bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of Active Chromium: Part 1—Anomalous Corrosion and Products of Chromium Dissolution in Deaerated Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Dražić D. M. , Popić J. P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Chromium corroding in deaerated aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4; pH 1 to 3) produces Cr(II) and Cr(III) ions simultaneously in the ratio 7:1, as well as H2. The corrosion potentials of electrochemically activated chromium are determined by the electrochemical processes as expected according to the Wagner-Traud model. However, the real rates of chromium corrosion determined by collecting evolved hydrogen, spectrophotometric determination of the accumulated Cr ions in the solution, or by weight-loss measurements are higher than the electrochemical dissolution rate by up to 12 times for pH 1.0. The effect is smaller for higher pH. This was due to the simultaneous “anomalous” (or chemical) dissolution process of the direct chemical reaction of Cr with H2O molecules, as proposed some time ago by Kolotyrkin and coworkers. Since “anomalous” dissolution cannot be detected by electrochemical means, it has been pointed out that in the presence of “anomalous” dissolution processes during metal corrosion, electrochemical corrosion rate measurements should be taken only as approximate, while the level of approximation should be determined by some other direct corrosion rate measurement method.
New Cathodic Protection Criteria Based on Direct and Alternating Current Densities Measured Using Coupons and Their Application to Modern Steel Pipelines
Authors: Hosokawa Y. , Kajiyama F. , Nakamura Y. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The risks of alternating current (AC) corrosion, overprotection, and stray direct current (DC) corrosion are increasing on cathodically protected buried steel pipelines due to the recent changes in factors such as burial conditions, the characteristics of coatings, and pipe material. In the present study, field tests as well as a review of the literature on these risks were conducted. As a result, it has been revealed that there is a certain limitation to assess these risks with respect to conventional cathodic protection (CP) criteria based on pipe-to-soil potential. Therefore, new CP criteria for the elimination of these risks have been developed based on DC and AC current density measurements on coupons. The effectiveness of the new CP criteria was evaluated through the design of CP systems on newly constructed pipelines subject to the risks of AC corrosion, overprotection, and stray DC corrosion. Using these new CP criteria, the design and installation of CP systems as well as the elimination of these risks were completed successfully. The risks of overprotection as well as stray DC corrosion were eliminated by providing an appropriate level of DC current from CP rectifiers. The elimination of the AC corrosion risk was accomplished using distributed magnesium anodes and solid-state DC decoupling devices. Finally, the new CP criteria were proven to be effective in eliminating the risks of AC corrosion, overprotection, and stray DC corrosion on buried steel pipelines.
Pourbaix Diagrams for Copper in Aqueous Lithium Bromide Concentrated Solutions
Authors: Muñoz-Portero M. J. , García-Antón J. , Guiñón J. L. , Pérez-Herranz V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Pourbaix diagrams (electrode potential-pH diagrams) for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C were developed in 400-g/L and 700-g/L (4.61-M and 8.06-M) lithium bromide (LiBr) solutions, common concentrations in different parts of refrigeration plants. The diagrams were compared with the simple Cu-H2O system at 25°C. Pourbaix diagrams were constructed from standard Gibbs free energy data (ΔG°) of all the species considered. Conventional procedures were followed to calculate the electrochemical and chemical equilibria from standard Gibbs free energy data. Equilibria for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C were determined for bromide ion activities of 15.61 and 194.77, which correspond to 400-g/L and 700-g/L LiBr solutions, respectively. Activities of all the ion species containing copper were plotted for 10−6, 10−4, 10−2, and 100. Comparison of the simple Cu-H2O system with the diagrams for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C showed that the formation of CuBr2− complexes extended the copper solubility range to both higher pH values and lower potentials by destabilizing the formation of copper oxides and promoting more active behavior of the metal. The effect was enhanced at higher bromide ion activities.
