bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IP Dynamic Anti-Rust Test, Lubricating Greases
Authors: Spicer F. E. H. 
Published: June 2010

The Institute of Petroleum has recently published a test method (IP 220/67) for assessing the rust-prevention characteristics of greases. Specially selected and preserved double-row, self-aligning ball bearings are used as test specimens. The test, which lasts for 164 1/2 h, is dynamic, the grease film being produced and part of the test being performed with the bearings rotating partially submerged in distilled water. The performance of the grease is assessed by estimating the area of rust on the outer races of the test bearings. The precision of the test method was established by an extensive international correlation programme involving 30 laboratories from five European countries. This showed a precision which varied according to the performance level of the test greases. The results of tests with greases affording very good protection and with greases affording very poor protection against rusting gave better precision than results from greases with intermediate performance levels.
Paper 2: Behaviour of Rarefaction Waves at the Junction of a Branched Duct
Authors: Male D. H. , Chelsom R. A. , Deckker B. E. L. 
Published: June 2010

The results of an investigation into the behaviour of rarefaction waves at a junction formed by the intersection of two ducts are presented. Pressure measurements have been made in junctions in which the side branch forms an angle of 45°, 90°, and 135° with the main branch. In the 90° junction the effect of the area of the side branch to that of the main branch is examined; the values of the ratios being 1·0, 0·5, and 0·25. The amplitude of the incident rarefaction waves varies from 3 to 20 inHg. The development of the quasi-steady flow pattern has been obtained by Schlieren photography. This information, together with the pressure measurements, has been used to develop a quasi-steady, one-dimensional, semi-empirical analysis of the flow. The results of this analysis are in good agreement with the pressure measurements and can be used as boundary conditions for the examination of pipe networks by the method of characteristics.
Paper 3: Non-Steady Flow in Internal Combustion Engine Inlet and Exhaust Systems
Authors: Benson R. S. , Foxcroft J. S. 
Published: June 2010

Previous work on non-steady flow in exhaust systems has shown that the method of characteristics can be used to predict the flow conditions to a high degree of accuracy. In these calculations the pressure at the inlet port or valve was considered to be constant. Recent work on the effect of pulsating flow on centrifugal compressors has shown the importance of considering non-steady flows in the inlet systems of supercharged engines. Predictions of the non-steady flow in inlet systems, usually based on acoustic theory, have only been accurate in particular cases. In this paper the method of characteristics has been applied to the study of non-steady flows both in the inlet and exhaust systems of internal combustion engines. Comparisons are made between the calculated and experimental results obtained on a multi-cylinder pulse generator. Tests on both single- and two-cylinder units were carried out and measurements of the inlet pipe pressure, exhaust pipe pressure, cylinder pressures and temperatures, and inlet and exhaust mass flows were made. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions and the test results were extremely good; in all the cases the pressures were in close agreement. The inlet predicted mass flows were all within +9 and −4 per cent of the measured flows, the standard deviation being 3·1 per cent. The exhaust mass flows were all within +8 and −12 per cent of the measured mass flows, the standard deviation being 4·3 per cent. It was considered that the method gives reliable predictions of the flow processes in internal combustion engines.
Paper 24: A Study of Column Separation following Valve Closure in a Pipeline Carrying Aviation Kerosine
Authors: Swaffield J. A. 
Published: June 2010

The occurrence of column separation on the upstream side of a valve following valve closure has been the subject of a series of experiments on a test rig utilizing Concorde L56 alloy fuel piping and Esso Aviation Kerosine Specification 2494. A Fortran IV computer program based on the method of characteristics has been employed to solve the quasi-linear hyperbolic partial differential equations governing the propagation of transient pressures and to predict the duration of vapour cavities formed either at the valve or at any point in the pipeline. Comparison of computer and observed results indicates an accuracy within 3 per cent for the first peak following valve closure and for the duration of the vapour cavities, and within 10 per cent for the later pressure peaks following vapour cavity collapse.
Paper 34: Effects of Variable Specific Heats and Gas Composition on Unsteady Flow Calculations
Authors: Benson R. S. , Wild A. , Woollatt D. 
Published: June 2010

A numerical method has been developed for the solution of one-dimensional non-steady flow problems including the effects of friction, gradual area change, heat transfer between the gas and the pipe wall, longitudinal variations, and discontinuities in gas composition and entropy. The fluid considered obeys the perfect gas equation of state, but the specific heats may vary with temperature. The method is not intended for use when shocks are present, but will give an approximate solution if shocks occur. The accuracy of the new method has been checked against existing methods for more simple cases, and although the new method has been found to be slightly superior it is more complicated, much slower, and the boundary conditions are more difficult to develop. For this reason, it is suggested that the new method be used to check on the adequacy of the existing simpler methods for each new application. The methods have been compared for the case of a typical diesel engine exhaust system and it has been found that the earlier methods are adequate for all practical purposes.
Paper 5. Industrial Vehicle Torque Converter Transmissions
Authors: Stuart D. J. K. 
Published: June 2010

