bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 40-Cubic-Foot Air-Conditioned Cabinet
Authors: Jackson C. 
Published: January 2010

Small, inexpensive air-conditioned cabinets that are easy to construct, maintain and adjust, are needed in many laboratories. Commercially available equipment is not specifically designed to maintain moderate and precise conditions for long periods.This paper describes the design and physical performance of a laboratory air-conditioned cabinet 40 cu. ft. in volume with a miniature air-conditioning system fitted to it. Air motion and distribution as well as temperature and humidity are precisely controlled. Temperature can be held at any desired level from 65 to 85 ± 0.5°F. and humidity from 45 to 85 per cent with accuracy of ± 1 per cent R.H. provided the ambient conditions are from 65 to 85°F. and 5 to 85 per cent R.H.
Life History of a Pine Sawfly,Neodiprionsp., at Willits, California (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Dahlsten D. L. 
Published: January 2010

Neodiprionsawflies are economic pests in pine plantations in eastern and southern United States and eastern Canada. While not a serious problem in California at the present time, they will probably become so with the advent of more intensive forest management.Little is known of the species present in California. The only specific study was that concerned with theNeodiprion abietiscomplex on white fir in 1952 (Struble, 1957). Miscellaneous data are available from the survey records of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley.
The Area of Discovery of Two Insect Parasites,Nasonia vitripennis(Walker) andTrichogramma evanescensWestwood, in an Artificial Environment
Authors: Edwards Roy L. 
Published: January 2010

Two of the most important factors that contribute to the success of a parasite population are (1) the ability to find hosts and (2) the ability to oviposit in hosts when found. The theories of Thompson (1922, 1924), Nicholson (1933) and Nicholson and Bailey (1935), which have commanded attention in the field of population dynamics for a number of years, emphasized the importance of these factors in quite different ways.Thompson assumed that the parasites have no difficulty in finding their hosts but have a constant egg supply whereas Nicholson assumed that the egg supply is virtually unlimited but that the parasites have a fixed and limited searching ability which he called their ‘area of discovery’.
A New Genus and Species of Chalcid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F. 
Published: January 2010

In July, 1959 I reared a polyembryonic encyrtid from a species of Lithocolletis attacking Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh in the lake region around Ohio, Nova Scotia. It represents a species and genus new to science.Gibberella, new genusType species: Gibberella scutellata Miller, new species.
The GenusBolbomyiaLoew (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G. 
Published: January 2010

The genusBolbomyiaLoew, 1850, was erected on the basis of specimens in Austrian amber. No specific name was applied to the material.Bolbomyia nanaLoew was described in 1862 from a single female collected at Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The species has since been redescribed twice, asMisgomyia obscuraby Coquillett, and asPtiolina mitisby Curran, on the basis of eastern North American material.A second species has recently been collected in western North America, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe this new species and redescribe the genus.
Variation Between Samples of Immature Stages, and of Mortalities from Some Factors, of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on Sweet Corn in Quebec
Authors: Hudon M. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: January 2010

This is a report on a program to sample the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), with the object of obtaining reliable statistics for life tables (see e.g. Morris, 1955; LeRoux and Reimer, 1959).Basic studies on factors determining abundance of the European corn borer are few, some of the most notable having been carried out by Barber (1926), Huber et al. (1928), Thompson and Parker (1928), Stirrett (1938), Vance (1943), Baker et al. (1949), Bigger and Petty (1953), Everett et al. (1958) and Chiang and Hodson (1959). None of these studies was a thorough study of mortality factors in development of the European corn borer from endemic to epidemic levels. A number of specific factors known to be important in the epidemiology of this species have been investigated by Arbuthnot (1949), Neiswander (1952), Goleman (1954), Chiang and Holdaway (1955), and Chiang (1959), and the application of biometric techniques to the sampling of corn borer populations has been studied by Beard (1943), McGuire (1954), and Bankcroft and Brindley (1956). None of the latter authors have, however, investigated sampling techniques relating to the development of life tables for this species.
The Life History and Habits of a Midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Douglas-fir Cones
Authors: Hedlin A. F. 
Published: January 2010

A midge, Contarinia oregonensis, is one of a number of species of insects which causc seed losses in Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. In recent years it has been reported causing more damage than any other single species of Douglas-fir cone insect in western Washington (Johnson and Heikkkenen. 1958). This has been the situation on Vancouver Island also.The species bas described by Foote (1956) from specimens taken in Oregon in 1916.
A Container for the Transport of Insect Cocoons or Pupae
Authors: Wearne G. R. 
Published: January 2010

