bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equations for Following Nutrient Transformations in Soil, Utilizing Tracer Data
Authors: Kirkham Don , Bartholomew W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTheoretical equations are derived, for utilization of tracer data, for determining rates of mineralization m and immobilization i of plant nutrients in soil. The equations for a particular nutrient are
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj195403615995001800010009x:equation:saj2sssaj195403615995001800010009x-math-0001
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj195403615995001800010009x:equation:saj2sssaj195403615995001800010009x-math-0002
where m = mass of immobile atoms mineralized per unit time per unit mass of soil (mineralization rate); i = mass of mineral atoms immobilized per unit time per unit mass of soil (immobilization rate); H0 = mass of tracing (heavy, or radioactive) mineral atoms per unit mass of soil at time t = O; M0 = mass of tracing, plus non‐tracing mineral atoms per unit mass of soil at time t = O; H = mass of tracing mineral atoms per unit mass of soil at time t = t; M = mass of tracing, plus non‐tracing mineral atoms per unit mass of soil at time t = t; t = time lapsed between measurements for H0, M0 and H, M; log = logarithm to base e or to base 10 for the equations for i ≠ m and to base e for the equation for m = i; e = 2.718.The equations for m and i, and some others which are also given, are all only valid if M0 and M are small compared to the amount of material which is being mineralized; and if i and m are constant during time t. The equations are applied to some nitrogen transformation data, with heavy nitrogen as the tracing element. The equations may also find application in studies of phosphorus and potassium fixation and release, with radioactive materials as the tracing elements. For numerical work, equations [a] and [b], although correct, should be replaced by equations [10] and [11] in the text if m > i.
Measurement of Nucleic Acid Components in Soil
Authors: Adams A. P. , Bartholomew W. V. , Clark Francis E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure is described for the quantitative estimation of ribonucleic acid phosphorus in soil. Organic phosphorus was extracted from soil by digestion with 1 N NaOH for 19 hours at 30°C. Acidification of the alkaline extract resulted in precipitation of organic materials or humus. The soluble organic phosphorus in the acid extract was separated from excess salt and concentrated by adsorption on activated alumina. After removal from the alumina, the extract was resolved by anion‐exchange chromatography. Samples of the eluants from chromatographic peaks were analyzed in a spectrophotometer. Techniques were evaluated by the addition of known quantities of nucleic acid to soils and the determination of the extent of nucleotide losses in the several steps involved.The data showed that a Carrington soil containing 575 ppm. of organic phosphorus, and a Webster soil containing 327 ppm., contained not more than 1 ppm. and 6 ppm., respectively, of ribonucleic acid phosphorus by the above described technique. The large fraction of soil organic phosphorus was not identified, but the evidence was considered adequate that only a small portion of the soil organic phosphorus could be accounted for as nucleic acids. Purine bases were not detected in soil hydrolysates. Paper chromatograms were run on an acid hydrolysate of soil and the migration of the ultraviolet absorbing spots compared with the migration of known purine bases. Under ultraviolet light no migration of the soil hydrolysate could be detected. The absence of detectable quantities of purine bases also indicated that very little nucleic acid exists in the soil.
Phosphorus Needs of Small Grains on a Moderately Saline Soil
Authors: Fine Lawrence O. , Carson P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exploratory study was started in 1950 to evaluate soil amendatory practices which might be used to increase the yield of small grain on mildly saline intrazonal soils of the Chernozem area. Symptoms presently regarded as salt injury are widely observed on barley and oats and are associated with rather striking phosphate responses on the Maple soils. Application of large amounts of phosphate fertilizers, or manure and phosphate, in both the greenhouse and the field increased yields remarkably and alleviated symptoms on oats and barley. Phosphate application with the seed proved to be approximately twice as effective as broadcast applications.Investigation of the soils revealed a higher total phosphorus content in the saline soil than in surrounding non‐saline soils. However, smaller percentages and absolute amounts of phosphorus were soluble in sulfuric acid extractions of the saline than of the normal soil. In a greenhouse experiment using P32 on the saline and a normal upland soil, it was found that added sodium salts sharply depressed the yield, phosphorus uptake and percent plant phosphorus derived from the fertilizer, whereas added calcium salts only slightly depressed these. These observations appear to the authors to discount the theory that formation of salts of the nature of tricalcium phosphate is responsible for the low phosphorus availability in this soil.
