bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical peels in aesthetic dermatology: an update 2009
Authors: Fischer TC , Perosino E , Poli F , Viera MS , Dreno B ,   For the Cosmetic Dermatology European Expert Group
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground/Objectives Peelings are among the oldest and most widespread aesthetic procedures used in aesthetic dermatology worldwide. More than 50 commercial peelings are currently available on the European market.Materials and Methods In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge on chemical peels.Results/Conclusions A state‐of‐the‐art peeling procedure will take into account the depth of the targeted structure and the skin condition of the patient to choose carefully among the variables such as chemical class of the peeling agent, concentration, frequency and pressure of the application. The usual classification of chemical peels comprises superficial, medium and deep peels. For superficial peels alpha‐hydroxy‐acids and most recently lipo‐hydroxy acid are used to induce an exfoliation of the epidermis. Medium‐depth agents such as trichloroacetic acid (< 50%) cause an epidermal to papillary dermal peel and regeneration. Deep peels using trichloroacetic acid (> 50%) or phenol based formulations reach the reticular dermis to induce dermal regeneration. The success of any peel is crucially dependent on the physicians understanding of the chemical and biological processes, as well as of indications, clinical effectiveness and side effects of the procedures.
Declining and low fecal corticoids are associated with distress, not acclimation to stress, during the translocation of African rhinoceros
Authors: Linklater W. L. , MacDonald E. A. , Flamand J. R. B. , Czekala N. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractConcentrations of adrenal steroid metabolites in feces are routinely used to assess the welfare of animals that are the subject of conservation efforts. The assumption that low and declining corticoid concentrations indicate the absence of stress and acclimation, respectively, is often made without experimental support or wild‐animal comparisons, although intrinsic control of adrenal steroids might occur even under ongoing stress and distress. We adopted the capture and 11‐week captivity of 18 black (Diceros bicornis: 11 males, seven females) and 52 white (Ceratotherium simum: 22 males, 30 females) rhinoceros as an experimental test of the relationship between corticoid concentrations and stress (translocation) and measured for suppressed gonad function as an indicator of distress – the biological cost of cumulative stressors. Fecal samples collected from the rectum at capture and during captivity were stored frozen and their corticoid, and androgen (in males) or progestin (in females), concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. Corticoid profiles followed the expected pattern of being two to five times pre‐capture levels (ng g−1: black rhino: female 24.5±3.7, male 23.9±2.2; white rhino: female 16.3±1.6, male 12.3±2.4) for up to 17 days after capture and declined with time in captivity. Black rhinoceros and male white rhinoceros corticoids declined below pre‐capture values and were associated with suppressed levels of androgens and progestins with increased time in captivity. Declining corticoids could not be interpreted as acclimation or the absence of stressors, without also measuring for distress in African rhinoceros. White rhinoceros female corticoid values remained elevated, although their gonad steroid levels were also suppressed. We discuss our findings for the management of rhinoceros in the wild and captivity.
Neuromuscular adaptations to eccentric strength training in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: REID SIOBHÁN , HAMER PETER , ALDERSON JACQUELINE , LLOYD DAVID 
Published: September 2009

Aim  To determine the neuromuscular outcomes of an eccentric strength‐training programme for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Method  In this randomised, parallel‐group trial with waiting control, 14 participants with CP (six males, eight females; mean age 11y, SD 2y range 9–15y), diagnosed with upper‐limb spasticity were compared with 14 age‐ and sex‐matched typically developing participants. Participants with CP completed a 6‐week progressive resistance‐strengthening programme, performing eccentric lengthening contractions of their upper limb three times a week. Data from dynamometer and surface electromyography (EMG) assessments included peak torque normalised to body mass (T/Bm), work normalised to body mass (W/Bm), angle at peak torque, curve width, and EMG activation.Results  After training, children with CP had improved eccentric T/Bm (p=0.009) and W/Bm (p=0.009) to a level similar to that of the typically developing children. No change in angle of peak torque occurred, although curve width increased both concentrically (p=0.018) and eccentrically (p=0.015). EMG activity was elevated before training in children with CP but decreased with training to levels similar to those of the typically developing children.Interpretation  With eccentric strength training, children with CP increased torque throughout range of motion. Results suggest that eccentric exercises may decrease co‐contraction, improving net torque development. Eccentric actions may be important in the maintenance of the torque–angle relationship. These results have significant implications for the prescription of strength‐training programmes for people with CP.
