bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delirium detection in the emergency department: A diagnostic accuracy meta‐analysis of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and screening instruments
Authors: Carpenter Christopher R. , Lee Sangil , Kennedy Maura , Arendts Glenn , Schnitker Linda , Eagles Debra , Mooijaart Simon , Fowler Susan , Doering Michelle , LaMantia Michael A. , Han Jin H. , Liu Shan W. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroductionGeriatric emergency department (ED) guidelines emphasize timely identification of delirium. This article updates previous diagnostic accuracy systematic reviews of history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and ED screening instruments for the diagnosis of delirium as well as test–treatment thresholds for ED delirium screening.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of approaches to identify delirium. Studies were included if they described adults aged 60 or older evaluated in the ED setting with an index test for delirium compared with an acceptable criterion standard for delirium. Data were extracted and studies were reviewed for risk of bias. When appropriate, we conducted a meta‐analysis and estimated delirium screening thresholds.ResultsFull‐text review was performed on 55 studies and 27 were included in the current analysis. No studies were identified exploring the accuracy of findings on history or laboratory analysis. While two studies reported clinicians accurately rule in delirium, clinician gestalt is inadequate to rule out delirium. We report meta‐analysis on three studies that quantified the accuracy of the 4 A's Test (4AT) to rule in (pooled positive likelihood ratio [LR+] 7.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7–20.7) and rule out (pooled negative likelihood ratio [LR−] 0.18, 95% CI 0.09–0.34) delirium. We also conducted meta‐analysis of two studies that quantified the accuracy of the Abbreviated Mental Test‐4 (AMT‐4) and found that the pooled LR+ (4.3, 95% CI 2.4–7.8) was lower than that observed for the 4AT, but the pooled LR− (0.22, 95% CI 0.05–1) was similar. Based on one study the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ICU) is the superior instrument to rule in delirium. The calculated test threshold is 2% and the treatment threshold is 11%.ConclusionsThe quantitative accuracy of history and physical examination to identify ED delirium is virtually unexplored. The 4AT has the largest quantity of ED‐based research. Other screening instruments may more accurately rule in or rule out delirium. If the goal is to rule in delirium then the CAM‐ICU or brief CAM or modified CAM for the ED are superior instruments, although the accuracy of these screening tools are based on single‐center studies. To rule out delirium, the Delirium Triage Screen is superior based on one single‐center study.
Understanding fire intensity in the Sudanian savannah of Western Africa: Implications for sustainable fire management
Authors: Zoffoun Omobayo Ghislain , Djagoun Chabi A. M. S. , Nguyen Thanh Thi , Sinsin Brice , Sogbohossou Etotépé A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe savannah ecosystem is influenced by seasonal fires that shape the landscape, with different fire intensities. The objective of this study is to assess the trend in fire intensity and the influence of the vegetation types. A linear regression model was employed to analyse the trend in fire intensity over the years. The results demonstrate a linear positive evolution of mean fire intensity over the years, with the highest fire intensity observed during the months of November to January. Woodland, shrub savannah and grassland areas exhibited high fire intensity, whereas wetland areas and forests displayed low fire intensity. Overall, remote sensing techniques can facilitate the monitoring of fire events, specifically fire intensity, in the savannah regions of West Africa, thereby aiding in the implementation of appropriate fire management plans.
The identities of employed students: Striving to reduce distinctiveness from the typical student
Authors: Grozev Vladislav H. , Easterbrook Matthew J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractEndorsement of the employed student identity can provide social support for employed students or protection from negative intergroup comparisons. However, not much is known about what identity aspects or characteristics comprise the employed student identity and how they become important and central to that identity. Using data from 215 employed university students in the UK, we investigated two research questions (RQ's) in this mixed‐method study. RQ1. What are the identity aspects that participants ascribe to the employed student identity? RQ2. Are identity aspects that distinguish employed from non‐employed students, and are considered more suitable for employed versus non‐employed students, more central and more important to the employed students’ self‐concept? A thematic analysis categorized the identity aspects that participants self‐generated into 14 distinct categories, with the most important categories being hard‐working, being organized, having motivation, and discipline. Multilevel analyses of identity aspects within individuals revealed that distinctiveness was negatively associated with the importance and centrality of aspects, whereas suitability for employed students was positively associated with the importance and centrality of aspects. We offer practical value through revealing important identity aspects which inoculate employed students against negative intergroup comparisons, and theoretical value through suggesting future avenues for employed students’ identity construction.Public Significance StatementBeing an employed student carries a social cost but defining as one can help in obtaining social support or protecting from negative comparisons with non‐employed students. We identify fourteen categories of aspects that can define oneself as an employed student (e.g., motivation, hard work) with employed students experiencing those aspects which are more suitable to them as more identity‐defining, and those aspects which differentiate them from non‐employed students as less identity‐defining.
Trust in cervical screening and attributions of blame for interval cancers following a national controversy
Authors: Poluektova Olga , Robertson Deirdre A. , Papadopoulos Alexandros , Lunn Peter D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated levels of trust and attributions of blame in connection with a cervical screening programme following a controversy related to the programme's audit, incorporating an experimental test of the effectiveness of new information materials.DesignWe compared responses in Ireland (N = 872) to equivalent responses in Scotland (N = 400). Participants in Ireland were randomly assigned to either a treatment group that received the information materials or a control group that did not. Participants then responded to questions about their trust in cervical screening and to whom they would attribute blame in a range of scenarios describing women diagnosed with cervical cancer between screening rounds.ResultsResults showed that the control group in Ireland had lower trust and attributed higher blame towards screening services than participants in Scotland. However, exposure to information materials in the treatment group improved trust and reduced blame.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that public controversies influence perceptions of screening programmes and underscore the importance of transparent, choice‐based communication in mitigating these effects. The findings have valuable implications for screening services worldwide as all screening programmes will have associated false negative and false positive results.
White men can't jump, but do they still get picked first? Race and player selection in the NBA draft, 1980–2021
Authors: Pizarro Milian Roger , Wijesingha Rochelle 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDespite excelling at recruiting Black players, studies have repeatedly produced evidence of racial discrimination in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Through this study, we re‐examine the topic of racial discrimination within the NBA through an analysis of the Association's annual entry draft. Using a novel dataset, we statistically model the relationship between player race and draft pick number using pooled data from 1980 to 2021. Overall, we find only limited evidence of racial discrimination. These findings are generally robust to sub‐sample analyses, alternative specifications of our race variable, and alternate statistical modeling techniques. However, analyses performed on sub‐samples of draft picks that participated in the NBA combine—and for whom we have measurements of player athleticism—produce some evidence of racial discrimination. Through such models we estimate that Black players are picked roughly three picks later in the draft. We consider the implications of these findings for contemporary theorizing about racial discrimination in the NBA and more mainstream labor markets.
The impact of daratumumab pretreatment on multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous transplantation
Authors: Shimazu Yutaka , Kanda Junya , Suzuki Kazuhito , Wada Akinori , Kikuchi Taku , Ikeda Takashi , Tsukada Nobuhiro , Miwa Akiyoshi , Itagaki Mitsuhiro , Kako Shinichi , Nishiwaki Kaichi , Ota Shuichi , Fujiwara Shin‐ichiro , Kataoka Keisuke , Doki Noriko , Sawa Masashi , Hiramoto Nobuhiro , Nishikawa Akinori , Imai Toshi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Kanda Yoshinobu , Atsuta Yoshiko , Kawamura Koji 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe anti‐CD38 antibody daratumumab (Dara) has been reported to improve the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, but its use before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains controversial. To clarify the prognostic impact of Dara before ASCT on MM, we performed a retrospective observational analysis. We analyzed 2626 patients who underwent ASCT between 2017 and 2020. In the comparison between patients not administered Dara (Dara– group) and those administered Dara (Dara+ group), the 1‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rates were 87.4% and 77.3% and the 1‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 96.7% and 90.0%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age <65 years (p = 0.015), low international staging system (ISS) stage (p < 0.001), absence of unfavorable cytogenic abnormalities (p < 0.001), no Dara use before ASCT (p = 0.037), and good treatment response before ASCT (p < 0.001) were independently associated with superior PFS. In matched pair analysis, the PFS/OS of the Dara– group were also significantly superior. For MM patients who achieved complete or very good partial response (CR/VGPR) by Dara addition before ASCT, both PFS and OS significantly improved. However, in patients who did not achieve CR/VGPR before ASCT, the PFS/OS of the Dara+ group were significantly inferior to those of the Dara– group.
Unpacking conservation easements' assessed land use designations and their implications for realizing biodiversity protection
Authors: Dyckman Caitlin S. , McMahan Chris , Overby Anna Treado , Fouch Nakisha , Ogletree Scott , Self Stella W. , White David L. , Lauria Mickey , Baldwin Robert F. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNative ecosystem and biodiversity loss from land use conversion into human‐modified landscapes are evident in the United States and globally. In addition to public land conservation, there is an increase in private land conservation through conservation easements (CEs) across exurban landscapes. Not every CE was established strictly for biodiversity protection and permitted land uses can increase human modification. No research of which we are aware has examined the actual tax assessor's land use designations (LUDs) through time. We constructed granular CE datasets (GCED) of CEs and their parcels' tax assessment LUDs for 1997–2008/2009, based on original data from 12 counties in six US states. Using the GCED, we examined patterns in the LUDs, with implications for land uses that could impact CE biological outcomes. We show that LUDs on exurban private conservation lands were predominately residential and agricultural, with increased residential over time. Critically, the LUDs lack a biological conservation exempt designation/category. There is no consistent trend in association between the primary CE reason and its parcel's LUD, suggesting that they coincide in some circumstances but in others, the CE may be a response to contravene the LUD. The majority of the first CE reasons are focused on open space preservation, except in some counties where agricultural land uses and agricultural CEs are associated. The economically and human‐focused LUD is one of many social factors that should be considered in a classification system for private land conservation and CEs more specifically. These results prompt the land conservation, conservation biology, and environmental planning communities to explore assessed land uses' impact on biodiversity conservation objectives.
Impact of prior COVID‐19 infection on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcomes
Authors: Siniaev Aleksandr , Popova Marina , Rogacheva Yulia , Ianbukhtina Valeria , Kulagin Egor , Vladovskaya Maria , Bondarenko Sergey , Moiseev Ivan , Kulagin Alexander D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThere are limited data on outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) in recipients with prior COVID‐19 infection. This single‐center retrospective study included 54 adult patients who received allo‐HSCT from July 2020 to September 2021 after previous COVID‐19 infection and 122 control group patients without a history of COVID‐19 who underwent HSCT during the same period, with a median follow‐up of 17 months. Median time from COVID‐19 to allo‐HSCT was 211 days. The incidence of main complications in the post‐transplant period was not significantly different between the two groups: deep vein thrombosis (p = .85), TMA (p = .8), VOD (p = .25), bloodstream infections (p = .21), pneumonia of any etiology (p = .41), viral infections (p = .85), invasive fungal disease (p = .08). The 2‐year non‐relapse mortality, relapse incidence, overall survival, and progression‐free survival also were comparable in the study and the control groups: 22% (95% CI 10.5–36.2) versus 26.3% (95% CI 18.7–34.6) p = .4; 15.6% (95% CI 7.3–26.9) versus 23.6% (95% CI 16.0–32.3) p = .39; 67.9% (95% CI 50.4–80.3) versus 59.8% (95% CI 50.2–68.1) p = .24 and 62.3% (95% CI 45.5–75.3) versus 49.9% (95% CI 40.0–59.1) p = .18, respectively. The history of previous COVID‐19 infection did not affect the results of allo‐HSCT.
Bureaucratic Culture and Innovation
Authors: Li Shigang , She Kexin , Zhang Li 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study explores the effects of bureaucratic culture on innovation. We define bureaucratic culture as a culture in which power and officials are held in the highest regard. Using panel data of publicly listed Chinese manufacturing firms from 2007 to 2015, we found that bureaucratic culture negatively correlated with firms' patent output. A mechanism analysis shows that bureaucratic culture hindered corporate innovation by reducing firms' research and development inputs and decreasing innovation efficiency. Furthermore, we provided evidence that anti‐corruption campaigns and the development of formal institutions could neutralize the negative impact of bureaucratic culture on corporate innovation. This study is the first to investigate quantitatively the causal effect of bureaucratic culture on corporate innovation and it can deepen the understanding of the relationship between culture and innovation in China. We speculate that promoting a creative culture, particularly one that fosters entrepreneurial spirit, is of utmost importance.
Spatial Structure of Peer Networks and Academic Achievement Based on a Random Control Trial Experiment
Authors: Feng Shilan , Tan Ya , Wang Zhi , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper investigates whether changing the seating arrangement in a classroom can facilitate positive spillovers from top‐performing students to others, using a field experiment conducted in a Chinese high school. Among study groups with balanced abilities, the treatment altered the spatial distribution by assigning the two top students to seats in the spatial center of each group. In the reference groups where students were allowed to choose their own seating arrangements, the lowest performing were significantly less likely to sit next to a top student than they would be under a random assignment. The results suggest that, in the treated groups, there could be enhanced academic spillovers from the top students. The treatment especially benefited the two lowest performing students in science subjects. In contrast, the treatment exerted negative effects on the test scores of the two middle‐performing students, due to a disruption mechanism. The results suggest that the spatial layout of a peer network can have a significant impact on learning outcomes.
An analysis of semaphorin‐mediated cellular interactions in the Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis using the IR‐LEGO single‐cell gene induction system
Authors: Suzuki Motoshi , Takagi Shin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOne of the major functions of the semaphorin signaling system is the regulation of cell shape. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, membrane‐bound semaphorins SMP‐1/2 (SMPs) regulate the morphology of epidermal cells via their receptor plexin, PLX‐1. In the larval male tail of the SMP‐PLX‐1 signaling mutants, the border between two epidermal cells, R1.p and R2.p, is displaced anteriorly, resulting in the anterior displacement of the anterior‐most ray, ray 1, in the adult male. To elucidate how the intercellular signaling mediated by SMPs regulates the position of the intercellular border, we performed mosaic gene expression analyses by using infrared laser‐evoked gene operator (IR‐LEGO). We show that PLX‐1 expressed in R1.p and SMP‐1 expressed in R2.p are required for the proper positioning of ray 1. The result suggests that SMP signaling promotes extension, rather than retraction, of R1.p. This is in contrast to a previous finding that SMPs mediate inhibition of cell extension of vulval precursor cells, another group of epidermal cells of C. elegans, indicating the context dependence of cell shape control via the semaphorin signaling system.
Associations of clinical, psychological, and sociodemographic characteristics and ecological momentary assessment completion in the 10‐week Hypo‐METRICS study: Hypoglycaemia MEasurements ThResholds and ImpaCtS
Authors: Zaremba Natalie , Martine‐Edith Gilberte , Divilly Patrick , Søholm Uffe , Broadley Melanie , Ali Namam , Abbink Evertine J. , de Galan Bastiaan , Cigler Monika , Mader Julia K. , Brosen Julie , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Vaag Allan , Evans Mark , Renard Eric , McCrimmon Rory J. , Heller Simon , Speight Jane , Pouwer Frans , Amiel Stephanie A. , Choudhary Pratik ,   for the Hypo‐RESOLVE Consortium
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroductionReporting of hypoglycaemia and its impact in clinical studies is often retrospective and subject to recall bias. We developed the Hypo‐METRICS app to measure the daily physical, psychological, and social impact of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 and insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes in real‐time using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). To help assess its utility, we aimed to determine Hypo‐METRICS app completion rates and factors associated with completion.MethodsAdults with diabetes recruited into the Hypo‐METRICS study were given validated patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) at baseline. Over 10 weeks, they wore a blinded continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and were asked to complete three daily EMAs about hypoglycaemia and aspects of daily functioning, and two weekly sleep and productivity PROMs on the bespoke Hypo‐METRICS app. We conducted linear regression to determine factors associated with app engagement, assessed by EMA and PROM completion rates and CGM metrics.ResultsIn 602 participants (55% men; 54% type 2 diabetes; median(IQR) age 56 (45–66) years; diabetes duration 19 (11–27) years; HbA1c 57 (51–65) mmol/mol), median(IQR) overall app completion rate was 91 (84–96)%, ranging from 90 (81–96)%, 89 (80–94)% and 94(87–97)% for morning, afternoon and evening check‐ins, respectively. Older age, routine CGM use, greater time below 3.0 mmol/L, and active sensor time were positively associated with app completion.DiscussionHigh app completion across all app domains and participant characteristics indicates the Hypo‐METRICS app is an acceptable research tool for collecting detailed data on hypoglycaemia frequency and impact in real‐time.
Development and first‐stage validation of a digital version of the Digit Symbol Substitution test for use in assessing cognitive function in older people with diabetes
Authors: Segev Omri , Raz Itamar , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Aviezer Hillel , Sela Yael , Cukierman Dani , Shankar Rahul , Natovich Rachel , Cukierman‐Yaffe Tali 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimsTo describe the development and report the first‐stage validation of a digital version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), for assessment of cognitive function in older people with diabetes.Materials and MethodsA multidisciplinary team of experts was convened to conceptualize and build a digital version of the DSST and develop a machine‐learning (ML) algorithm to analyse the inputs. One hundred individuals with type 2 diabetes (aged ≥ 60 years) were invited to participate in a one‐time meeting in which both the digital and the pencil‐and‐paper (P&P) versions of the DSST were administered. Information pertaining to demographics, laboratory measurements, and diabetes indices was collected. The correlation between the digital and P&P versions of the test was determined. Additionally, as part of the validation process, the performance of the digital version in people with and without known risk factors for cognitive impairment was analysed.ResultsThe ML model yielded an overall accuracy of 89.1%. A strong correlation was found between the P&P and digital versions (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) of the DSST, as well as between the ML model and the manual reading of the digital DSST (r = 0.99, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study describes the development of and provides first‐stage validation data for a newly developed digital cognitive assessment tool that may be used for screening and surveillance of cognitive function in older people with diabetes. More studies are needed to further validate this tool, especially when self‐administered and in different clinical settings.
Conservatism and justified attachment
Authors: Quigley Travis 
Published: May 2024

AbstractValue conservatism is the thesis that there is a distinctive reason to preserve valuable things even when a (somewhat) more valuable thing might be created by their destruction. I offer an account that improves on the current literature in response to Cohen's “Rescuing Conservatism.” In short, we become psychologically attached to valuable things that make up part of our lives; the same holds true, interestingly, with things of relatively neutral value. Severing attachments is painful. This yields a reason to favor an object that someone is attached to over an object that no one is attached to. But an analysis is only part of a theory of conservatism: we also need to know whether such conservatism is justified. I argue that Cohen's idea of “accepting the given” can be read to yield such a justification: it is valuable to maintain some moderate disposition to accept what one already has. This attachment‐based account of conservatism displays a number of attractive theoretical features, including accounting for the impulse to restore past valuables and providing a framework for judging conservatism excessive.