bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic dental injuries in individuals with cerebral palsy
Authors: Botti Rodrigues dos Santos Maria Teresa , Souza Caroline Bitencourt Cardoso 
Published: May 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent conditions encountered in the daily practice of dentists who treat special‐needs individuals and it seems that traumatic dental injuries are often present in these cases. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the prevalence related to traumatic dental injury (TDI) in individuals with CP attending rehabilitation treatment at the Lar Escola Sao Francisco Rehabilitation Center in São Paulo, BrazilMaterial and Methods:  The sample included 100 individuals with a medical diagnosis of CP (SG) aged 1–15 years (mean 7 years 2 months ±SD 3 years 4 months) and 100 non‐disabled individuals (CG), aged 1–15 years (mean 7 years 5 months ± SD 4 years 0 month), presenting the same socioeconomic level as SG. Data were collected through clinical examinations according to Andreasen criteria and interviews.Results:  According to the Gross Motor Function Classification, the SG presented 34.0% of individuals that walked with or without assistive mobility devices and 66.0% required a wheelchair for mobility. The TDI prevalence observed for CG was 32.0% (n = 32), with 20.0% (n = 20) for SG, showing no statistically significant difference (P = 0.053). For both groups, the teeth most affected were the maxillary central incisors. Crown fracture without pulp exposure was the most frequent type of injury (31.2%) in CG and enamel fracture (30.0%), in SG. The groups differed significantly regarding dental treatment received after TDI (P = 0.012), with CG presenting higher percentages of treated individualsConclusions:  The data suggest that the TDI prevalence in individuals presenting CP and attending rehabilitation treatment was similar compared with non‐disabled individuals, but they received less treatment.
Effects of shading and mulch depth on the colonisation of habitat patches by arthropods of rainforest soil and litter
Authors: NAKAMURA AKIHIRO , CATTERALL CARLA P. , BURWELL CHRIS J. , KITCHING ROGER L. , HOUSE ALAN P. N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.  1. Development of foliage cover and a layer of leaf litter are two factors considered important for the successful recolonisation of soil and litter arthropods during the early stages of rainforest restoration; however, this needs to be tested explicitly.2. We employed a manipulative field experiment to assess the effects of shading and litter depth on colonisation patterns of soil and litter arthropods in created habitat patches at five replicated sites within pasture adjacent to rainforest remnants on the Maleny plateau of subtropical eastern Australia.3. Habitat patches were created by adding sterilised mulch at two depths (shallow 3–5 cm, deep 10–15 cm) under three levels of shading (none, 50%, 90%). Responses of arthropods to treatments were analysed at two levels of taxonomic resolution: ‘ordinal‐sorted arthropods’ (all arthropods sorted to order/class) and ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).4. Shading, at both 50% and 90%, encouraged colonisation by arthropods characteristic of rainforest. Colonisation by pasture‐associated arthropods declined progressively with increased shading. Effects of mulch depth were significant only for rainforest‐associated ant species, which responded positively to shallow mulch within shaded plots.5. The results confirm that canopy cover is indeed one of the primary attributes influencing colonisation patterns of arthropods in restored vegetation. More widely spaced plantings may facilitate some colonisation by rainforest arthropods. However, in order to suppress invasion by pasture‐associated arthropods, it may be necessary to establish a fully closed canopy.
Diversity and Complexity in DNA Recognition by Transcription Factors
Authors: Badis Gwenael , Berger Michael F. , Philippakis Anthony A. , Talukder Shaheynoor , Gehrke Andrew R. , Jaeger Savina A. , Chan Esther T. , Metzler Genita , Vedenko Anastasia , Chen Xiaoyu , Kuznetsov Hanna , Wang Chi-Fong , Coburn David , Newburger Daniel E. , Morris Quaid , Hughes Timothy R. , Bulyk Martha L. 
