bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Gemini‐type Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Linkages in the Linker Moiety Directed Toward Green and Sustainable Chemistry
Authors: Banno Taisuke , Toshima Kazunobu , Kawada Kazuo , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGemini‐type cationic surfactants containing carbonate linkages as biodegradable and chemically recyclable segments, consisting of two long‐chain alkyl groups, two quaternary ammonium groups and a linker moiety, were designed and synthesized as novel green and sustainable cationics with improved physicochemical and biological activities. The gemini‐type cationics containing a carbonate linkage showed lower critical micelle concentration values compared to the corresponding single‐type cationics. Also, the gemini‐type cationics containing a carbonate linkage in the linker moiety showed strong antimicrobial activities. The biodegradability of the gemini‐type cationics was significantly improved when a carbonate linkage was introduced into the linker moiety. The maximum biochemical oxygen demand‐biodegradability of the gemini‐type cationics containing a carbonate linkage in the linker moiety exceeded 70% after a 28‐day incubation. Furthermore, the gemini‐type cationics containing both a carbonate linkage and an n‐dodecyl group showed a chemical recyclability using a lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3).
Corneal epithelial‐like transdifferentiation of hair follicle stem cells is mediated by pax6 and β‐catenin/Lef‐1
Authors: Yang Ke , Jiang Zilin , Wang Dong , Lian Xiaohua , Yang Tian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral types of adult stem cells are capable of transdifferentiaton into other types of tissues. The hair follicle bulge area is an abundant and easily accessible source of pluripotent adult stem cells. We demonstrate that the bulge KSCs have the potential for transdifferentiation into corneal epithelial‐like cells. Bulge KSCs isolated by collagen type IV adhesiveness possessed the highest colony formation efficiency (CFE), and expressed specific markers (CD34 and α6‐integrin). The isolated cells transdifferentiate into corneal epithelial‐like cells in conditioned medium containing corneal limbus soluble factors, including their specific marker, keratin12. The transdifferentiation depends on upregulation of pax6 and downregulation of β‐catenin and Lef‐1. Furthermore, overexpression of pax6 in bulge KSCs induced their expression of k12. The expressions of β‐catenin and Lef‐1 were not suppressed in the pax6‐transfected bulge KSCs, but which were downregulated pax6‐transfected cells cultured in the conditioned medium. Bulge KSCs may have potential therapeutic application as cell source for the construction of bioengineered corneas.
Neurological Examination of the Cat. How to Get Started
Authors: Garosi Laurent 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance Neurological diagnosis in veterinary practice can be very challenging, especially as many animals with neurological signs present as emergencies. Nevertheless, even in the absence of specialist facilities for definitively diagnosing neurological disorders, a great deal of information can be gained with some basic knowledge and a logical stepwise approach. Clinical challenges A lack of initial consideration as to where exactly the problem might be localised within the nervous system, and what kind of disease processes may be in operation there, is the most common cause of failure in the diagnosis of neurological conditions in cats. Too often, this presents a hurdle that pushes the clinician into neglecting the neurological evaluation in favour of making the best guess at which diagnostic tests may achieve a diagnosis. Audience This article is aimed at all first opinion practitioners who see cats as, undoubtedly, whatever the presentation, the approach to a suspected neurological case can be daunting for even the calmest and most patient clinician. It will provide the necessary tools to perform and make the most of the neurological examination of the feline patient.
The Wobbly Cat
Authors: Penderis Jacques 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance Generalised ataxia is one of the most common neurological presentations identified in cats in practice. The causes can be subdivided into three forms on the basis of the neuroanatomical diagnosis: cerebellar, vestibular and sensory (spinal or general proprioceptive) ataxia. The type of ataxia will determine the diagnostic procedures and select the differential diagnoses, and an accurate neuroanatomical diagnosis is therefore essential. The differential diagnosis list can then be further tailored on the basis of patient signalment, clinical presentation and progression.Global importance Irrespective of the world region, most of the causes of generalised ataxia in the cat are similar and many have been identified for a number of years (cerebellar hypoplasia has been recognised since the late 19th century). However, it is the advent of new technology, in particular veterinary access to magnetic resonance imaging, which has resulted in particularly rapid advances in our understanding, investigation and management of these different forms of ataxia.Audience This article introduces the classification of patients with ataxia on the basis of their clinical presentation, discusses the common differential diagnoses associated with each form, and briefly reviews the more important diseases from a clinical perspective. It is aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats.
The Paralyzed Cat
Authors: Negrin Arianna , Schatzberg Scott , Platt Simon R. 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance Although gait disturbance is one of the most common neurological presentations in feline medicine, the clinical approach to the paralyzed cat can be challenging. After excluding orthopedic and cardiovascular diseases that may mimic a neurological condition, the clinician has to address a long list of different diseases that may affect the spinal cord and produce paresis. Clinical challenges In many cases a definitive cause of spinal weakness in cats is difficult to prove. Even when treatable diseases are identified, the prognosis is very much dependent on the severity of the clinical signs and their chronicity. This review sets out to describe the specific approach, diagnosis and management of cats with spinal cord disease and to outline the most common diseases responsible. Patient group Patients of either gender and all ages and breeds can be affected by spinal cord disease. Evidence base Many diseases affecting the spinal cord of cats, which include fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy, intervertebral disc disease, exogenous spinal cord trauma, spinal cord lymphosarcoma and feline infectious peritonitis, are well described in the literature. Many of these descriptions, however, have been based on case reports or series. While there have been several retrospective studies that describe the characteristics and incidence of these diseases in cats, there are no long term treatment trials or outcome studies to assist with prognostic determinations.
The Weak Cat
Authors: Nghiem Peter P. , Platt Simon R. , Schatzberg Scott 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance Weakness is recognized somewhat infrequently in cats, but is an important manifestation of neurological disease. The clinician must perform a complete neurological examination to determine the neuroanatomic basis for the weakness. As for all species, the neuroanatomic diagnosis allows the clinician to generate an appropriate differential diagnosis, to design a diagnostic plan, to prognosticate, and ultimately to develop a treatment plan.Clinical challenges The cause(s) of neurological weakness in the cat may be difficult to determine without access to advanced imaging modalities, cerebrospinal fluid analysis or electrodiagnostics. However, an accurate neuroanatomic diagnosis allows the clinician to pursue preliminary anomalous (vertebral anomalies), metabolic (eg, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte abnormalities) and neoplastic differentials via blood work, vertebral column and thoracic radiography, and abdominal ultrasound. Subsequently, referral to a specialty veterinary hospital may be warranted to pursue advanced neurodiagnostics.Audience This review provides a framework for generating a neuroanatomic and differential diagnosis in the weak cat. It also discusses the pathogenesis and clinical signs associated with the most common neurological differentials for feline paresis. As such, it is aimed at both primary health care and specialty veterinarians.Patient group The neurological conditions discussed in this review cause weakness in cats of all age groups.
The Seizuring Cat
Authors: Bailey Kerry Smith , Dewey Curtis W. 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance Although seizures occur less commonly in cats compared with dogs, they are one of the most common forms of neurological disease in the feline patient. Cats may experience both focal (partial) and generalized seizures and causes are divided into primary disorders, in which there is no underlying cause (ie, idiopathic epilepsy), and secondary disorders. Cats with secondary seizure disorders have either an underlying structural lesion or metabolic disease. Patient group Seizures affect cats of all ages. Cats with idiopathic epilepsy tend to be younger (approximately 3.5 years) than cats with secondary seizure disorders (approximately 8 years). Audience This review of feline seizures is directed at all veterinarians who treat cats, both in an emergency setting as well as in general practice. Clinical challenges Refractory seizures are often a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A systematic approach to the seizuring cat is described, easing the task of diagnosing the cause of the seizures. In addition, novel antiepileptics are discussed, which can be used as add-on drugs in challenging feline seizure cases. Evidence base Compared with the canine counterpart, the literature regarding treatment of feline seizures is less established. Recent clinical trials and studies are focusing on new treatment options for feline seizures. Specifically, these studies, some of which are ongoing, have led to the use of levetiracetam, zonisamide and pregabalin as add-on antiepileptics in cases that are refractory to phenobarbital.
The Cat with Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Authors: Kent Marc 
Published: April 2009

Practical relevance A number of systemic diseases are associated with neurological deficits. Most systemic diseases that impact on the nervous system result in multifocal neurological signs; however, isolated deficits can also be observed. This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy.Clinical challenges Early recognition of systemic signs of illness in conjunction with neurological deficits will allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. While neurological examination of the feline patient can undoubtedly be challenging, hopefully the accompanying articles in this special issue will enable the clinician to approach these cases with more confidence.Evidence base The veterinary literature contains numerous reports detailing the impact of systemic disease on the nervous system. Unfortunately, very few references provide detailed descriptions of large cohorts of affected cats. This review summarises the literature underpinning the four key diseases under discussion.
Endoscopic transnasal study of the infratemporal fossa: A new orientation
Authors: Herzallah Islam R. , Germani Ross , Casiano Roy R. 
Published: April 2009

IntroductionThe medial portion of the infratemporal fossa (ITF) is not infrequently involved in sinonasal and skull base pathologies. However, endoscopic view of the ITF remains unclear with lack of studies addressing this region from the endoscopic perspective.MethodsUsing an extended endoscopic approach, the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae were dissected in 10 sides of five adult cadaver heads. A plane of dissection along the pterygoid base and the infratemporal surface of the greater sphenoid wing was developed. High‐quality images were produced by coupling the video camera to a digital recording system.ResultsThe foramen rotundum, ovale, and spinosum were accessed and new landmarks were described from the endoscopic point of view. The sphenomandibularis muscle was also highlighted. Maxillary and mandibular nerves and middle meningeal artery were all identified. Columellar measurements to the foramen rotundum and ovale ranged from 6.1 to 8.0 cm for the former and 7.0 to 9.1 cm for the latter, with a mean of 6.75 cm and 7.78 cm respectively.ConclusionThe current study provides a novel endoscopic orientation to the medial ITF. Such knowledge should provide an anatomical basis for experienced surgeons to endoscopically address this region with more safety and efficacy.
Impf-Recall bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung zur Steigerung der Durchimpfungsraten: Ergebnisse eines Pilotprojekts an fünf bayerischen Gesundheitsämtern
Authors: Angermayr Lucia , Sing Andreas 
Published: April 2009

Einleitung
Erinnerungssysteme haben sich als nützlich für die Steigerung von Durchimpfungsraten gezeigt. Auch Impferinnerungen für Kinderschutzimpfungen erwiesen sich als effektiv. Vor dem Hintergrund des WHO-Zieles der weltweiten Masern-Elimination wurde ein Impferinnerungssystem (sog. Impf-Recall) bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung als eine Möglichkeit zur Erhöhung der Durchimpfungsraten an fünf bayerischen Gesundheitsämtern erprobt.
Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
Authors: Buffen Aron M. , Thompson Lonnie G. , Mosley-Thompson Ellen , Huh Kyung In 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRadiocarbon dating of well-preserved, in-place vegetation exposed by the retreating Quelccaya Ice Cap of southeastern Peru constrains the last time the ice cap's extent was smaller than at present. Seventeen plant samples from two sites along the central western margin collectively date to 4700 and 5100 cal yr BP and strongly indicate that current ice cap retreat is unprecedented over the past ∼ 5 millennia. Seventeen vegetation samples interbedded in a nearby clastic sedimentary sequence suggest ice-free conditions at this site from ∼ 5200 to at least ∼ 7000 cal yr BP, and place minimum constraint on early- to mid-Holocene ice cap extent.
High yield fusion in a staged Z-pinch
Authors: RAHMAN H. U. , WESSEL F. J. , ROSTOKER N. , NEY P. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe simulate fusion in a Z-pinch, where the load is a xenon-plasma liner imploding onto a deuterium–tritium (DT) plasma target and the driver is a 2 MJ, 17 MA, 95 ns risetime pulser. The implosion system is modeled using the dynamic, 2D, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code, MACH2. During implosion a shock forms in the Xe liner, transporting current and energy radially inward. After collision with the DT, a secondary shock forms pre-heating the DT to several hundred electronvolts. Adiabatic compression leads subsequently to a fusion burn, as the target is surrounded by a flux-compressed, intense, azimuthal-magnetic field. The intense-magnetic field confines fusion α-particles, providing an additional source of ion heating that leads to target ignition. The target remains stable up to the time of ignition. Predictions are for a neutron yield of 3.0 × 1019 and a thermonuclear energy of 84 MJ, that is, 42 times greater than the initial, capacitor-stored energy.
Enhanced ion acceleration by collisionless electrostatic shock in thin foils irradiated by ultraintense laser pulse
Authors: Liu M.-P. , Xie B.-S. , Huang Y.-S. , Liu J. , Yu M.Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe formation of collisionless electrostatic shock (CES) and ion acceleration in thin foils irradiated by intense laser pulse is investigated using particle-in-cell simulation. The CES can appear in the expanding plasma behind the foil when self-induced transparency occurs. The transmitting laser pulse can expel target-interior electrons, in addition to the electrons from the front target surface. The additional hot electrons lead to an enhanced and spatially-extended sheath field behind the foil. As the CES propagates in the plasma, it also continuously forward-reflects many of the upstream ions to higher energies. The latter ions are further accelerated by the enhanced sheath field and can overtake and shield the target-normal sheath accelerated ions. The energy gain of the CES accelerated ions can thus be considerably higher than that of the latter.
Theoretical calculation of atomic data for plasma spectroscopy
Authors: Stancalie V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn the present article, a number of theoretical approximations and numerical methods, varying in complexity, are reviewed, in order to facilitate their selection for plasma diagnostic purposes. Results refer to highly charged ions, particularly in the lithium isoelectronic sequence. This article describes progress in understanding the role of laser induced degenerate state phenomenon on resonances obtained by using lasers. This type of process, implicitly included in the R-matrix Floquet calculation, contributes to some degree, to the overall behavior of the resonance profiles. The present article gives comparative results obtained fromab initionon-perturbative treatment and perturbative calculation of autoionization widths in Be-like ions. The effective oscillator strength for complex highly ionized atoms is, also, provided. Such calculations are of interest as they represent accurate benchmark data for beam emission spectroscopy, Zeff analysis, or complex atoms modeling in fusion plasma devices.
Trajectory tracking control in workspace-defined tasks for nonholonomic mobile manipulators
Authors: Mazur Alicja 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThis paper considers a problem of tracking control design for different types of nonholonomic mobile manipulators. The mobile platform is in form of a unicycle. In the first step, an input–output decoupling controller is developed. The proposed selection of output functions is in more general form than the output functions previously introduced by others [Yamamoto and Yun]. It makes possible to move simultaneously, the mobile platform and the manipulator built on it. Regularity conditions that guarantee the existence of the input–output decoupling control law are presented. In the second step, trajectory and path tracking controllers are formulated and presented. Theoretical considerations are illustrated with simulations for the mobile manipulator consisting of a vertical, three degree of freeedom (DOF) pendulum (with holonomic or nonholonomic drives) mounted atop of a unicycle.
Amino acid carryover in the subzonal space of mouse fertilized ova affects subsequent transport kinetics
Authors: Rudraraju Nirmala , Baltz Jay M. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryWe have investigated whether culture in glycine-containing medium affects subsequent glycine transport by the specific transport system, GLYT1, which is the sole glycine transporter in fertilized mouse ova. When fertilized ova were maintained for 6 h in culture with a physiological level of glycine (1 mM), subsequent transport of radiolabelled glycine was decreased by 40% compared with fertilized ova that had been maintained in glycine-free medium. Kinetic measurements showed that the apparent glycine affinity was decreased after culture with glycine (Kmincreased from 0.20 to 0.41 mM), but maximal transport rate was unchanged (similar Vmaxof 20 and 23 fmol/fertilized ovum/min). These findings could have reflected activation of GLYT1 by prolonged substrate starvation, similar to some other amino acid transport systems. However, our findings were instead consistent with the alteration in glycine transport being due to trapping of glycine within the zona pellucida resulting in competitive transport inhibition even after ova were removed from glycine-containing media. First, even very brief exposures to glycine resulted in decreased subsequent glycine transport rates, with a maximal effect apparent within ~6 min. Second, extensive washing (at least six) reversed the effect. Third, the effect was absent when zona-free fertilized ova were used. Thus, it appears that components of the external environment of preimplantation embryos may continue to affect transport kinetics for a period even after embryos are removed from environments that contain them.
Learning human multimodal dialogue strategies
Authors: RIESER V. , LEMON O. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe investigate the use of different machine learning methods in combination with feature selection techniques to explore human multimodal dialogue strategies and the use of those strategies for automated dialogue systems. We learn policies from data collected in a Wizard-of-Oz study where different human ‘wizards’ decide whether to ask a clarification request in a multimodal manner or else to use speech alone. We first describe the data collection, the coding scheme and annotated corpus, and the validation of the multimodal annotations. We then show that there is a uniform multimodal dialogue strategy across wizards, which is based on multiple features in the dialogue context. These are generic features, available at runtime, which can be implemented in dialogue systems. Our prediction models (for human wizard behaviour) achieve a weighted f-score of 88.6 per cent (which is a 25.6 per cent improvement over the majority baseline). We interpret and discuss the learned strategy. We conclude that human wizard behaviour is not optimal for automatic dialogue systems, and argue for the use of automatic optimization methods, such as Reinforcement Learning. Throughout the investigation we also discuss the issues arising from using small initial Wizard-of-Oz data sets, and we show that feature engineering is an essential step when learning dialogue strategies from such limited data.
Detection of a quorum sensing signal molecule of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli and its regulation of pathogenicity
Authors: Tao Chen , Guo-Liang Qian , Xiao-Li Yang , Jun-Yi Ma , Bai-Shi Hu , Feng-Quan Liu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn efficient AHL (N-acyl-homoserine lactone) bioassay strain, JZA1, of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to detect the AHL production from Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli [the pathogen causing bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of melons], and the results showed that A. avenae subsp. citrulli produced a 3-O-C8-homoserine (HSL) type signal molecule. Gene aiiA, which could degrade AHL molecules, was transformed into A. avenae subsp. citrulli strain NJF10, creating strain NJF10-aiiA. The AHL production from NJF10-aiiA was significantly reduced compared with wild-type NJF10. Inoculation tests showed that NJF10-aiiA had an obvious reduction of virulence on watermelon fruits. Our finds showed that AHL production by A. avenae subsp. citrulli was related to its pathogenicity. This work might provide a novel way to control BFB by QS (quorum sensing) interference.
Small Colony Variants and Senescent Bacteria
Authors: Jacob Jaison 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSmall colony variants (SCVs) are bacterial subpopulation that grow slowly and form smaller colonies. They have been described for a wide range of bacterial species, but most extensively studied for Staphylococci. They are considered as mutants that are auxotrophic to hemin, thiamine or thymidine. In the presence of auxotrophic agents, they revert to normal growth. They are tolerant to many antibiotics and are implicated in chronic and persistent infections. In this presentation, it is proposed that most of them are normal senescent bacteria that do not revert in the presence of auxotrophic agents. SCVs can explain the concentration dependent killing property, long post-antibiotic effect and increased resistance to aminoglycosides.