Proteomic study of neuron and astrocyte cultures from senescence‐accelerated mouse SAMP8 reveals degenerative changes
Authors: Díez‐Vives Cristina , Gay Marina , García‐Matas Silvia , Comellas Francesc , Carrascal Montserrat , Abian Joaquín , Ortega‐Aznar Arantxa , Cristòfol Rosa , Sanfeliu Coral 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSenescence‐accelerated prone (SAMP) strain 8 mice suffer an earlier development of cognitive age‐related pathologies and a shorter life span than conventional mice. Protein alterations in astrocytes, in addition to those in neurons, may contribute to neurodegenerative damage. We applied proteomics techniques to study cell‐specific early markers of brain aging‐related degeneration in SAMP8. The two‐dimensional protein expression patterns of the SAMP8 neuron and astrocyte cultures were compared with those obtained from senescence‐accelerated resistant mouse strain 1 cultures. Differentially expressed spots were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight peptide map fingerprinting and database search. Proteins belonged to cell pathways of energy metabolism, biosynthesis, cell transduction and signaling, stress response, and the maintenance of cytoskeletal functions. Most of the changes were cell type specific. However, there was a general increase in cell transduction, signaling, and stress‐related proteins and a decrease in cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, neurons showed an increased expression of proteins involved in biosynthetic pathways. A number of the protein alterations have been previously reported in the brain tissue proteome of SAMP8, aged brain or Alzheimer’s disease brain. Alterations in neuron and astrocyte proteoma indicated that both cell types are involved in the brain degenerative changes of SAMP8 mice. However, network analysis suggests that neuronal changes are more complex and have a greater influence.
CaMKII phosphorylates collapsin response mediator protein 2 and modulates axonal damage during glutamate excitotoxicity
Authors: Hou Sheng T. , Jiang Susan X. , Aylsworth Amy , Ferguson Graeme , Slinn Jacqueline , Hu Houwen , Leung Thomas , Kappler Joachim , Kaibuchi Kozo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors triggers a cascade of deleterious signaling events which lead to neuronal death in neurological conditions such as stroke. However, it is not clear as to the molecular mechanism underlying early damage response from axons and dendrites which are important in maintaining a network essential for the survival of neurons. Here, we examined changes of axons treated with glutamate and showed the appearance of βIII‐tubulin positive varicosities on axons before the appearance of neuronal death. Dizocilpine blocked the occurrence of varicosities on axons suggesting that these microstructures were mediated by NMDA receptor activities. Despite early increased expression of pCaMKII and pMAPK after just 10 min of glutamate treatment, only inhibitors to Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calpain prevented the occurrence of axonal varicosities. In contrast, inhibitors to Rho kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase were not effective, nor were they able to rescue neurons from death, suggesting CaMKII and calpain are important in axon survival. Activated CaMKII directly phosphorylates collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) 2 which is independent of calpain‐mediated cleavage of CRMP2. Over‐expression of CRMP2, but not the phosphorylation‐resistant mutant CRMP2‐T555A, increased axonal resistance to glutamate toxicity with reduced numbers of varicosities. The levels of both pCRMP2 and pCaMKII were also increased robustly within early time points in ischemic brains and which correlated with the appearance of axonal varicosities in the ischemic neurons. Collectively, these studies demonstrated an important role for CaMKII in modulating the integrity of axons through CRMP2 during excitotoxicity‐induced neuronal death.
