bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heligmosomoides bakeri antigen rescues CD4‐positive T cells from glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis by Bcl‐2 protein expression
Authors: DONSKOW K. , DRELA N. , DOLIGALSKA M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryHeligmosomoides bakeri infection in mice is associated with a dominant CD4+ T‐cell response and with the activity of natural Treg cells with CD4+CD25+ phenotype. The polarization of Th2 T‐cell phenotype and the increase in the CD4+CD25+ T cell population are regulated by glucocorticoids that induce apoptosis in CD4+CD25− T cells and inhibit apoptosis in CD4+CD25+ T cells. However, exposure of mice to H. bakeri antigen induces a high glucocorticoid concentration in serum and a reduction in the number of CD4‐positive; CD4+CD25− and CD4+CD25+ apoptotic T cells in mesenteric lymph node cells. In this study to evaluate the in vitro effect of the anti‐apoptotic property of H. bakeri antigen on T cells, apoptosis of these cells was induced by glucocorticoids‐dexamethasone (Dex). Excretory–secretory (ES) antigen of the nematode prevented Dex‐induced apoptosis in CD4‐positive T cells with CD4+CD25− and CD4+CD25High phenotype by Bcl‐2 protein expression. Contrary to the effect on CD4‐positive T cells, survival of CD8+ T cells was not connected with expression of Bcl‐2 protein. This suggest that H. bakeri antigen modulates CD4‐positive T cell sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis by induction of Bcl‐2 protein.
A new, vapour‐phase mechanism for stomatal responses to humidity and temperature
Authors: PEAK DAVID , MOTT KEITH A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA new mechanism for stomatal responses to humidity and temperature is proposed. Unlike previously‐proposed mechanisms, which rely on liquid water transport to create water potential gradients within the leaf, the new mechanism assumes that water transport to the guard cells is primarily through the vapour phase. Under steady‐state conditions, guard cells are assumed to be in near‐equilibrium with the water vapour in the air near the bottom of the stomatal pore. As the water potential of this air varies with changing air humidity and leaf temperature, the resultant changes in guard cell water potential produce stomatal movements. A simple, closed‐form, mathematical model based on this idea is derived. The new model is parameterized for a previously published set of data and is shown to fit the data as well as or better than existing models. The model contains mathematical elements that are consistent with previously‐proposed mechanistic models based on liquid flow as well as empirical models based on relative humidity. As such, it provides a mechanistic explanation for the realm of validity for each of these approaches.
Factors required for the high CO2 specificity of the anaerobically induced maize GapC4 promoter in transgenic tobacco
Authors: NIEMEYER JULIA , MACHENS FABIAN , FORNEFELD EVA , KELLER‐HÜSCHEMENGER JENS , HEHL REINHARD 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFlooding, a natural cause of anaerobiosis, is often accompanied by high CO2 concentrations in the flood water. Plants need to respond to these environmental conditions. Strong anaerobic reporter gene activity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) controlled by the glycolytic glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GapC4) promoter from maize (Zea mays) depends on the presence of CO2 and light. To identify factors required for CO2 regulated gene expression, promoter deletions fused to the β‐glucuronidase reporter gene were studied in transgenic tobacco. Deletion of a 40 bp fragment directly upstream of the TATA box leads to increased anaerobic reporter gene activity both, in the presence and absence of CO2. This deletion does not affect light specific anaerobic expression. A positive correlation between increasing CO2 concentrations and gene activity is observed. Electrophoretic mobility shift experiments indicate that tobacco nuclear extracts harbour proteins that bind to part of the 40 bp fragment. Database assisted as well as experimental analysis reveal a role for AP2/EREBP transcription factors for conferring the high CO2 specificity to the GapC4 promoter in tobacco leaves. This work highlights the importance for plants to respond to high environmental CO2 concentrations under anaerobic conditions.
The purinergic receptor P2Y2receptor mediates chemotaxis of dendritic cells and eosinophils in allergic lung inflammation
Authors: Müller T. , Robaye B. , Vieira R. P. , Ferrari D. , Grimm M. , Jakob T. , Martin S. F. , Di Virgilio F. , Boeynaems J.‐M. , Virchow J. C. , Idzko M. 
Published: September 2010

To cite this article:Müller T, Robaye B, Vieira RP, Ferrari D, Grimm M, Jakob T, Martin SF, Di Virgilio F, Boeynaems J‐M, Virchow JC, Idzko M. The purinergic receptor P2Y2receptor mediates chemotaxis of dendritic cells and eosinophils in allergic lung inflammation.Allergy2010;65: 1545–1553.AbstractBackground: Extracellular ATP contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma via signalling at purinergic receptors. However, the precise purinergic receptors subtypes mediating the pro‐asthmatic effects of ATP have not been identified, yet.Methods: In vivostudies were performed using the OVA‐alum model. Functional expression of the P2Y2purinergic receptor subtype on human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells and eosinophils was investigated using real‐time PCR, migration assays, and production of reactive oxygen species.Results: Compared to wild‐type animals P2Y2−/− mice showed reduced allergic airway inflammation which can be explained by defective migration of blood myeloid DCs towards ATPin vitroandin vivo, whereas the influence of ATP on maturation and cytokine production was not changed. Additionally, ATP failed to induce migration of bone marrow–derived eosinophils from P2Y2R‐deficient animals. The relevance of our findings for humans was confirmed in functional studies with human monocyte‐derived DCs and eosinophils. Interestingly, stimulation of human DCs derived from allergic individuals with house dust mite allergen induced functional up‐regulation of the P2Y2R subtype. Furthermore, eosinophils isolated from asthmatic individuals expressed higher levels of P2Y2R compared to healthy controls. This was of functional relevance as these eosinophils were more sensitive to ATP‐induced migration and production of reactive oxygen metabolites.Conclusions: In summary, P2Y2R appears to be involved in asthmatic airway inflammation by mediating ATP‐triggered migration of mDCs and eosinophils, as well as reactive oxygen species production. Together our data suggest that targeting P2Y2R might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of asthma.
Histological progression of chronic renal allograft injury comparing sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil–based protocols. A single‐center, prospective, randomized, controlled study
Authors: Blydt‐Hansen Tom D. , Gibson Ian W. , Birk Patricia E. 
Published: September 2010

Blydt‐Hansen TD, Gibson IW, Birk PE. Histological progression of chronic renal allograft injury comparing sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil–based protocols. A single‐center, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:909–918. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: In an effort to mitigate progression of IF/TA associated with chronic renal allograft injury, we hypothesize that adjuvant immunosuppression with sirolimus (SRL) will delay progression compared with MMF. Subjects 5–17 yr old, >1‐yr post‐transplant with mild or moderate IF/TA (Banff criteria) and tacrolimus dose minimization were randomized to continue MMF or convert to SRL and followed for two yr. For the entire cohort (n = 20), there was significant progression of %GGS, ci, ct, cv, and ah scores over the follow‐up period (p < 0.05). There was no difference in rates of progression of Banff scores, %GGS, or % IF over two yr between the two groups, though power was low. Both groups exhibited similar rates of eGFR decline (MMF: −12.3 vs. SRL: −11.8 mL/min/1.73 m2/yr), which was correlated with ct score (p < 0.05). The SRL group had more episodes of acute allograft dysfunction and oral ulcers. Proteinuria at 24 months was significantly increased in the SRL group (6/9 subjects) but was not correlated with eGFR or %GGS. We conclude that neither MMF nor SRL, combined with low‐dose tacrolimus, was effective at mitigating progressive histological changes or functional decline associated with chronic renal allograft injury.
Mobile DNA can drive lineage extinction in prokaryotic populations
Authors: RANKIN D. J. , BICHSEL M. , WAGNER A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNatural selection ultimately acts on genes and other DNA sequences. Adaptations that are good for the gene can have adverse effects at higher levels of organization, including the individual or the population. Mobile genetic elements illustrate this principle well, because they can self‐replicate within a genome at a cost to their host. As they are costly and can be transmitted horizontally, mobile elements can be seen as genomic parasites. It has been suggested that mobile elements may cause the extinction of their host populations. In organisms with very large populations, such as most bacteria, individual selection is highly effective in purging genomes of deleterious elements, suggesting that extinction is unlikely. Here we investigate the conditions under which mobile DNA can drive bacterial lineages to extinction. We use a range of epidemiological and ecological models to show that harmful mobile DNA can invade, and drive populations to extinction, provided their transmission rate is high and that mobile element‐induced mortality is not too high. Population extinction becomes more likely when there are more elements in the population. Even if elements are costly, extinction can still occur because of the combined effect of horizontal gene transfer, a mortality induced by mobile elements. Our study highlights the potential of mobile DNA to be selected at the population level, as well as at the individual level.
Chilled Storage of Ram Semen Improves with the Addition of Egg Yolk and Glycerol to Milk‐Based Extenders
Authors: Gil J , Fierro S , Bentancur O , Olivera‐Muzante J 
Published: September 2010

ContentsThis study aimed at comparing in vitro, ultra‐heat‐treated (UHT) skim milk and INRA‐96®‐based extenders supplemented or not with 5% egg yolk and/or 2% glycerol on sperm quality parameters along 72 h of preservation at 5°C, using a factorial design. Semen from six healthy mature Merino rams was pooled and extended in each medium using a split sample procedure (six replicates) and chilled. Subjective motility (SM) (%), membrane integrity (MI) (%) and uncapacitated spermatozoa (US) (×106 spermatozoa/AI dose) were used to assess the semen quality at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of preservation. UHT‐based extenders yielded better (p < 0.05) SM and MI than INRA‐96®‐based extenders (59.7% vs 57.9%; 60.2% vs 55.8%, respectively) but similar numbers of US (64.2% vs 62.3 × 106 sperm/AI dose, respectively) along the preservation time. Egg yolk–glycerol or just egg yolk as additives improved (p < 0.05) the results compared with the base extenders without additives or just with glycerol. The sperm parameters assessed decline slowly from 0 to 48 h, with a sharp decline (p < 0.05) at 72 h of preservation. In conclusion, UHT and INRA‐96® were similar as base extenders, and the addition of 5% egg yolk plus 2% glycerol or just 5% egg yolk improved the quality of ram semen preserved at 5°C, at least for 48 h. The combination of egg yolk–glycerol might provide extra protection in case of fluctuation of temperatures below 5°C, commonly seen under field conditions.
Cutaneous larva migrans in infants in the Adelaide Hills
Authors: Black Michael D , Grove David I , Butcher Andrew R , Warren Lachlan J 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFour infants aged between 8 and 13 months presented between November 2002 and May 2006 with dermatitis of the lower abdomen, perineum or buttocks. All lived in semi‐rural properties in the Adelaide Hills and had not travelled outside South Australia. Wandering thread‐like serpiginous tracks were evident on examination, consistent with a diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans. No abnormalities were detected on full blood examination, Strongyloides stercoralis serology or faecal analysis. Treatment with oral albendazole resulted in rapid resolution of symptoms. An epidemiological survey was undertaken which suggested possums or millipedes may have been the source of nematode larvae, the precise nature of which is unclear but could include Parastrongyloides trichosuri and Rhabditis necromena.
Alterations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors‐2, 4 and α7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression after ischaemia / reperfusion in the rat isolated heart
Authors: Li Dong‐Ling , Liu Bing‐Hang , Sun Lei , Zhao Mei , He Xi , Yu Xiao‐Jiang , Zang Wei‐Jin 
Published: September 2010

Summary1. Cardiac acetylcholine receptors are involved in the negative inotropic effect of the vagus and the protection of the stimulated vagal nerve against myocardial ischaemic injury. Acetylcholine receptors consist of five types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M AChR) and several nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Notably, ischaemic heart disease is accompanied by substantial withdrawal of vagal activity. However, it is not entirely clear what the changes of M2,4AChR and α7‐nAChR expression are after cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.2. Cardiac functions were continuously recorded in Langendorff mode during 30 min of ischaemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured. M2,4AChRs and α7‐nAChR expression were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot.3. In hearts exposed to I/R injury, left ventricular development pressure, heart rate and ±dP/dtdecreased significantly compared with the controls. LDH leakage increased with respect to the controls during reperfusion.4. In normal hearts, expression of M2,4AChR in the left ventricle were lower than in atria and the right ventricle, whereas expression of α7‐nAChR was dramatically higher in the left ventricle and right ventricle than the atria. After reperfusion, the mRNA and protein expression of M2AChR increased notably in the left and right ventricle, and α7‐nAChR was enhanced significantly in the left ventricle. M4AChR mRNA expression reduced notably after ischaemia and recovered to the control level after reperfusion in the atria, but the protein level did not change.5. In conclusion, the increase in M2AChR and α7‐nAChR after reperfusion might be the compensatory response to myocardial I/R injury, providing new information for treatment of myocardial I/R injury.
Alternative management of anatomical right hemihepatectomy using ligation of inflow and outflow vessels without hilus dissection
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Ping , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Huang Zhi‐Yong , Chen Yi‐Fa , Zhang Wan‐Guang , Qiu Fa‐Zu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The conventional method of anatomical right hemihepatectomy (ARHH) requires hilus dissection. We report a method without hilus dissection to minimize intraoperative bleeding.Methods:  We retrospectively evaluated data of 107 patients who received ARHH involving ligation of corresponding inflow and outflow vessels (LCIOV) without hilus dissection between January 2000 and October 2008. Results were compared to those of patients who underwent non‐anatomical right hemihepatectomies (NARHH).Results:  The two groups had similar gender and age (both, P > 0.05). The LCIOV group had a higher percentage of patients without intrahepatic metastases (94.6% vs 80.3%, P = 0.003). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesion size (9.3 vs 10.2, P = 0.023), durations of inferior vena cava occlusion (4 vs 4.7, P < 0.001) and portal triad occlusion (7 vs 11, P < 0.001), blood loss (430 vs 580 mL, P = 0.001), transfusion volume (300 vs 520 mL, P < 0.001), and measures of postoperative liver function (e.g. maximum aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) of the LCIOV group were also significantly less than the NARHH group. Larger hepatic cavernous hemangiomas (HCH) lesion size (16.2 vs 13.0, P < 0.001), longer operative time (168 vs 154 min, P = 0.017), and a lower percentage of patients with inferior vena cava occulsion (17.8% vs 35.2%, P = 0.001), pleural effusions (19.3% vs 30.9%, P = 0.042), and blood transfusions (10.3% vs 75.0%, P < 0.001) were found in the LCIOV group.Conclusion:  The reported method is a safe and bloodless technique for right hemihepatectomy in select patients.
Factors associated with unreliable liver stiffness measurement and its failure with transient elastography in the Chinese population
Authors: Wong Grace L‐H , Wong Vincent W‐S , Chim Angel M‐L , Yiu Karen K‐L , Chu Shirley H‐T , Li Mia K‐P , Chan Henry L‐Y 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with transient elastography is a non‐invasive and reliable test for liver fibrosis. However a small proportion of patients may have unreliable LSM or LSM failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with unreliable LSM or LSM failure in Chinese patients.Methods:  We prospectively recruited liver patients for LSM. Unreliable LSM was defined as < 10 valid shots, an interquartile range (IQR)/LSM > 30%, or a success rate < 60%. LSM failure was defined as zero valid shots.Results:  Among 3205 patients with LSM, 371 (11.6%) and 88 (2.7%) had unreliable LSM and LSM failure, respectively. The rates started to increase when body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28.0 kg/m2. Comparing patients with BMI ≥ 28.0–29.9 kg/m2 versus those with BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, the rates of unreliable LSM (16.4% vs 18.9%; P = 0.62) and LSM failure (11.8% vs 17.8%; P = 0.16) were similar. BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 was the most important factor associated with unreliable LSM (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1–3.9, P < 0.0001) and LSM failure (OR = 10.1, 95% CI = 6.4–14.2, P < 0.0001). Central obesity, defined as waist circumference > 80 cm in women and > 90 cm in men, was another independent risk factor of unreliable LSM (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.6, P = 0.04) and LSM failure (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.9–11.5, P < 0.0001).Conclusion:  BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 and central obesity were the independent risk factors of unreliable LSM and LSM failure in Chinese, and these rates were significantly higher in patients with extreme BMI.
