bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wastewater, 4. Chemical Treatment
Authors: Simmler Walter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Oxidative Degradation by Hydrogen Peroxide3.Oxidative Degradation by Ozone4.Photocatalysis in Oxidative Degradation by Air5.Wet Oxidation by Oxygen Sources in the Aqueous Phase5.1.Low‐Pressure Wet Oxidation5.2.Oxidation by Nitric Acid5.3.High‐Pressure Wet Oxidation6.Hydrogenation
Water, 2. Treatment by Adsorption Processes
Authors: Johannsen Klaus , Summers R. Scott 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties of Activated Carbon3.Adsorption Theory4.Adsorption Equilibrium5.Adsorption Kinetics6.Biological Processes7.Design of GAC Systems8.Design of PAC Systems9.Reactivation of GAC10.Acknowledgement
Water, 3. Treatment by Ion Exchange Processes
Authors: Höll Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fundamentals1.1.Characterization of the Chemical State of Water1.2.Representation of the Chemical State of Water1.3.Ion Exchangers2.Cation‐Exchange Processes2.1.Strongly Acidic Resins in the Na+Form2.2.Strongly Acidic Resins in the H+Form2.3.Weakly Acidic Resins in the Hydrogen Form3.Anion‐Exchange Processes3.1.Strongly Basic Resins in the Cl−Form3.2.Strongly Basic Resins in the OH−Form3.3.Strongly Basic Resins in theForm3.4.Weakly Basic Resins4.Combined Processes4.1.Demineralization4.2.Partial Demineralization5.Acknowledgement
Water, 4. Treatment by Flocculation and Filtration
Authors: Jekel Martin , Gimbel Rolf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Flocculation1.1.Introduction1.2.Definitions1.3.Chemicals Used in Coagulation and Flocculation1.3.1.Inorganic Chemicals1.3.2.Organic Chemicals1.4.Kinetics of Aggregation1.5.Process Technology for Coagulation and Flocculation1.5.1.Dosing1.5.2.Rapid Mixing1.5.3.Reactors for Floc Formation1.5.4.Integrated Flocculation Systems1.5.5.Operational Aspects2.Filtration2.1.Introduction2.2.Slow Sand Filters2.3.Polishing Filters2.4.Rapid Filters2.4.1.Design2.4.2.Areas of Application and Modes of Operation2.4.3.Filter Performance3.Acknowledgement
Water, 5. Treatment by Membrane Separation Processes
Authors: Rautenbach Robert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Principles

2.1.

Flow, Selectivity, Driving Forces

2.2.

Mass Transport Resistance in Front of the Membrane

3.

Membranes

3.1.

Organic Membranes

3.2.

Inorganic Membranes

4.

Modules

4.1.

Modules with Tubular Membranes

4.2.

Modules with a Flat‐Sheet Membrane

5.

Fouling and Scaling

5.1.

Membrane Blockage due to Crystallization (Scaling)

5.2.

Membrane Blockage due to Contaminants (Fouling)

6.

Module Arrangements (Plant Design)

7.

Use of Membrane Processes in Water and Wastewater Technology

7.1.

Desalination of Seawater and Brackish Water

7.2.

Recovery of ɛ‐Caprolactam

7.3.

Leachates from Dump Sites

7.4.

Wastewater from the Dye Industry

8.