The highway vehicle is concerned with transporting persons or freight over substantial distances, usually at as high an average speed as the conditions will permit. The high-performance private car and the door-to-door delivery vehicle represent opposite ends of the scale of the duty cycle. In the latter case, the very cycle itself—stop-start characteristics, the high percentage of standing time resulting in relatively small mileage, and the small penalty of limited maximum speed—represents cumulative factors in respect of which the basic economics of the battery-operated electric vehicle dominates other considerations. Thus, in order to arrive at design specifications it is essential to consider the duty cycle which, in the case of all types of industrial vehicle, is characterized by the need to execute a high proportion of forward/reverse manoeuvres, long periods of low-speed operation, and the provision of an increasing complexity of powered auxiliary equipment.
Paper 18. Power Take-off Systems for Today's Trucks
Authors: Webster R. G. , Rigby V. P. 
Published: June 2010

Power take-off systems are necessary for most of today's trucks supplying the power to operate various truck-mounted equipment on tipping gear, garbage packers, fuel tankers, bulk cement tankers, refrigeration trucks, and many more applications. PTOs are gear-driven units that fit to, and obtain their power from, the truck gearbox and transmit the power through a drive shaft to the unit being driven, such as a pump or compressor. Other special PTOs are available which drive off the engine and main driveline. Many types of PTOs are described which cater for a wide range of horsepowers and speeds to suit truck users' needs; they are controlled from the driving cab by direct rods or remotely by flexible cables or air pressure. Giving the truck user the best and most economical PTO system is dependent upon the PTO transmission and truck manufacturer ensuring that a suitable PTO is available and that the transmission PTO mounting is available to accept the PTO and its drive. More automation on future trucks will make co-operation between these manufacturers increasingly essential, to maintain the continuing expansion of the trucking industry.
Session 3: Paper 21. Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings in Drivelines
Authors: Nisbet T. S. 
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with ball and cylindrical roller bearings in drivelines where, year by year, requirements demand that smaller bearings meet conditions of steadily increasing severity. Clutch-operating bearings and those for manual gearboxes and overdrives are reviewed. The different requirements for bearings in front-wheel drives and automatic gearboxes are discussed, followed by a consideration of the requirements of propeller shafts, half-shafts and hubs.
Paper 4: The Influence of Transient Thermal Distortion on the Behaviour of an Assembly Containing Two Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Authors: Carmichael G. D. T. , Davies P. B. 
Published: June 2010

There is a need to extend the overall speed range of machine tool main spindle assemblies, but the conflicting requirements of adequate stiffness and lack of play at low speeds, and an acceptably low rate of heat generation at high speeds, are tending to limit the application of rolling bearings in machines of wide speed ranges. It has been recognized that the thermal distortion which occurs in assemblies has a significant influence on their performance, but little information is available on the proper selection of design parameters. An experimental investigation of an idealized assembly containing two back-to-back angular contact ball bearings is described, and the transient variation of friction torque, axial load sustained by the bearings, and other variables are presented. The transient thermal distortion of the assembly was analysed and its influence on the overall performance considered. The significance of these results in relation to the design of machine tools is suggested.
Paper 9: The Role of Lubrication in Gear Design
Authors: Dowson D. 
Published: June 2010

