bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections from Left, Right, and Center
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Early on, Malthus predictably argues that cooperatives must run aground of population problems. Classical economists, Robert Torrens, hold that Owen’s approach amounts to an inefficient return to autarchy. Later, socialists like Karl Marx assert that cooperation is at best an element of the transition from capitalism to socialism. Beatrice Potter Webb of the Fabian Socialists points toward the numerous failures among producer cooperatives, and constructively critiques consumer cooperation. Marshall, although more constructive, fears cooperation expects too much of people. On the right, Ludwig von Mises insists that cooperatives must end up with the state in virtually complete control. Throughout, critics refuse to take seriously the cooperative theorists’ propositions concerning the interaction of an enlarged self-interest and cooperative institutions. And hence they largely ignore the logic of stabilizing feedback mechanisms.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the degree to which China adopted the upstart approach in its attempts to build political and diplomatic power and influence. Case studies show that China chose to emulate in the domain of foreign policy—namely, through mediation diplomacy and seeking leadership in international institutions—when such behavior was believed to reassure the United States, when it was felt that doing so would improve China’s image, and when the US approach was thought to be successful. With mediation diplomacy, the benefits of emulation were minimal, but so too were the costs. China also emulated in pursuing soft power, but the approach largely failed because China lacked competitive advantages. In other cases, where US strategy was seen as effective but not all-encompassing in its reach, China adopted an exploitative approach, such as in arms sales and its diplomatic reach.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter captures cases of the entrepreneurial approach in which China built political power in distinctive ways to best leverage its competitive advantages. Specifically, China avoided US strategies of alliance formation, including being the external security partner of choice, and pushing others to adopt its governance model. Instead, Beijing focused on building strategic partnerships, becoming the internal security partner of choice, and observing regime neutrality while simultaneously leveraging political interference to blunt any efforts to shape China’s system of governance. These entrepreneurial approaches are part of the reason China was able to build power without substantially alienating any strategic grouping of states or sparking the emergence of a countervailing coalition during the most vulnerable part of its rise.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Military Strategy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins by laying out how the United States leverages its military power to protect its interests, including through foreign military intervention and global power projection. Contrary to concerned voices within the US defense establishment, however, China has not pursued similar strategies. Instead, this chapter shows that China was able to avoid a strong US military response by pursuing entrepreneurial approaches to its rise. First, Beijing initially delaying military modernization. Second, China has built and exercised military power—namely, through gray zone activities, a distinct nuclear strategy, and unique ways of protecting overseas interests that do not rely on overseas bases or military intervention. By doing things differently, China has been able to navigate its way through the period when it was most vulnerable to US military coercion and has built a military capable of taking on the United States in regional contingencies.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Economic Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates examples of entrepreneurship in China’s ability to gain and exercise economic power. While emulation of the United States in some domains provided China with the veneer of a cooperative and responsible actor, China pursued an entrepreneurial strategy in other areas by leveraging its competitive advantage as a capitalist authoritarian state that could direct massive economic resources toward strategic objectives. These entrepreneurial tendencies came to the fore in two major Chinese initiatives. The first is China’s approach to foreign development assistance, including the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The second is China’s industrial policy, which includes a push to become a technological superpower.
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The final interlude talks about the one thing we aren’t supposed to talk about—Bruno. Following the Disney + release of Encanto in December 2021, the film’s soundtrack became TikTok’s latest sonic playground. The soundtrack’s signature song, “We Don’t Talk About Bruno,” was able to ride TikTok popularity to the coveted spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The popularity of “We Don’t Talk About Bruno” on TikTok crystalizes many of the themes explored throughout TikTok Broadways. That is, “We Don’t Talk About Bruno” became a critical site for musical fans to engage in a variety of digital practices that cemented their fannish identities, facilitated Encanto’s commercial success, and expanded how musicals can be a source of creativity.
