bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Role of Light in Seed Germination: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Chandra R. Jeya , Masilamani P. , Suthakar B. , Rajkumar P. , Sivakumar S. D. , Manonmani V. 
Published: May 2024

Seed germination is an important stage in the plant's life cycle, and light is a key factor in regulating this stage. The regulation of seed germination by light is an intricate process that is governed by a range of photoreceptors and signaling pathways. Photoreceptors, which include phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins, are the major sensors in seeds that detect and transduce light signals. These photoreceptors regulate the expression of various sets of genes, resulting in the activation or repression of germination related activities. The phytochrome system, which consists of various phytochrome species such as phyA, phyB and phyC acts critically in controlling the seed germination in response to varying light conditions. Phytochromes break seed dormancy, promote endosperm weakening, and mobilize store reserves during germination. Cryptochromes, another form of photoreceptor, are largely involved in blue light perception and have been found to influence seed germination through numerous processes, including the modulation of hormonal pathways, such as those involving gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). In addition to the photoreceptors, there are various upstream and downstream signaling components, such as transcription factors, protein kinases, and hormonal regulators, that contribute to the complex network that regulates light induced seed germination. Photoregulation of seed germination is the process by which light, as perceived by specialized photoreceptors known as phytochromes, regulates the transition of a quiescent dry seed to a metabolically active state, thereby commencing the germination process. Different wavelengths of light, red (R) and far-red (FR) light, used to regulate seed germination through the phytochrome, and used in environment signals for promoting the germination. This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that govern the photoregulation of seed germination. It delves into the intricate among between photoreceptors, signaling pathways, and environmental cues that play a crucial role in this process. Moreover, it explores the possible implications of this research in enhancing agricultural practices and devising strategies for maximizing crop yields.
Prevalence of falls and the association with knee osteoarthritis and lumbar spondylosis as well as knee and lower back pain in Japanese men and women
Authors: Muraki Shigeyuki , Akune Toru , Oka Hiroyuki , En‐yo Yoshio , Yoshida Munehito , Nakamura Kozo , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Yoshimura Noriko 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveThere is little information on falls by sex and age strata in Japan, and few factors associated with falls have been established. However, the association between bone and joint diseases and falls remains unclear. We examined prevalence of falls by sex and age strata, determined its association with radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and lumbar spine, and determined knee and lower back pain after single and multiple falls.MethodsA questionnaire assessed the number of falls during 12 months preceding baseline. Knee and lumbar spine radiographs were read by Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade; radiographic knee OA and lumbar spondylosis were defined as a K/L grade of 3 or 4. Knee and lower back pain were estimated by an interview.ResultsA total of 587 men and 1,088 women (mean ± SD age 65.3 ± 12.0 years) were analyzed. During 1 year, 79 (13.5%) men and 207 (19.0%) women reported at least 1 fall. With increasing age, the prevalence of multiple falls was higher in women, but lower in elderly men age >60 years. In men, few factors were significantly associated with falls. In women, radiographic knee OA and lumbar spondylosis, as well as knee and lower back pain, were significantly associated with multiple falls without adjustment. Lower back pain and knee pain were independently associated with multiple falls in women after adjustment.ConclusionLower back pain and knee pain were significantly associated with multiple falls in women.
Architecture and Mathematics: Between Hubris and Restraint
Authors: Picon Antoine 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe introduction of calculus‐based mathematics in the 18th century proved fatal for the relationship of mathematics and architecture. As Antoine Picon, Professor of History of Architecture and Technology at Harvard Graduate School of Design, highlights, when geometry was superseded by calculus it resulted in an ensuing estrangement from architecture, an alienation that has persisted even with the widespread introduction of computation. It is a liaison that Picon characterises as having shifted between hubris and restraint. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuity and Rupture
Authors: Shelden Dennis R , Witt Andrew J 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThere is currently a disjoint between the enthusiasm that is expressed for geometry in architecture and the disparate manner in which it is applied spatially. Dennis R Shelden and Andrew J Witt of Gehry Technologies here seek to address this by reconnecting theory and practice with developments in modern mathematics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desargues and Leibniz: In the Black Box ‐ A Mathematical Model of the Leibnizian Monad
Authors: Cache Bernard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHere Bernard Cache provides a detailed analysis of a paper written in 1636 by the French mathematician, architect and engineer, Girard Desargues. Desargues is best known as the founder of projective geometry. Cache explains how he initally developed this significant concept in response to the very practical problems of producing a perspectival drawing. The introduction of projective geometry, though, had potentially more far‐reaching implications on philosophical thought, informing the theory of monads developed by the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in 1714 to explain the metaphysics of simple substances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pasta by Design
Authors: Legendre George L 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGuest‐editor George L Legendre has taken the parametric surface model that he developed for buildings through his practice, IJP Corporation, and applied it to pasta. The result is Pasta by Design, publishing in September 2011 by Thames & Hudson, which classifies this primo piatto into 92 basic topological types. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Metabolism of the City: The Mathematics of Networks and Urban Surfaces
Authors: Weinstock Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHow might we best track the accelerating demands of global urbanisation? Michael Weinstock, Director of Research and Development at the Architectural Association (AA) in London, proposes a mathematical approach to uncovering the dynamics of cities. He advocates a dual method that reveals any city's particular metabolism by simultaneously mapping its physical shape ‐ its compactness and densities ‐ and its flows of energy, information and materials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling the Recombination Zone of White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Extremely Long Lifetimes
Authors: Duan Lian , Zhang Deqiang , Wu Kongwu , Huang Xiuqi , Wang Liduo , Qiu Yong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe lifetime of the organic devices remains a major challenge that must be overcome before the wide application of white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) technology. In this work, we present a new strategy to achieve WOLEDs with an extremely long lifetime by wisely control of the recombination zone. A blue emitting layer of 6,6′‐(1,2‐ethenediyl)bis(N‐2‐naphthalenyl‐N‐phenyl‐2‐naphthalenamine doped 9‐(1‐naphthyl)‐10‐(2‐naphthyl)‐anthracene was deposited on top of the mixed host blue emitting layer to prevent hole penetration into the electron transporting layer and to attain better confinement of carrier recombination. In this way, we obtained a WOLED with a record high lifetime of over 150 000 hours at an initial brightness of 1000 cd m−2, 40 times longer than the conventional bilayer WOLED. The electroluminescent spectra of the long‐lived WOLED showed almost no color‐shifting after accelerated aging. It is anticipated that these results might be a starting point for further research towards ultrastable OLED displays and lightings.
Behavioral and perceived stressor effects on urinary catecholamine excretion in adult samoans
Authors: Bergey Meredith R. , Steele Matthew S. , Bereiter David A. , Viali Satupaitea , Mcgarvey Stephen T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectives:The effects of perceptions and behaviors related to culturally patterned socioeconomic obligations on catecholamine excretion rates were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of Samoan adults.Methods:A total of 378 participants, ages 29–62 years, from 9 villages throughout Samoa, provided timed overnight urine specimens, and self‐reported perceptions and behaviors associated with contributions to one's family, aiga, and chief, matai, and communal gift exchanges, fa'alavelave. Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion rates were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Age (≤40 vs. >40 years) and gender‐specific regression models were estimated to detect associations with catecholamine excretion.Results:Young women who contribute more to their matai, who consider fa'alavelave to be a financial strain, and who view their contribution to their matai to be “just right,” had significantly higher residence‐adjusted norepinephrine excretion. Young women who contribute more to their matai, who consider fa'alavelave to be a financial strain, and who consider their contribution to their aiga not to be a burden, had higher epinephrine excretion. Older men who contribute more to their aiga and who perceive their contribution to their aiga to be “just right” had increased residence‐adjusted epinephrine excretion.Conclusions:Individual‐level perceptions and behaviors related to traditional socioeconomic obligations are a significant correlate of increased overnight catecholamine excretion rates. Higher excretion rates may be attributed to psychosocial stress arousal associated with a discordance between personal desires for upward social mobility, and family and community‐based socioeconomic obligations. Changes in patterns of individual‐level psychosocial stress arousal may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in modernizing Samoans. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and studies of blue light emitting polymers containing triphenylamine‐substituted fluorene and diphenylanthracene moiety
