bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between frequency‐doubling perimetry indices and optic nerve head parameters measured with the Heidelberg retina tomograph 3
Authors: FERRERAS A , CALVO PEREZ P , PAJARIN AB , ABADIA B , FOGAGNOLO P , FIGUS M , PABLO LE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To determine the relationship between the indices of frequency‐doubling perimetry (FDT) and the optic disc parameters measured with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) 3 in glaucoma patients. Methods 74 eyes of 74 glaucoma patients were prospective and consecutively selected. All of them had intraocular pressure higher than 21 mmHg, and reproducible glaucomatous visual field loss in standard automated perimetry. FDTs were performed with a Humphrey FDT perimeter using the C‐20‐5 full threshold strategy. Participants underwent imaging of the optic disc with the HRT3. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was applied to check the data were normally distributed. Pearson correlations were calculated between FDT indices (mean deviation and pattern standard deviation) and global stereometric HRT3 parameters. Results Mild to moderate significant correlations (p<0.05) were observed between the FDT indices and most HRT3 parameters. The strongest correlation was found between the mean deviation of FDT and FSM discriminant function of HRT3 (0.525). Pattern standard deviation had the strongest correlation with rim area (‐0.431). Conclusion Optic nerve head parameters measured with HRT3 showed reasonable agreement with FDT indices in glaucoma patients.
Pathological alterations in Meibomian gland dysfunction as an important factor in ocular surface disease
Authors: BARABINO S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this presentation is to synthesize a clinical description of Meibomian gland disease (MGD) diagnosis, classification, and treatments currently available and in development. Methods The lipid content of Meibomian glands secretion varies with age and lid disease, and it contributes to the lipid component of the tear film by providing polar and nonpolar lipids. The lipids function as surfactant and barrier, provide structural support for the tear film, and are chiefly responsible for creating a smooth optical surface for the cornea. Meibomian gland disease (MGD) is one of the most common ocular disease characterized by an alteration of the lipids and therefore of all the ocular surface components, causing visual function changes and symptoms of discomfort. Results The contribution of MGD to ocular surface disease includes contact‐lens associated MGD, Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis, evaporative dry eye. The relationship between MGD and ocular surface inflammation will be presented with the results of clinical studies published in the literature to treat the different forms of MGD. Conclusion MGD is a common but often misdiagnosed disease of the ocular surface which should be treated according to specific protocols.
An analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer with ImageJ program
Authors: KIM S , KIM H , SHON Y 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose So far retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)analysis in red‐free fundus photograph has been qualitative. The purpose of this study is to introduce the gray scale of imageJ program as quantitative tool for evaluation of RNFL in red‐free fundus photograph. Methods Subjects were normal healthy 120 eyes of 120 patients aged 20‐50 years old. They were recruited from referred glaucoma suspected patients from March 2008 to December 2008 at Kim's eye hospital. Refractive error above 6.0Diopter, large peripapillary atrophy, previous other ocular disease subjects were excluded. Red‐free digital fundus photographs were taken by Kowa nonmyd7 funudus camera and Nikond70s digital camera by one experienced examiner with pupil dilatation. A circle was drawn around the optic disc nerve head(ONH)margin on Red‐free digital fundus photographs. The ONH divided into 12 clock‐hours's sectors. Sectors run clockwise in the right eye and counter clockwise in the ledt eye. The gray scales of RNFL adjacent to ONH were calculated by three observers. Results The gray scale of observer1 were calculated from 78+/‐21.6 to 125+/‐15.2. The gray scales were lowest at 3o/c and highest at 11o/c. The gray scale of observer2 were calculated from 87.8+/‐20.7 to 128.6+/‐13.5.The gray scales were lowest at 3o/c and highest at 7o/c. The gray scale of observer3 were calculated from 86.7+/‐24.8 to 128.4+/‐16.4. The gray scales were lowest at 3o/c and highest at 11o/c. Interclass correlation coefficient was from 0.864 to 0.985. Conclusion The gray scales of RNFL were high in superotemporal and inferotemporal area and low in nasal area. The gray scale of imageJ showed hith correlation between three observers. The gray scale of imageJ program can be objective tool for RNFL evaluation with red‐free fundus photograph.
