bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Fatigue Behavior of Welded Cruciform Joints
Authors: Erny C. , Thévenet D. , Cognard J. Y. , Korner M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ship structures are commonly assembled by using welding process. Due to the swell, all ships are submitted to some variable and complex loadings. The welding process creates specific geometries at the weld toe where local stress concentrations are generated and also creates various mechanical properties in the heat affected zone. Accordingly, welded joints could be a critical area for fatigue damage. In a previous work, a methodology to predict fatigue life has been developed and tested on butt-welded joints. To go further, the present work focuses on more complex assemblies in order to validate this strategy and be able to estimate the fatigue life of representative naval structures. First, the methodology consists of the elastic shakedown study and then of a post-treatment which predicts the fatigue crack initiation. A comparison between experimental and numerical results is proposed in order to present the accuracy of the proposed strategy to predict fatigue life time of welded assemblies typical of shipbuilding applications.
ModalCAD—Interactive Dynamic Characteristic Identification Software for Experimental and Operational Modal Analysis of Engineering Structures
Authors: Şahin Abdurrahman , Bayraktar Alemdar 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper the development of interactive and comparative dynamic characteristic identification software titled as the ModalCAD is described. The software is developed for vibration monitoring of civil engineering structures and constructed by using MATLAB, which is a mathematical tool developed by The Mathworks. The modal analysis of structures consists of four distinct steps: Data collection, digital signal processing, determination of the modal parameters (eigenfrequencies, damping ratios, mode shapes, and modal scaling factors) with modal data presentation/validation and model updating. The ModalCAD software is a powerful tool that deals with modal parameter identification and validation procedure. The ModalCAD offers extensive functionalities for the visualization and processing of the measurement data, the identification of system models, and the determination and visualization of the structure’s modal parameters. The program disposes of a graphical user interface, which what makes it very intuitive and easy to handle. The most common modal parameter estimation techniques have been used in the ModalCAD. The Operating Vectors method, Complex Exponential method, and Polyreference Time Domain method are implemented in a user-friendly way. By pushing buttons the user is guided through the whole process of input-output and output-only modal analysis: Preprocessing the data, system identification, extracting modal parameters, animating mode shapes, and evaluating model validation tools. The possibilities of the program are demonstrated with a three dimensional frame model. It can be said that the ModalCAD software can be used as a scientific tool in future structural health monitoring studies of researchers.
Der deutsche Bauernverband 1945 bis 1990. Vom Gestus des Unbedingten zur Rettung durch Europa
Authors: Patel Kiran Klaus 
Published: April 2010

Vorspann
Der Deutsche Bauernverband gilt als erzkonservativ, stur interessenorientiert und europaskeptisch – als altmodische Lobby mit Stallgeruch. Die Wirklichkeit sieht anders aus, wie der in Florenz lehrende Historiker Kiran Klaus Patel in einem zupackenden Essay zu zeigen vermag. Der DBV entpuppte sich – trotz mancher derber Anleihen beim rechten Lager – rasch als Stütze der Bonner Demokratie, und er verstand es früher und besser als andere Interessenverbände, die Chancen zu nutzen, die Brüssel und der gemeinsame Agrarmarkt boten.
Des Kaisers Fünfte Kolonne? Kriegsgefangene aus dem Zarenreich im Kalkül deutscher Kolonisationskonzepte (1914 bis 1922)
Authors: Nagornaja Oxana 
Published: April 2010

Vorspann
Dass das Deutsche Reich während des Ersten Weltkriegs Russland zu unterminieren und auszuschalten suchte, indem es das Unabhängigkeitsstreben der Polen, Balten, Ukrainer und anderer Ethnien im Russischen Reich förderte, ist seit langem bekannt. Weniger bekannt ist dagegen, dass die deutsche Armee auch die Kriegsgefangenen aus der Zarenarmee in diesem Sinne beeinflussen und instrumentalisieren wollte. Auf der Grundlage unbekannter deutscher Quellen vermittelt die Autorin erstmals eine Vorstellung von der Dimension dieses Unternehmens, von seinen Erfolgen und Misserfolgen und schließlich auch von seinen Konsequenzen, die so ganz anders waren, als es sich die deutsche Seite erhofft hatte.
Ein Cheers auf das schlechte Gewissen. Gesellschaftliche Trinkkultur und Geschmacksverfall in der amerikanischen Prohibitionszeit 1920 bis 1933
Authors: Welskopp Thomas 
Published: April 2010

