bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect and Safety of the Antithrombotic Therapies in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and CHADS2 Score 1
Authors: LEE BYUNG HO , PARK JAE SEOK , PARK JAE HYUNG , PARK JONG SEUNG , KWAK JAE JIN , HWANG EUI SEOCK , KIM SOOK KYOUNG , CHOI DONG HOON , KIM YOUNG‐HOON , PAK HUI‐NAM 
Published: December 2009

Anticoagulation in CHADS2 Score 1. Background: The revised ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guideline recommends either aspirin or warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in CHADS2 score 1. We hypothesized that warfarin is superior to aspirin therapy for the prevention of stroke without increasing bleeding complication in AF patients with CHADS2 score 1.
Methods and Results:
Among 1,502 patients (mean 62.4 ± 13.8 years old, male 65.4%) who were treated for nonvalvular AF without previous stroke, the number of patients with CHADS2 score 1 was 422 (62.9 ± 10.7 years old, male 290 [68.7%]) and their antithrombotic therapies were as follows: warfarin (n = 143), aspirin (n = 124), other antiplatelet (n = 45), and no antithrombosis (none: n = 110). We reviewed the incidences of ischemic stroke, mortality, and bleeding complications during the follow‐up period. Results were: (1) during 22.3 ± 17.8 months of follow‐up, the incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly lower in warfarin (6 patients, 4.2%, mean international normalized ratio [INR] 2.0 ± 0.5 IU) than in aspirin (16 patients, 12.9%, P = 0.008) than none (23 patients, 20.9%, P < 0.001) without differences in all‐cause mortality. (2) The incidence of major bleeding (decrease in hemoglobin ≥2 g/dL, requiring hospitalization or red blood cell transfusion ≥2 pints) was not different between warfarin (2.1%) and aspirin (0.8%, P = NS), but minor bleeding was more common in warfarin (10.5%) than in aspirin (2.4%, P = 0.007).
Conclusion:
In AF patients with CHADS2 score 1, warfarin was better to prevent ischemic stroke than aspirin without increasing the incidence of major bleeding complications. However, the incidence of minor bleeding was higher in the warfarin group than the aspirin group. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 501‐507, May 2010)
Guides Not Gurus
Authors: Howard Catherine , Mortensen Peter 
Published: December 2009

The past quarter century has seen the deployment of ethnographic methods in business grow from a curiosity to a prerequisite for success. But in the process, the outcomes of ethnographic research–customer empathy, strategic directions, lasting market insights that shape design–have not been adopted at the same rate. The hand‐off from ethnographers to designers and business decision‐makers is the biggest challenge to success.The time has come for ethnographers to again reframe their role within business. Rather than acting as interpreters between the lives of ordinary people and the companies who serve them, ethnographers have the opportunity to instead help the entire business organization to gather a clear sense of its customers' lives. Ethnographers need to switch from being gurus of customer experience to being guides who take everyone in the company into the outside world.
Being a parasitoid of parasites: host finding in the tick wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri by odours from mammals
Authors: Collatz Jana , Fuhrmann Andrea , Selzer Philipp , Oehme Rainer M. , Hartelt Kathrin , Kimmig Peter , Meiners Torsten , Mackenstedt Ute , Steidle Johannes L.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe parasitic wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizes larvae and nymphs of a number of tick species worldwide. Ticks themselves are parasitic on vertebrate hosts. To study the specificity and reliability of vertebrate odours used by I. hookeri for host location, we conducted bioassays in a four‐chamber olfactometer. Wasps were arrested by carbon dioxide and by odours from roe deer faeces and odours from hair of roe deer and wild boar. Odours from faeces of cattle, rabbit, and field mouse as well as odours from hair of cattle and field mouse had no effect. Odours from faeces of the host tick species Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) were attractive only up to a distance of 1 cm. Thus, I. hookeri reacts to general (carbon dioxide) and specific vertebrate odours from wild boar and deer. Examination of freshly shot specimens demonstrates that deer and wild boars are infested with a sufficient number of tick nymphs to tap the full reproductive potential of an I. hookeri female, which makes cues from these mammal species reliable. These results indicate that I. hookeri locates its hosts using specific and reliable mammal odours and that ticks are parasitized on their vertebrate hosts. The implications of this host‐finding strategy and its benefits for the parasitoid are discussed.
