bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting cheaters: How and how much to invest
Authors: NUÑO JUAN CARLOS , HERRERO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , PRIMICERIO MARIO 
Published: April 2010

Human societies are formed by different socio-economical classes which are characterized by their contribution to, and their share of, the common wealth available. Cheaters, defined as those individuals that do not contribute to the common wealth but benefit from it, have always existed, and are likely to be present in all societies in the foreseeable future. Their existence brings about serious problems since they act as sinks for the community wealth and deplete resources which are always limited and often scarce.To fight cheaters, a society can invest additional resources to pursue one or several aims. For instance, an improvement in social solidarity (e.g. by fostering education) may be sought. Alternatively, deterrence (e.g. by increasing police budget) may be enhanced. Then the following questions naturally arise: (i) how much to spend and (ii) how to allocate the expenditure between both strategies above. This paper addresses this general issue in a simplified setting, which however we believe of some interest. More precisely, we consider a society constituted by two productive classes and an unproductive one, the cheaters, and proposes a dynamical system that describes their evolution in time. We find it convenient to formulate our model as a three-dimensional ordinary differential equation (ODE) system whose variables are the cheater population, the total wealth and one of the productive social classes. The stationary values of the cheater population and the total wealth are studied in terms of the two parameters: φ (how much to invest) ands(how to distribute such expenditure). We show that it is not possible to simultaneously minimize the cheater population and maximize the total wealth with respect to φ ands. We then discuss the possibility of defining a compromise function to find suitable values of φ andsthat optimize the response to cheating. In our opinion, this qualitative approach may be of some help to plan and implement social strategies against cheating.
Anorexia, bulimia, and obesity: Shared decision making deficits on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)
Authors: BROGAN AMY , HEVEY DAVID , PIGNATTI RICCARDO 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe pathological eating behaviors in Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and obesity are characterized by a preference for high immediate reward, despite higher future losses in terms of both physical and psychological outcomes. The present study compared the decision making profile of females with a diagnosis of AN (n = 22), BN (n = 17), obesity (n = 18), and a healthy weight comparison group (n = 20) using a standardized neuropsychological test, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The three clinical groups (AN, BN, obesity) were significantly impaired on the IGT compared with the comparison group on both overall task performance and task learning; however, the three clinical groups were not significantly different from each other. Sixty-one percent to 77% of the clinical groups reached the threshold for impairment on the IGT, compared with 15% of the comparison group. The potential basis for this shared decision making profile is discussed. (JINS, 2010, 16, 711–715.)
Identifying the energy gap in the German population using results from representative national health surveys (1985–2002)
Authors: Stroebele Nanette , Hill James O , Willich Stefan N 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in most countries, including Germany. The idea of estimating the population-wide energy gap that is likely responsible for the epidemic has recently been introduced and discussed.DesignUsing published estimates of body weight from population-based data of national health surveys (1985–2002), the energy gap was calculated by estimating the distribution of the rate of weight gain within the German population (25–69 years of age) and the amount of excess energy storage that is responsible for this population-wide pattern of weight gain.SettingGermany.SubjectsA representative sample of 26 614 participants (12 984 men, 13 630 women).ResultsThe average annual weight gain was 0·22 kg for men and 0·32 kg for women over the 17-year period. An estimated 90 % of the population gained < 0·54 kg/year. Assuming that each kilogram of weight gained represents 32238 kJ (7700 kcal), the estimated energy accumulation was 19 kJ (4·64 kcal)/d in men and 28 kJ (6·75 kcal)/d in women aged 25–69 years. The distribution of estimated energy accumulation for 90 % of the German population was < 50 kJ (12 kcal)/d.ConclusionsWith an assumed energy efficiency of 50 %, the findings suggest that weight gain could be prevented in 90 % of the German population with < 100 kJ (24 kcal) reduction in energy intake or increase in energy expenditure per day. Theoretically, further weight gain might be prevented using a small-changes approach that emphasizes the importance of making small changes in physical activity and food intake.
