bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Effective Permeability to Oil in Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs From Well-Logging Data
Authors: Legrand Nicolas , Kok Joop de , Neff Pascale , Clemens Torsten 
Published: August 2011

Summary
The fractured basement field in Yemen described in this paper is characterized by two types of fracturing: background fractures with a very low effective permeability of less than 0.001 md and fracture corridors with an effective permeability of up to several millidarcies. Except for some dissolution porosity related to fracture corridors, no significant matrix porosity is encountered (total porosity is only 1.15%). Approximately one-half of the oil in place is contained in the fracture corridors and one-half in the background fractures.
Production from this field commenced in 2007. It is currently produced by depletion. Compositional grading has been observed in the 3,120-ft oil column. Despite the fact that the oil is close to bubblepoint pressure at the top of the reservoir, a moderate increase in gas/oil ratio (GOR) has been seen.
Detailed studies using material balance and discrete-fracture-network (DFN) models revealed that the reason for the slow increase in GOR is the low permeability of the background fractures. The low permeability leads to viscous forces being dominant over gravity forces and, hence, limited gravity segregation of gas and oil.
Because of the relatively small viscosity difference between the gas and the oil in this field(µo/µg = 6.5), the gas mobility is not much higher than the oil mobility at low gas saturations. Hence, oil and gas are produced effectively from the background fractures into the fracture corridors and the reservoir pressure is not depleting as fast as in reservoirs with higher viscosity difference between gas and oil. This results in a more effective solution-gas-drive recovery mechanism than that expected for a conventional reservoir.
A number of reservoir-management strategies have been investigated. The results indicate that the low permeability of the fracture corridors and very low permeability of the background fractures lead to low recovery factors of 14% for gas injection. However, the efficiency of solution-gas drive is higher than in conventional reservoirs.
Reaction of In-Situ-Gelled Acids With Calcite: Reaction-Rate Study
Authors: Rabie Ahmed I. , Gomaa Ahmed M. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
In-situ-gelled acids have been used extensively in matrix acidizing and acid fracturing for acid diversion and reducing the leakoff rate, respectively. A few studies investigated the rate of dissolution of calcite in polymer-based acids, yet none has addressed in detail the in-situ-gelled acids. Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine the mass transfer and the kinetics of the reaction of 5 wt% HCl in-situ-gelled acids with calcite and determine the effect of Fe crosslinker on the rate of calcite dissolution.
The rate of reaction of 5 wt% HCl in-situ-gelled acid was measured using the rotating-disk apparatus. Rock samples of 1.5in. diameter and 1-in. length were used. The effect of temperature (100-250°F) and disk-rotational speed (100-1,800 rev/min) was investigated using Pink Desert limestone rock samples. Calcium concentration was measured in the collected samples and was used to determine the acid-reaction rate.
Experimental results showed that the rate of calcite dissolution at 150°F was controlled mainly by the rate of mass transfer of the acid to the surface up to a disk rotational speed of 1,000 rev/min and by the rate of the surface reaction above this value. On the basis of the results obtained, the diffusion coefficient of 5 wt% HCl in in-situ-gelled acid at 150°F; the activation energy; and the reaction rate constant at 150, 200, and 250°F were determined for the first time. A power-law kinetic model was used to determine the kinetics parameters. The presence of Fe3+ crosslinker had a significant effect on the rate of dissolution in comparison with reactions with gelled acid (no crosslinker) at the same condition. The reaction rate decreased by a factor of 2.2 and by a factor of 1.4 when the reaction was conducted at 100 and 1,500 rev/min, respectively. A gel layer, formed on the surface, acted as a barrier between the acid and the rock, which reduced the rate of calcite dissolution.
Water Hammer in Offloading Systems: Contribution of Detailed Modeling to Design and Safety
Authors: Pierre B.. , Gudmundsson J.S.. S. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
The second-largest oil spillage in Norwegian petroleum history occurred on 12 December 2007 when the Statfjord A offloading system ruptured. Results of numerical simulations of pressure transients in the offloading system are presented. Of particular interest is the influence of acoustic properties of pipeline sections on propagation of pressure transients. The damaged-offloading-system geometry and characteristics, as well as the acoustic properties, are described. The paper describes numerical simulations of pressure transients in the offloading pipeline. The paper shows how detailed modeling and accurate estimation of acoustic velocities influence local maximum increases in pressure in an offloading system.
Casing Design with Flowing Fluids
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Tubing forces and displacements have long been calculated for design purposes. Formulations, such as Lubinski's buckling model (Lubinski et al. 1962), have the underlying assumption that the fluids are static. Adding the effects of fluid dynamics to the pipe-force-equilibrium problem is not as straightforward as one might think.
The key point is the loads generated by the fluid on the tubing. What information can we obtain from a simple balance of momentum of the fluid in bulk? For example, for flow inside a pipe, we can determine exactly the load exerted on the pipe by the flowing fluid in terms of only the fluid density, pressure, and momentum.
What might be the effect of fluid dynamics? Most papers have dealt with static fluids, but how are these static effects modified for a flowing fluid? Do we need to add a pressure gradient to the pipe buoyancy? How is fluid friction included in the pipe loading? How does fluid momentum affect the pipe? For curved pipes, we might expect a centrifugal force term. The answers to these questions are often surprising, even counterintuitive.
In this paper, the general equations for the balance of fluid momentum are combined with the equilibrium equation for the pipe. The effective force then emerges as a natural combination of pipe-force and fluid-force terms. Pipe displacement is usually formulated in terms of the actual axial force, but the necessary modifications to this formulation are presented for the effective force.
A Novel Analysis Procedure for Estimating Thickness-Independent Horizontal and Vertical Permeabilities From Pressure Data at an Observation Probe Acquired by Packer-Probe Wireline Formation Testers
Authors: Onur M.. , Hegeman P.S.. S. , Gok I.M.. M. , Kuchuk F.J.. J. 
Published: August 2011

