bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Soil and Applied Chloride on Several Wheat Parameters1
Authors: Fixen P. E. , Buchenau G. W. , Gelderman R. H. , Schumacher T. E. , Gerwing J. R. , Cholick F. A. , Farber B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious field studies have indicated yield responses of small grain crops to KCl on very high K‐testing soils, which were likely due to Cl fertilization. Suggested mechanisms for the involvement of Cl range from plant disease effects to effects on plant water relations. The possibility that climatic and biological environment may interact with the Cl response could make plant and soil diagnostic relationships difficult to interpret. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships of plant tissue and soil Cl concentrations to hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, and to examine possible interactions with plant diseases and water relationships. Field experiments at 14 locations over 3 yr were conducted on Typic Argiustolls, Pachic and Udic Haplustolls, and Pachic Udic and Udic Haploborolls. A critical plant Cl concentration of 1.5 g kg−1 for whole plants at head emergence assured 96% of maximum grain yield. Soil Cl levels > 43.5 kg ha−1 (60 cm) or 75 kg ha−1 (120 cm) were adequate for near‐maximum wheat yield. Both soil and plant Cl tests appeared to have potential as tools for diagnosing Cl responsive situations. Root and crown samples were taken at seven locations and rated for common root rot (Cochiobolus sativus). No influence of Cl on root rot was detected. Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) and leafspot (complex of diseases) were suppressed at only one location by Cl addition. Leaf relative water content was measured at two locations and showed significant elvation due to Cl addition at both sites. The lack of detectable disease effects at some yield responsive sites and the good correlation between plant Cl concentration and yield response suggest that the beneficial effect of Cl was more general than disease reduction.
Yield and Nitrogen Yield of Sorghum Intercropped with Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybeans1
Authors: Elmore R. W. , Jackobs J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen transfer between intercropped legumes and nonlegumes has not been consistently documented. However, N transfer between mixtures of nodulating (Rj1) and nonnodulating (rj1) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has been shown. A 2‐yr field study was conducted to examine the effects of intercropped nodulating and nonnodulating soybeans on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield and N yield, and N transfer. In both years, the soybean cultivar (cv.) Clark 63 (Rj1) and its rj1 isoline, L73‐1054, were planted at different distances between sorghum (‘DeKalb BR45+’) rows. Nitrogen rate was either 0 to 100 kg N/ha in 1979 and either 0 or 175 kg N/ha in 1980. The soil was a Cisne silt loam (mesic Mollic Albaqw in both years. Monocultures of both crops were also planted in both years. Sorghum N yield was 9% greater with Rj1 than with rj1 in 1979. This was due to increased N yield of sorghum associated with Rj1 in 0.4 m rows; soybean cv. had no effect on sorghum N yield in 0.8 m rows. Sorghum yield was not affected by soybean cv. Yields and competition of rj1 soybeans in 1980 were severely reduced by the hotdry growing season confounding N‐accumulation differences between rj1 and Rj1. However, from the 1979 results, we conclude that sorghum N accumulation was increased by association with Rj1 soybeans through N transfer, and that closer proximity of sorghum and soybeans enhanced this beneficial effect.
