bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriological sampling of glass, rubber and stainless steel pipe sections
Authors: Speers John G. S. , Lewis Stephanie J. , Gilmour Arthur 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA practical effective method was devised for the removal of bacteria from soiled glass, rubber and stainless steel pipe sections which allowed the isolation of bacteria more loosely associated with the surfaces. This method, consisting of a pre-rinse followed by six successive double squeegee rinses, was compared with six other procedures (involving scraping followed by one or more successive swabbings) for the removal of bacteria from rubber pipe sections which had been inserted into an experimental milking plant. The squeegee method was found to be the most effective. It was also found that one particular part of these pipe sections was consistently more heavily contaminated.
Effect of refrigerated storage of milk on the manufacture and quality of Teleme cheese
Authors: Kalogridou-Vassiliadou Despina , Alichanidis Efstathios 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTeleme cheese made from milk stored at 4–5 °C for 1–5 d and then pasteurized was compared with that made from unstored control milks. In the raw milks titratable acidity, tyrosine value and acid degree value increased more rapidly in stored milks than in the controls. With pasteurized milks, variations in coagulation times were attributable to levels of psychrotrophs in the corresponding raw milks. Differences were minor for milk fat and N content between cheeses. Curds made from milks stored > 4 d differed markedly from the controls in pH, moisture, N soluble at pH 4·6 and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble N, but only small differences in levels of casein fragments were detected. Proteolysis in mature cheese (60 d old) made from milk stored > 3 d differed significantly from the controls, and casein fragments were detectable. Off flavour related to excessive protein breakdown developed only in cheese made from milk stored > 4 d. In 60 d old cheeses there was significantly more rancidity in those made from milk stored for > 3 d than in those made from control milk. Unacceptable rancidity became evident at 60 d in cheeses produced from milk stored > 4 d. For Teleme cheesemaking psychrotrophic bacteria multiplying in the milk to levels likely to be encountered in commercial practice are of far greater importance for their lipolytic than for their proteolytic enzymes.
Effect of subclinical mastitis on milk plasminogen and plasmin compared with that on sodium, antitrypsin andN-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase
Authors: Schaar Johan , Funke Hans 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe effect of subclinical mastitis on levels of plasminogen and plasmin in milk from cows in a high-yielding herd was investigated. Comparisons were made with levels of milk Na, antitrypsin andN-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase). In samples from mastitic quarters plasminogen activity, as measured after activation to plasmin, increased by only 21% and plasmin by 82%, while NAGase increased by 307 %. Plasminogen was the only component that was normally distributed, all other components showed more or less skewed distributions. Plasmin and plasminogen were significantly related to the other components. However, plasminogen plateaued when the other components continued to increase. There was thus no further increase in plasminogen with the severity of inflammation as with the other components. Plasmin showed a similar although less pronounced tendency. Results of treatment of mastitic whey samples with acid suggested that the non-linear increase in plasmin activity was due to interaction with acid-labile proteinase inhibitors. Mastitis led to dissociation of plasminogen and plasmin from the casein micelles. The degree of activation of plasminogen was higher with casein-associated than with soluble plasminogen in both healthy and mastitic milks. Plasmin was very closely related to milk Na, which is a sensitive indicator of epithelial integrity. It is suggested that plasmin contributes to Na leakage into milk by degrading membrane proteins of the epithelial lining. Plasminogen and antitrypsin, which are both plasma proteins, were not identically affected by stage of lactation, indicating nonidentical modes of transport from plasma to milk.
