bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of two proteinase inhibitors, E‐64 and the Bowman‐Birk inhibitor, on the developmental time and mortality of Acanthoscelides obtectus
Authors: Hines M. E. , Nielsen S. S. , Shade R. E. , Pomeroy M. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn artificial bean seed system was used to evaluate the effects of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (E‐64) and a serine proteinase inhibitor (Bowman‐Birk inhibitor) on the developmental time and mortality of the common bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). These inhibitors were incorporated into artificial bean seeds on which the insect fed. To better understand the mode of action of these inhibitors, free amino acids were also added to the seeds, alone and in combination with the inhibitors. E‐64 was found to be highly effective in delaying development and increasing mortality of the insect. Both effects were directly related to the concentration of E‐64. Bowman‐Birk inhibitor had little effect on these parameters. Assays of gut proteolytic activity of insects reared on artificial seeds with various levels of E‐64 demonstrated a direct relationship between E‐64 concentration in the diet and reduction of gut proteolytic activity. Free amino acid supplementation to the diet did not prevent inhibition of gut proteolytic activity by E‐64, but did reverse its effects on developmental time and mortality, strengthening the hypothesis that E‐64 operates by inhibition of essential digestive proteinase activity.RésuméEffets de 2 inhibiteurs de protéinases, E‐64 et inhibiteur Bowman‐Birk sur la durée de développement et la mortalité d' Acanthoscelides obtectusDes grains artificiels de haricot ont été utilisés pour évaluer les effets sur la durée de développement et la mortalité d' Acanthoscelides obtectus. Say d'inhibiteurs de la protéinase de la cystéine (E‐64) et de la protéinase de la sérine (l'inhibiteur de Bowman‐Birk). Ces inhibiteurs avaient été incorporés dans les grains artificiels. Pour mieux comprendre leur voie d'action, des acides aminés libres étaient ajoutés à ces graines, seuls ou combinés aux inhibiteurs. E‐64 a très efficacement retardé le développement et accru la mortalité; ces 2 effets étaient liés à sa concentration. L'inhibiteur de Bowman‐Birk a eu peu d'effets sur ces paramètres. Des expériences sur l'activité protéolytique du tube digestif d'insectes élevés sur des graines artificielles avec différentes concentrations de E‐64 ont montré une relation directe entre la concentration en E‐64 et la réduction de l'activité protéolytique. L'addition d'acides aminés libres dans l'aliment n'a pas empêché l'inhibition de l'activité protéolytique par E‐64, mais a inversé ses effets sur la durée de développement et la mortalité, renforçant l'hypothèse que E‐64 agit en inhibant l'activité protéinase digestive essentielle.
Effects of lead and cadmium on chemical composition and total water content of the pupal parasitoid, Pimpla turionellae
Authors: Ortel J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was fed on Cd, Pb and Cd + Pb‐contaminated food (33 μg Cd, 82 μg Pb and 33 μg Cd + 82 μg Pb per gram food fresh weight, respectively). Significant decrease in the total lipid and protein content was found along with an increase in the water content particularly in Cd‐contaminated parasitoids.
Effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time of the New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus
Authors: Teulon D. A. J. , Penman D. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe life history of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus (Crawford), Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied using a simple laboratory rearing method. The effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time were examined. Oviposition rate increased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C. Development time for individual instars and for total development decreased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 27°C. Total development time ranged from 50 days at 10°C (female) to 10 days at 27°C (male). The relationship between temperature and development rate was expressed as a straight line such that lower thresholds of development of between 4.2°C and 6.3°C were established for life stages. Adult lifespan increased with decreasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C and females lived longer than males. At 10°C and 25°C females lived for an average of 34 and 3 weeks respectively. Thrips supplied with pollen exhibited highest and sustained levels of egg production in comparison to other diets. Larval mortality was lowest and development time fastest on diets of pollen and sucrose or fruit juice in comparison to other plant tissues. Larval development time was similar on four species of pollen.
Interaction of fertilizer regime with host‐plant resistance in tomato
Authors: Barbour J. D. , Farrar R. R. , Kennedy G. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effect of fertilizer regime on trichome‐ and lamellar‐based resistance in the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull accession PI 134417, to three insect pests of tomato, the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the tomato fruitworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), was examined. Increasing the rate at which NPK fertilizer was applied, from 1.8 to 19.6 g/plant/week, reduced the trichome‐based resistance of PI 134417 to M. sexta and L. decemlineata by lowering both the density of type VI (sensu Luckwill, 1943) glandular trichomes and the amount of 2‐tridecanone contained in the tips of these trichomes. 2‐Tridecanone is a toxic methyl‐ketone responsible for glandular trichome‐mediated resistance in PI 134417 to M. sexta and L. decemlineata. A similar increase in the application rate of NPK fertilizer reduced the lamellar‐based resistance of PI 134417 to L. decemlineata and H. zea. The meachanisms for this reduction of resistance are unknown, but may be related to improved nutritional quality of hosts at higher fertilizer regimes.
Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis
Authors: Havron A. , Kenan G. , Rosen D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHigh levels of azinphosmethyl resistance, ca × 10 of a laboratory stock, were discovered in a field population of Aphytis lingnanensis Compere (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in a heavily sprayed citron orchard. Nine selections for increased resistance led to an initial loss of variability with no significant gains in resistance. Eight additional selections increased resistance to ca 4 times that of the source population, and variability to an extent indicating potential for further progress.Additional selections of this stock by the male selection method resulted in further improvement and field releases of the resistant strain.Initial levels of permethrin tolerance were ca 1.9 times higher than those of the susceptible population. LC50 values were only marginally increased by 13 selections, but a marked increase in the proportion of highly resistant individuals pointed to potential for further progress.Exposure to the insecticides had no observable sub‐lethal after‐effects on rates of progeny production by survivors and on the sex ratio and developmental period of offspring.
Effects of nitrogen and foliar biomass on population parameters of cabbage insects
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Leibee G. L. , Sanchez C. A. , Lecrone S. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross‐striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
Changes in calling behaviour and mating success in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), caused by relative humidity
Authors: Royer L. , McNeil J. N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe examined the calling behaviour of O. nubilalis virgin females, held at three different constant conditions of relative humidity from the time of emergence through their sixth night of calling, as well as the incidence of mating over time at low or high relative humidity conditions. The mean age at which females initiated calling in their life was independent of relative humidity conditions, although more variable at low humidity. On successive nights of calling, fewer virgin European corn borer females called under low compared with high humidity conditions, and those that did began later in scotophase, had fewer calling bouts, and spent less time calling. These changes in the female prereproductive behaviour were reflected on the incidence of mating which, in the first two days following emergence, was significantly less at low than at high humidity conditions. The ecological significance of these results is discussed in relation with the susceptibility of O. nubilalis to desiccation.RésuméModification du comportement d'appel et du succès d'accouplement de la pyrale du maïs (Ostrinia nubilalis) causées par les conditions d'humidité relativeNous avons étudié le comportement d'appel des femelles vierges d'Ostrinia nubilalis maintenues sous trois conditions constantes d'humidité relative, depuis l'émergence jusqu'à la sixième nuit d'appel, ainsi que l'incidence d'accouplement d'individus placés en milieu sec ou humide pour diverses périodes de temps. Les conditions d'humidité n'ont pas significativement affecté l'âge moyen auquel les femelles ont commencé à appeler au cours de leur vie, bien qu'il ait été plus variable à 53% h.r. Les nuits subséquentes, le comportement d'appel des femelles maintenues à basse humidité a débuté plus tard dans la nuit, s'est exprimé pour une période de temps plus courte avec moins de séquences d'appel que celui de leurs congénéres placés en milieu humide, et la proportion de femelles en appel a toujours été plus faible à 53% h.r. Ces changements du comportement préreproducteur des femelles se sont répercutés sur l'incidence d'accouplement qui, les deux premiers jours suivant l'émergence, a été significativement plus faible à basse humidité qu'elle ne l'a été en milieu humide. Ces résultats seront discutés en relation avec l'écologie de O. nubilalis et associés à sa susceptibilité à la dessication.
The influence of azadirachtin on the feeding behaviour of cereal aphids and slugs
Authors: West A. J. , (Luntz) A. J. Mordue 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe probing behaviour of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) and the feeding behaviour of several slug species, (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller), Arion distinctus Mabille, Agriolimax caruanae Pollonera, Maximus sp.) were assessed on seedlings of winter barley (Hordeum marinum) treated with different concentrations of azadirachtin. Settling behaviour of both aphid species was strongly biased towards the untreated seedlings or those treated with low concentrations of azadirachtin. Concentrations of <500 ppm were effective with topical application and probing activity was reduced for at least 4 days after application. Systemic activity of azadirachtin against cereal aphids was also demonstrated. Feeding behaviour of the slug species, as seen by the amount of leaf eaten compared to the controls, was not affected by the presence of azadirachtin at those concentrations which deterred aphids from feeding. The relevance of these results to crop protection is discussed.
Rearing of two predators, Thanasimus dubius and Temnochila virescens, for the biological control of Ips grandicollis in Australia
Authors: Lawson S. A. , Morgan F. D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRearing methods for two coleopterous predators, Thanasimus dubius and Temnochila virescens, imported into Australia for the biological control of Ips grandicollis, were developed. Bionomic data obtained from laboratory rearings between 1982–1987 showed that T. dubius eggs took about 7 days to hatch and that duration of the larval stage was about 42 days. Observations showed that T. dubius had a prolonged prepupal stage (x̄ = 56.4 days, range 14–274 days), which was probably non‐diapausal in nature. Mean adult longevity was 50 days (range 1–358 days). Temnochila virescens eggs took almost 9 days to hatch, and a lengthy larval stage (x̄ = 155.4 days, range 73–333 days) was observed. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 14 days (range 7–28 days). A long preoviposition period (x̄ = 141 days, range 47–206 days) was observed, and adults were very long‐lived (x̄ = 232.7 days, range 14–667 days). Capacity for increase (rc) calculated from rearing data suggested that numbers of T. dubius could be increased faster than T. virescens. Mortality between 1982–1987 averaged about 70% for both species. However, mortality of T. dubius in 1987 increased significantly, suggesting that inbreeding or other methodological factors could be responsible. A mass‐rearing method using Ips‐infested pine billets was developed as a cheaper alternative to laboratory rearing, and was shown to be effective in producing large numbers of insects for release.
Geocoris punctipes as a predator of Bemisia tabaci: a laboratory evaluation
Authors: Cohen A. C. , Byrne D.N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGeocoris punctipes (Say), a predaceous lygaeid not previously documented as a whitefly predator, was tested in the laboratory as a natural enemy of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). Its stalking behavior with whiteflies as prey was similar to that observed with aphids. A previously unobserved behavior was noted that involves the predators using salivary secretions to fasten the wings of prey to various surfaces, allowing labial probing and feeding. Prey consumption as a function of prey number appeared to follow the pattern of the Holling type II functional response. Handling time per prey item ranged from about 180 to 240 seconds. No changes were observed in handling time devoted to earlier versus later catches. Nutritional quality of whiteflies was measured using crude protein, lipids and carbohydrates as criteria. Performance, in terms of predator behavior, total daily handling time, functional response, energy budget and nutritional quality all support the hypothesis that G. punctipes is a promising candidate for biological control of sweet potato whiteflies.
Use of learned visual cues during habitat location by Brachymeria intermedia
Authors: Drost Y. C. , Cardé R. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLike many other parasitoids, Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) uses olfactory cues to find its host, but in addition it appears to use learned visual cues to focus its searching efforts at the macrohabitat level. In laboratory experiments, females were held in cages where Lymantria dispar pupae were hidden either in a vertical, tree‐like structure or on the floor. After four days females had learned to search for hosts in the structure in which they previously had found pupae. Such training was reversible. During similar tests in a semi‐natural situation, in which pupae were hung from a tree trunk or were hidden under leaf litter, females also tailored their subsequent searching to favour the macrohabitat where hosts previously had been found. This parasitoid most likely uses a combination of visual and olfactory cues during host searching.
Population genetic studies of leafhopper (Empoasca) species
Authors: Loukas M. , Drosopoulos S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSeven populations of the genus Empoasca Walsh 1864 (Homoptera, Typhlocybinae) collected from six different host‐plants were electrophoretically analyzed for thirteen enzyme loci. By using both the allozymes and the morphological characters of the male genitalia we found that these populations consisted of only two Empoasca species; E. decedens and E. decipiens. The use of allozymes proved to be the faster and more efficient method for discrimination; nine out of thirteen enzyme loci were diagnostic. E. decedens was found to be the most abundant species in all populations studied. There are no genetic differences between E. decedens populations associated with different host‐plants. The total genetic variability was mainly organized within E. decedens populations, explaining more than 95% of the total variability.
