bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organismic Animal Biology
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Neither cellular/molecular nor ecosystem processes can be fully understood without a detailed understanding of the biology of the whole organism. This textbook provides a general conceptual framework for understanding the organismic level. It provides a broad overview of the diversity of animal life while concentrating on general organizational principles with a few, carefully chosen examples rather than providing exhaustive specific details. The book adopts two parallel tracks, with most chapters focusing on one or the other. The first follows the general principles of organismic biology and animal organization, starting with basic terminology and definitions in evolutionary biology before introducing the evolutionary framework of comparative biology. It then describes organizational principles and specific organ systems in a sequence of increasing complexity. The second track follows a phylogenetic journey, introducing the different animal phyla. Large phyla are given their own chapter with an overview of their common features and diversity.
Species concepts and speciation
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Species are the basic unit of taxonomy and also the level at which evolution acts. Nonetheless, there is no universally agreed definition for species. Different species concepts attempt to formalize what species are and to provide tools for identifying and defining species. Different species concepts focus on different aspects of what makes species unique. Some focus on the ability of members of a species to reproduce with other members of the species. Some focus on the shared evolutionary history of species. Others focus on shared morphological characters. Taxonomy focuses on describing and delimiting species, and on giving them scientific names. However we define species, it is clear that species are fluid entities that change over time. These changes are driven by the process of natural selection, first formulated by Darwin. An advantageous character can sweep through an entire species, causing the species as a whole to evolve. A change can sweep through only part of a species’ population, causing populations to diversify, until they are ultimately different enough to be considered separate species.
Reconciling Data Privacy and Global Data Flows the EU Way
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter questions whether horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows used by the European Union (EU) as a model for regulating cross-border data flows in future trade agreements allow the EU to reconcile data privacy and global data flows, while promoting a multilateral rules-based trading system. While horizontal provisions afford the EU a broad autonomy to protect data privacy as a fundamental right, they suffer from important flows. Most notably, the ‘it deems appropriate’ threshold in the digital trade exception for privacy and data protection included in the horizontal provisions creates an undesirable parallel with the national security exception. This chapter examines possible alternative to the ‘it deems appropriate’ threshold and concludes that any of the following three thresholds is a better alternative: ‘non-circumvention’, ‘non-avoidance’, or ‘reasonableness’. It also proposes to create an institutional mechanism to guide the interpretation of such digital trade exception.
Gdańsk
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gdańsk: Portrait of a City tells the story of the city of Gdańsk, from the prehistoric origins of its Baltic surroundings on the Vistula and Motława rivers and its entry into written history in 997 ce, through its more than seven centuries as the German-speaking city of Danzig, and on to the city’s position in present-day Poland. The book explores the political, cultural, religious, and economic history of Gdańsk seen as an important, oft-disputed Baltic port city greedily sought by surrounding powers. At times, Gdańsk has stood at the center of modern European history. It was the site of the beginning of the Second World War as well as the cradle of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union “Solidarity” (Solidarność), which would play a key role in the fall of European communism. Gdańsk has seen revolts and sieges, and it has suffered nearly total annihilation more than once. The city has been subject over the centuries to local dukes, Teutonic Knights, the Polish crown, Prussia, the German Empire, the Third Reich, and the USSR. While these powers, particularly those informed by the nationalist paradigms of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, frequently rewrote the city’s history and identity to fit it into their enforced narratives, the city still developed its own distinct identity that shrugs off such oversimplifications. Gdańsk: Portrait of a City examines such tendentious interpretations as it traces the development of a distinct municipal identity created through the city’s unique geography, population, and history.
Frances Oldham Kelsey, the FDA, and the Battle against Thalidomide
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the 1960s, Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) became one of the most celebrated women in America when she prevented a deadly sedative from entering the US market. A Canadian-born pharmacologist and physician, Kelsey saved countless Americans from the devastating side effects of thalidomide, a drug routinely given to pregnant women to prevent morning sickness. As a result of Kelsey’s efforts, thalidomide was never sold in the United States. The incident led Congress to pass the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which fundamentally changed drug regulation in America. One of a small minority of women to earn an advanced degree in science in the 1930s, Kelsey faced challenges that resonate with women scientists to this day. Revered by the public as a “good mother of science,” she went on to act as a formidable gatekeeper against other suspect drugs, such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) and laetrile. Based upon FDA archival records, private family papers, and interviews with family and colleagues, this biography brings to light the efforts and legacy of a pioneering woman of science whose contributions remain influential.
Introduction
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Thalidomide, a sedative prescribed to women for morning sickness, has haunted the pregnancy experience since the 1960s by demonstrating how toxic chemicals can be to fetuses, and demonstrating that physicians are not all-knowing. Frances Kelsey, a PhD in pharmacology and MD, and medical reviewer at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), used her experience with the controversial practice of animal testing to recognize thalidomide’s dangers and prevent it from entering the American drug market. Despite the accolades she received, she faced gendered opposition from some superiors and drug lobbyists throughout her more than forty years at the FDA. After the thalidomide tragedy, the agency’s mandate was expanded to include evidence from drug manufacturers that products were safe, effective, and properly tested. Kelsey negotiated through work pressures and juggled domestic responsibilities with a network of supportive family and friends.
Doctoral Studies at the University of Chicago
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Frances Oldham loved student life at the University of Chicago, studying under Eugene Geiling, a distinguished South African pharmacologist. Oldham was his first graduate student and became a lifelong mentor and friend. She learned to use sensitive language when describing animal experimentation to circumvent anti-vivisectionist opposition. Geiling’s team traveled to Haida G’waii to participate in the last legal whale hunts for research, although crews were leery of a woman on a whaling ship. In 1937, Oldham participated in the study of Elixir of Sulfanilamide, an early antibiotic laced with antifreeze, leading to many deaths, and the amendment of the Food and Drug Act to require drug safety. Oldham received the first pharmacology doctorate at Chicago in 1938, but with an expired student visa, she returned home. She unsuccessfully searched for permanent work, despairing as her male colleagues found appointments.
Whales, Cod, Armadillos, and Glass Ceilings
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Frances Oldham’s postdoctoral years comprised adventures and disappointments, as she experienced a whaling trip in 1938 yet encountered glass ceilings. She searched for pituitary glands in ling cod on Vancouver Island and in armadillos in Texas. Back in the Chicago lab, she helped produce the educational film, Whaling for Science, which contributed to a growing knowledge about the intelligent mammals and the need for conservation. Oldham published papers and learned modeling techniques at the Carnegie Institute of Embryology. Hospitalized with diphtheria in Chicago in 1939, she was administered an early (and harsh) version of sulfapyridine, which would soon be reserved for the troops. Oldham was offered a position at Halifax’s Dalhousie University, but it was not at a post-doctoral pay rate and her request to take medical school courses was ill-received. Only the war’s outbreak brought steady employment.
The Thalidomide File
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Merrell Pharmaceuticals wanted rapid approval of Thalidomide, a popular sedative developed by Germany’s Chemie Grünenthal. Chemist Lee Geismar and pharmacologist Jiro Oyama found deficiencies in the NDA, as did Kelsey, who delayed approval. German pediatrician Widikund Lenz discovered thalidomide’s link to phocomelia, a serious birth defect, and distinguished American cardiologist Helen Taussig warned Kelsey of this side effect. Cases mounted in Britain, Australia, Canada, and elsewhere, with an estimated one hundred thousand newborns affected.
Babies and Orphans
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Kelsey developed regulations for orphan drugs, or those prescribed to, but not tested on, children, including infants. Bombrest v. Kotz (1946) recognized the unborn child as an entity for the purposes of injury redress. Pre-abortion fetus use in research met pro-life opposition. The problem of consent arose regarding drug testing on children. Kelsey helped create guidelines for childhood drug studies. Nielsen v. University of California (1973) was concerned with the study of children’s medication with painful procedures on infants, and the ability of guardians to approve them. Massachusetts pro-life politicians and drug researchers sparred over fetal research to deal with in-utero medical procedures.
Mental Health, Identity, and Fieldwork
Authors: Kurd Dana El , Hummel Calla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
How does fieldwork impact mental health? How can we mitigate mental health risks during data collection? This chapter outlines the ways in which fieldwork conditions can impact researchers’ mental health. Secondary trauma, isolation, and a researcher’s positionality within the field may all affect mental health during and after fieldwork. All fieldwork can influence a researcher’s mental health; adverse effects are not restricted to research in conflict zones or places that scholars perceive as dangerous. The chapter outlines the ways in which this takes place and details current best practices for managing mental health risks during fieldwork. It concludes with suggestions for making a mental health plan that takes into account institutional responsibility and a researcher’s identity.
