bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Reflection in Emergency Medicine Education
Authors: Bernard Aaron W. , Gorgas Diane , Greenberger Sarah , Jacques Andrew , Khandelwal Sorabh 
Published: July 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:978–982 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractReflection is a cognitive process in which new information and experiences are integrated into existing knowledge structures and mental models, resulting in meaningful learning. Reflection often occurs after an experience is over, promoting professional development and lifelong learning. However, a reflective emergency physician (EP) is also able to apply reflection in real time: self‐monitoring, coping with the unexpected, and quickly thinking on his or her feet to solve complicated, unique, and challenging clinical problems. Reflection is a skill that can be taught and developed in medical education. Evidence demonstrating the value of teaching reflection is emerging that substantiates longstanding educational theories. While a few educators have started to explore the use of reflection for emergency medicine (EM) learners, the potential for broader application exists. This review summarizes the literature regarding reflection in medical education and provides a basic primer for teaching reflection.
Impaired neutralizing activity by transplacental measles antibodies in infants born to HIV‐1‐infected mothers
Authors: Farouk S , Navér L , Smedman L 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim:  Growing numbers of newborns are saved from HIV infection through increased access to mother‐to‐child transmission prevention programmes. The maternally derived humoral immunity of these children might be impaired, both in terms of quantity and in terms of quality, with consequences for the timing of immunization against measles.Methods:  A cell‐ELISA technique compared the neutralizing activity on Edmonston strain measles virus of sera from 1‐ to 4‐month‐old infants. Ten serum specimens came from noninfected infants of HIV‐infected mothers and another 10 from infants of healthy mothers. The sera were matched for the level of conventional ELISA measles antibodies.Results:  Reflecting infection of the Vero cells by non‐neutralized virus, optical density values were significantly higher for the sera from the children of the HIV‐infected mothers than for those of the noninfected mothers (p < 0.001).Conclusion:  Maternally derived protection against measles may be impaired by the mother’s HIV infection, relating to the quality rather than to the quantity of transplacental antibodies. Selective, early immunization with live attenuated measles vaccine should be evaluated in noninfected children of HIV‐1‐infected mothers.
Photoinduced CC‐coupling Reactions of Rigid Diastereomeric Benzophenone‐Methionine Dyads
Authors: Lewandowska‐Andralojc Anna , Kazmierczak Franciszek , Hug Gordon L. , Hörner Gerald , Marciniak Bronislaw 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe reactions of ketone/methionine systems are widely used as efficient and selective sources of biorelevant radical species. In this study, we address intramolecular variants of this couple with respect to its photosynthetic utility and as a mechanistic model of underlying elementary reaction steps of biological importance, especially with respect to the study of photoinitiated electron transport in complex peptides. The outcomes of this study are two‐fold: (1) steady‐state irradiation of sterically constrained benzophenone/methionine dyads afforded stable photocyclization products with high yield and product selectivity. (2) Mechanistic insights into the triplet‐triggered product formation were obtained from an analysis of the flash photolysis results and the molecular structure of the stable product formed upon irradiation. Time‐resolved experiments identified (net) hydrogen‐atom transfer from the methionine as the mechanism of the triplet quenching and the resulting biradicals as the major precursor of the isolated stable product. Both the analyses of triplet quenching and stable‐product formation in the diastereomeric pairs point to effects of chiral center configuration, i.e., significant stereoselectivity is observed for all elementary steps. The underlying stereochemical restraints were quantitatively addressed by means of molecular dynamics simulations.