Soil Moisture Studies of Some Great Plains Soils I. Field Capacity and “Minimum Point” as Related to the Moisture Equivalent
Authors: Cole J. S. , Mathews O. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField determinations of soil moisture were made on land either continuously cropped to wheat or alternately fallowed and cropped to wheat, to depths up to 6 feet for periods up to 30 years at 31 stations or locations in the Great Plains. These determinations were made at intervals throughout the period of seedbed preparation and the life of the crop.Two of the major points of interest that developed were the quantity of water that the soil could continue to hold against the pull of gravity, and the portion of it that could not be used by the wheat crop. Late in the 1930's data on these two points were abstracted on all plots — 121 — where enough data were available to make the abstractions reliable. The moisture equivalent was used as an expression of texture in examining these data. The results were assembled but not published. Recently these field determined values have been compared with laboratory vlaues obtained through recently‐developed techniques. (Part II of this paper). Their relation to the moisture equivalent is presented partly as a background for these other studies.The moisture equivalent had a good but not an exact relationship to the field capacity throughout the range of soils studied. The regression lines established showed that there was a slight reduction in field capacity with depth, probably due to the manner of wetting.There was a fair agreement between the extent to which wheat reduced the moisture content of the soil, and the moisture equivalent to the depth to which wheat rooted freely. Below a depth of 3 feet the extent to which wheat could remove water was affected by increasingly sparse root development that differed on the several soils. The moisture equivalent served as a means of showing the extent to which actual field reduction fell short of the level established by the soil texture.The quantity of water between the field capacity and the minimum point for wheat decreased from the surface downward, due to a slight reduction in the field capacity and an increase in the quantity of water that wheat could not remove.Results are applicable to dry land conditions in the Great Plains and would not apply to soils wetted by irrigation or by a more continuous or adequate water supply.
Some Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Sulfate by Alabama Soils
Authors: Ensminger L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sulfate content of a number of Alabama Soils was determined by extracting with various solutions. The sulfate extracted was measured turbidimetrically. Some factors affecting the adsorption of sulfate by soils were studied.About the same amount of sulfate was extracted by neutral sodium acetate solution, sodium acetate buffered at pH 4.8, KH2PO4 solution containing 100 ppm. phosphorus, and KH2PO4 solution containing 500 ppm. phosphorus. However, 0.1 N HCl solution extracted little or no sulfate. The samples contained only small quantities of water‐soluble sulfate except where sulfate had been recently applied.The results show that sulfate is retained to a certain extent by most soils. The subsurface layers usually contain more sulfate and are capable of adsorbing more sulfate than the surface layers. The surface layers of most of the light textured soils did not contain sulfate or show a capacity to adsorb sulfate from solution.The capacity of soils to adsorb sulfate is affected by certain soil treatments. Increasing amounts of superphosphate applied to a Cecil sandy clay loam resulted in decreasing amounts of soluble sulfate. The data show that superphosphate decreased the capacity of this soil to adsorb sulfate from a CaSO4 solution. Liming also resulted in a decrease in the retention of sulfate.The sulfate adsorption capacity of a number of materials was determined in an attempt to show what fractions of soils may be responsible for the retention of sulfate. The data show that dehydrated Al2O3 adsorbed much more sulfate than any of the other materials. The iron minerals adsorbed rather small amounts of the sulfate while the Davidson colloid, kaolinite, and bauxite were intermediate.
