bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Middle and Upper Lias of the Dorsetshire Coast
Authors: Day E. C. H. 
Published: October 2009

§ I.
Introduction
.

1.
Sir H. De la Beche's subdivision of the Dorsetshire Lias
.—The only published section giving details of the Lias formation of Dorsetshire, at present in existence, is one made more than thirty years ago by the late Sir Henry De la Beche*. When I undertook the investigation of the geology of the coast in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis, I soon found that that section, though according well with certain general facts, was owing to the rapid progress of geological knowledge, and the consequent changes in our system of classification, utterly useless to students. The divisions and subdivisions of Dela Beche were founded solely on lithological grounds, whereas those of the present day are based in great measure upon palæontological considerations. He classed all our Upper and nearly half our Middle Lias with the Inferior Oolite Sands†, and he subdivided the Lias, as then understood, accordingly. As he had classed sands with sands, and marls with the Lias, so he divided the latter into “Upper Lias Marls” (which, under the present system, include both the Middle and Lower Lias Marls), “Lias Limestones” (which correspond to a subdivision of the Lower Lias), and “Lower Lias Marls” (which are the “
Avicula contorta
series,” no longer regarded even as Liassic).

The section quoted gave to the entire Lias Formation of Dorsetshire a thickness of 600 feet; our present acceptation of the term includes between 1000 and 1100 feet of strata.
The plan which I have adopted, in order to lay
On the Gneiss and other Azoic Rocks, and on the superjacent Palæozoic Formations, of Bavaria and Bohemia
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. 
Published: October 2009

In my last journey to Bohemia, I had no sooner reached Darmstadt than I was gratified to find that, in two of the most recently published geological maps of Germany, M. Ludwig had marked the Palæozoic subdivisions as Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

Thus, in travelling to the baths of Marienbad, I perceived that on the western flank of the crystalline rocks of Eastern Bohemia and the Erzgebirge the author had thus named and delineated the
three
oldest of these groups in the tract around Hot, where, when I first explored it, “grauwacke” only was applied to the whole region by German authorities.

It was, indeed, in the year 1839 that Professor Sedgwick and myself began to make the subdivision, by pointing out the existence of both Devonian and Carboniferous limestones near Hof. In subsequent years, with the good maps of Naumann, I tracked Silurian rocks, with Graptolites, as separated from Devonian limestones, extending from the Frankenwald into the Thüringerwald, where certain meagre representatives of the Tipper Carboniferous rocks are surmounted by a full Permian series.
Proceeding from Eisenach on the north-west, where the great Palæozoic promontory of the Thüringerwald terminates in a point, we see, in advancing to the south-east, that these Palæozoic rocks gradually expand, until, in the latitude of Hof, they occupy a great width, and are succeeded on the south-east by the inferior azoic and crystalline rocks of the Fichtelgebirge and the broad tracts of eastern Bohemia.
On the Occurrence of a Bituminous Mineral at Mountgerald, Scotland
Authors: Mackenzie A. C. 
Published: October 2009

The author first gave a history of the discovery of this bituminous substance at Monutgerald, stating that it was first noticed about fifteen years ago, by the tenant of the farm of Woodlands (Mr. M'Ewan), whilst making a drain. The farmer followed the seam as far as he was able, and procured several cartloads of the mineral, which he used as fuel.
Mr. Mackenzie then noticed the similarity of this substance to the Albertite of New Brunswick; he also stated that he first saw it, about five years ago, in a field on the farm of Woodlands, and that, more recently, a railway-cutting on the farm of Mount Rich, 400 yards south-east of the former locality, enabled, him to make the following observations regarding its mode of occurrence.
The line of railway here passes through a cutting in what is called the Craig, and it was in this cutting that further quantities of the mineral were discovered, from which the specimens in the Society's possession were taken.
Where the cutting commences, about 1¼ mile from Dingwall, the rock consists of a grey sandstone similar to that of the Tulloch Quarry, and having a north-west dip; but the strata are much disturbed and broken. The beds continue for about 18 yards, at the end of which space there appears a shaly rock mixed with clay, dipping north at a sharp angle, and underlying the sandstone for about 12 yards.
On the Formation and Preservation of Lakes by Ice Action
Authors: Belt Thomas 
Published: October 2009

The author remarks on the number of lakes, great and small, that occur in Nova Scotia, either in connected chains or isolated on the tops and sides of the hills. It is a common feature in British America, increasing as we proceed northwards.
The lakes constituting the Shubenacadian chain, stretching almost across the province of Nova Scotia, are found by the author to be in true rock-basins of hard quartzites and metamorphosed schists, of Lower Silurian age, covered irregularly with unstratifed Boalderclay. The surfaces are scratched, grooved, polished, and moutonnée, and bear huge transported boulders.
A Notice of the Geology of Jamaica, especially with reference to the District of Clarendon; with Descriptions of the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene Corals of the Islands
Authors: Duncan P. Martin , Wall G. P. 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

T
he
Corals from Jamaica hitherto described came from the inclined white limestones, and from the shales and sands subordinate to them; their Mid-tertiary age has been demonstrated, together with that of the Shells and
Foraminifera
; and the general succession of the Tertiary strata has been brought several times before the Society. All the Corals, moreover, which have been described from the other islands of the Caribbean Sea were derived from strata of a Miocene age. But this communication refers to the Cretaceous and Eocene as well as to the Miocene fauna of Jamaica, and it offers the first palæontological proofs of the existence of the Eocene formation in the West Indian Islands†.

