bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo‐Hydrogen‐Evolving Molecular Catalysts Consisting of Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Photosensitizers and Platinum(II) Catalysts: Insights into the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Ozawa Hironobu , Kobayashi Masayuki , Balan Bijitha , Masaoka Shigeyuki , Sakai Ken 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanism of photoinduced hydrogen evolution from water driven by the first photo‐hydrogen‐evolving molecular catalyst (1), given by a coupling of [Ru(bpy)2(5‐amino‐phen)]2+ and [PtCl2(4,4′‐dicarboxy‐bpy)] (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline), was investigated in detail. The H2 evolution rate was found to obey Michaelis–Menten enzymatic kinetics with regard to the concentration of EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid disodium salt, sacrificial electron donor), which indicates that an ion‐pair formation between the dicationic 1 and the dianionic form of EDTA (pH 5) is a key step leading to H2 formation. A 2:1 coupling product of 1 and ethylenediamine (i.e., a {RuII2PtII2} complex 2) was found to show significantly higher photo‐hydrogen‐evolving (PHE) activity than 1, which revealed the validity of the bimolecular activation proposed in our previous study. The PHE activity of 2 was also observed to be linear to the concentration of 2, which indicates that H2 formation through the intermolecular path competes with the intramolecular path. Molecular orbital diagrams, conformational features, and Pt⋅⋅⋅H(water or acetic acid) hydrogen bonds were characterized by DFT calculations.
Organocatalytic Stereoselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes with Stable Carbocations
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Benedetto Elena , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe organocatalytic stereoselective alkylation of aldehydes is carried out with the four stable carbocations 1, 2, 3, 4 in the presence of a catalytic amount (20 mol%) of MacMillan imidazolidinones 5, 6. In all reactions, lutidine was used as a base. The alkylation reactions are investigated at different temperatures with linear and branched aldehydes. In the case of carbocation tropylium fluoroborate, an interesting reversal of alkylation product configuration was observed, which is driven by entropic effects in the reaction. The absolute configuration of the products obtained is determined by chemical correlation and found to be in general agreement with the model proposed by MacMillan to justify the stereoselectivity obtained in the reactions promoted by catalysts of type 5, 6.
Unit root testing in the presence of ARFIMA–GARCH errors
Authors: Wang Gaowen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider asymptotic behavior of self‐normalized sums of autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) processes whose innovations are GARCH errors. The asymptotic distribution of the sums is derived under very mild conditions. Applications to unit root tests with ARFIMA–GARCH errors are discussed. It is shown that even when the errors exhibit both long‐range dependence and heavy‐tailed conditional heteroscedasticity, the asymptotic distributions of the Dickey–Fuller ρ‐type tests are functionals of standard Brownian motion rather than those of fractional Brownian motions. Some Monte Carlo simulations are provided to illustrate the finite sample properties of two of the tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die streifende Feuerkugel vom 14. Januar 1965
Authors: Oleak H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird über den seltenen Fall einer sehr hellen und streifend die Atmosphäre durchziehenden Feuerkugel berichtet. Aus rund tausend Augenzeugenberichten wurden folgende Bahndaten abgeleitet: Das Meteor überquerte den Ort Gr. in einer Höhe von 80 6 km aus dem Azimut 74 1 (ONO) kommend. Die Bahnneigung gegen die Horizontale betrug 3 1, in Bewegungsrichtung nach außen weisend. Die geozentrische Geschwindigkeit lag wahrscheinlich zwischen 15 und 20 km/s. Der Radiant liegt fast in der Ekliptik (‐2β6); der Körper überholte die Erde aus geringerer Sonnenentfernung kommend und gehört wahrscheinlich dem Asteroidengürtel an (a1.7 AE). Die Größe des Körpers wurde aus seiner Helligkeit auf ein bis fünf Meter abgeschätzt.
