bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistant Starch Content and Structural Changes in Maize (Zea mays) Tortillas During Storage
Authors: García‐Rosas Marina , Bello‐Pérez Arturo , Yee‐Madeira Hernani , Ramos Gonzalo , Flores‐Morales Areli , Mora‐Escobedo Rosalva 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStorage of maize products such as tortillas may cause starch retrogradation and lead to resistant starch (RS) formation. This study was carried out to determine if storage of maize tortillas under refrigerated conditions enhanced RS content and/or modified RS structure. Improved Costeño variety maize grain was nixtamalized and processed into tortillas which were stored for five and ten days at 5°C. Total resistant starch (TRS) and retrograded resistant starch (RRS or RS3) contents were determined on raw and nixtamalized maize grain and tortillas stored for zero, five and ten days. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were use to evaluate structural changes in retrograded resistant starch isolated from each sample type. Total starch content was 67 ± 1.5% for all samples, TRS ranged from 3.3% in the raw grain at 7.2% in tortillas stored for ten days, while RRS starch content ranged from 0% in the raw grain to 3.2% in tortillas stored for ten days. DSC showed endothermic transitions corresponding to amylopectin and amylose retrogradation, at 31.9 and 139.7°C in RRS from tortillas stored for five days, and at 47.9 and 146°C in RRS from tortillas stored for ten days. These values agreed with the higher total RS content recorded after prolonged storage. XRD revealed a starch crystallinity of 13.7% in tortillas stored for five days and 15.3% in those stored for ten days. NIR spectroscopy analysis showed evidence of structural changes in polymeric order that were more pronounced in RRS of tortillas stored for ten days, due to increase in crystalline region.
Adding a single CA 125 measurement to ultrasound imaging performed by an experienced examiner does not improve preoperative discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses
Authors: Valentin L. , Jurkovic D. , Van Calster B. , Testa A. , Van Holsbeke C. , Bourne T. , Vergote I. , Van Huffel S. , Timmerman D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether CA 125 measurement is superior to ultrasound imaging performed by an experienced examiner for discriminating between benign and malignant adnexal lesions, and to determine whether adding CA 125 to ultrasound examination improves diagnostic performance.MethodsThis is a prospective multicenter study (International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) study) conducted in nine European ultrasound centers in university hospitals. Of 1149 patients with an adnexal mass examined in the IOTA study, 83 were excluded. Of the remaining 1066 patients, 809 had CA 125 results available and were included. The patients underwent preoperative serum CA 125 measurements and transvaginal ultrasound examination by an experienced ultrasound examiner blinded to CA 125 values. The examiner classified each mass as certainly or probably benign, difficult to classify, or probably or certainly malignant. The outcome measure was the sensitivity and specificity with regard to malignancy of CA 125, ultrasound imaging and their combined use, the ‘gold standard’ being the histological diagnosis of the adnexal mass removed surgically within 120 days after the ultrasound examination.ResultsThere were 242 (30%) malignancies. For 534 tumors judged to be certainly benign or certainly malignant by the ultrasound examiner the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound examination and CA 125 (≥35 U/mL indicating malignancy) were 97% vs. 86% (95% CI of difference, 4.7–17.2) and 99% vs. 79% (95% CI of difference, 15.7–24.2); for 209 tumors judged probably benign or probably malignant, sensitivity and specificity were 81% vs. 57% (95% CI of difference, 12.3–36.0) and 91% vs. 74% (95% CI of difference, 8.5–25.7); for 66 tumors that were difficult to classify, sensitivity and specificity were 57% vs. 39% (95% CI of difference, −9.7 to 41.1) and 74% vs. 67% (95% CI of difference, −14.6 to 27.7). Diagnostic performance deteriorated when CA 125 was used as a second‐stage test after ultrasound examination.ConclusionsSpecialist ultrasound examination is superior to CA 125 for preoperative discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses, irrespective of the diagnostic confidence of the ultrasound examiner; adding CA 125 to ultrasound does not improve diagnostic performance. Our results indicate that greater investment in education and training in gynecological ultrasound imaging would be of value. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of smart rotor control approaches using trailing edge flaps and individual pitch control
Authors: Lackner Matthew A. , van Kuik Gijs 
Published: July 2009

