bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What the bird’s brain tells the bird’s eye: the function of descending input to the avian retina
Authors: WILSON MARTIN , LINDSTROM SARAH H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs Cajal discovered in the late 19th century, the bird retina receives a substantial input from the brain. Approximately 10,000 fibers originating in a small midbrain nucleus, the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION), terminate in each retina. The input to the ION is chiefly from the optic tectum which, in the bird, is the primary recipient of retinal input. These neural elements constitute a closed loop, the centrifugal visual system (CVS), beginning and ending in the retina, that delivers positive feedback to active ganglion cells. Several features of the system are puzzling. All fibers from the ION terminate in the ventral retina and an unusual axon-bearing amacrine cell, the target cell, is the postsynaptic partner of these fibers. While the rest of the CVS is orderly and retinotopic, target cell axons project seemingly at random, mostly to distant parts of the retina. We review here the most significant features of the anatomy and physiology of the CVS with a view to understanding its function. We suggest that many of the facts about this system, including some that are otherwise difficult to explain, can be accommodated within the hypothesis that the images of shadows cast on the ground or on objects in the environment, initiate a rapid and parallel search of the sky for a possible aerial predator. If a predator is located, shadow and predator would be temporarily linked together and tracked by the CVS.
Rare problems associated with the Fontan circulation
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Dodds Kathryn , Rychik Jack 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Fontan operation, originally described for the surgical management of tricuspid atresia, is now the final surgery in the strategy of staged palliation for a number of different forms of congenital cardiac disease with a functionally univentricular heart. Despite the improved technical outcomes of the Fontan operation, staged palliation does not recreate a normal physiology. Without a pumping chamber delivering blood to the lungs, the cardiovascular system is less efficient; cardiac output is generally diminished, and the systemic venous pressure is increased. As a result, patients with “Fontan physiology” may face a number of rare but potentially life-threatening complications including hepatic dysfunction, abnormalities of coagulation, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis. Despite the staged palliation resulting in remarkable survival, the possible complications for this group of patients are complex, involve multiple organ systems, and can be life threatening. Identifying the mechanisms associated with each of the rare complications, and developing strategies to treat them, requires the work of many people at many institutions. Continued collaboration between sub-specialists and between institutions will be required to optimise the care for this group of survivors with functionally univentricular hearts.
Astrobiology field research in Moon/Mars analogue environments
Authors: Foing B.H. , Stoker C. , Ehrenfreund P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExtreme environments on Earth often provide similar terrain conditions to landing/operation sites on Moon and Mars. Several field campaigns (EuroGeoMars2009 and DOMMEX/ILEWG EuroMoonMars from November 2009 to March 2010) were conducted at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah. Some of the key astrobiology results are presented in this special issue on ‘Astrobiology field research in Moon/Mars analogue environments’ relevant to investigate the link between geology, minerals, organics and biota. Preliminary results from a multidisciplinary field campaign at Rio Tinto in Spain are presented.
Hydrothermally generated aromatic compounds are consumed by bacteria colonizing in Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea
Authors: Wang Yong , Yang Jiangke , Lee On On , Dash Swagatika , Lau Stanley C K , Al-Suwailem Abdulaziz , Wong Tim Y H , Danchin Antoine , Qian Pei-Yuan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hydrothermal ecosystems have a wide distribution on Earth and many can be found in the basin of the Red Sea. Production of aromatic compounds occurs in a temperature window of ∼60–150 °C by utilizing organic debris. In the past 50 years, the temperature of the Atlantis II Deep brine pool in the Red Sea has increased from 56 to 68 °C, whereas the temperature at the nearby Discovery Deep brine pool has remained relatively stable at about 44 °C. In this report, we confirmed the presence of aromatic compounds in the Atlantis II brine pool as expected. The presence of the aromatic compounds might have disturbed the microbes in the Atlantis II. To show shifted microbial communities and their metabolisms, we sequenced the metagenomes of the microbes from both brine pools. Classification based on metareads and the 16S rRNA gene sequences from clones showed a strong divergence of dominant bacterial species between the pools. Bacteria capable of aromatic degradation were present in the Atlantis II brine pool. A comparison of the metabolic pathways showed that several aromatic degradation pathways were significantly enriched in the Atlantis II brine pool, suggesting the presence of aromatic compounds. Pathways utilizing metabolites derived from aromatic degradation were also significantly affected. In the Discovery brine pool, the most abundant genes from the microbes were related to sugar metabolism pathways and DNA synthesis and repair, suggesting a different strategy for the utilization of carbon and energy sources between the Discovery brine pool and the Atlantis II brine pool.
Finite subgroups of algebraic groups
Authors: Larsen Michael , Pink Richard 
Published: April 2011

