bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constant Temperature-Compensated Strain Rate Testing of Aluminum
Authors: Sample VM , Field DP 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Temperature and strain rate have long been identified as the external variables dictating material response during deformation. The Zener-Hollomon parameter, Z, is a temperature-compensated strain rate defining the interrelationship between the two variables. Investigation of the constitutive response of a material requires well-defined testing conditions in order to properly identify material behavior. Mechanical testing at constant Z values offers the advantage of using well-defined deformation conditions when isothermal control cannot be maintained during deformation. To perform such tests real time feedback control of the strain rate is required. In addition, at high strain rates where deformation heating becomes significant, thermocouple response is not rapid enough to provide feedback signal adequate for control of the test. Under these circumstances it is necessary to predict deformation heating of the specimen as a function of the test parameters and control the strain rate based upon the estimated specimen temperature. Results of constant Z tests are presented showing the capabilities of the control system. Deformation heating is accounted for by a simple equation assuming a near adiabatic process which predicts the dissipation of heat through the surrounding environment. An application of the constant Z test procedure for modeling material behavior is briefly discussed. The ability to perform deformation experiments at constant Z values offers significant advantages in gaining an understanding of the constitutive response of materials.
Local Strain in Corrugated Pipe: Experimental Measurements to Test a Numerical Model
Authors: Moore ID 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Measurements of local strain in corrugated steel and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe are used to test the effectiveness of a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Measurements were made at the horizontal diameter for the pipes subjected to parallel plate loading, a load condition that produces significant strain gradients around the pipe as well as through the corrugation. The test values are used to evaluate the performance of elastic analysis for both steel and polyethylene pipes, as well as viscoelastic analysis used for the polyethylene pipe alone. It is demonstrated that the theoretical model generally yields estimates of local strain within 5 to 15% of the measured values. The viscoelastic predictions of local strain through a load-unload cycle on the HDPE pipe were very good. The load-deflection response of HDPE is predicted well for monotonic loading, but improvements in the viscoelastic model for HDPE appear necessary to improve predictions through a full load unload cycle.
Determining Asphalt Concrete Properties via the Impact Resonant Method
Authors: Whitmoyer SL , Kim YR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Various publications have demonstrated that the results from the resilient modulus test (see ASTM D 4123, Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures) display a wide range of variability. Considering this, an alternate testing method that produced more consistent results with a simpler test setup was pursued. A standardized vibrational test procedure for Portland cement concrete (ASTM C 215, Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Frequencies of Concrete Specimens) was modified to measure the material properties of asphalt concrete. The impact resonant method provided three separate, independent tests, two measuring the elastic modulus and one the shear modulus. Poisson's ratio was obtained by comparing moduli results. Unlike the semi-nondestructive nature of the resilient modulus test, the impact resonant method was a true non-destructive test. The method also allowed for a possible laboratory link to nondestructive analysis of in-situ pavement. Experimental test results demonstrated that the impact resonant method provided precise and reproducible results. Further experiments revealed that the impact resonant method could detect different magnitudes of microcrack healing.
Testing Techniques for Measurement of Bulk Modulus
Authors: Fishman KL , Machmer D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine prospective tests for determining the bulk modulus of elastomers used in the construction of elastomeric bearings. Because elastomeric materials are nearly incompressible, relatively slight volume changes are experienced during isotropic compression, sizably governing the accuracy of test measurements. For this reason major topics of interest are equipment calibration, test repeatability, and error accountability.
Test methods explored included use of a deformation jacket, a fluid displacement volume change measurement device, and load ram displacement for measurement of volume change. For verification of test methods specimens of Adeprene were tested.
Results from all test methods were found to be suitably, but not equally, repeatable. Considering ease of operation, and acceptability of errors, the load ram method is found to be superior compared to other methods investigated.
Development and Validation of a Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with Acidic Extraction Fluid
Authors: Sorini SS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A project was conducted to develop and validate a sequential batch extraction method using a dilute acid solution as the extraction fluid. The method was developed by ASTM Task Group D-34.02.01 on Waste Leaching Techniques, and calls for the pH of the extraction fluid to reflect the pH of acidic precipitation in the geographic region where the material being tested is to be disposed. A collaborative study of the method was conducted to determine the multiple-laboratory and single-operator precision of the extraction procedure when applied to two different waste materials using two different pH values. A general statement on the precision of the method that covers all wastes, analytical parameters, and extraction fluid pH values cannot be made because the data generated in the collaborative study are specific to the test materials, extraction fluid pH values, and elements of interest in this study. However, the data generated in the study provide information on the variability that can be expected between test results when the method is used by one or more laboratories. This information will help potential users assess the usefulness of the method in their proposed applications.
