bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Sexual Abuse Experienced by Gay and Bisexual Men: Understanding the Disparities and Interventions to Help Eliminate Them
Authors: Purcell David W. , Patterson Jocelyn D. , Spikes, Jr. Pilgrim S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a systematic review of the prevalence and correlates of childhood sexual abuse among gay and bisexual men in the United States. It begins by describing the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among men and compares rates between gay and bisexual men and heterosexual men. It assesses methodological and theoretical issues that affect estimates of the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse. Of particular importance is the in-depth examination of the effects of childhood sexual abuse in adulthood, which include harmful effects related to mental health, substance use, sexual victimization, and sexual risk behavior. The chapter reviews what is known about interventions to prevent childhood sexual abuse and its early effects in children as well as secondary prevention interventions that are designed to reduce the later effects of childhood sexual abuse that are experienced in adulthood. It concludes with recommendations for future research.
HIV Infection among Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Sullivan Patrick S. , Wolitski Richard J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes HIV prevalence and incidence among gay and bisexual men in the United States. It details disparities in HIV rates relative to heterosexual men and draws particular attention to the substantial disparities experienced by African American gay and bisexual men. The chapter reviews the large research literature on the factors associated with HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men. Critical opportunities to prevent HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men are discussed. The chapter also identifies key challenges to HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men, and identifies key gaps in prior research on this issue.
Social Discrimination and Health Outcomes in African American, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islander Gay Men
Authors: Díaz Rafael M. , Peterson John L. , Choi Kyung-Hee 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a thorough review of the evidence regarding disparities that differentially affect the health of African American, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islander gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These disparities are based in multiple forms of social discrimination including homophobia, racism, and gender nonconformity. Particular attention is given to the unique experiences of African American, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islander gay men that affect their mental health, substance use and abuse, and HIV risk. The chapter concludes by identifying gaps in prior research and suggesting future research and prevention efforts.
Counterrevolution
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The idea of holism emerged in the second half of the 19th century, but it became pervasive in Europe and North America between the two world wars. It implied, among other things, a concern with the adaptation of whole systems to change, whether environmental or social. This chapter discusses the diffusion and use of the idea of holism in medicine, epidemiology, and public health.
The Standard of Living
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses explanations that have been offered for the decline of mortality in both the 19th and 20th centuries, and makes the argument that while it would be foolish to reject the importance of a rising standard of living, too often the role of purposeful intervention has been denigrated. The first explanation attributes the improvement to a rising standard of living due to economic expansion, generally understood to mean industrial development and improved agricultural productivity. The second explains the decline as the result of purposeful human agency: the application of a variety of public health interventions to the problems of water, food, and airborne infectious diseases. A third less-common explanation invokes the biological selection and adaptation of human hosts and/or microorganisms.
Globalization
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the association between openness to international trade—measured as imports plus exports as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP)—and its consequences for the health of populations, as well as on the debates about its beneficial and harmful effects. It argues that openness to trade is not incompatible with good health of the population affected, but neither is it a guarantee. Much of the difference in mortality among countries depends upon the strength and policies of their governments and the degree to which they can protect their populations and communities from the vicissitudes that openness involves, while still benefiting from its positive effects.
Masterful Images
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Three related themes have run through this book: (i) the role that inherited ideas about the consequences of social and economic change and of causes of disease have had on explanations of the social determinants of the health of populations; (ii) the way these inherited ideas have been assimilated into different political ideologies that influence the choices we all make of the evidence we accept and ignore; and (iii) the importance of particular contexts—including, but not limited to, political institutions—for understanding the health of populations. This concluding chapter draws together these themes, first by using debates about HIV-AIDS for illustrative purposes, and then by returning to the issues raised at the beginning of the book: (i) the significance of the distinction between the cognitive styles of hedgehogs and foxes, and (ii) the importance of anomalies and what they can tell us about the generalizability of theories about the social determinants of death and disease.
