bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Control of Pest Damage
Authors: Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe reason control measures are applied is to reduce the harm caused by pests. “Pests” is a subjective word that is arbitrarily used to refer to some of the living organisms that harm man and his property. Pest control measures may be classified on any of several bases, bur any one classification that uses several bases is liable to cause misunderstandings. Biological controls are the use by man of living organisms to control pest damage. Approaches to biological control are illustrated by results of work on four pests found in Ontario. These results also illustrate how insects may be interrelated through natural enemies that they have in common. As far as possible control measures should be selective for pests, or pest and other non-beneficial, species only. Biological controls tend to be relatively more selective than other, comparable, control measures. They are also the most feasible existing way of keeping pest damage down without continuing human intervention. Increasing attempts to erase pest problems, rather than to alleviate pest attacks temporarily, may result in increased Government participation in and regulation of pest control programmes.
Aspects of Insect Vision
Authors: Hocking Brian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe functional morphology of the insect compound eye is reviewed with special reference to its surface and volume relationships with the rest of the head and its evolutionary development. Measurements of the more important parameters of the eyes of 28 species representing 14 major orders are given and interpreted in relation to this review. Recent histological and biophysical work on insect vision is also reviewed and some conclusions, especially those concerning the limit of sensitivity in the ultra-violet, are shown to be consistent with current theories of the early history of the oceans, the atmosphere, and of life.
The Application of Ecological Principles to Orchard Entomology in Canada
Authors: LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA knowledge of ecological principles is essential to the successful development of future research on pest control problems in Canadian orchard entomology. Such knowledge should be especially helpful in spotlighting omissions in past studies as well as indicating new areas of study in the future. In particular, the ecosystem concept should serve not only as a basis for evaluating and bringing together existing data but also as a guide in the collection, integration and interpretation of new data.Our approach should be to study the population dynamics of major arthropod pests in Canadian apple orchards to obtain data of the fundamental kind on natural populations of these species. Since this approach is dependent on precise measurement of the population and its mortality factors, as well as on the mathematical modelling of the data obtained, unambiguous deduction and greater understanding and utilization of the results would then be possible.Examples from a recent eight-year study of the population dynamics of two pest species in Canadian apple orchards reveal that the fundamental approach to pest problems in Canada is both feasible and practical, and that the results can yield considerable insight into the role of mortality factors in population regulation as well as in control of pest stages of economic importance.
Insect Mycetomes
Authors: Musgrave A. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAfter defining the entomological use of the term mycetome a short general account is given of the various supposedly beneficial relationships between insects and internally harboured micro-organisms and the metabolic balance needed. Not all beneficial micro-organisms are harboured in mycetomes or even in mycetocytes, but the present paper is concerned only with insects having mycetomes. It is shown that there is good evidence for accepting the premise that true micro-organisms are found in insect mycetomes and that the micro-organisms supply the insect host with some useful metabolite (s), Special consideration is given to the genusSitophilus, Here the mycetomal micro-organisms probably supply a useful nutrient that is "essential" only when the diet available to the weevils is inadequate. Whole wheat grain appears to be an adequate diet. Some strains of weevils apparently free of mycetomal micro-organisms are pale in colour, light in weight and particularly susceptible to dietary changes. Weevils reared at temperatures too much above the optimum lose their mycetomal micro-organisms. Although the organisms are pleomorphic there is evidence that their morphology in any one strain of weevil, reared under standard conditions, is constant: and thus it seems the micro-organisms may have taxonomic value in entomology. The possible origin of mycetomes and of the mutualistic associations are discussed and suggestions made about future research.
Further Problems in the Interpretation and Homology of the Insect Ovipositor
Authors: Scudder G. G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn attempt is made to re-evaluate the data on the origin of the ovipositor in insects and to explain its mode of development in living forms. Comparative developmental data from other groups of animals is cited to substantiate the claim that part of the insect ectodermal genitalia is appendicular rather than sternal in origin. It is suggested that the primary abdominal segmental appendages have provided a source of competent tissue which through subtle changes in selection, has evolved along many pathways, to form the gonocoxae, the pleuropodia, the pseudoplacenta and perhaps the prolegs in many different taxa.It is shown, by aid of sections through the insect embryo and larval stages, that the primary embryonic segmental appendages on the abdomen, do not differentiate; there is no loss of tissue and it cannot be proven that such appendages have been lost in insect phylogeny. The fact that they are represented still in the modern embryo, indicates that they have been retained. To explain the observable developmental details, it is suggested that abdominal limb histogenesis is arrested or suppressed in normal development, but this limb tissue retains its competence to differentiate. Thus development may be initiated again at a later time in postembryonic life. In this manner, the original limb tissue is available for organ formation in the maturing insect.The study has suggested that the appendages on the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen initiate but do not complete their development in the polypod embryo. Possibly the potential limb tissue is arrested in development because it has not undergone some vital change as regards its capacity to respond (competence) to an inductor, perhaps the inductor is not available or perhaps it is not available in the correct form.There is evidence to suggest that the developmental capacity of the limb anlagen are reduced with time, so that full limb formation is not possible in postembryonic life: this can explain the development of abdominal coxae in the Thysanura and hence gonocoxae in higher insects. It is noted that should Gustafson's suggestion that the eversible sacs and gonapophyses are homologous with primary segmental genitalic ampullae prove acceptable, then the female ectodermal genitalia in insects would appear to have a dual origin.It is emphasized that the speculation expressed are being subjected to experimental study in an attempt to verify the suggested ontogeny and phylogeny.
The Determination of Sex and Polymorphism in Microevolution
Authors: Stehr G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnvironmental instabilities may be grouped into three broad categories each with different conseqences for the organism which has to survive the stress of these instabilities. On one side are irreversible changes of the environment which will lead to complete adaptive compliance or conformity of the population, brought about by natural selection. On the other side are short-term recurrent instabilities, fluctuations, or oscillations; if their cycle is short enough so that all phases are experienced by all individuals of each generation, natural selection will promote the ability of each individual to withstand the whole range of environmental recurrent fluctuations. Between these extremes are recurrent instabilities that are not experienced by all individuals, or by each generation; here natural selection will evolve mechanisms that prevent the population from conforming with any temporary selection pressure. Polymorphism is such a mechanism, specifically polymorphism based on a gene potency balance system modelled on the same principles as the system that determines sex, the most common example of polymorphism. Instances of such polymorphism in a genus of tortricid moths include haemolymph pigment, adult wing colour, and rate of larval development. The latter exemplifies polymorphism of a quantitative character.
Rapid Measurement of Oleoresin Exudation Pressure in Pinus ponderosa Laws
Authors: Bushing R. W. , Wood D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractImproved techniques are described for cleaning gauges used in measuring the oleoresin exudation pressure (o.e.p.) of large numbers of ponderosa pines. These techniques are being used in a study of the relationship of o.e.p. and bark beetle attack in westside Sierra coniferous forests. Standard hydrostatic pressure gauges (Bourdon type) were modified by the addition of a threaded extension made of steel rod which permitted both insertion into a tree and newly-designed cleaning rack. A 9/32-in. hole in the steel rod reduced to a minimum the amount of oleoresin exudate necessary for an accurate reading. The cleaning racks, each accepting 30 gauges, were capped to confine the solvent (xylene) under pressure.
An Abnormal Larva of Epinotia solandriana Linn. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Lindquist O. H. 
Published: December 2009

Thousands of lepidopterous larvae representing a wide range of species are collected every year in Ontario by the Forest Insect Survey. Many of these require microscopic examination for identification. During a 10-year period I have only found one specimen with an extra pedal appendage.In June 1963, a larva with an extra anal proleg on the right side was collected by H. G. McPhee near Thessalon, Ont., on the north shore of Lake Huron. The species was Epinotia solandriana Linn., a leaf roller on white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh. A subsequent large collection from the same area contained only normal specimens.
A New Species of Erythroneura Fitch (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Richards W. R. , Varty I. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species of leafhopper described belongs to the obliqua group and the dorsal colour pattern consists of the usual oblique stripes of reddish pigment so typical of this group. The species most closely resembles E. aspera from which it can be distinguished by differences in the male genitalia. The preferred hosts are apparently Betula spp.
Four New Species of Cliniodes Guenée, with Notes on the Genus and Some Relatives and Segregates (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCliniodes Guenée = Idessa Walker is an odontiine genus related to Metrea Grote. Pylartes Walker is removed from synonymy and placed in Pyraustinae near Diaphania. Cliniodes totuanalis Schaus is transferred to Pylartes. Basonga Möschler is separated from Cliniodes but kept in Odontiinae, as is Sobanga, new genus, type-species Glyphodes rutilalis Walker = G. suavis Felder. Metrea is compared with Cliniodes, and is restricted to M. ostreonalis Grote. Leucochroma ? nebulalis Walker is removed from Metrea and made the type-species of the new pyraustine genus Ametrea. M. aripanalis is transferred tentatively to Pycnarmon in the Pyraustinae. Niphostola punctata, placed by Hampson under Metrea in the British Museum collection, should remain in Niphostola. The genus is transferred to Pyraustinae from Nymphulinae.Pyrausta glaucescens Hampson, P. costimacula Hampson and P. egcarsialis Hampson are transferred to Cliniodes, the last as a synonym of C. rubialalis Dognin. Exarcha Lederer is transferred from Pyralinae to Odontiinae, its type-species becoming C. ineptalis (Lederer).The following species of Cliniodes are described as new: C. nacrealis, Hispaniola; C. vinacea, Bolivia; C. malleri, Brazil; C. latipennis, Bolivia.
The Toxicity of Malathion, Perthane, Maneb and Zineb to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)
Authors: McMullen R. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn laboratory experiments wettable and emulsifiable malathion and Perthane were most toxic to adult T. vaporariorum and progressively less so to the larval stages in order of development. Eggs were not killed. Perthane was most toxic at low temperatures, malathion at high temperatures. Malathion was more toxic than Perthane and the emulsifiable formulations of both more toxic than the wettable formulations. Against first-instar larvae, at the LD50, level, 70% maneb and 50% Perthane wettable powders were equally toxic but 65% zineb wettable powder was less toxic. Against adults, 70% maneb and 65% zineb wettable powders were one-half and one-third as toxic as 50% Perthane wettable powder at the LD50, level. Tests of spray mixtures against larvae with either 25% malathion or 50% Perthane wettable powders added to either 70% maneb or 65% zineb wettable powders showed neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects.
Revision of the Nearctic Species ofThanatusC. L. Koch (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Turnbull A. L. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEight species ofThanatusare recognized in North America; four are holarctic in range and four nearctic. The holarctic species areT.coloradensisKeyserling, 1880,T.formicinus(Clerck 1757),T.striatusC. L. Koch, 1845, andT.vulgarisSimon, 1870 (=T.peninsulanusBanks, 1898, NEW SYNONYMY). The four nearctic species areT.altimontisGertsch, 1933,T.arcticusThorell, 1872,T.patriciae(Lowrie and Gertsch 1955), andT.rubicellusMello-Leitao, 1929 (=T.rowaniGertsch, 1933, NEW SYNONYMY).
Sexual Precocity of the Male Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, and the Influence of Temperatures on Reproduction during Early Adult Life
Authors: Erdman H. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum single-pair matings of different age combinations, young (1 day old) and old (10 days old) maintained for two weeks at 29 ± 2 °C. and 70% relative humidity showed that males matured sexually on the second day of adult life; females matured on the fourth. Between days 7 and 14, regardless of age, productivity was expressed as a single straight line with zero slope and an intercept of 16.4.Young x young pairs maintained at 25, 29 and 32 °C. had fertilities peculiar to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the earlier reproduction began and the greater the number of F1 adults per day during the two-week experimental period.
Descriptions of New Lonchaeidae (Diptera) II
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDescriptions are presented for 86 new Lonchaeidae as follows: Silba Macquart, 19 species: 7 from Australia, 6 from Africa, 3 from Madagascar, and 3 from the Solomon Islands.; Lonchaea Fallén, 67 species: 50 from North America, 6 from Africa, 3 from Australia, 2 from Colombia, 2 from the Caroline Islands, and one from each of the following: New Hebrides Islands, India, Fiji Islands and France.
Impact of Pine Leaf Aphid, Pineus pinifoliae (Chermidae) on its Secondary Host, Eastern White Pine
Authors: DeBoo Robert F. , Dimond John B. , Lowe James H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPine leaf aphid infestation produces not only a general reduction in radial growth of white pine but also a modification of the normal pattern of annual radial increment along the length of the stem. The greatest growth reduction occurs in the lower stem with proportionately less in the midcrown area and least in the top. This appears to reflect the distribution of branch mortality which is greatest in the mid- and lower crown. Several defoliators studied by other workers produce the greatest effect on radial growth and on foliage survival in the tops of the tree.Stem elongation reduction occurs only after crown damage and aphid infestation becomes extreme. Lighter infestations are reflected, however, in reduced needle length in the year of attack followed by reduced branch elongation in the year following attack. The combination of stunted and normal needles alternating with stunted and normal branch internodes is probably a unique characteristic of pine leaf aphid damage.
The Regulation of European Spruce Sawfly Numbers in the Maritime Provinces of Canada from 1937 to 1963
Authors: Neilson M. M. , Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), was first discovered in Canada in 1930 and in the next few years attained outbreak proportions in spruce forests over large areas in the Gaspé Peninsula and New Brunswick. The accidental introduction of a polyhedrosis in the early 1930’s was responsible for the rapid decline of the infestation, and under the influence of both disease and introduced parasites, densities throughout the range of the sawfly have been fluctuating at very low levels for the past 20 years. Population studies have been conducted on this insect in New Brunswick since 1938 and data are now available for 50 consecutive generations over a 25-year period. Morris’ key-factor approach, using parasites, disease and weather as the key factors, has been used in the analyses of the data. Although disease obscured the effect of other control factors, during high sawfly densities, larval parasites have been largely responsible for maintaining the low densities experienced in New Brunswick for the past 20 years. A pronounced change in the relative importance of the different parasite species and in the amount of cocoon predation attributable to small mammals and wireworms has occurred during the change from high to low host densities.
Some Effects of Relative Humidity on Development of Pupae of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory studies showed that the emergence of Rhagoletis pomonella is affected by the relative humidity of the environment. When pupae were incubated at 77° F. and relative humidities of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 the percentages of emergence were 0, 0, 4, 81 and 70 respectively.
The Prey of Adult Dragonflies in Northern Alberta
Authors: Pritchard Gordon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe prey of adult dragonflies has been studied by the analysis of gut contents and was found to consist mainly of small Diptera. Most of the prey is very small but large dragonflies, such as aeshnids, occasionally take larger prey, such as caddis flies and other dragonflies. Relatively little diminution in the numbers of adult mosquitoes can be expected to occur as a result of dragonfly predation, because of the different conditions required for flight by dragonflies and mosquitoes.
Quelques Trichoptères Asiatiques
Authors: Schmid F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the description of 14 new species of Caddis-flies from India and the Far East and belonging to the holarctic as well as to the oriental fauna.The species described here as new are: Parapsyche denticulata and acuta from China, Parapsyche aureocephala and nigrocephala, Plectrocnemia nagayamai and tochimotoi, Psychomyia armata, Ecclisocosmoecus spinosus, Apatania ishikawai, Neophylax japonicus, Grammotaulius inornatus, Limnophilus nipponicus and Hydatophylax intermedius from Japan. Trichomacronema shanorum is Indian.
Identification of Insect Inclusions in X-rays of Ponderosa Pine Bark Infested by Western Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte
Authors: Berryman A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA guide to interpretation of X-rays of bark samples infested with the western pine beetle and its principal predators and parasites is presented. Illustrations of the radiographic images are given to enable analysts to gain experience more rapidly.
Evidence for a Sex Attractant in the Elaterid Beetle, Hemicrepidius morio (LeConte)
Authors: Chapman J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNumbers of the elaterid beetle, Hemicrepidius morio (LeConte) were attracted to cages containing logs or bark. Males greatly predominated. Evidence is presented for assuming a sex attractant, from females in the cages or in the traps used, to be involved.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera: III. Taxonomic Characters
Authors: Sharplin Janet 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWing base characters of taxonomic interest are listed. The morphology of these structures was described in Parts I and II of this series of papers (Sharplin 1963b, c). It is suggested that the presence of a tergopleural apodeme in the mesothorax is a definitive character for the Lepidoptera.
The North American Species in Groups IV and V of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGroup IV of North American Ips (Hopping 1963a) contains I. avulsus (Eichhoff), I. bonanseai (Hopkins) and I. pini (Say), which breed mainly in pines. They have four spines on each side of the elytral declivity and the elytral interspaces are impunctate except I. bonanseai which occasionally has interspace punctures. A key to the species is given and Ips oregoni (Eichhoff) is made a synonym of Ips pini (Say). Group V has only one species, I. perroti Swaine, the only North American Ips with straight sutures on the antennal club. Data on hosts and distributions are given.
Seasonal History of Root-infesting Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in Ontario
Authors: Stevenson A. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe seasonal history of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), infesting vine roots in commercial vineyards in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, was investigated from 1960 to 1963, mostly on the variety Delaware. Galls caused by the phylloxera feeding on actively-growing feeder rootlets first appeared about mid-June, and increased to a maximum in late August or early September. Numbers of phylloxerae on the infested roots increased during the season until hibernation. Nymphs of the winged form of phylloxera were first found on the roots on dates ranging from 16 July to 22 August, and continued to occur for 11/2 to 21/2 months. Hibernation usually began in the latter part of September, and reached 90% between 2 and 23 October. Usually fewer than 10% of the hibernants survived the winter.There were more infested vines, more galled roots, and relatively more phylloxerae in vineyards on clay loam soil than in sandy loam.Hibernants resumed activity in the laboratory in a few days at room temperatures, and became adults in as little as 10 days.
Insects and Spiders from Goldenrod Galls of Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Gelechiidae)
Authors: Judd W. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGalls produced in 1961 yielded in that year G. gallaesolidaginis and the parasitic wasps Calliephialtes notandus, Eurytoma obtusiventris and Copidosoma gelechiae. Galls produced in 1961 and remaining empty but intact in 1962 were used in 1962 as shelters and egg-laying sites by spiders, lacewing flies, thrips, a beetle, a bee and an ant.