bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF WILD MICE FROM BERKSHIRE WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOMONAS*
Authors: RING MARGARET 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The work consists of a study of the protozoal parasites of wild rodents of the Silwood Park area, Berkshire.
A comparison of the figures for the incidence of parasitic Protozoa in Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionymus glareolus at Silwood Park with those of Elton et al. for the same hosts in the Oxford area, shows that the incidence of parasites may vary widely between two geographically close populations.
Observations of mitosis in Trichomonas muris confirm Wenrich's description of the process in that species.
Individuals of T. muris apparently undergoing autotomy are described.
Trichomonas microti Wenrich & Saxe, a four‐flagellate species, is reported for the first time from Apodemus sylvaticus.
Trichomonas sylvatici sp. n. is described from the caecum of Apodemus. This differs from T. muris in the small size (3‐10μ× 1‐3μ), in the absence of a chromatic basal rod and chromatic granules and in the possession of a relatively large 3‐lobed blepharoplast.
A species of Chilomastix is reported from the caecum of mice and voles.
The literature concerning the taxonomy of “Hexamita muris” is surveyed. It is concluded that the forms in mice belong to a single species and that the valid name should be Syndyomita muris n. comb. A list of synonyms is given.
THE PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF THE SEA URCHIN DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI: RESPONSES TO INCREASES IN LIGHT INTENSITY
Authors: MILLOTT N. , YOSHIDA M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Diadema responds to increases in light intensity by spine movements, which contrary to the statements of von Uexküll, are reflexes involving the radial nerve. The receptive surface is diffuse extending over the skin, the most sensitive areas being associated with the radial nerve.
OBSERVATIONS ON ARGONAUTA AND ESPECIALLY ITS METHOD OF FEEDING
Authors: YOUNG J. Z. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The behaviour of a female Argonauta kept alive for a week at Naples is described.
The animal usually swam near the surface but was capable of going down to the bottom and of attaching itself to the floor or sides of the tank.
The web is suddenly retracted from the shell when the animal is disturbed The resulting white flash produces a startling (dymantic) effect, causing flight of an attacker.
When a dead sardine was placed near the argonauta there were colour changes, quickened mantle contractions and movements of the arms, but no definite forward swimming or attack.
When a food particle touches the web the fourth arm of that side is brought out with a sweeping movement that captures the food.
No reactions were seen to live fishes or crustaceans.
On several occasions the argonauta spread out its web upon the glass side of the tank. The animal twice left the shell and then lay helpless. When re‐placed in the shell it recovered completely on the first occasion but died upon the second.
Eggs were laid in the shell on both occasions before the animal left it.
The web and shell thus serve many purposes. The shell provides protection and flotation and allows attachment of the eggs. The web, besides secreting the shell, acts as a receptor for the feeding reaction, and provides a startling colour when the animal is disturbed.
THE NESTING SUCCESS OF THE HERON ARDEA CINEREA IN RELATION TO THE AVAILABILITY OF FOOD
Authors: OWEN D. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The food of nestling herons Ardea cinerea was studied at three heronries in the Thames valley in the years 1952–57. At Buscot and Wytham, Berkshire, fish of the families Cyprinidae and Percidae formed the chief food, but at Buscot many Salmo trutta were also eaten. At High Halstow, Kent, in the Thames estuary, Anguilla anguilla, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, small fish of several species, and shrimps, formed the chief food of the nestlings. It was found that herons caught fish selectively, avoiding both small and large individuals.
At Buscot and at High Halstow, but not at Wytham, there were seasonal changes in the proportion of certain prey species which suggest that the heron lays its eggs at such a time that the young are in the nest at the period of maximum availability of food.
Young herons hatch asynchronously, and in years of mortality it was always the smallest last‐hatched young that died. It is shown that the adaptive value of asynchronous hatching is that when food is short the smallest young in the nest die, but when food is more plentiful all the young are raised.
The average clutch‐size of the heron did not vary significantly, but the survival of young after hatching differed markedly over the six years, and also in the different heronries. These differences were due to starvation, the availability of food to the adult herons being affected by the amount of rainfall and possibly other factors. The percentage of the young surviving was higher in the smaller broods, both in the nest and after fledging.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PULMONATE GENITAL SYSTEM
Authors: DUNCAN C. J. 
Published: August 2010

The evolution of the pulmonate genital system is traced from a prototype exemplified by the tectibranch Acteon. Many features remain almost unchanged in the genera studied, but there is a progressive degree of separation and specialization of the male and female ducts. Some genera of the Ellobiidae, such as Pythia, are undoubtedly primitive. However, it is suggested, following an investigation of the reproductive system of Chilina robustior, that the Chilinidae may stand closest to the ancestors of the Stylommatophora and the Hygrophila.The sexual cycle in Physa is compared with the protandric sequence found in the primitive Ellobiidae. Similarly, the course of the vas deferens through the mantle wall and the development of the penis from a separate anlagen are also thought to be relies of the ancestral condition.
STUDIES OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FAUNA OF GRAZED AND UNGRAZED GRASSLAND IN TIREE, ARGYLL
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON 
Published: August 2010

The Reef machair on the south side of the airfield in Tiree, Argyll is a highly uniform type of grassland which has never been tilled. The airfield was built in the locality during the 1939‐45 war and the perimeter fence constitutes an ecological discontinuity of at least twelve years' standing, between grazed and ungrazed grassland. The differences in the soil fauna on either side of the fence are demonstrated by two similar batteries of pit‐fall traps over a period of twelve months.The catches of the traps consist mainly of arthropods. Over eighty species of invertebrate were identified and some of these were used for quantitative analysis. The numerical differences between catches on grazed and ungrazed plots are great, and the taxonomic groups are classified into those which are favoured by grazed and ungrazed conditions. The abundance peaks of the two plots are compared. Most of the groups have a single peak in autumn, a few in early summer and a few in both early summer and autumn. Numbers caught at times of climatic extreme are discussed. This habitat of highly uniform appearance is found to be heterogeneous and the reasons for this are given.Fencing is an important technique in forestry and wildlife management in Britain. The finer consequences are unknown, and this paper demonstrates what these are likely to be in a simple situation in uniform natural grassland in Tiree.
ON THE RETRIEVING OF YOUNG AND OTHER BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING GOLDEN HAMSTERS
Authors: ROWELL THELMA E. 
Published: August 2010

The behaviour of females at all stages of lactation on finding a strange pup in her cage is described. Pups between seven and fourteen days old are most likely to be retrieved rather than attacked, but factors dependent on the time since the female gave birth also govern her response.To separate these latter factors into those dependent on the age of the litter and those dependent on internal changes in the female, parts of the retrieving pattern were timed in mothers retrieving their own pups. Some of these animals were living with their own litters, others maintained foster litters of roughly constant age throughout lactation. It was found that the type of behaviour shown depended only on the age of the litter at the time.Although the foster litters did not grow older and therefore change in their milk requirements, foster mothers did not go on lactating longer than normal. The time they spent away from the nestlings also changed in the normal way. It was concluded from this that the foster mothers were not affected physiologically by their litters.The relevance of the concept of maternal drive in discussing these factors is considered, and it is concluded that it does not help to explain them.
THE GENITAL SYSTEMS OF THE FRESHWATER BASOMMATOPHORA
Authors: DUNCAN C. J. 
Published: August 2010

Following a comparative histological investigation of the genital systems of representatives of the four families of the Hygrophila, a standardized nomenclature for the different parts of the female duct is proposed and homologies are suggested.The reproductive systems ofPhysa fontinalis, Lymnaea peregra, Planorbarius corneusandAncylus fluviatilisare described and all four species differ in the relationship of the fertilization pockets to the union of hermaphrodite, male and female ducts. In the Physidae alone, the ova pass into the albumen gland and there is no albumen gland duct, a condition which is similar to that ofSuccinea.The Chilinidae probably stand close to the ancestral condition of the Hygrophila and the prostatic histology ofChilinaresembles that of the Physidae, Ancylidae and Planorbidae, whilst the cells of the prostate of the Lymnaeidae are fundamentally different.The degree of development of the different parts of the oviduct in the four families is illustrated. Oviduct I is a short conduit and oviduct II, which is extensively developed inPhysaandLymnaea, is comparable to the posterior portion of the female tract ofChilina robustior. In oviduct III the fertilised ova are embedded in viscous fluid and enclosed in the capsular membrane and this region of the female duct becomes greatly folded in the Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae to form the oothecal gland. Oviduct III is absent inAncyluswhere oviduct I opens directly into oviduct IV, a region which has a specialized histology. Oviduct IV is also found inPlanorbarius, following oviduct III, and is therefore a common feature of these two families.It is concluded that the genital system of the Physidae is nearest to the ancestral condition, from which the Planorbidae and Ancylidae are later offshoots. The reproductive system of the Lymnaeidae, while retaining several features in common with that of the Physidae, has probably followed a separate evolutionary path.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOME ORIBATID MITES IN EXPERIMENTALLY‐CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
Authors: WALLWORK JOHN A. 
Published: August 2010

A description is given of the behaviour of oribatid mites from West Africa and North America in temperature gradients. The results of the experiments may be summarized as follows:—

West African species had a tolerance zone of 18° C.‐36° C. compared with 16° C.‐28° C. in North American species.
West African species had an upper critical temperature and an upper lethal temperature of 37° C. and 38° C.‐40: C. respectively, compared with 30° C. and 30° C.‐32° C. respectively in North American species.
Most West African species had a preference for conditions in the 24° C.‐31° C. range, compared with 21° C.‐260 C, in North American species.

The differences between the two groups depended very largely on the temperature conditions to which the mites had been exposed before the experiments. Evidence of an avoiding reaction by many mites to extreme temperature conditions in the gradient provides a partial explanation for the seasonal change in the distribution of mites in the soil profile.
ON THE GROWTH OF THE BROWN TROUT OF LLYN TEGID
Authors: BALL J. N. , JONES J. W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The age of Llyn Tegid trout can be reliably determined from the scales byby counting the number of completed winter bands. The winter rings are formed annually in September‐October.
The seasonal growth pattern of lake trout has been investigated by examination of the scale structure each month and by following the monthly changes in the mean lenghts of each year‐class. Growth is confined to the period February‐March to September‐October, no growth taking place during the winter.
Annual growth has been studied by determining the mean length of trout at the beginning of each year of life. The mean specific growth rate in the lake and streams declines with age and its negative acceleration decreases with age. Growth in Llyn Tegid and the neighbouring streams has been compared with growth in other British waters.
Growth in the tributary streams is better than in the moorland streams but poorer than in the lake. Trout show an increase in growth rate when they migrate from the tributary streams to the lake.
The length‐weight relationship is the same for trout of all ages and in all the localities studied.
Seasonal changes in the usual condition factor, K= weight 104/length3 have been determined. K is correlated with the amount of reserve fat stored around the stomach and pyloric caeca.
THE BRITISH SPECIES OF BUGULA (POLYZOA)
Authors: RYLAND J. S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYEleven species of Bugula are known to occur in British waters, including three that have not previously been described. The characters of greatest value for separating these species are reviewed. Full descriptions are given of B. neritina, B. plumosa, B. purpurotincta, B. stolonifera sp. nov., B. avicularia, B. turbinata, B. flabellata, B. fulva sp. nov., B. calathus, B. aquilirostris sp. nov. and B. simplex. The account includes notes on habitat, breeding season and geographical distribution; and a key is provided to facilitate identification. B. ditrupae, from Madeira, is redescribed and compared with B. fulva and B. aquilirostris, as the three species have hitherto been confused. Synonomies of each are given.The B. simplex of most authors is not that of Hincks, but another species: possibly of form konwn as B. plumosa var. aperta. B. simplex is the B. flabellata of most American authors, and the B. sabatieri of those writing on Mediterranean Polyzoa. Synonomies of B. simplex and B. flabellata are given.A full description of B. turrita and summary descriptions of B. californica, B. pedata and B. geermanae are given, and these species are compared with B. stolonifera. The characters of B. spicata are mentioned as it also has been confused with some of the above species.
THE SPAWNING OF ARENICOLA MARINA (L.) IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: DUNCAN A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe breeding of Arenicola marina from two beaches in the Isle of Man, one exposed to and the other sheltered from wave action, was studied. Both populations spawned only once during the year, in autumn, after an extended period of sexual development. The population living in exposed conditions had a higher proportion of juvenile non‐breeding worms than the sheltered populations, due to loss of adult worms (by mortality and/or migration) resulting from unstable environmental conditions. Lugworms from the Isle of Man are capable of becoming sexually mature for the first time in their second year of life and at a size of between 0.5 c.c. and 0.9 c.c. (about 2 to 3 cms. chaetigerous length).Male spawning in 1950 and 1951, detected by the occurrence of sperm puddles on the surface of the sand, occurred mainly during three days at the later November neap tides, but some slight spawning also took place before and after. Female spawning could only be detected by examination of the coelomic contents and it appeared that during both years the male and female spawning was not simultaneous, there being a few days difference in the start and finish of the process.In 1951 spawning occurred in nine populations of British lugworms during the neap tides of October, November and December. In all nine populations the male spawning coincided with one of these neap tides, but at St Andrews worms from below low water neaps spawned during spring tides. In four populations the female worms apparently began or finished spawning slightly earlier than the males. In five populations, spawning was epidemic but in two it extended over a period of several weeks.Possible factors inducing spawning are discussed.
ON THE MARINE FAUNA OF GHANA
Authors: BASSINDALE R. 
Published: August 2010

A general survey of the marine fauna of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) was carried out in the years 1949‐52. Collections were made along the whole length of the Ghanaian coast line and in the sub‐littoral near Accra. Systematic descriptions have already been published of the Polychaeta; Pagurida; Hippidea and Brachyura; Echinodermata and Tunicata. Accounts of the Cirripedia; Caridea, Palinura and Thalassinidea; and Polyzoa are expected shortly, while accounts of the Porifera and some Coelenterata will be delayed. Lists of the Mollusca (excluding Cephalopoda) and fishes are given here in Appendices 4 and 5.In all, 586 species have been named, including 25 new species and many new records for the area. There are differences in the intertidal fauna at the east end of the coast as compared with the west, and there are similar changes in the sub‐littoral fauna in the few miles from Accra to the Densu mouth.The distribution of sub‐littoral animals conforms with Buchanan's (1958) description of the zonation, but no evidence was found of his mollusc‐free zone (Buchanan 1954).The fauna consists mainly of the West African tropical species with a strong representation of species found further north and a few which extend southwards. There is also a small element of tropical species found also on the American Atlantic coast and a few pan‐tropical species.
THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL MAMMALS IN NORTH‐WEST SCOTLAND
Authors: DELANY M. J. 
Published: August 2010

During the summers of 1957 to 1960 a variety of habitats, including woodland, moorland and agricultural land, have been trapped for small mammals at Applecross, Wester Ross. Traps were also set at two other localities on the mainland. The catches included Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. As many habitats as possible have been examined on the Islands of South Rona, Raasay, Rhum, Mull, Colonsay, Lewis, North and South Uist and Barra although there was usually less variety in the vegetation on the islands. On the islands, except Mull, less species are present than on the mainland.At Applecross, Apodemus was common and ubiquitous being most numerous in deciduous wood and farm land. Clethrionomys was less widespread and most numerous in woodland. On the Island of Mull the ecological situation appeared similar to the mainland but on the remaining islands Apodemus was apparently less frequent. Clethrionomys was common on Raasay and Mull. Microtus was widespread and trapped in small numbers. It was least common in deciduous woodland. Mus occurred in fields in the Outer Hebrides and the Island of Colonsay. S. minutus was particularly infrequent and no more abundant on islands from which S. araneus was absent.
THE BIOLOGY OF STOMORHINA LUNATA (FABRICIUS) (DIPTERA:CALLIPHORIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE EGGS OF ACRIDIDAE*
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J. 
Published: August 2010

Stomorhina lunata has long been recognized as an important egg‐predator of locusts in many parts of Africa, but there has been little work on its biology or its importance in the natural control of locusts. Field work on S. lunata as an egg‐predator of the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was carried out in eastern Africa.The life history, from oviposition to dispersal of the resulting adults, is described, and typical observations suggesting the importance of olfaction in the location of hosts, and in inducing oviposition, are described and discussed. The method of feeding by the larvae is such that an infested locust egg‐pod is usually wholly prevented from hatching. Quantitative data show that superpredation is rare; that the distribution of infested egg‐pods within an egg‐field is affected by the grouping of the egg‐pods; and that differences of topography, soil and vegetation usually have little effect on the degree of predation. The time at which an egg‐field is laid during the course of a locust infestation affects the degree of infestation by S. lunata.Observations on S. lunata caged in the field showed that pollen and sugar solution are essential for the survival of adults and for the maturation of females.There is little mortality among eggs and larvae of S. lunata, but pupae are parasited by Dirhinus excavatus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and an aleocharine (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and emerging adults are preyed upon by birds to a considerable extent.The known hosts of S. lunata are listed, the distribution of the fly is shown on a map, and data on the morphometrics of adults from various sources are given. These matters are discussed in relation to the possible means of survival of the fly in the absence of swaming locusts, and to the possible means whereby large numbers of mature females appear at the time of oviposition by locust swarms; it is suggested that migration and alternative foods may both be important.It is concluded that S. lunata is the most important insect enemy of the Desert Locust in eastern Africa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS) AT NORTH RONA IN 1960
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON , LAWS R. M. 
Published: August 2010

An expedition visited North Rona between 16th October and 7th November, 1960. The work done supplements that described by Boyd, Hewer & Lockie (1962).The spatial distribution of the seal colony is described in relation to the vegetation. Much of the sward previously attributed to annual puddling by seals was unoccupied. Vegetational divisions may be man‐made but maintained by seals.A census of the colony showed that by 5th November the number of moulters present on the island on any one day had passed its peak. The timing of the season is slightly different in different parts of the island. Although in the colony as a whole there was no significant difference in the number of pups born in 1959 and 1960, significant differences occurred in the two study areas, Fianuis North and Central.Three hundred and five moulters were branded and/or tagged. Recoveries to date have been obtained from Iceland, Faeroes, Norway, Scotland and Eire.
AN ETHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF SOME WAXBILLS (ESTRILDINI), AND ITS RELEVENCE TO THEIR TAXONOMY
Authors: HARRISON C. J. O. 
Published: August 2010

Sixteen species of waxbills were studied under captive conditions and their general behaviour, voice, and displays were noted. All these species had been included by Delacour (1943) in his genus Estrilda on the grounds that their morphological characters did not justify separation. The species concerned were:rubricata, rara, senegala, rufopicta, larvata, caerulescens, erythronotos, astrild, rhodopyga, troglodytes, melpoda, melanotis, temporalis, angolensis, granatina, and amandava.In this study the ethological characters concerned are described separately for each species. A comparison of these characters reveals the existence, within these species, of distinct natural groups with common behavioural characters. These groups are also found to share common morphological characters. It is considered that the difference between these groups warrants generic separation. The relationship to these groups of the other species in Delacour's Estrilda is discussed. On the basis of a combination of behavioural and morphological characters a taxonomic revision of Delacour's genus Estrilda is presented.The following genera are recognised:Lagonosticta; Estrilda, including E. caerulescens and E. melanotis; Aegintha, including A. temporalis; Uraeginthus with two subgenera Granatina and Uraeginthus; Nesocharis; Amandava; and Ortygospiza.