Ensuring Software Reliability
Authors: Megargle R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Anyone who has worked on a medium to complex programming project, one that requires more than a few days to complete, knows how difficult and time-consuming it is to test software and find errors. It often requires several times more effort to locate and fix bugs than to design and write the program. At first we blame ourselves, thinking it is our own inadequacies that cause us to make so many mistakes. We soon learn that almost everyone has the same experiences. These realizations have led to studies of the process of developing software, undertaken to find out if there are ways to contain the errors or facilitate their locations and corrections. The current status of this field of study is reviewed in this book, which is Volume 38 of Dekker's extensive series on “Quality and Reliability” edited by E. G. Schilling.
Ultraclean Technology Handbook, Volume 1, Ultrapure Water
Authors: Lerman S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This work is the first in what appears to be a comprehensive treatise on ultraclean technology in the semiconductor industry and other industries that require ultraclean technology. As the title indicates, this is a handbook, or more accurately, an in-depth encyclopedic treatment of the subject. Its audience includes scientists, engineers, and others involved with virtually any aspect of ultrapure water, and, although the author's target is the semiconductor industry, this volume is valuable to anyone working with ultrapure water.
Fatigue Testing of High-density Polyethylene and Polycarbonate with Crack Length Measurement Using Image Processing Techniques
Authors: Riemslag AC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new automated method of measuring fatigue cracks in polymers is discussed. The new method is based on a video signal of the crack which is analyzed with “image processing” techniques. With this technique the crack length is measured every 20 s during a fatigue test. The accuracy of one single measurement is about 0.05 mm, but this can be increased by averaging a large number of measurements. The applied automated data collection and subsequent data processing is discussed in relation to the recommendations given in ASTM E 647, Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates.
The use of the new technique is illustrated on the basis of fatigue tests performed on transparent polycarbonate (PC) and nontransparent polyethylene (PE). The fatigue behavior of PE and PC is briefly discussed.
The Influence of Testing Methodology on the Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Cellulose Esters
Authors: Pecorini TJ , Moskala EJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In the fatigue crack propagation behavior of cellulose esters, a crazing mechanism controls growth at low stress intensity (ΔK) levels while a plane-strain-shear yielding mechanism becomes dominant at higher ΔK values. The growth rate associated with the transition between these two mechanisms has been found to be a function of the material's yield strength. Most recent data have shown that the onset of this transition is also related to the test methodology. Constant-load-amplitude, K-increasing tests produce the most conservative (highest fatigue rate) values for the transition, whereas with decreasing stress intensity tests, the transition occurs at much lower growth rate values. It is important to note, however, that test methodology does not affect the relation between crack growth rate and ΔK when growth is dominated by only a single mechanism.
An Evaluation of Several Techniques for Measuring Air-void Content in Asphalt Concrete Specimens
Authors: Harvey J , Mills T , Scheffy C , Sousa J , Monismith CL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Precise and accurate measurement of air-void content is critical to the evaluation of asphalt-aggregate mix specimens taken in the field or compacted in the laboratory. It is an integral part of the performance-based testing and analysis methods developed by the Strategic Highway Research Program Contract A-003A (SHRP A-003A). Standard methods for drying specimens after coring and/or cutting from a larger compacted mass, and for measuring bulk specific gravity present problems for testing of the same specimen using equipment developed by SHRP A-003A, or whenever the specimen must be fixed to the testing equipment by means of an adhesive.
This paper presents a comparison of the standard methods of air-void content measurement, measurement of bulk specific gravity using unsealed specimens and using specimen sealed with paraffin wax (ASTM D 1188, Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens), with three alternative methods for sealing the specimen: dusting with zinc stearate powder, wrapping with a waxy elastic paper called Parafilm™ (American National Can), and covering with a rubber membrane. The results indicate that each of the methods produces different measured air-void contents. The waxy elastic paper results were closest to those obtained from specimens sealed with paraffin, and it is suggested that this is a suitable alternative to paraffin wax when the specimens have smooth (cut/cored) surfaces and are to be tested for performance afterward.
