bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Pittas Anastassios G. , Sun Qi , Manson Joann E. , Dawson-Hughes Bess , Hu Frank B. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration and risk of incident type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a nested case-control study conducted among 608 women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 559 control subjects in the Nurses' Health Study, we measured the association between baseline plasma 25-OHD concentration and risk of incident diabetes.

RESULTS
After adjusting for matching factors and diabetes risk factors, including BMI, higher levels of plasma 25-OHD were associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. The odds ratio for incident type 2 diabetes in the top (median 25-OHD, 33.4 ng/ml) versus the bottom (median 25-OHD, 14.4 ng/ml) quartile was 0.52 (95% CI 0.33–0.83). The associations were consistent across subgroups of baseline BMI, age, and calcium intake.

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma 25-OHD concentration was associated with lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes in women.
Moderate impact of full‐term pregnancy on estimated peak oxygen uptake, physical activity and perceived health
Authors: Thorell Eva , Svärdsudd Kurt , Andersson Kjell , Kristiansson Per 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. To study the impact of pregnancy on estimated peak oxygen uptake (), physical activity and perceived health. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Maternal health centers. Population. A cohort of pregnant women. Methods. Cycle ergometer test and questionnaires in early pregnancy and 5 months postpartum. Main outcome measures. , physical activity and perceived health. Results. Regular physical activity was reported by a successively lower proportion of women as pregnancy advanced but the proportion was regained postpartum. Despite this the difference between average absolute in early pregnancy and postpartum of 2.44 and 2.42 l/minute, respectively, was not significant. The adjusted absolute in early pregnancy successively increased with age to a maximum at 35 years, after which it decreased and among women of the same age the time between 8 and 12 weeks lowered the by 0.130 l/minute. With the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire in early pregnancy the women scored their mean mental health to 72.0 and mean physical health to 79.7. At the postpartum appointment these scores were higher (p < 0.0001). Absolute and relative in early pregnancy were positively correlated to the variation of SF‐36′s mean physical health in early pregnancy (p < 0.0001) and postpartum (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Pregnancy had a moderate influence on physical fitness and perceived health half a year postpartum despite less regular physical activity during pregnancy. in early pregnancy was positively correlated to perceived physical health.
Expression of cellular prion protein in the placentas of women with normal and preeclamptic pregnancies
Authors: Hwang Han Sung , Hwa Park Seung , Won Park Yong , Kwon Han Sung , Sohn In Sook 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. The aim of our study was to determine the difference of cellular prion protein (PrPC) expression in the placentas of women with normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Design. Retrospective study using banked placental tissue samples. Setting. University hospital. Population. Twenty women with severe preeclampsia (preeclampsia group) and 20 gestational age‐matched normotensive women (normal group). Samples. Placental tissue from each woman collected at the time of cesarean section. Methods. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining for mRNA expression, quantification and tissue localization of PrPC in each placenta. Main outcome measures. Increased expression of PrPC in preeclamptic placenta. Results. Compared with the normal group, PrPC and its mRNA were highly expressed in preeclampsia (each, p < 0.001). In immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining, PrPC was present at the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, endothelial cell, stroma, and decidua of all placentas. When the PrPC immunoreactivity in each tissue was compared, PrPC in endothelial cell, stroma, and deciduas was weakly expressed, and there was no difference of its expression between two groups. But, the intensity of PrPC expression in syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast was much higher in preeclampsia than normal. Conclusions. The increased expression of PrPC in preeclamptic placenta may be a compensatory phenomenon for preeclampsia related conditions. Furthermore, this change in preeclamptic placenta may give an explanation for placental response to overcome the preeclamptic conditions.
Morbidity associated with failed vaginal birth after cesarean section
Authors: Oboro Victor , Adewunmi Adeniyi , Ande Anibaba , Olagbuji Biodun , Ezeanochie Michael , Oyeniran Ayodeji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe investigated morbidity and factors associated with failed vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). In a retrospective cohort study maternal and neonatal outcomes of women who underwent VBAC in three Nigerian University Teaching Hospitals were reviewed. Univariate, followed by multivariate analyses, were conducted. VBAC was successful in 683 of 1,013 women (67.4%), whereas 330 (32.6%) had failed VBAC. Failed VBAC was associated with higher incidence of chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, blood transfusion, uterine rupture, hysterectomy, and composite major neonatal morbidities. Younger age, lack of previous vaginal delivery, induction of labor and fetal weight >4,000 g were risk factors for failed VBAC. A majority of women who try VBAC achieve a vaginal delivery. Failed VBAC is associated with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and is somewhat predictable.
An association between cytomegalovirus infection and pre‐eclampsia: a case–control study and data synthesis
Authors: Xie Fang , Hu Yuxiang , Magee Laura A. , Money Deborah M. , Patrick David M. , Krajden Mel , Thomas Eva , von Dadelszen Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. Pre‐eclampsia shares several similarities with atherosclerotic heart disease. We explored whether, like atherosclerosis, there is a potential link between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and pre‐eclampsia. Design. CMV IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in serums from pre‐eclampsia (n = 78), normotensive intrauterine growth restriction (nIUGR) (n = 30) and normal pregnancy controls (n = 109). Data were analyzed by chi‐squared, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Further, we conducted a comprehensive review of published studies on the relation between CMV infection and pre‐eclampsia. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI), according to CMV infection status, were calculated using Review Manager. Main outcome measures. Women with pre‐eclampsia had increased CMV IgG seropositivity compared with nIUGR (p < 0.01) and normal pregnancy controls (p < 0.01). In addition, CMV IgG antibody level was higher in pre‐eclampsia than normal pregnancy controls (p < 0.001). No difference was observed in CMV IgM or IgA among study groups. Data synthesis revealed that women with CMV infection were at higher risk in the development of pre‐eclampsia, compared with women without CMV infection. Combined results for six studies yielded a RR of 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9). Conclusion. CMV infection seems to affect the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia. Evaluation of the relation between CMV infection and pre‐eclampsia may provide mechanistic insights into pre‐eclampsia‐related inflammation.
