bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Do Auditor Defense Tactics Increase Rather Than Decrease Perceived Auditor Negligence?
Authors: Grenier Jonathan , Pomeroy Bradley , Reffett Andrew 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARY
In cases of alleged audit failure, audit firms and/or their defense teams can make statements intended to decrease jurors' assessments of auditor negligence. For example, Cornell et al. (2009) find that expressing sympathy for the victims of undetected fraud successfully decreases mock jurors' assessments of auditor negligence. Extending this research, Grenier et al. (2012) report the results of an experiment indicating that the effectiveness of defense tactics depends on their perceived credibility, and that credibility depends on at least two prevalent situational factors: the importance of the client to the audit firm and the source of the defense tactic (i.e., the national office or the local office that conducted the audit). Specifically, mock jurors perceive auditor defense tactics to be credible (not credible) when client importance is low (high), and when implemented by the firm's national (local) office. Hence, when client importance is low, defense tactics successfully decrease negligence assessments if implemented by the firm's national office, but “backfire” and increase negligence assessments when client importance is high, regardless of the defense tactic's source (national versus local office). Audit firms should therefore use caution when deciding whether to use defense tactics, particularly in negligence suits involving clients that could be perceived as highly important to the audit firm. This article summarizes Grenier et al. (2012) by discussing its motivation, method, results, and practical implications.
The Challenge of the Use of Glycemic Biomarkers in Diabetes: Reflecting on Hemoglobin A1C, 1,5-Anhydroglucitol, and the Glycated Proteins Fructosamine and Glycated Albumin
Authors: Wright Lorena Alarcon-Casas , Hirsch Irl B. 
Published: August 2012

In Brief
This article reviews the advantages and limitations of the current glycemic biomarkers, including A1C, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, and the glycated proteins fructosamine and glycated albumin. It provides patient encounter case studies and related discussion to guide health care professionals on the appropriate use of the various glycemic biomarkers in clinical practice.
Glycemic Variability: Looking Beyond the A1C
Authors: Tylee Tracy S. , Trence Dace L. 
Published: August 2012

In Brief
Hyperglycemia in diabetes is known to be associated with both micro- and macrovascular complications. However, multiple studies have raised the question of whether variation in glucose levels, in addition to average glucose, might be a risk factor for these complications. This article summarizes the available data on glycemic variability and how they might contribute to complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Synthesis and rheology of thermoreversible polyurethane hydrogels
Authors: Gradinaru Luiza , Ciobanu Constantin , Vlad Stelian , Bercea Maria , Popa Marcel 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Polyurethanes based on poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer, succinic or citric acid, and ethyl ester L-lysine diisocyanate were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and GPC. Wetting properties were evaluated by contact angle determinations. The critical micelle concentration was determined from surface tension measurements. Their abillity to undergo self-aggregation and temperature induced gelation was investigated through dynamic oscillatory measurements. The gelation point, sol-gel transitions, and gel structure are influenced by polymer structure, composition, molecular weight, concentration, and heating rate.
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Concentrations Decrease in Patients with HIV Infection under Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Kurz Katharina , Teerlink Tom , Sarcletti Mario , Weiss Guenter , Zangerle Robert , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: August 2012

Background In HIV-infected patients, elevated plasma concentrations of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and cardiovascular risk factor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are documented, and levels correlate with markers of immune activation, such as neopterin. Methods In this study, the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on arginine, ADMA and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) levels was investigated and related to changes of immune activation markers and lipids. Concentrations of ADMA, SDMA, arginine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin were determined in 112 HIV-infected patients after 12 months of successful ART, as refected by undetectable HIV RNA levels, and compared to baseline levels. ADMA, SDMA, arginine and urine neopterin levels were determined by HPLC, and plasma neopterin concentrations by ELISA. Disease activity before and after treatment was monitored by determination of HIV RNA levels and CD4+ T-cell counts. Lipids and CRP were determined by routine laboratory assays. Results Under treatment with ART, concentrations of ADMA, SDMA and arginine dropped in parallel with decreasing HIV RNA levels and neopterin concentrations, while cholesterol, triglyceride levels and CD4+ T-cell counts increased. CRP levels did not change. After ART, a significant inverse association between ADMA and plasma cholesterol was observed. Conclusions Successful ART, defined by HIV RNA levels below the limit of detection, leads to decreasing levels of methylated arginines and immune activation markers. Thus, it is unlikely that disturbances of dimethylarginine metabolism account for the increased risk of cardiovascular events of HIV-infected patients under ART.
