bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Effective and Environmentally Suitable Fracturing Fluids Using Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Waters
Authors: Blauch M. E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper presents methods, materials, and procedures that can enable operators to prepare safe and effective fracturing fluids from returned fracturing fluid (commonly called "flowback") and produced formation water. Reuse of frac fluid and formation water especially focused on high volume and rate (HVR) fracturing requires establishment of a number of interrelated chemical and geochemical solutions. Specifically addressed are environmental attributes of the chemical additive components and whole fluid, geochemical precipitates, scale, microbially induced biogeochemical interactions, water analysis, friction reducer compatibilities, and saline content.
Materials discussed in the paper include: Friction reducer chemistry and attributes that enable reuse of frac water in actual flowbacks from shale reservoirs.Solutions and need for complexing iron and converting to insoluble precipitates that can damage fracture conductivity, reduce production potential, and negatively impact scale inhibition.Methods for protection against an assemblage of naturally occurring geochemical precipitates.A solution for environmentally sound quick-kill of microorganisms responsible for producing damaging downhole biogeochemical byproducts, including hydrogen sulfide.
Fracture-stimulation of shale-gas wells requires an enormous volume of frac fluid, which traditionally has been developed from fresh water purchased from sources near the drilling location or municipalities. Along with the chemicals introduced by the frac fluid, the flowback may contain a wide variety of dissolved constituents such as salts and metal ions. The constituents can make wastewater disposal environmentally prohibitive, difficult, and expensive, and may impair gas production by placing damaging precipitates within the fracture, perforations, and wellbore. The paper presents and discusses practical, cost-effective remediation of frac fluid to minimum standards required to achieve environmental, technical, and economic goals. Keys to successful reuse of frac fluids are chemical additive developments and processes involving analysis of water chemistry, flow-loop testing, and geochemical modeling in the establishment of treatment and/or dilution standards to enable fracturing fluid reuse.
Type I IFN Signaling Constrains IL-17A/F Secretion by γδ T Cells during Bacterial Infections
Authors: Henry Thomas , Kirimanjeswara Girish S. , Ruby Thomas , Jones Jonathan W. , Peng Kaitian , Perret Magali , Ho Lena , Sauer John-Demian , Iwakura Yoichiro , Metzger Dennis W. , Monack Denise M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Recognition of intracellular bacteria by macrophages leads to secretion of type I IFNs. However, the role of type I IFN during bacterial infection is still poorly understood. Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a pathogenic bacterium that replicates in the cytosol of macrophages leading to secretion of type I IFN. In this study, we investigated the role of type I IFNs in a mouse model of tularemia. Mice deficient for type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1−/−) are more resistant to intradermal infection with F. tularensis subspecies novicida (F. novicida). Increased resistance to infection was associated with a specific increase in IL-17A/F and a corresponding expansion of an IL-17A+ γδ T cell population, indicating that type I IFNs negatively regulate the number of IL-17A+ γδ T cells during infection. Furthermore, IL-17A–deficient mice contained fewer neutrophils compared with wild-type mice during infection, indicating that IL-17A contributes to neutrophil expansion during F. novicida infection. Accordingly, an increase in IL-17A in IFNAR1−/− mice correlated with an increase in splenic neutrophil numbers. Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of pneumonic tularemia using the highly virulent F. tularensis subspecies tularensis SchuS4 strain and in a mouse model of systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection. Our results indicate that the type I IFN-mediated negative regulation of IL-17A+ γδ T cell expansion is conserved during bacterial infections. We propose that this newly described activity of type I IFN signaling might participate in the resistance of the IFNAR1−/− mice to infection with F. novicida and other intracellular bacteria.
Correlation Study of Pulmonary Embolism and High‐density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Wang YuPeng , Wang Ping , Li HongWei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundIt is currently thought that pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are different manifestations of the same pathological process of venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism has a negative correlation with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.HypothesisPulmonary embolism has a negative correlation with the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.MethodsA total of 90 patients with pulmonary embolism, diagnosed and treated at a single center, were retrospectively analyzed for the present study. Among them were 57 cases of pulmonary arterial trunk embolism in group A and 33 cases of pulmonary arterial non‐trunk embolism in group B.ResultsThe results showed that the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased markedly in patients with pulmonary arterial trunk embolism as compared to those with pulmonary arterial non‐trunk embolism. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed upon the relationship between pulmonary arterial trunk embolism and multiple factors. The results showed that a pulmonary arterial trunk embolism had a negative correlation with the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and a positive correlation with triglyceride and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein.ConclusionsPulmonary arterial trunk embolism is negatively correlated with the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advanced glycation end‐products, anti‐hypertensive treatment and diastolic function in patients with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Hartog Jasper W.L. , van de Wal Ruud M. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Miyata Toshio , Jaarsma Wybren , Plokker H.W. Thijs , van Wijk Leen M. , Smit Andries J. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Voors Adriaan A. 