Summary
This paper presents a new spherical-flow cubic-analysis procedure for estimating horizontal and vertical permeabilities solely from pressure-transient data acquired at an observation probe of a dual-packer-probe wireline formation tester (WFT). The procedure applies for all inclination angles of the wellbore in a single-layer, 3D anisotropic porous medium. It does not require one to know the formation thickness or to obtain radial flow. It is shown that the procedure provides unique estimates of horizontal and vertical permeabilities from observation-probe pressure data obtained along both vertical and horizontal wellbores. However, for slanted-well cases, the analysis procedure yields two possible solutions for the horizontal and vertical permeabilities. Therefore, one must use a priori information on permeabilities, from sources such as core data or pretests, to help identify the appropriate solution for the slanted-well cases. For the more general case of a 3D anisotropic medium, except for the vertical wellbores, an estimate of the anisotropy ratio and the azimuth angle of the well are also required as inputs for determining the values of horizontal and vertical permeability with our analysis procedure. We illustrate the applicability of the proposed analysis procedure by considering two synthetic and two field packer-probe data sets from vertical and slanted wellbores.
Concept of epitaxial silicon structures for edge illuminated solar cells
Authors: Sarnecki J. , Gawlik G. , Teodorczyk M. , Jeremiasz O. , Kozłowski R. , Lipiński D. , Krzyżak K. , Brzozowski A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new concept of edge illuminated solar cells (EISC) based on silicon epitaxial technique has been proposed. In this kind of photovoltaic (PV) devices, sun-light illuminates directly a p-n junction through the edge of the structure which is perpendicular to junction surface. The main motivation of the presented work is preparation of a working model of an edge-illuminated silicon epitaxial solar cell sufficient to cooperation with a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) consisted of a polymer foil doped with a luminescent material. The technological processes affecting the cell I–V characteristic and PV parameters are considered.
Preliminary Studies on Heterosis in Snakegourd (Triconsanthes cucumerina)
Authors: Ahsan F. , Islam A. , Rasul M. , Mian M. , Hossain M. 
Published: August 2011

