bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences and Representative Values for 6 Lower Extremity Alignment Measures
Authors: Medina McKeon Jennifer M. , Hertel Jay 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:A discrepancy in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates exists between men and women. Structural differences between the sexes often are implicated as a factor in this discrepancy. Researchers anecdotally assume that men and women tend to display different normative values for certain lower extremity alignments, but published information about these values is limited.Objective:To evaluate the effect of sex on 6 measures of lower extremity alignment and to report representative values of these measures from a sample of active adults and elite athletes.Design:Descriptive cohort design.Setting:University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 118 healthy adults (57 men: age  =  21.1 ± 3.0 years, height  =  179.1 ± 7.3 cm, mass  =  79.8 ± 13.0 kg; 61 women: age  =  20.0 ± 1.6 years, height  =  167.7 ± 6.7 cm, mass  =  62.7 ± 5.5 kg) volunteered.Main Outcome Measure(s):Six common measures of lower extremity posture (navicular drop, tibial varum, quadriceps angle, genu recurvatum, anterior pelvic tilt, femoral anteversion) were collected using established methods. One measurement was taken for each participant for each lower extremity alignment. We measured the right lower extremity only.Results:Compared with men, women demonstrated larger quadriceps angles, more genu recurvatum, greater anterior pelvic tilt, and more femoral anteversion.Conclusions:We observed differences between men and women for 4 of the 6 lower extremity alignments that we measured. Future researchers should focus on identifying how sex and skeletal alignment affect biomechanical performance of functional tasks and what these differences specifically mean regarding the discrepancy in anterior cruciate ligament injury rates between the sexes.
Two Modes of Weight Training Programs and Patellar Stabilization
Authors: Wong Yiu-ming , Chan Suk-tak , Tang Kwok-wing , Ng Gabriel Y. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Underconditioned patellar stabilizing muscles could be a predisposing factor for patellar instability.Objective:To examine the effect of 2 modes of weight training on the size of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), the resting position and passive mobility of the patella, and the strength of the knee extensor muscles.Design:Prospective intervention, repeated measures in 3 groups.Setting:Orthopaedic and sports sciences research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:48 healthy adults free from back and lower extremity injuries.Intervention(s):Participants were randomly assigned to muscle hypertrophy training, muscle strength training, or the control group. Those in the training groups pursued training 3 times per week for 8 weeks.Main Outcome Measure(s):Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound cross-sectional area of the VMO, patellar tilt angle on magnetic resonance imaging, instrumented passive patellar mobility, and isometric knee extension torque of the dominant leg.Results:Participants in both training groups had comparable gains in VMO size, passive patellar stability, and knee extension force, all of which were greater than for the control group (P &lt; .05).Conclusions:Both short-term muscle hypertrophy and strength training programs can reinforce the patellar stabilizers in previously untrained volunteers.
Attractors to an Athletic Training Career in the High School Setting
Authors: Gardiner-Shires Alison , Mensch James 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Employment opportunities for athletic trainers (ATs) in the high school setting have increased greatly in the past few years and will most likely continue to increase. Understanding what attracts individuals to become ATs and work in the high school setting is a complex process.Objective:(1) To examine attractors to the athletic training profession and the high school setting, (2) to determine what, if any, differences exist between attractors to the profession and those to the high school setting, and (3) to identify whether differences in attractors can be attributed to sex, time of decision, or job status.Design:For this descriptive study, we designed the survey using the existing socialization literature. A pilot study was conducted and distributed by e-mail.Setting:Survey e-mailed to participants.Patients or Other Participants:High school ATs (n  =  124) in South Carolina.Main Outcome Measure(s):Overall mean scores for attractors to athletic training and to the high school setting were calculated. Overall mean scores were compared with individual attractor mean scores to determine the most influential attractors. Effect sizes were used to determine differences in sex, time of decision, and job status.Results:Of the total population of South Carolina high school ATs, 92 (74%) returned surveys. High school ATs in South Carolina had similar demographics with regard to age, sex, and race. Attractors to athletic training and to the high school setting were similar and included statements consistent with the continuation, service, and interpersonal themes identified in the existing socialization literature. We noted differences, however, between early and late deciders and between full-time and part-time ATs.Conclusions:The findings surrounding attractors to athletic training and the high school setting contribute to the existing socialization literature and help in our understanding of how and why individuals choose to become ATs and to work in the high school setting.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Acute Management of the Cervical Spine–Injured Athlete