Published: February 2010

AimsTo investigate the relationship between advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) and diastolic function and the response to blood pressure treatment in patients with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction.Methods and resultsData were analysed from 97 patients (aged 65 ± 10 years, 36% male) who were randomly assigned to 6 months open‐label treatment with either eprosartan on top of other anti‐hypertensive drugs (n = 47) or other anti‐hypertensive drugs alone (n = 50). Tissue AGE accumulation was measured using a validated skin‐autofluorescence (skin‐AF) reader (n = 26). Plasma Nɛ‐(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ‐(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), and pentosidine were measured by LC‐MS/MS and HPLC. Diastolic function was assessed using echocardiography. Blood pressure was reduced from 157/91 to 145/84 mmHg (P < 0.001) in the eprosartan group and from 158/91 to 141/83 mmHg (P < 0.001) in the control group. No effect of eprosartan was found on AGE levels. In patients with baseline skin‐AF < median, E/A ratio (P = 0.04) and the mean peak early‐diastolic filling velocity (E′) improved (P = 0.001). In contrast, in patients with skin‐AF levels > median, E/A ratio (P = 0.84) and mean E′ (P = 0.32) remained unchanged.ConclusionAlthough eprosartan did not decrease levels of AGEs, patients with lower skin‐AF at baseline showed a larger improvement in diastolic function in response to either anti‐hypertensive treatment compared with patients with higher skin‐AF.
Efficient recovery of dysferlin deficiency by dual adeno-associated vector-mediated gene transfer
Authors: Lostal William , Bartoli Marc , Bourg Nathalie , Roudaut Carinne , Bentaïb Azeddine , Miyake Katsuya , Guerchet Nicolas , Fougerousse Françoise , McNeil Paul , Richard Isabelle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Deficiency of the dysferlin protein presents as two major clinical phenotypes: limb–girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. Dysferlin is known to participate in membrane repair, providing a potential hypothesis to the underlying pathophysiology of these diseases. The size of the dysferlin cDNA prevents its direct incorporation into an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for therapeutic gene transfer into muscle. To bypass this limitation, we split the dysferlin cDNA at the exon 28/29 junction and cloned it into two independent AAV vectors carrying the appropriate splicing sequences. Intramuscular injection of the corresponding vectors into a dysferlin-deficient mouse model led to the expression of full-length dysferlin for at least 1 year. Importantly, systemic injection in the tail vein of the two vectors led to a widespread although weak expression of the full-length protein. Injections were associated with an improvement of the histological aspect of the muscle, a reduction in the number of necrotic fibers, restoration of membrane repair capacity and a global improvement in locomotor activity. Altogether, these data support the use of such a strategy for the treatment of dysferlin deficiency.
Increased expression of calcium‐sensing receptors induced by ox‐LDL amplifies apoptosis of cardiomyocytes during simulated ischaemia–reperfusion
Authors: Guo Jin , Li Hong‐Zhu , Zhang Wei‐Hua , Wang Lu‐Chuan , Wang Li‐Na , Zhang Li , Li Guang‐Wei , Li Hong‐Xia , Yang Bao‐Feng , Wu Lingyun , Wang Rui , Xu Chang‐Qing 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is strongly associated with atherosclerosis, and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie atherosclerosis and AMI are undefined at present. The calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of the superfamily of G‐protein coupled receptors. It has been demonstrated previously that the expression of CaSR is increased in atherosclerotic cardiac tissue of rats. It has also been suggested that CaSR has a crucial role in cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion injury, apoptosis and hypertrophy. However, it remains to be determined whether an increase in the expression of CaSR influences the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to AMI.2. The present study used cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats to investigate the effect of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL), ischaemia–reperfusion, GdCl3 (an agonist of CaSR) and NPS‐2390 (an antagonist of CaSR) on the expression of CaSR. The amount of apoptosis, alterations in the morphology of the cells, the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and components of critical mitochondrial pathways were also analysed.3. Cardiomyocytes treated with ox‐LDL showed upregulated expression of CaSR, cytochrome c (cyt‐c), Bax and activated caspase 3 (17 kD) and downregulated expression of Bcl‐2, as well as elevated [Ca2+]i and apoptosis. Application of GdCl3 augmented these effects, and NPS‐2390 decreased the expression of CaSR and reduced apoptosis.4. In conclusion, ox‐LDL was found to increase the expression of CaSR in a manner that was dependent on time and dose. It also augmented apoptosis during simulated ischaemia–reperfusion in cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats.
