bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kansas Bleeds into Cuba
Authors: Walkiewicz Kathryn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns to the 1850s campaigns for Kansas’s and Cuba’s statehood, unpacking some of the ways statehood posited Black freedom as a rationale for state-making. In particular, I look at the writings of Martin Delany, John Brougham’s play El Filibustero!, and John Brown’s Black statehood proposal. Kansas, formerly part of Indian Territory, became a state. Yet the United States maintained a more unusual relationship with Cuba, “read” by the US government and the press as a less amendable geopolitical space for the US imperial project. As I discuss at some length in earlier chapters, statehood and states’ rights were key colonial tactics for systematically delegitimizing and further discrediting Indigenous a priori land rights, and “reading” Kansas and Cuba together brings these truths to the fore. In the case of “Bleeding Kansas” sectional violence in the 1850s, popular sovereignty was staged as a fight over Black freedom, but in the end, statehood consolidated white male possessive power.
Diversity
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Soon reformers seeking redress for the undocumented Irish found a new way to frame their demands for immigration reform. They argued that cultural diversity should be a goal of the immigration system of a country whose creed reads “E pluribus unum,” out of many, one. A one-time “Berman” visa lottery was open to “underrepresented” countries around the world, those that had sent few immigrants to the United States in recent years. Since most immigrants each year came from a short list of countries, this corrective policy was framed as increasing immigrant diversity. Diversity was increasingly important in these years, as many institutions embraced it as an alternative to affirmative action to address and overcome racial discrimination.
Homeland
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Just after the creation of the Diversity Visa lottery, US policymakers embraced a more restrictionist approach to immigration, passing the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) in 1996 and boosting enforcement measures. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States reorganized its immigration bureaucracy under a new Department of Homeland Security, and increased its surveillance, scrutiny, and policing of immigrants. The reframing of national identity around the idea of “homeland” made the United States less inclusive, while it fueled a more aggressive foreign policy focused on counterterrorism, including in Africa.
“Shithole Countries”
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Donald Trump became president after a campaign that centered on vilifying immigrants and promising to impose a “Muslim ban” to prevent Muslim people from entering the country. When an Uzbek immigrant committed an act of violence, Trump called for the end of the Diversity Visa lottery, which was the source of the man’s immigrant visa more than seven years prior. But his comments about African countries and African immigrants betrayed that the motivation behind these calls was not security, but making America a whiter country and preventing the immigration of people of color. Congressional action stalled on immigration, but in 2020 Trump was able to curtail immigration dramatically when the pandemic slowed consular processing. Simultaneously, the United States engaged in a racial reckoning fueled by the Black Lives Matter movement.
Striking for Streptomycin
Authors: Urban Kelly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the arrival and distribution in Cuba of the antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin) that promised to cure tuberculosis in the 1940s and 1950s. The history of streptomycin in Cuba helps explain the disjuncture between improved health outcomes, specifically the tuberculosis mortality rate, and highly critical citizen perceptions of the public health sector in the Auténtico period. The Grau and Prío administrations’ distribution of chemotherapy did offer partial or total cure to some tuberculars; however, it was plagued by graft, negligence, and patronage. Tuberculars and their allies (including, but not limited to, individual Communists, the Popular Socialist Party, and the Ortodoxo Party) responded. These grassroots activists voiced new health rights and pursued various forms of mobilization, such as sanatorium strikes and unionization. The state responded with increasingly authoritarian methods to shut down tuberculosis activism, a sign of weakening democratic norms. Still, tuberculars and their allies crafted a convincing narrative of state failure to ensure health citizenship. As elite and middle-class charities returned to the antituberculosis campaign, helping poor Cubans obtain the drug, state legitimacy further eroded.
Introduction
Authors: Arriaga Felicia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces North Carolina as the testing ground for various immigration enforcement practices meant to target the increase of mostly Latinx immigrants. Some state representatives and sheriffs were eager to usher in these local collaborations with ICE and this chapter summarizes various efforts through state legislation to do this. The author also introduces her relationship to the issue of local immigration enforcement and briefly describes her data collection approach.
