bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON THE EVOLUTION OF STRIDULATION WITHIN THE FAMILY SCORPIONIDAE
Authors: ALEXANDER ANNE J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Superficially similar mechanisms of pedipalpar stridulation occur in the genera Pandinus and Heterometrus. The basic differences are pointed out and it is shown that part, at least, of the anatomical bases for both mechanisms occur in another scorpionid genus, Opisthophthalmus.
Contrary to previous opinions on the subject, it was found that the stridulatory movements in Pandinus and Heterometrus are not the same; in Pandinus they are defensive while those described for Heterometrus correspond to the movement of pedipalpar attack.
It is pointed out that these two different movements produce friction in different places: the attack movement causes most friction over surfaces which produce the sound in Heterometrus, the defensive movement at the points which have become stridulatory surfaces in Pandinus.
It is shown that there is anatomical preadaptation to cheliceral stridulation within the genus Opisthophthalmus.
THE INNER EAR OF SOME MEMBERS OF THE PIPIDAE (AMPHIBIA)
Authors: PATERSON NELLIE F. 
Published: August 2010

The aquatic habit of members of the Pipidae seems to have resulted in the retention of a number of neotenic features, and these are evident in the inner ear as well as in other systems of organs.From a comparative study of the morphological details of the inner ear of adults of Hemipipa carvalhoi, Hymenochirus curtipes and Xenopus laevis, juvenile Pipa pipa and larval stages of Hemipipa, Xenopus and Rana fuscigula, it appears that the arrangement in Hemipipa is the least specialized, while the inner ear of Xenopus closely resembles that of amphibious Anura.Attention is drawn to Witschi's conclusions (1947–1956) that in larval forms of Rana and Xenopus the lungs act as sound receptors, associated with which is the temporary development of certain auxiliary bronchial structures. In the present observations these structures are interpreted otherwise, and no definite conclusions are reached as to their participation in the auditory mechanism.Variations in the inner ear of the four species of Pipidae studied appear to strengthen opinions regarding the somewhat unsatisfactory classification of the family. Hemipipa and Pipa fall naturally into the subfamily Pipinae, but the marked differences between Hymenochirus and Xenopus, not only in regard to the inner ear, but also in other anatomical features, suggest that these two genera should be relegated to separate subfamilies.
SIX NEW SPECIES OF MICRATHENA (ARANEAE, ARGIOPIDAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA WITH NOTES ON KNOWN SPECIES
Authors: CHICKERING ARTHUR M. 
Published: August 2010

Six new species of Micrathena are described and figured. These are all selected from unassorted collections loaned by the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University Museum. The types will be deposited in the appropriate institutions.In order to further our understanding of the genus additional notes and figures on sixteen species, previously known but inadequately described, are given.
LIFE CYCLES OF FOUR FRESHWATER SNAILS IN LIMITED POPULATIONS IN LOCH LOMOND, WITH A DISCUSSION OF INFRASPECIFIC VARIATION
Authors: HUNTER W. RUSSELL 
Published: August 2010

With dredged samples from an isolated bank in Loch Lomond providing standards, data are presented on the interpopulation variations in growth and reproduction which occur in five species of freshwater snails. Infraspecific differences between populations inPlanorbis albusandValvata piscinalisinvolve only growth rates and the time and intensity of the breeding season. InPhysa fontinalis, Lymnaea peregraandAncylus fluviatilis, interpopulation differences involve the seasonal course of the reproductive cycle (and the number of generations per year), as well as growth rates. A series of the known life cycles of freshwater pulmonates is then considered: two patterns of simple annual cycle, and two patterns each involving a second generation annually, are described, besides certain more exceptional life cycles. All four patterns have been found in different populations ofP. fontinalisandL. peregra.Variations in breeding are dependent both on environmental factors, water temperature being most important, and on endogenous causes involving the growth of the snails; variation in mortality may involve environmental limitation. Most interpopulation variations can be environmentally evoked, but some differences seem genetically determined. It is suggested that adaptive plasticity, as found in several aspects of the physiology of these snails, is of fundamental selective value, given the temporal and spatial peculiarities of the freshwater environment.
