bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development and spawning pattern of Trisopterus luscus (Teleostei: Gadidae) under controlled conditions
Authors: Alonso-Fernández Alexandre , Vergara Alba Ruth , Saborido-Rey Fran 
Published: April 2010

Knowledge on early ontogeny of Trisopterus luscus is scarce and incomplete. This paper describes the first successful attempt ever at achieving the natural spawning in captivity for this species. The reproductive specimens used for this study were obtained in the Ría de Vigo in September 2008 and subsequently transported to the facilities of the Institute of Marine Research (CSIC). The spawning frequency was variable among females, 1.8–4.6 days, but no size-dependent trend was determined. The average batch size, i.e. the number of eggs released per batch, has proven significantly dependent on female length and weight. In the present study the complete embryonic development in controlled conditions (sand–filtered seawater at ~13°C, with natural photoperiod), from egg to hatched larva, has been described for the first time ever. The development of pouting eggs was divided into six stages, based on the artificially-reared material. Pouting eggs are pelagic with a smooth, clear and spherical chorion, and a homogeneous yolk. The perivitelline space is narrow and oil globules are absent. Live eggs fertilized were 0.95–1.10 mm in diameter. The embryo hatches as a yolk-sac larva with closed mouth and gut. The pouting eggs hatched during the latter half of the fifth day.
Feeding ecology of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Carrión-Cortez Javier A. , Zárate Patricia , Seminoff Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2010

The Galapagos Islands are among the most important nesting areas for the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In addition, the coastal waters of this oceanic archipelago host many important feeding areas for this species, although little is known about green turtle feeding ecology at these sites. The goal of this study was to identify and quantify the most important items in the diet of the green turtle at the foraging grounds of Bahia Elizabeth, Caleta Derek and Punta Nuñez. Our analysis was based on 65 oesophageal samples from turtles captured in 2006 and 2007. We compared spatial and seasonal composition of diet using non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Green turtle diet was composed mainly of the algae species Ulva lactuca, Polysiphonia sp., Hypnea sp. and Dictyota sp., and the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle. Turtles also consumed animal matter, mainly cnidarians, albeit to a lesser extent. Content of turtle diets was different among feeding grounds and seasons. The ANOSIM showed that diet composition can differ between foraging grounds using presence/absence of diet items. Even though U. lactuca was the most abundant algae consumed in both seasons, changes in species richness of algae were found between both sampling events, with diet during the warm season more varied than the cold season (χ2 = 16.84, df = 6; P < 0.05).
V1 orientation plasticity is explained by broadly tuned feedforward inputs and intracortical sharpening
Authors: TEICH ANDREW F. , QIAN NING 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOrientation adaptation and perceptual learning change orientation tuning curves of V1 cells. Adaptation shifts tuning curve peaks away from the adapted orientation, reduces tuning curve slopes near the adapted orientation, and increases the responses on the far flank of tuning curves. Learning an orientation discrimination task increases tuning curve slopes near the trained orientation. These changes have been explained previously in a recurrent model (RM) of orientation selectivity. However, the RM generates only complex cells when they are well tuned, so that there is currently no model of orientation plasticity for simple cells. In addition, some feedforward models, such as the modified feedforward model (MFM), also contain recurrent cortical excitation, and it is unknown whether they can explain plasticity. Here, we compare plasticity in the MFM, which simulates simple cells, and a recent modification of the RM (MRM), which displays a continuum of simple-to-complex characteristics. Both pre- and postsynaptic-based modifications of the recurrent and feedforward connections in the models are investigated. The MRM can account for all the learning- and adaptation-induced plasticity, for both simple and complex cells, while the MFM cannot. The key features from the MRM required for explaining plasticity are broadly tuned feedforward inputs and sharpening by a Mexican hat intracortical interaction profile. The mere presence of recurrent cortical interactions in feedforward models like the MFM is insufficient; such models have more rigid tuning curves. We predict that the plastic properties must be absent for cells whose orientation tuning arises from a feedforward mechanism.
Prosodic fusion and minimality in Kabardian
Authors: Gordon Matthew , Applebaum Ayla 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Northwest Caucasian language Kabardian displays a typologically unusual process of word formation, whereby two lexical roots fuse to form a single prosodic word whose phonological behaviour is parallel to prosodic words containing a single root. It is shown that this process of fusion, which is subject to a number of phonological and morphosyntactic restrictions, reflects a typologically unusual response to a cross-linguistically common minimal word requirement banning monomoraic prosodic words. Rather than employing segmental lengthening or insertion to ensure that minimality is satisfied, Kabardian chooses to violate the one-to-one mapping between grammatical and prosodic words. A further complication is the scalar nature of minimality in Kabardian: while the impossibility of fusion in certain prosodic and morphosyntactic contexts allows monomoraic prosodic words to surface, a more stringent minimality restriction ensures that all prosodic words have at least one mora.
On the adjoint quotient of Chevalley groups over arbitrary base schemes
Authors: Chaput Pierre-Emmanuel , Romagny Matthieu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFor a split semisimple Chevalley group scheme G with Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ over an arbitrary base scheme S, we consider the quotient of $\mathfrak{g} by the adjoint action of G. We study in detail the structure of $\mathfrak{g} over S. Given a maximal torus T with Lie algebra $\mathfrak{t}$ and associated Weyl group W, we show that the Chevalley morphism π : $\mathfrak{t}$/W → $\mathfrak{g}/G is an isomorphism except for the group Sp2n over a base with 2-torsion. In this case this morphism is only dominant and we compute it explicitly. We compute the adjoint quotient in some other classical cases, yielding examples where the formation of the quotient $\mathfrak{g} → \mathfrak{g}//G commutes, or does not commute, with base change on S.
Occurrence of Skin and Environmental Contamination with Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusbefore Results of Polymerase Chain Reaction at Hospital Admission Become Available
Authors: Chang Shelley , Sethi Ajay K. , Stiefel Usha , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: April 2010

Background.Active surveillance to detect patients colonized with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is increasingly practiced in healthcare settings. However, inpatients may already become sources of transmission before appropriate precautions are implemented.Objective.To examine the frequency of MRSA contamination of commonly touched skin and environmental surfaces before patient carriage status became known.Methods.We conducted a 6-week prospective study of patients who were identified by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at hospital admission as having nasal MRSA colonization. Skin and environmental contamination was assessed within hours of completion of PCR screening.Results.There were 116 patients identified by PCR screening as having nasal MRSA colonization during the period from mid-April to May 2008, of whom 83 (72%) were enrolled in our study. Overall, MRSA was detected on the skin of 38 (51%) of 74 patients and in the environment of 37 (45%) of 83 patients Of 83 environmental culture samples, 63 (76%) were obtained within 7 hours after PSR results became available, and 73 (88%) were obtained before wards were notified of PCR Results. Of the 83 MRSA-colonized patients, 15 (18%) had contaminated their environment 25 hours after admission, and 29 (35%) had contaminated their environment 33 hours after admission. Thirty-two (39%) of the 83 patients had roommates, 13 (41%) of whom contaminated their environment. The median interval from admission to PCR result was 20 hours, and the median interval from PCR result to notification was 23 hours. An increased quantity of MRSA cultured from a nasal sample was significantly associated with contamination.Conclusions.Before any contact precautions can be implemented, newly identified MRSA carriers frequently have contaminated their environment with MRSA and have contamination of commonly examined skin sites. In hospitals that perform active surveillance, strategies are needed to minimize delays in screening or to preemptively identify patients at high risk for disseminating MRSA.
A hidden Markov support vector machine framework incorporating profile geometry learning for identifying microbial RNA in tiling array data
Authors: Yu Wen-Han , Høvik Hedda , Chen Tsute 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Motivation: RNA expression signals detected by high-density genomic tiling microarrays contain comprehensive transcriptomic information of the target organism. Current methods for determining the RNA transcription units are still computation intense and lack the discriminative power. This article describes an efficient and accurate methodology to reveal complicated transcriptional architecture, including small regulatory RNAs, in microbial transcriptome profiles.
Results: Normalized microarray data were first subject to support vector regression to estimate the profile tendency by reducing noise interruption. A hybrid supervised machine learning algorithm, hidden Markov support vector machines, was then used to classify the underlying state of each probe to ‘expression’ or ‘silence’ with the assumption that the consecutive state sequence was a heterogeneous Markov chain. For model construction, we introduced a profile geometry learning method to construct the feature vectors, which considered both intensity profiles and changes of intensities over the probe spacing. Also, a robust strategy was used to dynamically evaluate and select the training set based only on prior computer gene annotation. The algorithm performed better than other methods in accuracy on simulated data, especially for small expressed regions with lower (&lt;1) SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), hence more sensitive for detecting small RNAs.
