bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and riboflavin and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case–control study in Japan
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Miyake Yoshihiro , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Fukushima Wakaba , Kiyohara Chikako , Tsuboi Yoshio , Yamada Tatsuo , Oeda Tomoko , Miki Takami , Kawamura Nobutoshi , Sakae Nobutaka , Fukuyama Hidenao , Hirota Yoshio , Nagai Masaki ,   the Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson's Disease Study Group
Published: March 2010

Increased homocysteine levels might accelerate dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD) through neurotoxic effects; thus, increasing intake of B vitamins involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism might decrease the risk of PD through decreasing plasma homocysteine. However, epidemiological evidence for the association of dietary B vitamins with PD is sparse, particularly in non-Western populations. We conducted a hospital-based case–control study in Japan to examine associations between dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and riboflavin and the risk of PD. Patients with PD diagnosed using the UK PD Society Brain Bank criteria (n 249) and controls without neurodegenerative diseases (n 368) were recruited. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed at the time of study recruitment using a validated, self-administered, semi-quantitative, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. After adjustment for potential dietary and non-dietary confounding factors, intake of folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin was not associated with the risk of PD (P for trend = 0·87, 0·70 and 0·11, respectively). However, low intake of vitamin B6 was associated with an increased risk of PD, independent of potential dietary and non-dietary confounders. Multivariate OR (95 % CI) for PD in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles of vitamin B6 were 1 (reference), 0·56 (0·33, 0·94), 0·69 (0·38, 1·25) and 0·48 (0·23, 0·99), respectively (P for trend = 0·10). In conclusion, in the present case–control study in Japan, low intake of vitamin B6, but not of folate, vitamin B12 or riboflavin, was independently associated with an increased risk of PD.
Reducing effect of aPhaseolus vulgarisdry extract on operant self-administration of a chocolate-flavoured beverage in rats
Authors: Maccioni Paola , Colombo Giancarlo , Riva Antonella , Morazzoni Paolo , Bombardelli Ezio , Gessa Gian Luigi , Carai Mauro A. M. 
Published: March 2010

Extracts from or derivatives ofPhaseolus vulgarisbeans reduce body weight and food intake, including highly palatable foods and fluids, in multiple rodent models of overeating and obesity. The present study was designed to assess whether a standardisedP. vulgarisdry extract was effective in reducing also the operant self-administration of a chocolate-flavoured beverage. To this end, rats were initially trained to lever-press for a chocolate-flavoured beverage under a fixed ratio 10 schedule of reinforcement in daily 60 min sessions. Once lever-responding reached stable levels, the effect of aP. vulgarisdry extract on the number of lever-responses for the chocolate-flavoured beverage was determined. Pretreatment with 50, 200 and 500 mg (intragastric)P. vulgarisdry extract per kg produced an approximate 15, 35 and 40 % reduction, respectively, in lever-responding for the chocolate-flavoured beverage. These results indicate the capacity of aP. vulgarispreparation to reduce the reinforcing properties of a highly palatable fluid in rats.
Anti-puritanism and urban politics: Charles I and Great Yarmouth
Authors: Cust Richard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article is a study of political conflicts in Yarmouth during the 1620s and 1630s between a group of puritan aldermen and their anti-puritan opponents. These focused firstly on efforts initiated by Bishop Harsnet to remove the stipendiary lecturers supported by the puritans; and secondly on attempts by the anti-puritan aldermen to introduce a less ‘popular’ form of town government by revising Yarmouth's charter. Throughout these conflicts the anti-puritan side were able to secure considerable backing at court, particularly from Charles I, through employing a rhetoric which highlighted the threat to order and authority presented by a combination of puritanism and ‘popularity’. The article shows how strong fears of this threat were at the heart of the Caroline regime, and how the actions which resulted could cause deep local divisions. It also illustrates the ways in which local interest groups and their supporters manoeuvred around the king to achieve their ends.
‘Fanatic magistrates’: religious and political conflict in three Kent boroughs, 1680–1684
Authors: Lee Colin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article examines religious and political conflict in the Kent boroughs of Dover, Canterbury and Sandwich in the early 1680s. Section II describes the personal, political and religious divisions in Dover which lay behind a local campaign to persuade the crown to force the surrender of the town's charter. Section III charts the growth of concerted anglican opposition to the dissenting group which controlled the corporation of Canterbury. The activities of the dissenting mayor of Sandwich which aggravated political differences within the town are described in section IV. The final part of the article suggests some implications of the three case studies for understanding of English politics in the period. It argues that the government took action against the town charters principally in response to the demands of local loyalists, rather than as part of a policy of centralization. It concludes that anglican royalists within the towns were the principal agitators for, and beneficiaries of, the new charters.
