bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Measurement of Particle Size and Temperature in a Plasma Torch
Authors: Fincke J. R. , Jeffery C. L. , Englert S. B. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTwo coincidence techniques for simultaneously obtaining particle size and temperature in a plasma torch are described. The absolute magnitude of scattered laser light is used to determine particle size and particle temperature is determined from a two-color pyrometer technique. Typical results on alumina particles injected into a 7 kW plasma torch are presented.
The Application of Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence as a Diagnostic in Plasma Processing
Authors: Partin J. K. , Fincke J. R. , Jeffery C. L. , Snyder S. C. , Batdorf J. A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper reports an application of the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique to visualize species in a plasma jet. For the experiment, 10 μm manganese particles were injected through a center feed in the cathode of a 8 kW plasma torch. A tunable laser beam (−20 mJ/pulse) was focused by a cylinderical lens into a sheet, approximately 2.4 cm high and 550 μm thick, which passed through the center of the plasma plume, exciting manganese lying within the plane defined by the laser. The fluorescence generated was imaged onto a gated, intensified CID camera, converted to digital format, and processed by an image analyzer to form a 2-D map of the relative manganese vapor concentration within the plasma. The results of this proof-of-principle experiment demonstrate that the PLIF measurement holds considerable promise for obtaining simultaneous spatially resolved measurements of species concentration.
Spatially-Resolved Emission Profiles of Parallel Plate RF Glow Discharges
Authors: Roth Richard M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAn apparatus is described which can acquire, in less than a second, a spectrally-resolved, spatial profile of the light emitted from a parallel plate, rf glow discharge. This is achieved by imaging the discharge emission onto the entrance slit of a monochromator with its spatial integrity preserved. Then a spatially-resolved image is detected by an optical multichannel detector which is oriented parallel to the entrance slit. Spatial profiles from nonreactive gas discharges demonstrate that the symmetry of an rf discharge can be dramatically affected by the nature of the gas.
Deposition of A-Ge:H by Gef4/H 2 Glow Discharge
Authors: Slobodin D. , Aljishi S. , Wagner S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTHydrogenated amorphous germanium (a-Ge:H) thin films have been grown by DC proximity glow discharge deposition using GeF,/H2 as the source gas mixture. The film growth rate decreases with increasing substrate temperature because of the temperature activation of the competitive “etching” reaction: GeF, + Ge -2GeF 2. At sufficiently high substrate temperature and GeF4, partial pressure, this reaction dominates and film growth is suppressed. The hydrogen fraction in the source gas mixture appears to determine the extent of decomposition of GeF4. The deposition rates of germanium films grown from SiF4/GeF4/H2 and Ar/GeF4,/H2 under similar gas fraction and discharge power conditions are compared. The results suggest that Si species catalyze the deposition of Ge in SiF4/GeF4/H2 glow discharges. a-Ge:H films grown from GeF4/H2 have optical, electronic and structural properties similar to films grown by GeH, glow discharge.
Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrates in a DC Transferred-ARC Plasma Furnace
Authors: Brent A. D. , Reid K. J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe thermal reduction of ilmenite to produce a high grade titania slag and pig iron byproduct using a d.c. transferred-arc plasma furnace has been investigated. Small-scale (50 kVA) batch tests were conducted on three different ilmenite concentrates of widely differing chemical compositions and geological histories to assess the suitability of this reactor configuration for ilmenite smelting. The effects of reducing agent particle size and excess carbon on slag grade, titanium and iron recoveries, and reducing agent efficiency are discussed. A d.c. plasma furnace appears to be an ideal reactor for ilmenite smelting, although accurate control of the furnace thermal balance is essential if reaction between furnace refractories and the titania slag is to be avoided.
Functional Anatomy of Whitefly Organs Associated with Squash Leaf Curl Virus (Geminiviridae: Begomovirus) Transmission by the B Biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Cicero Joseph M , Brown Judith K 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a sibling species group that transmits Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and other geminiviruses (Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) in a circulative and persistent manner. Using in situ hybridization, SLCV was localized in the primary salivary glands, the midgut, and the filter chamber of adults of the B biotype in the group. However, no SLCV particles were localized in the accessory salivary glands. The midgut loop was found to reside, fully or partially, in the abdomen or thorax in &gt;8,000 dissections, indicating that it is capable of moving through the petiole, a constriction between the two body sections. When extended to its anterior-most position in the thorax, the midgut can make direct contact with the salivary glands, but evidence for direct transfer of virions is lacking. However, the widely presumed pathway of viral transport from the gut to the whitefly primary salivary glands can now be broadened to include both the blood and the possibility of direct transfer during contiguity of these two organs. Light microscopical observations indicated that the primary salivary gland consists of a central region flanked by two dark-staining regions, referred to as endcaps. Electron microscopical examination of extirpated and nonextirpated primary salivary glands revealed additional distinct regions and cell types. One such region, located between the central region and an endcap, was correlated directly to the region where virions have previously been immunolocalized.
Unified model for p-n junction current-voltage characteristics
Authors: Cristea Miron 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCurrent-voltage p-n junction characteristics have been analyzed mainly at low injection levels. The high injection level region of the I/V characteristic allows the possibility of determining basic parameters of the semiconductor material, like the bulk doping concentration and charge carrier lifetime. Based on a new theoretical model of the p-n junction characteristics, valid for both low level and high level regions, a new general equation of the p-n junction is presented. It can serve for parameter extraction of semiconductor devices.
Experimental Study on the Filling of Nano Structures with Infrared Mold Surface Heating
Authors: Lin H.-Y. , Chang C.-H. , Young W.-B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In the fabrication of plastic components with micro or nano structures, injection molding is one of the simple and most cost-effective processes. In the injection molding process, a complete filling of the micro or nano structures is necessary to fabricate a successful product. However, it is difficult to fully fill nano structures with an aspect ratio close to one or higher by the conventional molding process. In this study, mold inserts with nano channels were constructed by a LIGA-like process. The effects of the processing parameters and infrared heating on the filling of the nano structures were explored experimentally. Increasing the mold temperature, pressure, or filling rate did not improve the filling distance in nano channels with the conventional molding process significantly. Thus, an infrared mold surface heating system was introduced to assist the molding of the nano structures. To enhance the heating efficiency and reduce the cycle time, a heat-resistant layer was inserted under the mold cavity. The heat resistant plate led the heating system to work more efficiently. It easily increased the surface temperature over the glass transition temperature of plastic, thus fully filling the nano structures.
Lattices with and lattices without spectral gap
Authors: Bekka Bachir , Lubotzky Alexander 
Published: March 2011

Let

G=\boldsymbol{G}(\mathbb{k})

be the

\mathbb{k}

-rational points of a simple algebraic group

\boldsymbol{G}

over a local field

\mathbb{k}

and let

\Gamma

be a lattice in

G

. We show that the regular representation

\rho_{\Gamma\backslash G}

of

G

on

L^2(\Gamma\backslash G)

has a spectral gap, that is, the restriction of

\rho_{\Gamma\backslash G}

to the orthogonal of the constants in

L^2(\Gamma\backslash G)

has no almost invariant vectors. On the other hand, we give examples of locally compact simple groups

G

and lattices

\Gamma

for which

L^2(\Gamma\backslash G)

has no spectral gap. This answers in the negative a question asked by Margulis. In fact,

G

can be taken to be the group of orientation preserving automorphisms of a

k

-regular tree for

k>2

.
Surgical and Medical Management of Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tominaga Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPersistent hyperparathyroidism (HPT) after successful kidney transplantation (RTx) (tertiary HPT; THPT) is a common complication in patients with RTx and may affect bone disease, deterioration of graft function and cardiovascular events. Parathyroidectomy (PTx) is the most successful treatment for resolving advanced HPT in patients with THPT. However, the surgical indications for THPT and timing of the operation are problematic because hypercalcemia can be resolved spontaneously. Subtotal and total PTx with autotransplantaion are widely accepted for THPT. The evidence to know which procedure is more appropriated could not be found. Recently the deterioration of kidney graft function after PTx for THPT has been reported and hypoparathyroidism after PTx may be avoided. Recently cinacalcet has been applied for patients with THPT and the medicine can dramaticaly control HPT and hypercalcemia. Possible risks of cinacalcet are hypocalcemia and increased calciuria and the approval for THPT remains highly controversial. A large number of prospective controlled clinical trial should be required.
Novel Germline SDHB Mutation in a 35-Year-Old Male with Malignant Bladder Paraganglioma
Authors: Elaraj Dina M , Sturgeon Cord , Heller Michael B , Aleppo Grazia 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Objective
Up to 25% of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PGL) are associated with germline mutations in RET, VHL, NF1, and subunits A, B, C, or D of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SDHB mutations are associated with malignant extra-adrenal PGL. Codon specific genotype-phenotype relationships have not been identified. Herein is described a case of malignant bladder paraganglioma from a novel W200R SDHB mutation. The literature is reviewed and clinical management is discussed.

Methods
Literature review was performed to analyze the relationship between SDHB and PGL, yielding 45 unique articles, which were reviewed and cross-referenced.

Results
SDHB mutations have a 50% penetrance by age 35, 1/3 of paragangliomas are multifocal, 31 to 48% are malignant, and 50 to 70% of these malignant PGL develop metastases.

