bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Responsiveness of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the Functional Independence Measure
Authors: Fioravanti Andrea M. , Bordignon Candace M. , Pettit Susan M. , Woodhouse Linda J. , Ansley Barbara J. 
Published: June 2012

Background. Selecting and utilizing appropriate assessments to evaluate outcomes is an important aspect of evidence-based occupational therapy practice. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM), to which occupational therapists contribute motor and cognitive scores, is currently the only required assessment for evaluating change from admission to discharge on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. However, occupational therapists are also using the motor and process scales from the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) to assess clients and evaluate change. Purpose. To compare responsiveness of the AMPS and the FIM on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Methods. A retrospective chart review of AMPS measures and FIM scores at admission and discharge was undertaken. Standardized response means and effect sizes were calculated to estimate responsiveness. Findings. No significant difference was found in the ability of the AMPS motor and FIM motor scales to detect change. The AMPS process scale was more responsive to change than the FIM cognitive scale. Implications. Using the AMPS as an assessment to evaluate outcomes allows practitioners to detect changes that may not be detected through the exclusive use of the FIM.
Bond characteristics of steel fiber and deformed reinforcing steel bar embedded in steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC)
Authors: Aslani Farhad , Nejadi Shami 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) is a relatively new composite material which congregates the benefits of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) technology with the profits derived from the fiber addition to a brittle cementitious matrix. Steel fibers improve many of the properties of SCC elements including tensile strength, ductility, toughness, energy absorption capacity, fracture toughness and cracking. Although the available research regarding the influence of steel fibers on the properties of SFRSCC is limited, this paper investigates the bond characteristics between steel fiber and SCC firstly. Based on the available experimental results, the current analytical steel fiber pullout model (Dubey 1999) is modified by considering the different SCC properties and different fiber types (smooth, hooked) and inclination. In order to take into account the effect of fiber inclination in the pullout model, apparent shear strengths (τ
(app)) and slip coefficient (β) are incorporated to express the variation of pullout peak load and the augmentation of peak slip as the inclined angle increases. These variables are expressed as functions of the inclined angle (ϕ). Furthurmore, steel-concrete composite floors, reinforced concrete floors supported by columns or walls and floors on an elastic foundations belong to the category of structural elements in which the conventional steel reinforcement can be partially replaced by the use of steel fibers. When discussing deformation capacity of structural elements or civil engineering structures manufactured using SFRSCC, one must be able to describe thoroughly both the behavior of the concrete matrix reinforced with steel fibers and the interaction between this composite matrix and discrete steel reinforcement of the conventional type. However, even though the knowledge on bond behavior is essential for evaluating the overall behavior of structural components containing reinforcement and steel fibers, information is hardly available in this area. In this study, bond characteristics of deformed reinforcing steel bars embedded in SFRSCC is investigated secondly.
Mechanical retention – Influence of filler floc size and grammage of the fibre web
Authors: Athley Karin , Granlöf Lars , Söderberg Daniel , Ankerfors Mikael , Ström Göran 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An investigation of the impact of particle size on the mechanical retention of particles in a fibre network has been conducted. The particles used were five sets of quartz particle fractions having fairly narrow particle size distributions with average particle size ranging from a few μm to around 100 μm. The particles were used to model flocculated filler aggregates as part of a larger study of the effect of pre-flocculation on mechanical retention. Pre-flocculation of the filler is a possible strategy to increase the filler content of paper without deterioration of strength properties. A modified laboratory hand sheet former, known as the Rapid Drainage Device (RDD) was used. The major modification consisted of a long pipe that acted as a suction leg, which provides a dewatering vacuum at the same level as on a paper machine. The experimental results showed that mechanical filler retention increased linearly with particle size and grammage of the fibre layer above a critical grammage which depended on particle size. The linear relation was also seen in a pilot scale trial on the FEX pilot-paper machine at Innventia. During this trial fine paper was produced using pre-flocculated filler where the mean particle size of the flocs and fibres was measured in the flow to the headbox. The results from this pilot trial show that mechanical retention is an important part of the total filler retention. Drainage time and therefore drainage resistance increased with the grammage of the fibre layer and amount of quartz particle added. Drainage time, compared at total grammage (i.e. the sum of fibre and quartz particle grammage) was lowest for a fraction of medium-sized particles, with a median size of 35 mm. There was no obvious effect on retention or drainage resistance of a change in the dewatering pressure from 27.5 to 41.5 kPa.
Modeling the rheology of nanocellulose suspensions
Authors: Puisto Antti , Illa Xavier , Mohtaschemi Mikael , Alava Mikko 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The transient response of a Population Balance based colloidal rheology model is studied in the context of nanofiber suspension rheology research. The model is calibrated against experimental rheology data for cellulose nano-whisker suspension and then subjected to transient shears. The non-equilibrium aggregate size distributions are reported.
