bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour vision as a screening tool for sub‐clinical retinal disease
Authors: KONSTANTAKOPOULOU E , BARBUR JL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Age‐related retinal diseases start developing at a subclinical level, as gradual photoreceptor dysfunction, ganglion cell apoptosis etc. Subtle retinal changes disturb the fine intraretinal signal transmission and despite the lack of clinically detectable signs can cause an impairment of chromatic sensitivity that precedes the loss of performance in processing other stimulus attributes. Colour vision can be used as a sensitive screening tool for retinal diseases when the tests are carried out at lower light levels.Methods The health of the retina (HR) index was introduced to detect early changes caused by disease by capturing the worsening of chromatic sensitivity as the light level changes from photopic to mesopic (J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 29,2:A27‐A35,2012). This approach makes it possible to separate changes caused by normal aging from the effects of sub‐clinical retinal disease. Chromatic sensitivity was measured in 60 subjects (mean age 47.6 years, range 16‐79 years) at four light levels using the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test; measurement of pre‐receptoral absorption by the crystalline lens and the macular pigment and the size of the pupil allowed an estimation of retinal illuminance.Results The HR index proved largely independent of age (r2~0.2), but ~11% of clinically normal older subjects showed impaired chromatic sensitivity that could reflect the development of retinal pathology. Some of these subjects developed AMD and Glaucoma 2.5 years after the assessment. Patients with identified retinal disease also show abnormal HR indices.Conclusion The HR index is a single number that captures information about the health of the retina irrespective of age and can be used to screen for sub‐clinical signs of retinal diseases.
Age‐corrected monocular limits of normal trichromacy
Authors: RODRIGUEZ ‐ CARMONA M , KONSTANTAKOPOULOU E , KEUKEN A , BARBUR JL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Chromatic sensitivity worsens gradually with increasing age, but the inherent variability in normal colour vision makes this difficult to detect and to separate from very early changes caused by either retinal or systemic diseases. In this study we developed new approaches to identify and screen for changes that cannot be attributed to normal aging. This approach made it possible to produce reliable, age‐corrected limits for normal colour vision.Methods Red‐green (RG) and yellow‐blue (YB) thresholds were measured monocularly in each eye (using the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test) in 394 subjects (age range: 16 to 90 years). Only clinically normal subjects according to medical history and eye / fundus examination were included. All subjects with congenital colour deficiency were excluded. A new filter based on right / left eye asymmetry for RG and YB thresholds was also employed to exclude subjects with significant differences in monocular thresholds. After filtering, the analysis of the effects of normal aging was based on 178 subjects (age range: 16‐79 years).Results The effects of age (in the range 20 to 80 yrs) can be accounted for well by a linear trend with just over two‐fold increase in both RG and YB mean colour thresholds. Statistical limits of variability (±2σ) were computed from the normal subject data in order to provide limits of age‐corrected RG and YB colour vision.Conclusion The age‐corrected CAD thresholds limits established in this study provide a more accurate way of detecting monocular changes in colour vision caused by either retinal diseases or systemic conditions that affect the eye.
Evolution of cataract surgery: Barraquer experience
Authors: DE LA PAZ M , BARRAQUER J , ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO JP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To describe the evolution of cataract surgery at the Barraquer Eye CenterMethods Several videos are presented showing the different techniques of cataract surgery over the last centuryResults Intracapsular cataract extraction using the eysiphake was first developed by Prof. Ignacio Barraquer and the surgery was done with topical anesthesia, sutureless technique. This technique was later on enhanced with zonulolysis using alpha‐chymotrypsis as discovered by Prof. Joaquin Barraquer. Anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation using the Strampelli lens thru a small corneal incision is also shown. Finally we show the present day technique femtosecond laser assisted phacoemulsification thru a 2 mm incision with implantation of foldable intraocular posterior chamber lens.Conclusion Several changes have taken place thru the last century in cataract surgery. Techniques have been developed for less intra operative and postoperative complications, faster visual rehabilitation and excellent refractive results.