Suche nach sonnennahen roten Zwergsternen und räumliche Dichte der roten Riesen
Authors: Klare G. , Schaifers K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird eine kombinierte Spektral‐ und Eigenbewegungsdurchmusterung beschrieben, die das Auffinden sonnennaher roter Zwergsterne zum Ziel hatte. In dem untersuchten Feld (2h α) zeigten von 1571 als späte Spektraltypen klassifizierten Sternen 53 im Blinkkomparator eine Eigenbewegung, aus der mit Hilfe von Eigenbewegungskriterien zunächst eine obere Grenze der Leuchtkraft und schließlich Entfernungen angegeben werden. Diese Zahlen entsprechen den Erwartungen auf Grund von Abschätzungen. Wegen ihrer kleinen Eigenbewegungen darf angenommen werden, daß es sich bei den restlichen 1518 Objekten um Riesen handelt. Aus dieser Gruppe wurden 452 späte K‐ bis M‐Sterne abgetrennt. Aus der Verteilung ihrer scheinbaren Helligkeiten folgt für diese Sterne eine Schichtdicke 2 z = 37 pc senkrecht zur galaktischen Ebene und eine räumliche Dichte D0 = 46. 10‐6 Sterne pro pc3 in der galaktischen Ebene.
Die Bahnneigung spektroskopischer Doppelsterne mit Ap‐Komponenten und die axiale Rotationsgeschwindigkeit der Ap‐Sterne
Authors: Schöneich W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFür 13 spektroskopische Doppelsternsysteme mit Ap‐Komponenten wurden die minimalen Bahnneigungswinkel abgeschätzt. Unter der Annahme, daß die Richtungen der Bahn‐ und Rotationsachsen zusammenfallen, erhält man Neigungswinkel, die für den größten Teil der Systeme viel zu groß sind, als daß die geringen beobachteten Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten allein durch die „pole‐on”︁‐Hypothese erklärt werden könnten. Daraus wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten der Ap‐Sterne wirklich kleiner sind als die normaler A‐Sterne.
Die Intensitätsverteilung im Spektrum des Kometen AREND‐ROLAND (1957 III)
Authors: Pflug K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpektralphotometrische Messungen der Intensitätsverteilung im Spektrum des Kometen Arend‐R ergeben eine merkliche Variation der Farbe des gestreuten Sonnenlichtes mit dem Streuwinkel. Während für Streuwinkel um 70 keine Verfärbung feststellbar ist, zeigen Beobachtungen bis in Streuwinkel von 130 eine zunehmende Rötung (relativer spektralphotometrischer Gradient in bezug auf die Sonne bis auf 0.5 ansteigend). Die Übereinstimmung mit Beobachtungen anderer Autoren ist gut.
Bemerkungen zur räumlichen Häufigkeit der weißen Zwerge in der Sonnenumgebung
Authors: Gürtler J. , Schielicke R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn drei Feldern werden am Palomar Observatory Sky Survey nach der Durchmessermethode die Helligkeiten und Farben aller Sterne bestimmt, die im blauen Farbbereich heller sind als im roten. Unter der Voraussetzung, daß es sich zum überwiegenden Teil um weiße Zwerge handelt, wird deren Häufigkeit in der Sonnenumgebung zu 3.38 · 10‐1 pc‐3 abgeschätzt.
Iterative Verbesserung der Positionen und Eigenbewegungen von Anhaltsternen in einem mehrfach überdeckten Sternfeld
Authors: Dieckvoss W. , De Vegt R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird ein iterativer Ansatz für die Verbesserung der Positionen und Eigenbewegungen von Anhaltsternen angegeben und mit Hilfe eines künstlichen Sternfeldes numerisch geprüft. Dabei ergibt sich eine wesentliche Genauigkeitssteigerung für die resultierenden Plattenkonstanten.
