bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micellization of Beta‐Carotene from Soy‐Protein Stabilized Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions under In Vitro Conditions of Lipolysis
Authors: Malaki Nik Amir , Wright Amanda J. , Corredig Milena 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe details of the interfacial changes occurring during digestion of an oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilized with soy protein isolate (SPI) and the impact of the changes on lipolysis and subsequent release of β‐carotene (BC) were studied using a two‐step in vitro digestion model with varying composition containing bile salts (BS), colipase (COL), phospholipids (PL), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The hydrolysis of the interfacial layer by pepsin resulted in significant changes in the emulsion droplet size distribution. The introduction of bio‐surfactants (BS and PL), in combination with the release of lipid digestion products in the duodenal stage, resulted in re‐emulsification of the oil droplets. During this stage a significant increase in the negative charge of the oil droplets from −40 to −70 mV, was also observed, indicating significant changes in interfacial composition. The activity of the pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL), as monitored by the liberation of free fatty acids, was largely governed by the composition of digestive fluids. In the presence of BS alone, lipid hydrolysis reached 66.1 ± 3.4%, while addition of PL inhibited lipolysis. Inclusion of PLA2 was found to increase the rate of lipolysis markedly, and the introduction of COL, along with BS, significantly increased the efficiency of the lipolysis such that a maximum lipid hydrolysis of 81.2 ± 1.2% was reached with about 50% transfer of BC to the mixed micelles.
Adsorption of Soy Protein Isolate in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Difference Between Native and Spray Dried Isolate
Authors: Keerati‐u‐rai Maneephan , Wang Zebin , Corredig Milena 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the emulsifying properties of isolated soy protein prepared in the pilot plant (heated and spray dried) or in the laboratory (unheated and freeze‐dried), from the same soy flakes. When the thermal transitions were measured by micro‐calorimetry, the protein isolated in the pilot plant showed a very broad thermal transition, while the native isolate showed two distinct transition peaks, attributed to β‐conglycinin and glycinin denaturation. Electrophoretic analysis and protein assay of the soluble protein in the fractions revealed a significantly smaller amount of protein recovered in the centrifugal supernatant for the isolated soy protein prepared in the pilot plant than for the native protein. A larger amount of ions was recovered in the pilot plant isolate. However, the thermal treatment of the solutions increased the recovery of the pilot plant isolate proteins in the centrifugal supernatant, with an opposite effect for the native soy protein. A significantly larger amount of pilot plant isolated protein was needed to prepare emulsions with the same characteristics of those prepared with native soy protein. The emulsions prepared with pilot plant isolates showed much lower susceptibility to heating than those prepared with native protein.
Pulsatile Flow Patterns and Wall Shear Stresses in Arch of a Turn-Around Tube With/Without Stenosis
Authors: Huang R. F. , Ho C.-Y. , Chen J.-K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe temporal/spatial evolution processes of the flow pattern, velocity distribution, and wall shear stress of pulsatile water flows in the arch of 180o turn-around tubes with/without stenosis were experimentally studied by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV). Three transparent tubes made of glass were used: A tube without stenosis in the arch, a tube with a 25% stenosis at the inner wall of arch, and a tube with a 50% stenosis at the inner wall of arch. Here the percentage of stensis denoted the ratio between the stenosis height to inner diameter of arch in the diametral cross section across mid-arch of the central plane. The flow was provided by a pump which approximately simulated the pulsatile pressure waves of human heart beats. The systole to diastole time period ratio is set at 35%:65%. The Womersley parameter, Dean number, and time-averaged Reynolds number were 14, 2348, and 3500, respectively. In the arch of the turn-around tube without stenosis, no boundary layer separation was found during the systolic phase. The reverse flow and recirculation bubble appeared in the arch only during the diastolic phase. The inner wall of the arch experienced lower wall shear stress during the diastolic phase due to the formation of recirculation bubble and secondary flow. In the arch with stenosis, the boundary layer separated from the inner wall and formed a recirculation bubble downstream the stenosis during the systolic phase. Lower stenosis (25%) did not cause drastic variation of the wall shear stresses. At higher stenosis (50%), however, the wall shear stress around the inner wall downstream the stenosis became extraordinarily low, whereas the wall shear stress around the upstream region of the outer wall of the downstream branch of the tube became anomalously large.
