bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Alkylphospholipid Perifosine Induces Apoptosis and p21-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in Medulloblastoma
Authors: Kumar Anil , Fillmore Helen L. , Kadian Renu , Broaddus William C. , Tye Gary W. , Van Meter Timothy E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant cancer of the central nervous system in children. AKT kinases are part of a survival pathway that has been found to be significantly elevated in medulloblastoma. This pathway is a point of convergence for many growth factors and controls cellular processes that are critical for tumor cell survival and proliferation. The alkyl-phospholipid perifosine [octadecyl-(1,1-dimethyl-4-piperidylio) phosphate] is a small molecule inhibitor in clinical trials in peripheral cancers which acts as a competitive inhibitor of AKT kinases. Medulloblastoma cell cultures were used to study the effects of perifosine response in preclinical studies in vitro. Perifosine treatment led to the rapid induction of cell death in medulloblastoma cell lines, with pronounced suppression of phosphorylated AKT in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. LD50 concentrations were established using viability assays for perifosine, cisplatin, and etoposide. LD50 treatment of medulloblastoma cells with perifosine led to the cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 7, caspase 3, and poly-ADP ribosylation protein, although caspase 8 was not detectable. Combination single-dose treatment regimens of perifosine with sublethal doses of etoposide or irradiation showed a greater than additive effect in medulloblastoma cells. Lower perifosine concentrations induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 cell cycle checkpoints, accompanied by increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21cip1/waf1. Treatment with p21 small interfering RNA prevented perifosine-induced cell cycle arrest. These findings indicate that perifosine, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of medulloblastoma. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(11):1813–21)
The Bozkurt-Interpretation Rule and the Legal Status of Family Members of Turkish Workers under Decision 1/80 of the EEC-Turkey Association Council
Authors: van der Mei A.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSince the 1995 ruling in Bozkurt, as far possible, the Court of Justice has applied the leading principles governing free movement of workers in its case law on the legal status of Turkish nationals under Decision 1/80 of the EEC-Turkey Association Council. This article considers the implications of the Bozkurt-interpretation rule for the rights of family members of Turkish workers. Judgments such as Ayaz, Derin and Gürol reveal a gradual strengthening of the rights of Turkish family members, which enable them, like family members of Community workers, to integrate into the host State’s society.
European Asylum Policy ‐ Inclusions and Exclusions under the Surface of Universal Human Rights Language
Authors: Pirjola Jari 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe tension between universal human rights commitments and particular interests of the EU or its Member States is at the heart of the creation of a common asylum system. This article explores some of the inherent and structural contradictions as well as the sometimes hidden paradoxes that affect the creation of common asylum policies. The development of the European asylum system is examined as a process of including and excluding. It is argued that open, abstract and empty human rights commitments can provide only limited guidance on how to develop migration and asylum policies in Europe. We should not try to hide the development of the European asylum system behind the obscurity of legal reasoning or institutionalized rights language, but see the emerging common asylum system as a result of different and often conflicting priorities, power struggles and ideological influences.
EU Mobility Partnerships: A Model of Policy Coordination?
Authors: Parkes Roderick 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAs migration cooperation has grown in stature at the European level, a premium has been set on its conceptual coordination with related areas of EU policy. The Mobility Partnerships which the bloc recently signed with Moldova and Cape Verde appear as a model of this kind of coordination. Indeed their advocates believe they can regulate migration in such a way that the Union’s economic, social, development and neighbourhood policies all benefit. A simple tri-partite method is here employed to gauge the complementarity of one of the Partnerships, that with Moldova, with its broader policy context. The present analysis suggests that the political exigencies involved in realising the agreement led to conceptual overstretch. Although the Partnership seldom clashes with its broader policy context, the considerable demands placed on its coordinators in the European Commission mean that the Partnership’s positive contribution to related policy areas remains bitty and lacking in coherence.