Johnson‐Cousins magnitudes of comparison stars in the fields of ten Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Mihov B. M. , Slavcheva‐Mihova L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe present UBVRCIC magnitudes of 49 comparison stars in the fields of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 335, Mrk 79, Mrk 279, Mrk 506, 3C 382, 3C 390.3, NGC 6814, Mrk 304, Ark 564, and NGC 7469 in order to facilitate the photometric monitoring of these objects; 36 of the stars have not been calibrated before. The comparison stars are situated in 5 × 5 arcmin fields centred on the Seyfert galaxies, their V band flux ranges from 11.7 to 18.2 mag with a median value of 16.3 mag, and their B – V colour index ranges from 0.4 to 1.6 mag with a median value of 0.8 mag. The median errors of the calibrated UBVRCIC magnitudes are 0.08, 0.04, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 mag, respectively. Comparison stars were calibrated for the first time in three of the fields (Mrk 506, 3C 382, and Mrk 304). The comparison sequences in the other fields were improved in various aspects. Extra stars were calibrated in four fields (Mrk 335, Mrk 79, NGC 6814, and NGC 7469) – most of these stars are fainter and are situated closer to the Seyfert galaxies compared to the existing comparison stars. The passband coverage of the sequences in five fields (Mrk 335, Mrk 79, Mrk 279, NGC 6814, and Ark 564) was complemented with the U band. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation between the Mayan calendar and ours: Astronomy helps to answer why the most popular correlation (GMT) is wrong
Authors: Klokočník J. , Kostelecký J. , Böhm V. , Böhm B. , Vondrák J. , Vítek F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Maya used their own very precise calendar. When transforming data from the Mayan calendar to ours, or vice versa, a surprisingly large uncertainty is found. The relationship between the two calendars has been investigated by many researchers during the last century and about 50 different values of the transformation coefficient, known as the correlation, have been deduced. They can differ by centuries, potentially yielding an incredibly large error in the relation of Mayan history to the history of other civilizations. The most frequently used correlation is the GMT one (of Goodman‐Martínez‐Thompson), based largely on historical evidence from colonial times. Astronomy (celestial mechanics) may resolve the problem of the correlation, provided that historians have correctly decoded the records of various astronomical phenomena discovered, namely, in one extremely important and rare Mayan book, the Dresden Codex (DC). This describes (among other matters) observations of various astronomical phenomena (eclipses, conjunctions, maximum elongations, heliacal aspects, etc), made by the Maya. Modern celestial mechanics enables us to compute exactly when the phenomena occurred in the sky for the given place on the Earth, even though far back in time. Here we check (by a completely independent method), confirming the value of the correlation obtained by Böhm & Böhm (1996, 1999). In view of these tests, we advocate rejecting the GMT correlation and replacing it by the Böhm's correlation. We also comment on the criticism of GMT by some investigators. The replacement of GMT by another correlation seems, however, unacceptable to many Mayanists, as they would need to rewrite the whole history of Mesoamerica. The history of the Maya would be – for example with Böhm's correlation – closer to our time by 104 years. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrated spectral properties of four previously unstudied small angular size galactic open clusters
Authors: Palma T. , Ahumada A.V. , Clariá J.J. , Bica E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have derived fundamental parameters for the previously unstudied concentrated Galactic open clusters Berkeley 77, NGC2587, BH58 and ESO324‐SC15 by means of integrated spectroscopy in the range 3800–6800 Å. The cluster integrated spectra are compared with those of solar metallicity template spectra of Galactic open clusters with known parameters. The spectra were obtained at CASLEO (San Juan, Argentina) with a resolution of 14 Å.We estimated simultaneously age and foreground interstellar reddening by comparing the continuum distribution and line strengths of the cluster spectra with those of template spectra. Berkeley 77 was found to be an old cluster of 3–4 Gyr, while the remaining three clusters are between 400 and 1000 Myr old. The derived foreground reddening values range from E (B – V) = 0.0 in NGC2587 and ESO324‐SC15 to approximately 0.30 in Berkeley 77. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preliminary orbital elements of six visual binary stars
Authors: Scardia M. , Prieur J.‐L. , Pansecchi L. , Argyle R.W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreliminary new orbital elements were computed for the visual binary stars A 1 ‐ ADS 1345, A 2629 ‐ ADS 3610, BU 560 ‐ ADS 4371, STF 3115 ‐ ADS 4376, STF 1426 AB ‐ ADS 7730 and STF 2437 ‐ ADS 11956. Using Straizys and Kuriliene's data, we derived new formulae for computing dynamical parallaxes for luminosity classes IV and V. The values found for those systems are in agreement with the Hipparcos parallaxes and the corresponding systemic masses are consistent with the spectral types. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling the dynamical profile of a BL Lacertae object
