bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐order shock capturing schemes for turbulence calculations
Authors: Lo S.‐C. , Blaisdell G. A. , Lyrintzis A. S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis work investigates high‐order central compact methods for simulating turbulent supersonic flows that include shock waves. Several different types of previously proposed characteristic filters, including total variation diminishing, monotone upstream‐centered scheme for conservation laws, and weighted essentially non‐oscillatory filters, are investigated in this study. Similar to the traditional shock capturing schemes, these filters can eliminate the numerical instability caused by large gradients in flow fields, but they also improve efficiency compared with classical shock‐capturing schemes. Adding the nonlinear dissipation part of a classical shock‐capturing scheme to a central scheme makes the method suitable for incorporation into any existing central‐based high‐order subsonic code. The amount of numerical dissipation to add is sensed by means of the artificial compression method switch. In order to improve the performance of the characteristic filters, we propose a hybrid approach to minimize the dissipation added by the characteristic filter. Through several numerical experiments (including a shock/density wave interaction, a shock/vortex interaction, and a shock/mixing layer interaction) we show that our hybrid approach works better than the original method, and can be used for future turbulent flow simulations that include shocks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct MHC gene expression patterns during progression of melanoma
Authors: Degenhardt Yan , Huang Jia , Greshock Joel , Horiates Galene , Nathanson Katherine , Yang Xiaolu , Herlyn Meenhard , Weber Barbara 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAbnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in melanoma has been reported previously. However, the MHC molecule expression patterns in different growth phases of melanoma and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that in vertical growth phase (VGP) melanomas, MHC genes are subject to increased rates of DNA copy number gains, accompanied by increased expression, in comparison to normal melanocytes. In contrast, MHC expression in metastatic melanomas drastically decreased compared to VGP melanomas, despite still prevalent DNA copy number gains. Subsequent investigations found that the master transactivator of MHC genes, CIITA, was also significantly downregulated in metastatic melanomas when compared to VGP melanomas. This could be one of the mechanisms accounting for the discrepancy between DNA copy number and expression level in metastatic melanomas, a potentially separate mechanism of gene regulation. These results infer a dynamic role of MHC function in melanoma progression. We propose potential mechanisms for the overexpression of MHC molecules in earlier stages of melanoma as well as for its downregulation in metastatic melanomas. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Step‐by‐step: The effects of physical practice on the neural correlates of locomotion imagery revealed by fMRI
Authors: Ionta Silvio , Ferretti Antonio , Merla Arcangelo , Tartaro Armando , Romani Gian Luca 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that mental imagery is a suitable tool to study the progression of the effect of practice on brain activation. Nevertheless, there is still poor knowledge of changes in brain activation patterns during the very early stages of physical practice. In this study, early and late practice stages of different kinds of locomotion (i.e., balanced and unbalanced) have been investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging during mental imagery of locomotion and stance. During the task, cardiac activity was also recorded. The cerebral network comprising supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, bilateral thalamus, and right cerebellum showed a stronger activation during the imagery of locomotion with respect to imagery of stance. The heart beat showed a significant increase in frequency during the imagery of locomotion with respect to the imagery of stance. Moreover, early stages of practice determined an increased activation in basal ganglia and thalamus with respect to late stages. In this way, it is proposed the modulation of the brain network involved in the imagery of locomotion as a function of physical practice time. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of intratumoral lymphatic vessels in the lymph node dissemination of laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hinojar‐Gutiérrez Adolfo , Fernández‐Contreras María Encarnación , Álvarez‐Carrillo Solssireé , Quintanilla Miguel , Gamallo Carlos 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe development of new markers for lymphatic endothelium allowed the study of intratumoral lymphatic microcirculation, as well as its association with lymph node metastasis.MethodsIn all, 120 patients with laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LPSCC) without previous treatment were retrospectively studied. The immunohistochemical determination of PA2.26 antigen/podoplanin was used to assess intratumoral lymphatic vessels (ILVs) in the primary tumor.ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis was associated with tumor location (p = .001), differentiation grade (p = .02), and ILV (p = .013). Hypopharyngeal and supraglottic locations, poor grade of differentiation, and ILV, respectively, increased the risk of developing lymph node metastasis 13.5‐, 4.7‐, 5.2‐, and 3.2‐fold.ConclusionsIn our series, the presence of ILV in the primary tumor was an independent risk factor for the development of lymph node metastasis. The incorporation of ILV assessment into routine clinicopathological study might improve the evaluation of patients with LPSCC. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
New insights in the vascular supply of the human parotid gland—Consequences for parotid gland‐sparing irradiation
Authors: van Holten Marjolein J. , Roesink Judith M. , Terhaard Chris H. J. , Braam Pètra M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground.Xerostomia is caused by irradiation for head and neck cancer, depending on the dose to the parotid gland. To investigate which part of the parotid gland has to be spared with radiotherapy, detailed information about the vascular supply of the parotid gland is necessary.Methods.Arterial vessels of the head of a human cadaver were colored. A 3‐dimensional reconstruction of the parotid gland and the arterial vessels was made and analyzed.Results.Five arterial vessels were responsible for the vascular supply of the parotid gland: the posterior auricular artery, 2 branches so far unnamed, the superficial temporal artery, and the transverse facial artery. All arteries were branches off the external carotid artery, and supplied different parts of the parotid gland.Conclusions.This study describes the detailed vascular supply of the human parotid gland. These results may contribute to improve parotid sparing radiotherapy, thus reducing complications such as xerostomia in the future. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Identification of groundwater recharge sources and processes in a heterogeneous alluvial aquifer: results from multi‐level monitoring of hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes in a riverside agricultural area in Korea
Authors: Choi Byoung‐Young , Yun Seong‐Taek , Mayer Bernhard , Chae Gi‐Tak , Kim Kyoung‐Ho , Kim Kangjoo , Koh Yong‐Kwon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe evaluated sources and pathways of groundwater recharge for a heterogeneous alluvial aquifer beneath an agricultural field, based on multi‐level monitoring of hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes of a riverside groundwater system at Buyeo, Korea. Two distinct groundwater zones were identified with depth: (1) a shallow oxic groundwater zone, characterized by elevated concentrations of NO3− and (2) a deeper (>10–14 m from the ground surface) sub‐oxic groundwater zone with high concentrations of dissolved Fe, silica, and HCO3−, but little nitrate. The change of redox zones occurred at a depth where the aquifer sediments change from an upper sandy stratum to a silty stratum with mud caps. The δ18O and δ2H values of groundwater were also different between the two zones. Hydrochemical and δ18Oδ2H data of oxic groundwater are similar to those of soil water. This illustrates that recharge of oxic groundwater mainly occurs through direct infiltration of rain and irrigation water in the sandy soil area where vegetable cropping with abundant fertilizer use is predominant. Oxic groundwater is therefore severely contaminated by agrochemical pollutants such as nitrate. In contrast, deeper sub‐oxic groundwater contains only small amounts of dissolved oxygen (DO) and NO3−. The 3H contents and elevated silica concentrations in sub‐oxic groundwater indicate a somewhat longer mean residence time of groundwater within this part of the aquifer. Sub‐oxic groundwater was also characterized by higher δ18O and δ2H values and lower d‐excess values, indicating significant evaporation during recharge. We suggest that recharge of sub‐oxic groundwater occurs in the areas of paddy rice fields where standing irrigation and rain water are affected by strong evaporation, and that reducing conditions develop during subsequent sub‐surface infiltration. This study illustrates the existence of two groundwater bodies with different recharge processes within an alluvial aquifer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cofilin activity cycle in lamellipodia and invadopodia
