bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMATURE STAGES AND BIOLOGY OF PODISUS PLACIDUS AND STIRETRUS FIMBRIATUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. , Yonke Thomas R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe egg and five nymphal instars of Podisus placidus Uhler and Stiretrus fimbriatus (Say) are described and illustrated. The nymphal instars can be separated on the basis of head width or pronotal width. No overlap was encountered in the nymphal instars studied.P. placidus overwinters as an adult. Egg development in the laboratory took approximately 6.0 days. The average time spent in each of the five nymphal stages was 5.4, 4.6, 4.9, 4.7, and 7.6 days, respectively. Development of S. fimbriatus eggs took approximately 9.5 days. The average time spent in each of the five nymphal instars was 5.1, 4.3, 4.1, 4.3, and 8.2 days, respectively. Adults of S. fimbriatus were parasitized by Cylindromyia fumipennis (Bigot) (Tachinidae).
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Davis Wesley W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOverwintering eggs of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), began to hatch 13 April 1970, and larval emergence was completed by 8 May. Individual egg masses hatched in an average of 4.3 days, but the total time for larval emergence in all egg masses spanned a 25-day period. No egg parasites were observed. Winter mortality of egg masses was only 2%.A pink bud spray of diazinon gave good control of the fruittree leafroller and did not affect biological control of spider mites. Chlorphenamidine showed promise, but trees sprayed with this material developed a high population of the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, during the summer. Phosalone and tetrachlorvinphos reduced the incidence of fruittree leafroller damage below that of the nonsprayed check but did not provide satisfactory control.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OF MUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON PARASITIZED HOUSEFLY PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. oviposit on unparasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae in preference to those attacked by M. zaraptor, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The discrimination against parasitized houseflies is greatest in the case of those attacked by M. zaraptor and least for those parasitized by S. cameroni. Discrimination is based on differences between unparasitized and parasitized pupae that the female parasites detect after they pierce the pupae with the ovipositor. Death of parasitized hosts, or a change resulting directly therefrom, is not responsible for the differences. The fact that hosts pierced at or near the original drilling site are more likely to be rejected than those attacked elsewhere supports the hypothesis that a ’venom’ injected by the female parasites during oviposition diffuses throughout the host and is responsible for oviposition restraint.
AN IMPROVED BERLESE–TULLGREN FUNNEL AND A FLOTATION SEPARATOR FOR EXTRACTING GRASSLAND ARTHROPODS
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Nicholls C. F. , Redner J. H. , Semple R. B. , Turnbull A. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA Berlese–Tullgren funnel is described which features a 600-w heating element, a tray having a single bottom of new design, and ventilating screens below the tray to prevent condensation of moisture on the inner wall of the funnel. The funnel efficiently extracts grassland arthropods from coarse plant matter. Also described is a salt-water flotation separator, which extracts any arthropods from the fine litter and soil that may pass through the funnel screens.
EFFICIENCY OF SUCROSE FLOTATION IN RECOVERING INSECT LARVAE FROM BENTHIC STREAM SAMPLES
Authors: Pask Wayne M. , Costa Robert R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuplicate benthic stream samples were collected from three sites on Sandy Creek (Lake Ontario Watershed) in Western New York, 8 and 22 September, 1970. Samples taken on 8 September were preserved in 10% formalin. Samples taken on 22 September were not preserved. Insect specimens were removed from both sets of samples by flotation with a sucrose solution of 1.12 sp. gr. Preserved and unpreserved samples were compared for efficiency of recovery of insect larvae. Mean recovery for preserved samples was 90.78% compared with 83.03% for unpreserved samples. The range of recovery values for unpreserved samples (66.7%) was more than twice as great as that of preserved samples (29.5%). A paired t-test for means of all taxa showed no significant difference (P < 0.001) between recovery values for preserved and unpreserved samples. In fact, preservation may enhance the recovery of certain groups—Zygoptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae. Apparently samples may be preserved without sacrificing recovery of any specific groups of insect larvae.
