bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitroeffects of mebendazole on the carbohydrate metabolism ofAvitellina lahorea(Cestoda)
Authors: Ahmad M. , Nizami W. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMebendazole (3.3 μmol), causesin vitroglycogen depletion and inhibits glucose uptake inAvitellina lahorea. Inhibition of non-specific phosphomonoesterases and adenosine triphosphatase by mebendazole is discussed in the light of the role of phosphatases in uptake mechanisms. Mebendazole has no effect on hexokinase which has broad substrate specificity but influences the activities of some glycolytic enzymes such as phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Thus, it appears that mebendazole also acts to disrupt certain enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism which may ultimately cause death of the parasite.
Antifilarial effect of Zingiber officinale on Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Datta Anita , Sukul Nirmal C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDogs, naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis, were treated with the residues of the alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger). Twelve subcutaneous injections of the extract given at 100 mg/kg reduced microfilarial concentration in blood by a maximum of 98%. Fifty five days after the last injection there was 83% reduction in microfilarial concentration suggesting partial destruction of adult worms. Half of the treated dogs showed some lethargy at the beginning of treatment possibly due to the mass annihilation of microfilariae in blood.
Partial purification and characterization of a soluble acid phosphatase from the tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Bumbulis Michael J. , Pappas Peter W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn acid phosphatase activity (APA; EC 3.1.3.2) was demonstrated in homogenates of adultHymenolepis diminuta. The APA was soluble based on the observation that it did not sediment at 130 000 g. APA was partially purified using a combination of differential centrifugation, ammonium sulphate precipitation, chloroform extraction, and gel and fast-protein-liquid-chromatography. This combination of techniques resulted in a preparation with a specific activity approximately 500 times greater than the crude enzyme preparation. The temperature and pH optima of the partially purified APA were 44°C and pH 5·0. The enzyme appeared to be a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 62 000. APA had a higher affinity for a greater activity towards aromatic than aliphatic phosphoesters and phosphoryl transferase activity was demonstrable using 1-butanol and ethylene glycol as acceptors. APA was inhibited significantly by sodium dodecyl sulphate, fluoride, molybdate and tartrate, but CuSO4and Fast Garnet GBC were poor inhibitors. The precise cellular localization and function of this enzyme remains unknown since it possesses characteristics of both cytoplasmic and lysosomal APA's of other organisms.
Studies on the infectivity of Diplostomum spathaceum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Whyte S. K. , Secombes C. J. , Chappell L. H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe infectivity of Diplostomum spathaceum (Digenea: Trematoda) cercariae to rainbow trout and the efficacy of the diplostomule migration to the lens following different routes of administration was examined. The optimum age of infectivity for cercariae was between 0–5 h after liberation from the snail and for intraperitoneally injected diplostomules, 5 h post-transformation in vitro through fish skin. After exposure of the entire fish body or head to cercariae, metacercariae first appeared in the lens at 5 h and their numbers gradually increased until 22 h. Following exposure of the tail region of rainbow trout to cercariae, metacercariae first appeared in the lens at 14 h. Significantly more metacercariae established in the lens of fish following exposure of the fish head compared with the tail region; 40% of penetrating cercariae reached the lens of fish following exposure of the head or entire body, 20% of cercariae or diplostomules injected either intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or intracardially reached the lens while only 5% of cercariae established as metacercariae following exposure of the tail region.
Complications ofAscaris lumbricoidesinfection: case reports from south western Uganda
Authors: Mpairwe J. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTwo cases of intestinal obstruction due toAscaris lumbricoidesinfection are reported from Ishaka Adventist Hospital, in south western Uganda. One was a male aged two and a half years and another was a female aged twenty. They were both treated surgically with good results. A review of the literature also revealed that intestinal obstruction due toA. lumbricoidesis a common complication, though other surgical and nutritional complications also seem to be common, they are less reported.
