bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discursive Typologies and Moral Values in Stem Cell Politics, Regulation and Commercialisation: Some Preliminary Observations (Part I)
Authors: Bruce Ann , Harmon Shawn H. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Great importance is attached to, and great controversy surrounds, biotechnology generally and stem cell research more specifically, particularly human embryonic stem cell research. Given its position at the vanguard of innovations in theoretical and applied human healthcare science, and as a source of political conflict and achievement, it is useful to examine attitudes toward, and actions around, embryonic stem cell research. This article conceives of three discursive typologies and explores their deployment in three different settings or sites in the life or progress of embryonic stem cell research, namely, the political (determining legal boundaries), the hybrid (identifying and enforcing boundaries for laboratory research), and the administrative (enforcing boundaries in the commercial context), the intention being to determine whether these typologies are consistent and what moral values their use supports. This article concludes that the typologies are deployed to varying degrees in the different sites, and with varying degrees of success. Although this might be expected, and not altogether unwarranted, given the different roles and objectives of the primary institutions at each site, the current prevalence of the typologies suggests that these institutions might not be operating optimally from the democracy enhancement and transparency points of view.
Patent Protection of the Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Impact on the Related Industries in China
Authors: Yongzhong Qiao , Xuezhong Zhu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) IP strategy is an integral part of China's national IP strategy. It is of great value for the implementation of the Strategy to study the status quo of the patent protection of TCM and its impact on the related industries. This paper gives a multidimensional illustration of the current of the patent protection of TCM in China in view of the following aspects: patent applications, patent grants, PCT and the object of the patent protection of TCM. It demonstrates the impact of patent protection on the TCM industry after a detailed analysis of the R&D expense, social effects, human resources in TCM institutions and their output of scientific/technical papers. Finally, it analyzes the challenges facing the patent protection of TCM and discusses some tentative solutions.
Serum proinflammatory cytokine – interleukin-8 as possible infection site marker in preterm deliveries
Authors: Bogavac Mirjana A. , Brkić Snežana 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate serum level of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 as a biochemical marker of local infections in patients with clinical symptoms of preterm deliveries.

Methods: We studied 74 pregnant women at 24–36 gestational weeks (GW) with preterm delivery. Serum interleukin-8 was measured.

Results: The mean value of interleukin-8 in the study group (n=36) was 19.13 pg/mL vs. 5.02 pg/mL in the controls (n=38).

