bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TFL: an algebraic language to specify the dynamic behaviour of knowledge-based systems
Authors: Pierret-Golbreich Christine , Talon Xavier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTFL, the Task Formal Language, has been developed for integrating the static and dynamic aspects of knowledge based systems. This paper focuses on the formal specification of dynamic behaviour. Although fundamental in knowledge based systems, strategic reasoning has been rather neglected until now by the existing formal specifications. Most languages were generally more focused on the domain and problem-solving knowledge specification than on the control. The formalisation presented here differs from previous ones in several aspects. First, a different representation of dynamic knowledge is proposed: TFL is based on Algebraic Data Types, as opposed to dynamic or temporal logic. Second, dynamic strategic reasoning is emphasised, whereas existing languages only offer to specify algorithmic control. Then, TFL does not only provide the specification of the problem-solving knowledge of the object system, but also of its strategic knowledge. Finally, the dynamic knowledge of the meta-system itself is also specified. Moreover, modularisation is another important feature of the presented language.
Logic Programming and Software engineering—implications for Software design
Authors: Sterling Leon , Yalçinalp Ümit 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLogic programming is a programming paradigm with potential to contribute to software engineering. This paper is concerned with one dimension of that potential, the impact that experience with developing logic programs can have on software design. We present a logic programming perspective on programming patterns, systematic program development, design for provability, and the paradigm of meta-programming.
Application oriented qualitative reasoning
Authors: Travé-Massuyès Louise , Milne Robert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe techniques of qualitative reasoning are now becoming sufficiently mature to be applied to real world problems. In order to better understand which techniques are being used successfully for real world applications, and which application areas can be suitably addressed using qualitative reasoning techniques, it is helpful to have a summary of what application oriented work has been done to date. This helps to provide a picture of the application areas in which the techniques are being applied, and who is working in each application domain. In this paper, we summarize over 40 relevant projects.
Childhood antecedents of personality disorder: An alternative perspective
Authors: Widiger Thomas A. , De Clercq Barbara , De Fruyt Filip 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOne of the fundamental limitations of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition, Text Revision(DSM-IV-TR) categorical model of personality disorder classification has been the lack of a strong scientific foundation, including an understanding of childhood antecedents. TheDSM-IV-TRpersonality disorders, however, do appear to be well understood as maladaptive variants of the domains and facets of the general personality structure as conceptualized within the five-factor model (FFM). Integrating the classification of personality disorder with the FFM brings to an understanding of the personality disorders a considerable body of scientific research on childhood antecedents. The temperaments and traits of childhood do appear to be antecedent to the FFM of adult personality structure, and these temperament and traits of childhood and adolescence are the likely antecedents for adult personality disorder, providing further support for the conceptualization of the adult personality disorders as maladaptive variants of the domains and facets of the FFM. Conceptualizing personality disorders in terms of the FFM thereby provides a basis for integrating the classification of abnormal and normal personality functioning across the life span.
A structural–developmental psychodynamic approach to psychopathology: Two polarities of experience across the life span
Authors: Blatt Sidney J. , Luyten Patrick 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConsistent with principles of developmental psychopathology, this paper presents a broad psychodynamic structural developmental perspective that establishes conceptual continuities between processes of normal personality development, personality organization, concepts of psychopathology, and processes of therapeutic change. The major assumption of this approach is that personality development proceeds in a dialectic synergistic interaction between the development of capacities for interpersonal relatedness and the development of self-definition or identity. Extensive research demonstrates that these two dimensions define two broad types of personality organization, each with a particular experiential mode; preferred forms of cognition, defense, and adaptation; unique qualities of interpersonal relatedness and specific types of object and self-representation. Severe disruptions of this normal dialectic developmental process result in various forms of psychopathology organized in two basic configurations in which there is distorted defensive preoccupation, at different developmental levels, with one of these polarities (relatedness or self-definition) at the expense of the development of the other dimension. This paper reviews empirical findings supporting this approach to normal and disrupted personality development throughout the life cycle and considers its relationship to the internalizing–externalizing distinction in childhood and adolescence, attachment theory, and research on the interaction between biological and psychosocial factors in development across the life span. Finally, we discuss the implications of this approach for intervention and prevention.
Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Fowles Don C. , Krueger Robert F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe clinical concept of psychopathy (“psychopathic personality”) is generally considered to entail persistent behavioral deviancy in the company of emotional–interpersonal detachment. However, longstanding debates continue regarding the appropriate scope and boundaries of the concept. Here, we review alternative historic descriptions of the disorder together with empirical findings for the best-established assessment instruments in use with adolescents and youth as a basis for formulating an integrative, triarchic model of psychopathy. The essence of the triarchic model is that psychopathy encompasses three distinct phenotypic constructs: disinhibition, which reflects a general propensity toward problems of impulse control; boldness, which is defined as the nexus of social dominance, emotional resiliency, and venturesomeness; and meanness, which is defined as aggressive resource seeking without regard for others (“dysaffliated agency”). These differing phenotypic components are considered in terms of relevant etiologic and developmental pathways. The triarchic conceptualization provides a basis for reconciling and accommodating alternative descriptive accounts of psychopathy, and a framework for coordinating research on neurobiological and developmental processes contributing to varying manifestations of the disorder.
Types and continua in developmental psychopathology: Problem behaviors in school and their relationship to later antisocial behavior
Authors: Bergman Lars R. , Andershed Henrik , Andershed Anna-Karin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the study of developmental psychopathology a dimensional, variable-oriented approach dominates over a typological approach. With the person-oriented research paradigm providing the metatheoretical framework, pros and cons of these two approaches are discussed, and it is pointed to different methodological realizations of the typological approach, and to the contexts where they might be appropriate. It is also pointed out that the two important and underused concepts of equifinality and multifinality with advantage can be incorporated in a person-oriented approach. An empirical example is given of the study of the structure of early adolescent problem behaviors and their relationship to later criminality where dimensional as well as typological analyses are carried out. The usefulness of the typological approach in studying the development and early manifestations of the personality disorder psychopathy is also discussed. It is concluded that the usefulness of a typological approach appears to be underestimated.
Representations of the caregiver–child relationship and of the self, and emotion regulation in the narratives of young children whose mothers have borderline personality disorder
Authors: Macfie Jenny , Swan Scott A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBorderline personality disorder (BPD) represents a severe distortion in the development of attachment, self, and emotion regulation. Study of children at high risk of developing BPD may inform precursors to BPD. In a low socioeconomic status sample of 30 children aged 4–7 whose mothers have BPD and 30 normative comparisons, representations of the caregiver–child relationship and of the self, and emotion regulation were assessed with a story-stem completion measure. In contrast to comparisons and controlling for major depressive disorder, children whose mothers have BPD told stories with the following: (a) more parent–child role reversal, more fear of abandonment, and more negative mother–child and father–child relationship expectations; (b) more incongruent and shameful representations of the self; and (c) poorer emotion regulation indicated by more confusion of boundaries between fantasy and reality and between self and fantasy, more fantasy proneness, less narrative coherence, and marginally more intrusion of traumatic themes. In the sample as a whole, (a) a maladaptive caregiver–child relationship composite was associated with maternal identity disturbance and self-harm; (b) a maladaptive self-composite was associated with maternal self-harm; and (c) a maladaptive emotion regulation composite was associated with maternal identity disturbance, negative relationships, and self-harm. Results are discussed in terms of putative precursors to BPD and preventive interventions.
Early maternal separation and the trajectory of borderline personality disorder symptoms
Authors: Crawford Thomas N. , Cohen Patricia R. , Chen Henian , Anglin Deidre M. , Ehrensaft Miriam 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtended maternal separations before age 5 were evaluated as a predictor of long-term risk for offspring borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms in longitudinal data from a large random community sample. Early separations from mother predicted elevations in BPD symptoms assessed repeatedly from early adolescence to middle adulthood. Early separations also predicted a slower than normal rate of decline in symptoms with age. Other theoretically grounded risks were examined and shown to predict elevated BPD symptoms over the developmental trajectory. Long-term effects of early separations were largely independent of childhood temperament, child abuse, maternal problems, and parenting risks. These data provide the first prospectively collected data on the developmental course of BPD symptoms and suggest a series of environmental and other influences on these very disabling problems.
An Anatomy of Change: Profiling Cohort Difference in Beliefs and Attitudes among Anglicans in England
Authors: Village Andrew , Francis Leslie J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConservatism in theological belief, moral values and attitude toward ecclesiastical practices was measured in a sample of 5967 ordained and lay Anglicans in the Church of England. Average scores were compared between those who classed themselves as Anglo-catholic, broad church or evangelical, and by six different age cohorts. Overall, most measures of conservatism showed decline among more recent cohorts, but there were marked differences between traditions. Younger evangelicals showed little or no decline in theological or moral conservatism, and, in the case of Bible beliefs, were more conservative than their older counterparts. In ecclesiastical variables, however, Anglo-catholics were often more conservative and younger evangelicals showed less conservatism than other traditions or older evangelicals. The findings suggest that the divide between traditions is increasing among younger generations mainly because those in Anglo-catholic and broad-church traditions are becoming more liberal on theological or moral matters, whereas evangelicals are maintaining traditional conservative views of theology and morality but becoming less traditional in matters ecclesiastical.
