bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MORE ON BENCHMARKS OF FAIRNESS: RESPONSE TO BALLANTYNE
Authors: PHILLIPS TRISHA 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper challenges the fitness of Angela Ballantyne's proposed theory of exploitation by situating her ‘fair risk account’ in an ongoing dialogue about the adequacy conditions for benchmarks of fairness. It identifies four adequacy conditions: (1) the ability to focus on level rather than type of benefit; (2) the ability to focus on micro‐level rather than macro‐level fairness; (3) the ability to prevent discrimination based on need; and (4) the ability to prescribe a certain distribution as superior to all others. While the fair risk account satisfies the first condition, this paper argues that it has difficulty satisfying the last three conditions. Ballantyne's proposal includes several new and promising features, but in order for the fair risk account to be useful in identifying and preventing exploitation, Ballantyne must either clarify and augment her theory or challenge the relevance of the adequacy conditions it fails to meet.
Limits to self‐organising systems of learning—the Kalikuppam experiment
Authors: Mitra Sugata , Dangwal Ritu 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhat and how much can children learn without subject teachers? In an attempt to find a limit to self organized learning, we explored the capacity of 10–14 year old Tamil‐speaking children in a remote Indian village to learn basic molecular biology, initially on their own with a Hole‐in‐the‐Wall public computer facility, and later with the help of a mediator without knowledge of this subject. We then compared these learning outcomes with those of similarly‐aged children at a nearby average‐below average performing state government school who were not fluent in English but were taught this subject and another group of children at a high‐performing private school in New Delhi who were fluent in English and had been taught this subject by qualified teachers. We found that the village children who only had access to computers and Internet‐based resources in the Hole‐in‐the‐Wall learning stations achieved test scores comparable with those at the local state school and, with the support of the mediator, equal to their peers in the privileged private urban school. Further experiments were conducted with unsupervised groups of 8–12 year‐olds in several English schools using the Internet to study for GCSE questions they normally would be examined on at the age of 16. We conclude that, in spite of some limitations, there are opportunities for self‐organised and mediated learning by children in settings where they would otherwise be denied opportunities for good, or indeed any, schooling. We also show that this approach can be enhanced by the use of local or online mediators.
Risk factors, etiology, and outcome of first‐ever ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15 to 45 – the Athens young stroke registry
Authors: Spengos K. , Vemmos K. 
Published: May 2010

Background and purpose:  Data regarding stroke in young adults from Greece is scarce. We aimed to evaluate risk factors, etiology, and outcome in a hospital‐based prospective observational study.Methods:  Data from a series of 253 first‐ever ischemic stroke patients aged 15–45 were collected over 10 years. Stroke etiology was classified according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Comparisons were done between groups stratified by gender and age. The probability of death or composite vascular events during follow‐up was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. We used Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses to determine the effect of different factors on mortality and occurrence of composite cardiovascular events.Results:  Although male patients predominate in our cohort (ratio 1.3:1), females outnumber males significantly at ages under 30. Smoking (59.3%) and dyslipidemia (41.1%) were the most frequent risk factors. Small vessel disease was identified as cause of stroke in 17.4%, whereas cardioembolism caused 13.4% of all strokes. No definite etiology was found in 33.6%, whereas other causes of stroke, including dissection (6.7%), were documented in 26.5%. The probability of 10‐year survival was 86.3% (95%CI: 79.1–93.6). The corresponding probability of composite vascular events was 30.4% (95%CI: 19.6–41.2). Stroke severity and heart failure were the main predictors of mortality. At the end of the follow‐up period, most patients (92.7% of survivors) were independent.Conclusion:  There are gender‐ and age‐related differences regarding risk factors and causes of ischemic stroke in young patients. Survival and long‐term outcome is generally favorable.
