bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land Treatment of Oil‐Based Drill Cuttings in an Agricultural Soil
Authors: Chaîneau C. H. , Morel J. L. , Oudot J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe biodegradation, mobility, and phytotoxicity of fuel oil hydrocarbons (HC) contained in drill cuttings (DC) were investigated in a 28‐mo field experiment. In an agricultural soil, three plots were treated with DC on an extensive basis: 15, 30, and 60 Mg DC ha−1 corresponding to 1.5, 3, and 6 Mg HC ha−1. Concentration and chemical composition of residual HC in the soil profile (0–80 cm) were periodically determined. The decrease in HC concentration was proportional to the loading rates and mainly due to microbial biodegradation. Gas chromatographic analyses demonstrated the metabolism of n− and branched alkanes and of GC‐resolved aromatics. The persistence of some polycyclic saturates and aromatics was shown. At the end of the experiment, 10% of the initial HC amount persisted in the surface soil. A vertical selective migration of the lightest HC was shown during the first days and a low leaching of HC and metabolic byproducts toward the subsurface soil and drainage water occurred. The soil treatment modified the soil fertility: pH and Ca increased due to drill cuttings addition while P2O5 and K2O decreased. Crops (maize [Zea mays L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], pea [Pisum sativum L.]) were successively cultivated and harvested. Phytotoxicity, resulting in significant reductions of yields was observed on the two first crops on the most heavily treated plots, but no uptake of HC in the seeds was measured.
Land Application of Wood‐Fired and Combination Boiler Ashes: An Overview
Authors: Vance Eric D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAshes from the burning of wood and other plant‐derived materials have been used as soil amendments for centuries. Although historical interest in land application of ashes declined following the advent of commercial fertilizers and alternative liming materials, additional incentives for this beneficial use have arisen in recent years. The first is from rapidly rising landfill costs for disposal of by‐product ashes produced from the paper and electric utility industries. Secondly, the environmental ethic of sustainable management and the concept of recycling have provided incentives to replace nutrients removed from forest and agronomic harvests. Field and greenhouse studies show that wood‐fired boiler ashes can be successfully used as a replacement for agricultural lime with additional nutrient benefits. Ash application on forest land is less common, but Scandinavian studies indicate that ashes can enhance long‐term productivity of some forested sites. The use of ashes alone or combined with other mill residues, fertilizers, or agricultural wastes could prove particularly valuable for sustaining productivity of intensively managed forests over successive rotations. This overview provides an introduction to a subset of papers presented at the “NCASI Symposium on Land Application of Wood‐Fired and Combination Boiler Ashes.”
Forest Soil and Water Chemistry following Bark Boiler Bottom Ash Application
Authors: Williams Thomas M. , Hollis Charles A. , Smith Bill R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAsh from the bark‐fueled power boiler at International Paper's Georgetown mill was applied in a column study and a field trial to test land application. Tested application rates were 11, 22, and 44 Mg/ha of ash per rotation. The soil column study found a flush of cations, primarily K and Ca, with the initial 76 cm of 10−5 M oxalic acid leachate. Soils collected after field applications also had higher concentrations of exchangeable K and Ca in the surface soil. Concentrations were disproportionately larger with higher rates. There was little change in concentrations at 45‐cm depths and surface soils returned to near control levels on all sites, except those with the highest rate, within 60 wk. Groundwater samples showed very small differences that were only significant and consistent for Ca, K, and SO4. Heavy metal levels were near detection levels throughout the study. None of the application rates had an effect on groundwater that would compromise drinking water standards. Bark boiler ash, at application rates tested, appears to be safe on moderately well‐drained Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. The soil changes observed suggest ash application could be used to partially replace cations removed during harvest of short rotation pine plantations.