Stability Analysis of A Thin Micropolar Fluid Flowing on A Rotating Circular Disk
Authors: Chen C. K. , Lin M. C. , Chen C. I. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe stability analysis of a thin micropolar fluid flowing on a rotating circular disk is investigated numerically. The target is restricted to some neighborhood of critical value in the linear stability analysis. First, a generalized nonlinear kinematic model is derived by the long wave perturbation method. The method of normal mode is applied to the linear stability. After the weakly nonlinear dynamics of a film flow is studied by using the method of multiple scales, the Ginzburg-Landau equation is determined to discuss the necessary condition in terms of the various states of subcritical stability, subcritical instability, supercritical stability, and supercritical explosion for the existence of such flow pattern. The modeling results indicate that the rotation number and the radius of circular disk play the significant roles in destabilizing the flow. Furthermore, the micropolar parameter K serves as the stabilizing factor in the thin film flow.
Improved Harmony Search Methods to Replace Variational Principle in Geotechnical Problems
Authors: Cheng Y. M. , Li L. , Fang S. S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTVariational principle is an important principle in engineering discipline. This principle is suitable for simple problems where an analytical expression can be determined, but there are many practical problems where the classical variational principle is practically impossible to be applied. In this paper, the authors will try to demonstrate that the variational principle can be replaced by the use of modern artificial intelligence based optimization method (harmony search method) which can be applied to much more complicated problems. Two different improved harmony search algorithms are proposed in this paper. The new algorithms differ from the original algorithm in that: (1) The harmonies are rearranged into several pairs and the better pairs are used to develop several new harmonies; (2) Different probabilities are assigned to different harmonies. The robustness of the proposed methods is demonstrated by using three difficult examples, and the sensitivities of the related optimization parameters are investigated through statistical orthogonal analysis.
Failure Behavior of Two Parallel Pinned/Bolted Composite Joints
Authors: Pakdil M. , Sen F. , Cakan A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study, the failure behavior of two parallel pinned/bolted composite joints was investigated, experimentally. The laminated composite plates were produced from glass fibers and epoxy matrix. During the tests, various joint geometries and ply orientations were considered to decide the optimum joint geometry and suitable stacking sequence of the laminated composite plates for two parallel pinned/bolted joints. For these reasons, the distance from the free edge of the plate to hole diameter ratio (E/D) was changed from 1 to 5, the distance between two parallel holes to hole diameter ratio (K/D) was selected as 2 and 5, the distance from the lateral edge of the plate to hole diameter ratio (N/D) was taken as 2 and 3. The laminated plates were composed from 8 laminas to stuck onto together with three different orientations as [0°2 / 30°2]s, [0°2 / 45°2]s and [0°2 / 60°2]s. The experiments involved both pinned and bolted joint. Experimental results indicate that failure behaviors of pinned/bolted composite joints are strictly influenced from both orientations of laminated plates and geometrical parameters.
Structural Analysis of Arches in Plane with a Family of Simple and Accurate Curved Beam Elements Based on Mindlin-Reissner Model
Authors: Tayşi N. , Göĝüş M. T. , Özakça M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the basic finite element formulation of a newly developed family of variable thickness, curved,C(0) continuity Mindlin-Reissner model curved beam elements which include shear deformation and rotatory inertia effects is presented. The accuracy, convergence and efficiency of these newly developed curved beam elements are explored through a series of analyses of arch structures and the results are compared with those obtained by other analytical and numerical methods. The comparisons show that the method yields very good results with a relatively small number of elements.
A Frequency Response Based Structural Damage Localization Method Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
Authors: Salehi M. , Ziaei-Rad S. , Ghayour M. , Vaziri-Zanjani M.A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTVibration-based structural damage detection has been the focus of attention by many researchers over the last few decades. However, most methods proposed for this purpose utilize extracted modal parameters or some indices constructed based on these parameters. A literature review revealed that few papers have employed Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) for detecting structural damage. In this paper, a technique is presented for damage detection which is based on measured FRFs. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has been implemented on spatiotemporal responses in each frequency in order to reduce the dimension of the data. This is based on the concept that the forced harmonic response of a linear vibrating system can be fully captured utilizing a single basis vector. A different approach is also presented in this paper in which POD is applied to the frequency domain data. Operational Deflection Shapes (ODSs) have been decomposed using POD to localize the damage. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated through some numerical and experimental case studies.
