bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substituted Dihydroxybenzoic Acids as Possible Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Lightowler J E , Rylance H J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of substituted dihydroxybenzoic acids was prepared and examined for anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds which showed activity were derived from γ-resorcylic acid. The introduction of a halogen atom at positions 3 and 5 and a benzyl or methyl group at position 4 gave marked activity but also increased toxicity.
The Relative Potencies of Thyroxine and Liothyronine by Oral and Subcutaneous Administration in the Rat
Authors: Wiberg G S , Devlin W F , Stephenson N R , Carter J R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In goitre prevention assays in adult female rats, thyroxine was only one-fifth to one-sixth as active by mouth as by subcutaneous injection whereas liothyronine had about the same biological activity for the two routes of administration. These findings provide an explanation for the fact that thyroxine was one-sixth to one-seventh as active as liothyronine when injected subcutaneously but only one-twentieth to one-thirtieth as potent when the hormones were administered orally. Chemical examination of three commercially available thyroxine samples which were labelled as “chromatographically pure” revealed that one of them contained approximately 10 per cent liothyronine. The presence of this contaminant had a marked influence on the biological responses of the test animals to this preparation.
The Solubility of Iodine in Aqueous Solutions of Non-Ionic Surface-Active Agents
Authors: Hugo W B , Newton J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubility of iodine in aqueous solutions of Cetomacrogol 1000 B.P.C., polyethylene glycol 1540 and cetyl and lauryl ethers of polyoxyethylene glycol has been determined. In the region of the critical micelle concentration of cetomacrogol the solubility is below that in water. Well above the CMC, the solubility increases linearly with the concentration of cetomacrogol. Over the temperature range 20–50° the solubility of iodine in aqueous cetomacrogol solution increases with rise of temperature. When a solution is heated and cooled the amount of iodine in the cooled solution is greater than can be obtained by equilibration at that temperature alone. Not all the iodine added to the surface-active agent systems is available for titration with sodium thiosulphate; the unavailable iodine can be accounted for as hydrogen iodide. For 200 g./litre solutions of polyoxyethylene glycol cetyl and lauryl ethers, the available iodine in solution decreases with the number of ethylene oxide units of the ether, but the molecular ratio of iodine to ether increases with the number of ethylene oxide units. The evidence indicates that formation of a complex between iodine and the surface-active agents is in some way involved in the mechanism of the solubilisation process.
The Hydrolysis of Propyl Benzoate in Aqueous Solutions of Cetomacrogol
Authors: Mitchell A G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The alkaline hydrolysis of n-propyl benzoate in aqueous cetomacrogol solutions has been investigated. The rate of hydrolysis of solubilised ester in the presence of 100 per cent excess of sodium hydroxide is a first order process in which the rate decreases with increase in cetomacrogol concentration. This indicates that incorporation of ester within the micelles protects it against hydrolysis. The rate of reaction depends on the degree of saturation of the dispersion and not on the actual concentrations of ester or cetomacrogol except in so far as these control the degree of saturation. The degree of saturation is expressed as a “Saturation Ratio” which is the ratio of the ester concentration to its solubility.
Eserine and autonomic nervous control of guinea-pig vas deferens
Authors: Bella D Della , Benelli G , Gandini A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the presence of eserine, the isolated preparation of guinea-pig vas deferens responds to electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve with enhanced contractions, which are no longer antagonised by adrenergic blocking agents but are strongly inhibited by atropine. Similarly, in preparations from reserpine-pretreated animals which have become unresponsive to the hypogastric stimulation, eserine elicits full-size responses which are almost completely abolished by atropine and not affected by adrenergic blocking drugs. Direct stimulation with acetylcholine contracts the vas deferens both of normal and reserpinised animals: the responses are antagonised by atropine and enhanced by eserine. It is concluded that there are grounds for inferring that eserine acts not by enhancing an adrenergic mechanism, but by uncovering a parasympathetic cholinergic component in the autonomic nervous control of the preparation.
Effect of various drugs on carrageenin-induced oedema in the rat hind paw
Authors: Niemegeers C J E , Verbruggen F J , Janssen P A J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Local oedema in the rat hind paw is induced by subplantar injection of a 1% suspension of carrageenin. An assay procedure for the analysis of inhibitory effects of drugs on this inflammatory process is described. The results obtained with a single oral dose of 14 antirheumatic drugs (3 steroids and 11 non-steroids) and of 49 substances without established clinical antirheumatic value are reported. Only 8 compounds were found to be completely devoid of anti-carrageenin activity. Others were active at dose levels producing striking behavioural, autonomic or toxic effects. All clinically established antirheumatic substances were active in the carrageenin test at non-toxic doses producing no obvious behavioural or autonomic effects and data on dose-response relationship of these compounds are presented. It is concluded that the assay in its present form is an acceptable preliminary screening test for antirheumatic activity.
Toxicity and tissue distribution studies on the hydrochloride, bismuth iodide complex and a resinate of emetine
Authors: Child K J , Davis B , Dodds M G , Tomich E G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The hydrochloride, the bismuth iodide complex and a resinate of emetine have been compared on mice, cats and dogs for toxicity, on cats for emetic activity and on rats for distribution of emetine in the tissues. Emetine hydrochloride, injected sub-cutaneously, was as toxic as emetine hydrochloride or emetine bismuth iodide administered orally, but only one-sixth as emetic. Given orally emetine resinate was considerably less toxic and emetic than the other preparations. The patterns of emetine distribution in the tissues of rats were similar for all the preparations, but the tissue concentrations were much lower with emetine resinate. In infected rats the resinate was as amoebicidal as the hydrochloride or the bismuth iodide complex. It is suggested that emetine resinate might be better than emetine bismuth iodide for the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis.
A note on the electrically transmurally stimulated isolated trachea of the guinea-pig
Authors: Foster R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The isolated trachea of the guinea-pig was stimulated electrically transmurally to give a biphasic response. The initial contraction was abolished by atropine and was rapidly succeeded by relaxation which was blocked by low concentrations of dichloro-isoprenaline. The relaxation was also blocked by procaine, guanethidine, or by previous treatment of the animal with reserpine, but not with hexamethonium. It was concluded that the effects of transmural stimulation were mediated by post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves innervating beta receptors.
The synthesis of some potential antibacterial agents
Authors: Chase B H , Weller W T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of 37 potential antibacterial agents is described. Most of them possess the structure R—X—R’ where R and R’ are substituted phenyl groups and X is a short bridging group; 25 different examples of X have been studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus and against Escherichia coli are recorded.
The identification and determination of lysergic acid diethylamide in narcotic seizures
Authors: Genest K , Farmilo C G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Methods are described by which lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can be identified and determined in the presence of heroin, other narcotics and controlled drugs. Thin layer chromatography and an Ehrlich’s-reagent spray is applied to the LSD-containing material. For confirmation, thin layer chromatography after ultra-violet irradiation and acid hydrolysis should be carried out where ergot alkaloids are present. Spectrophotofluorometric analysis of LSD can be used in the presence of heroin, other narcotics and controlled drugs with a standard error of ±2%. If ergot alkaloids are present, thin layer separation, elution and subsequent fluorometric analysis are recommended.
Translocation of alkaloids in Datura species
Authors: Evans W C , Griffin W J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ditigloyl esters of the hydroxytropanes, normally found in the roots of Datura spp. occur also in the transpiration stream of D, innoxia and D. cornigera although they do not accumulate in the aerial parts. An alkaloid previously isolated from the leaves or roots of a number of species, and now obtained from the transpiration stream is probably an optical isomer of norhyoscine. Hyoscine is the principal alkaloid of the sap of both the species investigated and noratropine and hyoscyamine are also present.
Note on the in vitro assay of corticotrophin
Authors: Cann M C , Devlin W F , Stephenson N R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Factors affecting the precision of the in vitro assay of corticotrophin using quartered adrenals of rats have been examined. Satisfactory results were obtained only by using tissue from healthy adult male Wistar rats which had been kept quiet and at a constant temperature for several days before the assay. Greater precision was obtained from rats first anaesthetised with pentobarbitone and then decapitated. The assay is not considered to be an adequate procedure for checking commercial injections of corticotrophin.
Anticholinesterase activity and charge delocalisation in “aliphatic” and “aromatic” quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Thomas J , Staniforth D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The anticholinesterase activities of a homologous series of trimethyl(phenylalkyl)-ammonium bromides have been determined and compared with anti-acetylcholinesterase activities previously reported. The pattern of results obtained with the two enzymes differs widely. The surface activities of the compounds at a constant molar concentration was determined in order to investigate the influence of the “distribution effect” on the anticholinesterase activities of the compounds. The anticholinesterase activities of a series of polycyclic aromatic quaternary compounds have also been determined and compared with their previously reported anti-acetylcholinesterase activities. With these compounds, the pattern of results obtained with the two enzymes was similar.
The influence of hydrochloric acid on the chromatographic behaviour of sympathomimetic catecholamines
Authors: Roberts D J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The behaviour of three catecholamines on paper chromatograms is shown to be markedly influenced by hydrochloric acid. Double spot formation exhibited by noradrenaline acid tartrate, for example, results from the use of hydrochloric acid in the developing solvent, but the formation of the second spot is prevented when the amine is applied to the paper from solution in dilute hydrochloric acid. Retention of amine at the application area and additional multiple spot phenomena are exhibited by all of the three amines investigated when chromatographed from concentrated hydrochloric acid. The significance of these and related observations is discussed in relation to the use of hydrochloric acid during the separation of catecholamines from biological tissues and fluids.
The effect of some ganglionic stimulants and blocking drugs on acetylcholine release from the mammalian neuromuscular junction
Authors: Beani L , Bianchi Clementina , Bieber G , Ledda F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), hexamethonium and pempidine on release of acetylcholine from the guinea-pig phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation has been investigated. Neither nicotine nor DMPP, 2 × 10−5, modified acetylcholine release from the hemidiaphragms at rest or indirectly stimulated at 50/sec: therefore their neuromuscular blocking action has only a postjunctional origin. Hexamethonium, 4 × 10−4, significantly reduced the output of transmitter from preparations stimulated at 50/sec at 38°. It did not affect the release of acetylcholine from hemidiaphragms at rest or the acetylcholine content of the muscle. The presynaptic effect of hexamethonium is probably related to its linkage with “receptors” present on the surface of the nerve endings. Pempidine, 1 × 10−4, diminished the release of acetylcholine from the preparations at rest or stimulated either at 50 or at 6/sec. The effect was related to the frequency and to the temperature. Moreover, the drug reduced the acetylcholine content of the muscle. This effect may be the result of non-specific metabolic inhibition or of an impairment of choline transport system.
Oxidation of benzaldehyde in some single phase betaine-benzaldehyde-water systems
Authors: Swarbrick J , Carless J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The oxidation rates of increasing concentrations of benzaldehyde in ternary systems of the L1 type have been measured in aqueous solutions of four betaine homologues. On applying corrections for extra-micellar material, the rate becomes independent of the betaine concentration and is related to the micellar ratio of benzaldehyde to betaine when this ratio exceeds 1. The rate of oxidation in an LC system has been determined and compared with that in L1 systems. The site and mechanism of the oxidation reaction in these systems is postulated.
Synthesis of aliphatic amino-acid hydrazides as potential tuberculostatic agents
Authors: Edwards D , Hamer D , Stewart W H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some dialkylamino-aliphatic acid hydrazides and bis(hydrazinocarbonyl) compounds have been prepared and tested for antituberculosis activity. None of these compounds was found to possess tuberculostatic activity of the same order as that of isoniazid.
Neuromuscular blocking agents: alkyl and heterocyclic analogues of simple linear trisonium compounds
Authors: Carey Fiona MacLeod , Furst C I , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A further series of linear hexamethylene-NNN-trisonium compounds has been synthesised and tested for neuromuscular blocking activity. In the alkyl-substituted derivatives, at least one Et is required for significant potency in mammals. Apart from the Et2Bun and EtBu2n compounds, larger alkyl substituents lower potency. High potency in mammals requires at least two Et groups on the terminal nitrogens, if the third group is not Me. Only weak activity was shown by the morpholino-deriatives but the fowl was highly sensitive towards the piperidino- and tetrahydro-papaverino-compounds. The results are discussed.
An investigation of die wall friction during the compaction of powders
Authors: Lewis C J , Train David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Crystalline aspirin, hexamine, sucrose, and sodium chloride, and simple granulations of hexamine and of sucrose, have been compressed and the die reaction determined using a “moving-die” technique. The shear strength of the ejected compacts has been measured under zero load conditions, and when compressed to theoretical density, using a punch penetration test. Calculated values of die reaction based on friction theory have been compared with experimental measurements. Correlation between the two is best for aspirin and hexamine crystals when the compact approaches theoretical density and shear strength values for compacts of zero porosity are used in the calculations; for sodium chloride, correlation is best when shear strength values under zero load conditions are used.
Inhibition of rat brain glutamate decarboxylase activity by salicylate in vitro
Authors: Gould B J , Smith M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Salicylate inhibited rat brain glutamate decarboxylase activity in vitro. The mechanism of the inhibition appeared to involve irreversible combination of the drug with the enzyme protein. Salicylate also decreased the incorporation of radioactivity from l-glutamic acid-14C(U) into γ-aminobutyrate in preparations of rat brain, an effect consistent with an inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase activity by the drug.
Modification of the hypoglycaemic response to tolbutamide and insulin by mebanazine—an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase
Authors: Barrett A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Following reports of clinical changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of diabetic patients receiving mebanazine, possible interactions between mebanazine, adrenaline, tolbutamide and insulin have been studied in rats. Mebanazine had no activity on blood sugar levels and was found to have no effect on the metabolic actions of injected adrenaline. In acute experiments, mebanazine appeared to reduce the net hypoglycaemic action of tolbutamide but had no effect on the response to insulin. In chronic experiments, mebanazine pre-treatment led to a significant potentiation of the hypoglycaemic responses both to tolbutamide and insulin. The possible mechanisms of action and the clinical implications are discussed.
An apparatus for the investigation of die wall friction during compaction
Authors: Lewis C J , Train David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A “moving-die” apparatus is described for use in the investigation of die wall friction during the compaction of powders. The powder can be compressed at constant rates varying from 344–860 kg/sec; the die can be moved at a constant rate at values of 0.1–0.25 cm/sec. The apparatus can also be used to apply the force necessary to cause shear in a punch penetration test for the measurement of shear strength of the ejected compacts. Preliminary experiments with 20–30 mesh crystalline sucrose indicate that values of die reaction, Fd, and ejection force, Fe, increase with increased applied pressure. For a given compaction pressure, Fe and Fd decreased as the rate of application of the compacting force increased. For the range of rates available Fd was independent of the rate of movement of the die. The shear strength of ejected compacts prepared at a constant pressure increased with increase in the rate at which the shear force was applied.
The action of arsenic on Bacillus cereus
Authors: Mandel H George , Mayersak Jerome S , Riis Margit 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sodium arsenite (0–4 mm) inhibited the growth of exponentially growing Bacillus cereus, whereas sodium arsenate was growth-inhibitory only at 10 mm concentration. When the phosphate concentration was reduced sharply, 3.3 mm sodium arsenate inhibited growth, whereas the inhibitory effect of arsenite was independent of phosphate concentration. Neither arsenite nor arsenate produced any specific effects on the incorporation of precursors into ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids, protein or cell wall, in support of the concept that their actions were at stages of energy utilisation rather than biosynthesis of macromolecules. Although some 74arsenate may have been bound by cells during inhibition of growth, 74arsenite was selectively and potently concentrated in micro-organisms. There was no evidence for the formation of arsenic-containing nucleic acids nor were labelled organic intermediates found. No instance of interconversion between pentavalent and trivalent states of arsenic could be established, and it was concluded that both compounds inhibited the growth of B. cereus by separate mechanisms.
The structure of rubreserine, a decomposition product of physostigmine
Authors: Robinson B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Confirmation of the structure of rubreserine as the resonance hybrid (I) ←—⋙ (II) has been obtained by comparison of its ultraviolet, infrared, and proton magnetic resonance spectra with those of adrenochrome (III) ←—⋙(IV).
A note on the alkaloidal content of Datura innoxia Miller
Authors: Shah C S , Khanna P N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hyoscyamine, hyoscine and meteloidine have been found in the leaves, herbs and roots of D. innoxia Miller, but only hyoscyamine and hyoscine are present in flowers, pericarps and seeds. In addition, the roots contain 7-hydroxy-3,6-ditigloyl-oxytropane, (–)-3α,6β-ditigloyloxytropane, tropine and pseudotropine. All the parts of the plant contain a higher percentage of hyoscyamine or hyoscyamine and meteloidine mixture than of hyoscine.
Effects of enzymes on Yucca glauca Nutt. and other steroid-yielding monocotyledons
Authors: Blunden G , Hardman R , Wensley W R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A routine assay procedure for steroidal sapogenins in plant tissue is described in which the endogenous enzymes are allowed to function before the tissue is treated with acid. Inhibition of this enzyme action either by disintegration of the tissue in acid or by autoclaving gave a low yield from the leaf, corm, rhizome, tuber or root of the genera so tested (Agave, Aletris, Asparagus, Smilax, Trillium and Yucca). Oven-dried material, in powder, needed to be incubated with water for one day for the full sapogenin-affording enzyme activity to occur. When autoclaved leaf of Yucca glauca Nutt. was incubated with commercial cellulase it gave about 80% of the yield of sapogenin afforded by the unheated leaf. The yield is also given when emulsin or pectinase is used instead of the endogenous enzymes.
Action of the neurohypophysial hormones on the vascular system of the male monkey and the rooster
Authors: Chaudhury R R , Tarak T K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Oxytocin caused a fall in the blood pressure of the normal, oestrogen- and progesterone-treated male monkeys. Vasopressin always caused a rise of blood pressure in similarly treated monkeys and oestrogen and progesterone treatment did not enhance the pressor response. Oxytocin also caused a fall in the blood pressure of the normal, oestrogen- and progesterone-treated rooster.
The response to transmural stimulation of isolated arterial strips and its modification by drugs
Authors: Paterson Gavin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Transmural electrical stimulation of isolated aortic strips of rabbits, induced contractions of the muscle which were blocked by concentrations of cocaine and lignocaine which augmented the response to noradrenaline. The adrenergic neurone blocking agents bretylium, guanethidine and bethanidine also blocked selectively the response to transmural stimulation. With bretylium and guanethidine the responses to noradrenaline were augmented. α-Receptor blockade with piperoxan, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids also blocked the responses to transmural stimulation. Cocaine in low concentration and dexamphetamine augmented the responses to electrical stimulation. They also delayed onset of block with adrenergic neurone blocking drugs and reversed this when it was already established. Hexamethonium and pentolinium, in concentrations which in other tissues are known to cause complete blockade of ganglionic transmission. had no effect on electrical stimulation. It is concluded that the responses to electrical stimulation are the result of excitation of post-ganglionic adrenergic axons in the walls of the arterial preparation. Strips of common carotid, superior mesenteric, renal, pulmonary and common iliac arteries of the rabbit gave responses to electrical stimulation similar to those of the aorta.