bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morgan Stanley's Risk‐Reward Views: Unlocking the Full Potential of Fundamental Analysis
Authors: Weyns Guy , Perez Juan‐Luis , Hurewitz Barry , Jenkins Vlad 
Published: July 2011

Since 2008, Risk‐Reward Views have been the basis for the recommendations on all the stocks covered by Morgan Stanley's equity research analysts globally. The firm's analysts use this systematic approach to communicate a broader range of fundamental insights about expected returns and risks, and to articulate more clearly the logic underlying their price targets and calls, and the level of conviction associated with them. The rationale for this approach is to align the firm's research product with its clients' thinking and investment discipline while also creating a link between traditional equity analysis and widely accepted principles of modern portfolio management.Too many sell‐side analysts still try to manifest expertise and conviction with one‐sided investment theses backed by single‐point estimates and “table pounding.” That does a disservice to investors who are looking to sell‐side analysts for an ongoing dialogue about the future with experts on company fundamentals. Risk‐Reward Views are designed to produce a more complete view of the risk‐reward trade‐off in a given stock. They are meant to supplement the use of quant‐only risk models that, while offering at least the illusion of precision, are also often opaque and backward looking. The approach aims to increase transparency while avoiding unnecessary complexity by focusing on a handful of critical uncertainties and modeling a manageable number of coherent scenarios that are relevant to investor debates and cover a full range of plausible outcomes.This article focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of the department's Risk‐Reward initiative. For a more detailed discussion of the institutional setting and the processes followed to implement these ideas, readers are referred to the recently published Harvard Business School case study, “The Risk‐Reward Framework at Morgan Stanley Research” (Harvard Business School Case N9–111–011).
Effect of chloroform, orange solvent and eucalyptol on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators
Authors: Al‐Hadlaq Solaiman M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three retreatment solutions on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators, the Root ZX mini, the Mini Apex Locator, the Root ZX and the Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator. Forty extracted single‐rooted human teeth were used in this study. The four electronic apex locators were operated according to the manufacturer's instructions to locate the ‘apical constriction’ in the presence of chloroform, orange solvent or eucalyptol in the canal. The accuracy of each apex locator was not affected by the type of retreatment solution present in the root canal. In addition, the accuracy of the four apex locators was similar in the presence of each of the tested solutions.
Current Role of Biomarkers in Carotid Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Avgerinos Efthimios D. , Kadoglou Nikolaos P. E. , Moulakakis Konstantinos G. , Giannakopoulos Triantafillos G. , Liapis Christos D. 
Published: July 2011

Background and purpose Accumulating evidence suggests that carotid plaque vulnerability can be used as a determinant of ischemic stroke risk stratification and carotid intervention. Novel markers of high-risk carotid plaque in patients are needed. Summary of review Advances in cellular and molecular pathophysiology, the demand for accurately predicting carotid risk, and choosing the optimal prevention strategy are stimulating great interest in the development of novel surrogate markers. Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease are expected to predict the natural history, clinical outcomes, and the efficacy of disease-modifying interventions. We aimed to review the literature regarding clinical data on novel serum biomarkers related to ischemic cerebrovascular events associated with carotid artery disease. We provide background information on the biomarkers related to all aspects of carotid disease: natural history, carotid intervention strategies for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, perioperative risk prediction, and their therapeutic implications. Conclusion At present, heterogeneous data support evidence that biological markers can help existing practices to more accurately assess patients at risk for stroke. Randomized-controlled trials for carotid artery disease and carotid intervention, incorporating biomarkers, are needed.
Artificial Photosynthesis: From Molecular Catalysts for Light‐driven Water Splitting to Photoelectrochemical Cells
Authors: Andreiadis Eugen S. , Chavarot‐Kerlidou Murielle , Fontecave Marc , Artero Vincent 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPhotosynthesis has been for many years a fascinating source of inspiration for the development of model systems able to achieve efficient light‐to‐chemical energetic transduction. This field of research, called “artificial photosynthesis,” is currently the subject of intense interest, driven by the aim of converting solar energy into the carbon‐free fuel hydrogen through the light‐driven water splitting. In this review, we highlight the recent achievements on light‐driven water oxidation and hydrogen production by molecular catalysts and we shed light on the perspectives in terms of implementation into water splitting technological devices.