Vorspann
Amerika sollte trocken sein, erlebte aber nach 1920 die Herausbildung einer neuen Trinkkultur, die wiederum der modernen Konsumgesellschaft zum Durchbruch verhalf. Alkohol avancierte zu einer Art Modedroge, die nicht zuletzt in den urbanen Mittelklassen viel Anklang fand, dort aber – aller rauschhaften Hingabe und rhetorischen Dicktuerei zum Trotz – nur mit schlechtem Gewissen konsumiert wurde. Thomas Welskopp, ein in Bielefeld lehrender Historiker, schildert diese schalen Exzesse und begibt sich damit auf die Spuren von Sinclair Lewis, der die Ambivalenz der amerikanischen Prohibitionszeit in seinen Romanen meisterhaft beschrieben hat.
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 and Recombinant Human Beta‐Nerve Growth Factor on the Healing of Class III Furcation Defects in Dogs
Authors: Yan Xiang‐Zhen , Ge Shao‐Hua , Sun Qin‐Feng , Guo Hong‐Mei , Yang Pi‐Shan 
Published: April 2010

Background: The quantity of regenerated bone induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP2) is encouraging, but sometimes the quality is inferior. Recombinant human beta‐nerve growth factor (rhβ‐NGF) plays a major role in bone remodeling. This study evaluates the quality and quantity of regenerated bone in periodontal regeneration following topical application of the two growth factors to Class III furcation defects.Methods: Thirty‐six inflamed Class III furcation defects were created in six beagle dogs at sites of mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and then biodegradable hydrogel incorporating rhBMP2 and rhβ‐NGF was topically applied to the defects. The groupings were as follows: G1, untreated (control group A); G2, carrier alone (control group B); G3, 0.4% rhBMP2 + carrier; G4, 2% rhβ‐NGF + carrier; G5, 0.4% rhBMP2 + 2% rhβ‐NGF + carrier; and G6, 0.2% rhBMP2 + 1% rhβ‐NGF + carrier. Eight weeks after application, the quality and quantity of regenerated tissue were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy observation, calcium/phosphorus ratio analysis, and histologic evaluation.Results: The regenerated bone in G5 exhibited the highest calcium/phosphorus ratio among all groups and showed a denser structure with more calcified substances on the collagen fiber surface than that in the other groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that 0.4% rhBMP2 + 2% rhβ‐NGF promoted the highest percentage of periodontal regeneration among all groups.Conclusion: The results of this pilot study suggest that a topical application of rhBMP2 and rhβ‐NGF may improve the quality and quantity of regenerated bone in artificially created Class III furcation defects of beagle dogs.
Investigating the Effect of Social Changes on Age-Specific Gun-Related Homicide Rates in New York City During the 1990s
Authors: Cerdá Magdalena , Messner Steven F. , Tracy Melissa , Vlahov David , Goldmann Emily , Tardiff Kenneth J. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2010

Objectives. We assessed whether New York City's gun-related homicide rates in the 1990s were associated with a range of social determinants of homicide rates. Methods. We used cross-sectional time-series data for 74 New York City police precincts from 1990 through 1999, and we estimated Bayesian hierarchical models with a spatial error term. Homicide rates were estimated separately for victims aged 15–24 years (youths), 25–34 years (young adults), and 35 years or older (adults). Results. Decreased cocaine consumption was associated with declining homicide rates in youths (posterior median [PM] = 0.25; 95% Bayesian confidence interval [BCI] = 0.07, 0.45) and adults (PM = 0.07; 95% BCI = 0.02, 0.12), and declining alcohol consumption was associated with fewer homicides in young adults (PM = 0.14; 95% BCI = 0.02, 0.25). Receipt of public assistance was associated with fewer homicides for young adults (PM = –104.20; 95% BCI = –182.0, –26.14) and adults (PM = –28.76; 95% BCI = –52.65, –5.01). Misdemeanor policing was associated with fewer homicides in adults (PM = –0.01; 95% BCI = –0.02, –0.001). Conclusions. Substance use prevention policies and expansion of the social safety net may be able to cause major reductions in homicide among age groups that drive city homicide trends.
Trajectories of Change in Obesity and Symptoms of Depression: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Needham Belinda L. , Epel Elissa S. , Adler Nancy E. , Kiefe Catarina 
Published: April 2010

