bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and Characteristics in the Development of China’s Social Organizations
Authors: Ming () Wang , Weilin () Sun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSince the beginning of the Reform and Opening, social organizations () have proliferated rapidly, promoting, in the process, individual participation, allowing individuals to create social value, and expanding the social sphere. Social organizations are thus playing an increasingly rich social role, and have undeniably become a part of China’s social transition. At the same time, increases in the breadth and depth of social organizations are facilitating their integration into the mainstream of social progress, and helping them to become, in complement to state and market systems, a new civil society system. Analyzing the 30-year rise of social organizations as well as trends in their development from the angles of growth in number, social participation, organizational structures, and fields of activity, we can see that the appearance and growth of social organizations is a necessary result of the Reform and Opening, and of China’s social transition. After 30 years of practice, a relatively rich, diverse, and open ecosystem of associations has gradually formed. As the most populous form in the ecosystem, social organizations are becoming increasingly normalized and orderly; the scope of their activities, too, is broadening. In today’s China, economic development, social harmony, and political civilization are all increasingly inseparable from social organizations.
Self-Regulation Functions in Chinese Industry Associations: The Case of the Sanlu Incident
Authors: Hongtao () Chen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIndustry associations are NPOs formed of enterprise members; they are an important bridge and node linking enterprises, society and the government. Though industry associations have many functions, the Sanlu incident made it clear how self-regulation is among the most crucial of its functions. Over the course of this case study we find that although industry associations have existed at each link of the production and marketing process for dairy products, a holistic, functional failure at self-regulation contributed greatly to the whole dairy industry’s loss of public accountability. In order to guarantee the well being of the dairy, food, and even manufacturing industries, they will need to establish a supervisory system combining both governmental supervision and industry self-regulation.
Geometry modelling of warp knitted fabrics with 3D form
Authors: Renkens Wilfried , Kyosev Yordan 
Published: November 2010

Warp knitted fabrics are widely used in medical and technical applications, as well as for clothing textiles. To predict their properties, it is useful to have knowledge about the yarn geometry and the yarn interactions within these fabrics. The geometrical modelling of warp knitted structures from single bed knitting machines is documented in the literature. This text concentrates on a computation of the geometry of warp knitted structures, which have complex 3D forms or which are draped over similar ones. The topological information about the structure produced on the machine, is used to create the basic geometry of this structure. After creating the basic geometry, it is transferred to a 3D deformed state of the relaxed fabric. The paper starts with a short overview of the research papers about simulation of warp knitted structures. General theoretical remarks about the transformation from basic structure to 3D structure are given. Examples of spacer fabric with constant or non-constant thickness and tubular fabrics are included. All the results concentrate on the topological representation of the geometry and at this stage do not take into account the influence of internal and external forces exerted on the fabric.
Fuzzy classification of luster of textile fabrics
Authors: Hadjianfar Mehdi , Semnani Dariush 
Published: November 2010

The appearance of fabric is very important when a customer makes a choice for outer apparel. One of the factors that has an effect on the users’ judgment and on the appearance of the fabric is the luster of textiles. The luster can be considered as one of the most effective and essential factors of investigating the appearance of a fabric that is used by a consumer. In order to determine textile luster, there are different methods based on classic definitions; the ones based on image processing have results closer to human impressions of the fabric. Nevertheless, all the determining methods give numerical luster indexes which are far from the reality of a human’s impression, which is a qualitative one for luster. One method that can be used to transform numerical data to qualitative data is fuzzy logic for the classification of data for the luster index. In the presented method, after indicating luster index by the use of image processing, different fabric samples are classified in six different classes based on the luster determined by judgment of ten different inspectors. The luster index is finally classified in six fuzzy classes based on fuzzy logic theory. Results show that fuzzy classification is confirmed by viewers’ judgments.
Biomechanical Evaluation of 3 Arthroscopic Self-Cinching Stitches for Shoulder Arthroscopy
Authors: Ponce Brent A. , Hosemann Chad D. , Raghava Parthasarathy , Tate Janet P. , Eberhardt Alan W. , Lafosse Laurent 
Published: November 2010

