bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Eyemovement Measures to Psychomotor Skills and other Elemental Skills Involved in Learning to Read
Authors: Stennett R. G. , Smythe P. C. , Pinkney June , Fairbairn Ada 
Published: December 2009

The results of the three studies reported indicate that a measure of simple oculomotor skill, relatively uncomplicated by cognitive and motivational factors, can be obtained by photographing Ss' eyemovements as they read digits with a set for speed. This simple oculomotor skill is apparently well developed in students who are beginning reading instruction. Simple psychomotor tests probably cannot be used as substitutes for direct eyemovement measures and neither such tests nor measures of simple oculomotor skill relate very well to several measures of the elemental sub-skills involved in learning to read. Efficient eyemovement behavior during reading is primarily a result rather than a cause of good reading. Studies which attempt to isolate the key skills explaining the variability in children's success in beginning reading can, therefore, safely ignore measures of eyemovement.
A Comparative Study of Three Beginning Reading Programs for the Spanish-Speaking Child
Authors: Wooden Sharon Lee , Pettibone Timothy J. 
Published: December 2009

Teaching reading skills to first grade students who primarily speak Spanish poses some special problems. This study utilized 24 classrooms involving 522 students. Three methods were used to investigate 18 independent variables which in a broad sense covered the areas of primary mental abilities, primary reading profiles, and Hawthorne concepts-symbolization tests. The results, in part, stress the importance of careful diagnosis for each child. Working with such related skills as listening comprehension, spatial relations, and auditory association, the overall effectiveness of reading programs may be increased significantly.
Categorization of Paradigmatic Syntagmatic Oral Responses
Authors: Dinnan James A. 
Published: December 2009

Research reports using a variable of paradigmatic or syntagmatic oral responses have been reported over a ten-year period. To date there has been no serious attempt to assess the base data that might account for these two different types of productions. Paradigmatic responses are traced, in this report, to a formal structure of Units, Relations, Classes, and Systems products of the intellect. Syntagmatic responses are traced to the base reference used by the subject to produce his response to the stimulus. These base references are reported as reference to a cloze response, or a response dealing with the structure of oral language. The response data used for this analysis were collected from subjects ranging from 3 years of age to 63 years of age. Over 5000 individual samples involving some 150,000 responses comprised the data base for this study.
Test-Retest and Inter-Analyst Reliability of the Automated Readability Index, Flesch Reading Ease Score, and the Fog Count
Authors: Thomas Georgelle , Hartley R. Derald , Kincaid J. Peter 
Published: December 2009

Using six analysts, test-retest and inter-analyst reliabilities were determined for the Automated Readability Index (ARI), the Flesch Reading Ease Score, and the Fog Count. All coefficients, with the exception of one Flesch measure, were above .94. Analysis of variance applied to measured working times indicated that the Flesch takes significantly longer to use than the ARI and Fog.
Naturalistic, Decision—Oriented Evaluation of a District Reading Program
Authors: Talmage Harriet , Walberg Herbert J. 
Published: December 2009

The selection of basal reading series for a school district is a serious curriculum decision; in effect, the selected series becomes the district's reading curriculum. This study addresses methodological problems confronting decision-oriented evaluation of reading materials within a naturalistic setting. Effects of selected process and attitude variables on reading achievement are reported to illustrate the feasibility of responding to the methodological problems. With the intent of selecting a basal reading series and exploring factors that may increase reading achievement, five series were pilot tested in four grades (1,2,3, and 6) in a total of 60 classes. In addition to pre and post achievement, process and attitude data were included as well as characteristics of teacher, classroom learning environment, and instruction. Regression analysis showed that achievement was unaffected by series or by teacher's years of teaching, amount of inservice preparation, number of formal reading courses, or awareness of the series' design. The learning environment contributed the only significant predictor variable of achievement, specifically the degree of competitiveness perceived by students in their reading classes. These findings supported by additional process data on implementation of the series led to selection procedures that differ widely from traditional reading selection criteria.
Princesses Who Commit Suicide: Primary Children Writing within and against Gender Stereotypes
Authors: MacGillivray Laurie , Martinez Ana Maritza 
Published: December 2009