Engagement with dietary fibre and receptiveness to resistant starch in Australia
Authors: Mohr Philip , Quinn Sinéad , Morell Matthew , Topping David 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate community engagement with the health benefits of dietary fibre (DF) and its potential as a framework for the promotion of increased consumption of resistant starch (RS).SettingA nationwide postal Food and Health Survey conducted in Australia by CSIRO Human Nutrition.SubjectsAdults aged 18 years and above, selected at random from the Australian Electoral Roll (n 849).DesignA cross-sectional design was employed to analyse ratings of (i) the importance of various RS health and functional claims and (ii) receptiveness to different foods as RS delivery vehicles, according to the respondents’ level of fibre engagement as classified under the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) of Health Behaviour.ResultsThere was a high level of recognition (89·5 %) of DF as being important for health. Significant gender differences were found for ratings of RS attributes and RS delivery options. Women were both more fibre-engaged than men and more receptive than men to RS and its potential benefits. Ratings of the acceptability of several foods as means of delivering RS revealed a general preference for healthy staples over indulgences, with the margin between acceptability of staples and indulgences increasing markedly with increased fibre engagement.ConclusionsApplication of the PAPM to awareness of DF reveals a ready-made target group for health messages about RS and pockets of differential potential receptiveness. The findings support the promotion of RS as providing health benefits of DF with the added reduction of risk of serious disease, its delivery through healthy staples and the targeting of messages at both fibre-engaged individuals and women in general.
Inferring combined CNV/SNP haplotypes from genotype data
Authors: Su Shu-Yi , Asher Julian E. , Jarvelin Marjo-Riita , Froguel Phillipe , Blakemore Alexandra I.F. , Balding David J. , Coin Lachlan J.M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Copy number variations (CNVs) are increasingly recognized as an substantial source of individual genetic variation, and hence there is a growing interest in investigating the evolutionary history of CNVs as well as their impact on complex disease susceptibility. CNV/SNP haplotypes are critical for this research, but although many methods have been proposed for inferring integer copy number, few have been designed for inferring CNV haplotypic phase and none of these are applicable at genome-wide scale. Here, we present a method for inferring missing CNV genotypes, predicting CNV allelic configuration and for inferring CNV haplotypic phase from SNP/CNV genotype data. Our method, implemented in the software polyHap v2.0, is based on a hidden Markov model, which models the joint haplotype structure between CNVs and SNPs. Thus, haplotypic phase of CNVs and SNPs are inferred simultaneously. A sampling algorithm is employed to obtain a measure of confidence/credibility of each estimate.
Results: We generated diploid phase-known CNV–SNP genotype datasets by pairing male X chromosome CNV–SNP haplotypes. We show that polyHap provides accurate estimates of missing CNV genotypes, allelic configuration and CNV haplotypic phase on these datasets. We applied our method to a non-simulated dataset—a region on Chromosome 2 encompassing a short deletion. The results confirm that polyHap's accuracy extends to real-life datasets.
Availability: Our method is implemented in version 2.0 of the polyHap software package and can be downloaded from http://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/l.coin
Contact: l.coin@imperial.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
“Practically the Uniform of the Tribe”: Dress Codes Among Commercial Travelers
Authors: Popp Andrew , French Michael 
Published: April 2010

“Our outer dress does inner work for us, and if clothes “mean”, it is in the first place to ourselves, telling us we are or may be something we have meant to be”What is it to wear a uniform? Some occupations involve enforced adoption of a uniform, the police and armed services most obviously. Yet other occupations—such as management consultants—adopt styles or codes of dress that, while not enforced, have a currency and coherence such that we might think of them as a tacit uniform. Why—and to what effect—do some occupational groups voluntarily adopt tacit dress codes? This essay will explore those questions in relation to depictions of English traveling salesmen from the start of the nineteenth century to the eve of World War II. Representations of English traveling salesmen (“commercial travelers” in British parlance, the usage that will be adopted hereafter) frequently highlighted their physical appearance and in particular their modes of dress, showing remarkable continuity, certainly across the greater part of the period covered here.
