bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term prognosis and effect of endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis and contralateral carotid stenosis or occlusion: results from NASCET
Authors: Gasecki Andrew P. , Eliasziw Michael , Ferguson Gary G. , Hachinski Vladimir , Barnett Henry J. M. , _ _ 
Published: June 2009

✓ The purpose of this study was to examine how the prognosis of patients who presented with a recent ischemic event referable to a 70% to 99% stenosis of one carotid artery (ipsilateral) was altered by stenosis and occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery. The benefit of performing carotid endarterectomy on the recently symptomatic artery, in the presence of contralateral artery disease, was also examined.A total of 659 patients were grouped into one of three categories according to the extent of stenosis in the contralateral carotid artery: less than 70% (559 patients), 70% to 99% (57 patients), and occlusion (43 patients). Strokes that occurred during the follow-up period were designated as ipsilateral if they arose from the same carotid artery as the symptom for which the patient had been entered into the study. Medically treated patients with an occluded contralateral artery were more than twice as likely to have had an ipsilateral stroke at 2 years than patients with either severe (hazard ratio: 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–5.62) or mild-to-moderate (hazard ratio: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.43–4.90) contralateral artery stenosis. The perioperative risk of stroke and death was higher in patients with an occluded contralateral artery (4.0% risk) or mild-to-moderate (5.1% risk) contralateral stenosis. Regression analyses indicated that the results were not affected by other risk factors.An occluded contralateral carotid artery significantly increased the risk of stroke associated with a severely stenosed ipsilateral carotid artery. Despite higher perioperative morbidity in the presence of an occluded contralateral artery, the longer-term outlook for patients who had endarterectomy performed on the recently symptomatic, severely stenosed ipsilateral carotid artery was considerably better than for medically treated patients.
The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: Kondziolka Douglas , Lunsford L. Dade , Kestle John R. W. 
Published: June 2009

✓ To determine the natural history of brain cavernous malformations, the authors entered patients referred to their center into a prospective registry between 1987 and 1993. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, which showed the typical appearance of this lesion, and conservative management was recommended in all. Patients or their referring physicians were contacted for follow-up data. The purpose of the study was to define the rate of symptomatic hemorrhage and to determine the outcome in those patients who had suffered seizures.
Follow-up data were available for 122 patients with a mean age at entry of 37 years (range 4–82 years). The malformation was located in the brainstem in 43 cases (35%), the basal ganglia/thalamus in 20 (17%), and a hemispheric area in 59 (48%). Fifty percent of patients had never had a symptomatic hemorrhage, 41% had one bleed, 7% had two, and 2% had three. Seizures were reported in 23% of patients and headaches in 15%. Lesions were solitary in 80% of patients and multiple in 20%. The retrospective annual hemorrhage rate (61 bleeds/4550.6 patient-years of life) was 1.3%.
The mean prospective follow-up period was 34 months. There were nine bleeds during this time, six with new neurological deficits. In patients without a prior bleed, the prospective annual rate of hemorrhage was 0.6%. In contrast, patients with prior hemorrhage had an annual bleed rate of 4.5% (p = 0.028). Patient sex (p = 0.97) or the presence of seizures (p = 0.11), headaches (p = 0.06), or solitary versus multiple lesions (p = 0.15) were not significant predictors of later hemorrhage. There was no difference in the rate of bleeds between brain locations. Four patients with seizures became seizurefree and four patients without seizures later developed seizures; only one patient developed intractable seizures. Fourteen patients (11%) underwent surgery (two after hemorrhage, five with seizures, and seven with progressive deficits), and five had radiosurgery. No patient died in the follow-up period. This study indicates that conservative versus operative management strategies may need to be redefined, especially in patients who present with hemorrhage and who appear to have a significantly increased risk of subsequent rehemorrhage.
Mandibular subluxation as an adjunct to exposure of the distal internal carotid artery in endarterectomy surgery
Authors: Frim David M. , Padwa Bonnie , Buckley Deidre , Crowell Robert M. , Ogilvy Christopher S. 
Published: June 2009

✓ The location of the carotid artery bifurcation and the distance atherosclerotic disease extends distally in the internal carotid artery (ICA) are two factors that contribute to the technical difficulty of carotid endarterectomy. When the bifurcation is high (above C-3) or the disease extends distally, standard approaches may not provide adequate exposure for dissection of plaque or for arteriotomy repair. A simple method of mandibular subluxation is described for added exposure of the distal carotid artery. The criteria for use of this method include: a carotid bifurcation at or above C-2; disease extending to within 2 cm of the skull base; and a small-caliber distal ICA lumen with the expectation of a patch graft extending close to the skull base. In dentulous patients, the mandible is subluxed by attaching an intradental wire from the ipsilateral mandibular bicuspid to an intradental wire around the contralateral maxillary bicuspid. In edentulous patients, a wire is placed around the ipsilateral mandible and secured to a wire placed through the anterior nasal spine. The entire preoperative subluxation requires 10 to 15 minutes under anesthesia and an additional 1 to 2 minutes postoperatively to remove the wires. A single skin suture and an absorbable intraoral suture were placed in some edentulous patients.
This technique has been evaluated over a 15-month reference period during which 115 carotid endarterectomies were performed. The criteria stated above were met in seven cases (six patients, 6%) and jaw subluxation was performed preoperatively. An additional 1 to 2 cm of distal exposure was obtained by using this technique and endarterectomy proceeded without complication. A slight “shift” of the standard anatomical landmarks occurred due to the movement of the mandible, which was easily recognized. There were no significant postoperative complaints related to the subluxation; specifically, no temporomandibular joint pain, no other postoperative pain, and no tooth damage were encountered. It is concluded that this relatively simple approach to mandibular subluxation provided significant added exposure to the distal ICA without notably increasing operative time. In addition, there was no morbidity and little additional care was needed when compared with other more radical approaches to high carotid artery exposure.
Greater Perceived Helplessness in Osteoarthritis Predicts Outcome of Joint Replacement Surgery
Authors: GANDHI RAJIV , RAZAK FAHAD , TSO PEGGY , DAVEY J. RODERICK , MAHOMED NIZAR N. 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To determine if there is a difference between male and female patients in their perceived control of osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms at the time of joint replacement surgery, as measured by the Arthritis Helplessness Index (AHI), and how this helplessness affects surgical outcomes at 1 year.Methods.From a joint replacement registry, 70 male and 70 female patients were randomly selected and matched for age, body mass index, comorbidity, procedure, and education. Patients completed the AHI prior to surgery. Functional status was assessed at baseline and 1-year followup with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the effect of sex on predicting AHI scores. A second model was constructed to examine the effect of AHI on the 1-year WOMAC change score.Results.There were no statistically significant differences in demographic data or clinically significant differences in AHI scores between sexes. Linear regression modeling showed that female sex was a significant predictor of a greater AHI score prior to surgery (p < 0.05). Moreover, a greater AHI score was an independent predictor of a lower WOMAC change score at 1 year (p = 0.01).Conclusion.Interventions to improve control over arthritis symptoms should be studied with the goal of improving surgical outcomes.
Real-World Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis: Cost-Effectiveness Based on Number Needed to Treat to Improve Health Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: BARRA LILLIAN , POPE JANET E. , PAYNE MICHAEL 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medications in a real-world environment for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ).Methods.We created a database of patients with RA, PsA, or AS treated with anti-TNF agents (etanercept, infliximab, or adalimumab) at a large outpatient rheumatology clinic. Patient characteristics, baseline HAQ prior to treatment, subsequent yearly HAQ, and reasons for termination were collected. The cost based on percentage of patients achieving ≥ 0.2 improvement in HAQ (minimal clinically important difference, MCID) was calculated using the 2008 direct cost (Cdn) of the medication.Results.Data were available on 297 patients (206 with RA, 57 PsA, 34 AS). The mean age was 55 years, with 12 years of disease, and the mean baseline HAQ (standard error, SE) was 1.37 (0.04). The changes in HAQ (SE) at Years 1, 2, and 3 were −0.31 (0.04), −0.24 (0.06), and −0.27 (0.07) for annual cost to achieve MCID of $41,636, $42,077, and $42,147, respectively. The number needed to treat (NNT) was 1.94 (RA), 1.88 (PsA), and 2.30 (AS). There were no statistical differences between the diseases studied.Conclusion.We obtained data on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of anti-TNF drugs using the HAQ score, which is known to be an excellent predictor of work disability, morbidity, and mortality. HAQ scores decreased with treatment and were sustained throughout the 3–5 years of followup. The NNT of approximately 2 seems favorable and was similar between diseases.
Silicon Nanowires: A Review on Aspects of their Growth and their Electrical Properties
Authors: Schmidt Volker , Wittemann Joerg V. , Senz Stephan , Gösele Ulrich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper summarizes some of the essential aspects of silicon‐nanowire growth and of their electrical properties. In the first part, a brief description of the different growth techniques is given, though the general focus of this work is on chemical vapor deposition of silicon nanowires. The advantages and disadvantages of the different catalyst materials for silicon‐wire growth are discussed at length. Thereafter, in the second part, three thermodynamic aspects of silicon‐wire growth via the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism are presented and discussed. These are the expansion of the base of epitaxially grown Si wires, a stability criterion regarding the surface tension of the catalyst droplet, and the consequences of the Gibbs–Thomson effect for the silicon wire growth velocity. The third part is dedicated to the electrical properties of silicon nanowires. First, different silicon nanowire doping techniques are discussed. Attention is then focused on the diameter dependence of dopant ionization and the influence of interface trap states on the charge carrier density in silicon nanowires. It is concluded by a section on charge carrier mobility and mobility measurements.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with a Rigid Biradical
Authors: Matsuki Yoh , Maly Thorsten , Ouari Olivier , Karoui Hakim , Le Moigne François , Rizzato Egon , Lyubenova Sevdalina , Herzfeld Judith , Prisner Thomas , Tordo Paul , Griffin Robert G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEine starre Spirobrückeverknüpft zwei 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl(TEMPO)‐Einheiten in einem neuen diradikalischen Polarisierungsmittel für DNP‐Experimente. Die beobachteten NMR‐Signalintensitäten sind 1.4mal größer als für TOTAPOL, ein zuvor beschriebenes Diradikal aus zwei TEMPO‐Einheiten und einer flexiblen Brücke.magnified image
Comparison of Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide as Ligands in Iron(II) Porphyrinates
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Noll Bruce C. , Schulz Charles E. , Scheidt W. Robert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpot the difference: The five‐coordinate iron(II) cyanoporphyrinates, which are spin‐crossover compounds, can be used to synthesize previously unknown six‐coordinate complexes. Bis(cyano) and (cyano)imidazole complexes are presented, and the five‐ and six‐coordinate (cyano)iron(II) derivatives are compared with analogous CO complexes.magnified image
The motile cilium in development and disease: emerging new insights
Authors: Roy Sudipto 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper, I review a collection of recently published papers that have provided significant new information about the biogenesis and functions of motile cilia. In vertebrates, the activity of motile cilia has been associated with a fascinating diversity of developmental and physiological processes. Despite the importance, much remains to be learned about the genetic control and cellular events that are involved in the differentiation of motile cilia. We also need to better understand the mechanisms by which cilia‐driven fluid flow is able to influence such a variety of developmental and physiological processes. The Foxj1 family of proteins has now been definitively established as master regulators of motile ciliogenesis.1,2 Identification of the Kintoun/PF13 protein has shed light on the assembly of dynein arms,3 whereas live imaging of ciliary motility has led to the discovery of an intriguing new role for motile cilia in otolith formation in the ear.4
Measures of Disassortativeness and their Application to Directly Transmitted Infections
Authors: Farrington C. P. , Whitaker H. J. , Wallinga J. , Manfredi P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe propose a measure of disassortativeness to summarize contact patterns relevant to the transmission of directly transmitted infections. We discuss the properties of this measure, describe standardization relative to homogeneous mixing, and generalize it to multivariate contact structures. We explore some of its properties and apply our methods to serological surveys of close contact infections and surveys of self‐reported social contacts obtained in several European countries.
