bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of Malaria GlycosylphosphatidylinositolIn Vitroby Serum IgG from Malaria-Exposed Individuals
Authors: de Souza J. Brian , Runglall Manohursingh , Corran Patrick H. , Okell Lucy C. , Kumar Sanjeev , Gowda D. Channe , Couper Kevin N. , Riley Eleanor M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTParasite-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is believed to be a major inducer of the pathways leading to pathology and morbidity duringPlasmodium falciparuminfection and has been termed a malaria “toxin.” The generation of neutralizing anti-GPI (“antitoxic”) antibodies has therefore been hypothesized to be an important step in the acquisition of antidisease immunity to malaria; however, to date the GPI-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced during naturalPlasmodium falciparuminfection has not been evaluated. Here we describe the development of anin vitromacrophage-based assay to assess the neutralizing capacity of malarial GPI-specific IgG. We demonstrate that IgG fromPlasmodium falciparum-exposed individuals can significantly inhibit the GPI-induced activation of macrophagesin vitro, as shown by reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor production and attenuation of CD40 expression. The GPI-neutralizing capacity of individual IgG samples was directly correlated with the anti-GPI antibody titer. IgG from malaria-exposed individuals also neutralized the macrophage-activating effects ofP. falciparumschizont extract (PfSE), but there was only a poor correlation between PfSE-neutralizing activity and the anti-GPI antibody titer, suggesting that PfSE contains other macrophage-activating moieties, in addition to GPI. In conclusion, we have established anin vitroassay to test the toxin-neutralizing activities of antimalarial antibodies and have shown that anti-GPI antibodies from malaria-immune individuals are able to neutralize GPI-induced macrophage activation; however, the clinical relevance of anti-GPI antibodies remains to be proven, given that malarial schizonts contain other proinflammatory moieties, in addition to GPI.
Natural Selection in the Chicken Host Identifies 3-Deoxy-
d
-
manno
- Octulosonic Acid Kinase Residues Essential for Phosphorylation of
Pasteurella multocida
Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Harper Marina , Cox Andrew D. , St. Michael Frank , Ford Mark , Wilkie Ian W. , Adler Ben , Boyce John D. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Pasteurella multocida
is the causative agent of a number of diseases in animals, including fowl cholera.
P. multocida
strains simultaneously express two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) glycoforms (glycoforms A and B) that differ only in their inner core structure. Glycoform A contains a single 3-deoxy-
d
-
manno
-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue that is phosphorylated by the Kdo kinase, KdkA, whereas glycoform B contains two unphosphorylated Kdo residues. We have previously shown that
P. multocida
mutants lacking the heptosyltransferase, HptA, produce full-length glycoform B LPS and a large amount of truncated glycoform A LPS, as they cannot add heptose to the glycoform A inner core. These
hptA
mutants were attenuated in chickens because the truncated LPS made them vulnerable to host defense mechanisms, including antimicrobial peptides. However, here we show that birds inoculated with high doses of the
hptA
mutant developed fowl cholera and the
P. multocida
isolates recovered from diseased birds no longer expressed truncated LPS. Sequencing analysis revealed that the
in vivo
-derived isolates had mutations in
kdkA
, thereby suppressing the production of glycoform A LPS. Interestingly, a number of the spontaneous KdkA mutant strains produced KdkA with a single amino acid substitution (A112V, R123P, H168Y, or D193N). LPS structural analysis showed that complementation of a
P. multocida kdkA
mutant with wild-type
kdkA
restored expression of glycoform A to wild-type levels, whereas complementation with any of the mutated
kdkA
genes did not. We conclude that in
P. multocida
KdkA, the amino acids A112, R123, H168, and D193 are critical for Kdo kinase function and therefore for glycoform A LPS assembly.
Protocol for a mixed-methods study on leader-based interventions in construction contractors' safety commitments
Authors: Pedersen Betina Holbæk , Dyreborg Johnny , Kines Pete , Mikkelsen Kim Lyngby , Hannerz Harald , Andersen Dorte Raaby , Spangenberg Søren 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundOwing to high injury rates, safety interventions are needed in the construction industry. Evidence-based interventions tailored to this industry are, however, scarce. Leader-based safety interventions have proven more effective than worker-based interventions in other industries.ObjectiveTo test a leader-based safety intervention for construction sites. The intervention consists of encouraging safety coordinators to provide feedback on work safety to the client and line management. The intention is to increase communication and interactions regarding safety within the line management and between the client and the senior management. It is hypothesised that this, in turn, will lead to increased communication and interaction about safety between management and coworkers as well as an increased on-site safety level.SettingA group-randomised double-blinded case study of six Danish construction sites (three intervention sites and three control sites). The recruitment of the construction sites is performed continuously from January 2010 to June 2010. The investigation of each site lasts 20 continuous weeks.MethodsConfirmatory statistical analysis is used to test if the safety level increased, and if the probability of safety communications between management and coworkers increases as a consequence of the intervention. The data collection will be blinded. Qualitative methods are used to evaluate if communication and interactions about safety at all managerial levels, including the client, increase.Outcome measures(1) The proportion of safety-related communications out of all studied communications between management and coworkers. (2) The safety level index of the construction sites.
