bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food web dynamics of irrigated rice fields at five elevations in Luzon, Philippines
Authors: Schoenly Kenneth , Cohen Joel E. , Heong K.L. , Litsinger James A. , Aquino G.B. , Barrion Alberto T. , Arida Gertrude 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe above-water food webs of arthropod communities in irrigated rice fields on Luzon Island, Philippines, were studied over the growing season at five sites (Los Baños, Cabanatuan, Bayombong, Kiangan, Banaue) ranging in elevation from 22 m to 1524 m. Arthropod populations were vacuum-sampled at roughly weekly intervals from the date after seedlings were transplanted to flowering at each site. Site- and time-specific webs were constructed from a 687-taxa cumulative Philippines web and time-series of species present. Taxonomic composition, food web structure, and arthropod phenology were broadly similar across different sites. Arthropod abundance was inversely associated with altitude across the five sites, but numbers of taxa and links and six food web statistics showed no obvious increasing or decreasing trend with altitude. The rise of taxa, links and mean food chain length over the growing season at each site reflected an increase in plant size with age and, at some sites, an orderly accumulation of newly arriving herbivore, predator, parasitoid and omnivore species. At each site, herbivores built up faster than predators and parasitoids, and predators arrived faster than parasitoids; the difference between the latest and earliest sampling dates of first arrivals, averaged over the five sites, was 38, 63 and 73 days for herbivores, predators and parasitoids, respectively. Site-to-site consistencies in food web properties and first arrivals suggest that such patterns may be influenced more by crop age than by geography or altitude. Sampled predator, parasitoid and omnivore taxa potentially encountered only a subset of their lifetime prey and predator species at any particular time in the rice field. Prey lists cumulated over time may underestimate the temporal specificity of predation by potential biological control agents. Research opportunities linking rice food webs and integrated pest management with East Indies biogeography are proposed.
Influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa pod damage by Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Malaysia
Authors: See Y.A. , Khoo K.C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe relationship between abundance of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) and damage to cocoa pods caused by Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen was examined in a series of experiments. Pods were harvested from ant-abundant and ant-scarce plots and categorized into fully extractable, partially extractable and unextractable, the last category reflecting the most severe degree of C. cramerella infestation. An abundance of D. thoracicus was associated with significant reductions in the percentage unextractable pods but had little or no influence on the other two categories. Mean percentage pods infested was generally kept below 50% in ant-abundant plots and mostly exceeded the 50% level in ant-scarce plots. Other studies were: a survey of individual pods relating rate of infestation by C. cramerella to D. thoracicus abundance, an experiment which examined the effect of D. thoracicus exclusion on the rate of C. cramerella infestation, and a count of exit holes made by emerging prepupae of C. cramerella in relation to varying degrees of D. thoracicus abundance. The results showed a clear negative effect of D. thoracicus abundance on C. cramerella infestation rate. The results also indicated that the protection conferred by D. thoracicus was largely confined to the particular pod on which it was present. Rat damage, monitored as a subsidiary study, was higher in ant-scarce plots throughout the study period.
The Ash Content of Insects
Authors: Uvarov E. B. 
Published: July 2009

In the case of silica, there appears to be a definite variation of SiO2 content with different species. The difference between yellow locusts (6·27 per cent.) and red locusts (14·7 per cent.) is especially marked. It may be attributed to the fact that red locusts are actively feeding, sexually immature adults, and in consequence they consume large amounts of food with a high silica content. The fact that museum specimens of yellow locusts contain a higher percentage of silica than intact yellow specimens indicates that the majority of the silica is not concentrated in the digestive tract. The same appears to apply to the iron content. Copper was found in appreciable quantities in all the insects examined, but no definite conclusion can be drawn from the numerical results, as the variation from batch to batch was too great. The results for manganese are not satisfactory, as in several cases negative evidence was obtained. This is inconsistent with the work of Vinogradov, who obtained conclusive evidence of manganese in insects. In the case of Agonoscelis, however, the manganese content was found to be extraordinarily high (0·47 per cent.), suggesting that it may play a definite physiological part. The presence of a respiratory pigment, pinnaglobin, containing manganese, has been shown in the tropical mussel, but there is as yet no evidence for the presence of this pigment in the insect world.It is impossible, however, to draw any such conclusions from ash analysis results of entire insects only, and systematic analyses of the blood of numerous species will be necessary to establish the presence of the metals iron, copper and manganese, in their respiratory pigments.Definite evidence of nickel (in almost negligible amounts) was shown by the large-scale analysis, but apart from this no element was detected which had not been previously reported.