National perinatal audit, a feasible initiative for the Netherlands!? A validation study
Authors: van Diem Mariet , De Reu Paul , Eskes Martine , Brouwers Hens , Holleboom Cas , Slagter‐Roukema Tineke , Merkus Hans 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. To explore the feasibility of a national perinatal audit organization. Design. Validation study. Setting. Three regions in the Netherlands. Population. 228 cases of perinatal mortality. Methods. Narratives of perinatal mortality cases were assessed by a panel of representatives of all perinatal care provider groups. 123 cases were assessed twice. Consensus was defined as 75% agreement. For the chance corrected agreement Cohen's kappa statistic was used. Main outcome measures. Consensus and the chance corrected agreement on three cause of death classifications. The presence or absence of substandard factors (SSF) with the care provider, the organization of care and the relation of the SSF with perinatal death. Results. Consensus rates and chance corrected agreement for three cause of death classifications ranged from 92 to 96% and κ 0.87 to κ 0.93 (very good agreement), with comparable confidence intervals and similar values in the validation subset of 123 cases. On the presence of SSF at the level of the care provider consensus and chance corrected agreement was 68% and κ 0.53 (moderate), with comparable values in the subset of 123 cases. Consensus for the relation between SSF at the level of the care provider and perinatal death was 81.4% and κ 0.68 (good). Conclusion. Perinatal audit on a national level with relatively large audit groups with many different care providers is feasible.
Clinical findings, pain descriptions and physical complaints reported by women with post‐natal pregnancy‐related pelvic girdle pain
Authors: Nielsen Lars‐Lennart 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe objective was to describe clinical findings and pain patterns following the provocation by activities of daily living (ADL) in women suffering from pregnancy‐related post‐natal pelvic pain 6–12 months after delivery. Forty‐one informants answered questionnaires regarding pain characteristics in respect to 14 different ADL. All informants had bilateral pain, and typically it was described as an aching pain in the areas of the posterior superior iliac spines and in the symphyseal region. Running was the most provocative activity, followed by domestic work and by activities involving pushing and pulling. Duration of the activity had a great impact on the tolerance for all activities, and for the majority of the women, menstruation and ovulation caused an exacerbation of the symptoms.
Effect of high parity on the occurrence of prediabetes: a cohort study
Authors: Al‐Farsi Yahya M. , Brooks Daniel R. , Werler Martha M. , Cabral Howard J. , Al‐Shafei Mohammed A. , Wallenburg Henk C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. To assess the effect of parity on the occurrence of prediabetes defined as an abnormal fasting plasma glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol/l), an abnormal 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test (7.7–11.1 mmol/l), or both, before 12 weeks gestation or at least 6 weeks after delivery. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Nested on a community trial Delaying the Development of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (AMAL study) in Oman. Population. 532 women with a total of 3,196 pregnancies. Methods. We conducted sets of Cox proportional hazard regression analyses: crude, age‐adjusted and full models which adjusted for maternal age, education, family income and year of delivery. Main outcome measures. Hazard ratio (HR) of the effect of parity on prediabetes. Results. We enumerated 258 cases of prediabetes over 8,529 person‐years of follow up. In the crude model, high parity (≥5) pregnancies carried a higher risk of prediabetes than low parity (<5) pregnancies (HR = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.80, 4.91), and the prediabetes incidence rate increased in a dose–response fashion over multiple categories of parity. In age‐only models, the association attenuated with control of the confounding effect of maternal age (HR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.76, 1.45). Adjusting for other confounders in the full models yielded similar results to those adjusted for maternal age only. Conclusions. The apparent effect of parity on the occurrence of prediabetes is attributable to the confounding effect of maternal age rather than to high parity.
Unilateral renal agenesis and female genital tract pathologies
Authors: Acién Pedro , Acién Maribel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives. To analyze the gynecological pathologies and extragenital anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis (URA) and the possible origin of these congenital anomalies. Design. Retrospective case–control study. Setting. University Hospital. Population. This study included 276 women with genitourinary malformations who had undergone hysterosalpingography (and/or laparoscopy) and pyelography with images available for review. Methods. There were 60 cases of women diagnosed with genital malformations and congenital URA and 216 control cases of women with genital tract malformations and both kidneys present. All cases were categorized according to an embryological–clinical classification and the type of Müllerian malformation (American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) classification) and then compared by type for the presence of gynecological and extragenital pathologies. Main outcome measures. Genital malformations, endometriosis, leiomyomas and skeletal anomalies. Results. URA was generally associated with either agenesis of all of the derivatives of the urogenital ridge on the same side of the body, which were usually found on the left, or distal mesonephric anomalies such as a double uterus with a blind hemivagina or unilateral cervico‐vaginal atresia, which were most frequently on the right. The uterine malformations that were most commonly seen in women with renal agenesis were bicornis‐bicollis, didelphys and unicornuate uteri. Women with bicornuate or didelphys uteri and renal agenesis had more gynecological pathologies, such as endometriosis, than those with both kidneys present. Conclusions. URA and major uterine malformations are frequently related, and individuals with bicornuate or didelphys uteri have endometriosis more often than those without renal agenesis. Those malformations that seem to be caused by the absence or anomaly of a mesonephric duct lead to renal agenesis, ipsilateral vaginal anomalies (blind or atretic hemivagina) and failure of the induction function of the Wolffian ducts on the Müllerian ducts, causing uterine malformations.
The frequency of diagnostic errors in radiologic reports depends on the patient's age
Authors: Diaz Sandra , Ekberg Olle 
Published: August 2010