Preliminary Studies on Heterosis in Snakegourd (Triconsanthes cucumerina)
The analysis of variance showed significant difference among the parents and hybrids of snakegourd for most of the characters except days to first female flower, days to first fruit setting and node number of first fruit setting. The hybrid SG-18 x SG-01 produced the highest number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant followed by SG-04 x SG-26. The hybrid SG-04 x SG-26 took minimum 81-83 days to produce female flower. Both positive and negative mid parent and better parent heterosis was obtained for different characters of hybrids of which few hybrids showed desirable and significant values. The highest mid parent heterosis in negative direction (-9.66%) was found for days to first male flower in hybrid SG-06 x SG-18 and for days to first female flower opening in hybrid SG-04 x SG-26 (-9.30%). The hybrids SG-01 x SG-18, SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25, SG-18 x SG-01 and SG-18 x SG-25 showed significant desirable mid parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant, and SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25, and SG-18 x SG-25 showed better parent heterosis. Four hybrids (SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25 and SG-18 x SG-25) exhibited significant and desirable level of both mid and better parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant. The hybrids SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25 and SG-18 x SG-25 could be identified as promising combination for commercial cultivation. Further investigation should be carried out to confirm the heterosis exhibited by the hybrids.
Characterization of Genetic Resources and Identification of Selection Indices of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Grown in Eastern India
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arup , Dutta Subrata , Hazra Pranab 
Published: August 2011

Characterization of Genetic Resources and Identification of Selection Indices of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Grown in Eastern India
Thirty five diverse genotypes of brinjal collected from different parts of Eastern India were characterized as per the documented descriptors and were evaluated for their morphological and yield component characters during autumn-winter season. All the brinjal genotypes under study showed highly significant variations among twelve quantitative traits. However, a wide range of days to 50% of flowering (47-79), fruit length (8.70 -23.90 cm), fruit girth (2.67-10.30 cm), fruit weight (52.33-319.37 g), number of marketable fruit per plant (4.33-12.00) and marketable fruit yield per plant (0.39-1.68 kg) among the genotypes was observed. Three characters namely, fruit weight, plant height and days to 50% of flowering exhibited high heritability and genetic advance indicating that such situation may arise due to the action of additive genes controlling the characters. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations agreed closely with each other. Fruit weight and fruit girth exhibited significantly positive correlations with marketable fruit yield per plant. Among the eleven yield component traits, fruit weight and number of marketable fruits per plant showed highly positive direct effect on marketable fruit yield per plant. Attention should be paid on selection based on marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits per plant for marketable yield improvement of brinjal.
The Influence of Growing Medium and Harvest Time on the Biological Value of Cherry Fruit and Standard Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Kowalczyk Katarzyna , Gajc-Wolska Janina , Marcinkowska M. 
Published: August 2011

The Influence of Growing Medium and Harvest Time on the Biological Value of Cherry Fruit and Standard Tomato Cultivars
The objective of this study was to examine some quality traits of tomato fruits, concerning chemical composition, in relation to the type of growing medium and harvest time. Cherry (‘Dasher’ and ‘Organza’) and standard (‘Admiro’ and ‘DRW 7594’) tomato cultivars were grown in a greenhouse with controlled climate and drip fertilizing system, in three different growing media. Environment friendly media - coconut fiber and wood fiber were compared to rockwool, commonly used as a standard horticultural medium. The type of tomato cultivar as well as harvest time significantly influenced fruit quality. The highest fruit quality was obtained from red cherry ‘Dasher’ F1 cultivar in the July harvest. The content of macronutrients in tomato fruit were significantly depend on growing media. The higher content of phosphorus was obtained in tomato fruits from plants cultivated on coconut fiber and nitrates from rockwool. The content of sugars, TSS and ascorbic acid in tomato fruit mostly depended on the growing medium. The most total sugars had fruits when plant cultivated on coconut fiber. Coconut fiber, wood fiber and rockwool can be used as the alternative media for different soilless growing systems, without a significant change of the taste quality of tomatoes.
The Effect of Various Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes on the Concentration of Thirty Three Elements in Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Storage Roots
Authors: Smoleń Sylwester , Sady Włodzimierz , Wierzbińska Joanna 
Published: August 2011

