bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Temperature, Phosphorus, and Plant Age on Growth Analysis of Barley1
Authors: Power J. F. , Willis W. O. , Grunes D. L. , Reichman G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this research was to assess the influences of soil temperature, phosphorus nutrition, and stage of morphological development upon various growth parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Experimental methods consisted of growing barley in a constant temperature growth room at varying soil temperatures and phosphorus levels, harvesting at specific predetermined stages of morphological development, and measuring the rates of dry matter accumulation and leaf area expansion. From these data, various parameters of growth were calculated between consecutive stages of plant development.Net assimilation rate (NAR) was increased by increased P supply, was independent of soil temperature, and was highest during the flowering period. Leaf area ratio, relative growth, leaf growth rates, and leaf area duration values were also calculated. Leaf area was a linear function of leaf length or length times width. Leaf area duration (leaf area × time) was highly correlated with dry weight over all temperatures, P levels, and stages of plant development. Consequently, any practice that increases either leaf area or the longevity of a green leaf should increase dry weights. These results offer a nondestructive means of estimating dry weights of small grains from measurements of leaf length times width (or length only).
Physiological and Color Aspects of Turfgrasses with Fall and Winter Nitrogen1
Authors: Powell A. J. , Blaser R. E. , Schmidt R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFall and winter N fertilization was studied on bentgrass and fescue to investigate the possibility of maintaining green foliage during winter. Research also involved the effects of this N on top growth, reserve carbohydrates, and photosynthesis.Desirable turf color was maintained throughout the winter in Virginia latitudes without adverse physiological changes. Green foliage during winter was not the result of residual color from fall but was induced even during the coldest periods of winter. Although no measurable top growth occurred during winter, turf fertilized with high N was very dense.Reserve carbohydrates generally increased from fall to winter and then decreased slowly until spring when there were sharp declines. Stem carbohydrates varied from 44% dry matter in late fall or winter to 5% in spring. More carbohydrates were found in stems than in leaves and similar trends for sugar occurred in both separates. Higher N rates generally lowered the available carbohydrates, but the opposite was found with certain winter conditions. With determinations made on five dates, net photosynthesis appeared to be higher during winter than spring or summer; however, dark respiration increased with temperatures. Photosynthetic and respiration rates during winter or spring were increased with N fertilization.
Flooding Tolerance of Ladino White, Intermediate White, Persian, and Strawberry Clovers1
Authors: Hoveland Carl S. , Mikkelsen E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIntermediate white, ladino white, strawberry, and persian clovers were grown in the greenhouse during a 4‐month period and subjected to flooding 3 days in 10, 6 days in 10, and continuously. In another experiment, three varieties of ladino white and two varieties of intermediate white clover were compared when flooded 6 days in 10 during a 3‐month period.Ladino clover varieties were more tolerant of poor drainage than intermediate white clover varieties. Persian, strawberry, and ladino white clover herbage growth responses were similar. Root growth of persian and strawberry clovers was less affected by flooding than that of ladino. Herbage N was reduced by flooding in intermediate white and only slightly reduced in ladino, persian, and strawberry clovers. Manganese accumulation in the herbage was not related to flooding tolerance of the clover species.
Reflectance of Cotton Leaves and Its Relation to Yield1
Authors: Thomas J. R. , Wiegand C. L. , Myers V. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the effects of soil salinity, cotton leaf relative turgidity, and Cl content on reflectance and transmittance of radiation by single leaves. The relation of color film density to soil salinity, percentage ground cover, and cotton yield was also investigated. Reflectance from single leaves increased as soil salinity, leaf moisture deficit, and Cl content increased. Aerial photographs of field cotton on saline and nonsaline soils showed greater reflectance from cotton not affected by salt. (Kodak Ektachrome infrared aero film was used.) Multiple regression analyses indicated that under field conditions reflectance measured as film density was influenced by soil salinity and percentage ground cover. Since the same plant and soil factors that affect reflectance from the crop canopy also affect cotton yield, regression equations were calculated to express yield as a function of film density. The regression equations accounted for from 51 to 75% of the variation in yield.
Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilization of Turfgrass1
Authors: Skogley C. R. , King J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo experimental urea‐impregnated petroleum wax products and prilled urea with a petroleum‐based coating were evaluated as turfgrass fertilizers over a 2‐year period. They were compared with prilled urea, process tankage, and urea‐form. Applications were made to replicated plots of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)‐red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) lawn turf at rates equal to 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 kg N per 92.9 m2 in June of 1964 and 1965. Visual turf score ratings were taken every 2 weeks through mid‐October of both years. During 1964 clipping weights were taken each week and the clippings were analyzed for N content. Percent recovery of applied N during a 21‐week period was determined.Based on turf quality, yield and N content of clippings, and efficiency of N usage, as measured in 1964, the experimental products were superior to the standard materials. One of the urea‐impregnated wax products, X‐419‐68, was superior to all other test products. Plots fertilized with this material, particularly at the heaviest rate, showed improved quality even 11 months after application. Although second‐year results were less dramatic, the experimental products performed well during 1965. Little difference was evident among the experimental materials and urea but they did provide better quality turf than was obtained with most rates of process tankage and all rates of urea‐form.
Influence of Night Temperature on Growth and Development of Cotton (Gossypium birsutum L.). II Fiber Properties1
Authors: Gipson J. R. , Joham H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferent night temperature regimes were maintained throughout the boll development period on field‐grown cotton during th 1963, 1964, and 1965 seasons. Decreased night temperatures slowed both rate and amount of cellulose synthesis, which in turn resulted in underdeveloped fiber, characterized by poor physical and chemical properties. In general, ‘Paymaster’ variety appeared to be better adapted to cool nights than Acala variety.
Isolation Requirements for Smooth Bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., as Determined by a Genetic Marker1
Authors: Knowles R. P. , Ghosh A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractContamination of seed plots by wind‐borne pollen was studied with a dominant yellow‐leaved mutant. Contamination of borders was considerably greater than that of centres of plots. Borders showed 37.0, 11.1, 1.2, and 0.1% outcrossing at isolation distances of 1, 61, 183, and 732 m, respectively. Average contamination of plots was 9.6, 1.0, and 0.2% for isolation of 1, 61, and 183 m, respectively. Isolation distances of 50 m for Certified seed fields and 300 m for Foundation seed fields appeared ample to maintain strain purity. These distances could be reduced considerably if borders were removed prior to harvest. The marked buffering effect of borders suggested that isolation be disregarded for large fields.
Interaction of Zn and P in Top and Root of Corn and Tomato1
Authors: Sharma K. C. , Krantz B. A. , Brown A. L. , Quick James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteractions of Zn and P in tops and roots of corn were studied in Corning and Landlow soils and of tomato in Corning soil in greenhouse. Zn deficiency symptoms were seen in both crops. The Zn concentration in tops was reduced due to P application and the magnitude of reduction was greatest for the first increment of added P (25 ppm). The Zn concentration in roots was much less influenced by added P. The P concentration was reduced by first rate of 1 ppm Zn and the effect was primarily with higher rates of P. Added P increased P concentration in the top much more than in the roots. In the presence of P, added zinc increased the zinc concentration in corn roots more than in corn tops.
Effect of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Forage Production and Chemical Composition of Two Sorghum Cultivars Harvested at Two Cutting Frequencies1
Authors: Koller H. R. , Scholl J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in 1965 and 1966 at Madison, Wisconsin, to determine effects of row spacing and seeding rate on forage production and chemical composition of 'Piper' sudangrass and 'Sudax, SX‐11' a sorghumsudangrass hybrid, harvested three times at a height of 76 cm or twice at later stages. Row spacings were 17.8, 35.6 and 71.1 cm. Seeding rates were 8.4, 16.8 and 33.6 kg per ha in 1965 and 13.5, 26.9 and 53.8 kg per ha in 1966.Herbage yields were greater, nitrogen concentration lower, and lignin concentration higher under the two‐cut system. Yields of the cultivars were similar under three cuttings. Under two cuttings, SX‐11 outyielded Piper when both were harvested at the same morphological stage. However, since SX‐11 is later maturing, Piper's rate of forage production equalled or exceeded that of SX‐11 under both managements. Nitrogen concentration was higher and lignin concentration lower in SX‐11 at any given time.Forage yields in 17.8‐ and 35.6‐cm rows were similar and exceeded that of 71.1‐cm rows. Row spacing had little effect on chemical composition.Forage production increased as seeding rate increased, particularly in narrow rows. Under three cuttings only, nitrogen decreased and lignin increased at first harvest as seeding rate increased. Seeding rate had no significant effect on chemical composition at second harvest.
