bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Plant Maturity on the Sensitivity of Turfgrass Species to Ozone
Authors: Richards G. A. , Mulchi C. L. , Hall J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe increased prevalence of phytotoxic levels of oxidants during inversions in urban regions prompted an evaluation of the sensitivities of turf species to different doese of ozone at several stages of plant development. Warm and cool season turfgrass species and cultivars were exposed in fumigation chambers to various concentrations of ozone then scored for vegetative damage. The warm season entries ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and ‘Tufcote’ bermudagrass (Cynodon doctylon L., Pers.) exhibited greater tolerance to ozone than the cool season entries which included tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), bentgrass (Agrostic paulustris Huds.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). The cool season grasses which exhibited the highest and lowest tolerance to ozone were ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass and annual bluegrass, respectively. Increasing the ozone exposure from 3.5 to 7.0 hours/day for 5 days at 0.1 ppm caused twice the level of vegetative damage. As a group, seedlings 9 to 14 days of age exhibited greater susceptibility and uniformity in treatment response than seedlings 66 to 71 days of age to ozone exposures of 0.3 to 0.5 ppm for 3 hours.
The Breakdown of Poultry Manure Aggregates by Rainfall Impact
Authors: Muck R. E. , Ludington D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of rainfall intensity, duration, drop velocity, and drop size on poultry manure aggregate breakdown under simulated rainfall were investigated. For a constant drop velocity and size, aggregate breakdown was an exponential function of rainfall amount, while rainfall energy and momentum both explained the aggregate breakdown results well for a constant drop size. Aggregate breakdown appeared to increase with drop size, but the effects were not statistically significant. The leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry manure was increased by aggregate breakdown. For a 4‐hour, 5.08‐cm/hour simulated rainfall, aggregate breakdown accounted for a 70% increase in leaching losses from the manure.
Sludge‐borne Heavy Metal Availability and Uptake by Vegetable Crops Under Field Conditions
Authors: Schauer P. S. , Wright W. R. , Pelchat J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMunicipal sewage sludge was applied in a single application to an acid (pH 5.6) silt loam soil in a field study at rates of 0, 20, and 60 dry metric tons/ha. Metal concentrations in soil and plant tissue were examined over a 2‐year period (1976–1977). Levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were measured in carrots (Daucus carota L., cv. Danvers), radishes (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherrybelle), tomatoes (Lycospersicon esculentum L., cv. New Yorker), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. crispa, Salad Bowl). Metal uptake in both years was Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. Lettuce tissues generally accumulated the highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn, while carrot roots accumulated the most Ni. Applications of sewage sludge generally did not increase concentrations of Cd or Cu in plant tissue; the only exceptions were the significant increases of Cd in lettuce and Cu in tomatoes during 1977. Most of the vegetables exhibited significantly higher concentrations of Ni and Zn as a result of sludge applications during both years. Concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissue were generally higher during the second year of the experiment, suggesting an increase in their availability with time. The Cd/Zn ratio of the sludge was 1.3%, while the averages for the edible and nonedible tissue, and DTPA‐extractable soil were 2.9, 4.3, and 2.2%, respectively. The availability of heavy metals in the soil, as measured by DTPA‐extraction, supported the results of plant tissue analyses. Applications of sewage sludge resulted in significant increases in DTPA‐extractable metals. In addition, there was a general increase in the DTPA‐extractable heavy metals with time, which appeared to be related to the decomposition of the sludge as pH values were not appreciably different during the second year.
Phosphorus Adsorption‐Desorption Characteristics of Two Soils Utilized for Disposal of Animal Wastes
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Overcash M. R. , Khaleel R. , Westerman P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of animal waste loading rates on P adsorption‐desorption characteristics of two soils. In a laboratory incubation study, Norfolk soil was treated with beef, poultry, or swine wastes; and allowed to decompose under optimum moisture conditions for a period of 30 days. Phosphorus adsorption‐desorption characteristics of the soil were measured at the end of the incubation period. Application of beef, poultry, and swine wastes to a Norfolk soil decreased adsorption capacity of the soil and increased soluble P (in 0.01M CaCl2), acid‐extractable P (0.05N HCl + 0.025N H2SO4), equilibrium P concentration (EPC), and P desorption (after four 1‐hour extractions).In a field study, increased rates of swine lagoon effluent application over a period of 5 years to a Norfolk soil (Site 1) and for 3 years to a Cecil soil (Site 2) also increased soluble P (in 0.01M CaCl2), acid extractable P, P desorbed, and EPC values, and decreased the adsorption capacity. At high loading rates of swine lagoon effluent, soluble P movement occurred to a depth of 75 and 30 cm at Site 1 and 2, respectively. Phosphorus adsorption increased with depth, and EPC values decreased with increasing depths of soil profile. A significant relationship was observed between EPC values, and soluble and acid extractable P.
