bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some New Mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags
Authors: Newton E. T. 
Published: October 2009

Notwithstanding the many additions which within the last few years have been made to our knowledge of the Pliocene Mammalian Fauna, by Mr. Lydekker, in the Quarterly Journal of this Society, in the ‘Geological Magazine,’ and in the British-Museum Catalogues (1885–87), several species new to the British Crags, and others altogether new to science, have come to light during a critical investigation of the Crag Yertebrata, which it has been my official duty to undertake.
As it is likely to be some time before the results of this investigation can be published, it is hoped that an account of the new forms will be acceptable to the Fellows of this Society.

For several of the specimens here described I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great Bealings, Suffolk, who has most courteously placed these and many other fossils at my disposal. Mr. James Reeve, of the Norwich Museum, has likewise been good enough to lend me many specimens, and among them the unique tooth which is now to be named after him. For the opportunity of studying the rostrum of
Mesoplodon Floweri
*
I am under obligation to the genial Curator of the Ipswich Museum, Dr. Taylor. To all these friends of science I tender my best thanks for their kindly assistance.

Description of Species.

1. L
utra
D
scubia
, Blainville. (P1. XVIII. figs. I a-1 c.)

Within the last few years Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great Bealings, has obtained from the nodule-bed of the Red
A Monograph of the Polyzoa (Bryozoa) of the Red Chalk of Hunstanton
Authors: Vine George Robert 
Published: October 2009

It is not my intention in this monograph to discuss any of the stratigraphical questions raised by authors who have written about the Red Chalk of Hunstanton. I have to deal with one group of fossils only; but, before entering on my investigations, it was necessary to make myself familiar with the views of others, and more especially with the palæontological evidence afforded by the study of the fossils from the various zones of the Chalk. One source of information has been, however, more helpful to me than all the others. When compiling material for my British-Association Reports on Fossil Polyzoa, I was allowed to examine all the type series in the Museum of Practical Geology, from the Cambrian to the Upper Chalk; and recently (September 1889) I have re-examined, for the purpose of this and another paper on the Polyzoa of the Upper and the Lower Greensands (Bibliographic List, 21; see page 458), all the Cretaceous forms mentioned in the Catalogue of that Museum (Bibliogr. 12). Besides the examination of these forms Mr. Alfred Bell has placed in my hand for study and description a fine series of Polyzoa preserved on flints, as well as free examples, from the Upper Chalk at Chatham. Thanks to the kindness shown towards me by Prof. Judd, F.R.S., and Dr. Pergens, of Belgium, I have been enabled to study the Polyzoa of the Faxoe Limestone and Maastricht Beds, by the gift of beautiful examples derived from these typical horizons of Cretaceous Polyzoa.
In
Origin of the Basins of the Great Lakes of America
Authors: Spencer J. W. 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

Even as recent as a decade ago very little was known as to the origin of the Great Lakes of North America. Whilst we find such generalized statements as “most lakes are due to terrestrial crush-movements,” yet such crust-movements had not been tested in the American lake-region. Again, from the time of early geological investigations in America, statements are found that the basins werethe result of erosion; but the methods of erosion were not explained, and this was the more necessary as most of the basins have rockbound outlets. Later, in some geological literature, the method of excavation was hypothetically attributed to glaciers. Such was the unsatisfactory condition of our knowledge of the problem when the writer first commenced the study, in attempting to solve the origin of the Dundas Valley, at the western end of Lake Ontario, more than a dozen years ago. This investigation has developed results bearing not only upon the origin of the lake-basins, but also upon the physical history of the lakes, and broader questions of the building and sculpturing of the continent.
The methods of investigation have been the studying—(1) of the hydrography of the modern lake-basins and submerged channels upon the coast of America; (2) of the deep wells bored into, or through, the Drift deposits, by which buried channels, and their relation to or contrast with the modern valleys, have been discovered ; (3) of the elevation of the continent ; (4) of the direction of the glaciation in the
Contact-Alteration near New Galloway
Authors: Gardiner M. I. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. I
ntroduction
.

