bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of Influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Thailand during 2015 to 2018
Authors: Anoma Sasiprapa , Bhattarakosol Parvapan , Kowitdamrong Ekasit 
Published: June 2024

Background
Influenza A(H3N2) virus evolves continuously. Its hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes have high genetic variation due to the antigenic drift. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and evolution of HA and NA genes of the influenza A(H3N2) virus in Thailand.

Methods
Influenza A positive respiratory samples from 2015 to 2018 were subtyped by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Full-length HA and NA genes from the positive samples of influenza A(H3N2) were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis with the maximum likelihood method was used to investigate the evolution of the virus compared with the WHO-recommended influenza vaccine strain. Homology modeling and N-glycosylation site prediction were also performed.

Results
Out of 443 samples, 147 (33.18%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 296 (66.82%) were A(H3N2). The A(H3N2) viruses circulating in 2015 were clade 3C.2a whereas sub-clade 3C.2a1 and 3C.2a2 dominated in 2016–2017 and 2018, respectively. Amino acid substitutions were found in all antigenic sites A, B, C, D, and E of HA but the majority of the substitutions were located at antigenic sites A and B. The S245N and N329S substitutions in the NA gene affect the N-glycosylation. None of the mutations associated with resistance to NA inhibitors were observed. Mean evolutionary rates of the HA and NA genes were 3.47 × 10−3 and 2.98 × 10−3 substitutions per site per year.

Conclusion
The influenza A(H3N2) virus is very genetically diverse and is always evolving to evade host defenses. The HA and NA gene features including the evolutionary rate of the influenza A(H3N2) viruses that were circulating in Thailand between 2015 and 2018 are described. This information is useful for monitoring the genetic characteristics and evolution in HA and NA genes of influenza A(H3N2) virus in Thailand which is crucial for predicting the influenza vaccine strains resulting in high vaccine effectiveness.
Importance of considering testosterone–cortisol interactions in predicting human aggression and dominance
Authors: Carré Justin M. , Mehta Pranjal H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA novel “field” study recently published in Aggressive Behavior found that individual differences in baseline testosterone concentrations were positively correlated with endorsement of political aggression and that baseline cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with self‐reported aggression among Palestinian boys living in Gaza. Here, we discuss recent evidence indicating that testosterone and cortisol interact to predict competitive, aggressive, and dominant behaviors and urge researchers collecting both hormones to perform and report analyses that formally test for such interaction effects. Aggr. Behav. 37:489–491, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyano‐Substituted Oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) Single Crystals: A Promising Laser Material
Authors: Wang Huan , Li Feng , Ravia Israel , Gao Bingrong , Li Yupeng , Medvedev Vlad , Sun Hongbo , Tessler Nir , Ma Yuguang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOrganic crystals that combine high charge‐carrier mobility and excellent light‐emission characteristics are expected to be of interest for light‐emitting transistors and diodes, and may offer renewed hope for electrically pumped laser action. High‐luminescence‐efficiency cyano‐substituted oligo(p‐ phenylene vinylene) (CN‐DPDSB) crystals (η ≈ 95%) grown by the physical vapor transport method is reported here, with high mobilities (at ≈10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 order of magnitude) as measured by time‐of‐flight. The CN‐DPDSB crystals have well‐balanced bipolar carrier‐transport characteristics (μhole≈ 2.5–5.5 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1; μelectron ≈ 0.9–1.3 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1) and excellent optically pumped laser properties. The threshold for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is about 4.6 μJ per pulse (23 KW cm−2), while the gain coefficient at the peak wavelength of ASE and the loss coefficient caused by scattering are ≈35 and ≈1.7 cm−1, respectively. This indicates that CN‐DPDSB crystals are promising candidates for organic laser diodes.
