bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MULLET (Mugil incilis) and FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium acanthurus) POLYCULTURE IN COLOMBIA
Authors: Silva Luis E. Martinez , Pedini Mario , New Michael B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe results of the first experiment involving polyculture of mullet (Mugil incilis) and freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium acanthurus) in Colombia are presented.An experimental pond, having a surface area of 1.15 ha, was stocked with seed collected from the wild. Collection of seed and stocking of ponds were facilitated by the coincidental start of the dry season and the migration toward freshwater of mullet and freshwater prawns in February, 1976.One hundred and thirty three days after stocking the pond yielded 241 kg of prawns (210 kg/ha) and 340 kg of mullet (296 kg/ha). Macrobrachium acanthurus achieve an average weight of 12 g and Mugil incilis reached an average weight of 70 g. The pond was not fertilized and only 430 kg of supplementary feed, mostly consumed by mullet, was presented.The results obtained for prawn production in this preliminary trial are compared to those achieved by other workers with this species and with Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
A DESCRIPTION OF INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus) AND OTHER CANNIBALISTIC CRUSTACEANS1
Authors: Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe high rates of cannibalism which have been documented for H. americanus reared communally dictate that for a majority of the culture period the lobsters should be reared individually, in order to eliminate these losses. Criteria essential to the development of culture systems for the intensive rearing of lobsters and other cannibalistic crustacean species in individual holding compartments are considered. These include the necessity for holding large numbers of individuals in a minimal amount of space, delivery of oxygenated water evenly to each rearing compartment, and removal of wastes. Considerations of space utilization, capital construction costs, and associated components for automatic feeding, maintenance, and harvesting also are discussed.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) CULTURE IN POLYNESIA: OBSERVATIONS ON THE WATER CHEMODYNAMISM IN AN INTENSIVE LARVAL REARING
Authors: Aquacop  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to specify the limits of the high density larval rearing method (80–100 larvae per liter) in clear water with daily total exchange and to control the water quality evolution, the nitrite and total ammonia were measured.Nitrite concentrations in antibiotic treated tanks stayed low (5μg NO2‐N/1) but can reached 40μg NO2‐N/1 after 41 days in untreated tanks, in spite of daily water exchange.Maximum concentrations of total ammonia were 1.70 ppm N during a 24‐hour cycle. In the rearing conditions (pH 7.85 to 8.20, temperature 25 to 28 C) the un‐ionized ammonia concentrations were 0.07 to 0.18 ppm N. At those levels, no specific larval stress was noted.The interaction of variations in ammonia and nitrite concentration versus, antibiotics, temperature, light intensity, larval stages, diseases, was studied. Ammonia variations, resulting from the larval metabolism, could be a useful indicator for detecting the beginning of bacterial diseases.
ARTISANAL METHODS IN FRENCH OYSTERCULTURE: A REGIONAL COMPARISON1
Authors: Anderson Susan L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe French oyster industry has changed significantly since the widespread introduction of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and, a comparison of three oyster producing regions in France indicates that social factors and physical geography are important parameters in the continued success of traditional French oyster culture. The integration of scientific research with the work of local artisans is considered a major goal for the future of oyster culture as well as the development of low capital culture schemes and polyculture methods.
A SUBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATE APPROACHES TO THE MASS CULTURING OF SEAWEEDS
Authors: Huguenin John E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFour different approaches to the mass commercial culturing of seaweeds are explored in terms of their major characteristics and current state‐of‐the‐art. This includes lagoon culturing, as practiced commercially in the Pacific, and the possibility of large open ocean kelp farms. Presented for possible development is an intensive seaweed culturing concept that promises significant savings in capital and operating costs in comparison with the more conventional raceway approach. In addition, these approaches axe compared as to their potential performance, costs, risks and relative advantages. Identified are technological areas where improvements promise high leverage towards achieving greater economic viability for mass commercial seaweed culturing systems.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON A COMBINED SEAWEED MARICULTURE‐TERTIARY WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM1
Authors: DeBoer J. A. , Lapointe B. E. , Ryther J. H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA pilot‐plant scale waste recycling‐mariculture system was developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Environmental Systems Laboratory in 1973. Basically, the concept of this system is to grow unicellular marine algae in continuous flow cultures on mixtures of seawater and secondarily treated sewage effluent, and feed the algae to bivalve molluses, maintained in a separate culture system. A final polishing step in the system consists of macroscopic algae (seaweeds) which remove the dissolved nutrients regenerated by the animal culture prior to discharge of the final effluent. In addition to serving as a final polishing step in the phytoplankton‐shellfish waste recycling system, seaweeds are also used as a one‐step waste recycling‐mariculture system.Currently, in the seweed systems, red alage are being grown which contain either agar or carrageenam both of which are in short supply and therefore have a high economic value. Yields from these seaweed mariculture systems are notably high compared to other maricultural and agricultural crops. Results indicate that seaweed farms will be an ecomomically profitable enterprise especially for developing countries in warm climates.
A SUMMARY OF OYSTER MARICULTURE UTILIZING AN OFFSHORE PETROLEUM PLATFORM IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Ogle John , Ray Sammy M. , Wardle W. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTResearch (1970–1975) on oyster culture utilizing a petroleum platform six kilometers offshore from High Island, Texas is summarized. Growth of oysters held offshore was comparable to that of oysters held in the estuary. Growth of oysters offshore was equal to depths of eight meters. Growth of juvenile oysters in terms of length was less for oysters held in wire trays compared to plastic mesh bags and less for oysters from which fouling was removed monthly compared to oysters not brushed to remove fouling. Oysters suspended during the fall showed best condition during the following June and estuarine oysters were in better condition than offshore oysters. Mortality of oysters infected with the fungus Labyrinthomyxa marina was high (30–65%), while mortality of uninfected oysters was low (0–29%) both offshore and in the estuary. Oyster loses were primarily attributed to vandalism in the estuary and mechanical failure offshore. Oysters from the bay completely depurated fecal coliforms within seven days after transfer offshore. Oysters cultured offshore were found to be as acceptable as oysters from the bay in an organoleptic evaluation by a ten member panel.
THERMAL AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Peterson Richard E. , Seo K. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThere now appear to be over 40 demonstration/commercial projects involving the application of thermal waters‐often the thermal effluents of electric generating plants‐to the aquaculture of fish species. These projects are taking place in several countries, e.g., Canada, England, Iceland, Japan, and the United States (California, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin). The crustaceans, mollusks and fishes under culture include carp, catfish, eels, lobsters, mussel, oysters, perch, plaice, salmon, sea bream, shrimp, sole, trout, white‐fish, and yellowtail. This paper, based on a literature search and survey replies from sponsoring organizations, operators, and principal investigators, serves the purpose of providing a beginning inventory of current empirical developments in thermal aquaculture.
BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC MARKERS FOR BROODSTOCK IDENTIFICATION IN AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Hedgecock Dennis 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGenetic variation in the structure of proteins and enzymes has within the past decade been recognized as a fundamental characteristic of life. The relative ease with which such biochemical variation may be detected in most organisms, together with its actual description in several molluscs, crustaceans and fishes having aquacultural potential, suggest that gene‐enzyme variation can be of significance in the development of aquaculture broodstock. Specifically, by serving to mark or identify individuals, populations, stocks or species, biochemical variants may become important tools in husbandry and breeding.Biochemical phenotypes revealed by electrophoresis and specific enzyme assay can serve as markers because of their detectability in milligram biopsy samples, their stability over a broad range of onto‐genetic and physiological states, and, in diploids at least, their single‐locus Mendelian inheritance with codominant expression. Previous studies on the lobster (Homarus americanus) illustrate the utility of molecular methodology in characterizing stocks obtained from nature, in confirming parentage in crosses, and in tagging progenies to be used in grow‐out experiments or in hatchery release programs. Moreover, rates of inbreeding among broodstock may be directly quantified by monitoring increases in homozygosity relative to natural populations. Biochemical genetic markers may thus be used to solve a number of diverse problems encountered in broodstock development.
