bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical field study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the amino‐acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, compared with registered anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Australia
Authors: Hosking BC , Griffiths TM , Woodgate RG , Besier RB , Le Feuvre AS , Nilon P , Trengove C , Vanhoff KJ , Kaye‐Smith BG , Seewald W 
Published: October 2009

Objective  To determine the efficacy of monepantel, a developmental compound from the amino‐acetonitrile derivative class of anthelmintics, against field infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.Procedures  Comparisons of efficacy (using standard faecal worm egg count reduction tests) and safety (on the basis of visual observations) were made in a large‐scale field study in Australia, between groups of sheep treated with either an oral solution of monepantel or a registered anthelmintic. The sheep were naturally infected with the major gastrointestinal nematode genera present in Australia.Results  The post‐treatment efficacy results for monepantel were: at 7 days (±1 day) efficacy was >98%; at 14 days (±1 day) it was generally close to or >99%; and at 21 days (±1 day) efficacy was consistently >99%. A high proportion of the targeted nematode populations were confirmed as being resistant to one or more of the currently available anthelmintic classes.Conclusions  Monepantel when used under field conditions at a minimum dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg was highly effective against mixed‐genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematode genera including Haemonchus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia), Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum. This result included efficacy against some populations resistant to the currently available broad‐spectrum anthelmintics. Few Cooperia spp. were present to allow confirmation of efficacy against this genus. On no occasion after treatment did any commercial anthelmintic‐treated groups have significantly lower faecal egg counts than the monepantel‐treated groups. Monepantel was safe for the target animals and human operators when used in a field situation.
Art Markets, Sociology and the Emotional Art Object
Authors: Herrero Marta 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn its current state the sociology of art markets is characterized by an externalist approach to the analysis of art value in which the art object is the repository of beliefs, judgements given to it by art market actors. However, a review of the literature on art museums poses a challenge to this externalist approach by focusing on the mutually constitutive relationship between the art object, its exhibition and museum context, and viewers. The article reviews this literature exploring the advantages of this line of research for a meaningful sociology of art markets. It will argue for the need to overcome its current externalist focus with studies of the emotional dimension of art market objects as well as of the practices of art market actors.
The Janus‐Face of Whiteness: Toward a Cultural Sociology of White Nationalism and White Antiracism
Authors: Hughey Matthew W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWhile the sociological study of white identity has traversed many stages, its most recent turn emphasizes the contextual heterogeneity of whiteness. Because of this increased attention to context and locality, the study of whiteness has never been more amenable to cultural analysis than it is today. Hence, an emphasis on different white racial formations that span a political spectrum from conservative to liberal and racist to antiracist is now dominant. In this vein, white nationalists and white antiracists represent the distinct polarities of contemporary inquisitions into white identity formation. Motivated by this academic milieu, this article first reviews the common perception that whiteness is in ‘crisis’ and polarizing into antagonistic political projects. Second, the article scans the literature on white nationalist and white antiracist groups, making explicit the relation to cultural theory. Third, the article questions why these two groups are consistently juxtaposed against one another and how such a conceptualization hinders, rather than advances, cultural analysis. Fourth and last, the article advanced a cultural sociological framework for understanding white racial identity formation that neither collapses white identities into a monolithic collective nor reifies white formations as a static typology. Such an approach considers the general processes and contexts which produce ‘whiteness’ and give it meaning, as well as illuminates the social relationships and practices in which white racial identity formations become embedded.