Biodiversity and phytochemical quality in indigenous and state‐supported tea management systems of Yunnan, China
Authors: Ahmed Selena , Peters Charles M. , Chunlin Long , Meyer Rachel , Unachukwu Uchenna , Litt Amy , Kennelly Edward , Stepp John Richard 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Chinese government initiated one of the world's largest conservation programs involving agricultural ecosystems with the implementation of the ‘Grain for Green’ (Tui Geng Huan Lin) forest policy between 1999 and 2003. This is the first study to systematically quantify multiple dimensions of biodiversity, phytochemical quality and economic benefits associated with (1) the Grain for Green's tea (Camellia sinensis; Theaceae) initiative; (2) the state's previous forest policy involving tea populations in protected areas and; (3) the indigenous tea agro‐ecosystems replaced or overlooked by this conservation program. There are several novel and unexpected findings. While forest populations contained the greatest ecological diversity, agro‐forests and mixed crop plots were associated with the greatest genetic diversity, phytochemical quality and economic benefits. Indigenous management practices should be incorporated into conservation in China in order to create policies that are more aligned towards biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods while allowing local communities to maintain their cultural identity through agrarian practices.
More than multiple introductions: Multiple taxa contribute to the genesis of the invasive California's wild artichoke thistle
Authors: LEAK‐GARCIA Janet , HOLT Jodie S. , KIM Seung‐Chul , MU Lisa , MEJÍAS José A. , ELLSTRAND Norman C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe history of some invasive species is so complex that their origins can be difficult to determine. One example of such invasive species is the California invasive known as “wild artichoke thistle” (Cynara cardunculusvar.sylvestris), found in natural and disturbed ecosystems. Wild artichoke thistle is a Mediterranean native and the progenitor of two domesticated horticultural taxa, artichoke and cardoon. Different hypotheses regarding the origins of California plants have included introductions by 19th century Italian immigrants and the de‐domestication (evolutionary reversion to wild‐type morphology) of feral (escaped, free‐living) cultivars. Using microsatellite markers, we compared the genetic constitutions of 12 artichoke thistle populations in California with possible progenitor populations: 17 Spanish and Italian wild populations and eight different artichoke and cardoon cultivars. Each California population was compared with its putative progenitors using STRUCTURE analysis. Our results suggest that California's artichoke thistle populations are polyphyletic. Surprisingly, two‐thirds of California's populations closely matched populations from the Iberian Peninsula. Three populations matched domesticated artichoke. One population appears to have wild and cultivar hybrid ancestry. Alleles specific to Italian populations were found at low frequencies in some California plants, suggesting that Italian wild plants may have been in California, but have left a trivial genetic legacy. Given that the de‐domesticated plants in this study appear to be as invasive as the wild taxon, we conclude with a discussion of the role that ferality and de‐domestication may have in plant invasions.
Evaluation of Polymorphisms in the Sulfonamide Detoxification Genes CYB5A and CYB5R3 in Dogs with Sulfonamide Hypersensitivity
Authors: Funk‐Keenan J. , Sacco J. , (Amos) Wong Y.Y. , Rasmussen S. , Motsinger‐Reif A. , Trepanier L.A. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundDelayed hypersensitivity (HS) reactions to potentiated sulfonamide antimicrobials occur in both dogs and humans, and involve an intermediate hydroxylamine metabolite that is detoxified by cytochrome b5 and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that polymorphisms in the genes (CYB5A and CYB5R3) encoding these 2 enzymes would be associated with risk of sulfonamide HS in dogs.AnimalsA total of 18 dogs with delayed HS to potentiated sulfonamide antimicrobials and 16 dogs that tolerated (TOL) a therapeutic course of these drugs without adverse effect.MethodsCYB5A and CYB5R3 were sequenced from canine liver, and the promoter, exons, and 3′ untranslated regions of both genes were resequenced from genomic DNA obtained from all dogs.ResultsMultiple polymorphisms were found in both genes. When controlled for multiple comparisons, the 729GG variant in CYB5R3 was significantly overrepresented in dogs with sulfonamide HS (78% of dogs), compared to TOL dogs (31%; P = .003).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe CYB5R3 729GG variant may contribute to the risk of sulfonamide HS in dogs. Functional characterization of this polymorphism, as well as genotyping in a larger number of HS and TOL dogs, is warranted.
