bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Case Study from Seismic to Simulation through Geostatistical Inversion
Authors: Soni S. , Littmann W. , Timko D. , Karkooti H. , Karimi S. , Kazemshiroodi S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The field is located in the Persian Gulf and has been producing for the last 30 years with a strong natural aquifer support. The clastic reservoir exhibits highly heterogeneous permeability combined with shale streaks and therefore presents complex flow behavior.
This paper describes the iterative seismic to simulation workflow followed to create a fine scale reservoir static and dynamic simulation model consistent with all available engineering, geologic and geophysical data. The process involved integration of static and dynamic modelling workflows. History matching the production data indicates locations with incorrect information in the static model, which can be corrected and re-exported for the dynamic model in very short time. The integration of static and dynamic modelling is seen as essential for the further commercial development of the field.
A comprehensive integrated study was conducted starting from petrophysical log evaluation and resulting in fine scale reservoir models on a geo-cellular grid. To reduce the uncertainty, a model was created using a geostatistical inversion technique which honoured both geologic and seismic information. The use of high resolution geostatistical inversion provided good and reliable estimates of porosity and lithology away from the wells. The porosity and lithology models were further tested on history matching 92 producing wells for 30 years. The quick match resulted in less uncertainty of porosity and higher confidence in the prediction models.
The history matched model is predicted further to define different potential development scenarios. It is now 3 years since all the data used in the study was acquired and the current field production matches with the model prediction. The models created using geostatistical inversion proved to be robust and predictive for the field development.
Treatment and Recovery of Oil-Based Sludge Using Solvent Extraction
Authors: Abouelnasr Dana M. , Zubaidy Essam 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Oil-based sludge is a common by-product of petroleum processing, storage, and transport. It is currently treated to a minor extent before it is disposed of in a landfill. However, as energy costs rise, and environmental impacts become of greater concern, there is increased interest in developing a means to reduce the amount and toxicity of this waste, and to recover useful materials.
Solvent extraction was used to treat oil-based sludge from oil tankers. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and LPG condensate were among the solvents used. Different solvent-to-waste ratios by weight were used to determine the optimum process. The mixture was then filtered, and solvent was recovered from the filtrate through distillation. The extraction and filtration steps were at ambient temperature. The recovered fuel oil was analyzed for fuel charactistics.
The maximum recovery of fuel oil occurred with a four-to-one ratio of MEK to sludge. Thirty-nine percent of the sludge mass was recovered as fuel oil using this system. On analysis, the recovered fuel oil was similar to typical fuel oils, except for elevated levels of carbon residue and sulfur.
This solvent extraction process can be implemented as a continuous process to reduce the amounts of waste oil-based sludge, while recovering valuable fuel oil.
Thermal Maturity Model of the Arabian Plate
Authors: Pietraszek-Mattner S. R. , Grabowski G. J. , Chaker R. , Maze W. B. , Ottinger G. A. , Hardy M. J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A regional thermal maturity model of Arabian Plate petroleum source rocks was constructed using ExxonMobil's Stellar™ basin-modeling software. The model integrates new plate-wide structural maps at 19 unconformities spanning the Phanerozoic era with estimates of missing section amounts at ten major unconformities and is calibrated to regional temperature and maturity data. Timing of generation and hydrocarbon yields are constrained by kinetic analyses of samples from multiple source rock intervals. Results of the kinetics are integrated with maps of source rock distribution to arrive at the volume and extent of oil and gas generation. Finally, hydrocarbon migration from mature source rock kitchens is evaluated using depth structure-contour maps, and the results are calibrated against known hydrocarbon occurrences and geochemical correlations.
The model results highlight several important regional observations regarding timing of hydrocarbon generation and migration, distribution of hydrocarbons and integrity of regional seals. Sensitivity analyses indicate the amount of missing section affects the timing of hydrocarbon generation for selected Arabian Plate source rocks. This may be important to understand the timing of migration relative to trap formation. Some traps appear to have been filled with oil soon after they were formed. However, geochemical correlation and characterization of oils from the region suggest lateral migration of at least 150 km from some areas of mature source rock. Additionally, regional seals such as the Hith appear to limit the extent of vertical hydrocarbon migration for most hydrocarbon systems. However breaches in many regional seals, caused either by erosion, faulting or fracturing, or solution-collapse allow oil and gas to migrate vertically to younger reservoirs.
Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Flooding Schemes to Enhance Recovery of Light / Medium Heavy Oil in an Offshore Oilfield
Authors: Yang Bin , Jiang Hanqiao , Yang Shenglai , Chen Minfeng , Fang Yang 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This paper shows how to develop the light/medium heavy oil reservoirs and to optimize the production in ND offshore oilfield by using experimental and numerical technologies. The reservoirs in ND oilfield which has large reserves of the light/medium heavy oil (viscosity from 50 to 750 mPa·s) are very complex; faults are well developed and divide the oilfield into many blocks. The current drive mechanism is a water flooding or natural depletion bringing the average pressure down sharply, and reaches its production/economic limit in some of the similar offshore heavy oil reservoirs. The low primary recovery factor and the potentially vast remaining oil in these reservoirs necessitates considering applying improved oil recovery technologies for reservoirs in ND oilfield. Both physical tests and numerical simulations on different kinds of flooding schemes are examined and compared in this paper to enhance the recovery of light/medium heavy oil reservoirs. More specifically, water flooding schemes under different injected water temperatures (50°C, 150°C, 200°C), gas flooding schemes using carbon dioxide/natural gas medium, WAG schemes by carbon dioxide are conducted respectively. Other flooding schemes, such as cyclic steaming, steam flooding and combustion process are not investigated since they are normally unable to perform well in light/medium heavy oil reservoirs. We also present an example of the use of the ND-B1 reservoir as a typical model by simulating the flooding schemes. The results of numerical simulation were derived for comparing with experiments parameters. This paper provides a good reference for other similar reservoirs in China to recover light/medium viscosity heavy oil.
Carbonate Reservoir Rock Typing – The Link between Geology and SCAL
Authors: Gomes Jorge S. , Ribeiro Maria Teresa , Strohmenger Christian J. , Negahban Shahin , Kalam Mohammed Zubair 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Reservoir rock typing is a process by which geological facies are characterized by their dynamic behavior. The dynamic behavior of the facies is assessed by studying the rock texture, the diagenetic processes which overprinted the initial fabric, and the interaction between the rock itself and the fluids. Porosity, permeability and pore size distributions characterize the rock texture while capillary pressure, relative permeability and wettability describe the rock-fluid interaction.
Reservoir rock typing is a synergetic process between geology and petrophysics/SCAL. It is therefore a process by which various petrophysical parameters and dynamic measurements obtained from SCAL are integrated in a consistent manner with geological facies (lithofacies) to estimate their flow (dynamic) behavior.
The relationships between lithofacies and reservoir rock types (RRTs) is complex because of the inter-play between facies, diagenetic processes and the rock-fluid interaction (wettability changes) in the reservoir. Similar lithofacies, deposited under the same depositional environments, may exhibit different petrophysical properties due to diagenesis. Therefore, lithofacies deposited under similar geological conditions may experience different diagenetic processes resulting in different petrophysical groups with distinct porosity-permeability relationship, capillary pressure profile and water saturation (Sw) for a given height above the Free Water Level (FWL). On the contrary, lithofacies deposited in different depositional environments, might exhibit similar petrophysical properties and dynamic behavior.
The authors emphasize on the need to have a good understanding of the original facies, depositional environments, subsequent diagenetic processes and rock-fluid interaction (via SCAL) to be able to unravel the relationships between lithofacies, petrophysical groups and rock types.
A workflow for carbonate rock typing addressing some of the industry pitfalls and the differences between lithofacies, petrophysical groups and rock types are presented in this paper.
The Combination of Mechanical Separation with Chemical Separation to Treat Waste Water Offshore
Authors: Grégoire Franck 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Offshore rigs and all the other vessels or installations used in the oil and gas industry very often handle complex mixtures of oil, water and solids, typically in large volumes. Treatment of these waste streams and the content of the discharge to the local environment is frequently regulated by stringent legislation, including regulations stipulated by the International Maritime Organization.
These complicated, contaminated water streams-including bilge water, open deck drains, tank wash drains and drill-floor drains-vary considerably in composition and physical properties. Even if they often contain different types of solids or oils, the main challenge for separation systems is to break down complex emulsions.
It is widely accepted that conventional waste water stream separation methods are ineffective and costly processes. At the same time, legislation and public concerns are increasing the pressure put on differing oil and gas companies to respect the environment. To reach high performances at a low life cycle cost, the modern solution for treating these streams combines mechanical separation and chemical separation. With the use of site operational data, this paper will compare the traditional system and the new process solution developed and tested in cooperation with Maersk Drilling. Other benefits of such systems will also be reviewed, such as their compact, low weight nature and their swift reaction time to the typical variations encountered with these types of effluent water drains.
Data-Driven Seismic Repeatability Evaluation on a Carbonate Reservoir Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Akama Kenichi , Takahashi Isao , Hagiwara Hiroshi , Sultan Akmal A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Field repeatability of OBC 3D seismic data is investigated for evaluating feasibility of time-lapse (4D) seismic survey for monitoring water saturation in a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East. We use co-located data sets, which were acquired in a small part of a giant 3D survey by re-deployed shots/receivers at a short time interval, between which no reservoir change is supposed.
Both pre- and post-stack seismic data are examined using two repeatability indices: normalized root mean square (NRMS) and predictability, each complementarily quantifying the similarity of two seismic traces, i.e., data repeatability. For pre-stack data, source-receiver mis-location along the offset orientation is found to control the repeatability. Post-stack repeatability NRMS evaluated after basic data processing including noise removal, stacking, and time shift, turns out to be around 10 %. The presence of noise and static shift severely degrades repeatability in post-stack. This data-driven repeatability evaluation takes account of the influences from shot/receiver mis-positioning, source-generated coherent and incoherent noise, and location-dependent near surface effect, which conventional approaches may under-estimate.
The post-stack repeatability, however, is evaluated in a small area and can be laterally variable, since the 3D seismic data quality is strongly area-dependent. We therefore correlate the NRMS with "snapshot" 3D S/N (SN ratio of a 3D) of a single set of the repeated 3D and then use this relation for extrapolating the NRMS to the entire field through 3D S/N of the full field 3D. Combining this analysis with the result of our rock physics modeling, which reveals the magnitude of expected change in reservoir response, we conclude the feasibility of 4D seismic technique in this field is area-dependent.
The proposed procedure provides more realistic area-dependent 4D repeatability than conventional approaches.
The DuPont Experience in Sustainability: Lessons Learned
Authors: Alam Badar 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The corporate response to environmental issues has changed over the years and is changing now to meet the demands of sustainability. There are four opportunities for change in achieving sustainability: balancing the size and scope of environmental issues; resolving conflicts between individual or corporate interests and the common good; realigning the current corporate tendency to focus on improving existing systems and processes rather on transformational changes; and reframing the preference for solving problems rather than on seeking and benefiting from new opportunities.
The chief priorities are to: Reduce the corporate environmental footprintObtain outside inputBecome a company geared to meet the challenges of this new century.
But the real challenge lies in identifying and evaluating new business opportunities in a carbon-constrained world. Added to the environmental challenge is the need to navigate the scientific, political, and economic uncertainties that affect business decisions and timing.
Yet meeting the environmental challenge is possible. It begins with analyzing what you do and understanding what your customers need, then meeting those needs. One key to doing this is organizational integration; another is stakeholder engagement.
The following are required to achieve sustainable growth: A visionA championMeasurable goalsStrategic reviewsRecognition of accomplishmentRelationships with relevant outside groups and individuals
In light of efforts over the past 30 years, in light of the results obtained, and in light of the lessons learned from those results, sustainable growth can be achieved.
Simulating the Outcrop: Surface To Subsurface Integration of a Carbonate Reservoir, Khuff Formation, Oman
Authors: Reijnders Gert-Jan , Al-Mohannadi Nasser , Pöppelreiter Michael , Finlay Sharon , Bodewitz Gerard , Al-Oreibi Lama , Zampetti Valentina , Al-Kindy Sulaiman , Amthor Joachim , Kohrer Bastian , Aigner Thomas 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Careful gathering and analysis of outcrop analogue data is a valuable data source for enhancing the understanding of analogue hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, information from outcrops is commonly limited to static descriptions, i.e. reservoir body dimension and geometry.
Figure 1 Permo-Triassic Section exposed at Jebel Al Akhdar. Visible is a large-scale layer cake-type carbonate ramp made up of thin but laterally extensive units. The formation has been subdivided into six composite sequences (KS1 shown in red to KS6 shown in dark blue). The main facies types are: 1 graded peloidal oolitic packstones to grainstones, 2 mottled and rooted mudstones, 3 graded oolitic grainstones, 4 cross-bedded oolitic grainstones.
Multiphase Pump Implementation at Tembungo-B Platform for Petronas Carigali Sabah Operation SBO, Malaysia Sharing Best Practices
Authors: Nor A'shikin Sharifah , Rakam Royan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Tembungo-B (TBG-B), an unmanned platform of Tembungo field, is located in the northern part of East Malaysia, about 80km north west of Kota Kinabalu This platform was designed as unmanned platform which uses natural flow to transport the oil from all wells to the main platform, Tembungo-A. It contributes to more than 80% of overall Tembungo field production where, the reserves mainly consist of low pressure (LP) wells. However, the decrease in production was observed over time due to the backpressure imposed on the LP wells. The LP wells flow intermittently and when the trunkline pressure exceeds the flow tubing head pressures (FTHP), these wells quit. Multiphase pumping technology, being the first implementation in Malaysia at offshore installation, has been installed at TBG-B as a mitigation measure to help these wells producing.
Multiphase pumping technology is capable of handling multiphase crude oil, which in the form of liquid and gas, without going through separation. The technology has benefited the production processes as TBG-B is transporting the crude using natural flow from wells directly to the receiving trunkline. This eliminates the need of having separation equipments to cater for the separation processes of gas and liquid which further reduce the capital and operating expenses cost in oil production. This paper discusses the overview of multiphase pumping technology and the gain in oil production after the implementation of the technology at the field.
A New Workflow for Comprehensive Petrophysical Characterization of Carbonate Reservoirs Drilled with Water-Base Muds
Authors: Gyllensten Asbjorn , Al-Hammadi Mohamed Ibrahim , Abousrafa Emhemed , Boyd Austin , Ramamoorthy Raghu , Neumann Steve , Neville Thomas J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
One of the top concerns for carbonate reservoir evaluation is the effect of rock texture on permeability, capillary pressure and relative permeability. Recent advances in log analysis combined with new logging sensors that are sensitive to carbonate rock texture have led to an improved workflow for petrophysical analysis of carbonates. The authors have earlier described an approach to estimating permeability in carbonates from borehole NMR logs and electrical images, and have earlier studied the relationship between NMR T2 distributions and capillary pressure curves in carbonates. Additional enhancements have been made to this workflow to include estimates of relative permeability by modeling invasion of mud filtrate utilizing a fluid flow model in combination with array resistivity logs. Analyzing relative permeability in conjunction with formation permeability and capillary pressure leads to new insights in log-based rock typing for comparison with Special Core Analysis (SCAL) data. This workflow is presented in the form of a case study of a carbonate well in the UAE. The workflow will be reviewed in its entirety with particular emphasis on the relationship between log rock texture and permeability, capillary pressure and relative permeability.
Control of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in Oil & Gas Pipelines
Authors: Lohithesh M. D. , Agnihotri A. K. , Lal Banwari 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
One of the major economical loss faced by the oil and gas corporate are due to the corrosion in the pipelines. The internal corrosion of the pipelines is basically caused by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The overall goal of the pipeline industry must be to preserve the pipeline as an asset as there is a huge cost associated with its replacement.
Thus there is a requirement for developing a strategy for controlling the SRB population of oil and gas pipelines. The growth of SRB and their secondary metabolites in pipelines causes surface modifications, which can induce a more complex corrosion process. The outcome of the research will be advantageous to the oil and gas industry of the country. Thirty-four formation water samples were screened from 3 ONGC sites including Bombay high offshore, Gandhar and Ahmedabad. The presence of various species of SRB strains were identified as Anaerobaculum mobile, Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Thermotoga neapaitana, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium bifermentas, Desulfomatoculum kuznetsorii, Thermotoga hypogea by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. In this approach, biocides were screened, using different chemical laboratory techniques, to determine their effect upon a SRB population. Out of 15 chemical biocides, amine was effective against SRB at 50-ppm and above concentration. This will facilitate us with an efficient, and effective biocide to save the oil pipelines from the catastrophic effects of SRB.
Developing Marginal Fields In The Niger Delta: Recovery & Economics Can Be Better Than Currently Estimated
Authors: Uwaga Anthony O. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The main objective of the Marginal Fields Programme (MFP) initiated by the Federal Government is to enhance indigenous participation in the exploration and production of hydrocarbon in the Niger Delta. Under the MFP initiative, backed by the Petroleum (Amendment) Decree Act No. 23 of 1996, holders of Oil Mining License (OML) were required to farm-out fields that have remained unproduced for at least 10 years to indigenous Nigerian Exploration & Production (E&P) companies1.
Majority, if not all, of these farmed-out fields are classified as marginal fields. A marginal field is defined as "a field that may not produce enough net income to make it worth developing at a given time; should technical or economic conditions change, such a field may become commercial"2. Thus the task facing the E&P companies that were given the farmed-out fields is how to make their development attractive economically i.e. produce enough net income.
Changing the technical and/or economic conditions of these marginal fields is made challenging by virtue of the very limited technical data available. It is common knowledge that much attention has not been given to these fields in the past and is the main reason why they have remained unproduced.
Leveraging on the large footprint of the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) across the Niger Delta and making use of her PVT database for sampled, analysed and/or producing fields, the Niger Delta region was sub-divided into geological units based on similarity in observed PVT parameters.
With the work done and presented in this paper, knowing the geological location of any marginal field in the Niger Delta is enough to fairly estimate its basic PVT properties.
The paper goes further to show, using a case study through a dynamic simulation model built for a marginal field, that previous PVT estimations, recoveries and development economics for the case study marginal field were pessimistic.
Extending the results of the case study it is the position of this paper that some other marginal fields in the Niger Delta will benefit from a PVT, recovery and development economics review. Their development can produce enough net income.