bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic GHGs: the CO2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2O and CH4 emission
Authors: Liu Lingli , Greaver Tara L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment of ecosystems, mainly from fuel combustion and fertilizer application, alters biogeochemical cycling of ecosystems in a way that leads to altered flux of biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Our meta‐analysis of 313 observations across 109 studies evaluated the effect of N addition on the flux of three major GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O. The objective was to quantitatively synthesize data from agricultural and non‐agricultural terrestrial ecosystems across the globe and examine whether factors, such as ecosystem type, N addition level and chemical form of N addition influence the direction and magnitude of GHG fluxes. Results indicate that N addition increased ecosystem carbon content of forests by 6%, marginally increased soil organic carbon of agricultural systems by 2%, but had no significant effect on net ecosystem CO2 exchange for non‐forest natural ecosystems. Across all ecosystems, N addition increased CH4 emission by 97%, reduced CH4 uptake by 38% and increased N2O emission by 216%. The net effect of N on the global GHG budget is calculated and this topic is reviewed. Most often N addition is considered to increase forest C sequestration without consideration of N stimulation of GHG production in other ecosystems. However, our study indicated that although N addition increased the global terrestrial C sink, the CO2 reduction could be largely offset (53–76%) by N stimulation of global CH4 and N2O emission from multiple ecosystems.
Selecting for extinction: nonrandom disease‐associated extinction homogenizes amphibian biotas
Authors: Smith Kevin G. , Lips Karen R. , Chase Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractStudying the patterns in which local extinctions occur is critical to understanding how extinctions affect biodiversity at local, regional and global spatial scales. To understand the importance of patterns of extinction at a regional spatial scale, we use data from extirpations associated with a widespread pathogenic agent of amphibian decline, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) as a model system. We apply novel null model analyses to these data to determine whether recent extirpations associated with Bd have resulted in selective extinction and homogenization of diverse tropical American amphibian biotas. We find that Bd‐associated extinctions in this region were nonrandom and disproportionately, but not exclusively, affected low‐occupancy and endemic species, resulting in homogenization of the remnant amphibian fauna. The pattern of extirpations also resulted in phylogenetic homogenization at the family level and ecological homogenization of reproductive mode and habitat association. Additionally, many more species were extirpated from the region than would be expected if extirpations occurred randomly. Our results indicate that amphibian declines in this region are an extinction filter, reducing regional amphibian biodiversity to highly similar relict assemblages and ultimately causing amplified biodiversity loss at regional and global scales.
Contact networks in a wild Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) population: using social network analysis to reveal seasonal variability in social behaviour and its implications for transmission of devil facial tumour disease
Authors: Hamede Rodrigo K. , Bashford Jim , McCallum Hamish , Jones Menna 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe structure of the contact network between individuals has a profound effect on the transmission of infectious disease. Using a novel technology – proximity sensing radio collars – we described the contact network in a population of Tasmanian devils. This largest surviving marsupial carnivore is threatened by a novel infectious cancer. All devils were connected in a single giant component, which would permit disease to spread throughout the network from any single infected individual. Unlike the contact networks for many human diseases, the degree distribution was not highly aggregated. Nevertheless, the empirically derived networks differed from random networks. Contact networks differed between the mating and non‐mating seasons, with more extended male–female associations in the mating season and a greater frequency of female–female associations outside the mating season. Our results suggest that there is limited potential to control the disease by targeting highly connected age or sex classes.
Influence of plot characteristics and surrounding vegetation on the intra‐plot spatial distribution of Empoasca vitis
Authors: Decante Damien , Van Leeuwen Cornelis , Van Helden Maarten 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Spatial distributions of adults and nymphs of Empoasca vitis were assessed during 3 years inside two adjacent vine plots having considerable intra‐plot variability, diversified natural ground cover and surrounding vegetation, and no insecticide application.
Geostatistical analysis confirmed that, in spite of repeated adult migrations, spatial distributions of summer populations were highly aggregated, similar every year and similar between adults and nymphs. Comparison of insect distribution with intra‐plot characteristics, such as vine plant vigour (leaf density and leaf chlorophyll concentration) and phenology, plot topography and surrounding vegetation, revealed that E. vitis clearly aggregates in areas with the most vigorous vine plants.
Even though the presence of natural enemies in the surrounding vegetation was confirmed by specific observations, we did not observe significant population decrease at the contiguous plot edges. Natural ground cover, together with the absence of insecticide, might allow the spreading and perennial conservation of E. vitis natural enemies inside the plots.
Clear adult aggregations observed along downwind woodlands suggest that this vegetation acts as a barrier and intercepts the adults flying passively across the plot. However, this surrounding vegetation could also serve as an alternative refuge when vine water deficit and vine foliage temperature increase.
Culturable prokaryotic diversity of deep, gas hydrate sediments: first use of a continuous high‐pressure, anaerobic, enrichment and isolation system for subseafloor sediments (DeepIsoBUG)
Authors: Parkes R. John , Sellek Gerard , Webster Gordon , Martin Derek , Anders Erik , Weightman Andrew J. , Sass Henrik 
Published: August 2009

