bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological findings in equine sinonasal disorders
Authors: TREMAINE W. H. , CLARKE C. J. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBiopsies collected from 79 referred cases of equine sinonasal disease, including 27 horses with primary sinusitis, 10 with secondary dental sinusitis, 19 with sinus cysts, 11 with progressive ethmoid haematomata (PEH), 4 with false nostril epidermal inclusion cysts, 4 with sinonasal polyps, 3 with sinonasal mycosis and from 2 control animals were examined histologically. Observations were made on epithelial type and integrity, cellular inflammatory response, fibroplasia and presence of potential pathogens. Chronic inflammatory changes including mucosal thickening, ulceration and significant fibroplasia, were found in the sinus mucosa with most sinus disorders, similar to those found in human chronic sinusitis. Bacteria were variably present on sinusitis mucosae but their aetiological significance was unclear. The presence of apparently irreversible changes including fibroplasia in some of these sinusitis cases may explain their poor or delayed response to treatment. Sinus cysts had histological similarities to human mucocoeles. Progressive ethmoid haematomata showed recent and older haemorrhage, as did sinus cysts (and occasionally some chronic sinusitis sections), but support for a common aetiology between sinus cysts and PEH was absent.
Results of treatment of 145 fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses (1986–1994)
Authors: ZEKAS LISA J. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , EMBERTSON R. M. , HANCE S. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to correlate condylar fracture characteristics and type of treatment with subsequent capacity for athletic ability, and to determine the characteristics of healing that affect prognosis after fracture fixation. Medical records, post operative radiographic studies and race records were examined for 135 horses sustaining 145 fractures. Sixty‐five percent of horses overall started in a race post injury (SPI) in a mean time of 9.7 months with a mean of 13.7 races post injury. Having raced pre‐injury did not confer an advantage to starting post injury, though nonstarters pre‐injury tended to take longer to return. For horses starting pre‐ and post injury, 66% improved or maintained their race class level after injury, whereas 64.2% decreased their race earnings post injury. Eighty‐five percent of the fractures received internal fixation, of which 70% were complete fractures. Eighty‐seven percent of horses with incomplete‐nondisplaced fractures treated conservatively raced post injury. The percent SPI for incomplete‐nondisplaced, complete‐nondisplaced and complete‐displaced fractures treated with internal fixation were 74%, 58%, and 60%, respectively. Males (72%) raced post injury more frequently than fillies (53%), and may represent a truer probability of SPI. Spiral fractures tended to take longer until their first start (mean 13.3 months). Fifty‐two percent of horses with articular fragments were able to race post injury. Horses were more likely to start if 2–4 month radiographic healing revealed no evidence of the fracture except the presence of lag screws. Based on this series of cases, the majority of horses, with proper treatment, were able to return to racing regardless of fracture characteristic. Prognosis appeared to be affected by the severity of the injury to the joint, the presence of articular comminution and the quality of surgical repair.
Ambient temperature and relative humidity influenced packed cell volume, total plasma protein and other variables in horses during an incremental submaximal field exercise test
Authors: HARGREAVES BELINDA J. , KRONFELD D. S. , NAYLOR J. R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThermoregulation may limit exercise performance under hot and humid conditions. This study compared heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (Tr), packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein concentration (TPP) during a submaximal incremental field exercise test under high vs. low ambient temperature and relative humidity. Ten horses were tested 3 times in summer (July) and 3 times in autumn (September). Heart rate was measured continuously, the other variables at rest and immediately after 4 min at 3.5, 4.5 and 7.0 m/s, separated by 3 min rest intervals, and after 5 and 10 min recovery. Data for ail variables were significantly greater during exercise and recovery in the hot vs. cool conditions, respectively: after 4 min at 7.0 m/s, HR was 135 ± 1 and 123 ± 1/min (P<0.0001), Tr was 39.0 ± 0.06 and 38.0 ± 0.05°C (P<0.0001), RR was 99 ± 3 and 50 ± 3/min (P<0.0001), PCV was 48.8 ± 0.06 and 42.1 ± 0.3% (P<0.0001) and TPP was 7.7 ± 0.14 and 7.6 ± 0.12 g/l (P = 0.026). These data reflect the thermal burden during submaximal exercise under hot conditions in the field. The greater relative PCV increase in the heat probably conferred a thermoregulatory advantage and reflected a greater circulating red cell volume increase rather than a decrease of plasma volume. This study illustrates how differences in environmental conditions can affect assessment of exercise responses and how these factors must be considered in monitoring progress during fitness and acclimatisation regimes in the field.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and −9 are activated in joint diseases
Authors: CLEGG P. D. , CARTER S. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA study was performed to identify the activation status of the gelatinase MMPs, MMP‐2 and −9, in both normal and diseased equine articular tissues. In addition, the production and activation status of equine MMP‐2 and −9 by equine articular cells and tissues in response to increasing IL‐1β concentrations was assessed. The study was performed to test the hypothesis that activation of MMPs is a fundamental step in the pathogenesis of joint diseases; and that this activation is mediated by the cytokine IL‐1.Using purified equine MMP‐2 and −9, the molecular weights of the zymogen and activated form of equine MMP‐2 and −9 were identified by a combination of gelatin zymography and a gelatin degradation assay using aminophenylmercuric acetate as a chemical activator of the molecules. Normal equine articular tissues (cartilage and synovial membrane) maintained in short‐term tissue culture produced MMP‐2 zymogen alone, while similar tissues obtained from a variety of pathological conditions produce both zymogen and active MMP‐2, as well as MMP‐9 monomer and dimer. Activated MMP‐9 was an inconsistent finding. Normal equine synovial fibroblasts in monolayer culture produced zymogen MMP‐2 alone under basal conditions. A mild increase in active and zymogen MMP‐2 levels occurred with IL‐1β treatment. Equine synovial membrane explants demonstrated a dose‐dependent increase in active and zymogen MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 levels following IL‐1β treatment. Monolayer chondrocyte cell cultures demonstrated a dose‐dependent mild increase in active and zymogen MMP‐2 following IL‐1β treatment. Explant cartilage cultures demonstrated a dose‐dependent mild increase in zymogen MMP‐2 alone following IL‐1β treatment.This study supports the hypothesis that activation of MMPs is occurring in joint disease, and thatin vitrostimulation of equine articular cells and tissues causes not only an increase in MMP production, but also an increase in amount of activated enzyme released. Further research is required to investigate the role of MMP activation in joint diseases, and to investigate the potential use of therapeutic agents, which inhibit MMP activation, in the treatment and prevention of joint diseases.
Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the ‘ramp retina’
Authors: HARMAN ALISON M. , MOORE S. , HOSKINS R. , KELLER P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHere we provide confirmation that the ‘ramp retina’ of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the ‘ramp retina’. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead.
Age‐related changes to the molecular and cellular components of equine flexor tendons
Authors: BIRCH HELEN L. , BAILEY J. V. B. , BAILEY A. J. , GOODSHIP A. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySpecific tendons show a high incidence of partial central core rupture which is preceded by degeneration. In the performance horse, the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is most often affected. We have described previously the molecular changes that are associated with degeneration in the central core region of the equine SDFT. The pathophysiological mechanism leading to change in synthetic activity of central zone cells in degenerated tendons is not known. In this study, we test the hypothesis that ageing results in matrix composition changes within the central zone of the SDFT. Extracellular matrix composition and cellularity were analysed in equine SDFTs collected from Thoroughbred horses and compared with a flexor tendon which rarely shows degenerative change and subsequent injury (deep digital flexor tendon, DDFT). Data were examined for age‐related changes to central and peripheral zone tissue of the SDFT and DDFT. Ageing in both tendons (SDFT and DDFT) resulted in a significant increase in collagen‐linked fluorescence and a decrease in cellularity in the DDFT but not the SDFT. The central zone tissue from the SDFT had a significantly higher proportion oftype IIIcollagen than the peripheral zone of the tendon. The highest level oftype IIIcollagen was found in the central zone tissue of the SDFT from the older group of horses and this may represent the early stages of a degenerative change. Collagen content did not differ between the 2 flexor tendons; however, there were differences in collagen type and organisation. The SDFT had a highertype IIIcollagen content, higher levels of the mature trifunctional collagen crosslink hydroxylysylpyridinoline, lower total chondroitin sulphate equivalent glycosaminoglycan content, smaller diameter collagen fibrils and a higher cellularity than the DDFT. In conclusion, differences in macromolecular composition exist between the flexor tendons and ageing contributes to a tendon specific change in composition.
