bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Artificial Leaves for Solar Hydrogen and Fuels from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bensaid Samir , Centi Gabriele , Garrone Edoardo , Perathoner Siglinda , Saracco Guido 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe development of an “artificial leaf” that collects energy in the same way as a natural one is one of the great challenges for the use of renewable energy and a sustainable development. To avoid the problem of intermittency in solar energy, it is necessary to design systems that directly capture CO2 and convert it into liquid solar fuels that can be easily stored. However, to be advantageous over natural leaves, it is necessary that artificial leaves have a higher solar energy‐to‐chemical fuel conversion efficiency, directly provide fuels that can be used in power‐generating devices, and finally be robust and of easy construction, for example, smart, cheap and robust. This review discusses the recent progress in this field, with particular attention to the design and development of ‘artificial leaf’ devices and some of their critical components. This is a very active research area with different concepts and ideas under investigation, although often the validity of the considered solutions it is still not proven or the many constrains are not fully taken into account, particularly from the perspective of system engineering, which considerably limits some of the investigated solutions. It is also shown how system design should be included, at least at a conceptual level, in the definition of the artificial leaf elements to be investigated (catalysts, electrodes, membranes, sensitizers) and that the main relevant aspects of the cell engineering (mass/charge transport, fluid dynamics, sealing, etc.) should be also considered already at the initial stage because they determine the design and the choice between different options. For this reason, attention has been given to the system‐design ideas under development instead of the molecular aspects of the O2‐ or H2‐evolution catalysts. However, some of the recent advances in these catalysts, and their use in advanced electrodes, are also reported to provide a more complete picture of the field.
Carrot man: A case of excessive beta‐carotene ingestion
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Sansone Lori A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this case report, the authors describe a 48‐year‐old male who complained to his primary care physician of abdominal discomfort and yellow/orange skin discoloration. Physical examination was normal except for some mild mid‐abdominal discomfort (no observed skin color changes). An abdominal CT scan indicated a colon that was full of stool. Laboratory studies indicated elevated liver enzymes. Upon further questioning, the patient reported ingesting 6–7 pounds of carrots per week to facilitate his dieting effort. The patient was diagnosed with constipation, hypercarotinemia, and possible vitamin A toxicity. Following the cessation of excessive carrot ingestion, his liver enzymes normalized within 1 month. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:816–818)
Navigating the transition from pediatric to adult eating disorder programs: Perspectives of service providers
Authors: Dimitropoulos Gina , Tran Angela Faith , Agarwal Payal , Sheffield Brandon , Woodside Blake 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjective:This study aims to conduct qualitative research on the perspectives of service providers regarding the transition process from pediatric to adult specialized eating disorder tertiary care programs.Method:Two focus groups with a diverse group of clinicians in pediatric and adult eating disorder programs and five qualitative interviews with clinicians in the community were conducted.Results:Three themes were identified as challenges during the transition process: (1) illness related factors (ambivalence and denial); (2) the interruption of normative adolescent developmental processes by the illness; and, (3) the impact of decreased parental involvement in the adult compared to pediatric eating disorder programs.Discussion:These themes were compared with empirical evidence on other chronic mental or physical health concerns for the purpose of identifying ways to facilitate a more successful service transition for young adults with anorexia nervosa. Future research and clinical implications are delineated. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:759–767)
One‐Pot Oxidation–Hydrocyanation Sequence Coupled to Lipase‐Catalyzed Diastereoresolution in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Cyanohydrin Esters
Authors: Hietanen Ari , Kanerva Liisa T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA three‐step, one‐pot synthesis and diastereoresolution sequence is described in anhydrous toluene starting from methyl α‐D‐2,3,4‐tri‐O‐acetylgalacto‐ (1a), ‐manno‐ (1b) and ‐glucopyranosides (1c). The reaction sequence, including consecutive transformations through the aldehyde [PhI(OAc)2, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)] and cyanohydrin [basic resin or (R)‐oxynitrilase] into the (6R)‐cyanohydrin ester (lipase) is shown to proceed in a one‐pot cascade, except that the basic resin (when used) should be removed before the addition of the enzymatic acylation reagents. We have shown that the effective transformation of 1a (75 % reaction yield) through labile intermediates gives the stable (6R)‐cyanohydrin butanoate (85 % de). Further diastereomeric purification by chromatography is possible, although the product is already of high diastereopurity. (6R)‐Cyanohydrin esters are obtained through acylation with Burkholderia cepacia lipase. The (6S)‐ester (de 99 %) is produced by Candida rugosa lipase when the sequence is started from 1c whereas the other sugar derivatives are less suited to the reaction with lipase.