Microstructure and thermal behavior of polylactide/clay nanocomposites melt compounded under supercritical CO2
Authors: Jiang Guo , Huang Han‐Xiong , Chen Zhao‐Ke 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (Sc‐CO2) is a good plasticizer to improve the compatibility for nanocomposites or polymer blends. In this work, polylactide (PLA)/clay nanocomposites were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder. Two extrusion methods were used, one with Sc‐CO2 and another without Sc‐CO2. Microstructures of nanocomposites and their mechanical properties were investigated. Their thermal behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry analyzer. Results show that the layer spacing of clay in the nanocomposites was improved. Observed from transmission electron microscopy photomicrographs, it was shown that the clay was dispersed more homogeneously in the nanocomposites compounded with Sc‐CO2. DSC traces show that cold crystallization appeared for nanocomposites, indicating that clay could act as a nucleating agent. Sc‐CO2 was helpful in improving the thermal stability of nanocomposites. In addition, there existed a yielding phenomenon for nanocomposites during the tensile property measurement. With the preparation of Sc‐CO2, the elongation at break and tensile strength for nanocomposites were increased. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 174–182, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20214
Properties of natural rubber filled with ultrafine carboxylic acrylonitrile butadiene rubber powder
Authors: Sae‐oui Pongdhorn , Sirisinha Chakrit , Intiya Weenusarin , Thaptong Puchong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractInfluence of ultrafine carboxylic acrylonitrile butadiene rubber powder (XNBRP) on properties of natural rubber (NR) was investigated. Mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and oil resistance of XNBRP‐filled NR were determined after various loadings of XNBRP were added. Results clearly show that the presence of XNBRP not only leads to increased compound viscosity but also causes deterioration of the mechanical properties, e.g., tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, as well as compression set at elevated temperature. This is mainly attributed to the reduced cross‐link density and the poor interfacial adhesion between NR and XNBRP. However, both oil and thermal ageing resistances are found to improve continuously with increasing XNBRP loading. Such improvement is obvious when 20 phr of XNBRP is loaded. Although the rubber becomes softer after oil immersion, it is surprisingly found that the modulus at high strain of the swollen rubber is greater than that of the unswollen one. The network tightening effect is proposed to explain the results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 183–190, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20215
Polymeric foams from high‐performance thermoplastics
Authors: Sorrentino L. , Aurilia M. , Iannace S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the foaming process of high‐performance thermoplastic polymers such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide (PEI), and poly(ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) expanded by using supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. All polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological analysis to roughly identify the foaming conditions. Batch and solid‐state foaming methods were employed. In the first case, cell nucleation was promoted by inducing a fast pressure drop rate in a pressurized vessel. In the solid‐state process, foaming was promoted by increasing the temperature of gas‐saturated samples in an oil bath. The effects of foaming methods and process parameters on cellular morphology were analyzed. All polymers were successfully foamed by using the solid‐state technique, showing relative densities ranging from 0.13 to 0.44 for PEN and from 0.27 to 0.57 for PES, PPSU, and PEI. The morphology was microcellular in all cases, and PES exhibited nanocellular cells after some processing conditions. The batch‐foaming process was less effective to prepare foams than the solid‐state one. In fact, higher relative densities and reduced temperature windows for foaming were evidenced for amorphous polymers, whereas PEN crystallized during the heating step and foams with poor morphology and high relative densities were obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 234–243, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20219
Chemical kinetic modeling of i‐butane and n‐butane catalytic cracking reactions over HZSM‐5 zeolite
Authors: Roohollahi Gholamreza , Kazemeini Mohammad , Mohammadrezaee Alireza , Golhosseini Reza 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA chemical kinetic model for i‐butane and n‐butane catalytic cracking over synthesized HZSM‐5 zeolite, with SiO2/Al2O3 = 484, and in a plug flow reactor under various operating conditions, has been developed. To estimate the kinetic parameters of catalytic cracking reactions of i‐butane and n‐butane, a lump kinetic model consisting of six reaction steps and five lumped components is proposed. This kinetic model is based on mechanistic aspects of catalytic cracking of paraffins into olefins. Furthermore, our model takes into account the effects of both protolytic and bimolecular mechanisms. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to estimate kinetic parameters. Results from statistical F‐tests indicate that the kinetic models and the proposed model predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data obtained for both paraffin reactants. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2456–2465, 2012
Impact of intrasexual selection on sexual dimorphism and testes size in the Mexican howler monkeysAlouatta palliataandA. pigra