Acknowledgement
Ceramics, Bioceramics
Authors: Heimann Robert B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definitions3.Individual Bioceramic Materials3.1.Bioinert Ceramics3.1.1.Alumina3.1.2.Zirconia3.2.Bioactive (Osteoconductive) Ceramics3.2.1.Surface‐Active Bioglasses3.2.2.Hydroxyapatite (HAp)3.2.3.Resorbable Calcium Phosphates3.3.Other Bioceramic Materials3.3.1.TCP/β‐Rhenanite Compounds3.3.2.Ca–Zr–Ti Phosphates4.Hip Endoprostheses5.Future Development Trends
Morphology, Oxidation, and Mechanical Behavior of Nanoporous Cu Foams
Authors: Cheng I. Chung , Hodge Andrea M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNanoporous copper foams (65–80% porosity) are synthesized by dealloying different copper alloys, including Cu20Zn80, Cu35Zn65, and Cu30Al70. Ligament sizes, porosity, and oxide content are examined by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction to determine the nanoporous foam's structure and thermal stability. The pores and ligaments of the copper foams can range in size from 35 to 220 nm. Both parameters can be controlled by either the dealloying process or a subsequent heat treatment. The results show no copper oxide peaks for the as‐prepared samples; however, any heat treatments above 200 °C lead to the formation of Cu oxide (CuO and Cu2O). These foams are shown to retain their structural integrity even after oxidation. A novel method is thus developed for synthesizing nanoporous Cu oxide foams by heat treating nanoporous copper.
What's skill got to do with it?: Information literacy skills and self‐views of ability among first‐year college students
Authors: Gross Melissa , Latham Don 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study replicates a previous study based on work in psychology, which demonstrates that students who score as below proficient in information literacy (IL) skills have a miscalibrated self‐view of their ability. Simply stated, these students tend to believe that they have above‐average IL skills, when, in fact, an objective test of their ability indicates that they are below‐proficient in terms of their actual skills. This investigation was part of an Institute of Museum and Library Services‐funded project and includes demographic data about participants, their scores on an objective test of their information literacy skills, and self‐estimates of their ability. Findings support previous research that indicates many students come to college without proficient IL skills, that students with below‐proficient IL skills have inflated views of their ability, and that this miscalibration can also be expressed by students who test as proficient. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
An integrated approach for main path analysis: Development of the Hirsch index as an example
Authors: Liu John S. , Lu Louis Y.Y. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study enhances main path analysis by proposing several variants to the original approach. Main path analysis is a bibliometric method capable of tracing the most significant paths in a citation network and is commonly used to trace the development trajectory of a research field. We highlight several limitations of the original main path analysis and suggest new, complementary approaches to overcome these limitations. In contrast to the original local main path, the new approaches generate the global main path, the backward local main path, multiple main paths, and key‐route main paths. Each of them is obtained via a perspective different from the original approach. By simultaneously conducting the new, complementary approaches, one uncovers the key development of the target discipline from a broader view. To demonstrate the value of these new approaches, we simultaneously apply them to a set of academic articles related to the Hirsch index. The results show that the integrated approach discovers several paths that are not captured by the original approach. Among these new approaches, the key‐route approach is especially useful and hints at a divergence–convergence–divergence structure in the development of the Hirsch index.
Effects of homogeneous media, binary mixtures and microheterogeneous media on the fluorescence and fluorescence probe properties of some benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridiens with HSA and BSA
Authors: Shelar Deepak P. , Rote Ramhari V. , Patil Sandeep R. , Jachak Madhukar N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTA rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of various poly‐substituted benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridines in high yield has been developed via the Friedländer condensation of 2‐aminoquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde 1 with various alicyclic ketones in a base catalyst (aq. potassium hydroxide). A series of benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridines branched with various side‐chains and substituents were prepared with the aim of being investigated as a fluorescent agents. Electronic absorption and fluorescence properties of some representative benzonaphthyridines (3d, 5b and 21f) in homogeneous organic solvents, dioxane–water binary mixtures and in the microheterogeneous media (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton‐X100 micelles) have been examined. A linear correlation between solvent polarity and fluorescence properties was observed. Further, the interaction of these benzonaphthyridines (3d, 5b and 21f) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffer have been examined by UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity of 3d, 5b and 21f increases with the increasing HSA and BSA concentration. These benzonaphthyridines also quench the 345 nm fluorescence of BSA in phosphate buffer (λex 280 nm). These compounds have potential for use as neutral and hydrophobic fluorescence probes for examining the microenvironments in proteins, polymers, micelles, etc. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of endothelial cell growth in a murine in vitro blood–brain barrier model
