bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of familiarity upon children's developing facial expression recognition
Authors: Herba Catherine M. , Benson Philip , Landau Sabine , Russell Tamara , Goodwin Claire , Lemche Erwin , Santosh Paramala , Phillips Mary 
Published: September 2010

Background:  The impact of personal familiarity upon children's developing emotion‐processing has been largely ignored in previous research, yet may prove particularly important given the emotional salience of such stimuli and children's greater exposure to familiar others compared to strangers. We examined the impact of personal familiarity upon developing facial expression recognition (FER).Methods:  Participants included 153 children, 4–15 years old. We employed dynamic expressions of five emotions (happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust), posed by familiar (parents, teachers) and unfamiliar identities.Results:  Accuracy improved with age for recognising sad and fear expressions, but not anger. Children tended to correctly recognise happiness and fear at lower intensities. The impact of familiarity on FER depended on emotion‐category. Familiarity did not affect recognition of sad expressions, but children were less accurate at recognising anger, fear, and disgust in familiar individuals compared to strangers.Conclusion:  Personal familiarity may exert a distracting effect on children's performance. Findings highlight the importance of incorporating different emotion‐categories and familiarity when examining the development of FER. Clinical implications are discussed.
Suicide in juveniles and adolescents in the United Kingdom
Authors: Windfuhr Kirsten , While David , Hunt Isabelle , Turnbull Pauline , Lowe Rebecca , Burns Jimmy , Swinson Nicola , Shaw Jenny , Appleby Louis , Kapur Navneet ,   the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness
Published: September 2010

Background:  Suicide is a leading cause of death among youths. Comparatively few studies have studied recent trends over time, or examined rates and characteristics of service contact in well‐defined national samples.Methods:  Data on general population suicides and mid‐year population estimates were used to calculate suicide rates (per 100,000/year) among youths aged 10–19 years in the United Kingdom. We then determined the proportion of youths who had been in mental health service contact in the year prior to death. Social and clinical data were collected via questionnaires sent to clinicians who had provided care.Results:  The general population rate of suicide was higher in males than females, and was higher in 15–19‐year‐olds compared to 10–14‐year‐olds. Suicide rates for 10–19‐year‐olds declined by 28% between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003 (compared with an 8% reduction in those aged >19 years); the fall was particularly marked for males. Mental health service contact was low at 14% (compared with 26% for adults), especially for males (12%). Youths in mental health contact were characterised by: diagnosis of affective disorder, mental illness history, residential instability, self‐harm, and substance misuse. Over half of youths were living with parents and one‐fifth were in full‐time education.Conclusions:  The suicide rate for 10–19‐year‐olds in the UK appeared to fall between 1997 and 2003. Further monitoring of suicide rates is needed to determine whether this trend has continued for the most recent years (e.g., 2004–7). The fall in rates may have been related to socio‐economic or clinical factors. The rate of contact with services was low compared to adults, particularly in males. This is concerning because young males have the highest suicide rate in the UK. Suicide prevention in young people is likely to require a multi‐agency approach.
Evidence for three subtypes of repetitive behavior in autism that differ in familiality and association with other symptoms
Authors: Lam Kristen S.L. , Bodfish James W. , Piven Joseph 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism and consist of a variety of behaviors, ranging from motor stereotypies to complex circumscribed interests. The objective of the current study was to examine the structure of RRBs in autism using relevant items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised in a sample of 316 individuals with autistic disorder.Methods/Results:  Using exploratory factor analysis, three distinct factors were identified: Repetitive Motor Behaviors (RMB), Insistence on Sameness (IS), and Circumscribed Interests (CI). RMB were found to be associated with a variety of subject characteristics such as IQ, age, social/communication impairments, and the presence of regression. IS was associated with social and communication impairments whereas CI appeared to be independent of subject characteristics, suggesting CI may be particularly useful in subsetting samples. Based on sib‐pair correlations, IS and CI (but not RMB) appear to be familial. Analysis of the data at the case level suggests that the presence of multiple forms of RRB in an individual is associated with more impairment in the social and communication domains, suggesting a more severe presentation of autistic disorder.Conclusions:  There appears to be considerable structure within repetitive behavior in autism. The finding that these behaviors are differentially related to subject characteristics and familiality adds to their validity.
