bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive pneumococcal disease in children prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Zurich region, Switzerland
Authors: Gessler P , Martin F , Suter D , Berger C 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:  To describe symptoms, disease manifestations and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease in children prior to implementation of the pneumococcal vaccine.Patients and methods:  Analysis of children younger than 16 years of age with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD; n = 119). Children with culture‐confirmed IPD, without underlying illness at risk for invasive disease, were included.Results:  IPD in 90 children (age: median 2, mean 3.2 years) included 15 with meningitis, 16 with septicaemia, 14 with bacteraemia, 24 with pneumonia and 21 with skin, bone and joint infections. Symptoms of IPD most often described were fever and gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhoea), and coughing. More than 90% of children with pneumonia were coughing. Most importantly, clinical signs significantly predictive for severe IPD included tachycardia for sepsis, tachypnea for pneumonia, and meningeal signs for meningitis. Leukocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were lower and C‐reactive protein concentrations were higher on admission in children with complicated than in children with uncomplicated IPD but, due to wide overlap of these numbers, the difference was not of prognostic help to predict clinical course and outcome. Overall, 40% of children with IPD manifested complications and IPD showed a mortality rate of 6.6%.Conclusions:  IPD is a serious disease with a high complication rate and mortality. The clinical signs tachycardia, tachypnea, and meningism were highly predictive for severe IPD. The initial clinical presentation and laboratory evaluation were mostly unpredictable with respect to complications and outcome in contrast to the clinical signs.
Emergence d'un nouveau systeme productif en agriculture
Authors: Allaire Gilles 
Published: March 2010

Les changements qui affectent le modèle de production agricole, dans le nouveau contexte économique, peuvent être caractéhsés par un renversement de quatre principes fondamentaux d'organisation. La séparation de la conception et de la production qui était le principe moteur du productivisme est relayé par l'adaptation de la production au marché avec une différenciation des produits (ce que nous désignons comme une logique de qualité). Mais la standardisation exige néanmoins une adaptation des techniques de la production de masse aux contextes locaux, notamment assurée par l'organisation professionnelle des producteurs. La transformation du métier exige de nouvelles formes d'organisation professionnelle. De nouvelles activitès ayant pour base les exploitations agricoles peuvent, dans certains cas, s'inscrirent dans une nouvelle vitalité des zones rurales.Issues of innovation in the agricultural sector arise from the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, the accompanying reform of socio‐structural policies, the establishment of an agri‐environmental policy and the adoption of quality indicators based on the geographic origin of production. This paper deals with the shift in management principles and the transformation of systems of innovation. This transformation is described as a shift from a productivist logic (Fordism in agriculture) to a logic of quality that takes into account the diversity of demand and the opportunities linked to the rural location of production. The evolution towards precision agriculture is contributing to this shift. This new logic of production harms, to some extent, the professional organisation of farmers. The paper uses a schematic analysis of the old and emergent production models to show the relationships between the old and new logic of organisation.Fordist principles, especially the separation of design and production, are generally standard in agri‐food production systems. But agriculture is characterised by land‐based production and a family workforce that leads to a specific role for the professional organisation of farmers. After an analysis of this professional and productivist model, we show how the analysis leads to a structural crisis. We focus mainly on the endogenous mechanisms of a quality crisis and its contribution to a professional crisis. However, the professional crisis is a different type compared to the tensions that appear in Fordist labour management. At this level, the analogy with Fordism is not much help.We use four principles that are generally used in the literature, to describe an alternative productive system. The main features of organisational change in agriculture can be integrated into this model. Nevertheless, in agriculture, the new principles seem to correspond to a rather wide variety of organisations. It is not easy to predict the consequences for rural employment from this agricultural model of production change.
Drag-gravity torques on galaxies in clusters: radial small-scale alignment effects
Authors: González-Sánchez Alejandro , Teodoro Luís F. A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We calculate the torque on galaxies in clusters due to gravity and to dynamical friction forces in order to study the possible origin of small-scale alignment effects as the result of interactions with their environment. The equation of motion for the position angle of a galaxy is derived by using a simple model. We find that weak radial alignment effects can be produced by this mechanism involving only the most massive galaxies. We also introduce a dependence on the cluster eccentricity to our equations in order to explore the alignment of galaxies with the cluster's major axis. We find that in the inner regions of high eccentricity clusters, alignments of massive galaxies with the cluster's major axis dominate over the radial ones. This mechanism could account for the observed alignment effects of the most massive galaxies with the major axis of their host cluster. Our results suggest that dynamical friction is a viable generator of alignment only for the most massive cluster galaxies. For the observed alignments of normal galaxies a primordial origin has to be explored.
