bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochronologic Constraints on the Magmatic Underplating of the Gangdisê Belt in the India‐Eurasia Collision: Evidence of SHRIMP II Zircon U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Guochen DONG , Xuanxue MO , Zhidan ZHAO , Tieying GUO , Liangliang WANG , Tao CHEN 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Abundant small mafic intrusions occur associated with granitoids along the Gangdisê magmatic belt. In addition to many discrete gabbro bodies within the granitoid plutons, a gabbro‐pyroxenite zone occurs along the southern margin of the Gangdisê belt to the north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture. The mafic intrusion zone spatially corresponds to a strong aeromagnetic anomaly, which extends ∼1400 km. The mafic intrusions consist of intermittently distributed small bodies and dikes of gabbro and dolerite with accumulates of pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, pegmatitic pyroxenite and amphibolite. Much evidence indicates that the Gangdisê gabbro‐pyroxenite assemblage is most likely a result of underplating of mantle‐derived magma. Detailed field investigation and systematic sampling of the mafic rocks was conducted at six locations along the Lhasa‐Xigazê segment of the mafic intrusive zone, and was followed by zircon SHRIMP II U‐Pb dating. In addition to the ages of two samples previously published (47.0±1 Ma and 48.9±1.1 Ma), the isotopic ages of the remaining four gabbro samples are 51.6±1.3 Ma, 52.5±3.0 Ma, 50.2±4.2 Ma and 49.9±1.1 Ma. The range of these ages (47–52.5 Ma) provide geochronologic constraints on the Eocene timing of magma underplating beneath the Gangdisê belt at ca. 50 Ma. This underplating event post‐dated the initiation of the India‐Eurasia continental collision by 15 million years and was contemporaneous with a process of magma mixing. The SHRIMP II U‐Pb isotopic analysis also found several old ages from a few zircon grains, mostly in a range of 479–526 Ma (weighted average age 503±10 Ma), thus yielding information about the pre‐existing lower crust when underplating of mafic magma took place. It is believed that magma underplating was one of the major mechanisms for crustal growth during the Indian‐Eurasia collision, possibly corresponding in time to the formation of the 14–16 km‐thick “crust‐mantle transitional zone” characterized by Vp = 6.85–6.9 km/s.
SHRIMP U‐Pb Zircon Geochronology of the Xiaotongguanshan and Shatanjiao Intrusions and Its Petrological Implications in the Tongling Area, Anhui
Authors: Yongjun DI , Ganguo WU , Da ZHANG , Biao SONG , Wenshuan ZANG , Zhongyi ZHANG , Jinwen LI 
Published: December 2010

Abstract This paper determines the crystallization ages of the Xiaotongguanshan quartz monzodiorite and Shatanjiao quartz monzonite porphyry from the Tongling area using the SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb method. The crystallization age of the former is 142.8±1.8 Ma; that of the latter is 151.8±2.6 Ma. These data indicate that they were formed during the Late Jurassic (142.8 to 151.8 Ma). Zoned magma chamber was formed because of double diffusive convection. Therefore, the intrusive sequence of magma is generally from quartz monzonite through quartz monzodiorite to pyroxene monzodiorite, i.e. an inverted sequence.
Elemental Geochemistry of the Interlayer Oxidation Zone in the Shihongtan Sandstone Type Uranium Deposit, Xinjiang
Authors: Genqing CAI , Zimin ZHANG , Shengxiang LI 
Published: December 2010

Abstract According to the oxidation intensity of ore‐hosting sandstone, the interlayer oxidation zone of the Shihongtan sandstone‐type uranium deposit in the Turpan‐Hami basin can be divided into 4 geochemical subzones, namely, intensely‐oxidized, weakly‐oxidized, redox and unoxidized primary subzones. The elemental geochemical characteristics of the four subzones have been studied in detail, and the results show that U, together with other elements such as Re, Mo, Se, Sr, S, REE, Corganic etc., is enriched in the redox subzone. Re and U have similar geochemical properties in the reduction‐oxidation process. The geochemical properties of Mo and Se are similar to those of U in the reduction condition, but different from those of U in the oxidation condition. It is proposed that the ore‐hosting layers can provide a curtain mount of uranium for uranium mineralization.