Harmful gases including carcinogens produced during transurethral resection of the prostate and vaporization
Authors: Chung Yun Jo , Lee Sang Kyi , Han Suk Hee , Zhao Chen , Kim Myung Ki , Park Seung Chul , Park Jong Kwan 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To determine the chemical composition of surgical smoke produced during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and vaporization.Methods:  A total of 12 smoke samples were collected from a continuous irrigation suction drainage system to a Tenax absorber at a 0.05 L/min flow rate during TURP and vaporization. The gases were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) equipped with a purge and trap sample injector.Results:  The main chemical constituents of surgical smoke produced during TURP and vaporization include propylene, allene, isobutylene, 1,3‐butadiene, vinyl acetylene, mecaptomethane, ethyl acetylene, diacetylene, 1‐pentene, EtOH, piperylene, propenylacetylene, 1,4‐pentadiene, cyclopentadiene, acrylnitrile and butyrolactone. Three of the constituents are very toxic and carcinogenic (1,3‐butadiene, vinyl acetylene and acrylonitrile). The amount (mean ± standard deviation) of chemical components in the 45 L of gas and room air mixture produced during TURP and vaporization were as follows: propylene, 0.80 ± 0.52 mg; isobutylene, 212.85 ± 75.65 mg; 1,3‐butadiene, 0.93 ± 0.34 mg; ethyl acetylene, 0.09 ± 0.05 mg; 1‐pentene, 6.75 ± 1.62 mg; 1,4‐pentadiene, 0.06 ± 0.02 mg; and acrylonitrile, 1.62 ± 1.19 mg.Conclusions:  Three of the toxic gases generated during TURP and vaporization are carcinogens (1,3‐butadiene, vinyl acetylene and acrylonitrile). Therefore, higher quality filter masks, smoke evacuation devices and/or smoke filters should be developed for the safety of the operating room personnel and patients during TURP and vaporization.
A survey of perioperative management of sickle cell disease in North America
Authors: Firth Paul G. , McMillan Kristen N. , Haberkern Charles M. , Yaster Myron , Bender Michael A. , Goodwin Salvatore R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground:  Children with sickle cell disease frequently undergo surgical procedures that are associated with acute exacerbations of the disease. Current perioperative management practices are unclear.Objectives:  We aimed at describing the current management.Methods:  We conducted an electronic survey of North American members of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia, in which we asked about their perioperative management of sickle cell disease.Results:  The response rate to valid addresses was 25% (n = 510/2006). In four scenarios, (a patient with mild disease undergoing a minor procedure; a patient with mild disease undergoing a more invasive procedure; a patient with severe disease undergoing a minor procedure; and a patient with severe disease undergoing a more invasive procedure) 80%, 38%, 27%, and 16% of respondents, respectively, would rely on oral fluids to hydrate patients during the preoperative fast, while 13%, 34%, 44%, and 59%, respectively, would use intravenous fluid. For the same four scenarios, 64%, 28%, 33%, and 10%, respectively, would not transfuse patients in an attempt to prevent sickle cell exacerbations, while 17%, 49%, 36%, and 51%, respectively, would transfuse to a hemoglobin concentration of 10 g·dl−1. The tendencies to administer preoperative intravenous fluid and to transfuse blood increased with disease severity and procedure invasiveness (P < 0.001). Although 89% felt comfortable managing patients with sickle cell disease, 73% thought an advisory statement on optimal perioperative management was needed.Conclusions:  There is a wide variation in the management of children with sickle cell disease. Clinicians differentiate management based on disease severity and procedure type.
Approach to managing children with heart disease for noncardiac surgery
Authors: White Michelle C. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryCongenital heart disease is the commonest birth defect, and advances in modern medicine mean 90% of these children now survive to adulthood. Therefore, many children present to their local hospital requiring general anesthesia for common childhood conditions. They pose a challenge for anesthesia because perioperative morbidity and mortality is greater compared with other children. It is impossible to prescribe a formula for anesthetizing children with heart disease because of the complexity of heart defects and the variety of noncardiac surgery. There is also a lack of high‐quality data of efficacy of one anesthetic technique over another. Much data come from case series or isolated case reports. In a rapidly advancing field such as cardiac surgery, studies of long‐term complications may be out of date by the time they are published, limiting applicability of the results. Because of these factors, claims of efficacy and safety of various approaches to managing children with heart disease for noncardiac surgery must be interpreted cautiously. This narrative review aims to present the evidence concerning a range of anesthetic techniques, the long‐term complications of congenital heart disease and suggest a physiological and evidence‐based approach to managing these children.