bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19. On the Structure of Larvæ of Hispine Beetles.—II.
Authors: Mattlik S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary(1) In some species of the genus Cephaloleia the thoracic spiracles are ventral, i. e., they open on the ventral surface. In larvæ of a similarly flattened type such as, for example, Chelobasis and Arescus, the thoracie spiracles open dorsally.(2) The legs show a complete gradation from a well‐developed condition to one of great degeneracy, where the claws have disappeared altogether.(3) In the pupæ there are usually five pairs of spiracles on the first five abdominal segments, but there may be a sixth or seventh pair occurring on the sixth or seventh segments respectively.(4) It is possible that two or more different species of the same genus live together in the same mine or under the same sheltered condition, and this may compel allied but distinct species to interbreed, producing a great number of varieties. Probably this hypothesis accounts for the existence of a large number of colour‐patterns in the species of Arescini.(5) Confined within a small space the larvæ may react, under the stress of a parasite, in directions which may not be in accordance with the behaviour expected in the cases where they are capable of freer movements.(6) In the same species structural variation may occur in the immature stages.(7) The form of the full‐fed larva is the most constant character, and therefore important for the determination of relationship. The form in the earlier stages may be somewhat different from that of the full‐fed.(8) The value of a character depends on the measure of its constancy: the more constant a character is the greater is its value showing relationship. Persistency of an organ or a character is of interest to the systematist. The selection of characters by the systematist has, therefore, an experiential basis, and is not merely arbitrary. If in a certain sense some arbitrariness can be ascribed to the systematist's selection of characters, it is an arbitrariness that is inevitable and common to all human activities.
36. The Spinel Accessory Nerve of the Giraffe.
Authors: Zuckerman S. , Kiss Professor Francis 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The giraffe has a spinal accessory nerve.Our thanks are due to Professor G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., who in the beginning directed our attention to the literature on this subject, and to Mr. G. Steele, who assisted in the first dissection.
34. The Dentition of the Walrus, Odobenus obesus*
Authors: Cobb W. Montague 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The dental peculiarities of the walrus, Odobenus obesus, may be ascribed in their entirety to the structural modifications induced by the huge size of the canine tusks and to the diet which the animal has adopted.
The dental succession is best represented by the formulæ: Deciduous i. 3/3, c. 1/1, m. 3/3 = 28; Successional I. 2/0, C. 1/1, P. 4/3, M. 1/1 = 26; Functional I. 1/0, C. 1/1, P. 3/3 = 18. The last of these is well known. The first differs from previous interpretations in recognizing but three milk‐molars, and the second is devised to acknowledge definitely the existence of a successional upper second incisor and fourth premolar and to designate as true molars the upper and lower posterior rudimentary teeth.
The enlargement of the upper canines has caused the loss of the medial incisors, the alignment of the outer upper incisor and lower canine with the cheek‐teeth, and an antero‐lateral shift in the angle of implantation of the upper teeth.
The diet, composed chiefly of hard‐shelled molluscs, has required a concentration of force in the anterior portion of the mouth. This has been accomplished by the production of massive jaw‐bones and heavy solid dental columns.
The necessity for an adequate dental armament at an early age has been met (a) by a long period of suckling, while the face and teeth were growing; (b) by the nearly simultaneous eruption of the entire dental battery; and (c) by the expanding cones of the growing roots, which made it possible for dental equipment to keep pace with facial development without additional teeth, a mechanism not noted in any other mammal.
The details of the processes of structural modification, growth, wear, and senescence related to the dentition have been recited according to the evidence available.
By the application of the principles set forth in this discussion miscellaneous specimens of teeth may be identified with reasonable accuracy.
On Architeuthis clarkei, a new Species of Giant Squid, with Observations on the Genus
Authors: Robson G. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
Architeuthis clarkei, a new species of Giant Squid, is described from a specimen stranded in January 1933 at Scarborough, Yorks. Its relation to the other species of the genus is discussed.
The distribution of the Giant Squids stranded or observed in the North Atlantic is described and discussed.
In order to account for the curious distribution of the records it is suggested that in the North Atlantic Architeuthis finds its optimum conditions in temperate waters and that it occurs in moderately deep water off the United States coasts. The frequency of strandings on the coast of Newfoundland might be due to the fact that the animals come near the surface as the deeper layers of the north east‐going current are chilled, and get into difficulties owing to the rapid gradient from warm to cold water off the Grand Banks. The wider distribution off the north‐west coasts etc. of Europe fits in with this suggestion.
It is suggested, on the strength of the structure of the fins, arms, adhesive apparatus etc., that Architeuthis is a sluggish animal, comparing unfavourably with Sthenoteuthis and the smaller squids in point of activity.
