bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence tomography for the evaluation of retinal and optic nerve morphology in animal subjects: practical considerations
Authors: McLellan Gillian J. , Rasmussen Carol A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, noncontact imaging technique capable of producing high‐resolution images of the retina and optic nerve. These images provide information that is useful for following the progression and/or resolution of posterior segment disease. Rapid advances in OCT technology allow the acquisition of increasingly detailed images, approaching the original goal of providing in vivo histopathology. Increases in scan acquisition speeds and axial resolution enhance the clinical diagnostic value of this modality. Adapting instrumentation designed for use in human patients for use in animals can be challenging. Each species has a unique set of adjustments that need to be made but it is possible to obtain reproducible, high‐quality OCT images in a variety of animals, including rodents, dogs, cats, pigs, and monkeys. Deriving quantitative measurements from OCT instruments is hindered by software algorithm errors in detecting the edges of the distinct retinal layers. These segmentation errors occur in scans of human eyes as well in other species and arise with similar frequency with each of the different OCT instruments. Manual segmentation methods to derive optic nerve head and other structural indices have been developed for several species.
A neurophysiological deficit in early visual processing in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations
Authors: Kayser Jürgen , Tenke Craig E. , Kroppmann Christopher J. , Alschuler Daniel M. , Fekri Shiva , Gil Roberto , Jarskog L. Fredrik , Harkavy‐Friedman Jill M. , Bruder Gerard E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractExisting 67‐channel event‐related potentials, obtained during recognition and working memory paradigms with words or faces, were used to examine early visual processing in schizophrenia patients prone to auditory hallucinations (AH, n = 26) or not (NH, n = 49) and healthy controls (HC, n = 46). Current source density (CSD) transforms revealed distinct, strongly left‐ (words) or right‐lateralized (faces; N170) inferior‐temporal N1 sinks (150 ms) in each group. N1 was quantified by temporal PCA of peak‐adjusted CSDs. For words and faces in both paradigms, N1 was substantially reduced in AH compared with NH and HC, who did not differ from each other. The difference in N1 between AH and NH was not due to overall symptom severity or performance accuracy, with both groups showing comparable memory deficits. Our findings extend prior reports of reduced auditory N1 in AH, suggesting a broader early perceptual integration deficit that is not limited to the auditory modality.
High altitude exposure impairs sleep patterns, mood, and cognitive functions
Authors: de Aquino Lemos Valdir , Antunes Hanna Karen Moreira , dos Santos Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli , Lira Fabio Santos , Tufik Sergio , de Mello Marco Túlio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis work evaluated the importance of sleep on mood and cognition after 24 h of exposure to hypoxia. Ten males, aged 23–30 years, were placed in a normobaric chamber simulating an altitude of 4,500 m. Sleep assessments were conducted from 22:00–6:00; all mood and cognitive assessments were performed 20 min after awakening. The assessments were conducted in normoxic conditions and after 24 h of hypoxia. Sleep was reevaluated 14 h after the start of exposure to hypoxic conditions, and mood state and cognitive functions were reevaluated 24 h after the start of exposure to hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia reduced total sleep time, sleep efficiency, slow‐wave sleep, and rapid eye movement. Depressive mood, anger, and fatigue increased under hypoxic conditions. Vigor, attention, visual and working memory, concentration, executive functions, inhibitory control, and speed of mental processing worsened. Changes in sleep patterns can modulate mood and cognition after 24 h.