New methods to identify conserved microsatellite loci and develop primer sets of high cross‐species utility – as demonstrated for birds
Authors: DAWSON DEBORAH A. , HORSBURGH GAVIN J. , KÜPPER CLEMENS , STEWART IAN R. K. , BALL ALEXANDER D. , DURRANT KATE L. , HANSSON BENGT , BACON IDA , BIRD SUSANNAH , KLEIN ÁKOS , KRUPA ANDREW P. , LEE JIN‐WON , MARTÍN‐GÁLVEZ DAVID , SIMEONI MICHELLE , SMITH GEMMA , SPURGIN LEWIS G. , BURKE TERRY 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have developed a new approach to create microsatellite primer sets that have high utility across a wide range of species. The success of this method was demonstrated using birds. We selected 35 avian EST microsatellite loci that had a high degree of sequence homology between the zebra finchTaeniopygia guttataand the chickenGallus gallusand designed primer sets in which the primer bind sites were identical in both species. For 33 conserved primer sets, on average, 100% of loci amplified in each of 17 passerine species and 99% of loci in five non‐passerine species. The genotyping of four individuals per species revealed that 24–76% (mean 48%) of loci were polymorphic in the passerines and 18–26% (mean 21%) in the non‐passerines. When at least 17 individuals were genotyped per species for four Fringillidae finch species, 71–85% of loci were polymorphic, observed heterozygosity was above 0.50 for most loci and no locus deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg proportions.This new set of microsatellite markers is of higher cross‐species utility than any set previously designed. The loci described are suitable for a range of applications that require polymorphic avian markers, including paternity and population studies. They will facilitate comparisons of bird genome organization, including genome mapping and studies of recombination, and allow comparisons of genetic variability between species whilst avoiding ascertainment bias. The costs and time to develop new loci can now be avoided for many applications in numerous species. Furthermore, our method can be readily used to develop microsatellite markers of high utility across other taxa.
Searching for DNA in museum specimens: a comparison of sources in a mammal species
Authors: CASAS‐MARCE M. , REVILLA E. , GODOY J. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe number of genetic studies that use preserved specimens as sources of DNA has been steadily increasing during the last few years. Therefore, selecting the sources that are more likely to provide a suitable amount of DNA of enough quality to be amplified and at the minimum cost to the original specimen is an important step for future research. We have compared different types of tissue (hides vs. bones) from museum specimens of Iberian lynx and multiple alternative sources within each type (skin, footpad, footpad powder, claw, diaphysis, maxilloturbinal bone, mastoid process and canine) for DNA yield and probability of amplification of both mitochondrial and nuclear targets. Our results show that bone samples yield more and better DNA than hides, particularly from sources from skull, such as mastoid process and canines. However, claws offer an amplification success as high as bone sources, which makes them the preferred DNA source when no skeletal pieces have been preserved. Most importantly, these recommended sources can be sampled incurring minimal damage to the specimens while amplifying at a high success rate for both mitochondrial and microsatellite markers.
When global environmentalism meets local livelihoods: policy and management lessons
Authors: Schelhas John , Pfeffer Max J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCreation of national parks often imposes immediate livelihood costs on local people, and tensions between park managers and local people are common. Park managers have tried different approaches to managing relationships with local people, but nearly all include efforts to promote environmental values and behaviors. These efforts have had uneven results, and there is a need to improve our understanding of how environmental values develop, change, and influence behavior. We investigated this question in a study of communities in and adjacent to national parks in Costa Rica and Honduras, using a mental and cultural model approach. We found local people to be fluent in global environmental values, but some common values had limited impact on behavior due to conflicts with livelihood needs. However, new environmental values that integrated conservation and livelihood needs had developed that had a more direct relationship to behavior. We propose a general model of how local environmental values develop in the context of global environmentalism that can be used to guide outreach programs with park neighbors.
Visualizing Scientific Inference
Authors: Gooding David C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe sciences use a wide range of visual devices, practices, and imaging technologies. This diversity points to an important repertoire of visual methods that scientists use to adapt representations to meet the varied demands that their work places on cognitive processes. This paper identifies key features of the use of visualization in a range of scientific domains and considers the implications of this repertoire for understanding scientists as cognitive agents.