Retracted: Cyclo(His‐Pro) up‐regulates heme oxygenase 1 via activation of Nrf2‐ARE signalling
Authors: Minelli Alba , Conte Carmela , Grottelli Silvia , Bellezza Ilaria , Emiliani Carla , Bolaños Juan P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParaquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium), a widely used non‐selective herbicide, is a redox cycling agent with adverse effects on dopamine systems. Epidemiological data have shown that exposure to paraquat is one of the several risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. We have already shown that cyclo(His‐Pro), an endogenous cyclic dipeptide produced by the cleavage of the thyrotropin releasing hormone, has a cytoprotective effect through a mechanism involving Nrf2 activation that decreases production of reactive oxygen species and increases glutathione synthesis. Using primary neuronal cultures and PC12 cells as targets of paraquat neurotoxicity, we addressed whether and how cyclo(His‐Pro) causes cellular protective response against paraquat‐mediated cell death. We found that cyclo(His‐Pro) attenuated reactive oxygen species production, and prevented glutathione depletion by up‐regulating Nrf2 gene expression, triggering its nuclear accumulation and activating the expression of heme oxygenase1. These protective effects were abolished by RNA interference‐mediated Nrf2 knock down whereas were unaffected by RNA interference‐mediated Keap1 knock down. Inhibition of heme oxygenase activity decreased cyclo(His‐Pro)‐induced neuroprotection. These results suggest that cyclo(His‐Pro), acting as a selective activator of the brain modulable Nrf2 pathway, may be a promising candidate as neuroprotective agent that act through induction of phase II genes.
12/15‐Lipoxygenase targets neuronal mitochondria under oxidative stress
Authors: Pallast Stefanie , Arai Ken , Wang Xiaoying , Lo Eng H. , Van Leyen Klaus 
Published: September 2009

Abstract12/15‐Lipoxygenase (12/15‐LOX) is an important mediator of brain injury following experimental stroke in rodents. It contributes to neuronal death, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that in neuronal HT22 cells subjected to glutamate‐induced oxidative stress, 12/15‐LOX damages mitochondria, and this represents the committed step that condemns the cell to die. Importantly these events, including breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the production of reactive oxygen species, and cytochrome c release, can all be replicated by incubation of 12/15‐LOX with mitochondria in vitro, without the need to add other cytosolic factors. Proteasome activity is required downstream of mitochondrial damage to complete the cell death cascade, but proteasome inhibition is only partially protective. These findings position 12/15‐LOX as the central executioner in an oxidative stress‐related neuronal death program.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF USING REALIZED VOLATILITY IN FORECASTING FUTURE IMPLIED VOLATILITY
Authors: Chan Wing Hong , Jha Ranjini , Kalimipalli Madhu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe examine the economic benefits of using realized volatility to forecast future implied volatility for pricing, trading, and hedging in the S&P 500 index options market. We propose an encompassing regression approach to forecast future implied volatility, and hence future option prices, by combining historical realized volatility and current implied volatility. Although the use of realized volatility results in superior performance in the encompassing regressions and out‐of‐sample option pricing tests, we do not find any significant economic gains in option trading and hedging strategies in the presence of transaction costs.
TIME VARIABILITY IN MARKET RISK AVERSION
Authors: Berger Dave , Turtle H. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe adopt realized covariances to estimate the coefficient of risk aversion across portfolios and through time. Our approach yields second moments that are free from measurement error and not influenced by a specified model for expected returns. Supporting the permanent income hypothesis, we find risk aversion responds to consumption‐smoothing behavior. As income increases, or as the consumption‐to‐income ratio falls, relative risk aversion decreases. We also document variation in risk aversion across portfolios: risk aversion is highest for small and value portfolios.
SLIPPAGE AND THE CHOICE OF MARKET OR LIMIT ORDERS IN FUTURES TRADING
Authors: Brown Scott , Koch Timothy , Powers Eric 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRetail futures traders face uncertainty regarding the price they will obtain when trading. This price “surprise,” known as slippage, can be substantial. Using unique data from an introducing brokerage for Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) wheat, corn, and soybean futures contracts, we quantify time‐to‐clear and the magnitude of slippage. We then identify factors that affect these trade quality measures. Finally, we analyze individual trader choice between market and limit orders and find that the likelihood of placing limit orders, where regulations protect traders from slippage, is greater when order and market characteristic indicate that adverse slippage is likely.