Analysis of video‐recorded images to determine linear and angular dimensions in the growing horse
Authors: HUNT W. F. , THOMAS V. G. , STIEFEL W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryStudies of growth and conformation require statistical methods that are not applicable to subjective conformation standards used by breeders and trainers. A new system was developed to provide an objective approach for both science and industry, based on analysis of video images to measure aspects of conformation that were represented by angles or lengths. A studio crush was developed in which video images of horses of different sizes were taken after bone protuberances, located by palpation, were marked with white paper stickers. Screen pixel coordinates of calibration marks, bone markers and points on horse outlines were digitised from captured images and corrected for aspect ratio and ‘fish‐eye’ lens effects. Calculations from the corrected coordinates produced linear dimensions and angular dimensions useful for comparison of horses for conformation and experimental purposes. The precision achieved by the method in determining linear and angular dimensions was examined through systematically determining variance for isolated steps of the procedure. Angles of the front limbs viewed from in front were determined with a standard deviation of 2–5 degrees and effects of viewing angle were detectable statistically. The height of the rump and wither were determined with precision closely related to the limitations encountered in locating a point on a screen, which was greater for markers applied to the skin than for points at the edge of the image. Parameters determined from markers applied to the skin were, however, more variable (because their relation to bone position was affected by movement), but still provided a means by which a number of aspects of size and conformation can be determined objectively for many horses during growth. Sufficient precision was achieved to detect statistically relatively small effects on calculated parameters of camera height position.
Clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in foals with neonatal Equine herpesvirus‐1 infection compared with septic and premature foals
Authors: PERKINS GILLIAN , AINSWORTH DOROTHY M. , ERB H. N. , DEL PIERO F. , MILLER M. , WILKINS PAMELA A. , PALMER J. , FRAZER M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective multicentre study comparing historical, clinical, haematological, acid‐base and biochemical findings of foals with Equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) infection, septicaemia or prematurity was performed to determine if early diagnosis of EHV‐1 foals was possible. Fifty‐three foals were studied and were assigned to one of 2 groups: herpes positive (n = 14) or herpes negative (n = 39). The latter group included 20 septic, 11 premature, and 8 premature and septic foals. The presence of herpes antigen was confirmed by immunoperoxidase histochemical staining of tissues from necropsied foals. A nonparametric statistical analysis followed by a backwards elimination logistic regression was performed to establish a model at a P value of <0.05.All herpes positive foals died, while 47% (9/19) of the septic foals survived. Based upon our analysis, herpes positive foals were more likely to have total white blood cell counts less than 3 times 109/l and to be icteric as compared to the septic and premature foals. Despite profound hepatic necrosis in the herpes positive foals, liver enzymes were not elevated and were not significantly different from the controls.
Radiological study to evaluate suspected scapulohumeral joint dysplasia in Shetland ponies
Authors: BOSWELL JANE C. , SCHRAMME M. C. , WILSON A. M. , MAY S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA radiological study was performed to test the hypothesis that osteoarthritis of the scapulohumeral joint in Shetland ponies is secondary to shoulder dysplasia. Animals were selected into 3 groups:Group 1: Shetland ponies with a radiological and clinical diagnosis of scapulohumeral osteoarthritis (n = 8),*Group 2: Shetland ponies without forelimb lameness (n = 12);Group 3: Horses/ponies without a history or clinical signs of forelimb lameness (n = 22). Anatomical indices were measured from mediolateral radiographs of a scapulohumeral joint from each animal.There was a significant difference in the mean radius of curvature of the glenoid cavity of the scapula (RCG) between the 3 groups (MANOVA test, P = 0.003). The mean RCG of bothGroup 1(P = 0.001) and Group 2 (P = 0.022) was significantly greater than that ofGroup 3.There was no significant effect of group on the radius of curvature of the humeral head or on the Conformity Index. There was a significant effect of group on the Glenoid Ratio (MANOVA test, P = 3 times 10‐6). The mean Glenoid Ratio was significantly lower in bothGroup 1(P = 2 times 106) and inGroup 2(P = 0.006) than inGroup 3.These results indicate that the glenoid cavity of the scapula is ‘flatter’ and ‘shallower’ in Shetland ponies which we postulate to be a primary dysplasia in this breed.
A survey of white line disease in Japanese racehorses
Authors: KUWANO A. , TANAKA K. , KAWABATA M. , OOI Y. , TAKAHASHl T. , YOSHIHARA T. , REILLY J. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA survey was carried out into white line disease in 1781 Thoroughbred racehorses kept in stables at the Japan Racing Association (JRA) Miho Training Center (MTC) September‐October 1996. The survey was conducted while horses were being shod by farriers. The horses that still exhibited damaged white lines after regular trimming were diagnosed as having white line disease. The factors recorded were age, sex, number of diseased horses, number of diseased hooves, number of lesions by region over the bearing border of the hoof and the classified length of such lesions. The percentage of total diseased horses was 11.5% (204 animals), with incidence increasing significantly with age (P<0.01). Occurrence was independent of sex (P>0.05) was more frequent in the fore‐ than in the hindhoof and developed more frequently at the toe than at any other region of the forehoof‐bearing border. Most lesions ranged from 20 to 30 mm in length.
Equine dental disease Part 2: a long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of development and eruption and variations in position of the cheek teeth
Authors: DIXON P. M. , TREMAINE W. H. , PICKLES KIRSTIE , KUHNS LORNA , HAWE CARLYN , McCANN JACQUI , McGORUM B. C. , RAILTON D.I. , BRAMMER STEPHANIE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOf 400 referred horses with dental disorders, 349 cases suffered from primary disorders of their cheek teeth, ninety of these from disorders of development or eruption, or displacements. These included 20 cases with rostral maxillary and caudal mandibular cheek teeth overgrowths, 16 with diastemata, 15 with grossly enlarged mandibular ‘eruption cysts’, 4 with grossly enlarged maxillary cheek teeth ‘eruption cysts’, 10 cases with supernumerary cheek teeth and 23 cases with displaced cheek teeth. These displacements were believed to be developmental in 16 cases and acquired in the remaining 7 cases. Long‐term response to treatments, that included removal of overgrowths and extraction of teeth with deep secondary periodontal disease was excellent for most disorders except diastemata.