To do justice to those engaged in the geological survey of Jamaica, it is necessary to bear in mind that there is no good map of the island, no perfect trigonometrical survey, that dense vegetation covers everything, and that the physical difficulties are very great. Hence it has arisen that the geology of the island is still in its infancy. The general features of the country have been determined, and the relations of the series of formations also, but their palæontology has not been much studied.
After the publication of Sir. H. De la Beche's memoir on Jamaica, little was done for many years in the geology of the island, and the first important communication on it was a diagram of the succession of the strata, which was drawn by the late Mr. Barrett, and which
On the Correlation of the Cretaceous Formations of the North-east of Ireland
Authors: Tate Ralph 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a former communication I described “The Rhætic and Lower Liassic Rocks of the neighbourhood of Belfast”*, and I now propose to continue the subject with a description of the strata which surmount the Liassic series, namely, the Upper Cretaceous rocks in part.

An incentive to study these formations was the knowledge that the results of the labours of the late Robert McAdam, Esq., F.G.S., had been anxiously looked for by many geologists†, who hoped that the true relationship of the Irish Cretaceous beds would have been satisfactorily determined by him from the study of his own collection of local fossils. That geologist has passed away from amongst us without having accomplished these researches; and as his collection has not been applied to the furtherance of the much-desired object up to the present time, I have undertaken the task he may have intended to perform. During a residence of two years and a half in Belfast, I have worked assiduously in collecting fossils from the Irish Cretaceous strata, and in studying their lithology and stratigraphical characters, with the hope that these materials would enable me to correlate them satisfactorily; and I shall now endeavour to show that they belong to the so-called Upper Greensand and to the Upper Chalk.
The general features of the disposition of the Neozoic rocks in the neighbourhood of Belfast may be understood by reference to the accompanying section.

II. A
bsent
F
ormations
.

1.
Oolitic Strata
.—In the foregoing section, the Cretaceous beds
On the Geological Structure of the Malvern Hills and adjacent Districts
Authors: Holl Harvey B. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
a short communication which was read at the last meeting of the British Association (1863), “On the Geology of the Malvern Hills,” I expressed my belief that the rocks which had hitherto been treated of as syenite, and supposed to form the axis of the hills, were in reality of metamorphic origin, and belonged to the Pre-Cambrian, Azoic, or Laurentian age†.

In that communication I also intimated that I should enter into further details at no distant date; but the completion of the paper has been delayed by circumstances which were unavoidable. In the meantime, I have been enabled to clear up certain points on which I was not then altogether satisfied, and to avail myself of some recent researches of my friend the Rev. J. H. Timins, of West Malling, into the chemical constitution of many of these rocks, which have a bearing upon the subject of this memoir, as will be seen in the sequel*.
The objects of this communication are the following:—(1)to discuss the structure and origin of the crystalline rocks of the Malvern Hills; (2) to give the result of an examination of the super-imposed Palæozoic strata immediately adjacent; and (3) to endeavour to show the chronological relationship of the several events in their geological history.

II. M
etamorphic
R
ocks
.

It will be preferable to commence the description at the southern extremity of the hills, where older deposits are seen resting upon the metamorphic rocks than in the northern part of the chain.
1.
Note on communicating the Notes and Map of Dr. Julius Haast upon the Glaciers and Rock-Basins of New Zealand
Authors: Murchison R. I. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
a letter to Sir R. I. Murchison, Dr. Haast informed him that for five years he had attentively followed the discussions on glacier-theories, and that, independently of other authors, he came, in March 1862, to the same conclusions in New Zealand as Professor Ramsay had come to in Europe, namely, “that the numerous lakes met with on both sides of the high Alpine chain of New Zealand were formed by the action of glaciers.” He further stated, that this view was communicated to various friends in Europe, and printed in his Colonial Reports, as Geologist of the Province of Canterbury.