The methods of despatching insects from one country to another for biological control purposes have often left much to be desired. When insects are sent as pupae or cocoons, they are generally packed in damp wood-wool or sphagnum moss to absorb vibration, from which it is often difficult to remove either the insects or any undesirable fellow travellers.The ideal insect container should be strong, light in weight, small enough for ease of handling, yet able to hold large numbers of individuals without excessive crowding.
Life History and Behaviour of the Raspberry Crown Borer Bembecia marginata (Harr.) (Lepidoptera: Aegerudae)
Authors: Raine J. 
Published: January 2010

Bembecia marginata (Harr.), commonly called the raspberry crown borer, raspberry root borer, or blackberry crown borer, is native to North America. Harris (1839) first recorded it from New Hampshire as Trochilium marginata Harr. Edwards (1881) first named it Bembecia marginata (Harr.). Beutenmüller (1901) summarized its many synonyms.With increased acreage of cultivated cane fruits in Canada this insect has become a serious agricultural pest. It does not occur in outbreaks, but builds up slowly over a period of years and gradually reduces the vigour and yield of plantings. Damage is caused by the larvae which undermine the new buds at the base of the plants in the spring and girdle the new canes during the summer. Especially affected are young plantings which produce only a few canes at first.
The Males of Dialictus laevissimus (Smith) and D. rohweri (Ellis) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E. 
Published: January 2010

Proper association of males with females of the bee family Halictidae presents difficulties not found in most insect groups. In the north temperate zone males emerge in late summer, mate with the females and then die, only females surviving over winter. Collecting in spring and early summer therefore yields only females and only in the later collections do males appear.Correct association between males and females may be secured by excavating burrows after males have emerged from the pupae, by collecting mating pairs or by making such extensive collections in a limited area that statistical evidence may be secured to support conclusions based on morphological features. This technique was used by the junior author in his original studies of Andrenidae and Halictidae (Atwood, 1933) but is by no means a universal practice. Consequently, many species names in the Halictidae are based on descriptions of one sex only while in other instances the association between male and female rests upon a very shaky foundation. This paper is designed to clarify the status of two species which are now in the above categories.
Un Piège à Fosse Amélioré pour la Capture d’Insectes Actifs à la Surface du Sol
Authors: Rivard I. 
Published: January 2010

Un piège à fosse construit sur le même principe que celui décrit récemment par Doane (1961), mais plus simple de fabrication et d'emploi, nous a donné d'excellents résultats lors d'une enquête préliminaire sur les Carabidés associés à diverses cultures de la région de Belleville.L'appareil (Fig. 1) se compose principalement d'un entonnoir (C) inséré dans un cylindre (B) et conduisant à une bouteille (D) où sont retenus les insectes. Une boite à conserves de 48 onces dont on a enlevé les extrémités sert de cylindre. Enfoncé jusqu'à son rebord supérieur dans le sol, il prévient l'effondrement des parois de la cavité où sont disposées les autres pièces du piège.
On the Flight and Host Selection of the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: McMullen L. H. , Atkins M. D. 
Published: January 2010

The flight of bark beetles covers a short but important period of their life cycle, during which they are exposed to conditions not encountered during the major portion of their life under the bark. The time of flight and the factors which affect it are important, not only to the dispersal and survival of the insect, but also in the interpretation of experimental data dependent upon the beetle's flight activity.Chapman (1954), Rudinsky and Vité (1956), and Atkins (1959, 1960, 1961) studied the flight of the Douglas-fir beetle under laboratory conditions, but there is scant reference to field studies on the flight of this insect. Chapman and Kinghorn (1958) recorded the number caught in window flight traps near Cowichan Lake, B.C., and unpublished reports describe emergence records obtained from cage studies conducted near Lumby, B.C.
Effect of Heat on the Fertility of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R. 
Published: January 2010

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with investigations that were commenced in 1956 at Summerland, British Columbia, to determine if the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), could be eradicated in the interior of British Columbia by the release of sexually sterile male moths.One of the most important prerequisites for the success of this method is the development of a technique that will sterilize the male without seriously affecting its behaviour, particularly mating ability and longevity. Complete or almost complete sterility has been induced in one or both sexes of certain species of insects by feeding them chemicals (LaBrecque et al., 1960), or by exposing them to X- or gamma rays (Bushland and Hopkins, 1953), or by subjecting them to abnormally high temperatures (Riordan, 1957).
Development, Survival and Reproduction of Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Reared on Various Food Plants
Authors: Pickford R. 
Published: January 2010

In Saskatchewan the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.), is most numerous in areas of cultivation; within these areas weedy grain fields seem to be its most favored habitat. On native grasslands where this grasshopper is less prevalent, it favors overgrazed pastures in which palatable forbs and weed species are common.The relationship of M. bilituratus to its food plants has been reported by a number of workers in various parts of Canada and the United States (Pfadt, 1949; Anderson and Wright, 1952; Smith et al., 1952; Barnes, 1955; Gangwere, 1956; Pickford, 1958; Scharff, 1961). Certain differences in food preferences and in reproductive potential of this grasshopper may be noted in these reports. Some of the differences may have occurred because bilituratus (mexicanus auth. in part) is made up of a number of sub-species and local populations (Brooks, 1958; Gurney and Brooks, 1959).
Cnephia abdita, a New Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Eastern North America
Authors: Peterson B. V. 
Published: January 2010

Female: General body color dark brown to blackish-brown; legs lighter brown. Length: body, 2.0-2.7 mm.; wing, 2.1-2.3 mm.Head dark, posterior and undersurface densely covered with long, pale yellow hair; a row of stout, erect, dark hairs along posterior and lateral margins of eye. Frons tinged with gray; moderately broad, diverging above; covered with moderately long, decumbent, pale yellow hair. Clypeus lighter than frons, tinged with gray; longer than wide; densely covered with fine, pale yellow hair. Antenna short, eleven-segmented; uniformly dark brown, covered with short, pale yellow hair; flagellun about 2.5 times as long as scape and pedicel; pedicel considerabIy larger than other segments. Palpus yellowish-brown, covered with fine, pale ykllow hair and some coarser, dark hair; third segment slightly longer than fourth and slightly shorter than fifth; sensory vesicle of third segment globular, small, about one-fifth as long as the segment and is proximally situated; the tube leading from the sensory vesicle to the exterior is short, arises dorsally on the distal portion of the vesicle, extends nearly vertical and is nearly of uniform width (Figs. 4, 5). Edges of mandible with about 32 fine serrations; galea of maxilla with about 32 large, retrorse teeth. Median space of buccopharyngeal apparatus broad and shallow; dorsolateral arms broad, outwardly curved and directed posteriorly, a sclerotized ridge occurs on inner margin (Fig. 6).
Overview of Linkage Analysis in Complex Traits
Authors: Bush William S. , Haines Jonathan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLinkage analysis is a well‐established and powerful method for mapping disease genes. While linkage analysis has been most successful when applied to disorders with clear patterns of Mendelian inheritance, it can also be a useful technique for mapping susceptibility genes for common complex diseases. In this unit, we outline the key concepts of complex disease, and how linkage analysis for complex traits differs from simple Mendelian traits. Optimal genetic studies require careful study design, ascertainment strategy, and analysis methods. We describe how disease parameters such as prevalence, heritability estimates, and mode of inheritance should be considered before data is collected. Furthermore, we outline a general strategic approach for conducting linkage analysis of a complex disease, along with several design considerations that can optimize statistical power to detect disease loci and generally improve the quality of a study. Finally, we discuss the benefits and weaknesses of linkage analysis in contrast to genome‐wide association studies. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 64:1.9.1‐1.9.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron Scattering by Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Authors: Bartschat Klaus , Burke Philip G. , Crowe Albert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA summary is given of many important advances in the scattering of electrons from atoms, ions, and molecules up to the summer of 2008. Recently introduced experimental techniques, which lead to more efficient studies, are discussed together with a wide range of increasingly sophisticated theoretical methods. Examples of experimental and theoretical data are presented and compared where appropriate.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces some main definitions and the general aspects in NMR spectrometry, formulates the theoretical basis of NMR and physical principles for the observation of NMR signals, and illustrates the application of NMR for different studies in solutions and the solid state. The following topics are discussed: detection of NMR signals by the continuous‐wave and Fourier transformation (FT) techniques, NMR equipments (magnets and probes), NMR spectral parameters (chemical shift, spin‐spin coupling) and their physical origins, and nuclear relaxation and relaxation mechanisms in liquids and solids. The second part of the chapter concerns various spectroscopic NMR experiments in liquids and solids, including some specific aspects such as zero‐field NMR spectroscopy, experiments with dynamic nuclear polarization and imaging NMR. Finally this chapter provides the literature for further reading.
Positron Spectroscopy
Authors: Coleman Paul G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn overview of the historical development of positron spectroscopy as a probe of condensed matter on the atomic and nano‐scale is followed by an introduction to the fundamentals of positron annihilation and interactions with condensed matter.The experimental techniques of positron lifetime and Doppler broadening spectroscopies, angular correlation of annihilation radiation, and their derivatives, are presented. The development of positron beams of controllable energy for the study of surfaces, interfaces and thin films and layers is described.Finally, examples are given which illustrate how the application of positron annihilation spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure of materials–in the bulk or at or near the surface–yields information not only of a fundamental nature, but also on technologically‐important structural, chemical and electronic properties such as open‐volume defects, nano‐structures, free volumes and phase changes.
Photophysical and Photochemical Dynamics
Authors: Horváth Ottó , Stevenson Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a concise introduction to theoretical and experimental aspects of photochemistry and photophysics, with special emphasis on the reactivity of excited states and the dynamics of their photoinduced reactions. It gives a survey of photochemical laws and fundamental principles of photophysics and photochemistry. Descriptions of experimental techniques are given for both continuous irradiation and flash photolysis, including laser spectroscopy and femtochemistry. Detailed discussions of the important theories and representative reactions in the photochemistry of organic, inorganic, and coordination compounds are also presented.
Spectrometers for Infrared Light
Authors: Ozaki Yukihiro , Morita Shigeaki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