Ocular blood flow autoregulation and the clinical implications of its alteration
Authors: GARHOFER G 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAutoregulation is commonly defined as the ability of a vascular bed to adapt blood flow to changes in ocular perfusion pressure (pressure autoregulation) or to adapt to changes in metabolic need (metabolic autoregulation). Considering the high metabolic turnover of the eye, its intact function is strongly dependent on a stable blood supply, assured by an intact vascular autoregulation. However, it has been shown that in the recent years that several ocular diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy or age related macula degeneration are associated with an impaired autoregulation. This vascular dysregulation may lead to an under‐ or overperfusion of the tissue and in turn to ischemia and/or oxidative stress. This talk seeks to summarize our current knowledge of autoregulation in the ocular vascular beds. Furthermore, the possible reasons of impaired autoregulation and how this may relate to ocular pathologies will be discussed.
Most readily usable methods to measure ocular blood flow
Authors: GUGLETA K 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose SIS Lecture. Methods Literature search. Results Ocular Blood Flow Research Association (OBFRA, recently merged with another organization ‐ ISOCO, into one single Association for Ocular CDirculation ‐ AOC) made a significant contribution to standardization of the blood flow measuring techniques in the field of ophthalmology. A consens was reached on the number of OBF measurements techniques that occured in the past decades. Particular emphasis was placed on the basic technology, specific parameters and interpretation, accuracy and reproducibility, field of clinical applications. Open questions were extensively discussed, limits of each technique clearly postulated. and a consensus statement put together for each of the technique involved. It encompassed techniques like color Doppler imaging, laser Doppler flowmetry (continuous as well as scanning LDF), laser Doppler velocimetry, Retinal Vessel Analyzer, combination of the vessel diameter measurement and the LDV, laser interferometry of the fundus pulsations amplitude, retinal oxymetry, measurements of the pulsatile component of the blood flow, blue field entoptic method and the newest ‐ Doppler OCT. Conclusion There is no overwhelming measuring technique able to cover all the aspects of the research and the daily clinical routine. Various parameters and various vascular beds are involved, which makes the interpretation of the obtained results strenuous. Of particular importance is the capability of OBF measuring techniques to capture one dynamic feature of ocular circulation ‐ its ability to regulate and to response to various challenges. It is widely believed that not the constantly reduced blood flow, but rather the lack of regulation thereof, leads to prevalent ocular diseases.
Disease mechanisms leading to impaired blood flow in glaucoma
Authors: GHERGHEL D 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose SIS lecture Methods Literature search Results Although primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG), is associated more closely with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), other risk factors already implicated in the aetiology of this disease and especially in the aetiology of normal‐tension glaucoma are: abnormal ocular circulation, ocular and systemic vascular dysregulation, as well as systemic blood pressure (BP) alterations. Oxidative stress, which occurs as a result of an imbalance between generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defence mechanisms and is implicated in the pathogenesis of disorders ranging from atherosclerosis to neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes and aging, may also contribute to the general vascular disturbances observed in glaucoma. Moreover, increasing evidence shoes that oxidative stress plays a role in promoting endothelial dysfunction, which is a key factor in progression of vascular diseases. Indeed, glaucomatous optic nerve damage has been related to endothelial damage/dysfunction. This presentation explores the role of various ocular and systemic circulatory factors in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neuropathy.
Recent developments in retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: MORTEMOUSQUE B 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe retinopathy remains the principal severe ophthalmologic complication of neonates with a gestationalage of 32 weeks or less. It’s a major cause of lifelong blindness beginning in infancy. As many other ocular pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy, and age‐related macular degeneration, result in vision loss because of aberrant neoangiogenesis. A common feature of these conditions is the presenceof hypoxic areas and overexpression of the proangiogenic vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF).Its prevantion can be made by a better management of the oxygenation of these children but also by a better knowledge of the other risk factors. The prevailing current treatment, laser ablation of the retina, is destructive and only partially effective. Preventive and less destructive therapies are much more desirable. So, Angiogenesis, or the formation of new retinal blood vessels is a key feature of many proliferative retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy,retinal vein occlusions, and retinopathy of prematurity.
