bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saccade Reaction Times Are Influenced by Caudate Microstimulation Following and Prior to Visual Stimulus Appearance
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Several cognitive models suggest that saccade RTs are controlled flexibly not only by mechanisms that accumulate sensory evidence after the appearance of a sensory stimulus (poststimulus mechanisms) but also by mechanisms that preset the saccade control system before the sensory event (prestimulus mechanisms). Consistent with model predictions, neurons in structures tightly related to saccade initiation, such as the superior colliculus and FEF, have poststimulus and prestimulus activities correlated with RTs. It has been hypothesized that the BG influence the saccade initiation process by controlling both poststimulus and prestimulus activities of superior colliculus and FEF neurons. To examine this hypothesis directly, we delivered electrical microstimulation to the caudate nucleus, the input stage of the oculomotor BG, while monkeys performed a prosaccade (look toward a visual stimulus) and antisaccade (look away from the stimulus) paradigm. Microstimulation applied after stimulus appearance (poststimulus microstimulation) prolonged RTs regardless of saccade directions (contra/ipsi) or task instructions (pro/anti). In contrast, microstimulation applied before stimulus appearance (prestimulus microstimulation) shortened RTs, although the effects were limited to several task conditions. The analysis of RT distributions using the linear approach to threshold with ergodic rate model revealed that poststimulus microstimulation prolonged RTs by reducing the rate of rise to the threshold for saccade initiation, whereas fitting results for prestimulus microstimulation were inconsistent across different task conditions. We conclude that both poststimulus and prestimulus activities of caudate neurons are sufficient to control saccade RTs.
Processing of emotional words measured simultaneously with steady-state visually evoked potentials and near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy
Authors: Koban Leonie , Ninck Markus , Li Jun , Gisler Thomas , Kissler Johanna 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundEmotional stimuli are preferentially processed compared to neutral ones. Measuring the magnetic resonance blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response or EEG event-related potentials, this has also been demonstrated for emotional versus neutral words. However, it is currently unclear whether emotion effects in word processing can also be detected with other measures such as EEG steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) or optical brain imaging techniques. In the present study, we simultaneously performed SSVEP measurements and near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS), a new optical technique for the non-invasive measurement of brain function, to measure brain responses to neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant nouns flickering at a frequency of 7.5 Hz.ResultsThe power of the SSVEP signal was significantly modulated by the words' emotional content at occipital electrodes, showing reduced SSVEP power during stimulation with pleasant compared to neutral nouns. By contrast, the DWS signal measured over the visual cortex showed significant differences between stimulation with flickering words and baseline periods, but no modulation in response to the words' emotional significance.ConclusionsThis study is the first investigation of brain responses to emotional words using simultaneous measurements of SSVEPs and DWS. Emotional modulation of word processing was detected with EEG SSVEPs, but not by DWS. SSVEP power for emotional, specifically pleasant, compared to neutral words was reduced, which contrasts with previous results obtained when presenting emotional pictures. This appears to reflect processing differences between symbolic and pictorial emotional stimuli. While pictures prompt sustained perceptual processing, decoding the significance of emotional words requires more internal associative processing. Reasons for an absence of emotion effects in the DWS signal are discussed.
The two-step phase transition of titanite, CaTiSiO5: a synchrotron radiation study
Authors: Kek S. , Aroyo M. , Bismayer U. , Schmidt C. , Eichhorn K. , Krane H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study it is shown that the antiferrodistortive phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiOIn order to study the stepwise structural changes synchrotron radiation was used to collect X-ray diffraction data at 100 K, 295 K and 530 K on the 4-circle diffractometer at HASYLAB using a wavelength of 0.560(1) Å. A total of 2292 reflections were recorded at 100 K, 1540 at 295 K and 1442 at 530 K and reduced to 705 (100 K), 707 (295 K) and 358 (530 K) unique observations respectively (sin
Seedling Competition in Compounding Forage Seed Mixtures1
Authors: Blaser R. E. , Griffeth W. L. , Taylor T. H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisVirginia studies show that seed ratio in mixtures of species should differ with spring and summer seedings. Summer alfalfa seedlings developed faster than spring, but stands were similar. Spring seeding of red clover had faster growth and better stands than summer. Orchardgrass weights and stands were similar for both dates, but yields were higher from spring than from summer seedings. Red clover suppressed spring alfalfa and orchardgrass seedings.
Variability in Chemical Composition of Seed From Different Portions of the Soybean Plant1
Authors: Collins F. I. , Cartter J. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisOil content of soybeans was found to vary with position of pod on the plant, position of pod on the raceme, and position of the seed in the pod. Seeds from the lower half of plants were 0.5% higher in oil and 1% lower in protein than those from the upper half. Beans near the tip of long terminal racemes had less oil than those farther down. Seed in the tip of the pod had highest oil and lowest protein content. Data indicate need for attention to plant parts when comparing contents between samples.
The Palatability of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Level and Age1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Southwell B. L. , Johnson J. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn this experiment, the palatability of Coastal Bermudagrass was improved substantially by nitrogen fertilization. There was no evidence to indicate that annual rates up to 1,500 pounds of nitrogen per acre decreased the palatability of this grass. Two‐week‐old grass was more palatable than 4‐week‐old grass.
A Comparison of the Rust Reaction of Wheat Varieties Gabo, Timstein, and Lee1
Authors: Watson I. A. , Stewart Donald M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisGabo, Timstein, and Lee behave alike in their stem and leaf rust reactions in Australia and to selected cultures of stem rust from the United States. Greenhouse and field tests indicate that Lee does not possess either the Hope or T. timopheevi resistance to stem rust or the T. timopheevi resistance to leaf rust. Its seedling resistance to leaf rust apparently was derived from Gaza. It appears that Lee came originally from a cross Hope × (Bobin2 × Gaza).
Seasonal and Yearly Production of Annual Winter Grasses and Grass‐Legume Combinations for Temporary Winter Grazing in Georgia
Authors: Gardner F. P. , Rogers T. Hayden 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisWinter annual grasses differed in seasonal and yearly production. Certain grasses initiated peak growth during fall or early winter while others made peak growth during the spring. None of the grasses was highly productive throughout the winter but distribution of forage and total yields were improved by combinations of grasses with dissimilar growth periods. Peak growth and clipping injury were associated with floral initiation and stem elongation. Crimson clover made little contribution to the yield of mixtures until spring. Supplemental nitrogen increased the forage yield over grass‐legume combinations during the fall and winter periods.
Inheritance of Stem Rust Reaction in Tetraploid Wheat Hybrids: I. Allelic Genes in Mindum Durum ✕ Vernal Emmer1
Authors: Smith Glenn S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn the cross, Mindum durum ✕ Vernal emmer, two allelic genes, Srm and Srv, were found to determine seedling resistance to stem rust races, 147 and 17, respectively. Srv also conditioned field resistance to stem rust.
Performance of Variety Blends in Soybeans1
Authors: Probst A. H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn general, blends of soybean varieties showed no superiority in yield over the highest yielding variety in any one year or the average of a 4‐year period. There was a marked variety ✕ season interaction on yield and in this respect blending had a stabilizing effect on yield and appears to be of importance in approaching maximum yields each year.The latest maturing variety in a blend matured earlier than the same variety in pure culture.
A Statistical Study of Several Methods used in Determining the Botanical Composition of a Sward: I. A Study of Established Pastures1
Authors: VanKeuren R. W. , Ahlgren H. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe inclined point quadrat method provided reliable and objective estimates of the botanical composition of pasture swards. Visual estimates had greater variation than the point quadrat methods. Correction factors were developed for species which were over‐estimated or under‐estimated by the inclined point quadrat methods.
Effect of Inbreeding on Fertility and Vigor of Alfalfa1
Authors: Wilsie C. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAverage self‐fertility of 437 alfalfa plants was 0.75 seeds per flower tripped. One generation of selfing has resulted in an average loss of 80 to 90% in self‐fertility and 20 to 30% in vegetative vigor. In a study of 8 clones, loss in vigor was greater from the S1 to S2 generation than from the S0 to S1 generation. The vegetatively‐propagated clone appeared to be the most satisfactory parental base from which to estimate inbreeding depression.
Stubble‐Mulch Tillage Versus Plowing With Nitrogen Fertilization With Regard to Nutrient Uptake by Cereals1
Authors: Winterlin Wray L. , McCalla T. M. , Luebs R. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisStubble‐mulch tillage compared to plowing, with and without nitrogen, on corn, oats and wheat during 2 years on 4 fields at Lincoln, Nebraska, produced plant tissue and grain of similar content of Ca, Mg, P and K. The N content of plant tissue produced by stubble‐mulch tillage tended to be lower than that produced by plowing in most cases; yields also tended to be lower with the former. Nitrogen fertilizer largely overcame this effect.
Response of Alfalfa Varieties to Daylength1
Authors: Coffindaffer B. L. , Burger O. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisGrowth rate of Vernal alfalfa was reduced most by reducing light period from 16 to 14 hours. Williamsburg contained a higher concentration of calcium and sodium than Vernal or Narragansett. Narragansett was highest in percent nitrogen, which increased in concentration for all varieties with a decrease in light period. Potassium concentration was about the same among the three varieties. Root weights were highest in the plants subjected to the 14‐hour photoperiod.
Development of “Amylomaize”—Corn Hybrids With High Amylose Starch: I. Genetic Considerations1
Authors: Vineyard M. L. , Bear R. P. , MacMasters M. M. , Deatherage W. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIndividual endosperm genes which affect the amylose fraction of corn starch were found to vary in effect due to inherent difference of source stocks. Double and triple recessive combinations of these genes have varying effects on amylose content. The ae gene is involved in the higher amylose endosperm combinations although it shows no corresponding effect on the pollen starch.
Principles of Nutrient Uptake From Fertilizer Bands: IV. Accumulation of Water Around the Bands1
Authors: Kolaian J. H. , Ohlrogge A. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe accumulation of water around a fertilizer band in a soil at a moisture content of 7.0% (pF 3.5) is shown to be due largely to water vapor diffusion and condensation, the rate of accumulation being affected by the type of salt, the temperature, and the degree of soil porosity.
The Glandless Leaf Phenotype in Cotton and its Association with Low Gossypol Content in the Seed1
Authors: Rhyne C. L. , Smith Frank H. , Miller P. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe selection for glandless‐leaf plants in segregating generations of an Acala G × Hopi M cross lowered the gossypol content of inbred seed. Homozygous glandlessleaf selections had 0.10 to 0.50% gossypol, an improved oil color, and an improved protein feeding value. The use of the glandless‐leaf index reduces the need for costly gossypol analyses permitting the cotion breeder to emphasize selection for agronomic fitness.
Yield and Composition Response of Wheat to Soluble Phosphate Drilled in the Row1
Authors: Vavra Joseph P. , Bray Roger H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn soils low in available phosphorus, maximum yields of wheat can be produced by applying soluble phosphate in the row at planting. Evaluation of the efficiency of such applications through the use of the modified Mitscherlich yield equation indicates that it is a much more efficient method than broadcasting soluble phosphate. There was no composition response in the grain for drilled phosphate.
Effect of the Reniform Nematode on Yield, Plant Characters, and Fiber Properties of Upland Cotton1
Authors: Jones J. E. , Newsom L. D. , Finley Etta L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe reniform nematode reproduced abundantly on cotton and caused serious injury to all varieties tested. It caused reduction in yield of lint, delay in maturity, reduction in size of boll, and, in some years, reduction in lint percent. No effect was noted on seed size, fiber length, fiber strength, or fiber fineness. Although the nematode increased wilt development on wilt‐susceptible varieties, it did not increase wilt on resistant varieties developed in other areas.
Determination of Application Losses of Anhydrous Ammonia1
Authors: Baker J. H. , Peech Michael , Musgrave R. B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisApplication losses of anhydrous ammonia from soils at optimum moisture content were found to be negligibly small when ammonia was applied at practical rates, even at a depth of only 4 inches below the surface, as revealed by a method described in this paper.
Yield Components in Oats. I. Effect of Seeding Date1
Authors: Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn date‐of‐seeding experiments with 3 oat varieties Andrew and Sauk produced a higher relative grain yield than Bonham when sown late. Andrew produced a greater actual and relative number of seeds per head as the seeding date became later, whereas Sauk maintained a high level of relative number of heads per plant. Relative weights per 100 seeds of all 3 varieties were reduced by late planting to about the same extent.
Root and Stalk Rot in Corn as Affected by Fertilizer and Tillage Treatment1
Authors: Parker D. T. , Burrows W. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisLow nitrogen fertility and the presence of crop residue on the soil surface were coincident with low incidence of rot. Potassium fertilization contributed slightly to decreased disease incidence. All factors that decreased disease incidence were also closely correlated with retarded early growth. Yield was depressed by severe infestation. However, it was impossible to show differential effect of disease on yield as affected by treatment because of interactions of yield, treatment, and disease incidence.
Some Problems in Inbreeding and Random Mating in Tetrasomics
Authors: Parsons P. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisInbreeding and random mating are considered in auto‐polyploids from the point of view of plant breeding. It is shown that the time factor in inbreeding can become very important especially when heterozygous genotypes are favored. Double reduction causes inbreeding whatever the mating system used so reducing the time to reach a given level of homozygosity.
Production of Small Grains Pasture Forage Using Sewage Effluent as a Source of Irrigation Water and Plant Nutrients1
Authors: Day A. D. , Tucker T. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisWinter pasture forage yields equivalent to 11.14 tons per acre were obtained from barley irrigated with sewage effluent with no additional fertilizer. Similarly, wheat and oats produced 263% and 249% more pasture forage, respectively, than check plots that received only pump water. Barley was more sensitive to the detrimental effects of sewage effluent than wheat or oats.
Botanical Composition Changes in Annual Grassland as Affected by Fertilization and Grazing1
Authors: Jones Milton B. , Evans Raymond A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisChanges in botanical composition on the annual range type of California indicated significant fertilizer‐grazing, fertilizer‐year, and grazing‐year interactions. Direct projection of botanical composition data from ungrazed fertilizer plots would not accurately predict changes resulting from the same fertilizer on grazed areas.
Interactions Between Genotypes of Soybeans and Genotypes of Nodulating Bacteria1
Authors: Johnson Herbert W. , Means Ura Mae 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisInteractions were indicated by the chlorosis response of 116 soybean varieties to selected bacterial strains and by a selected group of varieties to 70 bacterial strains. The response of each of 11 varieties to 8 strains was different from that of any other variety. No two of the 8 strains resulted in the same response of all 11 varieties.
Leaf Removal in Grain Sorghum. I. Effects of Certain Defoliation Treatments on Yield and Components of Yield1
Authors: Stickler F. C. , Pauli A. W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisA curvilinear relationship between grain yield and leaf area was found. Generally, changes in each of the 3 yield components were responsible for yield differences, although number of seeds per head and seed weight underwent greatest change. Greater yield reduction resulted from removing leaf area from upper than from lower portions of the plant. Likewise, removing alternate leaves was more deleterious than removing half of each leaf. In 1959, mean yield decreases of 23, 35, 43, and 95%, respectively, were obtained from removing approximately 33, 50, 67, and 100% of the leaf area at late boot and anthesis stages.
Birdsfoot Trefoil Stand Establishment as Influenced by Control of Vegetative Competition1
Authors: Scholl J. M. , Brunk R. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisYields of birdsfoot trefoil in the year of seeding, 1957, and in the year following, differed widely between methods of controlling vegetative competition in 1957. These methods included hand weeding, companion crop management and the use of selective herbicides, dalapon and 4(2,4‐DB). Yields in 1957 and 1958 were more closely associated with size of seedling trefoil plants in 1957 than to their number. By the time of the first harvest of the second year after seeding, there were no significant effects from the treatments.
Effect of Pelleting Coastal Bermudagrass on Livestock Gains1
Authors: Hogan W. H. , Brooks O. L. , Beaty E. R. , McCreery R. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe gains of beef steers consuming Coastal bermudagrass varied from 0.60 pound to 2.08 pounds per day depending on the form in which the grass was fed. Pelleted Coastal bermudagrass produced gains that were not different from those produced by pelleted alfalfa.
Effect of Soil Temperature on Grain Sorghum Growth and Yield1
Authors: Adams John E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisClear plastic soil covers increased Houston Black clay early season soil temperatures 10° F. at the 3‐inch depth and accelerated plant development sufficiently to hasten maturity and increase grain yield. Grain sorghum yields per acre varied from 62.6 cwt. on bare plots to 73.5 cwt. with a clear plastic cover. Water‐use efficiency varied from 315 pounds on bare plots to 428 with clear plastic.
Effect of Clipping on Yield and Certain Agronomic Characters of Irrigated Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Singh S. S. , Colville W. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisInjuries were inflicted on the hybrid grain sorghum RS 610 by clipping at several positions on the plant during six stages of plant growth. Clipping increased the number of branches developing from above‐ground buds (side branches). Head weight, total dry matter per plant, and grain yields were reduced by clipping. Test weights were lowered by clipping except where one half or the tips of the head were removed, in which cases they were slightly higher than the control.
Statistical Evaluations of Plant Height of Cotton as Influenced by Different Treatments and Soils1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Cowley W. R. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe fitting of experimental data such as plant height response on selected flexible curves through the use of digital computers seems to offer excellent opportunities to make more exacting comparisons of imposed treatments. Plant height of cotton was especially indicative of moisture and spacing treatments on fine‐textured soils. Cotton grown under close‐spacing and moisture stress treatments indicated greater fluctuations in plant height within the plant population. Possible explanations for these responses are proposed.
Grazing Production Curves. II. Determining the Economic Optimum Stocking Rate1
Authors: Hildreth R. J. , Riewe Marvin E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCertain general principles involved in determining the economic optimum stocking rate on a given pasture are defined. The principles discussed take into account the effect of both economic and biological variables. A procedure for the rapid estimation of the economic optimum stocking rate for varying economic situations is presented.
Effects of Cutting Frequency and Nitrogen on Yield, in vitro Digestibility, and Protein, Fiber, and Carotene Content of Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Jackson J. E. , Hart R. H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAnnual forage yields increased as the interval between cuttings increased to 6 weeks, leveled off as the interval increased to 12 weeks and dropped sharply in plots cut only once. Increasing the interval decreased crude protein and vitamin A equivalent content, leaf percent, and in vitro digestibility and increased stem length and fiber content. Increasing N applications increased yields of dry matter and crude protein and the content of crude protein and vitamin A equivalent but had no effect on the percent fiber in the grass.
Effects of Row Spacing and Time of Fertilization on Grass Seed Production1
Authors: Austenson H. M. , Peabody Dwight V. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisSeed yields of orchardgrass and timothy were higher in rows than in solid stands. In colonial bentgrass the results were reversed. Red fescue yields were unaffected by row spacing over a three year period. Time of fertilizer application produced varied responses in each species. Seed quality was apparently unaffected by any of the treatments.
Water‐Soluble Phytotoxic Substances in Alfalfa Forage: Variation with Variety, Cutting, Year, and Stage of Growth1
Authors: Guenzi W. D. , Kehr W. R. , McCalla T. M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisPhytotoxic properties of water extracts of forage samples from Buffalo and Ranger alfalfa at 3 cuttings, 6 stages of growth, and for 2 years were determined by measuring the effects on germination and growth of corn seedlings. Stages of growth and cuttings differed significantly in their effects on root growth, whereas years and cuttings differed significantly in effects on shoot growth.