bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Processes on the Acidification of Water by Acid Deposition
Authors: Reuss J. O. , Johnson D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanism whereby acid deposition can cause acidification of surface waters via equilibrium processes in soil solution was investigated using chemical equilibrium models. These models show that for soils with low to moderately low exchangeable bases (15% Ca2+ saturation), the soil solution pH is only slightly affected by CO2 partial pressures over the range likely to be found in soils (1–5% CO2), but the alkalinity (defined as alkalinity = 2[CO32−] + [HCO3−] + [OH−] − [H+] − [Al3+] − [Al(OH)2+] − [Al(OH)22+] of the soil solution increases rapidly with increasing CO2 partial pressure (the brackets denote molar concentrations). In contrast, solutions that are not in contact with the soil's cation exchange complex maintain alkalinity independently of CO2 partial pressure. If alkalinity is positive, the pH in such solutions rapidly increases in response to decreasing CO2 pressure. Waters having positive alkalinity will undergo a rapid rise in pH when released from the soil due to CO2 degassing, while waters with negative alkalinity (net acidity) remain acid when degassed.The effect on the soil of precipitation containing H2SO4 is to increase the SO42− concentration. In acid soils, ion exchange reactions that take place in response to increasing SO42− from 25 to 250 µmol (e−) L−1 can be expected to depress soil solution pH by 0.2 to 0.4 units. This depression is sufficient to cause a switch from positive to negative alkalinity in many soil solutions and when waters with negative alkalinity are released from the soil they remain acid when degassed. This mechanism could easily account for a change in pH of surface waters from 6.25 to 5.0 or less, while the associated change in soil solution would be < 0.3 units. This mechanism does not depend on soil acidification in the sense of a reduction in base saturation. It is completely reversible and responses to changes in SO42− concentration is instantaneous, so that lags in response to changes in sulfate input levels would be controlled only by processes such as soil sulfate adsorption and biological cycling that tend to buffer changes in SO42− concentration.
Saline Cooling Tower Water for Irrigation in Minnesota: I. Crop and Soil Effects
Authors: Engel R. E. , Malzer G. L. , Bergsrud F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSaline cooling tower water (CTW) from the Northern States Power coal‐fired plant in Sherburne County, MN was used to irrigate a Hubbard loamy sand (Udorthentic Haploboroll). The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in soil solution salinity, to measure salt accumulations in the soil profile (0‐ to 240‐cm), and to assess the impact of CTW on crop production.In a 3‐yr field study, CTW (2.2 dS m−1) was applied at two rates to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and fallow areas. Analysis of the soil water for electrical conductivity (ECsw) at 75 cm indicated that an increase in salt concentration occurred over the growing season. Maximum seasonal ECsw at 75 cm in the cropped areas (3.0–4.0 dS m−1) were higher than in the fallow areas (2.0–2.5 dS m−1). Rainfall between the growing seasons, however, was adequate to leach the upper 75 cm of this coarse‐textured soil and prevent a stepwise buildup of salts from one year to the next. After an initial buildup, ECsw at 225 cm was relatively stable. For the last 2 yr, ECsw at 225 cm was consistently higher under alfalfa than corn or fallow areas.A seasonal buildup of SO4 occurred during the growing season. In the fall, SO4 accumulations in the 0‐ to 60‐cm soil layer were highest under corn. By the following spring, there was no difference between the three cropping systems. Rainfall was very effective in leaching seasonal accumulations of SO4 from the soil. A lower Ca/Mg ratio in the CTW, as compared with the soil, resulted in increased concentration of Mg in the 0‐ to 60‐ and 60‐ to 150‐cm soil layers.Corn grain and alfalfa production averaged 8440 and 8230 kg ha−1 for the last two seasons, respectively, and were not adversely affected by salinity produced from the CTW application.