A partial explanation of the dependence between light scattering and light absorption in the Kubelka-Munk model
Authors: Edström Per , Neuman Magnus , Coppel Ludovic G. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Kubelka-Munk scattering and absorption coefficients of a set of paper samples are assessed using reflectance measurements in d/0 geometry. The coefficients display the widely studied dependence between light scattering and light absorption, since the light scattering coefficient decreases in regions of high absorption. It is shown using general radiative transfer theory that part of this dependence can be explained and eliminated by taking into account the geometry of the d/0 instrument and the single scattering anisotropy, thus capturing the angular variations of the light reflected from the samples. These findings allow the papermaker to better predict the reflectance from mixtures of pulps, fillers, dye, and FWA, and to better evaluate bleaching efforts.
Minimal Difference in the Prevalence of Asthma in the Urban and Rural Environment
Authors: Malik Hamood Ur-Rehman , Kumar Krishan , Frieri Marianne 
Published: June 2012

Multiple risk factors can be modified to decrease asthma incidence. It is important to understand early risks to decrease exposure to harmful conditions in the environment that can trigger asthma which may not be clinically evident in children until they reach adulthood. A retrospective literature review of articles on the prevalence of asthma in the urban versus rural environment was initiated in order to understand the effect of the environment on asthma. The urban-living effect is a global problem in the face of growing population, industrialization and pollution. The socioeconomic dichotomy in the urban versus rural environment also affects access and quality of health care. Articles reviewed had differences in the urban versus rural prevalence of asthma. However, further analysis of specific risk factors and socioeconomic trends that increased susceptibility to asthma was the same in these studies. Some rural areas may have similar environmental and socioeconomic issues that place them at the same risk for the development of asthma as their urban counterparts. Urban locations generally tend to have the prototype environment that can lead to the predisposition of asthma. Ultimately, the incidence of asthma can be decreased if these environmental and socioeconomic issues are addressed. However, every effort is needed from the level of the individual to the community at large.
Second round robin for plasma hepcidin methods: First steps toward harmonization
Authors: Kroot Joyce J.C. , van Herwaarden Antonius E. , Tjalsma Harold , Jansen Rob T.P. , Hendriks Jan C.M. , Swinkels Dorine W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMeasurements of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin by various methodologies and laboratories are not harmonized. As a result different numeric results are obtained for the same clinical sample. We investigated whether better agreement between plasma hepcidin methods can be achieved by harmonization. Native plasma pools (n = 11) of a variety of hepcidin concentrations and blank plasma spiked with three different quantities of synthetic hepcidin‐25 purchased from two different commercial sources (n = 6), were distributed in duplicate among 21 methods worldwide. We assessed commutability by comparing results from synthetic hepcidin with those from native samples in various method couples by Bland‐Altman plots. Methods differed substantially in absolute values and reproducibility. For the majority of methods we found that samples with synthetic hepcidin‐25 were noncommutable with the native samples. In an attempt to harmonize by using native hepcidin results, we selected two methods that showed good mutual agreement of native results and calculated consensus values as the medians for the 11 duplicate native samples obtained by these two methods. Finally, we constructed algorithms enabling the laboratories to calculate the hepcidin consensus (HEPCON) value using their own native hepcidin results. We found that the use of these algorithms substantially reduced the between‐method CV. Until commutable materials are defined, hepcidin harmonization can be achieved by exploiting specific algorithms, allowing each lab to report their native hepcidin concentrations in HEPCON values. This study represents the first step toward harmonization of plasma hepcidin methods and facilitates aggregation of hepcidin data from different research investigations. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jüngste Fortschritte in der Azaborin‐Chemie
Authors: Campbell Patrick G. , Marwitz Adam J. V. , Liu Shih‐Yuan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDie Chemie der Organoborverbindungen wurde im Wesentlichen durch ihre Verwendung als leistungsfähige Reagentien in der organischen Synthese beherrscht. Neuerdings hat sich die Einbindung von Bor als Bestandteil einer funktionellen Zielstruktur als ein geeigneter Weg erwiesen, um Diversität in organischen Verbindungen hervorzurufen. Eine üblicherweise angewendete Strategie ist der Austausch einer CC‐ gegen eine isoelektronische BN‐Einheit. Besonders die BN/CC‐Isosterie von Arenen erfuhr im vergangenen Jahrzehnt eine Renaissance. Die Stammverbindung der 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,2‐azaborin‐Familie wurde jetzt isoliert. Für mögliche Anwendungen in der Biomedizin und den Materialwissenschaften wurden neue mono‐ und polycyclische BN‐Heterocyclen synthetisiert. Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Würdigung der 50 Jahre zurückliegenden ersten Synthese eines monocyclischen 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,2‐azaborins durch Dewar und diskutiert die neuesten Fortschritte in der Synthese und Charakterisierung von Kohlenstoff‐Bor‐Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen.
Completely Green Synthesis of Colloid Adams’ Catalyst α‐PtO2 Nanocrystals and Derivative Pt Nanocrystals with High Activity and Stability for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Gao Min‐Rui , Lin Zhao‐Yang , Jiang Jun , Cui Chun‐Hua , Zheng Ya‐Rong , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe report a first solution strategy for controlled synthesis of Adams’ catalyst (i.e., α‐PtO2) by a facile and totally green approach using H2PtCl6 and water as reactants. The prepared α‐PtO2 nanocrystals (NCs) are ultrasmall in size and have very “clean” surfaces, which can be reduced to Pt NCs easily in ethanol under ambient conditions. Such Adams’ catalysts have been applied as electrocatalysts beyond the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Noticeably, the water‐only synthesized α‐PtO2 NCs and their derivative Pt NCs all exhibit much higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities and stabilities than that of the state‐of‐art Pt/C electrocatalysts. This study provides an example on the organics‐free synthesis of α‐PtO2 and Pt NCs as promising cathode catalysts for fuel cell applications and, particularly, this simple, straightforward method may open a new way for the synthesis of other “clean” functional nanomaterials.
State‐of‐the‐art FISHing: Automated analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in interphase nuclei
Authors: Pajor Gábor , Kajtár Béla , Pajor László , Alpár Donát 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInterphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (i‐FISH) is a powerful tool for visualizing various molecular targets in non‐dividing cells. Manual scoring of i‐FISH signals is a labor intensive, time‐consuming, and error‐prone process liable to subjective interpretation. Automated evaluation of signal patterns provides the opportunity to overcome these difficulties. The first report on automated i‐FISH analysis has been published 20 years ago and since then several applications have been introduced in the fields of oncology, and prenatal and fertility screening. In this article, we provide an insight into the automated i‐FISH analysis including its course, brief history, clinical applications, and advantages and challenges. The lack of guidelines for describing new automated i‐FISH methods hampers the precise comparison of performance of various applications published, thus, we make a proposal for a panel of parameters essential to introduce and standardize new applications and reproduce previously described technologies. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Protective effects of N‐acetyl cysteine on membrane‐bound adenosine triphosphatases and minerals in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial‐infarcted rats: An in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Nagoor Meeran M. F. , Stanely Mainzen Prince P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) on changes in the activities/levels of adenosine triphosphatases and minerals in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial‐infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with NAC (10 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 14 days. After pretreatment period, rats were induced myocardial infarction (MI) by isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight). The activity of sodium/potassium‐dependent adenosine triphosphatase was decreased, and the activities of calcium‐ and magnesium‐dependent adenosine triphosphatases were increased in the heart of isoproterenol‐induced myocardial‐infarcted rats. Furthermore, the levels of potassium were lowered and the levels of sodium and calcium were increased in the heart of isoproterenol‐induced rats. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation was observed in isoproterenol‐induced rats. Pretreatment with NAC showed protective effects on adenosine triphosphatases, minerals, and lipid peroxidation. The in vitro study confirmed the reducing property of NAC. The observed effects are due to the membrane‐stabilizing and antioxidant effects of NAC. The results of this study will be useful for the prevention of MI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:276–281, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21419
Plasmonic‐enhanced visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity of Ag–AgBr synthesized in reactable ionic liquid
Authors: Xu Hui , Song Yanhua , Liu Ling , Li Huaming , Xu Yuanguo , Xia Jiexiang , Wu Xiangyang , Zhao Shuowei 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Plasmonic photocatalysts have attracted considerable attention because of their applications in the degradation of organic pollutants. In order to enhance the stability of AgX photocatalyst, Ag/AgCl, Ag/AgBr/WO3, and Ag@AgCl/RGO were developed. Results implied that silver halides could maintain stability if the metal Ag was well dispersed on the silver halide particles and could display high catalytic activity.RESULTS: PVP acted as a structure‐directing agent, and a reducing reagent in the reaction. Results show that Ag–AgBr delivered a much higher photocatalytic activity than AgBr and Ag–AgCl. The high photocatalytic activity of the Ag–AgBr composites can be attributed to the presence of metal Ag and the smaller particle size of the samples. The photocatalytic reaction followed first‐order kinetics. The rate constant k for the degradation of MO by Ag–AgBr was 2 and 18 times higher than that of AgBr and Ag–AgCl, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The MO degradation efficiency of Ag–AgBr was 94% after 10 min. After 5 cycles of repeatability tests, the degradation efficiency of MO still remained at 90%. The high photocatalytic activity of the Ag–AgBr composites can be attributed to the presence of metal Ag and the smaller particle size of the samples. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Spherical Pseudo‐Inverse Opal Silica with Pomegranate‐Like Polymer Microparticles as Templates
Authors: Choi Kyu Yong , Luciani Carla V. , Emdadi Laleh , Lee Sang Yool , Baick In Hak , Lim Jong Sung 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSpherical silica particles with pseudo‐inverse opal structure are synthesized by using pomegranate‐like polymer microparticles as templates. A micro‐dispersion polymerization occurring in the suspended monomer droplets in the presence of a silica precursor leads to the formation of nearly monodisperse polymer sub‐particles of about 1 µm size, randomly‐packed within a 30–100 µm polymer particle. The polymerization is followed by an acid‐catalyzed reaction that induces formation of silica in the interstices between the sub‐particles within a polymer particle. Spherical PIOS particles are eventually produced by selectively removing the polymer template by pyrolysis. The PIOS particles show large specific surface areas with unique pore geometry and pore size distribution.magnified image
Buckling analysis of carbon nanotubes – a molecular statics investigation into the influence of non‐bonded interactions
Authors: Hollerer Stefan 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis paper analyses the buckling behaviour of single‐walled and double‐walled carbon nanotubes. The total potential of the atomic structure consists of the bonded energy and the non‐bonded energy, both resulting from interatomic potentials, as well as the energy of external contributions. In particular, the influence of the in‐layer and inter‐layer non‐bonded interactions is investigated. These non‐bonded interactions are important to avoid the nanotubes from self‐intersection or penetration and govern the morphology of the buckled tubes.The simulation model is based on a molecular statics approach embedded in the finite element framework. The search for equilibrium configurations of the structure leads to a non‐linear system of equations, which is linearised and solved iteratively. Therefore, the model relies on the fully non‐linear description of the interatomic potential and the atomic kinematics.Stability points of the loaded carbon nanotubes are detected by an accompanying eigenvalue analysis in combination with a bisection algorithm. By means of branch switching, the continuation of the non‐linear load‐deformation path in the postbuckling regime is enabled.With this framework, the buckling characteristics of carbon nanotubes in consequence of different loading conditions is studied. Results of numerical simulations are given for carbon nanotubes under torsion, axial compression and bending. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cohesive zone representation and junction partitioning for crystal plasticity analyses
Authors: Zhang P. , Karimpour M. , Balint D. , Lin J. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYA novel scheme is presented for incorporating finite thickness cohesive interfaces in virtual grain structures for crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) analyses of intergranular crack initiation and propagation. A Voronoi tessellation model is used to define the virtual grain structure, with automatically generated nonzero thickness cohesive zones (CZs) representing the grain boundaries and multiple junctions. An efficient grain boundary offsetting algorithm is presented, and issues related to automatically partitioning multiple junctions are discussed. Two feasible junction partitioning schemes are presented, the second of which has the advantage of partitioning junctions using uniform quadrilateral elements and naturally defining their normal and tangential directions. For the second scheme, a rule‐based method is presented that carries out the preliminary meshing of CZ junctions, including data representation, edge event processing, and cut and trim operations. A virtual grain structure modelling system, VGRAIN, is introduced to implement the proposed CZ junction partitioning method and directly generate meshed virtual grain structures with CZ grain boundaries for CPFE studies. To demonstrate the proposed junction partitioning and CZ representation schemes, two finite strain CPFE simulations are presented for plane strain uniaxial tension and three‐point bending, demonstrating large‐scale crack initiation and propagation under shear and opening modes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A posteriori error estimator competition for conforming obstacle problems
Authors: Carstensen C. , Merdon C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article on the a posteriori error analysis of the obstacle problem with affine obstacles and Courant finite elements compares five classes of error estimates for accurate guaranteed error control. To treat interesting computational benchmarks, the first part extends the Braess methodology from 2005 of the resulting a posteriori error control to mixed inhomogeneous boundary conditions. The resulting guaranteed global upper bound involves some auxiliary partial differential equation and leads to four contributions with explicit constants. Their efficiency is examined affirmatively for five benchmark examples. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Use of allyl‐functional benzoxazine monomers as replacement for styrene in vinyl ester resins
Authors: Jin Lin , Agag Tarek , Ishida Hatsuo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNew vinyl ester systems are prepared using allyl‐functional benzoxazine monomers, 3‐allyl‐6‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazine (pC‐ala) or bis(3‐allyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazin‐6‐yl)methane (BF‐ala), as reactive diluents for vinyl ester resins derived from an epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, instead of using styrene. Different initiators are used to investigate the copolymerization of allyl function from pC‐ala with vinyl function from vinyl ester resin prepolymer. The temperature dependence of viscosity is studied to demonstrate the retention of processability of the new vinyl ester resins. Dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses are used to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of the new resins. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry