bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article: enzyme supplementation in cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic and periampullary cancer
Authors: Imrie C. W. , Connett G. , Hall R. I. , Charnley R. M. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBackground  Over 11 000 UK patients each year develop pancreatic exocrine insufficiency – the major causes are not rare: cystic fibrosis (>300 new cases/year), pancreatic cancer (>7000 new cases/year) and chronic pancreatitis (>4000 new cases/year). Affected patients present in diverse ways, and for chronic pancreatitis, diagnosis is frequently made rather late in the course of the disease.Aim  To raise awareness of key clinical issues specific to patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency through experience from UK clinicians, and to offer advice regarding appropriate treatment with pancreatic enzymes.Methods  Three case studies describe clinical issues relating to pancreatic enzyme supplementation that may lead to underuse in patients with cystic fibrosis, pancreatic and periampullary cancer or chronic pancreatitis.Results  The efficacy of the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is dependent on adequate meal‐time enzyme replacement therapy. Improvements in patients’ weight and nutritional status are what is aimed for – an important reason for all doctors, nurses and dieticians to give this therapy close attention.Conclusions  Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in malnutrition, but enzyme supplementation can greatly improve quality of life in these patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 (Suppl. 1), 1–25
Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy
Authors: Schiavi E. , Barletta B. , Butteroni C. , Corinti S. , Boirivant M. , Di Felice G. 
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Schiavi E, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, Di Felice G. Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy. Allergy 2011; 66: 499–508.AbstractBackground:  No effective treatment is available for food allergy and its primary management still consists of avoiding relevant allergens. Probiotics are claimed to beneficially affect the immune system. We sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of VSL#3 probiotic mixture on specific immune responses and anaphylactic reaction induced in mice by the major food allergen shrimp tropomyosin (ST).Methods:  The cytokine production by spleen cell from ST‐sensitized mice upon allergen re‐stimulation in the presence of VSL#3 was analysed. Next, the effects of oral administration of VSL#3 on allergen‐induced anaphylaxis and Th2 response in the murine model of food allergy to ST was investigated by evaluating symptom score and histamine content in the faeces after allergen challenge, antibody response in serum and faeces, and cytokine and transcription factor expression in the jejunum.Results:  The in vitro studies on mouse spleen cells indicates that the VSL#3 preparation has the capacity to shift a polarized Th2 response to a Th1/T regulatory‐type profile. Oral therapeutic administration of VSL#3 to ST‐sensitized mice significantly reduces symptom score and histamine release in the faeces following allergen challenge, as well as specific IgE response. In the jejunum, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 tissue content was significantly reduced, whereas FOXP3 and IL‐27 mRNA expression, IL‐10, TGF‐β and IFN‐γ tissue content were up‐regulated.Conclusions:  Oral therapeutic treatment with the probiotic mixture VSL#3 is effective in redirecting allergen‐specific Th2‐polarized immune responses towards Th1‐T regulatory responses and in the protection against anaphylactic reactions induced by the allergen in a murine model of food allergy.
