bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The melanomas: a synthesis of epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, genetic, and biological aspects, supporting distinct subtypes, causal pathways, and cells of origin
Authors: Whiteman David C. , Pavan William J. , Bastian Boris C. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryConverging lines of evidence from varied scientific disciplines suggest that cutaneous melanomas comprise biologically distinct subtypes that arise through multiple causal pathways. Understanding the respective relationships of each subtype with etiologic factors such as UV radiation and constitutional factors is the first necessary step toward developing refined prevention strategies for the specific forms of melanoma. Furthermore, classifying this disease precisely into biologically distinct subtypes is the key to developing mechanism‐based treatments, as highlighted by recent discoveries. In this review, we outline the historical developments that underpin our understanding of melanoma heterogeneity, and we do this from the perspectives of clinical presentation, histopathology, epidemiology, molecular genetics, and developmental biology. We integrate the evidence from these separate trajectories to catalog the emerging major categories of melanomas and conclude with important unanswered questions relating to the development of melanoma and its cells of origin.
National mental health registry for schizophrenia in Malaysia: A preliminary assessment on service utilization
Authors: ZamZam Ruzanna , Chuan Cheah Yee , Aziz Salina Abdul , Yahya Badiah , Syed Mokhtar Sharifah Suziah , Yong Chee Kok , Muhammad Dain Norsiatul Azma binti 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe National Mental Health Registry for Schizophrenia (NMHRS) was established in Malaysia in 2003. Data includes patients who are now receiving treatment in all different facilities in the country and at all levels, including primary care. A subset of data from the registry was analyzed to assess how people with schizophrenia in Malaysia utilize the service. A total of 276 patients with schizophrenia from the NMHRS who were still being followed up after 1 year of treatment at the same facility were included in the assessment. About 13% (n=36) of the patients were seen at an emergency department, 17% (n=46) had psychiatric rehospitalization, 2% (n=6) were transferred to a mental institution, 89.1% (n=246) were on regular follow‐up, 3% (n=9) abused a substance, 22% (n=6) attempted self harm, 4% (n=10) had been in contact with or arrested by police, 10% (n=27) utilized community mental health services and 14% (n=38) continued to seek alternative treatment. Apart from being useful in assisting policy planners, administrators, and clinicians to further improve the mental health services, the present study can also suggest areas of future service research for people with schizophrenia in Malaysia.
Public health and prevention in Europe: is it cost-effective?
Authors: Simoens Steven 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectivesIn the public debate surrounding public health and prevention, it is sometimes assumed that preventive interventions are by definition cost-effective. This paper aims to explore whether preventive pharmaceutical interventions are more cost-effective than a curative approach to diseases.MethodsA descriptive study identified European economic evaluations in the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry between 2000 and 2007. Data were extracted on publication year, target population, intervention, patient sample, disease, prevention stage and incremental cost-utility ratio of each economic evaluation. Preventive interventions were defined as measures preventing disease onset. Curative interventions related to measures identifying patients with risk factors or preclinical disease or interventions limiting disability after harm has occurred. Results were expressed in terms of costs (valued in Euros at 2008 prices) per quality-adjusted life year. The association between incremental cost-utility ratios and prevention stage was examined by means of the Mann–Whitney U test.Key findingsThe analysis included 231 studies that reported information about 608 incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Preventive interventions included interventions that were more effective and less expensive than comparators (41% of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios), and interventions that improved outcomes and increased costs (59%). Both preventive and curative interventions covered the full range of cost-effectiveness results. However, preventive interventions had a significantly lower median ratio of €6255 per quality-adjusted life year and were thus more cost-effective than curative interventions (€12 917 per quality-adjusted life year) (P=0.002).ConclusionsAlthough the cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions varies substantially, preventive interventions tended to be more cost-effective than curative interventions.
Potential of the international scoring system for the diagnosis of Wilson disease to differentiate Japanese patients who need anti‐copper treatment
Authors: Tatsumi Yasuaki , Shinohara Tsutomu , Imoto Masami , Wakusawa Shinya , Yano Motoyoshi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Hattori Ai , Hayashi Hisao , Shimizu Atsumi , Ichiki Takashi , Nakashima Sayori , Katano Yoshiaki , Goto Hidemi 
Published: June 2011