AbstractModern wind turbines are steadily increasing in size, with recent models boasting rotor diameters greater than 120 m. Wind turbines are subjected to significant and rapid fluctuating loads, which arise from a variety of sources including turbulence, tower shadow, wind shear and yawed flow. Reducing the loads experienced by the rotor blades can lower the cost of energy of wind turbines. ‘Smart rotor control’ concepts have emerged as a solution to reduce fatigue loads on wind turbines. In this approach, aerodynamic load control devices are distributed along the span of the blade, and through a combination of sensing, control and actuation, these devices dynamically control the blade loads.This research investigates the load reduction capabilities of smart rotor control devices, namely trailing edge flaps (TEFs), in the operation of a 5 MW wind turbine. A feedback control approach is implemented for load reduction, which utilizes a multiblade coordinate transformation. Single input–single output control techniques are employed to determine the appropriate response of the TEFs based on the blade loads. The use of TEFs and this control approach is shown to effectively reduce the fatigue loads on the blades, relative to a baseline controller. The load reduction potential is also compared to an alternative individual pitch control (IPC) approach, in the time and frequency domain. The effects on the pitch and power systems are briefly evaluated, and the limitations of the analysis are assessed. Finally, a combined approach that uses both TEFs and IPC is evaluated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin‐resistant hyperglycaemia complicating neonatal onset of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias
Authors: Filippi L. , Gozzini E. , Cavicchi C. , Morrone A. , Fiorini P. , Donzelli G. , Malvagia S. , la Marca G. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground: Insulin‐resistant hyperglycaemia may occasionally complicate the clinical course of organic acidaemias. Study Design: Clinical observation. Results: Two term infants, one suffering from acute early‐onset methylmalonic acidaemia, the other suffering from acute early‐onset propionic acidaemia, presented acutely with dehydration, ketoacidosis, and hyperammonaemia. Urinary organic acid, plasma amino acids, and blood and plasma acylcarnitine analysis allowed the diagnosis of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. The detection of the novel c.481G>A (p.Gly161Arg) and the known c.655A>T (p.Asn219Tyr) MUT gene mutations identified the first patient as affected by methylmalonic acidaemia mut type. The high increase of propionylcarnitine after carnitine administration in both patients suggested a greatly elevated metabolic intoxication. Both newborns showed insulin‐resistant hyperglycaemia. Patient 1 died, but patient 2, after a strong reduction of glucose administration, survived. To our knowledge, this is the only patient with this complication who survived. Conclusion: Insulin‐resistant hyperglycaemia complicating neonatal onset of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias is probably a marker of a serious disease. One patient with this complication survived after a strong reduction of glucose administration. Even if this is probably only a partial intervention, we hypothesize that in this situation a reduction of glucose administration can reduce almost the risk of persistent hyperglycaemia. Further studies are required to confirm our hypothesis.
Impact of altitudinal gradients on energetics and efficiencies of N2‐fixation in alder–cardamom agroforestry systems of the eastern Himalayas
Authors: Sharma G. , Sharma R. , Sharma E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe impact of altitudinal gradients on the performance of alder–cardamom agroforestry systems was analyzed on nitrogenase activity, N2‐fixation efficiency, and stand energetics and efficiencies in the eastern Himalayas. Acetylene reduction (AR activity) measurements showed that nitrogenase activity considerably increased with advancing altitudes from 500 to 800 m to a peak at 900–1,200 m. AR activity was fairly high, between 1,300 and 1,700 m, and sharply decreased in the stands between 1,800 and 2,100 m. AR activity increased in the growing season and peaked in the rainy season. This significantly coincided with cardamom flowering during the onset of growing season to full fruiting stage at peak activity period. AR activity was dependent on soil temperature and moisture and showed a positive relationship. Nodule moisture was also a limiting factor for AR activity and showed a positive correlation. Diurnal changes showed a marked variation with highest AR activity between 8 and 12 h. The performance of commercial cardamom crop is dependent on the associated shade trees. Yield potential significantly coincided with the rate of N2‐fixation both at age chronosequence and altitudinal gradients. The management comprises growing large number of alder until 10 years and thinning, and gap filling of cardamom up to 20 years. Such maintenance caused non‐equilibrium conditions that favored systems efficiency and excellent production until 20 years. System efficiency sharply declined at low rates of N2‐fixation, AR activity, root nodule production, and agronomic yield due to the influence of stand age and altitudinal gradients. Agroforestry stands at 900–1,700 m were more energy cost‐effective due to the lower energy required for per‐kg N‐fixation with high N supply (115–155 kg ha−1) confirming functionally efficient than those stands at extreme higher and lower altitudinal ranges. Therefore, replantation of alder and cardamom and phase wise agroforestry rotation after 20 years could be an ecologically and economically sustainable management practice.
