bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution in dilute diblock‐copolymer melts
Authors: Niethammer Barbara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe consider diblock copolymer melts in the regime that the volume fraction of one component is small. In this regime microphase separation results in the formation of a large number of small spherical particles. We present here a simple method to derive effective evolution equations for the motion of such particles that is based on the gradient flow structure of the underlying free boundary problem (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epipolythiodiketopiperazine Alkaloids: Total Syntheses and Biological Activities
Authors: Iwasa Eriko , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEpipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids are structurally characterized by the presence of diketopiperazine rings having sensitive (poly)sulfide bridges, and most of them are classified as fungal secondary metabolites. Various biological activities have been reported for members of this family, including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antiallergic, and antimalarial activities. Notably, some of the molecules were reported to show specific inhibitory activities against certain critical enzymes. Since the supply of these compounds from natural sources is quite limited, efficient chemical syntheses of ETP alkaloids would be useful for biological studies. However, total syntheses of ETP alkaloids remain a formidable challenge in current synthetic organic chemistry because of their structural complexity. In this review article, we present an overview of synthetic approaches to the ETP alkaloids during the past 50 years, and discuss significant milestones. We also summarize the biological activities of these compounds, focusing on the molecular mechanisms.
Identification of potential biomarkers for predicting acute dermal irritation by proteomic analysis
Authors: Zhang Qihao , Dai Taoli , Zhang Lei , Zhang Minjing , Xiao Xue , Hu Hao , Zou Ping , Liu Xia , Xiang Qi , Su Zhijian , Huang Yadong , He Qing‐Yu 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn vitro alternative tests aiming at replacing the traditional animal test for predicting the irritant potential of chemicals have been developed, but the assessment parameters or endpoints are still not sufficient for analysis. To discover novel endpoints for skin irritation responses, a proteomics approach was used to analyze the protein expression in human keratinocytes exposed to sodium lauryl sulfate in the present study. Among the 20 identified proteins with altered expression, small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and superoxide dismutase [Cu–Zn] were down‐regulated while cofilin‐1 was up‐regulated significantly in response to the chemical challenge. Keratinocytes were exposed to acid and basic chemicals for further validation of the proteins. HSP27 displayed the most significant alteration both in mRNA and protein levels, accompanied by nuclear translocation. The irritation also induced an increased production of interleukin‐1α in keratinocytes. These findings suggest that these proteins may be combinational biomarkers or additional endpoints for skin hazard assessment. Further investigation into the protein alterations would be helpful for the mechanistic understanding of skin irritation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leucine pools in Escherichia coli biofilm discovered by Raman imaging
Authors: Noothalapati Venkata Hemanth Nag , Nomura Nobuhiko , Shigeto Shinsuke 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn structured communities of bacteria known as biofilms, a variety of biomolecules have been shown to play a unique role as signals and/or regulators in biofilm formation. Here, we report that high levels of the amino acid leucine (leucine pool) were detected, for the first time, within microcolonies in a 30‐h‐old Escherichia coli biofilm by Raman imaging. Localization of leucine revealed by multifrequency Raman images indicates leucine accumulation during the early stage of the E. coli biofilm formation, which may have resulted from physiological environment‐specific metabolic adaptation. We demonstrate that our label‐free Raman imaging method provides a useful platform for directly identifying still unknown natural products produced in biofilms as well as for visualizing heterogeneous distributions of biofilm constituents in situ. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategen gestärkt aus der Krise
Authors: Schneider Bernd , Kuschel Matthias 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBei Transaktionen zeigt die Statistik des Jahres 2010 zwei Trends: Zum einen stieg das durchschnittliche Volumen, zum anderen nahmen Finanzinvestoren (wieder) aktiver am Geschehen teil. Daher lag das Transaktionsvolumen deutlich über dem des Vorjahrs.
Oligomere trennen mit Recycling‐GPC
Authors: Höger Sigurd 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie Recycling‐GPC isoliert Substanzen aus schwer trennbaren Reaktionsgemischen in reiner Form. Damit werden Synthesen durchführbar, die man früher aufgrund von Trennproblemen nicht erwogen hätte. Ein Beispiel ist die mehrstufige gezielte Synthese definierter Oligomere.
Identification and characterization of human leukocyte antigen class I ligands in renal cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Seliger Barbara , Dressler Sven P. , Massa Chiara , Recktenwald Christian V. , Altenberend Florian , Bukur Juergen , Marincola Francesco M. , Wang Ena , Stevanovic Stefan , Lichtenfels Rudolf 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe presentation of tumor antigen‐derived peptides by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I surface antigens on tumor cells is a key prerequisite to trigger effective T‐cell responses in cancer patients. Multiple complementary strategies like cDNA and serological expression cloning, reverse immunology and different ‘ome’‐based methods have been employed to identify potential T‐cell targets. This report focuses on a ligandomic profiling approach leading to the identification of 49 naturally processed HLA class I peptide ligands presented on the cell surface of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. The source proteins of the defined HLA ligands are classified according to their biological function and subcellular localization. Previously established cDNA microarray data of paired tissue specimen of RCC and renal epithelium assessed the transcriptional regulation for 28 source proteins. In addition, HLA‐A2‐restricted, peptide‐specific T cells directed against a HLA ligand derived from sulfiredoxin‐1 (SRXN1) were generated, which were able to recognize and lyse ligand‐presenting target cells in a HLA class I‐restricted manner. Furthermore, tumor‐infiltrating T cells isolated from a RCC patient were also able to kill SRXN1 expressing tumor cells. Thus, this experimental strategy might be suited to define potential candidate biomarkers and novel targets for T‐cell‐based immunotherapies of this disease.
The cell surface proteome of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Dreisbach Annette , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Buist Girbe 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a wide spread opportunistic pathogen that can cause a range of life‐threatening diseases. To obtain a better understanding of the global mechanisms for pathogenesis and to identify novel targets for therapeutic interventions, the S. aureus proteome has been recently ‘dissected’ in several studies. Proteins that are exposed on the cell surface – collectively referred to as the ‘surfacome’ – have received particular attention, because they can directly interact with extracellular molecules, including drugs and antibodies. Accordingly, these proteins represent interesting candidate targets for active or passive immunization against S. aureus. Here, we review the proteomics strategies used, and we compare the results that were so far obtained. Since the surfacome is part of the cell wall proteome, we first present an overview of general properties of the S. aureus cell envelope, cell wall‐associated proteins and mechanisms for protein attachment to the cell wall. Then we zoom in on the surfacome, and discuss the pro's and con's of the specific strategies that have been applied for surfacome profiling. The insights thus obtained may serve as leads for future studies on the S. aureus surfacome and possible applications.
Concise Review: Epidermal Grafting: The Case for Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Lemaître Gilles , Nissan Xavier , Baldeschi Christine , Peschanski Marc 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Although cell therapy has been clinically implemented for several decades, its use is hampered by the difficulty in supplying the amount of epidermal substitute needed to extend the application to all patients who may benefit from it. How human pluripotent stem cells may help meet this challenge is the topic of this review. After reporting on the main current applications and needs of skin grafting, we explore the potential of pluripotent stem cells—either of embryonic origin or produced by genetic reprogramming—to provide the needed clinical-grade keratinocytes, fulfilling industrial scale production, and quality standards. Immunogenicity is clearly an issue, although one may expect cells displaying characteristics of fetal or embryonic skin to have a much better tolerance than adult keratinocytes. The open possibility of a bank of pluripotent stem cell lines selected on the basis of interesting haplotypes may eventually provide a definitive answer. Actually, making the case for pluripotent stem cells in skin grafting goes well beyond that specific cell type. Most cell phenotypes that normally participate to the formation of dermis and epidermis can either already be obtained through in vitro differentiation from pluripotent stem cells or would likely migrate from the host into a graft. However, differentiation protocols for specialized glands and hair follicles remain to be designed. A future can be foreseen when reconstructive medicine will make use of composite grafts integrating several different cell types and biomaterials.
Conversion of Sox17 into a Pluripotency Reprogramming Factor by Reengineering Its Association with Oct4 on DNA
Authors: Jauch Ralf , Aksoy Irene , Hutchins Andrew Paul , Ng Calista Keow Leng , Tian Xian Feng , Chen Jiaxuan , Palasingam Paaventhan , Robson Paul , Stanton Lawrence W. , Kolatkar Prasanna R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Very few proteins are capable to induce pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and their biochemical uniqueness remains unexplained. For example, Sox2 cooperates with other transcription factors to generate iPS cells, but Sox17, despite binding to similar DNA sequences, cannot. Here, we show that Sox2 and Sox17 exhibit inverse heterodimerization preferences with Oct4 on the canonical versus a newly identified compressed sox/oct motif. We can swap the cooperativity profiles of Sox2 and Sox17 by exchanging single amino acids at the Oct4 interaction interface resulting in Sox2KE and Sox17EK proteins. The reengineered Sox17EK now promotes reprogramming of somatic cells to iPS, whereas Sox2KE has lost this potential. Consistently, when Sox2KE is overexpressed in embryonic stem cells it forces endoderm differentiation similar to wild-type Sox17. Together, we demonstrate that strategic point mutations that facilitate Sox/Oct4 dimer formation on variant DNA motifs lead to a dramatic swap of the bioactivities of Sox2 and Sox17.
Haematospermia
Authors: Ramsden Alistair R. , Williams Jonathan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlthough rarely the harbinger of serious underlying pathology, haematospermia is associated with high levels of anxiety for both patient and physician. Most cases of this alarming symptom are benign and self‐limiting, however, and the management of a patient with haematospermia is focused on identifying reversible causes, excluding malignancy and ultimately providing reassurance in most cases. For the majority, this can be achieved in primary care with simple and inexpensive tests, with very few patients requiring referral to a urologist. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Hassan S. S. , Romero R. , Vidyadhari D. , Fusey S. , Baxter J. K. , Khandelwal M. , Vijayaraghavan J. , Trivedi Y. , Soma‐Pillay P. , Sambarey P. , Dayal A. , Potapov V. , O'Brien J. , Astakhov V. , Yuzko O. , Kinzler W. , Dattel B. , Sehdev H. , Mazheika L. , Manchulenko D. , Gervasi M. T. , Sullivan L. , Conde‐Agudelo A. , Phillips J. A. , Creasy G. W. ,   for the PREGNANT Trial
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectivesWomen with a sonographic short cervix in the mid‐trimester are at increased risk for preterm delivery. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy and safety of using micronized vaginal progesterone gel to reduce the risk of preterm birth and associated neonatal complications in women with a sonographic short cervix.MethodsThis was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial that enrolled asymptomatic women with a singleton pregnancy and a sonographic short cervix (10–20 mm) at 19 + 0 to 23 + 6 weeks of gestation. Women were allocated randomly to receive vaginal progesterone gel or placebo daily starting from 20 to 23 + 6 weeks until 36 + 6 weeks, rupture of membranes or delivery, whichever occurred first. Randomization sequence was stratified by center and history of a previous preterm birth. The primary endpoint was preterm birth before 33 weeks of gestation. Analysis was by intention to treat.ResultsOf 465 women randomized, seven were lost to follow‐up and 458 (vaginal progesterone gel, n = 235; placebo, n = 223) were included in the analysis. Women allocated to receive vaginal progesterone had a lower rate of preterm birth before 33 weeks than did those allocated to placebo (8.9% (n = 21) vs 16.1% (n = 36); relative risk (RR), 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33–0.92; P = 0.02). The effect remained significant after adjustment for covariables (adjusted RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.31–0.91; P = 0.02). Vaginal progesterone was also associated with a significant reduction in the rate of preterm birth before 28 weeks (5.1% vs 10.3%; RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.25–0.97; P = 0.04) and 35 weeks (14.5% vs 23.3%; RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42–0.92; P = 0.02), respiratory distress syndrome (3.0% vs 7.6%; RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17–0.92; P = 0.03), any neonatal morbidity or mortality event (7.7% vs 13.5%; RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33–0.99; P = 0.04) and birth weight < 1500 g (6.4% (15/234) vs 13.6% (30/220); RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26–0.85; P = 0.01). There were no differences in the incidence of treatment‐related adverse events between the groups.ConclusionsThe administration of vaginal progesterone gel to women with a sonographic short cervix in the mid‐trimester is associated with a 45% reduction in the rate of preterm birth before 33 weeks of gestation and with improved neonatal outcome. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying patterns in spatial information: A survey of methods
Authors: Shekhar Shashi , Evans Michael R. , Kang James M. , Mohan Pradeep 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExplosive growth in geospatial data and the emergence of new spatial technologies emphasize the need for automated discovery of spatial knowledge. Spatial data mining is the process of discovering interesting and previously unknown, but potentially useful patterns from large spatial databases. The complexity of spatial data and implicit spatial relationships limits the usefulness of conventional data mining techniques for extracting spatial patterns. In this paper, we explore the emerging field of spatial data mining, focusing on different methods to extract patterns from spatial information. We conclude with a look at future research needs. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2011 1 193–214 DOI: 10.1002/widm.25This article is categorized under:Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining
Filtered‐top‐k association discovery
Authors: Webb Geoffrey I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAssociation mining has been one of the most intensively researched areas of data mining. However, direct uptake of the resulting technologies has been relatively low. This paper examines some of the reasons why the dominant paradigms in association mining have not lived up to their promise, and argues that a powerful alternative is provided by top‐k techniques coupled with appropriate statistical and other filtering. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 183–192 DOI: 10.1002/widm.28This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Association Rules
Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Technologies > Association Rules
Density‐based clustering
Authors: Kriegel Hans‐Peter , Kröger Peer , Sander Jörg , Zimek Arthur 
Published: April 2011

AbstractClustering refers to the task of identifying groups or clusters in a data set. In density‐based clustering, a cluster is a set of data objects spread in the data space over a contiguous region of high density of objects. Density‐based clusters are separated from each other by contiguous regions of low density of objects. Data objects located in low‐density regions are typically considered noise or outliers. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 231–240 DOI: 10.1002/widm.30This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Intraoperative Ultrasonography‐Guided Excision of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions
Authors: Bennett Ian , Biggar Magdalena 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe use of intraoperative ultrasonography (US) to localize and guide excision of nonpalpable breast lesions has advantages over other techniques. It avoids the need for additional resources and minimizes patient morbidity.Methods and resultsThe technique of surgeon‐performed US‐guided excision as described in this report is straightforward and safe, easily reproducible, and suitable for teaching.ConclusionsThe US‐guided breast excision technique is predictable and accurate, minimizes costs, and is advocated as an appropriate method for US‐visible lesions requiring surgical excision. With appropriate training, breast surgeons can easily acquire the necessary skills to incorporate the use of US in their surgical practice.
Nondestructive determination of tannin content in intact individual acorns by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Takahashi Akiko , Shimada Takuya , Kawano Sumio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo examine the effects of tannin content in acorns of Quercus serrata on the fate of individual seeds, we developed a system for nondestructive chemical analysis of single acorns by near‐infrared spectroscopy. We modeled the relationship between the normalized second‐derivative spectra and tannin content by partial least squares regression. We obtained the best calibration model (r2 = 0.836; standard error of calibration = 1.90; standard error of validation = 1.43; bias = 0.10). The regression coefficient plots showed that the key band for the model was 938 nm, close to the absorption band of tannic acid in aqueous solution.
A new species of Schistophoron from India
Authors: SINGH K. P. , SWARNALATHA G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSchistophoron indicum, a new lichen species, is described from India. It is characterized by lirellate mazaediate ascomata and dark brown, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, bilocular to tetralocular-submuriform, smooth-walled, small ascospores.
Topographical Portraits: Seven Views of Richard Avedon'sIn the American West
Authors: Gidley Mick 
Published: April 2011

This essay addresses some of the ambiguities of the western portrait project conducted by Richard Avedon (1923–2004) between 1978 and 1984, a project that resulted in both a major exhibition, initially mounted at the Anion Carter Museum of Western Art in Fort Worth, Texas, and the portfolio-sized bookIn the American West(1985). The book version, insofar as such a thing is possible, echoed between covers, in sequencing and scale, the design experience of the exhibition, with its large prints of the images, even though, according the person who supervised the photographic printing, Avedon's regular studio manager Rue-di Hofman, the reproductions in the book did not achieve quite the same “intensifying, clarifying” quality (his words) as the exhibition prints, which — at life size or slightly larger — were huge. All of the images were taken in the same way, with the subjects standing in front of a large sheet of white paper fixed to a wall, in natural light, and in the shade. The white-background technique is a precondition for several of the project's ambiguities. It means that the subjects of the resulting portraits are, in the perceptive words of one critic, “literally nowhere.”Certainly, if they arefrom— or evenof— the American West, they are not visuallyinthe American West. Indeed, a question mark is raised over the project's referentiality in general. I stress “ambiguities” because the project really does touch upon problematic issues in a number of areas that seem, still, at the suspension of my labors, to elude firm resolution. These areas include both the obvious, such as photographic portraiture and the representation of the American West, and the less evident, such as public taste, corporate patronage, and, at the project's philosophical edge, ontology. I will seek to illuminateIn the American Westby situating it in several contexts — biographical, historical, geographic, aesthetic and, tentatively, philosophical — each of which should serve to bring out differing, and sometimes conflicting, aspects of the project.
Song Post Height in Relation to Predator Diversity and Urbanization
Authors: Møller Anders P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBirds may sing from positions in the vegetation (song posts) to allow efficient transmission of sexual and territorial vocal displays while simultaneously minimizing the risk of predation because of avian and mammalian predators. Because urban areas are deficient in specialized avian predators, but have many cats while the opposite is the case for nearby rural areas, urban birds should display higher in the vegetation. In a comparison of the abundance of predators in three cities (Oslo, Brønderslev, Orsay), I show that avian predators are more common in rural areas, while mammalian predators are more common in urban areas. Singing birds sang from higher positions in the vegetation of urban than nearby rural areas. Differences in song post heights between urban and rural areas were consistent among cities, suggesting inherent specific difference in microhabitat choice. Bird species that have become urbanized recently had similar song post heights in urban and rural habitats, while species that have been urbanized for a long time sang from relatively higher song posts in urban areas. These findings suggest that urban and rural birds differ in habitat use when singing. These differences in song post choice between urban and rural habitats may have a number of consequences for vocal displays in the two different habitats.