bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitual versus Goal-directed Action Control in Parkinson Disease
Authors: de Wit Sanne , Barker Roger A. , Dickinson Anthony D. , Cools Roshan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study presents the first direct investigation of the hypothesis that dopamine depletion of the dorsal striatum in mild Parkinson disease leads to impaired stimulus–response habit formation, thereby rendering behavior slow and effortful. However, using an instrumental conflict task, we show that patients are able to rely on direct stimulus–response associations when a goal-directed strategy causes response conflict, suggesting that habit formation is not impaired. If anything our results suggest a disease severity–dependent deficit in goal-directed behavior. These results are discussed in the context of Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of habitual and goal-directed behavior.
Interaction of Tropical Deep Convection with the Large-Scale Circulation in the MJO
Authors: Tromeur Eric , Rossow William B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
To better understand the interaction between tropical deep convection and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), tropical cloud regimes are defined by cluster analysis of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud-top pressure—optical thickness joint distributions from the D1 dataset covering 21.5 yr. An MJO index based solely on upper-level wind anomalies is used to study variations of the tropical cloud regimes. The MJO index shows that MJO events are present almost all the time; instead of the MJO event being associated with “on or off” deep convection, it is associated with weaker or stronger mesoscale organization of deep convection. Atmospheric winds and humidity from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis 1 are used to characterize the large-scale dynamics of the MJO; the results show that the large-scale motions initiate an MJO event by moistening the lower troposphere by horizontal advection. Increasingly strong convection transports moisture into the upper troposphere, suggesting a reinforcement of the convection itself. The change of convection organization shown by the cloud regimes indicates a strong interaction between the large-scale circulation and deep convection. The analysis is extended to the complete atmospheric diabatic heating by precipitation, radiation, and surface fluxes. The wave organizes stronger convective heating of the tropical atmosphere, which results in stronger winds, while there is only a passive response of the surface, directly linked to cloud radiative effects. Overall, the results suggest that an MJO event is an amplification of large-scale wave motions by stronger convective heating, which results from a dynamic reorganization of scattered deep convection into more intense mesoscale systems.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of the High Sea-State Wave Field Encompassing Ship Slamming Events
Authors: Brandt A. , Mann J. L. , Rennie S. E. , Herzog A. P. , Criss T. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Understanding and modeling ship wave slamming necessitates characterizing the surface wave field that results in slamming events. Shipboard measurements of the incoming wave field were made during sea trials of the twin-hull Sea Fighter (FSF-1), using a three-dimensional (3D), stereo-optic imaging system. The data obtained were processed using an image matching algorithm resulting in 3D video sequences of the incoming wave field at forward speeds of 16–40 kt in head seas at sea state 4. Six wave slamming events were captured, characterized, and compared to the average wave field properties. It was found that the salient properties of the individual waves that resulted in ship slamming occurred in groups of two or more, were approximately 30% larger than the significant wave heights during the ∼2-min period encompassing the slamming events, and had wave slopes at least 2 times that of the preceding wave slope. Additionally, wave slamming corresponded to large ship pitching motions resulting from the incident waveforms.
Water and Sanitation Utilities in the Global South: Re-centering the Debate on “Efficiency”
Authors: Spronk Susan 
Published: April 2010

This paper assesses the ideological arguments that sustain the belief that the private sector is more efficient than the public, which persist despite ambiguous empirical evidence. It argues that the privatization agenda rests on normative assumptions about “economic efficiency” that fail to adequately address the social goals of water and sanitation provision. The debate on “efficiency” should therefore be re-centered to consider “social efficiency” and the negative effect that privatization has on citizenship rights. JEL codes: A13, N70, Q25
Water Policy in South Africa: Trust and Knowledge as Obstacles to Reform
Authors: Goldin Jaqueline Ann 
Published: April 2010

The historical patterns of access to water and other areas of public service delivery in South Africa have been markedly skewed. Despite the reversal of the regime and the fact that South Africa is a middle-income country, there are a significant number of people who are water-poor and poor in governance and institutional capacity to manage water. The recurring themes in integrated water resource management, reticulation pipes, weirs and pumps, stream flow regulations, and ecological requirements are dominant in water sector discourse and are alienating for those who do not master the language. There are constraints determined by racial, economic, or social structures that retain and reproduce dominant power relations. The paper considers the relationship between knowledge, agency, and shame and posits that unequal relations of power and knowledge restrict agency, jeopardize the building of trust, and may perpetuate feelings of shame. The role of the state in opening up water policy networks and redressing issues of knowledge, power, and agency is critical. JEL codes: Q25, Q34, Q28, H75
Fixing and Nixing: The Politics of Water Privatization
Authors: Ahlers Rhodante 
Published: April 2010

