bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of risk factors on the abundance, egg laying habits and impact of Argulus foliaceus in stillwater trout fisheries
Authors: Taylor N G H , Wootten R , Sommerville C 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFishery managers perceive the ectoparasitic crustacean, Argulus foliaceus to be a cause of significant economic loss through reduced fish capture rates. This study investigates the influence of previously identified risk factors on the abundance, egg laying habits and impact of this parasite through a longitudinal study of five trout fisheries of varying management intensity. Low water clarity, slow stock turnover and high temperatures showed a significant association with a high abundance of A. foliaceus. High infection levels, low water clarity and low temperature were also associated with reduced rates of fish capture, suggesting abundance of A. foliaceus alone may not affect the catch rates. Depth of egg laying varied in each site throughout the study, increasing in depth as temperature and water clarity increased. Eggs were found to be most abundant in natural fish holding areas and it is hypothesized that the location of egg laying is determined by the habitat usage of host fish.
Vaccination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with recombinant and DNA vaccines produced to Flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins 60 and 70
Authors: Plant K P , LaPatra S E , Cain K D 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins (Hsp) 60 and 70 are highly immunogenic and were therefore investigated as potential vaccine candidates. Recombinant Hsps were purified from Escherichia coli and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneally injected with phosphate buffered saline/Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA), 8 μg of rHsp60/FCA, rHsp70/FCA or a combination of 4 μg each of rHsp60 and rHsp70/FCA. Antibody responses against recombinant Hsp60 and Hsp70 8 weeks post‐immunization were observed, but only fish immunized with rHsp70 exhibited highly elevated antibody levels against F. psychrophilum whole cell lysate. Some cross reactivity occurred, which may have been due to the V5 tag common to both proteins. Protection against F. psychrophilum challenge was not observed in any treatments at 8 weeks post‐immunization. To further investigate any protective effect of these proteins, hsps were polymerase chain reaction amplified and cloned into pVAX1. Rainbow trout were intramuscularly injected with 8 μg of pVAX1hsp60, pVAX1hsp70 or a combination of 4 μg each of pVAX1hsp60 and pVAX1hsp70. Antibody responses at 4 weeks post‐immunization were low and protection was not observed following challenge at 6 or 10 weeks post‐immunization. Although Hsps of F. psychrophilum have been shown to be immunodominant, these antigens do not appear to be good vaccine candidates when delivered alone or in combination.
PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the major capsid protein gene of megalocytiviruses isolated in Taiwan
Authors: Wang C S , Chao S Y , Ku C C , Wen C M , Shih H H 
Published: April 2009

AbstractViruses belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae are one of the major agents causing mass mortalities in marine and freshwater fish in Asian countries. Outbreaks of iridovirus disease have been reported among various fish species in Taiwan. However, the genotypes of these iridoviruses have not yet been determined. In this study, seven megalocytivirus isolates from four fish species: king grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), barramundi perch, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), silver sea bream, Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskal), and common ponyfish, Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal), cultured in three different regions of Taiwan were collected. The full open reading frame encoding the viral major capsid protein gene was amplified using PCR. The PCR products of approximately 1581 bp were cloned and the nucleotide sequences were phylogenetically analysed. Results showed that all seven PCR products contained a unique open reading frame with 1362 nucleotides and encoded a structural protein with 453 amino acids. Even though the nucleotide sequences were not identical, these seven megalocytiviruses were classified into one cluster and showed very high homology with red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) with more than 97% identity. Thus, the seven iridovirus strains isolated from cultured marine fish in Taiwan were closer to the RSIV genotype than the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus genotype.
