bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of noncardiac disease on plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs
Authors: Lee Justine A. , Herndon William E. , Rishniw Mark 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective –To evaluate the effects of noncardiac disease on c‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (cBNP) concentrations in dogs.Design –Prospective observational study.Setting –Urban university veterinary hospital.Animals –Thirty‐eight apparently healthy dogs, 28 dogs with cardiac disease (14 CHF, 14 non‐CHF), and 81 dogs with primary noncardiac diseases.Interventions –none.Materials and Methods –Plasma was collected from each dog and analyzed for active (cBNP) B‐type natriuretic peptide using an assay that is being investigated for commercial use (Biosite).Measurements and Main Results –Dogs with CHF had significantly higher plasma cBNP concentrations than dogs with subclinical cardiac disease, apparently healthy dogs, or dogs with primary noncardiac disease. However, 21% (28/133) of dogs without CHF (including healthy dogs, dogs with primary noncardiac disease, and dogs with subclinical cardiac disease) had cBNP concentrations above previously identified diagnostic thresholds for CHF, reiterating the importance of reestablishing new diagnostic cutoffs when considering comorbidities affecting B‐type natriuretic peptide levels.Conclusions –A clinically relevant proportion of nondyspneic dogs with primary noncardiac diseases have increased cBNP concentrations that exceed previously identified diagnostic thresholds, potentially limiting the ability of this test to identify CHF when noncardiac comorbidities exist. Interpretation of increased cBNP concentrations in such cases must be appropriately interpreted with further diagnostic investigation.
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Levels in the Placenta and in Serum in Preeclampsia
Authors: Wang Bo , Koga Kaori , Osuga Yutaka , Hirata Tetsuya , Saito Ako , Yoshino Osamu , Hirota Yasushi , Harada Miyuki , Takemura Yuri , Fujii Tomoyuki , Taketani Yuji 
Published: January 2011

Citation  Wang B, Koga K, Osuga Y, Hirata T, Saito A, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Harada M, Takemura Y, Fujii T, Taketani Y. High mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the placenta and in serum in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 143–148Problem Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by systemic inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a molecule known to act as a ‘danger signal’ by participating in various inflammatory processes, but data in regard to preeclampsia are sparse. The aim of this study was to analyze placental and serum HMGB1 levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.Method of study Sera were collected from women with preeclampsia soon after the manifestation of the disease and before commencing any medication. Placental samples were collected immediately after delivery. Expressed isoforms of HMGB1 (28‐ and 30‐kDa) in the placenta were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Serum HMGB1 concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).Results Two isoforms of HMGB1 are expressed by the human placenta. The 28‐ and 30‐kDa HMGB1 isoforms were expressed highly in preeclamptic placental tissue; however, compared with normotensive control tissue, differences in detected expression levels did not reach statistical significance. No significant difference was observed in serum HMGB1 levels between control and preeclampsia.Conclusion Inflammation provoked by HMGB1 is likely to be involved in the proinflammatory process in preeclamptic placenta. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise role of HMGB1 in preeclampsia.
The risk of psychiatric disorders in individuals born prematurely in Denmark from 1974 to 1996
Authors: Mathiasen René , Hansen Bo Mølholm , Forman Julie Lyng , Kessing Lars Vedel , Greisen Gorm 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the risk of developing psychiatric disorders in individuals born prematurely (born before 37 weeks of gestation).Methods:  The study is a longitudinal register‐based study including all live‐born individuals in Denmark from 1974 to 1996. Poisson regression models including well‐known confounders were used to investigate the rate ratio of psychiatric disorders at the age of 11–34 years in the individuals born prematurely.Results:  A total of 1 545 641 individuals were born from 1974 to 1996. Of these, 1 348 106 live‐born individuals constituted the study cohort. Rate ratios of psychiatric disorders, in total, increased in proportion to the degree of prematurity. The rate ratio of major psychiatric disorder was increased in individuals born with a gestational age below 28 weeks compared to persons born with a gestational age of 39–45 weeks (RR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.25–2.83)). Similarly, the rate ratios of minor psychiatric disorder (RR = 1.63 (95% CI: 1.29–2.06)) and psychotropic drugs purchased (RR = 1.35 (95% CI: 0.98–1.86)) were increased.Conclusion:  The risk of minor as well as major psychiatric disorders during adolescence and young adulthood increases in proportion to the degree of prematurity. The relative risk, however, is small compared to the risks of cerebral palsy or low intelligence.
