bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile tests and analyses of notched specimens fabricated from high strength steels using a generalized yield model
Authors: WANG W. , QIAN X. , SU R. , WANG X. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis article summarises the uniaxial tension tests for 20 notched bars fabricated from high strength steel Q345 specified in Chinese National Standards. The effects of the notch radius, r, and that of the notch depth ratio, d/D, on the ductility and fracture resistance of this high strength steel are examined. The experimental data are further analyzed using a generalized yield model together with an elliptical fracture stress envelope originally proposed by the first author. The experimental results demonstrate that cracks initiate at the notched section, with the fracture surface filled with many dimples and shearing marks. Specimens with a sharper notch radius (a smaller r) and a larger notch depth (a smaller d/D ratio) show poor ductility, but high fracture strength. The stress field computed from the numerical procedure including the generalized yield model indicates that the crack initiation occurs at the centre of the notched section which experiences the highest stress triaxiality ratio (σm/σseq). As the stresses at the notched section reach the limiting values determined from the elliptical fracture criterion, macroscopic fracture failure in the notched bar occurs.
Long fatigue life critical crack lengths*
Authors: PLUMTREE A. , UNTERMANN N. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTA model based on surface strain redistribution and crack closure is presented for prediction of the endurance or fatigue limit stress by determining the threshold stress and critical length of short cracks that develop under microstructural control. The threshold stress first decreases with crack size to a local minimum then increases to a local maximum corresponding to the fatigue limit stress. This occurs at the critical crack length corresponding to about four grain diameters. The model is capable of determining the threshold stress range and depth of propagating and non‐propagating surface cracks as a function of stress ratio, material and grain size. The microstructure is shown to be particularly significant in the very long life regime (Nf ≈ 109 cycles). When the surface cracks become non‐propagating, internally initiated cracks continue growing slowly, eventually reaching the critical crack length with failure occurring after a very high number of cycles (107 < Nf < 109 cycles).
Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to low shear modelled microgravity involves AlgU regulation
Authors: Crabbé Aurélie , Pycke Benny , Van Houdt Rob , Monsieurs Pieter , Nickerson Cheryl , Leys Natalie , Cornelis Pierre 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAs a ubiquitous environmental organism that is occasionally part of the human flora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa could pose a health hazard for the immunocompromised astronauts during long‐term missions. Therefore, insights into the behaviour of P. aeruginosa under spaceflight conditions were gained using two spaceflight‐analogue culture systems: the rotating wall vessel (RWV) and the random position machine (RPM). Microarray analysis of P. aeruginosa PAO1 grown in the low shear modelled microgravity (LSMMG) environment of the RWV, compared with the normal gravity control (NG), revealed an apparent regulatory role for the alternative sigma factor AlgU (RpoE‐like). Accordingly, P. aeruginosa cultured in LSMMG exhibited increased alginate production and upregulation of AlgU‐controlled transcripts, including those encoding stress‐related proteins. The LSMMG increased heat and oxidative stress resistance and caused a decrease in the oxygen transfer rate of the culture. This study also showed the involvement of the RNA‐binding protein Hfq in the LSMMG response, consistent with its previously identified role in the Salmonella LSMMG and spaceflight response. The global transcriptional response of P. aeruginosa grown in the RPM was highly similar to that in NG. Fluid mixing was assessed in both systems and is believed to be a pivotal factor contributing to transcriptional differences between RWV‐ and RPM‐grown P. aeruginosa. This study represents the first step towards the identification of virulence mechanisms of P. aeruginosa activated in response to spaceflight‐analogue conditions, and could direct future research regarding the risk assessment and prevention of Pseudomonas infections during spaceflight and in immunocompromised patients.
Corporate Control of Information: Business and the Freedom of Expression
Authors: BRENKERT GEORGE G. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTControl over information is essential to business. This has become increasingly true in an era in which technological advances have enabled the rapid globalization of business. This article explores the implications of this control of information for freedom of speech and information. Four different situations are considered: censorship of the Internet by search engines albeit at the direction of a government; restrictions on Internet content by Internet Services Providers acting on their own; decisions by retail businesses not to sell various DVDs, CDs, etc. to their customers; and legal suits brought against individuals and groups by businesses seeking to prevent the further spread of information they deem injurious to their products or activities. The paper seeks to sort out the various rights and values involved in these cases, when a business may be justifiably said to be violating individuals' rights to freedom of information, and when customers and citizens do not have justified complaints against business decisions not to provide them with certain information products.
