bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoulder laxity and traumatic shoulder instability in professional rugby players
Authors: Sivardeen Ziali , Cheng Shih Chung , Buchanan Donald , Hulse David , Fairbairn K Julia , Kemp Simon Patrick Thomas , Brooks John Huw Meirion , Wallace William Angus 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveThis study aimed to see whether the risk of shoulder dislocation is associated with innate shoulder laxity, in professional rugby players.MethodologyWe performed a pilot study where we validated techniques we used in the study and subsequently gained ethics committee approval. We visited all the premiership rugby clubs in England and assessed 169 professional rugby players with no history of shoulder instability and 46 players with clinical instability symptoms in one shoulder. We assessed shoulder laxity by means of clinical evaluation, questionnaires and ultrasound. Previous studies have shown no difference in shoulder laxity in left and right shoulders in normal individuals. We therefore compared the laxity in the uninjured shoulder of players with a previous history of dislocation, with the shoulders of players with no history of shoulder injury. Data was analysed by unpaired t tests.ResultsThe results showed there was no significant difference between the left and right shoulders in players with no history of instability (p>0.05). Players with a history of instability had a significantly higher shoulder translation in their normal shoulder than uninjured players (p<0.05). Players with an anterior laxity of at least 4 mm had a 50% chance of sustaining a dislocation. There was no correlation between, the age of the player, dominant hand or position played and the incidence of increased laxity.ConclusionsThis is the first study looking at laxity and the risk of shoulder dislocations in sportsmen involved in a high contact sport. These results support the hypothesis that rugby players with ‘lax’ shoulders are more likely to sustain a dislocation or subluxation injury to one of these lax shoulders in their sport. We believe preseason screening and targeted training may play a role in identifying those at risk and may decrease the incidence of dislocations.
Leg length discrepancies in elite track and field athletes with stress fractures
Authors: Kostopoulos Markos , Malliaropoulos Nikolaos , Papalada Agapi 
Published: January 2011

IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to analyse the presence of leg length discrepancies in track and field athletes with stress fractures.Material-MethodsDuring 1990–2007 we studied 88 track and field athletes (43 male 45 female) with lower limp stress fractures.The age of the athletes ranged from 18 to 30 years old. We estimated the anatomic leg length of each athlete and evaluated the connection between the injured leg and the asymmetry in lower limb length.ResultsFrom the total of 88 athletes 72 (82%) had anisomelia, 22 (31%) had R-leg anisomelia and 50 (69%) had L-leg anisomelia. Male were 43(49%) athletes and 45 athletes were female (51%). The 34 male athletes (79%) had anisomelia, 12 (35%) R-leg anisomelia and 22 (65%) L-leg anisomelia. The 84% (38 female athletes) had anisomelia, the 10 (26%) had R-leg anisomelia and the 28 (74%) had L-leg anisomelia.From the 72(82%), anisomelic athletes 23 (32%) had L-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture, 12 (17%) R-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture, 9 athletes (12%) L-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture and 23 (32%) had R-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture.From the 34 anisomelic male athletes (79%), 12 (35%) had L-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture, 8 (24%) R-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture, 3 athletes (9%) L-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture and 8 (29%) had R-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture.From the 38(84%) anisomelic female athletes, 11 (29%) had L-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture, 4 (10%) R-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture, 6 athletes (16%) L-leg anisomelia and (R) stress fracture and 13 (34%) had R-leg anisomelia and (L) stress fracture.Finally, from the 16 isomelic athletes (18%), 7 (43%) had (L) stress fracture and 9 (57%) had (R) stress fracture.From the nine isomelic male athletes (21%), two (22%) had (L) stress fracture and six (78%) had (R) stress fracture.From the 7 isomelic female athletes (16%), 5 (71%) had (L) stress fracture and 2 (29%) had (R) stress fracture.ConclusionsLeg length anisomelia in athletes seems to increase the possibility of stress fractures.Sex%AnisomeliaIsomeliaAthletes8872 (82%)16 (18%)Male43 (49%)34 (79%)9 (21%)Female45 (51%)38 (84%)7 (16%)
The additional effects of swiss ball use during the wall squat exercise on lowerlimb muscle activity
Authors: Hinds E 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the addition of a swiss ball to a wall squat exercise has any effect on the levels of lower limb muscle activity at varying angles of knee flexion.DesignAn observational study with repeated measures design.MethodsMeasures were made of both legs of 14 healthy subjects (3 female, 11 male) mean height, age and weight were 31 years, 175 cm, 73 kg respectively. Each subject performed the wall squat exercise to 60°, 90° and 110° of knee flexion, with and without a swiss ball. Electromyographical (EMG) muscle activity was collected from vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, bicep femoris, internal oblique, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. A pelvis and lower limb motion capture protocol was used to enable the EMG to be referenced to position. The EMG data was rectified and smoothed using a root mean square method. Analysis was made of the EMG data to determine whether the addition of the swiss ball resulted in any significant changes in muscle activity and also to identify whether there was a significant difference in muscle activity between the three angles of knee flexion used during the test.ResultsThe addition of the swiss ball to the wall squat exercise resulted in a significant increase in muscle activity of vastus medialis at 60° and 90° of knee flexion (Z=−4.053 and 3.643 respectively, p<0.002), vastus lateralis at 60°, 90° and 110° of knee flexion (Z=−3.142, −3.142, −3.142 respectively, p=0.002), semitendinosus at 60°, 90° and 110° of knee flexion(Z=−3.388, −3.075, −4.213, p=0.002) and internal oblique at 90°of knee flexion (Z=−3.074, p=0.002).ConclusionThe addition of the swiss ball to the wall squat exercise does increase muscle activity of the some of the lower limb muscles. However, the effects appear to be dependant on the muscles investigated and the angle of knee flexion to which the exercise is performed. The swiss ball cannot be generalised as a means of increasing lower limb muscle activity during the wall squat but the study indicates that it does play a role in increasing the muscle activity of specific muscles.