Music, Encounter, Togetherness
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMusic is a basic dimension of society in today’s world. This book aims to promote ways of thinking about music that create space for both human agency and social relationship. It is written from the perspective of Euro-American musical traditions but puts them into dialogue with other world music cultures. It adopts perspectives that make sense across multiple traditions, such as how music affords interpersonal relationship and social togetherness, and what happens when musicians from different cultures interact. The idea of encounter highlights the dynamic and processual nature of musicking, in therapy or at home as much as in the jazz club or concert hall. Western musicologists have traditionally thought of music as primarily a repertory of objects; Nicholas Cook shows how thinking of it in processual terms—through an expanded idea of performance—makes as much sense of Western art music as it does of other traditions. Basing an understanding of music on acts rather than objects, and focussing on people and their relationships rather than on the impersonal forces of evolutionary or stylistic histories, opens up ways of thinking that counter some of the dehumanising aspects of musical thinking and practice in global modernity. Theory-driven approaches are complemented by case studies that range from late eighteenth-century India to contemporary China, and from Debussy’s encounter with Javanese music and dance to cross-cultural musicking in Australia and in cyberspace. The book concludes by looking at Viennese classical music from some of the perspectives developed in the preceding chapters.
Performing Togetherness
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWestern musicology has long seen improvisation, performance, and composition – and also written and oral traditions of music – as discrete categories. A broadened conception of music as performance can encompass all of these, showing how they are mutually entailed. Nicholas Cook builds such a conception on the phenomena of communicative musicality, central to which is a flexible and negotiated sense of time, and expressions of which range from infant-carer interaction and groove to musical ‘feeling voyages’. Through a series of short case studies the author develops a model of performance as a relational network that can be extended or augmented through technologies of time- and space-shifting to accommodate the condensations of performance that we call musical works. The traditional idea of works as notated entities reproduced in performance creates skewed or anachronistic understandings even of Western ‘art’ music, as well as insuperable problems in thinking across cultures, and the author suggests more productive ways of thinking about notation.
Java Comes to Paris
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDebussy’s response to the Javanese music and dance at the 1889 and 1900 Expositions universelles is a famous, but controversial, example of cross-cultural interaction. After a critical discussion of the idea of influence, the chapter attempts to straighten out the tangled story of what Debussy heard and saw – probably a simplified, touristic representation of gamelan music rather than anything that might have been heard in Java. It relates Debussy’s response to the gamelan to those of Julien Tiersot and (Louis) Benedictus, whose ‘Danses javanaises’ have been read as attempted transcriptions but are better thought of as imaginative recreations. The chapter also explores the evolutionary theory underpinning colonialism in general and the 1889 Exposition in particular, and sets Debussy’s ‘Pagodes’ into the context of turn-of-the-century French pianism. Finally it proposes a cognitive model of how Debussy heard Javanese music, based on how it intersected with his previous musical experiences, particularly of Fuxian counterpoint.
Music in a Cosmopolitan World
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMario Paci (Mei Baiqi) conducted the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra during the 1920s and 1930s, and this chapter begins with his diversification of its repertory and reaching out to the Chinese community. The semi-colonial context of interwar Shanghai shows up some of the limitations of postcolonial theory, and Nicholas Cook argues that cosmopolitanism offers a more inclusive framework for understanding cross-cultural interaction – and one that allows more space for individual or collective agency. The chapter develops a model of cosmopolitanism centred on Levinas’s idea of openness to the other, but also taking in the consumerist values of ‘lifestyle cosmopolitanism’. Ultimately racist conceptions of cultural difference are deeply entrenched in music, yet its combination of malleability and perceived naturalness makes it a powerful vehicle for agency and identity construction. As illustrated by the modern Chinese culture of Western classical music, however, this raises questions of how firmly music may be tied to other dimensions of culture with which it is commonly associated.
Introduction
Authors: Paul T.V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Sino-Indian confrontation. It refers to the conflict as the manifestation of a larger contest for international status that is playing out in the Indo-Pacific region. The Sino-Indian rivalry is often discussed in terms of territorial conflict, ideology, power, and influence, and it only has evolved further due to competing desires for increased international and regional status. The chapter considers the significance of recognizing the violence and internal repression that great powers and rising powers can undertake in the name of status pursuit and redressal of past humiliations. It contends that India’s low human development indices are a major factor for its slow advancement in international status, despite achievements in aggregate economic growth.
