bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy of Eimeria acervulina macrogametogony and oocyst wall formation
Authors: Pittilo R. M. , Ball S. J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMacrogametogony and the formation of the oocyst wall has been examined in Eimeria acervulina. Macrogametes develop within a parasitophorous vacuole. Within the cytoplasm can be observed wall-forming bodies of Type I (WFBI). and Type II (WFBII), a nucleus, mitochondria, canaliculi and polysaccharide granules. WFBII are unusual in possessing a membrane internal to the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Formation of the outer layer of the oocyst wall is preceded by the separation of a veil membrane, and accompanied by morphological changes in the WFBI. WFBI material is deposited between the veil-forming membrane and the two cytoplasmic membranes. A newly formed membrane divides this outer layer during its early development. The inner layer of the oocyst wall is formed from WFBII material which is deposited between the cytoplasmic limiting membranes. The outer layer of the oocyst wall consists of granular and osmiophilic parts, but the inner layer of the wall is homogenous.
Normal and Abnormal Morphology of Trypanosoma lewisi, in the blood of the Rat
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. 
Published: June 2009

The development of T. lewisi in the blood of the rat is accompanied by a division of the nucleus which is more like an amitosis than a mitosis.The division of the blepharoplast, always preceded by the division of a karyosome-like granule, might be called a promitosis (sensu: Nägler, 1909).It is not proved that autogamy or parthenogenesis takes place in rats' blood or in cultures. The evidence brought forward by Prowazek and by Moore, Breinl and Hindle proves only the existence of chromidia; neither are Schilling's recent proofs suggestive.Under abnormal conditions hypertrophy takes place affecting the nucleus and the blepharoplast, with subsequent formation of chromidia and final fragmentation. Similar stages found in the rat-louse have been described as sexual cells.Considering these results in connection with previous observations of Strickland and myself, we may conclude that as yet nothing whatever indicates the occurrence of any sexual process in the life-cycle of T. levrisi, both in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
Grayallia quadrispina, a New Genus and Species of Monocystid Gregarine Parasite in an Oligochaete, Pheretima heterochaeta (Mich.)
Authors: Setna S. B. 
Published: June 2009

The monocystid here described was found in the coelom of Pheretima heterochaeta (Mich.).The following account is based wholly on material fixed in vapour of osmic acid and methyl alcohol—other fixatives like Bouin's and Schaudinn's gave bad results.
On a New Family and Five New Genera of Mallophaga
Authors: Harrison Launcelot 
Published: June 2009

The present paper comprises descriptions of five new species of Mallophaga, included in five new genera.One of these genera, Heteroproctus, has served to connect up three existing genera, Ornithobius, Akidoproctus, and Bothriometopus, the four forming a compact group for which I have established a new family, Akidoproctidae.
The Chondracanthidae (Crustacea: Copepoda); with a Description of Five New Genera and One New Species
Authors: Oakley C. L. 
Published: June 2009

Of all the commoner families of parasitic Copepoda, the Chondracanthidae has received perhaps the least systematic notice.In a recent paper (1927) Leigh-Sharpe and I divided the Chondracanthidae into two sub-families, the Lernentominae and the Chondracanthinae, and gave a full description and commentary on the three genera which form the Lernentominae. The present paper is an attempt to summarise our knowledge of the remaining sub-family, and introduces five genera and one species new to science.
A Revision of the Genus Fasciola. With particular reference to F. gigantica (Cobbold) and F. nyanzi (Leiper)
Authors: Jackson Harold G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The specimens in the material here dealt with make a series of forms connecting F. angusta (Railliet) and F. aegyptiaca (Looss).2. No important character separates any of these flukes from F. gigantica (Cobbold) and they must accordingly be all identified with this species.3. The following key represents the simplest method of distinguishing between the species of Fasciola at present described. (For detailed diagnoses see the literature referred to below and this paper.)
Tobacco rosette: a complex virus disease
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of a composite virus disease of tobacco for which the name tobacco rosette has been suggested.The two component viruses, named the mottle and vein-distorting viruses respectively, have been separated, and their symptomatology and methods of transmission described. The mottle virus is both sap and aphis-transmitted, but the vein-distorting virus is aphis-borne only.The symptoms and histopathology of the complex disease in the tobacco plant are dealt with in some detail. There are three main types of symptoms: (1) intense rosetting, (2) splitting of the tissues, (3) formation of enations on the under-surface of the leaves.The splitting of the tissues has been examined microscopically, and a number of photomicrographs are given illustrating the formation of the fissures. It is suggested that there is a concentration of virus in the cambium which prevents the formation of the normal xylem. Abnormal tissue and giant cells are formed in the cortex and pith. This appears to set up stresses which cause the splitting.The insect vector of the complex disease is the aphis Myzus persicae Sulz. Another aphis, M. pseudosolani Theob., is also a vector but is less efficient than M. persicae.The writer's thanks are due to Prof. F. T. Brooks, F.R.S., with whom he discussed the histopathology of the rosette disease, to Dr Roy Markham for taking the photographs illustrating Pl. I, figs. 2–5, and to Mr Charles Harpley of the Molteno Institute for his assistance in taking' the photomicrographs.
The biology of Ornithodorus delanoei acinus Whittick, 1938
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: June 2009