Galvanic Study of Zinc and Copper in Lithium Bromide Solutions at Different Temperatures
Authors: Igual-Muñoz A. , García-Antón J. , Guiñón J. L. , Pérez-Herranz V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Galvanic corrosion of pure zinc coupled to pure copper was investigated in three different lithium bromide (LiBr) solutions (400 g/L, 700 g/L, and 850 g/L additive commercial solution) at different temperatures. The galvanic potential and the galvanic current were measured simultaneously by a zeroresistance ammeter (ZRA) at a rate of 2 Hz during a period of 24 h at 25°C, following a heating-cooling cycle from 25°C to 85°C at 0.5°C/min, during 2 h at 85°C, from 85°C to 25°C at 0.5°C/min and maintained at 25°C during the last 3 h. From the electrochemical data obtained and their subsequent statistical analysis in terms of mean values and standard deviation, it was concluded that copper-zinc coupling generated higher galvanic current in 400 g/L LiBr than in 700 g/L LiBr solution. The passivating character of the additives added to the commercial solution reduced the galvanic effect considerably. The temperature cycle imposed to the copper-zinc coupling showed that the galvanic current values at the end of the cycle were slightly higher than those measured initially.
Influence of Mechanical Deformation on the Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Obtained from Cooking Utensils
Authors: Haanappel V. A. C. , Stroosnijder M. F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The corrosion properties of an AISI 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel food-service utensil were investigated by linear polarization, Tafel plots, and cyclic polarization, performed in a sodium chloride (NaCl)/water solution at 20°C. Different surface area zones of the utensil were distinguished by differences in the amount of residual stress incorporated as a result of cold work. Large differences in corrosion current density and pit formation after cyclic polarization measurements, and as a consequence, in corrosion rates were found between zones with different degrees of deformation. In general, an increasing degree of deformation resulted in a decrease in the corrosion current density, whereas after cyclic polarization the number of pits increased. However, crevice corrosion was always observed after cyclic polarization measurements.
Conjoint Action of CO2 Corrosion and Reciprocating Sliding Wear on Plain Carbon Steel Part II — Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Hedayat A. , Postlethwaite J. , Yannacopoulos S. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The presence of sliding contact between metals in a corrosive medium significantly affects the metal loss rate of the surfaces in contact. In this study, corrosion tests were carried out on plain carbon steel undergoing sliding wear in CO2 saturated 3%NaCl solution with and without an amine corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion rates of the sliding surfaces were estimated using the polarization resistance technique. Sliding wear tests were carried out using steel specimens sliding against each other and steel specimens sliding against corundum specimens both continuously and intermittently. The corrosion rates of the specimens increased with the increase in contact pressure in the presence and absence of the corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitor decreased the corrosion rates for all of the specimens throughout the range of applied contact pressure. The corrosion rates of the specimens subjected to continuous sliding contact were higher than those undergoing intermittent sliding contact. The wear rate of a continuously sliding specimen in the absence of corrosion was determined by the application of cathodic protection and compared to the corrosion rate and the corrosion wear rate under the same loading conditions. The relative contributions of corrosion and wear to the overall metal loss are discussed.
Corrosion of Rusted Steel in Aqueous Solutions of Tannic Acid
Authors: Morcillo M. , Feliu S. , Simancas J. , Bastidas J. M. , Galvan J. C. , Feliu S. , Almeida E. M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The use of tannic acid to inhibit metal corrosion has been a controversial issue, particularly in relation to its application to rusted steel prior to painting. In this work, the protective efficiency of aqueous solutions of tannic acid applied on uncontaminated rusted steel is studied. This is done by investigating the changes undergone by the rust layer, the solubility of the tannate films formed, and the resulting inhibition efficiency. This required the use of a variety of experimental techniques including climatic chamber tests, electrochemical measurements, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The high solubility of the films and the low anti-corrosion efficiency of the treatment question the suitability of tannic acid solutions for protection of rusted steel prior to painting.