Intracameral cefuroxime injection at the end of cataract surgery reduces the incidence of endophthalmitis, a French study
Authors: BARREAU G , MOUNIER M , MARIN B , ADENIS JP , ROBERT PY 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To show the interest of intra‐camerular injection of cefuroxime at the end of cataract surgery to decrease the incidence of post‐operative endophthalmitis.Methods 5115 patients operated from cataract between april 2003 and june 2008 were prospectively and exhaustively included in a survey for operative site infection. Intracameral Cefuroxime injection started in june 2006, so 2289 patient received Cefuroxime, and 2826 did not. Pre‐operative data (betalactamin allergy, history of endophthalmitis, age, sex) and intraoperative data (use of trypan blue, capsular ring or iris retractors, surgical time, senior or junior surgeon, corticosteroids injection, iris retractors), and postoperative infections at 8 days and 1 month were prospectively collected.Results Respectively, the incidence of endophthalmitis without and with cefuroxime intracamerular injection was 35 of 2826 patients (1,238 %) and 1 of 2289 patients (0,044 %) (p < 0,0001). None of intraoperative factors we considered has been significantly associated to postoperative infection. No allergic reaction has been reported.Conclusion Intracamerular Cefuroxime injection at the end of cataract surgery is a safe procedure to significatively decrease the incidence of endophthalmitis.
Morphology of age‐related cuneiform cortical cataracts: the case for mechanical stress.
Authors: MICHAEL R , VRENSEN G , BARRAQUER RI 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To study the morphology of age‐related cuneiform cortical cataracts.Methods We evaluated the gross morphology, location, and fiber cell architecture of equatorial cortical opacities in the aging human lens. Using dark‐field stereomicroscopy, we photographed donor lenses in toto and as thick slices. In addition, we investigated the details of the fiber cell architecture using fluorescent staining for membranes and by scanning electron microscopy. We then combined our data with data from recent studies on lens viscoelasticity.Results We found that small cortical and cuneiform opacities are accompanied by changes in fiber structure and architecture mainly in the equatorial border zone between the lens nucleus and cortex.Conclusion Because the lens cortex and nucleus have different viscoelastic properties in young and old lenses, we hypothesize that external forces during accommodation cause shear stress predominantly in this border zone. The location of the described changes suggests that these mechanical forces may cause fiber disorganization, small cortical opacities, and ultimately, cuneiform cataracts.
Contribution of 3D anterior segment reconstruction by rotative UBM to the sizing of phakic IOL
Authors: MAINDRON C , LE LOIR M , KOHANDANI TAFRESHI M , LAMARD M , COCHENER B 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Posterior phakic implantation is the recommended procedure for high ametropia correction but it is harmed by a difficult sizing inducing errors. We designed a 3D rotative UBM prototype in order to take into account the volume of the posterior chamber to improve the sizing.Methods 7 myopic eyes (mean MRSE: ‐10.8) of 4 patients underwent a phakic implantation by one surgeon with a “white to white”‐based sizing method. During the 3rd postoperative month, we evaluated several mesures that we assessed by anterior segment OCT (2D) and by our UBM prototype (3D), designed by the LaTIM ‐Inserm U1101 in association with Quantel Medical®. It contains a linear scanning probe of 50 MHz with a rotative motor (acquisition of 30 coaxial slides).Results 3D reconstruction gives us a representation of one eye on 360°. For each eye, we have compared data pre and postoperative implantation and our results reflect the conventional impact of implant.Conclusion Our rotative probe has allowed the first 3D reconstruction of the ocular anterior segment. This initial approach reports high anatomical variations and non uniformity of intraocular clearances, explaining potentially some unexpected IOL positioning. Our goal is to have an accurate visualization of relationship between phakic IOLs and intraocular surrounding structures. Perspectives could be the evaluation of the impact of accommodation on intraocular volumes in addition to preoperative simulations in 3 dimensions.