Variation in the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Contents of Pine Needles with Season, Crown Position, and Sample Treatment
Authors: White Donald P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImportant variations occur in potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of first‐year pine needle tissue depending on the part of the crown sampled, the time of year, and the tissue drying procedure. The primary aim of the study was to provide a basis for standardizing the sampling routine in collecting pine needles for foliar analyses. Several plantations in New York were systematically sampled and analyzed by standard chemical procedures to obtain data on the magnitude of these variations which have been observed by some workers, yet often ignored in tree nutrition studies. The data confirm previous observations of the percentagewise decline of potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus in needle tissue from an early summer maximum to a fairly constant base level during the winter months. Late fall and winter sampling is recommended for foliar analysis of pine tissue. At this season, the needles are likely to be least affected by confounding physiological changes, and are also more expressive of soil fertility levels and species norms. Mid‐crown positions are recommended as expressive of crown means, whereas aspect is not considered important. Stripping of needles from branches and immediate oven‐drying (70°C.) after collection are necessary. Important dry weight losses in tissue which result in increases in nutrient percentages may occur in material which is allowed to air‐dry.
Soil Type and Land Use Effects on Percolation of Soil Water through Monolith Lysimeters
Authors: Dreibelbis F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a summary of data on percolation of soil water through monolith lysimeters with an 8‐foot profile covering the period 1938 to 1953. The effects of soil type and land use on percolation are stressed.Soil type influences amounts and rates of percolation. The Muskingum soils, because of their lighter texture, provide greater opportunity for more rapid soil water movement which is reflected in greater amounts and more rapid rates of percolation than on the heavier Keene soils except under the circumstances noted. When all the lysimeters were in grass, the average annual percolation amounted to 16.0 inches on Muskingum silt loam (sandstone); 9.85 inches on Muskingum silt loam (shale); and 8.26 inches on the Keene silt loam. From 83% to 92% of the total annual percolation is obtained during the first 6 months of the year.The expression of annual percolation in terms of percent of annual precipitation minus runoff affords a better comparison of land use effects on percolation. In general, percolation is lowest under corn and wheat and highest under first‐year meadow.Soil conservation practices involving greater crop production have resulted in an appreciable decrease in percolation. This is due largely to the better vegetative cover and growth which removes more water by transpiration thereby leaving a lesser amount of soil water available for percolation.
Ion Exchange Chromatography of the Amino Acids in Soil Hydrolysates
Authors: Stevenson F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this investigation the amino acids present in soil hydrolysates were isolated and determined quantitatively, using the technique of ion exchange chromatography. A preliminary desalting was done by passing the solution through a large column of an ion exchange resin, Amberlite IR‐120, followed by elution analysis on a Dowex 50 exchange column.Thirty‐two ninhydrin‐reacting compounds were detected in acid hydrolysates from several Flanagan silt loam soils, each of which had received a different manurial and fertilizer addition. The compounds identified were: glucosamine, chrondrosamine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, glycine, alanine, β‐alanine, γ‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, valine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, arginine, and phenylalanine. Twelve other compounds were not identified positively. The presence of acetylated hexosamines was established. Some quantitative differences were noted in the soil as a result of the treatments.
Distribution and Retention of Anhydrous Ammonia in Sandy Soils
Authors: Blue William G. , Eno Charles F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnhydrous ammonia was applied to several sandy soils which are typical of many soils in Coastal Plain areas. Applications of 58, 115 and 258 pounds per acre of ammonia nitrogen were made at a depth of approximately 5 inches with the injector feet set 13.5 inches apart. Studies were made of the distribution of ammonia around the injection line and of its retention by these soils.The ammonia was found to be concentrated in zones from 2 to 8 inches wide, depending on the soil moisture content. Most of the ammonia was usually concentrated in a zone 3 inches wide at rates of application as high as 258 pounds per acre of nitrogen. This resulted in a very high concentration of ammonia at the injection line. The retention was somewhat variable, but in only one instance, at the 58 pound per acre rate of application, was nitrogen found which equaled that applied. On several soils, losses were shown even at the 58 pound per acre application of nitrogen.