Foot and ankle injuries during the athens 2004 olympic games
Authors: Takvorian M , Evangelou E , Badekas T 
Published: January 2011

The Athens Olympic Games in 2004 represented a significant sporting and medical challenge. Major, rare and complex incidents can occur at any mass gathering sporting festival and team medical staff should be appropriately prepared for these. During the 2004 Olympic Games, injuries in all sport tournaments (men's and women) were analysed. A total of 624 injuries (520 soft tissue injuries and 99 bony injuries) were reported. The most prevalent diagnoses were contusions, sprains, fractures, dislocations and lacerations. Significantly more injuries in male (68%) versus female athletes (32%) were recorded. The incidence, diagnosis, and causes of injuries differed substantially between the team sports.This study concerns an epidemiologic analysis to determine the incidence rate of foot and ankle injuries as also the treatment options of these lesions in the field and in short term during the time frame of the Games. Also analyse the function modalities of the Foot and Ankle Clinic, the necessity of the establishment of a well organised Foot and Ankle department. and the co operation of the different medical specialities that dealing with foot and Ankle Sport Injuries.
Anti-doping programme and physicians
Authors: Petrou Michael 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 1The role of physicians in supporting athletes dates from the ancient times. Since the 18th century, it can be documented the role of physicians in the ‘doping’ of athletes with banned drugs. Today, even though governments, sport authorities and organised medicine abandon doping, a significant minority of physicians seem to continue playing a role in the doping of athletes. Several studies have shown that physicians are consulted by athletes and officials for advice on doping and the majority indicated not willing to prescribe doping substances without medical indication. Recent studies showed that the knowledge of the majority of physicians about doping agents and doping in general remains poor. Under the World Anti-Doping Program, the revised definition of doping includes physicians in the group of persons who can fulfil the elements of a doping offence. The Prohibited List clearly specifies the substances and methods prohibited in-, and out-of-competition while the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemption indicates the criteria for athletes who need, for therapeutic purposes, to use prohibited substances or methods. Through their unique relation with the athletes, physicians have an important role in discouraging doping in sport. For physicians, as with athletes, it is important to closely follow the changes on anti-doping regulations.
Achilles tendon pathology, present and future
Authors: Maffulli N 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 18IntroductionThe recent progress in molecular biology, could make possible to identify the factors which influence the metabolism of the tenocytes and promote their natural healing process. The role of growth factors in the healing of tendons, for example, is still unclear, although basic fibroblast growth factor can stimulate healing by promoting cell proliferation and synthesis of the matrix. Gene transfer for the targeted delivery of growth factors has been used successfully in animal studies. Excessive repetitive overload of tendons is regarded as the main pathological stimulus which leads to tendinopathy. The aetiology of this pathologic condition remains unclear. Tendinopathies have been linked to overuse, poor vascularity, lack of flexibility, genetic make-up, gender, endocrine or metabolic factors. Excessive loading of the tendon during vigorous physical training is regarded as the main pathological stimulus. The tendon may respond to repetitive overload beyond physiological threshold by either inflammation of its sheath or degeneration of its body, or by a combination of both. Damage to the tendon can occur even if it is stressed within its physiological limits since frequent cumulative microtrauma may not leave enough time for repair. Microtrauma can result from non-uniform stress within tendons producing abnormal concentrations of load within the tendon, frictional forces between the fibrils, and localised damage to fibres. Tendinopathy has been attributed to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Vascularity, dysfunction of the gastrocnemius-soleus, age, gender, bodyweight and height, are considered to be common intrinsic factors. Changes in training pattern, poor technique, previous injuries are common extrinsic factors which may predispose the athlete to tendinopathy. The aetiology of pain in tendinopathies is still unclear. Management of tendinopathy can be conservative or surgical, but this is recommended after exhausting periods of conservative management, often lasting for at least 6 months. Conservative management is unsuccessful in 24–45.5% of patients with tendinopathy of Achilles tendon. Failure of conservative management after 6 months is an indication for surgery. Surgery may range from percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy to various open procedures. Long-standing tendinopathy, however is associated with poor results after operation, with a greater rate of reoperation before an acceptable outcome is obtained.
