bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grapefruit
Authors: Grosser Jude W. , Gmitter Frederick G. , Orbovic Vladimir , Moore Gloria A. , Graham James H. , Soneji Jaya , Gonzalez‐Ramos Javier , Mirkov T. Erik , Kayim Mukaddes 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the status of genetic transformation research to improve grapefruit. The chapter begins describing the history, origin, distribution and uses of grapefruit, followed by a discussion of the threats to grapefruit production, and finally a review of efforts to date in grapefruit variety improvement.Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation has become the primary method for improving existing cultivars of grapefruit, and extensive protocols for achieving this as well as information regarding the characterization of resulting transgenic plants are provided. The chapter also provides a detailed review of transgenic grapefruit plants produced to date, with focus on transformation with the various transgenes used for specific trait improvement. These include transformation with: virus‐derived genes for citrus tristeza resistance; trifoliate orange derived genes for tristeza resistance; virus‐derived genes for Citrus psororis virus resistance; spinach defensin (SoD2) and bovine lysozyme (BVLZ) antimicrobial genes for citrus canker resistance; and biosynthetic genes from the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway for fruit quality improvement. Finally, preliminary information on the field evaluation of transgenic grapefruit trees in southern Texas is provided.
Banana and Plantain
Authors: Tripathi Leena , Tripathi Jaindra N. , Tenkouano Abdou , Bramel Paula 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBananas and plantains (Musaspp.) are the world's fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize in terms of gross value of production. They are major staple food and source of income for millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions; particularly in Africa, an area where the green revolution has had little influence. The performance of bananas and plantains can be severely affected by diseases and pests. These are predominantly small‐holders' crops; most growers cannot afford costly chemicals to control pests and diseases. The host plant resistance is the most sustainable approach to counteracting pest and disease pressure. Transgenic technology, together with conventional methods can assist in overcoming these problems in developing improved cultivars of banana and plantain. Some successes in genetic engineering ofMusahave been achieved, enabling the transfer of foreign genes into the plant cells. The transgenic approach shows potential for the genetic improvement of bananas using a wide set of transgenes currently available that may confer resistance to pests and diseases. The use of appropriate constructs may allow the production of pest‐ and disease‐resistant plants in a significantly shorter period of time than using conventional breeding; especially if several traits can be introduced at the same time.
Pineapple
Authors: Ko Hian‐Lien , Sanewski Garth M. , Smith Mike K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPineapple (Ananas comosus(L.) Merr.) is the third most important tropical fruit in world production after banana and citrus. Despite its commercial importance, only recently have reports on successful transformation been reported. This chapter puts these achievements in perspective with the strengths and limitations of both conventional and transgenic breeding, especially with regard to Smooth Cayenne—the cultivar that dominates world trade in processed products. Pineapples can be transformed by either particle bombardment orAgrobacterium‐mediated gene delivery, and an account of transgene design, regeneration procedures, selection methods, and analyses of transgenic plants are given. A full account of biosafety considerations is also documented and should be of use to those researchers planning field trials with transgenic plants. Finally, the future of pineapple transgenic research is considered from both potential new genes that will be required for more profitable, sustainable production and from a consumer perspective. Obstacles in the road ahead are also discussed.
Mango
Authors: Litz Richard E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe mangoMangifera indicaL. has been in cultivation in South and Southeast Asia for several thousand years, and is considered to be the most important fruit crop of Asia. With few exceptions, all cultivars originated as openly pollinated seedling trees. Many of the mango cultivars of India were selected during the 16th century. Currently, the export trade of mangoes is based on New World selections, for example, “Keitt”, “Tommy Atkins”, etc. The major production problems of mangoes include the fruit disease anthracnose, caused byColletotrichum gloeosporioides, and postharvest losses due to the short shelf life of fruit. Embryogenic cultures have been genetically transformed with genes in the antisense that block ethylene biosynthesis.
