bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Pricing Scenarios
Authors: Angevine G.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Current intense interest in the subject of prices is in part related to recent developments in the world oil market and their jarring impact on Canada's energy sector. Where is the world oil price headed? What are the implications of the world oil market situation as at the beginning of January 1983 for the Alberta/Canada oil pricing agreement of September 1981, and domestic natural gas prices (closely tied by regulation to oil prices)?
Because the oil price is the key to energy pricing patterns in today's environment, this paper will focus on likely oil pricing developments-with some reference to gas. One must, however, not forget that the prices of energy commodities which compete with oil and gas —especially electric power rates —are not insensitive to movements in the oil price. While not directly linked to the oil price, regulated electric power rates can, in general, be expected to rise more or less rapidly as the rate of domestic oil price increase accelerates or slows. The linkages are embedded in the economic system. As oil and gas prices rise relative to electric power rates, the demand for electricity can be expected to rise. In turn, this will increase electric power generation capacity requirements, the construction of which will put additional pressure on power rates.

The world oil price
Figure 1 shows that the official price of Saudi Arabian light marker crude has risen about threefold since 1978. Most of the price increase occurred through 1979 and 1980. Increased crude oil demand among the industrialized countries and a decline to deliveries from Iran because of the revolution, caused the spot price to take a sharp jump. OPEC responded by raising its official marker crude price.
It was assumed by many that increases in the OPEC price would continue through the 1980s with annual gains at least equal, on average, to the inflation rate in the major industrialized countries. It is, however, doubtful that this will occur. In fact, if OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, had not moved to reduce its total production rate drastically (from 10.0 MMB/D to 5.5 MMB/D) beginning in the second half of 1981, (Fig. 1A) the glut in the world oil market would have been even greater and the average spot price might have fallen back to 1978 levels or even further. As it happened, the production cutbacks kept the price from rumbling.
Assuming that world economic recovery will be slow, it is unlikely that OPEC will opt for, or be able to achieve, price increases in excess of inflation rates over the next two years. A more rapid increase in the oil price would damage prospects for economic recovery and prolong the need for continued severe production quotas on OPEC members. It would also increase the incentive for OPEC customers to develop their oil sands, heavy oil, relatively costly frontier petroleum resources, and even alternative energy sources such as solar, wind hydrogen and compressed natural gas.
Some Observations On North Sea Developments Relative To Canada''s East Coast*
Authors: DeWolf A.G. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
This paper originally was in the form of an address to the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, 19th Annual Fall Meeting, Sydney, Nova Scotia, November 20, 1982. In this presentation, the paper was entitled " Some North Sea Experiences With Offshore Hydrocarbon Developments ".

History
The experience of North Sea countries with oil and gas is, of course, very recent. Since at least the period of the Roman invasion of Britain, the North Sea has been a centre of trade and its principal natural resource has been fish. To the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, the North Sea brought the feared Norse hordes who were less than welcome guests in their country (actually kingdoms). During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the North Sea was the centre of trade in Northern Europe under the Hanseatic League. Cities such as Hamburg and Lubeck in Germany. Bruges (present day Brussels) in what was then France, London, and Bergen in Norway became important centres of trade. After the decline of the Hanseatic League, London continued to thrive but was rivaled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by Amsterdam, which became a major trading and commercial centre. Much of this history is irrelevant to the present day experience of North Sea countries with offshore development but it is included to give some perspective to the very short experience North Sea countries have had with oil and gas compared to their long experience with trade, commerce and fishing.
Turning to the recent North Sea experience, it has been slated that as late as 1958, a staff geologist with the Norwegian Geological Survey said he would drink all the oil that would be found on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (Stenstadvold, 1981, p.l). Such was the attitude to the prospects of finding offshore hydrocarbons until the mid-1960s.
The first significant discovery of hydrocarbons by a North Sea country was not made offshore, but rather onshore, in the Netherlands, in 1959. In that year, the massive Slochteren gas field in Groningen Province, with estimated recoverable reserves of 63 trillion cubic feet, was discovered. Apparently, this discovery was not taken as an indication of the potential for oil and gas discoveries offshore as offshore drilling did not begin until several years later.
In 1963 and 1964, Norway and the United Kingdom, respectively, declared sovereignty over their continental shelves. Offshore drilling licenses were issued very soon after sovereignty was declared but it was not until 1965 that the boundary between the United Kingdom and Norway was agreed to. The 1958 Geneva Continental Shelf Convention provided for the sovereign right of states to explore and exploit natural resources of the sea bed on the continental shelf to a depth of 200 metres, to the limits which exploitation of natural resources was feasible or, failing agreement between two littoral countries, to a line equidistant between them.
