bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Cylindrical Cells—Guidelines for Hardware Pre-Design
Authors: Lee J. Y. , Santamarina J. C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) allows for fast, non-destructive, and efficient sediment characterization and geotechnical process monitoring in the field as well as in laboratory applications. Besides the spatial distribution of resistivity, specimen geometry and electrode configuration determine the electrical potential distribution and the ensuing spatial resolution in the tomogram. We examine potential and current density distribution in various ERT system configurations using both experimental and numerical methods and explore optimal electrode configurations for cylindrical cells. Results show that optimal ERT configurations must take into consideration the required spatial resolution, sensitivity to anomalies, signal strength, and shunting effects along the cell perimeter. The system characteristics are defined in terms of electrode width Welec and length Lelec, cell diameter Dcell, and the distance from the electrode plane to conductive end-plates δ. The following dimensionless ratios emerge as guidelines for system pre-design: Welec/Dcell≈π/2n, Lelec /D cell ≈0.4, δ/D cell≥1, where n is the number of electrodes around the perimeter.
Comparison of Workability Test Methods for Self-Consolidating Concrete
Authors: Koehler Eric P. , Fowler David W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Data from two research projects were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of seven empirical workability test methods for self-consolidating concrete (SCC)—namely, the column segregation test, J-ring test, L-box test, penetration apparatus test, sieve stability test, slump flow test, and V-funnel test. The results of these empirical tests were compared to rheometer measurements. Test methods were evaluated based on (1) the extent to which each method independently indicated filling ability, passing ability, or segregation resistance and (2) the ease and simplicity with which each test method can be used on a routine basis in the laboratory or the field. The data set consisted of 286 SCC mixtures incorporating a range of materials, mixture proportions, and workability characteristics. It was determined that the slump flow test should be used for filling ability, the J-ring test for passing ability, and the column segregation test or sieve stability test for segregation resistance.
Characterization of Mechanical Properties of a Shock Absorber Polyurethane Foam for Elevators. Numerical Fitting of Mechanical Behavior Models for Hyperelastic and Elastomeric Foam Materials
Authors: Ferreño Diego , Carrascal Isidro A. , Cicero Sergio , Meng E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The elastic cellular polyurethane elastomer is widely used to manufacture shock absorbers for elevators, due to its excellent conditions for absorption of energy and vibration damping. In this paper, a complete mechanical characterization of this material was performed including the uniaxial compressive test, the planar test, and the volumetric and the simple shear test. From the experimental results, several models of behavior for hyperelastic and elastomeric foam materials have been analyzed by fitting their corresponding material parameters. The scope of this work includes the Ogden model, the Van der Waals model, and polynomial and elastomeric foam forms.
Gray Chaos Evaluation Model for Prediction of Rolling Bearing Friction Torque
Authors: Xintao Xia , Taomei Lv , Fannian Meng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe gray chaos evaluation model composed of the gray relation method, the adding-weight one-rank local-region method, and the gray bootstrap fusion method is proposed to predict the time series of the rolling bearing friction torque under the condition of an unknown probability distribution. First, the optimum embedding dimension and the optimum delay time for the phase space reconstruction are synchronously calculated with the gray relation method. Second, the forecasting values at different embedding dimensions and time delays, respectively, near the optimum embedding dimension and the optimum delay time are obtained via the adding-weight one-rank local-region method, the chaos forecasting method for short. Lastly, the true value and the variation domain are deduced by the gray bootstrap fusion method. It is found that the rolling bearing friction torque possesses chaotic characteristics. The experimental investigation on the friction torque of the rolling bearing for space applications shows that the gray chaos evaluation model can effectively assess the predicted true value, with more reliable predicted results than can be achieved by the chaos forecasting method, and can perfectly estimate the predicted variation domain at the 99.7 % confidence level without any prior information on the probability distribution.
Adult final height after GH therapy for irradiation-induced GH deficiency in childhood survivors of brain tumors: the Belgian experience
Authors: Beckers D , Thomas M , Jamart J , Francois I , Maes M , Lebrethon M C , De Waele K , Tenoutasse S , De Schepper J 
Published: December 2009

