bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitive and fast identification of urinary human, synthetic and animal insulin by means of nano‐UPLC coupled with high‐resolution/high‐accuracy mass spectrometry
Authors: Thomas Andreas , Schänzer Wilhelm , Delahaut Phillipe , Thevis Mario 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe double‐chain polypeptide insulin and its synthetic (Insulin Glulisine, Insulin Aspart, Insulin Glargine, or Insulin Lispro) or animal analogues (porcine insulin or bovine insulin) are potential performance‐enhancing agents in elite sports or potentially effective toxins in forensic science.The present study demonstrates an analytical method to purify the insulins simultaneously from urine specimens with an approach based on immunoaffinity isolation, using coated magnetic beads (anti‐mouse) and a primary anti‐insulin antibody (IgG, monoclonal). The extracts were purified sufficiently for separation by means of nano‐flow liquid chromatography coupled with nano‐scale high‐resolution, high‐accuracy ESI‐MS/MS. Elucidation of collision‐induced dissociations with product ion experiments using the fivefold protonated precursor ion of each target analyte enabled all synthetic and animal insulins to be differentiated from their human counterpart, which was particularly important for Lispro, possessing the same molecular mass as human insulin.The method was fully validated for specificity, limit of detection (LOD, 0.5 fmol/mL), precision (<20%), recovery (approximately 30%) and linearity (2–40 fmol/mL) for all target analytes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of tetrahydrocannabinol in hair using immunoassay and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Coulter Cynthia , Taruc Margaux , Tuyay James , Moore Christine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA quantitative analytical procedure for the determination of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in hair has been developed and validated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectral detection (LC‐MS/MS). Specimens that were determined as containing cannabinoids following immunoassay testing were quantified using solid‐phase extraction followed by liquid chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectral detection in positive electrospray ionization mode. For confirmation, two transitions were monitored and one ratio determined. Samples being reported as positive were required to have both transitions present, the ratio of quantifying transition to qualifying transition being within 20% of that determined from known calibration standards. The limit of quantitation and the limit of detection was 10 pg/mg. The percentage recovery of the THC from hair at 20 pg/mg was 56% and a matrix effect of the hair showed an ion suppression percentage of −51%. The immunochemical screening method was performed following a rapid aqueous extraction, requiring only 10 mg of hair; the confirmatory procedure required 20 mg of hair. The methods were applied to proficiency specimens from the Society of Hair Testing, which had been received in August 2008. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and neuropsychiatric comorbidities of alcohol use disorders in an elderly Korean population
Authors: Kim Ki Woong , Choi Eun Ae , Lee Seok Bum , Park Joon Hyuk , Lee Jung Jae , Huh Yoonseok , Youn Jong Choul , Jhoo Jin Hyeong , Choo Il Han , Kim Myoung‐Hee , Lee Dong Young , Woo Jong Inn 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectivesWe investigated the prevalence and comorbidities of problem drinking in community‐dwelling elders living in Korea.MethodsStructured face‐to‐face diagnostic interviews were administered to the 714 Korean elders randomly sampled from Seongnam, Korea. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) criteria and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores, the participants were categorized into one of six diagnostic groups: lifetime abstainer, ex‐drinker, social drinking, at‐risk drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence.ResultsPrevalence rates of social drinking, at‐risk drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence were estimated to be 13.60%, 5.42%, 2.28%, and 2.92%, respectively. Problem drinking was associated with increased risks of smoking (OR = 3.52), whereas social drinking was associated with decreased risks of stroke (OR = 0.27) and depression (OR = 0.49).ConclusionsProblem drinking was common particularly in men and associated with smoking. Social drinking was associated with the lower risks of stroke and depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early 20th century Arctic warming in retrospect
Authors: Wood Kevin R. , Overland James E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe major early 20th century climatic fluctuation (∼1920–1940) has been the subject of scientific enquiry from the time it was detected in the 1920s. The papers of scientists who studied the event first‐hand have faded into obscurity but their insights are relevant today. We review this event through a rediscovery of early research and new assessments of the instrumental record. Much of the inter‐annual to decadal scale variability in surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly patterns and related ecosystem effects in the Arctic and elsewhere can be attributed to the superposition of leading modes of variability in the atmospheric circulation. Meridional circulation patterns were an important factor in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic during the early climatic fluctuation. Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that appeared during this period were congruent with low‐frequency variability in the climate system but were themselves most likely the result of anomalous forcing by the atmosphere. The high‐resolution data necessary to verify this hypothesis are lacking, but the consistency of multiple lines of evidence provides strong support. Our findings indicate that early climatic fluctuation is best interpreted as a large but random climate excursion imposed on top of the steadily rising global mean temperature associated with anthropogenic forcing. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Sensory properties of some synthetic high‐intensity sweeteners in water solutions
Authors: Świa̧der Katarzyna , Waszkiewicz‐Robak Bożena , Świderski Franciszek , Kostyra Eliza 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: When sucrose is eliminated from products to meet consumers' demand for calorie‐free products and substitutes are used, sweetness becomes an important characteristic. The objective of this study was to compare sensory properties of four sucrose substitutes: aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate in water solutions.RESULTS: The lowest concentrations of sweeteners such as 0.35 g kg−1 for aspartame and acesulfame K showed an equi‐sweet level relative to approx. 55 g kg−1 aqueous sucrose solution, whereas 2.3 g kg−1 sodium cyclamate and 0.4 g kg−1 sodium saccharin relative to approx. 65 g kg−1. Aspartame had almost the same sweetness potency as acesulfame K, whereas the remaining sweeteners differed completely. The four sweeteners showed their specific sensory profiles. Besides the characteristics of sweetness and bitterness, metallic and astringent attributes plus warming and cooling effects were found.CONCLUSIONS: Of the four sweeteners, aspartame and sodium cyclamate can be considered as the best sucrose substitutes due to their similar sensory profiles to the sucrose. The data showing the interdependence between sweetness intensity of the sweeteners and sucrose are useful as a quick and easy indicator of the sweetener amount having equi‐sweet levels relative to sucrose. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Global well‐posedness for two modified‐Leray‐α‐MHD models with partial viscous terms
Authors: Zhou Yong , Fan Jishan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we will prove global well‐posedness for the Cauchy problems of two modified‐Leray‐α‐MHD models with partial viscous terms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization‐based dynamic human walking prediction: One step formulation
Authors: Xiang Yujiang , Arora Jasbir S. , Rahmatalla Salam , Abdel‐Malek Karim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new methodology is introduced in this work to simulate normal walking using a spatial digital human model. The proposed methodology is based on an optimization formulation that minimizes the dynamic effort of people during walking while considering associated physical and kinematical constraints. Normal walking is formulated as a symmetric and cyclic motion. Recursive Lagrangian dynamics with analytical gradients for all the constraints and objective function are incorporated in the optimization process. Dynamic balance of the model is enforced by direct use of the equations of motion. In addition, the ground reaction forces are calculated using a new algorithm that enforces overall equilibrium of the human skeletal model. External loads on the human body, such as backpacks, are also included in the formulation. Simulation results with the present methodology show good correlation with the experimental data obtained from human subjects and the existing literature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization for clinical research: An easy‐to‐use spreadsheet method
Authors: Padhye Nikhil S. , Cron Stanley G. , Gusick Gary M. , Hamlin Shannan K. , Hanneman Sandra K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, we illustrate a new method for random selection and random assignment that we developed in a pilot study for a randomized clinical trial. The randomization database is supported by a commonly available spreadsheet. Formulas were written for randomizing participants and for creating a “shadow” system to verify integrity of the randomization. Advantages of this method are that it is easy to use, effective, and portable, allowing it to be shared among multiple investigators at multiple study sites. Clinical researchers may find the method useful for research projects that are pilot studies or conducted with limited funding. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:561–566, 2009
Within‐ and between‐orchard variability in the sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to myclobutanil, a DMI fungicide, in the UK
Authors: Gao Liqiang , Berrie Angela , Yang Jiarong , Xu Xiangming 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Myclobutanil, a demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide, is an important fungicide for controlling apple scab and powdery mildew. Overuse of this fungicide has led to establishment of scab isolates with reduced sensitivity to this fungicide in several countries. Experiments were conducted to determine the sensitivity of the causal agent of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, to myclobutanil in the UK, in order to assess whether there is a relationship between fungal insensitivity and the number of DMI applications, and establishing whether fungal sensitivity varied greatly within an orchard.RESULTS: Reduced sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil was positively related linearly to the number of DMI applications. ED50 values ranged from 0.028 to 1.017 mg L−1 (average = 0.292) for the baseline population, whereas isolates from two other orchards had much greater ED50 values, ranging from 0.085 to 5.213 mg L−1 (average = 1.852). There was significant variation in fungal sensitivity to myclobutanil among fungal isolates from different locations within a single orchard.CONCLUSIONS: Spatial spread of insensitive isolates of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil is likely to be limited in distance. Conidia may be an important source of primary inoculum. Myclobutanil should still be effective for most field isolates, but its use should be strategically integrated with other groups of fungicides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic structure of superconducting gallium‐doped germanium from ab‐initio calculations