Saline Cooling Tower Water for Irrigation in Minnesota: II. Drainage Water Composition, Leaching Fraction, and Effect on Aquifer Quality
Authors: Engel R. E. , Malzer G. L. , Bergsrud F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSaline cooling tower water (CTW) from the Sherburne County electrical power plant in Minnesota is being considered as an irrigation water source on surrounding croplands. Since the soils are coarse‐textured and this region receives an average 66 cm rainfall annually, salt will leach into the underlying aquifer. This study was undertaken to determine composition of drainage waters, leaching fractions (LF), and quality of the underlying aquifer (10–12 m) as affected by irrigation with CTW at two rates under three cropping systems.In a 3‐yr field study (1979–1981), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and fallow plots were irrigated at rates that replaced net water deficits (I1) and twice the net water deficits (I2) in the cropped areas. The soil at this site was a Hubbard loamy sand (Udorthentic Haploboroll). Lysimeters, 57 cm in diam, were buried 150 cm below the plots to monitor the composition of the drainage waters and to determine the LF. Wells were installed in all plots to monitor deep movement of the CTW salts into the aquifer.Application of CTW increased the concentration of Ca and SO4 in the drainage waters. These ions together comprised 70–75% of the total ion equivalents measured. Salt concentrations were generally higher under alfalfa than corn and fallow, reflecting its higher water requirement. Drainage waters were undersaturated with respect to gypsum; thus, SO4, added from the irrigation water stayed in solution. The LF under the I2 rate averaged 0.58. The LF under the alfalfa and corn (I1 rate) averaged 0.34 and 0.38, respectively. The LFs under the I1 rate were higher than anticipated. Apparently, even when irrigation was scheduled at a rate consistent with satisfactory crop growth, a considerable amount of water—and in turn salts—were lost from the soil profile due to heavy, erratic precipitation.Salt concentrations in the aquifer increased greatly over the 3 yr. Sulfate concentrations peaked at 6.4 mmol L−1 in 1981, over 20 times greater than background levels and higher than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards.
Effect of Feedlot Runoff on a Southern Illinois Forested Watershed
Authors: Pinkowski R. H. , Rolfe G. L. , Arnold L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBeef (Bos taurus) feedlot runoff was applied to an oak‐hickory (Quercus‐Carya) forested watershed to evaluate the effectiveness of the forest in removing and utilizing the added nutrients. Application followed the normal precipitation pattern and was, thus, variable in intensity throughout the year. Feedlot effluent additions averaged 261.1 m3 ha−1 over the 4‐yr study period. High percentages of total nutrient additions were retained by the watershed, but drainage water quality declined over the study period. An average of 99.8% of the added K, 99.4% of the PO4−3‐P, 99.2% of the Na, and 98.4% of the Ca and Mg were retained by the watershed. Nitrate‐N was the only nutrient showing a net loss, averaging 276% of the added NO3−‐N.In the watershed runoff, NO3−‐N increased from a baseline mean of 0.83 mg L−1 to a treatment mean of 12.27 mg L−1. Phosphate‐P also increased from a baseline mean of 0.02 mg L−1 to a treatment mean of 0.88 mg L−1. Soil physical and chemical properties also changed as a result of the feedlot runoff input. Soil exchangeable cations and anions in the top 7.5 cm increased and bulk density decreased from 1.15 mg M−3 to 1.03 mg M−3. Maximum soil changes occurred within 30 m of the effluent discharge point.Both tree and herbaceous plant species composition of the watershed also changed during the study period. Plant species composition became more similar to moist‐site communities and plant numbers decreased overall. Species characteristic of dry sites decreased in growth rate, while moist site species increased in growth.Results of the experiment indicate that (i) a gravity flow system is an efficient and economical means of dispersing feedlot runoff through a forested watershed, (ii) feedlot effluent can be utilized as a nutrient supplement, and (iii) the vegetation of the oak‐hickory forest was an effective biological filter.
