bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Thermodynamic Approach to Selecting Alternative Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Schlom Darrell G. , Haeni Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAs a first step in the identification of suitable alternative gate dielectrics for metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), we have used tabulated thermodynamic data to comprehensively assess the thermodynamic stability of binary oxides and nitrides in contact with silicon at temperatures from 300 K to 1600 K. Sufficient data exist to conclude that the vast majority of binary oxides and nitrides are thermodynamically unstable in contact with silicon. The dielectrics that remain are candidate materials for alternative gate dielectrics. Of these remaining candidates, the oxides have a significantly higher dielectric constant (ĸ) than the nitrides. We then extend this thermodynamic approach to multicomponent oxides comprising the candidate binary oxides. The result is a relatively small number of silicon-compatible gate dielectric materials with ĸ values substantially greater than that of SiO2 and optical bandgaps ≥ eV.
Materials Characterization of Alternative Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Busch Brett W. , Pluchery Olivier , Chabal Yves J. , Muller David A. , Opila Robert L. , Raynien Kwo J. , Garfunkel Eric 
Published: February 2011

AbstractContinued scaling of microelectronic devices is demanding that alternatives to SiO2 as the gate dielectric be developed soon. This in turn has placed enormous pressure on the abilities of physical characterization techniques to address critical issues such as film and interface structure and composition, transport properties, and thermal or chemical stability. This article summarizes the strengths and capabilities of four techniques used for the materials characterization of alternative gate dielectrics: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in conjunction with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS), infrared-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The complementary nature of these techniques has allowed for a detailed picture of the various properties of alternative gate dielectrics, and in particular of the dielectric/silicon interface. Critical issues and features of several important alternative gate dielectrics, ZrO2, AI2O3, Y2O3, and Gd2O3, are explored in light of the well-studied SiO2/Si system.
Issues in High-ĸ Gate Stack Interfaces
Authors: Misra Veena , Lucovsky Gerry , Parsons Gregory 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe address current challenges in the fundamental understanding of physical and chemical processes that occur in the fabrication of the transistor gate stack structure. Critical areas include (1) the interface between bulk silicon and high-dielectric-constant (high-ĸ) insulators, (2) the interface between high-ĸ insulators and advanced gate electrodes, and (3) the internal interfaces that form within dielectric stacks with nonuniform material and structure compositions. We approach this topic from a fundamental understanding of bonding and electronic structure at the interfaces, and of film-growth kinetics in comparison with thermodynamics predictions. Implications for the dielectric/electrode interface with metallic gates and issues with integration will also be presented.
Electronic Structure and Band Offsets of High-Dielectric-Constant Gate Oxides
Authors: Robertson John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIdentifying candidate materials to replace SiO2 as the gate dielectric for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) applications is a difficult task. Proper assessment of the critical materials requirements is essential, and it is important to devise an approach to predict materials properties without having to make many unnecessary measurements on high-ĸ materials. Such an approach helps to eliminate unlikely candidates and focus on the most promising ones. Clearly, this type of modeling approach requires an understanding of several physical and chemical characteristics, including the bonding and electronic structure, band alignment with Si, and the nature of the dielectric constant and interface properties. We present a critical assessment of some existing methods and models of materials properties, as well as a comparison of the present modeling approach with some experimentally determined values.
Combinatorial Synthesis and Evaluation of Functional Inorganic Materials Using Thin-Film Techniques
Authors: Takeuchi Ichiro , Dover Robert Bruce van , Koinuma Hideomi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNovel phases of functional inorganic chemical systems can be efficiently explored using high-throughput thin-film fabrication techniques coupled with rapid characterization schemes. High-throughput investigation of thin-film materials has already led to the discovery of new dielectric and magnetic materials. In this article, we review various high-throughput thin-film synthesis/evaluation techniques and discuss examples of exciting discoveries and new applications of combinatorial techniques.
Silica-Based Planar Lightwave Circuits and Their Applications
Authors: Hibino Yoshinori 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the fabrication technologies and optical characteristics of silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) on Si developed for photonic networks based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). While there have been various planar optical waveguides made with different materials, silica-based PLCs are the most suitable for constructing practical devices because of their excellent design flexibility, stability, and reproducibility. These advantages mainly result from their material characteristics, that is, silica glass is chemically and physically stable. The article also describes the basic characteristics and recent development of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexers/demultiplexers as a device application. Since AWGs offer the advantages of low-loss, high-output port counts and mass producibility, they have played a pivotal role in the construction of flexible, large-capacity WDM networks.
