bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐Doped CsTaWO6 as a New Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting Under Solar Irradiation
Authors: Mukherji Aniruddh , Marschall Roland , Tanksale Akshat , Sun Chenghua , Smith Sean C. , Lu Gao Qing , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhotocatalysts for efficient solar hydrogen production are highly sought after. Here a new type of nitrogen‐doped tantalum tungstenate (CsTaWO6) material, which demonstrates excellent visible light absorption and improved photocatalytic activity, is demonstrated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal that the defect pyrochlore‐type structure of CsTaWO6 remained intact upon nitrogen doping. UV‐vis spectra indicate that nitrogen doping in the compound results in a red‐shift of the absorption edge from 358 nm to 580 nm, thus offering significantly increased visible light absorption. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further indicates that [Ta/W]–N bonds were formed by inducing nitrogen to replace a small amount of oxygen in the material, resulting in a compound of CsTaWO6‐xNx. The explanation of the experimental results is supported by density functional theory calculations. The density of states (DOS) and the projected DOS after substitutional doping of nitrogen in CsTaWO6 indicated that N‐doping reduces the bandgap significantly from 3.8 to 2.3 eV due to N 2p and O 2p orbital mixing. The role of the new N 2p states is also investigated by studying the production of the •OH radicals in the visible light region (>420 nm). In CsTaWO6‐xNx, the N 2p orbitals are the main contributors to the top of the valence band, causing bandgap narrowing while the bottom of conduction band, due to Ta 4d orbitals, remains almost unchanged. Compared with its undoped counterpart, nitrogen‐doped CsTaWO6‐xNx exhibits a nearly 100% increase in solar hydrogen production efficiency.
3D Microperiodic Hydrogel Scaffolds for Robust Neuronal Cultures
Authors: Hanson Shepherd Jennifer N. , Parker Sara T. , Shepherd Robert F. , Gillette Martha U. , Lewis Jennifer A. , Nuzzo Ralph G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) microperiodic scaffolds of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) have been fabricated by direct‐write assembly of a photopolymerizable hydrogel ink. The ink is initially composed of physically entangled pHEMA chains dissolved in a solution of HEMA monomer, comonomer, photoinitiator and water. Upon printing 3D scaffolds of varying architecture, the ink filaments are exposed to UV light, where they are transformed into an interpenetrating hydrogel network of chemically cross‐linked and physically entangled pHEMA chains. These 3D microperiodic scaffolds are rendered growth compliant for primary rat hippocampal neurons by absorption of polylysine. Neuronal cells thrive on these scaffolds, forming differentiated, intricately branched networks. Confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that both cell distribution and extent of neuronal process alignment depend upon scaffold architecture. This work provides an important step forward in the creation of suitable platforms for in vitro study of sensitive cell types.
Modeling the depleting mechanism of urea‐water‐solution droplet for automotive selective catalytic reduction systems
Authors: Abu‐Ramadan Ehab , Saha Kaushik , Li Xianguo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe current work aims to develop a reliable theoretical model capable of simulating the depletion process of urea‐water‐solution (UWS) droplets injected in a hot exhaust stream as experienced in an automotive urea‐based selective catalytic reduction system. A modified multicomponent vaporization model is presented and implemented in the current study to simulate the behavior of UWS droplet in heated environment. Although water depletion is modeled as a vaporization process, urea depletion is modeled using two different approaches: (i) vaporization and (ii) direct thermal decomposition. The suitability of both depletion approaches is assessed in the current study by comparison with experimental data of the decay of a single UWS droplet in a quiescent heated environment. The decay rate of UWS droplet is accurately predicted with the multicomponent vaporization model. The possibility of internal gasification is demonstrated. Based on the complex decomposition behavior of urea, the current study proposes a decomposition mechanism for UWS droplet. The suitability of implementing the rapid mixing approach is assessed through comparison with the diffusion limit approach at various operating conditions and initial UWS droplet sizes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Activated carbon supported silicotungstic acid catalysts for ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether synthesis
Authors: Degirmenci Levent , Oktar Nuray , Dogu Gulsen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVapor phase ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether (ETBE) production was conducted in the presence of Cesium salts of silicotungstic acid (Cs‐STA), activated carbon supported silicotungstic acid (AC‐STA), and activated carbon supported Cesium salts of silicotungstic acid (AC‐Cs‐STA) catalysts. Isobutene (IB) conversion to ETBE at 373 K were determined as 0.16 and 0.2 for STA and AC‐STA catalysts on constant space time basis. This increase of activity is one of the highlights of this study considering that STA loading in AC‐STA catalysts had been adjusted to 40%. IB conversion to ETBE obtained at 373 K in the presence of AC‐STA catalyst was found to be close to equilibrium. Stability of the synthesized catalysts were tested by applying a washing procedure with ethanol. Repeated ETBE synthesis with thoroughly washed samples indicated quite stable and active catalyts. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The aromatic enhancement in the axial‐flow spherical packed‐bed membrane naphtha reformers in the presence of catalyst deactivation