Substance Misuse and Early Psychosis
Authors: Tucker Peter 
Published: July 2009

Objective: This paper sought to review current knowledge about the relationship between substance misuse and early psychosis. Methods: A literature search was conducted using Medline and restricting the search to articles after 1996. Additional articles were sourced from reference lists of relevant articles. Results: There is a high prevalence of substance misuse among persons with early psychosis, with cannabis and alcohol featuring prominently. Substance misuse is associated with earlier onset and possibly more positive symptoms, although apparently not with greater cognitive impairment. Cannabis appears to confer an increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia in biologically vulnerable individuals. Amphetamines also cause psychosis which may become chronic, although specific vulnerability to this effect is less well established. Many cases of so-called ‘drug-induced psychosis’ become diagnosed as schizophrenia in later years. Specific intervention programs report positive outcomes with regard to substance misuse and the course of psychosis. Conclusions: Substance misuse should always be assessed in this patient group, bearing in mind the potential interactive causes of psychopathology. Intervention is of value in improving outcomes.
Patients who do Well and who do Less Well in an Inpatient Adolescent Unit
Authors: Mathai John , Bourne Angela 
Published: July 2009

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to investigate whether patient characteristics such as age, sex, length of inpatient stay and reason for admission were related to positive or negative treatment outcome at an adolescent inpatient unit. Method: This study employed a prospective cohort design in the form of a clinical audit. Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) pre- and post-admission scores were compared for the whole sample and across diagnoses. Results: While there was a significant reduction overall in symptoms following an inpatient stay, patient characteristics and reason for admission were not related to outcomes at a statistically significant level. Conclusions: This inpatient unit generally functions as a short stay unit and as a result it is difficult to draw any meaningful conclusions as to what sort of patient would benefit most from an admission to the unit.
Soaring on the Wings of the Wind: Freud, Jews and Judaism
Authors: Kaplan Robert 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: This paper looks at Freud's Jewish identity in the context of the Jewish experience in Eastern and Central Europe after 1800, using his family history and significant figures in his life as illustration. Sigmund Freud's life as a Jew is deeply paradoxical, if not enigmatic. He mixed almost exclusively with Jews while living all his life in an anti-Semitic environment. Yet he eschewed Jewish ritual, referred to himself as a godless Jew and sought to make his movement acceptable to gentiles. At the end of his life, dismayed by the rising forces of nationalism, he accepted that he was in his heart a Jew “in spite of all efforts to be unprejudiced and impartial”. The 18th century Haskalla (Jewish Enlightenment) was a form of rebellion against conformity and a means of escape from shtetl life. In this intense, entirely inward means of intellectual escape and revolt against authority, strongly tinged with sexual morality, we see the same tensions that were to manifest in the publication by a middle-aged Viennese neurologist of a truly revolutionary book to herald the new 20th century: The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud's life and work needs to be understood in the context of fin-de-siécle Vienna. Mitteleuropa, the cultural renaissance of Central Europe, resulted from the emancipation and urbanization of the burgeoning Jewish middle class, who adopted to the cosmopolitan environment more successfully than any other group. In this there is an extreme paradox: the Jewish success in Vienna was a tragedy of success. Conclusions: Freud, despite a deliberate attempt to play down his Jewish origins to deflect anti-Semitic attacks, is the most representative Jew of his time and his thinking and work represents the finest manifestation of the Litvak mentality.
Mixture Model to Assess the Extent of Cross-Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Hospitals
Authors: Mikolajczyk Rafael T. , Kauermann Göran , Sagel Ulrich , Kretzschmar Mirjam 
Published: July 2009

Objective.Creation of a mixture model based on Poisson processes for assessment of the extent of cross-transmission of multidrug-resistant pathogens in the hospital.Methods.We propose a 2-component mixture of Poisson processes to describe the time series of detected cases of colonization. The first component describes the admission process of patients with colonization, and the second describes the cross-transmission. The data set used to illustrate the method consists of the routinely collected records for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), imipenem-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistantAcinetobacter baumanniiover a period of 3 years in a German tertiary care hospital.Results.For MRSA and multidrug-resistantA. baumannii, cross-transmission was estimated to be responsible for more than 80% of cases; for imipenem-resistantP. aeruginosa, cross-transmission was estimated to be responsible for 59% of cases. For new cases observed within a window of less than 28 days for MRSA and multidrug-resistantA. baumanniior 40 days for imipenem-resistantP. aeruginosa, there was a 50% or greater probability that the cause was cross-transmission.Conclusions.The proposed method offers a solution to assessing of the extent of cross-transmission, which can be of clinical use. The method can be applied using freely available software (the package FlexMix in R) and it requires relatively little data.
