bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylated CXCR4 is associated with poor survival in adults with B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Konoplev Sergej , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. , Thomas Deborah A. , Lin E , Burger Jan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Andreeff Michael , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Konopleva Marina 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is activated by phosphorylation (pCXCR4) and is essential for the migration of hematopoietic precursors to bone marrow. CXCR4 overexpression predicts a poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Data regarding the prognostic impact of CXCR4 in patients with B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) are sparse and limited to the pediatric population.METHODS:The authors analyzed CXCR4 and pCXCR4 expression in 54 adults with newly diagnosed B‐ALL. CXCR4 was assessed by flow cytometry (FC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an anti‐CXCR4 antibody. pCXCR4 expression was assessed using an anti‐pCXCR4 antibody.RESULTS:The study group included 30 men and 24 women with a median age of 42 years (range, 17‐84 years). Philadelphia chromosome was present in 19 patients. The median follow‐up was 16 months (range, 17‐84 months). Forty‐nine patients had a complete response, and 12 patients relapsed with a median relapse free survival >120 weeks. Fifteen patients (28%) died with a median survival >125 weeks. CXCR4 detected by FC and IHC was highly correlated (P < .001). CXCR4 was not associated with clinical or laboratory findings or survival. In contrast, pCXCR4 was associated with higher leukocyte count (P = .006) and serum bilirubin level (P = .03). In multivariate analysis, pCXCR4 expression (P = .027), high serum creatinine level (P < .01), presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (P = .017), and late clinical response (P < .001) were associated with worse overall survival.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that detection of the activated form of CXCR4, pCXCR4, provides independent prognostic information in adult patients with B‐ALL. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Localization of Cadm2a and Cadm3 proteins during development of the zebrafish nervous system
Authors: Hunter Paul R. , Nikolaou Nikolas , Odermatt Benjamin , Williams Philip R. , Drescher Uwe , Meyer Martin P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMembers of the Cadm/SynCAM/Necl/IGSF/TSLC family of cell adhesion molecules are known to have diverse functions during development of the nervous system, but information regarding their role during central nervous system (CNS) development in vivo is scarce. The rapid development of a relatively simple nervous system in larval zebrafish makes them a highly tractable model organism for studying gene function during nervous system development. An essential prerequisite for functional studies is a description of protein localization. To address this we have generated subtype‐specific antibodies to two members of the zebrafish cell adhesion molecule family: cadm2a and cadm3. Using these novel antibodies we show that cadm3 and cadm2a are expressed throughout the nervous system of larval stage zebrafish. Particularly striking, and largely nonoverlapping expression of cadm2a and cadm3 is observed in the developing retina and spinal cord. Using in vitro binding assays we show that cadm2a and cadm3 bind heterophilically and preferentially to cadm1 and cadm4, respectively. These binding preferences are very similar to those seen for tetrapod Cadms but our study of protein localization suggests novel and diverse functions of cadms during nervous system development. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2252–2270, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paternal experience suppresses adult neurogenesis without altering hippocampal function in Peromyscus californicus
Authors: Glasper Erica R. , Kozorovitskiy Yevgenia , Pavlic Ashley , Gould Elizabeth 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPaternal care is rare among mammals, occurring in ≈6% of species. California mice (Peromyscus californicus) are unusual; fathers participate extensively in raising their young and display the same components of parental care as mothers, with the exception of nursing. Parenting is a complex experience, having stressful and enriching aspects. The hippocampus is sensitive to experience and responds to both stress and environmental enrichment with changes in structure and function. In rats, where females care exclusively for offspring, parenting is associated with suppressed hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Since this effect has been causally linked to lactation, it is unlikely that fathers would show a similar change. To investigate this issue, we examined adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus of California mouse fathers compared to males without pups and observed reduced adult neurogenesis. Similar effects were found in California mouse mothers. Next, we investigated whether behaviors linked to the hippocampus, namely, object recognition and novelty‐suppressed feeding, were altered in fathers, and observed no substantial changes. During caregiving, suppressed adult neurogenesis does not appear to be related to changes in behaviors associated with the hippocampus, although it is possible that there are other effects on hippocampal function. function. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2271–2281, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal distribution of tenascin‐R in the developing human cerebral cortex parallels neuronal migration