Authors: Oser Matthew , Condeelis John 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe actin severing protein cofilin is essential for directed cell migration and chemotaxis, in many cell types and is also important for tumor cell invasion during metastasis. Through its severing activity, cofilin increases the number of free barbed ends to initiate actin polymerization for actin‐based protrusion in two distinct subcellular compartments in invasive tumor cells: lamellipodia and invadopodia. Cofilin severing activity is tightly regulated and multiple mechanisms are utilized to regulate cofilin activity. In this prospect, we have grouped the primary on/off regulation into two broad categories, both of which are important for inhibiting cofilin from binding to F‐actin or G‐actin: (1) Blocking cofilin activity by the binding of cofilin to either PI(4,5)P2 at lamellipodia, or cortactin at invadopodia. (2) Blocking cofilin's ability to bind to actin via serine phosphorylation. Although the literature suggests that these cofilin regulatory mechanisms may be cell‐type dependent, we propose the existence of a common cofilin activity cycle in which both operate. In this common cycle, the mechanism used to initiate cofilin activity is determined by the starting point in the cycle in a given subcellular compartment. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1252–1262, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical and kinetic study of the H + C2H5CN reaction
Authors: Sun Jingyu , Tang Yizhen , Sun Hao , Jia Xiujuan , Pan Xiumei , Wang Rongshun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe reaction of H radical with C2H5CN has been studied using various quantum chemistry methods. The geometries were optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,2p) levels. The single‐point energies were calculated using G3 and BMC‐CCSD methods based on B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,2p) geometries. Four mechanisms were investigated, namely, hydrogen abstraction, C‐addition/elimination, N‐addition/elimination and substitution. The kinetics of this reaction were studied using the transition state theory and multichannel Rice‐Ramsperger‐Kassel‐Marcus methodologies over a wide temperature range of 200–3000 K. The calculated results indicate that C‐addition/elimination channel is the most feasible over the whole temperature range. The deactivation of initial adduct C2H5CHN is dominant at lower temperature with bath gas H2 of 760 Torr; whereas C2H5+HCN is the dominant product at higher temperature. Our calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Sorption of copper by a highly mineralized peat in batch and packed‐bed systems
Authors: Izquierdo Marta , Gabaldón Carmen , Marzal Paula , Sempere Feliu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The performance of peat for copper sorption was investigated in batch and fixed‐bed experiments. The effect of pH was evaluated in batch experiments and the experimental data were fitted to an equilibrium model including pH dependence. Hydrodynamic axial dispersion was estimated by tracing experiments using LiCl as a tracer. Six fixed‐bed experiments were carried out at copper concentrations between 1 and 60 mg dm−3 and the adsorption isotherm in dynamic mode was obtained. A mass transport model including convection–dispersion and sorption processes was applied for breakthrough curve modelling.RESULTS: Maximum uptake capacities in batch mode were 22.0, 36.4, and 43.7 mg g−1 for pH values of 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0, respectively. Uptake capacities in continuous flow systems varied from 36.5 to 43.4 mg g−1 for copper concentrations between 1 and 60 mg dm−3. Dynamic and batch isotherms showed different shapes but a similar maximum uptake capacity. Sorbent regeneration was successfully performed with HCl. A potential relationship between dispersion coefficient and velocity was obtained with dispersion coefficients between 5.00 × 10−8 and 2.95 × 10−6 m2 s−1 for water velocities ranging between 0.56 × 10−4 and 5.03 × 10−4 m s−1. The mass transport model predicted both the breakpoints and the shape of the breakthrough curves.CONCLUSIONS: High retention capacities indicate that peat can be used as an effective sorbent for the treatment of wastewater containing copper ions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Microwave photochemistry V: Low‐pressure batch and continuous‐flow microwave photoreactors with quartz mercury electrodeless discharge lamps. Photohydrolysis of mono‐chloroacetic acid
