bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURAL EXPLOITATION
Authors: Zwolinski Matt 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is commonly claimed that workers in sweatshops are wrongfully exploited by their employers. The economist's standard response to this claim is to point out that sweatshops provide their workers with tremendous benefits, more than most workers elsewhere in the economy receive and more than most of those who complain about sweatshop exploitation provide. Perhaps, though, the wrongfulness of sweatshop exploitation is to be found not in the discrete interaction between a sweatshop and its employees, but in the unjust political and economic institutions against which that interaction takes place. This paper tries to assess what role, if any, consideration of background injustice should play in the correct understanding of exploitation. Its answer, in brief, is that it should play fairly little. Structural injustice matters, of course, but it does not typically matter for determining whether a sweatshop is acting exploitatively, and it does not typically matter in a way that grounds any kind of special moral responsibility or fault on the part of sweatshops or the Multinational Enterprises with which they contract.
Integrated surveillance and potential sources of Salmonella Enteritidis in human cases in Canada from 2003 to 2009
Authors: NESBITT A. , RAVEL A. , MURRAY R. , McCORMICK R. , SAVELLI C. , FINLEY R. , PARMLEY J. , AGUNOS A. , MAJOWICZ S. E. , GILMOUR M. ,   the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Public Health Partnership,   the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYSalmonella Enteritidis has emerged as the most prevalent cause of human salmonellosis in Canada. Recent trends of S. Enteritidis subtypes and their potential sources were described by integrating Salmonella data from several Canadian surveillance and monitoring programmes. A threefold increase in S. Enteritidis cases from 2003 to 2009 was identified to be primarily associated with phage types 13, 8 and 13a. Other common phage types (4, 1, 6a) showed winter seasonality and were more likely to be associated with cases linked to international travel. Conversely, phage types 13, 8 and 13a had summer seasonal peaks and were associated with cases of domestically acquired infections. During agri-food surveillance, S. Enteritidis was detected in various commodities, most frequently in chicken (with PT13, PT8 and PT13a predominating). Antimicrobial resistance was low in human and non-human isolates. Continued integrated surveillance and collaborative prevention and control efforts are required to mitigate future illness.
Sustainable diets: the Mediterranean diet as an example
Authors: Burlingame Barbara , Dernini Sandro 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo present the Mediterranean diet as an example of a sustainable diet, in which nutrition, biodiversity, local food production, culture and sustainability are strongly interconnected.DesignReview of notions and activities contributing towards the acknowledgement of the Mediterranean diet as a sustainable diet.SettingThe Mediterranean region and its populations.SubjectsMediterranean populations.Results and conclusionsThe acknowledgement of the Mediterranean diet as a sustainable diet needs the development of new cross-cutting intersectoral case studies to demonstrate further the synergies among nutrition, biodiversity and sustainability as expressed by the Mediterranean diet for the benefit of present and future generations.
Mediterranean nuts: origins, ancient medicinal benefits and symbolism
Authors: Casas-Agustench Patricia , Salas-Huetos Albert , Salas-Salvadó Jordi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo consider historical aspects of nuts in relation to origin and distribution, attributed medicinal benefits, symbolism, legends and superstitions.DesignReview of historical aspects of nuts.SettingMediterranean region.SubjectsThe varieties reviewed include almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, pine nuts and pistachios.Results and conclusionsLike other foods, nuts have a wide variety of cultural connections to the areas where they grow and to the people who live there or eat them. History, symbolism and legends reveal the ancient tradition of nuts and how they are related to the lives of our ancestors. Archaeological excavations in eastern Turkey have uncovered the existence of a non-migratory society whose economy centred on harvesting nuts. This shows that nuts have been a staple in the human diet since the beginnings of history. Moreover, since ancient times nuts have been used for their medicinal properties. They also play a role in many old legends and traditions.
Effects of 3-month Mediterranean-type diet on postprandial TAG and apolipoprotein B48 in the Medi-RIVAGE cohort
