bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some further isolated Generations of Tsetse Flies
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

Glossina morsitans and G. swynnertoni were allowed to emerge for three days from pupae placed in each other's habitats and in that of G. pallidipes.The morsitans in the habitat of swynnertoni were in poorer condition, and survived less well, than in the previous year. This may have been because the release was done a little later in the season, or because the freshly emerged flies were not up to the nutritional standards of a year or two before.They were, however, nearly as heavy, in later life, as wild morsitans in their own home, and this is contrary to previous experience.In relation to initial weight, swynnertoni, whether in their own home or as aliens in the habitats of other species, were heavier than morsitans, and in fat and water the alien swynnertoni were heavier than the native ones. However, the difference between the two species may possibly be caused by the fact that swynnertoni, after taking its first meal, cannot apparently fall much below its initial weight at emergence, as morsitans and particularly pallidipes are able to do, so that very hungry morsitans may be represented by swynnertoni which have been cut off by death, and are not available to the catchers.The males of morsitans and swynnertoni are relatively inactive in early life, which has an important bearing on estimates of population and mean life made from marked flies. The females on the contrary are relatively inactive in later life.Generally the relation between wing-fray and age found in the previous year is confirmed, except one aberrant result when swynnertoni was released in the habitat of morsitans. Scanty data suggest that the rate of wing-fray during the rainy season is not very different. As before, the females, especially in later life, fray their wings more slowly than the males.Teneral (unfed) flies below the average size are comparatively non-viable, and about 10 per cent, are too small to survive to obtain their first meal. There is no suggestion that the same applies to non-tenerals.The external morphology of early larvae is described; the first instar is provided with an egg-tooth in the mouth, which makes it incapable of feeding. Both the first and the second instars are spiny.Although copulation between morsitans and swynnertoni is random, insemination from interspecific matings often fails, and the sterile egg is aborted. In such cases the left ovary ovulates before the normal time.The flies and pupae live at about the temperature of the standard climate as recorded in a Stevenson screen ; possibly the flies are a little cooler and the pupae a little hotter.
The Anopheles of Tambunan, North Borneo
Authors: McArthur John 
Published: July 2009

Tambunan is an elevated and isolated plain in the interior of North Borneo, occupied by irrigated paddy cultivation, surrounded by jungle-covered hills, and inhabited by a primitive native population subject to severe malaria.The Malaria Research Department of North Borneo carried out surveys in this locality during 1939–42 for larval and adult Anopheles as part of an investigation into the causes and control of malaria in Borneo. The main findings of this work, and the incrimination of A. leucosphyrus, Dön., as a vector of malaria, have been described elsewhere (McArthur 1947), but brief accounts are given below of the habits and characteristics of the Anopheles in the locality.
Trunk Absorption of a Systemic Chemical by Coffee
Authors: Bond J. A. B. 
Published: July 2009

The systemic insecticide Hanane (mainly bisdimethylamino fluorophosphine oxide) is readily absorbed by the trunk of a coffee tree and translocated to the foliage when the bark is lightly scraped and the chemical applied in solution on a pad of absorbent material covered with a waterproof skin to prevent evaporation.Smaller dosages of Hanane are required to give equivalent control of Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley), or to cause a similar degree of phytotoxic damage, by this method than by soil treatment.Abrasion or removal of the bark before application enables a greater absorption of the chemical but leads to serious phytotoxic damage by a comparatively low dosage.
Field Observations on the Cacao Mirids, Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in the Gold Coast
Authors: Williams G. 
Published: July 2009

The two species of Mirids, Sahlbergella singularisHagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), are important pests of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Gold Coast. The damage sustained by the cacao is due, in part, to the direct effects of feeding by these insects, but more to the subsequent invasion of the resulting lesions by the weakly pathogenic fungus, Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.In the field, Mirid damage may be classified into three categories. “Blast” is the result of light diffuse attack and is so named because of its similarity to fire damage. “Stagheaded cacao” is more severe, the trees showing numeroussmall crown branches but forming a poor canopy. “Mirid pocket” describes severe damage, normally limited to a small area, the trees losing the crown completely and the polelike trunks bearing numerous lateral chupons. In general, stagheaded symptoms are more prevalent where cacao is grown without shade, and pockets where cultivation of cacao utilises shade trees.Consideration of the factors associated with Mirid damage shows that it is correlated with breaks in the cacao canopy. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that such breaks normally precede, rather than result from, Mirid attack. The canopy itself is unsuitable for the development of either species, the major part of the population being confined to the sub-canopy levels. The initial causes of the breaks are, most frequently, the die-backs associated with swollen shoot or with adverse water relations. The falling of shade trees causes a number of breaks, and, where cacao is grown without shade, the Mirids themselves may be a cause.The most important single factor influencing the form of the cacao canopy, and thus the course of Mirid attack, is the amount of overhead shade, particularly that provided by trees little taller than the cacao itself. Shade which is too dense causes etiolation of the cacao and thus renders it susceptible to attack, the resulting damage generally taking the form of a pocket. Shade which is too sparse does not shield the cacao from the adverse effects of exposure. The Mirid damage in such areas generally assumes the stagheaded form.It is suggested, from field experiments, that the invasion by Mirids of areas suitable for colonisation is not by random movements, but is determined by the change in some physical factor resulting from the broken canopy. Changes in light intensity are the most obvious results of such breaks, but further experiments are needed to determine which is the operating factor.Degraded cacao is prevented from recovery, not by Mirid attack alone, but by the interaction of it with the presence of C. rigidiuscula, and by increased exposure.The sampling methods employed are described, and the bearing of the results upon control measures is discussed.
Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

