bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stop SIDS – sleeping solitary supine, sucking soother, stopping smoking substitutes
Authors: Alm Bernt , Lagercrantz Hugo , Wennergren Göran 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe recognition of prone sleeping and maternal smoking as modifiable risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), has drastically decreased SIDS incidence. However, during the last years other factors have become necessary to consider to further reduce the risk of SIDS. Side sleeping implies a greater risk than supine sleeping but is still common. Bed sharing may increase the risk of SIDS, while use of a pacifier seems to be protective. Replacement of maternal smoking with nicotine substitutes is not harmless. Conclusion: To further reduce the risk of SIDS, exclusive supine sleeping should be encouraged and side sleeping discouraged. When the breast‐feeding is established, a pacifier can very well be used at bedtime. Bed sharing can increase the risk of SIDS if the infant is below 2–3 months of age, especially if the mother is a smoker. Any nicotine use should be avoided during pregnancy and breast‐feeding.
Failure to diagnose critical heart malformations in newborns before discharge—an increasing problem?
Authors: Mellander Mats , Sunnegårdh Jan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To determine what proportion of newborns with critical heart defects are discharged undiagnosed from the maternity ward. Methods: Data were retrieved retrospectively for infants born in our referral area from 1993 to 2001 and undergoing surgical or catheter‐based intervention before 2 mo of age because of critical heart defects. Results: 259 full‐term infants had critical heart defects. Duct‐dependent systemic circulation was present in 129, duct‐dependent pulmonary circulation in 106, and 24 infants were not duct dependent but critically ill. In 51 infants (20%) the heart defect was not suspected before discharge from the maternity ward. Such late detection occurred more often in infants with duct‐dependent systemic circulation (30%) and in children with defects that were not duct dependent (38%) than in children with duct‐dependent pulmonary circulation (4%) (p<0.001). The proportion detected after discharge from the maternity ward increased from 13% in 1993–1995 and 21% in 1996–1998 to 26% in 1999–2001 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Many infants with critical congenital heart defects are not diagnosed before discharge from the neonatal maternity ward. The proportion discharged undiagnosed has increased. Neonatal screening fails mainly in children with duct‐dependent systemic circulation.
Ten‐year trends in obesity among Israeli schoolchildren: 1990–2000
Authors: Huerta Michael , Gdalevich Michael , Haviv Jacob , Bibi Haim , Scharf Shimon 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To analyze trends in childhood body mass index (BMI) in Israel between 1990 and 2000, and to determine the proportion of obese children using US and population‐specific reference values. Methods: Cross‐sectional data from 13 284 second‐ and fifth‐grade schoolchildren were collected, including age, sex, height, weight, country of birth, and time since immigration. Age‐ and sex‐specific BMI means and centiles were calculated, and the prevalence of obesity was determined using Israeli and US reference values. Results: BMI values at the 95th centile increased monotonously over time in all age and sex categories. Between 1990 and 2000, 95th centile values increased by 12.7% and 11.8% among second‐grade boys and girls, respectively. Among fifth‐grade children, 95th centile values increased by 10.2% and 8.4%, respectively. Among second graders in 2000, 11.4% of both boys and girls exceeded the BMI value recorded at the 95th centile in 1990. Among fifth‐graders in 2000, 10.7% of boys and 11.1% of girls exceeded the 1990 BMI reference value (p for all comparisons < 0.001). The proportion of obese children increased over time using both Israeli and US reference values.  Conclusion: This substantial increase in childhood obesity poses a serious health threat, and requires implementation of suitable public health interventions.
