bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of consenting in Otorhinolaryngology
Authors: Okpala Nnaemeka , Okpala Amala , John Gareth , Cox Hugh 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInformed consent in today’s medical practice has become a cornerstone and a routine ethical component playing a major role in forming a therapeutic alliance with the patient. The present study sought to analyse the effectiveness of the consent forms and the consenting process in Otorhinolaryngology. This three month questionnaire-based study covered varying operations which ranged from tonsillectomies, grommet insertions to pharyngeal pouch stapling. Twenty-nine percent of consent forms were signed on the day of the operation. Of the patients who received leaflets (51%) during the process of informed consent, a majority (88%) found it useful. The respondents were satisfied with the explanation of the procedure, benefits and complications (70–74%). Majority kept their consent forms at home (60%) and did not bother engaging in further search with regards to the information in the consent form (81%). Majority of the patients agreed that they had enough time to make an informed consent. Patients were satisfied with the consent process but more can be done to improve the consenting process.
Mixed oxides of transition metals as catalysts for total ethanol oxidation
Authors: Ludvíková Jana , Jirátová Květa , Kovanda František 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOxides of transition metals could be suitable alternatives to catalysts based on noble metals in the oxidation processes used for the abatement of volatile organic compounds. Mixed oxides of transition metals can exhibit good efficiency and thermal stability, as well as being inexpensive. In this work, oxide catalysts containing various combinations of Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, and Al, grained or supported on oxidised aluminium foil Al2O3/Al, were studied in terms of their chemical and physical properties, including their chemical composition, porous structure, phase composition, reducibility, and activity in total ethanol oxidation. Ternary co-precipitated catalysts in the form of grains obtained from layered double hydroxide-like precursors were highly active, especially those containing manganese. Deposition of the selected precursors on an anodised aluminium foil-support afforded less active catalysts, mainly because the required metal molar ratios were not achieved, and insufficient amounts of metals were deposited. However, by controlling the preparation conditions (pH), higher loading of active components and higher catalytic activity were obtained.
Les orientations intimes des premier.e.s pacsé.e.s
Authors: Rault Wilfried , le groupe CSF  
Published: December 2011

Résumé	Incarnant la reconnaissance du couple de même sexe dans des termes différents du mariage, le Pacte civil de solidarité (pacs) est, depuis sa création en 1999, de plus en plus souvent choisi par des couples de sexe différent. Si les transformations contemporaines des formes d’union et les changements dans le domaine de la sexualité sont souvent étudiés séparément, cet article rompt avec cette dissociation pour interroger l’hypothèse selon laquelle les contractant.e.s du pacs donnent à voir des attitudes et des comportements vis-à-vis de la sexualité qui font écho à la diversification normative constatée par le groupe Contexte de la sexualité en France (CSF). On étudie, à partir de l’enquête CSF réalisée par l’Inserm et l’Ined en 2005-2006 auprès de 12 364 personnes, le rapport des pacsé.e.s aux trois principales composantes du socle normatif dominant en matière de sexualité : l’hétérosexualité, les modalités de l’intrication de la conjugalité et de la sexualité et la valorisation de pratiques « alternatives ». Les pacsé.e.s sont comparés à d’autres profils d’union. En définitive, les usagers de la nouvelle forme d’union se caractérisent par des spécificités qui tiennent davantage à des représentations plus libérales de la sexualité qu’à des différences en termes de pratiques. Ces spécificités ne doivent pas dissimuler d’importants clivages par sexe, même si hommes et femmes sont parfois relativement plus proches dans le groupe des pacsé.e.s.
