bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring gulls (Larus argentatus): II. A two-compartment model and data for ten compounds
Authors: Clark Thomas P. , Norstrom Ross J. , Fox Glen A. , Won Henry T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A two-compartment open model using plasma and seasonally variable lipid compartments was developed and validated for several organochlorines in herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Plasma clearance rate constants (k′pc, L·kg−1·d−1), plasma: whole-body lipid partition coefficients (Kpf) and compartment sizes for lipid and plasma were obtained for juvenile gulls injected i.p. with a mixture of p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, trans-chlordane, octachlorostyrene, dieldrin, mirex and photomirex. Concentrations in plasma were determined at 11 time points during the 239-d study, and whole-body contaminant burdens and lipid weights were determined at 3 time points. Mean Kpf for p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE (0.0038 ± 0.0002) was different from that of the other organochlorines (0.0058 ± 0.0005, n = 7). The latter values were close to the expected fraction lipid in plasma, indicating a simple thermodynamic partitioning between lipid pools in adipose tissue and plasma. Plasma clearance rate constants ranged from approximately 0.04 L·kg−1·d−1 for slowly clearing organochlorines such as p,p′-DDE and mirex to 500 L·kg−1·d−1 for rapidly clearing γ-hexachlorocyclohexane and trans-chlordane. Simulations using these parameters and lipid weight regimes for individual experimental birds tracked observed plasma concentrations and final body burdens closely. Simulated whole-body half-lives of organochlorines in wild adult gulls were similar to those published for other species.
Endpoints for responses of fish to chronic toxic exposures
Authors: Suter Glenn W. , Rosen Aaron E. , Linder Ernst , Parkhurst David F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The concept of chronic toxicity has caused confusion in fish toxicology because it has developed four connotations: long duration, inclusion of all life stages, low severity, and high sensitivity. To compare alternate chronic tests and expressions of test results, we extracted concentration-response data from published life-cycle, partial-life-cycle, and early life-stage tests and derived concentration-response relationships by nonlinear regression. The effects examined were reductions in parental survival, fecundity, hatching success, larval survival, weight of early juveniles, and weight of early juveniles per egg. On the average, the most sensitive effect was reduction in fecundity, not effects on early life stages. We also found that maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATCs) corresponded to fairly high levels of effect; mean reductions at the MATC were parental survival, 20%; fecundity, 42%; hatching, 12%; larval survival, 19%; weight, 20%; and weight/egg, 35%. These results indicate that, on average, MATCs are concentrations that cause substantial effects and that MATCs estimated from early life-stage tests are not good substitutes for life-cycle tests. We suggest that the acute-chronic dichotomy be abandoned in favor of tests and benchmarks based on concentration-duration-response dynamics.
Modelling phytotoxic activity of herbicidal triazines by molecular properties: A pls approach
Authors: Cesareo D. , Tosato M. L. , Clementi S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The phytotoxicity of herbicidal triazines has been analyzed as a function of a number of physicochemical molecular properties by the PLS (partial least squares in latent variables) method for the purpose of generating QSAR-type models. The analysis was carried out on an initial set of 20 chemicals; the PLS models were able to explain percentages of the variance of the activity up to 91%. In each model the variance of the phytotoxicity was mainly explained in terms of four out of the eight considered descriptors: practically all information needed for modelling the biological activity was contained into descriptors related to the mobility of triazines and, in particular, to their partitioning among phases of different chemical composition and polarity. No relevance was found for such descriptors as molecular weight, redox properties, and ionization constants.
The uptake, distribution and metabolism of four organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots
Authors: Nolt Cynthia , McDowell Mike , Wickliff Carlos , Pfleeger Tom , Shimabuku Ray , McFarlane Craig 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The uptake of bromacil, dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN), nitrobenzene (NB) and dinitrobenzene (DNB) was studied in isolated barley roots and mature soybean plants. The uptake rate constants for soybean plants were in the order of DCBN = bromacil &lt; NB &lt; DNB. The same pattern was evident for the root tissue test, except for DNB. Metabolism of the 14C-labeled chemicals indicated that DCBN was metabolized in the leaves but not in the roots. DNB was metabolized in the roots, and bromacil remained primarily as parent compound. A method for obtaining uptake rate constants is described.