Commercial interest
Influence of multifocal intraocular lenses on standard automated perimetry test results
Authors: AYCHOUA N , JUNOY MONTOLIO F , JANSONIUS NM 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the influence of multifocal intraocular lenses (MFIOLs) on standard automated perimetry (SAP) and size V perimetry test results.Methods Sixteen eyes of 16 patients with a diffractive MFIOL (median age 64 years) and 45 phakic eyes of 45 healthy subjects (median age 49 years) were included in this cross‐sectional case‐control study. All eyes underwent (1) SAP with the Humphrey Field Analyzer using a 30‐2 grid and the Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm standard strategy and (2) a full threshold test with stimulus size V (instead of the default size III). Our Main Outcome Measures were the mean deviation (MD; for SAP) and mean sensitivity (MS; for both SAP and size V perimetry).Results The MD of the SAP test results was on average 2.18 dB lower in MFIOL patients than in controls (P<0.001). For all 16 cases and an age‐matched subgroup of 18 controls, this difference was 2.05 dB (P=0.001). The age‐adjusted difference in MS between cases and controls was ‐2.34 dB (P<0.001). For size V perimetry, this was ‐1.67 dB (P<0.001). For a subset of test locations within 10 degree eccentricity, the age‐adjusted difference in MS between cases and controls was ‐2.35 dB for size III (P<0.001) and ‐1.96 dB for size V perimetry (P<0.001).Conclusion Patients with a diffractive MFIOL have a clinically relevant reduction of the visual sensitivity as assessed with SAP and size V perimetry.
Clinical and OCT outcomes for full‐thickness and lamellar macular hole surgery
Authors: STAPPLER T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Macular hole surgery has been long‐established practice in vitreoretinal surgery and yet there is still controversy over its management especially around the value of postoperative face‐down posturing on its outcome. Surgical indications for lamellar macular holes (LMH) are far more controversial. OCT has become the standard assessment tool for success evaluation and may even yield prognostic value.Methods Review of current published literature regarding posturing vs. non‐posturing for full‐thickness macular holes (FTMH), surgery vs. observation in lamellar macular holes (LMH).Results 21 studies investigating the effect of face‐down posturing on the outcome of macular hole surgery were identified. 11 studies included a comparison group and were deemed suitable for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Of three RCTs, two suggested a benefit in larger holes but none demonstrated evidence of benefit in smaller holes. The lamellar macular hole group is much more heterogenous with some authors distinguishing between lamellar macular holes (LMH) and macular pseudoholes (MPH). Some morphological OCT changes, such as oedema, cystic spaces and lamellar holes were commonly seen in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM). The presence or absence of an intact IS/OS layer may correlate with visual outcome.Conclusion The field surgery is constantly changing even for what is considered standard surgery in macular holes. The trend towards postoperative posturing seems to recur, especially for macular holes larger than 400μm. CONSORT‐adherent RCTs would be required to provide future guidance. Lamellar macular holes are still a poorly defined group with proponents and detractors in balance. The presence of concurrent ERM on OCT may tip the balance towards surgery.
Vitrectomy with subretinal t‐PA, gas tamponade and intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of submacular hemorrhage due to AMD
Authors: MENDRINOS E 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose This lecture aims to summarize what is known about the effect of vitrectomy with subretinal t‐PA, gas tamponade and intravitreal anti‐VEGF in the management of submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration.Methods Submacular hemorrhage associated with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration is a complication known to have potentially devastating effects on visual acuity. The exact incidence of submacular hemorrhage in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration is unknown, and risk factors for its occurrence ill defined. It is known, however, to be a relatively common problem and important because the visual prognosis of these patients is poor.Results Multiple treatment modalities have been suggested including intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor injections, photodynamic therapy, pneumatic displacement with or without adjuvant intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator, and pars plana vitrectomy with or without adjuvant subretinal tissue plasminogen activator. However, there remains no consensus on optimal treatment, as clinical trials for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration have excluded patients with submacular hemorrhage.Conclusion Although the final visual outcome is often limited by progression of age‐related macular degeneration, significant and stable visual recovery is possible in selected eyes. Prospective clinical trials are needed to clarify the role for vitrectomy/tPA/gas/anti‐VEGF and to provide definitive outcome comparisons with other management approaches.