Authors: Církva Vladimír , Relich Stanislav , Hájek Milan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Low‐pressure batch and continuous‐flow microwave photoreactors were equipped with microwave powered quartz mercury electrodeless discharge lamps (Hg‐EDLs). Photohydrolysis of aqueous mono‐chloroacetic acid (MCAA) into hydroxyacetic acid and HCl was chosen as the model reaction to evaluate these photoreactors. The effects of operational parameters on the MCAA photolysis through a UV/MW process were investigated.RESULTS: Studies were carried out at relatively high MCAA concentration (0.1 mol L−1). The photoreaction course was monitored by the pH change in the solution. The MCAA conversion was optimized as a result of a trade‐off between the thermal dependence of the photochemical quantum yield (which increases with increasing temperature) and the thermal dependence of the EDL light intensity of 254 nm line (which increases with decreasing temperature). The microwave photoreactors made it possible to study the temperature dependence of MCAA photohydrolysis.CONCLUSION: It was found that operational parameters (i.e. reaction temperature, quantum yield) had important effects on photoefficiency. Photohydrolysis of MCAA in the microwave photoreactors can be enhanced by the UV/MW system. The results of conversions (in 120 min) for the particular photoreactor set‐ups show that the best reaction conditions for MCAA photolysis were obtained in the low‐pressure batch microwave photoreactor (the conversion was 46% at 80 °C). Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A single‐step preparation of thiazolo[5,4‐b]pyridine‐ and thiazolo[5,4‐c]pyridine derivatives from chloronitropyridines and thioamides, or thioureas
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Kiran P. , Angels Estiarte M. , Tan Darlene , Zipfel Sheila , Cox Matthew , O'Mahony Donogh J. R. , Edwards William T. , Duncton Matthew A. J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
magnified imageA one‐step synthesis of thiazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines from an appropriately substituted chloronitropyridine and thioamide, or thiourea, is presented. In particular, the reaction was used to prepare a large number of 6‐nitrothiazolo[5,4‐b]pyridine derivatives, bearing hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and amine substituents at the 2‐position. The reaction could also be extended to produce a thiazolo[4,5‐c]pyridine derivative and thiazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines with alternative substituents on the pyridinoid ring. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Abdominal muscle and epipubic bone function during locomotion in Australian possums: Insights to basal mammalian conditions and eutherian‐like tendencies in Trichosurus
Authors: Reilly Stephen M. , McElroy Eric J. , White Thomas D. , Biknevicius Audrone R. , Bennett Michael B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMammals have four hypaxial muscle layers that wrap around the abdomen between the pelvis, ribcage, and spine. However, the marsupials have epipubic bones extending anteriorly into the ventral hypaxial layers with two additional muscles extending to the ventral midline and femur. Comparisons of South American marsupials to basal eutherians have shown that all of the abdominal hypaxials are active bilaterally in resting ventilation. However, during locomotion marsupials employ an asymmetrical pattern of activity as the hypaxial muscles form a crosscouplet linkage that uses the epipubic bone as a lever to provide long‐axis support of the body between diagonal limb couplets during each step. In basal eutherians, this system shifts off the femur and epipubic bones (which are lost) resulting in a shoulder to pelvis linkage associated with shifts in both the positions and activity patterns of the pectineus and rectus abdominis muscles during locomotion. In this study, we present data on hypaxial function in two species (Pseudocheirus peregrinus and Trichosurus vulpecula) representing the two major radiations of possums in Australia: the Pseudocheiridae (within the Petauroidea) and the Phalangeridae. Patterns of gait, motor activity, and morphology in these two Australian species were compared with previous work to examine the generality of 1) the crosscouplet lever system as the basal condition for the Marsupialia and 2) several traits hypothesized to be common to all mammals (hypaxial tonus during resting ventilation, ventilation to step synchrony during locomotion, and bilateral transversus abdominis activity during locomotor expiration). Our results validate the presence of the crosscouplet pattern and basic epipubic bone lever system in Australian possums and confirm the generality of basal mammalian patterns. However, several novelties discovered in Trichosurus, reveal that it exhibits an evolutionary transition to intermediate eutherian‐like morphological and motor patterns paralleling many other unique features of this species. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence determination of αs1‐casein isoforms from donkey by mass spectrometric methods
