bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between Daily Acute Glucose Fluctuations and Cognitive Performance Among Aged Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Rizzo Maria Rosaria , Marfella Raffaele , Barbieri Michelangela , Boccardi Virginia , Vestini Francesco , Lettieri Biagio , Canonico Silvestro , Paolisso Giuseppe 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) is a significant determinant of overall metabolic control as well as increased risk for diabetes complications. Older individuals with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have moderate cognitive deficits and structural changes in brain tissue. Considering that poor metabolic control is considered a deranging factor for cognitive performance in diabetic patients, we evaluated whether the contributions of MAGE to cognitive status in older patients with type 2 diabetes were independent from the main markers of glycemic control, such as sustained chronic hyperglycemia (A1C), postprandial glycemia (PPG), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 121 older patients with type 2 diabetes, 48-h continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CSGM) were assessed. MAGE and PPG were evaluated during CSGM. The relationship of MAGE to performance on cognitive tests was assessed, with adjustment for age, glycemic control markers, and other determinants of cognitive status. The cognitive tests were a composite score of executive and attention functioning and the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE).

RESULTS
MAGE was significantly correlated with MMSE (r = 0.83; P &lt; 0.001) and with cognition composite score (r = 0.68; P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, MAGE was associated with the MMSE (P &lt; 0.001) and cognition composite score (P &lt; 0.001) independently of age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio, drug intake, physical activity, mean arterial blood pressure, FPG, PPG, and A1C.

CONCLUSIONS
MAGE during a daily period was associated with an impairment of cognitive functioning independent of A1C, FPG, and PPG. The present data suggest that interventional trials in older patients with type 2 diabetes should target not only A1C, PPG, and FPG but also daily acute glucose swings.
Effects of Weight Loss Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Men and Women
Authors: Janiszewski Peter M. , Ross Robert 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Weight loss among metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals may be unnecessary or result in elevated cardio-metabolic risk. We studied the effects of exercise- or diet-induced weight loss on cardio-metabolic risk among MHO and metabolically abnormal obese (MAO) adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants were 63 MHO and 43 MAO adults who took part in 3 to 6 months of exercise- or diet-induced weight loss intervention. Changes in anthropometry, adipose tissue distribution, and cardio-metabolic risk factors were assessed.

RESULTS
Body weight, waist circumference, and total abdominal and visceral adipose tissue were reduced in all subjects (P &lt; 0.05). Improvements in insulin sensitivity were observed in MHO and MAO men and women (P &lt; 0.05), but were greater in the MAO individuals (P &lt; 0.05). Fasting insulin was the only other cardio-metabolic improvement among MHO individuals (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Lifestyle-induced weight loss among MHO subjects is associated with a reduction in total and abdominal obesity and improvement in selected cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Maternal Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy Affects Fetal Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Luo Zhong-Cheng , Delvin Edgard , Fraser William D. , Audibert Francois , Deal Cheri I. , Julien Pierre , Girard Isabelle , Shear Roberta , Levy Emile , Nuyt Anne-Monique 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Offspring of mothers with impaired glucose tolerance are far more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that maternal glucose tolerance in pregnancy affects fetal insulin sensitivity or β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort study, we analyzed glucose, insulin, and proinsulin concentrations in maternal blood at the 50-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation and in venous cord blood (n = 248). The cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratio and proinsulin concentration were used as indicators of fetal insulin sensitivity and the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio was used as an indicator of fetal β-cell function.

RESULTS
Higher OGTT blood glucose levels were associated with significantly lower cord plasma glucose-to-insulin ratios (r = −0.31, P &lt; 0.001) and higher proinsulin concentrations (r = 0.31, P &lt; 0.001) but not with proinsulin-to-insulin ratios. In a comparison of gestational diabetic (n = 26) versus euglycemic pregnancy, cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratios were substantially lower (geometric mean 10.1 vs. 20.0 mg/dl/μU/ml; P &lt; 0.001), whereas proinsulin concentrations were much higher (24.4 vs. 13.8 pmol/l; P &lt; 0.001), despite similar cord blood glucose concentrations indicating adequate management of diabetes. The differences remained significant after controlling for prepregnancy and fetal adiposity, family history of diabetes, gestational age, and other potential confounders. Significant changes in the glucose-to-insulin ratio and proinsulin concentration were also observed in obese (n = 31) mothers, but the differences became not statistically significant after adjustment for maternal glucose tolerance and fetal adiposity.