Wet process copying machines: A source of volatile organic compound emissions in buildings
Authors: Tsuchiya Yoshio , Clermont M. J. , Walkinshaw D. S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The total volatile organic compounds and profiles of volatile organic compounds of indoor air in several office buildings with libraries were studied, mainly using sorption tubes and GC-MS. Exhaust vapors from wet-process-type copying machines proved to be a major source of the volatile organic components of the indoor air.
Use of selenastrum capricornutum to assess the toxicity potential of surface and ground water contamination caused by chromium waste
Authors: Greene Joseph C. , Miller William E. , Debacon Mary , Long Michael A. , Bartels Cathy L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
United Chrome Products, Inc. (Corvallis, OR), discharged liquid chrome-plating wastes into an on-site dry well from 1957 to 1977. Samples were collected from ground and surface waters during February and December 1984 and evaluated for toxicity potential using 96-h Selenastrum capricornutum bioassays. Bioassays of the February samples were used to calculate predicted EC50 values for different chromium concentrations, which were then compared with the chromium concentrations measured in the December samples and with the results of S. capricornutum bioassays on these samples. An excellent correlation was obtained between the predicted EC50 values and the actual bioassay response values for ground water and drainage ditch samples. However, no correlation was obtained with the off-site surface water samples. These results could not be explained by changes in chromium valence, and they demonstrate that, even in simple systems, toxicity cannot readily be predicted based solely on chemical analysis.
Determination of dose-time-response relationships from long-term acute toxicity test data
Authors: Hong Wuk-Hee , Meier Peter G. , Deininger Rolf A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Long-term exposures over 96 h provide valuable information on the behavior of toxic chemicals that cannot be obtained from short-term tests. Time-dependent LC50 and dose-time-response plots are important in evaluating the toxicity of chemical compounds to test organisms. However, their use is limited because of cumbersome calculations. To circumvent this, a BASIC program was developed that is based on the multivariate linear model theory. The main program, MULTILC, runs on an IBM PC and generates an equation that describes dose-time-response relationships. From this equation, time-dependent LC50 values and their 95% confidence intervals are calculated. In addition, the subprogram, 3DGRAPH, draws a series of plots on the computer screen, including a three-dimensional dose-time-response surface.
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) environmental monitoring program in Indiana: 1979 to 1983
Authors: Wendt R. H. , Payne A. G. , Hopping W. D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The environmental concentrations of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) resulting from its use in laundry detergents were monitored during a four-year study conducted in central Indiana. The purpose of the study was to measure NTA concentrations in municipal wastewater, in surface waters that receive wastewater effluent and in finished drinking water from surface waters downstream from the outfalls of wastewater treatment plants. The 25 sampling sites were interdependent locations in and around Indianapolis, Indiana, an area that received laundry detergents containing Na3NTA at a level equivalent to 3.6% NTA in all detergents (w/w) during the last two years of the program. NTA removal during wastewater treatment averaged 91% (w/w) at activated sludge treatment plants and 65% at trickling filter plants. NTA concentrations averaged 0.008 μg/ml in river waters and 0.004 μg/ml in drinking waters when NTA-containing detergents were in use. NTA concentrations in wastewaters, river waters and drinking waters were similar to or lower than concentrations predicted from usage levels and agreed, within a factor of 3, with the predicted values.
Concentrations of six metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn) were also measured in samples collected throughout the program. Concentrations of the metals in influent wastewater, their removal by wastewater treatment and their concentrations in river and finished drinking waters were comparable with values typical in the United States. Use of NTA in laundry detergents did not affect metals removal by wastewater treatment or metals concentrations in river and drinking waters.
