bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REGIONAL RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN PSYLLA PYRICOLA FROM PEAR ORCHARDS IN OREGON
Authors: Follett P.A. , Croft B.A. , Westigard P.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUsing a slide-dip bioassay, Psylla pyricola Forester from intensively sprayed, minimally sprayed (IPM), recently abandoned, and long-abandoned pear orchards in the Hood River, Rogue River, and Willamette valleys of Oregon were surveyed for resistances to azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, Perthane®, and fenvalerate. Lethal-concentration (LC50) values showed resistance levels from 12- to 41-fold to azinphosmethyl and 5- to 12-fold for endosulfan in selected populations. Resistance patterns did not correlate with orchard-treatment histories in the Hood River and Rogue River valleys, where even long-abandoned orchards harbored resistance psylla. There was better association between treatment histories and resistance levels in populations from the more widely scattered orchards in the Willamette Valley. A regional analysis of mean LC50 values indicated that psylla resistance was significantly higher to azinphosmethyl in the Rogue River Valley and to endosulfan in the Hood River Valley. Regional resistance levels for these compounds reflect differences in intensity of past use. A regional hypothesis is proposed to explain the patterns of resistance developed in the Hood River and Rogue River Valleys, where pear production is intensive as opposed to the more localized patterns of resistance in the Willamette Valley. Applications of results to the management of resistance are discussed.
EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER FOR SUPPRESSING POPULATIONS OF LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX IN ALASKA
Authors: Holsten E.H. , Hard J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated against the large aspen tortrix on trembling aspen in Alaska. A concentration of 4 × 109 IU per 378.5 L of water was applied to infested trees using a hydraulic sprayer. Treatments with Dipel 4L and Thuricide 32LV resulted in population reductions of 69 and 76% respectively. Both products provided significant foliage protection. Timing of treatment is critical to successful population suppression and foliage protection.
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: Houck Marilyn A. , Strauss Richard E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMathematical discussions of models of functional response (predation rate as a function of prey density) have usually emphasized description of the shape of the functional-response curve. However, lack of congruence between experimental design and data analysis and under-utilization of appropriate statistical methods of analysis have hindered an empirical synthetic treatment of such feeding behavior. Here we review existing experimental and statistical procedures with reference to Holling's generalized model of functional response, and describe: (1) an experimental design compatible with the assumptions of the model; (2) a maximum-likelihood method for fitting the model; (3) several methods for statistical comparison of sets of functional-response curves; and (4) an exploratory graphical method for examining patterns of variation among larger numbers of samples.
FURTHER DIFFICULTIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE EXPERIMENTS AND A RESOLUTION
Authors: Williams F.M. , Juliano Steven A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Holling disc equation (Type-II functional response) for predation, which is mathematically equivalent to the Michaelis–Menten enzyme-kinetics and to the Monod microbial-growth equations, has been used in several linear transformations for parameter estimation. The most commonly used is the Lineweaver–Burk double reciprocal. We compare 4 linearizations of the disc equation and a direct nonlinear fit to stimulated predation data. We conclude that (1) the best parameter estimates are obtained by the direct nonlinear method and (2) the Lineweaver–Burk is the worst of the (all unsatisfactory) linearizations. We propose a new nonparametric technique to use when nonlinear methods cannot be used.
THE TAXONOMY OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFPEDIOBIUS(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), ESPECIALLY CANADIAN AND ALASKAN FORMS
Authors: Peck Oswald 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThirty-two species ofPediobius(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are reviewed, 9 newly noted from both Europe and North America. New Nearctic species includeP. adelphae,disparis,geshnae,liocephalatus,louisianae,magniclavatus,ni,ocellatus,pseudotsugatae, andstrobilicola. Pediobius rugosithorax(Cwfd.) andkansensis(Grlt.) are newly noted as junior synonyms ofacantha(Wlk.);lithocolletidis(Ashm.) ofalbipes(Prov.);longfellowi(Grlt), ofalcaeus(Wlk.);wilderi(How.) ofbrachycerus(Thoms.); (Asecodes)P. albitarsis(Ashm.),tarsalis(Ashm.), andashmeadi(Cwfd.) ofcrassicornis(Thoms.);utahensis(Cwfd.),longus(Grlt.), andperdubius(Grlt.) ofeubius(Wlk.); (Entedon)P. albitarsis(Ashm.) andsexdentatus(Grlt.) offacialis(Giraud);splendens(C. & D.) offoliorum(Geoffr.);glabrataBlck. ofphyllotretae(Ril.).Pediobius termerus(Wlk.) is recorded for the first time in Nearctic. A key to species and a host–parasite list are included.