Authors: El Ayachi Ikbale , Fernandez Carla , Baeza Nathalie , De Paula André Maues , Pesheva Penka , Figarella‐Branger Dominique 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTenascin‐R is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is restricted to the central nervous system, where it acts as a multifunctional and versatile molecule. We report spatial and temporal distribution of tenascin‐R in the developing human cerebral cortex for the first time. At 7.5 gestational weeks (GW), tenascin‐R was expressed in a restricted area of the basal telencephalon. At 9.5 and 11 GW, it showed a unique double band expression pattern that delineated the boundaries of the future cortical plate. From 14 to 30 GW, tenascin‐R labeling extended to the whole cortex from the deep layers toward the marginal zone with an inside‐to‐outside progression pattern reminiscent of neuronal migration. Moreover, tenascin‐R labeling initially appeared in the form of thin, straight, or slightly tortuous intercellular processes directed toward the surface in parallel with the axis of neuronal migration. At the end of pregnancy and at adulthood, diffuse and homogeneous immunolabeling of the whole cortex thickness was observed. The striatum and thalamus were faintly positive for TNR as early as 14 GW, and this positivity intensified with brain maturation. At all developmental stages, the germinative zone, the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, and the internal capsule appeared clearly negative for tenascin‐R immunostaining whereas the adjacent parenchyma was immunopositive. Our results show that tenascin‐R expression is tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during brain development, especially cortical plate formation. Its pattern of expression suggests a role for tenascin‐R in corticogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2379–2389, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Close correlation between the birth date of purkinje cells and the longitudinal compartmentalization of the mouse adult cerebellum
Authors: Namba Kazunori , Sugihara Izumi , Hashimoto Mitsuhiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe adult cerebellum is organized into longitudinal compartments that are revealed by specific axonal projections (olivocerebellar and corticonuclear projections). These compartments in the adult cerebellum are closely correlated with the striped expression of zebrin II (aldolase C), a late‐onset marker of Purkinje cells. Similarly, the embryonic cerebellum is organized into longitudinal compartments that are revealed by striped expression of other genes (early‐onset markers). The cerebellar compartments are thought to be the basic and functional subdivisions of the cerebellum. However, the relationship between the embryonic (early‐onset) and the adult (late‐onset) compartments has remained unknown, because the pattern of the embryonic compartments is distinct from that of the adult compartments. To examine this issue, we labeled Purkinje cells (PCs) born at embryonic day (E) 10.5, E11.5, and E12.5 by using an adenoviral vector and traced their fated positions in the adult cerebellum. By comparing the striped distribution of each cohort of birth date‐related PCs with the striped pattern of zebrin II immunoreactivity (zebrin II bands) in the entire adult cerebellum, we found that the striped distribution of PCs correlated strikingly with zebrin II bands. Generally, a single early‐onset compartment was transformed directly into a single late‐onset compartment. Therefore, our observation also indicated the close correlation between the compartments formed by birth date‐related PCs and olivocerebellar projections. Furthermore, we found that the cerebellum was composed of three units showing lateral‐to‐medial developmental gradients, as revealed by the birth dates of PCs. The results suggest that PC birth dates play an important role in organizing cerebellar compartmentalization. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2594–2614, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas Exchange Consequences of Left Heart Failure
Authors: Robertson H. Thomas 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

This review explores the pathophysiology of gas exchange abnormalities arising consequent to either acute or chronic elevation of pulmonary venous pressures. The initial experimental studies of acute pulmonary edema outlined the sequence of events from lymphatic congestion with edema fluid to frank alveolar flooding and its resultant hypoxemia. Clinical studies of acute heart failure (HF) suggested that hypoxemia was associated only with the final stage of alveolar flooding. However, in patients with chronic heart failure and normal oxygenation, hypoxemia could be produced by the administration of potent pulmonary vasodilators, suggesting that hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is an important reflex for these patients. Patients with chronic left HF commonly manifest a reduced diffusing capacity, an abnormality that appears to be a consequence of chronic elevation of left atrial pressure. That reduction in diffusing capacity does not appear to be primarily attributable to increases in lung water but is improved by any sustained treatment that improves overall cardiac function. Patients with heart failure may also manifest an abnormally elevated

during exercise, and that exercise ventilation abnormality arises as a consequence of both alveolar hyperventilation and elevated physiologic dead space. That elevated exercise

in an HF patient has proven to be a powerful predictor of an adverse outcome and hence it has received sustained attention in the HF literature. At least three of the classes of drugs used to treat HF will normalize the exercise

, suggesting that the excessive ventilation response may be linked to elevated sympathetic activity. © 2011 American Physiological Society.
Compr Physiol
1:621‐634, 2011.
