bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated exposure modeling: A model using GIS and GLM
Authors: Holford Theodore R. , Ebisu Keita , McKay Lisa A. , Gent Janneane F. , Triche Elizabeth W. , Bracken Michael B. , Leaderer Brian P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTraffic exhaust is a source of air contaminants that have adverse health effects. Quantification of traffic as an exposure variable is complicated by aerosol dispersion related to variation in layout of roads, traffic density, meteorology, and topography. A statistical model is presented that uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to incorporate variables into a generalized linear model that estimates distribution of traffic‐related pollution. Exposure from a source is expressed as an integral of a function proportional to average daily traffic and a nonparametric dispersion function, which takes the form of a step, polynomial, or spline model. The method may be applied using standard regression techniques for fitting generalized linear models. Modifiers of pollutant dispersion such as wind direction, meteorology, and landscape features can also be included. Two examples are given to illustrate the method. The first employs data from a study in which NO2 (a known pollutant from automobile exhaust) was monitored outside of 138 Connecticut homes, providing a model for estimating NO2 exposure. In the second example, estimated levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the model, as well as a separate spatial model, were used to analyze traffic‐related health effects in a study of 761 infants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft handoff support for SIP‐NEMO: design, implementation, and performance evaluation
Authors: Yang Shun‐Ren , Huang Ya‐Jun , Chiu Chun‐Wei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSIP‐NEMO has previously been proposed in the literature as a NEtwork MObility (NEMO) solution. However, the SIP‐NEMO handoff delay has been shown to be more than 320 ms, which is intolerable for real‐time services. In this paper, we focus on reducing the SIP‐NEMO handoff delay. We design a soft handoff mechanism for SIP‐NEMO and implement a test‐bed for it with soft handoff support. The experimental results indicate that our SIP‐NEMO with soft handoff support can effectively reduce the handoff disruption time from those of SIP‐NEMO without soft handoff and MIPv4‐NEMO with fast handover. Thus, our proposed soft handoff mechanism for SIP‐NEMO can improve the handoff performance so it can meet the delay requirements of real‐time multimedia applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routing in intermittent networks using storage domains
Authors: Mundur Padma , Lee Sookyoung , Seligman Matthew 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present a routing algorithm for a class of networks where a contemporaneous end‐to‐end path may not exist at the time of data transfer due to intermittent links. Several examples of such networks exist in the context of sensor networks, mobile ad hoc networks and delay tolerant networks. The proposed routing algorithms follow a priori routing similar to source routing. Link state changes are assumed to be known ahead of time, for instance, due to planned duty cycling resulting in scheduled connectivity. The basic idea behind the proposed routing algorithms is to modify the breadth first search (BFS) algorithm to take into account link state changes and find the quickest route between source and destination nodes. We introduce the idea of time‐varying storage domains where all nodes connected for a length of time act as a single storage unit by sharing the aggregated storage capacity of the nodes. This will help situations where storage is a limited resource. We evaluate the routing algorithm with and without storage domain in an extensive simulation. The delay performance of the proposed algorithms is conceptually the same as flooding‐based algorithms but without the penalty of multiple copies. More significantly, we show that the Quickest Storage Domain (Quickest SD) algorithm distributes the storage demand across many nodes in the network topology, enabling balanced load and higher network utilization. In fact, we show that for the same level of performance, we can actually cut the storage requirement in half using the Quickest SD algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thyroid Ultrasonography
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Amino Nobuyuki , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe recent prevalence of ultrasonography (US) has facilitated the early detection and qualitative evaluation of thyroid nodules. Furthermore, novel technical developments are extending the application range of US for other thyroid diseases.MethodsThe use of US to differentiate between thyroid carcinoma and benign nodule, between a metastatic lymph node and a reactive node, between thyroid lymphoma and chronic thyroiditis, and between destruction‐induced thyrotoxicosis and Graves’ disease is introduced.ResultsClassification systems for thyroid nodule have shown high diagnostic accuracy for thyroid carcinomas except follicular carcinoma. US diagnosis of lymph node metastasis showed high specificity but low sensitivity. Patients who were suspected of thyroid lymphoma based on US findings should undergo incisional biopsy or thyroidectomy for diagnosis of the histologic type if fine‐needle aspiration biopsy findings suggest lymphoma. Patients should be carefully followed even if they were diagnosed as negative based on cytologic findings. Measurement of thyroid blood flow is helpful for diagnosing destruction‐induced thyrotoxicosis, such as painless thyroiditis, by distinguishing the lesion from Graves’ disease.ConclusionsUltrasonography is useful for diagnosing various thyroid diseases, including thyroid carcinoma. The remaining issue to be resolved is the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma. Trials using novel techniques to differentiate these lesions are expected.
