bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of unemployment in parasuicide
Authors: Jones S. C. , Forster D. P. , Hassanyeh F. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSixty-four in-patient cases of deliberate non-fatal self-poisoning were compared for psychosocial problems in a case-control study with a similar number of individually matched community controls. A strongly significant association was found between unemployment and self-poisoning. Further analysis revealed no firm evidence to support the hypotheses that unemployment was causally related to self-poisoning in an indirect manner or that it increased the vulnerability of individuals who self-poison to other stressful life events and difficulties. It is concluded that a possible explanation is that some third factor independently increases the risk of both unemployment and self-poisoning, giving rise to a non-causal relationship between these last two variables.
The need for social support among out-patients suffering from functional psychosis
Authors: Salokangas Raimo K. R. , Palo-Oja Timo , Ojanen Markku 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFrom an original sample of 177 patients in community care and suffering from functional psychosis, the psychiatric teams involved in the treatment of these patients interviewed 136 patients and 103 relatives. The interviews aimed at determining the patient's problems in socialrole behaviour, as evaluated both by the patients themselves and by their relatives, and to measure the stress caused to the relatives.According to the patients themselves, over 60% had considerable difficulties in at least one area of social-role behaviour; the same conclusion was reached by over 50% of the relatives. The patients had a more positive view of their abilities to cope with housework, self-care, and managing money than their relatives. One-third of the relatives said they were dissatisfied with the situation, and more than 40% displayed a resigned attitude to the amount of support required by the patient.Problems in social-role behaviour were commonest in patients who were dissatisfied with their treatment, in male patients, and in patients who lived together with their spouse, and among the relatives dissatisfaction with the situation as a whole was also highest in these cases. On the basis of these findings it is stressed that the treatment of psychotic patients should be based on a broad approach involving not only the patients themselves but also their relatives.
Gastric emptying, glucose tolerance and associated hormonal changes in heroin addiction
Authors: Ghodse A. Hamid , Reed J. L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe gastric emptying rate of 8 heroin-dependent males was measured by means of a radioactive isotope method. A simultaneous oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. The glucose response showed a low, flat curve with a delayed peak, and increased secretion of insulin and growth hormone occurred. As the gastric emptying rate proved to be normal the observed metabolic abnormalities are not due to the effect of heroin on the gastro-intestinal tract, but must be attributed to some other effect of chronic heroin administration.
Life stress and symptom pattern in out-patient depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Rao B. M. , Taylor C. N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe relationship was examined between symptoms rated in a sample of out-patient depressives, and measures of life stress derived from a separate interview. There was an association between symptoms reflecting the endogenous–neurotic distinction and life stress. However, the association was relatively weak, and was mainly with total social problems at the time of presentation, rather than with life events at onset. These findings are consistent with other studies which indicate that the absence of prior life events and the presence of the endogenous symptom pattern are only weakly related.
Psychological distress among Canadian adolescents
Authors: D'Arcy Carl , Siddique C. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper examines a comprehensive set of data on the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in a sample of 1038 adolescent students in a major urban area of a Canadian prairie province. About 27% of the students reported 6 or more symptoms of psychological distress on the GHQ-30. The frequency of symptoms varied with age, grade level and average marks, with sex being the most significant variation. ‘Anxiety’ and ‘social dysfunction’ were the most frequent symptom dimensions reported. More detailed analysis of possible predictors of mental health showed that the nature and quality of family life strongly affected adolescent mental health. Adolescents' positive evaluation of their school atmosphere and peer group life and their locus of control orientation also positively influenced their psychological well-being.
Foulds’ hierarchical model of psychiatric illness in a Dutch cohort: a re-evaluation
Authors: De Jong A. , Giel R. , Lindeboom E. G. , Slooff C. J. , Wiersma D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn order to evaluate Foulds' hierarchical model of psychiatric illness, a study was carried out using data from a 3-year follow-up of patients suffering from functional non-affective psychoses. Of the 177 Present State Examinations carried out 86% yielded symptom patterns compatible with the model. It was shown that failures to fit the hierarchy can be explained either by measurement error or by the masking of major symptoms by the simultaneous presence of minor ones. A one-dimensional scale to measure the severity of psychiatric illness was constructed. Patients' scores were compared with ratings on the Index of Definition and the diagnosis of current mental state. The results of these comparisons were considered to be supportive validatory evidence. Some of the implications of the model and the data are discussed.
Clinical significance of plasma chlorpromazine levels I. Plasma levels of the drug, some of its metabolites and prolactin during acute treatment
Authors: Wiles D. H. , Kolakowska T. , McNeilly A. S. , Mandelbrote B. M. , Gelder M. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSeventeen acute psychotic patients were studied in the course of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Blood samples were taken weekly both before and two hours after the morning CPZ dose. Plasma levels of CPZ, CPZ sulphoxide (CPZSO) monodesmethylated CPZ (NOR1CPZ) and 7-hydroxy CPZ (7OH CPZ) were estimated by gas chromatography. Plasma prolactin, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and oestrogens were measured by radioimmunoassay. Six of the seven patients who showed no clinical improvement had plasma CPZ levels equal to or higher than those of patients who improved. ‘Non-responders’ had a greater proportion of CPZ SO in pre-dosage samples. The occurrence of parkinsonian side effects was associated with a mean plasma CPZ of > 50 ng/ml and a mean plasma prolactin of > 30 ng/ml two hours after dosage. The elevation of prolactin preceded the onset of parkinsonian symptoms by 1–2 weeks. There was a significant positive correlation between mean plasma prolactin and mean plasma CPZ levels. The prolactin response may prove a useful index of the central antidopaminergic effect of neuroleptic drugs.
Completed suicide: a taxonomic analysis of clinical and social data
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Jacobson Solomon , Rehin Ann 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA post mortem enquiry has been made into the social family and clinical circumstances of 50 individuals who, according to a coroner's verdict, killed themselves in Brighton. A dimensional analysis of the 123 variables thus collected suggested the possibility of three distinct types of suicide: ‘depressive suicide’, ‘sociopathic suicide’ and ‘physical illness suicide’. The reliability of this typology has been checked by the analysis of 55 selected variables for a total of 193 cases considered by the same coroner. A cluster analysis has confirmed that the data contain at least three independent types of suicide. Some implications for the prevention of suicide are discussed.
The seasonal incidence of mania and its relationship to climatic variables
Authors: Myers D. H. , Davies P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMonthly hospital admission rates (HA) for mania were classified by sex, type of admission (first, or re-admission) and by country (England and Wales or Scotland). Of the 8 classes thus created, all but one showed a statistically significant annual cycle with a peak in Summer and trough in Winter. There was no significant difference in phase or amplitude between male and female cycles. A linear increase in yearly re-admission rates was found during the 8 years of the English and the 11 years of the Scottish data.Current month's mean daily temperature (lag0) and last month's (lag1) mean day-length and mean daily hours of sunshine correlated better with admission rate than did the values for other months. In a multiple regression analysis temperature made the other 2 climatic variables redundant in accounting for variation in HA.
Contrasting demographic patterns of minor psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community
Authors: Finlay-Jones Robert A. , Burvill Peter W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe 60-item General Health Questionnaire was completed by 90% of 4798 patients aged 15–69 years who consulted, on one day, the general practitioners of 97% of practices in the Perth Statistical Division. A point prevalence rate of minor psychiatric morbidity in various demographic groups was calculated in terms of the population at risk. The demographic pattern of morbidity was compared with that found in a probability sample of 2324 community residents drawn from the same population at risk, and surveyed at the same time using the same screening instrument.Widowed persons, British-born men who had recently migrated to Australia, and lower-social-class men with minor psychiatric morbidity were under-represented in general practice. Elderly men and women in upper-class occupations with minor psychiatric morbidity were over-represented in general practice. These differences, unlike others that were found, could not be explained by differing consulting habits or by differing completion rates of the screening instrument.
A further test of Foulds' personality and personal illness differentiae in a psychiatric group
Authors: Bedford A. , McIver D. , Pearson P. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTest and retest scores on the Symptom Rating Test (SRT), Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) were obtained from 45 non-psychotic psychiatric in-patients. The change in scores and the score distributions were examined to assess the extent to which these tests meet Foulds' criteria for measures belonging respectively to the universes of personality and personal illness. MPI Extraversion emerged as a stable, normally distributed, personality trait in contrast to the SRT which showed the characteristics of a symptom-state measure. MPI Neuroticism and MAS scores could not be allocated definitively to either universe and seemed to be hybrids. It is suggested that more attention must be paid to the ‘ purity’ of scales if meaningful interpretation is to be made in treatment assessment.
The effect of fluphenazine on basal prolactin concentrations
Authors: Chalmers R. J. , Bennie E. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effect of fluphenazine on basal human prolactin (hPRL) concentrations was studied in 10 male schizophrenics who had received fluphenazine treatment for at least 6 months, in 10 male alcoholics before and during the first week of fluphenazine treatment and in 8 alcoholics at daily intervals before and after treatment. The results were compared with basal hPRL concentrations in 17 healthy male controls. Investigations involved giving fluphenazine (Modecate) by intramuscular injection and taking blood samples at appropriate intervals by venepuncture. Basal hPRL concentrations were significantly increased in the schizophrenics. The alcoholics showed a significant rise in hPRL concentrations after fluphenazine but there was considerable variation in hPRL levels between individual patients. Most patients showed marked elevation of daily hPRL levels with peak concentrations occurring 5–6 days after the injection. The results demonstrate that fluphenazine elevates basal hPRL levels and the variation between levels of individual patients merits further investigation.
Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids: II. Tryptophan in affective disorder
Authors: Shaw David M. , Tidmarsh Simon F. , Johnson Anthony L. , Michalakeas Alexandros C. , Riley Graham J. , Blazek Richard , Francis Antony F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo of the tryptophan pools in the body and their associated fluxes, as defined by multicompartmental analysis, were studied in patients with unipolar affective disorder, bipolar patients (manic) and control subjects. The 2 pools were tentatively associated with extra- and intracellular compartments. The investigations were performed fasting and may have been mildly stressful. Under these conditions the concentration of tryptophan in plasma and perhaps amounts in the extracellular space were reduced in unipolar depression, with intermediate values after recovery. Some model parameters were lower in females than males. The results in unipolar affective disorder were interpreted in terms of a previously presented hypothesis that this illness may result in an idiosyncratic response to stress in which patients are unable to maintain normal amounts of tryptophan in the body. In manic patients extracellular levels of tryptophan were unchanged but intracellular and total quantities of ‘freely available’ tryptophan may have been reduced.
Psychiatric consequences of temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures: a 20–30-year follow-up of 14 cases
Authors: Stevens Janice R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisBetween 1958 and 1968, 14 patients from the epilepsy clinic at the University of Oregon Hospitals and Clinics with a diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) had a temporal lobectomy for medically intractable seizures. Nine of the 14 patients operated on remained seizure-free over the 20–30-year period of follow-up. Between 6 months and one year following temporal lobectomy, two women, previously healthy from a psychiatric standpoint, developed psychoses, and the previous psychiatric problems of four other patients worsened. Two patients, one with incapacitating paranoid personality disorder and the other with explosive rage attacks preoperatively, had marked improvement in their psychiatric status following temporal lobectomy. The remaining six patients, all psychiatrically healthy prior to surgery, have had no change in psychiatric status following surgery. Development of psychosis or deterioration in psychiatric status after surgery was more common in patients with later age of onset, unreality or déjà vu rather than epigastric aura, pre-operative evidence of bilateral brain damage, and persistence of EEG or clinical seizure activity. Development of a chronic psychosis in psychiatrically healthy individuals many months after temporal lobectomy, even when seizures are arrested or ameliorated, suggests that anomalous synaptic regeneration may follow the surgery in these cases. Careful analysis of histories and outcomes may contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiology and anatomical substrates of psychoses.
Estimating psychiatric morbidity by logistic regression: application to post-natal depression in a community sample
Authors: Carothers Andrew D. , Murray Lynne 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe use of logistic regression to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in community samples is illustrated here with data from a study of post-natal depression in 702 primiparous Cambridge mothers. The method is also used to validate the primary screening instrument (in this case the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale – EPDS), and to estimate the effects of cofactors, such as maternal age, previous psychiatric history and social class.
Psychiatric morbidity among Punjabi medical patients in England measured by General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Krause I-B. , Rosser R. M. , Khiani M. L. , Lotay N. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe 28-item GHQ was administered to 282 Punjabi and white British patients visiting two Health Centres in Bedford. We discovered that ethnicity is not significantly correlated with GHQ ‘caseness’, but that differences exist in somatic and depressive symptomatology. The discussion relates these findings to debates about the psychiatric morbidity of Asian immigrants and somatization.
Madness at the crossroads: John Home's letters from the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, 1886–87
Authors: Barfoot M. , Beveridge A. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA detailed and critical discussion of John Home, a certified inmate of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum during 1886–87, is presented from a historical perspective which is sensitive to the respective positions of the practitioner and the patient. Particular attention is paid to the letters Home wrote during his confinement and their significance for understanding asylum life during this period. Some interpretative difficulties surrounding the use of medical records, patient letters and other related evidence are also examined.
Emotional factors in forgetting
Authors: Bradley B. P. , Baddeley A. D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisLevinger & Clarke (1961) found that subjects tended to forget more word associations to emotional rather than neutral words. Kline (1981) regarded this study as providing “irrefutable evidence for the Freudian concept of repression”. On the other hand, results from Kleinsmith & Kaplan (1964) suggested that this effect may reverse after a delay. The present study attempted to replicate Levinger & Clark's result using stimulus words balanced for concreteness and frequency. In addition, recall was tested immediately and after a delay. Associations to emotional material were more poorly recalled immediately than associations to material which was low in emotional valence, but tended to be better recalled a month later. There were no differences in recall of pleasant versus unpleasant material. Results do not support the repression hypothesis, in that emotional material becomes more memorable over time. Moreover, repression should differentially apply to unpleasant rather than pleasant material but no such differences were found.