Phenotypic correlates of Clock gene variation in a wild blue tit population: evidence for a role in seasonal timing of reproduction
Authors: LIEDVOGEL MIRIAM , SZULKIN MARTA , KNOWLES SARAH C. L. , WOOD MATTHEW J. , SHELDON BEN C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe timing of reproduction in birds varies considerably within populations and is often under strong natural selection. Individual timing within years is dependent on a range of environmental factors in addition to having an additive genetic basis. In vertebrates, an increasing amount is known about the molecular basis for variation in biological timing. The Clock gene includes a variable poly‐glutamine (poly‐Q) repeat influencing behaviour and physiology. Recent work in birds, fish and insects has demonstrated associations between Clock genotype and latitude across populations, which match latitudinal variation in breeding time. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic correlates of variation in Clock genotype within a single blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus population over two successive breeding seasons. In females, but not in males, we observed a general trend for birds with fewer poly‐Q repeats to breed earlier in the season. Incubation duration was shorter in both females and males with fewer repeats at the polymorphic Clock locus. Poly‐Q Clock allele‐frequency was homogenously distributed within the study population and did not exhibit any consistent environment‐related variation. We further tested for effects of Clock genotype on reproductive success and survival, and found that females with fewer poly‐Q repeats produced a higher number of fledged offspring. Our results therefore suggest that (i) selection in females, but not in males, for fewer poly‐Q repeats may be operating, (ii) the across–population associations in timing of breeding involving this locus could be linked to variation within populations, and (iii) the Clock gene might be involved in local adaptation to seasonal environments.
The LetA‐RsmYZ‐CsrA regulatory cascade, together with RpoS and PmrA, post‐transcriptionally regulates stationary phase activation of Legionella pneumophila Icm/Dot effectors
Authors: Rasis Michal , Segal Gil 
Published: April 2009

Summary Legionella pneumophila utilize the Icm/Dot type‐IV secretion system to translocate effector proteins into host cells. Some of these effectors were shown before to be regulated at the transcriptional level by the PmrAB and CpxRA two‐component systems. In addition, the stationary phase‐related regulators LetA and CsrA, which are both members of the same post‐transcriptional regulatory cascade, were shown to be involved in L. pneumophila virulence. In this report, we identified two small non‐coding RNAs which are part of the LetA‐CsrA regulatory cascade and three effector‐encoding genes which are directly controlled by this regulatory system. We found that the small non‐coding RNAs RsmY and RsmZ, were upregulated by LetA at stationary phase, and relieve the repression of CsrA from its target genes. The three effector‐encoding genes were found to be post‐transcriptionally upregulated at stationary phase and to contain CsrA regulatory elements that were found to be essential for their stationary phase activation. In addition, rsmY and rsmZ were found to be regulated by the RpoS sigma‐factor and the csrA encoding gene was found to be regulated by PmrA. Our results demonstrate that L. pneumophila effectors are regulated at both the transcriptional and the post‐transcriptional levels by a complicated regulatory network.
Organization of the genes encoding the biosynthesis of actagardine and engineering of a variant generation system
Authors: Boakes Steven , Cortés Jesús , Appleyard Antony N. , Rudd Brian A. M. , Dawson Michael J. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe biosynthetic pathway of the type B lantibiotic actagardine (formerly gardimycin), produced by Actinoplanes garbadinensis ATCC31049, has been cloned, sequenced and annotated. The gene cluster contains the gene garA that encodes the actagardine prepropeptide, a modification gene garM, involved in the dehydration and cyclization of the prepeptide, several putative transporter and regulatory genes as well as a novel luciferase‐like monooxygenase gene designated garO. Expression of these genes in Streptomyces lividans resulted in the production of ala(0)‐actagardine while deletion of the garA gene from A. garbadinensis generated a strain incapable of producing actagardine. Actagardine production was successfully restored however, by the delivery of the plasmid pAGvarX. This plasmid contains an engineered cassette of the actagardine encoding gene garA and offers an alternative route to generating extensive libraries of actagardine variants. Using this plasmid, an alanine scanning library has been constructed and the mutants analysed. Further modifications include the removal of the novel garO gene from A. garbadinensis. Deletion of this gene resulted in the production of deoxy variants of actagardine, demonstrating that the formation of the sulfoxide group is enzyme catalysed and not a spontaneous chemical modification as previously believed.