Diameter, geometric albedo and compositional constraints for (298) Baptistina through visible and mid-infrared photometry
Authors: Carvano J. M. , Lazzaro D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Here we present visible and mid-infrared observations of the asteroid (298) Baptistina, obtained with the Gemini South telescope, the 2.2-m European Southern Observatory (ESO) telescope in La Silla and the 1.5-m telescope at the Observatório do Pico dos Dias (OPD). From photometry at the R band and observations with a solar phase angle separation of 11° we have determined HR= 10.92+0.13−0.11 and GR= 0.25+0.13−0.11. From VRI photometry we determined V−R= 0.38 ± 0.03 and R−I= 0.39 ± 0.02. Finally, from thermal photometry in the N band, and using the derived values of H and G, we obtained pV= 0.347+0.1090.076–, η= 0.969+0.221−0.210 and D= 12.4km, for the geometric albedo, beaming parameter and diameter, respectively. If one assumes that Baptistina is indeed a member of the family it names, these results rule out the recently suggested link between the dynamical family associated with this asteroid and the cretaceous/tertiary (K/T) event since (1) this albedo is incompatible with the mineralogy of the impactor and (2) the age of the family derived through Yarkovisky spreading would be too young to be related to that event.
COMPARISON OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN ORANGE JUICE FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF JINCHEN FRUIT
Authors: QIAO YU , XIE BI JUN , ZHANG CHI , FAN GANG , PAN SI YI 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT Jinchen is a native sweet cultivar of Citrus sinensis and one of the most important varieties used in orange juice processing in China. The study of flavor components of Jinchen orange juice has not been carried out before. In this paper, the color characteristics, pH value, total soluble solids, total acids, as well as organic acids and sugars were determined in Jinchen orange juice from different parts of fruit (peeled juice, pulp juice, whole fruit juice). The color characteristics were significantly different among three types of Jinchen orange juice. The level of vitamin C and total soluble solids/total acids ratio (TSS/TA) is higher in whole fruit juice. The organic acids and sugars also changed. Pulp juice is rich in the highest amounts of organic acids and sugars. Volatiles from three juices were studied using the solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The whole fruit juice has the highest amount of volatile compounds (53.07 mg/L) followed by peeled juice (51.044 mg/L) and pulp juice (27.107 mg/L). Some differences in the constituents of the volatile compounds of three type juices were observed. These results indicated that volatile compounds and quality properties differed in Jinchen orange juice from different parts of fruit.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe peeled orange fruits are usually used for juice processing. Great amounts of aroma components with intensive odor are located in the peel of orange. The aroma of pulp possessing weak fresh citrus odor is different from peel. The different parts of the orange utilized in processing have direct impact on juice quality. It is very essential to obtain the data of chemical and physical properties in juice from different parts of orange fruit. The quality information could be used to modify the orange aroma.
EFFECTS OF COWPEA FLOUR FRACTIONATION ON SENSORY QUALITIES AND ACCEPTABILITY OF KPEJIGAOU (A GRIDDLED COWPEA PASTE FOOD)
Authors: AMONSOU E. , SAKYI‐DAWSON E. , SAALIA F. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT The particle size (PS) of cowpea flour may have influence on the final product quality and acceptability. This study investigated the effects of cowpea flour fractionation on the quality of kpejigaou (a griddled cowpea paste). Samples of kpejigaou made using whole and fractionated (fine, medium and coarse) flours from both dehulled and undehulled cowpea were evaluated for sensory quality and acceptability. The protein content (23 ± 2.14%) of cowpea flour was not significantly influenced by fractionation. Extractable starches increased with decreasing PS of flour. Fractionation showed significant effects on the functionality of cowpea flour and the quality of processed kpejigaou. Medium PS flour showed higher water absorption and air incorporation during mixing and consequently yielded spongier and less dense kpejigaou that was most preferred and acceptable by the consumers. Coarse flour was the least preferred and was rejected because of poor performance in kpejigaou production. Dehulling improved the color of kpejigaou.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Kpejigaou is a nutritious griddled cowpea product that has the potential of expansion into the fast‐food delivery system. The product also meets the current demand for low‐fat foods. From this study, standard cowpea flour was developed for the production of good quality and acceptable kpejigaou by the consumers. This would help ensure consistency in the quality of the finished product. The application of this research is also relevant to food industries.
EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST SHORT HOT‐WATER RINSING AND BRUSHING TREATMENT ON DECAY AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY FRUIT
Authors: JING W. , TU K. , SHAO X.F. , SU Z.P. , ZHAO Y. , WANG S. , TANG J. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cv. “Feng xiang” was treated with hot water rinsing and brushing (HWRB) at 20C (control), 55C (HWRB‐55), 60C (HWRB‐60) and 65C (HWRB‐65) for 20 s. The effect of these heat treatments on fruit decay and quality was investigated after either ambient temperature storage (20C) for 3 days or cold storage (0C) for 12 days. Results showed that HWRB treatments could significantly reduce the epiphytic microbial population on fruit surface, decay development and weight loss. Fruits treated with HWRB‐65 had the lowest decay incidence and decay index, but about 60% of the treated fruits showed heat damage and became commercially unacceptable. Fruits treated with HWRB‐60 showed less decay than the control fruits, and cold storage could enhance the effect of HWRB treatments. There were no negative effects of HWRB‐60 on fruit surface color, firmness, soluble solids content and titratable acidity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research investigated the effects of hot water rinsing and brushing (HWRB) treatments on decay and quality of strawberry fruit, which was susceptive of decay. HWRB treatments at 60C for 20 s significantly reduced fruit decay, did not affect its quality and could be suggested as a potential postharvest heat treatment on strawberry fruit. On a commercial scale, this short HWRB treatment would be a desirable method for treating freshly harvested produce to maintain fruit quality during postharvest period. Future work on exploring HWRB technology to a broader range of freshly harvested commodities with improved fruit quality and meeting the quarantine requirements, will help the fruit industry to develop environmentally friendly and technically effective HWRB technologies, and possibly reduce the current extensive reliance on chemical pesticides.
Hallmarks of organisations that are adapting to climate change
Authors: Wilby R.L. , Vaughan K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the question as to ‘what do organisations that are adapting to climate change look like?’ Examples are drawn from a survey of statutory regulations, guiding principles and organisational documents shaping current practice, with particular emphasis on the water and conservation sectors of industrialised nations. In so far as it is possible to distil recurring themes into common traits, nine hallmarks are identified. These include visionary leadership, objective setting, risk and vulnerability assessment, guidance for practitioners, organisational learning, low‐regret adaptive management, multi‐partner working, monitoring and reporting progress and effective communication. Recognising that adaptation is highly context and scale dependent, an organisation might not necessarily exhibit all these features. However, our inventory provides a practical basis for reviewing the priorities and progress on adaptation capacity building within public and private sector organisations alike.
Effectiveness of an Interventional Program to Improve Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients at High Risk for Developing Heart Failure: HEROIC Study
Authors: De Rivas Beatriz , Barrios Vivencio , Redón Josep , Calderón Alberto 
Published: March 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).The Efectividad de un Programa de Intervención en el Control de la Presión Arterial de los Hipertensos en Riesgo de Desarrollar Insuficiencia Cardiaca (HEROIC) study was designed to assess whether an educational program for primary care physicians could improve blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive patients at high risk for developing heart failure. The program contained a combination of educational training (live group sessions or online training) and information feedback. Two hundred twenty‐six physicians completed the program and provided valid data in 2489 patients before and 2168 after 1 year. There was a small but significant reduction of −1.1 mm Hg (P=.009) in systolic BP and a higher proportion of patients achieved their BP target (13.6% vs 15.6%, P=.055). Thus, the authors concluded that there was a slight improvement in BP control after the educational program, but this change was not sufficient to avoid development of heart failure. More complex and intensive programs are needed for this type of prevention.
Bioeconomic losses from overharvesting tuna
Authors: Kompas Tom , Grafton R. Quentin , Che Tuong Nhu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStochastic dynamic programming is used to model the world's largest fishery—tunas of the western and central Pacific—and to show that adopting a biomass target that maximizes the discounted economic profits (BMEY) from harvesting would result in larger stocks compared to de facto biological targets, and also lower catches relative to business as usual. This result is obtained for the three major tuna species, including skipjack tuna, which is not currently considered to be overfished biologically. Gains from larger tuna stocks are shown to exceed US$ 3 billion and increase the likelihood of stock rebuilding as some of these higher profits could be used to compensate fishers and countries for transitional losses to higher biomass levels. Adopting a dynamic BMEY target thus offers a potential “win‐win”—better conservation outcomes with larger fish stocks and higher economic profits.
Importance of estimating dispersal for endangered bird management
Authors: Van Houtan Kyle S. , Bass Jr. Oron L. , Lockwood Julie , Pimm Stuart L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEndangered species recovery plans are frustrated by small, spatially structured populations where understanding the influence of birth, death, and dispersal is difficult. Here we use a spatially explicit, long‐term study to describe dispersal in the Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis). Since 1990, this species declined > 50%. It occurs as several geographically isolated subpopulations in the Florida Everglades. We characterize dispersal, recognizing that our sampling, as well as the species’ distribution, is spatially heterogeneous. The annual movements of juveniles and adults are statistically heavy‐tailed. That is, while most individuals are recaptured locally, a significant portion exhibit long‐distance dispersal. Individuals move between subpopulations to distances >30 km. Not accounting for the spatial heterogeneity of sampling or the species range itself underestimates dispersal and can lead to ineffective management decisions. Recovery focused on translocation will be less successful than strategies that protect habitat and increase breeding.