Outcome of Arterial Reconstruction and Free‐Flap Coverage in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Long‐Term Results
Authors: Randon Caren , Vermassen Frank , Jacobs Bart , De Ryck Frederik , Van Landuyt Koenraad , Taes Yoeri 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundMajor amputation for advanced soft tissue loss with bone and tendon exposure, can be prevented in diabetes patients with a combined arterial reconstruction and free‐flap transfer. We reviewed our 15‐year outcome and evaluated the feasibility to save diabetic feet by means of this aggressive strategy.MethodsA total of 55 type II diabetes patients (42–80 years of age), hospitalized between January 1992 and December 2006 for a combined arterial reconstruction and free‐flap transfer, were followed until December 2007. All would have otherwise required at least a below‐knee amputation. Arterial reconstructions, preferentially with autologous vein, were performed in combination with free tissue transfer, simultaneously or staged. The rectus abdominis muscle was the most frequently used muscle graft, although in recent years a growing number of alternative muscle and perforator flaps were used.ResultsThe mean follow‐up was 22 months (range: 1–180 months). Major complications occurred in 37% with only one in‐hospital death. Major amputations were performed in 15 patients, 5 in the early postoperative period. The 1‐year and 3‐year limb salvage rates were 75.8 and 64.3%, with a 1‐year and 3‐year amputation‐free survival of 69.5% and 55.8%. The 1‐year and 3‐year secondary patency for graft and free flap was 78.7% and 60.2%, respectively. Renal insufficiency was a major risk factor for limb loss (Hazard Ratio [HR] 5.581 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.384–22.5)). Independent ambulation was regained in 38 patients.ConclusionsCombined arterial reconstruction and free tissue transfer provides an excellent long‐term result with regard to amputation‐free survival and limb salvage. It should be considered in every diabetes patient with extensive soft tissue deficits before amputation is performed.
Soil carbon flux following pulse precipitation events in the shortgrass steppe
Authors: Munson Seth M. , Benton Tyler J. , Lauenroth William K. , Burke Ingrid C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPulses of water availability characterize semiarid and arid ecosystems. Most precipitation events in these ecosystems are small (≤10 mm), but can stimulate carbon flux. The large proportion of carbon stored belowground and small carbon inputs create the potential for these small precipitation events to have large effects on carbon cycling. Land‐use change can modify these effects through alteration of the biota and soil resources. The goal of our research was to determine how small precipitation events (2, 5, and 10 mm) affected the dynamics of soil carbon flux and water loss in previously cultivated Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields and undisturbed shortgrass steppe. Total carbon loss and duration of elevated carbon flux increased as event size increased in all field types. Time since cultivation increased in importance for carbon flux as event size increased. A comparison of water loss rates to carbon flux suggests that water is limiting to carbon flux for the smallest events, but is less limiting for events above 5 mm. We also describe how water availability interacts with temperature in controlling carbon flux rate. We conclude that small precipitation events have the potential for large short‐term losses of carbon in the shortgrass steppe.
New Hybrid Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles Surface Modified With Catecholate Type Ligands
Authors: Janković Ivana A , Šaponjić Zoran V , Džunuzović Enis S , Nedeljković Jovan M 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Surface modification of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles (45 Å) with bidentate benzene derivatives (catechol, pyrogallol, and gallic acid) was found to alter optical properties of nanoparticles. The formation of the inner-sphere charge–transfer complexes results in a red shift of the semiconductor absorption compared to unmodified nanocrystallites. The binding structures were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. The investigated ligands have the optimal geometry for chelating surface Ti atoms, resulting in ring coordination complexes (catecholate type of binuclear bidentate binding–bridging) thus restoring in six-coordinated octahedral geometry of surface Ti atoms. From the Benesi–Hildebrand plot, the stability constants at pH 2 of the order 103 M−1 have been determined.