Magnetic activated cell sorting allows isolation of spermatogonia from adult primate testes and reveals distinct GFRa1‐positive subpopulations in men
Authors: Gassei Kathrin , Ehmcke Jens , Dhir Rajiv , Schlatt Stefan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  Isolation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) could enable in vitro approaches for exploration of spermatogonial physiology and therapeutic approaches for fertility preservation. SSC isolation from adult testes is difficult due to low cell numbers and lacking cell surface markers. Glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha‐1 (GFRα1) plays a crucial role for the maintenance of SSCs in rodents and is expressed in monkey spermatogonia.Methods  Magnetic activated cell sorting was employed for the enrichment of GFRα1+ spermatogonia from adult primate testes.Results  Magnetic activated cell sorting of monkey cells enriched GFRα1+ cells threefold. 11.4% of GFRα1+ cells were recovered. 42.9% of GFRα1+ cells were recovered in sorted fractions of human testicular cells, representing a fivefold enrichment. Interestingly, a high degree of morphological heterogeneity among the GFRα1+ cells from human testes was observed.Conclusions  Magnetic activated cell sorting using anti‐GFRα1 antibodies provides an enrichment strategy for spermatogonia from monkey and human testes.
Aegyptin displays high‐affinity for the von Willebrand factor binding site (RGQOGVMGF) in collagen and inhibits carotid thrombus formation in vivo
Authors: Calvo Eric , Tokumasu Fuyuki , Mizurini Daniella M. , McPhie Peter , Narum David L. , Ribeiro José Marcos C. , Monteiro Robson Q. , Francischetti Ivo M. B. 
Published: December 2009

Aegyptin is a 30 kDa mosquito salivary gland protein that binds to collagen and inhibits platelet aggregation. We have studied the biophysical properties of aegyptin and its mechanism of action. Light‐scattering plot showed that aegyptin has an elongated monomeric form, which explains the apparent molecular mass of 110 kDa estimated by gel‐filtration chromatography. Surface plasmon resonance identified the sequence RGQOGVMGF (where O is hydroxyproline) that mediates collagen interaction with von Willebrand factor (vWF) as a high‐affinity binding site for aegyptin, with a KD of approximately 5 nm. Additionally, aegyptin interacts with the linear peptide RGQPGVMGF and heat‐denatured collagen, indicating that the triple helix and hydroxyproline are not a prerequisite for binding. However, aegyptin does not interact with scrambled RGQPGVMGF peptide. Aegyptin also recognizes the peptides (GPO)10 and GFOGER with low affinity (μm range), which respectively represent glycoprotein VI and integrin α2β1 binding sites in collagen. Truncated forms of aegyptin were engineered, and the C‐terminus fragment was shown to interact with collagen and to attenuate platelet aggregation. In addition, aegyptin prevents laser‐induced carotid thrombus formation in the presence of Rose Bengal in vivo, without significant bleeding in rats. In conclusion, aegyptin interacts with distinct binding sites in collagen, and is useful tool to inhibit platelet–collagen interaction in vitro and in vivo.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7299280, MINT‐7299290: Collagen (uniprotkb:P02461) binds (MI:0407) to Aegyptin (uniprotkb:O01949) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (MI:0411)
MINT‐7298991, MINT‐7299153, MINT‐7299208: Collagen (uniprotkb:P02452) binds (MI:0407) to Aegyptin (uniprotkb:O01949) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
MINT‐7299266: Collagen (uniprotkb:P02452) binds (MI:0407) to Aegyptin (uniprotkb:O01949) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7299256: Collagen (uniprotkb:P02452) binds (MI:0407) to Aegyptin (uniprotkb:O01949) by solid phase assay (MI:0892)
PETROGRAPHY AND DIAGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UPPER OLIGOCENE – LOWER MIOCENE GHAR FORMATION IN SE IRAQ
Authors: Al‐Juboury A. I. , Al‐Ghrear J. S. , Al‐Rubaii M. A. 