Continuous Cooling Sensitization of Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Simmons J. W. , Atteridge D. G. , Bruemmer S. M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The continuous cooling sensitization (CCS) behavior of a high-carbon type 316 (UNS S31600) austenitic stainless steel has been quantified as a function of peak cycle temperature, cooling rate, and prior deformation. A critical peak temperature effect was observed such that maximum temperatures either above or below 950°C generally resulted in lower degree of sensitization (DOS) values. CCS development increased with decreasing cooling rates and occurred primarily in the critical range between 900 and 750°C. Peak cycle temperatures of 1,000 and 1,050°C suppressed carbide nucleation and sensitization development during cooling to lower temperatures. Prior deformation in the range of 5 to 20% significantly enhanced sensitization development with the measured DOS generally increasing as prior strain increased. Recovery was initiated in the strained materials when cycle peak temperatures reached or exceeded approximately 900°C and played an important role in reducing subsequent sensitization development. In certain cases, prior strain values of 20% were only as effective as 10% in enhancing sensitization development because of the effects of recovery.
Oxidation Behavior of Co-15wt% Cr Alloy Containing Dispersed Oxides Formed by Internal Oxidation
Authors: Hou P. Y. , Shui Z. R. , Stringer J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Internal oxidation pretreatments of Co-15wt%Cr and Co-15wt%Cr-1 wt% Ti were carried out using a Rhines pack in quartz, in mullite, and in alumina. A dispersion of titanium oxide particles formed in the Ti-containing alloy as a result of the internal oxidation. However, silicon also diffused into all treated specimens when the pretreatments were carried out in quartz or in mullite. The effect of various pretreatments on the subsequent oxidation of these alloys was studied at 1,000°C and compared with that of a Co-15wt%Cr-1wt%Si alloy. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of the dispersed oxide particles and the contaminated silicon on the selective oxidation of chromium. It was found that the oxidation behaviors of both treated alloys were strongly affected by the degree of silicon contamination. Selective oxidation of chromium to form a nearly continuous protective Cr2O3 scale was achieved with greater than 0.4 wt% silicon. The presence of dispersed particles reduced initial oxidation rate but was ineffective in promoting Cr2O3 scale formation.
Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors for Corrosion Control in Lead-Cooled Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Konys J. , Schroer C. , Wedemeyer O. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Liquid metals have been used in various applications in nuclear systems. Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is foreseen as a coolant and target for neutron generation in accelerator-driven systems (ADS), whereas pure lead will be used as coolant in Gen IV-type lead-cooled fast reactors (LFR). The advantage of heavy liquid metal alloys is their high thermal conductivity and their relative safety in case of an accident. A major problem in non-isothermal systems is the corrosion of their structural components, consisting mainly of ferritic/martensitic and austenitic stainless steels, since the solubility of dissolved elements depends strongly on temperature. The formation of oxide scales on structural components is considered a viable approach to limiting the corrosion rates. To maintain a specific oxygen content in lead or LBE, an oxygen control system (OCS) is crucial. This requires continuous measurement of the oxygen activity in the liquid metal by means of electrochemical sensors. It must be assured that no oxides of the liquid metal itself are formed; otherwise, the system can be blocked. Therefore, this paper addresses the development of oxygen sensors for corrosion control of martensitic and austenitic steels in a lead-bismuth eutectic system at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany).