Potassium iodate-induced proteolysis in ultra heat treated milk during storage: the role of β-lactoglobulin and plasmin
Authors: Grufferty Mary B. , Fox Patrick F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe report that addition of KI03(0·1 mm) to milk before ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment induces extensive proteolysis during subsequent storage at 37 °C was confirmed. None was produced by addition of H202KMn04or K2Cr207. The pH optimum for KI03-induced proteolysis was between 7·0 and 8·0 and the temperature optimum 37—45 °C. β-Casein was particularly susceptible and the proteolysis pattern was similar to that caused by indigenous alkaline milk proteinase (MPA, plasmin). Addition of plasmin to milk before UHT treatment (140 °C/10 s) caused slight proteolysis during subsequent storage but addition of 0·1 mm-KI03and plasmin caused extensive proteolysis which was prevented by addition of soyabean trypsin inhibitor, indicating the probable involvement of plasmin in KI03-induced proteolysis in UHT-treated milk. Equally extensive proteolysis occurred in serum protein-free casein micelle systems (SPFCM), with or without KI03, during storage at 37 °C following UHT treatment, indicating a role for whey proteins in KI03-induced proteolysis. Addition of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) to a SPFCM system inhibited proteolysis, but extensive proteolysis occurred in a SPFCM system containing both β-lg and KI03. MPA-free Na caseinate (prepared by heating at 140 °C for 7 min) underwent extensive proteolysis when treated with plasmin before UHT treatment; proteolysis was inhibited by addition of °-lg to this system and KI03reversed the inhibitory effect of β-lg. Plasmin proteolysis of isolated αs1-casein was inhibited by denatured β-lg (90 °C/30 min) at a level of 4 mg/ml but not by native β-lg. When denatured in the presence of KI03, β-lg had a lower free SH content than the control and was less inhibitory for plasmin in proteolysis of isolated αsl-casein. The results show that denatured β-lg inhibits plasmin proteolysis of caseins in UHT milk and that inhibition is prevented by KI03. This inhibition may occur via thiol–disulphide interchange, which is prevented if the SH group of ²-lg is oxidized by KI03, thus permitting the stimulatory effect of KI03on proteolysis in UHT-treated milk.
pH-Induced dissociation of bovine casein micelles. I. Analysis of liberated caseins
Authors: Dalgleish Douglas G. , Law Andrew J. R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe dissociation of caseins of different types from casein micelles in milk, acidified to different pH values in the range 4·9–6·7, and at temperatures of 4, 20 and 30 °C, has been studied. In contrast to a number of previous findings, it was shown that caseins of all types were dissociated from the micelles, although in all cases β-casein was in highest concentration. The amounts and proportions of all of the caseins were found to be pH- and temperature-dependent, especially the former. Studies of the proportions of the different caseins liberated suggested that, at a defined temperature, the proportions of κ;- and αs2-caseins were independent of pH, while the proportions of β- and αsl-caseins were variable, changes in one being compensated by changes in the other. The manner in which the proportions of the αsl-casein and β-caseins changes with pH was found to be temperature-dependent.
Omitting the dry period between lactations does not reduce subsequent milk production in goats
Authors: Fowler Paul A. , Knight Christopher H. , Foster Margaret A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryFour goats were studied from the end of their second lactation. One mammary gland of each goat was dried off just prior to the start of the third gestation, whilst the other gland was milked throughout gestation, with no dry period. At the end of gestation the continuously milked gland was significantly smaller than the gland that had been allowed a dry period. However, this difference did not persist beyond parturition and there was no significant difference between the milk yields of the two glands in the next lactation, although the continuously milked gland tended to have the higher yield. At 18 weeks of lactation, mammary parenchyma weight and secretory cell number were significantly greater in the continuously milked gland, but mammary enzyme activities did not differ between the two glands.
Serological evidence of toxocariasis in patients from Spain with a clinical suspicion of visceral larva migrans
Authors: Fenoy S. , Cuéllar C. , Guillén J.L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSera from patients with clinical characteristics of toxocariasis were assayed using the ELISA method and larval excretory-secretory antigen. Four hundred and seven samples ofToxocaraserology were received at the laboratory of ‘Ciudad Sanitaria Juan Canalejo’ Hospital of Corunna, Spain, from 1984 to 1989. Of these, 30 were from adults, 332 from children and 45 from patients of unknown age, resulting inToxocaraseroprevalences of 23.3%, 32.8% and 17.7% respectively. The reasons for these serological differences in the rural and urban areas of Galicia, Spain are discussed.