Genotoxic effects in the Eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea) after prolonged exposure to River Rhine water, as assessed by use of the in vivo SCE and Comet assays
Authors: Penders E.J.M. , Spenkelink A. , Hoogenboezem W. , Rotteveel S.G.P. , Maas J.L. , Alink G.M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe production of drinking water from river water requires a certain minimal river water quality. The Association of River Rhine Water Works (RIWA), therefore, operates a monitoring network. In vitro mutagenicity studies have shown that the genotoxicity of the River Rhine water steadily decreased from 1981 until 2001. Compared to a study in 1978, a decrease in genotoxicity was also observed in an in vivo genotoxicity study in 2005, in which Eastern mudminnows (Umbra pygmaea) were exposed to River Rhine water, and gill cells were used for the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test and the Comet assay. In this 2005 study, the in vivo genotoxicity increased upon extending exposure of the fish from 3 to 11 days. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether new data corroborate that in vivo genotoxicity of River Rhine water is at present lower than in 1978, (ii) whether the Comet assay is a suitable alternative to the SCE assay, and (iii) whether further prolonged exposure results in a further increase in in vivo genotoxicity. The new data corroborate that in vivo genotoxicity of River Rhine water is at present lower than in 1978. The Comet assay is a useful addition but does not provide a substitute for the SCE endpoint in these in vivo genotoxicity studies. Prolonging the exposure time of Eastern mudminnows to River Rhine water from 11 to 42 days did not give a significant increase in SCEs and DNA damage (Comet assay) in gill cells. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miniaturized flow cytometry‐based in vitro primary human lymphocyte micronucleus assay—validation study
Authors: Lukamowicz‐Rajska Magdalena , Kirsch‐Volders Micheline , Suter Willi , Martus Hansjoerg , Elhajouji Azeddine 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMost in vitro mammalian genotoxicity assays show a low specificity (high rate of irrelevant positive results), and therefore, lead to an increase in follow‐up in vivo genotoxicity testing. One of the sources of the high rate of in vitro irrelevant positive results that find no confirmation in in vivo studies may be the characteristics of the test system used. It has been shown that cells that are p53 deficient or carry an alteration in DNA repair genes may be more prone to produce high rate of false/irrelevant positive results. Primary human lymphocytes (HuLy) are considered to show a higher specificity in predicting the in vivo genotoxic potential of a tested compound. We recently developed a flow cytometry‐based primary human T‐lymphocyte micronucleus test (MNT) and showed that the technology is promising and reliable in detecting genotoxic compounds. The purpose of the present work was to develop and validate a miniaturized format of the assay. For validation purposes of the flow cytometry HuLy MNT a wide selection of compounds with different mechanisms of genotoxicity was used. The evaluation covered 30 compounds: 19 commercially available genotoxicants and nongenotoxicants and 11 early pharmaceutical development compounds. Being faster and less tedious than the microscopic analysis, the miniaturized flow cytometry‐based methodology showed very promising results. Conveniently, cell division is verified within the same sample as the MN frequency. Moreover analysis of hypodiploid events may provide an indication for a mode of action, i.e. clastogenic versus aneugenic mechanism, for further follow‐up testing. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of vegf on astrocytes: Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communication, proliferation, and motility
Authors: Wuestefeld Ricarda , Chen Jingchen , Meller Karl , Brand‐Saberi Beate , Theiss Carsten 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), cell proliferation, and cell dynamics in primary astrocytes. VEGF is known as a dimeric polypeptide that potentially binds to two receptors, VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2, however many effects are mediated by VEGFR‐2, for example, actin polymerization, forced cell migration, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Recently it has been shown that in case of hypoxia, ischemia or injury VEGF is upregulated to stimulate angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Besides this, VEGF reveals a potent therapeutical target for averting tumor vascularization, emerging in bevacizumab, the first humanized anti‐VEGF‐A antibody for treating recurrent Glioblastoma multiforme. To expand our knowledge about VEGF effects in glial cells, we cultivated rat astrocytes in medium containing VEGF for 1 and 2 days. To investigate the effects of VEGF on GJIC, we microinjected neurobiotin into a single cell and monitored dye‐spreading into adjacent cells. These experiments showed that VEGF significantly enhances astrocytic GJIC compared with controls. Cell proliferation measured by BrdU‐labeling also revealed a significant increase of astrocytic mitose rates subsequent to 1 day of VEGF exposure, whereas longer VEGF treatment for 2 days did not have additive effects. To study cell‐dynamics of astrocytes subsequent to VEGF treatment, we additionally transfected astrocytes with LifeAct‐RFP. Live‐cell imaging and quantitative analysis of these cells with aid of confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed higher process movement of VEGF‐treated astrocytes. In conclusion, VEGF strongly affects cell proliferation, GJIC, and motility in astrocytes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrinsic limbic and paralimbic networks are associated with criminal psychopathy