The eastern end of the northern edge of the Cairnsmore-of-Fleet granite-mass follows the crest of the Knocknairling Hill to the west of New Galloway for about half a mile. The metamorphism of the rocks of this hill has been briefly alluded to in the “Memoir Explanatory of Sheet 9 of the Geological Survey of Scotland,” p. 22, but is so extreme as to deserve a fuller description.
There are many exposures on the hill-side; and the Knocknairling Burn gives a good section across the series at a distance of about half a mile from the granite. It is a pity that the beds cannot be traced farther from the granite, especially as there is some doubt as to the series to which they belong. The Cairnsmore-of-Fleet granite is some twelve miles by six in extent, with its greatest elongation in the direction of the prevalent strike of the Silurians. The Survey has given the name of “Queensberry Grits” to the series into which it has been intruded, but suggests that the altered rocks of Knocknairling Hill consist of the underlying Moffat shales and Upper Ardwells, brought up here during the folding of the district. The Upper Ardwells, where unaltered, to the east of the granite, consist of rapidly alternating flags, shales, and greywackés.The flags and shales are often sandy and micaceous. The greywackés do not seem to differ from those of the overlying Queensberry Grits.

§ 2. T
he
K
nocknairling
-B
urn
S
ection
.

In working up the Knocknairling Burn from
On the Valley-gravels about Reading, with especial reference to the Palæolithic Implements found in them
Authors: Shrubsole O. A. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. I
ntroduction

Having had the Pleistocene deposits of this part of the Thames Valley under observation for some years past, and more particularly (since first finding worked flints here fifteen years ago) in reference to the evidence which they afford of the former presence of Man in the district, I desire to offer to the Society a few notes on some of the sections which have proved of especial interest. It is not pretended that this communication aims at presenting a complete view of the subject; but, as sections are liable to be covered up or to change their character in the course of time, I have thought it well to put on record what has come under my own observation, as it may serve to present a general view of the manner of the occurrence of the relics of Man within a definite area.
The Valley of the Thames in this vicinity forms in the deepest part a trough, cut in the Chalk, about a mile and a half wide, beyond which the levels ascend more gradually. Gravel is found here as elsewhere at various elevations, creeping up the valley-slopes, often for a considerable distance where the form of the ground has been such as to retain it.
Of the plateau- and hill-gravels which succeed the valley-terraces I do not here speak; but there is often some difficulty in making out a clear line of demarcation. At about the 300-feet contour-line or less, however, we find that we
North-Italian Bryozoa
Authors: Waters Arthur W. 
Published: October 2009

C
hilostomata
.—The Bryozoa dealt with in this paper are, for the most part, from well-known localities in the Vicentine, as Val di Lonte, Montecchio Maggiore, and Brendola. Most of them have been described by Reuss, but at a time when chief attention was paid to the zoarial mode of growth (the shape of the oral aperture and other zocecial characters being considered to be of secondary importance) and when the avicularia and ovicells did not receive the attention now given to them.

The first paper treating of North-Italian Bryozoa, of this series, is one by Reuss , in which he refers to a number of species as from an unknown locality in the Vienna Basin; but these, he subsequently found, came from the Val di Lonte, called also Val dell' Onte (but the exact position is Casa Fortuna), in the Vicentine. Although this correction has been made, references are constantly given which show that authors overlook this rectification.
From a similar marl in Montecchio Maggiore, a few miles further sout, Reuss also described a number of others, and a couple from Brendola, in the Colle Berici, south of Vicenza; and from Crosaro, some distance to the north-east, a few which appear to be of nearly the same age. In the first three localities the marl contains a very similar fauna; and, having collected from all, I found the Brendola beds the most instructive, and there the preservation is the best.
The late Dr. G. B. Gottardi has also given a list
On
Agrosaurus Macgillivrayi
(Seeley), a Saurischian Reptile from the N.E. Coast of Australia
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