The paper gives an account of the way in which the results of fundamental studies of the lubrication mechanism in gears are now being incorporated in gear design procedures. The background to elastohydrodynamic lubrication is summarized and the importance of film thickness calculation is noted. The role of the lubricant in gear lubrication and its effect upon scuffing and pitting are considered. The importance of a film thickness ratio in determining the resistance to both forms of surface distress is emphasized. An improvement in surface durability is likely to lead to important increases in the ratings of many gear sets. The results of many years of research work on gear lubrication can now be embodied in design procedures for the optimization of resistance to scuffing and pitting, and the designer should be encouraged to treat the lubricant as an engineering material and a component in the gear system.
Paper 6: A Single-Deck Bus for Future Urban Transport
Authors: Fogg A. 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the design and manufacturing philosophy of a bus to be produced by British Leyland and the manner in which it is intended to meet the future requirements of urban transport. Changes that have been taking place in the bus industry over recent years have seriously affected both the manufacturer and the operator of public service vehicles. In the former case, bus manufacture has virtually ceased to be a profitable business, and it was obvious that a completely new approach to design and manufacture was going to be necessary if manufacturing companies were to remain in this business. In the case of the operator, there has been a steady decline in the number of passengers carried, increasing difficulties have arisen due to labour shortages in both the operation and maintenance of vehicles, and as a result it has been difficult to maintain adequate services and to remain viable financially. From the manufacturer's point of view, the need to produce a standard bus has become imperative, and all the variations introduced in the past to satisfy individual transport undertakings can no longer be justified. The large labour content in manufacture has to be reduced to make the cost of the product acceptable, and the division of responsibility between chassis and body manufacturers has to be eliminated. From the passenger point of view, bus transport has to be more attractive and must offer the same environment as that of a high-class motor car. Similarly the driver, who is frequently also a car driver, must have a working environment at least as good as that to which he has become accustomed in his private motor car. The operator has to have improved reliability and freedom from excessive maintenance so that a reduction in the demand for skilled labour can be achieved. He must also have a vehicle which can be operated satisfactorily and safely by one man. The paper discusses the requirements of passengers, drivers, operators, and manufacturers, and describes the way in which a new vehicle has been evolved in order to achieve these. It is expected that this vehicle will meet the needs, for single-deck buses for the next generation, of the majority of urban transport undertakings in the U.K. and in other countries with similar urban transportation problems, and thus make a major contribution to more rapid transit.
Paper 10: Design of Railway Rolling Stock for Heavy Urban Service
Authors: Driver S. A. 
Published: June 2010