Aerobic biodegradation of natural and xenobiotic organic compounds by subsurface microbial communities
Authors: Swindoll C. Michael , Aelion C. Marjorie , Dobbins Durell C. , Jiang Ou , Long Sharon C. , Pfaender Frederic K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Studies were conducted to characterize the diversity of degradative abilities of microbial communities from pristine aquifer solids samples. Biodegradation was measured in aquifer solids slurries as both the conversion of radiolabeled substrate to 14CO2 and the incorporation of label into cell biomass. Under aerobic conditions, the microbial community metabolized the following naturally occurring compounds: acetic acid, amino acids, cellulose, cinnamic acid, glucosamine and glucose. The xenobiotic compounds aniline hydrochloride, chlorobenzene, p-chloro-phenol, m-cresol, ethylene dibromide, naphthalene, phenol, toluene and trichlorobenzene were also biodegraded. Several kinetic parameters were calculated from the uptake and mineralization data. First-order rate constants (K1) ranged from 10−2 to 10−4 h−1 for the natural compounds and from 10−3 to 10−6 h−1 for the xenobiotic compounds. Turnover times ranged from 47 to more than 1,900 h for natural compounds and from 806 to 60,000 h for xenobiotic compounds. For some compounds, respiratory enzymes became saturated, whereas incorporation into biomass was first-order. The results show that uptake into cell biomass represents a large fraction of total metabolism for many of the xenobiotic compounds. 14C-most-probable-number (MPN) of substrate degraders was calculated. MPNs for naturally occurring compounds ranged from 102 to 106 per gram of soil. There were generally fewer than 10 xenobiotic degraders per gram of soil. The biodegradative activity of the subsurface community appears to differ in both rate and product distribution from the activities of aquatic or surface-soil communities.
Air pollution and wildlife toxicology: An overlooked problem
Authors: Newman James R. , Schreiber R. K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Since the 1880s, there have been repeated reports worldwide of toxic effects to wildlife from air pollution. Incidents in North America were recorded as early as the 1920s and as recently as last year. The effects have ranged from death and injury to increased incidence of infectious diseases, and they are the result of exposure to both gaseous and particulate emissions. Compared with other threats to wildlife, for instance, pesticides, the toxicological relationship between air pollution and effects in wildlife is not well understood. Our limited understanding is based primarily on reports of symptoms observed in the field and on information extrapolated from studies in livestock and laboratory animals. Few controlled wildlife studies, such as those that have evaluated pesticide effects, have been conducted. Current air quality standards cannot be assumed to protect wildlife from the effects of air pollution.
This article reviews the current state of knowledge of air pollution and wildlife toxicology and the continuing threat air pollution presents to wildlife. The available information on reported effects of gaseous and particulate pollutants (i.e., sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxidants, arsenic, cadmium, fluoride, lead and selenium) on terrestrial wildlife, along with similar toxicological data for domestic animals, is summarized. Information on the toxic effects, tolerance levels, pathways of contamination, and risks to wildlife from air pollution is given, and gaps in knowledge are pointed out. Areas where research is needed are identified.
Changes in mallard hen and brood behaviors in response to methyl parathion- induced illness of ducklings
Authors: Fairbrother Anne , Bennett Richard S. , Meyers S. Mark 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Half the young in each of four broods of 5-d-old mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were gavaged orally with 4 mg/kg methyl parathion and released with their mother and untreated siblings in pond enclosures. Four control broods received corn oil only. Activity categories (swimming, preening, feeding, loafing) of hens and broods were noted every 15 min and continuous observations were made of length of time to recovery or death (dosed ducklings) and of time spent in a behavior. Observations were made for 4 h following release, for an additional 2 to 4 h that afternoon, and for 2 h the following morning. Control broods were on water during 22 of 37 observations, while treated broods were on land more frequently than on water (43 of 51 observations). There was a significant difference (χ2 = 76.4, p &lt; 0.001) between behaviors of treated and control broods; treated broods mostly preened and loafed on land while control broods primarily fed and swam in open water. Hens remained with their broods and kept all ducklings together even when dosed young were too sick to move (for 90 to 155 min posttreatment). Forty percent of dosed ducklings died the first day, whereas no control ducklings died. The results of this study indicate that methyl parathion can affect the brood-rearing phase of reproduction by direct mortality and through behavioral changes.
