bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Observations of Hurricane Dennis (2005): The Effects of Hot Towers on Rapid Intensification
Authors: Guimond Stephen R. , Heymsfield Gerald M. , Turk F. Joseph 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A synthesis of remote sensing and in situ observations throughout the life cycle of Hurricane Dennis (2005) during the NASA Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) experiment is presented. Measurements from the ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), airborne radiometer, and flight-level instruments are used to provide a multiscale examination of the storm. The main focus is an episode of deep convective bursts (“hot towers”) occurring during a mature stage of the storm and preceding a period of rapid intensification (11-hPa pressure drop in 1 h 35 min). The vigorous hot towers penetrated to 16-km height, had maximum updrafts of 20 m s−1 at 12–14-km height, and possessed a strong transverse circulation through the core of the convection. Significant downdrafts (maximum of 10–12 m s−1) on the flanks of the updrafts were observed, with their cumulative effects hypothesized to result in the observed increases in the warm core. In one ER-2 overpass, subsidence was transported toward the eye by 15–20 m s−1 inflow occurring over a deep layer (0.5–10 km) coincident with a hot tower.
Fourier analysis of the AMSU satellite measurements revealed a large shift in the storm’s warm core structure, from asymmetric to axisymmetric, ∼12 h after the convective bursts began. In addition, flight-level wind calculations of the axisymmetric tangential velocity and inertial stability showed a contraction of the maximum winds and an increase in the stiffness of the vortex, respectively, after the EDOP observations.
The multiscale observations presented here reveal unique, ultra-high-resolution details of hot towers and their coupling to the parent vortex, the balanced dynamics of which can be generally explained by the axisymmetrization and efficiency theories.
The Continuum of North Pacific Sea Level Pressure Patterns: Intraseasonal, Interannual, and Interdecadal Variability
Authors: Johnson Nathaniel C. , Feldstein Steven B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This study combines k-means cluster analysis with linear unidimensional scaling to illustrate the spatial and temporal variability of the wintertime North Pacific sea level pressure (SLP) field. Daily wintertime SLP data derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are used to produce 16 SLP anomaly patterns that represent a discretized approximation of the continuum of North Pacific SLP patterns. This study adopts the continuum perspective for teleconnection patterns, which provides a much simpler framework for understanding North Pacific variability than the more commonly used discrete modal approach.
The primary focus of this research is to show that variability in the North Pacific—on intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales—can be understood in terms of changes in the frequency distribution of the cluster patterns that compose the continuum, each of which has a time scale of about 10 days. This analysis reveals 5–6 Pacific–North American–like (PNA-like) patterns for each phase, as well as dipoles and wave trains. A self-organizing map (SOM) analysis of coupled SLP and outgoing longwave radiation data shows that many of these patterns are associated with convection in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. On intraseasonal time scales, the frequency distribution of these patterns, in particular the PNA-like patterns, is strongly influenced by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). On interannual time scales, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts the North Pacific continuum, with warm ENSO episodes resulting in the increased frequency of easterly displaced Aleutian low pressure anomaly patterns and cold ENSO episodes resulting in the increased frequency of southerly displaced Aleutian high pressure anomaly patterns. In addition, the results of this analysis suggest that the interdecadal variability of the North Pacific SLP field, including the well-known “regime shift” of 1976/77, also results from changes in the frequency distribution within the continuum of SLP patterns.
Analysis of African Easterly Wave Structures and Their Role in Influencing Tropical Cyclogenesis
Authors: Hopsch Susanna B. , Thorncroft Chris D. , Tyle Kevin R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Composite structures of African easterly waves (AEWs) that develop into named tropical cyclones in the Atlantic are compared and contrasted with nondeveloping AEWs using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and satellite brightness temperature between 1979 and 2001. Developing AEWs are characterized by a more distinctive cold-core structure two days before reaching the West African coast. As they move westward, the convective activity increases further in the vicinity of the Guinea Highlands region. At the same time the AEW trough increases its vorticity at low levels consistent with a transformation toward a more warm-core structure before it reaches the ocean. As the AEW moves over the ocean convection is maintained in the trough, consistent with the observed tropical cyclogenesis. The nondeveloping AEW has a similar evolution before reaching the coast except that the amplitudes are weaker and there is less convective activity in the Guinea Highlands region. The nondeveloping AEW composite has a more prominent dry signal just ahead of the AEW trough at mid- to upper levels. It is argued that the weaker west coast development (i.e., reduced convective activity and reduced spinup at low levels) combined with the closer proximity of the trough to mid- to upper-level dry air aloft are consistent with the nondevelopment. The most intense nondeveloping AEWs were characterized by more intense convection and stronger mid- and low-level synoptic circulations at the West African coast than the developing AEWs. The analysis strongly suggests that the lack of development was due to the presence of dry mid- to upper-level air just ahead of the AEW trough that may have been enhanced because of equatorward advection of dry air by the AEW itself.
Perceptions of physical activity by older adults: A qualitative study
Authors: Jancey Jonine M , Clarke Ann , Howat Peter , Maycock Bruce , Lee Andy H 
Published: September 2009