Authors: Juárez Michelle , Kiehl Kent A. , Calhoun Vince D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with impairments in decision‐making, empathy, and impulsivity. Recent brain imaging studies suggest that psychopathy is associated with abnormalities in limbic/paralimbic brain regions. To date, no studies have examined functional brain connectivity measures using independent component analyses (ICA) in adults with psychopathy. Here, we test hypotheses regarding paralimbic connectivity in adult incarcerated individuals stratified by psychopathy scores.Methods:One hundred and two prison inmates were rated using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R). FMRI data were collected while subjects performed an auditory target detection “oddball” task. FMRI data were analyzed using group ICA to identify functional networks responding to the oddball task correlating with psychopathy scores.Results:Components demonstrating significant correlations with psychopathy included a default mode network, a frontoparietal component, and a visual/posterior cingulate component. Modulation trends correlated strongly with factor 2 (impulsivity) and total PCL‐R scores in the frontoparietal and visual/posterior cingulate networks, and with factor 1 (affective) scores within the default mode network. The posterior cingulate region factored significantly in the modulation trends observed.Conclusion:Consistent with the hypothesis of limbic/paralimbic abnormalities associated with psychopathy, modulation trends correlated strongly with PCL‐R scores. There is strong evidence to implicate the posterior cingulate in aberrant functional connectivity associated with the manifestation of psychopathic symptoms. Future investigations comparing functional trends associated with the posterior cingulate in psychopathic subjects may provide further insight into the manifestation of this disorder. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
The effects of perinatal choline supplementation on hippocampal cholinergic development in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt
Authors: Monk Bradley R. , Leslie Frances M. , Thomas Jennifer D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPrenatal alcohol exposure leads to long‐lasting cognitive and attention deficits, as well as hyperactivity. Using a rat model, we have previously shown that perinatal supplementation with the essential nutrient, choline, can reduce the severity of some fetal alcohol effects, including hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. In fact, choline can mitigate alcohol‐related learning deficits even when administered after developmental alcohol exposure, during the postnatal period. However, it is not yet known how choline is able to mitigate alcohol‐related behavioral alterations. Choline may act by altering cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus. This study examined the effects of developmental alcohol exposure and perinatal choline supplementation on hippocampal M1 and M2/4 muscarinic receptors. Sprague‐Dawley rat pups were orally intubated with ethanol (5.25 mg/kg/day) from postnatal days (PD) 4–9, a period of brain development equivalent to the human third trimester; control subjects received sham intubations. From PD 4–30, subjects were injected s.c. with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline vehicle. Open field activity was assessed from PD 30 through 33, and brain tissue was collected on PD 35 for autoradiographic analysis. Ethanol‐exposed subjects were more active compared to controls during the first 2 days of testing, an effect attenuated with choline supplementation. Developmental alcohol exposure significantly decreased the density of muscarinic M1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus, an effect that was not altered by choline supplementation. In contrast, developmental alcohol exposure significantly increased M2/4 receptor density, an effect mitigated by choline supplementation. In fact, M2/4 receptor density of subjects exposed to alcohol and treated with choline did not differ significantly from that of controls. These data suggest that developmental alcohol exposure can cause long‐lasting changes in the hippocampal cholinergic system and that perinatal choline supplementation may attenuate alcohol‐related behavioral changes by influencing cholinergic systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SP–SR interneurones: A novel class of neurones of the CA2 region of the hippocampus
Authors: Mercer Audrey , Botcher Nicola A. , Eastlake Karen , Thomson Alex M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe CA2 region of the hippocampus has distinctive properties and inputs and may be linked with the pathology of specific psychiatric and neurological disorders. It is, therefore, important to understand CA2 circuitry and its involvement in the circuitry of the hippocampus. Properties of CA2 basket cells have been reported. However, other classes of CA2 interneurones with cell bodies located in stratum pyramidale remained to be described. In this study, the unusual axonal arbors of a novel subclass of dendrite‐preferring CA2 interneurones whose somata are located in the pyramidal cell layer was revealed following intracellular recordings and biocytin labeling. One to four apical dendrites emerged from the soma, branched in stratum radiatum (SR) forming a tuft, but rarely penetrated stratum lacunosum‐moleculare (SLM). One or two basal dendrites branched close to the soma, the branches extended through stratum oriens (SO) and often reached the alveus. Unlike CA2 bistratified cells, the axons of these cells arborized almost exclusively in SR with few, if any, branches extending to stratum pyramidale (SP), SO, or SLM. These interneurones again, unlike bistratified cells, were immunonegative for parvalbumin and cholecystokinin. Electrophysiologically, they were similar to some CA2 basket and bistratified cells in that they presented a “sag” in response to hyperpolarizing current injections and displayed spike frequency adaptation. They targeted the apical dendrites of neighboring CA2 pyramidal cells and received inputs from them. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ageing effects on path integration and landmark navigation
Authors: Harris Mathew A. , Wolbers Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNavigation abilities show marked decline in both normal ageing and dementia. Path integration may be particularly affected, as it is supported by the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, both of which show severe degeneration with ageing. Age differences in path integration based on kinaesthetic and vestibular cues have been clearly demonstrated, but very little research has focused on visual path integration, based only on optic flow. Path integration is complemented by landmark navigation, which may also show age differences, but has not been well studied either. Here we present a study using several simple virtual navigation tasks to explore age differences in path integration both with and without landmark information. We report that, within a virtual environment that provided only optic flow information, older participants exhibited deficits in path integration in terms of distance reproduction, rotation reproduction, and triangle completion. We also report age differences in triangle completion within an environment that provided landmark information. In all tasks, we observed a more restricted range of responses in the older participants, which we discuss in terms of a leaky integrator model, as older participants showed greater leak than younger participants. Our findings begin to explain the mechanisms underlying age differences in path integration, and thus contribute to an understanding of the substantial decline in navigation abilities observed in ageing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the corporate university phenomenon: Development and implementation of a comprehensive survey
Authors: Lui Abel Amy , Li Jessica 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study explores and advances the understanding of the corporate university phenomenon. In order to do that, a three‐step approach was taken. First, a comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to develop an aggregated view of corporate university literature. Second, a survey was developed based on the result of literature review. Third, a survey was implemented about corporate universities to gain a perspective on prominent processes of corporate universities. A total of 210 corporate universities participated in the study in the North America region. The findings revealed five prominent processes of corporate universities based on a factor analysis. The five processes are: alignment and execution, developing skills that support business needs, using technology to support the learning function, learning and performance evaluation, and partnership with academia.
Molecular insights into the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in rats
Authors: Sellamuthu Rajendran , Umbright Christina , Roberts Jenny R. , Cumpston Amy , McKinney Walter , Chen Bean T. , Frazer David , Li Shengqiao , Kashon Michael , Joseph Pius 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIdentification of molecular target(s) and mechanism(s) of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity is important for the intervention and/or prevention of diseases associated with exposure to silica. Rats were exposed to crystalline silica by inhalation (15 mg m−3, 6 h per day, 5 days) and global gene expression profile was determined in the lungs by microarray analysis at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks following termination of silica exposure. The number of significantly differentially expressed genes (>1.5‐fold change and <0.01 false discovery rateP‐value) detected in the lungs during the post‐exposure time intervals analyzed exhibited a steady increase in parallel with the progression of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity noticed in the rats. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of a representative set of 10 genes confirmed the microarray findings. The number of biological functions, canonical pathways and molecular networks significantly affected by silica exposure, as identified by the bioinformatics analysis of the significantly differentially expressed genes detected during the post‐exposure time intervals, also exhibited a steady increase similar to the silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, respiratory diseases, cancer, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis were significantly differentially expressed in the rat lungs; however, unresolved inflammation was the single most significant biological response to pulmonary exposure to silica. Excessive mucus production, as implicated by significant overexpression of the pendrin coding gene,SLC26A4, was identified as a potential novel mechanism for silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Collectively, the findings of our study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in the rat. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.