bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sobre didáctica de la traducción
Authors: López Rosario García 
Published: July 2012

Le grand nombre d’écrits sur la théorie et la pratique de la traduction n’est pas comparable à celui consacré à la didactique d’une activité dont l’étude et l’apprentissage font depuis longtemps l’objet de recherches universitaires.
Les raisons de ce déséquilibre sont nombreuses et variées, l’absence d’unanimité entre les spécialistes dans ce domaine, sur la nature et l’objet de la traduction, étant peut-être l’une des plus importantes.
Puisqu’il nous faut former des étudiants à la pratique de cette discipline, une méthodologie cohérente et rigoureuse, conçue à partir d’une théorie claire qu’il soit possible d’appliquer à la traduction de tout type de texte, s’avère nécessaire.
Cette méthodologie atteindra son but si nous parvenons à montrer aux étudiants un point de départ, des objectifs et un parcours intermédiaire, suivant des considérations traductologiques dont le dénominateur commun est leur vocation de faciliter la communication entre la culture de départ et la culture d’arrivée.
Dans cet article nous présenterons notre modèle didactique, fruit de notre expérience dans l’enseignement universitaire, mais qui ne prétend pas être exclusif. Ce modèle se veut seulement un point de départ pour la réflexion et une aide pour des professeurs et des étudiants.
La transe vaudouesque : un syndrome de déviance psycho-culturelle
Authors: Douyon Emerson 
Published: July 2012

SPIRIT POSSESSION:
A PSYCHO-CULTURAL SYNDROME OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
The Voodoo trance represents the principal aspect of deviant behaviour among coloured people. This tricky phenomenon, always considered a challenge to any scientific explanation, was subjected to an experimental analysis.
We wanted to find out what the trance performers have in common and to check whether a typical psychological structure could be associated with their deviant behaviour.
The sample included forty-four subjects divided into three categories: a) a ritual group, b) a non-ritual group, c) a control group. No male subject was used because very few men are ever possessed by spirits. Every subject was submitted to a preliminary medical check-up (physical, neurological and laboratory tests), and to a series of psychological examinations (Raven, Goldstein-Scheerer, Sacks, Rorschach, autobiographical and personality questionnaires).
The findings of the neurologist, the pathologist and the laboratory were completely negative as far as somatic predisposition to trance was concerned. But evidence of significant differences between the experimental and the control groups was demonstrated on the basis of personality tests and autobiographical questionnaires.
Spirit possession, to be induced, requires not only specific conditioning experiences, but also a disturbed, anxious and depressed personality. The non-ritual form does not imply a higher degree of pathology.
An intimate relationship between possession, states of depression and suicide has been indicated. The trance seems to be the only alternative for the neutralization of hostile feelings, either directed to the self or to others. The inhibitory effect of possession could finally prove to be a factor in reducing criminality in Haiti.
Les caractères dans le théâtre de Sade : la loi du genre
Authors: Frantz Pierre 
Published: July 2012

Pour Sade, le théâtre est surtout une activité sociale, un moyen de se situer vis-à-vis du monde. Au contraire des écrivains tels que Diderot et Beaumarchais, Sade n’est pas un innovateur dramatique, mais s’il ne met pas en question les genres traditionnels et même récents, c’est afin de les manipuler, de jouer avec. Une analyse de deux pièces — Le misanthrope par amour et Le capricieux — permet de mieux comprendre le rapport de Sade avec la tradition théâtrale, et de voir comment cet auteur profite des règles et attentes dramatiques.
Quand Mouawad digère Gauvreau : enjeux interculturels et intertextuels du passage de L’asile de la pureté à Willy Protagoras enfermé dans les toilettes
Authors: Létourneau Sophie 
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’emploie à montrer comment L’asile de la pureté de Claude Gauvreau a été assimilé par Wajdi Mouawad puis rendu dans sa pièce Willy Protagoras enfermé dans les toilettes. Ce passage d’un texte à l’autre, d’une voix à l’autre et, surtout, d’une culture à l’autre, opère dans un « système digestif » qui était déjà inscrit dans la pièce première. Mouawad reprend de Gauvreau non seulement une thématique, mais une dramatique de l’oralité et de l’analité : dans les deux pièces, il s’agit de crier, de cracher, de renvoyer, de se vider du venin de la parole des autres. Ce drame a lieu à même la langue orale (gutturale) des deux dramaturges, une langue dont la facture buccale, gutturale ou tout simplement parlée en même temps que lyrique donne à lire une sémiotique de l’organique.
