bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of light on toxicity of nanosilver to Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Shi Jun-Peng , Ma Chun-Yan , Xu Bin , Zhang Hong-Wu , Yu Chang-Ping 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
More and more silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been released into the aquatic environment due to their widespread use, which may result in harmful effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental risk assessments of AgNPs on aquatic organisms in the natural environment (including light, sound, etc.) are indispensable. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of light on the toxicity of AgNPs to Tetrahymena pyriformis. Silver nanoparticles, which were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride, ranged in size from 5 to 20 nm with most particles approximately 10 nm. The authors performed AgNPs toxicity assays under a simulated natural environment with sunlight. The results indicated that the toxicity of AgNPs is higher than silver ion in the environment without light, but under the light condition, the toxicity of AgNPs decreased greatly. After 24 h of incubation with AgNPs, the inhibition ratio was 69.2 ± 7% in the dark and 35.5 ± 2% in the light, and the degree of inhibition was reduced by 33.7%. However, the effect of light on Ag+ could be negligible. Further investigation indicated that the light irradiation could induce the growth of AgNPs and sequentially form bulk agglomeration. This decreased the surface area and the number of bare Ag atoms, resulting in a slower release rate and less Ag+ ions released from AgNPs. At the same time, bulk agglomeration induced the deposition of part of the AgNPs to the aquatic bottom, which decreased the amount of AgNPs existing in water. All these phenomena led to the weakened toxicity of AgNPs in a light irradiation environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1630–1638. © 2012 SETAC
Gamma irradiation-induced oxidative stress and developmental impairment in the hermaphroditic fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus embryo
Authors: Rhee Jae-Sung , Kim Bo-Mi , Kang Chang-Mo , Lee Young-Mi , Lee Jae-Seong 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation on the early developmental stages in hermaphroditic fish embryos of Kryptolebias marmoratus. The authors measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidant enzyme activities with the endpoint hatching rate after gamma irradiation of different embryonic stages. Then, the transcriptional changes of antioxidant enzyme-coding genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in response to gamma radiation on embryonic stages. Gamma radiation inhibited hatching rate and caused developmental impairment in a dose-dependent manner. Embryos showed tolerances in a developmental stage-dependent manner, indicating that early embryonic stages were more sensitive to the negative effects of gamma radiation than were later stages. After 5 Gy rate of radiation, the ROS level increased significantly at embryonic stages 2, 3, and 4 with a significant induction of all antioxidant enzyme activities. The expressions of glutathione S-transferase isoforms, catalase, superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD), glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase mRNA were upregulated in a dose-and-developmental stage-dependent manner. This finding indicates that gamma radiation can induce oxidative stress and subsequently modulates the expression of antioxidant enzyme-coding genes as one of the defense mechanisms. Interestingly, embryonic stage 1 exposed to gamma radiation showed a decreased expression in most antioxidant enzyme-coding genes, suggesting that this is also related to a lower hatching rate and developmental impairment. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the molecular mode of action of gamma radiation in aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1745–1753. © 2012 SETAC
Effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source pollution in the Xizhi River watershed, Guangdong, China
Authors: Xu Kai , Wang Yunpeng , Su Hua , Yang Jingxue , Li Lili , Liu Cang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Annualized Agricultural Non‐point Source (AnnAGNPS) pollution model has been widely used to assess and predict runoff, soil erosion, sediment and nutrient loading with a geographic information system. This article presents a case study of the effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution using the AnnAGNPS model in the Xizhi River watershed, eastern Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province, China. The land‐use changes in the Xizhi River watershed between 1998 and 2003 were examined using the multitemporal remote sensing data. The runoff, soil erosion, sediment transport and nutrient loading 1998 and 2003 were assessed using AnnAGNPS. The effects of land‐use changes on NPS were studied by comparing the simulation results of each year. Our results showed that (i) the NPS loadings increased when forest and grass land converted into paddy, orchard and farmland land, and population size and gross domestic product size as well as the usage amounts of fertilizer and pesticide in the entire watershed were firmly correlated with the NPS loadings; (ii) the land‐use change during fast urbanization in particular when other land types were converted into the development land and buildup land led to increasing of NPS pollution; and (iii) urban land expansion showed more important effects on total organic carbon (TOC) loading compared with nitrogen and phosphorus loadings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation analysis of precipitation during past 286 years in Beijing area, China, using non‐parametric test and wavelet analysis