Prospective Study of Thrombospondin‐1 Mimetic Peptides, ABT‐510 and ABT‐898, in Dogs with Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Sahora A.I. , Rusk A.W. , Henkin J. , McKeegan E.M. , Shi Y. , Khanna C. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundExposure to anti‐angiogenic thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) mimetic peptides (MPs) has resulted in sporadic anti‐tumor activity in humans and dogs.HypothesisNovel TSP‐1 MPs formulations will be safe, tolerated, and clinically active in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in dogs.AnimalsSixty‐two client‐owned dogs with measurable STS were enrolled, excluding hemangiosarcoma.MethodsA prospective, single agent, multicenter, open‐label study assessing ABT‐510 bolus, ABT‐898 bolus, or ABT‐898 depot formulations of TSP‐1 in dogs. Endpoints included tolerability, antitumor activity, and the assessment of ability of clinical covariates and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) concentration to predict tumor response.ResultsTwo non‐dose‐limiting toxicoses possibly attributed to treatment were observed (keratitis and osteoarthritis). Antitumor activity (10/44 = 23% responses) was observed in study subjects who received treatment for >28 days (n = 44) including both partial (7) and minimal responses (3). Responses were disproportionately seen in dogs receiving ABT‐898 formulations (9/28 = 32%) versus those receiving ABT‐510 (1/16 = 6%; P < .045). Disease stabilization for >84 days was also documented (8/44 = 18%). Slow rates of tumor progression before study entry correlated with anti‐tumor activity in treated dogs, whereas no significant association was found between changes in total CEC concentration and tumor response (P = .28) or time to progression (P = .42).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSafely achieved antitumor activity was documented with TSP‐1 MPs in dogs with STS. The most notable activity was achieved with the ABT‐898 formulations.
In vivo assessment of optimal b‐value range for perfusion‐insensitive apparent diffusion coefficient imaging
Authors: Freiman Moti , Voss Stephan D. , Mulkern Robert V. , Perez‐Rossello Jeannette M. , Callahan Michael J. , Warfield Simon K. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose:To assess the optimalb‐values range for perfusion‐insensitive apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging of abdominal organs using short‐duration DW‐MRI acquisitions with currently available ADC estimation methods.Methods:DW‐MRI data of 15 subjects were acquired with eightb‐values in the range of 5–800 s/mm2. The reference‐standard, a perfusion insensitive, ADC value (ADCIVIM), was computed using an intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model with all acquired diffusion‐weighted images. Simulated DW‐MRI data was generated using an IVIM model with b‐values in the range of 0–1200 s/mm2. Monoexponential ADC estimates were calculated using: (1) Two‐point estimator (ADC2); (2) least squares three‐point (ADC3) estimator and; (3) Rician noise model estimator (ADCR). The authors found the optimal b‐values for perfusion‐insensitive ADC calculations by minimizing the relative root mean square error (RRMS) between the ADCIVIM and the monoexponential ADC values for each estimation method and organ.Results:Lowb‐value = 300 s/mm2 and high b‐value = 1200 s/mm2 minimized the RRMS between the estimated ADC and the reference‐standard ADCIVIM to less than 5% using the ADC3 estimator. By considering only the in vivo DW‐MRI data, the combination of low b‐value = 270 s/mm2 and high b‐value of 800 s/mm2 minimized the RRMS between the estimated ADC and the reference‐standard ADCIVIM to <7% using the ADC3 estimator. For all estimators, the RRMS between the estimated ADC and the reference standard ADC correlated strongly with the perfusion‐fraction parameter of the IVIM model (r = [0.78–0.83], p ≤ 0.003).Conclusions:The perfusion compartment in DW‐MRI signal decay correlates strongly with the RRMS in ADC estimates from short‐duration DW‐MRI. The impact of the perfusion compartment on ADC estimations depends, however, on the choice ofb‐values and estimation method utilized. Likewise, perfusion‐related errors can be reduced to <7% by carefully selecting the b‐values used for ADC calculations and method of estimation.