Authors: Swartz Erik E. , Boden Barry P. , Courson Ronald W. , Decoster Laura C. , Horodyski Mary Beth , Norkus Susan A. , Rehberg Robb S. , Waninger Kevin N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective:To provide certified athletic trainers, team physicians, emergency responders, and other health care professionals with recommendations on how to best manage a catastrophic cervical spine injury in the athlete.Background:The relative incidence of catastrophic cervical spine injury in sports is low compared with other injuries. However, cervical spine injuries necessitate delicate and precise management, often involving the combined efforts of a variety of health care providers. The outcome of a catastrophic cervical spine injury depends on the efficiency of this management process and the timeliness of transfer to a controlled environment for diagnosis and treatment.Recommendations:Recommendations are based on current evidence pertaining to prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of cervical spine injuries in sport; emergency planning and preparation to increase management efficiency; maintaining or creating neutral alignment in the cervical spine; accessing and maintaining the airway; stabilizing and transferring the athlete with a suspected cervical spine injury; managing the athlete participating in an equipment-laden sport, such as football, hockey, or lacrosse; and considerations in the emergency department.
Alterations in Knee Kinematics and Dynamic Stability Associated With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Gribble Phillip A. , Robinson Richard H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChronic ankle instability (CAI) has been previously and separately associated with deficits in dynamic stability and proximal joint neuromuscular alterations, but how the 2 factors relate is unclear.Context:To examine the contributions of lower extremity kinematics during an assessment of dynamic stability in participants with CAI.Objective:Repeated-measures case-control design.Design:Research laboratory.Setting:Thirty-eight volunteers were categorized into groups of those with unilateral CAI (10 men, 9 women; age  =  20.3 ± 2.9 years, height  =  1.77 ± 0.1 m, mass  =  76.19 ± 13.19 kg) and those without (10 men, 9 women; age  =  23.1 ± 3.9 years, height  =  1.72 ± 0.1 m, mass  =  72.67 ± 16.0 kg).Patients or Other Participants:Participants performed 10 jump landings on each limb with a rest period between test limbs.Intervention(s):Ankle plantar flexion, knee flexion, and hip flexion were captured with an electromagnetic tracking device at the point of ground impact. Ground reaction force data were used to calculate time to stabilization in the anteroposterior and mediolateral planes.Main Outcome Measure(s):For the anteroposterior plane, we found a group-by-side interaction (P  =  .003), with the injured side of the CAI group demonstrating reduced dynamic stability. For knee flexion, a group main effect (P  =  .008) showed that the CAI group landed with less knee flexion than the control group.Results:Diminished dynamic stability and decreased knee flexion angle at initial contact were apparent in the CAI group and may play a role in contributing to CAI. This altered kinematic pattern may influence preventive and therapeutic interventions for those with CAI.Conclusions:
Ankle Bracing and the Neuromuscular Factors Influencing Joint Stiffness
Authors: Zinder Steven M. , Granata Kevin P. , Shultz Sandra J. , Gansneder Bruce M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHealth care professionals commonly prescribe external stabilization to decrease the incidence and severity of ankle sprains. The mechanism for this decrease is not clearly understood. Examining the effects of ankle bracing on biomechanical stability and influencing factors may provide important information regarding the neuromuscular effects of bracing.Context:To study the effects of 2 different ankle braces on the neuromuscular factors influencing ankle stiffness.Objective:Mixed-model repeated-measures design.Design:Research laboratory.Setting:Twenty-eight physically active participants composing 2 groups: 14 with unilateral functional ankle instability (age  =  26.19 ± 6.46 years, height  =  166.07 ± 12.90 cm, mass  =  69.90 ± 13.46 kg) and 14 with bilaterally stable ankles (age  =  23.76 ± 5.82 years, height  =  174.00 ± 11.67 cm, mass  =  68.60 ± 13.12 kg).Patients or Other Participants:Participants were fitted with surface electromyography electrodes over the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscles. Each participant received transient motion oscillations to his or her ankle on a custom-built medial-lateral swaying cradle in each of 3 conditions: no ankle brace (NB), lace-up brace (LU), and semirigid brace (SR).Intervention(s):Ankle stiffness as measured by the cradle and preactivation levels (percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) of the 4 test muscles.Main Outcome Measure(s):Stiffness levels increased across brace conditions (NB  =  24.79 ± 6.59 Nm/rad, LU  =  28.29 ± 7.05 Nm/rad, SR  =  33.22 ± 8.78 Nm/rad; F2,52  =  66.185, P &lt; .001). No differences were found between groups for rotational stiffness (stable  =  27.36 ± 6.17 Nm/rad, unstable  =  30.18 ± 8.21 Nm/rad; F1,26  =  1.084, P  =  .307). Preactivation levels did not change for any of the tested muscles with the application of an ankle brace (F2,52  =  1.326, P  =  .275).Results:The increase in ankle rotational stiffness with the addition of an ankle brace and the lack of any demonstrable neuromuscular changes suggested ankle braces passively contributed to the stability of the system.Conclusions:
Novice to Expert Practice via Postprofessional Athletic Training Education: A Grounded Theory
Authors: Neibert Peter J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