Published: December 2009

This paper investigates the petrography, sedimentology and diagenetic evolution of the upper Oligocene – lower Miocene Ghar Formation in the subsurface of SE Iraq based on data from well logs, cuttings and core samples from boreholes in the Zubair, Majnoon and nearby oilfields. Lateral facies variations permit the Ghar Formation to be divided into two principal facies, a pebbly sandstone (facies A) and carbonate (dolomite) and calcareous sandstone (facies B), each of which can be divided into subfacies. Facies A rocks, interpreted as alluvial fan deposits, pass into facies B, paralic and shallow‐marine sediments in a number of fining‐upward successions. This facies change from mainly clastics (facies A) to mainly carbonates (facies B) suggests that the Ghar Formation may have some potential as a stratigraphic trap in SE Iraq.Diagenetic processes include compaction, authigenesis, dolomitization and dedolomitization. In facies A, authigenic minerals were quartz, palygorskite, haematite, Fe‐rich dolomite and smectite. In facies B, the main authigenic minerals were kaolinite, illite and illite‐smectite. This difference in diagenetic mineralization may indicate variable interstitial waters ranging from fresh to marine. Dolomite was the main carbonate mineral encountered and could be divided into early matrix and pervasive types. The first type was represented by smooth crystals less than 20 microns in size which were associated with illite and illite‐smectite mixed layer clays. Pervasive, fabric‐destructive dolomite was represented by crystals 30‐300 microns in size which were found as void fillings. Dedolomitization was observed where high‐Mg calcite filled cavities near the contact with the overlying Fat'ha (Lower Fars) Formation. These diagenetic processes may enhance the reservoir characteristics of the Ghar Formation.
Inclusion of a Nitric Oxide Congener in the Insufflation Gas Repletes S‐Nitrosohemoglobin and Stabilizes Physiologic Status During Prolonged Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum
Authors: Shimazutsu Kazufumi , Uemura Kenichiro , Auten Kathryn M. , Baldwin Matthew F. , Belknap Samuel W. , La Banca Francisco , Jones Maximilian C. , McClaine Deborah J. , McClaine Rebecca J. , Eubanks W. Steve , Stamler Jonathan S. , Reynolds James D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method to maintain organ blood flow during laparoscopic surgery has not been developed. Here we determined if ethyl nitrite, an S‐nitrosylating agent that would maintain nitric oxide bioactivity (the major regulator of tissue perfusion), might be an effective intervention to preserve physiologic status during prolonged pneumoperitoneum. The study was conducted on appropriately anesthetized adult swine; the period of pneumoperitoneum was 240 minutes. Cohorts consisted of an anesthesia control group and groups insufflated with CO2 alone or CO2 containing fixed amounts of ethyl nitrite (1–300 ppm). Insufflation with CO2 alone produced declines in splanchnic organ blood flows and it reduced circulating levels of S‐nitrosohemoglobin (i.e., nitric oxide bioactivity); these reductions were obviated by ethyl nitrite. In a specific example, preservation of kidney blood flow with ethyl nitrite kept serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations constant whereas in the CO2 alone group both increased as kidney blood flow declined. The data indicate ethyl nitrite can effectively attenuate insufflation‐induced decreases in organ blood flow and nitric oxide bioactivity leading to reductions in markers of acute tissue injury. This simple intervention provides a method for controlling a major source of laparoscopic‐related morbidity and mortality: tissue ischemia and altered postoperative organ function.
Effect of 4‐Aminopyridine on Action Potential Parameters in Isolated Dog Purkinje Fibers
Authors: Thomas George , Klatt Brian , Blight Andrew 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTIntroduction.  4‐Aminopyridine (fampridine), a potassium channel blocker, has demonstrated efficacy in improving lower extremity strength and walking speed in patients with multiple sclerosis. Since in vitro electrophysiologic studies are recommended for evaluating a drug's potential to prolong the QT interval and induce such cardiac arrhythmias as Torsades de Pointes, we examined the electrophysiologic effects of 4‐aminopyridine (0.5, 5.0, 50, and 500 µM) on isolated canine Purkinje fibers.Methods.  Microelectrodes monitored the resting membrane potential, overshoot, amplitude of action potential (AP), and maximal rate of depolarization of the AP upstroke in Purkinje fibers stimulated at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz.Results.  None of the above variables were altered in the presence of 4‐aminopyridine. The AP duration at 30%, 50%, and 90% repolarization was also monitored, with only the 500‐µM concentration at the 1.0‐Hz frequency significantly increasing these values with respect to baseline (P < 0.05). However, the small sample size (N = 4) was small. The proportional increases, and their 95% confidence intervals, were 90.8% (−36.4%, 218.0%), 25.8% (11.9%, 39.7%), and 22.0% (14.9%, 29.1%) for APD 30%, 50%, and 90% repolarization, respectively. Reverse rate dependence was not observed, suggesting inhibition of ion channels other than those contributing to QT interval prolongation.