Optimum Plot Size and Number of Replications for Estimating Forage Yield and Moisture Percentage1
Authors: Thomas H. L. , Abou‐El‐Fittouh Hosni Ahmad 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUniformity trials were conducted with pure stands of three forage species and one mixture of two species. Plot variance decreased with increasing plot size in every case. The relationship was very close and almost completely linear when plot variance and plot size were converted to logarithms. Thus plot size can be used to estimate plot or error variance. In general, increasing replication number reduced error more rapidly than increasing plot size. Using green weight only to estimate dry weight left 10% of the variation in dry weight in error.
Effect and Mode of Action of Latex and Silicone Coatings on Shoot Growth and Water Use by Citrus1
Authors: Malcolm C. V. , Stolzy L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoatings of latex and silicone were applied to potted sweet orange seedlings which were then grown either in the glasshouse or outside. Measurements of growth and moisture usage over a 20‐day period indicated that latex reduced moisture usage significantly in both situations. Growth was not significantly different for the treatment in any one environment. Leaf burn was less on latexcoated plants but distortion of the growing shoot appeared greater than in silicone‐coated and uncoated plants.Latex coatings applied to perforated Al‐foil achieved considerable reductions in water vapor diffusion without completely covering the individual perforations. It is suggested transpiration reduction may be achieved by reducing stomatal pore size or by actually covering the pore.
Effect of N Supplementation on In Vitro Digestibility of Corn, Sorghum, and Alfalfa1
Authors: Schmid A. R. , Marten G. C. , Roth L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of adding urea as a supplemental nitrogen source for rumen microorganisms in a two‐stage in vitro digestion technique was determined with shelled corn Zea mays L., corn fodder, sorghum fodder Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and alfalfa Medicago sativa L. as substrates. Digestibility in vitro of shelled corn and corn fodder was greatly increased by urea supplementation. Urea slightly increased digestion of sorghum fodder but had no effect on digestion of alfalfa. Some inhibition of sorghum digestion resulted with the highest level of urea supplementation (15 mg urea per 0.25 g substrate dry matter). The optimum amount of urea supplementation, an amount at which highest digestibility was obtained without inhibiting the digestion of any one crop, was 10 mg urea per 0.25 g substrate dry matter. The need for N supplementation to obtain maximum digestion in vitro of substrates containing large amounts of readily‐available carbohydrates was clearly demonstrated.
Plant Growth‐Evapotranspiration Relations for Several Crops in the Central Great Plains1
Authors: Hanks R. J. , Gardner H. R. , Florian R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLysimeters, which eliminated runoff and percolation below 90 cm, caused about 10 cm of additional water to be available for growth of grain sorghum in 1967. This additional water doubled yields, with an increase in evapotranspiration of only 50%. Evaporation from soil in the lysimeter was only 32% of the evapotranspiration, compared with 50% for the soil surrounding the lysimeter. Evaporation from the soil within a winter wheat crop during the acuively growing period in the spring, was estimated to be 15 and 37% of evapotranspiration for 1966 and 1967 respectively. Evaporation from the soil within the actively growing crop was estimated to be 34 and 20% of the evapotranspiration for oats and millet, respectively. Estimates of the amount of water evaporated from the soil within a crop allowed for estimation of transpiration from measurements of evapotranspiration. This data indicate that production and transpiration are directly related in this dryland area as de Wit (3) suggests.
