bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immigrant Earnings Disadvantage across the Earnings and Skills Distributions: The Case of Immigrants from the EU's New Member States
Authors: Barrett Alan , McGuinness Séamus , O'Brien Martin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe analyse the earnings of immigrants from the EU's new member states (NMS) using a large‐scale dataset with information on employees in Ireland. We find that the average earnings difference between these immigrants and natives is between 10 and 18 per cent, depending on the controls used. However, the difference is found to be lower for people at the lower end of the earnings distribution. It is also generally lower for people at the lower end of the education distribution. We find mixed evidence on whether unions have an impact on the wages of immigrants from the NMS, although such immigrants appear to suffer a wage penalty as a result of being in firms that provided training to a significant proportion of their workforce.
Legacies, Conflict and ‘Path Dependence’ in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Morrison Claudio , Croucher Richard , Cretu Olga 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article analyses management–union–worker relations in a foreign‐owned Moldovan clothing factory. Studies of post‐socialist industrial relations have focused on explaining labour quiescence, advancing ‘path dependence’ and ‘Soviet legacy’ arguments. These draw attention to strong links between management and unions, and weak relations between the latter and workers. We show how the union has, in one case, drawn creatively on Soviet legacies to develop strong articulation between itself and women workers. This was part of a wider adaptive strategy within which the union transformed the meaning of previous functions and developed novel ones. The outcome is a well‐organized representative union capable of challenging management at the negotiating table, as well as on the shop floor. This seems unlikely to be universal but equally unlikely to be unique.
Anogenital malignancies and pre‐malignancies
Authors: Henquet C.J.M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAnogenital pre‐malignancies and malignancies are frequently encountered. Aetiopathogenetically, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a critical role. However, there is a variable degree of association of HPV infection with the development of anogenital malignancies. In this context, the high level of clinically unapparent HPV infection should be considered. Therefore, the question arises if the association with HPV is always causative. Besides HPV, pre‐existent lichen sclerosus is also an important aetiopathologic factor in the development of anogenital malignancies.Common anogenital pre‐malignancies comprise Bowen’s disease (BD), Bowenoid papulosis (BP) and erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ). From a clinical point of view, these are clearly different entities, but from a histopathological point of view, BD, BP and EQ are indistinguishable. They all represent forms of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (IN).Intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) is not only restricted to squamous variants, but also includes non‐squamous IN, Paget’s disease (PD) and melanoma in situ. The risk of developing anogenital (pre)malignancies or other tumours is higher in immunocompromised and immunodeficient patients, in particular those suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Such risk factors will affect treatment and follow‐up modalities. Regarding prophylactic measures, a relatively recent but very important development is the availability of HPV vaccination on a large scale. Momentarily, the effects of such vaccination, on a population‐based scale, are not yet clear but will become apparent in the near future. Management of anogenital pre‐malignancies and malignancies should be tailor‐made and may be organized in a multidisciplinary fashion.
EEG‐fMRI reveals activation of brainstem and thalamus in patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Siniatchkin Michael , Coropceanu Diana , Moeller Friederike , Boor Rainer , Stephani Ulrich 
Published: January 2011

SummaryPurpose: Even if etiologies of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) are diverse, the multiple causes converge into a final common pathway that results in this specific epilepsy phenotype. There is little knowledge, however, about neuronal networks that may be a part of this pathway.Methods: To investigate these networks, 11 children with LGS and 9 control children with multifocal epileptic activity were investigated using simultaneous recordings of EEG and functional MRI (EEG‐fMRI) in a 3 Tesla scanner.Key Findings: Individual and group analyses revealed significant activation of brainstem and thalamus (especially centromedian and anterior thalamus) associated with epileptiform discharges in patients with LGS. None of the patients with multifocal epileptic activity presented with the same hemodynamic activation pattern.Significance: Because brainstem activation has been associated with infantile spasms, which often evolve into LGS, and thalamus activation has been observed in patients with primary (idiopathic generalized syndromes) and secondary (focal epilepsies) bilateral synchrony, the described network in LGS may represent the common pathogenetic pathway of these different conditions.