New insights into paracrine mechanisms of human cardiac progenitor cells
Authors: Maxeiner Hagen , Krehbiehl Nina , Müller Andrea , Woitasky Nadine , Akintürk Hakan , Müller Matthias , Weigand Markus A. , Abdallah Yaser , Kasseckert Sascha , Schreckenberg Rolf , Schlüter Klaus‐Dieter , Wenzel Sibylle 
Published: April 2010

AimsCardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been shown to promote cardiac regeneration in vivo. Understanding the function of CPCs is essential for further implementation of these cells in the treatment of cardiac diseases. The present study tested the hypothesis that adult CPC exert paracrine effects that lead to an improvement in the functional characteristics of cardiomyocytes. This study also investigated whether aging (we included patients aged between 4 months and 81 years) has any effect on the paracrine mechanisms of CPC.Methods and resultsThe supernatant of CPC generated both from human and rat hearts—so called ‘conditioned cardiosphere medium’ improved the contractile behaviour of isolated adult cardiomyocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner after incubation for 24 h and increased the SERCA/NCX ratio. The observed positive effects on contractile behaviour were independent of the CPC donors' age. Conditioned cardiosphere media also normalized angiotensin II‐induced contractile dysfunction. Cytokines released by CPC into the media were detected by cytokine arrays.ConclusionThe observed diversity of cytokines released by CPC needs to be further elucidated in detail. Nevertheless, CPC are a promising therapeutic approach in the field of cardiac disease. The methods described allow investigation of the underlying paracrine mechanisms in a standardized in vitro situation.
Using biotelemetry to assess the mortality and behaviour of yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) released with ingested hooks
Authors: Butcher Paul A. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Orchard Beverley A. , Ellis Megan T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractButcher, P. A., Broadhurst, M. K., Orchard, B. A., and Ellis, M. T. 2010. Using biotelemetry to assess the mortality and behaviour of yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) released with ingested hooks. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1175–1184. Biotelemetry was used to test the hypotheses of few impacts to yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) released with ingested hooks. Sixteen sample fish were tagged and tracked (using 18 receivers), along with 32 controls (16 pre-tagged “C1” and 16 simultaneously tagged “C2” fish) for 112 d in Botany Bay, Australia. All fish survived initial release, but seven tags from two C1, four C2, and one hook-ingested fish remained motionless within the first 6 d, and another 23 fish were last detected near the release site (a fish farm). Most disappearances were attributed to recapture by anglers or predation. The latter fatalities were exacerbated among controls, and they possibly resulted from the confounding effects of confinement, including a loss of fitness. Such effects were limited to the first 4 d; after which all fish had similar movements. Most (98%) subsequent detections were within 1 km of the fish farm, likely attributable to the associated habitat and abundant food. Although all fish remained near structures, 18 fish travelled farther. In addition to providing the first fine-scale information on the movements of yellowfin bream, the study validates releasing hook-ingested individuals with the line cut as a means for minimizing mortality.
Robust Circadian Rhythms of Gene Expression inBrassica rapaTissue Culture
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Xie Qiguang , McClung C. Robertson 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCircadian clocks provide temporal coordination by synchronizing internal biological processes with daily environmental cycles. To date, study of the plant circadian clock has emphasized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a model, but it is important to determine the extent to which this model applies in other species. Accordingly, we have investigated circadian clock function in Brassica rapa. In Arabidopsis, analysis of gene expression in transgenic plants in which luciferase activity is expressed from clock-regulated promoters has proven a useful tool, although technical challenges associated with the regeneration of transgenic plants has hindered the implementation of this powerful tool in B. rapa. The circadian clock is cell autonomous, and rhythmicity has been shown to persist in tissue culture from a number of species. We have established a transgenic B. rapa tissue culture system to allow the facile measurement and manipulation of clock function. We demonstrate circadian rhythms in the expression of several promoter:LUC reporters in explant-induced tissue culture of B. rapa. These rhythms are temperature compensated and are reset by light and temperature pulses. We observe a strong positive correlation in period length between the tissue culture rhythm in gene expression and the seedling rhythm in cotyledon movement, indicating that the circadian clock in B. rapa tissue culture provides a good model for the clock in planta.