Authors: Li Miao , Xia Jun , Chen Zhi , Meng Dejuan , Xu Chongyu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNon‐parametric methods including Mann–Kendall (M–K) test, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform analysis are applied in this paper to detect the trend and periodic trait of precipitation data series in Beijing area where the data set spans nearly 300 years from 1724 to 2009. First, the trend of precipitation variables is elaborated by the M–K test (Sequential M–K test). The results show that there is an increasing trend (the value of this trend is 1.98) at the 5%‐significance level and there are not turning points in the whole data series. Then, CWT and wavelet variance are used to check for significant periodic characteristics of data series. In the plots of wavelet transform coefficients and figure of wavelet variance, some periodic events affect the trend of the annual total precipitation series in Beijing area. 85‐year, 35‐year and 21‐year periodic events are found to be the main periodic series of long‐term precipitation data, and they are all statistically significant. Moreover, the results of non‐parametric M–K test are exhibited on seven different combinations of discrete wavelet components. D5 (32‐year periodicity) periodic component is the effective and significant component on data. It is coincident with the result (35‐year periodic event as one part of main periodicity) by using CWT analysis. Moreover, approximation mode shows potential trend of the whole data set because it is the residuals as all periodicities are removed from data series. Thus, the mode A + D5 is responsible for producing a real basic structure of the trend founded on the data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landfill disposal of unused medicines reduces surface water releases
Authors: Tischler Lial , Buzby Mary , Finan Douglas S , Cunningham Virginia L 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is conducting research to evaluate the pathways and fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients from the consumer to surface waters. One potential pathway identified by the researchers is the disposal of unused pharmaceutical products that are discarded by consumers in household trash and disposed of in municipal solid waste landfills. This study was designed to evaluate relative amounts of surface water exposures through the landfill disposal pathway compared to patient use and flushing of unused medicine pathways. The estimated releases to surface water of 24 example active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in landfill leachate were calculated for 3 assumed disposal scenarios: 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total annual quantity of API sold is discarded and unused. The estimated releases from landfills to surface waters, after treatment of the leachate, were compared to the total amount of each example API that would be released to surface waters from publicly owned treatment works, generated by patient use and excretion. This study indicates that the disposal of unused medications in municipal solid waste landfills effectively eliminates the unused medicine contribution of APIs to surface waters; greater than 99.9% of APIs disposed of in a landfill are permanently retained. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 142–154. © 2012 SETAC
Trends in mortality from leukemia in Europe: An update to 2009 and a projection to 2012
Authors: Bertuccio Paola , Bosetti Cristina , Malvezzi Matteo , Levi Fabio , Chatenoud Liliane , Negri Eva , Vecchia Carlo La 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe considered trends in mortality from leukemia in Europe over the period 1970–2009 using data from the World Health Organization. We computed age‐standardized (world population) mortality rates, at all ages and in selected age groups, in 11 selected European countries, the European Union (EU) and, for comparative purposes, in the USA and Japan. For the EU, we also provided projections of the mortality to 2012. Over the period considered, mortality from leukemia steadily declined in most European countries in children and young adults, as well as in western and southern Europe at middle‐age (45–69 years); in central/eastern Europe, reductions at ages 45–69 started since the mid‐late 1990s. In the EU, annual percent changes were −3.7% in males and −3.8% in females at age 0–14, −2% in both sexes at age 15–44, and −0.6% in males and −1% in females at middle‐age and overall. No decline was observed at age 70 or more. Between 1997 and 2007, overall EU rates decreased from 5.4 to 4.8/100,000 males and from 3.4 to 2.9/100,000 females. Declines were from 6.2 to 5.5/100,000 males and from 3.7 to 3.2/100,000 females in the USA and from 3.9 to 3.5/100,000 males and from 2.5 to 2.0/100,000 females in Japan. Projected overall rates in the EU at 2012 are 4.3/100,000 males (−11% compared to 2007) and 2.6/100,000 females (−12%).
Getting ready: Results of a randomized trial of a relationship‐focused intervention on the parent–infant relationship in rural early head start
Authors: Knoche Lisa L. , Edwards Carolyn Pope , Sheridan Susan M. , Kupzyk Kevin A. , Marvin Christine A. , Cline Keely D. , Clarke Brandy L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a relational intervention (the Getting Ready intervention) on parenting behaviors supporting the parent–infant relationship for families enrolled in Early Head Start home‐based programming. Two‐hundred thirty‐four parents and their children participated in the randomized study, with 42% of parents reporting education of less than a high‐school diploma. Brief, semistructured parent–child interaction tasks were videotaped every 4 months over a16‐month intervention period. Observational codes of parent–infant relationship behaviors included quality of three parental behaviors: warmth and sensitivity, support for learning, and encouragement of autonomy; two appropriateness indicators: support for learning and guidance/directives; and one amount indicator: constructive behaviors. Parents who participated in the Getting Ready intervention demonstrated higher quality interactions with their children that included enhanced quality of warmth and sensitivity, and support for their children's autonomy than did parents in the control group. They also were more likely to use appropriate directives with their children and more likely to demonstrate appropriate supports for their young children's learning. Results indicate an added value of the Getting Ready intervention for Early Head Start home‐based programming for families of infants and toddlers.
