bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruits of Melastomataceae: phenology in Andean forest and role as a food resource for birds
Authors: Kessler-Rios Margarita M. , Kattan Gustavo H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:The fruits of Melastomataceae are consumed by many Neotropical frugivorous birds. Several studies have reported segregated fruiting seasons of melastomes, but this pattern is not widespread. The segregated fruiting phenologies of congeneric sympatric species may be an evolutionary response to reduce competition for seed dispersers. Alternatively, aggregated fruiting phenologies may be favoured if local fruit abundance attracts more frugivores, thus enhancing seed dispersal. We monitored melastome fruiting in transects over a 2-y period at a cloud-forest site in the Colombian Andes. Fruiting periods of nine melastome species were aggregated and fruiting peaks coincided with rainy seasons. In a separate 6-mo study, observations at focal plants revealed that 47 of 61 bird species fed on 10 species of melastome, representing 37.4% of feeding events observed. Melastomes were consumed by birds in a higher proportion than expected from their availability and peak melastome fruit abundance coincided with the breeding season of the frugivore community, when melastomes constituted 54% of feeding records. Melastomes interact with a large number of bird species throughout their annual cycles, and seem to constitute pivotal elements that sustain the frugivore community in montane forests.
The Hardy space H1 on non-homogeneous metric spaces
Authors: HYTÖNEN TUOMAS , YANG DACHUN , YANG DONGYONG 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLet (, d, μ) be a metric measure space and satisfy the so-called upper doubling condition and the geometrical doubling condition. We introduce the atomic Hardy space H1(μ) and prove that its dual space is the known space RBMO(μ) in this context. Using this duality, we establish a criterion for the boundedness of linear operators from H1(μ) to any Banach space. As an application of this criterion, we obtain the boundedness of Calderón–Zygmund operators from H1(μ) to L1(μ).
Purchases of ready-to-eat cereals vary across US household sociodemographic categories according to nutritional value and advertising targets
Authors: Castetbon Katia , Harris Jennifer L , Schwartz Marlene B 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal purchases in 2008 in the USA according to cereal nutritional quality and marketing strategy and household sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study of purchases in one year. Each type of cereal was assigned to one of four nutrition quality categories (based on Nutrient Profile Index, NPI) and one of four advertising categories based on television exposure and analysis of packaging (child-targeted, family-targeted, adult-targeted and no television advertising). Medians and distributions of purchase indicators were calculated for the cereal categories and the distributions were compared across sociodemographic groups.SettingRTE cereals (n 249) with complete label and nutritional content.SubjectsRTE cereal purchases according to household sociodemographic characteristics obtained from Nielsen Homescan, a nationally representative panel of households.ResultsPurchases of RTE cereals were highest in households with one or more child and lowest in African-American and Asian households, as well as those earning <$US 30 000 per annum. The lowest-quality products were purchased by four times as many households as the highest-quality cereals, but loyalty to these products was lower. Purchases of cereals by households with children and in African-American and Hispanic households increased as cereal nutritional quality declined. Compared with non-advertised products, advertised child-targeted cereals were purchased thirteen times more frequently; family-targeted brand purchases were ten times higher; and adult-targeted cereals were purchased four times more frequently.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that improving the nutritional quality of RTE cereals with advertising targeted to children could also lead to increased consumption of healthier products by young people.
Household food insecurity and hunger among households in Sidama district, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Regassa Nigatu , Stoecker Barbara J 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine household food insecurity and hunger in Sidama Zone, one of the most populous zones in southern Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional survey administered individually by trained interviewers. Food insecurity was calculated with both the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project.SettingRural households from ten kebeles (the smallest administrative district) selected from two agro-climatic zones in Sidama, southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to January 2011.SubjectsMen and women respondents from 1094 rural households were selected using multistage sampling techniques.ResultsUsing the HFIAS, 17·7 % of households were food secure. The percentage of households that were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure was 6·8 %, 27·7 % and 47·8 %, respectively. Using the HHS, 29·0 % and 5·6 % of households fell into the moderate and severe household hunger categories. Using multivariate statistical techniques, five variables were significant predictors of both food insecurity and hunger. These variables were migration of a household member, agro-climatic zone, and younger age, less education and lower radio access for the woman. Being eligible for safety-net credit programmes also was a predictor of hunger, while limited animal ownership and household wealth as well as alcohol use by the household head added to the prediction of food insecurity.ConclusionsThe study documented that food insecurity is a major concern of smallholder farming households in the study area. A substantial majority of the households were facing mild to severe food insecurity and hunger for an extended period of time.
Thermohaline structure in the California Current System: Observations and modeling of spice variance
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Davis Russ E. 