The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii
Authors: Kwok Alvin C.M. , Wong Joseph T.Y. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCellulose synthesis, but not its degradation, is generally thought to be required for plant cell growth. In this work, we cloned a dinoflagellate cellulase gene, dCel1, whose activities increased significantly in G2/M phase, in agreement with the significant drop of cellulose content reported previously. Cellulase inhibitors not only caused a delay in cell cycle progression at both the G1 and G2/M phases in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, but also induced a higher level of dCel1p expression. Immunostaining results revealed that dCel1p was mainly localized at the cell wall. Accordingly, the possible role of cellulase activity in cell cycle progression was tested by treating synchronized cells with exogenous dCelp and purified antibody, in experiments analogous to overexpression and knockdown analyses, respectively. Cell cycle advancement was observed in cells treated with exogenous dCel1p, whereas the addition of purified antibody resulted in a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, delaying the G2/M phase independently with antimicrotubule inhibitors caused an abrupt and reversible drop in cellulase protein level. Our results provide a conceptual framework for the coordination of cell wall degradation and reconstruction with cell cycle progression in organisms with cell walls. Since cellulase activity has a direct bearing on the cell size, the coupling between cellulase expression and cell cycle progression can also be considered as a feedback mechanism that regulates cell size.
Phosphorylation of Conserved PIN Motifs DirectsArabidopsisPIN1 Polarity and Auxin Transport
Authors: Huang Fang , Kemel Zago Marcelo , Abas Lindy , van Marion Arnoud , Galván-Ampudia Carlos Samuel , Offringa Remko 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolar cell-to-cell transport of auxin by plasma membrane–localized PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers generates auxin gradients that provide positional information for various plant developmental processes. The apical-basal polar localization of the PIN proteins that determines the direction of auxin flow is controlled by reversible phosphorylation of the PIN hydrophilic loop (PINHL). Here, we identified three evolutionarily conserved TPRXS(N/S) motifs within the PIN1HL and proved that the central Ser residues were phosphorylated by the PINOID (PID) kinase. Loss-of-phosphorylation PIN1:green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Ser to Ala) induced inflorescence defects, correlating with their basal localization in the shoot apex, and induced internalization of PIN1:GFP during embryogenesis, leading to strong embryo defects. Conversely, phosphomimic PIN1:GFP (Ser to Glu) showed apical localization in the shoot apex but did not rescue pin1 inflorescence defects. Both loss-of-phosphorylation and phosphomimic PIN1:GFP proteins were insensitive to PID overexpression. The basal localization of loss-of-phosphorylation PIN1:GFP increased auxin accumulation in the root tips, partially rescuing PID overexpression-induced root collapse. Collectively, our data indicate that reversible phosphorylation of the conserved Ser residues in the PIN1HL by PID (and possibly by other AGC kinases) is required and sufficient for proper PIN1 localization and is thus essential for generating the differential auxin distribution that directs plant development.
