bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postmodernism, Rationality and the Evaluation of Health Care
Authors: Fox Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the logic of evaluation of health care services, calling into question the possibility of assessing the extent to which medicine and health care systems are ‘rational’ or ‘irrational’ The paper analyses and rejects claims to rationality made in discourses on evaluation and in particular economic evaluation, by recourse to Weber's distinction between formal and substantive rationalities. The rationality claimed by evaluation is a value-laden and therefore substantive rationality. Similarly, the claims of the rational actor model are seen to over-simplify the ways actors interact in the market.This leads to a postmodernist perspective rejecting the idea of a single rationality, which if it can only be grasped enables the achievement of Truth, and substituting the position of contingent and fragmentary discourse, brought into being to serve the interests of particular groups in determining knowledge and power. With regard to the evaluation of health services, whereas the modernist assumes that the Enlightenment metanarrative of rationality has imbued the provision and delivery of health care, and that the evaluation by another discipline within this metanarrative, for instance health economics, can fine-tune this rational system for efficacy and efficiency, and suggest changes, the postmodern position recognises that both are distinct discursive perspectives, constituted for local reasons.This position is then applied to a case study of the management of surgical services based on ethnographic work conducted by the author. Deconstruction of the ethnography derives an understanding of the disruption of surgery as being a consequence of the arrangements for clinical advice in the committee structure of management.
Women's Experience of Power within Marriage: An Inexplicable Phenomenon?
Authors: O'Connor Pat 
Published: August 2010

Relatively little attention has been paid within mainstream sociology to the examination of marital power, although there is considerable disenchantment with measures of it based on replies to questions about who makes a range of decisions. Marxists and feminists have stressed the importance of economic dependence as an element in understanding power relationship within marriage, although there has been little empirical work to support/undermine their views. This paper draws on material from 60 in-depth interviews with predominantly white married women aged 20–42 years old whose oldest child was at most 15 years and who were randomly selected from general practice medical registers in North London. The paper looks at three aspects of their marital power position: first, their experience of powerfulness/powerlessness; second, their level and pattern of emotional dependence on their husband (in the context of Waller's and Hill's (1951)‘principle of least interest’); and, third, their absolute and relative levels of structural power resources (such as education, occupation, etc.) It shows that although the overwhelming majority of the respondents were partially if not totally financially dependent on their husband, only roughly one third felt powerless within their marriage. The importance of relational and structural sources of power in influencing these feelings is explored, the paper arguing that such feelings are less influenced by the respondents’ own structural resources than by factors associated with the husband's economic position and his role within the family. Hence, paradoxically, although the respondents feel less powerless than they ‘should’ in terms of their level of economic dependence, the factors associated with variation in feelings of powerlessness highlight the constrained nature of their situation.
Research Note: Women's Experience of the Mother Role
Authors: O'Connor Pat 
Published: August 2010

Despite the feminist critique of the assumptions implicit in the ideology of motherhood, relatively little empirical work has been done on women's own experience of this role. This research note uses data from a small scale intensive study of 51 married or cohabiting mothers aged 20–42 years old, whose oldest child was 15 years old, and who were randomly selected from medical records in a lower middle class area of North London. Building on Boulton's (1983) conceptualization, it differentiates between three aspects of this role (namely their commitment to it; its perceived identity enhancing/ destructive character and the positive/negative quality of their interaction with their children). These women's experience of the mother role was then assessed on these dimensions – using rating scales and anchoring examples (which are illustrated here). This research note suggests that even within this relatively homogenous lower middle/upper working class sample, the experience of motherhood was extremely varied: with less than half of the sample experiencing it positively at all three levels. An attempt is made to explain this variation.
Money, Power and Inequality within Marriage
Authors: Vogler Carolyn , Pahl Jan 
Published: August 2010

The growing body of research on the intra-household economy suggests that in couple households there are significant associations between control over household finances and more general power within the household. However, most earlier research has been based on relatively small samples. Here a major new British data set, produced by the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative, is used to examine the relations between money, power and inequality within marriage. Six different systems of financial allocation are identified. The results suggest that even when couples nominally pool their money, in practice either husband or wife is likely to control the pool. In only one fifth of couples was the pool jointly controlled, but these households were characterised by the highest levels of equality between husband and wife in terms of decision making, experience of deprivation and access to personal spending money. Findings from the study indicate a complex pattern of relationships between household income level, household allocative system and gender. Female control of finances, though it was associated with greater decision-making power for women, did not protect them against financial deprivation; however, male control of finances, especially when it took the form of the housekeeping allowance, did serve to protect the financial interests of men in comparison with women. Gender inequality was least in households with joint control of pooled money and greatest either in low income households or in higher income households with male control of finances.
The Discursive Structure of the Social-Technical Divide: The Example of Information Systems Development
Authors: Rachel Janet , Woolgar Steve 
Published: August 2010