Social uprisings in response to privatization dynamics in the water sector have triggered widespread debate on the social and ecological impact of neoliberal water policies. Much of this debate remains in the urban and domestic water sector, thereby disregarding the struggles of marginalized urban and rural producers who use water for multiple purposes. Furthermore, while private providers are blamed for prioritizing profit over people, it is increasingly clear that while water may be a valuable commodity, the sector as a whole inhibits long-term profitability. Instead, using the concept of “accumulation by dispossession,” the current process of privatization is understood as a new round of enclosures of the commons, implemented by a neoliberal state to open up new territories to capitalist development and to capitalist forms of market behavior. The contraction of global markets and the reconfiguration of the public sector as notions of nation and citizenship take on new meanings allow for the commodification and privatization of public goods and assets. Using the case of a Mexican irrigation district the paper shows how notions of scarcity are mobilized during neoliberal reform to reconfigure social relations of agricultural production so as to free up land, water, and labor for the market. This has not only resulted in large-scale dispossession of land and water, but also in stripping a group of their collective rights, and thereby dismantling a collective identity forged on past struggles over land and water. JEL Codes: Q15, Q25, Q28
Book Review Essay: Calling for an End to Second-Class Shitizenship
Authors: Cohen Art 
Published: April 2010

Recent publication of two books and a technology compendium signal the urgency of devoting public attention to the lingering issue of inadequate sanitation for 40 percent of the world’s people living in many of the world’s cities and rural areas. The Last Taboo and The Big Necessity explore in detail the history, current predicaments, and future prospects for improving sanitation. The compendium describes a full range of technologies available to implement this improvement. JEL codes: I18, Q56, Q57
Ethnic differences in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in the United States of America
Authors: de Serres Frederick J. , Blanco Ignacio , Fernández-Bustillo Enrique 
Published: April 2010

Background: Our earlier publications have demonstrated that alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is not a rare disorder in the United States with at least 33,728 PI*ZZ homozygote individuals at risk. Method: Using data on the prevalences of the two most common deficiency alleles PI*S and PI*Z in the five major individual ethnic subgroups in the United States, the numbers of heterozygotes for PI*MS and PI*MZ, and compound heterozygotes/homozygotes for PI*SS, PI*SZ and PI*ZZ have been determined for each ethnic subgroup. Results: When the data for the prevalence of AAT deficiency in individual cohorts are displayed as a function of ethnic subgroup, striking differences are found in the numbers in each of the five phenotypic classes of PI*S and PI*Z. This type of analysis has demonstrated striking differences in the risk for AAT deficiency in each of these five ethnic subgroups. This analysis as a function of ethnic subgroup also has demonstrated that there are higher numbers of each of the five PI*S and PI*Z deficiency classes, namely PI*MS, PI*SS, PI*MZ, PI*SZ and PI*ZZ. Conclusions: This analysis has demonstrated that the highest risk for AAT deficiency is found in Whites, followed by Hispanics and Blacks with the lowest prevalence among Mexican Americans and no risk among Asians. The numbers for those at risk for AAT deficiency in the United States are well documented and in the present analysis there are, for example, a total of 48,904 PI*ZZ homozygotes at risk. The critical question for our healthcare professionals is ‘When will the medical community acknowledge that AAT deficiency is a prevalent and well-documented human genetic disorder and develop appropriate mechanisms for early diagnosis, medical follow-up and treatment both in the United States and worldwide?’
Extra-articular Snapping Hip: A Literature Review
Authors: Lewis Cara L. 
Published: April 2010

Context: Snapping hip, or coxa saltans, is a vague term used to describe palpable or auditory snapping with hip movements. As increasing attention is paid to intra-articular hip pathologies such as acetabular labral tears, it is important to be able to identify and understand the extra-articular causes of snapping hip. Evidence Acquisition The search terms snapping hip and coxa sultans were used in PubMed to locate suitable studies of any publication date (ending date, November 2008). Results: Extra-articular snapping may be caused laterally by the iliotibial band or anteriorly by the iliopsoas tendon. Snapping of the iliopsoas tendon usually requires contraction of the hip flexors and may be difficult to differentiate from intra-articular causes of snapping. Dynamic ultrasound can help detect abrupt tendon translation during movement, noninvasively supporting the diagnosis of extra-articular snapping hip. The majority of cases of snapping hip resolve with conservative treatment, which includes avoidance of aggravating activities, stretching, and anti-inflammatory medication. In recalcitrant cases, surgery to lengthen the iliotibial band or the iliopsoas tendon has produced symptom relief but may result in prolonged weakness. Conclusions: In treating active patients with snapping soft tissues around the hip, clinicians should recognize that the majority of cases resolve without surgical intervention, while being mindful of the potential for concomitant intra-articular and internal snapping hips.
Postoperative Rehabilitation Guidelines for Hip Arthroscopy in an Active Population
Authors: Voight Michael L. , Robinson Kevin , Gill Lance , Griffin Karen 
Published: April 2010

