bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of raised phonation in an evoked rabbit phonation model
Authors: Swanson Erik R. , Abdollahian Davood , Ohno Tsunehisa , Ge Pingjiang , Zealear David L. , Rousseau Bernard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Our laboratory has developed an in vivo rabbit model to investigate the effects of phonation on expression and turnover of the vocal fold extracellular matrix. As a logical outgrowth of this research to include phonotrauma in the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that an increase in airflow rate delivered to the glottis produces a change in glottal configuration and an increase in mean phonation intensity.Study Design:Prospective animal study.Methods:Six New Zealand white breeder rabbits weighing 3 to 5 kg were used in this study. A rigid endoscope and camera were used to document glottal configuration. Acoustic signals of modal and raised phonation were recorded and digitized. Two separate one‐way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to investigate within subject differences in phonation intensity and fundamental frequency between modal and raised phonation.Results:Phonation intensity was 54.19 dB SPL (6.21 standard deviations [SD]) during modal phonation, and 60.31 dB SPL (5.68 SD) during raised phonation. Endoscopic images revealed a convergent glottis, with greater separation of the vocal folds during raised phonation. Results of ANOVA revealed a significant within subjects effect for phonation intensity (P = .011). Pairwise comparisons revealed that phonation intensity increased significantly during raised phonation, compared to modal phonation (P = .008). No differences in mean fundamental frequency were observed between phonation conditions.Conclusions:Improved understanding of factors that control phonation output in the in vivo rabbit model will result in improved capabilities to match phonation dose across animals and provide immediate direction to future biochemical studies. Laryngoscope, 2009
Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers Based on Chitosan or N‐Carboxyethylchitosan and Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Penchev Hristo , Paneva Dilyana , Manolova Nevena , Rashkov Iliya 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHybrid nanofibers from chitosan or N‐carboxyethylchitosan (CECh) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by electrospinning using HCOOH as a solvent. AgNPs were synthesized in situ in the spinning solution. HCOOH slowed down the cross‐linking of the polysaccharides with GA enabling the reactive electrospinning in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). EDX analyses showed that AgNPs are uniformly dispersed in the nanofibers. Since AgNPs hampered the cross‐linking of chitosan and CECh with GA in the hybrid fibers, the imparting of water insolubility to the fibers was achieved at a second stage using GA vapors. The surface of chitosan/PEO/AgNPs nanofibers was enriched in chitosan and 15 wt.‐% of the incorporated AgNPs were on the fiber surface as evidenced by XPS.magnified image
Gallic Acid‐Loaded Electrospun Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) Fiber Mats and their Release Characteristic
Authors: Chuysinuan Piyachat , Chimnoi Nitirat , Techasakul Supanna , Supaphol Pitt 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUltra‐fine fiber mats of poly(L‐lactic acid) containing gallic acid were prepared by electrospinning from gallic acid‐containing PLLA solution in 7:3 v/v dichloromethane (DCM)/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The amount of the as‐loaded gallic acid was 40% w/w (based on the weight of PLLA in the solution) or 28.6 wt.‐% (based on the weight of the resulting fiber mats). Both the neat and the gallic acid‐loaded PLLA fibers were smooth, with the average diameters of 965 and 843 nm, respectively. No aggregates of gallic acid were observed on the fiber surface and the actual amount of gallic acid in the gallic acid‐loaded PLLA fiber mats, determined in the acetate buffer, the citrate‐phosphate buffer, and the normal saline, was 26.3, 27.1, and 24.6 wt.‐%. The cumulative amount of gallic acid released from the gallic acid‐loaded PLLA fiber mats was greatest in the normal saline, followed by those in the citrate‐phosphate and the acetate buffer, respectively. Lastly, the free radical scavenging activity, based on the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, of the as‐loaded and the as‐released gallic acid remained active.magnified image
Calcium Phosphate Crystallization on Electrospun Cellulose Non‐Woven Fabrics Containing Synthetic Phosphorylated Polypeptides
Authors: Hayashi Shinya , Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Mina , Kimoto Shigenari , Kurata Shigeaki , Shinji Hisaaki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe preparation of electrospun non‐woven fabrics composed of cellulose and synthetic phosphorylated polypeptides, copoly[Ser(PO3H2)XAspY]s (X:Y = 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75), is described. The non‐wovens were subjected to an alternate immersion in CaCl2and Na2HPO4solutions to induce crystallization of calcium phosphate. The deposited calcium phosphate crystals were analyzed by means of EDX analysis and WXRD. The amounts of calcium phosphate deposition are greater for the cellulose non‐woven fabrics containing copoly[Ser(PO3H2)XAspY] than those of cellulose‐only non‐woven fabrics. These results indicate that copoly[Ser(PO3H2)XAspY] can entrap Ca2+ions around the fine fiber matrix to accelerate crystallization of the calcium phosphate.magnified image
A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Solubility of Curatives in Rubbers
Authors: Guo Rui , Talma Auke G. , Datta Rabin N. , Dierkes Wilma K. , Noordermeer Jacques W. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe current study provides indications for improving the properties of dissimilar rubber blends. As solubility is a key factor for the distribution and a driving force for the migration of curatives in dissimilar rubber blends, it is of importance to have precise data of their solubilities. The solubilities of (insoluble) sulfur and the accelerators CBS, MBT and DCBS are measured at RT and at 60 °C, in lightly crosslinked SBR, NBR and EPDM. The experimental results correlate well with calculated solubility parameters, as determined using the method of Hoftijzer and van Krevelen.magnified image