Aim:  Patients with Wilson disease show complex clinical features. Accurate diagnosis at the initial clinical manifestation is important for patients to receive effective treatment with anti‐copper agents. In this study, we assessed whether the international scoring system for the diagnosis of Wilson disease is a reliable tool for screening Japanese patients with primary copper toxicosis requiring anti‐copper treatment.Methods:  Twenty‐three Japanese patients suspected of Wilson disease were enrolled in this study. We performed long‐range polymerase chain reaction to detect ATP7B mutations in this series. Finally, we retrospectively assessed the reliability of using a diagnostic score of 4 or more points as the cut‐off for this scoring system.Results:  Ten patients were homozygous or compound heterozygous for ATP7B mutations including a novel mutation of 3837 bp deletion including 3 exons. The mutation would have been missed by the traditional analysis. Six patients were heterozygous for ATP7B mutations. Three of these six patients had additional diagnostic points. The other three patients were diagnosed as carriers of a mutant gene based on their low scores. One of the seven patients free from ATP7B mutation was affected by copper toxicosis. Though the score was 3 points based on increased urinary copper and copper‐positive cirrhosis, anti‐copper treatment promptly improved liver failure, which was likely due to idiopathic copper toxicosis.Conclusion:  The international scoring system for diagnosis of Wilson disease is a fairly reliable tool for screening Japanese patients who need anti‐copper treatment. Caution is needed for patients with possible idiopathic copper toxicosis because the maximal score is 4 points.
Class II HLA genotype in fulminant type 1 diabetes: A nationwide survey with reference to glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies
Authors: Tsutsumi Chiharu , Imagawa Akihisa , Ikegami Hiroshi , Makino Hideichi , Kobayashi Tetsuro , Hanafusa Toshiaki ,   on behalf of the Japan Diabetes Society Committee on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Research
Published: June 2011

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Fulminant type 1 diabetes is a subtype of type 1 diabetes characterized by a remarkably abrupt onset of insulin‐deficient hyperglycemia within a few days. The aim of the present study was to clarify characteristic class II HLA genotypes in a large number of patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes to date.Materials and Methods:  We analyzed the HLA‐DRB1 and DQB1 genotypes, and their haplotypes in 207 patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes and 325 control subjects in the Japanese population.Results:  The frequencies of the DRB1*04:05‐DQB1*04:01 and DRB1*09:01‐DQB1*03:03 haplotypes were significantly higher, and those of the DRB1*01:01‐DQB1*05:01, DRB1*15:02‐DQB1*06:01 and DRB1*08:03‐DQB1*06:01 haplotypes were significantly lower in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes than in the control subjects. Combination analysis showed that the frequencies of homozygotes with DRB1*04:05‐DQB1*04:01 [odds ratio (OR) 7.0] and DRB1*09:01‐DQB1*03:03 (OR 9.5) were significantly higher in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes. Within a limited portion of patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab; n = 25), the frequency of DRB1*09:01‐DQB1*03:03, but not DRB1*04:05‐DQB1*04:01, was significantly higher than in control subjects (44.0% vs 13.7%; Pc < 0.05, OR 5.0).[Correction to last line of Results, added after online publication 29 July 2011: “OR 5.1” is changed to “OR 5.0”.]Conclusions:  Our large‐scale study showed the characteristic class II HLA genotypes in fulminant type 1 diabetes, and implicated that genetic contribution to disease susceptibility is distinct between GADab‐positive and GADab‐negative fulminant type 1 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00139.x, 2012)
Bilateral maxillary and mandibular fourth molars: a case report and literature review
Authors: Cavalcanti Alessandro Leite , de Alencar Catarina Ribeiro Barros , de Carvalho Neto Luiz Guedes 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSupernumerary teeth are those present in addition to the normal set of teeth. These teeth are found in both the primary and the permanent dentitions, and are most frequently seen in the maxillary anterior and molar regions. Supernumerary molars are divided into two types, depending on their location: distomolars and paramolars. Distomolars usually occur in the form of a fourth molar distal to the third molar, while paramolars are rudimentary supernumerary teeth that might develop buccally or lingually to the molar series. The management of a supernumerary tooth should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan. This paper reports a rare case of a male patient with bilateral maxillary and mandibular fourth molars, and reviews the literature on supernumerary teeth.
Is the consumption of fruit cariogenic?
Authors: Arora Amit , Evans Robin Wendell 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to investigate possible risk factors for dental caries in primary school children.Methods:  Children aged 10–12 years (n = 257) residing in Lithgow, a non‐fluoridated community in New South Wales, Australia, were examined for caries experience in the permanent dentition. Information on dental practices, diet, residential movements, and socioeconomic status were obtained from self‐completed questionnaires.Results:  Caries risk in the permanent teeth was associated with social disadvantage and diet. Among the dietary factors, the frequency of fruit consumption was associated with higher odds of caries experience (odds ratio: 1.52, 95% confidence intervals: 1.05, 2.21).Conclusions:  Exposure to a high level of fruit consumption was suggestive of increased caries risk. Longitudinal studies are required to investigate the relationship between fruit consumption and dental caries.
TrapCam: an inexpensive camera system for studying deep‐water animals
Authors: Favaro Brett , Lichota Corinna , Côté Isabelle M. , Duff Stefanie D. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Behavioural research in deep water (>40 m depth) has traditionally been expensive and logistically challenging, particularly because the light and sound produced by underwater vehicles make them unsuitably disruptive. Yet, understanding the behaviour of deep‐water animals, especially those targeted by exploitation, is important for conservation. For example, understanding interactions between animals and deep‐water fishing gear could inform the design of devices that minimize bycatch.2. We describe the ‘TrapCam’, a self‐contained, high‐definition video system that requires neither the support of a vessel once deployed nor special equipment to deploy or retrieve. This system can record 13‐h videos at 1080p resolution and is deployable on any substrata at depths of up to 100 m. The system is inexpensive (<$3000 USD), versatile and suited to the study of animal behaviour at depths inaccessible to scuba divers.3. We evaluate the performance and cost effectiveness of TrapCam and analyse videos retrieved from pilot deployments to observe spot prawn (Pandalus platyceros) traps at 100 m depth. Preliminary analyses of animal–prawn trap interactions yield novel insights. We provide future directions for researchers to use this type of camera system to study deep water‐dwelling species around the world.
Boldo prevents UV light and nitric oxide-mediated plasmid DNA damage and reduces the expression of Hsp70 protein in melanoma cancer cells
Authors: Russo Alessandra , Cardile Venera , Caggia Silvia , Gunther Germán , Troncoso Nicolas , Garbarino Juan 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of a methanolic extract of Peumus boldus leaves on UV light and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated DNA damage. In addition, we investigated the growth inhibitory activity of this natural product against human melanoma cells (M14).

