bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical, Psychological, Social, and Lifestyle Differences Among Adolescents Classified According to Cigarette Smoking Intention Status
Authors: Tucker Larry A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to determine the extent to which multiple physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle measures differ among high school males classified according to cigarette smoking intention status including nonintenders, mild intenders, and strong intenders. The Physical Performance Test for California, to measure six traits of physical fitness and Cattell's 16PF Questionnaire to assess manifold dimensions of personality were administered to 386 high school males. Self‐concept was measured by Rosenberg's Self‐esteem Scale and body build was assessed using Tucker's Perceived Somatotype Scale and the Body Mass Index. Data relative to marital status of parents, exercise experience, church attendance, participation in athletics, alcohol drinking habits, television viewing behavior, intention to attend college, dating behavior, as well as general demographic information and intention to smoke cigarettes were assessed by a written questionnaire. Results indicated that nonintenders were significantly more self‐confident, intelligent, emotionally stable, moralistic, conservative, group oriented, self‐controlled, relaxed, and more likely to respond in a socially desirable manner than were strong intenders. Nonintenders reported less dating, less television viewing, less alcohol consumption, and perceived themselves as and were determined to be less obese than strong intenders. Nonintenders also reported greater intentions to attend college, greater varsity athletic participation, were more likely to be residing with their natural mothers, and were more physically fit than were strong intenders. Possible health education and youth smoking prevention strategies are discussed.
School‐Based Health Research Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Authors: Stone Elaine J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a brief overview of the trends in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding for school‐based research and describes the school‐based research initiatives for cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Currently, 15 cardiovascular school‐based research studies are funded at the NHLBI. A summary table and a brief description are provided for each study including the name of the investigator, the name of the institute awarded the grant, the funding period, grade levels and racial/ethnic groups in each study, intervention components, research design, outcome measures, and a capsule of reported results.
Determining School Programming Needs of Special Population Groups: A Study of Asthmatic Children
Authors: O'Neil Sharon Lund , Barysh Noah , Setear Stanley J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA study of the 4,382 children in the New Milford (Connecticut) Public School System was conducted to determine if upper respiratory conditions and other health problems may be related to school performance. Seven percent of the 4,036 respondents were found to be asthmatic. Correlations of school‐related factors for 61 of 286 students who had high absenteeism did not appear to be dependent upon asthma for any identified health problem. As absenteeism increased, student grades decreased. Achievement testing in math and reading was related positively to IQ and appeared to be unaffected by absenteeism from school. On the basis of this study, special education programming was not recommended for the target population; however, parents and school personnel are much more aware of physical, emotional, and mental health problems and their possible implications for school performance.
High School Students' Long‐term Retention of Sex Education Information
Authors: Thomas Lucinda L. , Long Suzanne E. , Whitten Kathleen , Hamilton Beverly , Fraser Joanne , Askins Ronna V. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNinth grade students in a rural South Carolina school were pretested about sexuality information, completed a 12‐unit reproductive health course in eight months, and were posttested. A control group received the same pretest and posttest. Both groups were retested after the 10th and 11th grades and mean scores were calculated and compared. The difference between the experimental group's pretest and posttest mean scores was 8.49 (p < .001); the difference between the control group's pretest and posttest mean scores was 1.0 (p = .003). The experimental group's mean score remained at least 5.2 points higher (p < .001) than the control group's score on the same test one and two years after the course. Comparison of the mean gain between the pretest and posttest scores, and between the pretest and fourth test scores, confirmed the results obtained by mean test scores. The test scores indicated that the knowledge of the experimental students increased significantly and was sustained for two years. Their scores remained significantly higher than those of the control group on the posttest, and on tests one and two years later.
Questionnaire Research into Health‐related Behavior in the United Kingdom
Authors: Balding John 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTHealth Education is concerned with more than medical health. It embraces the social context of the individual and is inseparable from personal and social development. A questionnaire developed in the United Kingdom to obtain health‐related behavior profiles has been completed by 45,000 young people. The results are being used by schools to aid internal curriculum development, and they constitute an extensive data bank for further research. Cross‐cultural use of the instrument may foster profitable exchanges of information both at the school and research levels.
The Impact of Instructional Experience and the Effects of Cumulative Instruction
Authors: Connell David B. , Turner Ralph R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTwo substudies were conducted within the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) to assess implementation practices and cumulative effects. In both studies, special samples were identified that permitted independent analysis of contributing factors. For the implementation study, teachers who had taught only one year were assessed in their second year to determine what changes they made during implementation and how those changes were related to classroom performance. Teachers taught significantly fewer hours, fewer components of the curriculum, and made more changes. However, the classroom performance, compared with the first year, improved for both knowledge and attitude with a marginal trend toward improvement in self‐reported practices. These results suggest that teachers became both more efficient and effective in the second iteration. The cumulative effects study tracked children through different levels of exposure to health instruction across two consecutive grade levels. Using partial classrooms as the unit of analysis, the results revealed that for knowledge, attitudes, and self‐reported practices, exposure to two units of School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) were more effective than one which was, in turn, more effective than no exposure. Analysis of self‐reported smoking practices indicated cumulative program effectiveness in reducing both current smoking and future intent to smoke.
