bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JAPANESE ABALONE CULTURE PRACTICES AND ESTIMATED COSTS OF JUVENILE PRODUCTION IN THE USA
Authors: McCormick Thomas B. , Hahn Kirk O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTApproximately 100 species of abalone are known to exist in the world and commercial abalone fisheries have been established in at least 6 countries. In Japan, 5 species of abalone provide an annual catch of 5,000 metric tons (whole weight with shell) which sells for 6,000/kg (US$27/kg). To increase productivity of coastal waters, juvenile abalone “seed” (10–30 mm) are produced at government operated Fish Farming Centers. Production has increased from 200,000 seed in 1970 to more than 10.7 million in 1978. Survival of artificially reared abalone from larvae to 20 mm averages 1%. Problems still exist in providing the quality and quantity of food required by postlarvae and older juvenile abalone. Twenty millimeter seed is sold by the farming centers to fishermen at a price of $0.10‐0.12 each, which represents only 1/2 to 1/4 of the production costs. Seed is placed in coastal waters for grow‐out to 11–12 cm in 3–5 years. Recapture rates may exceed 10%. Production costs at the only private abalone hatchery in Japan are estimated to be $0.018/mm of shell length. Based on Japanese methods for seed production, an assessment of production costs for an abalone hatchery in the USA is presented. With an annual production of one million abalone (20 mm each) the production cost is estimated to be $0.022/mm of shell length or $0.44/20 mm abalone. The success of abalone production in the USA will be determined by cost effective hatcheries and a strong market for the abalone produced.
MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES: A BRIEF OVERVIEW1
Authors: Burrell Victor G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMolluscan mariculture species of interest include four oysters, Crassostrea virginica, C. gigas, Ostrea edulis and O. lurida; four clam species, Mercenaria mercenaria, Tapes japonica, Spisula solidissima, and Mya arenaria; blue mussels Mytilus edulis, several abalone Haliotis spp., bay scallops Argopecten irradians and queen conch Strombus gigas.The American oyster C. virginica leads all molluscan species in landings and about 60% or 12.1 million kilograms of total national production in 1981 was a result of some form of culture. This includes state and private planters' efforts to increase harvest. West coast production of the Pacific oyster was 2.9 million kilograms resulting entirely from mariculture in 1981. The most intense oyster cultivation occurs in New England with production of European oysters, O. edulis, from hatchery produced seed and off bottom culture.Mariculture in some form accounted for about 4% of total national landings of 1.8 million kilograms for all species of clams in 1980. The hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, presently accounts for just about all clam commercial mariculture production.Blue mussel farming on both the east and west coasts are viable commercial ventures.Several molluscan mariculture programs have as their goal augmentation of natural stocks which have been reduced by loss of habitat and overfishing.
RICE STRAW AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT FORMacrobrachium rosenbergiiIN PONDS
Authors: Miltner M. , Cange S. , Perry W. G. , Avault J. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA pilot study was conducted to evaluate air dried rice hay as a detrital feeding substrate for culture ofMacrobrachium rosenbergii.Six 0.13 ha earthen ponds were stocked with post‐larval prawns at a rate of 30,000/ha on 25 May 1982. Two ponds received rice hay biweekly at 9.8 g/m2/week; two ponds received a pelleted ration 5 days/week at 6.2 g/m2/week, and two ponds received both rice hay at 9.8 g/m2/week and the pelleted ration at 3.1 g/m2/week. “Boom and bust” phytoplankton cycles prevailed in ponds receiving rice hay, and sub‐lethal dissolved oxygen levels resulted in reduced prawn survival in ponds. One hay‐only pond had complete prawn mortality due to a sudden die‐off of an algal bloom. Prawns were harvested 12 October after a 133‐day grow‐out period. Prawn yield from a single hay‐only pond was 439 kg/ha; survival was 97.5% and individuals averaged 15 g. Prawn yield in the pellet‐only treatment averaged 600 kg/ha; survival was 90% and individuals averaged 22 g. Prawn yield in ponds receiving both hay and pellets averaged 427 kg/ha; survival was 48%, and individual prawns averaged 29 g. Rice hay or similar agricultural by‐products may have promise as detrital forage to supplement pelletized rations in prawn culture ponds, but further research is required to quantify optimum loading rates, nutritional contribution, and effects on water quality.
