bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A More Realistic Method for Predicting the Compatibility of Thermoplastic Hoses When Used in Subsea Umbilical Systems
Authors: Stables J.D. , Dodge I.R. , MacRaild Donald 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Historically, predicting the service life for thermoplastic materials ofhose construction was based on the immersion of material samples in servicefluid at elevated temperatures. This is often referred to as "acceleratedageing" and the rate of change in the physical properties with time hasbeen used to predict the likely service life. This method of testing takes noaccount of the anisotropic nature and the processing history of a thermoplastichose liner, in addition to the possible instability of control and well servicefluids. A new method of testing, coupled with correlation factors derived fromactual measurements of the physical properties of the tested hose liners, allows the Arrhenius formula for the rates of chemical reaction to be morerealistically applied to thermoplastic hoses. The test method is designed tomore accurately simulate real life service conditions.
This paper examines the historical aspects of compatibility testing and thereasons for the change in the test method. Results and observations of a testprogramme with water based control fluids are presented to illustrate howphysical properties can change with time and their correlation with theArrhenius equation.

Introduction
An umbilical cable is defined as a group of hydraulic lines or electricalcables, either on their own or with combinations of each other (or opticalfibre units), cabled together for flexibility and oversheathed and/or doublewire armoured for mechanical and tensile strength. Such an arrangement is showntypically in Figure 1.
The hydraulic lines can be employed for a variety of duties, typically:Power (operation of actuators)Signal (operation of pilot control valves)Data (pressure monitoring)Fluid transmission (well service and platform utilities)
Achieving Cleanliness Levels During Fabrication, Assembly, and Testing of Subsystems and Hydraulic Tubing Network for the Zinc Subsea Production System
Authors: Loes George , Greenlay Tim , Caldwell J.W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Exxon Zinc Subsea Production System utilizes an electrohydraulic controlsystem to perform various equipment functions subsea, and to provide status ofequipment and well conditions to the Alabaster host platform. The hydraulicfluid utilized is water-based Marston Bentley HW 525 with a cleanlinessrequirement of NAS 1638 class 8 or better. This cleanliness level is requiredfor the proper operation of subsea valves over the duration of systemoperation. This paper discusses the methodology, procedures and equipmentrequirements to achieve and maintain this cleanliness level. It addresses thesurface equipment that stores and supplies the control fluid, the hydraulicumbilicals that carry the fluid to Zinc, the subsea hardware, and variousrunning tools that could interface with the subsea hydraulic network. Componentcleaning, clean room operations, hydrostatic testing and system flushing arediscussed. The cleanliness monitoring QC steps during system integration andtesting are also presented.

Introduction
The Exxon Zinc Project is a Subsea Production System located in the Gulf ofMexico - Mississippi Canyon area. The project includes a ten-well subseatemplate and manifold production system situated in 1,460 feet of water tiedback to the Alabaster platform 6 miles to the west in 468 feet of water. Gasproduction is achieved through three flowlines. Well control is achievedthrough an electrohydraulic control system via separate electrical andhydraulic umbilicals. The flowline and umbilical connections at Zinc are byremote diverless methods. The multiplexed control system incorporates a subseacontrol skid which houses the control pods. A hydraulic tubing networkinterconnects the control skid pod bases with the ten tree locations, and thepigging valve manifold interface. There are approximately 2,000 feet of tubingin the control skid and 14,000 feet in the manifold tubing network. Thisconsists of 3/4" OD × 3/8" ID super austenitic stainless steel tubingand fittings preassembled and socket welded into place.
In addition to the above, there are tubing runs within each control pod, subsea tree and the pigging valve assembly. This tubing interconnects thevarious control valves and subsea gate valve actuators. Hydraulic fluid issupplied to the control skid through a nineteen hose hydraulic umbilical. TheNYLON hoses, are arranged concentrically and protected by layers of medium andhigh density polyethylene and jacketed armor wire.
New Method for Concrete Coating of Marine Linepipe
Authors: Mordhorst Tage , Pallesen Jes 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Laying of offshore pipeline for oil and gas has increased rapidly over thelast ten years and a number of very large diameter pipelines have beeninstalled or are planned for.
Offshore pipelines of diameter 16 inch and up are usually stabilized on theseabottom by a concrete coating applied to the 12 m long joints before they areshipped to the laybarge.
The concrete application is normally undertaken at coating yards using theimpingement method or the compression coat method with thickness of the coatingvarying from 50 mm to 120 mm.
In this paper a novel concrete application method is described givingdetails of how the method waS developed, the erection of a coating plant, testing of the product and its first full scale industrial application.
Unique features of the new application method are emphasized especially withregard to vibration of the concrete and the advantages to be gainedherefrom.
Finally an evaluation is presented of the possibilities which the new methodoffers to the pipeline designers together with an indication of the advantagesthat the pipeline operators may gain from the new concrete coating method.