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING CRUSTACEAN SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Nelson Keith 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe process of selection of species for aquaculture should include consideration of long‐term genetic adaptability to conditions of culture (i.e., domestication) which are often very different from those prevailing in more natural environments. Major consideration should be given to the heritability of desirable traits such as growth rate, disease resistance, etc. Heritability may be defined as that proportion of the total variation of the trait under particular circumstances which may be attributed to additive genetic variance; it may be calculated from the results of experiments involving progenies of selected matings. In the absence of such data, one expects heritability to be higher in members of evolutionary flourishing and recently expanding groups in which there is great variation in the trait in question.Without genetic variation or heterozygosity there can be no selection; estimates of overall relative heterozygosity in populations of different species may be made from modern techniques of examination of protein variation. If within‐population heterozygosity is low or negligible, hybridization between populations may increase heterozygosity and heritability; if populations within a species are not differentiated genetically, interspecific hybridization may be attempted. This approach is more likely to succeed with recently diverged species, such as are found again in evolutionary flourishing groups.Finally, it may be possible to speed up the process of adaptation to the conditions of culture and the market place by taking advantage of special features in the mating system (e.g., protandrous hermaphroditism), life history (e.g., metamorphosis), or population biology (e.g., dispersal phases) of the potential cultivar.Examples are given of these principles applied to candidate species.
TOXICITY OF FORMALIN, MALACHITE GREEN, AND POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TO THE GLASS EEL STAGE OF AMERICAN EEL1
Authors: Loyacsno Harold A. , Harrell Reginal M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe toxicity of formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate to the glass eel stage of American eel, Anguilla rostrata, was determined in glass jars containing three liters of aerated well water at 21 C for a period of 96 hours. Exposure to concentrations of formalin up to 50 ppm for 96 hours and up to 500 ppm for 1 hour produced less than 50% mortality in 96 hours, and 96‐hour LC50 could not be determined. The 96‐hour LC50 for malachite green was 0.25 ppm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.20‐0.29 ppm. The 24‐hour LC50 for potassium permanganate was 3.29 ppm with a 95% confidence interval of 2.11‐3.62 ppm. After 24 hours, mortality in potassium permanganate increased so greatly from 30% in 3 ppm to 100% in 4 and 5 ppm that the LC50 could not be determined. All chemicals tested appeared to be safe to apply to glass eels at concentrations commonly used to control parasites on cultured fishes.
EPIBIOTIC MICROBIAL INFESTATIONS OF CULTURED CRUSTACEANS1
Authors: Fisher William S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMicrobial epibionts have continually hampered efforts to rear crustaceans. Although a variety of microbial agents may be responsible for mortalities on a variety of crustaceans, several characteristics are sufficiently similar to consider epibiotic microbial fouling as a single syndrome. Epibionts use the surface of the animal only as a substrate and rely on dissolved nutrients in the seawater for nourishment. The type and extent of infestation corresponds to water quality. Lethality is presumed to result from asphyxia caused by occlusion of respiratory surfaces. The easily diagnosed filamentous epibionts may only signify advanced stages of the disease while non‐filamentous forms are more directly related to mortalities. Filamentous and non‐filamentous forms also respond differently to therapeutic treatment. Infestation and mortality in egg masses of crabs occur most heavily on the external portions of the egg mass and decline exponentially with increased depth into the egg mass. Temporal progression occurs in the same manner. Some evidence suggests that the exterior layers “seed” the successive internal eggs with epibionts. Various observations have prompted speculation concerning the susceptibility of crustaceans to microbial epibionts in relation to their culture environment. Potential methods of prevention and treatments are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON DISEASES OF CRUSTACEAN CULTURES IN POLYNESIA
Authors: Aquacop  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFirst important problems in pathology at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) have been met during larval rearings of penaeid shrimps and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In penaeids, heavy mortalities during the zoea and mysis stages have led to the diagnosis of two main types of diseases: a bacterial necrosis of the appendages and a fungus disease. Two preventive treatments with antibiotics during the zoea stages and a continuous treatment with a selective herbicide (Treflan) allow a consistent production of 100 post‐larvadliter (80% survival from the nauplius stage). With Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the larval rearing, mortalities of bacterial origin have been recorded in some experiments. The observation of appendage necrosis allows early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics, Chlorination of the water helps to control the disease.During the growth of penaeids, different diseases have been encountered and are briefly described. “White pleura disease” due to a Vibrio sp. is the only one that has produced important mortalities in P. azetecus, P. merguiensis and P. japonicus but does not seem harmful to P. monodon.These observations are discussed and conclusions about the importance of diseases in crustacean cultures in tropical area are stated.