Peroxiredoxin‐2 as a candidate biomarker to test oxidative stress levels of stored red blood cells under blood bank conditions
Authors: Rinalducci Sara , D'Amici Gian M. , Blasi Barbara , Vaglio Stefania , Grazzini Giuliano , Zolla Lello 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Several researches on aging red blood cells (RBCs)—performed both in vivo and under blood bank conditions—revealed that RBC membrane proteins undergo a number of irreversible alterations, mainly due to oxidative stress. The individuation of proteins to be used as indicators of irreversible RBC injury and to be proposed as candidate biomarkers of oxidative damage or aging status during blood storage is therefore of great interest.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Based on this purpose we performed proteomic analysis of the membranes of RBCs during various storage periods under blood bank conditions. Changes in protein composition of RBC membranes were monitored as a function of the storage period by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analyses.RESULTS: During storage, a progressive linkage of typical cytosolic proteins to the membrane was detected, including both antioxidant and metabolic enzymes (such as catalase, peroxiredoxin‐2 [Prx2], and 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate‐mutase), as well as nonreducible cross‐linkings of probably oxidized or denatured hemoglobin. This phenomenon was unequivocally related to oxidative stress, since storage of RBCs under anaerobic conditions showed a suppression of these protein recruitments to the membrane.CONCLUSION: The detailed analysis of these protein associations to the membrane of aged RBCs allowed Prx2 to be suggested as a potential RBC oxidative stress marker for the sake of developing new approaches in quality assurance of blood components.
Comparison of the Acute Rejection Incidence Rate in Spousal Donor Transplantation Before and After Anti‐CD20 Antibody (Rituximab) Protocol as Desensitization Therapy
Authors: Hirai Toshihito , Ishida Hideki , Toki Daisuke , Miyauchi Yuuki , Kohei Naoki , Iida Shouichi , Tokita Daisuke , Shimizu Tomokazu , Shirakawa Hiroki , Omoto Kazuya , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecipients of spousal donor transplantation (SDT) have poorer histocompatibility and higher human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization due to pregnancy than those receiving related donor transplantation (RDT). Thus, SDT carries a higher risk of acute rejection (AR). In our department, patients at a high immunological risk, such as those with ABO incompatibility and HLA sensitization, were considered for desensitization by double filtration plasmapheresis and preoperative administration of rituximab. In this study we compared the AR incidence rates between SDT and RDT according to their immunological risk. We performed RDT in 279 and SDT in 100 patients, a total of 379 cases, between 2000 and 2008; 48.7% of RDT and 67.0% of SDT cases were considered to be at a high immunological risk and underwent preoperative desensitization (P = 0.002). Even though the AR incident rate of SDT was higher than RDT in the low immunological risk group, in which the patients had undergone transplantation without desensitization (RDT 24.4%, SDT 37.0%, P = 0.012), there was no significant difference between the two donor type groups in the high immunological risk group, in which transplantation with desensitization occurred (RDT 21.3%, SDT 31.3%, P > 0.05). Preoperative administration of rituximab significantly reduced AR from 37.4% to 10.6% (P < 0.001), especially T‐cell mediated rejection (36.4% to 20.2%, P = 0.01). SDT no longer carries a high risk when appropriate desensitization, including the use of rituximab, is performed. Overall, the five‐year graft survival rates were similar between RDT and SDT.
Various patterns of IgH deletion identified by FISH using combined IgH and IgH/CCND1 probes in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: HWANG Y. , LEE J. Y. , MUN Y. C. , SEONG C. M. , CHUNG W. S. , HUH J. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can identify submicroscopic deletions adjacent to the breakpoints of rearrangements undetected by conventional cytogenetics. In this study, the characteristics and frequency of the IgH deletion identified by interphase FISH were investigated in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).Methods:  The study group included 29 patients with MM and eight patients with CLL. Interphase FISH was performed with the IgH dual color, break‐apart rearrangement probe and the IgH/CCND1 dual color, dual fusion translocation probe.Results:  The IgH deletion was found in 14% (4/29) of patients with MM and 13% (1/8) of the patients with CLL. Four patients had deletions of the whole or variable region of IgH on the native chromosome 14, whereas one patient had a deletion of the IgH variable region on a der(11)t(11;14). In two patients, the IgH break‐apart FISH showed both patterns with and without IgH deletions. In cases showing the same pattern by IgH break‐apart FISH, the IgH/CCND1 FISH showed different patterns, and vice versa.Conclusion:  A variety of patterns of the IgH deletion were identified by interphase FISH using IgH break‐apart and IgH/CCND1 probes in patients with MM and CLL. The results of this study suggest that the integrated information obtained with IgH break‐apart and IgH/CCND1 FISH was needed to interpret FISH results unambiguously.
Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum‐induced cytokine expression by influencing pathways converging on nuclear factor‐κB
Authors: Zhang G. , Rudney J.D. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryWe previously reported that Streptococcus cristatus, an oral commensal, was able to downregulate the interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) response to Fusobacterium nucleatum, a putative oral pathogen in oral epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to extend the understanding of how S. cristatus regulates cytokine expression in oral epithelial cells on a broad basis, and investigate whether the modulation of a Toll‐like receptor (TLR) pathway was involved in this process. KB and TERT‐2 cells were co‐cultured with F. nucleatum and S. cristatus, either alone or in combination. Total RNA was extracted and pathway‐specific focused microarrays were used to profile the transcriptional responses of various cytokine genes and those related to TLR‐mediated signal transduction. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCR) and protein assays were performed to confirm the microarray results for selected genes. We found that exposure to either S. cristatus or F. nucleatum alone led to distinct changes in cytokine expression patterns. Fusobacterium nucleatum induced a greater number of gene expression changes than S. cristatus (15% vs. 4%, respectively). The presence of S. cristatus with F. nucleatum attenuated the expression of a number of inflammatory cytokines, and upregulated several anti‐inflammatory mediators. The RT‐PCR confirmed the messenger RNA attenuation of IL‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐6 by S. cristatus. Profiling of TLR‐signaling‐related genes revealed that S. cristatus most significantly impacted the downstream pathways, especially nuclear factor‐κB, rather than altering TLRs and their adaptors and interacting proteins. Our data suggest that S. cristatus may attenuate the epithelial proinflammatory cytokine response to F. nucleatum by influencing pathways converging on nuclear factor‐κB.
History of maltreatment among unintentional injury deaths: analyses of Texas child fatality review data, 2005–2007
Authors: Parks Sharyn E , Mirchandani Gita , Rodriguez Susan , Hellsten John 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveThis report examines unintentional injury deaths among children with and without a history of child maltreatment.MethodsData are from reviews of 1192 unintentional injury deaths occurring among children in Texas during 2005–2007. The study examined differences in child demographic characteristics, injury mechanism, and supervisor status at time of death between children with and without maltreatment history by using descriptive statistics and χ2tests. Separate analyses compared characteristics of asphyxia, drowning, and poisoning deaths.ResultsIn 10% of the unintentional injury deaths that were reviewed, the child had a history of maltreatment. The prevalence of a history of maltreatment was highest among black decedents and lowest among white decedents. Prevalence of a history of maltreatment was highest among infant decedents and lowest among youth decedents, ages 10–14 years. Among deaths where there was no maltreatment history, 54% were due to motor vehicle related incidents, whereas 51% of deaths among children with maltreatment history were caused by drowning, asphyxia, and poisoning. Supervisors of child decedents with a history of maltreatment were significantly more likely to have been alcohol impaired (6.9% vs 1.6%; p<0.0005), or asleep (12.1% vs 6.6%; p=0.03) at the time of death. Differences between child decedents with and without maltreatment history were observed in infant sleep surface in suffocation deaths, location and barrier type in drowning deaths, and substance type in poisoning deaths.ConclusionsThese data show that the mechanisms and circumstances surrounding unintentional injury deaths among children with a history of maltreatment differ from those without a history of maltreatment. This underscores the need for appropriate interventions to prevent unintentional and intentional injuries in families with a history of maltreatment.
Analysis of paediatric drowning deaths in Washington State using the child death review (CDR) for surveillance: what CDR does and does not tell us about lethal drowning injury
Authors: Quan Linda , Pilkey Diane , Gomez Anthony , Bennett Elizabeth 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundDrowning is second cause of paediatric injury death in Washington State. Child death review (CDR) data provide the unique opportunity to identify regional risk factors and opportunities for drowning prevention.MethodsCDR teams' data for drowning deaths of children <18 years between 1999 and 2003 were analysed for victim and event characteristics, and existing prevention/protective factors. A working group made data driven recommendations. Subsequent interventions were noted.ResultsDrowning death rates were significantly higher among Asian Pacific Islander children (3.3 per 100 000). Disproportionately, 32% of deaths involved families with prior child protective services (CPS) referrals. Most deaths (73%) occurred in open water; the proportion in open water increased from 42% of <5-year-olds, 83% of 5–9-year-olds, to 90% of 10–17-year-olds. Thirty per cent drowned at parks; 29% drowned in residential settings. Pre-drowning activity for 42% was swimming or playing in the water. Alcohol and drug use were low. Neglect/poor supervision was considered a factor in 68% (21/31) of the deaths of children <5 years of age. State CDR recommendations led to the development of a drowning prevention campaign targeted to an Asian American community, intra-agency changes resulting in reinstatement of lifeguard staffing and addition of lifejacket loaner programmes, collaboration with state commissions to enforce a state pool fencing ordinance, and model legislation prohibiting swimming in dangerous waterways.ConclusionCDR data collection and review process was an effective surveillance tool. It identified specific regional high risk groups and sites for drowning prevention and led to recommendations and implementation of effective local and state injury prevention interventions.