Plant Viruses in German Rivers and Lakes
Authors: Koenig Renate , Lesemann D.‐E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWater samples from several German rivers and lakes were ultracentrifuged and the resuspended sediments were rubbed on test plants. With almost all of these samples one or a few local lesions were produced on Chenopodium quinoa. The lesions were isolated and used as a source of inoculum for other test plants. Those viruses which were identified so far belonged to the tombus‐, potex‐ and tobamovirus groups. In one occasion carnation mottle virus was identified. For some viruses the group membership is so far unknown. Some of the isolated viruses have been known as plant pathogens for a long time, e.g. the BS3 strain of tomato bushy stunt virus, tobacco mosaic virus and carnation mottle virus. Other isolates, however, show only distant serological relationships to the known members of their respective groups. In this paper we describe the host range as well as some cytopathological and serological properties of a so far unrecorded tombusvirus (tombusvirus Neckar) and a so far unrecorded potexvirus (potexvirus Sieg). The possible origin of plant viruses in rivers and lakes and epidemiological implications are discussed.ZusammenfassungWasserproben aus verschiedenen Flüssen und stehenden Gewässern in Deutschland wurden ultrazentrifugiert, und die resuspendierten Sedimente wurden auf Testpflanzen abgerieben. Bei fast allen Wasserproben wurde auf Chenopodium quinoa zumindest eine Lokalläsion—oft auch mehrere—gebildet. Die Lokalläsionen wurden ausgestanzt, zermörsert und auf weitere Testpflanzen abgerieben. Die bisher identifizierten Viren gehörten der Tombus‐, Potex‐ und Tobamovirusgruppe an. In einem Fall wurde auch carnation mottle virus festgestellt. Bei einigen weiteren Isolaten konnte die Gruppenzugehörigkeit bisher nicht geklärt werden. Bei einem Teil der isolierten Viren, z. B. dem BS3‐Stamm des tomato bushy stunt virus, dem carnation mottle virus und dem Tabakmosaikvirus handelt es sich um lange bekannte Krankheitserreger. Andere zeigen dagegen nur entfernte serologische Verwandtschaften mit den bekannten Vertretern der entsprechenden Gruppen, und ihre natürlichen Wirte sind bisher nicht bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden der Wirtspflanzenkreis sowie die serologischen und cytopathologischen Eigenschaften eines bisher unbekannten Tombusvirus (Tombusvirus Neckar) und eines bisher unbekannten Potexvirus (Potexvirus Sieg) näher beschrieben. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten, wie Pflanzenviren in Gewässer gelangen können, und epidemiologische Fragen werden diskutiert.
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl in Senegal
Authors: D'Hondt M. Defrancq , Russo M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe distribution, incidence and seasonal variation of tomato yellow leaf curl in Senegal is reported, together with observations on the population density of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. and its fluctuation throughout the year. Preliminary results indicate that the disease can be transmitted from tomato to tomato by B. tabaci and that natural infections take place in seed beds as well as in the field. The heaviest incidence of yellow leaf curl was recorded concomitantly with the highest population density of B. tabaci.Ultrastructural observations have shown that nuclear modifications of phloem cells similar to those typically induced by geminivirus were present in infected tomato tissues. Senegal is therefore the third country, in addition to Israel and Tunisia, where a non mechanically transmissible geminivirus is found associated with the yellow leaf curl disease of tomato.ZusammenfassungEs wurde von der Verbreitung, dem Vorkommen und der saisonalen Variation von tomato yellow leaf curl im Senegal berichtet, zusammen mit Beobachtungen der Populationsdichte von Bemisia tabaci und ihrer Fluktuation während des Jahres. Vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen an, daβ die Krankheit von Tomate zu Tomate durch B. tabaci übertragen werden kann und daβ natürliche Infektionen sowohl in Zuchtgärten als auch im Feld erfolgen können. Das stärkste Vorkommen von yellow leaf curl wurde gleichzeitig mit der stärksten Populationsdichte von B. tabaci beobachtet.Ultrastrukturelle Beobachtungen zeigten auf, daβ nukleare Modifikationen der Phloemzellen, ähnlich jenen, die typischerweise durch Geminiviren induziert werden, in infizierten Tomatengeweben vorhanden waren. Deshalb ist der Senegal das dritte Land, auβer Israel und Tunesien, in dem ein nicht mechanisch übertragbarer Geminivirus in Beziehung mit der yellow leaf curl‐Krankheit der Tomate gefunden wurde.
