bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio‐inspired cationic polymerization of isoprene and analogues: state‐of‐the‐art
Authors: Ouardad Samira , Bakleh Marc‐Elias , Kostjuk Sergei V. , Ganachaud François , Puskas Judit E. , Deffieux Alain , Peruch Frédéric 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNatural rubber (NR), which is polyisoprene about 100% 1,4‐cis of high molar mass, > 106 g mol−1, is mainly produced in southeast Asia and represents around 40%–45% of total worldwide elastomer consumption. Whereas more than 2500 plant species are able to produce polyisoprenoids, the only established commercial source of NR is Hevea braziliensis. NR presents high performance properties that are so far not matched by synthetic rubbers. As a consequence, NR is irreplaceable in many applications (aircraft tires, surgery gloves etc.). Nature and synthetic polymer chemists start from different substrates to synthesize polyisoprenes, i.e. isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is a universal building brick utilized by plants and animals, and isoprene monomer, respectively. Nevertheless, we proposed that the elementary processes involved in the biosynthesis of NR are very similar to those of cationic polymerization. In the course of a study on bio‐inspired cationic polymerization of isoprene and IPP analogues, it appeared that cationic polymerization of isoprene proceeds readily and leads mainly to its 1,4‐trans addition; such a process nevertheless remains difficult to control due to the occurrence of many side reactions (transfer, protic initiation, branching, cyclization). The present paper describes our understanding of the cationic polymerization of isoprene and its analogues catalyzed by different Lewis acids, in solution and aqueous dispersions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of an oil dispersion formulation of imidacloprid as a drench against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in young palm trees
Authors: Llácer Elena , Negre María , Jacas Josep A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is a phytophagous insect that feeds on soft succulent tissues of most palm species and is considered the main palm pest in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Basin. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of imidacloprid oil dispersion (OD) as a drench in preventive and curative treatments against R. ferrugineus in Phoenix canariensis, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera and Trachycarpus fortunei.RESULTS: Levels of infestation were highest in P. canariensis. There was no infestation in W. filifera. Mean efficacies of 100 and 94% were obtained in preventive and curative treatments respectively. High efficacies in preventive treatments (mean 95.4%) lasted for up to 45 days after application.CONCLUSION: The high efficacies and persistence of imidacloprid OD applied as a drench in young palms show the potential of this product for the management of R. ferrugineus. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The current status of pesticide resistance in Australian populations of the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor)
Authors: Umina Paul A , Weeks Andrew R , Roberts John , Jenkins Sommer , Mangano G Peter , Lord Alan , Micic Svetlana 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker, is an important pest of broad‐acre farming systems in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In 2006, high levels of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids were discovered in this species in Western Australia.RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2010, the authors monitored resistance in field populations and found it had spread considerably within the state of Western Australia. Twenty‐six paddocks from 15 individual properties were identified with resistance, and these paddocks ranged over 480 km. To date, resistance has not been detected in any other Australian state. Resistance in H. destructor appears to be found across the entire pyrethroid group, but not to other chemical classes such as organophosphates and carbamates, or other chemistries with novel modes of action.CONCLUSION: The high levels of resistance occurring in Western Australia have caused considerable economic losses due to ineffective chemical applications and mortality of crop plants at seedling establishment. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive resistance surveillance programme to be developed for H. destructor within Australia. Growers need to consider non‐chemical approaches for pest control and should be encouraged to implement pesticide resistance management programmes for H. destructor. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A non‐destructive method for testing two components of the behaviour of soil‐applied agricultural chemicals over a long period
Authors: Guglielmi Marie‐Anne , Rocher Françoise , Legros Sandrine , Bonnemain Jean‐Louis , Chollet Jean‐François 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Owing to the complexity of soil composition, accurate predictions of both apoplastic systemicity of lipophilic xenobiotics and their leaching from the soil are made difficult. Therefore, a non‐destructive method to assess directly these two components of the spatial behaviour of soil‐applied phytochemicals is needed.RESULTS: The plant selected was a dwarf tomato, which can exude an abundant apoplastic fluid through large stomata for several months. The feasibility and reliability of the method were assayed using three triazoles exhibiting different log D values. HPLC‐MS analyses indicated that triadimenol (log D = 2.97) was clearly the most mobile compound within the apoplast, especially its diastereoisomer A. Propiconazole (log D = 3.65) and penconazole (log D = 4.64) exhibited a similar low systemicity. The data remained the same when the three fungicides were applied together on the soil. Long time‐course studies (1.5 months) of penconazole behaviour indicated that, in contrast to leaching, which decrease sharply, root‐to‐shoot translocation remained almost unchanged during the whole experiment, in spite of the high lipophilicity of this fungicide.CONCLUSION: This method must contribute to a better knowledge of the behaviour of commercial soil‐applied phytochemicals. It can also be used to screen new xenobiotics within strategies to satisfy environmental requirements. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Deposition of thin films by sputtering cold isostatically pressed powder targets: A case study
Authors: Boydens Francis , Leroy Wouter , Persoons Rosita , Depla Diederik 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPowders of copper and aluminium with a maximum grain size of 50 µm are mixed in different ratios. The mixtures are cold isostatically pressed into two‐inch circular targets which are mounted in a conventional magnetron set‐up and used to deposit both metallic Cu–Al as well as oxygen rich Cu–Al–O thin films. In both cases the thin film composition is analysed and related to the target composition. Crystallographic properties of the deposited films are presented as well. The influence of the target composition on the reactive behaviour is studied by hysteresis measurements. Furthermore, the effective sputter yields of elemental powder targets were measured. Depending on the material, the sputter yields of the powder target either increased or decreased compared to the sputter yields of solid targets. This can be qualitatively explained by an analysis of the target roughness. For the fast scanning of the compositional influence on material properties, the use of powder targets shows to be a suitable and valuable approach.
The Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Normal and Ischemic Rat Heart
Authors: Bernatoniene Jurga , Majiene Daiva , Peciura Rimantas , Laukeviciene Ale , Bernatoniene Ruta , Mekas Tauras , Kasauskas Arturas , Kopustinskiene Dalia 
Published: December 2011

Free radical‐induced myocardial damage and impairment of vascular endothelium‐dependent relaxation are amongst the most important mechanisms responsible for ischemic heart injury. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GE) has been reported to improve blood circulation in the brain and have a beneficial impact on the cardiovascular system but its cardioprotective effects have not been elucidated yet. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of GE in 70% ethanol (1:5) administered orally to rats on the functions of isolated heart mitochondria under normal and ischemic conditions. Wistar rats were given GE or ethanol (solvent control) at a dosage of 0.32 mL/kg in drinking water for 10 and 18 days, while the control animals received untreated drinking water. Mitochondrial respiration rates were determined oxygraphically. Pyruvate and malate, succinate or palmitoyl‐l‐carnitine and malate were used as substrates.The GE treatment partially uncoupled mitochondrial oxidation from phosphorylation, reduced the generation of free radicals in the mitochondria, diminished the ischemia‐induced V3 decrease and the degree of respiration stimulation by exogenous cytochrome c. Thus, these results indicate that GE exerts cardioprotective effects reducing ischemia‐caused impairment of the functions of heart mitochondria. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Input‐to‐state‐stability‐type comparison principles and input‐to‐state stability for discrete‐time dynamical networks with time delays
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Chengjie , Liu Dongnan 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the input‐to‐state stability (ISS) issue for discrete‐time dynamical networks (DDNs) with time delays. Firstly, a general comparison principle for solutions of DDNs is proposed. Then, based on this general comparison principle, three kinds of ISS‐type comparison principles for DDNs are established, including the comparison principle for input‐to‐state ‐stability, ISS, and exponential ISS. The ISS‐type comparison principles are then used to investigate stability properties related to ISS for three kinds (linear, affine, and nonlinear) of DDNs. It shows that the ISS property of a DDN can be derived by comparing it with a linear or lower‐dimension DDN with known ISS property. By using methods such as variation of parameters, uniform M‐matrix, and the ISS‐type comparison principle, conditions of global exponential ISS for time‐varying linear DDNs with time delays are derived. Moreover, the obtained ISS results for DDNs are extended to the hybrid DDNs with time delays. As one application, the synchronization within an error bound in the sense of ISS is achieved for DDNs with coupling time delays and external disturbances. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designer Hydrophilic Regions Regulate Droplet Shape for Controlled Surface Patterning and 3D Microgel Synthesis
Authors: Hancock Matthew J. , Yanagawa Fumiki , Jang Yun‐Ho , He Jiankang , Kachouie Nezamoddin N. , Kaji Hirokazu , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA simple technique is presented for controlling the shapes of micro‐ and nanodrops by patterning surfaces with special hydrophilic regions surrounded by hydrophobic boundaries. Finite element method simulations link the shape of the hydrophilic regions to that of the droplets. Shaped droplets are used to controllably pattern planar surfaces and microwell arrays with microparticles and cells at the micro‐ and macroscales. Droplets containing suspended sedimenting particles, initially at uniform concentration, deposit more particles under deeper regions than under shallow regions. The resulting surface concentration is thus proportional to the local fluid depth and agrees well with the measured and simulated droplet profiles. A second application is also highlighted in which shaped droplets of prepolymer solution are crosslinked to synthesize microgels with tailored 3D geometry.
Diameter‐Dependent Thermal Transport in Individual ZnO Nanowires and its Correlation with Surface Coating and Defects
Authors: Bui Cong Tinh , Xie Rongguo , Zheng Minrui , Zhang Qingxin , Sow Chorng Haur , Li Baowen , Thong John T. L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA systematic study of the thermal transport properties of individual single‐crystal zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) with diameters in the range of ∼50–210 nm is presented. The thermal conductivity of the NWs is found to be dramatically reduced by at least an order of magnitude compared to bulk values, due to enhanced phonon‐boundary scattering with a reduction in sample size. While the conventional phonon transport model can qualitatively explain the temperature dependence, it fails to account for the diameter dependence. An empirical relationship for assessing diameter‐dependent thermal properties is observed, which shows an approximately linear dependence of the thermal conductivity on the cross‐sectional area of the NWs in the measured diameter range. Furthermore, it is found that an amorphous‐carbon layer coating on the NWs does not perturb the thermal properties of the NW cores, whereas 30 keV Ga+ ion irradiation at low dose (∼4 × 1014 cm−2) leads to a remarkable reduction of the thermal conductivity of the ZnO NWs.
Ontology patterns for service‐oriented software development
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Tek , Wu Budan , Jin Zhi , Huang Yu , Li Wu 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYModern software often uses ontologies as its key component to store data and their relationships. This is different from using an ontology as a stand‐alone tool for knowledge sharing and representation. The ontology component needs to work with other software components and needs to evolve as the software evolves. Ontology design has been a research topic for years; however, most of these studies focus on using ontologies as stand‐alone applications. This paper studies ontology patterns that can be applied to design ontologies as an integral part of a service‐oriented application. The paper first briefly reviews various ontology design issues including a brief survey of existing ontology design patterns. The paper then outlines general principles for using ontologies in software applications, including the needs to incorporate ontology design process as a part of software development processes, design ontologies as a component of an overall software architecture, and use ontologies to enhance software evolution and the role that ontologies can play in software validation. The paper then proposes some common ontology patterns that can be used to design ontologies in service‐oriented applications. This is followed by examining two international projects, SENSEI and FCINT, where ontologies are used in service‐oriented applications and several ontology design patterns are used. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vc: A C++ library for explicit vectorization
Authors: Kretz Matthias , Lindenstruth Volker 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYIt is an established trend that CPU development takes advantage of Moore's Law to improve in parallelism much more than in scalar execution speed. This results in higher hardware thread counts (MIMD) and improved vector units (SIMD), of which the MIMD developments have received the focus of library research and development in recent years. To make use of the latest hardware improvements, SIMD must receive a stronger focus of API research and development because the computational power can no longer be neglected and often auto‐vectorizing compilers cannot generate the necessary SIMD code, as will be shown in this paper. Nowadays, the SIMD capabilities are sufficiently significant to warrant vectorization of algorithms requiring more conditional execution than was originally expected for Streaming SIMD Extension to handle. The Vc library (http://compeng.uni‐frankfurt.de/?vc) was designed to support developers in the creation of portable vectorized code. Its capabilities and performance have been thoroughly tested. Vc provides portability of the source code, allowing full utilization of the hardware's SIMD capabilities, without introducing any overhead. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discrete force allocation algorithm for modelling wind turbines in computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Réthoré P.‐E. , Sørensen N.N. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper describes an algorithm for allocating discrete forces in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Discrete forces are useful in wind energy CFD. They are used as an approximation of the wind turbine blades' action on the wind (actuator disc/line), to model forests and to model turbulent inflows. Many CFD codes are designed with collocated variables layout. Although this approach has many attractive features, it can generate a numerical decoupling between the pressure and the velocities. This issue is addressed by the Rhie–Chow control volume momentum interpolation. However, this algorithm does not address the specific cases where discrete forces are present. The velocities and pressure exhibit some significant numerical fluctuations at the position where the body forces are applied. While this issue is limited in space, it is usually critical to accurately estimate the velocity at the position of the wind turbine rotor to estimate correctly the power production and the rotor loading. The method proposed in this paper solves this issue by spreading the force on the direct neighbouring cells and applying an equivalent pressure jump at the cell faces. This can potentially open the possibility of coarsening the mesh where the forces are applied and have a considerable effect in reducing the computational cost of modelling wind turbines, wind farms and forests. This approach gives excellent results with three test cases where an analytical solution is known. This correction is also applicable in other fields of CFD that use discrete body forces. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paraoxonase 1 Activity in Chylomicrons and VLDL: The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes and Meals Rich in Saturated Fat and Oleic Acid
Authors: Manning Patrick J. , de Jong Sylvia A. , Ryalls Anne R. , Sutherland Wayne H. F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractParaoxonase 1 (PON 1) has antioxidant and cardioprotective properties and is abnormally low in type 2 diabetic serum. This study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes and meals rich in saturated fat and oleic acid on PON1 activity in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). PON1 arylesterase activity was measured in chylomicrons and VLDL that were isolated in serum from 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched, overweight controls 3 h after meals rich in cream or olive oil in a randomized, cross‐over study. Chylomicron–PON1 activity (45%, P = 0.02), ratio chylomicron–PON1/chylomicron–triacylglycerides (TAG) (42%, P = 0.03) and chylomicron–protein content (46%, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with controls after the olive oil meal with comparable findings after the meal rich in cream. After ingestion of olive oil, chylomicron–PON1 activity was significantly higher in controls (P = 0.01) and marginally higher (P = 0.06) in diabetic patients and chylomicron–TAG were significantly (P < 0. 05) higher in both groups of subjects, compared with values after ingestion of cream. VLDL–PON1 increased (two‐fold) significantly (P < 0.003) during both meals. Chylomicron‐PON1 activity was correlated significantly with chylomicron–protein (P < 0.001, n = 40) and with postprandial serum PON1 activity (P ≤ 0.001, n = 40). Our data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormally low chylomicron–PON1 activity after fatty meals and this may be linked to lower chylomicron–protein content and serum PON1 activity. Switching from saturated fat to olive oil in the meal increases PON1 activity in the chylomicron fraction largely due to increased numbers of chylomicron particles.
A Kinetic Model Describing Antioxidation and Prooxidation of β‐Carotene in the Presence of α‐Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Shibasaki‐Kitakawa Naomi , Murakami Masahiko , Kubo Masaki , Yonemoto Toshikuni 
Published: December 2011

Abstractβ‐Carotene oxidation in the presence of both lipophilic α‐tocopherol and hydrophilic ascorbic acid was experimentally studied in a biphasic oil–water system. Ascorbic acid in the water phase had two opposite effects of promoting and suppressing α‐tocopherol consumption in the oil phase and indirectly participated in the antioxidation and prooxidation of β‐carotene in the oil phase. The drastic antioxidation of β‐carotene by stopping the consumption of α‐tocopherol was caused by the depletion of oxygen in the system due to the oxidation of ascorbic acid. A kinetic model was constructed by incorporating the oxidation of ascorbic acid itself in the water phase, the regeneration and consumption of α‐tocopherol by ascorbic acid at the oil–water interface, and the oxygen mass transfer across the gas–oil interface and the oil–water interface. The model well described the antioxidation and prooxidation behavior of β‐carotene in the presence of α‐tocopherol and ascorbic acid and the oxygen concentration profiles in each phase. The model was able to effectively determine the appropriate amounts of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants to prevent β‐carotene oxidation under various conditions.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression: Variable results based on study designs
Authors: Martin J.L.R. , Martín-Sánchez E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of depression.Methods:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of analytical studies. Efficacy was evaluated according to severity of illness and percentage of responders.Results:We identified 687 references. Of these, 14 met the selection criteria and were included in the review. The meta-analysis of efficacy for uncontrolled studies showed a significant reduction in scores at the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale endpoint, and the percentage of responders was 31.8% ([23.2% to 41.8%], P<0.001). However, the randomised control trial which covered a sample of 235 patients with depression, reported no statistically significant differences between the active intervention and placebo groups (OR=1.61 [95%CI 0.72 to 3.62]; P = 0.25). To study the cause of this heterogeneity, a meta-regression was performed. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2Adj) was 0.84, which implies that an 84% variation in effect size across the studies was explained by baseline severity of depression (P<0.0001).Conclusion:Currently, insufficient data are available to describe VNS as effective in the treatment of depression. In addition, it cannot be ruled out that the positive results observed in the uncontrolled studies might have been mainly due to a placebo effect.
Recollement of homotopy categories and Cohen-Macaulay modules
Authors: Iyama Osamu , Kato Kiriko , Miyachi Jun-ichi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe study the homotopy category of unbounded complexes with bounded homologies and its quotient category by the homotopy category of bounded complexes. In the case of the homotopy category of finitely generated projective modules over an Iwanaga-Gorenstein ring, we show the existence of a new structure in the above quotient category, which we call a triangle of recollements. Moreover, we show that this quotient category is triangle equivalent to the stable module category of Cohen-Macaulay T2(R)-modules.