In July 1879 the Geological Department of the British Museum obtained by purchase from Mr. E. Charlesworth some fossil bones, which were dispersed at the sale of the collection of Mr. S. L. Waring, F.G.S., of Norwood, then recently deceased. They are labelled, in a small, delicate handwriting, “‘Ply,’ 1844. Jn. Macgillivray, from the NE. coast of Australia.” I believe this to indicate that the specimens were collected by Mr. Macgillivray during the voyage of the ‘Fly,‘ from some locality which was then unnamed. The bones were placed in the Mammal Gallery, where they have since remained. They comprise a complete left tibia, a less perfect proximal end of the corresponding right tibia, a fragment which I regard as a portion of a fibula, attached to matrix, which besides other fragments of bone contains two laterally compressed claw-phalanges. There is necessarily no direct evidence of their geological age. But as they indicate a new Saurischian reptile, which has its nearest known allies in the lower Secondary rocks of Europe and the Trias of South Africa, it is not improbable that the animal belongs to the Lower Oolites or Trias. I have not noticed any reference to the specimens by Professor Jukes in the “ Voyage of the ‘Fly’” or in his other books and papers, or in the writings of Mr. Macgillivray.
The left tibia (figs. 1, 2) is about 20 cm. in extreme lengthy with the usual sub-triangular flattened proximal articular surface. That surface is nearly 5 cm. deep
The Geology of Barbados Part I. The Coral-rocks of Barbados and other West-Indian Islands
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Harrison J. B. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1: I
ntroduction
.

S
eeing
that Barbados has always been a station for our West-Indian ibrces, and that it has for some time been the first place of call for the Royal Mail steamers, it is somewhat strange that no adequate account of the geology of the island has ever been published, especially as it is one of the most healthy of our West-Indian possessions and offers few physical difficulties to the explorer.

The earliest notice on Barbados is a short paper by Dr. J. Skey, but this gives very little information. Ehrenberg in 1s5g described the Microzoa obtained from the white earths of Barbados, and the Radiolaria have since become familiar to microscopical students; but the true geological position of these earths has never been made known.
So far as we can learn, the only geological description of the island is that given by Sir Robert Schomburgk in his “History of Barbados” (1848). So far as it goes, and considering the date at which it was written, Sehomburgk's description is a good one. He describes the rocks under two heads : (1) Coral Limestone, (2) Siliceous rocks.
His account of the Coral Limestone is fairly complete and accurate; he explains the phenomena which it presents by a gradual but discontinuous upheaval of the area, and truly remarks that the structure of the island offers several features which are difficult to reconcilewith Darwin's theory of coral-reefs.
For the siliceous rocks he proposes the name of “Scotland Formation,” because the area in
On the Drifts of Flamborough Head
Authors: Lamplugh G. W. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
object of this paper is to describe the glacial deposits which overlie the Chalk on Flamborough Head, and to show their relation to those of the neighbouring areas north and south of the headland. Though a considerable amount of scattered information respecting these beds has already been published, no systematic or detailed account of the drifts as a whole has yet been carried out.

The district is one of peculiar importance for students of the glacial phenomena of our :East coast, since it is at this poinb that the connexion between the drift of the hills and that of the plains must be traced, the coast-line here passing from the low ground of Holderness (an unsubmerged corner of the plain of the North Sea) to the elevated and broken region of the Wolds and Moorlands, and of the North of England generally. And that the nature of this connexion is by no means obvious has been shown in the former attempts to unravel it. The promontory affords almost unparalleled
facilities for such an investigation, for with an area of less than sixteen square miles it possesses a precipitous coast-line over fifteen miles in length, presenting magnificent sections in various directions through the thickest part of the drifts; and has, besides, in the interior, three or four miles of railway-cuttings, and chalk pits in abundance. If the glacial history of an area thus laid open cannot be deciphered, there must indeed be slight hope for less favoured localities.
On some of the Melaphyres of Caradoc, with Notes on the Associated Felsites
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

W
hile
staying at Church Stretton during the autumn of last year I paid several visits to Caradoc Hill for the purpose of acquiring some information concerning the nature of the felsites which occur there. Many chips were collected, not only of felsites but also of basic eruptive rocks, and sections were subsequently cut from those specimens which seemed likely to show points of interest.