Field observations on C. cilicrura and C. trichodactyla have shown that in Britain the larvae feed on beans, peas, cabbages, kale, cauliflowers, leeks, onions, cucumbers and lettuce. The importance of C. cilicrura as a pest of beans in spring was well known; its attack on cucumbers was suspected but had not been verified; but the infestation of leeks and brassicas in summer and spring cabbages in autumn had not hitherto been recorded in Britain. An association of larvae of C. cilicrura with rotting vegetation has not so far been established.Descriptions of adult and larval stages are given. Diagrams are given to illustrate specific differences between larvae of C. cilicrura and those of the onion fly, Hylemyia antiqua.Field observations have shown that C. cilicrura is on the wing from March to October and there is some evidence of slight activity during the winter months. There are 3–4 generations a year, and peak periods of fly activity occur during mid-April to mid-May, late June to early July, and in fine weather throughout the period August to October.Larvae have been taken throughout the period May to December. Peak periods of larval activity occur from mid-May to early June on beans, peas, cucumbers and cruciferous crops, during July on leeks and cruciferous crops, and during September to November on spring cabbages.The close relationship between cultural practice in south Worcestershire and the occurrence of high populations of C. cilicrura is discussed.A summary of control measures devised by other investigators is given. Modifications of cultural practice that would be likely to reduce attack by C. cilicrura are suggested. Results of preliminary trials with naphthalene and DDT emulsion are given.
The Influence of Drought on the Survival of Eggs of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (Orthoptera) in South Australia
Authors: Birch L. C. , Andrewartha H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Drought is the only factor in the environment of the eggs of Austroicetes cruciata that is likely to cause a high mortality rate of the eggs in the field.The eggs may be exposed to drought at various stages of their development. The probability of high mortality due to exposure to drought during the winter is considered to be negligible.The probability of a high mortality rate due to drought when the nymphs are hatching is unimportant. From an analysis of the meteorological records for 50 years, it was estimated that high mortality rates from this cause may occur 12 times in a thousand years at Hawker and less frequently elsewhere in the grasshopper belt.The eggs are exposed to the most severe hazards during the summer. An analysis of the meteorological records shows that severe mortality rates may have occurred as a result of drought in the summer from one to seven times during the 50 years 1891–1940, depending upon the district.
Diapause in the Eggs of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (Acrididae) with particular Reference to the Influence of Temperature on the Elimination of Diapause
Authors: Andrewartha H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Diapause should not be confused with simple inhibition of growth due to cold.The embryo of the grasshopper, Austroicetes cruciata, enters a state of diapause a few days after the egg is laid. The diapause is obligate like that found in the eggs of Circotettix, rather than facultative like that found in the larvae of Platyedra. These types of diapause should be regarded as two extremes of the one phenomenon rather than two distinct phenomena.Diapause was eliminated when the egg was exposed to adequate low temperature for an adequate period when the embryo was at a suitable stage of development. If the period at low temperature was inadequate, or if the embryo was not at a suitable stage of development when the exposure to low temperature occurred, diapause was only partially eliminated. In such cases, the exposure to low temperature resulted in an abnormal growth by the embryo when the egg was returned to a favourable high temperature, but development was not completed.The influence of low temperature on the elimination of diapause was due chiefly to changes which occurred in the yolk during exposure to low temperature. Thus yolk which had been modified in this way became suitable for the nourishment of the embryo, and it no longer obstructed katatrepsis. This explanation of the nature of the obligate diapause in the eggs of Austroicetes brings this phenomenon into line with the facultative diapause in the larvae of Platyedra, which has been shown to be associated with the nourishment of the larva.Diapause was eliminated most rapidly at temperatures between 6°C. and 13°C. The embryo grew most rapidly at about 30°C. ; below 13°C. growth practically ceased. The absence of overlapping of the temperature ranges for these two processes may explain the presence of diapause in Austroicetes. The occurrence of a less pronounced diapause in the eggs of Melanoplus may be due to a partial overlapping of the temperature range for the two processes. Similarly the absence of diapause in the eggs of Locusta may be explained on the assumption that in this species the two processes proceed over the same temperature range.
The Toxicity of some common Fumigants to Body Lice
Authors: Busvine J. R. 
Published: July 2009

