bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine protected areas in the UK: challenges in combining top-down and bottom-up approaches to governance
Authors: JONES PETER J. S. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThis review outlines the policy frameworks for marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine special areas of conservation (SACs), which are the main components of the emerging UK marine protected area (MPA) network. If current recommendations are implemented, the coverage of MPAs in English seas could rise to 27%. The governance challenges that this will raise are explored through case studies of MPA initiatives in south-west England. Whilst the initial processes by which MCZ recommendations have been developed provided for stakeholder participation (bottom-up), the main steer has been from central government (top-down). The subsequent designation and implementation of MCZs is likely to be more top-down. Marine SAC processes have, by contrast, been top-down from the outset. The fishing industry fears that more MPAs will lead to increasing restrictions, whilst conservationists fear that MPAs will not be sufficiently protected, potentially becoming paper MPAs. Both argue that the burden of proof should be placed on the other party. Such combinations of top-down (central government-led) and bottom-up (community and user-led) approaches and the related conflicts are typical of government-led MPAs in temperate countries that have higher governance capacities. Top-down approaches tend to dominate, but this does not mean that they cannot be combined with bottom-up approaches.
The emergence of Noun + Noun constructions with a regressive order in contemporary French?
Authors: LOOCK RUDY 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the emergence of atypical noun+noun structures exhibiting regressive order (head-final or NN) in contemporary French such asla grève attitude(‘the strike attitude’) orla Marcelle solidarité(‘the Marcelle solidarity’). Using attested examples drawn from contemporary media, the aim of the paper is to provide a detailed description and history of these data, as well as to study its productivity through the emergence of patterns such asla N attitudeorla N Academy/Académie. Using traditional tests, the paper also investigates the morphological versus syntactic nature of the construction and concludes in favour of the former.
Alterations in Cardiac Structure and Function in a Murine Model of Chronic Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Law Brittany A. , Levick Scott P. , Carver Wayne E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMale, wild-type, FVB strain mice were fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet supplemented with 4% ethanol v/v over a time course of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 14 weeks. Controls were offered an isocaloric liquid equivalent and pair fed with their ethanol counterparts. Changes in cardiac physiology were assessed at respective time points via echocardiography. Additionally, the use of histological techniques, mRNA analysis, apoptosis determination, and immunohistochemistry were employed to determine the functional and structural changes on the heart. Echocardiograph analysis revealed a compensatory phase that occurred early in the time course (1–8 weeks) and decompensation reverting toward heart failure at weeks 12 and 14. Throughout the study, an increase in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, TGF-β, and the presence of α-SMA-positive cells were determined. A compensatory period in mice treated with ethanol occurred early followed by a transition to a dilated phenotype over time. A number of factors may be involved in this process including the activation of myofibroblasts and their fibrotic activities that is correlated with the presence of transforming growth factor beta.
H3K4 tri-methylation in synapsin genes leads to different expression patterns in bipolar disorder and major depression
Authors: Cruceanu Cristiana , Alda Martin , Nagy Corina , Freemantle Erika , Rouleau Guy A. , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The synapsin family of neuronal phosphoproteins is composed of three genes (SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3) with alternative splicing resulting in a number of variants with various levels of homology. These genes have been postulated to play significant roles in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone modifications in gene regulatory regions, have also been proposed to play a role in a number of psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. One of the best characterized histone modifications is histone 3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3), an epigenetic mark shown to be highly enriched at transcriptional start sites and associated with active transcription. In the present study we have quantified the expression of transcript variants of the three synapsin genes and investigated their relationship to H3K4me3 promoter enrichment in post-mortem brain samples. We found that histone modification marks were significantly increased in bipolar disorder and major depression and this effect was correlated with significant increases in gene expression. Our findings suggest that synapsin dysregulation in mood disorders is mediated in part by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.
Superposed epoch analyses of thermospheric response to CIRs: Solar cycle and seasonal dependencies
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Libo , Zhao Biqiang , Lei Jiuhou , Thayer Jeffrey P. , McPherron Robert L. 