How does imagery in interactive consumption lead to false memory? A reconstructive memory perspective
Authors: Lakshmanan Arun , Krishnan H. Shanker 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConsumers are often exposed to information that may contradict their consumption experience, leading to “false memory” for aspects of the consumption. We develop a theory suggesting why false memory may be heightened due to imagery processing. We subject this theory to a rigorous test in three experiments. We find that post‐consumption imagery makes it more difficult to discern between consumption and misleading information thereby boosting false recall. Yet, imagery that is more consumption‐based helps reduce consumers' susceptibility to false memory. Consistent with this notion, we explicate the role that attention plays at different stages of consumption in affecting false memory.
Entscheidungsunterstützung durch wissenschaftliche Evidenz
Authors: Koch Klaus , Sawicki Peter T. 
Published: July 2009

Einleitung
Die Wahrnehmung, was mit wissenschaftlicher Evidenz gemeint ist, hat sich in den letzten Jahren deutlich verändert. Der Wechsel der Perspektive ist eng mit dem Begriff evidenzbasierte Medizin verbunden. Gemeint ist damit eine medizinische Betreuung von Patienten, die sich nicht alleine auf Meinungen und Übereinkünfte stützt, sondern wissenschaftliche Nachweise einbezieht, die mit möglichst zuverlässigen Methoden erhoben wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang ist eine bewusste Beschränkung auf „Nützliches“ zwar eine Kernnotwendigkeit eines solidarischen Gesundheitswesens, sie muss aber sorgfältig (und rechtssicher) begründet sein, da sie massive Auswirkungen auf wirtschaftliche Interessen und Märkte haben kann.
/u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English
Authors: Maclagan Margaret , Watson Catherine I. , Harlow Ray , King Jeanette , Keegan Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/.
Modeling language change: An evaluation of Trudgill's theory of the emergence of New Zealand English
Authors: Baxter Gareth J. , Blythe Richard A. , Croft William , McKane Alan J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrudgill (2004) proposed that the emergence of New Zealand English, and of isolated new dialects generally, is purely deterministic. It can be explained solely in terms of the frequency of occurrence of particular variants and the frequency of interactions between different speakers in the society. Trudgill's theory is closely related to usage-based models of language, in which frequency plays a role in the representation of linguistic knowledge and in language change. Trudgill's theory also corresponds to a neutral evolution model of language change. We use a mathematical model based on Croft's usage-based evolutionary framework for language change (Baxter, Blythe, Croft, & McKane, 2006), and investigate whether Trudgill's theory is a plausible model of the emergence of new dialects. The results of our modeling indicate that determinism cannot be a sufficient mechanism for the emergence of a new dialect. Our approach illustrates the utility of mathematical modeling of theories and of empirical data for the study of language change.
Cervical Cancer-Associated Human Papillomavirus 16 E7 Oncoprotein Inhibits Induction of Anti-Cancer Immunity by a CD4+ T Cell Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Brunck Marion , Liu Xiao Song , Zhong Jie , Fernando Germain 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAttempts to develop therapeutic vaccines against cervical cancer have been proven difficult. One of the major causes of the failure is due to the use of the wrong mouse models based on transplantable tumours in testing the efficacy of vaccines. Now that a transgenic epithelial mouse model has been developed to closely mimic cervical cancer, the mechanisms needed to eliminate this type of cancer could be studied. The E7 oncoprotein of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most expressed HPV protein in cervical cancers and its continuous production is essential to maintain the cancerous state and therefore the obvious target in the development of vaccines. Skin grafts expressing the HPV 16 E7 protein (E7 autografts) are not spontaneously rejected from an MHC matched immunocompetent host. Interestingly, simultaneous placement of an MHC mismatched skin (allograft) next to an E7 autograft results in the E7 autograft rejection. However when the allograft also expresses E7, the E7 autograft is rejected more slowly. Autograft rejection requires CD8+ T cells, and is accelerated by removal of CD4+ T cells after placement of the E7 expressing allograft, suggesting induction of an E7 specific CD4+ regulatory T cell population by the E7 expressing allograft. This observation may have implications in designing effective vaccines and immunotherapy against cervical cancers in women.
Identification of distant family relationships
Authors: Skare Øivind , Sheehan Nuala , Egeland Thore 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Family relationships can be estimated from DNA marker data. Applications arise in a large number of areas including evolution and conservation research, genealogical research in human, plant and animal populations, forensic problems and genetic mapping via linkage and association analyses. Traditionally, likelihood-based approaches to relationship estimation have used unlinked genetic markers. Due to the fact that some relationships cannot be distinguished from data at unlinked markers, and given the limited number of such markers available, there are considerable constraints on the type of identification problem that can be satisfactorily addressed with such approaches. The aim of this article is to explore the potential of linked autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers in this context. Throughout, we will view the problem of relationship estimation as one of pedigree identification rather than identity-by-descent, and thus focus on applications where determination of the exact relationship is important.
