bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability estimates for psychotic symptom dimensions in twins with psychotic disorders
Authors: Rijsdijk Frühling V. , Gottesman Irving I. , McGuffin Peter , Cardno Alastair G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFactor analysis of psychotic symptoms frequently results in positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions, but heritability estimates have not yet been reported. Symptom dimensions are usually only measured in individuals with psychotic disorders. Here, it is valuable to assess influences acting via liability to psychosis and independent modifying effects. We estimated heritability for psychotic symptom dimensions, taking account of these issues. Two‐hundred‐and‐twenty‐four probandwise twin pairs (106 monozygotic, 118 same‐sex dizygotic), where probands had psychoses, were ascertained from the Maudsley Twin Register in London (1948–1993). Lifetime history of DSM‐III‐R psychotic disorder and psychotic symptom dimensions was assessed from clinical records and research interviews and rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist. Estimates of heritability and environmental components of variance in liability were made with structural equation modeling using a causal‐contingent common pathway model adapted for ascertainment from a clinical register. Significant heritability was found for DSM‐III‐R psychotic disorder (h2 = 90%, 95%CI 68–94%) and the disorganized symptom dimension (h2 = 84%, 95%CI 18–93%). The heritability for the disorganized dimension remained significant when influences acting through liability to psychosis were set to zero, suggesting that some influences on disorganization are modifying factors independent of psychosis liability. However, the relative extent of modifying factors versus influences acting through psychosis liability could not be clearly determined. To our knowledge, this study provides the first formal evidence of substantive heritability for the disorganized symptom dimension, and suggests that genetic loci influencing disorganization in individuals with psychoses are in some cases different from loci that influence risk of psychotic disorders themselves. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of polysiloxanes with pendant bicyclic fragments
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Tatrishvili T. , Titvinidze G. , Patsatsia S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe hydrosilylation reactions of 5‐vinyl‐2‐norbornene with α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydrosiloxane catalyzed by platinum hydrochloric acid (0.1Msolution in tetrahydrofuran), Karstedt's catalyst (Pt2[(VinSiMe2)2O]3) and platinum on the carbon have been studied. Dependence of reaction rate and active SiH bonds' conversion depth on the catalyst was investigated. Even in the excess of the 5‐vinyl‐2‐norbornene, not all active SiH groups participate in the hydrosilylation reaction. The reaction order, activation energies, and rate constants have been determined for hydrosilylation reactions in the presence of H2PtCl6. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),1H,13C,1H‐1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), and C,H‐correlation NMR spectroscopy. Synthesized polysiloxanes were characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray, gel‐permeation chromatography, and DSC analyses. Calculations using the quantum‐chemical semi‐empirical AM1 method for modeling reaction between methyldimethoxysilane [Me(MeO)2SiH] and 5‐vinyl‐2‐norbornene were performed to evaluate possible reaction paths. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical grafting of curcumin at polyethylene terephthalate woven fabric surface using a prior surface activation with ultraviolet excimer lamp
Authors: Kerkeni A. , Gupta D. , Perwuelz A. , Behary N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDurable curcumin‐treated antibacterial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics (against Staphylococcus aureus) were produced by dyeing with curcumin after surface activation using vacuum ultraviolet excimer lamp at 172 nm. Surface change properties of the exposed fabrics were characterized by surface analysis methods such as wettability, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show an increase in surface hydrophilicity with a water contact angle of the PET fabric reaching 24° after 10 min excimer irradiation, which could be attributed to an increase in carboxyl group formation as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Varying concentrations of curcumin were immobilized onto untreated and vacuum ultraviolet‐irradiated PET samples using diffusion method at 90°C, and the treated fabrics characterized using K/S (color strength) values at 440 nm. K/S values increased when the PET surface was subjected to a prior excimer irradiation, because of grafting of curcumin at the PET surface. Increased excimer irradiation time increased grafting of curcumin because the inner fabric fiber surfaces were also more thoroughly treated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Using osteoclast differentiation as a model for gene discovery in an undergraduate cell biology laboratory
