bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Glacial Origin of certain Lakes in Switzerland, the Black Forest, Great Britain, Sweden, North America, and elsewhere
Authors: Ramsay A. C. 
Published: October 2009

Erroneous Theories of the Transport of Alpine Blocks
.—In the year 1859, in a series of papers by the members of the Alpine Club, I published a memoir in which I compared the old glaciers of North Wales with those of Switzerland; and in it, among other matters, I explained the glacial origin of certain rock-basins now holding lakes, on the watersheds and in the old glacier-valleys of both those countries; and in a later edition of the same memoir, published as a separate book, with additions, I extended these generalizations to many of the lakes in Sutherlandshire.

In the same work I also expressed an opinion that the blocks of Monthey, in the valley of the Rhone, and the great erratic boulders that strew the southern flank of the Jura had been transported by icebergs derived from glaciers which descended in the Alpine valleys to the sea-level, during a period of submergence in which the low country that lies between the Jura and the Oberland was covered with erratic drift.
There was nothing new in this latter opinion, for it had previously been held by several distinguished geologists, both English and continental.

Since then I have twice revisited Switzerland, and have seen good reason to change my opinion respecting the cause of the transport of erratic blocks to Monthey and the Jura, and of
débris
not remodelled by rivers, &c., that lies scattered over the lowlands of Switzerland, or that borders, or lies in great mounds well out in, the
On the Sandstones and their associated Deposits in the Vale of the Eden, the Cumberland Plain, and the South-east of Dumfriesshire
Authors: Harkness R. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. This memoir refers to an area which commences a little south of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, and extends N.N.W. for 50 miles, reaching the lower portions of the valleys of the Esk and Annan in Dumfriesshire. In an east and west direction, this area varies greatly in breadth; but, measured from Castle Carrock on the east, to the sea at Allenby on the west, the extent is about 30 miles. It occupies the whole of the Cumberland plain, except a small portion of the parish of Aikton; and, in Westmoreland, it occurs on both sides of the Vale of the Eden. The district under consideration exceeds 800 square miles.
The strata which occur in this area consist of sandstones of two distinct positions and characters, separated from each other by a well-developed series of shaly beds, in some localities containing a considerable amount of gypsum; and calcareous layers are also sometimes found associated with the shaly deposits.
The arenaceous strata of Cumberland and Westmoreland have already attracted the attention of geologists. Those contiguous to the Penine chain are referred to by Dr. Buckland *. Those of the western side of the area have been alluded to by Prof. Sedgwick, and their boundaries in this portion of the north of England have been defined †.
These deposits, as they occur at Kirkby Stephen, have been noticed by Prof. Phillips ‡.
Mr. Binney has also described the nature and age of some of these deposits in his memoir "On the
On some Remains of Chiton from the Mountain-limestone of Yorkshire
Authors: Kirkby James W. 
Published: October 2009

The remains of
Chiton
noticed in the present paper were sent to me for examination about two years ago by Mr. H. J. Burrow, of Settle, with permission to describe them should it appear to me desirable to do so. Not being able to identify any of them with species already described, I agreed to draw up a short account of them, so as to make their discovery known. My delay in doing this is mainly due to an expectation of the discovery of additional materials; but as this expectation has not been realized, it will be well, perhaps, not to withhold their description any longer; for though the plates already known may probably give but a very imperfect idea of the species to which they belong, they certainly seem of sufficient importance to allow of their being brought before the attention of palæontologists.