Klinefelter syndrome as a window on the aetiology of language and communication impairments in children: the neuroligin–neurexin hypothesis
Authors: Bishop Dorothy VM , Scerif Gaia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To compare the phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) with (i) specific language impairment (SLI) and (ii) XXX and XYY trisomies.Methods:  Phenotypes of KS, XXX and XYY were based on data from a systematic review of neurodevelopmental outcomes plus a recent parent survey. Phenotype of SLI was based on a published survey of children attending a special school.Results:  There are close similarities between the KS phenotype and SLI. Furthermore, a minority of children with KS have features of autistic spectrum disorder. Similar language and communication problems are seen in the other two sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs), XXX and XYY.Conclusion:  We propose the neurexin–neuroligin hypothesis, based on the observation that neuroligin genes, which occur on both X and Y chromosomes, are involved in the same synaptic networks as neurexin genes with common variants that affect risk for SLI and autism. According to our hypothesis, the effect of a triple dose of neuroligin gene product will be particularly detrimental when it occurs in conjunction with specific variants of neurexin genes on other chromosomes. This speculative proposal demonstrates the potential of illuminating the aetiology of common neurodevelopmental disorders by studying children with SCTs.
Anaphylactic reactions to measles–mumps–rubella vaccine in three children with allergies to hen’s egg and cow’s milk
Authors: Yavuz Suleyman Tolga , Sahiner Umit Murat , Sekerel Bulent Enis , Tuncer Ayfer , Kalayci Omer , Sackesen Cansin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  Allergies to hen’s egg and cow’s milk are the most frequent food allergies in infancy and childhood. Current guidelines recommend safe administration of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in egg allergic patients.Methods:  We present three cases of anaphylaxis that we encountered after MMR vaccination in children sensitized to hen’s egg and cow’s milk.Results:  Even though MMR vaccine is generally known to be safe in children with egg allergy, there may still be isolated cases of anaphylaxis.Conclusion:  Therefore, we recommend that all children not only those who were sensitized to foods should receive the MMR vaccination in a setting that is equipped to deal with anaphylactic reactions. As stated by WHO in immunization safety surveillance, ‘Each vaccinator must have an emergency kit with adrenaline, and be familiar with its dosage and administration’.
Analysis of heterosis and recombination loss for fitness and productivity traits in different hybrids of mulberry silk moth Bombyx mori
Authors: SUBRAMANYA Gopal , BISHOP Stephen C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThree different races of lepidopteron silk moth Bombyx mori were used in reciprocal and inter se crosses to determine heterosis effects at F1 and recombination loss at the F2 generation for three fitness traits (fecundity, larval duration, survival rate) and four productivity traits (larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, filament length). Eleven mating types were represented in the present study, including three pure breeds and a variety of F1 and F2 populations arising from regular and reciprocal crosses, respectively. Equations were derived to evaluate heterosis, maternal and overdominance effects for the above traits. Estimates of heterosis and overdominance effects revealed significant heterosis effects for all the traits, but overdominance was only seen for larval duration (favorable effect) and survival rate (unfavorable effect). Maternal effects were significant for the majority of the traits under study. The results revealed significant reduction for all the quantitative traits from F1 to F2, except for larval duration. The most obvious explanation for the reduction of fitness parameters and productive traits is the reduction in heterozygosity from F1 to F2 (it is expected that one half of the heterozygosity of F1 is lost in F2). For larval duration this explanation seems insufficient and breakdown of epistatic gene effects (i.e. recombination loss) has been suggested.
