bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Spatial Heterogeneity of Western U.S. Climate Variability
Authors: Shinker Jacqueline J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Monthly climatologies (1971–2000 monthly averages) for stations in the western United States, obtained from the NOAA/National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), are used to illustrate the spatial variations in the annual cycle of climate. Animated map sequences of temperature and precipitation, their average, intermonthly changes, and the local timing of annual maxima or minima provide a comprehensive spatiotemporal baseline of regional climate. The animated maps illustrate three scales of variation: 1) broadscale patterns related to the annual cycle of insolation and hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulation features; 2) mesoscale patterns related to location on the continent and the influence of specific regional circulation features like those associated with the North American monsoon; and 3) smaller-scale spatial variations, related to the mediation by local physiography of the influence of large-scale circulation. Although most western U.S. stations have temperature maxima in July, a delay occurs at stations along the West Coast and interior Washington, northern Idaho, and Montana. A seesaw pattern of precipitation maxima is evident between coastal areas (winter dominated) and the interior (summer dominated). Cluster analyses of the ratio of monthly-to-annual precipitation values for each station identify regions with similar annual cycles of precipitation. Regions of high spatial heterogeneity in the timing of when precipitation occurs include the northern Rocky Mountains, Utah, Arizona, and northwestern Montana. The superimposition of these three scales of spatial variability leads to steep gradients and, in some regions, considerable spatial heterogeneity in annual precipitation. The regional patterns of precipitation heterogeneity highlight vulnerability to drought, especially in regions of the interior west that do not have a dominant precipitation month or season.
Pattern-Based Evaluation of Coupled Meteorological and Air Quality Models
Authors: Beaver Scott , Tanrikulu Saffet , Palazoglu Ahmet , Singh Angadh , Soong Su-Tzai , Jia Yiqin , Tran Cuong , Ainslie Bruce , Steyn Douw G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel pattern-based model evaluation technique is proposed and demonstrated for air quality models (AQMs) driven by meteorological model (MM) output. The evaluation technique is applied directly to the MM output; however, it is ultimately used to gauge the performance of the driven AQM. This evaluation of AQM performance based on MM performance is a major advance over traditional evaluation methods. First, meteorological cluster analysis is used to assign the days of a historical measurement period among a small number of weather patterns having distinct air quality characteristics. The clustering algorithm groups days sharing similar empirical orthogonal function (EOF) representations of their measurements. In this study, EOF analysis is used to extract space–time patterns in the surface wind field reflecting both synoptic and mesoscale influences. Second, simulated wind fields are classified among the determined weather patterns using the measurement-derived EOFs. For a given period, the level of agreement between the observation-based clustering labels and the simulation-based classification labels is used to assess the validity of the simulation results. Mismatches occurring between the two sets of labels for a given period imply inaccurately simulated conditions. Moreover, the specific nature of a mismatch can help to diagnose the downstream effects of improperly simulated meteorological fields on AQM performance. This pattern-based model evaluation technique was applied to extended simulations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) covering two winter seasons for the San Francisco Bay Area of California.
Normalizing Air–Sea Flux Coefficients for Horizontal Homogeneity, Stationarity, and Neutral Stratification
Authors: Geernaert G. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Monin–Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory is routinely applied over the ocean to describe surface layer profiles of wind speed, temperature, and gas concentrations. Using this theory, fluxes are in turn estimated based on the best available parameterizations of normalized flux coefficients: for example, neutral flux coefficients. Flux coefficients can vary with environmental conditions. Because it is generally assumed that the domain of interest must be characterized by spatially homogeneous and steady-state conditions, systematic violations of the assumptions may lead to significant uncertainties in flux estimates. In this paper, the author has extended MOS theory to accommodate nonstationarity and spatial inhomogeneity in the representation of the normalized drag coefficient, Stanton number, and Dalton number. The author illustrates the importance of his theoretical extension, based on a reexamination of a historical air–sea interaction dataset obtained from the North Sea.
Modeling, Error Analysis, and Evaluation of Dual-Polarization Variables Obtained from Simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical Polarization Transmit Radar. Part I: Modeling and Antenna Errors
Authors: Hubbert J. C. , Ellis S. M. , Dixon M. , Meymaris G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In this two-part paper the biases of polarimetric variables from simultaneous horizontally and vertically transmitted (SHV) data are investigated. Here, in Part I, a radar-scattering model is developed and antenna polarization errors are investigated and estimated. In Part II, experimental data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol) and the National Severe Storms Laboratory polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar, KOUN, are used to illustrate biases in differential reflectivity (Zdr). The biases in the SHV polarimetric variables are caused by cross coupling of the horizontally (H) and vertically (V) polarized signals. The cross coupling is caused by the following two primary sources: 1) the nonzero mean canting angle of the propagation medium and 2) antenna polarization errors. The biases are strong functions of the differential propagation phase (ϕdp) and the phase difference between the H and V transmitted field components. The radar-scattering model developed here allows for the evaluation of biases caused by cross coupling as a function of ϕdp, with the transmission phase difference as a parameter. Also, antenna polarization errors are estimated using solar scan measurements in combination with estimates of the radar system’s linear depolarization ratio (LDR) measurement limit. Plots are given that show expected biases in SHV Zdr for various values of the LDR system’s limit.