CONCLUSIONS
Maternal glucose intolerance may impair fetal insulin sensitivity (but not β-cell function) and consequently “program” the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Analysis of A-DLTS spectra of MOS structures with thin NAOS SiO2 layers
Authors: Hockicko Peter , Bury Peter , Sidor Peter , Kobayashi Hikaru , Takahashi Masao , Yanase Takashi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A set of MOS structures with thin SiO2 layers prepared by nitric acid oxidation (NAOS) method was investigated using acoustic deep level transient spectroscopy (A-DLTS) to explain the role of annealing treatment (post-oxidation annealing (POA) and post-metallization annealing (PMA)) at different conditions on the distribution of interface states. The activation energies of interface states and the corresponding capture cross-section were calculated both from Arrhenius plots constructed for individual peaks of the A-DLTS spectra and applying the method of modeling of measured acoustic spectra. The energy distribution of the interface states was determined also from the dependence of acoustoelectric response signal (ARS) on the external bias voltage (U
ac - V
G curves). By comparing the A-DLTS spectra, U
ac - V
G characteristics and some electrical measurements (G-V, I-V curves) of investigated MOS structures with no treatment with those treated with POA and/or PMA, the role of individual treatments was observed. The definite decrease of the interface states in the structures with the PMA treatment in comparison with the POA treatment was confirmed too.
Photonic realization of the relativistic Kronig-Penney model and relativistic Tamm surface states
Authors: Longhi Stefano 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Photonic analogues of the relativistic Kronig-Penney model and of relativistic surface Tamm states are proposed for light propagation in fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) with phase defects. A periodic sequence of phase slips in the FBG realizes the relativistic Kronig-Penney model, the band structure of which being mapped into the spectral response of the FBG. For the semi-infinite FBG Tamm surface states can appear and can be visualized as narrow resonance peaks in the transmission spectrum of the grating.
Molecular identification of diazotroph microbial consortia in mountain soil
Authors: Carpa Rahela , Butiuc-Keul Anca , Dobrotă Cristina , Muntean Vasile 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Nitrogen fixing microbial consortia from soil samples taken from five altitudinal vegetation zones (alpine, subalpine, coniferous, beech, Maleia flood plain) of Parâng Massif, Romania, were isolated and identified. Molecular characterisation of nitrogen fixing consortia was carried out by PCR and nested PCR with 7 primer sets specific to nifH genes. All nifH genes are specific to nitrogen fixation and are found within phylogenetically related organisms which have the nitrogenase enzyme complex. These molecular studies allowed the assessment of nifH gene diversity within these nitrogen fixing microbial consortia from different type of soils. At high altitude, a consortium of nitrogen fixing bacteria dominated by Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense was found. Clostridium, Rhizobiales, Herbaspirillum, Frankia species were also found in different rations depending on the altitudinal vegetation zone.
Diet overlap between small ruminants and the European hare in a Mediterranean shrubland
Authors: Karmiris Ilias , Nastis Anastasios 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Seasonal diets of goats, sheep and European hares (Lepus europaeus) were examined using microhistological analysis of feces collected when these herbivores grazed together in a typical Mediterranean shrubland. Approximately half of the total diet content of goats was shrubs (mainly kermes oak, Quercus coccifera), while that of hares was grasses (mostly brush grass, Chrysopogon gryllus). Sheep had a more balanced diet consisting mainly of grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Dietary overlap between goats and sheep was high throughout the year. In contrast, there was very low dietary overlap between small ruminants and hares. Dietary diversity was high in spring and low in winter across all species, with sheep in general displaying higher dietary diversity across all seasons than goats and hares. Goats had intermediate and hares had low dietary diversity across all seasons. Communal grazing by small ruminants and hares ensures that there is a more uniform use of the available forage resources than if a single herbivore is left to graze an area.