Collective Amnesia
Authors: Arriaga Felicia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the normalized practices by crimmigration entities and subsequent collective amnesia or the “conflicting judgements about what is important in the past and what is unimportant” of the 287(g) program’s beginning. Furthermore, this collective amnesia exhibited by whites and nonwhite community members alike, manifests itself through a combination of claims of white innocence (Ross 1990; Bonilla-Silva 1997), white ignorance (Mills 2007), the need for economic power, and relatively recently through white savior mentality (Bonilla-Silva, 1997; Vera and Gordon, 2003; Ross, 1990).
Conclusion
Authors: Arriaga Felicia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights additional areas of interest and concern, shifting from sheriffs and county commissioners to other components of the criminal-legal system. It also cautions against policy reforms and accountability efforts that are limited in scope without considering their role in upholding criminal-legal structures. It concludes with a call to action—to step out of the collective amnesia and see the connections right in front of us.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Beth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction describes growing racial tension and violence in the ranks of the US Army in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It presents the book’s key argument: at a time when escalating Cold War tensions and increasing instability in the Middle East were exacerbating an already dangerous and volatile strategic environment, key US Army leaders came to believe that the Army’s growing racial crisis undermined its ability to fulfill its mission of national defense. The belief that racial conflict threatened military efficiency shaped how the army, as an institution, defined the problem and the solutions it attempted to “the problem of race.” The chapter also argues that US institutions play critically important roles in the process of social change and introduces the concept of “Institutional Logic.”
A Tactic of Silence
Authors: Bailey Beth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1968 the US Army began, in a stuttering and incomplete fashion, to perceive race as a problem. This chapter describes the 1968 Long Binh Jail riot, in which about 200 Black soldiers burned buildings and violently attacked guards and fellow prisoners before creating an “African” space, claiming cultural nationalism with makeshift dashikis and drums, in a segment of the compound that they held for several weeks. It analyzes the events leading to the investigation of Major Lavell Merritt, who got extensive newspaper coverage when he charged in 1968 that the US Army was a “citadel of racism.” In both cases, Army leaders were reluctant to acknowledge the role of race and racism in the events.
Education and Training
Authors: Bailey Beth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Institutional logic dictated that the US Army would see education and training as a key solution to its racial crisis. The Army chief of staff made race relations training mandatory, shifting training hours to focus on race even as leaders worried that new inductees were insufficiently trained for combat in Vietnam. Army leaders demonstrated how flexible and creative the institution could be when confronted with a major problem by employing the T-group, sensitivity training, and encounter group methods adopted by forward-thinking corporations and public institutions in the early 1970s. These techniques, however, in efforts to produce “authenticity,” had the potential to take a functioning unit and create divisions among its members, especially in the hands of semi-trained facilitators. This chapter traces the rise and function of the Department of Defense Race Relations Institute (DRRI) and the work of psychiatrist Avrom Segal at Fort Benning.
I’m Doing the Sort … in the Shadow of Lenin’s Tomb!
Authors: Elmore Bart 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This is the first environmental history of FedEx, a firm headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. Drawing on interviews with FedEx officials, it shows how environmental factors, such as concerns about Gulf Coast storms and snowy weather in the north, led to the siting of FedEx in Memphis. Building on Delta’s hub-and-spoke model, FedEx focused on the “small-package” market that was not being served by major airlines traveling to bigger cities. But that hub-and-spoke system would lead to major greenhouse gas emissions, which is the subject of the following chapter.
What We Want to Do Is Cut the Supply Chain
Authors: Elmore Bart 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores FedEx’s rapid global expansion into Asian markets in the 1990s and beyond and the environmental effects of that growth. It exposes the problems with FedEx and other businesses using the term “carbon emissions intensity” to measure their progress on solving climate change. “Carbon emissions intensity” is a measure of a firms’ greenhouse gas emissions in relation to its total revenue generated each year. Companies like FedEx laud the fact that their “carbon emissions intensity” has been declining dramatically in recent decades, making it seem as if the firm’s total greenhouse gas footprint has been radically diminishing, when in fact this is not true.
