bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterfactual Conditionals
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with an examination of counterfactual conditionals generally, without reference to using them as the reduction base for causation. The thesis of the chapter is that there are two analytically distinct and historically important conceptions of these conditionals. These are: (1) the older, (scientific) law-related view; and (2) the newer, possible worlds account. The subsequent chapters of the book focus on the latter in framing their discussion about the counterfactual theory of causation. This is done despite the author's own long-term bet being on the former conception of counterfactuals, a bet based on: (1) the difficulties that exist in making sense of a similarity metric with which to compare possible worlds; and (2) the difficulties of accepting any form of modal realism about possible worlds.
The Counterfactual Theory of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the counterfactual theory of causation, applying the possible world conception of counterfactuals. A wide variety of reasons is given in support for the conclusion that not only is causation not to be identified with counterfactual dependency, but that such dependency is also not either a necessary or a sufficient condition for causation. Such dependency is thus unreliable even as a test for when causation is present or absent, to say nothing of being an implausible theory about the nature of causation.
Generalist Theories of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter returns to the metaphysics of the causal relation proper. It examines generalist theories of causation, theories that seek to reduce that relation between states of affairs tokens, to some law-based relation between states of affairs types. Particular attention is paid to the one such generalist theory that has had a large influence in legal theory. This is the nomic sufficiency theory of John Stuart Mill and his intellectual descendents, Hart, Honore, Mackie, and Wright. This is the view that reduces singular causal relations to instantiated scientific laws, and that reduces scientific laws to sets of minimally sufficient conditions (where each such condition is necessary to the sufficiency of the set). The thesis of the chapter is that generalist theories founder on the same seven arguments that doom the counterfactual theory as well.
Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMost democratic citizens today are distrustful of politicians, political parties, and political institutions. Where once democracies expected an allegiant public, citizens now question the very pillars of representative democracy. This book documents the erosion of political support in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. Assembling a large array of cross-national public opinion data, this book traces the current challenges to democracy primary to changing citizen values and rising expectations. These dissatisfied democrats are concentrated among the young, the better educated, and the politically sophisticated. At the same time, the evidence debunks claims that such trends are a function of scandals, poor performance, and other government failures. Changing public opinion is born from the successful social modernization of these nations. A creedal passion for democracy is sweeping across the Western democracies, and people now expect more of their governments. This book concludes by examining the consequences of these changing images of government. The book finds that these expectations are making governing more difficult, but also fuelling demands for political reform. The choices that democracies may in response to these challenges lead to a further expansion of the democratic process and a new relationship between citizens and their government.
The Challenge to Democracy
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the current debate over the decrease in political support in most advanced industrial democracies and its potential implications for democratic politics. Theory distinguishes between support for government, the regime, and the political community. Public support for the regime and the political process is often seen an essential element of democracy. The chapter discusses the theoretical link between political support and democratic politics, and why support is important for the functioning of the democratic process.
The Consequences of Political Support
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter first discusses the potential theoretical consequences of political support. It examines the individual consequences of distrust on patterns of political participation, compliance to the rules of government, and allegiance to the government. Distrust in politicians but support for the democratic ideal stimulates calls for policy reforms, and this contributes to the recent history of democratic institutional reforms in the U.S. states and cross-nationally.
2 Citizen Participation and Deliberative Governance: The Problems of Knowledge and Complexity
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter turns to citizen deliberation — understood to be the normative core of civic engagement — and outlines it's worrisome decline in Western democratic societies. It does this by way of asking if most citizens can meaningfully deliberate policy issues in the modern age of complexity. And if they cannot, should we be talking about a more participatory, deliberative form of democracy? Pointing to various practical experiences, the question is answered affirmatively, but the difficulties involved in extending participation are underscored. After discussing the implications of contemporary theories of citizenship and governance for participation, the chapter concludes by arguing that there is nothing obvious or straightforward about participation. In important ways, it has to be facilitated, even nurtured.
3 Citizens and Experts in Deliberative Democracy: From Theory to Experimentation
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines deliberative democratic theory and various deliberative experiments that can inform it. It illustrates how these efforts pose questions of expertise and complexity that have yet to be adequately taken into account. Deliberative democratic theory, largely abstract and impractical, has mainly neglected — if not ignored — these problems and their implications. At the same time, a parallel body of experimental research is shown to have usefully worked out practical deliberative designs. While these contributions generally recognize the need for expertise, they too have failed to move beyond the standard understandings of expertise which has long hindered citizen participation. Emphasizing the expert-citizen relationship, the discussion points to the need to bring both of these theoretical and practical pursuits together in a more fruitful interaction.
