bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid precipitation: Its role in the alkalization of a lake in Michigan1
Authors: Kilham Peter 
Published: March 2010

The watershed of Weber Lake in northern lower Michigan has experienced a nearly 20‐fold increase in proton loading from acid precipitation in the past 25 years. But, owing to alkalinity production by biologically mediated processes (nitrate uptake by plants and sulfate reduction by bacteria) and increased rates of carbonate weathering, acid precipitation has doubled the alkalinity, raised the equilibrium pH, and made this soft‐water seepage lake more eutrophic.An acid‐base budget for Weber Lake and its watershed was constructed from the difference between bulk precipitation input and lake water output. Strict application of the first law of thermodynamics and the principle of electroneutrality permits the calculation of the acid‐base budget from the input‐output budget. The acid‐base budget indicates that alkalinity production resulting from nitrate uptake and sulfate reduction is sufficient to completely neutralize the hydrogen ions entering the system from acid precipitation (including biologically mediated hydrogen ion production). The acid‐base budget shows that the alkalinity of Weber Lake has doubled primarily as a result of increased rates of weathering in the watershed. Weathering rates have increased as an indirect result of acid precipitation.
The potential importance of bacterial processes in regulating rate of lake acidification1,2
Authors: Kelly C.A. , Rudd John W. M. , Cook R. B. , Schindler D.W. 
Published: March 2010

Rates of microbial reduction of O2, Fe3+, Mn4+, NO3−, and SO42−, and total generation of CO2 and CH4 were measured in the hypolimnia of three Canadian Shield lakes. Methanogenesis accounted for 72–80% of anoxic carbon generation, while sulfate reduction contributed 16–20%. The remainder of anoxic carbon generation (2–8%) originated from all of the other processes combined (nitrate, iron, and manganese reduction).In lakes affected by acid deposition, inputs of sulfate and nitrate will increase, and it is expected that reducing power normally going to methane production will be diverted to nitrate and sulfate reduction. The last two reduction reactions can result in alkalinity production, whereas methane production does not. A model was developed to predict the significance of hypolimnetic alkalinity production which could result from these reactions in lakes with known hypolimnetic reducing power (methane production). The model showed that the hypolimnia of two ELA lakes which have been made eutrophic artificially could potentially produce enough persistent alkalinity to neutralize “typical” acid deposition, while a lake that was not eutrophic could not. Besides trophic state, other factors important in determining a lake’s capability for hypolimnetic alkalinity production were watershed area: surface area ratio, the watershed retentions of H+, SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+, and the degree of precipitation of FeS in the sediment.
The chemistry of the Delaware estuary. General considerations1
Authors: Sharp Jonathan H. , Culberson Charles H. , Church Thomas M. 
Published: March 2010

Many properties were measured in the Delaware estuary from freshwater to its mouth (30‰ salinity). Distinctive mixing patterns in property‐salinity plots illustrate predictable behavior for different parameters. For example, alkalinity always shows an expected positive linear relationship and dissolved organic carbon a negative linear relationship (indicative of conservative mixing). In contrast, phosphate shows a nonlinear plot suggestive of an estuarine source, nitrate a nonlinear plot suggestive of biochemical reactivity, and dissolved iron a nonlinear plot indicative of geochemical reactivity.The upper estuary has very high levels of nutrients, especially nitrate (near 200 µM), and a measurable depletion of surface water dissolved oxygen (equivalent to an apparent oxygen utilization of 100–250 µg‐atoms O·liter−1 in winter and summer). However, oxygen levels appear to be consistently above 35% saturation in the upper estuary and are near saturation throughout most of the estuary. The high nutrients do not cause algal blooms in the upper estuary; instead primary productivity appears maximal in the lower estuary. It is postulated that high suspended sediment in the upper estuary causes severe light limitation and as a result moderate utilization of nutrients sustains moderate productivity throughout the estuary and throughout the year.
The Diversity of State Benefit Dependent Lone Mothers: The Use of Type Categories as an Analytical Tool
Authors: Klett-Davies Martina 
Published: March 2010

