bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free cyclitol unloading from seed coats on stem–leaf–pod explants of low-raffinose, low-stachyose, low-phytin soybean
Authors: Kosina Suzanne M. , Schnebly Steven R. , Obendorf Ralph L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRaffinose, stachyose and phytin are undesirable compounds for soybean food and animal feed products. In seeds, raffinose and stachyose are believed to contribute to desiccation and cold stress tolerance. Thus, removal of these compounds from soybean by genetic mutation has resulted in a more commercially desirable composition, but potentially less physiologically viable seeds. In an effort to develop a method to improve viability and seed storability in soybean, stem–leaf–pod explants of three low raffinose, low stachyose lines, two of which were also low in phytin, and a check line were fed solutions containing d-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol or d-pinitol, free cyclitols which unload through the seed coat to the developing embryo where they accumulate as fagopyritols, galactinol and galactopinitols, respectively, during seed maturation. Increased galactopinitol and fagopyritol accumulation may substitute for the roles of raffinose and stachyose in low raffinose, stachyose and phytin seeds. Explants of all lines unloaded d-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol and d-pinitol. Fed d-chiro-inositol accumulated in leaf tissues demonstrating uptake into explants. Fed d-chiro-inositol and myo-inositol accumulated in pod wall and seed coat tissues of one or more lines. The results indicate that d-chiro-inositol was unloaded from the seed coat to the embryo in increased amounts after feeding. The potential use of increased maternal d-chiro-inositol for synthesis of fagopyritols in embryos to improve seed performance in low-stachyose and low-phytin soybean seeds is supported. The seed coat cup unloading of fed free cyclitols may provide a model system to test effective unloading of upregulated maternally synthesized cyclitols.
Transparency of complex regulation: how should WTO trade policy reviews deal with sanitary and phytosanitary policies?
Authors: ZAHRNT VALENTIN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures that protect human, animal, and plant health can impede trade and provoke high-profile disputes. This paper argues that the WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) could play an important role in defusing the trade-disrupting potential of SPS regulation. The most promising avenue is to review in greater detail the policy-making procedures that lead to SPS measures. How transparent and independent are countries' risk assessments of health hazards? Which provisions have countries taken to account for trade effects when selecting SPS measures? Do countries give foreign interests adequate possibility to voice their concerns over proposed SPS regulation? If reviews motivate countries to improve their policy-making processes, this will contribute to making SPS regulation less trade-restrictiveandmore effective in protecting health. To reach this objective, special trade policy reviews dedicated exclusively to SPS regulation might be introduced as a complement to the current reviews of countries' overall trade policies. Such a move could serve as a model for establishing further issue-specific reviews that address technical barriers to trade, trade in services, and other complex regulatory challenges.
Assessing inter- and intra-cultivar variation in Greek Prunus avium by SSR markers
Authors: Ganopoulos Ioannis V. , Avramidou Evagellia , Fasoula Dionisia A. , Diamantidis Grigorios , Aravanopoulos Filippos A. 
Published: September 2010

Prunus avium cultivars widely used in northern Greece were investigated in terms of inter- and intra-cultivar genetic variation and DNA fingerprinting. Based on 11 simple sequence repeats loci, the average number of alleles per locus (Na = 2.82), probability of identity (PID = 0.327), polymorphic information content (0.451) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.494) were within the range reported in similar studies. The most informative markers were BPPCT039 and EMPa018. The cultivars were clearly separated in both an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram and a multivariate space ordination. Any two cultivars differed on the average at 6.30 loci. The null hypothesis of zero intra-cultivar variability was tested and could not be rejected. Two cultivars (Tragana Edessis and Tragana Sarakinon) were genetically similar, but not identical. This study, the first of its kind for sweet cherry in Greece, presents a useful molecular tool for resolving issues of intra-cultivar variability and synonimity and provides a warranty of genetic identity in the handling and management of local traditional germplasm.
Intramural dyssynchrony and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with and without previous right ventricular pacing
Authors: Bank Alan J. , Kaufman Christopher L. , Burns Kevin V. , Parah Joshua S. , Johnson Lauren , Kelly Aaron S. , Shroff Sanjeev G. , Kaiser Daniel R. 
