bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 and Premalignant Host Responses in Helicobacter pylori–Infected Mice
Authors: Ogden Seth R. , Noto Jennifer M. , Allen Shannon S. , Patel Dilan A. , Romero-Gallo Judith , Washington M. Kay , Fingleton Barbara , Israel Dawn A. , Lewis Nuruddeen D. , Wilson Keith T. , Chaturvedi Rupesh , Zhao Zhiguo , Shyr Yu , Peek Richard M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Helicobacter pylori–induced gastritis is the strongest singular risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is a proteolytic enzyme that can modify the intestinal microbial replicative niche as well as affect tumorigenesis, and H. pylori stimulates expression of MMP-7 in gastric epithelial cells in vitro. Utilizing a transgenic murine model of H. pylori–mediated injury, our experiments now show that gastric inflammation is increased within the context of MMP-7 deficiency, which involves both Th1- and Th17-mediated pathways. Enhanced gastritis in H. pylori–infected mmp-7−/− mice is strongly linked to accelerated epithelial cellular turnover. However, more severe inflammation and heightened proliferation and apoptosis are not dependent on MMP-7–mediated bacterial eradication. Collectively, these studies indicate that H. pylori–mediated induction of MMP-7 may serve to protect the gastric mucosa from pathophysiologic processes that promote carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 70(1); 30–5
ErbB3 Binding Protein 1 Represses Metastasis-Promoting Gene Anterior Gradient Protein 2 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Zhang Yuexing , Ali Tehmina Z. , Zhou Hua , D'Souza David R. , Lu Yan , Jaffe Jonathan , Liu Zhenqiu , Passaniti Antonino , Hamburger Anne W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Dysregulation of the developmental gene anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) has been associated with a metastatic phenotype, but its mechanism of action and control in prostate cancers is unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of AGR2 promotes the motility and invasiveness of nonmetastatic LNCaP tumor cells, whereas silencing of AGR2 in the metastatic derivative C4-2B blocks invasive behavior. ErbB3 binding protein 1 (EBP1), a putative repressor of AGR2, is attenuated in prostate cancer. We show that the anti-invasive effect of EBP1 occurs, at least in part, through its ability to inhibit AGR2 expression. Mechanistic investigations indicate that EBP1 downregulates Foxa1- and Foxa2-stimulated AGR2 transcription and decreases metastatic behavior. In contrast, EBP1 ablation upregulates AGR2 via Foxa1- and Foxa2-stimulated AGR2 promoter activity and increases metastatic behavior. In both prostate cell lines and primary tumors, we documented an inverse correlation between EBP1 and AGR2 levels. Collectively, our results reveal an EBP1-Foxa-AGR2 signaling circuit with functional significance in metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 70(1); 240–8
Functional Genetic Polymorphisms in the Aromatase GeneCYP19Vary the Response of Breast Cancer Patients to Neoadjuvant Therapy with Aromatase Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Liewei , Ellsworth Katarzyna A. , Moon Irene , Pelleymounter Linda L. , Eckloff Bruce W. , Martin Yvette N. , Fridley Brooke L. , Jenkins Gregory D. , Batzler Anthony , Suman Vera J. , Ravi Saranya , Dixon J. Michael , Miller William R. , Wieben Eric D. , Buzdar Aman , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Ingle James N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAromatase (CYP19) is a critical enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis and aromatase inhibitors (AI) are employed widely for endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP19 gene may alter the effectiveness of AI therapy in the neoadjuvant setting. Genomic DNA was obtained for sequencing from 52 women pre-AI and post-AI treatment in this setting. Additionally, genomic DNA obtained from 82 samples of breast cancer and 19 samples of normal breast tissue was subjected to resequencing. No differences in CYP19 sequence were observed between tumor and germ-line DNA in the same patient. A total of 48 SNPs were identified including 4 novel SNPs when compared with previous resequencing data. For genotype-phenotype association studies, we determined the levels of aromatase activity, estrone, estradiol, and tumor size in patients pre-AI and post-AI treatment. We defined two tightly linked SNPs (rs6493497 and rs7176005 in the 5'-flanking region of CYP19 exon 1.1) that were significantly associated with a greater change in aromatase activity after AI treatment. In a follow-up study of 200 women with early-stage breast cancer who were treated with adjuvant anastrozole, these same two SNPs were also associated with higher plasma estradiol levels in patients pre-AI and post-AI treatment. Electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene assays confirmed likely functional effects of these two SNPs on transcription of CYP19. Our findings indicate that two common genetic polymorphisms in the aromatase gene CYP19 vary the response of breast cancer patients to aromatase inhibitors. Cancer Res; 70(1); 319–28
VIDAS D-dimer in combination with clinical pre-test probability to rule out pulmonary embolism
Authors: Carrier Marc , Righini Marc , Djurabi Reza Karami , Huisman Menno , Perrier Arnaud , Wells Philip , Rodger Marc , Wuillemin Walter , Gal Grégoire Le 
Published: January 2010

SummaryClinical outcome studies have shown that it is safe to withhold anticoagulant therapy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) who have a negative D-dimer result and a low pre-test probability (PTP) either using a PTP model or clinical gestalt. It was the objective of the present study to assess the safety of the combination of a negative VIDAS© D-dimer result in combination with a non-high PTP using the Wells or Geneva models to exclude PE. A systematic literature search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and all EBM Reviews. Seven studies (6 prospective management studies and 1 randomised controlled trial) reporting failure rates at three months were included in the analysis. Non-high PTP was defined as “unlikely” using the Wells’ model, or “low/intermediate” PTP using either the Geneva score, the Revised Geneva Score, or clinical gestalt. Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardised forms. A total of 5,622 patients with low/intermediate or unlikely PTP were assessed using the VIDAS D-dimer. PE was ruled out by a negative D-dimer test in 2,248 (40%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 38.7 to 41.3%) of them. The three-month thromboembolic risk in patients left untreated on the basis of a low/intermediate or unlikely PTP and a negative D-dimer test was 3/2,166 (0.14%, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.41%). In conclusion, the combination of a negative VIDAS D-dimer result and a non-high PTP effectively and safely excludes PE in an important proportion of outpatients with suspected PE.
Isn't It Ironic? An Electrophysiological Exploration of Figurative Language Processing
Authors: Regel Stefanie , Gunter Thomas C. , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough the neurocognitive processes underlying the comprehension of figurative language, especially metaphors and idioms, have been studied extensively, less is known about the processing of irony. In two experiments using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we examined the types of cognitive processes involved in the comprehension of ironic and literal sentences and their relative time course. The experiments varied in modality (auditory, visual), task demands (comprehension task vs. passive reading), and probability of stimulus occurrence. ERPs consistently revealed a large late positivity (i.e., P600 component) in the absence of an N400 component for irony compared to equivalent literal sentences independent of modality. This P600 was shown to be unaffected by the factors task demands and probability of occurrence. Taken together, the findings suggest that the observed P600 is related to irony processing, and might be a reflection of pragmatic interpretation processes. During the comprehension of irony, no semantic integration difficulty arises (absence of N400), but late inferential processes appear to be necessary for understanding ironic meanings (presence of P600). This finding calls for a revision of current models of figurative language processing.
Neural Correlates of Abstract Verb Processing
Authors: Rodríguez-Ferreiro Javier , Gennari Silvia P. , Davies Robert , Cuetos Fernando 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The present study investigated the neural correlates of the processing of abstract (low imageability) verbs. An extensive body of literature has investigated concrete versus abstract nouns but little is known about how abstract verbs are processed. Spanish abstract verbs including emotion verbs (e.g., amar, “to love”; molestar, “to annoy”) were compared to concrete verbs (e.g., llevar, “to carry”; arrastrar, “to drag”). Results indicated that abstract verbs elicited stronger activity in regions previously associated with semantic retrieval such as inferior frontal, anterior temporal, and posterior temporal regions, and that concrete and abstract activation networks (compared to that of pseudoverbs) were partially distinct, with concrete verbs eliciting more posterior activity in these regions. In contrast to previous studies investigating nouns, verbs strongly engage both left and right inferior frontal gyri, suggesting, as previously found, that right prefrontal cortex aids difficult semantic retrieval. Together with previous evidence demonstrating nonverbal conceptual roles for the active regions as well as experiential content for abstract word meanings, our results suggest that abstract verbs impose greater demands on semantic retrieval or property integration, and are less consistent with the view that abstract words recruit left-lateralized regions because they activate verbal codes or context, as claimed by proponents of the dual-code theory. Moreover, our results are consistent with distributed accounts of semantic memory because distributed networks may coexist with varying retrieval demands.
Learning Shapes the Representation of Visual Categories in the Aging Human Brain
Authors: Mayhew Stephen D. , Li Sheng , Storrar Joshua K. , Tsvetanov Kamen A. , Kourtzi Zoe 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The ability to make categorical decisions and interpret sensory experiences is critical for survival and interactions across the lifespan. However, little is known about the human brain mechanisms that mediate the learning and representation of visual categories in aging. Here we combine behavioral measurements and fMRI measurements to investigate the neural processes that mediate flexible category learning in the aging human brain. Our findings show that training changes the decision criterion (i.e., categorical boundary) that young and older observers use for making categorical judgments. Comparing the behavioral choices of human observers with those of a pattern classifier based upon multivoxel fMRI signals, we demonstrate learning-dependent changes in similar cortical areas for young and older adults. In particular, we show that neural signals in occipito-temporal and posterior parietal regions change through learning to reflect the perceived visual categories. Information in these areas about the perceived visual categories is preserved in aging, whereas information content is compromised in more anterior parietal and frontal circuits. Thus, these findings provide novel evidence for flexible category learning in aging that shapes the neural representations of visual categories to reflect the observers' behavioral judgments.
The Functional and Neural Mechanism of Action Preparation: Roles of EBA and FFA in Voluntary Action Control
Authors: Kühn Simone , Keizer André W. , Rombouts Serge A. R. B. , Hommel Bernhard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ideomotor theory claims that actions are cognitively represented and accessed via representations of the sensory effects they evoke. Previous studies provide support for this claim by showing that the presentation of action effects primes activation in corresponding motor structures. However, whether people actually use action-effect representations to control their motor behavior is not yet clear. In our fMRI study, we had participants prepare for manual or facial actions on a trial-by-trial basis, and hypothesized that preparation would be mediated by the cortical areas that code for the perceptual effects of these actions. Preparing for manual action induced higher activation of hand-related areas of motor cortex (demonstrating actual preparation) and of the extrastriate body area, which is known to mediate the perception of body parts. In contrast, preparing for facial action induced higher activation of face-related motor areas and of the fusiform face area, known to mediate face perception. These observations provide further support for the ideomotor theory and suggest that visual imagery might play a role in voluntary action control.
A Neurocomputational Model of Dopamine and Prefrontal–Striatal Interactions during Multicue Category Learning by Parkinson Patients
Authors: Moustafa Ahmed A. , Gluck Mark A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Most existing models of dopamine and learning in Parkinson disease (PD) focus on simulating the role of basal ganglia dopamine in reinforcement learning. Much data argue, however, for a critical role for prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine in stimulus selection in attentional learning. Here, we present a new computational model that simulates performance in multicue category learning, such as the “weather prediction” task. The model addresses how PD and dopamine medications affect stimulus selection processes, which mediate reinforcement learning. In this model, PFC dopamine is key for attentional learning, whereas basal ganglia dopamine, consistent with other models, is key for reinforcement and motor learning. The model assumes that competitive dynamics among PFC neurons is the neural mechanism underlying stimulus selection with limited attentional resources, whereas competitive dynamics among striatal neurons is the neural mechanism underlying action selection. According to our model, PD is associated with decreased phasic and tonic dopamine levels in both PFC and basal ganglia. We assume that dopamine medications increase dopamine levels in both the basal ganglia and PFC, which, in turn, increase tonic dopamine levels but decrease the magnitude of phasic dopamine signaling in these brain structures. Increase of tonic dopamine levels in the simulated PFC enhances attentional shifting performance. The model provides a mechanistic account for several phenomena, including (a) medicated PD patients are more impaired at multicue probabilistic category learning than unmedicated patients and (b) medicated PD patients opt out of reversal when there are alternative and redundant cue dimensions.
Cross-modal Interactions during Perception of Audiovisual Speech and Nonspeech Signals: An fMRI Study
Authors: Hertrich Ingo , Dietrich Susanne , Ackermann Hermann 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring speech communication, visual information may interact with the auditory system at various processing stages. Most noteworthy, recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) data provided first evidence for early and preattentive phonetic/phonological encoding of the visual data stream—prior to its fusion with auditory phonological features [Hertrich, I., Mathiak, K., Lutzenberger, W., & Ackermann, H. Time course of early audiovisual interactions during speech and non-speech central-auditory processing: An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 259–274, 2009]. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present follow-up study aims to further elucidate the topographic distribution of visual–phonological operations and audiovisual (AV) interactions during speech perception. Ambiguous acoustic syllables—disambiguated to /pa/ or /ta/ by the visual channel (speaking face)—served as test materials, concomitant with various control conditions (nonspeech AV signals, visual-only and acoustic-only speech, and nonspeech stimuli). (i) Visual speech yielded an AV-subadditive activation of primary auditory cortex and the anterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), whereas the posterior STG responded both to speech and nonspeech motion. (ii) The inferior frontal and the fusiform gyrus of the right hemisphere showed a strong phonetic/phonological impact (differential effects of visual /pa/ vs. /ta/) upon hemodynamic activation during presentation of speaking faces. Taken together with the previous MEG data, these results point at a dual-pathway model of visual speech information processing: On the one hand, access to the auditory system via the anterior supratemporal “what” path may give rise to direct activation of “auditory objects.” On the other hand, visual speech information seems to be represented in a right-hemisphere visual working memory, providing a potential basis for later interactions with auditory information such as the McGurk effect.
Perceptual Basis of Redundancy Gains in Visual Pop-out Search
Authors: Töllner Thomas , Zehetleitner Michael , Krummenacher Joseph , Müller Hermann J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The redundant-signals effect (RSE) refers to a speed-up of RT when the response is triggered by two, rather than just one, response-relevant target elements. Although there is agreement that in the visual modality RSEs observed with dimensionally redundant signals originating from the same location are generated by coactive processing architectures, there has been a debate as to the exact stage(s)—preattentive versus postselective—of processing at which coactivation arises. To determine the origin(s) of redundancy gains in visual pop-out search, the present study combined mental chronometry with electrophysiological markers that reflect purely preattentive perceptual (posterior-contralateral negativity [PCN]), preattentive and postselective perceptual plus response selection-related (stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential [LRP]), or purely response production-related processes (response-locked LRP). As expected, there was an RSE on target detection RTs, with evidence for coactivation. At the electrophysiological level, this pattern was mirrored by an RSE in PCN latencies, whereas stimulus-locked LRP latencies showed no RSE over and above the PCN effect. Also, there was no RSE on the response-locked LRPs. This pattern demonstrates a major contribution of preattentive perceptual processing stages to the RSE in visual pop-out search, consistent with parallel-coactive coding of target signals in multiple visual dimensions [Müller, H. J., Heller, D., & Ziegler, J. Visual search for singleton feature targets within and across feature dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1–17, 1995].
The Neural Substrates and Timing of Top–Down Processes during Coarse-to-Fine Categorization of Visual Scenes: A Combined fMRI and ERP Study
Authors: Peyrin Carole , Michel Christoph M. , Schwartz Sophie , Thut Gregor , Seghier Mohamed , Landis Theodor , Marendaz Christian , Vuilleumier Patrik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSpatial frequencies in an image influence visual analysis across a distributed, hierarchically organized brain network. Low spatial frequency (LSF) information may rapidly reach high-order areas to allow an initial coarse parsing of the visual scene, which could then be “retroinjected” through feedback into lower level visual areas to guide finer analysis on the basis of high spatial frequency (HSF). To test this “coarse-to-fine” processing scheme and to identify its neural substrates in the human brain, we presented sequences of two spatial-frequency-filtered scenes in rapid succession (LSF followed by HSF or vice versa) during fMRI and ERPs in the same participants. We show that for low-to-high sequences (but not for high-to-low sequences), LSF produces a first increase of activity in prefrontal and temporo-parietal areas, followed by enhanced responses to HSF in primary visual cortex. This pattern is consistent with retroactive influences on low-level areas that process HSF after initial activation of higher order areas by LSF.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy with children, young people and families: from individual to systemic therapy
Authors: Dummett Nicky 
Published: January 2010

SummaryIn recent decades there has been much interest in using cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) with children, young people and families. CBT is a collaborative approach, based on shared building of a hypothesis (the formulation) about causative and maintaining factors. When working with children, young people, their families and wider systems (e.g. a support network), therapy should incorporate interpersonal, family and systemic factors, together with developmental and attachment issues and phenomena more commonly expressed through other psychotherapeutic modalities. There is growing clinical experience that systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation can lead to systemic-process working on an individual, parent–child, family or wider-system basis. Formal evaluation of this approach is needed to consider where it fits among established psychotherapies in mental health work with young people and their families.
Discrimination against people with mental illness: what can psychiatrists do?
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Rose Diana , Mehta Nisha 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThis article discusses the evidence that experiences of stigmatisation and discrimination among people with mental illnesses are common and may be severe. Furthermore, there are growing concerns that people with mental illness receive second-class physical healthcare. Beyond this, some aspects of psychiatric practice are reported as being insensitive, disrespectful or even disabling. We consider whether such claims are justified and what psychiatrists can do, directly and indirectly, to reduce stigma and discrimination and improve our practice.
Asperger syndrome and criminal behaviour
Authors: Dein Kalpana , Woodbury-Smith Marc 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe importance of considering antisocial behaviour among people with autism-spectrum disorders is apparent from the significant number of case reports and case series describing criminal behaviour of people with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome. The evidence so far does not support a specific association between the syndrome and criminal offending. However, a small yet significant number of offenders with autism who engage in illegal behaviour find themselves socially excluded or detained in secure provisions for prolonged periods. This article gives an overview of the scant empirical evidence relating to criminality within the context of Asperger syndrome, and offers suggestions for managing the syndrome in mentally disordered offenders.
Robust empirical data and clinical utility: the only drivers of change
Authors: Craddock Nick 
Published: January 2010

SummaryWe have arrived at our current descriptive classifications, with their many and varied array of categories, through the committee processes of DSM and ICD. To date, expert opinion, rather than solid science, has been the driver for change and this helps to explain the bewildering number of diagnostic categories and the fact that many patients meet criteria for several categories. Over the coming years, advances in neuroscience will offer the opportunity to base classification on robust evidence with diagnostic entities mapping more closely onto the workings of the brain. There are major shortcomings to the current classifications but all changes come at a cost to their users. We should be fully aware of the shortcomings and be thinking about the future. However, major changes to classification should await the emergence of robust empirical data and proven clinical utility. This will be the best way to benefit patients.