Hyperglycaemia as a possible marker of invasive fungal infection in preterm neonates
Authors: Manzoni Paolo , Castagnola Elio , Mostert Michael , Sala Ugo , Galletto Paolo , Gomirato Giovanna 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: The incidence of invasive fungal infection in preterm newborns is rising steadily. Early recognition and treatment are imperative, but diagnosis is difficult as data from microbiological investigations are often poor, and clinical and laboratory signs do not help in differentiating bacterial from fungal infections. We evaluated whether glucose intolerance could represent a possible surrogate marker predictor of invasive fungal infection in preterm neonates. Methods: We performed a case‐control study on neonates with birthweight less than 1250 g admitted to our tertiary‐level unit during the years 1998–2004 (n=383), comparing those with invasive fungal infection (n = 45, group A) to matched controls with late‐onset sepsis caused by bacterial agents (n=46, group B). We investigated in both groups the occurrence of hyperglycaemia (serum glycaemia > 215 mg/dl, i.e. 12 mmol/l) in the first month of life, and its temporal relationship with the episodes of sepsis. Results: Hyperglycaemia occurred significantly more often in group A (21/45, 46.6%) than in group B neonates (11/46, 23.9%) (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.235–4.432, p=0.008). Moreover, in 19 of 21 (90.4%) neonates with hyperglycaemia in group A, the carbohydrate intolerance episode typically occurred 72 h prior to the onset of invasive fungal infection; in contrast, no temporal relationship was found in neonates with bacterial sepsis (p=0.002). Correction of hyperglycaemia was successfully achieved in all neonates of both groups, with no significant differences in the number of days of insulin treatment needed to normalize glycaemia (p = 0.15). Conclusions: Hyperglycaemia is significantly more frequent in neonates who subsequently develop fungal rather than bacterial late‐onset sepsis, with a typical 3‐d interval. We suggest that a preterm neonate whose birthweight is less than 1250 g in its first month of life should be carefully evaluated for systemic fungal infection whenever signs of carbohydrate intolerance occur.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren in Crete
Authors: Skounti Maria , Philalithis Anastas , Mpitzaraki Katerina , Vamvoukas Michail , Galanakis Emmanouil 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To explore the prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 7‐y‐old child residents of Crete, Greece. Methods: The study combined information from both parents and teachers for 1708 elementary school children attending the first grade in 101 classes of 55 primary schools. A two‐stage screening process was employed, including the ADHD test and a rating scale of student behaviour. Parents completed the ADHD test and teachers the rating scale of student behaviour. Results: Both questionnaires were completed for 1285 (75.2%) children. Among them, 84 children (6.5%; 95% CI 5.2–7.9%) met the study criteria for ADHD. The estimated prevalence was 8.8% for boys (95% CI 6.6–11.0%) and 4.2% for girls (95% CI 2.6–5.7%). No significant differences were observed regarding urban, semi‐urban or rural residence. Conclusion: By using a combination screening procedure, both the ADHD prevalence among first‐grade schoolchildren in Crete and the gender differences in prevalence were found to be comparable to those reported from other countries. The methods used and the problems faced illustrate the challenges involved in conducting population‐based studies of ADHD.
Ghrelin and motilin concentration in colicky infants
Authors: Savino Francesco , Clara Grassino Erica , Guidi Carla , Oggero Roberto , Silvestro Leandra , Miniero Roberto 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To evaluate serum ghrelin and motilin concentration in infants with infantile colic. Methods: A case‐control study was conducted on fasting blood venous samples obtained from 18 infants with infantile colic and 20 healthy infants to measure ghrelin (RIA test) and motilin (RIA test). Results: Colicky infants showed higher ghrelin serum levels (2534.2±600.0 pg/ml; ln 7.8±0.2) than controls (2126.1±281.3 pg/ml; ln 7.6±0.1) (p = 0.011). Serum motilin concentration was significantly higher in colicky infants (94.6±23.2 pmol/l) than in controls (64.1±30.1 pmol/l) (p=0.001). Motilin concentrations were higher in formula‐fed colicky infants (104.5±20.4 pmol/l) than in breastfed ones (82.2±21.3 pmol/l) (p = 0.038). Conclusion: Our finding shows that ghrelin and motilin concentrations are higher in infants with colic than in controls, supporting an organicistic aetiopathogenesis of this disorder. Furthermore, the role of ghrelin on gastrointestinal motility may open new doors to better understand the aetiology of infantile colic.