MODELS OF PERIODIC INUNDATION OF PARASITOIDS FOR PEST CONTROL
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. , Otvos Imre S. , Thomson Alan J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral host–parasitoid models were examined to assess the feasibility of parasitoid inundation as a means of pest control or eradication. The approach is comparative, to assess independently the effects of various ecological factors on the ease of control by this means. For most of the models, there exists a critical inundation rate, I*, above which the host population is eradicated, provided inundative releases continue beyond the time of eradication. The existence of density-dependent mortality in the hosts reduces the time to eradication but does not affect I*. Density dependence in the parasitoids, however, usually increases I*. The existence of hyperparasitoids appears to have no effect on the ease of host eradication.
REVISION OF THE CADDISFLY FAMILY UENOIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B. , Weaver John S. , Unzicker John D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe western Nearctic genera Neothremma and Farula are assigned to the family Uenoidae, previously comprising only the type genus Uenoa from Asia; a new genus Sericostriata with S. surdickae n. sp. from western North America is also added to the family. Traditionally assigned to the Limnephilidae where they have been always anomalous, Neothremma and Farula are shown to share many synapomorphic larval characters with Uenoa; under close examination, characters of the adults support this relationship. Familial and generic diagnoses are provided, reflecting the revised composition of the Uenoidae. Generic keys to adults, larvae, and pupae are given; species are briefly reviewed and keys given to adults; Uenoa arcuata n. sp. is described from Assam, Uenoa janetscheki Botosaneanu is placed as a junior subjective synonym under U. hiberna Kimmins, and Neothremma laloukesi Schmid as a junior subjective synonym of N. alicia Dodds and Hisaw. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera are considered. This study is an instructive example of the importance of larvae in providing data for the systematics of Trichoptera.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MORTALITY OF SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN ELM BRANCHES IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Hajek Ann E. , Dahlsten Donald L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulations of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) from two areas of California were sampled in 1979 to investigate various factors influencing mortality. English-elm bolts (Ulmus procera Salisb.) ranging between 2.0 and 12.9 cm in diameter yielded mean mortalities from 49.1 to 86.0%. Mortality was highly correlated with egg density for branch samples from 7.0 to 12.9 cm in diameter. The minimum acceptable elm-branch diameter (2.8 cm) was attacked only during the first sampling period (mid-May to mid-June). Branch diameter, and therefore bark thickness, demonstrated a strong positive relationship with the density of S. multistriatus eggs, attacks, gallery lengths, and emerged adults. Gallery length density was positively correlated with attack density. At low attack densities in small-diameter branches, mean gallery lengths were shorter.
PEST MANAGEMENT OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): MONITORING ENDEMIC POPULATIONS WITH PHEROMONE TRAPS TO DETECT INCIPIENT OUTBREAKS
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G. , Chorney R.J. , Daterman G.E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe numbers of Douglas-fir tussock moths (Orgyia pseudotsugata) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caught in sticky, delta-shaped pheromone traps baited with different concentrations of synthetic lures were compared with egg-mass densities and subsequent defoliation throughout a population cycle. A lure containing 0.01% pheromone by weight in the form of a 3 × 5-mm polyvinylchloride rod provided more consistent catches than pheromone concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.1, or 1.0%. Trap saturation occurred when >40 moths per trap were caught. To achieve a standard error of 30%, 6 traps were required at each site. There was a poor correlation between numbers of moths caught and egg-mass density or defoliation estimates in the following generation, but a threshold density was found that provides a warning of an incipient outbreak. Ground surveys for egg masses are recommended to confirm suspected infestations after continuous increases in moth catches for 2 to 3 years or if an average of 25 moths or more per trap has been caught.