Acantholytic variant of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Lee Tae‐Hui , Kim Young‐Bae , Lee Kyibeom , Yim Hyunee 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTAcantholytic variant of squamous cell carcinoma (AVSCC) of the breast typically has pseudoglandular or pseudoangiosarcomatous histopathologic features due to marked dyscohesiveness of tumor cells which have dense squamoid cytoplasm. Tumor cells show immunoexpression for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, high molecular weight cytokeratin and p63, thus pertaining squamous characteristics. We present a typical case of AVSCC of the breast with preoperative metastasis to a sentinel lymph node and one‐time recurrence. The tumor was predominantly composed of acantholytic component with minor contribution of patternless spindle cell component. Multifocal intraductal carcinomas were found within the tumor. Although some reports had mentioned about other breast cancers focally showing these characteristic features in usual invasive ductal carcinomas or metaplastic carcinomas, only nine cases have been collected as this recently defined entity since 1986. It is suggested that this tumor would be more aggressive than usual invasive ductal carcinomas based on the original report of three cases. However, additional cases of AVSCC often did not show dismal prognostic outcome. We present a typical case of AVSCC of the breast without critical progression of the disease for 38 months.
The missing link: self‐assessment and continuing professional development
Authors: Redwood C , Winning T , Townsend G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review current understanding of the role of self‐assessment in continuing education, particularly in the health professions, and to examine how this knowledge can assist in more effective continuing education.The ongoing debate over compulsory continuing professional development (CPD) has seen a variety of approaches proposed. CPD programmes are expected to foster self‐assessing and self‐directed practitioners, but the common structure is reported to be largely ineffectual in modifying behaviour. If dentistry is to maintain the rights and privileges of a self‐regulating profession, then it must ensure that the development and judgement of ongoing competence is meaningful. Improving practitioners’ knowledge of the how and why of effective self‐assessment should improve participation in, and outcomes of, CPD. An oft‐repeated observation is that the least competent are the most confident. If this is the case, then the idea that dentists should be able, or entitled, to choose the path of their continuing professional development must be open to question. We propose that development of the ability of practitioners to self‐assess their ongoing requirements for CPD is essential if all stakeholders are to get the maximum return for effort.
Van der Woude syndrome: dentofacial features and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Lam AK , David DJ , Townsend GC , Anderson PJ 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is the most common clefting syndrome in humans. It is characterized by the association of congenital lower lip fistulae with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. VWS individuals have a high prevalence of hypodontia. Although caused by a single gene mutation, VWS has variable phenotypic expression. This study aimed to describe the range of clinical presentations in 22 individuals with VWS to facilitate its diagnosis.Methods:  A retrospective study of 22 patients with a diagnosis of VWS was undertaken at the Australian Craniofacial Unit (ACFU) in Adelaide. Three extended families with affected members were included in the study cohort.Results:  The overall prevalence of lip pits in this study cohort was 86%. Cleft phenotypes included bilateral cleft lip and palate (32%); unilateral cleft lip and palate (32%); submucous cleft palate (23%); and isolated cleft hard and soft palate (9%). Missing permanent teeth were reported in 86% of affected individuals.Conclusions:  Submucous cleft palate in VWS may go undiagnosed if the lower lip pits are not detected. Associated hypodontia and resultant malocclusions will also require management by a dental team.
Short‐term clinical effects of commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Pradeep AR , Happy D , Garg G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Certain plants used in folk medicine serve as a source of therapeutic agent by having antimicrobial and other multi‐potential effects. This prospective, randomized, placebo and positively controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the short‐term clinical effects of a commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica in the reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation in subjects with gingivitis.Methods:  Ninety subjects diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were selected and randomly divided into three groups: Group I – placebo gel, Group II – gumtone gel and Group III – 1% chlorhexidine gel. Clinical evaluation was undertaken using the gingival index of Loe and Silness and the plaque index at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks. A subjective evaluation was undertaken by questionnaire.Results:  Gumtone gel showed significant clinical improvement in gingival and plaque index scores as compared to a placebo gel. This improvement was comparable to 1% chlorhexidine gel. Unlike chlorhexidine gel, gumtone gel was not associated with any discolouration of teeth or unpleasant taste.Conclusions:  Gumtone gel may be a useful herbal formulation for chemical plaque control agent and improvement in plaque and gingival status.