bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Protection, the COVID-19 Crisis, and the Informal Economy
Authors: Alfers Laura , Juergens-Grant Florian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of COVID-19 relief measures for the building and extension of comprehensive and universal social protection systems. It highlights three key areas emerging from the crisis, which are likely to impact the shape of social protection systems moving forwards. These include the contested meaning of universality, the digitization of social protection systems, and the possibilities for informal worker’s participation in building a more inclusive social protection. In doing so, the chapter argues that the terrain of the social protection debate is shifting—it is increasingly uncontroversial that universal social protection is needed and that the state must play a role. However, the more nuanced debates that are emerging across the three areas identified above will shape the terrain of whether the form of universal social protection that remains after COVID-19 is a positive and supportive form of inclusion.
Foundation-theoretic Epistemology III: Optimality Justifications
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The major justification load for the foundation-theoretic account developed in this book lies in the higher-order justification of inferences. Most pressing is the justification of induction (Hume’s problem), and of the abductive inference to external reality (Descartes’ problem); but in the light of contemporary non-classical logics the higher-order justification of logical frameworks also becomes a challenge. Many contemporary epistemologists consider these problems unsolvable. The central innovation of this book consists in the attempt at solving the higher-order regress problem by the method of optimality justifications, a novel research programme within the paradigm of epistemic engineering. Chapter 5 presents the programme of optimality justifications at a general level. An optimality justification does not demonstrate that an epistemic method is reliable; it pursues the more modest goal of demonstrating that a given method is optimal with regards to a given epistemic goal, for example, predictive success. The breakthrough of the optimality programme lies in its application at the level of meta-methods. Meta-methods use the track records and outputs of accessible object-level methods as their input and try to construct from this input a universally optimal meta-method; one that is never worse but is possibly better than all accessible alternative methods. Another important cornerstone of the optimality programme is the optimality principle. It leads from justifiably optimal methods to the rational acceptance of the beliefs recommended by these methods, under the proviso that we are forced to act as if we believe in one of the competing belief candidates generated by the competing methods.
Justification of Inductive Reasoning
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts with an overview of proposed solutions to the problem of induction and their failures. Thereafter a centrepiece of the epistemological programme of this book is presented: the a priori justification of the optimality of meta-inductive prediction methods. A predecessor of this account was Reichenbach’s best alternative account of induction. Reichenbach’s account failed because it was developed for object-induction (induction applied to events), while the proposed account establishes optimality for meta-induction (induction applied at the level of methods). Based on recent discoveries in machine learning it is demonstrated that there exists a meta-inductive strategy, called attractivity-weighted meta-induction, that is predictively optimal in all possible worlds among all prediction methods accessible to the epistemic agent. Building on this result, a meta-inductive a posteriori justification of object-induction is given, based on the superior success record of inductive over non-inductive methods of prediction. Taken together these achievements provide a non-circular solution to Hume’s problem. A major philosophical merit of meta-induction is its openness to all kinds of possibilities. Because of this openness, meta-induction offers a novel solution to the epistemological problem of fundamental disagreement. Various further generalizations and applications of meta-induction are presented, including its generalization to discrete prediction games with arbitrary loss functions and with expanding pools of candidate methods, to the rational choice of actions within action games, to the spread of knowledge by meta-inductive forms of social learning and to the theory of cultural evolution.
From Optimal Inductive Methods to Optimal Beliefs
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 begins with the application of meta-induction to the prediction of probability distributions, in the form of probabilistic prediction games. The attractivity-weighted aggregation of candidate distributions yields a predictively optimal probability distribution. The adoption of this distribution as one’s rational degree of belief is justified by the optimality principle, since acting according to this distribution maximizes expected utility. By tracking the success of distributions over games with varying event sequences a meta-inductive a posteriori justification of inductive generalizations in the form of exchangeability assumptions is possible. Section 7.3 is devoted to the optimality of the principle of total evidence as an important complement to methods of induction. It is shown that conditionalizing degrees of belief on one’s total relevant evidence may only increase, not decrease, one’s expected success. The two final sections deal with the justificational transition from rational degrees of beliefs to qualitative (yes-or-no) beliefs. The question of when it is rational to accept a highly probable proposition as a qualitative belief leads into difficult problems involving a clash between different rationality principles, such as Locke’s condition and the principle of conjunctive closure. This clash is exemplified in the lottery paradox and the paradox of the preface. It is argued that the optimal strategy for extracting qualitative beliefs out of rational degrees of belief depends on the context: while for success-essential beliefs a high probability of strict truth is mandatory, for global theories a high probability of approximate truth is sufficient.
