bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal pasture utilization by wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in a sown grassland
Authors: Kamei Toshikatsu , Takeda Ken‐ichi , Koh Katsuki , Izumiyama Shigeyuki , Watanabe Osamu , Ohshima Koji 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPasture utilization by wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) was investigated in a closed communal pasture in Nagano, Japan, in terms of seasonal changes in the aboveground plant biomass, herbage consumption and animal density (estimated by fecal pellet count method). Pasture utilization by deer varied greatly with season. Herbage consumption was high before and after the major hunting months (December–January) in winter and in summer. In fall, herbage consumption was low despite high aboveground plant biomass and deer density. Both herbage consumption and deer density tended to be low in the major hunting months and spring. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.71, P = 0.01) was observed between monthly deer density and aboveground plant biomass of the pasture. The results show that pasture utilization by deer was affected mainly by plant biomass and also by the nutritive quality of herbage, deer mating season and deer hunting. It is likely that the pasture was utilized by deer as a breeding site as well as a feeding site.
Interindividual variability in feeding station behavior in cattle: A preliminary study
Authors: Hirata Masahiko , Nakayama Yukihiro , Tobisa Manabu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInterindividual variability in feeding station behavior was investigated for cattle grazing a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pasture as a herd of 27–28 cows and four to nine calves. During 5 day grazing periods in spring (May–June), summer (August) and autumn (October), feeding station behavior of six focal cows was quantified in terms of the number of feeding stations selected per unit grazing time, sward height of feeding stations, number of bites per feeding station and bite rate across feeding stations. The hypotheses tested were that larger‐sized animals would select taller vegetation as feeding stations, take more bites from each feeding station and consequently visit less feeding stations per unit grazing time. Based on the ratio of interindividual/intra‐individual variability, the feeding station behavior of the animals varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the individuals in most cases; e.g. some animals tended to select fewer feeding stations per unit grazing time and take more bites within a feeding station than the other animals. However, associations of the feeding station behavior variables with animal liveweight or age were mostly nonsignificant, proving none of the hypotheses. The results warrant further studies to clear the mechanisms by which individual differences in feeding station behavior are generated and to evaluate the role of interindividual feeding variability in the coexistence of herd members and exploitation of grassland resource by the whole herd.
Nutritional evaluation of bamboo cultivars in sub‐Himalayan region of India by chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation
Authors: Sahoo Artabandhu , Ogra Ram K. , Sood Anil , Ahuja Paramvir S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBamboo leaves at similar maturity from 12 different species, namely Sasa auricoma, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa bambos, Phyllostachys aurea, Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa ventricosa, Dendrocalamus strictus, Melocanna baccifera, Dendrocalamus hookerii, Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii growing at the bamboo fields of Himachal Pradesh, India were selected for evaluation of their nutritive value based on their use as cattle feed at different places in India. The evaluation parameters were chemical composition, in vitro gas production (IVGP) and its kinetic parameters, in vitro dry matter (IVDMTD) and organic matter true degradability (IVOMTD), partitioning factor (PF), ammonia N production, methane and short chain fatty acids production. The compositional value (g kg−1 DM) of bamboo leaves with respect to crude protein from 146 (B. tulda) to 204 (D. hamiltonii), acid detergent lignin from 49 (M. baccifera) to 94 (B. ventricosa), acid insoluble ash from 44 (D. hookerii) to 110 (B. vulgaris) and other constituents and their correlation with various in vitro ruminal degradability parameters, suggested that M. baccifera, D. hookerii, D. hamiltonii and D. asper could be promising fodder species. Among the promising ones, Melocanna baccifera had higher μ (maximum rate of gas production at the point of inflection of the gas curve) and lower t1/2 (halfway time to the maximum gas volume), higher IVDMTD (482 g kg−1 DM), IVOMTD (548 g kg−1 OM), and microbial mass (19.6% of DM), and less contribution of substrate to ammonia N production and narrower acetate: propionate ratio with increased metabolizable energy concentration (7.92 MJ kg−1 DM). Thus, Melocanna baccifera may be ranked as the best cultivar. Above all the bamboo cultivars, M. baccifera, D. hookerii, D. hamiltonii and D. asper were considered as promising fodder for the ruminant livestock.