Intentions de fécondité et obstacles à leur réalisation en France et en Italie
Authors: Régnier-Loilier Arnaud , Vignoli Daniele 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Cet article confronte intentions de fécondité et réalisation en France (2005-2008) et en Italie (2003-2007), pays où les modèles de fécondité sont contrastés, en s’appuyant sur des données comparables issues du programme d’enquête longitudinale Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). Quatre principaux résultats ressortent. Le fort pouvoir prédictif des intentions négatives de fécondité et, à l’inverse, le fait que les intentions positives surestiment les comportements sont d’abord mis en évidence. La comparaison met ensuite en lumière une différence importante : la proportion de couples réalisant leurs intentions positives de fécondité est systématiquement plus élevée en France et, lorsqu’ils n’avaient pas l’intention d’avoir un enfant, la proportion de ceux en ayant eu un est également supérieure. Outre l’effet classique de l’âge et du nombre d’enfants, les facteurs socioéconomiques jouent un rôle important, les situations moins favorables apparaissant comme un obstacle à la réalisation des intentions. Les déterminants des intentions ne sont cependant pas tous identiques et il n’existe pas un unique modèle transposable d’un pays à l’autre : le rôle du contexte reste central. Enfin, lorsque les couples n’ont pas réalisé leurs intentions, certains ont reporté leur projet tandis que d’autres y ont renoncé. Les déterminants sont cependant différents selon le pays considéré. La distinction entre renoncement et ajournement, rarement faite dans les études, s’avère de ce point de vue intéressante.
Class B Scavenger Receptor Types I and II and CD36 Mediate Bacterial Recognition and Proinflammatory Signaling Induced by Escherichia coli, Lipopolysaccharide, and Cytosolic Chaperonin 60
Authors: Baranova Irina N. , Vishnyakova Tatyana G. , Bocharov Alexander V. , Leelahavanichkul Asada , Kurlander Roger , Chen Zhigang , Souza Ana C. P. , Yuen Peter S. T. , Star Robert A. , Csako Gyorgy , Patterson Amy P. , Eggerman Thomas L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Class B scavenger receptors (SR-B) are lipoprotein receptors that also mediate pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, and clearance as well as pathogen-induced signaling. In this study we report that three members of the SR-B family, namely, CLA-1, CLA-2, and CD36, mediate recognition of bacteria not only through interaction with cell wall LPS but also with cytosolic chaperonin 60. HeLa cells stably transfected with any of these SR-Bs demonstrated markedly (3- to 5-fold) increased binding and endocytosis of Escherichia coli, LPS, and chaperonin 60 (GroEL) as revealed by both FACS analysis and confocal microscopy imaging. Increased pathogen (E. coli, LPS, and GroEL) binding to SR-Bs was also associated with the dose-dependent stimulation of cytokine secretion in the order of CD36 &gt; CLA-2 &gt; CLA-1 in HEK293 cells. Pathogen-induced IL-6-secretion was reduced in macrophages from CD36- and SR-BI/II–null mice by 40–50 and 30–40%, respectively. Intravenous GroEL administration increased plasma IL-6 and CXCL1 levels in mice. The cytokine responses were 40–60% lower in CD36−/− relative to wild-type mice, whereas increased cytokine responses were found in SR-BI/II−/− mice. While investigating the discrepancy of in vitro versus in vivo data in SR-BI/II deficiency, SR-BI/II−/− mice were found to respond to GroEL administration without increases in either plasma corticosterone or aldosterone as normally seen in wild-type mice. SR-BI/II−/− mice with mineralocorticoid replacement demonstrated an ∼40–50% reduction in CXCL1 and IL-6 responses. These results demonstrate that, by recognizing and mediating inflammatory signaling of both bacterial cell wall LPS and cytosolic GroEL, all three SR-B family members play important roles in innate immunity and host defense.
