bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Deep Azimuthal Electromagnetic Resistivity Technology and Rotary Steerable System for Geosteering Complex Sands of Bare Field in the Faja Petrolifera Del Orinoco, Venezuela
Authors: Machado Pedro Roberto , Rojas Carlos , Guzman Ruben , Ache Alberto , Soto Javier , Hazboun Nidal Khalil , Gonzalez Karin Gabriela 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
PDVSA Múcura District, jointly with the drilling department and the service companies, had been evaluating for several years the use of new technologies that facilitate reaching reservoirs with complex geologies (thin sands, uncertain dip changes, and unconsolidated sands) and improve overall operational efficiency.
Additionally, because of the high viscosity of the oil contained in the Bare field, it was necessary to apply thermal methods to increase recovery factor and achieve PDVSA's 20% target. In such thermal processes, the placement of the wells within the formation is very important, and the use of well placement techniques is expected.
Looking at demonstrating the benefits of the state-of-the-art technology available, specifically for Bare field, but generally for the heavy Orinoco oil belt, PDVSA carried out a pilot project in a thin and very unconsolidated package where a very high drilling rate (up to 1,000 ft/h instant rate) was expected.
The selected sand is named the TL sand, located in the Oficina formation of the Bare field, was initially planned for cold production, but expected the implementation of future thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.

Introduction
The Faja extraheavy oil belt in eastern Venezuela is one of the world's largest heavy oil accumulations, containing an estimated 1.3 trillion bbl of original oil in place, in which 300 billion bbl are considered recoverable oil.
The Orinoco oil belt is located on the southern margin of the eastern Venezuelan basin and runs along the north side of the Orinoco River for approximately 600 km in length and 90 km in width, totaling an area of 55,000 km2. The area is divided, from west to east, into four blocks: Boyaca, Junin, Ayacucho, and Carabobo.
To recover such reserves, PDVSA needed to explore and develop the reservoirs in an economical and efficient manner and increase the current recovery factor. The two major challenges found in the Orinoco belt are the development and exploration of thin sands and the current low recovery factors of approximately 3% expected by primary recovery.
From one side, thin sands in the Orinoco oil belt represent 30 to 40% of the oil in place, which is located in a deltaic sequence with sand thicknesses of less than 20 ft. This challenge is difficult to overcome with conventional technology. The thin sands have to connect larger sections of horizontal sand intervals by drilling geologically referenced trajectories.
The Performance of Mud Motors With Two Different Bend Housing on Drilling a Lateral Section of Horizontal Wells in North Dakota
Authors: Syahputra Andy , Blaschke Bill , Hudson Jerry 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Drilling across two sections (10,000-ft laterals) in a horizontal well in the Middle Bakken formation of North Dakota offers challenges and opportunities for improved well-construction performance. The wells in this area were drilled with three different hole sections after setting the 16-in. conductor at 60 ft.
The first hole section was drilled 13 ½-in. vertical hole with fresh mud to the 9 #x215D;-in. casing set at +/− 2,000 ft and cemented to the surface. The second hole section was drilled 8 ¾-in. vertical hole with oil-based mud and built the curve to the 7-in. casing set at +/− 11,000 ft and cemented to a point above the Dakota formation. The curve was built at a 12 to 14° BUR to a landing point in the Middle Bakken target zone at approximately 90°. The last interval drilled was a 6-in. lateral-hole section, geosteering with mud motors, using two different bend settings of 1.15° ABH and 1.5° ABH. Wellbore stability in the Middle Bakken is not an issue when using a cut brine-produced fluid. Most of the wells were completed by installing 4 ½-in. liner with swell packers and ball-actuated stimulation ports without cementation.
The lesson learned on three offset wells in this area found that a bend setting of 1.15° has contributed to reduce tortuous well paths, controlled dogleg severity, and stayed in a very tight target interval while drilling the lateral section of 10,000 ft along the hole. The reduced spiraling saved countless hours of reaming requirements and allowed the Swellpacker→ liners to be run to TD without significant working. Drillstrings, bottomhole assembly (BHA), bits, the length of the lateral section of horizontal and drilling fluid were all considered.
Prothrombin Gene G20210A Mutation in Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis Patients with Poor Response to Warfarin Therapy
Authors: Attia F.M. , Mikhailidis D.P. , Reffat S.A. 
Published: October 2009

