bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban poverty patterns in Italy: the case of Milan
Authors: Kazepov Yuri 
Published: November 2011

After an overall view on urban poverty in italy, this article considers two main questions: 1. Health and Social Services, in Milano (and their institutional segmentation, main characteristics of the Italian Social Services, particularly the expected measures in favour of the poors; 2. the appliers for certain measures, their main characteristics, the features of their needs... These two views on poverty permit to analyse the spatial repartitioin of poverty in Milano on the basis of an empirical research carried by the author.
Spatial models are identified even if they do not allow to find a concentration of poverty and segregation as we can see in the great cities of other industrialized countries, particularly of United States and Great Britain. In Milano it is rather further mention to a micro-spatial concentration of poverty than to a ghettoization of the poors.
L'émergence de nouveaux réseaux de soins en Inde. Hyderabad, un centre d'innovation
Authors: Rihouey Florence 
Published: November 2011

Depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix, un nouveau type d'infrastructure de soins se développe dans les métropoles indiennes. La croissance non contrôlée des unités de soins privées, celle de la classe moyenne et le nouveau contexte économique et politique ont contribué à l'émergence d'un secteur privé de luxe. Selon leur stratégie et leur origine respectives, ces centres de soins ont adopté différentes logiques d'organisation et de diffusion spatiale.
Le système hospitalier privé prend aujourd'hui le relais d'un secteur public à l'abandon ; une médecine à deux vitesses qui isole de plus en plus les populations économiquement les plus défavorisées.
Le « net scolaire » à l'épreuve du temps « libre » des lycéens
Authors: Le Douarin Laurence , Delaunay-Téterel Hélène 
Published: November 2011

Résumé Plusieurs travaux assimilent les lycéens à la Génération Google qui privilégie les moteurs de recherche comme ressource documentaire au point d’abuser du copié-collé pour réaliser le travail scolaire. Avec l’extension des devoirs à la maison, il devient difficile pour les adolescents de gérer leur temps entre les tâches scolaires et les activités personnelles. Afin d’optimiser leur emploi du temps, se développe une sorte d’instrumentalisme scolaire qui se renouvelle sur le net au point que des officines privées se sont emparées du phénomène pour proposer de nouveaux services scolaires. Comment les lycéens qui passent l’épreuve du baccalauréat organisent-ils leur emploi du temps pour articuler leurs différentes sphères d’activités et quels usages font-ils d’Internet pour réaliser leurs travaux scolaires ?
Être ou ne pas être hétérodoxe : réponse argumentée aux détracteurs de l'hétérodoxie
Authors: S. Lee Frederic 
Published: November 2011

Résumé L’économie hétérodoxe suscite des critiques, souvent amicales, qui visent à améliorer sa théorie. Les critiques dont il est question dans cet article sont celles qui remettent en question l’existence de la théorie économique hétérodoxe et celle de la communauté des économistes qui la porte, sans que ces détracteurs parviennent à mettre en défaut l’économie hétérodoxe dans son contenu essentiel. Le statu quo universitaire favorise l’économie dominante et il est peu probable que cela change à l’avenir. Ces critiques en déduisent que les économistes hétérodoxes ne peuvent pas survivre en dehors du mainstream . Cet article répond aux critiques en montrant que la théorie hétérodoxe dispose de son propre corpus ; il traite des critiques que les économistes hétérodoxes adressent au mainstream ainsi que de la question de la pseudo-connaissance et du rôle social de l’économie dominante ; il examine le problème général de la qualité en termes de recherche, de classement des départements et des revues, d’emploi et de formation. Le tout s’articule à une identité hétérodoxe bien distincte, en termes d’intégrité intellectuelle et de pluralisme.