Deoxynivalenol and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Spring Cereals
Authors: Miller J. D. , Young J. C. , Sampson D. R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA single isolate of Fusarium graminearum (DAOM 178148) was used to infect experimentally 9 spring wheat, 5 rye and 6 triticale cultivars and the resulting amounts of fungal biomass (determined as ergosterol), deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins at the same stage of development were compared. Resistant cultivars of wheat, rye and triticale contained low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (mean 0.6 ppm) in the kernels, whereas susceptible cultivars of wheat and triticale contained much higher concentrations (mean 10.2 ppm). The corresponding chaffs contained ca. 8 fold higher concentrations. Higher ergosterol concentrations in the susceptible cultivars showed that these cultivars had lower resistance to hyphal invasion. Ergosterol to deoxynivalenol ratios in the susceptible cultivars averaged ca. 2.4 and were much higher in the resistant, averaging ca. 12 and ca. 240 for the wheat and rye, respectively. The data suggest that resistant cultivars have factors that prevent synthesis and/or promote degradation of deoxynivalenol. Zearalenone was not detected in any sample and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol was noted only in the chaff of the most susceptible wheat cultivar.ZusammenfassungEin einzelnes Isolat von Fusarium graminearum (DAOM 178148) wurde eingesetzt, um experimentell 9 Sommerweizen‐, 5 Roggen‐ und 6 Triticale Kultivare zu infizieren und die sich ergebenden Mengen pilzlicher Biomasse (bestimmt als Ergosterol), Deoxynivalenol und andere Mycotoxine zum gleichen Entwicklungsstand zu vergleichen. Resistente Kultivare von Weizen, Roggen und Triticale enthielten geringe Konzentrationen von Deoxynivalenol (Durchschnitt 0,6 ppm) in den Körnern, während anfällige Kultivare von Weizen und Triticale wesentlich höhere Konzentrationen (Durchschnitt 10,2 ppm) enthielten. Das entsprechende Stroh enthielt ca. 8mal höhere Konzentrationen. Höhere Konzentration von Ergosterol in den anfälligen Kultivaren zeigten, daβ diese Kultivare eine geringere Resistenz gegenüber der Hypheninvasion hatten. Das Verhältnis Ergosterol zu Deoxynivalenol in den anfälligen Kultivaren betrug im Durchschnitt ca. 2,4 und war in den Resistenten viel höher, die im Mittel ca. 12 und 240 für Weizen bzw. Roggen aufzeigten. Die Ergebnisse lieβen vermuten, daβ die resistenten Kultivare Faktoren enthalten, die die Synthese verhindern und/oder den Abbau von Deoxynivalenol unterstützen. Zearalenon konnte in keiner Probe gefunden und 15‐Acetyldeoxynivalenol konnte nur im Stroh der meisten anfälligen Weizenkultivare festgestellt werden.
On Whose Side Is the State? The German Labor Ministry and Industrial Relations, 1918–1933
Authors: LIU TIEN‐LUNG 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper uses the shifting industrial relations policies of the German Labor Ministry to evaluate the competing theories of the state. The analysis shows (1) that pluralism, social democracy, corporatism, and statism can only account for policy changes in specific segments of the interwar years and (2) that in comparison, structuralist neo‐Marxism explains the policy shifts from 1918 to 1933. However, I argue that because of their predilection for a fixed set of actors, these explanations are weak in predicting the ascendance of various forces during the interwar period and then sketch a contingency approach to the study of state agencies.
Locating Footbinding: Variations across Class and Space in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century China*
Authors: TURNER CHRISTENA L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this article I look at footbinding as a social and cultural practice embedded in the daily life conditions of women and their families. I sketch a picture of variations based primarily on regional and class differences in nineteenth and early twentieth century practices of footbinding and in efforts to eradicate them. The period in question is one of interest precisely because it is a time of transition. I look simultaneously at footbinding as a practice and as a target of criticism, defense, and transformation. This allows me to consider the ways in which it was practiced by women to represent, shape, and constrain their own, their daughters,' and their families' cultural, social, economic, and political lives. Relying largely on missionary journals, personal histories, diaries, and travel writing, I examine the practice and the demise of footbinding in various social and spatial locations. Although sources which permit a close look at embedded social practices of footbinding are scarce, it seems clear that both the practice of various forms of footbinding and the process of its eventual demise involved strategies, conflicts, and habits which differed along gender, class, and geographic lines of distinction. I suggest that the variety of forms the practice of footbinding took in lived experience of women's social lives is not incidental to its conceptualization and meaning, but rather central to it.