Inert Gas Transport in Blood and Tissues
Authors: Baker A. Barry , Farmery Andrew D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article establishes the basic mathematical models and the principles and assumptions used for inert gas transfer within body tissues—first, for a single compartment model and then for a multicompartment model. From these, and other more complex mathematical models, the transport of inert gases between lungs, blood, and other tissues is derived and compared to known experimental studies in both animals and humans. Some aspects of airway and lung transfer are particularly important to the uptake and elimination of inert gases, and these aspects of gas transport in tissues are briefly described. The most frequently used inert gases are those that are administered in anesthesia, and the specific issues relating to the uptake, transport, and elimination of these gases and vapors are dealt with in some detail showing how their transfer depends on various physical and chemical attributes, particularly their solubilities in blood and different tissues. Absorption characteristics of inert gases from within gas cavities or tissue bubbles are described, and the effects other inhaled gas mixtures have on the composition of these gas cavities are discussed. Very brief consideration is given to the effects of hyper‐ and hypobaric conditions on inert gas transport. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:569‐592, 2011.
Mechanotransduction
Authors: Tschumperlin Daniel J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPhysical forces are central players in development and morphogenesis, provide an ever‐present backdrop influencing physiological functions, and contribute to a variety of pathologies. Mechanotransduction encompasses the rich variety of ways in which cells and tissues convert cues from their physical environment into biochemical signals. These cues include tensile, compressive and shear stresses, and the stiffness or elastic modulus of the tissues in which cells reside. This article focuses on the proximal events that lead directly from a change in physical state to a change in cell‐signaling state. A large body of evidence demonstrates a prominent role for the extracellular matrix, the intracellular cytoskeleton, and the cell matrix adhesions that link these networks in transduction of the mechanical environment. Recent work emphasizes the important role of physical unfolding or conformational changes in proteins induced by mechanical loading, with examples identified both within the focal adhesion complex at the cell‐matrix interface and in extracellular matrix proteins themselves. Beyond these adhesion and matrix‐based mechanisms, classical and new mechanisms of mechanotransduction reside in stretch‐activated ion channels, the coupling of physical forces to interstitial autocrine and paracrine signaling, force‐induced activation of extracellular proteins, and physical effects directly transmitted to the cell's nucleus. Rapid progress is leading to detailed delineation of molecular mechanisms by which the physical environment shapes cellular signaling events, opening up avenues for exploring how mechanotransduction pathways are integrated into physiological and pathophysiological cellular and tissue processes. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1057‐1073, 2011.
Complexity and Emergent Phenomena
Authors: Suki Béla , Bates Jason H.T. , Frey Urs 
Published: April 2011

AbstractComplex biological systems operate under non‐equilibrium conditions and exhibit emergent properties associated with correlated spatial and temporal structures. These properties may be individually unpredictable, but tend to be governed by power‐law probability distributions and/or correlation. This article reviews the concepts that are invoked in the treatment of complex systems through a wide range of respiratory‐related examples. Following a brief historical overview, some of the tools to characterize structural variabilities and temporal fluctuations associated with complex systems are introduced. By invoking the concept of percolation, the notion of multiscale behavior and related modeling issues are discussed. Spatial complexity is then examined in the airway and parenchymal structures with implications for gas exchange followed by a short glimpse of complexity at the cellular and subcellular network levels. Variability and complexity in the time domain are then reviewed in relation to temporal fluctuations in airway function. Next, an attempt is given to link spatial and temporal complexities through examples of airway opening and lung tissue viscoelasticity. Specific examples of possible and more direct clinical implications are also offered through examples of optimal future treatment of fibrosis, exacerbation risk prediction in asthma, and a novel method in mechanical ventilation. Finally, the potential role of the science of complexity in the future of physiology, biology, and medicine is discussed. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:995‐1029, 2011.
