bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ Raman microscopy applied to large Central Asian paintings
Authors: Ernst Richard R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProcedures and versatile Raman instruments are described for the non‐destructive in situ analysis of pigments in large paintings. A commercial Raman microscope is mounted on a gantry for scanning paintings with dimensions exceeding 1 m2. Design principles and the physical implementation of the set‐up are outlined. Advantages/disadvantages and performance of the gantry‐based instrument are compared with those of a mobile Raman probe, attached to the same Raman microscope. The two set‐ups are applied to Central Asian thangka paintings. The utility of the gantry‐mounted Raman microscope is demonstrated on a 19th century Buddhist painting from Buriatia, South Siberia. Surprisingly, three arsenic‐based pigments, i.e. orpiment, realgar, and pararealgar, are found all in the same painting. Pararealgar is used for painting the numerous yellow areas. Realgar is admixed with red lead for adjusting its orange tint. Finally, orpiment is blended with Prussian blue for producing green. Traditional malachite is used in addition as a non‐adulterated green pigment. The mobile Raman probe was employed for examining a Tibetan painting of the 18th century from Derge monastery in the Kham area of Sichuan. The highly unique painting could be dated well and its origin accurately located. In fact, the painter's workshop, where the thangka has been executed, is shown in great detail on the painting itself. The painter's palette of this thangka matches the canonical set of pigments used in Tibet for more than 10 centuries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syringetin, a flavonoid derivative in grape and wine, induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein‐2/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 pathway
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ling , Liang Hsin‐Lin , Hung Chih‐Hsing , Kuo Po‐Lin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSyringetin (3,5,7,4′‐tetrahydroxy‐3′,5′dimethoxyflavone), a flavonoid derivative, is present in grape and wine. By means of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin, and type I collagen ELISA, we have shown that syringetin exhibits a significant induction of differentiation in MC3T3‐E1 mouse calvaria osteoblasts and human fetal osteoblastic 1.19 cell line human osteoblasts. ALP and osteocalcin are phenotypic markers for early‐stage differentiated osteoblasts and terminally differentiated osteoblasts, respectively. Our results indicate that syringetin stimulates osteoblast differentiation at various stages, from maturation to terminally differentiated osteoblasts. Induction of differentiation by syringetin is associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) production. The BMP‐2 antagonist noggin blocked syringetin‐mediated ALP activity and osteocalcin secretion enhancement, indicating that BMP‐2 production is required in syringetin‐mediated osteoblast maturation and differentiation. Induction of differentiation by syringetin is associated with increased activation of SMAD1/5/8 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Cotreatment of ERK1/2 inhibitor 2′‐amino‐3′‐methoxyflavone inhibited syringetin‐mediated ALP upregulation and osteocalcin production. In conclusion, syringetin increased BMP‐2 synthesis, and subsequently activated SMAD1/5/8 and ERK1/2, and this effect may contribute to its action on the induction of osteoblast maturation and differentiation, followed by an increase of bone mass.
Effect of low‐temperature long‐time pre‐treatment of wheat on acrylamide concentration in short dough biscuits
Authors: Anese Monica , Quarta Barbara , Foschia Martina , Bortolomeazzi Renzo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn April 2002, unexpected high levels of the neurotoxic and suspected carcinogen acrylamide (AA) were found in many heated foods, mainly represented by cereal and potato derivatives. Since then, due to the great consumption of dietary sources of AA among people of different ages and in different countries, worldwide efforts have been carried out to reduce the formation of the toxic molecule in foods. In this paper, the effect of a low‐temperature long‐time pre‐treatment of wheat grains on AA formation in biscuits was investigated. Wheat grains were subjected to heating at 100°C for 8 h and subsequently milled. The obtained flour was used to prepare biscuits that were compared for AA content, texture and color with control samples obtained by using flour from unheated wheat. The low‐temperature long‐time pre‐treatment was responsible for a great decrease (up to 42%) in AA levels in the biscuits, without causing significant changes in the color and texture parameters. As the pre‐treatment did not cause any change in sugar and asparagine concentrations, such a reduction in AA concentration can be attributed to a difference in the thermal effect generated in the biscuits obtained by using the unheated and pre‐heated flours. In fact, as the heating pre‐treatment caused a 2% moisture decrease in the flour, less time at the same temperature was required to obtain biscuits with comparable moisture contents.