Financial Edgework and the Persistence of Rogue Traders
Authors: WEXLER MARK N. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis work explores financial edgework by professional speculative traders as an explanation for the persistence of rogue trading in financial markets. The article joins in the scholarly application of “edgework,” the social psychological study of voluntary risk, to speculative trading. The discussion focuses on the origins and persistence of that subset of behavior wherein the trader knowingly creates the condition in which he or she endangers the brokerage house that employs them and even, at times, threatens the public's perception of the integrity of the securities industry. Going over the edge between risk taking and unauthorized rogue trading is explained by looking at five inducements to escalate risk taking provided in the securities industry. This examination of financial edgework demonstrates how and, to a lesser degree, why rogue trading is a result of the security industry's pursuit of and desire to capitalize upon yet not publicize an occupational culture stressing a “risk‐and‐win” ethos.
Human Resource Management: Meeting the Ethical Obligations of the Function
Authors: SLOAN KEN , GAVIN JOANNE H. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTEffective human resources management (HRM) is focused on the only dynamic asset of the organization, its people; and, behind every business issue ultimately lies a human issue. Thus, the ethical adequacy of responses to all business issues rests on judgments made by individuals. HRM has a role to play as organizations address ethical challenges and as many strive to become ethical organizations. This article outlines three key responsibilities of HRM with regard to supporting an organization's efforts to become an ethical organization: (1) to establish ethical HR practices; (2) to facilitate the change process as all functions move to ethical business practices; and (3) to create cultures that build individual ethical capability and commitment to the goal of becoming an ethical organization.
The Effects of “Going Private” Using Private Equity: The Newly Private Corporation and the Dimensions of Corporate Performance
Authors: SCHNEIDER MARGUERITE , VALENTI ALIX 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe trend toward private ownership of corporations prompts a reexamination of the dimensions of corporate performance under a governance system that includes powerful owners and a reduced public presence. Using insights from corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theories and informed by agency theory, we develop a model regarding the performance implications of public corporations going private through the use of private equity. We put forth that in general going private tends to result in greater emphasis on corporate financial performance and in lesser emphasis on corporate social performance (CSP). Yet several variables, including the firm's capitalization, its post‐going‐private exit strategy, and its managerial discretion, are proposed to moderate the negative relationship between going private and CSP.
Wertende Kunstworte: Oder Heinrich Heines Salonkritik, Die Französischen Maler (1831)
Authors: Vogt Margrit 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTHeinrich Heine's work Französische Maler, a piece of art criticism that he contributed to the Salon of 1831, is conceived as a meta‐reflexive reaction to the July Revolution and to the multiplicity of values that was rife at the time. Instead of employing conventional norms to describe a new kind of art and thereby limiting the reception of that art, Heine considers the principal role of the critic to be to render the artwork in an innovative verbal representation that has a threefold result: to allow the observer to perceive the work of art anew; to make palpable the renewal of art through significant historical changes; and consequently to create a new mode of artistic perception.Heinrich Heine gestaltet die Französischen Maler, seinen kunstkritischen Beitrag zum Salon von 1831, vor dem Hintergrund der Julirevolution und des modernen Wertepluralismus als metareflexiven Akt. Statt ein überliefertes Normenset über neue Kunstformen zu stülpen und damit den Betrachterblick einzuengen, sieht er in fortwährender Normenreflexion und innovativer sprachlicher Gemäldewiedergabe die zentrale Aufgabe des Kunstkritikers begründet, die allein dem Betrachter einen frischen Blick auf das Kunstwerk gewährleiste, die Erneuerung der Kunst aus dem Geiste historischer Umwälzungen erfahrbar mache und damit eine neue Wahrnehmung von Kunst ermögliche.
