bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcellular distribution of key enzymes of lipid metabolism during the euthermia‐hibernation‐arousal cycle
Authors: Suozzi Anna , Malatesta Manuela , Zancanaro Carlo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMammalian hibernation is a natural, fully reversible hypometabolic state characterized by a drastic reduction of body temperature and metabolic activity, which ensures survival to many species under adverse environmental conditions. During hibernation, many hibernators rely for energy supply almost exclusively on lipid reserves; the shift from carbohydrate to lipid metabolism implies profound rearrangement of the anabolic and catabolic pathways of energetic substrates. However, the structural counterpart of such adaptation is not known. In this study we investigated, by using immunoelectron microscopy, the fine intracellular distribution of two key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, namely, the fatty acid synthase (FAS) and the long‐chain fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase (ACSL), in hepatocytes of euthermic, hibernating and arousing hazel dormice. Our results show that the two enzymes are differentially distributed in cellular compartments (cytoplasm, mitochondria and cell nuclei) of hepatocytes during euthermia. Quantitative redistribution of both enzymes among cellular compartments takes place during hibernation and arousal, in accordance with the physiological changes. Interestingly, this redistribution follows different seasonal patterns in cytoplasm, mitochondria and nuclei. In conclusion, our data represent the first quantitative morphological evidence of lipid enzyme distribution in a true hibernator throughout the year cycle, thus providing a structural framework to biochemical changes associated with the hypometabolism of hibernation.
Influence of potassium sorbate on the growth of yeasts and moulds in yogurt
Authors: AL‐ASHMAWY MAHA A M , IBRAHIM JEHAN I 
Published: May 2009

Yeasts and moulds are little affected by low pH and may cause spoilage of yogurt during storage. In the present study, potassium sorbate was added as a preservative in concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. The unpreserved yogurt showed unfavourable characteristics: yeast and mould counts and acidity increased. The addition of potassium sorbate, however, inhibited yeast and mould levels, with normal characteristic properties extending more than 14 days. Potassium sorbate is thus seen as valuable for preserving yogurt.
The effects of carob juice concentrates on the properties of yoghurt
Authors: ATASOY AHMET FERIT 
Published: May 2009

Plain and fruit‐flavoured yoghurts were made by adding 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mL carob juice concentrate (CJC) portions to 100 mL milk. The titratable acidity, pH, viscosity, whey separation, yoghurt organisms and sensory properties were determined weekly over a period of 4 weeks. Addition of CJC caused an increase in the fermentation time and reduced viscosity and viable organisms, while increasing the pH and whey separation of the yoghurts (P < 0.05). A lack of sweetness was the main criticism of the yoghurts with 2.5 and 5.0 mL CJC, while those with 7.5 or 10.0 mL were mostly preferred by sensory panellists.
The distribution of Enterobacteriaceae and some pathogenic micro‐organisms in nonbranded white cheese samples sold in Ankara city
Authors: URAZ GÜVEN , BOLAT SERPIL , YILMAZ EBRU , SEZGİN EMEL 
Published: May 2009

In this research, 75 samples of nonbranded white cheese, presented for sale in small markets from various regions and bazaars in Ankara, were studied. Eighty‐six isolates, 71 of which are Gram‐negative isolates and 15 of which are Gram‐positive isolates, were obtained. These isolates were identified by using bioMérieux API20E and classical methods. Total mesophilic bacteria counts and total coliform bacteria counts were carried out for each white cheese sample. The total average mesophilic bacteria of 75 white cheese samples was 15.5 × 105 cfu/g and the total average coliform bacteria were 13.6 × 105 cfu/g.
Effect of protein content, casein–whey protein ratio and pH value on the foaming properties of skimmed milk
Authors: BORCHERDING KATJA , LORENZEN PETER C H R , HOFFMANN WOLFGANG 
Published: May 2009

The average bubble diameter (ABD) and density of skimmed milk foam decreased with increasing protein content, up to 4%, while drainage was widely comparable. Samples with casein–whey protein ratios (C/W) of 94/6 and 7/93 showed smaller ABD than samples from mixtures with C/W ratios between 60/40 and 20/80. Foams prepared from samples with C/W of 20/80 exhibited the lowest drainage values after 10 min. Increasing pH from 6.4 to 7.0 led to increased overrun and ABD, while drainage was widely comparable, with a minimum value at pH 6.7. The protein composition of skimmed milk and foams prepared from this milk in relation to protein content, C/W ratio and pH value differed only slightly.