There are eight plates in the collection, four of which are posterior plates, and the others intermediate; and, notwithstanding the smallness of their number, they appear to belong to four species. That so many species should be represented by so small a number of plates, all from one locality, seems, I must confess, somewhat remarkable; but the differences of the characters of the plates are such as to render it scarcely possible for them to belong to less than the number of species named.
The specimens were found in the Lower Scar Limestone, in the vicinity of Settle, and apparently near the base of that subdivision
On a Deposit with Insects, Leaves, &c., near Ulverston
Authors: Bolton John 
Published: October 2009

The deposit described in this communication has been sunk through during the progress of works undertaken by the Lindale Cote Ironore Company, for drainage-purposes. The mines are situated in the well-known hæmatite district of Low Furnees, about three miles S.W. of Ulverston, in a valley between two ranges of low hills belonging to the Mountain-limestone series. The physical geology is varied in character,—a fine sequence of the following beds in descending order from the Upper Silurian occurring in the hills lying north of this valley, viz., Lower Ludlow Rocks, Upper Ireleth Slates, Lower Ireleth Slates, Coniston Grit, Coniston Flags, Coniston Limestone (equivalent to the Bala Slates), and Green Slates with Porphyry, which last rocks extend northward for many miles beyond the boundary of Furness. South of the valley in which these mines are situate, the Mountain-limestone is developed on a large scale, being upwards of six miles in breadth. The exact position of Lindale Cote Mine, upon the promontory of Furness, is about halfway between Morecombe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon.
In sinking shafts to a water-way driven from the Lindale Cote to Urswick Tarn, in 1855, down the course of a valley lying about 100 feet below the table-land, and receiving the drainage of about 600 acres, a deposit of greenish-drab clay, six feet in thickness, was met with at a depth of forty feet from the surface, in the shaft nearest but one to the mines, and at the highest "level." This clay-bed contained pieces of
On the Geological Structure of the Southern Grampians
Authors: Nicol James 
Published: October 2009

abstract
The author stated that in 1844, and in subsequent years, he indicated that the Silurian strata of the South of Scotland are represented in the North by the metamorphosed or so-called primary strata; and he proceeded to point out that the object of the present communication is to examine the relation which the three great formations. Clay-slate, Mica-slate, and Gneiss, bear one to the other as regular constituents of the crust of the earth, and especially in certain parts of the Scottish Highlands, as illustrated by sections observed by himself. These he correlated with what is seen in other parts of the Highlands.
He also stated that, both in former papers and in his published map, he has always regarded the gneiss of the west coast and certain mica- or chlorite-slates of the interior as identical only so far as both belong to the great series of metamorphic formations inferior to the red sandstone and quartzite, but still as distinct formations with peculiar features, and, it may be, of widely different age.
On some Natural Casts of Reptilian Footprints in the Wealden Beds of the Isle of Wight and of Swanage
Authors: Beckles S. H. 
Published: October 2009

Since my last communication to the Society, in 1854, on the subject of Wealden Footprints (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 456, &c.), I have met with several other specimens, some of them of very considerable size, in the Wealden beds near Compton Bay, Isle of Wight. Of these I have secured seven specimens. They are large trifid casts, each having theposterior portion more or less elongated, like the specimen indicated by the diagram, fig. 1, p. 396, Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. viii. One of them(fig. 2)I had raised from its natural position, as a mass attached to a thin bed of hard sand-rock, in reddish clay, on the shore at low water, between Brook Point and the Chine to the west of it (see section, fig. 1). The other specimens were found loose on the clay of the shore at low water, and were more or less worn by waveaction.
These all have the usual three divergent, toe-like projections, varying in proportional size in the several specimens, and radiating from a palmar mass; but, in addition, the hinder portion forms a long tapering projection. In the largest (figs. 2 & 3), the whole length of the block is 3 feet 4 inches,
but 3 feet 7½ inches if
measured along the curvature of the base; the breadth across the toes is 27 inches; across the
“heel,“ just behind the central mass, 14 inches. The thickness, where the imprint of
the toe (A) is represented by
On the Discovery of Paradoxides in Britain
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