Some Aspects of the Cranial Morphology of Rana grayi Smith
Authors: Toit C. A. du 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Only the points in which the cranial morphology of Rana grayi differs from that of the common European species of Rana will be given here.
The anterior process of the crista subnasalis is comparatively long and projects forwards beyond the superior prenasal cartilage.
A ventromedian process of the crista subnasalis appears in the palate, in this way separating the partes palatinæ of the premaxilla and the maxilla from each other.
In the one specimen both the foramina frontalia are absent; in the other the normal condition obtains.
The plica obliqua, which is poorly developed, is suspended from the cartilago obliqua and not from the tectum nasi.
The posterior niche‐like portion of the vestibulum is practically absent.
The two Gauppian “Wülste” are both present, but they are not demarcated sharply from each other.
The recessus alaris and the infundibulum are smaller than in the European Rana.
The cavum principale has a small ventromedian recess.
An infundibular vestige of the recessus sacciformis is present.
The musculus lateralis narium is slightly different from that of the European Rana.
A small prechoanal pouch is present.
The septomaxillary consists of an anterior unpaired portion which has three posteriorly directed processes.
The nasals are much smaller than in the common European species of Rana.
A peculiar cartilaginous plate, which is connected synchondrotically to the solum nasi, occurs on the ventral surface of the os en ceinture.
A little further backwards a small cartilaginous cyst appears on either side of the os en ceinture.
Both the parasphenoid and the fronto‐parietals are indented anteriorly.
The exoccipital and the prootic do not fuse with each other.
Rana grayi possesses a so‐called “Mundwinkeldrüse” situated between the palatal and the facial portions of the maxilla. The gland consists of adenoid tissue and has a lumen which opens into the buccal cavity.
The pterygoid fuses with the processus oticus and with the processus basalis.
In the one specimen the quadratomaxillary acquires a bony connection with the paraquadrate.
A delicate rod‐like cartilage, which is connected synchondrotically to the symphysial cartilage, occurs on the ventral surface of the pars mentalis of the dentary.
Some Observations on the Breeding Habits of Palestine Cicblidæ.
Authors: Liebman E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In summarising, it may be stated that in the case of the Palestine Cichlidæ it is the male, as well as the female, which carries the eggs and young in the buccal cavity, though the number of the females performing this function is much higher than that of the males.As to the nutrition of the parents, it was found that, for obvious reasons, the fish do not eat during the breeding period. During this time the body is apparently sustained by (a) the resorption of the voluminous gonads; (b) the fat accumulated during the winter in the belly; and (c) in some cases probably by swallowing a proportion of their own eggs or young.Anyhow, in all species a progressive diminution in the number of the eggs or young carried in the mouth was observed, so that at the end of the breeding period they amounted to but a small proportion of the original number.
The Development of the Palatine Tonsil in the Marsupials Trichosurus and Dasyurus, with Notes on Tonsil Development in the Rabbit
Authors: Hett Mary L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

There is good ground for regarding the relation between the Mammalian palatine tonsil and the 2nd pouch entoderm as a constant one.
The sinus tonsillaris in the Marsupials Trichosurus and Dasyurus, and also in the rabbit, is mainly derived from the lateral portion of the pouch after virtual disappearance of the dorsal and ventral diverticula.
In Trichosurus, Dasyurus, and the rabbit the sinus tonsillaris probably corresponds to the posterior foassa only of double tonsils such as those of the calf.
The position of the Marsupial palatine tonsils is modified by the rapid development and backward extension of the palatal folds.
There is no ventral thymus derivative from pouch 2 in the rabbit.
In Dasyurus an epithelial body originates from the dorsal wall of pouch 2 in a similar manner to those derived from pouches 3 and 4 respectively, but it soon disappears, leaving no trace behind.
A Comparative Study of the Development of the Stomoxydince (especially Hæmatobia stimulant Meigen) with Remarks on other Coprophagous Muscids.
Authors: Thomsen Mathias 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The present paper descirbes the morphology of the egg, larva, and pupa of the blood‐scuking Muscid Hématobia stimulans Meig., comparing the developmental stages with those of two other species of Stomoxydiná, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Lyperosia irritans.
Interest centres chiefly in the cephalo‐phrayngeal skeleton, which is very much alike in the three species. It is shown that the Stomoxydiná possess two asymmetrical mouth‐hooks, the left one being much reduced in size and probably funcitonless. Attention is drawn to the presence of a dorsal epistomal sclerite furnished with two paris of sensillá. The smaller scllerites are descirbed in detail.
The cephalo‐pharyngeal skeletons of Musca domestica and Calliphora erythrocephala have been studied for the sake of comparision with the Stomaoxydiná. The existenc of an epistomal sclerite with its characteristic sense‐organs in demonstrated in Musca and Calliphora, and even the smaller sclerites can be homologized with those of the Stomoxydiná. This suggests that it should be possible to trace the presence of the same sclerites in other Muscooidean genera, both saprophagous and carnivorous, but this would invelve investigations of a greater number of types.
