bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome–Associated Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Kerlin Bryce A. , Ayoob Rose , Smoyer William E. 
Published: February 2012

Summary
After infections, thromboembolism is considered by many experts to be the most significant life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarize the epidemiology, clinical and molecular pathophysiology, and management of this complication. Children (2.8%) are less likely than adults (26.7%) with nephrotic syndrome to develop thromboembolism. However, infants and children aged >12 years are at much greater risk. Membranous histologic changes increase thromboembolic risk at all ages; in particular, adults with membranous nephropathy have the highest reported risk (37.0%) and children with membranous histology have a rate (25%) that approaches the overall adult rate. There are striking, but variable, pathologic alterations of molecular hemostasis associated with nephrotic syndrome. No clear molecular therapeutic targets have been identified, but most studies show that the major pathologic changes involve antithrombin, fibrinogen, and factors V and VIII. There is inadequate evidence to support routine prophylactic therapy. Therapy includes anticoagulation in all cases, with thrombolysis reserved for those with the most severe thromboembolic disease. Future hemostatic research in nephrotic syndrome should focus on identifying cohorts at highest risk for thrombosis through the use of clinical markers and biomarkers as well as searching for molecular targets to correct the prothrombotic pathophysiology of this disease.
Abdominal Superficial Subcutaneous Fat
Authors: Golan Rachel , Shelef Ilan , Rudich Assaf , Gepner Yftach , Shemesh Elad , Chassidim Yoash , Harman-Boehm Ilana , Henkin Yaakov , Schwarzfuchs Dan , Ben Avraham Sivan , Witkow Shula , Liberty Idit F. , Tangi-Rosental Osnat , Sarusi Benjamin , Stampfer Meir J. , Shai Iris 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
Unlike visceral adipose tissue (VAT), the association between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and obesity-related morbidity is controversial. In patients with type 2 diabetes, we assessed whether this variability can be explained by a putative favorable, distinct association between abdominal superficial SAT (SSAT) (absolute amount or its proportion) and cardiometabolic parameters.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 73 patients with diabetes (mean age 58 years, 83% were men) and cross-sectionally analyzed fat distribution at S1-L5, L5-L4, and L3-L2 levels. Patients completed food frequency questionnaires, and subgroups had 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography.

RESULTS
Women had higher %SSAT (37 vs. 23% in men; P &lt; 0.001) despite a similar mean waist circumference. Fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.046) and HbA1c (P = 0.006) were both lower with increased tertile of absolute SSAT. In regression models adjusted for age, waist circumference, and classes of medical treatments used in this patient population, increased %SSAT was significantly associated with decreased HbA1c (β = −0.317; P = 0.013), decreased daytime ambulatory blood pressure (β = −0.426; P = 0.008), and increased HDL cholesterol (β = 0.257; P = 0.042). In contrast, increased percent of deep SAT (DSAT) was associated with increased HbA1c (β = 0.266; P = 0.040) and poorer heart rate variability parameters (P = 0.030). Although total fat and energy intake were not correlated with fat tissue distribution, increased intake of trans fat tended to be associated with total SAT (r = 0.228; P = 0.05) and DSAT (r = 0.20; P = 0.093), but not with SSAT.

CONCLUSIONS
Abdominal SAT is composed of two subdepots that associate differently with cardiometabolic parameters. Higher absolute and relative distribution of fat in abdominal SSAT may signify beneficial cardiometabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Bacchi Elisabetta , Negri Carlo , Zanolin Maria Elisabetta , Milanese Chiara , Faccioli Niccolò , Trombetta Maddalena , Zoppini Giacomo , Cevese Antonio , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Schena Federico , Bonora Enzo , Lanza Massimo , Moghetti Paolo 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To assess differences between the effects of aerobic and resistance training on HbA1c (primary outcome) and several metabolic risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes, and to identify predictors of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 40) were randomly assigned to aerobic training or resistance training. Before and after 4 months of intervention, metabolic phenotypes (including HbA1c, glucose clamp–measured insulin sensitivity, and oral glucose tolerance test–assessed β-cell function), body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular strength were measured.

