bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Layer - A New Mechanism for Electromechanical Response
Authors: Li Zhimin , Cheng Z.-Y. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTElectric field induced phase transition has been used to explain the high strain response in some PVDF-based EAP. However, it is hard to understand some features (such as the relationship between the strain and the preload) of elastomers - an important type of EAPs. In this paper, we reported the study of recrystallization on high-energy-electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. The morphology and structure as well as the structural transformation in the recrystallized copolymers were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, DSC, FTIR, and polarization measurements. The effect of crosslinking induced by the irradiation is discussed. The results suggest that a new interface layer existed in the recrystallized polymers. The partially ordered interfacial layer is a novel micro-origin of a high polarization obtained in an EAP. Based on this concept, the effect of preload on the E-M performance of the elastomers can be well explained. A new method to develop high performance electroactive polymer is outlined by using the interface state.
Multicomponent Materials as Li+ Conductors
Authors: Babinec Susan , Zhang Huiqing , Talik Andrew , Ginzburg Valeriy 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe conductivity and mechanical stiffness of ethylene-oxide based Li+ conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) were measured and compared for a variety of single- and two-phase systems. Our objective was to determine whether there are simple correlations between these two properties despite the fact that these systems are truly complex. Results show that molecular architecture dominates both transport and mechanical behavior of single phase systems, thereby eliminating broad correlations. Conductivity was additionally found to require not only facile local chain dynamics but also a sufficient concentration of vacancies, as per the site hopping model. Two phase systems also show complex behaviors, but offer a broader range of both conductivity and stiffness values, and good conductivity/stiffness correlations.
Effect of Nanoscale rods on the Kinetics of Phase-Separating Multi-Component Fluids
Authors: Hore Michael J.A. , Laradji Mohamed 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTUsing large scale particle dynamics simulations, we investigated the effect of nanoscale rods on the dynamics of phase separation dynamics of two-component fluids in three dimensions. We found that when the nanoparticles interact more attractively with one of the two segregating component, they lead to a reduction of the rate of domain growth, and that this decrease is intensified as the nanoparticles volume fraction is increased. Furthermore, our results show that nanorods are much more effective in slowing down the kinetics than nanosphres. The dramatic effect of nanorods on the dynamics of phase separation of multi-component fluids, as opposed to nanospheres, implies that they may be used as an efficacious emulsifying agent of multi-component polymer blends.
Common Presentation of Uncommon Lesion
Authors: Radhika MB , Thambiah Lalita J , Paremala K , Sudhakara M , Umashankar DN , Mahesh Kumar R 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAngioleiomyomas are rarely seen in the oral cavity. We present here an asymptomatic swelling discovered during routine intraoral examination. On excision and further histological examination it was diagnosed as an angioleiomyoma. There was no recurrence following excision.
Barium Hydrogen Phosphate Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium and Lead by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Sheela T. , Basavanna S. , Viswanatha R. , Kalachar H. C. B. , Naik Y. Arthoba 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe barium hydrogen phosphate modified carbon paste electrode (BHP‐CPE) was prepared as an electrochemical sensor. Its propensity towards the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) has been demonstrated with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in the potential window between −1.2 V to −0.4 V. Important operational parameters such as pH of the solution, deposition potential and deposition time have been optimized. Under the optimized conditions, calibration curves were linear in the concentration range 1×10−8 to 8×10−8 M on BHP‐CPE and 1×10−8 to 5×10−8 M on Nafion‐BHP‐CPE. Experiments disclosed that BHP‐CPE and Nafion‐BHP‐CPE exhibit good performance for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II).
A novel procedure for protein extraction from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rigueiro Teresa , Valladares‐Ayerbes Manuel , Haz‐Conde Mar , Blanco Moisés , Aparicio Guadalupe , Fernández‐Puente Patricia , Blanco Francisco J. , Lorenzo Mª José , Aparicio Luis A. , Figueroa Angélica 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMost of the archived pathological specimens in hospitals are kept as formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues (FFPE) for long‐term preservation. Up to now, these samples are only used for immunohistochemistry in a clinical routine as it is difficult to recover intact protein from these FFPE tissues. Here, we report a novel, short time‐consuming and cost‐effective method to extract full‐length, non‐degraded proteins from FFPE tissues. This procedure is combined with an effective and non‐toxic deparaffinisation process and an extraction method based on antigen‐retrieval, high concentration of SDS and high temperature. We have obtained enough intact protein to be detected by Western blotting analysis. This technique will allow utilising these stored FFPE tissues in several applications for protein analysis helping to advance the translational studies in cancer and other diseases.