The Structure, Bionomics, and Systematic Position of Two New Brackish‐water Actiniaria from Madras.
Authors: Panikkar N. Kesava 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA detailed study has been made of the morphology and systematic position of two brackish‐water Actiniaria from Madras.The anemones are sphincterless Athenaria having acontia, and belong to the family Halcampactiidæ.In structural features the two anemones differ from other known Halcampactids, and this necessitates the creation of two new genera, for which the namesPhytocosteopsisandStephensonactisare proposed.Complete generic and specific definitions ofPhytocosteopsis ramunniiandStephensonactis ornataare given.The oral disc is very much contracted in both the Actinians, the throat being open and the distal part of the actinopharynx always remaining in an everted condition.There are twelve prominent, lobed, throat ridges inS. ornata, while such separate ridges are absent inP. ramunnii.The tentacular arrangement inP. ramunniiexhibits a curious atypical condition, caused by the interchange of the apparent positions of the tentacles of the last two cycles and an undue development of those of the fourth order and their corresponding endoccels.The acontia, which are numerous inP. ramunnii, show interesting features of distribution, correlated with the probable order of succession of the macrocnemes. They also show variations in their positions of origin from the mesentery.The peculiarities of the tentacles and acontia inP. ramunniiare features not previously observed in any Actiniaria.S. ornatahas the tentacles and acontia arranged in the normal way, as in the typical Actiniaria.The general features of anatomy and histology ofS. ornataandP. ramunniiare similar.An account of the bionomics of the two anemones is given, and an attempt is made to explain some of the morphological and histological peculiarities, in correlation with their habits.The colour‐patterns ofS. ornataare described.PhytocosteopsisandStephensonactisbridge the gap betweenPhytoccetesandPelocostes.Since these four genera exhibit several common characters different from other Halcampactids, a suggestion is made to group them separately in one family.
18. Notes on the Spiders Hyptiotes paradoxus and Cyclosa conicn
Authors: Marples Mary J. , Marples B. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
Observations were made on an adult female Hyptiotes puradoms
The construction of the triangular web and the peculiar method of dealing with the prey are described.
The laying of the eggs and the making of the cocoon were observed, and the development was followed up to the second instar.
Cyclosu conica decorates its web with bands of silk or pellets of insect remains. Observations on 105 webs showed great variation in the occurrence and arrangement of these decorations.
The development of the peculiarly shaped abdomen of C. conica is described.
24. On Relative Growth in Asellus aquaticus
Authors: Needham A. E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
In the relative growth of various width dimensions and total length in Asellus aquaticus the mean course of the later stages of growth shows simple allometry.
In detail, however, the growth‐curves show a regular rhythmicity which is essentially similar in all segments. It is suggested that the rhythmicity may be due to cyclic phenomena in absolute growth, the periodicity of the cycles in width‐growth differing from those in length‐growth. Simple allometry is then the simpler case when the periodicity of the cycles is the same.
Two well‐marked growth‐gradients occur in the width‐growth of Asellus, one in the posterior thoracic region and another about the fourth thoracic segment. Both appear in both sexes, though the latter is more marked in the female and the former in the male. Both appear before there is any appreciable difference between the growth of the two sexes, though only the posterior gradient occurs in early stages, so that the male continues the trend of immature growth more closely than the female.
One gradient may inhibit the other (female, crest 4) or not (elsewhere).
The temporary retardation of the eighth thoracic segment in young Isopods, Cumacea, and Tanaidacea may be the result of inhibition by a growth‐centre in the abdomen. In Asellus this is followed by a reciprocal retardation by the growth‐centre, which moves forward to segment thoracic 8, on the abdomen.
The“Growth Contour”gives a unified picture of the continuous variation of the growth‐coefficient in space along the body and in time. It gives a more complete idea of the nature of each growth‐centre, of the gradients from it, and of its accelerating or inhibitory effects on neighbouring regions.
In certain respects population growth (group data) may be more specific than individual growth, possibly giving a more accurate idea of the processes underlying growth.
Apart from the rhythmic variation of the growth‐coefficient in each segment there is throughout a steady upward trend in its value; the rate of relative widening increases throughout growth, probably in relation to mechanical requirements, which are thus superimposed upon more fundamental (rhythmic) features of growth.
The head becomes progressively smaller compared with the rest of the body, as in higher vertebrates. It appears to initiate the growth‐rhythms, however
General inhibition of growth (from a crest to a trough) affects regions of high growth‐rate (growth‐centres) more than regions of lower growth‐rate, thus causing a flattening of the growth‐gradient; but this is not accompanied by a movement of the growth‐centre nearer the centre of the body.
