bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agronomic Cropping for Maximum Biomass Production1
Authors: Crookston R. Kent , Fox Carl A. , Hill David S. , Moss Dale N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith recent widespread awareness of dwindling petroleum supplies, considerable attention has been directed towards plants as photosynthetic energy converters. The purpose of this 3‐year study was to investigate the bioproductivity of agronomic crops as a potential energy source in Minnesota. Experiments were conducted in the field at St. Paul on a Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) and at Waseca on a Webster clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll). Both double‐cropping and monocropping systems were evaluated. The double‐cropping system consisted of growing fall‐planted winter rye (Secale cereale L.) at recommended seeding rates and harvesting it on 15 June, near the peak of its vegetative production and before the formation of acceptable grain. After the rye was harvested, the plots were fertilized, disked, and planted to corn (Zea mays L.). Three corn hybrids: ‘Pioneer 3780’ (full season), ‘NKPX74’ (14% more than full season), and ‘Pioneer 3030’ (28% more than full‐season) were grown at each of two populations that exceeded normal production populations by approximately 25% and 100% (75,000 plants/ha and 125,000 plants/ha). Corn was chosen to follow the rye for double‐cropping since, in a preliminary study, we determined that it produced more biomass than sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) or sudangrass (Sorghum blcolor [L.] Moench) when grown on rye plots following the rye harvest. A corn‐only or monocropping system was established adjacent to the double‐cropping plots. The same three corn hybrids were grown at the same two populations, but they were planted as early in the season as possible and grew uninterrupted. Rye produced an average biomass yield (dry weight of aboveground portion) of 9.6 metric tons/ha (MT/ha) by 15 June. The largest average biomass yield from corn planted after the rye harvest (double cropped) was 16.3 MT/ha, produced by NXPX74 at 125,000 plants/ha. The rye plus corn double‐cropping yields thus averaged 25.9 MT/ha. The largest average monocropped corn yield of 18.8 MT/ha (produced by NKPX74 at 125,000 plants/ha) was 7.1 MT/ha below the double‐cropped yields. Due to interactions and yield fluctuations across environments, however, the two systems were not determined significantly different. Since costs and risks of successfully producing two crops per season would be an important consideration, we suggest that monocropped corn would be preferred over rye‐corn double cropping as a biomass production system in Minnesota.
Early‐Season Water Management for Cotton1
Authors: Grimes D. W. , Dickens W. L. , Yamada H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVegetative development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in early season affects plant responses through the entire growth period. In the irrigated West, soils are usually irrigated before planting. With soils initially wet, scheduling a first irrigation is important to achieving desired plant growth and development. A 2‐year field study was conducted on contrasting soils to evaluate how first irrigation scheduling affected vegetative growth, maturity rate, and production.Main stem elongation was stimulated by a lower plant water deficit in early irrigations. Although a delayed first irrigation slowed vegetative growth through mid‐June, when irrigations were normalized main stem elongation was accelerated well into the July and August fruiting period. Vegetative growth was frequently increased in the fruiting period by early first irrigations. Either early or late first irrigations delayed maturity.A multiple regression model used to express relative yields (R2 = 0.72) had as independent variables the time of first irrigation (days after 30 April) and the water available to the plant in the top 61 cm of soil at planting. This yield equation predicted an optimum time for a first season irrigation from known soil water retention capability.
Growth and Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Wild Rice1
Authors: Grava John , Raisanen K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) is a newly cultivated crop and its nutrient requirements are not well defined. To develop a sound fertilization program, a better understanding of the growth, nutrient uptake and distribution in the plant is essential. The purpose of this research was to investigate the dry matter, N, P, and K accumulation, and distribution pattern of wild rice throughout its growth cycle. This study utilized a portion of an NP factorial experiment conducted with K2 cultivar on peat soil (Terric Borohemist) in a grower's paddy in northcentral Minnesota. Plant samples were collected from six 3.7‐ ✕ 3.7‐m areas receiving 40, 19.7, and 55.7 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively. Dry matter accumulation and nutrient element concentration in various above‐ground plant parts wre determined at 10 growth stages. At the jointing stage, the second leaf was separated and analyzed for N, P, and K.Although N, P, and K uptake preceded dry matter production, the accumulation patterns were similar. Accumulation rates were slow during the vegetative development phase, e.g., first 50 days after emergence. Following the jointing stage, during a 30‐day period of rapid growth, the plant accumulated over half of its dry matter and plant nutrients. Accumulation of plant nutrients continued at a relatively rapid rate until maturity. The effectiveness of topdress N application at jointing is partially explained by data indicating that wild rice accumulated 70% of its total N during flowering and grain formation. The second leaf at jointing contained 3.83% N, 0.55% P, and 3.73% K.A single plant produced 30 g of total dry matter and took up 300 mg N, 110 mg P, and 740 mg of K. The grain contained 38, 22, and 3% of the total amount of N, P, and K, respectively, taken up by the plant. Nearly 85% of total K accumulated in stems. In this study, wild rice produced nearly 11,800 kg/ha of dry matter and contained 120, 40, and 290 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively. A major portion of nutrient elements was supplied by the soil.
Role of Inoculation in Establishing Subclover on California Annual Grasslands1
Authors: Jones M. B. , Burton J. C. , Vaughn C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSubclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) has been difficult to establish in California annual grasslands even with approved cultural, inoculation, and fertilization practices. Symptoms indicated a Rhizobium insufficiency. The objectives of this study were to develop dependable inoculum and methods of establishing annual clovers in northern California. Rhizobia were isolated from nodules of vigorous clover plants growing among plants showing extreme N‐deficiency symptoms. These rhizobia were screened in growth chamber tests for effectiveness and competitiveness against native ineffective rhizobia. The best strains were further tested in the field with several stickers and seed coating materials, and were compared with commercial inoculants available at the time. In the field tests rhizobial strains differed in ability to compete with ineffective native rhizobia and in ability to survive the long summer drought. In composites, poor or moderately effective rhizobial strains reduced the effectiveness of the good strains. Subclover growth increased in field experiments as the amount of inoculum was increased, indicating that high rhizobial numbers were important. Peat inoculum applied with 40% gum arabic solution as a sticker and a lime coating was much superior to peat inoculum applied as a water slurry. Vacuum‐inoculation treatment gave no better results than uninoculated seed. The effectiveness of inoculation sticker materials fell generally in the following order: “PELGEL‐PELINOC” > gum arabic‐lime > methyl‐cellulose‐lime > sugar lime.
Effects of Overirrigation on Growth and Quality of Alfalfa1
Authors: Peterschmidt N. A. , Delaney R. H. , Greene M. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigation in excess of field capacity has long been recognized as a problem in the intermountain western U.S. Priority water rights and gravity flow systems provide cheap water in this region. In addition, there is a lack of adequate information concerning consequences of over irrigation on specific crops.A field study on the effects of five irrigation regimes on growth and quality of ‘Thor’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was conducted near Riverton, Wyoming, from 1974 through 1976. Irrigation levels were: 1) 90% of the available soil moisture depleted (AMD) and irrigated to field capacity (FC), 2) 50% AMD and irrigated to FC, 3) 10% AMD and irrigated to FC, 4) 50% AMD and irrigated to twice FC, and 5) 50% AMD and irrigated to four times FC.Irrigation to two and four times FC reduced plot forage yield 1.26 and 1.97 metric tons/ha/year, respectively, compared to the driest treatment yield. Reduced yield did not result from a decrease in stand density. Further, high irrigation levels increased alfalfa forage P content and had no effect on percent of in vitro dry matter digestibility and percent protein.These data provide practical field collected information on effects of Overirrigation on alfalfa production as necessary justification for alternative decisions on irrigation.
Relationship Beween Soybean Seed Vigor and Yield1
Authors: Egli D. B. , TeKrony D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between the vigor of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting seed and yield of the resulting crop has not been clearly determined. Studies were conducted in 1975, 1976, and 1977 to evaluate the relationship between seed vigor and yield in soybeans by experimental techniques that duplicate as closely as possible practices followed by commercial producers of soybeans. The cultivars ‘Cutler 71’ and ‘Kent’ were used in 1975 and 1976, and ‘Williams’ and Kent in 1977. Three to six lots of seed of each cultivar were selected to provide a wide range in seed vigor and maintain a high viability (standard germination). Two seeding rates were used, 16 and 33 viable seed/m (13 and 26 viable seed/m in 1977) in 3‐row plots with 76 cm between the rows (66 cm in 1975).Standard germination of the 27 lots included in the experiment ranged from 77.0 to 98.5% and averaged 90%. The 4‐day germination was closely related to the standard germination but averaged 6.3 percentage points lower. The accelerated‐aging germination averaged 69.5% and ranged from 18.0 to 97.5%. Field conditions at planting were near optimum and field emergence was high for all seed lots in all 3 years of the experiment. Thus, there was no relationship between seed vigor and emergence or final stand, regardless of cultivar or planting rate. Seed vigor had no effect on yield regardless of cultivar or planting rate. In the absence of stand differentials, there appears to be no yield advantage associated with the utilization of high vigor planting seed.