Conclusions: The results indicate that serum level of interleukin-8 might be used as non-invasive marker of infections in pregnancy, as well as a marker of preterm deliveries.
Electroabsorption Measurements on Bifacial CIGS Solar Cell Devices
Authors: Lee JinWoo , Elder Ken Edward , Shafarman William N , Cohen David J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe report the first studies of electroabsorption in Cu(InGa)Se2(CIGS) solar cell devices. We utilized a bifacial CIGS device with a Ga/(In+Ga) ratio of 0.8 (bandgap of 1.5 eV) deposited onto semi-transparent (40 nm thick) Mo coated glass as the back contact. By modulating the electric field using a small sinusoidal potential of amplitude δV across the CIGS layer, we were able to detect the modulation ΔT of the transmitted light. This was examined as a function of photon energy, DC bias, temperature, and modulation frequency (100 Hz to 10 kHz) and had a maximum amplitude of ΔT/T ≈ 10−5for δV = 0.3 V. Very different characteristics were obtained for near bandgap light (1.3 eV) compared to photon energies considerable smaller (<0.95 eV). While the latter exhibited a strong temperature and frequency dependence, indicating an important role for deep defects in the effect, the former exhibited very little change with temperature or frequency, indicating the predominance of transitions involving bandtail states. Different metastable states of the CIGS layer produced by prolonged light soaking above the bandgap energy were also examined.
Development of Al2O3-ZnO/Ca3Co4O9 Module for Thermoelectric Power Generation
Authors: Mele Paolo , Matsumoto Kaname , Azuma Takeshi , Kamesawa Keita , Tanaka Saburo , Kurosaki Jun-Ichiro , Miyazaki Koji 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPure and Al2O3(2%, 5%, 8%) doped sintered ZnO (n-type) and pure sintered Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) pellets were prepared by conventional solid state synthesis starting from the oxides. The sintered pellets were cut by a diamond saw in a pillar shape (15 mm×5 mm×5 mm) for experimental checks. The best doped sample was 2 % Al2O3 ZnO showing Seebeck coefficient S = -180 mV/K and electrical conductivity σ = 8 S/cm at 400°C, while thermal conductivity κ = 1.8 W/m×K at 600°C. Typical values for Ca3Co4O9 were S = 82.5 mV/K and σ = 125 S/cm at 800°C, while κ = 1.01 W/m×K at 600°C.
Several modules fabricated by elements cut from sintered pellets were tested and the best performance was obtained in the module formed by six 2 % Al2O3ZnO/ Ca3Co4O9 couples, that generated an output power P = 300 mV at 500°C (when ΔT = 260°C).
Alport Syndrome mutation changes molecular structure and nanomechanics of type IV tropocollagen
Authors: Srinivasan Maya , Uzel Sebastien G.M. , Gautieri Alfonso , Keten Sinan , Buehler Markus J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlport Syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by the breakdown of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) around blood vessels in the kidney, leading to kidney failure in most patients. It is the second most inherited kidney disease in the US, and many other symptoms are associated with the disease, including hearing loss and ocular lesions. Here we probe the molecular level mechanisms of this disease utilizing a bottom-up computational materiomics approach focused on the mutation associated with the most severe form of Alport Syndrome. Since the GBM is under constant mechanical loading due to blood flow, changes in mechanical properties due to amino acid mutations may be critical in the symptomatic GBM breakdown seen in Alport Syndrome patients. Through full-atomistic simulations in explicit solvent, the effects of a single-residue glycine substitution mutation are studied in a short segment of a collagen type IV tropocollagen molecule. Major changes are observed at the single molecule level of the mutated sequence, including a bent shape of the structures after equilibration with the kink located at the mutation site and a significant alteration of the molecule’s stress-strain response and stiffness.
Rational Design of Nanostructured Hybrid Materials for Photovoltaics
Authors: Botiz Ioan , Darling Seth B 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo develop efficient organic and/or hybrid organic-inorganic solar energy devices, it is necessary to use, among other components, an active donor–acceptor layer with highly ordered nanoscale morphology. In an idealized morphology, the effectiveness of internal processes is optimized leading to an efficient conversion of photons to electricity. Using a poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(L-lactide) rod-coil block copolymer as a structure-directing agent, we have rationally designed and developed an ordered nanoscale morphology consisting of self-assembled poly(3-hexylthiophene) donor domains of molecular dimension, each of them separated by fullerene C60 hydroxide acceptor domains. Using this morphological control, one can begin to probe structure-property relationships with unprecedented detail with the ultimate goal of maximizing the performance of future organic/hybrid photovoltaic devices.
Using Stainless Steel Coiled Tubing in a Novel Application
Authors: van Adrichem Willem P. , Keen Kelly , Henquet Henri 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Stainless steel coiled tubing (CT) was used for the first time in Spain in 1997, to convey a burner as part of an underground Coal Gasification feasibility project by Underground Gasification Europe (UGE). Minimizing the risk of combustion associated with contact between pure oxygen and carbon steel dictated the requirement of stainless steel coiled tubing for this project. Additionally, stainless steel CT was required to minimize the corrosive aggressiveness of pure oxygen.
The 1.75" 316 L stainless steel coiled tubing used for this project, was milled in a continuous length in Switzerland and tested for its low cycle fatigue properties in Houston.
Two stainless steel control lines were installed inside the coiled tubing to initiate the burning process, together with a thermocouple to monitor the down hole temperature during the gasification. This paper discusses the role that stainless steel coiled tubing played in this underground coal gasification project as well as the development and testing of all the components.
Insulin Therapy to Improve BMI in Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes Without Fasting Hyperglycemia
Authors: Moran Antoinette , Pekow Penelope , Grover Patricia , Zorn Martha , Slovis Bonnie , Pilewski Joseph , Tullis Elizabeth , Liou Theodore G. , Allen Holley ,   the Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes Therapy Study Group
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD) without fasting hyperglycemia (CFRD FH−) is not associated with microvascular or macrovascular complications, leading to controversy about the need for treatment. The Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes Therapy (CFRDT) Trial sought to determine whether diabetes therapy improves BMI in these patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A three-arm multicenter randomized trial compared 1 year of therapy with premeal insulin aspart, repaglinide, or oral placebo in subjects with cystic fibrosis who had abnormal glucose tolerance.