Hybrid adiabatic‐rectangular pulse train for effective saturation of magnetization within the whole heart at 3 T
Authors: Kim Daniel , Oesingmann Niels , McGorty KellyAnne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUniform T1‐weighting is a major challenge for first‐pass cardiac perfusion MRI at 3 T. Previously proposed adiabatic amplitude of radiofrequency field (B1)‐insensitive rotation (BIR‐4) pulse and standard and tailored pulse trains of three nonselective pulses have been important developments but each pulse has limitations at 3 T. As an extension of the tailored pulse train, we developed a hybrid pulse train by synergistically combining two nonselective rectangular radiofrequency pulses and an adiabatic half‐passage pulse, in order to achieve effective saturation of magnetization within the heart, while remaining within clinically acceptable specific absorption rate limits. The standard pulse train, tailored pulse train, hybrid pulse train, and BIR‐4 pulse train were evaluated through numerical, phantom, and in vivo experiments. Among the four saturation pulses, only the hybrid pulse train yielded residual magnetization <2% of equilibrium magnetization in the heart while remaining within clinically acceptable specific absorption rate limits for multislice first‐pass cardiac perfusion MRI at 3 T. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of lactate with a hadamard slice selected, selective multiple quantum coherence, chemical shift imaging sequence (HDMD‐SelMQC‐CSI) on a clinical MRI scanner: Application to tumors and muscle ischemia
Authors: Mellon Eric A. , Lee Seung‐Cheol , Pickup Stephen , Kim Sungheon , Goldstein Steven C. , Floyd Thomas F. , Poptani Harish , Delikatny E. James , Reddy Ravinder , Glickson Jerry D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLactate is an important metabolite in normal and malignant tissues detectable by NMR spectroscopy; however, it has been difficult to clinically detect the lactate methyl resonance because it is obscured by lipid resonances. The selective homonuclear multiple quantum coherence transfer technique offers a method for distinguishing lipid and lactate resonances. We implemented a three‐dimensional selective homonuclear multiple quantum coherence transfer version with Hadamard slice selection and two‐dimensional phase encoding (Hadamard encoded–selective homonuclear multiple quantum coherence transfer–chemical shift imaging) on a conventional clinical MR scanner. Hadamard slice selection is explained and demonstrated in vivo. This is followed by 1‐cm3 resolution lactate imaging with detection to 5‐mM concentration in 20 min on a 3‐T clinical scanner. An analysis of QSel gradient duration and amplitude effects on lactate and lipid signal is presented. To demonstrate clinical feasibility, a 5‐min lactate scan of a patient with a non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in the superficial thigh is reported. The elevated lactate signal coincides with the T2‐weighted image of this tumor. As a test of selective homonuclear multiple quantum coherence transfer sensitivity, a thigh tourniquet was applied to a normal volunteer and an increase in lactate was detected immediately after tourniquet flow constriction. In conclusion, the Hadamard encoded–selective homonuclear multiple quantum coherence transfer–chemical shift imaging sequence is demonstrated on a phantom and in two lipid‐rich, clinically relevant, in vivo conditions. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerating SENSE using compressed sensing
Authors: Liang Dong , Liu Bo , Wang JiunJie , Ying Leslie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBoth parallel MRI and compressed sensing (CS) are emerging techniques to accelerate conventional MRI by reducing the number of acquired data. The combination of parallel MRI and CS for further acceleration is of great interest. In this paper, we propose a novel method to combine sensitivity encoding (SENSE), one of the standard methods for parallel MRI, and compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging (SparseMRI), a recently proposed method for applying CS in MR imaging with Cartesian trajectories. The proposed method, named CS‐SENSE, sequentially reconstructs a set of aliased reduced‐field‐of‐view images in each channel using SparseMRI and then reconstructs the final image from the aliased images using Cartesian SENSE. The results from simulations and phantom and in vivo experiments demonstrate that CS‐SENSE can achieve a reduction factor higher than those achieved by SparseMRI and SENSE individually and outperform the existing method that combines parallel MRI and CS. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The emerging role of the distal Fallopian tube and p53 in pelvic serous carcinogenesis