General Principles of Infrared Spectrometers

Principles of Dispersive
IR
Spectrometers

Diffraction Grating

Monochromators

Principles of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Advantages of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Fellgett Advantage (Multiplex Advantage)

Jacquinot Advantage (Throughput Advantages)

Connes Advantage

Phase Correction

Components of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Light Sources

Interferometers

Sample Compartments

Detectors

Beamsplitters and Mirrors

Amplifiers and
AD
Convertors

Various Types of
FT
‐
IR
Interferometers

Continuous‐Scanning Interferometers

Step‐Scan Interferometers

Asynchronous Time‐Resolved
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometer
X‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Markert† Thomas H. , Förster Eckhart 
Published: January 2010

AbstractX‐ray spectrometers are used in many fields of pure and applied science as well as in industry. They are employed to investigate cosmic and laboratory high‐temperature plasmas where high spectral resolution in the emission spectra is required. Commercial X‐ray spectrometers register X‐ray fluorescence of a sample under X‐ray irradiation or electron bombardment. In this case, registration of a wide spectral range with moderate resolution is performed to obtain the elemental composition of a sample.The main experimental parameters of a spectrometer are its resolving power, sensitivity, and breadth of spectral coverage. Dispersive spectrometers that use X‐ray crystal diffraction to spread out the incident spectrum have great advantages in spectral resolution. To increase their sensitivity, different X‐ray optics such as grazing incident mirrors, polycapillaries, bent gratings, or bent crystals are implemented. Nondispersive spectrometers that convert the energy of an incident X‐ray photon into a number of “particles” (electron‐hole pairs, electron‐ion pairs, phonons, etc.) have a moderate spectral resolution, good sensitivity, and wide breadth of spectral coverage. Recently developed microcalorimeters need a complex cryogenic system for the detector, but their spectral resolution is competitive with dispersive spectrometers. In industry, small spectrometers equipped with air‐cooled X‐ray minitubes and adapted focusing optics now compete with mature designs of X‐ray spectrometers with powerful, water‐cooled X‐ray tubes.
Optical Spectroscopy of Biological Materials
Authors: Tuchin Valery V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, optics of biological tissues and blood is briefly discussed. Methods and algorithms for solving the inverse problem of finding tissue and blood optical parameters, such as absorption and scattering coefficients, anisotropy factor, and refractive index are presented. Measuring techniques, such as integrating sphere, spatially resolved, time‐, and angular‐resolved, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), as well as inverse methods, such as adding‐doubling and inverse Monte Carlo, are reviewed. Data on optical properties of human tissue and blood measuredin vitro, ex vivo,andin vivoare presented.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence: Biophysics
Authors: Prummer Michael , Hübner Christian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionPhotophysical BasicsEnergy Levels and TransitionsEnergy TransferThe Dye Molecule as a DipoleTechniquesSignal‐to‐Noise ConsiderationsWide‐Field Fluorescence Microscopy TechniquesEpifluorescence MicroscopyTIRFMicroscopyConfocal Optical MicroscopyApplicationsProtein FoldingThe Unfolded StateSingle Molecule Folding/Unfolding TransitionsEnzymesStatic and Dynamic HeterogeneityConformational Changes and Catalytic ActivityConclusions
Infrared Molecular Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Horn Andrew B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the use of infrared spectroscopy for the identification of materials, molecules and functional groups through their characteristic absorption patterns in the mid‐infrared (4000‐400 cm−1) region of the electromagnetic spectrum is discussed. Starting from a simple treatment of the mechanism of excitation of vibrational absorption and the application of group theory methods, it moves on to aspects of spectroscopic instrumentation and sampling methods. Some topical examples of the use of modern infrared spectroscopy in physics, chemistry, biology, and atmospheric science are also presented.
Biomolecular Structures by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Blumenschein Tharin M. A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionSpectra AcquisitionNucleiSample PreparationPulse Sequences and Processing StrategiesChemical Shift AssignmentChemical Shift Assignment in ProteinsChemical Shift Assignment in Nucleic AcidsChemical Shift Assignment in CarbohydratesStructural RestraintsNuclear Overhauser EffectTorsion AnglesResidual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs)Hydrogen BondsParamagnetic CentersStructural Information from Chemical ShiftsMolecular Modeling and Structure Calculation