bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meeting patients' education and decision‐making needs for first trimester prenatal aneuploidy screening
Authors: Farrell Ruth M. , Nutter Benjamin , Agatisa Patricia K. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveFirst trimester aneuploidy screening introduces unique challenges to patient education and informed decision‐making. Our study assessed the decision‐making process among those pregnant patients presenting for this new form of aneuploidy screening.MethodA survey instrument was used to assess components of decision‐making among women who presented for first trimester aneuploidy screening. Knowledge and leading factors in the decision‐making process were measured.ResultsParticipants (n = 139) demonstrated understanding of the etiology of Down syndrome, but less understanding of its cognitive (65.2%) and physical manifestations (58.7%). Few were able to determine risk from first trimester screen results (36.7%). Participants were more familiar with amniocentesis (84.2%) than chorionic villus sampling (73.4%), though less familiar with procedural risks (29.5% and 28.1%, respectively). The majority of participants ranked the following as key information in their decision: knowledge of their intentions about the outcome of the pregnancy based on the test results (92.4%), knowledge of chorionic villus sampling to evaluate an abnormal result (92.0%), and values and beliefs about termination (89.1%).ConclusionFirst trimester aneuploidy screening generates education and decision‐making benchmarks for patients and providers. It is important to address these barriers as this new screen becomes a growing part of current prenatal genetic testing offerings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraoperator and interoperator repeatability of manual and semi‐automated measurement of increased fetal nuchal translucency according to the operator's experience
Authors: Kagan Karl Oliver , Abele Harald , Yazdi Britta , Böer Bettina , Pintoffl Klaus , Wright Dave , Hoopmann Markus 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo compare the intraoperator and interoperator repeatability of manual and semi‐automated measurement of increased nuchal translucency (NT) in sonographers with different levels of experience.MethodsOne hundred NT images without measurements were selected from the digital database. Half had NT measurements between 2.5 and 3.5 mm, and half had NT measurements above 3.5 mm. Five operators (two experts, three general gynaecologist) measured fetal NT manually and automatically. Each operator was blinded to any pre‐existing measurements. Each image was measured twice by each operator. Intraoperator repeatability was assessed by standard deviation of within sonographer repeated measurement. Interoperator repeatability was assessed as difference towards the gold standard, which was defined as the mean measurement of experts.ResultsThe overall standard deviation of the difference between the first and the second manual measurements was 0.14 and 0.10 mm for moderate and severely increased NT. It was 0.10 and 0.08 mm with the semi‐automated system. Mean difference between the manual measurement of nonexpert operators and the gold standard was −0.01 mm for moderately increased NT and 0.02 mm for severely increased NT. With the semi‐automated measurement, mean bias was similar.ConclusionThe automated NT measurement leads to a further standardization of the NT assessment process. Especially inexperienced operators may benefit from this tool. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of first‐trimester combined test for Down syndrome in different maternal age groups: reason for adjustments in screening policy?