RESULTS
One hundred adult patients were enrolled. Eighty-one completed the study, including 61 with CFRD FH− and 20 with severly impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). During the year before therapy, BMI declined in all groups. Among the group with CFRD FH−, insulin-treated patients lost 0.30 ± 0.21 BMI units the year before therapy. After 1 year of insulin therapy, this pattern reversed, and they gained 0.39 ± 21 BMI units (P = 0.02). No significant change in the rate of BMI decline was seen in placebo-treated patients (P = 0.45). Repaglinide-treated patients had an initial significant BMI gain (0.53 ± 0.19 BMI units, P = 0.01), but this effect was not sustained. After 6 months of therapy they lost weight so that by 12 months there was no difference in the rate of BMI change during the study year compared with the year before (P = 0.33). Among patients with IGT, neither insulin nor repaglinide affected the rate of BMI decline. No significant differences were seen in the rate of lung function decline or the number of hospitalizations in any group.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin therapy safely reversed chronic weight loss in patients with CFRD FH−.
Cardiopulmonary resonance at 0.1 Hz demonstrated by averaged Lomb-Scargle periodogram
Authors: Piskorski Jarosław , Guzik Przemysław , Krauze Tomasz , Żurek Sebastian 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We demonstrate the resonant-like behaviour of the cardiopulmonary system in healthy people occurring at the natural low frequency oscillations of 0.1 Hz, which are often visible in the continuous pressure waveform. These oscillations represent the spontaneous oscillatory activity of the vasomotor centre and are sometimes called the Mayer waves. These 10-second rhythms probably couple with forced breathing at the same frequency and cause the observed cardiopulmonary resonance phenomenon. We develop a new method to study this phenomenon, namely the averaged Lomb-Scargle periodogram method, which is shown to be very effective in enhancing common frequencies in a group of different time series and suppressing those which vary between datasets. Using this method we show that in cardiopulmonary resonance the cardiopulmonary system behaves in a very similar way to a simple mechanical or electrical oscillator, i.e. becomes highly regular and its averaged spectrum exhibits a clear dominant peak and harmonics. If the forcing frequency is higher than 0.1 Hz, the total power and the share of power in the dominant peak and harmonics are lower and the prominence of the dominant peak and its harmonics greatly diminishes. It is shown that the power contributions from different forcing frequencies follow the resonance curve.
Adaptive Prediction of Stock Exchange Indices by State Space Wavelet Networks
Authors: Brdyś Mietek , Borowa Adam , Idźkowiak Piotr , Brdyś Marcin 
Published: July 2009