Authors: Lebègue S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUsing ab‐initio calculations, we study the electronic structure of gallium‐doped germanium, which was found recently to be a superconductor, with a critical temperature of 0.5 K, and a particularly low density of Cooper pairs. The calculations of the electronic properties reveal that no sign of an impurity band is observed, and that the Fermi level lies in the valence band of Ge. Moreover, the calculation of the phonon frequencies shows that a new mode associated to the Ga atom is appearing, around 175 cm–1. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimal WiMax planning with security considerations
Authors: El‐Hajj Wassim , Hajj Hazem M. , Barka Ezedin , Dawy Zaher , El Hmaissy Omar , Ghaddar Dima , Aitour Youssef 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the communication sector, the optimal objective is to equate quality and cost. The technologies that best serve these objectives are Wireless Access Technologies since they are easily deployed and capable of reaching and serving customers everywhere in a cost effective way. In this paper, we examine the communication options, and account for a country's geography to propose optimal WiMax planning keeping in mind the security concerns that are inherent in wireless communication. To perform WiMax radio network planning, we use a network simulation tool from ATDI called ICS Telecom. Our approach offers all users a minimum bandwidth of 1.4 Mbps as well as a coverage that exceeds 90% for all indoor users in the area under study. We optimize the network by iteratively minimizing the number of base stations required, and equivalently minimizing the cost, while maximizing the coverage for the subscribers. We also analyze the impact of security on the performance of WiMax. More specifically, we use well‐known simulation software called Qualnet to simulate a WiMax environment under different security protocols and encryption scenarios. We then analyze the results to determine the impact of the added security features on the data rates between the base station(s) subscribers. The results of our proposed WiMax planning approach and the conducted security experiments showed that efficient deployment and coverage plans could be achieved for big cities as well as for rural areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radio access technology recognition by classification of low temporal resolution power spectrum measurements
Authors: Gueguen L. , Sayrac B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a machine learning approach is proposed for automatic recognition of the radio access technology (RAT) based on supervised classification of spectrum power measurements in a cognitive radio context. Recognition of the active local RATs allows the cognitive terminal to make informed decisions on which wireless technology to camp, and to adapt its transmission to the wireless environment. To this end, supervised classification of signals obtained from wide band spectrum power measurements with low temporal resolution is carried out. As a first step, generic features are extracted from the power spectrum measurements. Then several supervised classification algorithms, namely the support vector machines (SVMs),k‐nearest neighbors (kNN) and C4.5 are tested. The effects of reducing the number of features on classification accuracy is also tested through feature selection methods. Finally, the impact of the signal duration on classification accuracy is investigated. The obtained results demonstrate that the tested supervised classification algorithms, combined with simple feature extraction and selection methods, are good candidates for RAT recognition from low temporal resolution spectrum power measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐level PRC transmitter for TH‐PAM UWB systems
Authors: Wen Wenkun , Zhou Yuanping , Xia Minghua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA cross‐level pre‐RAKE combining (PRC) scheme for time hopping pulse amplitude modulation ultra wideband (TH‐PAM UWB) transmitter is studied in this paper. A two‐stage cross‐level PRC (CL‐PRC) scheme is proposed. The conventional PRC schemes suppress all the chip‐wise interference. However, the proposed scheme suppresses only the specific frame‐wise inter‐symbol interference (ISI) by exploiting the characteristic that the information bits are transmitted only at ultra short time slots. This results in a low complexity pre‐equalizer without bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. Furthermore, an order selection rule is presented to achieve the tradeoff between signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR) and computational complexity. Simulation results illustrate the superior SIR and BER performance of our proposal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A frequency‐aware data‐centric mechanism for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chang Chih‐Yung , Sheu Jang‐Ping , Chang Sheng‐Wen , Chen Yu‐Chieh 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by their low bandwidth, limited energy, and largely distributed deployment. To reduce the flooding overhead raised by transmitting query and data information, several data‐centric storage (DCS) mechanisms are proposed. However, the locations of these data‐centric nodes significantly impact the power consumption and efficiency for information queries and storage capabilities, especially in a multi‐sink environment. This paper proposes a novel dissemination approach, which is namely the dynamic data‐centric routing and storage mechanism (DDCRS), to dynamically determine locations of data‐centric nodes according to sink nodes' location and data collecting rate and automatically construct shared paths from data‐centric nodes to multiple sinks. To save the power consumption, the data‐centric node is changed when new sink nodes participate when the WSNs or some queries change their frequencies. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol outperforms existing protocols in terms of power conservation and power balancing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thorough protocol extensions for integrating DSR‐based MobileAd HocNetworks with the Internet