THE POPULATIONS OF BALANUS AMPHITRITE VAR. STUTSBURI ON THE GUINEA COAST
Authors: SANDISON EYVOR E. 
Published: August 2010

Collections of Balanus amphitrite Darwin have been made along the Guinea Coast, and varieties denticulata, venustus and stutsburi have been identified. Of these only var. stutsburi appears in Lagos Harbour, but these individuals have shown so much variation of their morphological characters that they have led to a more detailed study to try to ascertain the inter‐relationships of the various var. stutsburi populations found along the coast, and to see whether any of these could be entering the Harbour.Certain characters, mainly referring to proportional measurements of the tergum and scutum and the numbers of segments on the cirri, have been chosen for closer analysis. The more variable characters shown by var. stutsburi have been selected for this, in the hope of (a) finding more accurate methods for describing the variable characters of a variety and giving their limits of variation, and (b) to find possible elines in the characteristic features as shown by the var. stutsburi populations on the Guinea Coast.As a result of this analysis the relationships between the “centre” of the population in Kuramo, near Lagos Harbour, and the populations in the surrounding lagoons is clarified, and the populations at Irewe and Port Harcourt are found to show slight (but definable) trends differing from those in the Lagos area. B. amphitrite var. pallidus, recorded by Darwin from West Africa, has not been identified amongst the collections, but the possibility that it may be synonomous with var. stutsburi is discussed. The necessity for a re‐description of the type specimens is emphasized, and more accurate methods for the description of new species and varieties is advocated.
NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE MOUNT KENYA HYRAX (PROCAVIA JOHNSTONI MACKINDERI THOMAS)
Authors: COE MALCOLM J. 
Published: August 2010

The results of field work conducted on Mount Kenya between 1957 and 1960 are presented, and the origin of the subspecies Procavia johnstoni mackinderi is discussed with regard to glacial history and the distribution of montane forest.The number of young produced is below the mode for lowland species, due to the sparcity of food.Activity is related to illumination and not to temperature. Both sunlight and moonlight have a profound effect on activity.Food material being restricted at high altitudes, diet varies with the position of the colony.Colonies appear to consist of single males protecting small groups of females and their young.
THE CEPHALOPHARYNGEAL APPARATUS OF SYRPHID LARVAE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DIPTERA
Authors: HARTLEY J. C. 
Published: August 2010

The main remnant of the head of the syrphid larva hag been retracted into the thorax and is called the cephalopharyngeal apparatus. It forms a special food collecting and sorting pump. The form, development, and function of this structure in Eristalis is described. The structure of the other remnants of the head is also considered.The cephalopharyngeal apparatus of other Syrphidae is compared with the saprophagous type of Eristalis. A previously undescribed feature is a grinding mill in the cephalopharyngeal apparatus of Merodon and Eumerus. The way in which the various forms of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus of the Syrphidae have arisen from the primitive type is discussed.The morphology of the head is compared with other families of Diptera and relationships of some parts are discussed. A new interpretation of some parts of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus is suggested, particularly the so‐called ‘ intermediate ’ sclerite.
BEHAVIOUR OF SOCIALLY LIVING RHESUS MONKEYS IN THEIR FIRST SIX MONTHS
Authors: HINDE R. A. , BOWELL T. E. , SPENCER‐BOOTH Y. 
Published: August 2010

A and B. The behaviour of eight rhesus monkeys during the first six months of life was studied. The animals were brought up by their natural mothers living in captivity in small social groups containing one adult male and three or four adult females.C (i). Three births were witnessed. The placenta was not eaten in some cases.C (ii). Many of the mothers held their babies in abnormal positions immediately after birth. They were often held so tightly that they could not turn their heads to gain the nipple.D (i)The normal ventro‐ventral nursing position is described.D (ii)The methods by which the infant finds the nipple are described. The time spent by the infant on the nipple with its eyes open rose to a peak of 35 per cent in the third week, and then declined (Fig. 1). Only a small proportion of the time spent on the nipple is occupied by sucking.D (iii). A nipple preference is established during the first few weeks. This may not be a sucking preference.D (iv). The proportion of time in which the infant's eyes were closed fell from 70 per cent in week 1 to about 25 per cent after five weeks, and then more slowly (Fig. 2). The proportion of time on the mother with the eyes open but not attached to the nipple rose to a peak of 22 per cent in weeks 7/8 (Fig. 3).D (v). The way in which the mother carried the baby during locomotion is described. Riding on the mother's back was not common in our colony.D (vi). Some observations on the development of eye‐hand‐mouth coordination are described. The ages at which certain criteria of achievement were reached are given in Table 3.D (vii). The initiative for the first separation between mother and infant comes sometimes from the mother, sometimes from the infant.D (viii). The proportion of time spent off the mother rose t o about 60 per cent after 16 weeks (Fig. 4).D (ix). The ages at which certain criteria of achievement were attained are given in Table 4.D (x). The manner in which the infant follows its mother is described.D (xi). As the infants get older, the length of the periods which they spend off their mother increases (Fig. 5). After the sixth week the infant spends a considerable proportion of its time more than two feet from its mother (Figs. 6, 7 & 8).D (xii). The relative roles of infant and mother in increasing and decreasing the distance between them are shown in Figs. 9 and 10.D (xiii).The manner in which the mother protects and grooms the infant is describedD (xiv). The development of independent feeding is described. (Fig. 11). She also shows various types of “affectionate” behaviour without obvious function.D (xv). As the infant gets older, there are a number of contexts in which its behaviour is not reciprocal to that of the mother. Mother‐infant incompatibility arises in the The development of independent feeding is described contexts of sucking, carrying, feeding, exploration and play.
Bex1 is involved in the regeneration of axons after injury
Authors: Khazaei Mohammad R. , Halfter Hartmut , Karimzadeh Fereshteh , Koo Jae Hyung , Margolis Frank L. , Young Peter 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 910–920.AbstractSuccessful axonal regeneration is a complex process determined by both axonal environment and endogenous neural capability of the regenerating axons in the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Numerous external inhibitory factors inhibit axonal regeneration after injury. In response, neurons express various regeneration‐associated genes to overcome this inhibition and increase the intrinsic growth capacity. In the present study, we show that the brain‐expressed X‐linked (Bex1) protein was over‐expressed as a result of peripheral axonal damage. Bex1 antagonized the axon outgrowth inhibitory effect of myelin‐associated glycoprotein. The involvement of Bex1 in axon regeneration was further confirmedin vivo. We have demonstrated that Bex1 knock‐out mice showed lower capability for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury than wild‐type animals. Wild‐type mice could recover from sciatic nerve injury much faster than Bex1 knock‐out mice. Our findings suggest that Bex1 could be considered as regeneration‐associated gene.
GFR α‐1 receptor expression in the aging nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways
Authors: Pruett Brandon S. , Salvatore Michael F. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 707–715.AbstractWe recently reported that age‐related bradykinesia was associated with reduced dopamine (DA) tissue content, ser31 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation, and total TH levels in substantia nigra (SN) only. In this study, we propose that these decreases result from reduced glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α‐1 (GFR α‐1) levels in the aged (30‐month‐old) cohort of rats. Analysis of GFR α‐1 receptor protein in SN, striatum, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens from 12‐ and 30‐month‐old Brown‐Norway/Fischer 344 F1hybrid rats revealed immunoreactivity at ∼48 and 52 kDa, bands previously characterized to correspond to soluble and glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol‐linked forms of GFR α‐1, respectively. The nigrostriatal pathway had significantly greater levels of the soluble GFR α‐1 than the mesoaccumbens pathway. Aging significantly reduced soluble and total GFR α‐1 in the SN. The levels of GFR α‐1 significantly correlated with TH protein in SN, striatum, and nucleus accumbens, but only in the SN did GFR α‐1 significantly correlate with DA levels. Based on these observations and findings from the literature, we speculate that (i) GFR α‐1 receptor expression may regulate nigral DA bioavailabilityin vivo, (ii) age‐related decreases in soluble GFR α‐1 in SN may contribute to bradykinesia in aging, and (iii) differences in expression of the GFR α‐1 forms between the nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways and allied tissue may indicate that glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor‐signaling differs between these DA pathways.