Published: September 2010

AimsRight ventricular (RV) pacing is an iatrogenic cause of heart failure (HF) that has not been well studied. We assessed whether HF patients paced from the right ventricle (RVp) adversely remodel and respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in a similar way to HF patients without right ventricular pacing (nRVp).Methods and resultsEchocardiograms were performed before and ~5 months after CRT in 31 RVp and 49 nRVp HF patients. Longitudinal intraventricular dyssynchrony using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) was calculated as the standard deviation of time to peak systolic displacement by tissue tracking (SD‐TT) of 12 segments. Longitudinal dyssynchrony within a wall (intramural dyssynchrony) was assessed by two methods: quantifying the number of segments with initial abnormal apical displacement (IMD score) and using a cross‐correlation synchrony index (CCSI). Despite similar ejection fractions (EFs) of 28% prior to CRT, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume was significantly smaller (143 ± 54 vs. 183 ± 62, P = 0.004) in RVp. The standard deviation of time to peak systolic displacement by tissue tracking (83.4 ± 34.9 vs. 67.9 ± 26.6, P = 0.03) and IMD score (3.1 ± 1.8 vs. 1.3 ± 1.7, P < 0.001) were greater in RVp. Cardiac resynchronization therapy significantly improved EF and volumes in both groups. Ejection fraction increased more in RVp (12.8 ± 9.2% vs. 7.4 ± 7.6%, P = 0.007). Intraventricular dyssynchrony and both measures of intramural septal dyssynchrony improved to a greater extent post‐CRT in RVp.ConclusionRight ventricular pacing patients differ from nRVp HF patients in that they have smaller ventricles and greater intraventricular and intramural septal dyssynchrony. Right ventricular pacing HF patients respond better to CRT with greater improvements in EF, and intraventricular and intramural septal dyssynchrony.
Association of the Pattern of Use of Perioperative β-Blockade and Postoperative Mortality
Authors: Wallace Arthur W. , Au Selwyn , Cason Brian A. 
Published: September 2010

Background
The 1996 atenolol study provided evidence that perioperative β-adrenergic receptor blockade (β-blockade) reduced postsurgical mortality. In 1998, the indications for perioperative β-blockade were codified as the Perioperative Cardiac Risk Reduction protocol and implemented at the San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California. The present study analyzed the association of the pattern of use of perioperative β-blockade with perioperative mortality since introduction of the Perioperative Cardiac Risk Reduction protocol.

Methods
Epidemiologic analysis of the operations undertaken since 1996 at the San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center was performed. The pattern of use of perioperative β-blockade was divided into four groups: None, Addition, Withdrawal, and Continuous. Logistic regression, survival analysis, and propensity analysis were performed.

Results
A total of 38,779 operations were performed between 1996 and 2008. In patients meeting Perioperative Cardiac Risk Reduction indications for perioperative β-blockade, Addition is associated with a reduction in 30-day (odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33 to 0.83; P = 0.006) and 1-yr mortality (OR, 0.64; 95%, CI 0.51 to 0.79; P < 0.0001). Continuous is associated with a reduction in 30-day (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.98; P = 0.04) and 1-yr mortality (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.0; P = 0.05). Withdrawal is associated with an increase in 30-day (OR 3.93, 95% CI, 2.57 to 6.01; P less than 0.0001) and 1-yr mortality (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.49 to 2.58; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Perioperative β-blockade administered according to the Perioperative Cardiac Risk Reduction protocol is associated with a reduction in 30-day and 1-yr mortality. Perioperative withdrawal of β-blockers is associated with increased mortality.