Methods
Boldine, catechin, quercetin and rutin were identified using a HPLC method. The extract was incubated with plasmid DNA and, before irradiating the samples with UV-R, H2O2 was added. For analysis of DNA single-strand breaks induced by NO, the experiments were performed by incubating the extract with Angeli's salt. In the study on M14 cell line, cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Release of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of membrane breakdown, was also measured. For the detection of apoptosis, the evaluation of DNA fragmentation (COMET assay) and caspase-3 activity assay were employed. The expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was detected by Western blot analysis. Generation of reactive oxygen species was measured by using a fluorescent probe.

Key findings
The extract (demonstrating the synergistic effect of the constituents boldine and flavonoids), showed a protective effect on plasmid DNA and selectively inhibited the growth of melanoma cells. But a novel finding was that apoptosis evoked by this natural product in M14 cells, appears to be mediated, at least in part, via the inhibition of Hsp70 expression, which may be correlated with a modulation of redox-sensitive mechanisms.

Conclusions
These results confirm the promising biological properties of Peumus boldus and encourage in-vivo investigations into its potential anti-cancer activity.
The role of self‐efficacy, recovery self‐efficacy, and preparatory planning in predicting short‐term smoking relapse
Authors: Elfeddali I. , Bolman C. , Candel M. J. J. M , Wiers R. W. , De Vries H. 
Published: June 2011

Objectives. This study aims to identify the role of self‐efficacy, recovery self‐efficacy, and preparatory planning with regard to short‐term smoking relapse. We also assessed whether the importance of these variables differed for smokers quitting individually and without help (self‐quitters) and smokers quitting with the help of a smoking cessation course (group quitters).Design. A longitudinal quasi‐experimental study with follow‐ups at 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt was conducted in order to assess the role of baseline self‐efficacy, recovery self‐efficacy, and preparatory planning on short‐term relapse.Methods. The recruitment included adult daily smokers (N= 121), quitting in a smoking cessation course (N= 57) and self‐quitters (N= 64). Respondents received internet‐based questionnaires 2 weeks before quitting (baseline) and 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt. Predictors of relapse were analysed using logistic regression analyses.Results. Relapse at 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt was predicted by low levels of baseline self‐efficacy. Simple slope analyses revealed that less preparatory planning significantly predicted relapse at 1 month after the quit attempt among group quitters, but not among self‐quitters. Recovery self‐efficacy was only predictive of relapse after 1 month when self‐efficacy was excluded from the analyses. Moreover, among group quitters, the results indicated a borderline significant curved relation between recovery self‐efficacy and relapse after 1 month.Conclusions. Our results suggest that more research is needed on the role of preparatory planning and recovery self‐efficacy. Moreover, we recommend incorporating self‐efficacy increasing techniques in relapse‐prevention interventions.
Model‐based optoacoustic inversion with arbitrary‐shape detectors
Authors: Rosenthal Amir , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Razansky Daniel 
Published: June 2011

