bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fine structure of fenestrated adrenocortical capillaries revealed by in‐lens field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Apkarian Robert P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCell biologists probing the physiologic movement of macromolecules and solutes across the fenestrated microvascular endothelial cell have used electron microscopy to locate the postulated pore within the fenestrae. Prior to the advent of in‐lens field‐emission high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and ultrathin m et al coating technology, quick‐freeze, platinum‐carbon replica and grazing thin‐section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods provided two‐dimensional or indirect imaging methods. Wedge‐shaped octagonal channels composed of fibrils interwoven in a central mesh were depicted as the filtering structures of fenestral diaphragms in images of platinum replicas enhanced by photographic augmentation. However, image accuracy was limited to replication of the cell surface. Subsequent to this, HRSEM technology was developed and provided a high‐fidelity, three‐dimensional topographic image of the fenestral surface directly from a fixed and dried bulk adrenal specimen coated with a 1 nm chromium film. First described from TEM replicas, the “flower‐like” structure comprising the fenestral pores was readily visualized by HRSEM. High‐resolution images contained particulate ectodomains on the lumenal surface of the endothelial cell membrane. Particles arranged in a rough octagonal shape formed the fenestral rim. Digital acquisition of analog photographic recordings revealed a filamentous meshwork in the diaphragm, thus confirming and extending observations from replica and grazing section TEM preparations. Endothelial cell pockets, first described in murine renal peritubular capillaries, were observed in rhesus and rabbit adrenocortical capillaries. This report features recent observations of fenestral diaphragms and endothelial pockets fitted with multiple diaphragms utilizing a Schottky field‐emission electron microscope. In‐lens staging of bulk and thin section specimens allowed tandem imaging in HRSEM and scanning TEM modes at 25 kV.
Differential contrast imaging of secondary electron signals in cryo‐field‐emission scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Peters Klaus‐Ruediger , Wergin William P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLow‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) is limited in resolution and image quality by charging of frozen hydrated samples and collection deficiencies of secondary electron signal contrasts. We measured and corrected both effects using differential hysteresis processing (DHP) of LTSEM images, scanned at 15‐bit from 5×4 inch Polaroid negatives. Bulk charging produced a major contrast component equal to 44–87% of the intensity range of the image. The strong charging contrast reduced the local high‐resolution signal contrasts to an unrecognizable level. Segmentation and imaging of the unaffected surface contrasts produced high‐quality images of high contrast from metal‐coated samples as well as from uncoated samples. The differential contrast imaging can be used for control of the sequential etching of ice from the non metal‐coated sample as well as improved LTSEM imaging of the finally coated sample.
Fracture analysis of concrete using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Nemati Kamran M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA special experimental technique has been developed that enables the preservation of the compressive stress‐induced microcracks in concrete as they exist under applied loads. This technique involves injecting a molten‐metal alloy into the induced cracks and solidifying it before unloading. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to capture images from the cross sections of the concrete specimens. These images were then used to study the generation and interaction of the compressive stress‐induced microcracks and the effect of confinement on microcrack behavior.
New generation scanning electron microscopy technology based on the concept of active image processing
Authors: Oho Eisaku , Hoshino Yoshinobu , Ogashiwa Takeshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new generation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology is proposed based on the concept of “active image processing.” In order to collect sufficient data for a purpose which is defined in the utilization of active image processing, we may need more devices from among a variety of useful hardware, for example, a digital scan generator with meaningful parameters and an analog‐to‐digital converter for ultrahigh density recording. After the data acquisition, the application of some digital image processing techniques is certainly effective, because the method in question is specially designed so that the property of obtained data will be suitable for the application of these techniques. The present technology should produce a variety of attractive options in the field of SEM.
A monte carlo study of the position of phase boundaries in backscattered electron images
Authors: Cousens D. R. , Joy D. C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA Monte Carlo simulation of the contrast variation across phase boundaries in backscattered electron images of multiple phase composition systems has been used to develop a model for prediction of the position of the interface based solely on a knowledge of the signal intensity levels on either side of the interface. A wide range of average atomic numbers of the phases on either side of the boundary have been investigated at incident beam energies of 5, 10, 15, and 25 kV and a least‐squares minimisation procedure used to optimise the parameters of a generalised model.
