bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Both CD4+ FoxP3+ and CD4+ FoxP3− T cells from patients with B‐cell malignancy express cytolytic markers and kill autologous leukaemic B cells in vitro
Authors: Lindqvist Camilla A. , Christiansson Lisa H. , Thörn Ingrid , Mangsbo Sara , Paul‐Wetterberg Gabriella , Sundström Christer , Tötterman Thomas H. , Simonsson Bengt , Enblad Gunilla , Frisk Per , Olsson‐Strömberg Ulla , Loskog Angelica S.I. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryCytotoxic CD4+ T cells have been found in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and seem to be involved in the regulation of malignant B cells. The CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) can regulate various immune cells, including B cells, by inducing their apoptosis. Hence, different subgroups of CD4+ T cells may be involved in the regulation of malignant B cells. In this study, the cytotoxic phenotype and function of various CD4+ T‐cell subgroups were investigated in patients with B‐cell malignancies. Peripheral blood was collected from patients with CLL, various B‐cell lymphomas, healthy adult donors, children with precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre‐B ALL) and from healthy children. CD4+ T cells (CD3+ CD4+ FoxP3−), Tregs (CD3+ CD4+ CD127low FoxP3+) and CD127high FoxP3+ T cells (CD3+ CD4+ CD127high FoxP3+) were analysed for their expression of the cytolytic markers CD107a and Fas ligand. Patients with CLL had increased CD107a expression on all tested T‐cell subgroups compared with healthy donors. Similar results were found in patients with B‐cell lymphomas whereas the CD107a expression in children with pre‐B ALL was no different from that in healthy controls. Fas ligand expression was similar between patient cells and cells of healthy donors. CD4+ T cells and Tregs from patients with CLL and healthy donors were subsequently purified and cultured in vitro with autologous B cells. Both subgroups lysed B cells and killing was confirmed by granzyme ELISAs. In conclusion, cytotoxic populations of CD4+ T cells, including Tregs, are present in patients with B‐cell malignancy and may be an important factor in immune‐related disease control.
Recovery of plants and histological observations on advanced weed stages after glyphosate treatment
Authors: LORENTZ L , BEFFA R , KRAEHMER H 
Published: April 2011

Lorentz L, Beffa R & Kraehmer H (2011). Recovery of plants and histological observations on advanced weed stages after glyphosate treatment. Weed Research51, 333–343.SummarySome weeds treated with the recommended dose rates of glyphosate recover after the application. An explanation of this phenomenon is needed to avoid incomplete control and the potential spread of resistance. The distributions of glyphosate and of shikimate levels within treated plants were therefore analysed, and plant reactions were investigated via histological examinations. It was found that glyphosate was translocated from Amaranthus palmeri leaves to roots within 48 h following treatment. Changes in the phloem of different weed species became visible after 3 days. After 4 days, shikimate accumulation was highest in stem tips and decreased towards the base of plants. Necrosis of pith cells started at the same time. Yellowing of leaves, stem curvature and wilting were observed after 1 week. Herbicide‐induced polyphenols and lignin in the intercellular space suggest that glyphosate phytotoxicity is not based solely on the shikimate pathway. It seems to be linked to the decay of vascular tissues and of pith, but not to the transport of glyphosate into apical meristems. Meristematic tissue surrounding the pith survived and gave rise to new buds in Amaranthus plants. These findings are important for the characterisation of plants that escape herbicide treatment and for the search for new control tools.
