bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Invitations to Inference, and Rational Persuasion
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What is required in order for a reason-giving use of an argument to persuade an addressee to accept its conclusion? This chapter distinguishes between direct and indirect persuasion. (I) An addressee R is directly persuaded by S’s reason-giving use of an argument to believe its conclusion only if R believes S’s inference claim. (II) An addressee R is indirectly persuaded by S’s reason-giving use of an argument to believe its conclusion only if R believes the argument provides at least one reason, perhaps among others, R has to believe the conclusion, but R doesn’t accept the associated inference claim. The chapter generates a rationale for (I) using the idea that one’s inference is expressed by an argument used as an invitation to inference only if one infers the conclusion from the premises because one accepts the associated inference claim. Distinguishing between direct and indirect persuasion enhances the plausibility of (II).
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Intellectual Honesty, and Intellectual Integrity
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers two questions. When are your reason-giving uses of argument intellectually honesty? When do they have intellectual integrity? The chapter’s responses draw on essential facets of the reason-giving uses of arguments discussed in earlier chapters. The response to the first question runs as follows. Your reason-giving use of an argument is intellectually honest only if you are being truthful in stating your argument. Drawing on Williams, the chapter argues that if you are truthful in stating your argument, then you believe what you claim and you have taken care to ensure the accuracy of what you claim. The response to the second question is that your intellectually honest reason-giving use of an argument displays intellectual integrity only if the premises you advance are reasons that sustain your believing the conclusion as a manifestation of your intellectual autonomy, i.e., as a manifestation of your properly thinking for yourself.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Part III examines how the drawing of lots was applied to polis governance, and this chapter sets the stage for this inquiry. After a sketch of the use of the lot in democratic Athens, the first section outlines the relevant source material and the methodological issues this evidence entails. The next section gives an overview of the uses of the lot for various aspects of polis governance. Poleis adopted the traditional applications of the lot, which were examined in Parts I and II, for similar purposes in a polis context: for divination, selection, distribution, procedure, and military command. The third section of the chapter prepares the inquiry into the drawing of lots for the polis offices. Although arguably the most famous practice, it differs in some important respects from the other applications of the lot. Traditionally, polis offices were assigned along the lines of social distinction and therefore based on inequality, in contrast to the equality involved in the uses of the lot. Assigning polis office by lot was an innovation both in the lot’s uses and the political domain. The following chapters investigate how this innovation came about and how it came to be accepted in some poleis but not in others.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Malkin Irad 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusions refer to the first two parts and offer some general observations. Drawing lots served equality and fairness, expressed in distribution, procedure, selection, and mixture. Its salient features—randomness and unpredictability—guaranteed equal chances; Greeks often preferred equal outcomes too. A direct line leads fromisomoiria in the Iliad and the Odyssey to isonomia and democracy: from equal, concrete portions (booty, land, etc.) to equal, abstract portions of the law. Since Homer, we observed equal distribution of booty by lot combined with a significant role for the community. The gods also distribute their realms by lot. Their role in drawing lots existed on a spectrum from explicit divination (lot oracles) to a general invocation. Drawing lots defines, exclusively, the contours of the group or community, whether small (brothers sharing an inheritance by lot, with no primogeniture) or large (sharing portions of sacrificial meat or settlers founding a new polis). Archaic colonization, responsible for at least 30 percent of all Greek poleis, was limited to Greeks, thus enhancing the Small World effect of quickly sharing commonalities of mindset, conventions, and practice over vast geographical horizons. Conquered land was considered “empty” and available for distributing by lot equal kleroi. Even in imaginary accounts, Greeks could not conceive of any alternative. Settlers expected “equal and fair terms” concretely expressed in the First Lots that signified sharing in the polis and conforming to the ideal of “one man–one oikos–one kleros.” However, there was no cap on wealth, and elites in colonies—based rather on wealth than descent—would soon appear. A salient feature of ancient Greek history is the contrasting pulls of the elite, the top-down vector, and the egalitarian one. The drawing of lots was a concrete expression of the latter.