Developmental‐genetic effects on level and change in childhood fears of twins during adolescence
Authors: Eaves Lindon J. , Silberg Judy L. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  If the adaptive significance of specific fears changes with age, the genetic contribution to individual differences may be lowest at the age of greatest salience. The roles of genes and environment in the developmental‐genetic trajectory of five common childhood fears are explored in 1094 like‐sex pairs of male and female monozygotic and dizygotic twins assessed on up to three occasions during adolescence (ages 8–18 years).Methods:  Dichotomous self‐ratings of a cluster of five correlated fears from Ollendick’s schedule of fears (FSSC‐R) were extracted for subjects at each occasion of assessment. The effects of genes and environment on overall level of fears and rates of adolescent decline were explored by fitting an item‐response theory (‘IRT’) model that allowed for individual genetic and environmental differences in initial fear level (‘intercept’) and rates of adolescent change (‘slope’) across the repeated waves of measurement. Different forms of the model were explored using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to derive the posterior distribution of subject and item parameters from the raw responses.Results:  Additive genetic differences affect the common factor underlying the five fear‐items. The same genes also affect rates of change with age, especially in boys. Male adolescents with higher overall genetic predisposition to childhood fears tended to show slower recovery with age than subjects with relatively low initial values. Thus, the genetic variance apparently increases with age.Conclusions:  This finding is consistent with a prediction that the regulation of genetic differences will be strongest, and thus the additive genetic variance will be smallest, at the age when the particular stimulus is most salient. Items differed in the extent to which they were sensitive to underlying random differences in the rate of developmental change. Individual differences in rates of change with age were more marked in boys than girls.
Rennet and rennet substitutes
Authors: Winwood John 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe use of calf rennet substitutes in cheese manufacture will increase because of costs linked with the availability of calf vells on the world market and the development of new cheese making processes such as ultrafiltration. The development of recombinant DNA techniques for chymosin production will also have an impact on the traditional calf rennet market when rennet manufacture by this method has been perfected. Further research into the secondary action of rennet during cheese maturation will also lead to a better understanding of how rennet can influence the flavour and textural characteristics of various cheese.
Comparing medical versus surgical termination of pregnancy at 13–20 weeks of gestation: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kelly T , Suddes J , Howel D , Hewison J , Robson S 
Published: September 2010

Please cite this paper as: Kelly T, Suddes J, Howel D, Hewison J, Robson S. Comparing medical versus surgical termination of pregnancy at 13–20 weeks of gestation: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2010;117:1512–1520.Objective  To compare the psychological impact, acceptability and clinical effectiveness of medical versus surgical termination of pregnancy (TOP) at 13–20 weeks of gestation.Design  Randomised trial.Setting  Large UK tertiary centre.Sample  Women accepted for TOP at 13–20 weeks of gestation.Methods  Medical TOP (MTOP) using mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical TOP (STOP) by vacuum aspiration at <15 weeks of gestation, and by dilatation and evacuation at 15 or more weeks of gestation.Main outcome measures  Distress 2 weeks after TOP, measured by the impact of events scale (IES), and acceptability, measured by the proportion of women who would opt for the same procedure again.Results  One hundred and twenty two women were randomised: 60 to the MTOP group and 62 to the STOP group. Twelve women opted to continue their pregnancy. Follow‐up rates were low (n = 66/110; 60%). At 2 weeks post‐procedure there was no difference in total IES score between groups. However, compared with women undergoing STOP, women undergoing MTOP had a higher score on the IES intrusion subscale (mean difference 6.6; 95% CI 1.4–11.8), and a higher score on the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (P = 0.033). Women found STOP more acceptable: compared with MTOP, more women would opt for the same procedure again (100% versus 53%, P ≤ 0.001), and fewer women found the experience to be worse than expected (0% versus 53%, P = 0.001). Women who had MTOP experienced more bleeding (P = 0.003), more pain on the day of the procedure (P = 0.008), and more days of pain (P = 0.020). Of the 107 women who declined to participate, 58 (67%) preferred a STOP.Conclusions  Randomised trials of women requesting midtrimester TOP are challenging. Women found STOP less painful and more acceptable than MTOP.
Behavioral Effects of Ethanol in Cerebellum Are Age Dependent: Potential System and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Van Skike Candice E. , Botta Paolo , Chin Vivien S. , Tokunaga Sayaka , McDaniel Janelle M. , Venard Jacob , Diaz‐Granados Jaime L. , Valenzuela C. Fernando , Matthews Douglas B. 
Published: September 2010

Background: Adolescent rats are less sensitive to the motor‐impairing effects of ethanol than adults. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this age‐dependent effect of ethanol have yet to be fully elucidated.Method: Male rats of various ages were used to investigate ethanol‐induced ataxia and its underlying cellular correlates. In addition, Purkinje neurons from adolescent and adult rats were recorded both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, protein kinase C (PKCγ) expression was determined in 3 brain regions in both adolescent and adult rats.Results: The present multi‐methodological investigation confirms that adolescents are less sensitive to the motor‐impairing effects of ethanol, and this differential effect is not because of differential blood ethanol levels. In addition, we identify a particular cellular correlate that may underlie the reduced motor impairment. Specifically, the in vivo firing rate of cerebellar Purkinje neurons recorded from adolescent rats was insensitive to an acute ethanol challenge, while the firing rate of adult cerebellar Purkinje neurons was significantly depressed. Finally, it is demonstrated that PKCγ expression in the cortex and cerebellum mirrors the age‐dependent effect of ethanol: adolescents have significantly less PKCγ expression compared to adults.Conclusions: Adolescents are less sensitive than adults to the motor‐impairing effects of ethanol, and a similar effect is seen with in vivo electrophysiological recordings of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. While still under investigation, PKCγ expression mirrors the age effect of ethanol and may contribute to the age‐dependent differences in the ataxic effects of ethanol.