The Host of Witnesses
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers how King’s formative influences contributed to the theological development of his image of God conception by providing a detailed explanation as to why he considered that chosen position theologically tenable. It discusses the theological influences of King’s childhood and the insights gained during his eleven years of academic preparation at Morehouse College, Crozier Theological Seminary, and Boston University, as a means of exploring how his earlier exposure to his father’s so-called biblical fundamentalism and later introductions to strands of neo-orthodoxy and liberalism ultimately solidified his interpretation of image of God. Additionally, it considers King within the context of 20th-century African American thought and the rich milieu occupied by its various theologians and activists
King among the Theologians
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter locates and identifies King’s theological anthropology within the larger doctrinal spectrum while revealing the extent to which his image of God conception accounted for similar and/or divergent anthropologic conclusions. This chapter, therefore, considers the ways in which King’s anthropology identifies with that of earlier thinkers who also sought to address these essential questions, thereby rendering responses that either heightened or lowered their respective sense of expectation insofar as the issue of human capacity was concerned. At bottom, it clarifies the degree of King’s expectation regarding humanity’s capacity to progress socially and where he finally weighs in on the question of image of God, given the richness of this vast theological tradition.
The People’s Health Center: Building Primary Health Care in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Zafrullah , Bachman Sarah L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of the establishment of primary health care in Gonoshasthaya Kendrai, Bangladesh. It describes experiences in a medical team that arrived in Bangladesh to provide medical care to wounded freedom fighters and refugees, and their eventual training of girls to become paramedics. The paramedics at GK provided various services from basic health care to family planning to surgical operations. Since most of them were from the community, they knew the local language, dialects, and pronunciations. They also understood how the community mind works. As a result, they were often more effective in the field than doctors.
An Orphan Disease in Mozambique
Authors: Cliff Julie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an account about konzo, an epidemic of spastic paralysis in Mozambique caused by cyanide poisoning from inadequately prepared cassava. It chronicles the examination of patients and efforts to identify the cause of the disease. If the people could stop their dependence on bitter cassava, there would be no more cases of konzo, the chapter states. However, this was not a problem that was easily solved because cassava was tied to the fundamental economics of the region.
Beijing + 5: What Can International Conferences Achieve for Women’s Health?
Authors: Hodoglugil Nuriye Nalan Sahin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents some thoughts about the significance of the United Nations Beijing +5 Conference. In 1995, when the Fourth World Conference for Women was held in Beijing, women came from all over the world to discuss pertinent issues such as health, economic and political power, and violence and oppression. The final document produced at this conference was the Platform for Action, which described the overall status of women internationally based on these issues. The Beijing +5 meetings was organized by the UN's Division for the Advancement of Women to assess the current situations of women globally and to make relevant changes to the Platform for Action while also reaffirming commitment to the original document.
Applying Global Health Lessons to Syracuse, New York
Authors: Lane Sandra D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes efforts to bring lessons from international health back to Syracuse, New York. It describes Syracuse Healthy Start (SHS), which brought together over thirty agencies to coordinate and enhance the care of pregnant women and families with infants throughout Syracuse. The chapter states that SHS has been successful in three key areas. First, pregnant inmates receive high-quality prenatal services and integrated case management, helping many to give birth to healthy infants. Second, pregnant and parenting teens in Syracuse have generally good birth outcomes and lower rates of infant death than adult women. Third, adult women who had not graduated from high school and were served by SHS were found to have significantly lower rates of postneonatal infant death than comparable women who were not SHS participants.
“Returned to Sender”: Corruption in International Health in Nigeria
Authors: Mbakwem Benjamin C. , Smith Daniel Jordan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes corruption through the story of public health work in Nigeria and in particular of their experiences with international and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Their perspective is that corruption is a real problem for the successful implementation of public health programs but that it is also widely misunderstood. The obsession with the “problem” of corruption obscures the extent to which western donor organizations and the expatriates who work for them in places like Nigeria are among the primary beneficiaries of these international health programs.
Basic Features of Pension Systems
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPensions differ in the way they are financed, in the relationship between contributions and benefits, and in how both are adjusted as the economic and demographic environment changes. Some features are generally found only in public pension systems; others are common to both public and employer-based systems. The chapter then introduces a recent development, notional defined-contribution pensions, which combine some of the traditional features in a novel way. Finally, the chapter briefly delineates the main areas of controversy with respect to the choices among these features.