RESULTS
After training, increase in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was greater in the aerobic group (time-by-group interaction P = 0.045), whereas increase in strength was greater in the resistance group (time-by-group interaction P &lt; 0.0001). HbA1c was similarly reduced in both groups (−0.40% [95% CI −0.61 to −0.18] vs. −0.35% [−0.59 to −0.10], respectively). Total and truncal fat, VAT, and SAT were also similarly reduced in both groups, whereas insulin sensitivity and lean limb mass were similarly increased. β-Cell function showed no significant changes. In multivariate analyses, improvement in HbA1c after training was independently predicted by baseline HbA1c and by changes in VO2peak and truncal fat.

CONCLUSIONS
Resistance training, similarly to aerobic training, improves metabolic features and insulin sensitivity and reduces abdominal fat in type 2 diabetic patients. Changes after training in VO2peak and truncal fat may be primary determinants of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.
Pressure-temperature-fluid constraints for the Emmaville-Torrington emerald deposit, New South Wales, Australia: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies
Authors: Loughrey Lara , Marshall Dan , Jones Peter , Millsteed Paul , Main Arthur 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Emmaville-Torrington emeralds were first discovered in 1890 in quartz veins hosted within a Permian metasedimentary sequence, consisting of meta-siltstones, slates and quartzites intruded by pegmatite and aplite veins from the Moule Granite. The emerald deposit genesis is consistent with a typical granite-related emerald vein system. Emeralds from these veins display colour zonation alternating between emerald and clear beryl. Two fluid inclusion types are identified: three-phase (brine+vapour+halite) and two-phase (vapour+liquid) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion studies indicate the emeralds were precipitated from saline fluids ranging from approximately 33 mass percent NaCl equivalent. Formational pressures and temperatures of 350 to 400 °C and approximately 150 to 250 bars were derived from fluid inclusion and petrographic studies that also indicate emerald and beryl precipitation respectively from the liquid and vapour portions of a two-phase (boiling) system. The distinct colour zonations observed in the emerald from these deposits is the first recorded emerald locality which shows evidence of colour variation as a function of boiling. The primary three-phase and primary two-phase FITs are consistent with alternating chromium-rich ‘striped’ colour banding. Alternating emerald zones with colourless beryl are due to chromium and vanadium partitioning in the liquid portion of the boiling system. The chemical variations observed at Emmaville-Torrington are similar to other colour zoned emeralds from other localities worldwide likely precipitated from a boiling system as well.
Staged implantation of multiple electrodes in the internal globus pallidus in the treatment of primary generalized dystonia
Authors: Cif Laura , Gonzalez-Martinez Victoria , Vasques Xavier , Corlobé Astrid , Moura Ana Maria , Bonafé Alain , Coubes Philippe 
Published: February 2012

Object
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for treating various types of dystonia. Multiple electrodes could be proposed to improve the therapeutic outcome enabling the targeting of specific neuronal populations not reached by the electrical field generated by the initially implanted electrode. The authors address the question of the feasibility and safety of staged multiple lead implantations in the sensorimotor internal globus pallidus (GPi) in primary generalized dystonia (PGD). Criteria for patient selection, surgical technique, target selection, electrical settings management, and clinical outcome are presented.

Methods
Sixteen patients (8 harbored the DYT1 gene mutation) presented with PGD and were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent clinical assessment using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale preoperatively and during follow-up with DBS. Prior to the addition of electrodes, the authors confirmed, by turning off stimulation, that the patient was still benefiting from DBS and that DBS settings adjustment did not provide further improvement. The second target was defined according to the position of the first electrode, to the residual volume within the sensorimotor GPi, and according to residual symptoms. The second surgery followed the same protocol as the first and the new electrode were inserted using the same bur hole as the first electrode.

Results
The addition of a new pair of electrodes was followed by significant improvement in the whole population (p = 0.005), as well as in the DYT1-negative subgroup (p = 0.012) but not in the DYT1 subgroup (p = not significant). Nevertheless, some patients did not exhibit significant additional benefit. Seven hardware-related complications occurred during the entire follow-up, 3 prior to it, and 4 after the addition of the second pair of electrodes.