Evaluation of the efficacy of the ‘nasal airflow‐inducing manoeuvre’ for smell rehabilitation in laryngectomees by means of the Sniffin′ Sticks test
Authors: Haxel B.R. , Fuchs C. , Fruth K. , Mann W.J. , Lippert B.M. 
Published: January 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 17–23Objective:  To determine the efficacy of the nasal airflow‐inducing manoeuvre (NAIM) as a method for olfactory rehabilitation in laryngectomees by the means of the Sniffin′ Sticks test.Study design:  Prospective open interventional trial.Setting:  Tertiary academic hospital.Participants:  Thirty‐seven patients after laryngectomy have been screened and 25 patients have been included into the study. The participant’s sense of smell was tested with the Sniffin′ Sticks test before and after learning the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. The individual level of threshold, discrimination and identification (TDI) was determined and the individual threshold, discrimination and identification score was used to classify the patients as being anosmic, hyposmic or normosmic.Main outcome measures:  The primary endpoint was the change of the threshold, discrimination and identification score before and after learning the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. The secondary endpoint was a change in the diagnostic group (normosmic, hyposmic and anosmic) after learning of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre.Results:  There was a statistically significant increase in the total threshold, discrimination and identification score (P < 0.001) and the three sub‐scores (P ≤ 0.02) before and after the learning of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. Patients gained seven points on average in the threshold, discrimination and identification score. Twenty of 25 patients showed an increase of five or more point in the threshold, discrimination and identification score. In the classification of the smell ability, 15 of 25 patients showed a change to a higher class (hyposmic to normosmic or from anosmic to hyposmic or normosmic).Conclusion:  The nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre is a method for the successful rehabilitation of the sense of smell in laryngectomees. The evaluation with the Sniffin′ Sticks tests showed a clinically relevant increase of olfaction in 80% of patients. The teaching of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre should be included in post‐laryngectomy rehabilitation programmes.
Induction of prophages from deep‐subseafloor bacteria
Authors: Engelhardt Tim , Sahlberg Monika , Cypionka Heribert , Engelen Bert 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe deep‐subseafloor biosphere harbours a major part of the total microbial biomass on Earth. However, how life and death in this environment are regulated is not yet understood. While organisms from higher trophic levels appear to be absent, viruses might be a factor for microbial mortality. In this study, we found an increasing ratio between viral and total cell counts with depth in deep‐subseafloor sediments recovered during Leg 201 of the Ocean Drilling Program. A phylogenetically diverse culture collection from corresponding sediment layers was tested for the presence of inducible prophages. A treatment by mitomycin C as inducing agent indicated the presence of prophages in 46% of the bacterial isolates. Different morphotypes of myoviruses and siphoviruses were detected by transmission electron microscopy. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis applied to viral DNA extracts showed their genetic diversity. Three host strains even harboured more than one prophage. Thus, our results prove the existence of functional viruses in the deep‐subseafloor biosphere. Bacteriophages might take over the role of the main predators, as anoxia and oligotrophy favour the importance of viruses as mortality factors. Furthermore, the fact that the viral shunt recycles organic compounds might be of special relevance to this severely nutrient‐depleted habitat.
The smaller bowel: imaging the small bowel in paediatric Crohn's disease
Authors: Stuart Sam , Conner Thomas , Ahmed Asia , Steward Michael , Maclachlan Jody , Wylie Peter , Beal Isobel 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Crohn's disease begins in childhood in 20% of cases. Imaging of the small bowel is needed for diagnosis and management and also to inform the clinician of the location, extent, and activity of disease. There are several modalities available to image the small bowel and the combined use of these is often required to optimise benefit. Methods available for imaging the small bowel include barium studies, sonography, CT, wireless capsule endoscopy, nuclear medicine studies, and MRI. Patient comfort is paramount in imaging paediatric patients. Therefore, non-invasive techniques are most likely to be successful. Furthermore, as children are at greatest risk of radiation induced malignancy, modalities which do not carry a radiation burden are preferable. This article discusses the methods available for imaging the small bowel in paediatric Crohn's disease and the relative merits of each modality.