Establishment success of lichen diaspores in young and old boreal rainforests: a comparison betweenLobaria pulmonariaandL. scrobiculata
Authors: HILMO Olga , ROCHA Lester , HOLIEN Håkon , GAUSLAA Yngvar 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study compares the success of vegetative diaspore establishment of the old forest lichensLobaria pulmonariaandL. scrobiculatasown onPicea abiesbranches in boreal rainforests. The larger diaspores ofL. pulmonaria(green algal photobiont) established more successfully, and showed a greater flexibility in ecological amplitude, than the smaller diaspores ofL. scrobiculata(cyanobacterial photobiont). The establishment success apparently depended on species-specific differences in morphological and physiological traits of the diaspores. Both species established as well in young plantations as in old forests.Lobaria scrobiculatawas most successful on short branches and small trees. In contrast,L. pulmonariaresponded positively to trunk circumference in the old stands. The establishment success of both species decreases with increasing canopy openness, indicating that the soredia/isidioid soredia failed to establish on the most exposed branches. The probability of establishment did not change with bark-pH or with distance from the nearest stream. Despite a successful establishment in regeneration forests, the long-term survival in managed forests is still uncertain.
Laser focusing and multiple ionization of Ar in a hydrogen plasma channel created by a pre-pulse
Authors: Verma Updesh , Sharma A.K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA model for plasma channel formation by a laser pre-pulse in a low Z gas (Hydrogen) embedded with high Z atoms (Ar) is developed. The laser of intensity I ≅ 1014 W/cm2 ionizes hydrogen atoms fully whereas Ar atoms are ionized only singly. After the first pulse is gone, plasma expands on the time scale of a nanosecond to produce a hydrogen plasma channel with minimum density on the axis. A second intense short pulse laser of intensity I ≥ 1016 W/cm2 gets focused. It tunnel ionizes the remaining Ar. The Ar acquires Ar8+ charge state after loosing 8 ions and acquires Ne like configuration and could emit X-rays.
Ring Lardner's You Know Me Al: Up from Popularity
Authors: Kupfer Charles A. 
Published: April 2011

Ring Lardner's position in American literature suffers more from the praise he gains than the criticism he receives. His reputation as an acerbic journalist, mordant satirist, master dialectician, and popular sportswriter still draws clouds of suspicion across the minds of highbrow critics weighing his stature as a serious writer.Lardner himself did nothing to debunk the notion that he was at heart a pulp author, never tearing away from his journalistic roots as did other authors who started their careers in the newspaper business. It may have been comfort with his preferred environment, or a reverse snobbery, but Lardner always disdained self-conscious artfulness, instead preening his image as a wordsmith and copy-slave. Max Perkins, his Scribner's editor, noted this self-defined lowbrow posture: “He always thought of himself as a newspaperman, anyhow. He had a sort of provincial scorn for literary people.”Provincial scorn notwithstanding, Lardner was a prominent member of Perkins's stable. Contemporaries at Scribner's included Thomas Wolfe, Ernest Hemingway, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Perkins, a literary talent scout with a knack for coaxing maximum output from mercurial writers, devoted ample time and attention to cultivating Lardner's work. Few writers of any stripe could boast more lustrous friends and colleagues, and, in his lifetime, Lardner's proper place in the American literary pantheon was accorded with scant complaint. It was only after his death in 1933 that the diminishing process began.