Although the structural geology of this area has been investigated by several observers since the publication of the Geological-Survey map, no account of the microscopic characters of these rocks appears, hitherto, to have been published. In the following paper an attempt is made to supply this deficiency to a certain extent, but, since the time at my disposal permitted the collection of specimens from only a limited portion of Caradoc Hill, chiefly from different spots situated to the south and south-west of the Camp, there remains much ground which the present paper leaves untouched.
The points from which the different specimens were derived are marked with some approximation to truth on the accompanying outline map, on which the geological boundaries laid down on the published Survey map are indicated. The Arabic numerals refer to the numbers with which the specimens of felsite, derived from those spots, were ticketed, while the Roman numerals denote basic eruptive rocks. The numbering of the specimens and sections bears no relation to any sequence in the field or relation of the rocks to one another, and has merely been retained to
Notes on the Geology of the Tonga Islands
Authors: Lister J. J. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

V
ery
little of a detailed character has, so far as I am aware, been published on the geology of the Tonga Islands.

Prof. Dana makes a brief mention of some of the islands in ‘Coral and Coral Islands’ ; and in the edition of ‘Coral Reefs’ punished in 1874 Darwin gave a summary of what was known of the group.
I spent several months in Tonga in 1889 and 1890, and had opportunit, ies of visiting some of the islands in H.M.S. ‘Egeria,’ which was engaged, for part of the time, in making a survey. Such observations as I made on the geology of the group are embodied in the following notes.

II . T
opography
of the G
roup
.

The Tonga or Friendly Islands are situated in the Pacific Ocean between 18° and 22° 30' lat. S., and on either side of the 175th degree long. W. Tongatabu lies a little over 1000 miles to the N.N.E. of Auckland in New Zealand. The large islands of Fiji are about 400 miles to the W.N.W., and those of Samoa about 300 miles to the N.N.E.
The greater number of islands fall into three main groups. The northernmost is Vavau, which consists of one moderately large island (about 13 miles in its longest diameter), giving its name to the group, and a number of islets lying to the south and south-west of it. Rather more than fifty miles to the south is the Hapai group, containing the high volcanic islands of
The Bagshot Beds of Bagshot Heath
Authors: Monckton Horace W. 
Published: October 2009

In the ‘Geological Magazine’ for August 1891 Dr. Irving advocates the adoption of a twofold division of the beds of the Bagshot Series of the London Basin, and in the ‘Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association′ for July 1891 Mr. Hudleston (p. 102) suggests a slight alteration in the system of subdivision at present adopted for that series. I must say I am opposed to these changes, and I may at once point out that Dr. Irving himself uses the terms “Middle Beds,” “Middle Group,” and “Lower and Middle Group” in the paper referred to—very good evidence, I think, of the practical convenience of the threefold division now in use.
I think that a good deal of the controversy which has arisen in relation to these beds is due to the unfortunate adoption by Dr. Irving of the well-section at Wellington College as the type, instead of the much more satisfactory section at Goldsworthy Hill originally adopted by Prof. Prestwich in 1847. I call the well-section at Wellington College unsatisfactory for several reasons, one of which is that two accounts apparently of the same well are given in the ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey,’ vol. iv. (1872) p. 425, which differ in material details. If they do both relate to the same well I should prefer the account given by Prof. Rupert Jones to that of the well-sinkers, even though they preserved a series of specimens.
There is one light alteration which I think Dr. Irving, Mr. R. S. Herries, Leiut.
Supplementary Note to the Paper on the ‘Red Rocks of the Devon Coast-section’ (Q. J. G. S. 1888)
Authors: Irving A. 
Published: October 2009