Inflicted traumatic brain injury (ITBI) or shaken baby syndrome (SBS) in Estonia
Authors: Talvik Inga , Metsvaht Tuuli , Leito Kaja , Põder Haide , Kool Pille , Väli Marika , Lintrop Mare , Kolk Anneli , Talvik Tiina 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: Inflicted traumatic brain injury (ITBI) or shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is recognized as a major cause of disability and death in the paediatric population. Aim: To find out the incidence of ITBI in Estonia. Methods: 26 cases of ITBI were recognized: four children died, 22 survived. Results: Of 26 children, 20 (77%) were boys and six (23%) were girls. Median age at admission to hospital was 3.9 mo, and the boys were younger than the girls. Conclusion: The overall incidence of ITBI was 28.7 per 100 000 infants. In the prospective group the incidence was 40.5 per 100 000, and in retrospective group 13.5 per 100 000. ITBI is not rare but not always a recognized form of child abuse. Healthcare professionals should be more aware of this condition.
The timing of complementary feeding of infants in Switzerland: Compliance with the Swiss and the WHO guidelines
Authors: Dratva Julia , Merten Sonja , Ackermann‐Liebrich Ursula 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: The importance of adequate complementary feeding of infants is increasingly acknowledged. Little is known of the actual complementary feeding practices in Switzerland. Aim: To report the prevalence of adequate timing of complementary feeding, comparing the compliance to Swiss and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, and to investigate factors influencing infant complementary feeding. Methods: In 2003 a cross‐sectional study was conducted of mother‐and‐infant pairs in Switzerland. The mothers, randomly chosen by local community mother‐and‐child health services, completed a 24‐h dietary recall questionnaire and reported the infant's age at the first introduction of various foods. Descriptive analysis, group testing and regression analysis of data collected were conducted. Results: Introduction of solids mainly occurred between the 5th and 6th months. Five per cent of the mothers introduced complementary food before the age of 4 mo. The main influencing factors for infant feeding were maternal age, language regions, mother's BMI and smoking status, the presence of siblings, and an allergic predisposition of the infant. Conclusion: The timing of the introduction of complementary foods meets with Swiss guidelines. WHO recommendations, however, are not met. This may be due to a misunderstanding of the Swiss Paediatric Association's age‐range recommendations or insufficient promotion of the WHO recommendations.
Fetal stroke and congenital parvovirus B19 infection complicated by activated protein C resistance
Authors: De Haan Timo R. , Van Wezel‐Meijler Gerda , Beersma Matthias F. C. , von Lindern Jeanette S. , Van Duinen Sjoerd G. , Walther Frans J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractParvovirus B19 infection in gestation has been associated with severe fetal complications such as anaemia, hydrops and fetal demise. Fetal infection in the first trimester poses the greatest risk for these complications, but infection during the third trimester is more common than previously appreciated and can be associated with severe complications, i.e. fetal death, in the absence of hydrops or classical clinical symptoms. Parvovirus B19 infection has been associated with vasculitis and pathological changes in the central nervous system, which may cause stroke. We report a newborn infant with a rare combination of a recent central nervous system infection with parvovirus B19 and a factor V Leiden mutation, who developed fetal stroke. Conclusion: Factor V Leiden mutation leads to activated protein C resistance and increases the risk of thromboembolism. Thromboembolism occurs rarely in newborns with activated protein C resistance, but can be precipitated by dehydration, asphyxia and infection. Although parvovirus B19 infection of the central nervous system may be a precipitant in neonatal and/or fetal stroke, it can also cause stroke independent of a thrombophilic mutation. In this case, both causative factors may have coincided.
Enrolment and baseline characteristics in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To describe the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) sample with regard to screening, recruitment, compliance, sample retention and baseline characteristics. Methods: A multi‐country community‐based study combining a longitudinal follow‐up from birth to 24 mo with a cross‐sectional survey of children aged 18 to 71 mo. Study subpopulations had to have socio‐economic conditions favourable to growth, low mobility and ≥ 20% of mothers practising breastfeeding. Individual inclusion criteria were no known environmental constraints on growth, adherence to MGRS feeding recommendations, no maternal smoking, single term birth and no significant morbidity. For the longitudinal sample, mothers and newborns were screened and enrolled at birth and visited 21 times at home until age 24 mo. Results: About 83% of 13 741 subjects screened for the longitudinal component were ineligible and 5% refused to participate. Low socio‐economic status was the predominant reason for ineligibility in Brazil, Ghana, India and Oman, while parental refusal was the main reason for non‐participation in Norway and USA. Overall, 88.5% of enrolled subjects completed the 24‐mo follow‐up, and 51% (888) complied with the MGRS feeding and no‐smoking criteria. For the cross‐sectional component, 69% of 21 510 subjects screened were excluded for similar reasons as for the longitudinal component. Although low birthweight was not an exclusion criterion, its prevalence was low (2.1% and 3.2% in the longitudinal and cross‐sectional samples, respectively). Parental education was high, between 14 and 15 y of education on average. Conclusion: The MGRS criteria were effective in selecting healthy children with comparable affluent backgrounds across sites and similar characteristics between longitudinal and cross‐sectional samples within sites.
Relationship between physical growth and motor development in the WHO Child Growth Standards
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To examine relationships among physical growth indicators and ages of achievement of six gross motor milestones in the WHO Child Growth Standards population. Methods: Gross motor development assessments were performed longitudinally on the 816 children included in the WHO Child Growth Standards. Six milestones (sitting without support, hands‐and‐knees crawling, standing with assistance, walking with assistance, standing alone, walking alone) were assessed monthly from 4 until 12 mo of age and bimonthly thereafter until children could walk alone or reached 24 mo. Failure time models were used 1) to examine associations between specified ages of motor milestone achievement and attained growth z scores and 2) to quantify these relationships as delays or accelerations in ages of milestone achievement. Results: Statistically significant associations were noted between ages of achievement of sitting without support and attained weight‐for‐age, weight‐for‐length and BMI‐for‐age z scores. An increase of one unit z score in these indicators was associated with 3 to 6 d acceleration in the respective achievement age. Statistically significant associations also were noted between various milestone achievement ages and growth when 3‐ or 6‐mo and birth length‐for‐age z scores were entered jointly in the failure time models. In these analyses, one unit z‐score increase in length‐for‐age was associated with 1 to 3 d delay in the respective achievement age. Conclusion: Sporadic, significant associations were observed between gross motor development and some physical growth indicators, but these were quantitatively of limited practical significance. These results suggest that, in healthy populations, the attainment of these six gross motor milestones is largely independent of variations in physical growth.
Unifocalization and repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Authors: Carotti Adriano , Albanese Sonia B. , Di Donato Roberto M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To correlate anatomic and genetic features of paediatric patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries with surgical outcome. Methods: 44 consecutive patients aged 33±40 mo underwent either primary one‐stage unifocalization (n=32) or palliative right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (n=12) followed by secondary unifocalization and repair (n=10) based on preoperative morphometric and functional evaluation of pulmonary blood sources. Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion occurred in 41% of cases. Combined VSD closure during one‐stage procedures was guided by an intraoperative pulmonary flow study. Complete repair was accomplished in 35 cases (83%, 95% CI 72–95%). Variables examined included occurrence of confluent intrapericardial pulmonary arteries, central pulmonary arteries, confluent intraparenchymal pulmonary arteries, dominant collateral or pulmonary arteries, and chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion. The sensitivity and specificity of the pulmonary flow study in predicting postoperative pulmonary haemodynamics were also tested. Results: Eight‐year actuarial survival and freedom from reoperation were 85% and 63%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the pulmonary flow study were 94% and 100%, respectively. None of the anatomical variables examined was significantly related to the outcome of treatment. The only statistically relevant association was detected between survival and occurrence of 22q11.2 microdeletion (p<0.003). Logistic analysis showed an increased likelihood of positive outcome in relation to first‐ (p<0.02) or second‐stage (p<0.04) complete correction. Conclusion: Morphology of pulmonary blood supply has no major impact on surgical outcome. Pulmonary flow study is a highly specific and sensitive intraoperative test. Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion remains the only variable significantly affecting survival.