Follow‐up of adolescents born extremely preterm: self‐perceived mental health, social and relational outcomes
Authors: Hallin Anne‐Li , Stjernqvist Karin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether adolescents born extremely preterm differ from full‐term born regarding mental health, social support and attachment style.Methods:  Fifty‐one young adults born before the 29th gestational week and 54 born at term were investigated by self‐reports. Psychological health was measured by the Beck Youth Inventories of Emotional and Social Impairment, social support with the Interview Schedule of Social Interaction and attachment style with the Relationship Questionnaire.Results:  No difference was noted regarding mental health. The preterm group described themselves as having less social interaction (p ≤ 0.001), but no difference was obtained regarding satisfaction with this circumstance. The prematurely born judged a preoccupied attachment style, concordant with a model of a negative self and positive other, to be applicable more often than the controls (p = 0.02).Conclusion:  Extremely preterm born adolescents did not experience more problems regarding mental health compared to controls. Nevertheless, they reported less social interaction and, to a greater extent, a negative model of self.
Antimicrobial Resistance Testing of Verocytotoxin-Producing
Escherichia coli
and First Description of TEM-52 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase in Serogroup O26
Authors: Buvens Glenn , Bogaerts Pierre , Glupczynski Youri , Lauwers Sabine , Piérard Denis 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We have investigated the antimicrobial resistance of verocytotoxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(VTEC) strains isolated from humans, animals, food, and the environment in Belgium. Resistance was more frequent in non-O157 strains from humans than in O157 strains from humans or other sources, and among non-O157 VTEC strains, intimin-positive strains were more resistant than intimin-negative strains. We also report the first VTEC strain producing an IncI1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoded by plasmid-borne
bla
TEM-52
; this β-lactamase was previously associated with
Salmonella enterica
and
E. coli
isolates from different origins.
Impact of
cyp51A
Mutations on the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Voriconazole in a Murine Model of Disseminated Aspergillosis
Authors: Mavridou Eleftheria , Bruggemann Roger J. M. , Melchers Willem J. G. , Verweij Paul E. , Mouton Johan W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The
in vivo
efficacy of voriconazole against 4 clinical
Aspergillus fumigatus
isolates with MICs ranging from 0.125 to 2 mg/liter (CLSI document M38A) was assessed in a nonneutropenic murine model of disseminated aspergillosis. The study involved TR/L98H, M220I, and G54W mutants and a wild-type control isolate. Oral voriconazole therapy was started 24 h after intravenous infection of mice and was given once daily for 14 consecutive days, with doses ranging from 10 to 80 mg/kg of body weight, using survival as the endpoint. Survival for all isolates was dependent on the voriconazole dose level (
R
2
value of 0.5 to 0.6), but a better relationship existed for the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio) or the AUC for the free, unbound fraction of the drug divided by the MIC (
f
AUC/MIC ratio) (
R
2
value of 0.95 to 0.98). The 24-h
f
AUC/MIC ratio showed a clear relationship to effect, with an exposure index for amount of free drug required for 50% of maximum effectiveness (
f
EI
50
) of 11.17 at day 7. Maximum effect was reached at values of around 80 to 100, comparable to that observed for posaconazole and
A. fumigatus
. Mice infected with an isolate having a MIC of 2 mg/liter required an exposure that was inversely correlated with the increase in MIC compared to that of the wild-type control, but due to nonlinear pharmacokinetics, this required only doubling of the voriconazole dose. The efficacy of voriconazole for isolates with high MICs for other triazoles but voriconazole MICs within the wild-type population range was comparable to that for the wild-type control. Finally, we used a grapefruit juice-free murine model of aspergillosis and concluded that this model is appropriate to study pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of voriconazole.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Appropriate Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Sepsis
