bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abortion Law Reforms in Colombia and Nicaragua: Issue Networks and Opportunity Contexts
Authors: Reuterswärd Camilla , Zetterberg Pär , Thapar‐Björkert Suruchi , Molyneux Maxine 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis article analyses two instances of abortion law reform in Latin America. In 2006, after a decades‐long impasse, the highly controversial issue of abortion came to dominate the political agenda when Colombia liberalized its abortion law and Nicaragua adopted a total ban on abortion. The article analyses the central actors in the reform processes, their strategies and the opportunity contexts. Drawing on Htun's (2003) framework, it examines why these processes concluded with opposing legislative outcomes. The authors argue for the need to understand the state as a non‐unitary site of politics and policy, and for judicial processes to be seen as a key variable in facilitating gender policy reforms in Latin America. In addition, they argue that ‘windows of opportunity’ such as the timing of elections can be critically important in legislative change processes.
Genetic variants and the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Povel C. M. , Boer J. M. A. , Reiling E. , Feskens E. J. M. 
Published: July 2011

SummarySeveral candidate gene studies on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been conducted. However, for most single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) no systematic review on their association with MetS exists. A systematic electronic literature search was conducted until the 2nd of June 2010, using HuGE Navigator. English language articles were selected. Only genes of which at least one SNP–MetS association was studied in an accumulative total population ≥4000 subjects were included. Meta‐analyses were conducted on SNPs with three or more studies available in a generally healthy population. In total 88 studies on 25 genes were reviewed. Additionally, for nine SNPs in seven genes (GNB3, PPARG, TCF7L2, APOA5, APOC3, APOE, CETP) a meta‐analysis was conducted. The minor allele of rs9939609 (FTO), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), C56G (APOA5), T1131C (APOA5), C482T (APOC3), C455T (APOC3) and 174G>C (IL6) were more prevalent in subjects with MetS, whereas the minor allele of Taq‐1B (CETP) was less prevalent in subjects with the MetS. After having systematically reviewed the most studied SNP–MetS associations, we found evidence for an association with the MetS for eight SNPs, mostly located in genes involved in lipid metabolism.
Someone to Lean on: Assessment and Implications of Social Surrogate Use in Childhood
Authors: Arbeau Kimberley A. , Coplan Robert J. , Matheson Adrienne 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA social surrogate is a person who helps a shy individual deal with the stresses of a social situation. Previous research has only investigated social surrogate use in adults. The purpose of the current study was to develop and evaluate a new self‐report measure of social surrogacy in middle childhood and to explore the implications of this phenomenon for children's socioemotional functioning. Participants were N = 328 children in grades 3–5 (Meanage= 9.45, Standard deviation = .93). Children completed the newly developed child social surrogate questionnaire (CSSQ) as well as self‐report assessments of shyness, loneliness, social anxiety, peer victimization, and self‐perceptions. Results indicated good psychometric properties and evidence of construct validity for the CSSQ. Social surrogacy was related to elevated shyness, social anxiety, and victimization. Contrary to expectations, there was also some evidence to suggest that social surrogacy may have particularly negative implications for shy children.
Leadership and Listening: The Reception of User Voice in Today's Public Services
Authors: Simmons Richard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOver the last decade leadership has become a watchword in public service provision, especially in its association with the seemingly ubiquitous ‘delivery’ agenda. As leadership styles change in response to developments in the contemporary public service environment, it has become imperative for service providers to find ways to listen to service users. However, listening is itself widely recognized as an underdeveloped public sector competency. This article addresses the relationship between leadership and listening. Using findings from recent research, it identifies a ‘listening gap’ in public services, before pointing to ways in which this gap might be better understood and subsequently narrowed. In doing so, it seeks to present new ideas about the essential balance between ‘leadership’ and ‘listening’, and how this can be struck in today's public service environment.First, the nature of the user voice is examined. By talking to service users who have communicated their views in different ways in each of three different services (housing, social care and leisure), the article seeks to understand the nature of users' ‘projects’ in the expression of their views. These projects are compared with those of public service leaders. Second, the congruence (or incongruence) of these projects is considered through a comparison of the world views of both users and leaders. Finally, aspects of the context are considered in the discussion of the way public service organizations might go about defining the relationship between leadership and listening.
