bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii recovery in New Zealand marine reserves: is settlement a driver?
Authors: FREEMAN DEBBIE J. , MACDIARMID ALISON B. , TAYLOR RICHARD B. , DAVIDSON ROBERT J. , GRACE ROGER V. , HAGGITT TIM R. , KELLY SHANE , SHEARS NICK T. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYMonitoring species’ response in marine protected areas is important for informing both the management of those areas and the establishment of additional protected areas. Populations of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii were monitored in eight New Zealand marine reserves for up to 34 years. The populations displayed highly variable responses to protection. While a few showed rapid (within 1–2 years of protection) increases in abundance, others showed little response even after a decade of protection. Some reserves displayed little initial recovery, then a sudden increase following several years of protection, while others displayed significant declines in abundance following initial recovery. Marine reserves located in areas with initially high densities of juveniles tended to have rapid recovery, but aspects of reserve design had no significant influence on the recovery rate. Variability among recovery trajectories also suggests that supply-side dynamics may be a key driver of lobster recovery. Densities of legal-sized lobsters were positively correlated with reserve age, but the abundance of juvenile lobsters increased in all but one reserve, indicating enhanced recruitment, survival and/or movement of juvenile lobsters into reserves. It is important to consider the placement of reserves, with respect to potential levels of larval supply, when establishing marine reserves for either conservation or fisheries management purposes and for evaluating their effectiveness.
Identifying newly acquired cases of hepatitis C using surveillance: a literature review
Authors: SACKS-DAVIS R. , VAN GEMERT C. , BERGERI I. , STOOVE M. , HELLARD M. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYSurveillance of newly acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is crucial for understanding the epidemiology of HCV and informing public health practice. However, monitoring such infections via surveillance systems is challenging because they are commonly asymptomatic. A literature review was conducted to identify methodologies used by HCV surveillance systems to identify newly acquired infections; relevant surveillance systems in 15 countries were identified. Surveillance systems used three main strategies to identify newly acquired infections: (1) asking physicians to classify cases; (2) identifying symptomatic cases or cases with elevated alanine aminotransferases; and (3) identifying cases with documented evidence of anti-HCV antibody seroconversion within a specific time-frame. Case-ascertainment methods varied with greater completeness of data in enhanced compared to passive surveillance systems. Automated systems that extract and link testing data from multiple laboratory and clinic databases may provide an opportunity for collecting testing histories for individuals that is less resource intensive than enhanced surveillance.
Serological investigations on West Nile virus in birds and horses in Shanghai, China
Authors: LAN D. L. , WANG C. S. , DENG B. , ZHOU J. P. , CUI L. , TANG C. , YUE H. , HUA X. G. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) infection is an emerging zoonosis that threatens global public health. In this study, a total of 95 bird serum samples from 14 species and 341 horse serum samples were collected from 2008 to 2010 in Shanghai, China. All serum samples were screened initially for WNV-reactive antibodies using a competitive ELISA. The positive samples detected by ELISA were further confirmed using a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for WNV and its most closely related flaviviruses in the area to avoid false positives due to cross-reactivity. Five (5·3%) of the bird serum samples and none (0·0%) of the horse serum samples tested positive for WNV antibodies. The findings strongly suggest that some of the birds, specifically the resident birds in China, had been exposed to WNV.
The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food
Authors: Turner Paul C. , Flannery Brenna , Isitt Catherine , Ali Mariyam , Pestka James 
Published: June 2012

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin–N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin–albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intakev.biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.
A usage-based analysis of phrasal verbs in Early and Late Modern English
Authors: ISHIZAKI YASUAKI 
Published: June 2012

This article presents a historical cognitive analysis of the development of phrasal verbs (PVs) with out and away in Early and Late Modern English. Semantically, PVs in Present-Day English can be classified as being (a) fully compositional (e.g. go out), (b) partially idiomatic, with the particle having an aspectual (i.e. grammatical) function (e.g. work away) and (c) (fully or highly) idiomatic (e.g. make out ‘understand’; see Quirk et al. 1985, Jackendoff 2010). As is clear from this classification, the development of PVs has, at least, involved grammaticalization and idiomatization. However, there is no consensus in recent grammaticalization research on how these two kinds of changes are related.The literature suggests that the particles used in the partially idiomatic PVs were undergoing grammaticalization in the Old and Middle English periods. Therefore, to understand the semantic and conceptual relationships between partially idiomatic and idiomatic PVs, a closer investigation of the uses of PVs after Early Modern English is in order. In this article, focusing on the distributions of away and out taken from colloquial corpora of Early and Late Modern English, namely, the Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler (CEECS) and the Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English (PPCMBE), it is shown through descriptive characterizations that the partially idiomatic and idiomatic PVs are instances of idiomatization caused by grammaticalization and by lexicalization, respectively. Based on these observations, the developments of these two types of PVs can be explained by a Usage-Based Model put forth mainly by Langacker (2000) and Bybee (2006, 2010). Specifically, the idiomatization of partially idiomatic PVs involves repeated schema extractions leading to productivity, whereas the idiomatization of fully or highly idiomatic PVs involves the ‘conserving effect’, whereby a highly entrenched linguistic expression with high frequency resists further language change.
A bit ofthisand a bit ofthat: on social identification in Early and Late Modern English letters
Authors: NEVALA MINNA 
Published: June 2012

This article deals with the use of deictic pronounsthis/theseandthat/thoseas demonstrative determiners in person-referential terms in Early and Late Modern English personal letters. The material for the study comes from theCorpus of Early English Correspondenceand its Extension. The data chosen for this study cover personal correspondence between 1600 and 1800. The main purpose of the study is to show the link between the use of such demonstratives and what e.g. Tajfel & Turner (1979; also Hogg & Abrams 1988) call social identification. Since previous research has shown that the use of person reference in Present-Day English is biased towards group distinction, linking positive characteristics to members of one's in-group and distancing people in the out-group with negative reference, it is probable that this was the case in historical language use as well.The study shows that most of the referents in the letter writers’, and in many cases also in the recipients’, in-group are indexed with positive descriptions and reference terms in positive contexts, whereas identifiable out-group referents mostly receive negative descriptions. The negatively, positively and neutrally evaluative functions were found to be central during both centuries. The neutral function is more prevalent than the others in the seventeenth century, but the negative and positive gain more emphasis in the eighteenth century. This shows that when both pronouns increasingly started to appear as connotative demonstrative determiners, their use as mere indexicals decreased. Overall, we can conclude that although the historical use of demonstrative pronouns as determiners in reference did not show a similar bias towards negative foregrounding to their Present-Day English equivalents, there is some indication that a change towards a more specialised use was on the way from the eighteenth century onwards.
Special issue: selected papers from the fourth International Conference on Late Modern English
Authors: BEAL JOAN C. , FITZMAURICE SUSAN , HODSON JANE 
Published: June 2012