The Justification of Theory-generating Abduction
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 solidifies the higher-order justification of theory-generating inference; thereby distinguishing between the instrumentalistic and realistic perspectives. The instrumentalistic justification is based on the optimality of meta-induction applied to the instrumentalistic success of theories, integrating their predictive and use-novel explanatory success with their simplicity. More difficult is the justification of the realistic truthlikeness of theories and its defence against strong versions of instrumentalism such as the instrumentalistic Ramsey sentence. The proposed realistic justification is based on a weak principle of causality together with a strengthened optimality principle. The strengthened optimality principle asserts than an instrumentalistically optimal theoretical model is realistically justified if all of its equally successful competitors employ an isomorphic copy of it as a submodel together with additional complications. The assumed causality principle is a weakening of the causal Markov condition. It asserts that if two variables are probabilistically correlated, then they are either related as cause and effect, or are joint effects of a common cause. This entails that mutually correlated dispositions with independently manipulable triggering conditions are the joint effects of an unobserved common cause. The causality principle is not a priori but is in turn justified by a non-causal abductive inference, as the only plausible explanation of two well-known (in)dependence properties of statistical correlations: screening off and linking up.
The Monatomic Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Li Hui , McCourt Frederick R.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Boltzmann equation for dilute monatomic gases has been strictly derived. Quantum mechanics has so far been ignored, but it seems more appropriate to begin from a quantum mechanical description, from which the classical result could be obtained as an appropriate limit. Thus, the question of proper quantum statistics is discussed in the present chapter. Equations of change and collisional invariants have been derived from the Boltzmann equation. The entropy produced of the gas by collisions between pairs of atoms has also been presented. As a nonlinear differential equation is generally rather difficult to solve, linearization of the Boltzmann equation becomes a viable option when the state of the gas is not far removed from an equilibrium state that may be characterized by the requirement that its collision term vanish. According to a similar principle, the Boltzmann equations for mixtures have been derived
Realistic Interatomic Potential Energy Functions
Authors: Li Hui , McCourt Frederick R.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 is devoted to realistic interatomic potential energy functions (PEF) and begins with a discussion of the need for more accurate representations of these functions. Following a historical discussion of the Mie/Lennard-Jones potential energy model for interatomic interactions and its improvement, the chapter covers the basic Hartree–Fock plus damped dispersion (HFD) and exchange-Coulomb semi-empirical models, and develops the employment of empirical multi-property fitting procedures and the Morse/long-range (MLR) representation of the potential energy function (PEF). Direct inversion of both microscopic and bulk property data are discussed in detail. The quantum chemical ab initio determination of binary atomic interaction energies and their analytical representation is discussed, followed by detailed considerations of the interaction energies between pairs of noble gas atoms
Comparison Between Theory and Experiment
Authors: Li Hui , McCourt Frederick R.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The present chapter is concerned with connections between theory and experiment. It first considers the pure noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) and presents extensive comparisons between calculated and experimental bulk properties. It goes on to describe the correlation concept and examines the universal viscosity correlation using both experimental and computed (ab initio) values. A quantitative statistical measure of the level of agreement between a particular experimental data set and the calculated behavior may be provided by the dimensionless root-mean-square deviation, or DRMSD, value. Finally, it gives a detailed discussion of binary mixture properties.
