bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Choice and Inter-Sexual Competition for Female Sexual Partners in Japanese Macaques
Authors: Vasey Paul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObservations of a captive colony of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were carried out with the goal of documenting (1) competition between males and females for female sexual partners and (2) choice of same-sex sexual partners by females, despite the presence of motivated, opposite-sex alternatives. Data were collected during 21 homosexual consorts hips involving 14 females living in a mixed-sex group of 37 individuals. Intersexual competition for female sexual partners was manifested when a sexually motivated male and female (competitors) simultaneously sought exclusive access to the same infertile or post-conception female (focus of competition). This occurred during male intrusions on female homosexual consortships and counter-challenges by female competitors against intruding males. Inter-sexual competition for female sexual partners took the form of approaches and solicitations directed at the focus of competition, as well as displacements and aggression directed at one's competitor. Females did not acquire alloparental care for their immature offspring from their same-sex consort partners. Thus, female competitors appeared to engaged in potentially risky competition for same-sex sexual partners in the absence of any obvious reproductive benefit (e.g. insemination or alloparental care). Following these interactions, females which were foci of competition chose to mount with the female competitors significantly more often than not.
Patch Defence in the Parasitoid Wasp Trissolcus Basalis: When to Begin Fighting?
Authors: Field Scott , Calbert Gregory 
Published: March 2012

AbstractForagers that exploit defendable patches are faced with a trade-off, between exploiting the patch, and defending it against competitors. In insect parasitoids, this trade-off is compounded by the fact that the host resources are not consumed, but remain in the environment after being exploited and therefore are still vulnerable to attack by competitors. The parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) exploits the egg masses of pentatomid bugs, and females are able to monopolise and defend patches of hosts. However, females usually do not begin fighting immediately, but co-exploit the patch without aggression for some time. This paper uses survival analysis to examine their decision-making rules with respect to when to begin defending a patch. The decision to begin fighting was influenced by the size of the patch, the number of offspring previously invested in the patch, the encounter rate with con specifics, and the encounter rate with unparasitised hosts. These factors reflect a balance between defending the resource and defending offspring, and highlight the increasing value of a patch to a female as she invests more offspring in it.
Behavioral Evidence for Individual Recognition in Japanese Quail
Authors: Riters Lauren , Balthazart Jacques 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Two studies were performed to explore the ability of male Japanese quail to discriminate between individual females, and between individual males within a context related to reproduction. Male quail were found to spend more time in front of and looking through a window providing visual access to a female with which they were repeatedly allowed to copulate, compared to a female with which they had never been allowed to copulate. In contrast, when males were allowed to freely interact with both females, no differences were observed in consummatory measures of sexual behavior. With respect to a male's ability to discriminate between individual males, during repeated pairings between the same males, dominant males displayed an elevation in cloacal contact movements (CCM) compared to their subordinate partners. The difference in CCM between members of each pair developed over several days suggesting that the males were learning to recognize and respond to one another according to a dominance relationship. During subsequent separate pairings with both familiar (i.e. the birds previously used during the repeated pairings) and novel individuals, both subordinates and dominants were found to crouch more often in the presence of novel birds. Subordinate males were also found to peck more often at a glass partition separating them from a novel dominant compared to a familiar dominant. Male quail thus appear capable of discriminating between individual females and individual males as indicated by behavioral measures relevant to reproduction.
Inter-Specific Infanticide in South American Otariids
Authors: Cassini Marcelo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSouth American fur seals Arctocephalus australis and South American sea lions Otaria fiavescens breed sympatrically on several islands of the coast of Uruguay. O. fiavescens males will sometimes attack A. australis pups and shake or toss them for several minuh:s or even hours. These attacks may result in the death of the pup. I recorded 31 pup attacks at Rasa island, Uruguay, during 1996 breeding season. Most abductors were subadults, which frequently engaged in aggressive encounters with each other during the abduction. After these encounters, the largest males always retained the pups. Forty percent of the pups died during the attacks, which normally ended when the abductor abandoned the pup. Abductors did not mount or eat the pups. Attacks by Otaria males did not appear to have the function of killing Arctocephalus pups. Instead, inter-specific infanticide appeared to be a by-product of intra-sexual competition or sexual frustration of subadult males. The mothers attempted to recover the pup in 31% of the attacks. However, only one mother was able to get her pup away from the abductor. This active role of the mothers was not observed in other colonies where Otaria subadults also attack Arctocephalus pups, e.g. in Peru. This difference is probably associated with the fact that in Uruguay both species use the same islands for reproduction, while in Peru they reproduce allopatrically.
Male Starlings Sing Most in the Late Morning, Following Egg-Laying: A Strategy to Protect Their Paternity?
Authors: Pinxten Rianne , Eens Marcel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAccording to the 'fertility-announcement hypothesis', the song of paired males might function partly as a paternity guard strategy and partly to maximize their own extra-pair copulations (EPCs). A major prediction of this hypothesis is that males should sing most when the fertility of their mate reaches a temporal (both seasonal and diurnal) peak. We report some tests of this hypothesis from a study of monogamously paired male European starlings Stumus vulgaris. Mated males sang significantly more during the fertile period of their mate and most males even completely ceased singing after their mate's fertile period. During the ovulatory period mated males sang significantly more in the late morning (0900-1200 hours) following egg-laying, when most females may have reached peak diurnal fertility, than early in the morning (0600-0900 hours). For six females, we were able to determine precise laying times during their ovulatory period and we found that their mates had a significantly higher song rate within the insemination window (the first hour following egg-laying) than before egg-laying. Although male starlings sing most when their mate's fertility reaches a seasonal and diurnal peak, our observations suggest that post-pairing song in monogamous males does not function primarily to deter other males attempting EPCs, or to attract extra-pair mates. Our results rather suggest that post-pairing song in monogamous males is directed mainly towards their own female and functions to stimulate her to solicit copulations. This may be important in the context of sperm competition if frequent pair copulations result in a higher fertilization rate for the male when EPCs have occurred.
Computer Animations as a Tool in the Study of Mating Preferences
Authors: Künzler Reto , Bakker Theo 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The study of multiple female mating preferences and multiple male signals requires correct and precise measurement of preferences. A review is given of existing preference test paradigms. Non-interactive preference tests using computer animations perfectly fulfil the demands for the study of multiple preferences for visual traits: exclusion of confounding variables, exclusion of variation within and between male pairs, great potential of experimental manipulation of single and combinations of visual traits including behaviour. We give a detailed description for the production of computer animation movies based on commercial software. Finally, we show how computer animations can be properly applied to the testing of mating preferences. In sticklebacks, female mating preferences that were tested in this way agreed with preferences that were measured with other test paradigms.
Intra- and Intersexual Functions in the Call, of a Non-Passerine Bird
Authors: Bretagnolle Vincent , Genevois Fabrice , Mougeot François 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri is a long-lived, monogamous and nocturnal seabird breeding in burrows in dense colonies in the southern hemisphere. Like all other Procellariiformes, this species shows delayed sexual maturity, and pair formation takes several years of active courtship. Its mating behaviour nearly exclusively relies on vocal cues. Its call is strongly sexually dimorphic. In this paper, we examine intra- and intersexual functions of call, and test whether these functions vary according to (1) the status of the recipient birds (breeding versus non breeding), and (2) the stage of pair formation. We used specifically designed playback experiments as three successive stages of the pair formation are recognized (stage 1: male and female in flight, stage 2: male on ground and female in flight and stage 3: male and female on ground). The first set of playback experiments was performed outside breeding colonies (stage 1). We found that wandering non-breeders (i.e. young birds which have still to find a partner) were strongly attracted and caught in mist nets when playback calls of both sexes were used. Conversely, breeders significantly avoided playback. Playback of male calls caught slightly more non-breeding females than did female calls, the reverse also being true. However, capture rates (i.e. number of birds caught per time unit) did not differ according to the sex of the call played-back. Thus, at the earliest stage of pair formation, wandering non-breeders of both sexes are attracted by their species-specific call, regardless of the sex of the call. The second set of experiments was performed on the breeding colonies and was aimed at testing the response of birds in flight (stage 2). Playback of male calls resulted in a significant increase of the vocal activity of flying females as well as a decrease of flying males calling activity. Playback of female calls had no detectable effects. Thus, at this stage of the pair formation process, birds do take into account the sexual information that is encoded within the call, and react according to their sex. The third set of tests was addressed to birds within their burrows (stage 3). We found that breeding birds responded far more to the calls of their own sex, remaining silent to those of the opposite sex: birds took into account the sexual information, but in a reverse sense compared to stage 2. Conversely, non-breeders occupying burrows responded more often to birds of the opposite sex. Our results therefore showed that the same signal can be used in intra- and intersexual communication, depending on the status of the signaller (its sex) and of the recipient (its sex and breeding status).