ANATOMY OF THE OVIPOSITOR AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF THE GALL WASPDIPLOLEPIS ROSAE(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE)
Authors: Bronner Roberte 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales ofDiplolepis rosaeintroduce their ovipositors between the developing leaflets of an expanding bud ofRosaand attach their eggs singly to epidermal cells. The anatomy of the ovipositor is described in relation to the oviposition behavior. SEM and optical microscopic observations of the ovipositor are described, as are the relationships between the sheath and the 2 stylets. Changes in the shape of the eggs as they pass down the ovipositor are also described.
FIELD TESTS OF A HIGHLY CONCENTRATED FORMULATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA; LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W.A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring the summer of 1982, aerial experimental sprayings were carried out with a new formula of Bacillus thuringiensis named Futura®. This formula provided a treatment of the 20 × 109 IU of B. thuringiensis/ha required for suppression of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), in a final volume of 2.5 L/ha. Results of spraying with Grumman AgCat and DC-4G aircraft are presented. These results were compared with those obtained with formulas of B. thuringiensis used in the past at 4.7 L/ha. Futura® caused 91.1 and 88.7% larval mortality and resulted in 86.6 and 75.1% foliage protection with the Grumman AgCat and DC-4G aircraft, respectively. Such results were equal to or better than those obtained with the formulas used earlier at 4.7 L/ha and confirm the feasibility of using B. thuringiensis operationally in an efficient and economical way.
THE VALUE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Gillott C. 
Published: December 2009

“Fundamental” or “basic” entomological research may be defined as any research that has insects as the organisms under study and that does not have as its immediate objective the eradication or reduction in numbers of these insects. Within the framework of this deliberately broad definition may be included:(1) Most, but not all, research done by entomologists in universities, closeted away in their “ivory towers” and generally appearing to the public not to care much about what goes on in the rest of the world. The motivation behind this research is the intrinsic curiosity of the scientist towards insects.
ECONOMICS OF VETERINARY–MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Haufe W.O. , Weintraub J. 
Published: December 2009

The economic importance of research in veterinary–medical entomology is inadequately defined. In this paper we attempt to assess progress in bioeconomics and feasible approaches to estimate benefits from this field of study.Benefits accruing from veterinary–medical entomology are in improved efficiency or increased productivity of man and his animals. Assessing this effort has been neglected because of difficulty and expense in measuring loss. Even if direct losses were known, indirect ones due to insect-borne diseases and other health-related factors are generally immeasurable.
IPS TRIDENS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTRACTED BY IPSDIENOL PLUS CIS-VERBENOL
Authors: Moeck H.A. , Safranyik L. , Simmons C.S. , Lawko C.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNorwegian pipe traps, used with pheromones to mass-trap Ips typographus (L.) in Scandinavia, were used in central British Columbia to determine whether any native beetles would respond to the pheromone of I. typographus. The spruce-infesting Ips tridens (Mannerheim) was the only species captured. Traps baited with “Ipslure” packets (1400 mg 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 70 mg (S)-(−)-cis-verbenol, 15 mg racemic ipsdienol), ipsdienol, or ipsdienol plus cis-verbenol, caught significantly more beetles than unbaited traps. cis-Verbenol, which attracted no beetles when used alone, acted synergistically when added to ipsdienol. Methylbutenol used alone was no more attractive to beetles than the control, and inhibited the response of female beetles when added to traps baited with ipsdienol or ipsdienol plus cis-verbenol. Ipsenol alone attracted no beetles. The sex ratios of responding beetles (mean 1 male: 7.15 females) did not differ among treatments, but all differed significantly from the ratio of 1 male: 3.12 female beetles emerging from naturally infested spruce bolts.