Background: Patients who undergo treatment may suffer preventable medical errors. Some of these errors are due to diagnostic imaging procedures. Purpose: To compare the frequency of diagnostic errors in different age groups in an urban European population. Material and Methods: A total of 19 129 reported radiologic examinations were included. During a 6-month period, the analyzed age groups were: children (aged 0–9 years), adults (40–49 years), and elderly (86–95 years). Results: The frequency of radiologic examinations per year was 0.3 in children, 0.6 in adults, and 1.1 in elderly. Significant errors were significantly more frequent in the elderly (1.7%) and children (1.4%) compared with adults (0.8%). There were 60 false-positive reports and 232 false-negative reports. Most errors were made by staff radiologists after hours when they reported on examinations outside their area of expertise. Conclusion: Diagnostic errors are more frequent in children and the elderly compared with middle-aged adults.
Increased transcutaneous oxygen pressure is an indicator of revascularization after peripheral transluminal angioplasty
Authors: Pardo Manuel , Alcaraz Miguel , Breijo Francisco Ramón , Bernal Fernando Luis , Felices Jose Manuel , Canteras Manuel 
Published: August 2010

Background: In recent years, the use of peripheral transluminal angioplasty (PTA) procedures for revascularization of an ischemic limb has increased. Evaluation of reperfusion has been carried out by Doppler scan; however, a successful PTA does not necessarily result in improved oxygen delivery to the distal parts of the limb. Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the revascularization in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia after treatment with PTA by comparing transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2) with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) post PTA. Material and Methods: This prospective study included 151 consecutive diabetic patients. We evaluated the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis Doppler, ABI, TcpO2, and duplex scan results. If two of these four examinations were abnormal, arteriography was carried out and PTA was performed concomitantly. At least 64 patients were considered suitable candidates for PTA. Results: The ABI increased from 0.67±0.25 to 0.84±0.25 following PTA ( P<0.001). TcpO2 increased from 27.20±11.10 mm Hg to 40±12.10 mm Hg after PTA ( P<0.001). While the TcpO2 could be measured in all patients, the ABI was not measurable in 25.37% pretreatment and in 17.91% post treatment. Statistical analysis revealed a scant correlation between the techniques used: TcpO2 and ABI ( P=0.20). Conclusion: Our study confirms that the increase in TcpO2 in diabetic patients following PTA points to the physiologic significance of microvascular revascularization achieved in the treated limb and serves to assess functional improvement in tissue oxygenation obtained by PTA. The use of TcpO2 may represent an alternative to traditional assessment of peripheral transluminal angioplasty results.
A Comparative Overview of the Fair Wear and Tear Exception: the Duty of Holders of Temporary Interests to Preserve Property
Authors: Caterina Raffaele 
Published: August 2010