International Experiences: a Personal Perspective
Authors: Benediktson S.V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
I have been asked to share my views on working as a Canadian expatriate engineer in the international oil and gas arena. I confess at the outset to a biased view. I would not trade a moment of my time since leaving the farm near Markerville, Alberta in 1953 to go to work in the oil fields. Over the ensuing thirty years I have lived in drilling camps in Northern B.C. and Alberta, at Norman Wells, Redwater, Edmonton and Calgary. Houston, Texas, Melbourne and Sydney. Australia, Jakarta, Indonesia. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates and Ottawa, Ontario, and I have enjoyed each place and each assignment. Some more than others, but always secure in the knowledge that the oil and gas industry is the greatest business in the world.The following are a number of generalizations that I consider unique to an overseas job and/or to the successful expatriate employee:An An overseas job is generally characterized by more responsibility than an equivalent domestic job.A professional in an overseas job must provide a standard of excellence in his j ob performance that merits the trust and support of his management and host governmentThe expatriate employee needs to have a social sensitivity and a concern for local customs and practices.An overseas job usually requires a commitment to train a local national, often the expatriate's replacement, in technical and/or operational detail.A special measure of patience and job commitment are required by the expatriate to overcome situations that may occur, such as reporting to a local national who may be obviously less qualified than the expatriate.It is important for the expatriate to make an effort to learn at least a minimal vocabulary in the language of the country.It is important for expatriates to become familiar with the legal and social values that guide the conduct of those residing and working in the country. The consequences of ignoring this guideline range from embarrassment for the individual to cancellation of the company's operating contract.It is advisable for expatriates to be informed of and sensitive to local political issues but to avoid involvement and outspoken comments on local politics.Almost every expatriate employee is deemed to be a spokesman for his employer.In some overseas locations there is a complete absence of government regulations or standards or‘’ design. The expatriate may have to relate to regulations and standards from another locale or possibly assist the local government in developing appropriate regulations and standards.An expatriate may not be able to obtain equipment and materials from traditional suppliers to the domestic industry and needs to be resourceful with the ability to adapt.Expatriate survivors are the ones who look on new experiences and customs as enriching experiences to be enjoyed. The expatriates or thier families who react to changes as though they were a burden tobe borne or worse yetto be changed, do not last inthe international arena.
A Libyan Experience
Authors: McCaskill A.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Libya! When the job offer arrived, I knew very little about this country other than echoes of World War II battles won and lost-and finally won again: Benghazi, Tobruk ... and across the border in Egypt: El Alamein.
Our children were grown. My wife and I were living in Calgary and I had a job where I could comfortably have stayed put until that magical sixty-fifth birthday. But adventure beckoned. I replied to an ad in the Calgary Herald for a production engineer for Oasis Oil Co. of Libya.
Oasis has a personnel office in New York and a recruiting team from there travels around Canada and the U.S. The interview in Calgary was pleasant and low key. The company representatives explained financial arrangements and indicated that the company would ship our household effects to Tripoli. We would have a rented furnished villa until our furniture arrived and by then we would have found our own accommodation.
There was not a fixed-term contract. Instead there was an employee savings plan which was enhanced by company contributions if one stayed for three years or longer. A month's leave, plus travelling time, each year, with the company paying the return fare to one's point of origin, provided an excellent opportunity for seeing the world, as the fare could be applied to any trip one wished to take.
The company also paid for our two younger children, who were at university at the time, to fly to Tripoli once a year for three years (i.e. up to obtaining a first degree). For families with younger children, there is an excellent school in Tripoli which goes up to Grade IX and after that the oil companies subsidize secondary schooling wherever the children may be attending. (This may be in North America or Europe-many go to Switzerland). I accepted the terms offered, but made one demand: I would not resign from my Calgary position until the company had obtained a work permit for me. They had wanted me to go immediately on a visitor's visa, but I wanted my status to be assured.
In November of 1974, the permit came through and I was off, leaving my wife to rent our house, dispose of cars, and arrange for shipment of our "Lares and Penates", then join me a month later. This also involved purchasing a propane-powered stove, as electric power is somewhat uncertain in Libya. We also shipped an air conditioner, but later sold it as our apartment was just a block from the Mediterranean and we could usually keep very comfortable just by opening windows and the French doors to the balconies.
My arrival in Tripoli was not auspicious- but symbolic of what my new life style was to be. My plane arrived eight hours late-well after midnight. At that time the Tripoli airport was a former R.A.F. W.W. II hangar; there were shell-holes still evident in the roof.
