bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the India-ink Immuno-reaction for the rapid detection of enteric pathogens in two areas of Nigeria
Authors: Ternak G. , Wolff M. , Britt D. P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe India-ink Immuno-reaction (IIR) was used as a simple, convenient procedure for the detection of carriers of enteric organisms in an unselected sample of patients attending a mission clinic at Kubacha in a remote area of Kaduna State, northern Nigeria. To assess the reliability of this procedure in difficult working conditions a similar population from the same clinic was subsequently examined by routine bacteriological culture techniques. Because of a temporary shortage of suitable anti-sera we were unable also to examine specimens from this second group by IIR.A further group of patients attending the out-patients clinic of the General Hospital in Kaduna with symptoms of acute enteric disease was investigated using both IIR and routine culture.Proportionally more positive results were obtained for Salmonellae, Shigellae and Vibrios with IIR than with routine culture. A larger scale controlled survey is desirable to evaluate the procedure further.
Salmonella dublin infection of calves: use of small doses to simulate natural infection on the farm
Authors: Wray C. , Sojka W. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySmall numbers of Salmonella dublin were used to infect calves in an attempt to simulate natural infection on the farm.Twenty calves were exposed to S. dublin by one or more of the following methods:Sucking cows which were excreting S. dublin in their faeces (⋜ 102–105 organisms/g).Housing on S. dublin contaminated bedding.Drinking S. dublin contaminated water (102–104 organisms/ml). During this experiment some calves were given therapeutic doses of oxytetracycline.After exposure the calves were examined for faecal excretion of S. dublin (in some instances mouth swabs and blood samples were also examined) and for clinical signs of illness. Most of the calves became infected with S. dublin but excretion was usually sporadic and the numbers of salmonellas excreted were small. No clinical signs of salmonellosis were observed by S. dublin was isolated from one calf at post-mortem.Another six calves, dosed orally with either 106 or 108S. dublin, showed signs of mild illness and although three calves had diarrhoea excretion of salmonellas was intermittent. S. dublin was isolated from one of these calves at post-mortem.
Effect of cooking and cold storage on biologically active antibiotic residues in meat
Authors: O'Brien J. J. , Campbell N. , Conaghan T. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn investigation was undertaken to see if cooking or cold storage would destroy or decrease the level of biologically active antibiotic in tissues from animals given therapeutic doses of antibiotic on three occasions prior to slaughter. The effects of cooking and cold storage on the biological activity of the residues of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, streptomycin and sulphadimidine were varied; in some instances the effects were minimal, in others nil.
A comparison of the results of the brucellosis radioimmunoassay and other serological tests in experimentally infected cattle
Authors: Hayes J. , Chappel R. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe serology of 27 heifers found to be positive to culture after inoculation with Brucella abortus strain 544, was studied. Eighteen heifers had previously been vaccinated with strain 19 or strain 45/20 and nine were unvaccinated. Post-infection serum samples were tested for Brucella antibodies by radioimmunoassay (RIA), complement fixation test (CFT), indirect haemolysis test (IHLT) and Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT).All of the unvaccinated heifers showed strong humoral responses to experimental infection in the RIA, CFT, IHLT and RBPT. The CFT and RBPT became positive sooner after infection than the other tests in the unvaccinated heifers. However, in vaccinated heifers the RIA was the most sensitive test early in infection and the results of the RBPT were variable. Three of the vaccinated heifers showed weak and inconsistent humoral responses and, in these animals, the RIA gave fewer false negative reactions than the other tests.