With a total fleet of 4250 railway cars, London Transport convey over 2 220 000 passengers each working day on a rail network of 236 route miles. More than half a million passengers alight at central London stations between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., and the reverse flow takes place between 4.30 p.m. and 7 p.m. This concentrated demand presents a major problem. It can be shown than an electrified railway system can provide the most efficient and reliable means of rapidly conveying large numbers of people in dense urban areas. Various figures have been published and from these it can be demonstrated that a modern subway system can give a passenger-carrying capacity, under tolerable loading conditions, of between 25 000 and 30 000 per hour in each direction, or equivalent to 10 or 12 lanes of motorway in each direction. The actual capacity, however, will depend on a number of factors, many of which are dictated by the amount of foresight displayed by the original planners and contruction engineers of the line.
Development of a Qualitative Sequential Immunoassay for Characterizing the Intrinsic Properties of Circulating Cardiac Troponin I
Authors: Lin Yixin , Fu Qin , Zhu Jie , Miller Julie M , Van Eyk Jennifer E 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUNDWith myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac troponin is released from the heart into circulation, where it can be detected with immunoassays independently quantifying cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cTnT. There is, however, no single immunoassay that sequentially probes the posttranslational modification status of cTnI or directly characterizes whether circulating cTnI is bound to cTnC and/or cTnT. Here we describe the development of a qualitative immunoassay to directly probe the primary and ternary structure of circulating cTnI through diffractive optics technology (dotLab® System, Axela).METHODSAnti-cTnI antibody 8I-7 was immobilized on a patterned sensor to capture cTnI. One or more detector antibodies were sequentially introduced to probe for amino acid sequence integrity or phosphorylation status of cTnI, or its association with cTnC and/or cTnT. Respective immunocaptures were recorded as real-time diffractive intensities (DIs), and the DI differences were analyzed. Each immunodetection was independent of the others but was done in a single sequential assay.RESULTSThis diffraction-based immunoassay successfully characterized cTnI. The unamplified assay determined whether cTnI was degraded at N-terminus and/or C-terminus or phosphorylated. Sequential application of multiple detector antibodies without an antibody-stripping step enables real-time interrogation of 5 different epitopes of cTnI, or direct detection of the cTn complex (cTnI–cTnC–cTnT) in a single sequential assay. Finally, this assay was optimized with amplification to directly detect circulating cTnI bound to cTnC and cTnT in serum from an MI patient.CONCLUSIONSThe dot® Immunoassay is the first qualitative sequential immunoassay to address the direct interactions of the troponin subunits and various modified forms of cTnI.
Assessing Care and Support Needs for Children With Acquired Brain Injury: Normative Data for the Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS)
Authors: Soo Cheryl , Tate Robyn L. , Anderson Vicki , Waugh Mary-Clare 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroduction:The Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS) was developed to address the dearth of scales currently available for measuring support needs of children with acquired brain injury (ABI). The scale assesses environmental supports (both supervision and physical assistance) across 14 domains of everyday activities from support for personal hygiene to participation in leisure and social activities. This study aimed to determine support needs in typically developing children using the PCANS in a normative sample of Australian children.Methods:Participants were parents of typically developing children aged 5–14 years (N= 300) recruited from a range of schools in metropolitan Melbourne. Children with ABI, diagnosis of a neurological or developmental disorder, or significant medical condition were excluded. Thirty parents of children in each of 10 age levels, with approximately equal sex ratio were recruited.Results:Findings suggest that support needs vary according to age of the child (p< .01) but not sex of child or occupational status of the parent. Additionally, children were found to have significantly higher support needs for supervision compared with physical assistance across most of the domains of the PCANS (p< .01). A greater number of age differences across PCANS domains were also found in younger children (5 to 7 and 8 to 11 years) compared to the older age group (age 12–14 years).Conclusions:This study reports normative data for the PCANS using a sample of children stratified by age. Findings will provide an essential point of reference to help guide clinical interpretation of the PCANS for assessing support needs of children with ABI.
Kant über Menschenliebe als moralische Gemütsanlage
Authors: Schönecker Dieter 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In the Introduction of the Tugendlehre, Kant identifies love of human beings as one of the four moral predispositions that make us receptive to the moral law. We claim that this love is neither benevolence nor the aptitude of the inclination to beneficence in general (both are also called love of human beings); rather it is amor complacentiae, which Kant understands as the delight in moral striving for perfection. We also provide a detailed analysis of Kant's almost completely neglected theory of moral predispositions. They are necessary conditions to be aware of the moral law and to be motivated by it.
Surveying Professional Opinion to Inform Bull Trout Recovery and Management Decisions
Authors: Al-Chokhachy Robert , Fredenberg Wade , Spalding Shelley 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Increasing concerns about management and recovery of the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) prompted the Bull Trout Committee of Western Division American Fisheries Society to survey scientists working most closely with bull trout in Pacific Northwest drainages of the contiguous United States. We solicited scientific and judgment-based assessments regarding current status and future trends, limiting factors, effectiveness of restoration strategies and regulatory mechanisms, and information gaps. The survey was sent to 235 biologists, with the majority of the responses coming from Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Respondents indicated fish passage, forest management practices, and nonnative species interactions are the primary factors limiting bull trout populations, and these issues were identified as the primary recovery challenges in the foreseeable future. Survey results indicated large information gaps in our understanding of bull trout population dynamics, monitoring and evaluation, and community interactions. Finally, survey respondents across demographic groups identified the listing under the Endangered Species Act as the single most important regulatory action benefiting bull trout. We conclude online surveys of professional opinions can be useful for guiding future management decisions, identifying research needs, understanding the relative importance of potential limiting factors, and evaluating the effectiveness of different regulatory mechanisms.
“When people argue about fish, the fish disappear.”
Authors: Hamazaki Toshihide 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of subsistence fishery closure “windows” scheduling as a management tool for conservation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. The windows, which reduced subsistence fishing from seven days to four days a week, were implemented in 2001 to conserve early migrant/upperriver Chinook salmon stock and to provide subsistence harvest opportunities for upper-river communities. The windows were expected to (1) reduce the proportion of Chinook salmon harvests in the early season, (2) delay the harvest timing, and (3) extend the total fishing days. To examine its effectiveness, subsistence salmon harvest calendars (1989–2006) were collected and examined for changes in harvest timing before and after the windows were implemented. The results showed that the windows did not reduce harvests early in the season, delay the harvest timing, or extend the total fishing days. This suggests that the windows were not effective. Potential reasons for this failure are discussed.
An Assessment of Deadhead Logs and Large Woody Debris Using Side Scan Sonar and Field Surveys in Streams of Southwest Georgia
Authors: Kaeser Adam J. , Litts Thomas L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Large woody debris provides essential habitat in sand-bed streams of the southeastern United States. In many Coastal Plain streams, pre-cut timber, lost more than a century ago during river transport, contributes to the extant large woody debris pool. The extraction of these logs, otherwise known as deadhead logging, threatens habitat integrity in these systems. Little is known of the distribution, abundance, and ecological value of deadhead logs, thus hindering attempts to manage and protect this resource. Moreover, the use of traditional field-based methods to inventory wood is slow and costly in large turbid streams. Our objectives were to assess wood at several sites in southwest Georgia using traditional methods, then use these data to evaluate the efficacy of quantifying wood using side scan sonar imagery. Deadhead logs were widely distributed and constituted a substantial proportion (&gt; 50% volume and surface area) of the total large woody debris found at study sites. Given these findings, the wholesale removal of deadhead logs could largely impact the ecological integrity of such streams. Analyses revealed strong correlations (r2 = 0.82—0.98) between sonar wood estimates and actual counts suggesting that side scan sonar can be used as a rapid, inexpensive method to quantify wood throughout navigable systems.