bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Stochastic Fermi-type Particle Acceleration in the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Wang Jieshuang , Rieger Frank M. , Mizuno Yosuke 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
High-resolution radio observations of nearby active galactic nuclei have revealed extended, limb-brightened structures in their inner jets. This ties in with other multiwavelength observations from radio to X-ray and gamma ray, indicating that a structured jet model is required. While electrons need to be kept energized to account for the observed features, the underlying particle acceleration mechanism is still unclear. We explore the role of stochastic Fermi-type particle acceleration, i.e., classical second-order Fermi and shear acceleration, for understanding the multiwavelength observations of the inner jets of M87. An analytical Fokker–Planck description is adopted to infer characteristic spectral indices and cutoff energies for these two mechanisms. We focus on electron synchrotron radiation as the dominant emission process. We find that the multiwavelength observations of M87 can be satisfactorily accounted for in a framework, where the X-rays are produced at a larger distance from the core than the radio emission region. This provides further support to multizone, broadband emission modeling. We use our findings to also comment on the acceleration of cosmic rays entrained in the sheath.
Tests of the Kerr Hypothesis with MAXI J1803-298 Using Different RELXILL_NK Flavors
Authors: Liao Jie , Ghasemi-Nodehi M. , Cui Lang , Tripathi Ashutosh , Huang Yong-Feng , Liu Xiang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Iron line spectroscopy has been one of the leading methods not only for measuring the spins of accreting black holes but also for testing fundamental physics. Basing on such a method, we present an analysis of a data set observed simultaneously by NuSTAR and NICER for the black hole binary candidate MAXI J1803-298, which shows prominent relativistic reflection features. Various relxill_nk flavors are utilized to test the Kerr black hole hypothesis. The results obtained from our analysis provide stringent constraints on Johannsen deformation parameter α
13 with the highest precise to date, namely

α

13

=

0.023

−
0.038

+
0.071

from relxillD_nk and

α

13

=

0.006

−
0.022

+
0.045

from relxillion_nk, respectively, in 3σ credible lever, where the Johannsen metric reduces to the Kerr metric when α
13 vanishes. Furthermore, we investigate the best model fit results using Akaike information criterion and assess its systematic uncertainties.
JWST Photometric Time-delay and Magnification Measurements for the Triply Imaged Type Ia “SN H0pe” at z = 1.78
Authors: Pierel J. D. R. , Frye B. L. , Pascale M. , Caminha G. B. , Chen W. , Dhawan S. , Gilman D. , Grayling M. , Huber S. , Kelly P. , Thorp S. , Arendse N. , Birrer S. , Bronikowski M. , Cañameras R. , Coe D. , Cohen S. H. , Conselice C. J. , Driver S. P. , DŚilva J. C. J. , Engesser M. , Foo N. , Gall C. , Garuda N. , Grillo C. , Grogin N. A. , Henderson J. , Hjorth J. , Jansen R. A. , Johansson J. , Kamieneski P. S. , Koekemoer A. M. , Larison C. , Marshall M. A. , Moustakas L. A. , Nonino M. , Ortiz R. , Petrushevska T. , Pirzkal N. , Robotham A. , Ryan R. E. , Schuldt S. , Strolger L. G. , Summers J. , Suyu S. H. , Treu T. , Willmer C. N. A. , Windhorst R. A. , Yan H. , Zitrin A. , Acebron A. , Chakrabarti S. , Coulter D. A. , Fox O. D. , Huang X. , Jha S. W. , Li G. , Mazzali P. A. , Meena A. K. , Pérez-Fournon I. , Poidevin F. , Rest A. , Riess A. G. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Supernova (SN) SN H0pe is a gravitationally lensed, triply imaged, Type Ia SN (SN Ia) discovered in James Webb Space Telescope imaging of the PLCK G165.7+67.0 cluster of galaxies. Well-observed multiply imaged SNe provide a rare opportunity to constrain the Hubble constant (H
0), by measuring the relative time delay between the images and modeling the foreground mass distribution. SN H0pe is located at z = 1.783 and is the first SN Ia with sufficient light-curve sampling and long enough time delays for an H
0 inference. Here we present photometric time-delay measurements and SN properties of SN H0pe. Using JWST/NIRCam photometry, we measure time delays of Δt
ab =

