bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Waterlogging and Organic Matter on the Loss of Applied Sulfur
Authors: Jones M. B. , Williams W. A. , Martin W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGypsum and elemental S (56 kg/ha) were applied to lysimeters before the first fall rains. Waterlogging and barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.) (11,200 kg/ha) were additional variables imposed in all possible combinations. Nitrogen was applied uniformly to all tanks, and cereal and grass were grown during two seasons. In the first year after application of gypsum, 45 and 41 kg/ha S were recovered in the leachate from freely drained soil with and without straw, respectively. The free draining tanks treated with elemental S gave values of 10 and 7 kg/ha S recovered in the leachate for the straw and no straw treatments. Waterlogging decreased leaching loss of sulfur by an average of 40%. Oats (Avena sativa L.) planted when waterlogging was discontinued took up more S in the absence of straw and also more S was leached than on the freely drained treatment. However, no significant increase in uptake occurred in the succeeding grass crop as a result of the sulfur conserved by the waterlogging. It is concluded that where waterlogging occurs during the winter months in annual‐type range soils, SO4‐S leached from either applied or natural sources of sulfur is likely to be decreased, but also that sulfur conservation by this means is unlikely to aid the production of grasslands in California.
A Statistical Comparison of pH Values of some English Soils after Measurement in both Water and 0.01M Calcium Chloride
Authors: Davies Brian E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublished pH values of British soils, determined both by equilibration with water and 0.01M CaCl2 solution have been analyzed by statistical techniques. Values from the two determinations are linearly related with a highly significant positive correlation. A pH of 6.5 is conveniently regarded as neutrality when soil reaction is determined with CaCl2 solution.
Reaction of Copper Tetrammine With Bentonite Clay
Authors: El‐Sayed M. H. , Burau R. G. , Babcock K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCopper (II) tetrammine was accumulated by bentonite in amounts greatly exceeding its cation exchange capacity. Analyses of sorption isotherms disclosed that at least two distinct reactions were involved. The first was completed at low equilibrium concentration and appeared to be insensitive to temperature changes. The second was an endothermic process that simulated compound formation. Exchangeable Cu(NH3)42+ on the clay was evaluated by isotopic dilution and its exchange reaction with calcium was investigated. It is doubtful that Cu(NH3)42+ can be used directly to assess copper exchange capacity of clays.
Efficiency of Different Nitrogen Forms As Tested By Barley Seedlings
Authors: Balba A. Monem , Shabanah M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study using modified Neubauer technique was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the soil organic N and the soil‐fixed NH4+ to supply barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) with N in the absence and presence of nitrate increments.The results showed that in the absence of NO3‐ increments, the seedlings absorbed the mineralized soil organic N at the rate of 0.065 mg N/mg soil organic N and the soil‐fixed N at the rate of 0.27 mg N/mg fixed N. The efficiency of the soil‐fixed NH4+ was 4.18 times that of the soil organic N.The absorption of the fixed N and the mineralized organic N increased with increments of NO3‐, at the rate of 1.20 mg of fixed N and 0.88 mg of soil N/mg N added as NO3‐. An equation representing the uptake of N from the three sources was established and their contribution to the plant content of N was calculated.
Chemical Characteristics of the Coppice Dune Soils in Paradise Valley, Nevada
Authors: Stuart D. M. , Schuman G. E. , Dylla A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe coppice dune and associated barren playa soils of Paradise Valley, Nevada contain large amounts of soluble salts, exchangeable sodium, and boron. The concentrations of salts and sodium are variable. Sodium and Cl appear to be the principal soluble ions. The pH at the surface is high (usually 9+). Exchangeable sodium percentage is high at the surface (30% +) and decreases with depth. Boron, while highly variable, is high enough at several locations to limit the growth of even tolerant species. Silica in the saturated extracts increases as the soil pH increases. Because of the salts, high pH, exchangeable sodium, and toxic concentrations of boron, even partial reclamation of these soils would prove difficult without an adequate supply of water, large amounts of amendments, and considerable expense.
Similarities of Two Major Haplaquepts Mapped Along Tributaries of the Ohio River in Northwestern Kentucky
Authors: Bailey H. H. , Barnhisel R. I. , Rice H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils identified as belonging to the Alligator and Sharkey series are of wide distribution and importance on portions of the Lower Ohio River Valley Flood Plain. Previous morphological and chemical studies indicated a close similarity of these soils. Further studies of physical properties, including particle size distribution, aggregate stability, bulk density, plastic limits, pore space, available moisture, percolation rates, along with sand, silt, and clay mineralogy, indicate that in most characteristics there are greater ranges between profiles within a series than between series. These data strongly support the hypothesis that these soils should be included in the same classification and mapping category in the Lower Ohio River Valley; namely, Vertic Haplaquepts: fine montmorillonitic, nonacid, mesic. The suggested classification is in the Karnak series.
Remote Soil‐Water Sampling Technique
Authors: Wengel R. W. , Griffin G. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommercial soil‐water samplers have been modified by using small diameter nylon tubing and toggle valves to achieve remote sampling. Particular benefits of this technique are: (i) elimination of traffic at the sampler site, thus preventing excessive soil compaction and plant damage at the site which could alter the experimental results; (ii) facilitation of multiple sampling and/or frequent sampling; and (iii) reduction of inter‐sample contamination caused by residual solution in long lines. Field equipment is shown and discussed.
Effects of Chromium on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Soybeans
Authors: Turner M. A. , Rust R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChromium additions [0–5 ppm Cr(VI)] to soybeans, Glycine max (L) Merrill, grown in nutrient culture resulted in decreased concentrations and total uptake of Ca, K, P, Fe, and Mn in tops and of K, Mg, P, Fe, and Mn in roots. These effects were often apparent at Cr treatments as low as 0.5 ppm.In soil culture Cr additions [0–60 ppm Cr(VI)] appeared to interfere with the accumulation of Ca, K, Mg, P, B, and Cu by soybean tops, with little or no effect on Fe, Mn, or Zn uptake. These effects were generally first observed at the 5‐ppm Cr treatment.The initial symptoms of Cr toxicity appeared as severe wilting of tops of treated plants.It could not be concluded from the results of these experiments that Cr, as the hexavalent anion, specifically interfered with uptake of Fe or P by plants, as earlier reported.
Microrelief, Soil Water Regime, and Loblolly Pine Growth on a Wet, Mounded Site
Authors: Lorio Peter L. , Hodges J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicrorelief and associated soil characteristics were related to differences in soil water regime and diameter growth response of 40‐year‐old loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.). Growth on flat sites between mounds about 0.6 m high greatly exceeded that on the mounds, but variability in growth rate was likewise greater on flats. Soil water recharge from summer or fall showers was related to microrelief and antecedent water status. Recharge on flat sites resulted in accelerated growth evidenced by dendrometer band measurements and by zones of earlywood‐type cells within the latewood. The soil water regime and tree growth responses indicate an unstable environment on flat sites that probably affects tree rooting and, in time, tree susceptibility to bark beetle attack.
Biosynthesis of Sugars in Soils Incubated with 14C Glucose and 14C Dextran
Authors: Oades J. M. , Wagner G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of soil were incubated for 28 days after the addition of 14C‐labeled glucose or 14C‐labeled dextran. Decomposition was monitored by measuring the release of CO2 and determining its radioactivity throughout the incubation period. Soil samples were removed from the incubation at intervals, hydrolyzed to release individual monosaccharides, and the radioactivity of each sugar was measured.The 14C from glucose or dextran was rapidly incorporated into galactose and mannose during the incubations; but xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose embodied smaller amounts of 14C or none at all.At the end of 28 days, 75% and 66% of the 14C had been liberated as CO2 from the glucose and dextran incubations, respectively. Of the residual 14C in the soils after 28 days, about 6% from the glucose incubation and 15% from the dextran incubation, was present in saccharides and predominantly found in the hexoses.A portion of the dextran was apparently protected from decomposition during the incubation.
