bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: economical multisite intradermal regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Suntharasamai Pravan , Warrell M. J. , Viravan Chaisin , Chanthavanich Pornthep , Looareesuwan Sornchai , Supapochana Achara , Supanaranond Juntra Karbwang Wichai , Chittamas Sunee , Bijok U. , Warrell D. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe standard six-dose intramuscular (i.m.) rabies post-exposure vaccine regimen using a new purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) vaccine was compared with two economical multisite intradermal (i.d.) PCEC regimens, a multisite i.m. PCEC schedule and a subcutaneous regimen using a suckling mouse brain (SMB) rabies vaccine manufactured in Thailand. The neutralizing antibody results for the four-site and eight-site i.d. and the standard i.m. PCEC regimens were similar over 3 months. A three-site i.m. PCEC regimen had no advantage. The SMB vaccine gave the lowest antibody levels. Human rabies immune globulin therapy significantly increased the GMT of all groups on day 7, unlike equine antirabies serum (EARS). Both antisera suppressed antibody responses to PCEC on days 14 and 28. Three generalized reactions probably related to EARS were the only serious side effects. An eight-site i.d. PCEC vaccine regimen proved as immunogenic as the routine i.m. schedule and, if implemented as post-exposure prophylaxis, would be the cheapest widely available tissue culture vaccine regimen. The protective efficiency should now be tested in patients bitten by rabid animals.
Influenza A and B virus IgG and IgM serology by enzyme immunoassays
Authors: Koskinen P. , Vuorinen T. , Meurman O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYEnzyme immunoassays (EIA) for IgG and IgM antibodies against influenza A and B virus are described. One hundred and seven subjects with a clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory infection (influenza, bronchitis or pneumonia) were selected for this study during two epidemics of influenza A which occurred in Finland in 1983 and 1985. Paired sera and nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from all subjects. The sera were tested for influenza A and B antibodies by IgG and IgM EIAs and by complement fixation tests. The nasopharyngeal secretions were tested by an indirect EIA for influenza A and B antigens.The IgG EIA was found to be better than complement fixation for the diagnosis of influenza A infections: only 22% of the significant increases detected by this test were also positive by complement fixation. The additional contribution of the IgM EIA to the number of positives was minimal.It was also found that testing a single 1/1000 dilution of serum for influenza A and 1/100 dilution for influenza B in the IgG EIA gave as many positives as the conventional method of testing several dilutions.
Persistence of rabies antibody 5 years after pre-exposure prophylaxis with human diploid cell antirabies vaccine and antibody response to a single booster dose
Authors: Rodrigues F. M. , Mandke V. B. , Roumiantzeff M. , Mohan Rao C. V. R. , Mehta J. M. , Pavri K. M. , Poonawalla C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn 1978, 22 staff members of the National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, were given two doses of human diploid cell antirabies vaccine (HDCV) for primary pre-exposure prophylactic immunization; the interval between the two doses being approximately 4 weeks. Eighteen of these 22 vaccinees were given a booster dose 1 year later. All 18 vaccinees developed protective levels of antibody; most of them had antibody levels exceeding 10 IU/ml.In 1984, 5 years after the booster dose, 11 (79·0%) of 14 vaccinees tested still possessed neutralizing antibody levels ranging from 0·5 IU/ml to 10 IU/ml. Fourteen days after the administration of a booster dose, the antibody levels ranged from 10 to ≥ 100 IU/ml for all except one vaccinee (5·2 IU/ml). These findings demonstrate that the majority of vaccinees retained detectable neutralizing antibody after pre-exposure prophylaxis for as long as 5 years and that a single booster dose thereafter evoked a good antibody response.
Serological studies on British isolates of the Sejroe serogroup of leptospira: II. An evaluation of the factor analysis method of identifying leptospires using strains belonging to the Sejroe serogroup
Authors: Little T. W. A. , Stevens A. E. , Hathaway S. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwelve British isolates of leptospira belonging to the Sejroe serogroup were examined using a series of six factor sera prepared by a number of different absorption methods. Ten of the isolates were identified asLeptospira interrogansserovarhardjoand two asL. interrogansserovarsaxkoebing. These isolates had previously been identified using the cross agglutination absorption method.