LABORATORY TESTS TO COMPARE THE PREDATORY VALUE OF SIX MIRID SPECIES IN EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AGAINST THE WINTER EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Lord F. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix species of predacious Miridae, common to apple trees in Nova Scotia, were used to develop laboratory rearing and feeding techniques for comparing the abilities of predators to consume prey. The test prey species was the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in the winter egg stage. The numbers of eggs consumed per day and per instar in the tests compared favourably with the known predatory values of these mirids under orchard conditions. Both sources of information were used to give the predators a tentative rating. The mirids Hyaliodes harti Knight, Diaphnocoris pellucida (Uhler), Pilophorus perplexus D. and S., and Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) are effective predators, approximately equal to each other in ability to consume the winter eggs of the red mite. The two species Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) and Atractotomus mali (Meyer), which are phytophagous as well as predacious, were less voracious.The results indicate it may be feasible to develop a series of weighting factors, one for each stage of each predacious species, based on ability to consume prey.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ANAX JUNIUS (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Trottier Robert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the rate of development of Anax junius Drury was studied. Monthly larval samples were carried out for 2 years and laboratory experiments were conducted at constant temperatures. Field studies, at a eutrophic pond near Toronto, showed that in Canada populations of A. junius are not only maintained by migrants each year but also by residents. Two distinct populations were found, a summer (non-resident) population which developed from oviposition to emergence in approximately 3 months, from June to September, and an overwintering (resident) population which overwintered as half-grown larvae and developed in approximately 11 months from mid-July of one calendar year to the end of June of the next year. The former population was larger and comprised approximately 48% males and the latter was smaller and comprised approximately 41% males. A threshold temperature of development of 8.7° ± 0.1 °C was determined in the laboratory for the development of final-instar larvae of the summer population. The rate of development of final-instar larvae, reared at constant temperature, was similar to that of the entire summer aquatic stages which developed in fluctuating temperature. An average of 1332 degree-days ± 1% was required for development from the onset of oviposition to the onset of emergence of the summer population; whereas 20.5% more degree-days were required for the development of the overwintering population, employing the threshold temperature of 8.7 °C as determined for the summer population.It is recommended that correlation between degree-day totals and duration of larval development be used in further studies as a means for understanding the migration pattern and also the climatic limit of distribution for A. junius.
ASSOCIATION OF SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND PHORADENDRON BOLLEANUM SUBSPECIES PAUCIFLORUM ON ABIES CONCOLOR
Authors: Felix L. S. , Uhrenholdt B. , Parmeter J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAttacks by Scolytus ventralis on white fir were correlated both with periods of low precipitation and with medium to heavy infestations of true mistletoe. Trees were seldom attacked when the "running mean precipitation" was above 54 in. Attacks were significantly more frequent and were often a year or more earlier on trees with substantial amounts of mistletoe. Broods were seldom produced, however.Data suggest that heavy mistletoe infestation rendered trees more susceptible to beetle infestation, possibly by creating moisture stress in infected trees.
TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON THE IMMATURE STAGES AND ADULTS OFNEODIPRION SWAINEI(HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R. , Benjamin Daniel M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae ofNeodiprion swaineiMidd. were reared to the adult stage under controlled conditions of temperature and photoperiod. The effects of temperature are particularly evident during the larval stage, cocoon spinning, and adult emergence and are also observed through variation in cocoon weight and fecundity. Feeding, fecundity, and diapause are directly related to photoperiod. Larvae eat more when the photophase is long, an effect that is detrimental to the organism because there is a parallel loss of energy expressed in the number of day-degrees required to complete development.
THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) LINEATUM AND H. BOVIS
Authors: Murray V. I. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Malpighian tubules of Hypoderma are endodermal in origin. There are two pairs, each pair uniting to form a common duct. The origin and distribution of the tubules in the first instar larva is different from that of the second and third instars; however, in these two later instars the pattern is similar. The lengths of the tubules in each stage of development depend on the degree of coiling. The musculature connecting the tubules, dorsal vessel, and hindgut are described.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. XI
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following new taxa are described: Aurorobotys n. gen., type-species Ebulea aurorina Butler, Japan; A. crassispinalis n. sp., Chekiang Province, China; Tenerobotys n. gen., type-species Hapalia teneralis Caradja; T. t. tsinlingalis n. subsp., Shensi Province, China; T. subfumalis subfumalis n. sp. and subsp., Taiwan; T. s. continentalis n. subsp., Hunan Province, China; Carminibotys n. gen., type-species Pyrausta carminalis Caradja; C. c. iwawakisana n. subsp., Honshu, Japan.
RESPONSES OF MALES OF THE 10-LINED JUNE BEETLE, POLYPHYLLA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE), TO FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE
Authors: Lilly C. E. , Shorthouse J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe presence of a sex pheromone was demonstrated in females of the 10-lined June beetle, Polyphylla decemlineata (Say). The pheromone, located in the female abdomen, was extracted with ethanol and with diethyl ether and was bioassayed in the field. Males responded to females at heights of 8–18 ft on trees, and to the extracted pheromone at heights of 6–12 ft on wooden stakes.
A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS NEOLEUCOPIS (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA taxonomic treatment of the adults of the 12 known species of Neoleucopis Malloch, a subgenus of Leucopis Meigen, whose larvae prey on Adelgidae, is presented. The genotype, N. pinicola Malloch from North America, and two European species, N. atratula (Ratzeburg) and N. obscure Haliday, are redescribed; a neotype is designated for the former species and a lectotype is selected for the latter one. N. tapiae Blanchard, described from Argentina but known from many parts of the world, and N. manii Tanasijtshuk from India, are also redescribed. Seven new species are described: aciliosa (Japan), ancilla (Oregon), freyi (Switzerland, Finland), militia (Pakistan), nigraluna (India), orbiseta (Finland), and setigera (Chile). The paper includes a key to adults, and 40 figures.
OVERWINTERING OF SOME NORTH TEMPERATE AND ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE: II. CHIRONOMID BIOLOGY
Authors: Danks H. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral aspects of overwintering were studied in the larvae of selected species of chironomids living in shallow ponds.In two species (Einfeldia synchrona Oliver and Polypedilum simulons (Townes)) from a pond near Ottawa, Ont. (45° N.), development ceased in mid-November and the gut was subsequently evacuated. A species of Chironomus from another pond did not evacuate the gut although feeding ceased. In the laboratory, larval development of Einfeldia collected at any time of year continued except at low temperatures, but pupation occurred only at long day-lengths. Seasonal changes in horizontal distribution were apparently not primarily related to possible winter effects, but to water depth changes. Larvae of E. synchrona penetrated deeper mud layers during winter (as well as in midsummer); those of P. simulans were always confined to superficial mud layers.The later instars, at least in Chironomini, usually predominated during the winter, but season to season variation was marked. In the arctic all instars except the first were present. Closed winter cocoons were found in several temperate and arctic species. Some were made by sealing an existing tube, others by building a more or less transparent tightly applied cocoon. Inside these cocoons, the larvae were tightly folded in different ways more or less characteristic of the species. At Ottawa, cocoons were usually formed well after ice cover, and partly in response to low temperatures. Larvae showed a lower water content in winter than in summer. In the arctic, larvae were also somewhat dehydrated in winter, but there was in addition a different type of dehydration which resulted in shrivelling.There was no significant ability to resist freezing by inoculation with ice. Freezing tolerance was found in some temperate and all arctic larvae and was temperature- and time-dependent. In temperate areas, freezing-tolerant larvae were nevertheless freezing-susceptible in summer.These studies and previous findings are discussed in relation to winter habitat conditions and the remainder of the life-cycle. Generalizations are compromised by complex inter- and intra-species differences and by habitat variations. Freezing tolerance is widely distributed through the genera of most subfamilies except the Tanypodinae, and is probably most general in the Orthocladiinae. Since there are few specializations of larval physiology which explain such tolerance, the Chironomidae can probably be considered as largely pre-adapted to a rigorous winter environment.