Formation Mechanism of the High‐quality Upper Paleozoic Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Wenzhi ZHAO , Zecheng WANG , Menjin CHEN , Hongju ZHENG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The upper Paleozoic natural gas reservoirs in the Ordos basin are generally characterized by a large gas‐bearing area and low reserve abundance. On such a geological background, there still exist gas‐enriched zones, with relatively high outputs, high reserve abundance and stably distributed gas layers. The gas‐enriched layers with relatively high permeability (the lower limit permeability is 0.5×10−3μm2) are key factors for the enrichment and high output of natural gas. Based on core observation, analytic results of inclusions, and a great deal of drilling data, we proposed the following four mechanisms for the formation of high‐quality reservoirs: (1) in the source area the parent rocks are mainly metamorphic rocks and granites, which are favorable to keeping primary porosity; (2) under the condition of low A/S (accommodation/sediment supply) ratios, sandstone complex formed due to multistage fluvial stacking and filling are coarse in grain size with a high degree of sorting, low content of mud and good physical properties; (3) early‐stage recharge of hydrocarbons restricted compaction and cementation, and thus are favorable to preservation of primary pores; (4) microfractures caused by the activity of basement faults during the Yanshan Movement stage can not only improve the permeability of tight sandstones, but also afford vertical pathways for hydrocarbon gas migration.
Investigation of the Beltline Welding Seam and Base Metal of the Greifswald WWER-440 Unit 1 Reactor Pressure Vessel
Authors: Schuhknecht Jan , Viehrig Hans-Werner , Rindelhardt Udo 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials from decommissioned nuclear power plants (NPPs) offers the unique opportunity to scrutinize the irradiation behavior under real conditions. Material samples taken from the RPV wall enable a comprehensive material characterization. The paper describes the investigation of trepans taken from the decommissioned WWER-440 first generation RPVs of the Greifswald NPP. Those RPVs represent different material conditions such as irradiated (I); irradiated and recovery annealed (IA); and irradiated, recovery annealed, and re-irradiated (IAI). The working program is focused on the characterization of the RPV steels (base and weld metal) through the RPV wall. The key part of the testing is aimed at the determination of the reference temperature T0 following the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) Test Standard E1921–08 to determine the fracture toughness of the RPV steel in different thickness locations. In a first step, the trepans taken from the RPV Greifswald unit 1 containing the X-butt multilayer submerged welding seam and from base metal ring 0.3.1 both located in the beltline region were investigated. Unit 1 represents the IAI condition. It is shown that the master curve (MC) approach as adopted in ASTM E1921 is applicable to the investigated original WWER-440 weld metal. The evaluated T0 varies through the thickness of the welding seam. The lowest T0 value was measured in the root region of the welding seam representing a uniform fine grain ferritic structure. Beyond the welding root T0 shows a wavelike behavior. The highest T0 of the weld seam was not measured at the inner wall surface. This is important for the assessment of ductile-to-brittle temperatures measured on subsize Charpy specimens made of weld metal compact samples removed from the inner RPV wall. Our findings imply that these samples do not represent the most conservative condition. Nevertheless, the Charpy-V transition temperature TT41J estimated with results of subsize specimens after the recovery annealing was confirmed by the testing of standard Charpy-V-notch specimens. The evaluated TT41J shows a better accordance with the irradiation fluence along the wall thickness than the master curve reference temperature T0. The evaluated T0 from the trepan of base metal ring 0.3.1 varies through the thickness of the RPV wall. The KJc values generally follow the course of the MC, although the scatter is large. The re-embrittlement during two campaign operations can be assumed to be low for the weld and base metal.
Reduction of Immunogenicity of Anthrax Vaccines Subjected to Thermal Stress, as Measured by a Toxin Neutralization Assay
Authors: Castelán-Vega Juan , Corvette Laura , Sirota Lev , Arciniega Juan 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
We report that a toxin neutralization assay (TNA) can detect a decrease in the immunogenicity of anthrax vaccines as a consequence of brief exposure to elevated temperature. This attribute of TNA may help in adopting immunogenicity as a replacement of the current potency test, which involves protection from lethal challenge.
