bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a Recent "Existential" Translation of hātā'
Authors: Trevaskis Leigh 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study examines N. Kiuchi's proposal that hātā' refers to an existential condition in which a person remains aware of his actions (i.e. hû'yāda') but simultaneously unaware that these run contrary to YHWH's will (i.e. ně'lam min). On this basis he argues that hātā' is not a conduct oriented notion (i.e. "sin") but describes what happens within a person's psyche. Nevertheless, the present study identifies certain contradictions in Kiuchi's exegetical arguments which make his proposal implausible.
Individually variable energy management during egg production is repeatable across breeding attempts
Authors: Williams Tony D. , Vézina François , Speakman John R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY
It is axiomatic that whole-animal metabolism, measured for example as daily energy expenditure (DEE), plays a central role in determining reproductive success and survival (fitness) in all organisms. Nevertheless, strong evidence for consistent systematic relationships between DEE and either individual traits (age, sex, body size), environmental factors (e.g. food availability,temperature) or `fitness' traits (e.g. number of offspring, survival) remains far from compelling in birds and mammals. Recently, we suggested that female birds might utilise complex, individually variable energy management strategies to meet the metabolic demands of reproduction, generating a wide spectrum of effects on reproductive DEE, from overcompensation (net decrease in DEE) to additive effects (net increase in DEE). Here we show that this individually variable adjustment or `plasticity' in energy expenditure associated with egg production is repeatable among individuals between successive breeding attempts in female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Our study highlights the importance (a) of measuring`plasticity' or change associated with transitions of physiological state(e.g. non-breeding to breeding) based on multiple measurements of the same individual, and (b) of extending consideration of how selection might drive the evolution of phenotypic plasticity per se to include physiological and metabolic traits.
PNA Arrays for miRNA Detection
Authors: Endoh Tamaki , Kitamatsu Mizuki , Sisido Masahiko , Ohtsuki Takashi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) using microarray technology has been used in many recent biological and medical studies. In this study, arrays of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) were prepared and their miRNA capture abilities were evaluated. We found that the sensitivity of 10-mer PNA probes in targeting miRNAs was much higher than that of the corresponding DNA probes and also of longer (20-mer) DNA probes.
Decreasing Diagnoses of Birth Asphyxia in Canada: Fact or Artifact
Authors: Dzakpasu Susie , Joseph K. S. , Huang Ling , Allen Alexander , Sauve Reg , Young David ,   for the Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. We assessed temporal trends in birth asphyxia in Canada, to determine whether changes were real or secondary to changes in coding.
METHODS. We used data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database to study the national incidence of birth asphyxia, by using International Classification of Diseases codes. We also studied birth asphyxia by using data from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database. In the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database, we defined a case of birth asphyxia as a live birth with an Apgar score at 5 minutes of ≤3, depression at birth requiring resuscitation with a mask for ≥3 minutes and/or intubation, or neonatal postasphyctic seizures.
RESULTS. Nationally, between 1991 and 2005, the incidence of birth asphyxia decreased significantly, from 43.8 to 2.4 cases per 1000 live births. The rate of decrease was highest between 1991 and 1998, corresponding to a period when strict Canadian and international criteria for the diagnosis of birth asphyxia were published. By comparison, neither national rates of related diagnoses nor Nova Scotia birth asphyxia rates, which ranged from 8.8 to 14.3 cases per 1000 live births, showed evidence of a decrease during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS. Comparisons of national trends in birth asphyxia diagnoses and trends in conditions associated with birth asphyxia, both nationally and in Nova Scotia, suggest that the dramatic decrease in the diagnosis of birth asphyxia is an artifact of changes in the use of International Classification of Diseases coding associated with the publication of stricter diagnostic definitions of birth asphyxia. We conclude that International Classification of Diseases codes are not useful for surveillance of birth asphyxia.
Ultrastructure of the Midgut Epithelium in Dactylobiotus Dispar (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) During Encystation
Authors: Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena , Poprawa Izabela 
Published: March 2009

Ultrastructure of the Midgut Epithelium inDactylobiotus Dispar(Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) During EncystationTardigrada are invertebrates which are able to survive unfavorable conditions of the environment by e.g. encystation. Histolysis of the animal tissues during encystation has been suggested for many species of Tardigrada, while it has not been observed inDactylobiotus dispar.The midgut epithelium plays a role in digestion, secretion, absorption and even in osmoregulation. During encystation inD. disparthe digestion is inhibited, and the midgut lumen is devoid of nourishment. Numerous lipid droplets, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies accumulate in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. We described the ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium in encysted specimens ofD. dispar.