Authors: Cunsolo Vincenzo , Cairone Elisa , Fontanini Debora , Criscione Andrea , Muccilli Vera , Saletti Rosaria , Foti Salvatore 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFour co‐eluting components, with experimentally measured Mr of 23 658, 23 786, 24 278 and 24 406 Da, were detected by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) analysis in the dephosphorylated casein fraction of a milk sample collected at middle lactation stage from an individual donkey belonging to the Ragusano breed. By coupling RP‐HPLC, two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE), enzymatic digestions, MALDI‐TOF MS and capillary RP‐HPLC/nano‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nESI‐MS/MS) analyses, the four components were identified as donkey's αs1‐CNs and their sequences completely characterized, using the known mare's αs1‐CN (GenBank Acc. No. AAK83668; Mr 23750.7 Da) as reference. The proteins with Mr of 23 786 and 23 658 Da differ in the presence of a glutamine residue at position 83 in the full‐length component and present the amino acid substitutions Q8→H and H115→Y with respect to the mare's αs1‐CN. The other two components with Mr 24 406 and 24 278 Da, which also differ in the presence of a glutamine residue at position 88 in the full‐length component, show the insertion of the pentapeptide HTPRE between Leu33 and the Glu34. The two αs1‐CNs bearing the pentapeptide insertion were named variants A (202 amino acids; Mr 24 406) and A1 (201 amino acids; Mr 24 278), whereas the two αs1‐CNs without the pentapeptide were named variants B (197 amino acids; Mr 23 786) and B1 (196 amino acids; Mr 23 658). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation and dissociation of oxygen‐ and chloride‐bridged iron(III) and manganese(III) tetraphenylporphyrin dimer ions in the gas phase
Authors: Gozet Tuba , Huynh Lise , Bohme Diethard K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) has allowed the discovery of novel dimer ions emerging from solutions of metalloporphyrin salts and their investigation by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) with N2 molecules. ESI mass spectra have been recorded for the formation of the oxygen or chloride‐bridged dimer ions [(FeTPP)2OH]+, [(MnTPP)2OH]+, [(FeTPP)2Cl]+ and [(MnTPP)2Cl]+ derived from various solutions of FeTPPCl and MnTPPCl salts. The CID of [(FeTPP)2OH]+ proceeds mainly by neutral loss of (FeTPP)OH to form [FeTPP]+ and, to a minor extent, to form the charge‐reversed products. The CID of [(MnTPP)2OH]+ exhibits exclusively the product ion [MnTPP]+ by loss of neutral (MnTPP)OH. [(FeTPP)2Cl]+ and [(MnTPP)2Cl]+ dissociate by loss of (Fe/MnTPP)Cl to give rise to [Fe/MnTPP]+. [(FeTPP)2O]+ and [(FeTPP)2OH]+ were generated from a solution of the dimer, (FeTPP)2O. Dissociation of [(FeTPP)2O]+ yields two product ions, [FeTPP]+ and [(FeTPP)O]+, with higher onsets compared to the equivalent fragments formed from [(FeTPP)2OH]+. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate data analysis for Raman spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Shinzawa Hideyuki , Awa Kimie , Kanematsu Wataru , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the analytic techniques for Raman spectroscopic imaging with emphasis on chemometrics. Key information included in Raman spectra is often distributed broadly throughout the dataset. It is possible to condense the information into a very compact matrix representation by a chemometric technique of factor analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) or self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR). PCA yields two matrices called scores and loadings which complementarily represent the entire features broadly distributed in the dataset. This concept can be further extended to other forms of data transformation schemes, including bilinear data decomposition based on SMCR analysis. SMCR offers a firmer model which is chemically or physically interpretable. The information derived from these techniques readily brings useful insight into building a mechanistic model for understanding complex phenomena studied by Raman spectroscopy. Illustrative examples are given for applications of both PCA and SMCR to Raman imaging of pharmaceutical tablets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.