bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On discretizations of cumulative distribution functions
Authors: Jensen Gerd , Pommerenke Christian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStochastic processes in discrete time are considered which develop through the successive application of independent positive multipliers and also are martingales. We construct optimal discretizations and derive properties of the Mellin‐Stieltjes transforms of the cumulative distribution functions of the multipliers. Discretization means approximation by positive random variables with values in a given discrete set. It will be shown that the independence of the factors will be preserved in this procedure. The important case that discretization leads to multipliers with values in some fixed geometric progression allows one to write the Mellin‐Stieltjes transforms as Laurent series. The processes are then investigated by using the fact that the Mellin‐Stieltjes transform of an independent product is the product of the transforms of its factors. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Effect of electromagnetic centrifugal casting on solidification microstructure of cast high speed steel roll
Authors: Zhang T. , Wang Q. , Song X. , Fu H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUsing self‐made electromagnetic centrifugal casting machine, optical microscopy (OM) and D/max2200pc X‐ray diffraction, the solidification microstructure and phases of as‐cast high speed steel(HSS) roll made by sand casting, centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting were investigated. The experiment results show that the phases of as‐cast high speed steel (HSS) roll are alloy carbide (such as W2C, VC, Cr7C3), martensite and austenite. The centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting can apparently improve the solidification structure of HSS roll. With the increase of electromagnetic field intensity (B), the volume fraction of austenite in the HSS solidification structure increased obviously and eutectic ledeburite decreased, the secondary carbide precipitated from the austenite is more fine and distribution of secondary carbide is more even.
High temperature test rig for inert atmosphere miniature specimen creep testing
Authors: Peter D. , Otto F. , Depka T. , Nörtershäuser P. , Eggeler G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA creep test rig is described which allows to perform creep experiments with miniature tensile creep specimens under an inert gas atmosphere at temperatures up to 1150°C. Previous work on the development of a miniature tensile creep test procedure is described. The key elements of the new inert gas system are then described. The test rig yields reliable creep data. Three examples for applications of the new system addressing grain boundary sliding in a TiAl alloy, creep cavitation and damage accumulation in copper and to provide high temperature creep data for a Co‐Re‐Cr alloy are given.
Extended theory for orbital drilling (helical drill‐milling)
Authors: Fangmann S. , Meyer I. , Brinksmeier E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBeim Orbitalbohren bewegt sich das Werkzeug (spezieller Schaftfräser) relativ zum Werkstück auf einer Helixbahn. Durch die dreidimensionale Werkzeugbahn und die überlagerte rotierende Schnittbewegung des Werkzeugs entsteht am Werkstück eine komplexe Bearbeitungstopographie, die die zerspantechnische Eingriffsbedingung des Werkzeugs vorgibt. Die daraus resultierenden Eingriffsbedingungen wurden in der Arbeit “Orbital Drilling Kinematics [1]” hergeleitet. In diesem Artikel werden zwei neue Themenschwerpunkte, die sich aus den Ergebnissen vorangegangener Veröffentlichungen ergeben haben, behandelt. Im ersten Teil werden die bisherigen theoretischen Erkenntnisse mit dem Inhalt einer nahezu parallel entstandenen Veröffentlichung verglichen und diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil wird das bisherige theoretische Modell, welches sich zur Berechnung der Spanungsquerschnitte von Mantel‐ und Stirnschnitt auf den Bohrungsmittelpunkt bezieht, weiterentwickelt. Die Erweiterung des bisherigen Modells erfolgt mit der Zielsetzung eine mathematische Beschreibung der Schnittzonen in Abhängigkeit zum Werkzeugmittelpunkt herzuleiten. Mit dieser Beschreibung wird es möglich, einen mathematischen Bezug von aktuellem Eingriffswinkel und zugehörigem Spanungsquerschnitt des Werkzeugs zu formulieren. Abschließend werden Ansätze für die Entwicklung eines Zerspankraftmodells für das Orbitalbohren aufgezeigt.