Authors: Herrington C Simon , McCluggage W Glenn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn their paper in this issue of the Journal, Xian et al have analysed in detail the Fallopian tubes from two patients with Li–Fraumeni syndrome (germline TP53 mutation) in order to investigate further the possible role of p53 signatures in the development of high‐grade pelvic serous carcinoma. They find an increased frequency of p53 signatures, with associated evidence of DNA damage and loss of heterozygosity at the wild‐type TP53 allele, but postulate, as Li–Fraumeni syndrome is not associated with an increased risk of pelvic serous carcinoma, that these events are not sufficient for the development of carcinoma. Rather, they put forward a model postulating that further events, particularly loss of BRCA1/2 function, are required for lesion progression. This paper exemplifies how the hypothesis‐driven study of a rare syndrome can be highly effective at answering specific questions about disease processes. It is of note that recent evidence from the same group provides convincing evidence that the distal Fallopian tube may, in fact, be the commonest site of origin for high‐grade pelvic serous carcinomas, most of which may originate at this site rather than from the ovary. In addition to its biological significance, this, if proven, has clear clinical implications. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compliance with dosing recommendations from common references in prescribing antibiotics for preterm neonates
Authors: Cheng Ching‐Lan , Yang Yea‐Huei Kao , Lin Swu‐Jane , Lin Chyi‐Her , Lin Yuh‐Jyh 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeIncorrect dosage was the most common type of medication errors in neonate patients. Different dosing recommendations from common reference sources may have contributed to the errors. This study assesses the compliance rate with the common reference sources in antibiotic dosage prescribed for preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).MethodsA retrospective study using chart review was conducted at a tertiary care medical center with university affiliation in Taiwan. Study subjects were preterm neonates admitted to the NICU of the medical center between 2000 and 2002 and prescribed at least one antibiotic during the stay. Recommendations from three commonly used reference sources (Pediatric Dosage Handbook, Neonatal Drug Formulary, and Neofax) were employed to evaluate the dosage compliance of the antibiotic prescriptions.ResultsA total of 433 preterm infants and 3459 prescriptions were included. Depending on the reference source used, the percentages of antibiotic prescriptions where both the dose and the interval were compliant with recommendations ranged from 36.88 to 87.54%.ConclusionsA significant proportion of antibiotics prescribed for preterm neonates in this medical center did not comply with the recommended dosage from common reference sources. Future studies should investigate the clinical impacts of the dosing deviation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical issues in irregular migration research in Europe
Authors: Düvell Franck , Triandafyllidou Anna , Vollmer Bastian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the ethical issues arising for researchers engaged in the study of irregular migration. Based on the authors' research experiences, the paper goes beyond analysis of ethical dilemmas and aims to provide some guidance to researchers in this field. Irregular migration is by definition an elusive phenomenon as it takes place in violation of the law and at the margins of society. The very nature of this phenomenon raises important issues, including the sensitivity and vulnerability of the research subjects and a whole series of other ethical issues to be addressed both when conducting fieldwork with irregular migrants and also at the later stage of data analysis, processing and dissemination. The paper first considers various methods in researching irregular migration and defines research ethics. It then discusses the differences between sensitivity and vulnerability and their particular implications for irregular migration research. Next, the paper looks at the ethical challenges arising from fieldwork and discusses the sensitive issues involved in the relationship between researcher, irregular migrant and society. Finally, it discusses the question of disseminating findings (both qualitative and quantitative) to wider audiences. In conclusion, we highlight the key points that we consider to be important when studying irregular migrant populations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical zero‐temperature isotherm and structural phase stability of thorium dioxide