The species‐level phylogeny of archostematan beetles—where doMicromalthus debilisandCrowsoniella relictabelong?
Authors: HÖRNSCHEMEYER THOMAS 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.A species‐level phylogenetic analysis comprising 37 of the 45 known extant species of archostematan beetles and a total of 110 morphological characters from adults and larvae is presented. For the first time, characters of the male genitalia are included in a phylogenetic analysis of Archostemata. The dataset is analysed with parsimony as well as with Bayesian algorithms. Analyses with differently arranged datasets, with larval characters included or excluded, and including or excludingMicromalthus debilisandCrowsoniella relictaare conducted. The resulting hypothesis of the species‐level phylogeny of Archostemata confirms Cupedidae and Ommatidae as monophyletic taxa. Within Cupedidae, the South AmericanParacupesand the North AmericanPriacmatogether are the sister group to all remaining Cupedidae. Among the latter, the identification of a clade comprisingRhipsideigma, Cupes capitatusandTenomerga leucophaearendersTenomergapolyphyletic.Ascioplaga scalenacomb. nov. is transferred fromAdinolepis. Characters of the male genitalia support phylogenetic affinities ofMicromalthus debiliswith Ommatidae and ofCrowsoniella relictawith Cupedidae.
Timing of dextral oblique subduction along the eastern margin of the Asian continent in the Late Cretaceous: Evidence from the accretionary complex of the Shimanto Belt in the Kii Peninsula, Southwest Japan
Authors: Tokiwa Tetsuya 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPaleomagnetic studies and hotspot track analyses show that the Kula Plate was subducted dextrally with respect to the Eurasian Plate from the Coniacian to Campanian. However, geological evidence for dextral subduction of the Kula Plate has not been reported from Southwest Japan. Studies of the Coniacian to lower Campanian Miyama Formation of the Shimanto Belt reveal that the mélange fabrics show a dextral sense of shear both at outcrop and microscopic scales. In addition, thrust systems at map‐scale also show dextral shearing. Restored shear directions in the mélange indicate dextral oblique subduction of an oceanic plate. This indicates that the Kula Plate subducted dextrally along the eastern margin of Asia during the Coniacian to early Campanian. Combinations with other published kinematic and age constraints suggest that Southwest Japan experienced a change from sinistral to dextral and back to sinistral shear between 89–76 Ma. This history is compatible with global‐scale plate reconstructions and places good constraints on the timing of plate boundary interaction with the Cretaceous East Asian margin.
Melt–wall rock interaction in the mantle shown by silicate melt inclusions in peridotite xenoliths from the central Pannonian Basin (western Hungary)
Authors: Szabó Csaba , Hidas Károly , Bali Enikő , Zajacz Zoltán , Kovács István , Yang Kyounghee , Guzmics Tibor , Török Kálmán 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present a detailed textural and geochemical study of two equigranular textured amphibole‐bearing spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Szigliget, Bakony–Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF, western Hungary) containing abundant primary silicate melt inclusions (SMIs) in clinopyroxene rims and secondary SMIs in orthopyroxene (and rarely spinel) along healed fractures. The SMIs are dominantly composed of silicate glass and CO2‐rich bubbles. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are zoned in both studied xenoliths, especially with respect to Fe, Mg, Na, and Al contents. Cores of clinopyroxenes in both xenoliths show trace element distribution close to primitive mantle. Rims of clinopyroxenes are enriched in Th, U, light rare earth elements (LREEs) and medium REEs (MREEs). Amphiboles in the Szg08 xenolith exhibit elevated Rb, Ba, Nb, Ta, LREE, and MREE contents. The composition of silicate glass in the SMIs covers a wide range from the basaltic trachyandesite and andesite to phonolitic compositions. The glasses are particularly rich in P2O5. Both primary and secondary SMIs are strongly enriched in incompatible trace elements (mostly U, Th, La, Zr) and display a slight negative Hf anomaly. The development of zoned pyroxenes, as well as the entrapment of primary SMIs in the clinopyroxene rims, happened after partial melting and subsequent crystallization of clinopyroxenes, most probably due to an interaction between hot volatile‐bearing evolved melt and mantle wall‐rocks. This silicate melt filled microfractures in orthopyroxenes (and rarely spinels) resulting in secondary SMIs.