Paired Watershed Comparison of Tillage Effects on Runoff, Sediment, and Pesticide Losses
Authors: Clausen J. C. , Jokela W. E. , Potter F. I. , Williams J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA paired watershed study was used to compare runoff, sediment, atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5 triazine), and cyanazine (2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐S‐triazin‐2‐yl]amino]‐2‐methyl propionitrile) losses from conventional‐tilled (CT) and reduced‐tilled (RT) corn (Zea mays L.) watersheds. During a 13‐mo calibration period both watersheds were moldboard plowed and runoff was measured in H‐flumes. Composite samples were analyzed for sediment and for atrazine and cyanazine in dissolved and sediment phases. During a 30‐mo treatment period, one watershed was moldboard plowed while the other was disk harrowed. Reduced tillage decreased runoff by 64% and sediment losses by 99% but did not change dissolved atrazine or cyanazine concentrations in runoff. Concentrations of sediment‐sorbed pesticides increased in runoff. The RT reduced mass losses of atrazine and cyanazine in runoff, primarily because of decreases in runoff volume and sediment mass. Most pesticide losses occurred within 3 wk of field application. Pesticide loss was primarily in the dissolved phase. The paired watershed approach was a useful technique for determining watershed treatment effects when differences existed between watersheds chosen for study.
Degradation of Atrazine in Two Soils as a Function of Concentration
Authors: Gan J. , Becker R. L. , Koskinen W. C. , Buhler D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDissipation of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) in a Webster clay loam soil (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll), and Estherville sandy loam (sandy, mixed, mesic typic Hapludoll) was determined over a concentration range of 5 to 5000 mg kg−1 in field and laboratory experiments. Over the first 6 mo in the clay loam soil, the persistence of atrazine (based on percent of applied) was greater for the high‐rate treatments than the low‐rate treatments. However, in the laboratory, there was no effect of concentration on dissipation; the amount of atrazine degraded increased proportionally with the increase of concentration. In the sandy loam, persistence was greater at high concentration in both field and laboratory studies. Mineralization was the most important pathway for the dissipation of atrazine at all concentrations in the clay loam soil and from 5 to 500 mg kg−1 in the sandy loam. It was postulated that soil microorganisms were able to use the N or C from the s‐triazine ring. Atrazine at 500 and 5000 mg kg−1 may have increased soil microbial growth and activity and thus increased the degradation of atrazine based on the increase in soil respiration in the clay loam soil. Degradation pathways in both soils apparently were not influenced by concentration. Ring cleavage and hydrolysis were the major metabolic pathways in both soils, with dealkylation of less importance. Addition of a dairy manure amendment increased the rate of atrazine mineralization, while corn meal decreased and (NH4)2HPO4 amendments prevented mineralization.
Green and Animal Manure‐Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Effects on Phosphorus Sorption
Authors: Ohno Tsutomu , Crannell Bradley S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from common soil amendments and citric acid on the P sorption of an acidic soil. Hairy vetch (Vivia billosa L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as sources for green manure‐derived DOM. Cattle manure (Bos taurus) and poultry manure (Gallus domesticus) were used as sources for animal manure‐derived DOM. The negative charge density of the water‐soluble DOM ranged from 4.6 to 13.4 mmolc g−1 C. Estimated molecular weight ranges were 710 to 850 for the green manure DOM and 2000 to 2800 for the animal manure DOM. Phosphorus sorption experiments were conducted at 40 mmol P kg−1 soil and 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM total soluble carbon (Crs) for each green and animal manure source. The DOM extracted from vetch and clover, as well as citric acid, inhibited P sorption in the order citric acid > clover > vetch. The DOM extracted from the animal manures did not affect P sorption. The ability of the green manure DOM to inhibit P sorption was related to its ability to react with soil Al through ligand exchange reactions at lower DOM concentrations and through complexation reactions at higher DOM concentrations. The average ratio of Al solubilization to P sorption inhibition on a molar basis was 1.76 ± 0.44. Ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence data suggested that the higher molecular weight of the animal manure derived‐DOM was a factor in its inability to react with soil Al. The results of this study suggest that management systems that use green manures may increase the availability of P by decreasing the sorption of added P to soils.