Bahiaxenidae, a “living fossil” and a new family of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) discovered in Brazil
Authors: Bravo Freddy , Pohl Hans , Silva‐Neto Alberto , Beutel Rolf G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn adult male of a newly discovered strepsipteran species from Brazil—Bahiaxenos relictus—is described. A new family Bahiaxenidae is suggested based on cladistic analyses of comprehensive morphological data sets with a broad taxon sampling including the stem group. It is unambiguously placed as the sister group of all other extant families of Strepsiptera. Bahiaxenos relictus is the only species of basal, i.e. non‐stylopidian, Strepsiptera occurring in the New World. It appears to be a relict taxon that has survived in the fossil sand dunes of the São Francisco River (Bahia State). The loss of the 8th antennomere and the greatly reduced labrum are autapomorphies of Strepsiptera s.s. excluding Bahiaxenidae. The sister group relationship between†Protoxenidae and the remaining Strepsiptera, and between †Cretostylops and a clade comprising †Mengea and Strepsiptera s.s., is confirmed, as is the monophyly of Stylopidia and Stylopiformia.
Accumulation of transgene‐derived siRNAs is not sufficient for RNAi‐mediated protection against Citrus tristeza virus in transgenic Mexican lime
Authors: LÓPEZ CARMELO , CERVERA MAGDALENA , FAGOAGA CARMEN , MORENO PEDRO , NAVARRO LUIS , FLORES RICARDO , PEÑA LEANDRO 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYMexican lime plants transformed with the 3′‐terminal 549 nucleotides of the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) genome in sense, antisense and intron‐hairpin formats were analysed for transgene‐derived transcript and short interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation, and for CTV resistance. Propagations from all sense, antisense and empty‐vector transgenic lines were susceptible to CTV, except for a single sense‐line plant with a complex transgene integration pattern that showed transgene‐derived siRNAs in association with low levels of the transgene‐derived transcript. In contrast, nine of 30 intron‐hairpin lines showed CTV resistance, with 9%–56% of bud‐propagated plants, depending on the line, remaining uninfected on graft inoculation, and the others being susceptible. Although resistance was always associated with the presence of transgene‐derived siRNAs, their level in different sense and intron‐hairpin transformants was variable irrespective of the response to CTV infection. In intron‐hairpin lines with single transgene integration, CTV resistance was correlated with low accumulation of the transgene‐derived transcript rather than with high accumulation of transgene‐derived siRNAs.
A comparison of two formulations of intradermal capsaicin as models of neuropathic pain in healthy volunteers
Authors: Gustafsson Helena , Åkesson Johanna , Lau Chai Li , Williams Desmond , Miller Lisa , Yap Sharon , Rolan Paul 
Published: July 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Intradermal capsaicin has some utility as a model of neuropathic pain• Dose–response relationships have not been well documented• Two formulations have previously been used but their performance has not been compared WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Dose–response relationships for both formulations• The formulations are not equivalent at all doses• The hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin formulation is preferableAIMSTo compare the dose–response relationships of two formulations [Tween‐ or hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD)‐based] of intradermal capsaicin in healthy volunteers and to assess the effect of potential covariates of response. One, 10, 30 and 100 µg in 10 ml were compared for the outcomes of flare, spontaneous pain, mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in eight healthy men and eight healthy women.RESULTSThe formulations produced comparable responses at doses 1, 10 and 30 µg, but in all parameters the response was less at 100 µg with the Tween formulation. Mean area for hyperalgesia was 9 cm2[95% confidence interval (CI) 5, 13] higher with the HP‐β‐CD formulation. Flare area was 5 cm2 (95% CI 8, 13) greater with the HP‐β‐CD formulation. There was a significant difference between pain responses from the injection site on the upper forearm compared with the lower forearm on all four pain assessments. In contrast, significant differences were seen in pain response between nondominant and dominant arm for flare, allodynia and hyperalgesia but not for spontaneous pain. A significant difference in sex was seen only for hyperalgesia. The nominal 100‐µg dose of the Tween formulation contained only 39% of label strength in the aqueous phase, which may explain the lower pharmacodynamic response.CONCLUSIONThe formulations are comparable over the dose range 1–30 µg. The significantly lower pain response at the 100 µg dose in the Tween compared with the HP‐β‐CD formulation is likely to be due to limitations in solubility at the 100 µg level. Given the greater ease of formulation and the superior dose–response relationship, the HP‐β‐CD formulation is preferable for use in the model in future studies.