Conclusions
The addition of a second pair of electrodes in the GPi in patients with PGD with suboptimal or decaying benefit following the first surgery seems to be a safe procedure and is not followed by an increase in surgery-related complications. This staged procedure may provide further clinical improvement in patients with PGD in whom DBS effect is initially incomplete or when disease progression occurs over time. The position of the additional electrode within the GPi is determined by the available volume within the posteroventral GPi and by the distribution of the dystonic symptoms that need to be controlled.
Use and utility of preoperative hemostatic screening and patient history in adult neurosurgical patients
Authors: Seicean Andreea , Schiltz Nicholas K. , Seicean Sinziana , Alan Nima , Neuhauser Duncan , Weil Robert J. 
Published: February 2012

Object
The utility of preoperative hemostasis screening to predict complications is uncertain. The authors quantified the screening rate in US neurosurgery patients and evaluated the ability of abnormal test results as compared with history-based risk factors to predict hemostasis-related and general outcomes.

Methods
Eleven thousand eight hundred four adult neurosurgery patients were identified in the 2006–2009 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Multivariate logistic regression modeled the ability of hemostatic tests and patient history to predict outcomes, that is, intra- and postoperative red blood cell [RBC] transfusion, return to the operating room [OR], and 30-day mortality. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using patient subgroups by procedure.

Results
Most patients underwent all 3 hemostatic tests (platelet count, prothrombin time/international normalized ratio [INR], activated partial thromboplastin time), but few had any of the outcomes of interest. The number of screening tests undergone was significantly associated with intraoperative RBC transfusion, a return to the OR, and mortality; an abnormal INR was associated with postoperative RBC transfusion. However, all tests had low sensitivity (0.09–0.2) and platelet count had low specificity (0.04–0.05). The association between patient history and each outcome was approximately the same across all tests, with higher sensitivity but lower specificity. Combining abnormal tests with patient history accounted for 50% of the mortality and 33% of each of the other outcomes.

Conclusions
This is the first study focused on assessing preoperative hemostasis screening as compared with patient history in a large multicenter sample of adult neurosurgery patients to predict hemostasis-related outcomes. Patient history was as predictive as laboratory testing for all outcomes, with higher sensitivity. Routine laboratory screening appears to have limited utility. Testing limited to neurosurgical patients with a positive history would save an estimated $81,942,000 annually.
Pathogenic Effects of Rift Valley Fever Virus Nss Gene are Alleviated in Cultured Cells by Expressed Antiviral Short Hairpin RNAS
Authors: Scott Tristan , Paweska Janusz T , Arbuthnot Patrick , Weinberg Marc S 
Published: February 2012

Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the Bunyaviridae family, may cause severe hepatitis, encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever in humans. There are currently no available licensed vaccines or therapies to treat the viral infection in humans. RNA interference (RNAi)-based viral gene silencing offers a promising approach to inhibiting replication of this highly pathogenic virus. The small (S) segment of the RVFV tripartite genome carries the genetic determinates for pathogenicity during infection. This segment encodes the non-structural S ( NSs) and essential nucleocapsid ( N) genes. Methods To advance RNAi-based inhibition of RVFV replication, we designed several Pol III short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression cassettes against the NSs and N genes, including a multimerized plasmid vector that included four shRNA expression cassettes. Results Effective target silencing was demonstrated using full- and partial-length target reporter assays, and confirmed by western blot analysis of exogenous N and NSs expression. Small RNA northern blots showed detectable RNAi guide strand formation from single and multimerized shRNA constructs. Using a cell culture model of RVFV replication, shRNAs targeting the N gene decreased intracellular nucleocapsid protein concentration and viral replication. The shRNAs directed against the NSs gene reduced NSs protein concentrations and alleviated NSs-mediated cytotoxicity, which may be caused by host transcription suppression. Conclusions These data are the first demonstration that RNAi activators have a potential therapeutic benefit for countering RVFV infection.
Littérature et philosophie
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Littérature et philosophie entretiennent des rapports évidents, du fait que certains philosophes sont poètes, comme Lucrèce, ou écrivains, comme Montaigne. On examine deux cas, Martha Nussbaum, qui soutient que la littérature, en particulier le roman, peut induire des analyses morales bien supérieures à celles des philosophes, et Maria Zambrano, philosophe et poète, qui soutient que c’est le même Logos qui est à l’œuvre dans les deux domaines. Par le style, et par le souci conjoint de la signification, la poésie a un sens philosophique. L’histoire de la pensée ne peut pas négliger le rôle éminent de la poésie philosophique à travers l’histoire : Chateaubriand, Paul Valéry, Paul Claudel ont accompli une œuvre littéraire d’une grande portée philosophique.
Philosophie et poésie: le discours philosophique suggestif chez Louis Lavelle
Authors: Tindy-Poaty Juste Joris 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Le « discours philosophique suggestif » ou « style philosophique poétique » està la fois un procédé d’écriture et un procédé d’exposition conceptuelle par lesquels lephilosophe se fait l’émule du poète. Ce style, qui caractérise, selon Lavelle, les plusgrands philosophes, est à distinguer du style philosophique « classique ». Celui-ci,abstrait et froid, ne parle qu’à notre intelligence alors que le style philosophiquepoétique interpelle en même temps notre sensibilité. Il incarne l’Être ou l’Absolu eta vocation non seulement à nous le faire connaître, mais également à nous le faireaimer.
Hâfez, poète et philosophe
Authors: Ayada Souâd 
Published: February 2012

