bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asset Liquidity and Stock Liquidity
Authors: Gopalan Radhakrishnan , Kadan Ohad , Pevzner Mikhail 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe study the relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Our model shows that the relation may be either positive or negative depending on parameter values. Asset liquidity improves stock liquidity more for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets (i.e., firms with less growth opportunities and financially constrained firms). Empirically, we find a positive and economically large relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Consistent with our model, the relation is more positive for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets. Our results also shed light on the value of holding liquid assets.
Développement de la référence à soi chez une enfant de 1;05 à 3;00: de l'influence de l'input à la reconstruction du système
Authors: CAËT STÉPHANIE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTCette étude adopte une approche à la fois fonctionnaliste et usage-based de l'acquisition du langage pour rendre compte des formes non conventionnelles de référence à soi en position sujet chez une enfant francophone, Anaé, entre 1;05 et 3;00. D'une part, nos analyses quantitatives et qualitatives révèlent la présence, après 2 ans, d'un paradigme de verbes à valeur modale pour lesquels la référence à soi en position sujet peut être implicite. Pour ces verbes, comme pour tous les verbes avant 2 ans, un sujet grammatical est essentiellement produit dans des situations où l'enfant exprime un positionnement intersubjectif. D'autre part, la production de formes non conventionnelles met en évidence la création d'associations entre des formes et des contextes interactionnels spécifiques. L'analyse du langage adressé à l'enfant suggère que ces associations trouvent notamment leur origine dans le langage de la mère.
Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: a survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours
Authors: Rivard Cheryl , Smith Danielle , McCann Susan E , Hyland Andrew 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess current beverage consumption patterns and anticipated reaction to an added 20 % tax on these products.DesignA random-digit dialled telephone interview lasting 20 min was administered to assess demographics, beverage consumption behaviours and intentions regarding consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in the event of an additional tax on these beverages.SettingRespondents were recruited throughout the USA.SubjectsThe study included 592 adults.ResultsSixty-nine per cent of respondents reported consuming at least one pre-packaged sugar-sweetened beverage in the past week; those who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages averaged seven pre-packaged beverages per week. Ninety-one per cent knew that frequent consumption of soft drinks increases risk of obesity. Thirty-six per cent supported a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages with greatest support among those aged 18–24 years, those with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and those with higher levels of education (P < 0·05). Over one-third of respondents said that they would cut back on their sweetened beverage consumption in the event of an added 20 % tax on these beverages.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that an added tax on these beverages could influence some to cut down on their consumption, reducing their risk of obesity and related illnesses.
Sociodemographic, behavioural and environmental correlates of sweetened beverage consumption among pre-school children
Authors: Pabayo Roman , Spence John C , Cutumisu Nicoleta , Casey Linda , Storey Kate 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo identify sociodemographic and environmental correlates of sweetened beverages (regular soft drinks, fruit juice) among children of pre-school age.DesignChildren's dietary intake, food behaviours and screen time were measured by parental report. A Geographic Informational System was used to assess the number of grocery stores and fast-food restaurants available within 1 km of the children's residence. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were constructed to determine correlates of drinking soft drinks during the previous week.SettingEdmonton region, Canada.SubjectsChildren aged 4 and 5 years (n2114) attending a public health unit for immunization were recruited for a cohort study on determinants of childhood obesity, between 2005 and 2007.ResultsChildren from neighbourhoods with low socio-economic status (relative risk (RR) = 1·17, 95 % CI 0·98, 1·40) or who participated in >2 h of screen time daily (RR = 1·28, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·45) were significantly more likely to have consumed regular soft drinks within the last week. Those who lived within 1 km of a grocery store were significantly less likely to consume regular soft drinks (RR = 0·84, 95 % CI 0·73, 0·96). Children who participated in >2 h of screen time daily (RR = 1·16, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·27) were more likely to exceed the recommended weekly number of servings of fruit juice.ConclusionsSocio-economic and built environment factors are associated with soft drink consumption in children of pre-school age. These findings may help health professionals to advocate for policies that reduce soft drink consumption among children.
Invariant valuations on quaternionic vector spaces
Authors: Bernig Andreas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe spaces of Sp(n)-, Sp(n) · U(1)- and Sp(n) · Sp(1)-invariant, translation-invariant, continuous convex valuations on the quaternionic vector space ℍn are studied. Combinatorial dimension formulae involving Young diagrams and Schur polynomials are proved.
The demos in Greek tragedy
Authors: Carter D. M. 
Published: January 2012