Dielectric Materials for Thin-Film-Based Optical Communications Filters
Authors: Sargent Robert B. , O'Brien Nada A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractExplosive growth in the fiber-optic telecommunications infrastructure during the past decade has driven noteworthy advances in thin-film-based optical interference filter technology. In particular, the widespread deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), a means of increasing the communication capacity of an optical fiber by utilizing more than one wavelength of light, has motivated significant improvements in bandpass filter performance. A common requirement is for filters that combine or separate wavelengths spaced 100 GHz (0.8 nm) apart. The foundation for these recent breakthroughs has been laid by the development of optical coating technology over the past century. This article reviews the materials and processes used in the production of thin-film-based optical communications filters.
Adhesives for Elevated-Temperature Applications
Authors: Millington S. , Shaw S. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough adhesives, particularly those based on epoxy resins, are finding increasing use in structural applications, their utilization at elevated temperature (>150°C) has been limited by their relatively poor thermal and thermo-oxidative stability. As a result, significant effort has been directed in recent years toward the development of polymers exhibiting increased thermal resistance. Although a wealth of research conducted over several decades has resulted in a myriad of polymer types exhibiting, in some cases, impressive high-temperature performance, many systems have demonstrated poor processability Thus, much emphasis has been placed on developing high-temperature performance while providing processability characteristics that are similar, if not identical, to epoxies. This article considers the various approaches that have been shown to offer such dual capabilities. In addition, the results of various studies undertaken to investigate the effects of elevated temperature on the strength and fatigue resistance of bonded joints are reported.
Toughening Epoxy Adhesives to Meet Today's Challenges
Authors: Kinloch A. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere are many advantages that polymeric adhesives can offer compared with the more traditional methods of structural joining such as bolting, brazing, welding, and mechanical fastening, and epoxy adhesives represent the most common type of structural adhesive. When polymerized, epoxy adhesives are amorphous and highly cross-linked materials, and this microstructure results in many useful properties for structural engineering applications, such as a high modulus and failure strength, low creep, and, by careful formulation, good performance at elevated temperatures. However, the structure of such thermosetting adhesives also generally leads to one highly undesirable property: they are relatively brittle materials, with poor resistance to crack initiation and growth. Nevertheless, the incorporation of a second phase of dispersed rubbery particles into the epoxy polymer can greatly increase their toughness without significantly impairing their other desirable engineering properties. Thus, rubber-toughened epoxy adhesives can be used, for example, in applications where very high impact resistance is required for the bonded joint.
Microelectronics Packaging and Integration
Authors: Reuss Robert H. , Chalamala Babu R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe focus of this issue of MRS Bulletin is to explore the impact of materials science and technology on microelectronics packaging and integration. Progress in microelectronics packaging has been intimately tied to the continuous advances made in the associated materials, process technologies, and design tools. This is especially true now, as packaging moves into an era driven by the need for complex system-level solutions. This issue is our attempt to present the current status of microelectronics packaging technology and integration and to highlight various perspectives on the future evolution of the field.
Hydrogen Effects on Deformation and Fracture: Science and Sociology
Authors: Birnbaum H.K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe following article is an edited transcript based on the Von Hippel Award presentation given by Howard K. Birnbaum of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on December 4, 2002, at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston. The award citation states, “Through innovative use of a wide range of novel experimental tools, Howard K. Birnbaum has made seminal contributions to our understanding of intrinsic point defects, hydrogen in metals, and grain-boundary segregation, especially as these effects relate to mechanical properties. He has also stimulated, directed, and influenced interdisciplinary research throughout the materials community.” This presentation summarizes the major phenomenological observations associated with hydrogen effects on fracture and the viable mechanisms that can account for these observations. It is shown that there are three fracture mechanisms that are consistent with the experimental observations and that the operative fracture mechanism depends on the type of system and the conditions under which it is exposed to hydrogen in aggressive environments.
Organic-Based Magnets: Opportunities in Photoinduced Magnetism, Spintronics, Fractal Magnetism, and Beyond
Authors: Epstein Arthur J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article is based on a presentation on organic-based magnets given as part of Symposium X—Frontiers of Materials Research on December 4, 2002, at the 2002 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston. The advent of organic-based magnets opened the opportunity for tuning magnetic properties by molecular design and the discovery of new phenomena that rely on the internal structure of the molecules that make up these magnets. In the past 18 years, numerous classes of organic-based ferromagnets, ferrimagnets, and spin glasses (spins essentially frozen in place without long-range order) have been reported. These materials have magnetic ordering temperatures ranging from <1 K to above room temperature and demonstrate many of the magnetic properties associated with conventional magnets. This article concentrates on new phenomena that are unique to organic-based magnets. Three of these effects—“high-temperature” light-induced magnetism, spin-polarized magnetic organic semiconductors with the potential for spintronics, and the development of fractal magnetic order—are discussed to illustrate the richness of opportunity in organic-based magnets.