Authors: Boettger Jonathan C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe static‐lattice equation of state (EOS) and structural phase stability of Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) have been investigated for pressures up to 500 kbar using the relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian type orbitals‐fitting function (LCGTO‐FF) technique, within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to density functional theory (DFT). Two observed room temperature crystal structures for ThO2 have been considered here, the ambient fluorite structure and the high‐pressure cotunnite structure. The EOS parameters calculated for the fluorite structure and the external cell parameters found for the cotunnite structure are consistent with experiment to within the known limitations of the GGA model. The internal lattice parameters obtained for the cotunnite phase differ greatly from the experimental values reported in the literature. There is strong theoretical evidence that the measured values of the internal parameters are in error. The predicted transition pressure (275 kbar) is in reasonable agreement with the measured value of 330 kbar, given the likelihood of strong metastability in this oxide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
An effective exploration approach to simultaneous mapping and surface material–type identification of complex three‐dimensional environments
Authors: Paul Gavin , Liu Dikai , Kirchner Nathan , Dissanayake Gamini 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated exploration approach for geometric mapping and surface material–type identification of complex three‐dimensional (3D) environments using a six‐degree‐of‐freedom industrial robot manipulator. Maps of the surface geometry with the surface material type identified are required for an autonomous robotic system to perform operations in steel bridge maintenance. The proposed approach utilizes information theory to enable multiobjective exploration while new 3D geometric and surface‐type data are fused via probabilistic updates. It is verified that the integrated approach enables the robotic system to perform exploration and surface inspection in real‐world environments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel approach for measuring ultra‐thin, buried SiO2 film thickness
Authors: Jiang Z. X. , Sieloff D. D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAccurate measurement of physical thickness of thin SiO2 films is of great interest to the semiconductor industry. Existing inspection techniques are subject to large error when the oxide thickness falls below 2 nm. This work explored a new approach with improved accuracy to the measurement of thickness of thin oxide films. The new method utilizes dynamic SIMS with a primary ion beam of one isotope of oxygen (16O or 18O) at normal incidence and detecting negative secondary ions of another isotope (18O or 16O, respectively) inside SiO2. The experiment was performed by using an 16O2+ primary beam and detecting 18O− as characteristic secondary ions for SiO2. We substantiated that the matrix effect was eliminated during profiling through the SiO2/Si interface in a poly Si/SiO2/Si stack with an O2+ beam at normal incidence, which is crucial for reliable quantification of oxygen amount inside SiO2. The high ion yield of 18O− and negligible contribution from the mass interference of16 OH2− ensured measurement of the total amount of oxygen inside an SiO2 film with good sensitivity. By assuming that the silicon oxide is in the form of stoichiometric SiO2, which is the case for those layers grown with dry oxidation, the measured amount of oxygen can be readily converted into the thickness of SiO2. This technique provides reproducible measurement of the thickness of SiO2 films and potentially a good accuracy if a reference material is well calibrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adiponectinemia Controls Pro-Angiogenic Cell Therapy
Authors: Eren Philippe , Camus Stéphane , Matrone Gianfranco , Ebrahimian Téni G. , François Delphine , Tedgui Alain , Sébastien Silvestre Jean , Blanc-Brude Olivier P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Angiogenic cell therapy with the transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) or bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) receives considerable attention as an approach to revascularize ischemic tissues. Adiponectin is a circulating hormone produced by the apM1 gene in adipocytes. Adiponectin modulates lipid metabolism and obesity, and it was recently found to promote physiological angiogenesis in response to ischemia. Patients with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors or myocardial infarction may benefit from progenitor cell therapy, but they display depressed