War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent–child interaction, and child development
Authors: van Ee Elisa , Kleber Rolf J. , Mooren Trudy T.M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMaternal traumatization has been proposed as a risk factor for child development, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study analyzed the interrelations among maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms, parent–child interaction (emotional availability), and infants' psychosocial functioning and development among 49 asylum‐seeker and refugee mothers and their children (18–42 months). Measures included assessment of mothers' trauma and comorbid symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: R.F. Mollica et al., 1992; Hopkins Symptom Checklist: L. Derogatis, R. Lipman, K. Rickels, E. Uhlenhuth, & L. Covi, 1974), emotional availability within parent–child interaction (Emotional Availability Scales: Z. Biringen, 2008), and infants' psychosocial functioning (Child Behavior Checklist: T.M. Achenbach & L.A. Rescorla, 2000) and development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development: B.F. van der Meulen, S.A.J. Ruiter, H.C. Spelberg, & M. Smrkovsky, 2000). The results show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with a higher level of psychosocial problems of infants, but not with delays in their mental or psychomotor development. The results also show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with higher levels of insensitive, unstructuring, or hostile, but not intrusive, parent–child interactions. Infants show lower levels of responsiveness and involvement to their traumatized mothers. Parent–child interaction did not function as a mediator between maternal trauma symptoms and infants' psychosocial functioning. Results are discussed in relation to the dyad's regulation of emotions. Results implicate a need to reestablish attunement between traumatized mothers and their nontraumatized children.
Mothers' affect dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and emotional availability during mother–infant interaction
Authors: Kim Bo‐Ram , Teti Douglas M. , Cole Pamela M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMaternal affect dysregulation and maternal depressive symptoms were examined as predictors of maternal emotional availability (EA) during mother–infant interaction in a nonclinical sample. In particular, we investigated if affect dysregulation predicts EA and is more important than are depressive symptoms in predicting EA. Questionnaire measures and 30 min of free play were obtained from 46 mothers of 4‐ to 5‐month‐old infants. Mothers' self‐reported affect dysregulation was inversely related to EA, but mothers' depressive symptoms were not related to EA. More specifically, mothers' tendency to use unhealthy externalizing behaviors to reduce tension and distress predicted less EA. These results suggested that even in relatively low‐risk samples, mothers' self‐reported affect dysregulation, particularly the tendency to act out inappropriately in response to tension and distress, may be a more proximal predictor of EA than are depressive symptoms.
Skin innervation at different depths correlates with small fibre function but not with pain in neuropathic pain patients
Authors: Schley M. , Bayram A. , Rukwied R. , Dusch M. , Konrad C. , Benrath J. , Geber C. , Birklein F. , Hägglöf B. , Sjögren N. , Gee L. , Albrecht P.J. , Rice F.L. , Schmelz M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundNeuropathy can lead not only to impaired function but also to sensory sensitization. We aimed to link reduced skin nerve fibre density in different levels to layer‐specific functional impairment in neuropathic pain patients and tried to identify pain‐specific functional and structural markers.MethodsIn 12 healthy controls and 36 patients with neuropathic pain, we assessed clinical characteristics, thermal thresholds (quantitative sensory testing) and electrically induced pain and axon reflex erythema. At the most painful sites and at intra‐individual control sites, skin biopsies were taken and innervation densities in the different skin layers were assessed. Moreover, neuronal calcitonin gene‐related peptide staining was quantified.ResultsPerception of warm, cold and heat pain and nerve fibre density were reduced in the painful areas compared with the control sites and with healthy controls. Warm and cold detection thresholds correlated best with epidermal innervation density, whereas heat and cold pain thresholds and axon reflex flare correlated best with dermal innervation density. Clinical pain ratings correlated only with epidermal nerve fibre density (r = 0.38, p < 0.05) and better preserved cold detection thresholds (r = 0.39, p < 0.05), but not with other assessed functional and structural parameters.ConclusionsThermal thresholds, axon reflex measurements and assessment of skin innervation density are valuable tools to characterize and quantify peripheral neuropathy and link neuronal function to different layers of the skin. The severity of small fibre neuropathy, however, did not correspond to clinical pain intensity and a specific parameter or pattern that would predict pain intensity in peripheral neuropathy could not be identified.