Objective To identify issues and perceptions concerning physical activity in older adults. Design Qualitative study. Setting Perth, Western Australia. Methods Sixteen adults aged 65 to 74 years were interviewed in their own homes using a semi-structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using a descriptive qualitative methodology. Results Participants believed that physical activity provided health benefits and reflected positively on physical activity experiences when they were younger, with many expressing a desire to engage in less age-appropriate activities. The major barrier to physical activity was pain. Participants described both positive and negative examples related to society’s support of physical activity. Conclusions A number of issues were raised. These included: the need for more specific information on the benefits of physical activity; the role of pain management in physical activity; the concept that involvement in physical activity in younger years leads to involvement when older; and the expressed desire of older people to engage in less age-appropriate physical activities.
Older adults’ perspectives on home exercise after falls rehabilitation: Understanding the importance of promoting healthy, active ageing
Authors: Hawley Helen 
Published: September 2009

Objective To explore what might encourage older people to exercise at home after falls rehabilitation. Design Qualitative research methods were used based on a grounded theory approach, to provide insights into older adults’ experiences following a fall, of both rehabilitation and home exercise. Setting Community dwellings. Method Nine participants who had been through falls rehabilitation and who were over 60 years old were recruited through health professionals. Participants had attended one of three different rehabilitation centres, or were under the care of the Specialist Case Manager for Elderly, Frail and Falls who sees clients with more complex needs. Results Thekeyfactorcausingolderpeopletocarryouttheirhomeexercise programme is a determination to regain independence following illness and a fall. However, social interaction has a key role to play in this strive for independence through supporting the continuation of home exercise. Interview data reveal that relationships with professionals, families and friends (the existence of social networks) during and after the rehabilitation process can impact on uptake and continuation of exercise. Conclusion A grounded theory approach to research with older people can be a useful tool for informing health promotion workers and other health professionals in practice. This study helps us to acknowledge that from an older adult’s perspective, independence is highly valued, and encourages us to consider how we can then adopt this as a motivator for participation in healthy, active ageing. When working with older people, professionals need to adopt a holistic approach to their health, using a person-centred approach to promote positive, active ageing.
Tanning behaviour among young frequent tanners is related to attitudes and not lack of knowledge about the dangers
Authors: Dennis Leslie K , Lowe John B , Snetselaar Linda G 
Published: September 2009