Comparison of AIRS and IASI Radiances Using GOES Imagers as Transfer Radiometers toward Climate Data Records
Authors: Wang Likun , Wu Xiangqian , Goldberg Mitch , Cao Changyong , Li Yaping , Sohn Seung-Hee 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), together with the future Cross-track Infrared Sounder, will provide long-term hyperspectral measurements of the earth and its atmosphere at ∼10 km spatial resolution. Quantifying the radiometric difference between AIRS and IASI is crucial for creating fundamental climate data records and establishing the space-based infrared calibration standard. Since AIRS and IASI have different local equator crossing times, a direct comparison of these two instruments over the tropical regions is not feasible. Using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers as transfer radiometers, this study compares AIRS and IASI over warm scenes in the tropical regions for a time period of 16 months. The double differences between AIRS and IASI radiance biases relative to the GOES-11 and -12 imagers are used to quantify the radiance differences between AIRS and IASI within the GOES imager spectral channels. The results indicate that, at the 95% confidence level, the mean values of the IASI − AIRS brightness temperature differences for warm scenes are very small, that is, −0.0641 ± 0.0074 K, −0.0432 ± 0.0114 K, and −0.0095 ± 0.0151 K for the GOES-11 6.7-, 10.7-, and 12.0-μm channels, respectively, and −0.0490 ± 0.0100 K, −0.0419 ± 0.0224 K, and −0.0884 ± 0.0160 K for the GOES-12 6.5-, 10.7-, and 13.3-μm channels, respectively. The brightness temperature biases between AIRS and IASI within the GOES imager spectral range are less than 0.1 K although the AIRS measurements are slightly warmer than those of IASI.
The Distribution of Rainfall over Oceans from Spaceborne Radars
Authors: Berg Wesley , L’Ecuyer Tristan , Haynes John M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A combination of rainfall estimates from the 13.8-GHz Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and the 94-GHz CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is used to assess the distribution of rainfall intensity over tropical and subtropical oceans. These two spaceborne radars provide highly complementary information: the PR provides the best information on the total rain volume because of its ability to estimate the intensity of all but the lightest rain rates while the CPR’s higher sensitivity provides superior rainfall detection as well as estimates of drizzle and light rain. Over the TRMM region between 35°S and 35°N, rainfall frequency from the CPR is around 9%, approximately 2.5 times that detected by the PR, and the CPR estimates indicate a contribution by light rain that is undetected by the PR of around 10% of the total. Stratifying the results by total precipitable water (TPW) as a proxy for rainfall regime indicates dramatic differences over stratus-dominated subsidence regions, with nearly 20% of the total rain occurring as light rain. Over moist tropical regions, the CPR substantially underestimates rain from intense convective storms because of large attenuation and multiple-scattering effects while the PR misses very little of the total rain volume because of a lower relative contribution from light rain. Over low-TPW regions, however, inconsistencies between estimates from the PR and the CPR point to uncertainties in the algorithm assumptions that remain to be understood and addressed.
Nonnormal Frontal Dynamics
Authors: Feliks Yizhak , Tziperman Eli , Farrell Brian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The generalized stability of the secondary atmospheric circulation over strong SST fronts is studied using a hydrostatic, Boussinesq, two-dimensional f-plane model. It is shown that even in a parameter regime in which these circulations are stable to small perturbations, significant nonnormal growth of optimal initial perturbations occurs. The maximum growth factor in perturbation total energy is 250 and is dominated by the potential energy, which obtains a growth factor of 219 two to five hours after the beginning of the integration. This domination of potential energy growth is consistent with the observation that the available potential energy (APE) of the secondary circulation is larger by two orders of magnitude than the kinetic energy as well as with the transfer of kinetic to potential perturbation energy at the beginning of the growth of the perturbations.
The norm kernel is found to significantly influence the structure of the optimal initial perturbation as well as the energy obtained by the mature perturbations, but the physical mechanism of growth and the structure of the mature perturbations are robust.