Generalizing a classical theorem of Jordan to arbitrary characteristic, we prove that every finite subgroup of

GL
n

\operatorname {GL}_n

over a field of any characteristic

p
p

possesses a subgroup of bounded index which is composed of finite simple groups of Lie type in characteristic

p
p

, a commutative group of order prime to

p
p

, and a

p
p

-group. While this statement can be deduced from the classification of finite simple groups, our proof is self-contained and uses methods only from algebraic geometry and the theory of linear algebraic groups. We believe that our results can serve as a viable substitute for classification in a range of applications in various areas of mathematics.
In Situ Distribution and Speciation of Toxic Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Hydrated Roots of Cowpea
Authors: Kopittke Peter M. , Menzies Neal W. , de Jonge Martin D. , McKenna Brigid A. , Donner Erica , Webb Richard I. , Paterson David J. , Howard Daryl L. , Ryan Chris G. , Glover Chris J. , Scheckel Kirk G. , Lombi Enzo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The phytotoxicity of trace metals is of global concern due to contamination of the landscape by human activities. Using synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy, the distribution and speciation of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) was examined in situ using hydrated roots of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) exposed to 1.5 μm Cu, 5 μm Ni, or 40 μm Zn for 1 to 24 h. After 24 h of exposure, most Cu was bound to polygalacturonic acid of the rhizodermis and outer cortex, suggesting that binding of Cu to walls of cells in the rhizodermis possibly contributes to the toxic effects of Cu. When exposed to Zn, cortical concentrations remained comparatively low with much of the Zn accumulating in the meristematic region and moving into the stele; approximately 60% to 85% of the total Zn stored as Zn phytate within 3 h of exposure. While Ni concentrations were high in both the cortex and meristem, concentrations in the stele were comparatively low. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in situ distribution and speciation of Cu, Ni, and Zn in hydrated (and fresh) plant tissues, providing valuable information on the potential mechanisms by which they are toxic.
Terpene Down-Regulation in Orange Reveals the Role of Fruit Aromas in Mediating Interactions with Insect Herbivores and Pathogens
Authors: Rodríguez Ana , San Andrés Victoria , Cervera Magdalena , Redondo Ana , Alquézar Berta , Shimada Takehiko , Gadea José , Rodrigo María Jesús , Zacarías Lorenzo , Palou Lluís , López María M. , Castañera Pedro , Peña Leandro 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Plants use volatile terpene compounds as odor cues for communicating with the environment. Fleshy fruits are particularly rich in volatiles that deter herbivores and attract seed dispersal agents. We have investigated how terpenes in citrus fruit peels affect the interaction between the plant, insects, and microorganisms. Because limonene represents up to 97% of the total volatiles in orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel, we chose to down-regulate the expression of a limonene synthase gene in orange plants by introducing an antisense construct of this gene. Transgenic fruits showed reduced accumulation of limonene in the peel. When these fruits were challenged with either the fungus Penicillium digitatum or with the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, they showed marked resistance against these pathogens that were unable to infect the peel tissues. Moreover, males of the citrus pest medfly (Ceratitis capitata) were less attracted to low limonene-expressing fruits than to control fruits. These results indicate that limonene accumulation in the peel of citrus fruit appears to be involved in the successful trophic interaction between fruits, insects, and microorganisms. Terpene down-regulation might be a strategy to generate broad-spectrum resistance against pests and pathogens in fleshy fruits from economically important crops. In addition, terpene engineering may be important for studying the basic ecological interactions between fruits, herbivores, and pathogens.
FAR-RED INSENSITIVE219 Modulates CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 Activity via Physical Interaction to Regulate Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Jhy-Gong , Chen Chih-Hao , Chien Ching-Te , Hsieh Hsu-Liang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFAR-RED INSENSITIVE219 (FIN219) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is involved in phytochrome A-mediated far-red (FR) light signaling. Previous genetic studies revealed that FIN219 acts as an extragenic suppressor of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the suppression of COP1 remains unknown. Here, we used a transgenic approach to study the regulation of COP1 by FIN219. Transgenic seedlings containing ectopic expression of the FIN219 amino (N)-terminal domain in wild-type Columbia (named NCox for the expression of the N-terminal coiled-coil domain and NTox for the N-terminal 300-amino acid region) exhibited a dominant-negative long-hypocotyl phenotype under FR light, reflected as reduced photomorphogenic responses and altered levels of COP1 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). Yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that FIN219 could interact with the WD-40 domain of COP1 and with its N-terminal coiled-coil domain through its carboxyl-terminal domain. Further in vivo coimmunoprecipitation study confirms that FIN219 interacts with COP1 under continuous FR light. Studies of the double mutant fin219-2/cop1-6 indicated that HY5 stability requires FIN219 under darkness and FR light. Moreover, FIN219 levels positively regulated by phytochrome A can modulate the subcellular location of COP1 and are differentially regulated by various fluence rates of FR light. We conclude that the dominant-negative long-hypocotyl phenotype conferred by NCox and NTox in a wild-type background was caused by the misregulation of COP1 binding with the carboxyl terminus of FIN219. Our data provide a critical mechanism controlling the key repressor COP1 in response to FR light.
The prevalence of urinary incontinence among women and men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Sweden
Authors: Hrisanfow Elisabet , Hägglund Doris 
Published: April 2011

