bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Independent Labour Party
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As the 1926 coal dispute entered its last month, Ramsay MacDonald reflected despondently on the state of the Independent Labour Party (ILP). His relationship with the pre-war ILP was often troubled. Differences over electoral and parliamentary tactics produced disputes with the ILP Left. In the period immediately before 1914, MacDonald, now chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), seemed to be loosening his ties with the ILP. His critical response to Britain's intervention in August 1914 meant his resignation from the PLP Chairmanship and his distancing from strongly patriotic Labour MPs and trade union leaders. He turned back to the ILP with its internationalist and anti-militarist sentiments. MacDonald's emphatic rejection by the West Leicester electorate in December 1918 confirmed his dependence on the ILP for organizational and emotional support. This chapter looks at the ILP's history and its role in politics in Britain during the 1920s.
Socialist Conscience
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The 1929 General Election was in formal terms a success for the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Of the fifty-six candidates sponsored by the party, thirty-seven were successful, more than doubling the previous number of sponsored Members. Many other MPs claimed to hold ILP cards and overall the potential membership of the ILP Parliamentary Group exceeded 200. The new Cabinet included neither John Wheatley nor Fred Jowett. Although both had sat in the 1924 Cabinet, they had been identified with the ILP's shift to the left. In contrast, Thomas Johnston and Emmanuel Shinwell, both active in the ILP and both critical of James Maxton, were appointed to posts outside the Cabinet. Although the Labour Party had not achieved a parliamentary majority, its advance since 1924 was impressive. For the first time, it was the largest party in the House of Commons. The Tory Opposition seemed demoralized; world recession had not yet hit the British economy.
Constructing Labour Woman
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the 1920s, Margaret Bondfield had symbolized more than any other individual the status of women in Labour Party politics; she was a Member of Parliament in 1923-1924 and from 1926, a junior Minister in 1924, and the first woman Cabinet Minister in 1929. This was coupled with prominence in the trade union world, playing a key role in the Trades Union Congress (TUC). Her role in both industrial and political activities involved a discourse that played down and often denied the distinctiveness of women 's interests within the labour movement. Pre-1914, Bondfield had been a women's trade union organizer, an adult suffragist, and a prominent member of the Independent Labour Party. Later she marginalized and frequently criticized feminist concerns, her socialism became much more formal, and her union was absorbed into the National Union of General and Municipal Workers. Within both party and the TUC she became a stalwart of the Right, a keen supporter of Ramsay MacDonald and a strong anti-Communist.
Contesting Woman’s Place
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When women challenged their assigned place in the Labour Party, and, at least by implication, their official identity as ‘Labour Woman’, their dissent was fuelled by specific and deeply felt disagreements over policy. The provision of information on birth control by publicly funded clinics proved to be highly controversial for British Labour in the 1920s. On this issue more than any other, conflict developed between the institutions specific to Labour women and the overall party. Wartime experiences had given many working-class women a sense of their own autonomy; a change which raised the possibility of family limitation as a desirable option. As familiar routines re-emerged after the war, depression in staple and well-unionized trades provided a powerful incentive for family limitation. Such sentiments were fired by a belief that the lives of working-class women did not have to be confined and damaged by successive and frequently difficult pregnancies, each adding to the pressure on already meagre household budgets. For the politically active, their involvement in the Labour Party's Women's Sections was a declaration against passivity and acquiescence.
Switzerland and British Strategy: Toluol, Trams, and Transit Rights
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.
Cloaking the Dagger: British Covert Operations and Swiss Neutrality
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the role played by the secret intelligence community in shaping British policy towards Switzerland. Appreciation of Switzerland's importance as a source of secret intelligence became apparent within weeks of the fall of France, and by the late summer, the need to maintain access to British agent networks, based in Switzerland, became the single most important factor driving British policy. It evaluates Switzerland's value as an intelligence asset for Britain and shows how the Swiss came to view the preferential access to intelligence gathering facilities in Switzerland as means of off-setting the Axis' control of Switzerland's economic output and financial resources.