A Live, AttenuatedBordetella pertussisVaccine Provides Long-Term Protection against Virulent Challenge in a Murine Model
Authors: Skerry Ciaran M. , Mahon Bernard P. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTDespite successful mass vaccination programs, whooping cough remains a significant cause of neonatal mortality. Immunity induced by current vaccines wanes in adolescence, requiring additional immunizations to prevent resurgence. There is a need for a new generation of vaccines capable of conferring long-lasting immunity from birth. Recently, a live, attenuated whooping cough vaccine, BPZE1, has been developed. Here, an established murine immunization model was used to examine the induction and longevity of immunological memory. In this predictive model, BPZE1 conferred a level of protection against virulent bacterial challenge comparable to that conferred by recovery from prior infection, up to 1 year after immunization. One year after immunization with BPZE1, a pertussis-specific persistent response, with high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), could be detected from spleen cells restimulated with inactivatedBordetella pertussis. BPZE1 induced low levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and no IL-10 or IL-5. BPZE1 immunization induced long-lasting, efficacious memory B-cell and specific antibody responses dominated by IgG2a, which were boosted by subsequent challenge. Finally, the antibody induced by BPZE1 was functionally relevant and could clear a virulentB. pertussisinfection in antibody-deficient mice following passive transfer. This study suggests that BPZE1 is capable of conferring a high level of long-lived effective protection against virulentB. pertussis.
Use of Epidemiological Cutoff Values To Examine 9-Year Trends in Susceptibility of Candida Species to Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin
Authors: Pfaller M. , Boyken L. , Hollis R. , Kroeger J. , Messer S. , Tendolkar S. , Diekema D. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The CLSI clinical breakpoint (CBP) for echinocandin susceptibility (S; MICs of ≤2 μg/ml) may classify isolates with acquired resistance (R) mutations as susceptible. Epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) have been established to distinguish wild-type (WT)
Candida
strains from those that may exhibit R mutations. The CLSI-developed ECVs for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin were applied to 15,269 isolates of
Candida
spp. collected from over 100 centers worldwide between 2001 and 2009 to determine the frequency of non-WT strains of each species. The collection included 8,378 isolates of
Candida albicans
, 2,352 isolates of
C. glabrata
, 2,195 isolates of
C. parapsilosis
, 1,841 isolates of
C. tropicalis
, and 503 isolates of
C. krusei
. The mean percentages of non-WT isolates per year for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin, respectively, were as follows: for
C. albicans
, 0.3, 0.1, and 2.1; for
C. glabrata
, 0.8, 1.3, and 1.6; for
C. parapsilosis
, 0.0, 1.5, and 0.5; for
C. tropicalis
, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.9; and for
C. krusei
, 0.5, 6.4, and 3.5. We noted increases in the percentage of non-WT isolates, from 0.5% (2001) to 3.1% (2009) for caspofungin and
C. parapsilosis
, from 0.4% (2004) to 1.8% (2009) for anidulafungin and
C. glabrata
, from 2.4% (2004) to 5.7% (2009) for micafungin and
C. krusei
, and from 0.0% (2004) to 3.1% (2009) for micafungin and
C. parapsilosis
. No trends were noted for any species and drug when we used the CBP. Echinocandin CBPs are insensitive for detecting emerging R. Although uncommon, decreased S among
Candida
isolates was observed for each of the echinocandins and varied by species. Using ECVs is important in determining R trends among echinocandins and
Candida
.
Natural Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Is Mediated by Transitional Memory CD8+T Cells
Authors: Killian M. Scott , Johnson Carl , Teque Fernando , Fujimura Sue , Levy Jay A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTHIV replication is suppressedin vitroby a CD8+cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR). This activity directly correlates with an asymptomatic clinical state. The objective of this study was to identify the phenotype of CD8+cell subsets having strong CNAR activity. CD8+cell subset frequencies and CNAR levels were measured for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected individuals and three groups of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals: asymptomatic individuals with low-level viremia (vHIV), antiretroviral-drug-treated subjects with undetectable virus levels (TxHIV), and therapy-naïve aviremic elite controllers (EC). CD8+cells from the vHIV individuals exhibited the highest HIV-suppressing activity and had elevated frequencies of CD45RA−CD27+and PD-1+(CD279+) cells. Functional assessments of CD8+cells sorted into distinct subsets established that maximal CNAR activity was mediated by CD45RA−CCR7−CD27+and PD-1+CD8+cells. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiles of CD8+cell subsets having strong CNAR activity exhibited increased perturbations in comparison to those of inactive subsets. Together, these studies suggest that CNAR is driven by HIV replication and that this antiviral activity is associated with oligoclonally expanded activated CD8+cells expressing PD-1 and having a transitional memory cell phenotype. The findings better describe the identity of CD8+cells showing CNAR and should facilitate the evaluation of this important immune response in studies of HIV pathogenesis, resistance to infection, and vaccine development.