Thein vitroeffect ofKhawia sinensison leucocyte activity in carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Morley N.J. , Hoole D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe interactions betweenKhawia sinensis(Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), a pathogenic tapeworm of carp, and host leucocytes has been investigatedin vitroby monitoring blastogenesis in pronephric, splenic and thymic lymphocytes and apoptosis of pronephric leucocytes. Both parasite homogenate and excretory/secretory (E/S) products were found to suppress lymphocyte blastogenesis at high concentrations (346.6–98.8 μg ml−1) whilstcell stimulation occurred at low concentrations (49.4–19.8 μg ml−1). This differential affect on leucocyte activity may not be associated with apoptosisin vitroas the parasite E/S products did not significantly affect programmed cell death as monitored by acridine orange and DNA analysis. The parasite effect on leucocyte activity is discussed and its relationship to host susceptibility is evaluated.
Tests on the centrifugal flotation technique and its use in estimating the prevalence ofToxocarain soil samples from urban and suburban areas of Malaysia
Authors: Loh A.G. , Israf D.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe influence of soil texture (silt, sand and laterite) and flotation solutions (saturated NaCl, sucrose, NaNO3and ZnSO4) upon the recovery ofToxocaraova from seeded soil samples with the centrifugal flotation technique was investigated. Soil samples of different texture were artificially seeded withToxocaraspp. ova and subjected to a centrifugal flotation technique which used various flotation solutions. The results showed significant (P<0.001) interactions between the soil types and the flotation solutions. The highest percentage of ova recovery was obtained with silty soil (34.9−100.8%) with saturated NaC1 as the flotation solution (45.3−100.8%). A combination of washing of soil samples with 0.1% Tween 80, and flotation using saturated NaCl and a 30 min coverslip recovery period was used to study the prevalence of contamination of soil samples. Forty-six soil samples were collected from up to 24 public parks/playgrounds in urban areas of Petaling Jaya and suburban areas of Serdang. The prevalence ofToxocaraspecies in the urban and suburban areas was 54.5% and 45.8% respectively.
Cattle schistosomiasis in Zambia
Authors: De Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , Southgate V.R. , Rollinson D. , Kaukas A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA total of 358 cattle was examined for schistosome infection in Zambian slaughterhouses. A total of 542 worms collected from 104 infected individuals was examined for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase using isoelectric focusing. The overall prevalence of infection was 51%. Ninety three percent of the infected animals had less than 100 worm pairs in the mesenteric veins. Schistosoma mattheei was the predominant species (75%); S. leiperi (12%) and S. margrebowiei (2%) were also identified. The remaining 11% of the worms showed one of two distinct heterozygote patterns. Pattern A is identical to that of a laboratory-produced Fl S. mattheei × S. haematobium hybrid, but could also represent a S. mattheei × S. leiperi hybrid. Further studies are required to elucidate the origins of pattern B.
The distribution and host range of species of the blood fluke Sanguinicola in British freshwater fish
Authors: Kirk R.S. , Lewis J.W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe distribution and host range of Sanguinicola armata, S. inermis and S. volgensis in British freshwater fish are described. S. inermis has been recorded in carp Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp Carassius carassius and tench Tinca tinca in southern, central and eastern England and in koi carp imported from Japan. S. armata has been detected in pike Esox lucius and tench and S. volgensis has been found in chub Leuciscus cephalus, dace Leuciscus leuciscus, perch Perca fluviatilis, roach Rutilus rutilus and pike in southern and eastern England. The first record of the co-occurrence of two species of Sanguinicola (S. inermis and S. volgensis) in a British inland water is reported. The importance of blood flukes and the role of anthropochore movement of fish hosts in dissemination of S. inermis are discussed.