Determination of Organic Phosphorus in Soils: I. Extraction Method
Authors: Mehta N. C. , Legg J. O. , Goring C. A. I. , Black C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure developed for determining organic phosphorus in soils consisted of successive extractions with concentrated HCl and 0.5 N NaOH at room temperature, and 0.5 N NaOH at 90° C. The difference in content of inorganic and total phosphorus in the combined extracts was taken as total organic phosphorus in the soil. In a group of soils, values obtained by the proposed method were higher than those by other methods. Tests indicated that the higher values resulted from the greater accuracy of the proposed method.
Conditions Affecting the Availability of Residual and Applied Manganese in the Organic Soils of the Florida Everglades
Authors: Forsee W. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiency symptoms are quite prevalent in plants growing on the organic soils of the Florida Everglades. These experiments were conducted in order to determine the effect of soil pH, microbiological populations and sources of applied manganese upon the availability of this essential element in the soil. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out and the results measured in terms of plant growth, yield, soil analyses and plant analyses. The organic soils show progressively decreasing amounts of available manganese as their pH values increase to 6.0, and beyond this pH they may not have the ability to supply the plant requirements either from residual or applied manganese. Soil sterilization may release large amounts of residual manganese and promote normal growth of plants. Lowering of the soil pH to values slightly below 6.0 will render the fixed manganese more available and will also reduce fixation of applied manganese. Sulfur applications to lower the soil pH have been used with considerable success in commercial plantings, and have resulted in very substantial yield increases, especially with leafy vegetables.
Clay Minerals in Three Podzol Profiles
Authors: Tedrow J. C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClays from well‐developed podzols from gray acid sandstone glacial tills of Kansan, Illinoian, and Wisconsin ages were identified. After removal of the free oxides, the predominant minerals in the clay were interstratified 2:1 layer silicates, quartz, illite, and small quantities of kaolinite. Vermiculite or chlorite was present in the lower horizons of the older tills. The A2 horizons tended to be higher in quartz than the B and C horizons. Wisconsin clays were slightly higher in quartz than Illinoian or Kansan. The clays, while showing slight shifts with age and depth, were basically similar.
Theory of Capillary Flow: II. Experimental Information
Authors: Miller R. D. , Miller E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublished results of experiments relating to capillary flow have been examined for data which test the capillary flow theory discussed in Part I. Pertinent information appears to be quite limited.Kirkham and Feng assembled data showing that linear diffusion theory predicts the time dependence but not the space dependence of water intake by horizontal columns of dry soil. Nonlinear diffusion theory as used by Klute covers both dependences. For this special case of horizontal wetting, the present theory, after change of variables, reduces to Klute's form.Desorption curves by Nelson and Baver for a series of sieved sand separates coalesce into a single reduced curve when reduced by the particle‐size factor.Time invariant hysteresis effects are characteristic of the present theory; other theories do not exhibit hysteresis properties. Published data show that hysteresis is severe. Time invariance has been tacitly assumed by those reporting such measurements.When measurements by Parker of freezing point depressions for three liquids in each of three substrates are converted to potential by the method of Schofield and the result is reduced, the points so obtained coalesce, though rather poorly, into a single curve for each substrate.
