bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteorology 1979–1982
Authors: Taylor Ronald C. 
Published: October 2011

The Atmospheric Sciences section contains 12 papers; most of the topics have been reviewed in previous reports, though not always in each one. Thus, atmospheric electricity has not been reviewed for the past eight years, and mesoscale meteorology was not reviewed in the last report. Regretably, atmospheric chemistry is not reviewed in this one (but see the six reviews listed at the end of these remarks).Though the following 12 reviews discuss a broad variety of topics, a common theme emerges in many of them: the significance of new instrumentation or cognate device for making improved measurements of the atmosphere. Balsley and Gage give a systematic discussion of this theme; I will mention only three devices which seem to offer unusual promise: VHF (50 MHz) doppler radar, linear polarization for meteorological radar, and lidar. The VHF radar, particularly the Magnetospheric‐Stratospheric‐Tropospheric (MST) phased array, is capable of measuring the three‐dimensional field of motion with a vertical resolution and temporal sequence far beyond any conventional technique; its configuraton is flexible and is readily portable. Polarization techniques applied to existing meteorological radars are capable of measuring the evolution and distribution of water drops in clouds, and thus, inferring more accurate rainfall rates; the technique may also offer a new means of distinguishing ice and water in clouds. Though lidars have been used in the past to identify and track aerosols, additional options for using lidar to measure winds, temperature, moisture, and trace chemical constituents are now emerging; such measurements may be made from either satellites, aircraft, or the earth's surface.
Radioactivity in Urals
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Interest in the problems due to the radioactive contamination of the environment has been frequently stimulated by rumors of an occurrence of severe contamination of lakes and rivers in areas of the Ural Mountains. Occasional evidence appearing in publications and provided by Soviet emigrants has been pieced together and seems to suggest that there is an ideal opportunity for groundwater geochemists and others to evaluate such major radioactivity in the environment. The reasons that such a study probably will not take place is that the contamination may have been caused for the most part by a nuclear explosion in a Soviet weapons plant.F. Parker, an environmental scientist at Vanderbilt University, in a study for the Department of Energy, deduced that a large explosion occurred in 1958 at a nuclear fuels reprocessing plant at Kyshtym in the Ural Mountains, according to a recent report (Science, July 8, 1983). The report refers to the original interpretations of Z. Medvedev, a Soviet geneticist, who concluded that nuclear fallout has contaminated a very extensive area around Kyshtym.
1983 James B. Macelwane Awards: Thomas H. Jordan
Authors: Aki Keiiti , Jordan Thomas H. 
Published: October 2011

Tom Jordan has made a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the grandest‐ scale problems of the earth's tectonics by stimulating our consciousness about the deeper part of continents. He has stimulated not only seismologists and other geophysicists but also geochemists by introducing the idea of the continental tectosphere.This idea, of which the origin can be traced to his Ph.D. thesis, has given a unity to his impressive body of work accomplished over the past decade employing a variety of approaches ranging from mathematical to geochemical. It is rare that a scientist at such an early stage of his career conceives an original working hypothesis which then keeps him productive, diversified, and developing consistently over a decade.
Solar Variability, Weather, and Climate
Authors: Berger A. 
Published: October 2011

Solar Variability, Weather, and Climate reassesses the question of solar variability and its effects on weather and climate, taking into account new measurements and more recent theories of the earth's atmosphere. The papers, which make up this book, were presented at an American Geophysical Union meeting in December 1978. Besides a review of the current basic knowledge on the topic, fundamental questions requiring additional research form the basis of the conclusions and recommendations.Eight papers, five stating the background and three the possible mechanisms, comprise the book. Solar, weather, and climate variability and evidence of the effect of solar variations on the atmosphere are reviewed. Solar variability is recognized to exist at different time scales (from minutes to decades), and these variations cover a broad range of the spectral irradiance (from X rays and extreme ultraviolet to the centimeter wavelengths). Regarding total luminosity, the parts of the solar constant that are known to vary constitute less than 1% of the total budget of energy that the earth receives from the sun and is far less than the total energy required to force direct changes in atmospheric circulation. Moreover, the variable portions of the solar output are mainly absorbed or dissipated in the upper atmosphere. Thus, for known solar changes to perturb the dynamics of the troposphere they must work through mechanisms that are complex and indirect. A number of such possible dynamic, radiative, chemical, and electrical couplings of solar inputs through various regions of the atmosphere are discussed in chapters 6, 7, and 8.
1983 John Adam Fleming Award
Authors: Opdyke Neil D. , Runcorn S. Keith 
Published: October 2011

Professor Runcorn's career began on a rather auspicious note. In the late forties, as a graduate student under Professor P. M. S. Blackett at Manchester, Runcorn demonstrated, along with others, that the intensity of the earth's magnetic field increases as you go into the earth. This was an outcome contrary to what Professor Blackett had predicted as a result of his theory on the generation of magnetic fields by rotating bodies—in this case, the earth.After his graduate studies in Manchester, Professor Runcorn returned to Cambridge where he became a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and Assistant Director of Research in Geophysics. Professor Runcorn and his students immediately set up a laboratory for the study of the magnetism of rocks using the sensitive astatic magnetometers developed by the Blackett group for research on the magnetism of rotating bodies.
Physique Moleculair: Physique de l'Atmosphere
Authors: Ackerman Marcel 
Published: October 2011

Physique Moleculaire: Physique de l'Atmosphere is a collection of lectures presented at a winter school on the “Application of Molecular Physics to the Atmosphere and to the Environment,” organized from December 1–10, 1983, in Montfoulon (Normandy) under the auspices of various French governmental agencies including the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), the Center for Nuclear Studies, and the National Center for Space Studies (CNES). This initiative is part of a policy which developed a few years ago in France and is intended to promote interdisciplinary activities in order to foster interdisciplinary research.Since the early 1970s, several serious questions have been put to the scientific community concerning the possible effects of man's activities on the atmosphere and the likely impact these effects have on the climate. The goal of these lectures was to encourage French scientific communities active in aeronomy, chemical kinetics, meterology, and spectroscopy to work together on those questions of upper atmosphere‐climate relationships, since they offer a typical interdisciplinary character. Most of the 12 lectures are in French, except for two that are in English, and can be divided into two groups: introductions of the structure of the atmosphere, the photochemistry and spectroscopy of atmospheric gases, the radiative transfer and the dynamic modeling of transport phenomena, and photochemistry in the atmosphere and more specialized treatments of remote sensing and in situ techniques used to gather data on the atmosphere from the ground as well as from airborne and space platforms in passive and active modes.
Radiance imaging and rainfall
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Upwelling radiation from the earth's surface has been found to be a successful indicator of the rate of rainfall, according to new analyses of data obtained by the Nimbus 7 and Seasat satellites. In a recent report describing the functions of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on these satellites, R. W. Spencer, D. W. Martin, B. B. Hinton, and J . A. Weinman of the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that microwave emissions at the frequencies 37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz are sensitive to changes in the rain rate (Nature, July 14, 1983). The results are significant because other satellite methods for the measurement of precipitation, which operate in the visible and infrared frequency ranges, infer precipitation from cloud observations.The results of Spencer et al. are a comparison of SMMR U.S. data with rain rates derived from local weather radar observations. The comparison was done by digitizing radar plan position indicator photographs which are taken routinely by the U.S. National Weather Service. These rates and microwave brightness temperatures were entered in the University of Wisconsin Man‐computer Interactive Data Access System. The output was displayed as television images and the radar brightness rain scale was contrasted with the SMMR images.
River Basin Planning: Theory and Practice
Authors: Joeres Erhard F. 
Published: October 2011

River Basin Planning is divided into three major parts and an appendix. Part 1, Theory of River Basin Planning, is led by an introductory chapter from the editors emphasizing the major human component in the complex sociotechnical attributes of river basin development. They present a forceful argument for a truly interdisciplinary approach to river basin planning. (The appendix subsequently suggests curriculum development for courses in river basin planning.)Part 2, River Basin Planning: Environmental Issues, is supported by two chapters: one with a focus on soil conservation, the other on ecosystem protection. The soil conservation chapter by I. Douglas illustrates that slow, inadvertent changes may be more damaging in the long run than immediate, direct effects. It postulates that planning for people perforce will require planning for soil conservation as an ongoing activity. The case for environmental protection is somewhat weak because of the singular example chosen for illustration. The Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia, is in a fragile, humid, tropical forest region where any change per se is interpreted as being detrimental.
Coastal ocean dynamics
Authors: Allen J. , Beardsley R. , Brown W. , Cacchione D. , Davis R. , Drake D. , Friehe C. , Grant W. , Huyer A. , Irish J. , Janopaul M. , Williams A. , Winant C. 
Published: October 2011

The main objective of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) is to observe and describe the response of continental shelf waters to strong atmospheric forcing in a relatively simple geomorphological setting. In order to achieve this goal, CODE has been designed (1) to define the different space and time scales of the physical parameters important to the shelf flow field and (2) to identify and describe the essential kinematical and dynamical processes governing wind‐driven circulation on the continental shelf.A variety of models exist for the wind‐forced response of continental shelf waters. The salient differences among these models lies in the assumed balances between terms in the governing equations. For example, Gill and Schumann [1974] in a barotropic model assume a geostrophic cross‐shelf momentum balance but include the time‐dependent and surface and bottom stress terms in the along‐shelf momentum balance. Csanady [1978] in his arrested topographic wave model involving bottom friction assumes a quasisteady alongshelf response neglecting advective terms and retaining the geostrophic cross‐shelf balance. Various shelf wave models assume inviscid dynamics and other models assume a simple balance between surface and bottom stress in shallow water. To test the different assumptions behind these models, all terms in the governing equations need to be accurately estimated.
Fellowships available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Research Council (NRC) is seeking applications for senior and postdoctoral associates for positions available in 19 federal agencies or research institutions. In 1984 approximately 250 new, full‐time associateships will be awarded on a competitive basis for research in chemistry, engineering, and mathematics and earth, environmental, physical, space, and life sciences. Most of the programs are open to both U.S. and non‐U.S. nationals and to recent Ph.D. recipients as well as to senior investigators. The deadline for applications is January 15, 1984.The agencies and research institutions participating in this program provide the associates with opportunities to perform research on problems largely of their own choosing, yet compatible with the research interests of the supporting laboratory. The host institution provides the associate with facilities, support services, equipment, and travel funds necessary to conduct the research. The program also provides for relocation costs and for limited professional travel.
Mantle viscosity
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A central factor in models of the earth's interior is the viscosity of the mantle. If regions of the mantle are highly viscous, then solid convection cells may not exist. Conversely, upper and lower mantle viscosity within certain limits could support convection cells ranging from mantle‐wide to layered dimensions.It may not, of course, be possible yet to obtain unique viscosity models for all parts of the mantle because critical boundary values remain undefined or are too uncertain. Nonetheless, the viscosity of the mantle is a basic starting point for many, global geophysical models, and the more that can be known about its distribution the more valid the models.
Robert O. Reid honored
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Robert O. Reid, professor and head of the Department of Oceanography at Texas A&M University, was honored by about 80 of his former students with a two‐day symposium on the practice of physical oceanography, held April 14 and 15 on the College Station campus. Some 30 papers were presented by Reid's present and former students, who came to Texas A&M from many parts of the country to honor their former professor. A festschrift o f selected proceedings will be published by the Texas A&M University Press.The symposium, planned by Feenan D. Jennings, director of the Texas A&M Office of University Research Services; A. D. Kirwan, Jr., University of South Florida; and William J . Merrell and Worth D. Nowlin, Jr., of the Texas A&M Department of Oceanography, was kept a secret from Reid until a reception the evening of April 13. Speaking on behalf of the symposium's organizers, Merrell noted that Reid has been on the graduate committee for 60 master's and Ph.D. students and committee chairman for 30 master's students and 55 doctoral students.
Earth Science Ph.D.'s up 13%
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

While the total number of research doctorates awarded in the United States in 1982 was down slightly from 1981, the number of such doctorates awarded in the earth, environmental, and marine sciences (EEMS) rose nearly 13% according to a recent document from the National Research Council.The 31,048 research doctorates awarded by U.S. universities in 1982 is down from the 31,342 awarded in 1981. The number of EEMS doctorates awarded in 1982 was 657, up from 582 in 1981 (Eos, August 16, 1983, p. 506).
Prospecting with neutrinos
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

One of the latest attempts to explore the interface between physics and geophysics is the extravagant scheme of Alvaro De Rújula, Sheldon Glashow, Robert Wilson, and Georges Charpak, to be published in Physics Reports. In what these theoretical and experimental physicists described recently as “our mad project” (Physics Today, August 1983), a high‐energy neutrino beam is to be used as a geophysical prospecting tool.The beam would be able to look for oil, natural gas, and high‐atomic‐number metal ores, and it would be able to profile the vertical density distribution of the earth. De Rújula et al. come to this project from the world of big physics machines, so it is natural to expect that the “Geotron,” the field instrument to supply and focus the neutrino beam, is to be big also.
China's petroleum reserves
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Perhaps because of declining yields inland, the People's Republic of China has moved to its storm‐ridden coast to develop additional petroleum reserves. During 1979 and 1980, 44 foreign oil‐exploration companies engaged in what has been termed the world's record “seismic shoot” over 411,000 km2 extending from the Yellow Sea through the South China Sea, and including Beibu Wan (Gulf of Tonkin), the bay lying east of Hanoi and west of Hainan Island. These offshore oil reserves are estimated to be 40–100 billion barrels.The seas off the mainland are relatively shallow (most drilling has been done in less than 100 m) but they are stormy. According to a recent description, “Typhoons can … occur in the area at almost any time of the year, and the strong winds (160 km h−1 or more) which they generate frequently wreak havoc in the Philippines, Vietnam, China, and occasionally, Hong Kong. Typhoon Vera, which hit southern China in late July, did immense damage and claimed dozens of lives. The main implications for oil operation naturally relate to rig design and safety measures but onshore facilities will also have to be designed accordingly” (New Scientist, Sept. 8, 1983).
JOI seeks nominations
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., is seeking nominations for a new panel to coordinate scientific ocean drilling. To be called the U.S. Science Advisory Committee (USSAC), the panel would complement the work of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES).The Board of Governors of JOI says it wants USSAC to include broad representation from academic, government, and industry sectors outside the 10 JOI member institutions, and it is inviting nominations, including a brief vita and list of publications, for membership on USSAC to be sent, by November 3, to John H. Clotworthy, JOI, Inc., 2100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Suite 316, Washington, DC 20037.
An Introduction to Crystal Optics
Authors: Sands Donald E. 
Published: October 2011

An Introduction to Crystal Optics is a reprinting in paperback of a book first published in 1966. The preface states that the only modification made in this version is an updating of the bibliography; however, a comprehensively revised edition is promised “before long.”The book is essentially a treatment of classical optical crystallography, little touched by twentieth century science. The tone is descriptive and qualitative, equations are rare, and the physics tends to be superficial. If physics is not its forte, descriptive clarity is. This little volume is recommended for its well‐written exposition of the study of crystals with the aid of the polarizing microscope. It will serve as an excellent introduction to microscopy or optical mineralogy. It will also be useful to the advanced reader seeking elementary explanations of what other works treat in a more erudite manner.
Marine sulfur sources
Authors: Cline Joel D. 
Published: October 2011

The world's oceans have been known for several years to be a significant source of sulfur in the atmosphere. Current estimates place sulfur from marine sources at about 50% of the atmospheric sulfur attributable to human sources. However, recent work published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) indicates that estimates need to be refined to account for seasonal variations in the production of marine sulfur and poor understanding of air‐sea interchange processes.Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) represents more than 95% of the volatile sulfur compounds found in the ocean. Joel D. Cline and Timothy S. Bates, in the October issue of GRL, show that production of DMS in the central equatorial Pacific is strongly correlated with chlorophyll “a,” a measure of phytoplankton abundance, which is in turn associated with equatorial upwelling. The concentrations of DMS Cline and Bates found from 6°N to 6°S and from 148°W to 170°E (about 2% of the world's ocean surface area) would yield about 1% of the entire annual flux of sulfur from the ocean to the atmosphere.
NGS publications program
Authors: Andrée Eleanor Z. 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Government Printing Office has designated the National Geodetic Information Center (NGIC) of the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), as the exclusive sales agent for NOAA geodetic publications. For years NGIC, the nation's geodetic depository, has been providing data to the public on a processing‐cost recovery basis. Now, in addition to data, users can also purchase NGS publications, software, and related products at reasonable prices from the NGIC, located in Rockville, Md.NGS, a component of Charting and Geodetic Services of NOAA's National Ocean Service, is the U.S. Government agency charged with establishing and maintaining the National Geodetic Reference System; improving geodetic surveying methods; establishing federal government specifications for survey operations by federal, state, and other organizations; performing geodetic research in support of its mission, and disseminating geodetic data through a central data base. The information, results, and data derived or acquired by NGS are archived and reported to the scientific community through NOAA geodetic publications.
NRC associateships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Earth scientists received 29 of the roughly 150 research associateship awards granted in the physical, life, and engineering sciences by the National Research Council. The awards are made to new and senior Ph.D. scientists for up to 2 years of research to be conducted at participating federal laboratories. Annual stipends begin at $24,500 and are adjusted upward based on postdoctoral experience.Listed below are names of awardees in the earth sciences, research title, award laboratory, and home institution. These associateships resulted from the National Research Council's February review of applications. Additional reviews later this year will result in an additional 100 awards for all fields. Information and application materials for 1984 awards are available from National Research Council Research Associate Programs, JH 608‐EOS, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418. The next deadline for receipt of applications is January 15, 1984.
Gravity
Authors: Wilcox L. E. 
Published: October 2011

According to its preface, Gravity is intended to provide a fundamental knowledge about gravity and the use of gravity data for understanding the geophysical structure of the earth. The material included is based upon lectures given at the University of Tokyo by the author with added results obtained after his retirement from the university. The book was originally published in Japanese in 1979 and was translated into English by the author for the current edition.C. Tsuboi was Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Tokyo until his death early in 1983. Throughout his career, he was an active worker in the areas of gravity measurement and interpretation. His contributions will be missed.