Modeling, Error Analysis, and Evaluation of Dual-Polarization Variables Obtained from Simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical Polarization Transmit Radar. Part II: Experimental Data
Authors: Hubbert J. C. , Ellis S. M. , Dixon M. , Meymaris G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In this second article in a two-part work, the biases of weather radar polarimetric variables from simultaneous horizontally and vertically transmit (SHV) data are investigated. The biases are caused by cross coupling of the simultaneously transmitted vertical (V) and horizontal (H) electric fields. There are two primary causes of cross coupling: 1) the nonzero mean canting angle of the propagation medium (e.g., canted ice crystals) and 2) antenna polarization errors. Given herein are experimental data illustrating both bias sources. In Part I, a model is developed and used to quantify cross coupling and its impact on polarization measurements. Here, in Part II, experimental data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR’s) S-band dual-polarimetric Doppler radar (S-Pol) and the National Severe Storms Laboratory’s polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), KOUN, are used to illustrate biases in differential reflectivity (Zdr). The S-Pol data are unique: both SHV data and fast alternating H and V transmit (FHV) data are gathered in close time proximity, and thus the FHV data provide “truth” for the SHV data. Specifically, the SHV Zdr bias in rain caused by antenna polarization errors is clearly demonstrated by the data. This has not been shown previously in the literature.
Quality Assurance Procedures for Mesoscale Meteorological Data
Authors: Fiebrich Christopher A. , Morgan Cynthia R. , McCombs Alexandria G. , Hall Peter K. , McPherson Renee A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Mesoscale meteorological data present their own challenges and advantages during the quality assurance (QA) process because of their variability in both space and time. To ensure data quality, it is important to perform quality control at many different stages (e.g., sensor calibrations, automated tests, and manual assessment). As part of an ongoing refinement of quality assurance procedures, meteorologists with the Oklahoma Mesonet continually review advancements and techniques employed by other networks. This article’s aim is to share those reviews and resources with scientists beginning or enhancing their own QA program. General QA considerations, general automated tests, and variable-specific tests and methods are discussed.
Evaluation of Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme Sensitivities for the Purpose of Parameter Estimation
Authors: Nielsen-Gammon John W. , Hu Xiao-Ming , Zhang Fuqing , Pleim Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Meteorological model errors caused by imperfect parameterizations generally cannot be overcome simply by optimizing initial and boundary conditions. However, advanced data assimilation methods are capable of extracting significant information about parameterization behavior from the observations, and thus can be used to estimate model parameters while they adjust the model state. Such parameters should be identifiable, meaning that they must have a detectible impact on observable aspects of the model behavior, their individual impacts should be a monotonic function of the parameter values, and the various impacts should be clearly distinguishable from each other.
A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the parameters within the Asymmetrical Convective Model, version 2 (ACM2) planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting model in order to determine the parameters most suited for estimation. A total of 10 candidate parameters are selected from what is, in general, an infinite number of parameters, most being implicit or hidden. Multiple sets of model simulations are performed to test the sensitivity of the simulations to these 10 particular ACM2 parameters within their plausible physical bounds. The most identifiable parameters are found to govern the vertical profile of local mixing within the unstable PBL, the minimum allowable diffusivity, the definition of the height of the unstable PBL, and the Richardson number criterion used to determine the onset of turbulent mixing in stable stratification. Differences in observability imply that the specific choice of parameters to be estimated should depend upon the characteristics of the observations being assimilated.
Observational Analysis of an Upper-Level Inverted Trough during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment
Authors: Finch Zachary O. , Johnson Richard H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Upper-level inverted troughs (IVs) associated with midlatitude breaking Rossby waves or tropical upper-troposphere troughs (TUTTs) have been identified as important contributors to the variability of rainfall in the North American monsoon (NAM) region. However, little attention has been given to the dynamics of these systems owing to the sparse observational network over the NAM region. High temporal and spatial observations taken during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) are utilized to analyze a significant IV that passed over northwestern Mexico from 10 to 13 July 2004. The Colorado State University gridded dataset, which is independent of model analysis over land, is the primary data source used in this study.