GROWTH OF EXPERIMENTALLY CULTURED OCEAN QUAHOGS (Arctica islandica L.) IN NORTH TEMPERATE EMBAYMENTS
Authors: Lutz Richard A. , Goodsell Joy G. , Castagna Michael , Stickney Alden P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe growth of metamorphosed ocean quahogs (Arctica islandica L.) of known age reared from larvae settled in October 1980 was monitored over a 16‐month period using experimental containers suspended from fixed and floating structures in two embayments on the coast of Maine. Specimens ranging in length (maximum antero‐posterior dimension) from 1.8 to 4.3 mm (n = 119; mean=2.5 mm; std. dev. = 0.4 mm) were placed in the containers in June 1981. Shell length measurements were recorded at monthly intervals until October 1982. Water temperatures at the experimental sites ranged from a low of 0.1°C during January 1981 to a high of 21.4°C during July 1982. Maximum growth rates (1.8 to 2.3 mm/month) were observed during the warmest months (June through October). Reduced, yet measurable, amounts of shell (0.3 to 0.5 mm/month) were deposited during even the coldest winter months (January and February). Natural mortality over the 16‐month experimental period was less than 10%. Numerous specimens were randomly sacrificed during the experimental period for subsequent analyses of internal shell growth patterns. By late October 1982 the lengths of the remaining specimens (n=53) ranged from 11.4 to 33.7 mm (mean=26.0 mm; std. dev. = 4.1 mm). Although recorded growth rates are considerably faster than those heretofore reported for Arctica islandica, the growth potential of this species in a suspended culture system does not appear to be high enough to warrant seriously considering this species as a commercial aquaculture candidate.
DETECTION OF IHHN VIRUS IN Penaeus stylirostris AND P. vannamei IMPORTED INTO HAWAII
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Redman R. M. , Bell T. A. , Brock J. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTInfectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN), a newly recognized virus disease of penaeid shrimp, was found in populations of blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (P. vannamei) imported into Hawaii as postlarvae from commercial penaeid hatcheries in Costa Rica and Ecuador. In addition, the disease was detected in populations of post‐larval P. stylirostris imported from commercial and government‐run penaeid hatcheries in Florida and Tahiti, which had obtained all or part of their brood stock from Central or South American sources. IHHN has been found to be a disease of P. monodon as well, but has only been observed in this species when its history has included concurrent culture with stocks of P. stylirostris or P. vannamei.IHHN was found in Hawaii to be a highly lethal disease of juvenile P. stylirostris, frequently resulting in mortality rates that approached 90% of the affected population. Two populations of P. vannamei were shown to carry the disease, but detection of infections or mortalities due to IHHN in P. vannamei were unusual. These findings indicate that IHHN virus was imported into Hawaii with penaeid populations that originated directly or indirectly from South or Central America, and suggest that the virus is now or has been enzootic in penaeid culture facilities that produce P. stylirostris and P. vannamei in that region, and in Florida and Tahiti.
Renibacterium salmoninarum AS A CAUSE OF MORTALITY AMONG CHINOOK SALMON IN SALT WATER1
Authors: Banner Craig R. , Rohovec J. S. , Fryer J. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA study to investigate the contribution of Renibacterium salmoninarum to salt water mortality of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, was conducted. Smolts were obtained from each of three Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife hatcheries. Using the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), a determination of incidence of infection by R. salmoninarum was made for groups of fish from the three hatcheries. Samples of fish from each site were placed in separate salt water tanks at the Oregon State University Marine Science Center. Mortalities occurring in salt water were examined for the presence of R. salmoninarum using DFAT, and for other bacterial fish pathogens by preparation of microbiological cultures of kidney tissue on tryptic soy agar. The study included examinations of both the fall and spring release groups from each fish population. Results of the investigation demonstrated the capacity of R. salmoninarum to cause mortality of chinook salmon in salt water and there were indications that horizontal transmission occurred. Detectable incidence of R. salmoninarum before introduction into salt water was higher among populations of chinook released in the spring than in the fall release groups.
