bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLANNING AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT: THE FIRST TIME IS ALWAYS THE HARDEST
Authors: Corbin John S. , Gibson Richard T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUnited States and world aquaculture production has been increasing rapidly in recent years. The State of Hawaii recognized the potential benefits from expanded aquaculture research and commercial activities and has devoted more than two years in preparing the nation' first comprehensive state‐wide aquaculture development plan. This paper shares the Hawaii planning experience and outlines the procedures, methodology and philosophies, with emphasis on issues which may be relevant to other aquaculture planning efforts. In particular, the following areas are addressed: 1) the initial scoping of the planning process, 2) staffing, 3) preliminary analysis of the data acquisition task, 4) the assessments, 5) formulation of the guidelines for development, and 6) implementation philosophies, strategies and tactics. Hawaii' approach imparts a pragmatic, conservative, step‐wise course for aquaculture development that recognizes the State' finite financial resources while working to achieve the best possible cost/benefit ratio. However, although appearing conservative, it casts State government in the novel role of a strong advocate of aquaculture progres.
VENTURE ANALYSES FOR A PROPOSED COMMERCIAL WASTE HEAT AQUACULTURE FACILITY
Authors: Guerra Carlos R. , Resh Robert E. , Godfriaux Bruce L. , Stephens Carol A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTData on the development and operating costs for a proposed commercial waste heat aquaculture facility dedicated to culture two species on a diseasonal sequence are presented in this paper. The facility would be located at the Mercer Generating Station, a coal‐fired electric power plant, near Trenton, New Jersey.The concept of reliability indices associated with each of the principal cost and income elements of the proposed aquaculture facility is also introduced. Plots of Return‐on‐Investment vs economic factors and reliability indices are used to depict the venture profitability and confidence of success expected with some of the aquaculture species being studied and the production plans under consideration.Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri [Richardson]) is the principal income‐producing species at the present time and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus [Rafinesque]) is being tested as the warm weather species. High density culture experiments with freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii [de Man]) have not met the criteria for profitability to date; however, because of the market potential for this species, additional studies are underway.Return‐on‐investment analyses were run by varying the principal parameters determining the profitability of a commercial venture. These included the culture species, production density, plant size and useful life, processing facilities, sale price of products and type of financing for venture.The project is jointly sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Division of Problem Focused Research Applications) and PSE&G Company. The venture analyses are based on experimental studies being conducted by Trenton State College and Rutgers University.
AUBURN UNIVERSITY' PHILOSOPHY AND STRATEGY FOR INTERNATIONAL AQUACULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Authors: Moss D. D. , Grover J. H. , Schmittou H. R. , Shell E. W. , Lichtkoppler F. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe International Center for Aquaculture at Auburn University has been involved in international aquaculture development in a formal way for approximately 12 years. It has been or is participating in aquaculture development programs in Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria, Brazil, El Salvador, Panama, Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica by providing the services of 18 professional staff who have contributed a total of 56 years of long‐term advisory services. In addition, the Center has provided advisory services on a short‐term basis; 50 individual staff members have made 240 country visits, representing 57 different countries in which the staff contributed 4,504 days of overseas work.Auburn' philosophy in aquaculture development, frequently referred to as the “oil spot phenomenon,” is to create a center of excellence in aquaculture in which established fish cultural techniques are tested under local conditions, modified as needed, retested to prove the methodology and subsequently extended to production areas adjacent to the aquaculture center. As extension capabilities are developed and production methodology improved, the aquaculture technology gradually spreads to areas more distant from the center, much like a drop of oil spreads after falling upon a water surface. Auburn' strategy to achieve an aquaculture “oil spot” of sufficient magnitude that will permit its diffusion is discussed.
INDUCTION OF LARVAL ABALONE SETTLING AND METAMORPHOSIS BY γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID AND ITS CONGENERS FROM CRUSTOSE RED ALGAE: II: APPLICATIONS TO CULTIVATION, SEED‐PRODUCTION AND BIOASSAYS; PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND INTERFERENCE
Authors: Morse Daniel E. , Hooker Neal , Jensen Lloyd , Duncan Helen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCostly and extensive early post‐larval mortality of Haliotis species in cultivation results, in part, from a delay in normal development. This suggests that naturally required morphogenetic inducing substances may be lacking from certain intensive cultivation systems currently in use in the emerging mariculture industry.We have found recently that chemical substances in certain crustose red algae (including species of Lithothamnium, Lithophyllum and Hildenbrandia) provide exogenous physiological triggers which induce normal substrate‐specific “recruitment,” settling and the onset of metamorphosis of planktonic abalone veliger larvae. Of these, γ‐aminobutyric acid (“GABA”), a simple amino acid readily and inexpensively available in pure form, conveniently can be used to induce rapid and synchronous settling and metamorphosis of competent abalone veligers, on virtually any substrate or food source, with 100% efficiency under physiological conditions.Simple procedures for the use of GABA‐induced settling are described for the economically efficient cultivation of abalone, the production of abalone seed, and for use in genetic breeding and engineering with these species. Procedures for use in a rapid, reliable, and highly sensitive GABA‐dependent bioassay also are described, for further analysis of physiological and water‐quality requirements of, and effects of various pollutants upon, the natural and artificial propagation of these species. Results obtained with this bioassay in quantitating the sensitivity of larval settling (and hence, reproductive success) to bacterial contamination and to trace levels of the common agricultural and industrial pollutants DDT and copper are reported. Significant predation on newly settled abalone by annelids cryptically associated with the natural red algal (recruiting) substrate also is documented.