Studies on the Abundance, Distribution and Feeding Habits of some West African Mosquitos
Authors: Kerr J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Almost all of the studies here reported were made in one small region, so that very little new information was secured on the ranges of the species of mosquitos under consideration.Our investigations regarding breeding-places were limited to a few species.Aëdes vittatuswas found occasionally breeding in tree-holes in Ibadan.Aëdes irritansadults were taken at Ibadan, which is so far inland that this species must sometimes breed in places other than crab-holes at the edges of salt or brackish water. We did not, however, find the larvae of this species at Ibadan. The favourite breeding-place ofEretmopodites chrysogasterwas found to be small collections of water in fallen leaves (especially those of cocoa trees) lying in moist and densely shaded places. Because of the abundance ofMansonia africanain places practically free fromPistia, we conclude that in the vicinity of Lagos it must breed abundantly on other plants. The long flight range of this species was taken into consideration in arriving at this conclusion. An extensive search failed, however, to reveal these plants.M. uniformis, also abundant in the vicinity of Lagos, does not breed there uponPistia, but an extensive search failed to reveal its breeding-place.
Notes on some Dipterous Parasites of Schistocerca and Locusta in the Sudan
Authors: Wood A. H. 
Published: July 2009

(1) The life-history of S. destructor was investigated, and it is shown that it is primarily a saprophagous feeder but with distinct potentialities for occasional parasitism.(2) Two species of parasites were bred out of Locusta and Schistocerca from the Red Sea Coast: Blaesoxipha lineata, Fall., and B. filipjevi, Rohd.(3) The percentage of parasitism was high; 39 per cent. of the adults examined in the area in December 1932 either contained parasites, or had been parasitised and recovered.(4) The recovery from parasitism was high; 19 per cent. of the locusts examined had been parasitised and recovered.(5) The life-history of B. lineata and B. filipjevi was investigated in the laboratory; Olsuf'ev's observation that B. lineata is not a very effective parasite was confirmed. A 78 per cent. recovery from parasitism by B. lineata was obtained. Only 38 per cent. of the locusts parasitised reproduced.
Experimental Studies in Insect Parasitism. VI.—Host Suitability
Authors: Salt George 
Published: July 2009

1. For the purposes of this paper a suitable host is defined as one on which the parasitoid can generally reproduce fertile offspring.2. To be suitable forTrichogramma, a host must satisfy conditions required by two generations of the parasite: it must be such that it can be actually parasitized by the adult parasitoid; and it must provide an environment in which the parasite offspring can develop.3. Some hosts prevent the attack ofTrichogrammaleading to parasitization by the physical resistance of their chorion; others by inhibiting the impulse to oviposition.4. Five physical characteristics of the hosts ofTrichogrammaare investigated: the permeability, rigidity, and hardness of the egg-shell; and the fluidity and quantity of the egg-contents (pp. 226 to 231).5. Eggs ofSialis lutaria,Tenebrio molitor, andBruchus obtectusare chemically unsuitable forTrichogramma evanescensas food.6. Two biological characteristics of the host, its viability and its age, do not directly affect its suitability forTrichogramma; a third, the ability of the embryo to move, is of some importance.7. The various known factors of host unsuitability are given in tabular form (p. 239).8. In spite of numerous attempts during several years it has not been possible to develop a strain ofTrichogramma evanescenswhich could useBruchus obtectusas a host.9. The host list of most groups of parasites is greatly limited by the inaccessibility of many species; it is further restricted in some groups (e.g., the parasitoid Hymenoptera) by the selection exercised by the parasite; it is finally limited in all groups (and especially the parasitoid Diptera) by the unsuitability of many infected animals.10. The division of the problem of host specificity into the three parts, host finding, host selection, and host suitability, is fundamental.