Conclusion
Based on the aggressive nature of the SDHB mutation, we recommend preoperative staging, an aggressive treatment regimen, and intensive screening for recurrence.
Development of In‐Cell Western Assays Using Far‐Red Fluorophores
Authors: Moerke Nathan J. , Hoffman Gregory R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe in‐cell western (ICW) technique is a cell‐based immunoassay method for quantitative measurement of protein expression or phosphorylation levels that can be used for both small molecule and siRNA screening. The method involves growth of cells in microplates, fixation, permeabilization, and staining with specific antibodies and/or cell labeling dyes. ICW assays take advantage of the properties of near‐infrared dyes to achieve higher signal‐to‐noise ratios than are possible for methods utilizing fluorophores in the visible range of the spectrum, and typically involve measurements using two fluorescent channels: one to measure levels of the target of interest, and one to measure total cell number for normalization. The ICW method is readily adaptable to high‐throughput format and has been successfully used with a variety of targets and cell lines. The protocols in this unit describe an ICW procedure for quantitative measurement of rpS6‐phosphorylation as an endpoint for monitoring mTORC1 signaling in HeLa cells. This assay can be used for small molecule or siRNA screening, and with modification is adaptable to other cell lines and targets. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 3:39‐52 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Devices, Materials, and Processes for Nanoelectronics: Characterization with Advanced X‐Ray Techniques Using Lab‐Based and Synchrotron Radiation Sources
Authors: Zschech Ehrenfried , Wyon Christophe , Murray Conal E. , Schneider Gerd 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFuture nanoelectronics manufacturing at extraordinary length scales, new device structures, and advanced materials will provide challenges to process development and engineering but also to process control and physical failure analysis. Advanced X‐ray techniques, using lab systems and synchrotron radiation sources, will play a key role for the characterization of thin films, nanostructures, surfaces, and interfaces. The development of advanced X‐ray techniques and tools will reduce risk and time for the introduction of new technologies. Eventually, time‐to‐market for new products will be reduced by the timely implementation of the best techniques for process development and process control. The development and use of advanced methods at synchrotron radiation sources will be increasingly important, particularly for research and development in the field of advanced processes and new materials but also for the development of new X‐ray components and procedures. The application of advanced X‐ray techniques, in‐line, in out‐of‐fab analytical labs and at synchrotron radiation sources, for research, development, and manufacturing in the nanoelectronics industry is reviewed. The focus of this paper is on the study of nanoscale device and on‐chip interconnect materials, and materials for 3D IC integration as well.
Mechanism of Chromium Oxide Formation in Cobalt–Chromium–Molybdenum (F75) Alloys Prepared Using Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Patel Bhairav , Inam Fawad , Reece Michael J. , Edirisinghe Mohan , Bonfield William , Huang Jie , Angadji Arash 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMetallic implants are known to have higher wear rates compared to ceramic. This causes more wear debris to be produced and results in the release of toxic metal ions to the surrounding areas. The strengthening mechanism in cobalt based cast orthopedic alloys depends upon carbides present in the microstructure, but these cause problems when dislodged between articulating surfaces, accelerating wear by abrasion and fretting. Thus, in order to improve the performance of these implants a novel method of processing the alloys, namely by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of fine powders, has been used as it generates hard oxides and not carbides in the microstructure. The oxide in the SPS processed alloy is identified as chromium oxide formed by a redox reaction between cobalt oxide found on the surface of cobalt particles and chromium. The oxygen associated with the cobalt powder is displaced and combines with the chromium during SPS. This oxide in the microstructure of the alloy can be more beneficial than carbides due to its higher hardness, resulting in lower wear rates and less wear particles. With the oxide in the microstructure, the hardness of the alloy becomes closer to that of ceramics. Also its lower density enables the alloy to be lighter. The chemical stability of the oxide ensures that it remains intact and due its insolubility in water, no carcinogenic or toxic reactions will occur.
Effect of Trace Solvent on the Morphology of P3HT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Chang Lilian , Lademann Hans W. A. , Bonekamp Jörg‐Bernd , Meerholz Klaus , Moulé Adam J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe performance of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is strongly correlated with the nanoscale structure of the active layer. Various processing techniques have been explored to improve the nanoscale morphology of the BHJ layer, e.g., by varying the casting solvent, thermal annealing, solvent annealing, and solvent additives. This paper highlights the role of residual solvent in the “dried” BHJ layer, and the effect of residual solvents on PCBM diffusion and ultimately the stability of the morphology. We show that solvent is retained within the BHJ film despite prolonged heat treatment, leading to extensive phase separation, as demonstrated by the growth in the size and quantity of PCBM agglomerates. The addition of a small volume fraction of nitrobenzene to the casting solution inhibits the diffusion of PCBM in the dry film, resulting in smaller PCBM agglomerates, and improves the fill factor of the BHJ device to 0.61 without further tempering. The addition of nitrobenzene also increases the P3HT crystalline content, while increasing the onset temperature for melting of P3HT side chains and backbone. The melting temperature for PCBM is also higher with the nitrobenzene additive present.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Sulfenylation of β‐Keto Phosphonates: A Convenient Approach to Construct Hetero‐ Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Lin Aijun , Fang Ling , Zhu Xi , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe highly effective and enantioselective sulfenylation of β‐keto phosphonates catalyzed by α,α‐diaryl‐L‐prolinols has been developed. The optically active α‐sulfenylated β‐keto phosphonates could be obtained under mild reaction conditions in good yields (up to 92%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% ee).
Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich Reactions of Fluorinated Aldimines with Siloxyfurans
Authors: Zhao Qian‐Yi , Yuan Zhi‐Liang , Shi Min 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA highly regio‐ and enantioselective asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reaction of readily available fluorinated aldimines bearing a chiral auxiliary [(S)‐1‐phenylethyl group] with siloxyfurans to afford chiral fluorine‐containing γ‐butenolide or γ‐lactone derivatives has been developed in the presence of silver acetate (10 mol%) and axially chiral phosphine‐oxazoline ligand L1 (11 mol%). In most cases, the corresponding fluorinated adducts were obtained in high yields, good to excellent enantiomeric excesses and up to>20:1 dr.
Iron Nanoparticles Supported on Chemically‐Derived Graphene: Catalytic Hydrogenation with Magnetic Catalyst Separation
Authors: Stein Mario , Wieland Jörg , Steurer Peter , Tölle Folke , Mülhaupt Rolf , Breit Bernhard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIron nanoparticles (Fe‐NP) supported on chemically‐derived graphene (CDG) were prepared and identified as an effective catalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. The catalyst can easily be separated by magnetic decantation.
A hybrid global optimization algorithm and its application to parameter estimation problems
Authors: Zhang H. , Rangaiah G.P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGlobal optimization has been an area of active research for the past few decades. There are many different global optimization algorithms that have been proposed and studied. Among these, differential evolution (DE) is a promising population‐based stochastic global optimization algorithm. It has been gaining popularity in the recent past due to its capability to handle non‐convex, non‐differentiable and multimodal objective functions. In this work, a hybrid global optimization (HGO) method with a novel stopping criterion is proposed. The proposed algorithm integrates DE with a taboo list of taboo search and self‐adaptive strategies. The taboo list/check prevents revisiting the same area, thus increasing the population diversity and computational efficiency. The self‐adaptive strategy reduces the algorithm parameters to be provided and makes the algorithm more robust. Furthermore, a novel stopping criterion based on the number of rejected points is developed. The effectiveness of the proposed stopping criterion and HGO is assessed on more than 30 benchmark problems with 2–30 variables. The performance of HGO is compared with some state‐of‐the‐art global optimization algorithms recently published in the literature. The results show that the reliability of finding the global optimum by HGO is slightly better than that by the latest DE techniques in the literature, and the number of function evaluations (NFE) of HGO is significantly reduced. Finally, HGO is tested for parameter estimation in dynamic models. In conclusion, the proposed HGO algorithm with the novel stopping criterion is found to be reliable, efficient and suitable for application problems. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy integration across multiple water allocation networks with negligible contaminant effects
Authors: Sahu Gopal Chandra , Bandyopadhyay Santanu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTotal site integration is considered for energy conservation opportunities across different individual processes. Heat can be integrated through heat exchangers or through non‐isothermal mixing of streams. On the other hand, heat can also be integrated across the processes through direct or indirect integration. A methodology is proposed for heat integration across multiple water allocation networks (WANs), where effect of contaminant can be neglected, incorporating the combination of isothermal or non‐isothermal mixing as well as direct or indirect integration. The proposed methodology accounts assisted heat transfer between the pinches for improved site‐level heat integration. Energy recovery algorithm is applied for energy integration and determination of process grand composite curve (GCC) for each individual process. The method of site‐level GCC is extended and modified for targeting the utility requirement in overall plant of WANs. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow pattern identification for three‐phase distillation with a nonequilibrium modeling
Authors: Chen Liang , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Wang Shuqing 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe fear of the uncertain vapor–liquid–liquid hydrodynamics has guided process engineers away from a three‐phase involvement, of which the most uncertain is the flow pattern of the second liquid phase. Hence, a first‐principle model‐based estimation strategy was proposed to identify the flow pattern in the three‐phase distillation. Representative experiments were performed in a laboratory‐sclae packed column, and the results were sampled as reference data for the estimation. A dynamic nonequilibrium (NEQ) model was built up to consider the inter‐phase mass transfer rigorously. The resulting estimation problem was then discretized using the multiple‐shooting method, to formulate a large‐scale NLP problem with a finite number of decision variables. The estimated results reveal that the flow pattern of the second liquid has a close relationship with the liquid and gas loads, and it could play a critical role for the variation of the separation efficiency inside a three‐phase column. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.