AN ATYPICAL LOCALISATION OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Kayabasi Hasan , Sit Dede , Kadiroglu Ali Kemal , Yilmaz Zulfukar , Bukte Yasar 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYSpinal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare skeletal system localisation of TB in haemodialysis patients. In this paper, a case of Pott's disease with a psoas muscle abscess is reported. The patient had been on the dialysis programme for five years and was complaining of back pain, weight loss and weakness, which were investigated. A thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple paravertebral abscesses invading the psoas muscle. TB diagnosis was made by microbiological analysis of specimen, which was obtained by fine needle aspiration under computerised tomography guidance.
Immunotherapy Markedly Increases the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiInfection
Authors: Propst Katie L. , Troyer Ryan M. , Kellihan Lisa M. , Schweizer Herbert P. , Dow Steven W. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomalleiis a soil bacterium that is endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia and that can cause both acutely lethal pneumonia and chronic systemic infections in humans. The effective treatment of infection withB. pseudomalleirequires rapid diagnosis and prolonged treatment with high doses of antimicrobials, and even with appropriate antibiotic therapy, patient relapses are common. Thus, new approaches to the treatment ofB. pseudomalleiinfections are needed. In the present study, we asked whether active immunotherapy with gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a key cytokine regulating the intracellular replication ofB. pseudomallei, could increase the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial therapy forB. pseudomalleiinfection. Macrophage infection assays andin vivopulmonary challenge models were used to assess the inhibitory effects of combined treatment with IFN-γ and ceftazidime onB. pseudomalleiinfection. We found that treatment with even very low doses of IFN-γ and ceftazidime elicited strong synergistic inhibition ofB. pseudomalleigrowth within infected macrophages.In vivo, active immunotherapy markedly potentiated the effectiveness of low-dose ceftazidime therapy for the treatment of infected mice in a pulmonary challenge model ofB. pseudomallei. Combined treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden and a significant lessening of bacterial dissemination. We concluded, therefore, that immunotherapy with either endogenous or exogenous IFN-γ could significantly increase the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acuteB. pseudomalleiinfection.
Fixed Point Theorems for Set-Valued Contraction Type Maps in Metric Spaces
Authors: Amini-Harandi A , O'Regan D 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe first give some fixed point results for set-valued self-map contractions in complete metric spaces. Then we derive a fixed point theorem for nonself set-valued contractions which are metrically inward. Our results generalize many well-known results in the literature.
How Do We Know Them When We See Them? The Subjective Evolution in the Identification of Victim Groups for the Purpose of Genocide
Authors: Young Rebecca 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDespite more than a decade of jurisprudence from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the manner in which the victim group is defined for the purpose of genocide remains an area in which the espousal of principle is not always matched by practice. This article undertakes a comprehensive analysis of whether international criminal law identifies the victim of genocide based on objective indicators of the group's existence or based on subjective perceptions in relation to that group. This article tests the claim in the Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur that the identification of victim groups has evolved to such an extent that it is now based on a purely subjective standard. This article first considers the Genocide Convention, its travaux preparatoires and the method of identification of victim groups in other areas of international law, concluding that none of these sources offer clear guidance as to whether the victim group is to be understood as a subjective or objective concept. The jurisprudence of the ad hoc tribunals is then closely analysed. Despite the common claim that the tribunals have been moving towards the adoption of increasingly subjective standards, this article suggests that upon closer analysis such development is not so pronounced. Although the tribunals have shown increased willingness to espouse, in principle, the value of a subjective approach, in reality the tribunals have looked to the same forms of evidence of a group's existence since its earliest jurisprudence. However, although no clear change has occurred in the practice of the ad hoc tribunals, it is becoming increasingly evident that the tribunals are acknowledging the blurred boundaries between objective and subjective indicators of a group's existence. The "evolution" towards a subjective approach referred to in the Darfur Report might be properly understood as a more evolved understanding of the factors which lawyers are quick to regard as objective, but which in the field of sociology have long been regarded as part of subjective processes of group identification. Thus, the issues in this article are framed by the broader debate as to the divergences between the legal and sociological conceptions of genocide is article concludes by placing this discussion in the context of the International Criminal Court's first foray into genocide in the case of The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.