SUBSISTENCE AQUACULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AMONG DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Madamba Joseph C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSubsistence‐level and small‐scale aquaculture systems dominate the aquaculture industry of most developing countires. Characterized by low material and management inputs, low level of technology, and low output, subsistence‐level aquaculture is a system of farming that gives an inadequate economic return to the operator.It is argued that subsistence‐level and small‐scale aquaculturists must be given adequate government attention and institutional support: first, because these farming systems can be greatly improved; second, because they provide employment opportunities for the rural poor; and third, because aquaculture is a potential significant source of protein food for the poorer majority.The status of aquaculture in several developing countries is reviewed. Small‐scale fishfarming characterized by traditional practices predominates in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The pattern is similar in some African countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and the Sudan.A socioeconomic profile of the small fishfarmer is drawn. Aside from his low level of application of production and management inputs and his low output, he is highly susceptible to the vagaries of the market. His capacity to acquire improved technology on his own is low. To augment his earnings, he works in non‐aquaculture occupations.The paper calls for a policy as well as a research and development bias for the subsistence fishfarmer. An aquaculture industry development support model is presented and a pilot‐scale implementation scheme of this model is described.Finally, a mechanism is described for the transfer of local and borrowed aquaculture technology within a given country and among countries.
EXPERIMENTAL LOBSTER RANCHING IN MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Hruby Thomas 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTArtificial shelters were deployed in the shallow waters of Massachusetts Bay in an attempt to stabilize and increase lobster catches. Shelters constructed with concrete‐filled tires proved to be well suited for small‐scale ranching operations. Only two people were needed to make and deploy the shelters, and the capital costs were low. The animals quickly occupied shelters on sandy bottoms but not on rocky ones, and when fish wastes were provided as food in the former habitats, an increase was noted in trap captures. However, stable populations could not be maintained in the experimental areas for the lobsters were found to be continually moving. In October and November a general offshore trend was noted and tagged lobsters moved from a depth of 10 m to approximately 20 m.
REPORT ON THE INDUCED MATURATION AND OVULATION OF MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) REARED IN TANKS1
Authors: Liao I‐Chiu , Chen Tzyy‐Ing 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe milkfish (Chanos chanos [Forskal]) is one of the most important cultivation fishes in Southeast Asia. Since 1970, Tungkang Marine Laboratory (TML) has embarked on a long‐term program in broodstock maintenance and artificial propagation with the goal of supplying adequate fry for milkfish farming. In the past three years, the histological study of gonadal development and the experiment on inducing maturation and ovulation of adult milkfish with hormonal injections were carried out. It was found that 5‐ or 6‐year‐old tank‐reared fish could reach full maturity after hormonal treatment. Sperm were always found in males with Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI) larger than 0.20, with or without treatment. All of the ovarian oocytes of three female spawners with GSI of 11.23, 8.12 and 10.70 reached mature stage after treatment, and average diameter of the eggs was 1.16, 0.94 and 1.19 mm, respectively. One female spawned naturally after one injection, and released hydrated eggs measuring 1.08 mm in diameter. However, the eggs were not fertilized.Pituitary gland homogenates of both salmon and mullet, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and Puberogen plus vitamin E used in the present experiment seemed more effective in stimulating gonadal development when ovarian oocytes were beyond the tertiary yolk stage, i.e., the oocyte sizes were larger than 0.70 mm in diameter.Although most of the treated females failed to ovulate, they were still prospective spawners. The success of artificial propagation with tank‐reared spawners is anticipated in the near future.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROWTH AND HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR FED ATLANTIC CROAKER AND UNFED STRIPED MULLET
Authors: Chamberlain George W. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAtlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were cultured in cages in the intake area, at the head of the discharge canal, and at three locations in the cooling lake of a power plant near upper Galveston Bay, Texas, from 1 February 1976 to 20 August 1976 to assess the suitability of each location for mariculture. Interpretations were based on daily measurements of six hydrological parameters and survival and growth of fish. Primary sources of mortality included high effluent temperatures, abrupt changes in conductivity, and lymphocystis. Growth rates of fed Atlantic croaker were strongly related to water temperature. Regression procedures were used to develop a polynomial function to describe the parabolic relationship between growth rate of croaker and mean monthly water temperature. The curve described by this model indicated no growth at temperatures below about 13.5°C or above about 33.5°C and maximum growth near 27°C. This information might be valuable in selecting optimum locations for culture of Atlantic croaker or related fishes within thermally heterogeneous environments. Growth rates of unfed striped mullet were not related to water temperature but were linearly related to pH and dissolved oxygen, which were probably indicators of primary production. However, the growth of mullet was poor even at the most productive locations consequently, the use of unfed caged mullet to harvest phytoplankton does not seem feasible unless the primary productivity levels are considerably higher than those in our study area.