Neither Religion nor Philosophy: The Language of Delicacy in Rilke's Poetry
Authors: Castelvedere Antonella 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines the function of the language of delicacy and the use of the term ‘leise’ in Rainer Maria Rilke's Das Stunden‐Buch and the Duineser Elegien. In particular, I consider the relevance of delicacy to the reassessment of the violence that haunts the discourses of religion and philosophy through which the poet addresses the crisis of modernity in his poetry. Starting from the analysis of the ambiguous treatment of the abstract entities of God and the Angel, I contend that the attempt to reconcile the sensible with the concept inheres in Rilke's persistent preoccupation with ‘Dasein’ as ideal incorporation of death. I proceed to show that, conversely, the texts convey the complex experience of mortality as a precarious and sophisticated way of making sense at the limits of perception. I argue that an exploratory discursivity articulates the experiences of ‘disbelieving’ and ‘unknowing’ whose creative liminality is at variance with the rigidity of the central narratives of revelation and enlightenment advocated by the poet. I conclude by suggesting that a comprehensive reading of Rilke's poetry requires the recognition of the condition of ‘delicate being’ as a mode of resistance to the latent violence of Rilke's compelling conceptualisations.Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Funktion der Sprache der Zartheit und den Gebrauch des Wortes ‘leise’ in Rainer Maria Rilkes Stunden‐Buch und den Duineser Elegien. Insbesondere untersuche ich die Bedeutung der Zartheit für die Neueinschätzung der Gewaltanwendung, welche dem Diskurs der Religion und der Philosophie innewohnt, durch den der Dichter die Krise der Modernität in seiner Dichtung behandelt. Von der Analyse der vieldeutigen Behandlung der abstrakten Wesen des Gottes und des Engels ausgehend, argumentiere ich, dass der Versuch, das Fühlbare mit dem Begrifflichen zu versöhnen, Rilkes ständigem Interesse für ‘Dasein’ als idealer Einverleibung des Todes zugehört. Ich zeige weiter, dass die Texte andererseits bezeugen, wie die komplexe Erfahrung der Sterblichkeit dazu dient, an den Grenzen des Wahrnehmbaren auf prekäre und komplexe Weise Sinn zu stiften. Ich argumentiere, dass eine forschende Diskursivität die Erfahrungen des ‘Unglaubens’ und des ‘Unwissens’ artikuliert, deren schöpferische Liminalität sich im Gegensatz zu der vom Dichter befürworteten Starrheit der zentralen Begriffe der Offenbarung und der Aufklärung befindet. Zum Schluss schlage ich vor, dass eine inklusivere Auffassung von Rilkes Dichtung die Anerkennung des Zustandes des ‘leisen Seins’ erfordert, als Widerstand zur latenten Gewaltanwendung von Rilkes bezwingenden Begriffsbildungen.
Kafka, Critical Theory, Dialectical Theology: Adorno's Case against Hans‐Joachim Schoeps
Authors: Kohlenbach Margarete 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTTheodor Adorno derived from his reading of Kafka some of the central assumptions that inform the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. He opposed theological Kafka interpretations in general, and in particular rejected Hans‐Joachim Schoeps's reading of Kafka in the context of Karl Barth's dialectical theology. Adorno and Schoeps thus came to exemplify the dichotomy with which we still characterise the early reception of Kafka's work as either secular (sociological or political) or theological and religious.The disintegration of religion as a comprehensive social system in twentieth‐century Germany means that writers can agree with traditional theology and religion in some regards while opposing them in others. This article argues that any unqualified adoption of the dichotomy between the secular and the religious is detrimental to our understanding of both Kafka's work and its early reception. First, the article outlines some of the major discrepancies in Kafka's heterogeneous engagements with religion. Second, it places Adorno's rejection of Schoeps's interpretation in the political context of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Finally, it