The assessment of two media for the confirmation ofEscherichia coliin water samples in single-tube tests
Authors: Papadakis J. A. , Mavridou A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo single-tube media, lactose-tryptone-lauryl sulphate broth (LTLSB) and lauryl-tryptose-mannitol broth were tested in parallel in a series of 1111 tests on water samples from a variety of sources.LTLSB was found to be superior both in gas and indole production fromEscherichia coliwhen incubated at 44 °C and is recommended as the most suitable single-tube confirmatory test for this organism.
WidespreadLegionella pneumophilacontamination of dental stations in a dental school without apparent human infection
Authors: Oppenheim B. A. , Sefton A. M. , Gill O. N. , Tyler J. E. , O'Mahony M. C. , Richards J. M. , Dennis P. J. L. , Harrison T. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFollowing isolation ofLegionella pneumophilafrom a special dental station water circuit, used primarily to cool high-speed dental drills which produce fine aerosols, a case finding and environmental survey was undertaken. Widespread colonization of the dental stations was found and the results suggested that amplification of the background levels ofL. pneumophilawas taking place within the stations. However there was no evidence for transmission causing human infection.
Haemophilus influenzaesubtyping by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell polypeptides
Authors: Paterson A. J. , Macsween K. F. , Pennington T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStrains ofHaemophilus influenzaeisolated from patients in N.E. Scotland between 1983 and 1986 have been subtyped by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whole-cell polypeptides. Gels were stained with Coomassie blue and polypeptide profiles were analysed using the Dice coefficient of similarity.Type b strains were all closely related, the 19 strains analysed being grouped at a 90% similarity level into one large (13 strains) and one small (3 strains) cluster with 3 strains being ungrouped. Thirty-six non-typable, epidemiologically unrelated strains were subtyped; one pair of strains had indistinguishable polypeptide profiles. The polypeptide profiles of the remaining strains showed much heterogeneity, although groups of strains isolated from the same patient over short periods showed indistinguishable profiles.
Characterization of non-typable strains ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom cases of hospital infection
Authors: Vindel Ana , Martín-Bourgon Cecilia , Saez-Nieto Juan A. , Nieto Saez 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA high percentage of non-typable (NT)Staphylococcus aureusstrains was isolated in Spanish hospitals during 1984 and 1985. Several alternative methods of typing were employed to study these isolates. These were: phage-typing at 1000 × RTD, phage-typing after heat-treatment (48 °C), thermal shock (56 °C), reverse-typing and induction of additional phages. Using these methods the number of NT isolates was reducedby 60%. Best results were obtained with heat-treatment. Additional phages and reverse-typing were also useful.A scheme for the study of outbreaks and sporadic cases caused by NT strains is proposed using the methods described.
Four outbreaks of nosocomial systemic candidiasis
Authors: Burnie J. P. , Matthews Ruth , Lee Woei , Howard J. Philpott , Honeywell K. , Damani N. , Brown Ruth , Jordans Zoe 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYCandida albicans has recently been described as a cause of nosocomial infection. This paper reports four further outbreaks occurring over a 12-month period in England. There were 13 systemic cases and 6 deaths. The outbreaks were defined by morphotyping andthe new technique of immunoblot fingerprinting. Controi of the outbreaks was produced bythe implementation of strict cross-infection control policies without recourse to systemic chemoprophylaxis.
Immunogenicity of specificBordetella pertussissurface antigens in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines
Authors: Blaskett Alan C. , Cox John C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe predominant causative organism of whooping cough in Australia is of a serotype which has normally been associated overseas with unvaccinated communities. Australian DTP vaccines pass the statutory mouse test forBordetella pertussispotency but this test is now believed to be relatively insensitive to certain factors, especially the major type-specific agglutinogens, which are presumably also important in the human host-parasite relationship. Because endemicB. bronchisepticainfections make some laboratory animals unsatisfactory for testingB. pertussisagglutinin responses, we have developed a test in which young farm sheep were immunized with vaccines. Type-specific agglutinins in their sera were assayed after absorption of non-specific agglutinins by suspensions of selected bordetella strains. Three well-reputed European DTP vaccines and two recent batches of Australian DTP vaccine were tested and compared thus. All evoked significant agglutinin responses to the main agglutinogens.
