bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robotic reconstructive urology: possibilities for the urological surgeon beyond the prostate
Authors: Mehta Saahil , Dasgupta Prokar , Challacombe Ben J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rapid dissemination of robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery into surgical practice over the past five years has been startling. Urology has been quick to develop robotic‐assisted techniques, particularly in the treatment of localised prostate cancer, where large series with excellent outcomes have been reported. The UK currently has 23 da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) surgical systems, with several more planned, and most are primarily used to perform robotic‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). However, there are a growing number of other reconstructive urological procedures facilitated by this robotic system, which, although less numerous and thus potentially less financially rewarding than RARP, may also have huge patient benefits.
Colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Graf Bethan , Martin John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractColorectal cancer is theoretically a preventable disease and is ideally suited to a population screening programme, as there is a long premalignant phase, during which there is ample opportunity to intervene with a variety of different screening modalities. In this article, the authors review the alternative tests for colorectal cancer screening and discuss the rationale behind the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in England. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Meeting the Challenge of Perioperative Education
Authors: Martin Karen K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe staffing challenges faced by perioperative nurse managers today are not easily met by waiting for experienced perioperative nurses to apply for positions. As Baby Boomer nurses retire, managers must consider hiring and orienting new graduates and nurses experienced in other subspecialties who are interested in working in the OR. An effective didactic and clinical education program can produce nurses with a basic perioperative knowledge from which they can build a solid clinical practice. Using Periop 101: A Core Curriculum™, the director of perioperative services at a level II trauma center implemented a successful program to solve a staffing need and help students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to become effective perioperative nurses. Strong interest from capable applicants, a dedicated educator, and financial resources and support from hospital administrators helped make this program a viable way to staff the OR.
The Utilisation of Radiology for the Teaching of Anatomy in Canadian Medical Schools
Authors: Jack Andrew , Burbridge Brent 
Published: October 2011