SummaryDeep subseafloor sediments may contain depressurization‐sensitive, anaerobic, piezophilic prokaryotes. To test this we developed the DeepIsoBUG system, which when coupled with the HYACINTH pressure‐retaining drilling and core storage system and the PRESS core cutting and processing system, enables deep sediments to be handled without depressurization (up to 25 MPa) and anaerobic prokaryotic enrichments and isolation to be conducted up to 100 MPa. Here, we describe the system and its first use with subsurface gas hydrate sediments from the Indian Continental Shelf, Cascadia Margin and Gulf of Mexico. Generally, highest cell concentrations in enrichments occurred close to in situ pressures (14 MPa) in a variety of media, although growth continued up to at least 80 MPa. Predominant sequences in enrichments were Carnobacterium, Clostridium, Marinilactibacillus and Pseudomonas, plus Acetobacterium and Bacteroidetes in Indian samples, largely independent of media and pressures. Related 16S rRNA gene sequences for all of these Bacteria have been detected in deep, subsurface environments, although isolated strains were piezotolerant, being able to grow at atmospheric pressure. Only the Clostridium and Acetobacterium were obligate anaerobes. No Archaea were enriched. It may be that these sediment samples were not deep enough (total depth 1126–1527 m) to obtain obligate piezophiles.
Intraday Seasonalities and Macroeconomic News Announcements
Authors: Harju Kari , Hussain Syed Mujahid 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Using a data set consisting of more than five years of 5‐minute intraday stock index returns for major European stock indices and US macroeconomic surprises, conditional means and volatility behaviour in European markets were investigated. The findings suggest that the opening of the US stock market significantly raises the level of volatility in Europe, all markets responding in an identical fashion. Furthermore, US macroeconomic surprises exert an immediate and major impact on both the European stock markets’ intraday returns and volatilities. Thus, high frequency data appear to be critical for the identification of news impacting the markets.
Dermatitis artefacta of the breast: a retrospective analysis of 27 patients (1976–2006)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pichardo A , Hoffner MV , García‐Bravo B , Camacho FM 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground  Dermatitis artefacta (DA) is defined as all dermatological, self‐inflicted skin lesions, where the patient denies having produced the lesions.Objectives  The purpose of this study is to make a single‐centre retrospective clinical review of patients diagnosed as DA of the breast.Materials and methods  During a 30‐year period (1976–2006), patients diagnosed as DA of the breast, seen in the Department of Dermatology of the Virgen Macarena Hospital in Seville, were recorded. Clinical and epidemiological features are described.Results  A total of 27 women with a mean age of 34.33 years were selected representing 13.43% of the total of DA patients recorded (n = 201) in this period. The most frequent clinical forms were: excoriations (nine patients, 33.33%) and ulcers (nine patients, 33.33%), followed by burns (six patients, 22.22%), blisters (one patient, 3.70%), contact dermatitis (one patient, 3.70%) and haematomas (one patient, 3.70%). Ten of the cases were located exclusively on the breasts, whereas 17 had also other locations such as face in seven cases, arms in five cases, abdomen in five cases and the entire body in two cases. Cutaneous lesions were treated with occlusive bandages using zinc paste or plaster splint when necessary.Conclusion  To our knowledge, this is the major series of DA of the breast studied. This complicated psychodermatological condition requires a correct diagnosis, appropriate management and psychiatric assessment.
The diet and infection of fishes in Cavendish Dock, Barrow‐in‐Furness
Authors: Markowski S. 
Published: August 2009

Some 934 fishes belonging to ten species were examined in Cavendish Dock, Walney Channel and in the River Duddon in order to study their diet and infection.Because of the limited number of food species occurring in Cavendish Dock, the diet of fishes examined is similar and composed of twelve different species.The diet of the flounders in Walney Channel differs markedly from those in the dock.The infection with parasitic worms of fishes in Cavendish Dock is lower than in other localities.Fifteen different species of parasitic worms belonging to Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala were recorded in fishes examined.Salinity of the dock water influences the composition of the diet and infection of fishes in Cavendish Dock. Raised temperature and salinity are artificially introduced by human activities, and beiig controllable, could serve for experimental ecological investigations in
The axial skeleton of the labyrinthodont Eogyrinus attheyi
Authors: Panchen A. L. 
Published: August 2009

