bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPOXIDIZED NATURAL OILS AS THE ALTERNATIVE SAFE PROCESS OILS IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Authors: Sahakaro Kannika , Beraheng Amnuwa 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Due to the toxicity of aromatic oils derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), safe process oils are required for a replacement in rubber compounds. The properties of tire tread compounds filled with high abrasion furnace black (HAF) when epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) are used as the processing oils, in comparison with the use of conventional distillate aromatic extract (DAE) were investigated. The oil characteristics were analyzed by spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and NMR), differential scanning calorimetry and elemental analysis. Influence of the oils on the properties of natural rubber (NR), NR/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) blend, and SBR compounds was investigated. All compounds with the EPO and DAE oils have similar cure characteristics (i.e., scorch and cure times, torque differences) and processing properties (i.e., minimum torques and Mooney viscosities). However, the use of ESBO oil clearly retards the curing reaction, resulting in lower extent of crosslinking, and thus inferior vulcanizate properties. The mechanical properties, e.g., hardness, modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear, and abrasion resistance, of the compounds utilizing the EPO and DAE oils are comparable and superior to those of the ESBO added compound. In addition, the use of EPO results in similar dynamic mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates when compared with conventional DAE. The results indicate that EPO is a potential candidate for the placement of DAE oil in rubber compounds.
Reinforced Cellular Carbon Matrix–MgO Composites for High Temperature Applications: Microstructural Aspects and Colloidal Processing
Authors: da Silveira Wagner , Falk Guido 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe main potential of functionalized cellular carbon refractories is the considerable variation range of cell dimensions, cell geometries, i.e. spatial arrangement of interconnected carbon strut networks, as well as cell compositions, i.e. layered or multilayered cell conformations. In order to achieve this last goal, it will have to provide available post‐processing procedures to upgrade cellular carbon matrices for specific functions, i.e. tailored moduli of elasticity, thermal shock resistance, that cannot be technically or economically provided by conventional low carbon MgO–C refractories.1 Here we report different colloidal synthetic processing routes for tailoring reinforced cellular and reticulated glassy carbon structures in the macro‐, meso‐, and microscale, which then gives rise to very high thermal shock resistance characteristics. The cellular interconnected glassy carbon network is processed by replication of PU foams with phenolic resins and subsequent carbonization in inert atmospheres. In order to improve the water‐wettability of tailored glassy carbon cellular matrices and to ease the subsequent infiltration of aqueous MgO suspensions into open porous, cellular carbon structures a low cost YSZ, and SiC coating concept is proposed using an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method and subsequent sintering in order to achieve the reinforcement of carbon phase, respectively. These as‐received wettable and reinforced coatings and functional layers on the interconnected cellular glassy carbon network are able to reliably allow the infiltration of aqueous MgO suspensions to build up low carbon functional C/SiC‐ as well as C/YSZ–MgO refractories with designed and controlled thermo‐mechanical properties.
De novo Xq11.11 microdeletion including ARHGEF9 in a boy with mental retardation, epilepsy, macrosomia, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Lesca Gaetan , Till Marianne , Labalme Audrey , Vallee Dominique , Hugonenq Catherine , Philip Nicole , Edery Patrick , Sanlaville Damien 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe report on a novel Xq11.11 microdeletion in a patient presenting with severe mental retardation (MR), focal epilepsy, tall stature, macrocephaly, and dysmorphism. This 1.3 Mb deletion, identified using array CGH, includes a single gene with known function—ARHGEF9—plus 1 gene with unknown function and three putative genes. ARHGEF9 encodes collybistin (Cb) that plays an important role in the localization of gephyrin which is the key protein of the scaffolding system of inhibitory synapses and is essential for postsynaptic clustering of both GABAA and glycine receptors. Cb‐deficient male mice show reduced exploratory behavior, impaired spatial learning, increased anxiety scores, and reduction of gephyrin‐dependent GABA receptor clusters in amygdala and hippocampus. Mutations or disruption of ARHGEF9 due to chromosomal rearrangements have been found in three patients with various clinical presentations: nevertheless, all 3 presented with MR and 2 with epilepsy. The case we report on provides further evidence for the role of ARHGEF9 in cognitive development. The other phenotypic features in our patient, including macrosomia and dysmorphism, may also be related to the loss of this gene. Alternatively, they may be consequences of the loss of one or more of the other genes located within the deletion or of the disruption of sequences regulating neighboring genes. Additional case reports with identical or overlapping deletions would help in defining the phenotype associated with ARHGEF9 haploinsufficiency. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of sleep problems in Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Authors: Zarowski Marcin , Vendrame Martina , Irons Mira , Kothare Sanjeev V. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSmith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, and intellectual disability. It is caused by a genetically inherited deficiency of the enzyme 7‐dehydrocholesterol‐delta‐7‐reductase, which results in increased serum levels of 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7‐DHC), and decreased levels of cholesterol. This study assesses the prevalence of sleep problems in patients with SLOS. The study group comprised 18 subjects with SLOS, ages 2–31 years (median 10.7 ± 8.5 years). Parents completed several questionnaires (Intake Demographic Form; Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire; Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale). The SLOS subjects had symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing (50% snoring; 66.7% mouth breathing), problems with sleep onset [difficulty falling asleep (61.1%) sleep onset time >30 min (62%)], sleep maintenance [wake up screaming (61.1%), waking up more than twice (44.4%), having trouble falling back to sleep (66.7%), waking up early in the morning (61.1%), and restless sleep (50%)]. The subjects with SLOS needed parents in the room to fall asleep (50%), watch TV or listen to music to fall asleep (44.4%), and described bed sharing (33.3%), indicating sleep‐anxiety and sleep‐associations. Symptoms of excessive‐daytime‐sleepiness were frequently reported [un‐refreshed in the morning (38.9%), daytime sleepiness (44.4%), and daytime naps (55.6%)]. Parents frequently observed difficulty of organizing tasks (66.7%), and easy distractibility (88.9%). Sleep problems such as sleep‐disordered breathing, sleep‐related anxiety and sleep associations, disturbed sleep patterns at night, and excessive daytime sleepiness are frequent in children with SLOS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Submicroscopic deletion in 7q31 encompassing CADPS2 and TSPAN12 in a child with autism spectrum disorder and PHPV
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Hatsukawa Yoshikazu , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe performed array comparative genomic hybridization utilizing a whole genome oligonucleotide microarray in a patient with the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). Submicroscopic deletions in 7q31 encompassing CADPS2 (Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion 2) and TSPAN12 (one of the members of the tetraspanin superfamily) were confirmed. The CADPS2 plays important roles in the release of neurotrophin‐3 and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Mutations in TSPAN12 are a relatively frequent cause of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. We speculate that haploinsufficiency of CADPS2 and TSPAN12 contributes to ASDs and PHPV, respectively. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of albumin‐bound toxins on anion exchange resin: an equilibrium study
Authors: Annesini M. C. , Piemonte V. , Turchetti L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTBilirubin and tryptophan are among the albumin‐bound toxins that must be removed from blood during liver‐failure therapy. Artificial liver support devices currently used in clinical practice remove these types of toxins by means of different processes, that are mainly based on adsorption. In this paper, bilirubin and tryptophan adsorption isotherms on anion exchange resin with different albumin concentrations are presented. The results show that the adsorbed amount of toxin decreases with increasing albumin concentration in the solution. This behaviour has been analyzed by means of an original semi‐empirical adsorption model that takes in to account the effect of albumin on toxins adsorption equilibrium. The model highlights that this phenomenon is principally because of the competitive binding of toxin between albumin and sorbent, but, in the case of bilirubin, the reduction in the adsorbed amount of toxin was higher than what can be predicted by considering only this phenomenon. From a different point of view, the experimental results show that the anion exchange resin tested is a suitable sorbent for bilirubin removal, while its adsorption capacity for tryptophan is very low and, therefore, different sorptive media should be considered to remove this compound. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explicit extraction of topical context
Authors: Kaptein Rianne , Kamps Jaap 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article studies one of the main bottlenecks in providing more effective information access: the poverty on the query end. We explore whether users can classify keyword queries into categories from the DMOZ directory on different levels and whether this topical context can help retrieval performance. We have conducted a user study to let participants classify queries into DMOZ categories, either by freely searching the directory or by selection from a list of suggestions. Results of the study show that DMOZ categories are suitable for topic categorization. Both free search and list selection can be used to elicit topical context. Free search leads to more specific categories than the list selections. Participants in our study show moderate agreement on the categories they select, but broad agreement on the higher levels of chosen categories. The free search categories significantly improve retrieval effectiveness. The more general list selection categories and the top‐level categories do not lead to significant improvements. Combining topical context with blind relevance feedback leads to better results than applying either of them separately. We conclude that DMOZ is a suitable resource for interacting with users on topical categories applicable to their query, and can lead to better search results.
Dealing with Crystal Forms (The Kingdom of Serendip?)
Authors: Braga Dario , d'Agostino Simone , Dichiarante Elena , Maini Lucia , Grepioni Fabrizia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe variety of crystal forms that may be associated with one specific molecule of interest can be extremely large: in addition to polymorphs, all sorts of crystalline solids can be obtained, from molecular and ionic co‐crystals to hydrates/solvates, to, needless to say, polymorphs of all these new crystal forms. Lack of predictability of crystallization experiments, far from representing a failure or a nuisance, should encourage in the crystal maker the same attitude shown by the three princes of Serendip (who were making unexpected discoveries by virtue of their “sagacity and readiness of mind”) to be ready to pick new avenues as the crystal experiments will yield something unplanned for.