Calcium binding of peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of whey protein concentrate
Authors: RUI X U 
Published: May 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of whey protein concentrate. The physiological activity of peptides in whey protein may be used in food additives to promote the absorption of calcium and prevent bone disorders. The whey protein was hydrolysed by trypsin, and the separation of peptides, the properties of hydrolysates and the analysis of the ability to inhibit the formation of calcium phosphates were then investigated. Calcium‐binding peptides were produced by tryptic hydrolysis of whey protein concentrate and further purified by precipitation and chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. The hydrolysates were loaded onto an ion‐exchange column, followed by stepwise elution with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 m NaCl in equilibration buffer to separate the peptides. Trypsin hydrolysates were shown to peak with 0.25 m NaCl and 0.5 m NaCl. The results of SDS‐PAGE analysis showed that the peptides with a small molecular weight of about 1.4 to 3.4 kDa were present in the fraction resulting from 0.25 m and 0.5 m NaCl stepwise elution by ion‐exchange chromatography of tryptic hydrolysates. The results of this study show that the whey protein hydrolysates produced by the action of trypsin have the ability to inhibit the formation of calcium phosphates.
Practical wisdom in health and social care: teaching for professional phronesis
Authors: Sellman Derek 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of teaching ethics to nurses and other health and social care practitioners is not always clear. At the extremes of the continuum of aims sit (i) the teaching of ethics as a subject just like any other subject; and (ii) the teaching of ethics as a form of moral education. In this article, I outline the pedagogic tension this uncertainty creates before offering some insights into the educational implications of teaching ethics from the perspective of the ethics of Aristotle. In this conception, ethics is the pursuit of character development and specifically the development of practical wisdom, or what I have termed professional phronesis. I argue that while learning to approximate practical wisdom for nursing is possible, from the perspective of the ethics of Aristotle it is problematic for higher education. An Aristotelian approach has the potential to undermine the demarcation of teacher role as this is usually understood in higher education at the present time because, as I suggest, the best teachers of professional phronesis may turn out to be those practitioners (including practitioners of teaching) who exemplify the professional phronimos (or professionally wise practitioner).
Lifespan extension in genetically modified mice
Authors: Ladiges Warren , Van Remmen Holly , Strong Randy , Ikeno Yuji , Treuting Piper , Rabinovitch Peter , Richardson Arlan 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMajor advances in aging research have been made by studying the effect of genetic modifications on the lifespan of organisms, such as yeast, invertebrates (worms and flies) and mice. Data from yeast and invertebrates have been the most plentiful because of the ease in which genetic manipulations can be made and the rapidity by which lifespan experiments can be performed. With the ultimate focus on advancing human health, testing genetic interventions in mammals is crucial, and the mouse has proven to be the mammal most amenable to this task. Lifespan studies in mice are resource intensive, requiring up to 4 years to complete. Therefore, it is critical that a set of scientifically‐based criteria be followed to assure reliable results and establish statistically significant findings so other laboratories can replicate and build on the data. Only then will it be possible to confidently determine that the genetic modification extends lifespan and alters aging.
Mapping Australasia
Authors: Smith Philippa Mein 
Published: May 2009

Abstract History Compass divides the world into regions, one of which is an ‘Australasia and Pacific’ section. But where and what is Australasia? Does Australasia simply mean Australia and New Zealand? What happened to this idea over time, and does it exist in the twenty‐first century? This article examines the mapping of Australasia since the name ‘Australasia’ entered European language and consciousness in the eighteenth century. Informed by post‐colonial history yet following traditional archival practice, the method comprises analysis of a sequence of digitised maps in the National Library of Australia, which are available on‐line, followed by a set of maps of Australasia attached to this article, which are reproduced courtesy of the National Library of New Zealand. Three conclusions follow from the cartographic evidence. First, historical maps of Australasia exemplify how the act of naming is not neutral and reflects shifts in global power. Second, Australia and New Zealand share a history; and third, an ‘Antipodean’, ‘oceanic’ perspective as advocated by J. G. A. Pocock suggests that Australia and New Zealand may have a common future in a ‘new’ Australasia.
