bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Target registration and target positioning errors in computer‐assisted neurosurgery: proposal for a standardized reporting of error assessment
Authors: Widmann Gerlig , Stoffner Rudolf , Sieb Michael , Bale Reto 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackgroundAssessment of errors is essential in development, testing and clinical application of computer‐assisted neurosurgery. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive overview of the different methods to assess target registration error (TRE) and target positioning error (TPE) and to develop a proposal for a standardized reporting of error assessment.MethodsA PubMed research on phantom, cadaver or clinical studies on TRE and TPE has been perfomed. Reporting standards have been defined according to (a) study design and evaluation methods and (b) specifications of the navigation technology.ResultsThe proposed standardized reporting includes (a) study design (controlled, non‐controlled), study type (non‐anthropomorphic phantom, anthropomorphic phantom, cadaver, patient), target design, error type and subtypes, space of TPE measurement, statistics, and (b) image modality, scan parameters, tracking technology, registration procedure and targeting technique.ConclusionsAdoption of the proposed standardized reporting may help in the understanding and comparability of different accuracy reports. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological controls on the transport and deposition of plant propagules within riparian zones
Authors: Moggridge Helen L. , Gurnell Angela M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe establishment of vegetation in riparian zones is dependent upon the availability of suitable habitat and the presence of viable propagules. Studies have shown that propagules are transported by rivers (hydrochory) and deposited in the riparian zone. However, there has been no detailed integrated study of fluvial propagule transport and deposition in relation to the hydrological regime and relative to other key dispersal mechanisms, such as wind dispersal (anemochory) and direct fall from local riparian vegetation.This paper presents the findings of a 1 year study of the hydrological controls on propagule input, transport and deposition in the riparian zone along two morphologically contrasting reaches of the River Frome (UK) and the potential importance of these processes for the riparian vegetation.Analysis of samples, taken every 6 weeks, shows that aerial seed dispersal delivered relatively few propagules to the riparian zone and was highly spatially and temporally variable. The river transported and deposited large numbers of propagules of high diversity, including many species which were not present in the local vegetation, although this varied with river water levels and with season. Winter high flows were particularly important for depositing diverse propagules into the riparian zone along with local seed production during the summer. Despite contrasts in the planform and cross profile morphology of the two study reaches, they showed great similarity in patterns of propagule deposition, which were largely driven by the inundation regime, the elevation of the sampling site, and the season of sampling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Does Graphene Grow? Easy Access to Well‐Ordered Graphene Films
Authors: Müller Frank , Sachdev Hermann , Hüfner Stefan , Pollard Andrew J. , Perkins Edward W. , Russell James C. , Beton Peter H. , Gsell Stefan , Fischer Martin , Schreck Matthias , Stritzker Bernd 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe selective formation of large‐scale graphene layers on a Rh‐YSZ‐Si(111) multilayer substrate by a surface‐induced chemical growth mechanism is investigated using low‐energy electron diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. It is shown that well‐ordered graphene layers can be grown using simple and controllable procedures. In addition, temperature‐dependent experiments provide insight into the details of the growth mechanisms. A comparison of different precursors shows that a mobile dicarbon species (e.g., C2H2 or C2) acts as a common intermediate for graphene formation. These new approaches offer scalable methods for the large‐scale production of high‐quality graphene layers on silicon‐based multilayer substrates.
A Modified Sector Based Space Vector PWM Technique for Five‐Phase Drives
Authors: Duran Mario J. , Glasberger Tomas , Dujic Drazen , Levi Emil , Peroutka Zdenek 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpace vector PWM (SVPWM) is a popular and well‐known technique for standard three‐phase drives, which has been extended recently to multi‐phase voltage source inverters (VSIs). Several SVPWM techniques, which utilize the principle of vector space decomposition (VSD), have been developed for various operating modes. The VSD approach inherently relies on considerations in two‐dimensional (2‐D) subspaces, while SVPWM for a multi‐phase VSI is in essence a multi‐dimensional problem. Hence, an alternative approach to SVPWM, which is based on the direct multi‐dimensional space consideration in the space vector selection process rather than on space vector selection in 2‐D subspaces obtained by vector space decomposition, has been recently introduced. Good performance has been identified, but the method is complex and difficult for the real‐time implementation. This article therefore combines multi‐dimensional SVPWM approach with off‐line calculations to achieve required output voltage generation under non‐sinusoidal and/or unbalanced voltage requirements, which represent the most challenging operating conditions from the point of view of the vector selection for PWM. As a consequence, the implementation becomes rather simple in standard DSPs. The performance of the algorithm is verified by simulation and experimentation. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modulated Induction Thermal Plasmas – Fundamentals and Applications –
Authors: Tanaka Yasunori , Uesugi Yoshihiko 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews fundamentals and applications of modulated induction thermal plasmas that have been developed. The coil‐current modulation of the order of several hundreds amperes allows one to make a large disturbance in high‐pressure and high temperature plasmas, and also to control the temperature and radical density in thermal plasmas in time domain. Examples will be introduced on application of the modulated induction thermal plasma to surface modification, in which thermally and chemically nonequilibrium effects are essential in temperature and radical density fields. Finally, dynamic behaviors of an arbitrary‐waveform modulated induction thermal plasma that has recently been developed were also introduced as a new type of modulated induction thermal plasmas. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of Divertor Plasma Simulators with High Heat Flux Plasmas and its Application to Nuclear Fusion Study: A Review
Authors: Ohno Noriyasu , Kajita Shin , Takagi Makoto , Takamura Shuichi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis overview describes recent studies of nuclear fusion by using divertor plasma simulators generating high heat flux plasma. The experimental results regarding plasma‐material interaction related to tungsten and carbon dusts, and detached recombining plasma are reviewed. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical Simulation of Solid Particle Ablation in Thermal Plasmas using CIP‐VOF Method
Authors: Tanaka Yasunori , Mostaghimi Javad 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNumerical modeling was performed for ablation processing of a solid particle in a thermal plasma flow. The model is based on Constrained Interpolation Propagation–Combined and Unified Procedure (CIP–CUP) method, which can simulate incompressible and compressible flows and then the multiphase flow. Furthermore, the volume of fraction (VOF) function was introduced to track the surface of the solid during ablation. Using that developed model, the ablation process of a polyethylene particle was simulated in a thermal plasma flow. Results show that ablation occurs more strongly at the particle's upstream surface, thereby producing strong gas flow. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metal Vapor Behavior in GTA Welding of a Stainless Steel Considering the Marangoni Effect
Authors: Yamamoto Kentaro , Tanaka Manabu , Tashiro Shinichi , Nakata Kazuhiro , Murphy Anthony B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA gas tungsten arc in helium was modeled taking into account the contamination of the plasma by metal vapor from the weld pool. The whole region of gas tungsten arc atmosphere including the tungsten cathode, arc plasma and weld pool was treated using a unified numerical model. The anode was of a low sulfur stainless steel or a high sulfur stainless steel. A viscosity approximation was used to express the diffusion coefficient in terms of viscosity of shielding gas and metal vapor. The transient two‐dimensional distributions of the temperature, velocity of plasma flow and iron vapor concentration were predicted, together with the weld penetration at the atmospheric pressure. The distribution of the iron vapor is obviously different between the case of a low sulfur stainless steel anode and the case of a high sulfur stainless steel anode. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Numerical Study of Plasma‐Particle Heat Transfer Dynamics in Induction Thermal Plasmas for Glassification
Authors: Hossain M. Mofazzal , Yao Yaochun , Watanabe Takayuki 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDependence of energy exchange between plasma and soda‐lime‐silica glass particles on the particle size, powder feed‐rate and nozzle insertion length during in‐flight thermal treatment for glassification by induction thermal plasmas has been studied. For the numerical investigation into the plasma‐particle energy exchange dynamics during melting and vaporization of particles, a thermofluid plasma‐particle interaction model has been developed taking into account the strong plasma‐particle interactions and particle loading effects. It is found that heat transfer to the particles depends strongly on the particles' size, powder feed‐rate, nozzle insertion length, and plasma discharge parameters. Thus, for the efficient thermal treatment of particles, the above parameters should be optimized. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of Magnetized Coaxial Plasma Guns for Simulation of Transient High Heat Loads on ITER Divertor
Authors: Nagata Masayoshi , Kikuchi Yusuke , Fukumoto Naoyuki 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe magnetized coaxial plasma gun (MCPG) was investigated to seek possibilities of its application for a transient high heat testing to the ITER divertor surfaces. The experimental results showed that the MCPG could generate the hydrogen plasma stream with the ion energy of 50 eV, the peak energy density of 0.7 MJ/m2 and the discharge duration of ∼0.05 ms. This capability is enough powerful to melt tungsten materials. Vaporization of a thin surface layer and a cloud of dense vapor plasma in front of the carbon calorimeter were observed by spectroscopic measurements. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical Characterization of Dosimetry, Human Body Resistance and Heart Current Resulting from Power‐Frequency Touch Current for an Anatomically Realistic Human Model
Authors: Hayashi Noriyuki , Tarao Hiroo , Isaka Katsuo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCharacteristics of power‐frequency touch current inside an anatomically realistic human model of Japanese adult were numerically analyzed under various scenarios of current paths using a modified scalar potential finite difference (SPFD) method. Then, complex distributions of the current density in the model were visually illustrated. Results of the dosimetry of current density for excitable tissues indicates that the touch current within the reference level (0.5 mA) does not always satisfy the basic restriction of current density in the light of ICNIRP guideline for general public. Two sets of the internal body resistances Ri (i.e., 1130–1510Ω and 1460–1920Ω) are obtained, depending on the conductivity sets used. Although Ri considerably depends on the current scenario concerned, the highest values of Ri were obtained for the hand‐to‐hand scenario, regardless of the conductivity set. The inhomogeneous model always gives a higher value of Ri than does the homogeneous model that has a single conductivity equivalent to the weighted‐average conductivity of the inhomogeneous model. It is found that the conductivity of muscle has significant influence on Ri, and that the resistance around the wrist and ankle is one of the predominant parameters to decide Ri. It is clearly shown that the current scenarios affect the pattern of the heart current flow, especially the direction of it, to a large extent. It is found that a current of 34–40% of touch current flows into the heart, and then the heart‐current ratio is remarkably larger than old data. The heart‐current factors of around 0.85 obtained are almost independent of the current scenarios, unlike those indicated in IEC60479‐1, provided that the direction of heart current is ignored. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Evaluating Model of Photovoltaic Power Output Variations for an Energy System Planning in an Urban Area
Authors: Kaewniyompanit Songpakit , Sugihara Hideharu , Tsuji Kiichiro 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a mathematical model to evaluate the power output variations from photovoltaic systems (PV) in collaboration with an energy system planning in an urban area, and applied the model to a demonstrating energy system. The evaluating model is developed from per‐floor area PV power output variations on the basis of the past 1 year of actual solar insolation. The evaluation of the power variations is represented in terms of a per‐floor area standard deviation curve. In case of considering two alternatives, battery‐less and battery‐installed PV systems, a correlative coefficient curve is calculated, then a total standard deviation curve representing the total PV power variations can be formulated on the basis of a random variable (RV) model. The model is applied as a tool to evaluate the power variation in an energy system. The energy system planning demonstration approaches the optimal planning by minimizing total cost under CO2 emission reduction and the power variation constraints. The results show the impacts of the constraint of power variation that limit the installation of PV system. The constraint results the increase of the proportion of PV system with battery installation against PV system without battery installation. Consequently, the constraint also degrades the maximum potential of the entire system to reduce CO2 emission corresponding to the decrease of PV system. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developed Modeling and Numerical Simulation for Mismatching Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation
Authors: Xu Qingshan , Wang Nianchun , Yukita Kazuto , Goto Yasuyuki , Ichiyanagi Katsuhiro 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA simplified simulation method was described for charactering mismatching photovoltaic performance integrated with bypass and string diodes, which are configured additionally compared with the tradition design for avoiding deterioration to modules in series or in parallel connection. The Newton‐Raphson method was adopted for numerical simulations, with some computation problem discussed for fast convergence. It was proven to be suitable and effective when model validation coinciding with manufacturer specification. Furthermore, maximal power point (MPP) peak positions were reviewed roundly via simulations of the total characteristic curves. Multi‐power peaks with multi‐diodes installed were also investigated. The proposed method can be benefit for better comprehension on the physical circuit and provides greater program expansibility, and such simulation researches should be applicable for manufacturer to evaluate the configuration of photovoltaic module. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Oscillating and Non‐oscillating Impulse Waveform for High‐Voltage Impulse Test using the Roots of Biquadratic Equation