Reconstructing the evolution of fault zone architecture: Field‐based study of the core region of the Atera Fault, Central Japan
Authors: Niwa Masakazu , Mizuochi Yukihiro , Tanase Atsushi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn order to reconstruct the architectural evolution of a fault zone with heterogeneous structures, we studied the Atera Fault in Central Japan, and described the detailed mesoscopic and microscopic features of the zone. The fault zone studied consists of a 1.2‐m wide fault core of fault breccia mixed with fragments derived from welded tuff, granite, and mafic volcanic rocks. The 1.2‐m wide fault core is bordered by a western damage zone characterized by a welded tuff fault breccia and an eastern damage zone characterized by a granite cataclasite. A secondary fault core, a 30‐cm wide granite‐derived fault gouge, cross‐cuts the granite cataclasite. Although welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite are also pervasively fractured and fragmented, the fault cores are significantly affected by fragment size reduction due to intense abrasive wear and comminution. The 1.2‐m wide fault core includes fragments and a sharp dark layer composed of mafic volcanic rocks, which can be correlated with neighboring 1.6 Ma volcanic rocks. This observation places a younger constraint on the age of the fault core formation. Carbonate coating on basalt fragments in the 1.2‐m wide fault core has also been fractured indicating the repetition of intense fragmentation. Bifurcated, black and gray veins near the 1.2‐m wide fault core are likely injection veins, formed by the rapid injection of fine material within fault zones during seismic events. The granite‐derived fault gouge, characterized by hard granite fragments without intense brecciation and microfracturing, in a kaolinite‐rich clay matrix, is interpreted as the most recent slip zone within the exposed fault zone. A preview of published geological and hydrological studies of several fault zones shows that clay‐rich fault cores can exhibit much lower permeability than the adjacent damage zones represented in this present case by the welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite.
Does lactate level in the first 12 hours of life predict mortality in extremely premature infants?
Authors: Hussain Farhat , Gilshenan Kristen , Gray Peter H 
Published: April 2009

Aims:  To determine if high lactate levels within the first 12 h of life independently or in combination with Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) II can predict mortality in extremely premature babies.Study Design:  A retrospective review of medical charts of babies born between 2001 and 2003 with birthweight <1000 g or gestation <28 weeks was performed. Blood gases and highest umbilical lactate levels in first 12 h of life were noted. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for lactate, CRIB and CRIB II as a predictor of mortality. The AUC for lactate and CRIB II were combined using discriminant analysis.Results:  Two hundred nineteen infants were included in the study, 41 (18.7%) of whom died. The AUC for lactate was 0.67 (P < 0.001), while AUCs for CRIB and CRIB II score were 0.81 (P < 0.001) and 0.82 (P < 0.001), respectively. The AUC for the combined measure of lactate and CRIB II was 0.82, similar to CRIB II.Conclusions:  Lactate predicts mortality in premature infants, but was found to be inferior to CRIB and CRIB II. Adding lactate level to CRIB II score does not improve its predictive ability.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: Troublesome cases
Authors: Kawabata Gaku , Shimogaki Hiroyoshi , Yamanaka Kunito , Matsushita Kei , Takechi Yoshizumi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAmong 143 cases of laparoscopic adrenalectomy carried out from 1993 to the present, 13 patients in whom the surgical manipulation presented problems were examined. Problems occurred due to the condition of the adrenal tumors themselves in six patients, whereas problems occurred due to the operative history in four patients. There were three patients with no operative history but with strong intraperitoneal adhesion. In patients with a history of laparotomy in other fields such as open cholecystectomy, gastrectomy or colostomy, operations were possible in most patients by examining the trocar site preoperatively. Patients with strong adhesion even without a history of surgery could be handled by full separation of the adhesion during surgery. In patients with bleeding in the adrenal tumors, large adrenal tumors, or tumors impacted in the liver, methods such as changing the sequence of separation procedures were required. In patients with a history of renal subcapsular hematomas due to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), it was not possible to understand the conditions of adrenal or perinephritic adhesion in preoperative imaging diagnosis, but resection was possible by changing the order of separation procedures and by using optimal instruments and devices. As with any surgery, including open surgeries, it is necessary to obtain knowledge on how to deal with variations in laparoscopic adrenalectomy to assure safe outcomes and to always consider effective methods for coping with unexpected difficulties.