Charles II and the reconstruction of royal power
Authors: Lee Malcolm Joyce 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhile the restoration of monarchy in 1660 has attracted considerable scholarly interest, historians have usually focused upon the events that led to the abrupt change in the fortunes of Charles II rather than the less dramatic tactics by which the restored king consolidated his power. Yet the challenges Charles faced at his return were formidable, his initial personal popularity surprisingly short-lived. Somehow the regime had to quiet political and religious dissension, satisfy sharply conflicting expectations, and retrieve the power of the sword from a republican army and a volatile and well-armed public. Existing studies of the restoration years fail to explain precisely how the royal government successfully negotiated these difficulties. This essay describes the methods by which order was maintained and control reasserted; how the peaceful disbandment of the republican army and the subsequent control of its veterans were achieved; a police establishment of unprecedented size and effectiveness organized; the foundation for a permanent army laid; and the capacity of English subjects to rebel effectively diminished. In sum, it exposes the policies used to reconstruct royal authority so swiftly and securely that a host of enemies and public disenchantment failed to dislodge it.
Liberal policy and the control of public order in western Sicily 1860–1862
Authors: Riall L. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article is concerned with explanations of the failure of stateformation and nation building in liberal Italy, and concentrates on attempts to integrate western Sicily into the new political framework. The marxist account of this process has emphasized the extent of peasant revolt against the new state, and its brutal repression. Unification, it is argued, failed because it was based on coercion and domination rather than on leadership by popular consent. The present article suggests that this explanation is incomplete as it ignores the behaviour and attitude of local elites within western Sicily. The dominance of local affairs by such groups was challenged by the advent of a modern centralizing state. The article uses records from this period to show that many local notables frustrated government efforts to set up new town councils, new police forces and a liberal judicial system. This kind of resistance was far more difficult to overcome than popular revolt, because it could (and did) challenge the whole basis of centralized liberal rule. The article also looks at the military repression of the 1860s and argues that it too was undermined by the opposition of local elites. An additional reason, therefore, for the failure of unification after 1860 may be the new state's lack of appeal among its supposed class allies.
The Cominform: Tito's International?
Authors: Swain Geoffrey 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough it is now recognized that the Stalin-Tito dispute was sparked off by Tito's desire to intervene decisively in the Greek civil war, the ideological context of that decision has never been fully explored. This article suggests that, since the early days of the Second World War, Tito had been committed to establishing a popular front ‘from below’, i.e. under clear communist control. He did this not only in Yugoslavia, but used his position in the war-time Comintern to persuade other communist parties to do the same. As a result he was dissatisfied with the all-party coalition governments established with Stalin's consent throughout Europe in 1945. Tito favoured a communist offensive, while Stalin, aware of the international position of the Soviet Union, favoured a more cautious approach. When Stalin summoned the first meeting of the Cominform in September 1947 and made Tito its de Facto leader, Tito mistakenly assumed he was to head a new international committed to a revolutionary offensive not only in Eastern Europe but in Greece and even Italy and France.
Infamous encounter? The Merekalov-Weizsäcker meeting of 17 April 1939
Authors: Roberts Geoffrey 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article uses recently released documents from the Soviet diplomatic archives to examine the Merekalov–Weizsäcker meeting of April 1939. It argues that these documents show that western historians have been mistaken in assuming that this meeting was the occasion for Soviet signals of a desire for détente with Nazi Germany. The significance attached to the meeting in this respect is part of the cold war myth that the USSR's negotiations for a triple alliance with Great Britain and France in the spring and summer of 1939 were paralleled by secret Soviet–German discussions which eventually lead to the Nazi–Soviet pact of August 1939. The article seeks to demolish those elements of the myth that concern the Merekalov–Weizsäcker encounter and to present an alternative interpretation of the provenance and meaning of the so-called political overture by the Soviet ambassador at the meeting.
The role of season in the epidemiology of influenza
Authors: Hope-Simpson R. E. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYFour types of observations have been used to illustrate the seasonal characteristics of epidemic influenza: (1) The experience of a small population during 28 consecutive years, 1946–74, (2) world influenza outbreaks 1964–75 reported to the World Health Organization, (3) the experience of two widely separated localities at about the same latitude, 1969–74, and (4) the experience of two places at latitudes 30° + on opposite sides of the Equator, 1968–74.The following tendencies are shown. (1) Outbreaks of influenza even in the small community came at approximately the same season almost every year. (2) Outbreaks are globally ubiquitous and epidemic loci move smoothly to and fro across the surface of the earth almost every year in a sinuous curve that runs parallel with the ‘midsummer’ curve of vertical solar radiation, but lags about six months behind it. Such findings exclude the mediation of seasonal control by any agencies of local distribution, and suggest a direct effect of variations in some component of solar radiation on virus or human host. (3) Antigenic variations in influenza A virus tended to have the same seasonal characteristics as epidemicity. This suggests that epidemicity and virus variation are two facets of one seasonally controlled process.None of these seasonal characteristics can be explained by the current concept of influenzal epidemiology. A new hypothesis recently proposed and recapitulated in the Appendix offers a possible explanation. The primary agency mediating seasonal control remains unidentified.