compares Adorno's notion of ‘inverse theology’ with Schoeps's inversion of salvation history. Throughout, the article aims to ascertain the differences as well as the underlying commonalities between Adorno's and Schoeps's Kafka reception.Wesentliche Richtlinien der Kritischen Theorie der Frankfurter Schule verdanken sich der Kafka‐Rezeption Adornos, die theologische Deutungen Kafkas im allgemeinen abweist und insbesondere Hans‐Joachim Schoeps’ Verständnis von Kafkas Werk im Kontext der Dialektischen Theologie Karl Barths verwirft. Adorno und Schoeps repräsentieren die Pole einer Dichotomie, mit der noch heute die Beiträge der frühen Kafka‐Rezeption entweder als soziologisch und politisch oder als theologisch und religiös klassifiziert werden.Die Desintegration religiösen Lebens in der deutschen Gesellschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts bringt es mit sich, dass Schriftsteller in jeweils bestimmten Hinsichten traditionelle Theologie und Religion verwerfen und übernehmen können. Der vorliegende Beitrag argumentiert, dass jede nicht‐spezifizierte Vorstellung einer Dichotomie von religiösem und weltlichem Leben und Denken aufgegeben werden muss, wenn wir Kafkas Werk und seine frühe Rezeption verstehen wollen. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst zentrale Diskrepanzen in Kafkas heterogenen Bezugnahmen auf Religiöses. Im Anschluss stellt er Adornos Schoeps‐Kritik in den politischen Kontext von Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust. Wie der Beitrag als ganzer soll der abschließende Vergleich der Begiffe ‘inverse Theologie’ (Adorno) und ‘Unheilsgeschichte’ (Schoeps) ein angemessenes Verständnis der Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten in der Kafka‐Deutung der beiden Autoren ermöglichen.
Gottfried Benn's Statische Gedichte (1948) and the Final ‘Turn’ towards the Poetic in the Work of Martin Heidegger
Authors: Travers Martin 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1949, Martin Heidegger published a collection of essays under the title Holzwege, which effectively represented his second and final ‘turn’ towards the establishment of the poetic as the central term in his philosophy. This paper contends that a major factor in Heidegger's development in this direction was the philosopher's discovery of the poetry of Gottfried Benn, whose Statische Gedichte had appeared just one year earlier. Focusing upon Heidegger's major essay of this period, ‘Das Wesen der Sprache’ (1957), this paper seeks to explicate the convergences, parallels and direct points of contact between Benn's poetry and Heidegger's theory, convergences that were both thematic and tropic. The mutual respect between Benn and Heidegger did not last, and the paper concludes by looking at the radically differing visions of modernity, a source of poetic inspiration for Benn but the site of historical negativity for Heidegger, that brought an end to their affiliation.Im Jahre 1949 veröffentlichte Martin Heidegger eine Aufsatzsammlung mit dem Titel Holzwege, die tatsächlich seine zweite und endgültige ‘Kehre’ zur Etablierung des Lyrischen als dem zentralen Thema seiner Philosophie bedeutete. Dieser Aufsatz behauptet, dass Heideggers Entwicklung in dieser Richtung maßgeblich dadurch beeinflusst wurde, dass er als Philosoph die Dichtung Gottfried Benns entdeckte. Dessen Statische Gedichte waren gerade ein Jahr zuvor erschienen. Durch die Konzentrierung auf Heideggers umfangreiche Abhandlung über Das Wesen der Sprache (1957) versucht der Verfasser in seinem Aufsatz die Übereinstimmungen, Parallelen und direkten Berührungspunkte zwischen Benns Lyrik und Heideggers Theorie herauszuarbeiten. Dabei ergeben sich sowohl thematische als auch tropische Übereinstimmungen. Der gegenseitige Respekt zwischen Benn und Heidegger war jedoch nicht von Dauer. Der Aufsatz schließt mit dem Hinweis auf die grundsätzlichen Unterschiede in den Anschauungen von der Modernität, die für Benn eine Quelle dichterischer Inspiration und für Heidegger der Ort geschichtlicher Verneinung war. Diese unterschiedlichen Sichtweisen führten schließlich zum Ende ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten.