Des‐gamma‐carboxyprothrombin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis
Authors: INAGAKI Yoshinori , XU Huan Li , HASEGAWA Kiyoshi , AOKI Taku , BECK Yoshifumi , SUGAWARA Yasuhiko , TANG Wei , KOKUDO Norihiro 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVES:  To ascertain serum and tissue expression of des‐gamma‐carboxyprothrombin (DCP) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis and clarify the relationship between DCP expression and prognosis.METHODS:  Expression of DCP in tissues was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining using anti‐DCP antibody in 74 patients with a single primary HCC nodule and liver cirrhosis. Their serum DCP levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay with a double antibody sandwich system.RESULTS:  Positive DCP expression in cancerous and non‐cancerous tissues was related to a worse prognosis for patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis. The combined evaluation of tissue DCP expression and serum DCP level showed that prognosis was the worst for patients with positive tissue DCP expression and a high serum DCP level. Univariate analysis indicated that a lower 5‐year survival rate was significantly correlated with positive tissue DCP expression, a high serum DCP level and the combined factor of positive tissue DCP expression and a high serum DCP level. Multivariate analysis indicated that the combined factor of positive tissue DCP expression and a high serum DCP level was a significant prognostic factor.CONCLUSION:  The combined evaluation of tissue DCP expression and serum DCP level is more useful than either factor alone in predicting prognosis for patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis.
Anti‐nuclear antibody positivity and the use of certolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease patients who have had arthralgias or lupus‐like reactions from infliximab or adalimumab
Authors: VERMA Himanshu Dev , SCHERL Ellen Janice , JACOB Vinita Elizabeth , BOSWORTH Brian Paul 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE:  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors can be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but may lead to anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity and lupus‐like reactions. Because of its unique structure, certolizumab has lower rates of these complications. We sought to investigate whether patients who have had lupus‐like reactions to infliximab or adalimumab would be able to tolerate certolizumab.METHODS:  We performed a retrospective analysis on the 23 patients at the Roberts Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center who received certolizumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease from March 2008 to June 2009. We identified 6 patients who were switched to this drug because of lupus‐like reactions from prior anti‐TNF therapy and had documented ANA after the reaction and prior to certolizumab initiation. We then rechecked the ANA status after certolizumab initiation.RESULTS:  Five out of 6 patients had a resolution of their arthralgias or lupus‐like symptoms after being switched to certolizumab (P < 0.001). Of the 4 patients who were ANA positive after receiving infliximab or adalimumab, 2 became ANA negative after induction with certolizumab (P = 0.17). There was no difference in Harvey Bradshaw index scores (10.3 vs. 9.8) pre‐certolizumab and post‐certolizumab (P = 0.73).CONCLUSION:  Nearly all patients experienced relief from their lupus‐like symptoms with certolizumab and 2 out of 4 patients reversed their ANA positivity. While future investigation is warranted, patients who have lupus‐like reactions from infliximab or adalimumab may benefit from switching to certolizumab.
Role of Mercury Toxicity in Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Stroke
Authors: Houston Mark C. 
Published: July 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:621–627. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Mercury has a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, inactivating numerous enzymatic reactions, amino acids, and sulfur‐containing antioxidants (N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, alpha‐lipoic acid, L‐glutathione), with subsequent decreased oxidant defense and increased oxidative stress. Mercury binds to metallothionein and substitute for zinc, copper, and other trace metals, reducing the effectiveness of metalloenzymes. Mercury induces mitochondrial dysfunction with reduction in adenosine triphosphate, depletion of glutathione, and increased lipid peroxidation. Increased oxidative stress and reduced oxidative defense are common. Selenium and fish containing omega‐3 fatty acids antagonize mercury toxicity. The overall vascular effects of mercury include increased oxidative stress and inflammation, reduced oxidative defense, thrombosis, vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and immune and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clinical consequences of mercury toxicity include hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, reduced heart rate variability, increased carotid intima‐media thickness and carotid artery obstruction, cerebrovascular accident, generalized atherosclerosis, and renal dysfunction, insufficiency, and proteinuria. Pathological, biochemical, and functional medicine correlations are significant and logical. Mercury diminishes the protective effect of fish and omega‐3 fatty acids. Mercury inactivates catecholaminei‐0‐methyl transferase, which increases serum and urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This effect will increase blood pressure and may be a clinical clue to mercury‐induced heavy metal toxicity. Mercury toxicity should be evaluated in any patient with hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, cerebrovascular accident, or other vascular disease. Specific testing for acute and chronic toxicity and total body burden using hair, toenail, urine, and serum should be performed.