Diverse Characteristics of the
cagA
Gene of
Helicobacter pylori
Strains Collected from Patients from Southern Vietnam with Gastric Cancer and Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Truong Bui Xuan , Mai Vo Thi Chi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Ly Le Thanh , Thong Tran Minh , Hai Hoang Hoa , Van Long Dao , Furumatsu Keisuke , Yoshida Masaru , Kutsumi Hiromu , Azuma Takeshi 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases is related to the diversity of
H
elicobacter
pylori
strains. CagA-positive strains are more likely to cause gastric cancer than CagA-negative strains. Based on EPIYA (Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala) motifs at the carboxyl terminus corresponding to phosphorylation sites,
H. pylori
CagA is divided into East Asian CagA and Western CagA. The former type prevails in East Asia and is more closely associated with gastric cancer. The present study used full sequences of the
cagA
gene and CagA protein of 22
H. pylori
strains in gastric cancer and peptic ulcer patients from Southern Vietnam to make a comparison of genetic homology among Vietnamese strains and between them and other strains in East Asia. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on full amino acid sequences of 22 Vietnamese strains in accordance with 54 references from around the world. The
cagA
gene was found in all Vietnamese
H. pylori
strains. Twenty-one of 22 (95.5%) strains belonged to the East Asian type and had similar characteristics of amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus to other strains from the East Asian region. From evidence of East Asian CagA and epidemiologic cancerous lesions in Vietnam,
H. pylori
-infected Vietnamese can be classified into a high-risk group for gastric cancer, but further studies on the interaction among environmental and virulence factors should be done. Finally, phylogenetic data support that there is a Japanese subtype in the Western CagA type.
Development and Evaluation of One-Step TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Targeting Nucleoprotein, Matrix, and Hemagglutinin Genes of Equine Influenza Virus
Authors: Lu Zhengchun , Chambers Thomas M. , Boliar Saikat , Branscum Adam J. , Sturgill Tracy L. , Timoney Peter J. , Reedy Stephanie E. , Tudor Lynn R. , Dubovi Edward J. , Vickers Mary Lynne , Sells Stephen , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate new TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays by the use of the minor groove binding probe to detect a wide range of equine influenza virus (EIV) strains comprising both subtypes of the virus (H3N8 and H7N7). A total of eight rRT-PCR assays were developed, targeting the nucleoprotein (NP), matrix (M), and hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the two EIV subtypes. None of the eight assays cross-reacted with any of the other known equine respiratory viruses. Three rRT-PCR assays (EqFlu NP, M, and HA3) which can detect strains of the H3N8 subtype were evaluated using nasal swabs received for routine diagnosis and swabs collected from experimentally inoculated horses. All three rRT-PCR assays have greater specificity and sensitivity than virus isolation by egg inoculation (93%, 89%, and 87% sensitivity for EqFlu NP, EqFlu M, and EqFlu HA3 assays, respectively). These assays had analytical sensitivities of ≥10 EIV RNA molecules. Comparison of the sensitivities of rRT-PCR assays targeting the NP and M genes of both subtypes with egg inoculation and the Directigen Flu A test clearly shows that molecular assays provide the highest sensitivity. The EqFlu HA7 assay targeting the H7 HA gene is highly specific for the H7N7 subtype of EIV. It should enable highly reliable surveillance for the H7N7 subtype, which is thought to be extinct or possibly still circulating at a very low level in nature. The assays that we developed provide a fast and reliable means of EIV diagnosis and subtype identification of EIV subtypes.
Prevalence and Genotypes of
Helicobacter pylori
in Gastric Biopsy Specimens from Patients with Gastroduodenal Pathologies in the Cukurova Region of Turkey
Authors: Nagiyev Togrul , Yula Erkan , Abayli Bahri , Koksal Fatih 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

The effects of
Helicobacter pylori
genotypes on clinical prognosis in the Cukurova region of Turkey were investigated by PCR. The prevalence of type I strains carrying the
s1c
allele, unlike in neighboring regions and countries, was found to be significantly higher in patients with gastritis and/or gastric ulcers (
P
= 0.001), and that of type I strains carrying the
s1a
allele was found to be significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers (
P
< 0.001). The
cagA
gene was strongly associated with the more virulent
vacA
genotypes (
P
< 0.001).
