bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on laboratory colonies of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans West. and Glossina austeni Newstead
Authors: Foster R. 
Published: June 2009

(a) Glossina morsitans1. A method of maintaining a breeding colony is described. The flies were best kept singly in tubes.2. The optimum temperature and humidity ranges were 74–80° F. and 60–75% R.H., respectively. Young flies failed to tolerate a lower minimum temperature.3. A light intensity of at least one foot-candle was needed at the feeding site.4. The method of feeding the flies was of prime importance. Best results were obtained by offering food every fourth day, at a temperature of 80–81° F. The best feeding animal was sheep, but guinea-pig was useful for inducing newly emerged flies to feed. The condition of the skin at the feeding site was important, and it is suggested that frequently changing the feeding animal will lead to better feeding.5. Female flies lived longer than male flies, and in both sexes the highest mortality was during the first 20 days of life.6. The optimum age for mating was 10–14 days for males and 3–4 days for females; 90–100% of the first and second generation females were fully inseminated.7. Each generation was less virile than the preceding one. Pupa production was decreased and the abortion rate increased from each generation to the next. Pupal viability, however, remained constant throughout all generations but the mean pupal weight showed a progressive decrease, except for the pupae from the second and third generation flies.8. The mean interval without food during an interlarval period did not affect the duration of the period.9. Feeding on the day of parturition did not significantly affect the length of the succeeding interlarval period.10. The duration of an interlarval period was directly correlated with the length of the maximum interval without food during the period.(b) Glossina austeni11. A colony was maintained in a manner similar to that used for G. morsitans, but best results were obtained at 80–85° F. and 77–82% R.H.12. Feeding was more satisfactory than in G. morsitans.13. In longevity and reproduction the flies were superior to G. morsitans.
The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples
Authors: Jayewardene L. G. 
Published: June 2009

The results of the examination of 543 faecal specimens by the Merthiolate Iodine Formaldehyde Concentration (M.I.F.C.) technique, Willis's salt flotation method and by direct saline smear are given.The appearances of helminth ova and protozoan parasites in M.I.F.C. preparation are described.The M.I.F.C. method showed a much greater efficiency for the detection of helminth ova over the other two methods. It did not prove as satisfactory for the detection of protozoan parasites. Effective concentration of trophozoite forms was not observed. The possible reasons for this are discussed.It is proposed to adopt this method in combination with the direct saline smear for routine use in this laboratory.
Turning Sickness, a Protozoan Encephalitis of Cattle in Uganda. Its Relationship with East Coast Fever
Authors: Mettam R. W. M. , Carmichael J. 
Published: June 2009

1. A specific disease of cattle is described which occurs sporadically in the East Coast fever areas of eastern equatorial Africa. Clinically, acute cases are characterised by peculiar nervous symptoms, absence of fever and blindness. Death occurs in most cases within 2 to 21 days of the onset of illness. Chronic cases are encountered from time to time and may survive up to 6 months.2. The disease is widespread in Uganda. It affects cattle of both sexes and all breeds, and is commonest in young stock between 6 months and 2 years of age. It has, however, been observed in older animals.3. Pathologically, in acute cases petechial haemorrhages or extravasations are found in various parts of the brain and meninges. Generally the haemorrhages are small and do not seriously injure the adjacent brain tissue. In some cases the extravasations are responsible for a considerable amount of damage.4. Microscopic examination shows that the brain lesions are due to extensive embolism of cerebral vessels. The lymphocytes which form these emboli contain in their cytoplasm protozoan bodies indistinguishable in structure from the schizonts of the genus Theileria. These bodies occur in great numbers in the brain, but are extremely rare or absent in the lymphocytes of other parts of the body.5. In chronic cases the haemorrhages have been absorbed but the brain is permanently damaged by replacement changes, and by the appearance of small cysts or cavities which contain a citron-coloured fluid. These cavities when numerous seriously disorganise certain parts of the brain.6. The disease has not yet been transmitted experimentally, and its connection with the theileriases is still uncertain. However, much evidence has been collected to show that cases of turning sickness have been infected with East Coast fever some time previously, generally on an average of 6–8 months.7. The possible relationship between turning sickness and East Coast fever is discussed at some length during the course of the paper.
Ixodes ricinusin Relation to its Physical Environment
Authors: Macleod John 
Published: June 2009

The biotic factors in the environment of the tick,Ixodes ricinus, exercise little effect on the geographical or local distribution of the species, or on its seasonal prevalence.The local distribution is determined by edaphic factors, a wet, mossy, or peat soil and a dense mat of old vegetation or a rank growth being necessary for survival of the tick. In Britain, the critical season for survival is summer, during which the moisture factor in the microclimate acts in a limiting capacity.The seasonal prevalence is determined by temperature. Within limits, which appear to correspond to air-temperature limits of 7 and 16° C. (weekly maxima), the unfed tick climbs the vegetation, and thus readily obtains a host. In Britain, it is inactivated in winter by the cold, and in summer it is less readily picked up by hosts because of its positive geotropic response to the stimulus of high temperatures.The summer is, in Britain, the optimum season for development, which also proceeds to some extent in winter. Autumn and spring are parasitisation seasons. The life cycle, involving a parasitisation and a development season for each stage, requires a minimum of 1½ years. The period may extend to 4½ years.The possible world distribution of the species is limited primarily by temperature. Thus, microclimatic extremes of — 14 and 35° C. limit the range through which the tick can survive. A period of at least 3 months with the mean air temperatures over 10° C. is necessary for development, while the mean air temperature of the coldest month must not exceed 10° C. to allow of parasitisation occurring.Within the areas delimited in relation to the temperature requirements of the tick, distribution is governed by the moisture factor. An index of the suitability of an area within the temperature limits is afforded by the type of vegetation; forest and woodland, including grass and cultivation areas, as opposed to prairie and steppe, indicate suitable moisture conditions.
Studies on the Influence of the Environment on the Sheep Blow-FlyLucilia sericataMeig.
Authors: Evans A. C. 
Published: June 2009

The comparative resistance to high temperature and various humidities of four species of blow-flies,Calliphora erythrocephalaMeig.,Lucilia sericataMeig.,Sarcophaga falculataPand. andPhormia groenlandicaZett. is studied. It is shown thatPhormia groenlandicais the most resistant species andCalliphora erythrocephalathe least resistant species, withLucilia sericataandSarcophaga falculataoccypying an intermediate position.This order of resistance is correlated negatively with the order of the seasonal succession of the species.It is suggested that certain differences in the length of life of males and females subjected to various humidities is brought about by an “ageing” factor.
Notes on a New Protozoon,Piridium sociabilen.gen., n.sp., from the Foot ofBuccinum undatum
Authors: Patten Ruth 
Published: June 2009

The earliest stages found are groups of small bodies, 1·8 or 2·0μ in diameter. These groups are probably taken up by phagocytic cells and pass through the epithelium of the host into the connective tissue, where a cyst is formed by the host. Within the cyst the bodies grow. In many cysts there is a differentiation into two types: the larger, when mature, attain 40μ in size, are shaped like a pear, and contain at the broad end a chromatic rod. The small bodies reach 3Oμ in length, are also somewhat piriform, and contain two similar structures attached to their nuclei. In some cysts large bodies alone are found.Development is periodic, the youngest stages being found from January to March and the parasites not reaching maturity until September–November.Type speciesP. sociabile, with the features mentioned above: found near the ventral surface of the foot ofBuccinum undatum.
The Trematode Parasites of Irish Marine Fishes
Authors: Little Percy A. 
Published: June 2009

A main feature of the data here presented is the number of new records. For the sake of brevity these are tabulated below, under their respective headings.Another feature is the wide geographical distribution of a large percentage of the parasites herein recorded, particularly of such forms as Zoogonoides viviparus (Olsson), Derogenes varicus (Mueller) and Hemiurus communis Odhn. The former has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Aberdeen, Plymouth, Northumberland, Liverpool, Galway, and also for foreign seas. Derogenes varicus has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Plymouth, Aberdeen, Northumberland, Galway, and for foreign seas. Hemiurus communis has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Plymouth, Northumberland, Liverpool, Aberdeen, Galway, and for foreign seas.This suggests that the intermediate host of the larval stages of these parasites must be some common marine form, in all probability an invertebrate, which itself enjoys a very wide geographical distribution.A further feature is the tendency of certain parasites to infect a variety of fish, the more notorious being Derogenes varicus (Mueller) and Hemiurus communis Odhn. Of the twenty-six species of marine fishes examined at Galway, eleven (42 per cent.) were found to harbour Derogenes various. The infected fishes were the bib (G. luscus), cod (G. morrhua), pollack (G. pollachius), dab (Pleuronectes limanda), plaice (P. platessa), tub (Trigla hirundo), grey gurnard (T. gurnardus), brill (Rhombus laevis), hake (Merluccius vulgaris), common sole (Solea vulgaris), common sea bream (Sparus centrodontus).Hemiurus communis was found parasitising eight species of fish, i.e. 31 per cent, of the total number of species examined. The hosts affected were the bib (G. luscus), whiting (G. merlangus), cod (G. morrhua), pollack (G. pollachius), flounder (P. flesus), tub (T. hirundo), plaice (P. platessa), and the common sea bream (S. centrodontus).At the moment it is a little premature to prophesy to what extent the discovery of encysted specimens of Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rud.) in the gill tissues of the cod (Gadus morrhua) will assist in elucidating the life-history of this parasite. Mature specimens of Prosorhynchus crucibulum have previously been recorded as occurring in the alimentary canal of the conger eel (Conger niger). The writer discovered partly digested specimens of small cod to form a considerable bulk of the stomach contents of the conger eel.
On the Structure and Life-histories of British Fresh-water Larval Trematodes
Authors: Harper W. F. 
Published: June 2009

A large number of fresh-water Invertebrates has been examined and the parasites obtained from them include examples of the commoner groups to be met with in any area surveyed. Six larval Trematodes have been described in detail, and by means of direct animal experiment two of them have been definitely related to known adults. Of these two one is the larva ofNotocotylus seinetiFuhr., and is doubtfullyCercaria monostomiv. Linst., while the other is the larva ofEchinoparyphium recurvatumv. Linst., and is described here in detail for the first time. The four xiphidiocercariae described are new. Data relating to the activity, duration of free life, and process of encystment of cercariae within the bodies of secondary intermediate hosts is also given.Effect of the parasite on the host. The disruption of the tissues brought about by the presence of sporocysts or rediae in the liver of a mollusc injures the host, and in many cases brings about its death. The gonads also are often attacked and completely destroyed. This latter feature of parasitic castration has been observed by Giard (1888) among certain species ofLimnaea, PlanorbisandPaludinaattacked by sporocysts. Brown (1926) states that the gonads are rarely infected. As regards the encysted stages of cercariae these appear to do very little harm to their hosts even when present in large numbers. These observations are in agreement with those of Lebour (1912) for the sporocyst, rediae, and encysted stages of marine Trematodes.Double infection. I have found no instance of a double infection among the species described. In the literature, several records show the parasitism of two or more species of cercariae, within one and the same host. The occurrence of two species is most commonly met with, and as a rule one is in predominance. Sewell (1922) states that double infection is not common in India. Faust (1917), on the other hand, has found as many as four trematode species within the same host individual (Planorbis trivolis). Hesse (1923) states that “every largeLimnaea peregraexamined was heavily infected with sporocysts of either of the two species, but it was rare to find both together.” Brown (1926) in the neighbourhood of Birmingham has found three examples of associated xiphidiocercariae and furcocercariae, one example of xiphidiocercariae and echinostome cercariae, and two examples of echinostome cercaria, all fromLimnaea stagnalisL.
Host-parasite specificity in coccidia: infection of the chicken with the turkey coccidium, Eimeria meleagridis
Authors: Steward J. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. Chickens were infected with Coccidia, considered to be Eimeria meleagridis, from turkeys.2. Turkeys were subsequently infected with oocysts obtained from the chickens.3. Slight variation from normal measurements of the coccidia in chickens is attributed to development in an abnormal host.4. E. acervulina from chickens was not infective to a coccidia-free turkey chick.
The Tachinid Parasites of Woodlice
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. This paper comprises a study of the larval morphology and biology of the dipterous parasites of the terrestrial Isopods or woodlice.2.Porcellio scaberL.,Oniscus asellusL.,Metaponorthus pruinosusBrandt., andArmadillidium vulgareLat., were found to be attacked by one or more of the parasites.3. Seven dipterous parasites have been reared and identified from woodlice:Plesina maculataFall.,Melanophora roralisL.,Phyto melanocephalaMeig.,Styloneuria discrepansPand.,Frauenfeldia rubricosaMeig.,Cyrillia angustifronsRond., andRhinophora lepidaMeig. The biology and larval forms of all of these exceptR. lepidaare described and figured, together with those of two undetermined species, “A” and “B.”
The behaviour of suckling rats to oral and intraperitoneal infection with a virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Kulasiri C. 
Published: June 2009

Suckling rats of various ages were infected with large doses of the 'RH' strain of Toxoplasma gondii either by intraperitoneal injection or by feeding. Among the intraperitoneally infected rats of different age-groups, the percentage of survival remained low up to 23-day-old rats, after which it increased sharply. The percentage of infection was 100%. Among the rats infected by feeding, the percentage of survival was low in rats up to 5 days old at the time of feeding, after which it increased sharply and remained more or less constant. The percentage of infection decreased gradually with increasing age. These results are discussed in the light of previous knowledge.My thanks are due to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for his interest in this study and for providing me with the facilities. My thanks are also due to Mr Z. W. Pokrzywnicki of the Department of Bacteriology for his assistance with the Polish literature.
A revision of the monogenean family Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928
Authors: Llewellyn J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The family Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928 has been revised, and the diagnosis of the replacing family Choricotylidae has been given.2. Keys to the genera and species of the Choricotylidae have been constructed.3. All species of the family have been reviewed and a diagnosis of each has been given.4. Species previously referred to the genus Diclidophora have been transferred to the genus Choricotyle.5. The following taxonomic changes have been proposed:(a) Choricotyle merlangi (MacCallum, 1917) as a nom. nov. for the ‘Diclidophora merlangi Kuhn, 1829’ described by MacCallum (1917).(b) Choricotyle charcoti (Dollfus, 1922 a, b) as a n.comb. to replace Cyclo-bothrium charcoti Dollfus, 1922.(c) Diclidophora ‘species’ Fuhrmann, 1928 as a synonym of Choricotyle charcoti (Dollfus, 1922a, b).
On a new case of parasitism of snail (Vertigo genesiiGredl.) by a dipterous larva
Authors: Bhatia M. L. , Keilin D. 
Published: June 2009