Rate of Phosphate Reaction with Soil Minerals and Electron Microscope Observations on the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Kittrick J. A. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe phosphate reaction rate for several soils was found to be very rapid initially, but diminished to lower values in a matter of minutes. For example, the rate of phosphate reaction with a Catalina Latosol after 3 minutes contact was 100 tons of superphosphate per acre per hour but after 1 month the rate of reaction had fallen to about 1 pound per acre per hour. Removal of extractable iron oxides from the Catalina soil greatly diminished the rate of reaction of phosphate with the soil but reaction with the kaolinite portion was nearly half of the total. It was possible to produce colloidal iron oxide and aluminum hydroxide particles analogous to the reactive surfaces responsible for the rapid initial reaction of phosphate with soil minerals. Electron microscope observations of these minerals in contact with phosphate solution disclosed the formation in a few minutes of separate‐phase phosphate crystals by the mechanism of solution‐precipitation. These experiments suggest that the solution‐precipitation mechanism is important in phosphate fixation in soils.
Trace Element Distribution in Virgin Profiles Representing Four Great Soil Groups
Authors: Wright J. R. , Levick R. , Atkinson H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to study the distribution and comparative leaching of several trace elements in virgin profiles of the Podzol, Brown Podzolic, Gray‐Brown Podzolic and Brown Forest great soil groups. Two profiles of each group were analyzed for total Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Mn and Mo. The results were compared with those for sesquioxides. The distribution of trace elements was more varied in Podzol and Brown Podzolic than in Gray‐Brown Podzolic and Brown Forest profiles.Lead showed the greatest proportional accumulation and this was most pronounced in the A0 horizons of Podzol and Brown Podzolic profiles. Relative to sesquioxides, zinc accumulated in the A0 and B horizons of Podzol and Brown Podzolic soils and in the A1 horizons of Brown Forest profiles. Accumulations of copper relative to sesquioxides occurred mainly in the A0 horizons of Podzol and Brown Podzolic profiles. Considering all soils, copper was the element most susceptible to leaching. The distribution of cobalt paralleled that of sesquioxides in Gray‐Brown Podzolic and Brown Forest profiles. The profile distribution of manganese was irregular. The molybdenum content was greatest in the B horizon of all profiles. Generally, the sola accumulated molybdenum relative to sesquioxides.The range in concentration, expressed as ppm., for all samples was: Zn, 10 to 150; Pb, 6 to 108; Cu, 1 to 23; Co, 0.8 to 18.2; Mn, 250 to 1380; Mo, 0.16 to 0.82. The average zinc and lead contents of the C horizons were similar to, but that of cobalt, copper and especially molybdenum were considerably less than, the average values for these elements found in the earth's crust.
Investigations on the Mobilization and Transport of Iron in Forested Soils: I. The Capacities of Leaf Extracts and Leachates to React with Iron
Authors: DeLong W. A. , Schnitzer M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods for estimating the capacities of aqueous solutions derived from forest litter and forest canopy to retain iron in solution and to bring the iron of freshly‐precipitated ferric hydroxide into solution (true or colloidal) are described and results presented. It is shown that the amount of iron retained or brought into suspension depends on the source of the solution, the pH and the nature of the dominant cation present, and on the proportion of iron to organic matter in the system.
The Effect of Tractor Logging on Physical Properties of Some Forest Soils in Southwestern Washington
Authors: Steinbrenner E. C. , Gessel S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn increase in tractor logging in recent years and resulting concern regarding skid road compaction led to this investigation of the effects of tractor logging on the physical properties of soils in southwestern Washington.Nine areas of recent tractor logging with adjacent undisturbed mature timber were selected for sampling. Samples were obtained from the undisturbed timber which was used as a control, tractor roads, and tractor cutover on each of these areas. The latter included all of the area not in the major skid road system. The samples consisted of 3‐inch soil cores taken at the surface with a special sampling tool. Soil permeability rate, bulk density and pore space distribution were determined for each sample in the laboratory.Results showed that the soils from the tractor cutover had a 35% loss in permeability rate, a 2.4% increase in bulk density and a 10% decrease in macroscopic pore space when compared to the timber control. The tractor roads showed a 93% loss in permeability, a 15% increase in bulk density and a 53% loss in macroscopic pore space. The areal extent of the tractor skid roads in this study was found to be 26% of the logged area.