The Great Powers
Authors: Paul T.V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the varied responses of each of the present-day great powers toward India’s status accommodation. It focuses on the policies of the United States, China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom toward India’s rise while also considering the changing policies of Japan and Germany. India’s acceptance by almost all leading powers as a candidate great power resulted in increased diplomatic engagements, visits by leaders, and memberships in international organizations. Moreover, the end of the Cold War and India’s economic liberalization altered the perceptions of India as a rising power. The chapter acknowledges that India has some distance to go in order to be accepted as a major power by the leading powers of the day, in particular, China.
Deviations from the Way, Failures of Virtue
Authors: Fraser Chris 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNumerous passages in the early Daoist compilation Zhuāngzǐ depict the life of dé (virtue, power) as one of emotional equanimity. Acute emotions are regarded as “deviations” from the Way—“burdens” to or “failures” of dé that interfere with the freely adaptive, responsive agency central to the well-lived life. This study surveys treatments of emotion in the Zhuāngzǐ and other early texts, investigating the nature of, and grounds for, the equanimity sought by the Daoist adept, the psycho-physiological assumptions that inform this view of equanimity, and the techniques by which one attains this state. For these sources, equanimity is not a complete absence of affect but the sustained presence of a calm, peaceful alertness which facilitates activity that is physically healthy and ethically exemplary. The chief techniques for attaining this state involve attention management and cognitive reframing. The study concludes with a comparison of Daoist and Stoic views on equanimity.
Greco-Roman Therapy of the Emotions
Authors: Singer P. N. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the ancient Greco-Roman ethical discourse on the treatment of troublesome emotions and places it in relation to the parallel Chinese discourse, especially that of the Zhuāngzǐ. It focuses on three main questions: the aim, and limits, of emotional unaffectedness; the medical or quasi-medical nature of techniques of control or cure of the emotions; and the relationship between such techniques and underlying biological theories of the embodied psyche. The main textual focus is on Greek and Latin works of medicine and philosophy of the first–second century ce (e.g., Epictetus, Galen, Plutarch, Seneca). It is argued that the Greek, especially Stoic, and Daoist discussions provide strong points of convergence, but also of contrast, especially in the conception of unaffectedness, in the contrast between “inner” and “outer,” and in the role of biological and medical theories in the understanding of and approach to the therapy of the emotions.
Emotions across the Hippocratic Corpus and theSu wen
Authors: Kazantzidis George 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses different models of emotion-embodiment in the Hippocratic Corpus and the Su wen. It is argued that, while the Hippocratics tend to divest emotions of any cognitive components, in the Su wen emotion and cognition are intrinsically linked. This has to do with the fact that, in the Su wen, intelligence is distributed across various body parts: since mental life is diffused throughout the body, with no single part functioning as the exclusive “ruling organ,” it is natural that each emotion linked with a specific body part has its own share of intelligence. Things are different with Hippocratic medicine: be it the brain, the heart, or the blood, there is always a dominant organ/substance that rules the body, and when emotions are said to make their presence felt throughout that body, it is usually in contexts where intelligence plays a limited role.
Reverence and Reverential Respect in Early Confucian Thought
Authors: Wang Ellie Hua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn early Confucian texts, the word jing敬 is used to refer both to a general, virtuous mindset of reverence and to intentionality and reverential respect toward specific objects. This paper examines these two uses of jing and their connection based on textual analysis, comparing jing as reverential respect with Darwall’s two kinds of respect. This sheds light on the deeply relational nature of Confucian ethics. Moreover, it addresses how reverence and reverential respect relate to two other core Confucian virtues, ren 仁 (humaneness) and li禮 (ritual, ritual propriety). This makes clear the humanistic move that early Confucians make in their creative transmission of the values of the Western Zhou周 period and demonstrates its significance.
Affective Construals
Authors: Campeggiani Pia 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper sheds light on the implications that Aristotle’s treatment of virtues of character in the Nicomachean Ethics has for his understanding of the nature and role of emotion in human beings. A discussion of the notion of hexis and the way settled states of character are developed by means of affective habituation is followed by an examination of the relation between affective states and reasons, of that between affective states and actions, and of the role of environmental scaffolding and the hybrid nature of action possibilities as emerging from objective contextual features that are at the same time response-dependent. The main claim is that Aristotle’s moral psychology is grounded in the view that emotions and affective states are not just reactions to the information that agents pick up from the external world but also operate as “probes”—i.e., goal-oriented means of exploring the material and the social environment.