bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Now it is an Easy Life”: Women's Accounts of Cassava, Millets, and Labor in South India
Authors: Finnis Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough coarse grains are considered underused and abandoned crops in much of India, they have gained increasing attention as having the potential to improve food security and positively affect small farmers' incomes. These trends offer the opportunity to examine the specific ways that contemporary declines in coarse grains are understood at the local level; in particular, it is necessary to consider how women in specific locales and at specific times view agricultural transitions in terms of their impacts on everyday time demands. I examine the decline of millet varieties, in favor of cassava cultivation, in the Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, through the lens of the experiences and workloads of women. A close examination of attitudes toward millets, in terms of field labor and household work, provides insights into the possibilities for local‐level coarse grain projects.
Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics: I. A ONE YEAR DOUBLE‐BLIND STUDY OF CLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE AND FLUPENTHIXOL PALMITATE
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Lepp M. , Malm U. 
Published: August 2010

Clopenthixol decanoate and flupenthixol palmitate, both depot neuroleptics belonging to the thioxanthene group, were studied during double‐blind conditions for 12 months using four week intervals between injections. The 60 patients included in the study were chronic schizophrenics and treated as outpatients after earlier admission to hospital and rehabilitation training periods. They had all been treated with depot neuroleptics in the last three years and they had been free from relapse for at least 15 months. The main aim with this trial was to study the two depot drugs during maintenance treatment conditions in an outpatient setting.Ten patients dropped out, 7 because of unsatisfactory effect, mainly because only limited dose levels were accepted according to the design. In spite of the earlier long lasting neuroleptic treatment and the good social adaptation in this schizophrenic subgroup there was observed a symptom decrease in all the rating scales even in these symptom poor patients. This improvement in psychopathology with optimal results after half a year seems to be a combined result of the efficient neuroleptics tested and careful monitoring of the drug.
Do concentrations of neurotransmitters in lumbar CSF reflect cerebral dysfunction in depression?
Authors: Gjerris Annette 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTConcentrations of the amines and amine metabolites dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), serotonin (5‐HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) and of the peptides, vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with depression and compared with that of controls. Diagnostic classifications were performed according to ICD‐9 and the Newcastle Rating Scales for Depression. The severity of depression was measured by Bech‐Rafaelsen melancholia scale.Significantly decreased concentrations of CSF‐A and AVP were found in as well endogenous as in non‐endogenous depression, whereas reduced levels of CSF‐VIP were found only in the non‐endogenous group. CSF‐5‐HT and DA were significantly increased in endogenously depressed patients. In these studies patients with nonendogenous depression were not included. No relationship between severity of depression and concentrations of neurotransmitters was found.For most of the neurotransmitters no correlation between concentrations measured at the lumbar and at the ventricular level seems to exist. This finding indicates that measurements on CSF collected from the lumbar sack not necessarily are indicative for concentrations measured at more central levels. Although several transmitter systems most likely are disturbed in depression, results from studies on lumbar CSF should be interpreted with precaution, until further information about origin and distribution of neurotransmitters in CSF has been obtained.
Amino acid transport in human red blood cells
Authors: Rosenberg Raben 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRafaelsen (1) has proposed a membrane transport model involving transport function deficiencies in affective disorders. The deficiencies of transport concern a group pump as well as a specific pump in the cell membrane. As peripheral blood cells are important for the study of basic features essential to biological transport functions and have been suggested as models for membrane mechanisms in the CNS, a series of studies was undertaken to characterize amino acid transport in the human red blood cell (h‐RBC). Five different transport systems were identified by kinetic analysis and studies of inhibition and sodium dependence of transport: the L‐, T‐, Ly‐, ASC‐ and Gly‐system. The T‐system which appeared specific to L‐tryptophan transport has not been identified in other cells. The L‐system for large neutral amino acids and the T‐system correspond to the group and specific pump, respectively, of the model of Rafaelsen. The importance of the h‐RBC as a tool of biological psychiatry is discussed.
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and prealbumin in cerebrospinal fluid from depressed patients
Authors: Jørgensen O. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe size of the soluble form of the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM‐sol, was by gel permeation chromatography estimated to 160‐250 kDa. Within the CSF the concentration of NCAM‐sol was found about 15‐25% increased in lumbar fluid and 25% increased in ventricular fluid, both compared to cisternal fluid. Whereas prealbumin was found evenly distributed in CSF, albumin was relatively enriched in lumbar fluid. The concentrations of NCAM‐sol and prealbumin were measured in lumbar CSF from psychiatric patients. Prealbumin was increased 7.2% and NCAM‐sol was decreased 15.1% in depressed patients. The changes were partially normalized during recovery from the depression. The findings can be explained by hypothesizing that endogenous depression is associated with an increased choroid plexus activity and CSF production.
