bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hard Materials
Authors: Zerr Andreas , Eschnauer Heinz , Kny Erich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Hardness Measurement (Overview)1.2.Classification of Hard Materials1.2.1.Occurrence1.2.2.Appearance1.2.3.Electrical Conductivity1.2.4.Composition and Thermal Stability in Air2.Nonmetallic Hard Materials2.1.Diamond2.2.Cubic Boron Nitride (c‐BN)2.3.Silicon Nitrides2.4.Transition Metal Nitrides MxNx+12.5.Silicon Carbide2.6.Alumina2.7.Cermets3.Metallic Hard Materials (Cemented Carbides)3.1.Production3.1.1.Raw Materials3.1.2.Powder Batch Manufacturing3.1.3.Pressing and Forming3.1.4.Sintering3.1.5.Machining3.1.6.Coating3.1.7.Testing and Quality Control3.2.Commercial Grades3.3.Properties3.4.Uses3.5.Economic Aspects3.6.ToxicologyHard materials are solid substances exhibiting a high resistance towards plastic (irreversible) deformation or damage of their surface by scratching (Mohs or Martens scale), grinding (Rosiwal method) or indentation (Brinell, Rockwell, Shore, Vickers, or Knoop testing). Some of them occur in nature but the majority is synthetic. They are also classified according to their appearance, electric conductivity, and chemical composition which defines their thermal stability in air. This article gives an overview of the synthesis routes, properties, and fields of application of the most important nonmetallic and metallic hard materials. A few recently discovered hard compounds are briefly introduced. Finally, the family of cemented carbides is discussed in more detail, which is broadly used today for cutting of ferrous alloys, in forming equipment, mining industry, and wear resistant components.
Metallic Glasses
Authors: Suryanarayana Challapalli , Inoue Akihisa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification of Metallic Glasses3.The Concepts of Glass Formation4.Glass‐Forming Ability4.1.Critical Cooling Rate4.2.Reduced Glass Transition Temperature4.3.Deep Eutectics4.4.Topological Models4.5.Inoue Criteria4.6.New Criteria5.Synthesis of Metallic Glasses5.1.Principles of Rapid Solidification Processing5.2.General Techniques to Achieve High Rates of Solidification5.3.Melt Spinning5.4.Bulk Metallic Glasses5.4.1.Water Quenching Method5.4.2.Copper Mold Casting5.4.3.Metallic Glass Composites5.4.4.Metallic Glass Foams5.5.Other Methods5.5.1.Mechanical Alloying5.5.2.Vapor Phase Methods6.Crystallization Behavior6.1.Crystallization Modes in Glassy Alloys6.2.Polymorphous Crystallization6.3.Eutectic Crystallization6.4.Primary Crystallization7.Physical Properties7.1.Density7.2.Thermal Expansion7.3.Diffusion7.4.Electrical Resistivity7.5.Specific Heat7.6.Viscosity8.Corrosion Behavior8.1.Effect of Alloying Additions8.2.Influence of Structural Changes9.Mechanical Properties9.1.Deformation Behavior9.1.1.Inhomogeneous Deformation9.1.2.Homogeneous Deformation9.2.Deformation Maps9.3.Temperature Rise at Shear Bands9.4.Strength9.5.Ductility9.6.Fatigue9.6.1.Fatigue Crack Growth Rate9.6.2.Improvement of Fatigue Resistance9.7.Yield Behavior9.8.BMG Composites9.8.1.Mechanical Properties of Composites9.8.2.Initiation and Propagation of Shear Bands10.Magnetic Properties10.1.Effect of Alloying Elements10.2.Effect of Annealing10.3.Nanocrystalline Alloys11.Applications11.1.Mechanical Applications11.2.Chemical Applications11.3.Electrical Applications11.4.Magnetic Applications11.5.Miscellaneous Applications11.5.1.Jewelry11.5.2.Biomedical Applications11.5.3.Other Applications
Mutagenic Agents
Authors: Pfau Wolfgang 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Mutagenesis

2.1.

Gene Mutations

2.1.1.

Point Mutations

2.1.2.

Frameshift Mutations

2.2.

Chromosomal Aberrations

2.3.

Genome Mutations

3.

DNA Repair

4.

Mutations and Cancer

5.

Mutagenicity Tests

5.1.

Microbial Tests

5.2.