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy and oscillatory potentials in the ERG to long‐duration stimuli
Authors: KAZARYAN AA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To mark out OPs in the long‐duration flash ERG in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and to determine their role in diagnosis and monitoring of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON). Methods 20 healthy subjects and 45 patients with different stages of glaucoma were investigated. Standard OPs and ERG to long‐duration stimuli (200 ms) were recorded. OPs for ON and OFF ERGs were isolated after mathematic filtration (80‐200 Hz). Optic discs of patients were evaluated by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy HRT II. Index (mean) of early and late standard OPs were calculated separately. Results Marked oscillations were determined in both ON and OFF ERG to long‐duration stimuli (3‐4 and 2‐3 waves respectively). Different decrease of amplitudes were detected depending on the stage of POAG. Subnormal OFF‐response of ERG to long‐duration stimulus and late standard OPs were observed in all stages of POAG. ON‐response of ERG to long‐duration stimulus and early standard OPs in the early stage of POAG were supernormal, whereas in the advanced and late stages they were subnormal. A statistically significant correlation was observed between standard OPs and OPs in the ERG to long‐duration stimuli. Conclusion In POAG the OFF cone channels damage earlier. OPs of ERG to long‐duration stimulus are more sensitive indicator of ischemic processes in the retina. A strict correlation between different components of ERG may suppose that early waves of standard OPs are generated by ON‐components of cone and rod pathways, wile the origin of OFF‐OPs is related to OFF‐components of cone pathway.
Effect of breathing a mixture of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 on flicker induced vasodilatation
Authors: LASTA M , PEMP B , GARHOFER G , SCHMETTERER L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose It has been shown that increased neural activity evoked by stimulation with diffuse luminance flicker increases retinal and optic nerve head blood flow. Beside others, an increased oxygen demand has been attributed to evoke the flicker response. This study seeks to investigate whether the flicker light induced increase in retinal vessel diameters is different in subjects breathing 92% O2 + 8% CO2 compared to breathing room air. Methods 24 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Diameters of retinal vessels were recorded continuously with a Retinal Vessel Analyzer. During this measurement flicker stimulation was applied at a frequency of 8 Hz. Subjects were breathing a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 and room air in a randomized, two way cross over design. Flicker responses were assessed during the two breathing periods. Blood gas values were determined from capillary blood samples. Results Under room air conditions flicker stimulation significantly increased retinal venous diameters (p<0.05). Breathing of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 increased pO2 from 88±18 mmHg to 277±71 mmHg (p<0.05) and pCO2 from 37±3 mmHg to 46±6 mmHg (p<0.05). Breathing a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 significantly increased flicker induced vasodilatation in retinal veins compared to room air (p<0.05). Conclusion Breathing of a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 increases the response of retinal venous diameters to stimulation with flicker light. The reason for this effect has, however, yet to be clarified.
In vitro transcorneal and transscleral diffusion of radiolabeled compounds in human and rabbit cornea and in human, monkey, dog, and rabbit sclera
Authors: STRUBLE CB , EDELHAUSER HF , HOLLEY GP , GROSSNIKLAUS HE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To determine the in vitro diffusion of selected compounds across the cornea or sclera of humans, monkeys, dogs, and rabbits. Methods Human and NZW rabbit corneas were obtained and the epithelium was removed from one cornea of each pair. Corneas were mounted in chambers with 3H‐water or 3H‐dexamethasone on the epithelial side and BSS solution on the endothelial side. Serial aliquots were taken from each chamber and assayed by LSC. Scleral sections from human, NZW rabbit, dog, or monkey eyes were mounted in perfusion chambers. Adjacent sclera was used for H&E histology. 3H‐water, 3H‐dexamethasone, or 70kD‐14C‐dextran were added to the episcleral surface while perfusing BSS across the choroidal side. Serial aliquots were collected up to 5 hrs and assayed by LSC. Scleral permeability (ktrans) was calculated. H&E slides were used to determine scleral thickness. Results 3H‐water diffused through cornea faster than 3H‐dexamethasone, especially with denuded epithelium. Scleral thickness and molecular weight were determinant of diffusion in sclera. Monkey sclera was thinnest, followed by dog, rabbit, and human. ktrans for 70kD‐14C‐Dextran and 3H‐dexamethasone were greatest in monkey, followed by dog, rabbit, and human. ktrans values for 3H‐water were similar in all species, and greater than values for 14C‐dextran and 3H‐dexamethasone. Conclusion These studies demonstrate permeability of cornea and sclera in human and animal models with compounds of varied molecular weights representative of drugs being developed for treatment of ocular diseases. The results of this study indicate that these techniques are valuable as screening tools in the development of ocular drugs.