Eyelid fluttering, typical EEG pattern, and impaired intellectual function: A homogeneous epileptic condition among the patients presenting with eyelid myoclonia
Authors: Capovilla Giuseppe , Striano Pasquale , Gambardella Antonio , Beccaria Francesca , Hirsch Edouard , Casellato Susanna , Romeo Antonino , Rubboli Guido , Sofia Vito , Teutonico Federica , Valenti Maria Paola , Striano Salvatore 
Published: May 2009

SummaryPurpose: This retrospective study aims to review the electroclinical features of patients presenting with eyelid myoclonia (EM) with and without absences.Methods: The Italian chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has been conducting an electroclinical study of patients with EM. Among these, we searched for and selected the patients presenting with both impairment of intellectual functions and a peculiar ictal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern, that is, a discharge of fast generalized polyspikes/polyspikes and waves.Results: We found 18 patients matching this electroclinical picture. All the patients were photosensitive. All of them had associated generalized, mostly nocturnal, tonic–clonic seizures. During the evolution, 13 patients presented episodes of EM status. Despite adequate antiepileptic treatment, the patients remained drug resistant for many years or throughout the evolution. The degree of impairment of intellectual functions varied from borderline level to moderate mental retardation.Discussion: The patients we described herein can be considered a homogeneous group in the more heterogeneous group of patients presenting with EM. Further clinical and, more probably, genetic studies will clarify whether this condition could be considered a specific and homogeneous condition in the more heterogeneous group of patients presenting with EM.
Designing Referral Network Structures and Decision Rules to Streamline Provision of Urgent Health and Human Services*
Authors: Gibbons Deborah E. , Samaddar Subhashish 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis study uses fully factorial computer simulation to identify referral network attributes and referral decision rules that streamline the routing of people to urgent, limited services. As an example of a scenario, the model represents vaccine delivery in a city of 100,000 people during the first 30 days of a pandemic. By modeling patterns of communication among health care providers and daily routing of overflow clients to affiliated organizations, the simulations determine cumulative effects of referral network designs and decision rules on citywide delivery of available vaccines. Referral networks generally improve delivery rates when compared with random local search by clients. Increasing the health care organizations’ tendencies to form referral partnerships from zero to about four partners per organization sharply increases vaccine delivery under most conditions, but further increases in partnering yield little or no gain in system performance. When making referrals, probabilistic selection among partner organizations that have any capacity to deliver vaccines is more effective than selection of the highest‐capacity partner, except when tendencies to form partnerships are very low. Implications for designing health and human service referral networks and helping practitioners optimize their use of the networks are discussed. Suggestions for using simulations to model comparable systems are provided.
Sequential and Simultaneous Decision Making for Optimizing Health Care Resource Flexibilities
Authors: Gnanlet Adelina , Gilland Wendell G. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTHealth care administrators commonly employ two types of resource flexibilities (demand upgrades and staffing flexibility) to efficiently coordinate two critical internal resources, nursing staff and beds, and an external resource (contract nurses) to satisfy stochastic patient demand. Under demand upgrades, when beds are unavailable for patients in a less acute unit, patients are upgraded to a more acute unit if space is available in that unit. Under staffing flexibility, nurses cross‐trained to work in more than one unit are used in addition to dedicated and contract nurses. Resource decisions (beds and staffing) can be made at a single point in time (simultaneous decision making) or at different points in time (sequential decision making). In this article, we address the following questions: for each flexibility configuration, under sequential and simultaneous decision making, what is the optimal resource level required to meet stochastic demand at minimum cost? Is one type of flexibility (e.g., demand upgrades) better than the other type of flexibility (e.g., staffing flexibility)? We use two‐stage stochastic programming to find optimal resource levels for two nonhomogeneous hospital units that face stochastic demand following a continuous, general distribution. We conduct a full‐factorial numerical experiment and find that the benefit of using staffing flexibility on average is greater than the benefit of using demand upgrades. However, the two types of flexibilities have a positive interaction effect and they complement each other. The type of flexibility and decision timing has an independent effect on system performance (capacity and staffing costs). The benefits of cross‐training can be largely realized even if beds and staffing levels have been determined prior to the establishment of a cross‐training initiative.
Role of symbiotic gut bacteria in the development ofAcrosternum hilareandMurgantia histrionica
Authors: Prado Simone S. , Almeida Rodrigo P. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe green stink bug,Acrosternum hilare(Say), and the harlequin bug,Murgantia histrionica(Hahn) (both Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), are pests of many economically important crops. Although both species have been studied extensively, until recently their relationships with symbiotic gut bacteria have remained unknown. The endosymbionts may be important, as other pentatomomorphan species harbor vertically transmitted gut bacteria that play an important role in the biology of their host insects. We report the role of gut symbiotic bacteria on the development and fitness ofA. hilareandM. histrionicaby comparing control insects with individuals that hatched from surface sterilized egg masses. We studied the life history ofA. hilareandM. histrionicaunder laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °C and L16:D8, measuring nymphal mortality and development time, and estimating other demographic parameters. We also evaluated egg masses, nymphs, and adults of both species with diagnostic PCR primers for the presence of specific gut symbiotic bacteria for both treatments. Our results show that egg mass surface sterilization eliminates or reduces the prevalence of this bacterium‐insect symbiosis in both species.Acrosternum hilare’s development time, survivorship, and other demographic parameters were negatively affected by surface sterilization of egg masses. Conversely,M. histrionica’s survivorship was marginally increased by clearing its symbiont infection during the first generation; however, mean generation time was significantly longer. Our data indicate that the degree of mutualism in this association for pentatomid species is variable, given thatA. hilarerequires its symbiont for adequate development and survival, whereasM. histrionica’s symbiont may not be required for development and survival under the experimental conditions used.