−

116.6

−
9.3

+
10.8

observer-frame days and Δt
cb =

−

48.6

−
4.0

+
3.6

observer-frame days relative to the last image to arrive (image 2b; all uncertainties are 1σ), which corresponds to a ∼5.6% uncertainty contribution for H
0 assuming 70 km s−1 Mpc−1. We also constrain the absolute magnification of each image to μ

a
=

4.3

−
1.8

+
1.6

, μ

b
=

7.6

−
2.6

+
3.6

, μ

c
=

6.4

−
1.5

+
1.6

by comparing the observed peak near-IR magnitude of SN H0pe to the nonlensed population of SNe Ia.
Mass Ejection Driven by Sudden Energy Deposition in Stellar Envelopes
Authors: Corso Nicholas J. , Lai Dong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A number of stellar astrophysical phenomena, such as tidal novae and planetary engulfment, involve sudden injection of subbinding energy in a thin layer within the star, leading to mass ejection of the stellar envelope. We use a 1D hydrodynamical model to survey the stellar response and mass loss for various amounts (E
dep) and locations of the energy deposition. We find that the total mass ejection has a nontrivial dependence on E
dep due to the varying strengths of mass ejection events, which are associated with density/pressure waves breaking out from the stellar surface. The rapid occurrence of multiple breakouts may present a unique observational signature for sudden envelope heating events in stars.
A Relativistic Formula for the Multiple Scattering of Photons
Authors: Takahashi Rohta , Umemura Masayuki , Ohsuga Ken , Asahina Yuta , Takeda Rintaro , Takahashi Mikiya M. , Kawanaka Norita , Konno Kohkichi , Nagasawa Tomoaki 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We have discovered analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) of photons that are multiply scattered in relativistic flows, under the assumption of isotropic and inelastic scattering. These expressions characterize the collective dynamics of these photons, ranging from free-streaming to diffusion regions. The PDF, defined within the light cone to ensure the preservation of causality, is expressed in a three-dimensional space at a constant time surface. This expression is achieved by summing the PDFs of photons that have been scattered n times within four-dimensional space-time. We have confirmed that this formulation accurately reproduces the results of relativistic Monte Carlo simulations. We found that the PDF in three-dimensional space at a constant time surface can be represented in a separable variable form. We demonstrate the behavior of the PDF in the laboratory frame across a wide range of Lorentz factors for the relativistic flow. When the Lorentz factor of the fluid is low, the behavior of scattered photons evolves sequentially from free propagation to diffusion, and then to dynamic diffusion, where the mean effective velocity of the photons equates to that of the fluid. On the other hand, when the Lorentz factor is large, the behavior evolves from anisotropic ballistic motion, characterized by a mean effective velocity approaching the speed of light, to dynamic diffusion.
“Super” high-frequency subthalamic stimulation for managing refractory dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kasemsuk Chayut , Oyama Genko , Sasaki Fuyuko , Sekimoto Satoko , Nuermaimaiti Maierdanjiang , Iwamuro Hirokazu , Umemura Atsushi , Hattori Nobutaka 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
To evaluate and compare the effect of “super” high-frequency (SHF; >130 Hz) stimulation and conventional high-frequency (CHF; 100–130 Hz) stimulation on patients with dyskinesia.

Methods:
The patients were evaluated using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) with SHF and CHF after levodopa infusion. The secondary outcomes included the Burke–Fahn–Marsden dystonia rating scale and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III scores.

Result:
Six patients were enrolled in this study. The AIMS scores were not significantly different between SHF and CHF (p=0.89, paired t-test). Three out of six patients (50%) had better AIMS scores when SHF was applied, the scores of two patients remained unchanged, and one patient had a score worse than that with CHF. No short-term adverse effects were observed.

Conclusion:
The results of our pilot study show that SHF is safe and tolerable. We believe that in appropriate cases SHF can be used for managing dyskinesia after conventional methods yield unfavorable results.
Role of middle latency auditory evoked potentials in parkinsonism
Authors: Mehta Anish , Mahale Rohan R. , Ampar Nikith , Acharya Purushottam , Javali Mahendra , R Srinivasa 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) allow the assessment of the function of the central part of the auditory pathway. MLAEP abnormalities have been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease with dementia.