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists rimonabant (SR141716) and AM251 directly potentiate GABAA receptors
Authors: Baur R , Gertsch J , Sigel E 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rimonabant (SR141716) and the structurally related AM251 are widely used in pharmacological experiments as selective cannabinoid receptor CB1 antagonists / inverse agonists. Concentrations of 0.5–10 µM are usually applied in in vitro experiments. We intended to show that these drugs did not act at GABAA receptors but found a significant positive allosteric modulation instead.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Recombinant GABAA receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Receptors were exposed to AM251 or rimonabant in the absence and presence of GABA. Standard electrophysiological techniques were used to monitor the elicited ionic currents.KEY RESULTS AM251 dose‐dependently potentiated responses to 0.5 µM GABA at the recombinant α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor with an EC50 below 1 µM and a maximal potentiation of about eightfold. The Hill coefficient indicated that more than one binding site for AM251 was located in this receptor. Rimonabant had a lower affinity, but a fourfold higher efficacy. AM251 potentiated also currents mediated by α1β2, αxβ2γ2 (x = 2,3,5,6), α1β3γ2 and α4β2δ GABAA receptors, but not those mediated by α1β1γ2. Interestingly, the CB1 receptor antagonists LY320135 and O‐2050 did not significantly affect α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor‐mediated currents at concentrations of 1 µM.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study identified rimonabant and AM251 as positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors. Thus, potential GABAergic effects of commonly used concentrations of these compounds should be considered in in vitro experiments, especially at extrasynaptic sites where GABA concentrations are low.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Critical thoughts on current rodent models for evaluating potential treatments of alcohol addiction and withdrawal
Authors: Ripley Tamzin L , Stephens David N 
Published: April 2011

Despite years of neurobiological research that have helped to identify potential therapeutic targets, we do not have a reliable pharmacological treatment for alcoholism. There are a range of possible explanations for this failure, including arguments that alcoholism is a spectrum disorder and that different population subtypes may respond to different treatments. This view is supported by categorisations such as early‐ and late‐onset alcoholism, whilst multifactorial genetic factors may also alter responsivity to pharmacological agents. Furthermore, experience of alcohol withdrawal may play a role in future drinking in a way that may distinguish alcoholism from other forms of addiction.Additionally, our neurobiological models, based largely upon results from rodent studies, may not mimic specific aspects of the human condition and may reflect different underlying phenomena and biological processes from the clinical pattern. As a result, potential treatments may be targeting inappropriate aspects of alcohol‐related behaviours. Instead, we suggest a more profitable approach is (a) to identify well‐defined intermediate behavioural phenotypes in human experimental models that reflect defined aspects of the human clinical disorder and (b) to develop animal models that are homologous with those phenotypes in terms of psychological processes and underlying neurobiological mechanisms.This review describes an array of animal models currently used in the addiction field and what they tell us about alcoholism. We will then examine how established pharmacological agents have been developed using only a limited number of these models, before describing some alternative novel approaches to achieving homology between animal and human experimental measures.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER AUFFINDEN UND WAHL DER NAHRUNG BEIM KARTOFFELKÄFER (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA SAY)
Authors: JERMY T. 
Published: April 2011

Zwecks Ausarbeitung biozönoseschonender, selektiver Bekämpfungsmethoden wurden die reflektorischen Bedingungen der Nahrungswahl des Kartoffelkäfers untersucht. Die überwinterten Käfer können im Freiland die Anwesenheit der Wirtspflanze höchstens aus einer Entfernung von einigen Dezimetern wahrnehmen. Jungkäfer sprechen nur nach erfolgter Dressur (= Nahrungsaufnahme) auf die von der Wirtspflanze stammenden olfaktorischen Reize an. Beim Auffinden der Pflanzen spielen die visuellen Reize bei den Alt‐ und Jungkäfern, allerdings nur aus kleinen Entfernungen, eine wichtige Rolle. Die Jungkäfer halten bei der Nahrungssuche eine konstante Laufrichtung ein. Die Frass‐Stoffe sind nur begrenzt spezifisch, die Oligophagie des Kartoffelkäfers ist demnach auf eine negative Anpassung an vergällend wirkender Stimuli zurückzuführen. Die vergällende Wirkung der Stoffe ist von der chemischen Struktur weitgehend unabhängig. Eine Reduktion der Vermehrungsrate des Schädlings kann durch Veränderung des Reizstoffgehaltes der Wirtspflanze bzw. durch Anwendung von Vergällungsstoffen erreicht werden.SummaryIn order to find selective control methods, which would not disturb the biocoenoses, the reflex mechanism of food finding and host selection by the Colorado potato beetle was investigated. The greater part of the overwintered beetles do not begin to feed just after emergence, but first migrate. Seeking the food they perceive the host plant in the field by olfaction from a distance of not more than a few decimetres. The newly hatched young beetles react upon the olfactostimuli coming from the host plant only after some‘ “training” (= feeding). During the food‐seeking of old and young beetles sight only plays an important role, however, within a very limited distance. If searching for food, young beetles keep a constant direction in creeping. In the Colorado beetle host selection depends mainly on taste. Feeding stimuli are not markedly specific; the oligophagy of the beetles is based largely upon the negative reactions to repellent stimuli. Repellency is to a great extent independent of chemical structure and is therefore to be found in the many different groups of compounds. For example the repellency of the Bordeaux mixture is very high and is thereupon able to reduce the rate of reproduction very considerably. The selective reduction of the biotic potential of the pest could be achieved (1) by changing the quantity of acceptants and rejectants in the host plant (by selection or by cultural methods) or (2) by applying repellents.