Immunodominance and Functional Activities of Antibody Responses to Inactivated West Nile Virus and Recombinant Subunit Vaccines in Mice
Authors: Zlatkovic Juergen , Stiasny Karin , Heinz Franz X. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Factors controlling the dominance of antibody responses to specific sites in viruses and/or protein antigens are ill defined but can be of great importance for the induction of potent immune responses to vaccines. West Nile virus and other related important human-pathogenic flaviviruses display the major target of neutralizing antibodies, the E protein, in an icosahedral shell at the virion surface. Potent neutralizing antibodies were shown to react with the upper surface of domain III (DIII) of this protein. Using the West Nile virus system, we conducted a study on the immunodominance and functional quality of E-specific antibody responses after immunization of mice with soluble protein E (sE) and isolated DIII in comparison to those after immunization with inactivated whole virions. With both virion and sE, the neutralizing response was dominated by DIII-specific antibodies, but the functionality of these antibodies was almost four times higher after virion immunization. Antibodies induced by the isolated DIII had an at least 15-fold lower specific neutralizing activity than those induced by the virion, and only 50% of these antibodies were able to bind to virus particles. Our results suggest that immunization with the tightly packed E in virions focuses the DIII antibody response to the externally exposed sites of this domain which are the primary targets for virus neutralization, different from sE and isolated DIII, which also display protein surfaces that are cryptic in the virion. Despite its low potency for priming, DIII was an excellent boosting antigen, suggesting novel vaccination strategies that strengthen and focus the antibody response to critical neutralizing sites in DIII.
The N-Terminal Region of
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus
Coat Protein Is a Host- and Strain-Specific Long-Distance Transport Factor
Authors: Tatineni Satyanarayana , Van Winkle David H. , French Roy 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Understanding the genetics underlying host range differences among plant virus strains can provide valuable insights into viral gene functions and virus-host interactions. In this study, we examined viral determinants and mechanisms of differential infection of
Zea mays
inbred line SDp2 by
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV) isolates. WSMV isolates Sidney 81 (WSMV-S81) and Type (WSMV-T) share 98.7% polyprotein sequence identity but differentially infect SDp2: WSMV-S81 induces a systemic infection, but WSMV-T does not. Coinoculation and sequential inoculation of SDp2 with WSMV-T and/or WSMV-S81 did not affect systemic infection by WSMV-S81, suggesting that WSMV-T does not induce a restrictive defense response but that virus-encoded proteins may be involved in differential infection of SDp2. The viral determinant responsible for strain-specific host range was mapped to the N terminus of coat protein (CP) by systematic exchanges of WSMV-S81 sequences with those of WSMV-T and by reciprocal exchanges of CP or CP codons 1 to 74. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged WSMV-S81 with CP or CP residues 1 to 74 from WSMV-T produced similar numbers of infection foci and genomic RNAs and formed virions in inoculated leaves as those produced with WSMV-S81, indicating that failure to infect SDp2 systemically is not due to defects in replication, cell-to-cell movement, or virion assembly. However, these GFP-tagged hybrids showed profound defects in long-distance transport of virus through the phloem. Furthermore, we found that four of the five differing amino acids in the N terminus of CP between the WSMV-S81 and WSMV-T isolates were collectively involved in systemic infection of SDp2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the N-terminal region of tritimoviral CP functions in host- and strain-specific long-distance movement.