Evaluation of Sexual Functions in Turkish Alcohol-Dependent Males
Authors: Dişsiz Melike , Oskay Ümran Yeşiltepe 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It was reported that long-term and high amount of alcohol consumption cause sexual dysfunction in men. There is a lack of descriptive studies focusing on the sexual dysfunction of alcohol dependent men in Turkey.

Aims
This study was conducted to evaluate sexual functions of alcohol dependent men.

Methods
This descriptive study was performed at the Alcohol and Substance Research Treatment and Education Center (ASRTEC). The data was collected between 26 December 2007 and 26 December 2008.

Main Outcome Measures
As research instruments, an interview form of 30 questions that questioned personal characteristics and was developed by researchers, and IIEF (International Index of Erectile Dysfunction) with 15 items that evaluated sexual dysfunction were used.

Results
Mean age of men was 41.22 ± 8.19; 36.5% of participants were graduated from primary school, and 57.5% were unemployed. Average daily alcohol consumption was 16.41 ± 4.90 standard alcohol. We found that 47% of alcohol-dependent men had their first sexual experience before they were 18 years old, 64.4% had multiple partners, 1.7% experienced a sexually transmitted disease, 7.7% had a chronic disease, and 18.3% had pain during intercourse. Mean total IIEF scores of alcohol-dependent men was 57 ± 9.23 (mean ED scores 23.41 ± 3.91). Therefore, 70.3% of participants had a mild (17–25), and 4.4% had a moderate (11–16) erectile dysfunction. With a multivariate analysis, predictors of erectile dysfunction in chronic alcohol dependent male were determined as age of subject, age of onset for alcohol, duration of alcoholism, and cigarette use.

Conclusion
Chronic alcoholism affects sexual functions in men. Sexual dysfunction in alcohol addicted males is related with education level and unemployment and starting alcohol consumption at an early age and long-term cigarette smoking.
Long‐term effects of endurance training on total tract apparent digestibility, total mean retention time and faecal microbial ecosystem in competing Arabian horses
Authors: GOACHET A.‐G. , VARLOUD M. , PHILIPPEAU C. , JULLIAND V. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: In endurance horses, commonly fed 80% forage, energy is provided mainly by VFA produced in the hindgut during cell wall degradation, but cell wall digestibility has been reported to be impaired by exercise.Objectives: To assess the influence of a long‐term endurance conditioning on cell wall digestion in horses.Methods: The total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fibrous constituents, solid and liquid total mean retention time and the faecal microbial ecosystem of purebred Arabian horses were measured for 2 years in 2 longitudinal experiments.Measurements: Performed at the beginning of each year for control level and after conditioning periods corresponding to incremental endurance racing levels: 60, 90 (year 1) and 120 (year 2) km. During the 5 measurement periods, feed intake and diet composition were similar.Results: In year 1, digestibility of DM, OM and NDF was higher after 10 weeks of training (P = 0.008, P = 0.010 and P = 0.031, respectively), corresponding to the 90 km level, compared to the pretraining level. In year 2, NDFd and (NDF–ADF)d tended to be higher (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07, respectively) after the 17 weeks conditioning necessary to reach 120 km level, than before training. These variations were not systematically associated to a longer total MRT, neither to an increase in the microbial fibrolytic activity.Conclusions: Digestibility of DM, OM and NDF appeared to be higher after endurance conditioning. Such an increase could be beneficial for endurance horses as it would provide more energy from forage degradation. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the mechanisms, understand some contradictory results and investigate methodological aspects.