The social and technical are commonly defined in opposition to each other. Yet technology practitioners are often quite comfortable with the idea that the technical is constitutively social. Drawing on an ethnographic study of a computerised information systems development project, this paper examines various usages of notions of ‘technical’. Attempts to situate the study at the ‘technical core’ of the project were met with a series of rebuffs. ‘Technical’ talk is to be understood as a categorising device which does boundary work. Technical talk invokes and performs a disjunction between networks of social relationships and stipulates a moral order with associated norms for acceptance and transition. The difficulty of penetrating the intelligibility of technical talk is understandable as a struggle in familiarising oneself with the routine social actions of a separate community. In addition, the private sphere of the technical is often distanced in time. The costs involved in journeying into the future are analogous to those of penetrating alien cultures. Ideas of progress and advance are often associated with the invocation of ‘the technical’. These connote a notion of timing which reinforces the distance and difference of – and hence depicts the costs involved in penetrating – removed sets of social relationships. Technical a. Appropriate or peculiar to, or characteristic of, a particular art, science, profession, or occupation (OED).
Developments in Package Dyeing
Authors: FLEMING R. , GAUNT J. F. 
Published: August 2010

Progress in package‐dyeing yarn during the past ten years has been rapid, both in the total weight of yarn dyed, the types of fibre being dyed, and particularly in the design of dyeing machines and to a lesser extent in dyeing techniques. Polyester filament yarn is of great importance, but there have been significant developments in dyeing high‐bulk acrylic yarns. In machinery developments, the outstanding features are in the rate of flow of liquor, and the frequency with which the liquor is circulated. New techniques have been developed to take advantage of these mechanical features, so that dyeing can be commenced at 135°C and the liquor dropped at this temperature, thus minimizing oligomer problems with polyester yarn. Many new disperse dyes of high sublimination fastness on polyester fibre have been introduced and these take full advantage of the new machinery and dyeing techniques.Another factor leading to wider use of package dyeing has been the need for shorter manufacturing cycles in the production of coloured yarn, particularly for woven fabrics. Worsted yarn, which would normally have been spun from dyed top is now being package dyed on a large scale.With spun yarns, the advantages of dyeing acrylic yarn in muff form have led to the rapid growth of this method of dyeing.
Colour Chemistry and The Environment
Authors: ANLIKER R. 
Published: August 2010

This paper was presented at the Sixth International Colour Symposium, FreudenstaJt, Germany, September 27 October 1, 1976.Dyes, and by extension the various organic compounds used for coloration, including organic pigments and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs)†, are among the organic chemicals which we encounter as technological and functional necessities in nearly every sphere of our daily lives. They also greatly influence our mood and thus contribute enormously to the very quality of the lives we lead. At the same time we have come to realize that our achievements and continuing technological progress are only worthwhile provided they pose no hazard to the environment. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken on a worldwide scale to identify, measure, evaluate, and eliminate the undesirable effects of chemicals and hence dyes, on man and the environment. The present paper deals in particular with the environmental problems associated with the manufacture and use of dyes, problems so complex and so varied in impact that only a discerning appraisal can put them into proper perspective. An attempt is made to define and evaluate these problems and to show, with reference to selected examples, what measures have been and are being implemented to overcome them. Various aspects of the relevant legal regulations, the obligation on manufacturers to take due care in their operations, and product liability are touched upon. It is certain that a good deal of creative, interdisciplinary effort and meticulous attention to minor detail will be necessary to master existing and future environmental problems in this area. That is the challenge facing all scientists engaged in colour chemistry.
The Coloration of Wallcoverings
Authors: STRETTON ELIZABETH 
Published: August 2010