Association Between Timing of Epinephrine Administration and Intact Neurologic Survival Following Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest in Japan: A Population‐based Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Nakahara Shinji , Tomio Jun , Nishida Masamichi , Morimura Naoto , Ichikawa Masao , Sakamoto Tetsuya 
Published: July 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:782–792 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study aimed to investigate whether early epinephrine administration in out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (OHCA) patients was associated with improved outcomes and to address the selection bias inherent in observational studies (more severe cases are more likely to receive epinephrine).Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected population‐based data of adult bystander‐witnessed OHCA patients from a nationwide Japanese registry between January 2007 and December 2008. To address selection bias, those who attained early return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) without epinephrine administration were excluded, leaving 49,165 patients in the analysis. The outcomes were intact neurologic survival, defined as survival with cerebral performance category score 1or 2, and any survival at 1 month or at discharge (whichever was earlier). The primary predictor was the time from the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by emergency medical services (EMS) to first epinephrine administration, with early epinephrine defined as within 10 minutes.Results:  Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cardiac origin OHCA patients who received early epinephrine (≤10 minutes) had significantly higher rates of intact neurologic survival (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08 to 1.78) and any survival (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.04) than those who did not receive early epinephrine, after adjusting for potential confounders. Results for noncardiac OHCA patients were similar.Conclusions:  Early epinephrine administration may be associated with higher rates of intact neurologic survival and any survival in adult bystander‐witnessed OHCA patients. This article provides a potential method to address the selection bias inherent in observational studies that examine the effects of drug administration in OHCA patients.
Comparing Least‐squares and Quantile Regression Approaches to Analyzing Median Hospital Charges
Authors: Olsen Cody S. , Clark Amy E. , Thomas Andrea M. , Cook Lawrence J. 
Published: July 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:866–875 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractBackground:  Emergency department (ED) and hospital charges obtained from administrative data sets are useful descriptors of injury severity and the burden to EDs and the health care system. However, charges are typically positively skewed due to costly procedures, long hospital stays, and complicated or prolonged treatment for few patients. The median is not affected by extreme observations and is useful in describing and comparing distributions of hospital charges. A least‐squares analysis employing a log transformation is one approach for estimating median hospital charges, corresponding confidence intervals (CIs), and differences between groups; however, this method requires certain distributional properties. An alternate method is quantile regression, which allows estimation and inference related to the median without making distributional assumptions.Objectives:  The objective was to compare the log‐transformation least‐squares method to the quantile regression approach for estimating median hospital charges, differences in median charges between groups, and associated CIs.Methods:  The authors performed simulations using repeated sampling of observed statewide ED and hospital charges and charges randomly generated from a hypothetical lognormal distribution. The median and 95% CI and the multiplicative difference between the median charges of two groups were estimated using both least‐squares and quantile regression methods. Performance of the two methods was evaluated.Results:  In contrast to least squares, quantile regression produced estimates that were unbiased and had smaller mean square errors in simulations of observed ED and hospital charges. Both methods performed well in simulations of hypothetical charges that met least‐squares method assumptions. When the data did not follow the assumed distribution, least‐squares estimates were often biased, and the associated CIs had lower than expected coverage as sample size increased.Conclusions:  Quantile regression analyses of hospital charges provide unbiased estimates even when lognormal and equal variance assumptions are violated. These methods may be particularly useful in describing and analyzing hospital charges from administrative data sets.
Structure‐guided mutagenesis for the improvement of substrate specificity of Bacillus megaterium glucose 1‐dehydrogenase IV