Ultrastructure of two Types of Endocrine Cells in the Midgut Epithelium of Spodoptera Exiqua Hűbner, 1808 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena , Chechelska Agata , Frądczak Maciej , Salitra Katarzyna 
Published: March 2009

Ultrastructure of two Types of Endocrine Cells in the Midgut Epithelium ofSpodoptera ExiquaHűbner, 1808 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)Midgut epithelium of Lepidoptera consists of four types of cells: columnar, goblet, endocrine and regenerative. Among endocrine cells two types have been distinguished: "open" and "closed". In all five larval instars ofSpodoptera exiqua(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) only "open" endocrine cells were observed, which means that their apical membranes contact with the midgut lumen and form microvilli like columnar cells of epithelial character. Among them granular and vesicular cells are distinguishable. The number of vesicular endocrine cells increases distinctly in the 5thlarval instar. The structure of endocrine cells in the midgut epithelium ofS. exiquaand their differentiation from the regenerative cells, studied in transmission electron microscope, are described.
Inferences on flow mechanisms from snow avalanche deposits
Authors: Issler Dieter , Errera Alessia , Priano Stefano , Gubler Hansueli , Teufen Bernardo , Krummenacher Bernhard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe deposit structure of 20 very small to large avalanches that occurred in the Davos area, eastern Swiss Alps, during winters 2004/05 and 2005/06 was investigated. Snow-cover entrainment was significant in the majority of events and likely to have occurred in all cases. Evidence was found both for plough-like frontal entrainment (especially in wet-snow avalanches) and more gradual erosion along the base of dry-snow avalanches. Several of the dry-snow avalanches, both small and large, showed a fairly abrupt decrease in deposit thickness in the distal direction, often accompanied by changes in the granulometry and the deposit density. Combined with other observations (snow plastered onto tree trunks, deposit-less flow marks in bends, etc.) and measurements at instrumented test sites, this phenomenon is best explained as being due to a fluidized, low-density flow regime that formed mostly in the head of some dry-snow avalanches. The mass fraction of the fluidized deposits ranged from less than 1% to ∼25% of the total deposit mass. Fluidization appears to depend rather sensitively on snow conditions and path properties.
The MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and behaviors in children with autism: exploratory genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Goin‐Kochel Robin P. , Porter Anne E. , Peters Sarika U. , Shinawi Marwan , Sahoo Trilochan , Beaudet Arthur L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew evidence suggests that autism may be associated with (a) varied behavioral responses to folate therapy and (b) metabolic anomalies, including those in folate metabolism, that contribute to hypomethylation of DNA. We hypothesized that children with autism who are homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele (TT) and, to a lesser extent those with the CT variant, would exhibit more behavioral problems and/or more severe problematic behaviors than homozygous wild‐type (CC) individuals because of difficulties in effectively converting 5,10‐MTHF to 5‐MTHF. Data from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) collection were analyzed for all children who met strict criteria for autism per the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI‐R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and who had been genotyped for the 677 C to T MTHFR polymorphism (n=147). Chi‐square tests, logistic regression, and one‐way ANOVAs were used to determine whether differences existed among MTHFR genotypes for specific behaviors on the ADI‐R and indices for level of functioning. Exploratory results indicated four behaviors from the ADI‐R that were more common and problematic (95% CI) among those with at least one copy of the T allele as compared to homozygous wild‐type individuals: direct gaze, current complex body movements, a history of self‐injurious behavior, and current overactivity (ORs=2.72, 2.33, 2.12, 2.47, respectively). No differences existed among genotypes for level of functioning as measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition, Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Findings call for further investigation of the relationship between folate metabolism and problem behaviors among children with autism.
Variations in c‐Myc and p21WAF1 expression protect normal peripheral blood lymphocytes against BimEL‐mediated cell death
Authors: Brodska Barbora , Otevrelova Petra , Kalousek Ivan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have examined the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat, Zolinza) on the viability of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in vitro and on the expression of 20 apoptosis‐related genes. RT‐PCR, western blots and flow cytometry were performed to reveal the proteins of apoptosis machinery that were affected to cause cell death. Our data suggest that PBL markedly resisted for approximately 24 h the destructive activity of the agent, but eventually 60% of cells treated with 4 µmol/L SAHA died within 72 h through mitochondrial way of apoptosis. While the expression of the majority of genes remained indifferent against 4 µmol/L SAHA, the cellular levels of BimEL, Bmf‐2, Bcl‐w and survivin mRNA varied, confirming the pro‐apoptotic response of SAHA treated PBL. In addition, the expression of multifunctional proteins c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) changed profoundly with the time of SAHA treatment. The Bax activator BimEL increased rapidly, driving cells towards apoptosis likely controlled by c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) activities. We suggest that variations in c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) expression decelerate the apoptosis in the early period and increase the resistance of resting PBL against SAHA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of a bubble column reactor for oxidation of ethylene (wacker process)
Authors: Rode C. V. , Bhattacharya A. , Chaudhari R. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn experimental investigation of the performance of a bubble column reactor for the liquid‐phase catalytic oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde (Wacker Process) has been carried out by varying the different operating parameters, such as the inlet gas velocity and catalyst concentration. It has also been shown that, for a given set of conditions, a certain critical ratio of partial pressure of O2 to that of ethylene in the reactor inlet is required for the overall catalytic cycle to work with maximum efficiency under steady state. The agreement between the experimental results and the predictions of a theoretical reactor model developed herein was found to be excellent.