Plutonium Association with Selected Solid Phases in Soils of Rocky Flats, Colorado, Using Sequential Extraction Technique
Authors: Litaor M. Iggy , Ibrahim S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlutonium contamination in the soil environs of Rocky Flats, CO, has been a potential health risk to the public since the late 1960s. Although the measurement of total activity of Pu‐239 + 240 in the soil is important information in appraising this risk, total activity does not provide the information required to characterize the geochemical behavior that affects the transport of Pu from the soil and vadose zone to groundwater. A sequential extraction experiment was conducted to assess the geochemical association of Pu with selected mineralogical and chemical phases of the soil. In the surface horizons, Pu‐239 + 240 was primarily associated with the organic C (45–65%), sesquioxides (20–40%), and the residual fraction (10–15%). A small portion of Pu‐239 + 240 was associated with soluble (0.09–0.22%), exchangeable (0.04–0.08%), and carbonates (0.57–7.0%) phases. These results suggest that under the observed pH and oxic conditions, relatively little Pu‐239 + 240 is available for geochemically induced transport processes. Uncommon hydrogeochemical conditions were observed during the spring of 1995, which may have facilitated a partial dissolution of sesquioxides followed by desorption of Pu resulting in increased Pu mobility. Systematic errors in the sequential extraction experiment due to postextraction readsorption were evaluated using Np‐237 tracer as a surrogate to Pu‐239. The results suggested that postextraction readsorption rates were insignificant during the first 30 min after extraction for most chemical and mineralogical phases under study.
Soil Environmental Quality: A European Perspective
Authors: Bouma J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnvironmental quality is a major political concern in Europe and the important role of the soil is widely recognized. However, soil science still has an important role to play in translating good intentions into policies supporting the implementation of innovative soil management procedures that can ensure sustainable production systems in harmony with nature. Society is impatient and demands solutions from science. This could in time lead to only holistic, applied research that is not adequately supported by basic research. A plea is made for establishing research chains in which a holistic, interdisciplinary analysis of a problem to be studied is followed by reductionistic basic research in relevant areas. Results are again communicated to and analyzed by the holistic team to be integrated in the overall analysis. Two areas of particular concern in soil research are discussed: (i) the implications of variability in space and time on defining characteristic threshold values for environmental indicators, and (ii) providing data to economists, which will allow them to express environmental effects of soil management practices in monetary terms.
Soil Quality and its Dependence on Dynamic Physical Processes
Authors: Wagenet R. J. , Hutson J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProtecting the ability of the soil resource to operate for the benefit of all biological entities is a necessary and unarguable goal. Soils are central to life, and the processes that occur in soils are crucial components of the global ecosystem. Protecting these resources from deterioration as a result of human activities is the present focus of many, not only in the scientific community, but in society at‐large. Ecologists, climatologists, hydrologists and, of course, agriculturalists are well aware of the importance of protecting soil quality. So too, have land‐use planners, public works engineers, water quality specialists, and fertilizer and pesticide dealers become aware of the importance of maintaining the ability of soil to sustain plant growth, infiltrate and redistribute water and chemicals, and act as natural biological filters. The dynamic processes that exist in a soil system are the determinants of the soil's condition, or quality, at any one time. These dynamic processes determine the potential of the soil to, for example, redistribute water, allow gas exchange, and bear a load at a specific time. Prediction of soil quality must project the effect of these dynamic processes in current or proposed management systems, if soil quality is to be maintained or enhanced.
Determining Soil Hydraulic Properties by Inverse Method in One‐Dimensional Unsaturated Flow
Authors: Lehmann François , Ackerer Philippe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor physically based models, the hydraulic conductivity function and the effective fluid saturation function are the most important parameters affecting water and solute movements in the vadose zone. Direct parameter measurements in heterogeneous soils are very difficult and scale‐dependent. The inverse approach is an indirect and interesting way to estimate hydrodynamic parameters. In‐situ soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity relations were determined for a layered soil from knowledge of initial and boundary conditions and observed pressure heads during infiltration, evaporation, and redistribution. We will present efficient algorithms for inverse problems applied to both synthetic and real test cases. The location and the number of observation points are very important; the number of observations must be sufficient, i.e., the variables have to be measured for each layer of the soil. Large differences in sensitivity are observed among the various model parameters.