Takayasu's arteritis with associated aortic insufficiency and coronary ostial obliteration
Authors: Castlemain Theresa M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Purpose: To describe the presentation, assessment, and management of Takayasu's arteritis (TA), a rare vascular condition exhibited predominantly in females in their second and third decades of life. Data sources: Thorough review of current scientific literature was obtained from electronic databases and medical journals (CINAHL and PubMed). A case study is presented to illustrate TA, which was reviewed and approved by the Human Subjects Committee for the release of protected health information. Conclusions: Clinical presentation of TA varies depending on the location of vessel involvement. Diagnosis is challenging because of the complex pathogenesis of TA. The chronic nature of TA requires ongoing evaluation and adjustment of medication regimens. The patient's quality of life is improved with maintenance of TA in a quiescent state. Implications for Practice: Presentation of a young woman with symptoms suggestive of vascular inflammatory changes should prompt consideration of TA within the differential diagnosis.
Outcomes of an osteoporosis disease‐management program managed by nurse practitioners
Authors: Greene Denise , Dell Richard M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Purpose: To detail the outcomes of an osteoporosis disease‐management program where nurse practitioners (NPs) have taken a leadership role in screening, diagnosing, and treating patients at risk for osteoporosis. Data sources: An electronic medical record (EMR) was used to collect demographic, pharmacy, dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and fracture data from a population of over 625,000 patients with one or more risk factors for osteoporosis. Monthly reports were generated and distributed to the NPs to assist them in identifying patients that required screening or treatment. Conclusions: Over a 6‐year period there was a 263% increase in the number of screening DXA scans done each year, a 153% increase in the number of patients on anti‐osteoporosis medications each year, and a 38.1% decrease in the expected hip fracture rate. Implications for practice: NPs play an important leadership role in managing osteoporosis within a large health maintenance organization. The screening and interventions used can be applied by any NP in any practice setting on an individual basis to reduce hip fracture rates in the United States.
Long‐term survival of humpback whales radio‐tagged in Alaska from 1976 through 1978
Authors: Mizroch Sally A. , Tillman Michael F. , Jurasz Susan , Straley Janice M. , Von Ziegesar Olga , Herman Louis M. , Pack Adam A. , Baker Scott , Darling Jim , Glockner‐Ferrari Debbie , Ferrari Mark , Salden Dan R. , Clapham Phillip J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInvasive tags designed to provide information on animal movements through radio or satellite monitoring have tremendous potential for the study of whales and other cetaceans. However, to date there have been no published studies on the survival of tagged animals over periods of years or decades. Researchers from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution tracked five humpback whales with implanted radio tags in southeastern Alaska in August 1976 and July 1977, and tracked two humpback whales in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in June 1978. All seven of these individually identified humpback whales were resighted at least 20 yr after first being tagged, and five of the seven have been observed for more than 30 yr; some of them are among the most resighted humpback whales in the North Pacific. Photos of tagging sites taken during and subsequent to tagging operations show persistent but superficial scarring and no indication of infection.These pioneering field studies demonstrated both long‐term survival of the whales and the short‐term effects of deploying radio tags, which at the time were larger and more invasive than those typically used today.