Authors: Engels Melanie A. J. , Heijboer A. C. , Blankenstein Marinus A. , van Vugt John M. G. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of the first‐trimester combined test (FCT) in different maternal age groups and to discuss whether adjustments in screening policies should be made.MethodsIn this retrospective study data (n = 26 274) from a fetal medicine center on FCT (maternal age, fetal NT, free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A) were studied.Results70.6% of cases was <36 years and 43% of the Down syndrome (DS) cases were detected in this age group. For women <36 years and advanced maternal age (AMA) women (≥36 years) detection rate (DR) and false positive rate (FPR) were 94.5% and 4.1%, and 95.8% and 13.0%, respectively (cut‐off 1:200). Lowering the cut‐off showed an improved balance in DR and FPR. With increasing maternal age FPR and DR increased and odds of being affected given a positive result (OAPR) decreased.ConclusionFCT is effective in women <36 and ≥36 years. The balance between FPR and DR is more favourable in women <36 years with comparable OAPR. Although FPR increases with increasing maternal age, performance of FCT in AMA women is more effective than screening based on maternal age alone. Lowering the cut‐off to 1:100 in AMA women is suggested to improve screening performance. Routinely offering diagnostic testing to AMA women as a screening policy for the detection of DS seems not reasonable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression profiles and differential cytoglobin expression in atrophy and adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Mogal Ashish P. , Watson Mark A. , Ozsolak Fatih , Salavaggione Lorena , Humphrey Peter A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDProliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) has been proposed as a potential precursor for prostate cancer. The precise molecular abnormalities in prostatic atrophy compared to high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and carcinoma have not been fully defined.METHODSWe utilized laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis to characterize cells of PIA, HGPIN, invasive prostatic carcinoma, and non‐atrophic benign prostatic epithelium (NABE). Cytoglobin was selected for immunohistochemistry (IHC) validation. IHC stains were evaluated for proportion of positive glands, and intensity of cytoglobin staining. An immunoreactive score (IR score) was determined as the product of the percentage of positive staining and intensity.RESULTSMicroarray analysis revealed probe sets that separated the microdissected cell types. Several genes showed overlapping expression patterns between PIA and PIN, and HGPIN and invasive carcinoma. Cytoglobin protein expression was detected in 57/93 (61%) of NABE and BPH cases, 92/93 atrophy (99%), 3/34 (9%) of PIN, and 23/61 carcinoma (37%) samples. The highest IHC scores were calculated for atrophy foci. A subset (33%) of atrophy cases showed the same low‐cytoglobin expression level as PIN and carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSProstatic epithelium can be stratified into normal, atrophic, PIN, and invasive carcinoma categories based on differential genetic signatures. Cytoglobin, a protein that can be induced in response to oxidative stress, was elevated in most atrophy foci, suggesting hypoxic, and/or oxidative damage. The lower level of cytoglobin seen in neoplastic cells and 33% of atrophy foci may indicate a shared susceptibility to oxidative damage for this subset of atrophy cases and prostatic neoplasia. Prostate 72:931–937, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Knockdown of scavenger receptor Class B Type I reduces prostate specific antigen secretion and viability of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Twiddy Alexis L. , Cox Michael E. , Wasan Kishor M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDScavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SR‐BI) facilitates influx of cholesterol to the cell from lipoproteins in the circulation. This influx of cholesterol may be important for many cellular functions, including synthesis of androgens. Castration‐resistant prostate cancer tumors are able to synthesize androgens de novo in order to supplement the loss of exogenous sources often induced by androgen deprivation therapy. Silencing of SR‐BI may impact the ability of prostate cancer cells, particularly those of castration‐resistant state, to maintain the intracellular supply of androgens by removing a supply of cholesterol.METHODSSR‐BI expression was knocked down using small interfering RNA in LNCaP and C4‐2 cells. The effect of down‐regulation of SR‐BI on PSA production, cell toxicity, and cell viability was measured in both cell types. In addition, compensatory cholesterol synthesis activity was measured using the radiolabeled precursor, 14C‐acetate.RESULTSSR‐BI protein expression is higher basally in C4‐2 cells than LNCaP cells. Silencing of SR‐BI expression to greater than 85% reduced PSA production in LNCaP and C4‐2 SRBI‐KD cells by 55% and 58% compared to negative control cells, respectively. SR‐BI‐KD C4‐2 cells demonstrated significantly reduced cell viability (>25%) compared the NC cells.CONCLUSIONSThe down‐regulation of SR‐BI significantly impacts PSA production of prostate cancer cells, as well as the viability of C4‐2 cells in the presence and absence of HDL. This may indicate a deficiency in cholesterol availability to the androgen synthesis pathway or may implicate a role for SR‐BI in prostate cancer signal transduction pathways. Prostate 72:955–965, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal etching process of microscale pits on the GaAs(001) surface