Financing Major Energy Projects
Authors: Bain Donald 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The first oil and gas department in a bank was created in 1928 and the first oil and gas production loan was made in the 1930s by a Dallas-based bank. Its technical staff was brave enough to lend against established cash flows. Thus, an important principle had been established: lending against a security buried under the ground. Technical personnel were able La predict reserves and production rates because many of the Texas fields had been on stream for relatively lengthy periods and reliable production histories had been established. In addition, increasing government regulation controlled production making for more reliable loan collateral.
As a result of Leduc in 1947, the then Canadian Bank of Commerce actively pursued the concept of forming its own oil and gas department. Senior officials toured Texas and Oklahoma and talked to industry personnel and banks and the first oil and gas department in a Canadian bank was formed by the Canadian Bank of Commerce.
Right from the beginning, it was decided that banks would not lend for exploralion unless the loan could be secured by established production or some other form of collateral and this is still the case. After all, exploration is an extremely risky exercise. Traditionally, banks have only been interested in low-risk ventures, confining themselves to projects where it is possible to recover payment of the loan plus interest. Even if a field provesto be as big as Pembina, the banks will not share in the sudden wealth, but on the other hand if, the venture fails, it is possible to lose the entire loan. Oil and gas loans historically have had extremely low failure rates. This may sound too conservative, but remember that in an oil company an explorationist who achieves a 1 in 8 success ratio is treated as a genius, while in a bank a loans officer who makes one bad deal in one hundred may be regarded as a disaster. So it just depends which way one looks at things.
Four main areas have evolved: equity financing balance sheet loans, conventional production loam and project loans.

Equity Financing
Generally speaking, the major banks have not taken an actual share in oil because they are normally prevented by legal constraints from doing so. Canadian and American banks have very strict regulations controlling their investments but banks can purchase shares it is to prevent a company from going into receivership.
The major exception is in the U.K. North Sea where British chartered banks actively participated in the seventh round of licence awards in 1980. The UK government had let it be known that it wan Led British companies to become involved and as a result some of the most unlikely "oil finders" appeared in the list of successful bidders. Personally, I am not sure that it is a good idea for banks to enter into the industry as participants. even if they have not yet actually acted as Operators.
Alberta Securities Act
Authors: Budd Thomas , Goss Doug 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
AN OIL and gas company wishing to issue securities to the public cannot do 50 without complying with the SecuritiesACTofAlberta. The Act is administered by the Athena Securities Commission and although dealings with natural resource companies are commonplace at present, strangely enough the evolution of the securities regulatory process in the province of Alberta, had little to do with the growth of the oil and gas industry.
The first securities legislation, administered by the Board of Public Utility Commissioners, was passed in Alberta in 1916 with its main purpose to prevent stock fraud and to assist in the detection and prosecution of persons not normally liable for offences under the Criminal Code.
In 1955, a new Securities Act was passed by the Alberta legislature as it became apparent that an agency which could only deal with the regulation -of securities on a part-time basis was no longer adequate. The first appointed Chairman of the Commission was G. Harry Rose who was a former member of the Board of Public Utility Commissioners and who, in fact, was responsible for establishing the machinery for the proclamation of the Act. The 1955 Act was expected to provide protection to the investing public from several "boiler shop" operations and "suitcase" brokers who had been forced out of other provinces where effective securities legislation had been enacted. This effectively curtailed these undesirable business operations.
Although the 1955 Act helped eliminate telephone solicitations from other provinces and relieved the province of stockaleers, it did not totally prevent fraudulent trades in securities. Shady promoters simply became smarter and were able to circumvent the intent of the securities legislation.
In 1967, the Securities Act of Alberta underwent a substantial revision in an attempt to improve laws which would better protect the public and improve the integrity of the capital markets. This new legislation was based mainly on recommendations prepared by the Kimber Committee which undertook a special study of securities legislation in Canada, the United States, England and Australia. The committee's mandate was:
"To review and report upon, in the light of modern business conditions and practices, the provisions and working of securities legislation in Ontario and in particular to consider the problems of take-over bids and of insider trading, the degree of disclosure of information to shareholders, the requirement as to proxy solicitation, procedures as to primary distribution of securities to the public and like matters and generally to recommend what, if any, changes in the law are desirable."
The revised Act introduced a "new concept of disclosure", new rules relating to take-over bids and insider trading and proxy notices. From the public's viewpoint, the financial disclosure provisions represented the most important changes as they were primarily designed to provide investors with more information on corporate and financial affairs of companies whose shares were trading" on the public market.
Current Status of Tidal Power
Authors: Clark R.H. , Karas A.N. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
It goes without saying that tidal power is an environmentally clean, renewableenergy source. Although tidal energy is available in abundance, there arerelatively few locations in the world where the tidal range makes this form ofenergy economically exploitable under existing conditions. Relatively largetidal ranges had been used on a micro-scale for driving mills and pumpsfor many hundreds of years but such small direct drive applicationsbecame obsolete with the onset of the Industrial Revolution.
Technologically, this source is well within reach to exploit. It is renewable, pollution-free, relatively inflation-free, and completely predictable. It couldcontribute to energy self-sufficiency and reduce the environmental problemsassociated with the conversion of fossil fuels to electricalenergy.
The obvious question is: Why has this resource not been exploited to itsfullest extent? There is no easy answer. Canadian government energy policiespreoccupied with non-renewable sources and an apparent reluctance to undertakea project which, although technically feasible, has combined with marginaleconomics and high financial risks to slow progress. There are no precedents inthe field of successful tidal megaprojects such as might be built in the Bay of Fundy. Moreover, there are only a few locations where the topography wouldproduce tidal amplitudes large enough to justify installation.

Tidal Characteristics and Tides as a Power Source
Tides require a unique approach to the development and utilization of theirenergy. Along the Atlantic coasts of both Europe and America the tides rise andfall twice each 24 hours and 50 minutes, phased with the apparent period ofrotation of the moon. The excess of 50 minutes over the solar day results inmaximum and minimum water levels occurring at progressively different times ondifferent days, i.e. the tidal cycle moves into and out of phase with man"sactivities. The range also varies from day-to-day, reaching a maximum every twoweeks when the sun and moon are in alignment creating spring tides. Eight dayslater, the sun and moon form a right angle with Earth and partially neutralizeone another's gravitational influence to produce "neap" tides. At the vernaland autumnal equinoxes, the range is extremely large. These latter occurrenceshave an important bearing on the design of a tidal power plant. There are, ofcourse exceptions. For example at a number of places the maximum water leveloccurs every day at the same time; at others, there is only one tidalfluctuation a day; at still others, the single maximum may be replaced by two.The cardinal feature of tides is that, regardless of their local variation, they, occur in a most orderly, predictable fashion.
Large tidal ranges in the Bay Fundy and at other locations around the world aredue to a combination of two natural phenomena: the motion of the sea initiatedby forces of the sun and moon and the configuration of the coast line overwhich this motion occurs.
Oilfield Hospitality-worldwide
Authors: Welsh George 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
In mid-1973, my wife and I made our first venture overseas-an assignment in Africa. During the next eight years, we worked and lived in Zaire, Angola, Iran, Dubai and as a sort of anticlimax, in Scotland. Being in the oilfield service business meant fairly extensive travel throughout southern and western Africa, the Middle East and Northern Europe.
The experience was pleasurable, startling, frustrating, exciting, but never dull. Wherever we went, we found that "oilfield types" made us welcome and helped us get started-this was especially important at the outset. On given days during the first few months, if we"d both said out loud what we felt, we"d have come home in a hurry.

Africa
For a couple of Prairie types, it was quite a shock to be plunged into equatorial Africa with its masses of people (well below the poverty line), the heat and the humidity and the "crawlies"; and above all, the smell-a strong pungent odour unique to Africa that took a lot of getting used to. The mostly "dictatorial" regimes were abrupt departures from the Canadian way of life.
We stopped in Lagos, Nigeria (our company's West African regional headquarters) for the first ten days, where we received many good tips on overseas living that were to help us considerably in our subsequent postings. It was very enlightening to see how our expatriates and those of others in the oil business were coping and had coped through tough (even war) times.
My first posting was in Kinshasa, Zaire (formerly Leopoldville, Belgian Congo), where I was to set up an office from which I could manage and sell our company's land and offshore services in Zaire, Cabinda, Angola, South Africa, etc. It was also necessary to the company's other West African operations in Gabon, Congo-Braza, Cameroons, Nigeria, etc.
As a Canadian working for an American-French company, I was able to caU on several embassies, as the occasion required. In this instance, I received the most help from the French Embassy's commercial attache-a lady who has spent several years in Africa. We also were helped greatly by a major oil company's employees and their wives, who opened their homes to us and made adjusting so much easier-especially as I travelled a lot. Being made welcome at the U.S. Embassy's Social Club also made life much more enjoyable.
We will always remember Louie, our local driver in Kinshasa, an excellent chauffeur who knew the city like the back of his hand and was just a little bit larcenous. He was mostly happy, but when I was away, he had to take orders from my wife, which didn"t please him because women in Africa usually take orders from men. Communications with Louie were in so-called French (his badly fractured and ours little better than the "corn flakes box" level), plus a lot of arm waving. It's interesting as to how well this kind of communication can work when both sides really try.