Evaluation of Marketed Cellulases for Activity and Capacity to Degrade Forage1
Authors: Gabrielsen B. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCellulase‐solubility procedures provide an alternative method for evaluating forage digestibility; however, variable activities of marketed cellulase preparations complicate determination of optimum enzyme‐substrate proportions. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare exo‐ (Cl) and endo‐ (Cx) β‐1,4‐glucanases plus β‐glucosidase, and filter paper (FP) activities of various cellulase preparations and the capacity of these preparations to degrade forage. The use of cellulase in an in vitro forage digestibility assay based on FP activity units was also examined. Cellulase components (i.e., Cl, Cx, and β‐glucosidase) and FP activities were determined in four marketed cellulase preparations using established procedures. Supplemental additions of a marketed β‐glucosidase preparation to cellulase digestions were also evaluated. The cellulase preparations exhibited considerable differences in component enzyme activities and these differences were reflected in estimates of FP activity and the capacity of the cellulases to degrade forage. High levels of forage degradation were associated with high Cl/Cx activity ratios. Separate additions of β‐glucosidase did not increase forage degradation over that of the cellulase used alone. Cellulase‐solubility of 30 warmseason and 27 cool‐season grasses was highly correlated with rumen fermentation in vitro dry matter digestibility. Cellulase‐solubility values were generally lower than those obtained by the rumen fermentation method, however, Spearman rank‐order correlations indicted similar sample rankings by either assay method. The results indicate that component enzyme activity is highly variable among marketed cellulases and these differences influence the capacity of enzyme preparations to degrade forage. Filter paper activity units may be used to determine optimum enzyme‐substrate proportions in a digestibility assay; however, cellulase‐solubility methods which utilize marketed enzyme preparations may be more suitable for applications in which prediction of absolute in vivo digestibility values is less important than detection of relative differences.
Relationships between Taproot and Crown Characteristics and Yield and Quality Traits in Sugarbeets1
Authors: Campbell L. G. , Cole D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreasing the yield or quality, or both, of a crop through plant breeding or changing production practices is often futile if one does not have some knowledge of plant response to environmental changes. Data from 17 environments (years ✕ locations) and nine sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars were used as a basis for examining relationships among yield and quality characteristics and the corresponding changes in taproot and crown size and weight that occur over diverse environments. Root yield and sucrose loss to molasses were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with sucrose concentration. Except for lateral root weight and taproot length, all taproot and crown characteristics were positively associated with root yield and sucrose loss to molasses and negatively associated with sucrose concentration. The only morphological characteristics significantly correlated with sucrose loss to molasses were crown traits. Canonical correlation indicated that the relationships among yield and quality traits were strongly associated with relative crown size. Much of the ability to respond to more favorable environments appeared to be related to the production of larger crowns. Root circumference increased as environment improved but not as markedly as crown length and weight. Increases in taproot length appeared to be associated with low yields, high sucrose concentrations, reduced circumference, and lower crowns.
Competition for Nitrogen‐15‐Depleted Ammonium Nitrate between Arrowleaf Clover and Annual Ryegrass Sown into Bermudagrass Sod1
Authors: Morris D. R. , Weaver R. W. , Smith G. R. , Rouquette F. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbility to compete for mineral N effects stand stability of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Two field experiments were conducted on a Darco soil (loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudult) to investigate the competitive ability of ‘Yuchi’ arrowleaf clover and ‘Gulf’ ryegrass for uptake of 15N‐depleted ammonium nitrate when seeded into dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. pers.). When N was applied in February, ryegrass in pure stand recovered more than two times as much fertilizer N as did clover in pure stand and more than 80% of the fertilizer N when in a mixture with clover. The April application of N resulted in the clover in pure or mixed stand recovering as much or more fertilizer N as did the corresponding ryegrass in pure or mixed stand. Growing clover in mixed stand with ryegrass increased the percentage of the N in the clover derived from N fixation by an average of 23%. Application of fertilizer N reduced the percentage of total N in the clover derived from N fixation by an average of 19%. Total N in the clover from N fixation was either unchanged or reduced when clover was grown with ryegrass and when fertilizer N was applied. Efficiency of fertilizer‐N usage by either plant species ranged from a low of 5 to 70%, depending on timing of application and plant species.