This article analyzes 13 “published” stories written by young writers during 1 month in a multicultural, mixed-age primary classroom. The first goal is to examine how primary children constructed gender in their own stories. The second goal is to explore how children, at times, wrote against the traditional gendered positions. The data were gathered as part of a 3-year longitudinal study on children's literacy experiences across home and school environments. Primary data sources utilized include (a) participant-observer fieldnotes; (b) interviews with the classroom teacher, parents, and children; and (c) children's writing. In analyzing students' writing and how they reified or redefined gender expectations, we relied heavily on Foucault's notion of power and how it is related to positioning. Although stereotypical images of dominant males and passive females were numerous, there were also disruptions of gender stereotypes. Implications include the need to help preservice and in-service teachers increase their awareness of how our children take up positions as gendered beings and also ways in which they break out of those traditional frames. Once upon a time there were princesses everywhere. There were princesses in the cave, in houses and castles too. They were all married except one princess. Her name was Amy. Then one day Amy started walking to the castle where all the princesses were dressing for the ball. They [all] had tickets for the ball except Amy. She was left behind. She was very embarrassed because her dress was so plain and ugly. Amy started crying and crying. She was very, very sad. The princesses were having fun at the ball. They danced and danced. They were very sad and happy because they thought about how Amy always loved them and helped them. When they came back home to the castle, they saw Amy with a knife stuck in her head. She was dead [see Figure 1]. They all cried. They were all sad, so they killed themselves too. Then the room was very sad and spooky. (Second grader Rachel's published book)
Nourishing Conversations: Urban Adolescents, Literacy, and Democratic Society
Authors: Fairbanks Colleen M. 
Published: December 2009