Eggplant
Authors: Rajam Manchikatla V. , Rotino Giuseppe L. , Sihachakr Darasinh , Souvannavong Vongthip , Mansur Elisabeth , Kumar Polumetla A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) is one of the important vegetable crops cultivated in various tropical and temperate parts of the world. There is a wide genetic diversity in the cultivated as well as wild species of eggplant. Although, the cultivated eggplant varieties are susceptible to various diseases and pests as well as abiotic stresses, the wild relatives of eggplant are good source of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, attempts have been made to introgress these agronomically important traits from wild species to cultivated varieties of eggplant, but with limited success. Nevertheless, eggplant is quite amenable for plant regeneration through cell and tissue culture. Haploidisation, somatic hybridization and gene transfer methods have been well established for this crop. The beneficial traits like resistance to bacterial and fungal wilts have successfully been transferred from wild species to cultivated eggplants by protoplast fusion. However, the development of molecular markers and transgenic eggplants with novel traits is in infancy. Eggplant transgenics for insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and parthenocarpy have been accomplished. More work is needed in this direction to produce eggplant transgenics for other agronomic traits, including disease resistance, nematode resistance, quality and shelf‐life of fruits. Modern biotechnological tools like RNA interference (RNAi) are useful to achieve these goals. The initiation of complete genome sequencing of eggplant is required to discover several useful genes, which can be introduced into eggplant and other crop species for genetic improvement. This chapter reviews the various aspects of eggplant biology, particularly the developments in eggplant biotechnology and future projections.
Peppers
Authors: Liu Wing‐Yee , Kim Byung‐Dong , Kang Byoung‐Cheorl , Harn Chee‐Hark , Jahn Molly 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeppers (Capsicumspp.) are cultivated in six continents ranking seventh in the harvested area under vegetable crops in the world. Breeding programs for pepper has been well established in Asia and Europe with increasing number of elite F1 hybrid varieties. Traditional pepper breeding has been focusing on traits such as yield, environment adaptation, fruit color and shape, and disease resistance. However, limited genetic resources for breeding and increasing demand for better pepper varieties require new tools for pepper breeding. Two most important biotechnological tools for crop improvement are plant transformation and molecular marker‐assisted breeding. However, due to the difficulties in transformation of peppers, no genetically modified (GM) pepper varieties have been commercialized. Despite continuous efforts, successful reports of pepper transformation are very limited. Even among the successful groups in pepper transformation, the transformation efficiencies have been very low and the transformation was neither consistent nor reproducible. In this review, we will present a general overview of the genusCapsicumand current status of pepper transformation. In addition, we will introduce one of the successful protocols for pepper transformation at the end of this review.
Leafy Vegetables
Authors: Davey Michael R. , Anthony Paul , Power J. Brian , Lowe Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLeafy vegetables constitute an important part of a well‐balanced diet. Lettuce, chicory, and spinach are grown extensively as salad crops, with a range of cultivars being generated by conventional plant breeding. Somatic cell technologies, based on the regeneration of shoots from cultured cells and tissues by organogenesis and/or somatic embryogenesis, underpin conventional breeding through procedures such asin vitropollination, microspore culture, embryo rescue, and exposure of somaclonal variation. Gene transfer techniques are most advanced in lettuce. Somatic hybridization through the fusion of isolated protoplasts has been exploited to circumvent sexual incompatibility barriers to introduce genes from wild species into cultivated lettuce. Transformation, based primarily onAgrobacterium‐mediated DNA delivery, has been used to introduce specific traits into leafy vegetables, particularly in lettuce. Such genes include those for resistance to pests, and tolerance to herbicides and environmental conditions including drought, cold, and salinity. Improving the nutritional value and extending shelf life are other prime targets for genetic manipulation. The use of leafy vegetables as “plant factories” to synthesize high value recombinant proteins is an immediate target for transformation at the nuclear and organelle levels in leafy vegetables.
Sugar Beet
Authors: Smigocki Ann , Campbell Larry , Larson Rebecca , Wozniak Chris 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) is a significant industrial crop of the temperate zone that provides about a third of all sugar consumed in the world. World acreage of sugar beet harvested is currently greater than 7.7 million hectares. Market value of this crop is in the billions of US dollars. The increase in world population taken together with the increased demand for alternative energy sources suggests a growing need for increased production of sugar beet not only as a source of food but also as a source of biofuels. This anticipated demand provides the motivation for development of innovative approaches to augment classical breeding techniques for sugar beet improvement. Transgenic sugar beet has the potential to accelerate the development of adapted productive commercial hybrids. In addition to allowing the transfer of desirable genes from other sugar beet species, genes from unrelated organisms could be utilized in sugar beet improvement. Successful introduction of microbial genes that resulted in resistance to broad‐spectrum herbicides has demonstrated the potential of transgenic sugar beet. Discussed are the possibilities for generating transgenic sugar beet with improved disease and pest resistance and the physiological process related to adaptation, yield, and production of new products of economic value.