Monitoring infectious diseases using routine microbiology data I. Study of gastroenteritis in an urban area
Authors: Tillett Hilary E. , Thomas Mair E. M. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYSources of information for monitoring infectious disease are routine data, special surveys and ad hoc investigations. In practice much use is necessarily made of routine notifications and laboratory records although this reporting is often incomplete and may therefore be biased.In a retrospective study of a 16-year series (up to 1968) of routine records concerning the diagnosis of gastroenteritis at one Public Health Laboratory we found it possible to identify biases. During school outbreaks of dysentery, laboratory investigation of diarrhoea increased appreciably and such response to publicity affects the use of routine data in surveillance. Although the patients examined were probably representative diagnostically, their selection may not have reflected the age incidence of disease. Valid geographical comparisons within the urban area were not feasible because medical practitioners differed in their use of laboratory facilities and in their habits of notification. Nevertheless, as far as can be established retrospectively, these data did reflect time trends in disease incidence and so had value for monitoring purposes.Several of the biases defined are likely to apply to other sets of routine data. A further communication will describe a statistical method of correcting for quantifiable bias.
Detection and quantification of IgM, IgA, IgG1and IgG2antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus from bovine sera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Elzein E. M. E. Abu , Crowther J. R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA simple solid-phase enzyme immunoassay is described for the detection of antibody classes showing activity against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in bovine sera. The assay achieves a preliminary separation of the specific class of antibody from other serum proteins through immuno-adsorption to class-specific immunoglobulin-coated wells of micro-titre plates. The specific antibody is reacted with FMD virus, which is then detected by an enzyme-labelled anti virus IgG.
The prevalence of hepatitis B infection amongst urban and rural populations in Western Samoa
Authors: Gust I. D. , Dimitrakakis M. , Faaiuso S. , Ainuu J. , Zimmet P. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA group of 240 urban and 200 rural dwellers in Western Samoa over the age of 20 years was studied for serological evidence of current or past infection with heptatitis B virus (HBV). Overall, 5·5% of subjects were found to be currently infected with HBV and a further 74·5% showed detectable levels of antibody. Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen was found to be a better marker of past infection than antibody to the surface antigen of the virus. Both the infection rate and carrier rate were higher in males than females and subjects living in rural areas were more likely to be infected than those living in urban areas.
Hepatitis A virus infections in Voyvodina
Authors: Vuković B. S. , Rončević N. , Borota R. , Terzin A. L. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYSera of 1000 persons in Voyvodina were tested with radioimmunoassay for antibodies against hepatitis A virus (HAV).The morbidity and age incidence of positive findings have been analysed and compared with relevant findings in other countries. Below the age of 19 years the morbidity rates are higher (0·138 to 0·595 per mill) and the prevalences of seropositives are lower (17·1–64·0%) than the respective frequencies above that age (0·011 to 0·052 per mill and 85·7–98·7 % respectively). Below the first year of life seropositivity is more frequent than in 1- to 14-year old children. After the first year until the age of 30–39 years the frequency of seropositives increases with increasing age up to a maximum of about 90%.
Salmonellae isolated from domestic meat waste
Authors: Durrant D. S. , Beatson Susan H. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYDuring 1977 and 1978, 172 samples from 14 batches of domestic meat waste were examined for the presence of salmonellae. Each batch was derived from the domestic refuse collected from approximately 120 houses. Thirty-five strains of ten salmonella serotypes were isolated from 32 samples from 8 batches. The probable origin of these serotypes and their significance when domestic waste is exposed to predation by birds and animals on refuse tips is discussed.
The importance of soap selection for routine hand hygiene in hospital
Authors: Ojajärvi J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYFive different types of liquid soap were studied in hospital wards, each during two months' use. Altogether 1306 finger print samples were taken from the hands of the staff by sampling twice a week and the acceptability of the soaps was measured by a questionnaire. During the use of different soaps only slight differences were found in the numbers of total bacteria or in the occurrence ofStaph. aureusand gram-negative bacilli on the hands. During the use of the emulsion-type product studied, several persons who had dermatological problems had lower mean bacterial counts of the fingers than during the use of the other soaps. This soap was also favourably accepted by the staff. After over one year's use of pine oil soap and alcohol, the staff of the hospital was satisfied with the method. However, several persons with skin problems admitted to not using soap or alcohol. The considerable differences found in the acceptability of soaps imply that for use in hospital the choice of a soap acceptable to the nursing staff is important in promoting proper hand hygiene.