Authors: Wuest Diane M. , Lee Kelvin H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn vitro cell culture models of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are important tools used to study cellular physiology and brain disease therapeutics. Although the number of model configurations is expanding across neuroscience laboratories, it is not clear that any have been effectively optimized. A sequential screening study to identify optimal primary mouse endothelial cell parameter set points, grown alone and in combination with common model enhancements, including co‐culturing with primary mouse or rat astrocytes and addition of biochemical agents in the media, was performed. A range of endothelial cell‐seeding densities (1–8 × 105 cells/cm2) and astrocyte‐seeding densities (2–8 × 104 cells/cm2) were studied over seven days in the system, and three distinct media‐feeding strategies were compared to optimize biochemical agent exposure time. Implementation of all optimal set points increased transendothelial electrical resistance by over 200% compared to an initial model and established a suitable in vitro model for brain disease application studies. These results demonstrate the importance of optimizing cell culture growth, which is the most important parameter in creating an in vitro BBB model as it directly relates the model to the in vivo arrangement.
Aspirin Analogues as Dual Cyclooxygenase‐2/5‐Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Nitric Oxide Release, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation as Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Bhardwaj Atul , Huang Zhangjian , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAnalogues of aspirin were synthesized through an efficient one‐step reaction in which the carboxyl group was replaced by an ethyl ester, and/or the acetoxy group was replaced by an N‐substituted sulfonamide (SO2NHOR2: R2=H, Me, CH2Ph) pharmacophore. These analogues were designed for evaluation as dual cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) inhibitors. In vitro COX‐1/COX‐2 isozyme inhibition studies identified compounds 11 (CO2H, SO2NHOH), 12 (CO2H, SO2NHOCH2Ph), and 16 (CO2Et, SO2NHOH) as highly potent and selective COX‐2 inhibitors (IC50 range: 0.07–0.7 μM), which exhibited appreciable in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity (ED50 range: 23.1–31.4 mg kg−1). Moreover, compounds 11 (IC50=0.2 μM) and 16 (IC50=0.3 μM), with a sulfohydroxamic acid (SO2NHOH) moiety showed potent 5‐LOX inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the SO2NHOH moiety present in compounds 11 and 16 was found to be a good nitric oxide (NO) donor upon incubation in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Molecular docking studies in the active binding site of COX‐2 and 5‐LOX provided complementary theoretical support for the experimental biological structure–activity data acquired.
Planar multipolar cells in the cochlear nucleus project to medial olivocochlear neurons in mouse
Authors: Darrow Keith N. , Benson Thane E. , Brown M. Christian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMedial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons originate in the superior olivary complex and project to the cochlea, where they act to reduce the effects of noise masking and protect the cochlea from damage. MOC neurons respond to sound via a reflex pathway; however, in this pathway the cochlear nucleus cell type that provides input to MOC neurons is not known. We investigated whether multipolar cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus have projections to MOC neurons by labeling them with injections into the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The projections of one type of labeled multipolar cell, planar neurons, were traced into the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, where they were observed terminating on MOC neurons (labeled in some cases by a second cochlear injection of FluoroGold). These terminations formed what appear to be excitatory synapses, i.e., containing small, round vesicles and prominent postsynaptic densities. These data suggest that cochlear nucleus planar multipolar neurons drive the MOC neuron's response to sound. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1365–1375, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy Plus Pharmacotherapy in Inpatient Treatment of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Köhler Stephan , Hoffmann Sabine , Unger Theresa , Steinacher Bruno , Dierstein Nicholas , Fydrich Thomas 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundMeta‐analyses show benefits for patients from a combination of medication and cognitive–behavioural psychotherapy. However, it is still unclear whether or not additional cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) also produces a better treatment outcome in a naturalistic psychiatric setting.MethodsTwo‐hundred six consecutively registered acute psychiatric inpatients with a unipolar depressive disorder were treated with additional CBT. This combined therapy was then compared with psychiatric primary care in an inpatient setting (clinical management). In addition to pharmacological treatment, 105 of the 206 patients also received symptom‐focused CBT after hospitalization. Seventeen‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD, primary outcome criterion), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning were performed with all patients.ResultsPatients who were treated with additional CBT revealed a considerably greater reduction of depressive symptoms than in patients who received inpatient primary care only (HAMD: −22.21 versus −19.86, p = 0.027; BDI: 14.99 versus 11.36, p = 0.031). Moreover, remission rates were significantly higher (HAMD: 72% to 51%, p = 0.045; BDI: 58.8% versus 43.1%, p = 0.044) in the combined treatment group than in the primary care only group.LimitationThe naturalistic design and the inconsistent pharmacological treatment are design flaws.ConclusionThe results show that additional cognitive–behavioural treatment of depressive disorders notably improves outcome over standard procedure in acute psychiatric treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