Results: We show that the increase in information obtained by exploiting large sets of linked markers substantially increases the number of problems that can be solved. Results are presented based on simulations as well as on real data.
Availability: The R library FEST is freely available from http://folk.uio.no/thoree/FEST.
Contact: thore.egeland@medisin.uio.no
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evidence for human microRNA-offset RNAs in small RNA sequencing data
Authors: Langenberger David , Bermudez-Santana Clara , Hertel Jana , Hoffmann Steve , Khaitovich Philipp , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
MicroRNA-offset-RNAs (moRNAs) were recently detected as highly abundant class of small RNAs in a basal chordate. Using short read sequencing data, we show here that moRNAs are also produced from human microRNA precursors, albeit at quite low expression levels. The expression levels of moRNAs are unrelated to those of the associated microRNAs. Surprisingly, microRNA precursors that also show moRNAs are typically evolutionarily old, comprising more than half of the microRNA families that were present in early Bilateria, while evidence for moRNAs was found only for a relative small fraction of microRNA families of recent origin.
Contact: studla@bioinf.uni-leipzig.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online and in machine-readable form at http://www.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/Publications/SUPPLEMENTS/09-015/
Bottom temperature and in situ development of chokka squid eggs (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) on mid-shelf spawning grounds, South Africa
Authors: Oosthuizen Anè , Roberts Mike J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Oosthuizen, A., and Roberts, M. J. 2009. Bottom temperature and in situ development of chokka squid eggs (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) on mid-shelf spawning grounds, South Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1967–1971. The aim of the study was to test the development success of squid eggs on the mid-shelf (60–150 m deep) spawning grounds in relation to previous laboratory results, and to describe the mid-shelf temperature environment and how it could affect egg development. A series of in situ egg incubation experiments was conducted on the mid-shelf (∼119 m deep) spawning grounds using cages, temperature sensors, and acoustic releases for retrieval. Newly spawned eggs were collected by scuba, and continuous temperature data were collected at two points between the known inshore spawning grounds and the mid-shelf areas. Temperature variations followed a seasonal warming and cooling cycle, with superimposed peaks and troughs. Egg development data indicated that warm temperature peaks (10–13°C) are sufficient for normal development of eggs on the mid-shelf. Egg development time on the mid-shelf was 2–3 times longer (50–60 vs. 20–30 d) than inshore. The scarcity of abnormalities (0.45%) disputes previous laboratory results that suggested that ∼50% of eggs would suffer abnormalities in the colder mid-shelf temperature environment.
Cross‐Sectional Staining and Surface Properties of DDGS Particles and Their Influence on Flowability
Authors: Bhadra Rumela , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan K. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWith the U.S. fuel ethanol industry projected to grow during the next several years, supplies of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are anticipated to continue to grow as well. DDGS is used primarily as livestock feed. Much of the DDGS must be shipped, often over large distances, outside the Corn Belt (which is where most of the corn‐based ethanol plants are currently located). Stickiness and caking among particles is a common issue for DDGS, and it often leads to flowability problems. To address this, the objective of this study was to understand the cross‐sectional and surface natures of DDGS particles from five ethanol plants, and how they interact with DDGS properties. This study examined the distribution patterns of chemical components within cross‐sections, within section edges (i.e., surface layers), and on surfaces using standard staining techniques; chemical composition was determined using standard protocols; and physical and flowability properties were also determined. Crude protein in the samples was 28.33–30.65% db, crude fat was 9.40–10.98% db, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was 31.84–39.90% db. Moisture contents were 4.61–8.08% db, and geometric mean diameters were 0.37–0.52 mm. Cross‐sectional staining showed protein levels of 19.57–40.39%, and carbohydrate levels of 22.17–43.06%, depending on the particle size examined and the production plant from which the DDGS was sampled. Staining of DDGS particles indicated a higher amount of surface layer protein compared with carbohydrate thickness in DDGS particles that had a lower flow function index (which indicated potential flow issues). Additionally, surface fat staining suggested that higher surface fat also occurred in samples with worse flow problems. This study represents another step toward understanding why DDGS particles stick together during storage and transport, and will hopefully help to improve DDGS material handling strategies.