bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian design of control space for optimal assimilation of observations. Part I: Consistent multiscale formalism
Authors: Bocquet M. , Wu L. , Chevallier F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn geophysical data assimilation, the control space is by definition the set of parameters which are estimated through the assimilation of observations. It has recently been proposed to design the discretizations of control space in order to assimilate observations optimally. The present paper describes the embedding of that formalism in a consistent Bayesian framework. General background errors are now accounted for. Scale‐dependent errors, such as aggregation errors (that lead to representativeness errors) are consistently introduced. The optimal adaptive discretizations of control space minimize a criterion on a dictionary of grids. New criteria are proposed: degrees of freedom for the signal (DFS) built on the averaging kernel operator, and an observation‐dependent criterion.These concepts and results are applied to atmospheric transport of pollutants. The algorithms are tested on the European tracer experiment (ETEX), and on a prototype of CO2 flux inversion over Europe using a simplified CarboEurope‐IP network. New types of adaptive discretization of control space are tested such as quaternary trees or factorised trees. Quaternary trees are proven to be both economical, in terms of storage and CPU time, and efficient on the test cases. This sets the path for the application of this methodology to high‐dimensional and noisy geophysical systems. Part II of this article will develop asymptotic solutions for the design of control space representations that are obtained analytically and are contenders to exact numerical optimizations. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Fully automated software solution for protein quantitation by global metabolic labeling with stable isotopes
Authors: Bindschedler L. V. , Cramer R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMetabolic stable isotope labeling is increasingly employed for accurate protein (and metabolite) quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS). It provides sample‐specific isotopologues that can be used to facilitate comparative analysis of two or more samples. Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) has been used for almost a decade in proteomic research and analytical software solutions have been established that provide an easy and integrated workflow for elucidating sample abundance ratios for most MS data formats. While SILAC is a discrete labeling method using specific amino acids, global metabolic stable isotope labeling using isotopes such as 15N labels the entire element content of the sample, i.e. for 15N the entire peptide backbone in addition to all nitrogen‐containing side chains. Although global metabolic labeling can deliver advantages with regard to isotope incorporation and costs, the requirements for data analysis are more demanding because, for instance for polypeptides, the mass difference introduced by the label depends on the amino acid composition. Consequently, there has been less progress on the automation of the data processing and mining steps for this type of protein quantitation. Here, we present a new integrated software solution for the quantitative analysis of protein expression in differential samples and show the benefits of high‐resolution MS data in quantitative proteomic analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotope profiles of nitrogen gas indicate denitrification in oxygen‐stratified humic lakes
Authors: Tiirola Marja A. , Rissanen Antti J. , Sarpakunnas Miika , Arvola Lauri , Nykänen Hannu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMid‐summer N2 profiles were analyzed from nine oxygen‐stratified, humic‐acid‐rich lakes using a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer and a Gasbench II device. Sample preparation steps were performed under water to avoid air contamination. The instrument precision for the δ15N measurement was high (0.03‰), but for the whole sampling and analysis procedure the mean deviation between replicate samples was 0.13‰ for the δ15N measurements and 5.5% for the N2 gas concentration analysis. The results show that the Gasbench peripheral was suitable for measurement of the 15N natural abundance of dissolved nitrogen gas, with denitrification indicated by the oversaturation and slightly (<1‰) depleted δ15N values of the dissolved N2 gas in the suboxic zones of some of the study lakes. Calculated values for the denitrified (excess) N2 varied between –5.3 and 0.7‰. The denitrification potential was determined using the 15N tracer method, with results showing nitrate‐inducible denitrification and no signs of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A consistency approach to evaluation of bridging studies and multi‐regional trials
Authors: Tsou Hsiao‐Hui , Chien Tuan‐Ying , Liu Jen‐pei , Hsiao Chin‐Fu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRecently, global drug developments have attracted much attention from sponsors as well as regulatory authorities. The ICH E5 guideline defines a bridging study as a supplementary study conducted in the new region to provide pharmacodynamic or clinical data on efficacy, safety, dosage, and dose regimen to allow extrapolation of the foreign clinical data to the population of the new region. On the other hand, a multi‐regional trial may incorporate subjects from many regions around the world under the same protocol so that after showing the overall efficacy of a drug in all global regions, we can simultaneously evaluate the possibility of applying the overall trial results to each region and consequently support drug registration in each region. In this paper, we develop a consistency approach for assessment of similarity between a bridging study conducted in a new region and studies conducted in the original region. A statistical criterion is also established to assess the consistency between the region of interest and overall results in a multi‐regional trial. The method for sample size determination for the bridging study is also proposed. Numerical examples illustrate applications of the proposed approaches in different scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical modifications to the time‐to‐event continual reassessment method for phase I cancer trials with fast patient accrual and late‐onset toxicities