Résumé La poésie lyrique de Hâfez ( xiv e siècle) s’élève au niveau de la plus exigeanteméditation philosophique. L’amour, qui est son foyer, n’y désigne pas une affectionou une passion de l’âme. Il fait écho à la théologie de l’amour qui s’est construite enislam au croisement du néo-platonisme avicennisant et du soufisme d’Ibn ‘Arabî. PourHâfez, l’amour est ce qui de Dieu apparaît dans l’homme. Ses affres sont le mystèrede la théophanie. Le ghazal est une fenêtre sur l’ontologie de la théophanie et surl’amphibolie du réel qu’elle induit. Il opère, dans la matière des figures qu’il sollicite,la coalescence des ordres de la réalité et des formes de la perception. Il révèleles ressources du sensible quand il devient cette réalité subtile lestée d’une matièretransmuée. La poésie de Hâfez dévoile les paradoxes du réel, immanent et transcendant,sensible et intelligible, pour nous mettre sur la voie du paradoxe fondamental :le paradoxe de Dieu, qui est caché et apparent, et le paradoxe de la révélation, quiconfère des noms et des attributs à une essence insondable. Ce faisant, elle côtoie lesdiscours de la religion et de la philosophie. Le poète, en dévoilant le sens vrai de larévélation, devient le rival du religieux. Il trouve son site en un lieu défriché et balisépar le philosophe. Hâfez exprime dans l’unité et l’équilibre parfait du poème d’amourla théologie et l’ontologie que le philosophe formule dans des concepts abstraits. Ilparachève le projet que la philosophie réalise partiellement et maladroitement.
IQGAP1: A Regulator of Intracellular Spacetime Relativity
Authors: Malarkannan Subramaniam , Awasthi Aradhana , Rajasekaran Kamalakannan , Kumar Pawan , Schuldt Kristina M. , Bartoszek Allison , Manoharan Niranjan , Goldner Nicholas K. , Umhoefer Colleen M. , Thakar Monica S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractActivating and inhibiting receptors of lymphocytes collect valuable information about their mikròs kósmos. This information is essential to initiate or to turn off complex signaling pathways. Irrespective of these advances, our knowledge on how these intracellular activation cascades are coordinated in a spatiotemporal manner is far from complete. Among multiple explanations, the scaffolding proteins have emerged as a critical piece of this evolutionary tangram. Among many, IQGAP1 is one of the essential scaffolding proteins that coordinate multiple signaling pathways. IQGAP1 possesses multiple protein interaction motifs to achieve its scaffolding functions. Using these domains, IQGAP1 has been shown to regulate a number of essential cellular events. This includes actin polymerization, tubulin multimerization, microtubule organizing center formation, calcium/calmodulin signaling, Pak/Raf/Mek1/2-mediated Erk1/2 activation, formation of maestrosome, E-cadherin, and CD44-mediated signaling and glycogen synthase kinase-3/adenomatous polyposis coli-mediated β-catenin activation. In this review, we summarize the recent developments and exciting new findings of cellular functions of IQGAP1.
Germline CDH1 Variants and Lifetime Cancer Risk
Authors: Ryan Carrie E. , Fasaye Grace-Ann , Gallanis Amber F. , Gamble Lauren A. , McClelland Paul H. , Duemler Anna , Samaranayake Sarah G. , Blakely Andrew M. , Drogan Christine M. , Kingham Kerry , Patel Devanshi , Rodgers-Fouche Linda , Siegel Ava , Kupfer Sonia S. , Ford James M. , Chung Daniel C. , Dowty James G. , Sampson Joshua , Davis Jeremy L. 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceApproximately 1% to 3% of gastric cancers and 5% of lobular breast cancers are hereditary. Loss of function CDH1 gene variants are the most common gene variants associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Previously, the lifetime risk of gastric cancer was estimated to be approximately 25% to 83% and for breast cancer it was estimated to be approximately 39% to 55% in individuals with loss of function CDH1 gene variants.ObjectiveTo describe gastric and breast cancer risk estimates for individuals with CDH1 variants.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMulticenter, retrospective cohort and modeling study of 213 families from North America with a CDH1 pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variant in 1 or more family members conducted between January 2021 and August 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresHazard ratios (HRs), defined as risk in variant carriers relative to noncarriers, were estimated for each cancer type and used to calculate cumulative risks and risks per decade of life up to age 80 years.ResultsA total of 7323 individuals from 213 families were studied, including 883 with a CDH1 P/LP variant (median proband age, 53 years [IQR, 42-62]; 4% Asian; 4% Hispanic; 85% non-Hispanic White; 50% female). In individuals with a CDH1 P/LP variant, the prevalence of gastric cancer was 13.9% (123/883) and the prevalence of breast cancer among female carriers was 26.3% (144/547). The estimated HR for advanced gastric cancer was 33.5 (95% CI, 9.8-112) at age 30 years and 3.5 (95% CI, 0.4-30.3) at age 70 years. The lifetime cumulative risk of advanced gastric cancer in male and female carriers was 10.3% (95% CI, 6%-23.6%) and 6.5% (95% CI, 3.8%-15.1%), respectively. Gastric cancer risk estimates based on family history indicated that a carrier with 3 affected first-degree relatives had a penetrance of approximately 38% (95% CI, 25%-64%). The HR for breast cancer among female carriers was 5.7 (95% CI, 2.5-13.2) at age 30 years and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1-13.7) at age 70 years. The lifetime cumulative risk of breast cancer among female carriers was 36.8% (95% CI, 25.7%-62.9%).Conclusions and RelevanceAmong families from North America with germline CDH1 P/LP variants, the cumulative risk of gastric cancer was 7% to 10%, which was lower than previously described, and the cumulative risk of breast cancer among female carriers was 37%, which was similar to prior estimates. These findings inform current management of individuals with germline CDH1 variants.
Electrochemical Processing, Introduction
Authors: Vidakovic‐Koch Tanja , Sorrentino Antonio 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article introduces the fundamental concepts of Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE). It begins with an overview of various electrochemical processes, followed by a brief discussion on the components of electrochemical reactors, with a focus on different electrode designs. Subsequently, it delves into the basic laws and performance metrics of EPE, such as current efficiency, conversion, yield, selectivity, specific energy consumption, space‐time yield, and the efficiency of various processes, including fuel cells and electrolysis. The discussion highlights how efficiency and specific energy consumption are primarily influenced by the operating cell potential, and examines the impact of thermodynamics, kinetics, and mass transport losses on this potential. The analysis of mass transport is extended to both single‐ and multiphase scenarios. Furthermore, the article introduces momentum and charge balance equations. In the concluding section, it briefly explores the application of macroscale modeling approaches, specifically porous and agglomerate models, in simulating processes within porous electrodes.