Interaction Between Nano-Anatase TiO2 and Liver DNA from Mice In Vivo
Authors: Li Na , Ma Linglan , Wang Jue , Zheng Lei , Liu Jie , Duan Yanmei , Liu Huiting , Zhao Xiaoyang , Wang Sisi , Wang Han , Hong Fashui , Xie Yaning 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Nano-TiO2 was shown to cause various toxic effects in both rats and mice; however, the molecular mechanism by which TiO2 exerts its toxicity is poorly understood. In this report, an interaction of nano-anatase TiO2 with liver DNA from ICR mice was systematically studied in vivo using ICP-MS, various spectral methods and gel electrophoresis. We found that the liver weights of the mice treated with higher amounts of nano-anatase TiO2 were significantly increased. Nano-anatase TiO2 could be accumulated in liver DNA by inserting itself into DNA base pairs or binding to DNA nucleotide that bound with three oxygen or nitrogen atoms and two phosphorous atoms of DNA with the Ti–O(N) and Ti–P bond lengths of 1.87 and 2.38 Å, respectively, and alter the conformation of DNA. And gel electrophoresis showed that higher dose of nano-anatase TiO2 could cause liver DNA cleavage in mice.
Acute effects of intravenous and rectal acetate on glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, ghrelin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-α
Authors: Freeland Kristin R. , Wolever Thomas M. S. 
Published: October 2009

In animals, colonic infusion of SCFA does not affect glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release whereas intravenous infusion does and SCFA may directly stimulate peptide YY (PYY) release. It is unknown whether SCFA and their route of administration affect human blood concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY. Our aim was to conduct a pilot study to determine the effects of intravenous and rectal acetate on blood concentrations of GLP-1, PYY, ghrelin, adiponectin and TNF-α in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects. Six hyperinsulinaemic female subjects were given 20 mmol sodium acetate intravenously, 60 mmol acetate rectally, or normal saline rectally or intravenously on four separate occasions in randomised order, with blood samples collected at 0, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Change in plasma PYY was significantly higher after acetate and rectal infusions (9·69 and 13·78 pg/ml) compared with saline and intravenous (0·60 and − 3·1 pg/ml; P < 0·01), respectively. Change in plasma GLP-1 was increased by rectal and acetate infusions (0·25 and 0·23 mmol/l) v. intravenous and saline ( − 0·26 and − 0·19 mmol/l; P < 0·01). Acetate decreased TNF-α v. saline ( − 0·8 and 0·15 pg/ml; P < 0·05). Rectal infusions increased TNF-α and ghrelin (0·2 and 98·27 pg/ml) v. intravenous ( − 0·9 and − 40 pg/ml; P < 0·01). There was no effect of treatment on plasma adiponectin. These preliminary results suggest that acetate raises plasma PYY and GLP-1, and suppresses TNF-α. Also, distending the rectum increases PYY, GLP-1, TNF-α and ghrelin in hyperinsulinaemic females. Increasing colonic fermentation products, particularly acetate, could yield a new mechanism for modifying weight gain.
Consumption of coffee, green tea, oolong tea, black tea, chocolate snacks and the caffeine content in relation to risk of diabetes in Japanese men and women
Authors: Oba Shino , Nagata Chisato , Nakamura Kozue , Fujii Kaori , Kawachi Toshiaki , Takatsuka Naoyoshi , Shimizu Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2009

Although the inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of diabetes has been reported numerous times, the role of caffeine intake in this association has remained unclear. We evaluated the consumption of coffee and other beverages and food containing caffeine in relation to the incidence of diabetes. The study participants were 5897 men and 7643 women in a community-based cohort in Takayama, Japan. Consumption of coffee, green tea, oolong tea, black tea and chocolate snacks were measured with a semi-quantitative FFQ in 1992. At the follow-up survey in 2002, the development of diabetes and the time of diagnosis were reported. To assess the association, age, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, education in years, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, fat intake and women's menopausal status were adjusted. Among men who consumed one cup per month to six cups per week and among those who consumed one cup per d or more, the associated hazard ratios were 0·69 (95 % CI 0·50, 0·97) and 0·69 (95 % CI 0·49, 0·98) compared with those who drank little to no coffee, with a P value for trend of 0·32. The hazard ratios for women with the same coffee consumption patterns were 1·08 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·60) and 0·70 (95 % CI 0·44, 1·12), with a P value for trend of 0·03. The association between estimated total caffeine intake and risk of diabetes was insignificant both among men and among women. The results imply that coffee consumption decreased the risk of developing diabetes. The protective effect may exist aside from the influence of caffeine intake.
What have the genomics ever done for the psychoses?