Authors: Birnbaum Mark J. , Picco Jenna , Clements Meghan , Witwicka Hanna , Yang Meiheng , Hoey Margaret T. , Odgren Paul R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA key goal of molecular/cell biology/biotechnology is to identify essential genes in virtually every physiological process to uncover basic mechanisms of cell function and to establish potential targets of drug therapy combating human disease. This article describes a semester‐long, project‐oriented molecular/cellular/biotechnology laboratory providing students, within a framework of bone cell biology, with a modern approach to gene discovery. Students are introduced to the topics of bone cells, bone synthesis, bone resorption, and osteoporosis. They then review the theory of microchip gene arrays, and study microchip array data generated during the differentiation of bone‐resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. The class selects genes whose expression increases during osteoclastogenesis, and researches them in small groups using web‐based bioinformatics tools. Students then go to a biotechnology company website to find and order small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) designed to “knockdown” expression of the gene of interest. Students then learn to transfect these siRNAs into osteoclasts, stimulate the cells to differentiate, assay osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and measure specific gene expression using real‐time PCR and immunoblotting. Specific siRNA knockdown resulting in a decrease in osteoclastogenesis is indicative of a gene's physiological relevance. The results are analyzed statistically and presented to the class in groups. In the past 2 years, students identified several genes essential for optimal osteoclast differentiation, including Myo1d. The students hypothesize that the myo1d protein functions in osteoclasts to deliver important proteins to the cell surface via vesicular transport along microfilaments. Student response to the new course was overwhelmingly positive. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 385‐392, 2010
Surface‐Initiated Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization of 4‐Acetoxystyrene for Immunosensing
Authors: Yuan Liang , Wu Yafeng , Shi Hongyan , Liu Songqin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel immunosensing strategy based on surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) in combination with electrochemical detection is proposed. Specifically, 4‐acetoxystyrene (AS) has been chosen as a monomer for ATRP due to its ability to provide acetoxyl groups, which can be converted into phenolic hydroxyl groups for electrochemical detection in the presence of tyrosinase. A controlled radical polymerization reaction of 4‐acetoxystyrene at 60 °C was triggered after immobilization of initiator molecules on an electrode surface. The growth of long‐chain polymeric materials increased the concentration of phenolic hydroxyl groups, which in turn significantly enhanced the electrochemical signal output. Polymerization conditions, such as temperature and duration, monomer concentration, and the catalyst/monomer ratio have been optimized. The in situ surface‐initiated ATRP was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Cyclic voltammetric investigation revealed a pair of well‐defined oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.232 and 0.055 V, which corresponded to the redox behavior of catechol/o‐quinone on the electrode surface. The proposed approach has been successfully extended to immune recognition. A detection limit of 0.3 ng mL−1 for rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a model antigen has been achieved. Despite the limited availability of the IgG antibody, this technology might also be expanded to the detection of other proteins and DNA.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a β‐Hairpin Fragment of Protein G by Means of Atom‐Bond Electronegativity Equalization Method Fused into Molecular Mechanics (ABEEMδπ/MM)
Authors: Chen Shuling , Yang Zhongzhi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThere are some controversial opinions about the origin of folding β‐hairpin stability in aqueous solution. In this study, the structural and dynamic behavior of a 16‐residue β‐hairpin from B1 domain of protein G has been investigated at 280, 300, 350 and 450 K using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations by means of Atom‐Bond Electronegativity Equalization Method Fused into Molecular Mechanics i.e., ABEEMδπ/MM and the explicit ABEEM‐7P water solvent model. In addition, a 300 K simulation of one mutant having the aromatic residues substituted with alanines has been performed. The hydrophobic surface area, hydrophilic surface area and some structural properties have been used to measure the role of the hydrophobic interactions. It is found that the aromatic residues substituted with alanines have shown an evident destabilization of the structure and unfolding started after 1.5 ns. It is also found that the number of the main chain hydrogen bonds have different distributions through three different simulations. All above demonstrate that the hydrophobic interactions and the main chain hydrogen bonds play an important role in the stability of the folding structure of β‐hairpin in solution. Furthermore, through the structural analyses of the β‐hairpin structures from four temperature simulations and the comparison with other MD simulations of β‐hairpin peptides, the new ABEEMδπ force field can reproduce the structural data in good agreement with the experimental data.
Efficient Procedure for Oxathioacetalization Using the Novel Ionic Liquid
Authors: Bao Shaohua , Chen Lu , Ji Yongjun , Yang Jianguo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe novel ionic liquid with multi‐SO3H groups has been synthesized through the simple procedure and its catalytic activity for the oxathioacetalization was investigated carefully at room temperature under solvent‐free condition. The results showed that the novel ionic liquid was very efficient for the reactions with the average yields over 90%. Mild reaction conditions, high yields, small amount of usage, operational simplicity, needless of any solvent, wide applicability, reusability and chemoselectivity are the key features of this methodology.
Effects of Acid and Base on the Inductive Efficiency of Oligonucleotide on the Vesicle Formation from Single‐Chained Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Guo Xia , Cui Bo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRecently, we reported for the first time that oligonucleotide could induce single‐chained cationic surfactant molecules to aggregate into vesicles and the facilitative efficiency of oligonucleotide on vesicle formation was dependent on its size and sequence. In the present paper, we will continue to study the effects of acid and base on the facilitative efficiency of oligonucleotide on vesicle formation. It is found that proton ions show little effect on the facilitative efficiency while hydroxide ions make it decreased. Moreover, the percentage of oligonucleotide involved in vesicle formation in basic solution is much lower than that in acidic solution (which is almost equal to that in water). Since the structures and properties of DNA/amphiphile complex are very important for its application as nonviral gene carrier, this study may provide some helpful information for gene therapy.
Effects of Aspartic Acid and Lysine on Thermodynamic Functions of SDS Micellization
Authors: Liu Tianqing , Li Jiajia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAspartic acid and lysine can promote SDS micellization. The critical micellar concentration of SDS decreases with amino acid concentration, but first does and then increases with temperature. In SDS micellization, the change of standard Gibbs free energy is negative in SDS/H2O system with or without amino acid. With the increase of amino acid concentration, the changes of mole standard Gibbs free energy and enthalpy decrease, but the change of the system's entropy increases. The effect of lysine is more than that of aspartic acid on the thermodynamic functions.
An Organically Templated Copper Pentaborate with Infinite Metallo‐chains: [Cu(C3N2H4)4][Cu(CH3COO)2(C3N2H4)2(H2O)2][B5O6(OH)4]2
Authors: You Xiaoyan , Zhu Lixia , Sun Jia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel organically templated copper pentaborate, [Cu(C3N2H4)4][Cu(CH3COO)2(C3N2H4)2(H2O)2]‐ [B5O6(OH)4]2, was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and TGA. The crystal structure of this compound consists of two copper‐centered polyhedra and two discrete [B5O6(OH)4]− pentaborate anions, which are linked together through intensive hydrogen bonding interactions, forming a 3D framework with large channels along c axis. The discrete pentaborate anions form infinite layers by hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the two crystallographically different octahedral coppers are connected by common oxygen atom to form an infinite chain.
Single‐microemulsion‐based Hydrothermal Approach to In(OH)3 and In2O3 Nanocubes
Authors: Li Yanfen , Jiang Junying , Ma Yujie , Fan Gaochao , Huang Zaiyin , Ban Chunxu , Qin Liu'ai 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWell‐defined indium hydroxide [In(OH)3] nanocubes have been successfully prepared through a facile single‐microemulsion‐mediated hydrothermal process at a relatively low temperature. Calcination of the In(OH)3 precursor at 400°C in a furnace yielded In2O3 crystals with the same morphology. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the samples. The effects of reaction parameters on the formation of nanostructures were also discussed, and the nucleation, aggregation and anisotropic growth mechanism was proposed. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as the ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) absorbance spectra were carried out on the In2O3 crystals to investigate their optical properties.