Lymph Node Hypertrophy following Leishmania major Infection Is Dependent on TLR9
Authors: Carvalho Lucas P. , Petritus Patricia M. , Trochtenberg Alyssa L. , Zaph Colby , Hill David A. , Artis David , Scott Phillip 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Control of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major is dependent on establishing a robust T cell response. An early event in the development of an effective T cell response is the expansion (or hypertrophy) of the lymph node draining the site of infection, although the mechanisms involved in this response are not completely understood. In this study, we show that lymph node hypertrophy following L. major infection in mice is associated with increased recruitment of lymphocytes to the lymph node from the blood, and that CD62L-deficient mice, which are unable to recruit cells to the lymph node, develop a chronic infection with L. major. Injection of L. major-activated dendritic cells promoted lymph node hypertrophy, and this correlated with an increase in the expression of CCR7 on dendritic cells, although the upregulation of CCR7 occurred on the bystander (uninfected) dendritic cells rather than those containing parasites. We found that increased CCR7 expression was TLR9-dependent, that TLR9−/− dendritic cells migrated less efficiently to the draining lymph node, and that TLR9−/− mice exhibited a deficit in lymph node expansion following L. major infection, as well as increased susceptibility. Taken together, to our knowledge, these results are the first to demonstrate that activation of dendritic cells via TLR9 is essential for the induction of lymph node hypertrophy in leishmaniasis.
Humoral and Cellular Cross-Reactivity between Amb a 1, the Major Ragweed Pollen Allergen, and Its Mugwort Homolog Art v 6
Authors: Jahn-Schmid Beatrice , Hauser Michael , Wopfner Nicole , Briza Peter , Berger Uwe E. , Asero Riccardo , Ebner Christof , Ferreira Fatima , Bohle Barbara 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRagweed and mugwort are closely related weeds that represent the major cause of pollen allergy in late summer. Concomitant sensitization and clinical cross-reactivity frequently occur in subjects who are coexposed to both pollen species, and have implications for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy. Molecules involved in this cross-reactivity might be Amb a 1, the major ragweed pollen allergen, and Art v 6, a highly homologous allergen from mugwort. Therefore, we investigated the IgE and T cell response to Art v 6 of 60 weed pollen-allergic patients and assessed its immunological cross-reactivity with Amb a 1. Results of ELISA inhibition experiments suggested that both allergens are largely cross-reactive, but Amb a 1 possesses more IgE epitopes than Art v 6. In patients with IgE to both allergens, Amb a 1-induced T cell lines and clones responded weakly to Art v 6. Moreover, Art v 6-induced T cell lines responded stronger to Amb a 1. T cell epitope mapping of Art v 6 revealed that it contains only a few cross-reactive epitopes, which is opposed to the multiple T cell-activating regions present in Amb a 1. In summary, Amb a 1 can elicit more diverse allergen-specific IgE and T cell responses than Art v 6 and dominates the cross-reactivity with its homolog. Nevertheless, Art v 6 can act as a primary sensitizing allergen in areas with high mugwort pollen exposure, and consequently may facilitate sensitization to Amb a 1 by epitope cross-recognition of T and B cells.
Ifih1 Gene Dose Effect Reveals MDA5-Mediated Chronic Type I IFN Gene Signature, Viral Resistance, and Accelerated Autoimmunity
Authors: Crampton Steve P. , Deane Jonathan A. , Feigenbaum Lionel , Bolland Silvia 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are normally produced during antiviral responses, yet high levels of chronic IFN-I expression correlate with autoimmune disease. A variety of viral sensors generate IFN-I in their response, but other than TLRs, it is not fully known which pathways are directly involved in the development of spontaneous immune pathologies. To further explore the link between IFN-I induced by viral pathways and autoimmunity, we generated a new transgenic mouse line containing multiple copies of Ifih1, a gene encoding the cytoplasmic dsRNA sensor MDA5 with proven linkage to diabetes and lupus. We show that MDA5 overexpression led to a chronic IFN-I state characterized by resistance to a lethal viral infection through rapid clearance of virus in the absence of a CD8+ or Ab response. Spontaneous MDA5 activation was not sufficient to initiate autoimmune or inflammatory pathology by itself, even though every immune cell population had signs of IFN activation. When combined with the lupus-susceptible background of the FcγR2B deficiency, MDA5 overexpression did accelerate the production of switched autoantibodies, the incidence of glomerulonephritis, and early lethality. Thus, MDA5 transgenic mice provide evidence that chronic elevated levels of IFN-I are not sufficient to initiate autoimmunity or inflammation although they might exacerbate an ongoing autoimmune pathology.