Effects of Turf Cultivation Practices on the Efficacy of Preemergence Grass Herbicides1
Authors: Branham B. E. , Rieke P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivation operations on the efficacy of three preemergence herbicides used in turf. Cultivation is an important cultural practice used to relieve soil compaction and improve turf rooting, but it is often avoided in the spring for fear of disrupting the preemergence herbicide and reducing annual grass control. Benefin (N‐butyl, N‐ethyl‐α, α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐p‐toluidine) at 2.2 kg ha−1, bensulide [S‐(O,O‐di‐isopropyl phosphorodithioate) ester of N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide] at 11.2 kg ha−1, and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at 11.8 kg ha−1 were applied to an annual bluegrass [Poa annua var. reptans (Hauskins)] turf growing on an Owosso‐Marlette sandy loam complex (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Glossobic‐Hapludalfs). Four cultivation treatments consisting of core cultivation one pass or three passes, vertical mowing, and a control were applied at the time of herbicide application or 4 weeks after herbicide application. Crabgrass [Digitaria sangiunalis (L.) Scop.] populations were evaluated throughout the summer to determine the effects of the herbicide and cultivation treatments. Neither cultivation nor time of cultivation had a significant effect on the degree of crabgrass control afforded by the herbicides. The only significant difference in the study occurred when comparing the herbicide‐treated plots to an untreated control. Data indicate that cultivation operations can be safely performed in the spring without disrupting the preemergence herbicide barrier.
Forage Kochia Germination Response to Temperature, Water Stress, and Specific Ions1
Authors: Romo James T. , Haferkamp Marshall R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage kochia [Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.] may be useful for revegetating salt affected soils. This study was designed to quantify the effects of temperature, water stress, and specific ions on the germination of ‘Immigrant’ forage kochia. Fruits and seeds were germinated at 10, 20 and 30°C in solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with osmotic potentials ranging from −0.52 to −2.32 MPa. Seeds were also germinated at 20°C in PEG solutions containing 0 to 53 640 µmol L−1 potassium chloride (KCl‐PEG) and 0 to 68 480 µmol L−1 sodium chloride (NaCl‐PEG) with osmotic potentials ranging from −0.3 to −2.2 MPa. Germination was reduced by declining osmotic potentials. Total germination was highest at 20°C and lower at 10 and 30°C. Germination in NaCl‐PEG and KCl‐PEG solutions was primarily reduced by low osmotic potentials; percent germination was not affected by increasing NaCl concentrations but was reduced by increasing KCl concentrations. Number of days to 50% final germination was similar in both salts, increasing as osmotic potential declined and salt concentration increased. Forage kochia appears moderately tolerant of NaCl and KCl during germination and growth and may be well suited for revegetating salt affected soils in the Intermountain Region. Fruits are recommended for planting because abnormal germination was less than with seeds. Forage kochia should be sown prior to periods when soil temperatures are in the 10 to 20°C range, and cultural practices that extend the period of high soil osmotic potentials should be used to maximize seed germination.
Response of Tomatoes to Lime and Phosphorus on a Sandy Soil1
Authors: Rhue R. D. , Everett P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVery little work has been done on the P requirements of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) when grown on acid, poorly drained sands using seepage irrigation and plastic mulch systems. To determine the response of tomatoes to P under these conditions, a study was conducted on an acid Immokalee sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Alfic Arenic Haplaquod) located near Immokalee, FL. Dolomitic lime was applied in November 1981 at 0, 2240, and 4480 kg/ha and P was applied in January 1982 at 0, 122, 245, and 367 kg/ha in a split‐plot design with lime as main plot and P as subplot treatments. Plots were split in 1983 and 1984 and P was applied at 0 and 20 kg/ha each year. A significant interaction between lime and P treatments occurred in 1982 with respect to yield. High rates of P without lime reduced yields by about 25 Mg/ha compared with the other treatments. The yield depression was not explained by differences in leaf P, Mn, or Zn concentrations, but was associated with leaf Mg that declined steadily to 4.5 g/kg or less by harvest. Yield responses to the dolomitic lime occurred in the second and third years when leaf Mg was also about 4.5 g/kg. Large applications of P without lime resulted in no increase in extractable soil P after 3 yr. Application of lime and P increased extractable P slightly, but the increase was not accompanied by a measurable increase in P availability to tomatoes.