This issue ofEnglish Language and Linguisticscontains a selection of papers from the fourth conference on Late Modern English, held at the University of Sheffield in May 2010. Twenty-one years previously, when Charles Jones referred to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the ‘Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study’ (1989: 279), such a conference, let alone the fourth in a series of such conferences, would have seemed highly unlikely. Jones was alluding to the comparative neglect of the more recent past in historical studies of English. Up to this point, linguistic scholars had tended to regard the Late Modern period as unworthy of their attention. Morton W. Bloomfield & Leonard Newmark reflect this view in their assertion that ‘after the period of the Great Vowel Shift was over, the changes that were to take place in English phonology were few indeed’ (1963: 293). They also argue that any changes in the language that had occurred between the eighteenth and the mid twentieth centuries were ‘due to matters of style and rhetoric . . . rather than to differences in phonology, grammar or vocabulary’, going on to claim that ‘historical or diachronic linguistics, as such, is traditionally less concerned with such stylistic and rhetorical changes of fashion than with phonological, grammatical and lexical changes’ (1963: 288). This tendency to disregard anything not viewed as structural is very much of its time, but almost thirty years later, Dennis Freeborn was still claiming that ‘the linguistic changes that have taken place from the eighteenth century to the present day are relatively few’ (1992: 180).
Preferential Trade Agreements and Unilateral Liberalization: Evidence from CAFTA
Authors: TOVAR PATRICIA 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is no consensus in the literature on whether preferential trade agreements help or hinder trade liberalization toward non-members. We examine the link between preferential trade liberalization and tariffs imposed against non-member countries for the case of CAFTA-DR. Using product data at the 6-digit HS level, we find that products with larger reductions in preferential tariffs experienced larger increases (or smaller decreases) in most-favored nation tariffs applied against non-members. However, we also uncover some interesting dynamics regarding the relationship between preferential liberalization and tariffs imposed against non-members. When we split the sample period into two sub-periods, we find an initial negative relationship between changes in preferential and most-favored nation tariffs during the first half of the sample period, followed by a positive relationship during the second half, although the evidence on the latter is not as strong. The results thus provide the first evidence of an initial stumbling block effect of preferential trade liberalization on unilateral liberalization, as well as (weaker) evidence of a subsequent building block effect.
Differential mortality and redistribution in the Italian notional defined contribution system
Authors: MAZZAFERRO CARLO , MORCIANO MARCELLO , SAVEGNAGO MARCO 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we adopt a financial measure (net present value ratio) to assess the extent of the redistribution of lifetime earnings operated by the introduction of a notional defined contribution (NDC) system in the Italian PAYGO system. Our simulations are based on a representative sample of the Italian population consisting of individuals born between 1975 and 2000. We identify three channels of redistribution: between genders (from men to women), along educational lines (from the less-well-educated to the highly educated) and between diverse lifetime-earnings quintiles (from the poor to the rich). This happens because certain groups of individuals systematically live shorter-than-average lives (men, the less well-educated and the poor), whereas others live longer-than-average lives (women, the highly educated and the rich) and, at the same time, the NDC system does not take into account such differences. Comparison between the old defined benefit system and the reformed NDC one shows that intergenerational fairness has improved sensibly but differences between gender and educational levels remained nearly the same. Sensitivity analysis and the consideration of survival pensions in our simulations confirm the general trends of our base case.
Intragenerational externalities and intergenerational transfers
Authors: KOLMAR MARTIN , MEIER VOLKER 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn an environment with asymmetric information and intragenerational externalities, the implementation of a first-best efficient Clarke–Groves–Vickrey mechanism may not be feasible if it has to be self-financing. By using intergenerational transfers, the arising budget deficit can be covered in every generation only if the initial allocation is not dynamically efficient. While introducing a pay-as-you-go scheme without addressing the externality already yields a Pareto improvement, further welfare gains can be captured by using the additional resources to achieve a perfect internalization.
A robustly chain transitive attractor with singularities of different indices
Authors: Bonatti Christian , Li Ming , Yang Dawei 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGiven a 4-manifold, we build a non-empty ${C}^{1} $-open set of vector fields having a (chain transitive) attractor containing singularities of different indices. Then, we begin the study of the hyperbolic properties of such a robust singular attractor.
Box splines and the equivariant index theorem
Authors: De Concini C. , Procesi C. , Vergne M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article, we begin by recalling the inversion formula for the convolution with the box spline. The equivariant cohomology and the equivariant $K$-theory with respect to a compact torus $G$ of various spaces associated to a linear action of $G$ in a vector space $M$ can both be described using some vector spaces of distributions, on the dual of the group $G$ or on the dual of its Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. The morphism from $K$-theory to cohomology is analyzed, and multiplication by the Todd class is shown to correspond to the operator (deconvolution) inverting the semi-discrete convolution with a box spline. Finally, the multiplicities of the index of a $G$-transversally elliptic operator on $M$ are determined using the infinitesimal index of the symbol.
FOUNDATIONS OF UNLIMITED CATEGORY THEORY: WHAT REMAINS TO BE DONE
Authors: FEFERMAN SOLOMON 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFollowing a discussion of various forms of set-theoretical foundations of category theory and the controversial question of whether category theory does or can provide an autonomous foundation of mathematics, this article concentrates on the question whether there is a foundation for “unlimited” or “naive” category theory. The author proposed four criteria for such some years ago. The article describes how much had previously been accomplished on one approach to meeting those criteria, then takes care of one important obstacle that had been met in that approach, and finally explains what remains to be done if one is to have a fully satisfactory solution.
High fluid pressure and triggered earthquakes in the enhanced geothermal system in Basel, Switzerland
Authors: Terakawa Toshiko , Miller Stephen A. , Deichmann Nicholas 
Published: June 2012