Tributylammonium Halochromates/silica Gel: Simple Reagents for Oxidative Coupling of Thiols to Symmetrical Disulfides
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Kazem , Ghammamy Shahriare , Zarrinabadi Soroush , Farjam Mohammad Hossein , Sabayan Behrang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNew orange solid tributylammonium halochromates, (C4H9)3N+CrO3X−, TBAXC (X=F, Cl) are easily synthesized by the reaction of tributylammonium fluoride and chloride with CrO3 in a 1:1 molar ratio in the presence of HF and HCl. Tributylammonium halochromates(VI) are versatile reagent for the effective and selective oxidation of organic substrates. Silica gel supported TBAFC and TBACC are versatile reagents for the effective and selective oxidation of organic substrates, in particular, thiols, under mild conditions. Considerable improvements are observed in the presence of the absorbent, making the work‐up much more convenient.
Synthesis of Click‐Chelator via Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne‐Azide Cycloaddition
Authors: Fu Yang , Liu Yan , Fu Xiaoping , Zou Li , Li Hua , Li Ming , Chen Xingguo , Qin Jingui 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe click‐ligands based on 1,2,3‐triazole and pyridine unit has been synthesized via Cu(I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition from corresponding organic azides and terminal alkynes. The ligand structure was characterized by NMR, IR and elemental analysis as well as single crystal diffractions. The single crystal structure of the complexes from two different ligands coordinating to Cu(II) and Co(II) ions indicated that the N(2) atom in 1,2,3‐triazole unit can act as an efficient donor to metals through the rational molecular design.
Amidation of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by the Efficient and Recyclable Cu2O Nanoparticles
Authors: Yao Zijian , Wei Xianwen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCu2O nanoparticles/DMEDA (N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine) was proved to be an efficient catalyst system for amidation of aryl halides under mild condition. This method displayed excellent selectivity and the catalyst was recyclable without loss of activity. The low cost, simple operation and excellent yields make this approach attractive for industrial applications.
Synthesis of Alkyl‐Aryl Ethers by Copper‐catalyzed Etherization Reactions of Aryl Fluorides with Tetraalkylammonium Bromides and H2O
Authors: Wang Feng , Tang Boxiao , Xie Yexiang , Li Jinheng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSynthesis of alkyl aryl ethers via copper‐catalyzed etherizations of electron‐deficient aryl fluorides with quaternary ammonium bromides and water has been developed. In the presence of Cu(OAc)2, POPh3 (L4) and Cs2CO3, a variety of electron‐deficient aryl fluorides underwent the reaction with quaternary ammonium bromides and H2O in moderate to good yields. The mechanism was also discussed.
An imageable retinoid acid derivative to detect human cancer xenografts and study therapeutic dosing to reduce its toxicity
Authors: Wang Wei , Qiu Xiuchun , Zhang Fujun , Sun Jin , Cameron Arlin G. , Wendt Juliet A. , Mawad Michel E. , Ke Shi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDeveloping agents with ‘seek, treat and see’ capability is critical for personalized molecular medicine. Those agents will specifically target the disease markers for diagnosis and apply the biologically effective dose for treatment. Retinoids regulate a multitude of biological processes. In addition, retinoic acid can reverse premalignancy, significantly decrease second primary tumors and provide a treatment benefit in head and neck, lung, esophagus, colon and bladder cancer. These data suggest that cancer cells can take up retinoids. Therefore, retinoids are potential tumor‐imaging agents. We developed near‐infrared (NIR)‐labeled retinoid agents to detect human cancers, visualize drug redistribution within the body, determine the optimal biological dose and reduce systemic toxicity. Our data demonstrate that the retinoid agent, but not the free dye, binds to the human tumor cells and is internalized, where it permits the imaging of human cancer xenografts. The high dose of retinoid agent is significantly associated with systemic toxicity. In summary, synthetic NIR‐labeled retinoid agents can be used to detect multiple human cancer xenografts as the agent is internalized by cancer cells. The binding of the agent to the tumor xenografts is dependent on the redistribution of the agent. Therapeutic agents labeled with reporters will interrogate tumor–drug interactions and permit analysis of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in real time. At the same time, we can apply the biologically effective dose for therapy, instead of the traditional maximum tolerated dose, to reduce systemic toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma
Authors: Bosco Alejandra , Steele Michael R. , Vetter Monica L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractChanges in microglial cell activation and distribution are associated with neuronal decline in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly under pathological conditions. Activated microglia converge on the initial site of axonal degeneration in human glaucoma, yet their part in its pathophysiology remains unresolved. To begin with, it is unknown whether microglia activation precedes or is a late consequence of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurodegeneration. Here we address this critical element in DBA/2J (D2) mice, an established model of chronic inherited glaucoma, using as a control the congenic substrain DBA/2J Gpnmb+/SjJ (D2G), which is not affected by glaucoma. We analyzed the spatial distribution and timecourse of microglial changes in the retina, as well as within the proximal optic nerve prior to and throughout ages when neurodegeneration has been reported. Exclusively in D2 mice, we detected early microglia clustering in the inner central retina and unmyelinated optic nerve regions, with microglia activation peaking by 3 months of age. Between 5 and 8 months of age, activated microglia persisted and concentrated in the optic disc, but also localized to the retinal periphery. Collectively, our findings suggest microglia activation is an early alteration in the retina and optic nerve in D2 glaucoma, potentially contributing to disease onset or progression. Ultimately, detection of microglial activation may have value in early disease diagnosis, while modulation of microglial responses may alter disease progression. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:599–620, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenic hippocampal targets of deep brain stimulation
Authors: Encinas Juan M. , Hamani Clement , Lozano Andres M. , Enikolopov Grigori 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is being used to treat movement, neurological, and psychiatric disorders; recently it has been successfully applied to patients with treatment‐resistant depression or in minimally conscious state. In addition to its clinical importance, DBS presents a powerful approach to target specific neural circuits and determine the functional relationship between the components of these circuits. We examined the effect of high‐frequency stimulation of a crucial component of the limbic circuitry, the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), on the generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, another component of the same circuitry. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis emerges as a strong correlate of antidepressant treatments; however, in most cases, the progenitor cell population targeted by a specific treatment is not known. Using reporter mouse lines designed to quantify changes in selected classes of neural progenitors, we found that high‐frequency stimulation of the ATN increases symmetric divisions of a defined class of neural progenitors in the DG; this effect is later manifested as an increased number of new neurons. The affected class of neural progenitors is also affected by the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) and physical exercise (running). This indicates that neurogenic stimuli of different natures can converge on the same neurogenic target in the DG. Our results also suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis may be used as a sensitive indicator of the limbic circuitry activation induced by DBS. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:6–20, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Internalization, Recycling, and Regulation of Peptide Hormone Receptors
Authors: Sealfon Stuart C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Classification of Peptide ReceptorsOverview of Regulatory MechanismsReceptor BiosynthesisEndocytotic CycleReceptor SequestrationSequestration Motifs and DomainsReceptor RegulationConclusions
Mammalian Gs‐Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases
Authors: Weng Gezhi , Chen Yibang , Iyengar Ravi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Cloning of Mammalian IsoformsTissue Distribution of Various Adenylyl CyclasesStructure and Catalytic SiteBasal ActivityRegulation by Protein–Protein InteractionsCa2+/CalmodulinG Protein SubunitsRegulation by Small MoleculesP‐Site LigandsForskolinCa2+Regulation by Protein KinasesProtein Kinase AProtein Kinase CCalmodulin‐KinaseOther Protein KinasesFuture Directions