bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE determination of the cement content of soil‐Cement mixtures. II.Rapid field methods
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractModern methods of producing soil‐cement mixtures in civil engineering involve the use of mixing machines having high rates of output. It is necessary to have methods of determining rapidly the cement content of mixed material to enable the addition of cement to the mixer to be controlled and to avoid wastage of material containing insufficient cement. This paper describes two such methods.In the first method the soil‐cement mixture is placed in an acidic buffered solution, and the cement content is determined by a measurement of the pH of the resulting suspension. Some of the factors influencing the results have been investigated.The second method is applicable when super‐rapid‐hardening cement is used; it consists in determining the chloride content of the mixture, by the Volhard technique.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XIII.The relative reactivity of the ortho AND para Positions in the formation of alcohols of substituted phenols
Authors: Finn S. R. , Lewis G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn earlier papers of this series it has been shown that the action of formaldehyde on 3 : 5‐xylenol in the presence of sodium ethoxide catalyst results in the formation of anortho‐ortho‐dialcohol. Attempts to prepare asortho‐monoalcohol by modification of the reaction conditions foiled. A consideration of the behaviour of other substituted phenols appears to lead to a generalization that when bothmetapositions and sometimes when theparaposition of phenols, relative to the phenolic hydroxyl group, are occupied by substituents, the introduction of a methylol group into one ortho position results in an enhanced reactivity of the other. Such an enhanced reactivity of oneorthoposition would explain why dialcohols are readily formed, but that the presumably intermediate mono‐alcohol cannot be isolated.Attempts to prepare some trinuclear substituted compounds by condensation of di‐ortho‐substituted phenols with various intermediates failed. The explanation of this failure is probably due to a decreased reactivity of theparaposition in these di‐ortho‐substituted phenols.
The nature of the products obtained by refluxing styrene and drying oils in xylol solution. II.Additional data on the styrene‐Tung oil reaction
Authors: Brunner H. , Tucker D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination has been made of the reaction products obtained by refluxing a mixture of equal weights of styrene and tung oil in xylol solution in the absence of polymerization catalysts.Copolymerization occurs between styrene and tung oil. Saponification of the copolymer yields two main types of styrenated elaeostearic acid. One, which gives an insoluble potassium salt, contains styrene combined with elaeostearic acid in the approximate average molecular ratio of 8 : 1. The other styrenated acid, which is soluble in light petroleum and yields a soluble potassium salt, approximates in composition to a product derived from 1 molecule of styrene and 1 molecule of elaeostearic acid.In the conditions described, about 60% of the styrene remains unpolymerized and none forms a self‐polymer. Only about 60% of the available elaeostearic groups take part in copolymer formation, the remaining 40% being recoverable in a styrene‐free form.It is believed that the 1 : 1 styrenated acid is formed by a Diels‐Alder mechanism.
POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF ACENAPHTHYLENE
Authors: Idris Jones J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exploratory survey of the polymerization and copolymerization of acenaphthylene has been carried out to see whether there are possibilities of its use as an industrial monomer. Polyacenaphthy‐lene been prepared by thermal polymerization with and without peroxide‐type catalysts, by Friedel‐Crafts polymerization and by the emulsion technique. The molecular weight of a thermal polymer exceeded 100,000.Some aspects of the copolymerization of acenaphthylene with styrene have been studied and it has been shown that a substantial elevation in the softening point of polystyrene results from the incorporation of acenaphthylene units in the polymer chain. The electrical properties of the copolymers are not significantly different from those of polystyrene.Copolymers of acenaphthylene and isobutylene have been obtained by low‐temperature polymerization with Friedel‐Crafts‐type catalysts. The products were of a relatively low order of molecular weight. Examination of the ultra‐violet absorption spectra of the copolymers has revealed a tendency for the acenaphthylene units to enter the macromolecules in groups rather than randomly in single units.Butadiene and acenaphthylene which, in certain conditions, undergo a Diels‐Alder condensation to give tetrahydrofluoranthene, furnish linear copolymers by emulsion polymerization. Attempts to prepare copolymers of acenaphthylene with ethylene proved unsuccessful, acenaphthylene showing a very pronounced inhibiting effect on the polymerization.