THE REARING OF CRANE FLIES (TIPULIDAE)
Authors: LAUGHLIN ROGER 
Published: April 2011

A simple method for the culture of Tipula oleracea L. & T. paludosa Meig. is described. Eggs obtained from decapitated fertilised females are incubated on damp filter paper. Larvae are kept in damp, drained sand and fed on powdered dried grass. Pupae are kept in damp blocks of plaster of paris.Zusammenfassung

Befruchteten weiblichen Schnaken werden die Köpfe, Flügel und Beine entfernt, um sie zur Eiablage zu veranlassen. Der Körper “schwimmt” auf der Wasseroberfläche einer Schale, so dass man die Eier auffangen kann.
Die Eier werden auf einem Filtrierpapierstreifen ausgebrütet, der unten senkrecht in Wasser steht. Die ausschlüpfenden Larven werden dadurch am Entkommen verhindert, dass man das Filtrierpapier in einen Behälter einspannt, der aus zwei “Perspex”‐Platten und einem Gummiring besteht.
Man hält die Larven einzeln oder in Gruppen in feuchtem drainiertem Sand. Sie werden mit einem Brei aus gepulvertem, getrocknetem Gras gefüttert.
Die Puppen hält man in Löchern eines feuchten Gipsblocks. Sie können kühl gehalten werden, so dass männliche und weibliche Fliegen zusammen ausschlüpfen.
Die Hauptursache für die Sterblichkeit ist Kannibalismus. Es werden Möglichkeiten diskutiert, um die Sterblichkeit auf einem Minimum zu halten.
PUPARIUM FORMATION IN CALLIPHORA VOMITORIA: A HITHERTO UNSUSPECTED FUNCTION OF THE EPICUTICLE
Authors: DENNELL R. 
Published: April 2011

Removal of the epicuticle from larvae of Calliphora vomitoria causes the underlying procuticle to become deeply coloured owing to the oxidation of its dihydroxyphenols. This oxidation is non‐enzymatic. In the intact larva the epicuticle protects the phenols from spontaneous oxidation so that they are available later for use in puparium formation. The changes which take place in the procuticle as puparium formation is approached are described, and their significance in relation to the onset of phenolic tanning is discussed.ZusammenfassungDie Entfernung der Epikutikula von Larven von Calliphora vomitoria bewirkt, daß die darunter liegende “Prokutikula” infolge Oxydation ihrer Dioxyphenole eine dunkle Färbung annimmt. Diese Oxydation erfolgt nicht enzymatisch. In der unverletzten Larve schützt die Epikutikula die Phenole vor spontaner Oxydation, so daß sie später bei der Bildung des Pupariums zur Verfügung stehen. Die Umwandlungen, welche während des Herannahens der Pupariumbildung in, der “Prokutikula” stattfinden, werden beschrieben und ihre Bedeutung in Bezug auf den Beginn der Gerbung besprochen.
THE RELATION OF WEIGHT OF FOOD INGESTED TO INCREASE IN BODY‐WEIGHT DURING GROWTH IN THE BED‐BUG, CIMEX LECTULARIUS L. (HEMIPTERA)
Authors: JOHNSON C. G. 