Flow‐through imaging cytometry for characterization of Salmonella subpopulations in alfalfa sprouts, a complex food system
Authors: Bisha Bledar , Brehm‐Stecher Byron F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe recently developed an approach combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and flow cytometry for detecting low levels of Salmonella spp. (∼103 cells/mL sprout wash) against high levels of naturally occurring sprout flora (∼107–108 CFU/g sprouts). Although this “FISH and flow” approach provided rapid presence/absence testing for Salmonella in this complex food system, it was not capable of more nuanced tasks, such as probing the phenotypic complexity of the microbes present in sprouts or determining the physical interactions of Salmonella with these microbes, or with sprout debris. In the present study, we have combined rapid FISH‐based labeling of Salmonella spp. in sprout washes with flow‐through imaging cytometry (FT‐IC), using the ImageStream® 100, a commercial FT‐IC instrument. This approach enables image‐based characterization of various subpopulations of interest occurring within these samples. Here, we demonstrate the ability of FT‐IC to unambiguously identify cells, cell aggregates and other events within these subpopulations based on both cell morphology and hybridization status after reaction with a Salmonella‐targeted probe cocktail. Our ability to directly explore the nature of these events expands the layers of information possible from cytometric analyses of these complex samples and clearly demonstrates that “a picture is worth a thousand dots”.
Modification of protein crystal packing by systematic mutations of surface residues: Implications on biotemplating and crystal porosity
Authors: Wine Yariv , Cohen‐Hadar Noa , Lamed Raphael , Freeman Amihay , Frolow Felix 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBioinspired nano‐scale biotemplating for the development of novel composite materials has recently culminated in several demonstrations of nano‐structured hybrid materials. Protein crystals, routinely prepared for the elucidation of protein 3D structures by X‐ray crystallography, present an ordered and highly accurate 3D array of protein molecules. Inherent to the 3D arrangement of the protein “building blocks” in the crystal, a complementary 3D array of interconnected cavities—voids array, exhibiting highly ordered porosity is formed. The porous arrays of protein crystal may serve as a nano‐structured, accurate biotemplate by a “filling” process. These cavities arrays are shaped by the mode of protein packing throughout the crystallization process. Here we propose and demonstrate feasibility of targeting site specific mutations to modify protein's surface to affect protein crystal packing, enabling the generation of a series of protein crystal “biotemplates” all originating from same parent protein. The selection of these modification sites was based on in silico analysis of protein–protein interface contact areas in the parent crystal. The model protein selected for this study was the N‐terminal type II cohesin from the cellulosomal scaffold in ScaB subunit of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus and mutations were focused on lysine residues involved in protein packing as prime target. The impact of systematically mutating these lysine residues on protein packing and its resulting interconnected cavities array were found to be most significant when surface lysine residues were substituted to tryptophan residues. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using pre‐designed site directed mutations for the generation of a series of protein crystal biotemplates from a “parent” protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 444–457 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow, Solidification, and Solute Transport in a Continuous Casting Mold with Electromagnetic Brake
Authors: Lei H. , Zhang H.‐W. , He J.‐C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA three‐dimensional mathematical model is developed to study coupled turbulent flow, heat, solute transport, and solidification in a slab continuous caster with electromagnetic brake. Based on the analogy analysis, all the governing equations can be expressed as a general differential equation and be solved by a general numerical method. Numerical results show that a small corner‐vortex appears near the free surface due to the interaction between the moving solidified shell and the upward flow. Influenced by the fluid flow, the temperature and solute distribution can also be divided into the upper and lower recirculation zones but the distribution of carbon concentration is opposite to that of temperature. The three‐dimensional magnetic field can effectively damp the local flow and affect heat and solute transfer in the mold.