Ameliorative Role of Zn, K, and Gypsum on Maize Growth under Alkali Soil Conditions1
Authors: Shukla U. C. , Mukhi A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is needed on the ameliorative role of Zn in relation to gypsum and K on plant growth under alkali soil conditions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize (Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days. Treatment combinations of three levels of Zn (0, 5, 10 ppm), and three levels of K (0, 50, 250 ppm) were superimposed on a normal, an alkali, and a gypsum‐treated alkali soil.Shoot dry matter yield in alkali soil was only 35% of the normal soil. The application of 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil resulted in the recovery of yield to 91, 75, and 70% of that obtained in the normal soil. The highest yield was recorded with the application of 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil, which was 14 and 59% more than normal, and Zn‐treated alkali soils, respectively. The magnitude of Zn and K response in alkali soil was less after gypsum treatment. Responses to the above nutrients were also negligible in the normal soil.Zinc concentration decreased under alkali soil conditions. Gypsum and K enhanced Zn utilization by the plans. Shoot Na was highest in the alkali, and lowest in the normal soil. Zinc decreased Na. The highest decrease was in the alkali soil. An application of 250 ppm K also decreased Na. The effectiveness of Zn, K, and gypsum treatments in decreasing Na concentration was diminished when any of the above two treatments were applied together.The highest shoot K was in the normal soil, and was similar in the alkali and gypsum‐treated soils. The highest increase in shoot K with K was in the alkali and gypsum‐treated alkali soils. Zinc decreased shoot K in the alkali soil. Shoot Ca decreased with Zn or K in the normal soil, but increased in the alkali, and at their low levels in the gypsum‐treated soil. Interrelationships between Na, Zn/K, and Ca, showed decreased effectiveness when applied together, on Ca concentration. Accumulation of shoot Mg was more in the alkali than in other soils when K or Zn were not applied. The antagonism between K and Mg was evident. Antagonism between K and Ca in relation to Mg concentration was also noted.The yield increase in alkali soil with Zn was associated with the enhanced uptake of Zn and Ca, decreased concentration of Na, and widening of Ca/Na and K/Na ratios. The increase in yield with K, and gypsum treatments was also greatly associated with the enhanced uptake of Ca and other plant nutrients.
Effect of Population Density, Planting Date, and Genotype on Plant Growth and Development of Cotton1
Authors: Galanopoulou‐Sendouka Stella , Sficas A. G. , Fotiadis N. A. , Gagianas A. A. , Gerakis P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious work has suggested that a very dense cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) population may be superior to the conventional one, especially in marginal regions for cotton production, like Greece. Three population densities (100, 50, and 25 cm between rows with 10 cm within row spacing), three planting dates in 1974 and two in 1975, and three varieties were used in an experiment carried out at Sindos, Greece, to investigate the effect of the above factors on growth and development of cotton.Planting date and density differentiated growth and development greatly. The influence of planting date was strongest on earliness, while density affected most morphological characteristics and yield components. Early sowing overcame the effect of reduced and prolonged seedling emergence, produced earliness and increased yield, particularly in the shorter growing season of 1974. Late planting dates were inferior in flowering rate, maturation rate index, flower and boll number, boll weight, yield, lint percentage, and Micronaire index.Increasing density reduced individual plant growth and productivity. However, in per unit land area, there was higher total dry matter production, earlier and more abundant foliage and fruiting, but not a proportional increase of economic yield and earliness. The very dense plants showed lower efficiency of leaves, higher fruit shedding, and smaller boll size. Medium density compared to high density was more consistent in earliness and high yield.No significant interaction between density and planting date was found for yield. Considering earliness, the superiority of high densities was reduced under late planting. The relative performance of the three cultivars was not substantially affected by population density and planting date.