Aim: The pathogenesis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involves an interaction between hereditary and acquired factors. Prothrombin gene mutation is one of the hereditary risk factors. We evaluated the frequency of the prothrombin gene mutation in patients with DVT and its relation to oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy response.Methods: Prothrombin gene mutation was looked for in 40 DVT patients with poor response to warfarin. The results were compared with 40 DVT patients with a normal response to warfarin and 30 healthy blood donors. Blood samples were also assessed for protein C, protein S, anti-thrombin III and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) levels.Results: Prothrombin gene mutation was found in normal and poor DVT responders (6/40 and 13/40, respectively; p = NS) as well as in healthy controls (1/30). Patients with recurrent DVT or a family history of DVT were significantly (p<0.0001) more likely to have the prothrombin mutation than other DVT patients. Non prothrombin abnormalities (protein C, anti-thrombin III and ACA) were more common in poor responders than controls (p<0.0037) as were ACA (p<0.034).Conclusions: Prothrombin gene mutation is present in several DVT patients, especially those with recurrent DVT or a family history of DVT. This mutation may contribute to a poor response to warfarin.
Assessing the Role of Individual and Neighbourhood Characteristics in HIV Testing: Evidence from a Population Based Survey
Authors: Singh Setia Maninder , Quesnel-Vallee Amelie , Curtis Sarah , Lynch John 
Published: October 2009

Background:
Individuals living in deprived neighbourhoods have poor health outcomes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection mortality. We assessed the association between individual and neighbourhood characteristics, and HIV testing across Canada.

Methods:
We used logistic regression modelling to evaluate this association in 2219 men and 2815 women, aged 18-54 years, in Canada, using data from the National Population Health Survey (1996/7),. Socio-economic characteristics and presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) were the individual level characteristics. Small area of residence was classified according to categories of material and social deprivation; these were the ’neighbourhood’ variables in the model.

Results:
Ethnic minority women were less likely to report an HIV test than white women (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.86). Women without a regular doctor were significantly less likely to report ever having had an HIV test (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.93). Adjusting for individual level characteristics, we found that men and women living in the most materially deprived neighbourhoods were slightly less likely to report HIV testing than those living in the least deprived neighbourhoods (Men - OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.08; Women - OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.00).

Discussion:
Thus, living in poor neighbourhoods was associated with poor uptake of an HIV test. These economic disparities should be taken in account while designing future prevention strategies. Ethnic minority women were less likely to go for HIV testing and culturally appropriate messages may be required for prevention in ethnic minorities.
Effects of intra-arterial heparin on cytokine levels in the ischemic tissue
Authors: Karapolat Sami , Erkut Bilgehan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic and intra-arterial application of heparin by measuring tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines. Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups (Group A, B and C). All the rats had undergone ligation of the right femoral artery with 4-0 silk suture to induce limb ischemia. Group A was the control group. In Group B, unfractionated heparin of 1500 U/kg/day was given through the tail vein for 10 days, the same dose was given to distal part of ligated right femoral artery for 10 days in Group C. On the 3rd, 5th, and 10th days, biopsies were taken from rectus femoris muscle on the ischemic extremities. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and vascular cell adhesion molecule levels in muscle tissue were measured by a standard enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method. An increase in tumor necrosis factor-α level was found in all three groups throughout the duration of the experiment. The increase in Group C was statistically significant as compared with the other groups. The significant increases that occurred in tumor necrosis factor-α level as a result of intra-arterial application of heparin can be postulated to be one of the results of angiogenesis induced by the heparin in ischemic extremities. This might delay the formation of a necrosis in ischemic extremities, depending on the increased angiogenesis response by means of intra-arterial heparin application and may result in extended vitality of an extremity.
Nosocomial infections and risk factors in intensive care unit of a university hospital in Turkey
Authors: Ozer Burcin , Tatman-Otkun Muserref , Memis Dilek , Otkun Metin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the types nosocomial infections (NIs) and the risk factors for NIs in the central intensive care unit (ICU) of Trakya University Hospital. The patients admitted to the ICU were observed prospectively by the unit-directed active surveillance method based on patient and the laboratory over a 9-month-period. The samples of urine, blood, sputum or tracheal aspirate were taken from the patients on the first and the third days of their hospitalization in ICU; the patients were cultured routinely. Other samples were taken and cultured if there was suspicion of an infection. Infections were considered as ICU-associated if they developed after 48 hours of hospitalization in the unit and 5 days after discharge from the unit if the patients had been sent to a different ward in the hospital. The rate of NIs in 135 patients assigned was found to be 68%. The most common infection sites were lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, bloodstream, catheter site and surgical wound. Hospitalization in ICU for more than 6 days and colonization was found to be the main risk factor for NIs. Prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy, as well as frequently changed nasogastric catheterization, were found to be risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections. For bloodstream infections, both prolonged insertion of and frequent change of arterial catheters, and for urinary tract infections, female gender, period and repeating of urinary catheterization were risk factors. A high prevalence rate of nosocomial infections was found in this study. Invasive device use and duration of use continue to greatly influence the development of nosocomial infection in ICU. Important factors to prevent nosocomial infections are to avoid long hospitalization and unnecessary device application. Control and prevention strategies based on continuing education of healthcare workers will decrease the nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit.
Gossypiboma mimicking a distal pancreatic mass: Report of a case
Authors: Yakan Savas , Oztürk Safak , Harman Mustafa , Tekesin Oktay , Coker Ahmet 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Gossypiboma (retained surgical sponge) is a pseudotumor within the body that is composed of non-absorbable surgical material with a cotton matrix. Because the symptoms of gossypiboma usually are nonspecific and may appear years after surgery, the diagnosis of gossypiboma may be difficult because the condition may mimic a benign or malignant soft-tissue tumour in the abdomen and pelvis. A 61-year-old woman with a one-year history of left upper-quadrant pain and weight loss was referred to our center. She had undergone peptic ulcer perforation 23 year ago. Physical examination revealed dullness and palpable mass in the left upper abdomen. On examination by computed tomography (CT), a hypodense mass of 12 cm in diameter between the greater curvature of the stomach, pancreas, and splenic hilus was detected. Upon exploration, a mass lesion of 10 cm in diameter was detected between the greater curvature of the stomach and splenic hilus, which caused dense adhesions not in communication with the pancreas. It was excised and a splenectomy was performed. After a macroscopic examination, the mass lesion was diagnosed as gossypiboma. Although ultrasonography (US), CT, angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to diagnose gossypiboma, definitive diagnosis is possibile only upon surgery or histopathological examination. As a result, when an abdominal mass is observed, surgeons should carefully investigate the patient’s past surgical history while taking the possibility of gossypiboma into consideration.
On some classes of state-morphism MV-algebras
Authors: Nola Antonio , Dvurečenskij Anatolij 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Flaminio and Montagna recently introduced state MV-algebras as MV-algebras with an internal notion of a state. The present authors gave a stronger version of state MV-algebras, called state-morphism MV-algebras. We present some classes of state-morphism MV-algebras like local, simple, semisimple state-morphism MV-algebras, and state-morphism MV-algebras with retractive ideals. Finally, we describe state-morphism operators on m-free generated MV-algebras, m < ∞.
On the regularization of singular c-optimal designs
Authors: Pronzato Luc 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We consider the design of c-optimal experiments for the estimation of a scalar function h(θ) of the parameters θ in a nonlinear regression model. A c-optimal design ξ* may be singular, and we derive conditions ensuring the asymptotic normality of the Least-Squares estimator of h(θ) for a singular design over a finite space. As illustrated by an example, the singular designs for which asymptotic normality holds typically depend on the unknown true value of θ, which makes singular c-optimal designs of no practical use in nonlinear situations. Some simple alternatives are then suggested for constructing nonsingular designs that approach a c-optimal design under some conditions.
Interval estimation of the mean of a normal distribution based on quantized observations
Authors: Witkovský Viktor , Wimmer Gejza 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We consider the problem of making statistical inference about the mean of a normal distribution based on a random sample of quantized (digitized) observations. This problem arises, for example, in a measurement process with errors drawn from a normal distribution and with a measurement device or process with a known resolution, such as the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter or another digital instrument. In this paper we investigate the effect of quantization on subsequent statistical inference about the true mean. If the standard deviation of the measurement error is large with respect to the resolution of the indicating measurement device, the effect of quantization (digitization) diminishes and standard statistical inference is still valid. Hence, in this paper we consider situations where the standard deviation of the measurement error is relatively small. By Monte Carlo simulations we compare small sample properties of the interval estimators of the mean based on standard approach (i.e. by ignoring the fact that the measurements have been quantized) with some recently suggested methods, including the interval estimators based on maximum likelihood approach and the fiducial approach. The paper extends the original study by Hannig et al. (2007).
Fonction d'offre, approche dynamique
Authors: Petit Michel 
Published: October 2009

In spite of numerous research efforts on agricultural supply, this function is still poorly \noWn. Recent theoretical developments indicate that a fruitful approach to the study of supply may be the attempt to explain resource allocation to a given enterprise.
In the second part of the article results of one of our research studies done in the U.S. are used to the hypothesis. The objectives were to specify the factors influencing feed-grain, beef and por\ production and to measure their effect. An econometric model was built for that purpose. Its coefficients were estimated on the basis of time series data.
The limitations due to the method used are first discussed, then it is shown how important resource fixation mecanismus are for the dynamics of supply. A better understanding of the influence of expected prices can be reached.
Répercussions sur les marchés viticoles de l'évolution en cours dans le secteur commercial
Authors: Montigaud J.-C. 
Published: October 2009

Après avoir rappelé les grands traits de l'évolution du commerce alimentaire l'auteur se propose d'en analyser les répercussions sur le marché du vin. Il examine la demande et sa répartition géographique en insistant sur les centres de décision : l'un d'eux, le «négociant destinataire» joue un rôle prépondérant. L'étude de l'offre constituée par la production brute et la transformation est volontairement limitée à la description de deux phénomènes étroitement dépendants : l'intégration horizontale et l'intégration verticale. Ce double phénomène intervenant à tous les stades du marché depuis la production jusqu'à la commercialisation au détail, les répercussions observées augmentent au fur et à mesure que l'on va du producteur au consommateur. Si le mouvement d'intégration de la demande s'accélère, celui de l'offre reste stationnaire, d'où un bouleversement des structures de la commercialisation et la domination de l'offre par la demande.
En conclusion, l'auteur esquisse quelques schémas d'évolution susceptibles de se réaliser dans l'avenir.
Essai d'ajustement de fonctions de production globale à un groupe d'exploitations anglaises
Authors: Courtois B. 
Published: October 2009

Taking his inspiration from an English study by Dr Knud Rasmussen, at the time head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nottingham, the author of this article gives a feu) precise details about the production functions used in agriculture.
The author insists upon the econometric difficulties encountered when adjusting an aggregate production function, derived from accounts of a homogeneous group of farms.
Such research may lead to general useful data (production outlook, necessity of an intensified use of a particular input).
Le problème de la viande
Authors: Sauzin A. 
Published: October 2009

