bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
Authors: Ellin Justin , Rebolo Leonor , Backfish Michael , Prebys Eric , Ariño-Estrada Gerard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective. Prompt gamma timing (PGT) uses the detection time of prompt gammas emitted along the range of protons in proton radiotherapy to verify the position of the Bragg peak (BP). Cherenkov detectors offer the possibility of enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the inherent physics of Cherenkov emission which enhances detection of high energy prompt gamma rays relative to other induced uncorrelated signals. In this work, the PGT technique was applied to 3 semiconductor material slabs that emit only Cherenkov light for use in a full scale system: a 3 × 3 × 20 mm3 TlBr, a 12 × 12 × 12 mm3 TlBr, and a 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 TlCl. Approach. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target was exposed to a 67.5 MeV, 0.5 nA proton beam and shifted in 3 mm increments at the Crocker nuclear laboratory (CNL) in Davis, CA, USA. A fast plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) provided the start reference for the proton time of flight. Time of flight (TOF) distributions were generated using this reference and the gamma-ray timestamp in the Cherenkov detector. Main results. The SNR of the proton correlated peaks relative to the background was 20, 29, and 30 for each of the three samples, respectively. The upper limit of the position resolutions with the TlCl sample were 2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm for 30k, 10k, and 5k detected events, respectively. The time distribution of events with respect to the reference reproduced with clarity the periodicity of the beam, implying a very high SNR of the Cherenkov crystals to detect prompt gammas. Background presence from the neutron-induced continuum, prompt gammas from deuterium, or positron activation were not observed. Material choice and crystal dimensions did not seem to affect significantly the outcome of the results. Significance. These results show the high SNR of the pure Cherenkov emitters TlBr and TlCl for the detection of prompt gammas in a proton beam with current of clinical significance and their potential for verifying the proton range. The accuracy in determining shifts of the BP was highly dependent on the number of events acquired, therefore, the performance of these detectors are expected to vary with different beam conditions such as current, pulse repetition, and proton bunch width.
Tutorial on laser locking techniques and the manufacturing of vapor cells for spectroscopy
Authors: Mäusezahl Max , Munkes Fabian , Löw Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This tutorial provides a hands-on entry point about laser locking for atomic vapor research and related research such as laser cooling. We furthermore introduce common materials and methods for the fabrication of vapor cells as a tool for this research. Its aim is not to be exhaustive, but rather to provide an overview about the possible techniques that are actively employed in labs today. Some critical parameters of locked laser system for use with thermal atomic vapors are introduced and discussed. To exemplify this, we describe a versatile locking system that caters for many of the needs we found during our research with thermal atomic vapors. We also emphasize the compromises we took during our decision-making process.
Collisional-radiative modeling for the EUV spectrum of W40+-W42+ions
Authors: Lei Lirong , Ding Xiaobin , Wu Cunqiang , Zhang Denghong , Zhang Ling , Zhang Fengling , Yao Ke , Yang Yang , Fu Yunqing , Dong Chenzhong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The wavelengths and transition rates of W40+-W42+ ions within the range of 40–140 Å, have been calculated using the Flexible Atomic Code of the Dirac-Fock-Slater method with a central potential. We investigated the charge state distribution of W38+-W45+ ions at different temperatures by constructing an appropriate rate equation and demonstrate the importance of the dielectronic recombination process. Additionally, we simulated the emission spectra of W40+-W42+ ions in a Tokamak plasma environment using collisional-radiative modeling. Our findings demonstrate strong agreement with experimental results and other related theoretical investigations. Finally, we propose certain pairs of transition lines as diagnostic tools for plasma temperature and density, leveraging the correlation between line intensity ratio and electron temperature and density.
Hydrodynamic density functional theory of simple dissipative fluids
Authors: Tóth Gyula I 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a statistical physical derivation of thermodynamically consistent fluid mechanical equations is presented for non-isothermal viscous molecular fluids. The coarse-graining process is based on (i) the adiabatic expansion of the one-particle probability density function around local thermodynamic equilibrium, (ii) the assumption of decoupled particle positions and momenta, and (iii) the variational principle. It is shown that there exists a class of free energy functionals for which the conventional thermodynamic formalism can be naturally adopted for non-equilibrium scenarios, and describes entropy monotonic fluid flow in isolated systems. Furthermore, the analysis of the general continuum equations revealed the possibility of a non-local transport mode of energy in highly compressible dense fluids.