Until recently, the constant field- and other occupations of Dr. Haast have prevented his carrying out his intention of writing a paper on the subject for the Geological Society. This paper he hopes to transmit soon; and in the meantime he has forwarded to Sir Roderick Murchison the following notes, as a
résumé
of his views, and has illustrated them by a skilfully executed MS. map, the general features only of which are given on p. 134. He has also transmitted to the Royal Geographical Society a series of very beautifully coloured sketches of all the chief glaciers of New Zealand, and their moraines.

Sir Roderick Murchison then quotes Dr. Haast as follows:—“I fully agree with you that all valleys have not been excavated by glaciers; the more so as there is every proof that glaciers, like watercourses, choose any natural depressions, be it line of junction of two
On the Coal-measures of New South Wales, with
Spirifer, Glossopteris, and Lepidodendron
Authors: Keene William 
Published: October 2009

T
he
main feature in the geology of New South Wales is the “Sydney Sandstone,” and in no case has any younger rock come under my observation. From reports which can be depended upon, there is, however, no lack of more recent deposits in South-western Australia, and I possess specimens, given to me by an explorer, from the River Belliands (Queensland), very near the place of my own examinations in the North-east, containing fine Belemnites and Shells of the Cretaceous period.

In the southern part of New South Wales, near the head-waters of the Lachlan River, I found some remarkable blocks, containing large leaves in high relief, which would, at first sight, be pronounced Tertiary; but, from their position, I cannot separate them from the siliceous beds intercalated with the auriferous shales, far older than the Coal-measures, these leaves are accompanied by very distinct impressions of Ferns; and I beg to direct the special attention of phytologists to the specimens from these beds which will be found in the collection sent by me to the International Exhibition of 1862, and presented by the New South Wales Exhibition Commissioners to the Bath Philosophical Society.
The upper beds of the “Sydney Sandstone” contain shales which I have called “the false coal-measures” (the “Wyanamatta shales” of the Rev. W. B. Clarke). These shales are invariably mistaken by even intelligent miners for the Coal-measures, and I have been frequently called upon to examine them for coal; but their position is 800 feet above the upper
Note on the Volcanic Tufa of Latacunga, at the foot of Cotopaxi; and on the Cangáua, or Volcanic Mud of the Quitenian Andes
Authors: Spruce Richard 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
this paper it was stated that the town of Latacunga (in lat. 1° S., and 9000 feet above the sea) is entirely built of a volcanic tufa, immense deposits of which occur there, that this tufa is due to ancient eruptions of Cotopaxi, and that the smiths of Latacunga and Ambato use it instead of charcoal whenever their stock of that combustible is exhausted. Mr. Spruce then described the tufa as whitish, light, porous, and more or less fibrous. It fuses after having been heated to redness for a considerable time, and on cooling becomes a vitreous mass with a glossy white or greenish surface. It has then only half its original volume, but nearly the same weight.

The deposits of volcanic mud called “Cangáua” were also described. This substance is met with throughout the Quitenian Andes, and the modern towns of Ambato and Riobamba are built of it, though it is said not to constitute a good building-material; it is compact, slightly argillaceous, more or less saline, and yields very slowly to atmospheric agencies or even to running water. The most extensive beds of it, the date of which is known, occur in valleys east of Carguairazo. This mountain was formerly as high as Chimborazo; but on the night of June 29th, 1699, its hollow cone fell in, with a shock that destroyed the neighbouring towns, including Ambato, Riobamba, and Alausi, the latter nearly a degree of latitude to the southward. Very few of the inhabitants of Ambato escaped; and scarcely had they gathered together on the ruins of the town when they were driven away by floods of fetid mud, which united just below its site. The river Patate (a tributary of the Pastasa) and the Ambato, which runs into it, were for some weeks blocked up, and their waters spread over the country, forming large lakes; but they finally re-excavated their original channels*. One valley, however, between Ambato and the village of Tisaleo was completely filled up, and so remains to this day, the stream which traversed it having found another outlet. Here the Cangáua spreads out into broad sheets nearly a quarter of a mile across.
On the Chalk of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following notes were made during holiday rambles in the autumn of the years 1863 and 1864, and as some of them seem to throw a little light on a formation the details of which have been hitherto somewhat neglected, I trust that they may be not unacceptable to the Society.

The divisions of the Chalk in the Isle of Wight are well enough known, but nevertheless it will be as well to mention them here before giving the details as to the line of demarcation between the first two, which is the special object of this paper. They are—

White Chalk with flints, many hundred feet thick (1200 feet or more?).

White Chalk without flints, about 200 feet?

Chalk-marl, 60 or 80 feet?

The “Chloritic Marl,” which my friend and colleague, Mr. Bristow, classes as the bottom part of the Chalk ‡, I should rather look on as belonging to the Upper Greensand; for it seems to me to be the representative of the clayey greensand that forms the upper part of the latter formation in Surrey, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, &c.*; and in taking this view I follow the late Professor E. Forbes and Captain Ibbetson †, although the last-named observer has also spoken of the Chloritic Marl as separating the Chalk-marl from the Upper Greensand, as if he doubted to which formation to refer it, notwithstanding that in the same paper he correlates it with the greensand of Surrey ‡.
I shall not treat
On the Azoic and Palæozoic Rocks of Southern New Brunswick
Authors: Matthew G. E. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
t
is now twenty-two years since Dr. Abraham Gesner made a geological survey of this province.