A MECHANICAL OYSTER HARVESTER FOR SOUTH CAROLINA ESTUARIES
Authors: Collier J. A. , McLaughlin D. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA mechanical oyster harvester has been developed for the intertidal oyster (Crassostrea virginica). The harvester is hydraulically powered and mounted on a 16 m steel hull vessel designed for its operation. The objective of this research was to produce a machine that would efficiently harvest oysters while doing minimum damage to the oysters and the fragile shell matrix that supports them. Results of three years' testing show harvest rates of 18 m3 /hour. Damage to the shell matrix was almost undetectable and damage to the harvested oysters was about 5%. The harvester can operate at depths of one to 3 m with the head controlled automatically. Bottom contact force is adjustable and regulated automatically during harvest to minimize bottom damage. The harvesting head can pitch or roll 0.35 rad to follow bottom contour. Future plans for the harvester include leasing to the L. P. Maggioni Oyster Company for commercial harvest during the 1982‐83 season. Eventually the harvester will be used by the state of South Carolina for oyster bed management and transplanting of oysters from polluted areas to public shellfish grounds.
MODELING THE DIEL OXYGEN RESPONSE OF A SMALL FISH POND
Authors: Meyer Doreen , Brune D. E. , Haight Boyd 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA recently developed mathematical model of stillwater pond aquaculture is discussed. Comparisons are made between computer generated diel oxygen cycles and actual field data and the simulations are seen to compare favorably in many cases. A sensitivity analysis of important management and environmental variables is discussed. This model is based on a first principles approach and is neither site nor species specific, however, it does contain certain limitations and shortcomings. These are discussed and areas for future improvements are identified.
COMPUTER AIDED OPTIMUM DESIGN AND CONTROL OF STAGED AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Authors: McNown W. , Seireg A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with development of a generalized computer program which can be utilized for the optimum design of multi‐stage recirculating aquaculture systems. The program incorporates culture organism growth, energy management, plant location, market conditions, harvest date, and harvest size. The program is capable of optimizing the plant design and its operation taking into consideration the economic effects of using insulated culture environment and utilization of solar energy. A unique feature of the program is its ability to select the optimal number of stages for a particular species and set of operational constraints. Dynamic programming is used for the optimization process. The program's capability is illustrated by its application to the design of plants for raising rainbow trout and yellow perch in recirculating culture systems. Considerable savings can be achieved due to the optimum selection of stages and energy policy.
LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES ON THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF THIOBENCARB (BOLERO) TO THE CRAWFISH Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Sommer Ted R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of the herbicide thiobencarb (Bolero) were tested on the crawfish Procambarus clarkii using both laboratory and field methods. A 96‐hour static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of this compound for juvenile crawfish. The LC50 was computed to be 0.47 ppm, which was similar to previously measured field concentrations. Adult P. clarkii were also tested and were shown to be susceptible to thiobencarb toxicity at levels similar to actual field concentrations. A parallel experiment demonstrated that the herbicide molinate (Ordram, LC50 = 6.13) was much less toxic than thiobencarb to juvenile crawfish.The population structure of the crustaceans was measured both before and after herbicide application in the field. After application of thiobencarb the catch of juveniles declined significantly and the smaller size classes became almost undetectable.The catch of adults also decreased significantly. However, analysis of size distributions, burrow excavations and visual counts revealed that the adults did not experience large‐scale mortality. Instead, many adults had burrowed to initiate breeding activity. It is hypothesized that burrows may provide a buffer zone against the toxic effects of the herbicide, thereby insuring survival of populations.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL‐SCALE PRAWN FARMING IN SOUTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Liao David S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1982, a producer survey was conducted to evaluate the economic potential of small‐scale prawn farming, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, as a supplemental source of income in South Carolina. Based on survey data, total costs were estimated to be $1,883.78 and total gross returns were $2,041.69 per 0.4 ha pond, thereby producing a net return of $157.91/0.4 ha pond. Producers felt that marketing was not a problem but all producers identified the non‐availability and high cost of seed stocks as a major problem confronting development of an industry.A survey of prawn consumers was conducted to assess product acceptance and preference. The majority of consumers indicated preference for the heads‐off form in the 57–110 tail count/kg size category and would purchase prawns about once a month, if available.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SHRIMP CULTURE ACTIVITIES IN ECUADOR
Authors: Hirono Yosuke 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the ancient practice of shrimp culture in Japan has spread around the world. Ecuador has become the largest producer of pond‐grown shrimp in the world with production of over 11,400 metric tons in 1982. This represents an annual rate of increase of approximately 40% since 1977.The expanding shrimp culture industry is transforming its production method from traditional extensive cultivation to the semi‐intensive method with supplemental feeding and pond management techniques introduced by foreign scientists. Subsequently, anticipated pond production will reach 45,500 metric tons within a five‐year period, assuming the availability of necessary seed‐stock, the raw material for shrimp feed, and trained aquaculture specialists.At this moment, Ecuador has approximately 35,000 ha in production and another 10,000 ha under construction. The growing pains of the industry and the production levels of various systems are discussed.