Experimental investigation of microsegregation in low frequency electromagnetic casting 7075 aluminum alloy
Authors: Chen D. , Zhang H. , Jiang H. , Cui J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract7075 aluminum alloy ingots were prepared by the process of low frequency electromagnetic casting (low frequency electromagnetic casting = LFEC) and conventional direct chill (direct chill = DC) casting, respectively. The effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on microsegregation were investigated from eutectic analysis and electro probe microanalysis (EPMA). It was found that the amount of the eutectic, which was composed of α‐Al (aluminum phase), T phase and MgZn2 was decreased markedly. In contrast, the solute concentration profiles which depend on solid fraction were increased to a certain extent with the presence of low frequency electromagnetic field. The effective distribution coefficient ke was calculated, and the values of ke for solutes in the LFEC sample were bigger than those in the DC sample. The LFEC process alleviated the microsegregation in 7075 aluminum alloy.
Are the yips a task‐specific dystonia or “golfer's cramp”?
Authors: Adler Charles H. , Crews Debra , Kahol Kanav , Santello Marco , Noble Brie , Hentz Joseph G. , Caviness John N. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study compared golfers with and without the yips using joint movement and surface electromyographic detectors. Fifty golfers (25 with and 25 without complaints of the yips) were studied while putting. All putts were videotaped. Surface electromyography assessed arm cocontraction. A CyberGlove II (Immersion Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) assessed right‐arm angular movements. Primary analysis was done by subjective complaint of the yips, whereas secondary analysis was done by video evidence of an involuntary movement. When grouped by subjective complaints, there were no differences in any movement parameter. When grouped by video evidence of an involuntary movement, yips cases had more (P < 0.001) angular movement in wrist pronation/supination and a trend (P = 0.08) for wrist flexor/extensor cocontraction (yips: 7 of 17, 41.2%; no yips: 6 of 33, 18.2%). Golfers with video evidence of an involuntary movement while putting have excessive rotation of the right wrist in a pronation/supination motion and, as previously reported, a trend for wrist flexor/extensor cocontraction. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Signaling pathways in ascidian oocyte maturation: The roles of cAMP/Epac, intracellular calcium levels, and calmodulin kinase in regulating GVBD
Authors: Lambert Charles C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMost mature ascidian oocytes undergo germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) when released by the ovary into sea water (SW). Acidic SW blocks this but they can be stimulated by raising the pH, increasing intracellular cAMP levels by cell permeant forms, inhibiting its breakdown or causing synthesis. Boltenia villosa oocytes undergo GVBD in response to these drugs. However, the cAMP receptor protein kinase A (PKA) does not appear to be involved, as oocytes are not affected by the kinase inhibitor H‐89. Also, the PKA independent Epac agonist 8CPT‐2Me‐cAMP stimulates GVBD in acidic SW. GVBD is inhibited in calcium free sea water (CaFSW). The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM blocks GVBD at 10 µM. GVBD is also inhibited when the ryanodine receptors (RYR) are blocked by tetracaine or ruthenium red but not by the IP3 inhibitor D‐609. However, dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), a protein kinase activator, stimulates GVBD in BAPTA, tetracaine or ruthenium red blocked oocytes. The calmodulin kinase inhibitor KN‐93 blocks GVBD at 10 µM. This and preceding papers support the hypothesis that the maturation inducing substance (MIS) produced by the follicle cells in response to increased pH causes activation of a G protein which triggers cAMP synthesis. The cAMP then activates an Epac molecule, which causes an increase in intracellular calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor. The increased intracellular calcium subsequently activates calmodulin kinase, which causes an increase in cdc25 phosphatase activity, activating MPF and the progression of the oocyte into meiosis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:726–733, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of developmental competence‐related genes in mature porcine oocytes
