bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulations of preindustrial, present-day, and 2100 conditions in the NASA GISS composition and climate model G-PUCCINI
Authors: Shindell D. T. , Faluvegi G. , Unger N. , Aguilar E. , Schmidt G. A. , Koch D. M. , Bauer S. E. , Miller R. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A model of atmospheric composition and climate has been developed at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) that includes composition seamlessly from the surface to the lower mesosphere. The model is able to capture many features of the observed magnitude, distribution, and seasonal cycle of trace species. The simulation is especially realistic in the troposphere. In the stratosphere, high latitude regions show substantial biases during period when transport governs the distribution as meridional mixing is too rapid in this model version. In other regions, including the extrapolar tropopause region that dominates radiative forcing (RF) by ozone, stratospheric gases are generally well-simulated. The model's stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) agrees well with values inferred from observations for both the global mean flux and the ratio of Northern to Southern Hemisphere downward fluxes. Simulations of preindustrial (PI) to present-day (PD) changes show tropospheric ozone burden increases of 11% while the stratospheric burden decreases by 18%. The resulting tropopause RF values are −0.06 W/m2 from stratospheric ozone and 0.40 W/m2 from tropospheric ozone. Global mean mass-weighted OH decreases by 16% from the PI to the PD. STE of ozone also decreased substantially during this time, by 14%. Comparison of the PD with a simulation using 1979 pre-ozone hole conditions for the stratosphere shows a much larger downward flux of ozone into the troposphere in 1979, resulting in a substantially greater tropospheric ozone burden than that seen in the PD run. This implies that reduced STE due to Antarctic ozone depletion may have offset as much as 2/3 of the tropospheric ozone burden increase from PI to PD. However, the model overestimates the downward flux of ozone at high Southern latitudes, so this estimate is likely an upper limit. In the future, the tropospheric ozone burden increases sharply in 2100 for the A1B and A2 scenarios, by 41% and 101%, respectively. The primary reason is enhanced STE, which increases by 71% and 124% in the two scenarios. Chemistry and dry deposition both change so as to reduce ozone, partially in compensation for the enhanced STE. Thus even in the high-pollution A2 scenario, and certainly in A1B, the increased ozone influx dominates the burden changes. However, STE has the greatest influence on middle and high latitudes and towards the upper troposphere, so RF and surface air quality are dominated by emissions. Net RF values due to projected ozone changes depend strongly on the scenario, with 0.1 W/m2 for A1B and 0.8 W/m2 for A2. Changes in oxidation capacity are also scenario dependent, with values of plus and minus seven percent in the A2 and A1B scenarios, respectively.
Centennial evolution of the atmospheric methane budget: what do the carbon isotopes tell us?
Authors: Lassey K. R. , Etheridge D. M. , Lowe D. C. , Smith A. M. , Ferretti D. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Little is known about how the methane source inventory and sinks have evolved over recent centuries. New and detailed records of methane mixing ratio and isotopic composition (12CH4, 13CH4 and 14CH4) from analyses of air trapped in polar ice and firn can enhance this knowledge. We use existing bottom-up constructions of the source history, including ''EDGAR''-based constructions, to assemble a model of the evolving global budget for methane and for its carbon isotope composition through the 20th century. By matching such budgets to atmospheric data, we examine the constraints imposed by isotope information on those budget evolutions. Balancing both 12CH4 and 13CH4 budgets requires participation by a highly-fractionating atmospheric sink such as active chlorine (removing at least 10 Tg yr-1), which has been proposed independently. Examining a companion budget evolution for 14CH4 exposes uncertainties in inferring the fossil-methane source from atmospheric 14CH4 data. Specifically, methane evolution during the nuclear era is sensitive to the cycling dynamics of ''bomb 14C'' (originating from atmospheric weapons tests) through the biosphere. In addition, since ca 1970, direct production and release of 14CH4 from nuclear-power facilities is influential but poorly quantified. Atmospheric 14CH4 determinations in the nuclear era have the potential to better characterize biospheric carbon cycling and to better quantify the ill-determined nuclear-power source.
