bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bias and Fairness Issues in Artificial Intelligence-driven Cybersecurity
Authors: Mmaduekwe Ugochukwu 
Published: May 2024

Aim: This paper aims to examine the bias and fairness issues accorded with artificial intelligence (AI)-driven cybersecurity.
Problem Statement: The evolving global dependence on cybersecurity has exposed organizations, individuals, and nations to different vulnerabilities and security threats. However, merging of cyberspace with AI technologies has the potential to transform multiple domains but the implementation of AI is faced with bias problems limiting its application.
Significance of Study: Artificial intelligence and cybersecurity have been identified as two transformative and interconnected entities with great potential to revolutionize numerous areas of human life. However, it is imperative to critically look at the bias and fairness accorded with the implication of artificial intelligence-driven cybersecurity which are keywords limiting the usage and efficiency of the approach.
Discussion: The concept of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity was discussed together with their interconnectivity which enhances the application in tackling cyber threats. Various areas of artificial intelligence deployment in cyberspace were presented. The sources and solutions to bias and fairness in artificial intelligence-driven cybersecurity were also discussed. This paper has critically discussed various ways via which AI biases influence cyber security. Nonetheless, ways by which this problem can be tackled were presented.
Conclusion: Artificial intelligence-driven cybersecurity has found wide industrial applications in different areas. However, there is a need to critically address the issues of bias and fairness attached to it to improve its efficiency. The use of the teams; AI model; and Corporate governance and leadership should be adopted to find lasting solutions to the problem of biases in AI-driven cyber security.
Mass Spectrometry of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Giorgi Gianluca 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHydroxylamines, oximes and hydroxamic acids have been extensively studied by mass spectrometry. Different ionization techniques and mass spectrometry methods, such as high resolution, study of metastable ions, collision induced dissociations, together with chemical modifications and stable isotope labeling, have been used for investigating the gas phase properties and reactivity of radical cations, positively and negatively charged species produced by these classes of molecules.
Relationships Between Phase Transformations, Microstructure and Properties in Ti and Pb‐Free Alloys
Authors: Servant Colette 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe mechanical or use properties of alloys are determined by their chemical composition and microstructure history. The microstructure changes during phase transformations occurring during solidification, thermomechanical processing and subsequent heat treatments. The best mechanical properties for the chosen application need optimized parameters of the microstructure. Tailored microstructures: can a dream come true.1
Low Cycle Fatigue Life Threshold for Titanium Aluminides
Authors: Heckel Thomas K. , Christ Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough there exists a good understanding of dislocation glide mechanisms during fatigue of titanium aluminides,1 fatigue life prediction remains a crucial issue because of the low amount of macroscopic plastic strain and the existence of microstructural inhomogeneities. The concept proposed here aims at a threshold value, allowing a reasonable low cycle fatigue life for isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue conditions. It can be stated that under isothermal testing conditions a maximum strain amplitude of Δε/2 = 0.35% (corresponding to a stress amplitude of about Δσ/2 = 500 MPa) for temperatures up to 750 °C is feasible for TNB‐V2 in order to reliably reach a sufficient LCF life. Concerning satisfactory thermomechanical fatigue life the proposed concept suggests that the acting combination of mean stress and strain amplitude needs to be located below the Goodman line. It can be concluded that with increase in maximum cyclic temperature and temperature range, the tolerable strain amplitude decreases. Because of the well‐documented unfavorable combination of tensile mean stresses and environmental attack during OP‐TMF, an acceptable strain amplitude for TMF conditions is significantly lower than under isothermal conditions.
Integration of a Ca looping system for CO2 capture in existing power plants
Authors: Martínez Isabel , Murillo Ramón , Grasa Gemma , Carlos Abanades Juan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis work analyses a Ca looping system that uses CaO as regenerable sorbent to capture CO2 from the flue gases generated in power plants. The CO2 is captured by CaO in a CFB carbonator while coal oxycombustion provides the energy required to regenerate the sorbent. Part of the energy introduced into the calciner can be transferred to a new supercritical steam cycle to generate additional power. Several case studies have been integrated with this steam cycle. Efficiency penalties, mainly associated with the energy consumption of the ASU, CO2 compressor and auxiliaries, can be as low as 7.5% p. of net efficiency when working with low‐CaCO3 make‐up flows and integrating the Ca looping with a cement plant that makes use of the spent sorbent. The penalties increase to 8.3% p. when this possibility is not available. Operation conditions aiming at minimum calciner size result in slightly higher‐efficiency penalties. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Thermodynamic consistency test for experimental data of water content of methane
Authors: Eslamimanesh Ali , Mohammadi Amir H. , Richon Dominique 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the water content of natural gases is an important factor to estimate the gas hydrate, ice, and condensed water formation conditions. However, the experimental data regarding the water content of gases in equilibrium with the gas hydrate, ice, or liquid water (near gas hydrate or ice formation region) are limited. This is partly because of the fact that concentration of water in the gaseous phase in equilibrium with gas hydrate, ice or liquid water (near gas hydrate or ice formation region) is very low considering that reaching the equilibrium conditions near and inside gas hydrate or ice formation region is time consuming process. The measurement difficulties may consequently result in generating unreliable experimental data. This work aims at performing a thermodynamic consistency test based on area approach to study the reliability of some experimental data reported in the literature on the water content of methane (the main component of natural gases) in equilibrium with the gas hydrate, ice, or liquid water (near gas hydrate or ice formation region). A discussion is made on the studied experimental data according to the performed consistency test. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Water transport in cellular tissues during thermal processing
Authors: Halder Amit , Datta Ashim K. , Spanswick Roger M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAccurate modeling of water transport in food materials requires knowledge of how transport properties depend on the material structure. Water transport in a cellular tissue depends on its pathway (intracellular versus extracellular), which in turn depends on temperature. Using a combination of permeability measurement, pore‐size distribution analysis and bioimpedance analysis, it is shown that water in a cellular tissue (e.g., potatoes) is mostly intracellular at lower temperatures at which cell membranes are intact. During drying at high‐temperatures, cell membranes in potatoes are damaged, and the moisture transport pathway is primarily extracellular (through intercellular spaces and the lacunae created by the killed cells), with a much lower resistance to water transport. The difference in moisture diffusivity in potatoes for the two pathways has been estimated to be three orders of magnitude. Therefore, transport properties measured or predicted at low temperatures cannot be used for high temperatures because they correspond to different moisture migration pathways. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
High solids concentration agitation for minerals process intensification
Authors: Wu J. , Wang S. , Graham L. , Parthasarathy R. , Nguyen B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBy using mixing intensification involving high solids concentration as a means to achieve process intensification for the mineral process industry is discussed here. Improving agitator energy efficiency is essential for operating at high solids concentrations. It is shown that improved agitator energy efficiency can be achieved by removing baffles and using higher power number impellers at high solids loadings. Power consumption (50–80%) reductions were demonstrated in the experiments. It is also suggested that slurry stratification in tanks can be used to boost either solids residence time or slurry mass flow. Basic equations related to solids residence time and solids throughput are presented for guidance toward minerals process intensification. An example on doubling throughput via intensification is presented. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Bubbles in a fluidized bed: A fast X‐ray scanner
Authors: Mudde R. F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present experiments on a bubble train in a 23‐cm‐diameter fluidized bed of a Geldart B powder. The bubbles are injected via a single capillary inserted in the bed. We use our double X‐ray tomographic scanner to measure the solids distribution in two parallel cross sections of the bed. We report data for four different heights of the measuring planes above the capillary outlet. The velocity of individual bubbles is found from the time of flight from the lower to the upper plane. We have done separate calibration experiments for the velocity. In this article, we present data for the size and velocity of individual bubbles. From the bubble velocity, we could obtain the vertical dimension of the bubbles. This makes it possible to measure the volume of each bubble. The results show that our scanner is capable of measuring properties of bubbles with a size of 2.5 cm and above. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Unique hydrogen adsorption properties of graphene
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Stuckert Nicholas R. , Yang Ralph T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGraphene showed an unusually high hydrogen storage capacity as well as a unique, slow hydrogen adsorption process compared with a variety of carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, activated carbons, mesoporous carbons, templated carbons, and metal organic frameworks). Catalytic dissociation of hydrogen on graphene is observed for the first time. The hydrogen dissociation rate on graphene is also significantly faster than the adsorption rate. This leads to the conclusion that the most active sites on graphene for hydrogen dissociation are not the only sites where the enhanced adsorption occurs. The mechanistic differences in adsorption on graphene when compared with the other carbons are further demonstrated by differences in temperature‐programed desorption results and heats of adsorption. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Lemurs in a complex landscape: mapping species density in subtropical dry forests of southwestern Madagascar using data at multiple levels
Authors: Axel Anne C. , Maurer Brian A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe study of southern dry forest lemurs has been largely restricted to small reserves; yet, the majority of the region's lemur populations reside outside protected areas.Lemur cattaandPropithecus verreauxioccupy the same forests but have different dietary preferences. This study assessedL. cattaandP. verreauxipopulation densities across a 3‐km dry forest gradient (1,539 ha) in southern Madagascar. The study was designed to allow lemur densities to be related to particular forest types. A particular aim of this study was to collect lemur data in both protected and unprotected areas. Density estimates were calculated using point transect distance sampling in a study area that contained the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve and the adjacent disturbed forests. The highest densities recorded for each species were in the protected area where the two species were most segregated in their distribution, withL. cattadensity highest in gallery forest type andP. verreauxidensity highest in dry deciduous. Densities of both species varied widely outside the protected area, butP. verreauxidensity was more uniform than wasL. catta.Results of this study indicate that patterns of lemur density in protected areas are not representative of patterns in disturbed forests; this also suggests that we cannot fully understand the ecological constraints facing primate species by studying them only in protected areas. This research highlights the value of pairing the study of landscape‐level patterns of species distribution with both local ground‐level ecological interpretations and broad‐scale satellite data; information from only one level may give an incomplete view of the community. Am. J. Primatol. 73:38–52, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bonding, biophilia, biosynergy, and the future of primates in the wild
Authors: Rose Anthony L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHuman and nonhuman primates bond with one another in countless ways, and the results are varied and vital to the individuals and species involved. The manifesto that is the basis for the collection of essays in which this commentary is included proposes that the “human/nonhuman bonds that arise in primatological research and practice deserve and demand study and research.” An essential corollary of this proposal is that the primatologists themselves must be studied. The aim of this essay is to explore the influence of human/nonhuman primate bonding on conservation practice and on the future of primates in the wild. This commentary applies the author's professional experience as a conservation psychologist and his research on the impact of profound interspecies bonds on human worldviews, attitudes, and behavior. It examines two general categories of bonds: those driven by Biophilia (human fascination with life) and those influenced by Biosynergy (mutual enrichment of life). It is the author's premise that biosynergy promotes complex collaborative interspecies bonds that broaden the conservationist's desire to enhance synergy among all organisms in an ecosystem. Conversely, biophilia induces relatively simple unidirectional bonds between humans and other animals that deepen the conservationist's desire to understand and protect certain species. This contrast raises some crucial questions. Do biophilia‐driven bonds between conservationists and their favorite primates blind them to the synergistic needs of all species and impair their ability to work for sustained preservation of threatened habitat? Does biosynergy‐based human/nature bonding enhance focus on conservation as an ecological science and thus ignore species‐specific factors crucial to assure survival of endangered primates? How can both types of bonds be optimally applied to the conservation of wildlife and wilderness? Am. J. Primatol. 73:245–252, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population‐level right‐handedness for a coordinated bimanual task in naturalistic housed chimpanzees: replication and extension in 114 animals from Zambia and Spain
Authors: Llorente Miquel , Riba David , Palou Laia , Carrasco Lara , Mosquera Marina , Colell Montserrat , Feliu Olga 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRecently, many studies have been conducted on manual laterality in chimpanzees. Nevertheless, whether nonhuman primates exhibit population‐level handedness remains a topic of considerable debate. One of the behaviors studied has been bimanual coordinated actions. Although recent studies have highlighted that captive chimpanzees show handedness at population level for these tasks, some authors have questioned the validity and consistency of these results. The first reason has been the humanization of the samples. The second one has been that the results refer to animals in American biomedical centers and the studies were conducted by the same team [WD Hopkins et al.]. This article aims to assess the laterality in bimanual coordination (tube task) activities in animals housed in an intermediate environment (Chimfunshi, Zambia). This has been conducted by replicating previous studies on similar samples (Mona Foundation, Spain), and then by extending the results to chimpanzees housed in intermediate settings. Individuals were evaluated through four experimental sessions (tests). Results indicated that 86% of the Chimfunshi sample was lateralized (48% RH, 38% LH). Furthermore, the sample showed population‐level right‐handedness in the mean handedness index, in Test 1, Test 2, and the first half of the study (Test 1+2). Rearing experience did not have an influence on hand preference. Taken together, the two sample (intermediate settings: Chimfunshi and Mona) results indicate a clear right‐handedness. In conclusion, this replication and extension shows that (1) the Mona and Chimfunshi chimpanzees are right‐handed in certain conditions, (2) the results are consistent with those obtained by Hopkins in captive settings, (3) the humanization of the samples does not affect manual laterality, (4) females are right‐handed at population‐level, but not males, and (5) these results reinforce the fact that the complexity of the task plays a dominant role in the expression of hand laterality among chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 73:281–290, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene/polypropylene‐g‐polystyrene/polystyrene blends
Authors: Li Jinge , Li Huayi , Ke Yucai , Li Qian , Zhang Liaoyun , Hu Youliang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene (PP), PP/polystyrene (PS), and PP/PP‐g‐PS/PS blends were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry at different cooling rates. The Jeziorny modified Avrami equation, Ozawa method, and Mo method were used to describe the crystallization kinetics for all of the samples. The kinetics parameters, including the half‐time of crystallization, the peak crystallization temperature, the Avrami exponent, the kinetic crystallization rate constant, the crystallization activation energy, and the F(T) and a parameters were determined. All of the results clearly indicate that the PP‐g‐PS copolymer accelerated the crystallization rate of the PP component in the PP/PP‐g‐PS/PS blends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
In vivo fluorescence imaging of E‐selectin: Quantitative detection of endothelial activation in a mouse model of arthritis
Authors: Gompels Luke L. , Madden Leigh , Lim Ngee Han , Inglis Julia J. , McConnell Ellen , Vincent Tonia L. , Haskard Dorian O. , Paleolog Ewa M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn vivo optical imaging can delineate at the macroscopic level processes that are occurring at the cellular and molecular levels. E‐selectin, a leukocyte adhesion molecule expressed on endothelium, is induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and other cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is widely used to study the disease mechanisms and identify new treatments for RA. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate E‐selectin–targeted fluorescence imaging in vivo in a mouse model of paw edema generated by local injection of TNFα as well as in mice with CIA.MethodsAnimals with either CIA or TNFα‐induced paw edema were injected with anti–E‐selectin or control antibodies labeled with a DyLight 750‐nm near‐infrared (NIR) probe. In vivo imaging studies were undertaken using an NIR optical imaging system, and images were coregistered with plain radiographic images.ResultsThe mean fluorescence intensity measured over the time‐course of TNFα‐induced edema demonstrated a 1.97‐fold increase (P < 0.001) in signal in inflamed paws at 8 hours following injection of anti–E‐selectin antibody, as compared to that in the isotype control. In the CIA model, a 2.34‐fold increase in E‐selectin–targeted signal was demonstrated (P < 0.01). Furthermore, significant E‐selectin–targeted signal was observed in the paws of animals immunized with collagen that did not display overt signs of arthritis.ConclusionE‐selectin–targeted fluorescence in vivo imaging is a quantifiable method of detecting endothelial activation in arthritis and can potentially be applied to the quantification of disease and the investigation of the effects of new therapies. Importantly, this approach may also be useful for the detection of subclinical disease in RA.
Suppression of autoimmunity and organ pathology in lupus‐prone mice upon inhibition of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase type IV
Authors: Ichinose Kunihiro , Juang Yuang‐Taung , Crispín José C. , Kis‐Toth Katalin , Tsokos George C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrant immune cell function. Treatment involves the use of indiscriminate immunosuppression, which results in significant side effects. SLE T cells express high levels of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV), which translocates to the nucleus upon engagement of the T cell receptor–CD3 complex and accounts for abnormal T cell function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of CaMKIV would improve disease pathology.MethodsWe treated MRL/lpr mice with KN‐93, a CaMKIV inhibitor, starting at week 8 or week 12 of age and continuing through week 16 and evaluated skin lesions, proteinuria, kidney histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression. We also determined the effect of silencing of CAMK4 on interferon‐γ (IFNγ) expression by human SLE T cells.ResultsCaMKIV inhibition in MRL/lpr mice resulted in significant suppression of nephritis and skin disease, decreased expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD80 on B cells, and suppression of IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α production. In human SLE T cells, silencing of CAMK4 resulted in suppression of IFNγ production.ConclusionWe conclude that suppression of CaMKIV mitigates disease development in lupus‐prone mice by suppressing cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. Specific silencing of CAMK4 in human T cells results in similar suppression of IFNγ production. Our data justify the development of small‐molecule CaMKIV inhibitors for the treatment of patients with SLE.