bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF UPTAKE AND LOSS OF WATER BY EGGS OF AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Costello R. A. , Brust R. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAedes vexans (Meigen) eggs which lose water under conditions of constant atmospheric saturation deficiencies, gain water when transferred to a saturated atmosphere. Water loss is influenced by age. At relative humidities of 80% and 50%, and temperatures of 10° and 21 °C, eggs that were 28 days old lost less water than eggs 14 days old. Eggs which lost up to 34% of their weight through desiccation regained 91% of lost water within 3 days in a saturated atmosphere. Embryos remained viable. Eggs which lost 68% of their original weight in water were rendered inviable and only regained 33% of the loss in a saturated atmosphere.
SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE ARMYWORM, PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Guppy J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) was reared at eight constant temperatures from 5° to 31 °C. The eggs hatched at all temperatures except 5 °C. Development was completed at 13°, 17°, 21°, 25°, and 29 °C but at 10° and 31 °C none survived beyond the final larval instar.The duration of each stage decreased with rise in temperature up to 29 °C; but a further rise brought no further change, or even an increase. Developmental rates plotted against temperature gave shallow sigmoid curves with the maximum development rate near 29 °C for all stages except for the final instar larva where it was between 25° and 29 °C. Various alternating temperature regimes had no special influence on the rate of the development of eggs or larvae.There was a significant linear increase in larval head width with rise in temperature for all instars except the first. For larvae with six instars, the mean head width in the last instar ranged from 3.15 mm at 13 °C to 3.38 mm at 29 °C. At 13 °C some larvae required an additional moult to reach the apparent minimum size (about 3 mm) to complete development.
LIPID LOSS WITH FLIGHT IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE
Authors: Atkins Michael D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNewly emerged adults of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins were separated into pairs of similar size. One beetle from each pair was used as a control; the other was flown on a rotating mill. Soxhlet extractions in petroleum ether revealed that the flown beetles contained significantly less fat.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD OXYPORINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Campbell J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe New World species of the staphylinid subfamily Oxyporinae are revised. Only one genus,OxyporusFab., with two subgenera, is included in the subfamily. The genusPseudoxyporus, described by Nakane and Sawada (1956), has been reduced to subgeneric rank. Sixteen species are included in the revision. Two new species,O.bierigifrom Costa Rica and Panama, andO.ballifrom Mexico are described; two names are placed in synonymy [O.fasciatusMelsh. (=O.vittatusGrav.) andO.fenyesiBernhauer (=O.mexicanusFauvel)]; and two names are reduced to subspecific level [O.bicolorFauvel (=O.vittatus bicolor) andO.austrinusHorn (=O.femoralis austrinus)]. All of the New World species and subspecies have been redescribed and illustrated, and a key has been included for the separation of all the taxa.
THE STYLETS OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID,MYZUS PERSICAE(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Forbes A. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphology and fine structure of the maxillary and mandibular stylets of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), are described from sections, whole mounts, and two-stage replicas. The mechanisms of penetration of the host plant are discussed.
DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): I. EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON REPRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE ADULTS
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUpon transfer to a photoperiod of LD 12:12 all young, reproductively active Chrysopa carnea Stephens, reared and maintained under LD 16:8, showed a rapid decline in fecundity. One group entered diapause, as shown by the cessation of oviposition within 22 to 34 days, fat body accumulation, and an associated colour change. The females in this group resumed oviposition within 3 to 7 days after being returned to LD 16:8. Females in the other group under short-day conditions continued to oviposit, but at a lower rate than those kept under constant LD 16:8. Our data indicate that the imago is sensitive to both long-day and short-day photoperiods and that some males and females enter a facultative reproductive diapause which is induced and terminated in this stage solely by manipulating the adult lighting regimen.
THE COMMON SHREW (SOREX ARANEUS) AS A PREDATOR OF THE WINTER MOTH (OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA) NEAR OXFORD, ENGLAND
Authors: Buckner Charles H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe diet of the common shrew contained significant proportions of lepidopterous remains, and these were mostly of winter moth. The least shrew also at times preys heavily upon winter moth. Calculations indicate that predation by mammals, especially common shrews, could have important consequences on the population dynamics of the winter moth. It was concluded that there is only slight interaction between winter moth predation by shrews and predacious beetles.
BIONOMICS OF ENOCLERUS BARRI (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)
Authors: Rice Richard E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnoclerus barri Knull occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico and throughout the Rocky Mountain region. Adults were collected at Grass Valley, Calif., from May to September at traps baited with beetle attractants. Collections occurred at temperatures ranging from 22.5° to 31 °C; the sex ratio of trapped beetles was 4.5 females to 1 male. Duration of life cycle stages at 24 ± 2 °C were: egg, 9 days; larva, first iastar, 14 days; second instar, 12 days; third instar feeding stage, 14 days. All larvae reared to third instar failed to pupate in the laboratory. Adult females of unknown age when collected lived from 10 to 131 days and produced an average of 389 eggs per female. Enoclerus barri utilized six species of Scolytidae as hosts in the laboratory.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNymphs and adults of Podisus maculiventris (Say), reared on four sizes (diet levels) of live larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.), captured prey, consumed food, and grew at rates varying with the size of larvae supplied. For nymphs, a direct linear relationship was obtained between rate of food consumption and daily growth and rate of food consumption and daily development. For adults, male and female, age did not affect food intake significantly, but for females alone, food intake differed significantly at different diet levels. A significant difference was also obtained for both sexes between body weight and diet level. Males and females lived longest on diet 1, apparently because of reduced metabolic activity.The number of eggs laid by each female corresponded to its food consumption for the first 35 days but decreased thereafter with age. The mean dry weights for fertile and infertile eggs at different diet levels did not differ significantly irrespective of the amount of food consumed by egg-laying females.For each nymph in each of instars 2 to 5 and for adults, the consumption quotient, an index of metabolic activity, increased as the rate of food consumption increased. For nymphs, the quotient decreased during ontogeny at each diet level, and for adults, decreased with age at diet levels 2, 3, and 4. The quotient remained constant for adults of both sexes at diet level 1.Results show that nymphs and adults of P. maculiventris can survive and mature satisfactorily for extended periods on small prey but needs larger prey to accelerate development, increase growth, and maintain a high reproductive potential.
THEAEDESMOSQUITOES OF NEW ENGLAND (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): II. LARVAE: KEYS TO INSTARS, AND TO SPECIES EXCLUSIVE OF FIRST INSTAR
Authors: Smith Marion E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe last three larval instars of each of the 25 species of mosquitoes reported from New England have, with very few exceptions, been studied. Characters useful in separating the larval instars ofAedesare discussed, and a key to differentiate the four larval instars, regardless of species, is presented. By making use of characters constant in all instars of a species, and by noting variations between and within instars, a key is presented which should permit the identification of most New EnglandAedesmaterial, mounted or unmounted, in any of the final three larval instars.
HERBERT D. SMITH’S OBSERVATIONS ON CITRUS BLACKFLY PARASITES IN INDIA AND MEXICO AND THE CORRELATED CIRCUMSTANCES
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn Mexico during the spring of 1950, four imported species of parasitic Hymenoptera (Amitus hesperidum Silvestri, Prospaltella smithi Silvestri, P. clypealis Silvestri, and P. opulenta Silvestri) were placed on populations of their natural host, the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby. Their artificial distribution and establishment throughout areas in which the host species was extremely abundant and the observed adjustment of each to its host, to its competitors, and to distinctive regional environments revealed physiological and ecological factors that determined the dominance of one species over another. These factors and the circumstances of their occurrence during 1948 to 1953, inclusive, as reported by Herbert D. Smith, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, are reviewed and amplified.
CARBOHYDRATES OF INNER BARK OFPINUS TAEDAAS AFFECTED BYDENDROCTONUS FRONTALISAND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Barras Stanley J. , Hodges John D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGlucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.
POPULATION SUPPRESSION BY TRANSMISSION OF INHERITED STERILITY TO PROGENY OF IRRADIATED CABBAGE LOOPERS, TRICHOPLUSIA NI
Authors: North David T. , Holt Gerald G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory population experiments and theoretical calculations are presented that demonstrate effective population suppression by the introduction of partially sterile cabbage loopers into a native population. The use of partially sterile males is advantageous because they are highly competitive with native moths, and since their progeny are sterile provides for population suppression over at least three generations. It is projected, based on experimental results, that 92% control can be obtained for three generations through a single release of partially sterile males. This modification of the sterile-male technique for Lepidoptera could result in control and sizeable savings in cost. Insecticide and other forms of control can be used simultaneously without any effect on the efficiency of the release program.