Availability and implementation: Detail implementation steps of the algorithm and the complete result of the transcriptome analysis for a microbial genome Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 can be viewed at http://bioinformatics.forsyth.org/mtd
Contact: tchen@forsyth.org
The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure
Authors: Iversen Kasper Karmark , Kjaergaard Jesper , Akkan Dilek , Kober Lars , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Hassager Christian , Vestbo Jorgen , Kjoller Erik ,   ECHOS Lung Function Study Group
Published: April 2010

AimsThe purpose of the present study was to determine the prognostic importance for all‐cause mortality of lung function variables obtained by spirometry in an unselected group of patients admitted with heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsThis was a prospective prognostic study performed as part of the EchoCardiography and Heart Outcome Study (ECHOS). This analysis included 532 patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of HF. All patients underwent spirometry and echocardiography and the diagnosis of HF was made according to established criteria. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was 65% of the predicted value [95% confidence interval (CI) 63–67%], mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 71% of predicted (95% CI 69–72%), and FEV1/FVC was 0.72 (95% CI 0.71–0.73). FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were all significant prognostic factors for all‐cause mortality in univariate analyses. In a multivariate analysis, FEV1 had independent prognostic value (hazard ratio 0.86 per 10% change, P < 0.001) after adjusting for demographic variables, known risk factors, ejection fraction, and self‐reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.ConclusionPulmonary function provides significant prognostic information for all‐cause mortality in patients admitted with HF. Spirometry therefore seems to be worth considering for all patients admitted with HF in order to identify patients at high risk.
A Longitudinal Study to Identify Laboratory Predictors of Liver Disease Outcome in Alagille Syndrome
Authors: Kamath Binita M , Munoz Pedro S , Bab Natalie , Baker Alastair , Chen Zhongxue , Spinner Nancy B , Piccoli David A 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Liver disease in Alagille syndrome (AGS) is highly variable, ranging from biochemical abnormalities only to end‐stage disease. It is not possible to predict whether a child with cholestasis will have improvement or progression of liver disease. This poses a challenge to the clinician in terms of timing therapies. The study aim was to identify laboratory markers present in children younger than 5 years that could predict the ultimate outcome of liver disease in AGS.Methods:A retrospective review of laboratory data from 33 subjects with AGS was performed. Patients older than 10 years of age were stratified into mild (22) and severe (11) hepatic outcome groups. Nonparametric analysis was performed on longitudinal data from birth to 5 years to determine association with hepatic outcome. JAGGED1 mutational analysis was performed on available samples.Results:The following variables were statistically different between severe and mild outcome groups: total bilirubin (TB, P = 0.0001), conjugated bilirubin (CB, P = 0.0066), and cholesterol (P = 0.0022). Further analysis revealed cutoff values that differentiated between severe and mild outcomes; TB 6.5 mg/dL (111 μmol/L), CB 4.5 mg/dL (77 μmol/L), and cholesterol 520 mg/dL (13.5 mmol/L). Genetic analysis of JAGGED1 mutations did not reveal genotype‐phenotype correlation.Conclusions:TB >6.5 mg/dL, CB >4.5 mg/dL, and cholesterol >520 mg/dL in children younger than 5 years of age are likely to be associated with severe liver disease in later life. These data represent cutoff values below which a child is likely to have a benign outcome and above which more aggressive therapy may be warranted, and can thus be used to guide management.
The SEPALLATA-Like Gene OsMADS34 Is Required for Rice Inflorescence and Spikelet Development
Authors: Gao Xingchun , Liang Wanqi , Yin Changsong , Ji Shenmin , Wang Hongmei , Su Xiao , Guo Chunce , Kong Hongzhi , Xue Hongwei , Zhang Dabing 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Grass plants develop distinct inflorescences and spikelets that determine grain yields. However, the mechanisms underlying the specification of inflorescences and spikelets in grasses remain largely unknown. Here, we report the biological role of one SEPALLATA (SEP)-like gene, OsMADS34, in controlling the development of inflorescences and spikelets in rice (Oryza sativa). OsMADS34 encodes a MADS box protein containing a short carboxyl terminus without transcriptional activation activity in yeast cells. We demonstrate the ubiquitous expression of OsMADS34 in roots, leaves, and primordia of inflorescence and spikelet organs. Compared with the wild type, osmads34 mutants developed altered inflorescence morphology, with an increased number of primary branches and a decreased number of secondary branches. In addition, osmads34 mutants displayed a decreased spikelet number and altered spikelet morphology, with lemma/leaf-like elongated sterile lemmas. Moreover, analysis of the double mutant osmads34 osmads1 suggests that OsMADS34 specifies the identities of floral organs, including the lemma/palea, lodicules, stamens, and carpel, in combination with another rice SEP-like gene, OsMADS1. Collectively, our study suggests that the origin and diversification of OsMADS34 and OsMADS1 contribute to the origin of distinct grass inflorescences and spikelets.
A global view of livestock biodiversity and conservation – GLOBALDIV
Authors: Ajmone‐Marsan P. ,   The GLOBALDIV Consortium
Published: April 2010

SummaryGLOBALDIV – A global view of livestock biodiversity and conservation – is a three‐ year project funded by the European Commission in the framework of the AGRI GEN RES initiative. It is formed by a core group of partners who participated in past EU or continental scale projects on Farm Animal Genetic Resources characterization and conservation. It also involves a much larger number of experts that are actively contributing to the success of the iniziative. The project aims at improving the conservation, characterisation, collection and utilisation of genetic resources in agriculture in EU and beyond, complementing and promoting work undertaken in the Member States at the Community level and facilitating co‐ordination of international undertakings on genetic resources in agriculture.