Published: April 2011

The increase in body‐weight before feeding of successive instars of Cimex lectularius is of the order of 30% of the weight of the blood ingested at each instar, except in the 1st—2nd instars where it is approximately 40%. There is a characteristic trend in the efficiency with which the food is used to increase body‐weight from instar to instar and the mean value per instar between different hosts is positively related to the proportion of solid matter in the blood. The efficiency does not vary appreciably with temperature between 20° and 30° C.ZusammenfassungDIE BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN DEM GEWICHT DER AUFGENOMMENEN NAHRUNG UND DEM ANSTIEG DES KÖRPERGEWICHTES BEI DER BETTWANZE, CIMEX LECTULARIUS L. (HEMIPTERA)Larven von Cimex lectularius wurden schubweise gewogen und gefüttert, wobei die Individuen in jedem Stadium eine Blutmahlzeit erhielten. Die Gewichtszunahme der — jeweils vor der Nahrungsaufnahme gewogenen — folgenden Stadien drückte sich im Prozentsatz des zugeführten Blutgewichtes aus (grober Wirkungsgrad der Nahrungsverwertung): dieser Wert variierte von 42,5% zwischen erstem und zweiten Larvalstadium bis 22,0% zwischen fünftem und Adult‐Stadium. Der durchschnittliche Wirkungsgrad (Nutzeffekt) verlief vom zweiten bis zum fünften Stadium parallel zum Anteil an Trockensubstanz im Blut der verschiedenen Wirte. Im allgemeinen lag der Nutzeffekt bei 30%, aber es traten übereinstimmende Minima vom dritten zum vierten Larvenstadium und vom fünften Stadium zur Imago auf. Der maximale Wirkungsgrad lag im ersten Larvenstadium. Temperaturen zwischen 20 und 30° C waren ohne merklichen Einfluß auf die Nahrungsausnutzung.
THE SETTLING OF FEMALE HAEMATOPOTA INSIDIATRIX AUSTEN (DIPTERA, TABANIDAE) ON CLOTH SCREENS
Authors: BARRASS ROBERT 
Published: April 2011

The response of female Haematopota insidiatrix towards cloth screens is considered as part of the host‐finding behaviour. When black, dark grey, light grey and white cloths were compared as regards attractiveness, more flies settled on the black than on the other shades. When a screen was carried horizontally flies settled on the under surface but not on the upper surface and more flies were caught. A black screen with three white stripes was progressively less attractive as the width of these stripes was increased. Even narrow white stripes reduced the catch, particularly if they were horizontally arranged. When differently sized black screens were compared, fewer flies were caught on the smaller ones. Flies settled on the lower part of a screen, as they do on a host animal. When a screen was divided so that its lower half was white and its upper half black, fewer flies settled on it than on the all‐black reverse side (control). Conversely, with black below white approximately the same number of flies were caught on this as on the black control side of the screen. At temperatures below 19° C and humidities above 77% R.H., more flies settled on the sunny than on the shaded side of the screen. At higher temperatures and lower humidities this preference was reversed.ZusammenfassungDIE WAHL VON STOFFSCHIRMEN VERSCHIEDENER HELLIGKEIT DURCH WEIBLICHE HAEMATOPOTA INSIDIATRIX AUSTEN (DIPTERA, TABANIDAE)Die Reaktion der weiblichen Haematopota insidiatrix auf Stoffschirme wird als ein Teil des Verhaltens bei der Suche nach einem Wirtstier betrachtet. Beim Vergleich von schwarzen, dunkelgrauen, hellgrauen und weissen Stoffen in Beziehung auf ihre Anziehungskraft setzten sich mehr Fliegen auf die schwarzen Stoffe als auf anders getönten. Wenn ein Schirm horizontal getragen wurde, setzten sich die Fliegen auf die untere Seite doch nicht auf die obere Seite. Ausserdem stieg die Anzahl der gefangenen Fliegen. Ein schwarzer Schirm mit drei weissen Streifen versehen übte um so weniger Anziehungskraft aus, je breiter die Streifen gemacht wurden. Seibst enge weisse Streifen verminderten die Anzahl der gefangenen Fliegen, besonders wenn sie horizontal angebracht waren. Wenn Schirme von verschiedener Grösse herumgetragen wurden, fingen sich auf den kleineren Schirmen weniger Fliegen. Die Fliegen setzten sich auf den unteren Teil der Schirme genau wie sie es bei Wirtstieren machen. Wurde ein Schirm in eine untere Hälfte (weiss) und eine obere Hälfte (schwarz) geteilt, so liessen sich weniger Fliegen darauf nieder als auf der ganzschwarze Rückseite (Kontrolle). Im umgekehrten Falle, (untere Hälfte schwarz, obere Hälfte weiss) wurde ungefähr dieselbe Anzahl von Fliegen auf dieser Seite wie auf der völlig schwarzen Rückseite gefangen. Bei Temperaturen unter 19° C und einen relativen Feuchtigkeit von über 77% setzten sich mehr Fliegen auf die sonnige Seite als auf die beschattete Seite des Schirmes. Bei höheren Temperaturen und niedrigerem Luftfeuchtigkeitsgehalt war diese Vorliebe umgekehrt.