The Mosquitos of the Island of Corfu, Greece
Authors: Stephanides Theodore 
Published: July 2009

The following mosquitos should be added to the list given in my earlier paper on this subject (Bull. Ent. Res. 28, 1937, pp. 405—407).1. Anopheles elutus, Edwards.The larvae are found in the same habitats as those of A. maculipennis, but seem to show a greater preference for waters near the sea-shore. A. elutus appears to be considerably rarer in Corfu than A. maculipennis, but sufficient data are not yet to hand to settle this question.2. Anopheles plumbeus, Stephens.Not common. I have obtained the larvae from the rot-holes of oak, elm and white poplar, but never so far from those of olive-trees. They favour deep holes containing plenty of rotting material.3. Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) caspius, Pallas.The larvae are sometimes present in fresh, but more frequently in slightly brackish waters. They are often gregarious with the larvae of O. detritus, Hal., but are much less abundant than the latter.4. Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) pulchritarsis, Rondani.The larvae live in rot-holes of oak, elm and white poplar, and are sometimes met with in considerable numbers in the same hole. They prefer holes in which the collected water has become thick and very dark amber in colour owing to the presence of decaying wood debris.5. Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis, Rondani.The larvae are found in the same habitats as those of O. pulchritarsis and are often gregarious with the latter. They are less plentiful, on the whole, than O. pulchritarsis and prefer somewhat clearer water.Note.—In my paper referred to above I mentioned that Finlaya echinus, Edw., is commoner in Corfu than F. geniculatus, Oliv. This statement is due to an error of determination arising from the fact that in many of the Corfu larvae of F. geniculatus the bristles of the abdominal tufts are somewhat more developed than those described in some text-books.
The genera of Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera) with description of a new genus
Authors: Subba Rao B. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA key is given to the six genera of Signiphoridae includingRozanoviellagen. n. which is described to accommodate five congeneric species, three transferred fromSigniphoraand two fromThysanus. All are secondary parasites of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera through Tachinids. The correct name of the type-species ofKerrichiellais shown to beThysanus coleoptratusKerrich.
Direct observations on the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to hosts
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo elucidate the host preferences of tsetse, an observer followed animals as they wandered in woodland infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. From 55 to 88 landings by tsetse and 0·2–3·0 engorgements were seen per hour on ox, dog, bushpig and adult warthog, as against 14 landings and no engorgements on warthog 2–5 months old and 0·3–1·7 landings and no engorgements on impala and bushbuck. Many of the landings and most of the engorgements on adult suids occurred near the eye but this region was not attractive with other animals and young warthog. Unsuccessful attempts were made to determine the attractive stimuli from the eye region of adult suids.