It has not been my intention to give an in‐depth study of wallcoverings, but more an appreciation of its development from its early beginnings to the present day. It is hoped, however, that the contents of this summary may encourage the reader to delve a little further into the various areas of interest.The term “wallcovering” in this article is used to describe all forms of flexible web supplied in roll form for hanging onto walls or ceilings by means of an adhesive.
Instrumental Measurement of Fluorescence and Determination of Whiteness: Review and Advances
Authors: Griesser Rolf 
Published: August 2010

Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) area special class of fluorescent dye. Their physical characteristics are such that special illumination (standard illuminant D65) resembling average daylight is necessary for colorimetric determination. With the aid of this illuminant, modern methods of measurement can determine the visual sensation “whiteness” in quantitative terms as selectively as required for practical purposesMethods of assessing whiteness should be flexible enough to allow for the particular “whiteness preference” of an observer or group of observers, i.e. a country. There are considerable advantages in relating levels of whiteness to a physically existing white scale — at its simplest it need only span the range of whiteness values encountered in a mill's production range — hence this should always be an objective.Formulae have been devised for this purpose. An easy‐to‐follow description of the methods based on them is given here. It is a fairly simple matter to adapt existing whiteness measuring systems to these methods, particularly where the necessary computing aids are concerned The results obtainable are well worth the effort. These methods can be used for other substrates besides textiles.Problems still unsolved and moves to standardize whiteness assessment internationally are also reported.
The Development of Pigment Printing Over the Last 50 Years
Authors: Schwindt W , Faulhaber G 
Published: August 2010

With the release of the Aridye system, 46 years ago, the Interchemical Corporation laid the foundations of modern pigment printing with a process characterised by the use of emulsion thickenings and film‐forming copolymer dispersions.It is a long way from these beginnings to the high technical standard that pigment printing has reached today. Following a definition of pigment printing, its historical development is traced, the advantages and disadvantages of pigment printing are compared and reference is made to the most important ranges on the market.Four sections describing the product groups used in pigment printing, namely: pigments, binders, thickening agents and pigment printing auxiliaries follow. These deal both with the physico‐chemical principles and with the selection criteria for their practical application. The section on thickening agents includes a comparison of emulsion thickenings and fully synthetic thickeners.Consideration of the substrates that are suitable for pigment printing, the different printing procedures and the requirements with regard to pretreatment and finishing complete the review.
The Yellowing and Bleaching of Wool
Authors: Duffield P A , Lewis D M 
Published: August 2010

The yellowing of wool is a complex phenomenon which is induced by a variety of agencies such as light, heat and aqueous chemical reactions.Yellowing of wool by light depends critically on the wavelength distribution of the light (u. v. region), humidity and the type of prebleach given to the wool; if fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are employed in the bleaching process then the sensitivity to photo‐yellowing is drastically increased. The copious amount of work carried out to overcome this complex situation will be summarised and the important role of the aromatic indole amino acid, tryptophan, will be detailed.In contrast to photoyellowing, exposure of wool to visible blue light (maximal effect 420–450 nm) promotes photobleaching of the yellow pigments, giving rise to complaints of colour change, especially in wool products dyed to pastel colours.To remove natural yellowness, chemical bleaching of wool is usually carried out by using hydrogen peroxide, the usage of which should be carefully controlled because of its fibre damaging characteristics. Optimisation of wool peroxide bleaching procedures has therefore been the subject of much work and these studies will be reviewed. Bleaching of wool with reducing agents is often practised either as an alternative to peroxide bleaching or more usually as an aftertreatment of peroxide‐bleached wool to improve the whiteness and stability to light.Trade practice in the field of wool bleaching has recently been critically reviewed; the results and recommendations of this assessment will be given.More recently, significant progress has been made in the field of selective dark fibre bleaching and in the bleaching of heavily pigmented wools (e.g. karakul) using methods based on ferrous ion mordanting.
Instrumental measurement and control of colour
Authors: CHONG T F 
Published: August 2010

In spite of the fact that the basic method of colour measurement was established more than harf a centuy ago, it is only during the last fifteen years that the application of colour measurement is particularly substantial and significant because of the advancement of computer technology, better understanding of colour science, and the revolution in equipment design. This has brought colour science from a scientific exercise in the research laboratory to a widely used industrial and commercial tool.The present state of the art of colour measurement is such that an analogy can be made to the measurement of linear dimensions at one time by the relatively crude yardstick, but now replaced by the precisely scaled micrometer. Thus with colour measurement now, colour can be measured with a precision unmatched by the human eye. To‐day, both the colorant industry and colour dependent commerce (industries such as dyes, textiles, pigments, cosmetics, coatings, paper, plastics etc.) are taking advantage of such techniques since the economic advantages are quite substantial. Furthermore, the techniques involved are, to a large extent, no longer trade secrets. The literature abounds with practical theories and concepts which can be applied directly in the workplace by competent colourists. It is expected that more applications of colour measurement for similar general usage are being developed.This paper is designed to introduce the fundamental concept of colour science and various types of colour measuring instruments and their selection. The value of these colour measuring instruments for practical use in industry and commerce is discussed. Finally, the sources of the technical information and assistance are given.
Compatibility of dyes
Authors: Hoffmann F 
Published: August 2010

Normally a combination of several dyestuffs is necessary to obtain a given colour. The behaviour of dyes in admixture is therefore of great practical interest. Level and repeatable dyeings are achieved more easily if dyes of almost equal behaviour in admixture can be selected.Most fundamental work on dyeing deals with up‐take of single dyestuffs. Papers on dye‐uptake in combination dyeings are comparatively rare. The early literature has been reviewed by Vickerstaff [1] and Peters [2]. At the end of the 60s compatibility values for cationic dyes were introduced [3, 4] and since then they have been used in practice as a criterion for dye selection. Meanwhile several dyelfibre classes have been investigated [5] and similar behaviour in admixture is recognized to be an important requirement of optimised dye ranges.In this article, papers on compatibility of dyestuffs for uniformly dyeable fibres will be reviewed. Coverage of fibre differences or on‐tone dyeing of fibre blends is not included.
An At‐Risk Profile of Probation Supervised Youthful Offenders in a Rural, Midwest County: Significant Gender and Race Differences
Authors: Mallett Christopher A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThere have been multiple risk factors identified that lead to youth delinquent behaviors and activities. These risks are family, school, peer, disability, and neighborhood related, though the studies to date have primarily focused on larger urban juvenile court jurisdictions. This exploratory study of one rural juvenile court (in Ashtabula County, Ohio) furthers these risk factor investigations through the evaluation of 91 randomly selected, adjudicated delinquent youth (supervised in 2008 and 2009). Data on 23 risk factors was collected, with further analysis of significant gender and race differences. Key results were that a majority of youth experienced poverty and lived in a one‐parent family; 40% had a mental health or substance abuse problem; 25% were in need of special education disability services; males were much more likely to have school‐related difficulties and to commit felony offenses; females had significantly more mental health and substance abuse problems; and minority youth successfully completed probation more often.
Vaccination of Rhesus Macaques with the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Vaccine Produces a Serum Antibody Response That Effectively Neutralizes Receptor-Bound Protective AntigenIn Vitro
Authors: Clement Kristin H. , Rudge Thomas L. , Mayfield Heather J. , Carlton Lena A. , Hester Arelis , Niemuth Nancy A. , Sabourin Carol L. , Brys April M. , Quinn Conrad P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAnthrax toxin (ATx) is composed of the binary exotoxins lethal toxin (LTx) and edema toxin (ETx). They have separate effector proteins (edema factor and lethal factor) but have the same binding protein, protective antigen (PA). PA is the primary immunogen in the current licensed vaccine anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA [BioThrax]). AVA confers protective immunity by stimulating production of ATx-neutralizing antibodies, which could block the intoxication process at several steps (binding of PA to the target cell surface, furin cleavage, toxin complex formation, and binding/translocation of ATx into the cell). To evaluate ATx neutralization by anti-AVA antibodies, we developed two low-temperature LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assays that distinguish antibody blocking before and after binding of PA to target cells (noncomplexed [NC] and receptor-bound [RB] TNA assays). These assays were used to investigate anti-PA antibody responses in AVA-vaccinated rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that survived an aerosol challenge withBacillus anthracisAmes spores. Results showed that macaque anti-AVA sera neutralized LTxin vitro, even when PA was prebound to cells. Neutralization titers in surviving versus nonsurviving animals and between prechallenge and postchallenge activities were highly correlated. These data demonstrate that AVA stimulates a myriad of antibodies that recognize multiple neutralizing epitopes and confirm that change, loss, or occlusion of epitopes after PA is processed from PA83 to PA63 at the cell surface does not significantly affectin vitroneutralizing efficacy. Furthermore, these data support the idea that the full-length PA83 monomer is an appropriate immunogen for inclusion in next-generation anthrax vaccines.