bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Arctic Clouds to Ice Microphysical Processes in the NorESM2 Climate Model
Authors: Sotiropoulou Georgia , Lewinschal Anna , Georgakaki Paraskevi , Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Patade Sachin , Ekman Annica M. L. , Nenes Athanasios 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ice formation remains one of the most poorly represented microphysical processes in climate models. While primary ice production (PIP) parameterizations are known to have a large influence on the modeled cloud properties, the representation of secondary ice production (SIP) is incomplete and its corresponding impact is therefore largely unquantified. Furthermore, ice aggregation is another important process for the total cloud ice budget, which also remains largely unconstrained. In this study, we examine the impact of PIP, SIP, and ice aggregation on Arctic clouds, using the Norwegian Earth System Model, version 2 (NorESM2). Simulations with both prognostic and diagnostic PIP show that heterogeneous freezing alone cannot reproduce the observed cloud ice content. The implementation of missing SIP mechanisms (collisional breakup, drop shattering, and sublimation breakup) in NorESM2 improves the modeled ice properties, while improvements in liquid content occur only in simulations with prognostic PIP. However, results are sensitive to the description of collisional breakup. This mechanism, which dominates SIP in the examined conditions, is very sensitive to the treatment of the sublimation correction factor, a poorly constrained parameter that is included in the utilized parameterization. Finally, variations in ice aggregation treatment can also significantly impact cloud properties, mainly through their impact on collisional breakup efficiency. Overall, enhancement in ice production through the addition of SIP mechanisms and the reduction in ice aggregation (in line with radar observations of shallow Arctic clouds) result in enhanced cloud cover and decreased TOA radiation biases, compared to satellite measurements, especially during the cold months.

Significance Statement
Arctic clouds remain a large source of uncertainty in projections of the future climate due to the poor representation of the microphysical processes that govern their life cycle. Ice formation is among the least understood processes. While it is widely recognized that better constraints on primary ice production (PIP) are needed to improve existing parameterizations, we show that secondary ice production (SIP) and ice aggregation can have also a significant impact on ice number concentrations. Constraining ice formation through the addition of missing SIP mechanisms and reducing ice aggregation can improve the representation of the cloud macrophysical properties and enhance total cloud cover in the Arctic region, which in turn contributes to decreased TOA radiation biases in the cold months.
Observations and Numerical Simulations of the Onset and Growth of Langmuir Circulations
Authors: Andriatis Alexander , Lenain Luc , Alford Matthew H. , Winstead Nathaniel , Geiman Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We report novel observations of the onset and growth of Langmuir circulations (LCs) from simultaneous airborne and subsurface in situ measurements. Under weak, fetch-limited wind–wave forcing with stabilizing buoyancy forcing, the onset of LCs is observed for wind speeds greater than about 1 m s−1. LCs appear nonuniformly in space, consistent with previous laboratory experiments and suggestive of coupled wave–turbulence interaction. Following an increase in wind speed from <1 m s−1 to sustained 3 m s−1 winds, a shallow (<0.7 m) diurnal warm layer is observed to deepen at 1 m h−1, while the cross-cell scales of LCs grow at 2 m h−1, as observed in sea surface temperature collected from a research aircraft. Subsurface temperature structures show temperature intrusions into the base of the diurnal warm layer of the same scale as bubble entrainment depth during the deepening period and are comparable to temperature structures observed during strong wind forcing with a deep mixed layer that is representative of previous LC studies. We show that an LES run with observed initial conditions and forcing is able to reproduce the onset and rate of boundary layer deepening. The surface temperature expression however is significantly different from observations, and the model exhibits large sensitivity to the numerical representation of surface radiative heating. These novel observations of Langmuir circulations offer a benchmark for further improvement of numerical models.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to better understand the structure and dynamics of Langmuir circulations (LCs), coherent turbulent vortices in the surface ocean. Using observations of the ocean surface boundary layer from aircraft and autonomous instruments, we show the onset and growth of LCs. We compare the observations to a numerical model and find that while the model can reproduce the deepening of a shallow surface warm layer, the representation of coherent vortices differs from observations. Future studies can improve on the numerical representation of coherent upper ocean structures which are important to modeling upper ocean turbulence, air–sea exchanges, biology, ocean acoustics, and the distribution of anthropogenic pollutants like oil and microplastics.
Infant Mortality Rate Convergence across Indian States: Relative Club Convergence Evidence
Authors: Akram Vaseem , Usmani Gulnawaz , Rath Badri Narayan , Praveen Bushra 
Published: May 2024

This article investigates the relative convergence of infant mortality rate (IMR) across the 15 major Indian states for the period 1987–2020. To test this hypothesis, this study applies Phillips and Sul’s (2007) panel convergence test. Further, for the robustness of our findings, this study implements the extension of Phillips and Sul’s relative club convergence test, which Kwak propounded in 2021. The results based on Phillips and Sul show divergence in IMR among the states; however, the existence of convergence when 15 states are grouped into different clubs. Four final clubs emerged based on the Kwak test, suggesting that each club has its unique transition path. One group is also identified, suggesting neither convergence nor divergence. From the policy perspective, it is important for the government to target reducing IMR by emphasising at the club level rather than focusing on all states together. JEL Codes: I140, H75
The Prevalence and Influence of New or Worsened Neck Pain After a Sport-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes: A Study From the CARE Consortium
Authors: King Jeffrey A. , Nelson Lindsay D. , Cheever Kelly , Brett Benjamin , Gliedt Jordan , Szabo Aniko , Dong Huaying , Huber Daniel L. , Broglio Steven P. , McAllister Thomas W. , McCrea Michael , Pasquina Paul , Feigenbaum Luis A. , Hoy April , Mihalik Jason P. , Duma Stefan M. , Buckley Thomas , Kelly Louise A. , Miles Chris , Goldman Joshua T. , Benjamin Holly J. , Master Christina L. , Ortega Justus , Kontos Anthony , Clugston James R. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Kaminski Thomas W. , Chrisman Sara P. , Eckner James T. , Port Nicholas , McGinty Gerald 
Published: May 2024

Background: Neck pain in a concussion population is an emerging area of study that has been shown to have a negative influence on recovery. This effect has not yet been studied in collegiate athletes. Hypothesis: New or worsened neck pain is common after a concussion (>30%), negatively influences recovery, and is associated with patient sex and level of contact in sport. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Varsity-level athletes from 29 National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions as well as nonvarsity sport athletes at military service academies were eligible for enrollment. Participants completed a preseason baseline assessment and follow-up assessments at 6 and 24 to 48 hours after a concussion, when they were symptom-free, and when they returned to unrestricted play. Data collection occurred between January 2014 and September 2018. Results: A total of 2163 injuries were studied. New or worsened neck pain was reported with 47.0% of injuries. New or worsened neck pain was associated with patient sex (higher in female athletes), an altered mental status after the injury, the mechanism of injury, and what the athlete collided with. The presence of new/worsened neck pain was associated with delayed recovery. Those with new or worsened neck pain had 11.1 days of symptoms versus 8.8 days in those without ( P < .001). They were also less likely to have a resolution of self-reported symptoms in ≤7 days ( P < .001). However, the mean duration of the return-to-play protocol was not significantly different for those with new or worsened neck pain (7.5 ± 7.7 days) than those without (7.4 ± 8.3 days) ( P = .592). Conclusion: This novel study shows that neck pain was common in collegiate athletes sustaining a concussion, was influenced by many factors, and negatively affected recovery.
3-Dimensional Biomechanics of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Zago Matteo , Esposito Fabio , Stillavato Susanna , Zaffagnini Stefano , Frigo Carlo Albino , Della Villa Francesco 
Published: May 2024

Background: The understanding of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury causation in soccer has improved over the past decades. Bidimensional video analyses have significantly augmented our awareness, representing to date the only practical method to describe injury biomechanics. However, the extent of the problem continues to raise serious concerns. Purpose: To advance our understanding of the causal pathways leading to ACL injury with a large-scale reconstruction of 3-dimensional (3D) whole-body joint kinematics of injuries that occurred to male elite soccer players, as well as to compare the joint angle time course among situational patterns. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 33 consecutive noncontact and indirect contact ACL injuries that occurred in 6 national and 2 international professional leagues (seasons 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 until December 2022) were analyzed: (1) multiview noncoaxial television images were inspected; (2) multiple camera views were taken from 400 ms before the initial ground contact to 200 ms after the injury frame; (3) a size-matched pitch was modeled and used to calibrate cameras; (4) a 3D skeletal model was adjusted to fit the player's pose in each frame/view; and (5) poses were interpolated, and Euler joint angles were extracted. Results: The authors reconstructed the 3D lower limb joint kinematic curves preceding and during ACL injuries in 33 cases; notably, a sudden external (up to 5°) and then internal knee rotation was observed after the initial contact and before the injury frame. The overall kinematics at injury were knee moderately flexed (45.9°± 21.7°), abducted (4.3°± 5.1°), and externally rotated (3.0°± 6.4°); trunk shallowly flexed (17.4°± 12.5°) and rotated and tilted toward the injured side; and hip flexed (32.0°± 18.7°), abducted (31.1°± 12.0°), and slightly internally rotated (6.6°± 12.2°). Variable behaviors were observed at the ankle level. Conclusion: Via reconstruction of the sequence of whole-body joint motion leading to injury, we confirmed the accepted gross biomechanics (dynamic valgus trend). This study significantly enriches the current knowledge on multiplanar kinematic features (transverse and coronal plane rotations). Furthermore, it was shown that ACL injuries in male professional soccer players manifest through distinct biomechanical footprints related to the concurrent game situation. Clinical Relevance: Interventions aimed at reducing ACL injuries in soccer should consider that environmental features (ie, situational patterns) affect injury mechanics.
Exposure to occupational air pollution and vascular endothelial dysfunction in workers of the steel industry in Iran
Authors: Sadeghi Masoumeh , Sadeghifar Mostafa , Golshahi Jafar , Khani Azam , Rouhani Sina , Shokri Kasra , Rabiei Katayoun 
Published: May 2024

Air pollution is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases; however, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of occupational air pollution exposure on endothelial function in workers within the steel industry. Specifically, we examined male employees in the coke-making division of the Isfahan Steel Company in Iran, as well as those in administrative roles with no known history of cardiovascular risk. Data on age, body mass index, duration of employment, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile were collected. To assess endothelial function, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured. The baseline brachial artery diameter was greater (mean difference [95% CI] = 0.068 mm [0.008 to 0.128]), while the FMD was lower (mean difference [95% CI] = −0.908 % [−1.740 to −0.075]) in the coke-making group than in the control group. After controlling for potential confounding variables, it was observed that working in the coke-making sector of the industry was associated with lower FMD (F = 3.954, p = .049). These findings indicated that occupational air pollution exposure among workers in the steel industry is linked to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
Impact of Gender Empowerment on Gender-based Wage Inequality and Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Dutta Priya Brata , Das Deboleena 
Published: May 2024

The article develops a three-sector competitive general equilibrium model with an agricultural sector, a manufacturing sector and a non-traded service sector and three factors: male unskilled labour, female unskilled labour and skilled labour. The article shows how sociocultural barriers impact female labour force participation and male–female wage disparity in the presence of male unemployment in the labour market in a developing economy. The analysis finds a rise in gender wage inequality and a decrease in male unskilled labour unemployment when the female labour force rises due to a fall in sociocultural barriers. Finally, we show that the Gini coefficient of income inequality of unskilled labour and gender-based wage inequality move in opposite directions due to the rise in female labour participation in the workforce and the fall in the male unemployment rate. JEL: D50, J31, J61
Suppression effect of the leading-edge groove on deep cavity noise at low speeds: Groove length
Authors: Lu Weishuang , Zheng Guannan 
Published: May 2024

Detached Eddy Simulations combined with Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings acoustic analogy of subsonic flows over a deep cavity preceded by deep grooves with different lengths were conducted to investigate the effects of groove length on the flow characteristics and the noise suppression in the vicinity of the deep cavity. The length-to-depth ratio of the deep cavity is 2/3, and the length-to-depth ratios of the grooves are 1/2. The distance between the grooves and the cavity remains constant at twice the groove length. The groove length ranges from 5 mm to 30 mm. The Reynolds number based on the cavity length is 8 × 10−5. The analysis results indicate that all grooves studied in this paper have some effect on the distribution of sound energy of near-field noise and near-/far-field noise amplitude, but have no effect on the characteristic frequencies of cavity noise and far-field noise directivity. When the groove length is 15 mm and 20 mm, the deep grooves are most effective in suppressing deep cavity noise. The time-averaged velocities in the incoming boundary layer, shear layer, and wake region decrease, and the height of the boundary layer downstream of the cavity increases, which reduces the intensity of the interaction between the flow structure and solid wall downstream of the cavity, resulting in a reduction in flow-acoustic feedback noise. Meanwhile, the suppression effect of the groove flow on the cavity flow effectively alters the flow characteristics of the entire cavity mouth, the rear edge wall, and part of the bottom surface region, reducing the energy at these locations. This is the primary reason for the reduction in broadband noise and acoustic resonance noise.
The role of glomerular filtration rate in AVF success: Should we intervene earlier?
Authors: Aslan Kutsal Dilek , Kehlibar Tamer , Kizilyel Fatih , Yilmaz Mehmet , Gunay Rafet , Ketenci Bulend 
Published: May 2024

Introduction End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients require life-sustaining kidney replacement therapies, with the natural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) being the preferred vascular access due to its low infection risk, high patency, and fewer complications. Factors like vessel diameter, gender, diabetes, age, and surgical technique influence AVF maturation. Method Our study focused on short-term AVF creation success, specifically examining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels using the CKD-EPI formula. Patients were categorized according to their eGFR levels to observe the effects of fistula timing and the severity of kidney disease. Results No significant demographic or outcome differences between eGFR groups have been observed except for gender. AVF maturation was notably associated with distal vein diameter (>2 mm), while other factors did not significantly impact maturation rates. As a secondary outcome, it was concluded that the recording of patients’ blood pressure values at preoperative and perioperative levels led to the conclusion that blood pressure levels may have an impact on fistula maturation. Conclusion To ensure vascular access effectiveness, optimizing blood pressure, determining vein diameter, strategic AVF timing, and reducing catheter usage are crucial. Our study aimed to identify eGFR levels conducive to optimal AVF outcomes. Although significant results could not be obtained in this regard, it is considered worthwhile to re-examine the effect of blood pressure in secondary outcomes. Additionally, prospective studies may be appropriate for reevaluating the effect of GFR.
Uterine artery embolization versus myomectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fatima Kaneez , Ansari Haya Waseem , Ejaz Arooba , Khalid Furqanullah , Naz Aimen , Waqar Ayesha , Khan Adeela Sarfaraz , Godil Sana , Ayub Muhammad Zain , Tariq Muhammad Azaan , Salman Yumna , Shah Hassaan Ahmed 
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Uterine fibroids are the commonest benign tumors of the reproductive tract in women of childbearing age. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause menorrhagia. Treatments include myomectomy and uterine artery embolization (UAE). The latter is a relatively new procedure, therefore of special interest. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies to provide a comprehensive outlook on the effectiveness of UAE by comparing its outcomes to those of myomectomy. Electronic databases (PubMed and Cochrane Central) were systematically searched from January 2000 to March 2022 for published randomized control trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses that compared UAE to myomectomy for at least one of the pre-specified outcomes, namely re-intervention rates, length of hospital stay, and complications. Methods: We shortlisted nine studies for the final analysis. For continuous outcomes, results from random-effects meta-analysis were presented as mean differences (MDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: The final analysis consisted of nine studies. Factors like re-intervention, hospitalization, and complications, each with its unique follow-up duration were assessed. Pooled analysis demonstrated significant results for greater re-intervention rates with UAE as compared to myomectomy (RR: 2.16, 95% CI: (1.27–3.66), p-value 0.004, heterogeneity I2 = 85%). UAE holds a greater but statistically insignificant risk for major complications (RR: 0.62, 95% CI: (0.29–1.33), p-value 0.22, heterogeneity I2 = 0%) and myomectomy shows a statistically insignificant greater risk for minor complications (RR: 1.72, 95% CI: (0.92–3.22), p-value 0.09, heterogeneity I2 = 0%). UAE had a shorter but statistically insignificant duration of hospital stay (MD: −1.12, 95% CI: (−2.50 to 0.27), p-value 0.11, heterogeneity I2 = 96%) ( p-value for subgroup differences = 0.005). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis of approximately 196,595 patients demonstrates that myomectomy results in a significant reduction in re-intervention rate compared to UAE.
Determinants of Food Security Status of Agricultural Households: An Empirical Investigation from Kuttanad Wetland System in Kerala, India
Authors: Kasim C. Mohammed , Harikumar S. 
Published: May 2024

Recent debates highlight that agriculture-based strategies can enhance food security. Thus, this article examined the incidence and determinants of food security of agricultural households in Kuttanad, a wetland region situated in the southern part of the state of Kerala in India. Towards this objective, we have collected food consumption data from households and converted them into an equivalent amount of calorie intake. Further, we define food security in terms of calorie adequacy using the minimum calorie norm of 1,800 kcal suggested by the Food and Agricultural Organization for India. Our empirical results reveal that 37% of the sample households are food insecure. The incidence of food insecurity is higher among poor sections like labour households, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), and Scheduled Castes families. Results of Probit regression show that below poverty line and AAY families are less likely to be food secure than above poverty line families. The purchase of cereals from the Public Distribution System is found to have a positive impact on the food security status of the households. Both farm income and non-farm income positively influence the probability of food security. The study concludes that there are impediments to realizing the linkages between agriculture and food security. JEL Classification: Q10, Q18, I32, C25
The global pattern of epiphytic liverwort disparity: insights from Frullania
Authors: Yu Ying , Fan Mei-Ying , Zhou Hong-Xia , Song Yue-Qin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe geographical and ecological patterns of morphological disparity are crucial to understand how species are assembled within communities in the context of the evolutionary history, morphological evolution and ecological interactions. However, with limited exceptions, rather few studies have been conducted on the global pattern of disparity, particularly in early land plants. Here we explored the spatial accumulation of disparity in a morphologically variable and species rich liverwort genus Frullania in order to test the hypothesis of latitude disparity gradient. We compiled a morphological data set consisting of eight continuous traits for 244 currently accepted species, and scored the species distribution into 19 floristic regions worldwide. By reconstructing the morphospace of all defined regions and comparisons, we identified a general Gondwana-Laurasia pattern of disparity in Frullania. This likely results from an increase of ecological opportunities and / or relaxed constraints towards low latitudes. The lowest disparity occurred in arid tropical regions, largely due to a high extinction rate as a consequence of paleoaridification. There was weak correlation between species diversity and disparity at different spatial scales. Furthermore, long-distance dispersal may have partially shaped the present-day distribution of Frullania disparity, given its frequency and the great contribution of widely distributed species to local morphospace. This study not only highlighted the crucial roles of paleoenvironmental changes, ecological opportunities, and efficient dispersal on the global pattern of plant disparity, but also implied its dependence on the ecological and physiological function of traits.