bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalently Linking Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Nanoparticles to Microbubbles Before Intravenous Injection Improves their Ultrasound‐Targeted Delivery to Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Burke Caitlin W. , Hsiang Yu‐Han J. , Alexander Eben , Kilbanov Alexander L. , Price Richard J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntravenously injected nanoparticles can be delivered to skeletal muscle through capillary pores created by the activation of microbubbles with ultrasound; however, strategies that utilize coinjections of free microbubbles and nanoparticles are limited by nanoparticle dilution in the bloodstream. Here, improvement in the delivery of fluorescently labeled ≈150 nm poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles to skeletal muscle is attempted by covalently linking them to albumin‐shelled microbubbles in a composite agent formulation. Studies are performed using an experimental model of peripheral arterial disease, wherein the right and left femoral arteries of BalbC mice are surgically ligated. Four days after arterial ligation, composite agents, coinjected microbubbles and nanoparticles, or nanoparticles alone are administered intravenously and 1 MHz pulsed ultrasound was applied to the left hindlimb. Nanoparticle delivery was assessed at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h post‐treatment by fluorescence‐mediated tomography. Within the coinjection group, both microbubbles and ultrasound are found to be required for nanoparticle delivery to skeletal muscle. Within the composite agent group, nanoparticle delivery is found to be enhanced 8‐ to 18‐fold over ‘no ultrasound’ controls, depending on the time of measurement. A maximum of 7.2% of the initial nanoparticle dose per gram of tissue was delivered at 1 hr in the composite agent group, which was significantly greater than in the coinjection group (3.6%). It is concluded that covalently linking 150 nm‐diameter poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles to microbubbles before intravenous injection does improve their delivery to skeletal muscle.
A business process‐driven approach for generating software modules
Authors: Zhao Xulin , Zou Ying 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYBusiness processes describe the business operations of an organization and capture the business requirements. Business applications provide automated support for an organization to achieve their business objectives. A software modular structure represents the structure of a business application and shows the distribution of functionality to software components. However, mainstream design approaches rely on software architects' craftsmanship to derive software modular structures from business requirements. Such a manual approach is inefficient and often leads to inconsistency between business requirements and business applications. To address this problem, we propose an approach to derive software modular structures from business processes. We use clustering algorithms to analyze dependencies among data and tasks captured in business processes and group the strongly dependent tasks and data into a software component. A case study is conducted to generate software modular structures from a collection of business processes from the industrial setting and open‐source development domain. The experiment results illustrate that our proposed approach can generate meaningful software modular structures with high modularity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biegedrillknicken von I‐Profilen mit und ohne Voute — Bemessungshilfen für den vereinfachten Nachweis (Teil 1)
Authors: Strohmann Isabel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBei Rahmentragwerken werden in den hochbeanspruchten Ecken häufig Vouten angeordnet. Die statisch‐konstruktiven Vorteile gevouteter Stäbe können derzeit nur für wenige Sonderfälle effizient genutzt werden, da die für den Tragsicherheitsnachweis erforderlichen Angaben fehlen. Es werden Bemessungshilfen vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe der Nachweis biegebeanspruchter Bauteile mit und ohne Vouten mittels Handrechnung geführt werden kann. Diese umfassen Hilfen zur Bestimmung des idealen Biegedrillknickmoments und Empfehlungen bezüglich der Wahl einer geeigneten Traglastabminderungskurve. Abschließend werden die vorgestellten Bemessungshilfen anhand von Versuchsergebnissen verifiziert.Lateral torsional buckling of I‐sections with and without haunches — Design aids for a simplified check (part 1). In the highly stressed corners of frame structures often haunches are realized. Currently, the structural advantages of haunched members can be utilised efficiently for only a few special cases because of the lack of necessary information for the member checks. Design aids are presented that allow to perform the lateral torsional buckling check of members with and without haunches subject to bending by a hand calculation. These include aids for the determination of the ideal critical buckling moment and recommendations regarding the choice of an appropriate buckling curve. Finally, the presented design aids are verified by experimental results.
