bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High temperature determines the ups and downs of small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus population
Authors: Liu Xiang‐Dong , Zhang Ai‐Min 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSmall brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) numbers usually drop sharply in the summer and revive quickly in the autumn. However, it is unclear whether and how the high temperature plays a role in this process. The effects of durations of heat exposure (33°C) on life‐history traits were examined here. Exposure of adults for 1 day during the oviposition stage led to a very low survival of nymphs. The average longevity of L. striatellus exposed for 1–31 days from oviposition was significantly longer than that of the control (27°C). Short‐term (1–5 days) heat exposure of the third instar nymphs did not significantly influence eclosion, but exposure of the fourth instar nymphs significantly increased eclosion. Lifespan from egg to adult was significantly lengthened when the third instar nymphs were exposed to heat for 2–15 days, or the fourth instar were exposed for 10 days. The preoviposition period was prolonged by heat exposure of the third or fourth instar nymphs. Short‐term heat exposure of less than 3 days of the third or fourth instar nymphs did not restrict fecundity, but when the exposure duration exceeded 5 days the total eggs per female and hatchability decreased. Exposure to high temperature increased the brachypter rate of adults. In summary, low survival and slowing development under heat exposure resulted in population decline in the summer, and the relatively high fecundity and brachypter rate led to quick revival in autumn. Temperature in the summer determines the rise and fall in numbers of L. striatellus.
Sexual dimorphism in immune response: Testing the hypothesis in an insect species with two male morphs
Authors: Ruiz‐Guzmán Gloria , Canales‐Lazcano Jorge , Jiménez‐Cortés Jesús Guillermo , Contreras‐Garduño Jorge 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIt has been proposed that given that males should invest in sexual traits at the expense of their investment in immune response, females are better immunocompetent than males. Typically, this idea has been tested in monomorphic species, but rarely has been evaluated in polymorphic male species. We used Paraphlebia zoe, a damselfly with two male morphs: the black‐winged morph (Black‐W) develop black spots as sexual traits and the hyaline‐winged morph (Hyaline‐W) resembles a female in size and wings color. We predicted that Black‐W should have a lower immune response than Hyaline‐W, but that the latter males should not differ from females in this respect. Nitric oxide (NO) and phenoloxidase (PO) production, as well as hemolymph protein content, were used as immune markers. Body size (wing length) was used as an indicator of the male condition. The results show that, as we predicted, females and Hyaline‐W had higher values of NO than Black‐W, corresponding to differences in size. However, the opposite was found in relation to PO production. Females had the highest levels of hemolymph protein content, whereas no differences were found between Black‐W and Hyaline‐W. These results partially support the sexual selection hypothesis and are discussed in the context of the life history of this species. Black‐W, Hyaline‐W, and females could express the immune markers that are prioritized by their particular condition, and probably neither of them could express all immune markers in an elevated manner, as this would result in an excessive accumulation of free radicals.
Microstructure of the tarsal attachment devices in the earwig Timomenus komarovi
Authors: Moon Myung‐Jin , Park Yong‐Ki , Yang Sung‐Chan , Yu Min‐Hee 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe biological attachment device on the tarsal appendage of the earwig, Timomenus komarovi (Insecta: Dermaptera: Forficulidae) was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy to reveal the fine structural characteristics of its biological attachment devices to move on smooth and rough surfaces. They attach to rough substrates using their pretarsal claws; however, attachment to smooth surfaces is achieved by means of two groups of hairy tarsal pads. This biological attachment device consists of fine hairy setae with various contact sizes. Three different groups of tenent setae were distinguished depending on the cuticular substructure of the endplates. Two groups of setae commonly had flattened surfaces, and they were covered with either spoon‐shaped or spatula‐shaped endplates, respectively. While the flattened tip setae were distributed at the central region, the pointed tip setae were characteristically found along the marginal region. There were no obvious gender‐specific differences between fibrillar adhesive pads in this insect mainly because the forceps‐like pincers are used during copulation to grasp the partner.
Bell’s palsy – the effect of prednisolone and/or valaciclovir versus placebo in relation to baseline severity in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Axelsson S. , Berg T. , Jonsson L. , Engström M. , Kanerva M. , Stjernquist‐Desatnik A. 
