bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Architecture of the Brachial Plexus in the Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) with Special Reference to the Derivation and Course of its Unique Branches
Authors: Yoshitomi S. , Kawashima T. , Murakami K. , Takayanagi M. , Inoue Y. , Aoyagi R. , Sato F. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe anatomy of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), which has not been previously reported, was first examined bilaterally in a newborn hippopotamus. Our observations clarified the following: (1) the brachial plexus comprises the fifth cervical (C5) to first thoracic (T1) nerves. These formed two trunks, C5–C6 and C7–T1; in addition, the axillary artery passed in between C6 and C7, (2) unique branches to the brachialis muscle and those of the lateral cutaneous antebrachii nerves ramified from the median nerve, (3) nerve fibre analysis revealed that these unique nerve branches from the median nerve were closely related and structurally similar to the musculocutaneous (MC) nerve; however, they had changed course from the MC to the median nerve, and (4) this unique branching pattern is likely to be a common morphological feature of the brachial plexus in amphibians, reptiles and certain mammals.
Medical students' beliefs and attitudes towards schizophrenia before and after undergraduate psychiatric training in Greece
Authors: Economou Marina , Peppou Lily E. , Louki Eleni , Stefanis Costas N. 
Published: January 2012

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to explore medical students' beliefs and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia (PwS) prior to receiving any training in psychiatry and to assess the impact of the psychiatric placement on changing them.Methods:  A questionnaire addressing beliefs, attitudes and desired social distance from PwS was distributed to all final year medical students before the beginning of their 4‐week undergraduate psychiatric placement and upon its completion.Results:  Students did not endorse stereotypes commonly attached to PwS, such as being dangerous, lazy or of lower intelligence, but they held the view that PwS are unpredictable and suffer from split personality. Furthermore, the baseline level of desired social distance was found to increase as the intimacy of the interaction increased, and the only variable associated with it was personal experience of serious mental illness. Moreover, the placement was found to have either no influence at all or in a negative direction. Upon its completion more students were found to believe that PwS cannot recover, have no insight into their condition, cannot make reasonable decisions, cannot work in regular jobs and are dangerous to the public. No difference was recorded in social distance scores.Conclusions:  A close and critical examination of the various elements of the undergraduate placement in psychiatry is needed in order to develop an evidence‐based, fully rounded education with an anti‐stigma orientation.
Reduced left uncinate fasciculus fractional anisotropy in deficit schizophrenia but not in non‐deficit schizophrenia
Authors: Kitis Omer , Ozalay Ozgun , Zengin E. Burcak , Haznedaroglu Damla , Eker M. Cagdas , Yalvac Dilek , Oguz Kaya , Coburn Kerry , Gonul Ali Saffet 
Published: January 2012

Aims:  Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder manifesting with heterogeneous symptom clusters and clinical presentations. The deficit syndrome is the condition defined by the existence of primarily negative symptoms, and patients with the deficit syndrome differ from non‐deficit patients on measures of brain structure and function. In the current study, by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we investigated the frontotemporal connectivity that is hypothesized to differ between deficit and non‐deficit schizophrenia.Methods:  Twenty‐nine patients and 17 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients had deficit (n = 11) or non‐deficit (n = 18) schizophrenia and they were evaluated clinically with the Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Diffusion‐based images were obtained with a 1.5T Siemens Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine and analyses were carried out with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Library Software – Diffusion tool box software.Results:  The fractional anisotropy values in the left uncinate fasciculus of schizophrenia patients with the deficit syndrome were lower than those of non‐deficit patients and the controls. There were no differences between non‐deficit schizophrenia patients and controls.Conclusion:  These findings provide evidence of left uncinate fasciculus damage resulting in disrupted communication between orbitofrontal prefrontal areas and temporal areas in deficit schizophrenia patients.
Inhibition of sympathetic neuroeffector transmission in human corpus cavernosum
Authors: Gur Serap , Kadowitz Philip J. , Sikka Suresh C. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Hellstrom Wayne J. G. 
Published: January 2012

Study Type – Aetiology (case control)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?In the present study the mechanisms regulating EFS‐evoked neurogenic contraction in the human corpus cavernosum (HCC) were investigated. Overall, our data adds to current knowledge that the NO‐independent heme dependent activation of sGC and the RhoA/Rho‐kinase signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of neurogenic contractile activity in HCC tissue.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the mechanisms of adrenergically mediated smooth muscle contraction in the human corpus cavernosum (HCC) using an organ bath approach.
METHODS
Human corpus cavernosum specimens were obtained from patients (aged 59–72 years) with erectile dysfunction (ED), undergoing penile prosthesis implantation surgery.
Isolated HCC strips (1 × 1 × 6 mm) were suspended in tissue bath chambers for isometric tension recording.
The effects of various drugs on neurogenic contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were investigated. The drugs included nitric oxide (NO) donors, phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, NO‐independent stimulator, L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker and α‐receptor antagonist.
RESULTS
Pre‐incubation with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 104 M) significantly reduced the initial peak increase in tension evoked by EFS (by 71%, P < 0.05). The PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil (10−4 M) reduced the increase in tension by 69%, while a combination of sildenafil and ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, inhibited tension by 81%.
The EFS‐induced contractile response at 80 Hz was decreased by 65% with fasudil and by 70% with isradipine (P < 0.001), while a combination of these drugs decreased the response by 88%. An NO‐independent stimulator soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), BAY 41‐8543, significantly reduced the response (by 82%, P < 0.001) Phentolamine, an α‐receptor antagonist, nearly eliminated the contractile response (98%, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that neurogenic contractions are mediated by an increase in Ca(2+) influx via L‐type voltage‐gated Ca(2+) channels and that an increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity is mediated by the ROCK pathway and the PDE5 enzyme system as well as by the inhibitory NO/sGC/cGMP pathway.
The neurogenic contractile response in HCC is mediated by several intracellular pathways, including adrenergic receptors, Ca(2+) entry, Ca(2+) sensitization and activation of the PDE5 enzyme. The Rho‐kinase (ROCK) inhibitor fasudil, L‐type Ca(2+) channel antagonist isradipine, and PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil, as well as a NO‐independent stimulator of sGC, had similar inhibitory effects, suggesting parallel mechanisms in the HCC.
Low testosterone level predicts prostate cancer in re‐biopsy in patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: García‐Cruz Eduard , Piqueras Marta , Ribal Maria José , Huguet Jorge , Serapiao Rodrigo , Peri Lluis , Izquierdo Laura , Alcaraz Antonio 
Published: January 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa), but only multifocality is an indication for early rebiopsy. Other risk factors for PCa development from HGPIN remain unknown. PCa is related to testosterone. Testosterone has been proven to be linked to PCa detection and poor prognosis PCa.This study shows that low free and bioavailable testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of PCa in a rebiopsy after HGPIN diagnosis. Men with low testosterone levels and HGPIN could therefore be considered a high‐risk cohort for developing PCa.OBJECTIVE
To determine the relevance of the hormonal profile of patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and its relationship to prostate cancer (PCa) in rebiopsy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We prospectively analysed 82 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of HGPIN without PCa in a prostate biopsy between September 2007 and December 2009.
Of these 82 patients, 45 underwent rebiopsy and their hormonal profile was determined (testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin [SHBG]) as part of our clinical protocol.
Patient age, PSA level, prostate volume, PSA density, testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and SHBG were recorded prospectively.
A comparative study between those patients with a positive rebiopsy and those with a negative rebiopsy was performed.
RESULTS
We found that free testosterone (P= 0.04), bioavailable testosterone (P= 0.04) and SHBG (P= 0.02) were significantly associated with a positive rebiopsy.
Other variables such as age (P= 0.745), PSA level (P= 0.630), prostate volume (P= 0.690), PSA density (P= 0.950), testosterone (P= 0.981) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia multifocality (P= 0.777) were not associated with the presence of adenocarcinoma in the rebiopsy.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate after a diagnosis of HGPIN have higher SHBG levels and lower calculated free testosterone levels than patients with a negative rebiopsy.
Testosterone levels might be a useful indication for rebiopsy after HGPIN diagnosis.
Increased accumulation and stability of rotavirus VP6 protein in tobacco chloroplasts following changes to the 5′ untranslated region and the 5′ end of the coding region
Authors: Inka Borchers A.‐M. , Gonzalez‐Rabade Nuria , Gray John C. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryRotavirus is the main cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and the World Health Organisation has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine should be included in all infant immunization programmes. VP6 is the most immunogenic rotavirus subunit and is a potential target for an oral subunit vaccine. VP6 accumulated at up to 3% of total soluble protein in the young leaves of transplastomic tobacco plants, but the protein was unstable and was lost as the leaves aged. The aim of this study was to alter the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) and the 5′ end of the coding region of VP6 cDNA in an attempt to increase the expression and stability of VP6 protein in tobacco chloroplasts. The inclusion of the 5′‐UTR from gene 10 of bacteriophage T7 (T7g10) and the addition of 15 nucleotides, encoding five additional amino acid residues, at the 5′ end of the coding region increased the expression to >15% of total leaf protein and stabilized the protein in ageing leaves. Plants containing VP6 expression constructs with the rbcL 5′‐UTR and with the native VP6 5′ end of the coding region produced VP6 protein at only 1.9% of total leaf protein. Both the T7g10 5′‐UTR and the additional 15 nucleotides increased transcript accumulation and translational efficiency compared with VP6 constructs containing the rbcL 5′‐UTR. The VP6 protein produced from all gene constructs appeared to be susceptible to proteolytic processing at its N‐terminal region. However, in all transplastomic lines, VP6 proteins assembled into the trimeric form found in the rotavirus capsid.