CD64 Index Provides Simple and Predictive Testing for Detection and Monitoring of Sepsis and Bacterial Infection in Hospital Patients
Authors: Icardi M. , Erickson Y. , Kilborn S. , Stewart B. , Grief B. , Scharnweber G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe rapid diagnosis and management of bacterial infection are heavily dependent upon clinical assessment. Blood culture may take up to 2 days for results and may be suspect. Surface neutrophil CD64 expression has been shown to be upregulated in cases of bacterial infection. Recently, a standardized kit for the CD64 index was used in neonatal intensive care units, showing high sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infections. Our study was designed to confirm and extend these results to adult hospital patients and to determine the impact of this testing on a clinical laboratory's finances and staffing. CD64 indices were performed with peripheral blood drawn in tandem with blood cultures from 109 patients over a 2-month period. We found that a CD64 index of ≤1.19 was predictive of “no growth” blood culture results. An index of >1.19 was predictive of an ultimate clinical and/or culture diagnosis of infection with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.6% and 88.7%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 89.8% and 94%, respectively. The CD64 index was easily performed using our flow cytometer and staff, producing minimal alteration in clinical workflow. A 7-day-a-week testing schedule will result in some additional expense but will be more than offset by the expected cost savings. The CD64 index is a useful and inexpensive test for improving the diagnosis and management of hospital patients with bacterial infection. It can be readily performed by clinical laboratories and could result in considerable savings for the institution.
Improved Performance of a Rapid Office-Based Stool Test for Detection of
Helicobacter pylori
in Children before and after Therapy
Authors: Prell C. , Osterrieder S. , Lottspeich C. , Schwarzer A. , Rüssmann H. , Ossiander G. , Koletzko S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

A modified version of a rapid office based one-step monoclonal immunoassay for detection of
Helicobacter pylori
antigen in stool samples from children was evaluated against biopsy specimen-based methods and compared to a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay using the same antigen. Blinded stool samples from 185 children (0.3 to 18.2 years) were investigated at the time of upper endoscopy prior to anti-
H. pylori
therapy; 62 children were
H. pylori
infected and 123 noninfected according to predefined reference standards. Samples obtained 6 to 8 weeks after anti-
H. pylori
therapy were available from 58 children (3.8 to 17.7 years) and were compared to results of the [
13
C]urea breath test (14/58 were positive). The rapid stool tests were performed by two independent readers. Of 243 rapid tests performed, 1 (0.4%) was invalid for technical reasons. Equivocal results (very weak line) were reported 16 times by reader 1 and 27 times by reader 2. When equivocal results were considered positive, the two observers agreed on 76 positive and 160 negative results and disagreed on 7 samples (2.9%). The sensitivity was 90.8% for reader 1 and 85.5% for reader 2, and the specificity was 91.0% and 93.4%, respectively. The monoclonal enzyme immunoassay revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 94.7% and 97.6%, respectively. The modified chromatographic immunoassay is a good alternative in settings or situations when the monoclonal enzyme immunoassay or the [
13
C]urea breath test are not available or feasible. In order to improve sensitivity, very weak lines should be considered positive test results.