Authors: Ding Shuo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe integration of the MobileAd HocNetworks (MANETs) into 4G systems will help to increase the networking flexibility and coverage of existing infrastructure networks. One of the crucial challenges is modifying existing reactivead hocrouting protocols to support external routing operations. This paper contributes thorough protocol extensions for connecting DSR‐based MANETs with the Internet (DSR‐IE). DSR routing protocol is extended to effectively support External Route Discovery and External Route Maintenance functions. In particular, a novel External Route Discovery scheme,Comprehensive External Route Judgment, (CERJ) is proposed. Mobile IP is utilized to manage seamless data services. Finally, OPNET simulation models are developed to demonstrate the implementability and effectiveness of the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential allelopathic effect of Eucalyptusgrandis across a range of plantation ages
Authors: Zhang Dan‐ju , Zhang Jian , Yang Wan‐qin , Wu Fu‐zhong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAllelopathy of the eucalypt has been considered as an important mechanism for the biodiversity reduction in the eucalypt plantation. To understand the allelopathic potential of the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) roots and rhizosphere soil along a chronosequence (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 years), the germination and growth characteristics of three plant species (Raphanus sativus, Phaseolus aureus, and Lolium perenne) growing nearby or beneath the eucalypt plantations were measured. The results showed that aqueous extract of E. grandis root suppressed the germination and early seedling growth of the target plants. The younger E. grandis exhibited a comparatively stronger allelopathic potential. The highest dose root extracts from 4 years old E. grandis showed the strongest inhibitory effects on the germination rates of the target species, the inhibitory rates were about 48, 51.2, and 56.56% for R. sativus, P. aureus, and L. perenne, respectively. However, present biotests of rhizosphere soils from 6, 8, and 10‐year‐old plantations exhibited a remarkable stimulative effect on L. perenne, which indicated that the soil might neutralize or dilute allelopathic agents with the increase of plantation age. In addition, according to GC–MS analysis, more allelopathic potential compounds were found in the rhizosphere soil and roots of younger E. grandis plantation. Moreover, more allelochemicals were obtained from soil than from roots. The allelopathic compounds in roots and rhizosphere soil may play important roles in allelopathy of E. grandis plantation. More attention should be paid to the younger E. grandis plantations for the relative higher allelopathic effects.
Multi-Layered Films Containing a Biomimetic Stimuli-Responsive Recombinant Protein
Authors: Barbosa J. S. , Costa R. R. , Testera A. M. , Alonso M. , Rodríguez-Cabello J. C. , Mano J. F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Electrostatic self-assembly was used to fabricate new smart multi-layer coatings, using a recombinant elastin-like polymer (ELP) and chitosan as the counterion macromolecule. The ELP was bioproduced, purified and its purity and expected molecular weight were assessed. Aggregate size measurements, obtained by light scattering of dissolved ELP, were performed as a function of temperature and pH to assess the smart properties of the polymer. The build-up of multi-layered films containing ELP and chitosan, using a layer-by-layer methodology, was followed by quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Atomic force microscopy analysis permitted to demonstrate that the topography of the multi-layered films could respond to temperature. This work opens new possibilities for the use of ELPs in the fabrication of biodegradable smart coatings and films, offering new platforms in biotechnology and in the biomedical area.
Vegetational response to human colonisation of the coastal and volcanic environments of Ketilsstaðir, southern Iceland
Authors: Erlendsson Egill , Edwards Kevin J. , Buckland Paul C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTephra-dated, high-resolution pollen profiles from Ketilsstaðir, southern Iceland, indicate a largely unwooded pre-settlement environment, a probable consequence of the exposed coastal location. The degree of change associated with the Norselandnámis more limited than in many Icelandic pollen diagrams. There are three main periods of change in the post-settlement vegetational development of the area. Firstly, Norse settlement affected the hydrology of the bog, resulting in the near-disappearance ofSphagnumand agricultural activity led to a reduction of some species (e.g.Angelicaspp. andSalix). Secondly, the establishment of probable permanent settlement in the mid-11th century AD initiated expansion of such apophytic taxa asPlantagospp. Lactuceae,Ranunculusspp. and Pteridophytes. Thirdly, the ≥ 10 cm thick Katla tephra, deposited in AD 1357, enhanced drainage of the bog surface, favouring dryland taxa (e.g. Poaceae,Galiumand Lactuceae). The tephra deposit and the associated drainage probably caused or contributed to the local extinction of the wetland beetleHydraena britteni. The study has enabled a series of natural and humanly-related issues to be addressed including tephra-vegetation relationships, the anthropogenic reduction in plant diversity, and comparisons between historical and environmental settlement records.