bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
151 Use of a clay and algae-based decontaminant on sows naturally exposed to mycotoxins in gestation and lactation
Authors: Gallissot Marie , Perez Jeremy , Parr Eric , Welch Michael , Olsen Paul , Rodriguez Maria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in pig feed is a recurring problem leading to chronic exposure of the animals, even when mycotoxin levels are below official guidance (FDA, EFSA). Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivates are among the main mycotoxins impacting pig production in the United States. This study evaluated the effect of a clay- and algae-based mycotoxin decontaminant on the reproductive performance of sows (n = 207) exposed to chronic natural mycotoxin contamination from 35 d of gestation to weaning. The level of mycotoxins in the feed was measured using LC-MS/MS. A mean contamination of 956 ppb DON, 125 ppb 15-o-acteyl-DON, 338 ppb fumonisins B1 + B2 and 62 ppb zearalenone was reported. Despite a comparable starting body weight (BW) between the control (without decontaminant) and test (with decontaminant) groups at allotment (P = 0.67), sows in the test group had a greater BW than the control sows at entry in farrowing (P &lt; 0.01), and a body condition score of 0.12 points greater (P = 0.04). More live-born piglets were observed in supplemented sows than in control sows (+4%; P &lt; 0.01), as well as a smaller proportion of mummified and stillborn piglets (-39%; P &lt; 0.05 and -34%, P &lt; 0.01, respectively). In contrast, the BW and growth of piglets before weaning did not differ between groups (P &gt; 0.10). These results indicate that the tested decontaminant can improve the body condition and farrowing performance of mycotoxin-exposed sows at levels below current recommendations.
148 Evaluating water characteristics and their effects on reducing water pH using citric acid
Authors: Corso Maxwell L , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The goal of this experiment was to identify water characteristics that affect the ability to reduce pH when using water acidifiers. A total of 27 water samples from swine operations across the Midwest were collected and pH, Ca, and Mg were analyzed. Total hardness was calculated as the combined values of Ca and Mg and expressed in mg of CaCO3/L. Hardness values ranged from 142 mg CaCO3/L to 644 mg CaCO3/L, with an average hardness of 375 mg CaCO3/L. Initial sample pH ranged from 7.52 to 8.47 with an average value of 8.05. In triplicates, 10 mL of water from each source was titrated with citric acid (Citrasol Stock Booster, Northwest Livestock Distribution, Medina, MN) to reach a pH target of 5.0, 4.5, and 4.0 ± 0.05. The effects of individual characteristics were analyzed in R using the lm function to determine linear and quadratic relationships between water measurements and the amount of acid required to reach the target pH. As initial sample pH increased, a linear decrease in the amount of acid to reach the target pH of 4.0 was observed (P = 0.014, R2= 0.158). A significant but weak relationship (P = 0.016, R2= 0.179) between hardness and the amount of acid required to reach a pH of 4.0 was observed, where increasing hardness linearly increased the amount of acid required to reach a pH of 4.0. The quantity of Ca within the water source linearly increased (P = 0.023, R2= 0.159) the amount of acid required to reach a pH of 4.0 and a tendency for a quadratic relationship (P = 0.070, R2= 0.238) was also observed between Ca concentration of the water source and the amount of acid to reach a pH of 4.0. Magnesium concentrations also tended to linearly increase the amount of acid required to reach a final pH of 4.0 (P = 0.057, R2= 0.103). Titrating to either a pH of 5.0 (P &lt; 0.001, R2 = 0.974) or 4.5 (P &lt; 0.001, R2 = 0.990) also will predict the amount of acid required to reach a pH of 4.0. In conclusion, water hardness, Ca, Mg, and initial pH do not fully predict the amount of acid required to reduce water samples to a target pH of 4.0; however, weak relationships were observed that can partially explain the variation in acid requirements. These data suggest that acid titrations of water samples are required and should be site specific to establish an estimate for how much acid is required to reach a water pH of 4.0.
183 Evaluation of phytogenic formulations on intestinal health and the performance of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli.