“A system of private ownership must provide for something more sophisticated than absolute ownership of the property by one person. A property owner needs to be able to do more than own it during his lifetime and pass it on to someone else on his death.”1 Those who own things with a long life quite naturally feel the urge to deal in segments of time. Most of the owner's ambitions in respect of time can be met by the law of contract. But contract does not offer a complete solution, since contracts create only personal rights. Certain of the owner's legitimate wishes can be achieved only if the law allows them to be given effect in rem—that is, as proprietary rights. Legal systems have responded differently to the need for proprietary rights limited in time. Roman law created usufruct and other iura in re aliena; English law created different legal estates. Every system has faced similar problems. One issue has been the extent to which the holder of a limited interest should be restricted in his or her use and enjoyment in order to protect the holders of other interests in the same thing. A common core of principles regulates the relationship between those who hold temporary interests and the reversioners. For instance, every system forbids holder of the possessory interest to damage the thing arbitrarily. But other rules are more controversial. This study focuses upon the rules which do not forbid, but compel, certain courses of action.
Capacity to Create a Trust: The Onshore Problem, and the Offshore Solutions
Authors: Matthews Paul 
Published: August 2010

The Common Law rules of private international law on the capacity of a person to create a trust are peculiarly difficult to ascertain. It is submitted that, despite the claims of other candidates (such as the proper law of the trust, the law of the situs of the trust assets, and even the settlor's nationality), the law of the settlor's domicile should govern capacity of the settlor (i) to make a contract to create a trust, (ii) to transfer ownership of moveable property to the trustee, and (in) to impose the trust obligation on the trustee. Capacity of the settlor to transfer immovables to the trustee is, however, governed by the lex situs. Some offshore trust jurisdictions have enacted special rules relating to capacity to create a trust. Two main models may be distinguished, that of Jersey and that of the Cayman Islands. These rules were mainly designed to deal with a quite different problem, namely that of the settlor whose personal law includes rules on the protection of family wealth, such as so-called “forced heirship”". Whether the offshore rules actually succeed in avoiding the problem is, however, open to doubt in some cases.
Prophethood and the World in Qur'anic Discourse
Authors: Ennaifer Ahmeida 
Published: August 2010

This article discusses the concept of universality, characteristic of the Islamic message and its relation to the meanings of certain key terms in the Qur'an. It considers in particular the four Qur'anic terms: al-nās, al-calamīn, al-umma and al-qariya, in order to investigate the relationship between them and their connection with the linquistic historical and prophetic contexts. The study then examines three important prophets, namely, Abraham, Noah and Adam and their connection with the question of universality. The Qur'anic concept of universality is seen as strongly associated with Arab peculiarities and is reshaped through revelation to enable it to join the monotheistic messages in general, so that it goes beyond the concepts of tribal and/or blood relations to the wider notions of humanity and the march of history. The article concludes by suggesting that this new way of looking at the concept of universality is paramount if one is to gain a fuller understanding of contemporary intellectual and cultural decline.
Multiple Broken Plurals of a Singular Noun in the Holy Qur'an
Authors: Omar Ahmad Mokhtar 
Published: August 2010

Multiplicity of broken plurals of a singular noun is a noteworthy case both in the Arabic language in general and the Qur'anic text in particular. It is sensible to attribute such a phenomenon in the Arabic language to dialectical variation, but the case should not be the same with such a homogeneous and eloquent text as the Qur' an. After extracting all examples of this kind used in the Qur'an and thinking deeply about them, I have come to the conclusion that the following reasons may be the most important ones: First: Expressing the meaning of fewness in opposition to abundance. The Qur'an in this connection follows four ways: a) Using a plural of fewness in opposition to a plural of abundance, such as (ancum) and (nicam). b) Using a rare-pattern plural in opposition to a widespread one, such as (dhukrān) and (dhukūr), regardless of the plural form meaning. c) Using a plural in opposition to a plural of the plural, such as (aswira) and (asāwir). d) Using a sound plural in opposition to a broken plural, such as (sunbulāt) and (sanābil). Second: Changing the pattern of the plural to specify the intended meaning of the singular, wherever it has two different meanings. In this connection I may refer to the two plurals of the singular (cyn) which are (acyun) and (cuyūn). The Qur'an confined the first to the meaning of an eye and the second to the meaning of a spring. Third: Changing the pattern of the plural to denote totality in opposition to specialness. In this connection I may refer to the two plurals (hamīr) and (humur) where the first one refers to a domestic donkey and the second to a wild one. Fourth: Changing the kind of plural to be either a broken plural or a sound plural where the first refers to nominality such as (rawāsī), whereas the second refers to descriptiveness such as (rāsiyāt). Fifth: Changing the pattern of the plural to specify either femininity or masculinity. The first is a plural such as (qawācid) and the second is such as (qucud) and (qācidūn).