Nitrogen fluxes during the initial stage of willows and poplars in short‐rotation coppices
Authors: Balasus Antje , Bischoff Wolf‐Anno , Schwarz Andreas , Scholz Volkhard , Kern Jürgen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmong energy crops, short‐rotation coppices (SRC) are recommended to provide renewable energy. Compared to annual crops, willows and poplars are regarded as plants with low requirements for nutrients, herbicides, pesticides, and soil maintenance. However, only little is known about N‐fertilizer effects on SRC and the few studies are even inconsistent. Therefore, we studied the effects of N on yields of willows and poplars in a field experiment. The effects of N fertilization on nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions from the loamy‐sand soil were also measured. Cuttings of willows (Salix viminalis clone Inger) and poplars (Populus maximovizcii × P. nigra clone max 4) were planted on farmland in 2008. The experiment was arranged in a random block design with three levels of N fertilizer (0, 50, and 75 kg N ha–1 y–1). After 2 y, the trees were harvested for the first time. Fertilization did not affect the yields of willows or poplars. However, the application of 75 kg N ha–1 y–1 caused an average increase of N leaching in the willow and poplar plots of 25 kg N ha–1 y–1 and 40 kg N ha–1 y–1, respectively. Emissions of N2O were increased by a maximum of only 0.2 kg N ha–1 y–1. Further, the N fertilizer stimulated the growth of the weed biomass in case of the willow plots by 46% and of the weed N content by 52% (r = 0.53). In conclusion, in the first 2 y, SRC could be produced in a more effective and environmentally friendly manner without mineral fertilizer.
Analysis of soil fertility and its anomalies using an objective model
Authors: Moral Francisco J. , Rebollo Francisco J. , Terrón José M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, the use of an objective method, the formulation of the Rasch measurement model, which synthesizes data with different units into a uniform analytical framework, is considered to get representative measures of soil fertility potential in an experimental field. Thus, two types of information about the soil were obtained from soil samples taken at 70 locations: first, the textural components were determined, and, secondly, deep (ECa‐90) and shallow (ECa‐30) soil apparent electrical conductivity, approximately 0–90 and 0–30 cm depths, respectively, were measured. A latent variable, denominated soil fertility potential, was defined. It is supposed, and later it is verified, that all soil properties previously indicated have a marked influence on the latent variable. The adequate assignment of categorical values across properties measures and the good fit of the data are checked as a previous phase to properly compute the Rasch measures. After applying the Rasch methodology, it was obtained that both electrical conductivities are the most influential properties on soil fertility potential, getting moreover a ranking of all soil samples according to their fertility potential and the unexpected behaviors, called misfits, of some soil samples, which constitute a very useful information to better match soil and crop requirements as they vary in the field, being a rational basis for a site‐specific crop management.
Remarkable Groups of Graphs with Edge Colourings
Authors: Baumann Ulrike , Lesch Manfred , Schmeichel Irmgard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEvery edge colouring of a graph G determines permutation groups on the vertex set of G. Groups of colour preserving automorphisms and groups of partition preserving automorphlums are especially interesting. The paper deals with relations between these groups and a permutation group investigated by N. L. Biggs.
An Iteration Method for Bifurcation Problem Involving Fredholm Mappings
Authors: Tan Nguyen Xuan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUsing the idea of the Liapunov‐Schmidt procedure and the modification of the Seidel‐Newton methods we show the existence of bifurcation solutions of equations of the form

Let λ be a characteristic value of the pair (T, L) (i.g. T(u) = L(λ, u.) for some u ± 0). Under sufficient conditions on T, L, H we prove by a constructive method that (λ, 0) is a bifurcation solution of the above equations. Furthermore, we obtain an analytical form of a parametric family of nontrivial solutions in a neighborhood of (λ, 0).
Fundamental Theorems of Calculus for Packing Measures on the Real Line
Authors: Haase H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe fundamental Theorems of Calculus are extended to the treatment of packing measures on the real line. These are related to the corresponding result for Hausdorff measures. We prove that the centered inner‐envelope derivative and the outer‐envelope derivative of a continuous increasing function on an interval differ, but in a certain sense they are almost everywhere linear and the theorems are true for h‐continuous almost h‐singular functions of bounded variation.
The Structure of the Spectrum of Fourth‐Order Differential Operators with Random Coefficients
Authors: Teichert H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper it is proved that under certain conditions on the coefficients the random operator H = \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$H = \frac{1}{{r\left( {x_t } \right)}}\left[ {\frac{{d^2 }}{{dt^2 }}\left( {\frac{1}{{p\left( {x_t } \right)}}\frac{{d^2 }}{{dt^2 }}} \right) + q\left( {x_t } \right)} \right], \in R^1$\end{document} being a stationary, ergodic Markov process with compact State space K, has almost surely pure point spectrum and exponentially decreasing eigenfunctions. The method used here can be extended to operators corresponding to certain matrix Sturm‐Liouville problems.