Les carrefours dans la théorie de l’histoire et du théâtre
Authors: Pefanis Georges P. 
Published: July 2012

L’histoire et l’analyse théorique constituent deux champs cognitifs distincts dans les études théâtrales, lesquels néanmoins sont sectionnés dans de nombreux cas. En rapport avec l’histoire du théâtre, nous pouvons distinguer deux positions logiques. Conformément à la première, l’histoire enregistre et offre la matière première de chaque pensée secondaire sur les événements théâtraux. Ce qui est contesté souvent est le caractère « objectif » de la matière historique. Conformément à la deuxième position, l’histoire du théâtre n’est pas un ensemble évident d’événements, puisqu’elle ne peut pas reproduire le passé, mais elle offre un texte infini qui interprète le passé. Chaque discours historique contient une philosophie de l’histoire partiellement développée et souvent sous-entendue. La combinaison de ces positions nous offre toute la dynamique du discours historique et ouvre le dialogue avec les théories du théâtre.
Assurance-maladie : comment adapter les taux de remboursement aux dépenses individuelles de santé?
Authors: Lipszyc Barbara , Marchand Maurice 
Published: July 2012

Nous considérons un modèle d’assurance-maladie dans lequel les agents ne se différencient que par la gravité de la maladie qui les atteint. L’État cherche à maximiser l’espérance d’utilité des assurés et décide en conséquence de rembourser une fraction des dépenses de santé. En l’absence d’aléa moral ex post, suivant lequel la décision individuelle de dépenses de santé est affectée par leur taux de remboursement, celui-ci pourrait être de 100 %. Cependant, avec aléa moral, la gratuité des soins n’est plus de mise. Après une brève présentation du cas d’un taux de remboursement uniforme, nous envisageons d’abord une structure de remboursement à deux taux, le premier s’appliquant en dessous d’un certain seuil de dépenses et le second au-delà du seuil. Nous voulons connaître la valeur relative de ces deux taux de remboursement, ainsi que le montant du seuil. Ensuite nous montrons les caractéristiques d’un remboursement non linéaire, qui nous rapproche un peu plus de la solution de premier rang. Des exemples numériques illustrent les développements analytiques et montrent comment le partage des risques entre bien-portants et malades et la perte d’efficacité due à l’aléa moral varient selon le schéma de remboursement.
Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders among Irish farm operators
Authors: Osborne Aoife , Blake Catherine , Meredith David , Kinsella Anne , Phelan James , McNamara John , Cunningham Caitriona 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo establish prevalence, risk factors, and impact of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among farmers in Ireland.MethodsIn summer 2009, a questionnaire was appended to the Teagasc (Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority) National Farm Survey (n = 1,110) to obtain data on the prevalence, risk factors and impact of WMSDs amongst farm operators in Ireland. Data were collected by trained recorders and analyzed using chi‐square tests, t‐tests, Mann–Whitney's U‐tests and logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of WMSDs in the previous year was 9.4% (n = 103), with the most commonly affected body region being the low back 31% (n = 32). Nearly 60% (n = 57) of farmers reported missing at least a full day's work as a consequence of their WMSD. Personal factors evaluated using binary regression analysis, were found not to influence whether or not a farmer experienced a WMSD. However, work‐related factors such as larger European Size Units (ESUs, OR: 1.007, CI: 1.002–1.012), greater number of hectares farmed (OR: 2.501, CI: 1.208–4.920), higher income (OR: 1.859, CI: 1.088–3.177), dairy enterprise (OR: 1.734, CI: 1.081–2.781), and working on a full‐time farm (OR: 2.156, CI: 1.399–3.321) increased the likelihood of experiencing a WMSD. Working on a full‐time farm was the only factor found to independently predict WMSDs in the multiple regression analyses.ConclusionsThis study suggests that the prevalence of WMSDs can be reduced by the application of improved farm management practices. A more detailed examination of the risk factors associated with WMSDs is required to establish causality and develop effective interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:235–242, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta‐analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease
Authors: Noyce Alastair J. , Bestwick Jonathan P. , Silveira‐Moriyama Laura , Hawkes Christopher H. , Giovannoni Gavin , Lees Andrew J. , Schrag Anette 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the association between diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and risk factors or early symptoms amenable to population‐based screening.Methods:A systematic review and meta‐analysis of risk factors for PD.Results:The strongest associations with later diagnosis of PD were found for having a first‐degree or any relative with PD (odds ratio [OR], 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.65–3.93 and OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 3.39–5.83) or any relative with tremor (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.10–3.57), constipation (relative risk [RR], 2.34; 95% CI, 1.55–3.53), or lack of smoking history (current vs never: RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.39–0.50), each at least doubling the risk of PD. Further positive significant associations were found for history of anxiety or depression, pesticide exposure, head injury, rural living, beta‐blockers, farming occupation, and well‐water drinking, and negative significant associations were found for coffee drinking, hypertension, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, calcium channel blockers, and alcohol, but not for diabetes mellitus, cancer, oral contraceptive pill use, surgical menopause, hormone replacement therapy, statins, acetaminophen/paracetamol, aspirin, tea drinking, history of general anesthesia, or gastric ulcers. In the systematic review, additional associations included negative associations with raised serum urate, and single studies or studies with conflicting results.Interpretation:The strongest risk factors associated with later PD diagnosis are having a family history of PD or tremor, a history of constipation, and lack of smoking history. Further factors also but less strongly contribute to risk of PD diagnosis or, as some premotor symptoms, require further standardized studies to demonstrate the magnitude of risk associated with them. ANN NEUROL 2012
Preparation, water absorbency, and enzyme degradability of novel chitin‐ and cellulose/chitin‐based superabsorbent hydrogels
Authors: Kono Hiroyuki , Zakimi Morito 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSuperabsorbent hydrogels were prepared from chitin dissolved in lithium chloride and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone by esterification crosslinking with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTCA). The absorbency of the chitin hydrogel was strongly dependent on the ratio of BTCA feed to chitin. The hydrogel prepared at the feed ratio of 5 showed the highest absorbency (345 g/g‐polymer), and the hydrogel was composed of 0.65 molecules of BTCA per monomer unit of chitin. The hydrogels exhibited good biodegradability by chitinase with a maximum degradation of 91% within 7 days. This method for obtaining the chitin hydrogel was also applicable to cellulose and chitin mixtures, and 1 : 1 cellulose/chitin hybrid hydrogels could be obtained by the esterification crosslinking of a mixture with a 1 : 1 molar ratio of cellulose and chitin. The optimal BTCA feed ratio of 5 resulted in the cellulose/chitin hydrogel with the highest water absorbency (329 g/g‐polymer), and the hydrogel contained 0.65 molecules of BTCA per polysaccharide monomer unit. In addition, the hybrid hydrogels were degraded by cellulase as well as chitinase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Characterization of rigid polyurethane foams containing microencapsulted phase change materials: Microcapsules type effect
Authors: Borreguero Ana M. , Rodríguez Juan F. , Valverde José L. , Peijs Ton , Carmona Manuel 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRigid polyurethane (RPU) foams were synthesized incorporating up to 18 wt % of two different kinds of thermo‐regulating microcapsules having a different shell material consisting of polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate), named as mSP‐(PS‐RT27) and Micronal®DS 5001X, respectively. The type of microcapsules and their content affected the final foam height, which decreased with the content and particle size. However, the foam rising curve shape was not dependent on the microcapsules type or content and was successfully predicted by means of a model of reaction curve of four tanks in series. Thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of PU foams was improved by incorporating both, mSP‐(PS‐RT27) or Micronal®DS 5001X, with the values close to those reported in the literature (16 J/g) for the highest content. Nevertheless, the highest particle size of the microcapsules from PS and the agglomeration of the microcapsules from poly(methyl methacrylate), promoted by their additive SiO2, led to the strut rupture, damaging the final mechanical properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Facile fabrication of conductive ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers via mussel‐inspired deposition