Thermally Stable Intermolecular Proton Bonds in Polyaromatic Aldehyde Crystals
Authors: Heo Sung Woo , Hwang In‐Chul , Chun Young , Lee Jung Woo , Singh N. Jiten , Kim Seung Bin , Kim Kwang S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe have synthesized self‐assembled red‐colored proton complexes of the aldehyde derivatives of polyaromatic hydrocarbon with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These intermolecularly proton‐bonded polyaromatic aldehydes formed as 1‐pyrenecarbaldehyde (Py‐CHO) reacted with HAuCl4 to produce [(Py‐CHO)2H][AuCl4] under dry conditions. The formation of [(Py‐CHO)2H][AuCl4] was confirmed by single‐crystal structure determination and IR spectral analysis at various temperatures. The compounds are distinctively hydrophobic in nature and are soluble only in a few organic polar solvents. The proton bonds are clearly observed from both the electron density in X‐ray analysis and the characteristic IR frequency signature. The proton complex units have an OH+O distance of the typical Zundel‐like cationic hydrogen bond (in which two O atoms share a proton‐like H in the midpoint of the short OO distance of ≈2.4 Å). The proton bonds are thermally stable, even over 100 °C, because the complexes are stabilized in layered structures with π–π intermolecular interactions of the polyaromatic hydrocarbon ligands. The IR signatures at around 900, 1200, and 1700 cm−1 for the Zundel‐like proton bond are clearly characterized.
Chemical‐dynamical Modelling of the Atmosphere with Emphasis on the Methane Oxidation
Authors: Berntsen Terje , Isaksen Ivar S. A. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA brief general discussion of coupled chemical dynamical model applied in atmospheric chemistry is given. The basic concepts of lagrangian versus eulerian models and the averaging along one or more directions in space in eulerian models are discussed. A model can be viewed as set of relations and assumptions based on physical laws used to interpret how the input data determine the composition of the atmosphere. An overview of the necessary input data for such models and how their uncertainties influence the output of the models is given. Finally some new results from our 2‐D photochemical tracer/transport model for the troposphere are used as an example of how such models can be used. The methane oxidation system is studied, and a significant feedback (35% at present) between increased emissions and concentrations of methane is found. Several aspects of the altered chemical composition is discussed to explain the calculated feedback including a primary (total HOx‐budget) and a secondary (NOx‐induced) mechanism and changes in the OH/HO2 ratio within the HOx‐reservoir.
Atmospheric CO2: Global Change and Regulation Mechanisms
Authors: Oeschger H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor the estimate of the distribution in the carbon system of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere due to human activities, the exchange of carbon between atmosphere and ocean, and between atmosphere and biosphere needs to be considered. Information on this spreading of excess CO2 can be obtained from measurements of a.o. CO2, 13C/12C, 14C/C in the atmosphere, of natural and nuclear weapon produced 14C in the ocean and in the biota and of other natural or anthropogenic tracers. — Based essentially on such information, models for the CO2 uptake by the carbon system have been developed which are capable of reproducing the result of the drop in the rate of increase of CO2 emissions from 4.5% to 2% per year following the oil‐embargo in 1973. — Of special interest regarding the understanding of the carbon cycle and its role in controlling the climate of the Earth are the observations in polar ice cores covering the past 160.000 years, corresponding to one and a half glaciation cycles. They show variations of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O parallel to the climatic variations. Measurements of 13C/12C in shells of foraminiferas support the hypothesis that these CO2 changes are caused by changes in the ocean's biological pump, i.e. the flux of detrital organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean, which affects the total inorganic carbon in the surface ocean and the partial pressure of CO2.
Effects of Solid‐Fueled Rocket Exhausts on the Stratospheric Ozone Layer
Authors: Krüger B. C. , Hirschberg M. M. , Fabian P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSpace transport systems often use solid‐fuel in boosters and this type of fuel is also very common for sounding rockets. One of the main components in the exhaust is hydrochloric acid. Photochemical model calculations have been performed to investigate local effects after such a rocket launch. Disturbances of the atmospheric trace gas distribution are possible; however, strong changes in the stratospheric ozone concentration are restricted to altitudes above 30 km and will only occur if the mixing of the exhaust gas with ambient air proceeds slowly.