Context: With the evolution of hip arthroscopy has come an increased recognition of intra-articular hip pathologies and improved techniques for their management. Whereas mechanical problems can often be corrected through surgery, functional deficits must be corrected through the rehabilitation process. Therefore, the evolution of hip arthroscopy has necessitated a progression in hip rehabilitation to ensure optimal postsurgical results. Evidence Acquisition: Literature review was conducted with PubMed, EMBASE, and PEDro (1992 to 2009) with the terms hip, rehabilitation, and physical therapy. Results: Although it is generally accepted that rehabilitation after hip arthroscopy is important, there is limited evidence-based research to support the rehabilitative guidelines. Conclusion: The common goal of hip rehabilitation should remain focused on the return to pain-free function of the hip joint. Outcome data indicate that this goal is being met; however, further data are required to completely validate the long-term success of hip rehabilitation after arthroscopy.
Platelet-Rich Plasma: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Cole Brian J. , Seroyer Shane T. , Filardo Giuseppe , Bajaj Sarvottam , Fortier Lisa A. 
Published: April 2010

Context: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may affect soft tissue healing via growth factors released after platelet degranulation. Because of this potential benefit, clinicians have begun to inject PRP for the treatment of tendon, ligament, muscle, and cartilage injuries and early osteoarthritis. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed search was performed for studies relating to PRP, growth factors, and soft tissue injuries from 1990 to 2010. Relevant references from these studies were also retrieved. Results: Soft tissue injury is a major source of disability that may often be complicated by prolonged and incomplete recovery. Numerous growth factors may potentiate the healing and regeneration of tendons and ligaments. The potential benefits of biologically enhanced healing processes have led to a recent interest in the use of PRP in orthopaedic sports medicine. There has been widespread anecdotal use of PRP for muscle strains, tendinopathy, and ligament injuries and as a surgical adjuvant to rotator cuff repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and meniscal or labral repairs. Although the fascination with this emerging technology has led to a dramatic increase in its use, scientific data supporting this use are still in their infancy. Conclusions: The literature is replete with studies on the basic science of growth factors and their relation to the maintenance, proliferation, and regeneration of various tissues and tissue-derived cells. Despite the promising results of several animal studies, well-controlled human studies are lacking.
Sportsmen’s Groin—Diagnostic Approach and Treatment With the Minimal Repair Technique: A Single-Center Uncontrolled Clinical Review
Authors: Muschaweck Ulrike , Berger Luise Masami 
Published: April 2010

