bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: IMP Dehydrogenase: Structure, Mechanism, and Inhibition
Authors: Hedstrom Lizbeth 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ABC Efflux Pump‐Based Resistance to Chemotherapy Drugs
Authors: Eckford Paul D. W. , Sharom Frances J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Simulation on seismogenic environment of strong earthquakes in Sichuan‐Yunnan region, China
Authors: Ma Hong‐Sheng , Zheng Yong , Shao Zhi‐Gang , Jiang Chang‐Sheng , Zhou Long‐Quan , Zhang Guo‐Min 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBased on 43 Harvard CMT solutions in Yunnan region, GPS observations from 1999 to 2004 by China Crustal Movement Observatory Network, and results from SKS splitting and Pn fast wave anisotropy, we obtained the average directions of principle stress fields at different depths by average angle method. Then we further analyzed the coupling difference between geodynamic parameters in different tectonic blocks. Then we built five three‐dimensional finite element models to simulate the crustal velocity field in Sichuan‐Yunnan region and stratified stress–strain fields in different tectonic blocks. In order to implement the numerical simulation, we constrained the FEA model boundaries with GPS observations, and determined the possible flow patterns at the top of upper mantle by SKS anisotropic splitting data. Based on the simulated kinematic pattern and stress–strain fields, we analyzed the geodynamic environment in the deep part of the area, and found that the difference between lateral stress fields in different tectonic blocks is the main reason why the boundaries of tectonic blocks and their neighborhood are so active areas and capable of generating strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐Ray Diffraction as a Local Probe Tool
Authors: Stangl J. , Mocuta C. , Diaz A. , Metzger T. H. , Bauer G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFor the structural characterization of nanoscale objects, X‐ray diffraction is widely used as a technique complementing local probe analysis methods such as scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Details on strain distributions, chemical composition, or size and shape of nanostructures are addressed. X‐ray diffraction traditionally obtains very good statistically averaged properties over large ensembles—provided this averaging is meaningful for ensembles with sufficiently small dispersion of properties. In many cases, however, it is desirable to combine different analysis techniques on exactly the same nano‐object, for example, to gain a more detailed insight into the interdependence of properties. X‐ray beams focused to diameters in the sub‐micron range, which are available at third‐generation synchrotron sources, allow for such X‐ray diffraction studies of individual nano‐objects.
Telomerization of Butadiene with Starch under Mild Conditions
Authors: Mesnager Julien , Quettier Claude , Lambin Anne , Rataboul Franck , Pinel Catherine 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe design of industrial products based on bioresources is a challenging issue. Modification of starch, by hydrophobic chemical substituents, results in an innovative hydrophobic material. Herein, the hydrophobic part of the derivative, comprised of octadienyl chains, is introduced through catalytic butadiene telomerization. The process is efficiently conducted on starch in its granular form in an aqueous medium using hydrosoluble palladium complexes. After optimization, a turnover number (TON) of up to 550 was achieved in the presence of [(π‐allyl)PdCl]2 catalyst and, unusually, by using dimethylisosorbide as a cosolvent.