Introduction
During the coating of the first major marine pipelines in Denmark in 1980–84the impingement method for concrete coating of offshore line pipe was employedat a Danish coating yard.
It was observed by the newcomers to the pipe coating industry that theheavy-weight concrete coating was obtained by adding iron ore to a concretemix, which through the throwing action of the impingement method resulted in acomparatively porous coating. Furthermore, a cement content of 500–600kg/m3 was required to make the no-slump mix stick to the rotatingpipe.
In the construction industry, based upon modern concrete technology, acement content of 350 kg/m3 is normally adequate, and vibrationduring application is used to produce a strong, dense and durable concrete. Amore dense concrete would require less iron ore content to result in a givenunit weight.
Fatigue Properties of Hyperbaric Dry Repair Welds
Authors: Petershagen H.F. , Hoffmeister Hans 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Fatigue data for repair welded offshore structures are still lacking. As acontribution to this subject, laboratory tests on the fatigue strength ofhyperbaric dry repair welded butt welds have been carried out. The tests werecarried out in air. The data thus represent the fatigue strength of repairwelds in structures operating in air or with cathodic protection. In order toobtain reference data the H16- process with optimized welding parameters wasapplied for repair welding. In forthcoming phases of the project the effect ofweld imperfections will be included as well as the influence of seawater. Thepartly large secondary bending stresses due to the angular distortion of thespecimens were calculated by means of a simple beam model. Residual tensilestresses between 30% and 60% of the yield stress were measured perpendicular tothe repair weld at the weld toe. Fatigue strength of initial and repair weldhave been found to be equivalent. With angular distortions within usual limitsthe repair weld can be ranked as a class 90 detail according to the IIW FatigueDesign Recommendations. Block program tests showed the validity of Miner'srule.

Introduction
Service loads acting on offshore structures are to a large extent fatigueloads. With the increasing age of many structures and a tendency towards anextension of service life the fatigue strength of repair welds requires specialattention. In the investigation described in this paper the repair of a surfacecrack at the toe of a butt weld under hyperbaric conditions was simulated andthe fatigue properties of the repaired weld have been studied. This study ispart of a research project "Damage investigation and prevention in underwaterstructures." The project is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Full details of the study are given in 1. While optimized repair weldingparameters were used in the present study and the fatigue tests were carriedout in air, the effect of weld imperfections as well as of corrosive seawaterenvironment will be included in further stages of the project.
Ultrasonic Impact Peening Treatment of Welds and Its Effect on Fatigue Resistance in Air and Seawater
Authors: Tryfyakov V.I. , Mikheev P.P. , Kudryavtsev V.F. , Reznik D.N. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Welding residual stresses and stress concentrations are main factors whichdetermine the load carrying capacity of welded structures under multicyclicloading conditions as typically experienced by ships and offshore structures. To improve fatigue performance the E. O. Paton Institute recently introducedUltrasonic Impact Peening Treatment. This local treatment of the weld toe iscarried out by means of specially-developed equipment consisting of amagnetoconstriction convertor, an ultrasonic wave transmitter and a specialtool with holder. The tool tip using either a single 16mm ball element ormultiple needles, vibrates at 27 KHz with maximum axial amplitudes up to 30microns. The tool holder isolates the operator from the vibration and there islittle audible sound during the treatment.
The process:Introduces compressive residual stresses (up to 900 MPa at and near thesurface) into areas of high stress concentration.Reduces stress concentration associated with weld local geometry.Creates plastic deformation strain hardening in a surface layer (up to 0.7mmin depth).
This paper briefly describes the fatigue test results obtained from plateand tubular connections in air and sea water. The cyclic endurance increasesfrom 2 to 10 times and the fatigue limit increases from 27% to 200% dependingon the type of joint, base material strength and load ratio.