This paper looks at a relatively neglected character in Greek tragedy: the people. I cannot claim to produce a complete survey of this issue; however, I shall identify some different ways in which a tragic poet could portray a city's population, and discuss some examples.This is an important and interesting topic for two reasons, which are linked throughout, for behind my argument is the contention that a consideration of the original staging of a tragedy can help us to understand its politics. In the first place, it is instructive to ask how a poet could meet the challenge of representing the population of a city on stage; in the second, this exercise is likely to shed light on the political function of Greek tragedy. More specifically, it will shed light on the relationship between tragedy and democracy - a vexed question in recent years - for no consideration of democracy in drama can neglect the role of democracy's central player.
Seasonal variations in Saturn's plasma between the main rings and Enceladus
Authors: Elrod M. K. , Tseng W.‐L. , Wilson R. J. , Johnson R. E. 
Published: January 2012

With the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of an oxygen atmosphere over Saturn's main rings, and a strong source of water products from the plumes of Saturn's moon Enceladus, our picture of the physics of Saturn's magnetosphere from the main rings to inside the orbit of Enceladus has changed dramatically. This region contains oxygen ions from the ring atmosphere and water‐group ions from the Enceladus torus. The purpose of this study is to examine ion densities, temperatures, and composition from several equatorial periapsis passes from 2004 to 2010 for the region from 2.4 to 3.5 Saturn radii (∼60,300 km) in addition to Voyager 2 in order to separate contributions from Saturn's ring atmosphere from the water products in the Enceladus torus and to describe the temporal variations in the plasma. Because of the high background due to so‐called penetrating radiation in this region, only six orbits are used in this study. Our analysis indicates that large variations in ion density, temperature, and composition occurred between the Voyager 2 flyby, 2004, and 2010. Although the Enceladus plumes may be variable, we propose that the large change in the ion density from 2004 to equinox near 2010 is due to the seasonal variation in the ring atmosphere. Our interpretation of the plasma data is supported by a simple photochemical model, combining the water products from Enceladus and the seasonal variations in the ring atmosphere.
Detecting inhomogeneities in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis over the central United States
Authors: Ferguson Craig R. , Villarini Gabriele 
Published: January 2012

The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), which spans the 138 year period from 1871 to 2008, was intended for a variety of climate applications, including long‐term trend assessment. Because over land 20CR only assimilates surface pressure observations and their count increases by an order of magnitude over the course of the record, a key question is whether the 20CR is homogenous and hence suitable for detecting climate‐related changes. We use three statistical methods (Pettitt and Bai‐Perron tests and segmented regression) to detect abrupt shifts in multiple hydrometeorological variable mean and uncertainty fields over the central United States. For surface air temperature and precipitation, we use the Climate Research Unit (CRU) time series data set for comparison. We find that for warm‐season months, there is a consensus change point among all variables between 1940 and 1950, which is not substantiated by the CRU record. While we cannot say with certainty that these shifts in the 20CR analysis fields are artificial, our statistical analyses, coupled with a visual inspection of the underlying assimilated observational count time series, strongly point to this conclusion. Our recommendation is therefore for users to restrict climate trend applications over the central United States to the second half century of the 20CR record, after observational density has stabilized.
Auditory, Visual, and Auditory–Visual Perceptions of Emotions by Young Children With Hearing Loss Versus Children With Normal Hearing
Authors: Most Tova , Michaelis Hilit 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the effect of hearing loss (HL) on emotion-perception ability among young children with and without HL.