Distribution and ecology of Ornithodoros moubata porcinus Walton (Acarina) in animal burrows in East Africa
Authors: Peirce M. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a survey of animal burrows in nine East African game areas or ranches 112621 specimens of Ornithodoros moubata pordnus Walton, vector of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), were collected from 172 burrows (out of 442 examined) in six areas. Burrows were usually located in open ground, in patches of scrub thicket and frequently in termite mounds; often the burrows had been excavated originally by antbear. Ticks were obtained by means of a lure, by chipping samples from the burrow walls and by taking soil samples from the burrow floors. Tick populations ranged from a few individuals to 250000 per burrow, second- and third-stage nymphae accounting for over 70% of the total population. Generally, ticks were found near the entrances of burrows on the floor, or on the roofs if the burrows had been unoccupied for some time, the latter position appearing to be a hunger response. Factors favouring large tick populations were neutral soils, high relative humidity, optimal temperature to be found at 3000–5000 ft above sea level, vegetation surrounding the burrow and the presence of burrow-inhabiting animals. Above 5000 ft O. m. porcinus was less common, and above 6150 ft none was found. Blood-meal identifications have shown warthog to be the primary host; other hosts included antbear, porcupine and hyaena. In areas with a particularly favourable environment the ticks can remain quiescent for long periods; in less favourable areas the continued maintenance of colonies is dependent upon the frequency with which ticks can feed on a suitable host. Some predation of adult ticks occurs but losses due to bush fires are not important. Heavy infestations of ticks may contribute to the mortality of young warthogs. The survey confirms experimental evidence that ASFV is well adapted to maintenance in the vector population.
Teratological effects of the virus Rhabdionvirus oryctes on Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Dynastidae)
Authors: Monty J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing the introduction and establishment of Rhabdionvirus oryctes in Mauritius, seven adults of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) were found with external malformations ranging from slight deviation at the base of the elytra to almost complete atrophy of the wings and elytra. Histological abnormalities of the midgut are described from a sample of 46 beetles of which 36 proved to be infected; infected epithelial cells are discharged into the gut lumen and so into larval and adult habitats.
Aphids caught on sticky traps in eastern England in relation to the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar-beet
Authors: Heathcote G. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLong-term records of aphid catches on two sticky traps, one at Rothamsted (1942–64) and one at Broom's Barn (1960–64) are extended to 1973 and are supplemented by data from up to 12 sticky traps in sugar-beet crops in eastern England (1960–73). The incidence of yellowing viruses of sugar-beet between 1965 and 1973 showed no relation to aphid numbers, but between 1942 and 1973 the pattern of annual incidence was similar to that of numbers of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) trapped in May and June. Linear regressions of the incidence of yellowing viruses on numbers of M. persicae in May and June accounted for 28–57% of the variance, and on Aphis fabae group for 2–40% of the variance. It is concluded that sticky traps provide useful information for advisory entomologists and that there has been no general increase in aphid numbers over the last 30 years.
The biology and taxonomy ofHyperaspis pantherina(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the classical biological control of its prey,Orthezia insignis(Homoptera: Ortheziidae)
Authors: Booth R.G. , Cross A.E. , Flower S.V. , Shaw R.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBetween 1908 and 1959, the predatory coccinellid,Hyperaspis pantherinaFürsch, was released for the biological control of the ensign scaleOrthezia insignisBrowne in Hawaii, four African countries and Peru. Substantial control was reported after all the releases, although the outcome was disputed in Malawi. Other coccinellid species and predatory Diptera were released againstOrtheziaspp. in various programmes from 1952 to 1977. In most cases these agents failed to establish, and there were no reported effects on the targetOrtheziaspp. In 1993,H. pantherinawas released in St Helena for the control ofO. insignison the endemic gumwood tree,Comm idendrum robustum(Compositae). Preparatory investigations for this release revealed that the taxonomy and biology of this biocontrol agent were poorly known.Hyperaspis pantherinais redescribed and shown to be the correct name for the species previously known incorrectly asH. jocosa(Mulsant).Hyperaspis laetaGorham andH. levrati(Mulsant) are transferred to the genusCyraMulsant (comb. n.).Hyperaspis metator(Casey) (stat. rev.) is resurrected from synonymy withH. levratiauctt. Studies of the life history revealed thatH. pantherinanormally lays its eggs directly onto the adult femaleO. insignisand that the first two instars of the larvae are frequently passed inside the ovisac of the female host, after which the host itself is often consumed. The information on the biology and taxonomy ofH. pantherina, together with details of culturing methods, should facilitate the further use of this agent for the classical biological control ofO. insignis, a pantropical pest.