Introduction
Many structural weldments - offshore platforms, cranes, bridges, antennas, and other structures - are subject to the action of large numbers of cyclicloads during service. The development of fatigue fractures amounts toapproximately 30% of the total premature failures in these structures. Thefatigue limit of butt welds in different strength classes of steel establishedby the criterion of fatigue crack initiation is reduced to 32% to 46% of thefatigue limit of the corresponding parent metal with a rolled surface. Similarly, the fatigue limit of lap joints with longitudinal fillet welds undercyclic stress conditions constitutes only 20% to 40% of the fatigue limit ofthe corresponding parent metal [1, 2].
Transportation of Highly Waxy Crude in Offshore South China Sea: A Rheology and Flowline Simulation Study
Authors: Zheng Guohua , Holbrook J.A. , Bernal Alvaro , Santamaria M.M. , Williams T.M. , Brubaker J.P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The HZ crude from South China Sea had a high wax content and formed stablewater/oil emulsions with the produced water. Transportation of this crudecalled for deployment of ESP's (Electric Submersible Pump) downhole, utilization of existing infrastructure, flowlines connecting various productionplatforms, and water treatment facilities aboard the platforms. Questions onthe ESP effect on emulsion viscosity, the non-Newtonian nature of the emulsion, and the operating environment all made the design of the production systemunique and challenging. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to providerheology data necessary for the production system design. These data weresometimes confusing and seemingly conflicting, and had to be sorted out forrealistic simulation. Once the appropriate data were obtained, simulations wererun to determine the minimum insulation requirement for the flowlines, pressures and temperatures at each platform and at FPSO (Floating ProcessStorage and Offloading) for various production scenarios.

Introduction
The South China Sea HZ wells produce a high wax content crude which exhibitsnon-Newtonian flow behavior. Past testing has shown that the crude formsstable, tight water/oil emulsions with the produced water. An extensiverheology study was thus conducted in Texaco EPTD facilities to obtainexperimental data needed for proper design of this offshore production system. As part of this study, simulation runs were performed to provide basis for adetailed design.
The proposed configuration of the production system is shown in Fig. 1. Thesystem utilizes the existing infrastructure of HZ 1, namely facilities on theHZ 1 platform, HZ 1 line and the FPSO. Thus, production from the HZ 2, 3, and 1platforms are tied in series to the FPSO. Due to the handling capacities offacilities on the HZ 1 platform, fluid from the HZ 3 line joins with the HZ 1production at the pump outlet. Fluid from the HZ 2 line meets with the HZ 3production at the separator. The HZ 3 separator is designed to remove most ofthe water from the HZ 2 and 3 production. The existing HZ 1 facilities cantreat and dispose a maximum of 26 MBWPD.
The Zinc Subsea Production System: An Overview
Authors: Bednar J.M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Located in 1460 feet of water in the Gulf of Mexico, Exxon's Zincdevelopment utilizes a subsea production system to produce gas to a hostplatform six miles away. The ten-slot subsea template, designed specifically toaccommodate the soft soil conditions at the Zinc site, supports the non-TFLwells, which are controlled by means of an electrohydraulic control system. Keyfeatures of the development are described in this paper.

Introduction
The Zinc development is a gas field located in the Gulf of Mexicoapproximately 50 miles south of Grand Isle, Louisiana (see Fig. 1). Designatedas the Mississippi Canyon (MC) Block 354 unit, the field is comprised of blocksMC 354, 355, 398, and 399. For production, a ten-slot subsea template ispositioned on block MC 355, with wells directionally drilled to the designatedbottomhole locations. Water depth at the template site is 1460 feet. Exxon isthe sole operator of the development.
The host platform is Exxon's "Alabaster" platform locatedapproximately six miles to the west in block MC 397 (see Fig. 2). The platformis located on a knoll in 468 feet of water. Production from Zinc is transportedto Alabaster via two 8" and one 4" flowlines. The subsea wells arenon-TFL and controlled by means of an electrohydraulic control system.
In defining the Zinc development system, Exxon strived to useindustry-proven designs and technology wherever possible and practical. Toensure reliability, an active Quality Assurance program was implemented throughall phases of the project, from design and fabrication, to installation andstart-up. Much emphasis was placed on Factory Acceptance Testing, to ensurethat the delivered equipment would properly meet the designated performancestandards. An eight-month System Integration Test was then conducted to ensurethat when married together, the individual components and subsystems wouldperform satisfactorily as a total system. Installation, drilling, andoperations personnel were actively involved to ensure a smooth transition tothe end-users.
The Zinc subsea production system is Exxon's first commercial subseatemplate in the Gulf of Mexico. It is also currently industry's largestmulti-well satellite subsea system in the Gulf.
Zinc Flowlines
Authors: Weir M.S. , Bednar J.M. , Watson J.C. , Beckman M.M. , Hale J.R. , Stearns J.P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Three flowlines are used to transport the gas produced from the Exxon Zincsubsea production template (in MC355) to the Alabaster platform (in MC397). Each flowline installation was initiated from Alabaster with a J-tube pull andlaid down into target areas at Zinc. Diverless subsea connections at Zinc werecompleted using the second end lateral deflection method and a diverlessROV-operated collection system.

Description of Flowline System
The Zinc subsea production system is a gas development in 1460 feet ofwater, located in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico. Fullwellstream production will be delivered to the Alabaster platform located 6miles to the West in 468 feet of water through a dual 8-inch and single 4-inchflowline system.
The 4-inch flowline is designed for a maximum working pressure of 5000 psito transport gas from the high pressure wells. The 8-inch flowlines aredesigned for a maximum working pressure of 3705 psi to transport gas from thelow pressure wells. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the threeflowlines. The maximum working pressures were selected to withstand wellshut-in pressure.
The flowlines and associated piping are designed to allow pigging operationsfrom the Alabaster platform through a removable Pigging Valve Assembly (PVA) onthe manifold piping of the subsea template. The PVA is controlled fromAlabaster through the control system at Zinc and can be configured for variouspigging operations. The dual 8-inch lines allow round trip pigging operationsto be carried out from Alabaster. A parking block in the PVA also allows an8-inch pig to be parked and returned through the same 8-inch line. Pigging ofthe 4-inch line can be performed by pumping the pigs from Alabaster and dumpingthem into the 8-inch loop at Zinc or by using a parking block on the PVA whichallows the pig to be returned to Alabaster in the 4-inch line.
Zinc Electrical and Hydraulic Umbilical Connection Systems
Authors: Fontenette L.M. , Bednar J.M. , Beckman M.M. , Hale J.R. , Hellums J.W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The connection of the electrical and hydraulic umbilicals to the Exxon Zincsubsea production template was accomplished using first-end connection systemsdesigned to be diverless and utilize guidelines for deployment.
This paper describes the design, testing and installation of the umbilicalconnection systems developed for the Zinc subsea production system.

Overview
The Zinc subsea production system is a gas development in 1460 feet ofwater, located in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico. Separateelectrical and hydraulic umbilicals are used to control the Zinc subseaproduction system from the Alabaster platform, located six miles to the west in468 feet of water. The umbilicals provide the electrical power, communicationlink and hydraulic/chemical injection supply to the multiplex subsea controlsystem on Zinc.
Each umbilical installation was initiated at Zinc using guidelines forlowering and landing an umbilical termination assembly onto its receiver on thesubsea template. After the umbilical termination assembly was landed, theumbilical was laid to the Alabaster platform where a second-end J-tube pull wasperformed to complete the installation.
Final connection of the umbilicals to the subsea template/ manifold wascompleted after the umbilicals had been installed and tested. For the hydraulicumbilical, the connection tool utilized a mechanical clamp to make-up theumbilical connection to the hydraulic fluid distribution system on the subseamanifold. The electrical umbilical connection was completed by attaching anelectrical jumper assembly from the control skid on the manifold to thetermination assembly on the electrical umbilical using a Remote OperatedVehicle (ROV).

Selection of Connection Systems
The umbilical connection systems were selected to feature a first-endconnection at Zinc. The first end connection method allowed close routing ofthe umbilicals to the flowlines near the template, which minimized mooringdifficulties for subsequent drilling operations. After installation wascomplete, the subsea electrical and hydraulic umbilical connections to the Zinccontrol system were made-up. A slack loop near the Alabaster Platform wasincluded in the route to accommodate excess umbilical length prior to thesecond-end J-tube pull. This allowed both umbilicals to be installed withoutmodifying their length in the field.
Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mental Health Hospitalizations or Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Blackman Asia , Ukah Ugochinyere V. , Platt Robert W. , Meng Xiangfei , Shapiro Gabriel D. , Malhamé Isabelle , Ray Joel G. , Lisonkova Sarka , El-Chaâr Darine , Auger Nathalie , Dayan Natalie 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceSevere maternal morbidity (SMM) can have long-term health consequences for the affected mother. The association between SMM and future maternal mental health conditions has not been well studied.ObjectiveTo assess the association between SMM in the first recorded birth and the risk of hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visits for a mental health condition over a 13-year period.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based retrospective cohort study used data from postpartum individuals aged 18 to 55 years with a first hospital delivery between 2008 and 2021 in 11 provinces and territories in Canada, except Québec. Data were analyzed from January to June 2023.ExposureSMM, defined as a composite of conditions, such as septic shock, severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, severe hemorrhage with intervention, or other complications, occurring after 20 weeks’ gestation and up to 42 days after a first delivery.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was a hospitalization or ED visit for a mental health condition, including mood and anxiety disorders, substance use, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorder, or suicidality or self-harm event, arising at least 43 days after the first birth hospitalization. Cox regression models generated hazard ratios with 95% CIs, adjusted for baseline maternal comorbidities, maternal age at delivery, income quintile, type of residence, hospital type, and delivery year.ResultsOf 2 026 594 individuals with a first hospital delivery, 1 579 392 individuals (mean [SD] age, 30.0 [5.4] years) had complete ED and hospital records and were included in analyses; among these, 35 825 individuals (2.3%) had SMM. Compared with individuals without SMM, those with SMM were older (mean [SD] age, 29.9 [5.4] years vs 30.7 [6.0] years), were more likely to deliver in a teaching tertiary care hospital (40.8% vs 51.1%), and to have preexisting conditions (eg, ≥2 conditions: 1.2% vs 5.3%), gestational diabetes (8.2% vs 11.7%), stillbirth (0.5% vs 1.6%), preterm birth (7.7% vs 25.0%), or cesarean delivery (31.0% vs 54.3%). After a median (IQR) duration of 2.6 (1.3-6.4) years, 1287 (96.1 per 10 000) individuals with SMM had a mental health hospitalization or ED visit, compared with 41 779 (73.2 per 10 000) individuals without SMM (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.19-1.34]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of postpartum individuals with and without SMM in pregnancy and delivery, there was an increased risk of mental health hospitalizations or ED visits up to 13 years after a delivery complicated by SMM. Enhanced surveillance and provision of postpartum mental health resources may be especially important after SMM.