Visual function after cataract surgery in patients with an aspherical lens without spherical aberration
Authors: PISELLA PJ 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare quality of vision in pseudophakic patients with customized‐asphericity intraocular lens (IOL) compared to patients with zero‐aberration IOL after a Micro‐Incision Cataract Surgery (MICS). Methods 26 patients (41 eyes) were divided into two groups: 24 eyes received a customized‐aspheric IOL in both eyes and 17 eyes received zero‐aberration IOLs. IOL asphericity was customized according to the preoperative corneal spherical aberration (SA) in order to obtain a total ocular SA close to +0 µm. We implanted either aspherical AcriSmart 36A® generating a ‐0,18 µm SA (for a 6 mm pupil diameter), or zero‐aberration AcriSmart 46LC®. Postoperative evaluations were conducted 6 months after MICS: refraction, best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivities, point spread function (PSF), Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), objective depth‐of‐focus and ocular wavefront aberrations were analyzed. Results Postoperative BCVA was similar in both groups (‐0,021 ± 0,105 LogMAR for the custom group versus 0 ± 0,11 LogMAR, p=0,58). Mesopic contrast sensitivity was significantly better in the custom group at intermediate and high spatial frequencies (p<0.001). SA was significantly lower in the custom group (Z40 = 0,085 ± 0,07 µm vs 0,261 ± 0,09 µm, p<0.001) whereas no difference of preoperative corneal SA was noted. MTF cutoff frequency is lower in the reference group than in the custom group (p=0,008). The objective residual accommodative amplitude was lower in the custom group: 1,31 ± 0,54 D versus 2,25 ± 0,65 D (p=0,006). Conclusion Individual selection of IOL asphericity with a preoperative corneal spherical aberration measurement allowed control of final total amount of spherical aberration. Such a customization improved mesopic contrast sensitivity, and leads to better objective quality of vision.
Colorimetric comparison between different filtered IOLs and human crystalline lenses at various ages
Authors: MENCUCCI R , MENCHINI U , ROMANO G , MONICI M , FUSI F , GUASTI A , MERCATELLI L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To perform the colorimetric characterization of two different blue light filtered IOLs (Intra Ocular Lenses, from Alcon, USA and Hoya Corporation, Japan) and one UV‐violet filtered IOL (Bausch & Lomb, USA) comparing them with standard UV filtered IOL (Alcon) and human crystalline lenses at various ages. Methods Three IOLs of each model with different dioptric power (16, 21 and 26 D) were analyzed. The colorimetric coordinates of the IOLs were calculated by measuring their transmission spectra by a spectrophotometric technique. Consequently, we defined a parameter (ΔE) proportional to the perceived color differences. A comparison was then performed between the various IOLs and human crystalline lenses of different ages (4, 22, 41, 53 and 72 years) considered from the literature. The CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) standards were adopted for the colorimetric analysis. Results The color distance ΔE was calculated for the 4 IOL models considered, respect to human lenses at different ages between 4 and 72 years. The maximum ΔE value was found respect to the standard UV filtered IOL for any other crystalline lens age and greatest for a human 72 year old lens. The minimum value for ΔE was obtained for both blue‐filtered IOLs respect to middle‐aged human lenses. Conclusion None of the analyzed IOLs has the same colorimetric performance of the human crystalline lens. The two blue‐filtered IOLs reproduce at best the human lens yellowing of 20 to 50 years, among all the tested IOLs.