Mechanics of the Nucleus
Authors: Lammerding Jan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe nucleus is the distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Until recently, it was often considered simply as a unique compartment containing the genetic information of the cell and associated machinery, without much attention to its structure and mechanical properties. This article provides compelling examples that illustrate how specific nuclear structures are associated with important cellular functions, and how defects in nuclear mechanics can cause a multitude of human diseases. During differentiation, embryonic stem cells modify their nuclear envelope composition and chromatin structure, resulting in stiffer nuclei that reflect decreased transcriptional plasticity. In contrast, neutrophils have evolved characteristic lobulated nuclei that increase their physical plasticity, enabling passage through narrow tissue spaces in their response to inflammation. Research on diverse cell types further demonstrates how induced nuclear deformations during cellular compression or stretch can modulate cellular function. Pathological examples of disturbed nuclear mechanics include the many diseases caused by mutations in the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A/C and associated proteins, as well as cancer cells that are often characterized by abnormal nuclear morphology. In this article, we will focus on determining the functional relationship between nuclear mechanics and cellular (dys‐)function, describing the molecular changes associated with physiological and pathological examples, the resulting defects in nuclear mechanics, and the effects on cellular function. New insights into the close relationship between nuclear mechanics and cellular organization and function will yield a better understanding of normal biology and will offer new clues into therapeutic approaches to the various diseases associated with defective nuclear mechanics. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:783‐807, 2011.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and GLUT4 Expression by Exercise
Authors: Holloszy John O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEndurance exercise training can induce large increases mitochondria and the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. For a long time after the discovery in the 1960s that exercise results in an increase in muscle mitochondria, there was no progress in elucidation of the mechanisms involved. The reason for this lack of progress was that nothing was known regarding how expression of the genes‐encoding mitochondrial proteins is coordinately regulated. This situation changed rapidly after discovery of transcription factors that control transcription of genes‐encoding mitochondrial proteins and, most importantly, the discovery of peroxisome proliferator‐gamma coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α). This transcription coactivator binds to and activates transcription factors that regulate transcription of genes‐encoding mitochondrial proteins. Thus, PGC‐1α activates and coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. It is now known that exercise rapidly activates and induces increased expression of PGC‐1α. The exercise‐generated signals that lead to PGC‐1α activation and increased expression are the increases in cytosolic Ca2+and decreases in ATP and creatine phosphate (∼P). Ca2+mediates its effect by activating CAMKII, while the decrease in ∼P mediates its effect via activation of AMPK. Expression of the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter is regulated in parallel with mitochondrial biogenesis via the same signaling pathways. This review describes what is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. A major component of this review deals with the physiological and metabolic consequences of the exercise‐induced increase in mitochondria and GLUT4. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:921‐940, 2011.
Molecular Physiology of the Medullary Collecting Duct
Authors: Fenton Robert A. , Praetorius Jeppe 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe mammalian kidney is responsible for a multitude of homeostatic functions, which are mediated by both structural and functional diversity along the renal tubule. In this article, we focus on the major functions of the terminal portion of the renal tubule, the medullary collecting duct system. The role of the medullary collecting ducts in determining the composition of the final urine through controlled water, sodium, chloride, potassium and urea reabsorption, ammonia transport, and acid‐base homeostasis is discussed. The molecular identity of the major channels and transporters that contribute to medullary collecting duct function are described in detail, including; aquaporins, urea transporters, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the Na,K‐ATPase, H‐ATPase, Rh glycoproteins, and sodium bicarbonate transporters. Knowledge gained from studies in knockout mice is also discussed. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1031‐1056, 2011.
Floating zone growth of eutectic Srn+1RunO3n+1 crystals
Authors: Fittipaldi R. , Granata V. , Vecchione A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA novel route to engineer Sr2RuO4/Sr3Ru2O7 and Sr3Ru2O7/Sr4Ru3O10 natural junctions has been successfully pursued by eutectic solidification in a double‐mirror optical floating zone furnace in the flux feeding floating zone configuration with Ru self‐flux. The synthesis procedure of the polycrystalline rod is found to be a critical factor for the crystal growth. Both eutectic systems grow in the [100] direction and cleave in the a –b plane as the single phase crystals. Extensive XRD and SEM studies show that the nature of the eutectic solidification enables the displacement of the two phases in an ordered lamellar pattern piling up along the crystallographic c‐axis. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvothermal synthesis of ZnS[C2H4(NH2)2]0.5 nanosheets
Authors: Mosca R. , Ferro P. , Calestani D. , Nasi L. , Besagni T. , Licci F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractZnS(en)0.5 complex (en=ethylenediamine) can be synthesized by solvothermal route as thin sheet‐like crystals using en as the single solvent. We studied the influence of the main synthesis parameters (i.e. temperature, pressure, time, reactant type and concentration) on the compound crystallization kinetics to achieve control on shape and dimensions of the ZnS(en)0.5 nanoplatelets. We achieved a significant reduction of the platelet dimensions, while maintaining acceptable yield, by using a single piece of metal zinc as the Zn2+ source. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pulse current generator for driving tubular field emission lamp based on DCM flyback converter
Authors: Lin Chang‐Hua , Wang Chien‐Ming , Hung Min‐Hsuan , Lu Ying 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a pulse current generator operated in discontinuous conduction mode for driving a tubular field emission lamp (TFEL). The proposed system based on flyback topology can provide pulse power driving to eliminate the temperature rise and arcing phenomenon caused by the traditional constant voltage driving. Therefore, both the lighting efficiency and lamp lifespan are improved. In this paper, an equivalent model of the TFEL is constructed to exhibit its capacitive characteristics. Moreover, the circuit configuration and each operation mode in a switching cycle are also described. And then a complete design considerations and mathematical model are discussed in detail. All the experimental results agree with the computer simulations to verify the theoretical predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.