Studies of Ancient Glass and Their Application to Nuclear-Waste Management
Authors: Römich Hannelore 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring several hundred years of burial in the soil, glass objects, especially those with the high potassium content of medieval compositions, develop heavily corroded surfaces, showing phenomena such as local pitting, laminated layers, and browning effects. The long-term behavior of glass in the soil or in contact with groundwater is not only of interest to glass scientists with a background in archaeology, but also for those with a special interest in nuclear-waste management. Several attempts have been made to propose the decomposition of ancient glasses as an indicator for the performance of buried nuclear-waste glasses. In spite of differences in glass composition and exposure conditions, the development of alteration or corrosion layers with time is a common concern, as shown in this article. Laboratory experiments, representing a simplified model for real conditions, offer the possibility for systematic investigations.
Materials Issues in Film Archiving: A French Experience
Authors: Aubert Michelle 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe following article is based on a presentation given as part of Symposium X—Frontiers of Materials Research on December 4, 2002, at the 2002 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting. The cinema is just over 100 years old. From the beginning of motion pictures in the mid-1890s, the materials used for films have been at the heart of cinema technology. The material first used was cellulose nitrate film—unrivaled in its mechanical, physical, and aesthetic qualities, and also dangerously flammable. In the 1950s, cellulose nitrate was replaced, for safety reasons, by cellulose triacetate. Today, polyester film is widely used; nevertheless, the fact remains that the majority of the world's film heritage exists on two main material formats, cellulose nitrate and cellulose triacetate, both of which decay over time. Film archivists are engaged in a race to save historic film footage from being lost forever. Digital technology, now widely used in cinema, does not resolve the issue of the long-term preservation of films because digital formats are still evolving. This article discusses the materials used in motion-picture technology over the years, the mechanisms active in film decomposition, and international efforts to preserve and restore historic films.
High-Performance Packaging of Power Electronics
Authors: Shaw M. C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPackaging of solid-state power electronics is a highly interdisciplinary process requiring knowledge of electronics, heat transfer, mechanics, and materials science. Consequently, there are numerous opportunities for innovations at the interfaces of these complementary fields. This article offers a perspective of the current state of the art and identifies six specific areas for materials-based research in power electronics packaging. The emphasis is on identifying the underlying physical relationships that link the performance of the power electronics system to the microstructure and architectural arrangement of the constituents.
Advanced Fabrics
Authors: Schreuder-Gibson Heidi L. , Realff Mary Lynn 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis brief article describes the content of the August 2003 issue of MRS Bulletin focusing on Advanced Fabrics. The six articles will feature reviews of advanced fibers, new fabric constructions and design considerations, materials for novel fabric properties, and the incorporation of new elements within fabric structures to add multifunctional, wearable features to clothing.
Progress toward Dynamic Color-Responsive “Chameleon” Fiber Systems
Authors: Hardaker Stephen S. , Gregory Richard V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFibers and coatings with unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties are being widely studied for use in both military and commercial applications. New materials are being developed in this research effort, with unique tunable coloration properties across the visible spectrum as well as spanning the infrared and ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These dynamic color-responsive “chameleon” fiber systems will have wide application to a variety of new textile products. These new materials will also allow penetration into markets normally not dependent on textile materials. New markets, such as the optical communication and electronics market areas, will include bio-sensors, detector applications for textile materials, and “smart materials” that can change their color, hue, or depth of shade by application of a static or dynamic electric field for applications such as smart uniforms.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Fabric Systems for Intelligent Garment Design
Authors: Barry Jim , Hill Roger , Brasser Paul , Sobera Michal , Kleijn Chris , Gibson Phil 
Published: February 2011

AbstractProtective clothing provides laboratory and hazardous-materials workers, firefighters, military personnel, and others with the means to control their exposure to chemicals, biological materials, and heat sources. Depending on the specific application, the textile materials used in protective clothing must provide high performance in a number of areas, for example, impermeability to hazardous chemicals, breathability, light weight, low cost, and durability. Models based on computational fluid dynamics have been developed to predict the performance of protective clothing materials. Such models complement testing by enabling property data from laboratory materials tests to be used in predictions of the performance of integrated multilayer garments under varying environmental conditions.