IMPLANTATION AND INJECTION OF SYSTEMICS TO SUPPRESS SEED AND CONE INSECTS IN DOUGLAS FIR IN MONTANA,
Authors: Reardon R.C. , Barrett L.J. , Koerber T.W. , Stipe L.E. , Dewey J.E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe systemic insecticides oxydemeton-methyl and acephate were injected at 10- and 15-cm spacings, and acephate and dimethoate were implanted at 10-cm spacing in Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, to improve seed yield. Nutrients were also injected at 15-cm spacing. All treatments except nutrients and dimethoate increased the yield of filled seeds when compared with the checks. The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides Mutuura and Munroe, caused most of the damage to cones.
ARTHROPOD FOOD OF SOME FOREST-INHABITING BIRDS
Authors: Otvos Imre S. , Stark R.W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe diets of 25 species of forest-inhabiting birds were examined in California from 1962 to 1968. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera comprised the bulk of the diets. Coleopterans were, in decreasing amounts, the most common food of the three-toed woodpecker, Steller's jay, American robin, brown creeper, hairy woodpecker (both sexes), dark-eyed junco, downy woodpecker (both sexes), olive-sided flycatcher, western wood-pewee, and white-headed woodpecker (both sexes). Hymenopterans, mainly ants, were the most common food of the northern flicker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted sapsucker, and acorn woodpecker. White-headed woodpecker (both sexes) also ate ponderosa-pine seeds in the fall. Hairy woodpecker (both sexes) fed on the seeds of ponderosa pine and sugar pine. Detailed estimates of foods consumed by item and volume from analyses of stomach contents of 241 specimens are presented.
MORTALITY OF EGGS OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN OREGON
Authors: Ryan R.B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEggs of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner), were sampled for 6 years at 3 sites in Oregon to determine causes of mortality. Infertility was of minor importance. Predation by Deraeocoris diveni Knight, Phytocoris calli Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), and perhaps other predators caused up to 28.4% mortality. Up to 58.5% of the remaining embryos died before or at the time of hatching, probably as a result of high temperatures.
Direct CD1d-Mediated Stimulation of APC IL-12 Production and Protective Immune Response to Virus Infection In Vivo
Authors: Yue Simon C. , Nowak Michael , Shaulov-Kask Angela , Wang RuoJie , Yue Dominic , Balk Steven P. , Exley Mark A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells rapidly stimulate innate and adaptive immunity through production of Th1 and/or Th2 cytokines and induction of CD1d+ APC maturation. However, therapeutic exploitation of NKT cells has been hampered by their paucity and defects in human disease. NKT cell–APC interactions can be modeled by direct stimulation of human APCs through CD1d in vitro. We have now found that direct ligation with multiple CD1d mAbs also stimulated bioactive IL-12 release from CD1d+ but not CD1d knockout murine splenocytes in vitro. Moreover, all of the CD1d mAbs tested also induced IL-12 as well as both IFN-γ and IFN-α in vivo from CD1d+ but not CD1d-deficient recipients. Unlike IFN-γ, CD1d-induced IFN-α was at least partially dependent on invariant NKT cells. Optimal resistance to infection with picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus is known to require CD1d-dependent APC IL-12–induced IFN-γ as well as IFN-α. CD1d ligation in vivo enhanced systemic IL-12, IFN-γ, and IFN-α and was protective against infection by encephalomyocarditis virus, suggesting an alternative interpretation for previous results involving CD1d “blocking” in other systems. Such protective responses, including elevations in Th1 cytokines, were also seen with CD1d F(abʹ)2s in vivo, whereas an IgM mAb (with presumably minimal tissue penetration) was comparably effective at protection in vivo as well as cytokine induction both in vivo and in vitro. Although presumably acting immediately “downstream,” CD1d mAbs were protective later during infection than the invariant NKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide. These data indicate that NKT cells can be bypassed with CD1d-mediated induction of robust Th1 immunity, which may have therapeutic potential both directly and as an adjuvant.