Published: May 2009

Transcriptional Regulation Gets More ComplicatedSequence preferences of DNA binding proteins are a primary mechanism by which cells interpret the genome. A central goal in genome biology is to identify regulatory sequences in the genome; however, few proteins' DNA binding specificities have been characterized comprehensively.Badiset al.(p.1720, published online 14 May) studied 104 known and predicted transcription factors (TFs), spanning 22 structural classes, in the mouse genome. While traditional models of TF binding sites are based on a single collection of highly similar DNA sequences, binding profiles were represented better by multiple motifs. Roughly half of the TFs recognized distinct primary and secondary motifs that are different from each other. At least some of these interaction modes appeared to be attributable to biophysically distinct protein conformations, adding to the complexity of transcriptional regulation.
Comparative AFLP reveals paternal sex ratio chromosome specific DNA sequences in the parasitoid waspTrichogramma kaykai
Authors: van Vugt Joke J.F.A. , van der Hulst Ron G.M. , Pruijssers Andrea J.P. , Verbaarschot Patrick , Stouthamer Richard , de Jong Hans 
Published: May 2009

The parasitoid wasp Trichogramma kaykai with a haplo-diploid sex determination has a B chromosome called the paternal sex ratio (PSR) chromosome that confers paternal genome loss during early embryogenesis, resulting in male offspring. So far, it is not well known whether the PSR chromosome has unique DNA sequence characteristics. By comparative AFLP fingerprinting of genomic DNA from wasps with and without the PSR chromosome, we isolated DNA from PSR-specific bands. Fourteen of such DNA fragments were analysed to confirm their PSR specificity. Seven were sequenced and two (PT-AFLP 1 and PT-AFLP1 3) were identified as parts of retrotransposon genes based on BLAST searches. Internal primers designed from a third AFLP fragment allowed PCR amplification of a PSR chromosome specific marker, which can be used to screen for the PSR trait in male wasps. Southern analysis revealed a dispersed repetitive nature of this third sequence in the T. kaykai genome, suggesting that it is part of a transposon. A fourth AFLP fragment (PT-AFLP 5) appears to be a large repetitive sequence on the PSR chromosome. This sequence is also found in the genome of both T. kaykai and the closely related species Trichogramma deion , but its distribution on the PSR chromosome strongly resembles that of T. deion rather than that of T. kaykai. Our results provide further insight into the repetitive nature of sequences comprising B chromosomes and their similarities with their host and closely related species.
Investigation of residues Lys112, Glu136, His138, Gly247, Tyr248, and Asp249 in the active site of yeast cystathionine β-synthase
Authors: Lodha Pratik H. , Shadnia Hooman , Woodhouse Colleen M. , Wright James S. , Aitken Susan M. 
Published: May 2009

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), the first enzyme of the reverse transsulfuration pathway, catalyzes the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate–dependent condensation of l-serine and l-homocysteine to form l-cystathionine (l-Cth). A model of the l-Cth complex of the truncated form of yeast CBS (ytCBS), comprising the catalytic core, was constructed to identify residues involved in the binding of l-homocysteine and the distal portion of l-Cth. Residue K112 was selected for site-directed mutagenesis based on the results of the in silico docking of l-Cth to the modeled structure of ytCBS. Residues E136, H138, Y248, and D249 of ytCBS were also targeted as they correspond to identical polar residues lining the mouth of the active site in the structure of human CBS. A series of 8 site-directed mutants was constructed, and their order of impact on the ability of ytCBS to catalyze the β-replacement reaction is G247S ≈ K112Q > K112L ≈ K112R >> Y248F > D249A ≈ H138F > E136A. The β-replacement activity of G247S, which corresponds to the homocystinuria-associated G307S mutant of human CBS, is undetectable. The Kml-Ser of the K112L and K112R mutants is increased by 50- and 90-fold, respectively, while Kml-Hcys increases by only 2- and 4-fold, respectively. The Kml-Hcys of H138F and Y248F is increased by 8- and 18-fold, respectively. These results indicate that, while the targeted residues are not direct determinants of l-Hcys binding, G307, Y248, and K112 play essential roles in the maintenance of appropriate active-site conformation.
Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line derived from Texel sheep
Authors: Li Linfeng F. , Guan Weijun J. , Li Han , Zhou Xueyan Z. , Bai Xiujuan J. , Ma Yuehui H. 
Published: May 2009

A Texel sheep ear marginal tissue fibroblast cell line (named TSF19) was successfully established by using a primary explant technique and cell cryoconservation technology. TSF19 cells were adherent, with a population doubling time of 24.9 h. Chromosome analysis showed that >90% of cells were diploid prior to cell passage 4. Isoenzyme analyses of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase showed that the TSF19 cells had no cross-contamination with other species. Tests for cell line contamination with bacteria, fungi, or mycoplasmas were also negative. Plasmids encoding the fluorescent proteins pEGFP-N3, pECFP-N1, pDsRed1-N1, and pEYFP-N1 were transfected into cells to study exogenous gene expression in the cells. The plasmid transfection efficiency was between 21.8% and 46.5%. This newly established cell line will not only preserve the genetic resources of the important Texel sheep at the cell level but will also provide a valuable resource for genomic, postgenomic, somatic cloning research.
Egg neglect under risk of predation in Cassin’s Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus)
Authors: Ronconi R. A. , Hipfner J. M. 
Published: May 2009

We tested predictions concerning the significance of egg neglect for the burrow-nesting seabird Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811)) at a colony where endemic Keen’s mice (Peromyscus keeni Merriam, 1897) depredate unattended eggs. A video-camera probe was used to monitor neglect and predation in 32 burrows, and mass loss of incubating adults was measured in 12 separate burrows. Incubating birds lost 8.1% of their body mass over obligate 24 h incubation shifts, suggesting that incubation is costly. In response, most pairs (79%) neglected their egg at least once. As predicted, rates of neglect decreased as incubation progressed, and the costs of neglect increased. Rates of neglect increased during periods of strong winds, which create poor foraging conditions at sea. Contrary to predictions, rates of neglect did not increase when burrows were colder and self-maintenance costs were higher. Neglect was risky in that rates of egg loss by predation increased with frequency of neglect. Increased neglect early in incubation and during periods of poor foraging conditions, despite high rates of predation on neglected eggs, is consistent with the existence of a fitness trade-off between costs and benefits of neglect.
Habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) under contrasting land-use regimes
Authors: Gallant D. , Vasseur L. , Dumond M. , Tremblay E. , Bérubé C. H. 
Published: May 2009

Habitat preferences of river otters ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) are well known, but because most studies were conducted in regions with markedly low or high levels of anthropogenic disturbances, it is not well known how their habitat usage is affected by varied anthropogenic disturbances and land-use regimes on a regional scale. We studied habitat use by otters in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, in an area having both protected and disturbed riparian habitats. Using long-range winter riparian transects, we documented activity-sign distribution along riverbanks in relation to 12 habitat factors and 9 categories of anthropogenic disturbances. We documented variables at site with activity signs and at habitat stations along riverbanks at 500 m intervals. We used logistical regressions and Akaike’s information criterion in an information–theoretic approach to compare models and determine the important factors involved. Habitat-related factors were more important than anthropogenic ones in describing habitat use. The best performing models were those incorporating both habitat and anthropogenic factors. Beaver ( Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820) ponds were the most important habitat factor, while fields were the most important anthropogenic factor. Our results indicate that otters responded mostly to the presence of habitat features they use and secondarily to the presence of anthropogenic structures or activities in an area.