Measurement of nonlinearity in chemical process control systems: The steady state map
Authors: Guay M. , Mclellan P. J. , Bacon D. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMost chemical processes exhibit some degree of nonlinearity, and when selecting an appropriate controller design approach it is important to understand the extent of this nonlinearity. In this paper a quantitative measure of steady‐state process nonlinearity is proposed. Drawing from results for nonlinear regression, the curvature is decomposed into tangential and normal components. It is shown that the tangential curvature can be reduced or eliminated by transforming the control inputs, whereas the normal curvature can be reduced or eliminated only by a combination of state feedback and transformations. The problem of scaling is addressed by identifying a “region of interest”, and scale‐independent measures of curvature are proposed. Nonlinearity is measured both as root mean squared curvature and directional curvature. The importance of curvature in the foward and inverse steady‐state maps is discussed, and a transformation suggested by the curvature arrays is presented. This transformation reduces the static nonlinearity in the process, and can be used to improve the controller performance. Application of the proposed techniques is illustrated using chemical process examples.
Liquid volume at normal boiling point
Authors: Sastri S. R. S. , Mohanty Swati , Rao K. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe atomic and structural contributions proposed by Schroeder (Partington, 1949) for estimating the molar volume at the normal boiling point have been revised to improve the accuracy. Extensive testing with data for 163 organic liquids gave average and maximum absolute deviations of 1.4% and 7.2%, respectively. The corresponding average absolute deviations for the Schroeder (Partington, 1949), LeBas (1915) the Tyn and Calus (1975) methods are found to be 3.6%, 2.9% and 2.5%, respectively.
Forced unsteady‐state processes in heterogeneous catalytic reactors
Authors: Matros Yurii Sh. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe main techniques of studying and designing heterogeneous catalytic processes under forced unsteady‐state operation (FUSO) are discussed in this review. Topics included are: a) why FUSOs are theoretically more efficient than conventional steady‐state processes?; b) how can a FUSO be devised?; c) reverse‐flow operation; d) partial oxidation in a circulating fluidized bed; e) processes that could be attractive under FUSO at a commercial scale, but reasons why this has not been successfully accomplished; f) FUSO systems that have not been used on a commercial scale, such as reaction chromatography, input composition cycling, input temperature cycling, and g) what could be done to encourage use of FUSOs by industry? This review demonstrates the large amounts of data that have been collected on processes proposed for FUSO. Translating these efforts into commercial success becomes possible only when researchers understand thoroughly the fundamentals of the FUSO system they are working on. An overview of past and current research suggests that a catalytic process performed optimally under FUSO will never be less efficient than an optimal steady‐state process.
Mathematical model of magnetite oxidation in a rotary kiln furnace
Authors: Davis R. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel method of accounting for the oxidation of magnetite during iron ore pellet induration in a rotary kiln is presented. The technique is based on the mathematical description of a cascading bed of pellets in a rotary kiln by Saeman (1951). For the purpose of illustration, this method was incorporated into a simple one‐dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in a natural gas fired rotary kiln furnace. The model predicts a fraction of magnetite oxidation less than 5%, which is in agreement with plant observations.
Mechanism and kinetics of chlorine dioxide reaction with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions
Authors: Ni Yonghao , Wang Xiaolan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of chlorine dioxide with hydrogen peroxide was studied in a well stirred batch reactor in a pH range of 3.60 to 5.07, which is of interest for commercial chlorine dioxide bleaching of chemical pulp. The reaction rate was determined by following the consumption of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and the formation of chlorite. The rate equation was established. It was found that the concentration dependencies of chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxide ion were all first‐order. A reaction mechanism compatible with the rate equation was proposed. Since it was found in previous work that chlorite in chlorine dioxide solution by the addition of small amount of hydrogen peroxide potentially led to a decrease in the formation of organically bound chlorine during chlorine dioxide bleaching, two methods were suggested to implement this technique in a bleach plant.