NEUE GATTUNGEN UND ARTEN DER ACALYPTERATAE
Authors: Hennig Von Willi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSome 35 species (mostly Neotropical, 22 new) of acalypterate flies representing 17 genera (3 new) in six families, as follows, are treated: Family Cypselosomatidae. One species from Nepal, Cypselosoma gephyrae Hendel (?), is discussed.Family Pseudopomyzidae. The classification of the family is reviewed, and a key to the world genera is provided. The genus Latheticomyia Wheeler is placed here for the first time, and two new species, L. longiterebra (Peru) and L. rotundicornis (Mexico), are described. Two new genera, Pseudopomyzella and Rhinopomyzella, are erected for three new species, P. flava (Peru), R. albimana (Brazil), and R. nigrimana (Brazil).Family Periscelidae. The genus Periscelis Loew is recorded from Mexico and Peru. Neoscutops peruvianus and Scutops striatus, both from Peru, are described as new.Family Aulacigastridae. The classification of the family is reviewed and a key to the world genera is provided. Schizochroa plesiomorphica (Peru), S. minuta (Ecuador), S. ecuadoriensis (Ecuador), Cyamops neotropicus (Peru), C. australicus (Queensland), and Planinasus venezuelensis (Venezuela) are described as new.Family Odiniidae. The classification of the family is reviewed and a key to the subfamilies and the world genera is provided. Two new species of Schildomyia Malloch, S. peruviana (Peru) and S. trinidadensis, are described. A new genus, Shewellia, is erected for the species S. agromyzina (Peru).Family Heleomyzidae. One new species of Cephodapedon Malloch, C. nigriventer (Chile), is described. The genera Mayomyia Malloch and Cinderella Steyskal are reviewed and placed in this family for the first time. Four species of Cinderella, C. macalpinei (Ecuador), C. pollinosa (Chile), C. hirsuta (Chile), and C. steyskali are described as new.The paper is accompanied by 72 illustrations.
THE MALE OF XYSTICUS RUGOSUS (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Leech Robin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe male of Xysticus rugosus Buckle and Redner, 1964, is described for the first time, the diagnostic parts of the palpus are drawn, and a key is provided for distinguishing the males of the Nearctic species of the Xysticus labradorensis group.
SOUND PRODUCTION IN SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GENUSIPS
Authors: Barr Barbara A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe "pars stridens–plectrum" terminology of stridulatory organs is discussed. A list of 77 species of Scolytidae known or presumed to bear stridulatory structures is presented. The three types of scolytid stridulatory organs, vertex–pronotal, gula–prosternal, and elytra–abdominal tergites, are described and discussed.All North American species in the genusIpswere examined for stridulatory organs. The gula–prosternal type was found on females, and possibly males, ofI.concinnus(Mannerheim) andI.mexicanus(Hopkins). The vertex–pronotal type occurs on females of 14 other species. No stridulatory structures were found on either sex of the remaining 17Ipsspecies. Females of 15 of the 18 pine-infesting species have stridulatory organs, while 14 of the 15 spruce-infesting species apparently lack them. FemaleI.confusus(LeConte) stridulate when entering the male entrance tunnels. Removal of the stridulatory organ has two effects: males do not permit some of these non-stridulating females to enter, and they deny entry to others for an unusually long period of time.Possession of a stridulatory apparatus in the Scolytidae appears to be associated with the sex opposite to that which initiates the entrance tunnel.No significant differences were found between gallery systems constructed by femaleI.confususwith the stridulatory organ removed and those constructed by stridulating females except that more single stridulating females excavated two or more egg galleries from a nuptial chamber.
POPULATION INCREASE OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE, ON DIFFERENT HOST PLANTS
Authors: Root Richard B. , Olson Ann M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLongevity and fecundity data are presented for cohorts of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), reared on different hosts (Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica pekinensis, and two varieties of Brassica oleracea) and under constant and fluctuating environmental conditions. Changes in fecundity and development were the chief causes for the different rates of population increase (r) observed on each host. Alate forms developed only in the cohort reared on B. vulgaris, the most resistant host studied. Host factors, acting during the late prenatal period or during postnatal development, appear to be capable of influencing form determination in this aphid.
A COMPETITION SUBMODEL FOR PARASITES AND PREDATORS
Authors: Griffiths K. J. , Holling C. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA generalized competition model for predators or parasites was developed from data obtained from a specific parasite–host system. It was structured in three parts. The first simulates the effects of exploitation, where the number of attacks and their distribution among prey or hosts determine how many prey or hosts survive. Since the negative binomial distribution described these distributions consistently, the exploitation submodel was developed from it. The second portion of the competition model concerned interference between searching predators and parasites. Although interference is a universal phenomenon, we were able to show that its effects become important only at predator densities much higher than those that occur in nature. Thus the interference component can be essentially ignored. The third and final component concerned the outcome of competition between parasite progeny within their host. It was developed from Fujii’s competition model which allows for the simulation of both scramble and contest types of competition.These three submodels of competition were combined and coupled with a previously published model of the effects of prey density on attack. In this way the full consequences of different prey and predator densities could be simulated using a model whose constituent parts had been carefully tested for descriptive adequacy. The simulations showed the way individual predator attack, per cent predation, and progeny production were affected by different degrees of contagion in the distribution of attacks, by scramble vs. contest competition, and by the degree to which parasites could avoid hosts already attacked.
PARASITES AND PREDATORS OF THE BIRCH LEAF MINER, FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Cheng H. H. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwenty-two species of insect parasites of Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) are listed. Fifteen of these species were reared in the present study from F. pusilla in Quebec, 1 on eggs and 14 on larvae; 4 of them act as both primary and secondary parasites. Of the 15, only 1 has previously been reported as a parasite of F. pusilla. Host–parasite relationship and the degree of parasitism are given for the 15 species reared in Quebec.Thirteen species of predators are listed. Of these, 9, three birds and six insects, were observed feeding on F. pusilla larvae during this study.
ELIMINATION RATE OF RADIOCESIUM BY AN AQUATIC HEMIPTERAN LETHOCERUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Guthrie J. E. , Brust R. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRadionuclides may be used as ecological tracers to study trophic–level relationships. To use cesium-137 to investigate the role of the giant water bug, Lethocerus americanus (Leidy), in the food-web of a small pond, it was necessary to measure the elimination rate of the nuclide. The experimental determination of the elimination rate of cesium-137 in fourth instar and adult water bugs, and the calculation of the fraction of ingested food assimilated is described.
DEVELOPMENT AND DIAPAUSE INPLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Griffiths K. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe upper limit for continuous development ofPleolophus basizonuslies between 25° and 30 °C since all stages develop at the former temperature and larval mortality is complete at the latter temperature. The lower limit lies between 5.5° and 10 °C, since an eonymphal diapause occurs at 5.5 °C. Between these extremes, diapause incidence varies inversely with temperature. The photoperiod experience of the parent has no effect on diapause in the progeny when the latter are reared at 15° and 18 °C, but there is an inverse relation between parental photoperiod experience and progeny diapause incidence at 10 °C. Although larvae and pupae also survive 3 months at 2 °C, most individuals probably overwinter in eonymphal diapause and their diapause requirements are fulfilled in 3 weeks at 2 °C. The incidence and rate of post-diapause development is directly related to temperature.
DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON THE LEAVES, BARK, AND FRUIT OF SOME ORCHARD AND ORNAMENTAL TREES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, is predominantly a bark-inhabiting species and develops most successfully on limbs in the top of the tree. Incrustations of scales often form on the bark, sometimes on the fruit, and never on the leaves. Numbers of 150 per cm2 are common on the bark, but they rarely exceed 10 on the fruit or 13 on the leaves. Mortality rate on apple trees is greatest on the leaves, somewhat less on the bark, and least on the fruit. Females occur most frequently on the bark and males most often on the leaves. The very few females that develop on leaves seldom reproduce.The distribution of the San Jose scale is quite variable throughout a tree but is more uniform on specific limbs and old twigs. Distribution on twigs less than 1 year old is never uniform; the basal half of these young twigs is always more heavily colonized than the distal half. Few males develop on young twigs and mortality of all scales is greater on this bark than on limbs and old twigs. The San Jose scale has a greater and more variable mortality on the young twig mainly because this wood is more readily injured by feeding of the scale and low winter temperatures. Thus, twigs up to 1 year old are good sample units only in light infestations and following mild winters. The older twig is the most reliable sample for biological surveys or for assessing insecticide treatments but it is more difficult to examine because it usually contains dead scales of many generations.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONOPHTHORUS SHOOT-INFESTING BEETLES AND CONOPHTHORUS RESINOSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): II. RECIPROCAL HOST AND RESIN TOXICITY TESTS; WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: McPherson J. E. , Stehr F. W. , Wilson L. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBehavioral differences between a Conophthorus beetle attacking jack pine shoot tips and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae Hopkins, were studied. In field experiments the red pine cone beetle attacked cones and shoots of both pines but preferred cones over shoots and red pine cones over jack pine cones. The jack pine tip beetle attacked both jack pine and red pine snoots, but no progeny appeared in red pine shoots. In laboratory tests, the red pine cone beetle survived equally well in vapors of simulated red and jack pine shoot resin, while the jack pine tip beetle survived best in the jack pine resin vapor. The jack pine tip beetle is described as a new species, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MERCHANT GRAIN BEETLE, ORYZAEPHILUS MERCATOR (SILVANIDAE: COLEOPTERA) IN CANADA
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. , Smith L. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA national survey shows that the merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel, has been present in Canada since at least 1925 and that it has become firmly established as a household pest of processed cereal products preferably of high oil content, but has not been reported from stored grain. A related species, the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), infests both stored grain and processed cereal products. Illustrations are provided to show the morphological characters by which the two species may be recognized and separated.
A DOUGLAS-FIR TWIG MINING BEETLE, PITYOPHTHORUS ORARIUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Hedlin A. F. , Ruth D. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPityophthorus orarius Bright is a small beetle which mines and kills shoots of Douglas-fir. The adult tunnels into the shoot in early summer and lays its eggs. Tunnelling of the larvae causes twig mortality indicated by characteristic "flagging".