Characterization of a cable‐free system based on p‐type MOSFET detectors for “in vivo” entrance skin dose measurements in interventional radiology
Authors: Falco Maria Daniela , D'Andrea Marco , Strigari Lidia , D'Alessio Daniela , Quagliani Francesco , Santoni Riccardo , Bosco Alessia Lo 
Published: July 2012

Purpose:During radiological interventional procedures (RIP) the skin of a patient under examination may undergo a prolonged x‐ray exposure, receiving a dose as high as 5 Gy in a single session. This paper describes the use of the OneDoseTM cable‐free system based on p‐type MOSFET detectors to determine the entrance skin dose (ESD) at selected points during RIP.Methods:At first, some dosimetric characteristics of the detector, such as reproducibility, linearity, and fading, have been investigated using a C‐arc as a source of radiation. The reference setting (RS) was: 80 kV energy, 40 cm × 40 cm field of view (FOV), current‐time product of 50 mAs and source to skin distance (SSD) of 50 cm. A calibrated PMX III solid state detector was used as the reference detector and Gafchromic® films have been used as an independent dosimetric system to test the entire procedure. A calibration factor for the RS and correction factors as functions of tube voltage and FOV size have been determined.Results:Reproducibility ranged from 4% at low doses (around 10 cGy as measured by the reference detector) to about 1% for high doses (around 2 Gy). The system response was found to be linear with respect to both dose measured with the PMX III and tube voltage. The fading test has shown that the maximum deviation from the optimal reading conditions (3 min after a single irradiation) was 9.1% corresponding to four irradiations in one hour read 3 min after the last exposure. The calibration factor in the RS has shown that the system response at the kV energy range is about four times larger than in the MV energy range. A fifth order and fourth order polynomial functions were found to provide correction factors for tube voltage and FOV size, respectively, in measurement settings different than the RS. ESDs measured with the system after applying the proper correction factors agreed within one standard deviation (SD) with the corresponding ESDs measured with the reference detector. The ESDs measured with Gafchromic® films were in agreement within one SD compared to the ESDs measured using the OneDoseTM system, as well. The global uncertainty associated to the OneDoseTM system established in our experiments, ranged from 7% to 10%, depending on the duration of the RIP due to fading. These values are much lower than the uncertainty commonly accepted for general diagnostic practices (20%) and of about the same size of the uncertainty recommended for practices with high risk of deterministic side effects (7%).Conclusions:The OneDoseTM system has shown a high sensitivity in the kV energy range and has been found capable of measuring the entrance skin dose in RIP.
Garcinol Regulates EMT and Wnt Signaling PathwaysIn VitroandIn Vivo, Leading to Anticancer Activity against Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Ahmad Aamir , Sarkar Sanila H. , Bitar Bassam , Ali Shadan , Aboukameel Amro , Sethi Seema , Li Yiwei , Bao Bin , Kong Dejuan , Banerjee Sanjeev , Padhye Subhash B. , Sarkar Fazlul H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAnticancer properties of Garcinia indica–derived garcinol are just beginning to be elucidated. We have earlier reported its cancer cell–specific induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, which was mediated through the downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. To gain further mechanistic insight, here, we show for the first time that garcinol effectively reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that is, it induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 breast cancer cells. This was associated with upregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of mesenchymal markers vimentin, ZEB-1, and ZEB-2. We also found that garcinol upregulates the expression of miR-200 and let-7 family microRNAs (miRNAs), which provides a molecular mechanism for the observed reversal of EMT to MET. Transfection of cells with NF-κB p65 subunit attenuated the effect of garcinol on apoptosis induction through reversal of MET to EMT. Forced transfection of p65 and anti–miR-200s could also reverse the inhibitory effect of garcinol on breast cancer cell invasion. Moreover, treatment with garcinol resulted in increased phosphorylation of β-catenin concomitant with its reduced nuclear localization. The results were also validated in vivo in a xenograft mouse model where garcinol was found to inhibit NF-κB, miRNAs, vimentin, and nuclear β-catenin. These novel findings suggest that the anticancer activity of garcinol against aggressive breast cancer cells is, in part, due to reversal of EMT phenotype, which is mechanistically linked with the deregulation of miR-200s, let-7s, NF-κB, and Wnt signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(10); 2193–201. ©2012 AACR.