Comparative Fates of Atrazine and Deethylatrazine in Sterile and Nonsterile Soils
Authors: Kruger Ellen L. , Rice Pamela J. , Anhalt Jennifer C. , Anderson Todd A. , Coats Joel R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAssessment of biotic and abiotic mechanisms of atrazine (ATR) and deethylatrazine (DEA) breakdown is necessary to identify major degradation pathways and understand soil conditions necessary for these mechanisms to occur. Our purpose was to compare fates of ATR and DEA in laboratory radiotracer studies to elucidate the effects of soil moisture status and soil depth on degradation and persistence. Atrazine and DEA were more persistent in subsurface soil than in surface soil. After 120‐d incubation, bound residues were significantly greater in surface soils than in subsurface soils. In 14C‐DEA‐treated soil, biological activity contributed to decreased persistence of DEA in saturated surface soil in contrast with unsaturated surface soil after 60 d. Biological activity also contributed to decreased persistence of ATR in saturated subsurface soil in contrast with unsaturated subsurface soil after 120 d, and the decreased persistence corresponded to significantly greater amounts of DEA, deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and polar degradation products compared with other treatments. The percentage of applied 14C‐ATR that degraded to DEA and DIA increased approximately threefold during the 60‐ to 120‐d incubation in nonsterile saturated subsurface soil. Greater quantities of polar degradation products were formed in 14C‐DEA‐treated nonsterile compared with sterile soils. Half‐lives (from first‐order degradation rate constants) of ATR and DEA were significantly longer in subsurface soil compared with surface soils. Biotic mechanisms contributed to the half‐lives of ATR (in surface and subsurface soil) and DEA (in subsurface soil) being significantly shorter under saturated soil moisture conditions compared with unsaturated soil moisture conditions.
Agriculture and Nitrate Concentrations in Maryland Community Water System Wells
Authors: Lichtenberg Erik , Shapiro Lisa K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of NO3‐N in well water is a cause of growing concern throughout the USA. Previous studies indicate that agriculture is a major contributor to this problem. This study uses data on NO3‐N concentrations in drinking water wells, on hydrological characteristics of those wells, and on measures of agricultural activity and of the extent of residential land use to construct statistical relationships between land use and well water quality in Maryland community water system wells. Tobit regression was used to correct for truncation bias arising from the fact that NO3‐N was not reported at concentrations below 0.1 mg/L. Exponential and linear specifications were estimated; non‐nested hypothesis tests indicated that the exponential specification fit the data better than the linear one. Deeper wells appear less vulnerable to NO3‐N contamination, wells in unconfined aquifers and especially limestone formations, more so. Broiler and corn (Zea mays L.) production were associated with higher NO3‐N concentrations in drinking water in both specifications, indicating that agriculture‐oriented efforts aimed at preserving groundwater quality should be concentrated on corn and broiler production. Septic systems for waste disposal also appear to have a substantial impact on NO3‐N concentrations in drinking water, suggesting that land use planning measures such as minimum lot size zoning may be needed to prevent conversion of crop and livestock production to residential units relying on septic systems from exacerbating groundwater quality problems.