To discover the theoretic constructs that confirm, disconfirm, or extend the principles and their applications appropriate for National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA)–accredited postprofessional athletic training education programs.Objective:

Interviews at the 2003 NATA Annual Meeting & Clinical Symposia.Design:

Qualitative study using grounded theory procedures.Setting:

Thirteen interviews were conducted with postprofessional graduates. Participants were purposefully selected based on theoretic sampling and availability.Patients and Other Participants:

The transcribed interviews were analyzed using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding procedures. Member checks, reflective journaling, and triangulation were used to ensure trustworthiness.Data Collection and Analysis:

The participants' comments confirmed and extended the current principles of postprofessional athletic training education programs and offered additional suggestions for more effective practical applications.Results:

The emergence of this central category of novice to expert practice is a paramount finding. The tightly woven fabric of the 10 processes, when interlaced with one another, provides a strong tapestry supporting novice to expert practice via postprofessional athletic training education. The emergence of this theoretic position pushes postprofessional graduate athletic training education forward to the future for further investigation into the theoretic constructs of novice to expert practice.Conclusions:
Age-Related Differences in Neuropsychological Testing Among High School Athletes
Authors: Hunt Tamerah N. , Ferrara Michael S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractClinicians have questioned the need to obtain annual baseline neuropsychological tests in high school athletes. If no difference among academic grades exists, annual baseline testing may not be necessary.Context:To examine differences at baseline testing on pencil-and-paper neuropsychological tests among grade levels in high school athletes.Objective:Cross-sectional, between-groups design.Design:Schools participating in a Georgia high school athletics association.Setting:High school football players (n  =  198) in the 9th through 12th grades, with a mean age of 15.78 ± 1.16 years.Patients or Other Participants:Participants were divided into 4 groups by grade and were administered a symptom checklist and brief neuropsychological test battery. Grade level served as the independent variable. Symptom and individual test scores within the neuropsychological test battery served as dependent variables.Main Outcome Measure(s):Differences were noted among grades on the Trail Making Test A (F3,194  =  3.23, P  =  .024, η2  =  0.048), Trail Making Test B (F3,194  =  3.93, P  =  .009, η2  =  0.057), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (F3,194  =  4.38, P  =  .005, η2  =  0.064), dominant tap (F3,194  =  3.14, P  =  .026, η2  =  0.046), and nondominant tap (F3,194  =  4.902, P  =  .003, η2  =  0.070). Using the Bonferroni correction (P ≤ .00625), we found differences between the 9th grade and 11th and 12th grades.Results:Baseline neuropsychological test scores in high school athletes improved as a function of age, with differences between the 9th grade and 11th and 12th grades. Because the differences were driven by 9th-grade test scores, baseline testing should be completed, at minimum, upon entrance into 9th and 10th grades; however, annual testing is still recommended until additional research is conducted.Conclusions:
Keeping Your Head in the Game: Sport-Specific Imagery and Anxiety Among Injured Athletes