Objective To examine the importance of tanning among students in relation to attitudes and knowledge regarding skin cancer prevention. Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting College students at a major Midwestern university. Methods Students were recruited to complete a self-administered questionnaire that included information on sun-sensitivity, knowledge and tanning attitudes and behaviours. Survey sampling statistical techniques that account for clustering among the 163 students recruited were used. Results We found a high level of skin cancer prevention knowledge; however, knowledge was not related to a reduction in the importance of tanning. In many cases, higher levels of knowledge corresponded to a greater emphasis on the importance of tanning. Sunscreen use was low among this population. Those who placed an importance on tanning more often indicated that they believed that ‘sunless tanning creams are safer than the sun’. Conclusions This population’s belief that they look healthier and feel better with a tan strongly influences the desire to tan. Therefore, future cancer information campaigns or other prevention efforts should directly address the desire to tan by encouraging the use of sunless tanning products as an alternative method of tanning.
Promoting the use of outcome measures by an educational programme for physiotherapists in stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Van Peppen RPS , Schuurmans MJ , Stutterheim EC , Lindeman E. , Van Meeteren NLU 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To determine the influence of tutor expertise on the uptake of a physiotherapists’ educational programme intended to promote the use of outcome measures in the management of patients with stroke. Design: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty physiotherapists involved in stroke management were randomized into two groups and participated in five tutor-guided educational sessions (the Physiotherapists’ Educational Programme on Clinimetrics in Stroke, PEPCiS). Groups differed from each other with respect to tutors: one experienced and one inexperienced in stroke care. Primary outcome was ‘actual use’ (the frequencies of data of seven recommended outcome measures in the patient records of the participating physiotherapists). Results: The actual use of instruments shifted from a median of 3 to 6 in the expert tutor group and from 3 to 4 in the non-expert tutor group (P = 0.07). Physiotherapists educated by the expert tutor used a broader variety of instruments and appreciated the educational programme, their own knowledge gain and all three scales of tutor style aspects significantly more than their colleagues of the non-expert tutor group (all P<0.05). Univariate analysis on the entire set of data revealed eight factors, including tutors’ performance, that were associated with a change score of the use of two or more outcome measures by individual physiotherapists after the educational programme. Conclusion: In this pilot trial it was not proven that tutor expertise in stroke care influences the actual use of outcome measures, but it warrants a future study with sufficient power to investigate the influence of the tutor.
Filling up the hours: how do stroke patients on a rehabilitation nursing home spend the day?
Authors: Huijben-Schoenmakers Marleen , Gamel Claudia , Hafsteinsdóttir Thóra B 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To describe the time use of stroke patients on rehabilitation units of a nursing home focusing on the time spent on therapeutic activities, non-therapeutic activities, interactions and the location wherein these took place. Design: A descriptive study. Setting: Rehabilitation units of a nursing home. Subjects: Seventeen chronic stroke patients, including 9 men, 8 women, with a mean age of 77 years (SD ± 7.6 years). Main measures: Daily activities of patients were measured using Behavioural Mapping, including therapeutic activities, non-therapeutic activities, interactions and their location. Functional status was measured with the Barthel Index. Results. Of the patients 15 (88%) were partly/fully paralysed, with a mean Barthel Index score of 9.4 (SD ± 4.3). The patients spent 20% of the day on therapeutic activities, whereas 80% of the day was spent on non-therapeutic activities; 9% on therapeutic activities with the nurse. For 60% of the day patients were alone and not interacting with others. Conclusions. Stroke patients spend only short periods of time during the day on therapeutic activities. For the largest part of the day, the patient is alone and passive. A challenge for nurses is how to activate patients and engage them in purposeful task-oriented training in daily activities.
Sports Injuries During the Summer Olympic Games 2008
Authors: Junge Astrid , Engebretsen Lars , Mountjoy Margo L. , Alonso Juan Manuel , Renström Per A. F. H. , Aubry Mark John , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: September 2009

Background Standardized assessment of sports injuries provides important epidemiological information and also directions for injury prevention. Purpose To analyze the frequency, characteristics, and causes of injuries incurred during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods The chief physicians and/or chief medical officers of the national teams were asked to report daily all injuries newly incurred during the Olympic Games on a standardized injury report form. In addition, injuries were reported daily by the physicians at the medical stations at the different Olympic venues and at the polyclinic in the Olympic Village. Results Physicians and/or therapists of 92 national teams covering 88% of the 10 977 registered athletes took part in the study. In total, 1055 injuries were reported, resulting in an incidence of 96.1 injuries per 1000 registered athletes. Half of the injuries (49.6%) were expected to prevent the athlete from participating in competition or training. The most prevalent diagnoses were ankle sprains and thigh strains. The majority (72.5%) of injuries were incurred in competition. One third of the injuries were caused by contact with another athlete, followed by overuse (22%) and noncontact incidences (20%). Injuries were reported from all sports, but their incidence and characteristics varied substantially. In relation to the number of registered athletes, the risk of incurring an injury was highest in soccer, taekwondo, hockey, handball, weightlifting, and boxing (all ≥15% of the athletes) and lowest for sailing, canoeing/kayaking, rowing, synchronized swimming, diving, fencing, and swimming. Conclusion The data indicate that the injury surveillance system covered almost all of the participating athletes, and the results highlight areas of high risk for sport injury such as the in-competition period, the ankle and thigh, and specific sports. The identification of these factors should stimulate future research and subsequent policy change to prevent injury in elite athletes.
Analysis of an Agricultural Transformation Prototype (ATP) for Raising Rural Area's Superiority in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Pei-Chi , Wen I-Jyh , Lai Chi-ming 
Published: September 2009

