bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the population dynamics of five cyathostome nematode species of horses in northern USA
Authors: REINEMEYER C. R. , SMITH S. A. , GABEL A. A. , HERD R. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMonthly variations in the magnitude of adult and larval cyathostome burdens were observed in 55 horses necropsied over a 15‐month period in the northern USA. Peak numbers of adult cyathostomes occurred in late winter (March) and late summer (September). Larval cyathostomes demonstrated peak numbers from February to April and again in October, beginning one month earlier than the spring adult peak and one month after the autumn adult peak, respectively. The reproductive status of individual femaleCyathostomum catinatum, Cyath coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldiandCylicostephanus longibursatuswas classified as immature, gravid or spent. Seasonal changes in these classifications were monitored as a marker for the age structure of these populations. Each reproductive category of female small strongyle was dominant during only one period per year and these periods were similarly distributed for all five species examined. Immature cyathostomes were most common from late winter to spring (March to May); gravid worms were predominant beginning in spring (April/May) and continuing into autumn (October to December). Spent females prevailed from autumn through winter (October to March/April).
Method of investigation of the accuracy of four digitally‐displaying heart rate meters suitable for use in the exercising horse
Authors: EVANS D. L. , ROSE R.J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe measurement of heart rate during exercise in the horse has been recommended as a means of prescribing work effort, monitoring the changes in aerobic capacity during training and as part of the clinical examination of the performance horse. The accuracy of four heart rate meters (PEH 100, PU 10, HR 14 and HRM‐7) was assessed by comparison with heart rate determined by simultaneous telemetry electrocardiography (ECG) using a rapid incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Heart rate displayed by all four meters showed significant correlations with the ECG heart rate, but only two meters (PEH 100 and HRM‐7) had correlation coefficients of 0.98 or greater.
Four cases of traumatic optic nerve blindness in the horse
Authors: MARTIN L. , KASWAN RENEE , CHAPMAN W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTraumatic optic nerve atrophy is characterised clinically by a unilateral or bilateral sudden onset of blindness. Dilated, fixed pupils and a lack of a menace reflex are the only abnormalities noted soon after the trauma. Within three to four weeks the optic disc becomes paler and the retinal vasculature is markedly decreased. The pathological lesion is a rupture of the nerve axons from stretching forces produced by the posterior movement of the brain against the fixed canalicular portion of the optic nerves. Medical therapy has not been successful.
Assessment of prognosis for racing after carpal surgery in 210 Thoroughbreds
Authors: SPEIRS V. C. , ANDERSON G. A. , BOURKE J. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of treating carpal lesions by arthrotomy was evaluated in 210 Thoroughbred racehorses, using survival analysis to compare their racing performances and earnings with those of 840 control horses. The treated horses were significantly inferior with respect to races contested, and wins plus places (P<0.001) and races won (P<0.01). There was no difference with respect to earnings (P<0.1); after adjusting for other factors, arthritis, site of fracture and presence of a displaced chip had no effect on racing performance in horses with a single‐site lesion involving a chip.
Iopamidol myelography in the horse
Authors: MAY S. A. , WYN‐JONES G. , CHURCH SALLY , BROUWER G. J. , JONES R. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe use of the non‐ionic, water‐soluble contrast agent iopamidol for myelography in seven horses is described. Contrast columns of diagnostic quality were produced in all seven cases and the procedure did not invoke any adverse reactions in the five cases which were recovered from general anaesthesia. It is concluded that iopamidol is a safe and effective contrast agent for myelography in the horse.
Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: Effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model
Authors: GERRING E. E. L. , HUNT JUDITH M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn experimental model of postoperative ileus was developed in ponies using trauma to, and exposure of, a length of small intestine which gave rise to a reproducible and reversible set of changes in gut activity. This was assessed by recordings of electrical and mechanical activity and by propulsion of spheres from stomach to anus. Activity was depressed, especially in the stomach and colon, and transit was slowed. All drugs given increased electromechanical activity but propranolol was the least effective and did not alter the delayed transit of spheres. Yohimbine was more effective and the addition of bethanechol produced a little extra propulsive action. Metoclopramide had the best effect, virtually returning transit to normal and was the only drug fully restoring coordination of gastric and small intestinal activity which was disrupted by the ileus procedure. Loss of gastroduodenal coordination is probably the central lesion in equine ileus and may be mediated by dopamine.
Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value
Authors: PUOTUNEN‐REINERT ANU 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn a retrospective study, the prognostic value and individual merit of seven variables, used in routine examination of colic cases, were tested. The following variables proved to be significant in discriminating between horses which survived and those which died: heart rate (P<0.00005), packed cell volume (P<0.00005) and intensity of colic signs (P<0.0001).
Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness
Authors: GREET T. R. C. , WHITWELL KATHERINE E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwenty‐five horses, suspected on clinical grounds of having grass sickness, were given a barium swallow. Using image intensification the passage of the barium bolus was followed radiographically from the pharynx to the stomach. All 18 horses in which grass sickness was later confirmed at post mortem examination showed defective oesophageal motility. Although the specificity of the abnormality could not be proven, the technique offers a valuable aid to the ante mortem diagnosis of grass sickness.
Faecal composition in foal heat diarrhoea
Authors: MASRI MARIA D. , MERRITT A. M. , GRONWALL R. , BURROWS C. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDevelopmental changes of the gastrointestinal tract were probably responsible for the changes in faecal composition during the first week of the foals' life, which resembled small intestinal ingesta of adult horses, suggesting a minimal colonic modification. Faecal composition at the time of foal heat diarrhoea was suggestive of a secretory‐type diarrhoea, in that the electrolyte concentration accounted for most of faecal osmolality and the faecal pH was alkaline. After foal heat diarrhoea faecal composition slowly approached that of adult horses. These data suggest that foal heat diarrhoea is most likely caused by hypersecretion in the small intestinal mucosa, which may overwhelm an immature colon that is unable to compensate by increased fluid and electrolyte absorption.
Changes in serum muscle enzyme levels associated with training schedules and stage of the oestrous cycle in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: FRAUENFELDER H. C. , ROSSDALE P. D. , RICKETTS S. W. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBlood samples were collected twice weekly over a nine month period from 24 Thoroughbred racehorses in training at Newmarket to study the effects of daily training schedules and stage of oestrous cycle on serum enzyme levels and clinical signs of equine exertional myopathy. The sampling period extended from November to July and was performed between 16.00 h and 18.00 h so as to be at least 6 h after exercise. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and plasma progestogen concentrations were measured. All horses were subjected to a similar traditional training programme. The study demonstrated marked fluctuations in serum muscle enzyme concentrations which were more pronounced in two‐year‐old fillies than three‐year‐old fillies and colts. There was no correlation, however, with the stage of oestrous cycle. It was concluded that some degree of muscle cell damage, which results in a variable increase in serum creatine kinase levels, occurs in all horses following light exercise after a rest day. Traditional flat race training may not be ideal in this respect and it is suggested that, for horses with an observed tendency towards exertional myopathy, more consistent and longer periods of less strenuous exercise may be advantageous.
Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , VAUGHAN L. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryContrast radiography, using a 25 per cent solution of sodium diatrizoate, has been used for the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses. The procedure was undertaken on a series of 32 clinical cases and on specimens obtained at autopsy. Lesions affecting the extensor tendon sheaths at the carpus, the digital sheath, the tarsal sheath and the bursae at the elbow, hock and fetlock were examined by this means. The results showed the procedure offered the clinician useful information about the nature of the interior of these structures, particularly as regards the presence of adhesions and anastomoses between adjacent sheaths and joint capsules. Together with other clinical and laboratory findings, contrast radiography can assist in assessing the prognosis and in formulating appropriate treatment.
Preliminary study of tendon biopsy in the horse
Authors: WEBBON P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA series of experimental tendon biopsies is described. Three biopsies were taken from the lateral digital extensor tendon (LDET) and three from the superficial flexor tendon (SFT). The LDET biopsies resulted in little discomfort whereas the SFT biopsies led to temporary lameness. The tendons were examined histologically up to 99 days after the biopsies were removed. In all of the tendons the defect filled with granulation tissue which subsequently became organised as a longitudinally orientated collagenous scar tissue. In this small series of biopsies the histological effects of the biopsy persisted longer in the SFT than in the LDET. It is concluded that tendon biopsy cannot be advocated for safe routine use in the horse.
Laser Doppler flowmetry: Muscular microcirculation in anaesthestised horses
Authors: SERTEYN D. , MOTTART E. , MICHAUX C. , MICHEELS J. , PHILIPPART C. , LAVERGNE L. , GUILLON C. , LAMY M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuscular microcirculation was studied in seven halothane anaesthetised horses in lateral recumbency using a laser Doppler flowmeter. A significant difference between the dependent and the uppermost triceps brachii was recorded. In the dependent muscles, microflow at first decreased and then increased up to the starting value. In the uppermost muscles, a significant rise of the microflow was measured.
Radius fractures in the horse: A retrospective study of 47 cases
Authors: SANDERS‐SHAMIS MARLENE , BRAMLAGE L. R. , GABLE A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe case records, radiographs and treatment results of 47 consecutive equine radius fractures presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1975 to 1985 were examined retrospectively. Chip fractures and incomplete fractures were not considered. Both diaphyseal fractures and fractures involving the physes were included. Diaphyseal fractures were placed into three major categories: comminuted, oblique and transverse; and subclassified as proximal, middiaphyseal, or distal. Fractures involving a physis were classified using the Salter‐Harris classification system. The horses ranged in age from one day to 19 years old. Nineteen of the patients were destroyed humanely on presentation, and 28 were treated. Twenty‐four of the 28 fractures treated were repaired by open reduction and internal fixation. Success rate was related to the age of the horse and the type of fracture. Adult radius fractures have a poor prognosis. Most fractures in foals are either physeal fractures or transverse or oblique diaphyseal fractures and have an excellent to good prognosis when repaired adequately.
Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in Thoroughbred mares
Authors: MICHEL T. H. , ROSSDALE P. D. , CASH R. S. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma progesterone levels were measured daily to determine the accuracy of diagnosing ovulation by rectal palpation carried out every other day; 81.5 per cent mares injected with human chorionic gonadotrophin showed increases of progesterone more than 1 ng/ml by 72 h after injection compared with 65 per cent of mares injected with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) or saline. Mating at ovulation achieved a 74 per cent pregnancy rate in mares given hCG compared with 50 per cent given GnRH and 45 per cent controls. Diagnosis of ovulation per rectum on the basis of a pit in the ovarian surface or the presence of a soft friable structure was found to be accurate in 91 per cent of cases. Diagnosis based on the presence of a firm plum‐like structure or the disappearance of a previously identified follicle at a given site was 60 per cent accurate. In cases of rectal diagnosis of non‐ovulation 38 per cent had actually ovulated based on a rise in progesterone more than 1 ng/ml and a further 19 per cent showed a rise in progesterone by 24 h after the diagnosis. The use of hCG may improve conception rates by synchronisation of ovulation and mating and where rectal palpation of the ovaries remains the only basis for timed mating.
Navicular suspensory desmotomy in the treatment of navicular disease: Technique and preliminary results
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe technique of navicular suspensory desmotomy for the treatment of navicular disease is described and the rationale behind its development is discussed. To date 16 horses involved in a clinical evaluation of the technique have been assessed six months after surgery. Thirteen of these horses are able to work without lameness.
Epidemiology and control of equine strongylosis at Newmarket
Authors: HERD R. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeasonal rises in mean faecal egg output were observed in grazing ponies in spring (578 eggs per gram) and in summer (930 epg) on 30 April and 2 September, respectively, in untreated ponies. Pasture infectivity reached a peak of 18,486 third stage larvae (L3)/kg on 17 September, two weeks after peak egg counts, coincidental with abundant September rainfall (103.0 mm). Differentiation of infective larvae from pasture showed the cyathostomes (small strongyles) to be predominant, butTrichostrongylus axeiassumed major importance from late August to October. The large strongyles were rarely detected:Strongylus vulgariswas found only once andS edentatusonly twice. The most effective parasite prophylaxis was achieved by twice weekly removal of faeces. In this group, concentrations of infective L3 on pasture reached a maximum of 1000 L3/kg, compared to 18,486 L3/kg for a control group and 4850 to 10,210 L3/kg for anthelmintic treatment groups. The removal of faeces increased the grazing area by about 50 per cent, by eliminating the characteristic separation of horse pasture into roughs and lawns. Spring and summer anthelmintic treatments of mature ponies with oxibendazole were effective in reducing the late season rise in pasture infectivity to 4850 L3/kg, but treatment of young ponies (mainly yearlings) with ivermectin every eight weeks or oxibendazole every four weeks resulted in pasture infectivity as high as 10,000 L3/kg. There was evidence of cyathostome resistance to benzimidazole drugs.
Serum protein changes in ponies on different parasite control programmes
Authors: HERD R. P. , KENT JOYCE E. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySerum protein responses were examined in 52 ponies divided into five groups and subjected to various control strategies that resulted in pasture infectivity ranging from 706 to 18,486 infective third stage, cyathostome andTrichostrongylus axeilarvae per kilogram of herbage (L3/kg) by 17 September 1984. Major protein changes occurred only in young ponies (Groups 4 and 5) and were observed before exposure to maximum numbers of pasture larvae (Group 4; 10,210 L3/kg, Group 5: 10,042 L3/kg) on 17 September. It appeared that a primary infection ofT axeiwas a greater stimulus to serum ß‐globulin and immunoglobulin (Ig)G(T) responses that provided by continued infection with cyathostome (small strongyle) worms. The large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatusandS equinus) were not detected in any larval cultures or on pastures grazed by the young ponies. A fall in ß‐globulin and IgG(T) concentrations of Group 5 ponies one month after treatment with ivermectin indicated a larvicidal action againstT axeiand/or the cyathostomes. A subsequent rise in serum albumin concentrations of Group 5 ponies suggested that a protein‐losing gastroenteropathy had been alleviated by the larvicidal action of ivermectin. Mature control ponies (Group 1) showed little ß‐globulin response and only a modest IgG(T) response in six of the 10 ponies after exposure to heavily infected lawns (18,486 L3/kg) in September 1984. It was concluded that serum protein and IgG(T) responses were of limited value as an aid to diagnosis of parasitism because of numerous difficulties of interpretation.
