bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Investigation and Evaluation of Land Subsidence in the Datong Coalfield Based on InSAR Technology
Authors: Xiuming JIA , Chao MA , Anyuan ZHAO 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHeavy mining of Jurassic and Carboniferous horizontal coal seams in the Datong coalfield has seriously affected the local geological environment, which is mainly manifested by such geohazards as soil avalanches, landslides, mudflows, surface subsidence, surface cracks, surface solid waste accumulation and surface deformation. More seriously, coal mining causes groundwater to leak. Overpumping of groundwater has resulted in substantial land subsidence of the urban area in Datong City. Based on the previous geo‐environmental investigation in the work area, the authors used radar remote sensing techniques such as InSAR (synthetic aperture radar interferometry) and D‐InSAR (differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry), supplemented by the optical remote sensing method, for geo‐environmental investigation to ascertain the geo‐environmental background of the Datong Jurassic and Carboniferous‐Permian coalfield and evaluate the effects of the geohazards, thus providing a basis for the geo‐environmental protection, geohazard control and prevention, land improvement and optimization of the human environment. In this study 8 cog‐nominal ERS‐1/2 SAR data frames during 1992 to 2003 were used, but the following processing was made: (1) the multi‐temporal SAR magnitude images were used to interpret the geological structure, vegetation, microgeomorphology and drainage system; (2) the multi‐temporal InSAR coherent images were used to make a classification of surface features and evaluate the coherence change due to coal mining; and (3) the multi‐temporal cog‐nominal SAR images were used to complete D‐InSAR processing to remove the information of differential deformation areas (sites). In the end, a ten‐year time series of differential interferograms were obtained using the multi‐temporal cog‐nominal SAR images. In the tests, 84 deformed areas (sites) were obtained, belonging to those in 1993–1996, 1996–1997, 1997–1998, 1998–2001, 1998–2002 and 2001–2003 respectively. Of the 84 areas, 44 are mining subsidence ones, 23 urban subsidence ones and 17 landslide subsidence ones. They cover a total area of 1824.4 km2, equivalent to the area of the whole Datong coalfield. Then an accurate evaluation was made on the geo‐environment of the Datong coalfield. The tests show that InSAR is now the only feasible technical means for making one all‐weather, real‐time measurement of a coal mining land subsidence area covering up to 10,000 km2 to subcentimeter resolution. This study is a successful application of InSAR in the investigation and evaluation of land subsidence, especially in coal mining areas.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Diagnostic immunomarkers for HepPar‐1 negative areas of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lee Tae‐Hui , Yim Hyunee , Seok Jae Yeon , Kim Young‐Bae 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Background and aim: HepPar‐1 is a sensitive and specific antibody. However, when used for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in needle biopsy specimens, this diagnostic approach is limited by potential multifocal expression and/or poorly differentiated HCCs, where it may not be expressed. The goal of this study was to determine the antibodies most sensitive to hepatocyte differentiation in HepPar‐1 negative areas including: CD13, CD10, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA), alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican‐3, for needle biopsy. Methods: Fifty cases of HCCs were obtained from surgically resected livers. Immunohistochemical staining for hepatocyte and biliary markers‐ HepPar‐1, CD13, glypican‐3, pCEA, CD10, AFP, cytokeratin (CK)7, CK19, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was performed from paraffin block samples. Results: HepPar‐1 was diffusely negative in 12 cases. Twenty two cases showed partial expression of the HepPar‐1 antibody. Among 34 HepPar‐1 negative areas, CD13 was the most consistent antibody (85.3%, 29/34) showing the characteristic bile canaliculi pattern. Immunoexpression of biliary differentiation with CK7, CK19, and EpCAM showed no significant differences in HepPar‐1 negative areas. Conclusions: CD13 could be used for the detection of hepatocyte differentiation in HCCs with HepPar‐1 negative expression, especially in needle biopsy specimens. In addition, negative immunoexpression for HepPar‐1 was not overtly related to biliary differentiation, from an immunohistochemical viewpoint.