Impact of H2SO4/H2O coating and ice crystal size on radiative properties of sub-visible cirrus
Authors: Räisänen P. , Bogdan A. , Sassen K. , Kulmala M. , Molina M. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Recent laboratory experiments showed that at conditions resembling those near the tropopause region, small quasi-spherical ice particles can be coated by a liquid H2SO4/H2O over-layer formed after the freezing of diluted sulfuric acid/water aerosol drops. Here, idealized radiative transfer tests are conducted to evaluate the impact that such an over-layer would have on the radiative effects produced by sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVCs). The calculations show that the over-layer increases both the shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud radiative effects (CRE), but the impact is small: ~0.02 W m-2, or even less, for the total (LW+SW) CRE at the top of the atmosphere. For the smallest ice particles, for which the over-layer is thickest, the fractional change in CRE can, however, reach ~20% for the SW CRE and over 50% for the LW CRE. The dependence of LW and SW CRE on particle size is also considered in the paper. Calculations for spherical uncoated ice particles show that even for high, optically thin cirrus clouds, the total CRE can be negative, if the diameter of the particles is smaller than about 3–4 µm. Apart from the SVCs, this result could be relevant for contrail cirrus clouds, which are believed to consist of large numbers of very small ice particles.
Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki
Authors: Virtanen A. , Rönkkö T. , Kannosto J. , Mäkelä J. M. , Keskinen J. , Pakkanen T. , Pirjola L. , Hämeri K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The number concentration and size distribution of traffic related particles were measured at road-side in Helsinki. Two winter campaigns took place in 10–26 February 2003 and 28 January–12 February 2004 and two summer campaigns in 12–27 August 2003 and 6–20 August 2004. The measurements were performed simultaneously at distances of 9 m and 65 m from the highway. This study concentrates on data that were measured when the wind direction was from the road to the measurement site. The total concentration in winter time was 2–3 times higher than in summer time and it was dominated by nucleation mode particles. The particles smaller than 63 nm (at aerodynamic size) constitute ~90% of all particles in winter time and ~80% of particles in summer time. The particle total concentration increases with increasing traffic rate. The dependence of particles smaller than 63 nm on traffic rate is stronger than for particles larger than 63 nm both during summer and winter. The particle distribution at the roadside consists of two distinguishable modes. The GMD of nucleation mode (Mode 1) was 20.3 nm at summer and 18.9 nm at winter. The GMD of the larger mode (Mode 2) was 72.0 nm at summer and 75.1 nm at winter. The GMD values of the modes do not depend on traffic rate. The average density value for Mode 1 particles was 1.0 g/cm3 both in summer and winter time, while the average density value for Mode 2 was 1.5±0.1 g/cm3 and 1.8±0.3 g/cm3 for summer and winter time, respectively.
Stable isotopes provide revised global limits of aerobic methane emissions from plants
Authors: Ferretti D. F. , Miller J. B. , White J. W. C. , Lassey K. R. , Lowe D. C. , Etheridge D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Recently Keppler et al. (2006) discovered a surprising new source of methane – terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions, with an estimated global production of 62–236 Tg yr−1 by an unknown mechanism. This is ~10–50% of the annual total of methane entering the modern atmosphere and ~30–100% of annual methane entering the pre-industrial (0 to 1700 AD) atmosphere. Here we test this reported global production of methane from plants against ice core records of atmospheric methane concentration (CH4) and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13CH4) over the last 2000 years. Our top-down approach determines that global plant emissions must be much lower than proposed by Keppler et al. (2006) during the last 2000 years and are likely to lie in the range 0–46 Tg yr−1.