Authors: Li Shibin , Wu Jiang , Wang Zhiming , Li Zhenhua , Su Yuanjie , Wu Zhiming , Jiang Yadong , Salamo Gregory J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen a GaAs(001) substrate is heated up to 650 °C in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) vacuum chamber with vacuum range from 10–4 Torr to 10–5 Torr, real‐time SEM observation reveals microscale pits on GaAs substrate surface. The annealing process of GaAs substrate in vacuum causes excess evaporation of arsenic and accumulation of gallium as liquid droplets on the surface. As the function of electrochemical drills, the gallium droplets etch away GaAs beneath the surface to make microscale holes on GaAs substrate. With small amount of oxygen in the chamber acting as etching catalyst, gallium droplets etch GaAs much faster than in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) MBE chamber. This process provides an easy technique to fabricate microscale pits on GaAs(001) surface.magnified imageTop view of microscale pits, (a) 8000× magnification view of pit; (b) 15000× magnification view of pit.(© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of earthquake behavior of reinforced concrete minarets using fiber‐reinforced polymer composite
Authors: Altunişik Ahmet Can 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents the comparison of the earthquake behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) minarets using fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite. A Turkish‐style RC minaret with two balconies of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey, was selected as an application. A 3D finite element model of the minaret was created using ansys finite element program to determine the earthquake behavior. The earthquake behavior of the minaret was investigated using the 1992 Erzincan earthquake ground motion record. Also, the cylindrical body of the minaret (below the first balcony, between two balconies and above the second balcony) was wrapped by four layers of FRP, and earthquake behavior was determined. Total thickness of the FRP was selected as 6.0 mm. At the end of the study, earthquake responses of the RC minaret such as displacements and maximum–minimum principal stresses before and after using FRP composite were compared with each other. It was seen from the earthquake analyses that using FRP is very effective on the earthquake responses of the minaret. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A geometry of the correlation space and a nonlocal degenerate parabolic equation from isotropic turbulence
Authors: Grebenev V.N. , Oberlack M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConsidering the metric tensor ds2(t), associated with the two‐point velocity correlation tensor field (parametrized by the time variable t) in the space 𝒦3of correlation vectors, at the first part of the paper we construct the Lagrangian system (Mt,ds2(t)) in the extended space 𝒦3 × R+ for homogeneous isotropic turbulence. This allows to introduce into the consideration common concept and technics of Lagrangian mechanics for the application in turbulence. Dynamics in time of (Mt,ds2(t)) (a singled out fluid volume equipped with a family of pseudo‐Riemannian metrics) is described in the frame of the geometry generated by the 1‐parameter family of metrics ds2(t) whose components are the correlation functions that evolve according to the von Kármán‐Howarth equation. This is the first step one needs to get in a future analysis the physical realization of the evolution of this volume. It means that we have to construct isometric embedding of the manifold Mt equipped with metric ds2(t) into R3 with the Euclidean metric. In order to specify the correlation functions, at the second part of this paper we study in details an initial‐boundary value problem to the closure model [19,26] for the von Kármán‐Howarth equation in the case of large Reynolds numbers limit.
Parameter determination of an evolution model for phase transformations in steel
Authors: Streckenbach T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe paper is concerned with a general ansatz of a phenomenological evolution model for solid‐solid phase transformation kinetics in steel. To model the phase transition of austenite‐ferrite, ‐pearlite, or ‐bainite, a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) is considered. The main goal of this paper is to derive certain conditions for parameters that are based on data obtained from transformation diagrams. This leads to a set of independent parameters for which the inverse problem has a unique solution.
Fabry disease, enzyme replacement therapy and the significance of antibody responses
Authors: Deegan Patrick B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFabry disease is an X‐linked disorder caused by a deficiency of α‐galactosidase A. This leads to a progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in tissues throughout the body. Cardiac, renal and neurological manifestations are common and life expectancy is significantly reduced relative to the general population. Management of Fabry disease involves the administration of intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Two forms – agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta – have been licensed in certain jurisdictions and are generally well tolerated; however, some patients develop antibodies to the infused enzyme, which may impair the efficacy and safety of treatment. Agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta are produced in different systems; this leads to certain differences in post‐translational modification that may affect immunogenicity. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies have frequently been reported in patients with Fabry disease receiving ERT; IgG responses are reported in a greater proportion of patients receiving agalsidase beta than in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. IgE antibodies are less common than IgG antibodies, and have not been observed in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. However, these data are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences in the assessment of seropositivity, and in the doses of enzyme used. The clinical impact of the development of IgG antibodies to ERT in patients with Fabry disease remains unclear, due to lack of data and to the marked heterogeneity of patients both in terms of disease manifestations and response to therapy. Further studies that examine the development of antibodies in patients with Fabry disease and the potential impact of such antibodies on the outcome of ERT are necessary.