Conclusion
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The book’s conclusion explores how the musical KPOP engaged with TikTok, as the musical became one of the biggest commercial flops of the twenty-first century (despite its artistic merit). Although KPOP began its TikTok journey with limited buzz, the production shifted gears, even as the show was struggling to sell tickets. Under the direction of Brandon Powers, KPOP’s TikTok account began to create authentic TikTok content that highlighted many of the styles, aesthetics, and genres explored throughout TikTok Broadway. As KPOP leaned into TikTok trends, dance challenges, digital stage doors, DIY aesthetics, behind-the-scenes development footage, and the like, the show began to amass a digital following. KPOP ended its run with a TikTok Boom—the musical live streamed the show’s final fifteen minutes on TikTok. KPOP’s TikTok live stream ignited industry conversations about the potential of social media live streaming to bring musical theatre directly to its fans’ cell phones.
Introduction
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the monograph’s topic and research questions, the methodology, relevant history of research, and its structure. It lays the groundwork for the subsequent exploration of the Frankish world’s relationship with the Roman past and Byzantine present. The chapter challenges the notion of Frankish imitation of Rome to emphasize the significance of focusing on early medieval perceptions to study Carolingian concepts such as imperium and Romanness. It explains that the study aims to avoid modern biases and anachronistic interpretations and therefore concentrates on the medieval perspective when examining written and material evidence. Additionally, the chapter introduces the reader to its multidisciplinary approach, which encompasses methods related to historical research, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural studies.
Clinical Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews the criteria that are used by health professionals to arrive at a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is a clinical diagnosis, meaning it is diagnosed by asking a person what changes or problems they are having. There are four general criteria that are used to diagnose MCI. These include a subjective sense of cognitive decline, objective impairment on cognitive testing, independence in doing one’s normal day-to-day activities, and an absence of dementia. The main difference between MCI and normal aging is the degree of cognitive decline. People with MCI score lower on cognitive tests than the average person their age.
How Memory Changes in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 reviews the memory changes that are part of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Common memory changes noticed by people with MCI are remembering names, where they put something, what they intended to do, and things that happened recently. On memory tests, people with MCI have difficulty with encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. The types of memory that are most impaired are recent memory, associative memory, and prospective memory. There are fewer problems with immediate memory and procedural memory. Many of these memory changes are not unique to MCI—they can happen to anyone. People with MCI tend to make memory mistakes more often than people without MCI.
Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia That Are Not Under Your Control
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 discusses the various risk factors for MCI and dementia that are out of our control. The first is age, where the older we are, the more likely we are to develop either condition—yet it is emphasized that age itself does not cause MCI or dementia, but rather advanced age is associated with other conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol that increase risk for these conditions. Sex differences in MCI prevalence are then discussed, with more men than women diagnosed with MCI. This section also describes sex differences in the risk factors for MCI. The third nonmodifiable risk factor discussed is genetics. This section describes the genetics of Alzheimer’s disease (both its familial and sporadic variants), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia due to Parkinson’s or Lewy body disease. Brain injury, whether due to trauma or stroke, is the fourth risk factor discussed. Years of formal education obtained in young life is also included in this chapter, as one of the strongest predictors of MCI or dementia is early life education. How higher education might protect people from MCI and dementia is discussed. The last risk factor for MCI or dementia discussed is knowing more than one language for most of our lives, given the evidence of bi- or multilingualism on reducing the risk of MCI and dementia.
Memory Intervention Programs
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 22 discusses psycho-educational memory intervention programs, using our own Learning the Ropes for Living with MCI program as an example. The content of the program is described, including information about mild cognitive impairment and the effects of lifestyle factors on cognition, and the introduction and practice of practical everyday memory strategies. Family members receive support and strategies to cope with living with someone with mild cognitive impairment. The chapter provides a table of all known similar programs running worldwide as a valuable resource to readers. Next, the effectiveness of these types of programs is discussed. They have shown increased knowledge about different kinds of memory strategies and when to use them, and some studies have shown benefits on memory performance.
Involvement in Research Studies
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 is a brief chapter about participating in research studies. It starts out with tips about where to find out about ongoing research studies, including many universities, hospitals, and drug companies. The links to websites listing clinical trials are also provided. The next section describes the research ethics oversight process, so that readers understand all the checks and balances that are in place to protect the safety of research volunteers. The key aspects that research ethics boards look for, such as the proper balance of risks and benefits in the study, the lack of coercion and the appropriate level of compensation, as well as whether the informed consent process are properly in place.
