bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered resting-state connectivity in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis: an fMRI study
Authors: Shim Geumsook , Oh Jungsu S , Jung Wi Hoon , Jang Joon Hwan , Choi Chi-Hoon , Kim Euitae , Park Hye-Yoon , Choi Jung-Seok , Jung Myung Hun , Kwon Jun Soo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis have self-disturbances and deficits in social cognition and functioning. Midline default network areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, are implicated in self-referential and social cognitive tasks. Thus, the neural substrates within the default mode network (DMN) have the potential to mediate self-referential and social cognitive information processing in UHR subjects.

Methods
This study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate resting-state DMN and task-related network (TRN) functional connectivity in 19 UHR subjects and 20 matched healthy controls. The bilateral posterior cingulate cortex was selected as a seed region, and the intrinsic organization for all subjects was reconstructed on the basis of fMRI time series correlation.

Results
Default mode areas included the posterior/anterior cingulate cortices, the medial prefrontal cortex, the lateral parietal cortex, and the inferior temporal region. Task-related network areas included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, the inferior parietal lobule, and middle temporal cortex. Compared to healthy controls, UHR subjects exhibit hyperconnectivity within the default network regions and reduced anti-correlations (or negative correlations nearer to zero) between the posterior cingulate cortex and task-related areas.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that abnormal resting-state network activity may be related with the clinical features of UHR subjects. Neurodevelopmental and anatomical alterations of cortical midline structure might underlie altered intrinsic networks in UHR subjects.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of six cases and a review of the Chinese literature
Authors: Wang Haiwei , Su Zhansan , Hu Zhongliang , Wen Jifang , Liu Baoan 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Goals
The main purpose of this study is to broaden the clinicopathological spectrum and increase recognition of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) through analysis of the clinical and pathological features of 50 cases.

Methods
The clinicopathological features of total 50 cases of FDCS were analyzed including a review of 44 cases reported in Chinese literature before October 2009 and six original cases from the pathology files conducted by the authors.

Results
The youngest patient came under observation in this study is only seven years old. Including the cases contributed by the authors, our literary review indicated that male dominated the tumor cases (M: F = 3: 2). 28 cases (56%) present with this disease in extranodal sites. Tumor cells demonstrated positive staining for the follicular dendritic cell markers CD21 (47/49), CD35 (43/45), CD23 (20/23) and CD68 (23/25). In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA was performed in 10 cases. Nevertheless, EBV expression was absent in all these cases. The follow-up analysis of all cases shows that 26 (81.2%) patients were alive and disease free; 6 (18.8%) patients were alive with recurrent disease or metastasis; and nobody had died of this disease at the time of last follow-up.

Conclusions
The diagnosis of the FDCS is based on the findings of morphology and immunohistochemistry. The FDCS occurred in China should be viewed and treated as a low-grade sarcoma, and the role of the EBV in the pathogenesis of this tumor is still uncertain. There is a possibility that the tumor might be racial or geographic correlated, because most cases were reported from Eastern Asia area; it's particular the case of the liver or spleen tumor.
Retrieval of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein from the endosome to the TGN is S655 phosphorylation state-dependent and retromer-mediated
Authors: Vieira Sandra I , Rebelo Sandra , Esselmann Hermann , Wiltfang Jens , Lah James , Lane Rachel , Small Scott A , Gandy Sam , da Cruz e Silva Edgar F , da Cruz e Silva Odete AB 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Retrograde transport of several transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) occurs via Rab 5-containing endosomes, mediated by clathrin and the recently characterized retromer complex. This complex and one of its putative sorting receptor components, SorLA, were reported to be associated to late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder is still elusive, although accumulation of amyloidogenic Abeta is a hallmark. This peptide is generated from the sucessive β- and γ- secretase proteolysis of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP), events which are associated with endocytic pathway compartments. Therefore, APP targeting and time of residence in endosomes would be predicted to modulate Abeta levels. However, the formation of an APP- and retromer-containing protein complex with potential functions in retrieval of APP from the endosome to the TGN had, to date, not been demonstrated directly. Further, the motif(s) in APP that regulate its sorting to the TGN have not been characterized.

Results
Through the use of APP-GFP constructs, we show that APP containing endocytic vesicles targeted for the TGN, are also immunoreactive for clathrin-, Rab 5- and VPS35. Further, they frequently generate protruding tubules near the TGN, supporting an association with a retromer-mediated pathway. Importantly, we show for the first time, that mimicking APP phosphorylation at S655, within the APP 653YTSI656 basolateral motif, enhances APP retrieval via a retromer-mediated process. The phosphomimetic APP S655E displays decreased APP lysosomal targeting, enhanced mature half-life, and decreased tendency towards Abeta production. VPS35 downregulation impairs the phosphorylation dependent APP retrieval to the TGN, and decreases APP half-life.

Conclusions
We reported for the first time the importance of APP phosphorylation on S655 in regulating its retromer-mediated sorting to the TGN or lysosomes. Significantly, the data are consistent with known interactions involving the retromer, SorLA and APP. Further, these findings add to our understanding of APP targeting and potentially contribute to our knowledge of sporadic AD pathogenesis representing putative new targets for AD therapeutic strategies.
Public perception of mental health in Iraq
Authors: Sadik Sabah , Bradley Marie , Al-Hasoon Saad , Jenkins Rachel 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
People who suffer from mental illness, the professionals who treat them, and indeed the actual concept of mental illness are all stigmatised in public perception and often receive very negative publicity. This paper looks at Iraq, which has a population of 30 million who are mainly Moslem. Mental health services and professionals have historically been sparse in Iraq with 1 psychiatrist per 300,000 before 2003 falling to 1 per million until recently and 1 primary care centre (40 Healthcare Workers including 4 General Practitioners) to 35,000 population, compared with 1 GP per 1700 population in the UK.

Methods
We aimed to assess public attitudes and perceptions to mental illness. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire (additional file 1), which was designed specifically for Iraqi contexts and was made available in 2 languages. The survey was carried out in 500 participants' homes across 2 districts of Baghdad.

Results
The response rate of the survey was 86.4%. The paper shows respondents views on the aetiology of mental illness, perceptions of people with mental illness and attitudes towards care and treatment of people with mental illness.

Conclusions
This survey of public attitudes towards mental illness in Iraq has shown that community opinion about the aetiology of mental illness is broadly compatible with scientific evidence, but understanding of the nature of mental illness, its implications for social participation and management remains negative in general.
Clinical characteristics of depression among adolescent females: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Khalil Afaf H , Rabie Menan A , Abd-El-Aziz Mohamed F , Abdou Tarek A , El-Rasheed Amany H , Sabry Walaa M 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Adolescents rarely seek psychiatric help; they even hesitate to disclose their feelings to their parents. However; the adolescents especially the females experience depressive symptoms more frequently than general population. Do they experience classic depressive symptoms? Are there symptoms specific to this subpopulation?

Aim of the study
Through this study, the authors aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive disorders in Egyptian adolescent female students. They also expected a characteristic profile of symptoms for the adolescent females. However available literature provides no guidance in the description of this profile of symptoms.

Methods
A number of 602 adolescent females were interviewed, and subjected to General Health Questionnaire (GHQ); Children Depression Inventory (CDI), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I Disorders (SCID-I), then Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D). Results were analyzed by the use of SPSS-15.

Results
The study revealed the prevalence of depression in the sample of the study to be 15.3% (measured by CDI), and 13.3% (measured by SCID-I). Fatigue was the most common presenting depressive symptom (81.3%), in addition to other emotional, cognitive and physiological symptoms. Suicidal ideations were the most common suicidal symptoms in depressed adolescent females (20%), with 2.5% serious suicidal attempts.

Conclusions
The somatic symptoms were by far the most common presenting symptom for female adolescents suffering from depressive disorders. Depressive phenomena including unexplained fatigue, decreased energy, psychomotor changes, lack of concentration, weight changes and suicidal ideations may be the presenting complaints instead of the classic sad mood.
Investigation of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of fibrotic and granulomatous disorders: a bronchoalveolar lavage study
Authors: Margaritopoulos Giorgos A , Antoniou Katerina M , Karagiannis Kostas , Samara Katerina D , Lasithiotaki Ismini , Vassalou Evi , Lymbouridou Rena , Koutala Helen , Siafakas Nikos M 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground and aimToll-like receptors (TLRs), a key component of innate immunity, have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). As the involvement of TLRs has not yet been fully elucidated, the aim of the current study was to examine the expression of various TLRs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with ILDs.Patients and MethodsWe studied prospectively three groups of patients: (1) one group of 35 patients with fibrotic disorders, 16 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and 19 with fibrotic interstitial pneumonias associated with collagen tissue disorders (CTD-IPs); (2) one group of 14 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis; and (3) 11 normal subjects. We evaluated TLR expression with flow cytometry and mRNA expression with real-time PCR.ResultsAn overexpression of TLR-3 mRNA was found in fibrotic disorders (CTD-IPs/IPF) in comparison with sarcoidosis (mean ± SD, 1.104 ± 1.087 versus 0.038 ± 0.03;P= 0.04). Additionally, TLR-3 mRNA was increased in CTD-IPs in comparison with IPF (P= 0.001), sarcoidosis (P= 0.002) and controls (P= 0.05). An upregulation in TLR-7 and -9 mRNA expression was detected in IPF (P= 0.05) and sarcoidosis (P= 0.05), respectively, when compared to controls. A higher percentage of TLR-9-expressing cells was found in BALF of CTD-IPs when compared to IPF (mean ± SD, 36.7 ± 7.06 versus 14.85 ± 3.82;P= 0.025).ConclusionWe observed distinct profiles of TLR expression in fibrotic and granulomatous disorders. It is likely that they could play a key role in the pathogenesis of these diseases and represent future therapeutic targets.
Evidence of co-infection of chikungunya and densonucleosis viruses in C6/36 cell lines and laboratory infected Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes
Authors: Sivaram Aruna , Barde Pradip V , Gokhale Mangesh D , Singh Dinesh K , Mourya Devendra T 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Densonucleosis viruses are the etiological agents of insect's disease. We have reported the isolation of densovirus from India and its distribution among the natural populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes across the country. Since densonucleosis virus persistently infects mosquito populations, and is demonstrated to negatively affect multiplication of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus, it would be interesting to study if this virus has a role in determining the susceptibility of the vector mosquito Ae. aegypti to chikugunya virus.

Methods
Mosquito cell lines and adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes infected with densovirus were superinfected with Chikungunya virus and both the viruses were quantitated by determining their genomic copy number by real time amplification. Comparison was made between the log of genomic copy numbers of the viruses in the presence and absence of each other.

Results
The log of copy number of the viruses did not vary due to co-infection. Even though the RNA copy number of chikungunya virus increased over the period of time, no change was observed in the RNA copy number between the control and the co-infected group on any given day. Similarly, DNA copy number of densovirus also remained unchanged between the control and the co-infected groups.

Conclusion
Chikungunya virus neither stimulates the replication of densovirus nor is its own replication suppressed due to co-infection. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with densovirus infection were as susceptible to infection by chikungunya virus as the uninfected mosquitoes.
Method of Appraising Economic Prospects of Mining Exploration over Large Territories: Algerian Sahara Case Study
Authors: Allais M. 
Published: October 2010

The present study has essentially been conceived as a part of a larger study in the field of operations research. Its purpose resides in the scientific detection of the best and economically optimal strategy to be used in prospecting for metal deposits in the Sahara. The purpose of mining exploration is to discover workable deposits, and to acquire certain information on the natural wealth. This, of course, will involve certain costs. With zero expenditure there is zero information. But the cost of complete information would be inconceivable. Between these two extremes there is an optimum which we propose to seek. Obviously, the determination of such optimum is impossible unless a certain attitude towards risk is adopted. Such determination will also be conditional on at least an approximate knowledge of the probability distributions involved in the problem. The present study aims at the analysis of the second aspect, and attempts to evaluate the economic prospects of mining exploration in the Sahara, from the point of view of statistical distributions of both the number of deposits and their value.
Enjoying the Law. On a possible conflict between Kant's views on obedience and enjoyment
Authors: Bjerre Henrik Jøker 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper takes on the broad theme of the relation between legality and morality in Immanuel Kant's practical philosophy. It aims, more specifically, at a clarification of Kant's views on obedience and enjoyment. I claim that Kant's statements in his later writings, especially in the Metaphysics of Morals, of the obligation of citizens of a state to subject themselves unconditionally to the sovereign in power, must be seen in connection with his earlier moral writings in order to maintain a proper Kantian conception of the relation between legality and morality. To this end, Kant's use of the concept of enjoyment is instructive, and looking at it closely makes it possible to spell out why obedience in itself does not suffice for a moral existence. Subjecting ourselves to the prescriptions of positive law might actually function as a way of escaping the insatiable demands of the moral law. In this case, the positive law not only sustains our enjoyment (by securing basic liberties), but also comes to function as an object of enjoyment itself.
Gundersen on Counterfactuals and Tracking
Authors: Smith Joshua A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In a recent article, Lars Bo Gundersen has suggested a new semantics for counterfactuals (Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 85: 1-20, 2004). The new semantics gives up on the idea that the actual world must be at the center of world orderings. Instead, statistically normal worlds are at the center. Part of the motivation for this idea is that a very influential account of knowledge, so-called ‘tracking’ accounts, seem right, but suffer serious problems with more traditional semantics for counterfactuals. Gundersen's semantics, if correct, helps tracking accounts with certain problems, but leads to new problems that seem intractable. So while Gundersen's semantics might be correct, those who endorse tracking accounts of knowledge should be loath to endorse it.
Counterfactuals and Tracking – A Reply to Smith
Authors: Gundersen Lars Bo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In his ‘Gundersen on Counterfactuals and Tracking’ (Sats – Nordic Journal of Philosophy: 2005), Joshua Smith presents some very interesting points of criticism relating to my ‘Outline of a New Semantic for Counterfactuals’ (Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 85: 2004). In the following I'll do three things. I will briefly summarise the central theses from that paper and sketch the arguments that I take to support these theses. Then I will discuss Smith's objections; identify some points of agreement – but also some points of disagreements – and try to shed some more light on certain central views of mine that might otherwise give rise to objections akin to those offered by Smith. Finally I will pursue a bit further a line of enquiry taken up by Smith. The central question here is to which extent, and why, tracking (and safety) theories of knowledge are vulnerable to Gettier cases.
Science Studies and Moral Challenges. Making it explicit: an updating of science studies
Authors: Skirbekk Gunnar 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
These days when the sciences are confronted with a range of moral challenges, we need an extensive and professional discussion that is updated in moral philosophy as well as in normatively informed social sciences. For this reason, the institutionalized field of science studies should leave their traditional anti-philosophical inclinations behind and reorientate themselves according to these demands.
Toxicokinetics and Metabolism Deteriorated by Acute Nephrotoxicity after a Single Intravenous Injection of Hydrofluoric Acid in Rats
Authors: Mitsui Go , Dote Tomotaro , Yamadori Emi , Imanishi Masafumi , Nakayama Shin , Ohnishi Keiko , Kono Koichi 
Published: October 2010

Toxicokinetics and Metabolism Deteriorated by Acute Nephrotoxicity after a Single Intravenous Injection of Hydrofluoric Acid in Rats: Go Mitsui, et al. Department of Hygiene and Public Health I · II, Osaka Medical CollegeObjectivesThis study was designed to investigate the early dynamic state of hydrofluoric acid (HFA) in blood and urine as a model of accidental occupational exposure to a subtoxic dose of HFA. It was also aimed at determining the relationship between the kinetics and harmful effects of HFA on the kidney.MethodsRats received a single intravenous injection of HFA (3.2, 6.4, or 9.6 (LD5) mg/kg) or saline. The volume of each injection was 1 ml and the concentrations of HFA were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%, respectively. Ionized fluoride (F) was measured for the biological monitoring of HFA. Serum F concentrations were determined at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 300 min. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with two‐compartment modeling. Urine was directly collected from bladder for 300 min to determine the extent of the renal damage.ResultsAUC0→300 values were significantly higher in the 9.6 mg/kg group than in the 3.2 and 6.4 groups. The total body clearance, V1, V2 and Vss were significantly lower in the 6.4 and 9.6 mg/kg groups than in the 3.2 mg/kg group. These results indicate that HFA was retained in blood. This could be a result of renal dysfunction. NAG/Cr and glucose excretion amount in urine were increased, and the clearance rate of F, urine volume and excretion amounts of electrolytes were decreased in the 9.6 mg/kg group compared with the saline group. These findings indicate renal tubular damage and a decrease in the amount of excretion of HFA from the kidney.ConclusionsWe consider that acute nephrotoxicity of HFA caused renal injury, and the harmful effects of HFA were subsequently aggravated by its delayed metabolism.
The Effect of Intrauterine Growth on Verbal IQ Scores in Childhood: A Study of Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Edmonds Caroline J. , Isaacs Elizabeth B. , Cole Tim J. , Rogers Mary Haslinger , Lanigan Julie , Singhal Atul , Birbara Toni , Gringras Paul , Denton Jane , Lucas Alan 
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE:Given the adverse neurobiological effects of suboptimal nutrition on the developing brain, it is of social and medical importance to determine if the global prevalence of poor intrauterine growth causes lasting cognitive deficits. We examined whether suboptimal intrauterine growth relates to impaired cognitive outcome by comparing birth weight and cognition in monozygotic twins and considered whether children within-pair differences in birth weight were related to within-pair differences in IQ scores.METHODS:A total of 71 monozygotic twin pairs (aged 7 years 11 months to 17 years 3 months) participated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, was administered, and verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) scores were calculated. Regression was used to relate within-pair differences in birth weight to within-pair differences in IQ scores.RESULTS:VIQ but not PIQ score was affected by prenatal growth restriction. The results suggest that the mean advantage for heavier twins relative to their lighter co-twins can be as much as half an SD in VIQ points. In pairs with minimal discordance, heavier twins had lower VIQ scores than their lighter co-twins.CONCLUSIONS:Our study results suggest that lower birth weight in monozygotic twins can also have a negative long-term impact on cognition both in infants who are small at birth and also those with birth weights across the spectrum. Studying monozygotic twins enabled us to examine the effect of reduced intrauterine growth on cognition independently of confounding factors, including parental IQ and education and infant gender, age, genetic characteristics, and gestation.