Studies on the optimal temperature of flotation tanks in the management of skeletal injuries in the horse
Authors: McCLINTOCK S. A. , HUTCHINS D. R. , BROWNLOW M. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn order to determine optimum tank temperature, nine horses were allocated randomly to three groups and placed in a flotation tank at temperatures of 28°C, 32°C and 36°C. Their progress was monitored by subjective and objective clinical measurements and a variety of laboratory parameters. A ‘reacclimatisation crisis’ following removal from the tank was observed in most horses after immersion for 21 days and it was concluded that a tank temperature of 36°C provided maximum patient comfort and minimum homoeostatic disturbance.
Influence of vitamin E and selenium supplement on antibody production in horses
Authors: BAALSRUD KAREN J. , ØVERNES GUNNAR 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFifteen horses used for serum production were maintained on low vitamin E and selenium diets. They were divided into four groups receiving: Group 1 no supplements, Group 2 vitamin E, Group 3 selenium and Group 4 both vitamin E and selenium. The humoral immune response to novel antigens, such as tetanus toxoid and equine influenza virus, was increased in groups receiving either vitamin E or selenium/vitamin E. No effects were recorded on the titres againstEscherichia colior the levels of immunoglobulin G.
Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from haemodynamic causes
Authors: DIVERS T. J. , WHITLOCK R. H. , BYARS T. D. , LEITCH MIDGE , CROWELL W. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix horses had been admitted to the hospital because of illness other than renal failure; diarrhoea, myositis, abdominal pain and/or suspected bacterial sepsis. Hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were frequent findings in the horses. Abnormally high serum creatinine concentration and urine specific gravity of less than 1.022 were found in the horses with acute renal failure. Hyponatremia and hypochloraemia were the most common abnormal electrolyte findings. Pronounced hyperkalaemia was not found. Variable degrees of tubular necrosis were seen in three of the four horses that had kidney sections submitted for microscopic examination. Renal cortical necrosis occurred in one horse. Intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement was the most important therapy in those cases that were non‐oliguric. Furosemide, mannitol and dopamine were used in horses with oliguria. The prognosis was generally good if the predisposing cause could be corrected and the acute renal failure was not oliguric.
Identification of hindleg lameness
Authors: MAY S. A. , WYN‐JONES G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe use of markers placed over the tuber coxae on each side of a horse to aid identification of the relative movement of these structures at the trot, for teaching and research purposes, is described. In each case of hindleg lameness studied, the tuber coxae on the lame side showed a consistent increase in vertical displacement relative to that of the contralateral limb, and a characteristic pattern of movement throughout the stride irrespective of the site or cause of pain.
Effect of povidone‐iodine onin vitrolocomotion of equine neutrophils
Authors: WATSON E. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIncubation of equine neutrophils with povidone‐iodine solutions of greater than or equal to 0.2 per cent resulted in total inhibition of migration under agarose. This was caused by the cytotoxic effects of the solutions as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. Lower concentrations of povidone‐iodine, however, did not adversely affect neutrophil viability or locomotion.
Some metabolic and hormonal changes associated with general anaesthesia and surgery in the horse
Authors: ROBERTSON SHEILAH A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree different anaesthetic techniques were studied in normal, healthy Thoroughbred or Thoroughbred type horses. These were (a) acepromazine, thiopentone and suxamethonium; (b) acepromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate and a ‘half‐dose’ of thiopentone; and (c) xylazine and ketamine. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane vaporised in oxygen and nitrous oxide. All horses underwent either laryngeal or body surface surgery. Heart rate, packed cell colume, blood glucose and lactate, plasma non‐esterified fatty acids, insulin and Cortisol were measured before, during and after surgery. The greatest metabolic and hormonal changes occurred immediately after anaesthetic induction and were different in each group. The combination of acepromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate and a ‘half‐dose’ of thiopentone was associated with the least change in the physiological and metabolic variables measured.
Luxation of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses
Authors: YOVICH J. V. , TURNER A. S. , STASHAK T. S. , McILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLateral or medial luxation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint in 10 horses is presented. Closed and open fetlock luxation each occurred in five horses. Horses were treated by cast immobilisation after debridement of soft tissue and joint lavage in cases of open luxations. Suture apposition of a ruptured collateral ligament was attempted in three cases. Antibiotic therapy was used in ail cases of open fetlock luxation but non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medication was used inconsistently. Whether closed or open, fetlock luxations had a good prognosis for return to breeding status. After treatment, seven horses were used for breeding, one horse was ridden for nine years, one horse remained lame and was destroyed and one horse was lost to follow up.