Objective:
The objective of our study was to assess the MLAEP findings in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP) and to determine whether MLAEPs could contribute to the differential diagnosis of IPD and AP.

Methods:
We included 75 participants (25 IPD patients, 25 AP, and 25 age-matched healthy control subjects). MLAEPs were recorded in all patients and control subjects as per the standard procedure for MLAEP recordings. Absent waveforms (Na and Pa waves) and prolonged latencies of individual waves were considered as abnormal MLAEP readings.

Results:
The Pb waveform was significantly absent in the patients with IPD and AP compared to control subjects (p = 0.02). The Pb waveform was significantly absent in the AP group compared to the IPD group (p = 0.03). The Pb waveform was significantly absent in the AP group without cognitive impairment compared to the IPD group without cognitive impairment (p = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with IPD with and without cognitive impairment (p = 0.07). There was no significant difference among the groups with respect to Na and Pa wave latencies. Other parameters such as Na–Pa amplitude and Nb–Pb amplitudes were not significant among the groups.

Conclusion:
The absence of Pb potential in AP is an electrophysiological clue for the diagnosis of AP in patients presenting with parkinsonism. MLAEPs can act as an electrophysiological adjunct to the clinical imaging markers in differentiating IPD from AP.
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy and movement disorders
Authors: Ganguly Jacky , Sinha Jigyasha , Basu Purba , Pal Anushree , Mondal Banashree , Tiwari Mona , Kumar Hrishikesh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by primary deficit in myelin development; they are radiologically characterized by mild T2 hyperintensity with near normal T1 signal of the cerebral white matter. While most HLDs occur during infancy or childhood, adult-onset phenotypes are reported as well. To date, HLDs have not been extensively discussed in the literature on movement disorders apart from segregated case reports. From the perspective of movement disorders, HLDs commonly manifest as spastic ataxia, except for disorders such as hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) and fucosidosis, where dystonia predominates. In addition, dystonia can be associated with the 18q deletion syndrome and KIF1C- and NKX6-2-related spastic ataxia. Chorea can be observed in the striatal variant of POLR3A, 18q deletion syndrome, and KIF1C-related disorders. Associated morphological features such as facial dysmorphism, hypodontia, early cataract, and skeletal and limb dysmorphism often provide vital clues to recognize these HLDs. Additional imaging clues include striatal atrophy in the H-ABC syndrome, spinal cord T2 hyperintensities in leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation, intracranial calcification in Cockayne syndrome, and pallidal T2 hypointensity in fucosidosis. Early recognition of these clinicoradiological clues will be helpful in ordering a comprehensive genetic panel to confirm the diagnosis and determine the prognosis and therapeutic outcome.
Long-term efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in tardive dystonia: A case report and follow-up of 4 years
Authors: Jha Shreyashi , Yadav Ravi , Holla Vikram V , Kamble Nitish L , Kumar Pal Pramod , Srinivas Dwarkanath 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Tardive dystonia (TD) is a disabling neurological disorder and is usually refractory to medical therapy. Over the past decade, several case reports and case series have demonstrated remarkable benefits of deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna for the treatment of refractory TD. In this case report, we present an illustrative case of refractory TD treated with globus pallidus interna–deep brain stimulation, with long-term sustained improvement of the dystonia and psychiatric comorbidity. In addition, the patient had a dorsal cord schwannoma, producing pyramidal signs in the lower limbs, which highlights the need for meticulous clinical examination for optimum patient management.
Botulinum toxin injections during the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Nandwani Saurabh , Mishra Anumeha , Majigoudra Ganeshgouda , Pandey Sanjay 
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND AND AIM:
Clinical services were severely affected globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to characterize the clinical experience of using botulinum toxin (BTX) injections during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS:
This is a retrospective chart review of patients who received BTX injections from April 2019 to January 2022.