Influence of Nitrogen Source and Clay on Growth and Phenolic Polymer Production by Stachybotrys Species, Hendersonula toruloidea, and Aspergillus sydowi
Authors: Bondietti E. , Martin J. P. , Haider K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdditions of montmorillonite (0.25–1.0%) and vermiculite and kaolinite (0.25%) to aerobic cultures of Hendersonula toruloidea, Stachybotrys spp., and Aspergillus sydowi, greatly accelerated growth, glucose utilization, CO2 evolution, phenol synthesis and phenolic polymer formation. In some tests the clay increased total biomass formed, while in others the biomass of the checks eventually attained values of the cultures with clay. Montmorillonite was more effective than vermiculite or kaolinite. Nitrate‐N was a poor N source for Stachybotrys spp., but was a relatively good source of N in the presence of montmorillonite. The presence of clays in the culture media exerted little effect on the N content, C content, exchange capacity, total acidity, phenols released upon Na‐amalgam reduction, and decomposition rate in soil of the polymers formed. Phenolic polymers formed in cultures containing inorganic nitrogen contained about ⅓ to ½ the N of those produced in cultures with asparagine or peptone. The percentage of the N of the polymers released as alpha amino N upon 6N HCl hydrolysis was about 30–40% and was not influenced by the N content of the polymers.
Measuring Radiance Characteristics of Soil with a Field Spectroradiometer
Authors: Cipra J. E. , Baumgardner M. F. , Stoner E. R. , MacDonald R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field spectroradiometer was used to measure radiation from samples of seven Indiana soil series in a spectral range from 430 to 730 nanometers (nm). This range includes most of the visible portion of the spectrum. Percent reflectance of the soils was calculated as the ratio of the radiation of the target soil divided by the incident radiation. Reflectance curves were obtained for the soils in both wet and dry conditions with the crust broken and for some of the soils in a dry crusted condition. Preliminary results obtained during evaluation of the instrument indicated a capability for characterizing the radiance properties of various soil series.
Leaching of a Surface Layer of Sodium Chloride into Tile Drains in a Sand‐Tank Model
Authors: Mulqueen J. , Kirkham D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of experiments was conducted to study the leaching of NaCl through tile drains from a surface layer of salinized sand in a sand‐tank model. The effects of two recharge rates, three salinities in the salted‐sand layer, and three drain spacings were evaluated. Each experiment was conducted with a steady‐state, arch‐shaped water table maintained by recharge from a battery of capillary tubes that gave a uniform infiltration over the model. All the salt was leached from the model. The salt was dyed blue so that the leaching front could be photographed. The salinity of the tank solution and of the drainage water was measured at regular intervals. Intense fingering developed in all experiments in which a salinized layer was used. Fingering caused a rapid and erratic redistribution of salt within the model and an erratic variation in the salinity of the drainage water until about 1 pore volume had drained. The higher the initial sand salinity, the more intense was the fingering, the longer were the fingers, and the higher were the finger velocities. The behavior of the fingering transition zone was controlled by the interaction between the density gradients and the hydraulic gradient; this latter depends on the recharge rate and the drain spacing. The salinity of the outflow drainage water rose quickly to a peak and then declined almost as quickly for a short period, after which it reduced more gradually. After about 1 pore volume had drained, the salinity of the drainage water declined exponentially in all salinized experiments. Experimental curves fitted closely to an exponential relationship except initially and where fingering resulted in erratic variations.
Alkali Metal Cation Exchange on Chambers Montmorillonite
Authors: Gast R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStandard free energies of exchange, ΔG°, were determined for the exchange of Na with Li, K, Rb, and Cs on a 0.1–0.5 micron fraction of Chambers montmorillonite having an exchange capacity of 123 ± 2 meq/100 g. The ΔG° values ranged from +80 cal mole‐1 for Na→Li exchange to ‐1886 cal mole‐1 for Na→Cs exchange and were approximately twice as large as those found previously for similar exchange reactions on Wyoming bentonite having an exchange capacity of 92 ± 2 meq/100 g. The ΔG° values reflect cation selectivity differences of a factor of two to three between the two clays. In contrast, the standard heats of exchange, determined calorimetrically, were approximately the same for both clays and ranged from + 125 cal mole‐1 for Na→Li exchange to ‐2575 cal mole‐1 for Na→Cs exchange. These results indicate that the differences in free energies of exchange between the two clays are due to entropy effects.