This article provides an empirical examination of how lone mothers who receive state benefits in Germany and Britain create meaning with regards to mothering and state dependency. It uses the concept of individualisation as it requires women to negotiate their own lives. But the concept of individualisation is limited as it insinuates a convergence in men's and women's work identities and aspirations and is in danger of reducing women's identity to their ‘family-work’ preferences that does not encompass the complexity of their lives. The article has both a methodological claim and a substantive claim: Methodologically, it explores how new type categories can be used as an analytical tool to help us understand how lone mothers create meaning and to make sense of the differences between the mothers’ complex identities. Substantively, these type categories demonstrate that there are great variations and dynamics in mothers’ identities despite their state dependency. Based on lone mothers’ perceived choices and constraints they are categorised as pioneers, copers or strugglers. The pioneers view their situation as an opportunity to construct their lives actively in non-traditional ways. In contrast, the coper and the struggler types perceive a lack of choices and tend to have traditional gender role values. While copers view their situation as temporary and improvable, strugglers feel overwhelmed by constraints and perceive themselves to have no choices at all. This article discusses the construction and the characteristics of these categories while detailed case studies bring each type category to life and give them more substance. The data analysis also shows that besides values, lone mothers’ structural background as well as the number and age of their children seems to be related to lone mothers’ creation of meaning.
Family and Peer Networks in Intimate and Sexual Relationships Amongst Teenagers in a Multicultural Area of East London
Authors: Sinha Shamser , Curtis Katherine , Jayakody Amanda , Viner Russell , Roberts Helen 
Published: March 2010

The Minister for Children has recently suggested on the basis of research evidence that parents need to talk more to their children about sex in order to encourage them to start sex later and improve contraceptive use, with a view to reducing teenage conceptions. We report here on a mixed-methods project funded by the Teenage Pregnancy Unit and the Department of Health which draws on accounts of young people aged 15-18 from diverse ethnic groups in East London describing their inclination (or otherwise) to talk with parents, other family members, and peers about sex and intimate relationships. Recent sociological research describes diversity in sexual relationships, family practices and ways in which people love and care for each other, but work addressing ethnicity in these areas has been less well developed. Drawing on research into ethnicity, youth and identity formation in an urban multicultural area, our work indicates that Black African, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani young people living in East London talk to a range of people for support in addition to, or instead of parents. Thus, the siblings and extended families to whom they go for advice may well have a role in health promotion as may existing peer networks. The findings we report here reflect cultural diversity, re-working of cultural traditions and emerging youth identities in multicultural areas. Whilst there may be benefits in some families from more open talk between parents and children about sex, our work suggests that this could helpfully be supplemented by an increased appreciation of what cultural diversity and youth networks can offer.
What is ‘the Problem’ of Singleness?
Authors: Macvarish Jan 
Published: March 2010

Over the past 30 years there has been a considerable increase in the number of people living alone; in the UK, the proportion of one-person households almost doubled between 1971 and 2000, rising from 17% to 31% of households (ONS, 2002). The research drawn on here explores the experience and representation of a rapidly growing sub-group of one-person households identified by Hall et al (1999) as female, metropolitan, managerial/professional, educated and mobile. The paper concentrates on questions surrounding the identity of those who have been termed the ‘new single women’ (Whitehead, 2003). In much of the specific ‘single women’ literature, the ‘problem’ of the single woman has been understood as residing in her social construction; her stigmatisation and marginalisation as an ‘other’, relative to the norms of heterosexual partnership and motherhood. It is argued here that significant contextual changes in the landscape of interpersonal relationships demand a reconsideration of the way in which singleness is understood sociologically. The paper draws on semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in London and the South-East with a small sample of women (15) fitting the characteristics identified by Hall et al. They were aged 34-50, never-married 1 , currently lived alone, were not in a relationship and had never had children. All who volunteered for interview were heterosexual. The women were recruited using a snowball method with the reasoning that ‘word-of-mouth’ would recruit a more varied range of individuals than might respond to a public call for those who self-identified as ‘single’ to come forward. Part of the interview schedule was constructed to elicit information concerning how the women negotiated their identity and the way in which they related themselves to the category of ‘single woman’. The women were asked how they defined themselves, what they thought of the term spinster, and when they felt their singleness mattered (to themselves and to other people). They were also asked about their relationship and employment history, their daily lives and their future plans.
Transsexualism in Spain: A Cultural and Legal Perspective
Authors: Soley-Beltran Patrícia 
Published: March 2010

