bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Therapeutic Work Program for Head-Injured Adults
Authors: Lyons Jill Leffler , Morse Amy Ripple 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Therapeutic Work Program operates in an ambulatory care setting and aids in assessing and developing prevocational skills in adults with head injuries. The program has eight phases, including initial evaluation, individual and group treatment, and prevocational assessment and treatment. We conducted a phone survey to evaluate the program’s effectiveness and found that 79% of the 29 respondents participated in occupational activities (i.e., they were competitive or volunteer employees, homemakers, or students), a greater percentage than reported by other prevocational programs for patients with head injuries.
Neuroscience and Occupational Therapy: Vital Connections
Authors: Farber Shereen D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the hypothesis that in-depth knowledge of the neurosciences serves as a common denominator that enhances our ability to interpret all aspects of human behavior. Neurobiological information can be used to design research to evaluate our existing treatment philosophy and methodology and to develop new theories and technology. Because occupational therapy addresses widely divergent diagnostic populations, three separate areas along the practice continuum were selected to demonstrate the application of neurobiological concepts: (a) neuroimmunomodulation, (b) organic bases of psychopathology, and (c) traumatic brain injury. Philosophical statements regarding effective methods of teaching neurobiology to occupational therapists are included.
Knowledgeability of Theories of Occupational Therapy Practitioners in Israel
Authors: Javetz Rachel , Katz Noomi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A reflective occupational therapist is conceived as one who values theory and uses it as a tool for setting and solving problems in clinical situations. In this study, we investigated the extent of knowledgeability of theories of occupational therapy practitioners in Israel. Data were collected in two stages: (a) through personal interviews with a representative sample of all occupational therapists (n = 98) with the use of a semistructured questionnaire and (b) through telephone interviews of recent graduates of one school (n = 40) with the use of a shortened version of the original questionnaire. The findings from an open-ended question concerning knowledgeability of theories reflected (a) the degree of the theories’ scientific development, (b) the differentiation between models conceived as theories and those seen as techniques for treatment, and (c) the changes in professional curricula resulting from scientific and clinical developments in the field. In addition, a more general knowledge level, termed recognition, showed a consistent understanding of the theories and treatment modalities relevant in the practitioners’ specialty areas. The results of this study indicate a need for further articulation of theory in clinical practice as well as better educational preparation of the “reflective practitioner” (Schön, 1983).
Occupational Therapy Treatment Practices With Infants in Early Intervention
Authors: Gorga Delia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper explores occupational therapy treatment practices for infants (birth to age 2 years) in early intervention programs. Generic treatment is viewed as the facilitation of the infant’s independence through improved motor control, sensory modulation, adaptive coping, sensorimotor development, social–emotional development, daily living skills, and play. Treatment practices in specialized settings, that is, in a neonatal intensive care unit and in a follow-up program for high-risk infants, are outlined. The efficacy of intervention is discussed in light of recent research findings and of the comments made by critics of early intervention.
Occupational Therapy and the Postpolio Syndrome
Authors: Young Grace R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Approximately 75,000 polio survivors are experiencing new weakness, pain, and fatigue that are related to their initial disease. These problems affect their functional ability; therefore, they are of concern to occupational therapists. Overwork of a weakened neuromuscular system is believed to be the cause of these late symptoms. This article reviews current writings on the late effects of poliomyelitis. An understanding of the symptoms, causality, and psychosocial ramifications of this phenomenon facilitates effective occupational therapy intervention. Guidelines for occupational therapy assessment and treatment are included.
Variables Affecting Specialty Choice in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Wittman Peggy Prince , Swinehart Susan , Cahill Rosemary , St. Michel Gordon 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Over the past 15 years, the number of occupational therapists entering the practice area of mental health has greatly declined. To determine the possible reasons for this decline, a random sample of 450 occupational therapy students who graduated in 1986 was surveyed to identify those factors that influence practice choice. Participants were asked to indicate their practice preferences at five points in time: before admission to the academic program, after completion of the academic program, after completion of Level I fieldwork, after completion of Level II fieldwork, and at first employment. The results from 212 questionnaires (a 47% response rate) indicated that the distribution of practice choices remained relatively consistent over time. After completion of the academic program, the choice of mental health practice was seen as negative. Specific negative influences were topic content, teaching methods, and teacher effectiveness. Level I fieldwork was perceived as a negative experience in all five practice areas, but was perceived most negatively in mental health. Level II fieldwork most influenced practice preferences. Specific positive factors were the student supervisor and the patient caseload.