An outbreak of body lice might require several control measures according to circumstances. Two types of fumigant action have been investigated in the laboratory and the field :—(1) House fumigation for disinfesting typhus-contaminated premises.Lice were fairly similar to bed-bugs in their resistance to the fumigants tested. In practice, 16 oz./l,000 cubic feet of hydrogen cyanide will kill lice and eggs : 2 lb. of sulphur/1,000 cubic feet is also successful if the wind is not strong.(2) Bin fumigation of garments by saturated vapours.The saturated vapours of solids such as naphthalene and paradichlorbenzene are extremely slow in action ; even with 20 hours exposure at 20°C. they are unreliable. Liquids such as heavy naphtha or trichlorethylene are much more promising.For reading and criticising this paper I am grateful to Professor Buxton in whose department the work was done. My thanks are also due to the Medical Research Council for a grant.
A Synopsis of the African Species of Meteorus (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

This short review is incomplete in so far as it deals only with the material received by the Imperial Institute of Entomology for identification and that which is contained in the collections of the British Museum. A list of the species unknown to me is given at the end of the paper.Nine new species and one new variety are described.
The Larvae of the Lepidoptera associated with stored Products
Authors: Hinton H. E. 
Published: July 2009

During the last year, while I was engaged in work on stored product pests for the Infestation Branch of the Ministry of Food, the necessity arose for identifying Lepidopterous larvae damaging stored food. It was soon found that with few exceptions the available descriptions of these larvae are quite inadequate, as they are usually based entirely on colour, and it became necessary to employ more precise methods. The arrangement of the setae (chaetotaxy) together with other structural characters proved to be reliable for distinguishing the species. By these means those concerned should be able to identify without undue difficulty most of the moth larvae they are likely to encounter. Altogether 35 out of some 70 species which have been found associated with stored products in all parts of the world, can be positively identified by means of the keys and descriptions given in this paper. These 35 species include all the more important British ones and seven which have not yet been recorded in Britain,viz. : Celama sorghiella(Riley),Cryptoblabes gnidiella(Mill.),Acrobasis caryae, Grote,A. juglandis(Le Baron),Etiella zinckenella(Treit.),Pyroderces rileyi(Wals.), andAnchonoma xeraula, Meyr.The data concerning the distribution have been supplied by Dr. A. Steven Corbet and Mr. W. H. T. Tarns and are based on authentic material in the British Museum. The order in which the families and lower systematic categories are arranged in the keys and descriptions is governed only by convenience and not by phylogenetic considerations,e.g., the most primitive family, Tineidae, is dealt with last.
An Account of Schistocerca flavofasciata (De Geer 1773) in Trinidad (Orthoptera : Acrididae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE. 
Published: July 2009

The genus Schistocerca is one of very great economic importance, since it includes the Desert locust of the Old World, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) and the South American locust, S. paranensis (Burm.). It was therefore considered of value to study the life history of one of the solitary species living in Trinidad, and the present investigations were made during 1942 at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture at St. Augustine.The climate of Trinidad is humid tropical. The annual rainfall over nineteen years at St. Augustine averaged 68·4 inches, but in the north-east of the Island the rainfall is over 100 inches per annum, falling to below 60 inches on the West coast. The rainy season usually begins about June, with a break in August or September, and lasts till the end of the year or the early part of January. November may be taken as one of the wettest months with a rainfall of about 11·5 inches (at St. Augustine), while more than half an inch is not usual for April. The humidity in November averages about 85 per cent. in the morning and 77 per cent. in the afternoon, but it is still high in April, being 75 per cent. and 64 per cent. for morning and afternoon respectively. The night humidities are even higher. The temperature remains practically constant throughout the year, averaging about 84°F. (29°C.) during the day, and 74°F. (23·3°C.) at night. The temperature may reach 95°F. (35°C.) during the day in the dry season, but it seldom falls as low as 65°F. (18·3°C.) at night.
The Penetration of Derris through the Spiracles and Cuticle ofMelophagus ovinus, L.
Authors: Webb J. E. 
Published: July 2009

