bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Visualisation of Crack Distributions in Oxidised Zirconium Alloys by FIB-Slicing
Authors: Grovenor Chris R. M. , Ni Na , Yardley Sean S. , Hughes Gareth , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Sykes John M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTZirconium alloys have been used as fuel cladding and structural fuel assembly components in nuclear reactors since the 1950s, and show a characteristic variation in oxidation rate and layered crack morphology during aqueous corrosion. It is common to associate the first phenomenon with the appearance of the second. We have used 3D serial sectioning to study the morphology and distribution of cracks in corroded ZIRLO samples at different stages of oxidation, and have shown that cracks nucleate and grow at all stages of the oxidation process not just at the kinetic transition. We have used this data to analyse the nucleation of cracks with reference to the shape of the oxide/metal interface and the distribution of second phase precipitates.
Juggling Instinct and Fear: An Ethnographic Study of Facilitators and Inhibitors of Physiological Birth Positioning in Two Different Birth Settings
Authors: Priddis Holly , Dahlen Hannah , Schmied Virginia 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Although there is evidence to support the benefits for women of using a variety of birth positions, particularly upright birth positions, there is limited research into practices that facilitate or inhibit physiological birth positioning.AIM: To explore how physiological birth positioning is facilitated by midwives and experienced by women in two main settings in New South Wales (NSW), Australia (birth center and delivery ward).METHOD: An ethnographic approach guided data collection and analysis in this study. Data was collected using observation of women in the second stage of labor, focus groups with midwives, and interviews with women.RESULTS: Women were more likely to assume upright birth positions in the birth center setting (81.84%) than in the delivery ward setting (24.47%). They also instinctively wanted to lean forward during labor and birth. Midwives and women constantly “juggle instinct and fear” as they work to adapt to the birth environment, and this impacts physiological birth positioning.CONCLUSION: Women are more likely to adopt physiological birth positions during the first and second stage of labor in a birth center setting compared to a delivery ward setting. The birth center setting acts as a facilitator for physiological birth positions by providing a buffer from medicalized care.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: An in-depth exploration into facilitators and inhibitors of physiological birth positioning in two different birth settings provided new insights. Findings from this study have the potential to inform clinical practice through the design of birth environments and models of care that are available to women.
Analgesic effects of meloxicam administration on postoperative orthopedic pain in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)
Authors: Desmarchelier Marion , Troncy Eric , Fitzgerald Guy , Lair Stéphane 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Objective—To assess the analgesic effects of 2 doses of meloxicam on the degree of postoperative orthopedic pain in pigeons.
Animals—21 domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
Procedures—In each bird, a standardized osteotomy of 1 femur was performed and the fracture was immobilized with an intramedullary pin. Birds were randomly allocated to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control) or meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg [low dose] or 2.0 mg/kg [high dose]). The first treatment was administered IM after surgery was completed. Subsequent treatments were administered PO every 12 hours for 9 days. Degree of postoperative pain was assessed for the first 4 days after surgery by use of 3 methods: an electronic perch for assessment of weight-bearing load differential of the pelvic limbs, 4 pain scales, and analysis of video-recorded partial ethograms for bird activity and posture.
Results—No significant differences were observed between the control group and the low-dose meloxicam group in any tested variable. The high-dose meloxicam group had a greater degree of weight bearing on the affected limb from the second to the fourth postoperative day as well as lower pain scores for at least the first 2 postoperative days, compared with the other groups. Return to presurgical behavior was achieved faster in pigeons that received high-dose meloxicam than in the other groups. No adverse effects were observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of meloxicam at 0.5 mg/kg appeared ineffective in minimizing postoperative orthopedic pain in pigeons, but the 2.0 mg/kg dose provided quantifiable analgesia that appeared safe in this species in experimental conditions.
Accuracy and precision of computer-assisted analysis of bone density via conventional and digital radiography in relation to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Vaccaro Calogero , Busetto Roberto , Bernardini Daniele , Anselmi Carlo , Zotti Alessandro 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the precision and accuracy of assessing bone mineral density (BMD) by use of mean gray value (MGV) on digitalized and digital images of conventional and digital radiographs, respectively, of ex vivo bovine and equine bone specimens in relation to the gold-standard technique of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
Sample—Left and right metatarsal bones from 11 beef cattle and right femurs from 2 horses.
Procedures—Bovine specimens were imaged by use of conventional radiography, whereas equine specimens were imaged by use of computed radiography (digital radiography). Each specimen was subsequently scanned by use of the same DEXA equipment. The BMD values resulting from each DEXA scan were paired with the MGVs obtained by use of software on the corresponding digitalized or digital radiographic image.
Results—The MGV analysis of digitalized and digital x-ray images was a precise (coefficient of variation, 0.1 and 0.09, respectively) and highly accurate method for assessing BMD, compared with DEXA (correlation coefficient, 0.910 and 0.937 for conventional and digital radiography, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The high correlation between MGV and BMD indicated that MGV analysis may be a reliable alternative to DEXA in assessing radiographic bone density. This may provide a new, inexpensive, and readily available estimate of BMD.
Where does Sedum cepaea L. (Crassulaceae) - one of the rarest species of Croatian flora - really grow?
Authors: Šapić Irena , Šegota Vedran , Alegro Antun 
Published: February 2012