Authors: Paul Mical , Shani Vered , Muchtar Eli , Kariv Galia , Robenshtok Eyal , Leibovici Leonard 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Quantifying the benefit of early antibiotic treatment is crucial for decision making and can be assessed only in observational studies. We performed a systematic review of prospective studies reporting the effect of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment on all-cause mortality among adult inpatients with sepsis. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score. We calculated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for each study and extracted adjusted ORs, with variance, methods, and covariates being used for adjustment. ORs were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. We examined the effects of methodological and clinical confounders on results through subgroup analysis or mixed-effect meta-regression. Seventy studies were included, of which 48 provided an adjusted OR for inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was associated with significantly higher mortality in the unadjusted and adjusted comparisons, with considerable heterogeneity occurring in both analyses (
I
2
> 70%). Study design, time of mortality assessment, the reporting methods of the multivariable models, and the covariates used for adjustment were significantly associated with effect size. Septic shock was the only clinical variable significantly affecting results (it was associated with higher ORs). Studies adjusting for background conditions and sepsis severity reported a pooled adjusted OR of 1.60 (95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 1.86; 26 studies; number needed to treat to prevent one fatal outcome, 10 patients [95% confidence interval = 8 to 15];
I
2
= 46.3%) given 34% mortality with inappropriate empirical treatment. Appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality. However, the methods used in the observational studies significantly affect the effect size reported. Methods of observational studies assessing the effects of antibiotic treatment should be improved and standardized.
vanM
, a New Glycopeptide Resistance Gene Cluster Found in
Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Xu Xiaogang , Lin Dongfang , Yan Guoquan , Ye Xinyu , Wu Shi , Guo Yan , Zhu Demei , Hu Fupin , Zhang Yingyuan , Wang Fu , Jacoby George A. , Wang Minggui 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Since glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) were reported in 1988, they have appeared in hospitals worldwide. Seven
van
gene cluster types (
vanA
,
vanB
,
vanC
,
vanD
,
vanE
,
vanG
, and
vanL
) are currently known. We investigated a clinical strain of
Enterococcus
faecium
Efm-HS0661 that was isolated in 2006 from an inpatient with intra-abdominal infection in Shanghai. It was resistant to most antimicrobials, including vancomycin (MIC, >256 μg/ml) and teicoplanin (MIC, 96 μg/ml). Glycopeptide resistance could be transferred to
E
.
faecium
BM4105RF by conjugation. The donor and its transconjugant were negative by PCR for the known
van
genes. By cloning and primer walk sequencing, we discovered a novel
van
gene cluster, designated
vanM
. The
vanM
ligase gene was 1,032-bp in length and encoded a 343-amino-acid protein that shared 79.9, 70.8, 66.3, and 78.8% amino acid identity with VanA, VanB, VanD, and VanF, respectively. Although the
vanM
DNA sequence was closest to
vanA
, the organization of the
vanM
gene cluster was most similar to that of
vanD
. Upstream from the
vanM
cluster was an IS
1216-
like element, which may play a role in the dissemination of this resistance determinant. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of peptidoglycan precursors extracted from the VanM-type strain Efm-HS0661 treated with vancomycin or teicoplanin revealed a modified precursor (UDP-
N
-acetylmuramic acid [MurNAc]-tetrapeptide-
d
-Lac), indicating that VanM, like VanA, confers glycopeptide resistance by the inducible synthesis of precursor ending in
d
-Ala-
d
-Lac.