bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un successeur de Bouguer : Étienne Bézout (1730-1783), commissaire et expert pour la marine
Authors: Alfonsi Liliane 
Published: June 2010

Résumé	Entré à l’Académie royale des sciences dès 1758, Étienne Bézout compte, parmi ses tâches, l’obligation d’étudier différents ouvrages et outils présentés à l’Académie. Si dès le début il se voit confier l’étude d’instruments relatifs à la navigation, cela s’amplifiera à partir de 1764, date à laquelle le duc de Choiseul, ministre de la Marine, charge Bézout de réorganiser la formation des officiers de ce corps.	Ses visites dans les ports pour faire passer les examens de la Marine l’amènent à appréhender concrètement les problèmes de la navigation. Cela lui vaudra d’être désigné pour juger la validité des critiques énoncées par l’hydrographe Étienne-Nicolas Blondeau à l’encontre du traité de pilotage de Pierre Bouguer. Par ailleurs, cette situation vaut à Bézout de devenir membre de l’Académie de marine de Brest et d’être un des responsables de son association avec l’Académie des sciences. Nous étudierons ces divers points.	Enfin, Bézout écrit en 1769 un Traité de navigation que nous pourrons comparer à l’ouvrage de Bouguer sur le même sujet.
L'européanisation des élections européennes ? Ce que nous apprennent les élections de juin 2009
Authors: Dupoirier Élisabeth 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Que nous apprennent les élections de juin 2009 sur l’européanisation des élections européennes ? Incitent-elles à remettre en cause au moins partiellement la bonne fortune du modèle des élections de second ordre qui minore la dimension supranationale de ces élections et entretient le doute quant aux représentations politiques que ce font les citoyens de l’arène parlementaire européenne ?
Le Parlement européen : l'irrésistible mouvement de conquête des pouvoirs
Authors: Massart-Piérard Françoise 
Published: June 2010

Résumé La construction de l’Europe est habitée par la permanence de paradoxes. S’agissant de son développement parlementaire, il en est un qui ne manque pas d’interpeller l’observateur : le Parlement européen ne cesse d’obtenir plus de pouvoir pour répondre au déficit démocratique de l’Union alors que les citoyens affichent une grande indifférence pour son élection. Le décalage entre le renforcement incessant du processus de légitimation formelle ou de droit conférée par les Traités au Parlement européen et la manière dont cette progression est saisie – au double sens de prendre et de comprendre – conduit à poser deux questions. Comment, pourquoi et grâce à qui cette montée en puissance ininterrompue du Parlement à l’intérieur du dispositif institutionnel de l’Union a-t-elle lieu ? À l’heure de la constitutionnalisation du processus de construction de l’Europe, qui ne s’opère pas sans heurt, jusqu’où le Parlement européen va-t-il dans son soutien ?
La nouvelle carte électorale du conservatisme européen
Authors: Alexandre-Collier Agnès , Jardin Xavier 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les élections européennes de juin 2009 ont vu la très nette victoire des partis de la droite modérée. Cette nouvelle « vague bleue » si elle affirme l’hégémonie des droites sur les gauches, redessine aussi la carte du conservatisme européen. Dans un contexte de crise sociale et économique, ces résultats posent question : pourquoi les défenseurs du libéralisme économique réussissent si bien partout en Europe au détriment des forces progressistes ? Quelle est la « formule gagnante » qui peut-être explique leurs succès ?
Une vague Verte ?
Authors: Boy Daniel , Chiche Jean 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Depuis leur première entrée au Parlement Européen il y a aujourd’hui 25 ans, les Verts ont connu en Europe à la fois aux élections nationales et aux élections européennes des succès fort variables. On a souvent remarqué que les partis Verts obtenaient leurs meilleurs résultats dans les pays aisés du nord tandis qu’au sud et à l’est ils avaient plus de difficultés à s’implanter. Les résultats des Verts dans l’Union Européenne obtenus lors du scrutin de juin 2009 permettent ils de confirmer ces tendances ? Peut-on dessiner, d’autre part, un profil socio démographique type de l’électeur Vert d’aujourd’hui au niveau Européen ?