Published: May 2012

Thermospheric response to Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) has been studied previously; however, its solar cycle and seasonal effects have not been fully investigated. Thermospheric mass density at 400 km measured by the CHAMP satellite during 2001–2008 and ∑ O/N2 from the TIMED/GUVI instrument covering a period from 2002 to 2008 are used to investigate the solar cycle and seasonal dependencies of the thermospheric response to CIRs. Our results reveal: (1) solar minimum CIRs compared to solar maximum counterparts have larger solar wind speeds before and after the stream interface. However, solar wind dynamic pressure and merging electric field are slightly larger at solar maximum than solar minimum. (2) CIR‐induced variations of ∑ O/N2 are characterized by high latitude depression and low latitude enhancement, a distinction from global enhancement of neutral density at a fixed altitude. These relative thermospheric changes are dependent on solar cycle, with a more pronounced increase in neutral density at all latitudes and a stronger decrease in ∑ O/N2 at high latitude at solar minimum than at solar maximum. (3) A seasonal asymmetry is presented in the relative deviations of thermospheric mass density and composition. On the dayside, the peak increases of neutral density at high latitudes on average are ∼40% in the summer hemisphere and ∼26% in the winter hemisphere. Nighttime neutral density changes are more remarkable than that in the same latitudinal bands of daytime and have the same seasonal preference of enhancement as the dayside. At the daytime, ∑ O/N2 at high latitudes suffers more reduction in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere. At middle latitudes, ∑ O/N2 reduces in the winter hemisphere; nevertheless, it increases slightly in the summer hemisphere.
Organization, dynamics, and segregation of Ras nanoclusters in membrane domains
Authors: Janosi Lorant , Li Zhenlong , Hancock John F. , Gorfe Alemayehu A. 
Published: May 2012

Recent experiments have shown that membrane-bound Ras proteins form transient, nanoscale signaling platforms that play a crucial role in high-fidelity signal transmission. However, a detailed characterization of these dynamic proteolipid substructures by high-resolution experimental techniques remains elusive. Here we use extensive semiatomic simulations to reveal the molecular basis for the formation and domain-specific distribution of Ras nanoclusters. As model systems, we chose the triply lipidated membrane targeting motif of H-ras (tH) and a large bilayer made up of di16∶0-PC (DPPC), di18∶2-PC (DLiPC), and cholesterol. We found that 4–10 tH molecules assemble into clusters that undergo molecular exchange in the sub-μs to μs time scale, depending on the simulation temperature and hence the stability of lipid domains. Driven by the opposite preference of tH palmitoyls and farnesyl for ordered and disordered membrane domains, clustered tH molecules segregate to the boundary of lipid domains. Additionally, a systematic analysis of depalmitoylated and defarnesylated tH variants allowed us to decipher the role of individual lipid modifications in domain-specific nanocluster localization and thereby explain why homologous Ras isoforms form nonoverlapping nanoclusters. Moreover, the localization of tH nanoclusters at domain boundaries resulted in a significantly lower line tension and increased membrane curvature. Taken together, these results provide a unique mechanistic insight into how protein assembly promoted by lipid-modification modulates bilayer shape to generate functional signaling platforms.
Discard Mortality Estimation of Yellowtail Flounder Using Reflex Action Mortality Predictors
Authors: Barkley Adam S. , Cadrin Steven X. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe southern New England mid‐Atlantic stock of yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea has a history of substantial discards, and the current stock assessment assumes 100% discard mortality. A controlled experimental trawl was used to test seven reflex actions, which in combination make up the reflex action mortality predictors (RAMPs), from stressed and unstressed yellowtail flounder. Tow time and air exposure were tested to identify their effects on mortality. Mortality was significantly related to reflex impairment. Exposure to air was the more influential stressor in the survivability of yellowtail flounder, suggesting that discard mortality in the fishery could be reduced by limiting the duration of on‐deck air exposure for the fish. An example application of RAMP monitoring demonstrates a 42–73% range of discard mortality estimates from the southern New England trawl fishery. The reflex impairment–mortality relationship enables the estimation of discard mortality aboard commercial fishing vessels, which will lead to more accurate estimates of yellowtail flounder discard mortality.
Universal asymptotical behaviour of poloidal spectra of resonant magnetic perturbations created by a set of saddle coils in tokamaks
Authors: Abdullaev S.S. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Universal asymptotical behaviour of poloidal spectra of resonant magnetic perturbations created by a set of saddle coils in tokamak plasmas is studied in a vacuum approximation. It is shown that the poloidal mode spectra for a given toroidal mode can be presented by a linear combination of three universal asymptotical formulae corresponding to horizontal and vertical segments of a set of saddle coils. Each of the asymptotical formulae depends only on the safety factor of the equilibrium plasma and the geometry of the perturbation coils. The validity of the universal formulae is confirmed by numerical computations of the poloidal mode spectra for typical plasmas with large and small inverse aspect ratios, DIII-D-like plasmas with internal (I-) coils (Jackson et al 2003 Proc. 30th EPS Conf. on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics (St Petersburg, Russia, 7–11 July 2003) vol 27A (ECA) P-4.47) and spherical NSTX-like plasmas with error field coils (Gates et al 2009 Nucl. Fusion
49 104016).