Oil Wetting and Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel with Ferric Corrosion Products Deposits
Authors: Foss M. , Gulbrandsen E. , Sjöblom J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Wettability of carbon steel with corrosion product films (iron carbonate [FeCO3], FeCO3 with oxidized surface, and rust [FeO(OH)]) was investigated through contact angle and inhibitor performance tests. Two corrosion inhibitors, an oleic imidazoline compound (OI) and a phosphate ester compound (PE), were used. The inhibitor performance was studied in carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion tests at 60°C, 1 bar CO2, 3 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 20 vol% oil, where the samples were alternately exposed to oil and aqueous phase. A refined, low aromatic oil was used in the tests. Addition of both inhibitors lead to significant changes in the wettability of oxidized FeCO3 surfaces. The contact angle tests showed that a transition from a preferential water-wet state to a preferentially oil-wet state was achieved for both inhibitors. Electrochemical measurements indicated that addition of OI enabled the oxidized FeCO3 surface to retain an oil film after immersion in oil. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measurements revealed a significant increase in the measured, uncompensated resistance at high frequencies after immersion in oil. The apparent retained oil film caused a significant drop in corrosion rate in aerated solutions. The reduction in corrosion rate remained stable even after a return to a CO2-saturated solution. A similar effect was also seen on a rusting carbon steel surface. No significant lasting effect of oil exposure was seen for PE in the inhibitor performance tests.
Oxidation Behavior of an Al-Modified Silicide Coating on an Nb-Silicide-Based Ultrahigh-Temperature Alloy
Authors: Tian X. , Guo X. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The oxidation behavior of an Al-modified silicide coating prepared through a siliconization and then an aluminization pack cementation process on an Nb-silicide-based ultrahigh-temperature alloy was investigated in air at 1,250°C. The coating consisted of a 50-μm-thick (Nb,X)Si2 (X represents Ti, Cr, and Hf elements) outer layer with (Nb,Ti)3Si5Al2 distributed discontinuously in its superficial part and a 90-μm-thick (Nb,Ti)Al3 inner layer containing Si-rich precipitates. The oxidation of this coating was controlled primarily by the preferential oxidation of Al with the formation of α-Al2O3 scale. The (Nb,Ti)Al3 inner layer could act as an Al reservoir for forming scale and maintaining the existence of (Nb,Ti)3Si5Al2 phase in the zone just beneath the scale. The parabolic oxidation rate constant of this coating was about 1.72 μm2/h, lower than that of the bare alloy by about 4 orders of magnitude.
Youth Experiencing Parental Death Due to Drug Poisoning and Firearm Violence in the US, 1999-2020
Authors: Schlüter Benjamin-Samuel , Alburez-Gutierrez Diego , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Alexander Monica J. , Kiang Mathew V. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceYouth (those aged &amp;lt;18 years) parental death has been associated with negative health outcomes. Understanding the burden of parental death due to drug poisoning (herein, drugs) and firearms is essential for informing interventions.ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of youth parental death due to drugs, firearms, and all other causes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional observational study was conducted using vital registration, including all US decedents, and census data from January 1990 through December 2020. Data were analyzed from May 30, 2023, to March 28, 2024.ExposuresParental death due to drug poisoning or firearms.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA demographic matrix projection model was used to estimate the number and incidence of youth experiencing parental death, defined as the death of 1 or more parents, per 1000 population aged less than 18 years. Analyses evaluated parental deaths by drugs, firearms, and all other causes from 1999 through 2020 by race and ethnicity.ResultsBetween 1999 and 2020, there were 931 785 drug poisoning deaths and 736 779 firearm-related deaths with a mean (SD) age of 42.6 (16.3) years. Most deaths occurred among males (73.8%) and White decedents (70.8%) followed by Black (17.5%) and Hispanic (9.5%) decedents. An estimated 759 000 (95% CI, 722 000-800 000) youth experienced parental death due to drugs and an estimated 434 000 (95% CI, 409 000-460 000) youth experienced parental death due to firearms, accounting for 17% of all parental deaths. From 1999 to 2020, the estimated number of youth who experienced parental death increased 345% (95% CI, 334%-361%) due to drugs and 39% (95% CI, 37%-41%) due to firearms compared with 24% (95% CI, 23%-25%) due to all other causes. Black youth experienced a disproportionate burden of parental deaths, based primarily on firearm deaths among fathers. In 2020, drugs and firearms accounted for 23% of all parental deaths, double the proportion in 1999 (12%).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this modeling study suggest that US youth are at high and increasing risk of experiencing parental death by drugs or firearms. Efforts to stem this problem should prioritize averting drug overdoses and firearm violence, especially among structurally marginalized groups.