Context: Sportsmen’s groin, also called sports hernia and Gilmore groin, is one of the most frequent sports injuries in athletes and may place an athletic career at risk. It presents with acute or chronic groin pain exacerbated with physical activity. So far, there is little consensus regarding pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, or treatment. There have been various attempts to explain the cause of the groin pain. The assumption is that a circumscribed weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, which leads to a localized bulge, induces a compression of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, considered responsible for the symptoms. Methods: The authors developed an innovative open suture repair—the Minimal Repair technique—to fit the needs of professional athletes. With this technique, the circumscribed weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is repaired by an elastic suture; the compression on the nerve is abolished, and the cause of the pain is removed. In contrast with that of common open suture repairs, the defect of the posterior wall is not enlarged, the suture is nearly tension free, and the patient can return to full training and athletic activity within a shorter time. The outcome of patients undergoing operations with the Minimal Repair technique was compared with that of commonly used surgical procedures. Results: The following advantages of the Minimal Repair technique were found: no insertion of prosthetic mesh, no general anesthesia required, less traumatization, and lower risk of severe complications with equal or even faster convalescence. In 2009, a prospective cohort of 129 patients resumed training in 7 days and experienced complete pain relief in an average of 14 days. Professional athletes (67%) returned to full activity in 14 days (median). Conclusion: The Minimal Repair technique is an effective and safe way to treat sportsmen’s groin.
Dimer-tetramer transition controls RUNX1/ETO leukemogenic activity
Authors: Wichmann Christian , Becker Yvonne , Chen-Wichmann Linping , Vogel Vitali , Vojtkova Anna , Herglotz Julia , Moore Sandra , Koch Joachim , Lausen Jörn , Mäntele Werner , Gohlke Holger , Grez Manuel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
RUNX1/ETO, the fusion protein resulting from the chromosomal translocation t(8;21), is one of the most frequent translocation products in acute myeloid leukemia. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the homo-tetramerization domain of ETO, the nervy homology region 2 (NHR2), is essential for RUNX1/ETO oncogenic activity. We analyzed the energetic contribution of individual amino acids within the NHR2 to RUNX1/ETO dimer-tetramer transition and found a clustered area of 5 distinct amino acids with strong contribution to the stability of tetramers. Substitution of these amino acids abolishes tetramer formation without affecting dimer formation. Similar to RUNX1/ETO monomers, dimers failed to bind efficiently to DNA and to alter expression of RUNX1-dependent genes. RUNX1/ETO dimers do not block myeloid differentiation, are unable to enhance the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic progenitors, and fail to induce leukemia in a murine transplantation model. Our data reveal the existence of an essential structural motif (hot spot) at the NHR2 dimer-tetramer interface, suitable for a molecular intervention in t(8;21) leukemias.
Processing and cross-presentation of individual HLA-A, -B, or -C epitopes from NY-ESO-1 or an HLA-A epitope for Melan-A differ according to the mode of antigen delivery
Authors: Robson Neil C. , McAlpine Tristan , Knights Ashley J. , Schnurr Max , Shin Amanda , Chen Weisan , Maraskovsky Eugene , Cebon Jonathan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to cross-present protein tumor antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) underpins the success of therapeutic cancer vaccines. We studied cross-presentation of the cancer/testis antigen, NY-ESO-1, and the melanoma differentiation antigen, Melan-A by human DC subsets. Monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) efficiently cross-presented human leukocyte associated (HLA)–A2-restricted epitopes from either a formulated NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX vaccine or when either antigen was mixed with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant. HLA-A2 epitope generation required endosomal acidification and was proteasome-independent for NY-ESO-1 and proteasome-dependent for Melan-A. Both MoDCs and CD1c+ blood DCs cross-presented NY-ESO-1–specific HLA-A2157-165–, HLA-B760-72–, and HLA-Cw392-100–restricted epitopes when formulated as an NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX vaccine, but this was limited when NY-ESO-1 and ISCOMATRIX adjuvant were added separately to the DC cultures. Finally, cross-presentation of NY-ESO-1157-165/HLA-A2, NY-ESO-160-72/HLA-B7, and NY-ESO-192-100/HLA-Cw3 epitopes was proteasome-dependent when formulated as immune complexes (ICs) but only proteasome-dependent for NY-ESO-160-72/HLA-B7–restricted cross-presentation facilitated by ISCOMATRIX adjuvant. We demonstrate, for the first time, proteasome-dependent and independent cross-presentation of HLA-A–, B–, and C–restricted epitopes within the same full-length tumor antigen by human DCs. Our findings identify important differences in the capacities of human DC subsets to cross-present clinically relevant, full-length tumor antigens and how vaccine formulation impacts CTL responses in vivo.
A biophysical elucidation for less toxicity of Agglutinin than Abrin-a from the Seeds of Abrus Precatorius in consequence of crystal structure
Authors: Cheng Jack , Lu Tian-Huey , Liu Chao-Lin , Lin Jung-Yaw 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
X-ray crystal structure determination of agglutinin from abrus precatorius in Taiwan is presented. The crystal structure of agglutinin, a type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from the seeds of Abrus precatorius in Taiwan, has been determined from a novel crystalline form by the molecular replacement method using the coordinates of abrin-a as the template. The structure has space group P41212 with Z = 8, and been refined at 2.6 Å to R-factor of 20.4%. The root-mean-square deviations of bond lengths and angles from the standard values are 0.009 Å and 1.3°. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of agglutinin have been described and compared with those of abrin-a to a certain extent. In subsequent docking research, we found that Asn200 of abrin-a may form a critical hydrogen bond with G4323 of 28SRNA, while corresponding Pro199 of agglutinin is a kink hydrophobic residue bound with the cleft in a more compact complementary relationship. This may explain the lower toxicity of agglutinin than abrin-a, despite of similarity in secondary structure and the activity cleft of two RIPs.
Sequence variation and selection of small RNAs in domesticated rice
Authors: Wang Yu , Shen Dan , Bo Shiping , Chen Huan , Zheng Jian , Zhu Qian-Hao , Cai Daguang , Helliwell Chris , Fan Longjiang 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Endogenous non-coding small RNAs (21-24 nt) play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation in plants. Domestication selection is the most important evolutionary force in shaping crop genomes. The extent of polymorphism at small RNA loci in domesticated rice and whether small RNA loci are targets of domestication selection have not yet been determined.

Results
A polymorphism survey of 94 small RNA loci (88 MIRNAs, four TAS3 loci and two miRNA-like long hairpins) was conducted in domesticated rice, generating 2 Mb of sequence data. Many mutations (substitution or insertion/deletion) were observed at small RNA loci in domesticated rice, e.g. 12 mutation sites were observed in the mature miRNA sequences of 11 MIRNAs (12.5% of the investigated MIRNAs). Several small RNA loci showed significant signals for positive selection and/or potential domestication selection.

Conclusions
Sequence variation at miRNAs and other small RNAs is higher than expected in domesticated rice. Like protein-coding genes, non-coding small RNA loci could be targets of domestication selection and play an important role in rice domestication and improvement.