ObjectivesThe treatment of brain tumors in childhood is frequently complicated by growth retardation with a high proportion of irradiation (Irr)-induced GH deficiency (GHD) resulting in reduced adult final height (AFH) even after GH therapy (GHT). In order to optimize future GHT protocols, more information on the factors influencing the growth response to GH in these children is needed.This retrospective study evaluated AFH and influencing auxological and treatment factors of a standardized daily biosynthetic GHT in childhood survivors of brain tumors with documented GHD after brain Irr.Design and methodsFrom the Belgian GH Registry, 57 children survivors of a brain tumor outside the hypothalamo-pituitary area with available AFH were stratified into two groups depending on cranial (C-Irr; n=25) or craniospinal (CS-Irr; n=32) Irr.ResultsIn the C-Irr patients, results showed an AFH of −0.8 (−2.5, 1.4) SDS (median (range)) and in the CS-Irr patients, results showed a significantly (P<0.001) lower AFH of −1.8 (−4.2, 0.0) SDS. AFH SDS corrected for mid-parental height (MPH) in the C-Irr group was −0.5 (−2.2, 0.9) and −1.5 (−3.6, 0.0) SDS in the CS-Irr group. AFH was positively correlated with age at end of tumor therapy, height SDS at start GHT, height gain SDS first year GHT, and negatively correlated with CS-Irr.ConclusionsGHT failed to restore adult height to MPH in nearly half of Irr-induced GHD patients for brain tumor, especially those receiving CS-Irr, irradiated at a younger age or shorter at start GHT.
Asthma and Behavior in Homeless 4- to 7-Year-Olds
Authors: Cutuli J.J. , Herbers Janette E. , Rinaldi Maria , Masten Ann S. , Oberg Charles N. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: Low-income, urban, ethnic minority children have higher rates of asthma, more severe symptoms, and more management issues, as well as high risk for academic and behavior problems. This study focused on asthma reported in young children who resided in a family emergency homeless shelter. Asthma rates were considered along with their relation to hospitalization and emergency department use and behavior that is important for school success, including cognitive function, conduct, and academic functioning.
METHODS: A total of 104 children (age 4.0–7.5 years) and parents were recruited while residing in an urban emergency homeless shelter for families. Children had no previously identified developmental delays and spoke English proficiently. Parents reported whether the child experienced asthma, as well as emergency department use and hospitalization. Parents and teachers completed measures of child inattention/hyperactivity and behavior problems. Cognitive function of children was directly assessed.
RESULTS: Asthma was reported for 27.9% of children, ∼3 times the national average. Children with asthma had been hospitalized more often, showed higher levels of inattention/hyperactivity and behavior problems, and evidenced lower academic functioning.
CONCLUSIONS: Young children in homeless family emergency shelters have high rates of asthma and related problems that could lead to higher hospitalization rates, more behavioral problems, and lower academic functioning at school. Screening and treatment of children who stay in emergency family shelters may be particularly important for reducing risks associated with asthma in highly mobile, low-income families.
Neonatal Neurobehavior Predicts Medical and Behavioral Outcome
Authors: Liu Jing , Bann Carla , Lester Barry , Tronick Edward , Das Abhik , Lagasse Linda , Bauer Charles , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) as a predictor of negative medical and behavioral findings at 1 month to 4.5 years of age.
METHODS: The sample included 1248 mother–infant dyads (42% born at &lt;37 weeks' gestational age [GA]) who were participating in a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal substance exposure on child development. Mothers were recruited at 4 urban university-based centers and were mostly black and on public assistance. At 1 month of age, infants were tested with the NNNS. Latent profile analysis was conducted on NNNS summary scales to identify discrete behavioral profiles. The validity of the NNNS was examined by using logistic regression to predict prenatal drug exposure and medical and developmental outcomes through 4.5 years of age including adjustment for GA and socioeconomic status.
RESULTS: Five discrete behavioral profiles were reliably identified; the most extreme negative profile was found in 5.8% of the infants. The profiles showed statistically significant associations with prenatal drug exposure; GA and birth weight; head ultrasound; neurologic and brain disease findings; and abnormal scores on measures of behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ through 4.5 years of age.
CONCLUSIONS: The NNNS may be useful to identify infant behavioral needs to be targeted in well-infant pediatric care, as well as for referrals to community-based early intervention services.
Age at the Introduction of Solid Foods During the First Year and Allergic Sensitization at Age 5 Years
Authors: Nwaru Bright I. , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Ahonen Suvi , Kaila Minna , Haapala Anna-Maija , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Salmelin Raili , Veijola Riitta , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to examine the relationship between age at the introduction of solid foods during the first year of life and allergic sensitization in 5-year-old children.METHODS: We analyzed data from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention nutrition study, a prospective, birth cohort study. We studied 994 children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus for whom information on breastfeeding, age at the introduction of solid foods, and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E levels at 5 years was available. The association between age at the introduction of solid foods and allergic sensitization was analyzed by using logistic regression.RESULTS: The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 1.8 months (range: 0–10 months). After adjustment for potential confounders, late introduction of potatoes (&gt;4 months), oats (&gt;5 months), rye (&gt;7 months), wheat (&gt;6 months), meat (&gt;5.5 months), fish (&gt;8.2 months), and eggs (&gt;10.5 months) was significantly directly associated with sensitization to food allergens. Late introduction of potatoes, rye, meat, and fish was significantly associated with sensitization to any inhalant allergen. In models that included all solid foods that were significantly related to the end points, eggs, oats, and wheat remained the most important foods related to sensitization to food allergens, whereas potatoes and fish were the most important foods associated with inhalant allergic sensitization. We found no evidence of reverse causality, taking into account parental allergic rhinitis and asthma.CONCLUSION: Late introduction of solid foods was associated with increased risk of allergic sensitization to food and inhalant allergens.
Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Mothers and their Newborn Infants Following Premature Separation of the Placenta
Authors: Nielsen Niels Chr. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Investigation of the parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis in mothers with premature separation of the placenta (P.S.P.) and their newborn infants, compared with normal prematurely delivered women and their normal premature infants, showed the following:A. In the mothers: With increasing severity of the premature separation also increasing alteration in the parameters of coagulation i.e. decreasing platelet count, factor V, prothrombin‐proconvertin, fibrinogen content, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. In severe cases the TAT three‐stage indicated a slightly increased content of coagulation‐activating components in the plasma.No definite effect upon fibrinolytic activity of premature separation of the placenta.B. In the infants: In premature separation of the placenta, the infants also exhibited changes in their coagulation status, most distinct in the most severe cases. These changes consisted of decreasing platelet counts, factor V, prothrombin‐proconvertin, fibrinogen content, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. For platelet count and fibrinogen the changes were not significant. As for the mothers the TAT three‐stage showed an increased content of clot‐promoting components in the plasma in the most severe cases.No definite effect of premature separation of the placenta upon fibrinolytic activity could be shown.The cause of the demonstrated changes is discussed and therapeutic possibilities mentioned.
Effect of Intravenous Administration of Prostaglandin E1 and F2α on the Contractility of the Non‐Pregnant Human Uterus in Vivo
Authors: Roth‐Brandel U. , Bygdeman M. , Wiqvist N. 
Published: December 2009