Screening history in those requiring fast track referral for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in the ni diabetic retinopathy screening programme
Authors: HART PM , SAXENA R , JOHNSTON SE , FLYNN C , MCELDUFF P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose If PDR is detected at screening, an urgent referral to an ophthalmologist ensues. This outcome can be stressful for patients and for the ophthalmologists who may need to treat very quickly. Aim: To examine the screening history of those deemed to require an urgent referral, with a view to identifying missed cases of referable diabetic retinopathy in previous screening encounters; and risk factors for interval cases. Methods Fast tracked urgent referrals were identified from the NI DRSP database. Demographic factors and previous screening history were analysed. Results In 2006‐7 18,887 attended for screening. 5.6% required referral to an eye clinic of which 0.3% were deemed urgent referrals (52 cases) 47 showed PDR; 5 had advanced NPDR in an only eye. 47% had Type 1 Diabetes; 52% had been diabetic for 20 years or more; 8% had been diabetic for 5 years or less. On feedback 98% were found to be appropriate referrals. At time of screening, 6 people had been lost to follow up from previous eye clinics. PDR was identified at the first screening event in the other 46 (88%). No cases were found where referral at a previous screening encounter would have been appropriate. Conclusion Especially during the early years, screening programmes are very likely to encounter sight threatening retinopathy not previously identified. Over time, the balance between referral early in the disease process, and late, will hopefully be achieved but until then clinics must be prepared to manage the unpredictable urgent referral.
Commercial interest
Frequency of pterygium in indigenous Kadiweu
Authors: VERONESE RODRIGUES ML , SALUM TG 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Study carried out in Amazonas, north of Brazil, reported that river indigenous people have much higher rates of pterygium than indigenous living in forest. Exposure to the sun was the major risk factor for pterygium . The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of pterygium in indigenous with different ethnic and cultural background, and living in another region of the country, with different geographic characteristics (Kadiwéu indigenous). Methods Ocular examination was performed in 10% of the total population of Kadiwéu indigenous (90 subjects), living in two small villages, in “Serra Boquena” region, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in center‐west Brazil. Results The frequency of pterigyum in all participants was 15%. Considering only individuals over 20 years the rate was 20%. Conclusion The frequency of pterygium in indigenous Kadiwéu is lower than the rate in river indigenous and higher than in forest people.
Sympathetic variability of intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients evaluated by wavelets
Authors: MARQUES‐NEVES C , GONçALVES C , LARANJO S , SANTOS M , FIGUEIREDO A , ROCHA I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose We had showed the usefulness of wavelets in the detection of sympathetic activity in intraocular pressure(IOP).With we intend to evaluate sympathetic activity in glaucoma patients with and without topical therapeutics through the same methodology Methods 3 groups of individuals of both sexes:1)a healthy individuals(HI,n=11);2)two groups of glaucoma patients with Primary Open‐Angle Glaucoma, one under treatment(GT,n=25) and another without(GNT,n=10).In a autonomic Lab. Continuous recording of IOP with Pascal‐DCT,in day before,individuals were told not to smoke and to avoid xanthines or other stimulants ingestion.Glaucoma patients were diagnosed by visual fields defects and optic disc analysis.For GT patients a wash‐out time of 1‐3 weeks was required depending on therapeutics.Individuals under medication or any other pathology that could affect the autonomic nervous system were excluded. Data analysis of systolicIOP in the time‐scale domain with wavelets(Db12)was performed during one minute.Statistical analysis using t‐Student, Welch corrected(Ducla‐Soares et al,2007)was used.LFIOP was calculated for the 3 groups and differenc.were consid. significant where p<0.05.Data(mean±SEM) Results Mean age 49(40‐70),64(45‐67)and 61(36‐61) for HI,GT and GNT groups, respectively.The quantization of sympathetic variability of SIOP by wavelets was 0.4±0.17;0.122±0.075 and 0.118±0.067 for HI,GT and GNT groups respectively.Values were significantly different between HI and GT(p<0.05)and GNT(p<0.05)but not between the two groups of glaucoma patients Conclusion Our data show that glaucoma patients have a significant decrease in sympathetic activity that could be due to an extraocular mechanism that persists with therapeutics