Evaluating Turfgrasses for Shade Tolerance1
Authors: Wood Glen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShort‐duration growth chamber and field techniques are described for studying shade tolerance of pot‐grown seedling turfgrasses. Performance of eight selections each of bluegrass and red fescue grown at four light intensities from seed to 8 weeks in a growth chamber was evaluated. Varying light intensities were achieved by growing the grasses on shelves in a step‐like design so that the lowest light level was farthest from the illumination source. The four light levels in the growth chamber were measured at 3,000, 1,500, 500, and 230 ft‐c.A field study in natural deciduous shade which permitted entrance of approximately 5% of incident sunlight was used to concurrently evaluate 57 strains of Kentucky bluegrass, 1 lot of Canada bluegrass, 1 lot of roughstalk bluegrass, 18 strains of red fescue, 1 hard fescue, and 8 strains (including 3 species) of bentgrass.Both methods are feasible techniques for evaluating turfgrasses for shade tolerance. The field method has the advantage of concurrent evaluation of large numbers of turfgrasses under natural conditions.Performance of the red fescues in shade as a group was superior to that of the bluegrasses. ‘Golfrood’ red fescue was the outstanding cultivar and demonstrated superior shade tolerance in both the growth chamber and field.
Plant Density and Yield of Sugar Beets in an Arid Environment1
Authors: Robinson Frank E. , Worker George F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugar beets were grown in an arid area under sprinkler irrigation. Populations of 27,000, 108,000, 430,000, and 1,722,000 plants per hectare were obtained with a square grid placement of seed. A mathematical function sucrose yield and plant population density showed the maximum yield at approximately 100,000 plants per hectare.
Runoff Farming in the Desert. III. Microcatchments for Improvement of Desert Range1
Authors: Shanan L. , Tadmor N. H. , Evenari M. , Reiniger P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique of utilizing surface runoff from microcatchments was adapted to grow pasture shrubs (Atriplex halimus L.) on a barren saline loessial plain in the desert. The average annual rainfall of the region is about 90 mm. Microcatchments varied in size from 16 m2 to 1,000 m2. Maximum yields were obtained from a 32 m2 microcatchment which produced an average annual yield of 160 feed units/ha/yr, as compared to 5 to 10 feed units/ha, on the untreated plain. Protein yield was about 40 kg/ha. The system costs $5 to 20 per ha to construct and can repay its construction cost within 2 to 3 years. The method is also being adapted to the growing of fruit trees.
Effects of Ammonium Polyphosphates on Yield1 and Chemical Composition of Irrigated Corn
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Murphy L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigated corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Zn‐deficient, slightly acid Cass fine sandy loam suffered from increasingly severe Zn deficiency when 40 kg/ha P (80 lb/A P2O5) was applied in a band to the side and below the seed. Zinc deficiency was corrected in the presence of the banded P when Zn was supplied at the rate of 11.2 kg Zn/ha as ZnSO4.Banded applications of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in the presence of inadequate Zn tended to induce more severe Zn deficiencies than did similar applications of monoammonium phosphate (MAP). When adequate Zn was supplied, the two forms of P produced comparable plant growth responses and grain yields. Yield depressions noted with the use of banded APP without adequate Zn were associated with higher plant P contents than when the plants were supplied with MAP. High levels of plant P were concomitant with low levels of Zn in the plants. Banded applications of P resulted in higher plant concentrations of P than did broadcast P applications and induced more severe Zn deficiencies.When Zn was limiting, grain yields tended to decrease with increasing P concentrations in young plant tissues. In the presence of adequate Zn concentration of P in young plant tissues was positively correlated with grain yields.
Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Pearl Millet Seed1
Authors: Jellum M. D. , Powell J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of the fatty acid composition of oil from seed of pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb., have permitted comparisons of five extraction procedures, genetic diversity in 65 lines, seed‐size differences, and seed maturation in four inbred lines during two growing periods (early and late). Oil extracted with a nonpolar solvent was different in fatty acid composition compared with oil from extraction procedures using polar solvents. The range in fatty acid composition of 65 pearl millet lines of diverse origin was: 16.7 to 25.0% palmitic, 1.8 to 8.0%s stearic, 20.2 to 30.6%o oleic, 40.3 to 51.7% linoleic, and 2.3 to 5.8% linolenic acid. In one variety, the proportion of linolenic acid of total oil was found to consistently increase as seed size decreased.A study of oil composition in four inbred lines during seed maturation showed that the most rapid and greatest changes in fatty acid composition occurred during the first 16 days after anthesis. Changes in fatty acid composition were small beyond 24 days after anthesis. The relative amounts of palmitic and linolenic acids decreased during seed maturation, while stearic and linoleic acids increased. Proportion of oleic acid increased during early seed maturation and then decreased. Although large differences in fatty acid composition were found between the early and late season crops during early stages of seed development, the final fatty acid composition of the mature seed was similar for the two crops.
Effects of Leaf Nodal Position on Absorption and Scattering Coefficients and Infinite Reflectance of Cotton Leaves, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Gausman H. W. , Allen W. A. , Cardenas R. , Richardson A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton leaves from nodes 2 to 6 down from plant apices (basipetally) were used to obtain absolute radiometric data (spectrophotometrically measured diffuse reflectance and transmittance) of adaxial (upper) surfaces of single and stacked leaves over the 500‐ to 2,500‐nm wavelength interval (WLI). These data were used to calculate three optical constants: absorption coefficient, k; scattering coefficient, s; and infinite reflectance, R∞.Youngest leaves had approximately 10% lower single leaf reflectance over the 750‐ to 1,350‐nm WLI than the older lower leaves. Reflectance of the older leaves slowly but progressively increased 2 to 3% going from nodes 3 down to 6.Leaves were stacked to measure R∞. Youngest leaves had the lowest R∞ particularly over the 750‐ to 1,350‐nm WLI. R∞ increased approximately 5% for older leaves from the 3rd node. R∞ increased at a slower rate for leaves from the 4th, 5th, and 6th nodes.Second‐node leaves gave the lowest k over the entire 500‐ to 2,500‐nm WLI; then s greatly increased for leaves from the 3rd node, followed by a smaller but progressive increase in s for leaves from nodes 4 to 6.Youngest leaves had the lowest k over the 500‐ to 750‐nm visible range, the highest k over the 750‐ to 1,350‐nm earinfrared range and the lowest k above 1,350 nm. Absorption progressively increased in the visible range as leaves aged (nodes 3 to 6), and generally did so above 1,350 nm, but this pattern was inconsistent over the 750‐ to 1,350‐nm WLI.Leaf water contents were positively correlated with thicknesses (r2 = 95%), and each increased with aging going from node 2 down to 6. The absorption coefficient k was positively correlated with leaf water content over the 1,350‐ to 2,500‐nm WLI.These results show that leaf age affects the interaction of light with cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L.). As investigations of light interactions within plant canopies advance, more attention will need to be given to optical properties of leaves.
Some Interactions of Ca, Sr, and Ba in Plants1
Authors: Wallace A. , Romney E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShort‐term uptake tests (48 hr) disclosed that increasing levels of Ca in solution cultures decreased both Sr and Ba uptake by bush beans and decreased the proportions of them remaining in roots compared with that transported to leaves. Barium uptake was greater than Sr, and the concentration of both of these elements was highest in roots and lowest in leaves. Calcium accumulation was highest in stems and lowest in leaves. Uptake of Sr and Ba by roots showed little temperature dependency, but long‐distance transport to shoots was temperature dependent as is known for Ca. Strontium and Ca and also Ba to a lesser extent served as stable‐element carriers for transport of Sr85 isotope into bush beans, but Mg did not. A level of 10‐2M Ba in nutrient solution was toxic to the plants; that which was transferred to shoots killed the leaves. Its effect on permeability resulted in large transfer of Sr85 to shoots. Long‐term uptake tests (90 days) with tobacco grown in solution culture disclosed that Ca accumulated more in leaves while Sr and Ba accumulated more in roots. Two desert‐plant species, Lycium andersonii and Lycium pallidum, showed interesting differences in their accumulation of these elements. L. andersonii tended to concentrate Ca in leaves, but Ba was concentrated in roots with Sr equally divided between roots and leaves. L. pallidum concentrated all three of these cations more in roots than in leaves.