Climate change and the characterization, breeding and conservation of animal genetic resources
Authors: Hoffmann Irene 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLivestock production both contributes to and is affected by climate change. In addition to the physiological effects of higher temperatures on individual animals, the consequences of climate change are likely to include increased risk that geographically restricted rare breed populations will be badly affected by disturbances. Indirect effects may be felt via ecosystem changes that alter the distribution of animal diseases or affect the supply of feed. Breeding goals may have to be adjusted to account for higher temperatures, lower quality diets and greater disease challenge. Species and breeds that are well adapted to such conditions may become more widely used. Climate change mitigation strategies, in combination with ever increasing demand for food, may also have an impact on breed and species utilization, driving a shift towards monogastrics and breeds that are efficient converters of feed into meat, milk and eggs. This may lead to the neglect of the adaptation potential of local breeds in developing countries. Given the potential for significant future changes in production conditions and in the objectives of livestock production, it is essential that the value provided by animal genetic diversity is secured. This requires better characterization of breeds, production environments and associated knowledge; the compilation of more complete breed inventories; improved mechanisms to monitor and respond to threats to genetic diversity; more effective in situ and ex situ conservation measures; genetic improvement programmes targeting adaptive traits in high‐output and performance traits in locally adapted breeds; increased support for developing countries in their management of animal genetic resources; and wider access to genetic resources and associated knowledge.
Objectives, criteria and methods for using molecular genetic data in priority setting for conservation of animal genetic resources
Authors: Boettcher P. J. , Tixier‐Boichard M. , Toro M.A. , Simianer H. , Eding H. , Gandini G. , Joost S. , Garcia D. , Colli L. , Ajmone‐Marsan P. ,   and the GLOBALDIV Consortium
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe genetic diversity of the world’s livestock populations is decreasing, both within and across breeds. A wide variety of factors has contributed to the loss, replacement or genetic dilution of many local breeds. Genetic variability within the more common commercial breeds has been greatly decreased by selectively intense breeding programmes. Conservation of livestock genetic variability is thus important, especially when considering possible future changes in production environments. The world has more than 7500 livestock breeds and conservation of all of them is not feasible. Therefore, prioritization is needed. The objective of this article is to review the state of the art in approaches for prioritization of breeds for conservation, particularly those approaches that consider molecular genetic information, and to identify any shortcomings that may restrict their application. The Weitzman method was among the first and most well‐known approaches for utilization of molecular genetic information in conservation prioritization. This approach balances diversity and extinction probability to yield an objective measure of conservation potential. However, this approach was designed for decision making across species and measures diversity as distinctiveness. For livestock, prioritization will most commonly be performed among breeds within species, so alternatives that measure diversity as co‐ancestry (i.e. also within‐breed variability) have been proposed. Although these methods are technically sound, their application has generally been limited to research studies; most existing conservation programmes have effectively primarily based decisions on extinction risk. The development of user‐friendly software incorporating these approaches may increase their rate of utilization.
Celalettin Muhtar Ozden (1865–1947): his life, works and contributions to the study of dermatophytes
Authors: Sehiralti Mine , Dinc Gulten 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground  Most of the distinctive studies concerning dermatophyte infections were carried out at the end of the 19th century. One of the contributors of these studies was the Turkish dermatologist Dr. Celalettin Muhtar Ozden. The aim of this study was to introduce his life, works, and contributions to dermatology.Methods  Dr. Ozden's original works and published memories about him were evaluated.Results  After graduating from the Military Medical School he was sent to Paris to carry out his studies on skin and syphilitic diseases in 1889 by the School. During his practice in Dr. A. Fournier's dermatological clinic at St. Louis Hospital (1889–1892), he diagnosed cases of trichophytosis that affects hands and feet. He published his findings collectively, in which, he presented information regarding the distinctive diagnosis and treatment of the disease, through a series of 25 cases, 18 of which were observed by himself in 1892. After returning to his homeland, Dr. Ozden trained many medical students through the last years of the Ottoman Empire to the first years of the Republic of Turkey.Conclusion  His publication dated 1892 is characterized by being the first detailed work on dermatophyte infections affecting hands and feet. Today, he is well known by dermatologists in Turkey and his name has been immortalized through the term, the ‘Celal Muhtar's disease.’ It is important that this famous Turkish physician should keep his rightful place in the medical history of the world as well.