At a time when, on account of a relative shortage of meat, our attention is drawn to the meat problems, the author has considered it useful to search objectively for efforts and concessions that might bring a solution.
The meat producer wishes to enhance the prices, but that may discourage the consumer.
The expenses that encumber the meat processing and distribution seem exhorbitant. The failure of the experiment with short marketing channels should be explained and the economic « recovery » which would be the result of the reform of the marketing channels should be put into figures. In the present production hypothesis, the breeder remain exposed to technical, economic and social constraints more important ' than those of corn producers, although their income is lower.
Does this mean that the breeding activity will progressively disappear ? The fact that certain areas remain unsuitable for cultivation, together with the power of a certain tradition, will delay this disappearing. But it is no doubt inevitable, unless an evolution — or even a revolution — of the regular techniques and changes of the marketing conditions brings a higher productivity and a better security that can be compared with those of the corn sector.
L'investigation psychosociologique en milieu rural
Authors: Thomine-Desmazures Micheline 
Published: October 2009

Dans la première partie de ce document nous avons essayé de présenter les problèmes méthodologiques de l'enquête en milieu rural et l'ensemble des observations empiriques faites jusqu'ici par les chercheurs qui ont utilisé l'entretien ou les méthodes projectives. Puis nous avons abordé le problème de la validité des catégories employées pour qualifier le matériel recueilli en cours d'enquête. A propos de l'opinion nous nous sommes demandé si le niveau atteint par l'investigation ne dépendait pas des conditions d'expression de l'opinion et du niveau de formulation de ces opinions.
Enfin, nous avons montré comment nos expériences de travail en milieu rural nous ont amenés à nous poser des questions sur le langage, ses formes, ses rôles et son apprentissage.
Nous avons trois hypothèses :
1° — Le contexte de vie et le métier des ruraux ont-ils une incidence particulière sur le développement de l'intelligence ?
2° — Le schéma du processus de décision peut-il varier ?
3° — Peut-on dire (dans la terminologie de Riesmann) que la culture rurale traditionnelle est centrée sur la tradition et autrui et non sur la personnalité ?
L'évolution récente d'une communauté rurale : le canton de Nozeroy (Jura)
Authors: Dion Michel 
Published: October 2009

L'étude sociologique du canton de Nozeroy permet de dégager deux types de rapports fondamentaux entre l'homme et les éléments naturels : ses rapports avec le bois et avec la vache.
Sur la base de ces rapports se sont érigées deux organisations sociales complémentaires dont l'une, le voiturage, n'a pas survécu à l'introduction du moteur à explosion dans le débardage et le transport du bois de coupe. Par contre, jusqu'à présent, la fruitière a su intégrer les techniques nouvelles de fabrication du Comté.
Compte-tenu de cette situation, le présent article s'attache à préciser les attitudes contradictoires des paysans devant le progrès technique : elles ressortent à la fois du traditionalisme (c'est le groupe qui décide) et de l'individualisme.
Rente foncière et revenus dans le modèle capitaliste de croissance
Authors: Rullière Gilbert 
Published: October 2009

L'histoire de la pensée économiques connu de très nombreuses discussions au sujet de la rente foncière. Au XXème siècle, la plupart des auteurs considèrent cette rente comme i négligeable, parce qu'elle ne représente qu'une fraction minime du revenu national. Cette baisse de la rente foncière est attribuée à l'intensification générale de la production et à une moindre utilisation du facteur terre.
Cependant, l'observation récente d'un mouvement général de hausse des prix des terres, et surtout l'accroissement des usages non agricoles de la terre, incitent à s'interroger sur la validité de cette analyse. L'ampleur contemporaine de ces deux phénomènes conduit à remettre en question les données de l'analyse. En effet, les thèses relatives au déclin du rôle de la terre et de sa rémunération dans la croissance ignorent la place prise par les usages non agricoles.
Ce mouvement est-il durable, quelles . sont ses conséquences quant au niveau et au partage de la rente foncière? Incontestablement, l'analyse est devenue plus complexe : ces emprises extérieures compliquent la tâche: des agriculteurs (dont les exploitations sont souvent, désorganisées) d'un autre côté, à la suite de l'apparition de nouveaux comportements, l'analyse de la rente foncière doit être complétée par celle des plus-values du capital.