C‐banding visualized by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Tan Erdal , Şahin Feride İffet , Ergün Mehmet Ali , Ercan Ismail , Menevşe Adnan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractC‐banding is a method used for studying chromosome rearrangements near centromeres and for investigating polymorphisms. In human chromosomes, the C‐bands are located at the centromere of all the chromosomes and the distal long arm of the Y chromosome. In this study, we aimed to detect the structural changes in chromosomes during the stages of C‐banding by atomic force microscopy. We observed crater‐like structures in the chromosomes after 2×SSC (saline sodium citrate) treatment and measured the relative difference between the heights of chromatid and centromere of the chromosomes. Results showed that the relative difference was 3 nm in chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y, whereas in the other chromosomes this value was 11.6 nm. After Giemsa staining, the relative difference increased by a factor of 16 in chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y. The other chromosomes showed no such increase, which is in accordance with our suggestion that nonhiston proteins associated with DNA in constitutive heterochromatin can make the constitutive heterochromatin resistant to C‐banding.
Improvement of DNA‐visualization in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy in air
Authors: Noll Frank , Geisler Bernd , Hampp Norbert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNear‐contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging leads to sharper representations of DNA double strands on mica imaged at ambient conditions compared with noncontact mode AFM. Phase shift was used for feedback control yielding height information using a simple model calculation. No contact between tip and sample occurs. Measured DNA widths were up to four times smaller than measured with the same AFM tip in noncontact mode at ambient condition.
Metrics for focusing in extremely noisy scanning electron microscopy condition
Authors: Oho Eisaku , Kawamura Kazunari , Hatakeyama Toshiaki , Suzuki Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFinding a best focused image in very noisy condition is an extremely difficult task for the SEM user. If a performance, which is much higher than that of an expert in focusing, can be achieved in a computer‐controlled scanning electron microscope (SEM), it will be very helpful for our field due to the many possible applications. To accomplish this work, we employ a powerful metric‐the covariance obtained by a special scanning method. It can select the best focused image from a series of SEM images acquired by altering the focus of the objective lens under an extremely noisy SEM image condition. The noise immunity of the present method is quantitatively evaluated, and it is further improved based on the obtained evaluation result.
Likelihood inference
Authors: Reid Nancy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe essential role of the likelihood function in both Bayesian and non‐Bayesian inference is described. Several topics related to the extension of likelihood‐based methodology to more complex settings are reviewed, including modifications to profile likelihood, composite and pseudo‐likelihoods, quasi‐likelihood, semi‐parametric and non‐parametric likelihoods, and empirical likelihood. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Algorithms and Computational Methods > Maximum Likelihood Methods
Short-term ingestive behaviour of cattle grazing tropical stoloniferous grasses with contrasting growth forms
Authors: HIRATA M. , KUNIEDA E. , TOBISA M. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYRelationships between sward height and short-term ingestive behaviour of cattle were examined for two tropical stoloniferous grasses with contrasting growth forms: centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack.; (CG); strongly prostrate) and bahia grass (Paspalum notatumFlügge; (BG); more erect). Turves (500×500 mm) were extracted from field monoculture swards of each grass after the varying duration of re-growth, and presented to animals for a short period (10 bites) to measure bite dimensions (area, depth and volume), bite mass, time per bite and intake rate. In the same re-growth period, CG was always shorter and denser than BG. Bite dimensions, the bite mass and the intake rate of animals increased at a declining rate as the sward height increased for both grasses, showing a tendency for a steeper initial increase, an earlier plateau and a lower maximum in CG than in BG. Due to the difference in the shape of the intake rate response, animals on BG were estimated to require a longer grazing time than those on CG to attain the same daily herbage intake, when the sward is shorter than about 200 mm. The sward height below which the daily intake of animals may be restricted was lower for CG (61–70 mm) than for BG (71–92 mm). The results indicate an advantage of strongly prostrated, highly dense grasses (e.g. CG) over more erect, less dense grasses (e.g. BG) when grazed at a relatively low height (<200 mm). In relation to increasing bite mass, the time per bite pooled over CG and BG was constant until the bite mass reached a critical value (0·55 g dry matter (DM)) and thereafter increased linearly with the bite mass, confirming that cattle are able to perform compound jaw movements that gather herbage into the mouth (manipulative jaw movement) and chew herbage already in the mouth (chewing jaw movement) within one cycle of opening and closing of the jaws.
Extra-oral approach to removal of parotid duct stones
Authors: Macassey E , Ahsan F , Allison R 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere are many different management strategies for salivary calculi within the parotid ducts. Commonly, the stones can be extracted via an intra-oral approach. Stones that are farther from the papillae require more complex management. This article describes a technique for extra-oral excision of palpable salivary calculi using known external facial landmarks and dissection. Two cases are discussed and illustrations shown, and a brief discussion of other techniques for the management of salivary stones is included.
