bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dye fills reveal additional olfactory tracts in the protocerebrum of wild‐type Drosophila
Authors: Tanaka Nobuaki K. , Suzuki Emiko , Dye Louis , Ejima Aki , Stopfer Mark 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe antennal lobe (AL) is the primary olfactory center in insect brains. It receives sensory input from the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and sends, through its projection neurons (PNs), reformatted output to secondary olfactory centers, including the mushroom body (MB) calyx and the lateral horn (LH) in the protocerebrum. By injecting dye into the AL of wild‐type Drosophila, we identified previously unknown direct pathways between the AL and the ventrolateral, superior medial, and posterior lateral protocerebra. We found that most of these areas in the protocerebrum are connected with the AL through multiple tracts, suggesting that these areas are sites of convergence for olfactory information. Furthermore, areas such as the superior medial protocerebrum now appear to receive olfactory output both directly from the AL and indirectly from lobes of the MB and the LH, suggesting a degree of functional interaction among these areas. We also analyzed the length and number of fibers in each tract. We compare our results obtained from wild‐type flies with recent results from transgenic strains and discuss how information about odorants is distributed to multiple protocerebral areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4131–4140, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observed connection and individuation: Relation to symptoms in families of adolescents with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Thomas Sarah A. , Hoste Renee Rienecke , Le Grange Daniel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective:To examine the relation between observed familial connection and individuation and adolescent bulimia nervosa (BN) symptoms.Method:As part of a treatment study for adolescent BN, adolescents (n = 54) and their parents participated in a videotaped semi‐structured interview. Participants were rated on observed connection and individuation from these interviews using the Scale of Intergenerational Relationship Quality and two measures of connection.Results:There was a significant negative relation between individuation from parents and adolescent BN symptoms. Connection both to and from mothers and adolescents was negatively associated with BN symptoms. Increased eating concern was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of expressing a desire for more connection with the family.Discussion:Investigating and understanding family factors present at the time of adolescent BN may assist in providing treatment specific to the needs of the family to best aid the adolescent's recovery process. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;45:891–899)
The role of the Ord Arid Intrusion in the historical and contemporary genetic division of long‐tailed finch subspecies in northern Australia
Authors: Rollins Lee Ann , Svedin Nina , Pryke Sarah R. , Griffith Simon C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of separation by biogeographic features followed by secondary contact can blur taxonomic boundaries and produce complex genetic signatures. We analyzed population structure and gene flow across the range of the long‐tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda) in northern Australia (1) to test the hypothesis that Ord Arid Intrusion acted as the causative barrier that led to divergence of P. acuticauda subspecies, (2) to determine whether genetic data support the presence of a gradual cline across the range or a sudden shift, both of which have been suggested based on morphological data, and (3) to estimate levels of contemporary gene flow within this species complex. We collected samples from 302 individuals from 10 localities. Analyses of 12 microsatellite loci and sequence data from 333 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region were used to estimate population structure and gene flow, using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), haplotype network analysis, frequency statistics, and clustering methods. Mitochondrial sequence data indicated the presence of three genetic groups (regions) across the range of P. acuticauda. Genetic diversity was highest in the east and lowest in the west. The Ord Arid Intrusion appears to have functioned as a biogeographic barrier in the past, according to mtDNA evidence presented here and evidence from previous studies. The absence of isolation by distance between adjacent regions and the lack of population genetic structure of mtDNA within regions indicates that genetic changes across the range of P. acuticauda subspecies are characterized by discrete breaks between regions. While microsatellite data indicate a complete absence of genetic structure across this species’ range, it appears unlikely that this results from high levels of gene flow. Mitochondrial data do not support the presence of contemporary gene flow across the range of this species.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of (N‐Heterocyclic carbene)MCl Complexes of Group 11 Metals
Authors: Landers Brant , Navarro Oscar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe use of microwave heating for the synthesis of (N‐heterocyclic carbene)‐bearing complexes of Cu, Ag and Au allows for a drastic reduction of the reaction times required by conventional heating, while affording comparable or better yields of the desired complexes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Applications of Palladium Nanoparticle‐Cored Dendrimers Stabilized by Metal–Carbon Bonds
Authors: Kumar V. K. Ratheesh , Krishnakumar Sreedevi , Gopidas Karical R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of four generations of palladium nanoparticle‐cored Fréchet‐type dendrimers (Pd‐Gn) possessing direct palladium–carbon bonds are reported. These core–shell materials have been synthesized by the simultaneous reduction of different generation diazodendrons and PdII in an organic medium. The resulting organic–inorganic hybrid materials were characterized by IR, NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques. The formation of nearly spherical particles of 2–4 nm diameter was confirmed by TEM studies. The efficiency of one member of this series, Pd‐G1, in catalysing important C–C bond‐forming reactions such as Suzuki, Stille and Hiyama coupling reactions was investigated. The results clearly show that Pd‐G1 can efficiently catalyse the cross‐coupling of arylboronic acids, aryl stannanes and organosilicon compounds with differently substituted aryl halides in addition to efficiently catalysing hydrogenation reactions. The catalyst exhibited good recovery and recyclability in Suzuki coupling reactions. The study suggests that a single catalyst capable of catalysing several reactions can be designed.