The effect on uterine contractility of prostaglandin E1 (PGF2α) and F2α (PGF2α) was studied in 19 non‐pregnant women. Uterine motility was recorded by the micro balloon method and the prostaglandins administered by single intravenous injections in increasing doses.

Doses above threshold levels of both PGE1 and PGF2α always resulted in stimulation of the uterus primarily in terms of tone elevation.
A short drop of tone during 40–60 seconds immediately following the injection was obtained in a few experiments after high doses of PGE1. This response preceeded the normal stimulatory effect.
The threshold dose for PGE1 was approximately 20 μg and that for PGF2α around 50 μg or lower.
The non‐pregnant uterus is probably more sensitive to PGF2α than the midpregnant uterus.
The number of experiments were too few to allow conclusions as to differences in uterine sensitivity during the various phases of the menstrual cycle.
Administration of oxytocin and vasopressin did not enchance the uterine sensitivity to stimulation by PGE1.
Cytological Diagnosis of Endometrial Disorders with A Brush Technique
Authors: Johannisson Elisabeth , Engstrom Lars 
Published: December 2009

Sixty‐two patients with various endometrial disorders or a normal endometrium were investigated by cervical and vaginal smears, endometrial smears and thorough curettage, and the results obtained by the three methods were compared. The endometrial smears were taken by using a modified “brush technique”. This technique makes it possible to take endometrial samples on frequently repeated occasions, without anesthesia and without dilatation of the cervix.The results of this study indicate that the “brush technique” yields cytological material satisfactory for the diagnosis of some endometrial disorders.Using endometrial material obtained by the “brush technique” planimetric measurements of the cell nuclei were carried out in four groups of five subjects each representing four different types of endometrial activity such as proliferative, early secretory, late secretory and athrophic. An analysis of variance revealed that the cell nuclei were highly significantly different at each of the four phases studied. It is concluded that the cytological material obtained by the “brush technique” is suitable for objective cell analysis e. g. planimetric measurements, cytophotometric studies etc. It is suggested that the “brush technique” also offers excellent possibilities for studying the metabolism of isolated endometrial cells.
Treatment of Carcinoma in Situ of the Cervix Uteri by Conization: A Five‐year Follow‐up
Authors: Kullander Stig , Sjöberg Nils‐Otto 
Published: December 2009

226 patients were subjected to conization (including all cases with positive vaginal cytology and without clinical suspicion of invasion of the uterine cervix) at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Malmo General Hospital, in 1963 and 1964. The operative technique was standard throughout the series which was followed up for 5 years.Of the patients subjected to conization alone, nearly 95% showed no signs of recurrence at the end of the 5‐year period. Late sequelae were few and mild. Fertility after the operation was high and the course of pregnancies normal.Conization therefore is very valuable not only as a diagnostic method but also as an effective treatment for preinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Influence of Vaginal Flora on Body Temperature During the Puerperium
Authors: Jacobsen Stig 
Published: December 2009