adiponectinemia. We hypothesized that adiponectin stimulation of transplanted cells is critical for their pro-angiogenic function. We aimed to establish whether adiponectinemia in the cell donor or in the cell recipient determines the success of pro-angiogenic cell therapy. In vitro, we found that conditioned media derived from wild-type adipocytes (adipo-CM) or purified adiponectin strongly enhanced BM-MNC survival and proliferation and stimulated EPC differentiation, whereas adipo-CM from apM1−/− adipocytes was one-half less effective. On the other hand, wild-type and apM1−/− BM-MNC displayed similar resistance to apoptosis and proliferation rates. In vivo, wild-type, and apM1−/− BM-MNC induced similar angiogenic reactions in wild-type ischemic hindlimbs. In contrast, wild-type BM-MNC had much diminished effects in apM1−/− ischemic hindlimbs. We concluded that adiponectin enhances BM-MNC survival and proliferation, and adiponectinemia in the cell therapy recipient is essential for the pro-angiogenic benefits of cell therapy. These observations imply that progenitor cell transplantation might only induce angiogenesis in patients with high adiponectinemia.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
CXCR2 Mediates the Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells During Allergic Airways Remodeling
Authors: Jones Carla P , Pitchford Simon C , Lloyd Clare M , Rankin Sara M 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAirway remodeling is a central feature of asthma and includes the formation of new peribronchial blood vessels, which is termed angiogenesis. In a number of disease models, bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to contribute to the angiogenic response. In this study we set out to determine whether EPCs were recruited into the lungs in a model of allergic airways disease and to identify the factors regulating EPC trafficking in this model. We observed a significant increase in the number of peribronchial blood vessels at day 24, during the acute inflammatory phase of the model. This angiogenic response was associated with an increase in the quantity of EPCs recoverable from the lung. These EPCs formed colonies after 21 days in culture and were shown to express CD31, von Willebrand factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2, but were negative for CD45 and CD14. The influx in EPCs was associated with a significant increase in the proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and the CXCR2 ligands, CXCL1 and CXCL2. However, we show directly that, while the CXCL1 and CXCL2 chemokines can recruit EPCs into the lungs of allergen-sensitized mice, VEGF-A was ineffective in this respect. Further, the blockade of CXCR2 significantly reduced EPC numbers in the lungs after allergen exposure and led to a decrease in the numbers of peribronchial blood vessels after allergen challenge with no effect on inflammation. The data presented here provide in vivo evidence that CXCR2 is critical for both EPC recruitment and the angiogenic response in this model of allergic inflammation of the airways.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Smarcc1/Baf155 Couples Self-Renewal Gene Repression with Changes in Chromatin Structure in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Schaniel Christoph , Ang Yen-Sin , Ratnakumar Kajan , Cormier Catherine , James Taneisha , Bernstein Emily , Lemischka Ihor R. , Paddison Patrick J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanism(s) governing differentiation decisions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). To identify factors critical for ESC lineage formation, we carried out a functional genetic screen for factors affecting Nanog promoter activity during mESC differentiation. We report that members of the PBAF chromatin remodeling complex, including Smarca4/Brg1, Smarcb1/Baf47, Smarcc1/Baf155, and Smarce1/Baf57, are required for the repression of Nanog and other self-renewal gene expression upon mouse ESC (mESC) differentiation. Knockdown of Smarcc1 or Smarce1 suppressed loss of Nanog expression in multiple forms of differentiation. This effect occurred in the absence of self-renewal factors normally required for Nanog expression (e.g., Oct4), possibly indicating that changes in chromatin structure, rather than loss of self-renewal gene transcription per se, trigger differentiation. Consistent with this notion, mechanistic studies demonstrated that expression of Smarcc1 is necessary for heterochromatin formation and chromatin compaction during differentiation. Collectively, our data reveal that Smarcc1 plays important roles in facilitating mESCs differentiation by coupling gene repression with global and local changes in chromatin structure.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.