Authors: Polley Mei‐Yin C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe goal of phase I cancer trials is to determine the highest dose of a treatment regimen with an acceptable toxicity rate. Traditional designs for phase I trials, such as the Continual Reassessment Method (CRM) and the 3 + 3 design, require each patient or a cohort of patients to be fully evaluated for the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) before new patients can be enrolled. As such, the trial duration may be prohibitively long. The Time‐to‐Event Continual Reassessment Method (TITE‐CRM, Cheung and Chappell, 2000) circumvents this limitation by allowing staggered patient accrual without the need for complete DLT follow‐up of previously treated patients. However, in the setting of fast patient accrual and late‐onset toxicities, the TITE‐CRM results in overly aggressive dose escalation and exposes a considerable number of patients to toxic doses. We examine a modification to the TITE‐CRM proposed by the original TITE‐CRM creator and propose an alternative approach useful in this setting by incorporating an accrual suspension rule. A simulation study designed based on a neuro‐oncology trial indicates that the modified methods provide a much improved degree of safety than the TITE‐CRM while maintaining desirable design accuracy. The practical aspects of the proposed designs are discussed. The modifications presented are useful when planning phase I trials involving chemoradiation therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regression analysis with covariates that have heteroscedastic measurement error
Authors: Guo Ying , Little Roderick J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe consider the estimation of the regression of an outcome Y on a covariate X, where X is unobserved, but a variable W that measures X with error is observed. A calibration sample that measures pairs of values of X and W is also available; we consider calibration samples where Y is measured (internal calibration) and not measured (external calibration). One common approach for measurement error correction is Regression Calibration (RC), which substitutes the unknown values of X by predictions from the regression of X on W estimated from the calibration sample. An alternative approach is to multiply impute the missing values of X given Y and W based on an imputation model, and then use multiple imputation (MI) combining rules for inferences. Most of current work assumes that the measurement error of W has a constant variance, whereas in many situations, the variance varies as a function of X. We consider extensions of the RC and MI methods that allow for heteroscedastic measurement error, and compare them by simulation. The MI method is shown to provide better inferences in this setting. We also illustrate the proposed methods using a data set from the BioCycle study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Conscientiousness on the Appraisals of Daily Stressors
Authors: Gartland Nicola , O'Connor Daryl B , Lawton Rebecca 
Published: May 2011

AbstractConscientiousness (C) is positively associated with health and longevity although the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not fully understood. Stress may play a role in explaining the C–longevity relationship. This study investigated whether C predicted the cognitive appraisals of daily stressors/hassles. Participants (N = 102) completed measures of C and cognitive appraisal in relation to the most stressful hassle they had experienced in the last 7 days. Correlational analysis revealed that Total C, Order and Industriousness were positively correlated with primary appraisals, and Responsibility was positively correlated with secondary appraisals. The facets of C were then entered into hierarchical regression models, controlling for age and gender. This demonstrated that Order (β = 0.27, p < 0.05) and Industriousness (β = 0.28, p < 0.05) significantly predicted primary appraisals, accounting for 15.8% of the variance. Responsibility significantly predicted secondary appraisals (β = 0.44, p < 0.01), accounting for 16.3% of the variance. These findings indicate that higher Order and Industriousness are related to having a greater stake in daily stressors, whereas higher Responsibility is related to greater confidence in one's ability to deal with daily stressors. These results are the first demonstration that C is related to the appraisals of daily hassles and suggest that C may moderate the experience of stress in daily life. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual understandings, perceptions, and engagement with climate change: insights from in‐depth studies across the world