Boron Toxicity Characteristics of Four Northern California Endemic Tree Species
Authors: Glaubig B. A. , Bingham F. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of soil B toxicity for four tree species endemic to The Geysers area in northern California: digger pine (Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex D. Don), California laurel (or, California bay) [Umbellularia californica (Hoo. & Arn. Nutt.)], madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh). Significant exponential relationships were found between soil B concentration and relative growth, and between tissue B concentration and relative growth for the four species. Significant linear relationships were found between both soil and tissue B concentration and foliar damage for the four species. Foliar damages over 25% of the leaf or needle area on digger pine, California laurel, madrone, and bigleaf maple, respectively, occurred at saturated soil extract concentrations (mmol B/L) of 1.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.08. Twenty‐five percent foliar damage was associated with leaf or needle tissue concentrations (mmol B/kg) of 115, 100, 50, and 30 for the digger pine, California laurel, madrone, and bigleaf maple, respectively. Growth decrements of 25% occurred at saturated soil extract concentrations (mmol B/L) of 1.6, 0.3, 0.2, 0.5 for the digger pine, California laurel, madrone, and bigleaf maple, respectively. Twenty‐five percent growth decrements were associated with leaf or needle tissue concentrations (mmol B/kg) of 140, 100, 20, and 7 for the digger pine, California laurel, madrone, and bigleaf maple, respectively. By comparison with two agronomic crops—cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)—the four tree species were placed into one of six B tolerance classes.
Transport of Escherichia coli Through Intact and Disturbed Soil Columns
Authors: Smith M. S. , Thomas G. W. , White R. E. , Ritonga D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe transport of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli through several soils was evaluated. Up to 96% of the bacteria irrigated onto the surface of 280 mm deep intact columns were recovered in the effluent. Soil structure appeared to be related to the extent of transport. Columns prepared from mixed, repacked soil were much more effective bacterial filters than the intact soils. As rate of water input increased, the fraction of E. coli recovered in the effluent increased. The observed behavior of E. coli and the Cl− solution in which they were suspended suggests that flow through soil macropores, which bypasses the adsorptive or retentive capacities of the soil matrix, is a common phenomenon. In waste disposal systems dependent on purification in the soil profile, this could significantly increase the probability of groundwater contamination.
Persistence and Fate of 2,4‐D Butoxyethanol Ester in Artificial Ponds
Authors: Birmingham Brendan C. , Colman Brian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA granular formulation of the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) was applied at a rate of 23 kg a.i. ha−1 to outdoor, artificial, polythene‐lined ponds infested with Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Water temperature dropped from 25°C at time of treatment to 0°C after 56 d and the ponds were frozen over for the rest of the study. Samples of plant material, pond water, and sediment were taken over a 180‐d period, extracted, and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine residue concentrations of ester and 2,4‐D. Ester levels in water were low and dropped to < 1.0 µg L−1 within 15 d. Ester concentration in sediment 7 d post application was 1.7 µg g dry wt−1, but dropped to 0.1 µg g dry wt−1 after 42 d. 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in water declined to 1.0 mg L−1 after 85 d and to 0.2 mg L−1 after 178 d. Residues in plant material dropped to 10 µg g dry wt−1 after 70 d; sediment residues were negligible after 50 d. Residues of 2,4‐dichlorophenol or 2,4‐dichloroanisole were not detected in any samples. Despite the low temperature prevailing in the latter half of the study, a relatively rapid rate of 2,4‐D breakdown was maintained both in pond water and sediment.
Identification of Phospholipids in Soils and Sewage Sludges by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Stott D. E. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method was developed for identification of phospholipids in soils and sewage sludges. This method involves extraction of the phospholipids from soils or sewage sludges with a chloroform‐methanol mixture and analysis of an aliquot of the extract (10 µL) with a high‐performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a normal‐phase silica‐gel analytical column. The eluent used was a mixture of acetonitrile‐methanol‐phosphoric acid (vol/vol/vol, 260:12:3). Absorbance at 205 nm was used as a means of detection. The following phospholipids were identified in soil and sewage sludge samples: phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), and phosphatidyl serine (PS). The identities of the peaks were verified by standard additions technique and by two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography.The concentration of lipid P in soils and sewage sludges ranged from 0.50 to 2.38 and from 38.2 to 330 mg kg−1, respectively. The amounts of PE and PC present in six soils ranged from 5.4 to 16 µg P kg−1 (avg = 10.1) and from 3.6 to 48 (avg = 20.9), respectively. The corresponding ranges for these phospholipids in six sewage sludge samples were 3.5 to 13 mg kg−1 (avg = 6.1) and 0 to 6.8 (avg = 3.6). The other phospholipids were not detected in most of the soil and sewage sludge samples studied.