RESULTS:
A total of 105 patients received an BTX injections, out of which 76 (72.4%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 47.9 ± 15.1 years. The most common indication for receiving BTX injections was dystonia (n = 79; 75.2%), followed by hemifacial spasm (n = 22; 21%) and miscellaneous movement disorders (n = 4; 3.8%). Focal dystonia (n = 45; 57%) was the most frequent form of dystonia, followed by segmental dystonia (n = 24; 30%). The percentage of generalized dystonia and hemidystonia was 12% and 1%, respectively. Cervical dystonia (44.4%), blepharospasm (17.8%), and writer’s cramp (15.6%) were the most frequent forms of focal dystonia. The miscellaneous group included four patients (3.8%) with trigeminal neuralgia, Holmes tremor, dystonic tics, and hemimasticatory spasm. The mean ages of patients in the dystonia, hemifacial spasm, and the miscellaneous groups were 47.7 ± 14.9 years, 49.2 ± 14.0 years, and 44.2 ± 26.0 years, respectively. The mean BTX dose was 131.6 ± 104.1 U. The mean BTX doses for the dystonia group, hemifacial spasm, and the miscellaneous group were 158.7 ± 105.3 U, 40.1 ± 11.3 U, and 100.0 ± 70.7 U, respectively.

CONCLUSION:
Most patients in our cohort had dystonia, followed by hemifacial spasm. Among the patients with dystonia, most had focal dystonia, with cervical dystonia being the most common movement disorder. The data obtained in our study is important to increase awareness of the effectiveness of BTX injections in patients with chronic disorders.
Comparison of yoga and physiotherapy on motor neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Thunga Akash V. , Karthikbabu Suruliraj , Prem Venkatesan 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms are the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD), leading to poor quality of life of patients.

Aim:
This study aims to compare the benefits of yoga versus physiotherapy on motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients with PD.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-four patients with PD, Hoehn and Yahr disease severity rating scale of I–III, score of <3 on a pull test, and walking ability for 10 meters participated in this observer-blinded randomized clinical trial. The yoga group practiced asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing), and meditation. The comparator group underwent physiotherapy. All participants performed 60-minute training sessions a day, with two sessions per week for 12 weeks. The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination (ACE-R), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor experiences, and Balance Evaluation System Test (BESTest) were the outcome measurements.

Results:
On comparing the groups using the Mann–Whitney U test, a statistical significance was observed in the overall quality of life (p = 0.008), emotional well-being (p = 0.008), and stigma (p = 0.048) domains of PDQ-39 and the memory (p = 0.025) and fluency (p = 0.003) domains of ACE-R, which were favorable for yoga. The BDI, UPDRS motor experiences, and BESTest measures were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both the yoga and physiotherapy groups, only on within-group analysis.

Conclusion:
Psycho-spiritual yoga practice appears to promote emotional well-being and alleviate the stigma attached to PD; therefore, it improves the quality of life of PD patients compared to physical exercises. In addition, it is noted that patients taking antidepressants may experience less depressive symptoms, warranting a multi-arm parallel-group randomized trial. In conclusion, both yoga and physiotherapy appear to exhibit therapeutic potential in alleviating the motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD and enhancing the balance performance in patients.
Automated analysis of pen-on-paper spirals for tremor detection, quantification, and differentiation
Authors: Rajan Roopa , Anandapadmanabhan Reghu , Nageswaran Sharmila , Radhakrishnan Vineeth , Saini Arti , Krishnan Syam , Gupta Anu , Vishnu Venugopalan Y. , Pandit Awadh K. , Kumar Singh Rajesh , Radhakrishnan Divya M , Bhushan Singh Mamta , Bhatia Rohit , Srivastava Achal , Kishore Asha , Padma Srivastava M V 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
To develop an automated algorithm to detect, quantify, and differentiate between tremor using pen-on-paper spirals.

Methods:
Patients with essential tremor (n = 25), dystonic tremor (n = 25), Parkinson’s disease (n = 25), and healthy volunteers (HV, n = 25) drew free-hand spirals. The algorithm derived the mean deviation (MD) and tremor variability from scanned images. MD and tremor variability were compared with 1) the Bain and Findley scale, 2) the Fahn–Tolosa–Marin tremor rating scale (FTM–TRS), and 3) the peak power and total power of the accelerometer spectra. Inter and intra loop widths were computed to differentiate between the tremor.