27. The Form and Dermatoglyphs of the Hands and Feet of certain Anthropoid Apes
Authors: Wolff Charlotte 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The general form, crease‐line, and papillary‐ridge system of the hand and foot of twelve chimpanzees are described.
A new method for obtaining prints of hands and feet has been devised, with the aid of brilliantine and crude dioxide of copper.
A marked age change in the crease‐line system occurs in chimpanzees. This proceeds in opposite directions in the extremities, but in both cases the resemblance to man is diminished. In the palm numerous new longitudinal crease‐lines are formed, while in the sole the secondary transverse lines disappear, notably in the ball of the big toe.
30. Differential Growth in the Crab Ocypoda
Authors: Sandon H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
Measurements were made of the carapace and of the lengths of each segment, of the appendages of thirty‐two male Ocypodu ægyptiaca, of carapace lengths ranging from 11–4 to 42.1 mm.
The results previously obtained by Huxley for O. ceratophthalma were confirmed as regards the negative heterogony of the walking‐legs with respect to the carapace (section 4), the presence of a centre of low growth‐potential in the merus of these legs and the complex nature of the growth‐gradient in them. The growth‐gradient is not a simple inverted form of that found in other crustacea, but contains at least three inflexions (section 5).
Both of the chelæ are positively heterogonic. The growth‐gradients within them are of a similar form to those in the walking‐legs. This form of the growth‐gradient is therefore not necessarily associated with negative heterogony (section 6).
The growth‐gradient in the third maxilliped also shows some resemblance the that in the walking‐legs, there being a minimum in segments iii. and iv. (section 7).
Data for the growth of the eye and eye‐stalk are given. These show extreme heterogony (section 8).
In many segments of the appendages the growth‐rate relative to carapace length was found to change during that part of the total development which was studied. In the walking‐legs and in segment iv. of the chelae growth was retarded in the older individuals. In most other segments of the large chela it was accelerated. Growth of the carapace in width relative to its growth in length was also retarded in the later stages. Growth of the walking‐legs relative to carapace width was constant throughout the range (sections 4 to 8).
There was no indication of an antero‐posterior growth‐gradient in the appendages (section 9) nor of any influence of the high growth‐rate of the large chela on the growth‐rate of adjacent appendages (section 10).
In all four pairs of walking‐legs the two terminal segments on the side of the small chela were, on the average, slightly longer than those on the opposite side of the body. This effect is much smaller in degree and opposite in sign to that found in the related genus Uca. No other evidence of asymmetry (apart from the chelæ) could be found. No difference in the lengths of the chelæ between right‐ and left‐handed specimens could be established (section 10).
Comparative Study of the Hyoid and Tongue of some Typical Genera of Reptiles
Authors: Gnanamuthtj C. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The hyoid apparatus and tongues of fifteen reptiles are described and discussed.
The patterns formed by the transverse muscles of the throat are classificatory importance, as are also the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The study of these muscles throws new light on the position of the families Iguanidae and Chameleontidæ.
The hyoid apparatus and its muscles exhibit variations too numerous to provide data of taxonomic importance. The gular structures, as well as protrusible tongues, are aided by specially modified devices of the hyoid apparatus.
The mechanism of the protrusible tongues of reptiles is described.
The hyoid apparatus and the muscles of the tongue and throat co‐operate in making the buccal cavity an active agent in the respiratory mechanism of most reptiles.
The Structure and Post‐Embryonic Development of Vanessa urticse (Lepidoptera)–II. The Larval Malpighian Tubules.
Authors: Henson H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Vanessa urticx has six Malpighian tubules, three on each side which open into the colon by a common duct. Between the tubules proper and the common duct is a small‐celled undifferentiated region known as the imaginal ring or interstitial ring.
The posterior ends of the tubules enter into close association with the wall of the rectum forming the rectal plexus.
In the embryo (of Pieris hrassicse) the tubules arise in association with the proctodeum. During the first half of the embryonic period the tubules grow by active cell division, but there is no differentiation. During the second half of the embryonic period differentiation takes place, but no new cells are formed.
In the larva (of Vanessa urticse) the tubules grow by an increase in the size of their constituent cells. The nuclei are rounded at first but become palmate and finally much ramified. The nuclei of the cells of the rectal plexus remain rounded throughout larval life. In no parts of the tubules proper is there any cell division.
The common duct increases in size by a continuous enlargement of its constituent cells. There is no cell division. This mode of growth is similar to that of the hind‐gut.
The interstitial (imaginal) ring continues cell division throughout larval life. As a formative region, however, it is relatively inactive and adds only a few cells to the tubules proper and common duct. It appears to be a relic of the embryonic blastopore, which fails to differentiate completely but retains to a slight extent its capacity for producing endoderm internally (tubules proper) and ectoderm externally (common duct).