Authors: Duarte Yesid R Garavito , Duarte Marcos Elias , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate phytogenic formulations on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. Weaned pigs [n = 40; initial body weight (BW) = 6.4 ± 0.1 kg] at 21 d of age were individually housed and assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design, with initial BW and sex as blocking factors. Basal diets were formulated following NRC (2012) and fed to pigs for 28 d in 3 phases (P1:11 d, P2:10 d and P3:7 d). Treatments were NC: basal diet, non-challenge; PC: basal diet, challenged with F18+E. coli; AV1: basal diet supplemented with 1% phytobiotic containing herbal extracts and essential oils in powder form, challenged with F18+E. coli; AV2: basal diet + 1% phytobiotic containing herbal extracts and essential oils in liquid form, challenged with F18+E. coli. Growth performance and fecal score (FS) were measured weekly. On d 7, the challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli (2.0 × 1010), whereas unchallenged pigs received a sterile saline solution. On d 28, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal samples to evaluate inflammatory status, oxidative stress, and diversity and relative abundance of mucosa-associated microbiota. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. During the post-challenge period, PC decrease (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) when compared with NC. The PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) FS during d 7 to 11 when compared with NC, whereas AV1 and AV2 decreased (P &lt; 0.05) FS during d 7 to 11 when compared with PC. The AV1 decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 and Shannon indexes when compared with PC. The PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae compared with NC. The AV1 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and tended to reduce (P = 0.062) the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae when compared with PC. The AV2 tended to reduce the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae (P = 0.073) and Ruminococcaceae (P = 0.074) when compared with PC. The PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) occludin and tended to increase (P = 0.096) TLR4 when compared with NC. The AV1 tended to increase (P = 0.053) protein carbonyl when compared with PC. In conclusion, F18+E. coli challenge increased FS, disrupted the mucosa-associated microbiota, increased TLR4 expression, consequently reduced growth performance of pigs. The AV1 showed promise in reducing oxidative stress during F18+E. coli challenge, seen through decreased protein carbonyl levels possibly due to alterations on mucosa-associated microbiota, although without affecting growth performance. The AV2 had a moderate impact on reducing FS and altering mucosa-associated microbiota, without effect on growth performance.
182 Evaluation of the effects of F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli intestinal attachment in nursery pigs
Authors: Due Elizabeth M , Burrough Eric R , Helm Emma , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are a leading cause of post-weaning diarrhea and poor performance in nursery pigs. ETEC fimbriae regulate binding to epithelial cells and subsequent intestine colonization, commonly F18 in post-weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate F18 ETEC ileal attachment in relation to growth performance and intestinal integrity and function around peak infection. Following 10 d of acclimation to a common diet, 24 individually housed, mixed sex weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 0.44 kg] were randomly allotted across 4 treatment groups (n=6/treatment). On day post inoculation (dpi) 0, pigs were non-inoculated (CON) or orally inoculated with 5 mL of F18 ETEC (LT, STb, Stx2, STx2e positive) at either 107 colony-forming units [CFU)/mL (LOW), 108 CFU/mL (MED] or 109 CFU/mL (HIGH). Over a 5-dpi period, fecal scores [scale: 0 (dry) – 3 (watery)] and feed intakes were measured daily. Body weights were recorded on dpi 0 and 5 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). On dpi 5, all pigs were euthanized, ileal contents and feces was assessed for F18 gene abundance via PCR, and fixed ileal sections were evaluated for morphology changes, stem cell proliferation (Ki67), and F18 ETEC attachment via in situ hybridization. Further, ex vivo ileal tissue integrity and function was assessed via Ussing chambers by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), 4.4 kDa FITC-Dextran (FD4) flux and active glucose and glutamine transport. Pig was considered the experimental unit, and data were analyzed for the fixed effects of treatment. Over this 5 dpi challenge period, ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Compared with the CON, mean fecal scores were greatest in MED followed by the LOW and HIGH treatments (P = 0.028). Ileal pH tended to be greater in the HIGH compared with the MED, LOW and CON (7.8, 7.6, 7.5 and 7.3, respectively, P = 0.08). Compared with the CON, decreased Ct values were reported for the LOW, MED, and HIGH groups for fecal (32, 19, 18, 20, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) and ileal (28, 19, 19, 18, respectively; P = 0.019) F18 gene abundances, respectively. Ileal F18 attachment was greatest in the HIGH group compared with CON, with LOW and MED being intermediate (P = 0.011). The immunohistochemistry stem cell marker Ki67 was lleast in HIGH compared with CON, LOW and MED treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Ileal histology, active glucose and glutamine, TER and FD4 did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). F18 attachment was negatively correlated with ileal (R = -0.706, P &lt; 0.001) and fecal (R = -0.713, P &lt; 0.001) F18 CT values, and positively correlated with ileal pH (R = 0.536, P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, F18 ileal attachment increased as challenge dose increased. However, at 5-dpi no effect on growth performance or ileal function and integrity was observed.
179 Effects of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on intestinal health of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli.
Authors: Gormley Alexa R , Duarte Marcos Elias , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics (celluTEIN, Puretein Biosecience LLC, Minneapolis, MN, USA) on the intestinal health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Nursery pigs [n =36; initial body weight (BW) = 6.42 ± 0.33 kg BW] were allotted into three dietary treatments utilizing a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC: basal diet, no challenge), a positive control (PC: basal diet, challenged with F18+ E. coli), and SYP (basal diet with Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics at 175 g/ton of feed, challenged with F18+ E. coli). Basal diets were formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements with Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics replacing corn in the basal diet. Pigs were fed for 28 d in 3 phases (P1: 11 d, P2: 10 d, P3: 7 d). Pigs in PC and Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics were orally inoculated with F18+ E. coli (2.0 × 1010 CFU), whereas the NC group received sterile saline, given in 4 doses beginning on d 7 after weaning. Throughout, fecal score, BW, and feed intake were recorded to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). At d 28, all pigs were euthanized for sampling of the jejunal mucosa to analyze oxidative stress and immune status, as well as microbiota diversity and relative abundance. Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC). Overall, PC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the BW, ADG, and ADFI of pigs. The SYP had a tendency (P = 0.098) to improve the ADFI of pigs challenged with F18+ E. coli. The fecal score of pigs fed SYP were improved (P &lt; 0.05) on d 7 to 18 of the post-challenge period when compared with PC. Furthermore, SYP reduced protein carbonyl (P &lt; 0.05), reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, and had a tendency to increase Leuconostocaceae (P = 0.090), Streptococcaceae (P = 0.068), Corynebacteriaceae (P = 0.085), and had a tendency to reduce (P = 0.077) Ruminococcaceae when compared with PC. Additionally, SYP reduced (P &lt; 0.05) gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and increased (P &lt; 0.05) gene expression mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), when compared with PC. In conclusion, challenge with F18+ E. coli increased fecal score, disrupted the microbiota composition in the jejunal mucosa, and increased gene expression associated with recognition of pathogens, without any impact on inflammation; therefore, negatively affecting growth performance. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics could reduce the negative effects associated with F18+ E. coli infection by altering microbial diversity and reducing inflammation associated with expression of TLR4, and oxidative stress products, without changes in growth.
181 Effects of Soy protein concentrate replacing conventional soybean meal on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli.
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Duarte Marcos Elias , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of various levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) replacing conventional soybean meal (SBM) on various parameters related to intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs under F18+ Escherichia coli challenge. Newly weaned pigs [n = 72; initial body weight (BW) = 6.6 ± 0.3 kg] were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups based on randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 25 d (P1/2 for 11/14 d, respectively). The treatment groups were 1) NC: a diet with conventional SBM, 2) PC: NC with F18+ E. coli challenge at d 7 (2.1 × 1010 CFU); 3) T1: PC with 5% SPC replacing conventional SBM; 4) T2: PC with 10% SPC replacing conventional SBM; 55) T3: NC with 10% SPC replacing conventional SBM, and 6) AGP: PC with 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate. At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues to measure parameters related to intestinal health. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS. The PC decreased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) on d 7 to d 25 (post-challenge) compared with NC. The T2 decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI on post-challenge period compared with T3. The ADG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.067) and ADFI linearly decrease (P &lt; 0.05) on post-challenge period with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in the diets. The E. coli challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score in PC, and T2 treatments compared with NC, and T3, respectively. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in jejunal mucosa linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in nursery diets under E. coli challenge. The PC decreased (P &lt; 0.05) interleukin-8 (IL-8) compared with NC. The PC (P = 0.078) and T3 (P = 0.099) tended to decrease immunoglobulin A (IgA) compared with NC. The AGP increased (P &lt; 0.05) IgA compared with PC. The AGP increased (P &lt; 0.05) the expression of occludin (OC) compared with PC. The expression of OC tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.099) with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in nursery diets under E. coli challenge. The T2 increased (P &lt; 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) compared with T3. In conclusion, supplementation of SPC replacing SBM in the diet did not alleviate the deleterious effect of E. coli challenge on growth performance nursery pigs, which might be contributed by reduced feed intake. Additionally, supplementation of SPC seems to exacerbate the negative effect of E. coli challenge with increased intestinal inflammation and intestinal disintegration.
175 Impact of common dietary strategies on piglet growth and scouring with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 challenge
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impact of various dietary treatments on the growth and scouring of piglets post-wean and following an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 infection (ETEC). A total of 240 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050, Genus, Henderson, TN) were randomly assigned to 40 mixed-sex pens (6 pigs/pen) for a 6-wk experiment. At arrival, all pigs were genotyped for fucosyltransferase (FUT1). Pens were assigned to five dietary treatments: NC (standard nursery diet without Zinc or carbadox, 22.31% CP, 1.46 SID Lys in Period 1); PC (NC + 3,750 ppm zinc oxide and carbadox); LCP (NC with low crude protein, 19.5% CP, 1.3% SID Lys in Period 1); FIB (NC with 8% wheat middlings); and Zinc (NC + 3,750 zinc oxide). Pig body weight (BW), feed disappearance, and feed conversion were evaluated for four periods: d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, and 21-42. Scour scores were recorded daily for the first 28 d of the experiment to calculate weekly percentage of days scouring (scouring percentage). Pigs received a common diet from d 21-42. All pigs were orally inoculated with a field strain of ETEC on d 14 of the experiment. Blood was collected (8 mL) from one ETEC susceptible pig per pen on d 14 and 17, with a separate susceptible pig collected on d 20. These two pigs were euthanized on d 17 and 20, respectively, for tissue collection. Fecal swabs from susceptible pigs were collected on d 14, 16, 18, and 20 to measure ETEC shedding. Blood samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers, and villi: crypt within the ileum were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed model methods (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Fixed effects of dietary strategy, experimental period, and the interaction were included for growth performance and scouring percentage. While overall growth performance was not significantly impacted by treatment, scouring percentage was impacted by treatment, period, and treatment x period interaction (P &lt; 0.01). In the first week post-weaning (d 0-7), NC had the greatest scouring percentage (50%), while PC and LCP had the least (21.4%, P = &lt; 0.01). For d 7-14, NC had the greatest scouring percentage (33.9%), while PC (P &lt; 0.01%) and Zinc (14.3%) had the leastt. Post ETEC inoculation (d 14-21), fiber had the greatest scouring percentage (P &lt; 0.01, 28.6%), with PC (5.4%) and Zinc (8.9%) having the least, and LCP (16.1%) and NC (21.4%) being intermediate. Interestingly, 1 wk post-ETEC inoculation, LCP had the greatest scouring percentage (30.4%), with PC (5.4%), NC (7.1%), and fiber (3.6%) having the least. Although LCP treatments initially reduced scours after weaning, they exhibited a delayed scouring response to ETEC infection compared with FIB, with an elevated scouring percentage persisting up to d 21-28.
176 Impact of dietary crude protein level and water-based arginine on piglet growth and scouring with an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 challenge
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of dietary crude protein (CP) level and water-based arginine (Arg) on the growth performance and scouring of piglets post wean and following an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 infection (ETEC). A total of 240 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050, Genus, Henderson, TN) were randomly assigned to 40 mixed-sex pens (6 pigs/pen) for a 6-wk experiment. At arrival, all pigs were genotyped for fructosyltransferase (FUT1). Pens were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial, with two crude protein levels (standard: 23% vs. low: 19.5%, for period 1) and two water treatments (absence or presence (8, 6, and 4% stock dosed through 1:128 proportioner for wk 1, 2, and 3, respectively) of Arg in water. Pig body weight (BW), feed disappearance (average daily feed intake; ADFI), and feed conversion (gain to feed ratio; G:F) were evaluated for four periods: d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, and 21-42. Scour scores were recorded daily for the first 28 d to calculate weekly percentage of days scouring (scouring percentage). On d 21, water and dietary treatments ceased, and pigs received a common diet. All pigs were orally inoculated with a field strain of ETEC for two consecutive days on d 15 and 16 of the experiment. One pig per pen had blood collected (8mL via jugular) and was euthanized on d 14 before ETEC. Blood was collected via a jugular vein from another pig confirmed to be susceptible to ETEC on d 15, 17, and 22. The same pig was euthanized for tissue collection on d 22. Fecal swabs from 1 susceptible pig per pen were collected on d 15, 17, 19, and 22 for measurement of ETEC shedding. Blood samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers, and villi: crypt within the ileum were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed model methods (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Growth performance and scouring percentage included the fixed effects of CP level, water treatment, experimental period, and their interactions. Reducing the CP of diets reduced the overall G:F of pigs (P &lt; 0.01, standard: 0.73, low: 0.71). The percentage of days scouring tended to be influenced by the interaction between water and period (P = 0.06); specifically, when arginine (Arg) was present in the water, there was a numerically greater scouring percentage for all periods, except for the final period (d 21-28). Confirming the success of the ETEC challenge, period significantly impacted scouring percentage (P &lt; 0.01), where piglets experienced the greatest scouring percentage (59%) during the week following ETEC inoculation, compared with the least in the week preceding inoculation (22%). In conclusion, low CP diets reduced overall G:F, but neither CP or Arg showed benefit in terms of scouring.