bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine β‐hydroxylase‐deficient mice have normal densities of D2 dopamine receptors in the high‐affinity state based on in vivo PET imaging and in vitro radioligand binding
Authors: Skinbjerg Mette , Seneca Nicholas , Liow Jeih‐San , Hong Jinsoo , Weinshenker David , Pike Victor W. , Halldin Christer , Sibley David R. , Innis Robert B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn vitro, D2 dopamine receptors (DAR) can exist in low‐ and high‐affinity states for agonists and increases of D2 receptors in high‐affinity state have been proposed to underlie DA receptor supersensitivity in vivo. Deletion of the gene for dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) causes mice to become hypersensitive to the effects of psychostimulants, and in vitro radioligand binding results suggest an increased percentage of D2 receptors in a high‐affinity state. To determine whether DBH knockout mice display an increase of high‐affinity state D2 receptors in vivo, we scanned DBH knockout and control mice with the agonist PET radioligand [11C]MNPA, which is thought to bind preferentially to the high‐affinity state of the D2 receptor. In addition, we performed in vitro binding experiments on striatal homogenates with [3H]methylspiperone to measure Bmax values and the percentages of high‐ and low‐affinity states of the D2 receptor. We found that the in vivo striatal binding of [11C]MNPA was similar in DBH knockout mice and heterozygous controls and the in vitro Bmax values and percentages of D2 receptors in the high‐affinity state, were not significantly different between these two groups. In summary, our results suggest that DBH knockout mice have normal levels of D2 receptors in the high‐affinity state and that additional mechanisms contribute to their behavioral sensitivity to psychostimulants. Synapse 64:699–703, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced IL‐1β production in response to the activation of hippocampal glial cells impairs neurogenesis in aged mice
Authors: Kuzumaki Naoko , Ikegami Daigo , Imai Satoshi , Narita Michiko , Tamura Rie , Yajima Marie , Suzuki Atsuo , Miyashita Kazuhiko , Niikura Keiichi , Takeshima Hideyuki , Ando Takayuki , Ushijima Toshikazu , Suzuki Tsutomu , Narita Minoru 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA variety of mechanisms that contribute to the accumulation of age‐related damage and the resulting brain dysfunction have been identified. Recently, decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of age‐related brain dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism of decreased neurogenesis with aging is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether aging decreases neurogenesis accompanied by the activation of microglia and astrocytes, which increases the expression of IL‐1β in the hippocampus, and whether in vitro treatment with IL‐1β in neural stem cells directly impairs neurogenesis. Ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)‐positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive astrocytes were increased in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of 28‐month‐old mice. Furthermore, the mRNA level of IL‐1β was significantly increased without related histone modifications. Moreover, a significant increase in lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9) trimethylation at the promoter of NeuroD (a neural progenitor cell marker) was observed in the hippocampus of aged mice. In vitro treatment with IL‐1β in neural stem cells prepared from whole brain of E14.5 mice significantly increased H3K9 trimethylation at the NeuroD promoter. These findings suggest that aging may decrease hippocampal neurogenesis via epigenetic modifications accompanied by the activation of microglia and astrocytes with the increased expression of IL‐1β in the hippocampus. Synapse 64:721–728, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transperineal ultrasound to assess the effect of tension‐free vaginal tape position on flow rates
Authors: Duckett J. , Basu M. , Papanikolaou N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the position of the tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) has an effect on postoperative flow rates and voiding function in women successfully cured of urodynamic stress incontinence.MethodsPostoperatively 72 women who had undergone TVT surgery had a transperineal ultrasound examination to assess the position of the TVT on the urethra. The tape was categorized as proximal, mid or distal urethral. The effect on voiding was assessed using the maximum flow rate (MFR) centiles corrected for voided volume and detrusor pressure at maximum flow.ResultsForty‐six women had distal tapes and 26 mid‐urethral tapes. A tape lying on the mid urethra was associated with a fall in MFR centile (P = 0.04) while a tape lying on the distal urethra did not cause a fall in the MFR centile (P = 0.52). There was no significant change in the detrusor pressure at maximum flow between mid and distally placed tapes.ConclusionsDistally placed tapes cause less alteration in flow rates than do mid‐urethrally placed tapes. This may be beneficial in certain patient groups. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind Energy literature survey no. 15
Authors: Henriksen L. C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAs a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Wind Energy Department, Risϕ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, PO 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please e‐mail any suggestions to larh@risoe.dtu.dk.