Authors: Nishioka Taiki , Yasutake Yoshiaki , Nishiya Yoshiaki , Tamura Tomohiro 
Published: July 2012

Bacillus megaterium IAM 1030 (Bacillus sp. JCM 20016) possesses four d‐glucose 1‐dehydrogenase isozymes (BmGlcDH‐I, ‐II, ‐III and ‐IV) that belong to the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The BmGlcDHs are currently used for a clinical assay to examine blood glucose levels. Of these four isozymes, BmGlcDH‐IV has relatively high thermostability and catalytic activity, but the disadvantage of its broad substrate specificity remains to be overcome. Here, we describe the crystal structures of BmGlcDH‐IV in ligand‐free, NADH‐bound and β‐d‐glucose‐bound forms to a resolution of 2.0 Å. No major conformational differences were found among these structures. The structure of BmGlcDH‐IV in complex with β‐d‐glucose revealed that the carboxyl group at the C‐terminus, derived from a neighboring subunit, is inserted into the active‐site pocket and directly interacts with β‐d‐glucose. A site‐directed mutagenic study showed that destabilization of the BmGlcDH‐IV C‐terminal region by substitution with more bulky and hydrophobic amino acid residues greatly affects the activity of the enzyme, as well as its thermostability and substrate specificity. Of the six mutants created, the G259A variant exhibited the narrowest substrate specificity, whilst retaining comparable catalytic activity and thermostability to the wild‐type enzyme.Database
The atomic coordinates and structure factor amplitudes for BmGlcDH‐IV in ligand‐free form, in complex with NADH, in complex with d‐glucose, G259A mutant in ligand‐free form, and A258F mutant in complex with d‐glucose and NADH were deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org) under the accession codes 3AUS, 3AUT, 3AUU, 3AY6 and 3AY7, respectivelyStructured digital abstract
BmGlcDH‐IV and BmGlcDH‐IV bind by x‐ray crystallography (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Proliferation of myogenic stem cells in human skeletal muscle in response to low‐load resistance training with blood flow restriction
Authors: Nielsen Jakob Lindberg , Aagaard Per , Bech Rune Dueholm , Nygaard Tobias , Hvid Lars Grøndahl , Wernbom Mathias , Suetta Charlotte , Frandsen Ulrik 
Published: July 2012

Key points
In the last decade muscle training performed using a combination of low external loads and partial restriction of blood flow to the exercising limb has gained increasing interest, since it leads to significant gains in muscle strength and muscle mass.
The cellular mechanisms responsible for the muscular adaptations induced by this training paradigm are not fully understood.
This study shows that 3 weeks of high‐frequency, low‐intensity muscle exercise with partial blood flow restriction induces increases in maximal muscle strength accompanied by highly marked gains in muscle fibre size.
Furthermore, the results indicate that these muscular adaptations rely on a considerable upregulation in myogenic satellite cells number, resulting in nuclear addition to the exercised myofibres.
The results contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the gain in muscle strength and muscle mass observed with blood flow restricted low‐intensity resistance exercise.
Abstract  Low‐load resistance training with blood flow restriction has been shown to elicit substantial increases in muscle mass and muscle strength; however, the effect on myogenic stem cells (MSCs) and myonuclei number remains unexplored. Ten male subjects (22.8 ± 2.3 years) performed four sets of knee extensor exercise (20% 1RM) to concentric failure during blood flow restriction (BFR) of the proximal thigh (100 mmHg), while eight work‐matched controls (21.9 ± 3.0 years) trained without BFR (control, CON). Twenty‐three training sessions were performed within 19 days. Maximal isometric knee extensor strength (MVC) was examined pre‐ and post‐training, while muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline (Pre), after 8 days intervention (Mid8) and 3 (Post3) and 10 days (Post10) post training to examine changes in myofibre area (MFA), MSC and myonuclei number. MVC increased by 7.1% (Post5) and 10.6% (Post12) (P < 0.001) with BFR training, while type I and II MFA increased by 38% (Mid8), 35–37% (Post3) and 31–32% (Post10) (P < 0.001). MSCs per myofibre increased with BFR training from 0.10 ± 0.01 (Pre) to 0.38 ± 0.02 (Mid8), 0.36 ± 0.04 (Post3) and 0.25 ± 0.02 (Post10) (P < 0.001). Likewise, myonuclei per myofibre increased from 2.49 ± 0.07 (Pre) to 3.30 ± 0.22 (Mid8), 3.20 ± 0.16 (Post3) and 3.11 ± 0.11 (Post10), (P < 0.01). Although MFA increased in CON at Mid8, it returned to baseline at Post3. No changes in MSC or myonuclei number were observed in CON. This study is the first to show that short‐term low‐load resistance exercise performed with partial blood flow restriction leads to marked proliferation of myogenic stem cells and resulting myonuclei addition in human skeletal muscle, which is accompanied by substantial myofibre hypertrophy.
Improved Finite Element Model to Predict the Reverse Loading Behavior of Autofrettaged A723 and HB7 Cylinders
Authors: Troiano E. , Underwood J. H. , Venter A. M. , Izzo J. H. , Norray J. M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIdeal isotropic or kinematic hardening is often utilized in order to simplify the modeling of the loading and reverse loading behavior of materials when using finite element analysis. Unfortunately, this simplification can result in significant error if the material exhibits the Bauschinger effect (BE), which is the loss of strength of the material upon reverse loading. The error associated with this simplification is further compounded in heavily autofrettaged, Cr-Mo-V, thick walled cylinders due to the fact that the Bauschinger effect and the reverse loading strain hardening exponent are a strong function of the initial applied plastic strains, which can vary significantly throughout the wall of the cylinder.
What causes adverse events in prehospital care? A human-factors approach
Authors: Price Roger , Bendall Jason C , Patterson Jillian A , Middleton Paul M 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundThe last decade has seen a vast amount of work directed at the investigation of patient harm events. Unfortunately, little of it has pertained to prehospital care and as such, risk remains unquantified and poorly understood in this setting. We hypothesised that adverse patient events occurring during the prehospital phase may fall into discernible patterns, and that an understanding of these patterns would be valuable in the development of mitigation strategies.MethodsA survey tool was developed with reference to the human factors literature. Paramedics in a large Australian ambulance service were asked to recall an adverse event and to nominate factors that may have contributed to its occurrence. Responses were analysed using principal components analysis in order to identify contributory factors that could be statistically grouped together in meaningful patterns.ResultsThe survey yielded 370 responses. Eight key single contributors and 14 groups of contributory factors were identified. Of the groups, only two were strongly associated with serious patient outcomes, such as reported significant deterioration or death.ConclusionsThe deteriorating patient was identified as the leading single contributor to prehospital adverse events, and two perfect storm patient harm scenarios were found to contribute materially to adverse outcomes. This approach to identifying both single factors contributing to an incident and factors which could be grouped together in a pattern, appears useful in delineating risk in the acute prehospital setting, and warrants further exploration in this and other areas of patient safety.
Reducing inappropriate emergency department attendances—a review of ambulance service attendances at a regional teaching hospital in Scotland
Authors: Patton Gareth Gordon , Thakore Shobhan 
Published: July 2012

IntroductionEmergency Departments (ED) in the UK have seen increasing attendance rates in recent years. Departments are now seeking strategies to reduce their attendances. A review of all ambulance attendances to the ED at Ninewells Hospital was conducted to identify if patients presenting by ambulance could be seen and treated more appropriately in other parts of the health service.MethodA retrospective review of ambulance attendances to the ED at Ninewells Hospital over 7 non-consecutive days. The ambulance patient report form and the ED notes were reviewed by the duty consultant to deem whether it was appropriate for the patient to be presented to the ED. If inappropriate, an alternative destination was suggested. Additional data was collected on the source of the ambulance call.ResultsThere were 910 attendances in the 7 days. 295 (32%) presented by ambulance. 32 had incomplete data and were excluded. 185 (70%) and 179 (68%) of the 263 were deemed appropriate from review of the patient report form and notes respectively. Of the inappropriate, 74.4% and 79.7% had primary care suggested as an alternative. Patients who call for their own ambulance and NHS24 had higher rates of inappropriate attendances.DiscussionThe ambulance services present one-third of the patients to the ED at Ninewells Hospital. 30%–32% were found to be attending inappropriately and 74%–80% of these could have been managed in primary care. Reducing inappropriate ambulance attendances could reduce the departmental patient load by 11%.
Auxiliary device for calibration of roller pumps: development and experimental results
Authors: Vieira FU , de Medeiros J Dantas , Antunes N , Vieira RW , Costa ET 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Roller pumps are commonly used in surgeries involving extracorporeal circulation and its regulation may influence the hemolysis rate. Objective: To describe an auxiliary device for adjusting roller pumps using the dynamic calibration method and show preliminary results of its application in surgical procedures. Method: The device was tested in the laboratory environment with three disposable pressure transducers normally used in surgeries. In the operation room, tests were carried out with two groups of patients. Free hemoglobin plasma rates were measured, 5 minutes after perfusion started and immediately before the passage of the residual volume of the pump. For Group 1 (n = 22), occlusion measurements were carried out using the drop rate method and for Group 2 (n = 18), measurements were carried out using the auxiliary device and 300 mmHg calibration (mean pressure for the dynamic calibration method). Results: The auxiliary calibration device has shown calibration results statistically equal to those obtained with a reference device in the laboratory environment. We have found less variability of hemolysis rates in the operating room, using the auxiliary device and we did not observe any influence of unbalanced rollers in the hemolysis rates.
Investigating the Dutch Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale in people with stroke
Authors: Kleynen Melanie , Braun Susy M , Beurskens Anna JHM , Verbunt Jeanine A , de Bie Rob A , Masters Rich SW 
Published: July 2012

Objective: Reinvestment is a phenomenon in which conscious control of movements that are best controlled automatically disrupts performance. The propensity for reinvestment may therefore play an important role in the movement rehabilitation process. The Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale measures an individual’s propensity for reinvestment. The aim of this study was to translate the scale for use with Dutch participants with stroke and to assess its reliability. Design: A test–retest design. Setting: In community after discharge from rehabilitation centre. Subjects: Forty-five people with stroke. Measures: Reliability of the translated scale was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plot. Results: The ICC was 0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–0.91). Limits of agreement ranged from −2.38 to 3.10. Conclusion: The Dutch Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale appears to be a reliable tool with which to assess the propensity for movement-specific reinvestment by people with stroke.
From television to the film set
Authors: Kim Sangkyun , Wang Hua 
Published: July 2012

Daejanggeum ( DJG) is a popular Korean television serial drama that boosted the Korean Wave cultural phenomenon in the mid-2000s and led to screen-tourism in South Korea, attracting international visitors to many DJG filmed locations. This study examines the relationship between level of media exposure, audience involvement and on-site screen-tourism experiences. Data were collected at the Daejanggeum Theme Park, an outdoor DJG film set in Yangjoo, South Korea. A total of 701 international tourist visitors completed a survey in Chinese, Japanese and Thai. The study validated a three-dimensional scale of audience involvement and a three-dimensional scale of on-site screen-tourism experiences. This study found that the level of media exposure significantly influenced both audience involvement and on-site screen-tourism experiences; audience emotional and behavioural involvement with DJG significantly affected their on-site screen-tourism experiences.
Narrow-band imaging cystoscopy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a prospective comparison to the standard approach
Authors: Geavlete Bogdan , Jecu Marian , Multescu Razvan , Geavlete Petrisor 
Published: July 2012

Objectives: A single-centre, prospective trial was performed aiming to assess the impact of narrow-band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy in cases of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in comparison to standard white light cystoscopy (WLC). Materials and methods: A total of 95 NMIBC-suspected consecutive cases were enrolled. The inclusion criteria were hematuria, positive urinary cytology or ultrasound suspicion of bladder tumors. All patients underwent WLC and NBI cystoscopy. Standard resection was performed for all lesions visible in white light and NBI transurethral resection of bladder tumors for only NBI-observed tumors. Results: The overall detection rates of NMIBC and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were significantly improved for NBI (96.2% versus 87.2% and 100% versus 66.7% respectively). Also, NBI cystoscopy showed significantly superior detection for CIS, pTa and overall tumors (95.2% versus 61.9%, 93.9% versus 85.2% and 94.8% versus 83.9% respectively). Additional tumors were diagnosed by NBI in a significant proportion of patients with CIS, pTa, pT1 and NMIBC (55.5% versus 11.1%, 26.5% versus 10.2%, 30% versus 10% and 30.8% versus 10.3%). Postoperative treatment was significantly improved due to NBI results (16.7% versus 5.1%). Conclusions: NBI cystoscopy represents a valuable diagnostic alternative in patients with NMIBC, with significant improvement in tumor visual accuracy as well as detection. This approach provides a substantial improvement to bladder cancer therapeutic management.