Rayleigh lidar observations of double stratopause structure over three different northern hemisphere stations
Authors: Sivakumar V. , Bencherif H. , Hauchecorne A. , Keckhut P. , Rao D. N. , Sharma S. , Chandra H. , Jayaraman A. , Rao P. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Using four years of Rayleigh lidar data collected from three different northern hemisphere stations (Gadanki 13.5° N, 79.2° E ; Mt. Abu 24.5° N, 72.7° E and Observatoire de Haute Provence: OHP; 44° N, 6° E), the characteristics of double (separated) stratopause occurrence are presented here, for the first time. The characteristics are illustrated by a seasonal change during summer and winter and the variation in percentage of occurrence from place to place. It is found that the over-all mean normal stratopause (NS) positioned at the middle level of double stratopause (upper and lower level) with its location nearer to the lower level of double stratopause (LDS) than to the upper level of double stratopause (UDS). The frequency distribution of NS, LDS and UDS demonstrated variability with location, indicating role of dynamical activity. By making use of a quasi-continuous 40 days of lidar observations over Gadanki and OHP, the responsibility of Gravity Wave (GW) and Planetary Wave (PW) activity for the LDS and UDS occurrence are examined and presented.
The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere
Authors: Jöckel P. , Tost H. , Pozzer A. , Brühl C. , Buchholz J. , Ganzeveld L. , Hoor P. , Kerkweg A. , Lawrence M. G. , Sander R. , Steil B. , Stiller G. , Tanarhte M. , Taraborrelli D. , van Aardenne J. , Lelieveld J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The new Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) describes atmospheric chemistry and meteorological processes in a modular framework, following strict coding standards. It has been coupled to the ECHAM5 general circulation model, which has been slightly modified for this purpose. A 90-layer model version up to 0.01 hPa was used at T42 resolution (~2.8 latitude and longitude) to simulate the lower and middle atmosphere. The model meteorology has been tested to check the influence of the changes to ECHAM5 and the radiation interactions with the new representation of atmospheric composition. A Newtonian relaxation technique was applied in the tropospheric part of the domain to weakly nudge the model towards the analysed meteorology during the period 1998–2005. It is shown that the tropospheric wave forcing of the stratosphere in the model suffices to reproduce the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and major stratospheric warming events leading e.g. to the vortex split over Antarctica in 2002. Characteristic features such as dehydration and denitrification caused by the sedimentation of polar stratospheric cloud particles and ozone depletion during winter and spring are simulated accurately, although ozone loss in the lower polar stratosphere is slightly underestimated. The model realistically simulates stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes as indicated by comparisons with satellite and in situ measurements. The evaluation of tropospheric chemistry presented here focuses on the distributions of ozone, hydroxyl radicals, carbon monoxide and reactive nitrogen compounds. In spite of minor shortcomings, mostly related to the relatively coarse T42 resolution and the neglect of interannual changes in biomass burning emissions, the main characteristics of the trace gas distributions are generally reproduced well. The MESSy submodels and the ECHAM5/MESSy1 model output are available through the internet on request.
Isolated lower mesospheric echoes seen by medium frequency radar at 70° N, 19° E
Authors: Hall C. M. , Manson A. H. , Meek C. E. , Nozawa S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We have noted sporadic instances of strong isolated reflections of medium frequency (MF) radar waves from the mesosphere from as low as 50 km altitude and have devised a set of criteria for isolating these apparently anomalous echoes from those normally occurring from progressive partial reflections in the D-region. The object of this study is therefore to map the occurrences of such echoes facilitating comparisons with other observations. For example, the similarity and simultaneity of the echo structure for the 20 January 2005 with VHF radar results presented by Lübken et al. (2006) are particularly striking. In presenting a number of such echo events since 2001 selected from the MF radar dataset (which spans 1997 to present), we find that virtually all echo occurrences coincide with enhanced solar proton fluxes suggesting that substantial ionisation of the mesosphere is a necessary condition. Strong partial reflections of the radio wave in the lower mesosphere combined with seasonally varying total absorption higher up, thus giving false impressions of lower mesospheric layers preferentially in winter, constitute a scenario consistent with our observations.
