bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ash Formation from the Combustion of Coals with Maceral Concentrates at Various Pressures
Authors: Wu H. , Zhang D. K. , Kong C. , Wall T. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo coal samples of different lithotypes and maceral‐enriched fractions were prepared (+6–0 m̈m) from samples of the same bituminous coal seam. Density separations at a specific gravity of 2.0 were applied for the prepared coal samples in order to remove the majority of the excluded mineral matter in the final coal samples. These coal samples were then pyrolysed or combusted in drop‐tube furnaces at 0.1 and 1.5 MPa to produce char and ash samples at 1573K. The results indicate that there are two main factors influencing char and ash formation under the experimental conditions, i.e. pressure and coal petrographic property. In agreement with our previous results, chars prepared at high pressure are more porous and ash particles are finer. The structure of the porous char particles at 0.1 and 1.5 MPa are very different, as evidenced by SEM surface observation. The porous char particles prepared at 1.5 MPa have a “foam” structure, while those at atmospheric pressure are mostly balloon‐like structures. The vitrinite‐rich coal produces a higher proportion of porous char particles during pyrolysis. Although the mineral particles in the vitrinite‐rich coal sample are coarser than those in the inertinite‐rich coal sample, the ash particles produced from the vitrinite‐rich coal after combustion are much finer. The results suggest that the extent of coalescence of included mineral matter of the inernite‐rich coal sample is more significant than that of the vitrinite‐rich coal sample. Char particles from the vitrinite‐rich coal sample are more porous compared to those from the inernite‐rich coal sample, leading to more intensive char fragmentation so that finer ash particles form during combustion. At 1.5 MPa, ash particles produced from both coals during combustion are finer than at atmospheric pressure, due to the char particle produced at 1.5 MPa being more porous. However, the sensitivity of the effect of pressure is less for the vitrinite‐rich coal sample.
Structural Characterisation of porous Char Particles by surface Observation Using a field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Wu H. , Kong C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, porous char samples were examined using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) at various accelerating voltages. Samples were examined as uncoated, gold coated and chromium coated. For uncoated samples, the images acquired at a low accelerating voltage tended to represent the surface structure and morphology while images obtained at high accelerating voltages typically reflected the internal char structure. Gold coating (∼20 nm) has a significant effect on the images obtained at high accelerating voltages compared to those obtained from uncoated particles. It is found that in the conventional SEM surface observation, which examines gold coated (∼20 nm) char particles at accelerating voltages of 10 kV or above, the images do not represent the surface but start to show the internal structure of the char particle. Chromium coating (∼2 nm) has little effect on the image formation, which could be a good candidate of coating for the surface observation of poorly/non‐conductive char particles. Such observations were determined by the char structure, the coating method, the properties of the coating material, the thickness of the material coated and the operating conditions of SEM surface observation. For porous char particles, a procedure of the structural characterisation for porous char particles using SEM surface observation has been proposed. The interpretations of the SEM images obtained for the porous char particles under various sample preparation and SEM operating conditions are also discussed
Simulating the Heat Transfer Process of Horizontal Anode Baking Furnace
Authors: Zhang L. Q. , Zheng C. G. , Xu M.H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA transient two‐dimensional mathematical model of a horizontal baking furnace is presented. The model combines complex thermal phenomena in a baking process such as air infiltration, evolution and combustion of volatile matters, combustion of packing coke, and heat losses. The predicted results are in good agreement with measured data. Furthermore, the process is simulated under different operating conditions such as firing cycle time, airflow and air infiltration. The simulated results indicate that the fuel consumption decreases as the firing cycle time decreases, it is also found that reducing the airflow and air infiltration will help to save fuel. The model is proved to be a useful tool for the process optimisation of the baking furnace in the aluminum industry
Callus Induction from Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Leaf Explants for the Production of Quinone
Authors: Husin Murnilawati Abd Gani , Hasan Masitah , Taha Rosna Mat 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the growth characteristics, measurement of fresh weight and dry weight of callus of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L NAA (naphtaleneacetic acid), 0.2 mg/L kinetin and 0.2 mg/L 2, 4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at 25d̀C, under 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness. Leaf explants obtained from 3‐5 month old intact plants of tobacco were used to initiate cultures. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA together with 0.2 mg/L kinetin gave rise to optimum callus induction.
The Effect of Chemical and Biopulping Process on Bagasse Pulp
Authors: Antaresti  , Sudaryanto Y. , Setiyadi  , Wibowo H. , Yogi  , Purnomo Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe amount of sugarcane bagasse in Indonesia is abundant while the utilization is still limited. One of the alternatives for bagasse utilization is as pulp material. To minimize the waste from the pulping process, the effect of using a chemical process (with nitric acid) and a biopulping process (using Fusarium solani) were studied and measured by the percentage of α‐cellulose content in bagasse pulp. In the chemical process, the nitric acid concentration and the reaction time were varied. The pulping process was conducted at constant temperature of 102d̀C and the mixture was agitated at 900 rpm. The highest percentage of α‐cellulose content in pulp was 79.28%, obtained at the concentration of 3.5% for a reaction time of 3.5 hours. At higher concentrations and longer cooking times, the α‐cellulose decreased due to the cellulose degradation. In the biopulping process, the incubation temperature was kept at 30d̀C. The highest percentage of α‐cellulose was 65.80% obtained at an incubation time of 25 days. When compared to nitric acid pulping, biopulping is less efficient. However it has one advantage that it only uses a small amount of chemicals and, therefore, creates less pollutants.
Performance of Dual‐Media Expanded Bed Bioreactor
Authors: Abdul‐Rahman R. , Zainol N. , Abu‐Bakar A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAdsorption and biological treatment are two possible approaches to remove chloro‐organic and organic compounds. Granular activated carbon (GAC) biofilm reactors combine these two features, the adsorptive capacity and irregular shape of GAC particles providing niches for bacterial colonisation protected from high fluid forces, while the variety of functional groups on the surface enhance the attachment of microorganisms. The biofilm process is compact and offers reactions in both aerobic and anoxic states. Studies on removal of nitrogen constituents by a biofilm process were carried out using a dual‐media expanded bed bioreactor, with GAC and plastic media as support media. The plastic media also acts as a filter for the effluent. Experiments were carried out at F:M of about 0.45 and hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 48, 24 and 12 hours. Bed expansion was maintained at 20–30% by recirculation flow. Aerobic condition was maintained at dissolved oxygen (DO) of about 2 mg/l throughout the bed. Chemical oxygen in demand (COD) in feed was 1000 mg/L while the total‐N was 100 mg/L. Analysis showed that the process is able to maintain very stable conditions, achieving substantial COD removal of about 85% and total‐N removal of about 80%. Biofilm biomass measurements showed an increase from 400 mg/l at HRT of 48 hours to 10,100 mg/l at HRT 12 hours, showing that much higher biomass concentrations may be contained in a biofilm process as compared to a conventional suspended biomass process. Bioreactors contain their own ecosystems, the nature of the community and the state of microorganisms define the kinetics and determine reactor performance. Growth kinetic parameters obtained are YH = 0.3421 mg/mg, m̈H = 0.2252 day−1, KH = 319.364 mg/l and bH = 0.046 day−1. The denitrification kinetic parameters obtained are YHD = 0.9409 mg/mg, m̈HD = 0.1612 day−1, KHD = 24.6253 mg/l and bHD = 0.0248 day−1. These parameters enable prediction of required reactor sizes and operational parameters. The plastic media has greatly improved effluent clarification by 98% as compared to single‐media (GAC) only reactor.
Formation of Biofilm on Different Particulate Media Using Modified Kitchen Waste Extract as Initial Growth Substrate for Use in PCB Degradation
Authors: Auresenia J. , Ang S. , Espinosa D. , Juan J. , Borja J. , Taleon D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study describes the formation of biofilm on two different particulate media using modified kitchen waste extract as initial growth medium, and the subsequent testing of the this biofilm to biodegrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Two parallel completely mixed fluidized bed reactors, one using cement balls and the other using sand as particulate media, were operated in order to produce the biofilm. Modified kitchen waste extract was used as a growth substrate instead of the more expensive complex substrate. The medium was inoculated with microorganisms from tannery wastes. Performance of the biofilms formed in the two reactors were compared based on BOD and COD degradation rates, biomass growth rate, biofilm thickness and ease offluidization. The results demonstrate that a stable biofilm can be formed on readily available particulate materials using cheap substrate from kitchen wastes extracts. Furthermore, cement balls proved to be more suitable as particulate media compared to sand, possessing superior biofilm‐forming characteristics. The biofilm formed on cement balls was tested for the degradation of PCBs. Initial PCB batch degradation tests showed that about 70% of PCBs degraded within six hours. Kinetics of PCB degradation followed the Monod model with Km = 561.98 mg/l and m̈max=0.07 1/h.
Treatment of Skim Latex Serum Using Gas Sparged Ultrafiltration
Authors: Harunsyah  , Sulaiman Nik Meriam , Aroua Mohamed Kheireddine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe major pollutants from a natural rubber processing factory have high organic content and emit an offensive smell due to the biodegradation of the organic matter. In latex concentrate factories, the main sources of effluent are the skim latex serum and washings from all process equipment. This paper presents an application of membrane technology that involves gas sparging for the treatment of skim latex serum. A semi‐pilot‐scale system using a PVDF vertical tubular membrane (MWCO 100,000) was installed as the experimental setup. Nitrogen gas was bubbled vertically upwards at flowrates ranging from 300 to 500 ml/min. Results obtained thus far show that gas sparging has increased the permeate flux between 1.37% and 146.34% compared to non‐gas sparged conditions. In terms of permeate quality, the reductions achieved for suspended solids, total solids, COD, BOD, total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen were 83%, 95%, 67%, 77%, 51%, 74%, respectively, for the gas‐sparged condition. Under non gas‐sparging conditions, reductions achieved for suspended solids, total solids, COD, BOD, total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen were 92%, 96%, 67%, 72%, 60%, 75%, respectively.
TiO2 Photoelectrodes for Water Splitting: Carbon Doping by Flame Pyrolysis?
Authors: Barnes P. R. F. , Randeniyaly L. K. , Murphy A. B. , Gwan P. B. , Plumb I. C. , Glasscock J. A. , Grey I. E. , Li C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTitanium dioxide is often used as a photoelectrode material for water splitting, but its band gap is too wide to achieve high conversion efficiencies in sunlight. Flame oxidation (pyrolysis) of titanium sheet has been suggested as a method to produce carbon doped TiO2 with a reduced band gap. In the present study, films were prepared using this and other thermal oxidation techniques and the photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency of the resultant materials was examined using a xenon lamp. The oxide films were characterised physically, optically and electrochemically. Incident photon conversion efficiency measurements indicated no significant reduction in the band gap offilms prepared using a hydrocarbon flame compared to rutile TiO2. Furthermore, these films were found to have an efficiency comparable to that offilms produced in a carbon free flame (hydrogen/oxygen). The results suggest that flame pyrolysis may not ‘dope’ TiO, with carbon in the manner previously proposed. Any enhancement in photocatalytic eficiency resulting from the technique is likely to be due to the formation of non‐stoichiometric TiO2 or titanium sub‐oxides.
Technology Options for Onboard Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Rufford T. E. , Zhu Z. H. , Lu G. Q. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe development of effective hydrogen storage systems remains a key technical challenge to the extensive use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. The most established methods of storing hydrogen are as a cryogenic liquid and as a high‐pressure compressed gas. However, these conventional technologies are restricted by the high energy cost of the liquefaction and compression processes, and by their low volumetric hydrogen densities. In the past 40 years considerable research efforts have focussed on the encapsulation of hydrogen in metal hydrides but the competitiveness of the higher capacity metal hydrides, such as the magnesium‐based alloys, has been hampered by sluggish sorption kinetics. In recent years hydrogen storage researchers have broadened the scope of potential materials under investigation to include complex hydrides and other advanced nanomaterials, such as nanostructured carbons and metal‐oxide frameworks. This paper presents a review of the most mature of the hydrogen storage technologies, being compressed gas, clyogenic liquid and metal hydrides. and discusses promising directions in the search for suitable hydrogen storage materials.
Proton Conductivities of Titanium Phosphate at High Temperature for PEMFC
Authors: Tran A. T. T. , Duke M. , Diniz Costa J. C. Da , Gray P. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTitanium phosphate was synthesized fiom tetra iso‐propoxide (TTIP, Aldrich) and H3PO4 with a Ti/P molar ratio of 1:9 by sol gel method. A maximum proton conductivity value of 5.4 x 102 S.cm−1 at 20°C and 93% relative humidity (RH) was achieved. The high proton conductivity is related to the existence of the hydrogen bonding in POH groups and the water molecules in the gel structure which was confirmed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The conductivity increased with relative humidity, indicating that the Grotthuss was the main proton transport mechanism. Moreover, the proton conductivity increased with the temperature with the value of ∼10−1 S.cm−1at 200°C and 0.5% RH. The presence of water molecules and an excess of phosphoric acid in the gel matrix, which were confirmed by TGA and FTIR analysis, contributed to high proton conductivity at high temperature and low humidiity.
Variability in Transport Properties for Blackbutt Timber in New South Wales: Within and Between‐Tree Variability
Authors: Cabardo S. J. , Edxau D. , Langrish T. A. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVariability is a key issue in the processing of biological materials, in this case the hying of hardwood timber. This paper reports the measurements of variability of transport properties. which are relevant to the drying of blackbutt, Eucalyptus pilularis Sm, from northern New South Wales. Specifically, within‐tree and between‐tree variations are reported for two blackbutt regrowth logs. An analysis of variance showed that some timber properties were affected by the board positions within‐trees and between‐trees. Circumferential and radial efects were significant for the within‐ tree variability of most transport properties. Similarly, radial and circumferential effects were signlficant for most of the transport parameters between trees, but can be tentatively stated because only two regrowth logs were assessed. Timber boards with high initial moisture contents had higher rates of diffirsion and low basic densities using principal components analysis. A possible reason is that if there is less wood material per unit volume, these vacant spaces may be occupied by water, and there is also less resistance for diffusive transport of moisture.
Development and Validation of an Unsteady State Numerical Model of Fouling within a Crystalline Systern
Authors: Walker P. G. , Sheikholeslami R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFouling is a phenomenon that threatens the sustainability of thermal and membrane desalination processes. The deposition of fouling material on the heatlmass transfer surface increases the amount of energy required for operation. Traditional fouling research has focused on experimental investigations that provide limited results and macroscopic assessment of the process. This research uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the transient nature of fouling and obtains an insight into the intricate interactions of the variables that influence fouling on a local scale.The authors developed a Eulerian model describing both the induction and deposition processes of the crystallisation fouling mechanism. The detail provided by the CFD model demonstrated that scale growth has a considerable impact on the hydrodynamics of the system, and vice‐versa. The intricate relationships between the operating variables affect the hydrodynamics and boundary layer conditions, and impact on both the heat and mass transfer. The deposit growth causes a decrease in the thickness of the mass boundary layer, thus promoting transport towards the growing crystal layer. Validation of this model showed good agreement with experimental data in terms of its ability to predict local fouling behaviour and rates.
Metallurgical Characteristics and Effectiveness of Metallic Charges in Electric Arc Furnace
Authors: Du Cheng‐Wu , Zhu Miao‐Yong , Sun Li‐Na , Dong Shi‐Ze 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe use of direct reduced iron (DRI), hot metal, cold pig iron, decarburized granular iron, iron carbide, and complex metal charges to replace scrap metal as the feedstock to an electric arc furnace not only resolves the lack of scrap supply, but is also very helpful in diluting the residual elements in the scrap, thus improving the quality of the steel. It has now become possible to produce high‐quality steel in an electric arc furnace. In this paper, the characteristics and effectiveness of various metallic charges for use in an electric arc furnace (EAF) are discussed.
Effect of Refining Slag Composition on Inclusions in Molten Steel treated by Barium‐bearing Alloy
Authors: Li Yang , Jiang Zhou‐Hua , Liu Yang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effect of the refining slag composition on the inclusions in molten steel was studied in MgO crucible by using MoSi2 furnace. The experimental steel was heavy rail steel and Si‐Ca‐Ba alloy was used as the deoxidizer. The results showed that the total oxygen content of steel, and the total quantities, total areas and average radius of inclusions decreased with the increased basicity of refining slag. The total quantities and total areas of inclusions were the least when Al2O3 content in refining slag was between 13% and 20%, while the proportion of small inclusions increased when Al2O3 content was higher than 20%. The contents of SiO2 and Al2O3 in inclusions were affected directly by the SiO2 and Al2O3 contents in refining slag, and it was very remarkble when the slag composition was CaOAl2O32SiO2. Therefore, it's feasible to control the composition of inclusions by controlling the composition of refining slag.
Study on Lubrication and Friction between Strand and Mould in Continuous Slab Casting
Authors: Yao Man , Wang Xu‐Dong , Du Bo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDue to improved requirements for high casting speed, slab quality, variety of steel in continuous casting, it is increasingly important to accurately control the mould/strand lubrication and friction behavior. In this study, by means of combining analysis of the measured friction data from plant trials with numerical calculations, an empirical formula for the friction coefficient of strand/mould is obtained. The mathematical model is established in order to determine the strand/mould lubrication and friction behavior, and to obtain the profiles of thickness and internal pressure of liquid slag film, and the distribution of liquid friction between strand and mould. These values enable calculation of the local mould friction. It was found that mould friction increased when some cracks and breakouts take place, thus showing that the influence of mould friction on mechanical behavior of the solidified shell as well as the thermal stress are taken into account.
Utilization of Metallurgical Slag as Resource Materials in China
Authors: Shen Jian‐Guo , Guo Chun‐Yuan , Chen Min , Yu Jing‐Kun , Jiang Mao‐Fa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNew developments that utilize metallurgical slag as resource materials are important in order to decrease the land used for disposal of slag, reducing environmental pollution, and also promoting the continuous and highly efficient development of China's metallurgical industry. Current major problems and possible future uses of metallurgical slag are discussed based on assessments of present uses. Improving the use of metallurgical slag as resource materials requires the development of new high‐value‐added products.
Prediction of Scale Formation Problems in Oil Reservoirs and Production Equipment due to Injection of Incompatible Waters
Authors: Moghadasi J. , Sharif A. , Müuller‐Steinhagen H. , Jamialahmadi M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the mechanisms of scale formation from oilfield water are presented. An accurate model for predicting the scaling phenomena due to mixing of incompatible waters, changes in thermodynamic, kinetic and/or hydrodynamic conditions in oilfield operations is suggested. This model can predict scaling tendency of common oilfield waters in disposal wells, water‐flooding systems and in surface equipment and facilities. The model is developed based on experimental data and empirical correlations, which match the oil field conditions accurately. Furthermore, the simultaneous deposition of different oilfield scales and the competition of various ions to form scale are incorporated in the model. The suggested model has been used to investigate the potential for scale precipitation in various Iranian on‐shore and off‐shore oil fields, where water injection is being performed for the water disposal of desalting units or as a method of secondary recovery or reservoir pressure maintenance.