Effectiveness of pads and enclosures as safety interventions on consumer trampolines
Authors: Alexander Keith , Eager David , Scarrott Carl , Sushinsky George 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundTrampolines continue to be a major source of childhood injury.ObjectiveTo examine available data on trampoline injuries in order to determine the effectiveness of padding and enclosures.DesignTrampoline injuries from the NEISS database from 2002 to 2007 were reclassified into five cause-categories, to examine evidence for injury trends.SettingThe ASTM trampoline standard recommendations for safety padding were upgraded in 1999 and enclosures were introduced in 1997. This is the first study to examine the impact of these changes.PatientsThe sampling frame comprises patients with NEISS product code ‘consumer trampolines’ (1233). A systematic sample of 360 patients each year is taken.InterventionsThe prominent interventions recommended by the ASTM are netting enclosures to prevent falling off and safety padding to cover frames and springs.Main outcome measuresProportion of injuries within each cause-category and trend estimates.ResultsThere was no evidence for a decline within the injury cause-categories that should be prevented by these interventions from 2002 to 2007.ConclusionsIf these interventions were effective the associated injury causes would be in decline. Instead they remain close to half of all trampoline injuries with no significant change over the period of the study. Follow-up studies are proposed to determine the reasons. Given the number of injuries involved it is recommended that steps be taken to ensure these safety interventions or their equivalents are in place, work properly and remain effective for the life of consumer trampolines.
Palaeoenvironmental analysis of Archaean siliciclastic sedimentary rocks in the west–central Jack Hills belt, Western Australia with new constraints on ages and correlations
Authors: Eriksson Kenneth A. , Wilde Simon A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
Zircons with ages between 3.05 and 4.4 Ga and hosted in conglomerates and associated sandstones in the Jack Hills belt of Western Australia have been the subject of numerous studies but none, to date, has been concerned with understanding the depositional environments of the sedimentary rocks. Intact, 250 and 320 m thick stratigraphical sections include conglomerates and sandstones that are equivalent to those at the W74 discovery site that host the ancient zircons. Facies associations are compatible with a prograding fan delta depositional setting in which alluvial fans were sourced by proximal highlands, were built directly into a lake or sea and were characterized by high gradients and high flow velocities. Locally, the succession is capped by a 20–25 m thick interval of cross-bedded quartz arenite–gritstone with a similar U–Pb detrital zircon age spectrum to the W74 discovery site, suggesting that this facies association is of comparable age and genetically related to the underlying facies associations. The quartz arenite–gritstone facies association is interpreted to record transgressive tidal reworking of the fan delta. Similar sedimentary units, including areally extensive quartz arenite successions, are widely developed elsewhere in Western Australia and on other continents, indicating that stable continental crust was widespread by 3.0 Ga.
Early Devonian alkaline intrusive complex from the northern North China craton: a petrological monitor of post-collisional tectonics
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Zhang Hongfu , Jiang Neng , Zhai Mingguo , Zhang Yanbin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical data document the Early Devonian Sandaogou alkaline complex (409 Ma) from the northern margin of the North China craton. The rock suite includes pyroxene syenite, quartz syenite and monzonite. These rocks exhibit high contents of K
2
O (5–13 wt%), strong enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and light REE, slightly negative Eu anomalies, and pronounced depletions in high field strength elements. They are characterized by moderate
87
Sr/
86
Sr
i
ratios of 0.7052–0.7071, low ε
Nd
(t) values of −12.7 to −17.9 and zircon ε
Hf
(t) values from −27.8 to −32.3. These geochemical features and quantitative isotopic modelling suggest that they might have been formed through simultaneous fractional crystallization and lower crustal assimilation of a metasomatized mantle-derived alkali basaltic magma. These trachytic rocks, together with the Middle Devonian alkaline rocks and mafic–ultramafic complex from neighbouring regions, constitute a linear post-collisional magmatic belt along the northern North China craton, possibly formed under a tectonic regime of slab breakoff. They serve not only as a magmatic milestone for marking the termination of Early Palaeozoic orogenic cycle around the northern North China craton, but also as a spatial tracer for locating the position of the potential ancient slab breakoff at the surface.

Supplementary material:

Analytical methods, mineral composition data, field and zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) photographs are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18403
.
Effects of Cretaceous plume and convergence, and Early Tertiary tectonomagmatic quiescence on the central and southern Levant continental margin
Authors: Segev Amit , Rybakov Michael 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
This study synthesizes geological and geophysical evidence concerning the structure and character of the central and southern Jurassic Levant continental margin during Cretaceous–Tertiary time. From the beginning of the Cretaceous and until Cenomanian time, the Levant margin was strongly affected by extensional tectonics, cyclical igneous activity and rifting coupled with thermal and vertical fluctuations. It is suggested here that during the Senonian–Maastrichtian convergence of Afro-Arabia and the Mesotethys, and the Tauride part of Eurasia, the Herodotus basin oceanic crust subducted along the Eratosthenes Arc, below the short-lived abandoned Levant back-arc basin. Such a plate configuration assumes regional shear zones, as follows: (1) between the Eratosthenes Arc from the south and the Kyrenia Arc from the north: the NW–SE Carmel–Azraq–Sirhan fault system; (2) between the Sinai and the African plates: the Suez fault system; (3) between the Mesotethys and the African plates: the northern Egypt–Sinai–Negev west–east transversal fault system. Distinct tectonomagmatic quiescence between Late Maastrichtian and Late Eocene time allowed thermal relaxation and subsidence of the Levant margin until the apparent achievement of local isostatic compensation and the consequent development of the longest transgression over the Afro-Arabian ramp.

Supplementary material:

Details on the construction of the Bouguer gravity map are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18404
.
Regional conductivity data used to reassess Early Palaeozoic structure in the Northern Ireland sector of the Southern Uplands–Down–Longford terrane
Authors: Beamish D. , Kimbell G.S. , Stone P. , Anderson T.B. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
A high-resolution, airborne conductivity survey has proved spectacularly successful in delineating the zones of carbonaceous mudstone (Moffat Shale Group) that form the structural and stratigraphical base of various sandstone-dominated tracts within the Northern Ireland sector of the Southern Uplands–Down–Longford Ordovician–Silurian accretionary terrane. The anomalies associated with mudstone both at outcrop and concealed allow the major tract boundary faults to be plotted across large areas of poor exposure to reveal a large-scale regional swing in the strike of these faults from their prevalent ENE–WSW trend into a NE–SW orientation. The fault traces defined by the geophysical anomalies cut across those, deduced by extrapolation into an area of sparse bedrock exposure, that are illustrated on the current geological map. A substantial revision of the regional fault pattern is thus required. In places the major tract boundary faults appear to anastomose into strike-slip duplexes, suggesting transpression in the accretionary regime. However, the wholesale realignment of the strike trend is likely to have had a later, post-accretion origin, perhaps involving a releasing bend on a major, strike-parallel fault that controlled emplacement of the Newry granitoid pluton (425 Ma), and might also be associated with Au mineralization in Armagh and Monaghan.
A pulse in the planet: regional control of high-frequency changes in relative sea level by mantle convection
Authors: Lovell Bryan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
An explanation for high-frequency cycles of sea level in non-glacial times has remained elusive, despite more than two centuries of research since Lavoisier's seminal observations were published in 1789. In the development of seismic stratigraphy in the 1970s, putatively global high-frequency changes in relative sea level (Vail third-order cycles) were attributed to an unknown eustatic mechanism, prompting a search for Mesozoic ice ages. Over the last decade, a regional mechanism of sea-level control has been developed from studies of the sedimentary record in high-quality oil-industry data. These geological studies have supported the geophysical prediction that significant regional control of sea level is exercised by mantle-induced vertical motions of the Earth's surface. These vertical motions can occur over time intervals from several tens of million years to less than a million years, with amplitudes of tens of metres or more even at the shorter intervals. The vertical motions are not confined to regions with major hotspots. There are two related controls of surface vertical motion: evolution of mantle-convection cells, and pulsing flow within each cell. The effects are evident in the sedimentary record of North Atlantic basins. Mantle convection provides an alternative, regional, mechanism to eustatic control for explaining medium-frequency to high-frequency sea-level cycles.
Structurally focused fluid flow during orogenesis: the Islay Anticline, SW Highlands, Scotland
Authors: Pitcairn Iain K. , Skelton Alasdair D.L. , Broman Curt , Arghe Fredrik , Boyce Adrian 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:

Displacement of isotopic compositions at boundary layers across strata of contrasting composition is commonly used to investigate hydrothermal fluid flow during orogeny. This study investigates whether hydrothermal fluid flow was focused along the Islay Anticline, Islay, SW Highlands of Scotland, as shown in the axial zone of the neighbouring Ardrishaig Anticline. Four localities from the limb to the axial plane of the Islay Anticline were investigated for isotopic homogenization of metacarbonate units to silicate values. At Mull of Oa on the limb of the anticline, metacarbonate samples show limited isotopic resetting and the fluid flux is estimated to be <1 m
3
m
−2
. Within the axial zone of the Islay Anticline, metacarbonate units from Port a' Chotain and Bagh an Da Dhoruis show complete isotopic homogenization to silicate values indicating higher fluid fluxes. Fluid flow was enhanced along localized parasitic folds such as at Port an t-Sruthain, where metacarbonates have been isotopically reset, and there are abundant quartz–carbonate veins that precipitated during D
1
–D
2
deformation. Metamorphic fluid flow was higher in the axial zone of the Islay Anticline and in localized antiformal structures. Fluid fluxes are estimated to be considerably lower than at the neighbouring Ardrishaig Anticline.
Regional-scale Cretaceous albitization in the Pyrenees: evidence from
in situ
U–Th–Pb dating of monazite, titanite and zircon
Authors: Poujol Marc , Boulvais Philippe , Kosler Jan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
Albitization is a common metasomatic process active in various geodynamic contexts. In the northern Pyrenees, there are several occurrences of albitites but, until now, only one occurrence has been dated (117 Ma, Ar–Ar dating). This paper presents new U–Th–Pb ages for several albitite occurrences throughout the Pyrenees to test whether they are contemporaneous and, if so, to specify the regional extent of the albitization event. Ages obtained from large euhedral titanite and monazite grains from distinct albitites are 110 ± 8 and 98 ± 2 Ma, respectively. The zircon U–Th–Pb isotopic system did not record this Cretaceous metasomatic event, even when grains were selected in metasomatically Zr-enriched rocks or in hydrothermal structures (millimetre-sized veins cross-cutting granitoids). We argue that the total time span of 20 Ma recorded by albitites corresponds to a long-lived hydrothermal system that was active during the rotation of Iberia around Europe, along the North Pyrenean Fault. Because albitization and talc mineralization have the same spatial and temporal distribution in the Pyrenees, we argue that these two metasomatic phenomena are two independent records of this single, regional-scale, long-lived hydrothermal system.
Upper crust reworking during gravitational collapse: the Bembibre–Pico Sacro detachment system (NW Iberia)
Authors: Gómez Barreiro Juan , Catalán José R. Martínez , Díez Fernández Rubén , Arenas Ricardo , Díaz García Florentino 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:
The kinematics of the basal allochthon in the SW of the Órdenes Complex is analysed to constraint its evolution during collisional and postcollisional stages of the Variscan orogeny. Two distinct sequences have been identified in the basal allochthon of this sector: the upper and lower sequences, in close correlation with the subdivision of the basal allochthon in the Malpica–Tui Complex. Three main tectonic episodes have been established in the basal allochthon: a high-pressure event related to continental subduction, a mesozonal event of regional exhumation by thrusting and recumbent folding, and a regional-scale extensional episode that resulted in the development of the Bembibre–Pico Sacro detachment system. The Bembibre–Pico Sacro system rejuvenated pre-existing shear zones, whose weakness favoured the nucleation of the detachments. Shear zones associated with the detachments overprinted the previous tectonic fabrics under conditions ranging from lower amphibolite to greenschist facies, and with heterogeneously distributed ductile to brittle deformation. The detachment system is coeval with late orogenic collapse and widespread magmatism, and represents its upper crustal expression. It correlates with mid- and lower crustal flow and the development of gneiss domes at depth in such a way that the basal allochthon can be considered a rheological boundary between the more rigid allochthonous sequences above and the more viscous Schistose Domain and autochthon below.
The Plio-Quaternary magmatic feeding system beneath Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): constraints from thermobarometric studies
Authors: Aulinas M. , Gimeno D. , Fernandez-Turiel J.L. , Perez-Torrado F.J. , Rodriguez-Gonzalez A. , Gasperini D. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:

A complete framework of chronostratigraphic, petrographic, geochemical and thermobarometric data allows a reinterpretation of the evolution of the Plio-Quaternary volcanism in Gran Canaria. Bulk-rock and mineral chemistry has been used to define
P
–
T
crystallization paths, based on clinopyroxene–melt thermobarometry. Mafic magmas mainly crystallized at mantle depths (17–22 km) with secondary fractionation at crustal levels (1.5–8.0 km), suggesting multistage magma ascent. Crystallization of evolved magmas took place at crustal depths (3–15 km). The complexity of the magmatic plumbing system increased in the last 1 Ma, as shown by the presence of reverse zoned clinopyroxenes in the lavas, with green diopside–hedenbergite cores surrounded by brown diopsidic rims. Petrographic and chemical features of such clinopyroxenes support a xenocrystic origin of the green cores, related to magma mixing or mingling processes between pre-existing colder evolved magmas and new batches of hot basic magmas. The evolution of the magmatic feeding system beneath Gran Canaria was affected by the long-term uplift of the island as a result of lithospheric flexure caused by loading of the neighbouring island of Tenerife. This uplift favoured the generation of giant landslides and nesting of the recent volcanic activity (the last 1 Ma) within landslide basins. The association of rifts, giant landslides and nested volcanism with a higher degree of magmatic differentiation is proposed to constrain the plumbing system model.
First record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event from the Southern Hemisphere, Neuquén Basin, Argentina
Authors: Al-Suwaidi A.H. , Angelozzi G.N. , Baudin F. , Damborenea S.E. , Hesselbo S.P. , Jenkyns H.C. , Manceñido M.O. , Riccardi A.C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:

The first record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (
c
. 183 Ma) from the Southern Hemisphere is described from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, identified chemostratigraphically on the basis of a relative increase in marine organic carbon and a characteristic negative carbon-isotope excursion (δ
13
C
org
) in bulk rock and fossil wood. The negative excursion of −6‰ in bulk organic carbon (falling to −31.3‰) crosses the boundary of the
tenuicostatum
–
hoelderi
Andean ammonite Zones, equivalent to the
tenuicostatum
–
falciferum
/
serpentinum
zones of Europe. These data indicate that the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event was a global phenomenon.

Supplementary material:

A detailed stratigraphic log, chemostratigraphic data and nannofossil data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18411
.