From Ab Initio Calculations to Spectroscopic and Thermophysical Properties
Authors: Li Hui , McCourt Frederick R.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on how to obtain the spectroscopic and thermophysical properties of a molecular system theoretically (ab initio) step by step and provides a reference for the specific theoretical calculation work. A consistent set of Morse/long-range functions are used to describe interactions between pairs of noble gas atoms. The chapter also presents a full set of fitting parameters for Morse/long-range fits to noble gas atomic interactions, which may be employed to make sensible comparisons between experimental and computed results. Finally, it concludes by covering spectroscopic properties and thermophysical properties and how they relate to theoretical work throughout the book
Europa patria nostra
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the MSI/AN and the RN employed the concept of identity to define Europe. It shows how since the 1970s, the parties thought of ‘Europe’ as a distinct civilization, with clear boundaries separating it from foreign others. Both groups claimed to belong to this civilization and initially supported European integration in its name. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, the RN began to develop a ‘pro-Europe, anti-EU’ message which presented the EU as a violation of Europe’s true nature. The MSI/AN, on the other hand, did not adopt a similar position, remaining broadly collaborative in its stance towards EU integration. Claiming to hold a European identity and support Europe, the chapter argues, made it possible for the parties to refashion their message in a more transnational direction and draw on a form of legitimacy by association which helped them address critiques of them as ‘closed’ nationalist organizations.
States of emergency
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the MSI and the RN, but not AN, employed the concept of threat to characterize Europe. In the 1970s and 1980s, both political parties presented ‘Europe’ as endangered by a series of internal and external threats. In the 1990s, the MSI’s transformation in AN entailed the abandonment of a rhetoric of emergency. The RN, for its part, shifted from being aware of threats to Europe to speaking of the distinct threat posed by the EU. The chapter argues that this far-right version of emergency politics made it possible for the parties to validate their own ‘exceptional’ political action. By identifying a threat, advocating for the need to address it, and identifying themselves as the most appropriate actors to do so, the parties promoted the idea that given the circumstances, their own ‘extreme’ positions were a commensurate response to the dangers being faced.
For the nation and for Europe
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at how the MSI/AN and the RN employed the concept of national interest and those of identity, liberty, and threat to approach the principle, practice, and future of European integration. It shows how the parties repurposed these concepts to define their views on the EU as a concrete political project. The chapter argues that each of these concepts is tied to the parties’ core doctrine of nationalism, and that drawing on them to define their positions on Europe contributed to their legitimation by enabling them to highlight consistency. Even as the parties were changing, displaying attachment to existing principles made it possible for them to stress continuity, and show their traditional voters and activists that they still cared about the core principles that first led party supporters to back them.
Conclusion
Authors: Lorimer Marta 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s key argument and discusses its broader implications. It considers whether Europe can still function as an ideological resource, and whether other new topics could perform a similar function. It then evaluates the extent to which ‘Euroscepticism’ as a term captures the far right’s relationship with Europe, suggesting it lacks precision. It discusses how the findings from the book help shed light on the phenomenon of far-right ‘nationalist internationals’ and discusses the implications of the book’s findings for the European Union. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the rise of Brothers of Italy, the successor party of the MSI/AN.
Introduction
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Why should we consider what dehumanization entails in light of the global migration crisis? This chapter shows why it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the dehumanization of refugees, asylum seekers, and other migrants. Dehumanization requires more careful attention than it has currently received in scholarship and public debate because academics, journalists, commentators, and displaced persons themselves frequently identify it as a factor that can have a severe negative impact on the well-being of those involved, yet widely divergent views exist on what dehumanization entails. A closer look at the various forms of social and moral exclusion that affect the (forcibly) displaced is needed to draw sharper distinctions between dehumanization and related concepts, such as marginalization, stigmatization, inhumane treatment, and infra-humanization. Without a more clearly delineated understanding of what dehumanization entails, we run the risk of failing to grasp what makes this form of exclusion distinctively morally wrong.
Lyric
Authors: Procter James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the lyrical appeal of airborne media in the wartime broadcasts of Una Marson and Langston Hughes. From their respective bases in London and New York, the transmissions of Marson and Hughes crossed the Atlantic in opposite directions via the networks of the North American Service and the Home Service. Their parallel trajectories on the BBC reveal previously unexplored connections between the two mid-century poets. Powered by pneumatic forms that harnessed shortwave communication to reinvent the print conditions of lyric poetry, they were among the first to transition from the page-based ‘typosphere’ to the atmosphere of wireless. Covering the radio feature, the ballad opera, and programmes of poetry and music, this chapter examines a body of work fuelled by the flying African legend, incendiary devices, air raids, aviation, and airwaves, in order to generate expressions of black transnational solidarity.
