bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International trauma training: teaching and evaluating physicians in a cross cultural setting
Authors: Sisley A , Marcolini E , El Shinawi M , McCunn M , El-Setouhy M , Scalea T , Hirshon J M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundTrauma is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Training and evaluation of physicians trauma skills and knowledge is more difficult in cross cultural settings due to language and educational custom barriers.MethodsOver 18 months, 124 Egyptian physicians participated in a U.S./Egypt jointly developed 5 day training course taught in English, teaching assessment and management of trauma patients Sequential Trauma Education Programs. Participants were evaluated with four Objective Structured Clinical Evaluations (OSCE) composed of critical and noncritical elements and multiple choice examination (MC). Performance on the two testing modalities was compared. Students completed a post course survey evaluating the course.ResultsOf the 124 participants, 110 (88.7%) scored >70% on the MC. Of 115 participants with complete OSCE, 67 (58.3%) passed all critical OSCE components on first attempt. Overall correlation coefficient for the total scores on all four OSCEs and the complete MC was r=0.18. Using a Likert scale survey respondents (N=116) scored the OSCE higher than the MC in terms of usefulness in helping them learn the material (9.1 vs 8.3, p<0.001), accurately testing skills and knowledge (8.3 vs 7.7, p<0.005). 114 respondents, 57 preferred OSCEs, 9 preferred MC and 48 had no preference.ConclusionsPoor correlation between OSCE and MC scores indicates that standard using a multiple choice exam may inadequately assess students in a cross cultural setting. Consideration must be given to alternate evaluation tools to optimise training.
Safe Baby university
Authors: Rosenthal K , Smith S J , Moss J , Schwenn R , Davis R , Cain-Martin L 
Published: March 2011

PurposeUnsafe sleep is the number one killer of children from 1 month to 1 year of age. In Wayne County, infants are at high risk for death due to unsafe sleep. Detroit has the highest infant mortality in Michigan.MethodsSafe Baby university addresses the lack of knowledge that parents/caregivers have regarding unsafe sleep and other top causes of injury and death for infants, including child passenger safety, nutrition, fire/burn and preventing shaken baby. Participants learn safe sleep practices including risk factors for unsafe sleep, the correct installation/proper use of child restraints, how to mix formula correctly, discussions about what to do when your baby will not stop crying and how to assess home for fire and burn hazards. Skill stations are used for teaching. Additionally, if their home needs smoke/carbon monoxide alarms, families sign-up to have them installed free of charge (CDC SAIFE grant). At the conclusion of the class, families receive one free car seat or pack'n play.ResultsThe pretest is composed of 18 questions; seven personal information questions, six questions based on the injury prevention topics, with five specifically related to safe sleep. The post-test is comprised of 19 questions. The pretest average score was 77%. The post test average score was 90.9%. Showing an overall increase of 18%. The increase in post-test score is statistically significant using a CI of 95% we obtained z-score of 2.29.
The safety of Nigerian roads
Authors: Osawe E , Osawe G 
Published: March 2011

The paper attempts to look into the causes of road crashes leading to deaths on African roads with Nigeria, Bode Saadu road as a case study. It falls along the major highway linking the Southern Seaports with the Northern part of the country. It has been listed as one of the 23 most dangerous roads in the world. The paper also enumerates causes of crashes in the country. It also looks at the establishment of the Federal Road Safety Corps as the Federal Government lead agency and its proffered solution and resolve to reduce the occurrence of road traffic crashes and its severity through the use of the 6Es intervention strategies approach. The road factor remains an important issue in road safety in Nigeria.EnvironmentalThis study shows that the roads are in a state of disrepair with rough and undulating surfaces, bridges require maintenance, dangerous spots, Traffic on the roads far exceeds the original designs.MechanicalThe roads are dotted with broken down heavy duty vehicles without warning sign, use of expired tyres etc.HumanIt was shown that human factor determines violations which are causes of crashes. The proper licensing of drivers and vehicles is a key to safety and security. It is expected that with the solution proffered about 13% reduction in crashes casualties can be achieved. FRSC has a 6-point approach to the problem called 6Es: Engineering, Enlightenment, Environment, Education, Enforcement, Evaluation: Methodology of study entails the administration of questionnaires, diagnostic interview and data analysis.