Implications of ER Stress, the Unfolded Protein Response, and Pro‐ and Anti‐Apoptotic Protein Fingerprints in Human Monocyte‐Derived Dendritic Cells Treated With Alcohol
Authors: Boukli Nawal M. , Saiyed Zainulabedin M. , Ricaurte Martha , Rodriguez José W. , Ríos Olivares Eddy , Cubano Luis A. , Nair Madhavan P.N. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for the activation of T cells and B cells. There is accumulating evidence that psychoactive substances such as alcohol can affect immune responses. We hypothesize that this occurs by modulating changes in proteins triggering a process known as unfolded protein response (UPR). This process protects cells from the toxic effects of misfolded proteins responsible for causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Although much is known about ER stress, little is understood about the consequences of ethanol use on DC’s protein expression.Methods:  In this study, we investigated alterations in the proteins of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MDDC) treated with 0.1% of alcohol by two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, protein identification, and confirmation at the gene expression level by qRT‐PCR.Results:  Proteomes of related samples demonstrated 32 differentially expressed proteins that had a 2‐fold or greater change in expression (18 spots were up‐regulated and 14 were down‐regulated), compared to the control cultures (untreated cells). Alcohol significantly changed the expression of several components of the UPR stress‐induced pathways that include chaperones, ER stress, antioxidant enzymes, proteases, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytoskeletal and apoptosis‐regulating proteins. qRT‐PCR analyses highlighted the enhanced expression of UPR and antioxidant genes that increased (18 hours) with alcohol treatment.Conclusion:  Results of these analyses provide insights into alcohol mechanisms of regulating DC and suggest that alcohol induced specifically the UPR in DC. We speculate that activation of a UPR by alcohol may protect the DC from oxidant injury but may lead to the development of alcohol‐related diseases.
Cognitive Performance in Treatment‐Naïve Active Alcoholics
Authors: Smith Stan , Fein George 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Most studies reporting cognitive deficits in chronic alcoholics have relied on treatment samples (predominantly men) from inpatient or outpatient treatment facilities. However, the majority of chronic alcoholics have never been in treatment and there is increasing evidence that treated and non‐treatment‐seeking alcoholic samples come from different populations with regard to alcohol use and other factors related to the severity of disease. Accordingly, in the present study, we assessed a broad range of cognitive functions in 55 treatment‐naïve alcohol‐dependent (TNAD) individuals and 55 nonalcoholic controls (NAC) matched for age and education. In addition, a goal of the present study was to assess potential differential effects of alcohol dependence on cognitive performance in TNAD men and women.Methods:  Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was conducted on TNAD and NAC. The following 9 performance domains, each consisting of multiple measures, were examined: attention, auditory working memory, verbal processing, abstraction/cognitive flexibility, psychomotor function, immediate memory, delayed memory, reaction time, and spatial processing.Results:  Analysis revealed no cognitive deficits in TNAD, relative to NAC, in any of the 9 cognitive domains. TNAD performed better than NAC in the attention domain. In addition, while men performed better than women in the spatial domain, there were no TNAD versus NAC group by gender interactions for any domain.Conclusions:  Our results extend findings that TNAD show minimal behavioral effects of chronic heavy alcohol use and are consistent with the contention that TNAD are relatively cognitively intact. Differences between our findings and those often reported for alcoholics recruited from treatment settings may be understood in terms of differences in alcohol use, along with genetic, psychiatric, and nutritional factors. In addition, the lack of differential effects of alcohol dependence on male and female cognitive performance in our study suggests that TNAD men and women do not differ in the severity of cerebral consequences of alcohol dependence.
