The Effect Of Temperature On The Interfacial Tension Of Heavy Crude Oils Using The Pendent Drop Apparatus
Authors: Flock D.L. , Le T.H. , Gibeau J.P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A series of interfacial tension (IFT) measurements versus temperature were carried our at a constant pressure using the Pendent Drop apparatus. The study was conducted with seven different samples of viscous crude oil using as the aqueous phases a source water for water injection, distilled water, and heavy water. The temperatures investigated ranged from ambient 10 160 °C.
For two heavy oils if was found that the IFT initially decreased then increased with temperature and for one oil there was only an increase. For all other systems IFT either remained constant or decreased with increasing temperature. To investigate this apparent anomaly of increasing IFT with increasing temperature, a series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of oxidation of the bitumen and also the effect of intermediate or light-end hydrocarbons which may hare been lost from the heavy crude oil system during the driving process. No just explanation for the increasing IFT was established.
In a system where the density difference between the oil and the aqueous phase was from 0.01 to 0.002 gcm3, the Pendent Drop maintains its integrity. However it was found that the drop does not have the necessary shape to permit the determination of an accurate tension. Consequently for the heavier crude oils, modified procedures for measuring IFT were examined and are described. To overcome this problem the density difference between the two phases was increased by using heavy water as the aqueous phase.

Introduction
The interfacial tension between heavy crude oil and injection water under reservoir conditions plays a significant mechanistic role in the process of enhanced oil recovery. This interaction between the oil and water phases in steam flood recovery schemes is a function of temperature, pressure, and composition of both the hydrocarbon and aqueous phases. With highly viscous crude oils, increasing the temperature of the formation is the most significant factor in mobilizing the oil. However, to improve the efficiency of this process, the use of additives such as solvents, high pH control chemicals, or surfactants co-injected with steam, has been shown to enhance the oil recovery. The dominant mechanism in these cases, is a reduction in IFT at the oil/water interface resulting in the mobilization of oil by in-situ emulsification. Both an increase in temperature and the use of certain additives are expected to cause a decrease in the IFT. The purpose of this study was to investigate this expectation for some heavy oils and waters.
This study involved the examination of the effect of temperature on the IFT of a number of heavy crude oil and water systems using the Pendent Drop technique. This quantification of the IFT/temperature relationship is important in a number of areas including:the assessment of the application of chemicals in low- and high-temperature enhanced recovery processes.the study of the effect of IFT as it relates to emulsification of oil-in-water or water-in-oil.the establishment of high-temperature IFT relationships associated with thermal recovery mechanisms.