Engineering of benzylglucosinolate in tobacco provides proof‐of‐concept for dead‐end trap crops genetically modified to attract Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth)
Authors: Møldrup Morten E. , Geu‐Flores Fernando , de Vos Martin , Olsen Carl E. , Sun Joel , Jander Georg , Halkier Barbara A. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryGlucosinolates are biologically active natural products characteristic of crucifers, including oilseed rape, cabbage vegetables and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Crucifer‐specialist insect herbivores, like the economically important pest Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), frequently use glucosinolates as oviposition stimuli. This suggests that the transfer of a glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway to a non‐crucifer would stimulate oviposition on an otherwise non‐attractive plant. Here, we demonstrate that stable genetic transfer of the six‐step benzylglucosinolate pathway from A. thaliana to Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) results in the production of benzylglucosinolate without causing morphological alterations. Benzylglucosinolate‐producing tobacco plants were more attractive for oviposition by female P. xylostella moths than wild‐type tobacco plants. As newly hatched P. xylostella larvae were unable to survive on tobacco, these results represent a proof‐of‐concept strategy for rendering non‐host plants attractive for oviposition by specialist herbivores with the long‐term goal of generating efficient dead‐end trap crops for agriculturally important pests.
PRICE FLOORS AND QUALITY CHOICE
Authors: Bilotkach Volodymyr 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper studies effects of price floors in a simple model of vertical product differentiation. We find that even non‐binding price floor (i.e., minimum price set below the lowest Nash equilibrium price in the baseline model) can increase quality on the market, if the cost of quality is sufficiently low. Where a binding price floor does not increase the equilibrium quality, it makes consumers worse off. There is also a possibility of over‐investment into quality as a result of the binding minimum price.
Counting in Hieroglyphic Luwian1
Authors: Bauer Anna H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study investigates Hieroglyphic Luwian nominal number marking in connection with numerals in a detailed corpus analysis, bringing together philology and linguistic analysis. The result is that the numerals ‘two’, ‘three’ and ‘four’ mostly take plural nouns, while numerals from ‘five’ onwards never do so. This leaves the language with a two‐tier system of grammatical number marking, which has many typological parallels. With lower numerals, plural marking in the noun is triggered by the inflection of the numerals themselves, and data from other languages in the region show that the (non‐) application of plural marking may well be an areal feature.
Contraction ofESTin Latin
Authors: Pezzini Giuseppe 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe paper analyses the contraction ofest(‐st). This phenomenon is generally known as ‘prodelision’ or ‘aphaeresis’ and is considered a metrical sandhi phenomenon, graphically expressed only in early Latin texts. After the introduction (1), the paper presents the first systematic collection of the evidence for this form (2), followed by a phonological discussion (3), and by the conclusions (4), which aim to show that this was a more complex and widespread phenomenon than is normally believed, and to introduce its significance for other general linguistic topics such as cliticisation, the semantics ofsum, and the position of the Latin verb in the clause.1
India’s Trilemma: Financial Liberalisation, Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy1
Authors: Hutchison Michael , Sengupta Rajeswari , Singh Nirvikar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA key challenge for macroeconomic policy in open economies is how to simultaneously manage exchange rates, interest rates and capital account openness – the trilemma. This study calculates a trilemma index for India and investigates its evolution over time. We find that financial integration has increased markedly after the mid‐2000s, with corresponding limitations on monetary independence (MI) and exchange rate stability (ES). In addition, we empirically confirm that a rise in one trilemma variable is traded off with a drop in the weighted sum of the other two, i.e. the trilemma configuration is binding in India. Finally, we consider the implications of changes in the trilemma index for macroeconomic outcomes. We find that greater MI systemically contributes to lower inflation, so the twin goals of ES and capital account openness may create policy dilemmas in particular economic environments. ES is associated with less inflation volatility, suggesting that there may be secondary benefits channelled through import and commodity prices. In these relationships, however, changes in international reserves are not statistically significant, suggesting that foreign exchange market intervention has not mitigated the trilemma trade‐off in India.