Published: July 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 283–290Objectives:  To evaluate the treatment effect of prednisolone and/or valaciclovir in Bell’s palsy patients with different baseline severity of palsy.Design:  Patient data were collected from the Scandinavian Bell’s Palsy Study, a prospective, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multi‐centre trial.Setting:  Sixteen otorhinolaryngological centres in Sweden and one in Finland.Participants:  Altogether, 829 patients aged 18–75 years were treated within 72 h of palsy onset. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with prednisolone plus placebo (n = 210), valaciclovir plus placebo (n = 207), prednisolone plus valaciclovir (n = 206), placebo plus placebo (n = 206). Follow‐up was 12 months.Main outcome measures:  Facial function was assessed using the Sunnybrook grading scale at baseline and at 12 months. Complete recovery was defined as Sunnybrook score = 100.Results:  All patients, regardless of baseline severity, showed significantly higher complete recovery rates if treated with prednisolone compared with no prednisolone. In patients with severe palsy, recovery at 12 months was 51% with prednisolone treatment versus 31% without prednisolone (P = 0.02). Corresponding results were 68%versus 51% (P = 0.004) for moderate, and 83%versus 73% (P = 0.02) for mild palsy. In patient groups with moderate and mild palsy at baseline, significantly fewer prednisolone‐treated patients had synkinesis at 12 months (P = 0.04 and P < 0.0001, respectively). For patients with severe palsy at baseline, prednisolone versus no prednisolone made no significant difference regarding synkinesis at 12 months. Valaciclovir did not add any significant effect to prednisolone regarding recovery rate or synkinesis at 12 months.Conclusion:  Prednisolone treatment resulted in higher complete recovery rates, regardless of severity at baseline. Prednisolone treatment should be considered in all patients irrespective of degree of palsy.
Prevalence of sinonasal outcome test (SNOT‐22) symptoms in patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis in the England and Wales National prospective audit
Authors: Abdalla S. , Alreefy H. , Hopkins C. 
Published: July 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 276–282Objectives:  Review and evaluate the prevalence and severity of individual symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyposis.Design and Setting:  Retrospective analysis of data from the National Comparative Audit of Surgery for Nasal Polyposis and CRS, carried out across 87 hospitals in England and Wales between 2000 and 2001.Participants:  A total of 2573 patients with CRS (1784 had CRS with nasal polyposis, 789 without nasal polyposis) who had undergone sinus surgery.Main outcome measures:  Severity of clinical symptoms scores was graded on the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test 22 questionnaire. Prevalence of these symptoms and mean symptom scores were calculated for each group of patients at baseline and 3 months after surgery.Results:  In both groups, nasal blockage/congestion had the highest mean symptom score, followed by altered smell/taste and then the need to blow nose. These three symptoms were the most prevalent in the group with nasal polyposis. In the group without nasal polyposis, nasal blockage was also the most prevalent individual symptom (93.5%) followed by altered smell/taste (75.7%). The third most prevalent symptom was waking up tired (69.9%). The average test score preoperatively was 41.5 (group with nasal polyposis) and 44.4 (group without nasal polyposis). This decreased to 18.3 and 14.1, respectively, 3 months after surgery (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  The leading three symptoms were nasal blockage/congestion, altered taste/smell and the need to blow the nose in terms of severity and prevalence. The total Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test 22 and all individual symptom scores improved significantly after surgery.
Photophysical Properties of Sol–gel derived Luminescent Silicone Hybrids Synthesized via Facile Amino‐Ene Reaction
Authors: Yue Yuanzhi , Liang Yan , Wang Hua , Feng Linglong , Feng Shengyu , Lu Haifeng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNovel luminescent silicone hybrids (LSHs) containing lanthanide ions were prepared via different sol–gel processes. The precursor, dimethyl ester‐functionalized silane, was synthesized via a facile amino‐ene reaction. The coordinated assembly of the ester ligands and lanthanide ions (Eu3+, Tb3+ and Dy3+) occurred. The ester ligands were immobilized onto the Si‐O network backbone during the preparation of the silicone hybrid materials. The particle size can be controlled to ca 50 nm by adjusting the solvent ratio. The obtained materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), 13C NMR, 28Si NMR, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high‐resolution scanning electronic microscopy and luminescent (excitation and emission) spectroscopy. The coordination state and photophysical performance of the compounds were studied in detail. The terbium‐ and europium‐containing materials show sharp green and red emissions, respectively, which indicate that efficient intramolecular energy transfer took place in these LSHs.
Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions†
Authors: Cadet Jean , Mouret Stéphane , Ravanat Jean‐Luc , Douki Thierry 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe survey focuses on recent aspects of photochemical reactions to cellular DNA that are implicated through the predominant formation of mostly bipyrimidine photoproducts in deleterious effects of human exposure to sunlight. Recent developments in analytical methods have allowed accurate and quantitative measurements of the main DNA photoproducts in cells and human skin. Highly mutagenic CC and CT bipyrimidine photoproducts, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PPs) are generated in low yields with respect to TT and TC photoproducts. Another striking finding deals with the formation of Dewar valence isomers, the third class of bipyrimidine photoproducts that is accounted for by UVA‐mediated isomerization of initially UVB generated 6‐4PPs. Cyclobutadithymine (T<>T) has been unambiguously shown to be involved in the genotoxicity of UVA radiation. Thus, T<>T is formed in UVA‐irradiated cellular DNA according to a direct excitation mechanism with a higher efficiency than oxidatively generated DNA damage that arises mostly through the Type II photosensitization mechanism. C<>C and C<>T are repaired at rates intermediate between those of T<>T and 6‐4TT. Evidence has been also provided for the occurrence of photosensitized reactions mediated by exogenous agents that act either in an independent way or through photodynamic effects.
Xbox or SeXbox? An Examination of Sexualized Content in Video Games
Authors: Paul Stermer S. , Burkley Melissa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVideo games often offer players a chance to visit fantastical places that could never exist in reality. However, these interactions are related to and can influence how one perceives the real world. Research has primarily focused on the relationship between violent video games and aggression, but there is another aspect of video games that could influence players: sexualized content. In this article we review the prevalence of sexualized content in video games and discuss the relationship this content has with players’ attitudes toward women. This burgeoning body of work indicates that sexualized content is both highly prevalent in video games and is linked to increased sexist attitudes and perceptions of the real world. We conclude by highlighting important questions that remain unanswered regarding the role that sexualized content has on video game players.
When does goal discrepancy induce compensatory effort? An application of self‐completion theory to social issues
Authors: Matschke Christina , Fehr Jennifer , Sassenberg Kai 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe authors review research that applies self‐completion theory to goals targeting other people (as in the case of stereotyping and prejudice), goals that aim at the achievement of a certain social identity and goals based on the social identity. It is demonstrated that goal discrepancies lead to compensation for social as well as for non‐social goals. Based on self‐completion theory it is proposed that the identity‐relevance of the respective goal as well as the goal relevance of the subsequent task are of major importance considering the individuals’ compensation. The authors argue that the consideration of these factors advance our understanding of social phenomena.
Behavioral Responses to Threatening Social Comparisons: From Dastardly Deeds to Rising Above
Authors: Johnson Camille 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe know that being around more successful others can threaten positive self‐views and self‐esteem. We also know that people are motivated to maintain high self‐esteem. The present article outlines how threats to self‐views, created by upward comparisons to more successful others, motivate and influence behavioral responses. In particular, it suggests that the degree to which subsequent performance situations provide an opportunity to repair threatened self‐views determine whether responses are positive or negative. When performance tasks provide an opportunity to repair self‐views, and repair seems likely, positive responses such as increased performance are likely to occur. When performance tasks do not provide an opportunity and repair seems unlikely, negative responses such as undermining others and withdrawing effort are likely to occur. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions are discussed.
Lycorine hydrochloride inhibits metastatic melanoma cell‐dominant vasculogenic mimicry
Authors: Liu Ruifang , Cao Zhifei , Tu Jian , Pan Yanyan , Shang Bingxue , Zhang Gaochuan , Bao Meimei , Zhang Shasha , Yang Ping , Zhou Quansheng 
Published: July 2012

SummaryMelanoma cells actively participate in tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry. However, anti‐angiogenic therapy in patients with melanoma has not shown a significant survival gain. Thus, new anti‐melanoma angiogenic and vasculogenic drugs are highly desired. Using the metastatic melanoma cell line C8161 as a model, we explored melanoma vasculogenic inhibitors and found that lycorine hydrochloride (LH) effectively suppressed C8161 cell‐dominant formation of capillary‐like tubes in vitro and generation of tumor blood vessels in vivo with low toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that LH markedly hindered expression of VE‐cadherin in C8161 cells, but did not affect expression of six other important angiogenic and vasculogenic genes. Luciferase assays showed that LH significantly impeded promoter activity of the VE‐cadherin gene in a dose‐dependent manner. Together, these data suggest that LH inhibits melanoma C8161 cell‐dominant vasculogenic mimicry by reducing VE‐cadherin gene expression and diminishing cell surface exposure of the protein.
Erosive potential of sports beverages
Authors: Cochrane NJ , Yuan Y , Walker GD , Shen P , Chang CH , Reynolds C , Reynolds EC 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:  Dental erosion is an increasingly prevalent problem in Australia, with the consumption of sports beverages suggested as a risk factor. The aim of this study was to compare the erosive potential of Australian sports beverages.Methods:  Ten beverages were selected and analysed to determine their pH, titratable acidity and apparent degree of saturation with respect to apatite. The erosive potential of the beverages was measured by human enamel surface loss and surface softening following a 30‐minute exposure. A taste testing panel was established to determine the palatability of the sports beverages.Results:  All sports beverages except Sukkie and Endura produced substantial surface loss and surface softening. Compared with the other sports beverages, Sukkie and Endura had a higher pH, lower titratable acidity and higher calcium content. However, Sukkie and Endura were deemed to be less palatable than the other more acidic sports beverages.Conclusions:  The majority of the sports beverages tested produced dental erosion in this in vitro model. However, two new products Sukkie and Endura have lower erosive potential but also lower palatability.
White‐Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as a Potential Sentinel for Human Lyme Disease in Indiana
Authors: Raizman E. A. , Holland J. D. , Shukle J. T. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWe assessed the potential of white‐tailed deer (WTD) (Odocoileus virginianus) to be a sentinel for human cases of Lyme disease (LD) in Indiana using location data from a 3‐year survey of approximately 3400 hunted deer with associated tick Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) data. Data on human LD cases at the county level were obtained from the Indiana Department of Health. All data were assigned to county centroids to match the resolution of the LD data before creating optimized trend surfaces for LD incidence, hunted deer count, Ixodes scapularis and Bb prevalence. To determine whether LD was spatially associated with the areas of high densities of deer, deer with Ixodes scapularis and deer with ticks infected with Bb, we used spatial analysis with distance indices (SADIE). The SADIE analysis found significant spatial association between LD and the distribution of three organismal predictor variables, that is, WTD, Ixodes ticks and Bb. Lyme disease incident rate varied between 0.08 cases per 10 000 habitants (Johnson county) and 5.9 cases per 10 000 habitants (Warren county). In conclusion, WTD can be used as an accurate and cost‐effective sentinel for human LD. This method will permit public health workers to identify potentially endemic areas independently of human case reports.
The effect of palatal dysfunction on measures of ventilation and gas exchange in Thoroughbred racehorses during high intensity exercise
Authors: Allen K. , Franklin S. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryReason for performing study:The effect of palatal instability (PI) on measures of ventilation and gas exchange is not well understood.Objectives:To assess to what degree different severities of naturally occurring palatal dysfunction affect ventilation and gas exchange during strenuous exercise.Methods:A retrospective study was performed using data collected from 40 Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with naturally occurring dynamic palatal dysfunction during high speed treadmill exercise. Upper airway videoendoscopic recordings were made concurrently with measurements of ventilation and gas exchange. Three categories of soft palate dysfunction were formed: mild palatal instability; moderate to severe palatal instability; and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Minute ventilation, tidal volume, breathing frequency, end‐tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were calculated during the last 10 s of the exercise test, when airway obstruction was at its worst.Results:There was a trend for minute ventilation, tidal volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to decrease with increasing degree of palatal dysfunction, although statistically significant differences were only seen with DDSP. End‐tidal carbon dioxide increased and end‐tidal oxygen decreased with increasing obstruction, with both parameters showing significant differences between mild PI and moderate to severe PI.Conclusions:The results suggest that PI has a negative effect on certain respiratory parameters, although this is not as great as that associated with DDSP.Potential relevance:Palatal instability may be detrimental to athletic performance even when progression to DDSP does not occur.
Asymptotic representations and Drinfeld rational fractions
Authors: Hernandez David , Jimbo Michio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe introduce and study a category of representations of the Borel algebra associated with a quantum loop algebra of non-twisted type. We construct fundamental representations for this category as a limit of the Kirillov–Reshetikhin modules over the quantum loop algebra and establish explicit formulas for their characters. We prove that general simple modules in this category are classified by n-tuples of rational functions in one variable which are regular and non-zero at the origin but may have a zero or a pole at infinity.
Derived splinters in positive characteristic
Authors: Bhatt Bhargav 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper introduces the notion of a derived splinter. Roughly speaking, a scheme is a derived splinter if it splits off from the coherent cohomology of any proper cover. Over a field of characteristic 0, this condition characterises rational singularities, as suggested by the work of Kovács. Our main theorem asserts that over a field of characteristic p, derived splinters are the same as (underived) splinters, i.e. schemes that split off from any finite cover. Using this result, we answer some questions of Karen Smith concerning the extension of Serre/Kodaira-type vanishing results beyond the class of ample line bundles in positive characteristic; these are purely projective geometric statements independent of singularity considerations. In fact, we can prove ‘up to finite cover’ analogues in characteristic p of many vanishing theorems known in characteristic 0. All these results fit naturally in the study of F-singularities, and are motivated by a desire to understand the direct summand conjecture.