Authors: Monsma Eva , Mensch James , Farroll Jennifer 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe use of sport-specific imagery during rehabilitation is sparse. Athletes who used imagery (either facilitative or debilitative) during injury rehabilitation were compared with injured athletes who did not use imagery. Return-to-practice anxiety in the groups was investigated also.Context:To (1) explore debilitative images used during rehabilitation, (2) examine athlete and injury characteristics in relation to variations in imagery content and return-to-practice anxiety, (3) compare the frequency of imagery use early in injury rehabilitation with that just before return to practice, and (4) examine the relationship between image use and return-to-practice anxiety.Objective:Observational design.Design:Athletic training facilities.Setting:Thirty-six injured National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes sustaining at least an 8-day practice suspension due to injury.Patients or Other Participants:Sport Imagery Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale.Main Outcome Measure(s):Athletes used both facilitative and debilitative images during different phases of rehabilitation. Men used more sport skill, strategy, and excitement imagery content than did women, who reported higher scores for worry and concentration disruption than did men. Athletes used fewer images related to their sport skills and strategies early in rehabilitation than just before they returned to practice. Additionally, athletes who used more arousal and less strategic imagery experienced more somatic anxiety.Results:Similar to research findings on healthy athletes, sport-specific image content in injured athletes is related to return-to-practice anxiety during rehabilitation, and some of the images were perceived as debilitative. Practitioners should advise injured athletes to use sport-specific imagery, especially that related to sport skills and strategies, but they should caution athletes against using arousal imagery, because it may elevate somatic anxiety before return to practice. Image content recommendations should encompass the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery, and the practitioner should assess if any image used by the athlete is debilitative.Conclusions:
Body Image, Anthropometric Measures, and Eating-Disorder Prevalence in Auxiliary Unit Members
Authors: Torres-McGehee Toni M. , Green James M. , Leeper James D. , Leaver-Dunn Deidre , Richardson Mark , Bishop Phillip A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Medical professionals have recognized eating disorders and related problems in competitive athletes. Auxiliary members (color guard, dance, majorettes) experience the same appearance-related pressures observed in sports commonly associated with eating disorders.Context:

To estimate eating-disorder prevalence based on associated eating-disorder characteristics and behaviors in female auxiliary members and to compare perceived and ideal body images and anthropometric measurements between at-risk and not–at-risk participants for eating-disorder characteristics and behaviors.Objective:

Cross-sectional design.Design:

Three universities in the southeastern United States.Setting:

Participants (n  =  101, mean age  =  19.2 ± 1.2 years) represented 3 auxiliary units, including color guard (n  =  35), dance line (n  =  47), and majorettes (n  =  19).Patients or Other Participants:

Participants self-reported menstrual history, height, and weight. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, body fat percentage, and waist and hip circumferences. We screened for eating-disorder risk behavior with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26 and for body dissatisfaction with the Figural Stimuli Survey.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Based on the EAT-26, we estimated eating-disorder prevalence among members to measure 29.7% (95% confidence interval  =  20.8%, 38.6%). The EAT-26 results revealed that 21% of participants used purgatives and 14% vomited to control weight or shape. The at-risk group had higher scores on the EAT-26 total (P ≤ .01) and on the dieting (P ≤ .01), oral control (P  =  .02), and bulimia (P  =  .01) subscales. Hip circumference (P  =  .01), self-reported weight (P  =  .03), measured weight (P  =  .04), difference between measured and preferred weights (P  =  .02), and calculated target weight (P  =  .02) were different between the at-risk and not–at-risk groups.Results:

Collegiate auxiliary unit members may have an unacceptable prevalence of eating disorders. Our results validate concerns that auxiliary members may exhibit an unacceptable eating-disorder risk, highlighting the need to examine and address unhealthy weight-management behaviors independent of eating-disorder status.Conclusions:
Symptomatic and Functional Responses to Concentric-Eccentric Isokinetic Versus Eccentric-Only Isotonic Exercise
Authors: Parr Jeffrey J. , Yarrow Joshua F. , Garbo Carolyn M. , Borsa Paul A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Rehabilitation protocols involving eccentric resistance exercise performed with loading more than 100% concentric 1-repetition maximum are effective in increasing muscle function in both healthy and injured populations. The mode of eccentric exercise (isokinetic versus isotonic) may be an important factor in limiting symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness and in improving muscle function after training.

Objective:
To compare functional and symptomatic responses after an eccentric-only (ECC) isotonic exercise protocol and after a combined concentric-eccentric (CON-ECC) isokinetic exercise protocol matched for total exercise volume.

Design:
Observational study.

Setting:
Controlled research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Twenty-four healthy, untrained, college-aged men (n  =  12) and women (n  =  12).

Intervention(s):
Participants were randomly assigned to the ECC isotonic or CON-ECC isokinetic exercise group and performed a single bout of resistance exercise involving the elbow flexors.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Measurements of elbow flexion and extension, isometric strength, and muscle point tenderness were obtained before exercise (baseline) and during follow-up sessions (days 2, 4, 7, and 14). Separate 1-way analyses of variance and repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine outcome differences. Tukey post hoc testing was performed when indicated.

Results:
At baseline, no differences were present between groups for any measure. The ECC isotonic exercise protocol resulted in a 30% to 36% deficit in muscle strength, a 5% to 7% reduction in elbow flexion, and a 6% to 8% reduction in elbow extension at follow-up days 2 and 4 (P &lt; .01). The CON-ECC isokinetic exercise protocol did not alter muscle strength or range of motion at any time when compared with baseline. Muscle point tenderness increased from baseline on days 2 and 4 in both groups (P &lt; .05) but was not different between groups throughout the recovery period.

Conclusions:
Our results indicated more pronounced functional deficits occurred after a single bout of ECC isotonic exercise than with a CON-ECC isokinetic exercise protocol matched for training volume.
A Comparison of Whole-Body Vibration and Resistance Training on Total Work in the Rotator Cuff
Authors: Hand Jason , Verscheure Susan , Osternig Louis 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Whole-body vibration machines are a relatively new technology being implemented in the athletic setting. Numerous authors have examined the proposed physiologic mechanisms of vibration therapy and performance outcomes. Changes have mainly been observed in the lower extremity after individual exercises, with minimal attention to the upper extremity and resistance training programs.

Objective:
To examine the effects of a novel vibration intervention directed at the upper extremity as a precursor to a supervised, multijoint dynamic resistance training program.

Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA institution.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirteen female student-athletes were divided into the following 2 treatment groups: (1) whole-body vibration and resistance training or (2) resistance training only.

Intervention(s):
Participants in the vibration and resistance training group used an experimental vibration protocol of 2 × 60 seconds at 4 mm and 50 Hz, in a modified push-up position, 3 times per week for 10 weeks, just before their supervised resistance training session.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Isokinetic total work measurements of the rotator cuff were collected at baseline and at week 5 and week 10.

Results:
No differences were found between the treatment groups (P &gt; .05). However, rotator cuff output across time increased in both groups (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
Although findings did not differ between the groups, the use of whole-body vibration as a precursor to multijoint exercises warrants further investigation because of the current lack of literature on the topic. Our results indicate that indirectly strengthening the rotator cuff using a multijoint dynamic resistance training program is possible.