Gene networks for nitrogen sensing, signaling, and response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Vidal Elena A. , Tamayo Karem P. , Gutierrez Rodrigo A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. In nature, N cycles between different inorganic and organic forms some of which can serve as nutrients for plants. The inorganic N forms nitrate and ammonium are the most important sources of N for plants. However, plants can also uptake and use organic N forms such as amino acids and urea. Besides their nutritional role, nitrate and other forms of N can also act as signals that regulate the expression of hundreds of genes causing modulation of plant metabolism, physiology, growth, and development. Although many genes and processes affected by changes in external or internal N have been identified, the molecular mechanisms involved in N sensing and signaling are still poorly understood. Classic reverse and forward genetics and more recently the advent of genomic and systems approaches have helped to characterize some of the components of the signaling pathways directing Arabidopsis responses to N. Here, we provide an update on recent advances to identify the components involved in N sensing and signaling in Arabidopsis and their importance for the plant response to N. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Mutation screening in 86 known X-linked mental retardation genes by droplet-based multiplex PCR and massive parallel sequencing
Authors: Hu Hao , Wrogemann Klaus , Kalscheuer Vera , Tzschach Andreas , Richard Hugues , Haas Stefan A. , Menzel Corinna , Bienek Melanie , Froyen Guy , Raynaud Martine , Van Bokhoven Hans , Chelly Jamel , Ropers Hilger , Chen Wei 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Massive parallel sequencing has revolutionized the search for pathogenic variants in the human genome, but for routine diagnosis, re-sequencing of the complete human genome in a large cohort of patients is still far too expensive. Recently, novel genome partitioning methods have been developed that allow to target re-sequencing to specific genomic compartments, but practical experience with these methods is still limited. In this study, we have combined a novel droplet-based multiplex PCR method and next generation sequencing to screen patients with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) for mutations in 86 previously identified XLMR genes. In total, affected males from 24 large XLMR families were analyzed, including three in whom the mutations were already known. Amplicons corresponding to functionally relevant regions of these genes were sequenced on an Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer II platform. Highly specific and uniform enrichment was achieved: on average, 67.9% unambiguously mapped reads were derived from amplicons, and for 88.5% of the targeted bases, the sequencing depth was sufficient to reliably detect variations. Potentially disease-causing sequence variants were identified in 10 out of 24 patients, including the three mutations that were already known, and all of these could be confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The robust performance of this approach demonstrates the general utility of droplet-based multiplex PCR for parallel mutation screening in hundreds of genes, which is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of mental retardation and other disorders that may be due to defects of a wide variety of genes.
Enhanced Wettability Alteration by Surfactants with Multiple Hydrophilic Moieties
Authors: Salehi Mehdi , Johnson Stephen J. , Liang Jenn‐Tai 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe main production mechanism during water flooding of naturally fractured oil reservoirs is the spontaneous imbibition of water into matrix blocks and resultant displacement of oil into the fracture system. This is an efficient recovery process when the matrix is strongly water‐wet. However, in mixed‐ to oil‐wet reservoirs, secondary recovery from water flooding is often poor. Oil production can be improved by dissolving low concentrations of surfactants in the injected water. The surfactant alters the wettability of the reservoir rock, enhancing the spontaneous imbibition process. Our previous study revealed that the two main mechanisms responsible for the wettability alteration are ion‐pair formation and adsorption of surfactant molecules through interactions with the adsorbed crude oil components on the rock surface. Based on the superior performance of surfactin, an anionic biosurfactant with two charged groups on the hydrophilic head, it was hypothesized that the wettability alteration process might be further improved through the use of dimeric or gemini surfactants, which have two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic tails. We believe that when ion‐pair formation is the dominant wettability alteration mechanism, wettability alteration in oil‐wet cores can be improved by increasing the charge density on the head group(s) of the surfactant molecule since the ion‐pair formation is driven by electrostatic interactions. At a concentration of 1.0 mmol L−1 a representative anionic gemini surfactant showed oil recoveries of up to 49% original oil‐in‐place (OOIP) from oil‐wet sandstone cores, compared to 6 and 27% for sodium laureth sulfate and surfactin, respectively. These observations are consistent with our hypothesis.