Authors: Wolf Johanna , Moser Susanne C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPublic understandings and perceptions of, as well as engagement with, climate change have garnered the interest of research and policy for almost three decades. A portion of this growing body of literature examines such perceptions in‐depth, using largely qualitative methodologies, such as personal interviews, limited sample size surveys, focus groups, and case studies. This area of research has been conducted on different continents, with individuals of different cultural backgrounds and ethnic groups, and a variety of demographic characteristics. It has examined various aspects of the communication process, such as audience differences, influence of framing, messages and messengers, information processing, etc.). This paper focuses on this subset of the climate change literature, highlighting similarities and differences across cultural, social, and geographical landscapes. Apart from demographic and regional differences, this literature also offers more detailed insights into the effectiveness of different communication strategies and into the cognitive and psychological processes that underlie public opinions. These insights are generally not obtained through large‐scale opinion surveys. Our review highlights great variation and sometimes direct contradiction between these pieces of research. This not only points to a need for further refinement in our knowledge of public understanding and engagement, but also simply to accept that no one theory will explain the variation in human experience of climate change and action in response to it. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 547–569 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.120This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
HUBCODE: hub‐based forwarding using network coding in delay tolerant networks
Authors: Ahmed Shabbir , Kanhere Salil S. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an efficient hub‐based message forwarding scheme for people‐centric DTN, wherein hubs (i.e. nodes with high degree distribution) are utilized as message relays. This scheme reduces redundant message transmissions without penalizing delivery ratio, since hubs collectively form a virtual data conduit which reaches most of the nodes. Further, in order to utilize bandwidth efficiently, this approach leverages linear network coding for exchanging messages among hubs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentiality of non‐destructive XRF analysis for the determination of Corinthian B amphorae provenance
Authors: Barone G. , Crupi V. , Longo F. , Majolino D. , Mazzoleni P. , Spagnolo G. , Venuti V. , Aquilia E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNumerous samples of archaic transport Corinthian B type amphorae coming from the archaeological excavations of Gela (Sicily, South Italy) were analysed using non‐destructive X‐ray fluorescence (portable InnovX‐Systems ‘Alpha 4000’). Between the 6th and the 5th century BC the Corinthian B amphorae were diffused throughout the Western Mediterranean regions and Greece. Some researchers assigned these amphorae to different production areas, both in Southern Italy and in Greece, although, up to now, the exact attribution to the production centres is still under discussion. In this paper, with the aim to characterise the production sites of this important typology of amphorae, common ceramics, undoubtedly produced in Corinth, Corfù and Sybaris, were also analysed as these important Greek and Magna Graecia cities are considered by the archaeologists as the production centres of ‘Corinthian B’ amphorae. The multivariate analysis, performed on selected elements, clearly distinguished two groups of amphorae which, on the basis of archeological considerations, and by the comparison with reference ceramics, were assigned to Magnae Grecia (Sybaris and surroundings) and Greek productions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a strain gradient elastic Timoshenko beam model
Authors: Lazopoulos K.A. , Lazopoulos A.K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractConsidering the influence of the microstructure, the Timoshenko beam model is revisited, invoking Mindlin's strain gradient strain energy density function. The equations of motion are derived and the bending equilibrium equations are discussed. The adopted strain energy density function includes new terms. Those terms introduce the strong effect of the beam cross‐section area. The influence of those terms is more evident in thin beams where the cross‐section area is far bigger than its moment of inertia. Applications have been worked out exhibiting the difference of the present theory not only from the classical Timoshenko beam, but also from the existing variations including couple stresses. The solution of the static problem, for a simply supported beam loaded by a force at the middle of the beam, is defined and the first (least) eigen‐frequency is found. The present model is proved to be stiffer.
Part 1: CT characterisation of pancreatic neoplasms: a pictorial essay
Authors: Galvin Angela , Sutherland Tom , Little Andrew F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe pancreas is a site of origin of a diverse range of benign and malignant tumours, and these are frequently detected, diagnosed and staged with computed tomography (CT). Knowledge of the typical appearance of these neoplasms as well as the features of locoregional invasion is fundamental for all general and abdominal radiologists. This pictorial essay aims to outline the characteristic CT appearances of the spectrum of pancreatic neoplasms, as well as important demographic and clinical information that aids diagnosis. The second article in this series addresses common mimics of pancreatic neoplasia.
Part 2: CT characterisation of pancreatic neoplasm: tumour mimics
Authors: Sutherland Tom , Galvin Angela , Little Andrew F. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
There are numerous pancreatic and peripancreatic conditions that can mimic pancreatic neoplasms. Many of these can be confidently diagnosed on computed tomography (CT), while others will require further imaging. Knowledge of these tumour mimics is important to avoid misclassification of benign conditions as malignant and to avoid unnecessary surgery. Mimics can be grouped as parenchymal, vascular, biliary and peripancreatic. These are discussed and illustrated in this review.