Method
A total of 26 children 4.0–6.6 years of age with prelingual sensory-neural HL ranging from moderate to profound and 14 children with normal hearing (NH) participated. They were asked to identify happiness, anger, sadness, and fear expressed by an actress when uttering the same neutral nonsense sentence. Their auditory, visual, and auditory–visual perceptions of the emotional content were assessed.

Results
The accuracy of emotion perception among children with HL was lower than that of the NH children in all 3 conditions: auditory, visual, and auditory–visual. Perception through the combined auditory–visual mode significantly surpassed the auditory or visual modes alone in both groups, indicating that children with HL utilized the auditory information for emotion perception. No significant differences in perception emerged according to degree of HL. In addition, children with profound HL and cochlear implants did not perform differently from children with less severe HL who used hearing aids.

Conclusion
The relatively high accuracy of emotion perception by children with HL may be explained by their intensive rehabilitation, which emphasizes suprasegmental and paralinguistic aspects of verbal communication.
The Developmental Trajectory of Spatial Listening Skills in Normal-Hearing Children
Authors: Lovett Rosemary Elizabeth Susan , Kitterick Pádraig Thomas , Huang Shan , Summerfield Arthur Quentin 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To establish the age at which children can complete tests of spatial listening and to measure the normative relationship between age and performance.

Method
Fifty-six normal-hearing children, ages 1.5–7.9 years, attempted tests of the ability to discriminate a sound source on the left from one on the right, to localize a source, to track moving sources, and to perceive speech in noise.

Results
Tests of left–right discrimination, movement tracking, and speech perception were completed by ≥75% of children older than 3 years. Children showed adult levels of performance from age 1.5 years (movement tracking), 3 years (left–right discrimination), and 6 years (localization and speech in noise). Spatial release from masking—calculated as the difference in speech reception thresholds between conditions with spatially coincident and spatially separate speech and noise—remained constant at 5 dB from age 3 years. Data from a separate study demonstrate the age at which children with cochlear implants can complete the same tests. Assessments of left–right discrimination, movement tracking, and speech perception were completed by ≥75% of children who are older than 5 years and who wear cochlear implants.

Conclusion
These data can guide the selection of tests for future studies and inform the interpretation of results from clinical populations.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963589
First Report of Hop stunt viroid Infecting Hop in Slovenia
Authors: Radisek S. , Majer A. , Jakse J. , Javornik B. , Matoušek J. 
Published: January 2012

Hop (Humulus lupulus), of the Cannabaceae family, is a dioecious perennial climbing plant that is native to Asia, North America, and Europe and is commercially grown in many countries for its use in brewing and the pharmaceutical industry. Slovenia has a more than 100-year-old hop-growing tradition and it is an important national agricultural business, with 90% of production exported to foreign markets. Since 2007, symptoms similar to Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) infection have been observed in several hop gardens with cvs. Celeia, Bobek, and Aurora in the Savinja Valley and Koroška Region. Symptoms include stunting, leaf curl, small cone formation, and dry root rot. In the first year of finding the disease, the incidence varied from 1 to 30% and increased rapidly (by as much as 10%) each subsequent year, predominantly along plant rows. For molecular identification of the pathogen, RNA was extracted from leaves and cones of symptomatic and asymptomatic plants from two different hop gardens with cv. Celeia using Tri Reagent (T9424; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO). Reverse transcription-PCR was carried out using two pairs of specific HSVd primers, HSVdI/HSVdII and HSVdeI/HSVdeII (3,4). Both primer pairs gave a single PCR product from tissue from symptomatic plants, with expected lengths of ~300 bp, but no amplicons were produced using samples from asymptomatic plants. PCR products from HSVdI/HSVdII were subjected to direct sequencing and HSVdeI/HSVdeII products were cloned in PCR Script SK (+) (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) vector and sequenced. Five sequences (EMBL Accession Nos. HE575344, HE575345, HE575346, HE575347, and HE575348) were obtained, which revealed 96 to 99% sequence identity with various HSVd variants (grapevine, citrus, and cucumber) reported in GenBank of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). HSVd belonging to the Hostuviroid genus, Pospiviroidae family, has been previously reported in hop in Japan, South Korea, North America, and China (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of HSVd on hop in Europe. Strict phytosanitary measures have been taken to prevent further spread and to eradicate HSVd infections. References: (1) K. C. Eastwell and T. Sano. Hop Stunt. Page 48 in: Compendium of Hop Diseases and Pests. W. F. Mahaffee et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2009. (2) L. Guo et al. Plant Pathol. 57:764, 2008. (3) J. Matoušek et al. Plant Soil Environ. 49:168, 2003. (4) J. Matoušek et al. J. Virol. Methods 122:153, 2004.
First Report of Lavender Wilt Caused by Fusarium sporotrichioides in Croatia
Authors: Cosic J. , Vrandecic K. , Jurkovic D. , Postic J. , Orzali L. , Riccioni L. 
Published: January 2012

In May 2011, samples of lavender plants (Lavandula × intermedia) showing wilt symptoms were collected from two commercial plantings in Slavonia County. Disease was observed on 20 to 30% of the plants. Symptoms of the disease consisted of chlorosis, stunting, wilting, and death. Vascular tissue of stems and roots exhibited brown discoloration. Isolations of the pathogen were made from the discolored tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age became red, and red pigments were produced in agar. Microconidia were pear shaped, oval, and fusoid, and ranged from 4.5 to 14.0 × 2.8 to 4.7 μm. Macroconidia were curved, mostly three septate, and ranged from 21.8 to 24.3 × 2.9 to 3.9 μm. Morphology of colonies and conidia matched the description of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (1). Identity of the fungus was confirmed by examining a portion of the EF1-α gene using the degenerated primers EF1 and EF2 (2). BLAST searches of the obtained sequences showed a 100% homology with several isolates of F. sporotrichioides from GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 20 4-month-old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Each plant was planted in a separate pot containing 0.7 liter of sterile soil. Inoculum for artificial infection was prepared with sterilized mixtures of wheat and barley seeds (10 g of each). Seeds were inoculated with a F. sporotrichioides spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and incubated at 22°C for 10 days. Noninoculated seeds served as controls. Ten seeds were placed under the soil surface around the root of each plant. Plants were irrigated and placed in a greenhouse (22°C and a 12-h day/night photoperiod). Sixteen days after inoculation, 80% of inoculated plants were wilted. Symptoms on infected plants were similar to those observed in the field. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed from the infected vascular tissue, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A previous paper reported lavender as host of F. solani in China (4) and F. oxysporum in Saudi Arabia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of lavender caused by F. sporotrichioides. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Appl Biol. Sci. 95:2044, 1998. (3) K. Perveen and N. Bokhari. Plant Dis. 94:1163, 2010. (4) Y. Z. Ren et al. New Dis. Rep. 15:55, 2007.
Structure of the interleukin-2 tyrosine kinase Src homology 2 domain; comparison between X-ray and NMR-derived structures
Authors: Joseph Raji E. , Ginder Nathaniel D. , Hoy Julie A. , Nix Jay C. , Fulton D. Bruce , Honzatko Richard B. , Andreotti Amy H. 
Published: January 2012