Published: December 2011

Upper ocean thermohaline structure in the California Current System is investigated using sustained observations from autonomous underwater gliders and a numerical state estimate. Both observations and the state estimate show layers distinguished by the temperature and salinity variability along isopycnals (i.e., spice variance). Mesoscale and submesoscale spice variance is largest in the remnant mixed layer, decreases to a minimum below the pycnocline near 26.3 kg m−3, and then increases again near 26.6 kg m−3. Layers of high (low) meso‐ and submesoscale spice variance are found on isopycnals where large‐scale spice gradients are large (small), consistent with stirring of large‐scale gradients to produce smaller scale thermohaline structure. Passive tracer adjoint calculations in the state estimate are used to investigate possible mechanisms for the formation of the layers of spice variance. Layers of high spice variance are found to have distinct origins and to be associated with named water masses; high spice variance water in the remnant mixed layer has northerly origin and is identified as Pacific Subarctic water, while the water in the deeper high spice variance layer has southerly origin and is identified as Equatorial Pacific water. The layer of low spice variance near 26.3 kg m−3 lies between the named water masses and does not have a clear origin. Both effective horizontal diffusivity, κh, and effective diapycnal diffusivity, κv, are elevated relative to the diffusion coefficients set in the numerical simulation, but changes in κh and κv with depth are not sufficient to explain the observed layering of thermohaline structure.
High-throughput isotopic analysis of RNA microarrays to quantify microbial resource use
Authors: Mayali Xavier , Weber Peter K , Brodie Eoin L , Mabery Shalini , Hoeprich Paul D , Pett-Ridge Jennifer 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Most microorganisms remain uncultivated, and typically their ecological roles must be inferred from diversity and genomic studies. To directly measure functional roles of uncultivated microbes, we developed Chip-stable isotope probing (SIP), a high-sensitivity, high-throughput SIP method performed on a phylogenetic microarray (chip). This approach consists of microbial community incubations with isotopically labeled substrates, hybridization of the extracted community rRNA to a microarray and measurement of isotope incorporation—and therefore substrate use—by secondary ion mass spectrometer imaging (NanoSIMS). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chip-SIP can detect isotopic enrichment of 0.5 atom % 13C and 0.1 atom % 15N, thus permitting experiments with short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. We applied Chip-SIP analysis to a natural estuarine community and quantified amino acid, nucleic acid or fatty acid incorporation by 81 distinct microbial taxa, thus demonstrating that resource partitioning occurs with relatively simple organic substrates. The Chip-SIP approach expands the repertoire of stable isotope-enabled methods available to microbial ecologists and provides a means to test genomics-generated hypotheses about biogeochemical function in any natural environment.
Relative Hooking Mortality among Walleyes Caught on Barbed and Barbless Octopus Hooks and Barbed Jigs
Authors: Reeves Keith A. , Staples David F. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Anglers sometimes use alternatives or modifications to J-shaped hooks to reduce hooking mortality in fish that are caught with live baits and then released. One such modification, the removal of barbs, has been evaluated for several fish species but has shown little promise for reducing hooking mortality; however, barbless hooks have not been evaluated for walleye Sander vitreus. We evaluated relative mortality for walleyes (228–419 mm total length) that were caught by means of bobber fishing with leeches on barbed (n = 179 fish) or barbless (n = 209) live-bait octopus hooks or on barbed jigs (n = 193); after capture, the fish were held for 120 h in net pens. Holding mortality was a function of water temperature, cage density, bleeding level, and hook location; fish length and angler handling time did not significantly affect mortality. We combined hook location and bleeding level to create a single variable, hooking damage, which was used to replace the two variables in the initial model. This second model was similar to the first, indicating that hooking damage was correlated with mortality when controlling for the effects of water temperature and cage density. We also determined that hooking damage was correlated with hook type. For the 228–419-mm walleyes in our study, barbed jigs caused less damage than live-bait hooks and damage levels were similar between barbed and barbless live-bait hooks. Given specified levels of hooking damage, holding mortality was independent of hook type. We hypothesize that the fish in this study were too small to swallow the jigs well and thus were hooked less critically and bled less than fish that were caught with live-bait hooks. This study illustrates how gear type can affect hooking mortality based on the amount of damage caused when the fish is caught and adds to the body of literature indicating that the removal of barbs from hooks does not increase fish survival.