Trace Metal Accumulations in Tissues of Goats Fed Silage Produced on Sewage Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Bray B. J. , Dowdy R. H. , Goodrich R. D. , Pamp D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted to document the impact of sewage sludge‐fertilized corn (Zea mays L.) on the feed and food chain under controlled experimental conditions that eliminated any direct ingestion of sewage sludge by animals. Accumulations of trace metals were measured in various tissues of dairy goats (Capra hircus) consuming corn silage that contained up to 5.3 mg Cd/kg and 113 mg Zn/kg, for 3 consecutive years.The Cd concentrations in goat livers increased as the amount of silage‐borne Cd increased and reached a high concentration of 2.94 mg/kg. Kidney Cd concentrations were approximately 10 times greater than those observed in liver, ranging from 3 mg/kg for animals fed control corn silage to 22 mg/kg for those consuming silage grown on soil amended with the highest rate of sewage sludge. However, this concentration is an order of magnitude less than the critical level suggested for induction of renal dysfunction.Kidney Zn ranged from 76.6 to 91.8 mg/kg with animals fed control silage having less Zn than animals fed sludge‐fertilized corn silage. Concentrations of Zn in livers did not differ among treatments. Copper concentrations in livers and kidneys were significantly lower (approximately 2 mg/kg) in animals receiving sludge‐fertilized silage than in animals fed control silage. The reduced Cu absorption may have been caused by a Cd and/or Zn metabolic interference.The elemental concentrations of 12 other metals and minerals in goat liver and kidney were not affected by treatment. Similarly, elemental concentrations in heart and muscle were not affected by treatment.
Element Accumulation and Release by Macrophytes in a Wetland Stream
Authors: Peverly John H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAquatic macrophyte growth and element accumulation was measured seasonally for 1 yr in Oak Orchard Creek, NY, and compared with stream element loads. The stream flows from drained and cultivated wetland soils upstream into undisturbed wetlands downstream. The stream was calcareous and near saturation with CO2 most of the time. It was enriched with dissolved N, P, and K in both water and sediments, especially just below the cultivated area.Plant biomass was greatest at the lower end of the wetlands in July, ranging up to about 600 g dry wt m−2 and consisting mostly of elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.) and curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.). Maximum net biomass accumulation rate was about 0.06 mg C m−2 s−1 for sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatis L.).Element concentrations in plant tissues were above limiting levels and showed no definite relationship to season or species, although instream emergent plants showed a fall decrease in major nutrients (N, P, and K). Tissue nutrient concentrations were related to position in the stream, increasing as the nutrient concentrations increased in the water.Maximum nutrient load contained by the plants occurred in July, which corresponded to the maximum standing crop. Potential contributions of major nutrients to the creek from plant senescence that occurred instream ranged from 10 to 100% in summer and fall. However, this contribution is 1 to 2% of total annual stream nutrient load.
Lettuce and Broccoli Response and Soil Properties Resulting from Tannery Waste Applications
Authors: Hemphill Delbert D. , Volk V. V. , Sheets P. J. , Wickliff C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBroccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were grown on Willamette sil (Pachic Ultic Argixerolls) amended 1 and 2 yr earlier with chrome tannery wastes at rates up to 192 Mg ha−1 to determine nutrient and trace element availability. Soils were sampled at 0‐ to 15‐ and 15‐ to 30‐cm depths just before seeding the crops. Tannery waste increased soil pH, N, extractable Ca, B, and total Cr content and reduced soil extractable Mg and Fe content. Waste application had essentially no effect on soil K, P, S, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Mo content. The N concentration of lettuce grown on waste‐amended soil was higher than that of lettuce grown on untreated soils. Tannery waste did not consistently affect plant tissue concentrations of other nutrient or trace elements, including Cr. Yields of both crops increased when grown on tannery waste‐amended soil and were approximately equal to the yields obtained when commercial N fertilizer was applied at 112 kg N ha−1. This suggests that significant quantities of waste organic N were mineralized and made available. With proper safeguards, tannery waste may be an effective and safe crop fertilizer, and disposal on agricultural land may be an acceptable alternative to landfilling or trenching.