Authors: Papadopoulos N.J. , Caranicolas N.D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple dynamical model for a BL Lacertae active galaxy is presented. The model consists of a logarithmic potential with an additional term representing internal perturbations. The time independent and the evolving model are investigated. In both cases we search for regular and chaotic motion and study the velocity distribution near the centre of the system. Numerical calculations suggest that responsible for the chaotic phenomena is the internal perturbation, the flattening parameter and the dense nucleus. The radius of the nucleus also affects the maximum velocity in the central regions of the galaxy. Our numerical outcomes are supported by theoretical arguments and analytical calculations. A linking of our numerical outcomes to observational data is also presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diamagnetic pumping near the base of a stellar convection zone
Authors: Kitchatinov L.L. , Rüdiger G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe property of inhomogeneous turbulence in conducting fluids to expel large‐scale magnetic fields in the direction of decreasing turbulence intensity is shown as important for the magnetic field dynamics near the base of a stellar convection zone. The downward diamagnetic pumping confines a fossil internal magnetic field in the radiative core so that the field geometry is appropriate for formation of the solar tachocline. For the stars of solar age, the diamagnetic confinement is efficient only if the ratio of turbulent magnetic diffusivityηTof the convection zone to the (microscopic or turbulent) diffusivityηinof the radiative interior isηT/ηin≥105. Confinement in younger stars requires largerηT/ηin. The observation of persistent magnetic structures on young solar‐type stars can thus provide evidence for the nonexistence of tachoclines in stellar interiors and on the level of turbulence in radiative cores. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Guiding trustful behavior: The role of accessible content and accessibility experiences
Authors: Greifeneder Rainer , Müller Patrick , Stahlberg Dagmar , van den Bos Kees , Bless Herbert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrust has been identified as a key ingredient to the prosperity of close relationships, organizations, and societies. While research mainly focused on the antecedents and consequences of trust, much less is known about how individuals assess whether there are enough reasons to warrant trustful action. Two experiments explored the how and when of this assessment, suggesting that antecedents may not only be integrated as content information per se (as generally assumed), but in a feeling‐based summary form. Specifically, our results show that the ease or difficulty associated with the identification of antecedents to trust may guide trustful behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that such a feeling‐based influence is particularly likely to occur in conditions of personal certainty. Together these results extend prior research in the domains of trust and economic games, and further attest to the fundamental role cognitive feelings play in social life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure assessment of electromagnetic fields near electrosurgical units
Authors: Wilén Jonna 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrosurgical units (ESU) are widely used in medical health services. By applying sinusoidal or pulsed voltage in the frequency range of 0.3–5 MHz to the electrode tip, the desired mixture of coagulation and cutting are achieved. Due to the high voltage and current in the cable, strong electromagnetic fields appear near the ESU. The surgeon and others inside the operating room such as nurses, anesthesiologists, etc., will be highly exposed to these fields. The stray fields surrounding the ESU have previously been measured, but now a deeper analysis has been made of the curve shape of the field and the implication of this when assessing exposure from a commonly used ESU in accordance with the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. The result showed that for some of the modes, especially those using high‐pulsed voltage with only a few sinusoidal periods, the E‐field close to the cable could reach linear spatially averaged values of 20 kV/m compared to the 2.1 kV/m stated in ICNIRP guidelines. Assessing the E‐ and B‐field from ESU is not straightforward since in this frequency range, both induced current density and specific absorption rate are restricted by the ICNIRP guidelines. Nevertheless, work needs to be done to reduce the stray fields from ESU. Bioelectromagnetics 31:513–518, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone‐based radio frequency on rat testis