The use of an air gun to dry specimens after coring and/or cutting was compared with the standard oven-drying method (ASTM D 2728, Practice for Paving Uses and Application Temperatures for Road Tars). It was found that the use of a 210 kPa (30 psi) air gun produced similar results to those found with the standard method and was nondestructive, thus allowing further testing of the specimen.
Mechanical Study of a Hypoeutectoid Steel Weld
Authors: Martínez JA , Kugler HP , Merino S , Drude H , Criado AJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A comparative study was made of the mechanical behavior of the different zones in a welded joint of hypoeutectoid steel, using the uniaxial tension test supported by other conventional techniques. Applying the optoelectronic method to recording and analyzing the results of a tension test gives the distribution of the deformations produced in a test-piece and shows the plastic properties of each zone in one sole experiment.
Comparative Studies of Yarn and Fabric Friction
Authors: Ajayi JO , Elder HM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A comparison of the magnitudes of yarn-to-yarn and fabric-to-fabric friction is made. It is shown that yarn friction measured on a capstan (cylindrical) surface is significantly greater than that measured on a flat surface. The greater magnitude of the coefficient of friction in a capstan assembly is ascribed to the effects of experimental variables such as capstan radius, angle of lap, and input tension. The coefficient of friction of fabrics is also shown to be greater than that of their component yarns. Yarns with higher frictional properties yield fabrics whose frictional properties are also higher.
Summary on the Role and Analysis of Wear in Failures
Authors: Wood FW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An overview of the meaning of wear, how it occurs, its involvement in failures, and how it can be detected and evaluated is presented. Relevant definitions, surface characteristics, detrimental consequences, and techniques for investigation and analysis are reviewed. The intentions are to provide a basis for interrelating the case histories presented at the Symposium on Wear-Related Failure Analyses, and, together with the more specific case histories, to heighten the realization of the role that wear plays in many failures.
Wear Analysis of Björk Shiley Delrin Tilting Disc Heart Valves
Authors: Milligan HL , Johnson BM , Engel PA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Prosthetic heart valves must open and close 40 million cycles annually, year in and year out, in a biochemically active and corrosive medium and without benefit of periodic maintenance. Examination of explanted Björk-Shiley Delrin Heart Valves revealed that some valves developed wear grooves in the Delrin occluder disc from contact with the inlet strut. With Delrin Heart Valve implant durations reaching 20 or more years, studies were initiated to fully analyze the wear of explanted valves.
Delrin discs from 15 explanted valves with implant durations of up to 20 years (800 million cycles of operation) were dimensionally inspected; the wear features and profiles measured by stylus profilometer and optical comparator; wear surfaces mapped by Moiré shadow interferometry; and the surfaces examined by scanning electron microscope. Pulsatile flow heart valve simulator studies were conducted to determine valve disc impact velocity and impulsive force-time characteristics. Material tests were conducted on circa 1970 Delrin coupons to determine the wear-related physical properties of the Delrin disc. These investigations cast light upon the wear behavior of Delrin occluder discs, and hence their effects upon valve performance and valve life could be evaluated.
The wear phenomenon as seen on clinically explanted valves can be attributed to percussive impact wear concepts. The wear depth from this mechanism is shown to be a logarithmic function with respect to cycles and time. The amount of wear observed on the periphery of the explanted Delrin discs returned to date suggests that clinically significant increases in valve regurgitation in implanted valves has not likely occurred. Disc retention safety margin appears not to be substantially affected. In conclusion, wear of the disc in the 15 Björk-Shiley Delrin Heart Valves in this study does not appear to be a factor affecting valve life.
Wear-Related Fatigue in a Wire Rope Failure
Authors: Schrems KK 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The fatigue failure of a nonrotating wire rope used on a skip hoist in an underground mine has been studied as part of the ongoing research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines into haulage and materials handling hazards in mines. Correlation of individual wire failures within two segments of the failed rope were used to gain an understanding of the progression of degradation leading to rope failure. Wire failures occurred predominantly at locations of wear between adjacent strands. These interstrand wear sites are identifiable by a large reduction in diameter; however, reduction in area is not responsible for the location of failure. Fractography revealed crack initiation sites to be located opposite the characteristic wear site or at other less noticeable wear sites. The primary failure mechanism of individual wires within the rope is believed to be a function of contact stress at the interstrand wear sites. Axially loading and unloading the rope produces high compressive stresses at the contact sites, which in turn produce large alternating tensile stresses on the opposite side of the wire. This mechanism has been termed “contact stress-accelerated fatigue.” This mechanism and the affiliated wear pattern both are consequences of interstrand contact.