Where doesSedum cepaeaL. (Crassulaceae) - one of the rarest species of Croatian flora - really grow?The distribution ofSedum cepaeain Croatia is limited to sciophilous or slightly heliophilous forest habitats in the zone dominated byQuercus petraea, developed on acidic types of soil above siliceous bedrock. We confirm a finding spot on Moslavačka gora and describe new localities on Zrinska gora (central Croatia). TwoS. cepaeapopulations on Nikolino brdo [hill] in Topusko disappeared a century ago.
No Mucosal Atrophy and Reduced Inflammatory Cells: Active-controlled Trial with Yearlong Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray
Authors: Fokkens Wytske J. , Rinia Bas , Van Drunen Cornelis M. , Hellings Peter W. , Hens Greet , Jansen Ad , Blom Henk , Wu Wei , Clements Diane S. , Lee Laurie A. , Philpot Edward E. 
Published: February 2012

Background Fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) and mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) are well tolerated and more effective than placebo at relieving the symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Effects of FFNS on the nasal histology have not been previously reported. This study examines the effects of FFNS and MFNS, administered daily for 1 year, on the nasal mucosa in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods Subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis were randomized 1:1 to q.d., open-label treatment with FFNS, 110 μg, or MFNS, 200 μg, for 1 year. These groups and a healthy control group that did not receive study medication underwent nasal biopsies at baseline and 12 months. Results The nasal biopsy population comprised 96 participants (37 using FFNS, 42 using MFNS, and 17 healthy controls). Epithelial thickness did not change appreciably from baseline to week 52 in any of the groups and mean change from baseline did not differ between FFNS and MFNS (least square mean difference, -0.001 mm, 95% confidence interval, -0.007, 0.006). Although not tested for significance, improvements over baseline were observed in epithelial histology in the FFNS group with more epithelium including intact columnar and ciliated epithelial cells. No appreciable change in the percentage of goblet cells was established. FFNS and MFNS were associated with decreases in epithelial and subepithelial nasal mucosal eosinophils and basophils from baseline to week 52. The percentage of subjects with no inflammatory cells at week 52 was 49 and 33% for eosinophils and 46 and 24% for basophils, for FFNS and MFNS, respectively. Conclusion Yearlong therapy with either FFNS or MFNS showed no changes in epithelial thickness or the percentage of goblet cells as well as a reduction in inflammatory cell infiltrate. FFNS was associated with improvements in epithelial histology. These data support the long-term safety of FFNS in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis.
Extensive Surgical and Comprehensive Postoperative Medical Management for Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Virgin Frank W. , Rowe Steven M. , Wade Mary B. , Gaggar Amit , Leon Kevin J. , Young K. Randall , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: February 2012

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis has a major impact on the quality of life of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and may contribute to progression of chronic lung disease. Despite multiple sinus surgeries, maxillary sinus involvement is a recurrent problem. The modified endoscopic medial maxillectomy (MEMM) permits debridement in the clinic, improves mucus clearance with nasal irrigations, and increases access for topical delivery of therapeutics. However, clinical outcomes of aggressive sinus surgery with regimented postoperative medical treatment have not been systematically evaluated. Methods CF patients completed the 22-Item Sinonasal Outcome Test questionnaires before sinus surgery (and bilateral MEMM) and at sequential postoperative visits. Objective measures included Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score and pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume at 1 second percent [FEV1%] predicted). Culture-directed antibiotic therapy, prednisone, and topical irrigations were initiated postoperatively. Results Twenty-two patients (mean age, 26.5 years; 4.9 prior sinus operations) underwent MEMM and sinus surgery. Symptom scores were significantly reduced at 60 days (primary outcome, 64.7 ± 18.4 presurgery versus 27.5 ± 15.3 postsurgery; p < 0.0001) and up to a year postoperatively (27.6 ± 12.6; p < 0.0001). Endoscopic scores were also reduced after surgery (10.4 ± 1.1 presurgery versus 5.7 ± 2.4 [30 days], 5.7 ± 1.4 [60 days], 5.8 ± 1.3 [120 days], and 6.0 ± 1.1 [1 year]; p < 0.0001)]. There were no differences in FEV1% predicted up to 1 year postoperatively, but hospital admissions secondary to pulmonary exacerbations significantly decreased (2.0 ± 1.4 versus 3.2 ± 2.4, respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusion Prospective evaluation indicates sinus surgery with MEMM is associated with marked improvement in sinus disease outcomes. Additional studies are necessary to confirm whether this treatment paradigm is associated with improved CF pulmonary disease.
Acquired Cilia Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Gudis David , Zhao Ke-Qing , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: February 2012

Background Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures of the respiratory mucosa that play a critical role in airway defense. Respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that perform an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is the process by which cilia transport the mucus blanket overlying respiratory mucosa to the gastrointestinal tract for ingestion. It is the primary means by which the airway clears pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense. Methods A literature review of the current knowledge of cilia dysfunction in chronic rhinosinsusitis was conducted. Results Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or, more commonly, secondary, the result of environmental, infectious, or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been found to have impaired mucociliary clearance. Many biochemical, environmental, and mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence ciliary beat frequency, and common microbial pathogens of respiratory mucosa such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae have developed toxins that appear to interrupt normal mucociliary function. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators known to be present in patients with CRS appear to impair secondarily mucociliary clearance. Conclusion The goal of this article is to summarize the recent developments in the understanding of cilia dysfunction and mucociliary clearance in CRS.
Aspirin-Sensitive Asthma and Upper Airway Diseases
Authors: Chang Jinny E. , Chin William , Simon Ronald 
Published: February 2012

Background Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) consists of nasal polyposis, rhinosinusitis, asthma, and aspirin (ASA) sensitivity. Objective This article details how to diagnose and treat AERD and describes the procedures associated with ASA challenge and desensitization, benefits associated with ASA desensitization, and appropriate doses for treatment. Methods Criteria for diagnosis of AERD as well as desensitization protocols for oral ASA challenge and combined intranasal ketorolac and oral ASA challenge, are detailed in this article based on literature review. Results AERD requires a multidimensional approach to treat the disease given the multiple conditions. With successful ASA desensitization and maintenance of ASA administration, all patients are able to achieve ASA tolerance and select patients are able to achieve improvement in clinical markers such as global scores and reduction in use of topical and systemic corticosteroids.
Is there any Correlation between the Results of Skin-Prick Test and the Severity of Symptoms in Allergic Rhinitis?
Authors: Tatar Emel Çadallı , Sürenoğlu Ünzile Akpınar , Saylam Güleser , Işık Eray , Özdek Ali , Korkmaz Hakan 
Published: February 2012

Background This study was designed to determine whether there is any correlation between results of the skin-prick test and the severity of symptoms in allergic rhinitis. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 150 patients with persistent or intermittent allergic rhinitis confirmed by positive skin tests and scaled from 1 to 4 according to the size of the wheal. The symptoms including sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching were ranked according to their severity (0 for no symptoms, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3 for severe). We investigated the correlation between the skin tests’ positivity and symptoms score, rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (RQLQ), and visual analog scale (VAS) scores. Results Of the 150 patients, 98 had persistent and 52 had intermittent allergic rhinitis. Some patient d multiple al en senitivity. Each skin test group was compared with respect to symptom scores, RQLQ, or VAS scores. There was no statistically significant correlation between the size of the wheal and symptoms score, RQLQ, or VAS scores. There was also no correlation between the type of allergen and symptoms score. Conclusion The skin-prick test can be applied to support the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, but one can not predict the severity of illness by stratifying the size of the skin-prick test result.
Inovação pedagógica: uma resposta às demandas da sala de aula universitária
Authors: Leite Carlinda , Fernandes Preciosa 
Published: February 2012

Este texto tem como principal objetivo dar a conhecer uma experiência curricular desenvolvida em sistema b-learning com estudantes do 1o ano da Licenciatura em Ciências da Educação da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto. No quadro dos desafios e dos princípios lançados pelo processo de Bolonha, o artigo problematiza possibilidades e limites do recurso aos fóruns de debate (usados no sistema b-learning) para desenvolver processos autónomos de aprendizagem. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi utilizado um questionário de perguntas abertas que visou captar sentidos atribuídos pelos estudantes a este dispositivo pedagógico. A análise de conteúdo seguiu os procedimentos de Bardin (1991) e teve por base as ideias de Salmon (2000) quanto ao papel do professor. Globalmente, os resultados evidenciam que os estudantes apreciam muito positivamente o recurso aos fóruns de debate, considerando tratar-se de um dispositivo pedagógico importante para ampliar a sua formação. Reconhecem, ainda, que permitem uma maior acessibilidade a materiais diversos e uma melhor organização dos conteúdos constituindo, assim também, um meio de apoio ao estudo. Conclui-se que a opção por este dispositivo pedagógico converte-se num conjunto de vantagens para estudantes e professores, de entre as quais a aprendizagem autónoma ocupa posição de destaque.
Chymopapain‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Authors: He Yan‐Hong , Li Hai‐Hong , Chen Yan‐Li , Xue Yang , Yuan Yi , Guan Zhi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChymopapain, a cysteine proteinase isolated from the latex of the unripe fruits of Carica papaya, displays a promiscuous activity to catalyze the direct asymmetric aldol reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with cyclic and acyclic ketones in acetonitrile in the presence of a phosphate buffer. The excellent enantioselectivities of up to 96% ee and high diastereoselectivities of up to >99:1 (anti/syn) were achieved. The novel catalytic promiscuity of chymopapain widens the applicability of this biocatalyst in organic synthesis.
Sulfonic Acid‐Catalyzed Autoxidative Carbon‐Carbon Coupling Reaction under Elevated Partial Pressure of Oxygen
Authors: Pintér Áron , Klussmann Martin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn aerobic organocatalytic oxidative CC bond formation reaction of benzylic CH bonds with various C‐nucleophiles is described. The coupling reaction proceeds by simply stirring the substrates under elevated partial pressure of oxygen in the presence of a sulfonic acid catalyst at room temperature. Elevation of the pressure enables the reaction of a broad scope of nucleophile substrates otherwise showing poor reactivity at ambient pressure. The benzylic CH bonds of xanthene, acridanes, isochromane and related heterocycles could be functionalized with nucleophiles including ketones, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and aldehydes. Electron‐rich arenes could be utilized as nucleophiles at elevated temperatures. The reactions are believed to proceed via autoxidation of the benzylic CH bonds to the hydroperoxides and subsequent nucleophilic substitution catalyzed by sulfonic acids.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Fluoride‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Intramolecularly Activated Alkenylsilanes and Alkenylgermanes: Synthesis of Tamoxifen as a Synthetic Application
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Shindo Mitsuru 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe have demonstrated that intramolecular hypercoordination of a carboxylic acid is a powerful activation strategy for the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of trialkyl(vinyl)silanes and trialkyl(vinyl)germanes under fluoride‐free conditions. Z‐β‐Trialkylsilyl‐ and Z‐β‐trialkylgermylacrylic acids, synthesized stereoselectively by olefination with ynolates, are highly stable and useful reagents for cross‐coupling with a variety of aryl iodides to provide tetrasubstituted olefins possessing different carbon substituents in a stereocontrolled and diversity‐oriented manner. An application to a stereoselective synthesis of (Z)‐tamoxifen is also reported.
Chemoselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes with Dimethylphenylsilane
Authors: Gutsulyak Dmitry V. , Nikonov Georgii I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA variety of aromatic and alkyl acid chlorides can be selectively converted into aldehydes using dimethylphenyl silane (HSiMe2Ph) as the reducing reagent in the presence of the cationic ruthenium catalyst {Cp[(i‐Pr)3P]Ru(NCMe)2}+ [PF6]−. The reactions proceed under very mild conditions and are tolerant to many functional groups.
Synthesis of Olefin‐Oxazoline Ligands (OlefOx) by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Olefination
Authors: Schröder Nils , Besset Tatiana , Glorius Frank 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe rhodium(III)‐catalyzed oxidative olefination of 2‐aryloxazolines is described and has been employed for the synthesis of olefin‐oxazoline ligands (OlefOx). The highly modular synthesis starting from readily available 2‐aryloxazolines can be performed under an atmosphere of air as the terminal oxidant with catalytic amounts of copper(II)‐acetate.
Iron‐Catalysed Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Styrenes
Authors: Cabrero‐Antonino Jose R. , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Corma Avelino 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe bis(triflimide)iron(III) salt catalyzes the hydrothiolation of styrenes in a Markovnikov fashion with good selectivities and high yields. After isolation, different benzylic thioethers are obtained. This iron(III) catalyst is unique in terms of regioselectivity and represents a sustainable and economic alternative to those processes based on stoichiometric reagents.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of N‐Substituted Planar Chiral Ferrocenes Using a Proline Hydantoin‐Derived Auxiliary
Authors: Metallinos Costa , John Joshni , Zaifman Josh , Emberson Kassandra 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn N‐substituted ferrocene bearing a proline‐derived chiral directing group undergoes diastereoselective lithiation–electrophile quench to give planar chiral products in >95:5 dr. The starting material is synthesized by imidation of iodoferrocene with L‐proline hydantoin, followed by hydrosilylation. Although the auxiliary is stable to lithium bases of the types RLi and R2NLi, the ortho‐substituted products may be converted to solely planar chiral derivatives with simple reagents thanks to a labile triethylsilyloxy moiety.