Dexamethasone suppression test
Authors: Dam Henrik 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA connection between a high level of plasma cortisol and psychopathology has long been observed. In depressive pateints increased plasma cortisol and non‐suppression to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has often been described. In this study it was found that endogenously depressed patients more often than non‐endogenously depressed patients showed abnormal results to the DST. No difference was found in Δ MAX TSH between suppressors and non‐suppressors to the DST.
MAO inhibitors: Pharmacodynamic aspects and clinical implications
Authors: Larsen J. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMany recent studies have stressed the importance of maintaining the MAO inhibitors in the therapeutic arsenal for depressive patients. In most cases MAO inhibitors are generally safe and as well tolerated as the cyclic antidepressants. It has been suggested that MAO inhibitors are more likely to benefit depressed patients with atypical vegetative symptoms like gain in weight, sleep or libido. However, they may be therapeutic for a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders ranging from depression with generalized anxiety or phobia, hysteroid dysphoria and endogenous affective illness refractory to conventional therapies. Because of the hazards: drug‐drug and drug‐food interactions the irreversible and unspecific MAO inhibitors are only to be recommended on the condition that a good patient compliance can be obtained.
The impact of long‐term lithium treatment on renal function and structure
Authors: Hetmar O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of long‐term lithium treatment on kidney function have been intensively studied. Both retrospective and prospective functional studies have shown that prolonged lithium treatment has a profound influence on renal tubular fucntion, and may result in reduced renal concentrating capacity and increased urine volumes. More improtant, long‐term lithium administration at non‐toxic serum levels has little demonstrable or no effect at all on glomerular function. Prospective studies found no evidence of a progressive impairment of renal clearance. Renal biopsy studies have shown significant histopathological changes in patients with acute lithium intoxication, but only a slight degree of morphological injury in patients with no episodes of lithium posisoning. Other factors than lithium may contribute (e.g. analgesic abuse) or predispose (e.g. pyelonephritis) to similar changes. The lithium dosage schedule may represent an important factor.
Anticholinergic side‐effects of antidepressants: Studies of the inhibition of salivation
Authors: Clemmesen Lars 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStudies of the peripheral anticholinergic effects of antidepressants initiated by Ole J. Rafaelsen are reviewed. They were all cross‐over trials, either in patients who received continuous medication or in which continuous medication was temporarily discontinued, or in volunteers given single doses. Anticholinergic effects were evaluated from the inhibition of salivation rate measured by a tampon method. In essence, the studies revealed that 1) the method was sufficiently reliable and sensitive, 2) inhilbition of salvation by tricyclic antidepressants persisted during long‐term treatment, and 3) the newer antidepressants Nomifensine, Zimeldine, Mianserin, Citalopram, and Femoxetine were less potent as to anticholinergic effects than tricyclic antidepressants.The results of the studies reviewed have generally been in good agreement with similar studies of other centers and with clinilcal between‐group studies. Other authors have found a sufficient specificity of salilvation rate measurements for antilcholinergic effects, but other methods, for instance based on heart rate measurements, may prove to be more specific
Delirium tremens and related clilnical states:| Psychopathology, cerebral pathophysiology and psychochemistry: A two‐component hypothesis concerning etiology and pathogenesis
Authors: Hemmingsen R. , Kramp P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTClinically patients with Delirium Tremens (DT) and acute alcohol hallucinosis (impending DT) appear excited with vivid false perception. Cerebral blood flow and eeg correspondingly point to hyperexcitability in the CNS during these conditions. Clinical trials with barbital treatment in alcohol withdrawal shows that the amount of drug and the drug plasma concentration is the same no matter whether the physical signs of withdrawal are accompanied by halluciations and clouding of consciousness. The psychotic signs in DT and acute alcoholic hallucinosis develops after many years of alcoholism as dose seizures. Wehypothesizethat physical withdrawal ils determined by the degree of physica dependence developed during the most recent drilnking period whereas the psychotic silgns and sizures are due to a cumulated CNS hyperactivity developed over many years of repeated alcohol intoxication and withdrawal.Changes of electrolyte concentrations in plasma or CSF do not play an important role in the pathogenesis of DT and realted clilnical states except that changes in calcium and inorganic phosphate metabolism indirectly point to changes in membrane excitability.A new model for a study of rapidly repeated intoxication and withdrawal episodes in rats has shown that repetition of episodes augments the convulsive component of withdrawal whereas the non‐convulsive signs are dependent on the most recent episode only.The augmentation of the convulsive component correlates with regional difference in brain glucose consumption. Furthermaore, synaptic proteins and acidic phospholipids may be involved in the development of CNS hyperexcitability during alcohol withdrawal.In conclusion both clinical and experimental studies indicate that severe alcohol withdrawal reactions may consist of two components: 1) Physical withdrawal signs determined by recent phsical dependence. 2) A long term cumulated CNS hyperexcitability relating to seizures and psychotic signs during withdrawal. This state is elicited by alcohol withdrawal but it represents a cumulated and permanent or long lasting CNS dysfunction in alcholilcs. This precise biochemical/pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of the two‐comoponent dysfuction stiil remain to be clarified in detail.