Sir Kenelm Digby (1603–1665): diplomat, entrepreneur, privateer, duellist, scientist and philosopher
Authors: Mellick Sam A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractKenelm Digby was a man with widely differing interests. He studied at Oxford but left without a degree. At the age of 20, he was involved in a dramatic street brawl in Madrid; the following year saw him as a successful privateer in the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic waters, and he was then appointed a naval administrator with lucrative trade monopolies. He practised medicine without formal qualifications and gained notoriety by promoting the use of ‘sympathetic’ powder for healing wounds. Befriended by King James I and his son who succeeded him, he became chancellor to Queen Henrietta and was knighted by King James I on 21 October 1623 and appointed to the Privy Council. At one time, he even spent a brief time in prison, but he later became a founding member of the Royal Society and published two major philosophical treatises as well as a popular cookbook. He designed and manufactured wine bottles with tapered necks for simpler pouring and square sides for easy stacking. He dabbled in mathematics and corresponded with Fermat of ‘Last Theorem’ fame. In 1641, he challenged a French nobleman who publicly cast a slur on the British King to a ‘digladiation’ (a sword duel) and quickly dispatched him. He was a friend and admirer of Sir Thomas Browne whose ‘Religio Medici’ he helped to publish. The Cowlishaw Library holds a 1659 5th edition copy of this remarkable book, with Digby's name on the spine. Truly, Digby must qualify as a Renaissance man.
Using bilateral iliac branch devices for endovascular iliac aneurysm repair
Authors: Huilgol Ravi L. , Lennox Andrew , Boyne Nick , Villalba Laurencia , Huber David , Goodman Marcel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  The endovascular repair of bilateral iliac aneurysms using bilateral Iliac Branch Devices (IBDs) has been infrequently performed and reported. We aim to describe this technique and report on the results of our case series.Methods:  Three different device designs are available. The procedural options include a totally transfemoral approach, or a combined transfemoral and brachial approach. Clinical records for patients who have had this procedure were reviewed.Results:  The indications for the technique include bilateral common iliac artery aneurysm repair, with or without concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Considerations include the timing of main body endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) device introduction, the use of a proximal access site and the type of IIA stent‐graft that is used. Between 2007 and 2010, six patients had bilateral IBD implantation. All patients required an EVAR main body device in addition to bilateral IBDs. Eighty‐three per cent were males, mean age was 73 years. Mean follow up was 15 months. Technical success was obtained in 100% of cases. There was one branch occlusion (8.3%). There were no type I endoleaks. One patient had a type II endoleak.Conclusions:  Bilateral IBDs can be used safely and with excellent rates of technical success and branch patency in appropriately selected patients.
Failure of uterine artery embolization for controlling postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Park Ji Kwon , Shin Tae Bum , Baek Jong Chul , Shin Jeong Kyu , Choi Won Jun , Lee Soon Ae , Lee Jong Hak , Paik Won Young 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  We evaluated the efficacy of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for controlling postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).Materials and Methods:  Between January 2008 and December 2009, 23 women with intractable PPH underwent UAE. Specific diagnoses included uterine atony (n = 10), placenta accreta (n = 8), puerperal hematoma (n = 2) and placental polyp (n = 3).Results:  Of 10 patients with uterine atony, treatment with UAE failed in two women with severe vasoconstriction. One patient developed lumbosacral plexopathy. All eight patients with placenta accreta were treated successfully with the placement of multiple sutures in the placental bed and UAE. Two of the three women with placental polyps were treated successfully with UAE and packing of the uterus.Conclusions:  Embolization should follow resuscitation for vascular collapse. In the case of an adherent placenta, embolization is more effective with the placement of multiple sutures in the placental bed or compression of the placental bed.
Utility of the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries and human chorionic gonadotropin in a series of cases of placenta accreta
Authors: Dueñas‐Garcia Omar Felipe , Diaz‐Sotomayor Maricela , Rico‐Olvera Hugo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe conservative management of retained placenta accreta has been proposed as an alternative option in selected cases. Three patients under conservative management of placenta accreta were followed using the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries and the β fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin to determine the degree of vascularity between the uterus and the placenta. In this series of cases of conservative management of placenta accreta, the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries showed a better correlation with the uteroplacental circulation than serum β fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin.
Cross‐sectional pregnancy survey on fertility trends and pregnancy knowledge in Singapore
Authors: Tan Thiam Chye , Tan Shu Qi , Wei Xing 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  Desire for children is a pertinent national health concern for Singapore due to the falling pregnancy rate. There is an urgent need to conduct a pregnancy survey for our local population to look into our local women's desire for pregnancy and family size, as well as their knowledge of the need for pregnancy supplements, fertility and pregnancy risks with the advanced age of mothers.Material and Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was mailed to 300 women in a random sample of the female population in the South West region of Singapore.Results:  Three hundred women were invited to participate in our survey. Two hundred and sixty eight women (89.3%) responded. The mean age was 30.7 years (range 16–60). 41.8% were married. One in five women (21.8%) in the reproductive age group (below age 40) did not intend to have children. 70.5% of the women with tertiary education wanted children, compared to 56.4% of women with below‐secondary education. Most of the respondents were aware of the risks of pregnancy with increasing maternal age, as well as the importance of folic acid, iron and calcium supplements in pregnancy.Conclusion:  The present study helps clinicians and policymakers gain an insight into pregnancy issues in Singapore. This is important in formulating population policies and public education programs.
Evaluation of carotid wall thickness and vertebro‐basilar system insufficiency in patients with obese polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Coksuer Hakan , Koplay Mustafa , Oghan Fatih , Haliloglu Berna , Keskin Nadi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease by measuring carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) and to evaluate the diameters and blood flow volume of vertebral arteries using Doppler ultrasound and the possible contribution of hyperandrogenemia that exists in these patients.Material and Methods:  We prospectively studied 64 Caucasian women aged 18–35 years (31 with polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] and 33 healthy controls). Patients were classified according to body mass index into obese (BMI > 27 kg/m2). All subjects were examined with ultrasound to measure CIMT and blood flow volume and diameters of vertebral arteries.Results:  A significant difference between the two groups in CIMT (0.51 ± 0.08 vs 0.39 ± 0.02 mm, P < 0.001) and diameters of vertebral arteries (right, 3.03 ± 0.37 vs 3.44 ± 0.68 mm and left, 2.94 ± 0.34 vs 3.33 ± 0.63 mm, P < 0.05) were found, respectively. Right‐left and total flow volumes of the vertebral arteries (VA) were significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the control group (P ≤ 0.001). Compared to the control group, diameters of right and left VA decreased (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The results of this study suggest that hyperandrogenemia in obese PCOS patients affects carotid and vertebro‐basilar system arteries wall thickness. Pre‐atherosclerotic vascular impairment with androgen excess should determine early examination of vertebro‐basilar system with ultrasound. All patients with PCOS must be routinely examined using color Doppler ultrasound to measure CIMT carotid and vertebro‐basilar arteries, and diameters and blood flow volume of vertebral arteries.
Intraoperative glycemic control without insulin infusion during pediatric cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease
Authors: Scohy Thierry V. , Golab Hanna D. , Egal Mohamud , Takkenberg Johanna J.M. , Bogers Ad J.J.C. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryBackground:  Many studies are reporting that the occurrence of hyperglycemia in the postoperative period is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in children after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. This study sought to determine blood glucose levels in standard pediatric cardiac anesthesiological management without insulin infusions.Methods:  The study population consisted of 204 consecutive pediatric patients aged from 3 days to 15.4 years undergoing open cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease between June 2007 and January 2009. Glucose‐containing fluids were not administrated intraoperatively, and all patients received high dose of opioids (sufentanil 10 mcg·kg−1) and steroids (30 mg·kg−1 methylprednisolone) iv. Glucose levels were measured before CPB, 10 min after initiation of CPB, every hour on CPB, post–CPB, and on arrival at intensive care unit (ICU).Results:  Intraoperatively, only one patient had a glucose level <50 mg·dl−1 (=34.2 mg·dl−1), 57/204 patients (27.9%) had at least one intraoperative glucose >180 mg·dl−1, but only 12 patients (5.8%) had a glucose level >180 mg·dl−1 at ICU arrival. Thirty‐day mortality was 1.5% (3/204). Younger age, lower body weight, and lower CPB temperature were associated with hyperglycemia at ICU arrival, as were higher RACHS and Aristotle severity scores.Conclusion:  A conventional (no insulin, no glucose) anesthetic management seems sufficient in the vast majority of patients (96.5%). Special attention should be paid to small neonates with complex congenital heart surgery, in whom insulin treatment may be contemplated.
Risky drinking among community pharmacy customers in New Zealand and their attitudes towards pharmacist screening and brief interventions
Authors: SHERIDAN JANIE , STEWART JOANNA , SMART ROS , MCCORMICK ROSS 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. To estimate the prevalence of risky drinking among customers in community pharmacies and to explore customer attitudes towards screening and brief intervention (SBI).Design and Methods. Cross‐sectional, anonymous survey, using random selection of community pharmacies in New Zealand to collect data using self‐completion questionnaires and an opportunity to enter a prize draw. Participants were customers/patients attending the community pharmacy on a specific, randomly selected day (Monday to Friday) in one set week. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)‐C using a cut‐off score of 5 was used to measure risky drinking. Attitudes towards pharmacists engaging in SBI for risky drinkers were measured.Results. 2384 completed customer/patient questionnaires from 43 participating pharmacies. Almost 84% ever drank alcohol and using a score of 5 or more as a cut‐off, 30% of the sample would be considered as risky drinkers. Attitudes were generally positive to pharmacists undertaking SBI. Logistic regression with AUDIT‐C positive or negative as the dependent variable found those taking medicines for mental health and liver disease being more likely to score negative on the AUDIT‐C, and smokers and those purchasing hangover cures were more likely than average to have a positive AUDIT‐C screen.Discussion and Conclusions. This study indicates there is scope for community pharmacists to undertake SBI for risky drinking, and that customers find this to be acceptable. Targeted screening may well be useful, in particular for smokers. Further research is required to explore the effectiveness of SBI for risky drinkers in this setting.[Sheridan J, Stewart J, Smart R, McCormick R. Risky drinking among community pharmacy customers in New Zealand and their attitudes towards pharmacist screening and brief interventions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:56–63]
An Integrated Agency–Resource Dependence View of the Influence of Directors' Human and Relational Capital on Firms' R&D Spending
Authors: Dalziel Thomas , Gentry Richard J. , Bowerman Michael 
Published: April 2011

abstractIn this paper, we contribute to the agency and corporate entrepreneurship literatures by focusing on board antecedents of research and development (R&D). Some researchers in this stream find outside directors negatively influence R&D spending, yet popular opinion suggests boards should be composed of outsiders, and at the same time, firms should be innovative and entrepreneurial. We begin to address this conflict by extending agency theory and incorporating resource dependence views in order to explore the influence of a wider range of director characteristics on R&D spending, a precursor of innovation and entrepreneurial activity. Our empirical results demonstrate that aspects of directors' human and relational capital (e.g. education, entrepreneurial finance experience, technical experience, and interlocks) significantly influence R&D spending. Our findings illustrate that boards can be configured to improve efficiencies, thereby reducing R&D spending, and/or to augment R&D spending. They reveal the merits of considering inside and outside directors separately and show how the independence (i.e. inside/outside status) of directors shapes the effect of their human and relational capital on R&D spending.
Platelet Activation in Ovines Undergoing Sham Surgery or Implant of the Second Generation PediaFlow Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Johnson Jr Carl A. , Wearden Peter D. , Kocyildirim Ergin , Maul Timothy M. , Woolley Joshua R. , Ye Sang‐Ho , Strickler Elise M. , Borovetz Harvey S. , Wagner William R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe PediaFlow pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD) is a magnetically levitated turbodynamic pump under development for circulatory support of small children with a targeted flow rate range of 0.3–1.5 L/min. As the design of this device is refined, ensuring high levels of blood biocompatibility is essential. In this study, we characterized platelet activation during the implantation and operation of a second generation prototype of the PediaFlow VAD (PF2) and also performed a series of surgical sham studies to examine purely surgical effects on platelet activation. In addition, a newly available monoclonal antibody was characterized and shown to be capable of quantifying ovine platelet activation. The PF2 was implanted in three chronic ovine experiments of 17, 30, and 70 days, while surgical sham procedures were performed in five ovines with 30‐day monitoring. Blood biocompatibility in terms of circulating activated platelets was measured by flow cytometric assays with and without exogenous agonist stimulation. Platelet activation following sham surgery returned to baseline in approximately 2 weeks. Platelets in PF2‐implanted ovines returned to baseline activation levels in all three animals and showed an ability to respond to agonist stimulation. Late‐term platelet activation was observed in one animal corresponding with unexpected pump stoppages related to a manufacturing defect in the percutaneous cable. The results demonstrated encouraging platelet biocompatibility for the PF2 in that basal platelet activation was achieved early in the pump implant period. Furthermore, this first characterization of the effect of a major cardiothoracic procedure on temporal ovine platelet activation provides comparative data for future cardiovascular device evaluation in the ovine model.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING HESSIAN FLY LARVAE
Authors: BARNES H. F. , MILLER B. S. , ARNOLD MARGARET K. 
Published: April 2011

Overwintering fully‐fed Hessian Fly larvae in puparia respond to experimental conditions of constant temperature and relative humidity progressively faster as the normal time of pupation and emergence in the spring approaches. Frost does not speed up emergence.A constant temperature of 15° or 20° C at 95% RH is recommended for the production of midges for experimental purposes from overwintering Hessian Fly puparia.ZusammenfassungÜBER FAKTOREN, WELCHE DAS SCHLÜPFEN ÜBERWINTERNDER HESSENFLIEGEN‐LARVEN BEEINFLUSSENEine einfache Methode zur Erlangung von großen Mengen überwinternder Larven der Hessenfliege und Methoden für die Untersuchung des Einflusses konstanter Temperaturen und relativer Feuchtigkeit auf dieselben werden beschrieben.Ein hoher Schlupf‐Prozentsatz wurde bei einer Temperatur von 15° C und bei einer relativen Feuchtigkeit von 75, 85 und 95% erhalten, gleichgültig ob das Material dem Frost ausgesetzt war oder nicht. Bei Temperaturen von 20 und 25° wurde ein höherer Prozentsatz von älterem gefrorenen Material erhalten. Bei 30° schlüpften jüngere, nicht gefrorene Puparien (Scheinpuppen) nicht, obwohl ältere Puppen von gefrorenem Material zum Schlüpfen stimuliert wurden. In beiden Fällen erfolgte das Schlüpfen der Mücken nach Übertragung in eine Temperatur von 20°. Kein Schlüpfen erfolgte bei 35° doch wurden dabei nicht alle Insekten getötet, da ein gewisses Schlüpfen zustande kam, wenn die Puparien wieder niedrigen Temperaturen ausgesetzt wurden.Bei 20° und 95% relativer Feuchtigkeit nahm die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Annäherung des Frühlings zu. Unter diesen Verhältnissen begannen die Puparien Anfang November nach 12–13 Tagen zu schlüpfen, während Anfang April das Schlüpfen schon nach 3–4 Tagen begann, ein 50%‐Schlupf wurde nach 19 Tagen bzw. nach 7 Tagen beobachtet.Es wurde kein Beweis dafür gefunden, daß Frost die Entwicklung beschleunige. Bei 24 Stunden Licht wurde das Schlüpfen schneller beendet als bei 8 und 16 Stunden oder ohne Licht.Im Frühjahr erfolgte schwacher Schlupf bei 10° und keiner bei 5° und 0°.Das Bespritzen der Puparien mit “Dowicide” verhinderte das Schlüpfen nicht.Angaben über die Ausbildung der Puparien und das Schlüpfen im Frühjahr von ähnlichem Material, das in offenen Glashäusern überwintert wurde, sind zu Vergleichszwecken angeführt.Es kann gefolgert werden, daß sich die voilernährten Larven in den Puparien während des Winters langsam entwickeln und auf experimentelle Umstände von konstanter Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit umso schneller reagieren, als der normale Zeitpunkt der Bildung von Puparien bzw. das Schlüpfen herannaht.Für die Erzeugung von Mücken zu Versuchszwecken werden eine konstante Temperatur von 15° oder 20° C und eine relative Feuchtigkeit von 95% empfohlen.