Objectives. We investigated whether, over time, baseline obesity is associated with change in depressive symptoms or if baseline symptoms of depression are associated with change in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. We used latent growth curve modeling to examine data from years 5, 10, 15, and 20 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (n = 4643). We assessed depressive symptomatology with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Results. Respondents who started out with higher levels of depressive symptoms experienced a faster rate of increase in BMI (for Whites only) and waist circumference (for Blacks and Whites) over time than did those who reported fewer symptoms of depression in year 5. Initial BMI and waist circumference did not influence the rate of change in symptoms of depression over time. Conclusions. Depressive symptomatology likely plays a role in the development of physical health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, through its association with increases in relative weight and abdominal obesity over time.
Will Increasing Alcohol Availability By Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences Among Youths?
Authors: Wechsler Henry , Nelson Toben F. 
Published: April 2010

Alcohol use health consequences are considerable; prevention efforts are needed, particularly for adolescents and college students. The national minimum legal drinking age of 21 years is a primary alcohol-control policy in the United States. An advocacy group supported by some college presidents seeks public debate on the minimum legal drinking age and proposes reducing it to 18 years. We reviewed recent trends in drinking and related consequences, evidence on effectiveness of the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years, research on drinking among college students related to the minimum legal drinking age, and the case to lower the minimum legal drinking age. Evidence supporting the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years is strong and growing. A wide range of empirically supported interventions is available to reduce underage drinking. Public health professionals can play a role in advocating these interventions.
Cognitive Functioning and Academic Performance in Elementary School Children with Anxious/Depressed and Withdrawn Symptoms
Authors: Lundy Shannon M. , Silva Graciela E. , Kaemingk Kristine L. , Goodwin James L. , Quan Stuart F. 
Published: April 2010

Rationale:
Few studies have evaluated the relationship between depressive symptomatology and neuropsychological performance in children without symptomatic depression.

Objectives:
This study determined the relationship between anxious/depressed and withdrawn symptoms and performance on cognitive and academic achievement measures.

Methods:
335 Caucasian and Hispanic children aged 6 to 11 years who participated in the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA) study were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring cognitive functioning and academic achievement. Their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Correlations between performance on the cognitive and academic achievement measures and two Internalizing scales from the CBCL were calculated. Comparisons were made between a “Clinical” referral group (using a T-score of ≥ 60 from the CBCL scales) and a “Normal” group, as well as between Caucasians and Hispanics.

Results:
No differences were found between those participants with increased anxious/depressed or withdrawn symptoms on the CBCL and those without increased symptoms with respect to age, gender, ethnicity, or parental education level. However, significant negative correlations were found between these symptoms and general intellectual function, language, visual construction skills, attention, processing speed, executive functioning abilities, aspects of learning and memory, psychomotor speed and coordination, and basic academic skills.