Development and evaluation of a vaginal ring device for sustained delivery of HIV microbicides to non‐human primates
Authors: Promadej‐Lanier Nattawan , Smith James M. , Srinivasan Priya , McCoy Clare F. , Butera Sal , Woolfson A. David , Malcolm R. Karl , Otten Ron A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground  There is considerable interest in developing coitally independent, sustained release formulations for long‐term administration of HIV microbicides. Vaginal ring devices are at the forefront of this formulation strategy.Methods  Non‐medicated silicone elastomer vaginal rings were prepared having a range of appropriate dimensions for testing vaginal fit in pig‐tailed and Chinese rhesus macaques. Cervicovaginal proinflammatory markers were evaluated. Compression testing was performed to compare the relative flexibility of various macaque and commercial human rings.Results  All rings remained in place during the study period and no tissue irritation or significant induction of cervicovaginal proinflammatory markers or signs of physical discomfort were observed during the 8‐week study period.Conclusions  Qualitative evaluation suggests that the 25 × 5‐mm ring provided optimal fit in both macaque species. Based on the results presented here, low‐consistency silicone elastomers do not cause irritation in macaques and are proposed as suitable materials for the manufacture of microbicide‐loaded vaginal rings.
Evaluation of habitat sustainability and vulnerability for beech (Fagus crenata) forests under 110 hypothetical climatic change scenarios in Japan
Authors: Matsui Tetsuya , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Tanaka Nobuyuki , Hijioka Yasuaki , Horikawa Masahiro , Yagihashi Tsutomu , Harasawa Hideo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestions: Are there any sustainable or vulnerable habitats in which beech (Fagus crenata) forests could survive in Japan under 110 hypothetical climate change scenarios?Location: Six islands of Japan on which beech grows naturally.Methods: An ecological habitat model was used to simulate the potential habitat shifts of beech forests under 110 climate change scenarios. The amount of suitable habitat loss and gain was calculated with three migration options and risk surfaces. Vulnerable and sustainable habitats were identified to evaluate the potential risks and survival of beech forests.Results: The total areas of potential suitable habitats differed considerably depending on the future temperature and precipitation changes. Some areas on the Sea of Japan (SOJ) side showed higher probability of maintaining suitable habitats, whereas there were wider areas in which suitable habitats could not persist under any of the 110 climate change scenarios.Conclusions: The risk surfaces of the suitable habitats showed that decreases in precipitation along with increases in temperature reduced the total areas of suitable habitats. Increases in precipitation with increases in temperature of more than or equal to 2°C always reduce the areas of suitable habitats. Under increased precipitation with a temperature increase of <2°C, the areas of suitable habitats showed an increase, maintenance of the status quo or a decrease, depending on the size of the increase in precipitation. Beech forests in western Japan are predicted to be vulnerable to climate change, whereas some mountains on the SOJ side are predicted to be possible future refugia.
Mapping continuous fields of forest alpha and beta diversity
Authors: Feilhauer Hannes , Schmidtlein Sebastian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestion: How to map continuous fields of forest alpha and beta diversity in remote areas, based on easily accessible spatial data.Location: Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia.Methods: The study relied on a combination of predictive mapping and remote sensing. Punctual measurements of alpha diversity were linked to topography and reflectance using regression models. For beta diversity, ordination techniques were employed to extract major vegetation gradients. Scores on the ordination axes were regressed against topography as well as reflectance and subsequently mapped. Beta diversity was mapped as spatial turnover rate along these axes.Results: The diversity maps quantified species counts and turnover in a spatially contiguous manner while taking into account fuzzy transitions. The variance explained by regression models ranged from 51% to 61% in cross‐validation. Many of the observed differences were caused by differences in species shares. The occurrence of walnut, in particular, showed a negative relation to woody species numbers.Conclusion: Mapping biodiversity in remote areas can be based on easily accessible spatial data in combination with a set of calibration field samples. With regard to human influence on walnut dominance, a total removal of human land use would be counterproductive in terms of diversity conservation. The results of this study highlight the need for comprehensive analyses of diversity patterns that include spatially contiguous quantifications of species numbers, shares and turnover rates.