Use of noninvasive ventilation on internal wards for elderly patients with limitations to respiratory care: a cohort study
Authors: Corral‐Gudino Luis , Jorge‐Sánchez Ramón José , García‐Aparicio Judit , Herrero‐Herrero José Ignacio , López‐Bernús Amparo , Borao‐Cengotita‐Bengoa María , Martín‐González José Ignacio , Moreiro‐Barroso María Teresa 
Published: September 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 59–69AbstractBackground  The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) outside the intensive wards has been evaluated in patients with no limitation on life‐sustaining support. Our aim was to evaluate its usefulness in general wards for patients with NPPV as the ceiling of ventilator care when admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) has been withheld.Materials and methods  Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was used in 44 patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and limitations to respiratory care– 22 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and 22 with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (CPE). Survival at hospital discharge, and survival and readmission rate at 12 months were assessed.Results  Sixty‐three per cent of COPD and 55% of CPE patients survived hospital discharge; and 50% and 37% respectively, were alive after 1 year. The cause of the in‐hospital mortality was related to the admission diagnosis in 88% of cases. Cancer in COPD patients [P = 0·040, odds ratio (OR) = 15, 95% CI = 1·14–198] and the completion of NPPV treatment in both diseases (P = 0·008, OR = 0·03, 95% CI = 0·00–0·39 for COPD and P = 0·010, OR = 0·04, 95% CI = 0·00–0·45 for CPE) were related to in‐hospital mortality.Fifty‐six per cent of COPD and 33% of CPE patients that survived hospital admission were readmitted.Conclusions  Our study suggests that the use of NPPV in general wards could be a safe and effective option, as a last choice treatment, in patients with NPPV as the ceiling of ventilator care when admission to ICU has been withheld.
M25 roadworks reveal earliest UK Neanderthal occupation at Dartford
Authors: Wenban‐Smith Francis 
Published: September 2010

As anyone travelling on the roads of southeast England between 2006 and 2008 has probably been aware, major improvements have recently been made at the junction of the M25 and A2 motorways, south of the main Dartford crossing of the River Thames (Fig. 1). The roadworks, funded by the UK Highways Agency, with the main contractors Jacobs Babtie and Costain, were accompanied by archaeological investigations carried out by Oxford Archaeology between 2003 and 2006. The archaeological programme had a major Palaeolithic/Pleistocene element under my direction (Fig. 2) that has produced evidence of Neanderthal occupation early in the last glaciation (the Devensian, which lasted from 115 000 to 10 000 bp), during a period when Britain had until now, been thought to have been entirely deserted.Site location and areas of investigation.imageThe author examines flint artefacts.image
Effect of different precooking methods on chemical composition and lipid damage of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle
Authors: Naseri Mahmood , Rezaei Masoud , Moieni Sohrab , Hosseni Hedayat , Eskandari Soheil 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe influence of three precooking methods (steaming, oven‐baking and microwave‐cooking) on the chemical composition and lipid quality of silver carp fillets was evaluated. The changes in protein, fat and moisture were found to be significant for all the treatments (P ≤ 0.05). The iron content in the samples subjected to steam‐cooking increased; however, the other precooking methods did not change the mineral contents (P ≥ 0.05). The free fatty acid content of the fillets did not change by the different precooking methods, while thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased for oven‐ and microwave‐cooked fillets and remained constant in the steam‐cooked samples. Conjugated diene and browning colour formation levels significantly increased in the oven‐baked fillets. Oven‐baking and microwave‐cooking marginally affected the fatty acid composition of the silver carp. On comparing the raw and precooked fillets, steam‐cooking was found to be the best precooking method on retaining nutritional constituents.
Studies on different combined microwave drying of carrot pieces
Authors: Yan Wei‐Qiang , Zhang Min , Huang Lue‐Lue , Tang Juming , Mujumdar Arun S. , Sun Jin‐Cai 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThree different combined microwave (MW) drying methods were compared, namely microwave‐assisted vacuum drying (MWVD), microwave‐assisted freeze drying (MWFD), microwave‐enhanced spouted bed drying (MWSD), in terms of drying rate, drying uniformity, product colour, rehydration ratio, retention of β‐carotene and vitamin C, and energy consumption. The drying rate of MWVD and MWSD were much faster than that of MWFD. The largest drying rate was obtained in MWSD with 3.5 W g−1. In general, the colour of MWSD products was very uniform. Rehydration ratio of MWFD carrot pieces was almost the same as the freeze‐dried (FD) products and better than MWVD and MWSD products. In addition, the highest retention of carotene and vitamin C was observed in MWFD carrot pieces. No significant differences were observed in carotene and vitamin C between MWVD and MWSD products. However, the energy consumption in MWFD was the highest.
