bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Non-Parametric Multivariate Statistical Models for Testing Association Between Quantitative Traits and Candidate Genes in Structured Populations
Authors: Li Meijuan , Hanson Timothy 
Published: October 2010

SummaryPopulation-based linkage disequilibrium mapping permits finer scale mapping than linkage analysis. However, the population-based association mapping is subject to false positive results due to the population structure and the kinship between the samples. Although there is interest in simultaneously testing the association between a candidate gene and the multiple phenotypes of interest, the currently available association mapping methods are limited to univariate traits only. Here we present a new method for population-based multitrait candidate gene association mapping as a Bayesian semiparametric approach, where the error distribution is flexibly modelled via a multivariate mixture of Polya trees centred on the family of multivariate normal distributions. The method that we develop accounts for the population structure and the complex relatedness between the samples. We compare the new proposal in type I error rate and power with the existing multivariate version of the parametric model of Yu and co-workers and Li’s univariate semiparametric model by using the previously published two type Arabidopsis thaliana flowering data sets of association mapping, as well as simulated data.
Histamine modulates γδ‐T lymphocyte migration and cytotoxicity, via Giand Gsprotein‐coupled signalling pathways
Authors: Truta‐Feles K , Lagadari M , Lehmann K , Berod L , Cubillos S , Piehler S , Herouy Y , Barz D , Kamradt T , Maghazachi AA , Norgauer J 
Published: October 2010

Background and purpose: The biogenic amine, histamine plays a pathophysiological regulatory role in cellular processes of a variety of immune cells. This work analyses the actions of histamine on γδ‐T lymphocytes, isolated from human peripheral blood, which are critically involved in immunological surveillance of tumours.Experimental approach: We have analysed effects of histamine on the intracellular calcium, actin reorganization, migratory response and the interaction of human γδ T cells with tumour cells such as the A2058 human melanoma cell line, the human Burkitt's Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma cell line Raji, the T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line Jurkat and the natural killer cell‐sensitive erythroleukaemia cell line, K562.Key results: γδ T lymphocytes express mRNA for different histamine receptor subtypes. In human peripheral blood γδ T cells, histamine stimulatedPertussistoxin‐sensitive intracellular calcium increase, actin polymerization and chemotaxis. However, histamine inhibited the spontaneous cytolytic activity of γδ T cells towards several tumour cell lines in a cholera toxin‐sensitive manner. A histamine H4receptor antagonist abolished the histamine induced γδ T cell migratory response. A histamine H2receptor agonist inhibited γδ T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.Conclusions and implications: Histamine activated signalling pathways typical of chemotaxis (Giprotein‐dependent actin reorganization, increase of intracellular calcium) and induced migratory responses in γδ T lymphocytes, via the H4receptor, whereas it down‐regulated γδ T cell mediated cytotoxicity through H2receptors and Gsprotein‐coupled signalling. Our data suggest that histamine activated γδ T cells could modulate immunological surveillance of tumour tissue.
When Schools Are the Ones that Choose: The Effects of Screening in Chile*
Authors: Contreras Dante , Sepúlveda Paulina , Bustos Sebastián 
Published: October 2010

Objective.The voucher scheme introduced in Chile in 1981 allows for‐profit private subsidized schools to choose their students. The objective of this article is to present evidence of this practice and examine its relationship with academic performance using information from the 2005 SIMCE test, in which parents were asked about the admission requirements for their children's schools. We present evidence indicating that student selection is a widespread practice among private subsidized schools.Methods.Using OLS and after controlling for a series of selection criteria and the segmentation effects that they produce, the evidence indicates that there are no differences in results between public and private subsidized education.Results.Our results show that a student attending a school that uses selection criteria obtains 7–9 percent higher results in standardized mathematics tests than a student from a school that does not use selection.Conclusion.The main conclusion of this study is that the basic belief behind the voucher system in Chile that competition will lead to better quality of all schools is not being met.