Lead Contamination of Sycamore and Soil from Lead Mining and Smelting Operations in Eastern Missouri
Authors: Palmer Kenneth T. , Kucera Clair L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLead concentrations of both plant tissue (Platanus occidentalis L.) and soils (total and available) were determined for various sampling locations within a 10‐km radius of two lead smelters and two lead mines located in eastern Missouri.Lead content of washed foliage ranged from 1.3 to 1,120 ppm, while values in twigs, which were generally lower, ranged from 1.8 to 320 ppm. Nitric acid‐extractable lead from soils ranged from 7 to 62,000 ppm while 3% acetic acid‐extractable lead varied from 1 to 20,400 ppm.Largest lead levels for both soils and plants occurred at the smelter sites. It appeared that both the chemical form, level, and particulate size of atmospheric lead and the nature of soil lead could play an important role in the uptake of lead by the plant tissue.
Effect of Leachate Flow Rate on Metal Migration Through Soil
Authors: Alesii B. A. , Fuller W. H. , Boyle M. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNatural municipal solid waste leachates individually enriched with Be, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn were used to prefuse nine soils representing seven major soil orders. Soil columns under anaerobic saturated conditions and flow rates of leachate were regulated to deliver precise fluxes ranging from 1 to 15 ml/hour. Effluent from the columns was collected at the end of each hour and analyzed for the presence of the metal ions being studied. Solution displacements continued until the concentration of the metal in the effluent equalled that of the influent. In general, the slower the rate of flow of the solid‐waste leachate, the greater was the attenuation of the metal ions in solution. Flux significantly influenced the attenuation of Al, Be, Cr(VI), and Fe(II) in all soils, but was of little importance for Cd, Ni, and Zn. The concentration of the trace or heavy metal (such as Cd) in the leachate influenced the absolute amount retained by the soil more than any single factor except, perhaps, clay content. Flux control appears as one of several modification techniques to minimize movement of pollutants from solid waste operations. By renovating the soil, lining the excavation, and compacting it to known densities, flow rate of leachates from solid waste disposal sites is controlled.
Fluidized Bed Material as a Lime Substitute and Calcium Source for Apple Seedlings
Authors: Korcak R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluidized bed material (FBM), a dry, high‐Ca, alkaline waste product from the combustion of coal and limestone, was used as a lime substitute/Ca source for ‘York Imperial’ apple seedlings (Malus domestica) grown on three acidic soil materials in the greenhouse. Application rates were based on the lime requirement (LR) for each soil material determined by the BaCl2 triethanolamine procedure. The LR values were 4.57, 12.54, and 11.65 mt CaCO3/ha for the Galestown Ap, Arendtsville Ap, and Tatum subsoil soil materials, respectively. Actual rates of FBM were one, two, four, and eight times the LR on a weight basis. A CaCO3 treatment at the LR and a non‐Ca amended fertilized control were used as comparisons.Fluidized bed material applied at the LR significantly increased leaf and stem dry weights and linear growth after 17 weeks, while the CaCO3 treatment was not significantly different from the control. However, the highest FBM rate significantly reduced growth. The reason for this reduced growth was not evident from tissue elemental analyses or measurements of various soil properties.Applied FBM significantly increased leaf and stem Ca levels and decreased Zn and Mn concentrations. Soil pH and electrical conductivities were elevated as were neutral 1N NH4OAc extractable Ca levels with increasing FBM rates. Extractable soil Al, Zn, and Mn were reduced with increasing FBM. Approximately four times as much FBM was required to achieve final soil pH values equivalent to the CaCO3 treatment applied at the LR.
Cadmium Effects on the Nitrogen Fixation System of Red Alder
Authors: Wickliff Carlos , Evans Harold J. , Carter Kevin R. , Russell Sterling A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRed alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was grown in sand culture in the greenhouse to obtain data on the effects of cadmium (Cd) on a symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation system which contributes to the fertility of forest soils. Treatment of red alder seedlings for 11 weeks with 0.545 to 136 µM CdCl2 in N‐free nutrient solution decreased in situ nitrogenase activity 25 to 89%, N fixation 23 to 98%, and the number of nodules per plant 29 to 74%, when compared to plants receiving no Cd. Similar reductions were observed in plant growth. Treatment with 0.054 to 0.545 µM CdCl2 decreased nitrogenase activity 6 to 31%.When non‐nodulated A. rubra seedlings were inoculated in the presence of 0.054 and 0.109 µM CdCl2, N fixation decreased 52 and 89%, respectively. Plant growth decreased in a similar fashion. When non‐nodulated seedlings were given 0.545 µM CdCl2 and 6 mM NH4NO3 or Ca(NO3)2, nitrate reductase activity decreased 22 and 24%, respectively, when compared to plants receiving no CdCl2. Nitrogen accretion and plant dry weights were decreased by treatments in which plants were supplied with Ca(NO3)2 and 0.273 and 0.545 µM CdCl2, when compared to controls without CdCl2.These results suggest that Cd can inhibit nitrogenase activity and therefore N fixation. Growth, nodulation, and nitrate reductase activity are also inhibited by Cd.
Historical Changes and Relationship to Internal Loading of Sediment Phosphorus Forms in Hypertrophic Prairie Lakes
Authors: Allan R. J. , Williams J. D. H. , Joshi S. R. , Warwick W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonapatite phosphorus concentrations in sediment cores from five mainstem lakes and two sloughs indicate that most Prairie water bodies were eutrophic prior to European settlement and agricultural development of the region. Nonapatite phosphorus increases towards the sediment surface are attributed to urban and/or agricultural effluents. Organic phosphorus increases towards the sediment surface are considered as evidence of post‐settlement increases in lake productivity. Surface sediment increases in nonapatite inorganic phosphorus are the result of urban and/or agricultural effluents modified by upward migration and pooling. Declines in surface sediment nonapatite inorganic phosphorus are evidence of internal loading.
Distribution of Nitrogen Forms in Soil Receiving Cattle Feedlot Waste
Authors: Smith S. J. , Mathers A. C. , Stewart B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is limited on changes in distribution of organic and inorganic soil N forms brought about by large applications of feedlot waste. Such information is needed, however, both from an environmental and soil fertility standpoint. This study involves irrigated, continuous, grain sorghum plots (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls) which received a total of 176 to 1,614 metric tons/ha of feedlot waste over an 8‐year period. Differences in N forms and amounts observed among plots were confined mainly to the surface 30‐cm soil layer. Increasing waste applications tended to increase the total N content, organic C content, nitrate content, N mineralization, and general biological activity of the respective plots. However, in most cases Duncan's multiple range test indicates the increases were statistically significant (P = 0.05) only at the higher rates. Moreover, chemical patterns of soil organic N forms and C/N ratios remained fairly constant, indicating the overall N distribution was being maintained. In addition, nitrite, exchangeable ammonium, and fixed ammonium contents changed little. Under proper management, any likelihood of long‐term adverse soil N effects appears small.
Methodology for Field Trials with Nitrogen‐15‐Depleted Nitrogen
Authors: Broadbent F. E. , Carlton A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFollowing nitrogen (N) transformations and movement in natural systems against a background of large amounts of this element requires use of isotopically labeled material which can be distinguished from that which is indigenous to the system. Methods are described for sampling and analyzing for labeled N in various components of the soil‐plant‐water system, and estimates of variability presented. The procedures described permitted construction of a balance sheet for long‐term field trials with corn (Zea mays L.) in two locations in California. Unaccounted for losses ranged from 1% on Yolo fine sandy loam at 90 kg N/ha to > 50% in the coarse‐textured Hanford sandy loam with high rates of N application. It was found possible to identify labeled N from 15N‐depleted fertilizer in the soil organic fraction even after extensive dilution by using the isotopic composition of N in the corresponding layer of soil from unfertilized plots as the reference value rather than an overall mean.
The Influence of Simulated Rainfall on Residual Bacteria and Virus on Grass Treated with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Brown K. W. , Jones S. G. , Donnelly K. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of simulated rainfall on the survival of fecal coliforms and coliphage on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and rhodesgrass (Cholris gayana Kunth.) following applications of liquid digested sludge containing varying amounts of solids was investigated using the most probable number and plaque count techniques, respectively. The numbers of coliphage on the grass decreased rapidly with drying time and at 48 hours after application none were detected in any of the treatments. Rainfall was effective in decreasing the coliphage levels, both immediately after sludge application and after a period of drying.Fecal coliform counts were decreased only slightly during rainfall, and the timing of rainfall in relation to drying time appeared to have little influence on residual populations. The survival of fecal coliforms on grass which did not receive rainfall was dependent on the climatic conditions to which the grass was exposed and much less dependent on the initial population of bacteria or the species of grass. The present study indicates that fecal coliforms can survive on pasture grasses for periods of 2 to 3 weeks after sewage sludge application and that rainfall will have little influence on the length of survival.
The Distribution of Mercury, Cesium‐137, and Plutonium in an Intermittent Stream at Los Alamos
Authors: Hakonson T. E. , White G. C. , Gladney E. S. , Dreicer Mona 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper summarizes the results of a study on the distribution of Hg, 137CS, 238Pu, and 239,240Pu in channel sediments and adjacent bank soils in an intermittent stream used for treated liquid effluent disposal since 1963.Concentrations of the three radionuclides and Hg in stream bank soils were comparable to adjacent channel sediments demonstrating that the stream bank serves as a deposition site for chemicals released to the channel. This finding has important implications on the long‐term behavior of effluent contaminants since other studies at Los Alamos have shown that the vegetated stream banks retard downstream movement of chemicals bound to soils and provide a pathway for transport of these materials to biota.Concentrations of the radionuclides and mercury were more uniformly distributed with distance and depth in the channel sediments than in the bank soils. The action of periodic surface water in the channel partially explains those differences. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that 50 to 85% of the variability in contaminant concentrations in bank and channel locations was due to variation with distance while depth contributed relatively little to variability.
Levels of Lead, Copper, and Zinc in the Forest Floor in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Andresen Anthony M. , Johnson Arthur H. , Siccama Thomas G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo‐hundred four quantitative samples of combined O1 and O2 horizons were collected from 51 forested sites from Virginia to Massachusetts and analyzed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Overall average quantities of Pb, Cu, and Zn were 1,234±100, 170±35, and 1,013±298 mg m−2, respectively. The data obtained represent a quantitative baseline against which future samples from the same sites can be compared in order to assess the role of the forest floor as a sink for these elements.
Direct Seeding of Tree Species on Copper Mine Wastes in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Day A. D. , Ludeke K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in Arizona to study the effects of four soil materials in copper mine wastes (desert soil, overburden, overburden plus tailings, and tailings) on germination, seedling establishment, and growth of five tree species. Seeds of desert tobacco (Nicotiana glauca Grah.), tiny capsule (Eucalyptus microtheca F. J. Muell.), silver dollar gum (Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer), red gum (Eucalyptus rostrata Schlechtend.), and velvet mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz.) DC.] were broadcast planted on each soil material. Plant growth data indicated that desert soil was most productive followed by overburden, overburden plus tailings, and tailings, in decreasing order. All tree species produced taller plants, more dry matter yield, and more ground cover during their second year of growth than they did during the first year. Although desert tobacco grew taller and produced more ground cover than did the other four tree species, the establishment of the five species together on copper mine wastes may provide the most desirable revegetation on the disturbed areas. It is believed that the planting of a variety of adapted trees on copper mine wastes in the southwestern U.S. is the most effective way to revegetate these disturbed areas and blend them into the surrounding environment.
Effects of Chemical Defoliation of an Abies grandis Habitat on Amounts and Chemistry of Throughfall and Stemflow
Authors: Tiedemann A. R. , Helvey J. D. , Anderson T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmounts and chemistry of gross precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were measured before and after chemical defoliation of a coniferous forest stand in eastern Washington. Throughfall (T) in the natural stand is related to gross precipitation (P) by the equation T = 0.842P − 0.182 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.972. Throughfall and stemflow increased significantly after defoliation but the actual amounts were small.Gross precipitation before defoliation contained 0.47 mg/liter total nitrogen (T‐N), 0.06 mg/liter total phosphorus (T‐P), and 0.7 mg/liter total cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K). Total inputs between 24 Aug. 1975 and 1 June 1976, were 0.84, 0.07, and 0.90 kg/ha for T‐N, T‐P, and total cations, respectively. Approximately 80% of the total annual precipitation is normally received during the period sampled.Concentrations of chemical constituents were increased up to 15 times in throughfall and up to 48 times in stemflow compared to gross precipitation.Ratios of nutrient delivery (kg/ha) before defoliation as gross precipitation/throughfall/stemflow were 1.00:1.01:0.02 for T‐N, 1.00:3.78:0.15 for T‐P, and 1.00:7.57:0.20 for total cations.Defoliation reduced concentration of ammonium‐N and increased concentration of T‐P in throughfall. Concentrations of other measured constituents were not changed. Delivery of all nutrients to the forest floor, however, was greater after defoliation because of increased amounts of throughfall and stemflow.Comparisons of summer with winter storms and dry fallout with precipitation indicated that (i) T‐P and K are of local origin; (ii) N probably originates from passage of air masses over urban and industrial areas, automobile exhaust, and agriculture (fertilization); and (iii) Na and Mg are of marine origin.
Costs of Maintaining Public Health Standards for Spray Irrigation of Municipal Waste Water Systems
Authors: Young E. Edwin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCost estimates of alternatives for controlling the spread of disease organisms in aerosols from municipal spray irrigation systems are compared to determine the conditions when a particular alternative is cost effective. A cost simulation model and previously published cost estimates are used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the alternatives. The alternatives examined are assumed to provide a minimum level of disease prevention. Depending upon the circumstances, any of the alternatives evaluated may be cost effective. When chlorination provides a sufficient level of disinfection, it appears to be the least cost alternative. Two alternatives, substitution of surface for spray irrigation when surface terrain permits, and the use of buffer zones when land costs are low, are also likely to be cost effective. Buffer zones in excess of 500 m can be cost effective, depending upon initial land costs and whether or not the buffer area can be farmed.