Incidence and Causality of Anorexia Nervosa seen in a historical perspective
Authors: Tolstrup Kai 
Published: August 2010

Tolstrup K. Incidence and causality of Anorexia Nervosa seen in a historical perspective.Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 1–6.The history of the affliction known as anorexia nervosa can be divided into two periods. Before the year 1600, this condition is described first and foremost in connection with religious life, ‘holy anorexia’. From about 1600 onward and up to our own times, it has become more of medical and pathological concept, depending on and reflecting the changing directions of medical fashion so‐matically, psychiatrically, and socio‐culturally. There seems to be increased interest at certain times, but it has not been possible to document the alleged increase in incidence in recent decades.
Personality, life stress and the course of eating disorders
Authors: Sohlberg Staffan 
Published: August 2010

Sohlberg S. Personality, life stress and the course of eating disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361. Vol. 82. 1990: 29–33.We tested whether personality disturbance and stressful life events can help explain why some patients with Anorexia nervosa or Balimia nervosa remain al for several years. In a follow‐up of 37 patients, both factors were found to be significantly associated with a poorer outcome after a year, and preliminary data suggest this mend continues after two years. Further follow‐up is necessary, but the data so far suggests that treatment goals and methods must be tailored to widely dissimilar needs. They also imply that therapeutic efforts to help patients cope with stressful events may be rewarded by measurably reduced morbidity.
Drugs in the treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Trygstad Olav 
Published: August 2010

Trygstad O. Drugs in the treatment of Bulimia Nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 361, Vol. 82. 1990: 34–37.The neuro‐transmitter serotonin seems to be important in the treatment of disturbed eating behaviour. In Anorexia Nervosa (AN) a serotonin antagonist has been proposed, whereas in Bulimia Nervosa (BN) serotonin agonists have been used with success, e.g. fen‐fluramine. A new generation of antidepressants has been introduced, that selectively have a serotonergic effect. The previous tricyclic and particularly the tetracyclic antidepressants had a noradrenergic effect as well. Fluoxetine belongs to the new generation. A total of 30 females with BN were treated with fluoxetine in an open study. Clinical effect was observed after 2 to 6 weeks. One patient discontinued after 3 weeks, the other were treated for 3 to 10 months. A moderate effect with 75% reduction of bingeing and purging was observed in 15 patients, 14 stopped bingeing and purging. There was no serious side effects. However, drug treatment alone had no significant effect. The fluoxetine treatment is not instead of, but in addition to the traditional behavioral treatment with strict limits regarding food and meals.
Self‐reported life satisfaction and recovery from depression in a 1‐year prospective study
Authors: Koivumaa‐Honkanen H. , Honkanen R. , Antikainen R. , Hintikka J. , Laukkanen E. , Honkalampi K. , Viinamäki H. 
Published: August 2010

Objective: To study the relationship of a self‐rated four‐item life satisfaction scale (LS) to the self‐rated 21‐item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and to study LS changes during recovery from depression. Method: A 1‐year prospective study on 188 depressive patients receiving standard psychiatric outpatient treatment; 137 of the patients had major depression. Results: LS correlated strongly with BDI and HAMD. It explained 46.6% of the variation in BDI at baseline and 66.2% at 12 months. LS improved substantially during recovery. The main recovery occurred during the first 6 months, the change in the LS score explaining 46.5% of the change in the BDI score (P<0.001). Conclusion: Life satisfaction is strongly affected in depression, but it improves concurrently with recovery from depression. LS scale may prove useful in screening for those whose subjective wellbeing deserves attention and in assessing alleviation from depression.
Comparison of key worker and patient assessment of needs in schizophrenic patients living in the community:a Nordic multicentre study
Authors: Hansson Lars , R Vinding Hanne , Mackeprang Torben , Sourander André , Werdelin Ginie , Bengtsson‐Tops Anita , Bjarnason Olafur , Dybbro Jesper , Nilsson Liselotte , Sandlund Mikael , Sørgaard Knut , Middelboe Thomas 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  The present study is part of a Nordic multicentre study investigating the life and care situation of community samples of schizophrenic patients. The specific aim of the present part of the study was to examine the agreement between patients and their key worker concerning the presence of met and unmet needs in a number of life domains, and help or support given in these domains. Method:  The comparisons were based on 300 matched pairs of assessments of need using the Camberwell Assessment of Need interview. Results:  The results showed that key workers identified slightly more needs, 6.17 vs. 5.76, a significant difference. There was a moderate or better agreement on the presence of a need in 17 of 22 life domains investigated, but in only 11 life domains concerning the presence of an unmet need. Disagreement concerning whether the patient was given the right kind of help or support was even more substantial. Conclusion:  It is concluded that key workers and patients disagree particularly concerning unmet needs and that this is potentially related to a number of factors associated with the key worker and patient. It is also concluded that further research is needed to increase the knowledge concerning the sources of this disagreement if need assessment is to become a valid basis for service planning and individual treatment planning.
Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Authors: Eberhard‐Gran Malin , Eskild Anne , Tambs Kristian , Opjordsmoen Stein , Ove Samuelsen Sven 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To review validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Method:  A systematic search was performed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI) from the period 1987–2000. For sensitivity and specificity of the EPDS presented in each study, 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Positive and negative predictive values were estimated assuming prevalences of postpartum depression ranging from 5% to 20%. Results:  Eighteen validation studies were identified. The study design varied between studies. The sensitivity and specificity estimates also varied: 65–100% and 49–100%, respectively. The confidence intervals were estimated to be wide. Our estimates suggest a lower positive predictive value in a normal population than in the validation study samples. Conclusion:  Most studies show a high sensitivity of the EPDS. Because of the differences in study design and large confidence intervals, uncertainty remains regarding the comparability between the sensitivity and specificity estimates of the different EPDS versions.
Sertraline treatment of panic disorder: results of a long‐term study
Authors: Rapaport Mark Hyman , Wolkow Robert , Rubin Arkady , Hackett Elizabeth , Pollack Mark , Ota Kay Y. 
Published: August 2010

Objective: To investigate the long‐term efficacy, prevention of relapse and safety of sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder. Method: This study consisted of 52 weeks of open‐label sertraline treatment (n=398) followed by a 28 weeks of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled discontinuation trial (n=183). Results: Ninety‐three patients were randomized to sertraline and 90 were randomized to placebo. Discontinuation due to insufficient clinical response occurred in 23.6% of placebo‐treated patients and 12.0% of sertraline‐treated patients (log‐rank test, P=0.040). Thirty‐three per cent of placebo‐treated patients had an exacerbation of panic symptomatology, versus 13% of sertraline‐treated patients (log‐rank test, P=0.005). Abrupt cessation of sertraline resulted in dizziness (4.3% sertraline vs. 16.9% placebo; P=0.007) and insomnia (4.3% sertraline vs. 15.7% placebo; P=0.013) occurring at significantly higher rates. Conclusion: Long‐term sertraline treatment was effective in preventing relapse of panic disorder, well tolerated and associated with minimal discontinuation symptoms.
Intractable depression or psychosis
Authors: Rubin Nancy J. , Arceneaux Janet M. 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Some patients with treatment resistant depression may have a difficult to recognize and therefore untreated thought disorder. Even a subtle disorder may significantly impact patients' lives. This case illustrates a mechanism for identifying and treating this subgroup of patients. Method:  The treatment of a 67‐year‐old female with intractable depression is described. Results:  The Rorschach Exner Comprehensive System identified the presence of a thought disorder with four out of five conditions positive on the Schizophrenia Index and five out of seven conditions positive on the Depression Index. Low‐dose risperidone was added to the patient's medications with excellent results. Post‐testing indicated that the Schizophrenia and Depression Indices were no longer positive. Conclusion:  A subgroup of patients with intractable depression may have an underlying thought disorder that can be identified with the Rorschach and successfully treated with low‐dose antipsychotic medication.
Associations between childhood living circumstances and schizophrenia: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wahlbeck K. , Osmond C. , Forsén T. , Barker D. J. P. , Eriksson J. G. 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  It has been suggested that household crowding may constitute an enviromental risk factor for schizophrenia. The present population‐based cohort study explores the associations of childhood family size and living conditions to schizophrenia. Method:  The cohort comprised people born at Helsinki University Central Hospital from 1924 to 1933, who went to school in the city and were still living in Finland in 1971. Prospectively gathered data from birth and school health records of these 7086 individuals were collected and linked to the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Results:  Ninety‐eight cases of schizophrenia were identified in the cohort. Number of siblings at school start was significantly associated with schizophrenia when adjusted for sex and age of mother. Number of siblings was negatively correlated with body mass index at age 7. Childhood household crowding, defined as number of people per room, and total number of rooms in household were not significantly associated with schizophrenia. Conclusion:  Our study indicates that the total number siblings in household during childhood is of greater importance than childhood number of inhabitants per room. Subjects who originated from families with many children had been leaner, which may imply that childhood nutritional factors partly is the mediating factor between number of siblings and schizophrenia. Other possible underlying mechanisms of the associations found include infectious and psychological factors.