Handbook of Adhesive Bonded Structural Repair
Authors: Bajere PA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This handbook is written by two material and manufacturing process engineers with over 60 years of combined experience in government. The purpose of the book is to: (1) provide a standard method for repairing adhesive bonded and composite laminate structures; (2) identify suitable materials and equipment for making satisfactory repairs, and (3) discuss methods by which structures may be inspected both before and after repair. It is designed as a reference manual. The intended audience includes anyone who needs to find recommended information on materials or procedures for adhesive bonded structural repair that meets applicable safety and health standards.
The Modified Sudden Death Test: Planning Life Tests with a Limited Number of Test Positions
Authors: Pascual FG , Meeker WQ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We present modified sudden death test (MSDT) plans to address the problem of limited testing positions in life tests. A single MSDT involves testing k specimens simultaneously until the rth failure. The traditional sudden death test (SDT) is a special case when r=1. The complete MSDT plan consists of g single MSDTs run in sequence. When r&gt;1, there can be up to r−1 idle test positions at any time. We propose testing “standby” specimens in the idle positions and use simulation to gage the improvement over the basic MSDT plan. We evaluate test plans with respect to the asymptotic variance of maximum likelihood estimators of quantities of interest, total experiment duration, and sample size. In contrast to traditional experimental plans, shorter total testing time and smaller sample sizes are possible under MSDT plans.
Qualitative Assessment of Failure in Bolted Connections: Maximum Stress Criterion
Authors: Patton-Mallory M , Pellicane PJ , Smith FW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper presents information regarding the distribution of critical stresses and regions where failure is likely to initiate in single bolt wood connections loaded in tension. Predicted stresses are the results of a three-dimensional numerical analysis of a connection consisting of a single steel pin and a wood member with a hole. Stresses of particular interest are: parallel-to-grain compression and shear and perpendicular-to-grain tension. Failure location is determined by considering the regions of the member where the material capacity is exceeded in at least one of the three aforementioned stresses. No stress interaction is assumed in this analysis.
A recently developed and verified three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model was used in this study. Important features of this model include a trilinear constitutive model of the nonlinear behavior of wood and a mechanism to describe the contact between the pin and the hole with changing connection load. The connection geometries studied included a single ratio of end distance to pin diameter (e∕d=4) and three bolt aspect ratios (length of bolt in wood member/bolt diameter) (l∕d=2,5,and7).
Stress contours are illustrated on the 3-D wood member surface, on the contact surface, and on planes of symmetry. Pin and wood deformations are also illustrated.
The results show that for connections with an (l∕d)=2, stresses are nearly uniform through the wood member thickness with negligible pin yielding. For connections with the larger bolt aspect ratios, considerably more pin bending and yielding is predicted with nonuniform stress distributions through the member thickness. The maximum stress failure criterion is found to be useful for comparing numerically predicted stress distributions to failure modes observed experimentally. By making these comparisons, it is possible to make qualitative interpretations of the critical stress states to indicate the regions where failure is likely to occur.
Qualitative Assessment of Failure in Bolted Connections: Tsai-Wu Criterion
Authors: Patton-Mallory M , Pellicane PJ , Smith FW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In a companion paper, a characterization is presented of stress fields in a single-shear bolted connection subjected to tension loading. Numerous stress contours are presented that illustrate the magnitude of the parallel-to-grain compression and shear stresses, as well as the perpendicular-to-grain tension stresses. In addition, regions of potential failure in the selected specimens are identified based on a maximum stress failure criterion.
The work presented in this paper represents additional efforts to identify the effect of stress interactions on the strength of the previously mentioned connections. The Tsai-Wu criterion, quantified by its failure index, is used as the tool to identify stress interactions between the aforementioned stress components. Connection geometries similar to those discussed in the companion paper [end distance/bolt diameter (e∕d)=4; and length of bolt in main member/bolt diameter (aspect ratio) (l∕d)=2,5,and7] are studied. In addition, several other geometries are discussed that illustrate the effects of changing aspect ratio and end distance.
A number of significant findings are reached in this study. As is the case in the companion study, all connections with (l∕d)=2 have nearly uniform distributions of the Tsai-Wu failure index (FI) through the specimen thickness. No significant pin bending is associated with this geometry. Connections with l∕d&gt;4 have a failure mode (interpreted from the numerical model) that includes substantial pin bending due to steel yielding, wood crushing, and localized cracking.