External skeletal fixation in the management of equine mandibular fractures: 16 cases (1988–1998)
Authors: BELSITO K. A. , FISCHER A. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFifty‐three cases of equine mandibular fractures were managed surgically from 1988–1998, of which 16 (30%) were repaired by external skeletal fixation (ESF). Three surgical methods were utilised: transmandibular 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into fibreglass casting material or nonsterile dental acrylic (methyl methacrylate ‐ MMA) bars reinforced with steel; transmandibular 9.6 mm self‐tapping threaded pins ± 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel; and 4.5 mm or 5.5 mm ASIF cortical bone screws incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel or a ventral MMA splint. Fourteen horses were presented to the hospital for fixator removal at an average of 56.2 days. At removal, fractures were stable and occlusion of incisor and cheek teeth was considered adequate. Complications of the procedure occurred in 3 horses. Two horses with persistent drainage and ring sequestra from pin tracts required curettage 4 or 5 months after ESF removal. A third horse required replacement of the original fibreglass ESF with MMA bars to regain access to open, infected wounds. Another horse required removal of the second premolar at the time of fixator removal because the tooth root had been damaged in the original injury. ESF for the surgical management of mandibular fractures in horses has produced good results, with incisive and cheek tooth alignment reestablished in all horses. Horses that were managed via ESF had a rapid return to full feed and did not require any supplementation via nasogastric tube or oesophagostomy to maintain bodyweight or hydration status.
Assessment of the rate of solid‐phase gastric emptying in ponies by means of the13C‐octanoic acid breath test: a preliminary study
Authors: WYSE C. A. , MURPHY D. M. , PRESTON T. , MORRISON D. J. , LOVE S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of applying the13C‐octanoic acid breath test for assessment of gastric emptying in ponies by investigating the pattern of13C enrichment in breath following the administration of a test meal ±13C‐octanoic acid. After a 14 h fast, the ponies received either no meal(Test I)or a standardised test meal labelled with 0 mg(Test II), 125 mg(Test III), 250 mg(Test IV)or 500 mg(Test V)13C‐octanoic acid. For each test (I‐V), exhaled breath samples were collected in duplicate at 1 h and immediately before ingestion of the test meal and at frequent intervals thereafter for 12 h. Breath samples were analysed by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Three indices of breath13C‐enrichment were computed; half dose recovery time (t 1/2), gastric emptying coefficient (GEC) and time to peak breath13C‐enrichment t(max). ForTests IandII, the ratio of13CO2:12CO2remained stable for the duration of the sampling period. ForTests III, IVandV, an increase in the ratio of13CO2:12CO2was detected. The test was reproducible within individuals, and intersubject variation was low. Further validation studies of this noninvasive technique are justified.
Molecular Imaging of N-linked Glycosylation Suggests Glycan Biosynthesis Is a Novel Target for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Contessa Joseph N. , Bhojani Mahaveer S. , Freeze Hudson H. , Ross Brian D. , Rehemtulla Alnawaz , Lawrence Theodore S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Redundant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is a mechanism for therapeutic resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition. A strategy to reduce parallel signaling by coexpressed RTKs is inhibition of N-linked glycosylation (NLG), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cotranslational protein modification required for receptor maturation and cell surface expression. We therefore investigated the feasibility of blocking NLG in vivo to reduce overexpression of RTKs.
Experimental Design: We developed a model system to dynamically monitor NLG in vitro and in vivo using bioluminescent imaging techniques. Functional imaging of NLG is accomplished with a luciferase reporter (ER-LucT) modified for endoplasmic reticulum translation and glycosylation. After in vitro validation, this reporter was integrated with D54 glioma xenografts to do noninvasive imaging of tumors, and inhibition of NLG was correlated with RTK protein levels and tumor growth.
Results: The ER-LucT reporter shows the ability to sensitively and specifically detect NLG inhibition. Using this molecular imaging approach we carried out serial imaging studies to determine safe and efficacious in vivo dosing of the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor tunicamycin, which blocks N-glycan precursor biosynthesis. Molecular analyses of tunicamycin-treated tumors showed reduced levels of EGFR and Met, two RTKs overexpressed in gliomas. Furthermore, D54 and U87MG glioma xenograft tumor experiments showed significant reductions in tumor growth following NLG inhibition and radiation therapy, consistent with an enhancement in tumor radiosensitivity.
Conclusions: This study suggests that NLG inhibition is a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting EGFR and RTK signaling in both gliomas and other malignant tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 16(12); 3205–14. ©2010 AACR.