Understanding the kinetics of the ClO dimer cycle
Authors: von Hobe M. , Salawitch R. J. , Canty T. , Keller-Rudek H. , Moortgat G. K. , Grooß J.-U. , Müller R. , Stroh F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Among the major factors controlling ozone loss in the polar winter is the kinetics of the ClO dimer catalytic cycle. The most important issues are the thermal equilibrium between ClO and Cl2O2, the rate of Cl2O2 formation, and the Cl2O2 photolysis rate. All these issues have been addressed in a large number of laboratory, field and theoretical studies, but large discrepancies between individual results exist and a self-consistent set of parameters compatible with field observations of ClO and Cl2O2 has not been identified. Here, we use thermodynamic calculations and unimolecular rate theory to constrain the ClO/Cl2O2 equilibrium constant and the rate constants for Cl2O2 formation and dissociation. This information is used together with available atmospheric data to examine Cl2O2 photolysis rates based on different Cl2O2 absorption cross sections. Good overall consistency is achieved using a ClO/Cl2O2 equilibrium constant recently suggested by Plenge et al. (2005), the Cl2O2 recombination rate constant reported by Nickolaisen et al. (1994) and Cl2O2 photolysis rates based on averaged absorption cross sections that are roughly intermediate between the JPL 2002 assessment and a laboratory study by Burkholder et al. (1990).
Characterization of the 222Rn family turbulent transport in the convective atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Vinuesa J.-F. , Galmarini S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The combined effect of turbulent transport and radioactive decay on the distribution of 222Rn and its progeny in convective atmospheric boundary layers (CBL) is investigated. Large eddy simulation is used to simulate their dispersion in steady state CBL and in unsteady conditions represented by the growth of a CBL within a pre-existing reservoir layer. The exact decomposition of the concentration and flux budget equations under steady state conditions allowed us to determine which processes are responsible for the vertical distribution of 222Rn and its progeny. Their mean concentrations are directly correlated with their half-life, e.g. 222Rn and 210Pb are the most abundant whereas 218Po show the lowest concentrations. 222Rn flux decreases linearly with height and its flux budget is similar to the one of inert emitted scalar, i.e., a balance between on the one hand the gradient and the buoyancy production terms, and on the other hand the pressure and dissipation at smaller scales which tends to destroy the fluxes. While 222Rn exhibits the typical bottom-up behavior, the maximum flux location of the daughters is moving upwards while their rank in the 222Rn progeny is increasing leading to a typical top-down behavior for 210Pb. We also found that 222Rn short-lived daughters, e.g. 218Po and 214Pb, have relevant radioactive decaying contributions acting as flux sources leading to deviations from the linear flux shape. In addition, while analyzing the vertical distribution of the radioactive decay contributions to the concentrations, e.g. the decaying zone, we found a discrepancy in height of 222Rn daughters' radioactive transformations. Under unsteady conditions, the same behaviors reported under steady state conditions are found: deviation of the fluxes from the linear shape for 218Po, enhanced discrepancy in height of the radioactive transformation contributions for all the daughters. In addition, 222Rn and its progeny concentrations collapse due to the rapid growth of the CBL. The analysis emphasizes the crucial role of turbulent transport in the behavior of 222Rn morning concentrations, in particular the ventilation at the top of the boundary layer that leads to the dilution of 222Rn by mixing with radon low concentration air.