Ont-entropy and variational principle for the spectral radii of transfer and weighted shift operators
Authors: ANTONEVICH A. B. , BAKHTIN V. I. , LEBEDEV A. V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe paper deals with the variational principles for evaluation of the spectral radii of transfer and weighted shift operators associated with a dynamical system. These variational principles have been the matter of numerous investigations and the principal results have been achieved in the situation when the dynamical system is either reversible or a topological Markov chain. As the main summands, these principles contain the integrals over invariant measures and the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy. In the paper we derive the variational principle for anarbitrarydynamical system. It gives the explicit description of the Legendre dual object to the spectral potential. It is shown that in general this principle contains not the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy but a new invariant of entropy type—thet-entropy.
Cutting Back Public Investment after 1980: Collateral Damage, Policy Legacies and Political Adjustment
Authors: KEMAN HANS 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSince the 1980s public investment expenditures have been cut back in many OECD democracies. One explanation is a priority for fiscal stringency in order to curb big government in the context of neo-liberal ideas, which is reinforced by EMU requirements in the 1990s. Another is the potential impact of left and right partisan politics on investment policies. The main finding here is that the overall decrease in public investment expenditure appears to be caused by collateral damage due to the downsizing of total government outlays. This is particularly the case where there is a policy legacy of the Left with high levels of total public spending on the welfare state prior to the 1980s. Where the Right in government has been dominant after 1980, this downward development in public investment is particularly noticeable.
Paths and Forks or Chutes and Ladders?: Negative Feedbacks and Policy Regime Change
Authors: WEAVER KENT 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe literature on path dependence has emphasized positive feedback effects that make it difficult to shift from a policy regime once it is in place. This article argues that policy regimes may also have strong negative feedback effects that undermine the political, fiscal or social sustainability of an existing policy regime. The prospects for a shift in policy regime depend largely on the balance between positive and negative feedback effects; the availability of incremental reform options that can be used to patch the status quo; and the availability of politically and fiscally attractive regime transition options. The paper argues that differential survival rates of different public pension regimes in western industrial countries can be understood by the interaction of these three factors.
Effect of donor cell age on development of ovine nuclear transfer embryos in vitro
Authors: Heidari B. , Shirazi A. , Tajic P. , Ahmadi E. , Nazari H. , Shams-Esfandabadi N. , Ghasemzadeh-Nava H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe effects of the age of cell donor animal on in vitro development of ovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos were investigated. Somatic donor cells were obtained from two different sources: (1) adult cells (adult fibroblast cells; AFC and adult cumulus cells; ACC); and (2) fetal fibroblasts (40-day-old; FFC-40 and 65-day-old; FFC-65). The fibroblast cell lines were used for NT procedures within 4–13 subpassages. While the cumulus cells were used as non-cultured (fresh) cells. The in vitro matured abattoir-derived oocytes were considered as recipients. No differences in the rates of fusion (75.7, 77.7, 76.3 and 86.7%) and cleavage (80.1, 84.3, 77.8 and 74%) were detected among couplets reconstructed with FFC-40, FFC-65, AFC and ACC, respectively. Blastocyst formation rate of those oocytes reconstructed with FFC-40 was higher (18%; p < 0.001) than those reconstructed with FFC-65 (13%) and AFC (10.9) and comparable with those reconstructed with ACC (17.5%). When the effect of passage number was analysed within groups (FFC-40, FFC-65 and AFC) there were no significant differences in fusion, cleavage and blastocyst rates between reconstructed oocytes. The present study demonstrates that the fetal and adult fibroblasts as well as fresh cumulus cells are comparable in their ability to attain cell fusion and embryonic cleavage. Moreover, the blastocyst formation rate is influenced by the age of the donor animal and the fresh cumulus cells have similar remodelling potential to that of fetal fibroblasts in term of blastocyst formation rate.
Development and evaluation of a method for calculating the Healthy Eating Index-2005 using the Nutrition Data System for Research
Authors: Miller Paige E , Mitchell Diane C , Harala Priscilla L , Pettit Janet M , Smiciklas-Wright Helen , Hartman Terryl J 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo develop and evaluate a method for calculating the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) with the widely used Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) based on the method developed for use with the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Food and Nutrient Dietary Data System (FNDDS) and MyPyramid Equivalents Database (MPED).DesignCross-sectional.SettingNon-institutionalized, community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and above.SubjectsTwo hundred and seventy-one adults participating in the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS) and 620 age- and race-matched adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002 (NHANES) were included in the analysis. The HEI-2005 scores were generated using NDSR in GRAS and compared to scores generated using FNDDS and MPED in NHANES.ResultsSimilar total HEI-2005 scores (mean 62·0 (se 0·75) in GRAS v. 57·4 (se 0·55) in NHANES) were estimated, and the individual components most strongly correlated with total score in both samples were compared. Cronbach’s coefficient α values of HEI-2005 were 0·52 in GRAS and 0·43 in NHANES.ConclusionsSince NDSR is commonly used for educational purposes, in clinical settings and in nutrition research, it is important to develop methodology for assessing diet quality through the use of HEI-2005 with this dietary analysis software application and its accompanying food and nutrient database. Results from the present study show that HEI-2005 scores can be generated with NDSR using the method described in the present study and the detailed USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion technical report as guidance.
Overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load of habitual diet and risk of heart disease
Authors: Grau Katrine , Tetens Inge , Bjørnsbo Kirsten S , Heitman Berit L 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that diets with high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) increase the risk of heart disease.DesignOverall GI and GL were assessed from 7 d diet records or diet history interviews.SettingInformation on hospitalization and death due to CVD and CHD was obtained from the National Register of Cause of Death and the National Register of Patients.SubjectsIn total 3959 adult Danes were – depending on time of entry – followed for 6–25 years until 31 December 1999.ResultsOverall GI was inversely associated with heart disease in men. The hazard ratios (95 % CI) for the 10th and 90th GI percentiles compared with the median were 1·38 (1·13, 1·68) and 0·90 (0·76, 1·07) for CVD morbidity, 1·45 (1·05, 1·99) and 0·81 (0·62, 1·06) for CVD mortality, and 1·31 (0·97, 1·76) and 0·65 (0·51, 0·84) for CHD morbidity. In male subjects GL was not associated with either outcome. In women no clear association between overall GI and heart disease was found, whereas positive non-linear associations were found for GL: at very high levels of GL, increase in GL was associated with increasing CVD and CHD morbidity.ConclusionsIn men low-GI diets were associated increased risk of heart disease and GL was not associated with heart disease. In women there was no clear association between GI and heart disease, but to some extent a positive association between GL and heart disease was observed as hypothesized.
Alliances, market power, and postwar trade: explaining the GATT/WTO
Authors: GOWA JOANNE 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that testing the empirical implications of existing theories about institutions yields rich insights into the postwar trade regime. Market-failure theory predicts that the GATT/WTO will exert its strongest impact on trade between its largest member states. A theory based on security externalities implies that a sizeable expansion of trade will also occur between a subset of the contracting parties that alliance ties link. An analysis of the data shows that the evidence is consistent with both theories, making clear the value added of taking explicitly into account the economics and politics that motivated the establishment of the postwar regime and that governed its subsequent operation.
Optimal funding of defined benefit pension plans
Authors: HAINAUT DONATIEN , DEELSTRA GRISELDA 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we address the issue of determining the optimal contribution rate of a defined benefit pension fund. The affiliate's mortality is modelled by a jump process and the benefits paid at retirement are function of the evolution of future salaries. Assets of the fund are invested in cash, stocks, and a rolling bond. Interest rates are driven by a Vasicek model. The objective is to minimize both the quadratic spread between the contribution rate and the normal cost, and the quadratic spread between the terminal wealth and the mathematical reserve required to cover benefits. The optimization is done under a budget constraint that guarantees the actuarial equilibrium between the current asset and future contributions and benefits. The method of resolution is based on the Cox–Huang approach and on dynamic programming.
EXPLAINING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA, UKRAINE AND BELARUS
Authors: Abbott Pamela , Wallace Claire 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
This paper looks at the impact of the economic collapse of the former Soviet Union on the lives of ordinary people in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus using qualitative as well as quantitative data. We argue that to understand the impact of the transformation it is necessary to take a sociological approach. To provide a framework for our analysis we use the Social Quality model which enables us to consider the recursive relation between agency and structure and social and systems integration. We draw upon a sample survey of 8,400 individuals carried out in 2001 together with qualitative interviews with a purposefully selected sample of individuals, health experts and focus groups conducted in 2002. The use of qualitative data enables us to look beyond classifying variables to experience. We conclude that the collapse has not only resulted in a decline in the material circumstances of households but also on social integration, social cohesion and the ability of people to take control over their own lives.
THE RACE EQUALITY DIRECTIVE
Authors: Woolfson Charles Alexander 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
This article examines the Race Equality Directive (RED) and its transposition in the context of a new European Union (EU) member state, Baltic Lithuania. Taking this post-communist society as a case study, it is suggested that while formal legislative compliance with the RED has been broadly attained, transposed anti-discrimination legislation and national policy implementation initiatives may not adequately take into account societal attitudes and norms. The historical legacy of Soviet times, the contemporary post-communist experience, and the current economic crisis have resulted in a fragile national identity and a propensity towards populist and even xenophobic responses to uncertainty. These factors are explored in terms of their potential for undermining the objectives of EU-derived legislation designed to promote racial and ethnic tolerance. The article concludes that while a ‘differentiated’ Europeanisation has not occurred in formal terms, the possibility exists of ‘differential’ Europeanisation emerging in post-communist new EU member states such as Lithuania.