The resistance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Nasonovia ribisnigri: bionomics of N. ribisnigri on near isogenic lettuce lines
Authors: VAN Helden M. , Tjallingii W. F. , Dieleman F. L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe intrinsic rate of increase (rm‐values), mean relative growth rates and mortality of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Homoptera, Aphididae) on different lines of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were determined. Near isogenic resistant and susceptible lines, plus their ancestors, were used. Bionomics of N. ribisnigri on the resistant lines (NrNr) with the dominant Nasonovia resistance gene (Nr‐gene) differed clearly from the susceptible lines (nrnr). Mortality was high, no larvae reached adulthood, and no reproduction nor honeydew production was seen on the resistant lines. Transfer of aphids to susceptible plants after a period of 2 days on the resistant lines showed no signs of intoxication of aphids. Apparently there is no feeding on the resistant lines. It is not clear whether the aphids can not reach the phloem or do not accept it on the resistant line.
Populations of Sitobion avenae and Aphidius ervi on spring wheat in the northwestern United States Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans based on numerical and binomial counts
Authors: Feng M. C. , Nowierski R. M. , Zeng Z. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDuring a three‐year field survey of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae; represented by aphid mummies) on spring wheat, data sets were generated which consisted of 47 estimates of mean density (m aphids per tiller), variance (s2), and the proportion of empty tillers (P0) for S. avenae and 22 estimates of the same statistics for A. ervi, respectively. Each estimate of the aphid and parasitoid populations was based on counts per individual tiller on each sampling occasion. Taylor's power law was found to fit the data sets better than Iwao's m* ‐ m regression model. Taylor's slope for S. avenae (1.3076) was significantly higher than that for A. ervi (1.1519), indicating that S. avenae was more aggregated than A. ervi. Based on temporal changes in spatial aggregation represented by an index, 1/k [where k was estimated as m2/(s2 ‐ m)], S. avenae was most aggregated at low densities during the early infestation period and tended to be less aggregated as density increased, whereas A. ervi was more likely to be randomly distributed. A common k was detected for neither S. avenae nor A. ervi because the slopes from the linear regression of k on m significantly exceeded 0. Sequential sampling plans, based on numerical (complete) and binomial (presence or absence) counts, for the aphid and parasitoid species were developed using Taylor's parameters and those estimated from the linear regression of ln(m) on ln[‐ ln[P0)], respectively. Suggestions are made concerning the use of the sampling plans and the levels of precision that may be attained.
Diapause development in the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas
Authors: Menu F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLarval diapause development in the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) was studied in the laboratory at different temperatures. The results proved that exposure to low temperatures (3–6 °C) in the period December–February is not required to complete diapause. The diapause is terminated in December and from January on, the larvae can initiate post‐diapause morphogenesis in the laboratory, if temperatures allow it. In the field developmental rates are negligible during winter cold (4–6 °C) and only after March morphogenesis can proceed with no interruption until adult emergence. Diapause and post‐diapause quiescence contribute to individual synchronization for initiation of development. The observed spread of adult emergence was 30 days in the laboratory. This variability produced during post‐diapause development may be a response to annual variation in the phenology of the chestnuts.RésuméDes expériences menées au laboratoire à différentes températures ont montré que chez le balanin de la châtaigne Curculio elephas (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) des basses températures (3–6 °C) entre décembre et février ne sont pas nécessaires au développement de la diapause larvaire et que cette dernière est levée en décembre. Bien que les larves soient potentiellement capables de reprendre leur morphogenèse à partir de janvier, dans la nature, les vitesses de développement entre décembre et mars sont négligeables en raison des basses températures dans le sol (4 à 6 °C). Après mars, les températures autorisent une morphogenèse continue jusqu'aux émergences des adultes. La diapause et la quiescence hivernale contribuent à synchroniser le début du développement des larves. La dispersion des émergences a été d'en moyenne 30 jours au laboratoire. Cette variabilité, produite durant le développement post‐diapause, serait un exemple de répartition du risque en réponse à la variation annuelle de la phénologie des châtaignes.
Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper, Empoasca vitis
Authors: Candolfi M. P. , Jermini M. , Carrera E. , Candolfi‐Vasconcelos M. C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe impact of the grape leafhopper, Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines, Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopper‐load on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper‐days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper‐loads up to 71.8 leafhopper‐days per leaf were observed.