Authors: Barve Kanchan A. , Raut Sambhaji S. , Mishra Alok V. , Patil Vishwanath R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPhotoluminescent (PL) polymers containing triphenylamine‐substituted fluorene and diphenylanthracene (DPA) units were synthesized by aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. The light emitting polymers (LEPs) contains hole‐transporting triphenylamine (TPA) groups at the C‐9 position of fluorene and DPA‐emitting segments in the main chain. The obtained polymers were soluble in various organic solvents and thermally stable. The synthesized polymers were successfully characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR and, 1H NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements and optical properties of the polymers were also studied. The obtained polymers showed significant blue emission. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, and Y3+ binding characteristics of 17β‐estradiol molecularly imprinted polymer particles incorporated with dicyclohexano‐18‐crown‐6 for urine bioassay
Authors: Lai Edward P. C. , Bahraini Negar , Li Chunsheng , Sadi Baki B. , Kramer Gary H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe metal ion binding characteristics of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) submicron particles prepared using 17β‐estradiol (E2) as a template, and incorporated with dicyclohexano‐18‐crown‐6 (DCH18C6), were studied using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. When Sr2+ was added to DCH18C6‐E2‐MIP particles already occupied by Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ inside the binding sites, a displacement reaction was observed: Cd2+/Cu2+/Pb2+‐DCH18C6‐E2‐MIP + Sr2+ = Sr2+‐DCH18C6‐E2‐MIP + Cd2+/Cu2+/Pb2+. This demonstrated that DCH18C6 had stronger binding affinity for Sr2+ than Cd2+ Cu2+ or Pb2+. Strong DCH18C6 binding affinity was also observed for Y3+. Atomic emission spectrometry showed that DCH18C6‐E2‐MIP particles (150 mg/mL) resulted in 52% binding of Sr2+ (2000 ppm, at pH 6.3 ± 0.1 and ionic strength of 0.1M NaNO2). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Functionalization of polypropylene at high temperature under oxidative/inert environment
Authors: Akolekar Deepak B. , Nair Shubhangi , Adsul Santosh , Virkar Sunil 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFunctionalization of polypropylene (PP) has been investigated using the high‐temperature route. The advantage of the high‐temperature functionalization is the introduction of cheaper, long‐term stable and environmentally friendly routes for generating surface active groups on PP. In this regard, extensive experimental work was undertaken to investigate the influence of the high‐temperature (40–360°C) treatment, reaction time, and inert/oxidative gas environments on generation of functional groups on PP. The thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter techniques were used to study the changes in the temperature of melting/crystallization and the crystallinity of the treated PP samples. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that the high‐temperature treatment under inert/oxidative affects the surface/morphology of PP samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to examine the surface species formation and the stability of functional groups. FTIR results of the thermally treated PP showed the selective formation of monosubstituted alkenes under inert atmosphere, while the formation of hydroperoxides, carbonyl, lactones, and substituted alkenes stable species was observed under oxidative atmosphere. The changes in the molecular weight of the treated PP under different conditions were evaluated using high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography (HTGPC) technique. The extent of functionalization of PP up to 20% or more could be obtained by using the different oxidation conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Selective permeation of cross‐linked polyelectrolyte and polyelectrolyte‐filled nonwoven membranes
Authors: Jung Kyung‐Hye , Pourdeyhimi Behnam , Zhang Xiangwu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSelective permeation, driven by ionic attraction, is one of the most important properties of polyelectrolyte membranes. In this study, selective permeation behaviors of different polyelectrolytes, poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS), poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS), and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA), were studied via solution‐diffusion mechanism. Among these three polyelectrolytes, PSS membranes showed the highest permeabilities for both water and dimethyl methylphophonate vapors due to their high diffusion coefficients caused by the high flexibility of PSS chains. It was also found that the cross‐linking of polymer chains increased membrane permeabilities by weakening the physical network formed by ionic attraction. However, the type and cross‐linking of polyelectrolytes did not have significant effect on the membrane selectivities. Nonwoven fabric was employed to control the selective permeation of polyelectrolyte membranes. It was found that filling the nonwoven fabric with polyelectrolytes led to composite membranes with reduced permeabilities and increased selectivities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Effect of twisting on mechanical properties of GF/PP commingled hybrid yarns and UD‐composites