The Effect of Various Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes on the Concentration of Thirty Three Elements in Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Storage Roots
Nitrogen fertilization can affect the uptake and accumulation of nutrients, heavy metals and trace elements in plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen application on mineral composition of carrot storage roots. In 2003-2005 field experiment with carrot ‘Kazan F1’ cv. was conducted in Trzciana (50°06' N, 21°85' E, South-East Poland), each year on a different site within a single soil complex. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. The following combinations with various nitrogen fertilization regimes (presented as kg N·ha-1) were distinguished: 1 - Control, 2 - Ca(NO3)2 70, 3 - Ca(NO3)2 70+70, 4 - (NH4)2SO4 70 and 5 - (NH4)2SO4 70+70; where 70 kg N·ha-1 was used pre-sowing, whereas 70+70 kg N·ha-1 was applied in two rates: pre-sowing and as top-dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizers were added to the soil in the form of: Ca(NO3)2 (15.5% N) and (NH4)2SO4 (21% N). In carrot storage roots as well as in soil samples collected after carrot cultivation, the content of the following elements was determined: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Fe, Ga, In, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Tm, S, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ti, Y, Yb and V. Fertilization with nitrogen had significantly influenced the accumulation of Ba, Co, Dy, In, Lu, Mg, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Sn and Y in carrot roots. In particular combinations, a diverse effect of N application was observed in reference to the content of mentioned elements. Revealed differences in the soil level of tested elements did not correlate (were not reflected) with the rate of its accumulation in carrot storage roots.
Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth, Yield and Leaf's Bioactive Compounds in Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
Authors: Khandaker Laila , Masum Akond A. , Oba Shinya 
Published: August 2011

Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth, Yield and Leaf's Bioactive Compounds in Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
This study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications on growth, yield and bioactive compounds of red amaranth grown under greenhouse conditions in 2008 at Gifu University, Japan. SA was applied at three different concentrations (10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 M), three times during the vegetation at 7-day intervals one week after sowing. Growth parameters (plant height, stem length, number and size of leaves, root length) and yield (fresh and dry matter weight) were recorded from treated and control plants on 28 days after sowing. Among bioactive compounds, betacyanins, chlorophyll, total polyphenol and antioxidant activity were the determined from the leaves of treated and control plants. All of three doses SA application enhanced the plant growth, yield and leaf's bioactive compounds compared to the control. The growth parameters and yield of red amaranth was significantly influenced by foliar SA applications. The highest yield, antioxidant activity, amount of betacyanins, chlorophyll and total polyphenol occurred in 10-5 M SA treatment. According to our results, applications SA at rate of 10-5 M should be recommended in order to improve yield and bioactive compounds in red amaranth.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization of Cabbage Grown in Mulches of Winter Cover Crops on Reducing the Population of the Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.)
Authors: Kotliński Stanisław 
Published: August 2011

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization of Cabbage Grown in Mulches of Winter Cover Crops on Reducing the Population of the Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.)
In 2003-2004, the influence of mulches of winter cover crops on the population of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in white cabbage production with two levels of N fertilization was investigated. Winter cover crops (rye, hairy vetch and their mixture) reduced B. brassicae population on cabbage by 86.1% to 100%. The level of nitrogen fertilization of cabbage had no effect on the aphid population. In addition, it was found that higher levels of nitrogen fertilization can cause an increase in the population of B. brassicae when cabbage is grown in bare soil.
Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Authors: Jakowienko Paulina , Wójcik-Stopczyńska Barbara , Jadczak Dorota 
Published: August 2011