CULTURE OF FRESHWATER PRAWNS (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) USING GEOTHERMAL WASTE WATER
Authors: Johnson William C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe farming of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in geothermal heated water has been demonstrated to be possible in a nontropical climate. The husbandry of prawns is being done in two outdoor raceway ponds 9.1 m by 2.5 m and 29 m by 3.5 m that are 1.2 m deep. The ponds are not shielded from the ambient climate which during the winter months has recorded air temperatures as low as ‐20°C. A select brood stock is held in a small spawning building where larvae are hatched in artificial saltwater and reared to the postlarvae stage, making the facility self‐contained. This project is providing a model for potential investors to utilize the low‐temperature geothermal resources in the western United States for warm water aquaculture of a market‐size prawn.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii CULTURE IN POLYNESIA: pH CONTROL IN EXPERIMENTAL POND WATERS BY PHYTOPLANKTON LIMITATION WITH AN ALGICIDE
Authors:   AQUACOP
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMacrobrachium rosenbergii ponds at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique are subject to increases in pH exceeding 10.5 during growing experiments. The high levels of pH are responsible for mortality of prawns, especially when molting. The photosynthetic activity of dense phytoplankton blooms are primarily responsible for high pH. The algicide Clarosan (CIBA‐Geigy) was used to thin phytoplankton blooms. Experiments showed that treatments with 0.02 mg/liter result in a rapid fall in the pH. At this dose Clarosan is not deleterious to the prawns.
INTENSIVE LARVAL CULTURE OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii: A COST STUDY
Authors: AQUACOP  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPilot scale larval culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii began in Tahiti at the end of 1976. Since then, four batches of postlarvae (2.3 millions) have been produced. Operating expenses cost was $13–35/thousands postlarvae.Based on the results obtained from the pilot program, we can project the cost of a commercial scale hatchery producing 10 million postlarvae/year at $12/1,000. This includes construction and equipment costs. Due to the high cost of living in Tahiti, this figure would undoubtedly be lower in many other regions.
PENAEID REARED BROOD STOCK: CLOSING THE CYCLE OF P. monodon, P. stylirostris AND P. vannamei
Authors: AQUACOP  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThree shrimp species, Penaeus monodon, P. stylirostris (Panama and Mexican strains) and P. vannamei have matured and spawned in captivity at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) laboratory. The shrimp, originally stocked as juveniles or postlarvae, were reared to adult size in tanks and ponds and have completed the cycle: F3 generation for P. monodon, F2 for P. stylirostris (Panama strain) and P. vannamei and F1 for P. stylirostris (Mexican strain). Maturation occurs naturally under our rearing conditions or is induced by unilateral eyestalk ablation. Details are given on mating behavior, ovarian development, number of spawnings, egg viability and maintenance of captive brood stock. Partial results so far obtained for P. monodon and P. stylirostris clearly show a reared brood stock could sustain a commercial hatchery.
ORGAN INDICES AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVELS OF OVA FROM PENAEID SHRIMP MAINTAINED IN CAPTIVITY VERSUS THOSE CAPTURED IN THE WILD
Authors: Lawrence A. L. , Ward D. , Missler S. , Brown A. , McVey J. , Middleditch B. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper characterizes further penaeid shrimp reproduction by reporting: (1) the gonad, hepatopancreas, tail and eyestalk indices for unablated and unilateral ablated penaeid shrimp (P. setiferus) maintained in captivity versus shrimp captured in the wild; and (2) the biochemical content of spawned ova from three species of penaeid shrimp (P. setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei) obtained from wild populations and one species (P. setiferus) matured and spawned in captivity. The data indicated that (1) the dietary and environmental regimen used in this study is not optimum for reproduction of P. setiferus in captivity; (2) the hepatopancreas but not the tail muscle is directly involved in penaeid reproduction; (3) the population of P. setiferus sampled on June 2 and July 22, 1978, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico was not at its reproductive peak; (4) the percent protein, lipid and carbohydrate content of unhatched eggs of P. setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei are very similar; and (5) biochemical analysis of the unhatched eggs and the determination of organ indices during reproduction are important parameters to obtain for understanding and evaluating penaeid reproduction in the wild and in captivity.
SHELL‐BORING WORMS (SPIONIDAE: Polychaeta) INFECTING CULTIVATED BIVALVE MOLLUSCS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Skeel M. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe New South Wales rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata), the edible mussel (Mytilus edulis), the introduced Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the scallop (Placopecten meridionalis) are cultivated in Australia. Their shells harbor four species of spionid polychaetes: Polydora websteri, Polydora haswelli, Polydora hoplura and Boccardia chilensis. P. websteri is found in all four molluscs and causes the most damage, especially to the New South Wales rock oyster, by forming irritating and often fatal mud blisters between the shell and mantle.All four mudworm species have internal fertilization and rear their young in egg sacks within the blister. In some species, a few eggs develop in each sack, the larvae feed on the remaining eggs and a few well‐developed larvae are released. In others, all eggs develop within each sack, there is no extra food for the larvae and many immature larvae are soon released. The survival values of these reproductive strategies are discussed.
GROWTH RATES OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN SOUTH FLORIDA. 2. GROWTH OF INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDS
Authors: Dobkin S. , Bailey D. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth rates for hybrid Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Thai x Malaysian X Malaysian and Thai x Malaysian X Thai x Malaysian) raised in south Florida are presented. The second generation Thai x Malaysian hybrids had a mean weight of 31.8 g at 210 days of age. The back‐crossed hybrids had a mean weight of 28.6 g at 187 days of age and 33.8 g at 247 days. The growth of both of these hybrids was greater than that of our most successful Malaysian animals which had a mean weight of 19.5 g after 198 days.
INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii BY CALCIUM CARBONATE WATER HARDNESS
Authors: Cripps M. C. , Nakamura R. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSlow growth of adult Macrobrachium rosenbergii in grow‐out ponds having calcium water hardness of 305 to 638 mg/liter calcium carbonate was observed, as was frequent encrustation with Bryozoa sp. and Epistylus sp.Adult M. rosenbergii of ages 5, 13, and 14 months were held in calcium carbonate solutions of from 0.65 to 5.00 mM/liter Ca (65 to 500 mg/liter CaCO3) for up to 90 days. Average daily weight gain was found to be five times greater in the lowest calcium concentration for 5‐month‐old prawns compared with the high calcium group. A seven‐fold difference was found in standard length gains. Lower differences were found for 13 and 14‐month‐old prawns, and a lengthening of the molt cycle in high calcium water was seen.Differences were also seen in post‐molt hemolymph calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and refractive index but not sodium, potassium, chloride, or osmolarity.
TWENTY YEARS OF FRUSTRATIONS IN MARICULTURE
Authors: Loring R. H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAquacultural Research Corporation has been active in commercial molluscan mariculture for 20 years. The paper reviews frustrations and rewards from the personal point of view of the author and includes: factors leading to the selection of hard clams and scallops as principal products, difficulties encountered in algal production and hatchery operations, and field problems including regulation, predation, poaching, storm damage, mass handling of product, etc. Immediate and long‐term plans are discussed.
THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF OYSTERS IN AN INTENSIVE RACEWAY SYSTEM
Authors: Scura Edward D. , Kuljis Andrew M. , York Richard H. , LeGoff Robert S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAquatic Farms, located on windward Oahu, Hawaii, is engaged in the commercial production of oysters in a partially recirculated, intensive raceway system. Selected phytoplankton species are cultured in 0.2‐ha earthen ponds and fed to the oysters by a gravity‐fed overflow piping system. The bivalve culture system and its operation are described. Oysters grown in this manner are currently reaching a market size of 55 g in 10 months (from 2 mm seed). A shorter grow‐out period is suggested by recent developments in the operation. The efficiency of this system in converting phytoplankton to oysters is discussed.
EFFECTS OF PROTEIN‐ENERGY RATIOS ON GROWTH OF AMERICAN LOBSTERS (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Gallagher Margie Lee , Bayer Robert C. , Leavitt Dale F. , Rittenburg James H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPre‐molt adult lobsters in stage D0 to D1 were fed undefined artificial diets with protein‐energy ratios of 0.07 to 0.15 in which caloric densities remained constant or varied from 2.34 to 4.48 kcal/g. Growth was measured by change in wet weight in air. There were no significant differences between diets after 8 weeks. When similar diets were fed to post‐molt adult lobsters (stages A1‐A2), there was a significant increase in weight of lobsters fed diets with protein‐energy ratio of 0.07 and caloric density of 2.34 kcal/g as compared to pre‐molt lobsters, indicating that stage of molt significantly affects dietary response. Similar results were also found within juvenile feeding trials.