Structure of the cephalic end of two little-known oxyuroid genera, Travnema Pereira, 1938 and Cosmoxynemoides Travassos, 1949, parasites of fishes, as revealed by SEM
Authors: Moravec F. , Kohn A. , Fernandes B.M.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe cephalic end of the type species of pharyngodonid genera Travnema and Cosmoxynemoides, T. travnema Pereira, 1938 and C. aguirrei Travassos, 1949, parasites of Brazilian freshwater fishes, was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The mouth aperture of Travnema was found to be circular, surrounded by four cephalic papillae and two lateral amphids and the cuticle of the cephalic end had a conspicuous dense sculpture. On the other hand, the mouth aperture of Cosmoxynemoides was triangular, surrounded by three lip-like elevations covering the whole surface of the relatively flat cephalic extremity, each with two inner lobes separated one from another by a short groove; the lip-like elevations bore four medium-sized, kidney-shaped cephalic papillae and two minute amphids (two papillae on the dorsal elevation and one papilla and one amphid on each of two ventrolateral elevations); the cuticle of the cephalic end was smooth. Both species were noted for the absence of oral lamellae and the presence of lateral alae. Both genera are listed in the family Pharyngodonidae but Travnema (and also Hakynema), due to its morphological peculiarities, is considered to represent a distinct subfamily Travnematinae within the Pharyngodonidae. The finding of both T. travnema and C. aguirrei in the characid fish Astyanax bimaculatus lacustris represents new host records.
Cytological studies on three hymenolepidid species
Authors: Mutafova T. , Gergova S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe karyotypes ofVampirolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminutaandVampirolepis erinacei(Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) have been described. The number of chromosomes in the diploid cell of the studied taxa was 2n = 12. The absolute and the relative lengths of the chromosomes ofV. nanaandH. diminutawere measured. The chromosomes had similar metric values. In the karyotypes ofV. nanaandH. diminutathere were ten one-arm chromosomes and.one two-arm chromosome (the third in length in the karyotype ofV. nanaand the first in length in the karyotype ofH. diminuta). The chromosomes in the karyotype ofV. erinaceihad one arm which was proved by the terminal localization of the constitutive heterochromatin. The examined species differed in the morphology of some chromosomes in the karyotypes.
The Anatomy of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) from the Pyloric Caeca and Small Intestine of Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Rawson Dilys 
Published: June 2009

1. Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) is re-described with additional information about the scolex and genitalia.2. Specific differences between E. crassum and E. salvelini are commented upon and figured.3. The second portion of the uterine duct lying between the central chamber of Mehlis's gland and the uterine sac is established as the “fertilization chamber”.4. Polar bodies and maturation divisions are described and figured in definite relationships with the ovum as evidence of normal maturation in a cestode.5. The position of the receptaculum seminis is determined and a new name, the “vagina sac”, is given to what was previously described as a receptaculum seminis. It is thought to serve for propulsion of male and female cells into the uterine duct.
Metabolic Products of Adult Clonorchis sinensis: Their Composition and Antigenic Potential
Authors: Sun T. , Gibson J. B. 
Published: June 2009

Adult Clonorchis sinensis were taken from the bile ducts of infected rabbits and incubated in Ringer's fluid. The soluble metabolic products secreted by the living flukes during incubation were found to include carbohydrate and protein. Enzyme activities of protease, carbohydrases and esterase, but not of lipase, were detected in the samples.Samples with a nitrogen content of 3 μg/ml or more reacted as antigen in immunodiffusion tests in gel against sera of rabbits infected with C. sinensis or immunised against whole fluke extract.The demonstration of enzymes in the metabolic products, the reactions of the samples as antigen and the correlation of antigenic activity with the nitrogen content of the samples suggests that the enzymes detected are effective antigens in clonorchiasis, although complete identity was not demonstrated in this study.The enzymes investigated were those associated with digestion; intracellular enzymes which have less opportunity to elicit antibody production were not investigated.