Variation in frontal plane joint angles in horses
Authors: UNT V. E. , EVANS J. , REED S. R. , PFAU T. , WELLER R. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Conformation in horses is often considered an indicator of athletic ability, performance and resistance to orthopaedic disease. Evaluation is performed in the standing horse and repeatability influenced by stance. Ground reaction forces increase in the moving horse as speed increases.Objectives:To determine the effect of locomotion on equine carpus, tarsus, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in the frontal plane.Hypothesis:Valgus/varus angulation will change when moving.Materials and methods:Kinematic data were collected standing, walking and trotting for 2 groups of horses. The change in angle for carpus, tarsus, MCP and MTP joints was calculated standing and midstance for each stride. Comparison of joint angles between left and right limbs, standing, walking and trotting were made. Inter‐ and intrahorse variations were investigated.Results:Significant differences were observed between groups of horses and left and right forelimbs. Between walk and trot, the MCP joint changed from valgus to varus, and the tarsus and MTP joints increased in valgus deformity. Between standing and walk the carpus increased in valgus deformity. Interhorse variation was significantly different, intrahorse variation was not. Variation in measurements between gaits was minimal.Conclusions:This study validates the measurement of joint angles from the front in the walking and trotting horse using kinematic data, interhorse variation in joint angle measurements exceeding intrahorse variation. The increases in joint angles between standing and walking, and walking and trotting warrant further investigation.
Saddle and leg forces during lateral movements in dressage
Authors: De COCQ P. , MOOREN M. , DORTMANS A. , Van WEEREN P. R. , TIMMERMAN M. , MULLER M. , Van LEEUWEN J. L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: In the equestrian world it is assumed that riders use changes in weight distribution and leg forces as important instruments to give horses directions about speed and direction of movement. However, the changes of these forces have never been quantified.Objectives: To investigate the distribution of normal forces (perpendicular to surface) underneath the saddle and of normal forces exerted by the rider's legs during lateral movements.Materials and methods: Eleven riders performed 3 different exercises: riding straight ahead, shoulder‐in and travers at trot. Three saddle force systems were used simultaneously. The magnitudes of the forces were summed for the total area, the inside and the outside half of the saddle and inside and outside leg. Mean and maximum summed forces were analysed statistically.Results: The saddle forces showed a rhythmic pattern but leg forces were more irregular. Mean total saddle force was lower (P = 0.006) when riding straight ahead (671 ± 143 N) than when riding shoulder‐in (707 ± 150 N) or travers (726 ± 165 N). Mean inside saddle force was higher (P = 0.003) when riding travers (468 ± 151 N) than when riding straight on (425 ± 121 N) or shoulder‐in (413 ± 136 N). Maximum outside leg force was higher (P = 0.013) when riding travers (47.2 ± 33.9 N) than when riding straight on (31.6 ± 24.1 N) or shoulder‐in (34.2 ± 27.3 N).Conclusion: The study helps to give a biomechanical background to well established but intuitive horse riding techniques.
Relationships between myonuclear domain size and fibre properties in the muscles of Thoroughbred horses
Authors: KAWAI M. , KUWANO A. , HIRAGA A. , MIYATA H. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The myonuclear domain (MND) is the region of cytoplasm governed by a single myonucleus. Myonuclear domain size is an important factor for muscle fibre plasticity because each myonucleus has limitations in the capacity of protein synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that differences in MND size exist in different fibre types in several species, including horses.Objectives: To understand the basic mechanism of muscle plasticity, the relationships between MND size, muscle fibre type population and metabolic properties of skeletal muscles throughout the whole body in Thoroughbred horses were examined.Methods: Post mortem samples were taken from 20 muscles in 3 Thoroughbred horses aged 3–5 years of age. Fibre type population was determined on serial cross sections of each muscle sample, stained for monoclonal antibodies to each myosin heavy chain isoform. Oxidative (succinic dehydrogenase; SDH) and glycolytic (phosphofructokinase; PFK) enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically in each muscle sample. Furthermore, 30 single fibres were isolated from each muscle under stereomicroscopy and then fibre volume and myonuclear number for a given length analysed under confocal microscopy. The MND size of each single fibre was measured after normalisation of sarcomere length to 2.8 µm by staining with membrane‐specific dye.Results: Immunohistochemical staining indicated that soleus, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius muscles had the highest percentage of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre, respectively. Biochemical analysis indicated highest activities of SDH and PFK in diaphragm and longissimus lumborum muscles, respectively. MNDs were largest in the splenius muscle and smallest in the soleus and masseter muscles. Myonuclear domain size is significantly related to type I muscle fibre population, but not to SDH activities of the muscles.Conclusion: The MND size of muscle fibre depends on fibre type population rather than mitochondrial enzyme activities.