Solutions of the Schrödinger equation with velocity-dependent potentials:a study on Kratzer, Mie and Hulthen potentials
Authors: Ateş Y B , Olğar E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effect of isotropic velocity-dependent potentials on the bound state energy eigenvalues of the Kratzer, Mie and Hulthen potentials is obtained for any quantum states in the presence of constant form factor

ε

r

=
γ

ρ

0

.

The corresponding energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are determined and tabulated for a set of finite quantum numbers n and l in the framework of the well-known Nikiforov-Uvarov method.
Asymmetric bidirectional quantum controlled teleportation via a seven-qubit Werner-like mixed state
Authors: Taufiqi Muhammad , Purwanto Agus , Yuwana Lila , Muniandy Sithi Vinayakam , Al-Amin Muhammad Amru , Prabowo Ananto Ari , Subagyo Bintoro Anang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An asymmetric bidirectional quantum controlled teleportation via a seven-qubit Werner-like mixed state is proposed. In the process of teleportation preparation, it is hypothesized that three imperfections could appear, namely (i) imperfection of the entangler device that may result in a non-maximal entanglement of the channel, (ii) local noises are introduced during the channel preparation process, and (iii) global noises occur during the channel state distribution to the corresponding parties. The local and global noises are selected as depolarizing noise with certain probability of transforming any entangled state into a maximally mixed state, resulting in a seven-qubit Werner-like mixed state. The teleportation fidelity with the presence of the imperfections is evaluated. It is shown that the teleportation is more robust under the presence of global noise compared to local noise.
Advancing electromagnetic field modeling in axially anisotropic media with conformal method in 3D cylindrical coordinate systems
Authors: Tang Zehua , Li Yongdong , Chen Zaigao , Wang Yue , Jiang Ming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A conformal methodology for solving electromagnetic fields in axially anisotropic media in 3D cylindrical coordinate systems is proposed for the investigation of high-power microwave devices filled with such media. This method leverages the material properties of axially anisotropic media and employs the finite integral technique for solution. A simplified conformal algorithm is utilized for the boundaries of the computational region, extending the traditional conformal method for axially anisotropic media in 3D cylindrical coordinates. The proposed methodology is validated through simulations of TM01 and TE01 mode propagation in a circular waveguide filled with the medium. Subsequently, the method is integrated into particle-in-cell simulations, and an X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator filled with an axially anisotropic medium exhibiting azimuthal conductivity is numerically modeled. The results demonstrate that the medium with azimuthal conductivity effectively mitigates asymmetric modes in the relativistic backward wave oscillator, aligning with published literature. This study offers technical insights for research on high-power microwave devices incorporating axially anisotropic media, potentially facilitating the development of innovative microwave devices with enhanced performance characteristics.
Strain modulated optical properties of MoSi2P4 monolayer – insights from DFT
Authors: Kumavat Trilokchand L , Somaiya Radha N , Sonvane Yogesh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Strain plays a very important role in tuning the properties of the materials for the desired applications. In the present work, we have investigated the variation of strain on the electronic and optical properties of a recently synthesized class of compound MoSi2P4 monolayer using the first principle methods. The MoSi2P4 monolayer is found to be dynamically and thermally stable at room temperature. The electronic structure of studied monolayer indicates a direct bandgap (at K-point) of 0.685 eV and 1.177 eV using the PBE and HSE06 hybrid functionals, respectively. To tune the electronic bandgap and optical properties, mechanical strain was applied (up to ±10%). A high optical absorption coefficient of the order of 105 cm−1 is observed. The absorption starts in the infrared and visible region covering a large part in the ultraviolet region. The absorption coefficient is found to decrease (increase) under tensile (compressive) strain. Our study indicates the potential application of MoSi2P4 monolayer in flexible optoelectronic devices for absorption and detection in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet region.
Polarization-insensitive quasi-bound states in the continuum supported by terahertz all-metallic complementary periodic cross-shaped resonators
Authors: Liu Dejun , Zhang Yaqian , Yu Xi , Wu Feng , Chen Lin , Du Weijie , Liu Feng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A strategy to design polarization-insensitive quasi-bound states in the continuum (BICs) metasurfaces based on symmetry-broken metamolecules is introduced. Such metasurfaces consist of four complementary periodic cross-shaped resonators (CPCRs), forming a novel C4 structure through rotating arrangements, whose resonant qualities can be improved by optimizing the slit length. Unlike single CPCRs sensitive to polarization changes, experimental results demonstrate that the constructed metasurface exhibits the same spectral response when the polarization angle alters, despite a 2.4 GHz frequency variation found in these simulated resonances. This polarization-insensitive quasi-BIC show a frequency shift of 67.1 GHz when a 20 μm-thick polyimide membrane is attached. Modification of the structural parameters also has an impact on its sensing performance. The study provides a way to achieve high-quality resonances with polarization-insensitive properties that can be easily applied to high-sensitivity sensor design for THz sensing.
Studies of the nonlinear optical properties of a synthesized Schiff base ligand using visible cw laser beams
Authors: Fadhil Zahraa Salman , Hassan Qusay M A , Hussein Kawkab Ali , Sultan H A , Al Shawi Jasim M S , Emshary C A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The synthesized Schiff base ligand (compound Z1) is analyzed by IR, mass, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectroscopies. Computational chemical modeling is performed to examine the geometry optimization and molecular structure of compound Z1 by using the DFT/ WB97XD/6-31+G(d,p) method. The parameters HOMO–LUMO energies with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are computed. The results indicate good agreement between experimental and theoretical data, so that compound Z1 to have good NLO properties. The NLO properties of the compound Z1 are examined under excitation with a 473 nm, cw, low power laser beam via two techniques, viz., diffraction patterns (DPs) and the standard Z-scan techniques. As high as 3.03 × 10−11 m2 W−1 of the compound Z1 of the nonlinear refractive index (NLRI), n2, is obtained via the DPs. Both static and dynamic all –optical switching (SAOS and DAOS) are tested using 473 nm and 532 nm cw low power laser beams.
Size, shape, and dimension effects on the melting temperature of metallic nanocrystals
Authors: Sheng Hongchao , Xiao Beibei , Jiang Xiaobao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Melting is the most common phenomenon in nature and one of the most important properties of metallic materials. Exploring the size D, shape α, and dimension d effects on the melting temperature T
m of nanocrystals is of great significance for the design, fabrication, and application of quantum devices. In this work, by redefining the critical diameter D
0 and introducing shape factor α, a unified model without any adjustable parameters has been developed to describe the T
m(D, α, d) function. The model is compared with the available experimental and simulation data of Cu, Pd, In, Pb, Au, Ag, and Ni nanocrystals and other theoretical works, and a consistent agreement is obtained, which verifies the accuracy of the prediction. This model is also compared with other theoretical works, and we find that it agrees well with Lu’s model, while the BOLS method underestimates the melting point. This work not only gives a new perspective on the relationship between size, shape, dimension, and melting temperature but also provides theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of low-dimensional quantum devices.
Generation of entanglement and quantum steering via Josephson parametric amplifier in a dual cavity-magnon system
Authors: Hidki Abdelkader , Lakhfif Abderrahim , Nassik Mostafa , Ahmed Rizwan , Sohail Amjad 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the two microwave (MW) cross-shaped cavity magnon system, we describe a method to produce multipartite entanglement and quantum steering. To achieve squeezed states of the magnons, a Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) creates a squeezed vacuum field that drives the two cavities. We theoretically demonstrate that the cavity-cavity entanglement can be generated at the resonance point, however, increasing the cavity and magnon decay rates generate the cavity-magnon entanglement. By changing the squeezing parameter and increasing the decay rates, we can transfer the cavity-cavity entanglement to cavity-magnon entanglement. Furthermore, the cavity-cavity entanglement (survive up to 2.8 K) was not only found to be much stronger but also more robust as compared to cavity-magnon entanglement (survive up to 0.4 K). More importantly, the genuine photon-magnon-photon tripartite entanglement could be achieved, which is robust against thermal fluctuations and depends strongly on the squeezing parameter. Furthermore, for the current dual cavity-magnon system, two-way quantum steering is found when the optomagnonical couplings are equal. The current study offers a straightforward and practical method for achieving multipartite quantum correlations.
Power transfer efficiency in an air-breathing radio frequency ion thruster
Authors: Huang 黄 Gao-Huang 高煌 , Li 李 Hong 宏 , Gao 高 Fei 飞 , Wang 王 You-Nian 友年 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Due to a series of challenges such as low-orbit maintenance of satellites, the air-breathing electric propulsion has got widespread attention. Commonly, the radio frequency ion thruster is favored by low-orbit missions due to its high specific impulse and efficiency. In this paper, the power transfer efficiency of the radio frequency ion thruster with different gas compositions is studied experimentally, which is obtained by measuring the radio frequency power and current of the antenna coil with and without discharge operation. The results show that increasing the turns of antenna coils can effectively improve the radio frequency power transfer efficiency, which is due to the improvement of Q factor. In pure N2 discharge, with the increase of radio frequency power, the radio frequency power transfer efficiency first rises rapidly and then exhibits a less steep increasing trend. The radio frequency power transfer efficiency increases with the increase of gas pressure at relatively high power, while declines rapidly at relatively low power. In N2/O2 discharge, increasing the N2 content at high power can improve the radio frequency power transfer efficiency, but the opposite was observed at low power. In order to give a better understanding of these trends, an analytic solution in limit cases is utilized, and a Langmuir probe was employed to measure the electron density. It is found that the evolution of radio frequency power transfer efficiency can be well explained by the variation of plasma resistance, which is related to the electron density and the effective electron collision frequency.
Fuelling of deuterium–tritium plasma by peripheral pellets in JET experiments
Authors: Valovič M. , Aleiferis S. , Blatchford P. , Boboc A. , Brix M. , Carvalho P. , Carvalho I. , Fontdecaba Climent M. , Dunai D. , Frassinetti L. , Garzotti L. , Köchl F. , Lowry J.C. , de la Luna E. , Maggi C.F. , Morales R.B. , Nowak S. , Olde C. , Réfy D. , Rimini F. , Silburn S. , Štancar Ž. , Tvalashvili G. , Vecsei M. ,   the JET Contributors
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A baseline scenario of deuterium–tritium (D–T) plasma with peripheral high-field-side fuelling pellets has been produced in JET in order to mimic the situation in ITER. The isotope mix ratio is controlled in order to target the value of 50%–50% by a combination of tritium gas puffing and deuterium pellet injection. Multiple factors controlling the fuelling efficiency of individual pellets are analysed, with the following findings: (1) prompt particle losses due to pellet-triggered edge-localised modes (ELMs) are detected, (2) the plasmoid drift velocity might be smaller than that predicted by simulation, (3) post-pellet particle loss is controlled by transient phases with ELMs.The overall pellet particle flux normalised to the heat flux is similar to that in previous pellet fuelling experiments in AUG and JET.
Second Wilson number from third-order perturbation theory for the symmetric single-impurity Kondo model at low temperatures
Authors: Bauerbach Kevin , Gebhard Florian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We determine the impurity-induced free energy and the impurity-induced zero-field susceptibility of the symmetric single-impurity Kondo model from weak-coupling perturbation theory up to third order in the Kondo coupling at low temperatures and small magnetic fields. We reproduce the analytical structure of the zero-field magnetic susceptibility as obtained from Wilson’s renormalization group method. This permits us to obtain analytically the first two Wilson numbers.