Schädigungsmodell für hybride Verbindungen in Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Lochte‐Holtgreven Stephan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGrout‐Verbindungen als hybride Rohr‐in‐Rohr‐Steckverbindungen mit hochfester zementgebundener Füllschicht sind während der Betriebsphase von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen (OWEA) dynamischen Lasten aus Wind‐ und Wellen‐ sowie Betriebslasten der Anlage ausgesetzt. Zusätzlich müssen diese nicht redundanten Verbindungen Extremlasten widerstehen. Die in den letzten Jahren festgestellten Vertikalverschiebungen im Bereich der Verbindung bei Monopiles unterstreichen eine erforderliche konstruktive Optimierung. Dies kann beispielsweise durch in Umfangsrichtung angeordnete Auftragsnähte erfolgen. Die damit hervorgerufenen Druckstreben ermöglichen einerseits eine signifikante Axialtragfähigkeitssteigerung, andererseits führen die geometrischen Kerben zu Spannungskonzentrationen in den Stahlrohren und der Füllschicht. Der Nachweis ausreichender Ermüdungsfestigkeit kann dabei nach bekannten Konzepten erfolgen. Werden einaxiale Wöhlerlinien von Beton angesetzt, ist der Nachweis der Groutschicht gegen Materialermüdung rechnerisch nur schwer zu erbringen. Unter Berücksichtigung der tatsächlich vorliegenden mehraxialen Spannungszustände im Grout und mehraxialer Wöhlerlinien für das Verbundmaterial kann trotz vorliegender Spannungskonzentration der Nachweis ausreichender Ermüdungsfestigkeit der Verbindung durchgeführt werden.Damage approach for hybrid connections in offshore wind turbines. During the service life of an offshore wind turbine, the connection between monopile and tower, the so‐called grouted joint, is exposed to high dynamic loadings from wind and wave actions. Additionally the connection, which is filled with a high performance grout, has to withstand extreme load situations. Within the last years vertical settlements between the connected steel pipes have been detected. This non‐redundant failure mode underlines the necessity for an optimization of the axial load bearing capacity. One possible solution is the application of shear keys, which are weld beads installed in circumferential direction of the connection on the surfaces of pile and sleeve. This additional mechanical interlock leads to compression struts and an increased axial strength. Unfortunately these geometric notches lead to local stress concentration and reduce the fatigue resistance of steel and grout. The fatigue design for the steel members can be performed acc. to well known local approaches. For plain grouted joints usually uniaxial S‐N‐curves for the grout layer are considered, which is not appropriate in cases of shear keys. Taking the multiaxial stress space around the weld beads and suitable S‐N‐curves into account, the fatigue design of the connection can be conducted.
Zur natürlichen Auflagerung von Platten
Authors: Rosemeier Gustav‐Erich 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie übliche Benutzung von fehlerempfindlichen Programmsystemen erfordert zunehmend die Bereitstellung einfacher Überschlagsformeln zur Ergebniskontrolle. Flächentragwerke z. B. Platten zeigen oft die Neigung, Minimalflächen auszubilden. Das gilt auch für die Auflagerungen, so dass z. B. rechtwinklige Auflagerränder durch statisch günstigere Kreis‐ oder elliptische Ränder virtuell verändert werden.The natural support of plates. The usual use of sensitive incorrect program codes requires an increasing provision of simple estimation formulas to control the results. Plane load bearing structures often want to erect minimum areas. This is also valid for their supports, where rectangular lines may alter virtual to more convenient circular or elliptic edges.
A fast and inexpensive method for random spore analysis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Khare Asheesh K. , Singh Balveer , Singh Jagmohan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRandom spore analysis is a fundamental tool of yeast genetics for determining gene linkage and the generation of recombinant progeny by genetic crosses. Experimentally it involves treatment of a mating mix with enzymes, such as zymolyase or lyticase, that selectively lyse the cell wall of vegetative cells rather than the spores. Here, we describe a method whereby the relative refractory nature of the spores to treatment with elevated temperature and repeated freeze‐thawing facilitates random spore analysis at low cost in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Because of similar properties of spores in budding yeast, this method should prove to be useful for random spore analysis in both budding and fission yeasts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Green tides’ are overwhelming the coastline of our blue planet: taking the world's largest example
Authors: Ye Nai‐hao , Zhang Xiao‐wen , Mao Yu‐ze , Liang Cheng‐wei , Xu Dong , Zou Jian , Zhuang Zhi‐meng , Wang Qing‐yin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA broad spectrum of events that come under the category of green tide are recognized world‐wide as a response to elevated levels of seawater nutrients in coastal areas. Green tides involve a wide diversity of sites, macroalgal species, consequences, and possible causes. Here we review the effect of natural and man‐induced environmental fluctuations on the frequency and apparent spread of green tides. This article highlights the need for interdisciplinary research aimed at shedding light on the basic mechanisms governing the occurrence and succession of green algae in coastal seas. This will result in more effective management and mitigation of the effects of green tides, thus safeguarding the intrinsic and commercial value of coastal marine ecosystems.
AORN Ergonomic Tool 2: Positioning and Repositioning the Supine Patient on the OR Bed
Authors: Waters Thomas , Short Manon , Lloyd John , Baptiste Andrea , Butler Lorraine , Petersen Carol , Nelson Audrey 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPositioning or repositioning a patient on the OR bed in preparation for a surgical procedure presents a high risk for musculoskeletal disorders, such as low‐back and shoulder injuries, for perioperative personnel. Safe patient handling requires knowledge of current ergonomic safety concepts, scientific evidence, and equipment and devices to ensure that neither the patient nor the caregiver is at risk for injury. AORN Ergonomic Tool 2: Positioning and Repositioning the Supine Patient on the OR Bed provides guidelines that enable perioperative personnel to determine safe methods for positioning and repositioning a patient in the semi‐Fowler, lateral, or lithotomy position in preparation for surgery.
A Perioperative Education Program for Pediatric Patients and their Parents
Authors: Adams Holly A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPreparing pediatric patients for surgery is crucial to positive patient and parent experiences. Through preoperative screening, observation, and postoperative feedback, clinical staff nurses at the Yellowstone Surgery Center (YSC) in Billings, Montana, identified a need to provide increased information to pediatric patients and their parents regarding the surgical process and postoperative expectations for recovery. The director of nursing developed a program for patients that includes preoperative education and a hands‐on experience. The YSC Kids program is a customizable program that includes nine initiatives designed specifically for children. The program has been shown to successfully educate pediatric patients and their parents about the entire perioperative process, thus easing their anxiety about an unfamiliar situation.
Selection of a Method to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence for AORN Recommendations
Authors: Steelman Victoria M. , Pape Theresa , King Cecil A. , Graling Paula , Gaberson Kathleen B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe use of scientific evidence to support national recommendations about clinical decisions has become an expectation of multidisciplinary health care organizations. The objectives of this project were to identify the most applicable evidence‐rating method for perioperative nursing practice, evaluate the reliability of this method for perioperative nursing recommendations, and identify barriers and facilitators to adoption of this method for AORN recommendations. A panel of perioperative nurse experts evaluated 46 evidence‐rating systems for quality, quantity, and consistency. We rated the methods that fully covered all three domains on five aspects of applicability to perioperative nursing practice recommendations. The Oncology Nursing Society's method was rated highest for all five aspects of applicability, and interrater reliability of this method for perioperative recommendations was 100%. Potential barriers to implementation of the rating method include knowledge deficit, staff resources, resistance to change, and fear of showing that lower levels of evidence support some recommendations. Facilitators included education, resource allocation, and starting small. Barriers and facilitators will be considered by the implementation team that will develop a plan to achieve integration of evidence rating into AORN documents. The AORN Board of Directors approved adoption of this method in June 2010.
ON KRULL–SCHMIDT FINITELY ACCESSIBLE CATEGORIES
Authors: CRIVEI SEPTIMIU 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLet 𝒞 be a finitely accessible additive category with products, and let (Ui)i∈Ibe a family of representative classes of finitely presented objects in 𝒞 such that each objectUiis pure-injective. We show that 𝒞 is a Krull–Schmidt category if and only if every pure epimorphic image of the objectsUiis pure-injective.
Influence of landscape context on the abundance and diversity of bees in Mediterranean olive groves
Authors: Tscheulin T. , Neokosmidis L. , Petanidou T. , Settele J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe diversity and abundance of wild bees ensures the delivery of pollination services and the maintenance of ecosystem diversity. As previous studies carried out in Central Europe and the US have shown, bee diversity and abundance is influenced by the structure and the composition of the surrounding landscape. Comparable studies have so far not been carried out in the Mediterranean region. The present study examines the influence of Mediterranean landscape context on the diversity and abundance of wild bees. To do this, we sampled bees in 13 sites in olive groves on Lesvos Island, Greece. Bees were assigned to five categories consisting of three body size groups (small, medium and large bees), the single most abundant bee species (Lasioglossum marginatum) and all species combined. The influence of the landscape context on bee abundance and species richness was assessed at five radii (250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 m) from the centre of each site. We found that the abundance within bee groups was influenced differently by different landscape parameters and land covers, whereas species richness was unaffected. Generally, smaller bees’ abundance was impacted by landscape parameters at smaller scales and larger bees at larger scales. The land cover that influenced bee abundance positively was olive grove, while phrygana, conifer forest, broad-leaved forest, cultivated land, rock, urban areas and sea had mostly negative or no impact. We stress the need for a holistic approach, including all land covers, when assessing the effects of landscape context on bee diversity and abundance in the Mediterranean.
Internal jugular vein reconstruction: application of conventional type A and novel type K methods
Authors: Kamizono K , Ejima M , Taura M , Masuda M 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:During neck dissection, the current practice is to preserve the internal jugular vein in the majority of cases. However, sacrifice of bilateral internal jugular veins is required in rare cases. Simultaneous excision of both internal jugular veins is known to frequently cause fatal complications. Even if staged, bilateral internal jugular vein sacrifice still occasionally leads to fatal complications (in 2 per cent). We report two different methods of unilateral internal jugular vein reconstruction, in two cases requiring excision of bilateral internal jugular veins, and we review the significance of this reconstruction procedure.Method:The first patient underwent conventional type A reconstruction (using Katsuno's classification): end-to-end anastomosis of the internal jugular vein to the external jugular vein. For the second patient, we anastomosed the internal jugular vein to the anterior jugular vein, preserving the flow of the external jugular vein. This method, termed type K, had two main expected benefits: facial drainage via the preserved external jugular vein; and provision of a built-in safeguard in the case of occlusion (via the preserved venous networks between the internal jugular vein and the external jugular vein, e.g. the facial vein).Results:In both cases, the reconstructed internal jugular vein was patent and the post-operative course was uneventful, with no severe complications.Conclusion:The current and previous findings strongly indicate that the reconstruction of at least one internal jugular vein is highly recommended for patients requiring bilateral internal jugular vein sacrifice. Our type K method may represent a useful technique for this procedure.
The Gift and Its Forms of Life in Contemporary India
Authors: COPEMAN JACOB 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper seeks to document and interpret some of the many life forms of the gift ofdanin contemporary India. It attempts to be both summative in reflecting on the recent extremely productive literature ondanand programmatic in identifying emergent themes and instances ofdanthat require more detailed analysis at present and in the future. The paper focuses in particular on highly public forms ofdan, and examines the relationship betweendanand modernist modes of philanthropy. It discusses the giving ofdanonline and biomedical variants ofdanwhich foreground sacrifice. The paper is not a final statement but a call to focus attention on new terrains ofdanand the continuing vitality of this distinctive set of exchange categories.
Two-year-old children differentiate test questions from genuine questions
Authors: GROSSE GERLIND , TOMASELLO MICHAEL 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTChildren are frequently confronted with so-called ‘test questions’. While genuine questions are requests for missing information, test questions ask for information obviously already known to the questioner. In this study we explored whether two-year-old children respond differentially to one and the same question used as either a genuine question or as a test question based on thesituation(playful game versus serious task) andattitude(playful ostensive cues versus not). Results indicated that children responded to questions differently on the basis of the situation but not the expressed attitude of the questioner. Two-year-old children thus understand something of the very special communicative intentions behind test questions.
Taking Human Rights to China: An Assessment of the EU's Approach
Authors: Kinzelbach Katrin , Thelle Hatla 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA human rights dialogue between the European Union and China has been going on since 1995. It runs on three tracks and includes a diplomatic level, expert seminars and technical co-operation projects. The three levels are supposed to interact with and benefit from each other. This article focuses on the conduct of the dialogue and the interaction between the three levels, and aims to investigate the merits and obstacles of the set-up. It also discusses how the dynamic of this interaction affects the collaboration between European and Chinese human rights experts. The conclusion is that the dialogue's three-tiered set-up is counterproductive and the aims of the two sides are too different to fully attain the envisaged goals.
State Control, Female Prostitution and HIV Prevention in China
Authors: Choi Susanne Y.P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBy combining analysis of archival documents and data from 245 sex workers interviewed in south-west China between 2003 and 2007, this article argues that the AIDS crisis has prompted a shift in state discourse about prostitution in China from a victim to a victimizer perspective. Concomitant with this discursive shift is the gradual intensification of control over prostitution. Our data show that the victim perspective overlooks the fact that sex workers are agents who actively negotiate their work and lives amid limited options in post-socialist China. The victimizer perspective, on the other hand, misplaces the blame of unsafe sex practices on sex workers, while in reality it is their clients who refuse to use condoms. The data further suggest that repressive measures against prostitution premised on this victim–victimizer dichotomy inhibit the ability of sex workers to negotiate safe sex practices and aggravate their exposure to HIV risk. The repressive measures undermine the supportive professional networks of sex workers, increase economic pressure on the workers and increase their exposure to client-perpetrated violence.
Evidence-Based Practice for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: Part 2 Application to Clinical Practice
Authors: Baker Elise , McLeod Sharynne 
Published: April 2011

PurposeThis article provides both a tutorial and a clinical example of how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can conduct evidence-based practice (EBP) when working with children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). It is a companion paper to the narrative review of 134 intervention studies for children who have an SSD (Baker & McLeod, 2011).MethodA seven-step EBP decision-making process is presented for managing SSDs in children (drawing on the work of Dollaghan, 2007, and Gillam & Gillam, 2006). We describe how SLPs can integrate externally published evidence with evidence from clinical practice as well as client factors, values, and preferences, to make clinical decisions. An organized EBP network is described as a clinical example of the application of the EBP decision-making process.ResultsCompared with a matched and national sample, SLPs in the EBP network were more likely to read relevant articles and tended to have more confidence in research evidence and in their own ability to select intervention targets based on published research.ConclusionSLPs need to use their clinical expertise to integrate research findings with the constraints and complexities of everyday clinical practice and client factors, values, and preferences in their management of SSDs in children.