J. L. Austin and Literal Meaning
Authors: Hansen Nat 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlice Crary has recently developed a radical reading of J. L. Austin's philosophy of language. The central contention of Crary's reading is that Austin gives convincing reasons to reject the idea that sentences have context‐invariant literal meaning. While I am in sympathy with Crary about the continuing importance of Austin's work, and I think Crary's reading is deep and interesting, I do not think literal sentence meaning is one of Austin's targets, and the arguments that Crary attributes to Austin or finds Austinian in spirit do not provide convincing reasons to reject literal sentence meaning. In this paper, I challenge Crary's reading of Austin and defend the idea of literal sentence meaning.
Association of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count with human papillomavirus detection and clearance in HIV‐infected women initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Kang M , Cu‐Uvin S 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesThe extent to which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affects human papillomavirus (HPV) acquisition and clearance in HIV‐infected women is not well understood. We sought to describe high‐risk HPV detection and clearance rates over time since HAART initiation, based on time‐varying HIV viral load (VL) and CD4 T‐cell count, using novel statistical methods.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the completed AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5029 study using multi‐state Markov models. Two sets of high‐risk HPV types from 2003 and 2009 publications were considered.ResultsThere was some evidence that VL > 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL was marginally associated with a higher rate of HPV detection [P = 0.068; hazard ratio (HR) = 4.67], using the older set of high‐risk HPV types. Such an association was not identified using the latest set of HPV types (P = 0.343; HR = 2.64). CD4 count >350 cells/μL was significantly associated with more rapid HPV clearance with both sets of HPV types (P = 0.001, HR = 3.93; P = 0.018, HR = 2.65). There was no evidence that HPV affects VL or CD4 cell count in any of the analyses.ConclusionsHigh‐risk HPV types vary among studies and can affect the results of analyses. Use of HAART to improve CD4 cell count may have an impact on the control of HPV infection. The decrease in VL may also have an effect, although to a lesser degree.
The Ideology of the Dual City: The Modernist Ethic in the Corporate Development of Makati City, Metro Manila
Authors: GARRIDO MARCO 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPostcolonial cities are dual cities not just because of global market forces, but also because of ideological currents operating through local real‐estate markets — currents inculcated during the colonial period and adapted to the postcolonial one. Following Abidin Kusno, we may speak of the ideological continuity behind globalization in the continuing hold of a modernist ethic, not only on the imagination of planners and builders but on the preferences of elite consumers for exclusive spaces. Most of the scholarly work considering the spatial impact of corporate‐led urban development has situated the phenomenon in the ‘global’ era — to the extent that the spatial patterns resulting from such development appear wholly the outcome of contemporary globalization. The case of Makati City belies this periodization. By examining the development of a corporate master‐planned new city in the 1950s rather than the 1990s, we can achieve a better appreciation of the influence of an enduring ideology — a modernist ethic — in shaping the duality of Makati.RésuméLes grandes villes postcoloniales sont des villes duales, pas seulement à cause des forces de la mondialisation économique, mais aussi à cause de courants idéologiques qui passent par les marchés immobiliers locaux, courants inculqués à l'ère coloniale puis ajustés à la période postcoloniale. Dans le sillage d'Abidin Kusno, on peut signaler la continuité idéologique sous‐jacenteà la mondialisation, qui s'exerce dans la mainmise pérenne d'une éthique moderniste, non seulement sur l'imagination des urbanistes et constructeurs, mais aussi sur les choix des consommateurs appartenant aux élites qui préfèrent des espaces exclusifs. Les travaux de recherches sur l'impact spatial de l'urbanisation menée par de grandes entreprises ont généralement rattaché le phénomène à l'ère ‘mondialisée’, dans la mesure où les schémas spatiaux obtenus semblent résulter intégralement de la mondialisation contemporaine. Le cas de Makati dément ce profil temporel. En analysant l'aménagement d'une ville nouvelle selon le schéma directeur d'entreprises dans les années 1950, au lieu des années 1990, on peut mieux apprécier l'influence d'une idéologie persistante — une éthique moderniste — dans la configuration de la dualité de Makati.
Turkish Immigrants’ Hopes and Fears around Return Migration
Authors: Şenyürekli Aysem R. , Menjívar Cecilia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the process by which immigrants decide whether or not to return to their home countries. It aims to analyse the potential for return migration rather than the actual migration process. Empirically, it is based on the narratives of 30 Turkish immigrants living in the United States. The findings indicate that: (1) multiple controllable and uncontrollable, micro‐ and macro‐level factors in both the home and the host countries interact over time to tip the scales towards – or away from – return migration; and (2) most immigrants live in a perpetual state of ambivalence about whether or not to engage in return migration. These findings are discussed, and implications are presented for both practice and policy.