Les élections européennes de juin 2009 en France : des élections de second ordre ou de reclassement ?
Authors: Perrineau Pascal 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les élections européennes qui se sont tenues le 7 juin 2009 en France s’inscrivent dans une forte tension entre « nationalisation » et « européanisation ». En dépit d’une campagne atone et de faible intensité qui a débouché sur une participation faible, elles ont réservé quelques surprises par rapport à la classique logique des « élections intermédiaires ». Le parti majoritaire, l’UMP, et ses alliés se sont plutôt bien comportés. Le PS, principal parti d’opposition, s’est effondré au profit d’une force écologiste de poids presque équivalent. Enfin, les protestations extrémistes ne sont pas sorties renforcées du vote européen.
Les élections européennes de juin 2009 en Espagne : première apparition d'un vote sanction
Authors: Marcet Joan 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Le contexte des élections européennes de juin 2009 en Espagne a été marqué par l’installation progressive et profonde de la crise économique et une crise politique ouverte dès le début du second mandat du gouvernement socialiste de J. L. Rodríguez Zapatero en 2008. La campagne électorale de juin 2009 fut très polarisée sur l’affrontement entre les deux grands partis : PSOE et PP. Les résultats montrent un léger recul socialiste par rapport aux élections européennes de 2004, plus important dans les zones urbaines, profitant inégalement au PP selon les Communautés. Enfin pour la première fois s’est exprimé de façon claire dans des élections européennes un « vote sanction » contre le gouvernement, peu utilisé en Espagne jusqu’à présent.
Measurement of pH
Authors: Wiley Emily A. , Chakravarti Deb N. , Slade Kristin M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe measurement of pH is one of the most basic and necessary skills in a life science laboratory. The function and physical characteristics of biological molecules are highly sensitive to the pH of the environment. Common biological buffers must be prepared with the appropriate pH, usually close to neutral for most biological applications. This unit includes a discussion of the different pH instrumentation, notably pH electrodes. It also relates basic pH measurement theory to critical parameters for the technique, and covers the correct use, handling, and storage of pH instruments. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 3:3.2.1‐3.2.16. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approximate Dynamic Programming—II: Algorithms
Authors: Powell Warren B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractApproximate dynamic programming (ADP) is a powerful class of algorithmic strategies for solving stochastic optimization problems, where optimal decisions can be characterized using Bellman's optimality equation, but the characteristics of the problem make solving Bellman's equation computationally intractable. This brief article provides an introduction to the basic concepts of ADP, while building bridges between the different communities that have contributed to this field. We cover basic approximate value iteration (temporal difference learning), policy approximation, and a brief introduction to strategies for approximating value functions. We coverQ‐learning, and the use of the postdecision state for solving problems with vector‐valued decisions. The approximate linear programming method is introduced along with a discussion of step size selection issues. The presentation closes with a discussion of some practical issues that arise in the implementation of ADP techniques.
Common Failure Distributions
Authors: Upadhyay Satyanshu Kumar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFailure time or lifetime distributions are used to model the random variable representing the length of life of an item or organism under study, although it may not always be the length in strict sense. Numerous models have been proposed in the literature of failure time data analyses. However, since there are many physical or biological causes that individually or collectively become responsible for the failure of an item or an organism at any given instant, and since it is not generally possible to isolate these causes, the choice of a failure distribution is definitely an art. The present article briefly describes a few important models that are applicable in both engineering and biomedical sciences. Since the models are numerous and it requires several such pages to cover the details, attempt has been made to provide sufficient references for a supplemental reading.
Phase II trial of weekly bortezomib in combination with rituximab in untreated patients with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Ghobrial Irene M. , Xie Wanling , Padmanabhan Swaminathan , Badros Ashraf , Rourke Meghan , Leduc Renee , Chuma Stacey , Kunsman Janet , Warren Diane , Poon Tiffany , Harris Brianna , Sam Amy , Anderson Kenneth C. , Richardson Paul G. , Treon Steven P. , Weller Edie , Matous Jeffrey 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the activity and safety of weekly bortezomib and rituximab in patients with untreated Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM). Patients with no prior therapy and symptomatic disease were eligible. Patients received bortezomib IV weekly at 1.6 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, q 28 days × 6 cycles, and rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly on cycles 1 and 4. Primary endpoint was the percent of patients with at least a minor response (MR). Twenty‐six patients were treated. At least MR was observed in 23/26 patients (88%) (95% CI: 70–98%) with 1 complete response (4%), 1 near‐complete response (4%), 15 partial remission (58%), and 6 MR (23%). Using IgM response evaluated by nephlometry, all 26 patients (100%) achieved at least MR or better. The median time to progression has not been reached, with an estimated 1‐year event free rate of 79% (95% CI: 53, 91%). Common grade 3 and 4 therapy related adverse events included reversible neutropenia in 12%, anemia in 8%, and thrombocytopenia in 8%. No grade 3 or 4 neuropathy occurred. The combination of weekly bortezomib and rituximab exhibited significant activity and minimal neurological toxicity in patients with untreated WM. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The communicative content of the common marmoset phee call during antiphonal calling
Authors: Miller Cory T. , Mandel Katherine , Wang Xiaoqin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractVocalizations are a dominant means of communication for numerous species, including nonhuman primates. These acoustic signals are encoded with a rich array of information available to signal receivers that can be used to guide species‐typical behaviors. In this study, we examined the communicative content of common marmoset phee calls, the species‐typical long distance contact call, during antiphonal calling. This call type has a relatively stereotyped acoustic structure, consisting of a series of long tonal pulses. Analyses revealed that calls could be reliably classified based on the individual identity and social group of the caller. Our analyses did not, however, correctly classify phee calls recorded under different social contexts, although differences were evident along individual acoustic parameters. Further tests of antiphonal calling interactions showed that spontaneously produced phee calls differ from antiphonal phee calls in their peak and end frequency, which may be functionally significant. Overall, this study shows that the marmoset phee call has a rich communicative content encoded in its acoustic structure available to conspecifics during antiphonal calling exchanges. Am. J. Primatol. 72:974–980, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twenty Hirsch index variants and other indicators giving more or less preference to highly cited papers
Authors: Schreiber M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Hirsch index or h‐index is widely used to quantify the impact of an individual's scientific research output, determining the highest number h of a scientist's papers that received at least h citations. Several variants of the index have been proposed in order to give more or less preference to highly cited papers. I analyse the citation records of 26 physicists discussing various suggestions, in particular A, e, f, g, h(2), hw, hT, ħ, m, π, R, s, t, w, and maxprod. The total number of all and of all cited publications as well as the highest and the average number of citations are also compared. Advantages and disadvantages of these indices and indicators are discussed. Correlation coefficients are determined quantifying which indices and indicators yield similar and which yield more deviating rankings of the 26 datasets. For 6 datasets the determination of the indices and indicators is visualized.
Enhancement of the tensile retraction properties of a styrenic block copolymer by melt blending with PA6