Received March 15, 2010; accepted November 17, 2010
Movement of Lake-Origin Burbot Reared in a Hatchery Environment and Released into a Large River Drainage
Authors: Neufeld Matthew D. , Cain Kenneth D. , Jensen Nathan R. , Ireland Susan C. , Paragamian Vaughn L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Burbot Lota lota in Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River of British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana (U.S. spelling: “Kootenai River”) are at risk of demographic extinction. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate poststocking dispersal and movement of hatchery-reared, lake-strain burbot (Moyie Lake, British Columbia) in a riverine environment to determine the potential utility of this hatchery strain for future burbot rehabilitation efforts in this system. We implanted ultrasonic tags into 30 hatchery-reared burbot (ages 2 and 3) and released them into the Goat River, a tributary to the Kootenay River, in October 2009. Dispersal over a distance of 2 km from the Goat River release site to the Kootenay River occurred within 1–9 d after release (mean = 3.1 d; n = 28 active tags). Thereafter, 14 burbot remained in the Kootenay River for the rest of the 144-d study period; nine of these fish were observed moving upstream from the Goat River confluence, and five were observed both upstream and downstream from the confluence. The other 14 burbot were observed in Kootenay Lake; of these fish, eight were detected in the lake for the duration of the study, and six were observed to move regularly between the lake and the river. Dispersal distances (distance between the upstream-most and downstream-most detections per individual) within the Kootenay River ranged from 10 to 138 km (mean = 80 km), and tagged fish were detected over a 236-km reach (from 135 km downstream to 101 km upstream of the Goat River confluence). We also observed burbot in the vicinity of known spawning locations during the February spawning season. The observed dispersal suggests that a limited number of stocking locations may be sufficient to allow burbot to access available habitats within a few months postrelease. Our observations therefore suggest that lake-origin, hatchery-reared burbot may be suitable for stocking in a riverine environment.
Received June 11, 2010; accepted December 4, 2010
Assessing the Feasibility of Native Fish Reintroductions: A Framework Applied to Threatened Bull Trout
Authors: Dunham Jason , Gallo Kirsten , Shively Dan , Allen Chris , Goehring Brad 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Translocations to recover native fishes have resulted in mixed success. One reason for the failure of these actions is inadequate assessments of their feasibility prior to implementation. Here, we provide a framework developed to assess the feasibility of one type of translocation—reintroduction. The framework was founded on two simple components of feasibility: the potential for recipient habitats to support a reintroduction and the potential of available donor populations to support a reintroduction. Within each component, we developed a series of key questions. The final assessment was based on a scoring system that incorporated consideration of uncertainty in available information. The result was a simple yet transparent system for assessing reintroduction feasibility that can be rapidly applied in practice. We applied this assessment framework to the potential reintroduction of threatened bull trout Salvelinus confluentus into the Clackamas River, Oregon. In this case, the assessment suggested that the degree of feasibility for reintroduction was high based on the potential of recipient habitats and available donor populations. The assessment did not provide a comprehensive treatment of all possible factors that would drive an actual decision to implement a reintroduction, but it did provide a fundamental level of feasibility assessment that is often lacking in practice.
Received May 28, 2010; accepted December 22, 2010
Survival and Straying of Hatchery Steelhead following Forced or Volitional Release
Authors: Clarke Lance R. , Flesher Michael W. , Warren Shelby M. , Carmichael Richard W. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In this study, conducted over four release years, we compare the performance of hatchery steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss that were force-released (FR) from acclimation ponds with that of fish given a 2-week volitional release (VR). After fish were released into streams, we monitored smolt out-migration travel times and survival to Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in a subsample of each release group. To better understand the out-migration characteristics of volitionally departing fish, we also captured and PIT-tagged fish as they exited ponds in the first and last 24 h of VR. Across all release groups, travel time was 3% faster for fish that were forced from acclimation ponds than for VR groups; however, the average survival of VR groups (65.0%) was significantly higher than that of FR groups (58.6%). On average, fish that departed acclimation ponds in the first 24 h of VR took 6 d longer to reach Lower Granite Dam and had lower survival (50.3%) than those departing in the last 24 h (56.9%), though these differences were not statistically significant. We estimated smolt-to-adult survival and a stray rate index for the FR and VR groups based on recoveries of coded-wire-tagged adults. Across all releases, smolt-to-adult survival was not significantly different between groups (FR = 0.63%, VR = 0.59%), and the same was true for the stray rate index (FR = 10.9%, VR = 10.6%). Our finding that VR provided no postrelease survival benefit is consistent with the results of other published studies, but this is the first study to quantify the stray rate in relation to VR.