The Cloud Hunter’s Problem: An Automated Decision Algorithm to Improve the Productivity of Scientific Data Collection in Stochastic Environments
Authors: Small Arthur A. , Stefik Jason B. , Verlinde Johannes , Johnson Nathaniel C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA decision algorithm is presented that improves the productivity of data collection activities in stochastic environments. The algorithm was developed in the context of an aircraft field campaign organized to collect data in situ from boundary layer clouds. Required lead times implied that aircraft deployments had to be scheduled in advance, based on imperfect forecasts regarding the presence of conditions meeting specified requirements. Given an overall cap on the number of flights, daily fly/no-fly decisions were taken traditionally using a discussion-intensive process involving heuristic analysis of weather forecasts by a group of skilled human investigators. An alternative automated decision process uses self-organizing maps to convert weather forecasts into quantified probabilities of suitable conditions, together with a dynamic programming procedure to compute the opportunity costs of using up scarce flights from the limited budget. Applied to conditions prevailing during the 2009 Routine ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) campaign of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, the algorithm shows a 21% increase in data yield and a 66% improvement in skill over the heuristic decision process used traditionally. The algorithmic approach promises to free up investigators’ cognitive resources, reduce stress on flight crews, and increase productivity in a range of data collection applications.
Delineating pMDI model reactions with loblolly pine via solution-state NMR spectroscopy. Part 2. Non-catalyzed reactions with the wood cell wall
Authors: Yelle Daniel J. , Ralph John , Frihart Charles R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Solution-state NMR provides a powerful tool to observe the presence or absence of covalent bonds between wood and adhesives. Finely ground wood can be dissolved in an NMR-compatible solvent system containing dimethylsulfoxide-d

6
and N-methylimidazole-d

6
, in which the wood polymers remain largely intact. High-resolution solution-state two-dimensional NMR correlation experiments, based on 13C–1H one-bond heteronuclear single quantum coherence, allow structural analysis of the major cell wall components. This technique was applied to loblolly pine that was treated with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) related model compounds under controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Chemical shifts of carbamates formed between the pMDI model compounds and loblolly pine were determined. The results show that: (a) under dry conditions and a high concentration of isocyanate, carbamates will form preferentially with side-chain hydroxyl groups on β-aryl ether and phenylcoumaran-linked lignin units in a swelling solvent; (b) phenyl isocyanate is more capable of derivatization in the cell wall than the bulkier 4-benzylphenyl isocyanate; (c) at 5% and 14% moisture content, detectable carbamates on lignin side-chains dramatically decrease; and (d) under typical conditions of industrial oriented strand-board production in a hot press at 5% and 14% moisture content, no carbamate formation was detected.
Acid Number Determination of Biodiesel by Potentiometric Titration Using Different Methods
Authors: Gonçalves M. A. , Cunha K. C. , Sobral S. P. , Gonzaga F. B. , Fraga I. C. S. , Borges P. P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This work aims at determining the acid number of biodiesel from three different matrices (soy/animal fat, castor oil, and palm oil) and using three different analytical methods based on automatic volumetric titration with potentiometric detection. One of the methods is described in the ASTM D664 Standard, and the other two were similar to the former, but changing the solvent (2-propanol by a mixture of toluene, 2-propanol, and water with a volumetric ratio of 100:99:1) or the filling solution (LiCl by KCl) of the combined glass electrode used in the detection. This study was carried out in order to assess the influence of the combined glass electrodes and solvents in determining the acid number of biodiesel. The analyses were carried out in one laboratory, so it has an exploratory nature. The ordinary statistical tests were applied to the data (F-test and t-test) in order to compare the results from the three methods. Also, an extensive statistical analysis was not performed. Basically, it was observed that there was a difference of about 3.1 % between the acid number obtained by the three methods. In addition, the method described in the ASTM D664 Standard showed a repeatability of 4.4 % for soy/animal fat biodiesel, 3.9 % for castor biodiesel, and 9.8 % for palm biodiesel, which are comparable to literature data.