Increased Susceptibility to Autoimmune Gastritis in Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Receptor-Deficient Mice
Authors: Nishiura Hisayo , Kido Masahiro , Aoki Nobuhiro , Iwamoto Satoru , Maruoka Ryutaro , Ikeda Aki , Chiba Tsutomu , Ziegler Steven F. , Watanabe Norihiko 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), mainly produced by epithelial cells, activates a variety of cell types, including dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, and B cells. It is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. In addition, TSLP promotes Th2-type intestinal immunity against helminth infection and regulates Th1-type inflammation in a mouse model of colitis, suggesting that it plays crucial roles in intestinal immune homeostasis. Although autoimmune gastritis (AIG), mediated by inflammatory Th1 responses, develops in the gastric mucosa, it is not clear whether TSLP is involved in regulating these responses in AIG. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of TSLP in the development of AIG. Because BALB/c mice thymectomized 3 d after birth (NTx mice) develop AIG, we used this model to test the role of TSLP in the development of AIG. We found that in AIG-bearing mice, TSLP was expressed in the inflamed stomach and that the serum anti-parietal cell Ab levels in neonatal thymectomized TSLPR-deficient mice (NTx-TSLPR−/− mice) were significantly elevated over those in NTx-TSLPR+/+ mice. In addition, NTx-TSLPR−/− mice exhibited an earlier onset of AIG than that observed in NTx-TSLPR+/+ mice. The rapid development of AIG in NTx-TSLPR−/− mice resulted in more aggressive CD4+ T cell infiltration and more severe loss of parietal and chief cells in the progression phase of AIG, accompanied by enhanced production of IL-12/23p40 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these data suggested that TSLP negatively regulates the development of AIG.
Overexpression of the CTLA-4 Isoform Lacking Exons 2 and 3 Causes Autoimmunity
Authors: Liu Sue M. , Sutherland Andrew P. R. , Zhang Zheng , Rainbow Daniel B. , Quintana Francisco J. , Paterson Alison M. , Sharpe Arlene H. , Oukka Mohamed , Wicker Linda S. , Kuchroo Vijay K. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
CTLA-4 is a potent inhibitor of T cell activation, primarily upon binding to its costimulatory ligands (B7.1 and B7.2) expressed on APCs. However, variants of CTLA-4 can also function independently of B7 molecules. 1/4CTLA-4 is a highly conserved isoform encoded by exons 1 and 4 of the Ctla4 gene that lacks the ligand-binding and the transmembrane domains, and as yet, its function is not known. To investigate the function of 1/4CTLA-4, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing this variant. Cytokine production by 1/4CTLA-4 Tg T cells was elevated compared with wild type T cells. The frequency of CD44high memory T cells in 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice was increased, and as the mice aged, the frequency further increased. 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice &gt;1 y old had increased expression of T cell activation markers and developed spontaneous autoimmunity, including elevated production of autoantibodies. In contrast with young 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice, aged 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice had elevated frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, but the regulatory T cells from these mice were not able to inhibit colitis development. Collectively, these data suggest that the function of the 1/4CTLA-4 isoform is distinct from that of CTLA-4 in that it enhances T cell activation and promotes autoimmunity rather than inhibiting immune responses.
Polish Peculiarities? Military Loyalty During the 1980-1981 Solidarity Crisis
Authors: Coughlan Elizabeth P. 
Published: November 2011

On December 13, 1981, the Polish military under the leadership of Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law, effectively ending sixteen months of popular protest and bargaining between the Polish United Workers Party (PUWP) and the independent trade union Solidarity. In the West, and particularly in the United States, martial law was interpreted as the Polish military declaring war on its own people on the orders of the Soviet Union. It was assumed and repeatedly asserted that the military was loyal to the Communist Party and to the Soviet high command, that they were little more than communists in uniform. Such an assertion, however, leaves one hard pressed to explain the acquiescence of the militaries across Eastern Europe to the changes of 1989 and the ability of those militaries to adapt to noncommunist regimes to the point of being willing and even eager to join NATO.