During a few days' holiday in South Pembrokeshire last summer, I went to the neighbourhood of St. David's. I wished to see the Cambrian and Lower Silurian beds recently mapped by Mr. T. Aveline, and to learn if they presented the same characters as the corresponding beds in North Wales. On this point I hope to have an opportunity of laying some particulars before the Society. My object now is only to point out the locality and geological place of a gigantic Trilobite long looked for in Britain, and lately, I must say accidentally, found by me. I believed I was working at Solva Harbour, in Llandeilo flags*, but by good fortune I had landed instead in a parallel creek a mile to the westward, at the junction of the red and purple Cambrian grits with the Lingula-slates.
Porth-rhaw is a small boat-creek, a mile S. of Whitchurch, on the St. David's road. Black slates occur on both sides of it; but on the west side they pass into and rest upon the red and purple Cambrians; on the east they form magnificent cliffs of vertical or highly curved slates and flags. Sometimes these cliffs show sheets of rippled rocks 150 feet to the water's edge. Though much curved, the general dip is to the east and south-east; but I have not traced the slates further in this direction than the Cradle Rock; nor could I find fossils except at one point, where they are in hundreds. This was at
On the Fossil Echinidæ of Malta
Authors: Wright Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
Echinoderms described in this paper by Dr. Wright were discovered by Dr. Leith Adams during a careful examination of the strata and geological features of Malta. A description of the Miocene beds was given by the latter gentleman, in which he stated his reasons for not accepting entirely the classification of them proposed by Captain Spratt, and followed by Earl Ducie in his Geological Map of the Maltese Islands. He divided the Miocene strata into the following subdivisions:—1. The Upper Limestone; 2. The Sand Bed; 3. The Marl; 4. The Calcareous Sandstone; 5. The Lower Limestone; and again subdivided the Upper Limestone into three parts. Dr. Wright gave diagnoses and detailed descriptions of forty species of
Echinidœ
, four of which are new; and Dr. Adams added a Table showing their stratigraphical distribution.
On the Occurrence of large Quantities of Fossil Wood in the Oxford Clay, near Peterborough
Authors: Porter H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author gave a short description of the Oxford Clay area in the neighbourhood of Peterborough, and mentioned the properties which caused it to be worked, in the parishes of Eye, Thorney, Whittlesey, Stanground, Fletton, and Stilton, for the manufacture of bricks and tiles. The clay is very fossiliferous at all these places, the most abundant remains being those of
Belemnites Puzosianus, Gryphæa dilatata, Ammonites Elizabethœ, A. Duncani, A. convolutus, A. cordatus, A. fluctuosus, A. hecticus, A. Comptoni
, and a few other species of Ammonites which Dr. Porter had not been able to determine. There were also
Cerithium Damonis, Serpula vertebralis, Belemnites gracilis, Pecten
, 2 sp.,
Nucula, Corbula, Avicula
, abundant remains of
Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus
, and
Steneosaurus
(?). The author had also found a portion of a spine of
Ptychacanthus ornatissimus
, and a few palatal teeth of
Strophodus subreticulatus
. What, however, he particularly called attention to in this communication was the occurrence of large quantities of fossil wood, in pieces sometimes more than a yard in length, highly bituminous, quite black, having a fracture similar to jet, and capable of almost as high a degree of polish as that mineral; it is also exceedingly brittle, and, when exposed to the air, cracks in all directions. Most of the specimens are flat, and bear on their surface impressions of Ammonites and other shells.
On the Fossil Corals of the West Indian Islands.—Part I
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

It has been noticed that the
Testacea
sent from Antigua with the Corals have been stated to belong to the present age. This is correct; but there are a few Shells and casts of Shells of an older date. A
Helix
, common as a fossil, is not now, according to Dr. Nugent, an inhabitant of the island; and the extinct
Melaniæ
are found in great abundance with silicified Woods.

Both in Jamaica and in San Domingo there are late Tertiary Shells and Corals, but it is impossible to bring these facts in antagonism with those which give a more remote age to the strata whence the specimens described were obtained.
So with regard to Antigua, Barbuda, and Barbadoes, it is not correct to give the whole Islands a Pliocene or Postpliocene age because recent and subfossil Shells are found in them.