Strong Turbulence in the Wave Crest Region
Authors: Gemmrich Johannes 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
High-resolution vertical velocity profiles in the surface layer of a lake reveal the turbulence structure beneath strongly forced waves. Dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy are estimated based on centered second-order structure functions at 4-Hz sampling. Dissipation rates within nonbreaking wave crests are on average 3 times larger than values found at the same distance to the free surface but within the wave trough region. This ratio increases to 18 times for periods with frequent wave breaking. The depth-integrated mean dissipation rate is a function of the wave field and correlates well with the mean wave saturation in the wave band ωp ≤ ω ≤ 4ωp. It shows a clear threshold behavior in accordance with the onset of wave breaking. The initial bubble size distribution is estimated from the observed distribution of energy dissipation rates, assuming the Hinze scale being the limiting size. This model yields the slope of the size distribution, , consistent with laboratory results reported in the literature, and implies that bubble fragmentation associated with intermittent high dissipation rates is a valid mechanism for the setup of bubble size spectra.
Energetics of Winter Troughs Entering South America
Authors: Piva Everson Dal , Gan Manoel A. , Rao V. Brahmananda 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The energetics and behavior of midtropospheric troughs over the Southern Hemisphere and their relationship with South America surface cyclogenesis were studied during the winters of 1999–2003. All surface cyclogenesis situations over Uruguay and adjacent areas associated with 500-hPa troughs were analyzed. The atmospheric circulation associated with type-B and type-C cyclones form the basis for two composites: composite B (with 25 cases) and composite C (with 13 cases). The results showed that the midtropospheric troughs were more intense in composite C than in composite B before the surface cyclogenesis and that the opposite occurred during the surface cyclogenesis. The baroclinic conversion was dominant in both composites. In composite B, the ageostrophic flux convergence (AFC) contributed positively to the intensification of the surface cyclone since it imported energy into the area before the cyclogenesis started. But in composite C, the AFC served as a sink because it exported energy. Based on these results, it can be concluded that (i) the trough was crucial for the cyclogenesis; (ii) the variables in the mid- and upper levels did not differ significantly from one composite to another; (iii) the northerly heat and moisture flow acted as a preconditioning for the cyclogenesis, mainly for composite C; (iv) the baroclinic conversion dominated the energetics; and (v) the AFC had only a secondary role, contributing negatively to the development of the cyclone in composite C and positively to the initial development in composite B.
COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Temperature Profiles in Clouds
Authors: Lin L. , Zou X. , Anthes R. , Kuo Y-H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThermodynamic states in clouds are closely related to physical processes such as phase changes of water and longwave and shortwave radiation. Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data are not affected by clouds and have high vertical resolution, making them ideally suited to cloud profiling on a global basis. By comparing the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) RO refractivity data with those of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis and ECMWF analysis for soundings in clouds and clear air separately, a systematic bias of opposite sign was found between large-scale global analyses and the GPS RO observations under cloudy and clear-sky conditions. As a modification to the standard GPS RO wet temperature retrieval that does not distinguish between cloudy- and clear-sky conditions, a new cloudy retrieval algorithm is proposed to incorporate the knowledge that in-cloud specific humidity (which affects the GPS refractivities) should be close to saturation. To implement this new algorithm, a linear regression model for a sounding-dependent relative humidity parameter α is first developed based on a high correlation between relative humidity and ice water content. In the absence of ice water content information, α takes an empirical value of 85%. The in-cloud temperature profile is then retrieved from GPS RO data modeled by a weighted sum of refractivities with and without the assumption of saturation. Compared to the standard wet retrieval, the cloudy temperature retrieval is consistently warmer within clouds by ∼2 K and slightly colder near the cloud top (∼1 K) and cloud base (1.5 K), leading to a more rapid increase of the lapse rate with height in the upper half of the cloud, from a nearly constant moist lapse rate below and at the cloud middle (∼6°C km−1) to a value of 7.7°C km−1, which must be closer to the dry lapse rate than the standard wet retrieval.
Forward Semi-Lagrangian Advection with Mass Conservation and Positive Definiteness for Falling Hydrometeors
Authors: Henry Juang Hann-Ming , Hong Song-You 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A semi-Lagrangian advection scheme is developed for falling hydrometeors in hopes of replacing the conventional Eulerian scheme that has been widely used in the cloud microphysics scheme of numerical atmospheric models. This semi-Lagrangian scheme uses a forward advection method to determine the advection path with or without iteration, and advected mass in a two-time-level algorithm with mass conservation. Monotonicity is considered in mass-conserving interpolation between Lagrangian grids and model Eulerian grids, thus making it a positive definite advection scheme. For mass-conserving interpolation between the two grid systems, the piecewise constant method (PCM), piecewise linear method (PLM), and piecewise parabolic method (PPM) are proposed. The falling velocity at the bottom cell edge is modified to avoid unphysical deformation by scanning from the top layer to the bottom of the model, which enables the use of a large time step with reasonable accuracy. The scheme is implemented and tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Single-Moment 3-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM3).
In a theoretical test bed with constant terminal velocity, the proposed semi-Lagrangian algorithm shows that the higher-order interpolation scheme produces less diffusive features at maximal precipitation. Results from another idealized test bed with mass-weighted terminal velocity demonstrate that the accuracy of the proposed scheme is still satisfactory even with a time step of 120 s when the mean terminal velocity averaged at the departure and arrival points is employed. A two-dimensional (2D) squall-line test using the WSM3 scheme shows that the control run with the Eulerian advection scheme and the semi-Lagrangian run with the PCM method reveal similar results, whereas behaviors using the PLM and PPM are similar with higher-resolution features, such as mammatus-like clouds.
Filtering Turbulent Sparsely Observed Geophysical Flows
Authors: Harlim John , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFiltering sparsely turbulent signals from nature is a central problem of contemporary data assimilation. Here, sparsely observed turbulent signals from nature are generated by solutions of two-layer quasigeostrophic models with turbulent cascades from baroclinic instability in two separate regimes with varying Rossby radius mimicking the atmosphere and the ocean. In the “atmospheric” case, large-scale turbulent fluctuations are dominated by barotropic zonal jets with non-Gaussian statistics while the “oceanic” case has large-scale blocking regime transitions with barotropic zonal jets and large-scale Rossby waves. Recently introduced, cheap radical linear stochastic filtering algorithms utilizing mean stochastic models (MSM1, MSM2) that have judicious model errors are developed here as well as a very recent cheap stochastic parameterization extended Kalman filter (SPEKF), which includes stochastic parameterization of additive and multiplicative bias corrections “on the fly.” These cheap stochastic reduced filters as well as a local least squares ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (LLS-EAKF) are compared on the test bed with 36 sparse regularly spaced observations for their skill in recovering turbulent spectra, spatial pattern correlations, and RMS errors. Of these four algorithms, the cheap SPEKF algorithm has the superior overall skill on the stringent test bed, comparable to LLS-EAKF in the atmospheric regime with and without model error and far superior to LLS-EAKF in the ocean regime. LLS-EAKF has special difficulty and high computational cost in the ocean regime with small Rossby radius, which creates stiffness in the perfect dynamics. The even cheaper mean stochastic model, MSM1, has high skill, which is comparable to SPEKF for the oceanic case while MSM2 has significantly worse filtering performance than MSM1 with the same inexpensive computational cost. This is interesting because MSM1 is based on a simple new regression strategy while MSM2 relies on the conventional regression strategy used in stochastic models for shear turbulence.