Proximate composition and nutritional profile of by‐products from green urchin and Atlantic sea cucumber processing plants
Authors: Mamelona Jean , Saint‐Louis Richard , Pelletier Émilien 
Published: September 2010

SummaryProximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and mineral and vitamin contents of by‐products from Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) and green urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) processing plants were investigated. Results showed that sea cucumber viscera, urchin digestive tract (UDT) and non‐commercial grade gonads contained 4.5–14.4% total proteins and 1.9–4.6% lipids (wet weight basis). They were rich in essential amino acids with values of about 36% of total amino acids. Samples were also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (44% of total fatty acids) and showed high content in EPA (∼17% of total fatty acids), but low DHA level (0.2%) was observed. In terms of vitamins content, UDT showed highest retinol and alpha‐tocopherol contents when compared to other marine samples. Results showed that by‐products from echinoderm processing plants contain various nutritious components with levels generally comparable even better than their edible counterparts, and efforts should be invested to valorise these biological wastes in a world context of rarefaction of nutritional marine resources.
The effect of homogenisation on the stability of pineapple pulp
Authors: Silva Vanessa Martins , Sato Ana Carla Kawazoe , Barbosa Geraldo , Dacanal Gustavo , Ciro‐Velásquez Héctor José , Cunha Rosiane Lopes 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPineapple pulp was homogenised at different pressures, and its stability investigated by way of flow curves, particle size distribution, morphology, cloudiness and sedimentation. The particle size of the homogenised pulp ranged from 400 to 100 μm for homogenisation pressures of between 0 and 700 bar. The pineapple pulp showed shear thinning behaviour with increasing flow index (n) after processing at higher pressures. In addition, the pulps with smaller particles showed less serum cloudiness, even though the sedimentation tests showed the highest stability for pulp homogenised between 200 and 300 bar. Above 400 bar, the pulp showed phase separation and higher sedimentation indexes, similar to that observed for the untreated samples, which was attributed to the formation of aggregates because of interparticle attraction.
Potential of chitosan coating in delaying the postharvest anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) of Eksotika II papaya
Authors: Ali Asgar , Muhammad Mahmud Tengku Muda , Sijam Kamaruzaman , Siddiqui Yasmeen 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity of chitosan was studied against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose in papaya fruits. Chitosan at 1.5% and 2.0% concentrations showed a fungistatic effect with 90–100% inhibition (significant at P ≤ 0.05) of the fungal mycelial growth. Changes in the conidial morphology were also observed with the higher chitosan concentrations after 7‐ h incubation. In vivo studies showed that 1.5% and 2.0% chitosan coatings on papaya not only controlled the fruit decay but also delayed the onset of disease symptoms by 3–4 weeks during 5 weeks storage at 12 ± 1 °C and slowed down the subsequent disease development. However, when leaving the fruits to ripen at ambient temperature (28 ± 2 °C), 2.0% chitosan was less effective than 1.5% in controlling the disease development. Chitosan coatings also delayed the ripening process by maintaining the firmness levels, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity values during and after storage.
Combination of hot air drying and deep‐fat frying to reduce the oil content in chicken nuggets
Authors: Martínez‐Ávila M. , Vélez‐Ruiz J. F. , Sosa‐Morales M. E. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe combination of hot air drying and frying to reduce oil uptake in chicken nuggets was analysed. Two air velocities (2 and 4 m s−1) and two dry bulb temperatures (44 and 61 °C) were employed in the drying process, as a treatment before or after deep‐fat frying at 160 °C for 90 s in fresh soybean oil. The lowest fat content was obtained by frying followed of drying at 61 °C with air velocity of 2 m s−1. When drying was applied before frying, mass transfer (moisture loss) during the drying process was modelled according to Fick’s second law; diffusion coefficients ranged between 1.03 and 3.33 × 10−6 m2 s−1. When drying was applied after frying, a constant rate period was observed during drying process, with velocities between 0.002 and 0.02 kgwater/kgdry solids·min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to observe differences in the topography of chicken nuggets obtained from frying or the combination of frying and drying.
