bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antiferroelectric ↔ Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Lead‐Containing and Lead‐Free Perovskite Ceramics
Authors: Tan Xiaoli , Ma Cheng , Frederick Joshua , Beckman Sarah , Webber Kyle G. 
Published: November 2011

A comprehensive review on the latest development of the antiferroelectric ↔ ferroelectric phase transition is presented. The abrupt volume expansion and sudden development of polarization at the phase transition has been extensively investigated in PbZrO3‐based perovskite ceramics. New research developments in these compositions, including the incommensurate domain structure, the auxetic behavior under electric fields in the induced ferroelectric phase, the ferroelastic behavior of the multicell cubic phase, the impact of radial compression, the unexpected electric field‐induced ferroelectric‐to‐antiferroelectric transition, and the phase transition mechanical toughening effect have been summarized. Due to their significance to lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics, compounds with antiferroelectric phases, including NaNbO3, AgNbO3, and (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3, are also critically reviewed. Focus has been placed on the (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 solid solution where the electric field‐induced ferroelectric phase remains even after the applied field is removed at room temperature. Therefore, the electric field‐induced antiferroelectric‐to‐ferroelectric phase transition is a key to the poling process to develop piezoelectricity in morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositions. The competing phase transition and domain switching processes in 0.93(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–0.07BaTiO3 are directly imaged with nanometer resolution using the unique in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique.
Tooth loss in periodontally treated patients. A long‐term study of periodontal disease and root caries
Authors: Ravald Nils , Johansson Carin Starkhammar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAimTo study periodontal conditions, root caries, number of lost teeth and causes for tooth loss during 11–14 years after active periodontal treatment.Material and MethodsSixty‐four patients participated in the follow‐up study. Reasons for tooth loss were identified through previous case books, radiographs and clinical photos. To identify factors contributing to tooth loss, a logistic multilevel regression analysis was used.ResultsThe number of lost teeth was 211. The main reason was periodontal disease (n = 153). Due to root caries and endodontic complications, 28 and 17 teeth, respectively, were lost. Thirteen teeth were lost for other reasons. The number of teeth (p = 0.05) and prevalence of probing pocket depths, 4–6 mm (p = 0.01) at baseline, smoking (p = 0.01) and the number of visits at dental hygienists (p = 0.03) during maintenance, significantly contributed to explain the variation in tooth loss.ConclusionPreviously treated patients at a specialist clinic for periodontology continued to lose teeth in spite of maintenance treatments at general practitioners and dental hygienists. The main reason for tooth loss was periodontal disease. Tooth loss was significantly more prevalent among smokers than non‐smokers. Tooth‐related risk factors were smoking, low numbers of teeth and prevalence of periodontal pockets, 4–6 mm.
The impact of dietary induced hyperparathyroidism on healthy and diseased periodontia: an experimental study in rats
Authors: Lütfioğlu Müge , Sakallioğlu Umur , Sakallioğlu Elif Eser , Bariş Sancar , Gürgör Pınar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveNutrition may be a potential modifying factor in periodontal conditions. The present study investigated this phenomenon for dietary induced hyperparathyroidism (dHPT) by revealing the histopathological and histomorphometrical profiles of healthy and diseased periodontia in dHPT.MethodsDietary induced hyperparathyroidism was induced in 12 rats by dietary calcium/phosphorous imbalance and 12 rats were fed standard diet (SD). Periodontitis was induced on the right mandibular molar teeth (mmt) of these rats by injecting an endotoxin + saline solution whereas injecting pure saline to the left mmt. Thus, four study groups were created: dHPT + saline (group 1), dHPT + endotoxin (group 2), SD + endotoxin (group 3) and SD + saline (group 4). Histological sections were obtained from the second mmt and examined using light microscope.ResultsGroup 1 demonstrated inflammatory and degenerative alterations in periodontium without pocket formation. Periodontitis was evident in groups 2 and 3. Group 2 revealed the highest amounts of gingival inflammatory cell and vessel counts (group 2 > group 3 > group 1 > group 4), attachment and bone losses (group 2 > group 3 > groups 1 > group 4) and osteoclast count (group 2 > group 3 > group 1 > group 4) (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese results propose that dHPT may impair the health status of periodontium and may worsen the pathobiology of periodontal diseases.
Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Morcos Sarah M. , Girardi Michael , Subtil Antonio , Wilson Lynn D. , Cowper Shawn E. 
Published: November 2011

We present the case of a 60‐year‐old male with known stage IA mycosis fungoides (MF) who developed a suspicious tumor within a pre‐existing lymphomatous plaque of the right forearm. Microscopy revealed an unusual mixed fibrohistiocytic proliferation as well as atypical intraepidermal and dermal lymphocytes. There was no evidence of large‐cell transformation. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and clinical clues suggest this lesion might not have represented a dermatofibroma, but rather a hitherto unreported dermatofibroma‐like process arising within a lesion of MF. The potential impact of this atypical lesion on the prognosis and clinical management of this patient highlights the importance of recognizing unusual clinical presentations of more common, benign lesions within this patient population.Morcos SM, Girardi M, Subtil A, Wilson LD, Cowper SE. Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literature.
Progression rate of newly diagnosed impaired fasting glycemia to type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study using the National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry in Singapore
Authors: ANG Yee Gary , WU Christine Xia , TOH Matthias Paul Han Sim , CHIA Kee Seng , HENG Bee Hoon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  The aims of the present study were to estimate the rate of progression from newly diagnosed impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Singapore and to identify factors associated with the progression to T2DM in individuals with newly diagnosed IFG.Methods:  The present study was a retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed IFG from the National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2007 to estimated the rate of progression to T2DM. Univariate survival analysis, followed by multivariate survival analysis, was performed and interactions were tested in the final model.Results:  Over a mean follow‐up period of 1.65 ± 0.13 years, 85 of 490 participants with newly diagnosed IFG developed T2DM, giving an annual progression rate of 6.8%. The factors associated with the development of T2DM were higher fasting plasma glucose level in the year of IFG diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.66–37.5), Chinese race (HR = 2.70; 95% CI 1.44–5.06), and body mass index (HR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06–1.15).Conclusions:  The progression rate to T2DM is high in subjects with newly diagnosed IFG. Intensive lifestyle modification can be incorporated into their current yearly follow‐up to prevent progression to T2DM, which is a growing problem in Singapore.
Management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: guide to therapy
Authors: Bielory Brett P. , O’Brien Terrence P. , Bielory Leonard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is an inflammatory response of the conjunctiva triggered by exposure to seasonal allergens. Treatment options for SAC include artificial tears, antihistamines, decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, dual antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers, immunotherapy and corticosteroids. Topical, intranasal and systemic formulations of corticosteroids have traditionally provided the most effective relief of the inflammation and signs and symptoms associated with severe, acute exacerbations of SAC. However, steroid‐induced ocular and systemic side‐effects have limited the prescribing of these agents. This limitation of traditional corticosteroids led to the development of modified corticosteroids that retain the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of action of traditional corticosteroids with a much‐improved safety profile because of their rapid breakdown to inactive metabolites after exerting their activity. The development of one such novel corticosteroid, loteprednol etabonate (LE), led to the insertion of an ester (instead of a ketone) group at the carbon‐20 (C‐20) position of the basic corticosteroid structure. Clinical trials assessing this C‐20 ester corticosteroid have demonstrated similar efficacy to C‐20 ketone corticosteroids in the prevention or treatment of the signs and symptoms of SAC but with a greatly improved safety profile, as the C‐20 ester corticosteroid is less likely to elevate intraocular pressure. In addition, the ketone at the C‐20 position has been implicated in the formation of cataract, while nonketolic corticosteroids do not form Schiff base intermediates with lens proteins, which is a common first step in cataractogenesis. The clinical relevance of the C‐20 ester corticosteroid class, as modelled by LE, is that they provide both effective and safe treatment of the inflammation associated with SAC and relief of its signs and symptoms. Loteprednol etabonate offers a well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with debilitating acute exacerbations as well as chronic forms of the disease.
Acute electrical stimulation of the human retina with an epiretinal electrode array
Authors: Keserü Matthias , Feucht Matthias , Bornfeld Norbert , Laube Thomas , Walter Peter , Rössler Gernot , Velikay‐Parel Michaela , Hornig Ralf , Richard Gisbert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the threshold charges needed for eliciting visual perceptions through acute electrical stimulation of the human retina in patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa, using an epiretinal microelectrode array.Methods:  In a multicentre study, 20 patients (average age 55 years) with visual acuities ranging from 4/200 to no light perception were included. The stimulation procedure was performed during a pars plana vitrectomy, for a maximum of 45 min, by using a microcontact film with IrOx electrodes connected by cable to a current generator. After repeated stimulation and threshold charge determination, the microelectrode array was removed.Results:  Nineteen of 20 patients stated in the postoperative interviews that they experienced one or more visual perceptions with close time correlation to single stimulation events. Minimum threshold charges needed to generate visual perceptions could be measured and verified in 15 patients. The charge level ranged from 20 to 768 nC with single or multiple electrodes. One patient suffered a retinal detachment during the procedure; this patient’s retina was successfully reattached. There were no further adverse reactions observed during the 3‐month follow‐up.Conclusion:  Acute epiretinal stimulation of the human retina, using a microelectrode array, can elicit visual perceptions in blind patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
Harmful plants in Caribbean folk medicine
Authors: Paul Jennifer H A , Seaforth Compton E 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Caribbean region comprises several small, tropical, mainly volcanic islands, which possess a rich diversity of flowering plants; hundreds of these plants are used to make traditional folk remedies for a variety of ailments. However, some of the natural constituents in these herbal folk remedies may be injurious to human health. The aim of this review is to raise awareness of the poisonous substances contained in several Caribbean medicinal plants, which may have significant consequences for public health. The databases of PubMed, the US FDA poisonous plants, and Natural Standard were searched for information relating to toxic plant constituents, the Caribbean Herbal Pharmacopoeia and public health issues arising from potentially harmful herbal remedies. Search terms included: Caribbean folk medicine, herbal medicine, herbal remedies, phytotherapy, poisonous plants, plant toxins and herbal pharmacotherapy. Authors also hand searched journal articles in toxicology and reports from several regulatory agencies concerning public health risks of herbal medicines. Seventeen plants that are currently used as Caribbean folk remedies were identified as potentially injurious species because they contain known toxins. Perhaps the most harmful of these plants is Lantana camara. It was also found that only limited knowledge was available to precisely direct the management of any specific plant poisoning. Sustained popularity of Caribbean folk medicine is likely to increase the frequency of cases of toxicity. More reporting is recommended from healthcare professionals concerning suspected cases of adverse reactions with herbal remedies.
In Vivo
Comparison of CXA-101 (FR264205) with and without Tazobactam versus Piperacillin-Tazobactam Using Human Simulated Exposures against Phenotypically Diverse Gram-Negative Organisms
Authors: Bulik Catharine C. , Tessier Pamela R. , Keel Rebecca A. , Sutherland Christina A. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

CXA-101 is a novel antipseudomonal cephalosporin with enhanced activity against Gram-negative organisms displaying various resistance mechanisms. This study evaluates the efficacy of exposures approximating human percent free time above the MIC (%fT > MIC) of CXA-101 with or without tazobactam and piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) against target Gram-negative organisms, including those expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Sixteen clinical Gram-negative isolates (6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates [piperacillin-tazobactam MIC range, 8 to 64 μg/ml], 4
Escherichia coli
isolates (2 ESBL and 2 non-ESBL expressing), and 4
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates (3 ESBL and 1 non-ESBL expressing) were used in an immunocompetent murine thigh infection model. After infection, groups of mice were administered doses of CXA-101 with or without tazobactam (2:1) designed to approximate the %fT > MIC observed in humans given 1 g of CXA-101 with or without tazobactam every 8 h as a 1-h infusion. As a comparison, groups of mice were administered piperacillin-tazobactam doses designed to approximate the %fT > MIC observed in humans given 4.5 g piperacillin-tazobactam every 6 h as a 30-min infusion. Predicted piperacillin-tazobactam %fT > MIC exposures of greater than 40% resulted in static to >1 log decreases in CFU in non-ESBL-expressing organisms with MICs of ≤32 μg/ml after 24 h of therapy. Predicted CXA-101 with or without tazobactam %fT > MIC exposures of ≥37.5% resulted in 1- to 3-log-unit decreases in CFU in non-ESBL-expressing organisms, with MICs of ≤16 μg/ml after 24 h of therapy. With regard to the ESBL-expressing organisms, the inhibitor combinations showed enhanced CFU decreases versus CXA-101 alone. Due to enhanced
in vitro
potency and resultant increased
in vivo
exposure, CXA-101 produced statistically significant reductions in CFU in 9 isolates compared with piperacillin-tazobactam. The addition of tazobactam to CXA-101 produced significant reductions in CFU for 7 isolates compared with piperacillin-tazobactam. Overall, human simulated exposures of CXA-101 with or without tazobactam demonstrated improved efficacy versus piperacillin-tazobactam.
The
spiFEG
Locus in Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius BAA-102 Confers Protection against Nisin U
Authors: Draper Lorraine A. , Tagg John R. , Hill Colin , Cotter Paul D. , Ross R. Paul 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Nisin U is a member of the extended nisin family of lantibiotics. Here we identify the presence of nisin U immunity gene homologues in
Streptococcus infantarius
subsp.
infantarius
BAA-102. Heterologous expression of these genes in
Lactococcus lactis
subsp.
cremoris
HP confers protection to nisin U and other members of the nisin family, thereby establishing that the recently identified phenomenon of resistance through immune mimicry also occurs with respect to nisin.
Experiential and rational decision making: a survey to determine how emergency physicians make clinical decisions
Authors: Calder Lisa A , Forster Alan J , Stiell Ian G , Carr Laura K , Brehaut Jamie C , Perry Jeffrey J , Vaillancourt Christian , Croskerry Patrick 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundDual-process psychological theories argue that clinical decision making is achieved through a combination of experiential (fast and intuitive) and rational (slower and systematic) cognitive processes.ObjectiveTo determine whether emergency physicians perceived their clinical decisions in general to be more experiential or rational and how this compared with other physicians.MethodsA validated psychometric tool, the Rational Experiential Inventory (REI-40), was sent through postal mail to all emergency physicians registered with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, according to their website in November 2009. Forty statements were ranked on a Likert scale from 1 (Definitely False) to 5 (Definitely True). An initial survey was sent out, followed by reminder cards and a second survey to non-respondents. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Student t tests, analysis of variance and comparison of mean scores with those of cardiologists from New Zealand.ResultsThe response rate in this study was 46.9% (434/925). The respondents' median age was 41–50 years; they were mostly men (72.6%) and most had more than 10 years of clinical experience (66.8%). The mean REI-40 rational scores were higher than the experiential scores (3.93/5 (SD 0.35) vs 3.33/5 (SD 0.49), p<0.0001), similar to the mean scores of cardiologists from New Zealand (mean rational 3.93/5, mean experiential 3.05/5). The mean experiential scores were significantly higher for female respondents than for male respondents (3.40/5 (SD 0.49) vs 3.30/5 (SD 0.48), p=0.003).ConclusionsOverall, emergency physicians favoured rational decision making rather than experiential decision making; however, female emergency physicians had higher experiential scores than male emergency physicians. This has important implications for future knowledge translation and decision support efforts among emergency physicians.
Introgressive hybridization among major Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) lineages within the Klickitat River due to hatchery practices
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Matala Andrew P. , Zendt Joseph S. , Frederiksen Chris R. , Sharp Bill , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: November 2011

Major lineages of anadromous salmonids show resilience to natural introgressive hybridization; however, Klickitat River spring-run Chinook salmon (KRSC, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) have an enigmatic origin because of their intermediate genetic and geographic relationship among Columbia River Chinook salmon lineages. We used computer simulations to evaluate four anthropogenic and natural processes as likely causes of the apparent introgressed genetic composition of KRSC: recent admixture (∼5 generations), historical admixture (>200 generations), isolation-by-distance gene flow, and natural selection. We also genotyped 2413 fish (32 collections) across 96 single nucleotide polymorphism loci to clarify the relationship of KRSC among the three major Columbia River lineages (Lower Columbia and interior ocean- and stream-types) and to quantify introgression among collections. Between 1980 and 2000, we observed a decline of pure interior stream-type individuals in the KRSC collections. This temporal shift in genetic composition was coincident with relevant changes in hatchery practices. Based on results from the simulations and time-series samples, a recent and anthropogenically caused admixture was most likely responsible for introgression of KRSC. Potential long-term negative effects of introgression may require some form of mitigation.
A Dynamic Inflammatory Cytokine Network in the Human Ovarian Cancer Microenvironment
Authors: Kulbe Hagen , Chakravarty Probir , Leinster D. Andrew , Charles Kellie A. , Kwong Joseph , Thompson Richard G. , Coward Jermaine I. , Schioppa Tiziana , Robinson Stephen C. , Gallagher William M. , Galletta Laura , Salako Michael A. , Smyth John F. , Hagemann Thorsten , Brennan Donal J. , Bowtell David D. , Balkwill Frances R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Constitutive production of inflammatory cytokines is a characteristic of many human malignant cell lines; however, the in vitro and in vivo interdependence of these cytokines, and their significance to the human cancer microenvironment, are both poorly understood. Here, we describe for the first time how three key cytokine/chemokine mediators of cancer-related inflammation, TNF, CXCL12, and interleukin 6, are involved in an autocrine cytokine network, the “TNF network,” in human ovarian cancer. We show that this network has paracrine actions on angiogenesis, infiltration of myeloid cells, and NOTCH signaling in both murine xenografts and human ovarian tumor biopsies. Neutralizing antibodies or siRNA to individual members of this TNF network reduced angiogenesis, myeloid cell infiltration, and experimental peritoneal ovarian tumor growth. The dependency of network genes on TNF was shown by their downregulation in tumor cells from patients with advanced ovarian cancer following the infusion of anti-TNF antibodies. Together, the findings define a network of inflammatory cytokine interactions that are crucial to tumor growth and validate this network as a key therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res; 72(1); 66–75. ©2011 AACR.
Multiple Myeloma Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characterization, Origin, and Tumor-Promoting Effects
Authors: Reagan Michaela R. , Ghobrial Irene M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Hematologic malignancies rely heavily on support from host cells through a number of well-documented mechanisms. Host cells, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), support tumor cell growth, metastasis, survival, bone marrow colonization, and evasion of the immune system. In multiple myeloma, similar to solid tumors, supporting cells have typically been considered healthy host cells. However, recent evidence reveals that many MSCs derived from patients with multiple myeloma (MM-MSC) show significant defects compared with MSCs from nondiseased donors (ND-MSC). These abnormalities range from differences in gene and protein expression to allelic abnormalities and can initiate after less than 1 day of coculture with myeloma cells or persist for months, perhaps years, after removal from myeloma influence. Alterations in MM-MSC function contribute to disease progression and provide new therapeutic targets. However, before the scientific community can capitalize on the distinctions between MM-MSCs and ND-MSCs, a number of confusions must be clarified, as we have done in this review, including the origin(s) of MM-MSCs, identification and characterization of MM-MSCs, and downstream effects and feedback circuits that support cancer progression. Further advances require more genetic analysis of MM-MSCs and disease models that accurately represent MSC-MM cell interactions. Clin Cancer Res; 18(2); 342–9. ©2011 AACR.