Günter Grass's Im Krebsgang as a German Memory Contest Without Jews1
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Pól 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTGünter Grass's novella Im Krebsgang has been widely received as a text that is central to the new literary and political engagement with German victimhood in 1944–5 that emerged at the turn of the century. The inherent danger in failing to address German suffering in mainstream discourse, the text appears to suggest, is that the way is left open to a neo‐Nazi agenda that relativises the Holocaust and thus undermines Germany's attempts to come to terms with the consequences of the Nazi perpetration and German guilt. This paper argues that the text goes further by implicitly criticising not just the failure to address German suffering but also the way in which German guilt has been approached in (West) Germany. Investigating a theme that has been neglected in criticism of the novella, this paper argues that Grass uses the anti‐Semitism and philo‐Semitism of his central young protagonists to illustrate the inadequacy of all German reactions to the Nazi period and the Holocaust. The legacy of the Holocaust, both before and after German unification, is portrayed as an internal German argument about coming to terms with the past, an argument that has always been primarily about the Germans themselves rather than their victims.Die Novelle Im Krebsgang von Günter Grass ist zu einem zentralen Text in der um die Jahrhundertwende entstandenen neuen literarischen und politischen Beschäftigung mit deutschen Opfern im Zweiten Weltkrieg geworden. Der Text deutet an, so erscheint es, dass Versäumnisse bei der Aufarbeitung deutschen Leidens im vorherrschenden bundespolitischen Diskurs den Weg freimachen könnten für eine neonazistische Agenda, die den Holocaust relativieren und deutsche Versuche, nationalsozialistische Täterschaft und deutsche Schuld zu bewältigen, unterminieren will. In diesem Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass der Text nicht als einseitige Kritik an der mangelnden Auseinandersetzung mit deutschem Leiden gelesen werden soll, sondern auch als implizite Kritik an den Mängeln in der Art und Weise, wie sich die (alte) Bundesrepublik sich dem Thema ‘deutsche Schuld’ angenähert hat (und hatte). Anhand einer Analyse der bisher in der Sekundärliteratur vernachlässigten jüdischen Aspekte des Textes wird argumentiert, dass der Antisemitismus bzw. Philosemitismus der zentralen jungen Protagonisten die Unzulänglichkeit bisheriger deutscher Reaktionen auf die NS‐Vergangenheit bzw. den Holocaust illustrieren soll. Die Bewältigung dieser Vergangenheit, sowohl vor als auch nach der deutschen Vereinigung, wird als ein deutscher Streit über den Umgang mit dem Holocaust dargestellt, in dem schon immer die Rolle der Deutschen selbst wichtiger war als die ihrer Opfer.
Pregabalin in the treatment of post‐traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized double‐blind trial
Authors: Van Seventer R. , Bach F. W. , Toth C. C. , Serpell M. , Temple J. , Murphy T. K. , Nimour M. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Pregabalin is effective in the treatment of peripheral and central neuropathic pain. This study evaluated pregabalin in the treatment of post‐traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain (including post‐surgical).Methods:  Patients with a pain score ≥4 (0–10 scale) were randomized and treated with either flexible‐dose pregabalin 150–600 mg/day (n = 127) or placebo (n = 127) in an 8‐week double‐blind treatment period preceded by a 2‐week placebo run‐in.Results:  Pregabalin was associated with a significantly greater improvement in the mean end‐point pain score vs. placebo; mean treatment difference was −0.62 (95% CI −1.09 to −0.15) (P = 0.01). The average pregabalin dose at end‐point was ∼326 mg/day. Pregabalin was also associated with significant improvements from baseline in pain‐related sleep interference, and the Medical Outcomes Study sleep scale sleep problems index and sleep disturbance subscale (all P < 0.001). In the all‐patient group (ITT), pregabalin was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale (P < 0.05). In total, 29% of patients had moderate/severe baseline anxiety; treatment with pregabalin in this subset did not significantly improve anxiety. More patients reported global improvement at end‐point with pregabalin than with placebo (68% vs. 43%; overall P < 0.01). Adverse events led to discontinuation of 20% of patients from pregabalin and 7% from placebo. Mild or moderate dizziness and somnolence were the most common adverse events in the pregabalin group.Conclusion:  Flexible‐dose pregabalin 150–600 mg/day was effective in relieving neuropathic pain, improving disturbed sleep, improving overall patient status, and was generally well tolerated in patients with post‐traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain.