bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: DR. Chavassieux Pascale 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The effects of fluoride on bone in various animal models are reviewed. In these studies, the doses of fluoride varied from those equivalent to therapeutic doses to toxic doses, and the duration of the treatment was from 15 days to 33 months. No significant modification in serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase was reported. An increased serum osteocalcin level was noted in ewes. Evidence for hyperparathyroidism was found in some but not all animal models. Studies performed in the rat reported that fluoride had different effects on the periosteal and endosteal bone. An increase in the extent of eroded surfaces was observed in all experimental studies, except one in the mouse. Increases in osteoid parameters and in the number of osteoblasts were noted in mouse, cat, pig, and ewe. Only one study, carried out in dogs, mentioned a decrease in osteoid parameters. Most of the authors reported a mineralization defect due either to a modification in the composition of the bone matrix or to a low calcium intake. The formation period was augmented during fluoride treatment but, at a fluoride dose equivalent to therapeutic doses, this augmentation was mainly due to an increased active formation period. In contrast, at a fivefold greater dose, it was due to an increased inactive formation period. The augmentation of bone volume after fluoride treatment was attributed to an unbalanced coupling between resorption and formation in favor of formation. All these experimental studies support the conclusion that fluoride induces a stimulation of the birthrate of osteoblasts, but at high doses decreases their activity.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: DR. Bellows C. G. , Heersche J. N. M. , Aubin J. E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The number of discrete, three-dimensional bone nodules formed in vitro from a class of osteoprogenitor cells present in fetal rat calvaria cell populations (RC cells) is linearly related to the number of cells plated, implying that this system functions as a colony assay for the expression of osteoprogenitor cells. To determine the effect of fluoride on the expression of these cells, primary RC cells were grown for periods of up to 21 days in α-MEM (minimal essential medium) containing 5–15% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10mM Na ß-glycerophosphate, and NaF at concentrations from 10 μM to 5 mM. The continuous presence of NaF resulted in an increase in the number of bone nodules with maximal response occurring at 500 μM (p &lt; 0.001). A similar response at 500 μM NaF was observed also with regard to alkaline phosphatase activity. NaF levels up to 500 μM did not affect the growth of the mixed RC cell population, however, higher concentrations (1 mM) significantly reduced cell numbers (p &lt; 0.001) suggestive of cytotoxicity. Plating efficiency tests for colony formation in the presence of 0.5 to 2 mM NaF showed that the decreases in nodule formation observed at concentrations above 500 μM correlated with cytotoxicity. NaCl at 1mM had no effect on nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase activity, or cell growth. The results show that NaF stimulates osteoprogenitor cell number in vitro and that the maximal effect occurs at concentrations close to toxic levels.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Dr. Grynpas Marc D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Fluoride is known to have biological effects on bone cells as well as physicochemical effects on bone crystals. This review concentrates on the latter. Fluoride increases the stability of the apatite lattice and decreases the solubility of the apatite crystals. In bone mineral, this ion has been shown to affect bone crystal structure by increasing crystallinity and reducing specific surface area. These changes in turn lead to changes in the chemistry of bone mineral. Bone mineral deposition is delayed by fluoride. This ion does not diffuse into bone already formed, but is incorporated during mineralization. Subsequently fluoride tends to accumulate in the most highly mineralized bone. Bone treated with fluoride has been shown to be more resistant to acid dissolution than normal bone, which would explain the reduced rate of resorption of fluoridated bone. The distribution of fluoride in bone is not uniform, but its net effect is to increase bone mineral density probably by an increased packing of bone crystals. Finally, there is a debate as to whether fluoride produces a bone of different quality. Whether these changes in the quality of bone will prove to be helpful or harmful remain to be determined.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Farley John R. , Tarbaux Nanine , Hall Susan , Baylink David J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Clinically effective (osteogenic) concentrations of fluoride (5–30 μM) also have direct effects on skeletal tissues in vitro, to increase bone formation and osteoblast line cell proliferation. The effect on cell proliferation was specific for bone cells, modulated by systemic skeletal effectors, and dependent on (a) the [Pi] in the medium, (b) the presence of a bone cell mitogen, and (c) mitogen-responsive osteoprogenitor cells. Together, these data indicate that fluoride increases bone formation in vitro by increasing osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and that fluoride increases osteoprogenitor cell proliferation by enhancing the activity of bone cell mitogens.
Raman and infrared spectra of doped La8+xSr2−y(SiO4)6O2+δ compounds compared to the ab initio‐obtained spectroscopic characteristics of fully stoichiometric La8Sr2(SiO4)6O2
Authors: Smirnov M. , Sukhomlinov S. , Mirgorodsky A. , Masson O. , Béchade E. , Colas M. , Merle‐Méjean T. , Julien I. , Thomas P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractVibrational spectroscopy data were used to gain insight into the possible locations of extra oxygen ions introduced into La8+xSr2−y(SiO4)6O2+δ compounds to raise their ionic conductivity. Perturbations observed in the Raman and infrared spectra of these compounds with increasing δ were explained by using the ab initio calculation results for the fully stoichiometric (x = y = δ = 0) lattice. This allowed the inference that the extra oxygen ions are incorporated into LaO tunnel‐like fragments inherent in the studied structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of acetonitrile in imidazolium ionic liquids
Authors: Garcia Humberto C. , de Oliveira Luiz F. C. , Nicolau Bruno G. , Ribeiro Mauro C. C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRaman spectra of dilute solutions of acetonitrile in ionic liquids reveal the characteristic features of ionic liquids' polarity. This is accomplished by investigating the Raman bandshape of the ν (CN) band, corresponding to the CN stretching mode of CH3CN, which is a very sensitive probe of the local environment. The amphiphilic nature of the CH3CN molecule allows us to observe the effect of electron pair acceptor and electron pair donor characteristics on ionic liquids. It has been found that the overall polarity of nine different ionic liquids based on 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations is more dependent on the anion than cation. The observed wavenumber shift of the ν (CN) band of CH3CN in ionic liquids containing alkylsulfate anions agrees with the significant different values previously measured for the dielectric constant of these ionic liquids. The conclusions obtained from the analysis of the ν (CN) band were corroborated by the analysis of the symmetric ν1 (CD3 ) stretching mode of deuterated acetonitrile in different ionic liquids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of melamine in liquid milk using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Fang , Zou Ming‐Qiang , Qi Xiao‐Hua , Liu Feng , Zhu Xin‐Hua , Zhao Bin‐Han 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMelamine, a nitrogen‐rich chemical, has recently caused enormous economic losses to the food industry due to the cases of milk products adulterated by melamine. This has led to an urgent need of rapid and reliable methods for detection of melamine in food. In this study, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was used to detect melamine in liquid milk. The sample preparation with liquid milk is very easy; it has to be only diluted with double‐distilled water followed by centrifugation. By using a silver colloid, at least a 105‐fold enhancement of the Raman signal was achieved for the measurement of melamine. The limit of detection by this method was 0.01 µg ml−1 for melamine standard samples. Based on the intensity of the Raman vibrational bands normalised to that of the band at 928 cm−1 (CH2), an external standard method was employed for quantitative analysis. The linear regression square (R2) of the curve was 0.9998; the limit of quantitation using this approach was 0.5 µg ml−1 of melamine in liquid milk; the relative standard deviation was ≤10%; and recoveries were from 93 to 109%. The test results for SERS were very precise and as good as those obtained by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The method was simple, fast(only needs about 3 min), cost effective, and sensitive for the detection of melamine in liquid milk samples. Therefore, it is more suitable for the field detection of melamine in liquid milk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on coating deterioration process under fully immersing condition by using multi‐parameters
Authors: Zhao X. , Wang J. , Li W. , Hou B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a parameter, named as the changing rate of impedance (CRI) derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data was selected. The deterioration process of organic coating was investigated by analyzing this parameter using neural network toolbox. In addition, four parameters characterizing the coating state were fitted by appropriate equivalent circuits (ECs). Integrating all the results of CRI and the evaluation of fitted parameters, it can be deduced that three stages were presented in the entire coating deterioration process, which separately represented the process of water penetration, corrosion acceleration, and coating deterioration. Furthermore, CRI was proved to be a credible parameter to depict coating state in its entire deterioration process.
Oxidation mechanism of the Inconel 601 alloy at high temperatures
Authors: Buscail H. , Perrier S. , Josse C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Inconel 601 alloy oxidation was performed in air, in the temperature range 1000–1150 °C, during 90 h. Kinetic results show that the parabolic behavior is always followed in this temperature range. The Arrhenius plot of the kp values shows two different activation energies. Between 1000 and 1050 °C the activation energy is Ea1 = 160 ± 10 kJ/mol. In the 1050–1150 °C temperature range a higher value is calculated Ea2 = 252 ± 20 kJ/mol. The Ea2 value and the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results and scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) examinations are in accordance with a scale growth mechanism limited by a growing Cr2O3 scale acting as a diffusion barrier. In the 1000–1050 °C temperature range the activation energy is lower and the structural analyses show that the oxide scale is not only composed of Cr2O3. Then, the oxide scale is composed of titanium oxides (TiO2 and Ti2Cr7O17) and chromia mixed together. A doping effect of the chromia scale by titanium can be envisaged. Our results also show the presence of some Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 at the external interface. This external subscale spalls off easily during cooling after the highest temperature oxidation tests. Nevertheless, XRD results and SEM–EDS observations show that the Cr2O3 scale remains very adherent on the substrate and can give a good oxidation protection. This good adherence can be related to the presence of a low amount of aluminum in the Inconel 601 alloy composition.
Evolution of corrosion protection performance of hybrid silica based sol–gel nanocoatings by doping inorganic inhibitor
Authors: Pirhady Tavandashti N. , Sanjabi S. , Shahrabi T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSilica based hybrid sol–gel coatings were developed to protect AA2024 alloy from corrosion. In order to have an active protection, cerium nitrate corrosion inhibitor was introduced into the coating system. The anti‐corrosion properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) methods. The structure of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after corrosion. The results indicate that the improvement of the protection properties of the films occurred with immersion time. This would imply that cerium ions could reach the defects, hindering the corrosion reactions and thus reduces the corrosion rate.
Corrosion properties of a plastic mould steel with special focus on the processing route
Authors: Hill H. , Huth S. , Weber S. , Theisen W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractApplications in plastics processing bear increased requirements for the used materials, especially with respect to their corrosion and wear resistance. For this reason, special powder metallurgical tools steels were developed that fulfil these demands. The common processing route for their production is hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of pre‐alloyed powders which is followed by hot working if semi‐finished parts are to be produced. As an alternative to HIP, super solidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS) permits the consolidation of pre‐alloyed tool steel powders to near net‐shape parts. It can be performed in different sintering atmospheres. In this work, the plastic mould steel X190CrVMo20‐4 was processed by SLPS in vacuum as well as under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting materials were analysed with respect to their microstructure, tempering behaviour and corrosion resistance in 0.5 molar sulphuric acid in dependence of the heat treatment. As a reference, the HIPed and the HIPed and worked state were also investigated. The results show that different heat treatments alter the ranking of the sintered and the HIPed state with respect to corrosion resistance. As expected, a high tempering for maximum secondary hardness causes a significant loss of corrosion resistance. The experimental findings were supported by thermodynamic calculations based on slight alterations in chemical composition that result from the different manufacturing processes.
Characterization and studies on grafting of ferroelectric liquid crystal onto polybutylacrylate
Authors: Azizi A. , Abdouss M. , Ghaffarian S. R. , Arab Zadeh N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFerroelectric liquid crystalline (FLC) elastomer as a class of electroactive polymers, exhibiting high strain at very low voltage compared to other materials. This giant eletrostriction exploring new applications for ferroelectric materials and these materials are suitable candidates for designing nanoscale artificial muscles, sensors, actuators, pumps and motors. Due to these properties, considerable attention has been paid to these materials in recent years. In this study, ferroelectric liquid crystalline (FLC) monomer was synthesized in a mini reactor in a four‐step procedure. The synthesized materials were characterized with HNMR and FTIR in each step. Then the monomer in the presence of benzoylperoxide as an initiator and n‐butyl acetate as a solvent was grafted onto polybutylacrylate. Grafting was carried out in different processing conditions and products were characterized with HNMR and DSC. The level of initiator, method of initiator's injection to reactor, reaction time, and reactants concentration were part of parameters that were investigated. The analysis of results shows that the reaction time is an important parameter and appropriate grafting needs a long time. Components concentration illustrated important effect on the level of grafting and final structure of grafted chains.
The interfacial shear strength of Kevlar fiber/epoxy composite measured by the microdroplet test
Authors: Li J. , Caichilan C. L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEpoxy chloropropane (ECP) grafting modification method was used for the surface treatment of Kevlar fiber to improve the interfacial adhesion of the Kevlar fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The surface characteristics of untreated and treated Kevlar fiber were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscope. The interfacial shear strength between epoxy and Kevlar fiber was analyzed by measuring from microdroplet specimens adhered onto a single carbon fiber. Microdroplet specimens exhibited different results of the interfacial strength due to the Kevlar fiber surface treatment. The results showed that a larger shear stress concentration arose along the interface for the surface treated model than for the untreated one.
Evaluation of the friction and wear properties of PTFE composites filled with glass and carbon fiber
Authors: Li J. , Ran Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim of the research article is to study the mechanical and two‐body abrasive wear behaviour of glass/carbon fiber reinforced PTFE composites. The measured wear volume loss increases with increase in abrading distance. The results showed that the highest specific wear rate is for glass fiber reinforced PTFE composite with a value of 8.1×10–6 mm3/Nm and the lowest wear rate is for carbon fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite with a value of 7.2×10–6 mm3/Nm. Mechanical properties were evaluated and obtained values are compared with the wear behaviour. The worn surface features have been examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Photomicrographs of the worn surfaces revealed higher percentage of broken glass fiber as compared to carbon fiber.