Results:
MD was higher in the tremor group (48.9 ± 26.3) than in HV (26.4 ± 5.3; p < 0.001). The cut-off value of 30.3 had 80.9% sensitivity and 76.0% specificity for the detection of the tremor [area under the curve: 0.83; 95% confidence index (CI): 0.75, 0.91, p < 0.001]. MD correlated with the Bain and Findley ratings (rho = 0.491, p = 0 < 0.001), FTM–TRS part B (rho = 0.260, p = 0.032) and accelerometric measures of postural tremor (total power, rho = 0.366, p < 0.001; peak power, rho = 0.402, p < 0.001). Minimum Detectable Change was 19.9%. Inter loop width distinguished Parkinson’s disease spirals from dystonic tremor (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 54.6, 211.1), essential tremor (p = 0.003, 95% CI: 28.5, 184.9), or HV (p = 0.036, 95% CI: -160.4, -3.9).

Conclusion:
The automated analysis of pen-on-paper spirals generated robust variables to quantify the tremor and putative variables to distinguish them from each other.

Significance:
This technique maybe useful for epidemiological surveys and follow-up studies on tremor.
Assessment of Maxillary Canine Impaction and Severity in Young Patients
Authors: Patel Shubham , Sharma Tarun , Prasad Narayana , Gupta Ritika , Rawat Anupa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
The most common form of tooth impaction is maxillary permanent canines, third molars being an exception to this rule. Ericson and Kurol estimated that impactions are twice as common in females (1.17%) as in males (0.51%). It is estimated that of all patients with maxillary impacted canines, 8% are bilateral impaction. The purpose of this study is an assessment of maxillary canine impaction and severity in young patients based on angular and linear measurements on panoramic radiographs.

Materials and Methods:
The retrospective study with 150 males and females, panoramic radiographs were taken between the age group of 14 and 20 years. Out of 150, in 25 Orthopantograms (OPGs), maxillary canine impaction was found. The samples were further classified into two groups involving unilateral and bilateral canine impaction. Angular and linear measurements were performed, and the linear distance between the cusp tip and apex of the cuspid was measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane or midline.

Results:
Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test. The equality of means t-test shows that the distance measured from the canine cusp tip to the central incisor was highly significant (P < 0.05 and angular measurements were highly insignificant. The severity of bilateral impaction was found to be higher in females than males.

Conclusion:
The incidence and severity of bilateral maxillary canine impaction were significant in females compared to males.
Angular Photogrammetric Analysis for a Young Adult Garhwali Population
Authors: Srivastava Neelesh Kumar , Sharma Tarun , Prasad P. Narayana , Rawat Anupa , Joshi Sumit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to quantify the average parameters that define the soft-tissue facial profile of a young adult Garhwali population of age 18–21 by means of angular measurement on standardized photographs.

Materials and Methods:
A sample of 50 Garhwali individuals (25 males and 25 females) between 18 and 21 years of age was obtained with a class I dental relationship. The photographic set-up consisted of a tripod that held a digital SLR camera. The photographic records of the subjects were taken in natural head posture. The obtained records were digitized and analyzed using the Digimizer software program. Twelve measurements were digitally analyzed on each photograph. For statistical evaluation, Student’s-t-test was performed and reliability of the method was analyzed. The results were compared with established soft-tissue profile photogrammetric norms.

Results:
The Student’s t-test was applied to all variables to determine the influence of sex in the measurements. Two of the angles showed sexual differences: nasofrontal (G–N–Prn, P = 0.001) and mentolabial angle (Li–Sm–Pg, P = 0.002). Nasofrontal angle was found wider in the females while mentolabial angle was found be wider in the males.

Conclusion:
Orthodontist has the ability to alter facial features and must analyze the soft-tissue facial profile and compare it with standard measurements of the soft- tissue facial profile. The sample’s mean values can be compared against records of participants using the same photogrammetric technique and sharing the same attributes. The results showed sexual differences in two of the measurements: the nasofrontal and mentolabial angle.