Nitrate Leaching under a Cereal Rye Cover Crop
Authors: Brandi‐Dohrn Florian M. , Hess Mario , Selker John S. , Dick Richard P. , Kauffman Susan M. , Hemphill Delbert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter cover crops hold potential to capture excess NO3− and reduce leaching by recycling nutrients. The objective of this study was to compare winter NO3‐N leaching losses under winter‐fallow and a winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop following the harvest of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) or broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). Leachate was sampled with passive capillary wick samplers that apply a suction of 0 to 5 kPa to the soil‐pore water and intercept leachate in a pan of known area. Without disturbing the over‐laying soil profile, 32 samplers (0.26 m2) were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in a Willamette loam (fine‐silty mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Argixeroll). The randomized complete‐block split plot design of this cover crop‐crop rotation study (initiated in 1989) has cropping system (winter fallow vs. winter cereal rye) as main plots and three N application rates, ranging from 0 to 280 kg N ha−1 yr−1, as subplots. At the recommended N rate for the summer crops, NO3 leaching losses were 48 kg N ha−1 under sweet corn‐winter‐fallow for winter 1992–1993, 55 kg N ha−1 under broccoli‐winter‐fallow for winter 1993–1994, and 103 kg N ha−1 under sweet corn‐winter‐fallow for winter 1994–1995, which were reduced to 32, 21, and 69 kg N ha−1, respectively, under winter cereal rye. For the first two winters, most of the variation (61%) in NO3− leaching was explained by N rate (29%), cereal rye N uptake (17%), and volume of leachate (15%). Seasonal, flow‐weighted concentrations at the recommended N rate were 13.4 mg N L−1 under sweet corn‐winter‐fallow (1992–1993), 21.9 mg N L−1 under broccoli‐winter‐fallow, and 17.8 mg N L−1 under sweet corn‐winter‐fallow (1994–1995), which were reduced by 39, 58, and 22%, respectively, under winter cereal rye.
Nutrient, Carbon, and Mass Loss during Composting of Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure
Authors: Eghball Bahman , Power James F. , Gilley John E. , Doran John W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantification of nutrient and mass loss during composting is needed to understand the composting process, to implement methods for nutrient conservation, and to reduce potential adverse environmental impact. Beef cattle feedlot manure was composted in a windrow on an open concrete area in 1992, 1993, and 1994 to determine the amounts of nutrient, C, and mass loss during composting. The area was enclosed on all sides with a 0.2 m high metal sheet to direct runoff to a fiberglass tank (4000 L) during rainfall. Nutrients in runoff represented combined runoff and leaching losses. Nutrients, C, and mass loss during composting was determined by the difference between the amounts at the beginning and at the end of the composting. Nitrogen loss during composting ranged from 19 to 42% and was related to the initial manure N content. Ammonia volatilization (calculated by difference) accounted for >92% of the N loss whereas combined runoff nitrate and ammonium loss was <0.5%. Mass loss was relatively low (15–20%) while loss ranged from 46 to 62% and was basically all through bio‐oxidation. Phosphorus runoff loss, the main mechanism for P loss, was low (<2%). Manure N/P ratio decreased during composting, indicating a greater soil P buildup potential with compost application. Potassium and Na losses in runoff were high (>6.5% each) 1992 and 1993; they were low (<2% each) in 1994 due to fewer rainfall. Calcium and Mg losses were <6% each year. Nutrient and salt loss during composting resulted in reduced electrical conductivity of the composted manure. Ammonium and P concentrations in runoff would create surface water pollution if runoff was not diluted with fresh water.
Kinetics and Temperature Dependence of Potential Denitrification in Riparian Soils
Authors: Maag Michael , Malinovsky Michael , Nielsen Steen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe studied factors influencing potential denitrification activity (PDA) in anaerobic soil samples amended with NO3− from a riparian meadow with agricultural uplands, and a reedswamp receiving nitrate‐containing creek water at two loading rates. Both sites had high levels of PDA (3–28 mg N kg−1 h−1), which decreased exponentially with depth. High correlations were seen between PDA and mineralizable and water soluble C. At the meadow site, high apparent Km values (29–51 µM N) were found in the upper 150 cm of the soil profile due to a lateral flow of nitrate‐rich water. Below this depth, Km values were 10 to 30 times lower due to the influence of nutrient poor groundwater. In the 0‐ to 10‐cm profile of the reedswamp soil, the highest apparent Km (89 µM N) was found on the high load site, while no differences between the high and low load sites were seen below this depth (range 0.6–11 µM N). The capacity to reduce nitrate (Vmax) was in the order riparian meadow ≅ high loaded reedswamp > low loaded reedswamp. The activation energy for PDA ranged from 47 to 89 kJ mol−1, and Q10 for the 5 to 15°C interval ranged from 2 to 3.8. Our data suggest that long‐term use of riparian areas to attenuate high loads of NO3− can increase the maximum NO3− removal capacity of these areas, but at the same time increase the concentration of NO3− in water leaving this area compared with water leaving low loaded sites.