Morphological changes inSchistosoma mansonicaused by the mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate
Authors: Coles G. C. , Zuckerman B. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThree week oldSchistosoma mansoni, cultured for up to sixty days after exposure to ethyl methane sulphonate, showed extensive ballooning which often involved most of the worm's body. Other changes included tegumental breakdown which was expressed in varying degrees from mild hernia to total disruption of body shape. Increase in gut size involved stretching of the epithelium and inclusions ranging from masses of disrupted tissue to large, dark opaque masses. Masses were also occasionally seen in the fluid filled spaces of worms. Evidence of hyperplasia was not observed in any of the histological examinations performed.
Humoral and cellular response to infection withEchinostoma revolutumin the golden hamster,Mesocricetus auratus
Authors: Mabus J. , Huffman J. E. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLaboratory hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected withEchinostoma revolutum(Trematoda). Immunoelectrophoretic studies of hamster serum showed no demonstrable antibody response toE. revolutum. Histopathologic examination of intestinal tissue of infected hamsters showed erosion of intestinal villi and lymphocytic infiltration as the primary host response. Spleens from infected hamsters were hyperplastic during the first 3 weeks of infection and atrophic from 4 to 8 weeks postinfection. Hamsters were unable to acquire a resistance toE. revolutuminfection. Lack of resistance was demonstrated in hamsters where the parasite infection was no longer detected based on the absence of eggs in the faeces; these hamsters were then reinfected. Hamsters treated with the anthelmintic oxyclozanide were also reinfected withE. revolutum.
Surface carbohydrate changes onOnchocerca lienalislarvae as they develop from microfilariae to the infective third-stage inSimulium ornatum
Authors: Ham P. J. , Smail A. J. , Groeger B. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTUse was made of seven FITC labelled lectins as tools to investigate the surface ofOnchocerca lienalislarvae as they develop through to the infective third-stage in a natural vector,Simulium ornatum. The lectins were derived fromCanavalia ensiformis(Con A),Lens culinaris(lentil),Triticum vulgaris(wheat germ),Arachis hypogaea(peanut),Helix pomatia, Phaseolus vulgaris(kidney bean) andTetragonolobus purpureus(asparagus pea). Between 70 and 100 living parasites were examined for each developmental stage; i.e. skin microfilariae, late first-stages, second-stages, preinfective third-stages and infective third-stages isolated from the mouth parts of the flies. None of the lectins used bound to the surface of the microfilariae. However, progressive binding to the cuticle of the first- and second-stages was observed using Con. A, lentil lectin and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Following moulting to the third-stage, binding of these three lectins declined. Furthermore, as these lectins decreased, peanut andHelix pomatialectins progressively increased in their binding, despite the fact that they showed little or no binding to the first- and second-stages; stages at which Con A, lentil and WGA were at their maximum. Asparagus pea and kidney bean lectins failed completely to bind to any of the larvae examined. Carbohydrate inhibition tests showed that the lectin was indeed binding specifically to glycoconjugates on the parasite surface. WGA binding was not inhibited by prior incubation with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, even at high concentrations, but neuraminic acid did completely inhibit its binding. Judging from the patterns of binding on the nematodes themselves, the carbohydrates may not be vector in origin, but derive from the worms. The lectin specificities indicate that initially mannose/glucose type derivatives are present on the surface. Following moulting to the third-stage these are progressively replaced, or overlaid with galactosamine type derivatives, also present on the infective third-stage as it enters the bovine host. The availability of these surface glycoconjugates to attack mediated by natural insect lectins may be of importance in the parasite regulatory mechanisms of the blackfly. Variability in these surface carbohydrates, and in the response to them could well be a contributing factor in the cytospecific variation inS. damnosumsusceptibility to geographical variants ofO. volvulus.