Effects of Continuous Passive Motion and Elevation on Hand Edema
Authors: Giudice Marcia L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the use of continuous passive motion (CPM) of the digits in combination with limb elevation to reduce hand edema. The effects of 30 min of CPM of the digits with the limb elevated were compared with the effects of 30 min of limb elevation alone. Each of 16 subjects with hand edema of varied etiology received both treatments, one on each of 2 consecutive days. Measures of hand volume, finger circumference, and finger stiffness were taken before and after each treatment. Analyses comparing mean percentage change scores for both treatments showed large and significant treatment effects for all three dependent measures. The findings indicate that, for this sample, CPM with limb elevation was a more effective treatment for the reduction of hand edema than limb elevation alone. The results of analyses performed on a subgroup of 11 subjects with hemiplegia were similar, thus suggesting that CPM with limb elevation may be an effective method by which to reduce hand edema for this patient population.
The Integration of Computers Into the Occupational Therapy Department
Authors: Weiss Patrice 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Despite the growing interest in and use of microcomputers as an occupational therapy assessment and treatment modality, many factors still limit their widespread adoption in the clinical milieu. Such factors include inadequate background preparation; insufficient financial resources; the overwhelming number of choices of computer hardware, software, and adaptive devices; lack of product support; rapidity of change; and skepticism of administrators and clinicians. The purpose of this paper is to outline procedures that will facilitate the integration of microcomputers into the clinical milieu by (a) identifying the reasons why and how these devices are used improperly; (b) proposing ways to correct these problems; (c) providing recommendations concerning the acquisition of major microcomputer hardware, software, and adaptations; and (d) providing an annotated list of resources for further information.
Relations Between Design Copying and Other Tests of Sensory Integrative Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Authors: McAtee Shay , Mack Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate possible relations between performance on the atypical approach parameters of the Design Copying (DC) subtest of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1989) and scores on the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT) (Ayres, 1980). An existing data set was used that consisted of SCSIT and SIPT–DC scores from 32 children identified by their performance on the SCSIT as having sensory integrative dysfunction. Three questions were addressed: (a) Are there relations between scores on the atypical approach parameters of the SIPT–DC and SCSIT scores? (b) To what extent do the SCSIT scores collectively predict the presence or absence of the SIPT–DC atypical approach parameters? and (c) Are there relations among scores on the SIPT–DC atypical approach parameters? The results suggest that the scores on individual SIPT–DC atypical approach parameters may be related to the scores on the SCSIT subtests. In particular, significant relationships were found between some of the SIPT–DC parameters and the SCSIT subtests that assess visual, tactile, and motor components.
The Level I Fieldwork Process
Authors: Shalik Linda Dean 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a nationwide study in which the factors that relate to the overall Level I fieldwork implementation were compared across a variety of occupational therapy fieldwork settings. Two questionnaires were used to collect data: One was completed by 395 Level I fieldwork site supervisors, and the other by faculty representatives from 40 professional-level academic occupational therapy programs. The data showed that there were more similarities than differences among the fieldwork sites, thus suggesting that a common process is used in most fieldwork placements. The primary factors that differentiated among the various fieldwork settings were variables that tended to describe the settings demographically (e.g., type of employment setting, funding sources). Interesting differences were found among the various fieldwork settings between the amount of supervision given to Level I students and the amount of independent, treatment-oriented performance by the students.
The Use of Relaxation Training to Enhance Functional Outcomes in Adults With Traumatic Head Injuries
Authors: Lysaght Rosemary , Bodenhamer Eugenia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Impaired anxiety management and poor emotional control have a negative effect on the adaptive functioning of persons with head injuries who are in the postacute stages of recovery. This paper outlines a relaxation training program administered individually to 4 adults with severe head injuries. Each subject was in the postacute phase of recovery and had reported stress to be a persistent problem in daily living. The relaxation training protocol combined biofeedback, imagery, autogenic training, and deep breathing. Significant improvement in function, measured by scores on a scale of illness-related dysfunction, support the potential benefits of stress management training as part of functional training programs for persons with traumatic head injuries.
A Prevention Model for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Grossman Judy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The role of occupational therapy in prevention has received much discussion but relatively little empirical testing and model building. Because of the evidence linking stress and illness, the life stress process has become a popular area of investigation. More importantly, a role strain model can provide a theoretical guide to occupational therapy practice due to the central importance of adaptive behavior and social competence. To illustrate, the maternal stress study is presented as an example of prevention research that examines the relationship between maternal stress and child psychopathology. Risk factors are identified as the first step in reliable case finding and the design of preventive interventions. Such model building can help occupational therapists develop prevention services for vulnerable populations.
Epistemology and Experimentation: An Examination of Quality Factors in Research Design
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Forty-four research articles published in the occupational therapy literature were examined to determine the effect of design quality on study outcome. All 44 of the studies examined involved a parallel-groups comparison design. Twenty-two of the studies included random assignment of subjects to various groups, and the remaining 22 investigations used some nonrandom method to determine subject allocation. A standardized metric (i.e., effect size) was used to determine the effect of the independent variable in the 44 studies. The data analysis revealed that effect-size values were not significantly different between studies that involved random assignment and those not involving random assignment. The argument is made that such design characteristics as random assignment should be examined as moderator variables in any attempt to synthesize findings from multiple studies. Such an approach would treat the design used in a study as one of many possible variables that could influence the outcome. This approach would modify the a priori assumption that one research design is inherently superior to another regardless of the research question or context.
Perceptions of Practitioners, Educators, and Students Concerning the Role of the Occupational Therapy Practitioner
Authors: Vogel Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, the attitudes of 348 occupational therapy educators, practitioners, and students were assessed concerning the perceived role of the practitioner. The three groups’ perceptions of the practitioner’s role offers a starting point from which changes in education and practice can be made to reflect the profession’s pending decisions concerning physical modalities, unification of theory and practice, and status of the profession. A 4-point Likert scale was used to measure the subjects’ responses to 19 statements on major professional issues concerning occupational therapy’s unique philosophical base, the appropriateness of certain treatment modalities, and the profession’s future focus. One-way analyses of variance, Student-Newman-Keuls (Winer, 1971) procedures, and t tests were performed to identify attitudinal differences by respondent type, specialty area, and length of clinical experience. The results indicated agreement among all respondents that occupational therapists should be skilled in analyzing activities and that occupational therapy services should be covered by third-party payment. Additionally, strong attitudinal differences were identified among educators, practitioners, and students regarding treatment modalities and therapists’ role characteristics.
Toy Control Program Evaluation
Authors: Stewart Hugh A. , Ormond Cheryl , Seeger Barry R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Toy Control Program for the Apple IIe microcomputer is a software and hardware package developed for the training of single-switch scanning skills. The specially designed scanning programs provide onscreen visual feedback and activate a battery-powered toy to reinforce performance. This study examined whether the training of preschool subjects in single-switch scanning skills with the Toy Control Program would result in increased task completion scores and increased levels of attention to task, as compared with conditions of toy activation only and microcomputer programs with screen reinforcement only. The results showed that the subjects paid significantly more attention to the toys as reinforcers ( p &lt; .01). No significant difference was found for the performance results of the three conditions. These findings support the use of a program like the Toy Control Program, which integrates the instructional capabilities of a computer with the reinforcement potential of a toy and the creativity of a therapist.
Some Implications of Occupational Therapy’s History for Its Epistemology, Values, and Relation to Medicine
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy’s history is explored to identify some implications for its directions in the 21st century. The profession was founded upon visionary ideas about the nature of human beings and their vital need for activity. Occupational therapy will make a significant contribution to society if it (a) seeks and applies an epistemology consistent with studying human purposes, (b) fosters its optimistic view of human nature, and (c) clarifies its relationship to medicine and other disciplines.