Britain and Switzerland's ‘Active’ Neutrality
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines British attitudes towards Switzerland's policy of ‘active’ neutrality. It demonstrates how a convergence of interests between the two countries on how to respond to the Holocaust effectively made London complicit in Berne's restrictive policy towards refugees from 1942. The Swiss were, however, able to promote the image of a ‘good Samaritan’ in British eyes by providing a safe haven for escaped British prisoners of war and servicemen seeking to evade capture. More particularly, from late 1941, Berne won praise for its adroit work as ‘protecting power’ in the Axis and Axis controlled territories. The chapter shows how British gratitude for these services influenced official thinking and helped justify support for Swiss interests in other areas.
Conclusion
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This concluding chapter evaluates the relative success of British policy towards Switzerland between 1939 and 1945. It explains how British policy-makers justified their benevolent attitude towards Switzerland, despite the substantial financial, economic and strategic advantages gained by Britain's enemies in Switzerland over the course of the war. It considers the particular psychological challenges confronting statesmen in managing relations with ostensibly friendly states in periods of acute tension and explores how norm compliant behaviour — in this case, sympathy for Switzerland — was promoted through the development of belief systems, institutional culture and decision-making processes. Finally, it discusses the importance of Switzerland's international image and reputation in shaping British attitudes and expectations over the war.
3 The Bosonids at Gorze
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Count Bivin's descendants formed part of the great kindred known to modern historians as the Bosonids. Helped by Bivin's marriage to the sister of Lothar II's wife Theutberga, and the marriage of his daughter, Richild, to Charles the Bald, these descendants came to comprise one of the leading supra-regional ‘families’ of Lotharingia during the 9th century. Despite the reimposition of episcopal control, Count Bivin 's descendants retained close and fruitful contacts with the abbey of Gorze for at least another century. Their links with Gorze and its landholding were not all-pervasive, but existed alongside episcopal overlordship and the ties of other lesser families. Yet these links were strong enough to weather both the turbulent infighting within Lotharingia during the late 9th and early 20th centuries, and also Gorze's reform of 933-934 carried out by Bishop Adalbero. This chapter examines to what ends the Bosonids exploited the abbey's lands, the means by which they were able to do so, and the attendant effects on Gorze and its community.
4 The Holders of Precariae
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Bosonids are the most striking example of a noble family retaining close links with the abbey of Gorze and its lands despite the overlordship of the bishops of Metz. Proximity of landholding brought the abbey into contact with many other substantial, if less exalted, individuals throughout Upper Lotharingia during the early medieval period. Whether taken individually or as a group, charters can be used to add to the picture of the role played by an abbey and its landholding during this period. To this end, some of the abbey's charters which record precarial or allied agreements with five individuals or families can usefully be considered. A charter given by Bishop Robert of Metz at Gorze in 903 recorded a precaria remuneratoria in which Willern granted Gorze considerable donations at Arnaville and Ancy-sur-Moselle; in return he received the usufruct of these lands and Gorze's possessions some 30 kilometers away at Jeandelize for the lifetimes of himself, his wife, and one daughter.
10 Bishops and Patrons after the Reform
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Despite a continual ebb and flow in its possessions, Saint-Evre's pre-reform community managed to retain much of its ancient endowment. Diplomata and miracula provide ample testimony to the tension between the community and the bishop of Toul or his retinue; as Saint-Evre's overlord he was at times its foremost enemy. However, the community always retained a degree of independence, successfully seeking royal diplomata to protect its interests against the bishops of Toul. The lack of private charters makes it impossible to trace the community's relations with the nobility in the manner that is possible at Gorze. But the few shreds of evidence which survive, most notably those concerning the Matfridings, reveal that, as at Gorze, such relations were not necessarily to the community's disadvantage. Little can be gleaned about the community's religious practices, but surviving evidence suggests that Saint-Evre became a centre of reform because its 9th-century foundations provided a base on which the 10th-century reformers could quickly build.
16 Reform: Giselbert, the Liudolfings, and Robert of Trier
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The monastic reform of 934 has been considered by historians as a watershed in the history of the abbey of Saint-Maximin. In attempting to detect the causes of reform they have tended to argue for the supremacy of one specific factor or impulse: the stimulus from Gorze, internal pressure from within the community, religious conversion, the material motives of Duke Giselbert, the intervention of Henry I, or a more general change whereby a period of invasion and internecine feuds is thought to have given way to a more settled environment under Ottonian rule. This chapter places the events of these years in the wider context of the abbey's relations with its lords and patrons. This chapter also discusses the role of the Liudolfings, bishops, and leading families of the Reich as well as Archbishop Robert of Trier in monastic reform.