Authors: Rahimpour Mohammad Reza , Iranshahi Davood , Pourazadi Ehsan , Paymooni Khadijeh , Bahmanpour Ali Mohammad 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBecause of some disadvantages of conventional tubular reactors (CTRs), the concept of spherical membrane reactors is proposed as an alternative. In this study, it is suggested to apply hydrogen perm‐selective membrane in the axial‐flow spherical packed‐bed naphtha reformers. The axial flow spherical packed‐bed membrane reactor (AF‐SPBMR) consists of two concentric spheres. The inner sphere is supposed to be a composite wall coated by a thin Pd‐Ag membrane layer. Set of coupled partial differential equations are developed for the AF‐SPBMR model considering the catalyst deactivation, which are solved by using orthogonal collocation method. Differential evolution optimization technique identifies some decision variables which can manipulate the input parameters to obtain the desired results. In addition to lower pressure drop, the enhancement of aromatics yield by the membrane layer in AF‐SPBMR adds additional superiority to the spherical reactor performance in comparison with CTR. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Disproportionation of toluene on ZSM5 washcoated monoliths
Authors: Mitra B. , Chakraborty Jyoti Prasad , Kunzru Deepak 
Published: December 2010

AbstractZSM5 washcoated monoliths with zeolite loading ranging from 10 to 60 wt % were prepared, characterized, and examined for disproportionation of toluene. Toluene conversion increased with temperature and W/FAo but decreased with washcoat thickness. The selectivity of the most desirable isomer (p‐xylene) increased with a decrease in temperature, W/FAo and washcoat thickness. The high selectivity to p‐xylene indicates that the initially formed para isomer is easily removed from the zeolite pores in the thin washcoat to the bulk gas phase preventing further isomerization of the primary product. A reaction scheme has been proposed for this reaction and the kinetic parameters determined for the 10 wt % ZSM5 monolith. A one‐dimensional reactor model was developed to predict the performance of the reactor for disproportionation of toluene. The model equations were coupled with a module to calculate the concentration profile in the washcoat by considering the effect of diffusion and reaction. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 00: 000–000, 2011
Supercritical extraction of evening primrose oil: Experimental optimization via response surface methodology
Authors: Ghoreishi Seyyed M. , Bataghva Ehsan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) effective extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, static extraction time, and dynamic extraction time) of oil recovery from evening primrose seeds were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The results of this study indicated that the linear terms of static and dynamic time and the quadratics of temperature and pressure, as well as the interactions of temperature and static time, pressure and temperature had a significant effect on the oil recovery. The optimum extraction conditions of 14.2 MPa, 47.3°C, 30 min (static extraction time) and 150 min (dynamic extraction time) were obtained. Applying the optimum conditions, a mean experimental recovery of 92.98% (triplicate experiment) was achieved, which is well compatible with the RSM‐predicted value (93.61%). The fatty acid composition of extracted evening primrose oil using supercritical CO2 was compared with that obtained by Soxhlet method in which minor difference was observed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
47, XY, +der(Y),t(X;Y)(p21.1;p11.2): A unique case of XY sex reversal
Authors: Zarate Yuri A. , Dwivedi Alka , Bartel Frank O. , Corning Ken , DuPont Barbara R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTranslocations involving the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes are rare and can result in a functional disomy of the short arm of the X chromosome, including the dosage‐sensitive sex reversal (DSS) locus. A result of such imbalance may be sex reversal with multiple congenital anomalies. We present the clinical and cytogenetic evaluation of a newborn infant with DSS and additional clinical findings of minor facial anomalies, left abdominal mass, 5th finger clinodactyly, and mild hypotonia. The external genitalia appeared to be normal female. The infant had bilateral corneal opacities and findings suggestive of anterior segment dysgenesis. Ultrasonography showed a small uterus with undetectable ovaries, and a left multicystic dysplastic kidney. High‐resolution chromosome analysis identified the presence of a derivative Y chromosome, 47,XY, +der(Y)t(X;Y)(p21.1;p11.2), which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. Array CGH showed a 35.1 Mb copy number gain of chromosome region Xp22.33‐p21.1 and a 52.2 Mb copy number gain of Yp11.2‐qter, in addition to the intact X and Y chromosomes. Previously reported patients with XY sex reversal have not had DSS with corneal opacities, dysgenesis of the anterior segment of the eye, and unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. These findings represent a new form of XY sex reversal due to an Xp duplication. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Back to the future: Proceedings from the 2010 NF Conference