Allotment and its Discontents
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ho-Chunk people expelled to lands west of the Mississippi came under the supervision of US officials who sought to remake them into landowning farmers and restrict them to only those lands. Under the broad umbrella of the policy of “civilization,” they sought to persuade or coerce Ho-Chunk people into accepting the division of their common lands into individual holdings (increasingly known as allotments), with a view of incorporating them into the US republic, perhaps even as citizens. Citizenship in these circumstances was less a promise of equality than it was a way of dissolving the tribal and treaty relationship that kept Native people’s lands off the market and out of reach of American settlers. Each new treaty brought more stringent demands that the Ho-Chunk accept these policies, and US officials withheld promised annuities to extract further concessions. In the 1850s Ho-Chunk leaders, notably Coming Thunder Winnesheik, pressed back against these demands and sought to thwart or delay US efforts to bring these policies into operation.
Citizens, Wards, and Outlaws
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the 1860s Ho-Chunk people confronted numerous challenges to their lives, both in the exile diaspora west of the Mississippi and in their ancestral homeland. The US-Dakota War provided the excuse to seize their Minnesota lands and banish them farther west, US policies sought to reduce them to wardship, and resurgent settler movements sought to expel those who had remained in Wisconsin. But Reconstruction policymaker’s effort to define national citizenship—a process intended to secure the rights of former slaves–raised the question of Native people’s status under the citizenship clauses of the Civil Rights Act (1866) and Fourteenth Amendment. Congressmen struggled to define citizenship in a way that asserted the nation’s fundamental jurisdiction over Native lands without incorporating Native people as equal citizens. This tension provided openings for Ho-Chunks and other Native people to claim civic membership, and therefore the right to remain on their lands, through the adoption of American styles of clothing—what officials dubbed “Citizens Clothing” or “Citizens Dress”—or, more radically, by claiming that they had so fully embraced “civilization” that they merited naturalization as US citizens.
Latinos and a Governing Majority
Authors: Mantler Gordon K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Championing everything from the sanctuary movement to basic Latino political representation, a cross-class coalition of grassroots activists and campaign workers in the city’s Latino communities would make or break a Black mayor’s attempt to reform city politics and policies – first in the 1986 council elections when Luis Gutierrez and Jesus “Chuy” Garcia were elected after redistricting and then in the mayor’s own reelection campaign in 1987. It was the starkest reminder yet to Harold Washington and his diverse group of aides that African Americans and Latinos relied on each other, often uneasily, to wield power in the city. Chicago proved a microcosm for progressive urban political coalitions including Latino politics across the country, both in its fragility and what could be accomplished if coalition partners listened to and trusted one another. For a brief moment, governance in the Windy City provided just such a model.
The Growth of the Slave-Based Health Care Economy, 1800–1861
Authors: McQueeney Kevin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 details how the institution of slavery permitted the growth of the racialized health care system in the antebellum period, including private hospitals, Charity Hospital, two medical schools, and the practices of individual physicians. Private infirmaries called “slave hospitals” proliferated, buoyed by profits for providing care for enslaved individuals, paid by their enslavers. While not considered a “slave hospital,” Charity Hospital strengthened its connections to slavery. The hospital continued to treat the increasing number of arriving enslaved people suffering from illness and bound for the slave market, owned and sold enslaved laborers, and derived income from donations from large enslavers. This chapter also explores the growth of the medical schools and the emergence of New Orleans as the “medical metropolis of the South,” a process deeply connected to slavery. Physicians derived prestige and wealth through exploitation and experimentation on enslaved people and passed down ideas of scientific racism to the next generation of doctors. Finally, this chapter examines the origins of an alternate Black health care field. Antebellum New Orleans was a Black health center, with Black doctors with medical degrees, others with informal training, and Black nurses, midwives, and folk and spiritual healers.
Kouzen’s Makout
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Practicing Vodou is intimately tied to economics—the financial capacities of individuals, of temples, and of whole communities. Examining the exchange of goods and money in religious communities reveals what is required to maintain religious practice and the values and beliefs that animate faith traditions. This chapter focuses on Manbo Maude’s Vodou temple in Jacmel, Haiti as a site of religious innovation that reflects the dynamic relationship between gender and sexuality in relation to religious ritual labor, material aesthetics and spiritual embodiment. By focusing primarily on Jacmel, this chapter explores the intricacies of transnational labor relations and the spiritual work required to sustain long term commitments within Manbo Maude’s religious community. Inspired by the work of scholar of religion and feminist studies Judith Casselberry’s analysis of Black women’s “labor of faith,” the chapter explores the categories of intimate, emotional, and aesthetic labor in relation to Haitian Vodou (Casselberry, 2017). Manbo Maude showcases the faith labor necessary for the spirits, her practitioners, and her own financial stability. Additionally, the practice of negotiatory labor is introduced to understand the negotiations around money and resources that are necessary for ritual work and serving spirits such as the agricultural deity Kouzen Azaka.
Adherencia al tratamiento nutricional, su relación con la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a Hemodiálisis, SENETO 2023
Authors: Díaz Muciño Akari , Sánchez May María del Carmen , Bastida Reyes Mayte 
Published: May 2024

A nivel nutricional, el presente trabajo busca visibilizar la importancia tratamiento nutricional en pacientes con hemodiálisis. Es una investigación de tipo observacional, analítico, transversal y prospectivo, llevada a cabo en la clínica de Hemodiálisis, servicios especializados en Nefrología Toluca, Estado de México (SENETO), y fue constituido por una población de 79 participantes, a quienes se valoró su composición corporal, utilizando un analizador de composición corporal marca SECA mBCA. Gracias a la recolección e interpretación de los datos, se observó una mayor participación por parte de hombres con un 55.7% mientras que las mujeres representaron el 44.3%, con una media de 42 años para el total de la población. Esto permitió identificar que la adherencia nutricional se encuentra comprometida y, como parte del tratamiento en muchos padecimientos, es de singular importancia, principalmente en las Enfermedades Renales Crónicas. En conclusión este tipo de pacientes sometidos a los procesos de hemodiálisis, presentan una pérdida de macro y micronutrimentos; conduciéndolos a un estado de fragilidad nutricional, teniendo en consideración, el factor tiempo en su terapia; ya que, a mayor tiempo de tratamiento, mayores serán las alteraciones presentes a nivel de composición corporal.
Aerosol uncertainties in tropical precipitation changes for the mid-Pliocene warm period
Authors: Zhao Anni , Feng Ran , Brierley Chris M. , Zhang Jian , Hu Yongyun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP, 3.3–3.0 Ma) was characterised by an atmospheric CO2 concentration exceeding 400 ppmv with minor changes in continental and orbital configurations. Simulations of this past climate state have improved with newer models but still show some substantial differences from proxy reconstructions. There is little information about atmospheric aerosol concentrations during the Pliocene, but previous work suggests that it could have been quite different from the modern period. Here we apply idealised aerosol scenario experiments to examine the importance of aerosol forcing on mPWP tropical precipitation and the possibility of aerosol uncertainty explaining the mismatch between reconstructions and simulations. The absence of industrial pollutants leads to further warming, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) becomes narrower and stronger and shifts northward after removal of anthropogenic aerosols. Though not affecting the location of monsoon domain boundary, removal of anthropogenic aerosol alters the amount of rainfall within the domain, increasing summer rain rate over eastern and southern Asia and western Africa. This work demonstrates that uncertainty in aerosol forcing could be the dominant driver in tropical precipitation changes during the mid-Pliocene: causing larger impacts than the changes in topography and greenhouse gases.