Astaxanthin Extraction from Shrimp Wastes and its Stability in 2 Model Systems
Authors: Franco‐Zavaleta M.E. , Jiménez‐Pichardo R. , Tomasini‐Campocosio A. , Guerrero‐Legarreta I. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The objective of this work was to study the stability of astaxanthin, obtained from shrimp wastes, and incorporated to 2 model systems: egg albumin protein solution and sunflower oil. Shrimp wastes were ensiled by a treatment with formic/acetic acids (4%–4% v/w wastes) and stored at 4 °C for 24 h. The pigment was extracted with organic solvents (petroleum ether:acetone:water, 15 : 75 : 10) and concentrated. The storage parameters studied were: illumination (light/dark), temperature (4/20 °C), atmosphere (air/air‐free), and storage time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wk). Results showed that total xantophylls and astaxanthin were more stable in sunflower oil than in the protein system. Total xantophylls showed more stability than astaxanthin, possibly due to the presence of other, more stable carotenoids quantified together with xantophylls. Astaxanthin concentration was significantly affected by storage time; its degradation followed a first‐order reaction rate under all the studied conditions. This pigment was stable only for 17 d, even when stored in air‐free flasks, under refrigeration, and in the dark.Practical Application:  Shrimp catching and farming generate large amounts of polluting wastes; they can be an important source of added‐value red‐orange pigments. However, these pigments are highly unstable to various transformation processes and to storage conditions. This research studied the effect of storage on 2 model systems (protein and lipid) on pigment degradation.
Heat Stability of Aggregated Particles of Casein Micelles and κ‐Carrageenan
Authors: Flett Kelly L. , Corredig Milena , Goff H. Douglas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  Aggregated particles of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan were produced as a dried milk ingredient, then reconstituted and subjected to a heat treatment of 70 °C for 10 min. The reconstituted aggregates were found to be unstable when heated. Light scattering results showed that the aggregates dissociated partially into casein micelles. It was hypothesized that the removal of ions during ultrafiltration before spray‐drying to produce the powdered ingredient significantly decreased stability upon reconstitution and heat treatment. When ions, either from whey permeate or calcium addition, were added to reconstituted aggregates, stability was greatly enhanced and the aggregates remained intact when subjected to heat. The effect of heat treatment on aggregates freshly produced with skim milk powder and κ‐carrageenan was also studied. These aggregates were found to be stable during heating due to the unchanged ionic environment. Therefore, incorporation of powdered aggregates of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan into products would require the addition of whey permeate or calcium after reconstitution for stability during subsequent heating.Practical Application:  Casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan readily form aggregates when cooled together in solution with shearing. These aggregates have the potential to add functionality to skim milk powder; however, they have to be stable to subsequent applications. This research demonstrates that careful control of ionic balance is required to dry the aggregates, reconstitute them, and heat the reconstituted solution to pasteurization temperatures, but when controlled the intact aggregates can be maintained.
Detection and Prevention of Ocular Phototoxicity of Ciprofloxacin and Other Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics†
Authors: Zhao Baozhong , Chignell Colin F. , Rammal Mustapha , Smith Frank , Hamilton Mary G. , Andley Usha P. , Roberts Joan E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFluoroquinolone (FLQ) drugs are a potent family of antibiotics used to treat infections including ocular infections. To determine if these antibiotics may be phototoxic to the eye, we exposed human lens epithelial cells to 0.125–1 mm FLQs (ciprofloxacin [Cipro], lomefloxacin [Lome], norfloxacin [Nor] and ofloxacin [Ofl]), the precursor quinolone nalidixic acid (Nalid) and UVA radiation (2.5 J cm−2). Based on fluorescence confocal microscopy, FLQs are diffused throughout the cytoplasm and preferentially located in the lysosomes of lens epithelial cells. Neither FLQ exposure alone nor UVA exposure alone reduced cell viability. However, with exposure to UVA radiation the FLQs studied (Cipro, Nor, Lome and Ofl) induced a phototoxic reaction that included necrosis, apoptosis, loss of cell viability as measured by MTS, and membrane damage as determined by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Both Nalid and all FLQs studied (Cipro, Nor, Lome and Ofl) photopolymerized the lens protein α‐crystallin. Phototoxic damage to lens epithelial cells and/or α‐crystallin will lead to a loss of transparency of the human lens. However, if precautions are taken to filter all UV radiation from the eye while taking these antibiotics, eye damage may be prevented.
Comparison of the diagnostic methods on the canine adenovirus type 2 infection
Authors: Yoon Soon‐Seek , Byun Jae‐Won , Park Young‐Il , Kim Min‐Jeong , Bae You‐Chan , Song Jae‐Young 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV‐2) infection is typically diagnosed histopathologically since intranuclear inclusion bodies (IN/IBs) are demonstrable in the infected lung. However, it is sometimes difficult to identify IN/IBs, particularly in autolyzed tissues or samples from both early and late stages of infection, and other methods were presently developed. Methods: Stray dog samples were evaluated by histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to investigate the status of the CAV‐2 infection on the stray dogs in Korea. Histologic tests were performed, and dogs with pneumonic lungs were further evaluated by IHC and PCR. Results: Pathognomonic IN/IBs were identified in 3 of 213 lungs; CAV‐2 PCR was positive for 27 of 213 pneumonic lungs. A total of 7 of 27 CAV‐2 PCR‐positive lungs were IHC‐positive. No PCR‐negative lung was IHC‐positive. Positive results were primarily detected in the IN/IBs of the bronchial epithelial cells, macrophages, and very rarely in the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells. Conclusions: IHC was a more reliable diagnostic method than conventional pathologic methods in the present study, and suggests that IHC should be routinely used in the diagnosis of CAV‐2 infection. Further, PCR alone may not be adequate for CAV‐2 diagnosis.
Development of a novel multi‐triplex qPCR method for the assessment of bacterial community structure in oral populations
Authors: Ciric Lena , Pratten Jonathan , Wilson Michael , Spratt David 
Published: June 2010

SummaryGingivitis and dental caries are two of the most predominant diseases in humans. Both conditions are easily treated with the removal of the plaque biofilm by brushing or the use of oral hygiene products. In both cases, pathogenic taxa found within the plaque biofilm are the causal agents of the disease. Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotalla intermedia have all been implicated in the development of gingivitis, while Streptococcus mutans is the main organism associated with dental caries. Many studies have so far focused on the use of culture methods to detect and enumerate the pathogenic taxa within plaque samples. However, these methods are both labour intensive and biased towards culturable taxa. In the present study, a novel high‐throughput multi‐triplex quantitative PCR method was developed with the aim to investigate the community dynamics associated with oral communities. Three triplex assays were designed targeting taxa associated with gingivitis and dental caries as well as oral health. Saliva samples collected from healthy individuals were used in order to validate the newly developed method.
Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse with chronic peritonitis
Authors: Tennent‐Brown B. S. , Navas de Solis C. , Foreman J. H. , Goetz T. E. , Fredrickson R. L. , Borst L. B. , Flaminio M. J. B. F. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis report describes the clinical progression of a Quarter Horse filly with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Equine CVID is a primary immunodeficiency in which affected animals are unable to mount an appropriate antibody response and suffer recurrent bacterial infections. The filly in this report had a history of chronic respiratory tract infections but presented for assessment of poor weight gain and was diagnosed withActinobacillus equuliperitonitis.
Role of Fks1p and Matrix Glucan in
Candida albicans
Biofilm Resistance to an Echinocandin, Pyrimidine, and Polyene
Authors: Nett Jeniel E. , Crawford Kyler , Marchillo Karen , Andes David R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Candida
infections frequently involve drug-resistant biofilm growth on device surfaces. Glucan synthase gene
FKS1
has been linked to triazole resistance in
Candida
biofilms. We tested the impact of
FKS1
modulation on susceptibility to additional antifungal classes. Reduction of
FKS1
expression rendered biofilms more susceptible to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, and flucytosine. Increased resistance to anidulafungin and amphotericin B was observed for biofilms overexpressing
FKS1
. These findings suggest that
Candida
biofilm glucan sequestration is a multidrug resistance mechanism.