Determining Transferability of Solar Radiation Data1
Authors: Trent Anthony , McKinion James M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolar radiation is the primary driver for most process level crop models, and because of the lack of solar radiation reporting stations available to the modeller, it is sometimes necessary to transfer data from the nearest reporting station for use at the desired locale. The reason for this investigation was to determine statistically if solar radiation collected at three different locales in Mississippi could be used interchangeably. The statistical procedure, spectral analysis, was used to examine the data collected at the three sites with the result that, statistically, data collected at one site could not be used at another site. Further work is needed in this area to determine the maximum distance solar radiation might be transferable.
Relationships of Soil Properties and Rainfall to Effects of Subsoiling on Tobacco Yield1
Authors: Vepraskas M. J. , Miner G. S. , Peedin G. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of subsoiling on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) yield is variable across soils, and the reasons for this are not completely understood. As a result, it is difficult to identify soils where subsoiling will increase yields. This study evaluated relationships among relative yield increases due to subsoiling (RYI's), soil properties, and rainfall. Single‐season tillage experiments were conducted at 32 locations from 1981 through 1984. Soils were Paleudults and Hapludults. Tobacco yields were measured for subsoiled and nonsubsoiled (moldboard plow/disk) tillage treatments at all sites. Rainfall was measured daily. Soil properties evaluated included bulk density, cone index, texture, water retention, exchangeable cations, pH, and base saturation. Relative yield increases due to subsoiling ranged from −9.0 to 31.8% across locations. Twelve sites had yields significantly (0.05 level) increased by subsoiling. Stepwise regression analysis showed that selected weekly rainfalls and drought duration were major factors related to RYI variations, and with water retention of Ap and E‐B horizons, they accounted for 60% of the variation in RYI across all sites. Relative yield increases were greatest during dry years on sandy soils with low water retention values. Sites where relatively large RYI's (> 13%) occurred were characterized as having both bulk densities ≥ 1.63 Mg m−3 in the lower Ap or E‐B horizon and sand contents ≥ 73% in the Ap horizon.
Soybean‐Wheat Doublecropping: Implications from Straw Management and Supplemental Nitrogen'1
Authors: Hairston J. E. , Sanford J. O. , Pope D. F. , Horneck D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDoublecropped soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is usually planted past the optimum date for monocropped beans. To make good yield, early growth of doublecropped soybean is very important. The purpose of this experiment was to determine wheat straw leachate, wheat straw management, and supplemental N effects on soybean germination, growth, and yield. Leachate concentrations of 0, 20, and 100 g L−1 (straw to deionized water) were used for germination and radicle growth studies. Leachate concentrations of 0, 2, and 20 g L−1 were used in sand culture and the Ap horizon of Okolona silty clay (fine, montorillonitic, thermic Typic Chromudert) to study germination and early growth of soybean. A 3‐yr experiment on Okolona silty clay, consisting of six management practices and two N levels (0 and 28 kg ha−1), was used to study soybean growth and yield in the field. Management practices consisted of monocropped soybean planted near the optimum date and at the doublecropped date and doublecropped soybean planted where wheat straw was either burned, physically removed, soil‐incorporated, or left standing. Germination was not significantly affected by leachate but was reduced by late planting in the field. The 100 g L−1 leachate inhibited radicle growth, while 20 g initially inhibited but then stimulated radicle growth. The 20 g L−1 leachate inhibited early growth in the laboratory but only in the silty clay, while the 2 g L−1 leachate stimulated growth, especially in the sand. Wheat straw inhibited growth and yield in the field. Supplemental N was most effective in overcoming depressed growth and yield where straw was left on the soil surface. Early monocropped soybean produced the largest average yield, but doublecropped soybean where straw was burned produced the greatest economic returns.