Conclusions:
These findings support the hypothesis that depressive symptomatology negatively impacts performance on cognitive and academic achievement measures in school-aged children and these findings are not affected by ethnicity. The findings also reinforce the concept that the presence of anxious/depressed or withdrawn symptoms needs to be considered when evaluating poor neuropsychological performance in children.
Challenging Challenge Questions: An Experimental Analysis of Authentication Technologies and User Behaviour
Authors: Just Mike , Aspinall David 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo authenticate human users to systems, challenge questions based on personal information are often used, typically when a primary authentication credential, such as a password, is forgotten. This ought to be a trustworthy mechanism, that is both reliable and accurate: personal information should be inherently memorable and not known to others. However, concerns have been raised recently about these assumptions: for example, some commonly used questions may be based on information that is available publicly. A possible improvement, then, is to allow users to choose their own questions. Here we report on an experiment which gathered user chosen questions and a subsequent security and usability analysis of them. Our experiment itself follows a novel method which is designed to engender the trust of participants, so they participate honestly. This methodological innovation demonstrates that it is possible to perform ethical authentication experiments where sensitive information does not have to be collected from users. Our experiments revealed some surprising results. Although subjects sometimes seemed aware of the need for security, they often ‘missed the mark’ by a wide margin; similarly, there are serious concerns over the usability of freely chosen questions with free‐form answers. These results should raise some serious questions for those setting the policy agenda for either testing or building authentication solutions for Internet applications.
Quantification and Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Insulitis-Induced Destruction of β-Cells in Murine Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Alanentalo Tomas , Hörnblad Andreas , Mayans Sofia , Karin Nilsson Anna , Sharpe James , Larefalk Åsa , Ahlgren Ulf , Holmberg Dan 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to refine the information regarding the quantitative and spatial dynamics of infiltrating lymphocytes and remaining β-cell volume during the progression of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of the disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using an ex vivo technique, optical projection tomography (OPT), we quantified and assessed the three-dimensional spatial development and progression of insulitis and β-cell destruction in pancreata from diabetes-prone NOD and non–diabetes-prone congenic NOD.H-2b mice between 3 and 16 weeks of age.

RESULTS
Together with results showing the spatial dynamics of the insulitis process, we provide data of β-cell volume distributions down to the level of the individual islets and throughout the pancreas during the development and progression of type 1 diabetes. Our data provide evidence for a compensatory growth potential of the larger insulin+ islets during the later stages of the disease around the time point for development of clinical diabetes. This is in contrast to smaller islets, which appear less resistant to the autoimmune attack. We also provide new information on the spatial dynamics of the insulitis process itself, including its apparently random distribution at onset, the local variations during its further development, and the formation of structures resembling tertiary lymphoid organs at later phases of insulitis progression.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data provide a powerful tool for phenotypic analysis of genetic and environmental effects on type 1 diabetes etiology as well as for evaluating the potential effect of therapeutic regimes.
Monocyte Gene-Expression Profiles Associated With Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Disease Risk: A Study of Identical Twins
Authors: Beyan Huriya , Drexhage Roosmarijn C. , van der Heul Nieuwenhuijsen Leonie , de Wit Harm , Padmos Roosmarijn C. , Schloot Nanette C. , Drexhage Hemmo A. , Leslie Richard David 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Monocytes in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes show distinct gene expression. We hypothesize that monocyte activation in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for childhood-onset type 1 diabetes could reflect distinct stages of the disease process including diabetes susceptibility (differences between twins, both diabetic and nondiabetic, and control subjects) and/or disease progression (differences between diabetic and nondiabetic twins).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied patterns of inflammatory gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes of MZ twin pairs (n = 10 pairs) discordant for childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, normal control twin pairs (n = 10 pairs), and healthy control subjects (n = 51) using quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR). We tested the 24 genes previously observed by whole genome analyses and verified by Q-PCR in autoimmune diabetes and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis.

RESULTS
Of 24 genes abnormally expressed in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, we revalidated abnormal expression in 16 of them in diabetic twins including distinct sets of downregulated (P &lt; 0.03) and upregulated (P &lt; 0.02) genes. Of these 16 genes, 13 were abnormally expressed in nondiabetic twins, implicating these genes in diabetes susceptibility (P &lt; 0.044 for all). Cluster analysis of monocyte gene-expression in nondiabetic twins identified two distinct, mutually exclusive clusters, while diabetic twins had a network of positively correlated genes.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes show abnormal monocyte gene–expression levels with an altered gene–expression network due to gene-environment interaction. Importantly, perturbed gene–expression clusters were also detected in nondiabetic twins, implicating monocyte abnormalities in susceptibility to diabetes.
Incorporating Type 1 Diabetes Prevention Into Clinical Practice
Authors: Gregory Justin M. , Lilley Jessica S. , Misfeldt Amanda A. , Buscariollo Daniela L. , Russell William E. , Moore Daniel J. 
Published: April 2010