Carbohydrate requirements of elite athletes
Authors: Hassapidou Maria 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 23It is well documented that exercise performance is greatly influenced by nutrition. The key factor in coping with the heavy demands of exercise faced by elite athletes seems to be carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate recommendations range from 6–10 g/kg of bodyweight depending on gender and physical fitness level of the individual, total training load, energy expenditure, type of physical activity and environment.Although carbohydrate rich diets were recommended in the past, specific recommendations in percentages should be used with caution. For example, in a 5000 kcal diet, a 50% of energy in carbohydrates will provide 7–8 g/kg of bodyweight for a 70 kg athlete. On the contrary, a 60% in carbohydrates diet will provide only 4–5 g/kg of bodyweight for a 60 kg athlete.The proportional increase in carbohydrate requirement increases accordingly the proportional need in number of servings for carbohydrate-based food groups. Thus, many athletes should exceed the upper range of servings for these food groups, that is: (A) bread-cereals-legumes: more than 10 servings/day, (B) vegetables: more than 5 servings/day, (C) fruits: more than 4 servings/day, (D) milk-alternatives: more than 3 servings/day. Athletes with lower energy needs of small body shape are advised to select nutrient-dense foods in order to obtain adequate carbohydrates.Athletes seem to benefit from 200 to 300 g of carbohydrates consumed 3–4 h before the athletic event. Pregame meal targets to prepare the athlete for the upcoming event, providing him with carbohydrates, electrolytes and water. Carbohydrates are essential to maintain blood glucose levels and maximise glycogen stores. There is a dispute whether glycaemic index of carbohydrates influences performance.During exercise athletes should consume 30–60 g carbohydrates per hour (or 0.7 g/kg of body weight) in order to maintain blood glucose levels. This is of extreme importance when the event lasts more than an hour and it takes place in extreme environmental conditions (cold, heat or high altitude).After exercise athletes should consume 1.0–1.5 g/kg of bodyweight during the first half hour and again every 2 h for 4–6 h in order to replace liver and muscle glycogen stores.Carbohydrate intake can enhance training capacity and may consist the trigger point for winning an event and achieving the best possible performance.
Addressing biochemical deficiencies in athletes for performance enhancement
Authors: Pettersen S 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 24IntroductionIn order for an athlete to achieve the highest level of performance, every cell of their organism must be functioning efficiently. Nutrient deficiencies limit metabolic function of their respective biochemical pathways and possibly any subsequent reactions. Optimal biochemical regulation will determine performance whether an athlete is attempting to set a record or heal from an injury. Because every athlete has unique biochemistry, diet analysis cannot predict nutrient status even among athletes of the same sport. Every sport has different nutrient requirements and every athlete in that sport will have distinctive needs based on age, medical history, nutrient absorption, metabolism, genetic predisposition and medications. Even high-performing athletes who appear healthy can have deficiencies that make them prone to injury or poor recovery.MethodsLaboratory testing reveals the health status of an athlete without bias or judgement allowing for accurate supplementation. Urine and blood analysis are performed to determine direct and indirect measures of specific nutrients. Genetic testing can be performed from the DNA through blood or saliva.ConclusionIdentifying and correcting biochemical imbalances is the fastest way to balance the athlete and allows them to reach their maximal genetic potential.