Gene therapy approaches in corneal pathologies
Authors: FUCHSLUGER T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose This lecture will provide an overview over past and current gene therapy approached to treat corneal pathologies.Methods The presentation will include both viral and non‐viral gene transfer strategies and will present data from the authors and other research groups.Results Depending on the carrier transduction rates of corneal cells vary. However, outcome has ben promising, also during corneal storage and after corneal transplantation.Conclusion Gene therapy to the cornea is a relatively new but promising field.
Nanoparticles for drug delivery
Authors: STEFANSSON E , GUDMUNDSDOTTIR B , ASGRIMSDOTTIR G , LOFTSSON T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To test dorzolamide cyclodextrin microparticle eye drops applied once a day (QD)for intraocular pressure control,compared with Trusopt® 3 times a day (TID).Methods Self aggregating cyclodextrin microparticle eye drops (DorzNP) containing 3% dorzolamide were formulated. The effect of the DorzNP eye drops QD was compared to Trusopt® TID in a prospective randomized single masked crossover trial over 24 hours. Seventeen healthy volunteers with intraocular pressure (IOP) over 18 mmHg were recruited. IOP was measured with an Icare tonometer pro and each patient underwent full eye examination.Results DorzNP eye drops QD and Trusopt® TID lower IOP in a similar manner. At no time point was there a significant difference in IOP between the two groups. The peak effect in both groups was at 4 hours: In the DorzNP group IOP decreased from 21.7 ± 2.4 mmHg at baseline to 17.9 ± 3.9 mmHg, which is 3.8 ± 2.6 mmHg and 18% IOP decrease. In the Trusopt® group IOP decreased from 20.9 ± 2.2 mmHg at baseline to 17.9 ± 3.3, at 4 hours which is 3.1 ± 3.7 mmHg ,14%, (p = 0.97 between groups) IOP drop. At trough at 24 hours the IOP drop was 1.4 ± 2.8 (6%) in DorzNP eyes and 1.5 ± 2.0 (7%) in Trusopt eyes (p = 0.23). Burning in DorzNP eyes on the scale 1‐100 was 12±15 and in Trusopt® eyes 37±30 (p=0.0038). Vision aquity and redness did not differ between the two groupsConclusion The results suggest that once a day dorzolamide nanoparticle eye drops have a similiar effect on intraocular pressure as Trusopt® applied 3 times a day. The dorzolamide microparticle eye drops are well tolerated, less burning than Trusopt®and significantly reduce intraocular pressure.
Commercial interest
SEGRAs a new therapeutic option on the horizon?
Authors: PLEYER U 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFifty years after their initial clinical use glucocorticoids (GC) are still the most important and most frequent used anti‐inflammatory agents in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Unfortunately the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of GC are frequently accompanied by undesired side effects. Beside unknown individual factors, recent investigations have idientified molecular mechanisms of GC action that may reveal new antiinflammatory agents with a better effect/side effect profile. The effect of GC on target cells is mediated by the regulation of transcription of steroid‐responsive genes. After binding to cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) the complex translocates into the nucleus and modulates gene transcription either by a positive (transactivation) or negative (transrepression) mode of regulation. There is growing evidence that beneficial effects as well as undesired effects are related to the dissociation of these two major mechanisms, e.g. steroid diabetes and steroid induced glaucoma seems to be mainly related to transactivation mechanisms. The dissociation of these mechanisms has recently led to the development of new agents that may predominantly induce transrepression over transactivation and subsequently lead to potent anti‐inflammatory effects while displaying less dominant side effects. Indeed, transgenic mice carrying a defective GR could demonstrate the anti‐inflammatory potential of transrepression. The purpose of this presentation is to provide an up‐date on recent developments in this field.