An annual cycle of long lived stratospheric gases from MIPAS
Authors: Juckes M. N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. MIPAS, on ENVISAT, has made high quality observations of ozone, methane and water vapour. Gridded fields, at 4 hourly intervals and approximately 2 degree resolution, have been calculated for all of 2003 using data assimilation with isentropic advection as a constraint. The gridded fields are validated against independent measurements (from 7 other instruments in the case of ozone, 3 for water vapour and one for methane). For ozone the results are in agreement with previously published results. For water vapour the bias relative to HALOE is below 10% between 20 and 48 km, and the standard error is below 12% in this range. Departures from SAGE II and POAM III are substantially larger. The methane analysis has a bias of less than 5% relative to HALOE between 23 and 40 km, with a standard error less than 10% in this height range. The water vapour field clearly reflects the upward motion in the lower tropical stratosphere, while both water vapour and methane show the signature of advection higher up. In the polar regions the descent in the vortex is clearly visible, with strong descent in autumn giving way to weaker descent through the winter. Descent rates of around 100 m/day are found during the formation of the polar vortices, slowing to around 30 m/day during the winter. Ascent of around 20 m/day in the tropics is revealed by the water vapour and total observed hydrogen fields (4 times the methane plus twice the water vapour concentration). The total observed hydrogen is depleted where air is advected down from the upper mesosphere.
New urban area flood model: a comparison with MIKE11-quasi2d
Authors: Sole A. , Zuccaro G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Recent hydrogeological events have increased both public interest and that of the Scientific Community in a more accurate study of flooding in urban areas. The present project proposes a new model which offers an optimal integration of two models, one for flood wave propagation in riverbeds and the other for flooding in urban areas. We consider it necessary to not only treat the modelling of the outflow in riverbeds and outside riverbeds.together but to integrate them thoroughly. We simulate the propagation in riverbed of the flood event with a model solving the equations of De Saint Venant with the explicit scheme at the finite differences by McCormack. The propagation outside the riverbed is simulated using an algorithm proposed by Braschi et al. (1990). This algorithm is based on a local discretization of the urban territory, divided in a series of "tanks" and "channels". Each tank is associated with an area of an extension related to the position of the other tanks and the quantity of buildings, modelled as insurmountable obstacles. The model facilitates the simultaneous performance of the two simulations: at each instant, the quantitiy of water overflow, depending on the piezometric level in every section, is calculated as a function of the dimensions of the weirs (the banks), assuming it passes through the critical state. Then, it is transferred to the tanks placed in the surroundings of the overflow points. Those points are the starting nodes for the propagation of the flood because they are connected to the network of tanks in which the surrounding land has been schematised. In this paper, we present a comparison of one of the most powerful models of inundation simulation in urban and no-urban areas. The field area is the city of Albenga (SV, Italy) and the simulated event is the inundation of the 1994 (return period of about 25 years).
A synthesis of ENSO effects on drylands in Australia, North America and South America
Authors: Holmgren M. , Stapp P. , Dickman C. R. , Gracia C. , Graham S. , Gutiérrez J. R. , Hice C. , Jaksic F. , Kelt D. A. , Letnic M. , Lima M. , López B. C. , Meserve P. L. , Milstead W. B. , Polis G. A. , Previtali M. A. , Richter M. , Sabaté S. , Squeo F. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Fundamentally, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climatic and oceanographic phenomenon, but it has profound effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Although the ecological effects of ENSO are becoming increasingly known from a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems (Holmgren et al., 2001), their impacts have been more intensively studied in arid and semiarid systems. In this brief communication, we summarize the main conclusions of a recent symposium on the effects of ENSO in these ecosystems, which was convened as part of the First Alexander von Humboldt International Conference on the El Niño Phenomenon and its Global Impact, in Guayaquil, Ecuador, from 16–20 May 2005. Participants in the symposium shared results and perspectives from research conducted in North and South America and Australia, regions where the ecological effects of ENSO have been studied in depth. Although the reports covered a wide array of organisms and ecological systems (Fig. 1), a recurring theme was the strong increase in rainfall associated with ENSO events in dry ecosystems (during the El Niño phase of the oscillation in the Americas and the La Niña phase in Australia). Because inter-annual variability in precipitation is such a strong determinant of productivity in arid and semiarid ecosystems, increased ENSO rainfall is crucial for plant recruitment, productivity and diversity in these ecosystems. Several long-term studies show that this pulse in primary productivity causes a subsequent increase in herbivores, followed by an increase in carnivores, with consequences for changes in ecosystem structure and functioning that can be quite complex.