Developing effective child death review: a study of ‘early starter’ child death overview panels in England
Authors: Sidebotham Peter , Fox John , Horwath Jan , Powell Catherine 
Published: January 2011

AimThis qualitative study of a small number of child death overview panels aimed to observe and describe their experience in implementing new child death review processes, and making prevention recommendations.MethodsNine sites reflecting a geographic and demographic spread were selected from Local Safeguarding Children Boards across England. Data were collected through a combination of questionnaires, interviews, structured observations, and evaluation of documents. Data were subjected to qualitative analysis.ResultsData analysis revealed a number of themes within two overarching domains: the systems and structures in place to support the process; and the process and function of the panels. The data emphasised the importance of child death review being a multidisciplinary process involving senior professionals; that the process was resource and time intensive; that effective review requires both quantitative and qualitative information, and is best achieved through a structured analytic framework; and that the focus should be on learning lessons, not on trying to apportion blame. In 17 of the 24 cases discussed by the panels, issues were raised that may have indicated preventable factors. A number of examples of recommendations relating to injury prevention were observed including public awareness campaigns, community safety initiatives, training of professionals, development of protocols, and lobbying of politicians.ConclusionsThe results of this study have helped to inform the subsequent establishment of child death overview panels across England. To operate effectively, panels need a clear remit and purpose, robust structures and processes, and committed personnel. A multi-agency approach contributes to a broader understanding of and response to children's deaths.
Collaborative process improvement to enhance injury prevention in child death review
Authors: Johnston Brian D , Bennett Elizabeth , Pilkey Diane , Wirtz Stephen J , Quan Linda 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo increase the number and quality of injury prevention recommendations made by Washington State (USA) child death review teams.DesignBefore and after study design involving four intervention teams and 21 comparison teams.MethodsIntervention teams received injury prevention training, collaborative process improvement coaching, and access to web based prevention resources. An equal number of randomly selected child death review case reports filed with the state before the intervention by the intervention and comparison teams were included in the baseline sample. All reports submitted by the intervention and comparison teams after the intervention were included in the follow-up sample. Reports were scored on the completeness of prevention related data elements and on the quality of written prevention recommendations.ResultsData completion for prevention relevant items increased in intervention teams from 73% at baseline to 88% at follow-up. In comparison teams, this measure fell from 77% to 56% over the same period. The quality of written recommendations produced by intervention teams increased from 4.3 (95% CI 3.4 to 5.1) to 7.6 (95% CI 6.7 to 8.5), while comparison teams showed no significant change (4.0 (95% CI 2.5 to 5.3) to 3.7 (95% CI 2.2 to 5.2)). Specifically, improvements were noted in the identification of evidence based best practices and the development of clear, actionable written recommendations.ConclusionInjury prevention recommendations are generated in the systematic local review of child deaths. This process can be analysed, measured, supported, and improved.
Paediatric low speed vehicle run-over fatalities in Queensland
Authors: Griffin Bronwyn , Watt Kerrianne , Wallis Belinda , Shields Linda , Kimble Roy 
Published: January 2011

IntroductionChild pedestrian fatalities associated with motor vehicles reversing or moving at low speed are difficult to identify in surveillance data. This study aims to determine the incidence of fatalities associated with what is thought to be an under-reported and preventable fatal injury mechanism.MethodsThe term low speed vehicle run-over (LSVRO) incidents encompasses pedestrian fatalities where vehicles run-over a child at low speed. Data were obtained for children aged 0–15 years in the Australian state of Queensland (January 2004–December 2008).ResultsThere were 15 deaths (12 boys and 3 girls) during 2004–2008 (rate:1.67/100 000). Over half were aged 0 and 1 years of age (n=8; 53.3%, rate: 14.67/100 000), and one quarter were 2 and 3 years of age (n=4, 27%, rate 7.46/100 000). There were no LSVRO deaths recorded among 10–15 year olds. Most (13/15) of the incidents occurred on private property, and only two occurred on a street/road. Almost half of the fatalities were caused by a four wheel drive (4WD) vehicle; large family sedans were involved in four fatalities, and heavy vehicles were involved in three deaths. In 11 of the fatalities, parents were the drivers of the vehicle involved (mothers 5; fathers 6). In nine, the vehicle involved was reversing before it came in contact with the child. Fatalities occurred in each of the Socio-Economic Indexes For Areas (SEIFA) levels.ConclusionThe unique data provided by the child death review team has signalled that LSVRO fatalities are a significant problem in Queensland. The Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian (CCYPCG) continue to collect data, which, when combined, will provide outcomes that will act as an impetus for promoting intervention and child advocacy.