Influence of ferutinin on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. II: Role in recovering osteoporosis
Authors: Ferretti Marzia , Bertoni Laura , Cavani Francesco , Zavatti Manuela , Resca Elisa , Carnevale Gianluca , Benelli Augusta , Zanoli Paola , Palumbo Carla 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present investigation, which represents an extension of a previous study, was to investigate the effect of ferutinin in recovering severe osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency after rat ovariectomy and to compare phytoestrogen effects with those of estrogens commonly used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The animal model used was the Sprague–Dawley ovariectomized rat. Ferutinin was orally administered (2 mg kg−1 per day) for 30 or 60 days starting from 2 months after ovariectomy (i.e. when osteoporosis was clearly evident) and its effects were compared with those of estradiol benzoate (1.5 μg per rat twice a week, subcutaneously injected) vs. vehicle‐treated ovariectomized (OVX) and sham‐operated (SHAM) rats. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on trabecular bone of lumbar vertebrae (4th and 5th) and distal femoral epiphysis, as well as on cortical bone of femoral diaphysis. Bone histomorphometric analyses showed that ferutinin seems to display the same effects on bone mass recorded with estradiol benzoate, thus suggesting that it could enhance the recovery of bone loss due to severe estrogen deficiency in OVX rats. On this basis, the authors propose listing ferutinin among the substances representing a potential alternative for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, which occurs as a result of estrogen deficiency.
Acceptability and experience of supportive companionship during childbirth in Malawi
Authors: Banda G , Kafulafula G , Nyirenda E , Taulo F , Kalilani L 
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Banda G, Kafulafula G, Nyirenda E, Taulo F, Kalilani L. Acceptability and experience of supportive companionship during childbirth in Malawi. BJOG 2010;117:937–945.Objective  To study the acceptability and experience of supportive companionship during childbirth by mothers, health professionals and supportive companions.Design  Cross‐sectional surveys before and after introducing supportive companionship.Setting  Maternity facilities in Blantyre City, Malawi.Population  Mothers who had normal deliveries before discharge from hospital, health professionals in health facilities and women from the community, who had given birth before and had interest in providing or had provided support to fellow women during childbirth.Methods  Combined qualitative and quantitative methods.Main outcome measure  Perceptions on labour companionship among participants.Results  The majority of supported women (99.5%), companions (96.6%) and health professionals (96%) found the intervention beneficial, mainly for psychological and physical support to the labouring woman and for providing assistance to healthcare providers. Some companions (39.3%) unwillingly accompanied the women they were supporting and 3.5% of companions mentioned that their presence in the labour ward was an opportunity for them to learn how to conduct deliveries.Conclusion  Supportive companionship for women during childbirth is highly acceptable among mothers and health professionals, and the community in Malawi, but should be governed by clear guidelines to avoid potential harm to labouring women. Women require information regarding the need for a supportive companion and their expected role before they present at a health facility in labour. Such notification will provide an opportunity for the pregnant woman to identify someone of their choice who is ready and capable of safely taking up the role of a companion.
Appropriate antenatal corticosteroid use in women at risk for preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation
Authors: Mahony R , McKeating A , Murphy T , McAuliffe F , O’Herlihy C , Foley M 
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Mahony R, McKeating A, Murphy T, McAuliffe F, O’Herlihy C, Foley M. Appropriate antenatal corticosteroid use in women at risk for preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2010;117:963–967.Objective  To determine the utilisation of antenatal corticosteroid administration in women presenting at risk of preterm birth (PTB) in a centre where tocolytics are not prescribed.Design  A prospective cohort study.Setting  Tertiary referral centre, Dublin, Ireland.Population  Four hundred and fourteen consecutive women presenting at risk of PTB.Methods  Clinical details were collated prospectively on all booked patients who presented at risk of PTB (i.e. at <34 weeks of gestation) during 2008.Main outcome measure  Rate of administration of antenatal corticosteroids in PTB.Results  Of 8985 deliveries, 414 women (5%) presented at <34 weeks of gestation with a clinical potential for PTB, of whom 277 (67%) received antenatal corticosteroids. Amongst women delivering at <34 weeks of gestation, 93% (80/86) received any corticosteroids and 76% (65/86) received a complete course. The ratio of women given a complete course of corticosteroids to the number who actually delivered before 34 weeks of gestation was 4:1 overall. Analysis by indication for PTB revealed this ratio to be 15:1 in suspected preterm labour (PTL), 8:1 in antepartum haemorrhage (APH), and 2:1 in both preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) and medically indicated PTB (MIPTB). Seven of ten multiparae (70%) who delivered prematurely during the study period following PTL had a history of previous PTL before 34 weeks of gestation.Conclusion  The ratio of maternal antenatal corticosteroid administration for potential versus actual PTB at <34 weeks of gestation was high in categories such as PTL and substantial APH, whereas selection in PPROM and MIPTB approached 100%. There should be a low threshold for single course therapy for women with prior PTL before 34 weeks of gestation.