Synthetic eye prosthesis
Authors: STORSBERG J , SCHMIDT C , REHFELDT S , KOBUCH K , MESSNER A , RÖTHGEN H , DUNCKER GIW , KNAK M , CORDES A , SCHRAGE N , NASS N , SEL S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Development of synthetic eye prosthesis to provide a long term stable keratoprostesisMethods Synthetic hydrophobic and hydrophilic biomaterials were selectively modified by physical and chemical nanotechnological methods. The modified biomaterials were tested in cell culture experiments (fibroblasts L929 and primary epithelial cells, porcine) and implanted into rabbits eyes. The hydrophobic material was implanted finally into eyes of ultima ratio patients.Results After very successful in vitro evaluation, keratoprostheses were implanted to rabbit eyes (New Zealand white rabbit) and showed excellent in vivo performance in the animal experiment.As for the hydrophibic material, no adverse reaction was observed after follow up of 2.5 years in human eyes.Conclusion We could develop a new keratoprosthesis which is well tolerated in human eye.
Translating ocular immunology from the laboratory to the clinic ‐ keratoplasty ‐
Authors: PLEYER U 
Published: August 2012

AbstractKeratoplasty has definitely its paradoxes. It has been the first successful transplantation in man and is with approx.100.000 grafts/year easily the most frequent allograft in human medicine. At the same time it is still the least understood form of transplantation in respect to its biology. It is both, the most successful as well as probably the most underestimated procedure regarding its risks in clinical transplantation. Indeed, the common assumtion, that corneal transplantation is a safe procedure with good prognosis may have hindered more intensive effort of research in this field. There are still limitations to corneal transplantation, and allograft rejection still poses the greatest challenge. In the last two decades, graft survival has been greatly improved by the introduction of efficient immunosuppressive drugs. This lecture aims to highlight the most novel and successful strategies to achieve a better outcome of pkp and e.g. tolerance via induction of Tregs. In addition, the use of lamellar grafts (e.g. DMEC) has significantly changed our perception and will be discussed.
Exploiting the immune response to halt progression of ocular melanoma
Authors: MCKENNA KC 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the requirements for spontaneous rejection of tumors transplanted in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of splenectomized mice as a first step toward identifying how to harness the immune reponses to eliminate intaocular tumors.Methods Luciferase expressing E.G7‐OVA (Luc E.G7) tumors were injected in the a.c. of the eye of wildtype, CD8 depleted, perforin deficient, IFNγ deficient, IFNγ receptor 1 deficient (IFNγR1), or inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) deficient mice that were splenectomized or left untreated prior to tumor challenge. In some experiments intraocular macrophages were depleted by subconjunctival administration of clodronate liposomes. Luc E.G7 tumor growth was measured by bioluminescent imaging using an IVIS imager. Tumor‐specific OT‐I CD8+ T cells were monitored in vivo by flow cytometry.Results Luc‐E.G7 tumors grew progressively in the a.c. of nonsplenectomized mice but were spontaneously rejected in splenectomized mice. Rejection of ocular tumors in splenectomized mice required CD8+ T cells, macrophages, IFNγ and IFNγR1 expression by host cells. Infiltration of ocular tumors by CD8+ T cells and their expression of IFNγ were equivalent in splenectomized and nonsplenectomized mice. Perforin expression and nitric oxide production were not required for rejection of intraocular tumors.Conclusion These data suggest a model of ocular tumor regression in splenectomized mice in which CD8+ T cells express IFNγ to induce nitric oxide‐independent tumoricidal activity within intratumoral macrophages. Therefore, restoring tumoricidal activity in intratumoral macrophages is critical for CD8+ T cell mediated elimination of ocular tumors
Regulatory T cell therapy for uveitis
Authors: BODAGHI B 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNew therapeutic strategies, including novel generation of immunosuppressors and biologic agents are currently available for the management of noninfectious uveitis. However, adverse events remain an important issue to consider and other options need to be evaluated. We have previously controlled experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by administrating activated polyclonal regulatory T cells (T‐regs) intravitreally. Based on these preliminaru results, a clinical study has been initiated to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this approach in patients with uveitis and low vision. Tolerance and efficacy will be monitored with clinical examination, laser flare photometry and imaging. Intraocular levels of pro and anti‐inflammatory cytokines will be determined in each patient at baseline and after T‐reg administration. Cell therapy may become an interesting strategy, expanding the anti‐inflammatory armamentarium.