Potential DNA transfer from the chloroplast to the nucleus in Eryngium alpinum
Authors: NACIRI YAMAMA , MANEN JEAN‐FRANÇOIS 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVery divergent psbA‐trnH chloroplast sequences were, for some Eryngiun alpinum individuals, repeatedly obtained and could not be attributed to contaminations nor to casual intraspecific variation. The design of external primers allowed the amplification of two different sequences for the same individuals. The divergent sequences were found to be more variable than their counterparts, to have a low GC content and to display a nonsynonymous substitution in psbA C‐terminal region, all reasons that led us to hypothesize that they are paraloguous fragments transferred into the nucleus (NuPt). Quantitative polymerase chain reactions confirmed this hypothesis. Such NuPt might have severe implications in plant phylogeography and barcoding.
Comparative Study of the Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Gemifloxacin against Pneumococci
Authors: Credito Kim , Kosowska-Shick Klaudia , McGhee Pamela , Pankuch Glenn A. , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

We tested the propensity of three quinolones to select for resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
mutants by determining the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) against 100 clinical strains, some of which harbored mutations in type II topoisomerases. Compared with levofloxacin and gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin had the lowest number of strains with MPCs above the susceptibility breakpoint (
P
< 0.001), thus representing a lower selective pressure for proliferation of resistant mutants. Only moxifloxacin gave a 50% MPC (MPC
50
) value (1 μg/ml) within the susceptible range.
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
Genotyping by Simultaneous High-Resolution Melting Analyses of an Unlabeled Probe and Full-Length Amplicon
Authors: Bell Jan M. , Turnidge John D. , Andersson Patiyan 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

We have developed a time- and cost-efficient one-step closed-tube assay for genotyping of
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
that is capable of distinguishing between the two genetic
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
variants. Our genotyping assay uses the combined information of simultaneously acquired high-resolution melting data from an unlabeled probe and the full-length amplicon.
Mapping Epitopes of the
Plasmodium vivax
Duffy Binding Protein with Naturally Acquired Inhibitory Antibodies
Authors: Chootong Patchanee , Ntumngia Francis B. , VanBuskirk Kelley M. , Xainli Jia , Cole-Tobian Jennifer L. , Campbell Christopher O. , Fraser Tresa S. , King Christopher L. , Adams John H. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium vivax
Duffy binding protein (DBP) is a merozoite microneme ligand vital for blood-stage infection, which makes it an important candidate vaccine for antibody-mediated immunity against vivax malaria. A differential screen with a linear peptide array compared the reactivities of noninhibitory and inhibitory high-titer human immune sera to identify target epitopes associated with protective immunity. Naturally acquired anti-DBP-specific serologic responses observed in the residents of a region of Papua New Guinea where
P. vivax
is highly endemic exhibited significant changes in DBP-specific titers over time. The anti-DBP functional inhibition for each serum ranged from complete inhibition to no inhibition even for high-titer responders to the DBP, indicating that epitope specificity is important. Inhibitory immune human antibodies identified specific B-cell linear epitopes on the DBP (SalI) ligand domain that showed significant correlations with inhibitory responses. Affinity-purified naturally acquired antibodies on these epitopes inhibited the DBP erythrocyte binding function greatly, confirming the protective value of specific epitopes. These results represent an important advance in our understanding of part of blood-stage immunity to
P. vivax
and some of the specific targets for vaccine-elicited antibody protection.