Growth Curve Analysis of Temperature‐Dependent Phenology Models1
Authors: Eskridge K. M. , Stevens E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch of the recent crop phenology research has involved estimation and comparison of crop growth curves for different treatments as a function of growing degree days. Usually, experimental units are set out in a certain type of design and repeatedly measured with approximately equal growing‐degree‐day intervals between measurements. The experiment is then analyzed as a split plot in time or as a repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). However, the assumptions underlying the analysis as a split plot in time require (i) homogeneity of error variance among growing‐degree‐day levels and (ii) identical correlations between measurements for any two periods. Both assumptions are unrealistic when considering plant growth. Also, the MANOVA requires more degrees of freedom for error than growing‐degree‐day levels, which may not hold when a large number of repeated measurements are made on each experimental unit. Growth curve analysis is useful when the split plot in time is inappropriate and a MANOVA is not possible. Growth curve analysis is carried out by fitting a polynomial regression of stage of plant growth on growing degree days for each experimental unit and performing a MANOVA on the resulting regression coefficients. Growth curve analysis is applied to a crop phenology field experiment in Zea mays L. to (i) develop temperature‐dependent phenology models, (ii) test for coincidence of such models across treatments, and (iii) estimate confidence intervals for the final growth curves. It is concluded that growth curve analysis is a useful method in crop phenology modeling because the technique explicitly specifies the shape of the response profile, uses experimental information more efficiently, and is applicable to any type of experimental design.
Effects of Controlled‐Traffic on Soil Physical Properties and Crop Rooting
Authors: Gerik T. J. , Morrison J. E. , Chichester F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil structural deterioration from wheel compaction can adversely affect crop development and root growth. This study was conducted to determine the effect of controlled‐traffic lanes on soil physical properties and crop rooting for no‐tillage and conventional tillage cropping systems on a swelling clay soil. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were field grown over 3 yr on an Austin silty‐clay (fine‐silty, carbonatic, thermic Entic Haplustolls). Soil physical properties, including soil strength, bulk density, and total porosity, were not different between tillage treatments in the non‐trafficked area during the crop growing season, but soil strength and bulk density were higher in the traffic lane of the no‐tillage as compared to the conventional tillage treatments. Soil compaction in the traffic lanes was confined to the top 0.15‐m soil layer and did not restrict root development in early stages of crop development. Root densities were lower in the top soil layer of the no‐till traffic lane compared to the non‐trafficked area at harvest, but were representative of values reported for these crops in the literature under conventional management practice. At depths > 0.3 m, root density was not affected by crop species, tillage, or traffic. Although controlled‐traffic has been reported to improve soil physical properties and crop rooting, our data suggest it may not necessarily apply to all soils, especially soils with 40% or more 2:1 clay minerals. Soil moisture and nutrients under traffic lanes will be available to crops.
Nutrient Relations and Productivity of Prickly Pear Cacti1
Authors: Nobel Park S. , Russell Charles E. , Felker Peter , Medina Jorge Galo , Acuña Enrique 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrickly pear cacti (Opuntia spp.) are widely used for cattle forage and fodder as well as human food, but their nutrient responses have received little attention. Therefore, soil levels of 13 elements were compared with growth over a 3‐yr period for Opuntia engelmannii Salm‐Dyck and O. rustrera Weber at 11 sites in Coahuila, Mexico. Also, various levels of N and P were applied to O. engelmannii growing for 1.5 yr at Kingsville, TX. The tenfold differences in growth at the Mexican sites were not correlated with soil element level, except for N (r2=0.44; P<0.05) and B (r2=0.64; P<0.01); 84% of the site‐to‐site variation in productivity could be accounted for by these two elements. Fertilizer studies in Texas showed that dryweight gain could be increased 73% by 160 kg N ha−1 and 48% by 80 kg P ha−1 compared to controls without N or P applications (P< 0.01 in both cases), and that some N ✕ P interaction occurred. Cladodes from the control plots in Texas had 21.1 g N kg−1 and 1.97 g P kg−1, which was at least twofold higher than for the Mexican sites, and 23 mg B kg−1, which was over fivefold higher than the average for the Mexican sites. Thus, N, P, and possibly B fertilization can increase the growth of these cacti, which can achieve a relatively high dry weight productivity of about 15 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in semiarid areas without irrigation