Objective To determine the utilisation of diagnostic imaging (radiology) as a department and/or imaging medium in the teaching of anatomy at the Canadian undergraduate medical education level. Methods The study objectives were achieved through the use of a questionnaire and a literature review. The anatomy department head at each English-based Canadian Medical School was contacted, and the individual most responsible for anatomy teaching in the medical school curriculum was identified. This individual was subsequently asked to complete a questionnaire that evaluated the involvement of radiology for anatomy teaching in their curriculum. Results The use and integration of radiology is a common practice in the teaching of anatomy in Canadian undergraduate medicine. Although the methods and extent of its use varied among institutions, every English-based Canadian medical school, except one, was using diagnostic imaging material in their instruction of anatomy. Furthermore, half of the institutions had a radiologist as a faculty member of their anatomy department to help teach and to use imaging to its full potential. Discussion This audit of anatomy departments suggests that diagnostic imaging has an important role to play in anatomy teaching in Canadian English-speaking medical schools.
ASYMPTOTIC RESULTS FOR THE NUMBER OF PATHS IN A GRID
Authors: PANHOLZER ALOIS , PRODINGER HELMUT 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn two recent papers, Albrecht and White [‘Counting paths in a grid’,Austral. Math. Soc. Gaz.35(2008), 43–48] and Hirschhorn [‘Comment on “Counting paths in a grid”’,Austral. Math. Soc. Gaz.36(2009), 50–52] considered the problem of counting the total numberPm,nof certain restricted lattice paths in anm×ngrid of cells, which appeared in the context of counting train paths through a rail network. Here we give a precise study of the asymptotic behaviour of these numbers for the square grid, extending the results of Hirschhorn, and furthermore provide an asymptotic equivalent of these numbers for a rectangular grid with a constant proportionα=m/nbetween the side lengths.
OPTIMIZATION OF MATRIX SEMIRINGS FOR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Authors: GAO D. Y. , KELAREV A. V. , YEARWOOD J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe max-plus algebra is well known and has useful applications in the investigation of discrete event systems and affine equations. Structural matrix rings have been considered by many authors too. This article introduces more general structural matrix semirings, which include all matrix semirings over the max-plus algebra. We investigate properties of ideals in this construction motivated by applications to the design of centroid-based classification systems, or classifiers, as well as multiple classifiers combining several initial classifiers. The first main theorem of this paper shows that structural matrix semirings possess convenient visible generating sets for ideals. Our second main theorem uses two special sets to determine the weights of all ideals and describe all matrix ideals with the largest possible weight, which are optimal for the design of classification systems.
Self-focusing of laser beam in collisional plasma and its effect on Second Harmonic generation
Authors: Singh Arvinder , Walia Keshav 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of self-focusing of Gaussian laser beam in collisional plasma and its effect on second harmonic generation. Due to non-uniform heating, collisional non-linearity arises, which leads to redistribution of carriers and hence affects the plasma wave, which in turn affects the second harmonic generation. Effect of the intensity of the laser beam/plasma density on the harmonic yield is studied in detail. We have set up the non-linear differential equations for the beam width parameters of the main beam, plasma wave, second harmonic generation and second harmonic yield by taking full non-linear part of the dielectric constant of collisional plasma with the help of moment theory approach. It is predicted from the analysis that harmonic yield increases/decreases due to increase in the plasma density/intensity of the laser beam respectively.
Predictors of anaemia and iron deficiency in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: a potential role for vitamin D and parasitic infections
Authors: Finkelstein Julia L , Mehta Saurabh , Duggan Christopher P , Spiegelman Donna , Aboud Said , Kupka Roland , Msamanga Gernard I , Fawzi Wafaie W 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveAnaemia is common during pregnancy, and prenatal Fe supplementation is the standard of care. However, the persistence of anaemia despite Fe supplementation, particularly in HIV infection, suggests that its aetiology may be more complex and warrants further investigation. The present study was conducted to examine predictors of incident haematological outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania.DesignProspective cohort study. Cox proportional hazards and binomial regression models were used to identify predictors of incident haematological outcomes: anaemia (Hb < 110 g/l), severe anaemia (Hb < 85 g/l) and hypochromic microcytosis, during the follow-up period.SettingAntenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.SubjectsParticipants were 904 HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in a randomized trial of vitamins (1995–1997).ResultsMalaria, pathogenic protozoan and hookworm infections at baseline were associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of anaemia and hypochromic microcytosis during follow-up. Higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CD8 T-cell concentrations, and lower Hb concentrations and CD4 T-cell counts, were independent predictors of incident anaemia and Fe deficiency. Low baseline vitamin D (<32 ng/ml) concentrations predicted a 1·4 and 2·3 times greater risk of severe anaemia and hypochromic microcytosis, respectively, during the follow-up period.ConclusionsParasitic infections, vitamin D insufficiency, low CD4 T-cell count and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were the main predictors of anaemia and Fe deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period in this population. A comprehensive approach to prevent and manage anaemia, including micronutrient supplementation and infectious disease control, is warranted in HIV-infected women in resource-limited settings – particularly during the pre- and postpartum periods.
Discovery of the recoverable high-pressure iron oxide Fe4O5
Authors: Lavina Barbara , Dera Przemyslaw , Kim Eunja , Meng Yue , Downs Robert T. , Weck Philippe F. , Sutton Stephen R. , Zhao Yusheng 
Published: October 2011

Phases of the iron–oxygen binary system are significant to most scientific disciplines, directly affecting planetary evolution, life, and technology. Iron oxides have unique electronic properties and strongly interact with the environment, particularly through redox reactions. The iron–oxygen phase diagram therefore has been among the most thoroughly investigated, yet it still holds striking findings. Here, we report the discovery of an iron oxide with formula Fe4O5, synthesized at high pressure and temperature. The previously undescribed phase, stable from 5 to at least 30 GPa, is recoverable to ambient conditions. First-principles calculations confirm that the iron oxide here described is energetically more stable than FeO + Fe3O4at pressure greater than 10 GPa. The calculated lattice constants, equation of states, and atomic coordinates are in excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the synthesis of Fe4O5. Given the conditions of stability and its composition, Fe4O5is a plausible accessory mineral of the Earth’s upper mantle. The phase has strong ferrimagnetic character comparable to magnetite. The ability to synthesize the material at accessible conditions and recover it at ambient conditions, along with its physical properties, suggests a potential interest in Fe4O5for technological applications.
ProfileChaser: searching microarray repositories based on genome-wide patterns of differential expression
Authors: Engreitz Jesse M. , Chen Rong , Morgan Alexander A. , Dudley Joel T. , Mallelwar Rohan , Butte Atul J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Summary: We introduce ProfileChaser, a web server that allows for querying the Gene Expression Omnibus based on genome-wide patterns of differential expression. Using a novel, content-based approach, ProfileChaser retrieves expression profiles that match the differentially regulated transcriptional programs in a user-supplied experiment. This analysis identifies statistical links to similar expression experiments from the vast array of publicly available data on diseases, drugs, phenotypes and other experimental conditions.
Availability: http://profilechaser.stanford.edu
Contact: abutte@stanford.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Strategy-dependent Dissociation of the Neural Correlates Involved in Pain Modulation
Authors: Lawrence Jane M. , Hoeft Fumiko , Sheau Kristen E. , Mackey Sean C. 
Published: October 2011

Background
Cognitive strategies are a set of psychologic behaviors used to modulate one's perception or interpretation of a sensation or situation. Although the effectiveness of each cognitive strategy seems to differ between individuals, they are commonly used clinically to help patients with chronic pain cope with their condition. The neural basis of commonly used cognitive strategies is not well understood. Understanding the neural correlates that underlie these strategies will enhance understanding of the analgesic network of the brain and the cognitive modulation of pain.

Methods
The current study examines patterns of brain activation during two common cognitive strategies, external focus of attention and reappraisal, in patients with chronic pain using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results
Behavioral results revealed interindividual variability in the effectiveness of one strategy versus another in the patients. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed distinct patterns of activity when the two strategies were used. During external focus of attention, activity was observed mainly in cortical areas including the postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, middle occipital gyrus, and precentral gyrus. The use of reappraisal evoked activity in the thalamus and amygdala in addition to cortical regions. Only one area, the postcentral gyrus, was observed to be active during both strategies.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that different cognitive behavioral strategies recruit different brain regions to perform the same task: pain modulation.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Debt Accrues in Mice Exposed to Volatile Anesthetics
Authors: Pick Jeremy , Chen Yihan , Moore Jason T. , Sun Yi , Wyner Abraham J. , Friedman Eliot B. , Kelz Max B. 
Published: October 2011

Background
General anesthesia has been likened to a state in which anesthetized subjects are locked out of access to both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Were this true for all anesthetics, a significant REM rebound after anesthetic exposure might be expected. However, for the intravenous anesthetic propofol, studies demonstrate that no sleep debt accrues. Moreover, preexisting sleep debts dissipate during propofol anesthesia. To determine whether these effects are specific to propofol or are typical of volatile anesthetics, the authors tested the hypothesis that REM sleep debt would accrue in rodents anesthetized with volatile anesthetics.

Methods
Electroencephalographic and electromyographic electrodes were implanted in 10 mice. After 9-11 days of recovery and habituation to a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle, baseline states of wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement sleep, and REM sleep were recorded in mice exposed to 6 h of an oxygen control and on separate days to 6 h of isoflurane, sevoflurane, or halothane in oxygen. All exposures were conducted at the onset of light.

Results
Mice in all three anesthetized groups exhibited a significant doubling of REM sleep during the first 6 h of the dark phase of the circadian schedule, whereas only mice exposed to halothane displayed a significant increase in nonrapid eye movement sleep that peaked at 152% of baseline.

Conclusion
REM sleep rebound after exposure to volatile anesthetics suggests that these volatile anesthetics do not fully substitute for natural sleep. This result contrasts with the published actions of propofol for which no REM sleep rebound occurred.
Methylphenidate Actively Induces Emergence from General Anesthesia
Authors: Solt Ken , Cotten Joseph F. , Cimenser Aylin , Wong Kin F. K. , Chemali Jessica J. , Brown Emery N. 
Published: October 2011

Background
Although accumulating evidence suggests that arousal pathways in the brain play important roles in emergence from general anesthesia, the roles of monoaminergic arousal circuits are unclear. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that methylphenidate (an inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters) induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia.

Methods
Using adult rats, the authors tested the effect of intravenous methylphenidate on time to emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. They then performed experiments to test separately for methylphenidate-induced changes in arousal and changes in minute ventilation. A dose-response study was performed to test for methylphenidate-induced restoration of righting during continuous isoflurane general anesthesia. Surface electroencephalogram recordings were performed to observe neurophysiological changes. Plethysmography recordings and arterial blood gas analysis were performed to assess methylphenidate-induced changes in respiratory function. Intravenous droperidol was administered to test for inhibition of methylphenidate's actions.

Results
Methylphenidate decreased median time to emergence from 280 to 91 s. The median difference in time to emergence without methylphenidate compared with administration of methylphenidate was 200 [155-331] s (median, [95% CI]). During continuous inhalation of isoflurane, methylphenidate induced return of righting in a dose-dependent manner, induced a shift in electroencephalogram power from delta (less than 4 Hz) to theta (4-8 Hz), and induced an increase in minute ventilation. Administration of intravenous droperidol (0.5 mg/kg) before intravenous methylphenidate (5 mg/kg) largely inhibited methylphenidate-induced emergence behavior, electroencephalogram changes, and changes in minute ventilation.

Conclusions
Methylphenidate actively induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia by increasing arousal and respiratory drive, possibly through activation of dopaminergic and adrenergic arousal circuits. The authors' findings suggest that methylphenidate may be useful clinically as an agent to reverse general anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and respiratory depression at the end of surgery.
Buprenorphine Disrupts Sleep and Decreases Adenosine Concentrations in Sleep-regulating Brain Regions of Sprague Dawley Rat
Authors: Gauthier Elizabeth A. , Guzick Sarah E. , Brummett Chad M. , Baghdoyan Helen A. , Lydic Ralph 
Published: October 2011

Background
Buprenorphine, a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist, is an effective analgesic. The effects of buprenorphine on sleep have not been well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that an antinociceptive dose of buprenorphine decreases sleep and decreases adenosine concentrations in regions of the basal forebrain and pontine brainstem that regulate sleep.

Methods
Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and electrodes for recording states of wakefulness and sleep. Buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) was administered systemically via an indwelling catheter and sleep-wake states were recorded for 24 h. In additional rats, buprenorphine was delivered by microdialysis to the pontine reticular formation and substantia innominata of the basal forebrain while adenosine was simultaneously measured.

Results
An antinociceptive dose of buprenorphine caused a significant increase in wakefulness (25.2%) and a decrease in nonrapid eye movement sleep (-22.1%) and rapid eye movement sleep (-3.1%). Buprenorphine also increased electroencephalographic delta power during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Coadministration of the sedative-hypnotic eszopiclone diminished the buprenorphine-induced decrease in sleep. Dialysis delivery of buprenorphine significantly decreased adenosine concentrations in the pontine reticular formation (-14.6%) and substantia innominata (-36.7%). Intravenous administration of buprenorphine significantly decreased (-20%) adenosine in the substantia innominata.

Conclusions
Buprenorphine significantly increased time spent awake, decreased nonrapid eye movement sleep, and increased latency to sleep onset. These disruptions in sleep architecture were mitigated by coadministration of the nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic eszopiclone. The buprenorphine-induced decrease in adenosine concentrations in basal forebrain and pontine reticular formation is consistent with the interpretation that decreasing adenosine in sleep-regulating brain regions is one mechanism by which opioids disrupt sleep.
General Anesthesia Causes Long-term Impairment of Mitochondrial Morphogenesis and Synaptic Transmission in Developing Rat Brain
Authors: Sanchez Victoria , Feinstein Shawn D. , Lunardi Nadia , Joksovic Pavle M. , Boscolo Annalisa , Todorovic Slobodan M. , Jevtovic-Todorovic Vesna 
Published: October 2011

Background
Clinically used general anesthetics, alone or in combination, are damaging to the developing mammalian brain. In addition to causing widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in vulnerable brain regions, exposure to general anesthesia at the peak of synaptogenesis causes learning and memory deficiencies later in life. In vivo rodent studies have suggested that activation of the intrinsic (mitochondria-dependent) apoptotic pathway is the earliest warning sign of neuronal damage, suggesting that a disturbance in mitochondrial integrity and function could be the earliest triggering events.

Methods
Because proper and timely mitochondrial morphogenesis is critical for brain development, the authors examined the long-term effects of a commonly used anesthesia combination (isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and midazolam) on the regional distribution, ultrastructural properties, and electron transport chain function of mitochondria, as well as synaptic neurotransmission, in the subiculum of rat pups.

Results
This anesthesia, administered at the peak of synaptogenesis, causes protracted injury to mitochondria, including significant enlargement of mitochondria (more than 30%, P &lt; 0.05), impairment of their structural integrity, an approximately 28% increase in their complex IV activity (P &lt; 0.05), and a twofold decrease in their regional distribution in presynaptic neuronal profiles (P &lt; 0.05), where their presence is important for the normal development and functioning of synapses. Consequently, the authors showed that impaired mitochondrial morphogenesis is accompanied by heightened autophagic activity, decrease in mitochondrial density (approximately 27%, P &lt; 0.05), and long-lasting disturbances in inhibitory synaptic neurotransmission. The interrelation of these phenomena remains to be established.

Conclusion
Developing mitochondria are exquisitely vulnerable to general anesthesia and may be important early target of anesthesia-induced developmental neurodegeneration.