bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and expression profiles of nine glutathione S‐transferase genes from the important rice phloem sap‐sucker and virus vector Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Wu , Li Xi‐Wang , Quan Yin‐Hua , Cheng Jiaan , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Gurr Geoff , Zhu Zeng‐Rong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) have received considerable attention in insects for their roles in insecticide resistance. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a serious rice pest. L. striatellus outbreaks occur frequently throughout eastern Asia. A key problem in controlling this pest is its rapid adaptation to numerous insecticides. In this research, nine cDNAs encoding GSTs in L. striatellus were cloned and characterised.RESULTS: The cloned GSTs of L. striatellus belonged to six cytosolic classes and a microsomal subgroup. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of each of the six insecticides, DDT, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin, quickly induced (6 h) up‐expression of LsGSTe1. The expression of LsGSTs2 was increased by chlorpyrifos, fipronil and beta‐cypermethrin. Furthermore, exposure of L. striatellus to fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin increased the expression of the LsGSTm gene after 24 or 48 h.CONCLUSION: This work is the first identification of GST genes from different GST groups in Auchenorrhyncha species and their induction characteristics with insecticide types and time. The elevated expression of GST genes induced by insecticides might be related to the enhanced tolerance of this insect to insecticides and xenobiotics. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A new stable core structure of 60° shuffle dislocation in silicon and associated mobility behavior
Authors: Zhong Kangyou , Meng Qingyuan , Zhao Wei 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe performed density‐functional theory simulations and obtained a new stable reconfiguration of shuffle 60° dislocation in silicon. The configuration is characterized by a complex of a shuffle 60° dislocation and an additional bond defect. Its mobility is discussed by determining the critical shear strain for dislocation glide. The critical shear strain is 10.6% without thermal activation, and decreases to 7.9% at a temperature ranging from 100 to 600 K. It can take part in the process of plastic deformation by emitting a common glissile shuffle 60° dislocation under high stress at low temperature.
On the use of EDA background error variances in the ECMWF 4D‐Var
Authors: Bonavita Massimo , Isaksen Lars , Hólm Elías 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA hybrid assimilation system which uses sample statistics from an Ensemble of Data Assimilations (EDA) to estimate background error variances has been implemented at ECMWF. We show that the new system is beneficial in terms of deterministic forecast skill, provided that random and systematic errors in the estimation of variances are properly accounted for. The mechanisms through which EDA sample variances influence the deterministic analysis are clarified. An interesting aspect is that the use of flow‐dependent variances alone is able to introduce a significant degree of flow dependency in the analysis increments. Further possible improvements and extensions to the current methodology are also discussed. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
A suite of metrics for quantifying historical changes to predict future change‐prone classes in object‐oriented software
Authors: Elish Mahmoud O. , Al‐Rahman Al‐Khiaty Mojeeb 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTSoftware systems are subject to series of changes during their evolution as they move from one release to the next. The change histories of software systems hold useful information that describes how artifacts evolved. Evolution‐based metrics, which are the means to quantify the change history, are potentially good indicators of the changes in a software system. The objective of this paper is to derive and validate (theoretically and empirically) a set of evolution‐based metrics as potential indicators of the change‐prone classes of an object‐oriented system when moving from one release to the next. Release‐by‐release statistical prediction models were built in different ways. The results indicate that the proposed evolution‐based metrics measure different dimensions from those of typical product metrics. Additionally, several evolution‐based metrics were found to be