MMP-9 Overexpression Due to TIMP-1 and RECK Underexpression is Associated with Prognosis in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Reis Sabrina Thalita , Pontes-Junior José , Antunes Alberto Azoubel , De Sousa-Canavez Juliana Moreira , Dall'Oglio Marcos Francisco , Passerotti Carlo C. , Abe Daniel Kanda , Crippa Alexandre , Da Cruz Jose Arnaldo Shiomi , Timoszczuk Luciana M.S. , Srougi Miguel , Leite Kátia R.M. 
Published: November 2011

Background Extracellular matrix homeostasis is strictly maintained by a coordinated balance between the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of MMP-9 and its specific inhibitors, TIMP-1 and RECK, are expressed in a reproducible, specific pattern and if the profiles are related to prognosis and clinical outcome in prostate cancer (PC). Methods MMP-9, TIMP-1, and RECK expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in fresh-frozen malignant tissue specimens collected from 79 patients with clinically localized PC submitted to radical prostatectomy (RP). Frozen benign prostatic tissue from another 10 men with prostate cancer, also submitted to RP, was analyzed to determine if the profile of gene expression was maintained. The control group consisted of 11 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Results In the tumor samples, MMP-9 was overexpressed by 9.2 times, and TIMP-1 and RECK were underexpressed (0.75 and 0.80 times, respectively). Overexpression of MMP-9 was significantly related to PSA levels above 10 ng/mL (p=0.033). In addition, MMP-9 overexpression was related to biochemical recurrence, with a marginal statistical significance (p=0.089). MMP-9 was also overexpressed in benign tissues of patients with PC, as were TIMP-1 and RECK, in contrast to their underexpression in tumor samples. Conclusion Our results show that MMP-9 is overexpressed and its negative regulators are underexpressed in PC tissue, emphasizing a possible role of MMP-9 in the carcinogenesis process. Additionally, we noticed a relationship between MMP-9 overexpression and increased levels of PSA, an important prognostic factor. In benign tissue adjacent to tumors, the MMP-9 equilibrium is likely maintained because the expression of its negative regulators is preserved.
Neighbors and Citizens:
Authors: McCormick Samuel 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTFew concepts in the work of Walter Benjamin have inspired more theoretical reflections and fewer concrete examples than his notion of “the dialectical image.” As a partial corrective, this essay attempts to anchor the dialectical image—along with several related terms, notably “dialectics at a standstill,” “temporal differential,” “historical index,” and the “now of recognizability”—in a communicative practice characteristic of ordinary civic life: the introduction sequence. More than a simple rhetorical act, allowing local speakers to introduce themselves to assembled audiences, the introduction sequence is a complex sociopolitical event in which speakers divide themselves into neighbors and citizens—embodied social beings bound by webs of personal association and disembodied political actors empowered by the rule of law. Understanding this constellation of social and political agency is the basic task of this article.
No association of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with anorexia nervosa in Japanese
Authors: Ando Tetsuya , Ishikawa Toshio , Hotta Mari , Naruo Tetsuro , Okabe Kenjiro , Nakahara Toshihiro , Takii Masato , Kawai Keisuke , Mera Takashi , Nakamoto Chiemi , Takei Michiko , Yamaguchi Chikara , Nagata Toshihiko , Okamoto Yuri , Ookuma Kazuyoshi , Koide Masanori , Yamanaka Takao , Murata Shiho , Tamura Naho , Kiriike Nobuo , Ichimaru Yuhei , Komaki Gen ,   the Japanese Genetic Research Group For Eating Disorders
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Met66 allele of the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene has been reported to be associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), and also lower minimum body mass index (BMI) and higher harm avoidance in AN. We genotyped the Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) in 689 AN cases and 573 control subjects. There were no significant differences in the genotype or allele frequencies of the Val66Met between AN and control subjects (allele wise, odds ratio = 0.920, 95% CI 0.785–1.079,P = 0.305). No difference was found in minimum BMIs related to Val66Met in AN (one‐way ANOVA,P > 0.05). Harm avoidance scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory were lower in the Met66 allele carriers (P = 0.0074) contrary to the previous report. Thus we were unable to replicate the previous findings that the Met66 allele of the BDNF is associated with AN and that the minimum BMI is lower or the harm avoidance score is higher in AN patients with the Met66 allele. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The preparation and antimicrobial effect of AgZrP/nylon 6,10 fibers used as dental hygiene materials