Authors: Gill M. , Donohoe G. , Corvin A. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundDespite the substantial heritability of the psychoses and their genuine public health burden, the applicability of the genomic approach in psychiatry has been strongly questioned or prematurely dismissed.MethodA selective review of the recent literature on molecular genetic and genomic approaches to the psychoses including the early output from genome-wide association studies and the genomic analysis of DNA structural variation.ResultsSusceptibility variants at strong candidate genes have been identified including neuregulin, dysbindin, DISC1 and neurexin 1. Rare but highly penetrant copy number variants and new mutations affecting genes involved in neurodevelopment, cell signalling and synaptic function have been described showing some overlapping genetic architecture with other developmental disorders including autism. Thede-novomutations described offer an explanation for the familial sporadic divide and the persistence of schizophrenia in the population. The functional effects of risk variants at the level of cognition and connectivity has been described and recently, ZNF804A has been identified, and the MHC re-identified as risk loci, and it has been shown that at least a third of the variation in liability is due to multiple common risk variants of small effect with a substantial shared genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.ConclusionsThe genomics have done much for the psychoses to date and more is anticipated.
The wellbeing of childless men and fathers in mid-life
Authors: DYKSTRA PEARL A. , KEIZER RENSKE 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTUsing data from the first wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study conducted in 2002–03, this paper examines the economic, psychological and social wellbeing among 1,467 men aged 40–59 years with different parenthood histories and circumstances: the childless, fathers who live with their children, non-co-resident fathers, and ‘empty-nest fathers’. The gerontological interest is whether there are variations in wellbeing by parenting, and whether they persist in old age. The results showed that fathers have higher incomes than childless men, regardless of their partner history. As regards psychological wellbeing, men's partner history counts, not their parenthood status. Being single contributes to low levels of psychological wellbeing. The findings provide evidence of the socially integrating effects of parenthood and for men's ‘good-provider’ role. Childless men and non-co-resident fathers report poorer quality family relationships. In addition, childless men were least likely to report helping others in the community. Overall, more support is found for the notion that fatherhood is a transforming event than that the wellbeing benefits derive from fathering activities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for inequalities in wellbeing and informal support among the male members of the cohort born during 1943–63 when they reach old age.
Childlessness at the end of life: evidence from rural Wales
Authors: WENGER G. CLARE 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAfter the spouse, children are the most likely source of informal support for an older person when the frailties of advanced old age create the need for help. Childlessness may thus be seen as particularly a problem for older people. In general, to compensate for the lack of children, childless people develop closer relationships with available next-of-kin and non-kin. Despite this, in times of need they are likely to find themselves with inadequate informal support. Using data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this article explores the consequences of childlessness among persons aged 85 years or more living in rural Wales. The results indicate that by the time they reach old age, childless people have adapted to their situation and developed expectations consistent with being childfree. They have closer relationships with collateral kin, friendships are important and a high value is placed on independence. Nevertheless, unless they die suddenly or after a short acute illness, almost all of them enter residential care or a long-stay hospital at the end of their lives. It is also shown that the situation of childless people varies greatly and depends on several factors, particularly marital status, gender, social and financial capital, and on the person's earlier investment in the strengthening of next-of-kin and non-kin networks.
What childless older people give: is the generational link broken?
Authors: ALBERTINI MARCO , KOHLI MARTIN 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTWith the increase of childlessness in European societies, its consequences have become a matter of concern. Studies in this field, however, have concentrated on what childless people lack and need in terms of social, financial and moral support. In contrast, this article focuses on what childless people give to their families, friends, unrelated others and to society at large. Using 2004 data on social support and financial transfers given and received by people aged 50 or more years in ten European countries from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the analyses show that the support networks of childless older people tend to be somewhat weaker than those of parents and that links with members of the younger generations in the family are stronger for parents than for those without children. The results also indicate, however, that the differences in transfer behaviour between parents and childless adults are small, and that the support networks of the childless are more diverse than those of parents, and characterised by stronger links with ascendants and lateral relatives and with non-relatives. Moreover, people without children tend to be more intensely involved in charities and comparable organisations.
King Edgar's charter for Pershore (AD 972)
Authors: Stokes Peter A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractS 786 is one of the so-called Orthodoxorum charters, a group of documents which provide important evidence about the Anglo-Saxon chancery, the development of charters in the tenth century, and the history of Pershore Abbey and the tenth-century Benedictine reforms. The document has therefore received a great deal of attention over the past century or so, but this attention has been focussed on the surviving tenth-century single sheet, and so a second, significantly different version of the text has lain unnoticed. This second version is preserved in a copy made by John Joscelyn, Latin Secretary to Archbishop Matthew Parker. Among the material uniquely preserved in this copy are Old English charter bounds for Wyegate (GL), Cumbtune (Compton, GL?) and part of the bounds probably for Lydney (GL), as well as a reference to a grant by Bishop Werferth of Worcester. In this article both versions of the document are discussed and are published together for the first time, and a translation of the single sheet is provided. The history of the two versions is discussed in some detail, and the text of a twelfth-century letter which refers to the charter is also edited and translated.