Eye‐conserving treatment in massive congenital orbital teratoma
Authors: Gündüz Kaan , Kurt Rengin Aslıhan , Heper Aylin Okçu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn 8‐month‐old healthy girl presented with a left orbital mass, which orbital magnetic resonance imaging revealed to be a well‐circumscribed, mostly cystic lesion. The patient underwent orbitotomy via inferior fornicial conjunctival approach. Tumour shrinkage was accomplished by aspiration of the intralesional fluid, and the remaining debulked mass was removed by total excisional biopsy. Pathological examination revealed a cystic tumour lined mainly with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, in addition to small foci of mucinous ciliated epithelium resembling respiratory epithelium. Histopathological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of mature orbital teratoma (hair follicles, adipose tissue, mature glial elements, choroid plexus‐like papillary organizations and small foci of cartilage in the cyst wall). Derivatives of all three germ lines were present. At 56‐month follow up, uncorrected visual acuity in the affected eye was 6/9. This case demonstrates the importance of decompressing the tumour before dissecting it from the periorbital tissues in an eye‐conserving approach to orbital teratoma.
Human adipose‐derived stem cells: isolation, characterization and applications in surgery
Authors: Locke Michelle , Windsor John , Dunbar P. Rod 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe ideal stem cell for use in functional tissue engineering needs to be abundantly available, harvested with minimal morbidity, differentiated reliably down various pathways and able to be transplanted safely and efficaciously. Adult human adipose tissue contains a population of mesenchymal stem cells, termed ‘adipose‐derived stem cells’ (ASC), which seem to fulfil most, if not all, of these criteria. ASC can be harvested readily, safely, and in relative abundance by modern liposuction techniques. They are capable of differentiating into other mesenchymal tissue types, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes and osteoblasts. They also show angiogenic properties, with recent evidence of a potential role in healing radiotherapy‐damaged tissue, possibly due to their secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. Similarly, they may have a role in healing chronic wounds, and as such are being investigated in phase 1 trials for their ability to aid healing of recurrent Crohn’s fistulae. Subsequently they have a wide range of potential clinical uses in all fields of surgery. This article reviews the current and potential clinical applications of ASC in relation to surgery, as well as methods for their isolation, differentiation and molecular characterization.
Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation from organ donation after cardiac death
Authors: Suh Nancy , Ryan Brendan , Allen Richard , O’Connell Philip , Pleass Henry 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground:  The concept of organ donation after cardiac death (DCD) historically precedes the current practice of organ procurement from heartbeating donors meeting the brainstem death criteria. DCD has not gained widespread interest, however, due partly to initial fears that transplantation of such organs leads to suboptimal outcome.Methods:  Available data on long‐term outcomes following simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant (SPK) from DCD donors were reviewed, and it was found that the long‐term outcome is comparable to SPK from heartbeating donors. Australia’s first SPK from a DCD donor was performed.Results:  The patient received a kidney and a pancreas from a young healthy donor after cardiac death, and at the time of writing was well with functioning grafts.Conclusion:  SPK from donation after cardiac death is safe and should continue to be available for patients in need.