Cerebral Microangiopathy in Treatment‐Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Schmieder Roland E. , Schmidt Bernhard M.W. , Raff Ulrike , Bramlage Peter , Dörfler Arnd , Achenbach Stephan , Schwab Johannes , Kolominsky‐Rabas Peter 
Published: July 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:582–587. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Cerebral microangiopathy is a cause of cognitive impairment and indicates high risk for clinically overt cerebrovascular disease. It develops in patients with or without hypertension, and different pathologies may play a supporting role. In this pilot study, the authors aimed to elucidate risk factors contributing to the deleterious action of hypertension on cerebral small vessels. A cross‐sectional study in 42 patients with treatment‐resistant hypertension was performed. Microangiopathy was investigated by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Determinants were identified by clinical investigation, computed tomography, intima‐media thickness and pulse wave velocity measurement, and urinary albumin excretion. Nineteen of 42 patients had cerebral microangiopathy (23 controls). Patients were different with respect to heart rate (60.5±10.2 vs 69.7±15.1 beats per minute; P=.029) and systolic blood pressure during nighttime (138±13 mm Hg vs 126±18 mm Hg; P=.019). In addition, there were significant differences in pulse wave velocity (10.7±2.0  m/s vs 9.4±1.4 m/s; P=.034), peripheral pulse pressure (70.8±16.3 mm Hg vs 59.2±13.6 mm Hg; P=.016), central pulse pressure (62.9±15.8 mm Hg vs 50.3±14.2 mm Hg; P=.012), and aortic augmentation pressure (15.9±6.0 vs 11.8±6.6; P=.040). Systolic blood pressure and signs of hypertensive vasculopathy such as peripheral and central pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity were associated with cerebral microangiopathy in patients with long‐standing treatment‐resistant hypertension.
The all‐ceramic, inlay supported fixed partial denture. Part 2. Fixed partial denture design: a finite element analysis
Authors: Thompson MC , Field CJ , Swain MV 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe clinical use of all‐ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures has seen widespread adoption over the past few years due to their increasing durability and longevity. However, the application of inlays as an abutment design has not been as readily embraced because of their relatively high failure rates. With the use of an idealized inlay preparation design and prosthesis form which better distributes the tensile stresses, it is possible to utilize the inlay as support for an all‐ceramic fixed partial denture. Utilizing a three‐dimensional finite element analysis, a direct comparison of the inlay supported all‐ceramic bridge against the traditional full crown supported all‐ceramic bridge is made. The results demonstrate that peak stresses in the inlay bridge are around 20% higher than in the full crown supported bridge with von Mises peaking at about 730 MPa when subjected to theoretical average maximum bite force in the molar region of 700 N, which is similar to the ultimate tensile strengths of current zirconia based ceramics.
S4.5 Maternal syphilis testing and treatment to improve maternal and child health services: progress and challenges
Authors: Kamb M 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundIn 2007, WHO released the document Global Elimination of Congenital Syphilis, Rationale and Strategy for Action, developed in collaboration with a team of expert consultants. The strategy aims to prevent mother to child transmission of syphilis through the strengthening of antenatal care programs to ensure:Early antenatal care for all women, with universal syphilis screening and prompt treatment of those infectedTreatment of all sexual partners of infected women, promotion of condom use during pregnancy, and counselling of all women on how to prevent infectionAll neonates born to RPR-positive mothers are given a single dose of penicillin as prophylactic treatment.This presentation documents progress in the global elimination initiative thus far, notes challenges towards substantial reduction in congenital syphilis by 2015, and proposes areas for focus in the next 2 years.Methods/resultsMost progress has been made in areas of advocacy and recognition of the public health problem, the emergence of rapid diagnostic tests and (in some areas of the world) integrated intervention initiatives such as those linking prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and congenital syphilis. Progress has also been made in integration of a handful of critical indicators into existing data collection systems, allowing better monitoring of national and global program progress. Publication of program evaluations has been mixed, with increased reporting on evaluations of implementing testing and treatment strategies, but still limited research on validation of proposed impact targets (eg, use of stillbirth as an indicator of impact). Additionally, specific funding remains limited, although an Investment Case for donors is near completion and some new opportunities for funding integrated services have arisen.ConclusionsSome emerging global issues such recent initiatives and trends in global public health financing may influence future progress. National guidelines on testing strategies are needed to avoid less than optimal or more costly than needed testing strategies. More focused efforts on earlier and higher quality antenatal care will likely support congenital syphilis elimination along with promoting better overall antenatal services.
S5.1 The other vaginitides: update on desquammative inflammatory vaginitis and refractoryCandida vaginitis
Authors: Sobel J D 
Published: July 2011

Desquammative Inflammatory Vaginitis (DIV) is now recognised as a not uncommon caused of purulent vaginitis with a profuse discharge accompanying dyspareunia and vaginal burning. Less well recognised are the vestibular and vulvar manifestations of this chronic idiopathic and likely immune mediated inflammatory process which occurs exclusively in Caucasian women usually in the peri-menopausal period. The syndrome must be differentiated from trichomoniasis since both share several clinical manifestations including markedly elevated vaginal pH and inflammatory cell infiltrate, but several features to be discussed allow correct diagnosis.DIV is likely precipitated by oestrogen deficiency explaining it's unique epidemiology. Treatment consisting of high potency steroids and other local anti-inflammatory agents results in rapid improvement but cure frequently requires prolonged long term therapy.A new clinical entity of recurrent vaginitis due either to drug resistant Candida albicans and other Candida species including Candida glabrata will be discussed. These frustrating cases constitute a major therapeutic challenge because of intrinsic or acquired fluconazole resistance and frequent cross resistance to the entire Azole drug class. Therapeutic options are few, moreover, in vitro breakpoints defining Azole drug resistance have not been established. Prolonged exposure to fluconazole appears responsible. Cases will be presented describing several forms of refractory drug resistant vaginal candidiasis.
S7.4 Cost-effectiveness of targeted HIV preventions for female sex workers: an economic evaluation of the Avahan programme in Southern India
Authors: Chandrashkar S , Vassall A , Guinness L , Pickles M , Reddy B , Shetty G , Boily M C , Lowndes K , Alary M , Vickerman P 
Published: July 2011

Objective(s)The aim of the presentation paper is to assess the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers in India, in the context of large-scale programme effort, the Avahan Programme.Design/methodsWe estimate cost-effectiveness using comprehensive measurements of cost; and, impact estimates based on dynamical transmission models of HIV and STI transmission that are fitted to observed prevalence trends. Our primary outcome measure is incremental cost per DALY averted (ICER) for the HIV prevention programme compared to a “do-nothing” base case.ResultsIn 2007, the implementing NGO cost per person reached at least once in a year ranges from US$47 to US$154. When all costs are taken into account (including expertise enhancement, management and contracting costs), the cost per person reached increases to US$112 to US$ 213, depending on location and year. Median incremental costs per infection averted range from US$ 876 (370, 3040) to US$2574 (1344, 7132). Median incremental costs per DALY averted range from US$49 (20 171) in to US$ 143 (74, 388). These costs per DALY may increase as results from other states are included.ConclusionsThis study presents robust evidence that demonstrates that HIV prevention interventions targeted at high risk vulnerable groups can achieve substantial reductions in HIV infections at an acceptable cost in a concentrated epidemic setting. Moreover, we demonstrate cost-effectiveness in the context of a programme that is delivering HIV prevention at scale. However, the achievement of cost-effectiveness varies by setting. Our findings suggest that those responsible for HIV programmes should therefore consider funding targeted HIV prevention programmes at high risk groups in India and beyond, but should take into account setting specific drivers of the HIV epidemic.
S8.2 Synergy: public health, clinicians, laboratories and management guidelines
Authors: Martin I , Wong T 
Published: July 2011

There is growing concern that the increasing prevalence of AMR inN gonorrhoeaewill compromise effective treatment and disease control efforts. Early warning systems and the creation of, public health, clinical and laboratory networks are critical to detect the emergence of resistance and treatment failures.Using specific examples to illustrate best practises, this presentation will focus on mechanisms to:Enable adequate, timely AMR surveillance to inform treatment guidelines;Establish a strategy to rapidly detect patients with gonococcal infections who experience a clinical and/or microbiological treatment failure especially with recommended cephalosporin or azithromycin therapy; andPromote effective public health and clinical management of patients and their sexual partners.
S8.3 Research and training needs
Authors: Dillon J A 
Published: July 2011

Establishing treatment guidelines, improving capacity to monitor antimicrobial susceptibility, and adequate supply of quality medications are key strategies to slow the spread of resistant gonorrhoea. Advances in the public health and clinical management ofN gonorrhoeaestem from basic research on the biology of the organism, the development of diagnostic capabilities, and the availability of more effective drugs. The “bench to practise” translation of this research is vital to building capacity.This presentation will focus on the gonorrhoea resistance research and training opportunities to contribute to the prevention and control efforts.