There is a need for treatment strategies to accompany medication. In the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial (STAR*D), only 33% of the patients reached remission criteria after the first antidepressant treatment step and only 50% after the second step.
The strict inclusion criteria of randomized controlled trials often render their patient populations unrepresented. For an accurate view of treatment effectiveness, their results need to be complemented with results gained from trials in clinical practice.
Additional cognitive–behavioural treatment notably improves treatment outcomes compared with standard treatments in the acute psychiatric treatment of depressive disorders.
The results of this study under naturalistic conditions are an important addition to findings from randomized and controlled studies.
Simple, fast, tissue‐specific bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis in Xenopus
Authors: Fish Margaret B. , Nakayama Takuya , Grainger Robert M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe have developed a method of injecting bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA into Xenopus embryos that is simple and efficient, and results in consistent and tissue‐specific expression of transgenes cloned into BAC vectors. Working with large pieces of DNA, as can be accommodated by BACs, is necessary when studying large or complex genes and conducive to studying the function of long‐range regulatory elements that act to control developmentally restricted gene expression. We recombineered fluorescent reporters into three Xenopus tropicalis BAC clones targeting three different genes and report that up to 60% of injected embryos express the reporter in a manner consistent with endogenous expression. The behavior of these BACs, which are replicated after injection, contrasts with that of smaller plasmids, which degrade relatively quickly when injected as circular molecules and generally fail to recapitulate endogenous expression when not integrated into the Xenopus genome. genesis 50:307–315, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The eggshell in the C. elegans oocyte‐to‐embryo transition
Authors: Johnston Wendy L. , Dennis James W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn egg‐laying animals, embryonic development takes place within the highly specialized environment provided by the eggshell and its underlying extracellular matrix. Far from being simply a passive physical support, the eggshell is a key player in many early developmental events. Herein, we review current understanding of eggshell structure, biosynthesis, and function in zygotic development of the nematode, C. elegans. Beginning at sperm contact or entry, eggshell layers are produced sequentially. The earlier outer layers are required for secretion or organization of inner layers, and layers differ in composition and function. Developmental events that depend on the eggshell include polyspermy barrier generation, high fidelity meiotic chromosome segregation, osmotic barrier synthesis, polar body extrusion, anterior–posterior polarization, and organization of membrane and cortical proteins. The C. elegans eggshell is proving to be an excellent, tractable system to study the molecular cues of the extracellular matrix that instruct cell polarity and early development. genesis 50:333–349, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drought stress and vegetation characteristics on sites with different slopes and orientations
Authors: Bartholomeus Ruud P. , Witte Jan‐Philip M. , Runhaar Johannes 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we introduce an ecologically relevant measure of drought stress and its relationship with vegetation characteristics. We used process‐based simulations of reference drought stress on inclined surfaces with different soil type, slope, and aspect to get an insight in the drought statistics that explain small‐scale differences in vegetation characteristics. Mean intensity, duration, and frequency of drought events are commonly integrated into the so‐called “dynamic drought stress” TSdyn. We introduce a simple, physiology‐based alternative measure of drought stress TSupp, based on the finding that plants respond to extremes rather than to mean intensities of stress events. Using extremes instead of mean intensities makes information on