The life history of Ornithodorus delanoei acinus under laboratory conditions at 30°C. may be summarized thus:Thanks are due to Prof. P. A. Buxton, F.R.S., in whose departmemnt the work was done, and to Dr A.D. Lees of the Insect Physiology Unit, Agricultural Research Council, who made final observations on some of the later nymphal stages and adults.
Do Nematodes assist Bacterial Invasion of the Host by wounding the Wall of the Intestinal Tract?
Authors: Taylor E. L. 
Published: June 2009

The experiments here described make provision for some of the eventualities not covered by the previous experiments of Taylor and Purchase, and appear to give a more definite answer to the question on the effect of the presence of parasitic worms in aiding the entry of bacteria into the body.Although the conditions, in these experiments, appear to have been very favourable for the bacteria present in the lumen of the bowel to invade the host through abrasions of the wall caused by the parasitic worms, the evidence of assistance given by the worms to the entry of bacteria has not been obtained. In view of these findings, and taking into consideration other experimental results, it seems highly probable that the injuries caused to the bowel wall by parasitic worms in general do not play any important part in bringing about bacterial infection from the lumen of the intestine.
On Mycetosporidium jacksonae n.sp. parasitic in species of Sitona weevils
Authors: Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

Mycetosporidium jacksonae n.sp. occurs as a parasite in the intestinal epithelium and the malpighian tubules of weevils of the genus Sitona. The life history comprises vacuolated and compact plasmodia in which arise ovoid or spherical multinucleate bodies resembling coccidian schizonts. Sporulation results in the formation, within thin-walled sporangia, of 8-nucleate, biconvex spores with densely staining, resistant walls. Other types of multiplication occur in the form of small uninucleate, fusiform bodies developed directly from the plasmodia; and of small uninucleate, ovoid or fusiform bodies, four to six of which are formed within each chamber of a multilocular sporangium.The parasite resembles M. talpa Léger & Hesse 1905, but differs in some characters and, consequently, the new species M. jacksonae is made for it.The genus Mycetosporidium is of uncertain systematic position and appears to be related to the Mycetozoa, but it also resembles the Haplosporidia in some characters.(The slides upon which the description of M. jacksonae is based are deposited in the Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology, University of Cambridge.)
A new name for Styphlodora compactum Dawes, 1941, a criticism of the proposed new genus Paurophyllum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, and a revised key for the separation of species of the genus Styphlodora Looss, 1899
Authors: Dawes Ben 
Published: June 2009