Authors: Defoort Catherine , Vincent-Baudry Stéphanie , Lairon Denis 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the postprandial lipaemia response before and after intervention with healthy diets in the Medi-RIVAGE cohort of subjects with moderate risk factors of CVD.DesignOne hundred and thirty-five adults (fifty-two men and eighty-three women) followed either a Mediterranean-type (MED) diet or a low-fat American Heart Association-type diet in a parallel design for 3 months. At entry and after 3 months, lipids, glucose and insulin were measured in the fasting samples; TAG and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48; a marker of intestinally derived chylomicrons) levels were measured in the fasting and postprandial samples after a standard test meal.ResultsThe MED diet only lowered (P< 0·028) fasting TAG and both diets reduced TAG and ApoB48 levels 5 h after the test meal. The overall 5 h postprandial ApoB48 response (area under curve (AUC)/incremental AUC) was lowered after both diets but this effect was more marked after the MED-diet intervention. Whatever the TAG level at entry, normo- and hyper TAG subjects showed a reduction in the postprandial ApoB48 levels after 3-month diets. BMI at entry did not impact the effect of diets given subjects with BMI < or >25 kg/m2showed reduced postprandial ApoB48. Men and women displayed comparable postprandial changes after dietary challenges.ConclusionsA MED diet appears efficient to improve postprandial lipaemia, a recently acknowledged CVD risk, in men and women at moderate cardiovascular risk.
Olive oil, an essential component of the Mediterranean diet, and breast cancer
Authors: Escrich Eduard , Moral Raquel , Solanas Montserrat 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe Mediterranean diet has been related to a lower risk of some chronic diseases, including cancer. We aim to gain insight into the effects of the main source of fat of this diet on breast cancer, the most common type of malignancy in women.DesignData from sixteen experimental series analysing the effects of dietary lipids on mammary carcinogenesis in an animal model, in the context of the international literature on the Mediterranean diet, olive oil and breast cancer risk.SettingExperimental and human data on the effects of olive oil and Mediterranean diet on breast cancer.SubjectsAn animal model of induced breast cancer and other human and experimental studies in the literature.ResultsDiets rich in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) exert a negative modulatory effect on experimental breast cancer to a weak promoting effect, much lower than that obtained with a high-corn oil diet. EVOO confers to the mammary adenocarcinomas a clinical behaviour and morphological features compatible with low tumour aggressiveness. This differential effect, in relation to other dietary lipids, may be related to a lower effect on body weight and sexual maturation. In addition, EVOO induced different molecular changes in tumours, such as in the composition of cell membranes, activity of signalling proteins and gene expression. All these modifications could induce lower proliferation, higher apoptosis and lower DNA damage. These results, together with the favourable effect of olive oil reported in the literature when it is consumed in moderate quantities, suggest a beneficial influence of EVOO on breast cancer risk.ConclusionsConsumption of EVOO in moderate quantities and throughout the lifetime appears to be a healthy choice and may favourably influence breast cancer risk.
Factor analysis in the identification of dietary patterns and their predictive role in morbid and fatal events
Authors: Menotti Alessandro , Alberti-Fidanza Adalberta , Fidanza Flaminio , Lanti Mariapaola , Fruttini Daniela 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose was to examine the role of dietary patterns derived from factor analysis and their association with health and disease.DesignLongitudinal population study, with measurement of diet (dietary history method), cardiovascular risk factors and a follow-up of 20 years for CHD incidence and 40 years for mortality.SettingTwo population samples in rural villages in northern and central Italy.SubjectsMen (n 1221) aged 45–64 years were examined and followed up.ResultsOne of the factors identified with factor analysis, run on seventeen food groups, was converted into a factor score (Factor 2 score) and used as a possible predictor of morbid and fatal events. High values of Factor 2 score were characterized by higher consumption of bread, cereals (pasta), potatoes, vegetables, fish and oil and by lower consumption of milk, sugar, fruit and alcoholic beverages. In multivariate analysis, Factor 2 score (mean 0·0061; sd 1·3750) was inversely and significantly associated (hazard ratio for a 1 sd increase; 95% CI) with 20-year CHD incidence (0·88; 0·73, 0·96) and 40-year mortality from CHD (0·79; 0·66, 0·95), CVD (0·87; 0·78, 0·96), cancer (0·84; 0·74, 0·96) and all causes (0·89; 0·83, 0·96), after adjustment for five other risk factors. Men in quintile 5 of Factor 2 score had a 4·1 years longer life expectancy compared with men in quintile 1.ConclusionsA dietary pattern derived from factor analysis, and resembling the characteristics of the Mediterranean diet, was protective for the occurrence of various morbid and fatal events during 40 years of follow-up.
The climatic cyclicity in semiarid‐arid central Asia over the past 500,000 years
Authors: Cheng H. , Zhang P. Z. , Spötl C. , Edwards R. L. , Cai Y. J. , Zhang D. Z. , Sang W. C. , Tan M. , An Z. S. 
Published: December 2011

Central Asia is currently a semiarid‐arid region, dominated by the Westerlies. It is important to understand mechanisms of climate and precipitation changes here, as water availability in the region is crucial today and in the future. High‐resolution, absolutely‐dated oxygen isotope (δ18O) records of stalagmites from Kesang Cave characterize a dynamic precipitation history over most of the past 500,000 years. This record demonstrates, for the first time, that climate change in the region exhibits a processional rhythm with abrupt inceptions of low δ18O speleothem growth at times of high Northern Hemisphere summer insolation followed by gradual δ18O increases that track decreases of insolation. These observations and interpretations contrast with the interpretation of nearby, but higher elevation ice core records. The absolutely‐dated caveδ18O shifts can be used to correlate the regional climate variability by providing chronological marks. Combined with other paleoclimate records, the Kesang observations suggest that possible incursions of Asian summer monsoon rainfall or related moisture into the Kesang site and/or adjacent areas during the high insolation times may play an important role in changing orbital‐scale hydrology of the region. Based on our record, arid climate will prevail in this region for the next several millennia, providing that anthropogenic effects do not supersede natural processes.
Identification of American Shad Spawning Sites and Habitat Use in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina
Authors: Harris Julianne E. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We examined spawning site selection and habitat use by American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina, to inform future management in this flow-regulated river. American shad eggs were collected in plankton tows, and the origin (spawning site) of each egg was estimated; relocations of radio-tagged adults on spawning grounds illustrated habitat use and movement in relation to changes in water discharge rates. Most spawning was estimated to occur in the Piedmont physiographic region within a 25-river-kilometer (rkm) section just below the lowermost dam in the system; however, some spawning also occurred downstream in the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont region has a higher gradient and is predicted to have slightly higher current velocities and shallower depths, on average, than the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont region is dominated by large substrates (e.g., boulders and gravel), whereas the Coastal Plain is dominated by sand. Sampling at night (the primary spawning period) resulted in the collection of young eggs (≤1.5 h old) that more precisely identified the spawning sites. In the Piedmont region, most radio-tagged American shad remained in discrete areas (average linear range = 3.6 rkm) during the spawning season and generally occupied water velocities between 0.20 and 0.69 m/s, depths between 1.0 and 2.9 m, and substrates dominated by boulder or bedrock and gravel. Tagged adults made only small-scale movements with changes in water discharge rates. Our results demonstrate that the upstream extent of migration and an area of concentrated spawning occur just below the lowermost dam. If upstream areas have similar habitat, facilitating upstream access for American shad could increase the spawning habitat available and increase the population's size.
Received March 22, 2011; accepted July 14, 2011
Use of Veterinary Ultrasound to Identify Sex and Assess Female Maturity of Pacific Halibut in Nonspawning Condition
Authors: Loher Timothy , Stephens Sarah M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Ultrasound was used for sex identification and female maturity assessment of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis ranging from 64- to 144-cm fork length collected during their nonspawning period (boreal summer) in the central and eastern Gulf of Alaska. Ultrasonic sex identification employed inspection of gross morphology and gonadal morphometrics, the latter involving determination of gonad length (maximum posterior gonad extent [MPGE]) and testing for difference between sexes. Morphometric analysis was refined further for females by removing ovaries, macroscopically determining maturity status, and comparing MPGE and proportional ovarian length (POL) among maturity stages. Ultrasonically determined gross morphology was sufficient to achieve accurate sex identification in even the smallest individuals examined. Ovaries were rounded anteriorly with no apparent internal structure, whereas testes were sickle-shaped with characteristic internal structure formed by the junctures between testicular lobes. Maximum posterior gonad extent was significantly greater for females but did not provide accurate sex determination because values overlapped considerably between sexes; 80% of all fish (n = 147) exhibited MPGE within the range of overlap. Values of both MPGE and POL overlapped considerably between mature and immature females, but threshold values were identified for both metrics above which all individuals were mature. Only for POL was a lower threshold apparent, below which all individuals were immature. Considering MPGE and POL simultaneously suggested a possible means for identifying first-time spawners and may warrant additional investigation.
Received January 13, 2011; accepted June 2, 2011
Detection, Localization, and Variability of Endogenous β‐Glucanase in Wheat Kernels
Authors: Vatandoust Azadeh , Ragaee Sanaa , Wood Peter J. , Tosh Susan M. , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTClinical studies with isolates of β‐glucan have shown that the health benefits are regulated not only by the polysaccharide concentration but also by the molecular weight and concentration in solution, because these health benefits are controlled, inter alia, by viscosity in the gut. The degradation of β‐glucan in baked products is likely caused by baking ingredients or processes, or by endogenous enzymes in wheat flour. The objectives of the present study were to quantify β‐glucanase in wheat kernels and to determine factors that influence the levels of this enzyme. A modified protocol to quantify β‐glucanase was developed and then confirmed through high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with Calcofluor detection. Under this protocol, it was shown that the concentration of β‐glucanase activity was the highest in the bran fraction of the kernel in ungerminated wheats, whereas it was distributed throughout the entire kernel following germination. Furthermore, investigation on different wheat cultivars planted in the same and different locations showed that genotype, environment, and agronomic practice all can have an effect on β‐glucanase activity level in wheat kernels.
Peripartum Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Bateman Brian T. , Olbrecht Vanessa A. , Berman Mitchell F. , Minehart Rebecca D. , Schwamm Lee H. , Leffert Lisa R. 
Published: December 2011

Background
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in pregnancy occurs because of a variety of etiologies, which range from ruptured aneurysms to benign venous bleeding. The more malignant etiologies represent an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. We sought to investigate the epidemiology and mechanisms of pregnancy-related SAH.

Methods
Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, we extracted pregnancy-related admissions for women ages 15-44 from 1995-2008 and identified admissions complicated by SAH. Logistic regression identified independent predictors of SAH. Outcomes and risk factors were then compared with age-matched, nonpregnant women with SAH. We also analyzed our institution's experience with pregnancy-related SAH.

Results
There were 639 cases (5.8 per 100,000 deliveries) of pregnancy-related SAH in the cohort during the study period; SAH was associated with 4.1% of all pregnancy-related in-hospital deaths. More than half of the SAH cases occurred postpartum. Advancing age, African-American race, Hispanic ethnicity, hypertensive disorders, coagulopathy, tobacco, drug or alcohol abuse, intracranial venous thrombosis, sickle cell disease, and hypercoagulability were independent risk factors for pregnancy-related SAH. Compared with SAH in nonpregnant controls, pregnancy-related SAH had lower clipping/coiling rates (12.7% vs. 44.5%, P < 0.001). We identified 12 cases of pregnancy-related SAH in our hospital, the majority of which presented postpartum and with severe headache.