Engineering Academic Programs for Hydrophilanthropy: Commonalities and Challenges
Authors: Silliman Stephen , Mohtar Rabi H. , Paterson Kurtis G. , Ball William P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:This paper presents four different program models for student participation in international development that are being used by universities throughout the United States with a focus on international water resource projects. These include a service‐oriented program (Engineers Without Borders at Johns Hopkins University), a senior design program (Global Design Teams at Purdue University), an extended research program (Long Term Research at the University of Notre Dame), and a graduate program affiliated with the Peace Corps (The Peace Corps Master's International Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University). Differences and commonalities are identified across the four models, as are the critical components, resources, and challenges which must often be addressed for the success of these types of projects. A major conclusion is that, regardless of the program model used for the experience, international experiences continue to have strong, positive impact on the engineering student and, when properly designed, on the in‐country stakeholders.
A Call to Action: Proposing a University Network for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Authors: Laituri Melinda , Sternlieb Faith , Waskom Reagan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Water is the critical concern of countries around the world due to increasing population and environmental change. The Paul Simon Water for the World Act, passed in early 2010, aims to provide support and funding for the provision of safe water and sanitation. Universities are uniquely poised to address solutions and assessments of efforts to address water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This paper outlines a “call to action” for universities to collectively address WASH issues by establishing a network that identifies experts, links resources, and builds partnerships.
Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments: Implications of Measurement Strategies
Authors: Bader Michael D. M. , Purciel Marnie , Yousefzadeh Paulette , Neckerman Kathryn M. 
Published: September 2010

abstractPublic health researchers have begun to map the neighborhood “food environment” and examine its association with the risk of overweight and obesity. Some argue that “food deserts”—areas with little or no provision of fresh produce and other healthy food—may contribute to disparities in obesity, diabetes, and related health problems. While research on neighborhood food environments has taken advantage of more technically sophisticated ways to assess distance and density, in general, it has not considered how individual or neighborhood conditions might modify physical distance and thereby affect patterns of spatial accessibility. This study carried out a series of sensitivity analyses to illustrate the effects on the measurement of disparities in food environments of adjusting for cross‐neighborhood variation in vehicle ownership rates, public transit access, and impediments to pedestrian travel, such as crime and poor traffic safety. The analysis used geographic information systems data for New York City supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and farmers' markets and employed both kernel density and distance measures. We found that adjusting for vehicle ownership and crime tended to increase measured disparities in access to supermarkets by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income, while adjusting for public transit and traffic safety tended to narrow these disparities. Further, considering fruit and vegetable markets and farmers' markets, as well as supermarkets, increased the density of healthy food outlets, especially in neighborhoods with high concentrations of Hispanics, Asians, and foreign‐born residents and in high‐poverty neighborhoods.
An RpoB Mutation Confers Dual Heteroresistance to Daptomycin and Vancomycin in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Cui Longzhu , Isii Taisuke , Fukuda Minoru , Ochiai Tomonori , Neoh Hui-min , Camargo Ilana Lopes Baratella da Cunha , Watanabe Yukiko , Shoji Mitsutaka , Hishinuma Tomomi , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

We have previously reported the establishment of a
Staphylococcus aureus
laboratory strain, 10*3d1, having reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(VISA) phenotype. The strain was generated
in vitro
by serial daptomycin selection (Camargo, I. L., H. M. Neoh, L. Cui, and K. Hiramatsu, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:4289-4299, 2008). Here we explored the genetic mechanism of resistance in the strain by whole-genome sequencing and by producing gene-replaced strains. By genome comparison between 10*3d1 and its parent methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strain N315ΔIP, we identified five nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One of the five mutations was found in the
rpoB
gene encoding the RNA polymerase β subunit. The mutation at nucleotide position 1862 substituted the 621st alanine by glutamic acid. The replacement of the intact
rpoB
with the mutated
rpoB
, designated
rpoB(A621E)
, conferred N315ΔIP with the phenotypes of reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and hetero-VISA. The
rpoB(A621E)
-mediated resistance conversion was accompanied by a thickened cell wall and reduction of the cell surface negative charge. Being consistent with these phenotypic changes, microarray data showed that the expression of the
dlt
operon, which increases the cell surface positive charge, was enhanced in the
rpoB(A621E)
mutant. Other remarkable findings of microarray analysis of the
rpoB(A621E)
mutant included repression of metabolic pathways of purine, pyrimidine, arginine, the urea cycle, and the
lac
operon, enhancement of the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin B2, K1, and K2, and cell wall metabolism. Finally, mutations identified in
rplV
and
rplC
, encoding 50S ribosomal proteins L22 and L3, respectively, were found to be associated with the slow growth, but not with the phenotype of decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin, of 10*3d1.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Diverse Oxazolidinones for Linezolid-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains Possessing the
cfr
Methyltransferase Gene or Ribosomal Mutations
Authors: Locke Jeffrey B. , Finn John , Hilgers Mark , Morales Gracia , Rahawi Shahad , G. C. Kedar , Picazo Juan José , Im Weonbin , Shaw Karen Joy , Stein Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcal resistance to linezolid (LZD) is mediated through ribosomal mutations (23S rRNA or ribosomal proteins L3 and L4) or through methylation of 23S rRNA by the horizontally transferred Cfr methyltransferase. To investigate the structural basis for oxazolidinone activity against LZD-resistant (LZD
r
) strains, we compared structurally diverse, clinically relevant oxazolidinones, including LZD, radezolid (RX-1741), TR-700 (torezolid), and a set of TR-700 analogs (including novel CD-rings and various A-ring C-5 substituents), against a panel of laboratory-derived and clinical LZD
r
Staphylococcus aureus
strains possessing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Potency against all strains was correlated with optimization of C- and D-rings, which interact with more highly conserved regions of the peptidyl transferase center binding site. Activity against
cfr
strains was retained with either hydroxymethyl or 1,2,3-triazole C-5 groups but was reduced by 2- to 8-fold in compounds with acetamide substituents. LZD, which possesses a C-5 acetamide group and lacks a D-ring substituent, demonstrated the lowest potency against all strains tested, particularly against
cfr
strains. These data reveal key features contributing to oxazolidinone activity and highlight structural tradeoffs between potency against susceptible strains and potency against strains with various resistance mechanisms.
Elevated Linezolid Resistance in Clinical
cfr
-Positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Isolates Is Associated with Co-Occurring Mutations in Ribosomal Protein L3
Authors: Locke Jeffrey B. , Morales Gracia , Hilgers Mark , G. C. Kedar , Rahawi Shahad , José Picazo Juan , Shaw Karen Joy , Stein Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Resistance to linezolid (LZD) occurs through mutations in 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 or through methylation of 23S rRNA by Cfr. Here we report novel L3 mutations, ΔSer145/His146Tyr and ΔMet169-Gly174, co-occurring with
cfr
in LZD-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates recovered from a hospital outbreak in Madrid, Spain. LZD MIC values (16, 32, or 64 μg/ml) correlated with the presence and severity of the L3 mutation. All isolates had TR-700 (torezolid) MIC values of ≤2 μg/ml.
Outer Membrane Protein X (Ail) Contributes to
Yersinia pestis
Virulence in Pneumonic Plague and Its Activity Is Dependent on the Lipopolysaccharide Core Length
Authors: Kolodziejek Anna M. , Schnider Darren R. , Rohde Harold N. , Wojtowicz Andrzej J. , Bohach Gregory A. , Minnich Scott A. , Hovde Carolyn J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Yersinia pestis
, the causative agent of plague, is one of the most virulent microorganisms known. The outer membrane protein X (OmpX) in
Y. pestis
KIM is required for efficient bacterial adherence to and internalization by cultured HEp-2 cells and confers resistance to human serum. Here, we tested the contribution of OmpX to disease progression in the fully virulent
Y. pestis
CO92 strain by engineering a deletion mutant and comparing its ability in mediating pneumonic plague to that of the wild type in two animal models. The deletion of OmpX delayed the time to death up to 48 h in a mouse model and completely attenuated virulence in a rat model of disease. All rats challenged with 1 × 10
8
CFU of the
ompX
mutant survived, compared to the 50% lethal dose (LD
50
) of 1.2 × 10
3
CFU for the wild-type strain. Because murine serum is not bactericidal for the
ompX
mutant, the mechanism underlying the delay in time to death in mice was attributed to loss of adhesion/internalization properties but not serum resistance. The rat model, which is most similar to humans, highlighted the critical role of serum resistance in disease. To resolve conflicting evidence for the role of
Y. pestis
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and OmpX in serum resistance,
ompX
was cloned into
Escherichia coli
D21 and three isogenic derivatives engineered to have progressively truncated LPS core saccharides. OmpX-mediated serum resistance, adhesiveness, and invasiveness, although dependent on LPS core length, displayed these functions in
E. coli
, independently of other
Yersinia
proteins and/or LPS. Also, autoaggregation was required for efficient OmpX-mediated adhesiveness and internalization but not serum resistance.