Association of adaptor protein TRIP8b with clathrin
Authors: Popova Nadezhda V. , Deyev Igor E. , Petrenko Alexander G. 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 988–998.AbstractTPR‐containing Rab8b‐interacting protein (TRIP8b) is a brain‐specific hydrophilic cytosolic protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). Previous studies revealed interaction of this protein via its TPR‐containing domain with Rab8b small GTPase, hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐regulated channel (HCN) channels and G protein‐coupled receptor calcium‐independent receptor of α‐latrotoxin. We identified clathrin as a major component of eluates from the TRIP8b affinity matrix. In the present study, by in vitro‐binding analysis we demonstrate a direct interaction between clathrin and TRIP8b. The clathrin‐binding site was localized in the N‐terminal (non‐TPR containing) part of the TRIP8b molecule that contains two short motifs involved in the clathrin binding. In transfected HEK293 cells, co‐expression of HCN1 with TRIP8b resulted in translocation of the channels from the cell surface to large intracellular puncta where both TRIP8b and clathrin were concentrated. These puncta co‐localized partially with an early endosome marker and strongly overlapped with lysosome staining reagent. When HCN1 was co‐expressed with a clathrin‐non‐binding mutant of TRIP8b, clathrin did not translocate to HCN1 and TRIP8b‐containing puncta, suggesting that TRIP8b interacts with HCN and clathrin independently. We found TRIP8b present in the fraction of clathrin‐coated vesicles purified from brain tissues. Stripping the clathrin coat proteins from the vesicles with Tris alkaline buffer resulted in concomitant release of TRIP8b. Our data suggest complex regulatory functions of TRIP8b in neuronal endocytosis through independent interaction with membrane proteins and components of the clathrin coat.
Rax : developmental and daily expression patterns in the rat pineal gland and retina
Authors: Rohde Kristian , Klein David C. , Møller Morten , Rath Martin F. 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 999–1007.AbstractRetina and anterior neural fold homeobox (Rax) gene encodes a transcription factor essential for vertebrate eye development. Recent microarray studies indicate that Rax is expressed in the adult rat pineal gland and retina. The present study reveals that Rax expression levels in the rat change significantly during retinal development with a peak occurring at embryonic day 18, whereas Rax expression in the pineal is relatively delayed and not detectable until embryonic day 20. In both tissues, Rax is expressed throughout postnatal development into adulthood. In the mature rat pineal gland, the abundance of Rax transcripts increases 2‐fold during the light period with a peak occurring at dusk. These findings are consistent with the evidence that Rax is of functional importance in eye development and suggest a role of Rax in the developing pineal gland. In addition, it would appear possible that Rax contributes to phenotype maintenance in the mature retina and pineal gland and may facilitate 24‐h changes in the pineal transcriptome.
Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Titanium Dioxide in a H2–N2 Gas Mixture
Authors: Rezan Sheikh A. , Zhang Guangqing , Ostrovski Oleg 
Published: July 2011

This article examines carbothermal reduction/nitridation of rutile in a H2–N2 gas mixture in the temperature‐programmed and isothermal experiments in a fixed‐bed reactor. The aim of this investigation was to establish the reduction/nitridation sequence, the reaction degree, and the rate of synthesis of titanium oxycarbonitride under different experimental conditions. The off‐gas composition was monitored using an infrared sensor (CO, CO2, and CH4) and a dew point analyzer (H2O). Extents of reduction and nitridation were determined from the off‐gas composition and LECO analysis. Phase composition of reduced samples was analyzed using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Rate and extent of conversion of titanium oxides to titanium oxycarbonitride increased with increasing temperature. The conversion of titania into titanium oxycarbonitride at 1150°C was completed in 180 min; the conversion time decreased to 30 min at 1300°C. Increasing temperature resulted in formation of titanium oxycarbonitride with higher TiC content. Porosity had a minor effect on the reduction/nitridation of titania with the tendency to increase the reduction rate with increasing porosity. Reduction/nitridation of titania at 1150°C followed the sequence: TiO2→Ti5O9→Ti4O7→Ti3O5→TiOxCyNz.
Coarsening Induced Phase Transformation of Hafnia in Polymer‐Derived Si–Hf–C–N–O Ceramics
Authors: Sujith Ravindran , Kousaalya Adhimoolam Bakthavachalam , Kumar Ravi 
Published: July 2011

Coarsening induced reverse phase transformation of hafnia in polymer‐derived Si–Hf–C–N–O ceramics was studied experimentally. X‐ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to obtain information regarding nanocrystalline structure. Hafnia crystallites precipitated out from the amorphous ceramic matrix on heat treatment were observed to remain as tetragonal hafnia below a critical crystallite radius of 4 nm. Prolonged heat treatment has resulted in coarsening, as explained by Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner model, resulting in reverse phase transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic hafnia.
Effects of Dy and Mn Codoping on Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Do Dalhyun , Kim Jin Won , Kim Sang Su 
Published: July 2011

Ferroelectric properties of Dy and Mn codoped BiFeO3, (Bi1‐xDyx)(Fe1‐xMnx)O3 (BDFM‐x, x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10), thin films were investigated. Improved ferroelectric properties were observed in the codoped thin film capacitors. Among them, BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor exhibited the best properties. The remnant polarization (2Pr) and coercive electric field (2Ec) of the BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor were 96 μC/cm2 and 695 kV/cm at an applied electric field of 1061 kV/cm, respectively. The leakage current density of the BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor was 8.3 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 400 kV/cm.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors and periodontal bone loss
Authors: Cantley M. D. , Bartold P. M. , Marino V. , Fairlie D. P. , Le G. T. , Lucke A. J. , Haynes D. R. 
Published: July 2011

Cantley MD, Bartold PM, Marino V, Fairlie DP, Le GT, Lucke AJ, Haynes DR. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and periodontal bone loss. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 697–703. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Bone loss caused by enhanced osteoclast activity is a significant feature of periodontitis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress osteoclast‐mediated bone loss in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated whether HDACi can suppress bone loss in experimental periodontitis.Material and methods:  Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice by oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Mice were treated orally with olive oil alone, with olive oil and a novel compound – 1179.4b – which targets both Class I and Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) or with olive oil and MS‐275, which targets Class I HDACs. Micro‐computed tomography scans of live mice, stereo imaging and histological analyses were used to detect changes in bone.Results:  In the absence of treatment there was a 13.2% increase in bone volume in controls compared with a 7.4% decrease in P. gingivalis‐inoculated mice. 1179.4b significantly reduced bone loss, with a 3.4% increase in bone volume (p < 0.01). MS‐275 did not have a significant effect on P. gingivalis‐induced bone loss. Histological analysis revealed that 1179.4b reduced bone loss despite having no effect on inflammation.Conclusion:  HDACi were found to effectively suppress bone loss in the mouse model of periodontitis. 1179.4b – the inhibitor of Class I and Class II HDACs – was more effective at suppressing bone loss than MS‐275, which targets Class I HDACs only. These compounds may therefore have the potential to be used for the management of periodontitis.
The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Lee Y.‐M. , Shin S.‐I. , Shin K.‐S. , Lee Y.‐R. , Park B.‐H. , Kim E.‐C. 
Published: July 2011

Lee Y‐M, Shin S‐I, Shin K‐S, Lee Y‐R, Park B‐H, Kim E‐C. The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 712–721. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) promotes the differentiation of keratinocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, but inhibits the differentiation of muscle and fat cells. However, the involvement of SIRT1 in the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells into osteoblast‐like cells remains unclear. To identify the role of SIRT1 in human periodontal ligament cells, we measured SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein levels during the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Additionally, we investigated the effects of overexpressing and underexpressing SIRT1 on the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells, and the signaling mechanisms involved.Material and Methods:  Expression of SIRT1 and osteoblastic differentiation markers was assessed by RT‐PCR, real‐time PCR, Alizarin red staining and western blotting.Results:  Marked upregulation of SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein was observed in cells grown for 3 d in osteogenic induction medium (OM). Activation of SIRT1 using resveratrol and isonicotinamide stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in a dose‐dependent manner, as assessed by the expression of mRNAs encoding alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osterix and Runx2, and induced calcium deposition. In contrast, inhibition of SIRT1 using sirtinol, nicotinamide and gene silencing by RNA interference suppressed mineralization and the expression of osteoblast marker mRNAs. Further mechanistic studies revealed that resveratrol treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), Smad 1/5/8 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, but reduced OM‐induced activation of nuclear factor‐κB. Conversely, application of sirtinol suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, Smad 1/5/8, p38, ERK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and enhanced nuclear factor‐κB activity, in OM‐stimulated cells.Conclusion:  These data suggest that SIRT1 is a potent regulator of differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells and may have clinical implications for periodontal bone regeneration.
MODELING OF DIAFILTRATION PROCESSES FOR DEMINERALIZATION OF ACID WHEY: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH
Authors: Román A. , Vatai Gy. , Ittzés A. , Kovács Z. , Czermak P. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a mathematical model is provided to describe the dynamics of membrane diafiltration processes for desalting acid whey. A rich representation of the separation process is given due to the employment of concentration‐dependent solute rejections in the design equations. We propose an experimental design and a suitable empirical method for parameter estimation. This technique supports the disciplined use of experimental data and reduces the number of necessary a‐priori experiments. With the help of experimental data we demonstrate the power of the presented modeling method.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe annual volume of dairy whey produced globally exceeds 160 million tons. Demineralized whey is of large importance for the food industry. A suitable degree of demineralization can be achieved by diafiltration. Whey represents a complex multi‐component system. Modeling of nanofiltration of such complex systems is a difficult task. We provide a rigorous mathematical model to predict the dynamics of whey diafiltration. The presented robust simulation technique is able to predict the experimentally observed behavior. We propose a minimal experimental design and a suitable mathematical tool to convert the raw experimental data into useful information. The provided methodology might be particularly applicable for decision makers to choose an appropriate diafiltration technique for a given separation design problem.
TIME‐TEMPERATURE INDICATOR TO MONITOR COLD CHAIN DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH SALMON (SALMO SALAR)
Authors: SIMPSON R. , ALMONACID S. , NUÑEZ H. , PINTO M. , ABAKAROV A. , TEIXEIRA A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the application and validation of a specific temperature‐time indicator (TTI) to monitor the shelf life of refrigerated salmon throughout its cold chain distribution. Reaction kinetics of the spoilage process was characterized by determining the kinetics for microbial population growth and chemical degradation (break down of nucleotides). The combined effect of these reactions on perceived organoleptic quality deterioration (appearance, odor, texture, gapping and color) was measured by a trained sensory panel. The TTI color change reaction from green to yellow was monitored with a colorimeter. The activation energies (Ea) for the spoilage reactions in the salmon and the TTI color change reaction were determined and compared for the required similarity. The color change reaction in the TTIs had Ea of 22–23 Kcal/mol, while the microbial growth and chemical degradation reactions were found to have Ea in the order of 17 and 15 Kcal/mol, respectively. Performance of the TTIs was tested under controlled constant and variable time‐temperature storage histories by comparing TTIs color change readings with sensory panel scores. Additionally, TTIs and data loggers were placed in a shipment of refrigerated salmon that traveled from Puerto Montt, Chile, to Gainesville, FL, U.S.A. via a combination of truck and air. Results showed that the TTIs used in this study with Ea of 22–23 Kcal/mol were capable of predicting the shelf life of refrigerated salmon within 10% error in cases of moderate temperature abuse (0–7C). However, TTIs with lower Ea closer to 18–19 Kcal/mol would be needed to accurately predict shelf life if product were to be subjected to more extreme temperature abuse with temperatures reaching 12–14C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe list of products monitored by time‐temperature integrators or indicators (TTIs) has been steadily increasing, these include: fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh fish, flowers, frozen foods, dairy products, chocolates, photographic films, medical films, drugs and vaccines, cosmetics, beer, dog food, etc. TTIs can be used to monitor the distribution, and food and biological materials, and more diverse products. A tentative classification of the various applications of TTIs in food products would be:
monitoring the distribution and storage;
optimization of inventory management;
shelf‐life prediction; and
sanitary and quality prediction.
Several studies have focused on the application of indicators for frozen and chilled foods. Our studies in the evaluation of chilled fish fillets have shown that indicators can be used satisfactorily to evaluate the quality of the product during distribution. The distribution of fish is one of the areas that had the greatest potential for implementation of the TTIs.
INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY ASPECT OF JARS ON THE HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW PATTERN DURING STERILIZATION OF LIQUID FOODS
Authors: LESPINARD A.R. , MASCHERONI R H. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTNatural convection heating of liquid food packed in glass jars of different sizes and volumes during sterilization is simulated by solving the governing equations for continuity, momentum and energy conservation, using the finite element method. The effect of the aspect ratio of the container on temperature distribution, flow pattern, position of the slowest heating zone (SHZ) and cooking value were analyzed. The position of the SHZ varied – depending of container volume and aspect ratio – in the range of 49.39–76.83% and 5.81–19.09% of jar radius and height, respectively. Sterilization times were estimated and differences between 135 and 105 s for containers of a same size of 360 or 660 cm3, respectively, were predicted depending on jar shape. A prediction model was developed that allows to calculate – with a simple procedure – sterilization times as a function of container dimensions.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIt is frequent in low‐volume processing plants that work with foods packed in glass jars to change container size and/or shape between successive batches of production, but maintaining the same process schedule. This leads to products with lack of microbial innocuousness (underprocessing) or with low nutritional or sensory quality (overprocessing). In that sense, in this work velocity and temperature profiles, and the location of the “slowest heating zone” were modeled and simulated using the finite element method for liquid foods in glass jars of different volumes and shapes during their thermal treatment. This information allowed estimate sterilization times as well as quality losses during thermal treatment. Finally, a simplified method for the calculation of sterilization times as a function of container size and shape was developed. This method could be very practical for the design of thermal processes in low‐volume productions, whose operators usually lack simulation software and personnel trained in process calculations.