Ontario, Canada, High School Teachers as Enforcers in the War on Drugs: What Their Students See and Say
Authors: Warner Jessica , Albanes Ricardo , Amitay Oren 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how high school teachers interact with students on the subject of marijuana. Results, based on 49 focus groups with 278 high school students in Ontario, Canada, reveal three basic assumptions of the students: 1) only some teachers can actually tell when a student is high on marijuana; 2) many teachers have tried marijuana or continue to use it; and 3) individual teachers vary in how they respond to students who are high. Results suggest that changes in the relationship between marijuana and authority account in large part for the seeming reluctance of so many teachers to exercise their mandate to discipline students who use marijuana. The reasons for this are twofold: 1) many teachers do not see use of marijuana of and by itself as a threat to their authority; and 2) teachers who choose to confront users run the risk of having their authority and independence of action undermined once they report infractions to administrators who have authority over teachers and students alike.
Modeling the Spatially Varying Water Balance Processes in a Semiarid Mountainous Watershed of Idaho1
Authors: Stratton Benjamin T. , Sridhar Venakataramana , Gribb Molly M. , McNamara James P. , Narasimhan Balaji 
Published: October 2009

Stratton, Benjamin T., Venakataramana Sridhar, Molly M. Gribb, James P. McNamara, and Balaji Narasimhan, 2009. Modeling the Spatially Varying Water Balance Processes in a Semiarid Mountainous Watershed of Idaho. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1390‐1408.Abstract:  The distributed Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model was applied to a research watershed, the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed, near Boise Idaho to investigate its water balance components both temporally and spatially. Calibrating and validating SWAT is necessary to enable our understanding of the water balance components in this semiarid watershed. Daily streamflow data from four streamflow gages were used for calibration and validation of the model. Monthly estimates of streamflow during the calibration phase by SWAT produced satisfactory results with a Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of model efficiency 0.79. Since it is a continuous simulation model, as opposed to an event‐based model, it demonstrated the limited ability in capturing both streamflow and soil moisture for selected rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events during the validation period between 2005 and 2007. Especially, soil moisture was generally underestimated compared with observations from two monitoring pits. However, our implementation of SWAT showed that seasonal and annual water balance partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration, streamflow, soil moisture, and drainage was not only possible but closely followed the trends of a typical semiarid watershed in the intermountain west. This study highlights the necessity for better techniques to precisely identify and drive the model with commonly observed climatic inversion‐related snowmelt or ROS weather events. Estimation of key parameters pertaining to soil (e.g., available water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity), snow (e.g., lapse rates, melting), and vegetation (e.g., leaf area index and maximum canopy index) using additional field observations in the watershed is critical for better prediction.
Methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates
Authors: Petersen Jillian M. , Dubilier Nicole 
Published: October 2009

SummarySymbioses between marine animals and aerobic methane‐oxidizing bacteria are found at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the deep sea where reduced, methane‐rich fluids mix with the surrounding oxidized seawater. These habitats are ‘oases’ in the otherwise nutrient‐poor deep sea, where entire ecosystems are fueled by microbial chemosynthesis. By associating with bacteria that gain energy from the oxidation of CH4 with O2, the animal host is indirectly able to gain nutrition from methane, an energy source that is otherwise only available to methanotrophic microorganisms. The host, in turn, provides its symbionts with continuous access to both electron acceptors and donors that are only available at a narrow oxic – anoxic interface for free‐living methanotrophs. Symbiotic methane oxidizers have resisted all attempts at cultivation, so that all evidence for these symbiotic associations comes from ultrastructural, enzymatic, physiological, stable isotope and molecular biological studies of the symbiotic host tissues. In this review, we present an overview of the habitats and invertebrate hosts in which symbiotic methane oxidizers have been found, and the methods used to investigate these symbioses, focusing on the symbioses of bathymodiolin mussels that have received the most attention among methanotrophic associations.