The grand features recognized by him were the existence of a great interior coal-basin, flanked on either side by more elevated tracts of metamorphic and igneous rocks, and of a large Upper Silurian area, coterminous with the northern boundary of the province.
Among the later observers who have laboured in New Brunswick may be mentioned Principal Dawson, of M'Gill University, Montreal, Dr. James Robb, Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, late State Geologist for Maine, and Prof. L. W. Bailey, of the University of New Brunswick*.
At the time when Dr. Dawson's memoir on the Devonian Flora was written, the sediment underlying the Devonian beds had been examined only in the vicinity of the City of St. John, and, supposing that they formed a connected series, he called them the “St. John Series,” without attempting to fix their precise age.
When my own paper (Observations on the Geology of St. John co., New Brunswick) was written, we had learned to distinguish the “Portland” (nos. 7 and 8 of Dawson's List) as an independent series. But although a break was suspected to exist between the St. John and Bloomsbury groups (no. 4, and nos. 5, 6, in part, of Dawson), a careful examination along the base of the latter did not reveal its occurrence. Subsequent explorations further west confirmed the suspicion, and, with the nearly simultaneous discovery of Trilobites, threw new light upon the relations
On the Discovery of a New Genus of
Cirripedia
in the Wenlock Limestone and Shale of Dudley
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

T
he
genus
Chiton
of Linnæus (established in 1758) is remarkable among the Mollusca from the aberrant form of its shelly covering.

Dr. Woodward, in his ‘Manual of the Mollusca’ (p. 156), thus describes it:—
“The shell is composed of eight transverse imbricating plates, lodged in a coriaceous mantle which forms an expanded margin around the body.
“The first seven plates have posterior apices, the eighth has its apex nearly in front.
“The six middle plates are each divided by lines of sculpturing into a dorsal and two lateral areas.
“All are inserted into the mantle of the animal by processes (apophyses) from their front margins.”

I may add that these plates are always unilinear, and that the two sides are symmetrical, such an instance as a
Chiton
with unsymmetrical or bilineal rows of plates being unknown (see Plate XIV. fig. 6).

More than 200 species are known, occurring in all climates throughout the world, from low water to 25 fathoms; and it is interesting to find that upwards of forty species of Chitons are recorded by palæontologists in a fossil state, extending back in time to the epoch of the Lower Silurian.

During the past month I have had my attention drawn by Messrs. E. J. Hollier and Charles Ketley to the two species of fossil Chitons which were described and figured by M. L. de Koninck (‘Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, &c., de Belique,’ 26
me
année, 2
me
sér. t. iii. 1857*, p. 199, pl. 1. fig. 2), and
On the Mammalian Remains found by E. Wood, Esq., near Richmond, Yorkshire
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
the introduction to this paper Messrs. Wood and Roberts state that a large assemblage of Mammalian and other bones was discovered, during the autumn of last year (in making excavations for a new sewer), on a terrace of blue clay mixed with limestone-débris, on the north bank of the River Swale, and at a height of about 130 feet above it. The bones lay at a depth from the surface of from 4 to 7 feet, in ground previously undisturbed; and it is supposed that the accumulation of clay and limestone-pebbles was derived from the limestones northward and westward by pluvial action, extending through a considerable period of time. Many of the bones have been cut and sawn by human hands, and the authors express their opinion that the deposit is made up of the commingled contents of several “kökken-möddings.”

Mr. Boyd Dawkins also remarks that the condition of the bones proves them to have been derived from one of those heaps of kitchen-refuse that are of various ages, and that railway-cuttings have proved to be by no means so uncommon as is generally supposed. Most of the bones, except the solid and marrowless, are broken; and of the numerous skulls there is not one that is perfect. The great bulk of the remains exhibit unmistakeable evidence of being cut or sawn, and some are stained black as if from being imbedded in an old cinder-heap. The patches of blue colouring-matter visible upon a great many of the specimens are owing to a deposit of phosphate of iron, consequent on the decomposition of the animal matter contained in them in contact with oxide of iron.

The remains of the Carnivores, as one would naturally suppose, bear a very small proportion to those of the Herbivora. Two species however have been determined. One right scapula which belonged to an aged individual is indistinguishable from that of the Brown or Black Bear—
Ursus arctos
*. It is indeed very remarkable that the remains of
Ursus arctos
should be so very rarely found, as the range of the species in Britain extends as far back as the period of the great Carnivora.