In this paper I will present an overview of the current legal, social and political situation of transsexual and transgendered people in Spain. The study is based on qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews with transsexual people, transgendered activists and legal experts in Spain, including some aspects of a cross-cultural comparison between Spain and the UK. The empirical study accounts for the development of social policies related to sex-reassignment and their evolution in the last decade in Spain, as well as for transsexual associations and activism, issues of social exclusion and prostitution. The study on transsexuals consists of qualitative interviews with selected individuals of the transsexual community in Scotland and Catalonia about their life experiences. The analysis of the qualitative data explores the cultural assumptions underlying the legal aspects of sex-reassignment. Amongst other issues, the paper will deal with Spanish juridical procedures for documental reorientation and its potential role as incentive for undergoing sex-reassignment operation, and the performative character of transsexualism as a scientific category and folk gender myths in the shaping of gender. The cross-cultural comparison concerns scientific terminology and funding, as well as cultural and legal aspects of sex-reassignment. The study reveals the performative character of scientific categories, the mobilisation of conflicting discourses in the negotiation of meaning, the circularity and self-referentiality of the terms used both in expert and folk discourse. Moreover, the cross-cultural comparison demonstrates the conventionality of transsexualism as a scientific category and some of the ways in which social institutions act to perpetuate the erasure of gender fluidity.
They Made a Desert and Called it Peace
Authors: Drake Mike 
Published: March 2010

This paper addresses the social theorisation of war to the current conflict in the Balkans. It takes its terms of analysis from attempts to develop a sociology of war on the basis of the classic theories of Clausewitz and Jomini, from theories of postmodern war, from Baudrillard's commentary on the Gulf War, and from an extended critical application of recent work by Mary Kaldor on the new mode of warfare. I seek to avoid the blackmail of for-or-against and its loaded ideological positions by undertaking analysis through an exposition of the techniques, rationalities, economies, and social relations of organized violence constituting the current condition of warfare. By working through the complexity of these factors, rather than constructing simple oppositions, the method of critical analysis employed here enables us to explain how and why it is that NATO has failed to engage its primary objectives. The paper is thus able to confront the question not of whether NATO should have intervened in Kosovo, but of whether its campaign did or even could intervene in any real sense. The events in Kosovo are the contestation of war itself, and NATO's failure to recognise this has also been its failure to instrumentalise its violence in direct engagement with its military objectives, leading to circular self-justification in terms of achieving its own operational preconditions. The essay explores multiple dimensions of this misengagement, showing how the failure of NATO's air campaign to engage with the realities of ethnic cleansing illustrates the virtuality of its strategy and policy. The paper concludes by drawing some implications for contemporary projects of global order.
The Use of Diaries in Sociological Research on Health Experience
Authors: Elliott H. 
Published: March 2010

Diaries have been relatively neglected as a sociological research method. This paper highlights the value of diary research, drawing on the literature on auto/biographies and health service research as well as a qualitative study of need and demand for primary health care, which used diaries and linked in-depth interviews. In particular, data from the study are used to illustrate the role of the ‘diary-interview’ method in offering a means to ‘observe’ behaviour which is inaccessible to participant observation. Five key advantages of the diary-interview are discussed, namely the potential of the ‘diary-interview’ method to accommodate different response modes; the extent to which the method captured diarists’ own priorities; the importance of the research process in illuminating the contexts within which helpseeking took place; the role of diaries as both a record of and reflection on the experience of illness and the value of the diary-interview method as a means of understanding what is ‘taken for granted’ in accounts of health and illness.
Health Experiences of Elderly People in an Outer London Area
Authors: Ong B. N. , Jordan K. 
Published: March 2010