Retinoic acid signalling induces the differentiation of mouse fetal liver‐derived hepatic progenitor cells
Authors: Huang Jiayi , Bi Yang , Zhu Gao‐Hui , He Yun , Su Yuxi , He Bai‐Cheng , Wang Yi , Kang Quan , Chen Liang , Zuo Guo‐Wei , Luo Qing , Shi Qiong , Zhang Bing‐Qiang , Huang Ailong , Zhou Lan , Feng Tao , Luu Hue H. , Haydon Rex C. , He Tong‐Chuan , Tang Ni 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground: Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) can be isolated from fetal liver and extrahepatic tissues. Retinoic acid (RA) signalling plays an important role in development, although the role of RA signalling in liver‐specific progenitors is poorly understood.Aims: We sought to determine the role of RA in regulating hepatic differentiation.Methods: RNA was isolated from liver tissues of various developmental stages. Liver marker expression was assessed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Reversibly immortalized HPCs derived from mouse embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) liver (aka, HP14.5) were established. Albumin promoter‐driven reporter (Alb‐GLuc) was used to monitor hepatic differentiation. Glycogen synthesis was assayed as a marker for terminal hepatic differentiation.Results: Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)‐α, retinoid X receptor (RXR)‐α and RXR‐γ expressed in E12.5 to postnatal day 28 liver samples. Expression of RAR‐β and RXR‐β was low perinatally, whereas RAR‐γ was undetectable in prenatal tissues and increased postnatally. Retinal dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (Raldh1 and Raldh2) were expressed in all tissues, while Raldh3 was weakly expressed in prenatal samples but was readily detected postnatally. Nuclear receptor corepressors were highly expressed in all tissues, while expression of nuclear co‐activators decreased in perinatal tissues and increased after birth. HP14.5 cells expressed high levels of early liver stem cell markers. Expression of RA signalling components and coregulators was readily detected in HP14.5. RA was shown to induce Alb‐GLuc activity and late hepatocyte markers. RA was further shown to induce glycogen synthesis in HP14.5 cells, an important function of mature hepatocytes.Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that RA signalling may play an important role in regulating hepatic differentiation.
Outcomes Associated with Planned Home and Planned Hospital Births in Low‐Risk Women Attended by Midwives in Ontario, Canada, 2003–2006: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hutton Eileen K. , Reitsma Angela H. , Kaufman Karyn 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
Midwives in Ontario, Canada, provide care in the home and hospital and are required to submit data for all births to the Ontario Ministry of Health database. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal and perinatal/neonatal mortality and morbidity and intrapartum intervention rates for women attended by Ontario midwives who planned a home birth compared with similar low‐risk women who planned a hospital birth between 2003 and 2006.
Methods:
The database provided outcomes for all women planning a home birth at the onset of labor (n = 6,692) and for a cohort, stratified by parity, of similar low‐risk women planning a hospital birth.Results: The rate of perinatal and neonatal mortality was very low (1/1,000) for both groups, and no difference was shown between groups in perinatal and neonatal mortality or serious morbidity (2.4% vs 2.8%; relative risk [RR], 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.84 [0.68–1.03]). No maternal deaths were reported. All measures of serious maternal morbidity were lower in the planned home birth group as were rates for all interventions including cesarean section (5.2% vs 8.1%; RR [95% CI]: 0.64 [0.56, 0.73]). Nulliparas were less likely to deliver at home, and had higher rates of ambulance transport from home to hospital than multiparas planning home birth and had rates of intervention and outcomes similar to, or lower than, nulliparas planning hospital births.Conclusions: Midwives who were integrated into the health care system with good access to emergency services, consultation, and transfer of care provided care resulting in favorable outcomes for women planning both home or hospital births.
Childhood Abuse and Common Complaints in Pregnancy
Authors: Lukasse Mirjam , Schei Berit , Vangen Siri , Øian Pål 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
Childhood abuse affects adult health. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual childhood abuse within a large Norwegian cohort of pregnant women and its association with common complaints in pregnancy.
Methods:
This study is based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Regression analyses were used to examine associations of childhood abuse and 16 common complaints in pregnancy.