Authors: Yuan Ye , Ida Jennifer M. , Paczkowski Melissa , Krisher Rebecca L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOocyte competence is a key factor limiting female fertility, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to oocyte competence remain unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate specific genes whose function contributes to oocyte competence. We observed that 6 of 20 target genes examined were differentially expressed between adult (more competent) and prepubertal (less competent) porcine in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes. These genes were the cholesterol synthesis‐related gene HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR), fatty acid oxidation genes acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 3 (ACSL3) and long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL), glycolytic genes fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (ALDOA) and lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF). These 6 genes, as well as 3 other genes [porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), transcribed loci 10 (TL10), serine/arginine‐rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1)], were further analyzed by comparing transcript abundance in IVM and in vivo matured (VVM) prepubertal and adult porcine oocytes. Among these 9 target genes, 5 were differentially expressed between IVM and VVM prepubertal oocytes, while 8 genes were differentially expressed between IVM and VVM adult oocytes. No genes were differentially expressed between VVM prepubertal and adult oocytes. A functional study of TNF demonstrated that depletion of endogenous TNF decreased oocyte competence and TNFAIP6 expression in cumulus cells, while TNF in IVM medium regulated TNFAIP6 expression in cumulus cells. Differential expression of the genes identified in this study suggests that these genes may be functionally relevant to oocyte competence. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:565–575, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic features in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Hooper Davyd R. , Lawson Wendy , Smith Lisa , Baker Steven K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Diagnostic nerve ultrasound is becoming more commonly used by both radiologists and clinicians. The features of different neuromuscular conditions must be described to broaden our understanding and ability to interpret findings. Methods: Our study examines the sonographic features of 7 subjects with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) in comparison to 32 controls by measuring the nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the median, ulnar and tibial nerves. Results: Significant differences (P < 0.05) in nerve size were found. The HNPP group had a larger CSA for the median nerve at the wrist and ulnar nerve at the elbow (entrapment sites), but not the forearms. The tibial nerve at the ankle was also larger in the HNPP group, suggesting possible concomitant tibial neuropathy at the ankle. Conclusion: These results will help shape imaging protocols to better detect conditions with non‐uniform nerve enlargements. Muscle Nerve 2011
Expanding the phenotype of late‐onset pompe disease: Tongue weakness: A new clinical observation
Authors: Dubrovsky Alberto , Corderi Jose , Lin Min , Kishnani Priya S. , Jones Harrison N. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Following the clinical observation of lingual weakness in 2 patients with late‐onset Pompe disease (LOPD), tongue strength was assessed in 19 consecutive patients to determine the frequency and severity of this neurological sign. Methods: Lingual strength was assessed using manual muscle testing; if weakness was present, severity was established as mild, moderate, or severe. Results: All the patients exhibited lingual weakness, even 2 asymptomatic patients with a positive family history. Weakness was mild in 12 (63%), moderate in 6 (32%), and severe in 1 (5%). Dysarthria and/or dysphagia were observed or reported in 7 of 19 (37%) patients. Conclusions: Lingual weakness may be present as an axial sign of LOPD, even relatively early in the disease course, and may contribute to the differential diagnosis of this now treatable condition. Dysphagia and/or dysarthria may also occur. This finding further expands the phenotype of LOPD. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Concentric needle jitter on stimulated frontalis and extensor digitorum in 20 myasthenia gravis patients
Authors: Aris Kouyoumdjian João , Fanani Adriana Cristina da Silva , Stålberg Erik V. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Our objective was to study jitter parameters using a concentric needle electrode (CNE) in the extensor digitorum (ED) and frontalis (FR) muscles. Methods: Twenty myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, mean age 44.5 years, were studied. Percutaneous (FR) and intramuscular needle (ED) stimulation approaches were used. Jitter was expressed as the mean consecutive difference (MCD). The filter settings were from 1000 HZ to 10 kHZ. Results: Abnormal MCD was found in 85% for both ED and FR and in 90% when combining the two muscles. An abnormal percentage of outliers was found in 90% for ED and 85% for FR. The mean MCD did not show a difference for ED and FR, but the percentage of outliers and blocking were higher in FR. Abnormality was found in 93.7% (generalized) and in 75% (ocular) of MG cases. For ED outliers abnormality was greater than the MCD. Conclusion: CNE jitter is reliable for investigation of MG, although borderline findings should be judged with caution. Muscle Nerve 2011