Interferon-α for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis Delta: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Lamers Mieke H , Kirgiz Özlem Özentürk , Heidrich Benjamin , Wedemeyer Heiner , Drenth Joost PH 
Published: August 2012

Background Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection therapy is unclear. This systematic analysis aimed to clarify the evidence on the efficacy of interferon (IFN)-α-based therapy in HDV. Methods We performed a systematic search on electronic databases including MEDLINE (1970 to January 2011), Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing IFN-α-based therapy with either another drug, placebo or no intervention were included. We excluded paediatric studies. We calculated relative risks (RRs) for comparison of treatment options on the primary outcome measure, which was defined as undetectable levels of HDV RNA and normal alanine aminotransferase at end of treatment (EOT; 1 year). Results Nine RCTs were included. Seven trials evaluated the treatment with IFN-α ( n=132). The remaining two trials evaluated treatment with pegylated (PEG)-IFN-α ( n=45). We found that 1-year treatment with high-dose IFN-α achieved better primary outcome rates than with PEG-IFN-α (RR=4.14, 95% CI 1.00, 17.14). Data for 1-year treatment with low-dose IFN-α compared with PEG-IFN-α were similar (RR=2.83, 95% CI 0.65, 12.40), as were low-dose IFN-α versus high-dose IFN-α (RR=0.68, 95% CI 0.31, 1.50). High-dose IFN-α and PEG-IFN-α reached similar HDV RNA suppression 24 weeks after EOT (RR=1.00, 95% CI 0.51, 1.97). None of the 55 patients assigned to no intervention obtained undetectable levels of HDV RNA and only one patient achieved normalization of alanine aminotransferase level. Conclusions Based on available RCTs, 1-year high-dose IFN-α monotherapy appears to be more effective than PEG-IFN-α for treatment of HDV patients, with efficacy rates of approximately 30%. There is a lack of head-to-head comparisons. Combination therapies and longer treatment duration need to be investigated.
Time to Virological Failure, Treatment Change and Interruption for Individuals Treated within 12 Months of HIV Seroconversion and in Chronic Infection
Authors: Zugna Daniela , Geskus Ronald B , De Stavola Bianca , Rosinska Magdalena , Bartmeyer Barbara , Boufassa Faroudy , Chaix Marie-Laure , Babiker Abdel , Porter Kholoud ,   the CASCADE Collaboration in EuroCoord
Published: August 2012

Background Estimates of treatment failure, change and interruption are lacking for individuals treated in early HIV infection. Methods Using CASCADE data, we compared the effect of treatment in early infection (within 12 months of seroconversion) with that seen in chronic infection on risk of virological failure, change and interruption. Failure was defined as two subsequent measures of HIV RNA>1,000 copies/ml following suppression (<500 copies/ml), or >500 copies/ml 6 months following initiation. Treatment change and interruption were defined as modification or interruption lasting >1 week. In multivariable competing risks proportional subdistribution hazards models, we adjusted for combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) class, sex, risk group, age, CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA and calendar period at treatment initiation. Results Of 1,627 individuals initiating cART early (median 1.8 months from seroconversion), 159, 395 and 692 failed, changed and interrupted therapy, respectively. For 2,710 individuals initiating cART in chronic infection (median 35.9 months from seroconversion), the corresponding values were 266, 569 and 597. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% CIs) for treatment failure and change were similar between the two treatment groups (0.93 [0.72, 1.20] and 1.06 [0.91, 1.24], respectively). There was an increasing trend in rates of interruption over calendar time for those treated early, and a decreasing trend for those starting treatment in chronic infection. Consequently, compared with chronic infection, treatment interruption was similar for early starters in the early cART period, but the relative hazard increased over calendar time (1.54 [1.33, 1.79] in 2000). Conclusions Individuals initiating treatment in early HIV infection are more likely to interrupt treatment than those initiating later. However, rates of failure and treatment change were similar between the two groups.
Increased Organ Damage Associated with Deterioration in Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Microarchitecture in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on Longterm Glucocorticoid Therapy
Authors: TANG XIAO LIN , ZHU TRACY YANER , HUNG VIVIAN W. , QIN LING , WONG CHUN-KWOK , KUN EMILY W. , TAM LAI SHAN , LI EDMUND K. 
Published: August 2012

Objective.To evaluate bone quality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were undergoing longterm glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, and to focus on the correlation between bone quality and organ damage.Methods.Seventy-eight female patients with SLE and organ damage taking longterm GC, and 72 age-matched SLE patients without damage taking longterm GC were recruited for study. Clinical variables of interest included disease activity, cumulative organ damage (by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; SDI), major organ involvement (musculoskeletal damage and neuropsychiatric damage, etc.), and use of medication. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone geometry, volumetric BMD (vBMD), microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties were measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT).Results.Patients were mean age of 45 years (SD 10) and 54% were postmenopausal. The median SDI score of the cohort was 1 (interquartile range 1−2, range 1−5). Compared with patients without damage, the prevalence of osteopenia at either total hip or lumbar spine was significantly higher, and there were trends of deterioration of bone geometry, vBMD, microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties in patients with organ damage. Potential risk factors for bone quality in patients with damage were screened by univariate analysis. During multiple regression analysis, SDI was the only clinical variable consistently associated with deterioration of vBMD and microarchitecture.Conclusion.Cumulative organ damage consistently correlated with deterioration of vBMD and bone microarchitecture in SLE patients with damage on longterm GC therapy. HR-pQCT provides an insight into the underlying mechanism of bone loss in SLE.