1. The homonym Styphlodora compactum Dawes, 1941, has been renamed S. compressa.2. Several suggestions have been made regarding the invalidity of proposed species of the genus Styphlodora. S. compactum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, should be regarded as a synonym of S. bascaniensis Goldberger, 1911, S. natricis as a synonym of S. magna Byrd & Denton, 1938, S. agkistrodontis as a synonym of S. floridanis Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, S. lachesidis as a synonym of S. horridum (Leidy, 1850).3. A suggestion has been made to relegate the proposed genus Paurophyllum Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, to synonymity with the genus Styphlodora Looss, 1899. The proposed new species Paurophyllum simplexus and P. megametricus Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, are identical and should be known as Styphlodora simplexa (Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940a) n.comb. S. aspina Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940, is a synonym of this species.4. A revised key to the sixteen apparently valid species of the genus Styphlodora has been constructed. S. floridanis and S. simplexa have been found places in it provisionally, though it is suggested that further study of the trematode parasites of the kidney of Agkistrodon piscivorus might result in the merging of these species into a single species, namely, Styphlodora simplexa (Byrd, Parker & Reiber, 1940).
The occurrence of cercaria patellae lebour (Trematoda) and its effects on the host; with notes on some other helminth parasites of british limpets
Authors: Crewe W. 
Published: June 2009

During investigations of the helminth parasites of the British limpets Patella vulgata, P. intermedia and P. depressa in relation to a possible bearing of parasitism on mortality and sex proportions, three larval trematodes, Cercaria Patellae Lebour, 1911; an unidentified Xiphidiocercaria, Cercaria B; an unidentified Cercaria C; and one larval cestode were found. Of these, C. patellae was the commonest.Each of the three trematodes occurs independently in the digestive gland, the cestode being encysted on the surface of the visceral mass. The Cercaria C is visible only in smear preparations or sections, but infestations with the other three parasites can usually be seen on removing the limpet's shell. The sporocysts of the Xiphidiocercaria, Cercaria B, are restricted to a limited portion of the digestive gland or, very rarely, of the kidney; the rediae of C. patellae are loosely distributed throughout the visceral mass. No sporocysts of the Cercaria C have been observed.C. patellae is commonest in Patella depressa, but since in all three species it is more common in populations inhabiting rock pools the apparent preference for P. depressa may be because this species occurs in pools or at low water marks, whereas the other species frequent ‘dry’ habitats.Most limpets infested with Cercaria Patellae are in the larger size (age) groups. For example, the percentage infestation in Patella depressa at Port St Mary, Isle of Man, is very low in specimens less than 40 mm. in length, increasing to 100% in those of more than 65 mm.Cercaria Patellae escapes from the limpet by way of the veinlets in the mantle skirt. It is suggested that migration of cercariae within the haemocoele, and subsequent escape from the mantle, may be a common occurrence in other molluscs infested with larval trematodes.The number of cercariae given off by the limpet in vitro is greatest immediately after immersion in water, the rate of escape then steadily falls and finally ceases after about 30 hr. of immersion. Under natural conditions there is probably a rhythm imposed by tidal fluctuations, the cercariae escaping only when the host is covered by the tide.
The reactions of blowflies to organic sulphur compounds and other materials used in traps
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Thurston Beryl A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Seven organic sulphur compounds likely to be produced in the breakdown of cystine have been tested under field conditions as blowfly attractants. Two of them, ethyl mercaptan and dimethyl di-sulphide, when mixed with hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide formed powerful attractants for females of the blowflies Lucilia caesar (and L. illustris) and L. sericata.2. In the majority of trials 10 ml. 0·2% ethyl mercaptan mixed with 10 ml. freshly saturated hydrogen sulphide solution was used as the control attractant. As a standard in field-trapping studies this material overcomes many of the disadvantages of meat baits.3. Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate and indole, at various concentrations, did not activate the organic compounds. Furthermore, when added to the ethyl mercaptan-hydrogen sulphide preparation they did not increase its activity.4. In the present experiments oviposition was rarely induced. When it did occur it was associated with the presence of indole.5. L. caesar responded to attractants placed 2 ft. from the ground as well as to the same materials placed on the ground. Height alone, therefore, was not responsible for the fact that L. caesar did not respond to the attractants when they were placed on sheep.6. The responses of blowflies to chemical attractants was linked with climatic conditions. Thus, under certain conditions Calliphora spp., particularly C. vomitoria, responded to these attractants.7. The results obtained in the present investigation emphasize the attractive nature of sulphur-containing compounds and the possible importance of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide as sensitizing agents of such compounds on sheep.
Spermatophore production and egg-laying behaviour in Rhodnius prolixus Stal. (Hemiptera; Reduviidae)
Authors: Khalifa A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Spermatophore production in Rhodnius and Triatoma is a structural adaptation for copulation and sperm delivery.2. In Rhodnius a certain amount of sperm is stored in the spermathecae while the remainder is ejected with the collapsed spermatophore about 12 hr. after copulation. Hypergamesis never occurs.3. The secretion in the male accessory glands was found to disappear if males were kept unfed for about 60 days. Such males were unable to copulate.4. An average of ninety-eight fertilized eggs was produced as a result of one insemination by a young male. Four such inseminations at intervals of 45 days are, therefore, necessary to secure fertilized eggs throughout the entire life of the female. In nature repeated copulation is the rule.5. The first spermatophore produced by males starved for 21–28 days was found to be as efficient as that produced by recently emerging well-fed males.6. A male is capable of producing a great number of spermatophores; as many as fifty were obtained. Probably spermatophores produced by old males, although they contain a great number of sperm, lack sufficient of some substance necessary for fertilizing the eggs.
Shell gland and egg-shell formation in Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Yosufzai H. K. 
Published: June 2009

