bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression and psychological distress: a life course perspective
Authors: Maughan Barbara , Rodgers Bryan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBiological, psychological, and social factors contribute to risk for depressive disorders. Understanding how they combine, their relative salience at different stages in the life course, and why women are at such markedly increased risk constitute significant challenges for research. This chapter provides an overview of recent evidence on these three related themes. It begins by sketching in epidemiological findings on changing rates and gender ratios in depressive disorders from childhood to older age, highlighting the periods when women's increased vulnerability first emerges, and when it appears to decline. It then examines the main domains of risk for depressive conditions, exploring how far men and women differ in exposure or susceptibility to risks that affect both sexes, or whether some gender-specific risks may be involved. Throughout, it highlights the differing pathways through which individual vulnerabilities, childhood adversities and later stressors have been argued to combine in the genesis of depression.
Social and economic trajectories and women’s health
Authors: Bartley Mel , Sacker Amanda , Schoon Ingrid , Hunt Kate 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes some of the complexity and change in women's lives, and proposes an approach to the study of socioeconomic and psychosocial pathways through the life course, as precursors of physical and mental health outcomes. The first section outlines what is known about women's socioeconomic life trajectories: the relationship between social origins and destinations, labour force participation, and their relationship to marriage and child rearing. The second section describes a theoretical and methodological approach to the analysis of the life course that takes account of social structure and changing individual characteristics over time.
A life course perspective on women’s health behaviours
Authors: Schooling Mary , Kuh Diana , Graham Hilary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAdult behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and exercise are sources of risk for many chronic diseases and the need to change unhealthy behaviours remains a key aspect of health promotion policies. The difficulty of changing adult behaviours has led to a growing interest in the origins and development of individual behaviours and healthy lifestyles. An interdisciplinary life course perspective seeks to integrate into a broad developmental framework alternative approaches to the study of health behaviour which currently focus either on individual characteristics or on the social context. This chapter reviews evidence for the long-term effects of the childhood social environment on adult behaviour and for role modelling and behavioural tracking, pathways through which behaviours are conventionally thought to be initiated and maintained into adult life.
Overweight and obesity from a life course perspective
Authors: Power Chris , Parsons Tessa , Dietz William H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the causes of obesity among women from a life course perspective. It emphasizes factors that affect a woman's vulnerability to obesity, particularly those from childhood since it is suspected that obesity risk starts early in life. Although only a brief outline is provided on the consequences of obesity, here too several life stages are involved.
The life course of Black women in South Africa in the 1990s: generation, age, and period in the decade of HIV and political liberation
Authors: Stein Zena , Karim Quarraisha Abdool , Susser Mervyn , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Smith George Davey 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes elements of the transition to liberal democracy over the past decade for two birth cohorts of women in South Africa. It also considers the HIV epidemic. The focus is on the comparative effects of the political, social, and epidemic changes on the life course experience of those born in the 1950s and the 1970s.
Coordinating and other resource centers in multicenter trials
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on coordinating centers because of their key role in multicenter trials. The coordinating center, or data coordinating center when there are separate coordinating centers for data collection and treatment, will be among the first to be funded and the last to cease operations when the trial is completed. In fact, the coordinating center may operate after the trial is terminated if post-trial follow-up is required.
Preparatory steps in executing the study plan
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter outlines the steps required in executing the trial, with emphasis on the steps to be carried out in getting started. Topics discussed include essential approvals and clearances, approval maintenance, developing study handbooks and manuals of operations, testing data collection procedures, developing and testing the data management system, training and certification, and phased approach to data collection.
Patient follow-up, close-out, and post-trial follow-up
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the steps involved in patient follow-up, close-out, and post-trial follow-up. Topics covered include the maintenance of investigator and patient interest during follow-up, losses to the follow-up, close-out of patient follow-up, termination stage, and post-trial patient follow-up.
Introduction
Authors: EVANS TIMOTHY , WHITEHEAD MARGARET , DIDERICHSEN FINN , BHUIYA ABBAS , WIRTH MEG 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the issue of unacceptable disparities in health that exist between different groups within societies: between poor, middle-income and rich groups, between urban and rural, and between black and white/ethnic populations within countries. It sets the scene for the rest of the book by outlining the meaning of “health equity” and its converse, “inequities in health”; why the issue is considered a major challenge to public health, and how countries could go about measuring and tackling observed inequities. It draws on evidence in the subsequent chapters from thirteen countries around the globe. The challenge, as seen throughout this book, is not merely the promotion of health, but a fair chance for all to achieve it.
Health Equity in a Globalizing World
Authors: CHEN LINCOLN C. , BERLINGUER GIOVANNI 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of globalization and makes an assessment of its potential influence on health and equity. It considers growing concerns about the impact of globalization on inequities in health. The chapter does not argue whether globalization is intrinsically good or bad or whether we should nurture or impede it. Rather, it accepts that globalization is a reality, not a choice. A more pertinent question concerns the direction of globalization. What type of globalization is good or bad for human health? How are the globalizing processes that are underway to be confronted and used for, rather than against, the promotion of health equity?
Measuring Disparities in Health: Methods and Indicators
Authors: ANAND SUDHIR , DIDERICHSEN FINN , EVANS TIMOTHY , SHKOLNIKOV VLADIMIR M. , WIRTH MEG 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores critical issues related to the measurement of health equity. It notes that without reliable data on disparities in health, policy makers and populations are less equipped to demand change and monitor progress. The chapter provides a comprehensive approach to the measurement of inequity. It outlines five basic considerations in the choice of health measures, highlighting the ways that assumptions can affect the magnitude and assessment of a given health disparity. A range of measures—new and old, simple and complex—for assessing intergroup and interindividual inequalities in health are reviewed. It outlines methods of measurement and suggests indicators for making assessments in both data-poor and data-rich countries.
China: Increasing Health Gaps in a Transitional Economy
Authors: LIU YUANLI , RAO KEQIN , EVANS TIMOTHY , CHEN YUDE , HSIAO WILLIAM C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
China's outstanding health achievements before the 1980s and rapid economic growth over the past decade are well documented. Less well known, however, is the impact of the transition from a socialist to a market economy on overall health development and equity in health and health care. This chapter presents an analysis of inequities in health in China, covering inter-regional and gender inequities in adult life expectancy at an individual and an ecological level. It addresses the overarching question of whether economic growth has yielded improved health status for all, or only for some. The chapter ends with a consideration of the policy implications of their findings.
South Africa: Addressing the Legacy of Apartheid
Authors: GILSON LUCY , MCINTYRE DI 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the legacy of the apartheid system in South Africa, pointing out draconian social and economic policies and their ramifications for the health of different groups in the population. The high infant mortality level and nearly fivefold disparity in infant mortality rates between richer and poorer ethnic groups in the population are but two of the most obvious health impacts. South Africa is now trying to deal with the legacy of apartheid by developing policies with explicit equity objectives. The chapter takes a critical stance as to whether the government's policies are sufficient to redress the inequities of the past. In particular, it questions the potential impact of the macroeconomic restructuring and what must be done to develop a effective health equity monitoring system for such overarching policies.
Kenya: Uncovering the Social Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: NANTULYA VINAND M. , MULI-MUSIIME FLORENCE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Road traffic accidents are a burgeoning public health problem worldwide. Globally, the problem is ranked ninth among the major causes of mortality and disability, forecast to rise to third position by the year 2020. Africa has experienced a rapid growth in this cause of death. In the Kenyan analysis of road traffic accidents, this chapter takes a creative approach to analyzing policy issues in the transport and road safety sectors. It debunks the myth of purely behavioral explanations for the growing burden of road traffic accidents in Kenya. It points instead to systematic corruption, inadequate labor protection, and lack of alternatives for low-income passengers as root causes of the problem. Rather than fall back on putative and ineffective efforts to influence driver behavior through crippling fines, the chapter recommends a variety of policies aimed at engaging stakeholders and tackling the structural antecedents of the problem.
Health Care Financing: Assessing Its Relationship to Health Equity
Authors: HSIAO WILLIAM C. , LIU YUANLI 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter on health care financing introduces financing as one aspect of the health system that affects health equity. The configuration of financing, defined as both mobilization of financial resources and the allocation of those resources to the population, will affect health outcomes in two important ways. First, it determines, in part, the availability of health care and who has access to it. Second, it dictates the degree of financial protection offered against catastrophic costs of illness. It is argued that although financing issues often tend to dominate debates and prescriptions for health systems reform, methods of financing are but one aspect of a broad health system that involves institutions, policies, and human resources.