The object of this paper is the description of a dipterous larva based on the study of six specimens of larvae obtained by Mr R. A. Phillips from living specimens of the snailVertigo genesiiGredler which he had caught at Cloanascragh Bog, near Taum, Co. Galway. Three larvae were received in October 1933 through Prof. Boycott, and three in September 1936 directly from Mr Phillips. In a letter accompanying the specimens Prof. Boycott makes the following remark:“Considering that the whole snail shell is only about 2 mm. × 1 mm. the larvae seem very big.” In fact some of the shells are distinctly smaller than the adult larvae, which when mounted are 2·0–5·0 mm. long, and 0·3–1·5 mm. in diameter.
Experiments on the encystation ofOpalinainRana temporaria
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. The formation ofOpalinacysts inRana temporariawas compared, during September to December, in groups of untreated frogs exposed to normal seasonal fluctuations in temperature, and treated frogs kept at room temperature. Cyst formation was enhanced, to the same degree, in frogs injected with saline or chorionic gonadotrophin (Pregnyl), and, to a higher degree, in frogs injected with frog pituitaries.2. Observations were made, during September to December, on the state of the testes inRana temporariainfected withOpalina. The presence ofOpalinacysts was most closely correlated with spermiation.3. Possible factors affecting the formation of opalinid cysts are discussed. It is concluded that the seasonal production of cysts byOpalinais not due to cyclical changes inherent in the protozoa. The factor or factors provoking encystation appear to be correlated with the reproductive cycle of the host, and may be the gonadal hormones.
Some observations onParabothrium gadi-pollachii(Rudolphi, 1810) andAbothrium gadivan Beneden 1870 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) including an account of their mode of attachment and of variation in the two species
Authors: Williams H. Harford 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the occurrence ofParabothrium gadi-pollachiiandAbothrium gadiin some members of the Gadidae caught in the north-eastern Atlantic.The external features, musculature, excretory, nervous and genital systems of the two species are described in detail.The adults of both species are characterized by the absence of a typical pseudophyllidean scolex and possess interesting modes of attachment to the intestine and caeca of the host. The variation found in individuals ofA. gadifrom the cod and haddock is discussed.
Lipids in different stages of the life cycles of malaria parasites and some other sporozoa
Authors: Dasgupta B. 
Published: June 2009

Lipid material occurs in the oocysts of Plasmodium in the form of small Sudano-phil granules, which appear to increase in size with the growth of the parasite. A diffuse Sudanophil material also appears at a later stage.Phospholipid occurs at a certain stage of the oocyst, but later disappears altogether. It appears more quickly in some oocysts than in the others, found in the same infected gut.The pre-erythrocytic schizonts of P. cynomolgi are found to contain abundant lipid material.The erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium and Hepatocystis cannot be stained with the Sudan dyes, but the gametocytes of Hepatozoon infecting the blood corpuscles of the vertebrate hosts are found to contain abundant Sudanophil material.Sudanophil material can be detected in the unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedae, but not in the sporulated ones.
The antiproteolytic enzyme ofAscaris lumbricoidesvar.suis
Authors: Sang James Henderson 
Published: June 2009

1. The inhibitory effect ofAscarisextract on pepsin and trypsin is confirmed. This inhibition is shown not to occur with papain.2. The inhibitory effect is shown to be brought about by a combination of the anti-enzyme with the enzyme and not by any of the other possible causes.3. The extract is shown to have a proteolytic as well as an inhibitory action and these two properties are shown to be due to one and the same substance.4. The term “ascarase” is suggested for this substance.5. The ascarase is shown to be a readily diffusible substance of the order of a primary albumose, is precipitated by ammonium sulphate and 70% alcohol, is only slowly destroyed in acid but rapidly in alkali and is not digested by trypsin. It combines with the greatest quantities of substrate atpH 5–7.6. Ascarase is found in the various tissues of the worm in the following order: ovary, oesophagus, gut, body fluid, ovojector, lateral line, uterus and cuticle. A similar order was found for the male.7. The results found by de Wael (1933) forT. saginatado not apply to Ascaris.8. The effect of the ascarase on the host and its function in the worm are discussed.
Histomonas meleagridis in domestic fowls (Gallus gallus). Cultivation and experimental infection
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1. Histomonas meleagridis was isolated in culture from the liver lesions of a hen suffering from “blackhead” (enterohepatitis). It has been cultivated at 36·5–37°C. for over a year.2. Chicks, which had been reared free from protozoa, were inoculated per os or per anum, with cultures of the above strain of H. meleagridis. Eleven out of twelve birds became infected. Caecal lesions only were produced. This strain, although isolated from the liver lesions of a hen suffering from acute blackhead, showed no abnormal virulence in chicks.3. Individuals of this strain of H. meleagridis showed amoeboid movement but were also flagellate. Normally the protozoon was uninucleate, but binucleate forms were common, and tri- and quadrinucleate forms occurred more rarely. One flagellum arose from each nucleus.4. During division the flagellum disappears. The method of nuclear division was similar to that of Trichomonas.5. A resistant phase was never seen in the cultures.