Authors: Ryan Donal , Farrell Joseph B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractStyrene–ethylene‐propylene–styrene triblock copolymer (SEPS), a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) was blended with polyamide‐6 (PA6) in an attempt to improve the retraction properties of the TPE. A maximum loading of 30 wt % of polyamide was incorporated into SEPS using twin‐screw compounding. Various reactive compatibilisers were also incorporated at a maximum loading of 10 wt %. The blends were evaluated in terms of their tensile, dynamic mechanical, and rheological behavior. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to study the effect of blending variables on the tensile properties of the blends. Complex interactions between these variables were identified using this approach. It was shown that by incorporating PA6 into SEPS, in conjunction with a compatibilizer, blends with superior retraction properties and increased tensile strength could be obtained. A mean hysteresis of 54.2 ± 0.7% was recorded for a blend containing 5 wt % PA6 and 4 wt % compatibilizer compared to 58.5 ± 0.5% for virgin SEPS. The tensile strength of this blend was almost 75% higher than virgin SEPS. Further evidence of the benefit of incorporating a reactive compatibilizer was the absence of a distinct polyamide relaxation in the dynamic mechanical thermograms for the compatibilized blends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Oxidative coupling of 2,6‐dimethylphenol catalyzed by copper(II) complexes in aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Ying , Pang Qin‐Hui , Meng Xiang‐Guang , Liu Fu‐Rong , Li Jian‐Mei , Du Juan , Hu Chang‐Wei 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe oxidative coupling reaction of 2,6‐dimethylphenol (DMP) with H2O2 catalyzed by four copper(II) complexes was investigated in Tris‐HNO3 buffer solution at 25°C. The kinetics of formation of diphenoquinone (DPQ, 4‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxo‐2,5‐cyclohexadienylidene)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐2,5‐cyclohexadienone) from DMP was studied in detail. The kinetic parameters k2 and Km were obtained in the pH range of 6.0–9.0. The copper(II) complexes exhibited the optimal catalytic activity at around pH 7.0. The pH effect was reasonably explicated by the catalytic kinetic model suggested in this work. The catalytic mechanism was discussed. The deprotonized associated radical LCuI(OH−)‐•OOH was suggested as the possible predominant species to oxidize DMP. The CC and CO coupling products were analyzed and the ratio of poly (2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) (PPE) to DPQ was also evaluated. Both in weak acidic (pH < 6.5) and in alkaline aqueous solution (pH > 8) were suitable to the CO coupling reaction in our catalytic systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Natural rubber with low heat generation achieved by the inclusion of boron carbide
Authors: Weng Gengsheng , Huang Guangsu , Qu Liangliang , Zhang Peng , Nie Yijing , Wu Jingrong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNatural rubber with low heat generation was prepared by the inclusion of boron carbide (B4C). Tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermal constant analysis were performed. The results show that a slight deterioration of tensile strength only occurred at a high volume content (>20 vol %). The thermal conductivity increased for the formation of well‐maintained B4C thermal conductive pathways. SEM images and theoretical analysis demonstrated that the specific area of B4C was small and the interfacial activity was low. Infrared thermal images taken by the infrared camera proved the low heat generation of the composites, which originated from the high thermal conductivity and the weak interface. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
An Effective Preparation of Sulfonyl‐ or Sulfinyl‐Substituted Fluorinated Alkenes and their Stereoselective Addition–Elimination Reactions with Organocuprates
Authors: Yamada Shigeyuki , Shimoji Kanoko , Takahashi Toshio , Konno Tsutomu , Ishihara Takashi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTreatment of trifluorovinyl‐ or pentafluoropropen‐1‐yl sulfone or sulfoxide, which are easily prepared from commercially available 1,2‐dibromofluoroalkanes, with various organocuprates affords substitution or β‐reduction products in good to excellent yields through an addition–elimination reaction sequence.
A Series of Novel Organically Templated Germanium Antimony Sulfides
Authors: Feng Mei‐Ling , Xiong Wei‐Wei , Ye Dong , Li Jian‐Rong , Huang Xiao‐Ying 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA series of novel organically templated germanium antimony sulfides have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally, thermally, and optically characterized. The compound [Me2NH2]6[(Ge2Sb2S7)(Ge4S10)] (1) features two distinct tetranuclear [Ge2Sb2S7]2− and [Ge4S10]4− isolated clusters. The compound [(Me)2NH2][DabcoH]2[Ge2Sb3S10] (2) (Dabco=triethylenediamine) features a 1D‐[Ge2Sb3S10]n3n− ribbon constructed with two [GeSbS5]n3n− chains bridged by Sb3+ ion in ψ‐SbS4 configuration. Compounds [M(en)3][GeSb2S6] (M=Ni (3), Co (4) en=ethylenediamine) feature the unique 2D grid layer structures of [GeSb2S6]n2n−. The compound [(Me)2NH2]2[GeSb2S6] (5) previously reported by us features a 3D chiral microporous structure with the chiral channels. The optical absorption spectra indicate that all the compounds are wide bandgap semiconductors. Thermal stabilities of these compounds have been investigated by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA).