Diffusion of Zinc in Soil: I. The Influence of Soil Moisture
Authors: Warncke D. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffective Zn diffusion coefficients, De(Zn), were determined at several soil moistures on six soils by allowing 65Zn diffuse from the soil into cation exchange resin paper placed on the surface of the soil. At 13% volumetric moisture De(Zn) values ranged from 10‐11 to 10‐8 cm2/sec with the range narrowing as the soils approached moisture saturation. In five of six soils, the effect of increasing moisture level on De(Zn) could be explained by its effects on tortuosity and on solution Zn concentration. When solution Zn remained constant as moisture level increased, the relation between De(Zn) and volumetric moisture was hyperbolic. When solution Zn level dropped as moisture increased De(Zn) changed very little. In one soil where variation in De(Zn) with moisture level was not explained by these two factors, a third unknown factor apparently influenced De(Zn).
Contributions of Clay and Organic Matter to the Cation Exchange Capacity of Maryland Soils
Authors: Wright W. R. , Foss J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFifty‐seven profiles representing 19 soil series from the three physiographic regions of Maryland were described and sampled. The relative contributions of clay and organic matter to total cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) of various horizons were measured using multiple regression analysis. The independent variables were clay and organic matter, with the dependent variable being CEC by sum of cations. The average exchange capacities of organic matter and clay from Ap horizons were calculated to be 295 and 41 meq/100g, respectively. Standard partial regression coefficients indicated that organic matter was slightly more important than clay in predicting the CEC of surface horizons. Soils of the Coastal Plain region had higher correlations between variables than Piedmont or Appalachian soils. In fact, only the Coastal Plain soils exhibited significant correlations between clay and CEC for B and C horizons. Correlation coefficients of clay and organic matter with CEC in the Coastal Plain Ap horizons were 0.90 and 0.76, respectively, and 88% of the variation in CEC could be attributed to these components.
Fractionation of Cation Exchange Capacity for Assessing Soil and Water Sodicity
Authors: Bower C. A. , Rhoades J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh vermiculite, arid zone soils whose cation exchange capacities (CEC) decrease more than 45% by K fixation have higher than usual regression coefficients for the relation between their exchangeable‐sodium ratio (ESR) and sodium‐adsorption ration (SAR). The regression coefficients are approximated by the equation: regression coefficient of ESR/SAR relation = (0.00043 × percentage decrease in CEC upon K fixation) ‐ 0.0045. For eight soils having a wide range of vermiculite contents, the exchangeable‐sodium percentage required to cause a 25% reduction in hydraulic conductivity at a salt concentration of about 10 meq/liter was highly correlated (r = 0.95) with CEC after K fixation.
Evaluation of a Reductiometric Titration Method for Determining Quinones in Soil Humus
Authors: Mathur S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA SnCl2‐I2 reductometric titration method gave values of 4.2 and 3.5 meq quinoid carbonyls/g in a soil fulvic (FA) and humic acid, respectively. The results were supported by the analysis of a mixture of the FA and a napthaquinone, and were in agreement with earlier enzymatic and infrared studies of the soil humic compound. No reduction of the nonquinoid carbonyl of benzophenone by SnCl2 was observed.
D‐Chiro‐Inositol Phosphate in a Forest Soil
Authors: L'Annunziata Michael F. , Fuller Wallace H. , Brantley David S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe previously unidentified “D,L”‐chiro‐inositol phosphate (L'Annunziata and Fuller, 1971) of a Tucson forest soil was identified as the dextrorotatory D‐chiro‐inositol phosphate. An infrared spectrum of the inositol moiety was obtained as evidence for the chiro isomer, additional to the previously reported paper chromatographic Rf values (L'Annunziata and Fuller, 1971). A positive polarimetric optical rotation verified the dextrorotatory character of this isomer.