Is There an Urban Advantage in Child Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence From 18 Countries in the 1990s
Authors: Bocquier Philippe , Madise Nyovani Janet , Zulu Eliya Msiyaphazi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Evidence of higher child mortality of rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants is growing. However, less attention has been paid to comparing the situation of the same families before and after they migrate with the situation of urban-to-rural migrants. We use DHS data from 18 African countries to compare child mortality rates of six groups based on their mothers’ migration status: rural nonmigrants; urban nonmigrants; rural-to-urban migrants before and after they migrate; and urban-to-rural migrants before and after they migrate. The results show that rural-to-urban migrants had, on average, lower child mortality before they migrated than rural nonmigrants, and that their mortality levels dropped further after they arrived in urban areas. We found no systematic evidence of higher child mortality for rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants. Urban-to-rural migrants had higher mortality in the urban areas, and their move to rural areas appeared advantageous because they experienced lower or similar child mortality after living in rural areas. After we control for known demographic and socioeconomic correlates of under-5 mortality, the urban advantage is greatly reduced and sometimes reversed. The results suggest that it may not be necessarily the place of residence that matters for child survival but, rather, access to services and economic opportunities.
Index maps in theK-theory of graph algebras
Authors: Carlsen Toke Meier , Eilers Søren , Tomforde Mark 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLetC*(E) be the graphC*-algebra associated to a graphEand letJbe a gauge-invariant ideal inC*(E). We compute the cyclic six-term exact sequence inK-theory associated to the extensionin terms of the adjacency matrix associated toE. The ordered six-term exact sequence is a complete stable isomorphism invariant for several classes of graphC*-algebras, for instance those containing a unique proper nontrivial ideal. Further, in many other cases, finite collections of such sequences constitute complete invariants.Our results allow for explicit computation of the invariant, giving an exact sequence in terms of kernels and cokernels of matrices determined by the vertex matrix ofE.
Olive oil supplemented with menaquinone-7 significantly affects osteocalcin carboxylation
Authors: Brugè Francesca , Bacchetti Tiziana , Principi Federica , Littarru Gian Paolo , Tiano Luca 
Published: May 2011

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a member of the vitamin K2family, performs several functions, all related to its recognised effect on post-translational carboxylation of certain protein-bound glutamate residues. Due to its lipophilic structure MK-7 is soluble in olive oil, so the aim of the present study was to test whether extra-virgin (EV) olive oil enriched with MK-7 significantly increases MK-7 plasma levels and has an effect on osteocalcin and its carboxylation status. Healthy young volunteers (n12) were administered 20 ml EV olive oil per d for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of the same amount of olive oil enriched with 45 μg and then 90 μg MK-7, with an appropriate washout time in between. Blood was collected and plasma separated in each phase of the study. We found that integration of the diet with EV olive oil alone did not produce any significant variation of MK-7 plasma levels compared with baseline. Supplementation with MK-7-enriched olive oil resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in plasma levels. The high dose also significantly increased carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) and decreased undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) plasma levels, resulting in a significant increase in the cOC:ucOC ratio. A significant correlation was also found between percentage variation of plasma cOCA:ucOC ratio and increase in plasma MK-7 levels. We conclude that regular consumption of MK-7-enriched olive oil may constitute a valid approach in order to preserve some key biochemical mechanisms controlling bone mineralisation.
Dietary patterns are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative study population of German adults
Authors: Heidemann Christin , Scheidt-Nave Christa , Richter Almut , Mensink Gert B. M. 
Published: May 2011

Studies that investigated complex actual eating behaviours of the general population and their relation to cardiometabolic risk markers are sparse. We aimed to identify dietary patterns within a nationally representative sample of 4025 German adults by factor analysis based on validated dietary history interviews. Furthermore, we evaluated associations of the derived dietary patterns with abnormalities clustered within the metabolic syndrome and related metabolic markers by logistic regression models and ANCOVA. A high adherence to the ‘processed foods’ pattern reflected a high intake of refined grains, processed meat, red meat, high-sugar beverages, eggs, potatoes, beer, sweets and cakes, snacks and butter, whereas a high adherence to the ‘health-conscious’ pattern represented a high intake of vegetables, vegetable oils, legumes, fruits, fish and whole grains. For subjects in the highest compared with those in the lowest quintile of the processed foods pattern, the occurrence of abdominal obesity was 88 (95 % CI 31, 169) % higher, hypertension was 34 (95 % CI − 4, 86) % higher, hypertriacylglycerolaemia was 59 (95 % CI 11, 128 ) % higher and the metabolic syndrome was 64 (95 % CI 10, 143) % higher when adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, socio-economic status, sport activity and smoking. Furthermore, subjects in the highest quintile had statistically significantly higher uric acid concentrations and lower folate concentrations (Pfor trend < 0·05). In contrast, subjects in the highest quintile of the health-conscious pattern had a 30 (95 % CI 10, 46) % lower occurrence of hypertension, higher folate concentrations and lower homocysteine and fibrinogen concentrations (Pfor trend < 0·05). These data strengthen the findings from non-representative studies and emphasise the importance of healthy overall food patterns for preventing metabolic disturbances.