Measuring bone cell adhesion on implant surfaces using a spinning disc device
Authors: Fritsche A. , Luethen F. , Lembke U. , Finke B. , Zietz C. , Rychly J. , Mittelmeier W. , Bader R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe adhesion behaviour of osteoblastic cells on implant surfaces is a main focus during the development of osteoconductive implant surfaces. Therefore, besides cell spreading and proliferation on surfaces the adhesion strength of cells to the substrate is of high interest. There are different approaches to determine cell adhesion but only few quantitative methods. For this purpose, we have developed an adhesion device based on the spinning disc principle in conjunction with an inverse confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM). Mirror polished disc‐shaped test samples made of titanium‐ (Ti6Al4V) and cobalt‐alloys (Co28Cr6Mo), as well as stainless steel (316L), were seeded with osteoblasts, stained with a fluorescent dye, at defined radial positions and were incubated for 18 h in cell culture medium (DMEM). After incubation the test samples were placed into the adhesion chamber filled with DMEM. By means of a computer controlled motor the test samples were rotated for 3 min. Using the LSM the detachment of the cells at defined radial positions was determined and the cell count was recorded before and after rotation with the help of imaging software. An average shear stress of 47.1 N/m2, 53.2 N/m2 and 49.4 N/m2 was assessed for the mirror polished Ti6Al4V, Co28Cr6Mo and 316L surfaces respectively. The technique is suitable for studying bone cell adhesion strength on orthopaedic implant materials. Future investigations will focus on different bioactive and anti‐infectious implant surfaces, as well as soluble bioactive factors.
New developments in depression, anxiety, compulsiveness, and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIncreasing research efforts are focused on nonmotor aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD). Depression, anxiety, compulsivity (dopamine dysregulation symptoms), and hallucinations/psychosis are among these disorders, and all complicate the management of PD with negative influences on quality of life. There is a strong overlap between depression and apathy and likewise, depression and anxiety can coexist and require careful pharmacologic management. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is linked to medication use and most clearly associated with dopamine agonists. In contrast, although hallucinations and psychosis do not occur unless patients with PD are treated with dopaminergic drugs, medication doses do not directly relate to this problem. Functional neuroimaging provides an excellent resource for investigating these behaviors as well as their anatomical and neurochemical bases. New treatments are being developed, but there have been very few large‐scale randomized clinical trials to test the relative roles of new or available agents for abating these problematic behaviors. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Evidence in favor of Braak staging of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dickson Dennis W. , Uchikado Hirotake , Fujishiro Hiroshige , Tsuboi Yoshio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecently, Braak and coworkers proposed a pathologic staging scheme for Parkinson disease (PD). In this staging, scheme substantia nigra pathology occurs at midstage disease, while involvement of anterior olfactory nucleus, medulla, and pontine tegmentum occur earlier. In the last stages, Lewy bodies (LBs) involve cortical areas. The general principles of the proposed staging system have been confirmed in several studies of PD, but it does not appear to fit with all LB disorders. We studied the density and distribution of LBs with α‐synuclein immunohistochemistry in normal elderly with incidental LBs (N = 12); progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) with incidental LBs (N = 18); Lewy body disease (LBD) with minimal or no Alzheimer type pathology (N = 52); LBD with concomitant Alzheimer disease (AD) (N = 84); and cases of AD with amygdala predominant LBs (N = 64). The proportion of cases that fit the PD staging scheme was 67% for incidental LBs; 86% for PSP with LBs; 86% for pure LBD; and 84% for LBD with AD; but only 6% for AD with amygdala predominant LBs. The PD staging scheme is valid, except in the setting of advanced AD. In this situation, LBs may be unrelated to PD and more likely related to factors inherent to AD and the selective vulnerability of the amygdala to both Alzheimer and α‐synuclein pathologies. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Clues to how alpha‐synuclein damages neurons in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sulzer David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) appears to normally regulate neurotransmitter release, possibly via calcium‐dependent binding and dissociation from lipid domains on secretory vesicles. The pathogenic effects of α‐syn leading to Parkinson's disease (PD) appear to result from alternate toxic effects on lipid membrane. A variety of findings indicate that overexpression of wild‐type α‐syn, pathogenic mutations of α‐syn, and dopamine‐modified‐α‐syn promote toxic interaction between α‐syn oligomers and lipids. These may disrupt transmembrane concentration gradients across secretory vesicles and other organelles and interfere with normal lysosomal or ubiqutin/proteasome mediated protein degradation or mitochondrial function. Additional causes of PD may interfere at other points with normal handling and degradation of α‐syn, providing a variety of entry points to a converging neurodegenerative path underlying the disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society