A reappraisal of serotype factors 4, 5 and 6 ofBordetella pertussis
Authors: Preston N. W. , Surapatana Narekul , Carter E. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwelve strains ofBordetella pertussis, of various serotypes, were tested by agglutination with serial dilutions of six antisera which were thought by their donor to be monospecific for six distinct agglutinogens.The first three sera were shown, by agglutination of the twelve donated strains and of standard pertussis serotypes, to be monospecific for the three well-recognized major agglutinogens (factor 1, factor 2, factor 3).The ‘factor 4’ serum gave weak agglutination, but only of strains that possessed factor 2, though not all of such strains. This suggested that it may be a distinct minor component of factor 2.The ‘factor 5’ serum was very weak, and gave agglutination only with a few of the factor 2 strains.The titres of the ‘factor 6’ serum were very closely parallel to those of the factor 3 serum, and it may be inferred that these ‘factors’ probably constitute a single antigenic entity.Seven of the twelve donated strains were shown to be mixtures of two or more serotypes, offering an explanation for discrepancies in serological tests involving the use of these strains on different occasions.It seems likely that ‘factors 5 and 6’ do not actually exist; and, since ‘factor 4’ is only a minor component of factor 2, any protective role that it may have would probably be covered by the presence of factor 2 in vaccine.
The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village: II. Bacterial contamination of drinking water in a Nile Delta village
Authors: Attar Laila El , Gawad Aleya Abdel , Khairy Amal E. M. , Sebaie Olfat El 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYWhilst the major danger associated with drinking water is that it may be contaminated with sewage or human excreta, the danger of pollution from animals must not be overlooked. Outbreaks of infection from drinking water are frequently reported (Melnick & Gerba, 1979) and high prevalence rates of diarrhoeal diseases have been found in the Nile Delta (Sallamet al. unpublished data). The supply of potable water is a critically urgent national problem and is of especial importance to communities which must rely on poorly designed supply systems and which lack even the minimum quality control services.
The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract
Authors: Rotimi V. O. , Duerden B. I. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe development of the bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied in 31 infants during the first 10 days of life. Specimens were collected from the umbilicus, mouth and gastro-intestinal tract on the pre-operative day, at operation and on post-operative days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Bacteria were isolated semi-quantitatively on a variety of plain and selective media and identified by conventional methods.Staphylococcus albus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was recovered from 24 of the 31 babies. The viridans group of streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius were the commonest species isolated from the mouth; there were no differences between the babies with different abnormalities and treatment with antibiotics had no effect on the bacterial flora. Ten babies were colonized by each species on the pre-operative day, and 25 and 19 respectively by the tenth post-operative day. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci were the predominant oral anaerobes. Bacteria were not isolated from the rectal swabs of babies with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) or small bowel atresia on the pre-operative days. Post-operatively the predominant faecal isolates from babies with TOF were Str. faecalis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. About 80% of the babies with small bowel atresia were colonized by Str. faecalis and Bacteroides vulgatus, 60% each by E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Str. faecium. The five babies with necrotizing enterocolitis were colonized by Str. faecalis, E. coli, Cl. perfringens and Cl. difficile; Bacteroides spp. were not recovered from any of them. The commonest facultative species recovered from babies with large bowel obstruction were Str. faecalis and E. coli. B. vulgatus, Cl. perfringens and Bifidobacterium spp. were the commonest anaerobes and anaerobes outnumbered aerobes. No significant isolates were recovered from the wound swabs and none of the babies developed post-surgical sepsis.
Observations on the epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Kenya
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryLumpy skin disease virus strains isolated in Kenya over a period of some 20 years have proved to be serologically identical. They were indistinguishable by indirect fluorescent antibody and serum neutralization tests from the South African Neethling and West African serotypes. These two serological methods proved of value in studying the antibody responses to infection.While epizootic spread of LSD has occurred in Kenya, most cases are of a sporadic nature and are thought to be the result of accidental contacts with a maintenance cycle. There is evidence of antibody to LSD in the African buffalo (Syncerus coffer) in those areas where LSD is considered to be enzootic in Kenya, and also in small numbers of domestic cattle. No buffalo or bovine sera contained antibody to cowpox virus. An area enzootic for LSD is proposed and it is suggested that the maintenance cycle involves the buffalo. No antibody was found in the other wild ruminant species examined.