Conclusion
SAH during pregnancy results from a range of etiologies, and is less likely to be because of a cerebral aneurysm than SAH occurring in the nonpregnant patient. Peripartum SAH frequently occurs in the setting of hypertensive disorders.
Spectral Entropy as a Measure of Hypnosis and Hypnotic Drug Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Children during Slow Induction and Maintenance
Authors: Klockars Jaakko G. M. , Hiller Arja , Münte Sinikka , van Gils Mark J. , Taivainen Tomi 
Published: December 2011

Background
We evaluated whether spectral entropy (SpE) can measure the depth of hypnosis and the hypnotic drug effect in children during total intravenous anesthesia.

Methods
Sixty healthy children, aged 3-16 yr, were studied. Anesthesia was induced with an increasing target controlled infusion of propofol, and maintained by a stable remifentanil infusion and variable concentrations of target controlled infusion propofol. Depth of hypnosis was assessed according to the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Estimated plasma (C(p)) and pseudo effect site (C(eff)) propofol concentrations reflected the hypnotic drug effect. Patients were stratified to three age groups. The correlations between SpE versus UMSS, C(p), and C(eff) were analyzed by Prediction Probability (P(k)). The pharmacodynamic relationship between SpE and C(p), and the differences of SpE values between the age groups at the corresponding UMSS levels, were studied.

Results
Respective mean P(k) values for the youngest, middle, and oldest age groups were: 1) during induction: SpE versus UMSS 0.87, 0.87, and 0.93; SpE versus C(p) 0.92, 0.95, and 0.97; and SpE versus C(eff) 0.88, 0.94, and 0.95; 2) during maintenance: SpE versus C(eff) 0.86, 0.75, and 0.81. The pharmacodynamic analysis determined an association between SpE and C(p) that followed the E(max) model closely. There were significant differences in SpE values between age groups at corresponding UMSS sedation levels.

Conclusions
SpE measures the level of hypnosis and hypnotic drug effect in children during total intravenous anesthesia. There is an age dependency associated with SpE. Anesthesia should not be steered solely on the basis of SpE.
Neurological Complications Following Pediatric Liver Transplant
Authors: Ghosh Partha S. , Hupertz Vera , Ghosh Debabrata 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:We studied neurological complications (NCs) after liver transplantation (LT) in children.Methods:We performed an institutional review board–approved retrospective review of patients with LT ≤21 years during a period of 30 years (1980–2010). NCs were classified as early (within 3 months post‐LT) and delayed (beyond 3 months post‐LT).Results:Of 65 children with LT, 20 (30.7%) had NCs; 16 were girls. Mean age was 11.8 ± 5.9 years. Early NCs were found in 13.8% (9/65) of the patients: seizures in 7 and encephalopathy in 2. Abnormal neuroimaging findings were posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (1), intracranial hemorrhage (1), mild cerebral edema (1), and bilateral basal ganglia T1W hyperintensities in magnetic resonance imaging (1). On follow‐up, there were 3 deaths (unrelated to NCs). One with intracranial hemorrhage had residual hemiparesis and was taking a long‐term antiepileptic drug. Late NCs are found in 16.9% (11/65) of the patients: seizures in 4, headache in 4, encephalopathy in 3 (1 had seizures in addition), and paresthesias caused by possible small‐fiber neuropathy in 1. Abnormal neuroimaging findings were hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (1), encephalomalacia caused by old hemorrhage (1), and hyperintensity of the posterior periventricular white matter in magnetic resonance imaging (1). On follow‐up, all of the patients survived; 1 had papilledema with secondary optic atrophy requiring optic nerve sheath fenestration and 1 needed long‐term antiepileptic drug.Conclusions:NCs are common in children after LT, seizures being the most common. In contrary to the previous studies, we found delayed complications more often than early complications. Early detection and appropriate management of NCs is important.