Direction of Predator Turning, a Neglected Cue to Predation Risk
Authors: Cooper, Jr William 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAssessed risk for prey should depend not only on distance from a predator, but also on probability that it has been detected. If an indirectly approaching predator close enough to pose a threat suddenly turns toward prey, risk increases because the joint probability that the predator has detected and will attack is raised abruptly. I conducted field experiments on the effect of a predator turning toward prey on escape behaviour by simulating a predator, slowly approaching adult keeled earless lizards, Holbrookia propinqua, on linear paths that did not lead directly toward them, but bypassed them by various distances. At the minimum bypass distance for a path, I stopped and turned directly toward a lizard or directly away. The effect of turning varied dramatically with bypass distance. Regardless of tum direction, almost all lizards fled for very close approaches and no lizards fled for sufficiently large bypass distances. At intermediate distances a greater proportion of prey fled when I turned toward them than away from them. Possible cues used by lizards to assess risk are direction of turning per se and increased visibility of eye and facial features or other morphological correlates of orientation. Ydenberg & Dill's (1986) optimality model of escape behaviour can account for the results if prey can continually assess rapidly changing risk. By turning toward prey, an indirectly approaching predator may suddenly shift from outside to within the break-even point for risk and cost of escape, thereby eliciting flight.
Ritual als Performanz Zur Charakterisierung eines Paradigmenwechsels
Authors: Rao Ursula 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe article characterizes a paradigmatic change in ritual studies in the last twenty years, by discussing the impact of the 'performative turn' in the social sciences for the analysis of ritual action and ritual efficacy. Two streams of theories are distinguished: (1) studies that re-conceptualize the relation between ritual and its social contexts, viewing it as a dynamic encounter that includes negotiation, adjustment and persuasion, and (2) studies that explore the inner dynamic of ritual and characterize the activities and media that turn ritual action into transformative performances.
Das Bild des Juden in den Märchen der Brüder Grimm
Authors: Bockwoldt Gerd 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes whether anti-Judaism, which was widespread during the German Romantic period and which was evident in organizations such as the "Christlich deutsche Tischgesellschaft" (a German Christian Society), and here especially in Achim von Arnim, also included the Brothers Grimm. One could conclude so when considering mainly the publishing history of their collection of fairy tales, which since its third edition (1837) has been appended. The same was already true for the previously published selection of tales for children (1825). However, a closer look reveals the stylistic nature of these appendixes, which provided a linguistic characterization for the tales' character types (Jew, farmer, soldier, etc.). The actual problem that the Brothers Grimm – especially Wilhelm Grimm – did not recognize and/or ignored is evident in the breaches of law as depicted in the fairy tales "Der gute Handel" and "Der Jude im Dorn." Thus, while one cannot accuse the Brothers Grimm of clear-cut anti-Judaism, one can fault them for their careless handling of problematic texts, which still causes irritation today.
A Response To Gerstenberger
Authors: Brueggemann Walter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractProfessor Gerstenberger has now published a reflective summary of his long preoccupation with religious questions in the Old Testament, with particular reference to sociological issues. His five-fold sociological typology that stretches from the family to the state is by now a familiar one that he has developed over time and long championed. But here he works matters out in detail. Gerstenberger has opened up new vistas of interpretive possibility that put to rest the run of monolithic and, therefore, reductionist interpretations that have long dominated the discipline of Old Testament theology. His accent on pluralism and contextualism is enormously important, and my primary response to his work is one of immense appreciation for a publication that is in many respects daringly experimental. What follows is an attempt to raise issues in a collegial way that are in the context of an overriding appreciation, with congratulations to him for what he has written.
Psalm 2 In The Context Of Biblical Theology
Authors: Watts James W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPsalm 2 is an intersection in which a variety of issues in biblical theology meet. The psalm impacts upon our understanding of monotheism in ancient Israel, the religious nature of Judah's royal ideology, the origins of eschatology, and New Testament Christology. Theological reflection on Ps 2 should therefore not only consider the recent exegetical discussions of the text, but also the theological issues raised by the Old Testament context, the New Testament's use of the psalm, and the history of the psalm's interpretation. In what follows, a survey of all these aspects will lay the basis for a theological construal of this biblical text.