Authors: Matsumoto Satoshi , Nishimura Nobuaki 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the waveform analysis of impulse voltage or impulse current. The analysis is accomplished by solving the biquadratic equation for the lightning impulse test circuit. Three discriminants classify the solutions into nine categories. Some calculations using the roots of biquadratic equation demonstrate the effectiveness of the analysis. For example, the overshoot or oscillating impulse superposed on standard lightning impulse voltage is calculated as the magnitude of relative overshoot. The polarity reversal waveform together with the double frequency oscillation or without oscillation is analyzed, which is not expressed by the third‐order differential equation. The analyses also clarify the relationship between the waveform and the circuit parameters. This means that the definition of relative overshoot magnitude based on the base curve for oscillating impulse or overshoot is supported by the theory. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soft Decision with Soft Target for Car‐like Mobile Vehicle in Dynamic Environment
Authors: Chen Yougen , Yasunobu Seiji 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOnline flexible operation of a car‐like mobile vehicle with non‐holonomic constraints in dynamic environment is still a very challenging problem because the surrounding situations are not qualified in static, knowledge is only partial and the execution is often associated with uncertainty. The difficulty lies in the setting of appropriate moving sub‐targets in real‐time to obtain a collision‐free and low‐cost path. In this paper, we present a new approach for the autonomous motion control of mobile vehicle in a narrow area with static and dynamic obstacles. It is based on the selection of sub‐target points of vehicle's movement called ‘soft target’ which is a target set defined as all possible and reachable via‐points in a navigation space. The soft target is acquired by online learning based on the final target and environment information. Each element of it has its membership value in [0, 1] denoting its evaluation degree. With the acquired soft target, soft decision is made like human's decision process by predictive fuzzy control (PFC) to achieve final target safely and economically. The simulation results show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed vehicle motion control method. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Optimal Grey PID Control System
Authors: Li Guo‐Dong , Masuda Shiro , Yamaguchi Daisuke , Nagai Masatake 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe PID control algorithm has been widely applied in many industry control system to solve efficiently the control problems of manufacturing processes. However, PID control algorithm belong to “delay control”, because it functions on basis of the actions occurred in the system. Thus the control accuracy in real‐time is limited. In this paper, in order to realize the accurate control in real‐time, the grey model based on grey system theory is first proposed to combine with PID control to establish the control system. We define the proposed control system as grey PID control system. Then the cubic spline function is integrated into the grey model. to enhance the control accuracy of system. To further improve the performance, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of PID algorithm. Finally, we validated the effectiveness of the proposed control system by computer simulation. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation of CNTs on STM Probes Using the Simple Arc Discharge Method
Authors: Kim Yuichi , Nishikawa Eiichi , Kioka Toshihide 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe succeeded in producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on scanning tunneling microscope (STM) probes using the simple arc discharge method. We used STM probes with a diameter of 200 µm (500 nm in diameter at the tip), and placed them in a position 5 mm from a set of carbon electrodes between which a direct current discharge of 30 V/20 A was applied. The results of scanning electron microscopy observation confirmed that the fine particles generated included high‐purity CNTs on the STM probe surface. Specifically, CNTs were generated directly on the surface of the STM probe. This study indicates that the technique is suitable for nano‐analysis application in the field of nanotechnology. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevention of Missteps in Stopping Process of a Stepping Motor on High‐Speed Drive
Authors: Miura Takeshi , Matsuo Kenshi , Taniguchi Toshiyuki 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe authors suggest a method to prevent missteps in the stopping process of a stepping motor on high‐speed drive with a micrstep drive system. In this method, a simple compensator, which is a low‐pass filter that modifies the reference angle in the stopping process, is added to the control system. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by the experiments. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reduction of Excess Sludge by Magneto‐Ferrite Treatment: Observation on Lab Scale WWTPs
Authors: Kabir Mahmudul , Suzuki Masafumi , Yoshimura Noboru 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have reported the effect of magneto‐ferrite treatment on the growth of excess activated sludge in laboratory scale with extended aeration method. This magneto‐ferrite treatment is a new approach for reduction of excess sludge by using ferrite particles and permanent magnets. Two miniature waste water treatment plants were used at the laboratory, one of which was run with magneto‐ferrite treatment, whereas other one was run without any treatment. The observations showed good results in the reduction of excess sludge. No evidence of excess sludge was found with magneto‐ferrite treatment. The results showed good possibilities of reducing sludge in the arena of biological waste water treatment. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.