High-resolution stratospheric volcanic SO2 injections in WACCM
Authors: Axebrink Emma , Sporre Moa K. , Friberg Johan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Aerosols from volcanic eruptions impact our climate by influencing the Earth’s radiative balance. The degree of their climate impact is determined by the location and injection altitude of the volcanic SO2. To investigate the importance of utilizing correct injection altitudes we ran climate simulations of the June 2009 Sarychev eruptions with three SO2 datasets, in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6). We have compared simulations with WACCM’s default 1 km vertically resolved dataset M16 with our two 200 m vertically resolved datasets, S21-3D and S21-1D. The S21-3D is distributed over a large area (30 latitudes and 120 longitudes), whereas S21-1D releases all SO2 in one latitude and longitude grid-box, mimicking the default dataset M16. For S21-1D and S21-3D, 95 % of the SO2 was injected into the stratosphere, whereas M16 injected only 75 % to the stratosphere. This difference is due to the different vertical distribution and resolution of SO2 in the datasets. The larger portion of SO2 injected into the stratosphere for the S21 datasets leads to more than twice as high sulfate aerosol load in the stratosphere for the S21-3D simulation compared to the M16 simulation during more than 8 months. The temporal evolution in AOD from two of our simulations, S21-3D and S21-1D, follows the observations from the space-borne lidar instrument CALIOP closely, while the AOD in the M16 simulation is substantially lower. This indicates that the injection altitude and vertical resolution of the injected volcanic SO2 substantially impact the model’s ability to correctly simulate the climate impact from volcanic eruptions. The S21-3D dataset with the high vertical and horizontal resolution resulted in global volcanic forcing of -0.24 W/m2 during the first year after the eruptions, compared with only -0.11 W/m2 for M16. Hence, our study high-lights the importance of using high-vertically resolved SO2 data in simulations of volcanic climate impact, and calls for a re-evaluation of further volcanic eruptions.
4-SINF ONA TILI SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARIDA “SIFAT SO‘Z TURKUMI” BILAN TANISHTIRISHNING INNOVATSION USULLARI
Authors: Davlatova Saidaxon , Xodjayeva Muazzamxon 
Published: May 2024

Ushbu maqolada bugungi kun ta’limining dolzarb ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan o‘zbek tili grammatikasidagi mavzulardan biri, xususan, sifat so‘z turkumini o‘quvchilarga o‘ragatishning innovatsion metodlari haqida so‘z boradi. Maqolada 4-sinf ona tili savodxonligi darslarida “sifat so‘z turkumi”ning o‘qitilishi va o‘rganishida innovatsion usullarning roli va ahamiyati muhokama qilingan hamda innovatsion usullar bilan o‘quv jarayonini yanada samarali qilish uchun interaktiv dars usullari, texnologik vositalar va zamonaviy integratsion usullarning tahlili keltirilgan. Natijalar qismida ta’lim jarayonida o‘tkazilgan innovatsion usullar orqali foydalanishda o‘quvchilarning sifat so‘z turkumidagi so‘zlarni o‘rganish va ularni amaliy ravishda qo‘llashlari uchun ko‘rsatilgan samarali natijalar bayon qilingan.
DORIVOR O’SIMLIKLAR EKSTRAKSIYASINING OPTIMAL USULINI ISHLAB CHIQISH
Authors: Razzakov Nabijon 
Published: May 2024

Maqolada dorivor o‘simliklar tarkibidagi biologik faol moddalarni samarali ajratib olishni vakuumli ekstraksiya uslubi taklif etilgan. Namuna sifatida na’matak va zirk mevalari olinib, jarayon TN-300 vakuumli ekstraktor olib borildi. Ekstraksiyaning eng optimal uslubi ishlab chiqildi. Uslubning afzalligini ilmiy isbotlash uchun Yuqori samarali suyuqlik xromatografiya uslubidan foydalanilgan. Dorivor o ‘simliklar asosida oziq- ovqat qo‘shilmalari ishlab chiqarishda ushbu vakuumli uslubdan foydalanishni taklif qilamiz