Results show that the 10–13 July IV disturbance was characterized by a warm anomaly around 100 hPa and a cold anomaly that extended from 200 to 700 hPa. The strongest cyclonic circulation was in the upper levels around 200 hPa. Quasigeostrophic (QG) diagnostics indicate that the upper-level low forced weak subsidence (weak rising motion) to the west (east) of its center. Net downward motion to the west was a result of the Laplacian of thermal advection (forcing subsidence) outweighing differential vorticity advection (forcing weak upward motion). Despite the QG forcing of downward motion west of the upper-level IV, enhanced convection occurred west of the IV center along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). This seemingly contradictory behavior can be explained by noting that the upper-level IV induced a midlevel cyclonic circulation, with northeasterly (southeasterly) midlevel flow to the west (east) of its center. Increased mesoscale organization of convection along the SMO foothills was found to be collocated with IV-enhanced northeasterly midlevel flow and anomalous northeasterly shear on the western (leading) flank of the system. It is proposed that the upper-level IV increased the SMO-perpendicular midlevel flow as well as the wind shear, thereby creating an environment favorable for convective storms to grow upscale as they moved off the high terrain.
A novel prognostic model in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results of 909 patients entered into the prospective AML96 trial
Authors: Röllig Christoph , Thiede Christian , Gramatzki Martin , Aulitzky Walter , Bodenstein Heinrich , Bornhäuser Martin , Platzbecker Uwe , Stuhlmann Reingard , Schuler Ulrich , Soucek Silke , Kramer Michael , Mohr Brigitte , Oelschlaegel Uta , Stölzel Friedrich , von Bonin Malte , Wermke Martin , Wandt Hannes , Ehninger Gerhard , Schaich Markus ,   for the Study Alliance Leukemia
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We present an analysis of prognostic factors derived from a trial in patients with acute myeloid leukemia older than 60 years. The AML96 trial included 909 patients with a median age of 67 years (range, 61-87 years). Treatment included cytarabine-based induction therapy followed by 1 consolidation. The median follow-up time for all patients is 68 months (5.7 years). A total of 454 of all 909 patients reached a complete remission (50%). Five-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival were 9.7% and 14%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that karyotype, age, NPM1 mutation status, white blood cell count, lactate dehydrogenase, and CD34 expression were of independent prognostic significance for OS. On the basis of the multivariate Cox model, an additive risk score was developed that allowed the subdivision of the largest group of patients with an intermediate-risk karyotype into 2 groups. We are, therefore, able to distinguish 4 prognostic groups: favorable risk, good intermediate risk, adverse intermediate risk, and high risk. The corresponding 3-year OS rates were 39.5%, 30%, 10.6%, and 3.3%, respectively. The risk model allows further stratification of patients with intermediate-risk karyotype into 2 prognostic groups with implications for the therapeutic strategy. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00180115.
A phase 2 study of eliglustat tartrate (Genz-112638), an oral substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease type 1
Authors: Lukina Elena , Watman Nora , Arreguin Elsa Avila , Banikazemi Maryam , Dragosky Marta , Iastrebner Marcelo , Rosenbaum Hanna , Phillips Mici , Pastores Gregory M. , Rosenthal Daniel I. , Kaper Mathilde , Singh Tejdip , Puga Ana Cristina , Bonate Peter L. , Peterschmitt M. Judith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEliglustat tartrate (Genz-112638), a specific inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, is under development as an oral substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1). A multinational, open-label, single-arm phase 2 study of 26 GD1 patients (16 female, 10 male; mean age, 34 years) evaluated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of eliglustat tartrate administered twice daily by mouth at 50- or 100-mg doses based on plasma drug concentrations. Entry criteria required splenomegaly with thrombocytopenia and/or anemia. The composite primary efficacy end point required improvement after 52 weeks in at least 2 of these 3 disease manifestations and was met by 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58%-89%) of all patients and 91% (95% CI = 72%-98%) of the 22 patients completing 52 weeks. Statistically significant improvements occurred in mean hemoglobin level (1.62 g/dL; 95% CI =1.05-2.18 g/dL), platelet count (40.3%; 95% CI = 23.7-57.0 g/dL), spleen volume (−38.5%; 95% CI = −43.5%-−33.5%), liver volume (−17.0%; 95% CI = −21.6%-12.3%), and lumbar spine bone mineral density (0.31 Z-score; 95% CI = 0.09-0.53). Elevated biomarkers (chitotriosidase; chemokine CCL18; angiotensin-converting enzyme; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) decreased by 35% to 50%. Plasma glucosylceramide and ganglioside GM3 normalized. Eliglustat tartrate was well tolerated: 7 mild, transient adverse events in 6 patients were considered treatment-related. Individual pharmacokinetics varied; mean time to maximal observed concentration was 2.3 hours and mean half-life was 6.8 hours. Eliglustat tartrate appears to be a promising oral treatment for GD1. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00358150.
Dyslipidemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: evaluation and management
Authors: Griffith Michelle L. , Savani Bipin N. , Boord Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Currently, approximately 15 000 to 20 000 patients undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) annually throughout the world, with the number of long-term survivors increasing rapidly. In long-term follow-up after transplantation, the focus of care moves beyond cure of the original disease to the identification and treatment of late effects after HSCT. One of the more serious complications is therapy-related cardiovascular disease. Long-term survivors after HSCT probably have an increased risk of premature cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular complications related to dyslipidemia and other risk factors account for a significant proportion of late nonrelapse morbidity and mortality. This review addresses the risk and causes of dyslipidemia and impact on cardiovascular complications after HSCT. Immunosuppressive therapy, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and other long-term complications influence the management of dyslipidemia. There are currently no established guidelines for evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in HSCT patients; in this review, we have summarized our suggested approach in the HSCT population.
The spectrum of resistance in SR/CR mice: the critical role of chemoattraction in the cancer/leukocyte interaction
Authors: Riedlinger Gregory , Adams Jonathan , Stehle John R , Blanks Michael J , Sanders Anne M , Hicks Amy M , Willingham Mark C , Cui Zheng 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Spontaneous regression/complete resistance (SR/CR) mice are a unique colony of mice that possess an inheritable, natural cancer resistance mediated primarily by innate cellular immunity. This resistance is effective against sarcoma 180 (S180) at exceptionally high doses and these mice remain healthy.

Methods
In this study, we challenged SR/CR mice with additional lethal transplantable mouse cancer cell lines to determine their resistance spectrum. The ability of these transplantable cancer cell lines to induce leukocyte infiltration was quantified and the percentage of different populations of responding immune cells was determined using flow cytometry.

Results
In comparison to wild type (WT) mice, SR/CR mice showed significantly higher resistance to all cancer cell lines tested. However, SR/CR mice were more sensitive to MethA sarcoma (MethA), B16 melanoma (B16), LL/2 lung carcinoma (LL/2) and J774 lymphoma (J774) than to sarcoma 180 (S180) and EL-4 lymphoma (EL-4). Further mechanistic studies revealed that this lower resistance to MethA and LL/2 was due to the inability of these cancer cells to attract SR/CR leukocytes, leading to tumor cell escape from resistance mechanism. This escape mechanism was overcome by co-injection with S180, which could attract SR/CR leukocytes allowing the mice to resist higher doses of MethA and LL/2. S180-induced cell-free ascites fluid (CFAF) co-injection recapitulated the results obtained with live S180 cells, suggesting that this chemoattraction by cancer cells is mediated by diffusible molecules. We also tested for the first time whether SR/CR mice were able to resist additional cancer cell lines prior to S180 exposure. We found that SR/CR mice had an innate resistance against EL-4 and J774.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the cancer resistance in SR/CR mice is based on at least two separate processes: leukocyte migration/infiltration to the site of cancer cells and recognition of common surface properties on cancer cells. The infiltration of SR/CR leukocytes was based on both the innate ability of leukocytes to respond to chemotactic signals produced by cancer cells and on whether cancer cells produced these chemotactic signals. We found that some cancer cells could escape from SR/CR resistance because they did not induce infiltration of SR/CR leukocytes. However, if infiltration of leukocytes was induced by co-injection with chemotactic factors, these same cancer cells could be effectively recognized and killed by SR/CR leukocytes.
Factors affecting recruitment and retention of community health workers in a newborn care intervention in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Syed Moshfiqur , Ali Nabeel Ashraf , Jennings Larissa , Seraji M Habibur R , Mannan Ishtiaq , Shah Rasheduzzaman , Al-Mahmud Arif Billah , Bari Sanwarul , Hossain Daniel , Das Milan Krishna , Baqui Abdullah H , El Arifeen Shams , Winch Peter J 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Well-trained and highly motivated community health workers (CHWs) are critical for delivery of many community-based newborn care interventions. High rates of CHW attrition undermine programme effectiveness and potential for implementation at scale. We investigated reasons for high rates of CHW attrition in Sylhet District in north-eastern Bangladesh.

Methods
Sixty-nine semi-structured questionnaires were administered to CHWs currently working with the project, as well as to those who had left. Process documentation was also carried out to identify project strengths and weaknesses, which included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, review of project records (i.e. recruitment and resignation), and informal discussion with key project personnel.

Results
Motivation for becoming a CHW appeared to stem primarily from the desire for self-development, to improve community health, and for utilization of free time. The most common factors cited for continuing as a CHW were financial incentive, feeling needed by the community, and the value of the CHW position in securing future career advancement. Factors contributing to attrition included heavy workload, night visits, working outside of one's home area, familial opposition and dissatisfaction with pay.

Conclusions
The framework presented illustrates the decision making process women go through when deciding to become, or continue as, a CHW. Factors such as job satisfaction, community valuation of CHW work, and fulfilment of pre-hire expectations all need to be addressed systematically by programs to reduce rates of CHW attrition.