Catholic Reformation in Ireland
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The success of the counter-reformation in Ireland was a crucial development in the history of the island and subsequently a vital component in the troubled relationship between Ireland and Britain. For centuries, the politics of the archipelago have been affected by conflicts whose deepest roots are located in the religious changes of the 17th century. This book offers a reappraisal of a central episode in the extension of Catholic Church reform to the island: the papal nunciature of GianBattista Rinuccini. This book situates Rinuccini's mission in its wider European context, and provides a new perspective, not only on the man at the heart of events during the turbulent 1640s, but also on the 17th-century penetration of Catholic reform into Ireland and on the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The Attrition of Influence, December 1646–February 1648
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The fourteen months from the end of November 1646 to February 1648 marked a particular phase in GianBattista Rinuccini's career in Ireland. During this time, Nicholas Plunkett and the bishop of Ferns, Nicholas French, exercised a great deal of influence in confederate politics, while the nuncio occupied a less overtly prominent role. This period was inaugurated, and much of its subsequent character determined, by the decision to convene a confederate General Assembly. The most important problem confronted at this Assembly was the Ormond peace: the lord lieutenant's supporters hoped to have the treaty ratified by the supreme confederate authority, while Rinuccini and his adherents sought the assembly's approval for their overturning of the peace the previous year. The result was a qualified victory for the clerical party because the treaty was indeed rejected. The clergy then secured a second victory when their new formulation of the confederate oath was accepted.
Introduction
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the focus of the book, which is the history of the encounter between the aboriginal peoples of North America and Australasia and the common law that British colonialism transplanted into their lands. It then discusses law and colonialism, aboriginal histories and common law, how the common law treats its own past, the idea of law in the Marshall judgments on Indian status (1823-1832), and aboriginal societies and the common law in the pre-modern era.
An Overview of the Era of Aboriginal Self-Determination: from Rights-Recognition to Rights-Integration and -Management
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of how aboriginal self-determination became the overarching dynamic for legal development in each jurisdiction. It sets out the important legal contours of the last quarter-century, showing how each jurisdiction addressed the legal and constitutional pluralism that this new imperative demanded, and purged the older discredited goal of assimilation.
Germany and the Questione della Lingua
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by establishing the historicity of the contentious relationship between language and social and political identities in Germany by taking the debates on language in the first half of the 19th century as an illustration of the coincidence of sociopolitical upheavals and linguistic crises, and as a demonstration of how values attached to the ‘national language’ or ‘mother tongue’ at the time foreshadowed many later developments. It then traces the course of the debates, showing how they track the shifting political climate of east-west relations in post-1945 Germany, and examines the links between political and academic agendas. Finally, the chapter discusses language change and language use. It argues that the ideological force of linguistic practices such as naming outweighs the extent of quantitative differences, that the use of key words to construct contexts is more important than the mere existence of distinct lexical sub-sets.
Spin-polarized liquid
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
No theory is capable of explaining all of the properties of 3He. The paramagnon model, which accounted for some properties through its spin-spin repulsion parameter I, showed that liquid 3He was nearly ferromagnetic at high pressure. On the other hand, the lattice gas models were able to explain many properties, and hence showed that liquid 3He was nearly localized at all pressures. Consequently, methods of producing spin-polarized liquid 3He were devised to distinguish between these theories through their different predictions for the properties of the spin-polarized state. This chapter describes some of these predictions and then explains three methods used to produce the polarization. It shows that spin waves can propagate in the presence of a magnetic field. The chapter concludes with a description of experiments on the polarized liquid.
Magnetic resonance properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes NMR experiments and relates their results to theories of the A and B phases, that is, to the ABM and BW states of the triplet pairing, respectively. The first section outlines the Leggett theory for longitudinal resonances and discusses the orientational effects of both magnetic and electric fields. This is followed by sections on the non-linear and textural effects in each phase, and on the generation of spin waves in both phases. Finally, a section on spin relaxation leads to one on spin supercurrents.
Hydrodynamics
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how the relationship between experimental results and theoretical calculations for the superfluid density, the transport properties of the superfluid, and the motion of ions within it. Many of the techniques are those previously described for the normal Fermi liquid, but the hydrodynamic theory of the superfluid is more complex than that of the Fermi liquid.
Iterated Maps
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Dynamical systems described by iterated map functions are used to explore the period-doubling route to chaos, Lyapunov exponents, and Feigenbaum numbers. A simple derivation of the numerical value of the Feigenbaum number α is provided. The connections among differential equation models, Poincare sections, and iterated maps are explored. This chapter explores the logistic map, the sine map, the tent map, shift maps, the Gaussian map, the Henon map, and the Smale horseshoe map along with a brief introduction to symbolic dynamics. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional maps are studied in detail. The U-sequence provides an example of another universal feature of unimodal iterated map functions. Sarkovskii's Theorem explains the organization of periodic orbits in one-dimensional map function behaviour. One-dimensional iterated map systems can exhibit chaotic behaviour, but one-dimensional differential equation models cannot. This chapter provides an explanation of that difference.
COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS IN EVEN–EVEN NUCLEI: VIBRATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The shell model is generally considered the fundamental nuclear model and works best for light nuclei. More fundamental to the shell model's central position in nuclear physics is that it provides a well-defined procedure for the calculation of basic nuclear observables. However, the use of the shell model is, in practice, rather severely limited. While shell model calculations for multi-shell configurations are certainly possible, the size of the matrices in which the residual interaction must be diagonalised rapidly becomes enormous. This chapter deals with collectivity and collective excitations in spherical even–even nuclei, focusing on vibrational and rotational motion. Non-diagonal matrix elements of short-range two-body residual interactions are considered, along with quadrupole vibrations and atomic nuclei with stable and permanent deformations, rotations and vibrations of axially symmetric deformed nuclei, bandmixing and rotation-vibration coupling, axially asymmetric nuclei, the interacting boson model, and the geometric collective model of nuclear structure.
Phonon interactions with magnetically quantized two-dimensional carrier systems: the integer and fractional quantum Hall states
Authors: Mellor C.J. , Dietsche W. , Challis L.J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes investigations of the interaction of phonons with magnetically quantized two-dimensional (2-D) electron systems including the quantum Hall states, with particular attention to work using acoustic phonons as probes. This includes studies of phonon emission from the two diagonally opposite ‘hot spots’ of a Hall bar where the current enters and leaves. One study detected the phonons using bolometers placed opposite the corners and, in another, the temperature increases at the ‘hot spots’ were indicated by the thickness of superfluid helium film covering the Hall bar. Information has also been obtained on the frequency spectrum of the emitted phonons. Studies have been made of the location and frequency dependence of the absorption of phonons in the integer states. Phonon absorption studies of the fractional quantum Hall state provide support for the magnetoroton picture, and the fruitful studies of the quantum Hall states using surface acoustic waves are reviewed in detail.
Carrier–phonon interactions in semiconductor quantum dots and wires
Authors: Cavill S.A. , Hawker P. , Kent A.J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the interaction of phonons with one- and zero-dimensional (1-D and 0-D) carrier systems in quantum wires and dots. Wires and dots are discussed in separate sections: each starting with a brief review of how the structures are formed, and then going on to consider their basic physical properties. The theory of emission and absorption of bulk (3-D) phonons by electrons in 1-D and 0-D is considered. The chapter explains how the requirements of energy and momentum conservation leads to the ‘phonon bottleneck’, i.e. a reduction in the carrier-phonon scattering rates as the dimensionality is reduced. Each section ends with a review of experimental measurements of carrier-phonon interactions. The focus is on phonon measurements using the techniques of heat pulses and phonoconductivity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the outstanding issues, e.g. the carrier relaxation processes in quantum dots.
Stora–Zumino chain of descent equations
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how the singlet anomaly in 2n dimensions determines the non-Abelian anomaly in (2n - 2) dimensions via a set of equations. These are part of a whole chain of equations, which descend in their form degree, thus called the Stora–Zumino chain of descent equations. This chain is derived in pure mathematical grounds — algebra and differential geometry — and its meaning is physics is discussed. The chapter offers the topological aspect of a chain, described by an index theorem.