Authors: Lee Hae‐June , Pack Jeong‐Ki , Kim Tae‐Hong , Kim Nam , Choi Soo‐Yong , Lee Jae‐Seon , Kim Sung‐Ho , Lee Yun‐Sil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe examined the histological changes by radiofrequency (RF) fields on rat testis, specifically with respect to sensitive processes such as spermatogenesis. Male rats were exposed to 848.5 MHz RF for 12 weeks. The RF exposure schedule consisted of two 45‐min RF exposure periods, separated by a 15‐min interval. The whole‐body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF was 2.0 W/kg. We then investigated correlates of testicular function such as sperm counts in the cauda epididymis, malondialdehyde concentrations in the testes and epididymis, frequency of spermatogenesis stages, germ cell counts, and appearance of apoptotic cells in the testes. We also performed p53, bcl‐2, caspase 3, p21, and PARP immunoblotting of the testes in sham‐ and RF‐exposed animals. Based on these results, we concluded that subchronic exposure to 848.5 MHz with 2.0 W/kg SAR RF did not have any observable adverse effects on rat spermatogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics 31:528–534, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bat head contains soft magnetic particles: Evidence from magnetism
Authors: Tian Lanxiang , Lin Wei , Zhang Shuyi , Pan Yongxin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent behavioral observations have indicated that bats can sense the Earth's magnetic field. To unravel the magnetoreception mechanism, the present study has utilized magnetic measurements on three migratory species (Miniopterus fuliginosus, Chaerephon plicata, and Nyctalus plancyi) and three non‐migratory species (Hipposideros armiger, Myotis ricketti, and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Room temperature isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition and alternating‐field demagnetization showed that the bats' heads contain soft magnetic particles. Statistical analyses indicated that the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization of brains (SIRM1T_brain) of migratory species is higher than those of non‐migratory species. Furthermore, the SIRM1T_brain of migratory bats is greater than their SIRM1T_skull. Low‐temperature magnetic measurements suggested that the magnetic particles are likely magnetite (Fe3O4). This new evidence supports the assumption that some bats use magnetite particles for sensing and orientation in the Earth's magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 31:499–503, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of nonlinear responses in cells and tissues exposed to RF energy at mobile phone frequencies using a doubly resonant cavity
Authors: Kowalczuk Christine , Yarwood Gemma , Blackwell Roger , Priestner Marisa , Sienkiewicz Zenon , Bouffler Simon , Ahmed Iftekhar , Abd‐Alhameed Raed , Excell Peter , Hodzic Vildana , Davis Christopher , Gammon Robert , Balzano Quirino 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA doubly resonant cavity was used to search for nonlinear radiofrequency (RF) energy conversion in a range of biological preparations, thereby testing the hypothesis that living tissue can demodulate RF carriers and generate baseband signals. The samples comprised high‐density cell suspensions (human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells); adherent cells (IMR‐32 human neuroblastoma, G361 human melanoma, HF‐19 human fibroblasts, N2a murine neuroblastoma (differentiated and non‐differentiated) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells) and thin sections or slices of mouse tissues (brain, kidney, muscle, liver, spleen, testis, heart and diaphragm). Viable and non‐viable (heat killed or metabolically impaired) samples were tested. Over 500 cell and tissue samples were placed within the cavity, exposed to continuous wave (CW) fields at the resonant frequency (f) of the loaded cavity (near 883 MHz) using input powers of 0.1 or 1 mW, and monitored for second harmonic generation by inspection of the output at 2f. Unwanted signals were minimised using low pass filters (≤1 GHz) at the input to, and high pass filters (≥1 GHz) at the output from, the cavity. A tuned low noise amplifier allowed detection of second harmonic signals above a noise floor as low as −169 dBm. No consistent second harmonic of the incident CW signals was detected. Therefore, these results do not support the hypothesis that living cells can demodulate RF energy, since second harmonic generation is the necessary and sufficient condition for demodulation. Bioelectromagnetics 31:556–565, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The law of relocation of children
Authors: Atkinson Jeff 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe trend in the law of relocation of children following divorce or determination of paternity is to decide cases based on their own facts rather by strong presumptions for or against relocation. Another common approach is to divide the burden between parents. Statutes of many states require the custodial parent to give notice, between 30 and 90 days, of the intent to relocate with the child. Courts consider a variety of factors in relocation cases but differ on the degree to which a benefit to the custodial parent will be presumed to be a benefit to the child. Three national organizations have developed standards for deciding disputes regarding the relocation of children, but none of the standards have been widely adopted. When courts focus on the facts of each case and make careful finding of fact, the best interests of the child are served. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.