Pensions and Labor Markets
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter starts with an overview of the impacts of pension systems on the labor market, in particular the important role of labor mobility, and the balance between mandatory and voluntary pensions. The next two sections examine the implications of these impacts for pension design. The chapter then discusses pension design in the accruals phase, that is, how a person builds up an entitlement to pension benefits during working life, and the chapter also considers how benefits are determined once a person starts to receive a pension. The chapter assumes a pension system in financial balance. Finally, the chapter discusses how to adjust a pension system over time in the face of any imbalance. The chapter also discusses some analytical errors.
Redistribution and Risk Sharing
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPension systems have powerful redistributive effects, which may or may not be intended and may or may not be desirable. They can redistribute within a generation. Pension systems can also redistribute across generations. A system with less than full funding inescapably makes choices about redistribution across generations; so does a move toward funding that increases national saving. All pension systems face risk. A central question, discussed in the latter part of the chapter, is how these risks can be shared and how widely they should be shared—questions with implications for both efficiency and equity.
Field Epidemiology
Authors: Gregg Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This book has a mission of describing the application of basic epidemiologic principles in real time, place, and person to solve problems of an urgent or emergency nature. Based on decades of experience in both infectious and non-infectious diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this book describes the distinct approach, tasks, and actions needed for successful field investigations. Guidance is given on such issues as how to perform surveillance, manage, and execute field investigations, collect and analyze data, perform surveys, adapt a personal computer for field use, and communicate the findings. Specific advice is also given on such subjects as dealing with the media; investigations in health care, day care, and international settings; and the legal aspects of field studies. An entire chapter covers the proper collection, handling, and testing of infectious and non-infectious agents in the field. This text is a new edition of the book and the book contains new chapters on environmental investigations and immunization practices for the field epidemiologist. The book is based both on science and experience. It deals with real problems, real places, and real people: nature's experiment rather than carefully designed studies in a laboratory or clinical setting.
Surveillance
Authors: Thacker Stephen B. , Birkhead Guthrie S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the acquisition of information for use in the public health arena, called surveillance. Public health surveillance is a basic tool of the field epidemiologist, providing the scientific and factual database essential to informed decision-making and to the conduct of public health prevention and control programs. Surveillance is based on morbidity, mortality, and risk factor data, often from multiple sources. Some data, such as vital statistics, are collected primarily for other uses; other data, such as behavioral risk factors, are collected specifically for the surveillance system.
Conducting a Field Investigation
Authors: Gregg Michael B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains how to perform an epidemiologic field investigation. It focuses on a presumed point source (common source) epidemic, recognized and reported by local health authorities to a state (provincial) health department. Although the context is one of an acute infectious disease epidemic in a community, the epidemiologic and public health principles apply equally well to noninfectious disease investigations.
Designing Studies in the Field
Authors: Dicker Richard C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe two most common types of observational studies conducted by field epidemiologists are cohort studies and case control studies. Conceptually, a cohort study, like an experimental study, begins with exposure and looks for differences in disease incidence among different exposure groups. In a case control study, enrollment is based on the presence (“case”) or absence (“control”) of disease, and the frequency of exposures is compared between the cases and controls. Each type of study has its strengths and limitations, but each has an important place in field investigations. This chapter provides an overview of these two study designs, emphasizing methodological considerations in the field.
Describing the Findings: Descriptive Epidemiology
Authors: Fontaine Robert E. , Goodman Richard A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses descriptive epidemiology. Field epidemiologists will either collect, or be presented with data from outbreak investigations, surveillance systems, vital statistics, or other sources of information for appropriate analysis. One of the fundamental tasks will be to orient and organize these data to construct useful and relevant presentations and interpretations. This task is called descriptive epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology includes both numbers and rates to document how much of a health condition is present or occurring in a population. It also includes the three critical dimensions for describing health conditions: time, place, and person. Time refers to acute changes in disease occurrence, such as an epidemic, and changes over longer time periods, such as seasonal patterns and secular trends. Place refers to geopolitical boundaries, topography, or locations of rooms, buildings, and other structures. Person refers to demographic and other personal characteristics of the populations under study. When done well, descriptive epidemiology can characterize the health problem in the community; provide clues that can be turned into testable hypotheses; and promote effective communication with scientific, policymaking, and lay audiences alike.