Extraintestinal salmonellosis
Authors: Wilkins E. G. L. , Roberts C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBetween 1969 and 1984, 6564 non-typhoid salmonella strains were isolated at the Liverpool Public Health Laboratory of which 194 (3·0%) were from extraintestinal sites. Blood (34%) and urine (32%) isolates accounted for twothirds of these, with the remainder being recovered from pus and inflammatory tissue (23%), bone (5%), cerebrospinal fluid (5%) and sputum (3%). Certain serotypes tended to cause more invasive disease than others, i.e. Salmonella choleraesuis, S. dublin, S. london, S. virchow and S. panama: this association for S. london has not previously been described. The spectrum of disease caused by non-typhoid strains was broad. This survey confirms the importance of nontyphoid salmonellas as occasional causes of invasive disease and local sepsis outside the gastrointestinal tract.
An appraisal of methods used in the examination of retail samples of cows milk
Authors: Greenwood M. H. , Gill P. , Coetzee E. F. C. , Ford B. M. , Hooper W. L. , Matthews S. C. W. , Patrick S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe use of the methylene blue test for the examination of cows milk was investigated in an inter-laboratory survey. A poor relationship was found between results of these tests and total viable counts. Coliforms were detected in a large number of pasteurized milks, indicating frequent post-pasteurization contamination. No relationship was found between the results of the methylene blue test and the presence of coliforms.Results from this survey highlight the need for reappraisal of the methylene blue test as a statutory method for the examination of milk. A total viable count and coliform test are suggested for providing information regarding dairy hygiene and the quality of the product at the point of retail sale.
Measles in developing countries. Part II. The predicted impact of mass vaccination
Authors: Mclean A. R. , Anderson R. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA mathematical model is developed to mimic the transmission dynamics of the measles virus in communities in the developing world with high population growth rates and high case fatality rates. The model is used to compare the impacts of different mass vaccination programmes upon morbidity and mortality arising from infection by measles virus. Analyses identify three conclusions of practical significance to the design of optimal vaccination programmes. First, there is no single optimum age at which to vaccinate children for all urban and rural communities in developing countries. For a given community the best age at which to vaccinate depends critically on the age distribution of cases of infection prior to the introduction of control measures. Second, numerical studies predict that the introduction of mass vaccination will induce a temporary phase of very low incidence of infection before the system settles to a new pattern of recurrent epidemics. Mass vaccination acts to lengthen the inter-epidemic period in the postvaccination period when compared with that prevailing prior to control. Third, numerical simulations suggest that two-phase and two-stage vaccination programmes are of less benefit than one-stage programmes (achieving comparable coverage) aimed at young children. The paper ends with a discussion of the needs for: improved programmes of data collection; monitoring of the impact of current vaccination programmes; and the development of models that take account of viral transmission dynamics, host demography and economic factors.
The epidemiology of bluetongue in Malawi
Authors: Haresnape J. M. , Taylor W. P. , Lungu S. A. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA 4 year survey was undertaken in 1982–6 to examine the seasonal nature of bluetongue virus activity in Malawi. Bluetongue infection at Bwemba in Lilongwe district and Likasi in Mchinji district, both in the Central Region of Malawi, was detected by examining sera taken from calves at each site, at monthly intervals. The proportion of seronegative calves undergoing serocon version each month was used as a measure of virus activity. At both sides bluetongue virus activity was found to be most marked during the rainy season, with no activity detected during the dry season from July to September. Thus the pattern of bluetongue infection in Malawi is highly seasonal. Examination of type-specific neutralizing antibody showed that the prevalent serotypes varied from year to year.
Protection against experimental infection with influenza virus A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) provided by inactivated whole virus vaccines containing homologous virus
Authors: Mumford J. A. , Wood J. M. , Folkers C. , Schild G. C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThirty-one ponies immunized with inactivated virus vaccine containing A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) virus and six seronegative ponies were experimentally challenged with the homologous virus strain. All G unvaccinated ponies and 11 out of 31 vaccinated ponies became infected. A clear relationship between pre-challenge antibody, measured by single radial haemolysis (SRH), and protection was demonstrated as judged by virus excretion, febrile responses and antibody responses. Those ponies with SRH antibody levels > 74 mm2 were completely protected against challenge infection by the intranasal route.
Nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance ofHaemophilus influenzaein healthy children
Authors: Howard A. J. , Dunkin K. T. , Millar G. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation was undertaken to determine the isolation rate and antibiotic resistance ofHaemophilus influenzaefrom the nasopharynx of young children. The 996 subjects studied were up to 6 years of age.H. influenzaewas isolated from 304 (30·5%) and strains of capsular type b from 11 (1·1%). Age, sibling status, season, respiratory infection and antibiotic therapy all influenced isolation rates. The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the strains isolated was ampicillin 5·4% (all β-lactamase producers), cefaclor 0·3%, chloramphenicol 1·3%, erythromycin 38·2%, tetracycline 1·3%, trimethoprim 5·4% and sulphamethoxazole 0%. Ampicillin resistance was more common in type b than non-capsulated strains.
A study of the epidemiology of Salmonella bareilly in India usinga new phage-typing system
Authors: Singh G. , Sharma N. C. , Jayasheela M. , Saxena S. N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 637 strains of Salmonella bareilly received from different parts of India between 1959 and 1985 were phage typed using five locally isolated wild phages. The overall typability was 94·5% and 11 different phagc types could be defined. Phago types 10 and 1 were the most prevalent and the geographical and source distribution is described.
The bacteriological prevalence of leptospiral infection in cattle and buffaloes in West Malaysia
Authors: Bahaman A. R. , Ibrahim A. L. , Stallman N. D. , Tinniswood R. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA cross-sectional bacteriological survey of cattle in West Malaysia revealed 14·4% (32/222) had leptospiral infection. Isolates were obtained from all except one herd with prevalence of infection in herds ranging from 0–44·8%. A small number of buffalo urine samples were examined and all of them were found to be negative. A leptospiral isolate obtained from a bovine kidney proved to be n new scrovar ofLeplospira interrogansand the nameunipertamawas assigned to it. Six other leptospiral serovars were isolated, namelycanicola, australis, javanica,ballum, pomonaandhardjo. All six serovars were isolated for the first time in cattle in Malaysia.Cattle in Malaysia appear to be the maintenance host for serovarhardjo. The presence of the other serovars in cattle was probably duo to contact with the maintenance hosts, pigs for serovarpomonaand rodents for the other three serovars. It appears that the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in cattle in Malaysia is similar to that reported overseas.
A three-year diagnostic and epidemiological study on viral infantile diarrhoea in Rome
Authors: Donelli G. , Ruggeri F. M. , Tinari A. , Marziano M. L. , Menichella D. , Caione D. , Concato C. , Rocchi G. , Vella S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYRotavirus infection was demonstrated in 168 (29·3%) of 573 children hospitalized for acute diarrhoea in Rome between January 1982 and December 1984. Laboratory diagnosis of these infections was made by transmission electron microscopy and enzyme immunoassay techniques with an overall agreement of 91·3%. Astroviruses, adenoviruses and small round viruses were detected in the faeces of 36 patients (6·4%). Whereas in 1982 rotavirus positive patients were clustered in the winter and following spring, in the following years cases were recorded all year round. The median age of patients with rotavirus infections was 17, 10 and 11·5 months in 1982, 1983 and 1984, respectively. In addition, a smaller number of rotavirus positive cases were admitted in 1983 when compared to those admitted during the previous as well as the subsequent years. It is suggested that a herd immunity was induced in the population by epidemic spread of rotavirus in the first half of 1982.
Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in households with infants within areas with high and low incidences of meningococcal disease
Authors: Olsen S. F. , Djurhuus B. , Rasmussen K. , Joensen H. D. , Larsen S. O. , Zoffman H. , Lind I. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn a household survey in the Faroe Islands, an isolated community with hyperendemic occurrence of meningococcal disease due to serogroup B 15, 1604 persons were examined for pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and N. lactamica. Two areas were chosen having experienced high (HIA), and two having experienced low incidences (LIA) of disease. Living in HIA compared with LIA was associated with higher risk of N. meningitidis B 15 carriage and lower risk of N. lactamica carriage, with odds ratios of 2·7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–5·1, P = 0·003) and 0·41 (95% CI 0·31–0·53, P < 0·0001), respectively. In HIA the risk of N. meningitidis carriage was much lower in non-carriers than carriers of N. lactamica, with an odds ratio of 0·19 (95% CI 0·08–0·47, P = 0·0003); in LIA this association (odds ratio 0·51, P = 0·05) was much weaker. Children 0–14 years had substantially higher risk of being carriers of N. meningitidis group B 15 if the mothers were so, with an odds ratio of 11 (95% CI 4–29, P < 0·0001).