Formation of Category Representations in Superior Temporal Sulcus
Authors: van der Linden Marieke , van Turennout Miranda , Indefrey Peter 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The human brain contains cortical areas specialized in representing object categories. Visual experience is known to change the responses in these category-selective areas of the brain. However, little is known about how category training specifically affects cortical category selectivity. Here, we investigated the experience-dependent formation of object categories using an fMRI adaptation paradigm. Outside the scanner, subjects were trained to categorize artificial bird types into arbitrary categories (jungle birds and desert birds). After training, neuronal populations in the occipito-temporal cortex, such as the fusiform and the lateral occipital gyrus, were highly sensitive to perceptual stimulus differences. This sensitivity was not present for novel birds, indicating experience-related changes in neuronal representations. Neurons in STS showed category selectivity. A release from adaptation in STS was only observed when two birds in a pair crossed the category boundary. This dissociation could not be explained by perceptual similarities because the physical difference between birds from the same side of the category boundary and between birds from opposite sides of the category boundary was equal. Together, the occipito-temporal cortex and the STS have the properties suitable for a system that can both generalize across stimuli and discriminate between them.
Modeling Mesoscale Cellular Structures and Drizzle in Marine Stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of Drizzle on the Formation and Evolution of Open Cells
Authors: Wang Hailong , Feingold Graham 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new modeling framework is used to investigate aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions and dynamical feedbacks at the mesoscale. The focus is on simulation of the formation and evolution of cellular structures that are commonly seen in satellite images of marine stratocumulus clouds. Simulations are performed at moderate resolution in a 60 × 60 km2 domain for 16 h to adequately represent the mesoscale organization associated with open cells and precipitation. Results support the emerging understanding that precipitation plays a critical role in the formation and evolution of open cells. Evaporation of raindrops generates a dynamic response that manifests itself in cellular organization of updrafts and downdrafts and promotes and sustains the formation of an open cellular structure in cloud fields. Vertical motion in open-cell centers with thin clouds is minimal. It is shown that a mean surface rain rate as low as 0.02 mm day−1 is, for the case considered, sufficient to promote the formation of open cells. The maximum dimension of individual open cells ranges between 5 and 30 km. Individual cells grow at a mean rate of between 5 and 10 km h−1. Irregularity in the shape of open cells is caused by formation of new precipitating regions at the cell walls and interference with neighboring cells, which erode, and eventually eliminate, the old cells. The typical lifetime of large individual open cells is about 2 h, close to that observed by radar, although a collection of open cells as a whole may last for tens of hours.
Understanding the Importance of Microphysics and Macrophysics for Warm Rain in Marine Low Clouds. Part I: Satellite Observations
Authors: Kubar Terence L. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Wood Robert 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The importance of macrophysical variables [cloud thickness, liquid water path (LWP)] and microphysical variables (effective radius re, effective droplet concentration Neff) on warm drizzle intensity and frequency across the tropics and subtropics is studied. In this first part of a two-part study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) optical and CloudSat cloud radar data are used to understand warm rain in marine clouds. Part II uses simple heuristic models. Cloud-top height and LWP substantially increase as drizzle intensity increases. Droplet radius estimated from MODIS also increases with cloud radar reflectivity (dBZ) but levels off as dBZ &gt; 0, except where the influence of continental pollution is present, in which case a monotonic increase of re with drizzle intensity occurs. Off the Asian coast and over the Gulf of Mexico, re values are smaller (by several μm) and Neff values are larger compared to more remote marine regions. For heavy drizzle intensity, both re and Neff values off the Asian coast and over the Gulf of Mexico approach re and Neff values in more remote marine regions.
Drizzle frequency, defined as profiles in which maximum dBZ &gt; −15, increases dramatically and nearly uniformly when cloud tops grow from 1 to 2 km. Drizzle frequencies exceed 90% in all regions when LWPs exceed 250 g m−2 and Neff values are below 50 cm−3, even in regions where drizzle occurs infrequently on the whole. The fact that the relationship among drizzle frequency, LWP, and Neff is essentially the same for all regions suggests a near universality among tropical and subtropical regions.
Detecting Multiple Ground Contacts in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes
Authors: Stall Christina A. , Cummins Kenneth L. , Krider E. Philip , Cramer John A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Video recordings of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes have been analyzed in conjunction with correlated stroke reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) to determine whether the NLDN is capable of identifying the different ground contacts in CG flashes. For 39 negative CG flashes that were recorded on video near Tucson, Arizona, the NLDN-based horizontal distances between the first stroke and the 62 subsequent strokes remaining in a preexisting channel had a mean and standard deviation of 0.9 ± 0.8 km and a median of 0.7 km. The horizontal distances between the first stroke and the 59 new ground contacts (NGCs) had a mean and standard deviation of 2.3 ± 1.7 km and a median of 2.1 km. These results are in good agreement with prior measurements of the random errors in NLDN positions in southern Arizona as well as video- and thunder-based measurements of the distances between all ground contacts in Florida. In cases where the distances between ground contacts are small and obscured by random errors in the NLDN locations, measurements of the stroke rise time, estimated peak current, and stroke order can be utilized to enhance the ability of the NLDN to identify strokes that produce new ground terminations.
Value of adding a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate to therapy of COPD patients under regular treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone
Authors: Cazzola Mario , Noschese Paolo , Di Perna Felice 
Published: May 2009

Background: This study investigated the value of adding Ismigen®, a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate, to therapy of COPD patients (FEV1 <60% predicted) under regular treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC). Methods: 63 patients enrolled from September to December 2007 were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). All patients were treated with salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC) 50/500 μg BID. Thirty-three subjects also received Ismigen one capsule daily the first 10 days of three consecutive months (group B). This treatment was reaped three months after the end of the first course. We assessed at inclusion and at scheduled (every 2 months) or intercurrent visit: symptoms (amount and colour of sputum, severity of dyspnoea, frequency of cough, fever), diagnosis of exacerbation, concomitant medications (antibiotics and oral corticosteroids) and hospitalization. Results: During the course of the study two patients died. At the end of the observation period (12 months), another six patients could not be visited because they had withdrawn. Compared with SFC, adding on Ismigen reduced the total number of exacerbations (23 out of 30 patients in group A and 21 out of 33 patients in group B), the number (rate) of exacerbations per patient per year (18 out of 27 patients [0.67] in group A and 15 out of 28 patients [0.54] in group B), the number of exacerbations that needed treatment with oral corticosteroids (12 out of 23 [52%] in group A and 9 out of 21 [43%] in group B) and the total number (rate) of hospitalizations (4/30 [0.13] in group A and 3/33 [0.09] in group B). There were no significant differences between treatments with respect to their effect on the symptoms of exacerbations. A decrease in the need for antibiotics was also observed in group B. Conclusion: Our data suggest that COPD patients benefit from the addition of Ismigen on top of the routine maintenance treatment with SFC.
Evaluation of a 24-hour emergency bronchoscopy service in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Fuehner Thomas , Lueders Detlef , Niedermeyer Jost , Ziesing Stefan , Welte Tobias , Hoeper Marius M. 
Published: May 2009

Background: Flexible bronchoscopy has become an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of patients with various diseases of the chest. Availability of a 24-hour bronchoscopy service equipped with experienced personnel is becoming increasingly important especially for intensive care patients. However, such services have been implemented only in a few medical centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usage of a 24-hour emergency service in a large university hospital with a 1 year prospective analysis of emergency bronchoscopy service in a tertiary care centre. Methods: Frequencies, indications and efficiency of therapeutic interventions were evaluated after each bronchoscopy using a specially designed questionnaire. All bronchoscopies were performed as emergency procedures out of operational schedule. A total of 614 emergency bronchoscopies were performed, 88% of them in intensive care units. Results: The vast majority (84.5%) of the procedures were necessary for therapeutic interventions; that is, atelectasis, airway secretion, aspiration or bronchopulmonary bleeding. According to prespecified criteria, 37.6% ( n = 195) of therapeutic procedures were assessed as 'very helpful' and 3.9% ( n = 20) as 'life saving'. Diagnostic bronchoscopies were performed mainly to collect airway material for microbiological evaluations in immunocompromised patients. In these cases, the diagnostic yield was approximately 50%. Conclusion: The availability of a 24-hour bronchoscopy service has been found to improve patient care and was occasionally considered life saving. Thus, comparable services should be made more widely available.