THE PSOCOPTERA OF THE CANADIAN NEPAL EXPEDITION
Authors: New T. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBoth sexes of a new species ofPsococerastis, a new species ofTrichadenotecnum, a new species ofStenopsocus, and single sexes of a second newTrichadenotecnum, a new species ofPseudocaecilius, a new species ofEctopsocus, a new species ofDasypsocus, and two new species ofCaeciliusare described from material collected in Nepal. Augmented descriptions ofPsococerastis nirvanus(Banks) and ofP.taprobanesvar.bengalensis(Kolbe) are given, and a description of the female ofScytopsocopsis hirtipennaLee and Thornton. A total of 14 species were identified.
TWO NEW SPECIES AND THREE NEW SUBSPECIES OF ACANTHOPSYLLA FROM AUSTRALIA, WITH SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS (SIPHONAPTERA: PYGIOPSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Holland G. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number of valid forms of Acanthopsylla Jordan and Rothschild in Australia now stands at 12 including, as new species, dunneti and incerta, and as new subspecies, rothschildi multidentata, scintilla rectangulata, and scintilla tasmanica. Descriptions are provided for these and notes and illustrations on some of the others. A. rothschildi victoriana is reduced to synonymy with A. r. rothschildi.
EDGE-EFFECT BIAS IN THE SAMPLING OF SUB-CORTICAL INSECTS
Authors: Safranyik L. , Graham K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo general models are presented to describe the relations between the average number of insects bisected by sampling unit boundaries, the per cent edge-effect bias of mean-brood-density estimates, the shape and size of the average individual, and the shape and size of the sampling unit. The two general models, when expanded specifically for sampling late-stage mountain pine beetle broods, gave excellent fit to experimental data. The expanded equations are approximations since individual insects were considered as being rectangular in shape and the angles of the long axes of their orientation relative to the sampling unit boundary were considered to have a uniform frequency distribution. Edge-effect bias was a function of the size and shape of the organism and those of the sampling unit. Edge-effect bias resulting from faulty sampling-unit-area delineation is also considered, and suggestions are made for its reduction in sample surveys of sub-cortical insects.
RELATION OF SEXUPARA PRODUCTION IN THE WOOLLY PEAR APHID, ERIOSOMA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PEMPHIGIDAE), TO TREE GROWTH IN THE FIELD
Authors: Swenson K. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSexupara production in the pear root aphid, Eriosoma pyricola Baker & Davidson, was closely associated with the cessation of shoot growth of its host in the field in irrigated and non-irrigated plots in two successive, but phenologically different years. Neither the environment nor the host plant were unfavorable at the time the sexuparae were formed, indicating that the aphid uses the host plant as a source of seasonal information.The nature of synchronization between active development of univoltine insects and trees is discussed. It is concluded that the initiation of dormancy in trees and diapause in insects is not likely to be synchronized by a common set of environmental factors. Either regulation of insect diapause by host trees is more common than is currently recognized, or environmental and age differences in tree growth have favored selection for obligate diapause.
PLATYGYMNOPA, A NEW GENUS OF EPHYDRIDAE REARED FROM DECAYING SNAILS IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA)
Authors: Wirth Willis W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlatygymnopa new genus, type species P. helicis new species, is described from the northern United States and southern Canada, with type locality McHenry Co., North Dakota. In Montana, P. helicis was reared from larvae feeding within dead snails (Physidae, Aplexa hypnorum (L.)).