In my former paper I took for the basement-limit of the Keuper what we might fairly call the base of the ‘ building-stones’ Prof. Hull, on a visit with me to Sidmouth in the summer of 1891, suggested that the bed of breccia below the footbridge over the Sid would make a better basement-line for the Keuper formation, and bring the classification more into harmony with the lines of demarcation adopted by himself and others for the Midlands and elsewhere. Though I had noted this bed and referred to it in my paper, its character as a distinct basement-breccia had not impressed itself upon me, since I regarded it as nothing more than one of the intercalated lenticular masses of the Bunter Sandstone.
A closer examination reveals, however, its true character. It contains angular and subangular fragments of grit and quartz, enclosed in a dull brick-red matrix. What mainly deterred me from adopting this breccia as a basal line for the Keuper was the very marked current-bedded structure of the 10 to 15 ft. of coarse Bunter-like sandstone, which follows the breccia in the upward succession on the face of the cliff. This, however, is not a real difficulty, because— as Prof. Hull pointed out to me on the ground—this structural character is not at all uncommon in the basement-beds of the Keuper below the Waterstones in other areas. On looking into the literature of the subject a little more closely since my visit to Devon with Prof. Hull, I
High-Level Glacial Gravels, Gloppa, Cyrn-y-bwch, near Oswestry
Authors: Nicholson A. C. 
Published: October 2009

The Gloppa (spelt ‘Glopa’ on the Ordnance map) is a small farm, about two miles north-east of Oswestry, situate on the eastern slope of the ridge of Carboniferous rocks (Millstone Grit) which forms the western boundary of the Northern Shropshire and Cheshire Plain, and upon this and adjacent farms the gravels and sands are spread out. The main mass is comprised in a ridge of eskers about 1000 yards long, and appears to rest immediately upon the Millstone Grit, the beds of which formation crop out directly to the westward, and dip here about 20° to 25° E. and S.E., the average slope of the hill being about 10°. The portion of the deposit worked out forms but a small part of the whole, although about 33,000 tons of material have now been extracted.
A pit was opened here in the year 1888 for the purpose of getting sand for the filter-beds on the Oswestry works of the Liverpool Vyrnwy Waterworks, and since that date I have had it under observation; it is not now being worked.
The deposit ranges here from about 900 to 1160 feet above sea-level, but the main mass is from 1000 to 1150 feet, the sandpit worked being 1070 to 1130 feet. The highest point at which I have found marine shells in the drift is 1120 feet; the other recorded instances of such drift at similar heights in Great Britain being Moel Tryfaen (1330 to 1360 feet), Prestwich's Patch, Macclesfield (1150 feet); and in
On the Plutonic Rocks of Garabal Hill and Meall Breac
Authors: Dakyns J. R. , Teall J. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

The schists of the Southern Highlands of Scotland have been traversed in many places by igneous rocks. Sills and dykes are widely distributed throughout the district, and here and there, as for example in Glen Tilt, Glen Lednock, and near the head of Loch Lomond, extensive areas are composed of plutonic rocks. Our object in this communication is to describe some of the phenomena which may be observed in the last-mentioned locality.
The plutonic rocks in question form the belt of high ground stretching in a south-west direction from Inverarnan. They vary considerably in chemical and mineralogical composition. Different parts of the mass can be proved by the phenomena of veins and inclusions to belong to slightly different periods, but regarded as a whole it must evidently be referred to one geological epoch. Whenever two portions in juxtaposition are seen to differ in age, the more acid, so far as our observations go, is invariably the younger. Thus the veins are more acid and the inclusions more basic than the material surrounding them.

Rather more than half a mile above Inverarnan tonalite (quartz-diorite) appears in the bed of the Arnan and on each side of the stream. From this point it extends in a south-westerly direction for about

miles, as shown on the accompanying map, and possesses a fairly uniform character. Garabal Hill, south-west of Inverarnan and immediately south of the place where tonalite appears in the Arnan valley, is composed of diorite. In some places, as, for instance