Eukaryotic In Vitro Tests

5.2.1.

Mammalian Gene Mutagenicity Tests

5.2.2.

In Vitro Cytogenetic Assays

5.3.

In Vivo Tests

5.3.1.

Micronucleus Assay

5.3.2.

Germ‐Cell Tests

5.3.3.

Indicator Tests

5.3.4.

Transgenic Animals

6.

Testing Strategies

7.

Metabolic Activation

8.

Types of Mutagenic Agents

9.

Conclusions
Chiral Compounds
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Pfaltz Andreas , Wennemers Helma 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Properties of Enantiomers1.2.Absolute Configuration at Stereogenic Centers1.3.Other Stereogenic Elements2.Analysis of Chiral Compounds2.1.Optical Rotation2.2.NMR‐Spectroscopic Analysis2.3.Chromatographic Analysis3.Occurrence, Significance and Synthetic Options3.1.Occurrence and Significance3.2.Synthetic Options4.Resolution of Racemates and Chiral Pool Approach4.1.Resolution of Racemates4.2.Chiral Pool Approach5.Stoichiometric Enantioselective Synthesis5.1.Chiral Reagents5.2.Chiral Auxiliaries6.Enantioselective Catalysis7.Catalysis with Soluble Metal Complexes (Homogeneous Catalysis)7.1.Hydrogenation of Olefins, Ketones and C=N Functions7.2.Oxidation Reactions7.3.Addition Reactions to C=C, C=O, and C=N Moieties7.4.Miscellaneous Transformations7.5.Future Developments8.Heterogeneous Catalysis9.Organocatalysis9.1.Covalent Binding: Aminocatalysis9.2.Hydrogen–Bonding Catalysis9.3.Ion Pair Formation: Catalysis with Lewis Bases, Brønsted Acids, and Phase Transfer Cations9.4.Further Aspects and Future Developments10.Enzymatic Transformations
Catalytic Fixed‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Eigenberger Gerhart , Ruppel Wilhelm 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fixed‐Bed Reactors with Gas‐Phase Reactions1.1.Introduction1.2.Catalyst Forms for Fixed‐Bed Reactors1.2.1.Fluid Flow, Mass and Heat Transfer, and Chemical Reaction in Catalyst‐Filled Tubes1.2.2.Regular Catalyst Structures1.2.3.Comparison and Evaluation of Different Catalyst Forms1.3.Adiabatic Fixed‐Bed Reactors1.3.1.Axial and Radial Flow Reactors1.3.2.Multistage Reactors with Interstage Heat Transfer1.4.Fixed‐Bed Reactors with Integrated Heat Exchange1.4.1.Heat‐Exchange Concepts1.4.2.Heat‐Transfer Media for Fixed‐Bed Reactors1.4.3.Cooled Reactors for Exothermic Reactions1.4.4.Heated Reactors for Endothermic Reactions1.4.5.Influencing the Course of Reaction1.5.Heat‐Integrated Reactor Concepts1.5.1.Autothermal Reactors with External and Internal Heat Exchange1.5.2.Heat‐Integrated Reactors for Coupling of Endo‐ and Exothermic Reactions1.6.Operational and Safety Issues1.6.1.Parametric Sensitivity and Runaway1.6.2.Moving Temperature and Reaction Fronts1.6.3.Other Safety Aspects1.7.Periodic Operation of Fixed‐Bed Reactors1.7.1.Fixed‐Bed Reactors with Periodic Flow Reversal and Exothermic Reaction1.7.2.Fixed‐Bed Reactors with Periodic Flow Reversal for Coupled Exo‐ and Endothermic Reactions1.7.3.Periodic Feed Cycling2.Fixed‐Bed Reactors for Liquid‐Phase Reactions2.1.Introduction2.2.Fixed‐Bed Catalyzed Liquid‐Phase Reactions2.3.Upward Liquid Flow through Fixed Beds2.4.Reactor Layout and Operation2.4.1.Safety Issues2.4.2.Example: Amination of AlcoholsCatalytic fixed‐bed reactors are the most important type of reactors for the synthesis of large‐scale basic chemicals and intermediates and for the treatment of harmful and toxic substances in the gas or the liquid phase. In these reactors the solid catalyst in the form of pellets or regular structures is arranged as a so‐called fixed bed. In this article fixed‐bed reactors with homogeneous (single‐phase) gas or liquid flow are considered. It is a revision of the first version of 1992 and an updated extension of a version published in theHandbook of HeterogeneousCatalysis[53]. Since in the vast majority of cases catalytic fixed‐bed reactors are used for gas‐phase reactions, such reactors are treated in detail in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2 the main differences and peculiarities when fixed‐bed reactors are used for liquid‐phase reactions are mentioned. Fixed‐bed reactors with multiphase gas–liquid or gas–liquid–solid flow are treated in → Three‐Phase Trickle‐Bed Reactors.
