bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-term effects of replacing milk with cola beverages on insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin–glucose metabolism: a 10 d interventional study in young men
Authors: Hoppe Camilla , Kristensen Mette , Boiesen Marlene , Kudsk Jane , Fleischer Michaelsen Kim , Mølgaard Christian 
Published: September 2009

In the Western world, a trend towards increased consumption of carbonated soft drinks combined with a decreasing intake of milk is observed. This may affect circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and fasting insulin, as seen in pre-pubertal children. The present study was designed to reflect the trend of replacing milk with carbonated beverages in young men and to study the effects of this replacement on IGF-I, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), IGF-I:IGFBP-3 and glucose–insulin metabolism. A randomised, controlled crossover intervention study, in which eleven men aged 22–29 years were given a low-Ca diet in two 10 d periods with 10 d washout in between. In one period, they drank 2·5 litres of Coca Cola® per day and the other period 2·5 litres of semi-skimmed milk. Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 (RIA), insulin (fluoro immunoassay) and glucose (Cobas) were determined at baseline and end point of each intervention period. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were calculated with the homeostasis model assessment. A decrease in serum IGF-I was observed in the cola period compared with the milk period (P < 0·05). No effects of treatment were observed on IGFBP-3, IGF-I:IGFBP-3, insulin, glucose, insulin resistance or β-cell function. The present study demonstrates that high intake of cola over a 10 d period decreases total IGF-I compared with a high intake of milk, with no effect on glucose–insulin metabolism in adult men. It is unknown whether this is a transient phenomenon or whether it has long-term consequences.
The relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in childhood
Authors: Lemos Jesuana O. , Rondó Patricia H. C. , Pereira Joilane A. , Oliveira Renata G. , Freire Maria B. S. , Sonsin Patricia B. 
Published: September 2009

Chronic diseases that are typical of adulthood may originate in intra-uterine life through inadequate fetal development. The present epidemiological cohort study of 506 healthy children aged 5–8 years evaluated the relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in an age group that has been assessed in few similar studies. Insulin concentration was determined by chemiluminescence and insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Blood glucose, total cholesterol and fractions (LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) and TAG concentrations were determined by automated enzymatic methods. Linear regression analysis investigated the relationship between birth weight (assessed as a continuous variable and in three categories: small for gestational age, SGA; adequate for gestational age and large for gestational age) and the HOMA index, using backward stepwise selection and biological models to explain the causal pathway of the relationship. There were negative associations between birth weight (P < 0·001), SGA (P = 0·027) and the HOMA index, and a positive association between waist circumference (P < 0·001) and the HOMA index. Considering the significant associations between birth weight and waist circumference (P < 0·001) and waist circumference and insulin resistance (P < 0·001), we can probably suspect that lower birth weight is a common cause of higher waist circumference and insulin resistance. In summary, the results of the present study showed increased insulin resistance in apparently healthy, young children, who had lower weight at birth and higher measurements of waist circumference. There is a need to develop public health policies that adopt preventive measures to promote adequate maternal-fetal and child development and enable early diagnosis of metabolic abnormalities.
Silencing of the mitochondrial NADH shuttle component aspartate–glutamate carrier AGC1/Aralar1 in INS-1E cells and rat islets
Authors: Casimir Marina , Rubi Blanca , Frigerio Francesca , Chaffard Gaelle , Maechler Pierre 
Published: September 2009

Transfer of reducing equivalents between cytosolic compartments and the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by NADH shuttles. Among these, the malate–aspartate shuttle has been proposed to play a major role in β-cells for the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. AGC1 or Aralar1 (aspartate–glutamate carrier 1) is a key component of the malate–aspartate shuttle. Overexpression of AGC1 increases the capacity of the malate–aspartate shuttle, resulting in enhanced metabolism–secretion coupling, both in INS-1E cells and rat islets. In the present study, knockdown of AGC1 was achieved in the same β-cell models, using adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA (small-hairpin RNA). Compared with control INS-1E cells, down-regulation of AGC1 blunted NADH formation (−57%; P&lt;0.05), increased lactate production (+16%; P&lt;0.001) and inhibited glucose oxidation (−22%; P&lt;0.01). This correlated with a reduced secretory response at 15 mM glucose (−25%; P&lt;0.05), while insulin release was unchanged at intermediate 7.5 mM and basal 2.5 mM glucose. In isolated rat islets, efficient AGC1 knockdown did not alter insulin exocytosis evoked by 16.7 mM glucose. However, 4 mM amino-oxyacetate, commonly used to block transaminases of the malate–aspartate shuttle, inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to similar extents in INS-1E cells (−66%; P&lt;0.01) and rat islets (−56%; P&lt;0.01). These results show that down-regulation of the key component of the malate–aspartate shuttle AGC1 reduced glucose-induced oxidative metabolism and insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, whereas similar AGC1 knockdown in rat islets did not affect their secretory response.
Lipid rafts as functional heterogeneity in cell membranes
Authors: Lingwood Daniel , Kaiser Hermann-Josef , Levental Ilya , Simons Kai 
Published: September 2009

Biological membranes are not structurally passive solvents of amphipathic proteins and lipids. Rather, it appears their constituents have evolved intrinsic characteristics that make homogeneous distribution of components unlikely. As a case in point, the concept of lipid rafts has received considerable attention from biologists and biophysicists since the formalization of the hypothesis more than 10 years ago. Today, it is clear that sphingolipid and cholesterol can self-associate into micron-scaled phases in model membranes and that these lipids are involved in the formation of highly dynamic nanoscale heterogeneity in the plasma membrane of living cells. However, it remains unclear whether these entities are manifestations of the same principle. A powerful means by which the molecular organization of rafts can be assessed is through analysis of their functionalized condition. Raft heterogeneity can be activated to coalesce and laterally reorganize/stabilize bioactivity in cell membranes. Evaluation of this property suggests that functional raft heterogeneity arises through principles of lipid-driven phase segregation coupled to additional chemical specificities, probably involving proteins.
The assembly of lipid droplets and its relation to cellular insulin sensitivity
Authors: Boström Pontus , Andersson Linda , Li Lu , Perkins Rosie , Højlund Kurt , Borén Jan , Olofsson Sven-Olof 
Published: September 2009

The assembly of lipid droplets is dependent on PtdIns(4,5)P2 that activates PLD1 (phospholipase D1), which is important for the assembly process. ERK2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2) phosphorylates the motor protein dynein and sorts it to lipid droplets, allowing them to be transported on microtubules. Lipid droplets grow in size by fusion, which is dependent on dynein and the transfer on microtubules, and is catalysed by the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptor) proteins SNAP-23 (23 kDa synaptosome-associated protein), syntaxin-5 and VAMP-4 (vesicle-associated protein 4). SNAP-23 is also involved in the insulin-dependent translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. Fatty acids induce a missorting of SNAP-23, from the plasma membrane to the interior of the cell, resulting in cellular insulin resistance that can be overcome by increasing the levels of SNAP-23. The same missorting of SNAP-23 occurs in vivo in skeletal-muscle biopsies from patients with T2D (Type 2 diabetes). Moreover, there was a linear relation between the amount of SNAP-23 in the plasma membrane from human skeletal-muscles biopsies and the systemic insulin-sensitivity. Syntaxin-5 is low in T2D patients, which leads to a decrease in the insulin-dependent phosphorylation of Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Thus both SNAP-23 and syntaxin-5 are highly involved in the development of insulin resistance.
Rab7 and the CMT2B disease
Authors: Cogli Laura , Piro Francesco , Bucci Cecilia 
Published: September 2009

The CMT2B (Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2B) disease is an autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy. Sensory loss, distal muscle weakness and wasting, frequent foot ulcers and amputations of the toes due to frequent infections characterize this neuropathy. Four missense mutations in the rab7 gene have been identified as causative of the disease. Rab7 is a small G-protein of the Rab family that controls vesicular transport to late endosomes and lysosomes in the endocytic pathway. The CMT2B-associated mutant Rab7 proteins show altered nucleotide dissociation rates and impaired GTPase activity. In addition, these mutant proteins are predominantly in the GTP-bound form when expressed in human cells and they are able to rescue Rab7 function in Rab7-depleted cells. Thus these mutations generate activated forms of Rab7 that are responsible for the development of the disease. In spite of these results, there are still important gaps in our understanding of the mechanism underlying CMT2B. Indeed, how these mutations in the rab7 gene affect specifically peripheral neurons leading to an axonal pathology in CMT2B is not clear, and it is a particularly puzzling and challenging issue in view of the fact that Rab7 is a ubiquitous protein. The present review discusses possible molecular mechanisms underlying CMT2B.
Is the brain arachidonic acid cascade a common target of drugs used to manage bipolar disorder?
Authors: Bazinet Richard P. 
Published: September 2009

Although lithium has been used therapeutically to treat patients with bipolar disorder for over 50 years, its mechanism of action, as well as that of other drugs used to treat bipolar disorder, is not agreed upon. In the present paper, I review studies in unanaesthetized rats using a neuropharmacological approach, combined with kinetic, biochemical and molecular biology techniques, demonstrating that chronic administration of three commonly used mood stabilizers (lithium, valproic acid and carbamazepine), at therapeutically relevant doses, selectively target the brain arachidonic acid cascade. Upon chronic administration, lithium and carbamazepine decrease the binding activity of activator protein-2 and, in turn, the transcription, translation and activity of its arachidonic acid-selective calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 gene product, whereas chronic valproic acid non-competitively inhibits long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. The net overlapping effects of the three mood stabilizers are decreased turnover of arachidonic acid, but not of docosahexaenoic acid, in rat brain phospholipids, as well as decreased brain cyclo-oxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. As an extension of this theory, drugs that are thought to induce switching to mania, especially when administered during bipolar depression (fluoxetine and imipramine), up-regulate enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade and turnover of arachidonic acid in rat brain phospholipids. Future basic and clinical studies on the arachidonic acid hypothesis of bipolar disorder are warranted.
The Croatian national open access journal platform
Authors: STOJANOVSKI Jadranka , PETRAK Jelka , MACAN Bojan 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTUntil recently, Croatian scientific journals were accessible only in print form and only to a relatively small audience. A national online journals platform was therefore planned to offer publishers a simple tool for building online versions of their journals and to make them open access. The platform, named Hrčak, was launched in 2006, supported by governmental funds. It currently includes 170 open access (OA) journals. Most journals include backfiles from 2006 onwards; the average archived period is 6.3 years. 56.5% of the journals come from the fields of social sciences and humanities. Metadata from the Hrčak platform are regularly harvested by OA repositories. To increase the number of Croatian journals covered by relevant bibliographic and full‐text databases, Hrčak has forged links with Elsevier, Thomson Reuters and EBSCO. So far, the main achievements include assisting publishers in the process of electronic publishing, and improving accessibility to Croatian scientific output.
The Web's rich tapestry
Authors: DODDS Leigh 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe Web has evolved as a hypertext environment whose value is derived from a simple ability to link resources together. The advanced linking features of some early hypertext systems might be implemented in the Web in various ways. The Semantic Web is one aspect of the continuing evolution of the Web which may be of value to the evolution of scholarly publishing and research, and may enable publishers to justify investment in the future. The key advantages are the ability to unlock value from the existing scholarly literature by enabling innovation in research tools; further encouraging the creation of a marketplace of services of value to the publishing industry; and ensuring that websites and content are well integrated into the Web as it exists now and in the future.
TRANSFER Code of Practice: the publisher's point of view
Authors: CAMPFENS Yvonne , PENTZ Ed 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe movement of scholarly journals between publishers has been an established feature of the scholarly publishing landscape for many years. Transfers of journals owned by third parties (mostly societies) have proven to be particularly problematic for librarians and end‐users: the most common problems are loss of online access, cancelled subscriptions, and most notably disappearing archives. The UK Serials Group therefore brought representatives from all stakeholders to the table in an attempt to address these problems. The TRANSFER Working Group developed a Code of Practice through an open, consensus‐driven process with participation by all interested stakeholders; a legal review was also a crucial step in the development process. The development and release of the TRANSFER Code of Practice is an example of the positive effects of industry collaboration. To date, more than 25 publishers have endorsed the Code and are ‘TRANSFER Compliant’.
Publishing and the digital library: adding value to scholarship and innovation to business
Authors: COLEMAN Ross 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTSydney eScholarship is a framework and suite of services that enables integration of digital collections, open access repositories, and research data services with scholarly publishing. The primary platform for scholarly publishing at the University of Sydney – Sydney University Press – currently operates as part of the University Library's Sydney eScholarship program. Three sets of publishing initiatives demonstrate the integration of the digital library with scholarly publishing to deliver different forms to different audiences: (i) new publishing and the literary canons – rediscovery, customisation and critical interpretations; (ii) book and web – open access publishing; (iii) publishing in the mix – data and experimental scholarly publishing.
Making journals accessible to the visually impaired: the future is near
Authors: GARDNER John , BULATOV Vladimir , KELLY Robert 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe American Physical Society (APS) has been a leader in using markup languages for publishing. ViewPlus has led development of innovative technologies for graphical information accessibility by people with print disabilities. APS, ViewPlus, and other collaborators in the Enhanced Reading Project are working together to develop the necessary technology and infrastructure for APS to publish its journals in the DAISY (Digital Accessible Information SYstem) eXtended Markup Language (XML) format, in which all text, math, and figures would be accessible to people who are blind or have other print disabilities. The first APS DAISY XML publications are targeted for late 2010.
Visual Analytics of an Eighteenth-Century Business Network
Authors: Haggerty John , Haggerty Sheryllynne 
Published: September 2009

A social network consists of a finite set or sets of actors and the relation or relations defined upon them. The presence of relational information is a critical and defining feature of a social network.Historians have become increasingly interested in networks as an analytical tool for eighteenth-century commerce. In much of the historiography these networks are treated as inherently beneficial for the wider economy and the actors themselves. Recently, however, historians have started to problematize networks and to complicate our understanding of them. Indeed, the quote above stresses that a network is not simply theactorswithin it, but therelationshipsbetween them. Realizing this facilitates an understanding of how such networks function.
The Sources for Presocratic Philosophy
Authors: Runia David T. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Between about 2,600 and 2,400 years ago, a group of men lived whose thought formed the beginning of the discipline of philosophy. All contemporary material records of these men have disappeared, with the possible exception of a piece of a statue and some likenesses on early coins and vases. The very notion that these philosophers can be best understood as Presocratics is redolent with interpretative interventions. Although this view is not without ancient precedents, the driving force behind its dominance in the twentieth century was the great achievement of the German classical scholar Hermann Diels (1848–1922), which exercises authority to this day. The aim of this article is to examine the sources for Presocratic philosophy. It commences with the dominant legacy of Diels. Thereafter, it examines various strands of transmission streamlined by Diels. Finally, it reaches some tentative conclusions on what should be the way forward in future research.
The Cloud‐Astrophysics of Xenophanes and Ionian Material Monism
Authors: Mourelatos Alexander P. D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses Xenophanes' “cloud astro-physics”. It analyses and explains all heavenly and meteorological phenomena in terms of clouds. It provides a view of this newer Xenophanes, who is now being recognized as an important philosopher-scientist in his own right and a crucial figure in the development of critical thought about human knowledge and its objects in the next generation of Presocratic thinkers. Xenophanes' account has been preserved in Aëtius, the doxographic compendium (1st or 2nd century ce) reconstructed by Hermann Diels late in the nineteenth century mainly from two sources that show extensive parallelism: pseudo-Plutarch Placita Philosophorum or Epitome of Physical Opinions (second century ce); and Ioannes Stobaeus' Eclogae Physicae or Physical Extracts (fifth century ce). In the Stobaeus version, which is also the one printed in the standard edition of the Pre-socratics.
Hinduism
Authors: McDaniel June 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEmotion is viewed in both positive and negative ways in the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions. In those traditions that are more ascetic and emphasize mental control, emotions are distractions which need to be stilled. In those traditions that emphasize love of a deity, emotions are valuable—but they must be directed and transformed. However, in order to study emotion in the Hindu tradition, we must first look at the meaning of the term “Hinduism.” There are at least six major types of Hinduism: Hindu folk religion, Vedic religion, Vedantic Hinduism, yogic Hinduism, dharmic Hinduism, and bhakti or devotional Hinduism. All of these involve emotion in various ways, but two traditions—those of Bengali Vaishnavism and raja yoga—have written about emotion in greatest depth. This article examines what the term “emotion” means in India, and then describes the beliefs about emotion in Vaishnavism and Yoga in greater detail. In discussing the nature of emotion, it considers bhava and rasa. Finally, the article discusses the literature on emotion in Hindu tradition, focusing on religious poetry.
Judaism
Authors: Gereboff Joel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe emotions are an important feature of Jewish life and thought throughout the ages. From biblical descriptions of a God of pathos to early rabbinic and medieval works detailing the virtues, to mystical tracts focused on the inner life, and occasionally portraying emotion filled religious experiences of the adept, there have always been Jewish representations of the affective dimensions of life. In addition, the many ways Jews have actually participated in prayer and in the celebration of holidays, and in the construction of material objects and spaces in which such activities took place, also give evidence of emotional texture of the lives of Jews. John Corrigan's concluding observations in his introduction to Religion and Emotion: Approaches and Interpretations, in which he sets forth a model for future scholarship in this field, provide a standard against which to assess present investigations into Judaism and the emotions. Others who have produced methodologically astute scholarship adding significantly to the understanding of aspects of Jewish thought on the emotions are Michael Fishbane, Daniel Boyarin, and Hava Tirosh-Samuelson.
Christianity
Authors: Tallon Andrew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis essay explores philosophical and theological frameworks for the development in Christianity of notions of “head” religion and “heart” religion. Such notions are the product of a complex and sustained historical interplay of ideas about the soul, body, matter, spirit, thinking, acting, and feeling. While not exclusively the province of Christianity, ideologies of head and heart in religion nevertheless have developed distinctive forms within the Christian cultures of the West, changing over time and leading, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, to an engagement with scientific theories of emotion. In discussing head and heart, this essay focuses on Apollo, the Greek god of reason, and Dionysius, son of Zeus and Bacchus. The essay also looks at representative key historical figures and their theories, namely, Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine as well as Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Edmund Husserl.