bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharpening our thinking about polar cap ionospheric patch morphology, research, and mitigation techniques
Authors: Carlson Herbert C. 
Published: April 2012

Since polar cap patches were discovered, their nature, physics, and impact on navigation and communication signals has been repeatedly addressed. Both terminology and inference of physical processes from diverse instruments have introduced confusion. Poleward moving auroral form is a morphological descriptor but cannot be equated to an island of high‐density plasma. Particle precipitation produces low‐density patches, but high‐density patches derive from solar produced plasma. The challenge of patches is finding the dominant mechanism for chopping entering ionization into islands (∼100–1000 km in size). Velocity‐dependent recombination physics is valid in principle but not relevant to patches formed in at least the European sector. Most patches are formed by transient magnetic reconnection events. While the plasma is at too high an altitude for the strong velocity shears to erode plasma densities, the shears become the dominant plasma structuring mechanism until the initial magnetic tension force is relaxed. Initial patch structuring is not by gradient drift as believed for decades but rather by the shear driven instability, impacting mitigation techniques. Large‐scale shears, driven to 2–3 km/s, impact satellite drag through thermospheric heating. The study here is intended to sharpen understanding of patches for future research and development of techniques for mitigation of their effects on navigation and other systems dependent on receiving radio frequency signals from satellites and understanding reconnection driven impact on thermospheric density and satellite drag.
World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010
Authors: Levitus S. , Antonov J. I. , Boyer T. P. , Baranova O. K. , Garcia H. E. , Locarnini R. A. , Mishonov A. V. , Reagan J. R. , Seidov D. , Yarosh E. S. , Zweng M. M. 
Published: April 2012

We provide updated estimates of the change of ocean heat content and the thermosteric component of sea level change of the 0–700 and 0–2000 m layers of the World Ocean for 1955–2010. Our estimates are based on historical data not previously available, additional modern data, and bathythermograph data corrected for instrumental biases. We have also used Argo data corrected by the Argo DAC if available and used uncorrected Argo data if no corrections were available at the time we downloaded the Argo data. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–2000 m layer increased by 24.0 ± 1.9 × 1022 J (±2S.E.) corresponding to a rate of 0.39 W m−2 (per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.09°C. This warming corresponds to a rate of 0.27 W m−2 per unit area of earth's surface. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–700 m layer increased by 16.7 ± 1.6 × 1022 J corresponding to a rate of 0.27 W m−2(per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.18°C. The World Ocean accounts for approximately 93% of the warming of the earth system that has occurred since 1955. The 700–2000 m ocean layer accounted for approximately one‐third of the warming of the 0–2000 m layer of the World Ocean. The thermosteric component of sea level trend was 0.54 ± .05 mm yr−1 for the 0–2000 m layer and 0.41 ± .04 mm yr−1 for the 0–700 m layer of the World Ocean for 1955–2010.
Areas of permanent shadow in Mercury's south polar region ascertained by MESSENGER orbital imaging
Authors: Chabot Nancy L. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Denevi Brett W. , Harmon John K. , Murchie Scott L. , Blewett David T. , Solomon Sean C. , Zhong Ellen D. 
Published: April 2012

Radar‐bright features near Mercury's poles have been postulated to be deposits of water ice trapped in cold, permanently shadowed interiors of impact craters. From its orbit about Mercury, MESSENGER repeatedly imaged the planet's south polar region over one Mercury solar day, providing a complete view of the terrain near the south pole and enabling the identification of areas of permanent shadow larger in horizontal extent than approximately 4 km. In Mercury's south polar region, all radar‐bright features correspond to areas of permanent shadow. Application of previous thermal models suggests that the radar‐bright deposits in Mercury's south polar cold traps are in locations consistent with a composition dominated by water ice provided that some manner of insulation, such as a thin layer of regolith, covers many of the deposits.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of the molecular anions, ZrO−, HfO−, HfHO−, and HfO2H−
Authors: Li Xiang , Zheng Weijun , Buonaugurio Angela , Buytendyk Allyson , Bowen Kit , Balasubramanian Krishnan 
Published: April 2012

Negative ion photoelectron spectra of ZrO−, HfO−, HfHO−, and HfO2H− are reported. Even though zirconium- and hafnium-containing molecules typically exhibit similar chemistries, the negative ion photoelectron spectral profiles of ZrO− and HfO− are dramatically different from one another. By comparing these data with relevant theoretical and experimental studies, as well as by using insights drawn from atomic spectra, spin-orbit interactions, and relativistic effects, the photodetachment transitions in the spectra of ZrO− and HfO− were assigned. As a result, the electron affinities of ZrO and HfO were determined to be 1.26 ± 0.05 eV and 0.60 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. The anion photoelectron spectra of HfHO− and HfO2H− are similar to one another and their structural connectivities are likely to be H–Hf–O− and O–Hf–OH−, respectively. The electron affinities of HfHO and HfO2H are 1.70 ± 0.05 eV and 1.73 ± 0.05 eV, respectively.
Population Structure and Run Timing of Steelhead in the Skeena River, British Columbia
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Wallace Colin G. , Le Khai D. , Beere Mark 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Identification of population-specific run timing is an important component of salmonid fisheries management and was a major focus of our study. Population structure of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss was examined in the Skeena River of northern British Columbia. Variation at 14 microsatellites was surveyed in 3,062 steelhead sampled from 17 populations in the drainage. During 1998–2010, 6,691 individuals were sampled in a lower river test fishery to obtain information on relative abundance and time of arrival of specific populations near the river mouth. The genetic differentiation index F ST calculated over all populations and loci was 0.021; individual locus values ranged from 0.017 to 0.045. Differentiation in steelhead allele frequencies among populations was approximately 14 times the differentiation observed among years within populations. A regional structuring of populations was the general pattern observed, with steelhead populations from the upper portion of the drainage clustering together in 87% of dendrograms evaluated and those in the lower portion of the drainage clustering together in 100% of dendrograms. The 17 populations sampled were arranged in nine reporting groups for genetic stock identification applications. The estimated stock composition of a simulated known-origin mixture was within 2% of the correct estimate for seven of the nine reporting groups present in the mixture. The stock composition of an actual known-origin sample was estimated within 2% of the correct estimate for eight of the nine reporting groups present. Application to actual samples from the test fishery indicated that upper drainage populations generally migrated through the lower river earlier than other populations, whereas lower river populations typically migrated later. Genetic mixed-stock analysis can assist managers in regulating fisheries to maintain productivity of Skeena River steelhead.
Received July 25, 2011; accepted December 15, 2011
A new approach to foam-lined indirect-drive NIF ignition targets
Authors: Biener J. , Dawedeit C. , Kim S.H. , Braun T. , Worsley M.A. , Chernov A.A. , Walton C.C. , Willey T.M. , Kucheyev S.O. , Shin S.J. , Wang Y.M. , Biener M.M. , Lee J.R.I. , Kozioziemski B.J. , van Buuren T. , Wu K.J.J. , Satcher J.H. , Hamza A.V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Taking full advantage of the unique laboratory environment created by the National Ignition Facility (NIF) will require the availability of foam-lined indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion targets. Here, we report on a new approach that enables fabrication of target structures that consist of a thin-walled (<30 µm) ultra-low-density (<30 mg cm−3) hydrocarbon foam film inside a thick-walled, ∼2 mm diameter ablator shell. In contrast to previous work on direct-drive targets that started with the fabrication of foam shells, we use a prefabricated ablator as a mold to cast the foam liner within the shell. This work summarizes crucial components of this new approach, including the aerogel chemistry, filling of the ablator shell with the aerogel precursor solution with nanolitre precision, creating uniform polymer gel coatings inside the ablator capsule, supercritical drying and doping.
Demonstration of sawtooth period locking with power modulation in TCV plasmas
Authors: Lauret M. , Felici F. , Witvoet G. , Goodman T.P. , Vandersteen G. , Sauter O. , de Baar M.R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Corroborating evidence is presented that the sawtooth period can follow the modulation frequency of an externally applied high power electron cyclotron wave source. Precise, fast and robust open loop control of the sawtooth period with a continuously changing reference period has been achieved. This period locking is not associated with the crash, but with the phase evolution of the inter-crash dynamics. This opens new possibilities of open loop control for physics studies and maybe for reactor performance control.
Kinetic damping of resistive wall mode in reversed field pinch
Authors: Wang Z.R. , Guo S.C. , Liu Y.Q. , Chu M.S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The kinetic effects of thermal particles on the resistive wall mode (RWM) are studied in reversed field pinch (RFP) by adopting the toroidal hybrid stability code MARS-K (Liu et al 2008 Phys. Plasmas
15 112503) where the drift kinetic effects are included self-consistently. It is found that the transit ion resonance can provide ion acoustic Landau damping to stabilize the RWMs in high-beta plasmas. The trapped particles do not play a significant role in kinetic stabilization. The required critical flow rotation frequency is in the ion acoustic range which is much smaller than that predicted previously by fluid theory (Guo et al 1999 Phys. Plasmas

6 3868). The most unstable mode, having its rational surface closest to the plasma, can be stabilized for the wall near the plasma (e.g. n = 6 mode in RFX-mod) with the flow rotation in a few per cent of the Alfvén frequency. For other RWMs with different toroidal wave numbers n the stabilization conditions depend on the wall position and plasma βp. An analysis based on the potential energy components is carried out for physical understanding. The preliminary study on the effects of collisionality is also presented.
Quantitative comparison of experimental impurity transport with nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation in an Alcator C-Mod L-mode plasma
Authors: Howard N.T. , Greenwald M. , Mikkelsen D.R. , Reinke M.L. , White A.E. , Ernst D. , Podpaly Y. , Candy J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of impurity transport are compared to experimental impurity transport for the first time. The GYRO code (Candy and Waltz 2003 J. Comput. Phys.
186 545) was used to perform global, nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of impurity transport for a standard Alcator C-Mod, L-mode discharge. The laser blow-off technique was combined with soft x-ray measurements of a single charge state of calcium to provide time-evolving profiles of this non-intrinsic, non-recycling impurity over a radial range of 0.0 ⩽ r/a ⩽ 0.6. Experimental transport coefficient profiles and their uncertainties were extracted from the measurements using the impurity transport code STRAHL and rigorous Monte Carlo error analysis. To best assess the agreement of gyrokinetic simulations with the experimental profiles, the sensitivity of the GYRO predicted impurity transport to a wide range of turbulence-relevant plasma parameters was investigated. A direct comparison of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation and experiment is presented with an in depth discussion of error sources and a new data analysis methodology.
Long-distance correlations in TCABR biasing experiments
Authors: Kuznetsov Yu.K. , Nascimento I.C. , Silva C. , Figueiredo H. , Guimarães-Filho Z.O. , Caldas I.L. , Galvão R.M.O. , Severo J.H.F. , Toufen D.L. , Ruchko L.F. , Elfimov A.G. , Elizondo J.I. , de Sá W.P. , Usuriaga O.C. , Sanada E. , Melnikov A.V. , Gryaznevich M.P. , Peres Alonso M. , Reis A.P. , Machida M. , Trembach D.J. , Germano T.M. , Narayanan R. , Ghoranneviss M. , Arvin R. , Mohammadi S. , Tekieh S.R.S. , Borges F.O. , Bellintani V. , Canal G.P. , Duarte P. , de Castro R.M. , Vorobyov G. , Mizintseva M. , Moiseenko V.E. , do Nascimento F. , Ronchi G. , Schmutzler L.M.F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Long-distance correlations (LDCs) of plasma potential fluctuations in the plasma edge have been investigated in the TCABR tokamak in the regime of edge biasing H-mode using an array of multi-pin Langmuir probes. This activity was carried out as part of the scientific programme of the 4th IAEA Joint Experiment (2009). The experimental data confirm the effect of amplification of LDCs in potential fluctuations during biasing recently observed in stellarators and tokamaks. For long toroidal distances between probes, the cross-spectrum is concentrated at low frequencies f < 60 kHz with peaks at f < 5 kHz, f = 13–15 kHz and f ∼ 40 kHz and low wave numbers with a maximum at k = 0. The effects of MHD activity on the LDCs in potential fluctuation are investigated.
Renal artery stenosis: an innocent bystander or an independent predictor of worse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure? A magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Bourantas Christos V. , Loh Huan P. , Lukaschuk Elena I. , Nicholson Antony , Mirsadraee Saeed , Alamgir Farqad M. , Tweddel Ann C. , Ettles Duncan F. , Rigby Alan S. , Nikitin Nikolay P. , Clark Andrew L. , Cleland John G.F. 
Published: April 2012

AimsTo investigate the prognostic impact of atherosclerotic renovascular disease in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods and resultsPatients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) was defined as a luminal narrowing >50%. Of the 366 patients investigated, 112 (31%) had RAS, of whom 41 had bilateral RAS. Patients with RAS were older (P < 0.001), had higher blood pressure (P < 0.001), and worse renal function (P = 0.001). In addition, these patients had more admissions and more prolonged hospital stays because of vascular events (0.09 ± 0.26 vs. 0.02 ± 0.16 admissions/per patient/year; P < 0.001; and 1.26 ± 5.79 vs. 0.31 ± 2.54 days/per patient/year; P < 0.001, respectively) and worse prognosis (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.10–2.34, P = 0.015). However, in multivariable analysis, a history of diabetes mellitus, decreasing haemoglobin, and increasing left ventricular end‐systolic volume index, but not age and RAS, were independently related to outcome.ConclusionsRAS is a common finding in patients suffering from heart failure. Although it is associated with an increased vascular morbidity, it is not an independent predictor of mortality.
Fermented Wheat Bran as a Functional Ingredient in Baking
Authors: Katina Kati , Juvonen Riikka , Laitila Arja , Flander Laura , Nordlund Emilia , Kariluoto Susanna , Piironen Vieno , Poutanen Kaisa 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of the current study was to identify factors influencing the technological functionality of fermented bran. The influences of fermentation type and type of wheat bran on the microbial community, bioactivity, arabinoxylans (AX), and activity of xylanases were studied in the bran ferments. Furthermore, technological quality of ferments was established by using them to replace wheat in baking with a 20% substitution level. Solubilization of AX and endogenous xylanase activity of bran were influenced by the type of bran, fermentation type, and conditions. Peeled bran had a clearly reduced microbial load and different microbial community in comparison to native bran. Bran from peeled kernels contained 10‐fold lower activities of endogenous xylanases in comparison to native bran. Yeast fermentation of bran from peeled kernels increased the level of folates (+40%), free phenolic acids (+500%), and soluble AX (+60%). Bread containing yeast‐fermented peeled bran had improved volume (+10–15%) and crumb softness (25–35% softer) in comparison to unfermented counterparts. Solubilization of AX during the 20 hr fermentation and decreased endogenous xylanase activity are proposed as the main reasons for the improved technological functionality of fermented bran.
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Enterography With Endoscopy, Histopathology, and Laboratory Evaluation in Pediatric Crohn Disease
Authors: Sauer Cary G. , Middleton Jeremy P. , Alazraki Adina , Udayasankar Unni K. , Kalb Bobby , Applegate Kimberly E. , Martin Diego R. , Kugathasan Subra 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Children with Crohn disease (CD) often undergo cross‐sectional imaging during clinical evaluation. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is becoming the preferred radiologic assessment due to the lack of radiation exposure; however, there are few data in children with CD comparing MRE with objective disease measures. The aim of the present study was to compare MRE with endoscopy, histopathology, and laboratory evaluation in children with CD.Methods:We performed an institutional review board–approved query of our prospective CD MRE database, which includes data in children with CD undergoing MRE since 2008.Results:A total of 147 MRE studies were performed in 119 different children with symptomatic CD. Of those, 53 (39.6%) MRE studies were performed at diagnosis to evaluate small bowel disease burden. A total of 117 (79.6%) MRE studies displayed active and/or chronic disease, whereas 30 (20.4%) MRE studies were normal. When compared with normal MRE studies, active inflammation on MRE was associated with a higher mean C‐reactive protein (3.6 vs 1.1, P < 0.001), higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (36 vs 22, P = 0.0.31), higher platelet value (439 vs 352, P = 0.033), and lower albumin (3.4 vs 3.7, P = 0.049). Comparison between MRE and endoscopy demonstrated excellent agreement when ulcers were present, and moderate agreement with histopathology.Conclusions:Active inflammation on MRE is associated with higher C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelets, and lower albumin in children with CD. MRE displays excellent agreement with endoscopic disease described by ulcers but poor agreement with mild mucosal disease described by erythema and friability. The present study adds to a growing body of evidence that MRE provides excellent assessment of inflammation and measures disease activity in CD.
Uncovering Small RNA-Mediated Responses to Cold Stress in a Wheat Thermosensitive Genic Male-Sterile Line by Deep Sequencing
Authors: Tang Zhonghui , Zhang Liping , Xu Chenguang , Yuan Shaohua , Zhang Fengting , Zheng Yonglian , Zhao Changping 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The male sterility of thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) is strictly controlled by temperature. The early phase of anther development is especially susceptible to cold stress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in plant development and in responses to environmental stress. In this study, deep sequencing of small RNA (smRNA) libraries obtained from spike tissues of the TGMS line under cold and control conditions identified a total of 78 unique miRNA sequences from 30 families and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) derived from two TAS3 genes. To identify smRNA targets in the wheat TGMS line, we applied the degradome sequencing method, which globally and directly identifies the remnants of smRNA-directed target cleavage. We identified 26 targets of 16 miRNA families and three targets of tasiRNAs. Comparing smRNA sequencing data sets and TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction results, we identified six miRNAs and one tasiRNA (tasiRNA-ARF [for Auxin-Responsive Factor]) as cold stress-responsive smRNAs in spike tissues of the TGMS line. We also determined the expression profiles of target genes that encode transcription factors in response to cold stress. Interestingly, the expression of cold stress-responsive smRNAs integrated in the auxin-signaling pathway and their target genes was largely noncorrelated. We investigated the tissue-specific expression of smRNAs using a tissue microarray approach. Our data indicated that miR167 and tasiRNA-ARF play roles in regulating the auxin-signaling pathway and possibly in the developmental response to cold stress. These data provide evidence that smRNA regulatory pathways are linked with male sterility in the TGMS line during cold stress.
Pigmentation above the constitutive level: An indicator of excimer laser radiation‐induced erythema in Koreans
Authors: CHOI Jee‐Woong , NA Se‐Young , CHUNG Mi‐Young , NA Jung‐Im , HUH Chang‐Hun , YOUN Sang‐Woong , KANG Hee‐Young , PARK Kyoung‐Chan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) irradiation induces skin erythema, but it is not clear which factors have the greatest effects on UV sensitivity. Six healthy Korean adult men were enrolled and their melanin index (MI) and increment of erythema index (ΔEI) were measured. In each individual, 12 different sites were selected and 36 spots were irradiated with a single shot of monochromatic excimer laser with a dose of 350 mJ/cm2. The sites were categorized into three groups based on the cumulative sun exposure: UZ, unexposed zones; FEZ, frequently exposed zones; and IEZ, intermittently exposed zones. The sun exposure indexes (SEI) were also calculated based on previously described methods. ΔEI, MI and SEI were measured and calculated. The ΔEI of UZ was significantly higher than that of FEZ, but lower than that of IEZ. In general, there was a significant relationship between ΔEI and MI (R2 = 0.135). However, IEZ did not show significant results. In contrast, there was a stronger relationship between ΔEI and SEI (R2 = 0.344). Overall, the values were significantly higher for the SEI (0.541 [UZ], 0.281 [IEZ] and 0.228 [FEZ]) than for MI (0.311 [UZ], 0.011 [IEZ] and 0.073 [FEZ]). There were significant site variations in UV sensitivity along with skin pigmentation. In addition, significant differences were observed according to the exposure frequency. The SEI was found to be strongly correlated with UV sensitivity. These results suggest that the induced level of pigmentation above the constitutive level will be a better indicator for UV sensitivity than baseline MI.