Antibacterial effect of essential oils and interaction with food components
Authors: Tserennadmid Rentsenkhand , Takó Miklós , Galgóczy László , Papp Tamás , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Gerő László , Krisch Judit 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The antibacterial effect of essential oils (EOs) derived from Citrus lemon, Juniperus communis, Origanum majorana, and Salvia sclarea, was investigated either alone or in combination, on 2 food related bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli). The influence of food ingredients — hydrolyzed proteins originating from animal and plant (meat extract and soy peptone) and sucrose — on the antibacterial effect of EOs was also tested. The most effective antibacterial activities were obtained with marjoram and clary sage oil, alone and in combination. High concentration of meat extract protected the bacteria from the growth inhibiting effect of marjoram oil, while soy peptone had no such effect. Sucrose intensified the lag phase lengthening by marjoram oil in a dose-independent manner.
Review: Using magnesium hydroxide as the alkali source for peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps - process chemistry and industrial implementation
Authors: Ni Yonghao , He Zhibin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Magnesium hydroxide, which is a weak alkali, can be used as the alkali source for peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps. This magnesium hydroxide-based peroxide bleaching process has been commercialized in the paper industry. In this paper, we review the literature results regarding the process chemistry of the Mg(OH)2-based peroxide bleaching process, including the kinetics, peroxide decomposition, anionic trash/COD/oxalate formation, the effect on pulp properties. The benefits associated with the Mg(OH)2- based peroxide bleaching process are discussed. We also discuss the mill implementation of the Mg(OH)2- based peroxide bleaching process in the pulp and paper industry. A case is presented where magnesium hydroxide completely replaces sodium hydroxide as the alkali source. A partial magnesium substitution for sodium hydroxide can also be an option.
Comparison between specific surface complexation and Donnan ion-exchange models for describing the adsorption of cations on kraft fibres – literature evidence and EXAFS study of Cu(II) binding
Authors: Sundman Ola , Persson Per , Öhman Lars-Olof 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A compilation of the applied experimental conditions when studying metal ion adsorption onto kraft fibres, and the resulting conclusion, revealed that the ionic strength conditions used during the experiments were an important dividing factor. At low ionic strengths, the conclusion has regularly been that the Donnan ion-exchange model could correctly predict the adsorption while, at higher ionic strengths, it has often been concluded that the formation of specific metal-ion fibre complexes must be assumed. To study this apparent influence from the presence of monovalent sodium ions, Cu K-edge EXAFS spectra of Cu2+ ions adsorbed to kraft fibres were collected in media of “0” to 100 mM NaCl. Combined with previous data, these measurements confirmed that at very low ionic strength, the importance of specific interactions between the chemically modified cellulose fibres and the Cu(II) ions significantly decreased. For a detailed description of the adsorption phenomenon, both types of interactions must be considered simultaneously. For most technical and engineering applications, however, the Donnan model can be used at low ionic strength conditions, i.e. I ≲ 10 mM. At higher ionic strengths, though, the inclusion of specific complexes in the model is necessary for correctly describing the adsorption of di- and trivalent cations with strong complex forming properties.
Effects of integrating a bioethanol production process to a kraft pulp mill
Authors: Kautto Jesse , Henricson Kaj , Sixta Herbert , Trogen Mikaela , Alén Raimo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The integration of an ethanol production process based on prehydrolysis of softwood chips to a kraft pulp mill is discussed. A simulation model of this biorefinery has been created with WinGEMS simulation software to calculate the mass and energy balances of the biorefinery and to examine the effects of the integration on the operation of the pulp mill. Integrating the prehydrolysis process to the modeled pulp mill producing 1000 Adt/day of pine pulp would increase the wood consumption by 16%. With the increased wood consumption, 40 t/day of ethanol could be produced, and the excess power production could be increased by 460 MWh/day. The integration of the ethanol production process to a pulp mill would have considerable effects on the operation of the pulp mill. The coupling of hydrolyzate evaporation with black liquor evaporation would require major modifications in the evaporation plant. Due to the burning of organic residue from the ethanol process and to the increase in the heating value of black liquor, the load on the recovery boiler would increase by 31%.
Altered Effector CD4+ T Cell Function in IL-21R−/− CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Oh Iekuni , Ozaki Katsutoshi , Meguro Akiko , Hatanaka Keiko , Kadowaki Masanori , Matsu Haruko , Tatara Raine , Sato Kazuya , Iwakura Yoichiro , Nakae Susumu , Sudo Katsuko , Teshima Takanori , Leonard Warren J. , Ozawa Keiya 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We previously showed that transplantation with IL-21R gene-deficient splenocytes resulted in less severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than was observed with wild type splenocytes. In this study, we sought to find mechanism(s) explaining this observation. Recipients of donor CD4+ T cells lacking IL-21R exhibited diminished GVHD symptoms, with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration into the liver and intestine, leading to prolonged survival. After transplantation, CD4+ T cell numbers in the spleen were reduced, and MLR and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells were impaired. These results suggest that IL-21 might promote GVHD through enhanced production of effector CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we found that CD25 depletion altered neither the impaired MLR in vitro nor the ameliorated GVHD symptoms in vivo. Thus, the attenuated GVHD might be caused by an impairment of effector T cell differentiation itself, rather than by an increase in regulatory T cells and suppression of effector T cells.
Visualization of Kinase Activity with FRET‐Based Activity Biosensors
Authors: Depry Charlene , Zhang Jin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGenetically encodable FRET‐based kinase activity reporters (KARs) enable real‐time monitoring of kinase activity dynamics in living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. This unit describes a general protocol for utilizing KARs to visualize kinase activity in living mammalian cells with fluorescence microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 91:18.15.1‐18.15.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescent Peptide Assays for Protein Kinases
Authors: Devkota Ashwini K. , Kaoud Tamer S. , Warthaka Mangalika , Dalby Kevin N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractProtein kinases are enzymes that regulate many cellular events in eukaryotic cells, such as cell‐cycle progression, transcription, metabolism, and apoptosis. Protein kinases each have a conserved ATP‐binding site, as well as one or more substrate‐binding site(s) that exhibit recognition features for a protein substrate. Thus, by bringing ATP and a substrate into close proximity, each protein kinase can modify its substrate by transferring the γ phosphate of the ATP molecule to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue on the substrate. In such a way, signaling pathways downstream from the substrate can be regulated, dependent on the phosphorylated versus dephosphorylated forms of the substrate. This unit describes an assay employing a fluorescent peptide substrate to measure the incorporation of non‐radiolabeled phosphate. The assay is based on the principle that the phosphorylation of the peptide substrate leads to an increase in the fluorescence emission intensity of an appended fluorophore. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 91:18.17.1‐18.17.7. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Informed Consent for Genetic Research
Authors: Botkin Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGenetic research often utilizes or generates information that is potentially sensitive to individuals, families, or communities. For these reasons, genetic research may warrant additional scrutiny from investigators and governmental regulators, compared to other types of biomedical research. The informed consent process should address the range of social and psychological issues that may arise in genetic research. This paper addresses a number of these issues, including recruitment of participants, disclosure of results, psychological impact of results, insurance and employment discrimination, community engagement, consent for tissue banking, and intellectual property issues. Points of consideration are offered to assist in the development of protocols and consent processes in light of contemporary debates on a number of these issues. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 66:1.16.1‐1.16.13 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Application of Computer‐Based Tools in Obtaining the Genetic Family History
Authors: Giovanni Monica A. , Murray Michael F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFamily health history is both an adjunct to and a focus of current genetic research, having long been known to be a powerful predictor of individual disease risk. As such, it has been primarily used as a proxy for genetic information. Over the past decade, new roles for family history have emerged, perhaps most importantly as a primary tool for guiding decision‐making on the use of expensive genetic testing. The collection of family history information is an important but time‐consuming process. Efforts to engage the patient or research subject in preliminary data collection have the potential to improve data accuracy and allow clinicians and researchers more time for analytic tasks. The U.S. Surgeon General, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and others have developed tools for electronic family history collection. This unit describes the utility of the Web‐based My Family Health Portrait (https://familyhistory.hhs.gov) as the prototype for patient‐entered family history. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 66:9.21.1‐9.21.9 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Targeted Enrichment of Specific Regions in the Human Genome by Array Hybridization
Authors: Igartua Catherine , Turner Emily H. , Ng Sarah B. , Hodges Emily , Hannon Gregory J. , Bhattacharjee Arindam , Rieder Mark J. , Nickerson Deborah A. , Shendure Jay 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWhile whole‐genome resequencing remains expensive, genomic partitioning provides an affordable means of targeting sequence efforts towards regions of high interest. There are several competitive methods for targeted capture; these include molecular inversion probes, microdroplet‐segregated multiplex PCR, and on‐array or in‐solution capture‐by‐hybridization. Enrichment of the human exome by array hybridization has been successfully applied to pinpoint the causative allele of Mendelian disorders. This protocol focuses on the application of Agilent 1 M arrays for capture‐by‐hybridization and sequencing on the Illumina platform, although the library preparation method may be adaptable to other vendors' array platforms and sequencing technologies. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 66:18.3.1‐18.3.14 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of possible protective roles of selenium, zinc, and cis‐Stilbene oxide against acute T‐2 toxin poisoning: A preliminary report
Authors: Yazdanpanah Hassan , Roshanzamir Farshad , Shafaghi Bijan , Faizi Mehrdad , Elhami Mehrdad , Rasekh Hamid R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe efficacy of two free radical scavengers, selenium and zinc, and a microsomal epoxide hydrolase–inducing agent, cis‐stilbene oxide on the acute toxicity of T‐2 toxin, a potent cytotoxic trichothecene, was investigated. Mice were pretreated daily for 3 consecutive days with either zinc sulfate (4.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), sodium selenite (1, 2, and 3 mg/kg i.p.) or cis‐stilbene oxide (50 mg/kg i.p.). A full 24‐hr after the final dosing with these agents, mice were given T‐2 toxin (2, 2.5, or 3 mg/kg i.p.). The acute lethal toxicity of T‐2 toxin (2.5 mg/kg) was reduced by administration of only sodium selenite (3 mg/kg) and cis‐stilbene oxide (50 mg/kg). No significant effect on weight gain was observed. Nat. Toxins 5:133–135, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pacific Ciguatoxin‐1 associated with a large common‐source outbreak of Ciguatera in East Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: Lucas Richard E. , Lewis Richard J. , Taylor Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report a retrospective study of the clinical signs and symptoms associated with a point‐source outbreak of fish poisoning that occurred with a fish captured from the Arafura Sea, northern Australia. Twenty cases (16 Aboriginal and 4 non‐Aboriginal) characteristic of ciguatera, including 4 inpatients and 16 outpatients from the Gove Hospital, were identified based on the pattern of clinical symptoms and signs after ingestion of a large coral cod from a known ciguatera‐prone coral reef. In the absence of a serologic test for the victim, laboratory analysis of a 230‐g sample of the coral cod (Cephalopolis miniatus), using both mouse bioassay and HPLC/mass spectrometry, showed that Pacific ciguatoxin‐1 was the principal toxin involved. Intravenous mannitol was administered to one patient without clear benefit. Risk factors for ciguatera poisoning are ingestion of larger portions of reef fish from ciguatera‐prone areas. Despite apparent local awareness of the distribution and etiology of the disease, large common‐source outbreaks of ciguatera still occur. Nat. Toxins 5:136–140, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.