Results:
Eighteen percent (10,363/55,776) of the women reported some type of childhood abuse. Of all women, 3,870 (6.9%) reported sexual abuse, 3,075 (5.5%) physical abuse, and 7,619 (13.6%) emotional abuse as a child. Of those reporting childhood abuse, 31 percent reported two or more types of abuse. All 16 common complaints in pregnancy were associated with reported childhood abuse. Women reporting three types of childhood abuse reported 5.4 common complaints in pregnancy (mean) compared with 3.7 for women without childhood abuse (p < 0.001). Women reporting childhood abuse are more likely to report seven or more common complaints in pregnancy: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.7 (95% CI 1.6–1.9) for emotional abuse; AOR 2.5 (95% CI 2.0–3.1) for combined physical and sexual abuse; and AOR 3.5 (95% CI 3.0–4.0) for all three kinds of abuse. Sociodemographic characteristics and other risk factors did not explain this graded association.Conclusions: Abuse in childhood is associated with increased reporting of common complaints of pregnancy. Clinicians should consider the possible role of childhood abuse when treating women with many common complaints in pregnancy.
Exercise During Pregnancy and Cesarean Delivery: North Carolina PRAMS, 2004–2005
Authors: Bovbjerg Marit L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
The current rate of cesarean delivery in the United States is 31 percent. Previous studies have suggested that exercise during pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of cesarean delivery, but sample sizes were small and methods often inadequate. This study examined whether or not an association exists between prenatal exercise and delivery mode using data from the 2004 and 2005 North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey.
Methods:
PRAMS postpartum questionnaire responses about frequency of exercise during the last 3 months of pregnancy for 1,955 women without a prior cesarean delivery were linked to birth certificates.
Results:
Among 1,342 women delivering at term, exercise was not associated with delivery mode in this data set: compared with women exercising less than once a week, neither women exercising one to four times per week nor those exercising five times or more per week had an altered risk of cesarean (risk ratio [RR] [95% confidence limit] [CL] 0.89 [0.69–1.15], 1.04 [0.66–1.64], respectively, adjusted for parity, gestational age, hypertension). Among 613 women delivering preterm, the results were also not statistically significant, but a compelling trend toward a protective effect could be seen (RR [95% CL] 0.65 [0.38–1.13], 0.62 [0.29–1.33]).
Conclusions:
Maternal self‐reported frequency of exercise during pregnancy was not associated with a reduced risk of cesarean delivery. Larger studies with better exposure ascertainment may provide a more definitive answer.
Primigravid Women's Views of Being Approached to Participate in a Hypothetical Term Cephalic Trial of Planned Vaginal Birth versus Planned Cesarean Birth
Authors: Lavender Tina , Kingdon Carol 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: Background:
Several papers have called for a trial of planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for low‐risk women—a recommendation that is fiercely debated. Although proponents of a trial have voiced their support, evidence suggests that in the United Kingdom few midwives and obstetricians believe such a trial to be feasible, and no studies reporting women's views on the prospect of such a trial have been published. The purpose of this study is to explore women's views of participation in a trial of planned cesarean birth versus planned vaginal birth.
Methods:
A qualitative study was conducted using in‐depth interviews in a large maternity hospital in the United Kingdom. Sixty‐four women were interviewed 12 months after giving birth. Women were asked “How do you think you would have felt if you had been approached to take part in such a trial during your first pregnancy?” Data were analyzed thematically.
Results:
Only 3 of the 64 women stated that they would have participated in a trial of planned vaginal birth versus planned cesarean section, had they been asked. However, five other women said that they would have consented to participate if they had been asked during pregnancy, but with hindsight, would have regretted that decision. The remainder of women would not have participated, unless a preference arm was offered. Three main themes were identified: “feeling cheated,”“let nature take its course, ” and “just another trauma that you don't need.”
Conclusions:
Few women supported a trial and most suggested that it was intuitively wrong. Given the strong views voiced by women, it is unlikely that a trial of planned vaginal delivery versus planned cesarean delivery would be feasible.