A two year prospective study of hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection on paediatric wards
Authors: Sims D. G. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYOver a 24 month period on six paediatric wards of different designs 169 cases of possible hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection were investigated. A variety of viruses was isolated from 82 cases, the most common being respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviruses and rhinoviruses. A further 73 children developed respiratory symptoms between 3 and 300 days after admission but viruses were not demonstrable by the techniques used. These children were thought to have hospital-acquired infection nonetheless. Thirteen children were shown not to have acquired infection as the cause of their intercurrent illness. Most acquired infections occurred where toddlers were in cots in open wards. Children with trauma, including non-accidental injury, congenital malformations, mental retardation, failure to thrive or neoplasia were most likely to become infected. Almost 20 % of children suffered from croup or lower respiratory tract illness as a result of their acquired infection. The figure was 41 % if those less than 12 months old were considered alone. Most episodes settled quickly but in a few children investigations or surgery were delayed for a few days.
The faecal flora of patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Wensinck F. , Custers-van Lieshout L. M. C. , Poppelaars-Kustermans P. A. J. , Schröder A. M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe faecal flora of patients with Crohn's disease was compared with that of healthy subjects. In patients with terminal ileitis, numbers of anaerobic gramnegative and coccoid rods (species ofEubacteriumandPeptostreptococcus) were higher than in the controls whereas anaerobic gram-positive rods and cocci and aerobes occurred in normal numbers. The composition of the flora was neither influenced by duration of the disease nor by ileocaecal resection. In healthy subjects and patients, a chemically defined diet induced only slight changes in the flora. Thus, the flora in terminal ileitis although stable was permanently abnormal.In patients with Crohn's colitis, abnormally low numbers of anaerobes were found in patients with severe, bloody diarrhoea while aerobic counts were normal. The flora in patients with mild colitis was similar to that in terminal ileitis. It is suggested that the abnormal flora composition might be an expression of the genetic predisposition to Crohn's disease.
Serum agglutinins toEubacteriumandPeptostreptococcusspecies in Crohn's and other diseases
Authors: Wensinck F. , van de Merwe J. P. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySera from patients suffering from Crohn's and other diseases and from healthy subjects were tested for agglutinins to anaerobic, gram-positive coccoid rods belonging to species ofEubacteriumandPeptostreptococcus. Four strains labelledEubacterium contortum(two strains),Eubacterium rectaleandPeptostreptococcus productuswere agglutinated by a higher percentage of sera from patients with Crohn's disease than from healthy subjects and from patients with liver and intestinal diseases (including ulcerative colitis), ankylosing spondylitis, granulomatous diseases, diseases of immunity and malignancies.The agglutinins were of the IgG and IgM classes and strain-specific; the titres were low.The results obtained with sera from patients with Crohn's disease and healthy people were subjected to discriminant analysis to estimate the probability, based on the combined results with the four strains, that a patient suffers from Crohn's disease. When sera giving ana posterioriprobability ≥ 0·95 (aprioriprobability = 0·5) were considered positive, the test with four strains had a sensitivity of 54% and a, specificity of nearly 100%. The results with sera submitted for diagnosis showed that positive reactions in patients with a diagnosis apparently incompatible with Crohn's disease were within acceptable limits.
Outcome of asymptomatic infection with rubella virus during pregnancy
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Anderson M. J. , Pattison J. R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryWe have tried to detect prenatal infection in 34 infants whose mothers were re-infected with rubella virus during pregnancy and in six infants whose mothers had primary subclinical rubella during pregnancy. Two methods of assessment were used: first, serum obtained soon after birth was tested for IgM antibody; secondly, serum obtained after the age of 8 months was tested for specific IgG.The 34 women with re-infections had increases in IgG antibody titre but no IgM response. No evidence of prenatal infection was found in 33 of their 34 infants. One infant was found to have IgG antibody at the age of 11 months. This infant was IgM-negative at birth and had a rubelliform rash at the age of 5½ months; it therefore probably contracted post- rather than pre-natal infection. Fetal infection from maternal re-infection during pregnancy is probably rare.The six women with primary subclinical rubella produced both IgG and IgM classes of antibody. Three of their six infants showed serological evidence of intrauterine infection. One, infected when its mother was 8 weeks pregnant, had clinical evidence of congenital rubella. Primary subclinical rubella during pregnancy therefore carries a significant risk of fetal infection.Because of the difference in outcome, great care should be taken to distinguish between primary infection and re-infection when investigating symptomless increases in antibody titre after contact with rubella during pregnancy.