Steering benzyl alcohol electrooxidation coupled with hydrogen evolution via hetero‐interface construction
Authors: Du Xin , Xie Wenfu , Wang Yanfei , Li Hao , Li Jinze , Li Yang , Song Yuke , Li Zhenhua , Lee Jin Yong , Shao Mingfei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIt is still a challenge to develop electrocatalyst for the efficient adsorption and conversion of organic molecule in aqueous media. Herein, a hetero‐interface structure based on CuO@Ni(OH)2 is rationally designed to enhance the performance of benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzoic acid. A high Faradaic efficiency of 99% and the yield of 3.09 mmol cm−2 h−1 are achieved at 1.70 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming the previously reported electrocatalysts. Furthermore, a membrane‐free flow electrolyzer was assembled based on CuO@Ni(OH)2 hetero‐interface, exhibiting a much high yielding of benzoic acid (6.73 mmol cm−2 h−1) and hydrogen (0.35 L cm−2 h−1) with excellent stability. Both experimental data and density functional theory calculations verify that the electron is tend to accumulate at the hetero‐interface, thus accelerating the adsorption of reactant and intermediate and reducing the energy barrier of the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
Clinical utility of comprehensive gene panel testing for common and rare causes of skeletal dysplasia and other skeletal disorders: Results from the largest cohort to date
Authors: MacCarrick Gretchen , Aradhya Swaroop , Bailey Mitch , Chu Dorna , Hunt Abigail , Izzo Emanuela , Krakow Deborah , Mackenzie William , Poll Sarah , Raggio Cathleen , Shediac Renée , White Klane K. , McLaughlin Heather M. , Seratti Guillermo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMolecular genetics enables more precise diagnoses of skeletal dysplasia and other skeletal disorders (SDs). We investigated the clinical utility of multigene panel testing for 5011 unrelated individuals with SD in the United States (December 2019–April 2022). Median (range) age was 8 (0–90) years, 70.5% had short stature and/or disproportionate growth, 27.4% had a positive molecular diagnosis (MDx), and 30 individuals received two MDx. Genes most commonly contributing to MDx were FGFR3 (16.9%), ALPL (13.0%), and COL1A1 (10.3%). Most of the 112 genes associated with ≥1 MDx were primarily involved in signal transduction (n = 35), metabolism (n = 23), or extracellular matrix organization (n = 17). There were implications associated with specific care/treatment options for 84.4% (1158/1372) of MDx‐positive individuals; >50% were linked to conditions with targeted therapy approved or in clinical development, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Forty individuals with initially inconclusive results became MDx‐positive following family testing. Follow‐up mucopolysaccharidosis enzyme activity testing was positive in 14 individuals (10 of these were not MDx‐positive). Our findings showed that inclusion of metabolic genes associated with SD increased the clinical utility of a gene panel and confirmed that integrated use of comprehensive gene panel testing with orthogonal testing reduced the burden of inconclusive results.
Ultrastrong Graphene Sheets Assembled with Nanoconfined Water
Authors: Tang Zhiyong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHighly ordered assembly of two‐dimensional (2D) nanoplatelets plays a key role in enhancing the mechanical properties of layered nanocomposites. Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly, vacuum‐assisted filtration, and blade coating have been used to fabricate layered nanocomposites. However, the intrinsic wrinkles of 2D nanoplatelets and defects derived from assembling approaches make it difficult to align 2D nanoplatelets. Recently, the team of Prof. Qunfeng Cheng at Beihang University and their collaborator, Prof. Ray H. Baughman at the University of Texas at Dallas developed a novel approach for aligning graphene and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoplatelets by nanoconfined assembly through continuous vacuum‐assisted filtration. The resultant MXene‐bridged sheet has ultrastrong mechanical properties and low porosity, providing a new concept for assembling 2D nanoplatelets into aligned and compact high‐performance layered nanocomposites.