous 2 months. Except for racing history, there were no significant differences in mean lesion scores for squamous or glandular mucosa based on these comparisons, indicating that there was no effect of gender or medication history on ulcer severity in the horses of our study. Mean maximum gastric squamous mucosal lesion score was significantly (P<0.01) greater in horses that had raced (4.51) than for horses that had not raced (2.36) in the 2 months before the endoscopic examination. There was no difference in mean glandular mucosal lesion scores between horses that had raced (1.93) compared to horses that had not raced (1.13).
Accuracy of Accusport for measurement of lactate concentrations in equine blood and plasma
Authors: EVANS D. L. , GOLLAND LORRAINE C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate correlations between lactate concentrations in equine whole blood and plasma measured with Accusport1 and Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI2) (2300) methods. The effect of packed cell volume (PCV) on the accuracy of Accusport was also investigated. Blood samples were collected from Thoroughbred horses at 5–10 min intervals after a treadmill exercise test. Blood was added to NaEDTA (for PCV measurement) and to 2 tubes containing lithium heparin anticoagulant (for lactate assays). At concentrations greater than 10 mmol/1, Accusport1 greatly underestimated the blood lactate concentration. Accusport1 also underestimated blood lactate concentration when PCV were greater than 53%. Accusport1 accurately measured plasma lactate concentration in the range 0.8–20 mmol/1.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of florfenicol in Equidae
Authors: MCKELLAR Q. A. , VARMA K. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFlorfenicol was administered to horses and ponies at a dose rate of 22 mg/kg bwt by i.v., i.m. and oral routes. Following i.v. administration it had an elimination half‐life of 1.8 ± 0.9 h, a body clearance of 0.4 ± 0.11/h.kg and a volume of distribution at steady‐state of 0.7 ± 0.2 1/kg. It was highly bioavailable following i.m. (81%) and oral (83%) administration. Less than 15% of the administered dose was excreted unchanged in the urine during the 30 h following administration. Animals treated with florfenicol had elevated bilirubin concentrations. Florfenicol was well tolerated by animals in the present study although all animals had loose faeces following administration by each route. At present, florfenicol cannot be recommended for clinical use until multiple dose studies have been carried out to confirm its safety.
Relationship between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and conformation and radiographic measurements of the front feet in Finnhorses
Authors: RUOHONIEMI MIRJA , RAEKALLIO MARJA , TULAMO RIITTA‐MARI , SALONIUS KARI 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOne hundred Finnhorse cadaver front feet were measured and examined both radiographically and visually to report the incidence of various foot problems and their relationship to ossification of the cartilages of the foot. Ossification extending above the proximal border of the navicular bone and/or separate centres of ossification were found in 36 feet, and the lateral cartilages showed more ossification than the medial cartilages. The feet were generally broad with well developed frogs, but the long toe‐low heel syndrome was a relatively common finding. Ossification of the cartilages correlated with the length of the heels but was not related to any clinically significant foot abnormalities such as contracted or under‐run heels or signs of unequal weightbearing. Ossification of the cartilages did not seem to be either the cause or the result of general conformational adaptations of the front feet.
Flexion test of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints and flexion angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in sound horses
Authors: VERSCHOOTEN F. , VERBEECK J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the application of a measuring device ‘Flextest’ to control the effect of traction force and traction time during flexion tests of the distal limb joints of the forelimbs. The optimal force for a flexion test is 100 N, over 1 min. A higher force (150 N) was not harmful. A slightly positive flexion response (100 N/1 min) in a horse with no other clinical signs or radiographic abnormalities is not of clinical significance. Individual left and right flexion and extension angles are almost identical and do not depend on age. Stabled horses which have been rested or horses resting at pasture are less likely to have a positive flexion test than working horses.
Anatomy of the distal interphalangeal joint of the mature horse: relationships with navicular suspensory ligaments, sensory nerves and neurovascular bundle
Authors: BOWKER R. M. , LINDER K. , VAN WULFEN KIMBERLY K. , SONEA IOANA M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe anatomy of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in the adult horse is described in relationship to the suspensory ligaments of the navicular bone, the neurovascular bundle and the sensory nerves to these periarticular regions. Using polymer plastic injections, the synovial cavity of the DIP joint was observed to have a complex relationship to the proximal suspensory or collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL) of the navicular bone with the cavity forming cranial and caudal compartments around the CSL abaxially. Sensory nerves, as identified by peptide immunocytochemistry and silver/gold chloride axonal impregnation, were present superficially throughout the dorsal and palmar parts of the CSL, the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and in the periarticular connective tissues. These anatomical observations provide support for the idea that a DIP joint injection of local anaesthetic cannot be considered to be selective for only the joint surfaces, but must be considered also to desensitise much of the navicular suspensory apparatus, navicular bone and proximal intramedullary portions of the distal phalanx. However, while a DIP joint injection is not selective for only the joint surfaces, we believe that it is useful in terms of the diagnosis of painful sensations arising from parts of the navicular bone, the suspensory apparatus and proximal positions of the distal phalanx. These anatomical findings are discussed in terms of the potential effects of local anaesthesia injected into the DIP joint with known clinical and necropsy observations of Dyson and Kidd (1993).;
Equine viral arteritis in newborn foals: clinical, pathological, serological, microbiological and immunohistochemical observations
Authors: DEL PIERO F. , WILKINS PAMELA A. , LOPEZ J. W. , GLASER AMY L. , DUBOVI E. J. , SCHLAFER D. H. , LEIN D. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryClinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, serological and microbiological findings are described for 2 geographically and temporally distinct equine arteritis virus (EAV) epidemics in newborn foals. Outbreak A occurred at a commercial Standardbred breeding facility; Outbreak B began in a group of research animals. Clinical signs were severe and primarily referrable to the respiratory tract. Fever and leucopenia and/or thrombocytopenia were observed in foals surviving for more than 24 h. The most common gross pathological findings were limited to the respiratory tract. Common histopathological findings included interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic arteritis and periarteritis with fibrinoid necrosis of the tunica media. Renal tubular necrosis was noted in 2 foals. Immunoperoxidase histochemistry combined with virus isolation was diagnostic in all cases.