The crystal structure of the interleukin-2 tyrosine kinase Src homology domain (Itk SH2) is described and it is found that unlike in studies of this domain using NMR spectroscopy,cis–trans-prolyl isomerization is not readily detected in the crystal structure. Based on similarities between the Itk SH2 crystal form and thecisform of the Itk SH2 NMR structure, it is concluded that it is likely that the prolyl imide bond at least in part adopts thecisconformation in the crystal form. However, the lack of high-resolution data and the dynamic nature of the proline-containing loop mean that the precise imide-bond conformation cannot be determined and prolylcis–transisomerization in the crystal cannot be ruled out. Given the preponderance of structures that have been solved by X-ray crystallography in the Protein Data Bank, this result supports the notion that prolyl isomerization in folded proteins has been underestimated among known structures. Interestingly, while the precise status of the proline residue is ambiguous, Itk SH2 crystallizes as a domain-swapped dimer. The domain-swapped structure of Itk SH2 is similar to the domain-swapped SH2 domains of Grb2 and Nck, with domain swapping occurring at the β-meander region of all three SH2 domains. Thus, for Itk SH2 structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography revealed very different structural features: proline isomerizationversusdomain-swapped dimerization, respectively.
Lysozyme contamination facilitates crystallization of a heterotrimeric cortactin–Arg–lysozyme complex
Authors: Liu Weizhi , MacGrath Stacey M. , Koleske Anthony J. , Boggon Titus J. 
Published: January 2012

Crystallization of contaminating proteins is a frequently encountered problem for macromolecular crystallographers. In this study, an attempt was made to obtain a binary cocrystal structure of the SH3 domain of cortactin and a 17-residue peptide from the Arg nonreceptor tyrosine kinase encompassing a PxxPxxPxxP (PxxP1) motif. However, cocrystals could only be obtained in the presence of trace amounts of a contaminating protein. A structure solution obtained by molecular replacement followed byARP/wARPautomatic model building allowed a `sequence-by-crystallography' approach to discover that the contaminating protein was lysozyme. This 1.65 Å resolution crystal structure determination of a 1:1:1 heterotrimeric complex of Arg, cortactin and lysozyme thus provides an unusual `caveat emptor' warning of the dangers that underpurified proteins harbor for macromolecular crystallographers.
Richness and composition of plants and birds on land‐bridge islands: effects of island attributes and differential responses of species groups
Authors: Yu Mingjian , Hu Guang , Feeley Kenneth J. , Wu Jianguo , Ding Ping 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim  To test relationships between the richness and composition of vascular plants and birds and attributes of habitat fragments using a model land‐bridge island system, and to investigate whether the effects of fragmentation differ depending on species natural history traits.Location  Thousand Island Lake, China.Methods  We compiled presence/absence data of vascular plant and bird species through exhaustive surveys of 41 islands. Plant species were assigned to two categories: shade‐intolerant and shade‐tolerant species; bird species were assigned to three categories: edge, interior, and generalist species. We analysed the relationships between island attributes (area, isolation, elevation, shape complexity, and perimeter to area ratio) and species richness using generalized linear models (GLMs). We also investigated patterns of composition in relation to island attributes using ordination (redundancy analysis).Results  We found that island area explained a high degree of variation in the species richness of all species groups. The slope of the species–area relationship (z) was 0.16 for all plant species and 0.11 for all bird species. The lowest z‐value was for generalist birds (0.04). The species richness of the three plant species groups was associated with island area per se, while that of all, generalist, and interior birds was explained mainly by elevation, and that of edge bird species was associated primarily with island shape. Patterns of species composition were most strongly related to elevation, island shape complexity, and perimeter to area ratio rather than to island area per se. Species richness had no significant relationship with isolation, but species composition did. We also found differential responses among the species groups to changes in island attributes.Main conclusions  Within the Thousand Island Lake system, the effects of fragmentation on both bird and plant species appear to be scale‐dependent and taxon‐specific. The number of plant species occurring on an island is strongly correlated with island area, and the richness of birds and the species composition of plants and birds are associated with variables related to habitat heterogeneity. We conclude that the effects of fragmentation on species diversity and composition depend not only on the degree of habitat loss but also on the specific patterns of habitat fragmentation.