The Effect of Prior Tempering on Sub-Zero Treatment to Reduce Retained Austenite
Authors: Stratton Paul 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The consensus view is that a high carbon case gives gears the best overall properties, provided that there is no carbide network and the retained austenite has been reduced below 20 % by sub-zero treatment. This view is effectively enshrined in the SAE AMS 2759/7A standard. The sub-zero treatment usually takes place immediately after the quench to avoid austenite stabilization. However, for some parts with complex geometries that might crack during the treatment, a short low temperature temper is carried out first. Little is known on how this temper affects the subsequent sub-zero treatment. Three carburising steels used extensively in the aerospace industry were carburised to produce high retained austenite levels in the case using two different but typical carburising cycles. The retained austenite was determined by X-ray diffraction before and after sub-zero treatment was carried out in accordance with the standard and compared with that obtained when an intermediate temper was used. This study shows that for three typical carburising steels carburised using typical cycles, the efficacy of the sub-zero treatment is probably slightly reduced after the temper but not enough to be industrially significant.
Differential polynomials which share a value with their derivative
Authors: Grahl Jürgen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Let P be a differential polynomial with constant coefficients and F a family of meromorphic functions in the unit disk. We study the situation that P[f] and P´[f] share a finite nonzero value CM for all f∈F and give conditions on P for F to be normal. Furthermore, a corresponding Picard type theorem for entire functions is given. Connections to Picard type theorems for exceptional values of differential polynomials are shown. The general results are applied to several specific differential polynomials such as P[u]:=u

n
+au
(k) or P[u]:=u

n

u
(k).
Electron crystallography of MWW zeolites – filling the missing cone
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Roth Wieslaw J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Given that many zeolites crystallize in habits that lead to preferred orientation, and that there is a ±60° tilt limitation in many electron microscope goniometer stages, collection of a three 3-D electron diffraction data set from these materials is severely restricted. To overcome this, preparative measures must be taken to produce other sample orientations. Using a number of MWW framework zeolites (MCM-22, MCM-22P, MCM-49, ITQ-1) as examples, thin-sectioned views onto the edge stacking of lamellar layers can be prepared by a number of methods. While ultamicrotomy is a traditional approach to this problem, sections are often very thick and sparsely distributed. Other extreme mechanical processing techniques, such as extrusion and jet milling produce numerous thin crystals with the desired orientation. Dealumination, initiated by steaming, calcination or low pH, also yields a similar result. Additional intensity data from the ‘missing cone’ in addition to those obtained by tilting hexagonal plate crystals provides a more complete data set and hence a more easily interpreted structure analysis. Crystallographic phase determination by maximum entropy and likelihood, followed by Fourier refinement, yields a structural model very close to that of the known MWW framework.
Diversity in Copy Number and Structure of a Silkworm Morphogenetic Gene as a Result of Domestication
Authors: Sakudoh Takashi , Nakashima Takeharu , Kuroki Yoko , Fujiyama Asao , Kohara Yuji , Honda Naoko , Fujimoto Hirofumi , Shimada Toru , Nakagaki Masao , Banno Yutaka , Tsuchida Kozo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The carotenoid-binding protein (CBP) of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, a major determinant of cocoon color, is likely to have been substantially influenced by domestication of this species. We analyzed the structure of the CBP gene in multiple strains of B. mori, in multiple individuals of the wild silkworm, B. mandarina (the putative wild ancestor of B. mori), and in a number of other lepidopterans. We found the CBP gene copy number in genomic DNA to vary widely among B. mori strains, ranging from 1 to 20. The copies of CBP are of several types, based on the presence of a retrotransposon or partial deletion of the coding sequence. In contrast to B. mori, B. mandarina was found to possess a single copy of CBP without the retrotransposon insertion, regardless of habitat. Several other lepidopterans were found to contain sequences homologous to CBP, revealing that this gene is evolutionarily conserved in the lepidopteran lineage. Thus, domestication can generate significant diversity of gene copy number and structure over a relatively short evolutionary time.