IL-27 Promotes IL-10 Production by Effector Th1 CD4+ T Cells: A Critical Mechanism for Protection from Severe Immunopathology during Malaria Infection
Authors: Freitas do Rosário Ana Paula , Lamb Tracey , Spence Philip , Stephens Robin , Lang Agathe , Roers Axel , Muller Werner , O’Garra Anne , Langhorne Jean 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Infection with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is characterized by excessive inflammation. The establishment of a precise balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is critical to guarantee control of the parasite and survival of the host. IL-10, a key regulatory cytokine produced by many cells of the immune system, has been shown to protect mice against pathology during acute Plasmodium0 chabaudi chabaudi AS model of malaria. However, the critical cellular source of IL-10 is still unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that T cell-derived IL-10 is necessary for the control of pathology during acute malaria, as mice bearing specific deletion of Il10 in T cells fully reproduce the phenotype observed in Il10−/− mice, with significant weight loss, decline in temperature, and increased mortality. Furthermore, we show that IFN-γ+ Th1 cells are the main producers of IL-10 throughout acute infection, expressing high levels of CD44 and ICOS, and low levels of CD127. Although Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells produce IL-10 during infection, highly activated IFN-γ+ Th1 cells were shown to be the essential and sufficient source of IL-10 to guarantee protection against severe immune-mediated pathology. Finally, in this model of malaria, we demonstrate that the generation of protective IL10+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells is dependent on IL-27 signaling and independent of IL-21.
The influence of cultural and social factors on healthy lifestyle of Arabic women
Authors: Donnelly Tam
Truong , Al
Suwaidi Jassim , Al Bulushi Asma , Al Enazi Noora , Yassin Khadra , Rehman Asma Mohammad , Hassan Asmaa Abu , Idris Zeinab 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Similar to other Western and Gulf countries, the incidence of cardiovascular disease and coronary artery diseases such as acute myocardial infarction is rising rapidly in Qatar. Diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension are the most common risk factors causing acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke. Additionally, obesity resulting from physical inactivity and unhealthy diet can lead to metabolic changes and raise the risk of heart diseases. Studies show that these health problems can be prevented and/or controlled by modifying lifestyle risk behaviours related to physical activity, diet, and smoking habits. The ultimate goal of this study was to find ways to effectively promote cardiovascular/coronary artery disease prevention and management activities among Qatari women by exploring factors affecting the ways in which Qatari women (citizen and resident Arabic women) participate in physical activities, healthy diet and smoking. An exploratory qualitative research approach using a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions was used in this study. Study participants included 50 Qatari women, 30 years of age and over, having a confirmed diagnosis of coronary vascular disease /coronary artery diseases. Results showed that socio-cultural factors play a key role in Qatari women’s decisions to participate in healthy lifestyles. Counselling and guidance for patients by health care providers, especially physicians, regarding smoking cessation, weight loss, and exercise should be key interventions to modify lifestyle behaviors among cardiac patients.
Political pay
Authors: Rhodes P. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStipends for the performance of civic duties were introduced first inathensin the middle of the fifth centurybceand subsequently in some other states, to make it easier for poorer men who were eligible to devote some of their time to public service (while not being so generous as to be more attractive than other means of earning one's living). Probably the first instance of this was payment for service on Athenian juries (which was open even to the poorest citizens: [Arist.] Ath.Pol. 63.3), introduced byperikles, probably in the 450sbce([Arist.] Ath. Pol. 27.3–4); payment for service in the council of five hundred (seeboule) and in various offices followed, probably before the beginning of thepeloponnesian warin 431bce(it is attested in 411bce: Thuc. 8.67.3, 69.4). Payment for attending the assembly was added ca. 400bce, probably with the intention of strengthening the democracy after the recent periods of oligarchic rule ([Arist.] Ath. Pol. 41.3). Some scholars think that not all the offices that were salaried in the fifth century were still salaried in the fourth, but this depends on an insecure argument from silence (in favor, Hansen 1979; 1971–80; against, Gabrielsen 1981). By the 330s/320sbcemost payments had been increased, in line with inflation; but the pay for jurors, increased bykleonin the 420sbcefrom an original 2 obols to 3 obols (Ar.Eq. 797–800, schol.Vesp. 88 [emended], 300), had not been further increased ([Arist.]Ath. Pol. 62.2).