On the confinement of passing alpha particles in a tokamak-reactor with resonant magnetic field perturbations shielded by plasma currents
Authors: Heyn M.F. , Ivanov I.B. , Kasilov S.V. , Kernbichler W. , Loarte A. , Nemov V.V. , Runov A.M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Alpha-particle losses due to the resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMPs) created by the coil system for edge-localized mode mitigation in ITER are studied numerically. If shielding of RMPs by the plasma is not taken into account, passing α-particles are the main loss channel which, together with the trapped particle contribution leads to a loss of more than 5% of fusion alpha particle power. Shielding of RMPs practically eliminates this channel so that the overall losses are reduced to about 1%.
Plasma response models for non-axisymmetric perturbations
Authors: Turnbull A.D. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The plasma response to non-axisymmetric perturbations arising from external coils or linear instabilities can be treated using various linear and nonlinear models, none of which are fully satisfactory. Linear models cannot provide the full response and the result can depend on the detailed physical model used. The nonlinear response can be treated as a dynamic stability problem or from a nearby perturbed equilibrium approach. The nearby equilibrium approach aims to bypass the detailed evolution and search for the appropriate final state. For these nonlinear models, there is no guarantee that the final state is the one chosen dynamically by the plasma among possible multiple states, or is even accessible. To assure accessibility of the final state, one needs to relate the two-dimensional and nearby three-dimensional system through some set of invariants. One implementation is to add a perturbation from an external field or obtained from a stability code to the equilibrium and solve for 3D force balance. In that case, the invariants are buried in the numerical details of the equilibrium code. An appropriate set of constraints is not presently known; they depend on whether the dynamic evolution should be considered adiabatic or not. It is proposed that a suitable set of invariants may be obtained from considering the magnetic helicity, which is conserved exactly in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) but is broken at rational surfaces by non-ideal effects. In general, constraints for the equilibrium approach, including magnetic helicity, can be validated using full nonlinear extended MHD calculations in the dynamic approach.
Dependence of a current driven ELM self-amplification process on the plasma shape
Authors: Wingen A. , Evans T.E. , Spatschek K.H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The numerical model of the non-linear evolution of edge-localized modes (ELMs) in tokamaks being used in this paper assumes that thermoelectric currents flow in short connection length flux tubes, initially established by error fields or other non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations. The additional magnetic perturbation of the current filaments changes the magnetic topology. In a self-amplification process, more flux tubes are created which eventually allow more thermoelectric current to flow through the plasma edge. The process of flux tube formation is highly sensitive to the position of the secondary X-point in typical single null discharges in DIII-D. A new scenario for cases with large distances Δs between the secondary X-point and the primary separatrix is presented. In the numerical simulations, as Δs is increased the current evolution through short connection length flux tubes changes significantly. Ultimately, a final state with large stripe structures is found that results in footprints on the vessel wall which are similar to those found when Δs is small (Wingen et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett.
104 175001).
Managing harvest risk with catch-pooling cooperatives
Authors: Sethi Suresh Andrew , Dalton Michael , Hilborn Ray 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Sethi, S. A., Dalton, M., and Hilborn, R. 2012. Managing harvest risk with catch-pooling cooperatives – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1038–1044. Catch-pooling cooperatives are a strategy for fishers to manage variability which can be organized independently of a central management agency. We examined the statistical properties of equal-share catch-pooling cooperatives, and tested their potential to mitigate risk using data from two Bering Sea crab fisheries prior to rationalization. The results suggest that small cooperatives of crabbers could have reduced vessel-level catch risk by as much as 40% in the red king crab fishery, but would have been ineffective in the snow crab fishery. Analytical examination of catch variances under cooperatives explains the discrepancy between the two fisheries and demonstrates that variability reduction depends on the degree of correlation amongst participants' catches. In the best-case scenario, catch-pooling cooperatives can diversify away all season to season variation resulting from individuals' luck and skill, leaving only variation in fishery-wide harvest.
Persecution Perpetuated: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Semitic Violence in Nazi Germany*
Authors: Voigtländer Nico , Voth Hans-Joachim 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
How persistent are cultural traits? Using data on anti-Semitism in Germany, we find local continuity over 600 years. Jews were often blamed when the Black Death killed at least a third of Europe’s population during 1348–50. We use plague-era pogroms as an indicator for medieval anti-Semitism. They reliably predict violence against Jews in the 1920s, votes for the Nazi Party, deportations after 1933, attacks on synagogues, and letters to Der Stürmer . We also identify areas where persistence was lower: cities with high levels of trade or immigration. Finally, we show that our results are not driven by political extremism or by different attitudes toward violence.