How Diet Affects Health
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 34 points out that diet refers to what you eat, not being on a diet or dieting. The purpose of the chapter is to educate readers about why healthy eating is a way to control risk factors that can lead to heart disease, diabetes, and dementia. The link between healthy diet and physical health benefits such as improved management of blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugars is explained. A healthy diet helps brain functioning by promoting brain cell development, repair, and communication. The components of a healthy diet include lots of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, eating fish, and reducing saturated fats. Evidence is reviewed linking a healthy diet to better learning and memory skills and to a reduced rate of cognitive decline among people with MCI. Fortunately, research shows it is never too late to get the benefits of a healthy diet.
Types of Exercise and Physical Activity
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 40 describes different types of exercise, including aerobic, resistance, stretching, and balance exercise, and gives examples of each. It also offers several ideas for how to add fitness into everyday life, from parking at the far end of the parking lot, to getting off the bus a stop or two before your destination and walking from there. It ends by reinforcing the importance of exercise for brain health, and the fact that whenever someone asks us, “If I were to do only one thing for my brain health, what should it be?” our first reply is always “Exercise.”
Repeat, Repeat, . . . Repeat
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 51 reviews a technique for learning new information called retrieval practice. As the name implies, retrieval practice involves practicing the act of retrieval. This is done by calling to mind the information you are trying to learn, and doing this over and over again. Retrieval practice takes the natural strategy of repeating things to yourself a bit further. It involves adding more repetitions over a longer period of time. In other words, the repetitions are spaced out, rather than back-to-back. The chapter describes how the strategy works and when to use it. The strategy can be used to learn new names, numbers, and other kinds of information that you want to memorize.
Anarchism and social work?
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an expanded rationale for the application of anarchist thought to social work practice and provides an outline or basic summary of the content of each chapter that follows. It begins by reflecting on the paradox of social work—it’s very function the product of systems that produce social problems in the first place. Anarchism is introduced as a theory or framework of analysis of social problems. Ideas of anarchism that extend the analysis as to the ills of all systems of hierarchy, in that they are the root of oppression and misery, are reviewed. The suggestion is offered to consider how social work can subvert and influence within a system, not to redeem it, but to contribute to its ending.
Wither social work?
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter will review the main ideas of each chapter in this book and encourage the reader to reflect on how this could shape their idea of social work practice. Following the lead of the introduction chapter, the idea is returned that to be consistent in anarchist thought, one needs to approach the content of this book as ideas to reflect on, rather than treat as the authority on a given subject. Taking this idea further, this chapter briefly touches on further topics that may be worth exploring for social work and anarchism. The reader is encouraged to think of areas of practice and approach that they could apply this content toward. Finally, the question is raised how social work ought to make itself obsolete.
Introduction
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as an introduction to the book. It first identifies the main features of the book’s account of reason-giving uses of argument: inference claims, argumentative intentions, and reasons for belief. Second, it explains the significance of the account to both a scholarly audience and a more general audience. This involves discussing the sorry state of the argument culture in the United States and elsewhere. Third, it discusses the influence of Dewey and Toulmin on the book’s general approach to reason-giving uses of argument. This general approach informs the account developed in the book. Finally, this introduction gives a chapter-by-chapter summary of Chapters 2–8 to help set expectations.
Inference Claims
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From Chapter 2, if you argue by giving reasons for or against something, then you use an argument in a reason-giving way and thereby claim that the premises are reasons for believing the conclusion. This is called an “inference claim,” borrowing from Hitchcock. This chapter takes an inference claim to say, in effect, that the premises of the associated argument are collectively reasons for believing the conclusion, i.e., for believing that it is true. The aim of the chapter is to deepen understanding of how an inference claim matters to a reason-giving use of argument. Toward this end, it defends two theses. A reason-giving use of argument isn’t successful unless the corresponding inference claim is true. An inference claim is conveyed by one’s statement of an argument by means of assertion as opposed to being merely implied or implicated.
