bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic wind turbine output power reduction under varying wind speed conditions due to inertia
Authors: Tang Chun , Soong Wen L. , Freere Peter , Pathmanathan Mehanathan , Ertugrul Nesimi 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe inertia of wind turbines causes a reduction in their output power due to their inability to operate at the turbine maximum co‐efficient of performance point under dynamic wind conditions. In this paper, this dynamic power reduction is studied analytically and using simulations, assuming that a steady‐state optimal torque control strategy is used.The concepts of the natural and actual turbine time‐constant are introduced, and typical values for these parameters are examined. It is shown that for the typical turbine co‐efficient of performance curve used, the average turbine speed can be assumed to be determined by the average wind speed. With this assumption, analytical expressions for the power reduction with infinite and then finite turbine inertia are determined for sine‐wave wind speed variations. The results are then generalized for arbitrary wind speed profiles.A numerical wind turbine system simulation model is used to validate the analytical results for step and sine‐wave wind speed variations. Finally, it is used with real wind speed data to compare with the analytical predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Appendicitis in a Developing Country
Authors: Kong Victor Y. , Bulajic Bojana , Allorto Nikki L. , Handley Jonathan , Clarke Damian L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis prospective audit of appendicitis at a busy regional hospital reviews the spectrum and outcome of acute appendicitis in rural and peri‐urban South Africa.MethodWe conducted a prospective audit from September 2010 to September 2011 at Edendale Hospital in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.ResultsOver the year under review, a total of 200 patients with a provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis were operated on at Edendale Hospital. There were 128 males (64 %) in this cohort. The mean duration of illness prior to seeking medical attention was 3.7 days. Surgical access was by a midline laparotomy in 62.5 % and by a Lanz incision in 35.5 %. Two percent of patients underwent a laparoscopic appendicectomy. The operative findings were as follows: macroscopic inflammation of the appendix without perforation in 35.5 % (71/200) and perforation of the appendix in 57 % (114/200). Of the perforated appendices, 44 % (51/114) were associated with localised intra‐abdominal contamination and 55 % (63/114) had generalised four‐quadrant soiling. Thirty percent (60/200) required temporary abdominal closure (TAC) with planned repeat operation. Major complications included hospital‐acquired pneumonia in 12.5 % (25/200), wound dehiscence in 7 % (14/200), and renal failure in 3 % (6/200). Postoperatively 89.5 % (179/200) were admitted directly to the general wards, while 11 % (21/200) required admission to the intensive care unit. The overall mortality rate was 2 % (4/200).ConclusionsThe incidence of acute appendicitis amongst African patients seems to be increasing. Although it is still lower than the reported incidence amongst patients in the developed world, it is a common emergency that places a significant burden on the South African health service. The disease presents late and is associated with a high incidence of perforation which translates into significant morbidity and even mortality.
Gallstones Are Associated with Colonic Adenoma: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Chiong Corinna , Cox Michael R. , Eslick Guy D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundIncreased levels of secondary bile acids after gallstone disease and cholecystectomy are believed to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. It remains unclear whether there is a similar risk of developing adenomas. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine the risk of developing colonic adenomas following gallstone disease or cholecystectomy.MethodsThe study was based on a systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents (1950–2012). Selection criteria were developed to sort for studies exploring the relationship between cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy, and colonic adenoma in an adult population. A random‐effects model was used to generate pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Publication bias and heterogeneity were assessed.ResultsOf the 1,276 studies identified, 14 were suitable for final analysis. There were 253,059 subjects in total, 42,543 of whom were diagnosed with colonic adenoma, and 28,281 of whom had gallstones or underwent cholecystectomy. There was a significant risk of developing colonic adenoma if gallstones were present (OR = 2.26; 95 % CI = 1.83–2.81). A risk was also seen with cholecystectomy (OR = 1.15; 95 % CI = 1.04–1.26), but this risk was negated when only adjusted odds were selected (OR = 1.01; 95 % CI = 0.91–1.12). No publication bias and only low levels of heterogeneity existed.ConclusionsGallstones increase the risk of colonic adenoma. No association exists with cholecystectomy.
Effect of Organic Additives on the Phase Separation Phenomenon of Amphiphilic Drug Solutions
Authors: Rub Malik Abdul , Asiri Abdullah M. , Kumar Dileep , Khan Anish , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Azum Naved , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of various organic additives, viz. sugars, ureas, alcohols, hydrotropes and bile salts on the clouding (phase separation) phenomenon of the amphiphilic antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride was investigated in the present study. All sugars lowered the cloud point (CP) due to their water structure‐making property. Urea and alkylureas were found to lower the CP. In contrast, thioureas increased the CP slightly, but the presence of methyl group(s) had a similar effect in alkylureas. Short chain alcohols affected the CP insignificantly while higher ones decreased it, and medium chain alcohols showed peak behavior. Addition of hydrotropes and bile salts increased the CP at lower concentrations, while a decrease was observed at higher concentrations (like the medium chain alcohols). In addition, thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated but only for those additives which formed mixed micelles with the drug.
Infant nutrition in relation to eating behaviour and fruit and vegetable intake at age 5 years
Authors: Möller Lisanne M. , de Hoog Marieke L. A. , van Eijsden Manon , Gemke Reinoud J. B. J. , Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. 
Published: May 2012