Characterization of agricultural nonpoint pollution: Nutrient loss and erosion in a West Tennessee watershed
Authors: Klaine S. J. , Hinman M. L. , Winkelmann D. A. , Martin J. R. , Sauser K. R. , Moore L. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Research was conducted on an 18-ha, bermed, single-field watershed in west Tennessee to characterize soil and nutrient losses during storm events over a 12-month period. Total soil loss was approximately 104 metric tons, which is high for the nation but typical for west Tennessee. Minimums of 2% of applied phosphorus and 6% of applied nitrogen were lost from the field through storm water runoff. First-flush analysis indicated that total suspended solids, orthophosphate, ammonia, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen migrated from the field faster than if proportional to the flow. In general, orthophosphate came off the field early in the runoff event, whereas other forms of phosphorus came off late in the event.
The mixed function oxidase system of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: Correlation of activities in experimental and wild fish
Authors: Jimenez Braulio D. , Burtis Lisa S. , Ezell George H. , Egan B. Z. , Lee Norman E. , Beauchamp J. J. , McCarthy J. F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental conditions can affect the metabolic transformation and accumulation of pollutants in aquatic organisms. Changes in temperature and feeding regimes had marked effects on the hepatic O-deethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD) activity in bluegill sunfish. Animals that were denied food and acclimated for 2 weeks to 4, 13 or 26°C water exhibited low and relatively uniform EROD activity at all temperatures. In contrast, fed fish acclimated at 26°C exhibited a sevenfold higher level of activity compared with those acclimated to 4°C. Starved fish acclimated to 26°C were capable of EROD induction following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Doses of 10 and 20 mg BaP kg−1 body weight increased EROD activity to 100 and 300 nmol min−1 mg−1 respectively, compared with 10 nmol min−1 mg−1 in fish injected with corn oil. Wild fish obtained from various stations along a polluted stream exhibited EROD activity levels comparable with those in laboratory fish injected with 20 mg BaP kg−1 fish. When starved fish were injected i.p. with a Purina Trout Chow extract, EROD activity was induced to levels comparable with those in laboratory-fed (Trout Chow) fish; this suggests the presence of an inducer in the Trout Chow. Exposure of fed fish to pH 5, 7 and 9 for a 2-week period at 26°C had no effect on the mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity in fish liver microsomes. The results of this study indicate that environmental variables can affect the levels of MFO activity. A better understanding of these effects is needed before these indicators can be used routinely as environmental monitors.
Comparison of procedures for recovering chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols from contaminated sediments
Authors: Remberger Mikael , Hynning Per-ÅKe , Neilson Alasdair H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Procedures for the extraction of chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols from contaminated sediment samples were examined. Using one sample, a comparison was made of the following procedures: solvent extraction with water-miscible solvents, steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction with t-butyl methyl ether, and several more aggressive methods employing BF3/methanol, HBr/water and KOH/methanol. The recoveries of the chlorinated compounds were highly variable. Recovery of the chloroguaiacols by the nonaggressive procedures was generally low, but it was significantly greater using methanolic alkali. The efficacy of the latter procedure was confirmed by the data obtained with three other sediment samples. Qualitatively similar differences in recoverability were also observed when a high molecular weight alkali-stage chlorolignin was examined. Therefore it was not possible to determine whether the monomeric chlorinated compounds were bound to natural organic compounds in the sediment or to the chlorolignin, which is produced during the bleaching process. In an experiment using one sediment sample incubated under anaerobic conditions for nine months, no change occurred in the amount of extractable chloroguaiacols and there was an approximate 40% reduction in the corresponding chlorocatechols. It is therefore postulated that the binding mechanisms of the chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols in the sediment phase are significantly different, and that an indeterminate fraction is not accessible to microbial transformation. There are, it is noted, inherent limitations to interpreting the results of experiments on binding and desorption in which xenobiotics are exposed to the sediment phase for only a short time.