The effect of cyclosporin A on the course ofParagonimus miyazakiiinfection in rats
Authors: Hashiguchi Yoshihisa , Okamura Yoshisuke 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of the immunomodulatory fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (CyA) on the course ofParagonimus miyazakiiinfection in rats was studied. Administration of CyA 15 to 19 days post-infection resulted in a significantly lower recovery rate of worms and cyst formation in the host's lungs than in controls. Administration of CyA − 1 to + 3 days post-infection enhanced the growth and maturation ofP. miyazakii, expressed as weight of worms and the number of worms with eggs in uteri with respect to control values. This study shows that administration of CyA to rats affects the host-parasite relationship, depending on the time of administration of the drug.
In vitrotransformation ofDiplostomum spathaceum(Digenea) cercariae and short term maintenance of post-penetration larvaein vitro
Authors: Whyte S. K. , Chappell L. H. , Secombes C. J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOptimum conditions for thein vitrotransformation ofDiplostomum spathaceumcercariae have been established by which large numbers of post-penetration larvae (diplostomules) can be produced; short-term maintenance of diplostomulesin vitrois described. Experimental studies on this migratory larval stage may now be possible.
Morphological differences between Venezuelan and African microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus
Authors: Botto C. , Escalante A. , Arango M. , Yarzabal L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComparative morphological and biometric characteristics of microfilariae of Onchocerca gutturosa and O. volvulus from different geographical areas (Upper Orinoco, Venezuela; Togo; Liberia) were assessed. “Stepwise” discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis estimators were applied to measure distance between populations. The results indicate a strong similarity between the two strains from the Upper Orinoco (Venezuela) and the Togo strain, as well as a clear separation between these strains and that of O. gutturosa. The Liberian strain was easily distinguishable from microfilariae from Togo and Venezuela. Discriminant analysis showed the Liberian deme to be as different from the Venezuelan and Togo demes as these demes were from microfilariae of the reference species, O. gutturosa. Although it is necessary to confirm these data using formalin-fixed specimens obtained from the skin, the present findings suggest the existence of geographically-different strains of O. volvulus in America and Africa.
Heligmosomoides polygyrus: effect of exogenous steroid hormones on egg output in vitro
Authors: Richardson Tammi L. , Mackinnon Barbara M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of exogenous steroid hormones on the egg output of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) was examined in vitro. Using worms raised in female mice, it was found that estradiol, testosterone, and cortisone each significantly decreased egg output. Although similar trends were found using H. polygyrus raised in male mice, none of the decreases found was significant. No significant differences were found with ecdysone or progesterone treatments using worms from female or male mice. Treatment of worms with cortisone did not significantly affect retention of eggs within the uterus of H. polygyrus. Titration of the effect of cortisone on egg output indicated that levels of reduction were significant for concentrations of 5·6 × 10−6 M to 5·6 × 10−3 M in worms from female mice and for concentrations of 5·6 × 10−8, × 10−7, × 10−5 and × 10−3 in worms from male mice. Radioisotope labelling experiments showed incorporation of 3H-corticosterone in the nucleus of intestinal cells of H. polygyrus suggesting that its effect on egg production may be via a modulatory effect on the intestinal cells.
Experimental observations on the specificity of Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor (Yamaguti 1933) (Digenea: Strigeidae) toward leech (Hirudinea) second intermediate hosts
Authors: McCarthy Andrew M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe infectivity of Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor cercariae to 7 species of freshwater leech was examined under laboratory conditions. The leech species exposed to infection were; Erpobdella octoculata, Helobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia heteroclita, Glossiphonia complanata, Hemiclepsis marginata, Piscicola geometra, and Theromyzon tessulatum. Five species were capable of acting as second intermediate hosts. Despite this broad specificity only Erpobdella octoculata and Helobdella stagnalis could be considered to show a high degree of compatibility with the parasite. In these 2 leech species more than 38% of the cercariae successfully penetrated and established metacercarial cyst infections. The leeches Piscicola geometra and Theromyzon tessulatum did not become infected. Close parallels were found between the species order of host utilization determined experimentally and that revealed by a range of field surveys in Britain, Eastern Europe and Russia. This suggests that the order of second intermediate host utilization in the natural environment has, at least in part, a physiological basis. The degree to which different leeches are utilized as hosts may relate to the opportunity which they afford for transmission of A. minor to wildfowl definitive hosts.
Effect of concurrent infection with Muellerius capillaris on the development of redial generations of Fasciola hepatica in Lymnaea truncatula
Authors: Hourdin P. , Rondelaud D. , Cabaret J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe rediae of Fasciola hepatica were counted according to generation in adult and juvenile Lymnaea truncatula following single infection with Fasciola hepatica, double infection with F. hepatica and then Muellerius capillaris, or double infection with M. capillaris and F. hepatica. The rediae found in double infections were essentially first generation and an early cohort from the second generation. The following differences were observed in adult snails which underwent double infection when compared to corresponding single infections: i) dependent rediae were almost completely absent; ii) degenerating independent rediae were found in identical or decreased numbers; iii) living independent rediae of the first generation were decreased in number, while those of the second generation had variable decreased numbers. The results were similar in juvenile snails with double infections, except that the numbers of degenerating independent rediae were higher than those found in corresponding single infections and the numbers of rediae of the second generation were increased. The order of exposure in double infections had no influence on the number and maturation of fasciolid rediae.
In vivo passage through calves of nematophagous fungi selected for biocontrol of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Larsen M. , Wolstrup J. , Henriksen S. A. , Grønvold J. , Nansen P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe experiment was designed to test the survival and performance of stress selected nematophagous fungi after passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. Ruminating calves were fed daily with a fixed amount of fungal material grown on barley grains. The excreted dung was collected on days four and five after the start of the feeding experiment. Barley grains were washed out of the excreted dung and incoculated on water-agar plates. After incubation for one week, nine out of ten fungal isolates were re-isolated from these plates. The predatory capacity of the fungi in the excreted faeces was tested in a dung pat bioassay and a faecal culture system. In the dung pat bioassay. two fungi of the genus Arthrobotrys and six of the genus Duddingtonia reduced the development of Ostertagia ostertagi third stage larvae by 85% (61%–93%). compared to the number of larvae developed from fungus-free control pats. In seven out of these eight isolates, the reduction of larvae in the faecal cultures was 92% (76%–99%).
Studies on the life-cycle of Tremiorchis ranarum
Authors: Rajendran K. V. , Janardanan K. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe life-cycle of Tremiorchis ranarum Mehra and Negi, 1926 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae) infecting Rana tigrina and R. cyanophlyctis is elucidated. Life-cycle stages, from egg to egg-producing adults, were successfully established in the laboratory. Life-cycle took more than two months for completion. Cercariae were found in the snail, Pila virens collected from paddy fields at Chelembra in the Malappuram district of Kerala during the monsoon months. Cercariae are of the xiphidiocercous type. Metacercariae occurred beneath the skin and in head, tail and body musculature of tadpoles of R. tigrina and R. cyanophlyctis. Adult frogs are refractory to cercarial infection. Frogs became infected when they fed on tadpoles containing metacercariae. Successive stages in the development to adult from the metacercariae were followed. Chronological synchronization in the reproductive activity of the host and the parasite is briefly discussed.
A simplified method for the fractionation ofGnathostoma-specific antigens for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomosis
Authors: Tuntipopipat Siripon , Chawengkirttikul Runglawan , Sirisinha Stitaya 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpecific immunoreactive components present in crude somatic extract and in excretory-secretory (ES) products ofGnathostoma spinigerumadvanced third-stage larvae (L3) were identified by Western blotting and their diagnostic potential evaluated by indirect ELISA. Although both crude antigen preparations were highly complex, the ES antigen gave a more satisfactory diagnostic result. MostG. spinigerumspecific components present in the somatic and ES preparations had molecular weights below 29 kD and were not glycosylated, judging from the concanavalin A staining pattern. Specific diagnostic antigens were prepared by subjecting the crude preparations to SDS-PAGE. Low molecular weight components were identified and electroeluted from the gel. Excess SDS was removed by the use of an ion retardation resin. The antigens obtained by this relatively simple procedure were found to be highly specific forG. spinigerum. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the assay using the fractionated somatic antigen were 100%.