The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the central nervous system of the mouse infected with single or repeated doses
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the various regions of the central nervous system of mice of previously uninfected or reinfected groups was studied. Although a dose of 4000 larvae was lethal, the distribution of larvae was not appreciable in the CNS. Many larvae were recovered from the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of infected mice whereas no incidence of eye involvement was observed in any mouse. In the reinfected mice groups there was a much lower recovery than in the previously uninfected groups in the latent period of study.
Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. III. Distribution of larvae after repeated exposures to infection
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDifferent groups of mice were infected with various single or repeated doses of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Considerable loss of larvae occurred in the immunised groups when compared with their counterpart unimmunised groups. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was less in immunised mice, as most larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract. This resulted in a poor onward larval migration to liver, lungs, brain and muscle regions in immunised groups. The heavily immunised group infected five times was most affected and a significant lesser larval distribution in various organs and muscle region observed.
The morphology and distribution ofEupolystomaspecies (Monogenoidea) in Africa, with a description ofE. anterorchissp. n. fromBufo pardalisat the Cape
Authors: Tinsley R. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA new species of polystomatid monogenean,Eupolystoma anterorchissp. n. is described from the urinary bladder and kidneys ofBufo pardalisfrom the Cape Peninsula, Republic of South Africa. It is distinguished from otherEupolystomaspecies, and from all other species except one within the Polystomatidae, by the anterior pre-ovarian extension of a large proportion of the testis follicles. This and other morphological characteristics are incorporated into an amended generic diagnosis.The morphology ofE. alluaudifromBufo regularisin West Africa is also described. The known range of this species is enlarged with new geographical records in the Cameroun and Ethiopia, and a new host record fromNectophrynoides malcolmi.Material from each area shows that the eggs ofEupolystomaspp. complete developmentin uteroand that all developmental stages of the parasite occur side by side within the same host individual. This represents a significant evolutionary departure from the pattern of transmission typical ofPolystomain most of the other anuran hosts.
Revision of the genus Cooperioides Daubney, 1933 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOnly three of the four species assigned to the genus Cooperioides are considered valid and are redescribed. The fourth species Cooperioides kenyensis Daubney, 1933 is considered a synonym of Cooperioides hamiltoni (Mönnig, 1932) Mönnig, 1933. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.
Endoparasites of the spotted ground squirrel, Spermophilus spilosoma Bennett, 1833, from Colorado
Authors: Broda Ronald J. , Schmidt Gerald D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThirty-eight spotted ground squirrels, Spermophilus spilosoma were examined for endoparasites, and 31 of them were infected with one or more species. Helminths found were Hymenolepis citelli, Citellina triradiata, Physaloptera massino, and Trichuris sp. The protozoan Eimeria larimerensis was also found. Citellina triradiata is redescribed. This is the first report of any helminths from this squirrel.
The occurrence of Oesophagostomum multifotliatum Daubney and Hudson, 1932, in Nigerian cattle
Authors: Fabiyi J. P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOesophagostomum multifoliatum, previously known to occur only in Kenya, Rhodesia and Tanzania, was found on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria in cattle. Of the 120 cattle examined post-mortem, 78 (65%), were found to be infected. The faecal egg, of which only the size was hitherto known, is described and figured; it shows striking similarities to that of Nematodirus. The possibility is expressed that O. muitifoliatum might have been mistaken for the more familiar but closely related species O. radiatum and O. columbianum or its egg with that of Nematodirus; it is probable that it is much more widespread than hitherto thought.
Determinants of the longevity of third-stage infective larvae ofAncylostoma tubaeforme
Authors: Nwosu Alphonsus B. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of some extrinsic factors on the lipid (energy) reserves and longevity of third-stage larvae of the cat hookwormAncylostoma tubaeforme, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. In non-stressful microenvironmental conditions, larval longevity was directly related to the rate of utilisation of the lipid reserves. The effects of the various environmental stresses on longevity could also be explained largely on the basis of their deleterious effects on the lipid metabolism of the larvae.