Authors: Huson Susan M. , Acosta Maria T. , Belzberg Allan J. , Bernards Andre , Chernoff Jonathan , Cichowski Karen , Gareth Evans D. , Ferner Rosalie E. , Giovannini Marco , Korf Bruce R. , Listernick Robert , North Kathryn N. , Packer Roger J. , Parada Luis F. , Peltonen Juha , Ramesh Vijaya , Reilly Karlyne M. , Risner John W. , Schorry Elizabeth K. , Upadhyaya Meena , Viskochil David H. , Zhu Yuan , Hunter‐Schaedle Kim , Giancotti Filippo G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe neurofibromatoses (NF) encompass the rare diseases NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis. The NFs affect 100,000 Americans; over 2 million persons worldwide; and are caused by mutation of tumor suppressor genes. Individuals with NF1 in particular may develop tumors anywhere in the nervous system; additional manifestations can include learning disabilities, bone dysplasia, cardiovascular defects, unmanageable pain, and physical disfigurement. Ultimately, the NFs can cause blindness, deafness, severe morbidity, and increased mortality and NF1 includes a risk of malignant cancer. Today there is no treatment for the NFs (other than symptomatic); however, research efforts to understand these genetic conditions have made tremendous strides in the past few years. Progress is being made on all fronts, from discovery studies—understanding the molecular signaling deficits that cause the manifestations of NF—to the growth of preclinical drug screening initiatives and the emergence of a number of clinical trials. An important element in fuelling this progress is the sharing of knowledge, and to this end, for over 20 years the Children's Tumor Foundation has convened an annual NF Conference, bringing together NF professionals to share ideas and build collaborations. The 2010 NF Conference held in Baltimore, MD June 5–8, 2010 hosted over 300 NF researchers and clinicians. This paper provides a synthesis of the highlights presented at the Conference and as such, is a “state‐of‐the‐field” for NF research in 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior?
Authors: Sueur Cédric , Jacobs Armand , Amblard Frédéric , Petit Odile , King Andrew J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWhen living in a group, individuals have to make trade‐offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter‐individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703–719, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individuality in male songs of wild black crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor)
Authors: Sun Guo‐Zheng , Huang Bei , Guan Zhen‐Hua , Geissmann Thomas , Jiang Xue‐Long 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis is the first study of vocal individuality in male songs of black crested gibbons. The sound recordings were carried out at two field sites, Pinghe, Ailao Mountains, and Dazhaizi, Wuliang Mountains, both located in Yunnan province, China. A total of 127 coda phrases of 38 male songs bouts of eight individual male gibbons were analyzed. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to examine the acoustic individuality of the males. We found that individuality among neighbors was very pronounced. Moreover, individuality within a site (i.e. among neighbors) is higher than among individuals between sites. Our finding suggests that black crested gibbons may actively increase their degree of vocal individuality against that of their immediate neighbors by vocal adjustment. Am. J. Primatol. 73:431–438, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Talon cusp from two archaic period cemeteries in North America: Implications for comparative evolutionary morphology
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Johnson Kent M. , Doran Glen H. , Ricklis Robert A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTalon cusps are rare morphological features of the anterior dentition that represent a spectrum of lingual cingulum diversity. In this paper, talon cusp prevalence is described in two Archaic period North American samples, Windover Pond (Florida) and Buckeye Knoll (Texas). Given the early date of these cemeteries (∼7500 BP), these specimens represent the oldest reported cases of lingual talon cusp in the New World, and perhaps globally. Windover preserves three cases of talon cusp (representing three different individuals) affecting the permanent maxillary lateral incisors. The sample frequencies were 1.8% and 3.1% for the left and right maxillary lateral incisors, respectively. Buckeye Knoll preserves four cases of talon cusp representing three individuals. Talon cusps at this site were distributed throughout the maxillary anterior dentition, including a permanent maxillary central incisor, bilateral permanent maxillary lateral incisors, and a deciduous maxillary lateral incisor. The multicomponent nature of this site complicates sample frequency calculation with by‐tooth estimates ranging from 3.6% to 25%. This paper discusses the difficulties with comparative frequency estimation, resulting from a proliferation of terminology that is discipline‐specific. Understanding the evolutionary basis and significance of dental morphological variation requires an inclusive approach to the comparative literature that focuses on homology within the context of odontogenetic process. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are Homo sapiens nonsupranuchal fossa and neanderthal suprainiac fossa convergent traits?