1. The shell gland of Fasciola hepatica produces an extremely hyaline secretion. The egg-shell is formed from the hyaline secretion.2. As the eggs travel through the uterus, the shell is temporarily reinforced from the inside by vitelline granules. The vitelline granules are released when the vitelline cells enter the vitelline reservoir.3. Views regarding the nomenclature of the shell gland are discussed.4. The presence of an elliptical chamber in the shell gland is described. In this chamber, oocytes, vitelline granules and vitelline cells are mixed together, and here the secretion of the shell gland is released and the egg-shell is formed.5. The arrangement of the cellular constituents within the egg is effected by the elliptical chamber.
The reproductive habits and sex-determination of the nematode Rhabditis pellio Bütschli, with a note on its taxonomy and nomenclature
Authors: New D. A. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. The nematode Rhabditis pellio Bütschli may be cultured indefinitely on earthworm extract.2. Although the females of this nematode are usually capable of parthenogenetic reproduction, males are produced in the offspring only if copulation has taken place.3. Occasionally non-parthenogenetic generations appear but these do not represent a separate species.4. An explanation is given for the sex ratio found under natural conditions and it is suggested that sex-determination works on a chromosomal arrangement of XO = male and XX = female.5. The nematode named R. terrestris Stephenson 1942 is probably the same as that named R. pellio Bütschli by Johnson 1913.6. The nomenclature of R. pellio Bütschli is discussed.
The chemotherapy ofPlasmodium berghei.II. Antagonism of the action of drugs
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

The action of pyrimethamine, sulphadiazine, proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, and 2:4-diaminopteridines against infections ofPlasmodium bergheiin mice was antagonized byP–aminobenzoic acid and by pteroylglutamic acid. Antagonism was in some instances detected only whenP–aminobenzoic acid was given in solution in the drinking water as well as being injected subcutaneously. No antagonism was detected with a number of amino acids and nucleic acid derivatives.As all of the above group of drugs can be antagonized byP–aminobenzoic acid and by pteroylglutamic acid, it would seem that they are alike in their mode of action. There must, however, be some differences between the mode of action or absorption of these drugs because species ofPlasmodiumthat are very sensitive to the action of one of these drugs are frequently not very sensitive to the action of others.AsP. bergheiis dependent onp–aminobenzoic acid, it is suggested that it can utilize this compound in the synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid to a greater extent than canP. gallinaceum, and that it resemblesP. knowlesimore than other species ofPlasmodium.
The reliability of the current diagnostic methods for the identification of helminth eggs
Authors: Moriya Shooji 
Published: June 2009