GROWTH OF NORI (Porphyra tenera) IN AN EXPERIMENTAL OTEC‐AQUACULTURE SYSTEM IN HAWAII
Authors: Mencher F. M. , Spencer R. B. , Woessner J. W. , Katase S. J. , Barclay D. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe use of OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) effluents for aquaculture presents several benefits: reduced pumping costs, large‐scale temperature control, high water quality, and elevated levels of inorganic nutrients. Intensive culture of many temperate‐water organisms should be technically possible using these effluents. Nori (Porphyra tenera), a valuable edible red seaweed, is among the organisms being cultured experimentally in OTEC‐like water at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii, Keahole Point, Hawaii.Nori was cultured in 7 1‐m3 tank compartments with a mixture of deep (600 m) and surface water resulting in the following conditions: 15°C, 30 l/min flow rate, 26–29 μg‐at/l influent N concentration, 2‐2.5 μg‐at/l influent P concentration, 8‐hour photoperiod. The initial stocking density was 20 g wet weight (4.1 g dry wt) per compartment.After 39 days the nori averaged 4700±1525 g wet wt (622±121 g dry wt) per compartment. Maximum short‐term production rate was 27.9±7.7 g dry wt m‐2 day‐1. The nori extracted a maximum of 57% and 27% of the influent N and P, respectively, with 22–47% and 6–17% being more typical daytime values during the last two weeks. Little nutrient uptake occurred at night. Noon measurements revealed no significant excretion of organic C, N, or P; 24‐hour measurements were equivocal. Tissue N concentration (indicative of quality) was high relative to Japanese cultured nori during the first 3 weeks, but declined somewhat thereafter. P. tenera appears to have good potential for culture in OTEC effluents.
THE EVOLUTION OF INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Ryther John H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOxidation ponds have been used for many years for treatment of domestic wastewater. Nutrients and carbon dioxide produced by the decomposing organic wastes enhance the growth of unicellular algae which, in turn, provide oxygen for the bacterial decomposition. When such ponds have an effluent, however, the algae themselves represent a loading of organic matter that fails to meet discharge standards, so the algae must be removed from the water. Conventional harvest techniques are uneconomical, particularly in view of the low value of the product.An alternative is to allow the plants to be consumed by filter‐feeding or grazing fish or invertebrates that harvest the plants at no cost and, in the process, produce an animal crop that has potential commercial value.Polyculture systems, involving freshwater fishes low on the food chain grown in ponds enriched with a variety of organic wastes, have been used for centuries in China. The practice has spread to many other countries and the concept has begun to be used in estuarine mariculture. Usually the ponds are stagnant, with no effluent, and the objective is fish production, not waste treatment.Recently, similar waste recycling‐polyculture systems have been developed experimentally on a flow‐through basis with the dual objectives of both fish (and/or invertebrate) production and advanced wastewater treatment (specifically nutrient removal). Several recent examples of quite different freshwater systems and a fewer number of marine systems are briefly described. Problems and constraints of such practices are also discussed.