An articulated length of vertebral column is used as a basis for the reconstruction of the salient features of the axial skeleton of the embolomerous anthracosaur Eogyrinus attheyi Watson, together with other material, including the holotype, in the Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne.The trunk vertebrae are typically emboloinerous, with disoshaped notochordal pleuro‐centra, firmly attached by broad facets to this neural arches, and much thinner intercentra. Regional variation is chiefly concerned with the span of the transverse processes, which diminishes posteriorly, and the associated separation of the two heads of each rib. A longitudinal series of trunk ribs, of diminishing length from the mid‐trunk backwards, is reconstructed.Eogyrinus has a normal tetrapod sacrum with one characteristic sacral rib. The first few caudal vertebrae bear ribs of unusual form, (of which four are preserved in sequence in the articulated specimen. The fifth caudal intercentrum bears the first and largest haemal arch and the pleurocentrum of the seventh caudal is distinguished by marked muscle origins presumably for the caudifemoral muscles.The probability that Eogyrinus, like the few other embolomeres known, had an unusually long vertebral column for a labyrinthodont, is supported by an orthometric comparison using Romer's data on the American form Archeria.
A measure of asymmetry of the skulls of odontocete whales
Authors: Ness A. R. 
Published: August 2009

Linear measurements were made of the asymmetry of the skull which is characteristic of odontocete whales. Of the living genera (except Physeter, Tasmacetus, Stenella, Feresa and Lissodelphis) at least one specimen was measured; 317 skulls in all. One species, Stenodelphis blainvillei, proved symmetrical. All other species had leftward deviation of the nasal prominence. No specimen showed inverse asymmetry.When, for species or families, regressions were formed of the asymmetry measure on skull length the slopes formed a sequence such that Kogia >monodontids>delphinoids (except Orcinus)>ziphiids> Orcinus. In some species of delphinoid, in the delphinoids as a group, and more strongly in Monodon, the proportion of asymmetry to skull length increased with increasing size. In the ziphiids, as a family, asymmetry increased roughly linearly with bodily size. Orcinus orca proved an anomalous delphinoid in having little asymmetry for its size. The asymmetry of the skull of Monodon monoceros is independent of the possession of a tusk.It is suggested that the leftward deviation of the dorsal aspect of the skull acts to conserve the symmetry of the body surface by countering an opposite asymmetry of the upper breathing passages, an asymmetry which is primary but whose function is unknown.
Segmental musculature and parapodial movement of Nereis diversicolor and Nephthys hombergi (Annelida: Polychaeta)
Authors: Mettam C. 
Published: August 2009

The segmental musculature of Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller is described. The musculature of Nereis irrorata (Malmgren), Nereis fucata (Savigny) and Neanthes virens (Sars) is essentially similar but comparison with Perinereis cultrifera (Grube) shows that, at least as far as the oblique muscles are concerned, the segmental musculature of all members of the Nereidae is not identical. A comparison is made with the musculature of Nephthys hombergi (Audouin & Milne Edwards). Swimming in Nereis and Nephthys is achieved by waves of lateral undulation passing from tail to head with associated parapodial deflection. The promotor and remotor muscles of the parapodium are the ventral parapodial obliques inserting at the parapodial base on anterior and posterior faces. This point of insertion is the hinge line of the parapodium. The dorsal parapodial muscles of Nephthys are more complex than in Nereis, apparently associated with the divergent parapodial rami of the former.In slow creeping, intrinsic muscles of the parapodium of Nereis raise it from the substratum and direct it forward, drawing in the neuropodium. Acicular muscles are responsible for its backward extension. The extended notopodium is a firm base for further protraction of the neuropodium. These muscles in Nephthys are modified for burrowing; the parapodia help to stabilize the body during proboscis eversion. Acicular muscles extend the parapodial rami dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally to grip the sides of the burrow. Intrinsic muscles withdraw the notopodial and neuropodial tips.The septum of N. diversicolor is not reduced in the typical body segment and its muscle fibres penetrate the dorsal longitudinal muscle to insert into the circular muscle layer. The pseudoseptum of Nephthys is probably homologous with that of Glycera and Phyllodoce and correlated with possession of a long, eversible proboscis.The complexity of oblique muscles in Nereis throws doubt on their alleged polyneuronal innervation. Muscular division of labour in slow and fast parapodial movements is proposed as an alternative to innervation by fast and slow fibres.
On the ecology and cirral behaviour of a new barnacle from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: August 2009

Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus is a small chthamalid found high up in the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea and at Mauritius, Seychelles and Aldabra Island, Indian Ocean. The general behaviour and rate of cirral activity are described and shown not to differ greatly from those of other chthamalids. The species appears well‐adapted to the life in the tropics, and the present restricted distribution is presumed to be the result of competition with larger chthamalids of Indo‐Pacific distribution. The absence of the larger chthamalids from places where Tetrachthamalus is found may be due to geographical isolation reinforced by the effects of a small tidal range and other extreme environmental conditions.Summary Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus is found high up in the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea and at Mauritius, the Seychelles and Aldabra Island, Indian Ocean. It is small compared even with other chthamalid barnacles. For this reason, and its apparently restricted distribution and our general lack of knowledge of island faunas, it has escaped notice until recently.The general behaviour and rate of cirral activity are described. The species does not differ significantly from other chthamalids, and seems as well adapted to life at high temperatures as the tropical forms previously investigated.The present restricted distribution of Tetrachthamalus is possibly due to competition with the larger chthamalids found in the Indian Ocean. The absence of these larger chthamalids from places where Tetrachthamalus is found may be due to geographical isolation, probably reinforced by the effects of small tidal range and other extreme environmental conditions in Continental situations.
Geotaxis in Poecilocems hieroglyphicus (Acrididae: Pyrogomorphinae)
Authors: Abushama Faysal Tageldin 
Published: August 2009

The tendencies of Poecilocems hieroglyphicus (Klug) to crawl up slopes was studied in a cage placed at different inclinations. The interaction of negative geotaxis with photopositive responses and positive reaction towards the odour of food was also investigated. The suggestion is made that the gravity receptors are situated internally and are stimulated by changes in internal pressure distribution. Hair‐plates at the leg‐joints were found to play an essential part in adjusting and correcting the position of the legs during crawling.SummaryAdults and mature nymphs of Poecilocerus hieroglyphicus (Klug) show pronounced negative geotaxis and crawl up slopes at higher angles of inclination.Under normal conditions negative geotaxis dominates photopositive responses and the positive olfactory reaction to food. The latter response is only restored after a period of starvation exceeding 26 hours.The sense organs mediating orientation towards gravitational forces may be internal being stimulated by differential pressures in the haemocoel.I wish to thank Professor J. L. Cloudsley‐Thompson for reading and correcting the manuscript.
New species of the genus Typhlodromus from Sudan (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Elbadry Esam A. 
Published: August 2009

Three new species of mites of the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten are described from the Sudan. The species of this genus from Sudan are keyed and some observations are made on the ecology and economic importance of the forms inhabiting fruit trees and cotton plants.SummaryThe genus Typhlodromus in Sudan includes five species. Of these, three new species are described and illustrated in this work. Individuals of T. sudanicus Elbadry and T. medanicus Elbadry have been found to play an important role in feeding on phytophagous mites and white fly nymphs infesting cotton crop. Typhlodromus niloticus sp. n. and T. balanites sp. n. from fruit trees feed on tetranychid and eriophyid mites. T. sennarensis sp. n. has been collected from wild plants.A key is provided for the identification of members of the genus Typhlodromus in Sudan.
A study of the desiccation of egg capsules of eight gastropod species
Authors: Bayne Christopher J. 
Published: August 2009

The spawn of five Stylommatophora, one basommatophoran, one prosobranch and one opisthobranch were each desiccated at 25 °C and at various constant relative humidities, and in almost still air. The experimental apparatus incorporated glass “fishpole” balances and a time‐lapse cine‐camera. Differences in desiccation rates were found to be due to differences in size of the experimental objects, the larger egg‐masses losing water at a relatively slower rate than the smaller.At equilibrium with the atmosphere the marine spawn retained more water than those from other habitats. Different water‐retaining capacities probably reflect interesting biophysical characteristics of the mucus of different species.
The social development of baboons in their first three months
Authors: Rowell T. E. , Din NasarA. , Omar Ali 
Published: August 2009

The development of the mother‐infant relationship is expressed in terms of the change in typical relative positions of the pair and in the pattern of contacting and leaving they showed.Rainy periods increased the time the infant spent asleep with its mother, the effect being more than that produced by the infant's age on sleeping time in the first three months of life.Rate of development of mother‐infant relationships was compared with that of Rhesus monkeys in similar conditions, and found to be very closely comparable.Interactions by infants with other baboons were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively different for each available demographic class (though some classes were only represented by a single individual). Results illustrated different rates of social maturing in the sexes, differential behaviour of the adult male towards the sexes of infants, and the existence of a special relationship between siblings.Interactions of neoparturient mothers with other adults are characterized by high overall frequency, with a high frequency of avoiding of friendly approaches by the mother. Both these have returned to normal frequency levels in the third month.Restriction of infants by mothers was seen only in the caged group. Its immediate effects on the behaviour of the infant and its association with other maternal social behaviour are described.