1. On the assumption that the limit of significant difference is 1%, it is necessary, when concentration methods are not used, to repeat the faecal examination 3 times for the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 times for hook worm and 11 times for Trichuris trichiura in order to obtain the diagnostic results obtained by the acid-ether concentration technique using 3 g. of faeces.2. The coefficient of the identification by a single smear examination is 83·3% for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, 46·5% for hook-worm eggs and 33·6% for eggs of Trichuris trichiura.
The action of 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine uponPlasmodium gallinaceumand its relation to other compounds which are pteroylglutamic acid antagonists
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1. Two strains ofPlasmodium gallinaceumwere made resistant to 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine (0/129) by treatment with that drug.2. The 0/129-resistant strains were resistant to proguanil, pyrimethamine, 2:4-diamino-6:7-diphenylpteridine (0/63) and 2:4-diamino-5-(p–chlorophenoxy)-6-methylpyrimidine (48–210), but not to sulphadiazine.3. In one strain treated with 0/129, the development of resistance to that drug itself preceded resistance to proguanil, and resistance to proguanil preceded resis tance to pyrimethamine.4. A strain ofP. gallinaceummade resistant to 0/63 was resistant to proguanil, pyrimethamine and 0/129, but not to sulphadiazine.5. The action of 0/129 and proguanil uponP. gallinaceumwas not antagonized byp–A.B., though in the minimum effective dose their action was antagonized by relatively large doses of P.G.A.6. Whereas the action of sulphadiazine uponP. gallinaceumwas antagonized competitively byp–A.B., it was antagonized by P.G.A. only when the sulphadiazine was given in small doses.
Note on the Occurrence of Graffilla gemelipara Linton (Turbellaria) at Plymouth
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold 
Published: June 2009

On 28. viii. 1932 seven specimens of Graffilla gemelipara Linton 1910 were found by Miriam Rothschild on the body inside the mantle cavity of a specimen of Cardium edule from Millbrook, Plymouth.Though only taken previously in America and on a different host, Modiolus plicatulus, Linton's excellent figure leaves no doubt that these specimens belong to the same species.
Theobaldia (Culicella) litorea (Shute) n.sp. (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J. 
Published: June 2009

In The Entomologist of August, 1928, P. G. Shute gave an account of mosquitoes reared from larvae collected by him in salt marshes at Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex), which, he stated, though closely resembling Theobaldia (Culicella) morsitans Theo., differed from that species in certain respects, notably by having the male adult palps distinctly shorter. The description given by Shute of this “short-palped” Culicella was as follows:Larvae. Dark brown in colour, pecten teeth more widely spaced in typical C. morsitans and sometimes extending as far as one-third the length of the siphon. Comb scales taper sharply at the base. Anal gills shorter, hardly more than one-third the length of the anal segment.
Morphological Study of Malaria Pigment in Oocysts of Naturally Infected Anopheles
Authors: Gibbins E. G. 
Published: June 2009

The different types of malaria pigment occurring in oocysts of naturally infected Anopheles caught in human dwellings at Kampala, Uganda, are described and figured (selection from 204 camera lucida drawings).The exact significance of each particular type of pigment is uncertain and in the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to do more than to place them tentatively into four groups and to indicate to which species they probably belong.
On the Life History of Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) (Diptera-Acalyptera) Parasitic on Birds, with some general considerations on the Problem of Myiasis in Plants, Animals and Man
Authors: Keilin D. 
Published: June 2009

1. Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) is an Acalypterate fly, the larva of which inhabits the nests of various birds, e.g. Greenfinches, Chaffinches, Linnets, Thrushes and Blackbirds.2. The structure of the early stages of this fly namely eggs, larva and pupa is here described for the first time.3. Hendel's view that Neottiophilum should be separated into a new family is confirmed.4. The larvae of Neottiophilum live as intermittent blood-sucking parasites upon the birds. Their feeding habits are similar to those of Phormia and Passeromyia.5. The structure of the pharynx in Cyclorhaphous Dipterous larvae gives important indications as to the mode of feeding. Those larvae which are provided with longitudinal ridges are saprophagous or living upon decomposed vegetable or animal substances, while those which are devoid of ridges are biontophagous or feeding upon living substances (parasites in plants and in animals, predaceous or living in the uterus of the mother).6. This generalisation, when applied to the study of myiasis in plants, animals and man, enables us to separate them into two categories: (1) primary or parasitic myiasis and (2) secondary or pseudoparasitic myiasis, these being either accidental (intestinal) or following upon bacterial infection.