bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflux changes in adenoidal hyperplasia: a controlled prospective study to investigate its aetiology
Authors: Harris P.K. , Hussey D.J. , Watson D.I. , Mayne G.C. , Bradshaw A. , Joniau S. , Tan L.W. , Wormald P.J. , Carney A.S. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:  To compare pepsin, carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression in children with adenoid hypertrophy and normal controls.Design:  A non‐randomised, controlled prospective study.Setting:  Two paediatric hospitals in Adelaide, South Australia.Participants:  Children aged 2–10 years, 21 undergoing adenoidectomy and 12 controls undergoing routine dental surgery.Main outcome measures:  We measured expression of pepsin, CAIII, COX‐2 and MUC5AC levels by real‐time RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot to determine any difference between children with hyperplastic adenoids and controls.Results:  Pepsin was not detected in any study or control adenoid by immunohistochemistry or Western blot. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed a statistically significant difference between groups with respect to COX‐2 (P = 0.027) and MUC5AC (P = 0.02) but no difference in CAIII expression (P = 0.414). A significant correlation was also found between COX‐2 and MUC5AC expression (Kendall Tau = 0.4, P = 0.005).Conclusion:  Our results suggest that the biochemical changes seen in adenoid hypertrophy are different to those seen in reflux‐affected tissues. The decreased COX‐2 and MUC5AC expression may be due to squamous metaplasia and other inflammatory changes associated with adenoid hypertrophy. Our findings infer there is little evidence of reflux being a major contributory factor in the pathophysiology of adenoidal hypertrophy.
The surgical dilemma of ‘functional inoperability’ in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: current consensus on operability with regard to functional results
Authors: Kreeft A. , Tan I.B. , Van Den Brekel M.W.M. , Hilgers F.J. , Balm A.J.M. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:  If surgical resection of a tumour results in an unacceptable loss of function, this is defined as ‘functional inoperability’. The current survey aims to define the borders of functional inoperability in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma and evaluate its current use by obtaining opinions from the experts in the field.Design:  A web base survey.Participants:  Dutch head‐neck surgeons and radiotherapists.Main outcome measures:  Assessment of functional results after tumour resection in twenty‐two statements and five cases.Results:  Response on the survey is 93% and the reactions are variable. Reactions vary slightly by the size of the clinic or discipline (radiation oncology versus head and neck surgery). There is agreement about the unacceptable function loss after total glossectomy. There is no absolute consensus about the functional outcome after certain surgical procedures, namely: bilateral maxillectomy, resection of a tonsil and resection of base of tongue carcinoma including removal of the vallecula and epiglottis, and total soft palate resection. Disagreement of operability is also observed for T3 and T4 base of tongue carcinomas based on case descriptions and Magnetic Resonance Images. Assessment of whether one hypoglossal nerve can be preserved is agreed to be a key factor for functional operability.Conclusions:  The term functional inoperability appears to be clinically used by Dutch experts in the decision making process in advanced head and neck carcinomas. According to the experts who took part in the survey, primary total glossectomy or sacrificing both hypoglossal nerves is an operation that causes too much and therefore unacceptable function loss. In several case scenarios a consensus over operability could not be reached by the experts. The decision varies per physician, institute and patient. Functional inoperability is variable and difficult to determine, but it is clinically used and therefore important to bring under attention.
Prosocial to Egoistic Enculturation of Our Children: A Climato‐Economic Contextualization
Authors: Van de Vliert Evert , Van der Vegt Gerben S. , Janssen Onne 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAre altruistic, cooperative, apathetic, and egoistic cultures passed on from generation to generation in nongenetic ways? A society‐level analysis of data from the most recent World Values Surveys showed that adults in increasingly demanding cold or hot climates value cooperative enculturation of children to the extent that their society is richer, but egoistic enculturation to the extent that their society is poorer. These results refine the climatic demands–resources theory of prosociality, which posits that (a) humans in more demanding—colder or hotter—climates find it more difficult to satisfy homeostatic needs for thermal comfort, nutrition, and health; (b) increasingly demanding climates matched by wealth‐based resources and availability of homeostatic goods produce more prosocial cultures; and (c) increasingly demanding climates unmatched by wealth‐based resources and availability of homeostatic goods produce less prosocial cultures.
Is a percentage a percentage? Systematic review of the effectiveness of Scandinavian behavioural modification smoking cessation programmes
Authors: Poulsen Peter Bo , Dollerup Jens , Møller Ann Merete 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  Tobacco smoke is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. A total of 50% of all smokers will die from a smoking‐related disease with a major impact upon quality of life and health‐care costs. Tobacco‐controlling policies, including smoking cessation, have increasingly been implemented across European countries. Reported effectiveness data on smoking cessation interventions are important for decision making.Objective:  This study aimed to conduct a literature review on how the effectiveness (quit rates) of behavioural modification smoking cessation programmes (BMSCPs) – counselling, quitlines and quit‐and‐win contests – were analysed in Denmark, Sweden and Norway.Methods:  A systematic review was carried out by using the search engines Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA), Cinahl (CINAHL Information Systems, EBSCO Industries, Ipswich, MA, USA), Embase (Elsevier, New York, NY, USA) and the grey literature. Following the Russell Standards, studies were selected according to design, analysis of data [intention‐to‐treat (ITT)/per protocol (PP)], documentation of abstinence and length of follow‐up. Cochrane reviews of pharmacological studies were used as the benchmark.Results:  Although ITT analysis is the standard scientific approach advocated, most studies of BMSCPs reviewed were analysed by using the PP approach and were based on self‐reported point prevalence estimates. This resulted in the reported 1‐year quit rates between 16%–45% (PP) and 9%–23% (ITT). In contrast, pharmacological studies are conservative, as they are randomised, use ITT analysis and have continuous quit rates with biochemical verification of abstinence.Conclusion:  This literature review reveals that quit rates of smoking cessation interventions are not always comparable. Scandinavian BMSCPs reported optimistic quit rates, confirmed by Cochrane literature review criteria. Care should be exercised when comparing smoking cessation interventions.Please cite this paper as: Poulsen PB, Dollerup J and Møller AM. Is a percentage a percentage? Systematic review of the effectiveness of Scandinavian behavioural modification smoking cessation programmes. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; DOI:10.1111/j.1752‐699X.2009.00144.x.
The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Uzun Mehmet Ali , Koksal Neset , Aktas Suat , Gunerhan Yusuf , Kadioglu Huseyin , Dursun Nevra , Sehirli Ahmet Ozer 
Published: April 2009

Aim:  To investigate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in rats with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:  UDCA was administered to seven rats (group 1) and physiological saline was administered both to seven rats (group 2) with NAFLD and to seven rats with normal livers (group 3). All rats underwent two‐thirds hepatectomy and the remnant liver tissues were removed 48 h later. Mitotic index (MI) and levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed.Results:  MI and PCNA levels in group 2 were significantly lower than in groups 1 and 3, but the values in groups 1 and 3 were similar. The GSH levels of group 2 were significantly lower than those of group 3 in the hepatectomy tissues, and lower than those of groups 1 and 3 in the remnant tissues. The differences between GSH levels in groups 1 and 3 were not significant. MDA levels in hepatectomy and remnant tissues were significantly higher in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3; values in groups 1 and 3 were similar.Conclusion:  UDCA increases regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats with NAFLD, possibly due to an attenuating effect on oxidative stress.
The value of model for end‐stage liver disease and Child–Turcotte–Pugh scores over time in evaluating the prognosis of patients with decompensated cirrhosis: experience in the Chinese mainland
Authors: Bie Cai‐qun , Yang Dong‐hua , Tang Shao‐hui , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2009

Aim:  In addition to the model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) and Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) score, the change in MELD score (ΔMELD) and CTP (ΔCTP) over time, as well as the modified CTP score, have been proposed as predictive factors for patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. We investigated the ability of the above scoring systems to predict the outcome of decompensated cirrhosis in the Chinese mainland.Methods:  A cohort of 160 patients with advanced liver cirrhosis who were followed up were studied prospectively. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate 3‐month survival in categories ranked by MELD and ΔMELD, CTP, ΔCTP and modified CTP score respectively. The area under receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) was used to determine the predictive abilities of these models for 3‐month mortality. A multivariate logistic regression method was used to determine the factors associated with mortality.Results:  Forty‐five patients (28%) died within 3 months. The AUC of the ΔMELD (0.901) was significantly higher than that of the MELD score (0.828) and the CTP score (0.605) (P < 0.01). The differences remained significant between the AUC of the ΔCTP and CTP score, modified CTP and CTP (P < 0.01). The AUC of ΔCTP, modified CTP and MELD were not different from each other (P > 0.05). In multivariate analysis, MELD, CTP scores, ΔMELD, ΔCTP and modified CTP were independent predictors of 3‐month mortality.Conclusions:  ΔMELD, ΔCTP and modified CTP were clinically useful parameters for short‐term prognostication of patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
Acupuncture for Resistant Temporo-Mandibular Joint Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Ho Victor , Bradley Paul 
Published: April 2009