Poly(aryleneethynylene)s
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPoly(aryleneethynylene)s (PAE) are easily synthesized, chemically stable, and color‐responsive towards their surroundings. These superbly chromic polymers are attractive as active transducers in sensors and advanced organic electronic devices. PAEs are generally fluorescent with emission maxima ranging from 420–600 nm, and can be either water‐ or organo‐soluble. PAEs from linear building blocks are rigid rod molecules and display a host of supramolecular arrangements in solution and in the solid state. The poly(para‐phenyleneethynylene)s (PPE) are lyotropic or thermotropic smectic liquid crystalline. In the solid state, PPEs display lamellar supramolecular structures that lead to distinct stranded nanoscale morphologies. The spectroscopy and the optical properties of the PAEs and in particular of the PPEs are dominated by their conformation, which is influenced by solid‐state packing, solvent, temperature and other factors. The presence of twisted and planar forms and their interconversion leads to attractive structure/property relationships; PAEs are of use as ingredients for advanced supramolecular materials.magnified image
All‐Conjugated, Rod‐Rod Block Copolymers‐Generation and Self‐Assembly Properties
Authors: Scherf Ullrich , Adamczyk Sylwia , Gutacker Andrea , Koenen Nils 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBased on their rigid‐rod structure all‐conjugated, rod‐rod block copolymers show a preferred tendency to self‐assemble into low‐curvature vesicular or lamellar nanostructures independent from their specific chemical structure and composition. This unique and attractive behaviour is clearly illustrated in a few examples of such all‐conjugated block copolymers. The resulting nanostructured heteromaterials may find applications in electronic devices or artificial membranes.magnified image
Teachings from the egg: New and unexpected functions of RNAs
Authors: Kloc Malgorzata 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLocalized mRNAs found in specific regions of somatic cells, germ cells, and embryos function through their protein translation products in cell polarization and development. Recent studies on Xenopus and Drosophila eggs and various somatic cells showed that some of the localized noncoding and coding RNAs play a structural (translation independent) role in maintaining the integrity of microtubule and microfilament cytoskeleton and/or may function in protein folding or as a scaffold for the assembly of cytoplasmic complexes essential for egg or embryo development. In addition, structural noncoding RNAs within the cell nucleus have been shown to be involved in the organization of chromatin, nuclear bodies, and DNA replication. The fact that some of the RNAs may have previously unforeseen structural functions, will change our view on traditional functions of RNAs and will open new frontiers in the field of RNA studies and therapeutic development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 922–932, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of the Support in the Performance of Grafted Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Silveira Fernando , Alves Maria do Carmo Martins , Stedile Fernanda C. , Pergher Sibele B. C. , dos Santos João Henrique Zimnoch 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA series of supports – differing in their textural properties, the nature of their surface sites, and in their crystallinities – were investigated in the sequential grafting reaction of Cp2ZrCl2 and (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 mixtures. The catalyst systems were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, AFM, EXAFS, and nitrogen adsorption. All systems were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization reactions when methylaluminoxane was used as the cocatalyst. Experimental results are discussed in terms of the relationships between the grafted metal content, the catalyst activity, the surface roughness and polarity, the interatomic Zr–C and Zr–O distances of the grafted species and the molecular weights of the resulting polyethylenes.magnified image
Targeting the Incretin System in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Potenza Matthew , Rayfield Elliot J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe incretins have emerged as key targets in the modern treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding the physiology of the incretins is essential to the physician's ability to appropriately use emerging pharmacotherapies that target this system. This review describes incretin physiology and discusses recent trials of drugs that modulate this system in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A MEDLINE search using the terms “GLP‐1” (ie, glucagon‐like peptide 1), “incretins,” “exenatide,” and “DPP‐IV inhibitors” (ie, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors) was performed, and pertinent articles from the past 10 years were reviewed. Articles describing incretin physiology and clinical trials with exenatide and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors were identified and discussed. As the articles show, new medications manipulating the incretin system are an important part of treating type 2 diabetes. The cost of these drugs and their potential side effects in comparison with existing agents must be considered when they are being selected as part of a treatment regimen. However, the evidence to date offers much promise and enthusiasm. Mt Sinai J Med 76:244–256, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Role of Surgery in Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Herron Daniel M. , Tong Winnie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDiabetes is one of the most common diseases in the United States, with 1.5 million new cases reported in 2005 and a projected 48.3 million diabetics in the year 2050. Despite the disease's remarkably high prevalence and the substantial efforts focused on pharmacological treatment of the disease, current dietary, behavioral, and medical therapies have achieved only limited success. For over 2 decades, bariatric surgeons have recognized that gastric bypass surgery causes a remarkable, durable improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Remarkably, this normalization of glucose metabolism occurs within several weeks of surgery, long before substantial weight loss takes place. As early as in 1987, data have been available demonstrating that 83% of patients with diabetes and 99% of those with impaired glucose tolerance become euglycemic after gastric bypass surgery. Despite the availability of this effective treatment for diabetes, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has remained medical. In this article, we review some of the hypotheses about how bariatric operations affect glucose metabolism and diabetes as well as the research that has been done to elucidate these mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss how surgery may one day represent an important management option for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med 76:281–293, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: Boinpally Tara , Jovanovič Lois 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough previously thought to be predominately transient gestational diabetes, diabetes in pregnancy can be attributed more and more to type 2 diabetes today. Although all types of diabetes in pregnancy pose a threat to the health and future well‐being of both the mother and child affected, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes can be significantly more devastating in complications because of effects starting from conception. This rise of type 2 diabetes thus imparts a great sense of urgency to uncover undiagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and to take active measures in establishing tight glucose control. From preconception care before pregnancy to medical treatment postpartum, it is essential that immediate care be taken to help mediate the effects of diabetes in pregnancy. Mt Sinai J Med 76:269–280, 2009. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Balancing Risk and Benefit with Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs
Authors: Hamnvik Ole‐Petter R. , McMahon Graham T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractClinicians are faced with an expansive array of treatment choices when caring for patients with type 2 diabetes. Because patient compliance may be affected when media sensationalism about controversial findings is misunderstood, we sought to clarify the recent controversy surrounding the cardiovascular and bone‐health risks of thiazolidinediones, the risk of lactic acidosis with metformin, and the risk of hypoglycemia with oral therapies. The side effect profile of thiazolidinediones includes fluid retention, heart failure; and an increased risk of fracture. A recent controversial meta‐analysis suggested that rosiglitazone increases the risk of myocardial infarction, which is possibly related to thiazolidinedione‐induced lipid changes, weight gain, congestive heart failure, and anemia. Metformin is restricted to patients with normal renal function because of concerns that metformin may cause lactic acidosis. However, few cases of metformin‐associated lactic acidosis have been reported, and most have occurred in patients with other reasons for developing lactic acidosis, such as sepsis or renal failure. Although the use of metformin continues to increase, observational studies have not been able to demonstrate an increased incidence of lactic acidosis in metformin‐treated patients, even when it is used in populations with relative contraindications. Some oral hypoglycemic medications can cause hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is especially common in older patients, alcoholics, and patients with liver or renal disease. Patients on sulfonylureas and meglitinides have the highest incidence of hypoglycemia because of their pharmacological action of increasing insulin secretion. Of the sulfonylureas, glyburide presents the highest risk of hypoglycemia. Combination therapies, especially those regimens containing a sulfonylurea, increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Mt Sinai J Med 76:234–243, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Nutritional Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Davis Nichola , Forbes Bernice , Wylie‐Rosett Judith 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWeight loss is a key goal in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are conflicting weight‐loss strategies, including low‐carbohydrate diets, low glycemic‐index diets, low‐fat vegan diets, conventional low‐fat diets, and high‐protein and high–monounsaturated fat diets. There is no evidence to suggest that 1 nutritional strategy is clearly the best. The most successful strategy is one that the patient can adopt and follow in the long term. Mt Sinai J Med 76:257–268, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
A multi‐compartmental SE‐BOLD interpretation for stimulus‐related signal changes in diffusion‐weighted functional MRI
Authors: Kershaw Jeff , Tomiyasu Moyoko , Kashikura Kenichi , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Nonaka Hiroi , Hirano Masaya , Ikehira Hiroo , Kanno Iwao , Obata Takayuki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA new interpretation is proposed for stimulus‐induced signal changes in diffusion‐weighted functional MRI. T2‐weighted spin‐echo echo‐planar images were acquired at different diffusion‐weightings while visual stimulation was presented to human volunteers. The amplitudes of the positive stimulus‐correlated response and post‐stimulus undershoot (PSU) in the functional time‐courses were found to follow different trends as a function of b‐value. Data were analysed using a three‐compartment signal model, with one compartment being purely vascular and the other two dominated by fast‐ and slow‐diffusing molecules in the brain tissue. The diffusion coefficients of the tissue were assumed to be constant throughout the experiments. It is shown that the stimulus‐induced signal changes can be decomposed into independent contributions originating from each of the three compartments. After decomposition, the fast‐diffusion phase displays a substantial PSU, while the slow‐diffusion phase demonstrates a highly reproducible and stimulus‐correlated time‐course with minimal undershoot. The decomposed responses are interpreted in terms of the spin‐echo blood oxygenation level dependent (SE‐BOLD) effect, and it is proposed that the signal produced by fast‐ and slow‐diffusing molecules reflect a sensitivity to susceptibility changes in arteriole/venule‐ and capillary‐sized vessels, respectively. This interpretation suggests that diffusion‐weighted SE‐BOLD imaging may provide subtle information about the haemodynamic and neuronal responses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edge intersection graphs of single bend paths on a grid
Authors: Golumbic Martin Charles , Lipshteyn Marina , Stern Michal 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe combine the known notion of the edge intersection graphs of paths in a tree with a VLSI grid layout model to introduce the edge intersection graphs of paths on a grid. Let 𝒫 be a collection of nontrivial simple paths on a grid 𝒢. We define the edge intersection graph EPG(𝒫) of 𝒫 to have vertices which correspond to the members of 𝒫, such that two vertices are adjacent in EPG(𝒫) if the corresponding paths in 𝒫 share an edge in 𝒢. An undirected graph G is called an edge intersection graph of paths on a grid (EPG) if G = EPG(𝒫) for some 𝒫 and 𝒢, and 〈𝒫,𝒢〉 is an EPG representation of G. We prove that every graph is an EPG graph. A turn of a path at a grid point is called a bend. We consider here EPG representations in which every path has at most a single bend, called B1‐EPG representations and the corresponding graphs are called B1‐EPG graphs. We prove that any tree is a B1‐EPG graph. Moreover, we give a structural property that enables one to generate non B1‐EPG graphs. Furthermore, we characterize the representation of cliques and chordless 4‐cycles in B1‐EPG graphs. We also prove that single bend paths on a grid have Strong Helly number 3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
A branch‐and‐cut algorithm for the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with LIFO loading
Authors: Cordeau Jean‐François , Iori Manuel , Laporte Gilbert , Salazar González Juan José 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickup and Delivery (TSPPD) a single vehicle must serve a set of customer requests, each defined by an origin location where a load must be picked up, and a destination location where the load must be delivered. The problem consists of determining a shortest Hamiltonian cycle through all locations while ensuring that the pickup of each request is performed before the corresponding delivery. This article addresses a variant of the TSPPD in which pickups and deliveries must be performed according to a Last‐In First‐Out (LIFO) policy. We propose three mathematical formulations for this problem and several families of valid inequalities which are used within a branch‐and‐cut algorithm. Computational results performed on test instances from the literature show that most instances with up to 17 requests can be solved in less than 10 min, whereas the largest instance solved contains 25 requests. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Integrating facility location and production planning decisions
Authors: Romeijn H. Edwin , Sharkey Thomas C. , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max , Zhang Jiawei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe consider a metric uncapacitated facility location problem where we must assign each customer to a facility and meet the demand of the customer in future time periods through production and inventory decisions at the facility. We show that the problem, in general, is as hard to approximate as the set cover problem. We therefore focus on developing approximation algorithms for special cases of the problem. These special cases come in two forms: (i) specialize the production and inventory cost structure and (ii) specialize the demand pattern of the customers. In the former, we offer reductions to variants of the metric uncapacitated facility location problem that have been previously studied. The latter gives rise to a class of metric uncapacitated facility location problems where the facility cost function is concave in the amount of demand assigned to the facility. We develop a modified greedy algorithm together with the idea of cost‐scaling to provide an algorithm for this class of problems with an approximation guarantee of 1.52. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Polyhedral structure of the 4‐node network design problem
Authors: Agarwal Yogesh K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article studies the polyhedral structure of the 4‐node network design problem (NDP). Using a theorem from the previous work of this author, the facets of the 4‐node NDP can be translated into facets of larger size problems. The knowledge of complete polyhedral description of the 4‐node NDP is important because it implies complete knowledge of 4‐partition‐based facets of larger NDPs. After reviewing the previously known facets of the 4‐node NDP, a new class of facets is derived. An enumerative methodology is presented for determining whether a given set of inequalities provides a complete polyhedral description. By implementing this methodology in a computer code, it is determined that the known facets of the 4‐node NDP indeed provide a complete polyhedral description of the problem. Working of the proof methodology is illustrated with examples, and the results of the computer enumeration are reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009