WATER QUALITY IN INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK‐FISH PONDS1
Authors: Hopkin Kevin D. , Inocencio Perlina , Cruz Emmanuel M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWater quality variables were monitored during 3.5 years of research on pig‐fish; duck‐fish and chicken‐fish systems. Early morning dissolved oxygen levels were often below 0.5 mg/l. Total ammonia levels were highest in chicken‐fish systems with maximum levels exceeding 6 mg/l. Water quality sampling designs which measure the fluctuations in water quality variables are discussed. Species selection, control of manure loads, addition of new water, and aeration are presented as means to manage water quality in livestock‐fish systems.
DEPURATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Blogoslawski Walter J. , Stewart Mary E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews briefly the viral, bacterial, and toxic diseases borne by shellfish that are transmissible to man. Methods available to cleanse or depurate contaminated bivalves are also presented. Each method is evaluated with regard to 1) present and past use, 2) economic cost benefits, and 3) ability to prevent disease transmission.
GENETICS IN BIVALVE AQUACULTURE: 1983 AND STILL LOTS OF POTENTIAL
Authors: Newkirk Gary F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo date genetics has made no significant impact on bivalve aquaculture. There have been obstacles to the implementation of selective breeding in bivalve culture but the primary reason for so little progress must be a lack of a concerted effort to develop effective programs. However, there is evidence that more commercially valuable stocks can be obtained with controlled breeding programs. Different approaches to improvement include hybridization, induced polyploidy and mass selection. Mass selection has the inost potential for immediate application to commercial breeding. Experimental results have indicated the other approaches have potential but their application to commercial breeding programs have not been demonstrated. Although no controlled selective breeding programs are known to exist in commercial bivalve hatcheries, selective breeding programs can be compatible with the operation of a commercial hatchery if the operators see genetics as an essential part of the complete husbandry of bivalve stocks.It is probably safe to say that to date genetics has made no significant impact on the operation of, or the production from, bivalve aquaculture. This is true in spite of encouraging predictions about the application of genetics to oyster culture which go back as far as 1924 (Wells 1924). There have been obstacles to the implementation of selective breeding in bivalve culture but the primary reason must be a lack of a concerted effort to develop effective programs once an adequate level of control of hatchery production has been attained.In this paper a brief discussion of hybridization, induced polyploidy and selection as general approaches to the breeding of bivalves will be presented. A more extensive review of published results and their application can be found in Newkirk (1983). Here emphasis is placed on the importance of controlled breeding in commercial hatcheries. A general argument is presented that genetic improvement is not necessarily a long‐term prospect and it should be possible to evaluate the benefit/cost ratio of such a program for a particular situation.
POND CULTURE OF STRIPED BASS X WHITE BASS HYBRIDS
Authors: Kerby Jerome Howard , Woods L. Curry , Huish Melvin T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFour 0.1‐hectare earthen ponds were stocked with two densities (10,000 and 15,000 fish/hectare) of female striped bass (Morone saxatilis) X male white bass (M. chrysops) hybrids on 30 October 1980. Mean weight at stocking was 20 g. Fish were fed ad libitum 2 or 3 times daily with a dry commercial salmon diet, and ponds were aerated mechanically during periods of low dissolved oxygen in warm months. Survival to harvest about 13 months later (22 November 1981) averaged 50% in the low density ponds and 93% in one high density pond. Total mortality of fish in the other high density replicate occurred in late August after an aerator failed. Survival until then was 92%. At harvest, mean weight of fish was 465 g in the low density ponds and 351 g in the high density pond. The average food conversion ratio of dry food to wet fish weight was 1.58:1. Standing crop at harvest averaged 2,312 kg/hectare in the low density ponds and was 4,886 kg/hectare in the high density pond. Growth was positively correlated with temperature, with the most rapid growth rates occurring during periods of high mean water temperatures. The study demonstrated that the hybrids can be grown to marketable sizes in ponds within 15–18 months of age at densities similar to those used in culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In view of their high market value, we believe that this hybrid has considerable potential for culture as a commercial food fish or perhaps for use in fee‐fishing ponds.