Four patients suffering from Temporo-Mandibular joint Pain Dysfunction Syndrome, who had proved resistant to conventional, conservative therapy, were treated with a combination of manual body-acupuncture, electroacupuncture to points on the face and laser therapy to ear points. Three of the patients showed marked improvement during the initial four weeks of treatment. The fourth did not complete the treatment course but none the less had improved by the two month follow up. All patients showed sustained relief over a six month period of follow up. It is suggested that acupuncture should be included among the first line, conservative therapies for this problem.
Acupuncture of the Knee
Authors: Camp Virginia 
Published: April 2009

Knee pain should never be considered in isolation. It must be effectively investigated and accurately diagnosed where possible, to differentiate the various forms of arthritis, identify causes of inflammation and exclude metabolic and other factors. Surgical treatment, including arthroscopy and joint replacement, is a very effective option and should now be considered at an earlier stage before severe deformity has occurred. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should generally be avoided except in topical form. Intra-articular steroid injection may often be used after diagnostic aspiration of the joint. Acupuncture is very acceptable to patients but must be viewed as part of an overall treatment plan. It is effective in acute and anterior knee pain. In chronic pain it should logically be used where the diagnosis is known and where joint aspiration is not necessary, and it is the treatment of choice for advanced rheumatoid patients who are inadequately controlled on other therapy - 60% have lasting benefit. The drawback is that clinics may be overwhelmed by the demand for repeated courses of treatment, since the relief is often excellent but rarely permanent.
Complications of Acupuncture
Authors: Rampes Hagen , James Richard 
Published: April 2009

Acupuncture as a treatment modality is now more widely used by the medical profession. It behoves both practitioners and patients to be aware of possible complications, the majority of which can be avoided with cautious and prudent use of this ancient therapy. There have been many isolated reports of complications of acupuncture in the literature. We surveyed the literature identifying all articles referring to complications of acupuncture. Our findings are presented and discussed.
A Review of the Use of Acupuncture in General Practice
Authors: Watkins Sarah 
Published: April 2009

This is a practice audit reviewing the outcome of acupuncture treatment over a two month period. A questionnaire was used to determine the benefit obtained by patients following acupuncture and also to investigate any change in attitude towards the treatment brought about by “sharp end” experience. Improvement was claimed by 85% of responders to the questionnaire, with 57% finding that benefit lasted more than 5 days. Initially 50% of patients were sceptical about acupuncture, but after treatment 91% had become enthusiasts.
Acupuncture's Place within Mainstream Medicine
Authors:   British Medical Acupuncture Society
Published: April 2009

This is a discussion paper reviewing the evidence for acupuncture in the fields of its current Western medical use. It is proven by controlled trials to be effective in pain relief, for dysmenorrhoea, and in nausea and vomiting. It has been found clinically useful in a wide variety of other areas including allergy bladder dysfunction, drug dependency and stroke. There is an increasing body of evidence that acupuncture is a cost-effective treatment option, and its use has become widespread in pain clinics, hospital rheumatology and physiotherapy departments, and in general practice. Medical acupuncture is now based firmly on modern physiological principles, and an understanding of the opioid and other neurotransmitters involved in needle stimulation has made clinically useful acupuncture practice readily accessible to medical practitioners.
Survey of Adverse Events following Acupuncture
Authors: White Adrian , Hayhoe Simon , Ernst Edzard 
Published: April 2009

Volunteers are sought who will commit themselves to report the incidence of adverse effects in their acupuncture practice over a period of two years. The Department of Complementary Medicine of Exeter University is co-ordinating a survey of 30,000 acupuncture treatments. From the resulting data a complication rate of serious and minor side effects will be compiled. It is hoped that meticulous recording could demonstrate circumstances leading to adverse effects and identify unrecorded complications of acupuncture. Previous reports suggest that the major complications of acupuncture have an incidence of between 1:10,000 and 1:100,000, which is classified as very low. This survey aims to give an accurate assessment of the risk of major complication and to determine the range and incidence of any other unintended and non-therapeutic ill-effects following acupuncture, no matter how minor. It constitutes the first such investigation into the safety of acupuncture.
A Comparative Study of Two Methods of Acupuncture Treatment for Neck and Shoulder Pain
Authors: Hansen John A 
Published: April 2009

Patients with chronic neck and/or shoulder pain were sequentially allocated into two groups to be treated with acupuncture using the same needle positions and depth, but with varying time of stimulation. One group (15 patients) had treatment sessions lasting 20min, and the second group (13 patients) had treatment for only 5min. A visual analogue score (VAS) was used to measure the levels of pain before treatment, at the end of a ten week course of weekly acupuncture treatments and again after 6 months. The results showed that patients in both groups had a good response, both short and long term, to acupuncture, and that there was no significant difference in benefit between the groups at the end of their course of treatment or after 6 months. However, this may not necessarily mean that the shorter time of stimulation can be used in preference to the more traditional longer treatment sessions, as there was an imbalance between groups in the pre-treatment VAS and the trial size was inadequate to give a reliable result. There was good clinical tolerance and most patients were able to continue working during the course of treatment. There thus seems no benefit to be gained by advising patients to take sick leave during acupuncture treatment for neck and shoulder pain.
Epicondylitis Treated by Local Corticosteroid Injection
Authors: Bourne I H J 
Published: April 2009