A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF MIDGE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) FROM SINGAPORE
Authors: Chan K. L. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new species of Forcipomyia from Singapore is described in all stages. Although the female adult could be placed in Lepidohelea Kieffer (1917) by the possession of scales in addition to bristles and hairs, the male genitalia are distinctive. A new subgenus, Schizoforcipomyia, is erected to accommodate this species whose larva has a bilobed anal pseudopod and whose male genitalia are intermediate between Forcipomyia s. str. and Proforcipomyia.
THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) FOUND IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS ANEGADA, BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Authors: Curry Laverne L. , Curry M. Catharine 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarval forms of Chironomidae were collected on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Anegada, British Virgin Islands. A total of 16 species were found and seven of these were reared to the adult. The species represented 3 subfamilies, 4 tribes, and 12 genera. Species of the genus Chironomus were the most widespread and abundant. In addition, 4 species of Ceratopogonidae and 1 of Chaoboridae were collected.
MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Outram I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphology and histology of the internal reproductive system of the female spruce budworm moth,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), is described and discussed, with notes on the spermatophore and egg development.
SPORADIC PARTHENOGENESIS IN THREE SPECIES OF CHIRONOMUS (DIPTERA)
Authors: Grodhaus Gail 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemale midges were reared in isolation and allowed to produce unfertilized eggs. Some egg batches of Chironomus atrella, C. attenuatus, and C. stigmaterus showed evidence of parthenogenesis. In C. attenuatus 733 unhatched embryos and 191 hatched larvae were counted among approximately 9771 eggs produced by 12 females. In attempts to rear them, some of the parthenogenetic larvae attained the fourth instar.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF LEPTOCHIRONOMUS STILIFER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) AND THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS LEPTOCHIRONOMUS
Authors: Kugler J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIt is proposed to consider the taxon Leptochironomus Pagast as a genus which includes: L. tener (Kieffer), L. aegyptius (Kieffer), L. stilifer (Freeman), and L. deribae (Freeman). L. paraderibae La ville and Tourenq is regarded as a synonym of L. deribae.The juvenile stages of L. stilifer are described. The opinion is expressed that the juvenile stages described as Chironominae genuinae No. 4 (Lipina 1927), Microchironomus conjugens Kieffer (Lenz 1926), and Microchironomus No. 1 (Zavrel 1931) belong to Leptochironomus.
NOMENCLATURE AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUSHARNISCHIA(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Saether Ole A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvidence is presented indicating thatHarnischiaKieffer in the sense of Lenz is correct.Harnischia sensuBeck & Beck then becomes a synonym ofCryptocladopelmaLenz (which, however, is formally anomen nudum). Synonyms of the genusHarnischiaare given. Corrections and additions to the descriptions ofHarnischia curtilamellata(Mall.) (syn.H.pseudosimplexGoetgh. syn. nov.) are given. The genusHarnischiais characterized. The phylogeny of theHarnischiacomplex is discussed.
PHENOLOGY OF MIDGES IN EXPERIMENTAL PONDS
Authors: Dendy J. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) were recorded at experimental ponds during all months. Data from 13 years were combined by months. Submerged traps yielded 50 species. Other methods of collecting obtained 15 additional species. Traps in 12 similar 0.1-ha ponds beside a permanent slow-flowing supply-canal yielded 45 species. Traps in a 1.95-ha pond that lacked such a canal yielded 15 species.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) INHABITING THE LEAF AXILS OF TWO SPECIES OF BROMELIACEAE ON ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS
Authors: Miller Andrew C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOn St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, the leaf axils of two species of Bromeliaceae were sampled for dipterous larvae. One half of the collections were made from the axils of Tillandsia utriculata, restricted almost entirely to the dry, coastal portions of the island, and the other half from Aechmea lingulata, found in the moist mountainous regions. Three species of Chironomidae, representing three subfamilies, and five other families of nematocerous larvae were found. Though species of Diptera were found throughout the island, the Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae were restricted to the dry areas, and the Culicidae were found predominantly in Aechmea lingulata, on Bordeaux Mountain.