Hypogonadal Men Nonresponders to the PDE5 Inhibitor Tadalafil Benefit from Normalization of Testosterone Levels with a 1% Hydroalcoholic Testosterone Gel in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (TADTEST Study)
Authors: Buvat Jacques , Montorsi Francesco , Maggi Mario , Porst Hartmut , Kaipia Antti , Colson Marie Helène , Cuzin Beatrice , Moncada Ignacio , Martin-Morales Antonio , Yassin Aksam , Meuleman Eric , Eardley Ian , Dean John Daniel , Shabsigh Ridwan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Addition of testosterone (T) may improve the action of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to PDE5-Is with low or low-normal T levels.

Aims
To confirm this add-on effect of T in men optimally treated with PDE5-Is and to specify the baseline T levels at which such an effect becomes significant.

Methods
A multicenter, multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 173 men, 45–80 years, nonresponders to treatment with different PDE5-Is, with baseline total T levels ≤4 ng/mL or bioavailable T ≤ 1 ng/mL. Men were first treated with tadalafil 10 mg once a day (OAD) for 4 weeks; if not successful, they were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design to receive placebo or a 1% hydroalcoholic T gel (50 mg/5 g gel), to be increased to 10 mg T if results were clinically unsatisfactory.

Main Outcomes Measures
Mean change from baseline in the Erectile Function Domain Score of the International Index of Erectile Function and rate of successful intercourses (Sexual Encounter Profile 3 question).

Results
Erectile function progressively improved over a period of at least 12 weeks in both the placebo and T treatment groups. In the overall population with a mean baseline T level of 3.37 ± 1.48 ng/mL, no additional effect of T administration to men optimally treated with PDE5-Is was encountered. The differences between the T and placebo groups were significant for both criteria only in the men with baseline T ≤3 ng/mL.

Conclusions
The maximal beneficial effects of OAD dosing with 10 mg tadalafil may occur only after as many as 12 weeks. Furthermore, addition of T to this PDE5-I regimen is beneficial, but only in hypogonadal men with baseline T levels ≤3 ng/mL.
The Serotonin Transporter Plays an Important Role in Male Sexual Behavior: A Study in Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rats
Authors: Chan Johnny S.W. , Snoeren Eelke M.S. , Cuppen Edwin , Waldinger Marcel D. , Olivier Berend , Oosting Ronald S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIntroductionSerotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter for sexual behaviors. Heterozygous (+/−) serotonin transporter (SERT) rats and SERT knockout rats (−/−) have serotonergic disturbances with significant elevations of basal extracellular 5-HT levels.AimTo investigate the putative role of the SERT in male sexual behavior.MethodsAfter extensive sexual training, the effects of the 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist ±8-OH-DPAT, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100 635 and a combination of both on sexual behaviors of SERT−/− and SERT+/− knockout and wildtype (SERT+/+) male Wistar rats were examined.Main Outcome MeasuresMale rat sexual behaviors of mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations.ResultsSERT−/− had lower basal ejaculation frequencies than SERT+/− and SERT+/+ animals. ±8-OH-DPAT enhanced sexual performance in all three genotypes to the same extent. WAY100635 dose-dependently inhibited sexual behavior in all three genotypes with significant dose to genotype interactions. WAY100635 exerted the strongest effects in SERT−/− animals. The combination of a dose range of ±8-OH-DPAT and a selected dose of WAY100635 revealed only partial antagonism by ±8-OH-DPAT of the sexual inhibitory effects of WAY100635.ConclusionsAbsence of the serotonin transporter reduces basal ejaculatory performance in male rats. Pharmacological experiments suggest that separate pools of 5-HT1A receptors regulate different aspects of sexual performance in male rats. 5-HT7 receptors may play a minor role in the partial recovery of sexual behavior after combination of ±8-OH-DPAT and WAY100635. The SERT−/− rat may be a model for chronic SSRI treatment, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, and/or low libido.