Stratospheric Ozone Variability over Spitsbergen in March – April 1991
Authors: Rummukainen Markku , Joffre Sylvain , Damski Juhani , Gathen Peter Von Der 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Alfred Wegener Institute and Bremen University jointly performed upper atmospheric soundings from Ny Ålesund, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E) between March 11 and April 24, 1991. The soundings were made using Vaisala radiosondes and ECC ozone sondes and produced a good picture of ozone behaviour in the lower and middle stratosphere. With one exception, the soundings were carried out daily or at least every other day with most of them reaching altitudes higher than 30 km. – The temperature record reveals that in the middle of the experiment stratospheric warming took place. The warming was also reflected in the rising trend of total ozone. In addition to this transition from winter to spring conditions in the polar stratosphere, there was also considerable variability in both the total ozone content and the vertical variability of ozone concentrations. The reasons for these seem to be to a large extent dynamical in origin.
Tropospheric OH: Local Measurements and Their Interpretations
Authors: Comes F. J. , Armerding W. , Grigonis R. , Herbert A. , Spiekermann M. , Walter J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRecently two campaigns have been conducted on the “Schauinsland” (Black Forest, Germany). The concentration of tropospheric OH and its diurnal variation was measured for a number of consecutive days. Together with it the concentrations of O3, H2O, NOx, and the intensity of the UV were monitored to obtain the necessary background information. The experimental technique for the OH detection is based on OH resonance absorption in the UV in a multireflection cell of 6 m length. The linear dimensions of the cell determine the local character of the measurements.
Simultaneous Long Path Field Measurements of HNO2, CH2O and Aerosol
Authors: Notholt J. , Hjorth J. , Raes F. , Schrems O. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractField measurements have been performed to study the influence of heterogeneous processes on the trace gas concentration of HNO2 and CH2O in the atmosphere. The observations indicate that during foggy episodes HNO2 is formed to a high extent when NO, NO2 and aerosols are present simultaneously. Far more CH2O is found to be dissolved in the aerosol droplets than what is expected from the literature value of the Henry constant.
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Constituents Using Fourier Transform Spectrometry
Authors: Fischer H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe investigation of changes in ozone concentration and of the increase of the greenhouse effect requires simultaneous and global observations of atmospheric trace species. Obviously, IR‐Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTIR) are especially appropriate for this measurement task due to their capability to detect wide spectral intervals with high spectral resolution. FTIR experiments for measuring trace species have already been performed during the last ten years. Some of the very interesting results as derived from these measurements are presented, for example the wide range of mixing ratio profiles and the variety of trace gases detected by the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) experiment. These contributions to atmospheric research were already essential even if no cooled interferometer for time‐independent emission measurements has been flown aboard aircrafts or in space so far. – The objective to fly a cooled FTIR in space leads to a novel optical design, the socalled double pendulum interferometer (DPI). The DPI is the core part of several MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) experiments which have already been used for atmospheric measurements. Infrared solar absorption spectra of the atmosphere were taken during the CHEOPS III campaign in Sweden in winter 1990 in order to obtain time series of zenith column amounts of several trace gases. The first two field experiments of the cooled MIPAS have been performed during stratospheric balloon flights in France in May 1989 and 1990. Limb emission spectra were measured within the altitude range between 7 and 38 km. A number of atmospheric trace species are identified, namely CO2, O3, H2O, CH4, N2O, CCl4, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CHF2Cl, ClONO2, HNO3, N2O5 and C2H6. Besides the MIPAS ground based and the MIPAS balloon experiment our new cooled MIPAS aircraft experiment will be operated during the EASOE (European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Exp.) campaign as scheduled for winter 1991/92. The cooled MIPAS space experiment is in development for the 1. European Polar Platform and the German Environmental Research Satellite ATMOS.
The Numerical Modelling of the Sedimentation of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles
Authors: Müller Rolf , Peter Thomas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe denitrification of the polar night stratosphere is crucially controlling the amount of stratospheric ozone depletion over both the Arctic and Antarctic. It is accomplished through the formation and sedimentation of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles. The latter process, though conceptionally simple, is not easily incorporated into numerical PSC models. We present results of computational experiments demonstrating advantages and pitfalls of various numerical methods. The velocity profiles which are assumed are similar to real particle velocity profiles, but simple enough to allow an analytic solution of the advection equation. The proposed schemes are upwind biased finite volume schemes, possessing many desired properties, in particular mass conservation and positive definiteness. Numerical diffusion presents a major problem, particularly since PSCs are observed to exhibit pronounced layering which requires the modelling of steep gradients in the particle number density. On the other hand, artificial structures can be introduced if semi‐Lagrangian advection over several grid boxes is allowed. Procedures obviating these difficulties are described, in particular polynomial fitting, and the computational efficiency of the schemes is investigated. We conclude that polynomial fitting is a suitable method for treating PSC Type‐I particles, whereas we recommend a novel semi‐Lagrangian method, designed so that artificial structures can be avoided, for PSC Type‐II particles.