Formation of Antiviral Cytoplasmic Granules during Orthopoxvirus Infection
Authors: Simpson-Holley M. , Kedersha N. , Dower K. , Rubins K. H. , Anderson P. , Hensley L. E. , Connor J. H. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Vaccinia virus (VV) mutants lacking the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding E3L protein (Δ
E3L
mutant VV) show restricted replication in most cell types, as dsRNA produced by VV activates protein kinase R (PKR), leading to eIF2α phosphorylation and impaired translation initiation. Here we show that cells infected with Δ
E3L
mutant VV assemble cytoplasmic granular structures which surround the VV replication factories at an early stage of the nonproductive infection. These structures contain the stress granule-associated proteins G3BP, TIA-1, and USP10, as well as poly(A)-containing RNA. These structures lack large ribosomal subunit proteins, suggesting that they are translationally inactive. Formation of these punctate structures correlates with restricted replication, as they occur in >80% of cells infected with Δ
E3L
mutant VV but in only 10% of cells infected with wild-type VV. We therefore refer to these structures as antiviral granules (AVGs). Formation of AVGs requires PKR and phosphorylated eIF2α, as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking PKR displayed reduced granule formation and MEFs lacking phosphorylatable eIF2α showed no granule formation. In both cases, these decreased levels of AVG formation correlated with increased Δ
E3L
mutant VV replication. Surprisingly, MEFs lacking the AVG component protein TIA-1 supported increased replication of Δ
E3L
mutant VV, despite increased eIF2α phosphorylation and the assembly of AVGs that lacked TIA-1. These data indicate that the effective PKR-mediated restriction of Δ
E3L
mutant VV replication requires AVG formation subsequent to eIF2α phosphorylation. This is a novel finding that supports the hypothesis that the formation of subcellular protein aggregates is an important component of the successful cellular antiviral response.
Nuclear NF-κB/p65 expression and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer
Authors: Jones Robin L , Rojo Federico , A'Hern Roger , Villena Nadia , Salter Janine , Corominas Josep Maria , Servitja Sonia , Smith Ian E , Rovira Ana , Reis-Filho Jorge S , Dowsett Mitchell , Albanell Joan 
Published: December 2010

AimsTo evaluate the clinicopathological associations and predictive value of the transcription factor NF-κB in a large series of breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsA retrospective search of a prospectively maintained database was performed to identify patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the p65 subunit of NF-κB, using nuclear staining as a surrogate of activation.ResultsNuclear NF-κB expression was found in 26.3% (35/133) of cases. Nuclear NF-κB staining was associated with high histological grade (p=0.05), oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity (p=0.01) and higher Ki67 index (p=0.002). Patients with nuclear NF-κB staining had a higher pathological complete response (pCR) rate than those without (26.5% vs 6.0% respectively, p=0.004); there was no significant association with clinical response or outcome. In an exploratory hypothesis-generating analysis, in the ER+/HER2− subgroup (n=43) a significantly lower clinical response rate was observed in those with nuclear NF-κB staining compared with those who had no nuclear NF-κB staining (14.3% vs 61.0%, p=0.038). There were no pCRs in ER+/ HER2− tumours.ConclusionsNuclear NF-κB expression is associated with ER negativity, higher Ki67 index and tumour grade. It was also found to be significantly associated with increased pCR but not clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Lumbar disc nucleoplasty using coblation technology: clinical outcome
Authors: Azzazi Alaa , AlMekawi Sherif , Zein Mostafa 
Published: December 2010

Background and purposeAlthough the standard treatment for lumbar disc herniation is lumbar microdiscectomy, nucleoplasty offers a new technique with encouraging results in well selected cases. Nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive technique that manages intradiscal herniation through energy based removal of part of the nucleus pulposus. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and clinical outcome of the nucleoplasty procedure in well selected cases.MethodsCoblation technology was used in 50 patients, who had radicular leg pain due to contained disc herniation or focal protrusion, from 2005 to 2008. Clinical outcome was assessed by the Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index Questionnaire. Reduction in analgesic treatment was also recorded. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia.ResultsThe mean Visual Analog Scale score decreased from 8.2 to 1.3 at the 1 year evaluation (p=0.001). The Oswestry Disability Index Questionnaire decreased from 62.2 to 9.6 at the 1 year follow-up (p=0.001). Analgesic consumption was reduced or stopped in 90% of cases after 1 year. There was complete resolution of symptoms in 40 patients after 1 year. There were four patients who underwent conventional microdiscectomy. Five cases had postoperative discitis which cleared clinically and radiologically within 2 months without sequelae in four of them. One patient had to undergo operative instrumental fusion at the affected level.ConclusionNucleoplasty does not require general anesthesia, offers less morbidity and shortens recovery time. Contained herniated disc or focal protrusion are the most important inclusion criteria. Hence this technique is a promising tool in well selected cases.