Maternal‐placental insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling and its importance to normal embryo‐fetal development
Authors: Bowman Christopher J. , Streck Randal D. , Chapin Robert E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAs background for an antibody‐based therapeutic program against the IGF receptor, we undertook a review of available information on the early pregnancy‐specific regulation and localization of IGFs, IGF‐binding proteins (BPs), IGFBP‐specific proteases, and the type 1 IGF receptor relative to placental maintenance, function of placental nutrient transporters, placental cellular differentiation/turnover/apoptosis, and critical hormone signaling needed to maintain pregnancy. Possible adverse outcomes of altered IGF signaling include prenatal loss, fetal growth retardation, and maldevelopment are also discussed. It appears that the IGF axes in both the conceptus and mother are important for normal embryo‐fetal growth. Thus, all molecules (i.e., both small and large) that disrupt the IGF axis could be expected to have some degree of fetal consequences. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:339–349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development in the cynomolgus macaque following administration of ustekinumab, a human anti‐il‐12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Martin Pauline L. , Sachs Clifford , Imai Noritaka , Tsusaki Hideshi , Oneda Satoru , Jiao Qun , Treacy George 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ustekinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of interleukin (IL) 12 and IL‐23 and inhibits their pharmacological activity. To evaluate potential effects of ustekinumab treatment during pregnancy, developmental studies were conducted in cynomolgus macaques. METHODS: Ustekinumab was tested in two embryo/fetal development (EFD) studies and in a combined EFD/pre and postnatal development (PPND) study. In the EFD studies, pregnant macaques (12/group) were dosed with saline or ustekinumab (9 mg/kg IV, 22.5 mg/kg SC, or 45 mg/kg IV or SC during the period of major organogenesis, gestation day [GD] 20–50). Fetuses were harvested on GD100–102 and examined for any effects on development. In the EFD/PPND study, pregnant macaques were injected with saline or ustekinumab (22.5 or 45 mg/kg SC) from GD20 through lactation day 33. Infants were examined from birth through 6 months of age for morphological and functional development. Potential effects on the immune system were evaluated by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes and immunohistopathology of lymphoid tissues in fetuses and infants and by T‐dependent antibody response (TDAR) to KLH and TTX and by DTH response in infants. Ustekinumab concentrations were measured in serum from dams, fetus, and infants and in breast milk. RESULTS: Ustekinumab treatment produced no maternal toxicity and no toxicity in the fetuses or infants, including no effects on the TDAR or DTH responses. Ustekinumab was present in serum from GD100 fetuses and was present in infant serum through day 120 post‐birth. Low levels of ustekinumab were present in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of macaque fetuses and infants to ustekinumab had no adverse effects on pre‐ and postnatal development. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:351–363, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk for radiation‐induced cataract for staff in interventional cardiology: Is there reason for concern?
Authors: Ciraj‐Bjelac Olivera , Rehani Madan M. , Sim Kui Hian , Liew Houng Bang , Vano Eliseo , Kleiman Norman J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives: To examine the prevalence of radiation‐associated lens opacities among interventional cardiologists and nurses and correlate with occupational radiation exposure. Background: Interventional cardiology personnel are exposed to relatively high levels of X‐rays and based on recent findings of radiation‐associated lens opacities in other cohorts, they may be at risk for cataract without use of ocular radiation protection. Methods: Eyes of interventional cardiologists, nurses, and age‐ and sex‐matched unexposed controls were screened by dilated slit lamp examination and posterior lens changes graded using a modified Merriam‐Focht technique. Individual cumulative lens X‐ray exposure was calculated from responses to a questionnaire and personal interview. Results: The prevalence of radiation‐associated posterior lens opacities was 52% (29/56, 95% CI: 35–73) for interventional cardiologists, 45% (5/11, 95% CI: 15–100) for nurses, and 9% (2/22, 95% CI: 1–33) for controls. Relative risks of lens opacity was 5.7 (95% CI: 1.5–22) for interventional cardiologists and 5.0 (95% CI: 1.2–21) for nurses. Estimated cumulative ocular doses ranged from 0.01 to 43 Gy with mean and median values of 3.4 and 1.0 Gy, respectively. A strong dose–response relationship was found between occupational exposure and the prevalence of radiation‐associated posterior lens changes. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a dose dependent increased risk of posterior lens opacities for interventional cardiologists and nurses when radiation protection tools are not used. While study of a larger cohort is needed to confirm these findings, the results suggest ocular radio‐protection should be utilized. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.