Development of sports and exercise medicine in Ireland and future challenges
Authors: Carolan Philip E 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 25The Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine was set up in September 2001 and is a joint Faculty of the Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.The Medical Council gave the Speciality, Specialist recognition in May 2004 and to date there are 25 doctors on the Register of Medical Specialists in the Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine. The Faculty has developed a curriculum for Higher Specialist Training; this is a 4-year training programme which includes a number of core specialities that trainees must complete (ie, A&E, Cardiology/Resp Medicine, etc). All trainees will have completed a BST programme and should have completed some Postgraduate course such as an MSc in Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM). Our curriculum is very similar to FSEM (UK) HST training programme and both Faculties have collaborated over the curriculum development. Unfortunately we have not secured funding for a programme and trainees need to apply prospectively to the Faculty to outline there training programme rotations for accreditation. This has become more difficult for trainees with changes to the Irish Medical Council Register where trainees need to be in approved training numbered posts. We continue to work with the Medical Council, Health Service Executive and the Forum of Postgraduate Training Bodies. Part 11 of the Medical Practitioner Act 2007 was commenced in May 2010, bringing Competence Assurance into law, this will drive the need for a training programme and developing CPD programmes. Going forward, further development of Postgraduate programmes in SEM for doctors with a special interest in SEM is very important at either MSc or Diploma Level. The Faculty continue to work on developing continuous education programmes with a new Diploma course in conjunction with the Irish College of General Practice. E-learning programme development in conjunction with the NUI colleges should be explored. For development of the Speciality, UEMS recognition is a must with an agreed Specialist Training programme curriculum that can be delivered throughout Europe. I believe that both Faculties from Ireland and UK can collaborate on having a greater input on such developments.
Medicine for football: football for health
Authors: D'Hooghe M 
Published: January 2011

Lecture 7Football has developed enormously over the last 25 years but there is no doubt that over the same period the world around football has developed even further.The medical world around football has been no exception to this.In the first part of the conference I will explain how the Medical Commission of FIFA and UEFA try to answer the challenge: medicine for football.It started with the four classical themes of sports medicine: traumatology, physiology, psychology and pharmacology. We should add that important aspects of nutrition, hydration and hygiene have been gradually joining this leading quartet.Quite rightly too, another major focus has been the prevention of injuries. Over the last years, especially due to the many cases of sudden death, the importance of emergency medicine was largely emphasised.Even more specific fields have also joined the list: for example, youth football, women's football, medical care in relation to refereeing, specific traumatology of the goalkeeper.The globalisation of football has created new problems in the medical sector:▶What are the criteria for adaptation to jetlag?▶What medical preparation and care is needed for a team playing matches and tournaments at high altitude?▶What measures should be taken for matches played in extremely hot conditions with an obvious risk of serious dehydration?We must also highlight the problem of the fight against doping in football. We test the presence of amphetamines, narcotics and anabolic steroids, diuretics, and peptide hormones, particularly erythropoietin and growth hormone. We are confronted with excessive use of β2-agonists and corticosteroids.Looking into the future we can already detect the advent of genetic doping whereby athletes will be genetically prepared to improve artificially all former sport performances.Our philosophy is there are three important reasons for refusing any form of doping:▶The use of doping is opposed to the ethics of sport. In a world of sports where ethical arguments are defeated every day by commercial considerations the medical world should stand firm as the first guardian of ethics.▶Doping is prejudicial to the integrity of our competitions. We must not collaborate in the organisation of football games where artificial medications take the place of natural values such as talent, training, skill, character and endurance.▶Above all we must respect the health of the athletes.We will discuss the importance of football for health: studies have proven that weekly practice of football is superior to many other exercises in the care for health. The importance of physical exercise, particularly by football, will be underlined as an important preventive factor in the health of people of all ages.
Hybrid Algorithm for Finding Common Elements of the Set of Generalized Equilibrium Problems and the Set of Fixed Point Problems of Strictly Pseudocontractive Mapping
Authors: Kangtunyakarn Atid 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to prove the strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of fixed point problems of strictly pseudocontractive mapping in Hilbert spaces and two sets of generalized equilibrium problems by using the hybrid method.
Convergence Analysis for a System of Generalized Equilibrium Problems and a Countable Family of Strict Pseudocontractions
Authors: Cholamjiak Prasit , Suantai Suthep 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe introduce a new iterative algorithm for a system of generalized equilibrium problems and a countable family of strict pseudocontractions in Hilbert spaces. We then prove that the sequence generated by the proposed algorithm converges strongly to a common element in the solutions set of a system of generalized equilibrium problems and the common fixed points set of an infinitely countable family of strict pseudocontractions.
New Strategies in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer: Many Combinations of Targeted Drugs Available
Authors: Abramson Vandana , Arteaga Carlos L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe anti-HER2 drugs trastuzumab and lapatinib are increasingly changing the natural history of early and metastatic HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Many other agents targeted against the HER2 signaling network are in clinical development, and these are or will soon be combined with the currently approved anti-HER2 therapies. We review herein recent data in support of the early use of combinations of agents targeted to the HER2 network as the most rational approach against this subtype of breast cancer. We propose that the optimal combination or combinations of anti-HER2 agents delivered early in the natural history of HER2+ breast cancer should close to eliminate acquired drug resistance, shorten the duration of therapy, and potentially dispense with the need of concurrent chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(5); 952–8. ©2011 AACR.