This paper addresses the use of a combined quantitative and qualitative methodology to assess the needs of elderly people within an outer London area. The study was in two stages; firstly, a postal survey of people aged 65 and over using the health profile tool, the Short Form-36 (SF-36), alongside a demographic questionnaire. This was followed by a small number of qualitative interviews on a subset of people who scored at the worst end of the SF-36. These interviews followed themes arising from answers to the SF-36 survey. The SF-36 was able to pick up inequalities in health within the elderly population; with increasing age, even amongst the elderly, being an important factor in worsening SF-36 scores. Locality also appeared to influence the scoring although this was less conclusive. The qualitative interviews were able to extract more information and greater understanding of the health of the elderly. Whilst the SF-36 could detect problems on a number of important dimensions such as functional status and well-being, the qualitative interviews addressed individual experiences of ill-health and other issues, such as environmental factors, which affected the health of an individual. The mix of quantitative and qualitative methodologies gave a broader understanding of the health experience of elderly people to a greater extent than either could on its own. It is important for health policy to address the needs of populations whilst also accommodating individual needs.
Social Exclusion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women
Authors: Dale Angela 
Published: March 2010

This paper explores some of the processes that influence access to higher education and employment for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in Britain. We ask what changes we can expect amongst younger Pakistani and Bangladeshi women who have grown up in the UK? How do we expect educational qualifications and family formation to influence labour market participation amongst these women? What barriers do these women face in obtaining qualifications and paid employment? To what extent are these barriers imposed by the family and community and to what extent are they imposed by the local labour market? We find evidence of change across generations. By contrast with their mothers' generation, younger women who had been educated in the UK saw paid work as a means to independence and self- esteem. Women with higher level qualifications often showed considerable determination in managing to combine paid work and child-care. Whilst most women subscribed strongly to the centrality of the family, it is clear that the majority will follow very different routes through the life-course from their mothers. However, even with higher level qualifications, women are facing considerable barriers to employment. If the expected increase in economic activity amongst Pakistani and Bangladeshi women is not to lead to even higher unemployment, there is a pressing need to ensure that potential employers do not hold negative and out-dated stereotypes of traditional Muslim women.
Economic Evaluation of HLA-B*15:02 Genotyping for Asian Australian Patients With Epilepsy
Authors: Gu Yaron , Shih Sophy T. F. , Geevasinga Nimeshan , Chan Linda , Frew John W. , Sebaratnam Deshan F. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceThe HLA-B*15:02 allele has been associated with an increased risk of carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in specific Asian populations (including Han Chinese, Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese individuals). While HLA-B*15:02 genotype testing in Asian populations is recommended by several international prescribing guidelines, it is not subsidized by the Medicare Benefits Schedule in Australia.ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping in Asian Australian patients with epilepsy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA model with components of decision analysis and Markov simulation was developed to simulate clinical trajectories of adult Asian Australian patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy being considered for carbamazepine treatment. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses over a lifetime time horizon were conducted from the perspective of the Australian health care sector. The study was conducted in May 2023 and data analysis was performed from August 2023 to November 2023.InterventionNo HLA-B*15:02 genotyping and the empirical initiation of treatment with carbamazepine vs HLA-B*15:02 genotyping and the initiation of treatment with valproate in allele carriers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresLife-years (LYs), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and costs in 2023 Australian dollars (A$); incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.ResultsHLA-B*15:02 screening was associated with an additional mean cost of A$114 (95% CI, −A$83 to A$374; US$76; 95% CI, −US$55 to US$248) and a reduction in 0.0152 LYs (95% CI, 0.0045 to 0.0287 LYs) but improvement by 0.00722 QALYs (95% CI, −0.0247 to −0.01210) compared with no screening, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of A$15 839 per QALY gained (US$10 523 per QALY). Therefore, universal genotyping for Asian Australian individuals was cost-effective compared with current standards of practice at the A$50 000 per QALY willingness-to-pay threshold. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the intervention remained cost-effective across a range of costs, utilities, transition probabilities, and willingness-to-pay thresholds. At the A$50 000 per QALY willingness-to-pay threshold, universal screening was the preferred strategy in 88.60% of simulations.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this economic evaluation suggest that HLA-B*15:02 screening represents a cost-effective choice for Asian Australian patients with epilepsy who are being considered for treatment with carbamazepine.