Authors: Kelaita Mary , Dias Pedro Américo D. , Aguilar‐Cucurachi Ma. del Socorro , Canales‐Espinosa Domingo , Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOne of the goals of physical anthropology and primatology is to understand how primate social systems influence the evolution of sexually selected traits. Howler monkeys provide a good model for studying sexual selection due to differences in social systems between related species. Here, we examine data from the sister howler monkey speciesAlouatta palliataandA. pigrainhabiting southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala. We use a resampling approach to analyze differences in sexual dimorphism of body and canine size. In addition, we compare testes size as a way of gauging the intensity of sperm competition in both species. Morphometric data were collected from wild‐caught individuals, including body mass and length, and dental data were obtained from casts from wild individuals and from museum specimens. AlthoughA. pigraindividuals are larger than theirA. palliatacounterparts, we find that both species exhibit similar levels of sexual dimorphism for all of the variables considered. Testicular volume results indicate thatA. palliatamale testes are on average twice as large as those ofA. pigramales, suggesting more intense sperm competition in the former species. Our study shows thatA. pigrais not highly sexually dimorphic as was once thought, and testes size differences suggest the need for a clearer understanding of howler monkey social systems. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flame‐retarded polystyrene with phosphorus‐ and nitrogen‐containing oligomer: Preparation and thermal properties
Authors: Tai Qilong , Song Lei , Lv Xiaoqi , Lu Hongdian , Hu Yuan , Yuen Richard K.K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA phosphorus‐ and nitrogen‐containing compound (2‐dimethylamino ethyl phenyl hydroxyethyl acrylate phosphate) and its oligomer (poly(2‐dimethylamino ethyl phenyl hydroxyethyl acrylate phosphate), PDPHP) were synthesized and characterized. The polystyrene (PS) composites with various amounts of PDPHP were prepared by melt blending. The thermal stability of the PDPHP and PS composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy of the composites was evaluated using microscale combustion calorimeter and limiting oxygen index test. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with a thermogravimetric analyzer was also used to study the gas phase from the degradation of PS composites. The char residues of the PS composites containing 30 wt % PDPHP were analyzed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that the incorporation of PDPHP into PS can evidently enhance the char formation and improve the flame retardancy of virgin PS. The compact and coherent char formed during degradation was attributed to the enhancement of char quality and flame retardance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and properties of composites of oligoazomethine with char
Authors: Özaytekin İlkay , Kar Yakup 
Published: August 2011

AbstractConjugated aromatic oligo(azomethine) derivatives (oligo‐AMs) were prepared by the condensation of terephtaldehyde 4,4′‐diformylbiphenyl bis(4‐formylphenyl) ether and p‐phenylene diacrolein with 1,4‐diaminobenzene at room temperature. The structures of the synthesized oligomers were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, TGA–DTG, UV–vis absorption spectra, and elemental analyses. Additionally, in this study, the oligomer composites were obtained using the carbon material (char) derived from the 450°C pyrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalates. The conductivity measurements of the produced composites were determined at 24‐h periods by doping with iodine vapor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical and drug delivery properties of a chitosan–tartaric acid hydrogel suitable for biomedical applications
Authors: Ruiz‐Caro R. , Veiga M. D. , Di Meo C. , Cencetti C. , Coviello T. , Matricardi P. , Alhaique F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe present investigation describes the synthesis and the characterization of a novel highly stable polysaccharidic hydrogel system, designed for modified drug delivery. Gels and films based on the biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan (CS) were prepared by a crosslinking reaction between the polysaccharide amino groups with tartaric acid, using the short‐range crosslinkers 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide (EDC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as coupling agents. The aim of the study is to characterize the novel CS hydrogel by means of rheological and mechanical measurements; in vitro swelling, release, and degradation studies were also carried out. Obtained results show how the structure of the obtained networks can deeply affect dynamomechanical properties of the hydrogel as well as the delivery rate of loaded model drugs. The mechanical characterization of the hydrogel, in the form of films, indicates that the film elasticity increases as the water content in the hydrogel increases. Rheological studies evidenced that the different network structures can affect the elastic modulus of the system. Release studies of two model molecules, i.e., vitamin B12 and blue dextran, of different steric hindrance were carried out using both the bulk gel and the film. In vitro release of both drugs was evaluated in water and in Hepes to assess the suitability of this novel drug delivery system for pharmaceutical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Diazotization–azidation of amines in water by using crosslinked poly(4‐vinylpyridine)‐supported azide ion
Authors: Karimi Zarchi Mohammad Ali , Nabaei Rahman , Barani Saeed 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe use of polymeric reagents simplifies routine azidation of diazonium salts, because it eliminates the traditional purification. An efficient, simple, and effective method for the preparation of aryl azides is described. The synthesis of aromatic azides from the corresponding amines is accomplished under mild conditions with sodium nitrite in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid or concentrated H2SO4 at low temperature (0–5°C to room temperature). The obtained relatively stable diazonium salts, followed by treatment with a polymer‐supported azide ion in water at room temperature to produce the corresponding aryl azides. The spent polymeric reagents can be regenerated and reused for several times without losing their activity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical structure and catalytic activity of quaternary onium salt‐type triphase catalysts based on CPS microspheres
Authors: Gao Baojiao , Wang Zhangbin , Wang Lin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work, diversified quaternary onium salt‐type triphase catalysts (TPC) were prepared based on crosslinked polystyrene (CPS) microspheres, and the relationship between their chemical structures and catalytic activities in liquid‐solid‐liquid reaction system were investigated in depth by using the esterification reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium acetate as a model system. The experimental results indicate that the chemical structures of the TPC affect their catalytic activity greatly and there are four basic points: (1) the quaternary phosphonium‐type TPC have higher activity than quaternary ammonium‐type catalyst; (2) the TPC with more lipophilic substitutes at N atom have higher catalytic activity; (3) the TPC with longer spacer arm, which links quaternary onium salt group to the matrix microsphere, have higher catalytic activity; (4) the bonding density of quaternary onium salt group on the polymeric carrier affects the hydrophilic and hydrophobic property of the TPC, and consequently, influences the catalytic activity significantly. For a given triphase catalysis system, there is an optimal bonding density of quaternary onium salt group on the solid catalysts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Optical resolution of racemic amino acid derivatives with chiral polyamides bearing glutamyl residue as a diacid component
Authors: Nakagawa Maiko , Ikeuchi Yoshimi , Yoshikawa Masakazu , Yoshida Hidekazu , Sakurai Shinichi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNovel chiral polyamides with chiral environment in their main chains were obtained from aromatic diamine, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DADPM), and the D‐isomer or the L‐isomer of N‐α‐protected glutamic acid, such as N‐α‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐D‐glutamic acid (Z‐D‐Glu‐OH) or N‐α‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐glutamic acid (Z‐L‐Glu‐OH), in the presence of triphenyl phosphite (TPP). Two types of newly prepared polyamide showed optical rotation, implying that there were asymmetric carbons in their main chains. Circular dichroism studies demonstrated that resulting chiral poly‐ amides took a helical structure. Optical resolution ability of those two types of polyamide was studied by adopting potential difference as a driving force for membrane transport. Membranes showed permselectivity toward racemic mixture of N‐α‐acetyltryptophan (Ac‐Trp). The permselectivity was dependent on the absolute configuration of diacid component. The permselectivity was expressed by diffusivity selectivity, which was determined by the presence of chiral helicity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Hydrogels composite of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylate) and rice husk ash. I. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Cândido Jean de S. , Leitão Renan C. F. , Ricardo Nágila M. P. S. , Feitosa Judith P. A. , Muniz Edvani C. , Rodrigues Francisco H. A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractComposite hydrogels of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylate) with rice husk ash (RHA) were synthesized and studies of the swelling variables were accomplished comparatively with commercial polyacrylamide gel and PAMACRYL, a poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylate) hydrogel without RHA. FT‐IR and WAXS were the techniques employed for characterizing a series of hydrogel obtained by varying the percentage of RHA (1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 wt %) and the amount of crosslinking agent (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mol %) relative to sum of AAm and AAc. Superabsorbent hydrogel with Weq > 800 g H2O/g gel was obtained with percentage of 10 wt % of RHA and 0.1 of crosslinking agent mol %. The hydrogel showed to be sensitive to the pH variation and to the presence of salts. The hydrogels, even though submitted through cycles of drying and swelling, preserved their superabsorbent characteristics and demonstrated better water absorbance properties when compared with commercial polyacrylamide gel. The composite hydrogels of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylate) with RHA presented good characteristics to be applied as soil conditioner for using in agriculture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Einfluss von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen auf das Sommerverhalten von Gebäuden
Authors: Handler Simon , Korjenic Azra , Bednar Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIm Rahmen des hier präsentierten Forschungsprojekts wurden Wärmedämmverbundsysteme (WDVS) auf deren Potential zur Beschränkung der sommerlichen Überwärmung von Gebäuden in unterschiedlichen Klimaregionen mit experimentellen und numerischen Methoden untersucht. An einem Institutsgebäude der TU Wien wurden im Rahmen eines Experiments die Wärmetransportprozesse während des Sommers 2010 durch eine Außenwand mit WDVS und durch eine Außenwand ohne WDVS mit einer Messanlage bestehend aus Wärmestrommessfolien sowie Temperatur‐ und Strahlungssensoren erfasst. Im Anschluss wurden dynamische Gebäudesimulationen für zwei verschiedene Klimasituationen durchgeführt. Für eine festgelegte Gebäudegeometrie wurde der Einfluss von WDVS auf die sich einstellenden Innenraumtemperaturen untersucht. Es wurde speziell darauf eingegangen, ob temperatursenkende Maßnahmen (nächtliches Dauerlüften, Verschattung der Fensterflächen) an Außenwänden mit WDVS ähnlich hohe Wirkung zeigen wie an Außenwänden ohne WDVS.The influence of external thermal insulation composite systems on the summer performance of buildings. In this research the potential of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) to reduce the overheating of buildings during summertime is researched by experimental and numerical methods. An experiment is carried out to explore how the heat transport processes through an exterior wall are affected by the installation of a thermal insulation composite system. As part of the preparation for the experiment, an exterior insulation layer is installed on part of the facade of a building. The heat transport processes through the wall are then detected by a measuring system consisting of heat flow sensors, temperature sensors and radiation sensors. If the obtained knowledge is valid for various outside temperatures, is then verified by performing dynamic, thermal simulations of a defined building located in different climatic situations. The other topic that is investigated by the thermal building simulations is the effect of operations that may reduce indoor temperatures (e. g. constant airing over open windows during night, using shading systems for the windows) and the used wall constructions on the room temperatures that actually occur.