As yet, the
Testacea
have not assisted in determining the geologic age of the three coral-formations of Antigua; but Mr. C. Moore has given a Miocene age to the
Mollusca
from the San-Domingan shales, whence the Corals here described were derived. The Alabama Eocene Shells and Corals are distinct from those of the raised Coral-beds of the West Indian Islands; and it is worthy of remembrance that, although there are genera and species of Corals in Antigua, San Domingo, and Jamaica belonging to the great European Miocene Coralage, still there are a few European Miocene genera of Corals which are not as yet known to belong to the West Indian Miocene.
On the Upper Old Red Sandstone and Upper Devonian Rocks
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

I was engaged for three summer months in 1854, and again for a short tune last year, in examining carefully the lower beds of the Mountain Limestone and the uppermost beds of the Old Red Sandstone, with a view to establish, if possible, the correlation between the Upper Old Red and the corresponding portion of the Devonian series —a relation which has been called in question by good observers.
The memoir of Sedgwick and Murchison was, indeed, a full statement of the identification of the Old Bed Sandstone, as a maas, with the Devonian; a comparison first suggested by Lonsdale from a consideration of the fossil evidence, and ably supported by Godwin-Austen from his Rhenish explorations, though afterwards called in question by him. The identification is repeated in the later edition of ‘Siluria.’ Yet, over the North-European districts, there is a singular deficiency of proof of the superposition of the Devonian to the Tipper Silurian rocks, and more especially of the gradual passage, at any one point, of the Old Red Sandstone into rocks of the Devonian type.
Notes to a Sketch-map of the Province of Canterbury, New Zealand, showing the Glaciation during the Pleistocene and Recent Periods as far as explored
Authors: Haast Julius 
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the last four years I have occupied the autumn months in tracing some of the rivers of this Province to their glacial sources, hitherto entirely unknown. The accompanying map, which is a reduction of a larger one, shows the principal results which I have already described, in their geographical relations, in a paper read last March before the Royal Geographical Society of London.

Although the size of the principal glaciers is enormous, considering the narrowness of the central chain, the astonishment of the geological observer increases on meeting everywhere the signs of a still more considerable glaciation during the Pleistocene period.
It is not my intention to enter here into a detailed description of this most remarkable feature of our Alpine regions, for I hope to lay this at some future time before the Society, as this ancient glaciation will illustrate in a remarkable manner many subjects of the highest interest, being generally very distinct and undisturbed; but I may be allowed to point out some of the most striking phenomena.
The central range runs nearly from north-east to south-west through this island, and the lakes on both sides of it lie in the same line of direction. Most of the valleys are straight, and very little inferior in breadth to the lakes where the former Pleistocene glacier terminated. Most of these valleys run from north to south.
According to information received from Mr. Arthur Dobson, my former assistant, who is at present surveying the wester slopes of the
On the Drift of the East of England and its Divisions
Authors: Wood S. V. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In this paper the author divides the Drift of the country extending from Flamborough Head to the Thames, and from the Sea on the east to Bedford and Watford on the west, as follows:—
a
, the Upper Drift, having a thickness of at least 160 feet still remaining in places,
b
and
c
, the Lower Drift, consisting of an Upper series (
b
), having a thickness of from 40 to 70 feet, and a Lower series (
c
), with a thickness, on the coast near Cromer, of from 200 to 250 feet, but rapidly attenuating inland,
c
comprises the Boulder-till and the overlying contorted Drift of the Cromer coast, which along that line crop out from below
b
a few miles inland. In an attenuated form,
c
also ranges inland as far south as Thetford, and probably to the centre of Suffolk, cropping out from below
b
by Dalling, Walsingham, and Weasenham, and appearing at the bottom of the valleys of central Norfolk,
b
consists of sands, which on the east coast overlie the Fluvio-marine and Red Crag, but change west and south into gravels, which pass under
a
and crop out again on the north, south, and centre of Norfolk, and west of Suffolk and Essex, extending (but capped in many places by
a
) over most of Herts. The Upper Drift (
a
) consists of the widespread Boulder-clay, which overlaps
b
for a small space on the south-east, in Essex, and again at Horseheat, near Saffron Walden, but overlaps it altogether on the north-weset, resting on the secondary rocks in Huntingdonshire and Lincolnshire. The distribution of
b
indicates it as the deposit of an irregular bay, afterwards submerged by the sea of a, which over-spread a very wide area.
a
now remains only in detached tracts, having been extensively denuded on its emergence at the beginning of the post-glacial age, so that wide intervals of denudation (separating the tracts) indicate the post-glacial straits and seas which washed islands formed of
a
. The author considers the so-called Norwich Crag of the Cromer coast as
not
of the age of the Fluvio-marine Crag of Norwich, but as an arctic bed forming the base of
c
) into which it passes up uninterruptedly. The author regards the beds
b
as identical with the Fluvio-marine gravels of Kelsea, near Hull, and thinks that the Kelsea bed is not above
a
, as hitherto supposed, but below it, having been forced up through
a
into its present position. He also regards the Upper Drift (
a
) as the equivalent of the Belgian Loess, and the beds
b
as the equivalent of the Belgian Sables de Campine.
On the
Tellina calcarea
Bed at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie
Authors: Crosskey Henry W. 
Published: October 2009

