bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Person as lawyer: How having a guilty mind explains attributions of intentional agency
Authors: Hindriks Frank 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn criminal law, foresight betrays a guilty mind as much as intent does: both reveal that the agent is not properly motivated to avoid an illegal state of affairs. This commonality warrants our judgment that the state is brought about intentionally, even when unintended. In contrast to Knobe, I thus retain the idea that acting intentionally is acting with a certain frame of mind.
Neither moralists, nor scientists: We are counterfactually reasoning animals
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe are neither scientists nor moralists. Our mental capacities (such as attributing intentionality) are neither akin to the scientist's exact reasoning, nor are they “suffused through and through with moral considerations” (Knobe's target article, sect. 2.2, last para.). They are more similar to all those simple capacities that humans and animals are equally capable of, but with enhanced sensitivity to counterfactual situations: of what could have been.
Cortex in context: Response to commentaries on neural reuse
Authors: Anderson Michael L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this response, I offer some specific examples of neural workings, discuss the uncertainty of reverse inference, place neural reuse in developmental and cultural context, further differentiate reuse from plasticity, and clarify my position on embodied cognition. The concept of local neural workings is further refined, and some different varieties of reuse are identified. Finally, I lay out some opportunities for future research, and discuss some of the clinical implications of reuse in more detail.
Generalisations of the Euler adic
Authors: STRASSER GABRIEL 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe consider generalisations of the so-called Euler adic and investigate dynamical properties like ergodicity and total ergodicity. We prove the existence of a unique fully-supported ergodic measure for these generalisations. We also investigate the structure of non-fully-supported ergodic measures and in addition show that each of these measures (fully- and non-fully-supported) is also totally ergodic. In order to determine these dynamical properties we find closed-form expressions for the generalised Eulerian numbers. Additionally we extend a result given by Frick and Petersen to a wider class of adic transformations.
Report Assesses Nutrient Pollution in U.S. Streams and Aquifers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2010

Concentrations of nutrients in many U.S. streams and aquifers have remained the same or have increased since the early 1990s, according to a new decadal assessment entitled “Nutrients in the nation's streams and groundwater, 1992–2004,” released by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on 24 September.“Despite improvements in water quality made by reducing point sources of nutrients, our data show that nonpoint sources of nutrients have resulted in concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus far above criteria recommended by [the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] for the protection of aquatic life,” Neil Dubrovsky, project chief for USGS's National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, said at a briefing when the report was released. While USGS continues to sample for nutrient concentrations, the report assessment period concluded in 2004.
Toward New Frontiers in Understanding the Link Between Dust and Climate; DUSTSPEC Workshop: Dust Records for a Changing World; Palisades, New York, 24–26 May 2010
Authors: Winckler Gisela , Mahowald Natalie , Maher Barbara 
Published: October 2010

Mineral dust is an active climate system component that may significantly influence the radiative balance of the atmosphere as well as biogeochemical cycles. However, the complex linkages between dust‐generating processes and past or anthropogenic climate change are still poorly constrained.The highly successful Dust Indicators and Records of Terrestrial and Marine Palaeoenvironments ( DIRTMAP) project, created by Karen Kohfeld (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) and Sandy Harrison (University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom) in 2001, provided a compilation of available dust deposition data from climate archives. DIRTMAP focused on a time slice approach, compiling data for modern/ Holocene (up to ∼10,000 years ago to the present) conditions and conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum (∼20,000 years ago).
Supreme Court Hears Privacy Case Between NASA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory Scientists
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2010

After NASA put into practice the 2004 Homeland Security Presidential Directive‐12, known as HSPD‐12, Dennis Byrnes talked to then—NASA administrator Michael Griffin. Byrnes recalls that Griffin told him in 2007 that if he didn't like the agency's implementation of HSPD‐12, he should go to court. That's exactly what Byrnes, an employee of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) working as a senior engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., did.Concerned about prying and open‐ended background investigations of federal contractors through NASA's implementation of HSPD‐12, he, along with lead plaintiff Robert Nelson and 26 other Caltech employees working at JPL, sued NASA. Following several lower court decisions, including an injunction issued by a U.S. federal appeals court in response to a plaintiff motion, the case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard oral arguments on 5 October.
ChEBI – an Open-access Chemistry Resource for the Life Sciences:*Facilities for On-line Submission and Curation
Authors: Hull Duncan , Josephs Zara , Owen Gareth , Turner Steve , Ennis Marcus , Adams Nico , Dekker Adriano , de Matos Paula , Hastings Janna , Steinbeck Christoph , Haug Kenneth 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) is a database of ‘small’ molecular entities structured around a chemical ontology. It contains almost 600,000 entries, of which approximately 20,000 have been manually curated, as well as entries for groups (parts of molecular entities) and classes of entities. It provides a wide range of information such as chemical nomenclature, structures and related chemical values, and establishes interrelationships between entities in the ontology, in terms of both structure and role. ChEBI places a strong focus on quality, with exceptional efforts being applied to upholding IUPAC nomenclature recommendations and best IUPAC practices when drawing chemical structures.To invite the community to participate more directly in the future growth and development of ChEBI, we have developed a web-based software utility to enable direct user submissions. Users are encouraged to carry out as much of their own manual curation as possible, e.g. by adding multiple synonyms and database cross-references, and by creating multiple relationships within the ontology. The submissions are automatically validated for uniqueness (both of name and chemical structure) and correctness (such as checking that no non-allowed cycles have inadvertently been created in the ontology graph structure, and that the ontology relationships which have been specified are allowed between entities of the relevant types). Once a submission has passed the required validations, it is submitted to the ChEBI database, at which time it receives its unique ChEBI identifier. It will then become visible to the public (as a preliminary entry) as part of the monthly ChEBI release. To date, ChEBI has received over 750 such external submissions.
Fourier Descriptor Analysis and Unification of Voice Range Profile Contours: Method and Applications
Authors: Pabon Peter , Ternström Sten , Lamarche Anick 
Published: October 2010

Purpose
To describe a method for unified description, statistical modeling, and comparison of voice range profile (VRP) contours, even from diverse sources.

Method
A morphologic modeling technique, which is based on Fourier descriptors (FDs), is applied to the VRP contour. The technique, which essentially involves resampling of the curve of the contour, is assessed and also is compared to density-based VRP averaging methods that use the overlap count.

Results
VRP contours can be usefully described and compared using FDs. The method also permits the visualization of the local covariation along the contour average. For example, the FD-based analysis shows that the population variance for ensembles of VRP contours is usually smallest at the upper left part of the VRP. To illustrate the method’s advantages and possible further application, graphs are given that compare the averaged contours from different authors and recording devices—for normal, trained, and untrained male and female voices as well as for child voices.

Conclusions
The proposed technique allows any VRP shape to be brought to the same uniform base. On this uniform base, VRP contours or contour elements coming from a variety of sources may be placed within the same graph for comparison and for statistical analysis.
Regional Dialect Variation in the Vowel Systems of Typically Developing Children
Authors: Jacewicz Ewa , Fox Robert Allen , Salmons Joseph 
Published: October 2010

PurposeTo investigate regional dialect variation in the vowel systems of typically developing 8- to 12-year-old children.MethodThirteen vowels in isolatedh_dwords were produced by 94 children and 93 adults (males and females). All participants spoke American English and were born and raised in 1 of 3 distinct dialect regions in the United States: western North Carolina (Southern dialect), central Ohio (Midland dialect), and southeastern Wisconsin (Northern Midwestern dialect). Acoustic analysis included formant frequencies (F1 and F2) measured at 5 equidistant time points in a vowel and formant movement (trajectory length).ResultsChildren’s productions showed many dialect-specific features comparable to those in adult speakers, both in terms of vowel dispersion patterns and formant movement. Different features were also found, including systemic vowel changes, significant monophthongization of selected vowels, and greater formant movement in diphthongs.ConclusionsThe acoustic results provide evidence for regional distinctiveness in children’s vowel systems. Children acquire not only the systemic relations among vowels but also their dialect-specific patterns of formant dynamics. Directing attention to the regional variation in the production of American English vowels, this work may prove helpful in better understanding and interpreting the development of vowel categories and vowel systems in children.
Allochronic differentiation among Daphnia species, hybrids and backcrosses: the importance of sexual reproduction for population dynamics and genetic architecture
Authors: Jankowski T. , Straile D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of the abundance, sexual reproduction and genetic architecture in a Daphnia hyalina-galeata hybrid complex were studied in the large and deep Lake Constance. We found evidence for the occurrence of first and second order hybridization. Our study revealed strong differences between the parental species not only regarding their seasonal dynamics, genetic architecture and diversity, but also their sexual reproductive behaviour. The overwintering D. hyalina showed low genetic diversity, no genetic differentiation during the season, and reproduced sexually in autumn, whereas D. galeata reached higher levels of genetic diversity, reproduced sexually in early summer, and exhibited changes in genetic structure during the season, but was only present from spring to autumn. However, in both species sexual reproduction was a rare event, and daphnids, including hybrids, reproduced predominantly asexually. This allows long-term persistence of hybrids as well without continuing hybridization events. Within all variables studied, F1 and F2 hybrids showed an intermediate pattern, whereas proposed backcross hybrids were more similar to their respective parentals. These differences in phenotype as well as significant differences in pairwise Fst values between parentals suggest that gene flow seems to be relatively low in the Lake Constance hybrid system. We found evidence for unidirectional introgression by backcrossing from D. galeata to D. hyalina and found a decrease in at least one of the proposed introgressed alleles in the hyalina-backcross while the season progressed. Our findings suggest allochronic differentiation within this hybrid population and different microevolutionary trajectories of the parental species, which will be discussed in the light of the ongoing reoligotrophication process of Lake Constance.
Systematic Review and Cost Analysis Comparing Use of chlorhexidine with Use of Iodine for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis to Prevent Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Lee Ingi , Agarwal Rajender K. , Lee Bruce Y. , Fishman Neil O. , Umscheid Craig A. 
Published: October 2010

Objective.To compare use of chlorhexidine with use of iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis with respect to effectiveness in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) and cost.Methods.We searched the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website, the Cochrane Library, Medline, and EMBASE up to January 2010 for eligible studies. Included studies were systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing preoperative skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine and with iodine and assessing for the outcomes of SSI or positive skin culture result after application. One reviewer extracted data and assessed individual study quality, quality of evidence for each outcome, and publication bias. Meta-analyses were performed using a fixed-effects model. Using results from the meta-analysis and cost data from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, we developed a decision analytic cost-benefit model to compare the economic value, from the hospital perspective, of antisepsis with iodine versus antisepsis with 2 preparations of chlorhexidine (ie, 4% chlorhexidine bottle and single-use applicators of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG] and 70% isopropyl alcohol [IPA] solution), and also performed sensitivity analyses.Results.Nine RCTs with a total of 3,614 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that chlorhexidine antisepsis was associated with significantly fewer SSIs (adjusted risk ratio, 0.64 [95% confidence interval, [0.51–0.80]) and positive skin culture results (adjusted risk ratio, 0.44 [95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.56]) than was iodine antisepsis. In the cost-benefit model baseline scenario, switching from iodine to chlorhexidine resulted in a net cost savings of $16-$26 per surgical case and $349,904–$568,594 per year for the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Sensitivity analyses showed that net cost savings persisted under most circumstances.Conclusions.Preoperative skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine is more effective than preoperative skin antisepsis with iodine for preventing SSI and results in cost savings.
Facile and solvent-free routes for the synthesis of size-controllable Fe
3
O
4 nanoparticles
Authors: Ngo Thanh Hieu , Tran Dai Lam , Do Hung Manh , Tran Vinh Hoang , Le Van Hong , Nguyen Xuan Phuc 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles are one of the most important materials that are widely used in both medically diagnostic and therapeutic research. In this paper, we present some facile and non-toxic synthetic approaches for size-controllable preparations of magnetite nanoparticles, which are appropriate for biomedical applications, namely (i) co-precipitation; (ii) reduction–precipitation and (iii) oxidation–precipitation. Magnetic characterizations of the obtained nanoparticles have been studied and discussed. The oxidation precipitation route was chosen for investigation of the dependence of kinetic driven activation energy and that of coercive force on particle size (and temperature) during the course of the reaction. The structural–magnetic behavior was also correlated. Being solvent and surfactant-free, these methods are advantageous for synthesis and further functionalization towards biomedical applications.
Investigation of rectenna for microwave power conversion
Authors: Karimov Kh S , Saleem M , Shah M , Shafique S 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication of organic semiconductor (OS) rectifiers and an investigation of rectifying antenna (rectenna) under the effect of microwave power. As a source of microwaves, a patch antenna fed by a generator was used. The rectenna contains a built-in rectifier. The surface-type Ag/NiPc/Au cell, with organic semiconductor nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) as the active material, was used as a rectenna. The rectifier was fabricated by thermal deposition of Ag, Au and NiPc thin films on thoroughly cleaned glass substrate. The measured I–V characteristics of the cell showed rectifying behavior. The rectenna was tested at frequency ranges of 8–16 GHz at different intensities of radiation and vertical and horizontal positions of the rectenna's axes. Under the effect of microwave power at the output of the rectenna, the output dc voltage and current were detected.
Discovering homotypic binding events at high spatial resolution
Authors: Guo Yuchun , Papachristoudis Georgios , Altshuler Robert C. , Gerber Georg K. , Jaakkola Tommi S. , Gifford David K. , Mahony Shaun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMotivation: Clusters of protein–DNA interaction events involving the same transcription factor are known to act as key components of invertebrate and mammalian promoters and enhancers. However, detecting closely spaced homotypic events from ChIP-Seq data is challenging because random variation in the ChIP fragmentation process obscures event locations.Results: The Genome Positioning System (GPS) can predict protein–DNA interaction events at high spatial resolution from ChIP-Seq data, while retaining the ability to resolve closely spaced events that appear as a single cluster of reads. GPS models observed reads using a complexity penalized mixture model and efficiently predicts event locations with a segmented EM algorithm. An optional mode permits GPS to align common events across distinct experiments. GPS detects more joint events in synthetic and actual ChIP-Seq data and has superior spatial resolution when compared with other methods. In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of GPS are superior to or comparable with other methods.Availability: http://cgs.csail.mit.edu/gpsContact: gifford@mit.edu; mahony@mit.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Can information from marine protected areas be used to inform control-rule-based management of small-scale, data-poor stocks?
Authors: McGilliard Carey R. , Hilborn Ray , MacCall Alec , Punt André E. , Field John C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMcGilliard, C. R., Hilborn, R. MacCall, A., Punt, A. E., and Field, J. C. 2011. Can information from marine protected areas be used to inform control-rule-based management of small-scale, data-poor stocks? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 201–211. Many small-scale, nearshore fisheries lack the historical catch and survey information needed for conventional stock-assessment-based management. The potential use of the ratio of the density of fish outside a marine protected area to that inside it each year (the density ratio, DR) in a control rule is evaluated to determine the direction and magnitude of change in fishing effort in the next year. Management strategy evaluation was used to evaluate the performance of this DR control rule (DRCR) for a range of movement rates of larvae and adults and other biological scenarios, and the parameters of the control rule that maximized cumulative catch (over 95 years) for each scenario were found. The cumulative catch under the optimal DRCR was 90% of the cumulative catch from an optimal constant effort rule (CER). A small range of parameter values for the DRCR produced 75% or more of the cumulative catch produced from optimal CERs for a variety of assumptions about biology and initial stock status. The optimal DRCR was most sensitive to the movement patterns of larvae and adults and survey variability.
Physician Attitudes and Practices of Enteral Nutrition as Primary Treatment of Paediatric Crohn Disease in North America
Authors: Stewart Michael , Day Andrew S , Otley Anthony 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:The use of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in children with Crohn disease has not been universally adopted by North American paediatric gastroenterologists. This is in stark contrast to their European counterparts. The present study aimed to define attitudes and practice patterns of EEN use by members of the North American Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.Methods:Members were contacted by e‐mail and provided with access to a Web‐based survey.Results:Surveys were completed by 326 of 1162 (30.7%) eligible North American Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition members from North America (86% United States, 14% Canada). Thirty‐one percent of respondents reported never using EEN, 55% reported sparse use, and 12% reported regular use. Physicians in Canada reported significantly more use than those in United States (P < 0.001). Currently working and previously working in a centre where EEN was used were highly correlated with both the perceived appropriateness of EEN and the regularity of its use (P < 0.01). More American physicians than Canadian physicians reported that concurrent medical therapy was necessary to induce remission (P < 0.001). Canadian respondents were more likely to use maintenance therapy than American respondents (P = 0.02). Compliance issues were seen as the main disadvantages of EEN and as the major barrier to increased use by nonregular users.Conclusions:There are significant variations in the patterns of use and the acceptance of EEN between Canada and the United States, with Canadian physicians showing a greater use of EEN. The use of EEN appears influenced by the extent to which physicians are exposed to its use both in their training and in their current practice setting.