Infant nutrition may influence eating behaviour and food preferences in later life. The present study explores whether exclusive breast-feeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods are associated with children's eating behaviour and fruit and vegetable intake at age 5 years. Data were derived from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands, and included 3624 children. During infancy, data on infant nutrition were collected. Child eating behaviour (satiety responsiveness, enjoyment of food, slowness in eating and food responsiveness) was assessed with the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire; and fruit and vegetable intake was calculated from a validated child FFQ. Both questionnaires were filled in by the mothers after their child turned 5 years. Exclusive breast-feeding duration was not associated with later eating behaviour, although longer exclusive breast-feeding was significantly associated with a higher vegetable intake at age 5 years. Compared with the introduction of solid foods at age 6 months, introduction before the age of 4 months was associated with less satiety responsiveness at age 5 years (β − 0·09; 95 % CI − 0·16, − 0·02). Introducing solid foods after 6 months was associated with less enjoyment of food (β − 0·07; 95 % CI − 0·12, − 0·01) and food responsiveness (β − 0·04; 95 % CI − 0·07, − 0·01). Introducing solid foods before the age of 4 months was associated with a higher fruit intake compared with introduction at 6 months. These findings suggest that prolonged breast-feeding and introduction of solid foods between 4 and 6 months may lead to healthier eating behaviour and food preferences at age 5 years.
Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis-based equations for estimation of body composition in postpartum rural Bangladeshi women
Authors: Shaikh Saijuddin , Schulze Kerry J. , Kurpad Anura , Ali Hasmot , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Mehra Sucheta , Wu Lee S.-F. , Rashid Mahbubar , Labrique Alain B. , Christian Parul , West Keith P. 
Published: May 2012

Equations for predicting body composition from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters are age-, sex- and population-specific. Currently there are no equations applicable to women of reproductive age in rural South Asia. Hence, we developed equations for estimating total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass in rural Bangladeshi women using BIA, with 2H2O dilution as the criterion method. Women of reproductive age, participating in a community-based placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation, were enrolled at 19·7 (sd 9·3) weeks postpartum in a study to measure body composition by 2H2O dilution and impedance at 50 kHz using multi-frequency BIA (n 147), and resistance at 50 kHz using single-frequency BIA (n 82). TBW (kg) by 2H2O dilution was used to derive prediction equations for body composition from BIA measures. The prediction equation was applied to resistance measures obtained at 13 weeks postpartum in a larger population of postpartum women (n 1020). TBW, FFM and fat were 22·6 (sd 2·7), 30·9 (sd 3·7) and 10·2 (sd 3·8) kg by 2H2O dilution. Height2/impedance or height2/resistance and weight provided the best estimate of TBW, with adjusted R2 0·78 and 0·76, and with paired absolute differences in TBW of 0·02 (sd 1·33) and 0·00 (sd 1·28) kg, respectively, between BIA and 2H2O. In the larger sample, values for TBW, FFM and fat were 23·8, 32·5 and 10·3 kg, respectively. BIA can be an important tool for assessing body composition in women of reproductive age in rural South Asia where poor maternal nutrition is common.
Complementarity of the Mini-Nutritional Assessment and Activities of Daily Living for predicting follow-up mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese
Authors: Tsai Alan C. , Lee Li-Chin , Wang Jiun-Yi 
Published: May 2012

Physical functional ability and nutritional status are two major indicators for predicting the risk of mortality in older adults. The present study examined the complementarity of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) for predicting follow-up 4-year all-cause mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese. We analysed data of the ‘Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan’, a population-based longitudinal cohort study which involved 2872 men and women of ≥ 65 years old at baseline (1999). We rated their functional dependency with the ADL scale and nutritional status with the MNA (both the long form, LF and the short form, SF) at baseline, and analysed the complementarity of the two scales in predicting follow-up 4-year all-cause mortality with Cox regression analysis and the net reclassification improvement (NRI) to quantify the improvement. The results showed that both ADL and MNA offered improvement in predicting follow-up mortality risk beyond that predicted by either one alone according to the Akaike information criterion and the NRI. The MNA-SF was nearly as effective as the MNA-LF in improving the predictive ability of the ADL. The present study suggests that the MNA (especially the SF because of its simplicity and time-saving feature) together with the ADL scale might be of value for predicting the mortality risk of frail elderly living in various settings.
The effects of prebiotics on the digestive enzymes and gut histomorphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops× M. saxatilis)
Authors: Anguiano Maritza , Pohlenz Camilo , Buentello Alejandro , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: May 2012

The effects of four prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharide, Bio-MOS®, transgalacto-oligosaccharide and GroBiotic®-A) on digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology were studied in juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) using two separate 8-week feeding trials. Red drum were fed experimental diets with the four prebiotics each individually supplemented at 1 % and hybrid striped bass were fed diets supplemented with GroBiotic®-A at 1 and 2 %. Both trials were conducted with each diet fed to apparent satiation twice per d to three replicate groups of fifteen juvenile fish. For histomorphological analysis, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples from three randomly selected fish per tank were taken at 4 and 8 weeks for hybrid striped bass and at 8 weeks for red drum. For both trials, GIT samples from two randomly selected fish per tank were taken at 4 and 8 weeks and analysed for pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, α-amylase, lipase, and both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. The results of the histological evaluation indicated that the inclusion of prebiotics was adequate to elicit structural changes in the GIT of both species. On the other hand, no significant changes in the enzyme activities were detected at week 8 in both species. However, there was a transient effect of Bio-MOS® supplementation on the activities of aminopeptidase, α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase at week 4 in red drum only. Thus, previously observed improvements in nutrient digestibility by these fish in response to prebiotic supplementation appear to be mostly related to changes in GIT structure as opposed to the enhancement of digestive enzyme activity.
Recent advances in methods of lexical semantic relatedness – a survey
Authors: ZHANG ZIQI , GENTILE ANNA LISA , CIRAVEGNA FABIO 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMeasuring lexical semantic relatedness is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is often a prerequisite to many complex NLP tasks. Despite an extensive amount of work dedicated to this area of research, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey in the field. This paper aims to address this issue with a study that is focused on four perspectives: (i) a comparative analysis of background information resources that are essential for measuring lexical semantic relatedness; (ii) a review of the literature with a focus on recent methods that are not covered in previous surveys; (iii) discussion of the studies in the biomedical domain where novel methods have been introduced but inadequately communicated across the domain boundaries; and (iv) an evaluation of lexical semantic relatedness methods and a discussion of useful lessons for the development and application of such methods. In addition, we discuss a number of issues in this field and suggest future research directions. It is believed that this work will be a valuable reference to researchers of lexical semantic relatedness and substantially support the research activities in this field.
Working Memory Capacity and Its Relation to Stroop Interference and Facilitation Effects in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Sung Jee Eun , Kim Jin Hee , Jeong Jee Hyang , Kang Heejin 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purposes of the study were to investigate (a) the task-specific differences in short-term memory (STM) and working memory capacity (WMC) in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal elderly adults (NEAs), (b) the Stroop interference and facilitation effects, and (c) the relationship of STM and WMC to the Stroop effects.MethodThirty-two individuals participated in the study (n= 16 for each group). WMC demands were increased using a computerized Stroop-like token task to add more linguistic units. Six STM and WMC measures were administered overall.ResultsDigit-related tasks and an alphabet span task sensitively differentiated individuals with MCI from the NEA group. The group with MCI exhibited greater Stroop interference effects than the NEA group, but the 2 groups did not exhibit different Stroop facilitation effects. WMC significantly predicted performance on the response time analyses but not on the error rate analyses.ConclusionTask-specific differences emerged in the group with MCI, and a reduced WMC accounts for the impaired inhibitory and goal maintenance processes. It is critical that WMC demands be systematically manipulated to tax individuals' WMC in a way that can clearly demonstrate their deficits, especially in individuals who are at risk for clinically demented states.
Risk of Predation, Variation in Dissolved Oxygen, and their Impact upon Habitat Selection Decisions by Fathead Minnow
Authors: Abrahams Mark V. , Sloan Jennifer 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRecent laboratory experiments suggest that for some species, an inverse relationship exists between body size and tolerance to hypoxic environments. Since most predator–prey relationships that involve fish require predators to be significantly larger than their prey, it is possible that the smaller prey may exploit their greater tolerance to hypoxic environments and seek such environments as a refuge from their predators. We conducted experiments that provided individually identified prey (fathead minnowPimephales promelas) with three environments that varied in the level of dissolved oxygen. The environments also contained a single live predator (yellow perchPerca flavescens), thus requiring the fathead minnow to make habitat selection decisions involving the risk of predation. By using individuals whose movements could be tracked with passive integrated transponder tags, we demonstrated that initially the prey preferentially occupied locations with lower dissolved oxygen and that such locations successfully excluded the predator. Through time, the predator became capable of using these environments, diminishing the effectiveness of low dissolved oxygen as a refuge against predators. We discuss potential mechanisms for our results and discuss environmental characteristics that would generate physiological predation refuges.
Ability of an Antibiogram to Predict Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility to Targeted Antimicrobials Based on Hospital Day of Isolation
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Miller Becky , Marfatia Ruchit , Drew Richard 
Published: May 2012