Engaging first‐year students through online collaborative assessments
Authors: Kelly D. , Baxter J.S. , Anderson A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSubstantial increases in the size of many undergraduate classes in recent years have limited the ways in which students can engage with their disciplines and become active participants in their learning. This paper presents a methodology which uses a basic WebCT platform to improve the way in which students in large classes learn. The approach, termed the Collaborative Online Assessment approach, provides a structured, scaffolded learning environment for students to engage with their peers in collaborative assessments. Results from a year‐long application of the approach with first‐year psychology students are presented. These show that the approach facilitates active student engagement throughout the academic year, and is associated with improved marks in the final written exam. This improvement in exam performance is significantly greater for students not intending to major in psychology (traditionally poorer performers). The paper discusses the implications of these findings in relation to learning theories and provides a critique for further improvement of the approach.
Plant phenotype influences the effect of ant mutualists on a polymorphic mangrove
Authors: Piovia‐Scott Jonah 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. This study examines the effect of ant mutualists on two morphs of the mangrove Conocarpus erectus. ‘Silver’C. erectus plants have a dense layer of leaf hairs, or trichomes, while ‘green’ plants have very few trichomes. Ants are attracted to extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) produced on the foliage of both high‐ and low‐trichome morphs. 2. High‐trichome plants produced fewer and smaller EFNs. Conocarpus erectus plants with fewer and smaller EFNs produced less nectar and attracted fewer ants. 3. Ant exclusion increased herbivory and decreased growth in low‐trichome plants, but had no detectable effect on herbivory and growth in high‐trichome plants. 4. Synthesis. This study demonstrates that intraspecific variation in a direct anti‐herbivore defence influences the magnitude of the beneficial effect of ants on plants. Individuals with low trichome densities benefitted from ant mutualists while individuals with high trichome densities did not. This likely creates stronger selection for the maintenance of EFN production in low‐trichome plants, a conclusion supported by the fact that low‐trichome plants produced more and larger EFNs than high‐trichome plants, and suggests that the two morphs are on divergent evolutionary trajectories with regard to anti‐herbivore defence.
Effect of explosive shallow hydrothermal vents on δ13C and growth performance in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Vizzini Salvatrice , Tomasello Agostino , Maida Germana Di , Pirrotta Maria , Mazzola Antonio , Calvo Sebastiano 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. Explosive volcanic submarine activity is expected to affect seagrass communities due to sudden and dramatic changes in the physical and chemical features of sea water and sediments, with possibly large ecosystem effects. However, seagrass response to the harsh environmental conditions that arise due to explosive volcanism is as yet unexplored as it is not easy to predict when and where an eruption will occur. Here, we investigate the uptake of hydrothermal carbon within the seagrass Posidonia oceanica by the analysis of δ13C and growth rates in tissue laid down before and after an exceptional and massive hydrothermal gas release in the Aeolian Islands (Italy, Mediterranean Sea). 2. Hydrothermal submarine activity was recorded by P. oceanica, which showed a large and persistent 13C‐depletion in both scales and rhizomes in the site close to the eruption. Both increased CO2 availability and reduced carbon demand, as a consequence of stressful environmental conditions (e.g. light limitation due to turbidity, high temperature), combined to give much lower δ13C signatures. Our results suggest that the explosive volcanism caused physiological stress in the seagrass, leading to a reduction in productivity, whereas slower, more diffuse release of hydrothermal CO2 is known to enhance seagrass productivity. 3
. Synthesis. We analysed the effect of a sudden and large hydrothermal event on δ13C interannual variations and growth of the seagrass P. oceanica. Our results confirm that shallow submarine hydrothermal vents can be used as natural laboratories for exploring biological responses to acute and often extreme environmental conditions. P. oceanica can record geological events by capturing CO2 derived from vent systems, with implications for habitat management to mitigate against raising CO2 levels and ocean acidification. This leads the way to further studies to evaluate the effects of hydrothermal carbon on shallow ecosystems.