IN BRIEF
There are numerous global trials to prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes. Although these efforts are largely directed by specialized investigative teams, enrollment is open to individuals at risk for diabetes who may never encounter a subspecialty provider. Thus, there are exciting new opportunities for primary practitioners to involve their patients in research for diabetes prevention and reversal. This article reviews the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, factors that determine likelihood of disease, intervention strategies being researched, and the role of primary care providers in disease prevention.
A survey of reasons why veterinarians leave rural veterinary practice in the United States
Authors: Villarroel Aurora , McDonald Stephen R. , Walker William L. , Kaiser Lana , Dewell Reneé D. , Dewell Grant A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Objective—To identify factors associated with veterinarians leaving a career in rural veterinary practice (RVP).
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sample Population—Veterinarians from the United States who no longer worked in RVP.
Procedures—Veterinarians in any area of practice were solicited to participate in an online survey through invitation letters sent to various veterinary associations. Those who indicated that they had left RVP were asked to rank the importance of various potential factors in their decision to leave RVP.
Results—805 responses were obtained from veterinarians who had worked in RVP, of which 246 (30.6%) had left RVP. Most (231/246 [93.9%]) of those who reported leaving RVP had been in practice > 5 years, and 75.2% (185/246) had been in practice > 12 years. Eighty-three (33.7%) who left RVP pursued careers in urban areas, 72 (29.3%) entered academia, and 7 (2.8%) retired. Reasons for leaving RVP ranked by the highest proportions of respondents as being of high importance were emergency duty, time off, salary, practice atmosphere, and family concerns. Women ranked factors such as time off, mentorship, practice atmosphere, conflict with staff, and gender issues as being of high importance more often than men did.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the perceived shortage of veterinarians in RVP may be in part influenced by a lack of retention, particularly among experienced veterinarians. Targeted efforts to tackle issues related to emergency duty, time off, salary, practice atmosphere, and family issues could help alleviate the efflux from RVP.
Association of intestinal disorders in cats with findings of abdominal radiography
Authors: Adams William M. , Sisterman Laura A. , Klauer Julia M. , Kirby Barbara M. , Lin Ting-Li 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare the radiographic appearance of small and large intestines of cats with various medical conditions and create a quantitative index for interpretation of intestinal diameters on radiographic views of the abdomen.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—74 cats that underwent abdominal radiography.
Procedures—Cats were assigned to 1 of 4 diagnosis categories: no gastrointestinal tract disease (n = 20), nonobstructive gastrointestinal tract disease (32), linear foreign body (LFB; 11), and small intestinal mechanical obstruction not caused by an LFB (11). Abdominal radiographs were evaluated without knowledge of history or diagnosis. Maximum and minimum external small intestine diameter (SID) and colon diameter (CD) were compared; dorsoventral and mediolateral measurements of the cranial end plate of L2 (VEL2) and L5 vertebrae were com-pared. Dorsoventral height of VEL2 from lateral radiographic views was used to determine maximum-SID:VEL2 and maximum-CD:VEL2 ratios. Gas patterns were evaluated.
Results—Nonobstructive gastrointestinal tract disease was more likely than obstruction until a maximum-SID:VEL2 ratio > 2.0. At a maximum-SID:VEL2 ratio of 2.5, probability of a disease not related to the intestinal tract was < 4%. At a maximum-SID:VEL2 ratio of 3.0, probability of a mechanical intestinal obstruction was > 70%. When the maximum-CD:VEL2 ratio was 2.0, probability of LFB was 50%; as the maximum-CD:VEL2 ratio increased beyond 2.0, likelihood of LFB decreased. Both gas pattern and CD correlated with diagnosis category.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Normalizing ratios of maximum-SID:VEL2 and maximum-CD:VEL2 obtained from measurements on lateral radiographic views of the abdomen in cats were related to diagnosis category.