The Role of Equatorial Rossby Waves in Tropical Cyclogenesis. Part II: Idealized Simulations in a Monsoon Trough Environment
Authors: Gall Jeffrey S. , Frank William M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This is the second of two papers examining the role of equatorial Rossby (ER) waves in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis. Based on results from Part I, it is hypothesized that genesis resulting from the circulation of an ER wave alone is uncommon and that the majority of ER wave–related genesis events occur when a sufficiently intense ER wave interacts with a favorable background flow environment. This paper examines this contention by performing a series of simulations in which ER waves are imposed upon idealized background flows. The background flows are designed to resemble a region of a monsoon trough (MT), a flow feature observed at certain times of the year in all of the TC basins, and most dramatically, in the western North Pacific basin. It is believed that ER wave interactions with the MT may speed up the internal breakdown genesis mechanism of the MT, or even result in genesis when the MT is too weak to breakdown from in situ processes alone. The latter scenario is examined here. When just the MT is simulated without the ER wave anomaly fields, the MT remains quasi-steady and TC genesis does not occur. It is only when the ER wave is imposed on the MT that TC genesis is initiated. The results imply that the ER wave–MT interactions produce more TCs than would otherwise occur if no such interactions took place. Results demonstrate that wave breaking of the ER wave is a mechanism by which vorticity is organized on the scale of a TC. This process features a decrease in the initial horizontal scale of the cyclonic gyre of the ER wave to a scale comparable with a TC. This genesis mechanism is sensitive to the magnitude of the background cyclonic vorticity of the MT, as TC genesis is only initiated when the value of the 850-mb relative vorticity of the MT is larger than 2 × 10−5 s−1. This genesis pathway provides a unique interpretation of TC genesis and is compared with previous theories on TC genesis.
A Seven-Year Wind Profiler–Based Climatology of the Windward Barrier Jet along California’s Northern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Neiman Paul J. , Sukovich Ellen M. , Ralph F. Martin , Hughes Mimi 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This wind profiler–based study highlights key characteristics of the barrier jet along the windward slope of California’s Sierra Nevada. Between 2000 and 2007 roughly 10% of 100 000 hourly wind profiles, recorded at two sites, satisfied the sierra barrier jet (SBJ) threshold criteria described in the text. The mean magnitude of the terrain-parallel flow in the SBJ core (i.e., Vmax) was similar at both sites (∼17.5 m s−1) and at a comparable altitude, 500–1000 m above the surface. The cross-mountain wind speed was weak at the altitude of Vmax, consistent with blocked conditions. The seasonal cycle of SBJ occurrences showed a maximum during the cooler months and a minimum in summer. Additionally, the SBJ was stronger in winter than in summer. Because the warm-season (May–September) SBJs were different than their cool-season (October–April) counterparts and occurred during California’s dry season, they were not discussed in detail. An inventory of ∼250 cool-season SBJ cases from the two sites was generated (a case contains ≥8 consecutive SBJ profiles). Up to 60% of the nearby cool-season precipitation fell during SBJ cases, and these cases shifted the precipitation down the sierra’s windward slope and enhanced precipitation at the north end of the Central Valley (relative to non-SBJ conditions). The large number of cool-season SBJ cases was stratified by the mean strength and altitude of Vmax and by the case duration. Composite profiles of the along-barrier component for the top- and bottom-20 ranked cases in each of these three SBJ classes reveal stark differences in the magnitude and vertical positioning of the barrier jet. The three SBJ classes yielded uniquely different local precipitation characteristics in proximity to the wind profilers, with the strongest and longest-lived SBJs yielding the greatest precipitation. North American Regional Reanalysis plan-view composites were generated to explore the synoptic conditions responsible for, and to showcase the precipitation distributions associated with, the top- and bottom-20 ranked cases in each of the three classes of SBJs. The composite analyses yielded large contrasts between the SBJ classes that could prove useful in forecasting SBJs and their precipitation impacts. All SBJ classes occurred, on average, in the pre-cold-frontal environment of landfalling winter storms.