Release of Nutrients and Metals Following Oxidation of Freshwater and Saline Sediment
Authors: DeLaune R. D. , Smith C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMississippi River deltaic sediments were collected from freshwater and adjacent saline environments along Louisiana's Gulf Coast to evaluate chemical changes that may develop when bottom sediment from different salinity regimes with contrasting levels of reduced S are exposed to anoxic environment. Chemical transformations of the dredged sediments were influenced by changes in the sediment‐water pH and oxidation‐reduction status. Sediment pH decreased as the redox potential (Eh) was increased in both the freshwater and saline sediment. Both sediments had near‐neutral pH when maintained under anoxic conditions and the minimum pH developed under oxic conditions was 5.1 and 3.0 for the freshwater and saline sediment, respectively. The acidity developed in the saline sediment resulted in the release of the potentially toxic metals Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Sb into solution. There was also an increase in the solution concentration of Fe, Mn, Al, and Se. The solution concentration of these elements was inversely proportional Eh (P ≤ 0.05). The freshwater sediment when exposed to oxic conditions showed no increase in the solution concentrations of these elements. Results suggest that the concentration of reduced S in anoxic dredged sediment along other areas of the Gulf Coast should be closely evaluated in relation to potential acidity before subjected to upland disposal.
Sediment and Nutrient Export in Runoff from Burned and Harvested Pine Watersheds in the South Carolina Piedmont
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Douglass J. E. , Cox S. K. , Augspurger M. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil and nutrient export in ephemeral flow were studied over a 3‐yr period following clearcutting three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) watersheds (0.60–1.24 ha). Two preharvest, low‐intensity prescribed fires had no effect on flow or water quality. Harvesting after the third prescribed fire significantly increased sediment concentration and export, but increases were minor compared with sediment export reported for mechanical site preparation. Nutrient concentrations varied among watershed locations because of differences in surface soil depth, but were generally unaffected by harvest. Because harvest increased runoff, nutrient export (concentration × flow) was generally increased. Results of this study show that loblolly pine stands in the erosive Piedmont physiographic region can be harvested following a series of low‐intensity prescribed fires with minimal soil loss or degradation of water quality.
Yields and Leaf Elemental Composition of Cotton Grown on Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Watson J. E. , Pepper I. L. , Unger M. , Fuller W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of land application of anaerobically digested, air‐dried sewage sludge on growth of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Cotton lint yields obtained with sludge rates from 20 to 80 Mg/ha were comparable with those obtained by area farmers employing conventional fertilizer practices. Rates of 80 Mg/ha had no significant effect on lint yields, although lint/seed ratios tended to decrease with increased sludge rate for all years. After 3 yr of sludge application, the leaf and seed concentrations of Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu were not significantly different from those on the fertilized check plots. Leaf concentrations of Cd were higher than seed concentrations, but the reverse trend was true for Zn, indicating that Zn may not be directly useable as a model for Cd behavior in cotton.
Mineral Content of Sphagnum Mosses in Belgian Bog Ecosystems
Authors: Lembrechts J. F. M. , Vanderborght O. L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concentrations of 11 elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, P, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were determined in nine Sphagnum species, collected in minerotrophic and ombrotrophic bogs in northern (“De Antwerpse Kempen”) and eastern (“Les Hautes Fagnes”) Belgium. The concentrations of all elements, except Ca, Zn, and Mn, were positively related to the moistness of the habitat. Differences in the behavior of the individual elements are explained by differences in origin, physical properties, and biological importance. The Ca and Cu levels were lower in “Les Hautes Fagnes” due to differences in air pollution (Cu) or trophic status of the sampling sites (Ca). The concentrations of all elements, except Ca, Mg, and Mn, exceeded those of Sphagnum from Canada and Scandinavia, probably indicating a higher trophic status or a higher industrial and agricultural pollution level in the areas investigated.