Justifications of Inequality: The Normative Basis of Pay Differentials in 31 Nations*
Authors: Evans M. D. R. , Kelley Jonathan , Peoples Clayton D. 
Published: October 2010

Objectives. We investigate social consensus and dissensus within and between nations in three important justifications for pay differences: family needs, performance on the job, and education/authority.Methods. Data are from 31 nations and 66,777 individual respondents analyzed using structural equation and multilevel regression methods with multiple imputation of missing data.Results. In poor countries, but not in rich, most believe that family needs legitimate higher pay. Within countries—particularly English‐speaking ones—low SES groups endorse family needs, but high SES groups reject them. Valuing performance and effort is widespread throughout the world and throughout all segments of society, high and low. Education and authority are widely valued, more in poor nations than in rich, with some demographic differences but few socioeconomic cleavages.Conclusions. There is conflict both within nations and between them as to whether need and education/authority justify unequal pay, but consensus that performance on the job does justify it.
State of the Art of Short Dental Implants: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Neldam Camilla Albeck , Pinholt Else Marie 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Short implants (≤8 mm) are manufactured for use in atrophic regions of the jaws. As implant length in many studies has been proven to play a major role in implant survival it is indicated to evaluate survival of short implants in the present literature.Purpose: The purpose of this study was systematically to evaluate publications concerning short dental implants defined as an implant with a length of ≤8 mm installed in the maxilla or in the mandible with special reference to implant type, survival rate, location of implant site, and observation time.Materials and Methods: A Medline and a hand search were conducted to identify studies concerning short dental implants of length ≤8 mm published between 1992 and October 2009. The articles included in this study report data on implant length ≤8 mm, implant surface, registered region of installment, observation time, single tooth restorations, supporting overdentures, splinted implants, and implants used for prostheses.Results: The 27 included studies represent zero randomized clinical trial studies, 15 prospective nonrandomized, noncontrolled clinical trials, 11 retrospective nonrandomized, noncontrolled clinical trials, and one review. Data on 6‐mm implants were few and most frequent represented was manufactured Straumann implants representing 441 out of 549 implants. Brånemark implants, 7 mm in length, comprised 1607 implants out of 1808. Straumann implants, 8 mm in length, comprised 2040 out of 2352 implants. Failures varied between 0 and 14.5%, 0 and 37.5% and 0 and 22.9% of the 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐mm‐long implants, respectively.Conclusion: Short implant length was not related to observation time, installment region, failures, and dropouts were not specified, subsequently a meta‐analysis was not possible to perform.
Withdrawn: Comparison of Fit Accuracy between Procera Custom Abutments and Three Implant Systems
Authors: Alves da Cunha Tiago de Morais , Correia de Araújo Roberto Paulo , Barbosa da Rocha Paulo Vicente , Pazos Amoedo Rosa Maria 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Although increase of misfit has been reported when associating implant and abutment from different manufacturers, Procera® (Nobel Biocare™, Göteborg, Sweden) custom abutment has been universally used in clinical practice.Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the vertical gap of zirconia Procera abutment associated with implants from the same manufacturer (Nobel Biocare) and two other implant systems.Materials and Methods: Twenty‐four zirconia Procera abutments were produced using computer‐assisted design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) and paired with (1) eight MK Iii RP 4.1 × 10 mm implants (Nobel Biocare) – GNB group; (2) eight Try on, 4.1 × 10 mm implants (Sistema de Implantes, São Paulo, Brazil) – ES group; and (3) eight Master screw, 4.1 × 10 mm implants (Conexão Sistema de Prótese, São Paulo, Brazil) – EC group. A comparison of the vertical misfit at the implant‐abutment interface was taken at six measuring sites on each sample using scanning electron microscopy with a magnification of 408×. One‐way analysis of variance was used to test for differences, and Tukey's test was used for pairwise comparison of groups (α = 0.05).Results: Significant differences relative to average misfit were found when Procera abutments were associated with other implant manufacturers. The ES group and EC group did not differ significantly, but both demonstrated significantly larger average misfit than the GNB group (p = .001). The average misfit was 5.7 µm ± 0.39, 9.53 µm ± 0.52 and 10.62 µm ± 2.16, respectively, for groups GNB, ES, and EC.Conclusion: The association of Procera zirconia abutment with other implant systems different from its manufacturer demonstrated significant alteration of vertical misfit at implant‐abutment interface.
Ridge Alterations following Immediate Implant Placement and the Treatment of Bone Defects with Bio‐Oss in an Animal Model
Authors: Hsu Kuo‐Mei , Choi Byung‐Ho , Ko Chang‐Yong , Kim Han‐Sung , Xuan Feng , Jeong Seung‐Mi 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Conflicting data exist on the outcome of placing Bio‐Oss® (Geitslich Pharm AG, Wolhausen, Switzerland) into extraction sockets. It is therefore relevant to study whether the incorporation of Bio‐Oss into extraction sockets would influence bone healing outcome at the extraction sites.Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess peri‐implant bone changes when implants were placed in fresh extraction sockets and the remaining defects were filled with Bio‐Oss particles in a canine mandible model.Materials and Methods: Six mongrel dogs were used in the study. In one jaw quadrant of each animal, the fourth mandibular premolars were extracted with an elevation of the mucoperiosteal flap; implants were then placed in the fresh extraction sockets and the remaining defects were filled with Bio‐Oss particles. After 4 months of healing, micro‐computed tomography at the implant sites was performed. Osseointegration was calculated as the percent of implant surface in contact with bone. Additionally, bone height was measured in the peri‐implant bone.Results: Average osseointegration was 28.5% (ranged between 14.8 and 34.2%). The mean crestal bone loss was 4.7 ± 2.1 mm on the buccal aspect, 0.4 ± 0.5 mm on the mesial aspect, 0.4 ± 0.3 mm on the distal aspect, and 0.3 ± 0.4 mm on the lingual aspect.Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrated that the placement of implants and Bio‐Oss® particles into fresh extraction sockets resulted in significant buccal bone loss with low osseointegration.
Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer
Authors: IACOPETTA Barry , GRIEU Fabienne , AMANUEL Benhur 
Published: October 2010

AbstractApproximately 20 percent of right‐sided colon cancers and 5 percent of left‐sided colon and rectal cancers have a deficient DNA mismatch repair system. This results in the widespread accumulation of mutations to nucleotide repeats, some of which occur within the coding regions of cancer‐related genes such as TGFβRII and BAX. A standardized definition for microsatellite instability (MSI) based on the presence of deletions to mononucleotide repeats is gaining widespread acceptance in both research and the clinic. Colorectal cancer (CRC) with MSI are characterized histologically by an abundance of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, poor differentiation and a signet ring or mucinous phenotype. In younger patients these tumors usually develop along the chromosomal instability pathway, in which case the mismatch repair genes are inactivated by germline mutation, somatic mutation and loss of heterozygosity. In older patients MSI CRC usually develops against a background of widespread hypermethylation that includes methylation‐induced silencing of the mismatch repair gene MLH1. The overall biological and clinical phenotype of MSI CRC that arise in these two pathways is likely to be different and may account for some of the discordant results reported in the literature relating to the clinical properties of these tumors. The available evidence indicates that MSI is unlikely to be a clinically useful marker for the prognostic stratification of early‐stage CRC. The predictive value of MSI for response to 5‐fluorouracil‐based chemotherapy remains controversial, while for other agents the predictive value is difficult to assess because they are used in combination regimens. The MSI phenotype is being actively investigated for novel therapeutic approaches based on the principle of synthetic lethality. Finally, the MSI status of CRC is an extremely useful marker for population‐based screening programs that aim to identify individuals and families with the hereditary cancer condition known as Lynch syndrome.
Employment services as an early intervention for young people with mental illness
Authors: Browne Deborah J. , Waghorn Geoffrey 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTAim:To examine the service characteristics and effectiveness of a segregated employment service assisting young clients with mental illness in New Zealand.Methods:The service assisted both youth and adults with severe mental illness to find and keep competitive employment. A retrospective case study method was used to examine service effectiveness with respect to employment outcomes attained by 49 clients aged 16–25 years over a 2‐year period (2005–2007). These results were compared with recent national and international benchmarks.Results:As a service segregated from public mental health services, there were no formal arrangements with local mental health teams, limiting coordination of services and reducing fidelity to evidence‐based practices in supported employment. Despite an inability to collaborate closely with local community mental health services and a contract not specifically targeting youth, the service was high performing on a range of employment outcome variables.Conclusions:Subject to some study design and benchmarking limitations, these results support the continuing use of evidence‐based practices in supported employment and supported education as important early interventions for young people with mental illnesses.
Verbal and visuospatial working memory development and deficits in children and adolescents with schizophrenia
Authors: White Tonya , Schmidt Marcus , Karatekin Canan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAim: Deficits in working memory are considered a core feature of schizophrenia and are present early in the course of the illness. Because working memory continues to mature through childhood and into early adulthood, it was the aim of this study to assess developmental trajectories of verbal and visuospatial working memory performance in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. Differences in the developmental trajectories in patients compared with controls may reflect differential effects within specific neural networks involved in working memory performance.Methods: Twenty‐six children and adolescents with schizophrenia (age range of 8–19 years) and 37 controls matched on age and gender participated in the study. Modified versions of both a verbal and visuospatial Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm were administered.Results: In the three age groups studied, patients performed significantly worse than controls on the verbal working memory tasks. There were significant effects of diagnosis and load on the verbal Sternberg, with patients performing worse than controls. However, there was no diagnosis by load interactions. Similar findings were present for the visuospatial Sternberg, except for the youngest age group. The 8‐ to 12‐year‐old patients had a disproportionately lower performance on the verbal working memory task than on the visuospatial task.Conclusions: Our findings support disruptions in shared verbal and visuospatial working memory networks, such as those supporting encoding processes, in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. We also found specific deficits in non‐shared verbal working memory performance in childhood‐onset schizophrenia.
Reconstruction of the regulatory network of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 on basis of correlated gene expression and conserved regulatory motifs
Authors: Wels Michiel , Overmars Lex , Francke Christof , Kleerebezem Michiel , Siezen Roland J. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryGene regulatory networks can be reconstructed by combining transcriptome data from many different experiments to elucidate relations between the activity of certain transcription factors and the genes they control. To obtain insight in the regulatory network of Lactobacillus plantarum, microarray transcriptome data from more than 70 different experimental conditions were combined and the expression profiles of the transcriptional units (TUs) were compared. The TUs that displayed correlated expression were used to identify putative cis‐regulatory elements by searching the upstream regions of the TUs for conserved motifs. Predicted motifs were extended and refined by searching for motifs in the upstream regions of additional TUs with correlated expression. In this way, cis‐acting elements were identified for 41 regulons consisting of at least four TUs (correlation > 0.7). This set of regulons included the known regulons of CtsR and LexA, but also several novel ones encompassing genes with coherent biological functions. Visualization of the regulons and their connections revealed a highly interconnected regulatory network. This network contains several subnetworks that encompass genes of correlated biological function, such as sugar and energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and stress response.
Comparison of primer sets for the study of Planctomycetes communities in lentic freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Pollet Thomas , Tadonléké Rémy D. , Humbert Jean‐F. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn search of a primer set that could be used to study Planctomycetes dynamics in lakes and especially via fingerprinting methods, e.g. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), three existing specific primer sets, developed for marine and soil systems, have been tested on water samples from four freshwater ecosystems. The first primer set (PLA46F/PLA886R) allowed PCR amplification of Planctomycetes sequences in only one of the four ecosystems, whereas the second primer set (PLA40F/P518R) amplified Planctomycetes sequences in all the studied ecosystems but with a low specificity, since sequences belonging to Verrucomicrobiales and Chlamydiales clades were also amplified. Finally, the third primer set (PLA352F/PLA920R) allowed amplification of Planctomycetes sequences in the four ecosystems with a very high specificity. It amplified all known Planctomycetes genera and yielded the highest Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) richness and diversity estimates. In silico analyses supported these results. Further experiments comparing PLA352F/PLA920R to PLA46F/P1390R (a primer set generating a longer PCR fragment, also used to study Planctomycetes) yielded very similar results. Our findings suggest that the primer set PLA352F/PLA920R provides good estimates of Planctomycetes richness and diversity compared with other, and can thus be used to study Planctomycetes dynamics in lentic freshwater ecosystems.
Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction but not increased cardiovascular risk
Authors: Cash William J. , McCance David R. , Young Ian S. , McEneny Jane , Cadden Ian S. , McDougall Neil I. , Callender Michael E. 
Published: October 2010

Aim:  Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic disease which is associated with hypercholesterolaemia. Further, cholestatic diseases are associated with deficiencies of anti‐oxidant vitamins. Despite these associations PBC is not associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study is to assess if primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and alteration of vascular compliance which is a surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk.Methods:  Fifty‐one PBC patients and 34 control subjects were studied. Lipid soluble vitamins A, and E in addition to ascorbate and carotenoids were measured to assess anti‐oxidant status. C‐reactive protein, hydroperoxides and adhesion molecules sICAM‐l/sVCAM‐l were assessed as serological measures of endothelial function. Finally, measures of vascular compliance were assessed by applanation tonometer.Results:  CRP, sICAM and sVCAM were all significantly higher in PBC patients (469.14 vs 207.13, P < 0.001; 768.12 vs 308.03,P < 0.001; 708.40 vs 461.31, P < 0.001) whilst anti‐oxidant vitamin levels were lower in PBC patients, with ascorbate, vitamin E and vitamin A all significantly lower in PBC patients (39.91 vs 72.68, P < 0.001; 2.63 vs 3.14, P = 0.02; 1.08 vs 1.81, P < 0.001). Despite these findings PBC patients have a lower pulse wave velocity than control subjects (8.22 m/s vs 8.78 m/s, P = 0.022).Conclusion:  PBC patients appear to have reduced vascular risk as assessed by pulse wave velocity but concurrently have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and anti‐oxidant deficiency.
Molecular Investigation of Resistance to the Antituberculous Drug Ethionamide in Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Brossier F. , Veziris N. , Truffot-Pernot C. , Jarlier V. , Sougakoff W. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Ethionamide (ETH) needs to be activated by the mono-oxygenase EthA, which is regulated by EthR, in order to be active against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. The activated drug targets the enzyme InhA, which is involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Resistance to ETH has been reported to result from various mechanisms, including mutations altering EthA/EthR, InhA and its promoter, the NADH dehydrogenase encoded by
ndh
, and the MshA enzyme, involved in mycothiol biosynthesis. We searched for such mutations in 87 clinical isolates: 47 ETH-resistant (ETH
r
) isolates, 24 ETH-susceptible (ETH
s
) isolates, and 16 isolates susceptible to ETH but displaying an intermediate proportion of resistant cells (ETH
Sip
; defined as ≥1% but <10% resistant cells). In 81% (38/47) of the ETH
r
isolates, we found mutations in
ethA
,
ethR
, or
inhA
or its promoter, which mostly corresponded to new alterations in
ethA
and
ethR
. The 9 ETH
r
isolates without a mutation in these three genes (9/47, 19%) had no mutation in
ndh
, and a single isolate had a mutation in
mshA
. Of the 16 ETH
Sip
isolates, 7 had a mutation in
ethA
, 8 had no detectable mutation, and 1 had a mutation in
mshA
. Finally, of the 24 ETH
s
isolates, 23 had no mutation in the studied genes and 1 displayed a yet unknown mutation in the
inhA
promoter. Globally, the mechanism of resistance to ETH remained unknown for 19% of the ETH
r
isolates, highlighting the complexity of the mechanisms of ETH resistance in
M. tuberculosis
.