Enterotoxin A and B production in strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from human beings and foods
Authors: Reali D. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe production of enterotoxin A and B by strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from nasal swabs of healthy carriers, from lesions of hospital patients and from foods unconnected with outbreaks of food-poisoning was investigated. Sixty-six strains ofS. aureuswere obtained from human beings, two produced enterotoxin A, 45 produced enterotoxin B. seven produced enterotoxins A + B. Thirty-six strains were isolated from 111 samples of food, one produced enterotoxin A, 16 produced enterotoxin B. The relative incidence of A, B and A + B enterotoxigenicity was assessed.
Campylobacter enteritis in general practice
Authors: Kendall E. J. C. , Tanner Elizabeth I. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe incidence and clinical features of campylobacter enteritis were studied in a defined general practice population over a period of three years. Specimens of faeces were cultured from a representative sample of patients suffering from acute enteritis. Of 168 patients submitting a specimen to the laboratory 34 (20·2%) were positive for thermophilicCampylobacterspecies. The projected campylobacter infection rate varied from 5·4% per annum in infancy to 0·3% per annum in the 5- to 14-year-olds with a mean of 1·1% per annum for the whole study population.During the same period campylobacters were isolated from 484 (14·9%) of 3250 patients suffering from acute enteritis whose general practitioners had sent faecal specimens to the laboratory, confirming the importance of this organism in the aetiology of acute enteritis in the community.
The exotoxins ofCorynebacterium ulcerans
Authors: Carne H. R. , Onon Eleanor O. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe exotoxins produced by ten strains ofC. ulcerans(two human, six bovine and two equine) have been studied. On the criteria of toxin–antitoxin neutralisation and immunoprecipitation tests using highly specific diphtheria andC. ovisantitoxins with crude toxic filtrates, (NH4)2SO4concentrates, and partially purified chromatographic preparations of these, together with the presence or absence of inhibition of the action of staphylococcal beta-haemolysin, and the reaction produced when injected intradermally into rabbits, two toxins could be identified, namely diphtheria toxin andC. ovistoxin. There was no evidence for the production of a third toxin specific forC. ulcerans. Five strains produced both diphtheria andC. ovistoxins. In four diphtheria toxin predominated, but in the fifthC. ovistoxin predominated. Two strains produced only diphtheria toxin and two onlyC. ovistoxin, though there was good but not complete evidence that a third strain (Revell) also fell into this latter group. Considerable variation occurred in the concentration of each toxin and, where both were present, in the proportion of each.
Hospital hydrotherapy pools treated with ultra violet light: bad bacteriological quality and presence of thermophilicNaegleria
Authors: De Jonckheere J. F. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe microbiological quality of eight halogenated and two u.v.-treated hydrotherapy pools in hospitals was investigated. The microbiological quality of halogenated hydrotherapy pools was comparable to halogenated public swimming pools, although in somePseudomonas aeruginosaand faecal pollution indicators were more frequent due to bad management.On the other hand u.v.-treated hydrotherapy pools had very bad microbiological quality. Apart from faecal pollution indicators,P. aeruginosawas present in very high numbers.Halogenated hydrotherapy pools were not highly contaminated with amoebae, andNaegleriaspp. were never detected. On the other hand u.v.-treated pools contained very high numbers of thermophilicNaegleria. TheNaegleriaisolates were identified asN. lovaniensis, a species commonly found in association withN. fowleri.Isoenzyme analysis showed a different type ofN. lovaniensiswas present in each of two u.v.-treated pools.
Scombrotoxin and scombrotoxin-like poisoning from canned fish
Authors: Murray C. K. , Hobbs G. , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA number of scombrotoxin poisoning incidents which have recently occurred in the UK following the consumption of canned fish have been investigated. Symptoms are described and the relationship between the histamine content of incriminated samples and toxicity is discussed.
Effect of twelve antimicrobial drugs on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice and on endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Wiegersma N. , Jansen G. , van der Waaij D. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwelve antimicrobial drugs were studied for their effect on the endogenous aerobic potentially pathogenic bacteria(Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus faecalis)in the intestines and on the colonization resistance (CR) of the digestive tract. Three subclasses of antimicrobial drugs could be recognized: (1) those which suppress the CR following low oral doses (rifamycin, penicillin V, cloxacillin, fenethicillin); (2) those in which the CR is suppressed only following relatively high oral doses (amoxycillin); and (3) those in which no obvious suppression of the CR was noticed even following substantial oral doses (nalidixic acid, cinoxacin, co-trimoxazole, oral cephalosporins, piv-mecillinam and doxycyclin). Some of the drugs in the third category were found to suppress endogenousEnterobacteriaceae(nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, piv-mecillinam and doxycyclin) andS. faecalis(doxycyclin) at dose levels at which they did not decrease CR.
A medium for the rapid enumeration of Escherichia coli in the presence of other faecal coliforms in tropical waters
Authors: Wright R. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA selective membrane filtration medium is described for use in the rapid assessment of water quality in tropical countries where the incidence of faecal coliforms other than E. coli presents problems in the interpretation of results. The medium gives comparable results to MPN values obtained in the multiple tube dilution test using modified Gray's glutamate medium, and to membrane filtration counts obtained using M-FC broth and membrane-enriched Teepol broth, whilst differentiation of E. coli is enhanced.
An outbreak of infectious hepatitis investigated using radioimmunoassays for hepatitis A virus antibody
Authors: Skidmore S. J. , Bakhshi S. S. , Beedle R. , Kimberley J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn outbreak of suspected infectious hepatitis in a primary school was investigated using sensitive diagnostic methods for hepatitis A. A total of 116 sera from children were tested for the presence of both IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (HAV). The results were compared to those obtained for samples from a control school. IgG antibodies were present in 45 % and 10% of the children in the outbreak and control schools respectively.
Antibody to cytomegalovirus in Malta
Authors: Spiteri L. J. , Chamberlain Roma , Pollard Richard , Tobin J. O'H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAntibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was sought in sera from Malta using immunofluorescence. Seven per cent of the infants, 36% of the school children, increasing to 100% of the adults aged over 40 years were found to have antibody. Most infection occurred in pre-school children and adults over 25 years of age. This pattern of antibody acquisition appears different from that described for other countries.
Legionella pneumophila in cooling water systems: Report of a survey of cooling towers in London and a pilot trial of selected biocides
Authors: Kurtz J. B. , Bartlett C. L. R. , Newton U. A. , White R. A. , Jones N. L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryFourteen recirculating cooling water systems were surveyed during the summer, 1981, to see what factors might influence the prevalence ofLegionella pneumophila. The effect on the organism of three anti-microbials was studied, each in two systems, by intermittent treatment at two week intervals.L. pneumophilawas isolated from six of the 14 cooling systems at the beginning of the trial but by the end was present in ten. An association was found between the presence of the organism and the concentration of dissolved solids, and chlorides and the pH. There also appeared to be associations with exclusion of light and higher water temperatures.Repeated tests on eight untreated systems showed that two were consistently infected, three became and remained infected, one was infected on a single occasion and two were never infected withL. pneumophila. Treatment of a contaminated system, either with a 10 p.p.m mixture of a quaternary ammonium compound and tributyltinoxide or slow release chlorine briquettes (maximum recorded free chlorine level 1·2 p.p.m.), did not eliminated legionellae. Treatment of two infected towers with a chlorinated phenol (100 p.p.m.) eliminated legionellae for at least three days, but after 14 days the organism was again found.