Federalism and Political Change: Canada and Germany in Historical-Institutionalist Perspective
Authors: Broschek Jörg 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.This paper starts from the assumption that historical institutionalism has much to offer in order to address important questions raised in the literature on comparative federalism. Historical institutionalism is a useful approach to enhancing our understanding of both the origins that drive federal system dynamics and the dynamic patterns which federal systems unfold over time. The paper conceptualizes federalism as a multi-layered political order, comprising an institutional and an ideational layer. It then introduces two models of political change, the model of path dependence and the process sequencing model, and asks how each model can contribute to explain the emergence of the federal order in Canada and Germany. I conclude that while the model of path dependence lends itself well to capturing federal system dynamics in Germany, the process sequencing model, in contrast, is better suited to explaining sources and patterns of change in Canada.Résumé.L'article part de la position que l'institutionnalisme historique constitue une source intéressante pour aborder des questions importantes issues de la littérature sur le fédéralisme comparatif. L'institutionnalisme historique est une approche utile pour élargir notre compréhension des dynamiques politiques dans les systèmes fédéraux. Cet article conceptualise le fédéralisme comme un ordre politique à plusieurs niveaux comportant une strate institutionnelle et une strate idéationnelle. Puis, deux modèles de transformation politique sont introduits : le modèle de la dépendance du sentier et un autre qui trace les diverses séquences d'un changement dont la temporalité est décisive pour les résultats. On analyse ensuite la capacité des deux modèles d'expliquer la formation d'un ordre politique fédéral en Allemagne et au Canada. L'article conclut que le modèle de la dépendance du sentier est utile pour cerner les dynamiques du système fédéral allemand tandis que le modèle des séquences temporelles est meilleur pour expliquer les sources et les transformations du fédéralisme canadien.
The 2007 French Presidential Election
Authors: Lemennicier Bertrand , Lescieux-Katir Hororine , Grofman Bernard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract. We make use of a novel forecasting technique based on the Hotelling-Downs spatial framework to project vote outcomes in the second round of the two-round French presidential election system. In doing so we take advantage of the high degree of bimodality in the distribution of voter preferences to predict which candidates will make it into the second round. While our principal focus is on the 2007 election, we also look at the seven previous presidential elections in the French Fifth Republic, from 1965 through 2002.Résumé. Pour prédire le résultat du deuxième tour de scrutin des élections présidentielles françaises de 2007, nous avons fait appel à une nouvelle technique fondée sur le modèle spatial de Hotelling-Downs. En procédant ainsi, nous avons pris en compte le haut degré de bimodalité de la distribution des préférences pour pronostiquer lequel des deux candidats remporterait la victoire. Bien que nous ayons surtout centré notre attention sur l'élection présidentielle de 2007, nous avons aussi examiné les sept élections présidentielles antérieures de la Cinquième République, tenues de 1965 à 2002, afin de tester notre méthode et prédire ex ante les résultats de 2007.
Revisiting Local Campaign Effects: An Experiment Involving Literature Mail Drops in the 2007 Ontario Election
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Perrella Andrea M.L. , Kay Barry J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.An invariant feature of constituency election campaigns is the literature mail drop, usually a one-page leaflet or card left at the door profiling the candidate and appealing for electoral support. In this article, we report on a field experiment designed to assess the effects of such mail drops. The experiment was conducted during the 2007 Ontario provincial election campaign in the constituency of Cambridge and entailed distributing literature for the Green party candidate in that constituency. After randomly assigning constituency polls to treatment and control groups, and delivering the Green candidate's partisan literature only to the selected treatment group polls, we compared the candidate's support levels in the treated polls with those in the control group. Our research detected a modest effect associated with the literature drop. The effect was largely limited to constituency neighbourhoods fitting at least part of the Green party's traditional demographic, that is, those with higher than average socio-economic status.Résumé.Un trait commun des campagnes électorales au niveau des circonscriptions est la distribution de publipostages. Il s'agit habituellement d'un dépliant d'une page déposé dans la boîte aux lettres et donnant le profil du candidat tout en invitant les gens à voter pour lui. Notre article porte sur une expérience que nous avons menée pour évaluer les effets de ces publipostages sur le vote. Au cours de la campagne des élections provinciales de l'Ontario, en 2007, dans la circonscription de Cambridge. nous avons distribué des documents sur le candidat du Parti vert de cette circonscription. Les bureaux de scrutin ont étés divisés, au hasard, en deux groupes, soit un groupe de traitement et un groupe de contrôle. Nous avons distribué les documents seulement aux électeurs du premier groupe. Après l'élection, nous avons comparé les niveaux d'appui au candidat vert dans les deux groupes. Les résultats montrent un effet modeste associé à la distribution des publipostages. L'effet observé était en grande partie limité aux quartiers répondant, en partie du moins, au profil démographique traditionnellement favorable aux partis écologiques, soit les quartiers ayant un statut socio-économique plus élevé que la moyenne.