Adaptive Prediction of Stock Exchange Indices by State Space Wavelet NetworksThe paper considers the forecasting of the Warsaw Stock Exchange price index WIG20 by applying a state space wavelet network model of the index price. The approach can be applied to the development of tools for predicting changes of other economic indicators, especially stock exchange indices. The paper presents a general state space wavelet network model and the underlying principles. The model is applied to produce one session ahead and five sessions ahead adaptive predictors of the WIG20 index prices. The predictors are validated based on real data records to produce promising results. The state space wavelet network model may also be used as a forecasting tool for a wide range of economic and non-economic indicators, such as goods and row materials prices, electricity/fuel consumption or currency exchange rates.
Transfrontoethmoidal approach to medial intraconal lesions
Authors: Jittapiromsak Pakrit , Deshmukh Pushpa , Nakaji Peter , Spetzler Robert F. , Preul Mark C. 
Published: July 2009

Object
The standard superior craniotomy approach through the orbital roof is obstructed by numerous muscles, nerves, and vessels. Accessing the medial intraconal space also involves considerable brain retraction. The authors present a modified approach through the frontal sinus that overcomes these limitations.

Methods
Seven fixed silicone-injected cadaveric specimens were dissected bilaterally. In addition to the superior orbital wall, the ethmoidal sinuses and medial orbital wall were removed. The anatomical relationships between the major neurovascular complexes in the medial intraconal space and the optic nerve were observed.

Results
Intraconally, working space was created both in a “superior window” between the superior oblique and levator palpebrae muscle and in a “medial window” between the superior oblique and medial rectus muscle. The superior window mainly created an ipsilateral trajectory to the deep target. The medial window, which created a contralateral trajectory, provided a more inferior view of the medial intraconal space. Removal of the medial orbital wall further widened the exposure obtained from the superior window. The combination of these working windows makes the medial surface of the optic nerve available for exploration from multiple angles. Most of the major neurovascular complexes of the posterior orbit can be retracted safely without impinging on the optic nerve.