Received September 14, 2010; accepted November 15, 2010
The Impact of Different Performance Measures on Model Selection for Fraser River Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Cummings Jonathan W. , Hague Merran J. , Patterson David A. , Peterman Randall M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Uncertainties prevalent in fisheries systems result in deviations between management targets and observed outcomes. As an example of attempting to deal with such uncertainty, fishery managers of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from the Fraser River, British Columbia, use environmentally based management adjustment (MA) models to forecast indices of in-river loss of adults as they migrate upstream to spawn. Losses forecasted by MA models are directly incorporated into estimates of total allowable catch, resulting in harvest reductions that aim to increase the probability of achieving spawning escapement targets. However, the relative forecasting success of different MA models has not been rigorously assessed. Therefore, we used a suite of forecasting and hindcasting metrics to rank the performance of numerous MA models. We found that the rank of each model varied across sockeye salmon stock aggregates (i.e., run timing groups) and depended on the performance measures chosen for evaluation. Although model selection in fisheries research is often determined solely by model-fitting criteria, such as R2 and Akaike's information criterion (corrected for small-sample bias), in our case the models with the largest mean R2 value, the smallest mean corrected Akaike's information criterion, or both often ranked poorly for measures of model forecast performance (i.e., mean raw error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error). Although no single model performed best across all run timing groups, failure to apply an MA produced the worst outcome (for 3 of the 4 run timing groups) or second-worst outcome (for the fourth group). We provide a framework for model selection based on the relative importance of different model selection criteria and their associated performance measures. We urge scientists and managers to work closely together to develop appropriate metrics for assessing model performance and for objectively selecting forecast models that will best meet management objectives.
Received April 29, 2010; accepted December 6, 2010
Winter Catch-and-Release Hooking Mortality of Saugers below Lock and Dam 3 of the Mississippi River
Authors: Meerbeek Jonathan R. , Hoxmeier R. John H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of length and depth of capture of saugers Sander canadensis on winter hooking mortality below Lock and Dam 3 of the Mississippi River (i.e., Pool 4) by catching saugers using the most common recreational fishing gear in these fisheries (jig and plastic, jig and minnow, and jigging spoons) and holding the fish for 72 h in a net-pen. Sauger winter hooking mortality was 26.4% and increased with depth of capture. Thirty-three percent (56 of 172) of the saugers caught at depths of 9 to 24 m died, compared with only 2% (1 of 41) of those caught at depths of 9 m or less. There was no relationship between fish length and mortality; however, fish caught at depths of 12 m or less were significantly larger. We applied our hooking mortality estimates (26.4%) to a concurrent creel census and estimated that 2,500–2,900 kg of saugers were lost each year to winter hooking mortality. The percentage of total angling mortality (harvest and hooking) resulting from catch and release each winter was 30.5% (2,515 kg/8,256 kg) in 2005–2006 and 33.0% (2,812 kg/8,529 kg) in 2006–2007. Based on the historical abundance and annual mortality estimates available for Pool 4 saugers, winter hooking mortality did not substantially reduce the population. However, anglers may reduce winter catch-and-release hooking mortality by fishing in shallower water (&lt;9 m).
Received May 12, 2010; accepted December 30, 2010
Effects of Hatchery Fish Density on Emigration, Growth, Survival, and Predation Risk of Natural Steelhead Parr in an Experimental Stream Channel
Authors: Tatara Christopher P. , Riley Stephen C. , Berejikian Barry A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Hatchery supplementation of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss raises concerns about the impacts on natural populations, including reduced growth and survival, displacement, and increased predation. The potential risks may be density dependent. We examined how hatchery stocking density and the opportunity to emigrate affect the responses of natural steelhead parr in an experimental stream channel and after 15 d found no density-dependent effects on growth, emigration, or survival at densities ranging from 1–6 hatchery parr/m2. The opportunity for steelhead parr to emigrate reduced predation by coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii on both hatchery and natural steelhead parr. The cutthroat trout exhibited a type-I functional response (constant predation rate with increased prey density) for the hatchery and composite populations. In contrast, the predation rate on natural parr decreased as hatchery stocking density increased. Supplementation with hatchery parr at any experimental stocking density reduced the final natural parr density. This decline was explained by increased emigration from the supplemented groups. Natural parr had higher mean instantaneous growth rates than hatchery parr. The proportion of parr emigrating decreased as parr size increased over successive experimental trials. Smaller parr had lower survival and suffered higher predation. The final density of the composite population, a measure of supplementation effectiveness, increased with the hatchery steelhead stocking rate. Our results indicate that stocking larger hatchery parr (over 50 d postemergence) at densities within the carrying capacity would have low short-term impact on the growth, survival, and emigration of natural parr while increasing the density of the composite population; in addition, a stocking density greater than 3 fish/m2 might be a good starting point for the evaluation of parr stocking in natural streams.
Received June 28, 2010; accepted December 30, 2010