Abstract 1739: Reversal of ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated drug resistance by sildenafil
Authors: Tiwari Amit K. , Shi Zhi , Shukla Suneet , Robey Robert W. , Singh Satyakam , Kim In-Wha , Bates Susan E. , Peng Xing-xiang , Abraham Ioana , Ambudkar Suresh V. , Talele Tanaji T. , Fu Li-wu , Chen Zhe-Sheng 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of type 5 cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase and is clinically used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Overexpression of ABC transporters such as ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 is one of the main causes of the development of resistance in cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the effect of sildenafil on these ABC transporters is still unknown. In the present study, we found that sildenafil had differential effects on these transporters. In ABCB1-overexpressing cells, non-toxic doses of sildenafil were found to inhibit resistance to ABCB1 substrate anticancer drugs, as well as significantly increase intracellular accumulation of [3H]-paclitaxel. Similarly, in ABCG2-overexpressing cells, sildenafil partially reversed resistance to ABCG2 substrate anticancer drugs and increased intracellular accumulation of [3H]-mitoxantrone as well as the fluorescent compound BODIPY-prazosin. Sildenafil also moderately inhibited the transport of [3H]-E217βG and [3H]-methotrexate by ABCG2. Sildenafil significantly stimulated ABCB1 ATPase activity but it only slightly stimulated ABCG2 ATPase activity. However, it inhibited photolabeling of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 with [125I]-IAAP. Additionally, sildenafil did not alter the sensitivity of parental, ABCB1- or ABCG2-overexpressing cells to non-ABCB1 and non-ABCG2 substrate drug and had no effect on the function of ABCC1. We also modeled the binding of sildenafil within the large cavity of the transmembrane region of homology model of ABCB1 based on the mouse Abcb1a structure. Overall, we conclude that sildenafil can inhibit the function of ABCB1 and ABCG2, with a stronger effect on ABCB1. These findings suggest that it may be possible to develop potent MDR reversal agents from clinically approved drugs with known side effects and drug interactions.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1739. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1739
Abstract 174: MicroRNA signatures of castration resistant human prostate cancer
Authors: Sun Tong , Yang Ming , Chen Shaoyong , Balk Steven , Pomerantz Mark , Brown Myles , Kantoff Philip W. , Lee Gwo-Shu Mary 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Androgen-dependent (AD) prostate cancer (CaP) typically progresses to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after after some duration of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The mechanisms of this transition are at the beginning to be understood. MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding small RNAs (19-25nt) that play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. So far, only a few studies have looked at prostate cancer-specific miRNA signatures relevant to the development and progression of CaP. By performing genome-wide expression profiling of miRs, we found 7 miRs (miR-221, miR-222, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-203, miR-23b and miR-27b) differentially expressed in the AD prostate cancer LNCaP cell line and the LNCaP derived CRPC cell line- LNCaP-Abl. In particular miR-221 and miR-222, were most dramatically increased in the CRPC cell lines. Over-expression of miR-221 or -222 in LNCaP or another AD cell line, LAPC-4 significantly reduced the level of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced up-regulation of PSA expression and increased androgen independent (AI) growth of LNCaP cells. Knocking down the expression level of miR-221 and -222 with antagonist miRs in the LNCaP-Abl cell line restored the response to DHT induction of PSA transcription and also increased the growth response of LNCaP-Abl cells to androgen. To determine the clinical relevance of the differential expression patterns of these miRs, we compared the expression levels of these 7 miRs in 86 normal prostate tissues, 34 localized hormone naïve primary tumors and 17 bone metastatic CRPC samples. Despite of the anticipated heterogeneity of CRPCs within each individual or among patients, surprisingly ∼90% of analyzed CRPC tumors can be characterized by significant up-regulation of miR-221/-222 and down-regulation of miR-23b/-27b. This finding suggests that the signature of altered miR-221/-222 and miR-23b/-27b expression is associated with the development of CRPC in human tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 174. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-174