O
ne
of the most perplexing cases in Scotland, upon any theory of the formation of Boulder-clay, has been the alleged occurrence at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie, of a bed of clay containing
Tellina calcarea
, intercalated between two masses of true Boulder-clay.

The facts relating to the discovery of these shells have been recorded by Mr. Smith in a paper read before the Geological Society, April 24th, 1850. The present paper will simply examine the question whether the superincumbent matter was, without doubt, the true Till.

By the true Till is meant that formation covering so large a part of Scotland, possessed of the following characteristics, and to which it is proposed that the term “Boulder-clay” should be entirely restricted:—

(1)
The clay contains a large proportion of striated stones, even pieces of soft shale having been so firmly and yet gently held that they have been polished and striated without being broken.

(2)
The stones on the whole are not far travelled, a small proportion being traceable to the more distant mountains, and the greater part to the flanks of the nearer ridges.

(3)
There is no stratification, although there are occasional patches of sand.

(4)
The colour as well as the general character of the enclosed stones is determined by the mineral character of the district.

(5)
It is closely compact, and hard to be worked, even with the axe.

The true Boulder-clay thus appears to represent a force extending from a distance, and yet acting with local
Note on the Geology of Harrogate
Authors: Phillips John 
Published: October 2009

D
uring
more than forty years the uncommon arrangement of the strata about Harrogate has attracted my attention, and I have made frequent examinations of the surrounding country to learn the peculiarities of structure of the Upper Palæozoic rocks which are there exposed. Of late years the information furnished by many quarries has been increased by the cuttings on the North-Eastern Railway, and thus not only the ranges of Millstone-grit, calcareous roadstone, and Yoredale shales have been settled, but some light has been thrown on the relation of the Permian grits to those of the older series, which was formerly doubtful. The mineral springs are also much more surely referable to a deep source along an axis of movement than was possible when, now almost thirty years since, I published my map of the north-western tract of Yorkshire*.

Founded on a mass of particular notices, I propose now to offer to the Society a few results relating to this district, such as it may be well to consider before the closer scrutiny of the Geological Survey shall have completely mapped out and measured the whole of the large region of elevated Mountain-limestone, Millstone-grit, and Coal-measures of the North and West Ridings.
On the map of this part of Yorkshire, and further to the west, the whole country south of the Craven fault, for a length (E. to W.) of fifty miles and a breadth of twenty, is marked by many nearly parallel anticlinals, by which the Great Scar limestone and the