Field and laboratory evaluation of a sex pheromone trap for the autodissemination of the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales) by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
Authors: Furlong Michael J. , Pell Judith K. , Pek Choo Ong , Abdul Rahman Syed 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of a sex pheromone trap designed specifically to deliver conidia (infective fungal propagules) of the entomopathogenic fungus Zoophthora radicans Brefeld (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to male Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) was investigated. In field experiments in the Cameron Highlands of Malaysia, synthetic pheromone lures attracted adult males P. xylostella at all times of the day whereas lures of virgin female moths attracted males only between the hours of dusk and dawn, when females are known to produce their pheromone. Adult male moths attracted to traps baited with synthetic pheromone spent a geometric mean time of 88 seconds within the inoculation chamber, a time compatible with the period adults must spend within a shower of Z. radicans conidia produced by uniform mycelial mats in order to become infected. The field longevity of male and female P. xylostella adults was found to be similar, with individuals living for a mean time of 4.9 days. This was sufficient time for male moths to respond to the pheromone, enter the trap, become infected with Z. radicans and succumb to that infection in the field (3–3.5 days) thereby releasing infective conidia into the cabbage crop.
Products derived from the leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum (Labiatae) as post-harvest grain protectants against the infestation of three major stored product insect pests
Authors: Jembere B. , Obeng-Ofori D. , Hassanali A. , Nyamasyo G.N.N 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe bioactivity of materials from the leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum was tested against Sitophilus zeamais Mots chulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in maize and sorghum grains in the laboratory. Exposure of adults of the three insect species to dried ground leaves and essential oil extract of O. kilimandscharicum induced 100% mortality after 48 h. Fresh and dried whole leaves were not toxic to Sitophilus zeamais or R. dominica. Grains treated with dried ground leaves and essential oil extract caused significant reductions in the number of progeny and survival rate of all three pest species tested. There was no adult survival or progeny production in grains treated separately with each of the two materials at doses of 25.0 g (dried ground leaves) and 0.3 g (essential oil) per 250 g of grain, respectively. Unlike R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella, grains treated with fresh leaves enhanced the feeding activity of Sitophilus zeamais. Ground leaves and the essential oil, however, protected the grains against feeding by all three species, resulting in lower weight loss and number of damaged seeds compared with untreated grains. All the plant materials were repellent to S. zeamais with the essential oil extract applied at 0.3 g/250 g of grain evoking the highest repellent action. There was, however, considerable variation in the repellency of the materials against R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella. The results are discussed in terms of the efficacy of O. kilimandscharicum for protection against loss due to insects in traditional grain storage in developing countries.
Biosystematics of theCotesia flavipescomplex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): interspecific hybridization, sex pheromone and mating behaviour studies
Authors: Kimani Susan W. , Overholt William A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMating behaviour, sex pheromone attraction and reciprocal breeding ofCotesia flavipesCameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),C. sesamiae(Cameron) andC. chilonis(Matsumura) were studied. These three putative species comprise theCotesia flavipescomplex. Wing fanning and antennal vibration were the initial courtship signals from the males. Antennal stroking by the male was also an important contact signal and a prerequisite to successful mounting and copulation. Interspecific crosses revealed that males ofC. flavipesexhibited courtship behaviour, and mounted and copulated with females ofC. chilonisandC. sesamiae; the males transferred sperm but progeny from these crosses did not include females. Males ofC. sesamiaecopulated with females ofC. chilonisand the progeny included viable females. The progeny backcrosses of the hybrid females to male parents also included viable females. Sex pheromone experiments were conducted in a Y-tube olfactometer and in large field cages. Males and females ofC. flavipesperceived and responded to odours emitted by the opposite sex. There was no significant response to odours from conspecific individuals of the same sex in any of the three species. Pheromone bioassays in field cages using sticky traps baited with live virginC. flavipesfemales attracted conspecific males.