Ultrahigh-Temperature Nb-Silicide-Based Composites
Authors: Bewlay B. P. , Jackson M. R. , Zhao J.-C. , Subramanian P. R. , Mendiratta M. G. , Lewandowski J. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the most recent progress in the development of Nb-silicide-based in situ composites for potential applications in turbine engines with service temperatures of up to 1350°C. These composites contain high-strength Nb silicides that are toughened by a ductile Nb solid solution. Preliminary composites were derived from binary Nb-Si alloys, while more recent systems are complex and are alloyed with Ti, Hf, W, B, Ge, Cr, and Al. Alloying schemes have been developed to achieve an excellent balance of room-temperature toughness, fatigue-crack-growth behavior, high-temperature creep performance, and oxidation resistance over a broad range of temperatures. Nb-silicide-based composites are described with emphasis on processing, microstructure, and performance. Nb silicide composites have been produced using a range of processing routes, including induction skull melting, investment casting, hot extrusion, and powder metallurgy methods. Nb silicide composite properties are also compared with those of Ni-based superalloys.
SiC-Matrix Composite Materials for Advanced Jet Engines
Authors: Naslain R. , Christin F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSiC-matrix composites consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a silicon carbide matrix produced by gas-, liquid-, or solid-phase routes, yielding materials that differ in matrix crystallinity, residual porosity, and thermal properties. These composites can be highly engineered in terms of the nature of the reinforcement, the interphase used to control the fiber-matrix bonding, the matrix, and the seal coating used. SiC-matrix composites are refractory ceramics displaying outstanding mechanical and thermal properties at high temperature. Their durability in oxidizing atmospheres and under load exceeds 1000 h at temperatures of up to ∼1200°C. They have been used to fabricate different components of the hot zone of jet engines with significant weight savings and an increase in performance. This article reviews the state of the art in the processing, materials design, and properties of these composites as well as their applications in advanced jet engines.
Advances in Coating Design for High-Performance Gas Turbines
Authors: Nicholls J. R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSurface engineering is now a key materials technology in the design of future advanced gas-turbine engines. This article focuses on coating systems for hot-gas-path components, which can vary from low-cost aluminide diffusion coatings to the more exotic, and therefore expensive, thermal-barrier coatings. Available coating systems and their relative benefits are reviewed in terms of performance against manufacturing complexity and cost. Future trends in the design of environmental- and thermal-protection coatings are discussed, including the addition of multiple reactive elements, modified aluminide coatings, diffusion-barrier concepts, the design of “smart” corrosion-resistant coatings, and the development of structurally modified, low-thermal-conductivity thermal-barrier coatings.
Half-Metallic Ferromagnetic Oxides
Authors: Coey J.M.D. , Chien C.L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHalf-metals are unusual ferromagnets that have electrons at the Fermi level in a single spin state, either spin up or spin down. Of potential interest as sources and analyzers of polarized electrons in spintronic devices, they are usually identified from spin-dependent band-structure calculations. We present a classification scheme for half-metals and then discuss methods for measuring spin polarization based on point contacts or tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic or superconducting counter electrodes. Oxide examples include CrO2, the best-studied half-metal. The half-metallicity tends to be destroyed by increasing temperature and by structural defects. The half-metals that currently offer the best prospects for spintronics applications are those with the highest Curie temperatures, such as magnetite, Fe3O4, and perhaps oxide semiconductors such as Co-doped ZnO.
Electrical Spin Injection and Transport in Semiconductor Spintronic Devices
Authors: Jonker B.T. , Erwin S.C. , Petrou A. , Petukhov A.G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSemiconductor heterostructures that utilize carrier spin as a new degree of freedom offer entirely new functionality and enhanced performance over conventional devices. We describe the essential requirements for implementing this technology, focusing on the materials and interface issues relevant to electrical spin injection into a semiconductor. These are discussed and illustrated in the context of several prototype semiconductor spintronic devices, including spin-polarized light-emitting diodes and resonant tunneling structures such as the resonant interband tunneling diode.
Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials
Authors: Sirringhaus Henning , Shimoda Tatsuya 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article introduces the November 2003 issue of MRS Bulletin on Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials. The issue is devoted to the emerging non-graphic-arts uses of inkjet printing as a technique for depositing and patterning functional materials in the liquid phase onto a substrate. The articles provide an overview of a selected range of representative applications in the field of structural ceramics, polymer electronics, and protein chips, and address some of the key challenges that face the broad scientific and industrial community as it attempts to apply a mature and well-developed graphic arts printing technique to the deposition of functional materials.