Reflective Inferences
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A theoretical inference is reflective only if the inferer performs the inference because they believe that the premises are reasons for believing the conclusion in one of the senses discussed in Chapter 3. An essential feature of reflective inferences is that they are accompanied by a linking belief, i.e., the belief that the inference’s premises are reasons of some sort for believing the conclusion. Reflective inferences are connected to reason-giving uses of arguments in the following two ways. If you perform a reflective inference, then you use the corresponding argument in a reason-giving way. If you use an argument in a reason-giving way, then you have performed a reflective inference from its premises to conclusion. Chapter 4 identifies distinguishing features of reflective inferences in order to ground these theses so as to account for why reflective inferences are necessarily accompanied by a linking belief.
Sacrifice and Feast: Social Values and the Distribution of Meat by Lot
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In contrast to the death of a warrior or a victory with booty to distribute, occasional and unpredictable occasions for sacrifice and feast were frequent and ubiquitous. Distributing equal portions of meat to those sharing expressed an egalitarian, “horizontal” mindset. The vocabulary of drawing lots and distribution by lot of equal portions appears consistently as a norm. Sometimes even the sacrificial animal was chosen by lot. Whether at the banquet or the sacrifice, we observe the same principles: striving to distribute some “whole” into equal portions to a predefined group while reserving choice portions to a king or a priest. Participants are acknowledged as equal “sharers,” which may also be a concrete expression of citizenship. Literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence is presented for weights and measuring portions. The conventions of sacrifice and distribution cut across the entire society. Feasting and meat distributions were expressions of egalitarian civic solidarity and the spirit of isonomia.
Beyond Irrigation Systems and Physical Infrastructure
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications, limits, and possibilities of this fairness-centered understanding of sustained cooperation. It emphasizes the core insight of this book: that cooperation and fairness are not the same thing. It gives a restatement of the key claim that perceived fairness affects the quality of cooperation, which then renders the institutions of cooperation more or less robust to changes. It illustrates how perceived fairness is a key to a better understanding of why some of the irrigation systems continue while others have declined, even though all of them exhibited the institutional prerequisites for solving collective action problems. It reiterates that fairness problems lie beyond collective action problems. It ends by summarizing the argument with examples for how and why the search for fairness must be central to our understanding of sustained cooperation in physical and digital spaces.
How Partisan Think Tanks Set Their Agenda
Authors: Fagan E.J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Heritage Foundation’s founding legend tells an agenda-setting story, in which two staffers were upset with the American Enterprise Institute for releasing a report criticizing a federal spending program shortly after it was voted on. They decided to found a think tank that would respond quickly to changes in the policy agenda. This chapter tests that story using a data set of partisan think tank white papers and votes in Congress. It finds that while Heritage aggressively adjusts the reports it releases to meet the congressional agenda. Other partisan think tanks adopted a different strategy, maintaining more stable, long-term agenda on their party’s core issue priorities.
Sadr City, the Mahdi Army, and the Sectarian Cleansing of Baghdad
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the resource base, strategies, and resiliency of the Sadrist movement. The chapter addresses the development of the Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM) militia, the Sadrist use of social organizations to move individuals into positions of support, the Sadrist capture of local police stations, and the restrained harassment of US military forces. The chapter also details JAM militia tactics used to systematically cleanse Sunnis from their homes, as well as the failure of US clear, hold, build (CHB) strategies to stop Sadrist gains.
“God, Himself, Was the Author of Segregation”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Two recounts the rise and tenure of Robert “Boddy” Shelton as Imperial Wizard of the United Klans of America, and his efforts to police racial boundaries across the South. It studies his embrace of racial violence to uphold segregation, both across the South and within his home state of Alabama. It studies Shelton’s and the Klan’s response to the integration of the University of Alabama in 1956 and the Freedom Riders efforts to desegregate buses in 1961. His ties to Governor John Patterson and Governor George Wallace are highlighted, as is his control and influence over Tuscaloosa and Alabama. The chapter also looks at Shelton’s reaction to the integration of the University of Mississippi.