The essential oil of nothopanax simplex
Authors: Murray J. , Stanley B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe essential oil of Nothopanax simplex consists largely of myrcene, with smaller amounts of α‐pinene, β‐pinene, dipentene, aromadendrene, α‐ and γ‐camphorenes, paraffin wax and other unidentified terpenes and sesquiterpenes.
The treatment of binary and ternary vapour‐liquid equilibrium data on systems with more than one liquid phase
Authors: Herington E. F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe desirability of adopting some common method of plotting vapour‐liquid equilibrium data on systems with more than one liquid phase is stressed and attention is drawn to the lack of agreement in published literature on the theoretical treatment of such systems. The conditions under which both the Gibbs‐Duhem equation and the expression connecting the excess free energy of mixing with the activity coefficients apply to systems with more than one liquid phase are critically examined. As a result of this theoretical study a method of plotting equilibrium data on systems with two or more liquid phases is recommended and thermodynamic tests for the consistency of experimental data are presented. The method of plotting experimental results and applying tests for consistency are illustrated by an analysis of the published data on the system n‐butanol‐water.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XIV The dehalogenation of phenolic alcohols having halogen substituents in the nucleus
Authors: Finn S. R. , Musty J. W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA major obstacle in the chemistry of phenolic resins is the difficulty in preparing some of the simple phenolic alcohols, owing to their reactivity and the formation of isomers which are not readily separated. The use of halogenated phenols, in which one or more of the free reactive nuclear positions are blocked by halogen atoms, generally avoids both further reaction and the formation of isomers. If a simple means existed of removing the halogen from alcohols prepared from such halogenated phenols, under mild conditions which would not cause further reaction of the product, then a method would exist for the preparation of many phenolic alcohols which cannot be prepared by the direct reaction of formaldehyde and the appropriate phenol. It has now been shown that this process can be accomplished by the use of Raney alloy in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide. A new alcohol of phenol (2:6‐dihydroxymethylphenol) has been prepared by this means.
The fluorination of hydrocarbons with cobalt trifluoride
Authors: Barbour A. K. , Barlow G. B. , Tatlow J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fluorination of hydrocarbons in the vapour phase by the use of cobalt trifluoride is readily achieved, and, when controlled conditions of reaction are employed, good yields of fluorocarbon products are obtained. An apparatus for carrying out this type of reaction, and also a convenient cell for the generation of fluorine are described. The syntheses of some of the hydrocarbon starting‐materials are given.
The melt‐viscosity of some phenol–formaldehyde novolak resins
Authors: Jones T. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe melt‐viscosity and density of a series of phenol–formaldehyde novolak resins of molecular weights varying between 400 and 900 have been studied in the temperature range 100–250°. Similar studies have been carried out for phenol (50–100°) and 2 : 2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane (125–190°).The melt‐viscosity results have been examined in the light of Eyring's theory of viscosity and it is seen that the energy of activation for viscous flow falls rapidly as temperature increases and tends to steady values at high temperatures. These steady values are almost linearly related to molecular weight.The rapid fall in energy of activation as temperature increases is attributed to the breakdown of association forces, mainly hydrogen bonds. At high temperatures flow is believed to take place by the movement of single molecules, but at low temperatures the large energies of activation suggest that flow takes place by associated dimers, trimers etc. breaking away from the general association field that surrounds them.The coefficient of cubical expansion α is found to decrease rapidly from phenol to a resin of molecular weight about 400 and then more slowly as molecular weight increases; α also increases slightly with temperature.
A method for the determination of the solubility of gases in liquids with particular reference to viscous liquids
Authors: Baldwin R. R. , Daniel S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for the determination of gas solubility is described which is particularly suitable for use with viscous liquids. The liquid, freed from other gases, is saturated with the gas under examination at a known pressure. A known volume of the saturated liquid is then streamed into an evacuated vessel and the liberated gas extracted by a Töpler pump and measured. Figures illustrating the accuracy obtainable are given for lubricating oils with a range of viscosity, and the necessary modifications for normal liquids are indicated.
The prevention of corrosion in packaging. I. The use of sodium benzoate as a corrosion‐inhibitor in wrappings
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Vernon W. H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium benzoates and other soluble benzoates can be used for the production of corrosion‐inhibitive wraps by impregnation in materials such as paper, strawboard, regenerated‐cellulose films and waxed papers. Provided the chloride content of the wrap is sufficiently low before impregnation, complete protection is effected for steel under adverse conditions of storage or transport. The corrosion of common non‐ferrous metals is in no case increased; in some cases it is substantially reduced or (e.g. solder and soldered joints) suppressed. For the protection of cast‐iron surfaces it is necessary to introduce a nitrite (e.g. sodium nitrite) into the wrap; the aggressiveness of nitrite towards solder is then prevented by the joint presence of sodium benzoate, in appropriate ratio.Sodium salts of other organic acids show promise as corrosion‐inhibitors in packaging materials.
Observations on the preparation of diaminoguanidine
Authors: Scott F. L. , O'Sullivan D. A. , Reilly J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiaminoguanidine is a useful intermediate for the production of diheterocyclic systems, e.g. of the 5‐aryl‐ or 5‐alkyl‐2‐tetrazoyl‐tetrazole, or the dipyrazoyl‐formimine, types. Investigation of existing methods of the preparation of this substituted hydrazine has revealed some hitherto unobserved facts; e.g. (i) preliminary reduction of nitroaminoguanidine to the diaminoguanidine salt, followed by in situ dehydration and cyclization, provides a new route to the alkylaminoiminotriazoles; (ii) hydrazinolysis of the diaminoguanidine hydrazones has been found to take place readily; (iii) although cyanogen chloride and bromide form diaminoguanidine salts with hydrazine hydrate, cyanogen iodide forms an unstable hydrazine complex, without the formation of diaminoguanidine.
Comparison of hot‐centrifuge and solvent methods for the recovery of the tar binder from road materials
Authors: Gough C. M. , Green E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are given of an investigation to compare the hot‐centrifuge and twin‐solvent methods for the recovery of tar from road mixtures. The centrifuge was a machine developed by Mitchell & Yardley, to which some improvements had been made, both in the machine and in the technique of operation.The investigation showed that:

The tar binder cannot be recovered from every sample of road material by means of the hot centrifuge; such difficulty of recovering is most liable to occur with samples cut from road surfacings that are several years old. Recovery can always be effected by the solvent method.
When recovery can be effected by the hot centrifuge a small hardening of the tar (up to about 4° E.V.T.) is obtained, particularly if the viscosity of the tar is high. A correction must be applied for mineral matter which is usually present in the recovered tar.
The percentage of pyridine‐insoluble material (C1) in tar recovered by the hot‐centrifuge method is less than that found in tar recovered by the solvent method. The percentage of benzene‐insoluble material is also lower in tar recovered by the hot centrifuge.
The amount of material soluble in pyridine but insoluble in benzene (C2) in the recovered tar is approximately the same by either method for freshly mixed road material; from old material, the centrifuge method usually gives a lower percentage than the solvent method.
The hot‐centrifuge method is more rapid than the twin‐solvent method and is particularly useful for the examination of freshly mixed materials; the twin‐solvent method should be used in all cases when the hot centrifuge fails to extract binder and when sufficient tar for a detailed examination is required.
On the dryness and density of acetone
Authors: Thirion P. , Craven E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper gives the combined experience of a French and a British firm on the relation between the density and water content of good commercial acetone samples. It is confirmed that, in a relative way, density is a good guide to water content but there remains some doubt concerning the density of dry acetone. A figure has been found 0.0005 lower than was previously accepted but still 0.0005 higher than those given recently by American workers. The lower values quoted by American authors may be due to the presence of isopropyl ether.The direct chemical determination of water in acetone by the Smith & Bryant acetyl chloride–pyridine method appears to be reliable and this is recommended. The Karl Fischer method has not yet been made applicable to acetone–water mixtures.
The absorptiometric determination of small amounts of tin in titanium pigment
Authors: Williams F. R. , Whitehead J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydrogen sulphide is recommended for precipitating tin, in the presence of cadmium, from acid tartrate solution of titanium. The resulting sulphides can be dissolved in acid and the colour produced by interaction between tin and dithiol can be measured on a photoelectric absorptiometer if Teepol X is added to produce an efficient dispersion. This system obeys Beers' Law up to a concentration of tin of at least 16 μg. per ml. and remains stable for at least three hours. Molybdenum interferes and ‘thionalide’ is not suitable as a precipitant.
Organic fluorides. XII. A simple rotating reactor for fluorination
Authors: Massingham W. E. , Montgomery R. , Smith F. , Thomas B. R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA relatively simple rotating reactor is described for the fluorination of hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the agency of the higher fluorides of metals. Its application to the fluorination of petroleum ether is described and its greater efficiency as compared with the static vertical reactor (Haszeldine & Smith, 1950a) is demonstrated.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. II. The preparation of 4:5‐diaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greatly improved method of preparation of 4:5‐diaminopyrimidine, which is an important starting material for pteridine and purine syntheses, is described in detail. The route from thiouracil involves eight stages, but purifications, except that of the final product, have been avoided.
The esterification of tertiary alcohols with boric acid
Authors: Anderson J. R. , O'Brien K. G. , Reuter F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction between tertiary alcohols and boric acid has been investigated and esterification has been shown to occur using an azeotropic‐distillation method. However, all reaction products decomposed on attempted purification. The rate of esterification of tertiary alcohols is much slower than that of primary or secondary alcohols. The separation of alcohols from mixtures using direct esterification with boric acid is thus applicable to tertiary as well as primary and secondary alcohols. The scope of this method of separation has been studied and it was shown that whereas enols interfere, esters and acids do not. Moreover, the separation must be conducted below about 110° if tertiary alcohols are present.
Azeotropism in binary solutions at reduced pressures. III. Pyridine‐water solution
Authors: Fowler R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe azeotrope of pyridine and water has been determined at atmospheric pressure and under reduced pressures down to 120 mm. The azeotrope is relatively unaffected by pressure reduction, a change of 600 mm. altering the azeotrope composition by 10% from 59·5% at 758 mm. to 53·8% pyridine at 120 mm.
Organic derivatives of titanium. III. Chlorotitanium alkoxides
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Chard S. J. , Price G. F. , Millward B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of mono‐ and di‐chlorotitanium alkoxides have been prepared by the method of Jennings, Wardlaw & Way (1936). Thus acetyl chloride reacts with titanium tetra‐alkoxides to give monochlorotitanium trialkoxides:Ti(OR)4 + CH3·COCl = TiCl(OR)3 + CH3·CO2RThe monochloro‐esters, when treated with a further molecular proportion of the same reagent, yield dichlorotitanium dialkoxides:TiCl(OR)3 + CH3·COCl = TiCl2(OR)2 + CH3·CO2RThe dichloro‐compounds have also been obtained by the action of titanium tetrachloride on alcohols:TiCl4 + 2ROH = TiCl2(OR)2 + 2HClIn general these products are viscous liquids, soluble in organic solvents and very easily hydrolysed by water.
Production of lanthanon and thorium compounds from monazite. II
Authors: Pilkington E. S. , Wylie A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA partly cyclic process is described for the separation of the mixed hydroxides of the cerium‐group elements into cerous salts and into concentrates containing, respectively, lanthanum salts, mixed praseodymium‐neodymium‐samarium hydroxides or nitrates, and crude thorium phosphate.The mixed hydroxides of praseodymium, neodymium and samarium are fractionally precipitated with ammonium hydroxide, leaving lanthanum in solution. Portion of the praseodymium, neodymium and samarium concentrate is used to precipitate basic salts of ceric cerium and thorium, the remainder being recovered. Cerium is obtained from the mixture of basic salts by reducing ceric compounds to the cerous state and precipitating thorium as a basic salt. Lanthanum is finally precipitated as lanthanum oxalate or lanthanum carbonate and cerium as sodium cerium sulphate.Electrometric titrations of lanthanon solutions have been made at 80° to obtain data facilitating control of the various separations.
A contribution to the study of the action of certain inhibitors upon corrosion in chloride‐polluted water
Authors: Patterson W. S. , Jones A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe comparative effects of potassium dichromate, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate and soluble oil as corrosion‐inhibitors have been partially examined. The corrosion medium used is either sodium chloride solution or diluted sea‐water.Although steel is readily protected in the presence of chlorides, cast iron gives results that are somewhat anomalous. The addition of soluble oil to a system already undergoing corrosion suppresses the attack. The importance of maintaining adequate concentrations of the inhibitor is discussed.
An investigation of the gaseous thermal‐decomposition products of linseed oil
Authors: Horspool J. M. , Julian K. A. R. , Oldham Graham 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been evolved for the investigation of the gaseous thermal‐decomposition products of linseed oil when used as a core binder. The method is suitable for similar investigations on other core‐binding materials. The products of decomposition over the temperature range 400–800° have been investigated as well as the effect of the preliminary heat treatment of the core on the composition of the gas. The most satisfactory baking time for a temperature of 230° appears to be approximately one hour, a core produced under such conditions giving the least gas containing the highest proportion of harmless carbon dioxide.
Preparation of radioactive penicillin
Authors: Smith E. Lester , Hockenhull D. J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrystalline radioactive penicillin has been prepared biosynthetically with a specific activity of over 1 c. per g. A synthetic medium low in sulphur and containing 1 mc./ml. of Na235SO4 was fermented in shake flasks. The penicillin was purified by solvent extraction and crystallized as the N‐ethylpiperidine salt.
The influence of zinc oxide smokes on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide in coal‐gas flames
Authors: Littlejohn R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of zinc oxide smoke additions on the dew‐point and sulphur trioxide content or an aerated coal‐gas flame containing sulphur dioxide has been studied. Measurements on filtered and unfiltered gases show that the presence of smoke tends, at first, to increase the amount of oxidation of dioxide to trioxide, but if sufficient smoke is present, the trioxide formed is absorbed and zinc sulphate is formed.
The volumetric determination of melamine as oxalat
Authors: Steele J. R. , Glover J. H. , Hodgson H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA volumetric procedure is described for the assay of melamine. The addition of an aqueous solution of melamine to a 20% solution of oxalic acid in ethanol produces a crystalline precipitate of melamine mono‐oxalate. The filtered and dried oxalate may be dissolved in acid and titrated with standard potassium permanganate solution. The method is accurate to 0·3% of melamine, and small quantities of cyanogen compounds related to melamine have been shown to have slight effect on the assay.
The oxidation of carbon by air. II. Catalytic effects in the oxidation of graphite, nuchar and sugar charcoal by air
Authors: Patai Saul , Rajbenbach L. , Hoffmann E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe oxidation by air of graphite, nuchar and sugar charcoal was studied in the presence of different catalysts. All reactions have been found to follow overall second‐order kinetics. Apparent activation energies of the uncatalysed oxidation and of the potassium carbonate‐catalysed oxidation have been determined.Salts of strongly basic character accelerate the reaction strongly with all substrates studied, whereas the other catalysts studied did not exhibit the regularities observed with carbon black. The activity of the first group is attributed to the acceleration of the breakdown of surface oxides and it is proposed that this reaction is not dependent on the original form of the carbon present. The action of other catalysts, which is due to the oxygen‐carrying ability of the anions, appears to depend on the physical and chemical properties of the carbon used.