Disclosure before the ICC: The Emergence of a New Form of Policies Implementation System in International Criminal Justice?
Authors: Caianiello Michele 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe use of theoretical models, the most famous of which is the distinction between accusatorial and inquisitorial, is decisive in testing the intrinsic consistency of a specific procedural system. The aim of this work is to analyse some aspects of the law of evidence provided for by ICC sources, specifically the disclosure provisions, and ascertain whether the blending of different legal traditions may be regarded as successful or subject to criticism. For this purpose, in his analysis the Author employs the widely known Damaška partition between coordinate vs. hierarchical officialdom, in the administration of the process. The conclusion reached in this work is that some amendments to the sources of the ICC concerning the law of evidence would be advisable, in order to rectify certain inconsistencies. Among them, the author proposes the adoption of an official Prosecutor's file in the pre-trial phase.
The International Criminal Court and "Internationally Recognized Human Rights": Understanding Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute
Authors: Sheppard Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractArticle 21(3) of the Rome Statute requires that the law applied by the ICC be interpreted and applied in accordance with "internationally recognized human rights." Notwithstanding its paramountcy over other sources of law, Article 21(3) has yet to receive satisfactory consideration and analysis by the Court. In constructing a principled framework for how international human rights should operate within the applicable law of the Court, certain principles serve as important guideposts: rules of statutory interpretation, the complementarity principle, the structure of international human rights law, and principles of international legal personality. Relying on these principles, the Court's jurisprudence and the Statute's travaux préparatoires, it is possible to map out some of the features of Article 21(3). The Article is not merely a rule of interpretation, but is generative of powers and remedies that would otherwise not be available. However, in order to be applied rationally, the scope of "internationally recognized human rights" should be contingent on which state would ordinarily exercise jurisdiction over a prosecution. The institutional relationships between The Court, state parties, and other bodies that interpret and apply human rights norms should also influence how the Court applies these principles, with decisions of international human rights courts being prima face binding in certain circumstances.
The Prosecutorial Interpretation of the Complementarity Principle: Does It Really Contribute to Ending Impunity on the National Level?
Authors: Jurdi Nidal Nabil 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe complementarity regime serves as a system to encourage and facilitate the compliance of states with their responsibility to investigate and prosecute international core crimes. It can contribute to the creation of an effective indirect enforcement mechanism among state parties to the Rome Statute; however, the current practice of the ICC falls short of materializing that. In the Ugandan case, the Ugandan referral displays a number of negative aspects regarding the ICC prosecutorial policy in practice. Firstly, Uganda does not seem to fulfil the "inability" criterion as stipulated in Article 17. Secondly, the policy of encouraging and seeking state referrals might lead to certain negative outcomes vis-à-vis fulfilling the purposes of the Rome Statute to end impunity. The presumption that state referrals could guarantee state cooperation is over simplistic. The ICC's position in the DRC situation raises other concerns, particularly with regard to the ICC's approach to cases of "inaction". Lubanga and Germain Katanga were already in the Congolese custody waiting trial for more serious crimes when the ICC requested their surrender considering that the DRC was not investigating the crimes the ICC has been investigating. The Congolese judicial system, at least in certain areas of the DRC (including Kinshasa) was "able and willing". Based on the above, the article concludes that the ICC Prosecutor's policy on the admissibility of "inactions" could encourage in theory national systems to prosecute core crimes; however, in reality it could lead to the opposite.
Beyond the Juristic Orientation of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance of Criminological Insight to International Criminal Law and its Control A Commentary
Authors: Rothe Dawn , Mullins Christopher 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article draws attention to the relevance of criminological insight on issues of international criminal law and criminal justice. In particular, the ideology and theory of deterrence, legitimacy, and international criminal law are drawn from. After all, the deterrent effect has been touted as a solid empirical fact with the progression and development of 'international criminal justice', the international tribunals since the mid 1990s, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, the current rather blind belief in the deterrent impact of international criminal justice remains, regretfully, a bit premature. Additionally, beyond the concepts of deterrence and legitimacy, criminologists have much to contribute to international criminal justice. As noted, there are social, political, cultural, and geographical issues that play a role in not only crime commission, but in the hindrance of and/or facilitation of deterrence. Criminologists are well positioned to show how these connections may facilitate or hinder the broader goals of the legal community.