correlated with the change‐proneness of classes. Moreover, the results indicate that more accurate prediction of class change‐proneness is achieved when the evolution‐based metrics are combined with product metrics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining metrics for software evolution assessment by means of Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Chatzigeorgiou Alexander , Stiakakis Emmanouil 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYResearch and practice in software engineering have led to an extensive set of metrics for the evaluation of almost every aspect of software development. One of the major challenges for any quality model is the combination of metrics, which are complementary to each other. In this paper, we propose the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non‐parametric technique employed in economics, as a means of providing a unified view of selected design metrics. The proposed application of DEA aims at assessing the overall trend of quality during the evolution of software systems, by considering releases of a project as units to be ranked. An important benefit derived from the use of DEA is the ability to “normalize” the evaluation over the size characteristics of the examined systems, which is vital when comparing projects of different scale. Results are presented for successive versions of two open‐source, one industrial and one research project, whereas validation, whereas validation is performed by comparing the findings with the results obtained by Analytic Hierarchy Process, which is an acknowledged multi‐criteria decision analysis approach. According to the results, DEA enables the perception of global trends in qualitative characteristics, which would be otherwise difficult to recognize and interpret. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endosperm development: dynamic processes and cellular innovations underlying sibling altruism
Authors: Becraft Philip W. , Gutierrez‐Marcos Jose 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe endosperm is a product of fertilization that evolved to support and nourish its genetic twin sibling embryo. Cereal endosperm accumulates starch and protein stores, which later support the germinating seedling. These nutritional stores prompted the domestication of cereals and are the focus of ongoing efforts for crop improvement and biotechnological innovations. Endosperm development entails several novel modifications to basic cellular and developmental processes. Cereals display nuclear endosperm development, which begins with a period of free nuclear division to generate a coenocyte. Cytoskeletal arrays distribute nuclei around the periphery of the cytoplasm and direct the subsequent deposition of cell wall material during cellularization. Positional cues and signaling systems function dynamically in the specification of the four major cell types: transfer cells, embryo‐surrounding cells, starchy endosperm (SE), and aleurone. Genome balance, epigenetic gene regulation, and parent‐of‐origin effects are essential for directing these processes. Transfer cells transport solutes, including sugars and amino acids, from the maternal plant tissues into the developing grain where they are partitioned between embryo and SE cells. Cells of the embryo‐surrounding region appear to coordinate development of the embryo and endosperm. As the seed matures, SE cells assimilate starch and protein stores, undergo DNA endoreduplication, and finally undergo programmed cell death. In contrast, aleurone cells follow a maturation program similar to the embryo, allowing them to survive desiccation. At germination, the aleurone cells secrete amylases and proteases that hydrolyze the storage products of the SE to nourish the germinating seedling. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:579–593. doi: 10.1002/wdev.31This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Plant Development > Fertilization, Embryogenesis, and Seed Development
5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence as immediate intraoperative indicator to improve the safety of malignant or high-grade brain tumor diagnosis in frameless stereotactic biopsies
Authors: von Campe Gord , Moschopulos Michael , Hefti Martin 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Frameless stereotactic biopsies are replacing frame-based stereotaxy as a diagnostic approach to brain lesions. In order to avoid a sampling bias or negative histology, multiple specimens are often taken. This in turn increases the risk of hemorrhagic complications.

Objective
We present the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in frameless stereotaxy to improve the procedure duration and yield, and thereby reduce the risk of complications.

Methods
Patients with suspected high-grade brain tumors are given 5-ALA 4 h prior to stereotactic biopsy. The biopsy needle is guided to the target using frameless stereotaxy based either on preoperative images or combined with intraoperative MRI sequences. The specimen is illuminated with blue light to look for fluorescence. In case of a positive fluorescence within the tissue sample, no frozen sections are obtained, and no further specimens are taken.

Results
The samples of 13 patients revealed a positive fluorescence and were histologically confirmed as malignant or high-grade brain neoplasms. four cases were fluorescence-negative, requiring frozen section confirmation and/or multiple samples. In theses cases histology was either nonspecific gliotic changes or low-grade tumors. There were no complications related to the additional use of 5-ALA.

Conclusion
5-ALA fluorescence in stereotactic biopsies can increase the safety and accuracy of these procedures by reducing sampling errors and eliminating the need for multiple samples and/or frozen section verification, creating a more accurate, faster and safer procedure for cases of suspected malignant or high-grade brain tumors situated in deep or eloquent areas.
Elevational gradient in the cyclicity of a forest‐defoliating insect
Authors: Haynes Kyle J. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Johnson Derek M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObserved changes in the cyclicity of herbivore populations along latitudinal gradients and the hypothesis that shifts in the importance of generalist versus specialist predators explain such gradients has long been a matter of intense interest. In contrast, elevational gradients in population cyclicity are largely unexplored. We quantified the cyclicity of gypsy moth populations along an elevational gradient by applying wavelet analysis to spatially referenced 31‐year records (1975–2005) of defoliation. Based on geographically weighted regression and nonlinear regression, we found either a hump‐shaped or plateauing relationship between elevation and the cyclicity of gypsy moth populations and a positive relationship between cyclicity and the density of the gypsy moth's preferred host‐tree species. The potential effects of elevational gradients in the density of generalist predators and preferred host‐tree species on the cyclicity of gypsy moth populations were evaluated with mechanistic simulation models. The models suggested that an elevational gradient in the densities of preferred host tree species could partially explain elevational patterns of gypsy moth cyclicity. Results from a model assuming a type‐III functional response of generalist predators to changes in gypsy moth density were inconsistent with the observed elevational gradient in gypsy moth cyclicity. However, a model with a more realistic type‐II functional response gave results roughly consistent with the empirical findings. In contrast to classical studies on the effects of generalist predators on prey population cycles, our model with a type‐II functional response predicts a unimodal relationship between generalist‐predator density and the cyclicity of gypsy moth populations.
Effects of Food and Drug Administration‐approved medications for Alzheimer's disease on clinical progression
Authors: Mielke Michelle M. , Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie , Corcoran Chris D. , Green Robert C. , Norton Maria C. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Tschanz JoAnn T. , Lyketsos Constantine G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundObservational studies suggest that cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine may delay clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 40% of individuals taking the medications. Given this response and existence of side effects, we sought to quantify medication use and benefits in a population‐based study of incident AD cases.MethodsThe Cache County Dementia Progression Study enrolled and followed a cohort of 327 incident AD cases for a maximum of 9 years. Drug exposure was expressed using a persistency index (PI), calculated as total years of drug use divided by total years of observation. Linear mixed‐effects models examined PI, and interactions with sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) as predictors of clinical progression on the Mini‐Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating‐Sum of Boxes.ResultsA total of 69 participants (21.1%) reported having ever used cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine. There was a strong three‐way interaction between PI, sex, and time. Among women, a higher PI (i.e., greater duration of use) of cholinesterase inhibitors was associated with slower progression on the Mini‐Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating‐Sum of Boxes, particularly among those with an APOE ε4 allele. In contrast, higher PI was associated with faster progression in males.ConclusionA low percentage of individuals with AD in the community are taking cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine. This study suggests that women, particularly those with an APOE ε4 allele, may benefit the most from these medications. With the newly approved increased dose of donepezil, it will be imperative to determine whether a higher dose is needed in men or whether other factors warrant consideration.
Cochlear implant electrode array misplacement: a cautionary case report
Authors: Muzzi E , Boscolo-Rizzo P , Santarelli R , Beltrame M A 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:To report a series of pitfalls and complications in a case of cochlear implantation.Method:Case report.Results:An 11-year-old boy affected by auditory neuropathy underwent cochlear implantation. Intra-operative assessment was apparently consistent with correct insertion of the electrode array into the cochlea. However, subsequent high resolution computed tomography revealed that the entire electrode array was curled up within the vestibule. Revision surgery was complicated by cerebrospinal fluid leakage. A straight probe was repeatedly inserted into the internal auditory canal, before conversion to a canal wall down procedure and appropriate positioning of the electrode array.Conclusion:In this case, mild anteriorisation of the facial nerve created an awkward insertion angle for the electrode array via the retro-facial route, which may have triggered the described series of adverse events.
‘Nor did I socialise with their people’: Patti Smith, rock heroics and the poetics of sociability
Authors: Kane Daniel 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFrom her time as a young performance poet in New York in the late 1960s to her current position as punk rock'séminence grise,Patti Smith has foregrounded the image of the poet as privileged seer. This essay seeks to read Smith's romantic impulses within the context of her activity in the Poetry Project at St Mark's Church, the pre-eminent public face of the Lower East Side poetry scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Ultimately, this essay will argue how Smith's complex negotiations between her understanding of the Poet as Visionary and the adamantly playful, diffuse and collaborative aesthetic characterising downtown New York's poetic community fed into the development of Smith's performative stance as proto-punk rock icon.
Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements
Authors: McCrorie Tracy A. , Keaveney Edel M. , Wallace Julie M. W. , Binns Nino , Livingstone M. Barbara E. 
Published: February 2012

The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched withcis-9,trans-11-CLA (c9,t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models orin vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend ofc9,t11-CLA andtrans-10,cis-12-CLA (t10,c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to thet10,c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit ofc9,t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularlyt10,c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.
Bioeconomic model of spatial fishery management in developing countries
Authors: Akpalu Wisdom , Vondolia Godwin K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFishers in developing countries do not have the resources to acquire advanced technologies to exploit offshore fish stocks. As a result, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requires countries to sign partnership agreements with distant water fishing nations to exploit offshore stocks. However, for migratory stocks, the offshore may serve as a natural marine reserve (i.e., a source) to the inshore (i.e., sink); hence these partnership agreements generate a spatial externality. In this paper, we present a bioeconomic model in which a social planner uses a landing tax (ad valorem tax) to internalize this spatial externality. We found that the tax must reflect the biological connectivity between the two patches, intrinsic growth rate, the price of fish and cost per unit effort. The results are empirically illustrated using data on Ghana.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Pigment Dispersion in Dried Paint Films Using Focused Ion Beam–Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lin Jui-Ching , Heeschen William , Reffner John , Hook John 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe combination of integrated focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) serial sectioning and imaging techniques with image analysis provided quantitative characterization of three-dimensional (3D) pigment dispersion in dried paint films. The focused ion beam in a FIB-SEM dual beam system enables great control in slicing paints, and the sectioning process can be synchronized with SEM imaging providing high quality serial cross-section images for 3D reconstruction. Application of Euclidean distance map and ultimate eroded points image analysis methods can provide quantitative characterization of 3D particle distribution. It is concluded that 3D measurement of binder distribution in paints is effective to characterize the order of pigment dispersion in dried paint films.
Infragravity wave source regions determined from ambient noise correlation
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Henstock Timothy , Srokosz Meric , Tilmann Frederik , Rietbrock Andreas , Barton Penny 
Published: February 2012

We use a backprojection method to determine dominant directions of ocean infragravity waves from 60–200 s period from cross correlations between 5 ocean bottom differential pressure gauges located off the coast of Sumatra. We observe infragravity waves arriving from all directions, but there is a dominant source direction that represents coherent propagation along the coast from the southeast or from the south. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of our projection technique, which may be applied to past and future seismic data to improve models of ocean infragravity wave generation and tsunami propagation.
Distribution and air–sea exchange of organochlorine pesticides in the North Pacific and the Arctic
Authors: Cai Minghong , Ma Yuxin , Xie Zhiyong , Zhong Guangcai , Möller Axel , Yang Haizhen , Sturm Renate , He Jianfeng , Ebinghaus Ralf , Meng Xiang‐Zhou 
Published: February 2012

Surface seawater and boundary layer air samples were collected on the icebreaker Xuelong (Snow Dragon) during the Fourth Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE2010) cruise in the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans during 2010. Samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including three isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and two isomers of heptachlor epoxide. The gaseous total HCH (ΣHCHs) concentrations were approximately four times lower (average 12.0 pg m−3) than those measured during CHINARE2008 (average 51.4 pg m−3), but were comparable to those measured during CHINARE2003 (average 13.4 pg m−3) in the same study area. These changes are consistent with the evident retreat of sea ice coverage from 2003 to 2008 and increase of sea ice coverage from 2008 to 2009 and 2010. Gaseous β‐HCH concentrations in the atmosphere were typically below the method detection limit, consistent with the expectation that ocean currents provide the main transport pathway for β‐HCH into the Arctic. The concentrations of all dissolved HCH isomers in seawater increase with increasing latitude, and levels of dissolved HCB also increase (from 5.7 to 7.1 pg L−1) at high latitudes (above 73°N). These results illustrate the role of cold condensation processes in the transport of OCPs. The observed air–sea gas exchange gradients in the Arctic Ocean mainly favored net deposition of OCPs, with the exception of those for β‐HCH, which favored volatilization.