Conclusions
This novel extradural transfrontoethmoidal approach affords a direct view to the medial posterior orbit without major conflicts with intraconal neurovascular structures and requires minimal brain manipulation. The approach appears to offer advantages for medially located intraconal lesions.
Surface‐Modified Mesoporous SiO2 Containers for Corrosion Protection
Authors: Skorb Ekaterina V. , Fix Dmitri , Andreeva Daria V. , Möhwald Helmuth , Shchukin Dmitry G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of active corrosion protection systems for metallic substrates is an issue of prime importance for many industrial applications. The present work shows a new contribution to the design of a new protective system based on surface modified mesoporous silica containers. Incorporation of silica‐based containers into special sol–gel matrix allows for a self‐healing effect to be achieved during the corrosion process. The self‐healing ability occurs due to release of entrapped corrosion inhibitors in response to pH changes caused by the corrosion process. A silica–zirconia‐based hybrid film is used in this work as a coating matrix deposited on AA2024 aluminum alloy. Mesoporous silica nano‐particles are covered layer‐by‐layer with polyelectrolyte layers and loaded with inhibitor [2‐(benzothiazol‐2‐ylsulfanyl)‐succinic acid]. The hybrid film with nanocontainers reveals enhanced long‐term corrosion protection in comparison with the individual sol–gel films. The scanning vibrating electrode technique also shows an effective healing ability of containers to cure the corrosion defects. This effect is due to the release of the corrosion inhibitor triggered by the corrosion processes started in the cavities. The approach described herein can be used in many applications where active corrosion protection of materials is required.
The Design and Realization of Flexible, Long‐Lived Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Fang Junfeng , Matyba Piotr , Edman Ludvig 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolymer light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) offer an attractive opportunity for low‐cost production of functional devices in flexible and large‐area configurations, but the critical drawback in comparison to competing light‐emission technologies is a limited operational lifetime. Here, it is demonstrated that it is possible to improve the lifetime by straightforward and motivated means from a typical value of a few hours to more than one month of uninterrupted operation at significant brightness (>100 cd m−2) and relatively high power conversion efficiency (2 lm W−1 for orange‐red emission). Specifically, by optimizing the composition of the active material and by employing an appropriate operational protocol, a desired doping structure is designed and detrimental chemical and electrochemical side reactions are identified and minimized. Moreover, the first functional flexible LEC with a similar promising device performance is demonstrated.
Association of reading disabilities with regions marked by acetylated H3 histones in KIAA0319
Authors: Couto Jillian M. , Livne‐Bar Izzy , Huang Katherine , Xu Zhaodong , Cate‐Carter Tasha , Feng Yu , Wigg Karen , Humphries Tom , Tannock Rosemary , Kerr Elizabeth N. , Lovett Maureen W. , Bremner Rod , Barr Cathy L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReading disabilities (RDs) have been associated with chromosome 6p with recent studies pointing to two genes, DCDC2 and KIAA0319. In this study, markers across the 6p region were tested for association with RD. Our strongest findings were for association with markers in KIAA0319, although with the opposite alleles compared with a previous study. We also found association with markers in VMP, but not with DCDC2. Current evidence indicates that differential regulation of KIAA0319 and DCDC2 contributes to RD, thus we used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with genomic tiling arrays (ChIP‐chip) to map acetylated histones, a molecular marker for regulatory elements, across a 500 kb genomic region covering the RD locus on 6p. This approach identified several regions marked by acetylated histones that mapped near associated markers, including intron 7 of DCDC2 and the 5′ region of KIAA0319. The latter is located within the 70 kb region previously associated with differential expression of KIAA0319. Interestingly, five markers associated with RD in independent studies were also located within the 2.7 kb acetylated region, and six additional associated markers, including the most significant one in this study, were located within a 22 kb haplotype block that encompassed this region. Our data indicates that this putative regulatory region is a likely site of genetic variation contributing to RD in our sample, further narrowing the candidate region. © 2009 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stature estimation formulae for indigenous North American populations
Authors: Auerbach Benjamin M. , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStature estimation methods for adult indigenous humans from the Americas have generally relied on a limited number of regression equations. The available equations, however, are not broadly applicable to the diversity of the populations that lived in the New World prior to European colonization. Furthermore, some equations that have been used were originally derived from inappropriate reference samples, such as the “Mongoloid” group measured by Trotter and Gleser (Am J Phys Anthropol 16 [1958] 79‐123). This study develops new stature estimation equations for long bones of the lower limb from a geographically diverse sample of North American archaeological sites. Statures were reconstructed from 967 skeletons from 75 archaeological sites using the revised Fully anatomical technique (Raxter et al., Am J Phys Anthropol 130 [2006] 374‐384). Archaeological samples were grouped according to general body proportions, using relative tibia and femur length to stature as guides. On the basis of differences in these proportions, three broad groupings were identified: a high latitude “arctic” group, a general “temperate” group, and a Great Plains group. Sex‐specific ordinary least squares regression formulae were developed based on femoral and tibial lengths for each of these groups. Comparisons of the new stature estimation equations with previously available equations were conducted using several archaeological test samples. In most cases, the new stature estimation equations are more precise than those previously available, and we recommend their use throughout most of North America. The equations developed by Genovés for Mesoamerican and US Southwest samples are a useful alternative for these regions. Applicability of the new equations to South American samples awaits further testing. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning of cross‐sectional anatomy using clay models
Authors: Oh Chang‐Seok , Kim Ji‐Young , Choe Yeon Hyeon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe incorporated clay modeling into gross anatomy and neuro‐anatomy courses to help students understand cross‐sectional anatomy. By making clay models, cutting them and comparing cut surfaces to CT and MR images, students learned how cross‐sectional two‐dimensional images were created from three‐dimensional structure of human organs. Most students in a clay modeling group responded positively to this approach, and their average score on CT examination was higher than that of a group that did not use clay models. Clay modeling appears to be a useful supplement to conventional anatomy or radiologic anatomy education. It can be applied to any part of human body, and its effectiveness will be greater when a more complicated understanding of cross‐sectional anatomy is required. Anat Sci Educ 2:156–159, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.