Quadrivalent Meningococcal Vaccination of Adults: Phase III Comparison of an Investigational Conjugate Vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, with the Licensed Vaccine, Menactra
Authors: Reisinger Keith S. , Baxter Roger , Block Stanley L. , Shah Jina , Bedell Lisa , Dull Peter M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Neisseria meningitidis
is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States, with the highest case fatality rates reported for individuals ≥15 years of age. This study compares the safety and immunogenicity of the Novartis Vaccines investigational quadrivalent meningococcal CRM
197
conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, to those of the licensed meningococcal conjugate vaccine, Menactra, when administered to healthy adults. In this phase III multicenter study, 1,359 adults 19 to 55 years of age were randomly assigned to one of four groups (1:1:1:1 ratio) to receive a single dose of one of three lots of MenACWY-CRM or a single dose of Menactra. Serum samples obtained at baseline and 1 month postvaccination were tested for serogroup-specific serum bactericidal activity using human complement (hSBA). The hSBA titers following vaccination with MenACWY-CRM and Menactra were compared in noninferiority and prespecified superiority analyses. Reactogenicity was similar in the MenACWY-CRM and Menactra groups, and neither vaccine was associated with a serious adverse event. When compared with Menactra, MenACWY-CRM met the superiority criteria for the proportions of recipients achieving a seroresponse against serogroups C, W-135, and Y and the proportion of subjects achieving postvaccination titers of ≥1:8 for serogroups C and Y. MenACWY-CRM's immunogenicity was statistically noninferior (the lower limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval was more than −10%) to that of Menactra for all four serogroups, with the postvaccination hSBA geometric mean titers being consistently higher for MenACWY-CRM than for Menactra. MenACWY-CRM is well tolerated in adults 19 to 55 years of age, with immune responses to each of the serogroups noninferior and, in some cases, statistically superior to those to Menactra.
DNA Vaccination by Electroporation and Boosting with Recombinant Proteins Enhances the Efficacy of DNA Vaccines for Schistosomiasis Japonica
Authors: Dai Yang , Zhu Yinchang , Harn Donald A. , Wang Xiaoting , Tang Jianxia , Zhao Song , Lu Fei , Guan Xiaohong 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis japonica is an endemic, zoonotic disease of major public health importance in China. Control programs combining chemotherapy and snail killing have not been able to block transmission of infection in lakes and marsh regions. Vaccination is needed as a complementary approach to the ongoing control programs. In the present study, we wanted to determine if the efficacies of DNA vaccines encoding the 23-kDa tetraspanin membrane protein (SjC23), triose phosphate isomerase (SjCTPI), and sixfold-repeated genes of the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) in the H chain of NP30 could be enhanced by boosting via electroporation in vivo and/or with cocktail protein vaccines. Mice vaccinated with cocktail DNA vaccines showed a significant worm reduction of 32.88% (P< 0.01) and egg reduction of 36.20% (P< 0.01). Vaccine efficacy was enhanced when animals were boosted with cocktail protein vaccines; adult worm and liver egg burdens were reduced 45.35% and 48.54%, respectively. Nearly identical results were obtained in mice boosted by electroporation in vivo, with adult worm and egg burdens reduced by 45.00% and 50.88%, respectively. The addition of a protein vaccine boost to this regimen further elevated efficacy to approximately 60% for adult worm burden and greater than 60% for liver egg reduction. The levels of interleukin-2, gamma interferon, and the ratios of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a)/IgG1 clearly showed that cocktail DNA vaccines induced CD4+Th1-type responses. Boosting via either electroporation or with recombinant proteins significantly increased associated immune responses over those seen in mice vaccinated solely with DNA vaccines. Thus, schistosome DNA vaccine efficacy was significantly enhanced via boosting by electroporation in vivo and/or cocktail protein vaccines.
Global Effects of Inactivation of the Pyruvate Kinase Gene in the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Complex
Authors: Chavadi Sivagamisundaram , Wooff Esen , Coldham Nicholas G. , Sritharan Manjula , Hewinson R. Glyn , Gordon Stephen V. , Wheeler Paul R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

To better understand the global effects of “natural” lesions in genes involved in the pyruvate metabolism in
Mycobacterium bovis
, null mutations were made in the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv
ald
and
pykA
genes to mimic the
M. bovis
situation. Like
M. bovis
, the
M. tuberculosis
Δ
pykA
mutant yielded dysgonic colonies on solid medium lacking pyruvate, whereas colony morphology was eugonic on pyruvate-containing medium. Global effects of the loss of the
pykA
gene, possibly underlying colony morphology, were investigated by using proteomics on cultures grown in the same conditions. The levels of Icd2 increased and those of Icl and PckA decreased in the Δ
pykA
knockout. Proteomics suggested that the synthesis of enzymes involved in fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis were decreased, whereas those involved in β-oxidation were increased in the
M. tuberculosis
Δ
pykA
mutant, as confirmed by direct assays for these activities. Thus, the loss of
pykA
from
M. tuberculosis
results in fatty acids being used principally for energy production, in contrast to the situation in the host when carbon from fatty acids is conserved through the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis; when an active
pykA
gene was introduced into
M. bovis
, the opposite effects occurred. Proteins involved in oxidative stress—AhpC, KatG, and SodA—showed increased synthesis in the Δ
pykA
mutant, and iron-regulated proteins were also affected. Ald levels were decreased in the Δ
pykA
knockout, explaining why an
M. tuberculosis
Δ
pykA
Δ
ald
double mutant showed little additional phenotypic effect. Overall, these data show that the loss of the
pykA
gene has powerful, global effects on proteins associated with central metabolism.