Mechanical dynamics of single cells during early apoptosis
Authors: Pelling Andrew E. , Veraitch Farlan S. , Chu Carol Pui‐Kei , Mason Chris , Horton Michael A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDynamic mechanical properties of cells are becoming recognized as indicators and regulators of physiological processes such as differentiation, malignant phenotypes and mitosis. A key process in development and homeostasis is apoptosis and whilst the molecular control over this pathway is well studied, little is known about the mechanical consequences of cell death. Here, we study the caspase‐dependent mechanical kinetics of single cells during early apoptosis initiated with the general protein‐kinase inhibitor staurosporine. This results in internal remodelling of the cytoskeleton and nucleus which is reflected in dynamic changes in the mechanical properties of the cell. Utilizing simultaneous confocal and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we measured distinct mechanical dynamics in the instantaneous cellular Young's Modulus and longer timescale viscous deformation. This allowed us to visualize time‐dependent nuclear and cytoskeletal control of force dissipation with fluorescent fusion proteins throughout the cell. This work reveals that the cell death program not only orchestrates biochemical dynamics but also controls the mechanical breakdown of the cell. Importantly, the consequences of mechanical disregulation during apoptosis may be a contributing factor to several human pathologies through the poorly timed release of dead cells and cell debris. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66: 409–422, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hierarchical algorithm of composite element containing drainage holes
Authors: Chen Sheng‐Hong , Qin Nan , Xu Gui‐Sheng , Shahrour Isam 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe hierarchical composite element algorithm is developed for drainage holes in rock masses. The composite elements containing drainage hole segments have definite sets of hydraulic potentials defined at their nodes. By the variational principle the governing equation for the solution of the nodal hydraulic potentials can be formulated. To deal with the complicated seepage pattern in the composite elements containing drainage hole segments, hierarchical shape functions are introduced. The method and algorithm have been implemented in the program. A comparative study using the finite element (FE) method with fine mesh and the composite element method (CEM) with simple mesh for pressure well problem has been carried out. The results show that as the upgrade of the shape function order, the calculation accuracy of the CEM can be improved even with a coarse mesh. The restraints of the drainage holes on the composite element mesh generation are therefore further reduced by the algorithm proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deforming DNA: From Physics to Biology
Authors: Prévost Chantal , Takahashi Masayuki , Lavery Richard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDNA molecules do the twist: The DNA double helix is a remarkably adaptable molecule that can undergo major conformational rearrangements without being irreversibly damaged. Indeed, DNA deformation is an intrinsic feature of many biological processes. In this Minireview, the authors summarize recent advances in the study of DNA deformation. The picture shows five different conformations of the double helix of DNA.magnified imageThe DNA double helix has become a modern icon which symbolizes our understanding of the molecular basis of life. It is less widely recognized that the double helix proposed by Watson and Crick more than half a century ago is a remarkably adaptable molecule that can undergo major conformational rearrangements without being irreversibly damaged. Indeed, DNA deformation is an intrinsic feature of many of the biological processes in which it is involved. Over the last two decades, single‐molecule experiments coupled with molecular modeling have transformed our understanding of DNA flexibility, while the accumulation of high‐resolution structures of DNA–protein complexes have demonstrated how organisms can exploit this property as a useful feature for preserving, reading, replicating, and packaging the genetic message. In this Minireview we summarize the information now available on the extreme—and the less extreme—deformations of the double helix.