4 Deliberative‐Analytic Policy Inquiry: Postempiricist Practices
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMoving beyond the traditional conceptions of value-neutrality and context independence that have dominated the epistemology of the policy sciences, this chapter offers a social constructivist interpretation of real-world practices. Introducing the constructivist perspective, it presents an alternative dialectical understanding of knowledge and its relation to practical reason in policy deliberation. Here the postempiricist expert, as deliberative policy analysis, is posited as an interpretive mediator operating between the available analytic frameworks of social science, particular policy findings, and the differing perspectives of the public actors, both those of policy decision-makers and citizens.
6 Public Policy as Social Construct: Multiple Meanings in Sustainable Development
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the ways in which policy is more fundamentally a sociopolitical construct than technical/instrumental tool, as it is approached in much of policy science. Employing a constructivist sociology of knowledge, the discussion illustrates the ways in which a policy is a product of multiple realities and, as such, is as much a matter for interpretive analysis as it is techno-empirical assessment. To clarify the theoretical position, the second half of the chapter demonstrates the point through the political struggle over sustainable development in environmental policy. Beyond technical knowledge, the case points to how policies are socially experienced — in particular, how they supply citizens with the social sense of collective participation in mutual ventures with fellow members of their own communities.
7 Policy Advice as Storyline: Narrative Knowledge and Expert Practices
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the relation of narration to practical reason and the giving of good reasons. Not only does the explication demonstrate how policy narratives relate to factual information, but also to group identities and collective action. Offering an example of the use of narrative story-lines in climate change policy research, the chapter closes with a discussion of the concept of validity as understood in narrative analysis.
9 Deliberative Empowerment: The Cultural Politics of Discursive Space
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter takes up the design of deliberative fora. It begins by introducing the influential theory of ‘empowered participatory governance’ put forward by Fung and Wright, which is seen to focus mainly on procedural and material factors. It argues that enabling participation requires more attention to the underlying social conditions necessary for participatory deliberation to work. Drawing on contributions from postmodern cultural politics, as well as experiences from participatory research, democratic structures and procedures are seen to offer an opening for participatory empowerment, but cannot in and of themselves ensure authentic deliberation. Deeper political and social-psychological factors related to the intersubjective aspects of participation are involved as well. The argument is illustrated through a several theoretical and practical contributions, including a more detailed analysis of the ‘People's Planning Campaign’ in Kerala, India.
1 Introduction
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractArendt is often considered to be one of the leading writers on political non-violence. She was the theorist of political speech as action and claimed on numerous occasions that violence was mute and brought the death of politics. However, her writings on war and violence are more subtle and important than have been originally thought. The vast secondary literature on Arendt is sophisticated and broad but it has underestimated this engagement with war by equating war with brute violence and focussing on those passages in which she does indeed exclude violence from being properly political. Pulling together the threads of violence and war in Arendt's writing suggests that her treatment of the subjects is as illuminating as the classical sociology tradition and more compelling than some of the more recent work in the political theory of war.
4 The Boomerang Effect: On the Imperial Origins of Total War
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at Arendt's historical analysis of a form of war that still shapes the contemporary world. In particular, the chapter assesses her farsighted and prescient claim that late 19th-century wars of imperial conquest helped sow the seeds of 20th-century total war in Europe. The implications are potentially great for how we might think through the social and political processes unwittingly unleashed by various forms of violence, including so-called ‘small wars’. Arendt's writing on imperialism and European total war also reveal some of the flaws in conventional military history and strategic studies which has understood these practices as unrelated. Arendt points us toward relationships that are much closer to Clausewitz's more fundamental insight about war as a social process that transcends the nation-state. Moreover, Arendt may have been the first to articulate what today we call ‘blowback’ and she termed the ‘boomerang effect’.