Comparison of Two Chromogenic Media for Selective Isolation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Stool Specimens
Authors: Peltroche-Llacsahuanga Heidrun , Top Janetta , Weber-Heynemann Josefine , Lütticken Rudolf , Haase Gerhard 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Two chromogenic media (Chromagar VRE and chromID VRE [C-ID]) performed equally well in the direct detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in stool specimens after an overnight enrichment step and a 48-h incubation period, with a sensitivity of 98.2% (56/57) for both and specificities of 96.5% (195/202) and 97.5% (197/202), respectively. However, assigning discriminatory colony color was sometimes difficult, especially on C-ID. In order to facilitate simple species identification, biochemical key reactions were implemented.
Nonrandom Distribution of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
in Chronic Wounds
Authors: Fazli Mustafa , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Kirketerp-Møller Klaus , Jørgensen Bo , Andersen Anders Schou , Krogfelt Karen A. , Givskov Michael , Tolker-Nielsen Tim 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

The spatial organization of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
in chronic wounds was investigated in the present study. Wound biopsy specimens were obtained from patients diagnosed as having chronic venous leg ulcers, and bacterial aggregates in these wounds were detected and located by the use of peptide nucleic acid-based fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We acquired CLSM images of multiple regions in multiple sections cut from five wounds containing
P. aeruginosa
and five wounds containing
S. aureus
and measured the distance of the bacterial aggregates to the wound surface. The distance of the
P. aeruginosa
aggregates to the wound surface was significantly greater than that of the
S. aureus
aggregates, suggesting that the distribution of the bacteria in the chronic wounds was nonrandom. The results are discussed in relation to our recent finding that swab culturing techniques may underestimate the presence of
P. aeruginosa
in chronic wounds and in relation to the hypothesis that
P. aeruginosa
bacteria located in the deeper regions of chronic wounds may play an important role in keeping the wounds arrested in a stage dominated by inflammatory processes.
Evaluation of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen Assays in Detecting Recombinant Viral Antigens of Various Genotypes
Authors: Saeed Mohsan , Suzuki Ryosuke , Kondo Madoka , Aizaki Hideki , Kato Takanobu , Mizuochi Toshiaki , Wakita Takaji , Watanabe Haruo , Suzuki Tetsuro 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A single substitution within the hepatitis C virus core antigen sequence, A48T, which is observed in ∼30% of individuals infected with genotype 2a virus, reduces the sensitivity of a commonly used chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Quantitation of the antigen is improved by using a distinct anticore antibody with a different epitope.
Physical Requirements and Functional Consequences of Complex Formation between the Cytomegalovirus IE1 Protein and Human STAT2
Authors: Krauss Steffen , Kaps Julia , Czech Nathalie , Paulus Christina , Nevels Michael 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOur previous work has shown that efficient evasion from type I interferon responses by human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) requires expression of the 72-kDa immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein. It has been suggested that IE1 inhibits interferon signaling through intranuclear sequestration of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) protein. Here we show that physical association and subnuclear colocalization of IE1 and STAT2 depend on short acidic and serine/proline-rich low-complexity motifs in the carboxy-terminal region of the 491-amino-acid viral polypeptide. These motifs compose an essential core (amino acids 373 to 420) and an adjacent ancillary site (amino acids 421 to 445) for STAT2 interaction that are predicted to form part of a natively unstructured domain. The presence of presumably “disordered” carboxy-terminal domains enriched in low-complexity motifs is evolutionarily highly conserved across all examined mammalian IE1 orthologs, and the murine cytomegalovirus IE1 protein appears to interact with STAT2 just like the human counterpart. A recombinant hCMV specifically mutated in the IE1 core STAT2 binding site displays hypersensitivity to alpha interferon, delayed early viral protein accumulation, and attenuated growth in fibroblasts. However, replication of this mutant virus is specifically restored by knockdown of STAT2 expression. Interestingly, complex formation with STAT2 proved to be entirely separable from disruption of nuclear domain 10 (ND10), another key activity of IE1. Finally, our results demonstrate that IE1 counteracts the antiviral interferon response and promotes viral replication by at least two distinct mechanisms, one depending on sequestration of STAT2 and the other one likely involving ND10 interaction.