The Early Mesozoic evolution of the Western Greater Caucasus (Russia): Triassic–Jurassic sedimentary and magmatic history
Authors: McCann T. , Chalot-Prat F. , Saintot A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Greater Caucasus (GC) forms a high Alpine fold-and-thrust belt on the southern margin of the East European Platform (EEP). The Triassic, and particularly, the Jurassic history of the Western Greater Caucasus region is important for our understanding of the palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of the western Tethys area. In order to better constrain the nature and relevance of these events in the evolution of the region, which are classically described as the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic Cimmerian events, a field campaign in the Western Greater Caucasus was undertaken. Analysis of structural, sedimentological and petrological data from 41 sites in the Fore-Caucasus (Malaya Laba, Mount Tkhach-Belaya River), the Central Greater Caucasus (Georgievskoye, Otdaleni) and Southern Slope (Krasnaya Poliana) areas of the Western Greater Caucasus revealed that a broad asymmetric basin, with associated emergent volcanic islands, formed in the area in Jurassic times. Incipient back-arc rifting in Pliensbachian times was coeval with similar rifting episodes in the Pontides and South Caspian Sea areas. The synchroneity of these events may have been related to the renewal of the Tethys subduction to the south of the Eo-Cimmerian accretionary belt. Rift reactivation, with significant thinning of the continental lithosphere, occurred in the Aalenian. Despite the strong Alpine tectonic overprinting, some structural data confirms that the extension trend was east–west (almost parallel to the active margin) resulting in the formation of a series of pull-apart basins in the GC and the South Caspian region behind the Eastern Pontides–Lesser Caucasus subduction-related volcanic belt. In Bajocian times, subduction-related volcanic activity largely expanded from the Eastern Pontides–Lesser Caucasus to encompass the Transcaucasus, the southern part of GC and the Crimea region. Such widening of the volcanic arc was probably due to a shallowing of the northward subducting slab. In the back-arc GC region, this signalled the onset of the post-rift stage. The return of the slab to normal steepness resulted in subsidence in the back-arc region and in the GC with extensive accommodation space creation. This was subsequently filled by the Late Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary successions.
Evolution of the Late Cenozoic basins of Georgia (SW Caucasus): a review
Authors: Adamia Sh. , Alania V. , Chabukiani A. , Chichua G. , Enukidze O. , Sadradze N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The tectonic and geological evolution of Georgia and the Caucasus, on the whole, are largely determined by its position between the still converging Eurasian and Africa–Arabian lithosphere plates, within the wide zone of a continent–continent collision. The region in the Late Proterozoic–Early Cenozoic belonged to the now-vanished Tethys Ocean and its northern (Eurasian) and southern (Africa–Arabian) margins. Within this convergence zone there existed a system of island arcs, intra-arc rifts, back-arc basins characteristic of the pre-collisional stage. During syncollisional (the Oligocene–Middle Miocene) and post-collisional (the Late Miocene–Quaternary) stages, at the place of back-arc basins were formed fold and thrust belts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus separated by the Transcaucasian intermontane lowland. Starting from the Late Miocene and as far as the end of the Pleistocene, in the central part of the region, simultaneously with formation of molassic basins and accumulation of coarse molasses there took place volcanic eruptions in subaerial conditions. According to the numerous data obtained during past decades we present a review on the lithological and structural characteristics of these collisional basins and on the coeval magmatic events.