This essay explores the implications of literacy instruction aimed at “nourishing conversations” about life experience in literacy classrooms (Robinson, 1991, p. 264). Drawing on literacy projects conducted in Saginaw, Michigan and Austin, Texas, I examine these projects from three points of view: learning from inquiry, valuing the agency students can manage, and understanding “a mess called democracy” (Fine, 1991, p. 207). In this way, I suggest the nature of the students' experiences in these projects, emphasizing the sense that students made of their lives when they were allowed to raise their voices through literacy and to project images of urban adolescent life. Finally, I explore the relationships between the opportunity to use literacy for these purposes and participation in democratic society, arguing that curriculum in which adolescents are encouraged to investigate their life experiences engages them in democratic life. As the video camera comes into focus, Jason introduces himself as the anchor for the WMS News program he and his classmates are producing, “My issue is life,” he says, “which, as you know, is a pretty big topic.” He continues, “Most people live their lives based upon their goals or their religion. They don't know what life means because they haven't experienced that much.” As anchor, he introduces his classmates and provides a tour of his classroom. The camera follows Jason as he points out the room's setup. “This is where we work together,” he says pointing to the carpeted area where class meetings are held. “This is where we help each other,” showing the round tables that serve as desks. He concludes, gesturing to the whole room, “This is where we conversate.”
In‐service training for schools on augmentative and alternative communication
Authors: McConachie Helen , Pennington Lindsay 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor children to progress in their use of augmentative communication systems, in‐service training of staff in schools is required. This paper presents preliminary evaluation of a training package entitled ‘My Turn to Speak’. Nineteen participants and 10 comparison staff were filmed before and after a five‐session training workshop, interacting in the classroom in naturally occurring situtations with a non‐speaking physically disabled child. Significant improvements in the quality of adults' facilitation of the children's communication was discernible at follow‐up, four months after completion of the training. However, teachers were found to alter their behaviour more quickly after training than non‐teaching staff. The requirements for setting up successful multidisciplinary training are discussed.
Towards a narrative‐based augmentative communication system
Authors: Waller Annalu , Newell Alan F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAugmentative communication systems enable non‐speaking people to communicate using letters, words, phrases and sentences. Few systems provide support for longer lengths of text despite the fact that most day‐to‐day conversation is characterised by ‘story telling’. This paper discusses the need for communication systems to facilitate this type of interaction, whilst allowing for other modes of communication. A case history detailing the use of a prototype system with an adult with dysphasia illustrates that providing augmentative communication should not be restricted to expression of ‘needs and wants’, but should enable the non‐speaking individual to share past experience and future hopes.
Psychiatric disturbance and personality traits in dysphoric patients
Authors: White Aileen , Deary Ian J. , Wilson Janet A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study of 68 consecutive attendees at a voice clinic revealed that 51 (75%) were female. Personality characteristics and the incidence of minor psychiatric disturbances were studied in the 51 female patients with dysphonia and in 42 female ENT outpatient control subjects. Personality was assessed by use of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Hysteroid‐Obsessoid Questionnaire (HOQ), and psychiatric disturbance was assessed by use of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 60‐item version. Whereas the 18 patients who were diagnosed as having psychogenic dysphonia had, overall, a greater degree of mild psychiatric disturbance, the 33 patients whose dysphonia was associated with structural laryngeal abnormality were also significantly more disturbed than control subjects (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in personality traits among the three groups. Ten of the 18 patients with psychogenic dysphonia had evidence of significant psychiatric symptomatology on GHQ testing. More unexpectedly, one in three of the women with structural laryngeal changes showed similar psychiatric disturbance. Such psychological distress cannot therefore be detected solely on laryngeal appearances and voice characteristics. We propose the GHQ to be a quick, simple screening tool to identify those patients who might benefit from a more psychologically based approach to therapy.
Extracting groundfish survey indices from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS): an example from Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Authors: Ricard Daniel , Branton Robert M. , Clark Donald W. , Hurley Peter 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Ricard, D., Branton, R. M., Clark, D. W., and Hurley, P. 2010. Extracting groundfish survey indices from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS): an example from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 638–645. Scientific trawl surveys have been conducted in different regions of the world and by a variety of countries and agencies since the mid-1900s. Although the data are collected in a scientifically and statistically appropriate context and represent an important source of fishery-independent information for agency-specific stock assessments, their use and dissemination has often been limited to the agencies conducting the surveys. In recent years, Internet data portals such as the Ocean Biogeographic Information System have provided an arena for the wider distribution and use of marine fish data. Despite the increased accessibility of such data, their scientific acceptability has been limited by a lack of reproducibility in data analyses. We present a methodology for the computation of time-series of groundfish stock indices using publicly available trawl survey data derived from the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans Maritimes region. Potential pitfalls associated with the computation of time-series are discussed and proper stratified random estimates of temporal abundance trends are compared with other methods for a selected subset of species. Also, the broader applicability of the methods for datasets collected under similar sampling designs is discussed, along with the reproducibility of the analyses and results.
Terrorism-Related Injuries Versus Road Traffic Accident–Related Trauma: 5 Years of Experience in Israel
Authors: Peleg Kobi , Savitsky Bella ,   Israeli Trauma Group
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Terrorism victims comprise the minority among trauma injured people, but this small population imposes a burden on the health care system. Thirty percent of the population injured in terrorist activities experienced severe trauma (injury severity score ≥16), more than half of them need a surgical procedure, and 25% of the population affected by terrorism had been admitted to intensive care. Furthermore, compared with patients with non–terrorism-related trauma, victims of terrorism often arrive in bulk, as part of a mass casualty event. This poses a sudden load on hospital resources and requires special organization and preparedness. The present study compared terrorism-related and road accident–related injuries and examined clinical characteristics of both groups of patients.Methods: This study is a retrospective study of all patients injured through terrorist acts and road traffic accidents from September 29, 2000 to December 31, 2005, and recorded in the Israel Trauma Registry. Data on the nature of injuries, treatment, and outcome were obtained from the registry. Medical diagnoses were extracted from the registry and classified based on International Classification of Diseases coding. Diagnoses were grouped to body regions, based on the Barell Injury Diagnosis Matrix.Results: The study includes 2197 patients with terrorism-related injuries and 30,176 patients injured in road traffic accidents. All in all, 27% of terrorism-related casualties suffered severe to critical injuries, comparing to 17% among road traffic accident–related victims. Glasgow Coma Scale scores ≤8, measured in the emergency department, were among 12.3% of terrorism victims, in contrast with 7.4% among people injured on the roads. The terrorism victims had a significantly higher rate of use of intensive care facilities (24.2% vs 12.4%). The overall inpatient death rate was 6.0% among terrorism victims and 2.4% among those injured in road traffic accidents.Conclusions: Casualties from terrorist events are more severely injured and require more resources relative to casualties from road traffic accidents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:196–200)
Gravity-Induced Modifications to Development in Hypocotyls of Arabidopsis Tubulin Mutants
Authors: Matsumoto Shouhei , Kumasaki Saori , Soga Kouichi , Wakabayashi Kazuyuki , Hashimoto Takashi , Hoson Takayuki 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe investigated the roles of cortical microtubules in gravity-induced modifications to the development of stem organs by analyzing morphology and orientation of cortical microtubule arrays in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tubulin mutants, tua3(D205N), tua4(S178Δ), and tua6(A281T), cultivated under 1g and hypergravity (300g) conditions. Hypocotyls of tubulin mutants were shorter and thicker than the wild type even at 1g, and hypergravity further suppressed elongation and stimulated expansion. The degree of such changes was clearly smaller in tubulin mutants, in particular in tua6. Hypocotyls of tubulin mutants also showed either left-handed or right-handed helical growth at 1g, and the degree of twisting phenotype was intensified under hypergravity conditions, especially in tua6. Hypergravity induced reorientation of cortical microtubules from transverse to longitudinal directions in epidermal cells of wild-type hypocotyls. In tubulin mutants, especially in tua6, the percentage of cells with longitudinal microtubules was high even at 1g, and it was further increased by hypergravity. The twisting phenotype was most obvious at cells 10 to 12 from the top, where reorientation of cortical microtubules from transverse to longitudinal directions occurred. Moreover, the left-handed helical growth mutants (tua3 and tua4) had right-handed microtubule arrays, whereas the right-handed mutant (tua6) had left-handed arrays. There was a close correlation between the alignment angle of epidermal cell files and the alignment of cortical microtubules. Gadolinium ions, blockers of mechanosensitive ion channels (mechanoreceptors), suppressed the twisting phenotype in tubulin mutants under both 1g and 300g conditions. Microtubule arrays in tubulin mutants were oriented more transversely by gadolinium treatment, irrespective of gravity conditions. These results support the hypothesis that cortical microtubules play an essential role in maintenance of normal growth phenotype against the gravitational force, and suggest that mechanoreceptors are involved in modifications to morphology and orientation of microtubule arrays by 1g gravity and hypergravity in tubulin mutants.
Petroleum systems of Chinese nonmarine basins
Authors: Zhao Wenzhi , Wang Hongjun , Yuan Xuanjun , Wang Zecheng , Zhu Guangyou 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe petroleum systems of Chinese nonmarine rifted and depression basins, dominated by lacustrine strata, have distinctive source rocks, reservoir types and trap characteristics. The rifted basins are characterized by numerous faults and multiple structural salients and sags (half grabens). Sags include many subdivisions and smaller isolated sags. Most sags constitute relatively independent petroleum systems that have efficiently generated and expelled hydrocarbons, have excellent reservoir properties in a variety of sand‐body types, and have multiple traps. These attributes impart a petroliferous character to the entire sag. Depression basins (intracratonic flexural basins) developed on large cratons and hosted large lacustrine systems. They feature very gentle structure, large deltaic sand‐bodies, source rocks in extensive contact with sand‐bodies, heterogeneous low‐porosity‐low‐permeability reservoirs and large, widespread lithology‐controlled pools. In recent years, large oil and gas reserves have been discovered in these two types of lacustrine‐dominated basins, contributing significantly to the growth of reserves in onshore China, and stratigraphic oil and gas pools have become the major type of accumulation in nonmarine lacustrine basins.
Formation of 100S ribosomes in Staphylococcus aureus by the hibernation promoting factor homolog SaHPF
Authors: Ueta Masami , Wada Chieko , Wada Akira 
Published: December 2009