First Report of Dollar Spot Caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa on Agrostis stolonifera in North Dakota
Authors: LeBoldus J. M. , Zhang Q. , Kinzer K. 
Published: May 2012

Dollar spot disease is a major concern for golf courses nationwide, resulting in poor turf quality and significant damage to playing surfaces. To manage this disease effectively, fungicides need to be applied regularly. This management strategy represents a significant cost to turfgrass managers and may impact the economics of the industry in North Dakota. In the summer of 2011, small, circular, sunken brown patches of dead turf approximately 5 cm in diameter and resembling dollar spot disease were observed on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) variety trial at the North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station in Fargo, ND. Fresh individual leaf specimens with distinct lesions having straw colored centers and reddish brown margins were collected. Leaves were surface disinfected in a 0.05% sodium chloride solution for 60 s, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, then placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Three isolates were obtained from the disease infested leaves with similar morphology to that described for Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett (1). Fungal colonies were initially colorless followed by the development of sparse white columnar aerial mycelia with cinnamon colored bases. Hyphae were 5 to 8 μm wide and thin walled with dense granular contents and septations at irregular intervals. Fourteen days after culturing, dark brown to black mycelial stroma developed. A single representative isolate was selected to conduct inoculations. Inoculum was produced by placing six 5-mm-diameter plugs of PDA with actively growing mycelium into an Erlenmeyer flask with 40 g of sterile millet seed. The inoculum was incubated for 14 days at ambient temperature (20 to 25°C). Three creeping bentgrass cultivars, Crenshaw, Declaration, and L-93, were inoculated (two pots per cultivar). Following inoculation, the pots were misted with water, sealed in separate plastic bags, and placed in the dark for 48 h. For the next 5 days, plants were placed for 8 h outside of bags on a bench with full spectrum fluorescent bulbs, followed by 16 h in plastic bags in the dark. Finally, pots were placed on a bench for 48 h. Signs and symptoms of S. homoeocarpa developed on all pots, whereas the controls remained asymptomatic. The same fungus was reisolated from grass leaves, satisfying Koch's postulates. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer was amplified using the ITS4 and ITS5 primers (2). The amplicon was sequenced, generating a 549-bp sequence (Accession No. JQ735942) with 100% similarity to sequences of S. homoeocarpa in GenBank (Accession Nos. GQ924924.1, GQ924923.1, and EU123801.1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of dollar spot in North Dakota. References: (1) F. T. Bennett. Ann. Appl. Biol. 24:236, 1937. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.
Outbreak of Blackleg in Canola in North Dakota is Caused by New Pathogenicity Groups
Authors: Mendoza Luis E. del Rio , Nepal Achala , Markell Samuel 
Published: May 2012

In 2009, a blackleg outbreak was detected in canola fields of North Dakota. The disease, which is caused primarily by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, was observed in 88 of 99 fields scouted with 39 fields having incidences >30%. The mean blackleg incidence in these 39 fields was 61% (range 50 to 84%). Fifty nine L. maculans isolates were retrieved from 20 of these 39 fields and classified in five pathogenicity groups (PG) using a set of three differentials cultivars. PG-4 was the pathotype most commonly isolated from these fields with 51% of all isolates, followed by PG-3 with 25% and PG-T with 8% of isolates. Only 3% of the isolates belong to PG-2, a pathotype that was previously considered the most prevalent in the region. Increased prevalence of these new pathogenicity groups represents a threat to the canola industry in the state. Accepted for publication 20 January 2012. Published 10 April 2012.
Identification of Three Distinct Classes of Satellite RNAs Associated With Two Cucumber mosaic virus Serotypes from the Ornamental Groundcover Vinca minor
Authors: Fisher John R. 
Published: May 2012

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a cosmopolitan virus which may also have small satellite RNAs (satRNA) associated with it affecting symptom development. Vinca minor (periwinkle) plants exhibiting subtle mosaic symptoms tested positive for CMV by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) analysis of CMV-Vinca field isolates in Nicotiana tabacum ‘Glurk’ suggested two sizes of putative satRNA associated with CMV. Immunocapture RT-PCR, cloning, and sequencing of the movement protein, coat protein, and satRNAs demonstrated serogroup 1A and serogroup 2 CMV helper strains and three distinct classes of satRNAs of four sizes. Further, two classes of satRNAs could be distinguished by their necrosis domains. Previously CMV was reported in V. minor in New Jersey. This is the first report of CMV in V. minor in Ohio and the first report of satRNA associated with CMV in V. minor in the United States. Accepted for publication 1 February 2012. Published 12 April 2012.