Sanctity and Identity:
Authors: Mary Marshall Campbell 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
With her Liber Revelationum Elisabeth de Sacro Exercitu Virginum Coloniensium (Book of Revelations), Elisabeth von Schönau establishes the authenticity of the relics of St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins, which had been discovered some fifty years prior to the text's composition. In this article, I demonstrate how Elisabeth's text accomplishes this work of authentication: it weds divine revelation to emergent modes of legal proof in order to authenticate the Ursuline relics. Furthermore, its bipartite structure in which sets of halves are produced so as to be reunified is rhetorically analogous to the chirograph, a legal instrument for document authentication.
A Byzantine Theodidact:
Authors: Jim McInnes 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
The Byzantine mystic Symeon the New Theologian claimed to be a theodidact: one taught by God. This article examines the rationale and experiential theological method that underwrote this claim. Symeon contended with scholastic theologians over the role of the Holy Spirit in illuminating believers and inspiring their speech. The New Theologian's mystical definition of a theodidact raises the problem of subjective experience in relation to teaching authority, which is addressed by exploring Symeon's own insistence that Orthodox tradition, Scripture, and a holy life safeguard the inspired teacher against self-authentication, error, and hypocrisy.
Mining the Salivary Proteome with Grating‐Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging and Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Microarrays
Authors: Molony Ryan D. , Rice James M. , Yuk Jong Seol , Shetty Vivek , Dey Dipak , Lawrence David A. , Lynes Michael A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBiological indicators have numerous and widespread utility in personalized medicine, but the measurement of these indicators also poses many technological and practical challenges. Blood/plasma has typically been used as the sample source with which to measure these indicators, but the invasiveness associated with sample procurement has led to increased interest in saliva as an attractive alternative. However, there are unique issues associated with the measurement of saliva biomarkers. These issues are compounded by the imperfect correlation between saliva and plasma with respect to biomarker profiles. In this manuscript, we address the technical challenges associated with saliva biomarker quantification. We describe a high‐content microarray assay that employs both grating‐coupled surface plasmon resonance imaging and surface plasmon–coupled emission modalities in a highly sensitive assay with a large dynamic range. This powerful approach provides the tools to map the proteome of saliva, which in turn should greatly enhance the utility of salivary biomarker profiles in personalized medicine. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 53:18.16.1‐18.16.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complexation‐Induced Biomimetic Long Range Fibrous Orientation in a Rigid‐Flexible Block Copolymer Thermogel
Authors: Park Min Hee , Choi Bo Gyu , Jeong Byeongmoon 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe orientation of the organofibrous structure plays an important role not only in the biomineralization process but also in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage by providing cells with biomechanical cues. Here, it is reported that a long range nanofibrous orientation can be realized by a self‐assembling ionic complex between (+)‐charged amphiphilic peptide block copolymers with a rigid‐flexible block structure (polyalanine‐PLX‐polyalanine; PA‐PLX‐PA) and (‐)‐charged hyaluronic acid (HA). A biomimetic 3D culture system encapsulating chondrocytes is formed by a temperature‐sensitive sol‐to‐gel transition of the PA‐PLX‐PA/HA complex aqueous solution, which provides a compatible microenvironment for the cells. The cell proliferation and biomarker expression for articular cartilage are significantly improved in the PA‐PLX‐PA/HA complex system relative to the PA‐PLX‐PA or the commercially available Matrigel systems. In particular, noticeable cell clustering is observed in the PA‐PLX‐PA/HA complex system with the long range nanofibrous structure. This research suggests a new method for developing a nanofibrous structure using an amphiphilic peptide block copolymer and demonstrates its potential uses as a unique biomimetic cell‐culture matrix.
Associations between sedentary behavior and motor coordination in children
Authors: Lopes Luís , Santos Rute , Pereira Beatriz , Lopes Vítor Pires 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives:This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between objectively measured sedentary behavior (SB) and motor coordination (MC) in Portuguese children, accounting for physical activity (PA), accelerometer wear time, waist‐to‐height ratio, and mother's education level.Methods:A cross‐sectional school‐based study was conducted on 213 children (110 girls and 103 boys) aged 9–10 in the north of Portugal during the spring of 2010. Accelerometers were used to obtain detailed objective information about daily PA and SB over five consecutive days. MC was measured with a body coordination test (Körperkoordination Test für Kinder). Waist and height were measured by standardized protocols and the waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. A questionnaire was used to assess mothers' educational levels. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) and logistic regressions were used.Results:ROC analysis showed that sedentary time significantly discriminated between children with low MC and high MC, with a best trade off between sensitivity and specificity being achieved at ≥77.29% and ≥76.48% for girls and boys, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). In both genders, the low sedentary group had significantly higher odds of having good MC than the higher sedentary group, independent of PA, accelerometer wear time, WHtR, and mother's education level (P < 0.05 for both).Conclusions:Our findings suggested that PA levels per se may not overcome the deleterious influence of high levels of SB on MC. Our data stress the importance of discouraging SB among children to improve MC. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jenseits von Samariumdiiodid: Perspektiven für Lanthanoid(II)‐vermittelte Reduktionen
Authors: Szostak Michal , Procter David J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractReaktionen, die über offenschalige Einelektronenmechanismen ablaufen, führen zu interessanten alternativen Resultaten gegenüber solchen Reaktionen, die Zweielektronenmechanismen mit geschlossenen Schalen gehorchen. In diesem Zusammenhang entwickelte sich Samariumdiiodid zu einem der wichtigsten Elektronentransferreagentien. In letzter Zeit wurde ein signifikanter Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der reduktiven Chemie anderer zweiwertiger Lanthanoide erzielt, die viele Jahre lang als zu reaktiv erachtet worden waren, um von Nutzen für Synthesechemiker zu sein. Wir beschreiben hier, wie neue Samarium(II)‐Komplexe und nichtklassische Lanthanoid(II)‐Reagentien die moderne reduktive Chemie verändern.
Constructive, collaborative, contextual, and self‐directed learning in surface anatomy education
Authors: Bergman Esther M. , Sieben Judith M. , Smailbegovic Ida , de Bruin Anique B.H. , Scherpbier Albert J.J.A. , van der Vleuten Cees P.M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAnatomy education often consists of a combination of lectures and laboratory sessions, the latter frequently including surface anatomy. Studying surface anatomy enables students to elaborate on their knowledge of the cadaver's static anatomy by enabling the visualization of structures, especially those of the musculoskeletal system, move and function in a living human being. A recent development in teaching methods for surface anatomy is body painting, which several studies suggest increases both student motivation and knowledge acquisition. This article focuses on a teaching approach and is a translational contribution to existing literature. In line with best evidence medical education, the aim of this article is twofold: to briefly inform teachers about constructivist learning theory and elaborate on the principles of constructive, collaborative, contextual, and self‐directed learning; and to provide teachers with an example of how to implement these learning principles to change the approach to teaching surface anatomy. Student evaluations of this new approach demonstrate that the application of these learning principles leads to higher student satisfaction. However, research suggests that even better results could be achieved by further adjustments in the application of contextual and self‐directed learning principles. Successful implementation and guidance of peer physical examination is crucial for the described approach, but research shows that other options, like using life models, seem to work equally well. Future research on surface anatomy should focus on increasing the students' ability to apply anatomical knowledge and defining the setting in which certain teaching methods and approaches have a positive effect. Anat Sci Educ 6: 114–124. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Variation in omeprazole pharmacokinetics in a random Iranian population: a pilot study
Authors: Noubarani Maryam , Kobarfard Farzad , Motevalian Manijeh , Keyhanfar Fariborz 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTOmeprazole is metabolized in the liver mainly by the polymorphic CYP2C19 enzyme. Considerable ethnic differences have been reported in the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole. The present study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of omeprazole after a single oral administration to a random Iranian population. Thirty healthy male subjects, aged 24–31 years, weighing 60–98 kg completed the study. Plasma concentrations of omeprazole were measured over a 12 h period after administration of a single oral dose of 20 mg omeprazole. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration–time profiles. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used to quantify 5‐hydroxyomeprazole. The mean area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity (AUC∞) values of omeprazole and the corresponding coefficient of variation (CV%) was 987.3 ng h/ml (65%). In general, most subjects showed a normal distribution. Only one subject showed a very high AUC compared with the corresponding mean AUC level. This subject had the highest half‐life and the lowest rate of elimination. The omeprazole metabolic ratio for this subject was 2.9, while for the others it was in the range 0.12–0.56. These results are consistent with previous literature that showed the existence of interindividual variability in omeprazole pharmacokinetics, even within a single ethnic group. Differences in the pharmacokinetics could be due to differences in the genetic make‐up of subjects as found in their omeprazole metabolic ratios. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.