H‐β‐Zeolite‐Catalysed Hydroarylation of Styrenes
Authors: Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe hydroarylation of styrenes with various arene(heteroarene) compounds using H‐β‐zeolite as a green and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst under mild reaction conditions has been developed. The catalyst showed versatility and high selectivity (up to 100 %) of desired 1,1‐diarylalkanes in cyclohexane as solvent under the conditions studied. The catalyst could be reactivated by simple treatment with mineral acid at room temperature for better catalytic activity.
Palladium Paste Nanocomposite Electrode as a New Metallic Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Oxidation and Nonenzymatic Amperometric Sensor in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Safavi Afsaneh , Tohidi Maryam 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPalladium paste nanocomposite electrode was employed as an efficient electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation and nonenzymatic amperometric ethanol sensor, in alkaline media. The combined application of unique properties of nanomaterials and ionic liquids results in electrodes with interesting advantages compared to the conventional Pd disk electrodes. High tolerance towards accumulation of carbonaceous species (CO‐like intermediates) and poisoning by strongly adsorbed species suggests this electrode suitable for many applications. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limit (20.0 µM), wide linear range (30.0 µM–1.6 M), ease of renewing the electrode surface, good long‐term stability and reproducibility for ethanol determination.
Effects of triclosan on marine benthic and epibenthic organisms
Authors: Perron Monique M. , Ho Kay T. , Cantwell Mark G. , Burgess Robert M. , Pelletier Marguerite C. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial compound that has been widely used in consumer products such as toothpaste, deodorant, and shampoo. Because of its widespread use, triclosan has been detected in various environmental media, including wastewater, sewage sludge, surface waters, and sediments. Triclosan is acutely toxic to numerous aquatic organisms, but very few studies have been performed on estuarine and marine benthic organisms. For whole sediment toxicity tests, the sediment-dwelling estuarine amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, and the epibenthic mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, are commonly used organisms. In the present study, median lethal concentration values (LC50) were obtained for both of these organisms using water-only and whole sediment exposures. Acute 96-h water-only toxicity tests resulted in LC50 values of 73.4 and 74.3 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. For the 7-d whole sediment toxicity test, LC50 values were 303 and 257 mg/kg (dry wt) for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. Using equilibrium partitioning theory, these whole sediment values are equivalent to interstitial water LC50 values of 230 and 190 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively, which are within a threefold difference of the observed 96-h LC50 water-only values. Triclosan was found to accumulate in polychaete tissue in a 28-d bioaccumulation study with a biota-sediment accumulation factor of 0.23 kg organic carbon/kg lipid. These data provide some of the first toxicity data for triclosan with marine benthic and epibenthic species while also indicating a need to better understand the effects of other forms of sediment carbon, triclosan ionization, and organism metabolism of triclosan on the chemical's behavior and toxicity in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1861–1866. © 2012 SETAC
Nonlinear acceleration of coupled fluid–structure transient thermal problems by Anderson mixing
Authors: Ganine V. , Hills N. J. , Lapworth B. L. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYConjugate heat‐transfer problems are typically solved using partitioned methods where fluid and solid subdomains are evaluated separately by dedicated solvers coupled through a common boundary. Strongly coupled schemes for transient analysis require fluid and solid problems to be solved many times each time step until convergence to a steady state. In many practical situations, a fairly simple and frequently employed fixed‐point iteration process is rather ineffective; it leads to a large number of iterations per time step and consequently to long simulation times. In this article, Anderson mixing is proposed as a fixed‐point convergence acceleration technique to reduce computational cost of thermal coupled fluid–solid problems. A number of other recently published methods with applications to similar fluid–structure interaction problems are also reviewed and analyzed. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate relative performance of these methods on a test problem of rotating pre‐swirl cavity air flow interacting with a turbine disk. It is observed that performance of Anderson mixing method is superior to that of other algorithms in terms of total iteration counts. Additional computational savings are demonstrated by reusing information from previously solved time steps. Copyright © All rights reserved 2012 Rolls‐Royce plc.