7 Beyond Strauss, Lies and the War in Iraq: A Critique of Neoconservatism
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractArendt articulated the dangers of moralism in the political realm that avoids realist cynicism. She is better placed to challenge the neoconservative vision of international affairs, ideological conviction, and their relationship to democratic society. Reading Arendt against Leo Strauss suggests that the fundamental problem with neoconservative ideology concerns its understanding of the place of philosophy in the public realm, the relationship between political thought and practice, ideas, and action. This sheds light on contemporary neoconservative claims about the power of ideas to change the world (through the invasion and occupation of Iraq), and widespread, but misguided, claims about their propensity to condone political lies. There is always a temptation to lie in politics because the lie is an intervention into the common world. This is only made worse by ideological thinking. Neoconservatives may be experts at selling wars but seem less adept at winning them.
8 The Humanitarian Condition? On War and Making a Global Public
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter contrasts Arendt's writing with Jürgen Habermas who has argued that humanitarian intervention is justified, in part, because it places international relations on the path toward cosmopolitan society, a global public realm. Habermas has unwittingly — and perhaps surprisingly — endorsed a model of global political founding that has something in common with Machiavelli's notion of politics and violence being two sides of the same coin. Habermas envisages a political end, a global public; ‘humanitarian’ war is endorsed as a means to make it. Arendt's judgement is more sobering. Her account of founding and political freedom foregoes the temptation to reduce politics to a relationship between ends and means. She held a deeply ambivalent view of the concept of and justifications for political action based on ‘humanity’. Her thought was rarely couched in what she took to be the rather abstract and even dangerous language of humanitarianism.
Conclusions
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractArendt's apparent exclusion of violence from politics — her definitionally-enforced distinction — actually linked politics and war together in a historically and conceptually rich relationship. She criticized the dominant Western traditions of social and political thought for borrowing their models of politics from the realm of organised violence, of command and obedience. But it is her political thought that is deeply influenced by the enduring significance of war. It may be necessary now, more than ever, to learn how to think with Arendt, a time that has delivered us moral and political catastrophes, which while not exceeding her day, strongly resemble and are directly linked to those she directly confronted. Postcolonial conflicts, revolutions and occupations, wars of annihilation and crimes against humanity, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and accusations of Islamo-fascism — these are among the social forces relating and separating peoples and states through organised violence.
Entering the Agon
Authors: Barker Elton T. E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book investigates one of the most characteristic and prominent features of ancient Greek literature—the scene of debate or agon, in which with varying degrees of formality characters square up to each other and engage in a contest of words—and sets out for the first time to trace its changing representations through Homeric epic, historiography and tragedy. Combining literary dialogic theory with sociological approaches towards structure, it makes the claim that debate is best understood in relation to an institutional framework, in which issues of authority and dissent are variously set out and worked through. Intersecting with key recent scholarship, it shows that the Homeric poems establish, and scrutinize, the assembly as an institution which accommodates dissent, in line with an understanding of epic narrative as foundational; that the historians' marginal status as writers in an oral culture manifests itself in their representing debate as a challenge to the utility of public institutions; and that tragedy marks the formal institutionalization of dissent in its adversarial structure with an onus on speaking back, which offers a new way of thinking about tragic politics in terms of the process by which dissent is enacted and managed. This book demonstrates not only the fundamental importance of debate to these genres, but also the ways representations of debate construct an agonistic mentality which intersects with and informs the broader cultural construction of a citizen community.
Prologue
Authors: Barker Elton T.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book's subject, methodology, and aims. Noting limitations in scope and tendency towards abstraction of previous studies, it considers the broader institutional context for debate and examines its various manifestations in texts. Three arguments are proposed: that debate plays a critical role in both oral and written narrative (epic and historiography) and drama (tragedy); that debate is best thought of in terms of the due management of disagreement; and that its textual representations reproduce an agonistic mental horizon among its many audiences. In making these claims, the introduction draws on the cultural analysis of competition and debate by G. Lloyd, J.-P. Vernant and others, the theory of structuration by the political theorist A. Giddens, which stresses the activity of people working within social structures to enact them, and M. Bakhtin's dialogic approach, which analyses the dynamic between the narrator's voice and those of his characters.
Introduction: founding dissent
Authors: Barker Elton T.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis section introduces the twin chapters on Homeric epic, the Iliad and Odyssey. Its methodological basis for comparison derives from J. Foley, who proposes using the idea of resonance—the process by which formulae evoke a wider epic tradition and, in turn, resonate through each and every particular instance—to explore inter-poetic rivalry. It identifies scenes of debate through a lexical study of the term ‘agora’ and its associated formulae, on the basis of which the assembly may be regarded as an arena in which the relationship between the leader and his people is examined, questioned and forged. While other studies have compiled lists of attributes of the assembly, however, this section draws attention to the performativity of the text-how debates work in context and develop over the course of the narrative—which may help to account for the often commented absence of a clear polis structure in either poem.
1 Challenging authority in the assemblies of theIliad
Authors: Barker Elton T.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines representations of debate in the Iliad. Focusing on scenes of assembly among the Achaeans, it argues that dissent is made institutional as the poem unwinds: Achilles establishes the precedent for challenging the king in the opening act; subsequent episodes in books 2 and 9 explore possibilities for dissent by not relying on Achilles' individual performance but working within the institution of assembly he set up; the assembly of book 19 reflects on the Iliad's achievement by replaying tensions between Achilles and Agamemnon. This hypothesis is tested by considering two other groups who hold assemblies, the Trojans and gods, both of whom prioritize authority over dissent. Diverging from previous attempts to locate an emerging civic framework in the Iliad, this study argues that the poem does not represent a ‘ready-made’ system of institutions but, as a foundational narrative, initiates a process towards enacting them from its beginning.
3 Herodotus' Odyssean enquiry
Authors: Barker Elton T.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses Herodotus' enquiry into a war between east and west in the wake of the Iliad, but shows that debate is represented in a quite different manner. While shown to cherish the values of freedom, the Greeks' pursuit of self-government happens in spite of the assembly, which is dominated by self-interest and fraught with division; it is the Persians who, though lacking a comparable civic framework, are represented as conducting the most formal debates. Building on the recent suggestion (by J. Marincola) that Herodotus' narrative shares many affinities with the Odyssey, this chapter reassesses the extent and nature of its dialogism on the basis that it reworks a peculiarly Odyssean exposure of the inadequacies of public debate. The author's challenge to debate acts as a lure for eliciting authority for his own enquiry, which can transcend the lack of an inter-political framework that so hampers the Greek coalition.
5 Speaking back in Sophocles'Ajax
Authors: Barker Elton T.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter tackles head-on the problem of the double agon in the play's second half, as Teucer and the Atreidae argue over Ajax's body, and interprets it as part of a strategy that emphasizes spectating and speaking back. Points of contact with the Iliad demonstrate this shift in perspective from the hero to those looking on, as first Odysseus is installed as a spectator of Ajax's Achilles-like dialogue with Athena, Ajax's men articulate their concerns, and Tecmessa, though only a slave, speaks back like an Andromache. This process culminates in Teucer's defence in the agon, as Sophocles stages a battle of words not for Achilles' arms, but for Ajax's memory. In this the Chorus play a key role by turning to Odysseus, showing their progress from dependants to autonomous subjects in the agon and prefiguring the role of the Athenian audience, as judges within a fully realized institutional arena.
Introduction
Authors: Fulda Bernhard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter underlines the importance and originality of the book as a contribution to our understanding of the fate of Weimar democracy. It reflects on the connection between media consumption and electoral behaviour, and challenges previously held assumptions about the role of the press in the political process. It provides a discussion of the difficulties of using newspapers as a historical source, and of the methodological problem of assessing something as complex as media effects. It summarizes key historical debates on the rise of Nazism, and places them in the context of media theory.
The ‘Unpolitical’ Press: Provincial Newspapers around Berlin, 1925–8
Authors: Fulda Bernhard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
How did the average German learn about politics? The decentral, fragmented nature of the German newspaper market meant that the great majority of contemporaries derived political information from a local paper. This chapter gives a broad sweep of controversial issues as portrayed in a sample of provinical newspapers around Berlin in the period 1925–8. It shows that even in self‐professed ‘unpolitical’ newspapers ideological news coverage was the norm. At the same time, this book demonstrates that overt press support for particular candidates or parties did not have a significant effect. Only where alternative sources of information, like a competing newspaper of a different political orientation, did not exist could the press excert a noticeable electoral impact. The chapter gives new evidence for the regionality of German politics, and helps to explain the tensions between countryside and metropolis.