RD50-MPW: a series of monolithic High Voltage CMOS pixel chips with high granularity and towards high radiation tolerance
Authors: Zhang C. , Pilsl B. , Powell S. , Vilella E. , Zhang S. , Bergauer T. , Casanova R. , Irmler C. , Kraemer U. , Marco-Hernandez R. , Mazorra de Cos J. , Sieberer P. , Sonneveld J. , Steininger H. ,   the CERN-RD50 collaboration
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A series of monolithic High Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel sensor prototypes have been developed by the CERN-RD50 CMOS working group for potential use in future high luminosity experiments. The aim is to further improve the performance of HV-CMOS sensors, especially in terms of pixel granularity, timing resolution and radiation tolerance. The evaluation of one of this series, RD50-MPW3, is presented in this contribution, including laboratory and test beam measurements. The design of the latest prototype, RD50-MPW4, which resolves issues found in RD50-MPW3 and implements further improvements, is described.
Nano implant surface triggers autophagy through membrane curvature distortion to regulate the osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Li Guangwen , Chang Bei , Zhao Yuqi , Wang Haochen , Zhang Yan , Zhao Meiqi , Zhang Li , Song Wen , Zhang Yumei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Anodized titania nanotubes have been considered as an effective coating for bone implants due to their ability to induce osteogenesis, whereas the osteogenic mechanism is not fully understood. Our previous study has revealed the potential role of autophagy in osteogenic regulation of nanotubular surface, whereas how the autophagy is activated remains unknown. In this study, we focused on the cell membrane curvature-sensing protein Bif-1 and its effect on the regulation of autophagy. Both autophagosomes formation and autophagic flux were enhanced on the nanotubular surface, as indicated by LC3-II accumulation and p62 degradation. In the meanwhile, the Bif-1 was significantly upregulated, which contributed to autophagy activation and osteogenic differentiation through Beclin-1/PIK3C3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, these findings have bridged the gap between extracellular physical nanotopography and intracellular autophagy activation, which may provide a deeper insight into the signaling transition from mechanical to biological across the cell membrane.
Emission savings through the COP26 declaration of deforestation could come at the expense of non-forest land conversion
Authors: Mishra Abhijeet , Humpenöder Florian , Reyer Christopher P O , Beier Felicitas , Lotze-Campen Hermann , Popp Alexander 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The majority of signatories to The United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2021 (COP26) made a declaration to end deforestation by 2030. Here, we quantify future changes in land use and associated CO2 emissions to examine the impact of ending deforestation by 2030 on global land dynamics and emissions using an open-source land-use model. We show that if the COP26 declaration to end deforestation is fully implemented globally, about 167 Mha of deforestation could be avoided until 2050, compared to a baseline scenario which does not have extended forest protection. However, avoided deforestation and associated emissions come at the cost of strongly increased conversion of unprotected non-forested land to agricultural land, while land-use intensification in most regions is similar compared to a baseline scenario. Global initiatives are needed to facilitate a common dialogue on addressing the possible carbon emissions and non-forest leakage effects due to the expedited loss of non-forested land under a policy aimed at halting deforestation by 2030.
An uncertain future change in aridity over the tropics
Authors: Monerie Paul-Arthur , Chadwick Robin , Wilcox Laura J , Turner Andrew G 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An ensemble of climate models from phase six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project shows that temperature and potential evapotranspiration (PET) are projected to increase globally towards the end of the 21st century. However, climate models show a spatially heterogeneous change in precipitation over the tropics. Consequently, future changes in aridity (a measure of water availability) are complex and location-dependent. We assess future changes in aridity using three climate models and several single-forcing experiments. Near-term (2021–2040) changes in aridity are small, and we focus instead on its long-term (2081–2100) changes. We show that the increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) primarily explains the spatial pattern, magnitude and ensemble spread of the long-term future changes in aridity. On this timescale, the effects of changes in emissions of anthropogenic aerosols are moderate compared to the effects of increases in atmospheric GHG concentrations. Model diversity in the responses to GHG concentration is large over northern Africa and North and South America. We suggest the large uncertainty is due to differences between models in simulating the effects of an increase in GHG concentrations on surface air temperature over the North Atlantic Ocean, on the interhemispheric temperature gradient, and on PET over North and South America.