Fentanyl administration in infant rats produces long‐term behavioral responses
Authors: Medeiros Liciane Fernandes , de Souza Ana Cláudia , de Souza Andressa , Cioato Stefania Giotti , Scarabelot Vanessa Leal , Caumo Wolnei , Fernandes Luciana Carvalho , Torres Iraci L.S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConsidering the importance of studies in animal models that are focused on systems involved in pain mechanisms, this investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological treatments on the behavioral responses of younger animals. To this end, we evaluated the effect of an acute dose of fentanyl (FEN) or S(+)‐ketamine (KET) at postnatal day 14 (P14) upon behavioral responses in the short‐ (P14), medium‐ (P30) and long‐term (P60) using the open field (OF), elevated plus‐maze (EPM) and formalin tests (FT) and tail‐flick latency. Fourteen‐day‐old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (CT), fentanyl (FEN) and S(+)ketamine (KET) groups for statistical analysis, it was performed two‐way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni. We found that, regardless of the test performed (OF or EPM), between‐group differences occurred over time in all behaviors analyzed, including in the second phase of FT. In addition, EPM showed significant differences in behavioral responses related to acute administration (at P14) of fentanyl or S(+)‐ketamine, in behaviors such as number of entries in open and closed arms, time spent in open and closed arms, and number of head‐dipping. In relation to nociceptive response, the FEN group exhibited a decrease in the first phase of FT. These results indicate that unique administration of fentanyl or S(+)ketamine in an early period of life (P14) can promote changes in behavioral responses. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of extending the investigation of the effect of drug administration in young rats into adulthood.
Frequency spectra evolution of two-dimensional focusing wave groups in finite depth water
Authors: Tian Zhigang , Perlin Marc , Choi Wooyoung 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn experimental and numerical study of the evolution of frequency spectra of dispersive focusing wave groups in a two-dimensional wave tank is presented. Investigations of both non-breaking and breaking wave groups are performed. It is found that dispersive focusing is far more than linear superposition, and that it undergoes strongly nonlinear processes. For non-breaking wave groups, as the wave groups propagate spatial evolution of wave frequency spectra, spectral bandwidth, surface elevation skewness, and kurtosis are examined. Nonlinear energy transfer between the above-peak ($f/ {f}_{p} = 1. 2{{\ndash}}1. 5$) and the higher-frequency ($f/ {f}_{p} = 1. 5\text{{\ndash}} 2. 5$) regions, with ${f}_{p} $ being the spectral peak frequency, is demonstrated by tracking the energy level of the components in the focusing and defocusing process. Also shown is the nonlinear energy transfer to the lower-frequency components that cannot be detected easily by direct comparisons of the far upstream and downstream measurements. Energy dissipation in the spectral peak region ($f/ {f}_{p} = 0. 9\text{{\ndash}} 1. 1$) and the energy gain in the higher-frequency region ($f/ {f}_{p} = 1. 5\text{{\ndash}} 2. 5$) are quantified, and exhibit a dependence on the Benjamin–Feir Index (BFI). In the presence of wave breaking, the spectral bandwidth reduces as much as 40 % immediately following breaking and eventually becomes much smaller than its initial level. Energy levels in different frequency regions are examined. It is found that, before wave breaking onset, a large amount of energy is transferred from the above-peak region ($f/ {f}_{p} = 1. 2\text{{\ndash}} 1. 5$) to the higher frequencies ($f/ {f}_{p} = 1. 5\text{{\ndash}} 2. 5$), where energy is dissipated during the breaking events. It is demonstrated that the energy gain in the lower-frequency region is at least partially due to nonlinear energy transfer prior to wave breaking and that wave breaking may not necessarily increase the energy in this region. Complementary numerical studies for breaking waves are conducted using an eddy viscosity model previously developed by the current authors. It is demonstrated that the predicted spectral change after breaking agrees well with the experimental measurements.