Researching bladder afferents—determining the effects of β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists and botulinum toxin type‐A
Authors: Kanai Anthony , Wyndaele Jean‐Jacques , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Fry Christopher , Ikeda Youko , Zabbarova Irina , De Wachter Stefan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA substantial portion of the current research on lower urinary tract dysfunction is focused on afferent mechanisms. The main goals are to define and modulate the signaling pathways by which afferent information is generated, enhanced and conveyed to the central nervous system. Alterations in bladder afferent mechanisms are a potential source of voiding dysfunction and an emerging source for drug targets. Established drug therapies such as muscarinic receptor antagonists, and two emerging therapies, β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists and botulinum toxin type‐A, may act partly through afferent mechanisms. This review focuses on these two new principles and new and established methods for determining their sites of action. It also provides brief information on the innervation of the bladder, afferent receptors and transmitters and how these may communicate with the urothelium, interstitial cells and detrusor smooth muscle to regulate micturition. Peripheral and central mechanisms of afferent sensitization and myogenic mechanisms that lead to detrusor overactivity, overactive bladder symptoms and urgency sensations are also covered. This work is the result from ‘Think Tank’ presentations, and the lengthy discussions that followed, at the 2010 International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society meeting in Bristol, UK. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:684–691, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SUI surgery at the time of vaginal POP repair: Is a surgical algorithm possible or desirable?
Authors: Goldman Howard B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAimsTo review the question of whether SUI Surgery should be performed at the time of vaginal POP repair and whether a surgical algorithm is possible and report discussion on this topic from the ICI‐RS meeting in 2010.MethodsThe literature on this topic was surveyed and discussion from ICI‐RS is reported.ResultsThere are multiple approaches to this question with literature supporting each of these approaches. Some perform an anti‐incontinence procedure in all patients undergoing vaginal surgery, many are selective and only perform it in patients with symptoms or signs (including occult) of SUI and some perform it in no patients preferring to wait and see if they have symptoms of SUI post‐operatively. There are a number of algorithms in use reflecting these practices but none agreed on by all. Ongoing trials may provide more information that allows the construction of better algorithms. All agreed that preoperative counseling was critical.ConclusionSurgical practice regarding SUI surgery at the time of vaginal POP repair varies widely and there is conflicting literature that supports different approaches and algorithms. Ongoing trials should provide more information to help construct better algorithms. Other approaches for designing prediction models for this problem may be useful. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:758–761, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of apoptotic factors in vaginal tissues from women with urogenital prolapse
Authors: Wen Yan , Ho Jason Yen‐Ping , Polan Mary Lake , Chen Bertha 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAimsIncreased apoptotic activity in pelvic tissues may contribute to development of pelvic floor disorders. We evaluated expression of apoptotic factors (Bcl‐2 family) in vaginal tissues from women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and how these factors correlate with severity of prolapse.MethodsmRNA and protein expression of anti‐apoptotic and pro‐apoptotic factors in vaginal tissues from subjects and controls were determined by real‐time PCR and Western blot. Severity of prolapse was staged using POP‐Q criteria.ResultsDifferential expression of Bcl‐2 family factors was observed in protein rather than in gene expression. During the secretory phase, the anti‐apoptotic (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xl) and pro‐apoptotic protein (Bax) were upregulated in controls compared to cases (P < 0.05). The ratios of Bcl‐2/Bax and Bcl‐2/Bad, which determine cellular sensitivity to induction of apoptosis, were higher in controls versus cases. Higher ratios indicate reduced cellular sensitivity to apoptosis. Protein expression of Bax and Bad was higher in women with severe compared to mild prolapse (P < 0.05).ConclusionIncreased expression of Bad, Bax, and decreased ratios of Bcl‐2/Bax, Bcl‐2/Bad suggest increased apoptotic activity or sensitivity to induction of apoptosis in vaginal tissues of women with POP. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1627–1632, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bladder compliance what does it represent: Can we measure it, and is it clinically relevant?