Combination of MUC5ac and WT‐1 immunohistochemistry is useful in distinguishing pancreatic ductal carcinoma from ovarian serous carcinoma in effusion cytology
Authors: Han Liying , Pansare Vaishali , Al‐Abbadi Mousa , Husain Mujtaba , Feng Jining 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMalignant ascites may be the first presentation of an unsuspected cancer. Pancreas and ovary are among the organs that are usually evaluated as a source of primary. The purpose of this study is to investigate a panel of immunohistochemical stains to help differentiate pancreatic from ovarian carcinoma. We evaluated the immunohistochemical staining of eight commercially available antibodies MUC1, MUC2, MUC5ac, Wilm's tumor susceptibility gene 1 (WT1), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK20, CA125, and CA19.9 in 25 effusion specimens with evidence of metastatic carcinoma including 14 ovarian serous carcinomas, 9 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and 2 unknown primaries. Primary ovarian serous carcinomas were positive for WT‐1 (100%), CK7 (93%), CK20 (43%), CA125 (100%), CA19.9 (50%), MUC1 (100%), MUC2 (0%), and MUC5ac (0%). Primary pancreatic carcinomas were positive for MUC5ac (100%), MUC1 (100%), CA19.9 (100%), CK7 (78%), CK20 (22%), CA125 (89%), WT‐1 (0%), and MUC 2 (0%). The combination of MUC5ac positivity/WT‐1 negativity was seen in 100% of pancreatic carcinoma, whereas MUC5ac negativity/WT‐1 positivity in 100% of ovarian serous carcinoma. It appears that the combination of MUC5ac and WT‐1 stains is useful in distinguishing pancreatic ductal from ovarian serous carcinoma in body fluid cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the importance of accurate depiction of infiltration processes on modelled soil moisture and vegetation water stress
Authors: Manfreda Salvatore , Scanlon Todd M. , Caylor Kelly K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe description of soil moisture dynamics is a challenging problem for the hydrological community, as it is governed by complex interactions between climate, soil and vegetation. Recent research has achieved significant advances in the description of temporal dynamics of soil water balance through the use of a stochastic differential equation proposed by Laio et al. (2001). The assumptions of the Laio et al. model simplify the mathematical form of the soil water loss functions and the infiltration process. In particular, runoff occurs only for saturation excess, the probability distribution function (PDF) of which is well‐represented by a simple expression, but the model does not consider the limited infiltration capacity of soil. In the present work, we extend the soil moisture model to include limitations on soil infiltration capacity with the aim of understanding the impact of varying infiltration processes on the soil water balance and vegetation stress. A comparison between the two models (the original version and the modified one) is carried out via numerical simulations. The limited infiltration capacity influences the soil moisture PDF by reducing its mean and variance. Major changes in the PDFs are found for climates characterized by storms of short duration and high rainfall intensity, as well as in humid climates and in cases where soils have moderate permeability (e.g. loam and clay soils). In the case of limited infiltration capacity, modifications to the dynamics of soil moisture generally lead to higher amounts of vegetation water stress. An investigation of the role of soil texture on vegetation water stress demonstrates that loam soil provides the most favorable condition for plant‐growth under arid and semi‐arid conditions, while vegetation may benefit from the presence of more permeable soils (e.g. loamy sand) in humid climates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative impacts of grouting on the underground karst environment
Authors: Bonacci Ognjen , Gottstein Sanja , Roje‐Bonacci Tanja 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGrouting is a procedure in which grout is injected into different kinds of spaces. This procedure has had broad applications in modern civil engineering, especially in karst terrains, for nearly 200 years. Ingredients for the preparation of mortars and grouting suspensions include cement, clay and fillers, bentonite, asphalt, additives for stability and water. The building of dams in karst areas is always accompanied by the construction of large grout curtains. During their construction, thousands of tons of materials are injected into the karst underground. Some ingredients and chemicals used in the preparation of mortars and grouting suspensions may be toxic, neurotoxic or carcinogenic, and may be irritants or corrosives. Their use is dangerous to both humans and the environment. The toxic components can pollute karst aquifers and cause long‐lasting hazardous consequences on karst underground species. Both physically and chemically, this material voraciously and quickly destroys underground habitats and kills an enormous number of rare, endangered and endemic species. This is an extremely expensive procedure although, in many cases, it is not very successful from the engineering perspective. When the construction of a grout curtain is completed, the hydrostatic pressure upgradients of the curtain are increased to higher levels than ever. These high hydraulic gradients accelerate the dissolutional expansion of fractures and bedding planes beneath the dam by several orders of magnitudes. As a result, intolerable leakage of karst reservoirs can occur over the lifetime of a dam site. This paper provides several examples of varying negative impacts of grouting on the hydrological and ecological regimes of the karst environment in the Dinaric karst. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, X‐ray Diffraction Study and Characterisations of Ni and Zn Complexes of Clodronic Acid and Its Dibenzoyl Derivative
Authors: Kunnas‐Hiltunen Susan , Haukka Matti , Vepsäläinen Jouko , Ahlgrén Markku 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFour new nickel and zinc bis(phosphonates) were prepared, and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry: [{Na2Ni3(Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2)(H2O)20}{Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2}]n (1), [{Na2Zn3(Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2)(H2O)20}{Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2}]n (2), [Ni2{Cl2C(PO3)2}(H2O)7]·4H2O (3) and [Zn2{Cl2C(PO3)2}(H2O)7]·6H2O (4). In addition, the spectroscopic and thermal properties of the compounds 1–4 were studied by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The coordination polymers 1 and 2 form, through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, 2D layer‐like structures, whereas the aqua ligands and lattice water molecules of the monomeric compounds 3 and 4 form hydrogen bonds in three dimensions giving rise to a 3D network. In the isomorphous structures 1 and 2 the octahedral Na and Ni/Zn atoms form μ‐H2O‐bridged stepped metal chains where the Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))22– ligands (L1) are monodentately coordinated to the Na and Ni/Zn atoms, and the lattice L1 ligands are located in a trans position with respect to the chain. The isostructural Ni and Zn complexes of clodronic acid, 3 and 4, are formed by a hydrolysis method from the L1 ligand. There, the clodronate ligand acts as a bridging and chelating ligand with the octahedral Ni and Zn atoms. The bulky and hydrophopic benzoyl groups of the L1 ligand in structures 1 and 2 lead to dense packing modes. The clodronic acid ligand of structures 3 and 4, in turn, has a higher coordination flexibility and forms voids, where the water clusters are trapped by hydrogen bonds.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of dmso‐Coordinated Tungstoantimonates(III) and ‐bismuthates(III)
Authors: Bi Li‐Hua , Hou Guang‐Feng , Bao Ya‐Yan , Li Bao , Wu Li‐Xin , Gao Zhong‐Min , McCormac Timothy , Mal Sib S. , Dickman Michael H. , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFour new organic–inorganic hybrid compounds based on dmso‐coordinated heteropolytungstates as [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (Rubpy) salts {[Ru(bpy)3]2Na2[Sb2W22(dmso)4O72]·4dmso·4H2O (1a), [Ru(bpy)3]2Na2[Bi2W22(dmso)4O72]·4dmso·4H2O (2a), [Ru(bpy)3]2[Sb2W20Fe2(dmso)8O68]·9dmso·12H2O (3a), [Ru(bpy)3]2[Bi2W20Fe2(dmso)8O68]·9dmso·12H2O (4a)} have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray powder diffraction and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structural analyses indicate that the dmso molecules are coordinated onto the polyanion frameworks through four W–O–S(CH3)2 bonds for 1a and 2a, six Fe–O–S(CH3)2 and two W–O–S(CH3)2 bonds for 3a and 4a. The compounds 1a–4a represent novel members of dmso‐coordinated tungstoantimonates and tungstobismuthates prepared by routine synthetic reactions in the mixed solutions with dmso/H2O (1:1, v/v). The cyclic voltammetry studies of 1a–4a in dmso/H2SO4 medium using the glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode show the respective electrochemical behaviors of the W and Ru centers within 1a and 2a, and the W, Fe and Ru centers within 3a and 4a.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Aluminum Alkoxide Fluorides Involved in the Sol–Gel Synthesis of Nanoscopic AlF3
Authors: Dimitrov Anton , Koch Julia , Troyanov Sergey I. , Kemnitz Erhard 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the search for intermediates during the sol–gel synthesis of nanoscopic AlF3, the fluorolysis of aluminum isopropoxide by HF in pyridine has been investigated. By varying the Al to HF ratio from 0.5 to 2, three aluminum alkoxide fluorides, Al3F(Py)(OiPr)8, Al7F10(μ4‐O)(OiPr)9(Py)3·1.34Py, and Al10F16(μ4‐O)2(OiPr)10(Py)4·4.17Py, were isolated and structurally characterized. The structures of these compounds are discussed as possible snapshots in the consecutive fluorolytic sol–gel formation of nanoscopic AlF3 and give deeper insight into the probable reaction pathway. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Diethylzinc‐Mediated Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by [(NHC)(PR3)PdX2] and [(NHC)Pd(η3‐allyl)Cl] Complexes
Authors: Flahaut Alexandre , Toutah Krimo , Mangeney Pierre , Roland Sylvain 
Published: October 2009

Abstract[(NHC)(PR3)PdX2] complexes (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) are active precatalysts in the palladium‐catalyzed allylation of carbonyl compounds with allylic acetates and diethylzinc. A comparative study examining the catalytic activity of a series of six of these complexes was carried out with allyl and cinnamyl acetates. [(IMesMe)(PPh3)PdI2] was found to be the most versatile precatalyst (IMesMe = 1‐mesityl‐3‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) and the scope of the reaction was investigated with this complex. [(IMesMe)(PPh3)PdI2] catalyzes the allylation of aromatic (except 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde) and aliphatic aldehydes (including enolizable aldehydes) with cinnamyl acetate to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in 57–98 % yields and diastereoselectivities ranging from 70:30 to 92:8. The allylation of acetone also takes place under the same conditions, leading to the expected adduct in 63 % yield. The reaction with cyclohexenyl acetate proceeds at room temperature to afford the homoallylic alcohols in 40–78 % yields with excellent diastereoselectivities (>98:2), but is limited to aromatic aldehydes. An experimental study concerning the mechanism of the transformation was also carried out. We first demonstrated that the phosphane ligand was not essential for the reaction to take place. [(NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl] complexes are active precatalysts and lead to similar yields in the presence or in the absence of PPh3. Transmetalation of [(NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl] complexes with diethyl‐ or dimethylzinc, which is a determining step for the mechanism, was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of [(IPr)Pd(allyl)Cl] with dimethylzinc affords rapidly [(IPr)Pd(η3‐allyl)(Me)] but no detectable trace of allylzinc species [IPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]. [(IPr)Pd(η3‐allyl)(Me)] was found to be a nucleophilic species able to react smoothly at room temperature with an aldehyde in the absence of zinc to form the corresponding homoallylic alcohol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereochemical Course of Baker's Yeast Mediated Reduction of the Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Double Bonds of Substituted Cinnamaldehydes
Authors: Fronza Giovanni , Fuganti Claudio , Serra Stefano 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA comprehensive study of the stereochemical course of baker's yeast mediated reduction of substituted cinnamaldehydes is reported. Hydride addition to the β position of β‐methylcinnamaldehydes preferentially afforded isomers of (3S)‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol. The reduction of (E)‐2,3‐dimethylcinnamaldehyde (15) produced a mixture of (2S,3S)‐ and (2R,3S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol (13and14), respectively, with 93 %ee. Conversely (Z)‐2,3‐dimethylcinnamaldehyde (16) afforded a mixture of13and14with 33 %ee. Accordingly, the reduction of trisubstituted β‐methylcinnamaldehydes34and35proceeded with the same stereochemical preference and with higher enantioselectivity to give (S)‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol (37). In addition, deuterium incorporation and2H NMR studies demonstrated that the addition of the second hydrogen atom to the α position proceeded with very low stereochemical control and the overall process is formally a mixture ofcis/transhydrogen addition to the double bond. Alternatively, α‐methylcinnamaldehyde is reduced to (S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylpropan‐1‐ol (24) with preferential addition of the hydride to the opposite β face with good stereochemical control of thetransaddition of hydrogen to the double bond. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A minimum sample size required from Schmidt hammer measurements
Authors: Niedzielski Tomasz , Migoń Piotr , Placek Agnieszka 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Schmidt hammer is a useful tool applied by geomorphologists to measure rock strength in field conditions. The essence of field application is to obtain a sufficiently large dataset of individual rebound values, which yields a meaningful numerical value of mean strength. Although there is general agreement that a certain minimum sample size is required to proceed with the statistics, the choice of size (i.e. number of individual impacts) was usually intuitive and arbitrary. In this paper we show a simple statistical method, based on the two‐sample Student's t‐test, to objectively estimate the minimum number of rebound measurements. We present the results as (1) the ‘mean’ and ‘median’ solutions, each providing a single estimate value, and (2) the empirical probability distribution of such estimates based on many field samples. Schmidt hammer data for 14 lithologies, 13–81 samples for each, with each sample consisting of 40 individual readings, have been evaluated, assuming different significance levels. The principal recommendations are: (1) the recommended minimum sample size for weak and moderately strong rock is 25; (2) a sample size of 15 is sufficient for sandstones and shales; (3) strong and coarse rocks require 30 readings at a site; (4) the minimum sample size may be reduced by one‐third if the context of research allows for higher significance level for test statistics. Interpretations based on less than 10 readings from a site should definitely be avoided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying sediment storage in a high alpine valley (Turtmanntal, Switzerland)
Authors: Otto Jan‐Christoph , Schrott Lothar , Jaboyedoff Michel , Dikau Richard 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe determination of sediment storage is a critical parameter in sediment budget analyses. But, in many sediment budget studies the quantification of magnitude and time‐scale of sediment storage is still the weakest part and often relies on crude estimations only, especially in large drainage basins (>100 km2). We present a new approach to storage quantification in a meso‐scale alpine catchment of the Swiss Alps (Turtmann Valley, 110 km2).The quantification of depositional volumes was performed by combining geophysical surveys and geographic information system (GIS) modelling techniques. Mean thickness values of each landform type calculated from these data was used to estimate the sediment volume in the hanging valleys and the trough slopes. Sediment volume of the remaining subsystems was determined by modelling an assumed parabolic bedrock surface using digital elevation model (DEM) data.A total sediment volume of 781·3×106–1005·7×106 m3 is deposited in the Turtmann Valley. Over 60% of this volume is stored in the 13 hanging valleys. Moraine landforms contain over 60% of the deposits in the hanging valleys followed by sediment stored on slopes (20%) and rock glaciers (15%).For the first time, a detailed quantification of different storage types was achieved in a catchment of this size. Sediment volumes have been used to calculate mean denudation rates for the different processes ranging from 0·1 to 2·6 mm/a based on a time span of 10 ka.As the quantification approach includes a number of assumptions and various sources of error the values given represent the order of magnitude of sediment storage that has to be expected in a catchment of this size. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of boat‐based laser scanning for river survey
Authors: Alho P. , Kukko A. , Hyyppä H. , Kaartinen H. , Hyyppä J. , Jaakkola A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe boat‐based, mobile mapping system (BoMMS) with a laser scanner allows the derivation of detailed riverine topographical data for fluvial applications. Combined with data acquisition from static terrestrial LiDAR (light detection and range) or mobile terrestrial LiDAR on the ground, boat‐based laser scanning enables a totally new field mapping approach for fluvial studies. The BoMMS approach is an extremely rapid methodology for surveying riverine topography, taking only 85 min to survey a reach approximately 6 km in length. The BoMMS approach also allowed an effective survey angle for deep river banks, which is difficult to achieve with aerial or static terrestrial LiDAR. Further, this paper demonstrates the three‐dimensional mapping of a point‐bar and its detailed morphology. Compared with the BoMMS surface, approximately, 80% and 96% of the terrestrial LiDAR points showed a height deviation of less than 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, with an overall standard deviation of ± 2·7 cm. This level of accuracy and rapidity of data capture enables the mapping of post‐flood deposition directly after a flood event without an extensive time lag. Additionally, the improved object characterisation may allow for better 3D mapping of the point bar and other riverrine features. However, the shadow effect of the BoMMS survey in point bar mapping should be removed by additional LiDAR data to acquire entire riverine topography. The approach demonstrated allowed a large reach to be surveyed compared with static terrestrial LiDAR and increased the spatial limit of survey towards aerial LiDAR, but it maintains the same or even better temporal resolution as static terrestrial LiDAR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.