Stevia
Authors: Singh Hari P. , Dhir Sarwan K. , Dhir Seema 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStevia (Stevia rebaudiana(Bertoni)) is a small bush native to Paraguay. Stevia has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for hundreds of years in various parts of the world. Stevia leaves are a rich source of a natural sweetener “stevioside” which is up to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia products are primarily known to be used as artificial low‐calorie sweetener while other important characteristics include antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiyeast activity. However, studies have shown that the stevioside content of leaves can vary substantially (5–20%) between individual plants. Such inherent natural variability could be partially explained by self‐incompatible nature of the flowers. Moreover, it is difficult to increase the commercial scale production by conventional means of sexual seed production due to poor seed germination. In addition, limited vegetative propagation is also a major constraint in Stevia production. The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is expected to increase in the near future that implicates developing alternative methods for rapid production of plants with high and uniform yields of sweeteners. Various efforts includingin vitroclonal propagation, gene transfer using cutting edge DNA delivery systems, rapid production and high frequency regeneration of transgenic homogenous population plants have been discussed in detail. Maximizing Stevia production through unconventional methods will unleash its potential to become an important nutritional and therapeutic supplement for the growing natural food market in the future.
Potato
Authors: Bradeen James M. , Carputo Domenico , Douches David S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPotato is an ancient New World crop that today ranks among the world's most important food crops. Potato enjoys a long history of improvement through traditional breeding. Breeders target multiple traits, including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and tuber quality. Transformation technologies allow the transfer of genes from wild species or the introduction of novel traits while preserving combinations of desirable traits already associated with commercially profitable potato varieties. Transformation approaches are well developed for potato;Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation is the most commonly utilized method. Donor genes have originated fromSolanumspecies, other plant species, bacteria, and viruses. Transgenic approaches have been utilized to improve stress resistance, tuber quality, and industrial utility. Field tests of transgenic potato have been conducted in many parts of the world. Governmental regulations are in place to ensure the safe field release of transgenic potato. Transgenic approaches aimed at improving disease resistance, tolerance to cold sweetening, and nutritional qualities are likely to continue in the future. Transformation technologies that rely only on plant‐derived DNA without the use of a selectable marker and methods for site‐specific introduction of a transgene are important areas of research and may help to address concerns associated with potato transformation.
Sweet Potato
Authors: Dhir Sarwan K. , Singh Hari P. , Dhir Seema 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam., is an important root crop supporting millions of people throughout the tropical regions of the world and recognized as world's seventh most important food crop following wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley, and cassava. Sweet potato can produce more edible energy per hectare per day than wheat, rice, or cassava, and possesses potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti‐inflammatory properties while use of starch and other processed goods (e.g., alcohol, etc.) is more localized, and increasingly provides an additional source of cash for poor. Despite the fact that tremendous improvements have been made in sweet potatoes, very little progress has been made in terms of yield when compared to other crops. The major challenges conventional breeding faces are the existence of extensive inherent genetic variability, presence of cross incompatible genes, and low seed set rates. Genetic transformation using tissue culture/biotechnology is an alternative that is looked on to as a promising tool to achieve such goals. Various gene delivery systems have been used to develop transgenic sweet potato concentrating on a specific trait/character, which includesAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation, electroporation, and biolistic approaches. However, the success of transgenic effort can only be achieved by optimizing a successful regeneration protocol and careful consideration of the likely expected effects of transgenic plants on biodiversity of plants, insects, and humans.
Cassava
Authors: Ihemere Uzoma , Sayre Richard T. , Siritunga Dimuth 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCassava is the primary staple crop for over 500 million people, primarily living in the tropical regions of the world. Among crops directly eaten by humans, cassava ranks fifth in consumption. Cassava is a shrubby, perennial, root crop native to Brazil. Under ideal conditions, cassava is capable of producing up to 90 ton roots per hectare containing 20–30% starch by fresh weight. Cassava has one of the highest photosynthetic rates for a C3 plant, and the highest rate of sucrose production of any known plant. Due to its high drought tolerance, ability to grow in poor soils, resistance to generalized herbivores, and ability to harvest roots piecemeal for up to 3 years after planting; cassava has become an important food security crop for many subsistence farmers in the tropics. Cassava has shortcomings, however. Roots deteriorate 2–3 days after harvest and roots and leaves harbor cyanogenic glucosides rendering cassava toxic when not properly processed. Since many cultivars do not flower, cassava is propagated by stem cuttings. Because cassava is clonally propagated, it is an ideal crop for improvement through genetic engineering. Efforts are underway to biofortify cassava to provide a more balanced staple food.