Streptococcus pyogenesvulvovaginitis in children in Nottingham
Authors: Donald F. E. , Slack R. C. B. , Colman G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIsolates ofStreptococcus pyogenesfrom vaginal swabs of children with vulvovaginitis received at Nottingham Public Health Laboratory during 1986–9 were studied. A total of 159 isolates was made during the 4 years, increasing from 17 in 1986 to 64 in 1989 and accounting for 11% of all vaginal swabs received from children. The numbers of throat swabs yieldingS. pyogenesalso showed an increase from 974 in 1986 to 1519 in 1989. A winter peak of isolates was noted for both vaginal swabs and throat swabs. A total of 98 strains from vaginal swabs were serotyped: 22 different types were identified, 61% of which were the common types M4, M6, R28 and M12. Erythromycin sensitivity was done on 89 strains; 84% were highly sensitive (MIC < 0·03 mg/1). There are no other reports of such large numbers in the literature; the reason for seeing this increase in Nottingham is unclear.
Characterization of clinically significant isolates ofStaphylococcus epidermidisfrom patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections
Authors: Etienne J. , Charpin B. , Grando J. , Brun Y. , Bes M. , Fleurette J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYBiotyping, slime production, antibiograms, extrachromosomal DNA banding and total DNA restriction analysis were used to characterizeStaphylococcus epidermidisstrains causing cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in 11 patients. Infections considered to be community acquired and those acquired in the first 2 weeks of hospital admission were due to oxacillin-susceptible isolates. Multiply resistant strains were isolated from patients who were in hospital for more than 1 month before tube implantation. Slime was detected in staphylococci for 54% of cases, but its expression varied. Strains from different patients could be differentiated from one another by the extrachromosomal DNA bandings and total DNA restriction patterns, but isolates from the same patient were usually similar. During the period of external drainage, epidemiological markers were useful in differentiating persistence of infection from contamination or re-infection by a new strain.
Surveys of human enterotoxigenicEscherichia colifrom three different geographical areas for possible colonization factors
Authors: McConnell M. M. , Hibberd M. L. , Penny M. E. , Scotland S. M. , Cheasty T. , Rowe B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYEnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) from Burma, central Africa (Rwanda and Zaire) and Peru, were screened by enzyme-linked immunoassays for the colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and putative colonization factors (PCFs): CFA/I, CFA/II, which consists of three coli surface-associated (CS) antigens, CS1, CS2 and CS3, CFA/III, CFA/IV (CS4, CS5, CS6), CS7, PCFO9, PCFO159.H4, PCFO166, and CS17. The highest proportion of ETEC with identifiable colonization factors (71%) were found in the strains from Burma, which were mainly positive for CFA/I (38%), but strains producing CFA/II (4%), CFA/IV (11%), CS7 (10%), CS17 (4%), PCFO159.H4 (2%) and PCFO166 (2%) were also found. Sixty-nine percent of the ETEC from central Africa were positive for known colonization factors. While CFA/I positive strains were important (12%), a higher number of ETEC producing CFA/IV (33%) and CS17 (24%) were found. Fifty-two percent of the Peruvian strains produced identifiable colonization factors. The largest group of strains produced antigens of the CFA/IV complex (17%), while ETEC producing CFA/II (6%), CFA/III and CS6 (2%), CS7 (6%), PCFO9 (6%), PCFO166 (8%) and CS17 (7%) were also found. These surveys show that there is a considerable variation in the proportions and types of colonization factor found in different geographical areas. From 29 to 48% of the ETEC did not possess an identifiable colonization factor. These were particularly of the LT only producing type. These results have important implications for vaccine formulation.