Metallic Foams
Authors: Baumeister Joachim , Weise Jörg 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere are numerous processes for making metallic foams or similar highly porous metallic structures. The various processes can be classified into those starting from metallic melts, those starting from powdered metals, and those using deposition techniques. Most methods work for a specific range of metals and alloys and result in a typical foam structure with closed cells or open, interconnected cells. The most important manufacturing methods and a number of established industrial applications are presented.The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Production from Metallic Melts2.2.Production from Metal Powders2.3.Production by Deposition Techniques3.Toxicology and Occupational Health4.Applications and Outlook
Risk mapping of illegal poisoning of avian and mammalian predators
Authors: Márquez Carolina , Vargas J. Mario , Villafuerte Rafael , Fa John E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWild predators are targeted if they are perceived to affect game species or domestic animals. Over the last century, the direct persecution of birds of prey and mammalian carnivores has led to their widespread decline, even local extirpations. Many such cases involved the illegal use of poisoned bait. We used 1,305 detected poisoning events and 59 biophysical variables to construct a distribution model of illegal poisoning throughout Andalusia, southern Spain. We chose this region because the largest number of poisoning events recorded in Spain were detected in Andalusia during the period 1990–2005. Our results showed greater incidence of poisoning was correlated with areas of high predator richness and high wild rabbit hunting yields. Thus, we hypothesize that wildlife managers should be able to estimate current and potential poisoning areas using frequency of poisoning events data. Managers can then focus control within those areas identified as conflict zones and establish surveillance schemes that prevent the loss of wildlife within the targeted areas. Our results have potential application in strategic planning for conservation of vulnerable high‐profile species such as birds of prey and mammalian carnivores in southern Spain and other regions. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Heterobifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol) Derivatives for the Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles Toward Bone Mineral Targeting
Authors: Zayed Gamal M. S. , Tessmar Joerg K. V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHeterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol)s can be used for many biomedical applications ranging from solubility enhancement of hardly soluble compounds to surface modification of medical devices. In order to modify gold nanoparticles as model particles for drug targeting applications, PEG derivatives are synthesized that possess a high affinity for gold surfaces, namely a thioalkyl function, known to form stable monolayers on gold. Additionally a bisphosphonate function is introduced in the PEG molecule to allow targeting of hydroxyapatite rich tissues, like bone. Gold nanoparticles are modified using the synthesized bifunctional PEG and investigated for their stability in biological fluids and their ability to bind to hydroxyapatite granules in these fluids.magnified image
Routine sperm banking for testicular cancer patients should be performed both before and after orchidectomy
Authors: Tomlinson MJ , Kohut TL , Hopkisson JF , Lemberger RJ 
Published: July 2012

Background: Despite some groups recommending that sperm banking for testicular cancer patients prior to orchidectomy results in improved overall semen quality, it remains common practice for this to occur post operatively, prior to any chemotherapy. Having seen anecdotal evidence of patients being rendered azoospermic and thus sterile by unilateral orchidectomy, we investigated further. Methods: Forty men listed for orchidectomy banked a single sample before surgery and were then given the opportunity to bank further samples post operatively. Results: Post orchidectomy, overall sperm concentration ( p = 0.01) and motility ( p < 0.05) were lower compared to before surgery and two men had azoospermia. However, the overall picture was misleading as in 13 individuals their sperm output was increased ( n = 13) after surgery. Both cases of post operative azoospermia were amongst the patients with seminoma although at least 50% of patients with teratoma had severe oligozoospermia post surgery. Conclusions: Despite the relatively high frequency of normal sperm counts amongst seminoma patients, there was no significant difference in total sperm output or sperm quality between these men and those with teratoma or mixed cell tumours. As overall sperm quality was lower after surgery and some patients had totally compromised fertility, our centre has changed its policy to encouraging sperm banking prior to surgery. However, we maintain that generalisation of this population is unwise and patients should also attend after surgery to optimise the quality of their samples in the sperm bank.
Screening of plant extracts for antifungal activities against Colletotrichum species of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)
Authors: MASANGWA J. I. G. , AVELING T. A. S. , KRITZINGER Q. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThe aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the antifungal activities of plant extracts which can be used to control bean and cowpea anthracnose. Acetone, ethyl acetate and water extracts of Ipomoea batatas, Carica papaya, Allium sativum, Syzygium cordatum, Chlorophytum comosum and Agapanthus caulescens were screened in vitro for their antifungal activities against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Colletotrichum dematium of common bean and cowpea using the agar disc infusion and microtitre double-dilution techniques. The same extracts were then tested for antifungal activity in vivo as seed treatments against anthracnose disease. The water extracts of Carica and Syzygium were active against C. lindemuthianum and had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1·56 mg/ml. Syzygium, Allium and Chlorophytum water extracts were active against C. dematium and MICs were 3·13, 6·25 and 12·5 mg/ml, respectively. The MICs of Allium, Syzygium and Agapanthus acetone extracts were 0·78, 3·13 and 6·25 mg/ml, respectively, against C. lindemuthianum and 0·78, 6·25 and 3·13 mg/ml against C. dematium. Agapanthus water extracts and all the acetone extracts tested in vivo effectively reduced the incidence and severity of bean anthracnose disease in the greenhouse. Agapanthus acetone, Allium water, and both acetone and water extracts of Carica and Syzygium performed well in vivo in reducing cowpea anthracnose disease and compared well with reductions due to the application of the synthetic fungicide fludioxonil+mefenoxam (the commercial product Celest® XL) applied at 25 gai/l and also with levels in the non-inoculated control. The Agapanthus, Carica, Syzygium and Allium extracts were active on both Colletotrichum spp. in vitro and also reduced anthracnose disease of bean and cowpea and are potential seed treatments in anthracnose disease control. The easy seed treatment process and the accessibility of plants used in the present study could lead to high adoption of the use of the plant extracts as seed treatments by resource-poor, smallholder farmers.
FREEDOM, HISTORY, AND RACE IN PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT
Authors: Miller Tiffany Jones 
Published: July 2012

AbstractScholarly discussions of the turn of the 20th century progressive movement frequently ignore or give but glancing attention to the progressives’ racial views and policies. Those who do pay greater attention to them nonetheless tend to dismiss them as being somehow “paradoxical” or inconsistent with what they regard as the movement’s core, “democratic” principles. The purpose of this paper, accordingly, is to explain the origin and nature of the movement’s core principles, and to show how the reformers’ racial views and policies, far from being inconsistent with these principles, were in fact their natural outgrowth. The progressives’ support for the colonial subjugation of the Filipinos, as well as the disfranchisement and segregation of American blacks, reflects, in other words, the transformation in the character or content of public policy necessitated by the reformers’ rejection of the “individualism” of the American founding in favor of a new conception of “individualism” chiefly inspired by early 19th century German idealism.
SAVING LOCKE FROM MARX: THE LABOR THEORY OF VALUE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEORY
Authors: Mossoff Adam 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe labor theory of value is fundamental to John Locke’s justification for property rights, but Edwin Hettinger argues in a famous article, “Justifying Intellectual Property,” that it fails to justify intellectual property rights. Hettinger believes that the labor theory of value cannot justify a right to the full economic value in an invention or book, because the creator’s physical labor contributes only proportionally to this socially-created market value. Robert Nozick, G. A. Cohen, and other philosophers similarly dismiss the labor theory of value as illogical or incoherent. But these philosophers redefine Locke’s concepts oflaborandvalueintophysicalandeconomicterms, which is more akin to Karl Marx’s labor theory of economic value. The principle of interpretative charity demands reconsideration of Locke’s labor theory of value in its own terms and within the full context of his natural law ethical theory, especially in considering how Locke himself justifies intellectual property rights. This article thus analyzes oft-neglected portions of the text of theSecond Treatiseand integrates Locke’s property theory within the context of his natural law ethical theory, as presented inAn Essay Concerning Human Understandingand in other works. In this context, Locke’s concept of labor means production, which has intellectual as well as physical characteristics, and his concept of value means that which is useful in the flourishing life of a rational being, which is a conception of the good that is more robust than merely physical status or economic wealth. This not only disabuses modern scholars of the absurdities they impose on Locke, it also explains why Locke says that inventions exemplify his labor-based property theory and why he argues for property rights in writings (copyrights), arguments that seem to have been lost on his critics in intellectual property theory and beyond.
Descriptive epidemiology of enteric disease in Chennai, India
Authors: CHOPRA R. D. , DWORKIN M. S. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThere are very few data on the prevalence of coccidian enteric parasites among low-income adults hospitalized in Chennai, India. Stool samples from 200 patients were screened for selected parasites, enteric bacterial pathogens, and other protozoa over a 3-month period. The study identified 42 (21%)Cryptosporidium, 36 (18%)V. cholerae, 17 (9%)Salmonellla, 12 (6%)Isospora, six (3%) helminths, five (3%)Shigella, one (1%)Cyclospora, one (1%) other protozoan, and 0%V. parahaemolyticuscases. Co-infection was present in 21 patients.Cryptosporidiumwas detected in 17 (81%) of co-infected patients. Our findings highlighted the relatively high proportion of patients in this population withCryptosporidiumandIsosporaand suggest that further study be undertaken to determine the utility of broader use of diagnostic testing for coccidian parasites in India. Detection may be beneficial because isosporiasis is treatable and bothIsosporaandCryptosporidiumare important pathogens in AIDS patients.
Investigation into longitudinal dietary behaviours and household socio-economic indicators and their association with BMIZ-score and fat mass in South African adolescents: the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) cohort
Authors: Feeley Alison B , Musenge Eustasius , Pettifor John M , Norris Shane A 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary habits, change in socio-economic status and BMIZ-score and fat mass in a cohort of South African adolescents.DesignIn the longitudinal study, data were collected at ages 13, 15 and 17 years on a birth cohort who have been followed since 1990. Black participants with complete dietary habits data (breakfast consumption during the week and at weekends, snacking while watching television, eating main meal with family, lunchbox use, number of tuck shop purchases, fast-food consumption, confectionery consumption and sweetened beverage consumption) at all three ages and body composition data at age 17 years were included in the analyses. Generalized estimating equations were used to test the associations between individual longitudinal dietary habits and obesity (denoted by BMIZ-score and fat mass) with adjustments for change in socio-economic status between birth and age 12 years.SettingBirth to Twenty (Bt20) study, Soweto-Johannesburg, South Africa.SubjectsAdolescents (n1298; 49·7 % male).ResultsIn males, the multivariable analyses showed that soft drink consumption was positively associated with both BMIZ-score and fat mass (P< 0·05). Furthermore, these relationships remained the same after adjustment for socio-economic indicators (P< 0·05). No associations were found in females.ConclusionsLongitudinal soft drink consumption was associated with increased BMIZ-score and fat mass in males only. Fridge ownership at birth (a proxy for greater household disposable income in this cohort) was shown to be associated with both BMIZ-score and fat mass.
Theoretical investigation of the He–I2(E3Πg) ion-pair state: Ab initio intermolecular potential and vibrational levels
Authors: Kalemos Apostolos , Valdés Álvaro , Prosmiti Rita 
Published: July 2012

We present a theoretical study on the potential energy surface and vibrational bound states of the E electronic excited state of the HeI2 van der Waals system. The interaction energies are computed using accurate ab initio methods and large basis sets. Relativistic small-core effective core potentials in conjunction with a quintuple-zeta quality basis set are employed for the heavy iodine atoms in multireference configuration interaction calculations for the 3A′ and 3A″ states. For the representation of the potential energy surface we used a general interpolation technique for constructing potential surfaces from ab initio data based on the reproducing kernel Hilbert space method. The surface presents global and local minima for T-shaped configurations with well-depths of 33.2 and 4.6 cm−1, respectively. Vibrational energies and states are computed through variational quantum mechanical calculations. We found that the binding energy of the HeI2(E) T-shaped isomer is 16.85 cm−1, in excellent agreement with recent experimental measurements. In lieu of more experimental data we also report our predictions on higher vibrational levels and we analyze the influence of the underlying surface on them. This is the first attempt to represent the potential surface of such a highly excited electronic state of a van der Waals complex, and it demonstrates the capability of the ab initio technology to provide accurate results for carrying out reliable studies to model experimental data.