Ethanol‐Induced Conditioned Taste Aversion in Male Sprague‐Dawley Rats: Impact of Age and Stress
Authors: Anderson Rachel I. , Varlinskaya Elena I. , Spear Linda P. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Age‐specific characteristics may contribute to the elevation in ethanol intake commonly reported among adolescents compared to adults. This study was designed to examine age‐related differences in sensitivity to ethanol’s aversive properties using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure with sucrose serving as the conditioned stimulus (CS). Given that ontogenetic differences in responsiveness to stressors have been previously reported, the role of stressor exposure on the development of CTA was also assessed.Methods:  Experiment 1 examined the influence of 5 days of prior restraint stress exposure on the expression of CTA in a 2‐bottle test following 1 pairing of a sucrose solution with ethanol. In Experiment 2, the effects of 7 days of social isolation on the development of CTA were observed using a 1‐bottle test following multiple sucrose–ethanol pairings.Results:  This study revealed age‐related differences in the development of ethanol‐induced CTA. In Experiment 1, adolescents required a higher dose of ethanol than adults to demonstrate an aversion. In Experiment 2, adolescents required not only a higher ethanol dose but also more pairings of ethanol with the sucrose CS. No effects of prior stressor exposure were observed in either experiment.Conclusions:  Together, these experiments demonstrate an adolescent‐specific insensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol that elicit CTA, a pattern not influenced by repeated restraint stress or housing in social isolation. This age‐related insensitivity to the dysphoric effects of ethanol is consistent with other work from our laboratory, adding further to the evidence that adolescent rats are less susceptible to negative consequences of ethanol that may serve as cues to curb consumption.
A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Change in Drinking following Alcohol Treatment
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Maisto Stephen A. , Donovan Dennis M. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  The ultimate goal of alcohol treatment research is to develop interventions that help individuals reduce their alcohol use. To determine whether a treatment is effective, researchers must then evaluate whether a particular treatment affects changes in drinking behavior after treatment. Importantly, drinking following treatment tends to be highly variable between individuals and within individuals across time.Method:  Using data from the COMBINE study (COMBINE Study Group, 2003), the current study compared 3 commonly used and novel methods for analyzing changes in drinking over time: latent growth curve (LGC) analysis, growth mixture models, and latent Markov models. Specifically, using self‐reported drinking data from all participants (n = 1,383, 69% male), we were interested in examining how well the 3 estimated models were able to explain observed changes in percent heavy drinking days during the 52 weeks following treatment.Results:  The results from all 3 models indicated that the majority of individuals were either abstinent or reported few heavy drinking days during the 52‐week follow‐up and only a minority of individuals (10% or fewer) reported consistently frequent heavy drinking following treatment. All 3 models provided a reasonably good fit to the observed data with the latent Markov models providing the closest fit. The observed drinking trajectories evinced discontinuity, whereby individuals seem to transition between drinking and nondrinking across adjacent follow‐up assessment points. The LGC and growth mixture models both assumed continuous change and could not explain this discontinuity in the observed drinking trajectories, whereas the latent Markov approach explicitly modeled transitions between drinking states.Conclusions:  The 3 models tested in the current study provided a unique look at the observed drinking among individuals who received treatment for alcohol dependence. Latent Markov modeling may be a highly desirable methodology for gaining a better sense of transitions between positive and negative drinking outcomes.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Cervical Disk Arthroplasty, Ventral Slot Procedure, and Smooth Pins with Polymethylmethacrylate Fixation at Treated and Adjacent Canine Cervical Motion Units
Authors: ADAMO P. FILIPPO , KOBAYASHI HIROHITO , MARKEL MARK , VANDERBY RAY 
Published: September 2010

Objective—To compare the biomechanical properties of cervical arthroplasty to a ventral slot procedure and pin‐polymethylmethacrylate (pin‐PMMA) fixation.Sample Population—Fresh cadaveric cervical (C2–T1) spines from 6 large dogs.Methods—Four spinal conditions were studied in each spinal specimen: intact, disk arthroplasty, ventral slot, and fixation with smooth pin‐PMMA at C5–C6 intervertebral space. Axial compression, torsion, flexion–extension, and lateral bending moments were sequentially tested on each specimen for the 4 spinal conditions. Data from the C3–C4, C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7 vertebral motion units (VMUs) were compared among treatments.Results—In axial compression and torsion, the ventral slot procedure allowed significantly less motion than intact, pin‐PMMA, and arthroplasty groups at C5–C6. In lateral bending and flexion–extension, pin‐PMMA had the least motion of C5–C6, followed by the arthroplasty group, intact spine, and ventral slot, all of which were significantly different from each other. Overall, the artificial disk was better able to mimic the behavior of the intact specimens compared with the ventral slot and pin‐PMMA, producing similar displacements in axial compression and rotation in torsion, but more limited motion than intact in flexion–extension and in lateral bending.Conclusion—Cervical spine specimens with an implanted prosthesis have biomechanical behaviors more similar to an intact spine compared with spinal specimens with ventral slot and pin‐PMMA procedures. Cervical arthroplasty may then preserve some of the motion in the affected area after neural decompression while providing distraction.Clinical Relevance—Cervical arthroplasty should be further investigated in vivo to determine if it is a viable alternative to the ventral slot or pin‐PMMA procedures for surgical treatment of cervical diseases in dogs and in particular for treatment of disk‐associated caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy.