bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a Particular Form of Surface, apparently the Result of Glacial Erosion, seen on Loch Lochy and Elsewhere
Authors: Blanford W. T. 
Published: October 2009

There is a form of surface, the result, I believe, of glacial action and subsequent subaerial denudation, of which I have now seen examples in widely–separated areas. I first noticed it on Lake Como, then in the Great Glen of Scotland, and again in British Columbia.
1
These are the only striking instances that I have seen, but smaller and less conspicuous examples appear to be common in valleys that have been traversed by glaciers.

The surface in question consists of an almost even plane, sloping at a moderate or high angle, and cut at intervals by small ravines or channels, along which rain drains on.
I think it probable, indeed almost certain, that this peculiarity must have been noticed by other geologists. I have not succeeded in finding any description of it, despite some search, but I shall not be surprised if it has attracted the attention of some among the many eminent observers who have studied the glacial phenomena of Scotland, and if it has been fully described, perhaps by more than one. I do not call attention to the peculiar surface because I think it new to geologists, but because I believe, for reasons that will appear in the sequel, that this combination of glacial and freshwater erosion is worthy of further examination and record. I should perhaps have published some notes on it before, had I been able to obtain photographs or figures of the locality, but until recently I have been unable to procure any. Last
Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part II.The Geology of Mount Kenya
Authors: Gregory J. W. 
Published: October 2009

I Introduction.
Mount Kenya, the greatest mountain in British East Africa, was discovered by Ludwig Krapf, 2 when on December 3rd, 1849, he saw its two-horned summit from a hill above the Wakamba village of Kitui. No suggestion as to the structure of Kenya was made until 1883, when Joseph Thomson, after a view of the mountain across the Laikipia plateau, described it as the denuded remnant of an old volcano. ‘The peak,’ he tells us, ‘without a doubt represents the column of lava which closed the volcanic life of the mountain . . . . The crater has been gradually washed away.’ The first definite geological information about Kenya we owe to Count S. Teleki, who was the first European to reach the mountain; in 1887 he climbed the western slopes to the height, of about 13,800 feet, and brought back some rock-specimens which have been described in detail in a valuable memoir by A. Rosiwal. This petrologist determined the specimens as augite-andesite, andesitepitehstone (hyalo-andesite), and phonolite, and thus proved the volcanic nature of the mountain.
Teleki's account of the structure of Mount Kenya differed, however, from that of !Fnomson. The former climbed through the forest-belt from Ndoro and entered a valley, which I have named the Teleki Valley (see map, P1. X); he followed this eastward until it suddenly bent northward and expanded into two great glacier-filled valleys, on the southern and south-western sides of the central peak. The high western wall of the Tyndall Glacier, the main
Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part III. The Nepheline-Syenite and Camptonitic Dykes intrusive in the Coast Series
Authors: Gregory J. W. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The interest of the great volcanic series of British East Africa is lessened by one drawback. The sequence of the lavas evidently extended over a prolonged period; a vast interval must have intervened between the eruptions that poured out the materials which form the rolling plains of Laikipia and the Athi, and those that built up the existing craters of Longonot and the Kyulu Chain. But this long series of volcanic rocks is not associated with contemporary sedimentary deposits whereof the age is known. The lacustrine beds interstratified with the volcanic rocks will no doubt some day yield up the vertebrate fossils which probably occur in them. Until then, however, the evidence for the correlation of the volcanic series of British East Africa remains deplorably scanty.
Accordingly I was much interested when, as I was passing through Mombasa in 1893, Mr. C. W. Hobley told me of some dykes intrusive in Jurassic rocks at the back of Wasin, an island south of Mombasa, where the British East Africa Company then had a station. Mr. Hobley showed me a specimen of the rock forming Mount Jombo, which he regarded, no doubt correctly, as the massif whence the dykes were given off. As I was unable myself to visit the locality, Mr. Hobley most kindly procured for me specimens of the dykes, and gave me three specimens of the rock from Mount Jombo itself. This material forms the basis of the present paper.

Mr. Hobley
1
has himself referred to the
On an Intrusion of Diabase into Permo-Carboniferous Rocks in Frederick Henry Bay, Tasmania
Authors: Stephens T. 
Published: October 2009

The most striking features in the geological structure of by far the greater part of Tasmania are the lofty mountain-ranges, which, to the casual observer, appear to consist solely of diabasic greenstone, or dolerite, as it is variously termed. Tasmania is in extent nearly as large as Ireland, and this rock occupies the summits of all the mountains in the eastern half of the island, extending well into the western half in the central and southern districts, and reaching a maximum altitude of 5069 feet above sea-level. But the diabase is not confined to the mountain-ranges. It crowns almost every considerable hill within the area described; it is exposed at numerous points in the river-beds and valley-bottoms; it fringes the margin of basaltic lava-flows of Tertiary age; and its presence has been detected elsewhere by boring through overlying sedimentary strata.
The oldest sedimentary rocks exposed in the south-eastern quarter of Tasmania belong to that division of the Upper Palæzoic Series which in Eastern Australia and Tasmania is classed as Permo-Carboniferous. The question of the relations of these sediments to the diabase has often been raised. Were they quietly deposited during a long unbroken period against and around vast masses of igneous rock previously cooled and denuded? Or is the diabase an intrusive rock, the existence of which in the shape of vast dykes and sills has been disclosed through the removal of overlying strata by the ordinary processes of denudation? The former theory seems to have been widely accepted as
Notes on the Geology of Gilgit
Authors: McMahon C. A. 
Published: October 2009

Part I.—Introduction.
My son, Capt. A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E., Y.G.S., Political Agent, Malakand, when stationed at Gilgit, made field-observations and collected rock-specimens for me in the course of numerous traverses through the Gilgit area.
I have not had an opportunity of visiting the region covered by this paper; but I have seen much of the neighbouring Himalaya, and I have had the advantage of correspondence not only with my son, but also with Capt. J. R. Roberts, I.M.S., regarding the geology of Gilgit. I am greatly indebted to Capt. Roberts for much valuable information, for field-observations undertaken on my behalf, for careful drawings of sections, and for numerous additional specimens supplementing those sent by my son. I cannot overrate the obligations under which I am to him.
A sketch-map (see p. 344) has been prepared to accompany this paper, compiled mainly from the map of the Pamirs (1896) by H. Sharbau and the Right Hon. G. N.—now Lord—Curzon; and from the map of Astor and Gilgit (1883) by the Surveyor-General of India.
The geology of the neighbouring parts of Kashmir has been described by Mr. R. Lydekker, Y.R.S., in vol. xxii (1883)of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, and in papers published in the Records of the same Survey. The map published with the above-mentioned Memoir shows the geology of Kashmir as far as Astor, at which place this paper takes up the geology.
An account of the geology of Yárkand, Káshgar, Wákhan the Great and Little
On Longmyndian Inliers at Old Radnor and Huntley, Gloucestershire
Authors: Callaway Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory.
The rocks of the Longmynd Hills, in Western Shropshire, originally supposed to be Lower Cambrian, are now admitted to be of pre-Cambrian age. In the following pages evidence will be offered which will enable us to extend the distribution of the Longmyndian system to a considerable distance from the typical area.
I. The Longmyndian Inlier at Old Radnor.

The village of Old Radnor is situated on the western slope of an
isolated ridge, about ¾ mile long, striking north-east and south-west. The mass of the hill is composed of grit, but there are some associated slaty bands, and on both sides of the ridge the Woolhope Limestone is largely exposed. Murchison
1
considered the grits to be May Hill Sandstone, and the Woolhope Limestone was supposed to be in conformable succession with it. He perceived, however, that neither grits nor limestone possessed the normal characters of the groups to which he believed them to belong, and he attributed their peculiarities to the metamorphic action of intrusive igneous masses. On the Geological Survey map, the arenaceous series is described as ‘altered sandstone,’ and identified as May Hill Sandstone.

Many years ago, I was struck with the close lithological resemblances between the Old Radnor Series and some parts of the typical Longmyndian, and I could not acquiesce in the view that he rocks were ‘altered’ in the sense of being truly metamorphic; but it was not until the summer of 1897 that I ascertained the existence of
The Geology of Mynydd-y-garn (Anglesey)
Authors: Matley Charles A. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory
Above the village of Llanfair-y'nghornwy, in the north-west of Anglesey, stands a hill known as Mynydd-y-Garn or The Garn. Although rising to a height of less than 600 feet above Ordnance datum, it is one of the highest hills in the county, and is so well elevated above the surrounding country that from its crest the view embraces the greater part of the island, the Caernarvonshire mountains, and large expanses of sea.

Ramsay in his memoir on the ‘Geology of North Wales’ makes but slight mention of the Garn,
1
merely noting that it lies in a much-faulted district. Prof. Blake gave a brief notice of the geology of the hill in his ‘Monian System of Rocks’;
2
and the present writer gave, incidentally, a further short account in a recent paper.
3
The results of a more detailed examination of the geological structure made during the past summer seem to warrant a more extended description than any hitherto made.

II. Stratigraphy, and Description of the Rocks
The mass of the hill consists of an inlier of sericitic and chloritic schistose phyllites, usually green, surmounted by a massive conglomerate, and surrounded by black slates and shales. The slates, apparently of Upper Llandeilo age, form, a strip about a mile in width, and are bounded both on the north-east and south-west by fractures which bring them against older rocks.
A geologist making a traverse from Craig-y-gwynt over the hill in a north-north-westerly direction (see fig. 1, p. 22) and then north-north-eastward to
On some Tufaceous Rhyolitic Rocks from Dufton Pike (Westmorland)
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

The specimens which form the subject of this paper were selected for examination on account of their peculiar appearance, and because it was thought probable that they might afford some evidence of solfataric action on British rhyolites of considerable geological age. Through the kindness of my friend Mr. H. B. Woodward, F.R.S., I have been able to learn a few particulars concerning the geology of Dufton Pike. From these it appears that the central portion of the Pike consists of volcaninc rocks of the Borrowdale Series, bounded by four faults, those on the east and west being approximately parallel and running in a north-north-westerly direction. The rocks faulted against this central mass of volcanic rocks are of Lower Silurian age on the north, south, and east; while those on the west are Upper Silurian, consisting of Stockdale Shales and Coniston Flags.
The specimens about to be described were collected by the late Prof. A. H. Green, F.R.S., and Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., and were evidently procured from the Borrowdale Volcanic Series which constitutes the central mass of Dufton Pike. The specimens were given to me many years ago, so that, never having visited that part of Westmorland, I am ignorant of the precise spots from which they were derived. The chief interest which attaches to them lies in the peculiar character of the alteration that they have undergone: an alteration which appears to me to have been probably due to solfataric action.
For the careful analyses which accompany this
On the Corallian Rocks of St. Ives (Huntingdonshire) and Elsworth
Authors: Wedd Charles Bertie 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory Remarks
Lately while mapping the Ampthill Clay, I have been able to trace the Elsworth and St. Ives Rock for a considerable distance. I propose to give here a sketch of its outcrop and some account of exposures not previously noticed. The district here treated of is contained in the 1-inch quarter-sheets of the Geological Survey, Nos. 51 north-west & south-west (western part) and 52 north-east & south-east (eastern part), and in the New Series Map Sheet 187 (not yet published).

From Prof. Seeley's
1
papers the following description of the Elsworth Rock at Elsworth may be extracted:—

It is known to occur throughout the village of Elsworth, passing southward under Ampthill Clay with three whitish-grey stonebands.

Prof. Seeley (
op. cit.
) also recorded rock-beds of type similar to the Elsworth Rock from wells at Bourn (3 miles south-south-west of Elsworth), Papworth Everard, and Conington ; but he considered that the rock at the latter two places belonged to a lower horizon than that of Elsworth.

In a brickyard west of St. Ives a like rock has long been known (the St. Ives Rock); in other brickyards north and north-east of St. Ives beds of rock were noticed by Prof. Seeley as dipping eastward, and these he was inclined to think were continuous with the Rock west of the town.
A collection of fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, agreeing closely with the fauna of the Elsworth and St. Ives Rock, was supposed to have come from Holywell, but the occurrence of the limestone
Note on the Occurrence of Corundum as a Contact-Mineral at Pont Paul near Morlaix (Finistère)
Authors: Coomára-Swámy A. K. 
Published: October 2009

In the neighbourhood of Morlaix the schists and quartizites of the Lower Devonian are extensively developed. They are much altered, and often injected by intrusive granite. The altered rocks are described by Prof. Barrois as quartzites micacés and leptynolithes. The minerals found in the latter include biotite, muscovite, andalusite, sillimanite, quartz, iron-oxide, chlorite, garnet, staurolite, zircon, graphite, and rarely felspar. The quartzites micacés contain large grains of irregular quartz (not clastic), with flakes of dark and white mica, zircon, iron-oxide, graphite, and garnet.

Among the intrusive masses, that of Pont Paul is of especial interest. The rock is a granite rather poor in quartz; the minerals include orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase, quartz, hornblende, biotite, apatite, zircon, sphene, and allanite (the last two not noticed by myself). The granite is much decayed for a depth of many feet. Included fragments of dark micaceous rocks are to be found in it: they are about the size of a man's fist, and not very abundant. Some may be found
in situ
, and dug out of the crumbling granite, others by searching the floor of the shallow quarry. These included fragments resemble the Devonian leptynolithes of the district. They contain abundantly small tabular hexagonal crystals of blue corundum, first noticed by Prof. Barrois in 1887.

Examination of thin sections of the included fragments shows that the minerals certainly present are biotite, muscovite, corundum, plagioclase, andalusite, pyrite, magnetite, sillimanite, green spinel, and zircon. Orthoclase and quartz may possibly occur.
The corundum is very abundant, forming conspicuous
On the Origin of the Dunmail Raise (Lake District)
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

Every visitor to the English Lakes, who has travelled by coach from Windermere to Keswick, must know the Dunmail Raise, that deep-cut wind-gap through the mountains which forms, if properly understood, one of the most remarkable natural features that it has been my lot to see one of the most difficult of satisfactory explantion, and one which has not by any means attracted the attention that it deserves.
Cut down to a height of 782 feet above sea-level, the gap lies between the masses of Helvellyn (3118 feet) on the one hand, and High Raise (1500 feet) and the Sea Fell Pikes (3210 feet) on the other; it forms a typical instance of the lückenpass of Richthofen, or wind-gap of the Americans, but differs from the majority of such in one important point which will be brought out in the sequel.
Approaching the pass from the north, there is seen a deep-cut valley, broad and open at the bottom, from which the sides rise steeply in, what Mr. Marr has named, the curve of erosion; it is; in fact, a typical stream-valley, and a valley properly belonging to a volume of water to which the term river is applicable; yet when this gradual ascent is traversed the road, after a short steep rise over a moraine, crosses an insignificant little streamlet, the Birkside Gill, which is utterly out of proportion to the valley down which it now flows, and is a very glaring instance of what Prof. W. M. Davis
The Hollow Spherulites of the Yellowstone and Great Britain
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In a paper which I had the honour of presenting to the Geological Society some time ago on the Pyromerides of Boulay Bay, I explained the formation of these nodules by supposing the extrusive magma in which they were produced to be imperfectly mixed and in a somewhat viscous state, a conclusion which facts in the field appear amply to justify. These, and other nodules which I studied in North Wales and near Wrockwardine, led me to suppose that the dominant characteristic of these peculiar structures was not that of spherulitic growth, which rather was secondary, and that the principal cause operating in their formation, as just remarked, was a clotting in the magma by a process of flow-brecciation. At the same time, I did not suggest that this was the sole means by which pyromerides were produced, and moreover I purposely left some of the structures which are found, notably the not infrequent concentric arcs of quartz, for later consideration and discussion. Recently, in crossing the American continent, I made a detour to the Yellowstone Park with the object of studying the obsidian there, and it is the result of this excursion which has led to the putting together of the following notes. Since the paper above referred to was written, I have examined the rocks of Boulay Bay and Wrockwardine for the third and second times respectively, and have studied those of Pontesford Hill.
The general features of the National Park of the United States are
Recent Geological Changes in Northern and Central Asia
Authors: Wright George Frederick 
Published: October 2009

There are so many points of resemblance between Northern and Eastern America and the corresponding areas of Asia that one would naturally expect to find that the Glacial history of the two evidence is abundant and unmistakable, that in post-Tertiary times Glacial ice extended along the Atlantic coast southward from Labrador and the Hudson-Bay region as far as New York City in lat. 40°, and in the Mississippi Valley to Carbondale in Southern Illinois, about lat. 38°. North of an irregular line connecting these points the whole country was, at a very recent period, covered with Glacial ice as deep as that which mantles Greenland at the present time. In all, about 4,000,000 square miles were brought under the direct influence of Glacial ice in America.
Being familiar with nearly the whole of this North American field, and somewhat so with the glaciated portions of Europe, I set out, a little more than a year ago, in company with my son, Mr. Frederick B. Wright, to examine those portions of the Asiatic Continent which most nearly correspond in general superficial conditions to the glaciated portions of America. Sailing from San Francisco in February 1900, we spent six weeks in Japan, and satisfied ourselves that lofty as the mountains are, there have never been extensive glaciers among those on Nippon, the largest of the islands. From the verbal reports made to us by Prof. Jimbo, of the University of Tokyo, it seems equally clear that the more northern island of Yesso
The Geological Succession and Palæontology of the Beds between the Millstone Grit and the Limestone-Massif at Pendle Hill and their Equivalents in certain other Parts of Britain
Authors: Hind Wheelton , Howe John Allen 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The following paper is an attempt to define the geographical extent, stratigraphical sequence, and palæontological horizon of the beds which lie between the top of the Mountain Limestone and the series of grits known as the Millstone Grits. We have taken as the type-section that on Pendle Hill (Lancashire), where these beds attain their maximum development; and as the term Pendleside Limestone has already been employed by the officers of the Geological Survey to designate the calcareous member of the group, we propose to extend the term to the whole group defined above and call it the Pendleside Group.
It will be observed that this term includes the ‘shales-with-limestones’ that rest on the Mountain Limestone of the Derbyshire and North Staffordshire area, to which the name ‘Yoredale’ has been frequently applied; but one of us has already demonstrated the fact that the Yoredale Series of Wensleydale is totally different from the Pendleside Group, and that the former is the equivalent of the upper part of the Carboniferous Limestone massif, both on palæontological and stratigraphical grounds.
The present paper is divided into six sections: the first being a brief introduction; the second describing in some detail the various occurrences of the beds with their fossils; the third embodies a general account of the palaeontology; the fourth is a sketch of the probable physical conditions of the period; the fifth describes some of the chemical and physical characters of the rocks; while the sixth deals with the petrology and micropalæontology.