Cotton radiation use efficiency response to plant growth regulators
Authors: GONIAS E. D. , OOSTERHUIS D. M. , BIBI A. C. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYPlant growth regulators are widely used in cotton production to improve crop management. Previous research has demonstrated changes in crop growth, dry matter (DM) partitioning and lint yield of cotton after the application of plant growth regulators. However, no reports are available demonstrating the effect of plant growth regulators on light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Field studies were conducted in Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA in 2006 and 2007. RUE was estimated for the period between the pinhead square stage (PHS) of growth and 3 weeks after first flower (FF+3) from plots receiving three applications of the nitrophenolate and mepiquat chloride with Bacillus cereus plant growth regulators (Chaperone™) at 7·19 g a.i./ha and Pix Plus® at 41·94 g a.i./ha compared with an untreated control. No differences between the Chaperone treatment and the untreated control were found in the present study. However, Pix Plus significantly reduced plant height (both 2006 and 2007) and leaf area (2007 only), and altered the canopy structure of the crop as recorded by increased values of canopy extinction coefficient. Although DM accumulation was found not to be affected by plant growth regulator treatments, RUE was significantly increased after Pix Plus application, by 33·2%. RUE was increased because less light was intercepted by the Pix Plus treatment for the same biomass production, and this is probably a result of changes in photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and changes in light distribution throughout the canopy.
Delayed tail loss during the invasion of mouse skin by cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum
Authors: WANG TING , FANG ZHENG-MING , LEI JIA-HUI , GUAN FEI , LIU WEN-QI , BARTLETT ANN , WHITFIELD PHIL , LI YONG-LONG 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYA traditional assumption is that schistosome cercariae lose their tails at the onset of penetration. It has, however, recently been demonstrated that, for Schistosoma mansoni, cercarial tails were not invariably being shed as penetration took place and a high proportion of tails entered human skin under experimental conditions. This phenomenon was termed delayed tail loss (DTL). In this paper, we report that DTL also happens with S. japonicum cercariae during penetration of mouse skin. It occurred at all cercarial densities tested, from as few as 10 cercariae/2·25 cm2 of mouse skin up to 200 cercariae. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that there was a density-dependent increase in DTL as cercarial densities increased. No such density-dependent enhancement was shown for percentage attachment over the same cercarial density range.
Anticoccidial activity of herbal complex in broiler chickens challenged withEimeria tenella
Authors: ZAMAN MUHAMMAD A. , IQBAL ZAFAR , ABBAS RAO Z. , KHAN MUHAMMAD N. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of different concentrations of the herbal complex of 4 plants (leaves ofAzadirachta indicaandNicotiana tabacum,flowers ofCalotropis proceraand seeds ofTrachyspermum ammi) in broiler chickens in comparison with amprolium anticoccidial. Three concentrations (2 g, 4 g and 6 g) of herbal complex were given to the experimental groups once a day and amprolium (at the dose rate of 125 ppm) was given orally in drinking water from the 14th to the 21st days of age. One group was kept as infected, non-medicated control and one as non-infected, non-medicated control. All groups were inoculated orally with 75 000 sporulated oocysts on the 14th day of age except the non-infected, non-medicated control. Among herbal complex medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 6 g herbal complex followed by 4 g and 2 g herbal complex medicated groups. Treatment with 6 g of the herbal complex significantly reduced the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated withEimeria tenellachallenge at a level that was comparable with amprolium when using a largely susceptible recent field isolate. In summary, concentration-dependent anticoccidial activity of the studied herbal complex suggests its use as an alternative anticoccidial agent to chemotherapeutic drugs forEimeria tenellacontrol.