duration and frequency of stress events superfluous. We show that compared with TSdyn, TSupp (i) is a better predictor of the fraction of xerophytes within a vegetation plot, (ii) is simple, transparent, and easy to interpret as only the uppermost intensities are involved, i.e. minimum parameters are needed, and (iii) does not involve empirical parameters, as are used in TSdyn. Focusing on extremes rather than on means is especially important in predicting climate change effects, as especially these extremes are predicted to increase due to climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into the Mechanism of the Ruthenium–Porphyrin‐Catalysed Allylic Amination of Olefins by Aryl Azides
Authors: Intrieri Daniela , Caselli Alessandro , Ragaini Fabio , Macchi Piero , Casati Nicola , Gallo Emma 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis of allylic amines by aryl azides (ArN3) catalysed by [Ru(TPP)CO] (TPP = dianion of tetraphenylporphyrin). The employment of aryl azides renders the methodology sustainable as the formation of molecular nitrogen is the only stoichiometric byproduct. The isolation of catalytic intermediates and spectroscopic and kinetic studies revealed interesting information about the reaction mechanism, which could improve its catalytic efficiency in future research. An important result is the X‐ray characterisation of [Ru(TPP)(ArN)2] [Ar = 3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3], which is active in both stoichiometric and catalytic nitrene transfer reactions. The proposed involvement of carbonyl‐monoimido‐ruthenium porphyrin complexes in the catalytic cycle is also derived from our kinetic and experimental results. All the data indicate the coexistence of two mechanisms, where the electronic nature of the engaged aryl azide and olefin concentration determine one mechanism or the other.
Magnetic Beads‐Based Electrochemical Sensors Applied to the Detection and Quantification of Bioterrorism/Biohazard Agents
Authors: Pedrero María , Campuzano Susana , Pingarrón José M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNowadays, detecting the presence of bioterrorism and biohazard agents in environmental and food samples is of great concern, due to their toxicity, and because many of them are prone to be used in terrorism attacks. The use of functionalized magnetic beads (MBs) in the development of electrochemical immuno‐ and genosensors has resulted in innovative and powerful detection strategies that may be applied to environmental, food and clinical analysis. This review describes current research on the combination of functionalized MBs with electrochemical detection for the development of magnetobiosensors applied to rapid, sensitive and specific detection of bioterrorism and biohazard agents.
Label‐free analysis in chip electrophoresis applying deep UV fluorescence lifetime detection
Authors: Beyreiss Reinhild , Ohla Stefan , Nagl Stefan , Belder Detlev 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHerein we introduce deep UV fluorescence lifetime detection in microfluidics applied for label‐free detection and identification of various aromatic analytes in chip electrophoresis. For this purpose, a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG (neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet) picosecond laser at 266 nm was incorporated into an inverse fluorescence microscope setup with time‐correlated single photon counting detection. This allowed recording of photon timing with sub‐nanosecond precision. Thereby fluorescence decay curves are gathered on‐the‐fly and average lifetimes can be determined for each substance in the electropherogram. The aromatic compounds serotonin, propranolol, 3‐phenoxy‐1,2‐propanediol and tryptophan were electrophoretically separated using a fused‐silica microchip. Average lifetimes were independently determined for each compound via bi‐exponential tail fitting. Time‐correlated single photon counting also allows the discrimination of background fluorescence in the time domain. This results in improved signal‐to‐noise‐ratios as demonstrated for the above model analytes. Microchip electrophoretic separations with fluorescence lifetime detection were also performed with a protein mixture containing lysozyme, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen emphasizing the potential for biopolymer analysis.