Principles of toxicity testing with marine unicellular algae
Authors: Walsh Gerald E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Toxicity testing with unicellular algae requires application of the principles of phycology and microbiology to culturing, handling and exposing the organisms. This brief review describes major aspects of algal toxicity testing, including growth curves, factors that influence population growth in culture (light, temperature, medium composition, pH and salinity), choice of test species, measurement of population density, enumeration of living and dead cells, numerical expression of toxic effects and bioaccumulation.
Mutagenic potential of drinking waters from surface supplies in Northern Italy
Authors: Galassi S. , Guzzella L. , Sora S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Raw and drinking waters collected from three surface supplies in northern Italy (River Po at Turin and Ferrara, Lake Como at Como) were extracted using XAD resins to concentrate organic micropollutants. The extracts were tested for their ability to cause mutations in the Salmonella reversion system and mitotic gene-conversion or recombination in Saccharomyces. Ferrara and Como extracts were found to have mutagenic activity in both the Salmonella and Saccharomyces tests. Turin water was never found to be mutagenic. Toxic and nontoxic extracts were then analyzed by GLC and HPLC to identify the mutagenic compounds. Although the mutagenic activity could not be explained by analytical measurements, some anthropogenic compounds, probably related to the observed effects, were identified in genotoxic samples.
Toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids to freshwater invertebrates
Authors: Anderson Richard L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This report reviews the laboratory toxicity data on freshwater target and nontarget invertebrates exposed to pyrethroids and evaluates the state of the data. Early in their development, pyrethroids were shown to be highly effective insecticides against mosquitoes, blackflies and chironomids. Acute LC50 values for these target animals were often less than 1 μg/L. Acute exposures of nontarget invertebrates showed that some species were as sensitive as the target insects. Longer exposures, up to 28 d, showed that lethal effect concentrations were lowered with increased exposure duration. Unfortunately, the long—exposure tests were limited to a few species and a few pyrethroids, so no general commentary on no effect concentrations is possible. Some species were affected at concentrations near the analytical detection limit for pyrethroids. The data reviewed show that temperature, life cycle stage and exposure duration will be critical factors in developing the no effect concentrations that are important in risk assessments for nontarget invertebrates exposed to these insecticides.
Toxicology of synthetic pyrethroids in aquatic organisms: An overview
Authors: Coats J. R. , Symonik D. M. , Bradbury S. P. , Dyer S. D. , Timson L. K. , Atchison G. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The aquatic toxicology of the photostable synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as it affects two important groups of susceptible organisms — fish and aquatic insects — is discussed. The sensitivity of these aquatic species to the pyrethroids is dependent on several factors, including toxicokinetics, target site (nervous system), sensitivity and possible secondary mechanisms of action, as well as chemical and physical properties of the aquatic medium that influence toxicity and bioavailability. Uptake rates and routes of fenvalerate greatly affected the toxicity of fenvalerate to mosquito larvae. LD50 values were determined for cuticular and dietary exposure routes by utilizing radiolabeled fenvalerate at the respective LC50 concentrations in the two media (water and food). Fenvalerate was sixfold more toxic to mosquito larvae by the cuticular route. Technical fenvalerate was more toxic to larvae than was the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Addition of different concentrations of humic acid to the water reduced the toxicity to the larvae. Review and analysis of relevant literature are integrated into a discussion of the principles and details of aquatic toxicology of the pyrethroids.