Bringing peace education to youth via independent radio in Nigeria
Authors: Onazi O , Valenti M , Swomen H E , John I 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionRadio, the major source of news and information in Nigeria, is largely controlled by the state. Broadcasting objective content, and supporting independent radio stations, is warranted. Medical student members of the Nigerian affiliate of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War were inspired to bring information about health approaches to violence prevention to radio listeners who had endured periodic ethno-religious and political violence in Jos.ObjectivesTo use the pilot program Bringing Peace to the People on the independent Silverbird Rhythm 93.7 to conduct a preliminary assessment of listener response to a radio peace initiative.Materials and MethodsThe program included interactive sessions by health professionals who presented evidence-based information and answered questions on such topics: Small Arms, Violence and Public Health; and Youth, Violence and Health. A sample of 25 listeners comments was used to assess public response, received via text messaging and telephones.Results92% (n=23) had a better understanding about violence prevention as a result of the program; 84% (n=21) commended it; 4% (n=1) suggested auditioning of presenters; 8% (n=2) stated the need for more hands in the pursuit of peace; 4% (n=1) believed the older people should be enlisted in peace efforts. Three youth groups indicated a strong interest in partnership.Discussion and ConclusionInitial responses encouraged the authors to continue to develop additional programs on violence prevention. However, integration of regular station-sponsored radio programs supported by advertisements will enhance long-term sustainability of such endeavours.
Linking trauma registry injury data with national injury compensation data – opportunities for public health action in New Zealand
Authors: Kool B , Jackson C , Civil I , Dansey R , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundTrauma registries can play a key role in quality assurance and planning of trauma care. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and utility of linking data from a trauma registry to the national injury compensation scheme to estimate the impact of major trauma beyond the hospitalisation.MethodsUsing a deterministic linkage approach that included the unique national master patient index number, trauma registry data from adult patients admitted for acute care to Auckland City Hospital over a 22 month period (1 April 2006 to 31 January 2008) was linked to Accident Compensation Corporation data. Descriptive analysis investigated the quality, potential biases and the utility of this approach to achieve the study aims.ResultsA successful link was achieved for 72.4% (n=1520/2099) of trauma patients meeting the study criteria. Factors affecting the success of linkage included: ethnicity, TRISS scores, admission duration, and survival to discharge. Eighty-three percent of patients with linked data had returned to work within 12 months of injury. Those most likely to receive compensated time off work included machinery operators/drivers, and those injured due to land transport accidents. Cases least likely to have returned to work at 3 months were labourers, those injured in land transport incidents, and cases with ISS >15.ConclusionsHigh quality, robust data linkage that, in the future, also includes probabilistic approaches, have the potential to inform priority setting in injury prevention, and aid in evaluating the quality and effectiveness of acute trauma care and rehabilitation services.
Health status of workers of the mining industry Erdenet in Mongolia
Authors: Otgon G 
Published: March 2011

AimThe aim of our research work is to examine the respiratory system of the workers in the mining industry Erdenet of Mongolia.ObjectivesTo prepare FAQ for revealing respiratory diseases. To determine the lung expiratory volumes by Spiro meters.MethodsWe conducted a survey about FAQ of the respiratory tract using a modified questionnaire of European countries. Respiratory volume was revealed by common method, Spiro meters.ResultsA survey was conducted among 1016 people, aged 20–59 (average 38.3+0.24) and they have worked from 1 year to 45 years in the mining industry. 18% of them have worked 1–5 years, 20.1% - 6–10 years, 23.5% - 11–15 years, 10.4% - 16–20 years, 24.1% - 21–25 years, 6% - more than 26 years. We revealed symptom of cough and taxypnoe among workers who have worked there for 5–10 years by questionnaire. By Spirometer 43 people diagnosed with asthma, 76 people with bronchitis. 11% of the people had asthma after working for 20–25 years, 4.8% - 26–30 years, 16.7% - 31–35 years, 38.1% - 36–40 years, 21.4% - 41–45 years, 7.1% - more than 45 years. More frequency of bronchitis was revealed among workers who worked more than 10 years.ConclusionWe observed that the most frequently diseases among the workers are bronchitis and asthma. They usually have bronchitis after working 10 years, asthma after working 30 years.
Road safety
Authors: Zavareh D K , Bigdeli M , Mohammadi R , Khaneh H R , Laflamme L , Bikmoradi A , Haglund B J A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries are a major public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Postcrash management can play a significant role in minimising crash consequences and saving lives. Iran has one of the highest mortalities from road traffic injuries in the world. The present study attempts to fill the knowledge gap and explores stakeholders' perceptions of barriers to and facilitators of effective postcrash management in Iranian regions.MethodsThirty-six semistructured interviews were conducted with medical services personnel, police officers, members of Red Crescent, firefighters, public-health professionals, road administrators; some road users and traffic injury victims. A qualitative approach using grounded theory method was employed to analyze the material gathered.ResultsThe core variable was identified as “poor quality of post crash management”. Barriers to effective postcrash management were identified as: involvement of laypeople, lack of coordination, inadequate prehospital services, shortcomings in infrastructure. Suggestions for laypeople included: (1) a public education campaign in first aid, the role of the emergency services, cooperation of the public at the crash site, and (2) target-group training for professional drivers, police officers and volunteers involved at the crash scene. An integrated trauma system and infrastructure improvement also is crucial to be considered for effective postcrash management.ConclusionTo sum up, it seems that the involvement of laypeople could be a key factor in making postcrash management more effective. But system improvements are also crucial, including the integration of the trauma system and its development in terms of human resources (staffing and training) and physical resources as well as the infrastructure development.
Determinants of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course
Authors: Ranney M L , Mello M J , Chai P S , Baird J , Clark M A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundHelmets significantly decrease morbidity and mortality from motorcycle crashes. Many areas of the world lack universal helmet laws. To educate motorcyclists in areas without helmet laws, more knowledge of motorcyclists belief systems are needed.MethodsA 29-question, web-based survey was designed to assess motorcyclists attitudes, norms and behaviours towards helmets in a state with a limited helmet law. Survey invitations were mailed to 2006–2008 registrants for the states required motorcycle safety course.Results414 surveys were completed; 68.4% of respondents reported always wearing a helmet. Compared with always-helmeted (AH), non-helmeted (NH) respondents were more likely to be male, less educated and reporting previous crashes. The strongest correlates of being NH (vs AH) were attitudes that helmets were not protective (6.7% vs 0.4%, p<0.001) and impaired sight/hearing (45.2% vs 3.8%, p<0.001); and normative beliefs that they'd only wear helmets if forced by law (43.9% vs 7.1%, p<0.001). Both groups felt crashes were serious and unavoidable. Overall, helmet use correlated more closely with attitudes than with norms.ConclusionsAmong respondents to this web-based survey, attitudes – especially whether helmets protect from injury and impair sight/hearing – were strong correlates of motorcycle helmet use. Because attitudes are often more easily changed than norms, education may increase helmet use. However, legislation may be a more efficient route, as 44% of non-helmeted said they would only wear a helmet if forced by law.
Traditional postdrowning rescue methods applied in Rural Bangladesh using 10 year verbal autopsy data
Authors: Borse N N , Hyder A A 
Published: March 2011

Children aged 1 to 4 years in Bangladesh are at the greatest risk of drowning. From the qualitative research, rural communities reported traditional postdrowning rescue methods.ObjectiveThe overall purpose of this study was to assess the postdrowning traditional rescue methods performed on the drowned child in Bangladesh.MethodsIn Matlab surveillance, village health workers collected unstructured verbal autopsy death forms for childhood drowning. These forms were translated and data were extracted into Microsoft Access. Data were analyzed using bi- and multi-variate to understand postimmersion rescue attempts performed on the drowned child.ResultsThere were total 489 children under age 5 years who died due to drowning from 1996 to 2005. Based on pilot analysis, only 4% of the time cardio-pulmonary resuscitation was attempted by the families. Spinning the child, applying pressure and messaging with oil/ash are the most common traditional practices utilised by the community. The odd of drowned boy taken to the medical doctors was significantly more than for the drowned girl. Girl was more likely to be tried with traditional rescue methods and or village health practitioner. Mothers education and household income showed positive effect on medical care seeking.DiscussionDependency of traditional rescue measures is highly prevalent in rural community. First rescue attempt performed on the drowned child is very decisive as the first few minutes are very critical. The community intervention can be designed to educate communities on the rescue methods and provide CPR training to family members.
Analysis of school based student injury surveillance project in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Li Z , Bitao Y , Tao L , Wu X , Dong G , Liu X 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristic of student injury in school, so as to provide scientific prevention strategy for student injury.MethodsThere were 20 school injury surveillance points chosen by cluster sampling in six districts of Shenzhen. The surveillance data were collected by school physician using injury report form, and send to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 1 September 2006 to 31 August 2009.ResultsDuring the three school years, there were 765 student injuries, 629 boys and 136 girls. Fall was the first injury type of student. The frequent body regions involved in student injuries was up limb (43.7%), lower limb (25.9%) and head (25.4%). Cut, bite, open wound (32.0%) and fracture (30.7%) were the most injury consequence, and the majority location of student injury occurred in school (73.9%). Almost student injuries were moderate and minor, and half of the medical cost was 101–500 RMB. The student injury was significant difference among school types, injury locations and body parts.ConclusionThe student injury surveillance based on school is good way to learn the natures of student injuries. Prevention strategies can be made according to these natures to reduce the student injuries in Shenzhen in the future.
Eating patterns and aggressive behaviour of schoolchildren in Morocco
Authors: Soualem A , Ahami A , Aboussaleh Y 
Published: March 2011

This epidemiological study was realised to investigate the determinants of schoolchilden eating behaviour. One regional and two local school samples were selected in the province of Kenitra North Western of Morocco among schoolchildren aged 8–16 years.MethodsThe main variables of interest were based on two types of evaluations. The first set is a psychological, behavioural and cognitive one. The second was based on anthropometric measurement (weight and size), a 24 h food recall, measurement of blood pressure and haemoglobin, serum ferritin and serum iron levels.ResultsAnthropometric information revealed in the regional sample 9.7% of overweight and 18% of underweight. A stunting prevalence was 17%. This study also revealed that 23.6% of children have attention deficit, 20% hyperactivity disorder and 10.6% reading or writing disorder. The local study revealed that 19.1% of schoolchildren were aggressive. This aggressive behaviour is related to reading and writing disorders and low academic performance. Food consumption pattern promotes the use of sweets in the street.ConclusionEating behaviour is modulated by cognitive, psychological, behavioural and nutritional factors. It appears that some eating disorders can be an issue of emotional disturbances in children and adults. These disorders caused by stressful emotionally troubled environment or mood disturbance. A cognitive deficits in particular caused by iron deficiency increase risk for disturbance balance leading to problems of environmental maladjustment.
Parental willingness to pay for child safety seats in Mashhad, Iran
Authors: Jarahi L , Karbakhsh M , Rashidian A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionRoad traffic injuries are the leading cause of years of life lost in Iran with the highest rate of road traffic crashes fatalities is the Middle East. Child safety seats (CSS) are not still necessitated by law in Iran. The purpose of this research was to determine the parental willingness to pay (WTP) for child restraints in Mashhad, the second most populated city in Iran with one of the highest rates of road traffic-related death in the country.MethodsWe surveyed 590 parents of kindergarten children who owned an automobile and were willing to participate in the study in the year 2009. They were asked about the maximum amount of money they were willing to pay for CSS. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was used for assessing WTP among parents.ResultsThe mean age of children was 33.5 months and 51% of them were female. The median parental WTP for CSS was estimated to be $15. Higher household economical status and higher parents educational grade were significantly associated with the amount of money they were willing to pay for CSS.DiscussionOur study showed that the median parental WTP was much lower than the actual price of this equipment and those who were of lower socio-economic class were less willing to pay. Community-based interventions to give advice on and lend/or CSS to these families can be recommended.
Hot tap water legislation in the U.S.
Authors: Chang A , Pressman M , Blank E , Peck M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTap-water scalding and its subsequent injuries are often preventable through simple measures such as reducing water heater thermostats to a maximum of 50°C or installing temperature-regulating valves. Yet a lack of public awareness of the risk, prevalence, and severity of scald burn injuries reduces prevention efforts. This study describes the current tap water legislation with the goal of facilitating advocacy groups and policy makers in their future efforts towards scald burn injury prevention.MethodsWe gathered and reviewed information from individual state legislative codes, model code organisations, and the CPSC; and conducted a scald-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours survey of 1003 US adults.ResultsLegislation in 47 states and the District of Columbia includes an administrative code concerning the regulation of tap-water temperature. Hospitals and related healthcare facilities often have their own building codes limiting the temperature of hot water supplied to patients. The majority of states also adopt a model plumbing code, developed primarily by one or two standards organisations. Amendments to code result in various code content, code edition used, and individualised state applications. Progress in uniformly standardising codes are impeded by widespread public ignorance regarding the importance of scald burn prevention.ConclusionsTap water scalds can be easily prevented if public awareness of their dangers is increased and a national standard for tap water temperature regulation is adopted and applied across counties and cities. Tap water scalds remain a serious public health issue that future investigation and legislation should address.
Changing patterns in attempted suicides: experience from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka
Authors: de Silva P , de Silva D , Jayasinghe S , de Alwis Seneviratne R , Abeyratne M , Rajapakse D , Mendis N 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo describe characteristics of patients admitted to National Hospital Sri Lanka (NHSL) following attempted suicide.MethodsTrained researchers identified all patients admitted following attempted suicide to NHSL from April 2002 to April 2003. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect relevant information.ResultsOf 1067 cases, 593 (55.6%) were females, 183 (61%) were less than 24 years of age, 609 (57.8%) single, 845 (83.9%) had received up to secondary education, and 448 (44.9%) were in full time employment. Mean duration of admission was 82.38 h. Case death rate was 4.6% (49 deaths). There were 965 (91.8%) deliberate self-poisoning among which 316 (30.1%) ingested pesticides; 222 (21.1%) non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics, 130 (12.4%) other drugs, 135 (12.8%) other noxious substances. Substances used in self-poisoning were 197 (20.4%) Paracetamol, 126 (13%) Run-rat, 41 (4.2%) Kerosene oil and 39 (4%) Diazepam. Two hundred and three (30%) were referred for psychiatric care and none to police.ConclusionSubstances used for attempted suicide have changed, with an increased use of medicines, in contrast to organophosphates reported as commonest substance in 1976. Paracetamol has emerged commonest substance and necessitates policies for minimising access to substance, along with developing guide-lines for management. A change in referral pattern was seen. An audit of records in 1994 indicated 90% of persons were referred to police, while in this study police referral was not observed and follows decriminalisation of attempted suicides.