We analyzed 118 well‐constrained focal mechanisms to estimate the pore fluid pressure field of the stimulated region during the fluid injection experiment in Basel, Switzerland. This technique, termed focal mechanism tomography (FMT), uses the orientations of slip planes within the prevailing regional stress field as an indicator of the fluid pressure along the plane at the time of slip. The maximum value and temporal change of excess pore fluid pressures are consistent with the known history of the wellhead pressure applied at the borehole. Elevated pore fluid pressures were concentrated within 500 m of the open hole section, which are consistent with the spatiotemporal evolution of the induced microseismicity. Our results demonstrate that FMT is a robust approach, being validated at the meso‐scale of the Basel stimulation experiment. We found average earthquake triggering excess pore fluid pressures of about 10 MPa above hydrostatic. Overpressured fluids induced many small events (M < 3) along faults unfavorably oriented relative to the tectonic stress pattern, while the larger events tended to occur along optimally oriented faults. This suggests that small‐scale hydraulic networks, developed from the high pressure stimulation, interact to load (hydraulically isolated) high strength bridges that produce the larger events. The triggering pore fluid pressures are substantially higher than that predicted from a linear pressure diffusion process from the source boundary, and shows that the system is highly permeable along flow paths that allow fast pressure diffusion to the boundaries of the stimulated region.
On the dynamics of current jets trapped to the flanks of mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Lavelle J. W. 
Published: June 2012

Time‐mean abyssal current observations over the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9–10°N and at the Juan de Fuca Ridge at 45°N document the occurrence of paired along‐ridge current jets that are trapped to the ridge flanks and sheared across the ridge in an anticyclonic sense. A coincident feature, where local hydrothermal discharge effects are not in play, is the upward bowing of isopycnals over ridge crests and isopycnals plunging into ridge flanks. It would be tempting to explain the jets primarily as geostrophic responses to the doming/plunging isopycnal distribution, though that should lead to the question as to how the isopycnal perturbations originate. A numerical model of time‐dependent flow on a cross‐ridge (x–z) transect, forced in a way to be consistent with a yearlong, hourly sampled record of currents measured at the EPR ridge crest, is used to investigate some of the underlying physics. It will be shown that the jets can arise from oscillatory flows via eddy‐momentum, eddy‐heat, and eddy‐salt fluxes that ultimately cause the isopycnals to dome over the ridge. As the probable offspring of velocity‐velocity and velocity‐density correlations that depend upon oscillatory motion, the jets are likely examples of stratified topographic flow rectification. An ancillary feature is a slight yearlong‐averaged downward current O (0.1–0.5 mm/s) over the EPR ridge crest that crosses the time‐mean, upward bowing isopycnals in a counter‐intuitive vertical direction.
Particulate organic carbon and inherent optical properties during 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment
Authors: Cetinić Ivona , Perry Mary Jane , Briggs Nathan T. , Kallin Emily , D'Asaro Eric A. , Lee Craig M. 
Published: June 2012

The co‐variability of particulate backscattering (bbp) and attenuation (cp) coefficients and particulate organic carbon (POC) provides a basis for estimating POC on spatial and temporal scales that are impossible to obtain with traditional sampling and chemical analysis methods. However, the use of optical proxies for POC in the open ocean is complicated by variable relationships reported in the literature between POC and cp or bbp. During the 2008 North Atlantic Bloom experiment, we accrued a large data set consisting of >300 POC samples and simultaneously measured cp and bbp. Attention to sampling detail, use of multiple types of POC blanks, cross‐calibration of optical instruments, and parallel measurements of other biogeochemical parameters facilitated distinction between natural and methodological‐based variability. The POC versuscp slope varied with plankton community composition but not depth; slopes were 11% lower for the diatom versus the recycling community. Analysis of literature POC versus cp slopes indicates that plankton composition is responsible for a large component of that variability. The POC versus bbp slope decreased below the pycnocline by 20%, likely due to changing particle composition associated with remineralization and fewer organic rich particles. The higher bbp/cp ratios below the mixed layer are also indicative of particles of lower organic density. We also observed a peculiar platform effect that resulted in ∼27% higher values for downcast versus upcast bbp measurements. Reduction in uncertainties and improvement of accuracies of POC retrieved from optical measurements is important for autonomous sampling, and requires community consensus for standard protocols for optics and POC.