Response of Several Sugarbeet Cultivars to N Fertilization: Yield and Crown Tissue Production1
Authors: Halvorson A. D. , Hartman G. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe level of plant available N greatly affects sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) quality, sucrose production, and the amount of lower quality crown ussue produced. The response of several sugarbeet cultivars to N fertilization was studied in 1977 and 1978 to determine: i) what level of available N was needed by each cultivar to maximize sucrose production; ii) if each cultivar would respond similarly to N fertilization; and iii) if crown tissue production varies with cultivar. Nitrogen rates from 0 to 448 kg/ha were used as main plots with three to five commercially‐grown sugarbeet cultivars as subplots in the study. Root and sucrose yield, sucrose content, clear juice purity, and crown tissue production were determined for each treatment. All sugarbeet cultivars tested responded similarly to increasing levels of available N with crown tissue growth increasing linearly, sucrose content and clear juice purity decreasing linearly, and whole root yield increasing curvilinearly. Addition of some N fertilizer was needed to maximize sucrose production; however, as the level of N fertilization increased above the N level needed for maximum sucrose production, sucrose production decreased. Root tissue growth and sucrose production were maximum at the same N level, but maximum sucrose production did not coincide with maximum whole root yield. Sucrose production was maximum at the same N level for all cultivars. Thus, sugarbeet producers need not vary N fertilizer rates for each sugarbeet cultivar grown. However, total amount of sucrose production per unit area and crown growth did vary with cultivar. At optimum N fertilization, crown tissue accounted for 12 to 17% of the whole root yield, depending on year and cultivar grown. Results of this study indicate that N fertilization influences sugarbeet quality, crown tissue production, and level of sucrose production more than does sugarbeet cultivar.
Effect of Mid‐ to Late‐ Season Water Stress on Sugarbeet Growth and Yield1
Authors: Carter J. N. , Jensen M. E. , Traveller D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCosts of irrigation (labor, water, and energy) and sometimes limited‐late‐season water are factors associated with the choice of crop and economic returns. Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) have shown certain tolerance to water stress, therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate growth rates and characteristics, sucrose accumulation, and N uptake by sugarbeets grown under mid to late‐season soil water deficit and plant water stress.Sugarbeets were grown in a field experiment on a Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic Calciorthids; coarsesilty, mixed, mesic) under normal irrigation until 15 July, after which further irrigation was terminated or reduced on two treatments during a 2‐year period. Root yield, sucrose concentration, sucrose yield, plant N uptake, and petiole NO3‐N were determined from samples taken throughout each season. These experiments demonstrated that very little, if any, sucrose yield reduction can be expected in the Idaho area if irrigations are discontinued after filling the soil profile with water about 1 August and if the soil contains at least 200 mm of available water to a soil depth of 160 cm. During dry years, there may be an advantage to applying a light irrigation about 1 month after water cutoff and to have sufficient surface soil water present at harvest to prevent loss of roots by breaking. Use of deficit water management during August, September, and October curtailed leaf growth, reduced leaf area when no longer needed, reduced N uptake from the soil, increased sucrose concentration in the beet root, and decreased fresh root yield. These effects on yields were mainly caused by dehydration of the beet tops and roots so sucrose production was scarcely affected even though only 70% of the normal irrigation water was applied. Limited irrigations reduced evapotranspiration rates because of drier surface soil and partial stomatal closure, thereby decreasing the rate of water extraction from the soil reservoir by the plant. Use of mid to late‐season deficit water management could substantially reduce sugarbeet production costs in irrigated areas and economically benefit the consumer, producer, and manufacturer.
Yield and Quality of Alfalfa Harvested During Autumn and Winter and Harvest Effects on the Spring Crop1
Authors: Collins Michael , Taylor Timothy H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of pasturage is insufficient to meet the needs of grazing animals during autumn in mid‐latitude states of the eastern U.S. The possibility for use of perennial forage legumes after frost has not been studied.The object of this experiment was to gain information concerning the yield and quality during autumn and winter of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) produced during late summer and early autumn and to determine the effects of such harvests on spring growth and yield.In replicated field plot experiments, we measured alfalfa yield, forage quality, root reserves and spring growth for two seasons. Stockpiling periods started in early August and early September with an array of harvests during autumn and winter.Two‐year average yields were 1,520 and 892 kg/ha on 1 November for growth made from early August and early September, respectively. The loss of a potential hay harvest must be considered when August stockpiling is contemplated. Forage quality declined during autumn due largely to leaf drop and stem death. On 1 November, alfalfa stockpiled from early August was significantly lower in leaf percentage, N and P concentration, and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) than that stockpiled from early September. Forage IVDMD decreased from 59.1% to 45.4% between 15 October and 15 November for alfalfa stockpiled from early August but remained about the same, 69.9 to 70.0 for alfalfa stockpiled from early September. Crude protein (CP) generally and Ca always exceeded beef cow requirements while P and Mg concentrations declined below requirements regardless of stockpiling period. Supplementation of energy, P, and Mg would be necessary during late autumn and winter. Harvests on or after 1 November generally did not reduce root carbohydrate reserves and, with one exception, did not reduce first harvest yield in the following year, indicating that grazing or clipping could occur after that date at this location.Acceptable yields of quality forage were produced during a 6 week or longer period in late summer and autumn. This forage could be utilized by mid‐November with little reduction of the following spring crop.