Authors: Torun A. R. , Hoffmann G. , Mountasir A. , Cherif Ch. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study was conducted due to the necessity for improving the processability of commingled yarns during textile processing, in particular dense 3D preform weaving. Open structure of the commingled yarns caused higher production stops. As a possible solution, GF/PP commingled yarns with different twisting levels were produced. Effect of twisting on the mechanical properties of commingled yarns and on their compression molded UD composites are determined. Further tests were executed about yarn/yarn and yarn/metal friction of twisted commingled yarns, which are important properties during textile processing. Theoretical approaches such as a yarn model with linear bar elements and lamina equation with an equivalent angle distortion of over‐delivery proved useful to relate the structural parameters and mechanical properties. As a result, twisting did not significantly affect the modulus of elasticity of UD‐composites, however, the tensile strength of UD‐composites were reduced by further processing even without twisting. Therefore, small twisting levels can be applied on commingled yarns to improve processability of dense preforms without significantly affecting the mechanical performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Atomic oxygen erosion resistance of titania–polyimide hybrid films derived from titanium tetrabutoxide and polyamic acid
Authors: Xiao Fei , Wang Kai , Zhan Maosheng 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of polyimide/titania (PI/TiO2) hybrid films have been successfully synthesized based on titanium tetrabutoxide (Ti(OEt)4), 3,3′,4,4′‐bezonphenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA), and 1,3‐bis(aminopropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane (APrTMOS) by a sol–gel process. The atomic oxygen (AO) exposure tests were carried out using a ground‐based AO effects simulation facility. The chemical structure of PI/TiO2 films was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscope before and after AO exposure. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties were examined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and universal mechanical testing machine, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation of the hybrid film decreased with the increase of TiO2 content, whereas the Tg increased with the increase of TiO2 content. The effects of TiO2 content on the morphology and structure evolvement of PI/TiO2 hybrid films were also investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), respectively. The results indicated that a TiO2‐rich layer resulting from the Ti(OEt)4 formed on the PI film after AO exposure, which decreased the mass loss rate and obviously improved the AO resistance of PI films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and application of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐bile salts conjugates in physicochemical characterization and the pharmacokinetics of the liposomal bifendate in rats
Authors: Chen Zhi‐peng , Zhu Jia‐bi , Chen Hong‐xuan , Xiao Yan‐yu , Liu Dan , Chen Jun , Lu Tulin , Cai Baochang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStealth liposomes have been broadly investigated as drug delivery or diagnostic agent. However, the materials that possess the ability of stealth, such as DSPE‐PEG and Chol‐PEG, are either costly or synthetic complex. In this research with different molecular weights (2000–6000 g/mol) of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)(MePEG), a series of MePEG‐bile (MePB) conjugates were generated by an economical and simple method and confirmed by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectrum. The properties in aqueous solution were studied, including viscosity and surface activity, over a wide concentration range. To elucidate the application of MePB in liposomes (MePBL), conventional liposomes (CL) were prepared, and the influence of the grafting density and the chain length of MePB in liposomes were investigated. The ability of long circulation of MePBL was evaluated by intravenous injection administration in rats. Results indicated that all the liposomes prepared, with or without MePB composition, were similar in micrograph, and the contents of MePB in MePBL were more important than the chain length of MePB for a long circulation in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Persistence of native fishes in small streams of the urbanized San Francisco Estuary, California: acknowledging the role of urban streams in native fish conservation
Authors: Leidy Robert A. , Cervantes‐Yoshida Kristina , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Urbanization is known to have pernicious consequences for native stream fishes globally. The San Francisco Estuary (SFE), California, is one of the largest, most urbanized estuaries in North America and non‐native freshwater fishes are widespread in many of its catchments. Nevertheless, a diverse native and endemic freshwater fish species assemblage remains in this region.
Historical records (1854–2007) were reviewed and sampling conducted throughout SFE catchments to determine the distribution of stream fishes. Native stream fishes were classified by zoogeographic type, habitat preferences, physiological tolerances, and whether native fishes utilized reservoirs during their life cycle.
From 1993–1999, stream fishes were sampled at 270 sites distributed in 23 SFE catchments to assess the overall status and distribution of native stream fishes, and illuminate drivers of persistence.
In 2009, stream fishes were sampled at 65 sites within the largest estuary catchment, Alameda Creek, to further explore distributional patterns and drivers of native fish persistence.
Native stream fishes persist in the urbanized SFE because of several interacting factors, including the existence of extensive undeveloped landscapes in the headwaters of many catchments, the prevalence of saltwater dispersant native stream fishes, the wide physiological tolerances of native species, the presence of saltwater barriers between catchments that presumably reduces the spread of non‐native fishes, and the existence of reservoirs that function as habitat for several native species. These results emerged from both the SFE‐wide and the Alameda Creek analyses, suggesting they are somewhat general for this region.
Study results show that streams in spatially complex urban settings retain important conservation benefits to native stream fishes, despite significant perturbations and the establishment of non‐native fishes.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.