WE BELIEVE IN GOD... MAKER OF HEAVEN AND EARTH Metaphor, Scripture, and Theology
Authors: Ollenburger Ben C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract"We believe in God..., Maker of heaven and earth," is a confession of the Christian church. As such, and since its cardinal terms are taken directly from the Old Testament, it invites an immediate investigation of those texts themselves. Such an investigation would seem to be my responsibility in this consultation, and it would certainly be what I am best equipped to do. However, this paper is also to reflect on the relation of biblical and theological studies. Since that relation is so crucial, and in the current situation so unclear, I have found it necessary to devote all my attention to what should be merely prolegomena. Thus, I must begin, in violation of good rhetorical form, with an apology for what I will and will not do: I will not deal with those texts that are, in great measure, the reason for our gathering; and I will engage in what may seem to be nothing more than "the endless methodological foreplay" that Jeffrey Stout sees as the bane of academic theology.1 Even so, I will have nothing to say about method. My aim is simply stated: it is to locate the interpretation of scripture in relation to theology. I will pursue that aim by reflecting on what is entailed in the confession that forms the rubric of this consultation and the title of this paper. The first two sections of the paper represent parallel probes, the first more abstract and the second more concrete, into the same topic.
Israel Among the Nations
Authors: Noble Paul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough Amos' oracles concerning the nations (Amos 1.3-2.16) have been the subject of numerous historical, form-critical, and literary studies, their distinctive theology has so far received relatively little attention. This is the issue that I shall address here. The main theological focus of this article concerns the standing before Yahweh of Israel vis-a-vis the other nations of the world. I shall therefore begin by examining two recent theories about the basis upon which Amos1 considered the foreign nations indicted in chapters 1 and 2 (i.e., excluding Judah and Israel) to be subject to Yahweh's judgements. These theories are: (i) That since these nations are (former) members of an (idealised) Davidic Empire, they are regarded as Yahweh's 'vassals'; and (ii) That there are certain universal standards of human decency which all nations ought to observe. After discussing these theories in sections I and II, I shall then examine the literary structure of Amos 1-2, arguing that this makes an essential contribution to the theology of these chapters.2
Cation ordering incis-andtrans-vacant dioctahedral smectites and its implications for growth mechanisms
Authors: Marchel C. , Stanjek H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDifferent types of dioctahedral smectites (nontronite, beidellite, montmorillonite) were investigated by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Starting with the chemical composition of the octahedral sheet, the occupancies within the octahedral sheet were adjusted by computer simulations to fit the occupancies derived from FTIR. For bothcis-andtrans-vacant smectites the AlAl and FeFe pairs are mainly randomly distributed but seem to be aligned along OH-bonded directions. Relative to the chemical composition, AlFe pairs are enriched incis-vacant smectites and depleted in nontronites. This behaviour can be explained by the necessity to dehydrate and hydrolyse cations when they become incorporated into the structure during crystal growth. The first and second hydrolysis steps are necessary for incorporating cations intrans-vacant smectites, whereas only the first hydrolysis step is necessary forcis-vacant smectites. The corresponding difference in energy may explain why mostlycis-vacant smectites occur in low-temperature environments.
Clay minerals associations in palaeoweathering profiles from Central Spain: genesis and implications
Authors: Doval M. , Martín-García R. , La Iglesia Á. , Alonso-Zarza A. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study examines part of the thick palaeoweathering mantle that formed on the northern area of the Spanish Central System. The study of a compound profile indicates that despite weathering processes, the primary structure of the metamorphic rocks is preserved, and is only partially lost in some intervals of the upper part of the compound profile. Macro/micromorphology, mineralogy and geochemical changes within the profiles revealed two weathering paths. In the first path, Fe-chlorite weathered to chlorite-smectite mixed-layer/smectite/kaolinite+ iron oxides. In the second path, biotite and/or muscovite weathered to kaolinite + iron oxides. The profiles show a progressive decrease, from base to top, in mica and mixed-layers and an increase in smectite and kaolinite. Thus, the profiles only comprise the lower or intermediate zones of the weathering mantle. The weathering occurred under humid climates; the lower zones of the profiles were poorly drained, whereas the topmost zones were better drained and more oxidizing. The results obtained indicate that detailed mineralogical studies are very useful to reconstruct the characteristics of the weathering mantles, and as palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic indicators.