GROWTH AND FOOD CONVERSION IN JUVENILE SOUTHERN SEA BASS, Centropristis melana (GINSBURG), FED COMMERCIAL AND SEMINATURAL DIETS1
Authors: Harpster Brian V. , Roberts Daniel E. , Bruger Gerard E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLaboratory‐reared juvenile southern sea bass, Centropristis melana (Ginsberg), were studied to evaluate effects of five diets on growth and food conversion. Diets studied were Marine Ration 20, squid, Marine Ration 30, Catfish Cage Chow, and Trout Chow; each diet had a different total protein content. Diet treatments were conducted using a completely random design in 2.36 times 0.97 times 0.50 m tanks with biological filtration. Fish were fed twice daily at 3% body weight day‐1 and reduced to 2% body weight at the first signs of wastage. Body weights and total lengths were recorded every two weeks. The Marine Ration 20 diet was terminated at sampling period I due to diet rejection and high mortalities. Significant differences (= 0.05) in mean body weights among remaining diets occurred by the eighth week, as demonstrated by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test. The experiment was terminated after ten weeks. Of all diet treatments taken to termination, juveniles fed squid suffered the highest number of mortalities. Food conversion (g feed g‐1 gain) and mean percent body weight increase for Trout Chow, squid, Catfish Cage Chow, and Marine Ration 30 were 1.30 and 172.90%, 1.55 and 180.57%, 2.48 and 63.10%, and 3.55 and 36.00%, respectively. Results of all measured parameters show that Trout Chow was superior in rearing juvenile southern sea bass.
COMPOUNDED DIETS FOR EARLY POSTLARVAL PENAEUS CALIFORNIENSIS
Authors: Brand C. W. , Colvin L. B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA series of two‐week experiments were performed to evaluate extruded, compounded diets and to determine the usefulness of single‐cell protein sources as replacements for fish meal in diets for Penaeid shrimp. The diets were compounded at two protein levels, 40 and 44%, using conventional feed ingredients with and without linolenic acid. The tests were conducted using early postlarval (16 mg) Penaeus Californiensis in a flow‐through system and the prepared diets were compared against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina).Two types of yeast were evaluated, those from n‐paraffins (Toprina G) and brewer's yeast (Yeaco‐20). In addition, blood meal and soybean oil meal were used to partially replace fish meal in the test diets. When the yeasts were used at 10% of the diet, it was found that the shrimp achieved a larger mean final weight and exhibited better survival than either the Artemia control or the non‐yeast diets.Soybean oil meal was satisfactory as a replacement protein, but blood meal appeared to cause a depression in growth at all levels of inclusion. Of the two yeasts, the n‐paraffin yeast appears to be the better complement to the other diet ingredients.
ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL ROLE OF ALGAE IN THE CULTURE OF LARVAL PRAWNS (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)1,2
Authors: Joseph Jeanne D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFor some years, crustacean mariculturists have been aware of the effectiveness of “green water” in enhancing survival and growth of larvae, but its mode of action has not been known. Because fatty acids have been shown to be excellent biochemical tracers in food‐web studies, this class of compounds was selected to assess the possible nutritional role of algae in promoting metamorphosis, growth and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae.Larvae, fed Artemia salina nauplii, were provided with supplements of Pseudoisochryois paradoxa, Dunaliella tertiolecta or Phaeodactylum tricornutum for 32 days. Fatty acid analysis of the algae showed that each species of alga contained unusual fatty acids, not normally present in larvae, which might be expected to appear in the larval lipids if the algae contribute to larval nutrition. P. paradoxa contain 18:5ω3 (4.5%); D. tertiolecta, 16:4ω3 (18.2%); and p. tricornutum, 16:3ω4 (13.3%).Fatty acids of the larvae from the different dietary treatments were remarkably similar and none of the unusual algal fatty acids were observed.These results provide additional evidence that algae are not utilized as a supplemental food by the larvae. However, the possibility that the larvae have an active “species‐oriented” lipid metabolism and do not retain algal fatty acids, as has been demonstrated in the oyster, cannot be ruled out.
DIEL AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI: A PLAGUE AND A PROMISE FOR MARICULTURE
Authors: Spieler Richard E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews some recent findings on the importance of the time of day that fish and other animals receive specific stimuli, i.e., medication, gonadotropin injections, disturbance, temperature change, and feeding. Significant differences are elicited in growth, fattening, reproductive indexes and mortality depending on the time of day when fish are stimulated. Such differences cause difficulty in analysis of results and demand a more complex experimental design, but hold considerable promise for increased control of cultured species.
INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY ON LARVAL AND SPAT GROWTH IN Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Losee E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGrowth rate was measured on wild Long Island Sound stock Crassostrea virginica larvae and spat and used to calculate heritability estimates. The heritability estimates for larval growth rate ranged from 0.40 to 0.55. Heritability estimates for spat growth rate measured at 6 weeks post‐setting averaged 0.50. An analysis of relationship between larval and spat growth rates is presented in this paper.
A COMPARISON OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE STAGES OF THE LOBSTERS Homarus americanus, Homarus gammarus, AND THEIR HYBRID1
Authors: Carlberg J. M. , Van Olst J. C. , Ford R. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that H. gammarus progeny are generally larger than those of H. americanus at all stages (Gruffydd et al., 1975; Van Olst et al., 1976). In addition, the 2 nephropid lobsters are known to be similar genetically (Hedgecock et al., 1977).Recently these 2 closely related species have been successfully hybridized. A comparison of the growth rates of the progeny from these crosses with the parental types was conducted. The larvae of the 3 varieties reached the post‐larval stage in approximately the same time, with no significant differences in survival. The H. gammarus and hybrid larvae were larger than the H. americanus larvae. A comparison of growth and survival for one year of culture showed no significant differences in the size attained by juveniles of the 2 lobster species or by their hybrids.Variation in morphological characters, pigmentation patterns, and behavior are discussed. Biochemical analyses of pereiopod tissue were performed to verify the pedigree of the hybrid progeny.
ELECTROPHORETIC PROTEIN VARIATION IN Macrobrachium ohione AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN GENETIC STUDIES1
Authors: Trudeau T. N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHorizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine protein variation in 6 populations of Macrobrachium ohione. Nine proteins and 14 loci were identified. Estimates for proportion of polymorphic loci, mean heterozygosity per locus, and mean heterozygosity per individual ranged from 21.4 to 42.8%, 12.9 to 24.1%, and 12.9 to 24.1%, respectively. Estimates of genetic similarity and genetic distance also were calculated and all populations were essentially genetically similar.The wide range of heterozygosity values between the 6 geographic populations has important implications in brood stock selection and breeding programs where increased heterozygosity in the breeding populations or heterosis in the progeny are being studied.