Tell Me a Story: The Therapeutic Metaphor in the Practice of Pediatric Occupational Therapy
Authors: Fazio Linda S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the crafting of therapeutic intervention, pediatric occupational therapists are challenged to provide therapeutic modalities that are as stimulating and imaginative as the child’s world, while offering appropriate and meaningful solutions to the child’s problems. Storytelling, coupled with the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic stimulation of guided affective imagery, offers a stimulating treatment approach for both the child or adolescent and the occupational therapist. This paper provides an overview of the use of storytelling, metaphorical forms and expressions, and guided affective imagery in occupational therapy with children.
A Validity Study of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants
Authors: Case-Smith Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the concurrent and construct validity of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI) (Case-Smith, 1991). The subjects were 90 infants, 65 of whom were healthy and full-term and 25 of whom were premature and had medical risk factors.
Concurrent validity was investigated through administration of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983) and the PFMAI (n = 25). Strong positive correlations resulted between the Peabody Gross Motor scale and PFMAI Posture scale and between the Peabody Fine Motor scale and PFMAI Fine Motor scale. Concurrent validity was also measured through correlation scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969) with scores on the PFMAI. The correlations between the Bayley Motor scale and the PFMAI Posture scale and between the Bayley Mental scale and the PFMAI Fine Motor scale were high.
Construct validity was estimated through an evaluation of how accurately the PFMAI discriminated between the premature subjects and the full-term subjects . A discriminant analysis indicated that the PFMAI accurately classified 78% of the subjects as being either premature or full-term (i.e., 80% of the full-term subjects and 72% of the premature subjects). When the premature subjects were categorized as low-risk or high-risk according to their medical histories, the PFMAI accurately classified 66.7% of the total subject population as full-term, low-risk premature, or high-risk premature. These results indicate that the PFMAI has the adequate reliability and validity necessary for use as a clinical and a research instrument. Uses of this instrument include obtaining baseline data for planning therapy and evaluating the short-term effectiveness of intervention focused on enhancing posture and movement. The PFMAI can assist occupational therapists in analyzing posture and movement when using a neurodevelopmental approach and provides a prototype for objective measurement of the qualitative aspects of movement.
Comparison of Performance in Materials-Based Occupation, Imagery-Based Occupation, and Rote Exercise in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Lang Ellen M. , Nelson David L. , Bush Mary Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Materials-based occupation, imagery-based occupation, and rote exercise have been examined individually by several researchers. The present study compares all three approaches with one another (i.e., kicking a balloon, imagining kicking a balloon, and a control rote exercise) in nursing home residents. The dependent variable was the number of exercise repetitions. The subjects were 12 women and 3 men between 56 and 93 years of age residing in two nursing homes. All subjects experienced the three approaches but in different orders. One-way analysis of variance for related measures indicated a significant difference among conditions (p = .004). The Tukey procedure (Stevens, 1986) determined that the materials-based occupation condition elicited significantly more repetitions than the other two conditions. The difference between the imagery-based occupation and rote exercise was not statistically significant. These findings support our profession’s historical emphasis on the use of physical materials to enhance performance.
The Use of Standardized Assessment in Occupational Therapy: The BaFPE-R as an Example
Authors: Managh Mary F. , Cook Joanne Valiant 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Before 1970, most assessments administered by occupational therapists were informal and nonstandardized. Since the 1970s, the use of scientifically sound instruments has increased. One such standardized assessment, the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE), was developed to measure the functional performance of psychiatric clients. This study was designed to explore the use of a revised version of BaFPE as an example of standardized assessment in occupational therapy.
The BaFPE was selected as an example of an assessment extensively used in psychiatric occupational therapy practice. A qualitative study that used in depth semistructured interviews was conducted with a convenience sample of occupational therapists.
The occupational therapists who were interviewed described and explained making several adaptations and modifications to the recommended administration and scoring of the BaFPE. An analysis of the interview data suggested that standardized assessments are valued as indicators of professional status. However, the interview responses also suggested that the demands of test standardization were incongruent with the values that guide occupational therapy practice.
The findings of this study suggest that the future development and use of standardized instruments should be consistent with the values of the profession. In particular, assessments that recognize the diverse nature and needs of individual clients are required.