Adaptive multirate estimation and control of nutrient levels in a fed‐batch fermentation using off‐line and on‐line measurements
Authors: Shah Sirish L. , Gray Murray R. , Gudi Ravindra D. , Yegneswaran P. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA multirate adaptive estimation algorithm developed earlier (Gudi et al., 1995) is extended to perform estimation of nutrient levels using frequent on‐line measurements of the carbon dioxide evolution rate (CER) and off‐line, infrequent and delayed measurements of the biomass and substrate concentrations. It has been shown that the algorithm can be designed to track changing substrate yield coefficients as well. The estimation algorithm has been verified using simulations and industrial data from a fed‐batch fermentation involving aStreptomycesspecie. It has been coupled with a nonlinear control law designed to track prespecified optimal nutrient trajectories. The resulting closed loop control scheme is evaluated using simulation runs.
Performance of an internally circulating fluidized‐bed reactor for the catalytic oxidative coupling of methane
Authors: Mleczko L. , Marschall K.‐J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe oxidative coupling of methane to C2‐hydrocarbons (OCM) over a La2O3/CaO catalyst (27 at.%) was investigated in an internally circulating fluidized‐bed (ICFB) reactor (IDeff = 1.9 cm, Hriser = 20.5 cm). The experiments were performed in the following range of conditions: T = 800−900°C, pCH4:pO2pN2 = 57.1–64:16–22.9:20 kPa. The obtained C2 selectivities and C2 yields were compared with the corresponding data from a spouted‐fluid‐bed reactor (ID = 5 cm) and a bubbling fluidized‐bed (FIB) reactor (ID = 5 cm). The maximum C2 yield in the internally circulating fluidized‐bed (ICFB) reactor amounted to 12.2% (T = 860°C, 38.7% C2 selectivity, 31.5% methane conversion), whereas in the FIB reactor a maximum C2 yield of 13.8% (T = 840°C, 40.4% C2 selectivity, 34.2% methane conversion) was obtained. The lowest C2 yield was achieved in the spouted‐bed (SFB) reactor (Y = 11.6%, T = 840°C, 36.2% C2 selectivity, 32.0% methane conversion). The highest space‐time yield of 24.0 mol/kgcat.h was obtained in the ICFB reactor, whereas in a FIB reactor only a space‐time yield of 9.6 mol/kgcatcould be obtained. The performance of the ICFB reactor was strongly influenced by gas‐phase reactions. Furthermore, stable reactor operation was possible only over a narrow range of gas velocities.
Evolution of the microstructure and rheology of O/W emulsions during the emulsification process
Authors: Sánchez M. Carmen , Berjano Manuel , Guerrero Antonio , Brito Edmundo , Gallegos Crispulo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the influence that the processing variables and the nature of the low‐molecular‐weight emulsifier used exert on the evolution of the droplet size distributions and linear viscoelasticity functions of concentrated oil‐in‐water emulsions during the emulsification process, and the way these variables affect the final characteristics of the emulsions. With this aim four different surfactants and two impeller geometries were used. Influences of the emulsification time, agitation speed and temperature of emulsification were studied. From the experimental results obtained, a correlation between the plateau modulus, a linear viscoelastic parameter related to the strength of the interdroplet interactions, and the volume diameter is proposed.
Augmentation, par régénération électrochimique du substrat, de la production d'une biomasse (thiobacillus ferrooxidans DSM 583) pour un procédé biologique de récupération de métaux
Authors: Magnin Jean‐Pierre , Baillet Francis , Boyer Agnès , Zlatev Roumen , Ozil Patrick , Luca Mariana , Cheruy Arlette 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUn réacteur bioélectrochimique à cathode volumique de grains de carbone régénère les ions ferreux, substrat de la bactérie acidophile autotrophe Thiobacillusferrooxidans DSM 583. L'implantation d'un régulateur, non linéaire linéarisant, contrôle efficacement l'intensité délivrée au réacteur électrochimique. La concentration protéique, corrélée à la concentration en biomasse, est multipliée par un facteur 6,4 lors d'une culture de 55 h dont 20 h sous électrolyse. Les capacités de la biomasse de Thiobacillus ferrooxidans pour la tolérance aux métaux et pour la fixation des métaux dans un effluent monométallique, bimétallique ou industriel sont présentées dans le but de concevoir un procédé bioélectrochimique de récupération de métaux en solution.
High‐velocity fluidization of solid particles in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed system
Authors: Kuramoto Koji , Tsutsumi Atsushi , Chiba Tadatoshi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractParticulate and aggregative fluidizations in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed system are characterized by chaotic time series analysis of local voidage and heat transfer fluctuations in terms of the correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy. Both correlation dimension and Komogorov entropy of the voidate fluctuation are found to decrease with decreasing bed voidage in both fluidization regimes, suggesting the suppression of chaotic motion of individual particles due to high solid concentration. The correlation dimension of the heat transfer fluctation in the aggregative fluidization regime is higher than that in the particulate fluidization regime. This reflects the complex convective motion of liquid and solid phases induced by the formation of the liquid streaks and aggregates of particles.