Shock Attenuation of Intervertebral Disc Following Fatigue Loading
Authors: Chiang C.-K. , Yang C.-L. , Chen W.-C. , Chang C.-H. , Huang S.-C. , Wang J.-L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTShock absorption is one of the fundamental biomechanical functions of disc. The knowledge of the effect of fatigue loading, impact energy and contact period on the disc shock attenuation is important in clarifying the risk factors of back pain and evaluating the efficacy of novel disc prosthesis. The purpose of this study is to find the changes of shock attenuation of motion segment after fatigue loading, and the effect of impact energy and contact period on the disc shock attenuation pre and post fatigue loading.The 3-unit porcine spinal motion segment was used for testing. The impact test was applied pre and post fatigue loading. Impact energy and contact period were controlled in the experiment. Shock attenuation properties, including the acceleration attenuation (AA) of disc, force transmissibility (FT) and phase delay of force (PDF) of motion segment, were calculated from the acceleration and force responses.The results showed that the shock attenuation properties (acceleration attenuation and force transmissibility) decreased post fatigue. The disc acceleration attenuation was independent of impact energy and contact period. The disc acceleration attenuation was 0.78 (−1.06dB) pre fatigue and 1.04 (0.14dB) post fatigue. The force transmissibility of motion segment decreased post fatigue only during short contact period. The phase delay of force did not change significantly post fatigue.We found that the fatigue loading decreased the disc shock attenuation. The disc was at higher risk of injury following fatigue loading even at a mild impact loading. The disc acceleration attenuation was invariant of impact energy and contact period, but decreased post fatigue. The disc acceleration attenuation is a good index to evaluate the degree of fatigue injury.
Scattering of Sh-Wave by Cylindrical Inclusion Near Interface in Bi-Material Half-Space
Authors: Qi H. , Yang J. , Shi Y. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTGreen's function and complex function methods are used here to investigate the problem of the scattering of SH-wave by a cylindrical inclusion near interface in bi-material half-space. Firstly, Green's function was constructed which was an essential solution of displacement field for an elastic right-angle space possessing a cylindrical inclusion while bearing out-of-plane harmonic line source load at any point of its vertical boundary. Secondly, the bi-material media was divided into two parts along the vertical interface using the idea of interface “conjunction”, then undetermined anti-plane forces were loaded at the linking sections respectively to satisfy continuity conditions, and a series of Fredholm integral equations of first kind for determining the unknown forces could be set up through continuity conditions on surface. Finally, some examples for dynamic stress concentration factor of the cylindrical elastic inclusion are given. Numerical results show that dynamic stress concentration factor is influenced by interfaces, free boundary and combination of different media parameters.
Study of Hazard Rate Functions on the Cumulative Damage Phenomenon
Authors: Wang K. S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper different failure mechanisms which yield cumulative damage are investigated through two types of hazard rate functions. They have been studied during the past two decades. Type A was developed early by assuming the hazard rate as a function of reliability. There are two kinds of trend, one follows the negative logistic decay model, the other the negative Gompertz decay. Some modifications are suggested according to the failure tendency and convenience of fittings. Type B is developed recently by assuming the hazard rate as a function of the expected operation time, T, which is defined as the integration of reliability over the time, normalized by the mean-time-between-failure. In both types the proposed hazard rates grow with the time monotonically. Typical examples are taken to examine these models, meanwhile the comparisons with the Weibull-typed distribution are also made. The results show that the most of proposed relations are successful in the expression of cumulative damage phenomenon, especially the Type B is a better choice even compared with the Weibull-typed description in some respects. The advantages of the models are discussed based on the physical meanings involved in the parameters.
A Novel Inflatable Belt-Type Clamp in Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Wen C.-Y. , Lee C.-Y. , Yu H.-Y. , Chang H.-T. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study, a novel inflatable belt-type clamp is introduced and its performance is verified. Finite element simulations are performed to compare the performance of three different aorta clamping systems. In every case, the aorta is modeled as a simple hollow cylinder made of linearly elastic material. For a traditional surgical clamp in which the jaws remain inclined to one another as they close around the aorta, the maximum normal stress within the aorta wall is found to be 806kPa. It is shown that the numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtained using a pressure sensitive film. The simulation results for a modified clamp in which the jaws remain parallel during the clamping operation show that the maximum normal stress is reduced to 222kPa. However, two regions of maximum stress are induced within the aorta wall. Finally, the numerical results for a novel inflatable belt-type clamp show that the maximum normal stress is equal to approximately 221kPa. In contrast to the modified clamp, the stress is uniformly distributed around the perimeter of the aorta, and thus the risk of aortic dissection is significantly reduced.
Kelvin Ship Wake in the Wind Waves Field and on the Finite Sea Depth
Authors: Fang M.-C. , Yang R.-Y. , Shugan I. V. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA kinematics model of the ship wake in the presence of surface waves, generated by wind is presented. It was found that the stationary wave structure behind the ship covered a wedge region with the 16.9° half an angle at the top of the wake and only divergent waves are present in a ship wake for co propagating wind waves. Wind waves field directed at some nonzero angle to the ship motion can cause essential asymmetry of the wake and compressing of its windward half. The extension of Whitham-Lighthill kinematics theory of ship wake for the intermediate sea depth is also presented. The ship wake structure essentially depends from the Froude (Fr) number based on the value of the sea depth and ship velocity. For Froude number less than unit both longitudinal and cross waves are presented in the wake region and Kelvin wake angle increased with Fr. For Fr > 1 wake angle decreased with Froude number and finally only divergent waves are presented in the very narrow ship wake.
Stratarchical Party Organization and Party Finance in Canada
Authors: Coletto David , Jansen Harold J. , Young Lisa 
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Based on an examination of constitutional and other party documents, Canadian political parties have been described as stratarchically organized (Carty, 2002). We identify four models of internal party financial flows that correspond to different models of internal party organization. We then trace the financial flows into and within the four major Canadian political parties from 2004 to 2007 with a view to identifying the model of party organization that these flows indicate. Our evidence in some respects supports Carty's assertion that Canadian parties are stratarchically organized, but it also suggests that changes to the regulatory regime governing political finance have contributed to a centralization of power at the level of the national party and at the expense of candidates and local associations. This centralizing tendency is significant, as it may disrupt the bargain that underlies the stratarchical organization of Canadian parties.Résumé. À la lumière d'une revue des constitutions et de divers autres documents des partis politiques canadiens, ces derniers ont été décrits comme étant organisés de manière stratarchique (Carty, 2002). Nous dégageons quatre modèles de flux monétaires internes des partis qui correspondent à différents modèles d'organisation interne des partis politiques. Nous retraçons les entrées de fonds des quatre principaux partis politiques canadiens et leur distribution interne de 2004 à 2007 en vue d'identifier le modèle d'organisation de parti qui correspond à ces flux monétaires. Sous certains rapports, nos résultats appuient l'argument de Carty affirmant que les partis canadiens sont organisés de manière stratarchique, mais ils suggèrent aussi que les changements apportés au régime régulateur gouvernant le financement politique ont contribué à une centralisation du pouvoir au niveau national des partis et ce aux dépens des candidats et des associations locales. Cette tendance centralisatrice est importante, car elle peut rompre le compromis qui sous-tend l'organisation stratarchique des partis politiques canadiens.
Women Lawyers before the Supreme Court of Canada
Authors: Kaheny Erin B. , Szmer John J. , Sarver Tammy A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Recent work by Szmer, Sarver, and Kaheny (2010) exploring US Supreme Court decision making has suggested that lawyer gender might play a role in influencing judicial voting behaviour. Specifically, while women lawyers were not revealed to have a more difficult time winning cases before the US Supreme Court, the study did suggest they face a tougher challenge in gaining support from the more conservative justices on that bench. Here, we test whether women lawyers face similar challenges before the SCC. Our findings do not reveal any disadvantage for litigation teams with larger proportions of women and, in most instances, such teams have an advantage. Specifically, in our model of civil rights and liberties votes, litigation team gender had no bearing on individual SCC justice decisions. However, in a pooled model of all issues combined and in separate models of criminal and economic votes, SCC justices were more likely to side with litigation teams with larger proportions of women lawyers.Résumé. Une étude récente de Szmer, Sarver et Kaheny (2010) explore la manière dont la Cour suprême des États-Unis prend ses décisions, suggérant que le sexe des avocats pourrait avoir une influence sur le comportement décisionnel des juges. Plus spécifiquement, bien que les avocates n'aient pas plus de difficulté que leurs collègues masculins à gagner leurs procès à la Cour suprême des États-Unis, l'étude suggère que leur plus grand défi est d'obtenir le soutien des juges plus traditionnels de cette cour. Dans le présent article, nous cherchons à déterminer si les avocates canadiennes font face à un défi semblable à la Cour suprême du Canada. Les résultats de notre étude ne révèlent aucun désavantage pour les équipes d'avocats comprenant plus de femmes et dans la plupart des cas, ces équipes bénéficient même d'un avantage. Plus précisement, dans notre modèle décisionnel en matière de droits et libertés civiles, le sexe des membres des équipes d'avocats n'avait aucune incidence sur les décisions individuelles des juges de la Cour suprême du Canada. Cependant, dans un modèle commun réunissant tous les types de dossiers et dans des modèles séparés pour les décisions sur des dossiers criminels et financiers, les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada étaient plus enclins à prendre parti pour des équipes comportant une plus grande proportion d'avocates.