Perpetua
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBorn around 183ce, Vibia Perpetua was martyred along with her slave Felicitas and other Christians in the amphitheater at Carthage on March 7, 203, during games celebrating the birthday of Geta, son of the emperor Septimius Severus. who had banned conversion to either Judaism or Christianity during the previous year (Scriptores Historiae Augustae Sev. 17.1).
Risk (Management)
Authors: Kehoe Dennis 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs is the case in any period of history, economic activity in the ancient world was subject to substantial risk, and its management was essential to safeguarding the welfare and security of individuals and families. Moreover, the proper allocation of risk in business activities provided incentives for people to enter into productive contractual arrangements. Put differently, if either party in a business arrangement bore risks for the other's failure out of proportion to the potential gain, then he would have little incentive to engage in such an enterprise.
Family, Jewish
Authors: Satlow Michael L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Throughout antiquity, there was little that could be called distinctively “Jewish” about families of Jews. The Hebrew Bible contains few prescriptions about family life, and although the evidence is sparse, Jewish family structures appear largely to have been similar to those of the wider cultures in which Jews often lived. This is not, however, to say that there were no instances in which Jews marked their family structures or practices as loci of Jewish identity, distinct from prevailing norms.
Marriage, sacred, Greece and Rome
Authors: Holland Lora L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe possibility of sexual union with the divine has been entertained in a significant number of world cultures. Such unions are usually (re)enacted between humans or with mortals who are assimilated to the divine. The divine union of the gods serves as the model for the human plane; for example, the sexual union of Shiva and his Shakti in the Hindu religion is reflected in some aspects of tantric ritual. In ancient Greece, a variety of rituals, festivals, and myths celebrate sacred marriage, and Böhm (1990) argues that the depiction of naked goddesses provides visual evidence for thehieros gamos(sacred marriage, sexual union or wedding) in early Greek art. In ancient Rome, however, the evidence for such ideas in native myth and ritual is less certain.
Antinoos
Authors: Jones Christopher 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAntinoos, now mainly remembered as Hadrian's young male companion and as the subject of portraits in stone and on coins, was born between 105 and 110CEon the territory of Bithynion, a moderately sized city of Bithynia in northwestern Asia Minor. Nothing is known of his parents or social status, or of the date when he first met Hadrian. Antinoos appeared in the emperor's entourage and joined him in his favorite sport of hunting but is not recorded to have had any interaction with any other member of the court. Though Hadrian had strained relations with his wife, Sabina, there is no evidence that they were caused by his connection with Antinoos.
Mechanistic insights into methanol‐to‐olefin reaction on an α‐Mn2O3 nanocrystal catalyst
Authors: Xu Jing , Ouyang Like , Luo Yan , Xu Xi‐Meng , Yang Zhen , Zhang Chengxi , Gong Jinlong , Han Yi‐Fan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and utilization of an α‐Mn2O3 nanocrystal catalyst for methanol‐to‐olefin reaction is described. A methanol conversion of 35% and a maximum selectivity of 80% toward ethylene were obtained at 250°C. In particular, formaldehyde, a primary intermediate for the reaction, was used to produce ethylene via a coupling reaction. A conversion of 45% and a selectivity of 66% to ethylene were achieved at 150°C in a formaldehyde stream. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra reveal the formation of the surface CH2‐containing species during reaction, which implies that the main pathway for formaldehyde coupling is probably through interactions of those intermediates. In addition, the weakly adsorbed oxygen on the α‐Mn2O3 nanocrystal surface was found to play an important role in this reaction. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012