Purpose:Optoacoustic imaging enables mapping the optical absorption of biological tissue using optical excitation and acoustic detection. Although most image‐reconstruction algorithms are based on the assumption of a detector with an isotropic sensitivity, the geometry of the detector often leads to a response with spatially dependent magnitude and bandwidth. This effect may lead to attenuation or distortion in the recorded signal and, consequently, in the reconstructed image.Methods:Herein, an accurate numerical method for simulating the spatially dependent response of an arbitrary‐shape acoustic transducer is presented. The method is based on an analytical solution obtained for a two‐dimensional line detector. The calculated response is incorporated in the forward model matrix of an optoacoustic imaging setup using temporal convolution, and image reconstruction is performed by inverting the matrix relation.Results:The method was numerically and experimentally demonstrated in two dimensions for both flat and focused transducers and compared to the spatial‐convolution method. In forward simulations, the developed method did not suffer from the numerical errors exhibited by the spatial‐convolution method. In reconstruction simulations and experiments, the use of both temporal‐convolution and spatial‐convolution methods lead to an enhancement in resolution compared to a reconstruction with a point detector model. However, because of its higher modeling accuracy, the temporal‐convolution method achieved a noise figure approximated three times lower than the spatial‐convolution method.Conclusions:The demonstrated performance of the spatial‐convolution method shows it is a powerful tool for reducing reconstruction artifacts originating from the detector finite size and improving the quality of optoacoustic reconstructions. Furthermore, the method may be used for assessing new system designs. Specifically, detectors with nonstandard shapes may be investigated.
Pulse pileup statistics for energy discriminating photon counting x‐ray detectors
Authors: Wang Adam S. , Harrison Daniel , Lobastov Vladimir , Tkaczyk J. Eric 
Published: June 2011

Purpose:Energy discriminating photon counting x‐ray detectors can be subject to a wide range of flux rates if applied in clinical settings. Even when the incident rate is a small fraction of the detector's maximum periodic rateN0, pulse pileup leads to count rate losses and spectral distortion. Although the deterministic effects can be corrected, the detrimental effect of pileup on image noise is not well understood and may limit the performance of photon counting systems. Therefore, the authors devise a method to determine the detector count statistics and imaging performance.Methods:The detector count statistics are derived analytically for an idealized pileup model with delta pulses of a nonparalyzable detector. These statistics are then used to compute the performance (e.g., contrast‐to‐noise ratio) for both single material and material decomposition contrast detection tasks via the Cramér‐Rao lower bound (CRLB) as a function of the detector input count rate. With more realistic unipolar and bipolar pulse pileup models of a nonparalyzable detector, the imaging task performance is determined by Monte Carlo simulations and also approximated by a multinomial method based solely on the mean detected output spectrum. Photon counting performance at different count rates is compared with ideal energy integration, which is unaffected by count rate.Results:The authors found that an ideal photon counting detector with perfect energy resolution outperforms energy integration for our contrast detection tasks, but when the input count rate exceeds 20%N0, many of these benefits disappear. The benefit with iodine contrast falls rapidly with increased count rate while water contrast is not as sensitive to count rates. The performance with a delta pulse model is overoptimistic when compared to the more realistic bipolar pulse model. The multinomial approximation predicts imaging performance very close to the prediction from Monte Carlo simulations. The monoenergetic image with maximum contrast‐to‐noise ratio from dual energy imaging with ideal photon counting is only slightly better than with dual kVp energy integration, and with a bipolar pulse model, energy integration outperforms photon counting for this particular metric because of the count rate losses. However, the material resolving capability of photon counting can be superior to energy integration with dual kVp even in the presence of pileup because of the energy information available to photon counting.Conclusions:A computationally efficient multinomial approximation of the count statistics that is based on the mean output spectrum can accurately predict imaging performance. This enables photon counting system designers to directly relate the effect of pileup to its impact on imaging statistics and how to best take advantage of the benefits of energy discriminating photon counting detectors, such as material separation with spectral imaging.