bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A biopsy simulation study to assess the accuracy of several transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐biopsy strategies compared with template prostate mapping biopsies in patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy
Authors: Hu Yipeng , Ahmed Hashim U. , Carter Tim , Arumainayagam Nimalan , Lecornet Emilie , Barzell Winston , Freeman Alex , Nevoux Pierre , Hawkes David J. , Villers Arnauld , Emberton Mark , Barratt Dean C. 
Published: March 2012

Study Type – Diagnostic (validating cohort)Level of Evidence 1bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided biopsies can miss prostate cancer and misclassify risk in a diagnostic setting; the exact extent to which it does so in a repeat biopsy strategy in men with low–intermediate risk prostate cancer is unknown.A simulation study of different biopsy strategies showed that repeat 12‐core TRUS biopsy performs poorly. Adding anterior sampling improves on this but the highest accuracy is achieved using transperineal template prostate mapping using a 5 mm sampling frame.OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness of two sampling strategies; repeat transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐biopsy and transperineal template prostate mapping (TPM) to detect and exclude lesions of ≥0.2 mL or ≥0.5 mL using computer simulation on reconstructed three‐dimensional (3‐D) computer models of radical whole‐mount specimens.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Computer simulation on reconstructed 3‐D computer models of radical whole‐mount specimens was used to evaluate the performance characteristics of repeat TRUS‐biopsy and TPM to detect and exclude lesions of ≥0.2 mL or ≥0.5 mL.
In all, 107 consecutive cases were analysed (1999–2001) with simulations repeated 500 times for each biopsy strategy.
TPM and five different TRUS‐biopsy strategies were simulated; the latter involved a standard 12‐core sampling and incorporated variable amounts of error, as well as the addition of anterior cores.
Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for detection of lesions with a volume of ≥0.2 mL or ≥0.5 mL were calculated.
RESULTS
The mean (sd) age and PSA concentration were 61 (6.4) years and 8.5 (5.9) ng/mL, respectively.In all, 53% (57/107) had low–intermediate risk disease.
In all, 665 foci were reconstructed; there were 149 foci ≥0.2 mL and 97 ≥ 0.5 mL in the full cohort and 68 ≥ 0.2 mL and 43 ≥ 0.5 mL in the low–intermediate risk group.
Overall, TPM accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve, AUC) was ≈0.90 compared with AUC 0.70–0.80 for TRUS‐biopsy.
In addition, at best, TRUS‐biopsy missed 30–40% of lesions of ≥0.2 mL and ≥0.5 mL whilst TPM missed 5% of such lesions.
CONCLUSION
TPM under simulation conditions appears the most effective re‐classification strategy, although augmented TRUS‐biopsy techniques are better than standard TRUS‐biopsy.
High detection rate of significant prostate tumours in anterior zones using transperineal ultrasound‐guided template saturation biopsy
Authors: Mabjeesh Nicola J. , Lidawi Ghalib , Chen Juza , German Larissa , Matzkin Haim 
Published: March 2012

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Men with persistent suspicion for prostate cancer after previous negative standard transrectal biopsy series are offered saturation biopsy either transrectally or transperineally to increase cancer detection rate.A high‐risk group of men with at least two previous negative transrectal biopsies underwent transperineal template‐guided saturation biopsy. Prostate cancer was detected in 26%, predominantly in the anterior zones. PSA velocity or doubling time were the most powerful factors to predict cancer.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the detection rate and the regional location of prostate cancer in men undergoing transperineal template‐guided saturation biopsy (TTSB).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In all, 92 consecutive men with at least two previous negative transrectal biopsy series who underwent a multiple‐core prostate TTSB at our centre were included in the study.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to address the relationship between parameters before TTSB and prostate cancer‐detection rate.
Covariates consisted of age at biopsy, free and total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, digital rectal examination findings, histological findings on previous biopsy, PSA velocity (PSAV), PSA‐doubling time (PSADT) and the number of previous negative biopsy sets.
RESULTS
Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 26% of the men.
A median of 30 cores was taken by TTSB.
Adenocarcinoma in >2 cores was detected in 58.5% and Gleason score ≥7 was detected in 46% of the diagnosed men.
Most of the tumours (83.3%) were found in the anterior zones of the gland, with a significantly higher number of positive cores vs the posterior zones (mean 4.9 vs 1.5, P= 0.015).
PSADT and PSAV were the only independent predictors of prostate cancer detection at multivariate analyses with odds ratios of 0.71 (P= 0.014) and 1.58 (P= 0.025), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
TTSB has a high prostate cancer‐detection rate, especially in the anterior zones.
Men after at least two previous negative transrectal biopsy series and persistent suspicion of prostate cancer, as evidenced by rapid PSA dynamics, should be offered TTSB.
Pollution, Private Investment in Healthcare, and Environmental Policy*
Authors: Pautrel Xavier 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we demonstrate that, in a two‐period overlapping‐generations model, the relationship between environmental taxation and economic activity (output level and growth) has an inverted‐U shape when we take into account the detrimental impact of pollution on health and the individual decision of each working‐age agent to improve her health.We also demonstrate that the link between environmental tax and lifetime welfare also has an inverted‐U shape, and that a tighter environmental policy might enhance economic activity while reducing steady‐state lifetime welfare. Finally, we investigate the social optimum and the determinants of the optimal environmental tax.
REPRODUCTION AND TEMPORARY DISEQUILIBRIUM: A CLASSICAL APPROACH
Authors: Benetti Carlo , Bidard Christian , Klimovsky Edith , Rebeyrol Antoine 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTWe build a bisector reproduction model with Classical features in which the capitalists aim at maximizing accumulation. At variance with gravitation models, it is assumed that they invest their profits in their own industry. Their plans are based on actual productions and expected prices. Effective prices and effective allocations of resources are determined by a market‐clearing mechanism. A law on the formation of expectations allows us to define the dynamics of disequilibria, which let appear endogenous self‐sustained fluctuations around a long‐run path. The long‐run rate of growth and the amplitude of the fluctuations depend on the initial conditions.
Cut Price Public Protection?
Authors: Nash Mike 
Published: March 2012

Abstract: UK public sector financial cuts of up to 25% over the next four years threaten service delivery in a number of areas and it is likely that public protection agencies will not be immune. This article explores ways in which a ‘world leading’ public protection process can continue to effectively manage a consistently growing ‘problem’ whilst its component parts struggle to set new operational priorities in the face of severe financial restraints. It also suggests that nascent coalition government efforts, although creditable, are still not immune from the punitive rhetoric of its predecessor and remain vulnerable to media constructions of dangerousness. The suggestion here is that in addition to modifications to legislation and practice, and, indeed, an attempt to reinvent professional discretion, a major philosophical shift and public education programme are necessary. By reducing the size of the public protection caseload it may be that savings are made in terms of lives and serious harm as well as money.
Thinking Beyond ‘Utility’: Some Comments on Probation Practice and Training
Authors: Millar Malcolm , Burke Lol 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article suggests that a ‘culture of utility’, manifested in the central importance attached to producing specific outcomes, is prevalent in probation practice in England and Wales, and this is argued to be unconducive to humanistic practice. Comments on probation training are integrated into the discussion and it is suggested that here also a ‘culture of utility’ is influential. An underlying theme of the article is that it may be more accurate to see probation as preoccupied by the consideration of ‘utility’ than to view it as increasingly punitive. Alternative ways of thinking are possible but difficult to realise.
Two historical strands in studying visual direction1
Authors: ONO HIROSHI , WADE NICHOLAS J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHow we see the direction of an object has been discussed since the time of Aristotle. Despite this early beginning, there are two strands of conflicting ideas on visual direction that remain to this day. The first strand is based on observation or phenomenology and generated the idea that the midpoint between the two eyes is the reference point for visual direction. The second strand is related to geometry or optics and generated the idea that the reference point is an eye. To discuss this issue, we focus on visual directions of stimuli that stimulate both foveas. The observational strand has provided ample evidence to support their idea that the midpoint between the eyes is the reference point, yet the idea that the reference point resides in an eye still persists. We examine how the two strands have evolved since antiquity and speculate as to why the second strand persists. We then offer an intuitive explanation for the idea generated by the first strand in order to counter the persistence of the idea generated by the second.
Problem‐driven three‐dimensional television research involving human visual perception studies
Authors: TAM WA JAMES , SPERANZA FILIPPO , VÁZQUEZ CARLOS 
Published: March 2012

AbstractStereoscopic three‐dimensional (S3‐D) visual entertainment has become a hot technology that is emerging very quickly in many new electronic devices and visual communication systems. Although this rapid growth of S3‐D technology is relatively recent, visual scientists have been conducting research on fundamental issues of stereoscopic 3‐D television (3‐D TV) development and deployment for many years. To illustrate how human visual perception research has been applied to the study of stereoscopic 3‐D TV related issues, selected experimental studies that were conducted by the Communications Research Centre Canada within the last 15 years are presented. The studies reflect empirical investigations on a wide range of topics from an applied vision research perspective: the prevalence of stereo‐deficiency, the potential use of mixed‐resolution binocular imaging for reducing transmission bandwidth, the role of stereoscopic object motion on visual comfort, and the use of surrogate depth maps for the conversion of standard video to S3‐D format to increase the availability of S3‐D program contents.
Effects of binocular disparity on impressions
Authors: TOYA DAISUKE , ICHIKAWA MAKOTO 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe examined how the size of binocular disparity, which determines the apparent depth magnitude, affects the impressions in different dimensions in viewing nonrepresentational stereograms and representational stereoscopic pictures by the use of semantic differential method with the scales that are related to the basic dimensions of impression: evaluation, activity, potency, and reality. In viewing nonrepresentational stereograms, which presented a binocular disparity ranging from 0 to approximately 70 min of arc between the central line, or a rectangle with a peripheral frame, the ratings for the scales for the evaluation impression were the highest at approximately 10–20 arc min of disparity, while the ratings for the activity impression increased with the size of the disparity. In viewing the representational and nonrepresentational stereograms, the ratings for the scales, which are related to the evaluation, activity, and reality factors, increased with the size of the disparity if the disparity specified multiple depth layers. These results indicate that the effects of binocular disparity in viewing a stereoscopic picture depend on the disparity distribution and disparity size rather than the representationality of the stereogram.
Activation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway contributes to the behavioral deficit of fragile x‐syndrome
Authors: Wang Xinglong , Snape Mike , Klann Eric , Stone Jeremy G. , Singh Avneet , Petersen Robert B. , Castellani Rudy J. , Casadesus Gemma , Smith Mark A. , Zhu Xiongwei 
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 672–679.AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) is a developmental disorder caused by the loss of Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene function because of a CGG repeat expansion (> 200 repeats) in the gene. The molecular mechanism(s) linking loss of FMR1 function to the molecular pathology and cognitive/behavioral disability remain unclear. Given the critical role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment, a number of recent studies have investigated ERK phosphorylation under basal conditions or upon mGluR‐induction using neuronal and peripheral tissues from Fmr1 knockout mice and peripheral tissues from FXS patients. However, these reports have presented conflicting results. The current study is the first to focus on the levels of ERK phosphorylation in brain tissue from human FXS patients. In both human brain tissue and brain tissue from Fmr1 knockout mice there was significantly increased phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK. Indeed, treating Fmr1 knockout mice with the MEK1/2 inhibitor SL327 abrogated audiogenic seizure activity, a feature of the Fmr1 knockout mice that replicates the symptom in patients with FXS. These findings suggest that activation of the ERK pathway results in some cardinal cognitive and clinical features in FXS patients and likely have profound translational implications.
K+ depolarization evokes ATP, adenosine and glutamate release from glia in rat hippocampus: a microelectrode biosensor study
Authors: Heinrich A , Andó RD , Túri G , Rózsa B , Sperlágh B 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was undertaken to characterize the ATP, adenosine and glutamate outflow evoked by depolarization with high K+ concentrations, in slices of rat hippocampus.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We utilized the microelectrode biosensor technique and extracellular electrophysiological recording for the real‐time monitoring of the efflux of ATP, adenosine and glutamate.KEY RESULTS ATP, adenosine and glutamate sensors exhibited transient and reversible current during depolarization with 25 mM K+, with distinct kinetics. The ecto‐ATPase inhibitor ARL67156 enhanced the extracellular level of ATP and inhibited the prolonged adenosine efflux, suggesting that generation of adenosine may derive from the extracellular breakdown of ATP. Stimulation‐evoked ATP, adenosine and glutamate efflux was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, while exposure to Ca2+‐free medium abolished ATP and adenosine efflux from hippocampal slices. Extracellular elevation of ATP and adenosine were decreased in the presence of NMDA receptor antagonists, D‐AP‐5 and ifenprodil, whereas non‐NMDA receptor blockade by CNQX inhibited glutamate but not ATP and adenosine efflux. The gliotoxin fluoroacetate and P2X7 receptor antagonists inhibited the K+‐evoked ATP, adenosine and glutamate efflux, while carbenoxolone in low concentration and probenecid decreased only the adenosine efflux.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrated activity‐dependent gliotransmitter release in the hippocampus in response to ongoing neuronal activity. ATP and glutamate were released by P2X7 receptor activation into extracellular space. Although the increased extracellular levels of adenosine did derive from released ATP, adenosine might also be released directly via pannexin hemichannels.LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Sershen, pp. 1000–1002 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.02072.x
Rosiglitazone selectively inhibits KATP channels by acting on the KIR6 subunit
Authors: Yu Lei , Jin Xin , Cui Ningren , Wu Yang , Shi Zhenda , Zhu Daling , Jiang Chun 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSERosiglitazone is an anti‐diabetic drug acting as an insulin sensitizer. We recently found that rosiglitazone also inhibits the vascular isoform of ATP‐sensitive K+ channels and compromises vasodilatory effects of β‐adrenoceptor activation and pinacidil. As its potency for the channel inhibition is in the micromolar range, rosiglitazone may be used as an effective KATP channel inhibitor for research and therapeutic purposes. Therefore, we performed experiments to determine whether other isoforms of KATP channels are also sensitive to rosiglitazone and what their sensitivities are.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHKIR6.1/SUR2B, KIR6.2/SUR1, KIR6.2/SUR2A, KIR6.2/SUR2B and KIR6.2ΔC36 channels were expressed in HEK293 cells and were studied using patch‐clamp techniques.KEY RESULTSRosiglitazone inhibited all isoforms of KATP channels in excised patches and in the whole‐cell configuration. Its IC50 was 10 µmol·L−1 for the KIR6.1/SUR2B channel and ∼45 µmol·L−1 for KIR6.2/SURx channels. Rosiglitazone also inhibited KIR6.2ΔC36 channels in the absence of the sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) subunit, with potency (IC50= 45 µmol·L−1) almost identical to that for KIR6.2/SURx channels. Single‐channel kinetic analysis showed that the channel inhibition was mediated by augmentation of the long‐lasting closures without affecting the channel open state and unitary conductance. In contrast, rosiglitazone had no effect on KIR1.1, KIR2.1 and KIR4.1 channels, suggesting that the channel inhibitory effect is selective for KIR6.x channels.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest a novel KATP channel inhibitor that acts on the pore‐forming KIR6.x subunit, affecting the channel gating.LINKED ARTICLEThis article is commented on by Dart, pp. 23–25 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.01990.x
Life Cycle Environmental and Cost Impacts of Using an Algal Turf Scrubber to Treat Dairy Wastewater
Authors: Higgins Brendan T. , Kendall Alissa 
Published: March 2012

SummaryUsing algae to simultaneously treat wastewater and produce energy products has potential environmental and economic benefits. This study evaluates the life cycle energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication potential, and cost impacts of incorporating an algal turf scrubber (ATS) into a treatment process for dairy wastewater. A life cycle inventory and cost model was developed to simulate an ATS treatment system where harvested algae would be used to generate biogas for process heat and electricity generation.Modeling results show that using an ATS significantly reduces eutrophication impacts by reducing chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the wastewater. With low water recirculation rates through the ATS and high algae productivity, inclusion of the ATS results in net energy displacement and a reduction of GHG emissions compared to a system with no ATS. However, if high water recirculation rates are used or if algae biosolids from the digester are dried, the system results in a net increase in energy consumption and GHG emissions.The life cycle treatment cost was estimated to be $1.42 USD per cubic meter of treated wastewater. At this cost, using an ATS would only be cost effective for dairies if they received monetary credits for improved water quality on the order of $3.83 per kilogram of nitrogen and $9.57 per kilogram of phosphorus through, for example, nutrient trading programs.
A case-control study of interleukin-12 1188A/C polymorphism in obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese population
Authors: Liu Shiguo , Liu Yanhui , Yin Yingying , Zhang Xinhua , Ma Xu 
Published: March 2012

Objective: Previous studies indicated that the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-12 at baseline were elevated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients compared with control subjects, suggesting that IL-12 maybe involved in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. Therefore, we study the relationship between 1188A/C polymorphism of IL-12(rs3212227) and OCD in Chinese Han population.Methods: We genotyped 194 OCD patients and 322 healthy individuals by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), then analyzed the data using case-control association test.Results: No significant differences were found in 1188A/C genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and controls (X2 = 2.12, df = 2, P = 0.35 by genotype; X2 = 0.005, df = 1, P = 0.94 by allele).Conclusions: Our results suggested that there may be lack of an association between OCD and IL-12 1188A/C polymorphism in Chinese Han population.
Sinus node dysfunction due to psychotropic agents' combination
Authors: Simkó József , Nagy Gabriella , Dózsa Anikó , Lörincz István 
Published: March 2012

Background:Although sinus node dysfunction is primarily related to degenerative fibrosis of nodal tissue in the elderly, it may occur at any age secondary to other cardiac abnormalities or extrinsic causes. Pharmacologic agents including psychotropic drug therapy may also play a role.Method:We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with bipolar affective disorder in whom antipsychotic agents were suspected of inducing sinus node dysfunction.Result:The combination of psychotropic agents including lithium, quetiapine and carbamazepine (first occasion) or escitalopram (second occasion) has been implicated as a cause for sinus node dysfunction.Conclusion:Patients with severe mental illness usually require long-term psychotropic drug therapy, often in combination. This may enhance efficacy but also involves an increased risk of adverse effects including cardiotoxicity.