Pyrosequencing for Rapid Detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Resistance to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Fluoroquinolones
Authors: Bravo Lulette Tricia C. , Tuohy Marion J. , Ang Concepcion , Destura Raul V. , Mendoza Myrna , Procop Gary W. , Gordon Steven M. , Hall Geraldine S. , Shrestha Nabin K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

After isoniazid and rifampin (rifampicin), the next pivotal drug class in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
treatment is the fluoroquinolone class. Mutations in resistance-determining regions (RDR) of the
rpoB
,
katG
, and
gyrA
genes occur with frequencies of 97%, 50%, and 85% among
M. tuberculosis
isolates resistant to rifampin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolones, respectively. Sequences are highly conserved, and certain mutations correlate well with phenotypic resistance. We developed a pyrosequencing assay to determine
M. tuberculosis
genotypic resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolones. We characterized 102
M. tuberculosis
clinical isolates from the Philippines for susceptibility to rifampin, isoniazid, and ofloxacin by using the conventional submerged-disk proportion method and validated our pyrosequencing assay using these isolates. DNA was extracted and amplified by using PCR primers directed toward the RDR of the
rpoB
,
katG
, and
gyrA
genes, and pyrosequencing was performed on the extracts. The
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv strain (ATCC 25618) was used as the reference strain. The sensitivities and specificities of pyrosequencing were 96.7% and 97.3%, 63.8% and 100%, and 70.0% and 100% for the detection of resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and ofloxacin, respectively. Pyrosequencing is thus a rapid and accurate method for detecting
M. tuberculosis
resistance to these three drugs.
Multicenter Study of Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis in France
Authors: Roux Anne-Laure , Catherinot Emilie , Ripoll Fabienne , Soismier Nathalie , Macheras Edouard , Ravilly Sophie , Bellis Gil , Vibet Marie-Anne , Le Roux Evelyne , Lemonnier Lydie , Gutierrez Cristina , Vincent Véronique , Fauroux Brigitte , Rottman Martin , Guillemot Didier , Gaillard Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

We performed a multicenter prevalence study of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) involving 1,582 patients (mean age, 18.9 years; male/female ratio, 1.06) with cystic fibrosis in France. The overall NTM prevalence (percentage of patients with at least one positive culture) was 6.6% (104/1,582 patients), with prevalences ranging from 3.7% (in the east of France) to 9.6% (in the greater Paris area).
Mycobacterium abscessus
complex (MABSC; 50 patients) and
Mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC; 23 patients) species were the most common NTM, and the only ones associated with fulfillment of the American Thoracic Society bacteriological criteria for NTM lung disease. The “new” species,
Mycobacterium bolletii
and
Mycobacterium massiliense
, accounted for 40% of MABSC isolates. MABSC species were isolated at all ages, with a prevalence peak between 11 and 15 years of age (5.8%), while MAC species reached their highest prevalence value among patients over 25 years of age (2.2%).
Evaluation of Automated and Manual Commercial DNA Extraction Methods for Recovery of
Brucella
DNA from Suspensions and Spiked Swabs
Authors: Dauphin Leslie A. , Hutchins Rebecca J. , Bost Liberty A. , Bowen Michael D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated automated and manual commercial DNA extraction methods for their ability to recover DNA from
Brucella
species in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspension and from spiked swab specimens. Six extraction methods, representing several of the methodologies which are commercially available for DNA extraction, as well as representing various throughput capacities, were evaluated: the MagNA Pure Compact and the MagNA Pure LC instruments, the IT 1-2-3 DNA sample purification kit, the MasterPure Complete DNA and RNA purification kit, the QIAamp DNA blood mini kit, and the UltraClean microbial DNA isolation kit. These six extraction methods were performed upon three pathogenic
Brucella
species:
B. abortus
,
B. melitensis
, and
B. suis
. Viability testing of the DNA extracts indicated that all six extraction methods were efficient at inactivating virulent
Brucella
spp. Real-time PCR analysis using
Brucella
genus- and species-specific TaqMan assays revealed that use of the MasterPure kit resulted in superior levels of detection from bacterial suspensions, while the MasterPure kit and MagNA Pure Compact performed equally well for extraction of spiked swab samples. This study demonstrated that DNA extraction methodologies differ in their ability to recover
Brucella
DNA from PBS bacterial suspensions and from swab specimens and, thus, that the extraction method used for a given type of sample matrix can influence the sensitivity of real-time PCR assays for
Brucella
.