Objective.To determine the utility of an antibiogram in predicting the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to targeted antimicrobial agents based on the day of hospitalization the specimen was collected.Design.Single-center retrospective cohort study.Setting.A 750-bed tertiary care medical center.Patients and Methods.Isolates from consecutive patients with at least 1 clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa from January 1, 2000, to June 30, 2007, were included. A study antibiogram was created by determining the overall percentages of P. aeruginosa isolates susceptible to amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem-cilastin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycin during the study period. Individual logistic regression models were created to determine the day of infection after which the study antibiogram no longer predicted susceptibility to each antibiotic.Results.A total of 3,393 isolates were included. The antibiogram became unreliable as a predictor of susceptibility to ceftazidime, imipenem-cilastin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycin after day 10 and ciprofloxacin after day 15 but longer for gentamicin (day 21) and amikacin (day 28). Time to unreliability of the antibiogram varied for antibiotics based on location of isolation. For example, the time to unreliability of the antibiogram for ceftazidime was 5 days (95% confidence interval [CI], <1–8) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and 12 days (95% CI, 7–21) in non-ICU hospital wards (P = .003).Conclusions.The ability of the antibiogram to predict susceptibility of P. aeruginosa decreases as duration of hospitalization increases.
Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Neu Natalie , Plaskett Theresa , Hutcheon Gordon , Murray Meghan , Southwick Karen L. , Saiman Lisa 
Published: May 2012

Background.Viral respiratory pathogens cause outbreaks in pediatric long-term care facilities (LTCFs), but few studies have used viral diagnostic testing to identify the causative pathogens. We describe the use of such testing during a prolonged period of respiratory illness and elucidate the epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) at our LTCF.Design.Retrospective study of influenza-like illness (ILI).Setting.A 136-bed pediatric LTCF from January 1 through April 30, 2010.Methods.The ILI case definition included fever, cough, change in oropharyngeal secretions, increase in oxygen requirement, and/or wheezing.Results.During the study period, 69 episodes of ILI occurred in 61 (41%) of 150 residents. A viral pathogen was detected in 27 (39%) of the episodes, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 3), influenza A virus (not typed; n = 2), parainfluenza virus (n = 2), adenovirus (n = 1), and hMPV (n = 19). Twenty-seven of the residents with ILI (44%) required transfer to acute care hospitals (mean length of hospitalization, 12 days; range, 3–47 days). Residents with tracheostomies were more likely to have ILI (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.99 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.87–8.53]; P = .0004). The mortality rate for residents with ILI was 1.6%. Residents with hMPV were younger (P = .03), more likely to be transferred to an acute care facility (OR, 3.73 [95% CI, 1.17–11.95]; P = .02), and less likely to have a tracheostomy (adjusted OR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.047–0.757]; P = .02).Discussion.Diverse pathogens, most notably hMPV, caused ILI in our pediatric LTCF during a prolonged period of time. Viral testing was helpful in characterizing the epidemiology of ILI in this population.
The Utility of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Scores for Prediction of Mortality among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Non-ICU Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Stevens Vanessa , Lodise Thomas P. , Tsuji Brian , Stringham Meagan , Butterfield Jill , Ashley Elizabeth Dodds , Brown Kristen , Forrest Alan , Brown Jack 
Published: May 2012

Objective.Bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been associated with significant risk of in-hospital mortality. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score was developed and validated for use among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but its utility among non-ICU patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of APACHE II to predict death at multiple time points among ICU and non-ICU patients with MRSA bacteremia.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Participants.Secondary analysis of data from 200 patients with MRSA bacteremia at 2 hospitals.Methods.Logistic regression models were constructed to predict overall in-hospital mortality and mortality at 48 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days using APACHE II scores separately in ICU and non-ICU patients. The performance of APACHE II scores was compared with age adjustment alone among all patients. Discriminatory ability was assessed using the c-statistic and was compared at each time point using X2 tests. Model calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.Results.APACHE II was a significant predictor of death at all time points in both ICU and non-ICU patients. Discrimination was high in all models, with c-statistics ranging from 0.72 to 0.84, and was similar between ICU and non-ICU patients at all time points. APACHE II scores significantly improved the prediction of overall and 48-hour mortality compared with age adjustment alone.Conclusions.The APACHE II score may be a valid tool to control for confounding or for the prediction of death among ICU and non-ICU patients with MRSA bacteremia.