Aim.  The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and status of urinary incontinence among women and men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care.Background.  Information on the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women and men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is scant. Such knowledge may be important to the development of care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Design.  A questionnaire survey.Method.  The study included 391 women and 337 men, aged 50–75 years, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A self‐administered, evidence‐based questionnaire for incontinence was used. A response rate of 66% was obtained, of which 89·3% had spirometry‐confirmed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and most patients had been diagnosed with moderate (Stage II) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Results.  The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women and men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was 49·6 and 30·3%, respectively. Women and men with urinary incontinence had a significantly higher body mass index than did women and men without urinary incontinence. The most common type of incontinence in women was stress incontinence (52·4%) and in men postmicturition dribbling (66·3%). Women with urinary incontinence had a higher presence of a symptomatic cough than did women without urinary incontinence (p < 0·001). On the whole, incontinence affected women more than men concerning experienced bothersomeness of incontinence (p < 0·001). More women than men with urinary incontinence refrained from activities (p < 0·021) and had sought help for incontinence (p < 0·012).Conclusion.  The present results indicate that urinary incontinence content should be included in care plans for patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, the results imply that nurses and physicians working in primary health care should ask patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease about urinary incontinence and then offer appropriate assessment and management of it.Relevance to clinical practice.  In the context of primary health care, assessing and managing urinary incontinence should be included in care plans for patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Analysis of Properties and Proinflammatory Functions of Cockroach Allergens Per a 1.01s
Authors: He S. , Zhang Z. , Zhang H. , Wei J. , Yang L. , Yang H. , Sun W. , Zeng X. , Yang P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCockroaches have been identified as one of the major indoor allergens inducing perennial rhinitis and asthma. Per a 1s are a group of the major allergens from American cockroach. Although Per a 1s are major allergens from American cockroach, factors contributing to the allergenicity of Per a 1s are still poorly defined. To investigate the effects of Per a 1s on the expression of PARs and the release of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells. Per a 1.0101 and Per a 1.0104 were cloned from American cockroach and then expressed in Eschericia coli. The purified allergens were used to stimulate P815 mast cells, and the expression of protease‐activated receptors (PARs) was determined by real‐time RT‐PCR and flow cytometry. The levels of IL‐4 and IL‐13 in culture media were detected with ELISA. Sera from 80 and 77.3% of cockroach allergy patients reacted to recombinant Per a (rPer a) 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104, confirming they are major allergens. Both rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 had no enzymatic activity, but rPer a 1.0101 upregulated the expression of PAR‐1 and PAR‐2, and rPer a 1.0104 enhanced the expression of PAR‐1 and PAR‐4 proteins. Both recombinant allergens were able to increase the release of IL‐4 and IL‐13 from P815 mast cells. This is the first study aiming to investigate functions of group 1 allergens of American cockroach. rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 have the capacity to upregulate the expression of PARs and to enhance Th2 cytokine production in mast cells.
Hierarchy of hormone action controlling apical hook development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Gallego‐Bartolomé Javier , Arana María V. , Vandenbussche Filip , Žádníková Petra , Minguet Eugenio G. , Guardiola Vicente , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Benkova Eva , Alabadí David , Blázquez Miguel A. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe apical hook develops in the upper part of the hypocotyl when seeds buried in the soil germinate, and serves to protect cotyledons and the shoot apical meristem from possible damage caused by pushing through the soil. The curvature is formed through differential cell growth that occurs at the two opposite sides of the hypocotyl, and it is established by a gradient of auxin activity and refined by the coordinated action of auxin and ethylene. Here we show that gibberellins (GAs) promote hook development through the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the ethylene and auxin pathways in Arabidopsis. The level of GA activity determines the speed of hook formation and the extent of the curvature during the formation phase independently of ethylene, probably by modulating auxin transport and response through HLS1, PIN3, and PIN7. Moreover, GAs cooperate with ethylene in preventing hook opening, in part through the induction of ethylene production mediated by ACS5/ETO2 and ACS8.
Sex‐dependent effects of maternal deprivation and adolescent cannabinoid treatment on adult rat behaviour
Authors: Llorente‐Berzal Alvaro , Fuentes Sílvia , Gagliano Humberto , López‐Gallardo Meritxell , Armario Antonio , Viveros María‐Paz , Nadal Roser 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTEarly life experiences such as maternal deprivation (MD) exert long‐lasting changes in adult behaviour and reactivity to stressors. Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids is a predisposing factor in developing certain psychiatric disorders. Therefore, the combination of the two factors could exacerbate the negative consequences of each factor when evaluated at adulthood. The objective of this study was to investigate the long‐term effects of early MD [24 hours at postnatal day (PND) 9] and/or an adolescent chronic treatment with the cannabinoid agonist CP‐55,940 (0.4 mg/kg, PND 28–42) on diverse behavioural and physiological responses of adult male and female Wistar rats. We tested them in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response and analysed their exploratory activity (holeboard) and anxiety (elevated plus maze, EPM). In addition, we evaluated their adrenocortical reactivity in response to stress and plasma leptin levels. Maternal behaviour was measured before and after deprivation. MD induced a transient increase of maternal behaviour on reuniting. In adulthood, maternally deprived males showed anxiolytic‐like behaviour (or increased risk‐taking behaviour) in the EPM. Adolescent exposure to the cannabinoid agonist induced an impairment of the PPI in females and increased adrenocortical responsiveness to the PPI test in males. Both, MD and adolescent cannabinoid exposure also induced sex‐dependent changes in plasma leptin levels and body weights. The present results indicate that early MD and adolescent cannabinoid exposure exerted distinct sex‐dependent long‐term behavioural and physiological modifications that could predispose to the development of certain neuropsychiatric disorders, though no synergistic effects were found.
Risk factors for post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Saueressig Maurício G. , Boussaud Veronique , Amrein Catherine , Guillemain Romain , Souilamas Jihane , Souilamas Redha 
Published: April 2011