Cotton
Authors: Rathore Keerti S. , Sunilkumar Ganesan , Cantrell Roy G. , Reding H. Keith , Hague Steve 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLint obtained from cotton plant represents the most important natural fiber that has been used for over seven millennia to meet the clothing requirement of mankind. In addition to the fiber, the plant also provides seed, linters, and hull that are used for food, feed, and several other diverse applications. The cotton plant is susceptible to a large number of pests and pathogens. Traditionally, its cultivation has relied more heavily on the use of toxic pesticides compared to many other crops. Due to the challenges posed by biotic and abiotic stresses during its cultivation and because of the large number of useful products derived from this plant, cotton offers numerous targets that can be modified through the use of modern biotechnological tools. The first generation of genetically engineered cotton plants, offering insect‐ and herbicide‐resistance traits, have gained rapid and wide acceptance in many cotton‐growing countries around the globe. The chapter provides a comprehensive account of transgenic cotton production, including transformation methods, traits introduced, intellectual property rights, and the regulatory issues involved. A brief overview of history, origin, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance, breeding strategies, and achievements is also presented for this crop.
Cocoa
Authors: Maximova Siela N. , Guiltinan Mark J. , Lock Tan C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTheobroma cacao(the chocolate tree) is a tropical tree crop that provides sustainable income to millions of farmers in developing countries and its seeds are the basis for a multi‐billion dollar chocolate industry. Somatic embryogenesis protocols have been developed for cacao, and plants produced with these methods have been field tested and shown to grow normally. Somatic embryos were used as an explant source for co‐cultivation withAgrobacteriumin the development of a reproducible genetic transformation system. The system has been used to study the function of a cacao chitinase gene and to demonstrate its role in plant defense. Further applications of this technology with cacao are reviewed including the possibility of expressing Bt toxin genes effective in controlling the cocoa pod borer insect pest. While there is a very large potential of this technology to help farmers, it is not clear at this time if the technology will ever be utilized with cacao because of market forces and intellectual property issues. However, transgenic approaches to study gene function in cacao are now possible and can contribute to advances in plant breeding by identification of genes involved in disease resistance and other traits of interest.
Tea
Authors: Mondal Tapan K. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Tea is not only the most important nonalcoholic beverage drinks worldwide, but also an important “health drink”. It is served as morning drink for a two‐third of world populace daily. Although conventional breeding and propagation contributed significantly in the last several decades for varietal improvement, due to the limitations of conventional breeding, application of biotechnology becomes an alternative approach. Further, its long life cycle, self‐incompatibility, and high inbreeding depression limit its genetic improvement either via the selection of elites from existing natural populations or by the development of biclonal hybrids. With the era of genomics, several genes from tea and its wild genera have been cloned. Thus genetic transformation of tea is important to overcome the limitations of breeding with the assistance of genomics for increasing productivity with lower cost of production, a need of tea industry today. The present report deals with in‐depth progress of various aspects of genetic transformation from tea and related genera, which will be a valuable information for the workers working on various aspects of

Camellia

biotechnology.
Rubber Tree
Authors: Thulaseedharan Arjunan , Jayashree Radha , Kala Radha G. , Rekha Karumankandathil , Sobha Sankaran , Jayasree Parukuttiyamma K. , Kumari Sreedharan S. , Saleena Alikunju , Venkatachalam Perumal 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Hevea brasiliensis

(Para rubber tree) is the major source of commercial natural rubber (cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene). Rubber produced in specialized cells called laticifers is one of the most important biological molecules used for the manufacture of about 35000 products. Being a cross‐pollinated perennial tree species, genetic improvement through conventional breeding is a rather slow process. Biotechnology would play an important role in the future of the rubber industry. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis using a variety of explant sources like, integumental tissues, immature anther, immature inflorescences, and leaf explants are well standardized. Many genes controlling important agronomic traits and tissue‐specific promoters have been characterized in rubber.

Agrobacterium

and biolistic‐mediated genetic transformation systems are well established in this crop. Thus, the basic technology for genetic manipulation of rubber plant at the cellular and molecular levels is available, making rubber a suitable crop for genetic engineering. In different laboratories, rubber plants were genetically transformed for recombinant protein production with the gene coding for human serum albumin, immunoglobulin single chain variable fragment, and TB antigen gene. Transgenic rubber plants were also produced with
Mn.SOD
gene to confer tolerance against a variety of environmental stresses and tapping panel dryness. Attempts are also going on to enhance the rubber yield through transgenic approaches. Since, the major harvested products are not used as food material, the biosafety concerns are less for the genetically modified rubber plants.