Activation of Platelets byAspergillus fumigatusand Potential Role of Platelets in the Immunopathogenesis of Aspergillosis
Authors: Rødland Ernst Kristian , Ueland Thor , Pedersen Turid M. , Halvorsen Bente , Műller Fredrik , Aukrust Pål , Frøland Stig S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most frequent cause of invasive mold infections worldwide. Platelets contribute to inflammation and promote thrombosis, characteristically seen in aspergillosis, and might be involved both in antifungal defense and in the histopathological process. In the experiments reported here,in vitroactivation of platelets by conidia, swollen conidia, and hyphae fromA. fumigatuswas assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme immunoassays. THP-1 monocytes and human monocytes with and without platelets were cultured with hyphae fromA. fumigatus, and the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was measured by enzyme immunoassays.A. fumigatuspotently induced the expression of CD62-p and CD63 and the release of CD40 ligand, RANTES, and Dickkopf homolog 1 in platelets, with particularly enhancing effects of hyphae compared with conidia. The hypha-mediated activation of platelets further enhanced the release of IL-8 both in THP-1 monocytes and in human adherent monocytes. In conclusion, we have found thatA. fumigatusis a potent inducer of platelet-mediated inflammation, potentially promoting protective as well as harmful responses during aspergillosis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Mediated Damage Requires Distinct Receptors at the Apical and Basolateral Surfaces of the Polarized Epithelium
Authors: Bucior Iwona , Mostov Keith , Engel Joanne N. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, an important opportunistic pathogen of humans, exploits epithelial damage to establish infection. We have rigorously explored the role of N-glycoproteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in
P. aeruginosa
-mediated attachment and subsequent downstream events at the apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) surfaces of polarized epithelium. We demonstrate that the N-glycan chains at the AP surface are necessary and sufficient for binding, invasion, and cytotoxicity to kidney (MDCK) and airway (Calu-3) cells grown at various states of polarization on Transwell filters. Upregulation of N-glycosylation enhanced binding, whereas pharmacologic inhibition of N-glycosylation or infection of MDCK cells defective in N-glycosylation resulted in decreased binding. In contrast, at the BL surface, the HS moiety of HSPGs mediated
P. aeruginosa
binding, cytotoxicity, and invasion. In incompletely polarized epithelium, HSPG abundance was increased at the AP surface, explaining its increased susceptibility to
P. aeruginosa
colonization and damage. Using MDCK cells grown as three-dimensional cysts as a model for epithelial organs, we show that
P. aeruginosa
specifically colocalized with HS-rich areas at the BL membrane but with complex N-glycans at the AP surface. Finally,
P. aeruginosa
bound to HS chains and N-glycans coated on plastic surfaces, showing the highest binding affinity toward isolated HS chains. Together, these findings demonstrate that
P. aeruginosa
recognizes distinct receptors on the AP and BL surfaces of polarized epithelium. Changes in the composition of N-glycan chains and/or in the distribution of HSPGs may explain the enhanced susceptibility of damaged epithelium to
P. aeruginosa
.
Candida glabrata
Persistence in Mice Does Not Depend on Host Immunosuppression and Is Unaffected by Fungal Amino Acid Auxotrophy
Authors: Jacobsen I. D. , Brunke S. , Seider K. , Schwarzmüller T. , Firon A. , d'Enfért C. , Kuchler K. , Hube B. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Candida glabrata
has emerged as an important fungal pathogen of humans, causing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. In contrast, mice do not develop disease upon systemic challenge, even with high infection doses. In this study we show that leukopenia, but not treatment with corticosteroids, leads to fungal burdens that are transiently increased over those in immunocompetent mice. However, even immunocompetent mice were not capable of clearing infections within 4 weeks. Tissue damage and immune responses to microabscesses were mild as monitored by clinical parameters, including blood enzyme levels, histology, myeloperoxidase, and cytokine levels. Furthermore, we investigated the suitability of amino acid auxotrophic
C. glabrata
strains for
in vitro
and
in vivo
studies of fitness and/or virulence. Histidine, leucine, or tryptophan auxotrophy, as well as a combination of these auxotrophies, did not influence
in vitro
growth in rich medium. The survival of all auxotrophic strains in immunocompetent mice was similar to that of the parental wild-type strain during the first week of infection and was only mildly reduced 4 weeks after infection, suggesting that
C. glabrata
is capable of utilizing a broad range of host-derived nutrients during infection. These data suggest that
C. glabrata
histidine, leucine, or tryptophan auxotrophic strains are suitable for the generation of knockout mutants for
in vivo
studies. Notably, our work indicates that
C. glabrata
has successfully developed immune evasion strategies enabling it to survive, disseminate, and persist within mammalian hosts.