Saueressig MG, Boussaud V, Amrein C, Guillemain R, Souilamas J, Souilamas R. Risk factors for post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E430–E436. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze risk factors associated with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) in a cohort of 112 lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Prior to transplantation, patients were tested for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus (HHV types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8), herpes zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) serologies. PTLD diagnosis was established based on increased EBV viral charge plus clinical/radiographic findings and confirmed by biopsy. Negative EBV and HHV serologies at the time of lung transplantation (LTx) were significant risk factors associated with development of PTLD in patients with CF in the univariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05) and also in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio of 77.5 and 12.5, respectively). CMV serology, CMV mismatch, acute rejection in the first three months following LTx, HLA‐A3 antigen expression, and female gender did not affect PTLD. Our study confirmed the presence of a strong association between negative EBV serology at the time of LTx and PTLD and suggested an independent effect of negative HHV serology on PTLD.
Epidemiology and risk factors for late infection in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Cervera C. , Fernández‐Ruiz M. , Valledor A. , Linares L. , Antón A. , Ángeles Marcos M. , Sanclemente G. , Hoyo I. , Cofán F. , Ricart M.J. , Pérez‐Villa F. , Navasa M. , Pumarola T. , Moreno A. 
Published: April 2011

C. Cervera, M. Fernández‐Ruiz, A. Valledor, L. Linares, A. Antón, M. Ángeles Marcos, G. Sanclemente, I. Hoyo, F. Cofán, M.J. Ricart, F. Pérez‐Villa, M. Navasa, T. Pumarola, A. Moreno. Epidemiology and risk factors for late infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 598–607. All rights reserved
Background Information concerning the risk factors and outcome of late infection (LI) after solid organ transplantation (SOT) still remains scarce.
Methods We prospectively analyzed all patients undergoing SOT from July 2003 to March 2008, who survived the first 6 months after surgery and with a minimum 1‐year follow‐up. Risk factors associated with the development of bacterial and cytomegalovirus (CMV) LI and survival were identified.
Results Overall, 942 SOT recipients (491 kidney, 280 liver, 65 heart, and 106 double transplants) were included. During the study period 147 patients (15.6%) developed 276 episodes of LI (incidence rate, 0.43 per 1000 transplantation‐days). Bacteria were the most prevalent etiology (88.0%). Primary sources of infection included urinary tract (36.9%), intra‐abdominal (16.7%), and sepsis without source (13.4%). Independent risk factors for late bacterial infection were: age (hazard ratio [HR] [per year] 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–1,0), female gender (HR 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1–2.6), anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive serostatus (HR 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1–3.0), chronic allograft dysfunction (HR 3.2; 95%CI: 1.7–6.1), early CMV disease (HR 2.2; 95%CI 1.2–4.1), and early bacterial infection (HR 2.5; 95%CI 1.6–3.8). The occurrence of chronic allograft dysfunction was an independent risk factor for late CMV disease (HR 6.5; 95%CI: 1.7–24.6), whereas immunosuppression based on mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors protected against the development of late CMV disease (HR 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1–1.0). Cox model selected anti‐HCV positive serostatus (adjusted HR [aHR] 2.67; 95%CI: 1.27–5.59), age (aHR [per year] 1.06; 95%CI: 1.02–1.10), and the occurrence of LI (aHR 9.12; 95%CI: 3.90–21.33) as independent factors for mortality.
Conclusions LI did not constitute an uncommon complication in our cohort, and patients at risk may benefit from close clinical monitoring.