Authors: Saengmee‐anupharb Sirikamon , Thaweboon Sroisiri , Amornsakchai Taweechai , Thaweboon Boonyanit , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Suddhasthira Theeralaksana , Srikhirin Toemsak 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSilver zirconium phosphate (AgZrP) was incorporated into nylon 6,10 fibers by using a twin screw extruder to produce antimicrobial fibers. Monofilament fibers with various degrees of AgZrP loading were prepared by the melt‐spinning process. The surface concentration of AgZrP particles was found to be dependent on AgZrP loading. A poor interface between AgZrP and the polymeric matrix was observed, however, it did not affect the drawn process. The presence of AgZrP particles did not disturb the structure and slightly effected to the mechanical properties of the nylon fiber. The fiber with the highest draw ratio showed the highest degree of polymer chain orientation, a higher tensile strength and a higher modulus. The antimicrobial effect started when the silver ion concentration was high enough, The AgZrP fiber showed the highest antimicrobial effect on S. mutans, L. Casei, S. aureus, and C. albicans at 10, 15, 10, and 15%, respectively. The AgZrP fibers showed the significant antimicrobial effect on three strains of microorganisms except S. aureus. Antimicrobial activities of AgZrP were demonstrated and the results showed that AgZrP incorporated into the matrix of nylon 6,10 fibers can improve their antimicrobial property. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and properties of polyaniline electrospun fiber web
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Kim Dae Nyoun , Hong Kyung Hwa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study is to fabricate the highly electrical conducting polymer fibers applicable to many conducting materials. Therefore, we tried to prepare polyaniline (PANI) thin fiber web by an electrospinning process by the following steps. First, PANI emeraldine base (EB) was prepared by oxidative polymerization. Second, the PANI EB was doped with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA), and subsequently that was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Third, the PANI‐AMPSA solution was electrospun by an electrospinning process. Consequently, the PANI doped with AMPSA was successfully electrospun into thin fiber form, and the electrical conductivity was superior. Also, the electrical conductivity of the PANI‐AMPSA electrospun was increased by a simple redoping process with AMPSA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Permanent fixation of β‐cyclodextrin on cotton surface—An assessment between innovative and established approaches
Authors: Agrawal P. B. , Warmoeskerken M. M. C. G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAttachment of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) molecules on cotton textile provides hosting cavities that can include a large variety of guest molecules for specific functionality. Five different new and existing techniques were evaluated for connecting β‐CD and its derivatives to cotton surface. A comparison has been made in terms of maximum attachment of β‐CD on cotton surface. Novel chemical based crosslinking with homo‐bi‐functional reactive dye (C.I. reactive black 5) and grafting with reactive monochlorotriazinyl‐β‐cyclodextrin show maximum attachment to cotton surface. Innovative, enzymatic coupling of especially synthesized 6‐monodeoxy‐6‐mono(N‐tyrosinyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin was performed on cotton textile surface. Enzymatic coupling was also carried out in a homogeneous system and attachment confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. This tyrosinase mediated coupling is low temperature and very specific technique. A phenolphthalein based analytical method was partially modified to reliably measure the amount of attached β‐CD on cotton surface. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used for surface characterization of the treated and untreated cotton surfaces. Alteration in surface topography has been observed for β‐CD treated samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effects of solid lubricants on friction and wear behaviors of polyamide 6
Authors: Du‐Xin Li , Wen‐Juan Li , Ying Xie , Xiang‐Xiang Li 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs solid lubricants, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), graphite, and ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) can improve the tribological properties of PA6. The mechanical and the tribological properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) composites filled with solid lubricants were researched. The blended materials were injection molded to provide the test samples. Mechanical properties were studied in terms of the tensile strength and impact strength. Friction and wear experiments were run at a rotating speed of 1500 rpm and under loads of 40 and 160 N. The worn surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that an improvement of tribological properties can be obtained by preparing PA6 composites, which was closely related to the varieties and the contents of solid lubricants added. At a load of 40 N, PTFE was the most effective to have reductions of both coefficient and mass wear rate, while at a load of 160 N, UHMWPE was the most helpful. The effects of Combination Solid Lubricants were also discussed. The results showed that synergistic reaction can be gained to modify the tribology capabilities of PA6. Moreover, the micrographs taken in the worn surface of PA6 composites revealed that adhesive wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear occurred in this study. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Timing of transition between capillaroscopic patterns in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Sulli Alberto , Pizzorni Carmen , Smith Vanessa , Zampogna Giuseppe , Ravera Francesca , Cutolo Maurizio 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the timing of transition through different patterns of nailfold microvascular damage in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsIn this medium‐term longitudinal study, 38 SSc patients (median disease duration 12 months) with the early scleroderma pattern of microangiopathy seen on baseline nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) were followed up by NVC for a median of 84 months. The evolution of the NVC pattern over time was monitored and recorded.ResultsAt the end of followup, the NVC pattern was still that of early scleroderma in 47% of the patients. The active scleroderma pattern was seen in 34%, the late scleroderma pattern in 13%, and a normal pattern in 5%. The mean± SD time of progression from the early to the active pattern and from the early to the late pattern was of 28 ± 20 months and 36± 29 months, respectively. In the subgroup of patients whose microangiopathy progressed from the early to the late NVC pattern, the time of progression from the early to the active pattern was only 8± 1 months (P = 0.01), demonstrating that there is a subset of patients with rapid progression of microangiopathy. Clinical symptoms progressed in accordance with the nailfold morphologic changes in 60% of the SSc patients.ConclusionThe results of this longitudinal study demonstrate dynamic transition of microvascular damage through different NVC patterns of microangiopathy in ∼50% of SSc patients. It is recommended that patients exhibiting rapid progression from the early to the active NVC pattern (<1 year) should be monitored closely, since the evidence suggests that they are at risk of rapid progression to the advanced (late) NVC pattern of microangiopathy that is associated with further clinical manifestations of SSc.
Baseline radiographic damage, elevated acute‐phase reactant levels, and cigarette smoking status predict spinal radiographic progression in early axial spondylarthritis
Authors: Poddubnyy Denis , Haibel Hildrun , Listing Joachim , Märker‐Hermann Elisabeth , Zeidler Henning , Braun Jürgen , Sieper Joachim , Rudwaleit Martin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess prospectively the rates and to explore predictors of spinal radiographic progression over 2 years in a cohort of patients with early axial spondylarthritis (SpA).MethodsTwo hundred ten patients with axial SpA from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort were selected for this analysis based on the availability of radiographs at baseline and after 2 years of followup. Spinal radiographs were scored by 2 trained readers in a blinded, randomly selected order according to the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Spinal radiographic progression was defined as worsening of the mean mSASSS by ≥2 units over 2 years.ResultsAmong the patients with axial SpA, 14.3% showed spinal radiographic progression after 2 years (20% of those with AS and 7.4% of those with nonradiographic axial SpA). The following parameters were independently associated with spinal radiographic progression: presence of syndesmophytes at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 6.29, P < 0.001), elevated levels of markers of systemic inflammation (for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, OR 4.04, P = 0.001; for C‐reactive protein level time‐averaged over 2 years, OR 3.81, P = 0.001), and cigarette smoking (OR 2.75, P = 0.012). These associations were confirmed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. No clear association with spinal radiographic progression was observed for HLA–B27 status, sex, age, disease duration, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, presence of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, psoriasis, treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs at baseline.ConclusionThe presence of radiographic damage at baseline (syndesmophytes), elevated levels of acute‐phase reactants, and cigarette smoking were all independently associated with spinal radiographic progression in patients with early axial SpA.