Authors: Hu Weiwei , Zeng Zhixiang , Wang Zongbao , Liu Chenyang , Wu Xuedong , Gu Qun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe conductive ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers are fabricated by electroless silver plating. The extremely inert and smooth surfaces of fibers are first activated by dopamine self‐polymerization. Then, metallic silver layers are deposited on the surface via electroless silver plating. The chemical composition, surface topography, and crystal structure of fibers are studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The XPS spectra certify the existence of polydopamine layer on surface. The XPS spectra and the XRD spectra prove that the silver particles deposited on the surface are pure in zero‐value state and of high crystallinity. The resistance of the silver‐coated fibers is 0.15 Ω/cm per bundle measured by two‐point method. These conductive fibers with high conductivity are expected to use as the electrical wires. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Enhancement of pro‐degradant performance in polyethylene/starch blends as a function of distribution
Authors: Yu Long , Liu Xingxun , Petinakis Eustathios , Bateman Stuart , Sangwan Parveen , Ammala Anne , Dean Katherine , Wong‐Holmes Susan , Yuan Qiang , Siew Chee Kiong , Samsudin Farid , Ahamid Zulkifli 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effect of pro‐degradant distribution in polyethylene (PE)/starch blends on ultraviolet (UV) photo‐oxidative degradation was investigated. Two kinds of pro‐degradants, Fe and Co‐based, were used in this study. The distribution of pro‐degradants in the different phases was varied by a dual step process using a side‐feed on a reactive extruder. The variation in mechanical properties and evaluation of carbonyl groups by FTIR were conducted to investigate the effect of degradation following exposure to UV photo‐oxidative degradation. It was found that the variation in mechanical properties was higher when the pro‐degradants were distributed in the PE phase. The concentration of carbonyl groups increased as a function of UV exposure, and the concentration of carbonyl groups was higher when the pro‐degradants were distributed in the PE phase. Micro‐cracking was observed on the interface between starch and PE after adding the pro‐degradants. When the pro‐degradants were distributed in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) phase, the micro‐cracks mainly appeared in HDPE matrix, and the density of micro‐crack was higher. In general, the function of the pro‐degradants in PE/starch blends was enhanced when their distribution was varied within HDPE phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Recent advances in targeted genome engineering in mammalian systems
Authors: Sun Ning , Abil Zhanar , Zhao Huimin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTargeted genome engineering enables researchers to disrupt, insert, or replace a genomic sequence precisely at a predetermined locus. One well‐established technology to edit a mammalian genome is known as gene targeting, which is based on the homologous recombination (HR) mechanism. However, the low HR frequency in mammalian cells (except for mice) prevents its wide application. To address this limitation, a custom‐designed nuclease is used to introduce a site‐specific DNA double‐strand break (DSB) on the chromosome and the subsequent repair of the DSB by the HR mechanism or the non‐homologous end joining mechanism results in efficient targeted genome modifications. Engineered homing endonucleases (also called meganucleases), zinc finger nucleases, and transcription activator‐like effector nucleases represent the three major classes of custom‐designed nucleases that have been successfully applied in many different organisms for targeted genome engineering. This article reviews the recent developments of these genome engineering tools and highlights a few representative applications in mammalian systems. Recent advances in gene delivery strategies of these custom‐designed nucleases are also briefly discussed.