Subductions, obduction and collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights
Authors: Sosson M. , Rolland Y. , Müller C. , Danelian T. , Melkonyan R. , Kekelia S. , Adamia S. , Babazadeh V. , Kangarli T. , Avagyan A. , Galoyan G. , Mosar J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In the Lesser Caucasus three main domains are distinguished from SW to NE: (1) the autochthonous South Armenian Block (SAB), a Gondwana-derived terrane; (2) the ophiolitic Sevan–Akera suture zone; and (3) the Eurasian plate. Based on our field work, new stratigraphical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data combined with previous data we present new insights on the subduction, obduction and collision processes recorded in the Lesser Caucasus. Two subductions are clearly identified, one related to the Neotethys subduction beneath the Eurasian margin and one intra-oceanic (SSZ) responsible for the opening of a back-arc basin which corresponds to the ophiolites of the Lesser Caucasus. The obduction occurred during the Late Coniacian to Santonian and is responsible for the widespread ophiolitic nappe outcrop in front of the suture zone. Following the subduction of oceanic lithosphere remnants under Eurasia, the collision of the SAB with Eurasia started during the Paleocene, producing 1) folding of ophiolites, arc and Upper Cretaceous formations (Transcaucasus massif to Karabakh); 2) thrusting toward SW; and 3) a foreland basin in front of the belt. Upper–Middle Eocene series unconformably cover the three domains. From Eocene to Miocene as a result of the Arabian plate collision with the SAB to the South, southward propagation of shortening featured by folding and thrusting occurred all along the belt. These deformations are sealed by a thick sequence of unconformable Miocene to Quaternary clastic and volcanic rocks of debated origin.
New and revised radiolarian biochronology for the sedimentary cover of ophiolites in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia)
Authors: Danelian T. , Asatryan G. , Sahakyan L. , Galoyan GH. , Sosson M. , Avagyan A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In order to improve our understanding of the palaeogeographic and geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan realms preserved in the Lesser Caucasus we here review the existing data for the sedimentary cover of ophiolites preserved in Armenia. Particular attention is given to those dated sedimentary rocks that are in direct genetic contact with ophiolitic lavas, as they provide constraints for submarine oceanic activity. The oldest available ages come from the Sevan–Akera suture zone that point to a Late Triassic oceanization. Data from both the Sevan and Vedi ophiolites provide evidence for Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) submarine activity, that continued until at least the Late Jurassic (Mid/Late Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian/Early Tithonian), as dated recently in Stepanavan and in this study for the Vedi ophiolite.
Structure of the Earth's crust and upper mantle of the West- and East-Black Sea Basins revealed from geophysical data and its tectonic implications
Authors: Yegorova Tamara , Gobarenko Valentina 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A back-arc Black Sea Basin consists of two deep sub-basins – the West-Black Sea (WBS) and the East-Black Sea (EBS) – filled with thick sediments (up to 12–14 km), which are separated by the mid–Black Sea Ridge (MBSR) – a NW trending basement uplift structure. For a better understanding of the lithosphere structure of these two sub-basins, the authors made a comprehensive analysis of the available geological and geophysical data, including carrying out a three-dimensional (3D) gravity back-stripping analysis, a reinterpretation of a number of seismic refraction profiles as well as the re-evaluation of seismological data and local seismic tomography. Inferred differences in the basin architecture and lithosphere structure of the WBS and EBS can be explained by different affinities of the underlying crustal domains and by the peculiarities of their (Cretaceous and younger) rift and post-rift history. Rifting that led to oceanic crust formation in the WBS occurred within the continental crust of the Moesian Platform along Mesozoic sutures with adjoining accreted terranes. The EBS, most probably, formed within the Transcaucasus continental domain due to strike–slip movements along the MBSR. Underthrusting of the EBS oceanic lithosphere beneath the continental domain of the Scythian Platform led to the formation offshore of the Crimean orogen of accretional wedge of Sorokin Trough.