Tennis and golfer's elbow (lateral and medial epicondylitis) are readily treated with local injection of long-acting corticosteroid. In a clinical series of patients who had already failed to respond to oral drug treatment, rest and physiotherapy thus acting as their own controls, 63% recorded an excellent result after corticosteroid injection and a further 26% had a good result. Inspection of anatomical specimens shows that the common extensor origin at the lateral epicondyle is variable in size and shape and that the male and female humeri are very different in character at this area. Epicondylitis is much more common in the female: 19 out of 27 in this clinical series. A technique is described for selecting the most tender spot, at which the injection should be sited. This is rarely at the epicondyle itself. Also, when the lesion is recurrent, tenderness is usually noted at a new site. For an average-sized tender lesion, a 1 ml injection of the mixture methylprednisolone 40mg and lignocaine 10mg per ml is ideal; however in order to reduce the incidence of skin atrophy, superficial lesions should receive a smaller volume of more dilute suspension.
Cardiac and Non-Cardiac Chest Wall Pain
Authors: Baldry Peter 
Published: April 2009

The various causes of anterior chest wall pain are reviewed with particular reference to the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (CAD), costochondritis and the myofascial pain syndrome. Attention is drawn to the manner in which myofascial pain syndrome in the anterior chest wall may arise as a result of primary trauma or anxiety-induced activation of myofascial trigger point (MTrP) nociceptors and also as a result of the secondary activation of MTrPs situated in a zone of cardiac pain referral, and how myofascial pain syndrome may develop in patients with mitral valve prolapse. It is explained that, because of an appreciable incidence of concomitant costochondritis and CAD pain and of MTrP and CAD pain, and because dry needling in both myofascial pain syndrome and costochondritis may relieve underlying CAD pain, it is not infrequently necessary in cases of anterior chest wall pain to carry out a detailed cardiological assessment including electrocardiographic exercise testing and radionuclide cineangiography.
A Questionnaire on Medical Acupuncture Practice
Authors: Hayhoe Simon , Box Hillary 
Published: April 2009

Members of a medical acupuncture society were circulated by postal questionnaire to enquire into their acupuncture practice. Over half the replies were from general practitioners, with one third from anaesthetists. Most were using acupuncture for musculo-skeletal and general pain, but a large variety of conditions were reported as responding well by small numbers of practitioners, while others regarded these same conditions as being resistant to treatment. It is suggested that this was due to inadequate training, particularly for non painful disease which requires a more traditional and less Westernised approach. The British Medical Acupuncture Society has since modified its teaching structure to take account of this finding. Acupuncture is more popular with middle aged patients and, while medical referrals are common, most patients self-refer on the recommendation of friends and relations, but not until they have tried other therapies. Once they have experienced acupuncture they are more likely to come for initial treatment with any future problems. The majority (75%) of medical acupuncturists see less than 250 patients a year, and almost 50% see less than 100. Most seem to be conventional doctors who use acupuncture for particular problems in suitable patients. The authors believe that practising acupuncture from a firm base in conventional medicine is likely to give the greatest benefit to patients.
The Use of Acupuncture in Dentistry: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rosted Palle 
Published: April 2009

Published controlled studies on the analgesic effect of acupuncture in dentistry are still relatively few, but those which fulfil predefined methodological criteria are reviewed to assess if acupuncture is effective in this field. A literature search identified 74 papers published between 1966 and 1996, and 48 are reviewed. Only 15 of the papers fulfil a number of predefined criteria: having a reference group, randomisation, blinding, appropriate statistics, sufficient follow-up, etc. Of the 15 papers only one study meets more than 85% of the criteria, five meet 70–84%, three studies meet 60–69%, and six do not reach 60% of the predefined criteria and are thus considered unreliable. Eleven out of the 15 studies were in favour of acupuncture and showed standard acupuncture to be more effective than placebo, non-standard (sham) acupuncture, or showed it to be able to produce better or similar results to an accepted treatment procedure. The higher the standard of the paper, the more likely it was to have a positive result in favour of acupuncture: all those in the excellent or good categories gave a favourable result Acupuncture proved effective in 73% of the reviewed papers for the treatment of Temporomandibular dysfunction or as an analgesic, and should be considered as a reasonable alternative or supplement to current dental practice in these areas.