Developing Interventions
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Fontaine Robert E. , Hadler James L. , Vugia Duc J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses decision-making regarding the implementation of interventions during the course of epidemiologic field investigations. It first outlines principles that public health officials should take into account when considering interventions. It examines key determinants often involved in making such decisions about interventions, including the severity of the problem being investigated and the extent to which causation has been established. It then presents a spectrum of intervention options from which public health officials can select as a function of multiple factors involving the field investigation, and briefly discusses selected issues and evolving approaches in interventions. The chapter concludes with a summary listing of actions relating to interventions that should be considered at each stage of the field investigation.
Dealing with the Public and the Media
Authors: Dan Bruce B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines in dealing with an investigation under the spotlight of the news media. The American public now gets most of its medical information from the media: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. Field epidemiologists may be asked by the media to report and comment on their findings either during an investigation or afterward. Although their mission is to protect and maintain public health, the primary mission of the media is to sell their product or their time. Despite these somewhat opposite objectives, the media can and should be an ally. Field epidemiologists should learn how the media operate and cultivate some simple practices of interviewing to communicate effectively with the public.
Legal Considerations in Surveillance and Field Epidemiology
Authors: Neslund Verla S. , Goodman Richard A. , Hadler James L. , Hodge, Jr. James G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the legal issues relating to public health surveillance and field epidemiology. It discusses the general legal authorities for surveillance and public health investigations provided by the U.S. Constitution and by state laws; outbreak investigations and disease control in the United States; and legal issues related to the collection, analysis, and dissemination of surveillance data. It also presents information about new surveillance challenges beyond traditional infectious disease models, including the influence of bioterrorism preparedness on surveillance activities.
Investigations in Out-of-Home Child Care Settings
Authors: Cordell Ralph L. , Kotch Jonathan , Vernon Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the detection, response, and control of outbreaks in out-of-home child care facilities. Outbreaks share a number of common aspects, and planning and preparation can make significant differences in the quality of investigations. The establishment and revision as needed of written protocols will help refine the investigative process and avoid many of the problems that arise when working in an emotional climate such as a child care facility in the midst of an outbreak of serious illness. A framework for protocol development is presented.
Epidemiologic Practices in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Foster Stanley O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter covers three broad areas of consideration: (1) factors that are influencing the practice of epidemiology in low-income countries; (2) examples of how some countries have used field epidemiology; and (3) practical tips and advice to help epidemiologists prepare for and perform in this unique field setting. It shows that in low-income countries where epidemiologic capacity is being strengthened, obtaining needed data requires a selection of most appropriate methods based on: need for data; population at risk; choice of methodology that is epidemiologically appropriate, logistically feasible, and affordable; and presentation of data in a format that promotes appropriate action.
Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response for the Field Epidemiologist
Authors: Sosin Daniel M. , Besser Richard E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to prepare epidemiologists for their role in terrorism preparedness and the associated activities of emergency response. It covers an all-hazards approach to preparedness and not strictly a focus on bioterrorism. “All-hazards” means that multi-use strategies take precedence. A thorough understanding of and experience with principles of surveillance, epidemiologic investigation, joint law-enforcement investigation, incident management, transportation and delivery of mass countermeasures, professional and public communications, and evaluation will serve well for most emergency response scenarios, even though the particulars will vary among incidents.
Historical Foundations
Authors: Coughlin Steven S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the history of the rise of ethical concerns in the public health movement and epidemiology, which is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations. It offers an overview of early developments in public health and ethics and discusses more recent developments, including the origins of bioethics, regulatory safeguards for human subjects research, and contemporary epidemiologic ethics.