Authors: Wyndaele J.J. , Gammie A. , Bruschini H. , De Wachter S. , Fry C.H. , Jabr R.I. , Kirschner‐Hermanns R. , Madersbacher H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAimsTo report the conclusion of the Think Thank 8 on Compliance Discussions during the second ICI‐RS meeting in 2010.MethodsDuring a 3‐day meeting a group of specialists discussed bladder compliance, what it represents, how it can be measured and if it is clinically relevant.ResultsBladder compliance is the result of a mathematical calculation of the volume required for a unit rise of pressure measured during a cystometric filling. It gives an indication on how the different mechanisms in the bladder wall react on stretching. There is a need of standardization of measurement and suggestions for this are given in the text. Pitfalls are described and how to avoid them. There is a wide range of compliance values in healthy volunteers and groups of patients. Poor compliance needs to be defined better as it can have significant clinical consequences. Prevention and treatment are discussed.ConclusionIf compliance is correctly measured and interpreted, it has importance in urodynamic testing and gives information relevant for clinical management. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:714–722, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing trials to show whether urodynamic studies are necessary in lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Bosch J. L. H. Ruud , Cardozo Linda , Hashim Hashim , Hilton Paul , Oelke Matthias , Robinson Dudley 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAimsThis report reviews the evidence for the utility of urodynamic studies (UDS) in lower urinary tract dysfunction and tries to identify the necessity of constructing trials to show whether UDS are necessary.MethodsAn outline for a think tank discussion was prepared by the chairman of the session. Several experts selected relevant papers from a literature review of the Pubmed/Medline database (January 1966 to August 2010) and prepared a presentation of the evidence for the utility of UDS in the evaluation of several conditions, the prediction of treatment outcome, the prediction of complications and/or cost‐effectiveness. The following conditions were considered: urinary incontinence, symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (LUTS/BPO), overactive bladder (OAB) and urogenital prolapse. Summary presentations were discussed by a large group of opinion leaders and experts and audio‐recorded. The proceedings of this process are the basis for this manuscript.ResultsThe structured sessions resulted in detailed statements about the existing evidence for the utility of UDS in men after radical prostatectomy, men with uncomplicated LUTS/BPO, patients with OAB, female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urogenital prolapse.ConclusionsUDS should be used for investigation of new treatment modalities and establishment of diagnoses whenever they are in doubt. UDS do not appear to be necessary before pelvic floor muscle training, medical treatment of LUTS/BPO or OAB, surgical treatment of primary female SUI or prolapse. RCT's with non‐inferiority design should be conducted to investigate UDS in patients before surgical treatment of the prostate, SUI or OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:735–740, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor: Where are we going?
Authors: Tubaro Andrea , Koelbl Heinz , Laterza Rosa , Khullar Vik , de Nunzio Cosimo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe produced a non systematic review of ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor in women with urinary incontinence (UI) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP).We have searched the PubMed and Embase databases for the following PICO question: women; imaging; urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor, pelvic floor muscle, pelvic floor muscle training; physical examination, no imaging; diagnosis, prognosis, outcome. The production of a systematic review was deemed impossible based on the type and quality of the published evidence.Clinical research focused on the pathophysiology of the UI and POP looking relation between anatomic abnormalities, childbirth, the risk of UI or POP, the outcome of conservative treatment and reconstructive surgery. Published papers fall into the remits of diagnostic studies but often fail to comply with the recommendations of the STARD initiative. Most published evidence remains the product of a single institution effort and confirmatory studies are rarely found. Imaging studies in patients with UI did not provide evidence of any clinical benefit in the management of patients. In patients with POP, interesting correlations have been identified such as between childbirth, dimension of levator hiatus, avulsion of levator ani and risk of prolapse, but the non clinical benefit of pelvic floor imaging could still not be identified.Research on pelvic floor imaging requires a coordinated, international, multicentre effort to improve internal and external validity of imaging techniques, confirm observations published by single institutions and provide health technology assessment of imaging in the management of UI or POP patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:729–734, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.