Development of Proteocephalus torulosus in the intermediate host under experimental conditions
Authors: Scholz T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe development of the tapeworm Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of cyprinid fish, was studied in the intermediate host under experimental conditions. The eggs of P. torulosus were typified by a relatively small outer envelope (hyaline membrane) and a thick middle layer surrounding the oncosphere. Incubation of P. torulosus eggs at different temperatures revealed the ability of some oncospheres to survive and remain infective to the intermediate host for up to 5 weeks at 5–7°C, 12 days at 10–12°C, and 8 days at 20–22°C. Of 8 copepod species used in these experiments, complete development of larvae was observed only in Cyclops strenuus. Growth was completed in 9–12 days at 20–22°C and four weeks at 9–10°C. During development the cercomer was not observed. The infectivity of larvae from C. strenuus for the definitive hosts, cyprinid fish, was very low and only one chub of 26 fish used for feeding experiments (21 chub, Leuciscus cephalus, 3 bleak, Alburnoides bipunctatus, 1 rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus—all the family Cyprinidae, and 1 loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus—the family Cobitidae) became infected.
The role of dissolved carbon dioxide and whole bile in the in vitro activation of Taenia taeniaeformis oncospheres
Authors: Ishiwata K. , Oku Y. , Kamiya M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDissolved carbon dioxide was deemed not to be an important factor in the activation of Taenia taeniaeformis oncospheres. Rabbit bile was found to provide the most appropriate whole bile for in vitro activation of oncospheres
Population dynamics of the metacercarial stage of the bucephalid trematode,Labratrema minimus(Stossich, 1887) from Salses-Leucate lagoon (France) during the cercarial shedding period
Authors: Faliex E. , Morand S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics ofLabratrema minimus(Stossich, 1887) metacercariae (Trematoda, Bucephalidae) were studied in its second intermediate fish hostAtherina boyerifrom Salses-Leucate lagoon (Northwest Mediterranean Sea, South of France), during the cercarial shedding period. The infection parameters (prevalence and mean abundance of infection) showed the high susceptibility of silversides (juveniles and adults) to infection. The observed variation in the mean abundance of infection with respect to time and host size was explained by (i) the susceptibility ofA. boyerito multiple successive infections (increase in abundance of infection with host length and raising of parasite burden until August) and (ii) the loss, probably by more rapid death, of heavily infected silversides from each host size group (decrease in abundance of infection in September within each host size group, stability of the parasite burden within the older class of hosts over the whole period, premature decrease in the condition factor in August). Finally, it was deduced that the infection pattern observed over the May–September period was a dynamic process controlled by: availability of infective cercariae, influx of newborn silversides free of metacercariae until September, high susceptibility of juvenile and adultA. boyerito infection, metacercarial loss and probably by parasite-induced host mortality.
An antigenic recombinant fusion protein fromTrichinellaspiralis induces a protective response in BALB/c mice
Authors: Sun S. , Xu W. , He N. , Sugane K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA previously reported recombinant λ Ts39 fusion protein (FP) derived fromTrichinella spiralislarvae was purified by affinity chromatography using an anti-β-galactosidase antibody conjugated column and the effect of FP on induction of a protective response in mice was studied. BALB/c mice were injected three times at weekly intervals with FP emulsified in an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant and one week after the last injection mice were each challenged with a lethal dose of 1200 L1larvae ofTrichinella spiralis. As a result, the FP induced significant protection. Mice were also infected orally with 250 L1larvae each after injection of the FP. On the 35th day of infection, immunized mice with the FP harboured 78% fewer muscle larvae than saline controls. Also, the numbers of adult worms in the small intestine were smaller in FP injected mice than saline controls on day 6 and 9 of the infection. These results suggest that the recombinant λ Ts39 FP is a potentially valuable antigen for vaccine development.