Vaginal smears from 542 pregnant women were studied 4 weeks before expected term.70 patients were subsequently excluded because of Caesarean section, manual removal of the placenta, or fever caused by extragenital infection during the puerperium. The smears were classified as suggested by Wied. 56% showed no infection (A), 14% showed a predominance of Bacillus vaginalis Döderlein (B), 7% showed cocci (C), 11% showed Trichomonas vaginalis (D), and in 12% mixed infection was found (E).The non‐infected (A + B) and the infected (C + D + E) patients were divided into 4 groups each, according to whether more or less than 12 hours had elapsed from rupture of the membranes to delivery and whether < or ≥ 3 pelvic examinations had been performed after rupture of the membranes. The mean temperature graph for the “infected” and the “non‐infected” patients in the various groups was compared, but no significant differences were demonstrated.Nine patients developed puerperal fever, i.e. a rectal evening temperature exceeding 38°C, after the first day which could not be ascribed to an extragenital focus. Four of these patients had normal vaginal flora antenatally, while five had evidence of antenatal infection. On statistical calculation, however, puerperal fever was not significantly more common among patients with infected than in those with non‐infected vaginal smears.Two infants developed fever after birth. Both mothers had non‐infected vaginal smears.
Comparison Between Nitrous Oxide and Methoxyflurane for Obstetrical Analgesia
Authors: Bergsjø Per , Lindbæk Ellen 
Published: December 2009

A mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen was compared with methoxyflurane (Penthrane) in analgesic concentrations during labour. Both drugs were self‐administered, nitrous oxide by demand flow through face masks, and methoxyflurane through a spscial inhaler (Analgizer). The patients used both drugs in succession, with an interval of one labour pain between the two drugs, and were then asked which drug they preferred. The order in which the drugs were given, was decided at random.Of 63 patients significantly more chose nitrous oxide than methoxyflurane. Both drugs gave excellent or good analgesia in 92% of the cases. Side effects in the mother were in the same order of magnitude for the two drugs. No adverse effects could be detected in the children, by clinical examination. The more frequent choice of nitrous oxide is likely to be due to the differences in the inhalation procedure for the two drugs in this trial, rather than to their analgesic properties. Both can be recommended for pain relief during labour.
Ureteric Dilatation and Renal Cortical Index After Normal and Pre‐Eclamptic Pregnancies
Authors: Kauppila A. , Satuli R. , Vuorinen P. 
Published: December 2009

Ureteric dilatation was established by intravenous pyelography in the early puerperium in 78% of the 41 patients and 4‐6 months post partum in 32% of the 18 patients examined. The change occurred in the early puerperium in 90% of the patients after a normal and in 67% after a preeclamptic pregnancy. The statistically almost significant difference was attributed in preeclampsia to the reducing effect it exerts on uterine circulation. Dilatation was more common on the right than on the left side.Pre‐eclampsia or dilatation of the upper urinary channels did not affect the ratio of the roentgenologic area of the renal pelves and the kidneys.The length of the kidneys for the group examined 4‐6 months post partum was 0.7 cm shorter on the right and 0.7‐0.9 cm shorter on the left side than for the patients investigated in the early puerperium.Ureteric compression caused by venous dilatation from the intensified uterine blood flow during pregnancy was considered to have an important role in the etiology of ureteric dilatation in pregnancy.
PROSTAGLANDIN INDUCTION OF MIDTRIMESTER ABORTIONS: THREE YEARS' EXPERIENCE OF 626 CASES
Authors: Kajanoja P. , Jungner G. , Seppälä M. , Karjalainen O. , Widholm O. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In the first part of the survey 424 midtrimester abortion inductions with 11 different regimes of treatment were analyzed according to PG dose, PG type (PGF2α or PGE2), the route of administration (intravenous, extra‐amniotic, and intra‐amniotic), and the dose of concomitant intravenous oxytocin. Intraamniotic PG was given as a single injection, and the dose was repeated after 24 hours, if the abortion was not imminent. The highest efficacy, a 90% success rate within 24 hours and a 100% rate in 48 hours, as well as the shortest induction‐abortion interval were achieved with the intra‐amniotic administration of 50 mg of PGF2α either alone or with supplementary oxytocin, or with the intra‐amniotic 10 mg PGE2 plus oxytocin.In the latter part of the survey 202 prostaglandin inductions were carried out as a clinical routine. Forty or 50 mg of PGF2α was given intra‐amniotically, and supplementary oxytocin infusion was commenced on the basis of individual judgment. The success rates were somewhat lower and the abortion times longer than in the inductions which were carried out by the research team. Side efects were usually slight and well tolerated. Cervival ruptures (nine cases) and profuse bleeding requiring blood transfusion (19 cases) were the most serious complications. All patients with a cervical rupture were primigravidas induced with intraamniotic PGF2α; a supplementary oxytocin infusion was given to eight of them.