Local Colour
Authors: Procter James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers a staple of overseas broadcasting, which presented ‘word pictures’ of Britain ‘at work and play’ from the oblique points of view of its late colonial residents. Combining the genres of travel writing, ethnography, and literary fiction, the thousands of scripts that these eye-witness formats yielded between the outbreak of the Second World War and the late-1960s constitute one of the most remarkable records of Britain during the critical decades of imperial decline, and mass migration to the metropole. Aired to listeners in the West Indies and West Africa, the vast majority were never heard by home audiences. By eavesdropping on these external transmissions, this chapter seeks to reintroduce their insistent narratives of cross-cultural encounter to the domestic cultural history of mid-century Britain, from postwar reconstruction and the Festival of Britain (1951), to the rapid rise of immigration following the Queen’s Coronation (1953), and the aftermath of the Notting Hill riots (1958). Focusing on the ‘ways of seeing’ and forms of ‘local colour’ developed by figures including A. E. T. Henry, Stuart Hall, George Lamming, and Chinua Achebe, it examines how writers responded to the implosion of empire in real time. As the BBC’s early imperial mission of metropolitan projection became, in the hands of overseas broadcasters, subject to forms of cultural translation, the corporation’s own unambiguous distinctions between Home and Overseas Services were drawn into question.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the application of foreign law in an English court, as this is the most characteristic effect of the rules of conflict of laws, and asks whether the methods by which this is done in an English court are as effective as they should be. The chapter then examines the common law technique of characterization, the principle of renvoi and the approach to the incidental question as well as describing the connecting factors and analysing the law of domicile. This is followed by an examination of the claims of comity and an introduction to the problem caused by statutes whose intended scope of operation is not declared by Parliament. Finally, the chapter describes in general terms the consequences of Brexit for English private international law.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the way in which the various kinds of jurisdiction of an English court are established, and at the role of service of process in the creation of jurisdiction. It deals with the three broad types of jurisdiction: (i) where a statutory rule directly confers jurisdiction on a court; (ii) where jurisdiction is established by service effected on a defendant within the jurisdiction; and (iii) where jurisdiction is established by service on a defendant out of the jurisdiction with the permission of the court. The chapter asks whether ‘jurisdiction as a result of service’ is a satisfactory basis for adjudication in a cross-border case; and whether the fifty-seven gateways to jurisdiction by service out with permission still serve a useful function. The chapter examines the procedure for making objections to the jurisdiction and to the exercise of jurisdiction, and assesses the grounds on which this can be done. It then examines the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements and deals with the problem of wrongful litigation overseas, by anti-suit injunction and by damages for breach of a contractual promise about where to sue.
Foreign Judgments
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of a foreign judgment in the English legal order and makes the first and most important point that a foreign judgment has, as such, no effect in England unless Parliament has made specific provision for its registration. The chapter shows how the common law principles of recognition as res judicata are fundamentally based on the agreement of the losing party to accept the adjudication of the foreign court, and that this explains the basis of the ‘doctrine of obligation’. It explains that the obligation created by the foreign judgment provides the cause of action for an English judgment, and that any enforcement that takes place is of the English, not the foreign, judgment. This is followed by an examination of the defences which may be raised to the recognition of a foreign judgment and why criticism of them is misguided. Finally, the chapter discusses the scheme of and principles explaining, the statutory registration schemes of 1920, 1933 and 1982, folowed by an overview of the Hague Conventions of 2005 and 2019.
The Lex Fori
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the law of the forum, the lex fori, in and across the subject and explains the pervasive role of English domestic law in the conflict of laws as the primary choice of law rule in several areas in which the application of foreign law might be principled but would, as a practical matter, be just too problematic. The chapter then examines the issue of procedure versus substance, and the extent to which issues which were once procedural ones may now be understood differently. It then investigates the role and reason of the lex fori in refusing to enforce foreign penal, revenue and other public laws, and the various formulations, and effects, of public policy as a reason to disapply or disregard a rule of foreign law otherwise selected for application by the rules of the conflict of laws.