In the stationary growth phase of Escherichia coli, the 70S ribosomes are dimerized by the ribosome modulation factor (RMF) and hibernation promoting factor (HPF) proteins to form 100S ribosomes, which lose translational activity. In this study we found 100S ribosomes in the gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which has an HPF homolog (named SaHPF) but no RMF homolog. Unlike in E. coli, 100S ribosomes exist in all growth phases of S. aureus, with the highest levels at the transition from the exponential phase to the stationary phase. To find the key factors involved in 100S formation, we analyzed proteins associated with crude ribosomes using radical‐free and highly reducing 2‐D PAGE and MALDI TOF/MS. Only the SaHPF levels changed in parallel with the changes in 100S levels. SaHPF bound preferentially to 70S components in 100S ribosomes, with a molar ratio of 1 : 1 relative to the 70S, but some SaHPF was also detected in free 70S ribosomes. High‐salt washing of the crude ribosomes released SaHPF and dissociated the 100S ribosomes to their 70S components. When these 70S components were incubated with purified SaHPF in vitro, they re‐associated to form 100S. These results suggest that SaHPF is a key protein involved in 100S ribosome formation in S. aureus.
PiggyBac‐like elements in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella
Authors: Wang J. , Miller E. D. , Simmons G. S. , Miller T. A. , Tabashnik B. E. , Park Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA transgenic line of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, a key lepidopteran cotton pest, was generated previously using the piggyBac transposon IFP2 from Trichoplusia ni. Here we identified an endogenous piggyBac‐like element (PLE), designated as PgPLE1, in the pink bollworm. A putatively intact copy of PgPLE1 (PgPLE1.1) presents the canonical features of PLE: inverted terminal repeats with three C/G residues at the extreme ends, inverted subterminal repeats, TTAA target site and an open reading frame encoding transposase with 68% similarity to IFP2. Vectorette PCR revealed large variation in the insertion sites of PgPLE1 amongst worldwide populations, indicating the potential mobility of PgPLE1. The PgPLE1 was undetectable in the genome of Pectinophora endema, implying the recent invasion of PgPLE1 after the divergence of these two closely related species.