bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Transverse Sinus Thrombosis From Congenitally Atretic Cerebral Transverse Sinus With CT
Authors: Chik Yolanda , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Zeiler Steven R. , Rosenberg Jason , Llinas Rafael H. 
Published: May 2012

Background and Purpose—
Transverse sinus thrombosis can have nonspecific clinical and radiographic signs. We hypothesized that the novel “sigmoid notch sign” (on head CT) can help differentiate transverse sinus thrombosis from a congenitally atretic sinus among individuals with absent signal in 1 transverse sinus by MR venography.

Methods—
We retrospectively evaluated 53 subjects with a unilaterally absent transverse sinus signal on MR venography. Eleven had true transverse sinus thrombosis and 42 had an atretic transverse sinus. Reviewers were trained in the sigmoid notch sign: “positive” if 1 of the sigmoid notches was asymmetrically smaller than the other, consistent with a congenitally absent transverse sinus on that side. This sign was scored on CT scans by 2 blinded reviewers to determine if signal dropout was clot or atretic sinus. A consensus rating was reached when the reviewers disagreed. Characteristics of the sigmoid notch sign as a diagnostic test were compared with a gold standard of full chart review by an independent reviewer.

Results—
Each reviewer had a sensitivity of 91% (detecting 10 of 11 clots based on a negative sigmoid notch sign) and specificity of 71% to 81%; consensus specificity increased to 86% (36 of 42 individuals with an atretic sinus had a positive notch sign, detecting atretic sinuses based on presence of the sign).

Conclusion—
Asymmetries of the sigmoid notches on noncontrast brain CT is a very sensitive and specific measure of differentiating transverse sinus thrombosis from an atretic transverse sinus when absence of transverse sinus flow is visualized on MR venography.
Interannual Variations of Wind Regimes off the Subtropical Western Australia Coast during Austral Winter and Spring
Authors: Weller Evan , Feng Ming , Hendon Harry , Ma Jian , Xie Shang-Ping , Caputi Nick 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Off the Western Australia coast, interannual variations of wind regime during the austral winter and spring are significantly correlated with the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the southern annular mode (SAM) variability. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced by an idealized IOD sea surface temperature anomaly field suggest that the IOD-generated deep atmospheric convection anomalies trigger a Rossby wave train in the upper troposphere that propagates into the southern extratropics and induces positive geopotential height anomalies over southern Australia, independent of the SAM. The positive geopotential height anomalies extended from the upper troposphere to the surface, south of the Australian continent, resulting in easterly wind anomalies off the Western Australia coast and a reduction of the high-frequency synoptic storm events that deliver the majority of southwest Australia rainfall during austral winter and spring. In the marine environment, the wind anomalies and reduction of storm events may hamper the western rock lobster recruitment process.
Nested Mesoscale Large-Eddy Simulations with WRF: Performance in Real Test Cases
Authors: Talbot Charles , Bou-Zeid Elie , Smith Jim 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) as a tool for multiscale atmospheric simulations. Tests are performed in real and idealized cases with multiple configurations and with resolutions ranging from the mesoscale (gridcell size ~10 km) for the real cases to local scales (gridcell size ~50 m) for both real and idealized cases. All idealized simulations and the finest real-case simulations use the turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulation mode of WRF (WRF-LES). Tests in neutral conditions and with idealized forcing are first performed to assess the model’s sensitivity to grid resolutions and subgrid-scale parameterizations and to optimize the setup of the real cases. An increase in horizontal model resolution is found to be more beneficial than an increase in vertical resolution. WRF-LES is then tested, using extensive observational data, in real-world cases over complex terrain through nested simulations in which the mesoscale domains drive the LES domains. Analysis of the mesoscale simulations indicates that the data needed to force the largest simulated domain and to initialize surface parameters have the strongest influence on the results. Similarly, LES model fields are primarily influenced by their mesoscale meteorological forcing. As a result, the nesting of LES models down to a 50-m resolution does not improve all aspects of hydrometeorological predictions. Advantages of using fine-resolution LES are noted at nighttime (under stable conditions) and over heterogeneous surfaces when local properties are required or when resolving small-scale surface features is desirable.
Impacts of Typhoon Track and Island Topography on the Heavy Rainfalls in Taiwan Associated with Morakot (2009)
Authors: Xie Baoguo , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCloud-resolving ensemble simulations and sensitivity experiments utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) are performed to investigate the dynamics and predictability of the record-breaking rainfall and flooding event in Taiwan induced by Typhoon Morakot (2009). It is found that a good rainfall forecast foremost requires a good track forecast during Morakot’s landfall. Given a good track forecast, interaction of the typhoon circulation with complex topography in southern Taiwan plays a dominant role in producing the observed heavy rainfalls. The terrain slope, strength of the horizontal winds, and mid–lower-tropospheric moisture content in the southwesterly upslope flow are the primary factors that determine the rainfall location and intensity, as elucidated by the idealized one-dimensional precipitation-rate forecast model. The typhoon circulation and the southwesterly monsoon flow transport abundant moisture into southern Taiwan, which produces the heavy rainfall through interactions with the complex high terrain in the area. In the meantime, as part of the south China monsoon, the southwesterly flow may be substantially enhanced by the typhoon circulation.
Hurricane Sea Surface Inflow Angle and an Observation-Based Parametric Model
Authors: Zhang Jun A. , Uhlhorn Eric W. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This study presents an analysis of near-surface (10 m) inflow angles using wind vector data from over 1600 quality-controlled global positioning system dropwindsondes deployed by aircraft on 187 flights into 18 hurricanes. The mean inflow angle in hurricanes is found to be −22.6° ± 2.2° (95% confidence). Composite analysis results indicate little dependence of storm-relative axisymmetric inflow angle on local surface wind speed, and a weak but statistically significant dependence on the radial distance from the storm center. A small, but statistically significant dependence of the axisymmetric inflow angle on storm intensity is also found, especially well outside the eyewall. By compositing observations according to radial and azimuthal location relative to storm motion direction, significant inflow angle asymmetries are found to depend on storm motion speed, although a large amount of unexplained variability remains. Generally, the largest storm-relative inflow angles (&lt;−50°) are found in the fastest-moving storms (&gt;8 m s−1) at large radii (&gt;8 times the radius of maximum wind) in the right-front storm quadrant, while the smallest inflow angles (&gt;−10°) are found in the fastest-moving storms in the left-rear quadrant. Based on these observations, a parametric model of low-wavenumber inflow angle variability as a function of radius, azimuth, storm intensity, and motion speed is developed. This model can be applied for purposes of ocean surface remote sensing studies when wind direction is either unknown or ambiguous, for forcing storm surge, surface wave, and ocean circulation models that require a parametric surface wind vector field, and evaluating surface wind field structure in numerical models of tropical cyclones.
A Case Study of High-Impact Wet Snowfall in Northwest Germany (25–27 November 2005): Observations, Dynamics, and Forecast Performance
Authors: Frick Claudia , Wernli Heini 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Accurate numerical weather prediction of intense snowfall events requires the correct representation of dynamical and physical processes on various scales. In this study, a specific event of high-impact wet snowfall is examined that occurred in the northwestern part of Germany in November 2005. First, the synoptic evolution is presented, together with observations of precipitation type and vertical temperature profiles, which reveal the existence of a so-called potential melting layer during the early period of wet snowfall. During the main part, the performance of the operational forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is investigated. It is shown that only the short-term predictions captured the snowfall event, whereas earlier forecasts were in error concerning the phase and/or amount of precipitation. However, even the short-term forecasts produced the onset of surface snowfall too late (i.e., during the dry snowfall period). Reasons for the misforecasts are errors on various scales. For the early forecasts, they include an inaccurate representation of the upper-level trough and a misplacement of the surface cyclone. For the later forecasts, a slight overestimation of the depth of the potential melting layer and a potentially too fast snow melting process in the model lead to the erroneous prediction of surface rainfall during the wet snowfall period. Hindcast experiments with the high-resolution Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) model also point to the necessity of improving its snow melting parameterization in order to provide useful predictions of potentially high-impact wet snowfall events.
About the Reliability of Manual Model PV Corrections to Improve Forecasts
Authors: Arbogast Philippe , Maynard Karine , Piriou Catherine 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The National Weather Forecast Centre of Météo-France has developed a tool that corrects the state of the atmosphere within the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) operational global model by adjusting the potential vorticity when the initial conditions and available observations disagree. Among observational datasets, geostationary satellite data are the primary source of information. Here, the representation of the coherent structures of the tropopause in the model is assessed with Meteosat ozone and water vapor images. Modifications to the initial conditions of the potential vorticity (PV) in areas where the model fails can be applied using a potential vorticity inversion, thus providing a new balanced distribution of the wind and temperature that will then be used as a new initial state. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the degrees of weakness of the present qualitative approach. To this end, PV modifications to the initial conditions are applied by different experts on the eve of the windstorm Klaus (24 January 2009) that hit southwestern France. The different initial PV fields and the subsequent forecasts show significant differences in terms of wind and mean sea level pressure, while sharing some common features. The human modification process is therefore partially reproducible and skillful since the forecast is improved most of the time.
An Objective High-Resolution Hail Climatology of the Contiguous United States
Authors: Cintineo John L. , Smith Travis M. , Lakshmanan Valliappa , Brooks Harold E. , Ortega Kiel L. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The threat of damaging hail from severe thunderstorms affects many communities and industries on a yearly basis, with annual economic losses in excess of $1 billion (U.S. dollars). Past hail climatology has typically relied on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center’s (NOAA/NCDC) Storm Data publication, which has numerous reporting biases and nonmeteorological artifacts. This research seeks to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of contiguous United States (CONUS) hail fall, derived from multiradar multisensor (MRMS) algorithms for several years during the Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) era, leveraging the Multiyear Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms (MYRORSS) dataset at NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). The primary MRMS product used in this study is the maximum expected size of hail (MESH). The preliminary climatology includes 42 months of quality controlled and reprocessed MESH grids, which spans the warm seasons for four years (2007–10), covering 98% of all Storm Data hail reports during that time. The dataset has 0.01° latitude × 0.01° longitude × 31 vertical levels spatial resolution, and 5-min temporal resolution. Radar-based and reports-based methods of hail climatology are compared. MRMS MESH demonstrates superior coverage and resolution over Storm Data hail reports, and is largely unbiased. The results reveal a broad maximum of annual hail fall in the Great Plains and a diminished secondary maximum in the Southeast United States. Potential explanations for the differences in the two methods of hail climatology are also discussed.
Incidence of health insurance claims for thyroid neoplasm and pancreatic malignancy in association with exenatide: signal refinement using active safety surveillance
Authors: Dore David D. , Seeger John D. , Chan K. Arnold 
Published: May 2012

Objectives: As part of a regulatory postmarketing commitment, we assessed the risk of claims for thyroid and pancreatic cancer among users of exenatide using an active drug safety surveillance system. Methods: This active surveillance assessment used cohort methodology and commercial health insurance claims data to identify initiators of exenatide and propensity score-matched initiators of metformin or glyburide between June 2005 and September 2009, with up to 1 year of follow up through December 2009. The primary analysis estimated absolute and relative risk (RR) of inpatient or outpatient claims with diagnosis codes for thyroid neoplasm (benign or malignant) or pancreatic malignancies after exclusion of patients with a history of the same diagnosis at baseline. Results: Among the matched comparison cohorts ( N ≈ 32,800 each), there were 37 claims-suggested thyroid malignancies among exenatide initiators and 26 among metformin or glyburide initiators [RR 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8−2.4]. This association was attenuated when limited to inpatient thyroid cancer claims (RR 0.9; CI 0.3–2.6). Exenatide use was not associated with an increased risk of benign thyroid neoplasm (RR 0.7; CI 0.3−1.7), or pancreatic cancer (RR 0.8; CI 0.5−1.6). Conclusions: Use of exenatide was associated with a modestly higher incidence of inpatient and outpatient claims, but not inpatient claims for thyroid malignancies. Exenatide was not associated with higher risk of benign thyroid neoplasm or pancreatic cancer. Misclassification of outcomes and exposure, and residual confounding remain limitations of this analysis to be considered when interpreting the results. We have initiated a formal epidemiologic investigation to explore these relationships.
Deferasirox reduces iron overload significantly in nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia: 1-year results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Taher Ali T. , Porter John , Viprakasit Vip , Kattamis Antonis , Chuncharunee Suporn , Sutcharitchan Pranee , Siritanaratkul Noppadol , Galanello Renzo , Karakas Zeynep , Lawniczek Tomasz , Ros Jacqueline , Zhang Yiyun , Habr Dany , Cappellini Maria Domenica 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNontransfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) patients may develop iron overload and its associated complications despite receiving only occasional or no transfusions. The present 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled THALASSA (Assessment of Exjade in Nontransfusion-Dependent Thalassemia) trial assessed the efficacy and safety of deferasirox in iron-overloaded NTDT patients. A total of 166 patients were randomized in a 2:1:2:1 ratio to starting doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg/d of deferasirox or placebo. The means ± SD of the actual deferasirox doses received over the duration of the study in the 5 and 10 mg/kg/d starting dose cohorts were 5.7 ± 1.4 and 11.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg/d, respectively. At 1 year, the liver iron concentration (LIC) decreased significantly compared with placebo (least-squares mean [LSM] ± SEM, −2.33 ± 0.7 mg Fe/g dry weight [dw], P = .001, and −4.18 ± 0.69 mg Fe/g dw, P < .001) for the 5 and 10 mg/kg/d deferasirox groups, respectively (baseline values [means ± SD], 13.11 ± 7.29 and 14.56 ± 7.92 mg Fe/g dw, respectively). Similarly, serum ferritin decreased significantly compared with placebo by LSM −235 and −337 ng/mL for the deferasirox 5 and 10 mg/kg/d groups, respectively (P < .001). In the placebo patients, LIC and serum ferritin increased from baseline by 0.38 mg Fe/g dw and 115 ng/mL (LSM), respectively. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (n = 11; 6.6%), rash (n = 8; 4.8%), and diarrhea (n = 6; 3.6%). This is the first randomized study showing that iron chelation with deferasirox significantly reduces iron overload in NTDT patients with a frequency of overall adverse events similar to placebo.
Circulating tumour cells escape from EpCAM-based detection due to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Authors: Gorges Tobias M , Tinhofer Ingeborg , Drosch Michael , Röse Lars , Zollner Thomas M , Krahn Thomas , von Ahsen Oliver 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have shown prognostic relevance in metastatic breast, prostate, colon and pancreatic cancer. For further development of CTCs as a biomarker, we compared the performance of different protocols for CTC detection in murine breast cancer xenograft models (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and KPL-4). Blood samples were taken from tumour bearing animals (20 to 200 mm2) and analysed for CTCs using 1. an epithelial marker based enrichment method (AdnaTest), 2. an antibody independent technique, targeting human gene transcripts (qualitative PCR), and 3. an antibody-independent approach, targeting human DNA-sequences (quantitative PCR). Further, gene expression changes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were determined with an EMT-specific PCR assay.

Methods
We used the commercially available Adna Test, RT-PCR on human housekeeping genes and a PCR on AluJ sequences to detect CTCs in xenografts models. Phenotypic changes in CTCs were tested with the commercially available “Human Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition RT-Profiler PCR Array”.

Results
Although the AdnaTest detects as few as 1 tumour cell in 1 ml of mouse blood spiking experiments, no CTCs were detectable with this approach in vivo despite visible metastasis formation. The presence of CTCs could, however, be demonstrated by PCR targeting human transcripts or DNA-sequences - without epithelial pre-enrichment. The failure of CTC detection by the AdnaTest resulted from downregulation of EpCAM, whereas mesenchymal markers like Twist and EGFR were upregulated on CTCs. Such a change in the expression profile during metastatic spread of tumour cells has already been reported and was linked to a biological program termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Conclusions
The use of EpCAM-based enrichment techniques leads to the failure to detect CTC populations that have undergone EMT. Our findings may explain clinical results where low CTC numbers have been reported even in patients with late metastatic cancers. These results are a starting point for the identification of new markers for detection or capture of CTCs, including the mesenchymal-like subpopulations.
Impaired degradation followed by enhanced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor caused by hypo-phosphorylation of tyrosine 1045 in RBE cells
Authors: Gui Anping , Kobayashi Akira , Motoyama Hiroaki , Kitazawa Masato , Takeoka Michiko , Miyagawa Shinichi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
Since cholangiocarcinoma has a poor prognosis, several epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies with antibody or small molecule inhibitor treatment have been proposed. However, their effect remains limited. The present study sought to understand the molecular genetic characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma related to EGFR, with emphasis on its degradation and recycling.

Methods
We evaluated EGFR expression and colocalization by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, cell surface EGFR expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and EGFR ubiquitination and protein binding by immunoprecipitation in the human cholangiocarcinoma RBE and immortalized cholangiocyte MMNK-1 cell lines. Monensin treatment and Rab11a depletion by siRNA were adopted for inhibition of EGFR recycling.

Results
Upon stimulation with EGF, ligand-induced EGFR degradation was impaired and the expression of phospho-tyrosine 1068 and phospho-p44/42 MAPK was sustained in RBE cells as compared with MMNK-1 cells. In RBE cells, the process of EGFR sorting for lysosomal degradation was blocked at the early endosome stage, and non-degradated EGFR was recycled to the cell surface. A disrupted association between EGFR and the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, as well as hypo-phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosine 1045 (Tyr1045), were also observed in RBE cells.

Conclusion
In RBE cells, up-regulation of EGFR Tyr1045 phosphorylation is a potentially useful molecular alteration in EGFR-targeted therapy. The combination of molecular-targeted therapy determined by the characteristics of individual EGFR phosphorylation events and EGFR recycling inhibition show promise in future treatments of cholangiocarcinoma.