bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution patterns of shrubby N‐fixers and non‐N fixers in an arid valley in Southwest China: implications for ecological restoration
Authors: Song Cheng Jun , Ma Ke Ming , Fu Bo Jie , Qu Lai Ye , Xu Xian Li , Liu Yang , Zhong Jian Fei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractShrubs play different key roles in arid regions. Comparisons of shrubs and their site adaptability are essential for correct selection of candidates in developing restoration theory and practice. A survey of topography, soil properties and shrub composition was conducted in fifty‐seven 5‐m × 5‐m plots in an arid valley of the upper Minjiang River, Southwest China. With cluster analysis and critical examinations based on edaphic properties, soil was classified into three groups: dry cinnamon soils (DCS), calcareous cinnamon soils (CCS) and eluvial‐accumulation cinnamon soils (EACS). EACS had the highest fertility level, DCS the next and CCS the lowest level. For non‐N fixers, soil moisture is the primary limiting factor, and nitrogen the next. However, N‐fixers are weakly constrained by soil moisture and nitrogen, the extent of which is species‐specific. N‐fixers had a significantly higher cumulative relative importance value (44.4%) in CCS than in DCS (34.0%) and EACS (17.3%). The results suggest that it would be reasonable to restore non‐N fixers in DCS and EACS and that N‐fixers are appropriate for CCS. Compared with grass, shrubs significantly enhanced the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus and soil electric conductivity, and significantly decreased the soil C/N ratio. The median fertility level of soil dominated by N‐fixers indicates that N‐fixers are suitable driver candidates from grassland to non‐N‐fixing shrub land. Four native shrubby legumes (Indigofera amblyantha, Sorphora viciifolia, Desmodium podocarpum and Bauhinia faberivar) and one soil‐conserving shrub (Ajania potaninii) are the top‐priority pioneers for ecological restoration.
Floral nectar sugar composition and flowering phenology of the food plants used by the western pygmy possum, Cercartetus concinnus, at Innes National Park, South Australia
Authors: Morrant Damian S. , Petit Sophie , Schumann Russell 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) is a small nocturnal marsupial that relies primarily on the nectar and pollen of myrtaceous species at Innes National Park and may occasionally also ingest invertebrates. This study confirmed plant utilization by C. concinnus using scat samples and pollen swabs, and investigated the flowering phenology of dietary plants to determine resource availability. We compared nectar composition between day and night and analyzed nectar sugar production for dietary species. Pollen swabs and scats suggested that C. concinnus relied primarily on the nectar and pollen of Kingscote mallee, Eucalyptus rugosa (76.8% of grains counted in combined scat samples) at Innes National Park, when available; only one of 30 scat samples contained numerous moth scales. The nectars of the species investigated showed marked differences in their composition, but only Melaleuca gibbosa and M. halmaturorum sugar composition changed between day and night. The nectar sugar ratio of E. rugosa differed from those of most other species investigated. C. concinnus may select this plant's flowers because its nectar is relatively high in hexose sugars. Although E. diversifolia was abundant, its flowers were mostly ignored by possums, perhaps because the nectar in these flowers was proportionately much richer in sucrose than other species’. E. rugosa's flowering index (calculated from flower load and canopy size) was greatest in December. Six of the seven eucalypt species flowered between November and April; for half of the year pygmy possums must find other resources.
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil in Binary Mixtures with Olive Oil and Palm Oil
Authors: Rohman Abdul , Che Man Yaakob B. , Ismail Amin , Hashim Puziah 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was applied for quantitative analysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in binary mixtures with olive oil (OO) and palm oil (PO). The spectral bands correlated with VCO, OO, PO; blends of VCO and OO; VCO and PO were scanned, interpreted, and identified. Two multivariate calibration methods, partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR), were used to construct the calibration models that correlate between actual and FTIR‐predicted values of VCO contents in the mixtures at the FTIR spectral frequencies of 1,120–1,105 and 965–960 cm−1. The calibration models obtained were cross validated using the “leave one out” method. PLS at these frequencies showed the best calibration model, in terms of the highest coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest of root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC) with R2 = 0.9992 and RMSEC = 0.756, respectively, for VCO in mixture with OO. Meanwhile, the R2 and RMSEC values obtained for VCO in mixture with PO were 0.9996 and 0.494, respectively. In general, FTIR spectroscopy serves as a suitable technique for determination of VCO in mixture with the other oils.
The Late Pleistocene–Holocene climate history in the western Todzha basin (Eastern Tuva)
Authors: Arzhannikov S.G. , Alekseev S.V. , Glyzin A.V. , Kulagina N.V. , Ignatova N.V. , Orlova L.A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Late Quaternary history of climate and deposition environments in the western Todzha basin has been reconstructed from the respective lacustrine and fluvial deposits. Data from sedimentary sections have provided clues to the causes and timing of sudden deposition changes, including those associated with Holocene tectonic activity in the Taskyl fault. Especially informative are permafrost, diatom, spore-pollen, and tree-ring data from a section at the Merzly Yar locality where frozen ground has preserved the pristine rhythmic pattern of sediments. The Merzly Yar section stores a record of dramatic consequences of large earthquakes generated by the fault which produced a large damlake. The revealed pattern of discontinuous limnic deposition, with prominent tree markers and syngenetic ice wedges, places exact constraints on the stratigraphy of the section and allows its correlation with Holocene climate events within the intervals of fossil soils and vegetation.
Distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in a basin: a mathematical model for the West Siberian petroleum province
Authors: Livshits V.R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in a basin is modeled as a nonstationary Poisson field of points with the average density of accumulations as a function of distance from the basin margin. The model, in which this distance is a unique parameter to define the intensity function, is suitable, in a first approximation, for Monte-Carlo simulation of the real pattern of accumulations. The Poisson random field of points is described with a power function, where the power is a fractal dimension used as an integral numerical parameter of the distribution.
Eclogites of the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone (northern Kazakhstan): structural position and petrology
Authors: Zhimulev F.I. , Poltaranina M.A. , Korsakov A.V. , Buslov M.M. , Druzyaka N.V. , Travin A.V. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
We consider the structural position and petrology of eclogites in the North Kokchetav accretion-collision zone located north of the Kokchetav metamorphic belt formed by high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks. In the Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone, thin sheets of mylonite and diaphthoric gneisses with eclogites are tectonically conjugate with the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Stepnyak paleoisland-arc zone. Eclogites have been revealed at two sites of the North Kokchetav tectonic zone—Chaikino and Borovoe. The Chaikino eclogites formed at 800–850 °C and 18–20 kbar, and the Borovoe eclogites, at 750–800 °C and 17–18 kbar. Study of pyroxene-plagioclase symplectite replacing omphacite of the eclogites at both sites has recognized three stages of regressive magmatism: (1) formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 760–790 °C and 11–12 kbar, (2) formation of fine-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 700–730 °C and 7–8 kbar, and (3) amphibolization of pyroxene at 570–600 °C and 5–6 kbar. The Ar-Ar age of muscovite from the Borovoe mica schists hosting eclogites is 493 ± 5 Ma, which corresponds to the time of cooling of metamorphic rocks to &lt;370 °C. Hence, the peak of high-pressure metamorphism and all recognized stages of retrograde changes are dated to the Cambrian. The geological data evidence that eclogite-schist-gneiss sheets were localized in the accretion-collision zone and became conjugate with sedimentary and volcanic rocks no later than in the Middle Ordovician.
Estimation of heat flow in Tuva from data on helium isotopes in thermal mineral springs
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Rychkova K.M. , Lebedev V.I. , Kamenskii I.L. , Sokolova L.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Concentrations of helium isotopes were measured in gas and water samples from 28 thermal mineral springs in Tuva and adjacent regions of Buryatia and Gorny Altai. It is shown that fluids from 16 springs are rich in mantle helium (4–35%). With regard to the air contamination of the samples, the corrected ratios of helium isotopes (Rcor = 3He/4He) in these springs vary from 5.3 × 10–8 to 422 × 10–8. Using these Rcor values, we estimated the heat flow; these estimates were then applied to calculate the deep-level temperatures and thickness of thermal lithosphere. According to these parameters, the Tuva region is divided into two parts. Eastern Tuva (from ~96° E to the boundary with Buryatia) is characterized by abnormal helium isotope ratios and heat flow indicating the intense heating of the Earth’s crust in eastern Tuva: At a depth of 50 km, a temperature reaches 1000–1200 °C, and the thickness of thermal lithosphere is reduced to 70–50 km. This testifies to a rift process west (probably, up to 96° E) of the Baikal Rift Zone. In western Tuva, the average heat flow is much lower, ~45–50 mW/m2, which is commensurate with that in the Altai–Sayan folded area as a whole. The deep-level temperatures here are twice lower, and the lithosphere thickness increases to 150 km.
An invariant of finitary codes with finite expected square root coding length
Authors: HARVEY NATE , PERES YUVAL 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLet p and q be probability vectors with the same entropy h. Denote by B(p) the Bernoulli shift indexed by ℤ with marginal distribution p. Suppose that φ is a measure-preserving homomorphism from B(p) to B(q). We prove that if the coding length of φ has a finite 1/2 moment, then σ2p=σ2q, where σ2p=∑ ipi(−log pi−h)2 is the informational variance of p. In this result, the 1/2 moment cannot be replaced by a lower moment. On the other hand, for any θ<1, we exhibit probability vectors p and q that are not permutations of each other, such that there exists a finitary isomorphism Φ from B(p) to B(q) where the coding lengths of Φ and of its inverse have a finite θ moment. We also present an extension to ergodic Markov chains.
Multifractal analysis of weak Gibbs measures for non-uniformly expanding C1 maps
Authors: JORDAN THOMAS , RAMS MICHAŁ 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe will consider the local dimension spectrum of a weak Gibbs measure on a C1 non-uniformly hyperbolic system of Manneville–Pomeau type. We will present the spectrum in three ways: using invariant measures, ergodic invariant measures supported on hyperbolic sets and equilibrium states. We are also proving analyticity of the spectrum under additional assumptions. All three presentations are well known for smooth uniformly hyperbolic systems.
Equilibrium states for partially hyperbolic horseshoes
Authors: LEPLAIDEUR R. , OLIVEIRA K. , RIOS I. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe study ergodic properties of invariant measures for the partially hyperbolic horseshoes, introduced in Díaz et al [Destroying horseshoes via heterodimensional cycles: generating bifurcations inside homoclinic classes. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 29 (2009), 433–474]. These maps have a one-dimensional center direction Ec, and are at the boundary of the (uniformly) hyperbolic diffeomorphisms (they are constructed bifurcating hyperbolic horseshoes via heterodimensional cycles). We prove that every ergodic measure is hyperbolic, but the set of Lyapunov exponents in the central direction has gap: all ergodic invariant measures have negative exponent, with the exception of one ergodic measure with positive exponent. As a consequence, we obtain the existence of equilibrium states for any continuous potential. We also prove that there exists a phase transition for the smooth family of potentials given by ϕt=t log ∣DF∣Ec∣.
Measures with uniform scaling scenery
Authors: GAVISH MATAN 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe introduce a property of measures on Euclidean space, termed ‘uniform scaling scenery’. For these measures, the empirical distribution of the measure-valued time series, obtained by rescaling around a point, is (almost everywhere) independent of the point. This property is related to existing notions of self-similarity: it is satisfied by the occupation measure of a typical Brownian motion (which is ‘statistically’ self-similar), as well as by the measures associated to attractors of affine iterated function systems (which are ‘exactly’ self-similar). It is possible that different notions of self-similarity are unified under this property. The proofs trace a connection between uniform scaling scenery and Furstenberg’s ‘CP processes’, a class of natural, discrete-time, measure-valued Markov processes, useful in fractal geometry.
Transitivity of codimension-one Anosov actions of ℝk on closed manifolds
Authors: BARBOT THIERRY , MAQUERA CARLOS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe consider Anosov actions of ℝk, k≥2, on a closed connected orientable manifold M, of codimension one, i.e. such that the unstable foliation associated to some element of ℝk has dimension one. We prove that if the ambient manifold has dimension greater than k+2, then the action is topologically transitive. This generalizes a result of Verjovsky for codimension-one Anosov flows.
Quasiregular dynamics on the n-sphere
Authors: FLETCHER ALASTAIR N. , NICKS DANIEL A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the boundary of the escaping set I(f) for quasiregular mappings on ℝn, both in the uniformly quasiregular case and in the polynomial type case. The aim is to show that ∂I(f) is the Julia set J(f) when the latter is defined, and shares properties with the Julia set when J(f) is not defined.
A smart hydraulic joint for future implementation in robotic structures
Authors: Berring J. , Kianfar K. , Lira C. , Menon C. , Scarpa F. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYA hydraulic flexible joint inspired by the actuation system of spiders is investigated in this paper. Its design and characteristics are discussed and a mathematical model is developed to describe its static behaviour. Results of experimental tests are presented to validate its performance. A comparison to other hydraulic actuation systems is performed. The use of the proposed hydraulic flexible joint in adaptive robotic structures is addressed and discussed.
The Mathematical Practitioners
Authors: Price Derek J. 
Published: January 2010

On 26 November 1954 The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England by E. G. R. Taylor was published for the Institute by Cambridge University Press. Dr. Derek Price, of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science at Cambridge, here describes the book for the Journal.During the last twenty-five years there has been a revolution in writings on the history of science. Now, just as the profits are beginning to materialize, a second great change has occurred.
The Time-Distance Radar Plot
Authors: d'E. Atkinson R. 
Published: January 2010

Dr. Atkinson here proposes a type of radar plot which was not actually considered in the Institute working party's recent report. It would be useful to have some comment, particularly from sea, on the effectiveness of this type of plotting.—Ed.The current discussions on radar plotting at sea appear to have rather overlooked one plot which may have quite important advantages: this is the pure time-distance plot, ignoring bearings almost completely. One would use ordinary squared paper (say quarter-inch squares or some similar coarse mesh), with distance increasing upwards, time increasing to the right, and both scales permanent ones; pre-printed scales would be useful, but not essential of course, and one might suggest an inch to a mile and an inch to four minutes.
The Future of Marine Electronics Captain
Authors: Wylie F. J. 
Published: January 2010

This paper was presented by Captain Wylie at the Full Assembly meeting of the Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services in New York on 26 October 1956. The subject is dealt with under three headings: Communication, Navigation and Anti-collision.To the landsman of the western world, telecommunication is as unremarkable a part of his life as his toothbrush. To the seaman in the old tradition, it may occasionally be anathema, but to the modern mariner that feeling of isolation which came when the last mail had been collected and the shore telephone line disconnected, while sometimes a blessed relief, is becoming an anachronism. On shore, the use of the telegraph service has receded very greatly as a result of the increasing efficiency and availability of the telephone. More and more people discover and insist upon the advantage of personal contact by speech. At sea there is little difference in the desire, but a great deal in its gratification, due to lack of facilities and to failure to provide an integrated system which will serve the ship from mid-ocean to her anchor berth in port.
Blind Landing
Authors: Charnley W. J. 
Published: January 2010

A description is given of the basic principles and method of operation of a single-channel automatic blind landing system developed by the Blind Landing Experimental Unit. The system uses the internationally accepted radio aid ILS for approach guidance to the point where more accurate information is required and then two new guidance elements, magnetic leader cable and radio altimeter, are introduced for the final landing. One of the great advantages of the system is its flexibility and if new guidance elements are developed the system will be easily adapted.Extensive flight tests have been made in all weathers and the performance achieved is much better than that obtained in manual landings in good visibility.In considering the application of the system to civil aviation the outstanding problem Is that of safety and reliability. Various suggestions are discussed briefly and the possible requirement for an independent pictorial monitor is mentioned. Early thoughts on a monitoring system are described.
Electronic Sector-scanning Asdic
Authors: Tucker D. G. 
Published: January 2010

A new system of electronic scanning is described in which the narrow receiving beam of an acoustic echo-ranging equipment (i.e. asdic) is swept over a wide sector at a very high speed. Since the transmitted pulse covers the whole sector, and the scanning is done at least once per pulse duration, an effectively instantaneous search of the sector is made without any loss of information. The results of trials at sea are shown and possible applications to surveying and navigation are briefly discussed.The use of underwater acoustic echo-ranging systems in the form of echo-sounders (as fitted on most ships nowadays) and asdics (as used, for example, for submarine detection during the war and now applied to whale-finding and fish-finding) is well-known.1 These existing systems use a single beam of acoustic energy, the pulse being transmitted by a transducer (or loudspeaker), and received, after reflection from the sea-bottom or whale or other object, by the same or a different transducer (this time used as a microphone). The time difference between transmitted and received pulses measures the range of the bottom or object, and is recorded on a chart by a stylus moving at a speed equal to the velocity of sound in water multiplied by the ratio of the width of the chart to twice the maximum range of detection. The transmission of the pulse marks the left-hand edge of the paper, and any echo received causes a mark at a point in the stylus sweep corresponding to the range of the object causing the echo. The paper is meanwhile moving at right angles to the stylus sweep, so that the next pulse transmission marks on a line adjacent to the previous one.
Navigating the ‘Small World’
Authors: Mudie Colin 
Published: January 2010

Colin Mudie was navigator of the ‘Small World’ transatlantic ballooning expedition and designer and maker of the ‘gondola’ in which the voyage was completed by sea after the balloon was forced down. Besides Mudie the crew, as many will know, consisted of his wife Rosemary, Arnold Eiloart and his son Timothy.To be the navigator of a balloon is somewhat of a contradiction, for an aerostat or balloon travels only with the wind. Once it is airborne, navigation, in the sense of controlling or directing its path or course, becomes extremely limited. It is possible to search, by ascending or descending, for a wind-stream in another direction but the wastage of gas and ballast involved makes this impracticable for a flight of any duration. It is also possible to produce some slight effect on the down-wind course of the balloon by slowing its speed by means of a drag and using the resultant wind to slew the envelope sideways. A paravane might also be used over water, but the overall effect would be unlikely to amount to more than a few degrees. In fact the only time that the balloon navigator has any real choice of direction is at take-off, when he can either go with the existing breeze or stay put. Thus it is that for the balloon navigator more than any other perhaps the greater part of the navigation is done beforehand with reference to the wind forecasts and meteorological charts.
The Collision Regulations through a Translator's Eyes
Authors: Azad S. A. 
Published: January 2010

IT is not often that the exact meaning of the Collision Regulations is the subject of a dispute in a court of law. However, a translator would be shirking his duty if he were to put the easiest interpretation upon each phrase.The author recently attempted to translate the Collision Regulations into the Urdu language. This article presents his main findings on the subject of drafting.Two defects recur too often to be greeted at each encounter and it would be convenient to deal with them collectively. They are:(1) The use of unnecessary words, and(2) The use of different words to convey the same purport.