Authors: Nowaczewska Wioletta 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe autapomorphic status of the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa was recently confirmed. This was a result of a detailed analysis of the internal bone composition in the area of the suprainiac depression on Neanderthal and Homo sapiens specimens. However, while anatomical differences between Neanderthal suprainiac fossa and the depression in the inion region of the occipital bone of fossil and recent Homo sapiens have been discussed in detail, the etiology of these structures has not been resolved. In this article, the hypothesis that the Homo sapiens non‐supranuchal fossa and the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa both formed to maintain the optimal shape of the occipital plane (to minimize strain on the posterior cranial vault) is tested. First, the variation in the expression of the fossa above inion in the crania of recent Homo sapiens from European, African, and Australian samples was examined, and the degree of structural similarity between these depressions and the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa was assessed. Next, the relationship between the shape of the occipital squama in the midsagittal plane and two particular features (the degree of the occipital torus development and the occurrence of a depression in the inion region that is not the supranuchal fossa) were analyzed. Based on the results, it is suggested that the Homo sapiens non‐supranuchal fossa and Neanderthal suprainiac fossa are convergent traits. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemische Kontrolle des Schicksals und Entwicklungspotenzials von Stammzellen
Authors: Lyssiotis Costas A. , Lairson Luke L. , Boitano Anthony E. , Wurdak Heiko , Zhu Shoutian , Schultz Peter G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMögliche Anwendungen von Stammzellen in der Medizin reichen von der Modellierung von Krankheiten und der Wirkstoffsuche bis hin zu Zelltransplantation und regenerativen Therapien. Bevor diese Versprechen jedoch eingelöst werden können, müssen noch einige Hindernisse überwunden werden, unter anderem die Kontrolle der Stammzelldifferenzierung, die allogene Abstoßung und die eingeschränkte Zellverfügbarkeit. Dies erfordert ein vertieftes Verständnis der Mechanismen, die das Stammzellpotenzial kontrollieren, und die Entwicklung robuster Methoden, um das Schicksal von Stammzellen effizient zu steuern. In der letzten Zeit wurden eine Reihe niedermolekularer Verbindungen entdeckt, die in vitro und in vivo verwendet werden können, um Stammzellen zu expandieren, ihre Differenzierung zu dirigieren oder somatische Zellen in ein naiveres Stadium zu reprogrammieren. Diese Moleküle haben tiefe Einblicke in Signalwege und epigenetische Mechanismen ermöglicht, die die Stammzellbiologie regulieren, und sie beginnen bereits, zur Entwicklung effizienter Behandlungen für Gewebereparatur und –regeneration beizutragen.
Shrinkage behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for a new cementitious–shrinkable polymer material system
Authors: Dunn S. C. , Jefferson A. D. , Lark R. J. , Isaacs B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn investigation of the transient thermomechanical behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is presented with respect to a new composite material system in which shrinkable PET tendons are incorporated into a cementitious matrix to provide a crack‐closure mechanism. A series of parametric studies of the effects of the geometry, temperature, and soak time on the mechanical properties of the polymer are presented. In particular, this article focuses on the shrinkage behavior and the development of stresses under restrained shrinkage conditions. A one‐dimensional numerical model, which is essentially a modification of Zener's standard linear solid model, is presented with the aim of simulating aspects of behavior of particular relevance to tendons within the composite material system. The model comprises a temperature‐dependent dashpot and spring in parallel with a spring and thermal expansion element. The temperature‐dependent functions are calibrated with the obtained data, and a final validation example that shows good accuracy in comparison with experimental data not used for the calibration is presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of polylactide with varying molecular weight and aliphatic content: Effect on moisture sorption
Authors: Singh Vishesh M. , Koo Donghun , Palmese Giuseppe R. , Cairncross Richard A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPolylactide (PLA) is a bio‐based, biodegradable polymer, which is derived from lactic acid and has numerous potential applications, some of which are limited by its moisture barrier and thermal properties. Prior studies have been inconsistent about how moisture sorption in PLA varies with crystallinity and molecular weight. This research is a systematic study of how moisture sorption in PLA depends on molecular weight and aliphatic content via end‐group modification. PLA with varying aliphatic content was synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide initiated with different long‐chain aliphatic alcohols. The terminating end groups were also modified from hydroxyl to acetoxy to eliminate hydrophilic end groups. Molecular weight was controlled by varying the ratio of L‐lactide monomer to alcohol initiator, and triethylaluminum was used as the catalyst for precise control over molecular weight. The molecular weight and end‐group compositions were verified by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Moisture sorption of the modified PLA samples was measured with a quartz crystal microbalance. Quartz crystal microbalance experiments revealed that both molecular weight and aliphatic content contributed to the sorption properties of PLA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011