Bacterial meningitis – ten years experience
Authors: Davey P. G. , Cruikshank J. K. , McManus I. C. , Mahood B. , Snow M. H. , Geddes A. M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBetween January 1968 and December 1977, 635 cases of acute bacterial meningitis were admitted to hospitals in the Birmingham Area Health Authority. The epidemiology of these cases was analysed and compared with the 270 cases which were admitted to the regional infectious diseases unit at East Birmingham Hospital (E.B.H.). In children and young adults the meningococcus was the commonest causative organism while over the age of 25 pneumococcal meningitis predominated. AlthoughHaemophilus influenzaewas the second commonest infecting organism it was a rare cause of meningitis in school children and adults, only four cases presenting in these age groups in the Birmingham Area.A detailed analysis was made of the symptoms, signs, laboratory investigations and clinical course of the 270 cases treated at E.B.H.The mortality in the patients with pneumococcal meningitis was 30%. In the meningococcal group it was 3·5% and in the haemophilus groups 7·7%.An analysis of the various treatment regimes employed in the 270 E.B.H. patients supports the view that a single antibiotic is sufficient for the therapy of most forms of bacterial meningitis. Intrathecal antibiotic administration is unnecessary in pyogenic meningitis caused by meningococci, pneumococci orH. influenzae.
Nasal staphylococci in children – a follow-up study
Authors: Burr M. L. , Howells C. H. L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryNasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in a cohort of infants born to the residents of two towns in South Wales. The children were followed up to the age of 5 years, nasal swabs being taken annually after a more detailed survey during the first year. The carriage-rate of S. aureus reached a minimum of 10–15% at one year and then rose steadily to 41% at five years. From the age of two years about 90% of the organisms isolated were resistant to penicillin. There was a marked tendency for children to carry the same strains from year to year, but carriage during the first year of life did not predict carriage at the age of five.
Faecal adenoviruses from Glasgow babies Studies on culture and identity
Authors: Kidd A. H. , Cosgrove Bonnie P. , Brown Raewyn A. , Madeley C. R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAttempts were made to isolate viruses from babies' stools that contained adenoviruses detected by electron microscopy. One hundred and fifty-nine specimens from 71 children were studied and adenoviruses of established serotypes were isolated from 81 stools. Serial stool samples containing adenovirus particles were obtained from 35 children, and prolonged shedding of recognized serotypes was common. Simultaneous and sequential infections by different serotypes were also observed. Thirty-six children shed adenoviruses that could not be isolated using cell cultures normally used to detect adenoviruses, and nine of these children also shed adenoviruses of established serotypes. Passage in Chang conjunctival cell cultures allowed characterization of fastidious adenoviruses from 14 children as members of a previously unrecognized serotype.
Dispersal of non-sporeforming anaerobic bacteria from the skin
Authors: Benediktsdóttir Eva , Hambraeus Anna 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDispersal of non-sporeforming anaerobic bacteria was studied. Skin samples were taken from the subjects, and dispersal from different parts of the body was examined.The number of anaerobic bacteria dispersed was not correlated to their density on the surface of skin area exposed. The highest density of anaerobic bacteria on the skin was found in the face and upper trunk, but the highest yield of anaerobic bacteria dispersed came from the lower trunk.The dominant anaerobic bacteria dispersed werePropionibacterium acnes, butPropionibacterium avidum, Propionibacterium granulosumand Gram-positive cocci were also isolated from the dispersal samples.Peptococcus magnuswas the most common coccus isolated. For the less frequently isolated bacteria, the best correlation was found between the perineal flora and airborne bacteria.A comparison was also made of bacterial dispersal by naked and dressed subjects. The dispersal of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was higher when the subjects were dressed in conventional operating theatre cotton clothing than when they were naked.The increased dispersal of anaerobic bacteria when the subjects were dressed was mainly due to increased dispersal ofPropionibacteriumsp.
Serotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Authors: Wong W. T. , Bettelheim K. A. , Cheng F. C. Y. , Ong G. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryStrains of Escherichia coli were isolated from laparotomy specimens from Chinese patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis in Hong Kong. A large variety of serotypes were found. Several sites were sampled in each patient. While only one serotype was normally isolated from one site, different sites often yielded different serotypes in the same patient. Generally the ‘O’ types found did not correspond to those found in the faeces of the Hong Kong Chinese population.