Under globalized capitalism, prospering industry and commerce and continuously expanding cities, the importance of agriculture has been gradually diminishing with the relatively backward rural development. This has been the common phenomenon all over the world. Therefore, thinking deeply on how to make a modulation on the rural industrial structure and how to start, economically, the re-development of the rural area have globally become the most important issue to maintain the sound rural development. An ATP, at the Huashan area in mid-Taiwan, was selected as our illustration in this study. First, discussion and analysis on the whole environment of Taiwan's rural area and the ATP were carried out via information collection, case study and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Strategies toward the local sustainability development were also proposed.
Sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial design of neurobehavioral treatment for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma undergoing high-dose interferon-alpha therapy
Authors: Auyeung S. Freda , Long Qi , Royster Erica Bruce , Murthy Smitha , McNutt Marcia D , Lawson David , Miller Andrew , Manatunga Amita , Musselman Dominique L 
Published: September 2009

Background Interferon-alpha therapy, which is used to treat metastatic malignant melanoma, can cause patients to develop two distinct neurobehavioral symptom complexes: a mood syndrome and a neurovegetative syndrome. Interferon-alpha effects on serotonin metabolism appear to contribute to the mood and anxiety syndrome, while the neurovegetative syndrome appears to be related to interferon-alpha effects on dopamine. Purpose Our goal is to propose a design for utilizing a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial design for patients with malignant melanoma to test the relative efficacy of drugs that target serotonin versus dopamine metabolism during 4 weeks of intravenous, then 8 weeks of subcutaneous, interferon-alpha therapy. Methods Patients will be offered participation in a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, 14-week trial involving two treatment phases. During the first month of intravenous interferon-alpha therapy, we will test the hypotheses that escitalopram will be more effective in reducing depressed mood, anxiety, and irritability, whereas methylphenidate will be more effective in diminishing interferon-alpha-induced neurovegetative symptoms, such as fatigue and psychomotor slowing. During the next 8 weeks of subcutaneous interferon therapy, participants whose symptoms do not improve significantly will be randomized to the alternate agent alone versus escitalopram and methylphenidate together. Results We present a prototype for a single-center, sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial, which seeks to determine the efficacy of sequenced and targeted treatment for the two distinct symptom complexes suffered by patients treated with interferon-alpha. Limitations Because we cannot completely control for external factors, a relevant question is whether or not ‘short-term’ neuropsychiatric interventions can increase the number of interferon-alpha doses tolerated and improve long-term survival. Conclusions This sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial proposes a framework for developing optimal treatment strategies; however, additional studies are needed to determine the best strategy for treating or preventing neurobehavioral symptoms induced by the immunotherapy interferon-alpha. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 480—490. http://ctj.sagepub.com
MicroRNA expression profiling during the life cycle of the silkworm (Bombyx mori)
Authors: Liu Shiping , Zhang Liang , Li Qibin , Zhao Ping , Duan Jun , Cheng Daojun , Xiang Zhonghuai , Xia Qingyou 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed by a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, and function in diverse biological processes. Numerous miRNAs have been identified in Bombyx mori, but the temporal expression profiles of miRNAs corresponding to each stage transition over the entire life cycle of the silkworm remain to be established. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the correlation between miRNA expression and stage transitions, we performed a whole-life test and subsequent stage-by-stage examinations on nearly one hundred miRNAs in the silkworm.

Results
Our results show that miRNAs display a wide variety of expression profiles over the whole life of the silkworm, including continuous expression from embryo to adult (miR-184), up-regulation over the entire life cycle (let-7 and miR-100), down-regulation over the entire life cycle (miR-124), expression associated with embryogenesis (miR-29 and miR-92), up-regulation from early 3rd instar to pupa (miR-275), and complementary pulses in expression between miR-34b and miR-275. Stage-by-stage examinations revealed further expression patterns, such as emergence at specific time-points during embryogenesis and up-regulation of miRNA groups in late embryos (miR-1 and bantam), expression associated with stage transition between instar and molt larval stages (miR-34b), expression associated with silk gland growth and spinning activity (miR-274), continuous high expression from the spinning larval to pupal and adult stages (miR-252 and miR-31a), a coordinate expression trough in day 3 pupae of both sexes (miR-10b and miR-281), up-regulation in pupal metamorphosis of both sexes (miR-29b), and down-regulation in pupal metamorphosis of both sexes (miR-275).

Conclusion
We present the full-scale expression profiles of miRNAs throughout the life cycle of Bombyx mori. The whole-life expression profile was further investigated via stage-by-stage analysis. Our data provide an important resource for more detailed functional analysis of miRNAs in this animal.