Scaling of Horizontal Infiltration into Homogeneous Soils
Authors: Reichardt K. , Nielsen D. R. , Biggar J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe horizontal infiltration of water into uniform air‐dry soil columns is examined experimentally and theoretically. The applicability of the similar media concept to the scaling of soils having a wide textural range is studied. The microscopic characteristic length is determined from plots of the distance to the wetting front as a function of the square root of time, in such a way that these plots coalesce into one line when expressed in terms of scaled coordinates. If the soil water diffusivity of one soil is known, values of the microscopic characteristic length determined by the above method can be used to estimate the soil water diffusivity of the other soils.
Transport of Picloram in Relation to Soil Physical Conditions and Pore‐Water Velocity
Authors: Davidson J. M. , Chang R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMiscible displacement techniques were used to study the movement of a solution containing 4‐amino‐3, 5, 6‐trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) through an initially herbicide‐free Norge loam soil. Picloram mobility was reduced significantly by decreasing the average pore‐water velocity from 5.8 to 0.59 cm/hr. A variation in herbicide adsorption with pore‐water velocity was observed at each bulk density (1.55 and 1.65 g/cm3) and aggregate size (<2.0 and <0.42 mm) studied. For a specific bulk density, picloram adsorption was greater when the largest soil aggregate size was <0.42 mm than when the soil contained <2.0‐mm aggregates. Differences in the effluent concentration distribution owing to variations in aggregate size were more evident at the lower bulk density. The average pore‐water velocity influenced picloram movement more significantly than variations in bulk density or largest aggregate size at a given flow rate.
Estimation of Corn and Soybean Yields Utilizing Multiple Curvilinear Regression Methods
Authors: Gross E. R. , Rust R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalysis of crop yield and soil management records were made to determine relationships between yield, management, and climate. Detailed investigations were made of fertilization, plant population, planting date, soil moisture, and temperature with respect to crop yield and selected soil family groupings in Minnesota. The independent variables used were N, P, K, plant population, maturity rating, planting date, average monthly temperatures for May, June, July and August, and the average available soil moisture for June 1, July 1, August 1, and September 1. The available soil moisture was computed using estimated moisture holding capacity of the soil, the precipitation and the temperature. For corn records three soil groups based on family criteria were used. Variables most highly correlated with yield and retained with greater than 60% frequency were applied N, P, and K, plant population, planting date, May, June, and July temperature, and soil moisture June 1, August 1, and September 1. Substitution of independent management and climatic variables into the prediction equation produces reasonable increases in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) yields and could be used as a method of predicting crop yield.
Some Factors Affecting the Soluble Ammonium‐Nitrogen Content of a Black Spruce Humus
Authors: Roberge M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of exchangeable NH4‐N content, water content, and pH on the NH4‐N content of the solution of three layers (L, F1, and F2) of the surface organic horizon found under a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) stand was investigated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. In the solution obtained by centrifugation‐filtration of the layers at 15,000 × g for 10 min the quantity of soluble NH4‐N increased as the exchangeable NH4‐N and the moisture of the layers were increased, and as the pH of the layers was decreased. Different layers were characterized by different levels of soluble NH4‐N even when exchangeable NH4‐N, moisture content, and pH value were comparable in these layers. Greater decomposition of the organic matter of the layers was always associated with lower contents of soluble NH4‐N.
Experimental Control of Soil Water Content in the Vicinity of Root Hairs
Authors: Hsieh J. J. C. , Gardner W. H. , Campbell G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique for controlling water content in the root hair zone of growing plants has been developed which involves growing plants on a fine screen placed over soil in such a way that only root hairs can extend through the screen into soil beneath. Gamma‐ray attenuation is used to monitor the supply of water in the root hair zone. By means of controlling either the length of a hanging water column or the rate of water supply, the rate of water flow to the soil lamina beneath the screen can be so adjusted as to just offset the loss due to transpiration. A predetermined soil water content can be maintained to within 0.015 cm3/cm3 in the root hair zone of a growing plant.Plant growth was affected by soil water potential. Reduction in elongation rate of corn (Zea mays L.) leaves was observed at matric potentials higher than −1 bars. Elongation essentially ceased at matric potentials of about −22 to −30 bars within the root hair zone. A large water content gradient existed adjacent to the root hair zone and extended to a depth greater than 10 mm.