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
The aim of this work was an evaluation of the antifungal activity of essential oils from two cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): ‘Wala’ and ‘Fine Verde’. The essential oils from dried, ground herbs were extracted with the hydro-distillation method using Deryng apparatus. The composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. The antifungal activity of the oils was tested against the following strains: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, Eurotium amstelodami and Eurotium chevalieri. The disc diffusion agar method was applied. Each oil was used in two doses, 10 and 5 μl/disc. A disc (6 mm dia.), soaked with oil, was placed on agar plates, which had been previously inoculated with spores of the different strains. The diameters of fungal growth inhibition zones were measured after 72h of incubation at 25°C and expressed in millimeters. The obtained results showed that the diameter of the mycelium growth inhibition zone significantly depended on the source of oil, the dose of oil, and the species of fungi. The essential oil from the ‘Wala’ variety was more effective against the tested fungi than the oil from ‘Fine Verde’ and the inhibition zones were greater when the dose of the oils was higher. E. chevalieri was the most sensitive to both of the oils and A. flavus was the most resistant. The differences in the antifungal activity of the tested oils were probably the result of their different chemical compositions. In comparison with the ‘Fine Verde’ oil, the oil from ‘Wala’ had more than twice the amount of linalool, more 1,8-cineole, and contained geraniol and methyl chavicol. In the conditions of the experiment both oils showed greater antifungal activity than cycloheximide (actidion) and methyl thiophanate (Topsin M 500 SC) used as controls.
Comparison of Amino Acid Content in Canned Pleurotus Ostreatus and Agaricus Bisporus Mushrooms
Authors: Jaworska Grażyna , Bernaś Emilia 
Published: August 2011

Comparison of Amino Acid Content in Canned Pleurotus Ostreatus and Agaricus Bisporus Mushrooms
The work compares the levels of amino acids in canned Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus mushrooms. Compared with A. bisporus, P. ostreatus contained significantly lower levels of ash, total nitrogen and protein nitrogen (by 17-40%), but 12% more total carbohydrates. Protein nitrogen constituted 87% of the total nitrogen in A. bisporus and 72% in P. ostreatus. The conversion factor from total nitrogen to protein was 3.45 in A. bisporus, 15% lower than in P. ostreatus. In both species, glutamine was the most abundant endogenous amino acid while leucine was the most abundant exogenous amino acid. The least abundant endogenous and exogenous amino acids were respectively glycine, and methionine and cysteine. When the results were expressed in terms of per 100 g of fresh matter, P. ostreatus contained significantly higher levels of arginine, tyrosine and valine than A. bisporus (by 14-21%), but lower levels of alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, cysteine and histidine (by 5-38%). In terms of per 100 g of protein, P. ostreatus contained significantly higher levels of alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine (by 9-40%) than A. bisporus, but lower levels of asparagine, glutamine, proline and cysteine (by 5-37%). Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein patterns, no limiting amino acids were found in either species. The EAA (Essential Amino Acid) index values for canned P. ostreatus were 11% higher than for canned A. bisporus.
Physical Properties of Potato Tubers CV. Analytic Cultivated in Iran
Authors: Dalvand Mohammad 
Published: August 2011

Physical Properties of Potato Tubers CV. Analytic Cultivated in Iran
The objective of the experiments was to study some physical properties of potato tubers, such as dimensions, weight, projected area, sliding and rolling friction properties, in order to determine the best post-harvest options. Mean values of weight, length, width, thickness and CPA were 136.69 g, 78.99 mm, 57.12 mm, 50.44 mm, and 33.12 cm2, respectively. The lowest values of the coefficients of rolling and sliding friction were obtained for sheet glass. Tuber mass was predicted based on the dimensions, projected area and volume. Linear models and nonlinear models were investigated. The results indicated that best model for predicting tuber mass was based on projected area with R2= 0.99.