(In)Significant Elections? Federal By-elections in Canada, 1963–2008
Authors: Loewen Peter John , Bastien Frédérick 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.Despite the development of electoral studies in Canada, by-elections have received little attention from researchers. We believe that these are important political events. This research note examines the 121 federal by-elections held between general elections from 1963 to 2008. Our analysis indicates that turnout in by-elections is driven by the larger societal determinants of turnout and not the characteristics of each race. We also find that the support of the government party in a by-election is affected by changes in national opinion towards the government, but only in the third-party system. We find that minor parties and independent candidates perform better in by-elections than in general elections. And we find no difference in the re-election rates of by-election winners and those who enter parliament through general elections.Résumé.Malgré le développement des études électorales au Canada, les élections partielles ont reçu très peu d'attention de la part des chercheurs. Nous croyons qu'il s'agit pourtant d'événements importants dans la vie politique canadienne. Cette note de recherche examine les 121 élections partielles fédérales survenues entre les élections générales de 1963 à 2008. Notre analyse indique que le taux de participation aux élections partielles est davantage influencé par des déterminants sociétaux que par des caractéristiques propres à chacune. Nous constatons aussi que les fluctuations de l'opinion publique canadienne à l'égard du gouvernement influençaient la performance du parti gouvernemental lors des élections partielles avant le réalignement partisan de 1993, mais que ce n'est plus le cas dans le système partisan actuel. Nous observons également que les petits partis et les candidats indépendants enregistrent de meilleures performances lors des élections partielles et qu'il n'y a pas, aux élections générales qui suivent, de différence notable entre le taux de réélection des gagnants aux élections partielles et celui des autres députés sortants.
Fonctions de vote et prévisions électorales, une application à la présidentielle française de 2007
Authors: Jérôme Bruno , Jérôme-Speziari Véronique 
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Prévoir le vote en tant que révélation des préférences des citoyens dans les choix collectifs permet d'évaluer les chances de succès des sortants ou de l'opposition et d'anticiper les politiques publiques futures. Dans cet article, nous donnons une prévision de l'élection présidentielle de 2007 en France à partir d'une fonction de vote mobilisant les apports de la théorie des choix publics et de la science politique des comportements électoraux. Les prévisions générées au niveau territorial sont plus pertinentes pour le second tour que pour le premier tour. Nous offrons quelques éléments d'explication et des pistes d'amélioration pour 2012.Abstract.Forecasting votes understood as citizens revealed preferences in collective choices allow to evaluate electoral success opportunities both for incumbents and opposition and to anticipate future public policies. In this paper, we provide forecasts for the 2007 French presidential election gathering contributions from Public Choice theory and Political science dealing with electoral behaviors. Forecasts generated at a sub-national level exhibit more accuracy at the second round than at the first one. We propose some explanation and improvements for 2012.
Conservative governments and the restriction of Commonwealth immigration in the 1950s: the problems of constraint
Authors: Dean D. W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe article seeks to establish the reasons why Conservative governments in the 1950s decided not to proceed with legislation to restrict immigration from the Commonwealth in the 1950s. It is thus particularly concerned with the debates about proposals that were put before the Eden cabinet in 1955 and the subsequent postponement of any decision to take action.The various constraints such as the need to placate opinion in the African and West Indian colonies, a strong desire to present an enlightened view of conservatism at home and abroad and uncertainties about possible reactions which could be exploited by their Labour opponents, are examined. It is argued that these factors outweighed the arguments of senior figures in government urging a speedy response to pressures building up for restrictions within the parliamentary backbenches and in a number of constituencies. The significance of the race riots that took place in Nottingham and the Notting Hill district of London are discussed.The article concludes that many of the factors which had contributed to a delay in imposing restrictions were seen, at the beginning of the 1960s, to possess less relevance than in the previous decade. This paved the way to the passage of the Commonwealth Immigration Act in 1962 which finally ended unrestricted entry.
The Cromwellian Protectorate and the languages of empire
Authors: Armitage David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article recovers some of the classical, constitutional, and religious languages of empire in early-modern Britain by a consideration of the period between the end of the first Anglo-Dutch war in 1654 and the calling of the second Protecloral Parliament in 1656. It examines in particular the strategic and political motivationsfor CromweWs ‘western design’ against the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and presents the response to thefailure of the design and the oppositiorud literature published around the second Protectoral Parliament as the immediate context for the publication of James Harrington's Oceana (1656). It is argued that Harrington's Machiavellian meditation on imperialism is intended as a critique of the expansion of the British republic, so placing Harrington more firmly within the oppositiorud bloc of the late Protectorate. A concluding section details the recovery of this moment of historical argument in the heat of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole during the early stages of Anglo-Spanish hostility in 1738—9, and leads to some wider refUctions both on the ideological uses of history in the aeation of the British empire and on the centrality of the languages of empire to an understanding of Anglo-American intellectual history up to the late eighteenth century.