Biodegradable Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules: Antigen Delivery Tools with Th17 Skewing Activity after Pulmonary Delivery
Authors: De Koker Stefaan , Naessens Thomas , De Geest Bruno G. , Bogaert Pieter , Demeester Jo , De Smedt Stefaan , Grooten Johan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Because of their large surface area, the lungs appear an attractive route for noninvasive vaccine delivery, harboring the potential to induce local mucosal immune responses in addition to systemic immunity. To evoke adaptive immunity, Ags require the addition of adjuvants that not only enhance the strength of the immune response but also determine the type of response elicited. In this study, we evaluate the adjuvant characteristics of polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PEMs) consisting of the biopolymers dextran-sulfate and poly-l-arginine. PEMs form an entirely new class of microcapsules that are generated by the sequential adsorption of oppositely charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) onto a sacrificial colloidal template, which is subsequently dissolved leaving a hollow microcapsule surrounded by a thin shell. Following intratracheal instillation, PEMs were not only efficiently taken up by APCs but also enhanced their activation status. Pulmonary adaptive immune responses were characterized by the induction of a strongly Th17-polarized response. When compared with a mixture of soluble Ag with empty microcapsules, Ag encapsulation significantly enhanced the strength of this local mucosal response. Given their unique property to selectively generate Th17-polarized immune responses, PEMs may become of significant interest in the development of effective vaccines against fungal and bacterial species.
IL-10 Mediates Resistance to Adoptive Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in MyD88−/− Mice
Authors: Cohen Shmuel J. , Cohen Irun R. , Nussbaum Gabriel 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
MyD88 is an adaptor molecule that functions in the innate signaling induced by proinflammatory adjuvants that interact with TLRs. Mice lacking MyD88, for example, resist active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by immunization with an encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide in CFA. We reasoned that MyD88−/− mice, nevertheless, should be susceptible to EAE mediated by adoptive transfer of activated encephalitogenic T cell lines, which do not require adjuvant signaling for their effector functions. We now report, however, that mice lacking MyD88 also resist adoptive EAE mediated by an anti-MOG T cell line that is strongly encephalitogenic in wild-type (WT) mice. The transferred anti-MOG T cells proliferated, secreted INF-γ, and migrated to the CNS in the MyD88−/− mice, as they did in WT mice, but inflammatory infiltrates did not progress and clinical EAE did not develop. The resistance of the MyD88−/− mice to adoptive EAE mediated by the otherwise encephalitogenic T cells was found to result from the secretion of IL-10 by recipient T cells of two different specificities: those specific for MOG and those responding to the T cell clone itself—both anticlonotypic and antiergotypic T regulators were detected. IL-10–producing anti-MOG T cells isolated from immunized MyD88−/− mice suppressed the induction of active EAE in WT recipients. Moreover, the absence of IL-10 production in MyD88/IL-10 double-knockout mice rendered the mice susceptible to adoptive transfer of EAE. Thus, MyD88 signaling appears to be a key factor in determining the cytokine phenotype of T cells involved in autoimmune inflammation and regulation.
Caveolin-1 Modifies the Immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Gadjeva Mihaela , Paradis-Bleau Catherine , Priebe Gregory P. , Fichorova Raina , Pier Gerald B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The inflammatory response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not properly regulated in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In the lung epithelium of individuals with wild-type CF transmembrane conductance regulator, lipid rafts containing CF transmembrance conductance regulator are rapidly formed in response to P. aeruginosa infection, and this response is closely linked to resistance to infection and disease. We found these rafts also contained high levels of caveolin-1 and thus examined the sensitivity of cav1 knockout (KO) mice to P. aeruginosa challenge in both acute and chronic P. aeruginosa infection models. We found that cav1 KO mice had increased sensitivity to P. aeruginosa infection, as represented by an increased mortality rate, elevated bacterial burdens recovered from lungs and spleens, and elevated inflammatory responses. These findings correlated with the decreased ability of cav1-deficient neutrophils to phagocytose P. aeruginosa. In addition, P. aeruginosa colonized cav1 KO mice much better compared with the wild-type controls in a model of chronic infection, indicting an important contribution of Cav-1 to innate host immunity to P. aeruginosa infection in the setting of both acute pneumonia and chronic infection typical of CF.