Vietnam: Efficient, Equity-Oriented Financial Strategies for Health
Authors: HUNG PHAM MANH , DZUNG TRUONG VIET , DAHLGREN GÖRAN , TUAN TRAN 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a unique look at policymakers' commitment to equity in health in the face of multiple political and economic pressures. The Vietnamese have had a traditional focus on equity, early on creating an impressive health infrastructure that extended throughout the country. Vietnam's overall health performance in terms of life expectancy is remarkably high given its level of economic development. In 1989, however, the legislature implemented Doi Moi (meaning change to the new), resulting in privatization of trade and social services (including health), and the opening up of markets. Cuts in public spending and introduction of user fees for public services were part of this prescription. Faced with these challenges, the chapter presents policymakers' approaches to developing a health financing system that would be both equitable and efficient.
Study Background, Rationale, and Participating Agencies
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by presenting data on the number of youth in care in the United States and how long they receive services. Next come a description of family foster care and a summary of the expectations of care. Then findings from foster care studies, research limitations, and the financial costs of providing care are presented. Conclusions about foster care are then drawn, followed by the rationale of the Northwest Alumni Study. The chapter concludes with a brief description of each chapter of this book. Quotes from alumni are included in this chapter and throughout the other book chapters to provide a first-person context; these were taken from interviewers' notes.
Risk Factors
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the risk factors for adverse adult outcomes that Northwest alumni faced before or during care. These included the number of places lived before foster care, parents' health and criminal problems, and abuse/neglect. In this volume, the term risk factors refers to those descriptors, aside from demographic variables, largely in effect before the alumni entered foster care and certainly before they became eligible for the study. Thus, risk factors are here differentiated from factors the agencies could likely control or influence. This chapter presents prevalence data on many risk factors that will later be associated with outcomes and will later be used as controls before examining the relationship between foster care experiences and outcomes. This chapter provides the context for experiences that placed alumni at risk for poor long-term outcomes.
Effects of Optimizing the Foster Care Experience on Outcomes
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChild welfare administrators and practitioners want to know which aspects of service delivery to target to improve long-term success for youth in care. One way to address this issue is to ask “What outcomes would be achieved had alumni received an ideal (optimal) level of care?” To examine this question, statistical simulations were conducted to estimate the degree to which optimizing foster care experiences would affect alumni outcomes. Optimization analyses were designed to estimate decreases in undesirable outcomes not increases in desirable outcomes. Each of the seven foster care experience areas was optimized: (1) Placement History, (2) Educational Services and Experience, (3) Therapeutic Service and Supports, (4) Activities with Foster Family, (5) Preparation for Leaving Care, (6) Leaving Care Resources, and (7) Foster Family and Other Nurturing Support While in Care
Wine and Conversation
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe vocabulary of wine is large and exceptionally vibrant—from straight-forward descriptive words like “sweet” and “fragrant”, colorful metaphors like “ostentatious” and “brash”, to the more technical lexicon of biochemistry. The world of wine vocabulary is growing alongside the current popularity of wine itself, particularly as new words are employed by professional wine writers, who not only want to write interesting prose, but avoid repetition and cliché. The question is: what do these words mean? Can they actually reflect the objective characteristics of wine, and can two drinkers really use and understand these words in the same way? This book explores whether or not wine drinkers (both novices and experts) can in fact understand wine words in the same way. The conclusion, based on experimental results, is no. Even though experts do somewhat better than novices in some experiments, they tend to do well only on wines on which they are carefully trained and/or with which they are very familiar. Does this mean that the elaborate language we use to describe wine is essentially a charade? This book shows that although scientific wine writing requires a precise and shared use of language, drinking wine and talking about it in casual, informal setting with friends is different, and the conversational goals include social bonding as well as communicating information about the wine. The book also shows how language innovation and language play, clearly seen in the names of new wines and wineries, as well as wine descriptors, is yet another influence on the burgeoning and sometimes whimsical world of wine vocabulary.
1 Wine Words
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe large and growing wine vocabulary is analyzed into its major categories: acidity, sweetness, balance, age, astringency, body, nose, finish, effervescence, and evaluation. The vocabulary of most categories have an evaluative as well as descriptive components, where negative words either have too much or too little of the property described, whereas the positive words have the right amount. A thin has too little body while a coarse wine has too much. Both delicate and full-bodied are positive descriptors for describing body. Many words are only evaluative, and these can be divided into those of high praise, low praise, mild derogation, and strong derogation. There are also numerous metaphorical descriptors based on personality and character, such as vivacious, assertive, and aggressive.
2 Extending the Vocabulary
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWine vocabularies can be extended morphologically by adding suffixes such as –y, –ish, –ic, –ful or –ous to nouns to construct adjectives: woody, stylish, metallic, graceful, and harmonious. More commonly, however, new wine descriptors are added by extending the meanings of words from other semantic fields. A wine can be sharp, meaning that it causes an intense taste sensation, just as a sharp object can cause an intense feeling sensation. Many metaphorical words are used to describe the texture, strength, and age of wines. Descriptors like feminine and masculine can be interpreted by their associations with standard wine descriptors. A feminine wine is light, perfumed, and delicate; a masculine is big, heavy, and possibly rough.
5 Evaluating Wines: Scoring Systems
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractJudging and evaluating wine are an important part of the wine world, especially the marketing part. Traditional scoring systems were based on a 20-point scale. One of the most influential was the Davis score card, in which points were deducted for defects. Only 2 points were given for general quality. Another 20-point system is the Roseworthy score card, developed in Australia. More recently a 100-point scoring system, introduced by Robert M. Parker, has become popular, and many wine critics have adopted it. (However, the scale starts at 50.) McCoy remarks that the popularity for American consumers is that it is similar to school grades.
6 Semantic Analysis
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA semantic theory must account for both how words are related to other words (intralinguistic connections) and how words connect to the world. Semantic field theory, which is appropriate for intralinguistic relations, is applied to wine words in this chapter. The semantic relationships most commonly found among wine descriptors are synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy (class inclusion), and incompatibility. Association, a weaker connection, also plays a role in understanding words. Four classes of descriptors are discussed: natural kind terms, gradable adjectives, evaluative words, and metaphors. The role of experts is discussed, but there are different kinds of wine experts, not all of whom use the same terminology. For example, wine writers use and generate metaphors (brawny, decadent) which the wine scientists consider silly or meaningless.
10 The Davis Subjects
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Davis subjects were wine science experts, either graduate students or research staff in the department of or research staff Viticulture and Enology at the University of California at Davis. Tasks were identical to those carried out by previous subjects. Subjects showed more consensus than previous groups, mainly on California wines, on which they had considerable experience. Their tasting strategy was to identify the varietal and describe it in terms of typical characteristics. But they did no better than non-experts on unfamiliar wines since subjects either could not identify the type or misidentified it. John Reid, one of the subjects, carried out his own matching experiment later, using premium California wines, and the subjects did outstanding well in matching wines with a partner's descriptions.
11 Later Experiments
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSubsequent to the publication of Wine and Conversation (1983), one more wine study was carried out, which was to determine if subjects could re-identify wines with their own previous descriptions. The performance of the group of subjects on the matching task was no better than chance. Other researchers also continued these experiments, sometimes using the same methods and/or adding new paradigms. Harry Lawless and Gregg Solomon found that experts performed statistically better than non-experts on matching tasks, but not always impressively better. Roman Weil's asked subjects to match wines with those of descriptions by famous wine critics, and his results were consistent with those of the author' study. In Germany, Christiane von Herder-Dahrendorf and Christiane Raphael conducted experiments exclusively with experts, but found that they did not achieve greater consensus that the author of this book did with non-experts.
13 Functions of Language
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractClassifications of the functions of language reflect the interests and goals of the one classifying. Most utterances serve more than one function, and communication includes more than transferring information. Speech act taxonomies highlight illocutionary acts, for example, constatives, directives, commissives, and acknowledgments. Other taxonomies, such as Halliday's, divide functions into referential-informational, interpersonal, and textual. Jacobson's system adds aesthetic and phatic functions. Phatic communion, a term from Malinowski, serves to create social bonds.