Trends—Legislation: Legislative environment makes compliance crucial for corporate social responsibility programs
Authors: Jaramillo Gwendolyn W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOne of the challenges of working in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is that there are such varied ideas of what the term means. Some view CSR as an umbrella term for philanthropic endeavors, others as a guideline for legal risk management, and others as a public relations exercise. Whatever else CSR may be, it is a powerful tool for change both within a corporation and in its operating environment. However, leveraging the potential of CSR for maximum impact within an organization requires a thoughtful and thorough approach to implementation.
FERC regulation—electricity: FERC and NERC speed processing of electric reliability violations
Authors: Art Andrew , Smith Van 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is the organization responsible for ensuring the reliability of the bulk‐power system (BPS) in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. NERC recently received approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to streamline the process for tracking and reporting violations of electric reliability standards. On March 15, FERC issued an order conditionally approving the proposed “Find, Fix, Track, and Report” (FFTR) process to expedite the enforcement process for violations of NERC Reliability Standards that pose lesser risk to the BPS.1 In its approval of NERC's new process, however, FERC included several conditions that narrow the range of potential violations eligible for the expedited process. FERC Chairman Jon Wellinghoff hailed the new process as “a major change in how [FERC] will enforce compliance with the Reliability Standards going forward.”2
Designing and Synthesis of Novel Amidated Fentanyl Analogs
Authors: Haghighatnia Yaghoub , Balalaie Saeed , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSome new amidated fentanyl (=N‐[1‐(2‐phenylethyl)piperidin‐4‐yl]‐N‐phenylpropanamide) analogs with a 4‐(N‐phenylamido)piperidine scaffold and additional amide bonds have been designed and synthesized through Ugi four‐component reaction (Ugi‐4CR). Good‐to‐high yields, diversity‐oriented synthesis, and possible applications in drug discovery are advantages of this approach.
Preparation of Isotope Labeled/Unlabeled Key Intermediates in 2‐Methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐Phosphate Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Li Heng , Dai Shao‐Bo , Gao Wen‐Yun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNaturally occurring terpenes constitute one of the largest groups of natural products with complicated and variable structures, and a great number of important biological activities. The 2‐methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway is a newly found and established biosynthetic route for terpenoids, and all the enzymes involved in this pathway can be used as targets for the screening of antibiotics. Progress in chemical and enzymatic preparation of the key intermediates in this pathway is reviewed with the emphasis on the synthesis of 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate and 2‐methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐phosphate with isotope labels.
X‐Ray Structure Study of an Unusual 13,14,15,16‐Tetranorlabdane Derivative Obtained in the Synthesis of (7α)‐7,8‐Dihydroxy‐14,15‐dinorlabdane‐11,13‐dione
Authors: Kravtsov Victor C. , Gorincioi Elena C. , Barba Alic N. , Aricu Aculina N. , Lipkowski Janusz , Vlad Pavel F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe unconventional (5S,7R,8S,9R,10S)‐configurated (−)‐7‐(acetyloxy)‐12,12‐dichloro‐8‐hydroxy‐13,14,15,16‐tetranorlabdan‐11‐one (2) was synthesized via the HCl‐promoted hydrolysis of (7α)‐7,8‐(isopropylidenedioxy)‐14,15‐dinorlabdan‐11,13‐dione (5). Possible mechanistic pathways of the reaction are considered. Crystal and molecular structures of the isolated compound 2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Two New Octahydronaphthalene Derivatives from Trichoderma spirale, an Endophytic Fungus Derived from Aquilaria sinensis
Authors: Li Dong‐Li , Chen Yu‐Chan , Tao Mei‐Hua , Li Hao‐Hua , Zhang Wei‐Min 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo new octahydronaphthalene derivatives, trichodermic acid A (1) and trichodermic acid B (2), along with a known analog, trichodermic acid (3), and a known modified dipeptide, trichodermamide A (4), were isolated from the extract of Trichoderma spirale, an endophytic fungus present in the medicinal plant Aquilaria sinensis. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR and MS data.
Chirality Transfer in the Formation of Poly(oxymethylene) Helices by Anionic Polymerization
Authors: Miculka Christian , Noe Christian R. , Eppacher Simon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this article, we present the synthesis of a series of oligo(oxymethylenes) capped with 1‐phenylethanol and MeOH. The anionic condition affords enantiomerically pure oligo(oxymethylene) oligomers, while the cationic oligomerization leads to a racemic mixture of the oligo(oxymethylene) chain.
Uncertainty in floodplain delineation: expression of flood hazard and risk in a Gulf Coast watershed
Authors: Christian Jason , Duenas‐Osorio Leonardo , Teague Aarin , Fang Zheng , Bedient Philip 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the development of flood hazard and flood risk delineations that account for uncertainty as improvements to standard floodplain maps for coastal watersheds. Current regulatory floodplain maps for the Gulf Coastal United States present 1% flood hazards as polygon features developed using deterministic, steady‐state models that do not consider data uncertainty or natural variability of input parameters. Using the techniques presented here, a standard binary deterministic floodplain delineation is replaced with a flood inundation map showing the underlying flood hazard structure. Additionally, the hazard uncertainty is further transformed to show flood risk as a spatially distributed probable flood depth using concepts familiar to practicing engineers and software tools accepted and understood by regulators. A case study of the proposed hazard and risk assessment methodology is presented for a Gulf Coast watershed, which suggests that storm duration and stage boundary conditions are important variable parameters, whereas rainfall distribution, storm movement, and roughness coefficients contribute less variability. The floodplain with uncertainty for this coastal watershed showed the highest variability in the tidally influenced reaches and showed little variability in the inland riverine reaches. Additionally, comparison of flood hazard maps to flood risk maps shows that they are not directly correlated, as areas of high hazard do not always represent high risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal patterns of snow accumulation and aerial ablation across the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Eveland Jeffery , Gooseff Michael N. , Lampkin Derrick J. , Barrett J. E. , Takacs‐Vesbach Cristina 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSnow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys is a potential source of moisture for subnivian soils in a cold desert ecosystem. In a water‐limited environment, enhanced soil moisture is expected to provide more favourable conditions for subnivian soil communities. In addition, snow cover insulates the underlying soil from air temperature extremes. Quantifying the spatial and temporal patterns of seasonal snow accumulation and ablation is necessary to understand these dynamics. Repeat high‐resolution imagery acquired for the 2009–2010 austral summer was used to map the seasonal distribution of snow across Taylor and Wright valleys, Southern Victorialand, Antarctica. An edge detection algorithm was used to perform an object‐based classification of snow‐covered area. Coupled with topographic parameters obtained from a 30‐m digital elevation model, unique distribution patterns were characterized for five regions within the neighbouring valleys. Time lapses of snow distribution in each region provide insight into spatially variable aerial ablation rates (change in area of landscape covered by snow) across the region. A strong coastal to interior gradient of decreasing snow‐covered area was evident for both Taylor and Wright valleys. The surrounding regions of Lake Fryxell, Lake Hoare, Lake Bonney, Lake Brownworth, and Lake Vanda exhibited losses of snow‐covered area of 9.61 km2 (−93%), 1.63 km2 (−72%), 1.07 km2 (−97%), 2.60 km2 (−82%), and 0.25 km2 (−96%), respectively, as measured from peak accumulation in October to mid‐January. Differences in aerial ablation rates within and across local regions suggest that both topographic variation and regional microclimates influence the ablation of seasonal snow cover. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of snow processes to climate change: spatial variability in a small basin in the Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: López‐Moreno J. I. , Pomeroy J. W , Revuelto J. , Vicente‐Serrano S. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform was used to create an alpine snow model including wind redistribution of snow and energy balance snowmelt to simulate the snowpack over the period 1996–2009 in a small (33 ha) snow‐dominated basin in the Spanish Pyrenees. The basin was divided into three hydrological response units (HRUs), based on contrasting physiographic and aerodynamic characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to calculate the snow water equivalent regime for various combinations of temperature and precipitation that differed from observed conditions. The results show that there was large inter‐annual variability in the snowpack in this region of the Pyrenees because of its marked sensitivity to climatic conditions. Although the basin is small and quite homogeneous, snowpack seasonality and inter‐annual evolution of the snowpack varied in each HRU. Snow accumulation change in relation to temperature change was approximately 20% for every 1 °C, and the duration of the snowpack was reduced by 20–30 days per °C. Melting rates decreased with increased temperature, and wind redistribution of snow was higher with decreased temperature. The magnitude and sign of changes in precipitation may markedly affect the response of the snowpack to changes in temperature. There was a non‐linear response of snow to individual and combined changes in temperature and precipitation, with respect to both the magnitude and sign of the change. This was a consequence of the complex interactions among climate, topography and blowing snow in the study basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.