Background: The tissue-suture interface remains the most common site of failure in rotator cuff repairs. Improving stitch strengths may lead to lower failure rates. Purpose: To compare biomechanical properties of 3 self-cinching stitches to the simple, mattress, modified Mason-Allen, and massive cuff stitches. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: In sum, 336 sheep infraspinatus tendon grafts were randomized among 7 stitches. Each graft was cyclically loaded on a mechanical testing system from 5 to 30 N for 20 cycles and then loaded to failure. A mixed-effect multivariate regression model was used to test significance of suture type on cyclic elongation, peak-to-peak displacement, and ultimate load. Estimated means and standard deviations are reported from the regression model. Results: Ultimate load for the simple stitch was significantly lower than for the other stitches. The lasso-loop and mattress stitch demonstrated similar ultimate loads. The double-cinch had a higher ultimate load than the lasso-loop or mattress stitch, although it was significantly weaker than the modified Mason-Allen, lasso-mattress, and massive cuff. The lasso-mattress had a superior ultimate load to the modified Mason-Allen and a similar ultimate load to the massive cuff stitch. One significant difference was found in cyclic elongation (1.42 mm for the simple to 1.80 mm for the double-cinch), and the cinching mechanism accounted for 0.2-mm higher elongation. Conclusion: Self-cinching stitches lead to superior tissue-holding strength at the tissue-suture interface when compared with equivalent non-self-cinching stitches. Self-cinching stitches have greater elongation values. How these differences in cyclic elongation clinically influence gap formation at the repair site is unknown. The greater displacement seen in the self-cinching stitches is a potential concern because minimal gap formation is desired for a strong repair. Clinical Relevance: The lasso-loop stitch is a stronger alternative to a simple stitch, and the double-cinch and lasso-mattress stitches are stronger alternatives to a mattress stitch.
Mountain Biking–Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 1994-2007
Authors: Nelson Nicolas G. , McKenzie Lara B. 
Published: November 2010

Background: Injury research on mountain biking has been mostly limited to examining professional riders and off-road biking. Mountain bikes represent the largest segment of bike sales in the United States. Recreational mountain bike use is popular and understudied. Purpose: To describe the scope, distribution, and trends of mountain bike–related injuries treated in US emergency departments. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted with data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission for patients aged ≥8 years from 1994 through 2007. Sample weights provided by the system were used to calculate national estimates of mountain bike–related injuries based on 4624 cases. Bivariate comparisons between categorical variables were assessed with injury proportion ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Nationwide, an estimated 217 433 patients were treated for mountain bike–related injuries in US emergency departments from 1994 to 2007, an average of 15 531 injuries per year. The annual number of injuries decreased 56%, from a high of 23 177 in 1995 to 10 267 in 2007 ( P < .001). The most common injuries were upper extremity fractures (10.6%) and shoulder fractures (8.3%). Patients aged 14 to 19 years sustained a greater proportion of traumatic brain injuries (8.4%) than did patients aged 8 to 13 years and ≥20 years combined (4.3%). A greater proportion of female riders (6.1%) than male riders (4.5%) were hospitalized. Conclusion: Mountain bike–related injuries decreased from 1994 to 2007. Upper extremity fractures were the most common injury. Girls and women may be more likely than boys and men to sustain more severe injuries requiring hospitalization. Despite the decline over the past decade, more can be done to improve safety and reduce injuries in this popular recreational activity.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome in a Population-Based Sample of Brazilian Adolescents
Authors: de Lucena Gildásio Lucas , dos Santos Gomes Cristiano , Guerra Ricardo Oliveira 
Published: November 2010

Background: Osgood-Schlatter (OS) syndrome is a disease of the musculoskeletal system often observed during the bone growth phase in adolescents. Hypothesis/Purpose: Demographic and anthropometric factors and those linked to the practice of sports may be related to the prevalence of OS. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiologic profile and associated factors of individuals with OS syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 956 adolescent students (474 boys, 482 girls) from 2008 to 2009 enrolled in the school system of Natal, Brazil. The age ranged between 12 and 15 years (13.7 ± 1.04 years). Tests were performed to assess the anthropometric and clinical aspects related to OS. To confirm the diagnosis of OS syndrome, the participant had to fulfill all the following clinical criteria: pain with direct pressure on the tibial apophysis; aforementioned pain before, during, and after physical activities; enlargement or prominence of the tibial apophysis; pain with resisted knee extension; and pain from jumping. Results: The prevalence of OS in the sample was 9.8% (11.0% of boys and 8.3% of girls; boys, 13.5 ± 1.07 years; girls, 13.6 ± 1.01 years). The results showed that 74.6% of the students suffered from muscle shortening. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that the factors associated with the presence of OS were the regular practice of sport activity (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.10) and the shortening of the rectus femoris muscle (odds ratio, 7.15; 95% confidence interval, 2.86-17.86). Conclusions: The regular practice of sports in the pubertal phase and the shortening of the rectus femoris muscle were the main factors associated to the presence of OS syndrome in the students.
Patellar Maltracking Correlates With Vastus Medialis Activation Delay in Patellofemoral Pain Patients
Authors: Pal Saikat , Draper Christine E. , Fredericson Michael , Gold Garry E. , Delp Scott L. , Beaupre Gary S. , Besier Thor F. 
Published: November 2010

Background: Delayed onset of vastus medialis (VM) activity compared with vastus lateralis activity is a reported cause for patellofemoral pain. The delayed onset of VM activity in patellofemoral pain patients likely causes an imbalance in muscle forces and lateral maltracking of the patella; however, evidence relating VM activation delay to patellar maltracking is sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between VM activation delay and patellar maltracking measures in pain-free controls and patellofemoral pain patients. Hypothesis: Patellar tilt and bisect offset, measures of patellar tracking, correlate with VM activation delay in patellofemoral pain patients classified as maltrackers. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Vasti muscle activations were recorded in pain-free (n = 15) and patellofemoral pain (n = 40) participants during walking and jogging. All participants were scanned in an open-configuration magnetic resonance scanner in an upright weightbearing position to acquire the position of the patella with respect to the femur. Patellar tilt and bisect offset were measured, and patellofemoral pain participants were classified into normal tracking and maltracking groups. Results: Correlations between VM activation delay and patellar maltracking measures were statistically significant in only the patellofemoral pain participants classified as maltrackers with both abnormal tilt and abnormal bisect offset ( R2 = .89, P < .001, with patellar tilt during walking; R2 = .75, P = .012, with bisect offset during jogging). There were no differences between the means of activation delays in pain-free and all patellofemoral pain participants during walking ( P = .516) or jogging ( P = .731). Conclusion: There was a relationship between VM activation delay and patellar maltracking in the subgroup of patellofemoral pain participants classified as maltrackers with both abnormal tilt and abnormal bisect offset. Clinical Relevance: A clinical intervention such as VM retraining may be effective in only a subset of patellofemoral pain participants—namely, those with excessive tilt and excessive bisect offset measures. The results highlight the importance of appropriate classification of patellofemoral pain patients before selection of a clinical intervention.
Heparin: a potent inhibitor of hepcidin expression in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Poli Maura , Girelli Domenico , Campostrini Natascia , Maccarinelli Federica , Finazzi Dario , Luscieti Sara , Nai Antonella , Arosio Paolo 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Hepcidin is a major regulator of iron homeostasis, and its expression in liver is regulated by iron, inflammation, and erythropoietic activity with mechanisms that involve bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) binding their receptors and coreceptors. Here we show that exogenous heparin strongly inhibited hepcidin expression in hepatic HepG2 cells at pharmacologic concentrations, with a mechanism that probably involves bone morphogenetic protein 6 sequestering and the blocking of SMAD signaling. Treatment of mice with pharmacologic doses of heparin inhibited liver hepcidin mRNA expression and SMAD phosphorylation, reduced spleen iron concentration, and increased serum iron. Moreover, we observed a strong reduction of serum hepcidin in 5 patients treated with heparin to prevent deep vein thrombosis, which was accompanied by an increase of serum iron and a reduction of C-reactive protein levels. The data show an unrecognized role for heparin in regulating iron homeostasis and indicate novel approaches to the treatment of iron-restricted iron deficiency anemia.
Chylous effusion presenting in a 37-year-old woman with severe hypothyroidism: a case report
Authors: Koo Kevin SH , Barnard Rand , Kagawa Frank T , Chen Weichia , Hinojosa Irma 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Introduction
We report what is to the best of our knowledge the second adult case of chylothorax clearly associated with severe hypothyroidism in the English-language medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of its kind reported without a prior history of malignancy.

Case presentation
A 37-year-old Hispanic woman with no reported significant past medical history initially presented with shortness of breath and inability to lose weight. She was found to have a large chylous effusion requiring chest-tube drainage, as well as severe hypothyroidism. After several weeks of thyroid hormone-replacement therapy, the formation of chylous pleural fluid in the patient greatly diminished, and the chest tube was removed. Upon long-term follow-up her minimal residual effusion remains stable on serial chest radiographs.

Conclusion
Although the exact pathophysiologic relation between low thyroid hormone levels and chyle formation remains to be elucidated, hypothyroidism should be a diagnostic consideration in patients with chylous effusions, especially those refractory to conventional treatments.
Teaching sustainability in civil engineering using Ceequal
Authors: Thompson P. 
Published: November 2010

Civil engineering students need to learn how to deliver practical sustainable solutions for engineering projects. At Heriot-Watt University a version of the Ceequal assessment and awards tool has been modified to allow students to engage with a case study in a structured, systematic way. Students determine an initial project score that is well demonstrated by the evidence provided and a potential project score that could be obtained with further information or improvements. All assumptions and evidence must be justified. Graphs show the progress of the assessment and the range of potential project awards. The case studies provided are short project summaries so the outcome is limited by a lack of information. However, it gives the students an understanding of how an assessment progresses. The effectiveness has been evaluated for a case study on the first phase of the A470 trunk road improvement scheme in North Wales (a 7·2 km stretch between Dolwyddelan and Pont Yr Afanc). Feedback from students on this coursework has been extremely positive. They like the practical method as it is close to what ‘real’ employment might be like. Overall the case study work certainly appears to fulfil the main learning objective of giving students an understanding of a breadth of practical solutions in sustainability. The paper demonstrates that applied assessment and award techniques can be usefully used as teaching tools.
COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats1
Authors: Suchodolski J. S. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTRecent molecular studies have revealed complex bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral communities in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. More than 10 bacterial phyla have been identified, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria constituting more than 99% of all gut microbiota. Microbes act as a defending barrier against invading pathogens, aid in digestion, provide nutritional support for enterocytes, and play a crucial role in the development of the immune system. Of significance for gastrointestinal health is their ability to ferment dietary substrates into short-chain fatty acids, predominantly to acetate, propionate, and butyrate. However, microbes can have also a detrimental effect on host health. Specific pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens) have been implicated in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease. Compositional changes in the small intestinal microbiota, potentially leading to changes in intestinal permeability and digestive function, have been suggested in canine small intestinal dysbiosis or antibiotic-responsive diarrhea. There is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine and feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current theories for the development of IBD favor a combination of environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota, and a genetic susceptibility of the host. Recent studies have revealed a genetic susceptibility for defective bacterial clearance in Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis. Differential expression of pathogen recognition receptors (i.e., Toll-like receptors) were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Similarly to humans, a microbial dysbiosis has been identified in feline and canine IBD. Commonly observed microbial changes are increased Proteobacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli) with concurrent decreases in Firmicutes, especially a reduced diversity in Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium spp.). This would indicate that these bacterial groups, important short-chain fatty acid producers, may play an important role in promoting intestinal health.
A Nonredundant Role for Canonical NF-κB in Human Myeloid Dendritic Cell Development and Function
Authors: van de Laar Lianne , van den Bosch Aniek , van der Kooij Sandra W. , Janssen Harry L. A. , Coffer Paul J. , van Kooten Cees , Woltman Andrea M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe plastic role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the regulation of immune responses has made them interesting targets for immunotherapy, but also for pathogens or tumors to evade immunity. Functional alterations of DCs are often ascribed to manipulation of canonical NF-κB activity. However, though this pathway has been linked to murine myeloid DC biology, a detailed analysis of its importance in human myeloid DC differentiation, survival, maturation, and function is lacking. The myeloid DC subsets include interstitial DCs and Langerhans cells. In this study, we investigated the role of canonical NF-κB in human myeloid DCs generated from monocytes (monocyte-derived DCs [mo-DCs]) or CD34+ progenitors (CD34-derived myeloid DCs [CD34-mDCs]). Inhibition of NF-κB activation during and after mo-DC, CD34-interstitial DC, or CD34-Langerhans cell differentiation resulted in apoptosis induction associated with caspase 3 activation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Besides regulating survival, canonical NF-κB activity was required for the acquisition of a DC phenotype. Despite phenotypic differences, however, Ag uptake, costimulatory molecule and CCR7 expression, as well as T cell stimulatory capacity of cells generated under NF-κB inhibition were comparable to control DCs, indicating that canonical NF-κB activity during differentiation is redundant for the development of functional APCs. However, both mo-DC and CD34-mDC functionality were reduced by NF-κB inhibition during activation. In conclusion, canonical NF-κB activity is essential for the development and function of mo-DCs as well as CD34-mDCs. Insight into the role of this pathway may help in understanding how pathogens and tumors escape immunity and aid in developing novel treatment strategies aiming to interfere with human immune responses.