An epidemiological study of histrionic personality disorder
Authors: Nestadt G. , Romanoski A. J. , Chahal R. , Merchant A. , Folstein M. F. , Gruenberg E. M. , McHugh P. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn conjunction with the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) survey conducted in Baltimore, MD, a two-stage probability sample of community subjects was developed with a full psychiatric examination employing DSM-III criteria. This report details the observations on those subjects diagnosed with the DSM-III diagnosis Histrionic Personality Disorder. The results indicate that this condition can be diagnosed reliably and that it is a valid construct. It has a prevalence of 2·1 % in a general population. Males and females are equally affected, suggesting that prior reports of an increased prevalence in females was an expression of ascertainment bias found in hospital-based studies. The diagnosis is associated with clear evidence of disturbance in the emotional, behavioural, and social realms. Individuals with this disorder tend to use health care facilities more frequently than others.
The aetiology of childhood autism: a criticism of the Tinbergens' ethological theory
Authors: Wing Lorna , Ricks Derek M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisKanner's descriptions of the children showing the abnormal behaviour pattern he observed and named 'early infantile autism’ are summarized. E. A. and N. Tinbergens' ethological theory of the aetiology of this syndrome is outlined and criticized. The major problem in evaluating this theory, apart from the absence of any evidence in its favour, is the lack of precision with which the Tinbergens use the terms ‘autism’ and ‘Kanner's syndrome’.
Observer variation and depressive phenomenology
Authors: Verghese Abraham , Burrows Graham , Foenander George , Stevenson James , Davies Brian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn investigation into observer variation and depressive phenomenology is described. A group of 6 clinicians independently completed a 43-item sheet for 20 depressed patients at the same clinical interview. The coefficient of agreements on the items are given. Patient variables and observer variables did not have any influence on the degree of agreement. There was also an agreement in the subtyping of depression.
Chronic mania in childhood: case report of a possible association with a radiological picture of cerebellar disease
Authors: Cutting J. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe case-history of a woman with psychiatric symptoms since childhood is reported, the best label for which was that of ‘chronic mania’. Cerebellar atrophy was suspected on radiological grounds. The literature on chronic mania in childhood and on cerebellar damage and mental changes is reviewed and the view is put forward that cerebellar dysfunction may play a part in the production of some psychiatric symptoms.
The learning of motor movements: a neurostatistical approach
Authors: Maxwell A. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFrom a factor analysis of data from a learning experiment evidence is presented which appears to support the Blomfield–Marr thesis that in the learning of motor actions the cerebellum operates by the turning off of incorrect movements rather than by the turning on of correct ones. The factor model employed is that due to Godfrey Thomson which gives a neurostatistical explanation of the origin of mental factors.
A technique for studying psychiatric morbidity in in-patient and out-patient series and in general population samples
Authors: Wing J. K. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMany surveys of general populations have suggested a high untreated psychiatric morbidity, variously referred to as mental illness, pre-clinical neurosis, minor neurosis, untreated depression, etc.An Index of Definition of psychiatric disorders is described which incorporates cut-off points on the basis of symptoms rated in the Present State Examination. Eight degrees of definition are specified. At the ‘borderline disorder’ level and above, disorders are sufficiently well defined to apply the CATEGO program of clinical classification. This procedure enables in-patients, out-patients and samples of the general population to be compared.Data from surveys in south-east London are presented in order to illustrate the technique. The main conclusion at this stage is that it is possible to identify, by strictly defined and repeatable procedures, a substantial proportion of people in the general population who have ‘borderline disorders’ that can be tentatively classified in terms of the ICD. Whether it is clinically useful to do so requires further investigation.It is also suggested that techniques of this kind can be scientifically useful in comparing the level of morbidity in various populations, both referred and non-referred, and in testing theories concerned with the causes and treatment of various types of psychiatric disorders.
Conjoint marital therapy: a controlled outcome study
Authors: Crowe Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisForty-two couples with marital problems were randomly allocated to conjoint therapy of (i) a directive, (ii) an interpretative or (iii) a supportive (control) type. Self and independent assessment at the end of treatment showed the directive significantly superior to the control procedure on several measures. This superiority was maintained to 18 months' follow-up, when the interpretative procedure also showed some superiority over the control.