In Vitro Antituberculosis Activities of ACH-702, a Novel Isothiazoloquinolone, against Quinolone-Susceptible and Quinolone-Resistant Isolates
Authors: Pucci Michael J. , Ackerman Maria , Thanassi Jane A. , Shoen Carolyn M. , Cynamon Michael H. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

ACH-702 is a new isothiazoloquinolone with potent
in vitro
and
in vivo
activities against important bacterial pathogens, including
Staphylococcus aureus.
In this study, ACH-702 was found to have promising
in vitro
antibacterial activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, with MICs of ≤1 μg/ml, comparable to that of the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin for quinolone-susceptible isolates but superior to that for quinolone-resistant isolates. Biochemical assays involving
M. tuberculosis
gyrase enzymes indicated that ACH-702 had significantly improved inhibitory activity compared with fluoroquinolones.
Novel Hepatitis C Virus Reporter Replicon Cell Lines Enable Efficient Antiviral Screening against Genotype 1a
Authors: Robinson Margaret , Yang Huiling , Sun Siu-Chi , Peng Betty , Tian Yang , Pagratis Nikos , Greenstein Andrew E. , Delaney William E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon is the primary tool for evaluating the activity of anti-HCV compounds in drug discovery research. Despite the prevalence of HCV genotype 1a (∼70% of U.S. HCV patients), few genotype 1a reporter replicon cell lines have been described; this is presumably due to the low replication capacity of such constructs in available Huh-7 cells. In this report, we describe the selection of highly permissive Huh-7 cell lines that support robust replication of genotype 1a subgenomic replicons harboring luciferase reporter genes. These novel cell lines support the replication of multiple genotype 1a replicons (including the H77 and SF9 strains), are significantly more permissive to genotype 1a HCV replication than parental Huh7-Lunet cells, and maintain stable genotype 1a replication levels suitable for antiviral screening. We found that the sensitivity of genotype 1a luciferase replicons to known antivirals was highly consistent between individual genotype 1a clonal cell lines but could vary significantly between genotypes 1a and 1b. Sequencing of the nonstructural region of 12 stable replicon cell clones suggested that the enhanced permissivity is likely due to cellular component(s) in these new cell lines rather than the evolution of novel adaptive mutations in the replicons. These new reagents will enhance drug discovery efforts targeting genotype 1a and facilitate the profiling of compound activity among different HCV genotypes and subtypes.
Mass Balance and Pharmacokinetics of [
14
C]Telavancin following Intravenous Administration to Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Shaw Jeng-Pyng , Cheong Jonathan , Goldberg Michael R. , Kitt Michael M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

The mass balance and pharmacokinetics of telavancin, a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial agent, were characterized in an open-label, phase 1 study of six healthy male subjects. After a single 1-h intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg [
14
C]telavancin (0.68 μCi/kg), blood, urine, and feces were collected at regular intervals up to 216 h postdose. Whole blood, plasma, urine, and fecal samples were assayed for total radioactivity using scintillation counting; plasma and urine were also assayed for parent drug and metabolites using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration-time profiles for telavancin and total radioactivity in plasma were comparable from 0 to 24 h after the study drug administration. Telavancin accounted for >95% and 83% of total radioactivity in plasma at 12 h and 24 h, respectively. By 216 h, approximately 76% of the total administered dose was recovered in urine while only 1% was collected in feces. Unchanged telavancin accounted for most (83%) of the eliminated dose. Telavancin metabolite THRX-651540 along with two other hydroxylated metabolites (designated M1 and M2) accounted for the remaining radioactivity recovered from urine. The mean concentrations of total radioactivity in whole blood were lower than the concentration observed in plasma, and mean concentrations of THRX-651540 in plasma were minimal relative to mean plasma telavancin concentrations. These observations demonstrate that most of an administered telavancin dose is eliminated unchanged via the kidneys. Intravenous telavancin at 10 mg/kg was well tolerated by all subjects.