InMelophagus ovinus, derris dust is shown to be absorbed through the spiracles and tracheal system. The amount of dust entering the tracheae is governed by the structure of the inspiratory spiracles and the rate of flow of the inspired air.Factors stimulating the rate of respiration of the insect—i.e., increased muscular activity, the presence of 5 per cent. carbon dioxide and a rise in temperature, increase the rate of entry of derris into the body.Penetration of derris takes place slowly through the external cuticle at 30° C., but not at all at 20°C. It is postulated that the entry of derris through the cuticle probably depends on the hardness of the lipoid layer.
A spraying Apparatus and testing Chamber for investigating the residual Action of insecticidal Deposits
Authors: Webb J. E. 
Published: July 2009

The construction of a spraying tower for obtaining even deposits of insecticide of known weight is given, and the method of adjustment of this apparatus and procedure adopted during spraying are described.To determine the weight of deposit obtained with different liquids under various conditions of spraying, a colorimetric method of estimation was adopted. Deposits of dye solution were collected on test-papers disposed at different positions on the area sprayed, the dye dissolved in 50 cc. of solvent and the concentration of dye in this solution measured by means of the Spekker Photo-electric Absorptiometer. By this method estimations of the weight of dye deposited on each test-paper were made to 0·01 mg. with great rapidity. The solutions of dye used in these experiments were 1 per cent. wt./vol. solution of “Oil Golden Yellow 13777” in petroleum distillate and a 1 per cent. wt./vol. aqueous solution of “Orange 60506”.Series of tests were carried out with both the petroleum distillate and the aqueous dye solutions to determine the replication and distribution of deposits obtained with the spraying tower. It was found that the Standard Deviation of the mean weight of deposit per test-paper for the two spray liquids, both from one test to another and between different positions on the area sprayed in any one test, fell between ±0·8 per cent. and ±3·0 per cent. of the mean under the most favourable conditions for spraying.
Studies on the Behaviour of Adult Australasian Anophelines
Authors: Roberts F. H. S. , O'Sullivan P. J. 
Published: July 2009

Observations are recorded on the habits and behaviour of wild adultA. amictus hilliandA. punctulatus farautiat Cairns, North Queensland, and of the two subspecies and intermediate forms ofA. punctulatusin New Guinea.The most important points determined, which bear on the control of adults ofA. punctulatus, are:—(1) Females disperse from the breeding area shortly after emergence. During the day, they are rarely found indoors in any numbers, but hide away in moist, sheltered places in the bush in the vicinity of the source of the blood-meal. Fertilisation of the female takes place here, and these diurnal resting places are vacated only for the purposes of feeding and oviposition.(2) Both before and after feeding, females rest on the walls, etc., of huts and houses, which they readily enter. There is some evidence that the normal flight is dose to the ground, and only comparatively small numbers enter houses built several feet off the ground.(3) Activity does not usually commence until just after dark, and the peak of abundance occurs in the early hours of the morning.(4) Females may disperse at least one mile from their breeding grounds in search of a blood-meal.(5) In New Guinea there is a distinct preference for the native.(6) WhilstA. pundulatus farautidoes not show any marked preference for man, animal or bird,A. pundulatus pundulatushas very definite androphilous tendencies.The habits ofA. amictus hilliare broadly similar to those ofA. pundulatus farauti, but differ in important details. It does not rest indoors during the day, but its favoured outdoor habitat awaits determination. Only a few females were found at Cairns in the bush diurnal resting places used byA. pundulatus farauti, whilst the large numbers observed on the breeding area were there for the purposes of oviposition. Fertilisation takes place in the breeding area, where the males remain. There also appears to be a different nocturnal periodicity from that observed forA. pundulatus farauti.An attempt was made to determine the ages of the females captured at night and during the day by means of the criteria of ovary development, wing condition, presence of blood and of spermatozoa. The interpretation of these criteria was assisted by observations on bredA. pundulatus pundulatus.
Toxicity of Limewash containing DDT or “Gammexane” to Mosquitos (Aëdes aegypti, L.)
Authors: Hadjinikolau J. , Busvine J. R. 
Published: July 2009

Limewashes containing DDT or “Gammexane” were tested for insecticidal action on mosquitos (Aëdes aegypti) by confining the latter in cages with treated walls and ceilings. Only about 60 per cent, of the total internal surface of the cages were treated but the mosquitos were averse to settling on the floor, window, etc., which constituted a large part (28 per cent.) of the untreated area.Limewashes containing 160 mg. DDT per square foot gave a high kill of mosquitos after two hours' exposure in the cage; and 8 mg. per square foot of the active principle of “Gammexane” gave a high kill with a one hour exposure.Both treatments remained effective for 6–8 weeks under temperate conditions.