bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: radiological features
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDorsoproximal‐palmarodistal oblique, lateromedial and palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal oblique radiographic projections were used with standard techniques to examine 118 horses with clinical signs of navicular disease. All radiological features which have previously been reported as significant changes in the navicular bones of horses with navicular disease were recorded. Comparisons were made between these features in lame limbs and sound limbs in unilaterally lame horses and most lame limbs and least lame limbs in bilateral but asymmetrically lame animals. Their relationship to the degree of lameness was also analysed. No relationships were identified between the characteristics of distal border synovial invaginations, flattening and/or thinning of the flexor cortex and limb distribution or severity of lameness. Defects in the flexor cortex, proximal border remodelling, medullary trabecular disruption and medullary sclerosis appeared to be related to limb affliction and severity of lameness while proximal border enthesophytes, and poor flexor corticomedullary demarcation presented evidence of a relationship to the grade of lameness. Poor flexor corticomedullary demarcation and fragmentation of the distal border were related to the severity of lameness in bilateral but asymmetrically affected horses. The presence of peri‐articular osteophytes and mineralisation of the flexor digitorum profundus were too infrequently recognised to permit meaningful data evaluation.
Age‐related characteristics of gastric squamous epithelial mucosa in foals
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , MAHAFFEY E. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySpecimens of grossly normal gastric stratified squamous epithelial mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus on the right side and along the greater curvature were obtained from 7 foetuses, 10 term foals and 12 foals 2–35 days old. Gastric squamous epithelium from the foetuses changed markedly during gestation. At 150–270 days, the epithelium was 8–10 cells thick, with a single layer of basal cells. Epithelial cells were polyhedral and had abundant clear or slightly stained cytoplasm. In the 300‐day foetus the basal layer was thicker, epithelial cells were polyhedral, and there was a flattened 1 cell‐thick layer superficially. In the 335‐day foetus, the epithelial cells were flat and there was a superficial layer of keratinised cells, 1–2 cells thick. In term foals, the gastric epithelium consisted of 10–12 cell layers, with 4–5 thin layers of surface keratin. Epithelial projections (papillae) were either absent or not pronounced. The gastric epithelium became thicker with increasing age, including increased epithelial cell layers, thickening of the keratinised layers, and more pronounced papillae. Desquamation was observed in the keratinised layers of gastric squamous epithelium from foals ≥2 days of age.
Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology
Authors: HAMILTON HOLLY L. , McLAUGHLIN SUSAN A. , WHITLEY ELIZABETH M. , GILGER B. C. , WHITLEY R. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHistopathology was compared to culture results and cytology from horses with corneal stromal abscess at the Auburn University and the Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Significant bacteria were not isolated in culture or seen on histopathology in any of the horses. Although most bacteria infecting equine corneas can be isolated with blood and MacConkey's agars, failure to detect bacterial growth may not rule out infection because anaerobic or intracellular bacteria would not be isolated. The inability to visualise bacterial organisms on histological sections did not rule out their presence in the tissue, because there is often destruction of bacteria by neutrophils, macrophages and antibiotic therapy greatly reducing their numbers. Fungal keratitis was diagnosed by histopathology in 4 of 11 eyes (36%) and keratitis with no aetiological agent in 7 of 11 eyes (64%). Nine of 11 horses (82%) had a prominent neutrophilic stromal infiltrate and 2 (18%) had a predominately pyogranulomatous reaction. Two of the 4 lesions that showed histological evidence of fungal infection were positive for identifiable fungi on culture and cytology. Fungal cultures of the other 2 cases with histological evidence of mycotic keratitis were negative or grew unidentifiable fungi which were considered pathogenic because, on histopathological sections, fungal hyphae were found deep in the corneal stroma surrounded by an inflammatory reaction. In 3 of 6 cases where fungi were recovered on culture, they were considered contaminants based on lack of evidence of organisms in histopathological sections. Histopathology and the use of special stains were important in the interpretation of culture and cytology results.
Distribution of Equid herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) in the respiratory tract of ponies: implications for vaccination strategies
Authors: KYDD JULIA H. , SMITH K. C. , HANNANT D. , LIVESAY GEORGIA J. , MUMFORD JENNIFER A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed to 106.6TCID50of Equid herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1), strain Ab4 and samples of respiratory tract tissues were recovered. Infectious virus in tissue homogenates was detected using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry of paraffin sections. The results illustrated the rapid dissemination of EHV‐1 throughout the respiratory tract, with early replication in the lungs one day after exposure. Endothelial cell infection was prominent in all areas of the nasopharynx by Day 4 emphasising the role of endotheliotropism and viraemia in dissemination of this virus to sites of secondary replication. Clinical disease in the adult ponies was mild.
A survey of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Quebec Standardbred racehorses
Authors: LAPOINTE J. ‐M. , VRINS A. , McCARVILL E. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySixty Standardbred horses, aged 3 to 10 years, were examined endoscopically for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) 1 h after racing, on at least 3 occasions. Racing time, finishing position and post exercise venous lactate concentrations were also recorded. Horses positive for tracheal blood on endoscopy were classified as having eithergrade 1EIPH (one or a few spots of blood in the trachea), orgrade 2(stream of blood). Air temperature, relative humidity and air pollutant levels were recorded on each examination day.Of the 60 horses, 52 (87%) were EIPH‐positive on at least one evaluation out of 3 and 40 of the 52 (77%) showedgrade 2EIPH on at least one occasion. Of the 52 EIPH‐positive horses, 52% bled 3 times out of 3, 21% 2 out of 3 and 27% once. When only the first examination was considered, 37 of the 60 horses (62%) were EIPH‐positive. There was no significant relation detected between either presence or frequency of EIPH and age, sex, or gait. Horses that showedgrade 2EIPH bled significantly (P = <0.001) more frequently (mean: 83% of examinations) than horses having shown no more thangrade 1EIPH (47% of examinations).No significant differences could be detected between EIPH‐positive and EIPH‐negative races in the average racing times, finishing positions and blood lactate concentrations of the 29 horses which showed intermittent EIPH. The proportion of horses showing EIPH on each day where at least 5 horses were examined was correlated with air temperature, relative humidity, and the levels of several air pollutants on those days. There was a significant negative correlation between air temperature and proportion of EIPH‐positive horses (P = 0.0007, r2= 0.39). No significant relations were detected with relative humidity or air pollutant levels.
Experimentally‐induced synovitis as a model for acute synovitis in the horse
Authors: PALMER JAN L. , BERTONE ALICIA L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe use of extremely small dosages of intra‐articularE. colilipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin can create a model of synovitis that mimics acute synovitis in horses. Dosages of 5000 ng, 25 ng, 0.5 ng, 0.25 ng, 0.17 ng and 0.125 ng per joint were injected into various joints of a total of 6 horses. The dose response of LPS on clinical signs and synovial fluid parameters was evaluated at baseline and 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after LPS injection. Peripheral venous blood analysis was performed at baseline and at 0, 4, and 12 h after LPS injection. Dosages greater than 0.5 ng/joint resulted in clinical signs of endotoxaemia including fever, depression, inappetence and non‐weightbearing lameness. Although the total peripheral venous leucocyte count was not decreased at any dosage, the 5000 ng/joint dosage of LPS altered venous leucocyte differential resulting in an increase in the number of segmented and band neutrophils with a concomitant decrease in lymphocytes. Synovial fluid total nucleated cell count (TNC) and total protein (TP) was linearly responsive to increases in intra‐articular LPS dosages up to the 0.5 ng/joint dose. At dosages of LPS > 0.5 ng, synovial fluid mean ± s.e.m. TNC and TP were 122.0 ± 27 × 109cells/l and 59.3 ± 1.7 g/l respectively, at 12 h after injection. This may represent the maximal response of the joint to increased concentrations of LPS endotoxin over 0.5 ng/joint. The 0.125 ng dosage of LPS endotoxin resulted in a synovial fluid mean ± s.e.m. TNC and TP of 31.5 ± 4.3 × 109cells/l and 40.2 ± 2.3 g/l respectively, at 12 h after injection. At the 0.125 ng/joint dosage, horses exhibited mild to moderate effusion and warmth of the injected joint, mild resistance to palpation and agrade 2lameness. Horses at this dosage continued to bear weight on the injected limb and eat throughout the 48 h study period. By the end of the 48 h study period joint effusion was decreased and lameness was subsiding.In a subsequent study, the response to repeated LPS at the 0.125 ng dosage was evaluated to determine the ability of the joint to respond and maintain the synovitis. Clinical and synovial fluid parameters were evaluated at baseline and 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 96, 108, 144, and 156 h after intra‐articular LPS at the 0.125 ng dosage. LPS injections were repeated immediately after the 48, 96 and 144 h arthrocentesis periods in an effort to maintain the synovitis for a period of one week. Synovial fluid parameters and clinical signs of lameness and joint effusion began to wane between 36 and 48 h after each repeated injection. However, the synovial membrane was capable of responding and maintaining the clinical and synovial fluid signs of synovitis over the study period with repeated LPS injections at the same 0.125 ng/joint dosage.
Epidemiology of equineCryptosporidiumandGiardiainfections
Authors: XIAO LIHUA , HERD R. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPrevalence and infection patterns ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiainfections in horses were studied by a direct immunofluorescence staining method. Faecal examinations of 222 horses of different age groups revealedCryptosporidiuminfection rates of 15–31% in 66 foals surveyed in central Ohio, southern Ohio and central Kentucky, USA. Only 1 of 39 weanlings, 0 of 46 yearlings, and 0 of 71 mares were positive.Giardiainfection was found in all age groups, although the infection rates for foals were higher (17–35%). Chronological study of infection in 35 foals showed that foals started to excreteCryptosporidiumoocysts between 4 and 19 weeks andGiardiacysts between 2 and 22 weeks of age. The cumulative infection rates ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiain foals were each 71%. Some foals were concurrently infected with both parasites and excretion of oocysts or cysts was intermittent and long‐lasting. The longest duration of excretion was 14 weeks forCryptosporidiumand 16 weeks forGiardia.Excretion ofCryptosporidiumoocysts stopped before weaning, while excretion ofGiardiacysts continued thereafter.Infected foals were considered the major source ofCryptosporidiuminfection in foals, whereas infected mares were deemed the major source ofGiardiainfection in foals. The high infection rate ofGiardiain nursing mares suggested a periparturient relaxation of immunity. The results indicated thatCryptosporidiumandGiardiainfections are common in horses.
Quantitative analysis of cyanogen bromide‐cleaved peptides for the assessment of Type I: Type II collagen ratios in equine articular repair tissue
Authors: BARR A. R. S. , DUANCE V. C. , WOTTON S. F. , WATERMAN A. E. , HOLT P. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCyanogen bromide was used to solubilise and specifically fragment purified equine Type I and II collagen and equine articular surface repair tissue. The resultant peptides were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantified by densitometric scanning. Measurement of the relative amounts of the peptides α2(I) CB3, 5 and α1(II)CB10 provided an accurate method of establishing the ratio of Type I to Type II collagen in mixtures of purified equine collagens. The method was sensitive to 6% Type II collagen when the band areas were corrected for peptide molecular weight and the number of chains in the parent tropocollagen molecule which contain that particular peptide. Use of this technique showed that repair tissue in full thickness osteochondral defects in the dorsodistal margins of the intermediate carpal bones of ponies did not contain detectable amounts of Type II collagen 11 weeks after defect induction.
Plasma lactate response to submaximal and maximal exercise tests with training, and its relationship to performance and muscle characteristics in Standardbred trotters
Authors: RONÉUS N. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , LINDHOLM A. , ERIKSSON Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeven young Standardbred trotters, born, raised and trained at the same camp, performed submaximal and maximal work tests on a track. The submaximal test consisted of four 1,000 m runs at the trot, with increasing speed at each run. Each horse performed this test when 24, 26, 29 and 40 months old. The maximal test consisted of trotting 1,600 m and was performed at 24 and 29 months of age. Blood samples for plasma lactate analyses were obtained after each run, during the submaximal test and after the maximal test. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained at 24 and 29 months of age. The results showed marked individual differences in lactate response to submaximal effort. Early training only appeared to influence plasma lactate response in some horses. After 40 months of age the lactate response to the final submaximal test was significantly lower (7.2 mmol/l) than at 29 months (14.5 mmol/l).A negative correlation was found between lactate concentration after all runs in the submaximal test, and the horses speed over 1,600 m. No correlations were found between lactate concentration after the maximal test and the horses' speed. The activity of citrate synthase, a marker for muscle oxidative capacity, increased from 24 to 29 months of age. The proportion of Type IIB fibres decreased, whereas that of Type I fibres increased. It is concluded that lactate response to a submaximal work test on a track can be an important tool for evaluating performance capacity of an individual horse.
Evaluation of partial arytenoidectomy as a treatment for equine laryngeal hemiplegia
Authors: LUMSDEN J. M. , DERKSEN F. J. , STICK J. A. , ROBINSON N. E. , NICKELS F. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of partial arytenoidectomy was assessed in 6 Standardbred horses, with surgically induced laryngeal hemiplegia, at rest (Period A) and during exercise at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate (Period C) and 75% of maximum heart rate (Period B). Peak expiratory and inspiratory airflow rate (PEF and PIF), and expiratory and inspiratory transupper airway pressure (PUEand PUI) were measured and expiratory and inspiratory impedance (ZEand ZI) were calculated. Simultaneously, tidal breathing flow‐volume loops (TBFVL) were acquired using a respiratory function computer. Indices derived from TBFVL included airflow rates at 50 and 25% of tidal volume (EF50, IF50, EF25. and IF25) and the ratios of expiratory to inspiratory flows. Measurements were made before left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (baseline), 2 weeks after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN) and 16 weeks after left partial arytenoidectomy coupled with bilateral ventriculectomy (ARYT).After LRLN, during exercise Periods B and C, Z1and the ratio of EF50/IF50significantly increased and PIF, IF50and IF25significantly decreased from baseline values. At 16 weeks after ARYT, Z1returned to baseline values during Periods B and C. Although PIF, IF50, IF25, PEF/PIF, and EF50/IF50returned to baseline values during Period B, these indices remained significantly different from baseline measurements during Period C. After ARYT, TBFVL shapes from horses during Period C approached that seen at the baseline evaluation.Partial arytenoidectomy improved upper airway function in exercising horses with surgically induced left laryngeal hemiplegia, although qualitative and quantitative evaluation of TBFVLs suggested that some flow limitation remains at near maximal airflow rates. These results indicate that, although the procedure does not completely restore the upper airway to normal, partial arytenoidectomy is a viable treatment option for failed laryngoplasty and arytenoid chondropathy in the horse.
Immunoreactive insulin‐like growth factor I and insulin in blood plasma and milk of mares and in blood plasma of foals
Authors: HESS‐DUDAN F. , VACHER P.‐Y. , BRUCKMAIER R.M. , WEISHAUPT M.A. , BURGER D. , BLUM J.W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryConcentration of (total) globulin was relatively stable in blood plasma of mares, but rapidly decreased in colostrum to very low levels within 2 days after parturition. In foals, after intake of the first colostrum, globulin increased within 1 day in blood plasma, but remained at lower concentrations than those measured in mare plasma. Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (iI) were high during the first 2 months of lactation in blood plasma of mares and then decreased, were high in first colostrum and then decreased drastically, and remained at low concentrations up to weaning in blood of foals. In mares, concentration of immunoreactive insulin‐like growth factor I (iIGF‐I) in plasma increased during late pregnancy, peaked 2 days after parturition, and then gradually declined until weaning. iIGF‐I was highest in first colostrum and then dramatically decreased within the first 2 days of lactation. In foals, iIGF‐I gradually increased over the first 2 months of life. IGF‐I in the horse appears to be bound to proteins of similar molecular weight as in cattle. The study demonstrates different patterns of changes in plasma iIGF‐I and iI concentrations in mares and their foals, whereas iI, iIGF‐I and globulin changes in colostrum and milk occurred in parallel. Furthermore, plasma iI and iIGF‐I behaved differently, while colostrum iI and iIGF‐I behaved similarly, in mares compared with dairy cows.
Geographical variation of seropositivity toEhrlichia risticii(equine monocytic ehrlichiosis) of horses in New York state
Authors: Atwill E. R. , Mohammed H. O. , de la Rua‐Domenech R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA total of 2,579 serum samples from horses in New York state during 1985–1986 were examined for seropositivity toEhrlichia risticiiusing the indirect fluorescent antibody technique.Cluster analysis statistical technique was used to group counties according to their estimated EME‐disease rate (seropositive proportion of sampled horses). Counties were clustered into 4 groups of different EME‐disease rates, representing high (86% seropositive), medium (66% seropositive), medium‐low (47% seropositive) and low (6% seropositive) risk regions. The logistic regression statistical technique was used to examine whether the geographic variation ofE. risticiiseropositivity is due to other EME‐risk factors. Risk factors known to be associated with EME (age, breed, sex, month of sample submission) have not contributed to the apparent geographical variation of the disease in New York state. This lack of an association between equine host factors or temporal factors with the geographical variation of EME suggests that conditions necessary for establishment of EME endemic foci involves other factors. The county equine population density and presence of a major equine racetrack were not associated with the geographical variation of the disease in New York state. The high risk regions for EME were located predominately along river valleys, but an explanation of why EME activity varies geographically remains speculative.
Borrelia burgdorferiinfection in UK horses
Authors: CARTER S. D. , MAY C. , BARNES A. , BENNETT D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAntibody levels (IgG and IgM) toBorrelia burgdorferiwere measured in the sera and synovial fluids of UK horses. Western blotting againstB. burgdorferiwas also used on samples from seropositive horses. A low incidence of seropositivity was shown in horses from most parts of the UK. This increased in areas that have a high incidence of human and canine borreliosis (Norfolk and south coast). Leptospira infections of horses did not cause cross reactions in theB. burgdorferiELISA. Most horses did not display clinical signs of Lyme disease. As with dogs and man, it is apparent thatB. burgdorferiinfection occurs in horses in the UK but clinical Lyme disease is uncommon.
Vascular perfusion in horses with chronic laminitis
Authors: HOOD D. M. , GROSENBAUGH D. A. , SLATER M. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVascular perfusion casts were used to define and characterise the macroscopic perfusion defects present in the distal digit of 11 horses affected by chronic laminitis. Five clinically normal horses were used as controls. Based on clinical history and clinical status, horses with chronic laminitis were classified as being potentially treatable or clinically refractory. Eleven macroscopic vascular defects were noted in the casts from horses with laminitis. Four types of lesions were identified in the submural laminar circulation, 3 in the coronary bed and 4 were associated with the solar circulation. Multiple defects were present and a definite trend was noted for the perfusion defects to be worse in the casts of clinically refractory subjects than in those considered treatable. This information suggests that evaluation of circulatory status should add significantly to the ability to separate treatable from clinically refractory patients. Results also indicated that ventral displacement of the third phalanx (sinkers) and compression of the solar vasculature are more prevalent than is presently thought.