Sustained Cooperation, Fairness Problems, and Irrigation Systems
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book’s argument by highlighting the key elements. It first emphasizes the necessity of collective action to human survival and underscores a distinction between initial cooperation and sustaining cooperation once it has been achieved. It then introduces the irrigation cases in the context of decentralization policy pursued by development organizations and highlights Elinor Ostrom’s “Design Principles for Long Enduring CPR Resources” as a very influential set of ideas for achieving successful collective action. Finally, it explains how the rest of the book engages in conversation with that school of thought and summarizes the main argument centered on the fairness problem.
Perceptions of Fairness
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The third chapter uses interviews to empirically develop an idea of fairness. It argues that people reduce their commitment to cooperation when they perceive the system of cooperation to be unfair. It explains how the level of cooperation among members of a group is directly visible through the functioning of the shared canal, and through changes to the institutions that accompany successful cooperation. Using this insight, it argues that interviews with canal users provide a better understanding of why individual irrigators reduce their level of cooperation. It shows that they do so when they perceive the outcomes of the cooperative institutions to be unfair. It introduces the term unfairness aversion to refer to this tendency. It next highlights some of the elements of this multidimensional perception that are incompatible with existing frameworks. It ends with a question: What type of framework can accurately incorporate the complexity of actual perceptions of fairness?
Effective Altruism and the Human Mind
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Effective Altruism and the Human Mind explains why people often don’t choose the most effective strategies to help others and shows what can be done to change that. Many people are looking to make the world a better place, for instance, through donations or volunteering. But even though some strategies for doing good (e.g., some charities) are much more effective than the alternatives, most people’s efforts aren’t directed toward those effective strategies. Part I seeks to explain why that is, building on decades of psychological research. It’s shown that most people think that do-gooding should be guided by subjective preferences rather than by objective metrics of effectiveness. Since they often prefer less effective strategies (e.g., many prefer causes they have a personal connection with even if they’re less effective), this attitude reduces the effectiveness of their help. Moreover, most people lack knowledge about how to do good effectively, reducing their effectiveness further. Part II, in turn, discusses how we can address these issues and increase the effectiveness of people’s help. It covers both targeted informational, nudging, and incentivization techniques, on the one hand, and fundamental value change, on the other. The book ends with a discussion of how to implement effective altruism in practice, in a way that’s informed by psychological research.
Distant Causes and Nearsighted Feelings
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Distant Causes and Nearsighted Feelings,” shows that altruistic feelings are nearsighted: People prioritize beneficiaries who are close to them over beneficiaries who are distant from them in terms of space (e.g., people in distant countries), time (i.e., future people), and biology (i.e., animals). But it is often more effective to help distant beneficiaries. The three causes most often seen as highly effective in effective altruist circles relate to these three dimensions of distance—global poverty (which is distant to most potential supporters), the long-term future, and animal welfare. And yet, they are all relatively neglected. A key reason is that altruistic feelings evolved not to help such distant strangers but to help one’s kin and facilitate cooperation among small clans or tribes.
Misconceptions About Effectiveness
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5, “Misconceptions About Effectiveness,” shows that many people don’t know what it means to be effective in altruistic contexts, making their help less effective. A common misconception is that charity effectiveness is the same as low overhead costs (costs not directly associated with the charity’s programs). That’s not right since charities often need to invest (e.g., in research or infrastructure) to have an impact. Instead, one needs to look at measures of impact on the world, like the number of well-being-adjusted life years a charity or an intervention produces. Such metrics can be used to compare the effectiveness of altruistic interventions commonly thought to be incomparable. One can also use sophisticated metrics to estimate uncertain impact, a type of impact that often is underrated.
Finding the Enthusiasts
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7, “Finding the Enthusiasts,” shows that some people are much more inclined to agree with the basic tenets of effective altruism than others. Research about individual differences reveals that there are two psychological factors that determine agreement with the moral outlook of effective altruism. The first is expansive altruism, meaning a willingness to sacrifice resources for others, including distant others. The second is effectiveness-focus, meaning a willingness to choose the most effective ways of helping others, even if that entails tough prioritization decisions. These two factors are psychologically distinct and only modestly correlated with each other. Only a small number of people find both expansive altruism and effectiveness-focus intuitively appealing, which may in part explain why there aren’t more effective altruists.
Effective Altruism for Mortals
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9, “Effective Altruism for Mortals,” discusses how to apply effective altruism in practice. People looking to do so must avoid a common fallacy: neglect of psychology. At first glance, it may seem effective to work constantly; but since that is unsustainable, it would likely reduce people’s impact in the long run. Similarly, at first glance, it may seem that breaking common-sense norms for the greater good would maximize impact—but again, a more sophisticated analysis reveals that that would be harmful. The norms and principles of a psychologically informed effective altruism are discussed. There is also a discussion of the most popular effective altruist causes and strategies. The book ends with a survey of the most promising avenues of future research on the psychology of effective altruism.
The Apprentice Composer
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses Monteverdi’s studies with Marc’Antonio Ingegneri in Cremona. Then it explores his early publications, beginning with a collection of three-voice motets that he published when he was fifteen, through his Second Book of five-voice madrigals (1592). The chapter describes how, despite the early success of his “discepolo,” Ingegneri kept Monteverdi on a tight rein in a strict curriculum of training in basic music theory and contrapuntal exercises. Monteverdi’s compositional models (Cipriano de Rore, Luca Marenzio, Philippe de Monte, Giaches de Wert) are demonstrated with examples compared with his own works, and a closer look is taken at his competitors (Benedetto Pallavicino, Flaminio Tresti). The chapter concludes with Monteverdi’s move to Mantua.
The Madrigal “Book”
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the practices of printing and publishing music in early modern Italy, and Monteverdi’s success in the madrigalian marketplace. Formats, typesetting, and production issues are discussed (including the problems of second and subsequent editions. So, too, is the question of whether a book of madrigals published in separate voice parts counts as a “book.” Monteverdi’s Seventh Book of madrigals (1619) is treated as a case study, and also as a form of marriage counseling for Duke Ferdinando Gonzaga and his new bride, Caterina de’ Medici. More generally, what does printed music tell us, and what does it leave out?
Playing with Time
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMusic demands performance, and performance takes place in time. This chapter discusses how Monteverdi also regulates time within his madrigals, speeding things up, slowing them down, or postponing the arrival of something that must, in the end, arrive. His late madrigals become increasingly preoccupied with freezing time in a musical present that is also a lyric one, whether by expanding the text or by going beyond it. Monteverdi’s advancing age clearly plays a part, but so do changing political environments in the context of the Thirty Year’s War. His last “moral” madrigals take a serious turn, posing a question valid still today: What purpose can music serve in a civil society?
The Problem with Problem-Solving
Authors: Fagan E.J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that information producers can fight political battles by hijacking the problem-solving instincts of elected officials. This dynamic is a problem for ideologues in political parties. Experts will often recommend solutions that clash with their policy goals. Agenda setting often forces political parties to attend to the same problems and consult with experts on how to solve them. This dynamic is a problem for ideologues in political parties, as experts will often recommend solutions that clash with their policy goals. Instead, they try to sidestep their allies in government and neutral experts by creating their own systems of expertise to recommend conservative or progressive solutions to the problems of the day.
Democracy and the Information Wars
Authors: Fagan E.J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s conclusions, discusses its implications, and explores a possible future for partisan think tanks. By disrupting the link between demand from citizens that elected officials address problems and policymaking, partisan think tanks have made American democracy less representative. Americans want their government to solve the most important problems on the agenda but increasingly find that their policymakers are unable to come to an agreement over effective solutions even when they try to. Problems continue to get worse, creating a system wherein policymaking moves from crisis to crisis. Because many are unhappy with this system, partisan think tanks face an uncertain future.
Death, Dominance, and State-Building
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter first provides a brief overview of the contours of the Iraq conflicts. It proceeds to outline the work’s basic concepts and analytical framework. This framework strives to address variation across time and space for two outcomes: violence and state-building. Three fundamental concepts—roles, mechanisms, and strategies—are introduced. After covering the book’s four sections and empirical case studies, the chapter presents a preview of findings and arguments. Many of these findings and arguments rely on new insights on the organization of violence in Iraq, especially militias, as well as emotions related to perception of ethnic-sectarian status hierarchy. The chapter concludes with comments emphasizing the work’s goal of letting actors’ voices speak.
The Analytical Framework II
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of “mechanism”—fine-grained causal forces explaining changes in individual behavior. Through a review of social science works in psychology, anthropology, and economics, along with historical case studies, the chapter identifies a relatively short list of mechanisms most relevant to insurgency. Both counterinsurgents and insurgents possess theories, if implicit, on how to trigger some of these mechanisms to affect the behavior of both armed and unarmed actors during the reconstruction of a state during violent conflict. To best understand who wins the strategic contest between state and anti-state actors, it is necessary to break down how actors intend to trigger key mechanisms to move individuals into desired roles. The book’s framework allows a detailed analysis of the logic, or lack of logic, of the various strategies used by competing actors. Through its identification and concentration on mechanisms and processes, the framework can help provide an understanding of why these strategies accomplished or failed to attain their intended results, as well as how the interaction of competing strategies produced unforeseen outcomes.
Mansour, 2003–2007
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the lack of mobilization in a middle-class Sunni neighborhood. The lack of movement resulted from both characteristics of Baghdad’s middle-class Sunnis and failures in US counterinsurgency strategy. The chapter illustrates both of these causes by juxtaposing the narratives of Sunni residents of the Mansour neighborhood with the narrative of a US Army Captain and company captain operating in the Mansour Security District. The chapter also makes comparisons of Mansour to Ghazaliyah, explaining variation among Sunni neighborhoods.
The Failure to Establish Local Security
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the failure of the United States to establish professional local police forces. It also covers the capture of the Iraq Ministry of the Interior (MOI). Using interviews with a former Iraqi head of the MOI, the chapter describes the creation and evolution of the “Wolf Brigades,” a special and secretive unit. The chapter proceeds to describe how the Badr Organization captured the Ministry of the Interior and used their control of the Wolf Brigades for political and sectarian purposes. The spikes in violence in Baghdad occurred mainly due to the mobilization of Shia militias in an environment of near anarchy, but there was also no brake applied by local security forces.
The Decline of Dominance Politics?
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the state of the Shia-Sunni cleavage in Iraq, arguing that clear Shia political dominance has ushered in new possibilities for progress in Iraq. Recent Iraqi history has worked to reduce the power of the emotional mechanisms connected to dominance concerns, even if Iraq’s political system continues to operate along sectarian lines in terms of parties and patronage. The chapter also makes comparisons of Iraq and Lebanon. Does Lebanon provide a view of Iraq’s future as a perpetually weak state?
Bloody Tuesday
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book recounts one of the last great untold stories of the civil rights movement. At 10:15 a.m. on Tuesday, June 9, 1964, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, police attacked more than six hundred Black men, women, and children hiding inside First African Baptist Church, the center of the movement in West Alabama. They had been marching against segregation since Reverend King launched the Tuscaloosa campaign three months earlier, and they now faced over seventy law enforcement officers, as well as hundreds more deputized white citizens and Klansmen. Over the next hour, police smashed the one-hundred-year-old church’s stained-glass windows with water shot from a high-pressure hose, and fired rounds of tear gas inside. As demonstrators streamed from the church, they were beat with nightsticks, cattle prods, and axe handles. The police arrested nearly one hundred people, and sent over thirty to the hospital. Many more sought aid at a local barbershop. Survivors dubbed the day “Bloody Tuesday.” For them and the thousands of Black residents living in Tuscaloosa, it was the most important moment of their lives. It was also among the most violent days in the nation’s struggle for civil rights. Bloody Tuesday is recounted through the eyes of locals: the charismatic Black preacher trained by Reverend . King; an aging police chief; the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan; and Black women. They tell of a Southern city unwilling to shed its history of racial control until forced to do so by their armed self-defense groups, a bus boycott, and the federal government. They call attention to a forgotten campaign that took place between Reverend King’s Birmingham crusade in 1963 and the Selma-to-Montgomery march for voting rights in 1965.
“We Want Freedom Now”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Five offers a detailed narrative overview of the events of Bloody Tuesday. It follows the decision of Black activists to march from First African Baptist Church to the new Tuscaloosa County Courthouse to protest local policies of segregation. Next, the chapter covers the retaliatory attack on them and the church by law enforcement officers. Police and sheriff’s deputies, backed by the Ku Klux Klan and deputized white citizens, beat and arrested many of the marchers and shot water from a fire hose, and then tear-gas cannisters, into the church. The police arrested ninety-eight people, and over thirty were sent to the hospital with injuries. Hundreds sought care at the nearby sympathetic barbershop rather than potentially face substandard care at the local hospital.