Wound‐healing evaluation of entrapped active agents into protein microspheres over cellulosic gauzes
Authors: Silva Raquel , Ferreira Helena , Matamá Teresa , Gomes Andreia C. , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe use of active ingredients in wound management have evolved alongside the pharmaceutical agents and dressings used to deliver them. However, the development of gauzes, dressings with specific properties, still remains a challenge for several medical applications. A new methodology for the controlled release of active components for the healing of burn wounds is proposed herein. Cotton and non‐woven bandages have been cationised to promote the attachment of protein microspheres. The active agents, piroxicam and vegetable oil, were entrapped into the microspheres using ultrasound energy. Active agents were released from the microspheres by a change in pH. Wound healing was assessed through the use of standardised burn wounds induced by a cautery in human full‐thickness skin equivalents (EpidermFT). The best re‐epithelialisation and fastest wound closure was observed in wounds treated with proteinaceous microspheres attached to gauzes, after six days of healing, in comparison with commercial collagen dressing and other controls. Furthermore, the ability of these materials to reduce the inflammation process, together with healing improvement, makes these biomaterials suitable for wound‐dressing applications.
Solvent‐dependent conformation of a regioselective amylose carbamate: Amylose‐2‐acetyl‐3,6‐bis(phenylcarbamate)
Authors: Tsuda Maiko , Terao Ken , Kitamura Shinichi , Sato Takahiro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSix amylose‐2‐acetyl‐3,6‐bis(phenylcarbamate) (AAPC) samples ranging in weight‐average molar mass Mw from 1.8 × 104 g mol−1 to 1.1 × 106 g mol−1 have been prepared from enzymatically synthesized amylose samples. Static light scattering, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, and viscosity measurements were made for the samples in 1,4‐dioxane (DIOX), 2‐ethoxyethanol (2EE), and 2‐butanone (MEK) all at 25°C to determine particle scattering functions, z‐average radii of gyration, intrinsic viscosities, as well as Mw. The data were analyzed in terms of the wormlike cylinder model mainly to yield the helix pitch per residue h and the Kuhn segment length λ−1, which corresponds to twice of the persistence length. The latter parameters (λ−1) in 2EE (11 nm) and MEK (12 nm) are quite smaller than those for amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) (ATPC) in the same solvent (16 nm in 2EE and 18 nm in MEK) whereas those for AAPC (21 nm) and ATPC (22 nm) in DIOX are essentially the same as each other. This indicates that the chain stiffness of AAPC is more strongly influenced by the solvents since the number of intramolecular H‐bonds of AAPC is more changeable than that for ATPC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:1010–1017, 2012.
Computationally designed β‐turn foldamers of γ‐peptides based on 2‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
Authors: Kang, Young Kee , Byun Byung Jin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe γ‐peptide β‐turn structures have been designed computationally by the combination of chirospecific γ2, 3‐residues of 2‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (γAmc6) with a cyclohexyl constraint on the Cα−Cβ bond using density functional methods in water. The chirospecific γAmc6 dipeptide with the (2S,3S)‐(2R,3R) configurations forms a stable turn structure in water, resembling a type II′ turn of α‐peptides, which can be used as a β‐turn motif in β‐hairpins of Ala‐based α‐peptides. The γAmc6 dipeptide with homochiral (2S,3S)‐(2S,3S) configurations but different cyclohexyl puckerings shows the capability to be incorporated into one of two β‐turn motifs of gramicidin S. The overall structure of this gramicidin S analogue is quite similar to the native gramicidin S with the same patterns and geometries of hydrogen bonds. Our calculated results and the recently observed results may imply the wider applicability of chirospecific γ‐peptides with a cyclohexyl constraint on the backbone to form various peptide foldamers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:1018–1025, 2012.
Recruiting patients into randomized clinical trials in surgery (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 307–308)
Authors: Jacobs W C H , Kruyt M C , Oner F C 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (http://www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Sustainability and Earth Resources: Life Cycle Assessment Modeling
Authors: O'Shea T. , Golden J. S. , Olander L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTCorporations are facing increasing risks associated with ecosystems from both natural drivers, such as climate change, as well as institutional drivers resulting from retailers and brands, increasingly making supplier decisions based on life cycle reporting and indexing. These efforts reflect a transition from traditional firm sustainability to a more quantitative product focus, within which the importance and weight of earth resources and ecosystems is dramatically increasing. This paper provides an overview of the limitations traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) methods and presents emerging developments to improve on LCA for resources and ecosystems. This includes LCA efforts to account for spatial relevance, indices of stress, stocks and flows and integrated valuation of services and trade‐offs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.