No change in the regional distribution of tidal volume during lateral posture in mechanically ventilated patients assessed by electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Bein Thomas , Ploner Franz , Ritzka Markus , Pfeifer Michael , Schlitt Hans J. , Graf Bernhard M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryWe assessed the distribution of regional lung ventilation during moderate and steep lateral posture using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in mechanically ventilated patients. Seven patients were placed on a kinetic treatment table. An elastic belt containing 16 electrodes was placed around the chest and was connected to the EIT device. Patients were moved to left and right lateral positions in a stepwise (10°) mode up to 60°. EIT images [arbitrary units (AU)] were generated and scanned for assessment of relative ventilation distribution changes [tidal volume (VT)]. A calibration procedure of arbitrary units (AUs) versus ventilator‐derived VT performed in all patients during three predefined positions (supine, 60°‐left dependent and 60°‐right‐dependent) showed a significant correlation between VT in supine, left and right lateral positions with the corresponding AUs (r2 = 0·356, P<0·05). Changes in VT were calculated and compared to supine position, and specific regions of interest (ROIs) were analysed. In our study, in contrast to recent findings, a change in lateral positions did not induce a significant change in regional tidal volume distribution. In right lateral positions, a broader variation of VT with a trend towards an increase in the dependently positioned lung was observed in comparison with supine. Lateral positioning promotes the redistribution of ventilation to the ventral regions of the lung. The use of EIT technology might become a helpful tool for understanding and guiding posture therapy in mechanically ventilated patients.
Perfusion heterogeneity does not explain excess muscle oxygen uptake during variable intensity exercise
Authors: Laaksonen Marko S. , Björklund Glenn , Heinonen Ilkka , Kemppainen Jukka , Knuuti Juhani , Kyröläinen Heikki , Kalliokoski Kari K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe association between muscle oxygen uptake (VO2) and perfusion or perfusion heterogeneity (relative dispersion, RD) was studied in eight healthy male subjects during intermittent isometric (1 s on, 2 s off) one‐legged knee‐extension exercise at variable intensities using positron emission tomography and a‐v blood sampling. Resistance during the first 6 min of exercise was 50% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction force (MVC) (HI‐1), followed by 6 min at 10% MVC (LOW) and finishing with 6 min at 50% MVC (HI‐2). Muscle perfusion and O2 delivery during HI‐1 (26 ± 5 and 5·4 ± 1·0 ml 100 g−1 min−1) and HI‐2 (28 ± 4 and 5·8 ± 0·7 ml 100 g−1 min−1) were similar, but both were higher (P<0·01) than during LOW (15 ± 3 and 3·0 ± 0·6 ml 100 g−1 min−1). Muscle VO2 was also higher during both HI workloads (HI‐1 3·3 ± 0·4 and HI‐2 4·1 ± 0·6 ml 100 g−1 min−1) than LOW (1·4 ± 0·4 ml 100 g−1 min−1; P<0·01) and 25% higher during HI‐2 than HI‐1 (P<0·05). O2 extraction was higher during HI workloads (HI‐1 62 ± 7 and HI‐2 70 ± 7%) than LOW (45 ± 8%; P<0·01). O2 extraction tended to be higher (P = 0·08) during HI‐2 when compared to HI‐1. Perfusion was less heterogeneous (P<0·05) during HI workloads when compared to LOW with no difference between HI workloads. Thus, during one‐legged knee‐extension exercise at variable intensities, skeletal muscle perfusion and O2 delivery are unchanged between high‐intensity workloads, whereas muscle VO2 is increased during the second high‐intensity workload. Perfusion heterogeneity cannot explain this discrepancy between O2 delivery and uptake. We propose that the excess muscle VO2 during the second high‐intensity workload is derived from working muscle cells.
Accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system in dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Reineke Erica L. , Fletcher Daniel J. , King Lesley G. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective –(1) To determine the ability of a continuous interstitial glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to accurately estimate blood glucose (BG) in dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis. (2) To determine the effect of perfusion, hydration, body condition score, severity of ketosis, and frequency of calibration on the accuracy of the CGMS.Design –Prospective study.Setting –University Teaching Hospital.Animals –Thirteen dogs and 11 cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis were enrolled in the study within 24 hours of presentation.Interventions –Once BG dropped below 22.2 mmol/L (400 mg/dL), a sterile flexible glucose sensor was placed aseptically in the interstitial space and attached to the continuous glucose monitoring device for estimation of the interstitial glucose every 5 minutes.Measurements and Main Results –BG measurements were taken with a portable BG meter every 2–4 hours at the discretion of the primary clinician and compared with CGMS glucose measurements. The CGMS estimates of BG and BG measured on the glucometer were strongly associated regardless of calibration frequency (calibration every 8 h:r=0.86,P<0.001; calibration every 12 h:r=0.85,P<0.001). Evaluation of this data using both the Clarke and Consensus error grids showed that 96.7% and 99% of the CGMS readings, respectively, were deemed clinically acceptable (Zones A and B errors). Interpatient variability in the accuracy of the CGMS glucose measurements was found but was not associated with body condition, perfusion, or degree of ketosis. A weak association between hydration status of the patient as assessed with the visual analog scale and absolute percent error (Spearman's rank correlation, ρ=−0.079, 95% CI=−0.15 to −0.01,P=0.03) was found, with the device being more accurate in the more hydrated patients.Conclusions –The CGMS provides clinically accurate estimates of BG in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Potential risks, prognostic indicators, and diagnostic and treatment modalities affecting survival in dogs with presumptive aspiration pneumonia: 125 cases (2005–2008)
Authors: Tart Kelly M. , Babski Danielle M. , Lee Justine A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective –To evaluate a clinical population of dogs diagnosed with presumptive aspiration pneumonia (AP) and determine diagnostic and treatment modalities contributing to survival.Design –Retrospective study.Setting –A university veterinary teaching hospital in an urban setting.Animals –One hundred and twenty‐five dogs with presumed AP treated from 2005 to 2008.Interventions –None.Measurements and Main Results –Dogs with presumptive AP identified by a review of medical records had an overall survival of 81.6% (102/125). Male large‐breed dogs (mean 24.9 kg; 82/125) were overrepresented and were more likely to develop AP in this study population. Recent anesthesia had been performed in 16% (20/125), and vomiting was reported in 64% (80/125). The most common radiographic findings were a predominantly alveolar pattern (187/272, [68.8%] total lung lobes) in the right middle lung lobe (80/115, [69.6%]). A mean of 2 lung lobes were involved radiographically, and the relationship between survival and the number of lung lobes affected was statistically significant (P=0.04). Neutrophilia with a left shift was common with no significant change on consecutive daily evaluations. The mean PaO2was 77.7 mm Hg (SD, 17.5 mm Hg) (range, 40.7–100 mm Hg) with a median alveolar‐arterial gradient of 41.1 mm Hg (range, 8.1–81.8 mm Hg). In this study population, 37.6% (47/125) of dogs had microbial cultures performed and of these, 76.6% (36/47) were positive for growth;Escherichia coli(38.8%),Mycoplasmaspp. (21.3%),Pasturellaspp. (19.1%), andStaphylococcusspp. (17%) were the most common isolates in either single or multiagent infections. No treatment modality was statistically associated with increased survival. Colloid therapy was a negative prognostic indicator.Conclusions –In this study the overall prognosis for AP was good. Patients with only 1 affected lung lobe appeared more likely to survive. Supportive treatment modalities are warranted for the hospitalized patient, although no individual treatment method was found to be clearly superior to others.
The treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with uncultured, processed lipoaspirate cells: A pilot study
Authors: Han Seung‐Kyu , Kim Hong‐Ryul , Kim Woo‐Kyung 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTHuman processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells are relatively easy to obtain in large quantities without cell culture. The purpose of this study was to present the possibility of using uncultured PLA cell autografts for the treatment of diabetic ulcers. An in vitro study was designed initially to determine the effect of PLA cell autografts on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of diabetic fibroblasts (n=4). In a subsequent clinical study, 26 patients with diabetic foot ulcers were treated using PLA cell autografts. Control treatment was also performed in 26 patients. Eight weeks after treatment, the percentages of complete healing and mean healing times were compared. Cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in the PLA cell treatment group were 28 and 44% higher than that in the control group in vitro, respectively. Our clinical study showed that 100% of the PLA cell‐treated group and 62% of the control group achieved complete healing. The PLA cell treatment was also superior to the conventional method in terms of the healing time. No adverse events related to the study treatment occurred. Uncultured PLA cell autografts stimulate the activity of diabetic fibroblasts and may offer a simple and effective treatment for diabetic ulcers.
Image analysis of chronic wounds for determining the surface area
Authors: Papazoglou Elisabeth S. , Zubkov Leonid , Mao Xiang , Neidrauer Michael , Rannou Nicolas , Weingarten Michael S. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTProgress in wound healing is primarily quantified by the rate of change of the wound's surface area. The most recent guidelines of the Wound Healing Society suggest that a reduction in wound size of <40% within 4 weeks necessitates a reevaluation of the treatment. However, accurate measurement of wound size is challenging due to the complexity of a chronic wound, the variable lighting conditions of examination rooms, and the time constraints of a busy clinical practice. In this paper, we present our methodology to quantify a wound boundary and measure the enclosed wound area reproducibly. The method derives from a combination of color‐based image analysis algorithms, and our results are validated with wounds in animal models and human wounds of diverse patients. Images were taken by an inexpensive digital camera under variable lighting conditions. Approximately 100 patient images and 50 animal images were analyzed and a high overlap was achieved between the manual tracings and the calculated wound area by our method in both groups. The simplicity of our method combined with its robustness suggests that it can be a valuable tool in clinical wound evaluations. The basic challenge of our method is in deep wounds with very small surface areas where color‐based detection can lead to erroneous results and which could be overcome by texture‐based detection methods. The authors are willing to provide the developed MATLAB code for the work discussed in this paper.
Guided Bone Regeneration: biological principle and therapeutic applications
Authors: Retzepi M. , Donos N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) treatment concept advocates that regeneration of osseous defects is predictably attainable via the application of occlusive membranes, which mechanically exclude non‐osteogenic cell populations from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby allowing osteogenic cell populations originating from the parent bone to inhabit the osseous wound. The present review discusses the evolution of the GBR biological rationale and therapeutic concept over the last two decades. Further, an overview of the GBR research history is provided with specific focus on the evidence available on its effectiveness and predictability in promoting the regeneration of critical size cranio‐maxillo‐facial defects, the neo‐osteogenesis potential and the reconstruction of atrophic alveolar ridges before, or in conjunction with, the placement of dental implants. The authors conclude that future research should focus on (a) the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the wound healing process following GBR application; (b) the identification of site and patient related factors which impact on the effectiveness and predictability of GBR therapy and (c) the evaluation of the pathophysiology of the GBR healing process in the presence of systemic conditions potentially affecting the skeletal system. To cite this article:
Retzepi M, Donos N. Guided Bone Regeneration: biological principle and therapeutic applications. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 567–576. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01922.x