MicroRNA Gene Evolution in Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fahlgren Noah , Jogdeo Sanjuro , Kasschau Kristin D. , Sullivan Christopher M. , Chapman Elisabeth J. , Laubinger Sascha , Smith Lisa M. , Dasenko Mark , Givan Scott A. , Weigel Detlef , Carrington James C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs processed from partially self-complementary foldbacks within longer MIRNA primary transcripts. Several MIRNA families are conserved deeply through land plants, but many are present only in closely related species or are species specific. The finding of numerous evolutionarily young MIRNA, many with low expression and few if any targets, supports a rapid birth-death model for MIRNA evolution. A systematic analysis of MIRNA genes and families in the close relatives, Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata, was conducted using both whole-genome comparisons and high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs. Orthologs of 143 A. thaliana MIRNA genes were identified in A. lyrata, with nine having significant sequence or processing changes that likely alter function. In addition, at least 13% of MIRNA genes in each species are unique, despite their relatively recent speciation (∼10 million years ago). Alignment of MIRNA foldbacks to the Arabidopsis genomes revealed evidence for recent origins of 32 families by inverted or direct duplication of mostly protein-coding gene sequences, but less than half of these yield miRNA that are predicted to target transcripts from the originating gene family. miRNA nucleotide divergence between A. lyrata and A. thaliana orthologs was higher for young MIRNA genes, consistent with reduced purifying selection compared with deeply conserved MIRNA genes. Additionally, target sites of younger miRNA were lost more frequently than for deeply conserved families. In summary, our systematic analyses emphasize the dynamic nature of the MIRNA complement of plant genomes.
FgTep1p is linked to the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase signalling pathway and plays a role in the virulence of Fusarium graminearum on wheat
Authors: ZHANG DAJUN , FAN FEIYU , YANG JINGRAN , WANG XULI , QIU DEWEN , JIANG LINGHUO 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYBoth mammalian tensin‐like phosphatase 1 [TEP1; also known as phosphatase deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or mutated in multiple advanced cancer 1 (MMAC1)] and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScTep1p are involved in the phosphatidylinositol pathway. In this study, we identified the Fusarium graminearum locus FGSG_04982.3 (named FgTEP1) as the functional homologue of ScTEP1 in the sensitivity of S. cerevisiae cells to wortmannin, the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase inhibitor. Deletion of FgTEP1 causes F. graminearum mycelial growth to become sensitive to lithium and reduces the production of conidia. Although conidia lacking FgTEP1 germinate normally, they show reduced germination efficiency in the presence of wortmannin. In addition, we showed that deletion of FgTEP1 reduces the virulence of F. graminearum on wheat. These results indicate that FgTep1p is linked to the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase signalling pathway in this plant fungal pathogen.
SNP analysis of AMY2 and CTSL genes in Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon shrimp
Authors: Glenn K. L. , Grapes L. , Suwanasopee T. , Harris D. L. , Li Y. , Wilson K. , Rothschild M. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGenetic studies in shrimp have focused on disease, with production traits such as growth left unexamined. Two shrimp species, Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, which represent the majority of US shrimp imports, were selected for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in alpha‐amylase (AMY2) and cathepsin‐l (CTSL), both candidate genes for growth. In L. vannamei, four SNPs were found in AMY2 and one SNP was found in CTSL. In P. monodon, one SNP was identified in CTSL. The CTSL gene was mapped to linkage group 28 of P. monodon using the female map developed with the Australian P. monodon mapping population. Association analyses for the AMY2 and CTSL genes with body weight (BW) were performed in two L. vannamei populations. While neither gene was found to be significantly associated with BW in these populations, there was a trend in one population towards higher BW for allele G of CTSL SNP C681G.
Investigation of serum protein systems in Chinese pigs
Authors: Tao J. , Hu W. X. , Msangi C. I. , Luo Z. Y. , Tang L. J. , Qin Z. Q. , Liu S. P. , Tao Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPolymorphisms of transferrin (Tf), pre‐albumin (Pa), haemopexin (Hpx), ceruloplasmin (Cp) and amylase (Am) of Duroc pigs and Hunan indigenous pigs were investigated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Allele frequencies of Durocs determined in 2004 were compared with frequencies presented in the paper by Baker L.N. (1968) Serum protein variation in Duroc and Hampshire pigs. Vox Sanguinis15, 154–8. The number of serum protein alleles decreased over time and allele frequencies aggregated across certain alleles, including Tf B, PaA, Hpx3, CpB and AmB. Differences in allele frequencies, average heterozygosities and standard genetic distances between the Duroc pigs and Hunan indigenous pig populations were examined. The relationship between Durocs and Hunan indigenous pigs was found to be more distant than those among the three Hunan indigenous pig populations.